cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequestration of Cesium and Strontium by Tobermorite Synthesized from Fly Ashes

Tobermorites were synthesized from oxides and from fly ashes under mild hydrothermal conditions. The bulk compositions of the ash-based formulations were adjusted to give the same [Ca]/[Si + Al] ratio as for the oxides. Selective Cs and Sr exchange with these tobermorites was measured. Compared to those prepared from the oxides and from class C fly ash, the tobermorites obtained from class F fly ash exhibited superior Cs and Sr selective properties. This is apparently a result of more extensive Al incorporation with class F fly ash. For example, tobermorite synthesized from class F fly ash exhibited a cesium K{sub d} (mL/g) of 3,826 while those prepared from oxides and from class C fly ash showed K{sub d} values of 1,112 and 796, respectively, under the same conditions. These results suggest that fly ash waste materials can be converted into tobermorite, which can serve as a resource in the separation, immobilization, and disposal of radioactive species such as Cs and Sr.
Rate and Pattern of Recuperation from the Effects of Ethyl Alcohol on Man as Measured by Selected Gross Motor Skills

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the rate and pattern of recuperation from the effects of ethyl alcohol on man as measured by selected gross motor tests. One level of alcohol (2 oz.) and one testing time, with graduated time intervals between consumption of alcohol and the performance test, were used in the experiment. There is a clear pattern of recovery from the effects of alcohol on man as measured by the selected gross motor tests.
A STUDY OF THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THE TESTS OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING

The “Tests of Scientific Thinking” (TST) are free-response job-sample tests intended to measure aspects of scientific problem solving that require some degree of imaginativeness and ingenuity and that might therefore be used as dependent measures in research on “creativity.” The present study was designed to provide some preliminary evidence as to the validity of measures derived from these instruments. The TST and the GRE tests were compared with regard to their relationships to interests, self-appraisals, and accomplishments of students during their first year of graduate work in psychology. These criterion variables were obtained from a questionnaire mailed to students near the end of the Spring, 1975, academic semester. Subjects were students who had taken the tests in October of 1973 for a study of the psychometric properties of the experimental tests. Difficulties in data analysis were created both by the item-sampling character of the experimental test data, and by a relatively small rate of return of questionnaires from students who were actually attending graduate school in psychology. The estimated correlations for individual variables, therefore, reflect a substantial amount of error and can be regarded only as suggestive. It was possible to show, however, that the correlations do exhibit appreciable nonchance variance with regard to consistency across tests and across related questionnaire variables. The means, standard deviations, and reliabilities of the TST scores were in general about the same as those obtained in the psychometric study, as were correlations with GRE scores. The GRE tests were found to be more effective than the experimental instruments in predicting quality of the department attended, but the experimental tests were more effective in two other domains: (1) self-appraisals of knowledge of psychology and skills in psychological activities, and (2) professional accomplishments such as research, publication, teaching, and tutoring. Of the several scores obtained from the new tests, those for number of Unusual responses and for number of Unusual-High quality responses were the best predictors. The evidence is judged to justify further investigation of the validity of the experimental tests by other methods.
A History of the Birth Control Movement in America

This narrative history of one of the most far-reaching social movements in the 20th century shows how it defied the law and made the use of contraception an acceptable social practice-and a necessary component of modern healthcare. * 15 photographs and images of the major players in the movement and of key publications and contraceptive devices * A selected bibliography and extensive end notes, providing an up-to-date source for primary and secondary material on the birth control movement
SU‐C‐214‐06: Noise Power Properties of a Dual‐Detector Cone‐Beam CT System

Purpose: Very little information is available for noise properties using a dual‐detector cone‐beam CT(CBCT)system. Geometric misalignment, cross‐scatter, and inhomogeneous detector response are additional concerns in a dual‐detector system. This study characterizes the noise power spectrum of a dual CBCTsystem for image‐guidedradiation therapy(IGRT). Methods: A bench‐top dual‐detector CBCTsystem with two orthogonal 40×30cm flat panels has been developed in our laboratory. The noise power spectrum (NPS) was evaluated by scanning two uniform phantoms with diameters of around 26cm and 20cm under different kVs, mAs, and acquisition modes. The three‐dimensional NPS was calculated using 3D Fourier transform for a region of interest of 10×10×10cm3 as the metric to evaluate the noise performance. The structural fluctuations were removed by subtraction between two identical scans. The radial averaging is then calculated every degree in the central slice of the 3D Fourier space to reduce the measurement fluctuation. The profile of the radial averaging is used for comparison between dual/single detectors, at different kVs, mAs, and acquisition modes. Results: The NPS amplitude of the dual CBCTsystem can be up to 50% lower than that of a single CBCTsystem in simultaneous acquisition mode. In alternating acquisition mode, the NPS of the dual CBCTsystem is comparable both in amplitude and shape with a single CBCTsystem. The cross‐scatter is identified as the major contributing factor for the discrepancy. The cross‐scatter and the amplitude of the discrepancy are correlated with the sizes of the scanned objects under various current and voltage parameters. Conclusions: The Cross scatter reduces the amplitude of NPS. The effect is more dominant for large objects. Quantitative results from this noise power analysis provide guidance for dual CBCT reconstruction, cross‐scatter reduction and acquisition optimization. This work is supported in part by a research grant from Varian Medical Systems.
Patterns of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in symptomatic patients with Krabbe disease correspond to phenotype.

Abstract Background Initial magnetic resonance imaging studies of individuals with Krabbe disease were analyzed to determine whether the pattern of abnormalities corresponded to the phenotype. Methods This was a retrospective, nonblinded study. Families/patients diagnosed with Krabbe disease submitted medical records and magnetic resonance imaging discs for central review. Institutional review board approval/informed consents were obtained. Sixty-four magnetic resonance imaging scans were reviewed by two neuroradiologists and a child neurologist according to phenotype: early infantile (onset 0-6 months) = 39 patients; late infantile (onset 7-12 months) = 10 patients; later onset (onset 13 months-10 years) = 11 patients; adolescent (onset 11-20 years) = one patient; and adult (21 years or greater) = three patients. Local interpretations were compared with central review. Results Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities differed among phenotypes. Early infantile patients had a predominance of increased intensity in the dentate/cerebellar white matter as well as changes in the deep cerebral white matter. Later onset patients did not demonstrate involvement in the dentate/cerebellar white matter but had extensive involvement of the deep cerebral white matter, parieto-occipital region, and posterior corpus callosum. Late infantile patients exhibited a mixed pattern; 40% had dentate/cerebellar white matter involvement while all had involvement of the deep cerebral white matter. Adolescent/adult patients demonstrated isolated corticospinal tract involvement. Local and central reviews primarily differed in interpretation of the early infantile phenotype. Conclusion Analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in a large cohort of symptomatic patients with Krabbe disease demonstrated imaging abnormalities correspond to specific phenotypes. Knowledge of these patterns along with typical clinical signs/symptoms should promote earlier diagnosis and facilitate treatment.
Phosphoramide mustard is responsible for the ovarian toxicity of cyclophosphamide

Although cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an ovarian toxicant, the responsible metabolite(s) have not been identified. The purpose of these experiments was to determine if phosphoramide mustard or acrolein were the proximate toxicants produced by metabolic activation of CPA. To do this analogs of CPA known to generate either phosphoramide mustard or acrolein in vivo were assessed for their ability to produce ovarian toxicity as measured by differential follicle destruction, ovarian volume loss, and uterine weight loss and compared to the effects produced by CPA. Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexylamine salt (PMC) and trans-4-phenylcyclophosphamide (T4P), both of which generate phosphoramide mustard, and didechlorocyclophosphamide (DCPA) and allyl alcohol (AA) which generate acrolein were administered ip to female C57BL/6N mice, 10-12 weeks old, at doses equimolar to 0, 25, 75, 200, or 500 mg/kg of CPA. Three days later the animals were killed, their uterine weights measured and their ovaries removed, fixed, and serially sectioned. Only PMC and T4P produced ovarian toxicity. On an equimolar basis these compounds were over twice as potent as CPA. Both caused a significant reduction in uterine weight (to 50% of controls) at doses of 200 (PMC) and 150 mg/kg (T4P). PMC and T4P also caused a 50% reduction in ovarian volume at doses above 75 mg/kg. Primordial follicles were most sensitive; ED50s were 76.9, 25.3, and 19.3 mg/kg (0.276, 0.091, and 0.069 mmol/kg) for CPA, PMC, and T4P, respectively. Growing follicle numbers were also reduced by T4P and PMC, an effect not seen with CPA treatment. Finally, antral follicles were significantly reduced by all doses of PMC, and with T4P at doses greater than 75 mg/kg. The highest doses of PMC, T4P, and CPA all caused a reduction in antral follicle numbers to less than one percent of controls. Didechlorocyclophosphamide (DCPA) and allyl alcohol (AA), compounds that generate acrolein but not phosphoramide mustard in vivo, had no effect on any of the parameters measured even when injected directly into the ovary. This suggests that phosphoramide mustard is responsible for CPA ovarian toxicity. The greater potency of PMC and T4P compared to CPA is likely the result of these compounds bypassing important detoxification steps, therefore, more of the parent compound reaches the ovary as the toxic metabolite.
An effect of neonatal radiothyroidectomy upon nonmyelinated axons and associated Schwann cells during maturation of the mouse sciatic nerve

Abstract The effect of neonatal 131I-radiothyroidectomy upon the maturation of the mouse sciatic nerve was studied. Specimens were obtained from mice 10, 14, 30, 44 and 56 days of age. Qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural examinations demonstrated that hypothyroidism retarded the maturation of nonmyelinated fiber bundles by reducing both the increase in circumference of nonmyelinated axons and growth of their related Schwann cells. Administration of thyroid hormone replacement therapy to thyroidectomized mice reversed these effects. Schwann cell growth and the increase in fiber circumference were demonstrated to be independent processes at the stages of development studied. Examination of myelinated fibers in thyroidectomized mice failed to show any qualitative or quantitative differences from those observed in control specimens. The differential effect of neonatal thyroidectomy upon myelin-forming Schwann cells and Schwann cells associated with nonmyelinated fibers suggests that glial cell sensitivity to thyroid hormone deficiency may exist at specific stages of the axon-glial relationship. The significance of these findings in terms of the role of thyroid hormones during peripheral nerve myelinogenesis is discussed.
Two-photon-absorption-based optical power monitor in silicon rib waveguides

Utilizing two-photon-absorption effect, we demonstrate an in-situ scheme for monitoring optical power using p-i-n diode in silicon rib-waveguides for integrated photonics circuits. We show that a responsivity of 5.9µA/mW2 can be reached with 15V reverse-bias for the square-law detector. An example of using such detectors for accurate waveguide propagation loss measurements is given.
Nonlinear trapped electron mode and anomalous heat transport in Tokamaks

We take the phenomenological point of view that the anomalous electron thermal conductivity produced by the nonlinear trapped electron mode should also influence the stability properties of the mode itself. Using a model equation, we show that this effect makes the mode self-stabilizing. A simple expression for the anomalous thermal conductivity is derived, and its scaling properties are discussed.
The Power In Demography: Women'S Social Constructions Of Gender Identity At Work

This study examined how women's proportional representation in the upper echelons of organizations affects professional women's social constructions of gender difference and gender identity at work...
A Percutaneously Implantable Fetal Pacemaker

A miniaturized, self-contained pacemaker that could be implanted with a minimally invasive technique would dramatically improve the survival rate for fetuses that develop hydrops fetalis as a result of congenital heart block. We are currently validating a device that we developed to address this bradyarrhythmia. Preclinical studies in a fetal sheep model are underway to demonstrate that the device can be implanted via a minimally invasive approach, can mechanically withstand the harsh bodily environment, can induce effective contractions of the heart muscle with an adequate safety factor, and can successfully operate for the required device lifetime of three months using the previously-developed closed loop transcutaneous recharging system.
Electrocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups.

The electrochemical activity of stacked nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups (NCNCs) has been explored in comparison to commercial Pt-decorated carbon nanotubes. The nanocup catalyst has demonstrated comparable performance to that of Pt catalyst in oxygen reduction reaction. In addition to effectively catalyzing O2 reduction, the NCNC electrodes have been used for H2O2 oxidation and consequently for glucose detection when NCNCs were functionalized with glucose oxidase (GOx). Creating the catalysts entirely free of precious metals is of great importance for low-cost fuel cells and biosensors.
An Amphipathic α-Helix Controls Multiple Roles of Brome Mosaic Virus Protein 1a in RNA Replication Complex Assembly and Function

Brome mosaic virus (BMV) protein 1a has multiple key roles in viral RNA replication. 1a localizes to perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes as a peripheral membrane protein, induces ER membrane invaginations in which RNA replication complexes form, and recruits and stabilizes BMV 2a polymerase (2aPol) and RNA replication templates at these sites to establish active replication complexes. During replication, 1a provides RNA capping, NTPase and possibly RNA helicase functions. Here we identify in BMV 1a an amphipathic α-helix, helix A, and use NMR analysis to define its structure and propensity to insert in hydrophobic membrane-mimicking micelles. We show that helix A is essential for efficient 1a–ER membrane association and normal perinuclear ER localization, and that deletion or mutation of helix A abolishes RNA replication. Strikingly, mutations in helix A give rise to two dramatically opposite 1a function phenotypes, implying that helix A acts as a molecular switch regulating the intricate balance between separable 1a functions. One class of helix A deletions and amino acid substitutions markedly inhibits 1a–membrane association and abolishes ER membrane invagination, viral RNA template recruitment, and replication, but doubles the 1a-mediated increase in 2aPol accumulation. The second class of helix A mutations not only maintains efficient 1a–membrane association but also amplifies the number of 1a-induced membrane invaginations 5- to 8-fold and enhances viral RNA template recruitment, while failing to stimulate 2aPol accumulation. The results provide new insights into the pathways of RNA replication complex assembly and show that helix A is critical for assembly and function of the viral RNA replication complex, including its central role in targeting replication components and controlling modes of 1a action.
In idiopathic calcium oxalate stone‐formers, unattached stones show evidence of having originated as attached stones on Randall’s plaque

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b OBJECTIVE To analyse the structure and composition of unattached stones in idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone-formers (ICSF) and compare them to attached stones from the same cohort, to investigate whether there is more than one pathogenic mechanism for stone formation in ICSF. PATIENTS AND METHODS ICSF undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy or ureteroscopy for the treatment of nephrolithiasis gave consent to participate in this study. All accessible renal papillae were endoscopically imaged using a digital endoscope. All stones were removed and determined by the operating surgeon to be attached or unattached to the underlying papilla. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), which provides three-dimensional analysis of entire stones, was used to compare the structure and composition of attached and unattached stones. RESULTS Of 115 stones collected from nine patients (12 renal units), only 25 stones were found not to be attached to renal papillae. Of these 25 stones, four were lost and 12 showed definite morphological evidence of having been attached to tissue, probably having been displaced from papillae during access. For the remaining nine stones, micro-CT analysis showed at least one internal region of calcium phosphate within each of these unattached CaOx stones, i.e. the internal structure of the unattached stones is consistent with their having originated attached to Randall’s plaque, and then having become detached but retained in the kidney, with new layers of CaOx eventually covering the original attachment site. CONCLUSIONS Micro-CT analysis supports the hypothesis that in ICSF, both attached and unattached stones occur as a result of a common pathogenic mechanism, i.e. in this type of stone former, CaOx stones, even those not showing morphology that betrays attachment, all originate attached to interstitial plaque on the renal papilla.
Distributed scheduling for disconnected cooperation

The dissertation studies how distributed devices that are disconnected for long and unknown periods can efficiently perform a set of tasks. Given n distributed devices that must perform t independent tasks, known to each device, the goal is to schedule work of the devices locally, in the absence of communication, so that when communication is established between some devices at some later point of time, the devices that connect have performed few tasks redundantly beyond necessity. The dissertation gives a lower bound on redundant work, and randomized and deterministic schedules, that allow devices to avoid doing redundant work provably well. The lower bound shows how the wasted work increases as the devices progress in their work. When each disconnected device randomly selects its next task, from among the tasks remaining to be done, then the amount of work duplicated by any devices that reconnect, is close to the lower bound in a precise sense. In order to derandomize the construction of schedules, techniques from design theory, linear algebra, and graph theory are used. The topics developed within the dissertation are related to the theory of latin squares and coding theory. For example the lower bound shown in the dissertation generalizes the Second Johnson Bound. The dissertation also studies scheduling problems for shared memory systems. It shows a method for creating near-optimal instances of an algorithm of Anderson and Woll. The dissertation also shows a work-optimal deterministic algorithm for the asynchronous Certified Write-All problem.
Synthesis of silicone magnetic fluid for use in eye surgery

Abstract Retinal detachment is repaired by external and internal tamponade. There is as yet no direct internal tamponade which provides 360° coverage to the retina. With a magnetized encircling scleral buckle, magnetic fluids would provide 360° encircling internal tamponade. Our magnetic fluid is a dispersion of ultrafine (4–10 nm) magnetic particles in silicone secured with triblock copolymer steric stabilizers. Triblock copolymers are good steric stabilizers for suspensions of γ-Fe2O3 powder in octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4).
Intrauterine infection and preterm labor

Preterm labor is defined as labor that begins before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. More than 12% of infants born in the USA are preterm. At least 40% of preterm births are associated with intrauterine infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are members of a family of cell-surface proteins responsible for recognition of a diverse spectrum of bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens. TLRs initiate the host innate (i.e. non-adaptive) immune response, inducing a proinflammatory cascade involving cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and other effector molecules that result in the characteristic phenomena of labor, such as uterine contractions and rupture of fetal membranes. These cascades may also be activated by mechanisms that are not primarily infectious but are accompanied by inflammatory responses. Now that the molecular mechanisms linking infection and labor have been, to a large extent, elucidated, the challenge is to identify points of overlap with non-infectious causes of labor and to find intervention strategies that can minimize the negative impact of preterm delivery.
The anomalous RHEED patterns observed from (111)Ag-(111)Cu bilayers☆

Abstract RHEED patterns obtained from thin expitaxial bilayers consisting of Ag grown on smooth (111)Cu surfaces have been shown by Gradmann and Krause to contain anomalous reflections. Previously, these reflections were interpreted as due to a regular arrangement of interfacial dislocations or to multiple diffraction effects. In the present work a thin film technique was used to form smooth, easily detachable (111)Ag/Cu bilayers from which RHEED patterns containing these extra reflections were obtained. These films were grown, annealed, and examined in situ by UHV-RHEED techniques. They were then removed from the vacuum system, detached from their substrates and examined by TEM and TED. Thus, contrary to previous work, the present observations consisted of a series of experiments using RHEED, TED, and TEM carried out on the same specimen. No evidence was obtained to indicate that the anomalous reflections were due to interfacial dislocations. Rather, all the observed phenomena could be explained entirely by multiple diffraction effects.
Focusing in microlenses close to a wavelength in diameter.

Light focused from air into a spherical microlens is affected by diffraction at the lens surface as its diameter approaches the wavelength of light. Through an extension of Mie theory, we show that a converging wave that is incident upon a Si microlens with a diameter less than approximately 4 λ creates a spot as much as 25% smaller than predicted with vector diffraction theory. Si microlenses only a wavelength in diameter are shown to be virtually insensitive to variations in the maximum illumination angle, and changes in index of refraction are not found to cause the proportional changes in spot size that would be expected from vector diffraction theory.
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Binds with Unique Properties to Response Elements That Contain Hexamer Domains in an Inverted Palindrome Arrangement

Thyroid hormone receptor (T3R)-accessory protein heterodimers preferentially bind to thyroid hormone response elements (TREs), which contain hexamer domains arranged as a direct repeat separated by a 4-basepair gap (DR + 4). T3R homodimers, however, preferentially bind to elements that consist of an inverted palindrome. We now report on unique T3R binding patterns and functional characteristics of two such elements that mediate T3 regulation. We performed mutational analysis of the chicken lysozyme silencer F2 (LysF2) TRE and demonstrated that the two functional binding domains are arranged as an inverted palindrome separated by 6 basepairs. Both the LysF2 TRE and the similarly arranged myelin basic protein TRE bind T3R dimers at very low T3R concentrations. Despite the high relative affinity for T3R dimer binding, the T3 induction conferred by these elements is low compared to that of previously characterized TREs with a DR + 4 arrangement. The laminin-B1 gene element, previously shown to bind retinoic acid receptor, contains at least four hexameric binding domains. All of the domains can bind T3R simultaneously and are involved in conferring T3 induction, but bind with a different pattern than that reported for retinoic acid receptor. T3R homodimer binding to a series of mutant laminin-B1 elements and T3 induction were significantly correlated (r = 0.82; P 0.05); however, T3R-nuclear protein heterodimer binding was significantly correlated (r = 0.67; P < 0.05). T3R-nuclear protein heterodimers, but not homodimers, bound consistently to mutations of the LysF2 element that altered the gap between hexamers. The overall discordance between strong T3R binding to these elements and weak T3 induction indicates that the unusual hexamer arrangement places the T3R complex in an unfavorable configuration for maximal T3-dependent transactivation. The differential T3 sensitivity of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone-associated T3R mutants to the LysF2 element compared with the DR + 4 arrangement suggests that these unique features may have physiological significance.
Heart Rate Pattern during Sleep in an Infant with Congenital Prolongation of the Q-T Interval (Romano-Ward Syndrome)

Heart rate and the variability of the heart rate, indices of autonomic control, were studied during sleep in an infant with prolonged Q-T interval (Romano-Ward syndrome) and were compared to the heart rate and variability of heart rate in 18 normal infants studied at monthly intervals during the first four months of life. The overall variability and beat-to-beat variability in the infant with Romano-Ward syndrome were significantly below the median in the normal infants at each age and sleep state. This decrease in overall and beat-to-beat variability persisted after normalization by the absolute heart rate; however, the heart rate in the infant with Romano-Ward syndrome was not different from those in normal infants. These data suggest that the presence of a normal heart rate does not exclude abnormal autonomic activity; and in certain clinical situations, the variability of heart rate may be a more sensitive index of abnormal autonomic function than the heart rate itself.
Wound Care: Biofilm and Its Impact on the Latest Treatment Modalities for Ulcerations of the Diabetic Foot

Biofilm is an increasingly important topic of discussion in the care of the chronic diabetic foot wound. Treatment modalities have focused on biofilm reduction or eradication through debridement techniques, topical therapies, negative pressure therapy, and ultrasound. In addition, advanced wound healing modalities, such as bioengineered alternative tissues, require optimal wound bed preparation with specific consideration of biofilm reduction before their application. Although fundamental principles of diabetic wound care still apply, critical thought must be given to biofilm before implementing a treatment plan for the closure of these complex wounds.
RELATIVE STOPPING POWER OF SOME METALLIC ELEMENTS FOR 28.7-MEV PROTONS,

The stopping power of Be, Ti, V, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Ta, W, Ir, and Au were compared with Al at an average proton energy of 28.7 MeV. Accuracies of 0.25% were obtained by using a scattering foil and subsequent collimation to produce two identical beams. The energy and intensity were continually monitored in one beam. Comparisons were made in the other by rotating the samples to produce small changes in thickness. Anomalously high stopping powers were observed in the transition region where the $3d$ shell is being filled inside a completed $s$ shell.
Stability and equation of state of Fe3C to 73 GPa: Implications for carbon in the Earth's core

We have measured the volume and lattice parameters of Fe3C-cementite as a function of pressure to 73 GPa using synchrotron-based x-ray diffraction. Several samples were laser heated and temperature-quenched from >1,500 K while held at high-pressure. No pressure or temperature induced phase transitions are observed in this study, and the 300 K isothermal equation of state of Fe3C yields a best-fit bulk modulus, K0T, of 175±4 GPa and a of 5.2±0.3. The bulk sound speed of Fe3C under outer core conditions is calculated: barring higher pressure polymorphism or marked changes in compressibility on melting, carbon could produce some or all of the offset between seismic observations (PREM) and measurements on pure iron and iron-nickel alloys. Additionally, we model the thermodynamic stability of this phase at the conditions of Earth's mantle, and determine that in the presence of free iron (i.e. during core formation) the formation of Fe3C is strongly favored relative to carbonates.
Chinazambia and Boliviafranca: A Simulation of Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy

Despite a longstanding focus on the systemic distribution of power in the study of international relations, scholarship during the past 20 years increasingly emphasizes the role of domestic politics in foreign-policy-decision making. This simulation enables participants to experience negotiating an international issue—a territorial dispute between two fictitious states, Chinazambia and Boliviafranca—in the context of this “two-level game” between domestic and international environments. The simulation furnishes a vantage point from which students can assess realist, liberal, and alternative theoretical perspectives on international relations as they affect policy making. The simulation is flexible and can be executed under a variety course contexts, as well as time and participation constraints. Additionally, the simulation provides ample opportunity for a number of enriching postsimulation activities.
Computerized Tooth Profile Generation and Undercut Analysis of Gears Manufactured With Pre-Shaving Hobs

This paper investigated the feature of pre-shaving hob contour and the generated gear tooth profile. By tooth generation method, a complete geometry of the gear tooth can be mathematically derived in terms of the design parameters of the pre-shaving hob cutter. The mathematical model consisted of equations describing the generated fillet and involute profiles. The degree of undercutting and the radii of curvatures of a fillet were investigated by considering the model. Finally, a computer program for generating the profile of the gear teeth was developed by simulating the cutting methods. The methods proposed in this study were expected to be a valuable guidance for pre-shaving hob designers and manufacturers.
Electrical Properties of Paraelectric(Pb0.72La0.28)TiO3 Thin Films with High Linear Dielectric Permittivity: Schottky and Ohmic Contacts.

Linear, paraelectric (Pb0.72La0.28)TiO3 or PLT(28) thin films with a bandgap>3 eV were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by the sol-gel technique. Specific top-contact metals from two distinct groups (i.e., non-noble or M T and noble or M N; the former being oxidizable transition metals) were selected to understand the electrical nature of the interfaces in terms of electrode dependent energy band diagrams and equivalent circuit models. Using a high sensitivity high-pass filter circuit to evaluate the charging and discharging behavior coupled with results of the thickness and voltage dependence of capacitance, it was determined that M T ( Ni,Cr,Ti) and M N ( Pt,Au,Ag) metals form Ohmic and Schottky contacts, respectively. Supported by thermochemical data and calculations, the ohmic M T- PLT interfaces are envisioned to be of the form: M T-M T Ox-n+ PLT-n PLT. In contrast, the M N- PLT interfaces may be characterized by a metal work function independent Schottky diode; the surface Fermi level being pinned at the mid-gap. For example, a Schottky barrier height of 1.83 eV and a built-in voltage of 1.3 eV at the Pt-PLT interface were estimated. From low field capacitance measurements, the ratio of interfacial to bulk resistance, R i/R b, was estimated to be 23.
A new view of women's sexual problems: Why new? Why now?

(2001). A new view of women's sexual problems: Why new? Why now? The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 89-96.
Family therapy supervision: A review and critique of the literature

This article reviews literature related to family therapy supervision which appeared in major journals between 1980 and August, 1985. The authors conclude that the level of theoretical inquiry and research regarding family therapy supervision has not kept pace with broader developments in theory and practice in the field. A selected review of clinical supervision literature from allied disciplines is included to provide an impetus for the family therapy field.
GENOTOXIC PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS AND PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID N-OXIDES—MECHANISMS LEADING TO DNA ADDUCT FORMATION AND TUMORIGENICITY

Plants that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides are widely distributed in the world. These plants are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Although pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been shown to be genotoxic, including tumorigenic in experimental animals, the mechanisms of tumor formation have not been fully understood. Our recent studies on riddelliine, riddelline N-oxide, and dehydroretronecine (DHR) provided evidence suggesting that pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides induce tumors via a genotoxic mechanism, and that tumorigenicity is mediated by a set of eight DHR-derived DNA adducts. This mechanism may be general to other carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and may also be responsible for the other genotoxicities of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including mutagenicity and teratogenicity. It is hypothesized that these DHR-derived DNA adducts are potential biomarkers of pyrrolizidine alkaloid tumorigenicity.
Permeability of nickel to high pressure hydrogen isotopes

The equation phi(cc s$sup -1$ cm$sup -1$ atm/sup -1/2/) = 6.1 x 10$sup - 2$ ($Root$ P/$Root$ M) exp [-13,200/RT] was found to apply for D, T, and H in Type 201 nickel at 297 to 652$sup 0$K and 1 to 275 atm. The diffusivity is not concentration dependent. (DLC)
Aggression and violence directed toward physicians.

One of the most difficult situations that physicians face is being threatened, abused, or physically harmed by one of their patients. This is not an uncommon problem: Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data for 1995 indicate that more workplace assaults and violent acts occur in health care and social services industries than in any other.1 Health care patients, the most common perpetrators of nonfatal workplace violence, were responsible for 45% of all nonfatal assaults in 1992.2 Although the majority of such incidents involve nursing staff, all health care workers are at risk, and physicians are no exception. From 1980 to 1989, 22 physicians were killed while at work.3 This represents almost one fourth of all workplace-related homicides among health care workers during this time period. Physicians may also experience nonfatal violence,4, 5 verbal abuse or threats,6, 7 destruction of property,8 or intimidation with a weapon.9, 10 Aggression and violence in the health care setting is costly on a number of levels. Financial losses to the institution as a result of medical expenditures, time away from the job, and psychological counseling have been estimated to be as high as $107,000 for a single incident;11 workers' compensation claims may add to this amount significantly.12 The cost to the individual also extends beyond the immediacy of physical injury. Many of those who are attacked or threatened experience anger, fear, anxiety, self-blame, and loss of confidence.8, 13 Furthermore, being threatened or harmed while providing care may be difficult to reconcile for a physician who strives to bring compassion and respect to each clinical encounter. Among doctors, psychiatrists and emergency medicine physicians are believed to be at highest risk of aggression and violence.8 This is most likely explained by a combination of clinical and environmental factors. For example, physician inexperience, urban locale, and patient characteristics such as intoxication, acute psychosis or delirium, and drug-seeking behavior have all been described in the psychiatric and emergency medicine literature as risk factors for aggression and violence.8, 14––17 Because these factors also exist in many internal medicine training and practice settings, physical safety is an important and valid concern. However, aggression and violence has not traditionally been a topic discussed by general internists. The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of aggression and violence in the health care setting and a more specific focus on violence directed toward physicians by their patients. We hope to make members of the internal medicine community aware of the magnitude and subtleties of violence and to present a framework for understanding and addressing such behavior.
DYNAMIC FLIGHT MANEUVERING USING TRAPPED VORTICITY FLOW CONTROL

Closed-loop feedback control is used in a series of wind tunnel experiments to effect commanded 2-DOF maneuvers (pitch and plunge) of a free airfoil without moving control surfaces. Bi-directional changes in the pitching moment over a range of angles of attack are effected by controllable, nominally-symmetric trapped vorticity concentrations on both the suction and pressure surfaces near the trailing edge. Actuation is applied on both surfaces by hybrid actuators that are each comprised of a miniature [O(0.01c)] obstruction integrated with a synthetic jet actuator to manipulate and regulate the vorticity concentrations. In the present work, the model is trimmed using position and attitude feedback loops that are actuated by servo motors and a ball screw mechanism in the plunge axis. Once the model is trimmed, the position feedback loop in the plunge axis is opened and the plunge axis is controlled in force mode so to maintain the static trim force on the model, and alter its effective mass. Meanwhile the servomotor in the pitch axis is only used to alter the dynamic characteristics of the model in pitch, and to introduce disturbances. Attitude stabilization and position control of the model is achieved by closing the position loop through the flow control actuators using a model reference adaptive controller designed to maintain a specified level of tracking performance in the presence of disturbances, parametric uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics associated with the flow. The controller employs a neural network based adaptive element and adaptation laws derived by a Lyapunov-like stability analysis of the closed loop system.
Problems with using MPI 1.1 and 2.0 as compilation targets for parallel language implementations

MPI support is nearly ubiquitous on high-performance systems today and is generally highly tuned for performance. It would thus seem to offer a convenient 'portable network assembly language' to developers of parallel programming languages who wish to target different network architectures. Unfortunately, neither the traditional MPI 1.1 API nor the newer MPI 2.0 extensions for one-sided communication provide an adequate compilation target for global address space languages, and this is likely to be the case for many other parallel languages as well. Simulating one-sided communication under the MPI 1.1 API is too expensive, while the MPI 2.0 one-sided API imposes a number of significant restrictions on memory access patterns that would need to be incorporated at the language level, as a compiler cannot effectively hide them given current conflict and alias detection algorithms.
Theory of magnetic susceptibility of dilute magnetic alloys

Abstract A parquet diagrammatic approach is developed for the calculation of the magnetic susceptibility of dilute magnetic alloys. Starting from the graphs which generate the free energy in Suhl's theory, one obtains the diagrams which represent the magnetic susceptibility. In our perturbation calculation, the Curie constant goes like S(S+1)(μ B g) 2 1−2 J ρ N −4 J ρ N 2 1n 1 T −8 J ρ N 3 1n 2 1 T +… . We also approximate the spin flip vertex function which appears in the susceptibility diagrams by Suhl's spin flip scattering matrix, in order to analyze the problem in a non-perturbative manner. At high temperature the result agrees with our perturbation calculation, and the Curie constant becomes S(S+1)(μ B g) 2 1− 2 2S+1 + In 1 T −1 as T → 0.
Achievement goal orientations in writing:a developmental perspective

Abstract This study provides a developmental perspective on achievement goal orientations in writing using data obtained from 1266 students ranging in age from 9 to 17. The strength of task goal orientation decreased from elementary school to middle school and then increased in high school; performance-approach goals decreased from elementary school to middle school and stabilized; performance-avoid goals did not change. Gender differences in task goals favored girls at every level of schooling, whereas differences in performance-approach and performance-avoid goals favored boys. Students with higher self-efficacy, self-concept, and self-efficacy for self-regulation had higher task goals at each level of schooling than did students with lower self-beliefs.
Application of a parameter-imbedded Riccati equation

An imbedding equation is used to solve linear regulator problems depending on a parameter α. From this equation the optimum matrix K(\alpha) is obtained for all \alpha \in [\alpha_{0},\alpha_{1} ]. Two typical applications of this equation are discussed.
The effects of prolactin on the gonadotropin induced rise in serum estradiol and progesterone of the laying turkey.

Abstract Mammalian LH (250 μg of NIH-LH-B9) and FSH (500 μg of FSH-P, Armour-Baldwin) elicit increases in serum estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) of laying turkeys within 30 min after a single iv injection. Prolactin (NIH-P-S11) at doses of 250 and 500 μg had no effect on the E or P levels when given in a single iv injection. One thousand micrograms of prolactin caused a significant decrease in serum E within 30 min of injection. Prolactin (500 and 1000 μg), given 30 min before LH, blocked the LH induced rise in P and at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 μg it blocked the LH induced rise in E. Five hundred and 1000 μg of prolactin blocked the FSH induced rise in P and doses of 250, 500 and 1000 μg of prolactin blocked the FSH induced rise in E. It is concluded that prolactin's antigonadotropic effect is exerted, at least in part, by interfering with gonadotropin induced increases in ovarian steroid levels in the blood.
Minimax estimation of a multivariate normal mean under polynomial loss

Let X be an observation from a p-variate (p ≥ 3) normal random vector with unknown mean vector θ and known covariance matrix . The problem of improving upon the usual estimator of θ, δ0(X) = X, is considered. An approach is developed which can lead to improved estimators, δ, for loss functions which are polynomials in the coordinates of (δ − θ). As an example of this approach, the loss L(δ, θ) = |δ − θ|4 is considered, and estimators are developed which are significantly better than δ0. When is the identity matrix, these estimators are of the form δ(X) = (1 − (b(d + |X|2)))X.
Chaunanthus torulosus sp. nov. (Brassicaceae) from Puebla (Mexico) and a synopsis of the genus

Chaunanthus torulosus Al-Shehbaz sp. nov. is described and illustrated. Its relationships and distinguishing characters from its nearest relatives are discussed. An expanded generic description, key, and synopsis of the four species of Chaunanthus are presented.
Effects of grain interaction on deformation in polycrystals

The deformations of a face-centered cubic polycrystal are simulated under idealized (plane strain compression) rolling conditions. A polycrystal is constructed using 1099 rhombic dodecahedron shaped crystals, each discretized with 48 tetrahedra elements. The rhombic dodecahedron is a 12-sided, space-filling polyhedron and serves as an idealized crystal geometry. The material behavior is specified at the level of a single crystal with rate dependent slip. The numerical formulation maintains compatibility and equilibrium in a weak sense using hybrid finite element methodology. The influence of the local neighborhood on crystal deformation is examined by conducting a series of numerical experiments on the same set of crystals. Each simulation uses a different spatial mapping of orientations to effectively alter the neighborhood of each crystal, allowing the dependence of deformation on crystal orientation to be examined. Comparisons are made to earlier results obtained with brick shaped crystals and to the results obtained with a second polycrystal consisting of 172 crystals with 576 elements in each rhombic dodecahedron. Coarse crystal discretizations are adequate for modeling bulk anisotropic properties, but a detailed investigation of local neighborhood effects require a finely discretized mesh that is better able to capture gradients in the deformation field.
Production characteristics of Hy-Line W36 laying hens hatched from white and tinted eggs

Abstract Eggshell color can greatly influence visual appeal of table eggs, and within the United States, table eggs are normally sorted and marked according to eggshell color to maximize consumer appeal. Recently, table egg producers have noted increased incidence of “off-color” or tinted (TT) eggs derived from white egg laying breeder hens. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the production characteristics and resultant eggshell color of laying hens hatched from different colored eggs. Hy-Line W36 eggs were obtained from a commercial breeder operation and eggshell color was assessed with a colorimeter to separate eggs into groups of tinted (TT) and nontinted (NT) eggs before incubation. Treatment groups were placed into separate hatching trays. At hatching, chicks from each treatment group were individually wing-banded. Pullets were randomly allocated into cages according to treatment groups at 18 wk. Birds were placed into individual cages, with 5 consecutive cages representing a treatment replicate. Each treatment was replicated 24 times for a total of 120 birds per treatment and fed a nutritionally complete layer diet. Production performance was evaluated from 18 to 34 wk of age. Average weekly egg production was calculated. Feed intake, egg weights, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, and egg color were analyzed every 2 wk. Birds were weighed every 4 wk until completion of the study. Birds hatched from TT eggs had significantly increased BW throughout the experimental period. Hen-day egg production was significantly different when compared with the NT treatment at 19 and 20 wk of age. Eggshell color was also found to be significantly different for the NT and TT groups with TT eggs being significantly further from true white. Selection of progeny based on eggshell color may be a criterion for selecting white egg layers as layers hatched from TT eggs resulted in more off-color eggs, which may affect consumer acceptance for buying white table eggs.