cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights into archaeal evolution and symbiosis from the genomes of a nanoarchaeon and its inferred crenarchaeal host from Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park

Background: A single cultured marine organism, Nanoarchaeum equitans, represents the Nanoarchaeota branch of symbiotic Archaea, with a highly reduced genome and unusual features such as multiple split genes. Results: The first terrestrial hyperthermophilic member of the Nanoarchaeota was collected from Obsidian Pool, a thermal feature in Yellowstone National Park, separated by single cell isolation, and sequenced together with its putative host, a Sulfolobales archaeon. Both the new Nanoarchaeota (Nst1) and N. equitans lack most biosynthetic capabilities, and phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal RNA and protein sequences indicates that the two form a deepbranching archaeal lineage. However, the Nst1 genome is more than 20% larger, and encodes a complete gluconeogenesis pathway as well as the full complement of archaeal flagellum proteins. With a larger genome, a smaller repertoire of split protein encoding genes and no split non-contiguous tRNAs, Nst1 appears to have experienced less severe genome reduction than N. equitans. These findings imply that, rather than representing ancestral characters, the extremely compact genomes and multiple split genes of Nanoarchaeota are derived characters associated with their symbiotic or parasitic lifestyle. The inferred host of Nst1 is potentially autotrophic, with a streamlined genome and simplified central and energetic metabolism as compared to other Sulfolobales. Conclusions: Comparison of the N. equitans and Nst1 genomes suggests that the marine and terrestrial lineages of Nanoarchaeota share a common ancestor that was already a symbiont of another archaeon. The two distinct Nanoarchaeota-host genomic data sets offer novel insights into the evolution of archaeal symbiosis and parasitism, enabling further studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these relationships.
Successful Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Endocarditis with Oral Linezolid

We report a case of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis that failed to respond to sequential monotherapy with chloramphenicol and quinupristin/dalfopristin but was successfully treated with oral linezolid.
Evolving treatment strategies for patients newly diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia: the role of second-generation BCR-ABL inhibitors as first-line therapy.

Evolving treatment strategies for patients newly diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia: the role of second-generation BCR–ABL inhibitors as first-line therapy
Regulation of Hepatitis C Virus Translation and Infectious Virus Production by the MicroRNA miR-122

miR-122 is a liver-specific microRNA that positively regulates hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA abundance and is essential for production of infectious HCV. Using a genetic approach, we show that its ability to enhance yields of infectious virus is dependent upon two miR-122-binding sites near the 5′ end of the HCV genome, S1 and S2. Viral RNA with base substitutions in both S1 and S2 failed to produce infectious virus in transfected cells, while virus production was rescued to near-wild-type levels in cells supplemented with a complementary miR-122 mutant. A comparison of mutants with substitutions in only one site revealed S1 to be dominant, as an S2 but not S1 mutant produced high virus yields in cells supplemented with wild-type miR-122. Translation of HCV RNA was reduced over 50% by mutations in either S1 or S2 and was partially rescued by transfection of the complementary miR-122 mutant. Unlike the case for virus replication, however, both sites function equally in regulating translation. We conclude that miR-122 promotes replication by binding directly to both sites in the genomic RNA and, at least in part, by stimulating internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation. However, a comparison of the replication capacities of the double-binding-site mutant and an IRES mutant with a quantitatively equivalent defect in translation suggests that the decrement in translation associated with loss of miR-122 binding is insufficient to explain the profound defect in virus production by the double mutant. miR-122 is thus likely to act at an additional step in the virus life cycle.
Hands-on modeling and simulation of systems

We present the latest prototype of System Blocks, a new interactive learning environment that facilitates hands-on modeling and simulation of systems concepts. System Blocks, by making processes visible and manipulable, can help students learn about the core concepts of systems at a younger age. K-12 schools rarely introduce students to core concepts of systems such as interconnectedness, positive and negative feedback, stocks and flows, or time delay. These concepts are considered "too hard" for pre-college students. Using System Blocks, 5th grade students with no prior instruction in systems were able to model and simulate systems, to interact with concepts such as net-flow dynamics and positive feedback, and to successfully connect the simulations to real-life examples.
Science and computing

The author contends that computers are unprecedented among human inventions in that they are a boon to experimenters and theorists alike. He points out that the power of computers has grown, and their cost has decreased, at a high-exponential rate-over the last 35 years; and the end is not in sight. In the last 33 years supercomputers, currently the most powerful computers, were needed to solve basic problems in a number of scientific fields. The author argues that novel uses of supercomputers need novel mathematics to make effective use of the computing power, underlining the importance of mathematics for science and of science from mathematics. He cautions that at the level of complexity of supercomputing it is not in general possible to get bounds for the errors due to discretizing the model. >
Exploring Frankl's Purpose in Life with College Students

This exploratory study of 354 college sophomores was designed to determine if there was a relationship between a student's activities on a college campus and his/her sense of purpose in life using ...
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS FOR WETLAND TREATMENT OF HIGH-NITRATE WATERS

Nitrate contamination is a serious problem worldwide. By providing an ample supply of carbon and an anaerobic environment, wetlands are a valuable low technology for treating nitrate-contaminated waters with low organic carbon concentrations. Denitrification is apparently limited by the C:N ratio, with ratios >5:1 resulting in >90% nitrate removal efficiencies. The denitrification rate constant, V NO3 , varies in direct proportion to carbon supply. Several novel or emerging applications of wetlands include renovation of nitrate-contaminated aquifers (a pump-and-treat strategy), denitrification of nitrified sewage effluents, and treatment of irrigation return flows. Treatment of dual sources is also discussed. In arid regions with limited supplies of high quality water, nitrate treatment wetlands may play a significant role in the development of water resources.
Mode coupling and long time tails

Abstract Among the many applications of mode coupling theory, one of the earliest and most important is the calculation of dissipative correlation functions and their long time tails. The coefficients that arise in these applications can be expressed in terms of thermodynamic and transport quantities. We survey the use of mode coupling in the description of hydrodynamics, Brownian motion and steady state systems.
Criminal Determination for Child Sexual Abuse Prosecutor Case-Screening Judgments

Considerable discussion has focused upon the appropriateness and efficacy of criminal justice intervention in cases of family violence in recent years. Particular concerns regarding possible criminal court action for child sexual abuse include issues dealing with the age of the victim, the intra- or extrafamilial relationship between the victim and alleged offender, and the nature and seriousness of the abuse, as well as broader issues of criminal justice policy and social service involvement. This article examines initial prosecutorial decision making for child sexual abuse focusing upon the role of these issues in official judgments about case screening. The data for this research were collected within the context of the Massachusetts District Attorney Reporting Law (“Chapter 288”). This 1983 bill was designed to increase criminal justice system involvement in the handling of “serious” child abuse cases by mandating the referral to prosecutors of substantiated cases. Utilizing a metropolitan Boston Coun...
Filamentation of femtosecond self-bending Airy beams

We report experimental observation of laser filaments generated by intense, femtosecond, self-bending Airy beams in air and water. The generated curved filaments act as streak cameras for the forward-emitted broadband conical radiation.
Finite-Time Distributed Consensus in Graphs with Time-Invariant Topologies

We present a method for achieving consensus in distributed systems in a finite number of time-steps. Our scheme involves a linear iteration where, at each time-step, each node updates its value to be a weighted average of its own previous value and those of its neighbors. If D denotes the degree of the minimal polynomial of the weight matrix associated with the linear iteration, we show that each node can immediately calculate the consensus value as a linear combination of its own past values over at most D time-steps. We also show that each node can determine the coefficients for this linear combination in a decentralized manner. The proposed scheme has the potential to significantly reduce the time and communication required to reach consensus in distributed systems.
Limiting the Spread of Resistant Pneumococci: Biological and Epidemiologic Evidence for the Effectiveness of Alternative Interventions

Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are a leading cause of respiratory illness in young children, the elderly, and persons with chronic medical conditions. The emergence of multidrug-resistant pneumococci has compromised the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for pneumococcal infections. As antibiotic-resistant strains increase in prevalence, there is a need for interventions that minimize the spread of resistant pneumococci. In this review we provide a framework for understanding the spread of pneumococcal resistance and evaluate proposed interventions to reduce this spread. Pneumococci differ from many drug-resistant pathogens because asymptomatic carriers play a key role in transmission of resistant strains and the genes encoding resistance are spread primarily by transformation and conjugative transposons. Evidence suggests that modifications of treatment regimens that have proved effective at limiting resistance in other pathogens may not prevent the spread of pneumococcal resistance. In contrast, programs encouraging more judicious antibiotic use have been shown to be effective. Additionally, a newly developed conjugate pneumococcal vaccine holds great potential as an “antiresistance vaccine” that simultaneously reduces the burden of invasive disease and the prevalence of resistant strains. Several areas of future epidemiologic and laboratory research hold promise to contribute to the reduced spread of pneumococcal resistance.
Early Steps in Cell Infection by Parvoviruses: Host-Specific Differences in Cell Receptor Binding but Similar Endosomal Trafficking

Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) are closely related parvoviruses that differ in their host ranges for cats and dogs. Both viruses bind their host transferrin receptor (TfR), enter cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and traffic with that receptor through endosomal pathways. Infection by these viruses appears to be inefficient and slow, with low numbers of virions infecting the cell after a number of hours. Species-specific binding to TfR controls viral host range, and in this study FPV and strains of CPV differed in the levels of cell attachment, uptake, and infection in canine and feline cells. During infection, CPV particles initially bound and trafficked passively on the filopodia of canine cells while they bound to the cell body of feline cells. That binding was associated with the TfR as it was disrupted by anti-TfR antibodies. Capsids were taken up from the cell surface with different kinetics in canine and feline cells but, unlike transferrin, most did not recycle. Capsids labeled with fluorescent markers were seen in Rab5-, Rab7-, or Rab11-positive endosomal compartments within minutes of uptake, but reached the nucleus. Constitutively active or dominant negative Rab mutants changed the intracellular distribution of capsids and affected the infectivity of virus in cells.
Herbert Gans and the Politics of Urban Ethnography in the (Continued) Age of the Underclass

In his criticism of scholarly and public utilization of the term underclass, Herbert Gans helped to initiate new and more complex thinking about both the kinds of people that constitute America's most disenfranchised urban constituency and the ways in which more privileged Americans have striven to make sense of them. In forwarding his criticism of the term, Gans helped establish a template for ethnographic and qualitative explorations of America's urban poor that breaks with a rigid and vulgar social problems framing and, instead, invites more provocative and more accurate assessments of the agency of such people. In doing so, he has encouraged recent efforts to offer new framings of this population, which have facilitated new cultural projects in qualitative studies of the African American urban poor. This article briefly reviews Gans's criticism of the term underclass, and then elucidates how that criticism relates to some contemporary scholarly efforts to consider people who would be characterized as underclass as more complex cultural actors—and, indeed, who often are more complicated social beings—than is implied by the label underclass.
HET GEBIT VAN DE EERSTE HOND-WOLF

Demens heeft de wolf tot hond gedomesticeerd. Of niet soms? Een oude schedel geeft ons een nieuwe kijk op de oerhond.
Cutting Edge: Mechanisms of IL-2-Dependent Maintenance of Functional Regulatory T Cells

IL-2 controls the survival of regulatory T cells (Tregs), but it is unclear whether IL-2 also directly affects Treg suppressive capacity in vivo. We have found that eliminating Bim-dependent apoptosis in IL-2– and CD25-deficient mice restored Treg numbers but failed to cure their lethal autoimmune disease, demonstrating that IL-2–dependent survival and suppressive activity can be uncoupled in Tregs. Treatment with IL-2–anti–IL-2–Ab complexes enhanced the numbers and suppressive capacity of IL-2–deprived Tregs with striking increases in CD25, CTLA-4, and CD39/CD73 expression. Although cytokine treatment induced these suppressive mechanisms in both IL-2 −/− and IL-2 −/− Bim −/− mice, it only reversed autoimmune disease in the latter. Our results suggest that successful IL-2 therapy of established autoimmune diseases will require a threshold quantity of Tregs present at the start of treatment and show that the suppressive capacity of Tregs critically depends on IL-2 even when Treg survival is independent of this cytokine.
Sociocultural Considerations in Social Skills Training Research with African American Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders

Students with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) often have been identified on the basis of their social competence deficits. The overrepresentation of African American students in special education programs for EBD has been recognized for decades. This suggests that African American students with EBD have been in urgent need of social skills training (SST) if they have not been misidentified. Given that sociocultural contexts influence social behavior, there is a need to advance culturally sensitive SST research. This paper reviews SST research studies with African American students with EBD, including the extent to which researchers incorporated a sociocultural perspective in the design, implementation, and reporting of their research. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research and practice are discussed.
Boundary Integral Simulation of Nonlinear Oscillations of Gas Bubbles

Nonlinear axisymmetric oscillations of a gas bubble in a liquid are examined using the boundary integral method. The flow in the exterior liquid phase is treated as a potential flow while the gas within the bubble interior is taken to be ideal, having a uniform pressure that depends only on the instantaneous volume of the bubble. The combination of the boundary integral equation and the normal stress balance at the interface — the latter of which includes the use of Bernoulli’s equation to relate the pressure at the surface to the potential — produces a coupled set of nonlinear equations for the potential and the normal velocity at the interface. These can be solved iteratively at each time step and, by moving the nodal points representing the discretized interface according to their normal velocities, the nonlinear evolution of the bubble surface can be followed in time.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Older Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndrome is primarily a disease of older age, and hematopoietic cell transplantation is the only treatment modality that offers the potential of cure and long-term survival to a substantial proportion of patients. Transplantation is used with increasing frequency in older patients, and patients in the seventh or even eighth decade of life have been transplanted successfully. However, transplant outcome strongly depends on the disease characteristics and comorbid conditions, which tend to be common in older individuals and profoundly affect nonrelapse mortality. This is a major reason why in patients older than 60 years, typically only conditioning regimens of reduced intensity are used. However, although these regimens are associated with little acute toxicity, the probability of relapse tends to be higher than with high-intensity regimens. In addition, chronic graft-versus-host disease occurs in as many as 50% to 60% of patients. Manifestations are mild in a proportion of patients; others require long-term treatment, generally with glucocorticoids, which often are not well tolerated in older individuals. Although considerable progress has been made over the past decade, more work is needed, particularly to reduce the incidence of severe graft-versus-host disease and prevent posttransplant relapse.
Optical Properties of Pseudomorphic Sn X Ge 1−x Alloys

SnxGe1-x alloys are grown coherent on Ge(001) substrates by conventional molecular beam epitaxy. The lattice mismatch between SnxGe1-x and Ge produces a biaxial compression of the alloy in the plane of the substrate and a uniaxial elongation in the growth direction. The change of Eg resulting from the biaxial compression is modeled with deformation potential theory for coherent SnxGe1-x on Ge(001) and coherent SnxGe1-x on Ge(111). For SnxGe1-x on Ge(001), the decrease in the energy band gap due to strain is small, 16 meV for x = 0.10, and G7 and L6 shift uniformly. In the case of SnxGe1-x on Ge(111), G7 and L6 do not shift uniformly; a large uniaxial splitting occurs at L6, 200 meV for x = 0.10. Another interesting result of a uniaxial strain along [111] is the absence of a direct to indirect energy band gap transition for x < 0.30. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy transmission measurements of coherent SnxGe1-x on Ge(001) confirm the strain-induced change in the energy band gap is a small effect.
Screening for Significant Bacteriuria in a Veteran Population

Comparative analysis of three screening methods (MS2, Chemstrip LN, and Gram's stain) was performed on 386 urine specimens collected from a Veterans Administration Medical Center Hospital patient population. The prevalence rate of urinary tract infections (UTIs) was 25%. The negative predictability of UTIs was comparable with all three methodologies at the ≥ colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter level but was lowest at the 104 CFU mL level with the Chemstrip LN. We concluded that the MS2 screening procedure served this population best in terms of microbiologist time and predictability. Clinical preselection of subgroups at high risk for UTI is necessary in order to adequately process low-colony count (≤103 CFU/mL) urine specimens. Lowering the threshold for detection of urine screening tests would negate the value of these methods.
Controlling Second Harmonic Generation with Counterpropagating Light

Experimental and numerical results verify the microscopic influence of coun- terpropagating light on the phase of the nonlinear polarization wave, providing detailed understanding of an all-optical method for quasi-phase matching.
Camus's Stranger Retried

I have always pictured Meursault as a stranger to the sentiments of other men. Love and hatred, ambition and envy, greed and jealousy are equally foreign to him. He attends the funeral of his mother as impassively as he watches, on the following day, a Fernandel movie. Eventually, Meursault kills a man, but how could I feel that he is a real criminal? How could this man have any motive for murder?
Relevance of Knight Shift Measurements to the Electronic Density of States.

The Knight shift, K , measures the magnetic hyperfine field at the nucleus produced by the conduction electrons which are polarized in a magnetic field. Knight shifts are often dominated by the Pauli term and, in its most simple form, can be written as K = 〈 a 〉 χ p . Here χ p is the conduction electron Pauli spin susceptibility which depends on the density of states at the Fermi level, N(E f ), and 〈a〉 is an average magnetic hyperfine coupling constant associated with the wave function character at the nucleus, ∣ψ F (0)∣2, for conduction electrons at the Fermi surface. The Knight shift therefore provides, through 〈a〉, insight into the wave-function character associated with N(E F ). Calculations of 〈a〉 involving an averaging over k-space have been attempted for a few simple metals up to the present time. For alloys and intermetallic compounds, rather different 〈a〉's are experimentally observed for different local environments, indicating that K samples the variation in local wave-function character, or a variation in local density of states. There is no unique way of separating the local variation of N(E F ) from ∣ψ F ∣(0)∣2. In this article the methods developed for relating K to the electronic properties for most of the types of cases encountered in the literature are reviewed. We discuss "simple" metals including problems of orbital magnetism and changes in K caused by electronic transitions such as melting. Knight shifts and their temperature dependence in metals and intermetallic compounds involving unfilled d shells, are discussed. We give estimates of atomic hyperfine fields due to single electrons, appropriate to those cases where problems due to electronic configurations do not make deductions from experiment too ambiguous. A density of states curve calculated for Cu is given, showing the relative importance of s-p, and d character for that metal. In a qualitative sense this Cu curve implies such information for other transition metals. We discuss alloy solid solutions for the cases where a "rigid" band model might be used to explain the results, and for cases where local effects have to be taken into account. The charge oscillation and RKKY approaches and their limitations are reviewed for cases of dilute nonmagnetic and d- or f-type impurities.
Ownership Concentration and Strategic Supply Reduction

We explore ownership concentration as a means to seek rents in the context of the U.S. government's planned acquisition of broadcast TV licenses in the upcoming incentive auction. We document the significant purchases of licenses by private equity firms in the run-up to this auction and perform a prospective analysis of the effect of firms controlling multiple licenses on the outcome of the auction. Our results show that multi-license holders are able to earn large rents from a supply reduction strategy where they strategically withhold some of their licenses from the auction to drive up the closing price for the remaining licenses they own. Relative to the case where each license is bid into the auction independently, spectrum acquisition costs increase by one third to one half. Strategic behavior by multi-license holders reduces economic efficiency as the set of licenses surrendered into the auction is not the socially optimal set. A case study illustrates the mechanism in a specific local media market. We propose a partial remedy that mitigates the effect of ownership concentration and reduces the distortion in payouts to broadcast TV license holders by one to two thirds.
Study on Calcination of Szaibelyite and Calcium Carbonate Mixture for Magnesium Extraction

Calcination of szaibelyite and calcium carbonate mixtures and extraction of magnesium from the calcined products by vacuum aluminothermic reduction were experimentally studied. The effects of calcium carbonate addition,forming pressure and calcination temperature on phases in the calcination products,the burning loss ratio of the mixtures and reduction ratio of magnesium oxide were discussed. The results indicated that most of the Mg O were replaced from Mg3B2O6 and Mg2B2O5 by Ca O during the calcination process of the mixtures. Moreover,the formation of Ca12Al14O33 favored the reduction of Mg O. Although it was favorable for the formation of Ca3B2O6,higher forming pressure caused lower burning loss ratio of the mixture and lower reduction ratio of Mg O. The reduction ratio of Mg O was greater than 85% when the mixture with mCa/ ms= 1. 9 was formed at 90 MPa and then calcinated at 1 100 °C for 120 min.
Subcellular compartmentalization of Gs alpha in cardiac myocytes and its redistribution in heart failure

Intracellular compartmentalization of G proteins may contribute to regulating signal transduction pathways in normal and failing myocardium. To test this hypothesis, we used postembedment immunogold electron microscopy to characterize the subcellular distribution of Gs alpha in normal canine and porcine left ventricular myocytes and in myocytes from a pacing-induced heart failure model in pigs in which beta-adrenergic signaling is impaired. Gs alpha was highly compartmentalized in normal canine myocytes and was localized specifically to the sarcolemma, intercalated disks, T-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) triads, and myoplasm. The highest Gs alpha concentration was observed in the intercalated disks. Only 20 +/- 5% of total cellular Gs alpha was localized to the sarcolemma. The triads and myoplasm compartments contained 45 +/- 13 and 27 +/- 8% of total cellular Gs alpha, respectively. The distribution of Gs alpha in normal porcine and canine myocytes was similar. However, in failing porcine myocytes Gs alpha was redistributed from the sarcolemma and T-tubule and SR triads to the myoplasm. The proportion of total cellular Gs alpha in the sarcolemma fell from 22 +/- 5 in normal to 11 +/- 4% in failing myocytes (P < 0.005), and the proportion in T-tubule and SR triads fell from 55 +/- 5 to 40 +/- 5% (P < 0.01), with a quantitatively corresponding increase in the proportion in the myoplasm from 19 +/- 3 to 43 +/- 4% (P < 0.0001). Thus redistribution of Gs alpha from the sarcolemma and the T-tubule and SR triads, where it may transduce beta-adrenergic signals, to internal sites where such actions may be precluded, might contribute to the pathophysiology of heart failure.
SU-F-I-02: Comparative Analysis and Constancy Check of Image Quality Parameters for Three Linear Accelerators Per TG 142 Protocol

Purpose: To compare image quality parameters and assessing the image stability of three different linear accelerators (linac) for 2D and 3D imaging modalities: planar kV, MV images and cone-beam CT (CBCT). Methods: QCkV1, QC-3 and Cathpan-600 phantoms were utilized to acquire kV, MV and CBCT images respectively on monthly basis per TG142 QA protocol for over 2 years on 21Ex, NovalisTx and TrueBeam linacs. DICOM images were analyzed with the help of QA analysis software: PIPsPro from Standard Imaging. For planar kV and MV images, planar spatial resolution, contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and noise; for CBCT, HU values were collected and analyzed. Results: Two years of monthly QA measurements were analyzed for the planar and CBCT images. Values were normalized to the mean and the standard deviations (STD) are presented. For the kV planar radiographic images the STD of spatial resolution for f30, f40, f50, CNR and noise for 21Ex are 0.006, 0.011, 0.013, 0.046, 0.026; Novalis-Tx are 0.009, 0.016, 0.016, 0.067, 0.053 ; TrueBeam are 0.007, 0.005, 0.009, 0.017, 0.016 respectively. For the MV planar radiographic images, the STD of spatial resolution for f30, f40, f50, CNR and noise for 21Ex are 0.009, 0.010, 0.008, 0.023, 0.023; for Novalix-Tx are 0.012, 0.010, 0.008, 0.029, 0.023 and for TrueBeam are 0.010, 0.010, 0.007, 0.022, 0.022 respectively. For the CBCT images, HU constancies of Air, Polystyrene, Teflon, PMP, LDPE and Delrin for 21Ex are 0.014, 0.070, 0.031, 0.053, 0.076, 0.087; for Novalis Tx are 0.019, 0.047, 0.035, 0.059, 0.077, 0.087 and for TrueBeam are 0.011, 0.044, 0.025, 0.044, 0.056, 0.020 respectively. Conclusion: These Imaging QA results demonstrated that the TrueBeam, performed better in terms of image quality stability for both kV planer and CBCT images as well as EPID MV images, however other two linacs were also satisfied TG142 guidelines.
Right Hemisphere Strokes

Although strokes occur about as often on the right as on the left side of the brain, much more attention is given to left hemisphere (LH) strokes, which results in biases in stroke severity assessments and medical treatment.
Management of Local Recurrence and In-Transit Metastasis

Recurrent squamous cell carcinoma is an aggressive entity that often carries a poor prognosis. Metastasis rates between 30 and 50 % have been reported, significantly higher than primary disease. Early recognition and management of disease is critical to minimizing patient morbidity and mortality. An understanding of those who may be at risk for recurrent disease is an important first step. Risk factor criteria include variables such as tumor size, depth of invasion, differentiation/growth pattern, location, neural involvement, recurrent disease, and patient comorbidities. Depending on extent of disease, management options include surgical and non-surgical options, and/or their combination. In certain situations, a multi-disciplinary setting involving specialists from Mohs surgery, medical oncology, head and neck surgery or surgical oncology, and radiation oncology may be required to offer the best prognosis. In this chapter, we will review diagnosis, and management of recurrent SCC. An additional section on a recently described and related entity known as in-transit metastases is also included.
Acoustic factors related to emotional responses to sound

Sounds can have a profound impact on the way people think and feel about the world around them. However, recent work suggests that hearing loss alters the way people feel about sounds. Specifically, people with hearing loss are less affected by sounds than their peers with normal hearing. Moreover, increasing the overall level of sounds does not restore emotional responses. Instead, when the volume is increased, listeners with hearing loss rate all sounds, even the “pleasant” ones, as unpleasant. Because hearing aids increase the overall level of sounds, there is significant clinical and scientific interest in evaluating the potential effect of hearing aids on emotional responses to sounds, which was the purpose of this study. Adults with mild to moderately-severe sensorineural hearing loss listened to a subset of sounds from a published corpus of common, non-speech sounds. Participants rated the degree to which a sound made them feel pleasant/unpleasant and also excited /calm. Participants rated each sound at a moderate (60 dB SPL) and a high (80 dB SPL) intensity. In addition, participants rated moderate intensity stimuli while wearing bilateral hearing aids programmed with conventional processing and non-linear frequency compression. A control group of participants with normal hearing was tested in the unaided conditions. Participants made subjective ratings using a published visual analog scale and a computer keypad. Consistent with previous work, listeners with hearing loss exhibited a reduced range of emotional responses. Neither hearing aid technology improved the range of responses. However, for specific signals, there were positive effects of hearing aids, particularly non-linear frequency compression. Some of the specific effects of hearing aid signal processing can be explained based on the acoustics of the stimuli and of the hearing aid technologies. These acoustic relationships will be discussed, as well as implications for future technological developments.
Time-dependent broken-symmetry density functional theory simulation of the optical response of entangled paramagnetic defects: Color centers in lithium fluoride

Parameter-free atomistic simulations of entangled solid-state paramagnetic defects may aid in the rational design of devices for quantum information science. This work applies time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) embedded-cluster simulations to a prototype entangled-defect system, namely two adjacent singlet-coupled $F$ color centers in lithium fluoride. TDDFT calculations accurately reproduce the experimental visible absorption of both isolated and coupled $F$ centers. The most accurate results are obtained by combining spin symmetry breaking to simulate strong correlation, a large fraction of exact (Hartree-Fock-like) exchange to minimize the defect electrons' self-interaction error, and a standard semilocal approximation for dynamical correlations between the defect electrons and the surrounding ionic lattice. These results motivate application of two-reference correlated ab initio approximations to the M-center, and application of TDDFT in parameter-free simulations of more complex entangled paramagnetic defect architectures.
Using Multitrait-Multimethod (MTMM) Techniques to Examine the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Social Disorder:

Objectives:Disorder has been measured by various data sources; however, little attention has been given to comparing the construct validity of different measures obtained through various methods in...
Sexual Minority Women's and Gender-Diverse Individuals' Hope and Empowerment Responses to the 2016 Presidential Election

ABSTRACTThe 2016 presidential election and its outcome evoked strong reactions for many people in the United States. Women who identify as lesbian, bisexual, or queer, and individuals who identify as transgender or genderqueer felt at increased risk of experiencing discrimination and minority stress after the election (Veldhuis et al., 2017). Finding positive strategies for reacting to the election outcome is important for the well-being of individuals in these groups. Hope and empowerment theories provide a useful framework for understanding individuals' responses to the election. As part of a larger online survey, 387 sexual minority women and transgender individuals responded to open-ended questions concerning their reactions to the election, including “What makes you feel hopeful or empowered?” Using experiential thematic analyses (Braun & Clarke, 2006) 3 main themes emerged: individual agency, recognition of support from others, and political engagement and collective action. Multiple subthemes for e...
Civil Commitment in the Treatment of Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse: Empirical Status and Ethical Considerations

Civil commitment has evolved over the years to reflect the ideas of community, mental health professionals, and law. Individuals with an eating disorder or substance abuse problems can show a high degree of reluctance for treatment while displaying an inability to assess the outcome of their actions. When the safety of the individual clashes with their desire for maintaining the status quo or the individual is incapacitated due to the consequences of an eating disorder or substance use disorder, a discussion of involuntary treatment must be considered. The consequence of those behaviors directs the healthcare provider or family toward coercion. The perception of coercion in civil commitment is complex and not necessarily related to the degree of restriction of freedom. Civil commitment is a legitimate tool in emergent situations when an eating disorder or substance use disorder becomes life threatening. Compulsory treatment can be viewed as being in the best interest of the patient, family, and care provider. Civil commitment as a method to providing treatment is not without its critics or controversies, and a host of ethical concerns accompanies the use of this approach. Although controversial, there is a role for civil commitment in the treatment of eating disorders and substance use disorders.
"Do You Know Me?" The 'Doodling' of Iconic Mink, Milk, Booze, and Fruit Campaigns

Anyone who has paid attention to advertising for the past several decades is familiar with five iconic campaigns: Blackglama mink “What becomes a legend most?”; American Express “Do you know me?”; Absolut vodka “Bottle”; Fluid Milk Processor Board “Got Milk?”; and Apple computer “Think Different.” These smart, successful, and long-running campaigns share an important characteristic: they rely on the audience to have a certain level of cultural literacy in order to interpret them. However, an advertiser in today’s digital world can no longer take cultural literacy for granted. Yesterday’s common experiences in all facets of life are being replaced by individual experiences. For example, if two people enter identical search terms into Google, they will quite possibly receive different search results. They will be targeted with different advertisements. The order in which they navigate the links they choose to follow will differ. This study examines five, historic advertising campaigns dependent on established cultural literacy for their communicative value along with the rapid response format of the Internet search for information.
5.6 Oxidation: C–N Bond Formation by Oxidation (Aziridines)

The myriad applications of aziridines demonstrated in both chemistry and biology have stimulated lasting efforts in developing general and efficient methods for selective construction of the smallest nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Among different approaches, aziridination of alkenes via metal-catalyzed nitrene transfer with appropriate nitrene sources represents one of the most attractive methods for direct and general synthesis of aziridine derivatives. In addition to the abundant existence of alkene motifs in natural products and synthetic molecules, metal-catalyzed aziridination of alkenes has the capability to control enantioselectivity with appropriate chiral ligands and provide valuable chiral nitrogen-containing molecules. Although the majority of catalytic aziridination systems rely on the use of hypervalent iodine reagents, alternative nitrene sources with more desirable practical attributes and better control of reactivity and selectivity have received increasing attention. Among these alternative sources, azides could emerge as a general class of nitrene sources for metal-catalyzed aziridination of alkenes, together with the development of new generations of catalysts.
Urethral Trauma Following Pelvic Fracture From Horseback Saddle Horn Injury Versus Other Mechanisms of Pelvic Trauma.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the rate of urethral trauma and pubic symphysis diastasis in saddle horn injury, which occurs when horseback riders are bucked into the air and land with their perineum striking the rigid saddle horn, compared to pelvic fracture from other mechanisms. Methods A retrospective review was performed of male patients presenting to our level-1 trauma center with pelvic ring fractures between January 1, 2001 and December 30, 2016. Demographics, injury severity score, mechanism of injury (saddle horn vs other), pubic symphysis diastasis, and lower genitourinary (GU) injuries (bladder and urethra) were identified in the trauma registry. Chart review confirmed accuracy of lower GU trauma. Results A total of 1195 males presented with pelvic ring fractures, average age 43 years (SD 19 years). Of these, 87 of 1195 (7%) presented with lower GU injuries. Saddle horn injuries had a higher rate of lower GU injuries, 12/60 (20%) versus 75 of 1135 (7%) [P = .001]. In those with lower GU injuries, 47 of 87 (54%) had urethral injury. The rate of urethral injury was significantly higher in the saddle horn cohort, 10 of 12 (83%) versus 37 of 75 (49%) [P = .03]. Furthermore, rate of pubic symphysis diastasis was higher amongst saddle horn injuries, 12 of 12 (100%) versus other mechanisms 39 of 75 (52%) [P = .001]. Conclusion We found that urethral injury and pubic symphysis diastasis were higher in patients with saddle horn injury compared to other mechanisms of pelvic ring disruption. Clinicians should be aware of these associations when treating pelvic fracture following equestrian injuries.
Factors Associated With Nonadherence to Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy Referral for the Treatment of Pelvic Pain in Women

Background Patients with pelvic pain due to pelvic floor myofascial pain syndrome are often referred for pelvic floor physical therapy, the primary treatment option. However, many patients do not adhere to the treatment. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the adherence rate and outcomes of patients referred for physical therapy for pelvic floor myofascial pain syndrome and identify risk factors associated with nonadherence. Design This was a retrospective cohort study. Methods ICD-9 codes were used to identify a cohort of patients with pelvic floor myofascial pain syndrome during a 2-year time period within a single provider's clinical practice. Medical records were abstracted to obtain information on referral to physical therapy, associated comorbidities and demographics, and clinical outcomes. "Primary outcomes" was defined as attendance of at least 1 visit. Secondary outcomes included attendance of at least 6 physical therapist visits and overall improvement in pain. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, Fisher exact, and independent t tests. Nonparametric comparisons were performed using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Multivariate analysis was completed to adjust for confounders. Results Of the 205 patients, 140 (68%) attended at least 1 session with physical therapy. At least 6 visits were attended by 68 (33%) patients. Factors associated with poor adherence included parity and a preexisting psychiatric diagnosis. The odds of attending at least 1 visit were 0.75 (95% confidence interval = 0.62-0.90) and 0.44 (95% confidence interval = 0.21-0.90), respectively. Patients who attended ≥ 6 visits were more likely to have private insurance (78%) and travel shorter distances to a therapist (mean = 16 miles vs 22). Patients with an improvement in pain (compared with those who were unchanged) attended an average of 3 extra physical therapist visits (mean = 6.9 vs 3.1). Limitations Limitations include reliance on medical records for data integrity; a patient population derived from a single clinic, reducing the generalizability of the results; the age of the data (2010-2012); and the likely interrelatedness of many of the variables. It is possible that maternal parity and psychiatric diagnoses are partial surrogates for social, logistic, or economic constraints and patient confidence. Conclusions Initial adherence to pelvic floor physical therapy was less likely for multiparous women and women with a history of psychiatric diagnosis. Persistent adherence was more likely with private insurance or if the physical therapist location was closer. Pain improvement correlated with increased number of physical therapist sessions.
Cold Sintering: Progress, Challenges, and Future Opportunities

Cold sintering is an unusually low-temperature process that uses a transient transport phase, which is most often liquid, and an applied uniaxial force to assist in densification of a powder compac...
How Positioning Shapes Opportunities for Student Agency in Schools.

This chapter shows how student positioning by adults shapes opportunities for students to develop collective systemic agency. Collective systemic agency refers to the capacity to organize others, p...
Single circuit in V1 capable of switching contexts during movement using VIP population as a switch

Abstract As animals adapt to their environments, their brains are tasked with processing stimuli in different sensory contexts. Whether these computations are context dependent or independent, they are all implemented in the same neural tissue. A crucial question is what neural architectures can respond flexibly to a range of stimulus conditions and switch between them. This is a particular case of flexible architecture that permits multiple related computations within a single circuit. Here, we address this question in the specific case of the visual system circuitry, focusing on context integration, defined as the integration of feedforward and surround information across visual space. We show that a biologically inspired microcircuit with multiple inhibitory cell types can switch between visual processing of the static context and the moving context. In our model, the VIP population acts as the switch and modulates the visual circuit through a disinhibitory motif. Moreover, the VIP population is efficient, requiring only a relatively small number of neurons to switch contexts. This circuit eliminates noise in videos by using appropriate lateral connections for contextual spatio-temporal surround modulation, having superior denoising performance compared to circuits where only one context is learned. Our findings shed light on a minimally complex architecture that is capable of switching between two naturalistic contexts using few switching units. Author Summary The brain processes information at all times and much of that information is context-dependent. The visual system presents an important example: processing is ongoing, but the context changes dramatically when an animal is still vs. running. How is context-dependent information processing achieved? We take inspiration from recent neurophysiology studies on the role of distinct cell types in primary visual cortex (V1).We find that relatively few “switching units” — akin to the VIP neuron type in V1 in that they turn on and off in the running vs. still context and have connections to and from the main population — is sufficient to drive context dependent image processing. We demonstrate this in a model of feature integration, and in a test of image denoising. The underlying circuit architecture illustrates a concrete computational role for the multiple cell types under increasing study across the brain, and may inspire more flexible neurally inspired computing architectures.