cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The enthalpy of dilution of some 1-1 and 2-1 electrolytes in aqueous solution

Abstract The enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of RbCl, CsCl, NaF, NaBr, NaI, CaCl 2 , SrCl 2 , BaCl 2 , NaHCO 3 , and Na 2 CO 3 in the molality range 0.1 to 1.0 mol kg −1 have been determined at 303.15 K with a microcalorimeter. The relative apparent molar enthalpies L φ of these solutions have been determined with the aid of an extended form of the Debye-Huckel limiting law: L φ = S H I 1 2 [{1 + (I/m θ ) 1 2 } −1 − σ/3] + BI + CI 3 2 , where S H is the limiting-law slope, σ = “; 3 ( I m ⊖ ) 3 2 ’;[“;1 + ( I m ⊖ ) 1 2 ’; − “;1 + ( I m ⊖ ) 1 2 ’; −1 − 2 ln “;1 + ( I m ⊖ ) 1 2 ’;] , B and C are empirical constants, I is ionic strength, and m ⊖ is a standard molality (1 mol kg −1 ). This equation fits the experimental results with a standard deviation of ±2 cal th mol −1 for all the salts. The parameters B and C were examined by relating them to properties of the ions that make up the various electrolytes; B was found to be linearly related to the reciprocal of the crystallographic radius and C was found to be directly related to B .
Abstract 437: ATM regulates glioma migration via MEK-ERK not AKT.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal brain cancer with a life expectancy of only 12-15 months. Current standard treatment for GBM is surgery and chemoradiation. However, there are many difficulties when it comes to treating this aggressive brain cancer due to the inherent radio- and chemo-resistance. Consequently, there is a critical need for new therapeutic approaches to make radiation/chemotherapy more effective. Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) patients are extremely sensitive to ionizing radiation. The protein mutated in A-T, ATM (A-T mutated), controls the cells’ response to radiation, referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). ATM is a master protein kinase that targets many proteins during the DDR including regulators of cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, and apoptosis. In addition, without any radiation, ATM might regulate glioma dispersal. Using a highly specific inhibitor of the ATM kinase (ATMi), we recently showed that ATM regulates both the ERK and AKT signaling pathways and controls glioma cell migration and invasion in vitro. To take these studies further we have now used a genetic approach and knocked down ATM in human glioma cells. We have recapitulated our previous finding with an ATMi and shown that ATM knockdown glioma cells have reduced ability to migrate in vitro. In order to determine whether MEK/ERK and/or AKT regulate migration, human glioma cells were exposed to a MEK (PD0325901) or an AKT (MK-2266) inhibitor in a ‘scratch-assay’. We found that only the former compound affected migration in vitro. Hence, we have shown that ATM regulates glioma migration in vitro, perhaps via MEK/ERK. On the other hand, ATM might regulate invasion via AKT. The signaling relationship in vitro between ATM, ERK, and AKT is currently being investigated. Furthermore, ongoing studies will establish whether ERK and AKT signaling affect migration and invasion in vivo. Citation Format: Jasmine L. Allen, Allison F. Wagner, Jason M. Beckta, James Watson, Sarah E. Golding, Kristoffer C. Valerie. ATM regulates glioma migration via MEK-ERK not AKT. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 437. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-437 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Cardiac activity during airway resistance alterations with intravenous and inhaled methacholine.

Abstract Measurement of airway contractile responses to methacholine (MCh) is an important investigational tool in humans and mice. However, i.v. administration of MCh in murine models may suffer from potential cardiac sequelae produced by stimulation of cholinergic receptors within cardiac muscle. Therefore, we studied the i.v. (0–10,000 μg/kg) and aerosolized (inhaled; 0–25 mg/ml) administration of MCh, to determine their effects on pulmonary resistance (RL) and cardiac muscle activity (as heart rate; HR) in anesthetized, mechanically-ventilated C57Bl6 mice. MCh, i.v., increased RL but produced: (1) prolonged asystole (29–47 sec); (2) subsequent overshoot of baseline HR; and (3) prolonged HR recovery times (7–25 min), suggestive of sympathetic modulation after cholinergic stimulation. In contrast, inhaled MCh aerosol produced no change in HR, while increasing RL similar to i.v. MCh. These results suggest that, for specific instances utilizing the plethysmographic technique, inhaled MCh aerosol may be superior to i.v. administration, due to the avoidance of potential bouts of asystole that can confound experimental results and lead to premature death of mice.
Influence of testing method on mechanical properties of ceramic matrix composites

Mechanical properties of a monolithic zircon and zircon-matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide monofilaments and/or whiskers were measured in three-point flexure and uniaxial tension modes to study the influence of testing methods on mechanical behaviour. A number of composite characteristics, such as the first-matrix cracking stress and strain, the ultimate composite strength and strain, and the modulus were obtained from the load-deflection behaviour in flexure and tension tests. The results indicated that the modulus values and the qualitative dependence of mechanical properties on composite parameters were similar in flexure and tension tests. In contrast, all of the other mechanical properties of the monolithic and composites were different in tests performed in flexure and tension modes. Typically, the first-matrix cracking stress and strain were higher in flexure tests than in tension tests, and these stress and strain values were independent of the filament-matrix interfacial properties. Similarly, the ultimate strengths of the monolithic and composites were higher in flexure than in tension, and these strengths were independent of interfacial properties. Therefore, the mechanical properties of composites obtained in flexure should not be used for a quantitative comparison with the predictions of micromechanical models, which are derived under the assumption of a uniform tensile stress. However, the flexure data are perfectly valid in demonstrating the qualitative dependence of mechanical properties on composite parameters.
Single-Column Models and Cloud Ensemble Models as Links between Observations and Climate Models

Abstract Among the methods that have been devised to test physical parameterizations used in general circulation models, one of the most promising involves the use of field data together with single-column models (SCMs) and/or cloud ensemble models. Here the authors briefly discuss the data requirements of such models and then give several examples of their use. Emphasis is on parameterizations of convection and cloud amount.
Shape Effect and Shape Control of Polycrystalline Semiconductor Electrodes for Use in Photoelectrochemical Cells

This Perspective discusses the morphological considerations involved in the construction of efficient polycrystalline semiconductor electrodes for use in photoelectrochemical cells. The important morphological features that can affect the energetics and kinetics of semiconductor electrodes are described. Select electrochemical synthesis approaches useful in gaining a better understanding of shape-dependent properties of photoelectrodes and the construction of desirable polycrystalline architectures are also briefly examined. This Perspective will provide a useful basis for optimizing electrode morphologies in order to enhance desired photoelectrochemical properties.
Effect of minority carrier trapping on the low-temperature characteristics of Si transistors

The effect of minority carrier traps on certain transistor characteristics is calculated. It is shown that trapping of electrons by donors in the base region of Si transistors can lead to the degradation with increasing temperature in β and f T of the type observed by Schlig on n-p-n Si transistors.
Predicting Perceptions of Victimization

Male and female subjects rated female victims of misfortune after observing videotapes of the victims detailing their injuries to doctors. Contrary to predictions of just wortd theory, subjects derogated culpable victims more than innocent victims. When observers identified with the victim, through political ties, derogation was reduced. It was concluded that responses to victims are described by a balance theory framework in which the observer's relationships to the victim and the victimizing agent determine whether (s)he will react to victims with sympathy or derogation. It was further concluded that these relationships can be predicted from an understanding of the social and political context shared by the perceiver and the victim.
Family Involvement and Teacher Education Curriculum Transformation: Making Steps toward Powerful Change

The purpose of the study was to look at family involvement curriculum during the teacher preparation phrase from two lenses: the preservice teacher and the teacher–educator (university professor). The lens that focused on the preservice teacher revealed content related to family involvement from classroom assignments and focused presentations. The lens that focused on the teacher–educator looked at their assignments that were linked to family involvement and course syllabi. The findings helped frame the future design of curriculum for preservice teachers to be more prepared to work with students' parents and their families in their future classrooms and to begin to assume a commitment of engagement, even before the preservice teacher enters the classroom.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier-transform mass spectrometry of oligodeoxyribonucleotides.

Conditions for the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) of oligodeoxyribonucleotides at 355 nm, developed using a 3-Tesla Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTMS), are reported. Efficient ion trapping and matrix selection are critical to the desorption and detection of oligonucleotides by FTMS. The achievable upper mass limit for the MALDI-FTMS of bio molecules on our 3-Tesla system has been extended from approximately 2 kDa to 6 kDa through the use of pulsed-trapping-plate ion deceleration techniques. By implementing the deceleration techniques, molecular ions for bovine insulin (MW = 5733.5), an oligodeoxythymidylic acid, pd[T]10 (MW = 3060.0), and a mixed-base 12-mer (MW = 3611.5) have been measured. For the analysis of oligonucleotides by FTMS, selection of an appropriate MALDI matrix is essential for the generation of [MH]− ions. 3-Hydroxypicolinic acid provides a significant improvement over 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid for production of deprotonated molecules particularly for mixed-base oligomers. MALDI studies using FTMS have been duplicated using a newly constructed time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) and oligonucleotide fragmentation on the TOFMS is reduced relative to that observed by FTMS. This may be a consequence of the longer times (milliseconds) required for FTMS detection.
Passive Aerodynamic Drag Balancing in a Flapping-Wing Robotic Insect

Flapping-wing robotic platforms based on Dipteran insects have demonstrated lift to weight ratios greater than 1, but research into regulating the aerodynamic forces produced by their wings has largely focused on active wing trajectory control. In an alternate approach, a flapping-wing drivetrain design that passively balances aerodynamic drag torques is presented. A discussion of the dynamic properties of this millimeter-scale underactuated planar linkage accompanies an experimental test of an at-scale device. This mechanism introduces a novel strategy for regulating forces and torques from flapping wings, using passive mechanical elements to potentially simplify control systems for mass and power limited flapping-wing robotic platforms.
Pore structural studies of monodisperse porous polymer particles

Abstract Monodisperse polystyrene latex particles with molecular weight on the order of 106 were used as inert diluents for the preparation of monodisperse porous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer particles via seeded emulsion polymerization techniques. Mercury porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were used to assess pore structure and pore size distribution. Pore size distribution was very sensitive to the molecular weight of the polystyrene latex particles used as inert diluent. Qualitative evidence from the techniques used indicated that the monodisperse porous polymer particles were macroporous (average pore diameter > 500 A) in nature. As the molecular weight of the linear polymer decreased, the porous structure of the polymer particles ranged in complexity across the spectrum of macro/mesopore structures. Scanning electron microscope results indicated the existence of voids between the microspheres and their agglomerates within the porous polymer particle, and nitrogen adsorption isotherms confirmed that the pores were due to interstices between these crosslinked microspheres and agglomerates.
Passkeys to learning science in the elementary schools: The data and language of science

Elementary school science education should involve students in laboratory investigations. The data students gather from these investigations are the building blocks for understanding science concepts. The way teachers use student-gathered data for this purpose however, may vary. This study examined teachers' differing uses of student-gathered data during science investigations. The results show that students' language use and concept understanding differed between two different instructional approaches. Guided by their teacher, students must construct concepts from their own data in order to acquire concept understanding and expand their use of scientific language. Suggestions are provided for using student-gathered data in teaching elementary school science.
Analysis of a Gene Encoding Two Glycine Transporter Variants Reveals Alternative Promoter Usage and a Novel Gene Structure

The rat GLYT-1 gene encodes two glycine transporter variants, GLYT-1a and GLYT-1b, that differ in NH2 termini and 5′-noncoding regions as well as in tissue distribution. The GLYT-1 gene contains 15 exons, with the first two specific for GLYT-1a and the third specific for GLYT-1b. By combining RNase protection and rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis, we have determined transcription start sites for GLYT-1a and GLYT-1b. By using a functional luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrate that distinct promoters regulate the expression of these transporters in several cell lines. Serially truncated GLYT-1b promoter constructs reveal a basal promoter within 304 base pairs of the transcription start site, possible negative regulatory elements between −304 and −1310, and additional positive regulatory elements between −1310 and −5264. The GLYT-1 gene contains three sets of dinucleotide repeats, two AC repeats, and one TG repeat which may form stem-loop structures to either facilitate or interfere with transcription of one of the transporter isoforms. The potential use of dinucleotide repeats in this manner would represent a novel mechanism for gene splicing. The use of distinct promoters for GLYT-1a and GLYT-1b suggests that these transporters have unique regulatory requirements that may reflect the differential tissue-specific expression patterns in white matter (GLYT-1b) and gray matter (GLYT-1a).
Syntheses of new fluorine-containing taxoids by means of β-Lactam Synthon Method

Abstract A series of new fluorine-containing analogs of paclitaxel and docetaxel are synthesized using the coupling of (3R,4S)-1-acyl-β-lactams with high enantiomeric purity with properly protected baccatin III, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, and 14β-hydroxy-10-deacetylbaccatin III as the key step (β-Lactam Synthon Method). (3R,4S)-1-Acyl-β-lactams are prepared through efficient chiral ester enolate - imine cyclocondensation.
Libraries matter – “education and community”

Purpose – The purpose of this column is to provide a snapshot of the environment in which, in a down economy, libraries bearing the brunt of an outcry to limit or eliminate service for reasons of economic expediency, must continue to voice the impact they have on education and the community to their legislators and funding sources and seek solutions to ensure future viability.Design/methodology/approach – The article takes the form of a literature review and commentary on a topic that has been addressed by colleague institutions.Findings – If one solution to serve education and the community lies is the creation of more joint‐use library facilities, then such creativity in seeking out this and other inventive and resourceful solutions must be viewed seriously in an effort to ensure quality library service into the future.Originality/value – The value in addressing this issue is to suggest the need for creative planning to ensure the future viability of libraries.
Cortisol represses insulin-like growth factor II receptor transcription in skeletal cell cultures.

Glucocorticoids have a number of effects on bone cell function, some of which might be mediated by changes in the synthesis or activity of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Glucocorticoids inhibit IGF-I, but not IGF-II, synthesis in osteoblasts and decrease the expression of selected IGF-binding proteins. The effects of glucocorticoids on IGF-I and -II receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in osteoblasts are not known, and changes in IGF-I or -II receptor levels could result in changes in IGF activity. We examined the effects of glucocorticoids on IGF-I and -II receptor mRNA expression in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from 22-day-old fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). Cortisol at 1 microM for 2-48 h did not alter IGF-I receptor transcripts, as determined by Northern blot analysis and ribonuclease protection assay. In contrast, cortisol caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of IGF-II receptor mRNA levels. The effect was maximal at 0.1-1 microM for 24-48 h and was accompanied by a decrease ...
Retinally reconstructed images (RRIs): digital images having a resolution match with the human eye

Current digital image/video storage, transmission and display technologies use uniformly sampled images. On the other hand, the human retina has a nonuniform sampling density that decreases dramatically as the solid angle from the visual fixation axis increases. Therefore, there is sampling mismatch between the uniformly sampled digital images and the retina. This paper introduces Retinally Reconstructed Images (RRIs), a novel representation of digital images, that enables a resolution match with the human retina. To create an RRI, the size of the input image, the viewing distance and the fixation point should be known. In the RRI coding phase, we compute the `Retinal Codes', which consist of the retinal sampling locations onto which the input image projects, together with the retinal outputs at these locations. In the decoding phase, we use the backprojection of the Retinal Codes onto the input image grid as B-spline control coefficients, in order to construct a 3D B-spline surface with nonuniform resolution properties. An RRI is then created by mapping the B-spline surface onto a uniform grid, using triangulation. Transmitting or storing the `Retinal Codes' instead of the full resolution images enables up to two orders of magnitude data compression, depending on the resolution of the input image, the size of the input image and the viewing distance. The data reduction capability of Retinal Codes and RRI is promising for digital video storage and transmission applications. However, the computational burden can be substantial in the decoding phase.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hadron shower energy and direction measurements using drift chambers

Abstract We report energy and angle resolutions for hadron showers produced in the CCFR iron target-calorimeter. The measurements were made using drift chambers instrumented with FADC readout; showers were produced using a momentum-analyzed hadron test beam from the Fermilab Tevatron at energies of 40, 70, 100, 150, and 200 GeV. Shower energy measurements are compared to measurements using scintillation counters in the same target.
The role of the liver in translocation of IgA into the gastrointestinal tract.

The liver plays a key role in the translocation of IgA into the upper gastrointestinal tract. The amount of IgA transported and the mechanisms involved, however, vary widely among species. In some, best defined in the rat, large amounts of polymeric IgA (pIgA) are cleared from the plasma by hepatocytes, which synthesize the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, secretory component (SC), and express it on their sinusoidal plasma membranes. Circulating pIgA binds to SC, is internalized into endocytic vesicles and transported across the hepatocyte to the bile canalicular membrane, where the pIgA is released into bile in complex with a portion of the SC, i.e., secretory sIgA (sIgA). In some other species, including man, there is much less hepatic transport of circulating IgA, at least in part because SC is present only in biliary epithelium, and there is relatively more local synthesis of IgA within hepatobiliary tissues. On the other hand, certain IgA1 myeloma proteins appear to bind to and enter human hepatocytes via an asialoglycoprotein receptor. These species differences have implications for the biological significance of the biliary secretion of IgA, including the disposal of circulating IgA-antigen complexes into bile.
A method of 2D/3D registration of a statistical mouse atlas with a planar X-ray projection and an optical photo

Abstract The development of sophisticated and high throughput whole body small animal imaging technologies has created a need for improved image analysis and increased automation. The registration of a digital mouse atlas to individual images is a prerequisite for automated organ segmentation and uptake quantification. This paper presents a fully-automatic method for registering a statistical mouse atlas with individual subjects based on an anterior–posterior X-ray projection and a lateral optical photo of the mouse silhouette. The mouse atlas was trained as a statistical shape model based on 83 organ-segmented micro-CT images. For registration, a hierarchical approach is applied which first registers high contrast organs, and then estimates low contrast organs based on the registered high contrast organs. To register the high contrast organs, a 2D-registration-back-projection strategy is used that deforms the 3D atlas based on the 2D registrations of the atlas projections. For validation, this method was evaluated using 55 subjects of preclinical mouse studies. The results showed that this method can compensate for moderate variations of animal postures and organ anatomy. Two different metrics, the Dice coefficient and the average surface distance, were used to assess the registration accuracy of major organs. The Dice coefficients vary from 0.31 ± 0.16 for the spleen to 0.88 ± 0.03 for the whole body, and the average surface distance varies from 0.54 ± 0.06 mm for the lungs to 0.85 ± 0.10 mm for the skin. The method was compared with a direct 3D deformation optimization (without 2D-registration-back-projection) and a single-subject atlas registration (instead of using the statistical atlas). The comparison revealed that the 2D-registration-back-projection strategy significantly improved the registration accuracy, and the use of the statistical mouse atlas led to more plausible organ shapes than the single-subject atlas. This method was also tested with shoulder xenograft tumor-bearing mice, and the results showed that the registration accuracy of most organs was not significantly affected by the presence of shoulder tumors, except for the lungs and the spleen.
Robust PEDOT films by covalent bonding to substrates using in tandem sol–gel, surface initiated free-radical and redox polymerization

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, films are used as antistatic coatings on electrically insulating substrates such as plastic and glass. A novel method for the synthesis of conducting PEDOT films on insulators relies on sol–gel chemistry to attach a di-Si(OEt)3 functionalized free radical initiator (AIBN) on oxidized surfaces, followed by: (a) attachment of 3,4-(vinylenedioxy)thiophene (VDOT: an analogue to EDOT susceptible to radical addition through its vinylenedioxy group); and, (b) oxidative (with FeCl3) co-polymerization of surface-confined VDOT with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT). In conjunction with classical photolithography, the method yields thin (∼150 nm) yet dense, pinhole-free (confirmed electrochemically), hard (>6H), extremely adhesive (5B), patterned, highly conducting (52 mho cm−1) films. The process is applied mainly on glass but it works equally well on oxidized metal surfaces (aluminum, steel, Pt). Control studies related to “grafting from” with surface-confined AIBN were conducted by growing inexpensive poly(styrene) and poly(methylmethacrylate) films.
Computational procedures for topological shape design

Abstract This research describes a method for the design of general shapes that is able to change the shape topology during the design process and can handle geometric and behavioral constraints expressed as algebraic or partial differential equations. The proposed method uses an iterative process that alternates between formulating and solving a sequence of numerical optimization problems. At each iteration a design parameterization is generated and a corresponding domain discretization is then derived automatically from this design parameterization. A numerical optimization problem is then formulated by expressing the objective and the problem constraints in terms of the design variables. The results of this optimization update the shape and the resulting shape then initiates a new design iteration. The process continues until convergence. The parameterization proposed is based on a geometric abstraction called the ’skeleton‘ and leads to a relatively small number of design variables. The parameterization is adaptive to shape evolutions, guarantees shape integrity during the design, and allows the redefinition of the objective and constraints in terms of adaptively generated design variables. The skeleton also forms the basis for automatic domain discretization parameterized by the design variables. This parameterized discretization provides efficient means for evaluating PDE constraints and computing their gradients. The method overcomes some of the problems associated with current shape design procedures including boundary variation methods and homogeniz ation methods. Computational examples with geometric and PDE constraints are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed shape design method in generating general geometries and topologies.
Does the breast cancer dollar make sense

The past decade has witnessed a transformation of breast cancer management. Innovative developments such as widespread mammographic screening, breast-conserving approaches to primary disease and adjuvant systemic therapy have improved the quality of breast cancer care in the community. These and other therapeutic developments have been accompanied by substantial increases in consumption of health care resources. With the exception of adjuvant systemic therapy for node-positive disease, the evidence that such increases have been associated with commensurate improvements in disease outcome is weak. Indefinite continuation of this trend may prove incompatible with socioeconomic realities.
The electronic structure of the creutz-taube ion: A hartree-fock-slater study

Abstract The Creutz-Taube ion, |(NH3)5|2 pyrazine 5+, is studied using the first-principles HFS DVM Xα tecnique. A model based on three sites (two Ru centers and the pyrazine bridge) successfully explains the observed energy levels and the intervalance transfers band. A delocalized (Robin-Day III) ground state seems implied by these results, but definitive characterization awaits full vibronic treatment.
Studies of the coenzyme binding site of rat ovarian 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase☆

Abstract Rat ovarian 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was shown to be effectively inhibited by adenosine derivatives, nicotinamide derivatives, NADP analogs, N-alkylammonium chlorides, and carboxylic acids through coenzyme-competitive inhibition studies. Multiple inhibition analysis was used to demonstrate either simultaneous binding of inhibitors that interact with different regions of the NADP-binding site or mutual exclusion of inhibitors that interact with the same region on the enzyme. The results of these studies demonstrated that the 2′-phosphate, the pyrophosphate, and the positively charged ring nitrogen are important features of the coenzyme structure in binding to the coenzyme-binding site of the enzyme. In addition, the presence of a hydrophobic region near the NADP-binding site was indicated by positive chainlength effects observed in the binding of nicotinamide derivatives, alkylammonium chlorides, and carboxylic acids.
Collaboration and coordination in architectural design: approaches to computer mediated team work

The paper reports on three projects at our laboratory that deal respectively with synchronous collaborative design, asynchronous collaborative design, and design coordination. The Electronic Cocktail Napkin and its mobile extension that runs on hand-held computers supports synchronous design with shared freehand drawing environments. The PHIDIAS hypermedia system supports long-term, asynchronous collaboration by enabling designers of large complex artifacts to store and retrieve rationale about design decisions and the Construction Kit Builder (CKB) supports team design by supporting a priori agreements among team members to avoid conflicts.
Relative affinity of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolylpolyglutamates for the Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase-5-fluorodeoxyuridylate binary complex.

Abstract The affinity of a series of methylenetetrahydrofolate polyglutamates for the binary complex of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase and fluorodeoxyuridylate has been investigated by kinetic and equilibrium techniques. The relative rates of binding for polyglutamates with one through seven glutamate residues were determined at 0 °C. Reactions were stopped by quenching into sodium dodecyl sulfate with subsequent determination of bound tritiated fluorodeoxyuridylate by gel filtration chromatography. Rates increased up to five residues beyond which a slight decrease occurred. Relative equilibrium binding affinities for all possible pairs of polyglutamates from the same series were determined by electrophoretic separation of tritiated complexes. In every case, the longer chain length member of the pair was bound more tightly. Complexes involving only a single subunit of thymidylate synthetase were compared with those in which both subunits were bound. Monomeric (1:1:1) complexes invariably showed a greater affinity for the longer chain length member of the pair than the corresponding dimeric (2:2:1) species. These results are interpreted in terms of possible binding site models for thymidylate synthetase.
Moving Beyond an Exclusive Focus on Harm Avoidance in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Behavioral Validation for the Separability of Harm Avoidance and Incompleteness

There is increasing recognition that symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be associated not only with harm avoidance, but also with sensations of things being incomplete or not "just right." Although preliminary research supports the presence of both harm avoidance and incompleteness in OCD, their validity as separate constructs has not been tested beyond the use of self-report measures. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to behaviorally validate the separability of harm avoidance and incompleteness using an unselected student sample. Consistent with hypotheses, self-reported levels of incompleteness and harm avoidance uniquely predicted participants' ratings of their experiences while performing OCD-relevant behavioral tasks (e.g., washing dirty dishes, arranging books on a bookshelf). Results suggest that harm avoidance is associated with anxiety/nervousness and a desire to prevent harm, whereas incompleteness is linked to feelings of tension/discomfort and a desire to perform tasks perfectly or just right. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Distortion-invariant pattern recognition using composite Fourier plane nonlinear filtering

In this paper we investigate composite Fourier-plane nonlinear filters for distortion invariant pattern recognition. Different types of noise such as spatially non-overlapping color background noise, other non-target object, real scene noise, and additive white noise are used to investigate the performance of the filter. Computer simulation results are presented to show the performance enhancement using Fourier-plane nonlinearities in the composite filter designs. The training image sets and the test image sets are generate by in-plane and out-plane rotation of different aircraft.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Informed Consent and the First Amendment

In recent years, U.S. states have been adding to the requirements for physicians seeking “informed consent.” Now, an appeals court decision striking down a North Carolina statute on pre-abortion ultrasonography may bring the issue back before the Supreme Court.
The Specific Alpha-Activities and Half-Lives of U 234 , U 235 , and U 236

The specific alpha-activities and half-lives of ${\mathrm{U}}^{234}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$, and ${\mathrm{U}}^{236}$ have been determined. The material used for each determination was uranium very highly enriched in the isotope under investigation.Accurate volume aliquots of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ were electrodeposited quantitatively onto platinum disks and were counted in a medium geometry chamber. Accurate weight aliquots of ${\mathrm{U}}^{234}$ and of ${\mathrm{U}}^{236}$ were pipetted onto platinum disks, evaporated to dryness in an induction furnace, and counted in a medium geometry chamber.The specific activities and half-lives found are as follows:
Sliding Contact Analysis of Layered Elastic/Plastic Solids With Rough Surfaces

A three-dimensional numerical model is presented to investigate the quasi-static sliding contact behavior of layered elastic/plastic solids with rough surfaces. The model is applicable for both single-asperity contact and multiple-asperity contacts. The surface deformation is obtained based on a variational principle. The surface and subsurface stresses in the layer and the substrate are determined with a Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) based scheme and von Mises and principal tensile stresses are computed accord-ingly. Contact statistics, such as fractional contact area, maximum pressure/E 2 and relative meniscus force are predicted. The results are used to investigate the effect of the contact statistics on friction, stiction, and wear problems such as debris generation. brittle failure, and delamination of layered media. Optimum layer parameters are identified. It allows the specification of layer properties, according to the contact statistics, to reduce friction, stiction, and wear of materials. A normalization procedure is presented to apply the results on various combinations of surface roughness, material properties, and normal load.
Automated performance tuning

This tutorial presents automated techniques for implementing and optimizing numeric and symbolic libraries on modern computing platforms including SSE, multicore, and GPU. Obtaining high performance requires effective use of the memory hierarchy, short vector instructions, and multiple cores. Highly tuned implementations are difficult to obtain and are platform dependent. For example, Intel Core i7 980 XE has a peak floating point performance of over 100 GFLOPS and the NVIDIA Tesla C870 has a peak floating point performance of over 500 GFLOPS, however, achieving close to peak performance on such platforms is extremely difficult. Consequently, automated techniques are now being used to tune and adapt high performance libraries such as ATLAS (math-atlas.sourceforge.net), PLASMA (icl.cs.utk.edu/plasma) and MAGMA (icl.cs.utk.edu/magma) for dense linear algebra, OSKI (bebop.cs.berkeley.edu/oski) for sparse linear algebra, FFTW (www.fftw.org) for the fast Fourier transform (FFT), and SPIRAL (www.spiral.net) for wide class of digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. Intel currently uses SPIRAL to generate parts of their MKL and IPP libraries.
Hyperhidrosis as the presenting symptom in post-traumatic syringomyelia

Post-traumatic syringomyelia is now a well known entity and occurs months or years after a spinal cord injury. The presenting symptoms are usually pain, progressive motor weakness, sensory changes, and increased spasticity. Profuse sweating or hyperhidrosis can be a symptom of the post-traumatic syrinx or can occur in autonomic dysreflexia provoked by peripheral stimuli. We present two patients with cervical spine fractures whose presenting symptom of post-traumatic syringomyelia was hyperhidrosis affected by posture. The pathophysiology involved and the management of these patients is discussed.
A novel small-angle scattering camera design using multiple-beam diffraction

Abstract In this paper the design of a novel small-angle X-ray scattering crystal camera for high-resolution measurements is given. The instrument is based on a double-crystal diffractometer using two Laue crystals. Beams of narrow angular width in the collimator and the analyzer parts of the system are obtained by utilizing the “Super”-Borrmann effect. Theoretical calculations on multiple-beam diffraction were used to find an appropriate set of reflections. Feasibility studies on different multiple-beam Laue diffraction cases showed a collimation of 1.5 × 10 −5 rad at 8 keV X-ray energy, corresponding to a maximum dimension D max = 5 μ m that could be studied in small-angle scattering.
Late life psychosis

Psychoses in late life are serious psychiatric disorders. They include schizophrenia (both late onset schizophrenic patients and the more prevalent early onset schizophrenic patients living into middle and old age), delusional disorder, psychosis in patients with dementia, psychosis in patients with depression, and miscellaneous psychoses. This article reviews some of the more recent and interesting findings in late life psychoses. A need for further research is stressed.
Optimal information extraction in energy-limited wireless sensor networks

The current practice in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is to develop functional system designs and protocols for information extraction using intuition and heuristics, and validate them through simulations and implementations. We address the need for a complementary formal methodology by developing nonlinear optimization models of static WSN that yield fundamental performance bounds and optimal designs. We present models both for maximizing the total information gathered subject to energy constraints (on sensing, transmission, and reception), and for minimizing the energy usage subject to information constraints. Other constraints in these models correspond to fairness and channel capacity (assuming noise but no interference). We also discuss extensions of these models that can handle data aggregation, interference, and even node mobility. We present results and illustrations from computational experiments using these models that show how the optimal solution varies as a function of the energy/information constraints, network size, fairness constraints, and reception power. We also compare the performance of some simple heuristics with respect to the optimal solutions.
Buteo Nesting Ecology: Evaluating Nesting of Swainson’s Hawks in the Northern Great Plains

Swainson’s hawks (Buteo swainsoni) are long-distance migratory raptors that nest primarily in isolated trees located in areas of high grassland density. In recent years, anthropogenic conversion of grassland habitat has raised concerns about the status of the breeding population in the northern Great Plains. In 2013, we initiated a study to investigate the influence of extrinsic factors influencing Swainson’s hawk nesting ecology in north-central South Dakota and south-central North Dakota. Using ground and aerial surveys, we located and monitored nesting Swainson’s hawk pairs: 73 in 2013 and 120 in 2014. We documented 98 successful breeding attempts that fledged 163 chicks; 1.52 and 1.72 fledglings per successful nest in 2013 and 2014, respectively. We used Program MARK to evaluate the influence of land cover on nest survival. The top model, SDist2Farm+%Hay, indicated that nest survival (fledging at least one chick) decreased as nests were located farther from farm sites and as the percent of hay cover increased within 1200-m of the nest site (34.4%; 95% CI = 27.6%–42.3%). We used logistic regression analysis to evaluate the influence of landscape variables on nest-site selection; Swainson’s hawks selected for nest sites located closer to roads. We suggest that tree belts associated with farm sites, whether occupied or not, provide critical breeding sites for Swainson’s hawks. Additionally, poor breeding success may be related to the late migratory behavior of this species which requires them to occupy marginal habitat due to other raptors occupying the most suitable habitat prior to Swainson’s hawks arriving to the breeding grounds.
A Hybrid Online Intervention for Reducing Sedentary Behavior in Obese Women

Sedentary behavior (SB) has emerged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. While exercise is known to reduce these risks, reducing SB through increases in non-structured PA and breaks from sitting may appeal to obese women who have lower self-efficacy for PA. This study examined effects of a combined face-to-face and online intervention to reduce SB in overweight and obese women. A two-group quasi-experimental study was used with measures taken pre and post. Female volunteers (M age=58.5, SD=12.5 yrs) were enrolled in the intervention (n=40) or waitlisted (n=24). The intervention, based on the Social Cognitive Theory, combined group sessions with email messages over 6 weeks. Individualized feedback to support mastery and peer models of active behaviors were included in the emails. Participants self-monitored PA with a pedometer. Baseline and post measures of PA and SB were assessed by accelerometer and self-report. Standard measures of height, weight and waist circumference were conducted. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for analyses. Self-reported SB and light PA in the intervention group (I) changed significantly over time [SB, F(1,2)= 3.81, p=.03, light PA, F(1,2)=3.39, p=.04]. Significant Group x Time interactions were found for light PA, F(1,63)=5.22, p=.03, moderate PA, F(1, 63)=3.90, p=.05, and for waist circumference, F(1,63)=16.0, p=.001. The I group decreased significantly while the comparison group was unchanged. Hybrid computer interventions to reduce SB may provide a non-exercise alternative for increasing daily PA and potentially reduce waist circumference, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Consumer-grade accelerometers may aide improvements to PA and SB and should be tested as part of future interventions.
Zero ODP HFC blowing agents for appliance foam

Although HCFC-141b has been selected as the best replacement for the blowing agent CFC-11 used in refrigerator or freezer foams in North America, it is only an interim solution in the ongoing efforts to replace CFCs. Under investigation are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which have zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). Papers have been presented at SPI conferences in 1991 and 1993 on one of these compounds, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane or HFC-356mffm [1,2]. HFC-356mffm, like HCFC-141b, is a liquid with a low boiling point that offers low thermal conductivity in rigid polyurethane foams. It can be processed in existing processing equipment. It is nonflammable and does not form explosive mixtures with air. In addition, it offers good compatibility with appliance plastic food liners. Other potential zero ODP candidates are the isomers of HFC-245. The most promising of these is HFC-245fa. HFC-245fa is a liquid which boils at 15°C (59°F). It is highly miscible with many different polyols. It is reported to be nonflammable and produces foams with low thermal conductivity. Preliminary reports indicate it has shown good compatibility with plastic refrigerator liners, promising toxicity evaluation results, and feasibility of manufacture. The purpose of this paper is to present new information on foam formulations made with HFC-356mffm and one of the isomers of HFC-245. Our studies have shown that HFC-356mffm and HFC-245fa produce low thermal conductivity foams from masterbatches that do not separate upon aging. Information as to the processing of these systems in machinery will be presented. Results of these studies will be compared to a commercial HCFC-141b appliance foam system.
Underactuated grasp acquisition and stability using friction based coupling mechanisms

Underactuated fingers have been extensively studied and optimized in order to achieve better grasp performance in terms of object acquisition and stability. However, little work has been done related to the coupling mechanisms between the fingers and their effects on grasp performance. This paper presents a novel method of underactuated finger coupling that utilizes friction and allows for increased stability and adaptability of robotic grippers. We show that variable friction within the coupling element can help the system maintain kinematic form closure while not affecting non-closure forces during grasp acquisition. A proof of concept prototype demonstrates the increased stability of objects within the grasp as compared to traditional coupling mechanisms.
Change in Rural France in the Period of Industrialization, 1830–1914

France has been well characterized by Raymond Aron, following de Tocqueville, as Immuable et changeante. Nowhere does variability (across space) combine more strongly with stability (in time) than in the economy of rural France in the nineteenth century. Judging again by titles, we must give higher marks to the author of The Eternal Order of the Fields than to the man who argued that Capitalism and Agriculture were growing ever closer, to the advantage of the former.
The Meaning of Survivorship as Defined by African American Breast Cancer Survivors

Background: While there is an abundance of cancer survivorship research among various racial/ethnic groups, there is a paucity of research on survivors of African descent. To date, the meaning of survivorship has not been reported exclusively among African American breast cancer survivors (AABCS). Purpose: The purpose was to describe and understand the meaning of survivorship among community-dwelling AABCS, mostly recruited from breast cancer support groups. Method: Using a qualitative descriptive approach, an open-ended questionnaire explored the meaning of survivorship among 155 AABCS. An analysis of the content was performed. Results: Among AABCS, survivorship meant having a strong spiritual base, thriving, being resilient, and being altruistic. The survivors self-identified with and embraced the term survivor.Conclusions: These results provide an important understanding of the perspectives and meaning of survivorship among AABCS and may assist in developing cancer survivorship care plans that are rele...