cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The quest for the cup: assessing the economic impact of the World Cup.

Baade R. A. and Matheson V. A. (2004) The quest for the cup: assessing the economic impact of the World Cup, Reg. Studies 38, 343–354. Hosting the World Cup, the world’s second largest sporting event, is a potentially expensive affair. The co-hosts of the 2002 games, Japan and South Korea, spent a combined US$4 billion building new facilities or refurbishing old facilities in preparation for the event. An ex post analysis of the 1994 World Cup held in the US suggests that the economic impact of the event cannot justify this magnitude of expenditures and that host cities experienced cumulative losses of $5·5 to $9·3 billion as opposed to ex ante estimates of a $4 billion gain touted by event boosters. Potential hosts should consider with care whether the award of the World Cup is an honour or a burden.
Histamine receptor type coupled to nitric oxide‐induced relaxation of guinea‐pig nasal mucosa

1 The aim of this study was to characterize the histamine receptor type mediating relaxation of the vascular bed of the nasal mucosa from the guinea-pig, and to determine the role of cyclo-oxygenase products and nitric oxide in this relaxant response to histamine. These studies were performed in isolated nasal mucosae examined in vitro to obtain potencies of histamine receptor-type selective agonists in causing vasorelaxation and to determine affinities of histamine receptor antagonists for inhibiting histamine-induced relaxation. 2 After contraction of nasal mucosae with noradrenaline, histamine caused a maximal relaxation response that was 75 +/- 6% of the contraction caused by noradrenaline with a mean EC50 value of 4.3 +/- 0.5 microM. Neither dimaprit (H2-receptor selective) nor R-alpha-methylhistamine (H3-receptor selective) caused significant relaxation of nasal mucosae. In contrast, betahistine (H1-receptor selective) caused an 81 +/- 7% relaxation of noradrenaline-induced tone with an EC50 value of 15 +/- 1 microM. 3 pA2 experiments were performed to obtain KB values of chlorpheniramine (H1-receptor selective) and diphenhydramine (H1-receptor selective) for blocking histamine-stimulated relaxation of nasal mucosae. KB values for chlorpheniramine (0.87 nM) and diphenhydramine (7.4 nM) were consistent with their interaction at the H1-receptor type. Additionally, neither 10 microM cimetidine (H2-receptor selective) nor 1 microM thioperamide (H3-receptor selective) had any effect on the relaxation curve for histamine. 4 In the presence of 10 microM indomethacin (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor), histamine caused a maximal relaxation response of 73 +/- 5% of the noradrenaline-induced tone with an EC50 value of 2.9 +/- 0.2 microM, which was not different from control values (EC50 = 5.0 +/- 0.4 microM; maximal relaxation = 71 +/- 6%). In contrast, 200 microM NG-nitro-L-arginine (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) completely inhibited histamine-induced relaxation of nasal mucosae. 5 In conclusion, data from the present study suggest only the H1-receptor type mediates relaxation of nasal mucosal blood vessels to histamine, and histamine-induced relaxation of nasal mucosae is entirely dependent on nitric oxide production.
Enhancing knowledge base with knowledge transfer

A Knowledge Base (KB) stores, organizes, and shares information pertinent to entities (i.e. KB nodes) such as people, organizations, and events. A large KB system, such as Wikipedia, relies on human curators to create and maintain the content in the systems. However, it has become challenging for human curators to sift through the rapidly growing amount of information and filter out the information irrelevant to a KB node. The area of Knowledge Base Enhancement (KBE) aims to explore and identify automatic methods to assist human curators to accelerate the process. KBE can be viewed as a special case of Information Filtering (IF). However, the lack of high-quality labelled data introduces a major challenge to train a satisfying model for the task. Transfer learning provides solutions to the problem and has explored applications in the area of text mining, whereas direct application to KBE or IF remains absent.Transfer learning is a research area in machine learning, emphasizing the reuse of previously acquired knowledge to another applicable task. The method is particularly useful in the situations where labeled instances are absent or difficult to obtain. To accelerate the growth of a KB, a transfer learning approach enables leveraging the heuristics and models learned from one KB node to another. For example, reusing the learned filtering models from Willie Nelson, a famous country singer, to Eddie Rabbitt, another country singer.Transfer learning requires three components: the target task (e.g. the problem to be solved), the source task(s) (e.g. auxiliary data, previously studied problem), and criteria to select appropriate source tasks. The objectives of my dissertation are twofold. First, it explores methods to identify informative source nodes from which to transfer. Second, it constructs a knowledge transfer network to represent the transfer learning relationship between KB nodes.This proposed research applies a transfer learning method -- Segmented Transfer (ST) -- and a knowledge representation -- Knowledge Transfer Network (KTN) -- to approach the area of KBE. The primary research questions include: What are the transferable objects in information filtering algorithms? What are the KB nodes of high transferability? What are the factors that determine the transfer learning relationship? Does it manifest on a knowledge transfer network representation?This interdisciplinary research crosses the study area of information filtering, machine learning, knowledge representation, and network analysis. This proposal motivates the problem of KBE, discusses the research methodology and proposed experiments, and reviews related works in information filtering and transfer learning. This line of research hopes to extend the application of transfer learning to KBE and to explore a new dimension of IF. The proposed ST and KTN intends to bring interdisciplinary approaches in the emerging field of KBE.
What Kind of Nonprofit Sector, What Kind of Society? Comparative Policy Reflections

Nonprofit organizations and the nonprofit sector more generally are part of a complex dual transition from industrial to postindustrial society and from national state to transnational policy regimes. This transition shows the beginnings of a new policy dialogue in addressing the future role of nonprofit organizations and involves three broad perspectives that have become prominent in recent years: First, nonprofits are increasingly part of new public management and a mixed economy of welfare; second, they are seen as central to “civil society—social capital” approaches, specifically the Neo-Tocquevillian emphasis on the nexus between social capital and participation in voluntary associations; and third, they are part of a wider social accountability perspective that sees them as instruments of greater transparency, heightened accountability, and improved governance of public institutions.
Gait classification in cerebral palsy using multiple correspondence analysis

s / Gait & Posture 39S (2014) S1–S141 S25 a true equinus (RB group), a crouch (LT group) and a jump knee (LB group), points out important gait parameters and shows their relationship with clinical parameters.
Anti-Haitianism, Historical Memory, and the Potential for Genocidal Violence in the Dominican Republic

Following the 2005 murder of a Dominican woman near the border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti, Haitian communities were deported en masse and their homes violently ransacked by Dominican civilians seeking revenge. These violent expulsions were not only human-rights violations but part of a historic pattern of anti-Haitianism in the Dominican Republic that originated in the nineteenth century. This article calls attention to the possibility of genocidal violence in the Dominican Republic by examining the violent 2005 attacks on the Haitian community there. It suggests that an anti-Haitian legacy that includes the 1937 Haitian Massacre and the contemporary and systematic denial of Dominican citizenship to Dominicans of Haitian descent are important but understudied indicators that raise the potential for an escalation of mass violence against the largest ethnic and racial minority in the Dominican Republic.
“We Make our Ends Meet Good”: Coping Strategies of Former Welfare-Reliant Women

In this paper we examine coping strategies used by women living in poverty in response to stressors in their lives. The stressors we examine are: (a) making ends meet: paying bills and supporting families; (b) employment and the desire for self-sufficiency; and (c) feeding families. Using a longitudinal, qualitative data set, we identify three major types of coping strategies: (a) internally directed strategies—things the women do within their own lives or households without relying on other people, to cope with the challenge of the stressor; (b) externally directed strategies—strategies the women use or resources the women tap into, outside of their own internal, psychological or physical resources, to cope with the challenge of the stressor; and (c) government supported strategies—public programs to which the women turn to cope with the challenge of the stressor. Implications for helping professionals in public and non-profit service agencies are suggested.
Evolutionary Narratives: A Cautionary Tale

﻿While accounts of human action may be strengthened by the addition of a biological component we should be careful not to replace “hard core social constructionism” with oversimplified evolutionary narratives in which human traits are “explained” as the product of natural selection. Narratives have inherent weaknesses as explanatory accounts and evolutionary narratives share these weaknesses. In addition there is no consensus amongst biologists on the target of natural selection and human natural history was anything but a gradual step-by-step process of progressive advancement. Work in the cognitive sciences on the nature and function of human cognitive architecture should be integrated into accounts of human social action. Such integration should be done not by reducing human behavior to its biological prerequisites but by conceives of human biology as the basis for the almost unlimited variety of meaningful interaction characteristic of human culture and social life.
Modelling properties of spanning trees: Diameter and distance sum

The diameters of graphs and their spanning trees have been extensively studied and used in a wide variety of applications. Another important invariant of a spanning tree is its distance sum-that is, the sum of the distances between each pair of nodes in the tree. First, several results on the possible values for diameters of spanning trees are reviewed. Then it is shown that although the corresponding properties do not hold for distance sums of spanning trees, some weaker results of a similar type are true.
Extrinsic versus intrinsic apoptosis pathways in anticancer chemotherapy.

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a key regulator of physiological growth control and regulation of tissue homeostasis. One of the most important advances in cancer research in recent years is the recognition that cell death mostly by apoptosis is crucially involved in the regulation of tumor formation and also critically determines treatment response. Killing of tumor cells by most anticancer strategies currently used in clinical oncology, for example, chemotherapy, γ-irradiation, suicide gene therapy or immunotherapy, has been linked to activation of apoptosis signal transduction pathways in cancer cells such as the intrinsic and/or extrinsic pathway. Thus, failure to undergo apoptosis may result in treatment resistance. Understanding the molecular events that regulate apoptosis in response to anticancer chemotherapy, and how cancer cells evade apoptotic death, provides novel opportunities for a more rational approach to develop molecular-targeted therapies for combating cancer.
Molecular recognition of corticotropin-releasing factor by its G-protein-coupled receptor CRFR1.

The bimolecular interaction between corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide, and its type 1 receptor (CRFR1), a class B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is crucial for activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to stress, and has been a target of intense drug design for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and related disorders. As a class B GPCR, CRFR1 contains an N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) that provides the primary ligand binding determinants. Here we present three crystal structures of the human CRFR1 ECD, one in a ligand-free form and two in distinct CRF-bound states. The CRFR1 ECD adopts the α-β-βα fold observed for other class B GPCR ECDs, but the N-terminal α-helix is significantly shorter and does not contact CRF. CRF adopts a continuous α-helix that docks in a hydrophobic surface of the ECD that is distinct from the peptide-binding site of other class B GPCRs, thereby providing a basis for the specificity of ligand recognition between CRFR1 and other class B GPCRs. The binding of CRF is accompanied by clamp-like conformational changes of two loops of the receptor that anchor the CRF C terminus, including the C-terminal amide group. These structural studies provide a molecular framework for understanding peptide binding and specificity by the CRF receptors as well as a template for designing potent and selective CRFR1 antagonists for therapeutic applications.
Discriminating smooth from grooved surfaces: effects of random variations in skin penetration

The ability to discriminate a smooth surface from a grooved one depends on several variables, including the width of the grooves and the force with which the skin is contacted. It has been hypothesized that this smooth–grooved discrimination with statically presented stimuli is based on intensity cues, namely, the overall difference in perceived intensity between the smooth and grooved surfaces. To test this hypothesis, the perceived intensities of test stimuli were varied on a trial-by-trial basis by varying the depth of penetration the contactor was allowed to travel into the skin. As compared to a control condition in which stimuli were presented with the same average penetration and contrary to the hypothesis, random variations in penetration produced no decline in smooth–grooved performance. The total amount of conformance was an accurate predictor of sensitivity across various penetrations and across two test sites (distal finger pad and finger base). It appears that subjects are making absolute rather than comparative judgments in the smooth–grooved task. A recently developed continuum mechanical model of the responses of first-order mechanoreceptive afferents to static stimuli provided both a good fit to the data and indicated what aspect of the peripheral neural image was relevant for discriminating smooth surfaces from grooved surfaces.
Treatment planning of the edentulous mandible

Implants Edentulism can be a debilitating handicap. Zarb described endentulous individuals who could not function as 'denture cripples'.1 Most difficulty with complete denture prostheses arises from the inability to function with the mandibular prostheses. Factors that adversely affect successful use of a complete denture on the mandible include: 1) the mobility of the floor of the mouth, 2) thin mucosa lining the alveolar ridge, 3) reduced support area and 4) the motion of the mandible (Figs 1,2). These factors alone can explain the difficulty of wearing a denture on the mandibular arch compared to the maxillary arch. The maxilla exhibits much less mobility on the borders of the denture than the mandible, moreover having a stable palate with thick fibrous tissues available to support the prostheses and resist occlusal forces. These differences explain most of the reasons why patients experience difficulty with using a complete denture on the mandibular arch compared to the maxillary arch.
Static and dynamic distance metrics for feature-based code analysis

In this paper we present metrics to determine the distance between the features of a software system. Such a measurement can elucidate how features of the system being examined are close to each other. We first use an execution slice-based technique to identify a set of code (basic blocks in our case) that is used to implement each feature. Then, depending on whether the execution frequency of each block is considered during the construction of such sets of code, a static as well as a dynamic distance is computed for each pair of features. These two types of distance differ in that the former computes the distance between two features only by how these features are implemented in the system, while the latter also takes into account how each feature is executed based on a user's operational profile. In other words, the static distance quantitatively gives the closeness of two features from the system implementation point of view, whereas the dynamic distance presents such closeness from the users' execution point of view. To illustrate the use of our metrics, we report a case study on a Symbolic Hierarchical Automated Reliability and Performance Evaluator (SHARPE). The results of our study suggest that the distance metrics discussed in this paper can provide a good measurement, in a quantitative way, of how close two program features are. Such information can also serve as a good start to understanding how a modification made to one feature is likely to affect other features.
Postdeployment Hearing Loss in U.S. Army Soldiers Seen at Audiology Clinics From April 1, 2003, Through March 31, 2004

Purpose: U.S. Army soldiers face unique noise exposures in the current deployed setting. The effects of these deployment-related exposures have not previously been documented. Method: In an attempt...
COVARIANT VS. UNITARY QUANTIZATION: SUPERSYMMETRIC RECONCILIATION

A quantization of one-dimensional supergravity, which leads to a Dirac spin 1/2 particle, is considered. A propagator of this particle is calculated in the path integral formalism. A covariant procedure (which involves ghosts) is applied in the unitary gauge. We show that supersymmetry can remove the discrepancy between the covariant and unitary quantization procedure, which was discovered in Ref. 4 for the case of nonsupersymmetric gravitational theories.
Micellar properties of dihydroxy and trihydroxy bile salts: Effects of counterion and temperature

Abstract The shift of the wavelength of maximum absorption (λ-max) of a dye, Rhodamine 6G, was used to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of two bile salts, sodium taurocholate (NaTC), a trihydroxy bile salt, and sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), a dihydroxy bile salt. The micellar properties of these salts and equimolar mixtures of both were studied in water and with added counterion (NaCl) over a temperature range of 10–80°C. The CMC range of the bile salts was: NaTC 0.6–6.0 mM, NaTDC 0.8–3.3 mM and NaTC NaTDC mixture 0.9–5.6 mM. As predicted on molecular grounds both salts have both nonionic and anionic surfactant properties. The hydroxyl groups clustered on one side of the bile salt nucleus prevent precipitation of dye bile salt complexes at low bile salt concentrations. Thus, bile salts behave as nonionic detergents with dyes of opposite charge and allow the first break point in a plot of the λ-max shift vs. log concentration of bile salt to be taken as an estimate of the CMC. The CMC of both salts and mixtures first fell slightly (about 10% decrease) and then increased with increases of temperature. Added counterion (NaCl) had little effect on the CMC of NaTC until very high concentrations (1–3 M). The CMC of NaTDC was decreased slightly by added NaCl. An assessment of micellar charge, determined from the slope of the log CMC vs. log NaCl plot showed that the micelles are highly charged and bind little or no counterions in water. The CMC values obtained in this study, when compared with values in the literature, were found to be somewhat lower. Finally, the standard thermodynamic functions of micellization were calculated on the assumption that micelles and monomers can be treated mathematically as a mass action equilibrium. The free energy changes (ΔF) were negative and varied little with temperature. The difference in ΔF between NaTC and NaTDC on micellization was −310 cal/mole and is approximately equivalent to half the ΔF value of micelle formation when a classical alkyl detergent has its hydrocarbon chain lengthened by one methylene group. At low temperatures micelle formation in bile salt solutions is an entropy-directed process while above 60°C a negative enthalpy change appears to be the predominant driving force.
Continuous- and dispersed-phase structure of dense nonevaporating pressure-atomized sprays

The structure and breakup properties of the dense-spray region of nonevaporating pressure-atomized sprays were studied. The multiphase mixing layer near the injector exit was emphasized, considering large-scale (9.5mm injector diameter) water jets injected vertically downward in still room air. Phase-discriminating laser velocimetry and double-pulse holography were used to measure phase velocities and drop-size properties for both nonturbulent and turbulent jet exit conditions. Present test conditions involved two types of primary breakup: 1) aerodynamic breakup for nonturbulent jets where properties could be correlated using earlier aerodynamic breakup theories; and 2) turbulent breakup for turbulent jets where drop properties could be related to liquid turbulence properties. Both mechanisms yielded Weber numbers exceeding secondary drop breakup limits near the liquid surface. Significant effects of separated flow were observed for present test conditions; however, scaling analysis suggests reduced effects of separated flow at higher injector velocities and ambient pressures—largely due to finer atomization.
Central nervous system histoplasmosis

Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is recognized clinically in 5% to 10% of patients with progressive disseminated histoplasmosis. The risk of developing CNS histoplasmosis is increased in individuals with impaired cellular immunity, but not all patients with this condition are immunocompromised. Clinical syndromes include chronic meningitis, focal parenchymal lesions of the brain or spinal cord, stroke due to infected emboli, and diffuse encephalitis. CNS histoplasmosis should be considered in any patient with one of these syndromes who has resided in an area endemic for histoplasmosis. A high index of suspicion is necessary when extraneural signs and symptoms are absent. Culture of the causative fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, from cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue, or other sites is the gold standard for diagnosis. In culture-negative cases, detection of H. capsulatum antigen in cerebrospinal fluid, urine, or blood is helpful diagnostically. Aggressive and prolonged antifungal therapy is indicated in all cases of CNS histoplasmosis. There are no data from prospective comparative trials upon which to base specific recommendations for treatment. Expert opinion favors an initial course of liposomal amphotericin B, followed by at least 1 year of itraconazole.
Improved digital-IF transmitter architecture for highly integrated W-CDMA mobile terminals

An improved digital intermediate frequency (IF) transmitter architecture for wide-band code-division multiple-access (W-CDMA) mobile terminals is proposed. Based on the heterodyne design but without requiring any off-chip IF filter, the transmitter enjoys the advantages of a homodyne architecture (such as circuit simplicity, low power consumption, and a high level of integration) while avoiding the performance problems associated with direct upconversion. By implementing the quadrature modulation in the digital domain and requiring only a single path of analog baseband circuits, inherently perfect I/Q matching and good error vector magnitude (EVM) performance can be achieved. The IF is chosen to be a quarter of the clock rate for a very simple and low-power digital modulator design. The difficulties of on-chip IF filtering were greatly alleviated by 1) performing a careful frequency planning and 2) employing a special-purpose digital-to-analog converter to produce high-order sin(x)/x rolloff. System-level simulation demonstrates that spurious-emission requirements are met with virtually no dedicated reconstruction filter circuits. This architecture takes full advantage of complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology scaling by employing digital processing to ease analog complexities.
WARD IDENTITIES, UNSUBTRACTED DISPERSION RELATIONS, AND FEYNMAN GRAPHS.

We study the interplay of commutators involving a conserved current, Feynman graphs, and dispersion relations in an attempt to formulate general rules for when the invariants involved in the decomposition of matrix elements of retarded products of currents obey unsubtracted dispersion relations. Our main conclusions are two: (1) The assumption of unsubtracted dispersion relations is incorrect when one of the currents is conserved and the other is the source of a strongly interacting particle on its mass shell. (2) When one current is conserved and the other is the source of a system which interacts only weakly or electromagnetically, the assumption may be correct to lowest order in the nonstrong interactions. These relations are, however, on a much different and less firm footing than the sum rules using the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector current (like that of Adler and Weisberger). In particular, assuming the unsubtracted dispersion relations, we find that the result (e.g., the sum rules of Cabibbo and Radicati) has a structure such that, to all orders in any field theory, the ${N}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ intermediate-state graphs project to zero, that is, they fail to contribute to the charge radius of the nucleon (pion), whereas, calculated dispersively, they do contribute. We also show that the real part of amplitudes of type (2) has a fixed power behavior in energy.
Flight delay impact on airfare and flight frequency: A comprehensive assessment

This paper presents a comprehensive empirical analysis of flight delay impact on airfare and flight frequency in the US air transportation system. We model airfare and flight frequency as functions of cost and demand characteristics, competition effects, and flight delays at origin, destination, and intermediate hub airports. Estimation results confirm that airlines tend to pass delay cost onto passengers through higher fare, whereas delay has an upward effect on flight frequency. We find that proportionate airport delay reduction across the system can result in annual fare reduction in the order of billion dollars.
The development of a disaster management support system through prototyping

Abstract The authors discuss the development of a disaster management decision support system through the use of a prototyping strategy. The system was designed to aid a Regional Emergency Medical Organization in establishing an effective means of dealing with multiple casualty emergencies. Prototyping proved to be an appropriate development approach, promoting a high level of user involvement and interest in a setting where tasks were somewhat ill-structured and the problem and associated decision rules not well understood. The authors conjecture that their approach will work well in the development of similar systems for other crisis on disaster managers. The limitations of the study are also discussed.
Deformation potential constants of biaxially tensile stressed Ge epitaxial films on Si ( 100 )

The deformation potential constants at the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point of $\mathrm{Ge}$ epitaxial films on $\mathrm{Si}(100)$ were determined by a combination of x-ray diffraction and photoreflectance measurements. The in-plane tensile strain in the $\mathrm{Ge}$ thin films was engineered by growth at different temperatures in ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition and by backside silicidation. Photoreflectance measurements and data analysis give the direct band gaps from the maxima of the light- and the heavy-hole bands to the bottom of $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ valley, namely, ${E}_{g}^{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}(lh)$ and ${E}_{g}^{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}(hh)$. From the relationship between the direct band gap and the in-plane strain measured by x-ray diffraction, the dilational deformation potential of the direct band gap of $\mathrm{Ge}$ $a$, and the shear deformation potential of the valence band $b$ were determined to be $\ensuremath{-}8.97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and $\ensuremath{-}1.88\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, respectively. These basic constants of $\mathrm{Ge}$ are very important for the design of strain-engineered devices based on epitaxial $\mathrm{Ge}$.
Thermal/structural dynamic analysis via a transform-method-based finite-element approach

The paper describes a generalized transform-method-based finite-element methodology for interfacing interdisciplinary areas, with emphasis on thermal/structural dynamic applications. The purpose of the paper is to present an alternate approach for interdisciplinary analysis via a common numerical methodology for each interdisciplinary area, and therein outline the potential of the proposed formulations. Characteristic features of the methodology and fundamental concepts are highlighted for the interdisciplinary areas of heat transfer and structural dynamics. Details of a Laplace-transform-based finite-element interface methodology are described and applied to discrete-type flexural configurations subjected to rapid surface heating. Results obtained demonstrate excellent agreement in comparison with analytic solutions and/or conventional finite-element formulations. The methodology offers potential for thermostructural applications, and the concepts outlined, it is hoped, will provide avenues to interface other interdisciplinary areas as well.
A Digital Agora: Citizen Participation in the 2008 Presidential Debates

During the 2008 presidential election, communication technology permitted media outlets, such as YouTube, ABC, and CNN, to create an electronic gathering place for citizens—a digital agora—both as ...
Localization of the cellulase activity of Bacteroides cellulosolvens

The major portion of cellulase activity of Bacteroides cellulosolvens was cell-associated. Cells grown on cellulose had a distinctive morphology, characterized by an amorphous outer cell wall layer with irregular, ‘fluffy’ projections. These cells had greater cell-associated cellulase activity than the cellobiose grown cells which exhibited a smooth, distinct outer layer. It is suggested that the outer layer characteristic of cellulose grown cells is the location of cellulase activity and the site for close cellulose-cell contact.
Dual role for B-1a cells in immunity to influenza virus infection

B-1 cells are known to contribute most of the "natural antibodies" that are secreted in the steady state, antibodies which are crucial for protection against many pathogens including influenza virus. Whether the CD5(+) B-1a subset plays a role during an active immune response is incompletely understood. In contrast to recent data suggesting a passive role for B-1a cells, data provided here show strong highly localized activation of B-1 cells in the draining lymph nodes of the respiratory tract after influenza infection. B-1 cells are identified as a major source for both steady state and infection-induced local virus-neutralizing IgM. The CD5(+) B-1a subset is the main B-1 cell subset generating this response. B-1a cell responses are generated by their increased local accumulation rather than by antigen-specific expansion. Our study reveals that during infection with influenza, CD5-expressing B-1a cells respond to and contribute to protection, presumably without the need for B cell receptor-mediated antigen-specific signals, which are known to induce the death of B-1a cells rather than activation. With that, our data reveal fundamental differences in the response regulation of B-1 and B-2 cells during an infection.
Cardiovascular effects of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide

In open-chest dog preparations i.v. administration of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide caused increases in coronary blood flow and cardiac output while reducing blood pressure, heart rate, and myocardial contractile force. The decrease in force was independent of the alteration in coronary flow. Arterial--coronary sinus oxygen difference narrowed and myocardial oxygen consumption decreased. These data show that both diazepam and chlordiazepoxide exert an oxygen conserving action along with an increase in myocardial oxygen delivery and suggest that these drugs may be of benefit to the patient with coronary insufficiency by a direct effect on the cardiovascular system as well as through CNS-mediated antianxiety effects.
Comparative evolutionary genomics of the STAT family of transcription factors

The STAT signaling pathway is one of the seven common pathways that govern cell fate decisions during animal development. Comparative genomics revealed multiple incidences of stat gene duplications throughout metazoan evolutionary history. While pseudogenization is a frequent fate of duplicated genes, many of these STAT duplications evolved into novel genes through rapid sequence diversification and neofunctionalization. Additionally, the core of STAT gene regulatory networks, comprising stat1 through 4, stat5 and stat6, arose early in vertebrate evolution, probably through the two whole genome duplication events that occurred after the split of Cephalochordates but before the rise of Chondrichthyes. While another complete genome duplication event took place during the evolution of bony fish after their separation from the tetrapods about 450 million years ago (Mya), modern fish have only one set of these core stats, suggesting the rapid loss of most duplicated stat genes. The two stat5 genes in mammals likely arose from a duplication event in early Eutherian evolution, a period from about 310 Mya at the avian-mammal divergence to the separation of marsupials from other mammals about 130 Mya. These analyses indicate that whole genome duplications and gene duplications by unequal chromosomal crossing over were likely the major mechanisms underlying the evolution of STATs.
A numerical model for the coupled long-term evolution of salt marshes and tidal flats

[1] A one-dimensional numerical model for the coupled long-term evolution of salt marshes and tidal flats is presented. The model framework includes tidal currents, wind waves, sediment erosion, and deposition, as well as the effect of vegetation on sediment dynamics. The model is used to explore the evolution of the marsh boundary under different scenarios of sediment supply and sea level rise. Numerical results show that vegetation determines the rate of marsh progradation and regression and plays a critical role in the redistribution of sediments within the intertidal area. Simulations indicate that the scarp between salt marsh and tidal flat is a distinctive feature of marsh retreat. For a given sediment supply the marsh can prograde or erode as a function of sea level rise. A low rate of sea level rise reduces the depth of the tidal flat increasing wave dissipation. Sediment deposition is thus favored, and the marsh boundary progrades. A high rate of sea level rise leads to a deeper tidal flat and therefore higher waves that erode the marsh boundary, leading to erosion. When the rate of sea level rise is too high the entire marsh drowns and is transformed into a tidal flat.
A history of recurrent positive selection at the toll-like receptor 5 in primates

Many genes involved in immunity evolve rapidly. It remains unclear, however, to what extent pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system in vertebrates are subject to recurrent positive selection imposed by pathogens, as suggested by studies in Drosophila, or whether they are evolutionarily constrained. Here, we show that Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), a member of the Toll-like receptor family of innate immunity genes that responds to bacterial flagellin, has undergone a history of adaptive evolution in primates. We have identified specific residues that have changed multiple times, sometimes in parallel in primates, and are thus likely candidates for selection. Most of these changes map to the extracellular leucine-rich repeats involved in pathogen recognition, and some are likely to have an effect on protein function due to the radical nature of the amino acid substitutions that are involved. These findings suggest that vertebrate PRRs might show similar patterns of evolution to Drosophila PRRs, in spite of the acquisition of the more complex and specific vertebrate adaptive immune system. At shorter timescales, however, we found no evidence of adaptive evolution in either humans or chimpanzees. In fact, we found that one mutation that abolishes TLR5 function is present at high frequencies in many human populations. Patterns of variation indicate that this mutation is not young, and its high frequency suggests some functional redundancy for this PRR in humans.
soil color and surface residue effects on seedling light environment

The quantity and spectral distribution (quality) of reflected light 10 cm above dry, wet and plant residue-covered soils were compared over black, brick-red, and gray-white soils. Photosynthetic photon flux density of reflected light ranged from about 4% of direct sunlight over bare, wet black soil to 21% over dry near-white soil. Plant residue on the soil surface increased the reflected light over the black soil and decreased it over the light-colored soils. The amount of reflected blue light was greatest over the whitest soil. When soil temperature differences were eliminated by insulation panels, stems of southern pea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] seedlings elongated less over white surfaces than over black surfaces.
Single Event Testing For Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) Circuits In Space Applications

Advanced integrated circuits when exposed to a space environment are prone to single event radiation effects. Accelerators can provide particle beams which test electrical components in a simulation of the space environments. Methods are available in most cases to relate the accelerator results to predicted performance in space.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Soames on the metaphysics and epistemology of Moore and Russell

A critical discussion of selected chapters of the first volume of Scott Soames’s Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century. It is argued that this volume falls short of the minimal standards of scholarship appropriate to a work that advertises itself as a history, and, further, that Soames’s frequent heuristic simplifications and distortions, since they are only sporadically identified as such, are more likely confuse than to enlighten the student. These points are illustrated by reference to Soames’s discussions of Russell’s logical system and the place of the theory of descriptions in his ontological development. It is then argued that Soames’s interpretation of the point of G.E. Moore’s famous “proof” of an external world, while not straightforwardly undermined by the textual evidence, is nonetheless questionable, and plausibly overlooks what is novel in Moore’s discussion. This, it is argued, in his attempt to offer a common sense “refutation of idealism”, rather than (as is more commonly supposed) an anti-skeptical argument “from differential certainty”.
Distribution of Herpesvirus in Turkeys

Abstract The in vivo distribution of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and morphological changes induced by the virus in the visceral organs, blood cells, gonads, and brains of turkeys naturally infected with HVT were examined at the ultrastructural level. Widespread distribution of the virions was found in neural, visceral, and lymphatic tissues. Notable cytoplasmic changes were marked destruction of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes. Nuclear changes included presence of inclusion bodies, clumping and margination of the chromatin, and hypertrophy of the nucleoli. Naked and enveloped virions were seen both in the cytoplasm and nuclei. Cytoplasmic virions were more numerous than nuclear virions. Enveloped virions were of two forms, suggesting different routes of viral envelopment. There was evidence of blood-borne virions in leukocytes in transit through different tissues, and virions were seen in synaptic vesicles within organs suggesting another possible route of infection. Herpes virions in the spleen and intestine were often found in lysosome-like bodies. In leukocytes, vacuoles containing many enveloped virions and myelin figures characteristic of cellular degeneration were often seen. Some cells containing virions had pinocytotic vesicles believed to aid in entry of virions into cells. It was evident that the turkey herpesvirus was capable of infecting numerous tissues often resulting in mild degenerative changes within the cells.
Photoaffinity labelling of mammalian beta-adrenergic receptors: Metal-dependent proteolysis explains apparent heterogeneity

Abstract The beta-adrenergic receptors in membranes from rat and hamster lungs have been studied using the photoaffinity label p-azido-m-[ 125 I]-idobenzylcarazolol. Previous work with several beta adrenergic photoaffinity probes has suggested heterogeneity of the labelled beta adrenergic receptor peptides with 2–3 receptor peptides generally being identified. We now report that rat and hamster lung membranes prepared either in the presence or absence of protease inhibitors reveal striking differences in the ratios of photoaffinity labelled peptides. In the rat lung the inclusion of protease inhibitors in the membrane preparation changes the ratios of the 64,000, 53,000 and 44,000 molecular weight peptides from 28:42:30 to 72:16:12. Similarly, in hamster lung membranes there is evidence of multiple photoaffinity labelled peptides in preparations without protease inhibitors while only one peptide (app. M r = 64,000) is labelled in preparations with protease inhibitors. Of the inhibitors tested EDTA and EGTA were the most active in preventing appearance of multiple labelled peptides suggesting that metal-dependent proteolysis may be involved in the generation of apparent receptor peptide heterogeneity.
Children's reactions to cartoon violence

Abstract An extensive amount of research has now been conducted on the effects of television violence on human behavior. The general conclusion of this research is that viewing violence increases the aggressive behavior of the viewer. This paper is primarily concerned with one aspect of that research — Violent Cartoons. Despite the widespread public concern for “murder on Saturday morning”; only 10 published studies were found. Mixed results were reported in several studies but a careful examination of the dependent variables used revealed a more consistent pattern of findings. While cartoons are consistent in format variation in content has received little attention.
Recent and Postglacial Production Rates of a Marl LAKE1

Pigment degradation products were analyzed spectrophotometricaIly in postglacial, 14Cdated sediments from the central depression and a marl lakemount of Pretty Lake in northeastern Indiana. Fluctuations in pigment products were examined in relation to the development of the productivity of the lake and to enviromnentai parameters that might effect differential rates of preservation and deposition. Agreement was good between quantities of pigment degradation products and organic matter and other paleolimnological indices of productivity. There was a major peak of pigment products per gram of organic matter following the Boreal period, subsequent regression of productivity with several lesser peaks, especially during the millennium 6,500-5,500 B.P., and a slow increase in recent times. Contemporary rates of primary production were extrapolated to the inception of the lake. A general inverse relationship was evident between chlorophyll degradation products per unit organic content and carbonate levels. Changing levels of carbonate are discussed in relation to contemporary nutritional interactions and photosynthetic regulation. Rates of sedimentation at the central depression of the lake differed markedly from those of the httoral lakemount. While the rates in the central depression accelerated, those of the marl lakemount fluctuated sigmoidally, greatly accelerated during the interval D,OOO7,000 BP. The lakemount ceased accretion abruptly 1 m from the lake surface at 2,740 B.P. The probable ontogeny of marl lakemounts is discussed.
Design of private backbone networks. II: Time varying grouped traffic

Abstract In an earlier companion paper, we have developed a model to assign transmission capacities in private backbone networks, for multi busy-hour point-to-point circuit requirements. In this paper, we consider the situation when point-to-point demands between backbone nodes consist of one or more circuit groups , where each circuit group has one or more circuits. The granularity of routing is a circuit group. Grouping may arise due to multiplexing or heterogeniety of traffic types. The additional difficulties posed by grouping are (i) all circuits in a group are required to follow the same route during a busy-hour and (ii) circuits in the same group cannot be split across different high capacity lines even on the same edge of the backbone network. The 3-phase heuristic developed in the earlier paper is modified to accomodate grouping of circuits. Computational results on practical sizes are compared to a lower bound obtained from an LP relaxation of the problem.
Flexible packaging of solid-state integrated circuit chips with elastomeric microfluidics

A flexible technology is proposed to integrate smart electronics and microfluidics all embedded in an elastomer package. The microfluidic channels are used to deliver both liquid samples and liquid metals to the integrated circuits (ICs). The liquid metals are used to realize electrical interconnects to the IC chip. This avoids the traditional IC packaging challenges, such as wire-bonding and flip-chip bonding, which are not compatible with current microfluidic technologies. As a demonstration we integrated a CMOS magnetic sensor chip and associate microfluidic channels on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate that allows precise delivery of small liquid samples to the sensor. Furthermore, the packaged system is fully functional under bending curvature radius of one centimetre and uniaxial strain of 15%. The flexible integration of solid-state ICs with microfluidics enables compact flexible electronic and lab-on-a-chip systems, which hold great potential for wearable health monitoring, point-of-care diagnostics and environmental sensing among many other applications.
Improving the quality of internal audit functions through total quality management

In today’s fast‐paced and ever‐changing audit environment, an improved quality of the internal audit function is essential to the success of internal auditors. Suggests total quality management (TQM) as a means of achieving continuous quality improvements in internal audit functions. Proposes primarily to: examine TQM principles and their relevance for internal audit functions; and discuss the benefits of proper implementation of TQM techniques and tools for internal auditing departments, internal auditors, and their organization. The TQM principles discussed should be useful for internal audit departments striving for continuous improvement of the quality of their services.