cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Property mapping of friction stir welded Al-2139 T8 plate using site specific shear punch testing

Abstract Small-scale shear punch testing has been applied to a butt joint created by friction stir welding of two adjoining AA2139-T8 plates. Advantages of this technique include the ability to perform a large number of independent tests on a given volume of material and the ability to measure site-specific differences and variations in local material properties. As such, combined with a simultaneous evaluation of the weld morphology, a series of 144 shear punch tests were carried out in a 12×12 grid pattern on the retreating half of the weld. The overlay of the grid pattern onto the etched surface allowed a correlation of the microstructure and mechanical properties measured across the weld at each shear punch site. Two-dimensional color enhanced property maps were generated to provide a powerful site specific visualization of the unique or distinctive microstructural features and how they correlate with the local mechanical response across the weld. One of the more insightful discoveries was the weld nugget region undergoing 2.5 times more strain-hardening than the base plate material, while simultaneously experiencing the Portevin-LeChatelier effect. Aspects of the technique and results of our experiments are described.
On the Dispersion and Attenuation of Guided Waves in Tubular Section with Multi-Layered Viscoelastic Coating — Part I: Axial Wave Propagation

Guided modes admissible in elastic hollow pipes are derived to establish their dispersion and attenuation characteristics in the presence of multi-layered viscoelastic coatings. Longitudinal waves ...
Comprehensive treatment approach for condylar hyperplasia and mandibular crowding with custom lingual braces and 2-jaw surgery

We report on the successful treatment of a 32-year-old woman with condylar hyperplasia and severe mandibular crowding. In addition, her maxilla was canted to the right, her mandibular midline and chin point deviated to the left, and her maxillary canines were missing. The treatment plan included (1) aligning and leveling the teeth in both arches, (2) correcting overbite and overjet, (3) performing LeFort I osteotomy and bilateral split osteotomies, and (4) correcting the malocclusion postsurgically. The orthodontic treatment was performed with custom lingual braces and clear brackets, and virtual surgical planning techniques were used to plan the orthognathic surgery. The condylar hyperplasia and the mandibular crowding were corrected. At the end of treatment, the patient's face appeared symmetrical. The results suggest that esthetic and functional results can be achieved with the cooperation of 2 specialties and the use of state-of-the-art technology.
N-doped reduced graphene oxide promoted nano TiO2 as a bifunctional adsorbent/photocatalyst for CO2 photoreduction: Effect of N species

Abstract A series of TiO2/nitrogen (N) doped reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/NrGO) nanocomposites with varying concentration and bonding configurations of nitrogen were synthesized by a one-step urea-assisted hydrothermal method, and applied to photoreduction of CO2 with H2O vapor in the gas-phase under the irradiation of a Xe lamp. The effect of the N dopant (doping quantity and bonding configuration) on the catalytic performance of TiO2/NrGO was examined. In particular, TiO2/NrGO-300, with a 300:1 mass ratio of urea/GO in precursor solution, had the highest CO production yield (356.5 μmol g−1), manifesting a significant 4.4 and 2.2-fold enhancements of CO yield over pure TiO2 and TiO2/rGO, respectively. More significantly, TiO2/NrGO showed excellent catalytic stability during the prolonged reaction, while catalytic deactivation was observed for both pristine TiO2 and TiO2/rGO after a few hours. The promoting effects of N dopants on the structure and activity of TiO2/NrGO were investigated. It was demonstrated that NrGO with an appropriate N quantity and N-bonding configuration acted as a dual-functional promoter, simultaneously enhancing CO2 adsorption on the catalyst surface and facilitating electron-hole separation, while eventually boosted the photocatalytic performance. Experimental results in this work provide a better understanding of the critical roles of N dopants in the synthesized composites and also inspire the ongoing interest in better design of other N-doped graphene based materials for photoreduction of CO2.
Nonprofit participation in collective impact: A comparative case

Collective impact represents an increasingly common approach to cross-sector collaboration that relies upon coordinated efforts and shared measurement, yet questions remain as to the role of nonpro...
Eliminating patellofemoral complications in total knee arthroplasty: Clinical and radiographic results of 121 consecutive cases using the Duracon system

Abstract This study reports the minimum 5-year follow-up of our experience with the Duracon Total Knee Arthroplasty System. A total of 121 consecutive total knee replacements using the Duracon system (Howmedica, Rutherford, NJ) were performed in 104 patients. Three patients died before the 5-year follow-up and were excluded from the final evaluation. The remaining 118 knees (101 patients) were assessed at a mean follow-up of 65 months (range, 60–80 months). The knee diagnoses were osteoarthritis in 97 patients, rheumatoid arthritis in 2 patients, osteonecrosis in 1 patient, and pigmented villonodular synovitis in 1 patient. The mean age was 70 years (range, 28–85 years). There were no reoperations for aseptic loosening, and there have been no reoperations for patellofemoral problems. At final follow-up evaluation, 112 knees (96%) had good or excellent results, and 6 knees (4%) had poor clinical results or went on to revision. For the surviving knees, the preoperative Knee Society objective score improved from a mean of 52 points (range, 20–72 points) to a final follow-up mean of 94 points (range, 66–100 points). Five knees needed reoperations: 2 knees in 1 patient because of acute hematogenous infection at 12 months, 1 knee because of a supracondylar femur fracture, 1 because of a patellar tendon rupture, and 1 to increase polyethylene thickness because of instability. The lack of aseptic loosening at the minimum 5-year follow-up compares favorably with any cemented or cementless series of knee replacement. The almost complete absence of patellofemoral complications in this series also indicates that the design changes, with particular attention to the trochlea design and patellofemoral contact throughout full flexion, have achieved their intended purpose. The results are encouraging at midterm, awaiting true long-term (15–20 years) follow-up.
Iron and Cancer

1. As a transition element, iron is essential for reducing oxygen for the production of ATP by mitochondria. It is therefore critical for normal cell function. At the same time, because of its ability to reduce oxygen, iron is the most potent inducer of free radicals in most biological systems.
Optimal Disclosure and Litigation Rules Around IPOs and SEOs

We analyze the optimality of allowing disclosures of different types of information before equity offerings and of alternative rules for private securities litigation, where courts may penalize unduly optimistic disclosures ex post. In our model, firm insiders, with private information about variables affecting firm performance, may make claims (disclosures) about their future realization prior to new equity offerings. Equity offering prices are affected by firm disclosures; demand from institutional investors, with access to a costly disclosure verification technology; and demand from retail investors. We analyze self-regulation incentives and develop policy implications for disclosure regulation and for private securities litigation reform.
Assessing L2 Academic Speaking Ability: The Need for a Scenario-based Assessment Approach

In second language (L2) testing literature, from the skills-and-elements approach to the more recent models of communicative language ability, the conceptualization of L2 proficiency has evolved and broadened over the past few decades (Purpura, 2016). Consequently, the notion of L2 speaking ability has also gone through change, which has influenced L2 testers to constantly reevaluate what needs to be assessed and how L2 speaking assessment can adopt different designs and techniques accordingly.
Production of Alcohols from Cellulose by Supercritical Methanol Depolymerization and Hydrodeoxygenation

The reaction pathway and products of cellulose supercritical methanol depolymerization and hydrodeoxygenation (SCM-DHDO) were investigated. Monoalcohols, diols, alcohol ethers, and methyl esters we...
Three-mirror anastigmat for cosmic microwave background observations.

An off-axis three-mirror anastigmat is proposed for future cosmic microwave background observations. The telescope has a 5 m diameter primary, giving 1.5′ angular resolution at λ=2 mm, which is sufficient for measurements of gravitational lensing and for galaxy cluster surveys. The design includes several key features, not previously combined in a large telescope, that are important for sensitive measurements, especially on large angular scales: (1) high throughput (8° diameter diffraction-limited field of view at λ=1 mm, and 12×8° at λ=3 mm, so a single telescope could support all the detectors for an optimistic, future experiment); (2) low scattering (all the mirrors are small enough to be monolithic, so there are no segment gaps); (3) full boresight rotation, over the full elevation range, for measuring polarization errors; and (4) a comoving shield or baffle around the entire telescope to control pickup.
Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND Time restricted feeding decreases energy intake without calorie counting and may be a viable option for weight loss. However, the effect of this diet on body weight in obese subjects has never been examined. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of 8-h time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults. DESIGN Obese subjects (n = 23) participated in an 8-h time restricted feeding intervention (ad libitum feeding between 10:00 to 18:00 h, water fasting between 18:00 to 10:00 h) for 12 weeks. Weight loss and other outcomes were compared to a matched historical control group (n = 23). RESULTS Body weight and energy intake decreased in the time restricted group (-2.6% ± 0.5; -341 ± 53 kcal/d) relative to controls over 12 weeks (P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure decreased in the time restricted feeding group (-7 ± 2 mm Hg) versus controls (P < 0.05). Fat mass, lean mass, visceral fat mass, diastolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and homocysteine were not significantly different from controls after 12 weeks (no group×time interaction). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that 8-h time restricted feeding produces mild caloric restriction and weight loss, without calorie counting. It may also offer clinical benefits by reducing blood pressure.
SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PEMILIHAN PEGAWAI BERPRESTASI DI KOMISI PEMILIHAN UMUM KABUPATEN BOGOR

Untuk menunjang kinerja pegawai di Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) Kabupaten Bogor dilakukan pemilihan pegawai berprestasi pada setiap periode, dalam proses pemilihan pegawai yang memiliki kompetensi sesuai dengan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan maka diperlukan metode yang dapat membantu dalam mengambil keputusan. Sistem pendukung keputusan dengan menggunakan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) diharapkan dapat membantu Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) dalam menentukan pegawai berprestasi, metode ini dipilih karena mampu menyelesaikan data terbaik dengan mencari nilai bobot untuk setiap atribut, seperti Kualitas Kerja, Integritas, Komitmen, Disiplin, Kerjasama, Kepemimpinan, Inovasi, dan Komunikasi. Dengan dilakukannya proses perangkingan yang akan menentukan alternatif yang optimal tentunya proses ini dapat membantu Komisi Pemilihan Umum Kabupaten Bogor dalam melakukan proses penilaian kepada pegawai berprestasi di lingkungan Komisi Pemilihan Umum Kabupaten Bogor. Dan untuk mempermudah proses implementasi metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) maka dibutuhkan implementasi sistem informasi berbasis web yang akan mempermudah dalam proses pengolahan data yang ada sehingga hasil yang diharapkan dapat lebih akurat, efektif dan efesien.
The Significance of the Female Orgasm: A Nationally Representative, Dyadic Study of Newlyweds' Orgasm Experience.

Abstract Background Self-reported orgasm, perception of partner's orgasm, and misperception of partner's orgasm have each been correlated with individual sexual and relationship satisfaction, but these associations have rarely included dyadic data, have not fully accounted for potentially confounding variables such as sexual communication, and have never been simultaneously studied with a nationally representative sample. Aim To provide a more complete picture of how the orgasmic experience within the heterosexual couple influences individual and partner sexual and relationship satisfaction. Methods Using a nationally representative dyadic sample of 1,683 newlywed heterosexual couples, a structural equation model was estimated to test associations between husband and wife self-reported orgasm frequency, husband and wife report of the other partner's orgasm frequency, and husband and wife misperception of their partner's orgasm frequency, as correlates of relationship and sexual satisfaction. Outcomes Both husband and wife completed the Couples Satisfaction Index to assess their own relationship satisfaction, and completed a sexual satisfaction instrument designed for the CREATE study. Results 87% of husbands and 49% of wives reported consistently experiencing orgasm. 43% of husbands misperceived how often their wives experienced orgasm. The final structural equation model, including sexual communication, explained moderate amounts of variance in wives' and husbands' relationship satisfaction, and a high level of variance for wives' and husbands' sexual satisfaction. Wives' relationship satisfaction was positively associated with wives' and husbands' sexual communication. Wives' sexual satisfaction was positively associated with self-reported orgasm frequency, and both wives' and husbands' sexual communication. Husbands' relationship satisfaction was positively associated with husbands' and wives' sexual communication. Husbands' sexual satisfaction was positively associated with husbands' perception of wives' orgasm frequency, and both husbands' and wives' sexual communication. Clinical Translation When counseling couples, clinicians should give particular attention to the wife's orgasm experiences, to potentially help both husbands and wives have higher sexual satisfaction. Strengths & Limitations Strengths of this study include the use of a nationally representative sample and dyadic data. Limitations include cross-sectional data, and the assessment of sexual experiences only in newlywed couples. Conclusion Wives' orgasm (wives' self-report of frequency and husbands' perception of frequency) has a unique positive association with sexual satisfaction, even after taking into account other aspects of the orgasm experience and sexual communication. Leonhardt ND, Willoughby BJ, Busby DM, et al. The Significance of the Female Orgasm: A Nationally Representative, Dyadic Study of Newlyweds' Orgasm Experience. J Sex Med 2018;15:1140–1148.
Uncomplicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) include the following: impetigo, folliculitis, carbuncles, furuncles, simple abscesses, and cellulitis/erysipelas [1]. This chapter outlines the common bacterial etiologies of these infections as well as reviews current guidelines for their treatment as related to outpatient management. Information regarding the management of bites from animals and from humans will also be presented. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) will be discussed as an important consideration in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections.
Current challenges and choices in scientific publication.

Providing access to scholarly scientific, technical, and medical (STM) information is becoming an increasingly difficult challenge. Authors need to be aware of the barriers facing the timely and widespread distribution of their scientific findings. After all, the dissemination of their findings and their subsequent impact on society are dependent on the success or failure of information distribution, whether in print or electronic form.
Using Multiple-case Studies to Investigate Relationships among Knowledge Management Systems, Business Process and Business Performance: A Task Technology Fit Perspective.

In the face of heighted competition, organizations need to continuously improve their competitive advantage. Both knowledge management (KM) and knowledge management systems (KMS) play a pivotal role in helping organizations to stay competitive. There is much research in KMS, however very little is known about how they affect individual and organizational performance. Drawing on task-technology fit theory (Goodhue and Thompson, 1995), this study explores the fit or alignment between business process (task) and KMS (technology) and its impact on KMS utilization based on multiple case studies. Subsequently, the impacts of both the task-technology fit and KMS utilization on individual and business performance are investigated. This paper contributes to the KM literature in several ways. First, it applies task-technology fit theory to an important context, that of KM. Second, it characterizes task as business processes which have the potential to help explain KMS success on business performance. Third, the paper explores the positive impact of task-technology fit on KMS utilization and business performance. Fourth, the study provides insight into the future development of KMS which are better aligned with managerial purposes.
Selection rates and bureaucratic performance

Bureaucratic personnel policy influences agency performance by affecting both the types of bureaucrats who are selected for employment and the actions that bureaucrats take. An effective policy selects intrinsically motivated bureaucrats for promotion or retention and provides incentives for bureaucrats to exert a high level of effort. I investigate a retention and promotion policy used in a number of U.S. government agencies in which only a previously specified percentage of bureaucrats in a cohort are retained after one period. The proportion of bureaucrats retained after a review is referred to as a “selection rate”. Using a formal model, I show that the adoption of a selection rate facilitates the separation of intrinsically motivated and unmotivated bureaucrats where they would otherwise pool, allowing bureaucratic personnel managers to screen out unmotivated bureaucrats. Effective screening by itself, however, is not welfare-enhancing because screening removes unmotivated bureaucrats’ incentives to exert effort. Compared to alternative welfare-reducing screening mechanisms which bring about screening through monitoring or wage policy, selection rates facilitate welfare-enhancing screening by inducing motivated types to exert additional effort in order to distinguish themselves from unmotivated bureaucrats. I find that selection rates are most effective where material or ego rents from government employment are high and where the policy rewards that motivated bureaucrats realize are low. These properties of selection rates explain their adoption in several U.S. government agencies’ personnel systems, most notably the military officer corps.
Paleoclimatic and archaeological evidence from Lake Suches for highland Andean refugia during the arid middle-Holocene:

Severe aridity during the mid-Holocene, ca. 8.0–4.0 kyr BP, led to extreme ecological stress in the tropical Andes. Here, we report paleolimnological and archeological data from Lake Suches in sout...
Metabolic Control of Viral Infection through PPAR-α Regulation of STING Signaling

Cellular metabolic pathways contribute to many aspects of viral infection and may have pro-viral as well as antiviral functions. However, specific mechanisms for metabolic regulation of antiviral immunity are not well understood. Peroxisomes are essential sites of fatty acid metabolism and regulate immune signaling. We investigated the function of peroxisomal metabolism in herpesvirus infection and innate immunity in vivo and ex vivo. We found that induction of peroxisomal activity through the activation of the nuclear receptor PPAR-α enhanced herpesvirus replication. PPAR-α activation increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), which inhibited activation of stimulator of interferon (STING), a signaling molecule in the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway that induces antiviral type I interferon. Importantly, stimulation of peroxisomal activity in mice enhanced herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis comparable to levels observed previously in type I interferon receptor knockout mice. These findings are the first to indicate that peroxisomal lipid metabolism and ROS directly regulate immunity to cytoplasmic DNA.
Nonlinearity and Biology

In this chapter we discuss the origin and role of nonlinearities in some classes of biological models. We describe underlying biological mechanisms that generate nonlinearities and how they have been modeled in subfields, such as ecology and epidemiology. We present examples of recent models to highlight the importance of indirect effects and the emergence of alternative stable states, and trade offs. At the same time, we emphasize recent developments and unresolved challenges in biological modeling, such as data-theory coupling, parameter estimation and the generalization of results from low- to high-dimensional systems. We finish with recent examples of mathematical models of the glucose-insulin regulatory system, cancer treatment, limb development and pattern formation, and DNA.
The Illiberal Imagination: class and the rise of the U.S. Novel: by Joe Shapiro, Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 2017, 268 pp., $35.00 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-8139-4051-9

What role does class play in the literary history of the United States? According to Joe Shapiro's The Illiberal Imagination, recent scholarship on American fiction has sometimes occluded the exten...
Explaining Phenomenology to Physicists

This essay attempts to outline how one might present phenomenology of physics in a way that might engage reductive scientific accounts. The basic strategy is to point out that quantum mechanics in particular forces recognition of the scientific workshop frame as not a given for scientific activity, but the product of a certain way of being as well as a certain method of framing – and recognition that the appearing of objects in that frame depends on how such framing is carried out.
H II Region Oxygen Abundances in Starbursting Transition Dwarf Galaxies

We present empirical H II region oxygen abundances for a sample of low-luminosity starburst galaxies that are in a short-lived evolutionary state. All five galaxies are characterized by centrally concentrated star formation that is embedded in smooth stellar envelopes resembling dE-like systems. The galaxies also have small gas contents with typical M/LB 0.1, resulting in gas exhaustion timescales of less than 1 Gyr, even when molecular gas is considered. We find that compared to other morphologically similar systems, the galaxies of this sample have surprisingly high oxygen abundances, with 12 + log(O/H) ~ 9.0. We propose that these objects are a subclass of evolved blue compact dwarfs that have exhausted most of their gas supply while retaining their metals. We further propose that we are seeing these objects during a short phase in which they are nearing the end of their starburst activity, and could become early-type dwarfs.
The decision to list abroad: The case of ADRs and foreign IPOs by Chinese companies

Abstract This paper examines the decision to list abroad by Chinese companies in the form of ADRs and foreign IPOs from 1993 to 2005. Our sample consists of 33 ADRs, 218 foreign IPOs, and a sample of 1418 domestic listings. We find evidence to support that issuers are motivated to cross-list due to the legal and accounting standards of the foreign markets, more stringent listing requirements and closer regulatory monitoring, significant demands for external capital due to rapid growth, an expanded shareholder base, and foreign expertise. The motives and firm factors differ by the type of issue (ADR versus foreign IPO) and by the market in which the foreign exchange is located (Hong Kong versus Singapore). Subsequent to the listing events, issuers experience a significant drop in profitability, tangible assets ratio, and asset turnover. There is no significant change in capital expenditure. Stock returns after the listing events are generally negative for ADR and foreign IPO stocks. More significantly, these stocks under-perform the market in the post-event window ranging from 3 days to 3 years.
Practice, transfer and performance enhancement of fast single-joint movements in individuals with Down syndrome

Eight individuals with Down syndrome practiced performing 1100 elbow movements over one distance (36°), under the instruction to move "as fast as possible." The subjects were also pretested and posttested performing elbow flexion movements over four distances (18°, 36°, 54°, and 72°) "as fast as possible", and at a "comfortable speed" over 36°. For two of these distances (18° and 36°), the movements were also performed from a second starting position. They improved their motor performance between training sessions (110 movements), as measured by the kinematic and EMG parameters. This improvement performance was described by a logarithmic function. With training the subjects increased the intensity with which they activated their motoneuron pools, decreased the antagonist onset latency, and improved the peak velocity by 67%. This remarkable improvement was obtained without an increase in variability, which was already very low at the beginning of the training. The subjects were also able to transfer their performance improvement to the nontrained distances and to the different starting position. Subjects decreased their movement time by proportionally decreasing both the acceleration and deceleration time. This study supports the idea tliat subjects with Down syndrome can use patterns of muscle activation that are qualitatively indistinguishable from those employed by individuals without neurological impairment. With appropriate training, individuals with Down syndrome can achieve high levels of motor performance.
Fermion–charged-boson stars

Fermion-boson stars are starlike systems composed of the ordinary nuclear matter of a neutron star and bosonic dark matter. The bosonic dark matter has typically been taken to be a complex scalar field. A natural extension is for the complex scalar field to be charged. We make the simplest extension and gauge the scalar field under $U(1)$. We therefore study fermion--charged-boson stars. We make a detailed study of the stability of this system by computing critical curves over the whole of parameter space. We then study how the fermion and boson sectors contribute to the total mass of the star. Finally, we present mass-radius diagrams, showing that an increase in charge can lead to more massive and more compact stars.
Milk Quality and Udder Health

When natural defense mechanisms fail to prevent invasion of the mammary gland by microbial pathogens, intramammary infection and mastitis may occur, producing illness, decreased milk production, and decreased milk quality. The presence of mastitis in a dairy cow may be detected by clinical signs such as abnormal milk and mammary swelling, or in the absence of clinical signs by increases in the cell population or conductivity of the milk. Decisions about whether to treat a particular case of mastitis and how to control and prevent mastitis in the dairy herd are more easily made when the pathogen or pathogens responsible for the infection are identified. Definitive identification of mastitis pathogens is made using microbial milk culture. Depending on the objectives ofthe practice and the level of motivation and training of the staff, there are various levels of investigation that may be undertaken, from only identifying the presence or absence of pathogen growth and whether pathogens are gram negative, to culturing for mycoplasmas and running further tests to identify certain bacterial genera or species. Whatever protocol is established, it is important to also establish practices for quality control to ensure accurate results. A milk microbiology laboratory in the veterinary clinic provides an excellent opportunity for expanded client services and professional development of the veterinary technician.
Non-Smad, BMP-dependent signaling protects against the effects of acute ethanol toxicity.

Abstract This study explores the effect of acute Ethanol (EtOH) exposure on Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-evoked intracellular signaling, and the concomitant morphological changes induced by EtOH in C2C12 cells and DRG (Dorsal root ganglion) neurons in an in vitro model related to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD). All assays were performed within 30 min of BMP stimulation to specifically investigate the earliest events occurring in BMP-evoked intracellular signaling pathways. We show that Smad phosphorylation and nuclear translocation stimulated by BMPs was not altered following acute exposure to EtOH. In contrast, acute EtOH exposure alone caused a striking concentration-dependent decrease in Akt phosphorylation, as well as a loss of adhesion in C2C12 cells. The addition of BMPs before exposure to EtOH was associated with maintenance of Akt phosphorylation, greater cell adhesion in C2C12 cells, and preservation of growth cone complexity in DRG neurons. Thus, for both C2C12 cells and DRG neurons, BMPs, acting through non-canonical BMP signaling pathways, appear to impart some protection against the profound effects of acute EtOH exposure on cellular adhesion and structure.
Energy performance analysis of variable thermal resistance envelopes in residential buildings

Abstract This paper evaluates potential energy savings associated with dynamic insulation materials (DIMs) – material assemblies that can change their thermal resistance through a controlled exchange of liquid or gaseous media – in the exterior walls of buildings. In the analysis, a two-step control strategy is considered to modify the R -value of DIMs based on the temperature difference between internal and external wall surfaces. Using a simulation environment capable of modeling DIMs, a comparative analysis is carried out to evaluate the impact of DIMs on the heating and cooling energy end-uses for single-zone residential buildings in three US climates. Several design and operating conditions are considered to assess the performance of DIMs and their potential energy use savings. The results indicated that variable thermal resistance envelope materials (RSI-0.5/RSI-2.5) have the potential to reduce annual cooling energy use in residential buildings on average by 15% and up to 39% for all three US climates and annual heating energy use by 10% on average for mild US climates depending on the window sizes and internal heat gains.
The Impact of Families on Juvenile Substance Use

This paper examines the effect of family composition on juvenile substance use and drug sales using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. The results underscore the importance of having a father figure in the household in deterring juvenile smoking, marijuana use, and drug sale. However, the extent to which father figures affect juvenile substance use and drug sales varies according to their biological link to the youth and the youth's gender. Results further indicate that siblings and their involvement in substance use and drug sales significantly influence youths' own exposure to these delinquent practices.
The Greek Community of Broward County, Florida: Its Origin, Growth and Evolution

According to the 2006 U.S. Census' American Community Survey (ACS), more than 11,000 persons claim Greek descent. Those self-identified Greeks have created a vibrant Greek ethnic community that is not spatially connected, yet it reflects the diverse origins and cultural experiences of its members. The Greek community of Broward County is an ethnic community whose occupants have created a social space of interaction between different localities. The socio-spatial construction of the Greek ethnic space is a complex process that takes place at multiple levels with evidence of a continual evolution reflecting its members.
Benchmark physics tests in the metallic-fueled assembly ZPPR-15

Results of the first benchmark physics tests of a metallic-fueled, demonstration-size liquid-metal reactor (LMR) are reported. A simple, two-zone, cylindrical conventional assembly was built with three distinctly different compositions to represent the stages of the Integral Fast Reactor fuel cycle. Experiments included criticality, control, power distribution, reaction rate ratios, reactivity coefficients, shielding, kinetics, and spectrum. Analysis was done with three-dimensional nodal diffusion calculations and ENDF/B-V.2 cross sections. Predictions of the ZPPR-15 reactor physics parameters agreed sufficiently well with the measured values to justify confidence in design analyses for metallic-fueled LMRs.
Vibrational Predissociation Dynamics of the Nitric Oxide Dimer

Details of experimental measurements of the total energy distribution and time dependence of the vibrational predissociation of the nitric oxide dimer are presented. Energy disposal measurements following v1 excitation at 1870 cm−1 indicated the fragments to be described by an average rotational energy =75 cm-1, full equilibration of the lambda doublet species, approximately equal populations in both spin-orbit states, no significant degree of alignment, an isotropic flux distribution, and an average kinetic energy of =400 cm-1 per fragment. Although approximately 75% of the available energy goes into fragment translation, picosecond laser pump - probe experiments showed that v 1 decayed exponentially with a 880 ps lifetime. Excitation of v 4 at 1789 cm−1 gave a 39 ps predissociative lifetime.
4-Hydroxyphenylretinamide in the chemoprevention of cancer.

Publisher Summary It has been suggested that ultimately half of all cancers might be prevented by early interventions. N -4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4HPR or fenretinide) has been shown to be an effective and safe agent in various in vivo animal trials and well tolerated in human trials. At present multiple clinical trials are assessing its efficacy in preventing a variety of cancers. Chemoprevention is a term used to describe a novel approach of reducing risk of development of cancer in susceptible individuals by administration of chemical compounds that have the potential to reverse or suppress carcinogenesis. In any chemoprevention, trial toxicity assumes significant importance as the drug is administered to healthy individuals. 4HPR is an attractive chemopreventive agent to study in humans because of its significant activity in in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies with concomitant low toxicity. 4HPR appears to be less toxic than vitamin A. The chapter includes a brief summary of side effects reported from various human studies. In experimental chemoprevention studies, 4HPR has been shown to reduce carcinogen-induced cancers. The chapter summarizes the current status of 4HPR as a chemoprevention agent in cancer.
Darwinian natural selection: its enduring explanatory power

Evolutionary theory has never had a stronger scientific foundation than it does today. In a short review I hope to portray the deep commitment of today's biologists to Darwinian natural selection and to discoveries made since Darwin's time. In spite of the scientific advances in the century and a half since the publication of On the Origin of Species, Darwin still remains the principal author of modern evolutionary theory. He is one of the greatest contributors of all time to our understanding of nature.
α‐Unsubstituted γ,δ‐Unsaturated Aldehydes by Claisen Rearrangement: 3‐Phenyl‐4‐pentenal

α-Unsubstituted γ,δ-unsaturated aldehydes by Claisen rearrangement: 3-phenyl-4-pentenal intermediate: (E)-(carboxyvinyl)trimethylammonium betaine intermediate: (E)-3-[(E)-3-phenyl-2-propenoxy]acrylic acid product: 3-phenyl-4-pentenal Keywords: addition, to CC; decarboxylation; hydrolysis, esters and lactones; rearrangements; replacement reactions, ammonium by oxygen; replacement reactions, hydroxy by halogen; tetrahydrofuran
B-Spline Based, Large-Signal DC and Microwave-Model for SOI MOSFETs

We present a large/small-signal, non-quasi-static, charge conserving, SOI MOSFET modeling technique suitable for DC and high frequency circuit design. The device model is extracted from small signal microwave iso-thermal Y-parameter data and DC I–V characteristics. Low frequency dispersions associated with self-heating and floating body effects are verified to not limit the performance of this technique since it relies on both DC and transient I–V characteristics. The technique is applied to the modeling of a short-channel, partially depleted, SOI nMOSFET simulated on PISCES. The model generated is incorporated into a circuit simulator, which is used to perform large-signal transient and harmonic balance simulations. The transient I–V and gate charge extracted from the iso-thermal small-signal microwave Y-parameters, are in excellent agreement with the iso-thermal transient I–V and gate charge obtained from PISCES, respectively. The model topology is extended with a parasitic bipolar sub-circuit which automatically calculates the DC operating point for self-biasing circuits. Transient and non-linear power characterization results predicted with this model agree well with those obtained from PISCES for a wide range of input power drives. A complete electro-thermal model is proposed and verified to be able to predict temperature and transient I–V response.
FMCW linearizer bandwidth requirements

The frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) linearity achievable as a function of the bandwidth of the linearizing frequency sweep modulator or linearizer is analyzed. This analysis pertains to millimeter-wave (MMW) radar seekers for short range air-to-ground missiles that employ the FMCW waveform because of weight, volume, and prime power advantages. Fine range resolution, which depends on good frequency sweep linearity, improves the target-to-clutter power ratio by reducing the clutter area. This analysis shows that an extremely wide bandwidth linearizer is required for high range resolution with the sawtooth FMCW waveform. Time gating at the ends of the frequency sweep significantly reduces the nonlinearity. Triangle FMCW requires less linearizer bandwidth than the sawtooth modulation for a given linearity. >
Two- and three-dimensional grid generation by an algebraic homotopy procedure

An algebraic method for generating two- and three-dimensional grid systems for aerospace vehicles is presented. The method is based on algebraic procedures derived from homotopic relations for blending between inner and outer boundaries of any given configuration. Stable properties of homotopic maps have been exploited to provide near-orthogonality and specified constant spacing at the inner boundary. The method has been successfully applied to analytically generated blended wing-body configurations as well as discretely defined geometries such as the High-Speed Civil Transport Aircraft. Grid examples representative of the capabilities of the method are presented.
Studies on Inhibition and Activation of Atropinesterase.

SummaryAtropinesterase of rabbit serum was found to be activated to the same degree by equimolar concentrations of KCl, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI. Activations were also produced by KCNS, MgSO4, and CaCl2. Trisodium citrate had no effect. Cyanide, fluoride, physostigmine and sulfhydryl compounds inhibited the enzyme. Compounds capable of eliminating sulfhydryl groups present in the enzyme preparation had no influence, nor did Congo red or methylene blue.
Capillary blood pressure in man. Direct measurements in the digits of patients with Raynaud's disease and scleroderma before and after sympathectomy

Abstract 1. 1. During vasospastic circulatory arrest, induced in the fingers by cold, (a) digital capillary blood pressure varied between 7.0 and 12.5 mm. Hg (average, 9.7 mm. Hg); (b) digital capillary blood pressure rose slowly in response to induced increases in venous pressure, but fell promptly when the increased venous pressure was suddenly lowered; (c) cessation of blood flow through the capillaries was caused by closure of vessels proximal to them. The capillaries, venules, and veins remained patent. 2. 2. Erythrocytes in clumps or loose aggregations may be isolated outside the central capillary blood stream when the digital circulation returns after a period of vasospastic circulatory arrest. Localized constriction of the capillary, or stickiness of the capillary endothelium, or both, may account for this. 3. 3. In fingers with intact innervation the average digital capillary blood pressure was as follows: arteriolar limb, 18.5 mm. Hg; summit, 22.4 mm. Hg; and venous limb, 19 mm. Hg. The gradient of fall of pressure through the capillary was small, usually less than 3 mm. Hg. 4. 4. In fingers deprived of sympathetic innervation the average digital capillary blood pressure was as follows: arteriolar limb, 27.8 mm. Hg; summit, 25.2 mm. Hg; and venous limb, 21.6 mm. Hg. The somewhat greater capillary pressure in the arteriolar limb suggests release of arteriolar tone. The gradient of pressure in the capillary is still small (6 to 7 mm. Hg).
Conditioned and unconditioned stress-induced analgesia: Stimulus preexposure and stimulus change

Aversive events such as electric shock lead to analgesia. There have been differing views with regard to whether the aversive event itself can lead to analgesia as a direct unconditioned reaction, or whether the analgesia is instead a reaction to fear conditioned to cues present during shock or to other associative processes initiated by the aversive event. Maier (1989, 1990) has argued that aversive events such as shock lead to both types of analgesia, with the type observed depending on test conditions. Unconditioned analgesia was argued to be present soon after shock, with conditioned analgesia replacing the unconditioned form if the subject is allowed to remain in the shock environment. Consistent with this argument, the experiments reported here show that (1) preexposure to the environment in which shock later occurs has no effect on the analgesia soon after shock, but eliminates the later analgesia; (2) the initial postshock analgesia is unaffected by removing the subject from the shock environment to a different environment, but the later reaction is prevented by such a change; (3) returning the subject to the shock environment after confinement in a nonshock environment rearouses an analgesic reaction; and (4) this rearousal does not occur if the subject has first been confined to the shock environment without shock.
Direct Laser Writing on Electrolessly Deposited Thin Metal Films for Applications in Micro- and Nanofluidics

This paper presents a method that uses a tightly focused laser beam to write features on thin metal films with a resolution of several hundred nanometers to a few micrometers. Owing to the ease of fabricating electrolessly and electrolytically deposited Ni layers, we also evaluated with scanning electron microscopy the suitability of such thin Ni films as a substrate for laser writing and subsequently as an etch resist in HF etching and as a photomask in contact photolithography. Using atomic force microscopy, we characterized the feature sizes that can be obtained from three commonly used lasers: the 488 nm of a continuous wave (CW) Ar+ laser, the 1064 nm of a CW Nd:YAG laser, and the 337 nm of a pulsed (3 ns pulse width) N2 laser. The smallest feature sizes that we can generate routinely are approximately 0.5 μm for the Ar+ laser, 1.3 μm for the YAG laser, and 2.3 μm for the N2 laser. Using the laser-patterned Ni film as an etch mask, we have produced HF-etched channels (1.5 μm in width) in glass. In a...
Multiplicity distributions in high-energy hadron-nucleus collisions. I. Formalism.

The problem of multiparticle production in hadron-nucleus collisions is formulated in a way consistent with the Gribov-Glauber theory for inelastic cross section on the one hand, while being the generalization of a particle production model for pp collisions on the other hand. The latter is the geometrical branching model that satisfactorily describes geometrical scaling and Koba-Nielsen-Olesen scaling. The formalism allows the incident hadron to be broken by the first collision. Dependences on the impact parameter b and the multiplicity of gray particles ${N}_{g}$ are carefully taken into account. The average multiplicity as a function of the number of inelastic collisions, whether holding b,${N}_{g}$ fixed, or integrated, is derived, and is shown to agree with the data with a universal slope parameter \ensuremath{\beta}. General formulas for the multiplicity distributions are obtained for produced particles as well as for shower particles. A universal property of particle production in hN and hA collisions based on effective interactions among many partons is discussed. The geometrical branching model is then further developed to make possible the determination of \ensuremath{\beta} to be 0.5.
Changes in liver core temperature during preservation and rewarming in human and porcine liver allografts

Liver core temperature during organ procurement, storage, and rewarming has not been reported in human orthotopic liver transplantations (OLT). We have shown in the rat that optimal temperature for liver storage is not 4 degrees C but 0 degree C to 1 degree C. Therefore, a study was undertaken in humans and in pigs to determine the pattern of temperature change during OLT. The porcine studies were performed, because it was not possible to follow human grafts during the period that they were sterilely packaged. Temperature depression in humans was rapid during organ perfusion, remained stable during organ dissection, and decreased again slightly, when after excision, the organ was perfused again. Temperature depression during the period of perfusion with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution was curvilinear with the initial rapid temperature depression followed by a period of slower temperature depression. Volume perfused versus time was linear during these periods and the relationship between temperature depression and volume infused was curvilinear. At the time of packaging, 65 +/- 12 minutes after start of cold perfusion, the liver core temperature was 5.7 degrees C +/- 1.3 degrees C. Studies in the pig showed that it took 75 to 100 minutes for liver core temperature to decrease below 5 degrees C, and core temperature reached a plateau at 1 degree C at 195 +/- 75 minutes after packaging. During the rewarming period in humans, while vascular anastomoses were being constructed, there was a rapid linear increase in temperature from 0.8 degree C, when the graft was removed from the cold, to 17.2 degrees C +/- 3.1 degrees C at 45.5 +/- 4.4 minutes later, just before portal reperfusion commenced. These studies show that it takes only a short time to cool livers down to 10 degrees C, but after flushing is stopped, temperature depression is markedly reduced, and ideal temperatures are not reached before packaging. Rewarming of livers during performance of vascular anastomoses is rapid and reaches temperatures at which substantial hepatic metabolism is occurring.