cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative mapping of mRNA 3' ends in Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveals putative riboregulators and a pervasive role for transcription termination in response to azithromycin

ABSTRACT P. aeruginosa produces serious chronic infections in hospitalized patients and immunocompromised individuals, including cystic fibrosis patients. The molecular mechanisms by which P. aeruginosa responds to antibiotics and other stresses to promote persistent infections may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Azithromycin (AZM), an antibiotic frequently used in cystic fibrosis treatment, is thought to improve clinical outcomes through a number of mechanisms including impaired biofilm growth and QS. The mechanisms underlying the transcriptional response to AZM remain unclear. Here, we interrogated the P. aeruginosa transcriptional response to AZM using an improved genome-wide approach to quantitate RNA 3’-ends (3pMap). We also identified hundreds of P. aeruginosa genes subject to premature transcription termination in their transcript leaders using 3pMap. AZM treatment of planktonic and biofilm cultures alters the expression of hundreds of genes, including those involved in QS, biofilm formation, and virulence. Strikingly, most genes downregulated by AZM in biofilms had increased levels of intragenic 3’-ends indicating premature transcription termination or pausing. Reciprocally, AZM reduced premature transcription termination in many upregulated genes. Most notably, reduced termination accompanied robust induction of obgE, a GTPase involved in persister formation in P. aeruginosa. Our results support a model in which AZM-induced premature transcription termination downregulates expression of central transcriptional regulators, which in turn both impairs QS and biofilm formation, and stress responses, while upregulating genes associated with persistence.
Fundamentals and applications of particle stabilized emulsions in cosmetic formulations

The cosmetic industry is one of the fastest growing industrial sectors that is constantly evolving by absorbing new technologies and incorporating innovative yet sustainable products. Cosmetic products are comprised of diverse formulations such as skin care, color cosmetics, hair care, makeup, body care products. Traditionally, cosmetic emulsions are stabilized using surfactants or polymers. Due to its adverse effects on environment, cytotoxicity effects, numerous health hazards, there is a strong drive to shift towards sustainable and surfactant free emulsions. With increasing consumer demand for a safer and more biodegradable products, formulating "surfactant- free" emulsions by replacing conventional stabilizers with particles has gained popularity. In this review, various important aspects and applications of particle stabilized emulsions in cosmetic formulations will be discussed. Importantly, novel ideas on surface modification of particles and use of Janus particles in cosmetic formulations will be discussed.
Vision loss and hallucinations: perspectives from neurology and ophthalmology.

Purpose of review The aim of this article is to summarize the evidence for visual impairment as a risk factor for visual hallucinations in neurologic disease and recent advances in our understanding of the central visual pathways that mediate this association. Recent findings Recent studies have described the prevalence Charles Bonnet syndrome and questioned its lack of association with cognitive impairment, used advanced neuroimaging to show that disinhibition of the occipital lobe is involved in the pathogenesis of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease, and demonstrated that visual impairment because of eye disease is a consistent risk factor for visual hallucinations across a number of different neurodegenerative disease populations. Summary Through connections between the primary visual cortex and other brain structures, visual function is closely tied to visual hallucinations. Given that the vast majority of vision loss is caused by ophthalmic disease, much of which is preventable or treatable, the detection and treatment of vision loss in at-risk populations may reduce the burden and consequences of visual hallucinations in older adults.
Points of view from human service leaders

The author discusses the role of human service leaders in disasters and crisis events, including the COVID-19 public health emergency. Some key areas of focus include: - recognizing, planning for, ...
Relative Mobilization Capacity, Elections, and Civil Liberties Across Polity Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to shed a light to this particular phenomenon. Under what conditions do elections lead to furthering democratization? Based on these conditions, are they more effective in certain types of authoritarian regimes over the others or do elections have a uniform effect at lower and higher levels of democracy? In order to answer this question, we identify direct qualities of elections in both democratic and autocratic ones, including winning party’s vote share, runner up’s vote share, and turnout at the election. Developing a competitiveness measure using such qualities, we expect to find positive associations between an electoral competitiveness in presidential and legislative elections and incremental democratization. Research shows that the vote shares of parties and candidates are independently associated with regime type in post-communist settings (Kaya and Bernhard 2012). In this paper, we will create a new variable on electoral competitiveness and search for an effect in multiple frameworks.
‘I was involved as an equal member of the community’: how pedagogical partnership can foster a sense of belonging in Black, female students

Research suggests that a sense of belonging is fundamental to students’ engagement, persistence and success in postsecondary education, and that racism systematically works against Black students e...
High-resolution longitudinal profile diagnostics for ultralow charges stored in a ring

Observations of optical synchrotron radiation emitted over millions of passes from a few electrons circulating in the particle accumulator ring at the Advanced Photon Source were performed with a digital CMOS camera and a synchroscan streak camera operating at 117.3 MHz. Discrete changes of integrated counts in the CMOS image region of interest are ascribed to single electron steps in a 10-s sensor integration time. Circulations of a single electron at 375 and at 425 MeV were demonstrated in the 12-bit digital CMOS camera images. The streak camera operating at the 12th harmonic of the fundamental revolution frequency at 9.77 MHz was used to measure the bunch length from 0.5-nC circulating charge down to tens of electrons or $l10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{aC}$. The measurements were performed with $\ensuremath{\sim}8\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{ps}$ temporal resolution uniquely at such ultralow charges. These results also serve as a proof-of-principle longitudinal profile diagnostic for the predicted effects of optical stochastic cooling at low charge in commissioning experiments at the Fermilab Integrable Optics Test Accelerator ring.
The Combined Space Method for Composite Layers: by Reverse Scattering Perturbation

The purpose of the Reverse Scattering Perturbation (RSP) method [14] is to replace the inversion of a large matrix in (48) by a perturbation expansion over orders of scattering. In our version of RSP [13] we take into account that forward scatterings may not be treated as weak events, but must always be included exactly: only back-scatterings are assumed to be weak. This feature requires a logical ordering of the subplanes in terms of increasing distance from the surface.
Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective: A Life-Course Orientation to the Study of Gang Membership

since the earliest days of gang research, such as the classic study of 1,313 gangs in Chicago conducted by Thrasher (1927), scholars have noted the disproportionate contribution that gang members make to the level of crime in society. Indeed, the observation that gang members, as compared with other youths, are more extensively involved in delinquency – especially serious and violent delinquency – is perhaps the most robust and consistent observation in criminological research. This observation has been made across time, geographical and national boundaries, and methods of data collection. Observational studies indicate that gang members are heavily involved in various forms of delinquent activities. This finding has been reported in the early research of Spergel (1964), Miller (1966), and Klein (1971), as well as in more recent observational studies, such as those by Moore (1978), Horowitz (1983), Vigil (1988), Taylor (1990), Decker and Van Winkle (1996), and Hagedorn (1998). Studies that rely on official data to compare gang members and nonmembers have also found a strong association between gang membership and delinquent activity (see Cohen, 1969; Huff, 1996; Klein, Gordon, and Maxson, 1986; Klein and Maxson, 1989). Finally, survey research studies report higher rates of involvement in delinquency for gang members as compared with nonmembers. These surveys include Short and Strodtbeck's (1965) study of Chicago gangs, as well as the work by Tracy (1979), Fagan, Piper, and Moore (1986), Fagan (1989, 1990), Huff (1996), and Esbensen and Winfree (1998).
Stagnation and Change in Islamic History

There appear to be two seemingly contradictory images of economic change in the Islamic World and mixed evidence on whether Islamic societies have been open or conservative against modern ideas, technological advancements, and legal developments. Whereas a conservative attitude has been dominant in some societies and time periods, Muslims were at the forefront of scientific, technological, and legal developments in others. Rather than rely on ad hoc assumptions about the attitudes and characteristics of societies or the inherent qualities of new developments, this paper explains attitudes towards change by studying the political economy of the relationship between the rulers and the legal community. I extend recent theories of endogenous institutional change to develop a framework based on how rulers and legal community reacted to new developments immediately and how their strategic interaction unleashed an endogenous process toward change in the long run. Using this framework, I identify conditions under which new ideas, technologies, and legal developments have resulted in immediate change in Islamic societies. I also examine the process of change in the long run, whether and how immediate outcomes could be sustained over time as strategic interaction continued repeatedly.
Volatile nitrosamines in foods-an update

Abstract Nitrosamines form when the precursors, amines and nitrosating agents, are present in food. The three most common situations for nitrosamine occurrence are the addition of nitrite in the manufacture of cured meats, direct-fire drying of foods, and migration of nitrosamines or precursors from various materials. Reliable analytical methods exist for the measurement of volatile nitrosamines in foods at the sub-μg/kg level. Use of these anlytical methods has demonstrated that certain volatile nitrosamines, such as N-nitrosodimethylamine, occur at low μg/kg levels in a number of foods such as fried bacon, cured meats, beer and nonfat dry milk. Over the past decade nirosamine and nitrosamine precursor migration to foods from bady bottle rubber nipples and from rubber netting used in the manufacture of cured meats has been demonstrated. Nitrosamine formation in certain foods has been reduced by using reduced levels of certain food additives (e.g., nitrites), adding inhibitors (e.g., ascorbic acid), and changing manufacturing processes (e.g., direct to indirect-fire drying of malt).
Poly(ethylene glycol)‐supported 1,4‐phthalazinediyl Diether Hydroquinidine ‘(DHQD)2PHAL’ Ligand

[40924-50-1]P (MW ∼5000) (soluble polymer-supported ligand used in Sharpless’ asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction)2 Alternate Name: PEG-(DHQD)2-PHAL. Solubility: soluble in CHCl3, CH2Cl2, benzene, toluene, DMF, DMSO, CH3CN, CH3OH, H2O, and acetone. Insoluble in diethyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, and iso-propanol. Form Supplied in: white powder. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 19F NMR of a CDCl3 solution of the reagent (δ −67.1). Preparative Methods: in five steps from monomethoxy poly(ethy-lene glycol) amine.2 Purification: dissolve in a minimum of CH2Cl2 and precipitate in a cold anhydrous diethyl ether solution. Recover the precipitate by filtration and wash with anhydrous diethyl ether. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: to minimize decomposition, store under dry nitrogen atmosphere.
A process alternative generator for process chemistry development

Abstract Being the first to enter a new market typically brings various competitive advantages such as a dominant market share. This increasing pressure to decrease time to market requires the integration of the development process. Miller and Davis describe a system that analyzes the process ramifications of laboratory-scale chemistry. In this paper, we expand the methodology to include the automatic, hierarchical generation and evaluation of alternative processes. These alternative process topologies are generated by abstracting the initial and final states connected with each function. These state descriptions can be used either directly or merged to allow generation of more innovative alternatives. For example, reformulating A-to-B-to-C as A-to-C allows the generation of alternatives not containing state B. The various sets of state descriptions are used for an exhaustive means-ends query of the database to generate alternative sets of functions , which in turn lead to alternative process topologies.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade inhibits estrogenic support of dendritic growth in a sexually dimorphic rat spinal nucleus.

The lumbar spinal cord of rats contains the sexually dimorphic, steroid-sensitive spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). Dendritic development of SNB motoneurons requires the action of both androgens and estrogens. Estrogenic effects are limited to the initial growth of SNB dendrites through 4 weeks of age. During this postnatal period, dendritic growth in other spinal motoneurons is regulated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation. In this study, we tested whether NMDA receptor activation was involved in SNB dendritic growth and whether the estrogenic support of SNB dendritic growth was dependent on the activation of NMDA receptors. Motoneuron morphology was assessed in normal males, intact males treated daily with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, castrated males treated with estradiol benzoate (EB), and castrated males treated with both EB and MK-801. SNB motoneurons were retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase at 4 weeks of age (when dendritic length is normally maximal) and reconstructed in three dimensions. Somal area and dendritic length of SNB motoneurons in MK-801-treated, intact males were below those of normal males. Dendritic growth was partially supported in EB-treated castrates, but this growth was blocked by MK-801 treatment. These results suggest that, as in other motoneurons, dendritic development in the SNB involves NMDA receptors and, furthermore, that the estrogen-sensitive component of SNB dendritic development requires their activation. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:142–152, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Indications for PET/CT in the Head and Neck

PET/CT has revolutionized the evaluation of patients with head and neck cancer by allowing more accurate staging, more focused treatment modalities, earlier detection of recurrent disease, and identification of incurable disease. In some clinical scenarios, PET/CT is clearly useful, while in others the cost may not be warranted. In this chapter, the authors review the literature on the use of PET/CT in head and neck cancers (in particular squamous cell carcinoma) and provide an evidence-based approach to the use of PET/CT for staging, treatment planning, monitoring of treatment response, and surveillance of treated patients with squamous cell carcinoma. They also briefly address the use of PET/CT for thyroid cancer, lymphoma, and melanoma. At the end of each section, key points are summarized in a box for quick reference.
Comparison of DNA Probe Technology and Automated Continuous-Monitoring Blood Culture Systems in the Detection of Neonatal Bacteremia. † 1314

The rapid detection of microorganisms from blood culture is important because of its impact on appropriate selection and duration of antimicrobial therapy. The present study compared the ability of a rapid DNA probe assay to detect bacterial growth in blood culture specimens to their detection by continuous-monitoring blood culture systems (CMBCS). A total of 1700 blood cultures collected from 3 intensive care nurseries were analyzed. A 3cc aliquot of blood was removed from each culture during early incubation (mean 14 hrs), processed and analyzed by the DNA probe.
Modeling operant behavior in the Parkinsonian rat.

Abstract Mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR; Killeen, 1994) is a quantitative model of operant behavior that contains three parameters representing motor capacity ( δ ), motivation ( a ), and short term memory ( λ ). The present study applied MPR to characterize the effects of bilateral infusions of 6-OHDA into the substantia nigra pars compacta in the rat, a model of Parkinson's disease. Rats were trained to lever press under a 5-component fixed-ratio (5, 15, 30, 60, and 100) schedule of food reinforcement. Rats were tested for 15 days prior to dopamine lesions and again for 15 days post-lesion. To characterize functional loss relative to lesion size, rats were grouped according to the extent and the degree of lateralization of their dopamine loss. Response rates decreased as a function of dopamine depletion, primarily at intermediate ratios. MPR accounted for 98% of variance in pre- and post-lesion response rates. Consistent with reported disruptions in motor behavior induced by dopaminergic lesions, estimates of δ increased when dopamine was severely depleted. There was no support for different estimates of a based on pre- and post-lesion performance of any lesion group, suggesting that dopamine loss has negligible effects on incentive motivation. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of combining operant techniques with a theoretical model to better understand the effects of a neurochemical manipulation.
Optimal Performance of Cylinder-by-Cylinder and Fuel Bank Controllers for a CIDI Engine

At present, Diesel engine combustion in most production engines is controlled via open-loop control. Increasing pressure from tightening emissions standards and on-board diagnosis requirements has made closed-loop combustion a possibility for production engines in the near future. For new combustion concepts, such as Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition and other low NOx regimes, the need for closed-loop combustion control is very strong. In this work, the applicability of closed-loop combustion control for controlling the variability between cylinders in conventional Diesel combustion is explored through the use of a high-fidelity engine model. The problem is formulated such that the optimal performance of two different closed-loop control concepts can be evaluated through optimization rather than via control design. It is found that, for the types of disturbances occurring in a non-faulty engine, that control of individual cylinders leads to small performance gains compared to fuel bank control.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Water trapping by seagrasses occupying bank habitats in Florida Bay

Seagrasses, largely Thalassia testudinum, occupy habitats atop shallow ( < 0·5 m deep) carbonate mudbanks adjoining basins up to 3 m deep in Florida Bay. We quantified the phenomenon of water trapping whereby, during low tides, the seagrass meadow matrix retains a thin ( < 20 cm) layer of water high on the bank top despite water levels in the adjoining basins being some 25–70 cm lower. The matrix slows water flow off the banks such that changes in the rate at which water recedes through time approximates a sigmoid function of water level. A meadow with a large seagrass standing crop (59·0 g dry mass m−2) held a 17·4-cm layer of water atop the bank, while a meadow of lesser standing crop (less biomass per area, 13·0 g dry mass m−2) that may have been facilitated by a topographical berm held just 3·3 cm of water. Similarly, on the bank slope the higher standing crop meadow held 10·4 cm of water while the bank slope meadow at the site with lesser standing crop held only 1·6 cm of water. Water trapping by seagrass can keep water on the banks for up to 8 h during low tides, preventing desiccation of the bank, and thereby providing permanent habitat for a diverse community of epibenthic fishes and invertebrates. The water trapping phenomenon presumably enhances overall prey abundance and diversity, and regulates the temporal patterns of prey exposure to different types of predation risk, e.g. to wading birds vs. predatory fishes.
A comparison of molecular orbital methods for the analysis of the He(I) photoelectron spectra of n-alkenes

Abstract The two highest vertical ionization potentials are calculated by the Fenske-Hall, MINDO/1, and MINDO/3 molecular orbital methods for an extensive series of n -alkenes. It is found that the Fenske-Hall method gives a better correlation with the corresponding experimental photoelectron spectral data and is the most useful for the interpretation and understanding of these results. When MINDO/3 was used for calculations by the ΔSCF method, it was not possible to obtain satisfactory agreement with the photoelectron spectroscopic measurements. Finally, the relevant findings of other calculational procedures such as ab initio and SPINDO are given.
Physical performance and risk of hip fractures in older men.

The aim of these analyses was to describe the association between physical performance and risk of hip fractures in older men. Performance on five physical function exams (leg power, grip strength, usual walking pace, narrow walk balance test, and five repeated chair stands) was assessed in 5902 men ≥65 yr of age. Performance (time to complete or strength) was analyzed as quartiles, with an additional category for unable to complete the measure, in proportional hazards models. Follow-up averaged 5.3 yr; 77 incident hip fractures were confirmed by physician review of radiology reports. Poor physical performance was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture. In particular, repeated chair stand performance was strongly related to hip fracture risk. Men unable to complete this exam were much more likely to experience a hip fracture than men in the fastest quartile of this test (multivariate hazard ratio [MHR]: 8.15; 95% CI: 2.65, 25.03). Men with the worst performance (weakest/slowest quartile or unable) on at least three exams had an increased risk of hip fracture compared with men with higher functioning (MHR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.46, 6.73). Nearly two thirds of the hip fractures (N = 49, 64%) occurred in men with poor performance on at least three exams. Poor physical function is independently associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in older men. The repeated chair stands exam should be considered in clinical settings for evaluation of hip fracture risk. Concurrent poor performance on multiple physical function exams is associated with an increased risk of hip fractures.
Tactile perception of direction in relation to handedness and familial handedness.

Abstract The accuracy of tactile perception of the direction of tactile stimulation of brief duration applied to the palms of the hands was investigated in relation to hand preference and familial background in normal subjects. In confirmation of previous findings, perception of direction was significantly more accurate on the left hand than on the righthanded subjects. Lefthanded subjects showed no trend toward superior performance on either hand. Familial background in respect to handedness was found to be a significant and independent determinant of lateral pattern of performance. Righthanded subjects with a purely dextral familial background showed clear superiority on the left hand while those who had a lefthanded parent showed no lateral asymmetry in performance. Lefthanded subjects with righthanded parents show no lateral asymmetry in performance but those with a lefthanded parent show clear superiority on the right hand. The findings underscore the importance of familial background as a determinant of performances reflecting asymmetry in hemispheric function.
Calcium-containing renal stones

The majority of stones that form within the urinary tract contain calcium, and various crystalline forms of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate are the types of stones most often found [1,2]. These urinary tract calculi are not the disease but simply an expression of varied metabolic disorders that produce stones of similar crystalline composition; thus, in evaluating a patient in whom a calcium-containing stone has developed, it is important for the physician to consider the possible conditions that may have led to this complication [3]. Outlined in Table 1 is an etiologic classification of calcium urolithiasis. Before considering special features of these metabolic disorders, it is helpful to review the general medical evaluation of patients who have calcium-containing renal stones.
Changes in Reported Awareness of Product Warning Labels and Messages in Cohorts of California Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites

A cohort of 777 Hispanics and 234 non-Hispanic Whites were interviewed in San Francisco, California, over the telephone in 1991 and again 1 year later. Overall, both Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites showed an increase in awareness of a general product warning label for beer and wine containers but a decrease in awareness of a product warning label for cigarettes. High- and low-acculturated Hispanics' awareness of a general product warning label increased for alcoholic beverage containers, although highly acculturated Hispanics were more aware. Both Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites showed an increase in awareness of specific warning messages. The highly acculturated Hispanics showed more increased awareness of specific messages than the less acculturated Hispanics.
A NEW SPECIES OF MAIANTHEMUM (LILIACEAE) FROM COSTA RICA WITH AN UPRIGHT AND AERIAL RHIZOME

A new species of Maianthemum (Liliaceae) was discovered in a tropical montane bog at an elevation of 2,500 m in central Costa Rica. The leaf bearing stems and inflorescences are supported by a stiff, erect, branching sympodium that consists of the persistent lower portions of older shoots. This lower portion corresponds in morphology and anatomy to the horizontal subterranean rhizome that is characteristic of all previously described species of Maianthemum. An erect woody habit is rare in the Lily family; an upright aerial rhizome is unique within the
Defects in AlSb: A density functional study

We carry out density functional calculations to study both intrinsic and extrinsic defects in AlSb. We focus on the carrier compensation and trapping properties of these defects, which are important to the radiation detection applications. We show that the Sb antisite $({\text{Sb}}_{\text{Al}})$ is a low-energy defect, with interesting property of light-induced metastability, similar to the As antisite in GaAs. ${\text{Sb}}_{\text{Al}}$ is effective in compensating holes induced by the residual carbon but is also a deep electron trap that reduces the carrier drifting length. We discuss the possibility of using hydrogenated isovalent N impurity in AlSb and GaAs to pin the Fermi level without causing efficient carrier trapping.
Multicasting in large random wireless networks: Bounds on the minimum energy per bit

We consider scaling laws for maximal energy efficiency of communicating a message to all the nodes in a random wireless network, as the number of nodes in the network becomes large. Two cases of large wireless networks are studied — dense random networks and constant density (extended) random networks. We first establish an information-theoretic lower bound on the minimum energy per bit for multicasting that holds for arbitrary wireless networks when the channel state information is not available at the transmitters. These lower bounds are then evaluated for two cases of random networks. Upper bounds are also obtained by constructing a simple flooding scheme that requires no information at the receivers about the channel states or the locations and identities of the nodes. The gap between the upper and lower bounds is only a constant factor for dense random networks and differs by a poly-logarithmic factor for extended random networks. Furthermore, the proposed upper and lower bounds hold almost surely in the node locations as the number of nodes approaches infinity.
An overview of cellular and molecular mechanisms in crystal‐induced inflammation

In this account the authors have attempted to provide an introductory overview of the mechanisms of crystal-induced inflammation. More specific studies are given in other papers in this symposium. Like clinical gout itself, study of the sodium urate crystal has turned out to have a venerable heritage. Specific crystal identification has proved clinically useful.
Current Concepts and Controversies in Foregut Motility: The 2012 Kelly and Carlos Pellegrini SSAT/SAGES Joint Symposium

The 2012 Kelley and Carlos Pellegrini SSAT/SAGES Joint Symposium covered the topic "Current Concepts and Controversies in Foregut Motility". This article summarizes the high points of this session, which included the diagnosis and management of achalasia, gastroparesis, and biliary dyskinesia.
In extremis use of staples for cardiorrhaphy in penetrating cardiac trauma: Case report

Patients in extremis following penetrating cardiac injury must be rapidly and effectively resuscitated. Treatment priorities are relief of tamponade with control of hemorrhage. Rapid closure of cardiac wounds is necessary to achieve hemostasis and preservation of cardiac function. A simple and rapid technique of emergency cardiorrhaphy is described utilizing the skin stapling device.
The requirement for surveillance of HIV drug resistance within antiretroviral rollout in the developing world.

The purpose was to describe surveillance measures to inform HIV drug-resistance prevention as part of the public health approach to antiretroviral therapy in developing countries. Neither HIV drug-resistance transmission nor its emergence in treatment is routinely assessed in the developing world but routine methods should be part of antiretroviral therapy scale-up. Mathematical modelling and experience in resource-rich countries suggest HIV drug-resistance transmission will increase as antiretroviral therapy coverage increases but its rise will be limited initially. Transmission surveys should begin in geographic areas in each country where antiretroviral therapy coverage is widespread. Reports from resource-limited countries suggest that antiretroviral therapy programs are as effective as in resource-rich countries which should limit HIV drug resistance if effectiveness is maintained with antiretroviral therapy expansion. Surveillance of HIV drug resistance emerging in treatment and other factors will support implementation of prevention measures on a population level. Standardized surveillance of transmitted and treatment-associated HIV drug resistance is critical to the success of antiretroviral therapy expansion in developing countries. Routine assessment of prescribing practices availability of and access to appropriate regimens for adults and children antiretroviral drug supply continuity and measures to prevent HIV transmission will supply critical information for HIV drug-resistance prevention. (authors)
Hydrogen and deuterium in iron, 9–73°C

Abstract The permeabilities, solubilities and effective diffusivities of hydrogen and deuterium in iron were measured over 9–73°C by the electrochemical technique. The permeation activation energies for hydrogen and deuterium were essentially equal at 8360 ± 610 and 8570 ± 780 cal / mol , respectively. The solubilities of the two isotopes were also equal. Evaluation of the steady state fluxes and the effective diffusivities indicates an isotopic effect of 1.8 ± 0.2, measurably greater than the classical ratio of 1.41.
Fast forms of banded maps

A decomposition technique for linear algorithms called the concurrent triple product (CTP) structure is tested on a class of maps which are diagonally banded. The banded maps include Toeplitz, convolution, and Hilbert transform operations, each of which is considered. The CTP and its interrelationship with array architectures is discussed. The concept of computational reassignment is introduced. This technique takes advantage of matrix sparsity to simplify the CTR expansion. While considering the Hilbert transform, it is shown that computational reassignment in the limit becomes a complete reorganization of the algorithm. Thus, the CTP decomposition can be viewed as a family of techniques. >
Measurement of light scattering from cells using an inverted infrared optical trap

A new inverted laser trapping microscope, combined with a linear diode array, has been developed to measure light scattering from a single cell over a large (up to approximately equals 45 degree(s)) angular range in real time. Diffraction profiles from 5 and 10 micrometers diameter polystyrene dielectric microspheres are in qualitative agreement with Lorenz-Mie calculations in terms of the separation and number of side-lobe features. Diffraction profiles from red blood cells (RBC), Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, and liposomes exhibit features that can ultimately be correlated to their size and shape. Results obtained with this instrument can be used to determine the optical properties of the trapped cell, the location of the cell in the optical trap with respect to the laser focal point, and the forces acting on the cell.
Compact particle detector for low-energy particle measurements

We are developing an Energetic Particle detector capable of making particle measurements in a variety of heliospheric environments, and, in particular in the outer corona of the sun. The current concept is a miniature ion composition/electron telescope that will measure the energy spectra, mass composition and detailed pitch angle distribution of energetic ions and electrons from approximately 10 keV per nucleon to approximately 3 MeV total energy. The telescope is made up of two main components: a time of flight section and a solid state detector array. A collimator defines the acceptance angles for the incoming particles while the time of flight and solid state detector sections measure the velocity and energy of the ions. Electrons are recorded as essentially zero time of flight particles. The miniaturized detector is approximately 100 mm in diameter and measures particles in 6 angular sectors across 140 degree(s); each sector has an opening angle of 12 degree(s) in the orthogonal direction. Extensive use of VLSI techniques and chip on board design allows all electronics to be mounted on circular boards that mate directly to the detector. The entire instrument is less than 0.5 kg in mass and requires less than 0.5 W of regulated power.
Averaging and summation: Positivity and choice as a function of the number and affective intensity of life events ☆

Abstract Six experiments were reported that investigated individuals’ perceptions of positive life events and their preferences for options presenting different combinations of positive event frequency and magnitude. Results revealed that individuals often responded to the average level of positivity and preferred less (versus more) positive events and supported the averaging/summation model of life event integration. Results revealed, for example, that participants felt more positive affect when they were exposed to a highly positive event than a highly positive plus mildly positive one. When the events had similar affective intensities, however, summation effects were obtained—more was better. In demonstrating averaging and summation effects, we delineated situations in which more positive life events can be better (summation effects) and situations in which more can be worse (averaging effects). Results also ruled out several alternative accounts, including the peak–end rule, economic, affective forecasting, and an assimilation/contrast interpretation.
Natural language with discrete speech as a mode for human-to-machine

A voice interactive natural language system, which allows users to solve problems with spoken English commands, has been constructed. The system utilizes a commercially available discrete speech recognizer which requires that each word be followed by approximately a 300 millisecond pause. In a test of the system, subjects were able to learn its use after about two hours of training. The system correctly processed about 77 percent of the over 6000 input sentences spoken in problem-solving sessions. Subjects spoke at the rate of about three sentences per minute and were able to effectively use the system to complete the given tasks. Subjects found the system relatively easy to learn and use, and gave a generally positive report of their experience.
Biophotonics and immune responses—Highlights from a new SPIE photonics west conference (BIOS 2006)

Summary This report summarizes some highlights from the “Biophotonics and Immune Responses”, a new 2006 SPIE Photonics West Biomedical Optics (BIOS 2006) Conference. Some exciting recent progresses in host immune responses elicited by photodynamic therapy and other novel phototherapies are discussed.
Rational discussion and logical analysis

(1966). Rational discussion and logical analysis. Pacific Philosophy Forum: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 87-89.
XPM cancellation in tellurite and silica EDFAs by complementary modulation of twin carriers

Cross-phase modulation cancellation of more than 15dB in various lengths of telluriteand silica-based erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is achieved by using complementary modulation of two closely-spaced optical carriers in WDM systems.
Axisymmetric stress fields in involute bodies of revolution

A new theory is proposed to define the elastic response of axisymmetric, but otherwise arbitrarily anisotropic and heterogeneous, bodies of revolution. The theory is based upon the application of Reissner's variational principle and an assumed stress field to given subregions of the body and approaches the theory of elasticity in the limit of vanishing subregion thickness. The new theory is particularly appropriate in the treatment of involute bodies, and it includes the effects of pore pressure, free expansion strains, body forces, and temperaturedependent properties.
Pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever in rhesus monkeys: role of interferon response.

Rhesus monkeys inoculated intravenously with Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus presented clinical disease syndromes similar to human cases of RVF. All 17 infected monkeys had high-titered viremias but disease ranged from clinically inapparent to death. Three (18%) RVF virus-infected monkeys developed signs of hemorrhagic fever characterized by epistaxis, petechial to purpuric cutaneous lesions, anorexia, and vomiting prior to death. The 14 remaining monkeys survived RVF viral infection but, 7 showed clinical signs of illness characterized by diminished food intake, cutaneous petechiae, and occasional vomiting. The other 7 monkeys showed no evidence of clinical disease. All monkeys had detectable serum interferon 24–30 h after infection, but 4 of 7 monkeys that did not develop clinical illness had serum interferon titers within 12h after infection. In lethally infected macaques, indices of hepatic function and blood coagulation were abnormal within 2 days, implicating early pathogenetic events as critical determinants of survival. Serum transferase values were elevated in proportion to severity of clinical disease and outcome of infection. Both myocardial damage and laboratory evidence consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation were present in fatal infections. All surviving monkeys developed neutralizing antibodies to RVF virus 4–7 days after infection, and this coincided with termination of viremia. Two fatally infected monkeys were viremic until death on days 6 and 8, and the third cleared viremia on day 5 and developed antibody on day 6 but died on day 15. There was a significant correlation between a delayed interferon response and mortality, suggesting that the early appearance of interferon was influential in limiting the severity of disease.
Shell-model calculations in the A = 5 system

Abstract The A = 5 structure problem is solved within the framework of the nuclear shell model. The model states are expanded on a basis of properly symmetrized translationally invariant harmonic oscillator eigenstates including states of up to 5(kh)gw of oscillator excitation. Ground and excited levels of the 5 H, 5 He, 5 Li and 5 Be systems are presented. The two-body interaction is based on the Sussex matrix elements. Model results are in good agreement with measured A = 5 level positions. The model T = 3 2 results lead to a quartet of levels, whose positions are given roughly by the isobaric multiplet mass equation.
Upon Reflection Commitment, Satisfaction, and Regret after a Corporate Relocation

This article presents a framework for e t long-term effect of employees' retrospective evaluations of a major organizational change and presets empirical data from one such change-a large-scale cor...
Geology of the Gladys McCall geopressured-geothermal prospect, Cameron Parish, Louisiana

The Gladys McCall prospect lies at the western edge of the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge about 88 km (55 mi) southeast of Lake Charles in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. The test well is 4825 m (15,831 ft) deep and was drilled in 1981 under the U.S. Department of Energy geopressured-geothermal research program. The well was shut in at the end of October 1987 after it had produced over 27 million barrels of brine and 676 MMscf gas, without any significant pressure decline. The stratigraphic section seen in this test well consists of alternating sandstones and shales with about 350 m (1150 ft) of net sand between 4393 m (14,412 ft) and 4974 m (16,320 ft). The producing reservoir is bounded on the north and south by faults. The east-west dimension is poorly defined due to lack of deep well control. Eleven prospective production zones have been identified. The pressure maintenance and the continuous high brine yield from the reservoir may be due to laterally overlapping and connected sandstones, communication between overlying and/or underlying reservoirs, growth faults acting as passageways for brine, shale dewatering, or possible communication of zones behind the casing.
Worms as therapeutic agents for allergy and asthma: Understanding why benefits in animal studies have not translated into clinical success

Helminth infections are associated with decreased rates of autoimmunity and allergy, and several clinical studies have demonstrated that intentional infection with helminths can reduce symptoms of autoimmune diseases. In contrast, though numerous animal studies have demonstrated that helminth infections ameliorate allergic diseases, clinical trials in humans have not shown benefit. In this article, we review in detail the 2 human studies that have prospectively tested whether helminth infections protect against allergy. We next review the research designs and results obtained from animal studies, and compare these to the human trials. We then postulate possible reasons for the lack of efficacy observed in clinical trials to date and discuss potential future areas of research in this field.
Inter- and intramolecular interactions of α-lactalbumin XI. Comparison of the “exposure” of tyrosyl, tryptophyl, and lysyl side chains in the goat and bovine proteins

The “exposure” of tyrosyl, tryptophyl and lysyl side chains in bovine and goat α-lactalbumin has been compared. Solvent perturbation measurements indicate that the environment of tryptophan residues in the two proteins must be very nearly the same; two of the four groups are “exposed” with respect to long-range perturbants for both the pH 6 and pH 2 conformers at 25 °C. At 3 °C the pH 2 conformer has an additional exposed tryptophan. Although all four tyrosyl residues ionize completely at alkaline pH, this is paralleled by a conformational change. The tyrosyl residues of goat α-lactalbumin are less reactive with respect to N-acetylimidazole than are those of the bovine protein. Two of the four groups in the goat protein remain unreactive at the relatively high reagent concentration employed, whereas those of the bovine protein are readily acylated. Acylation of amino groups likewise seems to occur less readily with the goat protein, and it seems likely that a single lysyl residue remains resistant to reaction with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.
The relationship of perceived parenting styles to perfectionism

Past research on perfectionism has suggested that the development of perfectionism is related to harsh parenting styles. The present study extends past research by examining the relationship between perceived parental characteristics and perfectionism in both men and women from two ethnic groups. This study also included an examination of the relationship between perfectionism and academic achievement. One-hundred and Forty-five Asian-American and 192 Caucasian-American college students participated in the present study. In general, harsh and authoritarian parenting styles were related to maladaptive, but not adaptive, components of perfectionism in Caucasian-American men and women and Asian-American women. The adaptive component of perfectionism was related to higher grade-point averages for women in both ethnic groups but not for the men.
Ecologic and Demographic Aspects of Rural Tripolitanian Jewry: 1853-1949

As Libya is the smallest in population of the four Magẖreb countries, so Libyan Jewry was less numerous than those of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Jewish settlement in rural Tripolitania is quite old. A tombstone reportedly found near Tajura dating from the tenth century (Cazes 1890; Slouschz 1927: 11–12) and El-Bekri's eleventh century mention of the Jews of Jado in the Jebel Nefusa (El Bekri 1913: 25) are two of the earliest post-Islamic examples. The present discussion, however, focuses on the century before the mass migration of Tripolitanian Jewry to Israel, which began in 1949. At that time there were over 29,000 Jews living in Tripolitania (see Table 3), and somewhere between 4,000 and 6,000 living in Cyrenaica.
Educating for the governance of coastal ecosystems: the dimensions of the challenge

There is a fundamental shift in how the problems confronting a practicing coastal manager are being defined. Coastal zone management began as an expression of an environmental protection strategy and has evolved into a promising vehicle for progressing towards more sustainable forms of development. The contemporary practice of coastal management requires integrating within a curriculum a diverse mix of knowledge and skills that emphasize the two defining features of adaptive management. These are a governance process rooted in the principles of participatory democracy and the application of the scientific principles that can produce reliable knowledge.
Teacher Perceptions of the Professional School Counselor Role: A National Study:

In a national survey, teachers were asked about their perceptions of the professional school counselor role as defined by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA, 2005). Teachers were questioned about the extent that they believed that school counselors should engage in and were engaged in a variety of tasks endorsed as appropriate or inappropriate by ASCA. This research revealed that teachers agreed that school counselors should engage in 13 and were engaged in 12 of the 16 appropriate responsibilities.