cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mars: The spectral albedo (0.3–2.5μ) of small bright and dark regions

Abstract A review of the available spectral geometric albedo measurements for Mars was presented earlier for the spectral region 0.3 to 1.1μ. A new observational study has greatly increased the store of data, especially for small Martian regions and for the infrared spectral region 1.0 to 2.5μ. Here we combine the new data with data both from the earlier review and, for the infrared spectral region, from the literature. We present a more complete picture of Martian spectral reflectivity properties than was available. This study should provide a more firm basis upon which models of Martian surface composition can be built. At visible wavelengths the Mars dark area Syrtis Major is red rather than green or grey in color; the bright area Arabia is even redder than Syrtis Major. Absorption bands, which differ between bright and dark areas, appear in the reflection curves. The 1μ absorption feature for dark areas is confirmed and more completely described. A previously unreported absorption band near 0.95μ for bright areas appears along with several absorption features in the infrared. The geometric albedo for Arabia reaches a maximum of about 0.43 at 1μ. The Bond albedo for this same area reaches a maximum of 60%. The bright area Arabia is occasionally three times brighter than the dark area Syrtis Major at red wavelengths. Published infrared reflection data available for Mars are not in complete agreement. Changes in brightness and color of Arabia are discussed which are not in agreement with traditional darkening wave theory.
Flow field measurements in the cell culture unit.

The cell culture unit (CCU) is being designed to support cell growth for long-duration life science experiments on the International Space Station (ISS). The CCU is a perfused loop system that provides a fluid environment for controlled cell growth experiments within cell specimen chambers (CSCs), and is intended to accommodate diverse cell specimen types. Many of the functional requirements depend on the fluid flow field within the CSC (e.g., feeding and gas management). A design goal of the CCU is to match, within experimental limits, all environmental conditions, other than the effects of gravity on the cells, whether the hardware is in microgravity ( micro g), normal Earth gravity, or up to 2g on the ISS centrifuge. In order to achieve this goal, two steps are being taken. The first step is to characterize the environmental conditions of current 1g cell biology experiments being performed in laboratories using ground-based hardware. The second step is to ensure that the design of the CCU allows the fluid flow conditions found in 1g to be replicated from microgravity up to 2g. The techniques that are being used to take these steps include flow visualization, particle image velocimetry (PIV), and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Flow visualization using the injection of dye has been used to gain a global perspective of the characteristics of the CSC flow field. To characterize laboratory cell culture conditions, PIV is being used to determine the flow field parameters of cell suspension cultures grown in Erlenmeyer flasks on orbital shakers. These measured parameters will be compared to PIV measurements in the CSCs to ensure that the flow field that cells encounter in CSCs is within the bounds determined for typical laboratory experiments. Using CFD, a detailed simulation is being developed to predict the flow field within the CSC for a wide variety of flow conditions, including microgravity environments. Results from all these measurements and analyses of the CSC flow environment are presented and discussed. The final configuration of the CSC employs magnetic stir bars with angled paddles to achieve the necessary flow requirements within the CSC.
Application of a superword array in genome assembly

We introduce a data structure called a superword array for finding quickly matches between DNA sequences. The superword array possesses some desirable features of the lookup table and suffix array. We describe simple algorithms for constructing and using a superword array to find pairs of sequences that share a unique superword. The algorithms are implemented in a genome assembly program called PCAP.REP for computation of overlaps between reads. Experimental results produced by PCAP.REP and PCAP on a whole-genome dataset show that PCAP.REP produced a more accurate and contiguous assembly than PCAP.
Magnetic dipoles for electromagnetic multi-DOF actuator design

This paper presents a new method for solving the magnetic forces/torques of a multi-DOF spherical actuator that has more controlling inputs than its mechanical DOF. Unlike methods that based on the Lorentz force equation or the Maxwell stress tensor, which require computing the volume or surface integrals to derive the forces, the dipole force method presented here offers the magnetic force solution in closed form. We validate the dipole force model against published experimental data, and demonstrate its application in solving the inverse torque model of a multi-DOF spherical motor, which computes the required set of maximum current inputs for a given design specifications.
Infants Born to Women With Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

Sir .—Schaefer et al 1 have provided an interesting comparative study of 61 infants whose mothers had Chlamydia trachomatis cultured from the cervix at some time between the 20th and 36th week of gestation and 183 infants whose mothers' cultures were negative for C trachomatis . They concluded that infants born to women with positive cultures were more likely to have pneumonitis and unspecified viral illness in the first six months of life, early otitis media, and gastroenteritis following pneumonitis than the infants of women with negative cultures. Previous investigations have sought and not found a significant increase in respiratory illness and otitis media in infants whose cultures are positive for Chlamydia at birth. 2,3 It may be that the findings in Schaefer and colleagues' study differ from those of others because of certain assumptions made by Schaefer et al: There is no mention in this study as to whether
Chaos in the pulse spacing of passive Q -switched all-solid-state lasers

Fil: Kovalsky, Marcelo Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas para la Defensa. Centro de Investigacion en Laseres y Aplicaciones; Argentina
The psychological role of the testicles. A case report of a 9-year-old boy with agenesis of the testicles.

Abstract A 9-year-old Puerto Rican boy with agenesis of the testicles provided an unusual opportunity to explore the role of the testicles in psychosexual development. The recent literature on the psychological role of the testicles is reviewed. This case report demonstrates that the patient experienced the absence of testicles as a phallic defect. He did not appear to have a mental image of the testicles separate from that of the penis. Surgical implant of prosthetic testicles in latency was of great benefit.
Remote Sensing Of The Air-Sea Interface Using Microware Acoustics

Measurements of sea surface acoustic backscatter and ambient noise at centimeter wavelengths have been taken over the past several years in the open ocean, Dabob Bay, and Lake Washington. These measurements were taken to characterize undersea reverberation and background noise as a function of geometry (e.g., grazing angle), frequency, and environmental conditions. The environmental conditions measured were principally wind speed and large-scale wave height, although the most recent measurements, taken in the lake, were significantly more comprehensive. From these measurements, which were originally intended to determine the underwater acoustic environment at high frequencies, it was evident that the problem could be inverted and the acoustic measurements used to infer environmental parameters at the air-sea interface. For example, the ambient noise level and the backscattering strength at low to moderate grazing angles could be used to infer wind speed and wind stress. Based on the data taken by this author and others, an acoustic remote sensing system is suggested along with the environmental measurements that should be taken to test the viability of this system.
Endogenous and Nutritional Factors Affecting Bone

Although the particular focus of this gathering is the role of exercise on bone, it is inappropriate to model bone mass regulation in terms of a single regulator. Bone is a bifunctional organ with primary structural roles (gravitational resistance and locomotion) sometimes in conflict with its function as a mineral reservoir. Changes in activity, diet, and hormonal status occur with age, and all contribute to skeletal health. Professor Robert Heaney has likened skeletal health to a three-legged chair. Functional integrity of all legs is required for the chair to stand. If two legs receive lavish attention and buttressing but the third leg is weak, the chair falls. In this brief review, I shall follow this analogy to discuss the two legs of skeletal health that are otherwise unrepresented at this meeting, reproductive hormone adequacy and nutritional status. In addition, I shall describe skeletal health in terms of bone acquisition and loss during the life cycle.
Viscosities of the Mixtures of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride with Water, Acetonitrile and Glucose: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Study

A recently improved ionic liquid force field was used to compute the viscosity for binary and ternary mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([emim][Cl]) with water, acetonitrile, and glucose. For the same systems, experimental viscosity data are provided. The simulation and experimental results were in reasonable agreement. Simulations consistently overestimate the viscosities for the mixtures of [emim][Cl] and glucose while the viscosities of the mixtures of glucose and water are well reproduced. Both experiments and simulations show that the addition of acetonitrile reduces the viscosity of a solution of [emim][Cl] and glucose by more than an order of magnitude.
A SYNTHETIC FOOD MEDIUM FOR THE CULTIVATION OF DROSOPHILA : PRELIMINARY NOTE.

In this paper is described the composition and method of making a standard synthetic medium for the laboratory cultivation of Drosophila melanogaster. It is shown that this medium is greatly superior to the banana medium commonly used for this purpose in respect of both the fertility and the mortality of flies kept on it. The range of superiority in respect of fertility is at different densities of population from about 48 per cent at the lowest, to 98 per cent at the highest densities experimentally reported here. The general experience of the laboratory with this medium, which frees experimental work on Drosophila from the incubus of the highly variable banana, shows it to have other points of superiority besides those discussed here.
Electrically Controlled Magnetism

Manipulation of magnetically ordered states by electrical means is a promising approach towards novel spintronics devices. We report on the electric control of surface magnetism in Cr2O3 thin films and uniaxial anisotropy in ferroelectric/ferromagnetic heterostructures, respectively. Artificial magnetoelectricity is realized in a BaTiO3/Fe heterostructure. Here, thermally induced coercivity changes of the Fe hysteresis loop are used to derive the stress imposed by the ferroelectric BaTiO3 substrate on the adjacent Fe film. Electrically induced coercivity changes give rise to a giant magnetoelectric susceptibility in the vicinity of the magnetic coercive field.
The Caenorhabditis elegans sel-1 Gene, a Negative Regulator of lin-12 and glp-1, Encodes a Predicted Extracellular Protein

The Caenorhabditis elegans lin-12 and glp-1 genes encode members of the LIN-12/NOTCH family of receptors. The sel-1 gene was identified as an extragenic suppressor of a lin-12 hypomorphic mutant. We show in this report that the sel-1 null phenotype is wild type, except for an apparent elevation in lin-12 and glp-1 activity in sensitized genetic backgrounds, and that this genetic interaction seems to be lin-12 and glp-1 specific. We also find that sel-1 encodes a predicted extracellular protein, with a domain sharing sequence similarity to predicted proteins from humans and yeast. SEL-1 may interact with the LIN-12 and GLP-1 receptors and/or their respective ligands to down-regulate signaling.
Genetic, structural and functional imaging biomarkers for early detection of conversion from MCI to AD

With the advent of advanced imaging techniques, genotyping, and methods to assess clinical and biological progression, there is a growing need for a unified framework that could exploit information available from multiple sources to aid diagnosis and the identification of early signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We propose a modeling strategy using supervised feature extraction to optimally combine high-dimensional imaging modalities with several other low-dimensional disease risk factors. The motivation is to discover new imaging biomarkers and use them in conjunction with other known biomarkers for prognosis of individuals at high risk of developing AD. Our framework also has the ability to assess the relative importance of imaging modalities for predicting AD conversion. We evaluate the proposed methodology on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database to predict conversion of individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to AD, only using information available at baseline.
Breastfeeding social marketing: lessons learned from USDA's "Loving Support" campaign.

Abstract Social marketing involves the application of commercial marketing principles to advance the public good. Social marketing calls for much more than health communications campaigns. It involves four interrelated tasks: audience benefit, target behavior, essence (brand, relevance, positioning), and developing the “4Ps” (product, price, place, promotion) marketing mix. The ongoing U.S. Department of Agriculture “Loving Support Makes Breastfeeding Work” campaign was launched in 1997 based on social marketing principles to increase breastfeeding initiation rates and breastfeeding duration among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) participants. Since then there have been improvements in breastfeeding duration in the country, and the majority of WIC women now initiate breastfeeding. Breastfeeding in public places is still not well accepted by society at large, and any and exclusive breastfeeding durations remain exceedingly low. Lessons learned from “Loving Suppor...
Atmospheric organic aerosol production by heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reactions.

Exploratory evidence from our laboratories shows that acidic surfaces on atmospheric aerosols lead to very real and potentially multifold increases in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass and build-up of stabilized nonvolatile organic matter as particles age. One possible explanation for these heterogeneous processes are the acid-catalyzed (e.g., H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 ) reactions of atmospheric multifunctional organic species (e.g., multifunctional carbonyl compounds) that are accommodated onto the particle phase from the gas phase. Volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs) from biogenic sources (e.g., terpenoids) and anthropogenic sources (aromatics) are significant precursors for multifunctional organic species. The sulfur content of fossil fuels, which is released into the atmosphere as SO 2 , results in the formation of secondary inorganic acidic aerosols or indigenous acidic soot particles (e.g., diesel soot). The predominance of SOAs contributing to PM 2.5 (particulate matter, that is, 2.5 μm or smaller than 5.5 μm), and the prevalence of sulfur in fossil fuels suggests that interactions between these sources could be considerable. This study outlines a systematic approach for exploring the fundamental chemistry of these pqnicle-phase heterogeneous reactions. It acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions of SOA products are included in next-generation models, the predicted SOA formation will be much greater and have a much larger impact on climate-forcing effects than we now predict. The combined study of both organic and inorganic acids will also enable greater understanding of the adverse health effects in biological pulmonary organs exposed to particles.
Cooperation and Controversy Among the Occupying Powers in Berlin

In any attempt to present an objective summary of international cooperation and controversy in Berlin, attention should first be drawn to the fact that cooperation must be judged in terms of the mission assigned. A policy need not be judged by its execution, but execution must be judged in terms of the policy. That policy, in the situation under consideration, is the Potsdam Agreement, reached during late July of 1945.1 Some assert that the Potsdam Agreement is dead, but if so, it is difficult to show just when it died. The Moscow Conference of the Council of Foreign Ministers (March-April, 1947) directed the Allied Control Council for Germany to do two things of importance in addition to those specified in the Potsdam Agreement, but it did not amend the latter in any respect. This report, then, will be limited to the execution of the Potsdam provisions by the Allied Control Authority in so far as Germany as a whole is concerned. It will not cover the field systematically or completely. It will make little mention of activities in connection with the city of Berlin itself, and of zonal activities unless they caused unusually important discussion in the Allied Control Authority, and it will omit the familiar battles which raged mostly outside that body over such matters as food supply, youth activities, and political party mergers.
A Model of Privacy Control: Examining the Criteria That Predict Emerging Adults’ Likelihood to Reveal Private Information to Their Parents

The primary goal of this study was to establish a model of privacy control, stemming from Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory, between the parent and the emerging adult child (N = 851) to predict the likelihood to reveal private information. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study confirmed that the CPM criteria variables (culture, gender, context, motivation, and risk–benefit ratio) exert an influence on revealing private information. Three psychosocial outcome variables were also examined: rumination, stress, and well-being. Specifically, emerging adults reporting a communicatively open family relational culture, low levels of relational quality, and low levels of relational risk were more likely to reveal private information to their parents, while personal characteristics, perceived reciprocity, characteristics of the confidant, and stigma risks did not significantly affect the likelihood to reveal private information. The implications of the study suggest that predictors of priv...
The TEACCH Communication Curriculum

The curriculum described in this chapter is being developed at Division TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication-handicapped CHildren), a statewide program serving autistic and communication-handicapped persons and their families in North Carolina (Reichler & Schopler, 1976). Through a network of five regional centers, TEACCH provides diagnostic, evaluation, and treatment services, working with individual families to develop teaching programs focusing on the areas of the handicapped child’s behavior and development that are of most concern to the family. In addition, TEACCH provides staff training and consultation to local programs serving autistic persons throughout the state and around the country. These local programs include group homes, vocational settings, and classrooms.
Beyond Ratification: The Future for U.S. Engagement on International Tobacco Control

Tobacco use is arguably the greatest threat to global health. Tobacco use and secondhand smoke kill more people annually than HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined. Yet, tobacco use is also one of the most preventable threats to global health. Cost-effective, evidence-based tobacco control programs have succeeded in developed and developing countries alike. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) provides a blueprint for tobacco control programs and a platform for their monitoring and implementation. Despite its widespread adoption, however, FCTC implementation has largely stalled globally due to fierce industry opposition and lack of capacity in low- and middle-income countries. Many arguing for increased U.S. engagement on global tobacco control have focused on the need for the United States to ratify the FCTC. Given the poor near-term prospects for ratification and the lack of momentum behind FCTC implementation, a new approach is warranted. Although the United States should ratify the FCTC, it should not wait to do so before increasing its support for low- and middle-income countries’ FCTC implementation. This approach would accomplish the same objective - to meaningfully demonstrate U.S. commitment and leadership - and do more to advance global tobacco control. To accomplish those goals, the United States should engage in a four-part strategy to help provide the resources, incentives, and technical support necessary for developing countries’ implementation of the FCTC.
Dependent interoperability

In this paper we study the problem of interoperability --- combining constructs from two separate programming languages within one program --- in the case where one of the two languages is dependently typed and the other is simply typed.We present a core calculus called SD, which combines dependently- and simply-typed sub-languages and supports user-defined (dependent) datatypes, among other standard features. SD has "boundary terms" that mediate the interaction between the two sub-languages. The operational semantics of SD demonstrates how the necessary dynamic checks, which must be done when passing a value from the simply-typed world to the dependently typed world, can be extracted from the dependent type constructors themselves, modulo user-defined functions for marshaling values across the boundary.We establish type-safety and other meta-theoretic properties of SD, and contrast this approach to others in the literature.
Social Movements as Health-Educators

Abstract Within the postmodern framework, the present article examines how social movements may function as health-educators. Using the case study of “ACT UP” (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power), the article establishes the configuration of this social movement organization as the product of a coalition between various pedagogical influences emanating from previous social movements, including the pre-existing AIDS movement, the gay and lesbian movement, and the women's health movement. The gay and lesbian movement offered young AIDS activists a sophisticated critique of mainstream science, especially concerning its “normative” function; the women's health movement provided ideological and logistical tools to support reliance upon community infrastructures, and the pre-existing AIDS movement, itself beneficiary of the two previous movements, accomplished seminal work to control the epidemic upon which ACT UP could thrive.
Effectiveness of video instruction in educating teenagers about the health risks of smokeless tobacco use.

Abstract Smokeless tobacco use, especially among adolescents, appears to have gained increased recent popularity. A resurgence in the use of this product was identified in the mid‐1970s. Surveys in the United States have documented that between 8% and 30% of all high school males are regular users of smokeless tobacco products. Investigators have identified specific clinical lesions associated with smokeless tobacco use that appear most frequently as wrinkled mucosal surfaces with delicate white stria. Such lesions have been termed smokeless tobacco keratoses. Gingival inflammation and periodontal inflammation have also been associated with the use of this product. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine the effectiveness of a specific intervention aid, video instruction, for providing teenagers with information concerning the health risk of smokeless tobacco use. The video provided new information to students and appeared to be an effective tool for student health education. It is, howe...
Modulation of leukocyte migration in mesenteric interstitium

Intravital videomicroscopy was used to monitor the migration of leukocytes in rat mesenteric interstitium following exposure of the mesentery to either N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), platelet-activating factor (PAF), or ischemia-reperfusion (I-R). All inflammatory stimuli resulted in interstitial migration rates that were higher than those measured in unstimulated extravasated leukocytes. The median migration rate of cells stimulated with FMLP was significantly higher than those observed during superfusion with either LTB4 or PAF or following exposure to I-R. The enhanced leukocyte migration rates elicited by I-R were not attenuated by treatment with PAF- and LTB4-receptor antagonists, suggesting that these lipid mediators are not the inflammatory mediators responsible for I-R-induced leukocyte migration. Additional experiments revealed that the rate of leukocyte migration associated with FMLP stimulation was not significantly altered by either inhibitors of neutrophilic elastase and cathepsin G, a monoclonal antibody directed against the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18, or by altering interstitial hydration. This in vivo model provides a useful new approach for defining the factors that modulate leukocyte migration within the extravascular compartment.
Administration of recombinant interleukin-11 improves the hemodynamic functions and decreases third space fluid loss in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation

We have previously demonstrated that the administration of recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) during resuscitation improves the blood pressure in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effects of rhIL-11 could be reproduced in a large animal model and to elucidate the impact of rhIL-11 administration on the intravascular volume status and the degree of third space fluid loss after resuscitation. A 40% blood volume hemorrhage was induced in swine (n = 45, weight of 25-35 kg) followed by a 1-h shock period and resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride (three times the shed blood volume). The animals were randomized to receive sham hemorrhage (group I, sham); sham hemorrhage and 50 microg/kg rhIL-11 (group II, sham + IL-11); no drug (group III, saline); or 50 microg/kg rhIL-11 (group IV, IL-11). Blood and urine samples were obtained and analyzed at baseline, at the end of hemorrhaging, and thereafter once every hour. The pleural and peritoneal effusions were precisely quantified by using clinically accepted criteria. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher postresuscitation (PR) in groups I, II, and IV (71.4 +/- 7.5 mmHg, 71.0 +/- 8.9 mmHg, and 72.9 +/- 12.3 mmHg, respectively) than in group III (59.9 +/- 10.9 mmHg), and the cardiac output of PR was higher in group IV (3.46 +/- 0.56 L/min) than in group III (2.99 +/- 0.62 L/min; P < 0.01). The difference in MAP between groups I and II became statistically significant at 40 min after rhIL-11 injection and such a difference persisted for 90 min. After resuscitation, the urine output was higher, and the urine specific gravity and third space fluid loss were lower in group IV (1434 +/- 325 mL and 1.0035, 82 +/- 21 mL) than in group III (958 +/- 390 mL and 1.0053, 125 +/- 32 mL; P < 0.05). In a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock, the administration of rhIL-11 at the start of resuscitation significantly improved the cardiac output and blood pressure. This strategy also significantly reduced the extent of third space fluid losses while also having a favorable impact on the intravascular volume status as evidenced by the improved urine output.
Mining Massive Archives of Mice Sounds with Symbolized Representations.

Many animals produce long sequences of vocalizations best described as “songs.” In some animals, such as crickets and frogs, these songs are relatively simple and repetitive chirps or trills. However, animals as diverse as whales, bats, birds and even the humble mice considered here produce intricate and complex songs. These songs are worthy of study in their own right. For example, the study of bird songs has helped to cast light on various questions in the nature vs. nurture debate. However, there is a particular reason why the study of mice songs can benefit mankind. The house mouse (Mus musculus) has long been an important model organism in biology and medicine, and it is by far the most commonly used genetically altered laboratory mammal to address human diseases. While there has been significant recent efforts to analyze mice songs, advances in sensor technology have created a situation where our ability to collect data far outstrips our ability to analyze it. In this work we argue that the time is ripe for archives of mice songs to fall into the purview of data mining. We show a novel technique for mining mice vocalizations directly in the visual (spectrogram) space that practitioners currently use. Working in this space allows us to bring an arsenal of data mining tools to bear on this important domain, including similarity search, classification, motif discovery and contrast set mining.
Effects of formate and oxalate on volume absorption in rat proximal tubule.

We examined the effects of formate and oxalate on the rate of fluid absorption (Jv) in the rat proximal convoluted tubule in situ. Proximal tubules were microperfused with a high-Cl-, low-HCO3- Ringer solution (pH 6.7), and the peritubular capillaries were perfused with a standard Ringer solution (pH 7.4), simulating conditions in the late proximal tubule. Jv, a measure of transtubular NaCl absorption under these conditions, was calculated from the change in luminal [3H]inulin. Addition of formate in the physiological range (500 microM) to the luminal perfusate increased Jv by 45%; addition of 500 microM formate to both luminal and capillary perfusates increased Jv by 57%. Similarly, addition of oxalate in the physiological range (5 microM) to the luminal perfusate increased Jv by 37%; addition of 5 microM oxalate to both luminal and capillary perfusates increased Jv by 57%. The stimulatory effects of formate and oxalate perfused in the lumen and capillaries were not additive. Addition of 4,4'-diisothiocy...
Early pleural decortication for thoracic empyema in immunosuppressed patients

Patients with empyema and impaired immune response often remain in a toxic condition after tube thoracostomy because the infection is not localized and walled off satisfactorily. Consequently, the reported mortality rate is extremely high. Despite the expectation of a high mortality rate from thoracotomy and debridement in this category of critically ill patients, we were forced to perform pleural decortication in eight patients after lesser procedures had failed. They were immunodeficient because of (1) high-dose steroids (HDS) for sagittal sinus thrombosis, (2) HDS for systemic lupus erythematosus, (3) HDS for chronic myelogenous leukemia and myelofibrosis, (4) HDS for multiple myeloma, (5) hemolytic anemia with pulmonary infiltrates, (6) chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease, (7) diabetes mellitus with Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease, and (8) diabetes mellitus with chronic glomerulonephritis. Six of the eight patients survived and were discharged with completely healed incisions 3 to 6 weeks after operation. This compares well with the survival rates reported by others. Although risky, the over-all survival rate may be better with thoracotomy and decortication than with prolonged tube drainage and open drainage in immunodeficient patients with empyema, and the period of morbidity is shortened considerably.
Radiance and polarization in the diffusion region with an arbitrary scattering phase matrix

Abstract Radiance and polarization patterns in an optically deep region, the so-called diffusion region or asymptotic region, of a homogeneous atmosphere or ocean, depend mainly on the scattering phase matrix and the single-scattering albedo of the medium. The radiance and polarization properties in the diffusion region for an arbitrary scattering phase matrix can be obtained in terms of a series of the generalized spherical functions. The number of terms is closely related to the single-scattering albedo of the medium. If the medium is conservative, the radiance is isotropic in conjunction with no polarization. If the single-scattering albedo is close to 1, several terms are sufficient to obtain the patterns, in which the degree of polarization feature is less than 1%. If the medium is highly absorptive, more expansion terms are required to obtain the diffusion patterns. The examples of simulated radiance and polarization patterns for Rayleigh scattering, Henyey–Greenstein–Rayleigh scattering, and haze L and cloud C1 scattering, defined by Deirmendjian, are calculated.
Commercial Competition And Control: A US View

As the world’s largest economy, the United States confronts a major challenge as it adjusts to the competitive realities of the late 1980s and beyond. That challenge involves our ability to retain hard-won domestic successes — i.e., low inflation, declining interest rates, and robust job growth — while improving our international economic performance. In the face of large trade and current account deficits, this will be a major task. Careful application of America’s competitive strengths, however, should enable the United States to accomplish just that.
Comments and Observations Regarding the Relation Between Theory and Empirical Research in Contemporary Accounting Research

Comments and Observations Regarding the Relation Between Theory and Empirical Research in Contemporary Accounting Research
A 64-way VLIW/SIMD FPGA architecture and design flow

Current FPGA architectures are heterogeneous, containing tens of thousands of logic elements and hundreds of embedded multipliers and memory units. However, efficiently utilizing these resources requires hardware designers and complex computer aided design tools. The paper describes several multi-processor architectures implemented on an FPGA, including a 64-way single interface multiple data (SIMD) and a variable size very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture. The design and synthesis of the target architectures are presented and compared for scalability and achieving parallelism. The performance and chip utilization of a shared register file is examined for different numbers of VLIW processing elements. The associated compilation flow is described based on the Trimaran VLIW compiler which achieves explicitly parallel instructions from C code. Benchmarks from the Media-Bench suite are being used to test the performance of the parallelism of both the software and hardware components.
Holy Grails for Computational Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

Computational chemistry and biochemistry began with Isaac Newton’s classical mechanics in the 17th century and the establishment of quantum mechanics in the 1920s. Enabled by extraordinary advances in computers, in the last half century, this field has become a robust partner with experiment. The challenges facing computational chemists and biochemists, the Holy Grails of the field, are described. These include the development of a highly accurate density functional, ideally one that has universal chemical accuracy, and accurate polarizable force fields, as well as methods to handle efficiently the massive number of computations that must be performed for molecular dynamics and for the computation of flexible systems such as proteins. We estimate when the breakthroughs that will make computation a powerful engine for chemical discovery and design will be achieved. The Holy Grails of this field involve methods to enable the accurate and efficient prediction of structures and properties of complex biologica...
Ethical Responsibility of Public Administrators from the Legislator’s View: An Analysis Based on a California Case Study

This article reexamines the ethical responsibility of public administrators by investigating their role in policy process as perceived by legislators. The current dilemma for public administrators is how to pursue the public good in Madison’s model of checks and balances. California legislators in the 2014 session were surveyed regarding four policy scenarios and their perceptions of the administrator’s role in policymaking. Their responses are used to explore how legislators’ perceptions of the administrator redefine the administrator’s ethical environment. Factional factors (e.g., party divisions) may serve as an invitation for administrative input in the legislative policy process.
From Click Chemistry to Cross-Coupling: Designer Polymers from One Efficient Reaction

Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling was demonstrated to be a versatile reaction platform to install functional groups onto well-defined polymers derived from reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Cross-coupled products were achieved utilizing a range of functional boronic acids including, but not limited to, furan, alkyloxyphenyl, methacrylamide, trifluorophenyl, anthracene, and dimethylaminophenyl. High to quantitative degrees of functionalization were obtained by employing convenient reaction conditions at low to moderate temperatures (23–60 °C), within short reaction times (2–16 h), while using air-stable reagents at 1.5–3.0 equiv. of boronic acid. Specifically, a custom monomer, N-[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]acrylamide (BPEA), was synthesized bearing a reactive handle for subsequent cross-coupling, and its chemical structure was verified using nuclear magnetic resonance. RAFT polymerization of BPEA revealed attributes of a successful reversible-deactivation ...
Parent-Implemented Trial-Based Functional Analysis for Young Children With ASD:

There is growing support for the use of trial-based functional analysis (TBFA) in applied settings. The purpose of the present study was to assess the accuracy and social validity of parent-impleme...
Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus (diabetes) increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction, which can result in cardiogenic shock. Data on the relation of diabetes and the occurrence and prognosis of cardiogenic shock postacute myocardial infarction are scant. Methods Among the National Inpatient Sample patients aged ≥18 years and hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction during the 2012-2014 period, we examined the association between diabetes and the incidence and outcomes of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction, using multivariable logistic and linear regression models. Results Of 1,332,530 hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction, 72,765 (5.5%) were complicated by cardiogenic shock. In acute myocardial infarction patients, cardiogenic shock incidence was higher among those with vs without diabetes (5.8% vs 5.2%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.19; P P = .003). Diabetes was associated with higher in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (37.9% vs 36.8%; aOR 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.28; P P P = .001). Conclusions In a large cohort of acute myocardial infarction patients, preexisting diabetes was associated with an increased risk of cardiogenic shock and worse outcomes in those with cardiogenic shock.
Power-based side-channel instruction-level disassembler

Modern embedded computing devices are vulnerable against mal-ware and software piracy due to insufficient security scrutiny and the complications of continuous patching. To detect malicious activity as well as protecting the integrity of executable software, it is necessary to monitor the operation of such devices. In this paper, we propose a disassembler based on power-based side-channel to analyze the real-time operation of embedded systems at instruction-level granularity. The proposed disassembler obtains templates from an original device (e.g., IoT home security system, smart thermostat, etc.) and utilizes machine learning algorithms to uniquely identify instructions executed on the device. The feature selection using Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence and the dimensional reduction using PCA in the time-frequency domain are proposed to increase the identification accuracy. Moreover, a hierarchical classification framework is proposed to reduce the computational complexity associated with large instruction sets. In addition, covariate shifts caused by different environmental measurements and device-to-device variations are minimized by our covariate shift adaptation technique. We implement this disassembler on an AVR 8-bit microcontroller. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed disassembler can recognize test instructions including register names with a success rate no lower than 99.03% with quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA).
Complications of Radiation Exposure and Therapy

A 64-year-old man with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and strong family history of heart disease presented with angina in June 2000. A cardiac catheterization revealed single vessel disease in the dominant right coronary artery (RCA) with normal left ventricular (LV) function. Balloon angioplasty was performed successfully on the mid RCA.
Difficult Stent Delivery

Stent delivery remains challenging in complex coronary anatomy in around 5 % of PCIs, in spite of colossal technical advances in the field of interventional cardiology. Unsuccessful stent placement is associated with inferior short- and long-term outcomes. Failure of stent deployment may lead to stent embolization during withdrawal maneuvers. It is imperative to identify these lesions and plan stent delivery meticulously.
Varenicline and nabilone in tobacco and cannabis co-users: effects on tobacco abstinence, withdrawal and a laboratory model of cannabis relapse

Tobacco and cannabis co-users (T+CUs) have poor cannabis cessation outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying this are not well understood. This laboratory study examined the effects of (1) the partial nicotinic agonist, varenicline, on tobacco cessation among T+CUs, and (2) varenicline, alone, and when combined with the cannabinoid agonist nabilone, on cannabis withdrawal and a laboratory model of cannabis relapse. Non-treatment-seeking T+CUs were randomized to active-varenicline or placebo-varenicline, and completed a 15-day outpatient phase; varenicline was titrated to 1 mg BID during days 1-8, and participants were instructed to abstain from tobacco during days 9-15. Participants then moved inpatient for 16 days, where they continued their outpatient medication and tobacco abstinence. Inpatient testing included two, 8-day medication periods, where active-nabilone and placebo-nabilone were administered in counterbalanced order, and measures of acute cannabis effects (days 1-2), withdrawal (days 4-5) and 'relapse' (days 6-8) were collected. Participants in the active-varenicline group were more likely to achieve cotinine-verified tobacco abstinence during the outpatient period versus placebo-varenicline group (46 percent versus 24 percent, respectively), and also reported less mood disturbance and cigarette craving while inpatient. Active-nabilone attenuated cannabis withdrawal in both groups but did not affect cannabis relapse. Regression analyses revealed that two tobacco-related variables, i.e. age of first cigarette use, and cigarette craving while inpatient, were independent predictors of cannabis relapse outcomes. Thus, varenicline holds promise in this population, as a tool to examine the effects of tobacco abstinence on cannabis use outcomes, and as a component of smoking cessation treatments targeting T+CUs.
Prevalence of bacterial contamination in 50% dextrose vials in varying storage conditions after multiple punctures.

OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of bacterial growth in single use 50% dextrose vials punctured multiple times and stored in various hospital environments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups of three 50% dextrose vials were stored in our hospital intensive care unit at either ambient light or in a darkened drawer at room temperature or refrigerated at 4°C. One vial in each group was punctured either once, once weekly or once daily for 28 days and samples taken for bacterial culture every 7 days until completion of the project. A fourth group of three vials were inoculated with several species of bacteria and stored in our microbiology laboratory under the environmental conditions described above with cultures performed every 7 days for 28 days. In addition, the water activity of 50% dextrose was determined using commercial laboratory equipment. RESULTS Scant growth of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter agglomerans was detected in cultures performed on day 7, but not subsequent time points, from the inoculated refrigerated vials. The vial punctured once daily for 28 days and stored under refrigerated conditions showed growth of Bacillus subtilis on day 28. All remaining bottles had no bacterial growth at any time point or environmental condition. The water activity of 50% dextrose was 093 at 24°C and 092 at 4°C. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Bacterial growth in 50% dextrose vials was uncommon even when inoculated with pathogens. Bacterial growth only occurred in refrigerated storage conditions. The water activity of 50% dextrose is not low enough to inhibit all bacterial and fungal growth.
[(tBu2PCH2SiMe2)2N]RhI? Rapidly Reversible H−C(sp3) and H−C(sp2) Bond Cleavage by Rhodium(I)

The product of the reaction of (tBu2PCH2SiMe2)2N− (MgCl+ salt) with [RhCl(cyclooctene)2]2 is a RhIII complex where one tBu methyl C−H bond has oxidatively added to Rh: (PNP*)RhH. This is in rapid exchange among all 9 × 4 C−H bonds of the four tBu groups. (PNP*)RhH undergoes oxidative addition equilibrium with the C−H bonds of benzene at ∼103 s−1 at 25 °C and oxidatively adds the ring C−H of other arenes. (PNP*)RhH forms η2-olefin complexes with several olefins and dehydrogenates allylic C−H bonds to form (PNP)Rh(H)2.