cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dyeless vascular surgery.

Abstract Purpose: The morbidity associated with contrast-based diagnostics performed for preoperative evaluation prior to vascular intervention ranges from 1 to 21%. These complications range from minor hematomas to death. However, these exams are commonly felt to be a necessary step to completely evaluate the arterial tree before intervention is undertaken. Since this has varied from our experience, we reviewed our experience with repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), carotid endartectomy (CEA), and lower extremity revascularization performed without preoperative contrast studies. Materials and methods: During the last 10 years, we have performed 184 elective AAA repairs with abdominal-pelvis CAT scan without intravenous contrast as a preoperative study. During this same period of time, 903 CEAs were performed in 810 patients based solely on duplex ultrasonography or in combination with magnetic resonance angiography in cases where duplex ultrasonography was inconclusive (53 cases). Finally, over the last 30 months, we have performed 485 revascularizations in the lower extremity based solely on duplex ultrasonography mapping. Direct visualization of all major arteries from the distal aorta to the pedal vessels was performed using duplex imaging. Both the carotid duplex imaging and lower extremity duplex imaging were confirmed to have greater than 95 % positive predictive value during an initial phase of 50 cases confirmed with MRA and contrast angiography respectively. Results: All cases of venous anomalies such as retrocaval left renal vein or left sided inferior vena cava in AAA patients were accurately identified and confirmed by intraoperative findings. No cases of horseshoe kidney were identified. Despite the presence of diminished femoral pulses in six patients, aortic reconstructions were performed with only duplex imaging. The 30 day mortality of AAA patients was 5% for elective repairs. In addition, no gross differences were appreciated with intraoperative findings of CEA as compared to preoperative duplex findings. However, in 5 cases CEA could not be performed due to extension of the lesion well above the available surgical exposure. The 30 day mortality of the CEA patients was 0.7% and the incidence of postoperative stroke or transient ischemic attack was 0.7%. Finally, in two early cases of lower extremity revascularization, the distal anastomosis was placed proximal to a lesion. This was appreciated during the procedure and corrected with a jump graft in each case. Conclusions: These data suggest that AAA repair, CEA, and lower extremity revascularization can be performed without contrast based preoperative studies and without compromise to evaluation of disease, patient safety or patency of bypass grafts.
Effect of diet on fatty acid compositions in Sciaenops ocellatus

The role of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the fatty acid composition of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellalus was investigated. Individuals (n = 435) were fed three natural diets (Gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus, brown shrimp Farfantapenaeus aztecus and Atlantic brief squid Lolliguncula brevis) that had significantly different proximate composition, energy density and PUFA compositions for 40 days. Diets were characterized as containing: high lipid, high protein, high energy and low PUFA (fish-based), low lipid, low protein, low energy, moderate PUFA (shrimp-based), and low lipid, high protein, moderate energy and high PUFA levels (squid-based), respectively. Specimens were collected at days 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 to evaluate rate of dietary fatty acid composition in tissues. Two-source mixing models were used to calculate dietary fatty acid accumulation in consumer tissues. Results indicated that juvenile red drum incorporated an average of 35% dietary PUFAs after 5 days. Although relative biomass and dietary proximate composition had an effect upon the dietary fatty acid contribution, red drum averaged 91% incorporation of the five most prevalent PUFAs [18 : 2 (n - 6), 20 : 4 (n - 6). 20 : 5 (n - 3), 22 : 5 (n - 3) and 22 : 6 (n - 3)] across all diets after 40 days. Growth varied as a function of diet and rates were higher for individuals fed the squid diet than those fed shrimp or fish diets primarily due to increased levels of protein and PUFAs [including 22 : 6 (n - 3); 25.8%] in the diet. Red drum fed squid exhibited the greatest increase in average dietary fatty acid contribution by day 5, a trend that continued for the duration of the experiment. Since PUFA composition in red drum was significantly influenced by diet in as few as 5 days and almost completely incorporated into body tissues after 40 days, results from this study support the premise that fatty acids (especially PUFAs) are promising dietary indicators and may be useful for future studies examining trophic relationships of estuarine and marine fishes.
Creativity polymathy: What Benjamin Franklin can teach your kindergartener

Abstract Creative polymathy at the very highest levels is rare, but this is largely the result of a long period of training usually necessary to become proficient in any field. We explain why creative polymathy is not ruled out by arguments for the domain specificity of creativity and argue that consideration of multiple levels of creativity (Big-C, Pro-c, little-c, and mini-c) leads to the conclusion that creative polymathy may actually be fairly common. We introduce a hierarchical model of creativity (the APT Model) to help understand some constraints on and possibilities for creative polymathy, suggest different ways creative polymathy may be expressed, and offer guidelines for recognizing and nurturing creative polymathy in students.
Modeling Correlations in Rail Line Construction

AbstractThe total construction cost and time of projects are often overrun. It is known that when positive correlations between costs are disregarded, the range of possible total construction costs is underestimated. A model is needed to estimate the effect of correlations on the probability distributions of total cost and total time. Four cost–cost and one cost–time correlations in the construction of rail lines were identified, two of which were investigated in detail using a model applicable to the construction of any networked system. This paper presents the theoretical background of the model, the correlations occurring in rail line construction, and the analysis of the impact of such correlations in two case studies including several scenarios and one sensitivity analysis. The results clearly show that the standard deviation of the total cost increases with the magnitude of the correlation and, most importantly, it dramatically increases with the number of costs that are correlated; it also depends ...
A critique of Kenneth Mark Colby's energy and structure in psychoanalysis

Psychoanalytic theory is often criticized because its concept of energy conflicts with that of other sciences. Colby accepts the basic postulates of psychoanalysis, but prefers to redefine them in terms of a modern view of energy. To clarify the relationship between energy and structure, he offers an alternate model of psychic structure.
Training caregivers: disabilities and dental hygiene.

Objectives The purpose of the study was to measure the effectiveness of oral health education and training among caregivers. Methods Controlled study design. Participants were randomized from the sample n = 30. n = 14 participants in the experimental group and n = 10 in the control group. The experimental group received a lecture and hands-on training in oral hygiene procedures. The control group received a facilitated group discussion. Both groups received a pre–post test. Results Considering the two groups independently, using a paired t-test, the experimental group, n = 14 had a score difference of 0.0607 (P-value = 0.01) and the control group n = 10, had a score difference of 0.035 (P-value = 0.14). Conclusion This study found that knowledge was improved among caregivers following the implementation of formal oral hygiene training. Although the control group also showed some improvements with the facilitated discussion, the results are not significant to say that both the formal training and the facilitated discussion are equally important in training caregivers effectively.
The Effects of Cold Pressor-Induced Pain on PASAT Performance

Although clinicians have frequently observed that patients with chronic pain experience cognitive deficits related to memory and concentration, research on these deficits is equivocal, with some studies showing significant impairment and others suggesting minimal deficits. As such, the present study sought to examine the relationship between laboratory-induced pain and performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) using a mixed factorial design. Seventy-two nonclinical volunteers were randomly assigned to a pain group, who took the PASAT while experiencing cold pressor-induced pain, or a control group, who took the PASAT while experiencing painless room-temperature water immersion. To account for practice effects, all participants were administered 1 practice trial and 3 standard trials of the PASAT, with the final trial administered in cold pressor-induced pain or painless water immersion. The results revealed a significant interaction between condition and PASAT performance, F(1, 64) = 23.63, p < .001, partial η(2) = .27. The control group increased performance by 6 items while the pain group showed no such improvement. The results suggest that because the pain group did not demonstrate the same practice effects relative to the control group, their performance was impaired by cold pressor-induced pain. However, the impairment was relatively mild (about 0.5 standard deviation) and did not occur in all participants.
Histological observations on the evolution of nutritional encephalomalacia in chick cerebellum

A study was made of the histological alterations which occur in the development of nutritional encephalomalacia in the chick cerebellum. 3 categories of chicks were discernible according to severity of symptoms.
Distribution of globin-specific DNA sequences in fractionated chromatin.

Abstract 1. 1. Chicken reticulocyte chromatin was fractionated by 4 different methods into transcriptionally active and inactive fractions. 2. 2. DNA sequences complementary to chicken globin cDNA probe were found distributed equally in transcriptionally active and inactive fractions of reticulocyte chromatin. 3. 3. Our results can be interpreted to indicate that heterochromatization is not the principal mechanism of globin gene inactivation during reticulocyte maturation.
Geographic variation in stroke risk in the United States. Region, urbanization, and hypertension in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Background —In the United States, stroke mortality is higher in the south than in other regions. Hypertension is the main risk factor for stroke among older adults; however, few studies have examined group-specific regional and urbanization differences in hypertension prevalence. Methods —Data from the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988 to 1994, were analyzed to calculate the prevalence of hypertension (systolic >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic >90 mm Hg and/or taking antihypertensive medication) by region and urbanization for age (40 to 59 and 60 to 79 years), sex, and ethnic subgroups. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the association of hypertension with region and urbanization. Results —With age and urbanization kept constant, southern residence was associated with hypertension among middle-aged non-Hispanic white men (odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.90; P P =0.019), and non-Hispanic black women (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.45; P =0.034). Among older non-Hispanic white men, a significant interaction was noted between region and urbanization ( P =0.01), with a higher prevalence in the south only for nonmetropolitan residents (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.56; P P =0.061). No statistically significant association was observed for urbanization or region in the other subgroups. Conclusions —Southern residence was associated with increased hypertension prevalence among middle-aged non-Hispanic white men, non-Hispanic black men and women, and older non-Hispanic white men.
Affinity purification and enzymatic cleavage of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins using antibody and elastase immobilized on CIM monolithic disks

Epoxy-activated monolithic CIM disks seem to be excellent supports for immobilization of protein ligands. The potential use of enzymes, immobilized on monolithic disks for rapid preparative cleavage proteins in solution was investigated. Digestion of complex plasma proteins was demonstrated by using inter-alpha inhibitors with elastase, immobilized on epoxy-activated CIM disks. Recently, a monoclonal antibody against human inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (MAb 69.31) was developed. MAb 69.31 blocks the inhibitory activity of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins to serine proteases. These results suggest that the epitope defined by this antibody is located within or proximal to the active site of the inhibitor molecule. This antibody, immobilized on monolithic disk, was used for very rapid isolation of inter-alpha proteins. The isolated complex protein was used for enzymatic digestion and isolation of cleavage products, especially from inter-alpha inhibitor light chain to elucidate precisely the target sequence for MAb 69.31 by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Bovine pancreatic elastase immobilized on monolithic disk cleaves inter-alpha inhibitor protein complex into small fragments which are still reactive with MAb 69.31. One of these proteolytic fragments was isolated and partially sequenced. It could be shown that this sequence is located at the beginning of two proteinase inhibitor domains of the inter-alpha inhibitor light chain (bikunin). Elastase immobilized on monolithic disk offers a simple and rapid method for preparative isolation of protease cleavage fragments. The immobilized enzyme is stable and still active after repeated runs. A partial or complete digestion can be achieved by varying the flow rate.
Measuring changes in international production from a disruption: Case study of the Japanese earthquake and tsunami

The earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan on March 11, 2011 caused a tremendous loss of life and property. The disaster also disrupted global supply chains, which was blamed for anemic growth in the global economy. A multiregional input-output model can quantify the international impacts on production due to changes in demand from companies reducing their orders because of a disruption. By using the input-output model to conceptualize a supply chain, we present a unique method for calculating indirect production losses caused by disabled production facilities. Methods for calculating the possible transfer of demand to industries in other countries are also discussed. We apply the multiregional input-output model to the Japanese earthquake and tsunami. Comparing results generated by Japanese consumer sales with those generated by Japanese production data reveals that Japanese demand was satised by other countries and that inventory in the production pipeline likely allowed consumer sales to remain strong.
NEUROGENIC HYPERNATREMIA AND HYPERCHLOREMIA

IT IS the purpose of this report to bring attention to the not infrequent occurrence of unusual electrolyte disturbances associated with disease of the central nervous system. The electrolyte abnormalities with which this paper is particularly concerned are the development of marked hypernatremia, hyperchloremia, and hypochloruria during the course of a disease involving primarily the brain. The unusual electrolyte disturbances in these cases can not be satisfactorily accounted for on the basis of our present knowledge of the control of electrolyte metabolism. Accordingly, it is considered worthwhile at this time to review those cases which have been reported to date and to report briefly 4 additional cases. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The first report dealing specifically with hypernatremia and hyperchloremia associated with cerebral lesions, in the absence of renal disease, was that of Allott in 1939 (1). This author presented 5 cases in which such electrolyte abnormalities were noted during the course of fata...
A melanin-dispersing effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate on Fundulus melanophores.

Treatment of Fundulus melanophores with adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is followed by reversible melanin dispersion in these cells. Adenosine 3′-monophosphate and adenosine 5′-monophosphate both have a similar, but weaker dispersing action. In addition, adenosine 5′-monophosphate also has a melanin aggregating effect. These results are interpreted to mean that nerve transmitters may act by controlling the level of cyclic AMP within the Fundulus melanophore.
Security, Uncertainty, and International Joint Ventures: A Game-Theoretic Approach

This article investigates the impact of increased security measures on the stability of an international joint venture in a host country and the resultant change in negotiation power of partner firms following a security shock. Using a three-stage game under uncertainty demonstrates that the increased probability of security measures immediately following a security shock increases the negotiation power of a foreign partner and decreases that of domestic firms, which negatively impacts the host country's economy.
An examination of twinning in α-neptunium

Abstract The twinning modes in α-phase neptunium have been re-examined using X-ray and transmission electron microscopy techniques. X-ray results confirm the predominant existence of {110} twinning as first reported by Rechtien et al. [8]. Transmission electron microscopy has additionally revealed {100}, {010} and possible {011} type twins in splat quenched samples. The crystallographic shear and atomic shuffles required for these additional modes are discussed relative to existing crystallographic theories of twinning.
Estimating Vertical Motion Profile Shape within Tropical Weather States over the Oceans

AbstractThe vertical structure of tropical deep convection strongly influences interactions with larger-scale circulations and climate. This paper focuses on investigating this vertical structure and its relationship with mesoscale tropical weather states. The authors test the hypothesis that latent heating plus turbulent flux convergence varies (in space and time) in association with weather state type.The authors estimate mean-state vertical motion profile shape and latent heating plus turbulent flux convergence for six weather states defined using cloud-top pressure and optical depth properties from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) dataset. Assuming two modes of vertical motion profile variability, these modes are statistically extracted from reanalysis data using a principal component analysis. Using these modes and the relationship between vertical motion, the dry static energy budget, and mass continuity, the authors estimate vertical motion profile shape. In these estim...
Magnetic and pairing correlations in a three band Hubbard model

Abstract The two dimensional CuO 2 sheets common to both the superconducting oxides La 1−x Sr x CuO 4 and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ are believed to play an important role in the high transition temperatures of these materials. In this contribution, we make use of some recently developed techniques for the simulation of systems of strongly interacting electrons at low temperatures to study a multi-band positive-U Hubbard model. As in the single band model, doping away from one hole per unit cell rapidly decreases antiferromagnetic correlations. In contrast to the single band model, enhancement of the extended s-wave pairing susceptibility is a feature of a number of regimes of interaction strengths.
A boundary integral approach for determining the pressure error

The rectilinear flow of a second-order fluid is considered between two infinitely wide and long parallel plates. The bottom plate is at rest and has a slot of depth ‘d’ and width ‘W’ while the top plate is flat and moves along the flow direction with constant speed. A boundary integral equation technique is developed to determine the pressure error due to such a flow. We find that our numerical results compare favorably with the exact solutions obtained byKearsley for a special case. Also our results lie within the analytical bounds established byRajagopal andHuilgol for the pressure error for such flows.
Forward and inverse scattering problems in electromagnetic waves

Forward scattering solutions, whereby one predicts the scattered electromagnetic field given the goemetry, find numerous engineering applications in computer aided design. Therefore, a fast way to solve the forward scattering problem will impact a number of areas, like high- speed circuits, integrated optics, antenna analysis, remote sensing, geophysical sensing, and inverse scattering. We will describe several fast methods developed in our group to solve the forward scattering problem rapidly. These methods involve solving the volume integral equation of scattering as well as surface integral equation of scattering. Different strategies are used to accelerate the solutions of these integral equations. Both iterative and direct solution techniques will be considered. The computational complexity and memory requirement of various scattering algorithms will be discussed. In inverse scattering, one reconstructs the physical goemetry of a scatterer from the measured scattered field. Hence, it finds applications in image and profile reconstructions. When using a linear method, multiple scattering within a scatterer is ignored. By using a nonlinear inverse scattering method, such multiple scattering effect is accounted for. Image and profile reconstruction using such nonlinear inverse algorithm can remove artifacts that linear methods would not remove. We will discuss the use of the distorted Born iterative method and local shape function method to reconstruct a scattering object.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Proteus mirabilis meningitis: report of two cases treated with ampicillin.

Two cases of Proteus mirabilis meningitis with unusual pathogenesis are reported: one secondary to an infected dermal sinus and the other to chronic otitis media. Since some antibiotics when tested against Proteus organisms show poor correlation of disk and tube dilutions sensitivities, the latter studies should be done in the case of serious disease caused by these bacteria. Ampicillin in large doses was successful in the treatment of these two patients.
Is dexamethasone as effective as prednisone or prednisolone in the management of pediatric asthma exacerbations

ATA EXTRACTION AND YNTHESIS ata were abstracted from the tudies by 1 of 4 authors and erified by a second author. bstracted data included subject haracteristics, asthma severity core, treatments, adverse effects, nd clinical outcomes. Study quality as assessed independently by 2 eviewers with the Cochrane risk f bias tool, the Jadad score, and 2 dditional items assessing for ndustry sponsorship and use of an ntention-to-treat analysis. Results ere pooled with a fixed-effects odel, and heterogeneity was ssessed with the I statistic.
Self-antigen recognition by TGFβ1-deficient T cells causes their activation and systemic inflammation

To investigate whether the multifocal inflammatory disease in TGFβ1-deficient mice is caused by self-antigen (self-Ag)-specific autoreactive T cells, or whether it is caused by antigen independent, spontaneous hyperactivation of T cells, we have generated Tgfb1−/− and Tgfb1−/− Rag1−/− mice expressing the chicken OVA-specific TCR transgene (DO11.10). On a Rag1-sufficient background, Tgfb1−/− DO11.10 mice develop a milder inflammation than do Tgfb1−/− mice, and their T cells display a less activated phenotype. The lower level of activation correlates with the expression of hybrid TCR (transgenic TCRβ and endogenous TCRα), which could recognize self-Ag and undergo activation. In the complete absence of self-Ag recognition (Tgfb1−/− DO11.10 Rag1−/− mice) inflammation and T-cell activation are eliminated, demonstrating that self-Ag recognition is required for the hyper-responsiveness of TGFβ1-deficient T cells. Thus, TGFβ1 is required for the prevention of autoimmune disease through its ability to control the activation of autoreactive T cells to self-Ag.
Notes On Entry Routes Into a Sport/Recreational Role: The Case of Sailing

Interest and participation in sailing, a sport/recreational activity historically associated with the upper class, is on the rise, especially among newcomers from middle class backgrounds. Starting...
Audio description as audio drama – a practitioner's point of view

Abstract In discussing audio description (AD) as a form of translation, there is a tendency to focus on AD as a written text. A key element, easy to overlook, is that AD is always received aurally, together with the existing dialogue and soundscape. AD therefore translates a film or play into a form of audio drama. Insights from the field of Radio Studies reveal the ways in which sound works to produce more vivid mental imagery. A better understanding of the interaction between sound effects and audio description can help improve access to audiovisual media for people who are dependent solely on auditory information. Drawing on practical examples, this article suggests that sound, as much as vision, influences choices in AD.
Classification using Synergistic Teams

Abstract In this paper, we study the performance of a team of classifiers. First, we propose a performance model for a single classifier based on its confusion matrix and prior information. Building upon this model, we propose a supervisor-aided classifier and analyze the performance in comparison to the single classifier. Second, we consider the performance of a team of two classifiers. Since the decisions of the team members need to be fused, we evaluate various logical fusion rules under a team performance model. Then, we propose a supervisor-aided team classifier and analyze its performance.
Dynamic surface topography influences cell function

Micro- and nano-scale changes in surface topography can modulate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation; rough surfaces have been shown to induce osteogenesis to varying degrees depending on the scale and nature of the topographical features. However, in the in vivo environment, topography is constantly changing due to remodeling by cells within the niche. To better understand how mesenchymal stem cells respond to changes in topography over time, we developed a soft polyacrylamide hydrogel with magnetic nickel microwires randomly oriented in the surface of the material. Varying the magnetic field around the microwires can reversibly induce their alignment with the direction of the field, causing the smooth hydrogel surface to develop small wrinkles. By varying the density of wires in the hydrogel, surface roughness changes, R_RMS, ranged from 0.09 um (wire-free substrates) to 0.52 (maximum wire density) a custom displacement mapping software. Time-dependent topographical changes were achieved by oscillating the field around the microwires using step function or cyclic changes. Smooth muscle cells plated onto these substrates changed morphology by shrinking within minutes of inducing a step change in topography. However, on a longer time scale characterized by a continual modulation of topography, cells show no appreciable response, likely due to their propensity to remodel over longer time scales. Being able to dynamically study how cells respond to changes in topography will improve our current understanding of topography-driven effects on cell behavior, and eventually, on stem cell differentiation
An architecture for integrating logical and physical animations for general-purpose graphical simulation systems

Animation of the logical model is important for debugging the model, and animation of the physical system is important for communicating the results to others. To assure accuracy and consistency between these two animation views of the system, it is necessary to integrate the model building with the production of each animation. This paper describes a new architecture for developing simulation models so that the model created can be used to display both the animation of the system logic and the animation of the physical system.
Functionally and anatomically segregated visual pathways in the lobula complex of a calliphorid fly

In dipteran insects, the lobula plate neuropil provides a major efferent supply to the premotor descending neurons that control stabilized flight. The lobula plate itself is supplied by two major parallel retinotopic pathways from the medulla: small-field, magnocellular afferents that are implicated in achromatic motion processing and Y cells that connect the medulla with both the lobula plate and the lobula. A third pathway from the medulla involves transmedullary (Tm) neurons, which provide inputs to palisades of small-field neurons in the lobula. Although, in their passage to the brain, many output neurons from the lobula plate are separated physically from their counterparts in the lobula, there is an additional class of lobula complex output neurons. This group is composed of retinotopic lobula plate-lobula (LPL) and lobula-lobula plate (LLP) cells, each of which has dendrites in both the lobula and the lobula plate. The present account describes the anatomy and physiology of exemplars of LPL and LLP neurons, a wide-field tangential neuron that is intrinsic to the lobula complex, and representatives of the Tm- and Y-cell pathways. We demonstrate novel features of the lobula plate, which previously has been known as a motion-collating neuropil, and now also can be recognized as supporting direction- or nondirection-specific responses to local motion, encoding of contrast frequency, and processing of local structural features of the visual panorama. J. Comp. Neurol. 396:84–104, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Argulus Purpureus (Risso, 1827), a Junior Synonym of Argulus Vittatus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814) (Branchiura, Arguloida)

[The binomen Argulus purpureus (Risso, 1827) is a junior synonym of Argulus vittatus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814), and the generic name Diprosia is a junior synonym of Argulus Muller, respectively, as first pointed out by Lipke B. Holthuis in 1954. Continued usage of Argulus purpureus indicates that Argulus vittatus has been ignored. In addition, Argulus purpureus should be followed by "(Risso, 1827)" rather than "Risso, 1816" or "Risso, 1827" because the species was originally described under the generic names, Binoculus Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1762 (that was later suppressed) and Agenor Risso, 1827., The binomen Argulus purpureus (Risso, 1827) is a junior synonym of Argulus vittatus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814), and the generic name Diprosia is a junior synonym of Argulus Muller, respectively, as first pointed out by Lipke B. Holthuis in 1954. Continued usage of Argulus purpureus indicates that Argulus vittatus has been ignored. In addition, Argulus purpureus should be followed by "(Risso, 1827)" rather than "Risso, 1816" or "Risso, 1827" because the species was originally described under the generic names, Binoculus Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1762 (that was later suppressed) and Agenor Risso, 1827.]
Role of Boundary Conditions in Monte Carlo Simulation of MEMS Devices

A study is made of the issues surrounding prediction of microchannel flows using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. This investigation includes the introduction and use of new inflow and outflow boundary conditions suitable for subsonic flows. A series of test simulations for a moderate-size microchannel indicates that a high degree of grid under-resolution in the streamwise direction may be tolerated without loss of accuracy. In addition, the results demonstrate the importance of physically correct boundary conditions, as well as possibilities for reducing the time associated with the transient phase of a simulation. These results imply that simulations of longer ducts may be more feasible than previously envisioned.
Exciton and impurity states in alkali halides

The formalism for studying central-cell corrections to the effective-mass equation (which has been successfully used to calculate deep exciton states in rare-gas solids) is extended to the case of alkali halides. Beginning with a generalized impurity equation for both exciton and impurity states, a transformation is made to a representation in which the core parts of the Bloch functions are removed. The resulting pseudowave equation is then solved, making use of an improved $r$-dependent dielectric function to screen the electron-hole interaction, relativistic wave functions for calculating pseudopotentials, and recent band-structure data. Calculations are then made of (i) $1s$ exciton states in KI, RbI, KCl, and RbCl; and (ii) $1s$ impurity states of dilute iodine in K and Rb chlorides. Hydrogenic defects calculated in this scheme are in good agreement with the experimental values for both the small-defect (\ensuremath{\sim}0.1-eV) cases of KI and RbI and the large-defect (\ensuremath{\sim}1-eV) impurity cases.
Optical properties of general twisted-nematic liquid-crystal displays

— The optical properties of the field-off state of a general twisted-nematic liquid-crystal display (TN-LCD) are investigated by using the simple Jones matrix method. Analytic expressions for the transmission properties of the display are obtained. Without resorting to differential equations, the author obtained results which are identical to those obtained previously by using Riccati differential equations. These analytic expressions are extremely useful for explaining the working mechanism of the conventional TN-LCDs and various STN, OMI, and LTN-LCDs. In addition, they are also useful for the experimental measurement of the cell gap and twist angle of a general TN-LCD.
Dissecting long-range transcriptional mechanisms by chromatin immunoprecipitation.

Analysis of physiological mechanisms that control transcription often requires extrapolation of in vitro measurements into in vivo mechanisms. This extrapolation is complex, as mammalian genes are commonly organized into broad chromosomal domains, and such domains cannot be readily reconstituted in vitro. Thus, the nucleoprotein structure of chromosomes constitutes a considerable impediment to elucidating transcriptional mechanisms. The development of assays to measure protein-DNA interactions and chromatin structure in living cells has greatly facilitated progress in understanding physiological transcriptional mechanisms. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful approach that allows one to define the interaction of factors with specific chromosomal sites in living cells, thereby providing a snapshot of the native chromatin structure and factors bound to genes in different functional states. ChIP involves treating cells or tissue briefly with formaldehyde to crosslink proteins to DNA. An antibody against a protein suspected of binding a given cis-element is then used to immunoprecipitate chromatin fragments. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the immunoprecipitate with primers flanking the cis-element reveals whether a specific DNA sequence is recovered in an immune-specific manner and therefore whether the protein contacted the site in living cells. The central focus of this review is the use of ChIP to study transcriptional activation over long distances on chromosomes.
Childhood achalasia: A comprehensive review of disease, diagnosis and therapeutic management

Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder characterized by failure of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and is rare in children. The most common symptoms are vomiting, dysphagia, regurgitation, and weight loss. Definitive diagnosis is made with barium swallow study and esophageal manometry. In adults, endoscopic biopsy is recommended to exclude malignancy however; it is not as often indicated in children. Medical management often fails resulting in recurrent symptoms and the ultimate definitive treatment is surgical. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy with or without an anti-reflux procedure is the treatment of choice and has become standard of care for children with achalasia. Peroral endoscopic myotomy is a novel therapy utilized with increasing frequency for achalasia treatment in adults. More experience is needed to determine the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of peroral endoscopic myotomy in children.
Effect of selected herbicides on growth and hydrocarbon content of Botryococcus braunii (Race B)

Abstract The algae Botryococcus braunii, one of the potential renewable resources for production of liquid hydrocarbons, was used for testing the effect of selected herbicides on algal growth and hydrocarbon content. Twenty-two herbicides representing 14 modes of action were assayed. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used to extract hydrocarbon from algae and the results showed that ASE was an efficient method for algal hydrocarbon extraction at 50 °C extraction temperature, 10.3 MPa of pressure and 1 static cycle using n-hexane as extraction solvent. The photosystem II inhibitor diuron was the most toxic herbicide for algal growth, but hydrocarbon content increased from 34.9 to 42.4% of dry biomass in the presence of a 0.1 mg/L concentration of diuron. The photosystem I inhibitor diquat was inhibitory to growth of B. braunii, but hydrocarbon content increased to 43.3% of dry biomass when treated with 5 mg/L diquat. S-metalochlor, a mitosis inhibitor, reduced both algal growth and hydrocarbon content. Hydrocarbon content decreased to 16.4, 14.0 and 5.5% of dry biomass, respectively when treated with 0.1, 1, and 5 mg/L S-metalochlor. The carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone did not affect algal growth at 0.1 mg/L, but decreased hydrocarbon content from 34.9 to 13.2%. The fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor thiobencarb had no effect on algal growth or hydrocarbon content at 0.1 mg/L, but it inhibited algal growth and decreased hydrocarbon content from 34.9 to 7.8% at 1 mg/L. The oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler dinoterb at 0.1 mg/L reduced algal biomass by 52.8% and decreased hydrocarbon content from 34.9 to 30.0%. The use of B. braunii as a source of fuel will undoubtedly require the use of an outdoor open pond system. These results will be useful for improving algal oil production while developing management systems to control invasive algal species in outdoor open pond systems ultimately keeping the oil producing algae pure.
Keeping our focus: a perspective on distance learning and the large introductory science class

Abstract The internet and worldwide web provide powerful new education and information delivery capabilities which can be used to achieve educational goals. However, it is important to review overall trends in science teaching practice and attempt to identify areas where network learning is likely to make strong contributions and where it may be weak. It is generally agreed that science knowledge is most effectively acquired when students apply a range of cognitive processes during the learning process. Trends in science education are directed toward an emphasis in active learning and group learning, increased reliance on writing, increased use of computers to provide students with access to large datasets for open-ended problems, and depth of treatment is emphasized over coverage of many subjects. Experience gained in large introductory classes is useful in designing effective network environments. The UCSB Oceanography Class is typical with 200–300 students per quarter, 3 h of lecture, and 2 h of lab per week. The focus of a portion of the class is on learning about science by doing science. Students must pose a problem related to plate tectonics to investigate, use the “Our Dynamic Planet” CD-ROM to acquire data from its datasets, and write a scientific paper based on their investigation. Network technology is used extensively for homework entry and automatic grading, and student access to their grades for individual activities. A class is framed in terms of content, presence, and social context. Except for presence, network approaches could provide substantial improvements. Technology developments in peer review software and simple (technically) posting of student work to the network, combined with bulletin board, chat and listserves, could support the development of a social context. Experience suggests that the success of network approaches will depend strongly on individual student capabilities, needs and goals.
American Indian Homicide A County-Level Analysis Utilizing Social Disorganization Theory

Research on lethal violence has generally been directed at White and African American populations, with few studies addressing this issue among American Indians. Interestingly, national data indicate that American Indians have one of the highest homicide rates among racial groups. In an effort to identify the etiological underpinnings of this violence, the current study examines whether variation in county-level American Indian homicide rates can be explained by social disorganization theory. Specifically, the authors investigate the impact of economic deprivation, ethnic heterogeneity, mobility, and family disruption on homicide levels among American Indian populations.
Ground-based infrared observations of comet Halley

Ground-based 2-23 micron photometry and 10.3 micron imaging of comet Halley taken within hours of the Giotto spacecraft encounter are presented. The photometry shows a color temperature of 360 K and silicate emission features at 10 and 20 microns, and the image shows jet activity similar to that observed by Giotto, but on a scale of thousands of km. The expected 10 micron surface brightness, based on the particle mass distribution measured by Giotto and assuming solid, spherical grains, is a factor of six lower than the observed value. It is suggested that fluffy particles could remove this discrepancy.
A new formulation for state equation representation for Petri nets

Abstract A new algorithm for determination of state equations for Petri nets has been proposed. The proposed algorithm results in state equations similar to the state equations for linear sequential machines. All Petri nets may not be represented in the form of linear sequential machines. The resulting state equations are different from Petri net state equations and include output equations used in control theory literature.
EVALUATION OF NEONATAL HYPERCOAGULABILITY AND ROUTINE HEPARINIZED INFUSIONS

Unmonitored use of heparinized parenteral solutions with the altered heparin metabolism, indwelling catheters and paradoxical hypercoagulable status of newborns is of particular concern. Neoates (n = 164) with birthweight (BW) from 500 to 3500 gms were studied. Only central intravascular solutions were heparinized (100 units/100 ml). Coagulability (Co) was determined as the slope (units/sec) of thrombin generation curve (Sonoclot ); The daily dose of H and plasma H level (0.1 unit/ml ≅ a PTT of 60 secs) and Co were measured. Serial mean daily values of Co for each group (SD ± 18%) are: The ranges of mean H level (units/ml) and dose (units/kg) for each group are; I: 0.03 - 0.11; dose: 4.4 - 6.6. II: 0.027 - 0.053; dose: 4.3 - 6.7. III. 0 - 0.05; dose: 1.4 - 5.5. IV: 0 - 0.05; 1 - 5.0. V: 0.02 - 0.06; dose: 2 - 5.0. VI: 0.02 - 0.06; dose: 1 - 5.0.These data confirm a continuing hypercoaguable status. Normal values of Co (20 - 25) were only achieved in Gr I and relate to the higher H dosage and higher H level (0.1). To provide a less coagulable status Co levels are used to adjust both dosage/kg and the H level.
Estimation and selection procedures in regression: An L1 approach

The authors consider the problem of estimating a regression function go involving several variables by the closest functional element of a prescribed class G that is closest to it in the L1 norm. They propose a new estimator ĝ based on independent observations and give explicit finite sample bounds for the L1distance between ĝg and go. They apply their estimation procedure to the problem of selecting the smoothing parameter in nonparametric regression.
Fascin and the differential diagnosis of childhood histiocytic lesions

This is a descriptive screening of 46 examples of childhood histiocytic lesions and some of their look-alikes using a monoclonal antibody, p55, to fascin. Fascin, an actin-bundling protein, identifies dendritic cells in the blood and in tissues. Our aim was to test the diagnostic utility of the antibody in various lesions at different sites and to see whether the staining patterns give insight into the cell types involved. Fascin intensely stained the cells of juvenile xanthogranulomas (JXG), Rosai-Dorfman lesions, and soft tissue dendrocytomas. Normal Langerhans' cells and the cells of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis were unreactive. Their lack of fascin staining may be relevant to fascin being maturation as well as lineage related. Epithelioid and palisading granulomas were unstained, though an example of Kikuchi lymphadenitis had large numbers of dendritic-type cells that stained strongly. A reticulohistiocytoma of the skin was also unstained and look-alike lesions, Spitz nevi, and mast cell lesions did not stain. Two of three large-cell lymphomas (both CD30+) also had fascin reactivity. Even though fascin is not specific to dendritic cells, staining other cell types as well (false positive), and not entirely sensitive, dendritic cells such as tissue Langerhans' cells are unstained (false negative), there seems to be a consistency of staining in childhood histiocytic lesions. This may be of diagnostic use when read in the context of the tissue differential diagnosis. Whether fascin can serve as a marker for the dendritic cell lineage, or at least for some phases of dendritic cell lifecycle, is not answered by this survey.
TheC∞ version of the edge of the wedge for nonsmooth edges

One discusses characterizations of traces of smooth functions on nonsmooth manifolds, in the spirit of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem. Application to the study of maximum modulus sets in smooth boundaries is mentioned.
New technologies for staring infrared FPA radiometry

Recent advances in multiple disciplines have lead to the development of low cost, portable radiometers with outstanding thermal sensitivity, resolution, range and true 'point and shoot' capabilities. These new systems use technologies such as: infrared focal plane array (FPA), integral dewar/cooler, hybrid optics, embedded processor, digital processing/storage and thermal image analysis. The integration of these new technologies into a camera system is described and related to imaging and radiometric performance. Specific applications in traditionally difficult radiometric areas are discussed such as low temperature sensitivity and variable integration times for high temperature radiometric capability. A camera system is broken down into specific technology blocks. Discussion of these technologies shows how each was chosen to produce a system which covers a broad temperature range while maintaining ease of use in many different radiometric applications. These choices include FPA selection criteria (readout architecture and detector material), optical design (f/# and bandpass), dynamic range management and radiometric analysis/display features.