cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redeposition of SiC-coated graphite limiter in Alcator C

Abstract SiC-coated graphite limiter material was eroded by a plasma during the plasma edge experiments in Alcator C, and redeposited on the molybdenum surface of the Janus probe. Surface morphology, composition and structure of the deposit was examined after a total exposure time of ~1000 s. The redeposited material typically showed a “layered” morphology. AES depth profiles revealed increased oxygen content in the redeposited material and an apparent diffusion of Si and C at the deposit-molybdenum interface. Two clearly distinguishable chemical states of silicon in the deposit, as observed by XPS, suggest that plasma ionized polycrystalline SiC is being redeposited as a mixture of SiC and SiO x . Preliminary examination of the near surface regions by SIMS indicated (a) the presence of deuterium in the deposit, (b) the presence of molybdenum in the first few layers of the deposit, (c) formation by the plasma of multiple states of Si x O x , Si x C x , and Si x C x O x which do not appear in the spectrum of the unexposed SiC.
Predicting molding forces in SMC compression molding

A model relating molding force, compression speed, and part thickness, to material properties, part size, and processing conditions (mold and charge temperature) is necessary, to determine the ranges of closing speed feasible, when molding a predetermined part with a press of given capacity (tonnage). The faster we can close, in principle, the faster reacting systems we can run in a given press. A model has been developed to predict the force required for compression molding of SMC under non-isothermal conditions. The model requires two material rheological parameters, namely, the material resistance to extension η and a friction coefficient λ. A method has been developed to measure these coefficients. Preheating the charge is an attractive way of decreasing the molding force required. Also higher molding temperatures would give lower friction and thus lower molding force.
The large deformation analysis of a graphite fishing rod

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present the analysis and design considerations of a graphite fishing rod. A large displacement and small strain analysis was performed and good agreement was obtained with experimental data. In addition, the following was found: The bending strain distribution of the fishing rod varies with the load level and the point which shows the maximum bending strain travels from the tip to butt area with increasing load. The fracture of the fishing rod occurs at the load when the bending strain reaches the smaller of the material failure strain and the critical buckling strain. By the computer aided design method proposed here, analytical predictions of the fracture load and the fracture location were calculated, and good correlation was obtained with experimental data.
Origin of Porosity in Arylene-Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes

We investigate the porosity of a series of xerogels prepared from arylene-bridged silsesquioxane xerogels as a function of organic bridging group, condensation catalyst and post-synthesis plasma treatment to remove the organic functionalities. We conclude that porosity is controlled by polymer-solvent phase separation in the solution with no evidence of organic-inorganic phase separation. As the polymer grows and crosslinks, it becomes increasingly incompatible with the solvent and eventually microphase separates. The domain structure is controlled by a balance of network elasticity and non-bonding polymer-solvent interactions. The bridging organic groups serve to ameliorate polymer-solvent incompatibility. As a result, when the polymer does eventually phase separate, the rather tightly crosslinked network limits domain size to tens of angstroms, substantially smaller than that observed in xerogels obtained from purely inorganic precursors where incompatibility drives phase separation earlier in the gelation sequence.
Impact of Stage of Maturity and Method of Preservation of Alfalfa on Digestion in Lactating Dairy Cows

Four multiparous Holstein cows in midlactation were fed 60:40 forage:grain (dry basis) diets containing first-cutting alfalfa harvested at the early bud or early flower stage of maturity. Each of the two maturities was preserved as silage and hay. A 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment (28-d periods) was conducted to measure the impact of alfalfa maturity and method of preservation on milk production and composition, intake, digestion, digesta passage, and particle size of digesta. Milk production and composition were not affected by treatment. Increases in fiber intake resulted from increased maturity and preservation as hay, but this did not appear to limit DMI or milk production. Both increased maturity and preservation as hay resulted in the following effects in cows: more time spent ruminating, greater total chewing time, greater wet and dry rumen fill, and a greater volume of rumen contents. Rumen retention time of La applied to forage was 6 h less, and 0-h disappearance of DM from dacron bags was greater for silage than hay. In situ DM disappearance rates averaged 15%/h for silage and 9.5%/h for hay. Lag time was related inversely to 0-h disappearance. Masticates and mixed rumen samples from cows fed hay showed a greater percentage of DM as particles greater than or equal to 9.5 mm in length. Gross feed efficiency was greater for cows fed alfalfa silage than for those fed alfalfa hay, probably because of more rapid digestion and passage. The potential for rumen fill to limit intake in high producing cows appears to be greater for alfalfa preserved as hay than that preserved as silage.
Changes in muscle carnitine during regeneration

Abstract Carnitine in rat skeletal muscle was measured before, during, and after muscle regeneration. Early regenerating tibialis anterior muscle consequent to bupivacaine injection was found to have smaller amounts of total, free, and acyl carnitine per milligram wet weight, but returned toward normal values as muscle regeneration was completed. Accumulation of dl -[3H]carnitine per milligram wet weight in regenerating muscle was less than one-half that of control muscle at day 4 (P
Probabilistic fracture analysis of cracked pipes with circumferential flaws

Abstract This paper describes the development of a probabilistic fracture-mechanics model for analyzing circumferential through-walled-cracked pipes subject to bending loads. It involves elastic-plastic finite element analysis for estimating energy release rates, J -tearing theory for characterizing ductile fracture, and standard structural reliability methods for conducting probabilistic analysis. The evaluation of the J -integral is based on the deformation theory of plasticity and power-law idealizations of stress-strain and fracture toughness curves. This allows J to be expressed in terms of non-dimensional influence functions ( F - and h 1 -functions) that depend oncrack size, pipe geometry, and material hardening constant. New equations were developed to represent these functions. Both analytical and simulation methods were formulated to determine the probabilistic characteristics of J . The same methods were used later to predict the failure probability of pipes as a function of applied load. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed methodology. The validity of the J -integral based on the proposed equations for predicting the crack driving force in a through-wall-cracked pipe was evaluated by comparison with available results in the current literature. Probability densities of the J -intergral were predicted as a function of applied loads. Failure probabilities corresponding to three different performance criteria were evaluated for stanless steel nuclear piping from a boiling water reactor plant. The results suggest that large differences may exist in the failure probability estimates produced by these performance criteria.
Prediction of steady and unsteady asymmetric vortical flows around circular cones

Steady and unsteady, supersonic asymmetric vortical flows and their passive control around circular cones are considered. These problems are formulated by using the unsteady, compressible, single and double, thin-layer, Navier-Stokes equations. The equations are solved by using an implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting, finite-volume scheme, either in a pseudotime stepping or in an accurate time stepping
Efficacy and Effectiveness Trials (and Other Phases of Research) in the Development of Health Promotion Programs

The concepts of efficacy and effectiveness are examined from the viewpoints of the traditions and philosophies of health-care research and social program evaluation. Consideration of the status of the program being assessed, its availability to, and its acceptance by the target audience leads to the derivation of four levels of health promotion program testing: efficacy trials, under optimum conditions of program implementation and recipient participation; treatment effectiveness trials, with expected variation in target audience acceptance; implementation effectiveness trials, under varying conditions of implementation; and program evaluation of previously untested programs. These four levels of testing, together with experience in one area of health promotion research (smoking prevention), suggest eight phases of research for the development of health promotion programs: basic research, hypothesis development, pilot applied research, prototype evaluation studies, efficacy trials, treatment effectiveness trials, implementation effectiveness trials, and demonstration evaluations. Issues of design, the use of random assignment, the use of blinding procedures, and of the role of process evaluation in these different research levels, particularly efficacy and effectiveness trials, are considered in light of the terminologies and methods of health-care and social program evaluation research. Suggestions are made for improved health promotion research.
Toward a Critical Race Theory of State

Critical Race Theory (CRT) is a broad theoretical framework created by synthesizing the main themes of scholars who have challenged dominant contemporary understandings of race and the law. Althoug...
Collecting, rearing, spawning and inducing regeneration of the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis

Over the past 20 years, the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, a small estuarine animal, has emerged as a powerful model system for field and laboratory studies of development, evolution, genomics, molecular biology and toxicology. Here we describe how to collect Nematostella, culture it through its entire sexual life cycle and induce regeneration for the production of clonal stocks. In less than 1 h at a suitable field site, a researcher on foot can collect hundreds of individual anemones. In a few months, it is possible to establish a laboratory colony that will be reliable in generating hundreds or thousands of fertilized eggs on a roughly weekly schedule. By inducing regeneration roughly every 2 weeks, in less than 6 months, one can establish a clonal stock consisting of hundreds of genetically identical anemones. These results can be achieved very inexpensively and without specialized equipment.
A WORLD-WIDE INVESTIGATION OF THE MID-LATITUDE EVENING INCREASE OF THE F SUB OF2 IN THE SUMMER HEMISPHERE.

Abstract Using the data and the computer program of the Ionospheric Prediction Services of ITSA-ESSA, we have obtained six world contour maps of the evening anomaly in an effort to establish the geographic and local time characteristics of this intriguing, but not well understood, phenomenon. The intensity of the anomaly is described by the index, I(t) = 10 f o F2 (12.00) − f o F2(t) f o F2 (12.00) which has been plotted on world maps for t = 18.00, 21.00 and 24.00 hr local time for the months of June and December. The evening anomaly appears to be stronger in the northern hemisphere in June than in the southern hemisphere in December and shows a tendency to peak in the areas where there is a spreading of the magnetic meridians along a given geographic latitude. It also shows signs of polar and conjugate point effects.
Science and the Education of Physicians: Sigerist's Contribution to American Medical Reform

This paper seeks to place Henry E. Sigerist within a generation of American scientists who saw science as an intellectual bulwark against burgeoning fascism and nationalism. It responds to a recent critique of scientific positivism and the medical reform ethos of the 1930s and 1940s. Critics argue that faith in scientific medicine led health activists to choose medical care, guaranteed by insurance, rather than social reform. The paper focuses on the place Sigerist assigned to science in medicine and argues that his embrace of scientific medicine must be qualified by his historical perspective. Sigerist's singular contribution to the dialogue of medical reform came from his projection of an educational prototype that he believed might reconcile science with the imperatives of an industrial society. While embodying much of the spirit of reformers of the 1930s and 1940s, Sigerist also foreshadowed our own.
INCORPORATION OF 8-AZAGUANINE AND GROWTH INHIBITION IN MAMMALIAN SPINNER CULTURES.

Abstract The incorporation of labeled 8-azaguanine in mammalian cells growing synchronously and logarithmically in spinner culture when calculated “per cell” is primarily in the RNA and acid-soluble fractions with peak uptake in the RNA fraction occurring at 4 1 4 hr. The striking intracellular distribution of radiation from 14 C-azaguanine compared with 14 C-urethane is demonstrated. The distribution of azaguanine in the nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions and supernatant is compared with the distribution of guanine and lysine. Cells treated with azaguanine for a short interval showed alterations in the nucleoli and in the nucleolar extrusions through the chromatin network. Vacuolization of the nucleoli was pronounced. Cells treated for a slightly longer interval exhibited, in addition, a marked increase in the number of mitochondria. Late in the growth period, the presence of 8-azaguanine effects a pronounced increase in guanine utilization by the cell. In the early growth period the distribution of guanine in the cell is altered by the presence of azaguanine, there being a slight increase in guanine utilization in the nuclear fraction and a decided decrease in guanine incorporation by the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions although total incorporation in the three fractions remains essentially the same. There is a pronounced decrease in the utilization of amino acids in the cell protein fraction of the azaguanine-treated cell and this occurs early in the growth period. In a study of the distribution of lysine in the cell in the presence of azaguanine distribution within the nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions is altered, there being a decrease in amino acid utilization in the nuclear and supernatant fractions and an increase in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions.
Assessment of invasion in lung adenocarcinoma classification, including adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma

Classification of adenocarcinoma has undergone recent evaluation to better align histological classification with clinical outcomes. One terminology, in particular, that of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), has been debated for many decades. Although initial discussion surrounded the cell-of-origin of this tumor, more recent confusion has been generated from the use of this term both as a pattern of growth within an otherwise invasive adenocarcinoma and as a term for a pre-invasive tumor synonymous with adenocarcinoma in situ. As a result, adenocarcinomas with quite different radiology, gross morphology and metastatic potential have been associated with the BAC term. Focusing on invasion and using an illustrative case, we will explore the current recommendations that incorporate assessment of invasion to clarify the confusion caused by the different uses of the historical term 'BAC'.
Optimizing bi-objective imperfect preventive maintenance model for series-parallel system using established hybrid genetic algorithm

This study establishes a bi-objective imperfect preventive maintenance (BOIPM) model of a series-parallel system. The improvement factor method is used to evaluate the extent to which repairing components can restore the system reliability. The total maintenance cost and mean system reliability are optimized simultaneously through determining the most appropriate maintenance alternative. A bi-objective hybrid genetic algorithm (BOHGA) is established to optimize the BOIPM model. The BOHGA utilizes a Pareto-based technique to determine and retain the superior chromosomes as the GA chromosome evolutions are performed. Additionally, a unit-cost cumulative reliability expectation measure (UCCREM) is developed to evaluate the extent to which maintaining each individual component benefits the total maintenance cost and system reliability over the operational lifetime. This UCCREM is then incorporated into the genetic algorithm to construct a superior initial chromosome population and thereby enhance its solution efficiency. In order to obtain diverse bi-objective solutions as the Pareto-efficient frontier is approached, the closeness metric and diversity metric are employed to evaluate the superiority of the non-dominated solutions. Accordingly, decision makers can easily determine the most appropriate maintenance alternative. Three simulated cases verify the efficacy and practicality of this approach for determining an imperfect preventive maintenance strategy.
The Combination of Hydrogen and Oxygen in the Presence of Activated Mercury.

In order to demonstrate the ability of mercury atoms, excited by the absorption of the mercury line 2537 A., to dissociate hydrogen by "collisions of the second kind," Cario and Franck [1] illuminated with a quartz mercury-arc lamp a mixture of hydrogen and mercury vapor in a quartz tube which also contained copper or tungsten oxide. The water formed in the reduction of the oxide by the activated hydrogen was removed by liquid air, and the consequent pressure decrease was followed with a MacLeod gauge. The writer has had occasion to make some similar experiments employing, however, gaseous oxygen instead of a metal oxide. In view of the importance of collisions of the second kind in other phenomena as well as in photo-chemical sensitization, the work will be briefly described.
A note on the determinants and eigenvalues of distance matrices

(1989). A note on the determinants and eigenvalues of distance matrices. Linear and Multilinear Algebra: Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 219-230.
Acute gastric dilatation in a patient with anorexia nervosa binge/purge subtype.

Acute gastric dilatation is a rare complication of anorexia nervosa binge/purge subtype that results from gastrointestinal abnormalities, including decreased gastric motility and delayed gastric emptying. Early diagnosis and intervention is critical since delay may result in gastric necrosis, perforation, shock, and death. We report a 26-year-old female with anorexia nervosa binge/purge subtype, who presented with abdominal pain and nausea after a binge episode. Abdominal radiography and computed tomography showed a grossly dilated stomach measuring 32 cm Χ 17.9 cm consistent with acute gastric dilatation. She underwent exploratory laparotomy with gastrotomy and gastric decompression, and recovered uneventfully. Initially, the patient denied the binge episode, as many patients with eating disorders do, but later revealed an extensive history of anorexia nervosa binge/purge subtype. This case stresses the importance of obtaining a thorough history of eating disorders and maintaining a high index of suspicion for acute gastric dilatation in young women who present with abdominal pain and distention.
Optimum location of silicide/Si interface in ultra-thin body SOI MOSFETs with recessed and elevated silicide source/drain contact structure

Optimization of the series resistance of silicide contact structure in ultra-thin body (UTB) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET with elevated source/drain (S/D) is examined through theoretical analysis and 2-dimensional simulation. It is found that the optimum silicide/Si interface position, which exhibits lowest parasitic series resistance, can be located at inside of SOI layer under the surface as the effective contact length is scaled down further below 100 nm regime. The closed-form analytical expressions derived from modified transmission line model principle provide a guideline for optimum design of silicide thickness and contact parameters in self-aligned silicide technology.
Toward Consistent Terminology for Cyclohexane Conformers in Introductory Organic Chemistry.

Recommended changes in use of cyclohexane conformers and their nomenclature will remedy inconsistencies in cyclohexane conformers and their nomenclature that exist across currently used organic chemistry textbooks. These inconsistencies prompted this logical analysis and the resulting recommendations. Recommended conformer names are chair, half-chair, twist-boat, and boat. These names are frequently used, although usually combined with additional or alternate names that can confuse students consulting multiple textbooks. The half-chair conformation structure with four coplanar carbons is recommended instead of the structure with five coplanar carbons, because calculations predict it is more stable and lies on the lowest energy pathway for cyclohexane conformer interconversion. Currently, the incorrect structure with five coplanar carbons is most often presented to students. As defined, the recommended names and structures are consistent, descriptive, pedagogically useful, and in agreement with research li...
Tin inventory for HVM EUVL sources

Tin is one of the most efficient source materials for both gas discharge plasma sources and laser produced plasma sources for EUV lithography. Unlike Xenon which was the material commonly investigated for the EUVL source application, recycling of the target materials is not necessary for tin targets because of its low relative cost. However, in assessing the benefits of different source architectures, there are large differences in the size of the tin inventory used, and consequences that ensue. In this paper we make a first attempt to compare these differences, and assess their impact. Utilizing tin as the radiator at 13.5 nm reduces the total cost of the source system significantly.
DEMENTIA AND EFFORT TEST PERFORMANCE

Research on the performance of patients with dementia on tests of effort is particularly limited. We examined archival data from 214 non-litigating patients with dementia on 18 effort indices derived from 12 tests (WAIS-III/WAIS-R Digit Span and Vocabulary, Dot Counting Test, Warrington Recognition Memory Test-Words, WMS-III Logical Memory, Rey Word Recognition Memory Test, Finger Tapping, b-Test, Rey 15-Item, Test of Memory Malingering, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Rey Complex Figure Test). Results indicated that recommended cut-offs for Digit Span indicators (Vocabulary Minus Digit Span and four-digit forward span time score) provided > or =90% specificity across participants, while the majority of other effort tests displayed specificities in the 30-70% range. Analyses of test specificity as a function of Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score and specific dementia diagnosis are provided, as well as adjustments to cut-offs to maintain specificity where feasible.
Real-time monitoring of structural vibration using a novel fiber optic accelerometer system

This paper presents the use of a novel fiber optic accelerometer system to monitor civil engineering structures in real time. This sensor system integrates the Moire fringe phenomenon with fiber optics to achieve accurate and reliable measurements. A low-cost signal processing unit implements unique algorithms to further enhance the resolution and increase the dynamic bandwidth of the sensors. There are two major benefits in using this fiber optic accelerometer system for monitoring civil engineering structures. One is its immunity to electromagnetic (EM) interference making it suitable for difficult applications in such environments involving strong EM fields, electrical spark-induced explosion risks, and cabling problems, prohibiting the use of conventional electromagnetic accelerometers. The other benefit is its ability to measure both low- and high-amplitude vibrations with a constantly high resolution without pre-setting a gain level, as usually required in a conventional accelerometer. This benefit makes the sensor system particularly useful for real-time measurement of both ambient vibration (that is often used for structural health monitoring) and strong motion. This paper presents the prototype hardware and software development, characterization tests, and applications to real-time damage assessment, demonstrating the uniquely high performance of the Moire fringe fiber optic sensor system.
Standardized pseudospectral formulation of the inviscid supsersonic blunt body problem

A highly accurate pseudospectral numerical approximation to the generalized coordinate, nonconservative form of the Euler equations is implemented for supersonic flow over an axisymmetric blunt body geometry; shock fitting is employed to maintain global accuracy and minimize the corrupting influence of numerical viscosity. The variables in the Euler equations as well as the physical grid coordinates are collocated via Lagrange interpolating polynomials and the problem is then cast in the standard form of a large system of ordinary differential equations, dx/dτ = q(x), which can be solved using standard solution techniques that do not require an explicit criteria for the minimum time step. Code verification is performed by demonstrating through a series of grid refinement tests that the error in the approximation to a Taylor-Maccoll solution converges to 10-12. Grid refinement tests for flow over a blunt body show convergence of the numerical error also to 10-12. The code is validated for supersonic flow over a blunt body by comparison with the modified Newtonian approximation for the surface pressure distribution and empirical predictions for the shock shape. The ability of the method to capture unsteady flow phenomena is demonstrated on the problem of a planar acoustic wave interacting with an attached shock.
Scaling Three-Dimensional SOI Integrated-Circuit Technology

In this paper, we describe details of our bonding protocol for 150-mm diameter wafers, leading to a 50% increase in oxide-oxide bond strength and demonstration of +/--0.5 mum wafer-to-wafer alignment accuracy. We have established design rules for our 3DIC technology, have quantified process factors limiting our design-rule 3D via pitch, and have demonstrated next generation 3D vias with a 2x size reduction, stacked 3D vias, a back-metal interconnect process to reduce 2D circuit exclusion zones, and buried oxide (BOX) vias to allow both electrical and thermal substrate connections. All of these improvements will allow us to continue to reduce minimum 3D via pitch and reduce 2D layout limitations, making our 3DIC technology more attractive to a broader range of applications.
Performing the Technoscientific Body: RealVideo Surgery and the Anatomy Theater:

This article is an investigation into the ways in which anatomico-medical bodies are produced through means of public mediation and spectacle technologies. The examples of `RealVideo surgery' (surgical operations broadcast live over the Web) and the early modern anatomy theaters, provide two instances where `the body' enframed by science is mediated via technology. Referencing the genealogical work of Michel Foucault, and through an analysis of the anatomy theaters and RealVideo surgery, this article attempts to show how such institutionally framed and legitimizing science practices do not simply produce `the body', but are rather involved in multiply articulating different types of technoscientific bodies. At issue in such instances are the ways in which practices and habits of reading, decoding and recognizing bodies are being reconfigured in the utilization of such technologies as the Internet and Web, and the possible modes of critical analysis which may develop from within such instances.
Raised-Source/Drain Double-Gate Transistor Design Optimization for Low Operating Power

In this simulation-based study, the raised-source/drain (RSD) double-gate MOSFET design is optimized for scaling to gate lengths below 10 nm, and its performance is compared against that of the dopant-segregated Schottky (DSS) double-gate MOSFET design, for applications requiring low operating power. It is found that the RSD design provides for higher drive current and shorter intrinsic delay than the DSS design, for the same total device length (<; 30 nm). Thus, the use of RSD regions is the preferred approach to lower parasitic resistance for deeply scaled double-gate MOSFETs.
The ethics of the Texas death penalty and its impact on a prolonged appeals process

Society remains sharply divided as to the deterrent value of capital punishment. Following the reintroduction of the death penalty in the United States, Texas law mandates the affirmative predictability of future dangerousness beyond a reasonable doubt before a jury can impose the ultimate penalty for capital murder. The validity of prediction of dangerousness has been challenged in three Texas landmark cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. The case of Karla Faye Tucker highlights the moral controversy that occurs when execution follows an appeals process stretching over more than a decade, during which time personality growth and the effects of prison rehabilitation may have eliminated or curbed criminal tendencies.
A note on the spin-up of a stratified fluid

It is pointed out that recent theoretical results for the spin-up of a continuously stratified fluid with insulating boundary conditions are at variance with experiment. However, it is then shown that the theoretical analysis contains an inconsistent scaling assumption, so that the apparent contradiction is not a real one. The nature of the spin-up as shown by the experiments is briefly described.
Glucuronidation and Susceptibility to Chemical Carcinogenesis

The highlighted article in this issue of Toxicological Sciences, written by Zhuohan Hu and Peter Wells, addresses a subject that has received increasing scrutiny the past decade and a half--interindividual variation in detoxification enzyme activity as it relates to toxicity and cancer. Hu and Wells in their simple yet elegant study report variations in glucuronidation among normal individuals and provide data that define the potential impact of these variations on covalent binding and cytotoxicity of carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene (BP) intermediates, gaining in the process important insights into individual potential to resist carcinogenesis by this and related compounds.
Cascade: hardware for high/variable precision arithmetic

The Cascade hardware architecture for high/variable precision arithmetic is described. It uses a radix-16 redundant signed-digit number representation and directly supports single or multiple precision addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, extraction of the square root, and computation of the greatest divisor. It is object-oriented and implements an abstract class of objects, variable precision integers. It provides a complete suite of memory management functions implemented in hardware, including a garbage collector. The Cascade hardware permits free tradeoffs of space versus time. >
Case Studies in Amok

“Amok” or “running amok” is derived from the Malay word “mengamok,” meaning to make a furious and desperate charge (Saint Martin, 1999). Captain James Cook, a British explorer, is given credit for ...
Pose estimation from visual measurements using the epipolar constraint

This paper presents a new approach for estimating the pose, or position and orientation, of a target object relative to a camera. The approach assumes that the object geometry is known and that identifiable feature points on the object are tracked. Using the epipolar constraint, the problems of estimating orientation and position are decoupled. The orientation estimation problem is formulated and conditions under which the problem is well-posed are derived. An iterative numerical technique for solving the orientation estimation problem is presented, and the method is demonstrated in numerical simulations. A similar approach for simultaneously estimating position and orientation is also presented.
Clustered alignments of gene-expression time series data

Motivation: Characterizing and comparing temporal gene-expression responses is an important computational task for answering a variety of questions in biological studies. Algorithms for aligning time series represent a valuable approach for such analyses. However, previous approaches to aligning gene-expression time series have assumed that all genes should share the same alignment. Our work is motivated by the need for methods that identify sets of genes that differ in similar ways between two time series, even when their expression profiles are quite different. Results: We present a novel algorithm that calculates clustered alignments; the method finds clusters of genes such that the genes within a cluster share a common alignment, but each cluster is aligned independently of the others. We also present an efficient new segment-based alignment algorithm for time series called SCOW (shorting correlation-optimized warping). We evaluate our methods by assessing the accuracy of alignments computed with sparse time series from a toxicogenomics dataset. The results of our evaluation indicate that our clustered alignment approach and SCOW provide more accurate alignments than previous approaches. Additionally, we apply our clustered alignment approach to characterize the effects of a conditional Mop3 knockout in mouse liver. Availability: Source code is available at http://www.biostat.wisc.edu/~aasmith/catcode. Contact: aasmith@cs.wisc.edu
Eco-Efficiency of Construction Materials: Data Envelopment Analysis

Sustainability assessment tools are critical in the process of achieving sustainable development. Eco-efficiency has emerged as a practical concept that combines environmental and economic performance indicators to measure the sustainability performance of different product alternatives. In this paper, an analytical tool that can be used to assess the eco-efficiency of construction materials is developed. This tool evaluates the eco-efficiency of construction materials by using data envelopment analysis, a linear programming-based mathematical approach. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) and life-cycle cost (LCC) are utilized to derive the eco-efficiency ratios, and data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to rank material alternatives. Developed mathematical models are assessed by selecting the most eco-efficient exterior wall finish for a building. Percent improvement analysis was carried out to investigate target environmental effect categories that need more reduction to reach 100% eco-efficiency. Through this study, the goal is to show that DEA-based eco-efficiency assessment model could be used to evaluate alternative construction materials and offer vital guidance for decision makers during material selection. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000484. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Construction materials; Sustainable development; Data analysis; Computer programming. Author keywords: Eco-efficiency; Sustainable development; Data envelopment analysis; Linear programming.
Project planning and estimation with Ask Pete

Ask Pete is a software project planning tool which incorporates methodologies for cost and schedule estimation through COCOMO II; corporate risk and resource investment through the use of the Control Level methodology; and the need for external verification and validation activities through the NASA IV&V criteria. The paper examines each of these methodologies and how they interrelate in the tool to provide the characterization necessary for project planning and estimation.
Evaluating adherence to recommended diets in adults : the Alternate Healthy Eating Index

Harvard School of Public Health, Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, and theChanning Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School,Boston, MA 02115, USAAbstractObjective: The Healthy Eating Index (HEI), designed to assess adherence to theDietary Guidelines for Americans and the Food Guide Pyramid, was previouslyassociated with only a small reduction in major chronic disease risk in US adult menand women. We assessed whether an alternate index would better predict risk.Design: Dietary intake reported by men and women from two prospective cohortswas scored according to an a priori designed Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI).In contrast with the original HEI, the AHEI distinguished quality within food groupsand acknowledged health beneﬁts of unsaturated oils. The score was then used topredict development of CVD, cancer or other causes of death in the same populationpreviously tested.Subjects: 67271 women from the Nurses’ Health Study and 38615 men from theHealth Professionals’ Follow-up Study.Results: Men and women with AHEI scores in the top vs. bottom quintile had asigniﬁcant 20% and 11% reduction in overall major chronic disease, respectively.Reductions were stronger for CVD risk in men (RR ¼ 0.61, 95% CI 0.49–0.75) andwomen (RR ¼ 0.72, 95% CI 0.60–0.86). The score did not predict cancer risk.Conclusions: The AHEI was twice as strong at predicting major chronic disease andCVD risk compared to the original HEI, suggesting thatmajor chronic disease risk canbe further reduced with more comprehensive and detailed dietary guidance.KeywordsAlternate Healthy Eating IndexDietary patternsMediterranean dietCardiovascular diseaseCancerCohort studiesCardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are the twoleading causes of death in the USA
A lower bound for integer greatest common divisor computations

It is proved that no finite computation tree with operations { +, -, *, /, mod, < } can decide whether the greatest common divisor (gcd) of a and b is one, for all pairs of integers a and b. This settles a problem posed by Gro¨tschel et al. Moreover, if the constants explicitly involved in any operation performed in the tree are restricted to be “0” and “1” (and any other constant must be computed), then we prove an O(log log n) lower bound on the depth of any computation tree with operations { +, -, *, /, mod, < } that decides whether the gcd of a and b is one, for all pairs of n-bit integers a and b. A novel technique for handling the truncation operation is implicit in the proof of this lower bound. In a companion paper, other lower bounds for a large class of problems are proved using a similar technique.
Critical Evaluation of Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines

Purpose Significant concerns exist regarding the content and reliability of oncology clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report “Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust” established standards for developing trustworthy CPGs. By using these standards as a benchmark, we sought to evaluate recent oncology guidelines. Methods CPGs and consensus statements addressing the screening, evaluation, or management of the four leading causes of cancer-related mortality in the United States (lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers) published between January 2005 and December 2010 were identified. A standardized scoring system based on the eight IOM standards was used to critically evaluate the methodology, content, and disclosure policies of CPGs. All CPGs were given two scores; points were awarded for eight standards and 20 subcriteria. Results No CPG fully met all the IOM standards. The average overall scores were 2.75 of 8 possible standards and 8.24 of 20 possible subcriter...
Control of bacterial wilt of geranium with phosphorous acid

Various bactericides were screened for efficacy in protecting geranium plants (Pelargonium hortorum) from Ralstonia solanacearum infection. Many of these bactericides were found to slow the disease progress; however, they were not able to protect the plants from infection and subsequent death. Potassium salts of phosphorous acid were found to be effective in protecting plants from infection when applied as a drench. The active portion of the potassium salts was found to be phosphorous acid (H3PO3). Phosphorous acid was found to inhibit in vitro growth of R. solanacearum. It is thought to be protecting plants from infection by acting as a bacteriostatic compound in the soil. The plants, however, are not protected from aboveground infection on wounded surfaces. Phosphorous acid drenches were shown to protect geranium plants from infection by either race 1 or 3 of R. solanacearum. Other phosphorous-containing products commonly used in the industry, such as phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4), were not able to protect plants from bacterial wilt infection.
A novel nucleotide excision repair for the conversion of an A/G mismatch to C/G base pair in E. coli

A protein that binds specifically to A/G mismatches has been detected in E. coli by a gel electrophoresis DNA binding assay. A specific endonuclease is associated with the A/G mismatch-binding protein through two chromatographic steps. The endonuclease is specific for A/G-containing DNA fragments and has no cleavage activity on DNA containing the other seven possible mispairs or homoduplex DNA. The endonuclease simultaneously makes incisions at the first phosphodiester bond 3' to and the second phosphodiester bond 5' to the dA of the A/G mismatch. No incision site was detected on the other strand. These results are consistent with the unidirectional A to C conversion and short repair tract of a novel dam- and mutHLS-independent A/G repair pathway we have recently described. A nucleotide excision repair model is proposed for the conversion of an A/G mismatch to a C/G base pair.
EM‐based iterative receiver for coded MIMO systems in unknown spatially correlated noise

We present iterative channel estimation and decoding schemes for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) Rayleigh block fading channels in spatially correlated noise. An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is utilized to find the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of the channel and spatial noise covariance matrices, and to compute soft information of coded symbols which is sent to an error-control decoder. The extrinsic information produced by the decoder is then used to refine channel estimation. Several iterations are performed between the above channel estimation and decoding steps. We derive modified Cramer–Rao Bound (MCRB) for the unknown channel and noise parameters, and show that the proposed EM-based channel estimation scheme achieves the MCRB at medium and high SNRs. For a bit error rate of 10−6 and long frame length, there is negligible performance difference between the proposed scheme and the ideal coherent detector that utilizes the true channel and noise covariance matrices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrarenal color duplex ultrasonography: a window to vascular complications of renal transplants.

Objective. We analyze and discuss the importance of intrarenal color duplex ultrasonography (CDUS) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of vascular complications in renal transplants. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed results of CDUS, especially intrarenal CDUS, in 102 consecutive inpatients with vascular complications of renal transplants from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2006. Correlations between CDUS and magnetic resonance angiography, digital subtraction angiography, surgical findings, and clinical diagnoses were studied. Results. Abnormal findings on intrarenal CDUS clearly represent vascular complications primarily located at the main renal vessels and intrarenal vessels. In our study, there were 5 cases of false-negative intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas, 1 case of false-positive transplant renal vein thrombosis, and 2 cases of false-negative transplant renal artery stenosis. The accuracy of detecting vascular complications of renal transplants with CDUS was 92% (94/102). Conclusions. Intrarenal CDUS is a noninvasive, accurate diagnostic tool that can be administrated portably and is easily repeatable, thereby making it not only a highly valuable imaging technique but also the method of choice in screening and diagnosing vascular complications of renal transplants.
Abstract 3984: Effect of zeranol on beef skeletal muscle growth by differential image gel electrophoresis (DIGE)

Zeranol is a resorcylic acid lactone produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium that grows on corn, wheat, barley, oats and sorghum. As such Zeranol is a virtually unavoidable contaminant of crops used to feed animals that are consumed by humans. Zeranol has been shown to have a positive impact on muscle growth during the finishing phase of beef cattle production, was first approved and licensed for use as a growth promotant in cattle and sheep in the USA by FDA in 1969. However, the mechanism of this interaction is unknown but is likely related to changes in muscle specific proteins observable during the increased growth phase during finishing. To determine the affect of Zeranol on beef cattle muscle growth, we performed four DIGE experiments. We compared protein expression level changes between beef cattle treated with Zeranol and untreated beef cattle. On day zero, 10 cattle were implanted with 72 mg of Zeranol pellets, the other half (n = 10) were implanted with vehicle. The beef cattle were raised at the Ohio State University Department of Animal Sciences Beef Barn in accordance with industry standards for 120 days. At 60 days, half the implanted beef cattle and half of the control beef cattle were harvested and the remaining beef cattle were harvested at day 120. Muscle samples were analyzed by DIGE and bioinformatics Seven proteins associated with energy metabolism (creatine kinase, glycogen phosphorylase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase I, aconitase 2, enolase I, and triosephophate isomerase), 5 proteins with regulation of muscle contraction (slow skeletal muscle troponin T, calsequestrin I, myosin light chains 2 and 3, tropomyosin 3), 3 structural proteins (alpha actin, myosin binding protein C and kelch repeat and BTB domain), a protein associated with myotube formation, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, and HSP70, a protein associated with meat quality, and albumin were identified. The differential regulation of these proteins indicates that muscle growth in cattle implanted with Z is due to fast skeletal muscle. (Supported by NIH grant R01 ES 015212). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3984.
Sensitivity tests of klebsiella, enterobacter, and serratia.

Dr. E. B. Edmondson in our laboratory has reported on the in vitro susceptibilities of members of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group of organisms to 11 antimicrobials including gentamicin [1]. Bacteriological methods employed to differentiate between Klebsiella, Enterobacter kanamycin sulfate, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, polymyxin B sulfate, colistimethate, gentamicin sulfate, and nitrofurantoin sodium in trypticase soy agar (BBL) and stored at 4 C. Bacterial strains to be tested were inoculated into trypticase soy broth (BBL) and incubated 4-6 hr until a