cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure and composition of the NiAl(110) and NiAl(100) surfaces

Abstract The clean NiAl(110) and NiAl(100) surfaces have been studied by LEED, AES and low energy alkali ion scattering. The composition of the NiAl(100) surface was determined from Li + scattering intensities using the previously studied NiAl(110) surface for calibration. Depending upon annealing conditions c(3√2 × √2)R45° and p(1 × 1) LEED patterns are formed on the (100) surface, which are associated with first layer Al atom fractions of 0.65±0.02 and 0.78±0.07, respectively. The surface structure corresponding to these two LEED patterns was determined from the dependence on azimuthal and polar angle of incidence in Li + scattering and K + multiple scattering analysis. The c(3√2 × √2)R45° is attributed to an ordered layer of mixed Al and Ni adsorbed in four-fold sites above a second layer composed almost entirely of Ni. The p(1 × 1) is associated with a random mixture of Ni, Al, and a small fraction of vacancies above a second layer composed of Ni. The surface composition of this surface was found to be difficult to equilibrate, as indicated by a long-term variation in composition with repeated cleaning and annealing cycles. The surface rippling previously reported by LEED on NiAl(110) was confirmed by Li + ion scattering which determined that the first layer Al atoms protrude 0.21±0.05 A above the first layer Ni atoms.
Comparison of Short-Term Variations (15-Minute Averages) in Outdoor and Indoor PM2.5 Concentrations

Measurements of 15-min average PM2.5 concentrations were made with a real-time light-scattering instrument at both outdoor (central monitoring sites in three communities) and indoor (residential) locations over two seasons in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. These data are used to examine within-day variability of PM2.5 concentrations indoors and outdoors, as well as matched indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios. Concurrent gravimetric measurements of 24-hr average PM2.5 concentrations were also obtained as a way to compare real-time measures with this more traditional metric. Results indicate that (1) within-day variability for both indoor and outdoor 15-min average PM2.5 concentrations was substantial and comparable in magnitude to day-to-day variability for 24-hr average concentrations; (2) some residences exhibited substantial variability in indoor aerosol characteristics from one day to the next; (3) peak values for indoor short-term (15-min) average PM2.5 concentrations routinely exceeded 24-hr average outdoor values by factors of 3-4; and (4) relatively strong correlations existed between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations for both 24-hr and 15-min averages.
Modelling of GaAs MESFET output conductance and transconductance frequency dispersion

Abstract The output conductance and transconductance frequency dispersion phenomena of a GaAs MESFET have been modelled. A non-uniform temperature distribution between the substrate and surface channel is accounted for. Experimental data are used to justify the accuracy of the present model. Good agreement between the model prediction and measurement has been obtained. The output conductance and transconductance frequency dispersion has a significant impact in determining the small-signal voltage gain of a MESFET amplifier.
Segmental systolic responses to brief ischemia and reperfusion in the hypertrophied canine left ventricle.

Abstract Objectives and Background. Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with increased mortality, increased myocardial infarct size and an increased incidence of sudden death. Although reperfusion after ischemia has been shown to result in decreased infarct size and recovery or systolic thickening, it is unknown how left ventricular hypertrophy might influence recovery of regional systolic thickening after ischemia and reperfusion. We hypothesized that left ventricular hypertrophy might attenuate or abolish the functional response to reperfusion. Methods. Three groups of chronically instrumented, conscious dogs (dogs with left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension; dogs with left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced blood pressure and a control group without hypertrophy and with normal blood pressure) underwent 15 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. Segmental systolic thickening was measured by sonomicrometers and myocardial segments were grouped by percent of control segmental systolic thickening retained at 15 min of ischemia (class 1 ≥ 67%, class 2 from 0% to 66%, class 3 Results. There were no differences among groups in recovery of segmental systolic thickening for class 1 segments. Systolic thickening in class 2 (hypokinetic) segments was significantly depressed (p Conclusions. Although left ventricular hypertrophy with hypertension did not attenuate the contractile response to reperfusion, hypertrophy with reduced blood pressure was associated with significantly greater depression of segmental systolic thickening early during reperfusion.
Particle pulses from superconducting aluminum tunnel junction detectors

Superconducting aluminum tunnel junctions have been developed for use as particle detectors. Results on the static characteristics of these devices and from tests of these detectors with 6-keV X-rays are presented. An extrapolation of the properties of these detectors to one suitable for dark-matter detectors is discussed.
HOW MUCH DO STUDENTS MATTER? APPLYING THE OAXACA DECOMPOSITION TO EXPLAIN DETERMINANTS OF ADEQUATE YEARLY PROGRESS

The federal government and many state governments have recently passed legislation that punishes school districts for not showing consistent improvement in standardized test scores. This article measures the extent to which school performance reflects student characteristics. After splitting schools in the state of Washington based on adequate yearly progress, the authors find that an overwhelming percentage of the difference between high- and low-performing schools is explained by characteristics beyond the control of school administrators. Thus legislation designed to penalize poorly performing schools may hurt students who are most in need of academic aid. (JEL I2) The No Child Left BehindAct (NCLBA) of 2001 is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the central federal law impacting precollegiate education. The ESEA, first enacted in 1965, implements Title I, the federal government’s aid program for disadvantaged students. As the newest embodiment of the ESEA, the NCLBA has expanded the federal role in education and has become a focal point of education debate. Perhaps the most debated portion of the NCLBA is the mandatory annual testing of students in grades 3‐8 that must have been implemented by the 2005‐ 2006 academic year. These annual tests are used to determine if the district achieved adequate yearly progress (AYP). Districts failing to meet AYP for a number of consecutive years may receive sanctions ranging from loss of Title I funding through loss of local control of the district. This empirical analysis is based on individual student results from a national test given in all Washington state schools during the 2001‐2002 academic year. The authors use the method developed by Oaxaca (1973) to decompose the differences in average student test scores for those students in AYP schools versus non-AYP schools and determine the amount attributable to influences beyond a school’s direct control. The authors’ motivation is to determine the extent to which differences in student outcomes at Washington’s AYP and non-AYP schools are explained by the characteristics of the students attending these schools rather than decisions made by teachers, principals, and administrators. Specifically, they determine how much of the performance of schools failing to make AYP can be attributed to the characteristics of the student body rather than to the quality of the school itself.
Madonnas and martyrs: Militarism and violence in the Philippines

TablesPrefaceGlossaryAgencies, institutions and organisationsIntroductionWomen in the PhilippinesThe body in trainingMilitary sex economiesThe violated body: Torture, rape and salvagingGovernments, the military and civilian dislocation:A return to the folds of God and the lawPolitical activismConclusionNotesAppendixReferences
Neuroscience of meditation.

Dhyana-Yoga is a Sanskrit word for the ancient discipline of meditation, as a means to Samadhi or enlightenment. Samadhi is a self-absorptive, adaptive state with realization of one’s being in harmony with reality. It is unitive, undifferentiated, reality-consciousness, an essential being, which can only be experienced by spontaneous intuition and selfunderstanding. Modern neuroscience can help us to better understand Dhyana-Yoga. This article discusses topics including brain-mind-reality, consciousness, attention, emotional intelligence, sense of self, meditative mind, and meditative brain. A new hypothesis is proposed for a better understanding of the meditative mind. Meditation is an art of being serene and alert in the present moment, instead of constantly struggling to change or to become. It is an art of efficient management of attentional energy with total engagement (poornata, presence, mindfulness) or disengagement (shunyata, silence, emptiness). In both states, there is an experience of spontaneous unity with no sense of situational interactive self or personal time. It is a simultaneous, participatory consciousness rather than a dualistic, sequential attentiveness. There is a natural sense of well being with selfunderstanding, spontaneous joy, serenity, freedom, and self-fulfillment. It is where the ultimate pursuit of happiness and the search for meaning of life resolve. One realizes the truth of one’s harmonious being in nature and nature in oneself. It is being alive at its fullest, when each conscious moment becomes a dynamic process of discovery and continuous learning of the ever-new unfolding reality.
The Reduction of Redundancy in Solving Prime Implicant Tables

This paper is primarily concerned with finding, in the most efficient possible way, the set of all solutions to a cyclic prime implicant table. (A solution is a set of rows such that every column contains at least one marked entry in a row belonging to the set and such that no row can be deleted from the set without destroying this property.) Extensive use is made of the relationship between this and the problem of efficiently reducing a Boolean frontal function from the form of a product of sums of single literals to a sum of products. The transformation methods commonly in use today have the disadvantage that they tend to introduce duplicate and redundant products. (A redundant product includes at least one row which can be removed, and the remaining rows will still constitute a solution.) Several methods which appreciably reduce the number of such redundancies are presented. One of these methods (called row branching), applies repeatedly the algebraic transformation f = af(? = 1) + f(?= 0) where ? is the Boolean variable corresponding to a row of the table, and f is the function corresponding to the given table. The mechanism by which a redundant solution is generated is described. The paper includes other useful transformation procedures such as, for example, a tabular method in which redundancies are avoided systematically at each step.
Starvation and malnutrition of horses: recognition and treatment

Summary Starvation and partial starvation lead to loss of body weight and condition, which are general clinical signs seen also with bad teeth, bad feet, intestinal parasites, cancer, and several chronic diseases. More specific signs may accompany malnutrition, but often poor performance is the only indication. Thus both starvation and malnutrition require a careful differential diagnosis from the points of view of humane investigators and veterinarians. Abrupt refeeding usually results in the death of a severely starved horse in about three days. Thus, refeeding should be gentle, beginning with water and electrolytes, then enterals, slurries and, eventually, good quality forage and concentrates. Once the horse begins to thrive, it can be built up to a growth regimen. Not all nutritional abuse is due to nature or naivete. For example, the use of pre-taee "jugs" of intravenous nutrients occasionally causes fatal reactions. Also, the partial starvation of young horses confined in the dark to suppress manifestation of the wobbler trait has dubious merit, medically or ethically. Nutritional suffering may be countered therapeutically by recognition and treatment, and prophylactically by planning, education and regulation.
Smart subtitles for vocabulary learning

Language learners often use subtitled videos to help them learn. However, standard subtitles are geared more towards comprehension than vocabulary learning, as translations are nonliteral and are provided only for phrases, not vocabulary. This paper presents Smart Subtitles, which are interactive subtitles tailored towards vocabulary learning. Smart Subtitles can be automatically generated from common video sources such as subtitled DVDs. They provide features such as vocabulary definitions on hover, and dialog-based video navigation. In our pilot study with intermediate learners studying Chinese, participants correctly defined over twice as many new words in a post-viewing vocabulary test when they used Smart Subtitles, compared to dual Chinese-English subtitles. Learners spent the same amount of time watching clips with each tool, and enjoyed viewing videos with Smart Subtitles as much as with dual subtitles. Learners understood videos equally well using either tool, as indicated by self-assessments and independent evaluations of their summaries.
Low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake among adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective This study examined baseline dietary intake, body weight, and physiologic status in patients enrolled in a dietary intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Human Rights, Hate Crimes, and Hebrew-Christian Scripture

Summary This article seeks to contribute to a culture of human rights by challenging the use of Hebrew and Christian scriptures to characterize LGBT2 persons as moral transgressors and to justify or rationalize hate crimes against them. Scriptural passages used to support claims of immorality of LGBT2 persons—texts of terror—are examined. Then scriptural passages that are affirming of LGBT2 relationships—texts of empowerment—are considered. The author discusses implications for social work of advancing a culture of human rights.
Plasticity in the chick ventral lateral geniculate nucleus

The chick ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (GLv) receives topographically corresponding projections from the retina and optic tectum. Tectal lesions produced on the day of hatching removed the tectogeniculate input to the GLv region corresponding to the tectal lesion and also severed some retinotectal axons. Following a survival period of 3 to 10 weeks, a patch of augmented retinogeniculate projection was noted in the GLv segment that corresponds topographically to the damaged area of the tectum. Changing the site of the tectal lesion led to changes in the locus of heavy retinal projection to the GLv predictable from topographic maps. Nuclei which received retinal but not tectal projections did not appear to have regions of augmented retinal termination nor did nuclei which received tectal but not retinal innervation. It is unlikely that the increased retinogeniculate termination is due to rerouting of growing retinotectal axons since the chick retinofugal pathway is well established by the time of hatching. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a projection from the ipsilateral eye to the affected GLv. On the basis of these light microscopic studies, it would appear that retinogeniculate terminals have sprouted in the GLv and that competition for terminal space, conservation of terminal space, proximity, and perhaps other factors are necessary for the augmented projection to occur.
Patterns of second primary malignancy risk in multiple myeloma patients before and after the introduction of novel therapeutics

Recent studies have reported an increased risk of second primary malignancies (SPM) following multiple myeloma (MM) diagnosis associated with novel anti-myeloma treatments. We evaluated the risk of SPM among 36 491 MM cases reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER) between 1973 and 2008. We calculated overall and site-specific standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for 2012 SPM cases diagnosed within the 35-year follow-up. There was no significant overall risk of SPM (SIR=0.98; 95% CI=0.94–1.02); however, there were multiple site-specific risk patterns. The risk of breast and prostate cancer was significantly decreased overall and across age, latency and the year of diagnosis strata. There was an ∼50% increased risk of colorectal cancer 5 years after MM diagnosis (Ptrend<0.001). The risk of hematological malignancies was significantly increased, notably for acute myeloid leukemia (AML; SIR=6.51; 95% CI=5.42–7.83). There was a significant decreasing trend for AML over time, particularly for patients ⩾65. However, no significant change in risk was noted after the introduction of autologous stem cell transplant among younger patients (<65 years). On the basis of observed trends for overall SPM as well as AML, no association between the introduction of novel therapies and SPM following MM has emerged in this large population-based study.
Effects of Size-Based Environmental Regulations: Evidence of Regulatory Avoidance

United States environmental regulations often vary by operation size,with larger facilities facing more regulatory stringency. However,such legislative structure may have unintended consequences if operations downsize, slow their growth, or enter at a smaller scale in order to avoid regulation. In this study we use a regression-discontinuity framework and exploit the size threshold of federal and state rules targeting large-scale livestock operations to examine whether facilities adjust size to avoid regulation. We find statistical evidence of avoidance, primarily by operations entering at sizes just below the threshold. United States environmental regulations often vary by operation size, with facilities larger than some threshold facing more stringent requirements. Such size-based rules may have unintendedeffectsifexistingoperationsdownsize to avoid mandates or if greater numbers of new operations enter below the threshold. These unintended effects may have consequencesforpollutionabatementandeconomic efficiency. In industries with scale economies, size reductions may result in higher product prices and lower consumer welfare. Consequently, understanding the role of regulations inindustrystructureisnecessaryforevaluating their economic and environmental benefits. Livestock production is an important economic activity having substantial environmental implications. Domestically, the livestock and poultry industries produce over $100 billion in cash receipts 1 and supply 90% of
Using numerical data in explicitly interpretive, contextual inquiry: A “practical discourse” framework and examples from Engeström’s research on activity systems

This article discusses the potential contribution of certain types of numerical data to explicitly interpretive, contextual inquiry (i.e., inquiry commonly associated with the use of “practical discourse” and “qualitative” methods) and extends an earlier argument on this topic. Three example studies that clarify this earlier argument, drawn from the research program of Yrjo Engestrom, are presented. These examples provide concrete demonstrations of two principal ways in which Engestrom used numerical data, in conjunction with data accrued through more traditional qualitative forms of inquiry (e.g., phenomenography, discourse analysis), to offer explicitly interpretive, contextual accounts of practical human action within dynamic “activity systems.”
Thermal Interactions of Ni on Stepped 6H-SiC Surfaces: Implications for Thin Film Microstructure

Ni films are important as both Schottky junctions and Ohmic contacts for high temperature SiC devices. Ni/SiC Schottky junctions are observed to become Ohmic upon annealing. This transition has been attributed to changes in film microstructure. The experiments reported here compare the thermal behavior of Ni films deposited on standard 6H-SiC (0001) surfaces with films deposited on periodically stepped surfaces. The former were prepared by wet chemical etching and are typical of those used in device fabrication. The latter were prepared by high temperature hydrogen etching. Ni films ranging from monolayer to nominal device thickness (~50 nm) were annealed on both surfaces. Analysis of these surfaces by in-situ Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and ex-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided elemental, chemical and morphological information. The results show that the morphology and microstructure of annealed films are dependent on initial film thickness and substrate surface conditions.
Counseling Psychology and Chronic Health Conditions A Call for Action

The authors support the assertion that counseling psychology expertise should be present at all levels of therapeutic activity that may benefit persons who live with chronic health conditions. They consider the impact of the increasing rates of chronic health conditions on health care systems, society, and health service professions. In order for the field to have an influential role in service delivery and policy formation that benefit individuals with chronic health conditions, the authors offer four recommendations: (a) Participate in, promote, and reward interdisciplinary research and service; (b) conduct, promote, and reward policy-relevant research programs; (c) promote and utilize participatory research methods; and (d) consider the implications of these activities for our training programs.
An adaptive multi-element generalized polynomial chaos method for stochastic differential equations

We formulate a Multi-Element generalized Polynomial Chaos (ME-gPC) method to deal with long-term integration and discontinuities in stochastic differential equations. We first present this method for Legendre-chaos corresponding to uniform random inputs, and subsequently we generalize it to other random inputs. The main idea of ME-gPC is to decompose the space of random inputs when the relative error in variance becomes greater than a threshold value. In each subdomain or random element, we then employ a generalized polynomial chaos expansion. We develop a criterion to perform such a decomposition adaptively, and demonstrate its effectiveness for ODEs, including the Kraichnan-Orszag three-mode problem, as well as advection-diffusion problems. The new method is similar to spectral element method for deterministic problems but with h-p discretization of the random space.
Scanning Probe Characterization of Localized pH Changes on a Sapphire Surface in the Presence of an Applied Field

Single crystal sapphire substrates were lithographically patterned with a system of parallel platinum electrodes, which were used to manipulate 1.58μm silica particles inplane, in the presence of an aqueous solution. Observation of the motion of these particles revealed the adhesion of some of them to the sapphire surface near the platinum working electrode, even in the range of pH where the zeta potentials of silica and sapphire are of the same sign. This phenomenon suggests the existence of localized differences in pH, attributable to the presence of potential determining ions produced in the faradaic processes occurring at the electrodes during the electrophoretic manipulation of silica particles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to corroborate this hypothesis, measuring the forces between a silica particle and a sapphire substrate in the presence of an applied field. The resultant force-distance curves demonstrate a change in the interaction forces between particle and substrate as a function of distance from the electrode. Variations in this interaction correspond to localized differences in the zeta potential of the substrate, which, in turn, are related to localized differences in pH. Quantification of these spatial variations in pH as a function of time yields further information about the diffusion of these faradaically produced potential determining ions across the substrate.
The Variation in the High-Frequency Resistance and Permeability of Ferromagnetic Materials due to a Superimposed Magnetic Field

The variation of the high-frequency resistance of ferromagnetic conductors as a function of a superimposed magnetic field is discussed. It is shown that very large changes in high-frequency resistance are obtainable in ferromagnetic conductors having high initial permeabilities. Some important applications of this effect are given. The application of high-frequency incremental permeability to remote tuning of radio circuits is briefly outlined.
In Situ Measurements of Strains in Composite Battery Electrodes during Electrochemical Cycling

The cyclic stress in lithium-ion battery electrodes induced by repeated charge and discharge cycles causes electrode degradation and fracture, resulting in reduced battery performance and lifetime. To investigate electrode mechanics as a function of electrochemical cycling, we utilize digital image correlation (DIC) to measure the strains that develop in lithium-ion battery electrodes during lithiation and delithiation processes. A composite graphite electrode is cycled galvanostatically (with constant current) in a custom battery cell while optical images of the electrode surface are captured in situ. The strain in the electrode is computed using an in-house DIC code. On average, an unconstrained composite graphite electrode expands 1.41 % during lithiation and contracts 1.33 % during delithiation. These strain values compare favorably with predictions based on the elastic properties of the composite electrode and the expansion of graphite-lithium intercalation compounds (G-LICs). The establishment of this experimental protocol will enable future studies of the relationship between electrode mechanics and battery performance.
Using A 360-Degree Appraisal Approach To Re-Design Advising Programs

Over the past 30 years, researchers have repeatedly demonstrated the need to improve academic advising. Nonetheless, at many Universities academic advising remains a neglected endeavor—poorly measured, managed and rewarded. This paper considers the implementation of an academic advising program which parallels the 360-Degree feedback approach drawn from the Human Resources Management discipline. The details of the program are outlined and preliminary results of the program, which literally transformed academic advising at our institution, are discussed.
Treatment outcome and criminal offending by youth with sexual behavior problems

Children and adolescents treated for general delinquency problems and rated by caregivers as having sexual behavior problems (SBP; N = 696) were compared with youth from the same sample with no sexual behavior problems (NSBP; N = 1,185). Treatment outcome through 12-months posttreatment and criminal offending through an average 48-month posttreatment were compared for both groups. It was hypothesized that both groups would improve over time; however, the SBP group would evidence greater psychopathology at follow-up, and these hypotheses were supported. It was further hypothesized that youth with SBP would not differ from youth with NSBP in rates of future sexual or nonsexual offenses. These hypotheses were also supported. SBP group membership was not a significant predictive factor in analyses modeling future offending (any) or future person offenses. Few youth in either group had sexual offenses. The importance of these findings for clinical and policy decision making is discussed.
Gut of Red-backed Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) May Serve as a Reservoir for an Antifungal Cutaneous Bacterium

Janthinobacterium lividum, a bacterium that inhibits the growth of the lethal amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has been found in myriad environments, including the skins of amphibians that resist the fungus. We present evidence that the gastrointestinal tract of Plethodon cinereus, the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, can serve as a reservoir for J. lividum. Two of six individuals collected from a natural environment harbored J. lividum in the gut tube. Violacein, whose intense violet color allows for rapid visual detection and chemical analysis, served as a first indicator for the presence of J. lividum. This secondary metabolite of J. lividum was confirmed through reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis analysis, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The identity of J. lividum was confirmed by PCR amplification with J. lividum-specific primers of DNA extracted from the isolated bacteria. Because J. lividum survives in the digestive tract, it will likely be inoculated onto skin around the cloaca and into the soil and indirectly onto salamander skins. Thus, the gut may act as an important reservoir for this antifungal bacterium.
The biogenesis of the ergot alkaloids

Es wird ein biogenetischer Weg vorgeschlagen, der zu Lysergsaure, dem gemeinsamen Teilstuck aller Mutterkornalkaloide, fuhrt. Der grundlegende Schritt der Biogenese besteht nach unserem Vorschlag in der Kondensation von Dihydro-Nikotinsaure (oder einem Derivat derselben) mit dem Chinon III, das aus 5-Oxytryptophan (oder einer gleichwertigen Verbindung) sich bilden sollte.
A History of Single Aerosol Particle Levitation

(1997). A History of Single Aerosol Particle Levitation. Aerosol Science and Technology: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 212-254.
Comparison of Reoperation Rates Following Ankle Arthrodesis and Total Ankle Arthroplasty

Background: The role of ankle arthroplasty in the treatment of ankle arthritis is controversial. Ankle fusion is commonly performed, but there is ongoing concern about functional limitations and arthritis in the adjacent subtalar joint following ankle arthrodesis. The use of ankle arthroplasty as an alternative to ankle fusion is expanding, but reported results have been limited to those in case series. The purpose of this study was to compare the reoperation rates following ankle arthrodesis and ankle replacement on the basis of observational, population-based data from all inpatient admissions in California over a ten-year period. Our hypothesis was that patients treated with ankle replacement would have a lower risk of undergoing subtalar fusion but a higher overall risk of undergoing major revision surgery. Methods: We used California's hospital discharge database to identify patients who had undergone ankle replacement or ankle arthrodesis as inpatients in the years 1995 through 2004. Short-term outcomes, including rates of major revision surgery, pulmonary embolism, amputation, and infection, were examined. Long-term outcomes that were analyzed included the rates of major revision surgery and subtalar joint fusion. Logistic and proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the impact of the choice of ankle replacement or ankle fusion on the rates of adverse outcomes, with adjustment for patient factors including age and comorbidity. Results: A total of 4705 ankle fusions and 480 ankle replacements were performed during the ten-year study period. Patients who had undergone ankle replacement had an increased risk of device-related infection and of having a major revision procedure. The rates of major revision surgery after ankle replacement were 9% at one year and 23% at five years compared with 5% and 11% following ankle arthrodesis. Patients treated with ankle arthrodesis had a higher rate of subtalar fusion at five years postoperatively (2.8%) than did those treated with ankle replacement (0.7%). Regression analysis confirmed a significant increase in the risk of major revision surgery (hazard ratio, 1.93 [95% confidence interval, 1.50 to 2.49]; p < 0.001) but a decreased risk of subtalar fusion (hazard ratio, 0.28 [95% confidence interval, 0.09 to 0.87]; p = 0.03) in patients treated with ankle replacement compared with those treated with ankle fusion. Conclusions: This study confirms that, compared with ankle fusion, ankle replacement is associated with a higher risk of complications but also potential advantages in terms of a decreased risk of the patient requiring subtalar joint fusion. Additional controlled trials are needed to clarify the appropriate indications for ankle arthrodesis and ankle replacement. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The influence of gender on the new-age elderly's consumption orientation

This article offers some fresh insights on the richness of cognitive age as it is implicitly embodied as part of the conceptual and operational definition of the New-Age Elderly (and their counterpart—the Traditional Elderly). First, the research provides evidence of the reliability and validity of the NAVO scale, a relatively new measurement instrument, designed to identify the New-Age Elderly consumer. Then, as an important piece of new learning, the article explores the influence of gender on older consumers' consumption orientations. Among other things, the research indicates that older women (as compared to older men) seem to be more price conscious and more responsive to retail special and incentives, that they are more adventurous, and that they generally possess more market-relevant knowledge in the form of shopping smarts. Still further, the research reveals that both New-Age Elderly men and New-Age Elderly women tend to be more optimistic about their financial situations than their Traditional Elderly counterparts. The article ends by offering suggestions relevant to the need for specific future research, and the potential marketing strategy implications of the research. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CFD Modeling Analysis of Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower

Industrial processes use mechanical draft cooling towers (MDCT's) to dissipate waste heat by transferring heat from water to air via evaporative cooling, which causes air humidification. The Savannah River Site (SRS) has a MDCT consisting of four independent compartments called cells. Each cell has its own fan to help maximize heat transfer between ambient air and circulated water. The primary objective of the work is to conduct a parametric study for cooling tower performance under different fan speeds and ambient air conditions. The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to achieve the objective. The model uses three-dimensional steady-state momentum, continuity equations, air-vapor species balance equation, and two-equation turbulence as the basic governing equations. It was assumed that vapor phase is always transported by the continuous air phase with no slip velocity. In this case, water droplet component was considered as discrete phase for the interfacial heat and mass transfer via Lagrangian approach. Thus, the air-vapor mixture model with discrete water droplet phase is used for the analysis. A series of the modeling calculations was performed to investigate the impact of ambient and operating conditions on the thermal performance of the cooling tower when fansmore » were operating and when they were turned off. The model was benchmarked against the literature data and the SRS test results for key parameters such as air temperature and humidity at the tower exit and water temperature for given ambient conditions. Detailed results will be presented here.« less
Scattering of Oceanic Internal Gravity Waves off Random Bottom Topography

Abstract The scattering of oceanic internal gravity waves off random bottom topography is analyzed under the assumptions that (i) the height of the topography is smaller than the vertical wavelength and (ii) the slope of the topography is smaller than the wave slope. For each frequency, scattering redistributes the incoming energy flux in horizontal wavenumber space. The scattered wave field approaches an equilibrium state where the energy flux is equipartitioned in horizontal wavenumber space. For incoming red spectra, this implies a transfer from low to high wavenumbers. For typical internal wave and bottom spectra, about 6.8% of the incoming energy flux is redistributed. While this might be less than the flux redistribution caused by reflection off a critical slope, the scattering process transfers the energy flux to higher wavenumbers than the reflection process. Scattering might thus be equally or more efficient than reflection in causing high shears and mixing near the bottom.
Extramedullary Cardiac Multiple Myeloma—A Case Report and Contemporary Review of the Literature

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by a clonal proliferation of plasma cells. Although the bone marrow is the usual site of involvement, extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMPs) also occur, affecting any tissue. Cardiac and pericardial involvement, although described, have been rare occurrences. We present the case of a 61-year-old female patient 47 days after autologous stem cell transplant for MM who developed cardiac tamponade owing to extramedullary recurrence of myeloma, pulmonary embolism, and takotsubo cardiomyopathy. We performed a review of the published studies of all cases of MM presenting at diagnosis or relapse with cardiac or pericardial involvement in the past 25 years. Including our patient, 34 patients with plasmacytoma involving cardiac or pericardial structures were identified from the literature search. Approximately equal numbers of patients were male and female (42% and 57%, respectively). The mean age was 62 years. Primary plasmacytomas accounted for 12% of the cases. A history of MM, EMP, or monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance was noted in two thirds of the cases (66.6%). Treatment included chemotherapy and/or high-dose corticosteroids in 81.1% of cases and 27% underwent radiation therapy. The reporting of all cases to date has focused on unusual findings, rather than treatment approaches or new therapeutic strategies that might benefit patients. We suggest the formation of a database of all cases of cardiac and pericardial EMPs, with a focus on predictive disease variables, standardized staging, outcomes, and survival, to ensure that patients are optimally treated in the modern era.
Prospects of passive radio detection of a subsurface ocean on Europa with a lander

Abstract We estimate the sensitivity of a lander-based instrument for the passive radio detection of a subsurface ocean beneath the ice shell of Europa, expected to be between 3 km and 30 km thick, using Jupiter's decametric radiation. A passive technique was previously studied for an orbiter. Using passive detection in a lander platform provides a point measurement with significant improvements due to largely reduced losses from surface roughness effects, longer integration times, and diminished dispersion due to ionospheric effects allowing operation at lower frequencies and a wider band. A passive sounder on-board a lander provides a low resource instrument sensitive to subsurface ocean at Europa up to depths of 6.9 km for high loss ice (16 dB/km two-way attenuation rate) and 69 km for pure ice (1.6 dB/km).
Adiabatic) phase boundaries in a bistable chain with twist and stretch

Abstract Mass–spring chains with only extensional degrees of freedom have provided insights into the behavior of crystalline solids, including those capable of phase transitions. Here we add rotational degrees of freedom to the masses in a chain and study the dynamics of phase boundaries across which both the twist and stretch can jump. We solve impact and Riemann problems in the chain by numerical integration of the equations of motion and show that the solutions are analogous to those in a phase transforming rod whose stored energy function depends on both twist and stretch. From the dynamics of phase boundaries in the chain we extract a kinetic relation whose form is familiar from earlier studies involving chains with only extensional degrees of freedom. However, for some combinations of parameters characterizing the energy landscape of our springs we find propagating phase boundaries for which the rate of dissipation, as calculated using isothermal expressions for the driving force, is negative. This suggests that we cannot neglect the energy stored in the oscillations of the masses in the interpretation of the dynamics of mass–spring chains. Keeping this in mind we define a local temperature of our chain and show that it jumps across phase boundaries, but not across sonic waves. Hence, impact problems in our mass–spring chains are analogous to those on continuum thermoelastic bars with Mie–Gruneisen type constitutive laws. At the end of the paper we use our chain to shed some light on experiments involving yarns that couple twist and stretch to perform useful work in response to various stimuli.
A Process-Response Model for Hurricane Washovers

The passage of Hurricane Allen over Padre Island in August 1980 presented an excellent opportunity to study the effects and controls of coastal morphology on hurricane deposits. In the Caribbean Sea, Hurricane Allen achieved a central pressure of 899 mb, making it the second strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Once in the Gulf of Mexico, the storm approached the Texas coast from the east-southeast, building a significant storm surge. Near Brownsville, the storm stalled, spending much of its energy offshore before making landfall early on August 10th near Brazos Santiago Pass at the southern tip of Padre Island. Surge gauges show that peak recorded storm tides of about 3 m occurred at Port Mansfield, some 35 km north of landfall. Analysis of tide data indicates a time lag of some 14 hours on the rising storm tide between the Gulf and south Laguna Madre. This is due both to the limited tidal exchange across Padre Island and to set-down in the lagoon due to southward-directed cyclonic winds. By contrast, measurements taken in Corpus Christi Bay, some 180 km north of landfall, show that at that point Gulf and bay tides were in phase. The cross-barrier water level differential at South Padre Island (up to 1.5 m) greatly facilitated hurricane breaching of the island. Oblique and vertical aerial photography show that Padre Island was breached in many places, with about 40 major hurricane channels still open several days after the storm. Surge heights were sufficient to inundate all of South Padre Island except for isolated "dune islands" resulting in broad and often coalescing washover deposits. The more continuous dune ridge on North Padre Island resulted in smaller, discrete washovers. Intensity, distribution, and morphology of washovers are functions of storm tide elevation, its phase relationships, island topography, and lagoonal water depth. The relationship is complex, yet precise enough to permit prediction of the island's response to the impact of a given storm.
Influence of Bike Lane Buffer Types on Perceived Comfort and Safety of Bicyclists and Potential Bicyclists

Buffered and protected bike lanes are increasingly recognized as a valuable tool in enticing potential or wary cyclists to use a bicycle for transportation. These facilities—which provide extra space and (in the case of protected bike lanes) physical separation from motor vehicles—have been studied and are preferred by many bicyclists over traditional bike lanes. There has been little research, however, on the difference between buffer types and how they affect people’s sense of the safety and comfort of bicycling. This paper uses data from surveys collected for a multicity study of newly constructed protected bike lanes to examine the influence of various hypothetical and actual buffered bike lane designs (both with and without physical protection) from the perspective of current bicyclists (n = 1,111) and of residents living near the new facilities (n = 2,283) who could be potential bicyclists. Findings suggest that striped or painted buffers offer some level of increased comfort, whereas buffers with s...
Determination of gabapentin in serum using solid-phase extraction and gas-liquid chromatography

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of gabapentin (Neurontin®) is described. The method involves extracting 0.5 mL of acidified sample by C 18 solid-phase column, derivatization with MTBSTFA plus 1% tBDMCS, and analysis on an HP-1 column with a flame-ionization detector. Quantitation was performed with peak-height ratios of gabapentin to a gabapentin analogue [(1-aminomethyl-1-cycloheptyl) acetic acid] as the internal standard. The assay had a limit of detection of 0.2 mg/L and a linear range from 0.5 to 30.0 mg/L. Several compounds were analyzed for potential interference, and none interfered with the assay.
Female Cabbage Loopers Inhibit Attraction of Male Soybean Loopers

In field trapping studies, virgin female cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), attracted predominantly males of the same species. Traps baited with virgin female soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), or cis -7-dodecen-1-ol acetate ( cis -7-dda) captured males of both the soybean looper and cabbage looper in significant numbers. When cabbage looper females were confined together with either female soybean loopers or cis -7-dda, male cabbage loopers were captured but the response of soybean looper males was inhibited. Therefore, it appears that the cabbage looper has evolved a secondary means, presumably chemical in nature, which aids reproductive isolation among sympatric populations of these 2 species.
Acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase activities in liver and adipose tissue of meal-fed rats.

SummaryThe activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase in liver and adipose tissue of meal-eating (limited to a single, daily, 2-hr meal) and nibbling (adlibitum-fed) rats were determined. The activities of both enzymes were significantly higher in adipose tissue but not liver of meal-eating as compared to nibbling animals. This observation is in accord with the concept that adipose tissue is the primary site of fatty acid biosynthesis and the major site of the lipogenic adaptive changes induced by meal-feeding.
Effects of time and dietary selenium concentration as sodium selenite on tissue selenium uptake by sheep.

Thirty crossbred wethers (60 kg avg initial wt) were used to study the time-dose response to dietary Se as sodium selenite (Na2SeO3). Sheep were fed a basal diet (.20 mg/kg Se, M basis) for 10 d; three wethers were killed and tissues were collected for controls. The remaining 27 sheep were assigned randomly to diets supplemented with either 3, 6 or 9 mg/kg Se (as-fed basis) from reagent grade Na2SeO3 and fed for 10, 20 or 30 d. Feed offered was restricted to 1,200 g daily and tap water was available ad libitum. Sheep were stunned and killed by exsanguination and liver, kidney, muscle, heart and spleen were removed and frozen for Se analysis. No toxic effects were noted as expressed by feed intake or hemoglobin concentration. Added dietary Se increased Se linearly (P less than .01) in liver, kidney, and serum. Selenium in liver, kidney and serum also increased (P less than .01) as time advanced. Serum, liver and kidney were more sensitive to dietary Se than were muscle, heart and spleen. Ten days appeared to be an adequate length of time for further Se bioassay studies of this nature. Reagent grade Na2SeO3 was nontoxic when fed to sheep for 30 d at levels up to 90 times the Se requirement.
Stochastic Analysis of Jump-Diffusions for Financial Log-Return Processes

A jump-diffusion log-return process with log-normal jump amplitudes is presented. The probability density and other properties of the theoretical model are rigorously derived. This theoretical density is fit to empirical log-returns of Standard & Poor’s 500 stock index data. The model repairs some failures found from the log-normal distribution of geometric Brownian motion to model features of realistic financial instruments: (1) No large jumps or extreme outliers, (2) Not negatively skewed such that the negative tail is thicker than the positive tail, and (3) Non-leptokurtic due to the lack of thicker tails and higher mode.