cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Properties of Clear Natural Water

This paper reports spectroradiometric data obtained with a highly developed double monochromator at three depths and above the surface, at Crater Lake, Oregon. These data have been used to calculate spectral values of the diffuse-attenuation coefficient, and the underwater-reflectance function of Crater Lake water, which is a natural analog of distilled water. The data have also been used to calculate the spectral and total energy available for visibility or photosynthesis and the radiant power absorbed per unit volume, all at a number of depths to 600 m. The data and calculations are reported at 5-nm intervals in the wavelength region 350 nm to 700 nm.
Odor memory: Review and analysis

We critically review the cognitive literature on olfactory memory and identify the similarities and differences between odor memory and visual-verbal memory. We then analyze this literature using criteria from a multiple memory systems approach to determine whether olfactory memory can be considered to be a separate memory system. We conclude that olfactory memory has a variety of important distinguishing characteristics, but that more data are needed to confer this distinction. We suggest methods for the study of olfactory memory that should make a resolution on the separate memory system hypothesis possible while simultaneously advancing a synthetic understanding of olfaction and cognition.
The Production of High Energy Neutrons by Stripping

When a target is bombarded with high energy deuterons, a narrow beam of high energy neutrons is produced by a process in which the proton in the deuteron strikes the edge of the nucleus and is stripped off, while the neutron misses and continues on its way. The cross section for this stripping process is $\ensuremath{\sigma}=\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\pi}R{R}_{d}$, where $R$ is the nuclear radius and ${R}_{d}$ is the deuteron radius, or $\ensuremath{\sigma}=5{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The yield of neutrons from a \textonehalf{}-in. Be target (in which the energy loss for 190-Mev deuterons is 20 Mev) is nearly 2 percent. The neutrons come out with an energy spread around $\frac{1}{2}{E}_{d}$ having a half-width $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\frac{1}{2}}=1.5{({E}_{d}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{d})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. Here ${E}_{d}$ is the kinetic energy of the deuteron, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{d}$ its binding energy. For light nuclei the half-width of the neutron angular distribution is $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\frac{1}{2}}=1.6{(\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{d}}{{E}_{d}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. The half-width increases somewhat with atomic number, primarily because of the deflection of the deuteron by the Coulomb field as it approaches the nucleus, and, to a lesser extent, because of multiple scattering in the target. The increase in half-width from Be to U is about 25 percent. The calculated halfwidths and angular distributions agree well with the measurements of Helmholz, McMillan, and Sewell.An equal number of high energy protons are produced by stripping processes in which it is the neutron that hits the nucleus.
Web 2.0 for Disaster Response and Recovery

Successful disaster response is an exercise in managing human resources under very difficult conditions. Catastrophic disasters can disrupt both the physical communication networks and the social networks critical to efficient response and recovery. While a well-designed disaster plan serves as a framework, it often requires communication and collaboration between responders to adapt it to the situation at hand. Displacement of library staff adds to the chaotic nature of post-disaster communications, increasing the need for collaborative Web spaces to adapt to changing situations. Using case studies of catastrophic disaster response at libraries, this article begins with an analysis of human resource management problems common to disaster response coordinators worldwide. It then discusses Auburn University Libraries’ uses of free Web 2.0 applications in support of library disaster preparation, response, and recovery. While Auburn University's location on the coastal plain of Alabama is vulnerable to both ...
A comparative study of three-phase dual active bridge topologies and their suitability for D-Q mode control

A comparative evaluation of three different three-phase Dual Active Bridge (DAB) topologies with a 15-kV Si-IGBT based three-level converter at the high-voltage side and 1200-V SiC-MOSFET based converters in three different arrangements at the low-voltage side are compared. The proposed DABs are an integral part of a solid state transformer which connects a 13.8-kV distribution grid and a 480-V utility grid. The three-level converters connected at the high-voltage side in each topology with 30° zero-enforcing and proposed arrangements at low-voltage side of the high frequency-link transformer help to reduce dominant harmonic currents. Thus harmonic-free currents in the high frequency link transformer are achieved without pulse-width modulation which can be utilized for D-Q Mode smooth-control.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Basis of Interfacial Activation: Resolution of Binding and Allosteric Effects on Pancreatic Phospholipase A2 at Zwitterionic Interfaces†,‡

A general kinetic model for catalysis by interfacial enzymes is developed. It couples the Michaelis−Menten catalytic turnover cycle at the interface with that in the aqueous phase through the distribution equilibria between the interface and the surrounding aqueous phase. Analysis under two limiting conditions fully describes the steady-state kinetics of hydrolysis and resolves the allosteric effects from apparent modes of interfacial activation in terms of the primary rate and equilibrium parameters for pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2). One limit is observed in dispersions of anionic phospholipid vesicles, in which intervesicle exchange of enzyme, substrate, and hydrolysis products is absent and reaction occurs only on vesicles containing enzyme. A complete analysis at this highly processive limit, called kinetics in the scooting mode, has been published [Berg et al. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 7283]. Here is reported the analysis in the other limit, PLA2-catalyzed hydrolysis of zwitterionic micelles o...
Hair loss and cyst formation in hairless and rhino mutant mice

Structural abnormalities begin in the integument of hairless (hrhr), hairless-rhino (hrhrrh), and rhino (hrrhhrrh) male and female mutant mice prior to the end of the first hair growth cycle. The pilary canals begin to widen and accumulate keratin and sebaceous material. During the first catagen phase the lower internal root sheath coalesces around the terminal part of the hair shaft and abnormal club hairs form. The lower part of the external root sheath fails to follow the ascending club hair and becomes stranded in the dermis. The abnormal club hairs move above their normal anchoring position and fall out of the follicle at the end of the first growth cycle. The formation of abnormal club hairs and the loss of hair probably are related to the mispositioning of the internal root sheath. Subsequent to the loss of hair there are changes in the sebaceous glands and adipose tissue, disorganization of the peripheral neurovascular system, and the formation of cysts that are associated with either the pilary canals or with epithelial units of disorganized hair follicles stranded in the dermis. Cysts arise from proliferation of epithelial tissue; sebaceous cells are not necessary for cyst formation. Comparisons among similar and dissimilar anomalies indicate that the degree of gene action on the integument is in the following order of increased severity: hrhr, hrhrrh, and hrrhhrrh.
NEEDS FOR RESEARCH ON BENZENE METABOLISM AND DOSIMETRY

(2000). NEEDS FOR RESEARCH ON BENZENE METABOLISM AND DOSIMETRY. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Vol. 61, No. 5-6, pp. 373-376.
On the intersection of AI and OR

This is the second of two special issues focusing on the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and operations research (OR) techniques for solving hard computational problems, with an emphasis on planning and scheduling. Both the AI and the OR community have developed sophisticated techniques to tackle such challenging problems. OR has relied heavily on mathematical programming formulations such as integer and linear programming, while AI has developed constraint-based search techniques and inference methods. Recently, we have seen a convergence of ideas, drawing on the individual strengths of these paradigms.
Context-Emergent Turnover (CET) Theory: A Theory of Collective Turnover

We develop a theory of collective turnover that emphasizes its microfoundation origins and unit-level consequences. Collective turnover is the quantity and quality of depletion of employee knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) from the unit, meaning that it is the collective loss of unit KSAOs. We ground our theory of collective turnover within the nomological network of human capital resources and resource-based theory. We then use this framework to examine the dynamic relationships between collective turnover and human capital resources and their effects on unit performance. We also describe the moderating impact of context (climate and environmental complexity) and time. Thus, we present context-emergent turnover (CET) theory.
Functional and physical constraints for evolving small-world structure in embodied networks

The human brain contains a huge number of neurons (∼1011 neurons) and a huge number of interconnections (∼1014 synapses). The ontogenetic process that forms this structure is believed to be ruled primarily by optimizing principles of resource allocation and constraint minimization [1], [2]. These evolutionary and developmental processes lead to brain structures that are known to have certain interesting macroscopic properties, such as small-world behavior [3], [4], [5]. However, the nature of these constraints to building neural structure, and the relationship of such structure to cognitive performance remain important questions. Connectivity structure might be the result of wiring optimization; at least this appears to be a plausible assumption as wiring is expensive, thus evolution would prefer structures that minimize wiring and the cost of building it [6]. However, this must be balanced with factors for optimizing information processing performance, as a minimally wired network may not be adequate to integrate information and support sufficient dynamics for controlling the organism. It is therefore plausible that real brain network development has both physical constraints and functional information processing constraints that guide the development of structural elements and functional dynamics [7], [8]. In this paper we present an embodied model of a brain network that uses both spatial and functional constraints in its evolutionary and developmental processes. We show that small-world organization can develop in such embodied systems when both constraints are present. And we compare the performance of the embodied agent to evolutionary systems that use only functional constraints to guide the systems development.
Proteome Response to the Panneural Expression of Human Wild-Type α-Synuclein: A Drosophila Model of Parkinson’s Disease

The α-synuclein protein is associated with several neurodegenarative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). In humans, only mutated forms of α-synuclein are linked to PD; however, panneural expression of human wild-type (WT) α-synuclein induces Parkinson’s like-symptoms in Drosophila. Here, we report a quantitative proteomic analysis of WT α-synuclein transgenic flies with age-matched controls at the presymptomatic stage utilizing a global isotopic labeling strategy combined with multidimensional liquid chromatographies and tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis includes two biological replicates, in which samples are isotopically labeled in forward and reverse directions. In total, 229 proteins were quantified from assignments of at least two peptide sequences. Of these, 188 (82%) proteins were detected in both forward and reverse labeling measurements. Twelve proteins were found to be differentially expressed in response to the expression of human WT α-synuclein; down-regulations of larval serum ...
Precision Wave-Length and Energy Measurement of Gamma-Rays from Au 198 with a Focusing Quartz Crystal Spectrometer

A recent paper(1) describes a precision focusing curved crystal x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometer (2-meter focal length) constructed at the California Institute of Technology. This instrument has now been used to study the 0.41-Mev gamma-ray line from a 1-curie source of the artificial radioactive isotope of gold, Au198, of half-life 2.7 days.
The acceptability of 360 degree appraisals: A customer‐supplier relationship perspective

This article argues that “acceptability” is a key issue relevant to the success of 360 degree appraisal processes. They present conceptual arguments to show how a customer-supplier relationship (CSR) perspective provides a useful means of depicting possible 360 degree linkages, as well as discussing the types of raters and ratees for whom acceptance of the process is important. A categorization scheme then provides the primary factors relevant to acceptance of the process. These factors include: (1) organizational characteristics and (2) CSR characteristics and appraisal context. Comparisons are made between customers and suppliers in terms of their probable acceptance of 360 degree appraisals.1 © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SPIRIT: Service for providing infrastructure recommendations for IT

We present SPIRIT, a Service for Providing Infrastructure Recommendations for Information Technology. SPIRIT allows maintenance support providers for small-to-medium businesses (SMBs) to recommend solutions which are standardized (SMBs usually cannot afford customized IT solutions), flexible (accommodating as much as possible the customer's existing IT environment), and cost-effective (minimizing the cost of upgrading the customer's environment). SPIRIT works by first aligning the customer's IT infrastructure with a "template" describing the best practices recommended by the maintenance support provider. Then, the aligned environment can be upgraded by choosing from a standard set of well understood, highly automated (and therefore economical) options. In this paper we present the framework of our solution.
Tensing, dancing, hoping: the future past of settler empire

This article considers the complexities of space time as elaborated within Choctaw writer LeAnne Howe's 2005 poem “A Duck's Tune” from her award-winning collection of poetry and prose _Evidence of Red_. Paying particular attention to Howe's deliberate, nuanced use of grammatical tense and her narration of embodied performances that interrupt the ethnographic gaze, the article deploys settler colonial critique not only as a critical lens for textual explication but also – and more importantly – in order to explore the ways in which Indigenous voices productively challenge, abet, enhance, and/or reconfigure this critical analytic that has – with good reason – come to enamor so many scholarly fields. Through it's focus is on the work of Howe, this article centers a Native voice within a scholarly and activist conversation whose emphasis on settler practices and processes risks ironically marginalizing Indigenous perspectives. Unlike many scholarly iterations of settler colonial critique, “A Duck's Tune” rele...
The American Upper Ordovician Standard: XIII A Revised Time-Stratigraphic Classification of North American Upper Middle and Upper Ordovician Rocks

Correlations, based on conodonts, between the Lexington, Kope and Clays Ferry Formations of the Cincinnati Region (Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana) and formations of the Trenton Group of New York and Ontario indicate that the base of the typical Edenian Stage and the top of the typical Shermanian Stage are at essentially the same biostratigraphic level. Hence, it can be shown that the upper part of the Trenton Group (Rust Member of Denley Limestone; Steuben and Hillier Limestones of Kay, 1968) is the same age as Edenian and lower Maysvillian strata in the type section of the Cincinnatian Series, and that the Edenian Stage (Cincinnatian) does not succeed the Cobourgian Stage (Champlainian) as has long been assumed. In fact, uppermost Cobourgian strata in New York are of demonstrably early Maysvillian age. Concepts of and names for Cincinnatian stages have not changed since at least 1915, but there are several systems of and no agreement on nomenclature for upper Champlainian time-stratigraphic units in New York and Ontario; also, none of the upper Champlainian stadial names in current use has priority over Edenian (1873), Maysvillian (1905) or Richmondian (1897). Thus, we propose that the top of the Champlainian Series be drawn at the top of the Shermanian Stage and that this be succeeded in the standard time-stratigraphic classification of the North American Ordovician by Edenian, Maysvillian, and Richmondian Stages, included col lectively in the Cincinnatian Series.
Pumilio facilitates miRNA regulation of the E2F3 oncogene

E2F transcription factors are important regulators of cell proliferation and are frequently dysregulated in human malignancies. To identify novel regulators of E2F function, we used Drosophila as a model system to screen for mutations that modify phenotypes caused by reduced levels of dE2F1. This screen identified components of the Pumilio translational repressor complex (Pumilio, Nanos, and Brain tumor) as suppressors of dE2F1-RNAi phenotypes. Subsequent experiments provided evidence that Pumilio complexes repress dE2F1 levels and that this mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation is conserved in human cells. The human Pumilio homologs Pum 1 and Pum 2 repress the translation of E2F3 by binding to the E2F3 39 untranslated region (UTR) and also enhance the activity of multiple E2F3 targeting microRNAs (miRNAs). E2F3 is an oncogene with strong proliferative potential and is regularly dysregulated or overexpressed in cancer. Interestingly, Pumilio/miRNA-mediated regulation of E2F3 is circumvented in cancer cells in several different ways. Bladder carcinomas selectively downregulate miRNAs that cooperate with Pumilio to target E2F3, and multiple tumor cell lines shorten the 39 end of the E2F3 mRNA, removing the Pumilio regulatory elements. These studies suggest that Pumilio–miRNA repression of E2F3 translation provides an important level of E2F regulation that is frequently abrogated in cancer cells.
Goals and expectations of the hearing aid fitting.

For the child, meeting communication needs is an ongoing process. The DIAL, the Pediatric Hearing Demand, Ability, and Need Profile, and the Family Expectation Worksheet should streamline this process and provide the information needed to create functional auditory goals considering what normally hearing children accomplish while accounting for the specific needs and abilities of the individual child. In addition, this protocol should provide the tools to create ongoing evaluation, treatment, and documentation of accomplishments through the use of assistive technology and communication strategies. These tools are meant to empower both the clinician and family in order to work as partners in the process of functional auditory development that leads to secure, self-reliant, socially active children who happen to have hearing loss. This set of tools provides the information needed for the clinician to identify what auditory situations demand solutions. Creating the solutions is another topic all together. It is only meaningful to define these situations if the clinician is prepared to create auditory and nonauditory solutions. These solutions may involve hearing aid technology (hearing aid features, telecoils, direct audio input, behind-the-ear/FM combinations), clever communication strategies, or advanced assistive technology (alerting systems, telephone amplifiers, etc.). If not in a position to provide the total package of these intervention services, begin with the hearing aid fitting and refer the patient to a cooperating facility to complete the package. It is essential that both facilities discuss the needed hearing aid options in order to allow coupling to recommended assistive technology (Palmer, 1996). The clinician will find that keeping up with the solutions demands a large time commitment. Valuable information can be found in scientific and trade journals as well as in the exhibit halls of major audiology conferences. The Interactive Assistive Device Product Locator computer program provides a comprehensive database of current assistive technology which can help familiarize the clinician with the range of technological solutions available (Palmer and Garstecki, 1990; Palmer and Rauterkus, 1992). Perhaps, most importantly, the clinician should be ready to ask hearing aid manufacturers for specific information regarding the coupling abilities of their hearing aids to various assistive devices. If a satisfactory answer is not forthcoming, work with a manufacturer who appreciates the need for hearing aids that couple successfully with assistive technology.
Substorms: Future of magnetospheric substorm—Storm research

Seven approaches and/or areas of magnetospheric substorm and storm science which should be emphasized in future research are briefly discussed. They are: the combining of groups of researchers who study magnetic storms and substorms in terms of magnetic reconnection with those that do not, the possible use of a magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling model to merge the groups, the development of improved input-output relationships, the complementing of satellite and ground-based observations, the need for global imaging of the magnetosphere, the complementing of observations with computer simulations, and the need to study the causes of changes in the north-south component of the IMF. 36 refs.
Design and construction of a silver(I)-loaded cellulose-based wound dressing: trackable and sustained release of silver for controlled therapeutic delivery to wound sites

Although application of silver nitrate and silver sulfadiazine have been shown to be effective in thwarting infections at burn sites, optimization of the delivery of bioactive silver (Ag(+)) remains as an obstacle due to rapid precipitation and/or insolubility of the silver sources. To circumvent these shortcomings, we have designed a silver(I) complex [Ag(ImD)2]ClO4 (ImD = dansyl imidazole) that effectively increases the bioavailability of Ag(+) and exhibits MIC values of 2.3 and 4.7 μg/mL against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. This fluorescent silver complex has been incorporated within a robust hydrogel derived from carboxymethyl cellulose that allows slow release of silver. A complete occlusive dressing has finally been constructed with the Ag(ImD)CMC (1% Ag loaded) pad sealed between a sterile mesh gauze (as bottom layer) and a rayon-based surgical tape (as the top layer). Such construction has afforded a dressing that displays sustained delivery of silver onto a skin and soft tissue infection model and causes effective eradication of bacterial loads within 24 h. The transfer of the bioactive silver complex is readily visualized by the observed fluorescence that overlays precisely with the kill zone. The latter feature introduces a unique feature of therapeutic trackability to this silver-donating occlusive dressing.
Challenges of data center thermal management

The need for more performance from computer equipment in data centers has driven the power consumed to levels that are straining thermal management in the centers. When the computer industry switched from bipolar to CMOS transistors in the early 1990s, low-power CMOS technology was expected to resolve all problems associated with power and heat. However, equipment power consumption with CMOS has been rising at a rapid rate during the past 10 years and has surpassed power consumption from equipment installed with the bipolar technologies 10 to 15 years ago. Data centers are being designed with 15-20-year life spans, and customers must know how to plan for the power and cooling within these data centers. This paper provides an overview of some of the ongoing work to operate within the thermal environment of a data center. Some of the factors that affect the environmental conditions of data-communication (datacom) equipment within a data center are described. Since high-density racks clustered within a data center are of most concern, measurements are presented along with the conditions necessary to meet the datacom equipment environmental requirements. A number of numerical modeling experiments have been performed in order to describe the governing thermo-fluid mechanisms, and an attempt is made to quantify these processes through performance metrics.
Do Commodity Traders Herd

We test for herding using data on aggregate trader positions for four commodities over 20 years. We show that while the positions of commodity traders are highly related, the relatedness falls short of herding. The cross-commodity relatedness in trader positions is almost entirely explained by common demand and supply factors.
Review and revision of clinical practice of using G-CSF after autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at UCSD

There was no consensus on the optimal use of G-CSF after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this study, the practice of using G-CSF, based on the CD34(+) cell number, at the University of California, San Diego Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit (UCSD BMT) was evaluated by performing a five-year retrospective analysis of data from patients undergoing autologous and allogeneic transplantation. Various outcomes, such as time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment and length of post-transplant hospital stay are assessed in relation to use of G-CSF and number of CD34(+) cells infused. It has been found that the use of G-CSF is associated with faster neutrophil engraftment and shorter length of post-transplant hospital stay without affecting time to platelet engraftment in patients undergoing autologous transplantation. In addition, the number of CD34(+) cells do not influence outcomes in autologous and allogeneic transplant patients if they are treated with G-CSF. As a result of this evaluation, the G-CSF protocol at UCSD BMT Unit is revised. The main change is to implement the use of G-CSF in all patients undergoing autologous transplantation regardless of the number of CD34( +) cells. No changes in the allogeneic transplantation protocol are made as a result of this analysis.
Orientation‐Controlled Single‐Molecule Junctions

The conductivity of a single aromatic ring, perpen- dicular to its plane, is determined using a new strategy under ambient conditions and at room temperature by a combination of molecular assembly, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging, and STM break junction (STM-BJ) techniques. The construction of such molecular junctions exploits the forma- tion of highly ordered structures of flat-oriented mesitylene molecules on Au(111) to enable direct tip/p contacts, a result that is not possible by conventional methods. The measured conductance of Au/p/Au junction is about 0.1 Go, two orders of magnitude higher than the conductance of phenyl rings connected to the electrodes by standard anchoring groups. Our experiments suggest that long-range ordered structures, which hold the aromatic ring in place and parallel to the surface, are essential to increase probability of the formation of orientation-controlled molecular junctions. Molecular-scale electronic devices usually are designed by wiring a single molecule between two metal electrodes (1, 2) most commonly using mechanically controlled break junc- tions (MCBJ), or scanning probe microscopy, for example, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Single-molecule con- ductance (SMC) studies are carried out in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) (3-7) or under ambient conditions (8-13) and focus on molecules with functional groups that provide efficient electronic coupling and bind the organic molecular backbone to the electrodes. (14) However, conductance is sensitive to the atomic level details of the molecule-electrode contact (15) so that the anchoring groups typically end up decreasing the single-molecule junction conductivity. Thus, creating well- defined, highly conductive molecular junctions is challeng- ing. (16-23)
The Propriety of the Doctrine of the Incarnation as a Way of Interpreting Christ

For the larger part of their history, the Christian Churches have taught the doctrines of the Incarnation and the Trinity as central and essential to their faith. Their creeds, councils, and confessions, whatever their differences and whatever range of different interpretations they have permitted, have agreed in affirming that the central figure of the Gospels is to be understood, not only as the revealer of God, but as himself the content of that revelation, God the Son made man for our salvation, and that the doctrine of God implied by that revelation is to be expressed in trinitarian terms. These are still, to a very large extent, the characteristic and peculiar beliefs of Christianity, in its Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant forms. Nevertheless, since the Enlightenment and the rise of modern critical approaches both to scripture and to tradition, the propriety of these doctrines has been questioned. This questioning has been overwhelmingly a Protestant phenomenon, though there have been and are some indications of similar questioning in Roman Catholic theology at the turn of the century and today. Disregarding external critics of Christianity, we can point within the Christian Churches themselves, to rationalist versions of the faith, in which the eternal truths of reason (metaphysical or moral) have been held to constitute the essence of Christianity, deistic versions, which have sought to eliminate the notions of special revelation and divine action in the world, idealist versions, in which the concept of Incarnation has been held to symbolise some universal identity of God and man, liberal Protestant versions, which have singled out either the God-consciousness of Jesus or his teaching as the crucial element in Christianity, and modernist versions, in which the life of the Church itself has been embraced as experientially self-authenticating, irrespective of its origins.
The 78,000-M(r) intermediate chain of Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein is a microtubule-binding protein.

A previous study (King et al., 1991. J. Biol. Chem. 266:8401-8407) showed that the 78,000-M(r) intermediate chain (IC78) from the Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein is in direct contact with alpha-tubulin in situ, suggesting that this protein may be involved in binding the dynein to the doublet microtubules. Molecular genetic analysis of this chain recently demonstrated that it is a WD repeat protein essential for outer arm assembly (Wilkerson et al., 1995.J. Cell Biol. 129:169-178). We have now transcribed and translated IC78 in vitro, and demonstrate that this molecule binds axonemes and microtubules, whereas a homologous protein (the 69,000-M(r) intermediate chain [IC69] of Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein) does not. Thus, IC78 is a bona fide microtubule-binding protein. Taken together with the previous results, these findings indicate that IC78 is likely to provide at least some of the adhesive force that holds the dynein to the doublet microtubule, and support the general hypothesis that the dynein intermediate chains are involved in targeting different dyneins to the specific cell organelles with which they associate. Analysis of the binding activities of various IC78 deletion constructs translated in vitro identified discrete regions of IC78 that affected the binding to microtubules; two of these regions are specifically missing in IC69. Previous studies also showed that IC78 is in direct contact with IC69; the current work indicates that the region of IC78 that mediates this interaction is coincident with two of IC78's WD repeats. This supports the hypothesis that these repeats are involved in protein-protein interactions within the dynein complex.
A novel primary-secondary user power control game for cognitive radios with linear receivers

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, proper power controlling is of importance to ensure efficient operation of both primary and secondary networks. The previous work on power control in cognitive radios has mainly focused on the interactions among a set of secondary users while ignoring the influence of primary users. In [1], we introduced a new game model for power control in cognitive radios by incorporating the primary users into the player set of the game. In this new framework, the primary users are rewarded (for example, monetarily) for sharing their licensed spectrum with secondary users. In our proposed game formulation, they achieve this by setting a reasonable interference cap (IC) for the secondary users. However, the primary users are to be severely penalized if they do not meet their transmission quality. To ensure this, an exponential pricing term is incorporated into their utility function. Simultaneously, the secondary users aim to achieve energy efficient transmissions while not introducing too much interference to the primary as well as other secondary users. In this paper, we investigate the CR system design aspects based on our proposed new game theoretic spectrum sharing framework. In particular, the performance of the system is compared under different linear detector schemes at the secondary receiver, namely, the matched filter (MF) and the linear MMSE (LMMSE) receivers.
Ultrastructure of Synapses From the Pretectum in the A-Laminae of the Cat's Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

We have recently shown in cats that many neurons projecting to the lateral geniculate nucleus from the pretectum use y-amino butyric acid (GABA) as their neurotransmitter. We sought to determine the morphology of synaptic terminals and synapses formed by these pretectal axons and the extent to which they resemble other GAI3Aergic terminals found in the geniculate neuropil (i.e., from geniculate interneurons and cells of the nearby perigeniculate nucleus). To do this, we labeled a population of pretectal axons with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and analyzed the morphology and synaptology of labeled pretectal terminals in the A-laminae of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. The pretectal projection, which arises primarily from the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), provides synaptic innervation to elements in the geniculate neuropil. The labeled NOT terminals are densely packed with vesicles, contain dark mitochondria, and form symmetrical synaptic contacts. These are characteristics of the F1 type of terminal, and we know from other studies that GABAergic axon terminals from interneurons and perigeniculate cells also give rise to F1 terminals. We compared our population of NOT terminals with labeled perigeniculate and unlabeled F1 terminals selected from the geniculate neuropil and found that all three populations share many morphological characteristics. Both qualitative and quantitative assessments of the pretectal terminals suggest that these are a type of F1 terminal. Most pretectal terminals selectively form synapses onto geniculate profiles that contain irregularly distributed vesicles and dark mitochondria and that are postsynaptic to other types of terminals. These postsynaptic targets thus exhibit features of another class of inhibitory, GABAergic terminal known as F2 terminals, which are the specialized appendages of geniculate interneurons. Pretectal inputs, being GABAergic, may thus serve to inhibit local interneuronal outputs. Pretectal axons also innervate the perigeniculate nucleus, in which the only targets are the other main type of inhibitory, GABAergic neurons. These results suggest that the pretectum may facilitate retinal transmission through the lateral geniculate nucleus by providing inhibition to the local inhibitory cells: the interneurons and probably perigeniculate cells. This would serve to release geniculate relay cells from inhibition.
A hot option for a cold subject

From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Address reprint requests to: Laura Cooling, MD, MS, Associate Director, Transfusion Medicine, University of Michigan Hospitals, 2F225 UH, Box 0054, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; e-mail: lcooling@med.umich.edu. Received for publication August 24, 2011; revision received November 2, 2011, and accepted November 2, 2011. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03474.x TRANSFUSION 2012;52:1182-1183. S U B M I S S I O N O F I M A G E S
Directed carbon nanotube assembly using a pyrene-functionalized polymer

A pyrene-functionalized polymer was patterned via electron beam lithography onto a silicon wafer and shown to selectively bind with carbon nanotubes.
Preventing horticultural introductions of invasive plants: potential efficacy of voluntary initiatives

Although prevention is the most cost- effective way to avoid the enormous expenses associated with plant invasions, invasive plants continue to be imported as trade commodities for horticultural use. With very little government regulation of horticultural imports of invasive plants, efforts have turned toward fostering volun- tary initiatives to encourage self-regulation by the horticulture trade. Our study takes the first step toward evaluating the potential success of these voluntary initiatives. We conducted a survey of nursery professionals to gauge their perceptions of invasive species, the role of the horticulture trade in invasive plant introductions, and their participa- tion—potential and actual—in preventive mea- sures outlined in the St Louis Voluntary Codes of Conduct for nursery professionals. We found nurs- ery professionals to be highly aware of invasive plants and to accept responsibility as a trade for horticultural introductions. Although only 7% of respondents had heard of the St Louis Voluntary Codes of Conduct, the majority (57%) reported having participated in at least two of seven preventive measures, and most (78%) reported willingness to engage in the majority of preventive measures. We found that several factors signifi- cantly predict increased participation in preventive measures, particularly awareness of invasive plants and involvement in trade associations. We also identified incentives and obstacles to participating in preventive behaviors, including ''concern for the environment'' and ''lack of information,'' respec- tively. Our results suggest that participation in voluntary initiatives will improve through increased outreach, and we provide specific recommenda- tions for improving participation in voluntary programs in the horticulture trade.
Live imaging reveals active infiltration of mitotic zone by its stem cell niche

Stem cells niches are increasingly recognized as dynamic environments that play a key role in transducing signals that allow an organism to exert control on its stem cells. Live imaging of stem cell niches in their in vivo setting is thus of high interest to dissect stem cell controls. Here we report a new microfluidic design that is highly amenable to dissemination in biology laboratories that have no microfluidics expertise. This design has allowed us to perform the first time lapse imaging of the C. elegans germline stem cell niche. Our results show that this niche is strikingly dynamic, and that morphological changes that take place during development are the result of a highly active process. These results lay the foundation for future studies to dissect molecular mechanisms by which stem cell niche morphology is modulated, and by which niche morphology controls stem cell behavior.
Collision Mortality Has No Discernible Effect on Population Trends of North American Birds

Avian biodiversity is threatened by numerous anthropogenic factors and migratory species are especially at risk. Migrating birds frequently collide with manmade structures and such losses are believed to represent the majority of anthropogenic mortality for North American birds. However, estimates of total collision mortality range across several orders of magnitude and effects on population dynamics remain unknown. Herein, we develop a novel method to assess relative vulnerability to anthropogenic threats, which we demonstrate using 243,103 collision records from 188 species of eastern North American landbirds. After correcting mortality estimates for variation attributable to population size and geographic overlap with potential collision structures, we found that per capita vulnerability to collision with buildings and towers varied over more than four orders of magnitude among species. Species that migrate long distances or at night were much more likely to be killed by collisions than year-round residents or diurnal migrants. However, there was no correlation between relative collision mortality and long-term population trends for these same species. Thus, although millions of North American birds are killed annually by collisions with manmade structures, this source of mortality has no discernible effect on populations.
Element-Based Computational Model

A variation on the data-flow model is proposed to use for developing parallel architectures. While the model is a data driven model it has significant differences to the da- ta-flow model. The proposed model has an evaluation cycle of processing elements (encapsulated data) that is similar to the instruction cycle of the von Neumann model. The ele- ments contain the information required to process them. The model is inherently parallel. An emulation of the model has been implemented. The objective of this paper is to mo- tivate support for taking the research further. Using matrix multiplication as a case study, the element/data-flow based model is compared with the instruction-based model. This is done using complexity analysis followed by empirical testing to verify this analysis. The positive results are given as motivation for the research to be taken to the next stage - that is, implementing the model using FPGAs.
A Comparison of Probabilistic Forecasts from Bred, Singular-Vector, and Perturbed Observation Ensembles

Abstract The statistical properties of analysis and forecast errors from commonly used ensemble perturbation methodologies are explored. A quasigeostrophic channel model is used, coupled with a 3D-variational data assimilation scheme. A perfect model is assumed. Three perturbation methodologies are considered. The breeding and singular-vector (SV) methods approximate the strategies currently used at operational centers in the United States and Europe, respectively. The perturbed observation (PO) methodology approximates a random sample from the analysis probability density function (pdf) and is similar to the method performed at the Canadian Meteorological Centre. Initial conditions for the PO ensemble are analyses from independent, parallel data assimilation cycles. Each assimilation cycle utilizes observations perturbed by random noise whose statistics are consistent with observational error covariances. Each member’s assimilation/forecast cycle is also started from a distinct initial condition. Relativ...
Coining an Ethical Dilemma: The Impunity of Afghanistan's Indigenous Security Forces

After waxing and waning between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ counterinsurgency (COIN) strategies in Afghanistan since 2009,1 America's withdrawal is predicated on a training component and professional forces ...
Interfacial Forces in Chemical-Mechanical Polishing

It has been known that there are many types of forces involved in tribological systems. During chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), those forces appear to be synergetic and unpredictable. We have recently investigated the forces, such as van der Walls, electrostatic, fluid drag, and friction using experimental approach combined with theoretical analysis. Results showed that material detachment was affected by the hydrogen and van der walls. The fluid-drag force was found to influence the surface quality. In this presentation, we will discuss the surface and interfacial forces occurred during CMP. The types of forces will be discussed individually and compared as a group.
Aldosterone Upregulates Tight Junction Expression of Claudin-4, Decreasing Paracellular Na+ Permeability in the Renal Cortical Collecting Duct

Under conditions of low dietary salt intake, plasma aldosterone levels are upregulated, increasing Na+ reabsorption in the renal cortical collecting duct (CCD). While aldosterone is known to enhanc...
Abstract 543: Stroma-mediated chemotherapy resistance in acute myeloid leukemia cells

Overall objective: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a devastating malignancy with a relapse rate near 50% in children, despite very toxic chemotherapy. Accumulating evidence shows that the bone marrow stromal environment protects a subset of leukemia cells and allows them to survive chemotherapy, eventually leading to recurrence. Furthermore, activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) contributes to chemotherapy resistance. Indeed, Stat3 is activated in AML cells by cytokines and adhesion pathways in the stromal environment, leading to increased expression of pro-survival genes. Our goal is to determine the effect of stromal cytokines and adhesion pathways on stroma-mediated chemotherapy resistance in AML cells, which could lead to potential new therapies for AML. Methods, Results & Conclusions: We used two human bone marrow stromal cell lines, HS-5 and HS-27, for our experiments. First, we examined the ability of stroma-conditioned medium to activate Stat3 in AML cells. Kasumi-1 AML cells were treated with HS-5 or HS-27 conditioned medium, or control medium, for 15 minutes, then the level of phosphorylated Stat3 was measured by flow cytometry. Conditioned medium from HS-5, but not HS-27 cells, strongly induced phosphorylation of Stat3 in AML cells at a level comparable to that induced by G-CSF (100 ng/mL). These results suggest that HS-5 cells secrete factors that induce Stat3 activation, but HS-27 cells do not. Next, we performed co-culture experiments to determine the ability of each stromal cell line to confer resistance to chemotherapy. Human AML cell lines (NB-4 and THP-1) were cultured alone or co-cultured with PKH-26-labeled HS-5 or HS-27 cells, then treated with etoposide (30 nM – 10 uM) or mitoxantrone (3 nM – 300 nM) for 48 hours. Cells were then harvested and labeled with annexin V-FITC. The percentage of apoptotic AML cells (FITC positive and PKH-26 negative) was determined by FACS. Both HS-5 (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 543. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-543
A Tandem, Bicatalytic Continuous Flow Cyclopropanation-Homo-Nazarov-Type Cyclization

Continuous flow processing represents an emerging technology in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we describe a tandem, bicatalytic continuous flow cyclopropanation-homo-Nazarov-type ring-opening cyclization to form hydropyrido[1,2-a]indoles, which represents a naturally occurring chemical scaffold present in many bioactive and therapeutically relevant molecules. The tandem flow reactions provided high conversions (>97%) with product throughputs on the order of 3–5 g h–1. The individual transformations (cyclopropanation and ring-opening cyclization) were separately optimized in the batch then successfully transferred to the flow. Significantly, this represents the first literature example of continuous flow cyclopropane ring-opening cyclizations; hydropyrido[1,2-a]indoles are formed on a multigram scale (>4 g h–1 throughput) in near-quantitative yields from N-indolyl-1,1-cyclopropyl β-amidoesters. Overall, the continuous flow technology exhibited superior yields, relative to the batch re...