cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectricity in single crystalline BaTiO/sub 3/ nanowire

Related to the fundamental issue in materials science, the scale and dimensionality effect in piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity, we synthesize one dimensional single crystalline BaTiO/sub 3/ nanowires and study their piezoelectric and ferroelectric behavior under various experimental conditions. The synthesized BaTiO/sub 3/ nanowires have diameters ranging from 50 to 200 nm, and have lengths up to tens micrometers. They are determined to be single crystalline grown along the [100] direction. Piezoresponse force microscopy was used to study the converse piezoelectric effect in nanowire by measuring the produced strain under applied local electric field. Constant dc bias on the piezoelectric response of nanowire shows nonlinear behavior.
LEAP program mono-filaments: can they be used as an accurate diagnostic tool?

Abstract LEAP program monofilaments are designed to be used as an inexpensive diagnostic tool for testing sensory capabilities of diabetic patients. The initial buckling strength of the LEAP monofilaments is 7.86(0.56) g, which is 30% less than that of the theoretical value. LEAP monofilaments are capable of reproducing a buckling strength to within 18% of the average buckling strength per testing sequence. LEAP monofilaments do not exhibit significant fatigue when tested under patient use and clinical use simulations. The average buckling strength of the LEAP monofilaments decreases during repetitive daily use but shows signs of recovery following a resting period. If the user is aware of the limitations of the LEAP monofilaments, they can be used as an inexpensive diagnostic tool. However, a more accurate portable diagnostic tool would be a worthwhile expenditure.
Translational Regulation of Cytoplasmic mRNAs

Translation of the coding potential of a messenger RNA into a protein molecule is a fundamental process in all living cells and consumes a large fraction of metabolites and energy resources in growing cells. Moreover, translation has emerged as an important control point in the regulation of gene expression. At the level of gene regulation, translational control is utilized to support the specific life histories of plants, in particular their responses to the abiotic environment and to metabolites. This review summarizes the diversity of translational control mechanisms in the plant cytoplasm, focusing on specific cases where mechanisms of translational control have evolved to complement or eclipse other levels of gene regulation. We begin by introducing essential features of the translation apparatus. We summarize early evidence for translational control from the pre-Arabidopsis era. Next, we review evidence for translation control in response to stress, to metabolites, and in development. The following section emphasizes RNA sequence elements and biochemical processes that regulate translation. We close with a chapter on the role of signaling pathways that impinge on translation.
Heat Transfer in Rotating Rectangular Cooling Channels (AR=4) With Dimples

As the world of research seeks ways of improving the efficiency of turbomachinery, attention has recently focused on a relatively new type of internal cooling channel geometry, the dimple. Preliminary investigations have shown that the dimple enhances heat transfer with minimal pressure loss. An investigation into determining the effect of rotation on heat transfer in a rectangular channel (aspect ratio = 4:1) with dimples is detailed in this paper. The range of flow parameters includes Reynolds number (Re = 5000–40000), rotation number (Ro = 0.04–0.3) and inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio (Δρ/ρ = 0.122). Two different surface configurations are explored, including a smooth duct and dimpled duct with dimple depth-to-print diameter (δ/Dp ) ratio of 0.3. A dimple surface density of 10.9 dimples/in2 was used for each of the principal surfaces (leading and trailing) with a total of 131 equally spaced hemispherical dimples per surface; the side surfaces are smooth. Two channel orientations of β = 90° and 135° with respect to the plane of rotation are explored to determine channel orientation effect. Results show a definite channel orientation effect, with the trailing-edge channel enhancing heat transfer more than the orthogonal channel. Also, the dimpled channel behaves somewhat like a 45° angled rib channel, but with less spanwise variations in heat transfer.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Mapping of the taurine transporter gene to mouse chromosome 6 and to the short arm of human chromosome 3.

Transport proteins have essential functions in the uptake of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. We have mapped the gene encoding the taurine transporter, Taut, to the central region of mouse chromosome 6. Analysis of a cross segregating the neurological mutant mnd2 excluded Taut as a candidate gene for this closely linked mutation. To map the human taurine transporter gene, TAUT, a sequence-tagged site (STS) corresponding to the 3{prime} untranslated region of the human cDNA was developed. TAUT was assigned to human chromosome 3 by typing this STS on a panel of somatic cell hybrids. Further analysis of a hybrid panel containing defined deletions of chromosome 3 suggested that TAUT maps to 3p21-p25. These data extend a conserved linkage group on mouse chromosome 6 and human chromosome 3p. Deletion of TAUT might contribute to some phenotypic features of the 3p{sup -} syndrome. 32 refs., 3 figs.
Propagation model for ultrafast signals on superconducting dispersive striplines

The algorithm suitable for the computer-aided design of transmission lines is used to model the propagation of picosecond and subpicosecond electrical signals on superconducting planar transmission lines. Included in the computation of a complex propagation factor are geometry-dependent modal dispersion and the frequency-dependent attenuation and phase velocity which arise as a result of the presence of a superconductor in the structure. The results of calculations are presented along with a comparison to experimental data. The effects of modal dispersion and the complex surface conductivity of the superconductor are demonstrated, with the conclusion that it is necessary to incorporate both phenomena for accurate modeling of transient propagation in strip transmission lines. >
Proportional spike-timing precision and firing reliability underlie efficient temporal processing of periodicity and envelope shape cues

Temporal sound cues are essential for sound recognition, pitch, rhythm, and timbre perception, yet how auditory neurons encode such cues is subject of ongoing debate. Rate coding theories propose that temporal sound features are represented by rate tuned modulation filters. However, overwhelming evidence also suggests that precise spike timing is an essential attribute of the neural code. Here we demonstrate that single neurons in the auditory midbrain employ a proportional code in which spike-timing precision and firing reliability covary with the sound envelope cues to provide an efficient representation of the stimulus. Spike-timing precision varied systematically with the timescale and shape of the sound envelope and yet was largely independent of the sound modulation frequency, a prominent cue for pitch. In contrast, spike-count reliability was strongly affected by the modulation frequency. Spike-timing precision extends from sub-millisecond for brief transient sounds up to tens of milliseconds for sounds with slow-varying envelope. Information theoretic analysis further confirms that spike-timing precision depends strongly on the sound envelope shape, while firing reliability was strongly affected by the sound modulation frequency. Both the information efficiency and total information were limited by the firing reliability and spike-timing precision in a manner that reflected the sound structure. This result supports a temporal coding strategy in the auditory midbrain where proportional changes in spike-timing precision and firing reliability can efficiently signal shape and periodicity temporal cues.
Levorphanol use: past, present and future

Levorphanol is a potent opioid analgesic that was first approved for use in the United States in 1953. Levorphanol is approved for use in moderate to severe pain where an opioid analgesic is appropriate. Levorphanol has a wide range of activities including mu opioid agonism, delta agonism, kappa1 and kappa3 receptor agonism, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism and reuptake inhibition of both norepinephrine and serotonin. This multimodal profile might prove effective for pain syndromes that are refractory to other opioid analgesics, such as central and neuropathic pain and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Levorphanol is well suited as a first-line opioid and can also be used during opioid rotation. It has no known effect on the cardiac QT interval or drug-drug interactions involving hepatic cytochrome P450s enzymes. In these regards, levorphanol may offer a superior safety profile over methadone and other long-acting opioids. Despite its prospective value of multiple mechanisms of action and the potential for treating various types of pain, levorphanol use has been largely supplanted by other recently approved opioids. Its waning use over the years has caused it to be referred to as the "Forgotten Opioid" and resulted in what some consider its underutilization. In fact, levorphanol is relatively unfamiliar to most prescribers. The purpose of this review is to inform practitioners about the attributes of this opioid and reintroduce it to clinicians as an option for treating moderate to severe pain when alternative treatment options are inadequate, not indicated or contraindicated.
A Relationship between the Critical Oxidation Potentials and Antioxidant Activities of Rubber Antioxidants

Abstract 1. According to the data presented, all of the compounds tested which exhibit marked antioxidant activity have an Ec value between 0.65 volt and 0.90 volt. Many substances exist which have an Ec value within the optimum range, but do not have much antioxidant activity. The condition that the Ec value for a good antioxidant falls between 0.65 volt and 0.90 volt seems to be necessary but not sufficient. 2. A value of Ec within an optimum range seems to be only one of several possible physico-chemical phenomena which govern the rubber antioxidant activity of a compound. 3. The determination of the Ec value of a compound should not be used as the sole criterion of that compound's antioxidant activity.
Assessment of demand for a job placement service for the Poultry Science Association.

Abstract A placement service for the membership of the Poultry Science Association (PSA) is a possible future consideration. This service should provide a formal national platform that could aid membership and their employers in position services. A survey was conducted with the objective of determining the interest of the membership in such a placement service and the maximum expense that members would be willing to pay for the service. Ten questions in an undisguised questionnaire format, covering demographic, historical, and interest points was devised with survey questions designed for a forced response on most of the questions. A total of 2,050 surveys was mailed to PSA members in the US, including 1,850 regular members and 200 student members; 518 responded to the survey. A majority of all age groups favored the construction of a placement service, but the respondents' willingness to use the service depended upon age, education, and work experience and whether or not they believed a placement service was needed. Sources of information used in finding a position varied with age; trade journals and publications were the most frequent sources for the responses. It appears that the membership likes the idea of a placement service, is willing to pay something for it, and would use it if it were available.
Abstract B7: The bone metastasis secretome: Identification of potential therapeutic targets via high-throughput proteomics

Secreted tumor proteins are critical for establishing the requisite tumor-stromal interactions in the process of metastasis and are superior therapeutic targets. Here we present a proteome-scale analysis to identify novel secreted proteins associated with bone metastasis. To characterize the complete set of secreted proteins involved in tissue-specific metastasis, we analyzed the secreted protein fractions from four sublines of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line which differ in bone metastasis ability. Using LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry technology, we identified 1153 total unique proteins from these fractions and filtered out those proteins predicted to be non-secreted using SignalP 3.0. This analysis yielded 206 unique secretory-predicted proteins, thus providing the first view of the MDA-MB-231 secretome. To determine potential therapeutic targets, we looked at which secreted proteins were found only in the highly bone metastatic cell lines. This 32-protein bone metastasis “secretome signature” contained several proteins already known to play a role in promoting bone metastasis (eg. MMP1, CTGF, and TGF-) as well as many novel proteins with no prior link to metastasis or cancer. GO categories significantly enriched in this signature included “extracellular region,” “calcium ion binding,” and “ IGF-binding,” further confirming its biological relevance. Oncomine database analysis indicated that 6 of 32 secretome signature proteins are strongly upregulated in multiple human cancers as compared to matched normal tissue. To narrow the secretome signature biologically, we repeated the LC-MS/MS analysis on two additional sets of matched parental vs. highly bone metastatic derivative cell lines. From the three total secretome analyses, 5 secreted proteins were found to be unique to bone metastatic derivatives in two of three cell types, and one protein was found in every bone metastatic derivative (and in none of the weakly bone metastatic lines). Oncomine analysis indicated that three of these five proteins were also strongly upregulated in multiple human cancers as compared to normal tissue. This analysis of the metastasis secretome and its associated bone metastasis-specific changes has identified multiple novel secreted proteins strongly implicated in clinical malignant progression. Following experimental and clinical validation, any could be considered for therapeutic targeting via monoclonal antibody. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(7 Suppl):B7
Transformative Learning: Personal Empowerment in Learning Mathematics.

This article introduces the concept of personal empowerment as a form of transformative learning. It focuses on commonly ignored but enhancing elements of mathematics learning and argues that cruci...
Freshwater influences on embryos, hatching and larval survival of euryhaline Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis and potential constraints on habitat distribution.

The influence of fresh water on potential habitat occupancy of early life-history stages of euryhaline Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis was determined by evaluating fertilization of freshwater-spawned eggs and subsequent survival of embryos and larvae in comparison with saline water (salinity 7). Overall per cent fertilization of eggs was low (mean ± s.e. = 20·21 ± 0·03%). Embryo survival was greater in saline water, but hatching rate (mean ± s.e. = 81·6 ± 0·1%) and post-hatch survival of larvae in fresh water (mean ± s.e. = 74·5 ± 0·1%) was relatively high. Therefore, the relative limitation of fresh water on habitat distribution of F. grandis changes with development, stimulating further questions on factors that may constrain habitat distribution of euryhaline fishes.
Congenital and Acquired Abnormalities of the Pediatric Brain

The normal development of the brain is highly complex and involves multiple, tightly linked, interacting, and well-defined genetically programmed processes. Any interference with the normal development may have a significant impact on quality of life. Typically, developmental abnormalities of the brain are classified as congenital versus acquired. This classification may seem straightforward: for example, a rhombencephalosynapsis (congenital fusion of cerebellar hemispheres) is a classic congenital malformation, whereas an intrauterine focal thromboembolic cerebral infarction is a typical acquired lesion. There is, however, a significant overlap. Focal hypoperfusion of a part of the developing brain may interfere with normal neuronal migration, resulting in a migrational abnormality or even in more severe brain abnormalities. In this situation, an acute event has interfered with normal development, resulting in a developmental disorder of the brain. In congenital abnormalities, the malformation may result from a genetically encoded aberrant brain development.
Analysis of Hertz's Experimentum Crucis on Electromagnetic Waves [Historical Corner]

In this article, we examine one of Heinrich Hertz's (1857-1894) experiments: a measurement for the interference of electromagnetic waves in air (the experimentum crucis). This experiment showed, for the first time, that electromagnetic waves exist in free space and travel with finite velocity, as predicted by Maxwell's equations. To carry out the experiment, Hertz invented the first transmitter and receiver of radio waves. We use results from theoretical analysis to explain the physics behind his apparatus-how it worked. Our comparison of the theoretical results with his measurements shows the accomplishments as well as the limitations of the latter. We also describe the role of his contemporaries in providing explanations for his results and repeating and improving his measurements.
Assessing Quality of Care and Elder Abuse in Nursing Homes via Google Reviews

Background: It is challenging to assess the quality of care and detect elder abuse in nursing homes, since patients may be incapable of reporting quality issues or abuse themselves, and resources for sending inspectors are limited. Objective: This study correlates Google reviews of nursing homes with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) inspection results in the Nursing Home Compare (NHC) data set, to quantify the extent to which the reviews reflect the quality of care and the presence of elder abuse. Methods: A total of 16,160 reviews were collected, spanning 7,170 nursing homes. Two approaches were tested: using the average rating as an overall estimate of the quality of care at a nursing home, and using the average scores from a maximum entropy classifier trained to recognize indications of elder abuse. Results: The classifier achieved an F-measure of 0.81, with precision 0.74 and recall 0.89. The correlation for the classifier is weak but statistically significant: = 0.13, P < .001, and 95% confidence interval (0.10, 0.16). The correlation for the ratings exhibits a slightly higher correlation: = 0.15, P < .001. Both the classifier and rating correlations approach approximately 0.65 when the effective average number of reviews per provider is increased by aggregating similar providers. Conclusions: These results indicate that an analysis of Google reviews of nursing homes can be used to detect indications of elder abuse with high precision and to assess the quality of care, but only when a sufficient number of reviews are available.
Addressing intravaginal practices in women with HIV and at-risk for HIV infection, a mixed methods pilot study

Intravaginal practices (IVPs), include intravaginal cleansing (cleansing the inside of the vagina) or intravaginal insertion of products for hygiene, health or sexuality reasons. IVPs are associated with adverse female health outcomes, development of bacterial vaginosis, HIV acquisition and transmission. A mixed methods approach was used in this study to examine the prevalence of IVP, assess reasons for engagement, and perceptions of IVP among a sample of minority (African-American and Hispanic) women infected, or at-risk, for HIV in Miami, USA, a city with increasing numbers of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV. Three focus groups (total n=20) and quantitative assessments (n=72) were conducted with women infected or uninfected with HIV. In the qualitative assessments, most women reported engaging in both intravaginal cleansing and intravaginal insertion, and stated the main motivation for IVP was hygiene. The quantitative assessments confirmed that cleansing with water alone, soap with water or using commercial douches was common, as well as intravaginal insertion using a cloth or a rag in both HIV-infected and uninfected women. Women with HIV infection reported less use of water and water and soap for IVPs, and reported learning about the potential harm of IVP from their HIV health care providers. Despite their health risks, IVP appeared common in both HIV-infected and at-risk minority women, and interventions to decrease IVP could have important health implications among populations with high rates of IVP, STIs and HIV.
Coadministration of Liposomal Amphotericin B and Contrast Medium Does Not Increase Risk of Kidney Injury

ABSTRACT Intravenous radiographic contrast medium and amphotericin B are commonly required in the care of patients with fungal infections. Both interventions have proposed nephrotoxicity through similar mechanisms. We systematically examined patients who received coadministration of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome; GE Healthcare) and intravenous contrast medium within a 24-h period and compared the results for those patients with the results for patients who underwent non-contrast medium studies. We found 114 cases and 85 controls during our study period. Overall, no increased risk of renal injury was seen with coadministration of these 2 agents. Adjustment for age, baseline kidney function, and other clinical factors through propensity score adjustment did not change this result. Our observations suggest that, when clinically indicated, coadministration of contrast medium and liposomal amphotericin B does not present excess risk compared with that from the administration of liposomal amphotericin B alone.
Kojo’s Dis/Ability: The Interpretation of Spinal Pathology in the Context of an Eighteenth-Century Jamaican Maroon Community

More than three centuries ago, a man named Kojo became the leader of a group of self-emancipated African Jamaicans , referred to as Maroons . Although Kojo is one of the most famous African Jamaicans of his time, little is known about his physical appearance. Based on equivocal historical sources, nineteeth- and twentieth-century writers generally accepted that Kojo was “hunchbacked”. More recent scholarship has challenged this interpretation, claiming that Kojo’s condition was rhetorical and not corporeal—nothing more than a posthumous colonial effort to disfigure an otherwise indomitable adversary. However, viewed through the lens of social disability theory, there ﻿is little compelling ethnohistoric evidence to substantiate the assumption that, if Kojo did indeed have a visible body difference or spinal pathology, like kyphosis, such a condition would have necessarily disqualified him from holding the chief Maroon leadership position. To the contrary, special marked status might have actually helped to enable Kojo to assume power. It is argued that if scholars do not carefully contextualize paleopathological data and allow for the role of cultural creativity, then they run the risk of perpetuating disability stigma. This is particularly important because bioarchaeologists, unlike many other history scholars, have the advantage of being able to marshal physical evidence about specific people that can be used to critically read disability history.
Yet another hump for CAML: support of cell survival independent of tail-anchored protein insertion

Yet another hump for CAML: support of cell survival independent of tail-anchored protein insertion
Eco-evolutionary processes affecting plant–herbivore interactions during early community succession

The quality and outcome of organismal interactions are not only a function of genotypic composition of the interacting species, but also the surrounding environment. Both the strength and direction of natural selection on interacting populations vary with the community context, which itself is changed by these interactions. Here, we test for the role of interacting evolutionary and ecological processes in plant–herbivore interactions during early community succession in the tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima. We use surveys in a large-scale field experiment with repeated plots representing 6 years of early oldfield succession and reciprocal transplant common garden experiments to test for the relative importance of rapid evolution (genetic) and environmental changes (soil quality) in affecting mean plant resistance and growth phenotypes during community succession. While plant growth varied strongly with soil quality over the first 5 years of agricultural abandonment, plant secondary metabolism, and herbivore resistance varied minimally with the soil environment. Instead, mean composition and abundance of plant secondary compound bouquets differed between S. altissima plants from populations collected in communities in the first (“early”) and sixth (“intermediate”) years of oldfield succession, which was reflected in the feeding preference of the specialist herbivore, Trirhabda virgata, for early succession lines. Moreover, this preference was most pronounced on poorer quality, early succession soils. Overall, our data demonstrate that plant quality varies for insect herbivores during the course of early succession and this change is a combination of altered genotypic composition of the population and phenotypic plasticity in different soil environments.
Testlet Response Theory and Its Applications

Preface Part I. Introduction to Testlets: 1. Introduction to testing 2. Traditional true score theory 3. Item response theory 4. Testlet response theory: introduction and preview 5. The origins of testlet response theory: three alternatives 6. Fitting testlets with polytomous IRT models: the Law School Admissions Test as an example Part II. Bayesian Testlet Response Theory: Introduction 7. A brief history and the basic ideas of modern testlet response theory 8. The 2-PL Bayesian testlet model 9. The 3-PL Bayesian testlet model 10. A Bayesian testlet model for a mixture of binary and polytomous data 11. A Bayesian testlet model with covariates 12. Testlet nonresponse theory: dealing with missing data Part III. Applications and Ancillary Topics: Introduction 13. Using posterior distributions to evaluate passing scores: The PPoP curve 14. DIF - Differential Testlet Functioning 15. Estimation: a Bayesian primer.
The Asymptotic Behavior of Finite Section Wiener-Hopf Equations

Wiener—Hopf operators such as $$ {W_c}^ + f \cdot (x) = {x_s}f(x) + \int\limits_0^\infty {{c_a}(x - r)dr\quad 0 \leqq x < \infty ,} $$ and their discrete analogues $$ {W_d}^ + g \cdot (n) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {d(n - k)g(k)\quad n = 0,1, \ldots ,} $$ arise in many important contexts and have been extensively studied. These operators are obtained by truncating convolutions over the additive group of real numbers R and over the additive group of integers I, respectively, where the truncations are given in terms of the linear order. It is therefore quite natural to truncate a second time to obtain the finite section operators, $$ \begin{gathered} {W_c}^ + (y)f \cdot (x) = {c_s}f(x) + \int\limits_0^y {{c_a}(x - r)f(r)dr\quad 0 \leqq x \leqq y,} \hfill \\ {W_d}^ + (m)g \cdot (n) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^m {d(n - k)g(k)\quad 0 \leqq n \leqq m.} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ .
Developing a Competency-Based Program for Conscious Sedation

Healthcare institutions must address professional and regu latory standards of practice regarding intravenous conscious sedation. Once an institutional policy or protocol is established, specific competency-based training programs can be developed. This article describes the process of developing a competency-based program for the monitoring involved in a procedure requiring intravenous conscious sedation.
The distribution of retinol-binding protein and its mRNA in the rat eye.

Although a constant supply of retinol is a critical requirement for the visual cycle, the molecular mechanisms underlying retinol delivery, uptake, storage, and transport in the eye are not well understood. Previously the synthesis of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) in the mammalian eye was reported. Now the distribution of RBP and RBP mRNA in the rat eye has been studied by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques has been studied. The RBP mRNA was present only in the cytoplasm of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, terminating abruptly at the pars plana. On the other hand, RBP immunoreactivity was more widespread. The most intense immunostaining was present in retinal ganglion cells, the corneal endothelium, and under certain conditions of tissue fixation, the corneal epithelium. Consistent but less intense immunoreactivity was detected in the photoreceptors, Muller cells, inner plexiform layer, ciliary epithelium and stroma, iris epithelium, retinal pigment epithelium, lacrimal glandular epithelium, and periorbital soft tissues. These findings suggest that RBP synthesized by the RPE may be secreted to various ocular locations. However, at present, uptake from plasma cannot be excluded as another possible source of ocular RBP. In the plasma, holo-RBP (the retinol-RBP complex) is transported in complex with another plasma protein, transthyretin (TTR). This substance is also synthesized by the RPE and its distribution in the eye is similar to that described for RBP. Taken together, these findings support the proposal that ocular RBP and TTR may function cooperatively in the intraocular translocation of retinol.
Behavior, Discipline, and Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: Promises to Keep...Miles to Go.

The amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1997 (IDEA ‘97) established a number of expectations regarding how the behavioral needs of students with disabilities would be met and how...
Abstract 4652: Targeted nanomedicines improve therapeutic indices of RAF and MEK inhibitors

Potent kinase inhibitors have been developed to treat tumors, but they suppress signaling in normal cells so that their dosing and ability to inhibit the pathway are limited by toxicity, resulting in a narrow therapeutic index. We developed a novel drug delivery strategy which efficiently encapsulates and targets kinase inhibitors to the tumor microenvironment while obviating the sources of dose-limiting toxicities. The platform employs nanoparticle scaffolds that we modified to target caveolae and P-selectin, that can both be overexpressed on tumor vasculature. We assessed the targeted drug delivery properties of the nanoparticles, encapsulating the RAF inhibitor sorafenib and MEK inhibitor trametinib. Strikingly, we found selective tumor uptake and exceptional net anti-tumor efficacies in patient-derived xenografts and genetically modified mouse models. The nanomedicine strategy also prevented the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in the skin, demonstrating that this targeting strategy may abrogate dose-limiting toxicities of kinase inhibitors to improve their therapeutic indices. Citation Format: Daniel A. Heller, Yosi Shamay. Targeted nanomedicines improve therapeutic indices of RAF and MEK inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4652.
Advanced Control for Crosstalk Minimization in MZI-Based Silicon Photonic Switches

Key drivers of crosstalk in MZI switch elements are identified in terms of phase error, electro-absorption loss, and coupler variations. An advanced control method is introduced that coordinates thermo-optic and electro-optic phase shifters to simultaneously mitigate these factors and improve crosstalk limit beyond equalized push-pull.
Extraction of Rare Earths in Ionic Liquids Via Competitive Ligand Complexation between TODGA and DTPA

With increasing demand and prospective scarcity of rare earths, the capacity to separate these elements with high selectivity is a critical challenge in hydrometallurgy. We evaluate in this article...
Differentiating non-responders from responders in children with moderate and severe asthma exacerbations.

Objective: Our goal was to assess factors associated with non-response to treatment in children presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with moderate and severe asthma exacerbations. Methods: A...
Interrogating “Trouble”: An Ecologically Centered Approach to Race-Related Socialization Factors as Moderators of Disruptive Behaviors and Achievement Outcomes Among African American Boys

Schools should be promotive not inhibitive environments. Parents send their children to neighborhood schools with the expectation of safety not only of their bodies but of their psychological well-being. Bias in the classroom is a threat to the development and well-being of children of color. New research indicates that teachers are either unaware or fearful of managing racial encounters and their own biases in the classroom (Ladson-Billings, 1995; White & Young, PRIDE project, 2016). This leaves children quite vulnerable in their daily interactions with their teachers but also with their classmates. African American boys demonstrate more verve in the classroom (Boykin, 1978). Some of this verve is captured in the externalizing behaviors of boys. Some of this externalizing behavior can be associated with responses to bias in the classroom climate. In this chapter we investigate racialized protective factors and the perspectives of teachers on the externalizing behaviors of African American boys. The present study examined moderating effects of race-based socialization factors on the relationship between ecological influences, externalizing behaviors, and academic outcomes in a sample of 176 African American children from third to fourth grade (NICHD SECC). Moderating effects of racial/ethnic identity and cultural socialization on the ecological factors and academic outcomes of African American boys were tested using a series of regression analyses. In the analysis of academic outcomes, there were only main effects for racial identity. However, a significant interaction effect between teacher race and racial identification relating to externalizing suggests that racial identity can buffer the differential effects of teacher race and ratings of the child’s externalizing behaviors. Our interpretation of these findings falls between the buffering effects of cultural continuity as represented by racial identity and whether same-race teachers and racial-ethnic identity act as, in part, cognitive conduit contributing to learning outcomes.
Non-oncologic Indications for Male Fertility Preservation

To explore non-oncologic indications for male fertility preservation. Common scenarios in which male fertility could be irreversibly compromised include autoimmune conditions requiring treatment with cyclophosphamide, gender dysphoria prior to starting hormone therapy, military deployment, and critical illness. Fertility preservation should be considered with particular attention to the timing and logistics specific to each scenario. Recognition and familiarity with such situations will help physicians provide better counseling to patients and their families, improve the quality of decision-making, and ultimately reduce missed opportunities and regret.
Surgical Site Infection Prevention Following Spine Surgery.

Study Design:Literature review.Objectives:Surgical site infection (SSI) following spine surgery leads to significant patient morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. The purpose of th...
Intensity of the /R/Q sub zero branch in the nu-9 fundamental of ethane

Recent observations of Jupiter and Saturn at 12 microns have shown strong emission in the nu-9 fundamental of ethane. In order to derive the abundance of ethane from the planetary observations, the absolute intensity of the (R)Q sub zero branch of the nu-9 fundamental was measured, yielding a value of 0.74 plus or minus 0.09/sq cm/atm at 300 K. In order to study the absorption features of the nu-9 fundamental, the computed rotational structure of the band was compared with the laboratory spectrum.
In Defense of Liberal Peace

In a recent edition of Economic Affairs, Edwin van de Haar provides evidence against the thesis that trade fosters peace. However, I argue his description of the “trade-fosters-peace” thesis as insufficiently precise is incorrect. By its nature, we must use probabilistic language. Furthermore, I argue against his discussion that Adam Smith did not think trade could foster peace between two nations, though Smith is not as strong in the liberal peace thesis as some modern interpreters would argue.
Social Boundaries in Young Adult Females with Down Syndrome as a Foundation for Sexuality Education.

There is a tremendous unmet need for health care provider guidance on managing the sexual health of young adults with intellectual disabilities. The first step in addressing sexuality in this popul...
Extracellular vesicles from neuronal cells promote neural induction of mESCs through cyclinD1

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are thought to mediate the transport of proteins and RNAs involved in intercellular communication. Here, we show dynamic changes in the buoyant density and abundance of extracellular vesicles that are secreted by PC12 cells stimulated with nerve growth factor (NGF), N2A cells treated with retinoic acid to induce neural differentiation and mESCs differentiated into neuronal cells. EVs secreted from in vitro differentiated cells promote neural induction of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Cyclin D1 enriched within the EVs derived from differentiated neuronal cells contributes to this induction. EVs purified from cells overexpressing cyclin D1 are more potent in neural induction of mESC cells. Depletion of cyclin D1 from the EVs reduced the neural induction effect. Our results suggest that extracellular vesicles regulate neural development through sorting of cyclin D1. Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may mediate intercellular communication through the transfer of cargo molecules. Here, we report that cyclinD1 is sorted into EVs during neuronal differentiation and that these EVs help to promote the neural induction of mouse embryonic stem cells.
Common Clinical Conditions of the Hand and Wrist

Hand function is essential for activities of daily living. Hand disorders can also compromise patients’ ability to perform work-related duties. The most common clinical conditions of the hand and wrist have many etiologies including trauma, infection, degenerative change, and neuropathy. An understanding of these basic conditions is important for medical providers regardless of specialty. This chapter explores the nature of various common disorders in this anatomic area. Treatment of these conditions ranges from nonsurgical to surgical intervention; common treatment principles are also discussed.
From Barber to Coiffeur: Art and Economic Liberalisation in Eighteenth‐Century France

The history behind the emergence of the coiffeur holds key elements to understanding how art played a role in bringing about significant economic changes. By framing themselves not as artisans but as artistic (and often literary) figures of equal merit and distinction to painters and sculptors, coiffeurs believed it their right to practice their profession liberally, outside the remit of the barber-wigmakers' guild. The artistic pretext they used reflected a larger economic trend in the eighteenth century: the arts were no longer just a means to liberate the mind but were a conduit for liberalising trade.
Immune responses in vitro. VII. Loss of susceptibility of functional theta-bearing cells to cytotoxic action of anti-theta serum and complement in vitro.

Abstract θ-Bearing lymphocytes become progressively less susceptible to cytolytic effects of specific anti-θ serum and complement with incubation in tissue culture. Thymus-derived cell function, in terms of “helper cell” capacity for antibody responses and DNA synthetic responses to phytomitogens, however, remains intact. The data indicate that the loss of susceptibility to cytoloytic effects of anti-θ serum and complement is due to a decrease in the amount of θ antigen on these cells. This phenomenon hampers attempts to determine the length of time that collaborative or “helper” influences of thymusderived cells are required for development of optimal antibody responses in vitro.
Characterization of a side reaction using stepwise detection in peptide synthesis with Fmoc chemistry

Publisher Summary Solid phase peptide synthesis almost always employs either Boc or Fmoc chemistry; Boc chemistry requires acidic conditions for deblocking, and the potential side reactions have been extensively studied; however, in Fmoc chemistry repetitive basic conditions are required for deblocking, and only a few of the base-catalyzed side reactions have been characterized. This chapter describes a method used to demonstrate that a side reaction well known in Boc chemistry, but thought not to occur under the conditions of Fmoc. Stepwise analysis is an efficient and direct method to monitor the progress of side reactions in Fmoc chemistry. The analysis involves stepwise micro-scale TFA cleavage in conjunction with HPLC and MS. Micro-scale TFA cleavage can be conveniently carried out on a small amount of sample. MS analysis of peptide ladders provides a rapid method for monitoring and identification of side reactions in peptide synthesis.
Influences of Social Expectations of Gender, Gender Stereotypes, and Situational Constraints on Children's Toy Choices.

Children, whose ethnic/racial backgrounds (primarily caucasian) and household compositions (primarily two-parent homes) reflected local population statistics, were videotaped playing with toy dishes and tools. The amount of time spent with each toy was calculated to determine whether this varied as a function of children's perceptions of social expectations of gender, awareness of gender stereotypes, and situational constraints (no information, gender-typed information unrelated to the toys, gender-typed toy labels). In study 1, the toy choices of girls and boys with perceptions of having one or more familiar people who thought cross-gender-typed play was “bad,” were influenced by gender-typed toy labels. However, only boys with perceptions of having one or more people who thought cross-gender-typed play was “bad,” were somewhat influenced by gender-typed information unrelated to the toys. Furthermore, in study 2, boys' (but not girls') perceptions of having one or more people who thought cross-gender-typed play was “bad,” independent of an awareness of gender stereotypes predicted the amount of time boys spent with cross-gender toys. The discussion highlights the utility of measures of children's perceptions of others' social expectations of gender in gender research. Additionally, the discussion highlights the complex relationships between such perceptions, situational constraints, and different socialization that girls and boys experience in the domain of toy play.
Pelvic Examination—An Essential Skill

To the Editor.— In "Technical Skills Required in General Pediatrics" the authors suggest that a basic list of 24 skills considered to be necessary by 95% of pediatricians surveyed serve as a guide for skills training in pediatric residency.1 As an educator in the field of adolescent medicine, I was alarmed to find that the pelvic examination was omitted. It was one of 72 skills to be ranked by general pediatric practitioners. I suspect that an element of sampling bias effected the omission of the pelvic examination as nonessential.
Mesoscopic harmonic mapping of electromechanical response in a relaxor ferroelectric

Relaxor-ferroelectrics are renowned for very large electrostrictive response, enabling applications in transducers, actuators, and energy harvesters. However, insight into the dissimilar contributions (polarization rotation, wall motion) to the electromechanical response from electrostrictive strain, and separation of such contributions from linear piezoelectric response are largely ignored at the mesoscale. Here, we employ a band-excitation piezoresponse force microscopy (BE-PFM) technique to explore the first and second harmonics of the piezoelectric response in prototypical relaxor-ferroelectric 0.72Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.28PbTiO3 (PMN-0.28PT) single crystals. Third order polynomial fitting of the second harmonic reveals considerable correlation between the cubic coefficient map and the first harmonic piezoresponse amplitude. These results are interpreted under a modified Rayleigh framework, as evidence for domain wall contributions to enhanced electromechanical response. These studies highlight the contribution of domain wall motion in the electromechanical response of relaxor ferroelectrics, and further show the utility of harmonic BE-PFM measurements in spatially mapping the mesoscopic variability inherent in disordered systems.
Chromosomes and Chromatin

DNA, the hereditary material of the cell, is folded into protein-containing fibers in the nucleus of eukaryotes. The structure and location of these fibers is thought to be important in determining whether molecular machines can access the DNA for important cellular processes such as gene activation. Keywords: chromosome; chromatin; nucleus; transcription; structure; topology; organization; territory
Mixing core material into the envelopes of red giants

A discussion is presented of calculations of four core helium flashes in red giant stars. The starting point for these calculations is a point source explosion on the polar axis of a two-dimensional finite difference grid. The amount of residue of the core helium flash mixed into and above the hydrogen shell is calculated at four temperatures for the elements carbon, oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon, and sulfur. 7 refs., 1 tab.
The serine biosynthetic pathway in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Our results indicate that both the phosphorylated and the non-phosphorylated pathways of serine biosynthesis are functioning to some extent in Neurospora crassa . The enzymes of phosphorylated pathway appear to be more active in glucose-grown cells than do the enzymes of the non-phosphorylated pathway. However, the relative activities of the two pathways can be altered by changing the carbon source to fructose.
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a promising biomarker for human acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition, the diagnosis of which depends on serum creatinine measurements. Unfortunately, creatinine is a delayed and unreliable indicator of AKI. The lack of early biomarkers has crippled our ability to translate promising experimental therapies to human AKI. Fortunately, understanding the early stress response of the kidney to acute injuries has revealed a number of potential biomarkers. The discovery, translation and validation of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, arguably the most promising novel AKI biomarker, are reviewed in this article. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is emerging as an excellent standalone troponin-like biomarker in the plasma and urine for the prediction of AKI, monitoring clinical trials in AKI and for the prognosis of AKI in several common clinical scenarios.
Vacancies and B doping in Si nanocrystals

We examine the effect of vacancies on the doping of Si nanocrystals with B atoms. The electronic structure problem is solved in real space using pseudopotentials constructed within density functional theory. In the absence of vacancies, we find that it is energetically favorable for B dopants to be placed at or near the nanocrystal surface. However, in the presence of a vacancy, the B dopant can be stabilized within the nanocrystal as the vacancy effectively relieves the dopant induced stress.