cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Household, psychosocial, and individual-level factors associated with fruit, vegetable, and fiber intake among low-income urban African American youth

Childhood obesity, one of the greatest challenges to public health, disproportionately affects low-income urban minority populations. Fruits and vegetables (FV) are nutrient dense foods that may be inversely associated with excessive weight gain. We aimed to identify the individual characteristic, psychosocial, and household factors influencing FV and fiber consumption in low-income African-American (AA) youth in Baltimore, MD. Cross-sectional analysis of data collected from 285 low-income AA caregiver-youth (age range: 10–14 y) dyads participating in the baseline evaluation of the B’More Healthy Communities for Kids obesity prevention trial. The Kid's Block FFQ was used to estimate daily intakes of FV (including 100 % fruit juice) and dietary fiber. Questionnaires were used to assess household socio-demographics, caregiver and youth food purchasing and preparation behavior, and youth psychosocial information. Ordered logit regression analyses were conducted to examine psychosocial and food-related behavior associated with FV and dietary fiber intake (quartile of intake) controlling for youth age, sex, BMI percentile, total calorie intake and household income. On average, youth consumed 1.5 ± 1.1 (M ± SD) servings of fruit, 1.8 ± 1.7 serving of vegetables, and 15.3 ± 10.9 g of fiber/day. There were no differences by gender, age or household income. Greater youth’s healthy eating intentions and self-efficacy scores were associated with greater odds ratio for higher intake of FV and fiber (Intention: ORfruit 1.22; 95 % CI: 1.06–1.41, ORvegetable 1.31; 1.15–1.51 and ORfiber 1.46; 1.23–1.74, Self-efficacy: ORfruit 1.07; 1.03–1.12, ORvegetable 1.04; 1.01–1.09, ORfiber 1.10; 1.04–1.16). Youth receiving free/low-cost breakfast were more than twice as likely to have higher fiber intake than those who did not receive free breakfast (OR 2.7; 1.10; 6.9). In addition, youth shopping more frequently at supermarkets were more likely to have greater vegetable and fiber intake (OR 1.26; 1.06–1.50; OR 1.28; 1.03–1.58, respectively). Also, youth with parents who shopped more frequently at fast-food stores had 7 % lower odds for higher vegetable intake (95 % CI: 0.88–0.99). In this study, both, youth and household factors were associated with youth FV and fiber intake, underscoring the need for a multi-level approach to increasing youths’ diet quality. These results will inform and shape an effective intervention program for improving youth dietary intakes.
Mashing up, remixing, and contesting the popular memory of Hillary Clinton

This essay looks at the viral video "Rebel Girl," released in 2015, which was produced by fans of Hillary Clinton. Following the trajectory of the video, one can see the potential for fan mashups to make arguments that subvert dominant narratives of public memory and, conversely, the way the way mainstream media moves to subsume outsider voices.
Brief Report: Systemic Vascular Access and Resuscitation via Corpus Cavernosum

ABSTRACTBackground: Pre-hospital systemic vascular access with early resuscitation in the hypovolemic trauma patient can be problematic and is attempted through venous cut-downs, peripheral IV lines, and/or interosseous routes. This brief report examines an alternative for males via the corpus cavernosum (CC). Methods: A systematic literature review using certain inclusion criteria including, but not limited to, corpus cavernosum access and resuscitation was conducted and a summary table created. Findings: The six articles that met criteria revealed quick and easy CC access with rapid flow rates and resuscitation times in both humans and in animal models using either fluids or blood products. Only one article revealed a complication which was a shaft hematoma that resolved spontaneously over a period of a few days. Discussion/Impact/Recommendations: Systemic vascular access and resuscitation via the CC could be considered as a safe and effective alternative if more traditional techniques fail in an approp...
Co-optimizing task and motion planning

Solutions to robotic manipulation problems can be substantially improved through integrated task and motion planning. Existing approaches typically focus on satisfaction, finding a feasible solution, instead of optimization. We formulate large-scale robotic manipulation problems as multi-level optimization, incorporating task, action, and motion planning. We develop an integrated planning approach for solving this optimization problem and generating a combined motion plan for a robot to optimize a task-level objective. This approach utilizes a combinatorial search algorithm for task planning and incrementally exploits information from lower-level optimization to improve the high-level task plan. Empirical results show that this integrated approach not only significantly outperforms a traditional top-down approach in solution quality, but also avoids infeasible lower-level motion plans.
Abstract 530: Diurnal and Day-to-Day Variability of Endothelial Progenitor Cells

Background Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may contribute to vascular repair. Whether a diurnal and/or day-to-day variability of circulating EPCs is physiologically present in healthy adults has not been investigated. Methods Eighteen healthy adults underwent EPCs count on three different time points: two in the same day between 7:00 and 8:30 and between 12:30 and 14:00; and one in another day between 7:00 and 8:30. EPCs (CD34+CD45lo; CD34+CD45loCD133+; and CD34+CD45loCD31+) were quantified using multi-parameter flow cytometry and an ISHAGE based gating strategy. Variability of EPCs was assessed by coefficient of variation (CV) between time points in the same day and in different days. Results Baseline participant characteristics are reported in table 1. EPCs measurements and CVs are reported in table 2. Conclusions In healthy middle-aged adults, circulating EPCs appear to have a marked diurnal variability but a low day-to-day variability. Further study is needed to understand the mechanisms of EPCs variability and its biological significance.
Abstract 533: Micro RNA-based Strategy to Preserve Endothelial Function After Angioplasty

Coronary artery disease is currently a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite all the benefits of drug-eluting stents (DES), concerns have been raised over their long-term safety, with particular reference to stent thrombosis due to delayed endothelial cell (EC) coverage. Here we describe a method that exploits the endogenous miRNAs to specifically inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, the major cause of restenosis, without affecting re-endothelialization. By inserting four target sequences of the EC specific mir-126 into the 3’UTR of p27 expressing adenoviruses (p27-126TS), we were able to specifically inhibit VSMC proliferation and migration while EC were able to proliferate, migrate and form capillary-like networks. Balloon injured rat carotid artery infected with p27-126TS viruses exhibited complete inhibition of restenosis with complete re-endothelialization after two weeks (Fig. A). Moreover, hypercoagulability assessed by measuring plasma levels of D-dimer in the serum of rats treated with the p27-126TS was similar to the non-injured control (Fig. B). Finally, the vasodilatative response to acetylcholine of balloon injured carotid arteries treated with p27-126TS adenovirus were comparable to those of the control-noninjured vessel (Fig. C). This discovery may ultimately lead to a safer therapy than the non-selective DES and may diminish the need for prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention.
Methylene Blue for Vasoplegic Syndrome After Cardiac Operation: Early Administration Improves Survival

Background Vasoplegic syndrome, defined by hypotension despite normal or increased cardiac output, is associated with high mortality rate after cardiopulmonary bypass. Methylene blue (MB) is reported to ameliorate vasoplegic syndrome through the nitric oxide pathway. We hypothesized that early administration of MB would improve outcomes in patients with vasoplegic syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods All patients that underwent cardiopulmonary bypass at our institution (Jan 1, 2011 to Jun 30, 2016) were identified through our Society of Thoracic Surgery database. Pharmacy records identified patients receiving MB within 72 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass. Multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of major adverse events among patients receiving MB. Results A total of 118 cardiopulmonary bypass patients (3.3%) received MB for vasoplegic syndrome. These patients had a higher incidence of comorbidities, and these cases were more commonly reoperative (76.1% versus 41.2%, p Conclusions Operative mortality rate is high in patients receiving MB for the treatment of vasoplegia after cardiopulmonary bypass. Early administration of MB improves survival and reduces the risk-adjusted rate of major adverse events in these patients.
Phase II study of gemcitabine (G), trastuzumab (H), and pertuzumab (P) for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) after prior pertuzumab-based therapy.

1037Background: The combination of taxanes with HP for first line treatment of HER2-positive MBC is associated with improved progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Treatment per physician’s choice with anti-HER2 therapy after second line therapy is associated with a median PFS of 3 months. While continued use of H in therapeutic combinations after progression on H-based therapy is standard, the efficacy of continuing HP-based treatment after progression on P-based therapy is unknown. Methods: This is a single arm phase II trial of G with HP. Eligible patients (pts) had HER2-positive (IHC 3+ or FISH > 2.0) MBC with prior HP-based treatment and ≤ 3 prior chemotherapies. Pts received G (1200 mg/m2) on days 1 and 8 of a q 3 week (w) cycle, and H (8 mg/kg load → 6 mg/kg) and P (840 mg load → 420 mg) q3w. The primary endpoint is PFS at 3 months. Secondary endpoints include OS, safety and tolerability. An exploratory endpoint is to compare PFS by RECIST criteria versus 18-F FDG-PET response criteria. ...
The Propriety of Religious Exemptions: A Response to Sager

This essay is a footnoted and lightly edited version of oral remarks presented at the Saint Louis University School of Law in response to the 2015 Childress Lecture delivered by Lawrence Sager, titled "Religious Freedom, Social Justice and Public Policy." Developed in response to Sager's remarks, the essay focuses on Sager's claims regarding the history and propriety of religious exemptions.
Representational momentum and anisotropies in nearby visual space

The possibility of anisotropies in visual space in and near the final location of a moving target was examined. Experiments 1 and 2 presented a moving target, and after the target vanished, participants indicated the final location of the leading or trailing edge of the target. Memory for both edges was displaced forward from the actual final locations, and the magnitude of displacement was smaller for the leading edge. Experiments 3 and 4 also presented stationary objects in front of and behind the final location of the target, and participants indicated the location of the nearest or farthest edge of one of the stationary objects. Memory for the near or far edge of an object in front of the target was displaced backward, and memory for the near or far edge of an object behind the target was displaced forward; the magnitude of displacement was larger for objects in front of the target and when the edge was farther away. The findings (a) suggest representational momentum is associated with an anisotropy of visual space that extends across and outward from the moving target and (b) are consistent with previous findings regarding estimation of time-to-contact, anorthoscopic perception, and memory psychophysics.
Android User Enabled Security: Passwords and Gesture

Many people own Android mobile phones. Various sources indicate that Android mobile has exceeded iOS (Apple iPhone) in overall world sales for a few years. A user enabled security such as the pattern lock may be a stumbling block when it comes to forensically examining the device. There are other forms of security for Androids, each potentially causing the same issue, preventing forensic tools from reading the stored user data. The gesture pattern, however, is still largely, one of the most popular enabled security measures set by the user. Tools that can bypass the gesture pattern, and in turn decode the acquisition, often utilize built-in scripts to construct the pattern in an easy format for the examiner to understand. Having a basic understanding of how the gesture pattern is stored, and how it could be manually decoded, can assist in validation, testimony, and overall understanding of the automated parsing of this value.
Effects of foot pressure using the elastic band with rings during sit-to-stand in persons with stroke

Objective: Persons with stroke have a tendency to exhibit asymmetric weight-bearing during sit-to-stand because due to the attempt to support themselves with the non-paretic foot. However, there are few devices that can assist with sit-to-stand (STS) performance. This study was designed to investiga...
Proton therapy for post-operative radiation therapy of non-small cell lung cancer

Post-operative radiation therapy (PORT) is typically recommended for patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with N2 mediastinal nodal involvement after surgical resection. The routine use of PORT, however, is controversial as older data demonstrated a detriment in overall survival in patients who received PORT. This detriment was thought to be due to older, more toxic radiation techniques. More recent data with modern radiation techniques demonstrates a local-regional and overall survival benefit with PORT in patients with N2 nodal involvement. Due to the competing risks of local-regional recurrence and cardiopulmonary toxicity in patients who are candidates for PORT, methods to widen the therapeutic window are needed. The physical characteristics of proton beam therapy allow for less radiation dose to the heart and lungs. Therefore, proton beam therapy has great potential in patients undergoing PORT. Initial dosimetric and clinical data have been published and are encouraging, but prospective data is needed to further understand the true benefit of proton therapy in patients undergoing PORT.
Annual Research Review: Expanding mental health services through novel models of intervention delivery

Currently, in the United States and worldwide, the vast majority of children and adolescents in need of mental health services receive no treatment. Although there are many barriers, a key barrier is the dominant model of delivering psychosocial interventions. That model includes one-to-one, in-person treatment, with a trained mental health professional, provided in clinical setting (e.g., clinic, private practice office, health-care facility). That model greatly limits the scale and reach of psychosocial interventions. The article discusses many novel models of delivering interventions that permit scaling treatment to encompass children and adolescents who are not likely to receive services. Special attention is accorded the use of social media, socially assistive robots, and social networks that not only convey the ability to scale interventions but also encompass interventions that depart from the usual forms of intervention that currently dominate psychosocial treatment research.
Image, Race, and Rhetoric: The Contention for Visual Space on Twitter

This study examines photographs associated with the Twitter hashtag “ifiweregunneddown” through the lens of visual rhetoric, concluding that social media users engaged in a protest against mainstream media by using images of themselves to reassert their identity. The study examines and discusses identity within the context of photographic media portrayals of African-Americans, including the historical Emmett Till murder, in which image played a key role in the national discussion over race. Data from this study was examined through the theory of the public sphere, suggesting that societal members use information available to them to debate and determine meaning. Results found eight patterns in the photos associated with the hashtag: five were considered negative or undesirable, and three were considered positive or socially acceptable. This study also borrows theory from geography and the concept of contested space.
Combined exfoliation and pigment dispersion: an overlap syndrome.

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe a series of patients with combined pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and to introduce a concept, the overlap syndrome, to aid in assessing multiple risk factors for glaucomatous damage. METHODS: A retrospective review of the records of all patients on our database who carried a diagnosis of both PDS/pigmentary glaucoma (PG) and XFS/exfoliative glaucoma (XFG). RESULTS: We identified 26 patients as having both XFS/XFG and PDS/PG. The average age was 64.3 +/- 9.8 years and 19 of 26 were men. All patients had bilateral PDS/PG. Bilateral XFS/XFG was present in 9 of 26 patients, and of the 17 patients with unilateral involvement, the left eye was affected in 13. CONCLUSION: Both XFS and PDS are common. Middle-aged patients with known PDS/PG should be suspected of having the onset of XFS if 1 eye escapes intraocular pressure control. Patients presenting with unilateral XFG may also have signs of PDS/PG, often remitted. We define an overlap syndrome as the appearance of a new co-morbidity for glaucomatous damage in a patient with a pre-existing risk factor, which then changes the course, and prognosis of the disease. This concept should be particularly useful in dealing with secondary and normal-tension glaucoma.
Dermatoglyphic (fingerprint) evidence for a congenital syndrome of early onset constipation and abdominal pain

Chronic idiopathic constipation and abdominal pain are the most common gastrointestinal symptoms but their cause is rarely determined; therefore, they usually are called functional. To determine if congenital factors play a role in these disorders, we examined dermatoglyphic (fingerprint) patterns, a congenital marker, in 155 consecutive patients with gastrointestinal complaints. Sixty-four percent of patients with constipation and abdominal pain before age 10 yr had one or more digital arches, compared with 10% of patients without constipation and abdominal pain (p less than 0.001). Seventy percent of constipated patients with arches had the onset of symptoms before age 10 yr compared with 23% of constipated patients without arches (p less than 0.001) and 14% of patients with symptoms other than constipation (p less than 0.001). Compared with an age- and sex-matched sample of patients without arches, patients with arches had a higher prevalence of constipation and abdominal pain before age 10 (p = 0.003), were more likely (p less than 0.001) to have chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (an organic disorder), and were less likely (p = 0.013) to have irritable bowel syndrome (a functional disorder). Identification of a congenital marker, digital arches, associated with early onset constipation and abdominal pain may help to differentiate a congenital organic syndrome from functional disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome.
Two-Stage Exchange Protocol for Periprosthetic Joint Infection Following Total Knee Arthroplasty in 245 Knees without Prior Treatment for Infection

Background:For patients undergoing 2-stage exchange for the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following total knee arthroplasty, the long-term risk of reinfection and mechanical failure and long-term clinical outcomes are not well known. The purpose of our study was to determine the
Experimental Zika virus infection of Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) and possible entry of virus into brain via activated microglial cells.

The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the New World has led to more than 200,000 human infections. Perinatal infection can cause severe neurological complications, including fetal and neonatal microcephaly, and in adults there is an association with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). ZIKV is transmitted to humans by Aedes sp. mosquitoes, yet little is known about its enzootic cycle in which transmission is thought to occur between arboreal Aedes sp. mosquitos and non-human primates. In the 1950s and '60s, several bat species were shown to be naturally and experimentally susceptible to ZIKV with acute viremia and seroconversion, and some developed neurological disease with viral antigen detected in the brain. Because of ZIKV emergence in the Americas, we sought to determine susceptibility of Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis), one of the most common bats in the New World. Bats were inoculated with ZIKV PRVABC59 but did not show signs of disease. Bats held to 28 days post-inoculation (PI) had detectable antibody by ELISA and viral RNA was detected by qRT-PCR in the brain, saliva and urine in some of the bats. Immunoreactivity using polyclonal anti-ZIKV antibody was detected in testes, brain, lung and salivary glands plus scrotal skin. Tropism for mononuclear cells, including macrophages/microglia and fibroblasts, was seen in the aforementioned organs in addition to testicular Leydig cells. The virus likely localized to the brain via infection of Iba1+ macrophage/microglial cells. Jamaican fruit bats, therefore, may be a useful animal model for the study of ZIKV infection. This work also raises the possibility that bats may have a role in Zika virus ecology in endemic regions, and that ZIKV may pose a wildlife disease threat to bat populations.
UNIT 4.2 Fluorescence Microscopy

Absorption of energy as light by some molecules and emission of energy as fluorescence can occur only at certain wavelengths, which are characteristic for a given molecule (fluorophore). Fluorescence microscopes are equipped to observe the fluorescence of one or more specific fluorophores to localize specific molecules and analyzed cellular structures. This unit discusses the optics and other components of the fluorescence microscope, their functions and adjustments, and the digital darkroom.
The role of human CD46 in early xenoislet engraftment in a dual transplant model.

Background Membrane cofactor protein CD46 attenuates the complement cascade by facilitating cleavage of C3b and C4b. In solid organ xenotransplantation, organs expressing CD46 have been shown to resist hyperacute rejection. However, the incremental value of human CD46 expression for islet xenotransplantation remains poorly defined. Methods This study attempted to delineate the role of CD46 in early neonatal porcine islet engraftment by comparing Gal-knocked out (GKO) and hCD46-transgenic (GKO/CD46) islets in a dual transplant model. Seven rhesus macaques underwent dual transplant and were sacrificed at 1 hour (n = 4) or 24 hours (n = 3). Both hemilivers were recovered and fixed for immunohistochemistry (CD46, insulin, neutrophil elastase, platelet, IgM, IgG, C3d, C4d, CD68, Caspase 3). Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis was performed using the Aperio Imagescope. Results Within 1 hour of intraportal infusion of xenografts, no differences were observed between the two types of islets in terms of platelet, antibody, or complement deposition. Cellular infiltration and islet apoptotic activity were also similar at 1 hour. At 24 hours, GKO/CD46 islets demonstrated significantly less platelet deposition (P = 0.01) and neutrophil infiltration (P = 0.01) compared to GKO islets. In contrast, C3d (P = 0.38) and C4d (P = 0.45) deposition was equal between the two genotypes. Conclusions Our findings suggest that expression of hCD46 on NPIs potentially provides a measurable incremental survival advantage in vivo by reducing early thrombo-inflammatory events associated with instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) following intraportal islet infusion.
Early Red Abalone Shell Middens, Human Subsistence, and Environmental Change on California's Northern Channel Islands

Red abalone (Haliots rufescens) shell middens, a distinctive site type on the California Coast dating primarily to the Middle Holocene, provide important insight into human-environmental interactions and climatic and environmental change. Despite decades of research and debate about why red abalone middens formed and how they relate to past human behavior and environmental change, significant questions persist about the nature of these sites and how they relate to broader trends in human diet and land use. Here, we present the results of excavation at three red abalone middens on the northern Channel Islands. Two of these middens, CA-SRI-26 on Santa Rosa Island and CA-SMI-692 on San Miguel Island, are among the older reported red abalone middens, at roughly 8000–7300 cal BP, and help fill a significant temporal gap in our understanding of the initial period of intensive red abalone harvest. The third midden, CA-SMI-172, dates to ~6300 cal BP and fills a spatial gap on eastern San Miguel Island. When placed in the context of other Channel Island red abalone middens, our analysis demonstrates that people at some of the earliest red abalone middens harvested more red abalone and larger sized individuals than later in time. These data suggest that people likely placed predation pressure on red abalones across the red abalone midden period (8500–3500 cal BP) and that human activities worked in tandem with other environmental changes to influence the disappearance of the red abalone midden phenomenon ~3500 years ago.
A perspective on the evolution of genetic manipulation of biological materials, both plant and animal

Abstract The genetic modification of microbes, plants, and animals by humans has been going on since the transition from hunter/gatherer to farmer. The modern technology that is the subject of this book is the logical progression of this process. The immediate prior technology before the movement of individual genes between organisms was the use of mutagens and radiation to induce mutations, particularly in microbes and seeds. That is probably of more concern for safety and long-term damage, yet has not required any regulatory approval. The ability of scientists to manipulate individual genes rather than chromosomes opens up a number of new and powerful opportunities. The safety of these materials is well tested and like any new technology, it can be used for good or bad purposes. Hopefully, it will be used for good.
Relay-Explorer Approach for Multi-Agent Exploration of an Unknown Environment with Intermittent Communication

A relay-explorer control method for nonlinear multi-agent systems is developed to allow a relay agent to intermittently provide navigational feedback to an explorer leader. A distributed controller is developed for formation control and leader tracking for the explorer followers, enabling a multi-agent system to explore an unknown environment indefinitely. To compensate for the lack or inability to use navigational sensors, state observers are used to propagate state estimates for the relay and explorer agents (e.g., in GPS-denied regions). Stabilizing dwell-time conditions are determined via a Lyapunov-based switched systems approach to ensure the trajectory tracking errors are globally uniformly ultimately bounded defined by user-defined thresholds. Using the developed approach, a multi-agent system's trajectory tracking error remains bounded, enabling the exploration of GPS-denied regions for a predetermined period of time, before acquiring navigational feedback from a relay agent.
Mitigating the need for resiliency for Black girls: reimagining the cultural brokering through a lens of science as white property

In reading Danielle Ferguson and Catherine Martin-Dunlop’s (2020) “Uncovering stories of resilience among successful African American women in STEM,” we call for an exploration into reimagining the practice of cultural brokering for supporting Black girls’ success in K-12 science and engineering. While none of the participants identified a teacher as a cultural broker, they each mentioned how this support would have contributed to a much different experience in learning science. Unfortunately, institutions such as schools, and their associated institutional agents, often necessitate Black girls to call upon coping strategies for navigating the racialized and gendered components of engaging in science. Sociohistorical and current positionings of Black girls in science learning spaces require their display of resilience, as opposed to spaces that allow them to play, learn, think critically and/or make mistakes without major consequences. In this piece, we ask the question—Are there ways in which to reimagine the process of cultural brokering that provides authentic opportunities for Black girls to succeed in K-12 science learning spaces and mitigate the need for compiling “resiliency stories”?
An organelle inheritance pathway during polarized cell growth

Abstract Some organelles cannot be synthesized anew, so they are segregated into daughter cells during cell division. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, daughter cells bud from mother cells and are populated by organelles inherited from the mothers. To determine whether this organelle inheritance occurs in a stereotyped manner, we tracked organelles using fluorescence microscopy. We describe a program for organelle inheritance in budding yeast. The cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and peroxisomes are inherited concomitant with bud emergence. Next, vacuoles are inherited in small buds, followed closely by mitochondria. Finally, the nucleus and perinuclear ER are inherited when buds have nearly reached their maximal size. Because organelle inheritance timing correlates with bud morphology, which is coupled to the cell cycle, we tested whether organelle inheritance order is controlled by the cell cycle. By arresting cell cycle progression but allowing continued bud growth, we determined that organelle inheritance still occurs without cell cycle progression past S-phase, and that the general inheritance order is maintained. Thus, organelle inheritance follows a preferred order during polarized cell division, but it is not controlled exclusively by cell cycle signaling. Summary statement Organelles are interconnected by contact sites, but they must be inherited from mother cells into buds during budding yeast mitosis. We report that this process occurs in a preferred sequence.
What does it mean to engage the public in the response to covid-19?

Naomi Scheinerman and Matthew McCoy explain how governments and other authorities should respond to calls for public engagement in covid-19 response and recovery
Effect of tread design and hardness on interfacial fluid force and friction in artificially worn shoes

Shoe wear is a major contributor to slip risk. Knowledge of the impact of shoe design features on wear progression and its impact on friction performance is emerging. This study investigated the ef...
Influence of soil characteristics and metal(loid)s on antibiotic resistance genes in green stormwater infrastructure in Southern California.

The synergetic effects of metal(loid)s and soil characteristics on bacterial antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) has been relatively understudied. Surface soil samples from six GSIs in Southern California over three time periods were assessed for selected ARGs, class 1 integron-integrase genes (intI1), 16S rRNA genes, and bioavailable and total concentrations of nine metal(loid)s, to investigate the relationships among ARGs, soil characteristics, and co-occurring metal(loid)s. Significant correlations existed among relative gene abundances (sul1, sul2, tetW, and intI1), total metal(loid)s (arsenic, copper, lead, vanadium, and zinc), and bioavailable metal(loid) (arsenic) (r = 0.29-0.61, padj < 0.05). Additionally, soil texture, organic matter, and nutrients within GSI appeared to be significantly correlated with relative gene abundances of sul1, sul2, and tetW (r = -0.57 to 0.59, padj < 0.05). Multiple regression models significantly improved the estimation of ARGs in GSI when considering multiple effects of soil characteristics and metal(loid)s (r = 0.74, padj < 0.001) compared to correlation results. Total arsenic was a significant (positive) correlate in all the regression models of relative gene abundances. This work provides new insights into co-dependencies between GSI ARGs and co-occurring metal(loid)s, indicating the need for risk assessment of metal(loid)-influenced ARG proliferation.
Hill’s Variation Curve

Hill’s second paper, published in the first volume of the American Journal of Mathematics in 1878, is divided into three parts, printed on pp. 5–26, 129–147, and 245–260. In our resume, we shall focus on the laying of the groundwork for the Hill–Brown lunar theory. Hill’s paper includes treatment of Variation orbits with different values of m from over the whole range of possible values; we shall confine our attention to the particular Variation orbit defined by the m of Earth’s Moon.
Fifty Years and Counting: Working with Jeremy Kilpatrick

This is a personal reflection about Jeremy Kilpatrick by a friend and colleague. I attempt to portray him as an outstanding scholar in mathematics education but from a personal perspective as well as professional. We worked together as graduate students and research associates at Stanford, and our collaboration continued as he joined the faculty at Teachers College, Columbia, and I joined the faculty at the University of Georgia. In 1975, he joined our faculty in Georgia, and I was his department head for the first 18 years he was here. Jeremy’s mentors in graduate student days included George Polya, Edward G. Begle, William Brownell, and Lee J. Cronbach. I submit that Jeremy’s link to these four scholars is a unique and rich intellectual heritage, but he also earned the admiration and support of each of them. More than any other person, Jeremy Kilpatrick has transformed the field of mathematics education and led us into the development of our field as an emerging discipline. His vision and influence are recognized worldwide, and he has brought an international perspective to mathematics education.
Mature Results of a Phase III Randomized Trial of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) versus Observation and BCG plus Dacarbazine versus BCG in the Adjuvant Therapy of American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage I-III Melanoma (E1673) A Trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

BACKGROUND The local and systemic effects of bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) have been known for decades. To investigate the adjuvant effect of BCG on resected American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage I–III melanoma, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group conducted a large trial to study the use of BCG alone or a combination of BCG and dacarbazine between 1974 and 1978. METHODS A total of 734 patients were randomized to 4 clinical groups consolidated into 2 cohorts. Cohort I compared BCG with observation and Cohort II compared BCG with a combination of BCG and dacarbazine. The primary end points were survival time and time to disease progression. RESULTS Within Cohort I, no statistically significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.84) or overall survival (OS) (5-year survival 67% vs. 62%; P = 0.40) was observed between BCG treatment and observation. Within Cohort II, the addition of dacarbazine to BCG did not improve DFS (P = 0.74) or OS (P = 0.81) compared with BCG alone. Toxicity was mild to moderate in both cohorts. Although toxicity with this agent is mild, the use of BCG is associated with the development of punctate abscesses in greater than two-thirds of patients treated. CONCLUSIONS In what to our knowledge is the largest ever trial to test the role of BCG as adjuvant therapy for melanoma, no benefit for BCG was observed for patients with AJCC Stage I–III disease. The mature results of the current trial projected to 30 years confirmed the negative results of previous smaller studies utilizing this agent. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
An empirical investigation of the Haifa register allocation technique in the GNU C compiler

Most register allocation techniques are based on a graph coloring approach originally developed by G.J. Chaitin (1981, 1982). The authors examine the Haifa color/spill algorithm, which is a variant of Chaitin's coloring algorithm, using a public domain compiler, the GNU C compiler, on a variety of programs. Empirical comparisons are made between the GNU C compiler's register allocation and the Haifa algorithm. >
Culling of Activated CD4 T Cells during Typhoid Is Driven by Salmonella Virulence Genes

Pathogen-specific CD4 T cells are activated within a few hours of oral Salmonella infection and are essential for protective immunity. However, CD4 T cells do not participate in bacterial clearance until several weeks after infection, suggesting that Salmonella can inhibit or evade CD4 T cells that are activated at early time points. Here, we describe the progressive culling of initially activated CD4 T cells in Salmonella-infected mice. Loss of activated CD4 T cells was independent of early instructional programming, T cell precursor frequency, and Ag availability. In contrast, apoptosis of Ag-specific CD4 T cells was actively induced by live bacteria in a process that required Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 and correlated with increased expression of PD-L1. These data demonstrate efficient culling of initially activated Ag-specific CD4 cells by a microbial pathogen and document a novel strategy for bacterial immune evasion.
Common vs. Firm-Specific Risks in Relative Performance Evaluation

This paper examines the trade-off between common and peers’ specific risks in relative performance evaluation (RPE). We establish that in order to remove common risk completely from management compensation contracts, it is sufficient and necessary that peers’ weighted specific risks are lower. Nonetheless, common risk needs not to be removed completely; the optimal use of RPE therefore entails a partial substitution of common for peers’ specific risks unless firms can hedge against peers’ specific risks. These results contribute to our understanding of factors affecting a firm’s peer choices and provide specific implications for the weak- vs. strong-form RPE tests.
A four mechanism model for threshold spatial vision.

Abstract Data on the threshold visibility of spatially localized, aperiodic patterns are used to derive the properties of a general model for threshold spatial vision. The model consists of four different size-tuned mechanisms centered at each eccentricity, each with a center-surround sensitivity profile described by the difference of two Gaussian functions. The two smaller mechanisms show relatively sustained temporal characteristics, while the larger two exhibit transient properties. All four mechanisms increase linearly in size with eccentricity. Mechanism responses are combined through spatial probability summation to predict visual thresholds. The model quantitatively predicts the spatial modulation transfer function (cosine grating thresholds) under both sustained and transient conditions with no free parameters.
Identification and characterization of a widely expressed phosphate transporter/retrovirus receptor family

Identification and characterization of a widely expressed phosphate transporter/retrovirus receptor family . The cell-surface receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus (Glvr-1; [1]) and rat amphotropic virus (Ram-1; [2]) were recently demonstrated to serve normal cellular functions as sodium-dependent phosphate transporters [3, 4]. These transporters, called PiT-1 and PiT-2, respectively, are approximately 59% identical in amino acid sequence and are members of a gene family distinct from the renal type I and type II NaP i sodium-dependent phosphate transporters. Both PiT-1 and PiT-2 are widely distributed in many tissues including kidney, brain, heart, liver, muscle, and bone marrow. Expression of both transporters is increased by phosphate deprivation. The distinct structural and functional properties of these molecules establishes them as members of a new family of phosphate transporters which may play a major role in phosphate uptake in a wide variety of cell types.
High-temperature pressure-shear plate impact experiments on ofhc copper

Abstract Experimental results are presented on the dynamic plastic response of OFHC copper at strain rates of 10 5 10 6 s -1 and temperatures up to 700°C. Measurements in this previously unexplored regime of high temperatures and very high strain rates are made possible by recent extensions of the pressure-shear plate impact methodology to allow testing at high temperatures. Athin foil of the specimen material is sandwiched between two pure tungsten carbide plates which have su.cient high temperature strength to remain elastic under the temperature and loading conditions of the experiment. This target assembly is heated by an induction heating coil. To overcome possible misalignment of the impact face of the target due to thermal expansion of the target supports, a laser beam reflected from the rear surface of the target is used as an optical lever to detect changes in the orientation of the target. Remote controls are used to make the necessary adjustments in the orientation of the target assembly to maintain its original alignment with the impact face of the flyer plate. To withstand the high temperatures, the photoresist gratings which normally provide the diffracted beams used in recording the transverse velocity of the target assembly are replaced by titanium phase gratings produced by SEM lithography. Over temperatures from 300 to 700°C and strain rates from 10 5 to 10 6 s -1 the flow stress of OFHC copper increases with increasing strain rate, and decreases with increasing temperature. Numerical simulations of the experiments, based on popular constitutive models, exhibit lower flow stresses than those measured in the experiments. The models also fail to predict the softening that is observed at large strains in the tests at strain rates of 10 6 s -1 . 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transformation-induced twin boundaries in minerals

Abstract Two types of twins are formed during symmetry-breaking transitions in minerals, merohedral twins and pseudomerohedral twins. The shape and orientation of the twin boundaries depends on the spontaneous strain. Merohedral twin boundaries from transitions with low strain commonly have smoothly curving surfaces as found in dolomite, ferrian ilmenite, vesuvianite and leucite. Dauphine twins in quartz, although merohedral twins, have straight boundaries because of the large amount of spontaneous strain associated with the transition. Pseudomerohedral twins (ferroelastic twins) have straight boundaries as found in leucite, cordierite, feldspar, perovskite and cristobalite. The large spontaneous strains (up to 5%) associated with these latter transitions form single and multiple needle twins at boundary intersections as well as long-range strains which can be imaged in the transmission electron microscope. Many of these transitions provide useful information to the earth scientist, as will be discussed.
Automated Performance Prediction of Message-Passing Parallel Programs

The increasing use of massively parallel supercomputers to solve large-scale scientific problems has generated a need for tools that can predict scalability trends of applications written for these machines. Much work has been done to create simple models that represent important characteristics of parallel programs, such as latency, network contention, and communication volume. But many of these methods still require substantial manual effort to represent an application in the model's format. The MK toolkit described in this paper is the result of an on-going effort to automate the formation of analytic expressions of program execution time, with a minimum of programmer assistance. In this paper we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, by extending previous work to detect and model communication patterns automatically, with and without overlapped computations. The predictions derived from these models agree, within reasonable limits, with execution times of programs measured on the Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon. Further, we demonstrate the use of MK in selecting optimal computational grain size and studying various scalability metrics.
Autonomic Regulation of Gastric Ulcerogenesis after Cervical Cord Transection in the Rat

Objective: To examine the role of anticholinergic and sympathomimetic drugs in preventing gastric ulcerogenesis after cervical cord transection (CCT) in the rat. Methods: A randomized, prospective, interventional trial was performed comparing pirenzepine (muscarinic type I receptor antagonist) and ephedrine (nonspecific sympathomimetic) in the prevention of gastric ulcerogenesis after CCT in the rat. After isoflurane-induced general anesthesia, group 1 (n= 12) received sham CCT with no pretreatment, group 2 received CCT with no pretreatment, group 3 received CCT with pirenzepine pretreatment (0.01/mg/kg IP), and group 4 received CCT with ephedrine pretreatment (3 mg/kg IP). Six hours after intervention, all the rats were euthanized with isoflurane, stomachs were dissected, and a gastric ulcer index was determined. Results: The mean (± SD) ulcer index was 0.08 ± 0.1 for group 1, 2.33 ± 0.5 for group 2 (p = 0.01), 0.41 ± 0.7 for group 3 (p = 0.037 compared with group 2), and 0.75 ± 0.7 for group 4 (p = 0.0005 compared with group 2). Groups 3 and 4 were not significantly different from each other (p = 0.30). Conclusions: Gastric ulcerogenesis after CCT in the rat is decreased by anticholinergic and sympathomimetic drug pretreatment.
Observation of a new Au ( 111 ) reconstruction at the interface of an adsorbed C60 overlayer

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscope studies of monolayer films of C 60 sublimed onto Au ( 111 ) facets reveal a new Au reconstruction at the C 60 -Au ( 111 ) interface after annealing to a temperature of 700 K. C 60 forms two well-ordered hexagonal phases upon which is superimposed a striped texturing with a long-range height modulation of ≈ 1 A. and a periodicity of 90–160 A. This texturing is shown to arise from a modification of the reconstruction of clean Au ( 111 ) present at the C 60 -Au interface. The observations indicate that the C 60 -Au interaction reduces energetic factors favoring compression of the first Au layer resulting in a substantial increase in the unit cell of the Au reconstruction along 〈110〉 directions. This decompression of the first Au layer also favors the formation of a commensurate C 60 layer.
VALIDATION OF A SYMBOLIC WIND TURBINE STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS MODEL

A computational structural dynamics model for a Horizon,tal Axis Wind Turbine is presented, referred to as SymDyn. The model is capable of providing system dynamics in explicit form as opposed to only time responses. Validation of the model is made by comparison to a model built in ADAMS, a commercial dynamics simulation code. Properties for the models are taken from a generic two-bladed, constant speed, teetered-rotor turbine. Aerodynamic loads are neglected but provision is made for user defined external loading on the blades. Simulation results show almost exact agreement for a number of different test cases. Minor differences are attributed to the different numerical integration schemes employed.
The geometry of Goldstein and Kline's C11H11 cation

Abstract Semi-empirical computations on the C 11 H 11 cation reported by Goldstein and Kline indicate that a classical structure suggested by models is not an appropriate representation of the system. A system with C s symmetry differing in detail from the “quasi D 2d ” form proposed by the discoverers is found to be the stable form. The reasons for easy rearrangement in this system are discussed.