cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translational potential of olfactory mucosa for the study of neuropsychiatric illness

The olfactory mucosa (OM) is a unique source of regenerative neural tissue that is readily obtainable from living human subjects and thus affords opportunities for the study of psychiatric illnesses. OM tissues can be used, either as ex vivo OM tissue or in vitro OM-derived neural cells, to explore parameters that have been difficult to assess in the brain of living individuals with psychiatric illness. As OM tissues are distinct from brain tissues, an understanding of the neurobiology of the OM is needed to relate findings in these tissues to those of the brain as well as to design and interpret ex vivo or in vitro OM studies. To that end, we discuss the molecular, cellular and functional characteristics of cell types within the olfactory mucosa, describe the organization of the OM and highlight its role in the olfactory neurocircuitry. In addition, we discuss various approaches to in vitro culture of OM-derived cells and their characterization, focusing on the extent to which they reflect the in vivo neurobiology of the OM. Finally, we review studies of ex vivo OM tissues and in vitro OM-derived cells from individuals with psychiatric, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, we discuss the concordance of this work with postmortem brain studies and highlight possible future approaches, which may offer distinct strengths in comparison to in vitro paradigms based on genomic reprogramming.
Millimeter wave scattering from spatial and planar bullet rosettes

The electromagnetic scattering characteristics of several bullet-rosette ice crystal forms are computationally evaluated at 35-, 94-, and 220-GHz frequencies and compared with those of stellar crystals, hexagonal plates, and columns. One of the bullet rosettes is a planar crystal with four branches, the other two are spatial rosettes with six and eight branches. Two orientation models are used, one represents highly oriented crystals for which side and vertical incidence directions are considered, and the other represents: randomly oriented crystals (the incidence direction does not affect this case). It is observed that the linear depolarization ratio (LDR), as well as the copolarized correlation coefficient (/spl rho//sub h/spl nu//), can be used to differentiate columns from planar (including plates and stellar crystals) and spatial crystals based on their values at vertical incidence or their trends as a function of the elevation angle. For the random orientation case, LDR and /spl rho//sub h/spl nu// can differentiate columns from spatial crystals (except for sizes larger than 1.2 mm at 220 GHz) but not from planar crystals. Furthermore, the elevation angle dependence of LDR and Z/sub DR/ (differential reflectivity) has the potential for differentiating columnar, planar, and spatial crystals for sizes from a few tenths of a millimeter to 2 mm at 220 GHz, and from about 1 to 2 mm at 94 GHz. At 35 GHz, spatial crystals smaller than 2-mm resemble spherical particles in terms of their Z/sub DR/ and LDR signatures. The results for high-density (0.9 g cm/sup -3/) and low-density (representing hollow crystals) crystal models show significant differences in the values of LDR, Z/sub DR/, /spl rho//sub h/spl nu//, and the backscattering cross sections.
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) Regulates Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) T Cell Signaling

Engagement of the CD3/T cell receptor complex in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cells involves Syk rather than the zeta-associated protein. Because Syk is being considered as a therapeutic target we asked whether Syk is central to the multiple aberrantly modulated molecules in SLE T cells. Using a gene expression array, we demonstrate that forced expression of Syk in normal T cells reproduces most of the aberrantly expressed molecules whereas silencing of Syk in SLE T cells normalizes the expression of most abnormally expressed molecules. Protein along with gene expression modulation for select molecules was confirmed. Specifically, levels of cytokine IL-21, cell surface receptor CD44, and intracellular molecules PP2A and OAS2 increased following Syk overexpression in normal T cells and decreased after Syk silencing in SLE T cells. Our results demonstrate that levels of Syk affect the expression of a number of enzymes, cytokines and receptors that play a key role in the development of disease pathogenesis in SLE and provide support for therapeutic targeting in SLE patients.
A cluster of NIF transcriptional regulators with divergent patterns of spore-specific expression in Phytophthora infestans.

Abstract Seven genes encoding putative nuclear LIM interactor-interacting factors (NIFs) from Phytophthora infestans were characterized. Four exhibited spore-specific expression and clustered within 20 kb, and three hyphal forms were also identified. Pi-nifS mRNA accumulated during sporulation, and Pi-nifC1 , Pi-nifC2 , and Pi-nifC3 mRNA during zoosporogenesis. By expressing fusions with the β-glucuronidase reporter gene in transformants, promoter fragments determining patterns of transcription specific to sporangia formation or zoosporogenesis were identified. Such studies also indicated that Pi-nifS was expressed at a late stage of sporulation. Pi-nifC1 , Pi-nifC2 , and Pi-nifC3 induction involved inositol-trisphosphate signaling based on studies with 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate and U-73122, was independent of verapamil-sensitive signals, and required the same cool temperatures that trigger zoosporogenesis. In contrast, warmer temperatures favoring direct sporangial germination caused Pi-nifS mRNA to rapidly decay, while verapamil increased mRNA levels. The divergent expression and clustering of the spore-specific genes may help reveal how genomes and developmental pathways evolved within the genus.
To Serve and Protect: Hydrogels to Improve Stem Cell-Based Therapies

Harsh environments within damaged and diseased tissues and limited retention and survival of injected stem cells pose major challenges for stem cell therapeutics today. Here, we discuss promising hydrogel-based strategies for improving engraftment and viability of transplanted stem cells and stimulating recruitment of endogenous stem cells for repair.
Eating at the right time

Shift work—including residency training for physicians—can be a grueling experience; there is little time for meals, sleep, and life outside the job. Recent data, albeit from mice, shed light on the detrimental effects that shift work combined with misaligned feeding schedules may have on
New records of Encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from Georgia with description of five new species for science

Abstract Seven species are given for Georgia Encyrtidae fauna. Two species Rhopus trjapitzini Myartseva, 1982 and Trichomasthus ortivus Sharkov, 1989 are new records for Georgia and five new species for science are also described: Anusia tornike Japoshvili sp.n., Aphycus sulamanidzei Japoshvili sp.n.; Copidosoma aptera Japoshvili sp.n., Leptomastix gigantum Japoshvili sp.n. and Metaphycus sandro Japoshvili sp.n.
Advanced Solid-State NMR Characterization of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Isolated Using the Coupled Reverse Osmosis/Electrodialysis Method

Advanced 13C solid-state techniques were employed to investigate the major structural characteristics of two surface-seawater dissolved organic matter (DOM) samples isolated using the novel coupled reverse osmosis/electrodialysis method. The NMR techniques included quantitative 13C direct polarization/magic angle spinning (DP/MAS) and DP/MAS with recoupled dipolar dephasing, 13C cross-polarization/total sideband suppression (CP/TOSS), 13C chemical shift anisotropy filter, CH, CH2, and CHn selection, two-dimensional 1H–13C heteronuclear correlation NMR (2D HETCOR), 2D HETCOR combined with dipolar dephasing, and 15N cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS). The two samples (Coastal and Marine DOM) were collected at the mouth of the Ogeechee River and in the Gulf Stream, respectively. The NMR results indicated that they were structurally distinct. Coastal DOM contained significantly more aromatic and carbonyl carbons whereas Marine DOM was markedly enriched in alkoxy carbon (e.g., carbohydrate-like m...
Recent Advances in Laser-Enhanced Plating

A summary of the recent work on laser-enhanced gold plating is presented. The purpose of the study has been to obtain rapid maskless plating on thick metal samples. Results will be described on the plating rates for a variety of laser and electrical parameters. The most recent work on a laser-jet plating system will be discussed. With this system, rates of up to 30 µm/s have been achieved on 8 mil thick Be-Cu samples.
Survey on the consumption of household drinking water in Minhang District in Shanghai

Objective The objective of the study was to assess the structure and amount of consumption of household drinking water in Minhang District, aiming to provide a reference for the targeted development of hygiene monitoring and management of drinking water. Methods 270 households in Minhang District were selected by stratified random sampling and were surveyed for their consumption habits and amount of consumption of household drinking water. Results The majority of household drinking water consumption in Minhang District came from municipal water supply(71.5%) and beverages(49.6%), followed by purified water treated by self-purchased water purifiers(18.5%) and bottled/barrelled water(11.1%); freshly-purified drinking water(4.4%) ranked the last. In terms of the amount of drinking water consumption, the median value of daily consumption per household was 3.2 L; and no significant difference was observed between different towns or streets(χ2=2.048, P=0.359). In terms of the type of drinking water consumed, the median daily consumptions of boiled tab water, natural mineral water, ultra-purified water, natural water, mineral water, purified water, beverage, and freshly-purified drinking water per household were 3 L, 2 L, 1.5 L, 1.3 L, 1.5 L, 3.5 L, 0.4 L, and 2 L, respectively. Conclusion Household drinking water consumption in Minhang District is mainly on municipal water supply and exhibits regional difference. The median amount of daily drinking water consumption per household is 3.2 L.
Hydrogen ameliorates the injury induced by serum and glucose deprivation and mechanisms of heme oxygenase-1 dependence

Objective:To investigate the protection of hydrogen gas(H_2)-rich medium from serum and glucose deprivation(SGD)-induced cardiac injury and the roles of heme oxygenase 1(HO-1).Methods;The H9c2 cardiomyocytes(H9c2 cells) were treated with SGD to construct an in vitro model of ischemic cardiomyocyte injury.H9c2 cells were subsequently incubated in conventional and H_2- rich medium for measurement of the protective effects.Zinc protoporphyrin(ZnPP IX),a selective HO-1 inhibitor,was employed to block the effects of HO-1.This was followed by measurement of cell viability,the level of hydroxyl free radical and HO-1 protein expression.Results;Treatment of H9c2 cells with SGD for 6 to 30 h timedependently attenuated the cell viability,as suggested by the correlation coefficient(r) of-0.94.Treatment with SGD for 6 h followed by 24 h incubation substantially augmented the content of hydroxyl free radical and HO-1expression compared with normal control group(both P 0.01).Inhibition of HO-1 with ZnPP IX significantly aggravated SGD-induced cell damage in H9c2 cells(P 0.05).H_2-rich medium following treatment with SGD markedly ameliorated the SGD-triggered cell injury leading to increased cell viability(P 0.05) and reduced level of hydroxyl free radical(P 0.01).H_2-rich medium also promoted the up-regulation of HO-1 induced by SGD,whilst inhibition of HO-1 with ZnPP IX partially abrogated the H_2-triggered cell protection effects(both P 0.05).Conclusion;H_2-rich medium ameliorates SGD-induced cardiomyocyte injury,the mechanisms of which may be associated with the elimination of hydroxyl free radical and up-regulation of HO-1.
Digital Object Characterization: Document Conversion and Qualiity Assurance.

Whether we are migrating document formats to achieve interoperability or ensure long term preservation, we are faced with the issue of assessing the quality of the digital object transformation. However, comparing two digital objects is not straightforward. It raises the issue of properties that are inherent to the digital objects and those that are dependent on the environment in which the objects are created, viewed, and compared to one another. That has implications for devising methods to extract document properties, interpret observed characteristics, and apply similarity metrics. Furthermore, in order to take actions based on collected measurements, we need to define or learn the significance of individual document properties from the perspective of human perception and usage scenarios. We illustrate the complexity of these issues by presenting a method for comparing converted office documents and discussing the challenges from the technical and methodology point of view.
Depletion of luteal phase serum progesterone during constant infusion of cortisol phosphate in the cynomolgus monkey

Objective To study the impact of chronic infusions of cortisol phosphate on ovarian function in the cynomolgus monkey. Design Cortisol phosphate at doses of 5 or 15 mg/d or saline were infused for periods of up to 8 weeks using subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. Setting Animals were maintained in the Center for Experimental Animal Resources, Northwestern University. Main Outcome Measures Serum total and unbound cortisol concentrations, serum total and unbound progesterone (P) concentrations, urinary P metabolites. Results Mean increases in serum cortisol of 56% and 77% above control levels were achieved. Mean serum P concentrations were not decreased with low-dose cortisol phosphate infusion during the 12 days preceding menses, but mean serum P levels were decreased by 69% to 2.3 ng/mL during high-dose cortisol phosphate infusion. No corresponding decrease in excretion of conjugated immunoreactive P metabolites was found in daily urine samples during cortisol phosphate infusion, suggesting that production rates of P were unaltered by the cortisol phosphate treatment. Unbound serum cortisol increased by a mean of 162% above control levels during high-dose cortisol phosphate infusion, but no increase occurred in the percentage of unbound serum P. Conclusions We conclude that elevation of serum cortisol in the range observed in chronically stressed individuals may severely decrease the available P to target organs by displacement of P from plasma proteins but does not inhibit ovarian steroidogenesis or ovulation.
Stimulation of neutrophil oxidative metabolism by the alternate pathway of complement activation: a mechanism for the spontaneous NBT test.

The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium dye by human neutrophils was measured in the presence of serum in which the complement system had been activated through the alternate pathway by interaction with inulin. Neutrophils incubated with serum inulin supernatants reduced the dye and showed a general increase in oxidative metabolism. The oxidation of glucose-1–14-C by supernatant prepared from selectively depleted sera indicated that the neutrophil-stimulating factor(s) was generated through the alternate pathway of complement activation. The possibility that inulun had been ingested as a particle was ruled out by light microscopy and radiolabeling studies. The failure of neutrophils stimulated by the serum-inulun supernatants to migrate after exposure to a chemotactic agent suggested that the site of neutrophil-complement interaction was on the cell membrane. It is concluded from these results that biologically active fragments generated through the alternative pathway of complement activation can stimulate neutrophil metabolism in the absence of phagocytosis. Interaction of such fragments with circulating neutrophils in vivo and the subsequent metabolic activation of these cells is one explanation for the spontaneous reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium dye in vitro by neutrophils from patients with certain infections and inflammatory disorders.
Current Thinking on the Role of Surgery in Gastroesophageal Reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux is common in infants and children. In most cases it causes little more than inconvenience and remits spontaneously with time and maturation. A small and select group of refluxing children, however, will develop complications of reflux severe enough to justify operative control when medical treatment fails. Recurrent pulmonary infections, obstructive apnea, nutritional wasting, and progressive inflammatory injury to the esophagus all qualify as surgical indications, provided a reasonable cause-effect relationship with reflux can be established. The procedure of choice depends very much upon the skill and experience of the surgeon. The complete fundoplication seems to offer more complete control of reflux, but it has the potential for more frequent and more complicated side-effects.
Effects of Parental Divorce or a Father's Death on High School Completion.

Associations between parental loss and high school (HS) completion were examined in data drawn from 1,761 male and 1,689 female offspring born in wedlock to mothers participating in a nationally representative study. Multiple logistic regression models were conducted predicting HS completion by age 19 among offspring whose parents divorced or father died, compared to offspring of continuously married parents. Models were estimated without and with adjustment for correlated sociodemographic characteristics, including maternal education and age at first childbirth and offspring age at last assessment and race/ethnicity. In unadjusted models, parental divorce predicted a 41% decreased odds of HS completion for males, and paternal death predicted a 79% decreased odds of HS completion for females. In models including sociodemographic risk factors, associations between parental divorce and paternal death reduced slightly. Findings highlight the importance of examining unique risks from paternal death versus parental divorce on educational attainment in male and female offspring.
CCR7+ dendritic cells are sufficient to recover a defective population of KLRG1+ T cells in the brain of chronically infected CCR7-/- mice (MPF7P.716)

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that establishes a chronic infection in the brain. CCR7-/- mice are susceptible to challenge with normally avirulent strains of T. gondii , but if the mice are treated with sulfadiazine, a chronic infection is established. At this stage, equivalent numbers and proportions of parasite-specific T cells are seen in the brain of CCR7-/- and wild type mice suggesting normal priming is possible in the absence of CCR7. However, in contrast to their wild type counterparts, CCR7-/- mice fail to mount a protective response to rechallenge with a virulent strain, implying deficient effector mechanisms despite equivalent priming. Indeed, a profound defect is observed in the number and proportion of T cells expressing the effector marker KLRG1 in the brain of CCR7-/- mice. Here we present data showing that this defective effector population is restored upon transfer of CCR7+ dendritic cells at the chronic stage. We also present data on the role of transferred dendritic cells in survival upon rechallenge with the virulent RH strain. This data suggests a novel role for CCR7 during chronic T. gondii infection in guiding efficient dendritic cells interactions required to maintain effector populations of T cells in the brain.
Retail Pharmacy Patronage: Mom and Pop Vs The Chain

This study found differences between current patrons of chain and independent pharmacies in the areas of age and gender. The chain stores attract younger customers while independents attract more females than males. While this in itself is not surprising or useful, this study also addressed patrons media usage and "ideal" attributes. Knowing if patrons differ on criteria and information acquisition opens up the possibility of segmentation. The study found that significant differences occur between chain and independent patrons on four selection criteria (parking, location, variety and price of merchandise, and specials) and on four media sources (television, newspaper, flyers, and word-of-mouth). The study concluded by illustrating how the results of the study could be used to maintain current patrons and attract new customers for the independent.
Intervento sulla crisi a seguito di bioterrorismo

Il livello di paura e di terrore creati da agenti biologici, siano essi veri o percepiti, sconosciuti e non rintracciabili, puo — potenzialmente — superare i livelli di terrore e/o trauma provati quando si viene esposti a disastri naturali o a disastri artificiali di origine conosciuta; la fonte di questa affermazione e il potenziale impatto del fattore dell’ignoto, associato al bioterrorismo. Di conseguenza, il potenziale impatto singolo di un incidente bioterroristico, piu rilevante, e la risposta psicologica attesa che piu probabilmente avverra, almeno inizialmente, nella forma di panico di massa: essa puo spaziare, in seguito, da disturbi acuti da stress, rabbia o colpa, fino a disturbi post-traumatici da stress (PTSD), fobie, disturbi del sonno, depressione o abuso di sostanze (Di Giovanni, 1999). In generale, quando si considera l’intervento sulla crisi durante una crisi bioterroristica, ”sara generalmente il terrore generato da un evento importante — piu che l’evento in se — ad avere un impatto negativo piu a lungo termine su bambini e famiglie all’interno della nazione“ (Comitato Consultivo Nazionale sui Bambini e il Terrorismo, NACCT, 2003, p. i).
“I Will Try My Best to Make It Worth It”: Robert Venturi's Road to Rome

Robert Venturi's Rome Prize fellowship (1954–56) is a familiar, pivotal episode in his early career. But why did he want to go to the American Academy in the early 1950s? Venturi approached his fellowship with rare determination at a time when modernism made the Rome Prize's architectural relevance unclear. What made him certain this opportunity would be the key to his success, and how did this influence the book he published a decade later? As Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture marks its fiftieth anniversary, clarifying why Venturi valued the Rome Prize further illuminates his views on history, context, and meaningful design.
Direct correlation between electrical failure and haze signals of DF (dark field) inspectors

A correlation between “haze” signals from DF (dark field) inspectors and electrical failure rates is reported. We provide experimental data that reflect a direct correlation between haze-signal values and the rate of electrically failing bits in advanced SRAM. This result is considered in the light of experiments including haze signals produced by wafers on which polystyrene latex (PSL) particles had been scattered. We also introduce a practical application of haze mapping to the QC of incoming materials based on the identified correlations.
The Times of Carl Friedrich Gauss

Gauss loved numbers. When he imagined geometric concepts and from them developed what we would now call abstract algebra, he came to shapes from the perspective that these new approaches would help him better understand the nature of numbers. Ever since his elementary school experience in which he successfully solved a problem for his teacher based on the application of a numerical series, Gauss had numbers, integers and shapes racing in his head. While he was already publishing academic papers of high quality at the age of 18, Gauss had been interested in arithmetic and geometric means for 4 years by then, and, by 17, had explored the representation of average values through power series, and the method of least squares. Gauss developed these concepts from a position of great practicality. He used numbers, and especially their patterns, to better understand practical problems. His choice of study at the University of Gottingen was an ideal match for this intellectual curiosity.
Outcomes of cementless unicompartmental and total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review

Abstract Background Aseptic loosening is a common failure mode in cemented unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This led to the development of cementless designs but the historical outcomes were poor. Recent developments in cementless designs have improved outcomes, but the current status is unknown. Therefore, a systematic review was performed to assess recent outcomes of cementless knee arthroplasty. Methods A search was performed using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane systems and national registries for studies reporting outcomes since 2005. Fifty-two cohort studies and four registries reported survivorship, failure modes or functional outcomes of cementless UKA and TKA. Results Nine level I studies, six level II studies, three level III studies, 34 level IV studies and four registries were included. Three hundred eighteen failures in 10,309 cementless TKA procedures and 62 failures in 2218 cementless UKA procedures resulted in extrapolated five-year, 10-year and 15-year survivorship of cementless TKAs of 97.7%, 95.4% and 93.0%, respectively, and cementless UKA of 96.4%, 92.9% and 89.3%, respectively. Aseptic loosening was more common in cementless TKA (25%) when compared to UKA (13%). Functional outcomes of cementless TKA and UKA were excellent with 84.3% and 84.5% of the maximum possible scores, respectively. Conclusions This systematic review showed that good to excellent extrapolated survivorship and functional outcomes are seen following modern cementless UKA and TKA, with a low incidence of aseptic loosening following cementless UKA. Level of evidence Level IV.
Abstract 118: Protein Kinase C-delta Prompts Adventitial Cell Migration Through Regulation of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Signaling Pathway in Intimal Hyperplasia

Introduction: Increasing evidence indicates that adventitial cells directly contribute to intimal hyperplasia via migration. Protein kinase C delta (PKC δ), a master mediator of apoptosis of smooth...
A negative lentiviral shRNA library screen identifies a novel p53 suppressor, TLE2, the human transducin-like enhancer of split 2 gene, as a potential oncogene

4927 RNA interference (RNAi) based retroviral libraries have successfully been used in the identification of novel tumor suppressor genes through positive selection. We recently developed a large-scale lentiviral RNAi library suitable for effective negative selection. The RNAi-encoding sequences used for library construction correspond to probe oligonucleotides on Affymetrix microarrays, which allows surveillance of each sequence in the library pool. The library was used to identify genes involved in resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). By monitoring the RNAi library content in transduced cells, we have found and further characterized clones that disappeared from the cell population after TRAIL treatment. As a result, we have identified the human transducin-like enhancer of split 2 gene (TLE2), a member of the Groucho/TLE/Grg family of nuclear transcription corepressors. TLE2 knockdown results in sensitization of TRAIL-resistant RCC45 cells to the cytokine. We further found that TLE2 negatively regulates p53 transactivation, suggesting that TRAIL sensitization may be due to reactivation of otherwise repressed p53 in RCC45 cells. Knockdown of TLE2 in cancer cells with wild type p53 leads to growth inhibition, implicating TLE2 as a potential oncogene. A number of studies have reported overexpression of TLE2 and/or its family members in multiple tumor types. We have found that TLE2 requires the coexpression of TLE3 for nuclear translocation and function. Interestingly, TLE3 overexpression alone promotes modification of Hdm2 and translocation to distinct nuclear bodies. Furthermore, coexpression of TLE2 and TLE3 results in sequestration of p53 into the same nuclear bodies, where it colocalizes with modified Hdm2 and TLE2. These results suggest TLE2 may function as an oncogene and contribute to tumorigenesis through suppression of the p53 pathway.
“Black” Philosophy, “African” Philosophy, “Africana” Philosophy: Transnational Deconstructive and Reconstructive Renovations in “Philosophy”

The legitimating recognition within professionalized academic philosophy in the West that there are communities of philosophically significant discourses oriented by the concerns of thoughtful persons, African and of African descent, has been hard won within the span of the last half-century after more than four centuries of philosophically sustained denials that such persons were even human, let alone capable of philosophizing. Those communities of discourses, the agendas shaping them, the productions of articulate thought emergent from them, are now generally referred to collectively as constituting the subfield of “Africana Philosophy.” In this chapter, Outlaw offers a synoptic overview of some of the developments constituting communities of discourse on the African continent (i.e., “African Philosophy”) and within the African Diaspora constituted, initially, by several 100 years of European settler-colonialism and Europe-perpetrated dispersive relocations of millions of children, women, and men from the continent for enslavement in the Caribbean and the Americas, hence “Afro-Caribbean” and “African American” communities of philosophical discourses “born of struggles.”
Improving balance and walking ability in community-dwelling people with lower limb loss: a narrative review with clinical suggestions

Background: The number of people with lower limb loss has increased rapidly, and more than half do not become independent in community walking. Balance impairment has been identified as a primary c...
Ameliorating the dynamics of DC distribution systems using average current mode control

This paper presents a method to stabilize DC power distributed systems (DPSs) under Average-Current-Mode (ACM) control technique. ACMs lacked the attention as the Voltage-Mode-Control (VMC) and Peak-Current-Mode (PCM) control methods are prevalent in the literature. The proposed method adds an extra negative feedback to the original ACM controller in order to eliminate the impedance interaction between the source and load converters. As a result, the peaking in the source-converter output impedance (Z o ) was eliminated. From a mathematical perspective, the added feedback loop compensates for the magnitude deficiency, which occurs at the resonance frequency of the source-converter, in the denominator of Z o . Hence, the dipping in the denominator magnitude was removed. The proposed controller was studied and analyzed mathematically, by simulations, and experimentally. All of the outcomes validated the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Discussion of Kety’s Paper

Dr. G. Everett, Abbott Labs., North Chicago: To continue playing the monoamine game, I would like to point out a couple of things in regard to dopamine, which we might consider the Cinderella of the biogenic amines. And I think we have to be careful not to try to put norepinephrine in the dopamine shoes. There certainly is as Dr. Kety has indicated in presentation the problem of which one of the biogenic amines may be playing the most important role in the phenomena of the behavioral arousal, aggressive behavior and other behavioral activations which have not been completely resolved. But there is certainly a considerable amount of evidence that dopamine may turn out to be the alerting substance. And norepinephrine may actually have a sedative action which certainly can be shown by giving the appropriate precursors which results in a sedative state rather than an alert state.
The anti-Hu syndrome: a model paraneoplastic disorder.

In 1948 Derek Denny-Brown, one of the major figures in twentieth century neurology, published a paper describing two patients with a rapidly developing sensory neuropathy [1]. The pathological abnormalities included an inflammatory degeneration of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia and small cell lung cancer that had not metastasized to the nervous system. Although paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the nervous system had been described in occasional case reports as far back as the last century [2,3], and although a subacutely developing sensory neuropathy associated with occult cancer had also been described previously [4], Denny-Brown’s careful clinical and pathological description was a major contribution, generating interest in these rare but physiologically interesting nervous system disorders. (This despite an almost certainly incorrect hypothesis that the tumor and the nervous system were competing for an essential substrate; he believed it to be pantothenic acid.)
Abstract TP190: Incongruence Between Survivors and Family Caregivers About Survivor Function is Associated With Poor Outcomes for Both Members of the Dyad

Introduction: Stroke survivors (SS) and their family caregivers (CG) often disagree about how well the survivor is regaining function. This disagreement (or “incongruence”) may contribute to poor o...
Comparison of Stainless Steel 316L Parts Made by FDM- and SLM-Based Additive Manufacturing Processes

The selective laser melting (SLM) process is of great interest for fabrication of metal parts, and a number of studies have been conducted to provide in-depth understanding of how stainless steel 316L parts can be fabricated using this powder-bed-fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) process. In comparison with SLM stainless steel 316L, this paper introduces an innovative AM process for making austenitic stainless steel 316L parts using a metal–polymer composite filament (Ultrafuse 316LX). Stainless steel 316L metal specimens were printed using a material extrusion (FDM)-based three-dimensional (3D) printer loaded with Ultrafuse filament, followed by an industry-standard debinding and sintering process. Tests were performed to understand the material properties, such as hardness, tensile strength, and microstructural characteristics. Part shrinkage was also analyzed based on the features of the FDM stainless steel 316L component. A preliminary guideline on how to select among these two alternative AM processes for fabrication of metal parts is discussed.
Civil Resistance and Peacebuilding: The Experience of the Peasant Worker Association of the Carare River

This chapter analyses the successful experience of civil resistance of the Peasant Worker Association of the Carare River (ATCC) in the face of the Colombian internal armed conflict. It emphasizes its pragmatic and defensive character, the methods that it has employed and its outcomes. It portrays this experience as a genuine grassroots process led by farmers, which has achieved significant successes through civil resistance in spite of the high level of violent conflict generated by the protracted civil war in Colombia. It also highlights the meaning of this process for peacebuilding and its combination with conflict transformation practices such as mediation in disputes related to the internal armed conflict. This process, which has taken place for over 30 years, made the ATCC worthy of the Alternative Nobel Peace Prize (Right Livelihood Award) in 1991. This chapter is based on extensive fieldwork and uses theories of peacebuilding and civil resistance.
Ventilated rainscreen cladding system subframe contribution to annual source energy use in mid-size office buildings

Abstract Commercial panelized rainscreen facade systems have gained in popularity in the United States and Europe over the last 10 years. These systems are characterized by external subframe support structures which exist within the ventilated cavity of the assembly and utilized various bracketed or girted frames with multiple point support fastenings through the building envelope. Given the popularity of these systems and the increasing mandates for higher performing envelopes – subframe applications and products which increase thermal resistance and decrease thermal bridging are becoming more prevalent. This research will compare four common subframe assemblies based on annual source energy output for a mid-size office building. The assemblies will be simulated in all eight ASHRAE climate zones to provide comparative analysis per assembly and exterior environment. Accurate assessment of a wall assemblies thermal performance requires its cumulative Y-value contribution based on the total envelope area, detailed transitions, and material construction. The inclusion of specific value inputs for non-repeating linear and repeating point thermal bridging conditions provide a more accurate perspective into building energy efficiency and its relationship to envelope performance for all wall types analyzed. This method of thermal simulation and evaluation is necessary for accurate envelope and building performance analysis.
Writing recounts of habitual events: Investigating a genre‐based approach

This multiple case study investigated the application of the genre‐based approach (GBA) in a second‐semester university‐level Arabic class. This article depicts the linguistic features that make possible the recounting of habitual events (recount) in Arabic and outlines how during the GBA, both (1) the notion of purpose for writing and (2) the connection between that purpose and the necessary language features helped students produce culturally informed recounts. An analysis of the writing of three students, representing three different performance levels, before and after having received instruction in genre‐based writing, revealed differences in the linguistic resources that students employed to convey meaning. Implications for foreign language genre pedagogy are discussed.
Sensitivity of responses of three micro-mechanics approaches to changes in unit cell configuration and inclusion shape

Abstract We use three micromechanics approaches, namely, the method of cells (MoCs), the Fourier series approach (FSA) and the transformation field analysis (TFA) to delineate the sensitivity of their predictions to changes in the unit cell configuration. The three approaches are formulated to have identical final expressions relating the local sub-cell strains to the homogenized strains in the unit cell. The cubic-edge, the hexagonal close-packed and the cubic-diagonal unit cell configurations are employed to study the elasto-plastic response of a Boron-Aluminum fiber reinforced composite under transverse loading, and compare present results with Brockenbrough et al.’s findings who used the finite element method . The elasto-plastic response predicted from the cubic-edge unit-cell shows the most hardening while that from the cubic-diagonal unit-cell the least hardening. Of the three approaches employed, the elasto-plastic response predicted by the MoCs is closest to that of Brockenbrough et al. The effect of fiber cross section on the elasto-plastic response analyzed using only the TFA approach is found to be significant for both elastic constants and plastic hardening.
Helmets Decrease Risk of Bicyclist-Related Maxillofacial Injuries But Not Severity

Purpose Given the increasing use of bicycles for local transportation and recreation, the purpose of the present study was to measure the effects of bicycle helmets on the frequency and severity of maxillofacial injuries. The specific aims were to measure and compare the frequencies and severity of maxillofacial injuries between injured bicyclists who had or had not worn helmets. Materials and Methods We implemented a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample of bicyclists who had been injured from January 4, 2012 to March 31, 2018 and had presented to Harborview Medical Center for evaluation and treatment. The primary predictor variable was helmet use (yes vs no). The primary outcome variables were 1) the presence of a maxillofacial injury (yes vs no); and 2) injury severity, measured using the Face Abbreviated Injury Scale (FAIS). The other study variables were grouped into demographic or injury-related variables. The appropriate univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regressions statistics were computed, and statistical significance was set at P Results The sample included 1379 subjects, with a mean age of 39.6 ± 18.9 years (range, 1 to 91 years), and 78.4% were male. The frequency of facial injuries between the helmeted and nonhelmeted bicyclists was 17.3% and 30.6%, respectively (relative risk, 0.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 0.7; P Conclusions The helmeted bicyclists were 40% less likely to have a facial injury from bicycle accidents. For those cyclists with a facial injury, however, the injury severity was not different between the helmeted and nonhelmeted wearers. This might have been because, that unlike American football helmets, standard bicycle helmets do not include a face mask to protect the face.
Neo-Nativism and Global Frienemies: Feelings Toward Immigration and National Security Issues

This chapter examines the campaign rhetoric and tactics employed by both campaigns on the topic of immigration policy. Concerns and fears regarding national security got loaded onto the topic of immigration. This issue was Donald Trump’s featured platform on the campaign trail. This chapter examines the policy issues of immigration and national security as they got entrenched in the politics of fear and xenophobia, but operationalized in very different ways. The survey questions pertaining to military and security pivoted away from Iraq and Afghanistan to focus on Southeast Asia and China. The analysis here looks at voters’ candidate affect response toward both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton and how it affected appraisals of immigration and national security in 2016.
Design Rules for Additive Manufacturing – Understanding the Fundamental Thermal Phenomena to Reduce Scrap

Abstract The goal of this work is to predict the effect of part geometry and process parameters on the direction and magnitude of heat flow ‒ heat flux ‒ in parts made using metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes. As a step towards this goal, the objective of this paper is to develop and apply the mathematical concept of heat diffusion over graphs to approximate the heat flux in metal AM parts as a function of their geometry. This objective is consequential to overcome the poor process consistency and part quality in AM. Currently, part build failure rates in metal AM often exceed 20%, the causal reason for this poor part yield in metal AM processes is ascribed to the nature of the heat flux in the part. For instance, constrained heat flux causes defects such as warping, thermal stress-induced cracking, etc. Hence, to alleviate these challenges in metal AM processes, there is a need for computational thermal models to estimate the heat flux, and thereby guide part design and selection of process parameters. Compared to moving heat source finite element analysis techniques, the proposed graph theoretic approach facilitates layer-by-layer simulation of the heat flux within a few minutes on a desktop computer, instead of several hours on a supercomputer.
Does the Vaccines for Children program influence pediatric nurse practitioner referral of disadvantaged children to public vaccine clinics

Objective: Concerns about financial barriers to vaccination led to the creation of the Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, which provides free vaccines to states for disadvantaged children. Our objective was to understand the effect of free vaccine and insurance on pediatric nurse practitioners' (PNPs) likelihood of referring children to public vaccine clinics. Although referral from the medical home to public vaccine clinics is preferable to not vaccinating, there are disadvantages, including the potential for windows of inadequate protection and fragmentation of care. Methods: A standardized survey was conducted by trained personnel using computer-assisted telephone interviewing. We interviewed a national random sample of primary care PNPs in 1997. Results: In 1997, 252 of 271 (93%) directly contacted PNPs were interviewed. The percentage of respondents receiving free vaccines was 82%. Among PNPs not receiving free vaccines, the percentages stating that they were likely to refer insured, Medicaid insured, and uninsured children to public vaccine clinics were 7%, 27%, and 67%, respectively. In contrast, among PNPs receiving free vaccines, only 46% would refer an uninsured child and 10% a Medicaid child. Conclusions: Most respondents received free vaccine supplies in 1997. Based on current PNP data and previous physician data, most clinicians who do not receive free vaccine supplies are likely to refer uninsured children to public vaccine clinics. In contrast, clinicians who receive free vaccine supplies are much more likely to vaccinate uninsured and Medicaid-insured children.
When seeing is no longer believing

Deepfakes are a new dimension of the fake news problem. The criminal misuse of this technology poses far-reaching challenges and can threaten national security. Technological and governance solutions are needed to address this.
Simultaneous display of real-time ultrasound and surface landmark image.

To the Editor Ultrasound guided nerve blocks present unique challenges to anesthesiologists. These include altered spatial orientation and usage of a monitor requiring the provider’s gaze to be away from the working field.[1][1] A monitor by itself can decrease performance relative to native
Lung injury, oxidative stress and fibrosis in mice following exposure to nitrogen mustard.

Abstract Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause acute lung injury which progresses to fibrosis. Herein, we developed a murine model of NM-induced pulmonary toxicity with the goal of assessing inflammatory mechanisms of injury. C57BL/6J mice were euthanized 1–28 d following intratracheal exposure to NM (0.08 mg/kg) or PBS control. NM caused progressive alveolar epithelial thickening, perivascular inflammation, bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia, interstitial fibroplasia and fibrosis, peaking 14 d post exposure. Enlarged foamy macrophages were also observed in the lung 14 d post NM, along with increased numbers of microparticles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). Following NM exposure, rapid and prolonged increases in BAL cells, protein, total phospholipids and surfactant protein (SP)-D were also detected. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD11b+Ly6G−F4/80+Ly6Chi proinflammatory macrophages accumulated in the lung after NM, peaking at 3 d. This was associated with macrophage expression of HMGB1 and TNFα in histologic sections. CD11b+Ly6G−F4/80+Ly6Clo anti-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic macrophages also increased in the lung after NM peaking at 14 d, a time coordinate with increases in TGFβ expression and fibrosis. NM exposure also resulted in alterations in pulmonary mechanics including increases in tissue elastance and decreases in compliance and static compliance, most prominently at 14 d. These findings demonstrate that NM induces structural and inflammatory changes in the lung that correlate with aberrations in pulmonary function. This mouse model will be useful for mechanistic studies of mustard lung injury and for assessing potential countermeasures.