cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Change in anxiety sensitivity and substance use coping motives as putative mediators of treatment efficacy among substance users.

Abstract Objective Anxiety sensitivity and coping motives for substance use are processes implicated in anxiety and substance use disorder (SUD) comorbidity, and are malleable treatment targets. Little is known about whether changes in anxiety sensitivity or coping motives during cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders (with or without CBT for SUD) mediate substance use outcomes among patients with comorbid anxiety disorders and SUD. We examined whether changes in anxiety sensitivity and coping motives during treatment for comorbid SUD and anxiety disorders (either CBT for SUD only or CBT for SUD and anxiety disorders) were associated with substance use outcomes. Methods Repeated measurements of anxiety sensitivity and coping motives throughout treatment were examined from a randomized clinical trial comparing usual, CBT-based treatment at a substance use disorder specialty clinic (UC) to that usual care plus a brief CBT for anxiety program for patients with comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders (CALM ARC). Results Anxiety sensitivity decline during treatment was significantly steeper among those who received CALM ARC than those in UC. Decreases in anxiety sensitivity mediated the effect of treatment group on alcohol use following treatment such that the greater reduction in anxiety sensitivity in CALM ARC explained the superior outcomes for alcohol use in CALM ARC compared to UC. Declines in substance use coping motives were not observed in either condition, and did not differ between CALM ARC and UC. Thus, declines in coping motives did not mediate substance use after treatment. Conclusions These findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting alcohol use outcomes were related to decreasing anxiety sensitivity rather than decreasing coping motives. Implications and future directions are discussed.
General Principles of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A basic understanding of the underlying principles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and methods used to form images is important if one is to successfully apply this technique in clinical practice or research and interpret it correctly. This section will provide a brief overview of the fundamentals and some techniques in CMR imaging. For more information, the reader is referred to the references in this chapter or the larger textbooks on fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging as well as other chapters in this book [1].
Other Diffraction Methods

This chapter provides brief, qualitative descriptions of other diffraction methods. First is X-ray diffraction by fibers rather than crystals. Then it moves on to one dimension, with diffraction by amorphous materials like powders and solutions. It also highlights diffraction using other forms of radiation, specifically neutrons and electrons. The chapter presents a detailed description of how each type of diffraction experiment provides structural information that can complement or supplement information from single-crystal X-ray diffraction and explores the Laue diffraction, which allows the collection of a full diffraction data set from a single brief exposure of a crystal to polychromatic X-radiation. Laue diffraction opens the door to time-resolved crystallography, yielding crystallographic models of intermediate states in chemical reactions. To exemplify, references to research articles have been provided for each of the crystallographic methods. There are other diffraction methods, which are fiber diffraction, neutron diffraction, and electron diffraction and cryoelectron microscopy. The chapter concludes with the claim that the same geometric and mathematical principles lie at the root of all types of diffraction experiments.
CHAPTER 6 – Operational Amplifiers

Operational amplifier (op amp) can be applied in several fields, including signal processing, filtering, switching circuitry, instrumentation, etc. An op amp is designed to handle two inputs at the same time. The output signal will be an amplified version of the difference between the two inputs. By applying negative feedback to the op amp, one can obtain a moderate-gain amplifier that is very stable and responds to frequencies much higher than a megahertz. There are two rules that govern the design of op amp circuits. The first is that the two input terminals of an op amp in any circuit are at the same voltage, and the second is that no current flows into either of the two input terminals. Op amp has finite bandwidth, which can be resolved to some extent by applying negative feedback–the more feedback, the larger the bandwidth, but the gain is proportionately reduced. Another limitation of op amps is the presence of a small voltage, called the input offset voltage , which due to imbalances in the internal op amp circuitry is always present. A further limitation is the slowed response of an op amp to a quickly changing input. A final limitation is the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) in differential amplifiers, which are amplifiers that provide a high degree of discrimination against common mode (interfering) signals while amplifying a differential signal.
Sphingolipid Second Messengers: Tumor Suppressor Lipids

Although lipids play a critical role in membrane formation by providing the structural backbone for cellular and organeller membranes, a functional role for lipids in cell regulation is emerging. This is clearly established for membrane glycerolipids which play critical roles in signal transduction through the generation of important metabolic products (such as diacylglycerol, inositol trisphosphate, and eicosanoids) which function as second messengers. The phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycle provides the most compelling paradigm for the involvement of membrane lipids in signal transduction. On the other hand, an analogous role for membrane sphingolipids in signal transduction has not been defined. Sphingolipids demonstrate significant structural diversity and complexity even exceeding that of glycerolipids, with multiple biologic activities and functions attributed to these molecules (1–3). The discovery of the inhibition of protein kinase C by sphingosine raised the possibility that sphingosine and other sphingolipid-derived molecules may function as second messengers (2). Indeed, studies over the last few years have begun to elucidate a sphingolipid signal transduction pathway involving the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SM) and the generation of ceramide, in what has been termed the sphingomyelin cycle. This chapter will highlight our current understanding of the regulation of the SM cycle, and will concentrate on more recent insight into the second messenger function of ceramide and its mechanism of action. A hypothesis suggesting a role for ceramide as a tumor suppressor lipid will be discussed.
Catalytic Mechanism of Amyloid-β Peptide Degradation by Insulin Degrading Enzyme: Insights from Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Mechanics Style Møller-Plesset Second Order Perturbation Theory Calculation.

Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), a metalloprotease that degrades amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and insulin, is associated with Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. The mechanism of IDE catalyzed degrading of Aβ peptides, which is of fundamental importance in the design of therapeutic methods for Alzheimer's disease, has not been fully understood. In this work, combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) style Moller-Plesset second order perturbation theory (MP2) geometry optimization calculations are performed to investigate the catalytic mechanism of the Aβ40 Phe19-Phe20 peptide bond cleavage by human IDE. The analyses using QM/MM MP2 optimization suggest that a neutral water molecule is at the active site of the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The water molecule is in hydrogen bonding with the nearby anionic Glu111 of IDE but not directly bound to the catalytic Zn ion. This is confirmed by QM/MM DFTB3 molecular dynamics simulation. Our studies also reveal that the hydrolysis of the Aβ40 Phe19-Phe20 peptide bond by IDE consists of four key steps. The neutral water is first activated by moving toward and binding to the Zn ion. A gem-diol intermediate is then formed by the activated neutral water molecule attacking the C atom of the Phe19-Phe20 peptide bond. The next is the protonation of the N atom of Phe19-Phe20 peptide bond to form an intermediate with an elongated C-N bond. The final step is the breaking of the Phe19-Phe20 C-N bond. The final step is the rate-determining step with a calculated Gibbs free energy of activation of 17.34 kcal/mol, in good agreement with the experimental value 16.7 kcal/mol. This mechanism provides the basis for the design of biochemical methods to modulate the activity of IDE in humans.
Examining Men’s Perceptions of GBV Prevention Programming Content:

As global efforts to engage men in preventing gender-based violence (GBV) continue to grow, understanding male participants' perceptions of prevention events is needed. Data from a global sample of 319 men who had attended GBV prevention events were used to (a) assess men's perceptions of what topics were covered, (b) determine whether profiles of these perceptions could be identified, and (c) describe the degree to which content prerception profiles are associated with levels of men's motivation and confidence related to antiviolence action. Latent class analysis identified four perception profiles of prevention topics. Implications for GBV prevention programming are discussed.
Identification of the active complex for CO oxidation over single-atom Ir-on-MgAl 2 O 4 catalysts

Supported single atoms provide an opportunity to design new heterogeneous catalysts while optimizing the utilization of noble metals. However, identification of the active single-atom structure is required for understanding the reaction mechanism and guiding catalyst design. Here, we use in situ infrared spectroscopy, operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations to identify the active single-atom complex as well as the resting state of the Ir/MgAl2O4 catalysts during the low-temperature CO oxidation. In contrast to poisoning of iridium nanoparticles by CO, here we show that the formation of Ir(CO) on single atoms results in a different reaction mechanism and high activity for low-temperature CO oxidation. This is due to the ability of single atoms to coordinate with multiple ligands, where Ir(CO) provides an interfacial site for facile O2 activation between Ir and Al and lowers the reaction barrier between gas-phase CO(g) and *O in Ir(CO)(O) through an Eley–Rideal mechanism. Single-atom catalysts are receiving much attention, but insights into their active sites or the differences in reactivity with conventional nanoparticles are still controversial. Now, operando studies on CO oxidation with Ir/MgAl2O4 accompanied by computational investigations reveal important features of this class of catalyst.
Administrative “states” of judicial policy on gender-motivated violence

The paper focuses on a decade-long battle (1990–2000) involving feminist lawyers/activists, members of Congress, and the federal courts over creating a civil right to be free from “gender-motivated violence,” as defined by the 1994 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). It offers an interpretative sociolegal analysis of civil rights policymaking in a political time when judicial conservatism re-emerges (late twentieth century) and effectively competes for control over the administrative state, from the bench as well as off the bench. In this political time, judicial conservatives mobilize “judicial administration” norms for the purpose of expanding the judiciary’s institutional role in shaping civil rights legislation. Conservative judges and Justices frame/reinterpret “gender-motivated violence” through a series of administrative justifications (e.g., caseload crisis, originalism). Rather than “weakening” the New Deal - Great Society administrative state, as much of the “judicial backlash” literature suggests, I argue that judicial administration resources, as deployed by the judicial branch, leveraged a historic challenge to the entrenched “comprehensive rational policymaking” regime that had structured much of U.S. civil rights policy through the 1960s and 1970s.
Cybersecurity breaches and cash holdings: Spillover effect

This paper shows that firms significantly increase cash holdings after they have experienced a cybersecurity attack, and this behavior persists for years. A cyberattack increases cash holdings from a base level of 23% of assets to 26.87%. Similar firms, defined by industry and geographical proximity also increase their cash holdings. Suppliers of attacked firms are also affected. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the detrimental effects of a cybersecurity breach are not isolated to the attacked firms, and peer firms are quick to follow in taking precaution.
The role of colonoscopy and endotherapy in the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Abstract Colonoscopy is an integral diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the management of patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB). After resuscitation, reversal of coagulopathy, and exclusion of a proximal source of bleeding, colonoscopy should be performed in most patients with LGIB. Bowel preparation, typically with polyethylene glycol based solutions, is needed to closely inspect the colonic mucosa for bleeding sources. Colonoscopy within 24 h is recommended for high-risk patients with ongoing bleeding, although there is limited evidence that this strategy improves clinical outcomes. When active or stigmata of bleeding is detected, endoscopic intervention is indicated and can reduce future rebleeding. The most common options for endoscopic intervention include clipping, endoscopic band ligation, and coagulation, however rigorous head-to-head comparisons of different endoscopic tools are unavailable. Future research is needed to determine the optimal timing of colonoscopy, appropriate reversal strategies for patients on antithrombotics, and the most effective endoscopic hemostatic therapy.
Model of turn-on characteristics of InP-based Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes suitable for circuit simulations

A model for the turn-on characteristics of separate-absorber-multiplier InP-based Geiger-mode Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) has been developed. Verilog-A was used to implement the model in a manner that can be incorporated into circuit simulations. Rather than using SPICE elements to mimic the voltage and current characteristics of the APD, Verilog-A can represent the first order nonlinear differential equations that govern the avalanche current of the APD. This continuous time representation is fundamentally different than the piecewise linear characteristics of other models. The model is based on a driving term for the differential current, which is given by the voltage overbias minus the voltage drop across the device’s space-charge resistance RSC. This drop is primarily due to electrons transiting the separate absorber. RSC starts off high and decreases with time as the initial breakdown filament spreads laterally to fill the APD. With constant bias voltage, the initial current grows exponentially until space charge effects reduce the driving function. With increasing current the driving term eventually goes to zero and the APD current saturates. On the other hand, if the APD is biased with a capacitor, the driving term becomes negative as the capacitor discharges, reducing the current and driving the voltage below breakdown. The model parameters depend on device design and are obtained from fitting the model to Monte-Carlo turn-on simulations that include lateral spreading of the carriers of the relevant structure. The Monte-Carlo simulations also provide information on the probability of avalanche, and jitter due to where the photon is absorbed in the APD.
A characterization of 2-neighborhood degree list of diameter 2 graphs

Let $N_2DL(v)$ denote the set of degrees of vertices at distance 2 from $v$. The $2$-neighborhood degree list of a graph is a listing of $N_2DL(v)$ for every vertex $v$. A degree restricted $2$-switch on edges $v_1v_2$ and $w_1w_2$, where $deg(v_1)=deg(w_1)$ and $deg(v_2)=deg(w_2)$, is the replacement of a pair of edges $v_1v_2$ and $w_1w_2$ by the edges $v_1w_2$ and $v_2w_1$ given that $v_1w_2$ and $v_2w_1$ did not appear in the graph originally. Let $G$ and $H$ be two graphs of diameter 2 on the same vertex set. We prove that $G$ and $H$ have the same $2$-neighborhood degree list if and only if $G$ can be transformed into $H$ by a sequence of degree restricted $2$-switches.
The Effect of Shot Peening on Steam Oxidation of 304H Stainless Steel

Shot peening is currently utilized in coal-fired power plant components to mitigate scale exfoliation issues from steamside oxidation of austenitic stainless steel superheater and reheater tubing. To focus on commercially available material, this study exposed quarter-ring specimens cut from two different commercially shot peened type 304H tubes and exposed to 1 bar steam for up to 15,000 h at 550°, 600°, 625°, and 650 °C. Specimens were removed at increments to characterize the oxide thickness and microstructure. The shot peened inner surface generally retained a thin, protective Cr-rich scale with occasional Fe-rich oxide nodules at 550–625 °C. The increased oxidation resistance from shot peening began to degrade at 650 °C after as little as 5,000 h. Cut and polished faces of these specimens formed thick, Fe-rich oxides similar to polished 304H coupons. Surprisingly, the mechanically machined outer surface of the tube specimens performed similarly to the shot peened inner diameter, suggesting it had sufficient cold work to achieve a similar benefit. Electron backscatter diffraction and Vickers-hardness measurements were used to characterize post-exposure changes in underlying microstructure and mechanical properties, respectively, imparted by shot peening.
Crystallographic orientation and layer impurities in two-dimensional metal halide perovskite thin films

Two-dimensional (2D) metal halide perovskites have achieved similar or even better performance than three-dimensional (3D) perovskites in various optoelectronic device applications. With superior long-term stability, film formation properties, and chemical tunability, 2D perovskites are rising to be a promising alternative to 3D perovskites for research and commercialization. There are unique aspects of 2D perovskites that need to be understood in-depth due to their significant impact on device performance. In particular, understanding the impact of different crystallographic orientations and the presence of different octahedral layer number impurities are critically important. In this review, the authors summarize the formation mechanism of the preferential crystallographic orientation in 2D perovskite thin films and layer impurities, discuss the available strategies to control these aspects for higher device performance in various applications, and propose future research directions that could provide a strategy to rationally improve 2D perovskite-based devices.
The Power of Citizen Science to Quantify Ecological Risks in Cities

Urbanization is an extreme form of habitat modification that can alter ecological relationships among organisms, but these can be hard to study because much of the urban landscape is inaccessible private property. We show that citizen science can be a powerful tool to overcome this challenge. We used photo-vouchered observations submitted to the citizen science platform iNaturalist to assess predation and parasitism across urbanization gradients in a secretive yet widespread species, the Southern Alligator Lizard (Elgaria multicarinata), in Southern California, USA. From photographs, we quantified predation risk by assessing tail injuries and quantified parasitism rates by counting tick loads on lizards. We estimated urbanization intensity by determining percent impervious surface around each lizard observation. We found that tail injuries increased with age of the lizard and with urbanization, suggesting that urban areas are riskier habitats, likely because of elevated populations of predators such as outdoor cats. Conversely, parasitism decreased with urbanization likely due to a loss of mammalian hosts and anti-tick medications used on companion animals. Moreover, our citizen science approach allowed us to generate a large dataset on a secretive species extremely rapidly and at an immense spatial scale that facilitated quantitative measures of urbanization (e.g. percent impervious surface cover) as opposed to qualitative measures (e.g. urban vs rural). This study demonstrates that citizen science is allowing researchers to answer ecological questions that otherwise would go unanswered.
Risk of Metachronous Colorectal Neoplasm after a Segmental Colectomy in Lynch Syndrome Patients According to Mismatch Repair Gene Status.

Background Because of increased risk of metachronous colorectal cancer (CRC), all patients with Lynch syndrome (LS) are offered a total colectomy. However, because metachronous CRC rate by mismatch repair (MMR) gene is uncertain, and total colectomy negatively impacts quality of life, it remains unclear whether segmental resection is indicated for lower penetrance MMR genes. We evaluated metachronous CRC incidence according to MMR gene in LS patients who underwent a segmental colectomy. Study Design Single-center, retrospective cohort study in patients with an earlier colectomy for CRC and an MMR germline mutation in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 followed prospectively in a hereditary CRC family registry. All patients underwent surveillance colonoscopy. Metachronous CRC was defined as one detected more than 1 year after index resection. Primary end point was cumulative incidence of metachronous CRC overall and by MMR gene. Results One hundred and ten patients were included: 35 with MLH1 likely pathogenic/pathogenic (LP/P) variants (32%), 42 MSH2 (38%), 20 MSH6 (18%), and 13 PMS2 (12%). Median follow-up 4.26 years (range 0.53 to 19.92 years). Overall, metachronous CRC developed in 22 patients (20%). At 10-year follow-up, incidence was 12% (95% CI 6% to 23%), with no metachronous CRC detected in patients with a PMS2 or MSH6 LP/P variant. Conclusions After index segmental resection, metachronous CRC is less likely to develop in LS patients with MSH6 or PMS2 LP/P variant than in MLH1 or MSH2 carriers. Our data support segmental resection and long-term colonoscopic surveillance rather than total colectomy in carefully selected, well-informed LS patients with MSH6 or PMS2 LP/P variant.
Soil salinization and climate change

Abstract Climate is one of the most important factors affecting the formation of soil with important implications for their development, use, and management. The principal climatic elements, which influence the soil formation are temperature, precipitation, and wind. Soils in warmer or wetter climates are more developed than soils in cooler or drier climates. There are feedback relationships between soils and climate. Soil biological processes affect the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere while greenhouse gases represent a significant regulator of the climate. In the last 150–200 years, the changing temperature regime resulted in considerable changes in the precipitation pattern. A changing climate also caused considerable changes in natural vegetation, soil properties, and land-use practices. The affecting soil properties depending on changing climate conditions are the soil temperature, the composition of soil gases, the biological parameters of the soil, the character of litter horizon, the intensity of cryoturbation phenomena, the salt content, the soil organic matter content, etc. These soil properties may change significantly within the time span from several years to several decades. Changing climate conditions determined by global warming and an increase in aridity will contribute to the salinization of the hydromorphic soils. The areas most prone to soil desertification and salinization are arid regions. Salinization is the accumulation of water-soluble salts in the soil solum. In the early stages, salinity affects the metabolism of soil organisms and reduces soil productivity, but in advanced stages it destroys all vegetation and other organisms living in the soil, consequently transforming fertile and productive land into barren and desertified lands. Water and soil salinity is likely to be increased in parallel with the temperatures; consequently, irrigation demand will be increased dramatically.
A Feature-map Discriminant Perspective for Pruning Deep Neural Networks.

Network pruning has become the de facto tool to accelerate deep neural networks for mobile and edge applications. Recently, feature-map discriminant based channel pruning has shown promising results, as it aligns well with the CNN objective of differentiating multiple classes and offers better interpretability of the pruning decision. However, existing discriminant-based methods are challenged by computation inefficiency, as there is a lack of theoretical guidance on quantifying the feature-map discriminant power. In this paper, we present a new mathematical formulation to accurately and efficiently quantify the feature-map discriminativeness, which gives rise to a novel criterion,Discriminant Information(DI). We analyze the theoretical property of DI, specifically the non-decreasing property, that makes DI a valid selection criterion. DI-based pruning removes channels with minimum influence to DI value, as they contain little information regarding to the discriminant power. The versatility of DI criterion also enables an intra-layer mixed precision quantization to further compress the network. Moreover, we propose a DI-based greedy pruning algorithm and structure distillation technique to automatically decide the pruned structure that satisfies certain resource budget, which is a common requirement in reality. Extensive experiments demonstratethe effectiveness of our method: our pruned ResNet50 on ImageNet achieves 44% FLOPs reduction without any Top-1 accuracy loss compared to unpruned model
An experimental study of solid and liquid aerosol transport in a horizontal square channel

Various industrial applications such as medical/pharmaceutical sprays, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, and other solid/liquid atomization processes benefit from the characterizat...
A Taxonomy of User Actions on Social Networking Sites

The spread of information within and across Social Networking Sites (SNSs) is increasingly impactful on contemporary society. As information (and misinformation) moves across multiple online platforms, it is important to be able to put these platforms in conversation with one another in order to better understand complex phenomena. This article proposes a taxonomy of actions that are consistent across SNSs to provide researchers and other stakeholders with consistent terminology that enables classifying and comparing user activities over a variety of social media platforms. The proposed taxonomy of actions indicates that although SNSs differentiate themselves in the market and at the level of user experience through unique capabilities and forms of interaction, they can be productively understood as varying means to perform the same set of underlying actions: create, vote, follow, and post.
Left Pericardiophrenic Vein Pacing for Tachy-Brady Syndrome Due to an Obstructing Cardiac Angiosarcoma

Abstract We describe a case of a permanent pacemaker lead placement via the left pericardiophrenic vein for the treatment of tachy-brady syndrome due to a primary cardiac angiosarcoma. (Level of Di...
P-Q Capability Analysis of Inverter Based Resources with Typical Grid Connected Filters

Traditionally, a P-Q Capability Chart is usually used to specify the safe operation boundary for a synchronous generator. With the increased development of inverter-based resources (IBRs) and interconnection of IBRs to the grid, IBR P-Q Capability Charts are also developed and proposed by the power industry to assure IBR operation efficiency and reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive IBR P-Q capability analysis. The proposed study considers the impact of IBR grid-connected filters, IBR vector control implementation in the dq reference frame, and different pulse-width modulation methods applied to IBR inverters. The models and algorithms developed for the P-Q capability analysis have considered distinct IBR constraints that are different from those for a traditional synchronous generator. Both theoretical study for a special case and complete simulation evaluation are conducted to obtain IBR P-Q capability characteristics that are important for IBR control, operation and management, and for the development of international standards for interconnecting IBRs to the transmission and sub-transmission grids, such as IEEE P2800.
Dancing Noh and Kabuki in Japanese Shakespeare Productions

This article examines how three modern Japanese directors have interpolated Noh and Kabuki dance into their productions of Shakespearean plays: Yukio Ninagawa’s NINAGAWA Macbeth (1980); Satoshi Miy...
Late Responses in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Initially Refractory to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy has dramatically improved outcomes for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); however, the prognosis for those who do not meet treatment milestones remains guarded. Here, we report our experience of patients with CML treated at a single center who did not achieve a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) at 24 months. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 305 patients who were diagnosed with CML at the University of Michigan between 2001 and 2014 and were treated with TKIs. We assessed rates of CCyR at 24 months correlated to clinical outcomes. RESULTS The majority of patients (79%) achieved CCyR at 24 months and were classified as responders. At a median follow-up of 8.1 years from TKI initiation, overall survival among responders was significantly greater than nonresponders (93% vs. 85%, P < .001). Progression to blast phase was more common in nonresponders (1.9% vs. 10.4%, P = .004). However, 34% of nonresponders (at 24 months) went on to achieve CCyR with continued TKI therapy. CONCLUSION Here, we re-demonstrate the importance of early CCyR in predicting survival and prevention of progression to blast phase. In addition, late CCyR appears to have prognostic implications, and continued TKI therapy with the goal of achieving a later CCyR may be a reasonable strategy in patients with limited alternate treatment options.
A Study of Physician Knowledge and Experience with Autism in Adults in a Large Integrated Healthcare System

We conducted an online survey of adult health care providers at Kaiser Permanente Northern California and semi-structured interviews with a subset of physicians. The survey assessed providers' ability to recognize autism spectrum disorder (ASD), asked them to rate their autism knowledge, comfort level in treating affected patients, and evaluated training and resource needs. 922 providers completed the survey (response rate 25.3 %), and 9 were interviewed by telephone regarding their autism training and experiences caring for patients with autism. Most providers reported lacking skills and tools to care for this adult patient population. A high proportion of adult providers were not aware that they had patients with ASD. These findings underscore the need to educate physicians caring for adults with ASD.
Retinal Structure and Function in an Animal Model that Replicates the Biochemical Hallmarks of Desmosterolosis

Desmosterolosis is a rare, autosomal recessive, human disease characterized by multiple congenital anomalies in conjunction with grossly elevated levels of desmosterol and markedly reduced levels of cholesterol in all bodily tissues. Herein, we evaluated retinal sterol composition, histology, and electrophysiological function in an animal model that exhibited the biochemical features of desmosterolosis, produced by treating pregnant rats and their progeny with U18666A, an inhibitor of desmosterol reductase. Treated rats had cataracts, were substantially smaller, and had markedly high levels of desmosterol and profoundly low levels of cholesterol in their retinas and other tissues compared to age-matched controls. However, their retinas were histologically normal and electrophysiologically functional. These results suggest that desmosterol may be able to replace cholesterol in the retina, both structurally and functionally. These findings are discussed in the context of "sterol synergism".
Adherence to dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary stenting: a systematic review.

Background Adherence to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is critical after coronary stenting. Although adherence rates are frequently assessed in clinical trials, adherence rates in the unselected population recommended for treatment but beyond clinical trials are largely unknown. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of published observational studies to describe rates of DAPT adherence, trends in DAPT use over time, and patient-level factors associated with nonadherence. Hypothesis DAPT adherence declines with increasing time after drug-eluting stent implantation. Methods PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, and Web of Knowledge were searched through November 20, 2012 for studies including patients receiving 1 or more drug-eluting stents and reporting the use of aspirin and/or thienopyridines, or assessing factors associated with nonadherence to DAPT after bare metal or drug-eluting stent placement. Results We included 34 studies in the description of DAPT adherence and 11 studies in the description of factors associated with nonadherence. Adherence to DAPT and thienopyridines was high at 1 month but declined by 12 months. Aspirin adherence was at least 90% throughout. Factors associated with nonadherence included bleeding, lower education level, immigrant status, and lack of education regarding DAPT. Conclusions DAPT adherence is suboptimal at 12 months, and interventions to increase adherence should focus on reducing bleeding risk and improving communication between patients and physicians.
The Use of Angle-Resolved Electron and Photon Stimulated Desorption for Surface Structural Studies

We review recent experiments and models related to desorption processes induced by electrons and photons incident on surfaces. The utility of angle-resolved electron and photon stimulated desorption of ions for studies of molecular structure at surfaces is emphasized.
Testing and Evaluation of a Slot and Tab Construction Technique for Light-Weight Wood-Fiber-Based Structural Panels Under Bending

This paper presented construction and strain distributions for light-weight wood-fiber-based structural panels with tri-grid core made from phenolic impregnated laminated paper composites under bending. A new fastening configuration of slots in the faces and tabs on the core was applied to the face/core interfaces of the sandwich panel in addition to epoxy resin. Both normal strain gages and shear strain gages were attached on these panels to analyze inside strain distributions by third point load bending test. The purpose of the bending test was to investigate the various strain distributions of panels with different face/core configurations that identified the critical failure modes for future design. In this research, four panels with different configurations were constructed to analyze the influence of strain distributions for bending behavior. Either maximum localized normal strain or shear strain were used to judge failures and associated failure modes through observation. Test results of strain distribution showed normal strain was primarily carried by both top and bottom faces. As bending load increased, compression buckling occurred on the top surface of some panels with thinner faces. Face thickness and stiffness significantly affected the strength of the panel as evident by nonlinear strain behavior. Meanwhile, the shear strain was primarily taken by the ribs in the structural core, and shear failure always occurred in the longitudinal linear ribs of core with thicker faces. The shear strain in the cross ribs was approximately half that of the longitudinal linear ribs in the same section of shear zone, which was consistent with the geometric formula. The problem of panel imperfections resulting in either face compression buckling or rib shear buckling could be overcome by further design optimization, and the analytical modeling for bending design and evaluation was presented.
Accelerating parameter mapping with a locally low rank constraint.

Purpose To accelerate MR parameter mapping using a locally low rank (LLR) constraint, and the combination of parallel imaging and the LLR constraint. Theory and Methods An LLR method is developed for MR parameter mapping and compared with a globally low rank method in a multiecho spin-echo T2 mapping experiment. For acquisition with coil arrays, a combined LLR and parallel imaging method is proposed. The proposed method is evaluated in a variable flip angle T1 mapping experiment and compared with the LLR method and parallel imaging alone. Results In the multiecho spin-echo T2 mapping experiment, the LLR method is more accurate than the globally low rank method for acceleration factors 2 and 3, especially for tissues with high T2 values. Variable flip angle T1 mapping is achieved by acquiring datasets with 10 flip angles, each dataset accelerated by a factor of 6, and reconstructed by the proposed method with a small normalized root mean square error of 0.025. Conclusions The LLR method is likely superior to the globally low rank method for MR parameter mapping. The proposed combined LLR and parallel imaging method has better performance than the two methods alone, especially with highly accelerated acquisition. Magn Reson Med 73:655–661, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Membrane association of cathepsin B can be induced by transfection of human breast epithelial cells with c-Ha-ras oncogene

Alterations in trafficking and increases in expression of the lysosomal proteases cathepsins B, D and L have been observed in transformed cells and malignant tumors, including human breast carcinoma. ras and the related rab proteins participate in the vesicular transport processes required for normal trafficking of lysosomal enzymes. In addition, transfection of murine fibroblasts with the ras oncogene has been shown to increase the expression of cathepsins L and B. As human cancers are primarily epithelial in origin, we have investigated whether there are alterations in the trafficking and expression of cathepsin B in MCF-10 human breast epithelial cells transfected with wild-type and mutated ras. In all cells examined, i.e. mortal MCF-10M cells, immortal MCF-10A or MCF-10F cells, and transfected MCF-10A cells (transfected with the neomycin resistance gene (MCF-10Aneo) or cotransfected with wild-type proto-oncogenic ras (MCF-10AneoN) or mutated oncogenic ras (MCF-10AneoT)), levels of mRNA transcripts for cathepsin B were similar. However, alterations in trafficking of cathepsin B were observed in the cells transfected with oncogenic ras. In these cells there was an increased association of cathepsin B activity and cathepsin B protein with plasma membrane/endosomal fractions and a more peripheral distribution of immunofluorescent staining for cathepsin B. At the electron microscopic level, immunogold labeling for cathepsin B was localized to the cell membrane as well as to vesicles in the microvilli and adjacent to the cell membrane. In the parental MCF-10A cells, in contrast, cathepsin B was localized to vesicles in the perinuclear region. The cathepsin B associated with plasma membrane/endosomal fractions in the cells transfected with oncogenic ras was mature cathepsin B as demonstrated by immunoblot analysis. This was confirmed further by showing an absence of peripheral immunofluorescent staining in these cells using an antibody specific for the propeptide of cathepsin B. Thus, we have demonstrated by multiple techniques that transfection of human breast epithelial cells with oncogenic ras results in alterations in the trafficking of cathepsin B similar to those observed previously in human and animal tumors of both epithelial and mesenchymal origin.
Impacts of nonideal field conditions on vertical water velocity estimates from streambed temperature time series

[1] Analytical solutions to the 1-D heat transport equation can be used to quantify surface-groundwater interactions directly from temperature time series data in streams and their streambeds. The solutions rely on three assumptions: purely vertical flow, no thermal gradient with depth in the streambed and sinusoidal temperature signals. Here numerical models of heat transport in streambeds are used to generate synthetic time series data under conditions that violate the aforementioned assumptions. These synthetic records are used to evaluate the impact of violations of model assumptions on vertical water velocity estimates. Analytical methods using the amplitude ratio to derive flux are less prone to error than methods that use lag time under nonideal field conditions. The greatest source of error is nonvertical flow in the streambed. Errors from analytical solutions for flux are comparable to or smaller than errors inherent to Darcy-based flux estimates and therefore the use of temperature data to quantify flux across the streambed is a promising alternative to more commonly used approaches, such as Darcy flux calculations.
Embryonic loss in mares: Pregnancy rate, length of interovulatory intervals, and progesterone concentrations associated with loss during days 11 to 15.

Abstract Pregnancy rates, length of interovulatory intervals, and progesterone concentrations were examined in mares which had ultrasonically detected collections of fluid in the uterine lumen and in mares which lost the embryonic vesicle during Days 11 to 15 and did not become pseudopregnant. In mares with embryonic loss, the loss rate for mares with re-established pregnancies ( 9 18 ) was greater (P 38 154 ), indicating repeatability. Pregnancy rates were higher (P 100 177 ) than in mares with intrauterine fluid collections ( 2 34 ) or mares with embryonic loss ( 10 33 ), excluding the pregnancy associated with embryonic loss. The mean length (days) of the interovulatory interval was reduced (P
Electric fields and proliferation in a dermal wound model: Cell cycle kinetics

In a dermal wound model, consisting of human skin fibroblasts in collagen matrix, continuous sinusoidal electrical current stimulation elicited a maximum increase of [3H]thymidine relative to control at 41 mV/m amplitude, 10 Hz. In this paper we elaborate cell cycle kinetics, using the same parameters. Labeling occurred over 4-h intervals beginning at 12 to 20 h after onset of electric exposure. The results suggest a significant increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation over an 8-h period extending from 16-24 hours after stimulus initiation.
Impact of Severity and Bilaterality of Visual Impairment on Health-Related Quality of Life

Objective To assess the impact of unilateral and bilateral visual impairment (VI) and its severity on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in Latinos 40 years and older. Design A cross-sectional population-based study, the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES). Participants Five thousand three hundred seventy-seven LALES participants. Methods Health-related quality of life was measured by the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) and the Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). Visual acuity (VA) was measured by a standardized protocol. Based on the presenting VA, VI was classified as unilateral or bilateral impairment and as either mild (20/40–20/63) or moderate/severe (20/80 or worse). Main Outcome Measures National Eye Institute VFQ-25 and SF-12 composite and subscale scores. Results The NEI VFQ mean composite score decreased from no VI (86) to bilateral moderate/severe VI (66) ( P P P >0.05). Conclusion Relative to persons with no VI, persons with bilateral mild and unilateral or bilateral moderate/severe VI report greater difficulties in performing most vision-dependent daily activities and experience vision-related dependency and poorer vision-related mental health. Because most visual function subscale scores were significantly lower in persons with bilateral mild and/or unilateral/bilateral moderate/severe VI, health care providers should consider intervention in these persons. Our findings provide further insight into the relationship between severity level, bilaterality of VI, and self-reported visual function. These data can be used to refine the determination of visual disability in persons with VI.
Information structure and stochastic control performance

Abstract The linear quadratic control problem with unknown parameters is analytically intractable. To obtain an analytically tractable strategy the statistical assumptions frequently considered are (1) fixed known parameters, (2) independent random parameters, and (3) independent path dependent stochastic parameters. Also considered are three information structures — (1) no observations, (2) observations without anticipation, and (3) observations with anticipation. Treating the assumptions as true, the performance of the strategies is shown to monotonically improve with respect to the information structure in order 1, 2, 3 and with respect to the statistical assumptions in order 2, 3, 1. The results provide estimates of the performance losses due to position and parameter uncertainty for the unknown parameter case.
SELF‐REPRODUCTION AND CHAIN REACTIONS

In this paper a distinction is drawn between self‐reproduction and chain reactions that demonstrates that while the two processes are similar in some respects there is an important difference between them and that the two should not be confused. It is argued that this difference lies in the conditions required for the initiation of the processes. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the initiation of self‐reproduction are found in a mechanism that is an integral part of an object, but in chain reactions these conditions are found in the environment.
The Concept and Analytical Investigation of CO2 and Steam Co-Electrolysis for Resource Utilization in Space Exploration

CO2 acquisition and utilization technologies will have a vital role in designing sustainable and affordable life support and in situ fuel production architectures for human and robotic exploration of Moon and Mars. For long-term human exploration to be practical, reliable technologies have to be implemented to capture the metabolic CO2 from the cabin air and chemically reduce it to recover oxygen. Technologies that enable the in situ capture and conversion of atmospheric CO2 to fuel are essential for a viable human mission to Mars. This paper describes the concept and mathematical analysis of a closed-loop life support system based on combined electrolysis of CO2 and steam (co-electrolysis). Products of the coelectrolysis process include oxygen and syngas (CO and H2) that are suitable for life support and synthetic fuel production, respectively. The model was developed based on the performance of a co-electrolysis system developed at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Individual and combined process models of the co-electrolysis and Sabatier, Bosch, Boudouard, and hydrogenation reactions are discussed and their performance analyses in terms of oxygen production and CO2 utilization are presented.