cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on the Qualities of the Dry Instant Rice

The benefits of Dry instant rice were very convenient to eat,anti-storage,carry etc.But there were other shortcomings,such as bad to taste,low to water adsorpting rate,easy to resuscitation and so on.In this paper,the research on quality improvement of dry instant rice done was reviewed.
Transmural distribution of three-dimensional strain in the isolated arrested canine left ventricle.

Three-dimensional myocardial strains in seven isolated, potassium-arrested dog hearts were measured by biplane radiography of 3 transmural columns of 4-6 radiopaque beads implanted in the midanteri...
Volcanology: Petit spots go big

Mantle enrichment processes were thought to be limited to parts of oceanic plates influenced by plumes and to continental interiors. Analyses of mantle fragments of the Pacific Plate suggest that such enrichment processes may operate everywhere.
Abstract 390: Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Endothelial Dysfunction Cause Rarefaction of the Collateral Circulation and Impaired Recovery from Ischemia

Aging and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome have been associated with collateral insufficiency in animals and humans. Long-standing CVRF as well as collateral insufficiency associate with poorer outcomes following acute ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that endothelial dysfunction (decreased eNOS activity and NO bioavailability) is caused by and contributes to CVRF, and promotes atherosclerosis and thrombosis in patients with CVRF. Aging and eNOS deficiency have been shown to cause rarefaction of native (pre-existing) cerebral and hindlimb collaterals in mice and to reduce collateral remodeling in response to arterial occlusion. To determine whether endothelial dysfunction and CVRF cause collateral rarefaction and/or impair remodeling, we examined recovery of perfusion following femoral artery ligation (FAL) and native cerebral pial collateral extent (density and diameter) in the following mouse models (all 7-8 mos-age): chronic L-NAME treatment (endothelial dysfunction), ob/ob (obesity), LDLR -/- on high-fat diet (hyperlipidemia), LDLR -/- ; ob/ob (metabolic syndrome), RenTgMK +/- (hypertension), and Akita (type-1 diabetes). Hindlimb perfusion immediately after FAL (dependent on native collateral extent) and recovery over 21 days (dependent on collateral remodeling) were impaired by chronic endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes (p
Symmetrical rigid body parameterization for biomolecular structures

Assessing preferred relative rigid-body position and orientation is important in the description of biomolecular structures (such as proteins) and their interactions. For that purpose, techniques from the kinematics community are often used. In this paper, we review parameterization methods that are widely used to describe relative rigid body motions (in particular, orientations). Then we present the extended and updated review of a ‘symmetrical parameterization’ which was newly introduced in the kinematics community. This parameterization is useful in describing the relative biomolecular rigid body motions, where the parameters are symmetrical in the sense that the subunits of a complex biomolecular structure are described in the same way for the corresponding motion and its inverse. The properties of this new parameterization, singularity analysis and inverse kinematics, are also investigated in more detail. Finally the parameterization is applied to real biomolecular structures to show the efficacy of the symmetrical parameterization in the field of computational structural biology.
AI and the Mitigation of Error: A Thermodynamics of Teams

Traditional theories of social models conceptualize teams as distributed processors, disregarding the interdependence necessary to multi-task. Yet, interdependence characterizes social behavior. Instead, traditional theory favor cooperation, a state of least entropy production (LEP), without understanding the causes, limits or consequences of cooperation. As a simple example of interdependence, foraging prey overgraze forests free of predators. In our model, interdependence creates uncertainty, tradeoffs and signals (e.g., prices, coordination, innovation). Unlike individuals, the ability of teams to multitask reflects a quantum-like entanglement that represents maximum entropy production (MEP) when solving the problems signaled by society to improve its welfare. Our model supports findings that evolution in nature is driven by the MEP from making intelligent choices. Exploiting interdependence improves team intelligence, improves performance and reduces the risk of human error; forced cooperation disorganizes it by increasing the risk of error; e.g., if team cooperation improves teamwork, widespread forced cooperation in an autocracy or bureaucracy reduces social intelligence by adding unnecessary noise to signals. In our model, competition between teams self-organizes outsiders willing to sort through the noise for signals of the choices that improve social welfare (e.g., teams in courtrooms; science; entertainment; sports; businesses). Social systems organized around competition (e.g., stronger signals from robust checks and balances) better control a society by more correctly sizing teams to solve problems with fewer errors compared to autocracies or bureaucracies. Overall, we predict, the density of MEP directed at solving problems in a society with the constraints imposed from strong checks and balances, yet able to freely self-organize its labor and capital within those constraints, is denser.
Vibrio alginolyticus infections in the USA, 1988–2012

Vibrio alginolyticus causes soft tissue and bloodstream infection; little systematically collected clinical and epidemiological information is available. In the USA, V. alginolyticus infections are reported to the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance system. Using data from 1988 to 2012, we categorised infections using specimen source and exposure history, analysed case characteristics, and calculated incidence rates using US Census Bureau data. Most (96%) of the 1331 V. alginolyticus infections were from coastal states. Infections of the skin and ear were most frequent (87%); ear infections occurred more commonly in children, lower extremity infections more commonly in older adults. Most (86%) infections involved water activity. Reported incidence of infections increased 12-fold over the study period, although the extent of diagnostic or surveillance bias is unclear. Prevention efforts should target waterborne transmission in coastal areas and provider education to promote more rapid diagnosis and prevent complications.
Mitotic Bookmarking: Maintaining the Stem Cell Identity during Mitosis

In Cell Reports, Liu et al. (2017) investigate mechanisms for how pluripotent stem cells maintain their identity during cell division. They show that the histone mark H3K27ac and pluripotency transcription factors remain associated with mitotic chromatin in ESCs and during iPSC reprogramming, demonstrating the importance of mitotic bookmarking in pluripotency.
Faradaic oxygen evolution from SrTiO3 under nano- and femto-second pulsed light excitation

During photocatalytic water oxidation, n-SrTiO3(100) demonstrated near 100% Faradaic efficiency for O2 evolution with nano- (30 ns) and femto- (150 fs) second pulsed laser excitation of the band gap, despite surface rearrangements attributed to the high peak power (300 MW cm−2). Therefore, these results establish a methodology for tracking intermediates of the water oxidation cycle at the n-SrTiO3(100) surface from the picosecond time scales of charge transfer through to the millisecond time scales of O2 evolution.
Designing Networked Improvement in a Small‐College Context

This chapter demonstrates the complexity of pedagogical and curricular change as it unfolds through several overlapping phases of increasingly coordinated reflection and action around STEM initiatives at Pomona College. It argues for a networked model of research and practice, drawing on theory and lessons from improvement science and highlighting the role of institutional research in supporting change initiatives.
Skeptical but adapting: What Midwestern farmers say about climate change

AbstractFarmers stand to be greatly affected by changes in the climate, necessitating adaptive responses, yet little is documented on how U.S. Midwestern farmers understand and perceive climate change adaptation. Eight focus groups with 53 Michigan farmers were conducted in 2011–12 to better understand the following: 1) what do farmers think about the relationship between climate change and agriculture, 2) what differentiates normal weather-related management from climate change adaptation actions, and 3) how do farmers understand the term “climate change adaptation.” Farmers expressed skepticism at global climate change yet conveyed specific details about the local changes in climate they are experiencing on their farms. They were not able to clearly define the term “climate change adaptation” but did note specific adaptive actions they have already implemented. The farmers explained that nonclimate factors were of more concern to them when making management decisions, and they showed reactive (not proac...
Assessment of predictive models for characterizing the atomization process in a spray dryer’s bi-fluid nozzle

Abstract Spray drying as a commonly used process to produce amorphous solid dispersions of poorly water soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) involves dissolution of the API and often a polymer, surfactant, and/or other functional excipient(s) into a volatile solvent. This feed solution is then pumped to an atomizing nozzle to produce droplets inside the drying chamber. The current paper aims to utilize non-scaled parameters to characterize the atomization process. A bi-fluid nozzle with two different designs commonly used in a lab-scale spray dryer was investigated under different operating conditions. The feed solutions were made of several excipients commonly used to produce amorphous solid dispersion composites. Atomization characterization is presented via both mean droplet size and size distribution. Various models are evaluated for predicting droplet mean diameter and span suitable for extrapolating atomization in the spray drying process. These approaches may be extended to other nozzles and across scales.
U (1 ) -symmetric infinite projected entangled-pair states study of the spin-1/2 square J 1 -J 2 Heisenberg model

We develop an improved variant of $U(1)$-symmetric infinite projected entangled-pair states (iPEPS) ansatz to investigate the ground-state phase diagram of the spin-$1/2$ square ${J}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{J}_{2}$ Heisenberg model. In order to improve the accuracy of the ansatz, we discuss a simple strategy to select automatically relevant symmetric sectors and also introduce an optimization method to treat second-neighbor interactions more efficiently. We show that variational ground-state energies of the model obtained by the $U(1)$-symmetric iPEPS ansatz (for a fixed bond dimension $D)$ set a better upper bound, improving previous tensor-network-based results. By studying the finite-$D$ scaling of the magnetically order parameter, we find a N\'eel phase for ${J}_{2}/{J}_{1}l0.53$. For $0.53l{J}_{2}/{J}_{1}l0.61$, a nonmagnetic columnar valence bond solid (VBS) state is established as observed by the pattern of local bond energy. The divergent behavior of correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\sim}{D}^{1.2}$ and vanishing order parameters are consistent with a deconfined N\'eel-to-VBS transition at ${J}_{2}^{{c}_{1}}/{J}_{1}=0.530(5)$, where estimated critical anomalous exponents are ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{s}\ensuremath{\sim}0.6$ and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{d}\ensuremath{\sim}1.9$ for spin and dimer correlations, respectively. We show that the associated VBS order parameter monotonically increases with ${J}_{2}/{J}_{1}$ and finally a first-order quantum phase transition takes place at ${J}_{2}^{{c}_{2}}/{J}_{1}=0.610(2)$ to the conventional Stripe phase. We compare our results with earlier DMRG and PEPS studies and suggest future directions for resolving remaining issues.
Methods for Generating Microbial Cocultures that Grow in the Absence of Fixed Carbon or Nitrogen

This work is motivated by both (1) the desire to make interesting products without the reliance on fixed carbon or fixed nitrogen using microbial cocultures, and (2) the desire to develop new methods for growing microbial communities. The bioplastic polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), for example, is considered prohibitively expensive to make from sugar (compared to polypropylene). Utilizing and building on engineered strains of Synechococcus elongatus and Azotobacter vinelandii, we have combined a nitrogen-fixing organism with a carbon-fixing organism to make PHB from air, water, sunlight, and trace minerals. Our observations of coculture growth in batch culture led us to develop an improved system based on manipulating the osmotic pressure within a hydrogel. The methods we used to develop this coculture are described in detail in the following chapter, including notes detailing some of our additional observations or thoughts on this system.
An Application of Brief Therapy to Family Medicine

The Solution-Focused Brief Therapy model has been applied to support families with various problems commonly met at the department of family medicine in a large, urban teaching hospital in Seoul. Korea. Many cases there show a different distribution of problems when compared with a tertiary family therapy center. The majority involve psychosomatic problems, family distress around a chronically-ill member, the loss of a family member, and severe illness, only a few involving drinking problems, family violence, or abuse. The SFBT model meets the seven requirements of Doherty and Baird (1983) for a family therapy model to be useful in a medicine setting.
Sumatriptan in the treatment of cyclic vomiting

Objective:To describe a patient with cyclic vomiting who was treated successfully with sumatriptan, a serotonin, agonist.Case Summary:A patient with a 4-year history of cyclic vomiting was treated for an episode of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. This patient had been hospitalized numerous times for cyclic vomiting over the previous 4 years, each hospitalization lasting from 3 to 11 days. Following a single subcutaneous injection of sumatriptan 6 mg, the patient ceased vomiting and was discharged 40 hours from the time of admission.Discussion:The efficacy of sumatriptan in migraine headache appears to be mediated through its agonist activity at the serotonin1D receptor, resulting in constriction of dural blood vessels. According to published reports, therapeutic attempts at controlling cyclic vomiting often have included antimigraine therapies. Consistent with these reports, sumatriptan also appears effective in the treatment of cyclic vomiting.Conclusions:The pathogenesis of cyclic vomiting appears...
Hydroid Skeletons and Fluid Flow

Most hydroid colonies are encased in a tubular chitinous exoskeleton, the perisarc. Hyman (1940, p. 402) observes of the perisarc that “On stems it usually forms groups of rings or annulations at definite points related to the branching... The function of these is obscure, but it is generally supposed that they lend flexibility.” Perusal of the literature and conversations vith biologists studying hydroids suggest that the annular regions on hydroid perisarc are no better understood now than in 1940. Indeed, little more is known of the perisarc itself or of the skeleton which it forms.
What Are Microbiome Data

In this chapter, we first introduce microbiome data from sources of sequencing. Then, we describle microbiome data structure and provide several real data tables to illustrate the data structure. The features of microbiome data are summarized.
Fire-Aware Planning of Aerial Trajectories and Ignitions

Prescribed fires can lessen wildfire severity and control invasive species, but they can also be risky and costly. Unmanned aerial systems can reduce those drawbacks by, for example, dropping ignition spheres to ignite the most hazardous areas. Existing systems, however, lack awareness of the fire vectors to operate autonomously, safely, and efficiently. In this work we address that limitation, introducing an approach that integrates a lightweight fire simulator and a planner for trajectories and ignition sphere drop waypoints. Both components are unique in that they are amenable to input from the system's sensors and the fire crew to increase fire awareness. We conducted a preliminary study that confirms that such inputs improve the accuracy of the fire simulation to counter the unpredictability of the target environment. The field study of the system showed that the fire-aware planner generated safe trajectories with effective ignitions leveraging the fire simulator predictions.
Antiplatelet Drugs in the Management of Cerebral Ischemia

Abstract In this chapter we present the evidence that platelets play significant roles in the development of ischemic stroke, and that their activation can also contribute to the evolution of brain injury. Those observations support the clinical observations that antiplatelet approaches can reduce the incidence of second stroke in the setting of transient ischemic attacks or minor stroke, and second stroke after a completed stroke. However, antiplatelet therapy increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Aspirin and other antiplatelet agents have been used as adjunctive treatment for carotid artery atherosclerotic disease and cardiac source emboli. Considerations of newer settings for the use of antiplatelet agents are discussed.
The Impact of Shopping Center Development on Downtowns of Small Nonmetropolitan Communities

The number of shopping centers in rural communities has increased rapidly in recent years. Downtown merchants and local government officials have been concerned about how the increased competition ...
Dependence of Phase History Based SAR Moving Target Autofocus on Signal-to-Clutter Ratio

Recent analysis has demonstrated that the residual range migration effects of moving target signature smears in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery can be refocused by adapting phase gradient autofocus (PGA) methodologies so that range errors are estimated and compensated directly in the domain of the phase history data (PHD). The ability of this PHD-based autofocus to yield well-focused imagery depends critically upon the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) within the selected region-of-interest (ROI). The current investigation examines the dependence of the resulting focused target image quality upon the input target smear strength relative to that of the background clutter.
When the illiberal and the neoliberal meet around infectious diseases: an examination of the MERS response in South Korea

This paper investigates infectious disease mismanagement as a way of understanding the mixture of neoliberal and illiberal governance in public health. While acknowledging the significant role of n...
Reimagining Livelihoods: Life beyond Economy, Society, and Environment.

In this recent addition to the Diverse Economies and Livable Worlds book series, Ethan Miller provides a compelling and cogent analysis of what he refers to as the hegemonic assemblage that conjoin...
Blood pressure management in an ecosystem context.

The Hippocratic text On Airs, Waters, Places advises physicians to attend to all aspects of the environment—the seasons, the wind direction, and the soil and water quality, i.e., the ecosystem—when addressing people’s health. Hippocrates emphasizes that the ecosystem influences health, disease, and therapeutic choices. Now is the time to consider how this medical wisdom can be integrated into healthcare systems and utilized for people’s health. This review discusses how the ecosystem can affect blood pressure (BP) in humans and provides a synthesis of the related resources available in the literature to inform the actions of healthcare providers.
Gene Expression Meta-Analysis Identifies Molecular Changes Associated with SARS-CoV Infection in Lungs

Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) corona virus (SARS-CoV) infections are a serious public health threat because of their pandemic-causing potential. This work uses mRNA expression data to predict genes associated with SARS-CoV infection through an innovative meta-analysis examining gene signatures (i.e., gene lists ranked by differential gene expression between SARS and mock infection). Methods: This work defines 29 gene signatures representing SARS infection across seven strains with established mutations that vary virulence (infectious clone SARS (icSARS), Urbani, MA15, {Delta}ORF6, BAT-SRBD, {Delta}NSP16, and ExoNI) and host (human lung cultures and/or mouse lung samples) and examines them through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). To do this, first positive and negative icSARS gene panels were defined from GSEA-identified leading-edge genes between 500 genes from positive or negative tails of the GSE47960-derived icSARSvsmock signature and the GSE47961-derived icSARSvsmock signature, both from human cultures. GSEA then was used to assess enrichment and identify leading-edge icSARS panel genes in the other 27 signatures. Genes associated with SARS-CoV infection are predicted by examining membership in GSEA-identified leading-edges across signatures. Results: Significant enrichment (GSEA p<0.001) was observed between GSE47960-derived and GSE47961-derived signatures, and those leading-edges defined the positive (233 genes) and negative (114 genes) icSARS panels. Non-random (null distribution p<0.001) significant enrichment (p<0.001) was observed between icSARS panels and all verification icSARSvsmock signatures derived from human cultures, from which 51 over- and 22 under-expressed genes were shared across leading-edges with 10 over-expressed genes already being associated with icSARS infection. For the icSARSvsmock mouse signature, significant, non-random enrichment (both p<0.001) held for only the positive icSARS panel, from which nine genes were shared with icSARS infection in human cultures. Considering other SARS strains, significant (p<0.01), non-random (p<0.002) enrichment was observed across signatures derived from other SARS strains for the positive icSARS panel. Five positive icSARS panel genes, CXCL10, OAS3, OASL, IFIT3, and XAF1, were found in mice and human signatures. Conclusion: The GSEA-based meta-analysis approach used here identified genes with and without reported associations with SARS-CoV infections, highlighting this approachs predictability and usefulness in identifying genes that have potential as therapeutic targets to preclude or overcome SARS infections.
Beyond Scleroderma: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Patients with Other Connective Tissue Diseases

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with connective tissue disease (CTD-PAH) is a devastating condition that may progress rapidly to cause right ventricular dysfunction, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The pathobiology, epidemiology, natural history, early diagnosis, and treatment response of PAH associated with scleroderma (SSc-PAH) have been the subjects of intense research efforts over the previous decade. The success of these efforts has resulted in increased awareness of SSc-PAH. Less is known about PAH associated with other connective tissue diseases. The aim of this chapter is to move beyond scleroderma in order to review what is known about PAH in other CTDs.
The Association of Serum Aldosterone and Plasma Renin Activity with Ambulatory Blood Pressure in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.

Background: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an important driver of BP but the association of the RAAS with ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and ABPM phenotypes among African Americans (AA) has not been assessed. Methods: ABP and ABPM phenotypes were assessed in 912 Jackson Heart Study participants with aldosterone and plasma renin activity (PRA). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the association of aldosterone, and PRA with clinic, awake and asleep systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and ABPM phenotypes, adjusting for important confounders. Results: The mean age of participants was 59 ±11 years and 69% were female. In fully adjusted models, lower log-PRA was associated with higher clinic, awake, and asleep SBP and DBP (all p<0.05). A higher log-aldosterone was associated with higher clinic, awake, and asleep DBP (all p<0.05). A 1-unit higher log-PRA was associated with lower odds of daytime hypertension (OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.49, 0.71), nocturnal hypertension (OR: 0.68, 95%CI: 0.58, 0.79), daytime and nocturnal hypertension (OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.48, 0.71), sustained hypertension (OR: 0.52, 95%CI: 0.39, 0.70) and masked hypertension (OR 0.75, 95%CI: 0.62, 0.90). A 1-unit higher log-aldosterone was associated with higher odds of nocturnal hypertension (OR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.81). Neither PRA nor aldosterone were associated with percent dipping, non-dipping BP pattern, or white-coat hypertension. Patterns for aldosterone:renin ratio were similar to PRA. Conclusions: Suppressed renin activity and higher aldosterone:renin ratios were associated with both higher SBP and DBP in the office and during the awake and asleep periods as evidenced by ABPM. Higher aldosterone levels were associated with higher DBP, but not SBP, in the clinic and during the awake and asleep periods. Further clinical investigation of novel and approved medications that target low renin physiology such as epithelial sodium channel inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may be paramount in improving hypertension control in AAs.
The Black Futures of W. E. B. Du Bois

Phillip Luke Sinitiere thinks alongside W. E. B. Du Bois about the topic of Black futures through a centering of Du Bois’s method of “looking forward into the past.” It functions as both an admonition and a methodology. Sinitiere frames the chapter as an interrogative exercise, inquiring “How did Du Bois imagine Black futures while remaining rooted in a methodology that privileged documentary research and historical argument?” Sinitiere argues that Du Bois’s Black futures come into clearer focus when the liberal arts/humanities that shaped his historical thought, political commitments, and intellectual reflection are accounted for. This chapter contends that Du Bois engages in the production of knowledge in his journalist science fiction.
Public perceptions of geoengineering

In the face of unrelenting climate change and insufficient mitigation, experts are increasingly considering using geoengineering - carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management - to manipulate the Earth's climate. So far, most laypeople are unaware of geoengineering, and many are resistant to these technologies when told about them. A growing literature finds that these initial reactions are tied to psychological traits, beliefs, and identities including trust in the actors involved, political and social identities, beliefs about tampering with the natural world, and perceived trade-offs between geoengineering and alternative approaches. Finally, given the lack of existing knowledge of geoengineering, public acceptance is highly susceptible to how these technologies are framed, offering both risks and opportunities for climate communication.
“I am Sapelo”: Racialized uneven development and land politics within the Gullah Geechee Corridor:

The history of land struggles in the United States demonstrates how ongoing patterns of uneven development depend upon and codify the legacies of white supremacy. In this article, we show how the h...
Evaluation of short-term temporal evolution of Pluto’s surface composition from 2014–2017 with APO/TripleSpec

Abstract In this work we present the results of a spectral observing campaign of Pluto to search for temporal changes in surface composition on 1- to 3-year timescales. Near-infrared spectra of Pluto were obtained from June 2014 to August 2017 with the TripleSpec cross-dispersed spectrograph at the Apache Point Observatory’s 3.5-meter Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) telescope. Observations were requested in order to obtain spectra of approximately the same sub-observer hemisphere ∼ 14 months apart, thus removing the effects of viewing geometry and rotation phase. Comparison of the CH 4 (methane) band areas and band center shifts between each component of these “matched pairs” revealed a surface in transition. Band areas for the 1.66 and 1 . 72 μ m CH 4 absorption features exhibited a > 5- σ increase between 2014-06-17 and 2015-08-19, corresponding to a sub-observer hemisphere centered at ∼ 280°E, with the latter date only 1 month after the New Horizons flyby of Pluto. The majority of matched pairs were obtained of the anti-Charon hemisphere, home to the bright, volatile-rich Sputnik Planitia, and did not present statistically significant changes in CH 4 band areas. CH 4 band center shifts, which provide information on the mixing state of CH 4 and N 2 in solid solution, were calculated between components of each matched pair, with no significant band shifts detected. The favored explanation for these combined results is the sublimation of more-volatile N 2 from the northern latitudes of Pluto in the lead-up to northern hemisphere summer solstice in 2029, leading to an increase in CH 4 concentration.
Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Introduction

Introduction 1. History 2. Typology 3. The lexicon 4. Morphology - the shapes of words 5. Participant reference 6. Actions, states and processes 7. Basic concepts in English syntax 8. Advanced concepts in English syntax 9. Complementation 10. Modification 11. Auxiliaries and the 'black hole' of English syntax 12. Time and reality 13. Voice and valence 14. Clause combining 15. Pragmatic grounding and pragmatically marked constructions.
Counterfactuals and the Prisoner's Dilemma

This is the first draft of a chapter in a planned book on the Prisoner?s Dilemma, edited by Martin Peterson, to be published by Cambridge University Press. It discusses the nature of the conditionals involved in deliberation, taking the Prisoner's Dilemma game as point of departure.
Novels, Maps, Modernity: The Spatial Imagination, 1850–2000

List of Figures. Acknowledgements. Introduction: Orienting, Disorienting the Novel 1. On Getting Oriented 2. Melville's Zig-Zag World-Circle 3. Joyce's Geodesy 4. Pynchon's Baedeker Trick 5. On Getting Lost Notes. Bibliography. Index
Using Web-based instruction to teach music theory in the piano studio: Defining, designing, and implementing an integrative approach

This dissertation rationalizes the best use of Web-based instruction (WBI) for teaching music theory to private piano students in the later primary grades. It uses an integrative research methodology for defining, designing, and implementing a curriculum that includes WBI. Research from the fields of music education, educational technology, educational psychology, and interaction design and children receive primary consideration. A synthesis of these sources outlines several research-based principles that instructional designers can use to design a complete blended learning environment for use within the piano studio. In addition to the research-based principles, the precise methods of determining instructional tasks and implementing the program online are described in detail. A full implementation is then deployed, and piano teachers evaluate the extent to which the online program fulfills the research-based principles. This dissertation does not argue for the complete migration of theory instruction from traditional workbook approaches to an entirely Web-based medium but rather outlines the best use of face-to-face instruction, collaboration amongst students, teachers, and parents, and interaction with a Web-based program. This formative research provides a complete model of integrating WBI within the piano studio that can guide instructional designers and music educators.
Shared autonomous vehicles: Model formulation, sub-problem definitions, implementation details, and anticipated impacts

The emergence of self-driving vehicles holds great promise for the future of transportation. While it will still be a number of years before fully self-driving vehicles can safely and legally drive unoccupied on U.S. streets, once this is possible, a new transportation mode for personal travel looks set to arrive. This new mode is the shared autonomous vehicle (SAV), combining features of short-term on-demand rentals with self-driving capabilities.
Nonlinear dynamics and the transformation of US innovation systems

Summary form only given as follows. To the extent that the US has a national innovation system (actually systems), it is in the midst of a dramatic transformation. Essentially international competition and internal political machinations are causing a shift away from a Schumpeterian system of entrepreneurial capitalism toward more mercantilist system. Industrial structures and government policies alike are beginning to mirror its global counterparts. Meanwhile, strategic analysis, both at the level of the firm and the nation-state, remain mired in the methods of the past industrial era. A set of tools and concepts derived form nonlinear systems theory provide a more useful addendum in the context of a Schumpeterian evolutionary perspective.
Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium arthrography to assess acetabular cartilage delamination. A report of four cases.

The outcome of joint-preserving procedures for the treatment of hip osteonecrosis1,2 and acetabular dysplasia3 has been related to the quality of the acetabular cartilage at the time of the operative intervention4-7. An ability to evaluate the condition of the acetabular cartilage prior to surgical intervention could improve the predictability of the results of joint-preserving procedures. To accomplish this goal, some have advocated the use of hip arthroscopy8-10. However, this method relies on visual inspection of the articular surface and probing it to find abnormalities in texture or hidden defects within the midsubstance of the tissue. Less-invasive diagnostic measures, such as magnetic resonance imaging, would be preferable11. We describe a series of four consecutive patients who demonstrated delamination of the hip joint acetabular cartilage on magnetic resonance arthrography with gadolinium, which was then confirmed at the time of surgical dislocation of the hip joint12. The characteristics of these lesions as well as the imaging technique are described. Informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to submission of this paper for publication. All four patients presented with persistent hip pain radiating to the groin area that was reproduced with flexion, adduction, and internal rotation (the so-called impingement test). The mean age of the patients was forty years (range, thirty-six to forty-five years) at the time of presentation. There were three men and one woman, and they had a mean duration of symptoms of 3.0 years (range, 0.7 to eight years). Standard hip radiographs that included anteroposterior pelvic and frog-leg and cross-table lateral views were made of all patients. None of the patients had radiographic signs of arthritis. All four hips lacked femoral head-neck offset as seen on the cross-table lateral radiograph13, which suggested …
The hydraulic analysis of cylindrical Flibe jets in a HYLIFE-II ICF reactor

In HYLIFE, a conceptual design of inertial confinement fusion reactors, a liquid jet array is proposed to protect the reactor chamber from fusion radiation. During the pulse of fusion the jets will sustain severe neutron and X-ray heating. Since the high energy neutrons can penetrate the material fairly well, they induce a nearly uniform and very large pressure rise within each jet. This energy is deposited within nanoseconds or much faster than the time scale for fluid dynamic relaxation. The analysis of the relaxation of the liquid jets in a HYLIFE reactor is therefore important for understanding the configuration of the liquid blanket, which is directly related with the vapor and liquid impacts on the chamber wall. The correct estimation of these impacts will allow designers to optimize the cost and strength of the reactor. The calculations for the cylindrical lithium jets in the HYLIFE-I reactor were done previously by using a compressible flow mode and a soft sphere equation of state developed by Young. A similar equation of state model for Flibe, the HYLIFE-II blanket material, was recently developed. This equation of state allows us to use the same compressible analysis code to calculate the pressure field in themore » Flibe jets and to estimate the upper bound of Flibe tension limit. With these results we can predict the possibility of the liquid breakup and the momentum distribution generated by relaxation and breakup.« less
A “SuperCode” for Systems Analysis of Tokamak Experiments and Reactors

A new code, named SUPERCODE, has been developed to fill the gap between currently available zero dimensional systems codes and highly sophisticated, multidimensional plasma performance codes. The former are comprehensive in content, fast to execute, but rather simple in terms of the accuracy of their physics and engineering models. The latter contain state-of-the-art plasma physics modeling but are limited in engineering content and are time consuming to run. The SUPERCODE upgrades the reliability and accuracy of systems codes by calculating the self consistent 1 1/2-D plasma evolution in a realistic engineering environment. By a combination of variational techniques and careful formulation there is only a modest increase in CPU time over 0-D runs, thereby making the SUPERCODE suitable for use as a systems studies tool. In addition, we have expended considerable effort to make the code user- and programmer friendly, as well as operationally flexible, with the hope of encouraging wide usage throughout the fusion community.
Models for Fossil Concentrations: Paleobiologic Implications

Four basic types of skeletal concentrations are modeled in terms of changes in sedimentation rate alone. The model categorizes fossil concentrations on the relatively objective basis of their bed contacts, and uses this criterion to infer directional shifts in net sedimentation. This radical simplification of accumulation histories, in which hardpart input is held constant, yields a surprisingly powerful model capable of predicting a broad spectrum of taphonomic and paleobiologic phenomena. Type I concentrations grade from less fossiliferous sediments and terminate in omission surfaces; if hardpart supply is held constant, they record a slowdown from positive to zero net sedimentation. Type II concentrations are the same as Type I but terminate in erosion surfaces (slowdown to negative net sedimentation), and Type III and IV concentrations are characterized by basal erosion or omission surfaces, respectively, grade upward into less fossiliferous sediments, and record increases in net sedimentation from negative or zero rates to positive rates. According to the model, samples collected from successive horizons within any of these shell beds will differ in the degree and type of post-mortem bias owing to differing histories of hardpart exposure at the depositional interface. Moreover, because rates of sediment accumulation govern the abundance of hardparts at the depositional interface and thus many of the physical characteristics of the benthic habitat, the dynamics of fossil accumulation have direct consequences for the structure of benthic communities (taphonomic feedback) and for ecologically controlled species morphometry.The model is highly robust to fluctuations in hardpart input, as judged by its ability to correctly infer modes of formation of concentrations in synthetic stratigraphic sections. In addition, field examples of Type I–IV concentrations show independent evidence of formation during intervals of reduced net sedimentation, and many exhibit trends in taphonomic and paleobiologic features expected from the postulated changes in net sedimentation. The model thus provides a testable working hypothesis for the accumulation of fossil material in a wide range of environments, and should be applicable to concentrations of any taxonomic composition, state of preservation, or geologic age. The power and robustness of this heuristic model in fact argue that fossil-rich and fossil-poor strata provide fundamentally different records of past conditions, and that sedimentation rather than hardpart input is the primary control on the nature of the fossil record.
Use of proton therapy for re-irradiation in pediatric intracranial ependymoma

Abstract Background and purpose To report disease control, survival and treatment-associated toxicity with the use of proton therapy (PRT) for re-irradiation of intracranial ependymoma. Materials and methods Twenty patients underwent 33 PRT re-irradiation courses for recurrent or metastatic lesions between June 2004 and February 2015 at Massachusetts General Hospital. Results The majority of patients were female (60%), with infratentorial tumors (90%), anaplastic histology (55%), and initially received 55.8 GyRBE (52.2–59.4) involved field (IF) PRT. First failure was local (55%), distant (30%) or both (15%) at a median time of 23.9months (9.9–98.5) from first treatment. Salvage therapy included re-resection (75%), chemotherapy (60%) and IFPRT (70%) to a median dose 50.4 GyRBE (35–55.8) in the majority of patients. The median follow-up was 37.8months (5.5–138.0). Three year OS and PFS are 78.6% (95% CI 67.6–89.6) and 28.1% (95% CI 15.6–40.6), respectively. Longer OS was significantly associated with surgical resection of recurrent disease (HR 9.19, 95% CI 1.27–66.44, p =0.028). The pattern of second failure after re-irradiation was directly related to the pattern of first failure ( p Conclusions Proton therapy appears safe and efficacious for the re-treatment of recurrent intracranial ependymoma.
7 Layered Simulation: A Novel Approach to Medical Malpractice Education

Overview: We present a novel approach to the use of simulation in medical education with a two-event layered simulation. A patient care simulation with an adverse outcome was followed by a delayed simulated deposition. Process: Senior residents in an academic emergency medicine program were solicited as simulation research volunteers. Other than stating that the research involved adverse outcomes, no identifying information was given. Seven volunteers participated in a simulation involving a forced error (nurse confederate gave an incorrect medication dose). Based on the initial simulation, one physician completed a simulated deposition in a teaching conference six weeks later conducted by a licensed attorney with malpractice experience. The audience, consisting of residents, attendings, and students, watched a recording of the patient care, witnessed the deposition, and evaluated the experience using a 13 question survey with five-point Likert scales. Outcome: Participants felt that, overall, the training program was a useful educational tool (average Likert score of 4.63) that would change aspects of their practice (3.31). Participants stated that they would be more careful in their documentation (3.88), review high risk situations with staff (4.00), and monitor more carefully for errors (3.95). Overall, there was a degree of increased fear of the litigation process (3.95), but participants felt they would improve the risk profile of their practices (3.70). Conclusion: A novel approach to medical education was successful in changing attitudes and provided an expanded educational experience for participants. Layered simulation can be successfully incorporated into educational programs for numerous issues including medical malpractice.
Power system probabilistic and security analysis on commodity high performance computing systems

Large scale integration of stochastic energy resources in power systems requires probabilistic analysis approaches for comprehensive system analysis. The large-varying grid condition on the aging and stressed power system infrastructures also requires merging of offline security analyses into online operation. Meanwhile in computing, the recent rapid hardware performance growth comes from the more and more complicated architecture. Fully utilizing the computing power for specific applications becomes very difficult. Given the challenges and opportunities in both the power system and the computing fields, this paper presents the unique commodity high performance computing system solutions to the following fundamental tools for power system probabilistic and security analysis: 1) a high performance Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) based distribution probabilistic load flow solver for real-time distribution feeder probabilistic solutions. 2) A high performance MCS based transmission probabilistic load flow solver for transmission grid probabilistic analysis. 3) A SIMD accelerated AC contingency calculation solver based on Woodbury matrix identity on multi-core CPUs. By aggressive algorithm level and computer architecture level performance optimizations including optimized data structures, optimization for superscalar out-of-order execution, SIMDization, and multi-core scheduling, our software fully utilizes the modern commodity computing systems, makes the critical and computational intensive power system probabilistic and security analysis problems solvable in real-time on commodity computing systems.
Evaluation of surface wind and flux analysis techniques using conventional data in marine cyclones

Abstract Data from seven storms from the Storm Transfer and Response Experiment in November 1980 have been used to evaluate the relative accuracy of surface wind and flux fields based on two analysis procedures. Two essentially independent techniques were used; objective analysis which is based on composite data taken at several synoptic intervals to enhance the number of observations and processing carefully hand-analyzed (subjective) surface pressure analyses into wind and flux fields using a planetary boundary layer (PBL) similarity model. Scale and accuracy limits imposed by instrument accuracy, sampling error, and gridding and analysis procedures are evaluated for each of these techniques by comparison with independent data and with each other. Wind field differences between the objective composite analysis and the PBL model predictions are found to be comparable to the measurement-related uncertainty in the observations. Unresolved variability in the 10–100 km scale of the dynamic and thermodynamic variables produces the main source of error in both the objective and model wind fields. Additional wind field differences are contributed by PBL and gradient wind assumptions used in the PBL model. Wind differences between either of the two analyses and individual observations are about ±3 m s−1 and ±30° in the mean, and can be greater than ±5 m s−1 and ±50° for small regions. Comparable differences are found between the two wind field analyses. The wind and thermodynamic field differences combine to produce substantial differences in the derived fields. Mean differences of ±19W m−2 and ±41 W m−2 for the fluxes of sensible and latent heat, respectively, represent differences of about 50% of the mean fluxes, with local differences as much as double or triple the magnitude of these means. Fronts are equally well represented by the two analyses, but values of divergence and curl of surface stress may differ by a factor of 2 or more in regions of fronts. These local differences in the derived fields result primarily from the large wind field differences in these inadequately resolved regions.