cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hartwig, W. C. (ed.). 2002. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 530 + xiv pp. ISBN 0-521-66315-6, price (cloth), $175.00.

W. C. Hartwig (ed.). 2002. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 530 + xiv pp. ISBN 0-521-66315-6, price (cloth), $175.00. This valuable new volume challenges significant components of the normal view of primate history. In Chapter 1, the editor briefly comments that “… fossil primates have always been interpreted in light of how they might relate to living ones. Whether this tendency stems from scientific insight or myopia, a framework of closely related forms and conservative phylogenies has persevered.” In the normal view (e.g., Clark 1959; Eisenberg 1981; Fleagle 1999), the earliest primates were Plesiadapiformes (or were closely related to them) that “took to the trees” at the end of the Cretaceous. The suborder Prosimii emerged in the Eocene, and ancestral Anthropoidea diverged in the Late Eocene in Africa. Derived African anthropoids of the Oligocene that retained only 2 premolars founded our infraorder Catarrhini. The super-family Hominoidea radiated in East Africa and Eurasia beginning in the early Miocene, but by the Pliocene, specialized Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) had replaced most hominoids. A bipedal African hominoid begat the family Hominidae during climatic perturbations of the Plio-Pleistocene. Fieldwork and analysis by the contributors to this book over the last 2 decades have revised several key points of this view, but the editor (Chapter 1) makes it clear that the volume is not a new synthesis of fossil and living primate sys-tematics. Instead, multiple systematic inferences coexist, supported by conflicting interpretations of the same evidence. Following the brief introduction, Rasmus sen reviews current functional models for the origin of the primates by reprising his observations of Caluromys derbianus to address 2 competing hypotheses, that primates were initially successful “visual predators” (Cartmill 1972) and that primates initially exploited fruits at terminal branches of …
Re-collection in existential psychotherapy with couples and families dealing with death

Re-collection is a treatment dynamic in existential family therapy in which the client family is helped to remember and honor meanings that family members have previously actualized and deposited in the past. This “shrinks” the family meaning vacuum and those symptoms and problems that grow and flourish in a family meaning vacuum. In this article, an existential orientation to re-collection with families who are dealing with the death of a loved one is presented, described, and illustrated with case material.
Increased myocardial native T 1 relaxation time in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy with complex ventricular arrhythmia

Purpose To study the relationship between diffuse myocardial fibrosis and complex ventricular arrhythmias (ComVA) in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM). We hypothesized that NICM patients with ComVA would have a higher native myocardial T1 time, suggesting more extensive myocardial diffuse fibrosis. Materials and Methods We prospectively enrolled NICM patients with a history of ComVA (n = 50) and age-matched NICM patients without ComVA (n = 57). Imaging was performed at 1.5T with a protocol that included cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for left ventricular (LV) function, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) for focal scar, and native T1 mapping for diffuse fibrosis assessment. Results Global native T1 time was significantly higher in patients with NICM with ComVA when compared to patients with NICM without ComVA (1131 ± 42 vs. 1107 ± 45 msec, P = 0.006), and this finding remained after excluding segments with scar on LGE (1124 ± 36 vs. 1102 ± 44 msec, P = 0.006). Native T1 was similar in NICM patients with and without the presence of LGE (1121 ± 39 vs. 1117 ± 48 msec, P = 0.68) and mildly correlated with LV end-diastolic volume index (r = 0.27, P = 0.005), LV end-systolic volume index (r = 0.24, P = 0.01), and LV ejection fraction (r = –0.28, P = 0.003). Native T1 value for each 10-msec increment was an independent predictor of ComVA (odds ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.25; P = 0.008) beyond LV function and LGE. Conclusion NICM patients with ComVA have higher native T1 compared to NICM without any documented ComVA. Native myocardial T1 is independently associated with ComVA, after adjusting for LV function and LGE. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017. In memoriam: The authors are grateful for Dr. Josephson's inspiring guidance and contributions to this study.
Quantitative MRI of fatty liver disease in a large pediatric cohort: correlation between liver fat fraction, stiffness, volume, and patient-specific factors.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are increasingly used to quantify and monitor liver tissue characteristics including fat fraction, stiffness, and liver volume. The purpose of this study was to assess the inter-relationships between multiple quantitative liver metrics and patient-specific factors in a large pediatric cohort with known or suspected fatty liver disease. In this IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant study, we retrospectively reviewed patient data and quantitative liver MRI results in children with known/suspected fatty liver disease. Relationships between liver MRI tissue characteristics and patient variables [sex, age, body mass index (BMI), diabetic status (no diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance/“prediabetes” diagnosis, or confirmed diabetes mellitus), and serum alanine transaminase (ALT)] were assessed using linear mixed models. 294 quantitative liver MRI examinations were performed in 202 patients [128/202 (63.4%) boys], with a mean age of 13.4 ± 2.9 years. Based on linear mixed models, liver fat fraction was influenced by age (−0.71%/+1 year, p = 0.0002), liver volume (+0.006%/+1 mL, p < 0.0001), liver stiffness (−2.80%/+1 kPa, p = 0.0006), and serum ALT (+0.02%/+1 U/L, p = 0.0019). Liver stiffness was influenced by liver volume (+0.0003 kPa/+1 mL, p = 0.001), fat fraction (−0.02 kPa/+1% fat, p = 0.0006), and ALT (0.002 kPa/+1 U/L, p = 0.0002). Liver volume was influenced by sex (−262.1 mL for girls, p = 0.0003), age (+51.8 mL/+1 year, p = 0.0001), BMI (+49.1 mL/+1 kg/m2, p < 0.0001), fat fraction (+30.5 mL/+1% fat, p < 0.0001), stiffness (+192.6 mL/+1 kPa, p = 0.001), and diabetic status (+518.94 mL for diabetics, p = 0.0009). Liver volume, fat fraction, and stiffness are inter-related and associated with multiple patient-specific factors. These relationships warrant further study as MRI is increasingly used as a non-invasive biomarker for fatty liver disease diagnosis and monitoring.
Skeletal muscle-on-a-chip: an in vitro model to evaluate tissue formation and injury

Engineered skeletal muscle tissues can be used for in vitro studies that require physiologically relevant models of native tissues. Herein, we describe the development of a three-dimensional (3D) skeletal muscle tissue that recapitulates the architectural and structural complexities of muscle within a microfluidic device. Using a 3D photo-patterning approach, we spatially confined a cell-laden gelatin network around two bio-inert hydrogel pillars, which induce uniaxial alignment of the cells and serve as anchoring sites for the encapsulated cells and muscle tissues as they form and mature. We have characterized the tissue morphology and strain profile during differentiation of the cells and skeletal muscle tissue formation by using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and computational tools. The time-dependent strain profile suggests the existence of individual cells within the gelatin matrix, which differentiated to form a multinucleated skeletal muscle tissue bundle as a function of culture time. We have also developed a method to calculate the passive tension generated by the engineered muscle tissue bundles suspended between two pillars. Finally, as a proof-of-concept we have examined the applicability of the skeletal muscle-on-chip system as a screening platform and in vitro muscle injury model. We studied the dose-dependent effect of cardiotoxin on the engineered muscle tissue architecture and its subsequent effect on the passive tension. This simple yet effective tool can be appealing for studies that necessitate the analysis of skeletal muscle structure and function, including preclinical drug discovery and development.
When Rivals Originate from Within

This paper examines two questions that affect entrepreneurial activity. First, under what conditions are new opportunities exploited by managers rather than their employer firms and second, under what conditions do the employer firms have sufficient incentive to pay off managers to deter entrepreneurial activity? The paper develops and analyzes an economic model to examine the condition sets. Results are consistent with recent findings in the empirical literature on managerial salaries and on technology adoption in oligopolistic industries.
Missed diagnosis of acute stanford Type A aortic dissection presenting with abdominal pain in the setting of acute appendicitis

Acute Stanford Type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) has a high mortality rate, particularly with delayed diagnosis and treatment. A 30-year-old male Marfan patient presented to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain and underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis about 15 h later. Postoperatively, the patient developed acute pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed severe aortic insufficiency, 7.5 cm root aneurysm, severe left ventricular dysfunction, and probable ATAAD. Following computed tomography angiogram confirmation of ATAAD, he underwent emergency root and ascending aortic replacement with a composite mechanical valve graft 48 h after hospitalization. The patient had Escherichia coli pericarditis at time of sternotomy likely hematogenous from appendicitis and later also developed postoperative pneumonia. At 2 years follow-up, he was doing well without any evidence of prosthetic valve conduit infection. The simultaneous presentation of two unrelated pathologies with acute abdominal pain led to the initial missed diagnosis of ATAAD, which delayed treatment and increased risks for morbidity and mortality. Therefore, Marfan syndrome patients presenting with acute abdomen should be ruled out for acute aortic dissection despite any other obvious concomitant pathology, especially in younger patients.
Channel Interactions and Robust Inference for Ratiometric β-lactamase Assay Data: a Tox21 Library Analysis.

Ratiometric β-lactamase (BLA) reporters are widely used to study transcriptional responses in a high-throughput screening (HTS) format. Typically, a ratio readout (background/target fluorescence) is used for toxicity assessment and structure–activity modeling efforts from BLA HTS data. This ratio readout may be confounded by channel-specific artifacts. To maximize the utility of BLA HTS data, we analyzed the relationship between individual channels and ratio readouts after fitting 10,000 chemical titration series screened in seven BLA stress–response assays from the Tox21 initiative. Similar to previous observations, we found that activity classifications based on BLA ratio readout alone are confounded by interference patterns for up to 85% (50% on average) of active chemicals. Most Tox21 analyses adjust for this issue by evaluating target and ratio readout direction. In addition, we found that the potency and efficacy estimates derived from the ratio readouts may not represent the target channel effects ...
Inhibitory Effects of iPSC-MSCs and Their Extracellular Vesicles on the Onset of Sialadenitis in a Mouse Model of Sjögren's Syndrome.

No effective treatment for Sjogren's syndrome (SS), a chronic autoimmune disease affecting mainly salivary and lacrimal glands, is available now. Systemic infusion of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from tissues such as bone marrow (BM) alleviated SS in mouse models and a small clinical trial, but further research and application of this MSC therapy were hindered by limited expandability, significant donor variations, and safety concerns of tissue-derived MSCs. To circumvent these issues, we derived MSCs from human iPSCs using an optimized protocol that can be easily scaled up to produce a huge amount of standardized MSCs. Our iPSC-MSCs inhibited the onset of lymphocyte infiltration into salivary glands in the NOD mouse model of SS in the same way as BM-MSCs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry bioactive molecules in the same way as their originating cells and are more stable and considered much safer than cells for therapies. We found that EVs derived from BM-MSCs and iPSC-MSCs suppressed activation of immune cells and expression of proinflammation factors essential for SS progression in vitro and that infusion of iPSC-MSC EVs at the predisease stage decreased the lymphocyte infiltration in salivary glands and serum autoantibody levels in the same way as infusion of BM-MSCs and iPSC-MSCs. These data suggested that iPSC-MSC EVs have the potential to prevent the progression of SS before the onset of sialadenitis.
Measuring Visitor Experiences: Creating and Testing the Tourism Autobiographical Memory Scale:

The purpose of this study was to test the validity of the new Tourism Autobiographical Memory Scale (TAMS) that measures visitor experience through personal memory. The TAMS uses the autobiographical memory framework to represent the degree to which a travel experience was impactful to a traveler’s life. Visitors were asked to recall a memory from their visit to a national park and rate the memory of the experience based on its impact and frequency of rehearsal on a 7-point scale. Using exploratory factor analysis and reliability testing, two distinct factors emerged. Results identified a reliable measure of a memory’s impact and frequency of rehearsal of tourists. The TAMS provides researchers a new scale to gather information about the impact of a visitor experience from the direct source—personal memories. Destination managers who understand the impact they can have on a traveler will be able to manage and market to those types of experiences.
Close calls: managing risk and resilience in airline flight safety

Organizations across a variety of industries are increasingly facing pressures for highly reliable, nearly error-free performance. Industries from education to health care to manufacturing often lo...
The anatomy of madness: psychosis as functional hippocampal afterdischarge.

Psychosis is viewed theoretically as hippocampal seizure and afterdischarge resulting from conditions of stressful stimulation and/or inhibitory disinhibition. Key anatomical structures involved and their dynamic interrelationships in health and psychosis are discussed. Several pathological physical conditions as well as certain autostimulatory behavior are seen as contributory or perpetuating to this condition.
COMPARISON OF SOLAR LOAD RATIO PREDICTIONS WITH PERFORMANCE OF FIVE PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDINGS

ABSTRACT The Solar Load Ratio (SLR) method of passive solar design analysis, developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, is evaluated for accuracy in predicting performance within the 10–15% range claimed by its authors. SLR predictions of auxiliary heating requirements, as performed on an Apple II Computer, are compared with actual performances of five passive solar residences in the Roaring Fork Valley of Colorado. The residences were monitored for Class C (non-instrumented) data which is of similar accuracy to the information available to a designer using SLR. Thermal performance of designs including direct gain, thermal storage wall, sunspace and mixed systems are evaluated. It is concluded that a designer using SLR cannot expect accuracy within the 10–15% range because sufficiently accurate input data is not available during the design process.
Workplace Injury and Illness, Safety Engineering, Economics and Social Capital

Throughout this past century, numerous high-profile workplace disasters occurred, some of which are listed in Table 13.1. These do not include some of the large energy industry disasters that caused long-term environmental damages, such as: the sinking of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of France in 1978, which was the largest oil spill of its kind in history; the partial-meltdown of the Three Mile Island nuclear energy plant in 1979; the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster in 1986; the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spill of 1989 in Alaska; and the recent Fukushima I nuclear plant disaster in 2011. Thus, many workplace accidents take a great human toll, as well as an environmental toll. In terms of the human toll part of the equation, as noted by Smith and Carayon (2011), even though the rates of workplace injuries and deaths in the United States have been declining ever since the Bureau of Labor Statistics first began to collect such data in 1972, the sheer numbers remain quite high, and they highlight the fact that improvements in workplace safety and illness are still needed. For example, the 2010 Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed an incidence rate of 3.5 cases per 100 workers per year for nonfatal occupational injury and illness, as well as a total of 4,547 fatal workplace injuries. Moreover, in 2007, 5,488 US workers died from workplace injuries. In that same year, an estimated 49,000 deaths were attributed to work-related diseases. In addition, it was estimated that four million workers had nonfatal work-related injury or illnesses, and about half of those required a job transfer, restricted work, or time away from their jobs. In 2004, approximately 3.4 million workers received treatment at hospital emergency departments because of a work-related injury, and about 80,000 were hospitalized (CDC/NIOSH, 2004a).
Con: mesh in vaginal surgery do the risks outweigh the benefits?

Purpose of reviewTo provide an overview regarding the results of transvaginal mesh kits to determine if the known risks outweigh their benefits.Recent findingsTwo Federal and Drug Administration warnings and an ever-increasing amount of data in medical journals reveal a paucity of support regarding
Keynote Address: Progress In Respiratory Carcinogenesis

I wish to thank the Symposium Chairmen for giving me the privilege of opening the proceedings of this conference on respiratory carcinogenesis, which stimulates great anticipation for much new information and for the discussion of many exciting developments in this field.
Stomas (Colostomy and Ileostomy)

Small bowel and colon stomas are used to divert bowel contents for healing of a new anastomosis, in the setting of abnormal gastrointestinal function, or in patients with incontinence or a low rectal cancer. Patients should undergo preoperative counseling regarding living with an ostomy, as well as preoperative stoma site marking. Important concepts in stoma creation include avoidance of stoma creation in the setting of infection, ensuring adequate blood supply to the stoma, and preventing tension in the underlying bowel. Postoperative care consists of patient education on stoma care and avoidance of dehydration due to high ostomy output.
Impact of a health information technology tool addressing information needs of caregivers of adult and pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients.

We developed BMT Roadmap, a health information technology (HIT) application on a tablet, to address caregivers’ unmet needs with patient-specific information from the electronic health record. We conducted a preliminary feasibility study of BMT Roadmap in caregivers of adult and pediatric HSCT patients. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03161665; NCT02409121). BMT Roadmap was delivered to 39 caregivers of adult and pediatric patients undergoing first-time HSCT at a single study site. We assessed person-reported outcome measures (PROMs) at baseline (hospital admission), discharge, and day 100: usefulness of BMT Roadmap (Perceived Usefulness); activation (Patient Activation Measure-Caregiver version [PAM-C]); mental health ([POMS-2®]: depression, distress, vigor, and fatigue); anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory); and quality of life (Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer [CQOLC]). To identify determinants of caregiver activation and quality of life, we used linear mixed models. BMT Roadmap was perceived useful and activation increased from baseline to discharge (p = 0.001). Further, burden decreased through discharge (p = 0.007). Overall, a pattern of increasing vigor and decreasing depression, distress, fatigue, and anxiety was apparent from baseline to discharge. However, overall quality of life lowered at discharge after accounting for BMT Roadmap use, depression, anxiety, and fatigue (p = 0.04). BMT Roadmap was a feasible HIT intervention to implement in HSCT caregivers. BMT Roadmap was associated with increased activation and decreased burden, but quality of life lowered across hospitalization. Findings support the need to further develop caregiver-specific self-directed resources and provide them both inpatient and outpatient across the HSCT trajectory.
Bibliography of U.S. Government bibliographies‐1973

This annotated listing of 131 United States Government bibliographies with 1973 imprints partially represents the broad scope of Federal interest. THE MONTHLY CATALOG OF U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS was the primary index searched in locating these documents, though other conventional and unconventional methods were used. Since the search cut‐off date was the February 1974 MONTHLY CATALOG, a number of 1973 bibliographies may not be listed here. However, it is the compiler's objective to include all 1973 bibliographies in a forthcoming Pierian Press publication, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIES 1968–1973.
Reaching Individual Success and Empowerment (RISE): A First-generation, Co-curricular, Academic, and Social Engagement Model

The performance funding model in Florida challenges institutions in the state university system todevelop effective teaching strategies for all students. Florida Atlantic University (FAU) recognized that one metric could result in increasing the number of students who exhibit risk factors that negatively affect graduation rates. Using Schlossberg’s Transition Theory, FAU developed Reaching Individual Success and Empowerment (RISE); a research informed program that engages students in co-curricular, high impact educational practices. Preliminary findings suggests that the RISE Program may be instrumental in curtailing drop-out rates of first-generation, low socio-economic students in spite of their risk factors.
Multichannel processing of vibrational measurements: A constrained subspace application

Monitoring mechanical systems operating in uncertain environments contaminated with both environmental disturbances and noise lead directly to low signal-to-noise-ratios, creating an extremely challenging processing problem, especially in real-time. In order to estimate the performance of a particular system from uncertain vibrational data, it is necessary to identify its unique resonant (modal) frequency signature. The monitoring of structural modes to determine the condition of a device under investigation is essential, especially if it is a critical entity of an operational system. The development of a model-based scheme capable of the on-line tracking of the inherent structural modal frequencies by applying both constrained subspace identification techniques to extract the modal frequencies and state estimation methods to track the evolution is discussed. An application of this approach to a cylindrical structural device (pipe-in-air) is analyzed based on theoretical simulations along with controlled validation experiments, including injected anomalies illustrate the approach and performance. Statistics are gathered to bound potential processors for real-time performance employing these constrained techniques.
Victorian erotic photographs and the intimate public sphere

This essay analyzes some ambiguous forms of female eroticism offered by the late-Victorian stereograph.1 While nineteenth-century photography marketed explicit sexual content almost from its incept...
Morbid Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Infection Recurrence Following Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention for Periprosthetic Joint Infection.

Abstract Background Although morbid obesity is an established risk factor for periprosthetic joint infection following total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty, little is known regarding the infection control rate of this cohort following debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR). The purpose of this study is to investigate the infection control rate following DAIR in a morbidly obese patient cohort compared to a nonobese patient cohort and discern the relationship between time from diagnosis to treatment and risk of DAIR failure. Methods Results of all DAIR procedures were retrospectively reviewed across 4 institutions. Those with a body mass index of at least 40 kg/m2 were matched 2:1 on the basis of patient age, sex, date of surgery, and presence of staphylococcal species in culture to a cohort of patients with body mass index of Results The morbidly obese group experienced a higher treatment failure rate (57.9%) compared to the nonobese group (36.8%; P = .035). Morbid obesity and major depressive disorder/generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis significantly increased the risk of failure, with hazard ratios of 1.82 and 2.09, respectively. Morbidly obese patients who received DAIR within 48 hours of symptom presentation did not face an increased risk of reinfection compared to nonobese patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest morbidly obese patients face an increased risk of DAIR failure; however, this risk can be mitigated if DAIR is received within 48 hours of symptom onset.
Myasthenia Gravis Mimicking Acute Cerebrovascular Events

Background and Objective: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an immune-mediated disorder that can sometimes present acutely with a focal neurological deficit and thus mimic a cerebrovascular event. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics in a large cohort of patients who were initially misdiagnosed with an acute vascular event and later diagnosed with MG. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients who were initially diagnosed with an acute cerebrovascular event but subsequently found to have MG. The chart review was done for the period from January 2013 to December 2017, and patients with at least one-year follow-up included. Data are reported as means ± SEM, and the results reported using prevalence rates. Results: Twenty-one patients met our inclusion criteria. Among them, 13 (61.9%) were female with a mean age of 56.7 ± 4.07 years. Ten were MGFA class 3a; seven were MGFA class 2b, 3 were MGFA 3b. Eighteen patients were acetylcholine receptor antibody positive; one was MuSK positive, and the rest two seronegative. Slurred speech (8 patients, 38.1%) was the most common symptom that resulted in misdiagnosis, followed by hemibody weakness (7 patients, 33.3%) and dysphagia (3, 14.3%). Smoking (12, 57.1%) and hypertension (11, 52.4%) were common risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Small vessel disease was suspected the most common etiology (15, 71.4%) of the vascular event. Ten patients had received thrombolytic therapy, and 16 patients were on antiplatelets. 4 patients who presented recurrent symptoms placed on anticoagulants. Conclusion: Acute presentation of bulbar symptoms and hemibody weakness resulted in the misdiagnosis of MG.
A low-cost method for carrying loads during human walking

Humans often perform tasks that require them to carry loads, but the metabolic cost of carrying loads depends on where the loads are positioned on the body. We reasoned that carrying loads at the arms' center of mass (COM) during walking might be cheap since arm swing is thought to be dominated by passive pendulum dynamics. In contrast, we expected that carrying loads at the leg's COM would be relatively expensive because muscular actuation is necessary to initiate and propagate leg swing. Therefore, we hypothesized that carrying loads at the arm's COM while swinging would be cheaper than carrying loads at the leg's COM. We further hypothesized that carrying loads at the arm's COM while swinging would be more expensive than carrying loads at the waist, where the mass does not swing relative to the body. We measured net metabolic power, arm and leg motion, and the free vertical moment while subjects (n=12) walked on a treadmill (1.25 m/s) with no-load, and with 8-kg added to the arms (swinging vs. not swinging), legs, or waist. We found that carrying loads on the arms or legs altered arm swinging amplitude; however, the free vertical moment remained similar across conditions. Most notably, the cost of carrying loads on the swinging arms was 9% less than carrying at the leg's COM (P<0.001), but similar to the waist (P=0.529). Overall, we find that carrying loads at the arm's COM is just as cheap as carrying loads at the waist.
Intrinsic disorder is an essential characteristic of components in the conserved circadian circuit

The circadian circuit, a roughly 24 h molecular feedback loop, or clock, is conserved from bacteria to animals and allows for enhanced organismal survival by facilitating the anticipation of the day/night cycle. With circadian regulation reportedly impacting as high as 80% of protein coding genes in higher eukaryotes, the protein-based circadian clock broadly regulates physiology and behavior. Due to the extensive interconnection between the clock and other cellular systems, chronic disruption of these molecular rhythms leads to a decrease in organismal fitness as well as an increase of disease rates in humans. Importantly, recent research has demonstrated that proteins comprising the circadian clock network display a significant amount of intrinsic disorder. In this work, we focus on the extent of intrinsic disorder in the circadian clock and its potential mechanistic role in circadian timing. We highlight the conservation of disorder by quantifying the extent of computationally-predicted protein disorder in the core clock of the key eukaryotic circadian model organisms Drosophila melanogaster, Neurospora crassa, and Mus musculus. We further examine previously published work, as well as feature novel experimental evidence, demonstrating that the core negative arm circadian period drivers FREQUENCY (Neurospora crassa) and PERIOD-2 (PER2) (Mus musculus), possess biochemical characteristics of intrinsically disordered proteins. Finally, we discuss the potential contributions of the inherent biophysical principals of intrinsically disordered proteins that may explain the vital mechanistic roles they play in the clock to drive their broad evolutionary conservation in circadian timekeeping. The pervasive conservation of disorder amongst the clock in the crown eukaryotes suggests that disorder is essential for optimal circadian timing from fungi to animals, providing vital homeostatic cellular maintenance and coordinating organismal physiology across phylogenetic kingdoms.
Spatial Dynamics and Spread of Ecosystem Engineers: Two Patch Analysis

Ecosystem engineers are organisms characterized by interacting with other organisms thorough physical modifications or modifying their habitat. Examples of ecosystem engineers include Spartina alterniflora cordgrass or the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. For both of these, the effect of modifying the environment can be nonlocal, affecting other regions farther away from the region populated by the ecosystem engineer. This shows the importance of understanding the population dynamics of ecosystem engineers in a spatial context. To do this, we have developed an extension of the ecosystem engineer population model of Cuddington et al. (Am Natur, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1086/597216 ) to the simplest spatial model, incorporating two local populations. We use this model to understand the relationship between dispersal and engineering effects, both at local and regional scales. Our main result is that the delayed Allee effect induced in the nonspatial model is extended to the spatial model, so the spread dynamics of an ecosystem engineer can be similar to the Allee case. However, there are more complex possibilities due to the two components of the dynamics. We also find quantitative guidelines that explain the interaction between spread of the environment modification and organism spread.
Repeat photography of Lake Michigan coastal dunes: Expansion of vegetation since 1900 and possible drivers

Abstract Coastal dunes are prominent features along the Lake Michigan shoreline, especially along Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. Numerous studies in recent years have reconstructed the geomorphic history of these dune systems, from their initial formation in the mid-Holocene to about 300 years ago. These studies have suggested linkages between past dune behavior and climatic variability and fluctuating lake levels. Less is known, however, about how these dune systems change on shorter-temporal scales in the modern era and the potential drivers of that change. Using repeat photography, this paper attempts to demonstrate how the coastal dunes of Lake Michigan’s eastern shore have changed since the 19th century. We collected hundreds of photographs of these dunes, taken between the years 1885 and 2018, from archives and citizen scientists. In the spring and summer of 2019, we took ∼70 new photographs replicating the original images. The changes between coastal dune conditions in the original photographs and in the 2019 photographs show a general expansion of vegetation across formerly barren and active surfaces along the entire shoreline. Although human development has also played a role in reshaping the coastal dune systems, the most pronounced difference between historical and current dune conditions where repeat photography was conducted is the expansion of vegetation – grasses, shrubs, and even trees. Here, we present the 20 photograph pairs most representative of these trends, explore these changes, and discuss the likely causes, including the increase in precipitation in Michigan in the past ∼80 years.
Emergence of Raoultella ornithinolytica on O‘ahu: A Case of Community-acquired R. ornithinolytica Urinary Tract Infection

Human infection with Raoultella ornithinolytica is rare, with only ten cases having been reported previously. This case report describes a local patient diagnosed with community-acquired R. ornithinolytica urinary tract infection in 2014.
Malignant Tumors of the Lung in Small Lung Biopsies

The diagnosis of malignant lung tumors on a small biopsy or on cytologic material is one of the most crucial tasks in the daily practice of pathology. The lung is difficult to sample as it is mobile with respiration and a vascular organ with liability to bleeding and puncture resulting in pneumothorax. Small material is the norm in the initial evaluation of nodules and masses, and the differential diagnosis is wide and varied. The integration of clinical and radiological findings becomes more crucial in the approach to a final and accurate diagnosis. It is important to be accurate but also to be helpful in narrowing the differential diagnosis whenever possible.
What Coal Tastes Like

Slavko was waiting around for repairs to the dragline when one of the men wandered to the edge of the bluff, picked up a small chunk of coal and popped it into his mouth like a plug of tobacco. It was the second shutdown in Slavko's five days at the mine, and already he knew to cringe when the machinery slicing sky and earth around them became still. Alarms blared. Repair crews arrived. The men gathered by the huge tires of a truck and fell into the coughs, sighs and mutters that counted for conversation. This mumbling seemed to sustain them, affirm their agreement on some point. Slavko couldn't recognize much of it. His English was good, but it was official English, buying a-train-ticket English, nothing that helped him out on the gashed earth of the Rock Springs Mining Company. He stood off to the side and watched the man sucking on coal. Burt? Ned? Al? Slavko tried to remember. The man crouched at
Sensor Failure Detection for Jet Engines

The use of analytical redundancy to improve gas turbine engine control system reliability through sensor failure detection, isolation, and accommodation is surveyed. Both the theoretical and application papers that form the technology base of turbine engine analytical redundancy research are discussed. Also, several important application efforts are reviewed. An assessment of the state-of-the-art in analytical redundancy technology is given.
Changing markets and institutional inertia

Abstract It has been impossible in the USA to achieve a good match between the policies pursued with respect to telecommunications markets and the public interest. The institutional responses to new needs and opportunities have been too limited in scope, too late in coming and too insensitive to the underlying problems. This article sets out the record of telecommunications regulation since the second world war, explains why fundamental changes are on the way, and draws some lessons for the future.
Comparison of forward- and backward-propagating optical-fiber-induced noise for application to optical fiber frequency transfer

Current schemes for the photonic transfer of radio frequencies rely on bidirectional active feedback in which the optical signal must propagate in both directions through a single optical fiber. This requirement is not readily compatible with existing optical fiber networks; hence, it is important to develop alternate means of suppressing optical-fiber-induced noise. Previously, we experimentally characterized an optical-fiber-length-dependent noise source that contributes to the phase noise of the radio frequency signal, and we demonstrated that it can be mitigated by frequency dithering the laser. However, we have not developed an adequate model to describe the noise source. In this work, we compared the experimentally-measured forward- and backward-propagating optical-intensity noise spectra. We found that the power of the backward-propagating noise is over 40 dB higher than the power of the forward-propagating noise. We also found that the forward-propagating noise scales faster with respect to optical-fiber length than does the backward-propagating noise. These results will aid the development of a complete theory to describe the optical-fiber-length-dependent noise source.
Multivariate exogeneity tests and poverty

Abstract Many recent studies presume direction of the relationship between poverty and other economic factors is one way, that is, they assume that the various economic phenomena cause or affect poverty and that there is no feedback. However, if feedback is present it is possible that the level of poverty or the perception of poverty may not only impact public policy decisions aimed at eradicating poverty, but may have indirect effects on other economic variables as well. We test that hypothesis in this paper using multivariate exogeneity tests.
The late apical systolic murmur. Clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic observations.

Abstract These studies have confirmed the presence of late mitral regurgitation associated with a peculiar deformity of the mitral valve in patients with a late apical systolic murmur. This lesion is not always innocuous, however, as 4 of 8 of our patients have a severe degree of mitral regurgitation, 2 of them also having a significant amount of left ventricular and left atrial enlargement. In addition, in 1 patient with similar clinical findings bacterial endocarditis has developed. Evidence for a congenital origin of this lesion in some of these patients is also presented.
Transferring hybrid maize technology

Abstract Developing countries have tried a variety of policies concerning new technology as a source of agricultural growth; there is still much debate on which is the most efficient. More study of private methods of technology transfer is needed. This article presents some preliminary statistical tests of the relationships among seed imports, private research, public research and yield. Seed imports and private research are found to be important potential sources of improved technology. Countries which restrict imports and activities by multinational seed companies may impose costs on their farmers and consumers in terms of foregone productivity.
A Review of “Rivals! The Ten Greatest American Sports Rivalries of the 20th Century”

Richard O. Davies has established himself as a leading scholar of American sport in the twentieth century. His previous books span an array of subjects and include America's Obsession: Sports and S...
Semantic acceleration helping realize the semantic web vision or “the practical web”

The Semantic Web envisions a future where applications (computer programs) can make sense and therefore more productive use of all the information on the web by assigning common “meaning” to the millions of terms and phrases used in billions of documents. AI and knowledge representation must rise to the occasion and work with decentralized representations, imprecision and incompleteness. Standard web-based representations are an essential enabler and we have made good progress in their design. But we still rely on humans to assign semantics and here there is a big leap of faith: The World Wide Web has grown at startling rates because humans are prolific at producing enormous volumes of unstructured information, that is, information without explicit semantics; on the other hand navigating this mass of information has proven to be both possible and profitable to the point that there is a $6 B search advertising industry. It's is not practical to expect the same will automatically happen for semantically enriched content. And yet we need semantics to better leverage the huge value on the web. The Practical Web is about confronting this challenge. Its about realizing that we will need to automate the assignment of semantics to unstructured content to ultimately realize the vision of the Semantic Web. If well done the results will be synergistic with the motors of web expansion: user value and commercial value.
Further experiments in text-independent speaker recognition over communications channels

Experiments are described in automatic, text-independent speaker recognition using three databases: good quality read speech, conversations over simulated telephone links, and conversations over real telephone links. A recognition system is evaluated on this material using a set of features which were believed to have some resistance to transmission degradations, namely, F 0 statistics and statistics of low-order cepstrum coefficient variation. Performance is reasonable on the first two databases but poor on the telephone speech. A new set of features based on the frequencies of peaks in the short-term smoothed spectrum is found to perform better on the telephone speech, presumably because of its greater resistance to noise and nonlinear distortions. A computer simulation of the recognition experiments is described. The results of the simulation indicate that performance estimates from recognition experiments should be allowed wide error tolerances, and they illustrate the danger of trying too many features on the same database.
An integrated 12 bit analog front end for CCD based image processing applications

An IC has been developed that integrates all of the analog and digital signal processing functions of a color flatbed document scanner analog front end (AFE) into a single chip. The chip contains a high linearity 6 MHz 12 Bit ADC, triple correlated double sampler (CDS), SHA, PGA functions as well as fixed function DSP circuitry to perform pixel rate digital offset and gain correction and has been fabricated in a .6 /spl mu/m DPDM CMOS process.
Synthesis of Peptide-Based Vaccines

Introduction Lipopeptides are potent and non-toxic adjuvants. Peptides by themselves are poor immunogens, even when incorporated in liposomes. For effective interaction with both the innate and adaptive immune responses, peptides must be conjugated with one of several known lipid moieties. Trior dipalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-Cys-Ser-Ser, based on a bacterial lipoprotein, was found to be an effective adjuvant [1] that was later replaced by the more readily synthesized dipalmitoyl-Lys-Ser-Ser [2]. The purification of lipopeptides remains a problem, however, due to low aqueous solubility and the loss of resolution using traditional HPLC technology. Moreover, difficulties in their analysis hinder the use of such peptide-based vaccines in human clinical experiments. Purification of the unprotected peptides prior to conjugation of whatever lipid modification being used is highly desirable. Methods now available rely on exploitation of Cys residues for conjugation. Maleimide-based conjugation is simple, but is not applicable if there is a Cys within the epitope sequence, unless it can be left blocked until the final purification. Thioester-based coupling, commonly used in native chemical ligation of peptides is very attractive because it is specific for an N-terminal Cys and results in a normal peptide bond. A protocol of choice would provide specific lipid conjugation to any peptide. We synthesized lipopeptides containing epitopes from ovalbumin (OVA257-264, SIINFEKL), tyrosine-related protein (TRP2180-188, SVYDFFVWL), and a melanoma antigen (MART26-35, EAAGIGILTV) by Fmoc-protocol. After purification, these were lipidated by chemoselective native ligation using either maleimide [3] or thioester [4] conjugation.
B Cell–Specific Expression of Inducible Costimulator Ligand Is Necessary for the Induction of Arthritis in Mice

Objective Inducible costimulator (ICOS)–ICOSL interactions are necessary for activation of Teff cells and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. ICOSL is expressed on B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells and can be induced on nonhematopoietic cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether expression of ICOSL on B cells is necessary for the development of proteoglycan (PG)–induced arthritis (PGIA). Methods PGIA was initiated by immunizing wild-type and ICOSL-deficient (ICOSL−/−) or B cell–specific ICOSL−/− chimeric BALB/c mice with human PG in adjuvant. The onset and severity of arthritis were monitored over time. CD4+ T cell proliferation and CD4+ T cell cytokine production were measured in vitro after the cells were restimulated with PG. Germinal center (GC) B cells, plasma cells, Tfh cells, and Treg cells were identified by staining with specific antibodies. Results Arthritis progression was completely inhibited in both ICOSL−/− mice and B cell–specific ICOSL−/− chimeric mice. Production of the Teff cell–produced cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin-17 (IL-17) and the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-4 was suppressed. The reduced percentages of GCs and Tfh cells and the decreased production of IL-21 correlated with a decrease in the anti-mouse PG antibody response. However, the percentage of plasma cells was not reduced despite a reduction in IgG responses. Conclusion These data indicate that the signals provided by ICOSL-expressing B cells to Teff cells and Tfh cells are necessary for the development of arthritis. Thus, therapeutic blockade of ICOSL−ICOS interactions may be an effective strategy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.