cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N-Ethyl-N-formylhydrazine tumorigenesis in mice

N-ethyl-N-formylhydrazine (EFH) was administered as a 0.02% solution in drinking water continuously for life to randomly bred Swiss mice, from 6 weeks of age. The treatment induced tumors of the lungs, blood vessels, liver, gall bladder and preputial glands. The tumor incidences in treated females for these five tissues were 98, 94, 0, 2 and 0%, whereas in the treated males they were 78, 64, 26, 8 and 10%, respectively. Histopathologically the lesions were adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs, angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels, benign hepatomas, liver cell carcinomas, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the gall bladder, and squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of preputial glands. The study is part of a structure activity relationship inquiry and proves the carcinogenicity of EFH, a structural homologue of N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine, an ingredient of the edible false morel mushroom.
Catecholamine regulation of neocortical spindling in DBA/2 mice

The waking EEG of DBA/2 mice is punctuated by conspicuous bursts of high-amplitude, 6–7-cps spindles. Catecholamine depletion by 2.0 mg/kg, i.p., reserpine or 120 mg/kg, i.p., α-methyl-p-tyrosine increased the occurrence and duration of these brief spindle episodes (BSEs). This effect may reflect noradrenergic depletion because the β-noradrenergic antagonist propranolol (10 mg/kg, i.p.) powerfully promoted BSE occurrence and increased BSE duration in freely-moving and midpontine-transected mice, whereas the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) neither increased nor decreased BSE occurrence. The α-noradrenergic agonist clonidine (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.), which is known to inhibit noradrenergic neuronal firing as well as act at postsynaptic α receptors, also promoted BSE occurrence in transected mice. In addition, the dopamine agonist apomorphine (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) increased BSE occurrence in freely-moving mice once the behavioral activation it produced subsided. These effects were blocked by 2.0 mg/kg haloperidol, i.p. The convulsant drug pentylenetetrazol, which is known to promote BSE occurrence at subconvulsant doses in DBA/2 mice, may activate BSEs, in part, by activating dopamine neurons: 2.0 mg/kg haloperidol, i.p., partially blocked the facilitation of BSEs by 20 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol, i.p., in midpontine DBA/2 mice. Thus, noradrenergic neurons may block spindle occurrence in DBA/2 mice whereas dopamine neurons may be one of several systems that can promote spindle occurrence.
New ceramer high optical abrasion resistant transparent coating materials based on functionalized melamine and a tris(m-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide compound

The synthesis of new high optical abrasion resistance coating materials has been undertaken by functionalizing melamine and tris(m-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide with a triethoxysilane containing reagent. These highly functionalized compounds have been used for coating a bis-phenol-A polycarbonate substrate by the sol-gel method. Preliminary data shows the abrasion resistance of the polymer substrate is considerably improved when it is coated by these optically clear materials.
Biased random walks on Galton-Watson trees

We consider random walks with a bias toward the root on the family tree T of a supercritical Galton–Watson branching process and show that the speed is positive whenever the walk is transient. The corresponding harmonic measures are carried by subsets of the boundary of dimension smaller than that of the whole boundary. When the bias is directed away from the root and the extinction probability is positive, the speed may be zero even though the walk is transient; the critical bias for positive speed is determined.
National trends in primary cesarean delivery, labor attempts, and labor success, 1990-2010.

Objective The national primary cesarean delivery rate increased until 2004, but after 2004, this rate cannot be tracked using Vital Statistics data. Additionally, it is unknown whether changes in the primary cesarean delivery rate reflect changes in the rate of labor attempts, labor success, or both. Here, using hospital discharge data, we examined national trends in primary cesarean deliveries, labor attempts, and labor success among women without prior cesarean delivery between 1990 and 2010. Study Design This analysis of serial cross-sectional data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey used Joinpoint regression to assess trends over time and logistic regression with marginal effects to identify rates of change over time and adjust for demographic and clinical factors. Results The primary cesarean delivery rate declined 0.2 percentage points per year (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1–0.3) between 1990 and 1999, increased 1.0 percentage point per year (95% CI, 0.8–1.2) between 1999 and 2004, and increased 0.3 percentage points (95% CI, 0.1–0.6) per year from 2004 until 2010. Between 1998 and 2005, the rate of labor attempts declined 0.4 percentage points (95% CI, 0.3–0.5) per year. No changes in the labor attempt rate occurred between 2005 and 2010. Labor success rates increased 0.2 percentage points (95% CI, 0.1–0.3) per year between 1990 and 1998 but then declined 0.5 (95% CI, 0.5–0.8) percentage points per year from 1998 to 2010. Adjusted results were similar. Conclusion The primary cesarean delivery rate continued to increase after 2004. Increases in the primary cesarean delivery rate after 2005 were driven by declines in labor success rates.
Demonstration of unique and common antigenic sites located on the SV40 large T and small t antigens

Abstract Two distinct antigenic sites were demonstrated on SV40 small t antigen using sera from hamsters bearing tumors induced by SV40-transformed cells. One of the antigenic sites on small t antigen cross-reacts with antigenic sites on large T antigen as rabbit antisera prepared against denatured large T antigen immunoprecipitated both proteins and its activity could be absorbed with extracts prepared from cells infected with the 0.54 0.59 deletion mutant dl2005 which synthesized large T antigen but not small t antigen. The second antigenic site was found to be unique for small t antigen and was identified using serum from a hamster bearing an SV40 lymphoma which preferentially immunoprecipitated small t antigen. Its activity to small t antigen could not be removed by absorption with dl 2005-infected cell extracts. Activity against unique antigenic sites on small t antigen was also found in sera from animals bearing another SV40-induced tumor (TSV5). The unique antigenic sites on small t antigen were located on the C-terminal half of the protein since shortened small t polypeptide induced by d1891 (which lacks C-terminal sequences) was not immunoprecipitated by the lymphoma serum. Unique antigenic sites on large T antigen were also demonstrated as certain sera from tumor-bearing hamsters immunoprecipitated only the large T antigen. These results indicate that animals bearing SV40 tumors immunologically distinguish the large T and small t antigens and produce antibodies specific for the common and unique antigenic sites on the two proteins.
Mechanism of atrial natriuretic peptide release with increased inspiratory resistance

Elevated plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels and concomitant increases in renal sodium and water excretion are often encountered in respiratory diseases associated with increased airway resistance such as obstructive sleep apnea. The present study utilized an anesthetized rat model to determine the principal mechanism(s) responsible for stimulation of ANP release in this clinical syndrome. A 10-minute increase in external resistive loading, which reduced peak tracheal pressure to -15 to -17 mm Hg produced a significant increase in both central venous pressure and right atrial transmural pressure. This maneuver subsequently resulted in significant transient increases in glomerular filtration rate; urine flow; urinary Na+, K+, and Cl- excretion; and urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) excretion, which was taken as an index of increased circulating levels of ANP. Similar changes in renal function and cGMP excretion occurred when arterial PO2 was lowered to a degree equivalent to that seen with increased resistive loading. Lowering arterial PO2 also significantly increased mean central venous pressure and right atrial transmural pressure. Conversely, the resistive loading-induced changes in renal function and cGMP excretion did not occur when the reduction in arterial PO2 was prevented by breathing a high O2 gas mixture during the resistive loading. Additionally, O2 supplementation prevented the increases in both mean central venous pressure and right atrial transmural pressure caused by increased resistive loading. These data indicate that the elevated ANP release that results from an acute increase in external resistive loading is not caused by a decrease in intrathoracic pressure but rather suggest that the elevated ANP release is primarily caused by an increased right atrial transmural pressure resulting from hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Influence of photodegradation and aging on the viscosity of antimisting polymer solutions

Abstract The effect of aging and exposure to light on the viscosity of an antimisting polymer solution was investigated in laminar capillary flows. A particular feature of this solution is the abrupt increase in its viscosity that occurs if a critical shear rate is exceeded. Whereas storage in the dark induced only slight modification of the viscous characteristics of the samples, exposure to light was found to increase the value of the critical shear rate, substantially decrease the maximum post-gelation viscosity and reduce the susceptiblity to high-shear mechanical degradation.
Mixed Mode Stable Tearing of Thin Sheet Al 6061-T6 Specimens: Experimental Measurements and Finite Element Simulations Using a Modified Mohr-Coulomb Fracture Criterion

In this investigation, a combined experimental and computational approach with a Modified Mohr Coulomb (MMC) fracture criterion employing post-initiation element softening is used to simulate stable crack propagation under Mode I, Mode III and combined Mode I/III loading conditions. Results from the studies demonstrate that good correlation exists between the measured load-displacement and the numerically predicted response when the stiffness of the specimen fixture is included in the FE model. The numerical results were able to capture most of the experimentally observed features during crack propagation, such as through-thickness slant fracture, necking, tunneling and local specimen twist, thus confirming that the MMC criterion is suitable for predicting in-plane and out-of-plane tearing of sheets. It was found that in order to predict correctly the load-displacement curve as well as the fracture plane, different amount of softening is needed for Mode I and Mode III loading cases. This observation can be justified on the micro-mechanical level, while there is a competition between the mechanisms of dimple and shear fracture.
Toxicity and mutagenicity of hymenoxon, a sequiterpene lactone

Abstract The oral LD50 of hymenoxon in Swiss white mice was found to be 241 ± 37 mg/kg. No significant sex differences were observed. Pretreatment of male mice for 3 days using doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg hymenoxon failed to alter significantly pentobarbital sleeping time. Hymenoxon was found to be a direct-acting mutagen in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Urine samples obtained from hymenoxon-treated mice were found to be negative for mutagenic activity when tested directly and when incubated with β-glucuronidase. Hymenoxon did not produce lethal DNA damage as measured in the Escherichia coli polA or Bacillus subtilis recombinational assays.
Momentum-carrying waves on D1-D5 microstate geometries

If one attempts to add momentum-carrying waves to a black string then the solution develops a singularity at the horizon; this is a manifestation of the ‘no hair theorem’ for black objects. However individual microstates of a black string do not have a horizon, and so the above theorem does not apply. We construct a perturbation that adds momentum to a family of microstates of the extremal D1–D5 string. This perturbation is analogous to the ‘singleton’ mode localized at the boundary of AdS; to leading order it is pure gauge in the AdS interior of the geometry.
Determination of platinum and palladium in geological materials by neutron-activation analysis after fire-assay preconcentration.

Fire-asay preconcentration followed by neutron-activation analysis permits the determination of as little as 0.5 ppM of platinum and 0.5 ppM of palladium on a 20-g sample. Platinum and palladium are separated with carriers and beta-counted. Results for the platinum and palladium content of seven U.S.G.S. standard rocks are presented.
Comparison of several liquid phases in gas liquid chromatography of methyl parathion and metabolites.

Adequate gas chromatographic separation is primarily dependent upon the proper selection of liquid (stationary) phases, with right selection based on trial and error and experience. Additionally, to avoid base-line drift and bleeding, only those phases which are nonvolatile in the region of the operating temperature can be considered. Therefore, in gas chromatography, the ability to vary the nature of the separation of a multi-component mixture is largely dependent upon the use of thermostable liquid phases which have different chemical structures and which show selective retention effects for different compounds. Brown (i) has classified liquid (stationary) phases as non-polar, electron acceptor, and electron donor, but they can be additionally categorized as dipole-dipole interactors (2). Such classifications are oversimplified since the retention of the solute is governed by the individual solute-solvent interactions, and several interactions may be operating simultaneously. The popular classification of phases as polar and nonpolar, however, has much to commend it. The polarity of a stationary phase is ~related to its polar or polarizable groups. A general ruleof thumb is that the greater the polarity of the stationary phase, the greater the retention of a polar solute relative to that of a nonpolar solute. In this laboratory, we have been attempting to build up background information for the determination of organophosphorus compounds by glc. The present contribution compares different liquid phases in their ability to separate methyl parathion from its metabolites.
Gastric and duodenal ulceration associated with aspirin ingestion.

The endoscopic diagnosis of concurrent gastric and duodenal mucosal erosions apparently due to aspirin is described in 3 patients. These lesions escaped radiographic detection. It can be expected that duodenoscopy, now widely employed, will frequently disclose this mucosal injury. The vivid illustrations displayed here will provide a standard of reference.
Angular polycyclic thiophenes containing two thiophene rings. I

The syntheses of naphtho[1,2–6:7,6-b′]bisbenzo[b]thiophene (4), naphtho[1,2–6:7,8-b′]bisbenzo[b]thiophene (5), naphtho[2,1-b:7,6-b′]bisbenzo[b]thiophene (8), naphtho[2,1-b:7,8-b′]bisbenzo[b]thiophene (9), naphtho-[1,2–6:5,6-b′]bisbenzo[b]thiophene (14), naphtho[1,2–6:6,5-b]bisbenzo[b]thiophene (17) and naphtho[2,1–6:-6,5-b′]bisbenzo[b]thiophene (23) are reported.
Effects of exercise training on cardiac function and myocardial remodeling in post myocardial infarction rats

To test the hypothesis that early exercise training after myocardial infarction (MI) could preserve cardiac function, alleviate left ventricular (LV) remodeling and induce a protective effect on morphology, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent coronary ligation or sham operation, and were assigned to 3 groups: Sham, sedentary MI (SedMI), and exercise MI (ExMI). We measured the changes in collagen volume fraction, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) at gene and protein levels after 8 weeks of exercise training. Cardiac functions were determined by echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements. Early exercise training after MI had no effect on LV wall thinning. Cardiac function was significantly preserved in the ExMI group in comparison to the SedMI group. The collagen volume fraction in the ExMI group was significantly lower than in the SedMI group. Compared to the SedMI group, the ExMI group showed a markedly decrease at both the gene and protein levels in TIMP-1 (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in MMP-1 among the three groups. MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio in the ExMI group was significantly higher than in the SedMI group. In addition, the expression of AT1 protein in the ExMI group was significantly lower than in the SedMI group. Furthermore, both ACE mRNA expression and ACE binding in the ExMI group are significantly decreased compared to the SedMI group. Our results suggest that early exercise training after MI reduces TIMP-1 expression, improves the balance between MMPs and TIMPs, and mitigates the expressions of ACE and AT1 receptor. These improvements, in turn, attenuate myocardial fibrosis and preserve post-MI cardiac function.
A theory of the transition to parenthood of infertile couples

A theoretical synthesis of the transition to parenthood of infertile couples is presented. The theory was derived from three studies of infertility the author conducted between 1985 and 1993. The theory is grounded in the experiences of infertile couples, and locates these experiences conceptually in the comparative context of normally fertile couples' transition to parenthood and in the domains of life transitions and illness work. Infertile couples exhibited some of the same processes as their fertile counterparts, varying in the phasing and intensity of these overlapping processes; and, they exhibited processes exclusive to them. There were also intragroup differences in the infertile couples: between adopting and childbearing couples, couples conceiving biomedically and spontaneously, and between couples conceiving with their own or donor gametes. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differential Fragment SPR (DF-SPR) for Antimalarial Drug Screening

Malaria has been a human health concern for centuries, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Nevertheless, our repertoire of medication to treat the disease has been very limited, and emerging resistance of the malaria parasite Plasmodium has further restricted the use of current medications. The most recent reports indicating artemisinin resistance in Cambodia are indeed alarming and underscore the critical importance of exploring novel pathways for interfering with the life cycle of the malaria parasite.Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been a powerful tool to study protein ligand interactions. We utilize this technique for small molecule screening (∼150 Da) to identify fragment molecules that are capable of binding near a specific protein site. We have developed a method, which we termed differential fragment SPR (DF-SPR). In the present study, we utilized our approach to identify two small molecule fragments capable of inhibiting the essential protein-protein interaction of the autophagic proteins Atg8 and Atg3 from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. These fragments provide a starting point for developing larger, drug-like molecules. Furthermore, we employed our protein-protein interaction inhibition assay to discover additional small molecule inhibitors of a site which we found specific to the Plasmodium parasite, but absent in the human homolog of Atg8. Small-molecules derived from our studies may represent useful tools for further dissecting and analyzing the autophagy pathway in Plasmodium and other apicomplexan species.
TH-C-18A-02: Machine Learning and STAPLE Based Simultaneous Longitudinal Segmentation of Bone and Marrow Structures From Dual Energy CT

Purpose: To develop a fully-automatic longitudinal bone and marrow segmentation method in the pelvic region from dual energy computed tomography (DECT). Methods: We developed a two-step automatic bone and marrow segmentation method for simultaneous longitudinal evaluation of patients with metastatic bone disease using dual energy CT (DECT). Our approach transforms the DECT images into a multi-material decomposition (MMD) model that represents the voxels as a mixture of multiple materials. A support vector machine (SVM) was trained using a single scan. In the first step of the longitudinal segmentation the trained SVM model detects bone and marrow structures on all available longitudinal scans. Segmentation is further refined through active contour segmentation. In the second step, the segmentations from the individual scans are merged by employing the simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) algorithm. The scans are registered using affine and deformable registration. We found that our approach improves the segmentation in all the scans under reliable registration performance between the same scans. Improving registration was not under the scope of this work. Results: We applied our approach to segment bone and marrow in DECT scans in the pelvic regions for multiple patients. Each patient had three to five follow upmore » scans. All the patients in the analysis had artificial metal prostheses which introduced challenges for the registration. Our algorithm achieved reasonable accurate segmentation despite the presence of metal artifacts and high-density oral contrast in neighboring structures. Our approach obtained an overall segmentation accuracy of 80% using DICE metric. Conclusion: We developed a two-step automatic longitudinal segmentation technique for bone and marrow region structures in the pelvic areas from dual energy CT. Our approach achieves robust segmentation despite the presence of confounding structures with similar intensities as the bone and marrow regions due to uptake of oral contrast and metal artifacts.« less
Stimulation of sporulation by ppApp in a conditionally asporogenous rifampin-resistant mutant ofBacillus subtilis

Addition of ppApp to Sterlini-Mandelstam medium stimulates sporulation of a conditionally asporogenous rifampin-resistant mutant ofBacillus subtilis to the same extent as the effect of 4 amino acids. Mutant cells sporulating in the presence of amino acids also produce 2 phosphorylated nucleotides one of which comigrated with ppApp on PEI thin layer chromatogram.
Divergent successional pathways of stand development following fire in a California closed‐cone pine forest

Questions What are the major trends in vegetation community structure and forest stand structure over a 14-yr post-fire period in a California closed-cone pine forest? Which biotic and abiotic factors best explain variation in stand structure at different stages of post-fire succession, and does the relative importance of these factors remain constant? Is there evidence of multiple successional pathways of forest stand development? Location Post-fire Pinus muricata (bishop pine) forests at Point Reyes National Seashore, CA, USA. Methods We quantified post-fire vegetation change from field data collected 1, 2, 6 and 14 yr following stand-replacing wildfire that occurred in 1995. General linear models were used to assess trends in composition (plant functional groups and species diversity) and generalized linear models were used to assess trends in stand structure (post-fire P. muricata density) and determine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors on stand structure in different early-successional post-fire years. Results Species richness and diversity peaked in the first 2 yr following fire, and then declined through year 14. Initial post-fire P. muricata tree regeneration was high (mean 249 750 stems·ha−1 in year 1) and remained well above pre-fire stand density levels by year 14 (mean 15 179 stems·ha−1). Post-fire P. muricata seedling density was associated with topographic factors in years 1 and 2, negatively associated with cover of a non-native herb in year 2, and negatively associated with cover of an early/mid-successional shrub and positively associated with slope in years 6 and 14. Two alternative pathways of post-fire stand development have emerged by year 14. A high-density, closed-canopy pathway (mean 40 875 stems·ha−1) with early intra-specific thinning resulted on steep slopes and ridges with low shrub cover. In contrast, a low-density, open-canopy pathway (mean 1250 stems·ha−1) resulted on gentle slopes and where shrub cover was high. Conclusions This study provides evidence of divergent successional pathways and illustrates the importance of early-successional species interactions and topography on longer-term stand development trajectories in serotinous conifer forests. Early heterogeneity in vegetation establishment set the course for variability in stand structure in mid-seral stages and may persist into later stages.
INHERITANCE IN NICOTIANA TABACUM. XXII. INVESTIGATIONS ON MULTIPLE SEEDLINGS

THE OCCURRENCE of seeds containing more than one functional embryo is widespread throughout the genera of the plant kingdom. In some species, such plural embryos are to be found in all the seeds; in others they occur only sporadically. Nicotiana is of the latter type, approximately one seed per thousand producing more than a single seedling. Since 1938 any twin or triplet seedlings which appeared at the time of germination were isolated and raised to maturity, wherever possible, apart from the general field cultures. Webber (1940) included
Intelligent sensing and control for advanced teleoperation

A paradigm of interactive and cooperative sensing and control as a fundamental mechanism of integrating and fusing the strengths of man and machine for advanced teleoperation is presented. Interactive and cooperative sensing and control are considered as comprising an extended and generalized form of traded and shared control, with emphasis on the distribution of mutually nonexclusive subtasks to man and machine, the interactive invocation of subtasks under the man/machine symbiotic relationship, and the fusion of information and decision-making between man and machine according to their confidence measures. The system proposed is composed of such major functional components as the logical sensor system, sensor-based local autonomy, virtual environment formation, and cooperative decision-making between man and machine. The sensing-knowledge-command (SKC) fusion network is proposed as a fundamental architecture for implementing cooperative and interactive sensing and control. Simulation results are included. >
The devitrification of Al-Y-Fe amorphous alloys

Abstract Amorphous Al-Y-Fe alloys has been produced via rapid solidification (melt-spinning) processing. Melt-spun ribbons (MSR) of selected Al-Y-Fe compositions were characterized by differential scanning calorimetery, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The Al 88 Y 7 Fe 5 as-solidified MSR exhibits a microstructure that is predominately amorphous with a sparse distribution of large micrometer size intermetallic phase crystals. Thermal cycling of the as-solidified MSR showed an exothermic signal on first heating at around 280 °C for the Al 88 Y 7 Fe 5 alloy. The first exothermicreaction has been determined to be the formation of nanocrystalline aluminum. Further heating resulted in crystallization of the remaining amorphous material. Isothermal annealing treatments below the continuous heating crystallization reactions alter the reactions observed upon reheating. The relationship between the formation of amorphous material, the reported observance of a glass transition in the Al-Y-Fe alloys and possible impurity effects are examined to evaluate the overall thermal stability of Al-rich amorphous alloys.
Hypercholesterolemia Promotes Leukocyte‐Dependent Platelet Adhesion in Murine Postcapillary Venules

Objective: Leukocyte-platelet aggregates form in blood during the development of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. The study determined whether leukocytes contribute to the platelet adhesion induced by hypercholesterolemia in postcapillary venules.Methods: Wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6 or CD18-deficient (CD18−/−) mice were placed on a normal (ND) or high-cholesterol (HC) diet for 2 weeks. Platelets isolated from ND, HC, or CD18−/− mice were fluorescently labeled with CFSE, and administered to either ND, HC, HC-CD18−/− or anti-neutrophil serum (HC-ANS)-treated mice. Rhodamine 6G was administered to label and visualize leukocytes. Intravital fluorescence microscopy was used to quantify leukocyte and platelet adhesion in intestinal postcapillary venules.Results: HC increased both leukocyte and platelet adhesion (relative to ND). Greater than 50% of adherent platelets in HC mice were bound to adherent leukocytes. When HC platelets were examined in HC-ANS-treated or HC-CD18−/− mice, leukocyte-depend...
Injectable treatments for adipose tissue: terminology, mechanism, and tissue interaction.

Background Just as injectable fillers have addressed the need for non-surgical methods to restore desired volume, a number of injectable therapies purpor to play a comparable role to reduce undesired volume. Objective To review published literature on the history, mechanism of action, and tissue interaction of injectable methods that aim to reduce localized collections of fat. Results Mesotherapy is an injection technique that has medical and cosmetic applications and is often confused with injectable fat loss therapies; injection lipolysis describes non-ablative fat reduction with agents (such as β-agonists) that activate adipocyte lipolytic pathways; and adipolytic therapy using biologic detergents (such as deoxycholate) leads to permanent adipocyte ablation. None of these therapies have been cleared for use in fat reduction by any regulatory authority worldwide. Conclusions The mechanism of action and tissue effects of injectable fat reducing compounds are diverse but are becoming increasingly understood. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:714–720, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ethnographer's Toolkit

The Ethnographer’s Toolkit (hereafter, the toolkit) consists of seven volumes, available separately or as a set. With the exception of volume 2, whose first author is Stephen Schensul, Jean J. Schensul and Margaret D. LeCompte alternate first authorship and are the sole authors of volumes 1 and 5. Those contributing to chapters in the remaining volumes are listed as authors of the volumes in which their work appears. The advance publication notice I received from the publisher proclaimed that the series covered “everything you need to know about doing ethnography in one package,” with the volumes designed to take the “novice fieldworker . . . through the multiple, complex steps of doing ethnographic research in simple, reader-friendly language.” These statements, the rest of the publisher’s write-up, and the title left me with the impression that this series would be useful, either as a resource or potentially as individual textbooks, when teaching introductory ethnographic research methods to either graduate or undergraduate students in anthropology. So, I was a bit surprised when the first line of each volume referred to “applied ethnographic research,” with the intended audience characterized as “educators; service professionals; professors of applied students in the fields of teaching, social and health services, communications, engineering, and business; and students working in applied field settings” (1:xiv). (More recent promotional material targets applied university-affiliated researchers.) In spite of the emphasis on using ethnography for identifying and solving human problems, the series touches only briefly on what the authors refer to as “compressed designs”—rapid ethnographic assessment or focused ethnography—and the value of long-term involvement at field sites is stressed repeatedly. At the same time, although the authors assert that the validity of one’s data depends on the cultural appropriateness of the collection process, the implications of these assertions for the conduct of ethnographic research are not explored in any depth, nor are references to relevant literature pro-
Double-gene ablation of SSTR1 and SSTR5 results in hyperinsulinemia and improved glucose tolerance in mice.

Background Previous studies conducted in our laboratory showed that single-gene ablation of somatostatin receptor (SSTR)1 or 5 results in diabetes in mice. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of double-gene ablation of SSTR1 and SSTR5 on insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis in mice. Methods SSTR1/5 -/- mice and wild-type (WT) control mice were generated and their genotype verified via polymerase chain reaction. Insulin secretion and glucose levels in these mice were examined with the use of an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (1.2-2.0 g/kg body weight). In vitro glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was studied with the use of the isolated perfused mouse pancreas model and islet culture techniques. Pancreata morphologic alterations were determined, and an immunohistochemistry analysis was performed. Results In vitro incubation of isolated islets from WT mice with somatostatin peptides resulted in significant reduction in insulin secretion, whereas SSTR1/5 -/- mouse islets had no response to somatostatin peptides confirming SSTR1/5 gene ablation. SSTR1/5 -/- mice also had significant increase of both basal and glucose-stimulated insulin levels in vitro. During the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, SSTR1/5 -/- mice had significantly improved glucose tolerance and sustained an increase in late-phase insulin secretion in vivo. Histological analysis demonstrated significant islet hyperplasia in the SSTR 1/5 -/- mouse pancreas. Immunostaining revealed an overall increase of glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide–producing cells in the islets of SSTR1/5 -/- mice. Conclusions Double-gene ablation of SSTR1 and SSTR5 in mice resulted in a distinct phenotype with islet cell hyperplasia, hyperinsulinemia, and improved glucose tolerance. This form of diabetes differs from that seen in mice in which only the SSTR1 or SSTR5 gene was ablated. These results demonstrate that SSTR1 and SSTR5 are important regulators of insulin secretion and glucose regulation, and suggest that SSTR1 and SSTR5 are coordinately regulated.
Elastic Strain Energy Effects in Faceted Decahedral Nanoparticles

Decahedral morphology, with re-entrant surface modifications, is one of the common structures observed in nanoparticles. These motifs, although thermodynamically stable only at very small size ranges, have been experimentally observed to grow up to much larger sizes (100 nm to several micrometers). Whereas the surface energy plays an important role, the contributions of the elastic strain energy are nonnegligible at larger sizes and the effect of stress relaxation due to re-entrant surface faceting is poorly understood. In this article, the volumetric strain energy due to the disclination defect is computed using finite element analysis and the relaxation due to the formation of re-entrant surfaces is shown. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the disclination strain energy is shown to be a nontrivial function of the geometry and in general increases with increasing aspect ratio. The computed strain energies also result in approximately 50% increase in the stability regime than the previously reported result...
Hypertext and CASE

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) systems require a database system that must let designers logically associate documentation and source code, make annotations to record explanations and assumptions, and manage different versions of the software. The author reports the development of a database, Neptune, which demonstrates that hypertext provides an appropriate data model for CASE systems. Hypertext is a medium-grained, entity-relationship-like data model that lets information be structured arbitrarily and keeps a complete version history of both information and structure. Neptune achieves application independence by using a layered system architecture; at the bottom is a transaction-based server, the Hypertext Abstract Machine, and layered above it are applications and the user interface. The use of Neptune in the Dynamic Design CASE environment is discussed. >
The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health

Evolutionary biology is an essential basic science for medicine, but few doctors and medical researchers are familiar with its most relevant principles. Most medical schools have geneticists who understand evolution, but few have even one evolutionary biologist to suggest other possible applications. The canyon between evolutionary biology and medicine is wide. The question is whether they offer each other enough to make bridge building worthwhile. What benefits could be expected if evolution were brought fully to bear on the problems of medicine? How would studying medical problems advance evolutionary research? Do doctors need to learn evolution, or is it valuable mainly for researchers? What practical steps will promote the application of evolutionary biology in the areas of medicine where it offers the most? To address these questions, we review current and potential applications of evolutionary biology to medicine and public health. Some evolutionary technologies, such as population genetics, serial transfer production of live vaccines, and phylogenetic analysis, have been widely applied. Other areas, such as infectious disease and aging research, illustrate the dramatic recent progress made possible by evolutionary insights. In still other areas, such as epidemiology, psychiatry, and understanding the regulation of bodily defenses, applying evolutionary principles remains an open opportunity. In addition to the utility of specific applications, an evolutionary perspective fundamentally challenges the prevalent but fundamentally incorrect metaphor of the body as a machine designed by an engineer. Bodies are vulnerable to disease – and remarkably resilient – precisely because they are not machines built from a plan. They are, instead, bundles of compromises shaped by natural selection in small increments to maximize reproduction, not health. Understanding the body as a product of natural selection, not design, offers new research questions and a framework for making medical education more coherent. We conclude with recommendations for actions that would better connect evolutionary biology and medicine in ways that will benefit public health. It is our hope that faculty and students will send this article to their undergraduate and medical school Deans, and that this will initiate discussions about the gap, the great opportunity, and action plans to bring the full power of evolutionary biology to bear on human health problems.
Serial Sampling of ST2 Predicts 90-Day Mortality Following Destabilized Heart Failure

Abstract Background To prospectively determine the prognostic utility of serial sampling of the interleukin-1 receptor family member, ST2, for predicting 90-day mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) admitted to a Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Methods and Results A total 150 patients hospitalized with acutely destabilized HF were followed at the Veteran Affairs Healthcare System in San Diego, CA. Multiple cardiac-related parameters were measured including ST2, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), NT-proBNP, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Plasma samples were collected at 6 time points between admission and discharge. Biomarker concentrations were correlated to survival at 90 days. Uni- and multivariate analyses were used to identify prognostic variables. From admission to discharge, percent change in ST2 was strongly predictive of 90-day mortality: those patients whose ST2 values decreased by 15.5% or more during the study period had a 7% chance of death, whereas patients whose ST2 levels failed to decrease by 15.5% in this time interval had a 33% chance of dying. Conclusions Percent change in ST2 concentrations during acute HF treatment is predictive of 90-day mortality and was independent of BNP or NT-proBNP levels. ST2 may provide clinicians with an additional tool for guiding treatment in patients with acute destabilized HF.
Mirror baryons as the dark matter

A "parallel world" with all of the standard particles, which primarily interacts gravitationally with our world, can be motivated via a symmetry principle designed to make a Lagrangian $\mathrm{CP}$ symmetric, while maintaining a $\mathrm{CP}$ asymmetry in the observable world. Such a symmetry is easily accommodated in grand unified theory models, and may also arise in superstring theories. The cosmological abundance of mirror particles is investigated after a period of chaotic inflation and subsequent reheating. Contrary to previous studies, I find that mirror and ordinary abundances may naturally be similar at the present epoch, and that mirror baryons can provide the closure density without violating nucleosynthesis constraints.
Oxidation Kinetics of Ethanol by Human Cytochrome P450 2E1 RATE-LIMITING PRODUCT RELEASE ACCOUNTS FOR EFFECTS OF ISOTOPIC HYDROGEN SUBSTITUTION AND CYTOCHROME b 5 ON STEADY-STATE KINETICS

A number of cytochrome P450 (P450) 2E1 substrates are known to show kinetic deuterium isotope effects of approximately 5 on Km (DK = DKm/HKm), but not on kcat, in rat liver microsomes (e.g. N-nitrosodimethylamine, ethanol, and CH2Cl2). We observed DKm values of 3-5 for recombinant human P450 2E1-catalyzed ethanol oxidation. Replacing NADPH and O2 with the oxygen surrogate cumene hydroperoxide yielded similar results. Ferric P450 2E1 reduction was fast (k >1000 min-1) even in the absence of substrate. These results indicate that the basis for the increase in Km is in the latter portion of the catalytic cycle. The intrinsic isotope effect (Dk) for ethanol oxidation was determined (competitively) to be 3.8, indicating that C-H bond cleavage is isotopically sensitive. Pre-steady-state studies showed a burst of product formation (k = 410 min-1), with the burst amplitude corresponding to the P450 concentration. Deuteration of ethanol resulted in an isotope effect of 3.2 on the rate of the burst. We conclude that product release is rate-limiting in the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde by P450 2E1. The steady-state kinetics can be described by a paradigm in which the kcat approximates the rate of product release, and Km is an expression in which the denominator is dominated by the rate of C-H bond breaking.
Vibration interaction characteristics of disks-spindle

The purpose of this paper is to develop both numerical and experimental way that can be effectively used for vibration interaction prediction of the disk-spindle systems in HDD. First, the work focuses on the effective modeling method for the analysis of the vibration interaction of whole disks-spindle system. Second, the analytical results had been verified through the proposed experimental method using externally induced excitations for disk-spindle system in product assembly. The two set results agree very well. As shown, the numerical modeling and experiment methods can provide much information on design before to make hardware and verify it in lab.
The electrically small dipole-loop pair revisited

The properties of single and double dipole-loop pair antennas have been the topic of some discussion in the past several years. In (Grimes et al., 2000), Grimes et al studied these antennas and claimed they exhibit a Q 20 times lower than the theoretical lower bound on Q (the fundamental Chu-limit). It was also claimed that in certain instances, these antennas could exhibit a Q equal to zero. In (Hansen, 2001), Hansen discussed the properties of these antennas, emphasizing that the zero Q antenna does not exist. Hansen also discussed the practical issues associated with inter-antenna coupling and feeding the double dipole-loop pair. In (Hwon, 2005), Kwon studied equal TM and TE mode dipole moments and concluded that the minimum radiation Q (the fundamental Chu-limit) can be obtained only when the TM and TE modes are the equal. Here, we will revisit these conclusions and provide an analysis of these antennas that includes discussion of the antenna's radiation patterns, polarization, impedance, quality factor (Q), and dipole-loop coupling. It is evident that the use of these antennas in their simplest form is impractical.
The 2012 Nucleic Acids Research Database Issue and the online Molecular Biology Database Collection

The 19th annual Database Issue of Nucleic Acids Research features descriptions of 92 new online databases covering various areas of molecular biology and 100 papers describing recent updates to the databases previously described in NAR and other journals. The highlights of this issue include, among others, a description of neXtProt, a knowledgebase on human proteins; a detailed explanation of the principles behind the NCBI Taxonomy Database; NCBI and EBI papers on the recently launched BioSample databases that store sample information for a variety of database resources; descriptions of the recent developments in the Gene Ontology and UniProt Gene Ontology Annotation projects; updates on Pfam, SMART and InterPro domain databases; update papers on KEGG and TAIR, two universally acclaimed databases that face an uncertain future; and a separate section with 10 wiki-based databases, introduced in an accompanying editorial. The NAR online Molecular Biology Database Collection, available at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/nar/database/a/, has been updated and now lists 1380 databases. Brief machine-readable descriptions of the databases featured in this issue, according to the BioDBcore standards, will be provided at the http://biosharing.org/biodbcore web site. The full content of the Database Issue is freely available online on the Nucleic Acids Research web site (http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/).
Surface shape memory substrates for active cell culture

Shape memory polymer (SMP) substrates compatible with cell culture are presented that undergo programmed changes in surface topography on command to direct cell behavior. SMPs are a class of active materials that can be programmed to transition from a stable temporary shape to a permanent shape by a triggering mechanism, such as heat. Here, an SMP surface topography was programmed to transition from parallel micron-scale grooves to a flat surface. C3H/10T1/2 cells were allowed to adhere and spread on the temporary topography at 30 °C. Topographic transition was then triggered by transfer to 37 °C. Changes in substrate topography were found to direct cell behavior, as assessed by analysis of cell alignment, while high cell viability was maintained. This first example of active cell culture substrates should have great potential in the design of unique approaches for advanced investigation of mechanotransduction and cell biomechanical function and softmatter physics.
Regimen-Related Distress, Medication Adherence, and Glycemic Control in Rural African American Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Regimen-related emotional distress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with poor glycemic control, but the mediators of this relationship are not well described. Objective: This cross-sectional study at baseline examines these relationships, including the specific role of medication adherence in rural African American women. Methods: At baseline in the EMPOWER randomized trial, the investigators collected the following data: Regimen-Related Distress (RRD; subscale of the validated Diabetes Distress Scale), diabetes medications, medication adherence using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, and hemoglobin A1C (A1C). Results: The study enrolled 189 rural African American women with T2DM (mean age = 53 ± 11 years, A1C = 9.1% ± 1.8%, body mass index = 37.7% ± 8.2%; 61% on insulin); 56% reported elevated RRD (mean ≥ 3.0), and this was associated with significantly lower medication adherence (4.4 vs 6.4, P < 0.001) and significantly higher A1C (9.5% vs 8.6%, P < 0.001)...