cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using pupil size and heart rate to infer affective states during behavioral neurophysiology and neuropsychology experiments

Abstract Background Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are a valuable research model because of their behavioral, physiological and neuroanatomical similarities to humans. In the absence of language, autonomic activity can provide crucial information about cognitive and affective states during single-unit recording, inactivation and lesion studies. Methods standardized for use in humans are not easily adapted to NHPs and detailed guidance has been lacking. New method We provide guidance for monitoring heart rate and pupil size in the behavioral neurophysiology setting by addressing the methodological issues, pitfalls and solutions for NHP studies. The methods are based on comparative physiology to establish a rationale for each solution. We include examples from both electrophysiological and lesion studies. Results Single-unit recording, pupil responses and heart rate changes represent a range of decreasing temporal resolution, a characteristic that impacts experimental design and analysis. We demonstrate the unexpected result that autonomic measures acquired before and after amygdala lesions are comparable despite disruption of normal autonomic function. Comparison with existing methods Species and study design differences can render standard techniques used in human studies inappropriate for NHP studies. We show how to manage data from small groups typical of NHP studies, data from the short behavioral trials typical of neurophysiological studies, issues associated with longitudinal studies, and differences in anatomy and physiology. Conclusions Autonomic measurement to infer cognitive and affective states in NHP is neither off-the-shelf nor onerous. Familiarity with the issues and solutions will broaden the use of autonomic signals in NHP single unit and lesion studies.
Max-node sampling: An expansion-densification algorithm for data collection

In this work, we propose Max-Node sampling, a novel sampling algorithm for data collection. The goal of Max-Node is to maximize the number of nodes observed in the sample, given a budget constraint. Max-Node is based on the intuition that networks contain many densely connected regions (i.e., communities), that may be only weakly connected to another, and to maximize the number of nodes observed, it is critical to transition between communities. The two key phases of our algorithm are Expansion and Densification. The goal of the Expansion phase is to transition to unobserved regions, while the Densification phase aims to collect as many nodes in the current community. We conduct experiments on several real networks, and show an improvement of up to 40% vs. the baselines.
The Effect of Kinship Placement Laws on Foster Children’s Well-Being

This paper examines whether placing foster children with relatives, instead of unfamiliar caregivers, institutions, or group homes, increases the effectiveness of foster care and consequently improves children’s well-being. As a source of exogenous variation in kinship placement, I use recent major reform of foster care – state policies that prefer kin placement over other types of foster care settings. Using individual-level panel dataset, the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS), and employing difference-in-differences identification strategy, I find that in the short-run children exposed to law benefit from higher stability of placement and shorter length of foster care episode, but do not experience significant changes in either mental or physical health. In the longer term, kinship foster homes are more efficient in terms of improving safety and providing permanent home through discharge from foster care with a relative. Thus, given the effectiveness of kinship care, policymakers should focus on developing and implementing policies that further facilitate relatives’ involvement in foster care.
Picking Coffee and Building Families in Eastern Cuba

In the early weeks of the 1932 sugar harvest, a twenty-five-year-old Haitian named Belisario Pol was cutting cane when his machete became lodged in a thick tangle of roots. The unexpected sticking of his knife was enough to throw off his cutting rhythm. With his momentum disoriented, Pol sliced the thumb on his left hand so badly that he missed thirty-five days of work at the worst possible time – during the height of the sugar harvest. In accordance with the law, the Compania Azucarera Fidelidad [Fidelity Sugar Company] filed a report with local authorities, provided some compensation to Pol, and collected their own share from a US-based insurance company. Exactly two months later, Pol was expected to appear in court in conjunction with the injury. But as one company guard attested he “had not been able to get the worker Belisario Pol … because he [had] left for the coffee fields of Guantanamo” eighty-five miles to the southeast; Pol's whereabouts were unknown. The guard's inability to locate Belisario Pol is symptomatic of a larger institutional myopia that has obscured Haitians’ actions outside the Cuban sugar industry. Cuban state institutions exerted a much weaker gaze on the coffee industry than sugar, especially before the 1930s. As a result, once he left the sugar plantation, the injured worker disappears from the historical record. Despite nationalist claims that coffee was a quintessentially Cuban commodity, low production and profitability meant that neither the country's national budget nor its economic stability had depended on the crop since the early decades of the nineteenth century. The consumers in the United States who purchased so much Cuban sugar obtained their coffee elsewhere. In the first two decades of the twentieth century, both Cuba and the United States each imported millions of pounds from places throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, including Haiti. The result is a thin archival record for Cuban coffee production. What was negligible in national or imperial terms was a matter of economic life and death for the workers and local communities who dedicated part of each year to growing coffee in Cuba. In most years, the sugar harvest began in January and ended before coffee-picking started in the fall. This seasonal difference allowed them to combine work in both industries and secure a year-round wage.
The State of Robotics Education: Proposed Goals for Positively Transforming Robotics Education at Postsecondary Institutions

This article presents the results of an online survey of faculty opinions on the state of robotics education with a focus on three topics: degree programs, introductory robotics courses, and educational resources. There were 67 institutions represented, the majority of which are doctoral granting universities located in the United States. I confirmed the existence of seven bachelor programs awarding approximately 140 degrees annually in addition to 26 graduate programs conferring 268 master's and 83 doctoral degrees annually.
Stochastic modeling of breakdown at freeway merge bottleneck and traffic control method using connected automated vehicle

Abstract This paper proposes a novel breakdown probability model based on microscopic driver behavior for a freeway merge bottleneck. Extending Newell's car following model to describe the transition from free-flow to congested regimes, two elements of breakdown, trigger and propagation, are derived in terms of vehicle headway. Combining these elements, a general breakdown probability is derived in terms of various parameters related to driver behavior and traffic conditions – other than flow – that can be treated as constants or stochastic with probability distributions. The proposed model is validated with real data. It was found that the theoretical breakdown probability distribution accords well with the empirical counterpart within reasonable ranges of parameter values. Our model suggests that the breakdown probability (i) increases with flow (both mainline and merging) as expected, and the merging spacing, (ii) decreases with the merging speed and aggressive driver characteristics, and interestingly, (iii) increases with the deviation in headway. A proactive traffic control method to achieve uniform headway is developed considering low penetration rates of connected automated vehicle technologies.
Spatially Resolved Raman Spectra of Diffusion Flame via Compressive Sensing

We simulate compressive sensing on spatially resolved Raman scattering measurements of a highly strained diffusion flame. Simulations agree with prior data, enabling the use of lower cost sensors in a simplified form of the experiment.
Conjugated Polymers Inspired by Crystalline Silicon

Modern technologies depend on the semiconductor silicon. Silicon nanostructures evince compelling properties including luminescence and biodegradability. Silicon-based soft matter is less explored, despite the attractive properties of conjugated polymers and small molecules inspired by crystalline silicon. This perspective describes the major synthetic approaches to polysilanes and summarizes innovations in the preparation of structurally complex functional polysilanes that combine unusual conjugation phenomena, solution processability, and morphological control. A connection is drawn between the limitations of current polymerization methodology and fine control of structure–property relationships.
Review of Veteran Americans: Literature and Citizenship from Revolution to Reconstruction

The author reviews the book Veteran Americans: Literature and Citizenship from Revolution to Reconstruction (2018) by Benjamin Cooper
Heme-Cu Binucleating Ligand Supports Heme/O2 and FeII-CuI/O2 Reactivity Providing High- and Low-Spin FeIII-Peroxo-CuII Complexes.

The focus of this study is in the description of synthetic heme/copper/O2 chemistry employing a heme-containing binucleating ligand which provides a tridentate chelate for copper ion binding. The a...
139 – Cavernous Malformations

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the various aspects of cavernous malformations. Cavernous malformations are the second most common lesion, comprising 5–13% of all vascular malformations of the central nervous system. These malformations occur throughout the brain or spinal cord and in the parenchyma, dura, and nerves. The cerebellum and brainstem account for approximately 25% of the intracranial cavernous malformations. In the brainstem, the pons is the most common site. The clinical presentation of cavernous malformations depends on its anatomical location because the hemorrhage can either cause symptoms related to irritation or mass effect on surrounding neural structures. The three most common presentations of supratentorial cavernous malformations include seizure, hemorrhage, and progressive neurological deficits. Cavernous malformations can be reliably identified using magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment options for patients with cavernous malformations include surgical resection or observation and possibly radiosurgery for lesions in critical brain regions. The use of skull base operative approaches and microsurgical techniques have expanded the indications and improved operative outcome in the management of these lesions.
Survey on awareness and preference of ceramic bracket debonding techniques among orthodontists.

Background The objectives of this study was to evaluate the awareness of different ceramic bracket debonding techniques among orthodontists in the USA and the most commonly used debonding technique for ceramic bracket removal. Material and methods A survey on preference for debonding and awareness of debonding techniques was emailed to 2,227 members of the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO). Results 119 orthodontists completed the survey. 111 responses were included in the study analysis of ceramic bracket users. The most common technique used was mechanical debonding. 86.5% used a specially designed bracket removing plier from the manufacturer. Overall, there were 59.5% of surveyed orthodontists who were aware of electrothermal debonding, 73% were unaware of ultrasonic debonding and 83.8% were unaware of laser debonding. There were more orthodontists with an affiliation with an academic institution aware of electrothermal debonding (p=0.002). There also was a trend of orthodontists having no affiliation with an institution who were unaware of laser debonding (p=0.015). Conclusions This survey showed that the majority of orthodontists who responded to the questionnaire were unaware of alternative debonding techniques of ceramic brackets. All orthodontists who use ceramic brackets utilized mechanical debonding technique. Key words:Orthodontic ceramic brackets, mechanical, electrothermal, ultrasonic, laser debonding.
Tabletability Flip - Role of Bonding Area and Bonding Strength Interplay

Predicting tableting performance of mixtures from that of individual components is of practical importance for achieving efficient and robust tablet design. It has been commonly assumed that a solid form exhibiting better tabletability will result in better tabletability when formulated. However, we show that the rank order of tabletability between two powders can flip when mixed with another powder, a phenomenon termed tabletability flip. Using three examples, we show that the tabletability flip upon mixing with microcrystalline cellulose is activated by the switch of the dominating factor in the bonding area (BA) and bonding strength (BS) interplay that determines tablet tensile strength. A mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon can significantly improve the accuracy of predicted tableting performance of mixtures from that of individual powders.
Development and Feasibility Study of an Addiction-Focused Phenotyping Assessment Battery

Background and objectives Current methods of classifying individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) result in vast heterogeneity among persons within a given diagnosis. These approaches, while clinically allowing for distinctions between patient groups, are less than ideal when attempting to recruit a neurobehaviorally defined subset of subjects into clinical trials. To address this gap, alternative strategies have been proposed, including behavioral phenotyping. The NIDA Phenotyping Assessment Battery (PhAB) is a modular package of assessments and neurocognitive tasks that was developed for use in clinical trials. The goal of the present study is to assess the feasibility of the NIDA PhAB with regard to ease of administration and time burden. Methods Healthy controls, persons with cocaine use disorder (CocUD), opioid use disorder (OUD), cannabis use disorder (CanUD), and combined opioid and cocaine use disorder (OCUD) were recruited from various sources (N = 595). Participants completed screening and one to three assessment visits. Time to complete the measures was recorded and a satisfaction interview was administered. Results Of the participants enrolled, 381 were deemed eligible. The majority of eligible participants (83%) completed all assessments. The average completion time was 3 hours. High participant satisfaction ratings were noted, with over 90% of participants endorsing a willingness to participate in a similar study and recommend the study to others. CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: These findings corroborate the ease with which the PhAB may be easily incorporated into a study assessment visit without undue participant burden. The PhAB is an efficient method for behavioral phenotyping in addiction clinical trials. (Am J Addict 2021;00:00-00).
Bladder Cancer Invasion Is Mediated by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2-Driven Regulation of Nitric Oxide and Invadopodia Formation.

Bladder cancer invasion depends on mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) activity, although the downstream mTORC2 effectors that mediate this effect have not been fully defined. One potential downstream effector is the arginine derivative nitric oxide (NO). We identified a stage-associated increase in the expression of the NO-generating enzymes endothelial NO synthase (NOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) in human bladder cancer. Reduction of NOS activity by pharmacologic inhibition or silencing of NOS enzymes reduced cancer cell invasion, with similar effects observed using the NO scavenger cobinamide. By contrast, enhanced invasion was seen with the NO donor Deta-NONOate and an analog of the downstream NO second messenger cGMP. We next evaluated NOS expression in invadopodia, which are cellular protrusions that form the invasive tips of cancer cells. Invadopodia were enriched in both iNOS protein and mTORC2 activity, and invadopodia formation was increased by Deta-NONOate and decreased by cobinamide and ablation of mTORC2 activity. mTORC2 additionally increased expression of iNOS. Using a zebrafish model, injection of iNOS- or rictor-silenced cells reduced the frequency of bladder cancer cell metastasis in zebrafish. These results indicate that mTORC2 can mediate bladder cancer cell invasion through increased iNOS expression, resulting in increased NO and cGMP production in invadopodia and further propagation of invadopodia formation.
Hemispheric Asynchrony of Abrupt Climate Change

During the past 80,000 years there have been rapid climate swings that occurred synchronously throughout the Northern Hemisphere. However, there has been intense debate over whether these changes were global, occurring at the same time in the Southern Hemisphere. In her Perspective, [Lynch-Stieglitz][1] comments on new work ([ Lamy et al. ][2]) that supports the well-developed paradigm of asynchronous changes in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and suggests why most land-based records appear to support hemispheric synchrony. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5679/1919 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5679/1959
Rapamycin overcomes multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by P-glycoprotein (Pgp), Multidrug Resistance Protein-1 (MRP-1), Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) and Lung Resistance Protein (LRP) and synergizes with substrate drugs in MDR cells.

5410 Mechanisms of drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other malignancies include decreased cellular uptake and retention of substrate chemotherapy drugs due to overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins Pgp, MRP-1 and BCRP and decreased nuclear uptake and retention due to expression of the major vault protein LRP, as well as aberrant activation of cell survival and proliferation pathways, including PI3K/Akt. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR, a downstream effector of PI3K/Akt, has anti-proliferative effects in AML and is also known to block drug transport by Pgp by competitive inhibition. We studied its effects on drug transport and interactions with substrate chemotherapy drugs in cells overexpressing MRP-1, BCRP and LRP, as well as Pgp. Effects on drug uptake were studied by flow cytometry, cell survival in 96-hour cultures by the WST-1 assay and interactions of drug combinations by isobologram analysis. Exposure to rapamycin at 0.25μM, a clinically achievable concentration, for 3 hours increased cellular uptake of substrate chemotherapy drugs in cell lines overexpressing Pgp, MRP-1 and BCRP, and nuclear uptake in cell lines overexpressing LRP, but not in parental cells. Rapamycin dose-response curves were biphasic, with 20 to 40% decrease in cell survival following exposure to nM concentrations, and eradication of all cells following exposure to μM concentrations, suggesting different mechanisms of cell kill by rapamycin at different concentrations. Rapamycin IC 50 ’s were similar in multidrug resistant and parental cells, despite the fact that rapamycin is known to be a substrate for Pgp. Thus the data suggest that, in addition to modulating transport of other substrate drugs, rapamycin also modulates its own transport by Pgp, and likely also by MRP-1, BCRP and LRP. Concurrent treatment with rapamycin and mitoxantrone, a substrate for all four MDR proteins, resulted in a synergistic drug interaction in multidrug resistant cells. Thus rapamycin is a broad-spectrum MDR protein modulator and synergizes with MDR protein substrate drugs in multidrug resistant cells. Effects of rapamycin on drug transport should be considered along with effects on signal transduction in the design of combination regimens.
Contextual Dependence and the Epistemic Foundations of Dynamic Semantics

Three accounts relating meaning and context are compared: a classical or static one as proposed by Stalnaker, a contextual or dynamic one as proposed in Dynamic Semantics, and a massively contextual one, defended here. On the last view, meaning and interpretation is a matter of a change of an epistemic context by means of an inductive inference, thus of pragmatics. As in dynamic semantics, meaning is a matter of epistemic state change. But now it is construed normatively, and it is the contextual change that explicates meaning, not meaning that explicates why a context changes in the way it does. Meaning is contextual on this approach because the justification of inductive inferences depends on contextual parameters (such as a partition of answers, or a degree of caution with respect to the risk of incurring error, etc.) for whose assessment no objective standards can be given. Contextuality is not a feature of language per se, and questions of contextual change are not primarily linguistic ones.
SEDSAT-1 Lessons Learned

ABSTRACT A number of universities have initiated small scientific satellite projects in which students take the primary roles of investigators, managers, designers, and fabricators. The University of Alabama in Huntsville's SEDSAT-1 project is among them. SEDSAT-1 is manifested on the July, 1998 Delta II launch as a secondary payload (the JPL DS-1 mission is the primary). Although not yet launched, the SEDSAT-1 project has yielded numerous lessons learned for small satellite programs. Some of these, such as the critical importance of tightly defined and controlled mission scope, are well known. But others are more specific to university student satellites, such as the tradeoffs in cost and educational value of proto-flight versus qualification unit approaches. This paper discusses the primary lessons learned and methods suggested for mitigating the identified risks and problems. Included are the outlines of project templates, both in system architecture and organizational structure, to help guide future projects.
Archaebacteria Then … Archaes Now (Are There Really No Archaeal Pathogens?)

In 1977, Carl Woese and George Fox argued that although methanogens looked like bacteria, they had very different cell wall structures and unique methanogenesis-related coenzymes and RNase T1 digestion of methanogen 16S rRNAs generated oligonucleotides so different from those from bacterial 16S rRNAs and from eukaryotic 18S rRNAs that methanogens should be placed in a third phylogenetic urkingdom, the Archaebacteria (81). They conceded that “almost nothing is known regarding their molecular biology” but concluded that “there is no reason at present to consider methanogens as any closer to eubacteria than to the cytoplasmic component of the eukaryote.” This started a scientific debate that has continued with unabated vigor for over 20 years. In 1977, methanogens were the only Archaebacteria, and not many more were predicted (81), but by 1980 the archaebacterial urkingdom had already grown to include halophiles and thermoacidophiles, and the presence of an RNA polymerase with a complex subunit configuration similar to eukaryotic RNA polymerases had been added to the list of definitive archaebacterial features (29). The 16S rRNA sequence data were by then presented in the now familiar phylogenetic tree format, and the three urkingdoms were shown arising independently from a common, less complex ancestor designated the progenote. It was tempting to comment here on the past and present arguments for and against the urkingdom concept, the number of urkingdoms, the branching relationships in the 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree, and the nature of the progenote, the universal and last common ancestors of all life (6, 9, 30, 32, 39, 49, 50, 54, 78, 81–83). But instead, from my perspective it seemed more appropriate to review how the revolutionary/heretical archaebacterial proposal has been investigated experimentally. What has been done, what were the driving forces for the research undertaken, what do we know now, what have complete archaeal genome sequences contributed, and what’s next?
Integrating technology with compassionate care: withdrawal of ventilation in a conscious patient with apnea

This case was atypical because the patient was conscious and apneic. The usual responses that indicate a patient's distress during terminal weaning would not have been evident in this patient. Introducing noninvasive monitoring of end-tidal CO2 and SpO2 and using BIS allowed the weaning to progress with confidence that the patient was as comfortable as possible. We think we kept our commitment to HD to honor his wishes by using the most humane method we could devise, and to address his family's needs at the same time.
Microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome evaluated by prenatal karyotyping, FISH and array comparative genomic hybridization.

Objective To explore the utility of comparative genomic hybridization to BAC arrays (array CGH) for prenatal diagnosis of microphthalmia and linear skin defects syndrome. Methods We used karyotype analysis, FISH and array CGH to investigate an X;Y translocation. Replication studies were done on cultured amniocytes and lymphoblasts. Results We describe a severe case of MLS syndrome that presented prenatally with multiple anomalies including cystic hygroma, microphthalmia, intrauterine growth restriction and a complex congenital heart defect. Cytogenetic analysis of amniocytes revealed an unbalanced de novo translocation between chromosomes X and Y [karyotype 46,X,der(X)t(X;Y)(p22.3;q11.2).ish der(X)(DXZ1+,DMD+,KAL−,STS−,SRY−),22q11.2 (Tuple1 × 2)]. MLS diagnosis was made at birth and the prenatal karyotype was confirmed. Replication studies showed the derivative X chromosome was the inactive X. Array CGH confirmed the X and Y imbalances seen in the karyotype and also showed twelve BACs in the MLS region were deleted as a result of the translocation. FISH with BAC clones verified the array findings and placed the X breakpoint in Xp22.2, resulting in the amended karyotype, 46,X,der(X)t(X;Y)(p22.2;q11.2).ish der(X)(DXZ1+,DMD+,KAL−,STS−,SRY−),22q11.2(Tuple1 × 2) arr cgh Xp22.33p22.2(LLNOYCO3M15D10 GS1-590J6)× 1,Yq11.222q23(RP11-20H21RP11-79J10)× 1. Conclusion The sensitivity of array CGH was valuable in detecting monosomy of the MLS critical region. Array CGH should be considered for the prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability estimation and confidence regions from subsystem and full system tests via maximum likelihood

This paper develops a rigorous and practical method for estimating the reliability---with confidence regions---of a complex system based on a combination of full system and subsystem (and/or component or ot her) tests. It is assumed that the system is composed of multiple processes (e.g., the subsystems and/or components within subsystems), where the subsystems may be arranged in series, parallel (i.e., redundant), combination series/parallel, or other mode. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is used to estimate the overall system reliability based on this fusion of multiple sources of information. Interestingly, for a given number of subsystems and/or components, the performance metric (likelihood function) does not change with the system configuration; rather, only the optimization constraints change, leading to an appropriate MLE. The MLE approach is well suited to providing asymptotic or finite-sample confidence bounds through the use of Fisher information or Monte Carlo sampling (bootstrap). The paper establishes formal conditions for the convergence of the MLE to the true system reliability.
Morphometric analysis of liver in rainbow trout: Quantitatively defining an organ of xenobiotic metabolism

The process of uptake, metabolism and eventual biliary excretion of xenobiotics by the teleost liver affords an opportunity for alteration within at least the following cells: sinusoidal endothelial, perisinoidal fat-storing (vitamin A-containing),1 hepatocytes and biliary epithelial (of preductules, ductules and intrahepatic ducts). Our understanding of the existence and role(s) in physiologic and pathobiologic phenomena of non-hepatocytic populations of cells in teleost liver has been hampered by the use of immersion fixation procedures obviating resolution and analysis of sinusoidal lining cells and by the subjective nature of light and electron micrographs. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively define the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson) liver. Computer-assisted morphometry2 was conducted on livers of actively spawning 5 year old male and female trout (Wytheville strain).
Sartre on embodied minds, authenticity and childhood

Etude de la conception sartrienne des relations authentiques entre parent et enfant, developpee dans les «Cahiers pour une morale» a partir du concept ontologique de conflit et du concept psychologique d'espace hodologique. Definissant l'intersubjectivite comme l'interaction de deux consciences incarnees, la theorie de Sartre differe de la theorie rousseauiste de l'attachement qui apparait au fondement de la psychologie developpementale
Linkage sequencing of oligosaccharides by their rates of alkaline degradation

Abstract d -glucose oligosaccharides were subjected to alkaline degradation in saturated calcium hydroxide at room temperature. After appropriate time-intervals the calcium hydroxide was neutralized and the oligosaccharides remaining after alkaline degradation were separated on Bio-Gel P-2 with water or boric acid as the solvent the rates of alkaline degradation and hence the relative amounts of the various oligosaccharides present after alkaline degradation vary, and are dependent on the linkages in the original oligosaccharide.
The development of cyclic motility in fetuses of diabetic mothers.

The cyclic organization of spontaneous movement was studied longitudinally in 22 fetuses of diabetic mothers (FDMs) during the third trimester of gestation and quantified with spectral analysis. Cyclic motility at frequencies between .08 and 1.22 cycles/min was found in all fetuses, although it was temporarily absent in 12 of the 22 fetuses at some time between 25 and 38 weeks. While some parameters of cyclic motility changed little, the frequency of the dominant motility cycle doubled from .24 to .48 cycle/min between 28 and 36 weeks, and the relative strength of motility cycles in the band between .18 and 1.02 cycles/min decreased temporarily at 36 weeks. These developmental changes and the common absence of cyclic motility contrast sharply with previous findings in normal fetuses, and (except for its absence) are accounted for by a subgroup of FDMs whose mothers' blood glucose levels were least well controlled during the third trimester of gestation. The presence of cyclic motility in all FDMs provides further evidence that cyclic activation is a basic property of the developing central nervous system in the human, as it appears to be in other vertebrates. However, the differences between FDMs and normal fetuses suggest that the development of cyclic motility is sensitive to disturbances in the fetal metabolic environment.
Historical Review Of Mammographic Imaging Techniques In Terms Of Image Quality And Reduced Radiation Dose

The field of mammography has changed dramatically during the past ten years. The introduction of new imaging techniques combined with the renewed interest in breast imaging has given mammography comparable status to other diagnostic radiology procedures. Mammography has been applied as a tool for mass screening for breast cancer. Several controversial reports have implied that in mass screening mammography more cancers may be induced than detected due to the radiation exposure to the breast. Such reports have put mammography on the defensive, not only for mass screening, but for conventional mammography in symptomatic women. Therefore, during the past few years great emphasis has been placed on dose reduction in breast imaging procedures. Dose reduction can be accomplished in many ways but usually at the cost of reduced image quality. In this presentation some of the factors affecting image quality will be discussed in order to provide some insight into the present status of mammography as a result of low dose techniques.
Family violence reported in a psychiatric emergency room

The prevalence of family violence reported in psychiatric emergency rooms is relatively undocumented, despite the clinical and legal concern for dangerousness. This study assesses the prevalence of aggression incidents reported to clinicians and physicians during evaluation interviews (n =389).Two-thirds of the total number of subjects reported being involved in an “aggression” incident sometime in their past. Only 8% reported being the victim of such incidents. About one-half of the cases involved physical assaults; nearly one-half of these assaults had family members as victims. One third of the total cases had been assaultive within 3 months; one sixth had been assaultive within 2 weeks of visiting the hospital. Clinicians and researchers are urged to consider more systematically family violence in psychiatric settings.
The role of adenosine in insulin action coupling in rat adipocytes

The involvement of adenosine in the coupling of insulin binding to action was investigated in rat adipocytes. Reduction of endogenous adenosine levels by treatment with adenosine deaminase (ADA) had no significant effect on either basal or maximally stimulated glucose transport, but reduced the insulin sensitivity of transport stimulation. Adenosine deaminase treatment also shifted the EC50 of H2O2 stimulation of transport from 0.13 mM to 0.30 mM, and the EC50 for insulin stimulation of protein synthesis from 0.40 +/- 0.06 ng/ml to 1.30 +/- 0.25 ng/ml. Adenosine appears to be acting through the pharmacological Ri adenosine receptor subtype. The mode of action of adenosine does not seem to involve inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Adenosine also influences the kinetics of insulin action. ADA treatment slows the onset of transport stimulation by a maximal insulin concentration (10 ng/ml). Increasing the hormone level to 100 ng/ml overcomes this slowing without increasing transport further. The deactivation of glucose transport following removal of insulin is accelerated by ADA treatment. Thus, adenosine is involved both in maintaining a high efficiency of an early step in the insulin signaling process and in maintaining optimal activity of the insulin-stimulated glucose transport system.
Example of optimal field cut in lattice gauge perturbation theory

We discuss the weak coupling expansion of a one-plaquette $SU(2)$ lattice gauge theory. We show that the conventional perturbative series for the partition function has a zero radius of convergence and is asymptotic. The average plaquette is discontinuous at ${g}^{2}=0$. However, the fact that $SU(2)$ is compact provides a perturbative sum that converges toward the correct answer for positive ${g}^{2}$. This alternate method amounts to introducing a specific coupling-dependent field cut, that turns the coefficients into $g$-dependent quantities. Generalizing to an arbitrary field cut, we obtain a regular power series with a finite radius of convergence. At any order in the modified perturbative procedure, and for a given coupling, it is possible to find at least one (and sometimes two) values of the field cut that provide the exact answer. This optimal field cut can be determined approximately using the strong coupling expansion. This allows us to interpolate accurately between the weak and strong coupling regions. We discuss the extension of the method to lattice gauge theory on a $D$-dimensional cubic lattice.
Markov- and Bernstein-Type Inequalities for Müntz Polynomials and Exponential Sums in Lp

The principal result of this paper is the following Markov-type inequality for Muntz polynomials. Theorem (Newman's Inequality in L"p[a, b] for [a, b]@?(0, ~))[email protected]@?(@l"j)^~"j"="0be an increasing sequence of nonnegative real numbers. [email protected]"0=0 and there exists [email protected]>0 so [email protected]"j>[email protected] each j. Suppose 00 does not seem to be obtainable in any straightforward fashion from the [0, b] case.
Reflection of X-rays from Rock Salt

Reflection of $X\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{rays}$ from Rock-salt Crystals.---By means of the double spectrometer arrangement previously used in studying the reflection from calcite, a narrow beam of nearly homogeneous rays from one crystal was reflected from a second crystal. The two natural cleavage surfaces used were obtained by splitting a good clear specimen. The rocking curves are irregular and more than 50 times as wide as corresponding curves for calcite, while the per cent. reflection at parallelism of the surfaces was much less than for calcite, being only 10 for 3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} grazing angle and 5 for 7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Polishing the reflecting surfaces increased the curve width somewhat but washing with water restored the surfaces to their original condition. By interposing a third slit between the crystals and moving it across the beam more detailed information was obtained as to the position and character of the imperfections in the crystal surface. Another selected pair of freshly split surfaces gave similar results, except that the per cent. reflection at parallelism was about twice as great.Imperfections of Rock-salt Crystals.---Compared with calcite, rock-salt crystals are evidently very imperfect. The recent results of W.L. Bragg also prove this. The greater apparent reflectivity observed with rock-salt is due to the fact that its irregular structure reflects a much broader band out of a continuous x-ray spectrum.
Early biochemical changes in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal and tumor-bearing rats.

Abstract The very early increase in the intracellular concentration of 3′,5′-cyclic GMP and in the rate of incorporation of 33 P into membrane phospholipid, and the early increases in the level of uridine kinase and cystathionine synthetase upon stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin, correlate well with the standard assay for lymphoblastic transformation. The rapidity, lower variability and in particular greater sensitivity of assays based on earlier events, suggests that they may be useful adjuncts for assessing immunocompetence under specified conditions, and in combination, may aid in diagnosing the molecular lesion when immunity is impaired. Coincidentally this study also shows that the peripheral blood lymphocytes from animals bearing transplantable tumors are inherently incompetent, and also that the serum from such animals suppresses the transformation of lymphocytes from normal animals. The immunosuppressive effect of the transplantable tumors was independent of the adrenal cortex.
In Situ Imaging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Via the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

To develop lithium-ion batteries with a high rate-capability and low cost, the prevention of capacity loss is one of major challenges, which needs to be tackled in the lithium-ion battery industry. During electrochemical processes, lithium ions diffuse from and insert into battery electrodes accompanied with the phase transformation, whereas ionic diffusivity and concentration are keys to the resultant battery capacity. In the current study, we compare voltage versus capacity of lithium-ion batteries at different current-rates (C-rates) discharging. Larger hysteresis and voltage fluctuations are observed in higher C-rate samples. We investigate origins of voltage fluctuations by quantifying lithium-ion intensity and distribution via a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The result shows that for fully discharged samples, lithium-ion intensity and distribution are not C-rate dependent, suggesting different lithium-ion insertion mechanisms at a higher C-rate discharging might be solely responsible for the observed low frequency voltage fluctuation.
Donor/acceptor interactions in systematically modified Ru(II)-Os(II) oligonucleotides.

Donor/acceptor (D/A) interactions are studied in a series of doubly modified 19-mer DNA duplexes. An ethynyl-linked RuII donor nucleoside is maintained at the 5‘ terminus of each duplex, while an ethynyl-linked OsII nucleoside, placed on the complementary strands, is systematically moved toward the other terminus in three base pair increments. The steady-state RuII-based luminescence quenching decreases from 90% at the shortest separation of 16 A (3 base pairs) to ∼11% at the largest separation of 61 A (18 base pairs). Time-resolved experiments show a similar trend for the RuII excited-state lifetime, and the decrease in the averaged excited-state lifetime for each duplex is linearly correlated with the fraction quenched obtained by steady-state measurements. Analysis according to the Forster dipole−dipole energy transfer mechanism shows a reasonable agreement. Deviation from idealized behavior is primarily attributed to uncertainty in the orientation factor, κ2. Analyzing D/A interactions in an analogous...
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY CHEMORECEPTORS IN ENDOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES

Abstract Respiratory chemoreceptors are neurons that detect PCO 2 , PO 2 , and/or pH in body fluids and provide sensory feedback for the control of breathing. They play a critical role in coupling pulmonary ventilation to metabolic demand in endothermic vertebrates. During birth in mammals and hatching in birds, the state change from placental or chorioallantoic gas exchange to pulmonary respiration makes acute demands on the neonatal lungs and ventilatory control system, including the respiratory chemoreceptors. Here we review the literature on prenatal development of carotid body chemoreceptors, central chemoreceptors, and airway chemoreceptors, with emphasis on the histology, histochemistry, and neurophysiology of chemosensory cells or their afferents, and their physiological genomics if known. In general, respiratory chemoreceptors develop prenatally and are functional but immature at birth or hatching. Each type of respiratory chemoreceptor has a unique prenatal developmental time course, and all studied to date require a period of postnatal maturation to express the full adult response.
Mutations altering the catalytic activity of a plant-type ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in Alcaligenes eutrophus

Use of a bacterial system has allowed the isolation of several mutationally altered species of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase having a wide range of catalytic activities. Biochemical and serological techniques were used to classify the mutant strains into three groups: (1) no detectable ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase protein present (both subunits missing); (2) mutant strains having ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenases with lowered specific activities; and (3) mutant strains producing large quantities of catalytically inactive ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
Rate constants and molecular structure

The methods of relating parameters in the Arrhenius rate equation to fundamental molecular properties are briefly reviewed. The limited applicability of purely theoretical methods is noted, the use and limitations of the standard semiemprical method are surveyed, and recent work based on empirical molecular structure and spectroscopy is described in detail. The recent method makes no attempt to calculate activation energy, but within a limited range of cases it does provide a reliable method of estimating the preexponential factor in the Arrhenius equation and calculating the kinetic isotope effect. In this way the method provides a check on the credibility of experimental data and on the assignment of mechanism. If the mechanism is correct, it provides a method of estimating activation energy from rate data taken at only one temperature. Further developments of this method are anticipated.
Spectrophotofluorometric analysis of procainamide and sulfadiazine in presence of primary aliphatic amines based on reaction with fluorescamine.

The potential of 4-phenylspiro[furan-2(3H), 1′-phthalan]-3,3′-dione (fluorescamine) for use as a reagent for determination of drugs containing the primary aromatic amino substituent in the presence of drugs containing primary aliphatic amino substituents was evaluated. Procainamide and sulfadiazine were used as test drugs in the evaluation. The selective determination is based on a difference in the extent of reaction of aromatic and aliphatic amines with fluorescamine at pH 5.5, as well as small differences in spectral characteristics of the two groups. Use of the reagent for microdetermination of aromatic primary amines was compared with that of the Bratton—Marshall and 9-chloroacridine techniques.
Kinetics of the Thermal Oxidation of Silicon in O 2 / HCl Mixtures

The thermal oxidation kinetics of silicon in mixtures were studied as a function of concentration, oxidation temperature, and silicon orientation, and the results compared to those obtained for oxidation of silicon in dry oxygen. The effective parabolic rate constant generally showed a linear increase with increasing concentration, while the effective linear rate constant showed essentially no increase after a substantial increase for a 1% addition. Possible explanations for such effects are considered. Activation energy plots for the rate constants were not linear, suggesting that several reaction mechanisms may be operative during silicon oxidation in mixtures.
A modeling and analysis methodology for modular logic controllers of machining systems using Petri net formalism

Logic controllers for machining systems typically have three control modes: auto, hand and manual. In this paper, a unified formal representation of logic controllers with three control modes is provided using Petri nets (PNs). A modular logic controller structure is introduced and formalized for high-volume transfer lines. The modular logic controller consists of one control module for the mode decision and other control modules for station logic controllers. Each station control module is represented by connecting together operation modules, which are designed with respect to the fault recovery processes of operations; their connection algorithm is also provided. In our formal representation, each control module is represented by a live, safe and reversible PN. A condition for the modular logic controller to generate a correct control logic is provided: the operation causality condition. Using the modular structure of a logic controller, the control logic can be easily reconfigured and automatic code generation is possible.
An Empirical Definition of Elementary School Adjustment Selection of Target Behaviors for a Comprehensive Treatment Program

As a first step in the identification of functional skills required for successful adjustment in elementary school, 130 kindergarten through fifth-grade students participated in a naturalistic descriptive investigation. Of the children studied, 55 were identified by teachers as "not making a good social adjustment to school" (low rated) and 75 were identified as "making a good social adjustment to school" (high rated). These two groups were compared on 15 dependent variables selected to provide a broad-based assessment of school adjustment. Measures were drawn from direct observations in academic and nonacademic settings, self-reports, and assessments of academic achievement. In addition to correlational analyses replicating earlier findings, the results indicate that the two groups differed significantly on the overall assessment of school adjustment variables, and that this overall effect was due to specific differences on six measures.