cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reformulating Second Demographic Transition Theory

The most familiar conceptual framework in population research describes demographic transition (Thompson 1929; Landry 1934; Davis 1945; Notestein 1953; Chesnais 1992; Kirk 1996; Jones et al. 1998; Caldwell et al. 2006) from high to low birth and death rates. As with any organizing concept that achieves enduring and widespread circulation, this idea of demographic transition has been elaborated in various ways including the variant considered here: that we may distinguish a new second demographic transition (SDT), theoretically and empirically separable from the original manifestation of the phenomenon. Proposed changes to SDT theory better reflect its underlying theoretical foundations and make it more flexible and consistent as a tool for understanding ongoing demographic processes in an expanding range of countries around the world. A brief empirical example illustrates how SDT theory reformulated in this way offers new insights into ongoing demographic trends.
Acute pancreatitis in a patient treated for alcoholic hepatitis. The hypothesis of supranormal ecbolic stimulation of the pancreon.

A 33-yr-old white woman treated for alcoholic hepatitis developed acute pancreatitis during her hospital stay. At autopsy, two major pathological processes were found: alcoholic cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis. In both, there was evidence of an acute episode, i.e., acute alcoholic hepatitis and acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis superimposed on the chronic alcoholic lesions. The sequence of events would indicate that the acute pancreatic pathology was precipitated by supranormal ecbolic stimulation of the acinar segment of the "pancreon" units, triggered as a result of a high protein and fat diet.
Internet resources on Asian studies: a guide to the best sites of 1998

The Internet contains a rapidly increasing quantity of valuable resources on Asia‐specific information. In view of the vast scope of the Asian countries and the fast proliferation of good sites, this article offers only a sampling of valuable Internet resources as starting points for further exploration. It covers meta sites, electronic articles, library resource pages, and electronic journals and newspapers. The first part of this paper includes the Internet sites of Asian studies, the second part contains selected country resources from China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, and the third part presents the leading Asian electronic journals and newspapers. Preference was given to comprehensive sites on countries or regions that have been the focus of recent academic study and research. All the sources are in English and some of them contain bilingual or multilingual versions.
Q-particles and the nature of Covert movement: Evidence from Buli

There are a number of intriguing issues surrounding wh-questions that have drawn considerable attention in the literature. Among the most commonly observed is the fact that in certain languages, wh-phrases move overtly from their base-generated positions to a clause-peripheral position, while in other languages the wh-phrases remain in-situ and are not overtly moved. A well known and contentious issue, to which this paper contributes with novel data from Buli, is the status of the in-situ wh-phrase. For instance, do in-situ phrases undergo covert movement? If so how is this movement similar or different from overt movement? I argue that the language distinguishes two kinds of wh-in-situ phrases: one undergoes covert movement, a movement I claim is comparable in many ways to overt wh-movement, while the other one doesn’t. The key to this observation, I further argue, is the presence of an overt Q-particle in the language. Whenever the Q-particle is absent, the signs of movement disappear. This provides a very transparent set of arguments in favor of the mixed view that sometimes you have movement of wh-in-situ and other other times you don't.
Slow cinema and contemplative politics: radical documentary in the twenty-first century

ABSTRACTThis essay positions Eric Baudelaire’s The Anabasis of May and Fusako Shigenobu, Masao Adachi, and 27 Years without Images as part of a new phase of radical documentary practice for the twe...
Astym treatment vs. eccentric exercise for lateral elbow tendinopathy: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Introduction. Patients with chronic lateral elbow (LE) tendinopathy, commonly known as tennis elbow, often experience prolonged symptoms and frequent relapses. Astym treatment, evidenced in animal studies to promote the healing and regeneration of soft tissues, is hypothesized to improve outcomes in LE tendinopathy patients. This study had two objectives: (1) to compare the efficacy of Astym treatment to an evidence-based eccentric exercise program (EE) for patients with chronic LE tendinopathy, and (2) to quantify outcomes of subjects non-responsive to EE who were subsequently treated with Astym treatment. Study Design. Prospective, two group, parallel, randomized controlled trial completed at a large orthopedic center in Indiana. Inclusion criteria: age range of 18–65 years old, with clinical indications of LE tendinopathy greater than 12 weeks, with no recent corticosteriod injection or disease altering comorbidities. Methods. Subjects with chronic LE tendinopathy (107 subjects with 113 affected elbows) were randomly assigned using computer-generated random number tables to 4 weeks of Astym treatment (57 elbows) or EE treatment (56 elbows). Data collected at baseline, 4, 8, 12 weeks, 6 and 12 months. Primary outcome measure: DASH; secondary outcome measures: pain with activity, maximum grip strength and function. The treating physicians and the rater were blinded; subjects and treating clinicians could not be blinded due to the nature of the treatments. Results. Resolution response rates were 78.3% for the Astym group and 40.9% for the EE group. Astym subjects showed greater gains in DASH scores (p = 0.047) and in maximum grip strength (p = 0.008) than EE subjects. Astym therapy also resolved 20/21 (95.7%) of the EE non-responders, who showed improvements in DASH scores (p < 0.005), pain with activity (p = 0.002), and function (p = 0.004) following Astym treatment. Gains continued at 6 and 12 months. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusion. This study suggests Astym therapy is an effective treatment option for patients with LE tendinopathy, as an initial treatment, and after an eccentric exercise program has failed. Registration/Funding. Ball Memorial Hospital provided limited funding. Trial registration was not required by FDAAA 801. Known about the Subject. Under the new paradigm of degenerative tendinopathy, eccentric exercise (EE) is emerging as a first line conservative treatment for LE tendinopathy. EE and Astym treatment are among the few treatment options aiming to improve the degenerative pathophysiology of the tendon. In this trial, Astym therapy, which has shown success in the treatment of tendinopathy, is compared to EE, which has also shown success in the treatment of tendinopathy. Clinical Relevance. There is a need for more effective, conservative treatment options. Based on the current efficacy study, Astym therapy appears to be a promising, non-invasive treatment option.
The Association Between Newly Accredited Orthopedic Residency Programs and Teaching Hospital Complication Rates in Lower Extremity Total Joint Arthroplasty

Objective The influence of residency programs on teaching hospital outcomes in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) has recently been debated. This study investigates how complication and readmission rates for primary elective total hip (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) changed before and after new orthopedic surgery residency programs meeting ACGME accreditation requirements were introduced at hospitals. Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the CMS Hospital Compare database, which contains hospital-level data on risk-standardized complication and readmission rates (2013-2018) for primary elective THA and TKA in Medicare beneficiaries. Orthopedic surgery residency programs that were newly accredited during this time were identified using ACGME publicly available data. Setting Eight primary adult teaching hospitals with complication and readmission data in the CMS database available prior to the first full year its affiliated residency program was implemented, and with subsequent program data also available. Participants Six ACGME accredited orthopedic surgery residency programs. Results Even after controlling for annual variation in surrounding hospital rates, the at-risk patient volume, and variation in starting rates for a given hospital in the first available year, multivariate linear regression demonstrated that complication rates for lower extremity TJA in Medicare beneficiaries decreased by 0.20 per year (R2 = 0.78, p = 0.005) after hospitals introduced new orthopedic surgery residency programs meeting ACGME accreditation requirements. There were no significant differences in readmission rates after the addition of newly accredited programs to these same hospitals (R2 = 0.51; p = 0.706). Conclusions Starting an orthopedic surgery residency program meeting ACGME accreditation requirements was associated with significantly reduced complication rates for primary elective lower extremity TJA in Medicare beneficiaries at teaching hospitals where these programs began rotating residents. These findings raise awareness regarding the potential for residency programs to contribute to improved patient care outside of the operating room as well as through direct resident involvement in procedures.
Experimental Evidence for Universal Behavior of Ion-Induced Volume Phase Transition in Sodium Polyacrylate Gels

Introduction of high valence counterions into polyelectrolyte gels results in a reversible volume phase transition. In the present work new experimental results are reported for the volume transition induced by calcium/sodium exchange in sodium polyacrylate gels. The effects of cross-link density, concentration of ionized groups on the network chains, composition of the equilibrium salt solution containing both mono- and divalent cations, and temperature on the swelling degree of these gels are systematically investigated. It is demonstrated that the normalized swelling data fall on a master curve, indicating that the ion-exchange-induced volume transition exhibits universal behavior in sodium polyacrylate gels. Model calculations made on the basis of the classical Flory–Rehner theory are in reasonable agreement with the measured dependencies.
Background and Early History of Space Exploration

On July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin stepped on the Moon, and with those steps, they accomplished a great historical triumph. Subsequent missions to explore the lunar surface continued, with Apollo 17 astronauts Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmidt leaving the last human footprints on the Moon in December of 1972. Since that time, there have been many Space Shuttle missions and an extensive human presence in space on the International Space Station (ISS). These are, no doubt, significant accomplishments in space and have created positive results for all on Earth. But, for the past 40 years, space travelers have been trapped in the repetitive cycle of low Earth orbit (LEO) space missions. If humans are to explore this solar system and universe, there must be an exit from this pattern. Ultimately, there is a need to escape the gravity well of Earth and once again reach for the stars—or at least Mars and beyond—if humanity is to achieve its ultimate destiny (Chaikin 1994).
IPAA in Known Preoperative Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review.

Background Crohn's disease is a relative contraindication to IPAA due to perceived increased rates of pouch failure. Objective This study aimed to determine pouch functional outcomes and failure rates in patients with a known preoperative diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Data sources A database search was performed in Ovid Medline In-Process & Other NonIndexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Study selection The published human studies that reported short-term postoperative outcomes and/or long-term outcomes following IPAA in adult (≥18 years of age) Crohn's disease populations were selected. Intervention Ileal pouch anal anastomoses were constructed in patients who had Crohn's disease diagnosed preoperatively or through proctocolectomy pathology. Main outcomes measures The primary outcomes measured were long-term functional outcomes (to maximal date of follow-up) and the pouch failure rate. Results Of 7019 records reviewed, 6 full articles were included in the analysis. Rates of pelvic sepsis, small-bowel obstruction, pouchitis, anal stricture, and chronic sinus tract were 13%, 3%, 31%, 18%, and 28%. Rates of incontinence, urgency, pad usage in the day, pad usage at night, and need for antidiarrheals were 24%, 21%, 19%, 20%, and 28%, and mean 24-hour stool frequency was 6.3 bowel movements at a mean 69 months of follow-up. The overall pouch failure rate was 15%; no risk factors for pouch failure were identified. Limitations This investigation was limited by the small number of studies with significant study heterogeneity. Conclusion In patients with known preoperative Crohn's disease, IPAA construction is feasible with functional outcomes equivalent to patients with ulcerative colitis, but, even in highly selected patients with Crohn's disease, pouch failure rates remain higher than in patients with ulcerative colitis.
Abstract PS9-09: Web-based intervention to improve knowledge, intent to screen and uptake of breast cancer screening among long-term, high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma survivors who received chest radiation

Background Many cancer survivors experience late effects from their cancer treatment including second cancers. Breast cancer risk in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors is estimated at 35% by age 50 years1 with a 40-fold increase when treated with chest radiation prior to age 20 years2. For patients who received chest radiation between ages 10 and 30 years, NCCN recommends annual screening mammogram and breast MRI 10 years after chest wall radiation or after age 30 and 25 years respectively3. We designed a web-based intervention to improve knowledge, intent to screen and uptake of breast cancer screening among long-term, high-risk HL survivors.Methods We invited 263 long-term HL survivors treated with chest radiation, of which 60 women were enrolled. Participants were randomized 1:1 to web-based intervention or control groups. The web-based intervention consisted of daily, interactive, highly tailored learning modules over the course of one week. Both groups received handouts on potential complications from cancer treatment and screening recommendations. All participants were invited to a baseline survey, first follow-up survey 1-2 weeks post intervention, and a final survey 3 months post intervention. In total, 53 participants completed the baseline survey, and to-date 41 the first follow-up survey. The last 3-month follow-up surveys are due in fall 2020. We compared frequencies of who correctly answered questions regarding potential complications from prior treatment and breast cancer screening recommendations at baseline vs. first follow-up in the intervention and control groups using Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. P value Conclusions Adherence to breast cancer screening recommendations is low among long-term, high-risk HL survivors. Preliminary analysis of an RCT comparing a web-based intervention to paper handouts identified improved knowledge regarding current national guidelines on breast cancer screening and how to reduce the risk of complications from prior HL treatments. Further research should address barriers to screening and interventions to address them. References1.Moskowitz CS et al. Breast cancer after chest radiation therapy for childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 32, 2217-2223, 20142.van Leeuwen FE et al. Second cancer risk following Hodgkin’s disease: a 20-year follow-up study. J Clin Oncol 12, 312-325, 19943.NCCN Guidelines Breast Cancer Screening & Diagnosis 2019 Citation Format: Smitha Sagaram, Patricia Jewett, Rachel I. Vogel, Lucie Turcotte, Karim Sadak, Heather Beckwith, David Potter, Douglas Yee, Hee Yun Lee, Anne Blaes. Web-based intervention to improve knowledge, intent to screen and uptake of breast cancer screening among long-term, high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma survivors who received chest radiation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS9-09.
Reasoned Explanation and Political Accountability in the Roberts Court

In the past two years, the Supreme Court has invalidated two major executive-branch initiatives—the termination of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy and the addition of a citizenship question to the census—as arbitrary and capricious. Many have cast Chief Justice Roberts’s decisive votes and opinions in these cases as efforts to protect the Court’s public standing by skirting political controversy. Taken on their own terms, however, the opinions seem less about keeping the Court out of the political thicket and more about pushing the Trump Administration into it. And that use of arbitrariness review as a judicial backstop for political accountability is an important jurisprudential development in its own right. For decades, the Court has understood arbitrariness review mainly as a check against bureaucratic blunders, lawlessness, and political interference with agency expertise. But in the DACA and census cases, a narrow majority refashioned this form of review as a tool for forcing an administration to pay the appropriate political price for its discretionary choices. Through close and context-laden readings of these back-to-back opinions, I aim to surface the “accountability-forcing” form of arbitrariness review that they employ and to draw out its significance. Between the two cases, the Roberts-led majority identified three kinds of agency explanations that should be rejected or disfavored on political-accountability grounds: post hoc explanations, buck-passing explanations, and pretextual explanations. Standing alone, these new rules (and new justifications for old ones) have wide-ranging consequences. But if the shift toward an accountability-centric vision of arbitrariness review continues, it could also lead to renovations of several other administrative-law doctrines—including narrowing the carve-outs from judicial review, undermining the remedy of “remand without vacatur,” and empowering courts to discount agencies’ fallback justifications for their choices. After laying out the accountability-forcing turn in the Court’s recent cases and sketching its possible ramifications, I consider several grounds for doubt about its propriety and efficacy. Some of these objections, I conclude, have real force. Still, none debunks the core insight that I take to underlie Roberts’s approach: The reasoned explanation requirement can sometimes be deployed so as to promote not only rational administration, but democracy as well.
Multigap electron-phonon superconductivity in the quasi-one-dimensional pnictide K 2 Mo 3 As 3

We show, using density functional calculations, that quasi-one-dimensional ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{3}{\mathrm{As}}_{3}$, which is closely related to ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{3}{\mathrm{As}}_{3}$ and has very similar superconducting properties, is not close to magnetism and has conventional $s$ wave electron-phonon superconductivity. This superconductivity is of multigap character due to different coupling on different Fermi surface sheets. This is discussed in relation to the properties of this family of quasi-one-dimensional pnictide superconductors. The results show that this family of superconductors provides a unique opportunity for studying the interplay of spin fluctuations and electron-phonon superconductivity in transition metal pnictides, and offer a path for sorting out the different proposed superconducting scenarios in this fascinating family of pnictide superconductors.
Elevated Incidences of Antimicrobial Resistance and Multidrug Resistance in the Maumee River (Ohio, USA), a Major Tributary of Lake Erie

Maumee River, the major tributary in the western basin of Lake Erie, serves as one of major sources of freshwater in the area, supplying potable, recreational, and industrial water. In this study we collected water samples from four sites in the Maumee River Bay between 2016–2017 and E. coli was isolated, enumerated, and analyzed for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR). Strikingly, 95% of the total isolates were found to be resistant to at least one antibiotic. A very high resistance to the drugs cephalothin (95.3%), ampicillin (38.3%), tetracycline (8.8%), gentamicin (8.2%), ciprofloxacin (4.2%), cefoperazone (4%), and sulfamethoxazole (1.5%) was observed within isolates from all four sampling sites. Percentages of AMR and MDR was consistently very high in the summer and fall months, whereas it was observed to be lowest in the winter. A remarkably high number of the isolates were detected to be MDR—95% resistant to ≥1 antibiotic, 43% resistant to ≥2 antibiotics, 15% resistant to ≥3 antibiotics, 4.9% resistant to ≥4 antibiotic and 1.2% resistant to ≥5 antibiotics. This data will serve in better understanding the environmental occurrence and dissemination of AMR/MDR in the area and assist in improving and establishing control measures.
Creating Regulatory Harmony: The Participatory Politics of OECD Chemical Testing Standards in the Making:

In recent decades, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has become a powerful forum for trade liberalization and regulatory harmonization. OECD members have worked to r...
Satisfactory listening: The differential role of salesperson communication in (co)creating value for B2B buyers

Abstract The importance of communication skills of the salesperson (SP) on buyer satisfaction is fait accompli. However, how various facets of listening, along with the core components of SP's communication (i.e., content and diligence) contribute to the value creation process is poorly understood. The current research presents a conceptual framework to explain these effects and tests the model empirically. The authors conceptualize a framework for how critical aspects of SP's communication with customers differentially influence imagery versus transactional value creation. This process is explained with an application of the dual process theory. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is employed to examine the theorized pathways within a sample of buyers of a large manufacturing firm in the United States. Results exhibit that while various facets of listening differentially contribute to the two value types, the core aspects of SP's communication mainly affect transactional value creation. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed.
Assessing Satisfaction with Campus Recreation Facilities among College Students with Physical Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to investigate satisfaction with campus recreation facilities among college students with physical disabilities. One hundred twenty-two college students with various physical disabilities participated in the study. This study found that use of and satisfaction with campus recreation facilities were significantly low among college students with disabilities. Specifically, 68% of college students with physical disabilities used campus recreation facilities less than 5 time per semester, and 37% of participants never used the facilities. The personnel in the area of campus recreation programs and facilities for students with disabilities should use the findings and suggestions of this study to provide better accessibility and accommodation of campus recreation facilities to students with disabilities.
Efficiently storing virtual machine backups

Physical level backups offer increased performance in terms of throughput and scalability as compared to logical backup models, while still maintaining logical consistency [2]. As the trend toward virtualization grows, virtual machine backups (a form of physical backup) are even more important, while becoming easier to perform. The downside is that physical backup generally requires more storage, because of file system meta-data and unallocated blocks. Deduplication is becoming widely accepted and many believe that it will favor logical backup, but this has not been well studied and the relative cost of physical vs. logical on deduplicating storage is not known. In this paper, we take a data-driven approach using user data to quantify the storage costs and contributing factors of physical backups over numerous generations. Based on our analysis, we show how physical backups can be as storage efficient as logical backups, while also giving good backup performance.
Strategies for Autonomous Adaptation and Learning in Dynamical Networks

The complexity of dynamical networks, which compute with diverse attractors, renders them inaccessible, at present anyway, to entirely analytical treatment. Therefore, exploration and development of a learning algorithm for such nets, would need to rely mostly on numerical simulations. Here, we discuss strategies for the development of autonomous adaptation and learning algorithms for dynamical networks that are driven by entropy related information theoretic measures. A net of parametrically coupled logistic processing elements, an instance of a dynamical network, is used to illustrate the rationale, detail, and features of the strategies developed.
DISTRIBUTION OF KRILL ( EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA ) AND THE HYDROGRAPHY OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN: LARGE-SCALE PROCESSES

ABSTRACT This paper is a review of the large-scale features of distribution of krill (Euphausia superba) and the hydrography of the Southern Ocean, as determined from the major oceanographic research expeditions of the 20th century. It is intended for the biologist interested in the physical oceanographic literature of the Southern Ocean and includes some of the basic krill literature for the oceanographer engaged in multidisciplinary research programs. The broad features of krill distribution from an oceanographer's viewpoint are described, followed by a general account of the hydrographic methods and their possible application to krill research. A sector-by-sector excursion around Antarctic circumpolar waters describes the hydrography of each sector. The literature is primarily from those studies where basic physical oceanography was the major impetus for the study.
Tyrosine radicals in photosystem II and related model compounds. Characterization by isotopic labeling and EPR spectroscopy

Deuteration at selected positions on the phenol ring and at the beta-methylene carbon for the YD.tyrosine radical in Photosystem II in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 was achieved by growing the organism under conditions in which it is a functional aromatic amino acid auxotroph (Barry, B. A., and Babcock, G. T. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 7099-7103). A series of model tyrosine radicals, also deuterated at specific sites on the aromatic ring and the methylene group, was generated by UV irradiation of frozen solutions. The EPR spectra of the specifically deuterated in vivo radicals confirm that YD.is a tyrosine; nevertheless its spectra differ from those of the tyrosine models. By comparing the EPR spectra of the specifically deuterated radicals with those of the fully protonated, the hyperfine couplings of the various protons of both YD.and the model compound radicals were determined. For both species, the unpaired electron spin density distribution is essentially identical and follows an odd-alternant pattern with high rho values at the carbons ortho and para to the tyrosine phenol oxygen; the meta positions have low spin densities. The differences in EPR spectral characteristics for the two radicals are rationalized as arising from variations in the conformation of the beta-methylene group with respect to the phenol head group. Considering these EPR results and those reported for other model and naturally occurring tyrosine radicals, we conclude that this situation is general; there is little deviation in this class of compounds from the odd-alternant spin density distribution; variations in EPR lineshapes arise primarily from variations in beta-methylene orientation. The conformation of the -CH2- group in biologically active tyrosine radicals deviates from that observed in the models and may be functionally significant. Because the EPR spectrum of YZ., the second redox active tyrosine radical in Photosystem II, is identical to that of YD., we conclude that the two radicals are in similar protein environments, a conclusion that is supported by the protein sequences in the vicinity of the two radicals.
In vivo monitoring of the immune response to mIgG conjugated to iron oxide nanoparticles using the pulp (dermis) of growing feathers as a test-tissue in chickens, (IRC8P.495)

Biomedical applications of nanoparticles (NPs) are growing. Data on the biological activities of NPs are, however, limited. We are evaluating the growing feather (GF) in chickens as a test-site (US-Patent 8,216,551; GF Erf) to monitor in vivo activities of NPs. In this study, the immune response to mouse (m) IgG initiated with different antigen-adjuvant combinations was examined. Specifically, 8-week-old male chickens were immunized i.m. with 0.1 mL of mIgG alone, a mixture of Alum adjuvant & mIgG, or mIgG conjugated to iron oxide NP (IONP-mIgG, 10 nm) (n=6 birds/treatment). To monitor the immune response, 0.01 mL mIgG was injected into the pulp (dermis) of 20 GF/bird ten days post-immunization. GF were collected before (0 h) and at 0.25, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 d post-GF-injection for flow cytometry, mRNA and histological analysis. Flow-cytometric cell-population analysis of pulp cell suspensions revealed higher levels (%, P
The Innate Immune System in Allograft Rejection and Tolerance

As T cells alone are both necessary and sufficient for the rejection of virtually all allogeneic tissues, much of transplantation immunology has focused on cells of the adaptive immune system. During the past decade, advances in our understanding of innate responses to pathogen-associated molecules have spurred a "rediscovery" of innate immunity. Fueled by this, an increasing body of literature has emerged in which the role of the innate immune system in allograft rejection and tolerance has been examined more closely. This review will give an overview of recent studies and emerging concepts of how the cellular components of the innate immune system participate in the immune response to solid organ transplantation. These important studies highlight the complex interplay between diverse cells of the immune response and provide the basis for optimal strategies of tolerance induction.
Using numerical modeling to explore the origin of intrusion patterns on Fernandina volcano, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

[1] Using parameterized finite element models, we investigate the emplacement of both radial and circumferential intrusions in the configuration observed at Fernandina volcano in the Galapagos Islands. When situated within the edifice at depths consistent with petrological and surface displacement data, inflation of a mildly oblate magma reservoir to the point of rupture can initiate either radial or circumferential intrusions in response to minor, volcanologically plausible variations in reservoir geometry (i.e., aspect ratio). In addition, more oblate reservoirs inject lateral sills into an inflation-derived stress field consistent with rotation about their propagation axis to form gently dipping radial dikes, a mode of behavior recently inferred from InSAR data at Fernandina. All three styles of intrusion occur in near-surface configurations consistent with field observations.
Using Japanese Curriculum Materials to Support Lesson Study outside Japan: Toward Coherent Curriculum.

Lesson study (jugyou kenkyuu) has spread outside Japan in the last decade, providing opportunities to see how lesson study fares in countries where the instructional practices and curriculum materials differ from those in Japan. This study reports an elementary mathematics lesson study cycle from the United States. To investigate the nature of the support for teachers’ learning during the curriculum study (“kyouzai kenkyuu”) phase of lesson study, we first compared a U.S. and Japanese teacher’s manual in their treatment of area of quadrilaterals. The coding scheme captured features hypothesized to influence teachers’ learning from curriculum including information on student thinking, learning trajectory and rationale for pedagogical decisions (Ball & Cohen, 1996). While the U.S. teacher’s manual provided more correct student answers and more often suggested adaptations for particular categories of students (e.g., English-language learners), the Japanese manual provided more varied individual student responses and more rationale for pedagogical choices. We provided the Japanese curriculum and teacher’s manual to a U.S. lesson group and observed them during lesson study; U.S. teachers found some Japanese curriculum features useful (e.g., student thinking) and other features challenging (e.g., focus on a single problem). A comparison of the U.S. teachers’ preand post- lesson study cycle lesson plans suggested that the teachers more thoroughly anticipated student thinking after working with the Japanese textbooks and teacher’s manuals. We suggest that kyouzai kenkyuu on a welldesigned teacher’s manual may enable “coherent curriculum” at the policy level to be enacted in the classroom.
Can neural networks learn cross products

The goal of our research is to determine whether a neural network, the best available model of the way the human brain works, can compute the cross-product of two vectors, and if so, what kind of architecture it needs and how small it can be.
Mechanism of Adsorption and Eclipse of Bacteriophage φX174 III. Comparison of the Activation Parameters for the In Vitro and In Vivo Eclipse Reactions With Mutant and Wild-Type Virus

In a starvation buffer containing 10(-3) M divalent cations, phiX174 undergoes viral eclipse above 20 C when attached to intact host cells. An in vitro structural transition that is similar to that observed in this in vivo eclipse reaction occurs over the same temperature range in 0.1 M CaCl(2) (pH 7.2). Since both reactions result in a loss of infectivity, their kinetics have been compared in this report. Both exhibit a biphasic first-order loss in PFU that is a result of two competing first-order processes. However, a single type of heterogeneity in the population of virions is not the basis for both competing slower reactions. The Arrhenius plots of the faster components show that the in vitro eclipse reaction has the same activation energy of 35 kcal/mol (ca. 1.47 x 10(5) J/mol) as the in vivo reaction but a 10-fold lower Arrhenius preexponential factor. This is further evidence that certain features of the in vivo mechanism are retained in the in vitro reaction. In the case of the slower components, the in vitro reaction has an activation energy of 37 kcal/mol (1.55 x 10(5) J/mol), whereas that of the in vivo reaction is only 5 kcal/mol (2.1 x 10(4) J/mol). A similar analysis has been performed on a cold-sensitive eclipse mutant of phiX174. In vivo, the mutation is expressed by a two- to three-fold lower Arrhenius preexponential factor for both components of the eclipse reaction when compared to wt virus. The activation energies for both components are the same as wt virus. These results suggest that the mechanism of the eclipse reaction can be operationally divided into two aspects, each subject to mutational alteration.
Throughput analysis of turbo-coded CDMA packet communication systems

We analyze the system capacity of turbo coded CDMA packet system with hybrid FEC/ARQ scheme. In particular, assuming the use of punctured turbo codes, we investigate the system capacity in terms of the number of users that can be supported by the given rate of punctured turbo codes in both the AWGN and multipath fading channel. For a multipath fading channel, we derive a simple closed form expression for the PDF of signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) at the output of matched filter receiver. Then, using an improved union bound, we evaluate the codeword error probabilities and the corresponding throughput performance for various rates of punctured turbo codes. With these results, we obtain the CDMA system capacity and compare its performance with theoretical capacity bounds obtained with idealized packet communication systems in which packet overheads, transmission and decoding delay can be ignored.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Abstract Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains are a leading cause of diarrhea among infants in developing countries. These bacteria spread via fecal–oral transmission and colonize the small intestine. Typical EPEC differs from atypical strains in that they possess the bfp operon and generate a type IV-B class of fimbriae known as the bundle-forming pilus (BFP). EPEC uses BFP to attach to intestinal epithelium. Upon attachment, EPEC translocates effector proteins into the host cell via a type 3 secretion system, which is encoded on a pathogenicity island known as the locus of enterocyte effacement. Translocated effectors modulate the host response in a number of ways, including subversion of immune responses and hijacking of the cytoskeletal system. By inducing actin rearrangement, EPEC causes the formation of actin pedestals onto which it sits, and leads to the effacement of microvilli, giving this bacterium a characteristic attaching and effacing phenotype. EPEC infections are typically self-limiting, with rehydration therapy constituting primary treatment, but they can be protracted and lethal. Breastfeeding provides a great protective effect, validating the use of a vaccine to induce a humoral response in mother or child as a potential means of preventative action. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on EPEC pathogenesis and host cell responses and summarizes the current detection and treatment options available.
Elastic discontinuity due to ectopic calcification in a human fibrous joint

Abstract Disease can alter natural ramp-like elastic gradients to steeper step-like profiles at soft–hard tissue interfaces. Prolonged function can further mediate mechanochemical events that alter biomechanical response within diseased organs. In this study, a human bone–tooth fibrous joint was chosen as a model system, in which the effects of bacterial-induced disease, i.e. periodontitis, on natural elastic gradients were investigated. Specifically, the effects of ectopic biomineral, i.e. calculus, on innate chemical and elastic gradients within the cementum–dentin complex, both of which are fundamental parameters to load-bearing tissues, are investigated through comparisons with a healthy complex. Complementary techniques for mapping changes in physicochemical properties as a result of disease included micro X-ray computed tomography, microprobe micro X-ray fluorescence imaging, transmission electron and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques, and AFM-based nanoindentation. Results demonstrated primary effects as derivatives of ectopic mineralization within the diseased fibrous joint. Ectopic mineralization with no cementum resorption, but altered cementum physicochemical properties with increasing X-ray attenuation, exhibited stratified concretion with increasing X-ray fluorescence counts of calcium and phosphorus elements in the extracellular matrix in correlation with decreased hygroscopicity, indenter displacement, and apparent strain-relieving characteristics. Disease progression, identified as concretion through the periodontal ligament (PDL)–cementum enthesis, and sometimes the originally hygroscopic cementum–dentin junction, resulted in a significantly increased indentation elastic modulus (3.16 ± 1.19 GPa) and a shift towards a discontinuous interface compared with healthy conditions (1.54 ± 0.83 GPa) (Student’s t -test, P
Warfarin pharmacogenetics: challenges and opportunities for clinical translation.

Despite its wide use over six decades, warfarin therapy remains challenging due its narrow therapeutic index. The multitude of factors interacting with warfarin makes it difficult to maintain anticoagulation within the target International Normalized Ratio (INR) range (Ageno et al., 2012). Even within this range the dose requirements vary as much as 20-fold between patients.
Utilizing Middle School Common Planning Time to Support Inclusive Environments

In common planning time (CPT), middle school educators have an opportunity to share their experience and expertise during a designated period. Common planning time is especially beneficial in the collaborative process in which special and general educators can address the needs of students with exceptionalities. This column provides an outline on the possible implementation and the virtual experience of CPT and also offers information on how special education topics can be incorporated within CPT.
Molecular velocity imaging of supersonic flows using pulsed planar laser-induced fluorescence of NO

A technique is described for imaging components of velocity in a gaseous flow field by using pulsed planar laser-induced fluorescence. The technique is based on the fluorescence detection of Doppler-shifted absorption that results when a spectrally narrow absorption line is excited with a broadband laser. Results obtained in a Mach 7 underexpanded supersonic jet, seeded with NO, are presented. The practical extension of this technique to single-shot measurements of two velocity components is discussed.
The inverse medium problem in 1D PML-truncated heterogeneous semi-infinite domains

We discuss a total wavefield-based inversion approach for the reconstruction of the material profile of heterogeneous semi-infinite domains, directly in the time domain, based on surficial measurements of the domain's response to prescribed wave illumination. The ability to recover the in-depth profile of moduli/wave velocities typically associated with geotechnical site characterization applications is of particular interest. We address four key issues associated with the wavefield-based inversion: (a) to limit the semi-infinite extent of the heterogeneous physical domain, a perfectly-matched-layer (PML) is introduced at the truncation interface; (b) to account for the introduction of the PML, we use a mixed unsplit-field PML formulation for the coupled PML-regular-domain problem; (c) to tackle the inversion, we adopt a partial-differential-equation (PDE)-constrained optimization framework that formally leads to a classic Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) system comprising the initial-value state, final-value adj...
Attraction of the male house fly to cuticular hydrocarbons and feces of several other dipteran species

Mannchen vonMusca domestica werden von Kohlenwasserstoffextrakten aus der Cuticula weiblicherMusca domestica, M. autumnalis undHaematobia irritan angelockt (gleiche oder ahnliche Pheromone), nicht aber von entsprechenden Extrakten ausStomoxys calitrans, Glossina morsitans, G. austeni, Fannia canicularis undCochliomyia hominivorax.
Marriage change in rural India, 1921-1981.

In the early twentieth century, marriage age of both sexes in India was unusually low, even by the standards of other Asian societies of the era. Although early marriage in the form of child marriage occurred throughout the Indian subcontinent, there were regional differences in the extent of the practice. The article examines influences on the marriage market from the early through the late twentieth century and the changes that have occurred within that time frame. Early on, the peasant marriage regime was regulated more by social and demographic factors, while subsequent changes reflected the growing importance of economics and considerable regional diversity.
Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships among worldwide collections of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), inferred from allozyme and RAPD-PCR markers

Genetic analyses were conducted on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) populations collected from wheat, barley and other grasses from various countries throughout the world. These collections had been found to contain clones that differed in virulence from various cultivars, cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and life cycle characters. Discrete genetic markers analysed in this study included allozymes and arbitrary regions of the genome amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). In all, 23 enzymes were evaluated; 17 of these enzymes representing 20 isozyme loci, were judged suitable for allozyme analysis. Polymorphisms were detected at three (15 per cent) loci: beta-esterase (beta-EST), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH). The average expected heterozygosity amongst these loci was 4.9 per cent in the worldwide collection. Allozyme variation was absent within most populations, particularly within those countries where the species was recently introduced. Much greater genetic variation was detected when populations were analysed with RAPD-PCR. Populations were analysed with 69 polymorphic bands amplified by seven primers. All populations could be distinguished with this method. Cluster analyses indicated strong similarities between U.S.A. populations and collections from South Africa, Mexico, France and Turkey. The most variation was detected among populations from the Middle East and southern Russia.
Local-scale analysis of carbon mitigation strategies: Tompkins County, New York, USA

Abstract The costs and potential for several carbon mitigation options were analyzed for Tompkins County, NY, within several categories: terrestrial carbon sequestration, local power generation, transportation, and energy end-use efficiency. The total county emissions are about 340 Gg C/year, with current biomass sequestration rates of about 121 Gg C/year. The potential for mitigation with the options examined, assuming full market penetration, amounts to at least 234 Gg C/year (69%), with 100 Gg C/year (29%) at no net cost to the consumer. Effective carbon mitigation strategies for this county based on costs per mg carbon and maximum potential include reforestation of abandoned agricultural lands for terrestrial carbon sequestration, biomass production for residential heating and co-firing in coal power plants, changes in personal behavior related to transportation (e.g., carpooling or using public transportation), installation of numerous residential energy-efficient products and development of local wind power. The principal barriers to the implementation of these approaches are discussed and policies for overcoming these barriers are analyzed.
The Financial Impact of Boycotts and Threats of Boycott

Abstract The impact of actual boycotts and threats of boycott on the value of target firms was analyzed using the event study methodology. The results are counter-intuitive. The value of target firms increased, on average, by 0.76% on the day that news of the boycott became public. On the other hand, the value of the target firms increased by only 0.55% on the day that information of the threat of boycott became public. However, there is no significant statistical difference between the market's reaction to actual boycott and threats of boycott. When combined, without distinction between actual boycotts and threats of boycott, the value of target firms increased, on average, by 0.66%. The results also show that the market does not react differently to whether boycotts/threats are union sponsored or non-union sponsored.