cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Government Support of Nonprofit Institutions on Aggregate Private Philanthropy: Evidence from 40 Countries

This paper examines the effects of aggregate government payments to nonprofit organizations on aggregate private philanthropy. Four behavioral models of private philanthropic giving are proposed to formulate four hypotheses about those effects: no net effect (null hypothesis), crowding in (positive effect), crowding out (negative effect), and “philanthropic flight” or displacement (negative effect across different subsectors). These hypotheses were tested against the evidence from 40 countries collected as a part of a larger research project aimed to document the scale and finances of the nonprofit sector. The data show that, on the balance, government payments to nonprofit institutions (NPIs) have a positive effect on aggregate philanthropic donations to nonprofits, as stipulated by the crowding in hypothesis, but a field level analysis revealed evidence of “philanthropic flight” or displacement from “service” to “expressive” activities by government payments to “service” NPIs. Due to the limitations of the data, these results indicate empirical plausibility of the hypothesized effects rather than their incidence. The findings demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between government funding and philanthropic donations to nonprofits, which depends on the goals of the actors (donors and recipients) and institutional settings mediating the transaction costs of difference sources of nonprofit support.
Buildings as History: The Place of Collective Memory in the Study of Historic Preservation

Using data from ethnographic fieldwork in New Orleans, Louisiana, I examine the “buildings as history” ideology of the contemporary historic preservation movement to contribute to the sociological understanding of the logics of the movement, the relation of collective memory to historic preservation, and, more broadly, the processes of meaning construction in relation to the built environment. I conclude that the preservationist emphasis on the inherent value of the historic built environment irrespective of that environment's association with historically significant events and figures provides a means both to defuse critiques over preserving buildings with “difficult histories” and to justify preserving as much of the historic built environment as possible, which then allows for the continued expansion of the movement's purview and ensures its ongoing existence.
Child dermal sediment loads following play in a tide flat.

Dermal contact with sediment is sometimes identified as a pathway of concern in risk assessments. Dermal exposure to sediment is poorly characterized and exposure assessors may rely on default soil adherence values. The purpose of this study was to obtain sediment adherence data for a genuine exposure scenario, child play in a tide flat. This study reports direct measurements of sediment loadings on five body parts (face, forearms, hands, lower legs and feet) after play in a tide flat. Each of nine subjects participated in two timed sessions and pre- and post-activity sediment loading data were collected. Geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) dermal loadings (mg/cm2) on the face, forearm, hands, lower legs and feet for the combined sessions were 0.04 (2.9), 0.17 (3.1), 0.49 (8.2), 0.70 (3.6) and 21 (1.9), respectively. Participants' parents completed questionnaires regarding their child's typical activity patterns during tide flat play, exposure frequency and duration, clothing choices, bathing practices and clothes laundering. Data presented in this paper supplement very limited prior adherence data for sediment contact scenarios. Results will be useful to risk assessors considering exposure scenarios involving child activities at a coastal shoreline or tide flat.
Erythema gyratum repens a cutaneous marker of malignancy

A patient with erythema gyratum repens in whom a bronchogenic carcinoma was found is described. Erythema gyratum repens is a cutaneous eruption with a unique morphology resembling a wood grain pattern. Its presence is almost always associated with serious systemic pathology, usually neoplastic, and thus should be considered a cutaneous marker of internal malignancy.
Phase Diagrams of Binary Crystalline−Crystalline Polymer Blends

A thermodynamically self-consistent theory has been developed to establish binary phase diagrams for two-crystalline polymer blends by taking into consideration all interactions including amorphous-amorphous, crystal-amorphous, amorphous-crystal, and crystal-crystal interactions. The present theory basically involves combination of the Flory-Huggins free energy for amorphous-amorphous isotropic mixing and the Landau free energy of polymer solidification (e.g., crystallization) of the crystalline constituents. The self-consistent solution via minimization of the free energy of the mixture affords determination of eutectic, peritectic, and azeotrope phase diagrams involving various coexistence regions such as liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and solid-solid coexistence regions bound by liquidus and solidus lines. To validate the present theory, the predicted eutectic phase diagrams have been compared with the reported experimental binary phase diagrams of blends such as polyethylene fractions as well as polycaprolactone/trioxane mixtures.
PCR with an expanded genetic alphabet.

Expansion of the genetic alphabet with a third base pair would lay the foundation for a semisynthetic organism with an expanded genetic code and also have immediate in vitro applications. Previously, the unnatural base pairs formed between d5SICS and either dNaM or dMMO2 were shown to be well-replicated by DNA polymerases under steady-state conditions and also transcribed by T7 RNA polymerase efficiently in either direction. We now demonstrate that DNA containing either the d5SICS−dNaM or d5SICS−dMMO2 unnatural base pair may be amplified by PCR with fidelities and efficiencies that approach those of fully natural DNA. These results further demonstrate that the determinants of a functional unnatural base pair may be designed into predominantly hydrophobic nucleobases with no structural similarity to the natural purines or pyrimidines. Importantly, the results reveal that the unnatural base pairs may function within an expanded genetic alphabet and make possible many in vitro applications.
A scanning‐slit x‐ray videoabsorptiometric technique for bone mineral measurement

An x‐ray videoabsorptiometric technique was developed for measurement of bone mineral content (BMC) i n v i v o. The principle utility of this technique is the precise measurement of commonly fractured bones, such as the femoral neck, that are difficult to measure by other techniques because of repositioning problems. Scanning slits reduce scattered radiation and improve linearity of measurements. Heavily filtered, high‐kVp beams are used to minimize errors from beam hardening, and data renormalization is employed to compensate for spatial nonuniformities of the beam and detector. Linearity of measured BMC over the range 0.8 to 5 g/cm2 is very good (r=0.998) and compares well to single‐ and dual‐photon absorptiometry. A 1.6% change in measured BMC is observed for a 10% change (∼2 cm) in tissue thickness while a 10% change in marrow type causes a 0.6%–0.8% change in BMC. Manual repositioning of a femur phantom revealed a variation of 0.84% over ten measurements when femur values were referenced to standards. A computer repositioning algorithm provides much easier identification of the region for analysis and yields comparable variation (0.9%).
Singletons and massless, integral-spin fields on de Sitter space

Gauge-invariant wave equations for massless fields with fixed, but arbitrary, integer spin have been constructed. Extended to include interactions with external sources, the theory remains self-consistent and unitary to lowest order in the coupling. Fields describing states of one or two singletons, with the attendant interesting gauge problems, are studied. An intertwining operator is constructed that explicitly expresses the bilocal two-singleton field in terms of one-particle massless fields.
Novel fault diagnostic technique for permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines using electromagnetic signature analysis

This paper proposes a novel alternative scheme for permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) health monitoring and multi-faults detection using direct flux measurement with search coils. Phase current spectrum is not used for analysis and therefore it is not influenced by power supply introduced harmonics any more. In addition, it is also not necessary to specify load condition for accurate diagnosis. In this study, numerical models of a healthy machine and of machines with various faults are developed and examined. Simulation by means of a two-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA) software package is presented to verify the application of the proposed method over different motor operation conditions.
MEMBER-BANK BORROWING: A COMMENT

IN THE March, 1960, issue of this Journal, Professor Murray E. Plolakoff offers an "integration thesis" to explain why and how much member banks borrow at the discount window of the Federal Reserve banks.' Briefly, Mr. Polakoff believes that member banks balance the utility of borrowing to save the least-cost spread by which the Treasury bill rate exceeds the discount rate against the disutility of borrowing viewed as an activity engaged in reluctantly to meet temporary needs. He then presents a statistical analysis of memberbank borrowing related to the least-cost spread (measured as the Treasury bill rate minus the discount rate), which he interprets as providing support to his explanation of the twin motives that influence borrowing. He finds that bank borrowings tend to increase with the least-cost spread up to a point, after which borrowings actually decline with further increases in the least-cost spread. This decline in borrowing in the upper ranges of the least-cost spread Polakoff interprets as significant support for the reluctant-need explanation for borrowing. Both the "least-cost spread" and the "need" theories of borrowing are well known. The novelty of Polakoff's discussion lies in his formalization of the interaction of the two influences and his attempt to test their significance statistically. My purpose in this comment is to express some doubts as to the interpretation that he places on his statistical results and to present a modified view of member-bank motivation in borrowing which relies primarily on the profit motive rather than the need motive. Polakoff's theoretical explanation of member-bank borrowing involves a hypothetical utility function in which the utility of the "profit" of borrowing (Treasury bill rate minus discount rate) is balanced at the margin against the disutility of engaging in a social act (borrowing) which is disapproved among the members of the banking fraternity. As borrowing by an individual bank increases, the disutility of further borrowing comes gradually into equality with the profit-related positive utility of further borrowing. When
Gestational diabetes: Impact of home glucose monitoring on neonatal birth weight

Two groups of 58 gestational diabetic women matched for age, prepregnancy weight, height, and parity were studied. The home glucose monitoring study group performed fasting and 1-hour postprandial capillary blood glucose testing after every meal. The control group was followed by conventional treatment. The incidence of macrosomia (birth weight of greater than or equal to 4000 gm) and large (greater than or equal to 90%) for gestational age infants was significantly reduced in the home glucose monitoring group. The mean birth weight of the study group was 3231 +/- 561 gm, while that of the control group was 3597 +/- 721 gm (p less than 0.002). Significantly more patients in the home glucose monitoring group were receiving insulin therapy (50% versus 21%). We believe that intensive home glucose monitoring will allow for the early identification of those gestational diabetic patients needing insulin and thus reduce the incidence of macrosomia and large for gestational age infants.
Testing to Fulfill HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) Requirements: Principles and Examples

On-farm HACCP (hazard analysis critical control points) monitoring requires cost-effective, yet accurate and reproducible tests that can determine the status of cows, milk, and the dairy environment. Tests need to be field-validated, and their limitations need to be established so that appropriate screening strategies can be initiated and test results can be rationally interpreted. For infections and residues of low prevalence, tests or testing strategies that are highly specific help to minimize false-positive results and excessive costs to the dairy industry. The determination of the numbers of samples to be tested in HACCP monitoring programs depends on the specific purpose of the test and the likely prevalence of the agent or residue at the critical control point. The absence of positive samples from a herd test should not be interpreted as freedom from a particular agent or residue unless the entire herd has been tested with a test that is 100% sensitive. The current lack of field-validated tests for most of the chemical and infectious agents of concern makes it difficult to ensure that the stated goals of HACCP programs are consistently achieved.
Agent-Based Simulation Model for Assessment of Financing Scenarios in Highway Transportation Infrastructure Systems

AbstractThere is an urgent need for policies to close the existing financing gap for civil infrastructure. However, identification of the desired scenarios for the closure of the financing gap is complex because there are many factors that affect investment in infrastructure. Thus, comprehensive models are required to (1) simulate the impacts of policies, and (2) identify the highly likely scenarios for desired policy outcomes. The objective of this paper is to create a simulation model for ex-ante analysis of financing policies in highway transportation infrastructure in the United States. Using the agent-based technique, this model simulates the microbehaviors of state Departments of Transportation, private institutional investors, and the public. Using the output of the simulation model, financing landscapes of the U.S. transportation infrastructure are developed. The simulated landscape is shown to be helpful in identifying the highly likely scenarios leading to a high level of investment in highway t...
How effective is public health expenditure in improving overall health? A cross–country analysis

The primary emphasis of this paper is on seeking some justification for the worldwide phenomenon of increasing government involvement in health–care. The disability–adjusted–health–expectancy (DALE) rankings of countries in the World Health Report, 2000, ranked wealthier countries, with a typically large public sector involvement in health–care, higher on the list. Contrary to the possible implications for this ranking, this paper finds that the comparatively higher DALE in wealthier countries is not a result of greater public health expenditures. In the middle income and less developed countries, however, there is some evidence of effective public involvement in health–care.
Raman lidar system for the measurement of water vapor and aerosols in the Earth’s atmosphere

A nighttime operating Raman lidar system that is designed for the measurement of high vertical and temporal resolution profiles of the water vapor mixing ratio and the aerosol backscattering ratio is described. The theory of the measurements is presented. Particular attention is given to operational problems that have been solved during the development of the system. Data are presented from Sept. 1987 and described in their meteorological context.
Effect of intercropping beans with maize on the severity of angular leaf spot of beans in Kenya.

Angular leaf spot severity was evaluated on Phaseolus beans which had been planted alone (monocrop) and also simultaneously with maize (intercrop) at Kabete, Kenya, in November 1986 (short rains), and at Kabete and Thika in April 1987 (long rains). Intercropping reduced the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) in the short rains at Kabete and at Thika in the long rains by 23–33% at bean: maize proportions of 2:1 for some leaf positions, but did not reduce AUDPC significantly at Kabete in the long rains. Additional treatments to evaluate bean density and planting pattern (row against random) conducted in the short rains had no effect on AUDPC, although disease was reduced by 12–17% at higher bean densities when maize was not present. Fertilization increased AUDPC by 135–205% in the long rains at both sites. Microclimatological observations made at Kabete during the long rains indicated reductions in leaf temperature and air temperature, and increases in relative humidity, in most plots. These changes were small, averaging 0·6°C, 0·2°C, and 1·8%, respectively. Wind velocity was reduced by 55–63% in the intercrop in relation to the monocrop. The results reflect the variable response of angular leaf spot to maize intercrops seen in other studies.
Late xerostomia after intensity-modulated radiation therapy versus conventional radiotherapy.

Purpose:To evaluate xerostomia following intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).Materials and Methods:An institutional review board-approved study of xerostomia was conducted in 210 head and neck cancer patients who were beyond the acute recovery phase (>1 year) after radiation therapy. Xerost
Differential Effects of a State Universal Purchase Program on Children's Immunization Rates According to Insurance Status ♦ 632

Background: To eliminate financial barriers to immunization, North Carolina implemented a universal vaccine purchase program, in which the state purchases vaccine serum for all children and distributes it free to all participating providers. Providers may charge an established administration fee only. Objective: This study examined the impact of the UP program on immunization rates for children with different types of insurance. Methods: From a random birth-certificate sample of 4,000 children born in 1994 and 1995, parents were interviewed to obtain children's sites of medical care and insurance history. Chart abstraction was performed in all sites of preventive care; details of insurance coverage were verified with insurance companies, employers, and the Division of Medical Assistance. Results: Parent interviews were completed for 71% of eligible children; chart abstraction and insurance data were obtained for 97% of those with parent interviews. In month-by-month comparisons, children born in 1995 had immunization rates 4%-10% higher than their 1994 counterparts. By 24 months of age, 84% of the 1995 cohort had completed the primary immunization series, compared with 79% of the 1994 cohort (p<0.001). In all insurance subgroups (i.e., fully insured for well-child care, partially insured for well-child care, insured but with no well-child benefits, enrolled in Medicaid exclusively or in combination with private insurance, or having some periods of being uninsured), 1995 immunization rates were higher than 1994 rates. The biggest increases in immunization rates from 1994 to 1995 occurred for children who were privately insured with no well-child coverage, children who had periods of being uninsured, and children enrolled in Medicaid exclusively or with private insurance. More children in the 1995 cohort received all immunizations in the private sector. Conclusion: The North Carolina universal purchase program appears to have had a significant, positive impact on immunization rates, especially for children with inadequate insurance for well-child care. However, insurance status still influences the ability of children to receive immunizations on schedule.
Groundwater tracing with post sampling activation analysis

Abstract A tracing technique is described which uses low concentrations of a nonradioactive tracer, the bromide ion. Concentrations may be so low that they do not constitute a health or pollution problem when added to segments of the hydrologic cycle. The tracer is detected by post sampling activation analysis techniques. Water samples containing the tracer are made radioactive when irradiated with neutrons. Radiation detectors are used to analyze the radiation emitted by each sample and the unique radiation characteristics of the tracer ( 80 Br with a half life of 17.6 min) are sought. No chemical separation techniques are required. Given a “rabbit system” to transport irradiated samples to a Ge(Li) detector 3–5 samples per hour can be analyzed. The technique is safe, and tracers can be detected as low as 20 parts per billion (p.p.b.) over that of background concentrations. The bromide ion does not appear to be lost by precipitation, absorption or adsorption and is biologically stable. A spike concentration of 200 p.p.m. was used in field studies because it is lower than the limit set for drinking water. The technique was tried on sinkhole, conduit and spring systems in a carbonate terrain, in central Pennsylvania. Surface water entering a sinkhole had a background bromine concentration of 0.020 μg/ml and 0.027 μg/ml at the conduit outlet 0.6 miles distant. Although the flow rate into the sinkhole was 50 ft. 3 /min, no tracer was detected in the spring 16 h after the tracer was added. In a second study ammonium bromide was added in a conduit 500 ft. from its discharge point. Tracer first appeared at the discharge point 1 h after injection (0.11 p.p.m. vs. an average background of 0.03 p.p.m.). The maximum passed at 1 h 30 min and the spread of the spike was estimated to be over 5 h. For a peak maximum of 0.1 p.p.m., only 3 g of ammonium bromide would have been required in the second study. The inlet concentration would have been only 2.8 p.p.m. indicating the sensitivity of the method. Nine of many possible potential field applications are listed for this superior tracing technique.
Precision teaching's unique legacy from B. F. Skinner

Precision Teaching's unique legacy from B. F. Skinner was the monitoring system of rate of response and the cumulative response recorder. This legacy is unique because the other instructional systems derived from Skinner's work do not use his monitoring method exclusively. Rate of response, cumulative recording and their extension to Precision Teaching's standard celeration charting are briefly described. In addition, Precision Teaching's nature, history, costs, distribution, inductive data-base, and academic base are briefly described. Skinner's legacy to education was a sound behavioral scientific base and his unique legacy to Precision Teaching was self-monitoring for real time decision making by learners and teachers.
Gouty involvement of the larynx. Report of a case and review of the literature.

A 65 year old male had episodes of joint redness, swelling, and pain since 1942. Gout was diagnosed in 1955. Intermittently for many years he had episodes of dryness of the mouth, and, since 1963, mild hoarseness and sore throat. Laryngoscopy revealed a whitish spur just beneath the right vocal cord near the cricothyroid joint. The spur was excised; material obtained from it revealed birefringent urate crystals, and histologic examination confirmed it to be a gouty tophus. Un masculo de 65 annos de etate habeva depost 1942 episodios de rubor, tumescentia, e dolor articular. Gutta esseva diagnosticate in 1955. Durante multe annos ille habeva intermittentemente episodios de siccitate buccal e, depost 1963, leve grados de raucitate e de dolores gurgital. Le examine laryngoscopic revelava directemente infra le dextere chorda vocal in le vicinitate del junction cricothyroidee le presentia de un spuron de color blancastre. Isto esseva excisionate. Un specimen obtenite ab illo revelava birefringente crystallos de urato, e le examine histologic confirmava que il se tractava de un topho guttose.
LETTUCE SEED GERMINATION: EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND OF REPEATED FAR-RED TREATMENT IN RELATION TO PHYTOCHROME

Abstract— At 37°C the active form of phytochrome in lettuce seed cannot function to promote subsequent germination. This effect of high temperature is distinct from thermal acceleration of dark reversion from the active form of phytochrome to the inactive form, and may be due to reversible denaturation of phytochrome. Repeated brief irradiations with far-red light inhibit subsequent germination in the whole seed, whereas a similar irradiation regime results in a strong enhancement of the development of growth potential (ability to expand against an externally-imposed osmotic restraint) in the excised axial portion of the seed. A possible explanation for these two opposing results, in volving two different pigment systems with effective loci in different parts of the seed, is suggested.
Do Recently Diagnosed Black Breast Cancer Patients Find Questions About Cancer Fatalism Acceptable? A Preliminary Report

Socio-cultural factors such as cancer fatalism have been understudied in cancer patients. Women from two cancer centers completed a structured phone survey and an open-ended cognitive interview. Socio-cultural variables of fatalism, hope, and spiritual coping were measured using standardized scales. Older women had significantly higher fatalism scores compared to younger women (p < 0.01). Fatalism rates were low. Ratings of hope and collaborative religious coping were high (m = 20, m = 35, respectively). Qualitative comments confirmed the overall low acceptability of the fatalism measures. Further research is needed to identify measures that are acceptable to newly diagnosed patients.
The role of CD40L and VEGF in the modulation of angiogenesis and inflammation

Recently, there has been growing interest in deciphering the role of angiogenesis in the progression of atherogenesis. Importantly, CD40-CD40L interactions are of significant relevance because of their involvement in both angiogenesis and atherosclerotic development. Previously, we have shown that recombinant soluble CD40 ligand (rsCD40L) stimulates auto-inflammatory CD40L synthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vascular cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that redox-mediated CD40-CD40L interaction can enhance vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis, endothelial migration, and actin polymerization processes. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous VEGF leads to cleavage of de novo CD40L produced in endothelial cells following rsCD40L treatment. Using inhibitor and silencing RNA-based experiments, it was observed that VEGF-induced protease, calpain 2, was responsible for the cleavage of de novo CD40L. While our in vivo experiments using a matrigel plug assay indicate a VEGF and CD40L induced enhancement of angiogenesis, our studies also identify a novel mechanism by which VEGF can abrogate CD40L-mediated inflammation. Together, these studies reveal a new pathway by which VEGF-CD40L interactions can regulate the angiogenic and inflammatory process depending on the specific environment.
Effects of perfluorodecanoic acid on thyroid status in rats

Treatment of rats with toxic doses of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) results in reduction in feed intake, body weight, serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations, resting heart rates, and body temperatures. Some of these effects resemble changes characteristic of hypothyroidism. Therefore the effects of PFDA on functional thyroid status were examined to relate changes in thyroid status with signs of PFDA toxicity. In the present study, the dose-related effects of PFDA on plasma thyroid hormone concentrations and a number of indices of thyroid status were investigated and compared with signs of PFDA toxicity. Young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given single intraperitoneal doses of PFDA (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg), and subsequent changes were evaluated 7 days after dosing. Decreases in body weight and feed intake were used as measures of PFDA toxicity and ranged from minimal to severe. Plasma T4 concentrations and free thyroxine index were drastically reduced at all doses, and these changes were mimicked by pair feeding only at the high dose of PFDA (80 mg/kg). Plasma T3 concentrations were not affected by PFDA treatment, whereas pair feeding at the high-dose level (80 mg PFDA/kg) resulted in a significant reduction (ca. 50% from unlimited-fed control) in T3. Although PFDA caused a dose-dependent decrease in thyroid gland weight which was not completely paralleled by pair feeding, thyroid histology was unremarkable. PFDA treatment resulted in a small decrease in basal metabolic rate (8% at 80 mg PFDA/kg). A greater reduction (ca. 18%) in basal metabolic rate was observed in vehicle-treated controls pair-fed to rats of the 80 mg PFDA/kg dose group. Thermogenesis, as measured by oxygen consumption and body core temperatures, was not greatly affected by PFDA treatment, and these changes were paralleled by pair feeding. Reductions in plasma T4 concentration and free thyroxine index at a low dose of PFDA (20 mg/kg) indicate that PFDA-induced hypothyroxinemia can be dissociated from its overtly toxic effects (i.e., severe hypophagia and body weight loss) observed at higher doses. The results obtained here suggest that despite alterations in plasma thyroid hormone levels there is no consistent pattern of effects on functional thyroid status which could explain the overt toxicity of PFDA.
Comparison of neutron resonance spacings with microscopic theory for nuclei with static deformation

A level density formula including low-energy rotational levels for nuclei with axially symmetric deformation is tested with neutron resonance data for lanthanide and actinide nuclides. The calculations with the microscopic theory including nuclear pairing utilize deformed single particle levels of Nilsson et al. The experimental data for the actinide nuclei and the lanthanide nuclei are consistent with a theory which includes collective rotational levels. The derivation and applicability of a level density formula which includes collective rotational levels are discussed.
High-temperature ellipsometer system to determine the optical properties of materials

A high-temperature ellipsometer system was developed that permits determination of the optical properties of solid and liquid bulk samples for temperatures as high as 2300 °C. The angles of incidence may be varied from 40° to 50°. The system was tested with a silicon wafer sample in inert gas environments of helium, argon, and nitrogen. In addition the possible sources of error in the inferred refractive index, especially in the context of Faraday effects, were assessed.
Use of External Counting Technics In Studies of the Circulation

A variety of external counting technics has been used to study the circulation. Brief consideration has been given to some of those concerned with measurement of cardiac output, myocardial and other regional blood flows, and cardiopulmonary volumes, and to those related to the evaluation of vascular shunts. These technics have much in common. They are simple to carry out, require little time to accomplish, and entail little risk for the subject. At the same time, they are to varying extents imprecise, and are not as accurate as methods currently available or methods of undetermined validity or both. They do not offer the means to measurement of intravascular pressures and so cannot replace cardiac catheterization. As yet, little new information about the circulation has been gained by application of these methods. The ultimate place of external counting technics in the study of the circulation is still undetermined. The best prediction is that these methods will probably supplement but not replace diagnos...
Affinity groups among plant pathogenic species of phytophthora in culture

Cluster analysis of the plant-pathogenic species ofPhytophthora in culture was conducted based on the morphological, physiological and pathological characters. The dendrograms of similarity coefficients produced five distinct affinity groups broadly in agreement with those established by Waterhouse (1963). The merging of Group V and Group VI of Waterhouse was proposed.
In defense of Tycho Brahe

Nicholas Copernicus' On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, in Six Books (Basel Edition) with Annotations Written by the Hand o f Tycho Brahe i was published in facsimile (Prague, 1971), as volume XVI, Editio cimelia Bohemica (cited hereafter as "Cimelia"). On Cimelia's title page an unidentified hand wrote: "Property of the Imperial College of the Society of Jesus in Prague, in the year 1642o ''z The same hand added, just below: "From the Library and Scrutiny of Tycho? '3 On the flyleaf preceding the title page a different hand pointed out: "'Observe: There are present marginal notes written by Tyeho Brahe's own hand. ''4 At the top of this flyleaf a third hand wrote some entries, which were ignored by Cimelia, although they throw valuable light on the history of this copy and will be considered later on. In a brochure accompanying the facsimile, Cimetia conceded that the Jesuit attribution of its marginal notes to BgAnE was "not entirely free of possible doubt. ''s Nevertheless, it came down on the affirmative side, maintaining that
Factors affecting the production of an antimicrobial agent, plantaricin F, by Lactobacillus plantarum BF001

Lactobacillus plantarum BF001 produced plantaricin F in MRS broth but it was detected only after ca a 50-fold concentration. Growth on MRS broth and appearance of plantaricin F were similar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. No growth occurred at pH 3 or at 4°C. Plantaricin F appeared first at early stationary growth phase (24 h) and was stable thereafter (pH 2). Amounts found in liquid cultures were ca 2-3 times higher than those from solidified MRS medium, and specific activities were ca 6 times higher in liquid culture (48 h). Maximal amounts of plantaricin F were found (48 h) when medium had an initial pH of 4 and growth was at 30°C. Under these conditions, cell growth and fermentation were partially uncoupled. Plantaricin F was not produced endogenously, organic nutrients were necessary. A molecular weight range of 500-3500 Da was indicated. Plantaricin F appears to be a secondary metabolite.
A least-squares approach to fully constrained linear spectral mixture analysis using linear inequality constraints

Fully constrained linear spectral mixture analysis (FCLSMA) has been used for material quantification in remotely sensed imagery. In order to implement FCLSMA, two constraints are imposed on abundance fractions, referred to as Abundance Sum-to-one Constraint (ASC) and Abundance Nonnegativity Constraint (ANC). While the ASC is linear equality constraint, the ANC is a linear inequality constraint. A direct approach to imposing the ASC and ANC has been recently investigated and is called fully constrained least-squares (FCLS) method. Since there is no analytical solution resulting from the ANC, a modified fully constrained least-squares method (MFCLS) which replaces the ANC with an Absolute Abundance Sum-to-one Constraint (AASC) was proposed to convert a set of inequality constraints to a quality constraint. The results produced by these two approaches have been shown to be very close. In this paper, we take an oopposite approach to the MFCLS method, called least-squares with linear inequality constraints (LSLIC) method which also solves FCLSMA, but replaces the ASC with two linear inequalities. The proposed LSLIC transforms the FCLSMA to a linear distance programming problem which can be solved easily by a numerical algorithm. In order to demonstrate its utility in solving FCLSMA, the LSLIC method is compared to the FCLS and MFCLS methods. The experimental results show that these three methods perform very similarly with only subtle differences resulting from their problem formations.
PL research and its consequences on PL curriculum

The programming language research community-a fraction of the much larger and more vibrant language community-has increasingly turned inward and focused on narrow, technical contributions rather than the larger concerns of the computer science community or programmers in general. It is not surprising that our colleagues and students reciprocate our lack of interest in their problems by replacing language courses with newer, more exciting offering that address broader issues. Bluntly, the PL research community brought this workshop on itself.
Temporal imaging of mine-induced stress change using seismic tomography

Abstract In an effort aimed at monitoring mining-induced stress changes that may influence ground failure, the US Bureau of Mines conducted a series of active 3-D seismic tomographic surveys at the Homestake (Lead, South Dakota) and Lucky Friday (Mullan, Idaho) mines. Existing rock bolts were used to mount geophones and as strike points for introducing seismic energy using a 3.6 kg sledge hammer. Travel time measurements were recorded spanning up to 160 m between drifts at several levels. The tomographic uncertainty was minimized by computing iso-velocity surfaces of constant probability based on statistics from multiple reconstructions and a threshold criteria. Periodic imaging using tomographic velocity surfaces demonstrated that temporal and spatial changes in the local stress field occurred in response to ground failure and stope advancement at a gold and silver mine, respectively.
Chemical determination of hog kidney renin by an automated method.

Abstract An automated chemical method for the determination of renin in hog kidney extracts is described. It is based upon the cleavage of the nonapeptide His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser, to yield the pentapeptide. His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu, and the tetrapeptide, Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser. The latter is separated from the reaction mixture by dialysis at a low pH and determined by reaction with a modified Lowry reagent. An AutoAnalyzer unit is described which is compared to the Goldblatt unit. The method can be used to determine a concentration of 0.1 to 1.3 units of renin per milliliter in Goldblatt equivalents with a precision and speed greater than that obtainable by biological assay, but is not sufficiently sensitive to determine renin at normal plasma concentrations.
Adjoint functors and bar constructions

The notions of universal bundle, classifying space and bar construction are closely linked but not interchangeable. The relations between them are well understood in some contexts, less so in others. Our aim here is not to elucidate these relations but, merely, as a first step in such an elucidation, to clarify the notion of a bar construction. The literature on bar constructions is too large to survey here. The name is due to Eilenberg and MacLane. Their construction is extensively described in [4]. Milgram [8] gave a bar construction for topological monoids; the elegant description by Steenrod [10] motivated this paper. MacLane [5] gives yet another elegant description of Milgram's construction. A bar construction for topological categories was defined by Segal [9] and an "abstract bar construction" of very great generality was introduced by May [7]. The cobar construction of Adams [1] is a dual sort of thing which ought to be considered under the same rubric. The universal bundle construction of Milnor, on the other hand, is not a bar construction. All these bar constructions bear to one another what is evidently more than a mere family resemblance. But the means for saying precisely in what this resemblance consists appear to be lacking. It is this deficiency which we propose to remedy. We begin by defining the notion of bar construction in a broad categorical setting by means of a universal property. For these we can prove a rather general existence theorem (5.8). Finally we indicate how some of the bar constructions mentioned above, and the cobar construction as well, are instances of the notion introduced here. Our existence theorem for bar constructions actually results from an existence theorem for coproducts of monads (cf. MacLane [4]). As a
The timing of and incentives for annual earnings forecasts near interim earnings announcements

Abstract Security analysts anticipate and respond to interim earnings announcements when they revise their annual earnings forecasts. Analysts avoid revising for two weeks before an interim announcement and more frequently revise immediately after an announcement. As expected, revision activity after an interim announcement is greater if absolute unexpected interim earnings are larger, if there are more competing analysts, and if unexpected interim earnings are negative. Unexpectedly, analysts are reluctant to revise their forecasts early in the fiscal year. These findings carry implications for research designs that use analyst forecasts.
Psychiatric and medical adverse events for kidney transplant recipients with lithium induced kidney disease

Background: The purpose of this study is to describe post-transplant psychiatric and medical adverse events for kidney transplant (KT) recipients with a history of lithium induced kidney disease. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) as of January 2015 there have been 208 kidney transplantations done in the USA for this condition and 227 are currently waiting for a kidney. Considering the evidence that decompensated psychiatric conditionsmay interferewith post-transplant outcomes, there is a concern about the risk of posttransplant adverse events in this population. To our knowledge, at this time there is no information about medical or psychiatric course post transplantation for kidney recipients with a history of lithium toxicity. Method: Retrospective study of patients who received kidney transplantation for lithium induced kidney disease at Yale Transplantation Center. The following electronic documents were reviewed: discharge summaries, admission assessments, clinic visit notes, social work evaluations, psychiatric evaluations, counts of hospitalizations and clinic visits, and laboratory tests (immunosuppressant levels). We are presenting the descriptive analysis of this information. Results: We identified a total of 12 patients who received a KT for a primary diagnosis of lithium induced kidney disease at our center between 1/1/2004 and 12/31/2014. Eight (66%) were male and all were Caucasian. The most common co-occurring medical condition was hypertension 8 (66%) followed by hypothyroidism 4 (33.3%). Six (50%) had received hemodialysis before transplantation and 2 (16.5%) had received peritoneal dialysis, for an average dialysis duration of 2.35 years (±2.81). The post KT follow-up was 3.11 years (±2.26). Eleven (91.6%) had a diagnosis of Bipolar I disorder. The most commonly prescribed psychotropic medications were Lamotrigine (4 cases), followed by Quetiapine, Aripiprazole and Divalproex (3 cases each). One patient was continued on lithium through dialysis and after transplant. There were a total of 3 psychiatric hospitalizations corresponding to 0.08 hospitalizations per patient per year (PPY), 25 medical hospitalizations (average 2 per patient ±1.9) or 0.66PPY; infections 0.08 PPY, rejection 0.02PPY); instances of subtherapeutic medications level 0.21PPY. There was one death in the group. There were no instances of graft loss. Conclusion: Post-transplant exacerbations of psychiatric illness, psychiatric hospitalizations, graft loss, infections, and death were rare in patients receiving KT for lithium induced kidney disease at our center. Studying a higher number of patients with longer post-transplant follow-up, possible through multicenter registry, would provide more accurate information about the psychiatric and medical course of this group of KT recipients.
Lactone synthesis via biotransformations of γ-hydroxyamides

An enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli from a cloned amidase gene. When characterized, it was more enantioselective than commercial amidases. Three pheromones were made using this biotransformation chemistry.
Capacity Building for Simulation Sustainability

Abstract The capacity building for simulation sustainability model is presented to assist nursing faculty in the development of simulation resources and activities. The model gives significant consideration to the economic concepts of both capacity building and sustainability. The complex systems model was conceived and utilized as our faculty moved forward with planning, implementing, and evaluating simulation activities for our undergraduate curriculum. The conceptual framework and an informal evaluation of the model are described.
Implicit User Re-authentication for Mobile Devices

Portable computers are used to store and access sensitive information. They are frequently used in insecure locations with little or no physical protection, and are therefore susceptible to theft and unauthorized access. We propose an implicit user re-authentication system for portable computers that requires no application changes or hardware modifications. The proposed technique observes user-specific patterns in filesystem activity and network access to build models of normal behavior. These are used to distinguish between normal use and anomalous use. We describe these automated model generation and user detection techniques, and explain how to efficiently implement them in a wireless distributed system composed of servers and battery-powered portable devices. The proposed system is able to distinguish between normal use and attack with an accuracy of approximately 90% every 5 minutes and consumes less than 12% of a typical laptop battery in 24 hours.
Network solutions for the LOS problem of new indoor free space optical system

Recent developments in solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) materials and devices is driving a resurgence into the use of free-space optics (FSO) for wireless broadband communication. This technology uses the visible spectrum provided by “white” LEDs that are becoming ubiquitous in lighting and has some desirable properties competitive with existing radio frequency (RF) communications. By leveraging the low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units there are many opportunities to exploit this medium for widespread optical communication deployment. The optical medium, however, has particular characteristics, including directionality and susceptibility to noise sources in the visible spectrum that must be managed.
Using interactive multimedia to document and communicate Inuit knowledge

Media technology has acted as both a threat to local knowledge and language, and a tool to strengthen it. More and more, indigenous peoples are using media for their own purposes from art to communication to education. Multimedia technology is surfacing as one useful tool in local knowledge and language revitalization efforts. Multimedia is being applied in a number of ways, preserving and passing on local knowledge and languages and showing potential for doing so in ways that engage young people and are more closely aligned with indigenous forms of teaching and learning. Discussing a case study example of one multimedia project in Nunavut, this paper evaluates multimedia in the context of documenting and communicating Inuit knowledge. Though there are challenges and issues to consider, multimedia and other technologies should be considered and creatively applied to help local people reach their goals. Texts and other forms of media remain important resources for documentation and communication in the North, but multimedia has the potential to grow into a key tool.