cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Dynamic Computational Models to Reconnect Theory and Research: Socialization by the Proactive Newcomer as Example:

Previous research on dynamic processes during newcomer socialization has involved longitudinal field designs and state-of-the-art analyses. However, findings from this research either contradict key conceptual issues described by prominent socialization theories or are nondiagnostic regarding these issues. In this study computational modeling was used to (1) represent the presumed underlying processes in these theories, (2) demonstrate that current research does not test these theoretical processes, and (3) suggest the designs needed to support or refute components of dynamic theories.
Atrophic vaginitis versus invasive squamous cell carcinoma on ThinPrep cytology: can the background be reliably distinguished?

The presence of pronounced squamous epithelial atrophy/atrophic vaginitis on cervicovaginal preparations can present diagnostic difficulties, particularly in the presence of a granular background. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the background material present on ThinPrep cytology in cases of atrophic vaginitis and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Thirty-three cases of atrophic vaginitis showed a heavy background of granular material containing acute inflammatory cells, apoptotic bodies, and fresh/crenated red blood cells. These findings were indistinguishable from those present in five cases of invasive SCC. The only significant finding was the presence of malignant squamous epithelial cells in the latter. Since the background material in pronounced squamous epithelial atrophy/atrophic vaginitis mimics that present in invasive SCC on ThinPrep cytology, close attention must be paid to the cells present on the slide in order to render an accurate diagnosis.
Large-Coverage Root Lexicon Extraction for Hindi

This paper describes a method using morphological rules and heuristics, for the automatic extraction of large-coverage lexicons of stems and root word-forms from a raw text corpus. We cast the problem of high-coverage lexicon extraction as one of stemming followed by root word-form selection. We examine the use of POS tagging to improve precision and recall of stemming and thereby the coverage of the lexicon. We present accuracy, precision and recall scores for the system on a Hindi corpus.
VINYLCHLORIDE SORPTION BY DRY CASEIN PARTICLES: MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATIONS

Sorption of vinylchloride (VCM) by dry casein particles was determined as a function of temperature and moisture content. The amount sorbed was found to increase with a decrease in temperature or reduction in moisture content of the particles. At 30° C, the partition coefficient values (Ku) were 1.05, 0.4 and 0.33 × 102 for casein particles of moisture content 3.5, 6.0 and 7.5, weight percent respectively. The partition coefficient was defined as the equilibrium concentration of VCM sorbed over the sorbate concentration in the headspace. The effect of dipole moment of the sorbate on sorption to casein was evaluated by comparing sorption of VCM and the analogues, ethylene and vinylidene chloride. Sorption was found to increase with the dipole moment of the sorbate, suggesting the importance of dipole moment as a sorption inducing factor. Further supportive evidence for the importance of dipole moment in sorbate-casein interaction was obtained by a gas chromatographic technique (inverse phase gas chromatography). Using casein as the stationary phase of a gas chromatographic column, the solutes VCM, ethylene, vinylidene chloride (VCD) and hexane were pulsed through the column and the peak shapes recorded. Peak shapes indicated an interaction between casein and the polar solutes (VCM and VDC) whereas no such interaction (sorption) was indicated for the nonpolar solutes, ethylene and hexane. A rate model for VCM sorption by dry casein particles was also developed.
Homologous Versus Antithetic Alternation of Generations and the Origin of Sporophytes

The late-nineteenth/early-twentieth century debate over homologous versus antithetic alternation of generations is reviewed. Supporters of both theories, at first, used Coleochaete as a model for the origin of land-plant life cycles. The early debate focused on the morphological interpretation of the sporophyte and on whether vascular cryptogams had bryophyte-like ancestors. The terms of the debate shifted after the discovery that the alternation of morphological generations was accompanied by an alternation of chromosome number. Supporters of homologous alternation now promoted a model in which land plants had been derived from an algal ancestor with an isomorphic alternation of haploid and diploid generations whereas supporters of antithetic alternation favored a model in which land plants were derived from a haploid algal ancestor with zygotic meiosis. Modern evidence that embryophytes are derived from charophycean green algae is more compatible with an updated version of the antithetic theory.
Observation of a strong gamma-ray burst on the spacelab 2 mission

Abstract A strong, confirmed gamma-ray burst was observed by a background-monitoring scintillation detector on the Spacelab 2 mission. The peak of the burst was at 00:56:38 UT on August 5, 1985. The large size of the detector allowed observations up to 16 MeV with high efficiency. A high data rate provided time-resolved observations over the energy range from 60 keV to 16 MeV, limited only by counting statistics. The burst was dominated by a single peak, ∼2 s wide, with softer, lower-level emission lasting ∼20 s> after the main peak. There was no evidence for time structure less than ∼0.2 s anywhere in the burst in any energy range. These characteristics are similar to a sizeable fraction (∼25%) of burst seen in the Konus catalog and we suggest that they are distinct from the more complex, “spiky” bursts and may have a different emission mechanism. In the energy range from ∼560 keV to ∼10 meV, the burst peaks ∼0.3 s before the peak at lower energies. Radiation in the energy range ∼10 to ∼16 MeV was detected at a confidence level of >96%, about 3 s before the lower energy radiation with roughly the same pulse width. This radiation is not detected during the main part of the burst. The energy of this burst in the range above 1 MeV is a significant fraction of the total burst energy, confirming the earlier SMM results.
Gene therapy: the moving finger.

DNA-cleaving enzymes trigger a repair process that can now be harnessed to correct mutations in the human genome in vitro. This represents another step towards gene-correction strategies for treating human disease.
Direct tests of the hypothesis that expectations are rational

Abstract This paper uses the quarterly nominal sales forecasts from the “Manufacturers' Inventory and Sales Expectations Survey” conducted by the U.S. Commerce Department from 1961 to 1976 and tests whether they are consistent with the rational expectations hypothesis. Two sample periods were used, 1961–1972 and 1961–1976, because with the onset of rapid inflation in 1973, there was a significant decrease in forecasting accuracy. Over both samples the sales forecasts test to be unbiased. Over the 1961–1972 sample, the forecast errors made by durable manufacturers test to be uncorrelated, “weakly rational” in the sense that they appear to be orthogonal to past actual sales, and “stronger-form rational” in that they appear to be uncorrelated with past publicly available macroecenomic data. Similarly, the forecasts made by nondurable manufacturers tested to be orthogonal to past forecast errors and past actual sales. However, they did not efficiently utilize the information in past money supply growth or in seasonality. Thus over the first 12 years of the survey, the sales forecasts were found to be generally consistent with the hypothesis of rational expectations. However, when 1973–1975 data were added to the sample, the forecast errors were found to be autocorrelated and to be correlated with publicly available macroeconomic data. Hence, the conclusion one draws depends on one's interpretation of the events of the mid-1970s.
A function for the ψ subunit in loading the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase sliding clamp

Crystal structures of an Escherichia coli clamp loader have provided insight into the mechanism by which this molecular machine assembles ring-shaped sliding clamps onto DNA. The contributions made to the clamp loading reaction by two subunits, chi and psi, which are not present in the crystal structures, were determined by measuring the activities of three forms of the clamp loader, gamma(3)deltadelta', gamma(3)deltadelta'psi, and gamma(3)deltadelta'psichi. The psi subunit is important for stabilizing an ATP-induced conformational state with high affinity for DNA, whereas the chi subunit does not contribute directly to clamp loading in our assays lacking single-stranded DNA-binding protein. The psi subunit also increases the affinity of the clamp loader for the clamp in assays in which ATPgammaS is substituted for ATP. Interestingly, the affinity of the gamma(3)deltadelta' complex for beta is no greater in the presence than in the absence of ATPgammaS. A role for psi in stabilizing or promoting ATP- and ATPgammaS-induced conformational changes may explain why large conformational differences were not seen in gamma(3)deltadelta' structures with and without bound ATPgammaS. The beta clamp partially compensates for the activity of psi when this subunit is not present and possibly serves as a scaffold on which the clamp loader adopts the appropriate conformation for DNA binding and clamp loading. Results from our work and others suggest that the psi subunit may introduce a temporal order to the clamp loading reaction in which clamp binding precedes DNA binding.
Juvenile hormone esterase activity in developmentally synchronous ultimate stadium larvae of the migrant insect, Anticarsia gemmatalis

Abstract Growth and development of cumulatively aged velvetbean caterpiller (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner) larvae were characterized on the basis of weight, stadium and gate. Criteria were developed for the selection of synchronous ultimate (5th)-stadium larvae before they entered the ultimate stadium. Using synchronous larvae, precise determinations were made of haemolymph juvenile hormone III esterase activity, α-naphthyl acetate esterase activity and protein concentration. The first of two juvenile hormone III esterase activity peaks coincided with the time of maximal weight gain while the second peak coincided with formation of the prepupa. Juvenile hormones (5 × 10−6 M) I, II and III were hydrolyzed at similar rates. The α-naphthyl acetate esterase activity and protein patterns differed from the pattern of juvenile hormone III esterase activity. A major peak of α-naphthyl acetate esterase activity was observed during the wandering phase of the penultimate and ultimate stadia. Haemolymph protein concentration increased to a peak, which coincided with the initiation of wandering, and then decreased through pupation.
Medical Complications of Psychiatric Treatment

Psychiatric medications are frequently an essential component of care for critically ill patients. Their use may lead to medical complications, however, as a result of (1) direct toxicity from psychotropic medications, (2) drug-drug interactions, or (3) intoxication or withdrawal states. These complications may be a nuisance (eg, dry mouth and nausea) or serious and life-threatening (eg, neuroleptic malignant syndrome and cardiac arrhythmias). This article addresses the most important medical complications (organized by organ systems) of psychiatric treatment.
Microbial removal of acetate selectively from sugar mixtures

Acetic acid is an unavoidable constituent of the biomass hydrolysates generated from acetylated hemicellulose and lignin, and acetate affects the performance of microbes used to convert these hydrolysates into biofuels or other biochemicals. In this study, acetate was selectively removed from synthetic mixtures of glucose and xylose using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains having mutations in the glucose phosphotransferase system (PTS) genes (ptsG, manZ, crr), glucokinase (glk), and xylose (xylA). In batch culture, ALS1060 (ptsG manZ glk xylA) consumed exclusively acetate to depletion, and then consumed the two sugars only at a very slow rate (a growth rate of about 0.01 h−1). We also examined the effects of an additional knockout of either malX, fruA, fruB, bglF, or crr, genes that are involved in other PTSs, and a batch process using KD840 (ptsG manZ glk crr xylA) demonstrated a further reduction in glucose or xylose consumption by E. coli. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using a substrate-selective approach for the pre-treatment of biomass hydrolysate for microbial processes.
Apolipoprotein C-II and C-III levels in hyperlipoproteinemia.

Abstract Apoprotein C-II (ApoC-II) functions as a modulator of the hydrolysis of lipoprotein triglycerides by increasing the activity of lipoprotein lipase. Apoprotein C-III (ApoC-III) appears to have an inhibitory effect on ApoC-II-stimulated hydrolysis. Because of the physiologic importance of these apoproteins, we have developed double antibody radioimmunoassays that are capable of measuring the levels of ApoC-II and ApoC-III in human whole plasma and in isolated lipoproteins. ApoC-II and ApoC-III were isolated from very low density lipoproteins by column chromatography. Fractions that were homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and that had the appropriate amino acid compositions were used as antigens, assay standards, and labels. The assays contained 125 I-ApoC-II or 125 I-ApoC-III (Na 125 I + lactoperoxidase), rabbit antihuman ApoC-II (or ApoC-III), samples of plasma, lipoproteins, or apoprotein standards, goat antirabbit IgG, and 0.05 M barbital pH 8.6, 0.01% Triton X-100. The assays had the specificities, accuracies, precisions, and immunologic indentities between standards and samples required of all such assays. All of the ApoC-II in plasma in isolated lipoproteins was detected by the ApoC-II assay. ApoC-III 1 and ApoC-III 2 were equally reactive, and all of the ApoC-III 0 , ApoC-III 1 , and ApoC-III 2 in plasma and in lipoproteins was detected by the ApoC-III assay. ApoC-II and ApoC-III levels were measured in 171 fasting plasmas taken from normal subjects and patients with type II–V hyperlipidemia. “Normal” values for white subjects were approximately 4 and 16 mg/dl for ApoC-II and ApoC-III, respectively. Levels were several fold elevated in the hyperlipidemias. In normal subjects ∼40% of ApoC-II and ApoC-III were found in the d d = 1.006–1.063, ∼45% in the d = 1.063–1.21. These distributions were altered in hyperlipidemia. However, in all cases the d >1.21 fraction contained
The effect of clorgyline on noradrenergic function

A low dosage of the specific MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline (5–10 mg/day) was administered chronically to 10 depressed patients. Peripheral noradrenergic activity, as assessed by measurements of the plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration, heart rate, and blood pressure, was determined before and after drug treatment. The administration of a low dosage of clorgyline was associated with a decrement in peripheral presynaptic noradrenergic activity. Comparison with the results of similar studies of the effects of desmethylimipramine (DMI) suggests that antidepressant drugs with unrelated primary actions affect peripheral noradrenergic functions differently.
Intranasal delivery of antiepileptic medications for treatment of seizures

Acute isolated seizure, repetitive or recurrent seizures, and status epilepticus are all deemed medical emergencies. Mortality and worse neurologic outcome are directly associated with the duration of seizure activity. A number of recent reviews have described consensus statements regarding the pharmacologic treatment protocols for seizures when patients are in pre-hospital, institutional, and home-bound settings. Benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, diazepam, midazolam, and clonazepam are considered to be medications of first choice. The rapidity by which a medication can be delivered to the systemic circulation and then to the brain plays a significant role in reducing the time needed to treat seizures and reduce opportunity for damage to the CNS. Speed of delivery, particularly outside of the hospital, is enhanced when transmucosal routes of delivery are used in place of an intravenous injection. Intranasal transmucosal delivery of benzodiazepines is useful in reducing time to drug administration and cessation of seizures in the pre-hospital setting, when actively seizing patients arrive in the emergency room, and at home where caregivers treat their dependents. This review summarizes factors to consider when choosing a benzodiazepine for intranasal administration, including formulation and device considerations, pharmacology and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles. A review of the most relevant clinical studies in epilepsy patients will provide context for the relative success of this technique with a number of benzodiazepines and relatively less sophisticated nasal preparations. Neuropeptides delivered intranasally, crossing the blood-brain barrier via the olfactory system, may increase the availability of medications for treatment of epilepsy. Consequently, there remains a significant unmet medical need to serve the pharamcotherapeutic requirements of epilepsy patients through commercial development and marketing of intranasal antiepileptic products.
Confidence intervals on the difference of failure intensities from two exponential distributions

A method is proposed for constructing an approximate interval on γ = λ2 – λ1 where 1/λ1 and 1/λ2 are the means of two independent exponential distributions. Computer simulation is used to compare the method with the intervals recommended by Bain, Shiue, and Engelhardt (1993).
The use of first- and second-line outpatient antibiotics under the Saskatchewan Drug Plan.

The Saskatchewan Drug Plan proposed de-listing sevcml second-line antibiotics from its formulary for reasons of potential overuse and expense. This study evaluated the use of second-line antibiotics as initial and secondary courses of therapy depending un the patient’s prior use of other antibiotics and other factors. A total of 637 607 courses of therapy dispensed to Plan members for selected antibiotics between July 1989 and June 1990 were evaluated. Second-line antibiotics were used in 5.0% of all initial courses of therapy. This use was correlated with patient characteristics that may warrant use of second-line antibiotics as initial therapy: age, rural residence. the use of bronchodilators or inhaled steroids, and the number of prior courses of antibiotic therapy. The potential savings from de-listing second-line Antibiotics from the formulary are limited because of their use in only 5% of initial courses of therapy. Savings would be further reduced by administrative costs and physician time required to process prior authorisation requests and the costs of treating any additional antibiotic treatment failures that may result from reduced access
Perioperative factors associated with puppy vigor after delivery by cesarean section.

This prospective study examined the perioperative factors associated with puppy vigor in a clinical population of 807 litters containing 3,410 cesarean-derived puppies. Information was obtained from 109 private and institutional practices in the United States and Canada. Puppy vigor was determined by assessing three spontaneous conditions within 2 minutes after delivery: breathing, moving, and vocalizing. The percentages of live-born puppies with these characteristics were 85%, 73%, and 60%, respectively. After screening tests, logistic-regression models were run on all remaining factors using the litter as the unit of analysis, and odds ratios [OR] were determined. An OR 1.0, the odds are increased for that puppy vigor condition when that factor is present. The following factors were associated with the litter having all puppies breathing at birth: using an inhalant anesthetic (0.36 OR) or ketamine (0.43 OR), surgery at one particular private practice (3.52 OR), and surgery at a teaching institute rather than a private practice (0.36 OR). The following factors were associated with the litter having any spontaneously moving puppies at birth: all puppies breathing spontaneously (2.72 OR), any puppy vocalizing spontaneously (117 OR), using inhalant anesthesia (0.26 OR), and using thiopental or thiamylal (0.37 OR). The following factors were associated with the litter having any spontaneously vocalizing puppies at birth: all puppies breathing spontaneously (2.58 OR), any puppy moving spontaneously (152 OR), brachycephalic dam (0.62 OR), the dam was a Labrador retriever (7.23 OR), and using isoflurane (2.51 OR). In conclusion, the anesthetic factors associated with increased puppy vigor included the use of isoflurane and the avoidance of ketamine, thiamylal, and thiopental.
Field-induced charge-density-wave deformations and phase slip in NbSe 3

We report x-ray diffraction measurements of the effects of electric fields on charge-density-wave (CDW) structure in ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$. For fields exceeding the CDW depinning field ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{T}}$, the (0 1+Q 0) CDW superlattice peak shifts along ${\mathit{b}}^{\mathrm{*}}$. The shift increases rapidly with decreasing temperature, is largest near the electrical contacts, and is in opposite directions in the two halves of the crystal. We show that the observed CDW deformations are consistent with those required for phase slip and CDW-to-normal carrier conversion at the contacts. From the magnitude of these deformations, we determine the CDW elastic constant.
Comparison of the actions of phencyclidine and sigma ligands on CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the rat.

To compare the actions of prototypic drugs which are are selective for phencylidine and sigma receptors, the electrophysiological effects of phencyclidine (PCP), 3-[3-hydroxyphenyl]-N-(1-propyl)piperidine ((+)3-PPP), and 1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine (DTG) on CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons were examined. A wide range of concentrations of drug was tested to differentiate specific, receptor-mediated effects from nonselective, anesthetic-like actions. At relatively large concentrations (0.1–1mM), each compound reversibly increased the threshold of action potentials driven by Schaffer collaterals, the duration of action potentials and membrane resistance. The low potencies and rank order of potency suggested that phencyclidine, ( + )3-PPP, and DTG were not acting through either high affinity sigma or phencyclidine receptors. These compounds did have receptor-mediated effects at smaller concentrations. Since none of the compounds affected evoked excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP or IPSP) or driven action potentials at subanesthetic concentrations (< 100 μM), no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that the actions of phencyclidine result from enhanced release of transmitter, caused by the inhibition of a presynaptic potassium conductance. As observed in other neurons, phencyclidine blocked excitations in CA1 pyramidal cells mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) at behaviorally relevant concentrations (1–10 μM). However, (+)3-PPP (1 μM–1 mM) enhanced the pyramidal cell response to NMDA. Alone, DTG did not effect the NMDA-induced response but did inhibit the enhancement induced by (+)3-PPP. The agonist and antagonist actions of the sigma-selective ligands, (+)3-PPP and DTG, suggests that they modify NMDA-induced responses by acting at the sigma receptor.
The epidemiology of progression of pure geographic atrophy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

Purpose To examine the change in size and location of pure geographic atrophy (GA). Design Population-based cohort study. Methods Ninety-five persons with GA either at baseline or at the one of the three five-year follow-up examinations, or both, were identified. Using computer-assisted software, the lesion area and greatest linear dimension (GLD) were calculated. Thirty-two persons (53 multiple eye-visit pairs) were seen at multiple visits five years apart with GA in the same eye to evaluate changes in total area and GLD. Results At the first occasion when pure GA was identified (n = 95), 45% had a single GA lesion, 18% had multifocal GA lesions, and 37% had a merged GA lesion. Of 53 eyes with multiple visits, the overall increase in atrophy was 6.4 mm 2 over a five-year period. The atrophy progressed to involve the foveal center in 47% of 19 eyes, and there was a mean decrease of 17 letters read correctly. Eyes with multifocal GA were most likely to have the area of atrophy increase (mean, 12 mm 2 ), to have atrophy progress to the foveal center (83%), and to have a decrease in vision (mean, 22 letters), whereas eyes with a single GA lesion were least likely to have the area of atrophy increase (mean, 2 mm 2 ), to have the lesion progress to the foveal center (22%), and to have a decrease in vision (mean, 10 letters). Conclusions These are the first population-based data describing the five-year change in eyes with pure GA. Information on progression of GA will be useful for clinical trials of new interventions for GA.
Electrochemical detection as an alternative to UV in RP‐HPLC peptide mapping

This article describes the possibility of electrochemical (EC) detection as an alternative to ultraviolet (UV) detection doing peptide mapping. The high sensitivity and selectivity of the electrochemical detection can be applied to determine some digested peptides. This approach demonstrated that peptides containing electroactive amino acids can be determined by EC detection. Furthermore, upon irradiation, nonelectroactive amino acids and peptides can be made electroactive, thereby increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of peptide mapping. A variety of effects are discussed to help in understanding the possibility of this useful approach.
Comparison of frequency distributions in flow cytometry.

A number of methods have previously been considered for the statistical comparison of flow cytometric frequency distributions. For two distributions, the foremost of these is the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, which has been criticized as “too sensitive.” We discuss some alternative methods based on the Poisson distribution. The assumption of Poisson variation within channels allows the use of channel-by-channel confidence intervals and chi-square tests. These are simple and more appropriate for discrete data than the K-S test. Graphical displays of these and other techniques are presented. We also attempt to set the problem in an appropriate context. We argue that any statistical procedure must rest on a reasonable understanding of the nature of the variability in the system. This understanding takes the form of an appropriate probability model, which may be approximate but must provide a reasonably accurate description of the data. Incomplete understanding of the data can lead to inappropriate analysis. We discuss the assumptions that underlie our techniques and consider extensions to more complex situations.
Liquid chromatographic method for the determination of enantiomeric composition of amphetamine and methamphetamine in hair samples

Interest in hair analysis as an alternative or complementary approach to urinalysis for drug abuse detection has grown in recent years. Hair analysis can be particularly advantageous for drugs such as amphetamine and methamphetamine that are rapidly excreted. Confirmation of abuse of these stimulants is complicated by the fact that some forms are found in legitimate medications. Examination of the enantiomeric composition of amphetamine and methamphetamine in hair samples can provide valuable assistance in interpreting drug testing results. In this work, we developed a liquid chromatographic method for the separation of amphetamine and methamphetamine enantiomers isolated from human hair samples. The drug enantiomers were separated on a chiral stationary phase after derivatization with an achiral fluorescent agent. The methodology was evaluated with a Standard Reference Material that contained several drugs of abuse including amphetamine and methamphetamine.
1126 METHICILLIN RESISTANT S. AUREUS INFECTIONS IN PEDIATRICS

Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is endemic on adult services in our hospital; however, prior to 1983 MRSA was rarely recovered from pediatric patients. In the 1 year period from October 1983 through September 1984, 13 MRSA isolates were recovered from 12 pediatric inpatients. There were 12 episodes of infection. One isolate was of indeterminate significance. Eleven infections were nosocomial and one was apparently community acquired. Ten of the nosocomial infections were related to surgery. There were 6 wound infections, 2 CSF shunt infections, 1 intra-abdominal abscess, and 1 infected Broviac catheter. Two patients had MRSA bacteremia and one had hematogenously disseminated staphylococcal disease although blood cultures were negative. Five distinct phage types of MRSA were identified. There was one isolate each of phage type 77, 84; 83A, 85, 81; and 29, 52, 52A, 79, 80, 6, 47, 53, 54, 83A, 85, 81. Two of 10 isolates were not susceptible to international or NYC experimental phages. Eight of 10 isolates, not typable by international phages were lysed by NYC experimental phage 88 and were from patients cared for on a single pediatric ward housing both medical and surgical patients. CDC isolation precautions were instituted for each patient in whom MRSA was identified. There was no evidence of spread between medical and surgical patients suggesting that this endemic hospital strain was sporadically imported from surgical services. A point prevalence survey on all patients on that ward failed to identify any other colonized pediatric patients. The absence of intra-ward spread suports the efficacy of CDC precautions in preventing patient to patient transmission of MRSA.
β-Deuterium Isotope Effects on Amine Basicity, “Inductive” and Stereochemical

Secondary β deuterium isotope effects on acidity constants of ammonium ions are measured using a remarkably precise NMR titration method. Deuteration is found to increase the basicity of methylamine, dimethylamine, benzylamine, and N,N-dimethylaniline. The effect is attributed to a lowered zero-point energy of a CH bond adjacent to an amine nitrogen. The method permits a determination of the stereochemical dependence of the isotope effect in a locked piperidine, and it is found that deuteration is more effective when antiperiplanar to a lone pair. The values are consistent with a cos2 dependence on dihedral angle, with no detectable angle-independent inductive effect.
Fast Hardware Fourier Transformation Through Counting

Hardware Fourier transformations are considered with the goal of increasing speed through parallel operation. Two designs in which the basic element is a fast counter are developed. One is applicable when the number of transformed points N is prime while the other, requiring somewhat more hardware, is applicable to all N.
Disequilibrium between 226Ra and supported 210Pb in a sediment core from a shallow Florida lake

[sup 210]Pb dating can be used to assign ages in lake sediment cores, calculate rates of sediment accumulation, and determine the timing of recent changes in lake-watershed ecosystems. We used low-background gamma counting to measure [sup 226]Ra and total [sup 210]Pb activity in a core from Lake Rowell, Florida. [sup 226]Ra activity was high and strongly variable throughout the core, even exceeding total [sup 210]Pb activity in recently deposited sediments. We traced one source of Ra-rich sediments to the only inflow, Alligator Creek, where stream-bottom deposits display disequilibrium between [sup 226]Ra and supported [sup 210]Pb. High and variable [sup 226]Ra activity in the Lake Rowell profile argues for direct estimates of in situ Ra in lake sediment cores from disturbed watersheds that have Ra-bearing bedrock. Isotopic disequilibrium between [sup 226]Ra and supported [sup 210]Pb makes it difficult to distinguish between supported and unsupported [sup 210]Pb activity throughout the Lake Rowell core and would require special assumptions and nonconventional dating models to establish age-depth relationships. 78 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
On the nature of singularities in general relativity

It is shown that there is an upper bound to the rate of growth of the Ricci curvature near a singularity.
Egg and Yolk Production As Influenced by Liver Weight, Liver Lipid and Plasma Lipid In Three Strains of Small Bodied Chickens

Abstract Data on egg and yolk production were collected from three small-bodied strains, D6, D3 and D5, slaughtered between 44 and 56 weeks of age, and weighing 1.73, 1.01, and 0.69 kg., respectively. Rate of deposition of yolk in the ovarian follicles was estimated (1) by the total weight of yolk in eggs laid during a 10-day period and (2) by the postmortem total weight of all ovarian follicles rapidly accumulating yolk (above 200 mg. in weight). Liver weight, liver and plasma lipid were used to estimate the efficiency of lipid production of each strain. The strains differed significantly in all measurements except percent moisture in the liver and the amount of lipid per gram of dry liver weight which were similar only in strains D6 and D3. Also, the concentration of plasma lipid did not differ significantly between the three strains. Egg weight appeared to be more highly correlated with body weight (0.47 to 0.59) than the average (0.36) of published data from larger females. Liver weight was closely associated with body weight in all three strains. The regression of liver on body weight was highest (3.6 g./100 g.) in the smallest (D5) strain. Concentration of lipid in the blood plasma was not closely associated with yolk production. Rate of yolk production appeared to be dependent on liver weight and total liver lipid only in strain D3.
Histone H1 proteins act as receptors for the 987P fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

The tip adhesin FasG of the 987P fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli mediates two distinct adhesive interactions with brush border molecules of the intestinal epithelial cells of neonatal piglets. First, FasG attaches strongly to sulfatide with hydroxylated fatty acyl chains. This interaction involves lysine 117 and other lysine residues of FasG. Second, FasG recognizes specific intestinal brush border proteins that migrate on a sodium-dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel like a distinct set of 32–35-kDa proteins, as shown by ligand blotting assays. The protein sequence of high performance liquid chromatography-purified tryptic fragments of the major protein band matched sequences of human and murine histone H1 proteins. Porcine histone H1 proteins isolated from piglet intestinal epithelial cells demonstrated the same SDS-PAGE migration pattern and 987P binding properties as the 987P-specific protein receptors from porcine intestinal brush borders. Binding was dose-dependent and shown to be specific in adhesion inhibition and gel migration shift assays. Moreover, mapping of the histone H1 binding domain suggested that it is located in their lysine-rich C-terminal domains. Histone H1 molecules were visualized on the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Taken together these results indicated that the intestinal protein receptors for 987P are histone H1 proteins. It is suggested that histones are released into the intestinal lumen by the high turnover of the intestinal epithelium. Their strong cationic properties can explain their association with the negatively charged brush border surfaces. There, the histone H1 molecules stabilize the sulfatide-fimbriae interaction by simultaneously binding to the membrane and to 987P.
A comparative longitudinal analysis of recidivism trajectories and collateral consequences for sex and non-sex offenders released since the implementation of sex offender registration and community notification

The current study examines whether the recidivism trajectories post-prison release for post-sex offender registration and community notification (SORN) sex offenders are similar to or different from the recidivism trajectories post-prison release for post-SORN non-sex offenders who are released from prison via parole. Furthermore, this study also focuses on whether or not a series of collateral consequences are experienced similarly or differently among these post-SORN sex and post-SORN non-sex offender parolees. Using random samples of 247 post-SORN sex offenders and 250 post-SORN non-sex offenders released from prison in New Jersey via parole, the results indicate that sex offender and non-sex offender trajectories are similar with the exception being that there is a higher prevalence of non-sex offenders who exhibit a high-risk trajectory. Additional results demonstrate that, although sex offenders and non-sex offenders share the experience of collateral consequences, several collateral consequences in...
Modeling of lean premixed combustion in stationary gas turbines

Abstract Lean premixed combustion (LPC) of natural gas is of considerable interest in land-based gas turbines for power generation. However, modeling such combustors and adequately addressing the concerns of LPC, which include emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons, remains a significant challenge. In this paper, characteristics of published simulations of gas turbine combustion are summarized and methods of modeling turbulent combustion are reviewed. The velocity–composition PDF method is selected for implementation in a new comprehensive model that uses an unstructured-grid flow solver. Reduced mechanisms for methane combustion are evaluated in a partially stirred reactor model. Comprehensive model predictions of swirl-stabilized LPC of natural gas are compared with detailed measurements obtained in a laboratory-scale combustor. The model is also applied to industrial combustor geometries.
Using MODIS satellite imagery to predict hantavirus risk

Aims Sin Nombre virus (SNV), a strain of hantavirus, causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in humans, a deadly disease with high mortality rate (> 50%). The primary virus host is the deer mouse, and greater abundance of deer mice has been shown to increase the human risk of HPS. Our aim is to identify and compare vegetation indices and associated time lags for predicting hantavirus risk using remotely sensed imagery. Location Utah, USA. Methods A 5-year time-series of moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery and corresponding field data was utilized to compare various vegetation indices that measure productivity with the goal of indirectly estimating mouse abundance and SNV prevalence. Relationships between the vegetation indices and deer mouse density, SNV prevalence and the number of infected deer mice at various time lags were examined to assess which indices and associated time lags might be valuable in predicting SNV outbreaks. Results The results reveal varying levels of positive correlation between the vegetation indices and deer mouse density as well as the number of infected deer mice. Among the vegetation indices, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) produced the highest correlations with deer mouse density and the number of infected deer mice using a time lag of 1.0 to 1.3 years for May and June imagery. Main conclusions This study demonstrates the potential for using MODIS time-series satellite imagery in estimating deer mouse abundance and predicting hantavirus risk. The 1-year time lag provides a great opportunity to apply satellite imagery to predict upcoming SNV outbreaks, allowing preventive strategies to be adopted. Analysis of different predictive indices and lags could also be valuable in identifying the time windows for data collection for practical uses in monitoring rodent abundance and subsequent disease risk to humans.
Investigation of Ship-Generated Waves

Maximum ship-generated wave heights and the related wave half-periods were measured (with a step-resistance wave gage) at various distances from the sailing line for several vessels operating at a range of speeds in the Oakland Estuary. The methods and results of these measurements are reported and evaluated together with the pertinent background information on the nature of ship-generated waves.
Fuzzy class binarization using coupled map lattices

The paper presents a class binarization that combines fuzzy classifiers and coupled map lattices. First, a classification problem is divided into several two-class problems following an extended version of a fuzzy round robin class binarization scheme; next, a fuzzy classifier is generated using any machine learning technique for each two-class problem (we use evolution of fuzzy rules in this paper); finally, the generated fuzzy classifiers are integrated into a 2-dimensional coupled map lattice. The answer of the classifier to a sample is determined by the dynamics of the lattice when it is initialized with the answers given by each fuzzy classifier. Experiments are conducted with various publicly available data sets.
Precise Rest Frequencies for AlH and AlD (X 1Σ+): A Reassessment of the Aluminum Hyperfine Structure

The J = 0 → 1 transition of AlH at 377 GHz and the J = 1 → 2 line of AlD at 393 GHz have been recorded using submillimeter direct absorption methods. The two species were created by the reaction of aluminum vapor and H2 or D2 gas in a DC discharge. The 27Al quadrupole hyperfine splittings, which are critical for the astronomical identification of these molecules, were measured for both AlH and AlD. In the case of AlH, the observed hyperfine pattern was not consistent with previous measurements. Values of the hyperfine parameters have thus been revised to be eQq = -48.59 MHz and CI = 0.306 MHz, which agree very closely with recent ab initio predictions. For AlD, eQq was established to be -48.48 MHz with CI = 0.156 MHz—the first determination of the hyperfine parameters for the molecule. These measurements should enable viable astronomical searches to be conducted for AlH and AlD, presumably with space-borne platforms. Diatomic hydrides containing a cosmically abundant element such as aluminum are fundamental for interstellar and circumstellar chemistry.
Respiration and body movement analysis during sleep in bed using hetero-core fiber optic pressure sensors without constraint to human activity

We describe respiration monitoring in sleep using hetero-core fiber optic pressure sensors. The proposed hetero-core fiber optic sensor is highly sensitive to macrobending as a result of the core diameter difference due to stable single-mode transmission. Pressure sensors based on hetero-core fiber optics were fabricated to have a high sensitivity to small pressure changes resulting from minute body motions, such as respiration, during sleep and large pressure changes, such as those caused by a rollover. The sensors are installed in a conventional bed. The pressure characteristic performance of all the fabricated hetero-core fiber optic pressure sensors is found to show a monotonic response with weight changes. A respiration monitoring test in seven subjects efficiently demonstrates the effective use of eight hetero-core pressure sensors installed in a bed. Additionally, even in the case of different body postures, such as lying on one's side, a slight body movement due to respiration is detected by the hetero-core pressure sensors.
Synchrotron-based multiple-beam FTIR chemical imaging of a multi-layered polymer in transmission and reflection: towards cultural heritage applications

IRENI (infrared environmental imaging) is a recently commissioned Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) chemical imaging beamline at the Synchrotron Radiation Center in Madison, WI, USA. This novel beamline extracts 320 mrad of radiation, horizontally, from one bending magnet. The optical transport separates and recombines the beam into 12 parallel collimated beams to illuminate a commercial FTIR microspectrometer (Bruker Hyperion 3000) equipped with a focal plane array detector where single pixels in the detector image a projected sample area of either 0.54×0.54 μm2 or 2×2 μm2, depending in the measurement geometry. The 12 beams are partially overlapped and defocused, similar to wide-field microscopy, homogeneously illuminating a relatively large sample area compared to single-beam arrangements. Both transmission and reflection geometries are used to examine a model cross section from a layered polymer material. The compromises for sample preparation and measurement strategies are discussed, and the chemical composition and spatial definition of the layers are distinguished in chemical images generated from data sets. Deconvolution methods that may allow more detailed data analysis are also discussed.
Neutron-proton differential cross sections in the range 70 to 400 GeV/c

Abstract We report the results of an experiment which measured np elastic scattering differential cross sections over a range in − t from 0.15 to ∼3.6 (GeV/ c ) 2 for incident neutron momenta from 70 to 400 GeV/ c . We find the logarithmic slope parameter, evaluated at − t = 0.2 (GeV/ c ) 2 , to be consistent with existing proton-proton parametrizations. The data exhibit a dip in the cross section near − t = 1.4 (GeV/ c ) 2 for incident neutron momenta above 200 GeV/ c . For neutron momenta less than 280 GeV/ c , the neutron-proton cross sections are found to be higher than existing proton-proton data in the range 0.7 ⩽ − t ⩽ 1.3 (GeV/ c ) 2 which is in contradiction to most Regge predictions.
Micro Autonomous Robotic Ostraciiform (MARCO): Design and Fabrication

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a robotic ostraciiform. The robot's design is inspired by the highly stable and fairly maneuverable boxfish. Boxfish with its multiple fins can maneuver in confined spaces with a near zero turning radius and it has been found that its unusual boxy shape is responsible for a self correcting mechanism that makes its trajectories immune to water disturbances. The Micro Autonomous Robotic Ostraciiform (MARCO) project aims to apply these features in a novel underwater vehicle design. Miniature underwater vehicles with these characteristics have a variety of applications, such as environmental monitoring, ship wreck exploration, inline pipe inspection, forming sensor networks, etc. Tail fin hydrodynamics have been investigated experimentally using robotic flapper mechanisms to arrive at a caudal fin shape with optimal shape induced flexibility. Fluid simulation studies were utilized to arrive at the body shape that can result in self correcting vorticity generation. The robotic ostraciiform prototype was designed based on the above results. Ostraciiform locomotion is implemented with a pair of 2-DOF pectoral fins and a single DOF tail fin. The finalized body shape of the robot is produced by 3D prototyping two separate halves.
Point-and-Shoot Memories The Influence of Taking Photos on Memory for a Museum Tour

Two studies examined whether photographing objects impacts what is remembered about them. Participants were led on a guided tour of an art museum and were directed to observe some objects and to photograph others. Results showed a photo-taking-impairment effect: If participants took a photo of each object as a whole, they remembered fewer objects and remembered fewer details about the objects and the objects' locations in the museum than if they instead only observed the objects and did not photograph them. However, when participants zoomed in to photograph a specific part of the object, their subsequent recognition and detail memory was not impaired, and, in fact, memory for features that were not zoomed in on was just as strong as memory for features that were zoomed in on. This finding highlights key differences between people's memory and the camera's "memory" and suggests that the additional attentional and cognitive processes engaged by this focused activity can eliminate the photo-taking-impairment effect.