cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lineshapes in phase-encoded spectroscopic imaging experiments

Abstract Two procedures for recording spectroscopic images with pure absorption mode lineshapes using phase-encoding pulsed field gradients are discussed and compared experimentally. Using a small phantom sample, both methods are shown to give significant improvements compared to the conventional absolute value display. It is found that the method based on the use of a symmetric data set is preferable to that based on a reversed precession experiment. To demonstrate its applicability to in vivo 31 P NMR, a surface coil placed over the scalp of a rabbit was used to record a one-dimensional phase-encoded spectrum. While the absolute value display of this data set contains overlap between the low-field ATP and the phosphocreatine resonances, these signals are completely resolved in the phase-sensitive spectrum.
A Snapshot of Patients’ Perceptions of Oncology Providers’ Cultural Competence

In this paper, we describe an anonymous cross-sectional survey with a sample of 100 racially diverse adult oncology patients using a newly developed patient-reported measure of providers’ cultural competence, the Physicians’ Cultural Competence for Patient Satisfaction Scale (PCCPS) [1, 2], which was developed using a US midwestern sample of primary care patients. Our primary aims were to examine the reliability of the PCCPS in a more racially diverse urban oncology clinical setting and to identify salient domains of oncology provider cultural competence based on patient-reported satisfaction with direct clinical encounters. Results suggest that patient-reported satisfaction was significantly associated with one of the four domains measured by the PCCPS, physician’s patient-centered cultural competence (r = 0.40, p = 0.01), and female patients were more satisfied (t (91) = 5.23, p = 0.02). The PCCPS demonstrated good reliability in an urban diverse cancer patient population. Results help to inform the development of clinical tools that can improve oncology providers’ cultural competency.
Hunting goodwill: Personal goodwill as property in corporate acquisitions

In today's economy, it's more important than ever to examine the tax planning strategies for any corporate acquisition. Poor tax planning for goodwill acquired in an unwise acquisition can lead to a loss in value overnight! And if that happens, a company may have to write it off against earnings. In the worst case, a company might have to write off most, if not all, of its goodwill. So as more acquisitions of closely held entities occur, it's increasingly important to separate the intangible value of a company into enterprise goodwill versus personal goodwill. But it's a difficult challenge. What techniques or strategies will help? This article has some answers. The author reveals the importance of the treatment of personal goodwill versus enterprise goodwill—for both the seller and the buyer. And the author also examines factors that should be considered when structuring such an acquisition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Turbulent Waverider Flowfield with Sideslip

Tobetterunderstandthewaveriderhypersonice owe eldwithsideslip,thee owe eldcomputationale uiddynamics simulation for a selected waverider at 5-deg angle of sideslip off-design condition is conducted. The off-design e owe eld is more complicated than the nominal design, inasmuch as there is very strong shock-wave/boundarylayerinteractionatthewindwardwaveridertip,andadetachedshockattheleewardtip,whetherthee owconditions are inviscid or viscous. For these different simulations, the pressure coefe cient distribution basically has the same values except near the tip, but the shock attachment point on the lower surface and force coefe cient value are different. The shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction and shock attachment pattern at the windward tip strongly affect the waverider pressure and local skin-friction coefe cient distribution in that region. The simulated pressure coefe cient distribution is in good agreement with available experimental results.
Production and scaling of light impurities in TFTR plasmas

Abstract The important impurities in ohmically heated TFTR plasmas are carbon and oxygen. The concentration of O is independent of the mass or charge of the fuel gas; C is slightly less abundant in D plasmas than in He plasmas. C is more abundant than O by a factor of 10 at low densities ( n c ≅ 2 × 10 19 m −3 ); at the high density limit ( n e ≅ 4 × 10 19 m −3 for H, n e ≅ 8 × 10 19 m −3 for He) the O concentration is equal to or slightly greater than that of C. The impurity concentration as a function of edge electron temperature is compared with a simple sputtering model, which shows the importance of C-C and O-C sputtering at the limiter in addition to fuel gas sputtering in explaining the observed carbon concentration.
Thermodynamic Study of Small Silicon Carbide Clusters with a Mass Spectrometer

The Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric method has been used to measure the equilibrium partial pressures of SiC2, Si2C, Si2C2, and Si3C above the SiC−graphite system at temperatures between 1750 a...
Note on an airfoil in a slightly non-uniform stream

An investigation is presented of the modifications that must be made to two-dimensional calculations of the flow past an airfoil when the flow takes place in a symmetric channel with slightly non-parallel walls.
Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide helix number and helix linker influence potentially anti-atherogenic properties

We hypothesize that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic peptides better mimicking the punctuated α-helical repeats of full-length apoA-I are more anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic. This study compares a monomeric apoA-I mimetic helix to three different tandem helix peptides in vitro: 4F (18 mer), 4F-proline-4F (37 mer, Pro), 4F-alanine-4F (37 mer, Ala), and 4F-KVEPLRA-4F [the human apoA-I 4/5 interhelical sequence (IHS), 43 mer]. All peptides cleared turbid lipid suspensions, with 4F being most effective. In contrast to lipid clearance, tandem peptides were more effective at remodeling mouse HDL. All four peptides displaced apoA-I and apoE from the HDL, leaving a larger particle containing apoA-II and peptide. Peptide-remodeled HDL particles show no deficit in ABCG1 cholesterol efflux despite the loss of the majority of apoA-I. Tandem peptides show greater ability to efflux cholesterol from lipid-loaded murine macrophages, compared with 4F. Although 4F inhibited oxidation of purified mouse LDL, the Ala tandem peptide increased oxidation. We compared several tandem 4F-based peptides with monomeric 4F in assays that correlated with suggested anti-inflammatory/anti-atherogenic pathways. Tandem 4F-based peptides, which better mimic full-length apoA-I, exceed monomeric 4F in HDL remodeling and cholesterol efflux but not LDL oxidation protection. In addition, apoA-I mimetic peptides may increase reverse cholesterol transport through both ABCA1 as well as ABCG1 pathways.
Effect of burning and brush treatments on nutrient and soil physical properties in young longleaf pine stands

Abstract Over a period of 16 years, unburned longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) pole stands grew an average of 27% more volume than similar stands regularly burned. Treatments included biennial burns in winter, spring, and summer plus an unburned check, each of which was combined with three supplemental treatments, namely, initial herbicide injection of all hardwoods, repeated handclearing of all woody stems, and no treatment. All unburned and winter-burned plots were paired to study this growth reduction relative to treatments. The status of nitrogen, phosphorus, available moisture holding capacity, bulk density, and macropore space was determined in both surface and subsurface soils. Foliage from pines on sampled plots was analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn. Burning did not significantly affect either soil N and P or foliar nutrients. However, burning reduced available moisture holding capacity and macropore space and increased the bulk density of surface soils, and also reduced the moisture-holding capacity of subsurface soils. The results from this and other studies suggest that growth losses are due, at least in part, to increased moisture stress associated with changes in soil physical properties.
External-beam radiotherapy in the management of liver metastases.

Abstract This review discusses the importance of palliation of liver metastases. Although colorectal cancer comprises the majority of patients with metastatic liver disease, a number of other malignancies can be involved. Palliation of metastatic disease to liver has generally not included the use of external-beam radiotherapy because of restricted liver tolerance to radiotherapy. However, more recently, treatment policies have evolved to more generous use of palliative radiotherapy with utilization of tumor boost doses to partial liver volumes. This has resulted in improvement in palliation and a suggestion of improved survival with higher radiotherapy doses, which have been well tolerated by small volumes of liver. Semin Oncol 29:196-201. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
The family at adolescence: transition and transformation

No area of inquiry within the field of adolescent development has generated as much enduring interest over the past 2 decades as the study of the family. Whereas fads and fashions in other topic areas have come and gone, research on parent–adolescent relationships has maintained a constant presence in the literature, dominating the scientific journals, overwhelming the review panels of funding agencies, and capturing the lion’s share of popular publications on teenagers and how to ensure their health and well-being. In this article, I examine the most important ideas to have emerged from the past 25 years of research on adolescent development in the family context and suggest some directions for the future—if not for the next quarter century, then at least for the next several years. My rationale for using the mid-1970s as the starting point for this journey is simple: Before that time, there was no systematic empirical literature on the family at adolescence to speak of. There were a handful of scattered studies in the journals and some widely read theoretical treatises, but it would have been a challenge, to say the least, to stare any coherence into the published literature on adolescence and their parents, even as late as 1980. The state of the literature today is remarkably different. Indeed, I believe that there are some questions that have been so conclusively answered that I shall suggest that we do not need further research on them, and that our efforts would be more fruitfully directed at other issues. But more on that audacious proposition later. I have organized this overview around two major sets of questions that have dominated my own research agenda for the past 25 years. The first set of questions concerns the ways in which family relationships change during adolescence. Specifically, how can we best characterize normative family relations during adolescence? How and why do relationships change as the child moves into and through adolescence? What is the extent of individual differences in this process of transformation? The second set of questions concern the impact of the family on adolescent development and mental health. In particular, how do variations in parent– child relationships affect the developing adolescent? Are some types of parenting “better” for the adolescent than others? If, so, what is it about these types of parenting that contribute to the healthy development of the young person? Are there factors in the nonfamily environment that impinge on the parent–child relationship in ways that enhance or attenuate parental influence? What should we make of recent arguments that question the assumption that parents have significant influence over their children’s development at all (1)?
Wind energy dispatch considering environmental and economic factors

Abstract Renewable energy sources, especially wind energy, are widely applied as a mean to reach emission reduction with the increasing concern of environmental protection. Although wind generation does not produce harmful emissions, its effect on the thermal generation dispatch can actually cause an increase of emissions, especially during low or medium power demand periods of a day. A multi-objective energy dispatch that considers environment and fuel cost under large wind energy is proposed. An efficient encoding/decoding scheme that could effectively prevent unviable solutions during the application of stochastic search methods is applied; thereby dramatically improving search efficiency and solution quality. The non-linear characteristics of power generators, and their operational constraints, such as generation limitations, ramp rate limits, prohibited operating zones, and transmission loss, could be considered for practical operation. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach are demonstrated by a TAI-POWER and IEEE 30-bus test systems study. The experiment shows encouraging results, suggesting that the proposed approach is capable of providing higher quality and a wider range of Pareto-optimal solutions so that the decision makers can have a more flexible and reasonable choice.
The optical effects of an adsorbate layer: d-parameter description of simple models

Abstract We develop several theoretical estimates of how changes in optical properties are related to the electron response of an adsorbate layer on a crystalline substrate. The underlying formalism derives from d-parameter theory, which may be explicitly evaluated for simple models of the adlayer and substrate. Although the basic model treats each as an array of point dipole-polarizable entities, we have also solved approximations that treat both or just the substrate as spread into a spatially local dielectric continuum. Comparisons between these calculations with common parameter values help clarify the physics in each theoretical estimate and show how close various analytic approximations can come to the numerically exact solutions.
The boundaries of nature in the discipline of linguistics

Abstract John Joseph’s most recent book presents us with an opportunity to understand our discipline, and through this understanding to reshape it in important new directions. From this book spring so many ideas, so many new ways of viewing both our discipline and the object of its attention, that I have here eschewed the normal evaluation of a standard book review, in favor of an exploration of where we might go from here. It should be clear from this format that I heartily concur with both the content and the approach that Professor Joseph offers.
31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies on relaxation parameters and line broadening of intracellular metabolites of HeLa cells

Abstract The 40-MHz 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectrum of intact HeLa cells contains seven broad peaks with some detectable splittings. The linewidths were significantly broader than for those of cell-free systems such as cell extracts, indicating that the cellular environment is responsible for the unusual line broadening. Resolution of these peaks at 40 MHz is sufficient to make certain assignments and the relaxation parameters of some of the intracellular metabolites have been measured. The spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) ranged from 0.3 s for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to about 3 s for inorganic phosphate (Pi) and monophosphate compounds. Nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) were induced by proton irradiation with the possible exception of ATP. The relaxation parameters were compared to those of cell-free compounds and in all cases T1 and NOE were smaller for the intracellular metabolites. The relaxation parameters for ATP were affected the most. This behavior was mimicked with mixtures of cell-free metabolites containing paramagnetic ions. The larger change in both T1 and NOE of intracellular ATP could be accounted for by selective binding of paramagnetic ions. This phenomenon also explains some of the line broadening in the cell spectrum especially that of ATP. The spin-spin relaxation times (T2) of P1 and monophosphate compounds as measured by a pulse technique did not account for the observed linewidths. This is due to the presence of chemical shift envelopes arising from pH heterogeneity. All resonances were broader at 146 MHz because of the line broadening by paramagnetic ions and the presence of chemical shift envelopes. Other mechanisms of line broadening may also be significant. There was little difference in resolution of spectra at 40 and 146 MHz. Water proton linewidths and T2 values were measured for HeLa cells and for some minced tissue preparations. The water linewidth in tissue samples was broader than that in the cell suspension. The large linewidths in tissues arise mainly from chemical shift envelopes caused by magnetic field nonuniformity in the tissue samples. There appears to be a small chemical shift envelope from magnetic nonuniformity in HeLa cells as well. The 1H results on envelopes were extrapolated to 31P studies on cells and tissues. Possible methods for reducing linewidths arising from the various proposed broadening mechanisms were discussed.
Amperometric nitric oxide sensors with enhanced selectivity over carbon monoxide via platinum oxide formation under alkaline conditions.

An improved planar amperometric nitric oxide (NO) sensor with enhanced selectivity over carbon monoxide (CO), which represents a volatile interfering species for NO sensors that has been largely overlooked until recently, is described. Formation of an oxide film on the inner platinum working electrode via anodic polarization using an inner alkaline electrolyte solution provides the basis for improved selectivity. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that formation of an oxidized Pt film inhibits adsorption of CO to the electrode surface, which is a necessary initial step in the electrocatalytic oxidation of CO on Pt. Previous NO gas sensors that employ internal electrolyte solutions have been assembled using acidic internal solutions that inhibit the formation of a dense platinum oxide film on the working electrode surface. It is demonstrated herein that increasing the internal electrolyte pH promotes oxidized platinum film formation, resulting in improved selectivity over CO. Selectivity coefficients (log KNO,j) f...
Novel delivery systems: Oral transmucosal and intranasal transmucosal

Abstract During the past 2 decades, anesthesiologists have been provided with a number of new, potent opioid analgesics and sedative/hypnotics, as well as an increased understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles that govern their action and disposition. These developments have suggested that the skin and the buccal and nasal mucous membranes may have use as alternate routes of analgesic and anesthetic drug delivery. A novel transmucosal delivery system for fentanyl has recently been developed by incorporating the drug into a dissolvable matrix on a stick called an "oralete". Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate has been evaluated as a premedication in the pediatric population and as an analgesic for acute postoperative and emergency room pain, procedural pain, and breakthrough cancer pain by using fentanyl. Increases in plasma fentanyl and onset of clinical effect are rapid (20–40 min) with this formulation. A potential advantage is the apparent ease of titration to a sedative or analgesic end point. This system may improve premedication, acute postoperative analgesia, and chronic pain therapy in various clinical settings. Delivery of opioids through the nasal mucosa also has been recently investigated. In one study, sufentanil was administered (1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 μ/kg) to 80 children ranging in age from 6 mo to 7 yr. Easy separation from parents was achieved in 86% of the children 10 min following administration of the premedication. Unfortunately, 61% of the children cried after drug administration, and side effects included reduced ventilatory compliance (chest-wall rigidity) with higher doses (3.0 and 4.5 μg/kg). Nevertheless, nasal transmucosal drug delivery may have value, especially in frightened or uncooperative children.
Vascular endothelial growth factor fails to acutely modulate endothelial permeability during early angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane.

The angiogenic endothelium of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) offers minimal restriction to macromolecular efflux at Day 4.5 of the normal 21-day chick gestation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific Flk-1 and Flt-1 tyrosine phosphorylation was observed at Day 4.5 by receptor immunoprecipitation and requisite immunoblotting. Further, general inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation by either genistein or tyrphostin (10(-4) M) served to reduce FITC-Dextran 40 extravasation at Day 4.5. Likewise, anti-VEGF, but not anti-FGF-2 mAb, abolished the temporal endothelial hyperpermeability. These results are consistent with the established permeability-enhancing function of VEGF. Normal differentiation of the restrictive CAM endothelial barrier at Day 5. 0 was associated with reduced Flk-1 and Flt-1 expression, but sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of the residual RTKs. Moreover, inhibition of VEGF/RTK activity by anti-VEGF mAb at Day 5.0 did not enhance normal endothelial barrier function. Likewise, neither VEGF (5 x 10(-4) to 10(-15) M) nor PlGF (10(-6) to 10(-8) M), which selectively binds Flt-1, served to increase FITC-Dextran 40 efflux at Day 5.0. Together, these results are consistent with the suggestion that down-regulation of the permeability-related VEGF signal correlates temporally with the ontogeny of restrictive endothelial barrier function during angiogenesis in vivo.
Pro)renin Receptor as a Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Hypertension

See related article, pp 352–361 It is now well established that the intrinsic brain renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is an integral constituent of the neural regulatory machinery on cardiovascular functions; hyperactivity of this system contributes to neural mechanisms of hypertension. Whereas all components of the RAS have been identified in the brain,1 exactly how the bioactive angiotensin II (Ang II) is synthesized from an extremely low level of renin in brain2 remained for decades a debate. This debate was resolved when the (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a specific receptor for renin and (pro)renin, was discovered in 2002.3 This discovery prompted a reinvestigation of the brain RAS signaling in cardiovascular homeostasis. PRR is a 350-amino acid protein with a single transmembrane domain.3 When bound to (pro)renin, PRR initiates a nonproteolytic activation of (pro)renin that mediates Ang II formation via the classical RAS pathways. In addition, binding of (pro)renin to PPR activates a RAS-independent intracellular signal transduction pathway that results in the production of reactive oxygen species,4 proinflammatory and profibrotic factors, as well as cellular proliferation.5 Accumulating evidence supports an importance role for brain PRR in local generation of Ang II. Incubation of cultured neuronal cells with human (pro)renin and angiotensinogen results in augmented generation of Ang I and Ang II.6 In human neuroblastoma cells overexpressed with human PRR, (pro)renin mediates Ang II formation in a dose-dependent and captopril-reversible manner, confirming the derivation of Ang II from Ang I.4 Conversely, brain-targeted PRR knockdown using PRR short hairpin …
An integrated simulation approach to design of flexible manufacturing systems

Simulation has been used in the design of manufacturing cells at General Dynamics-Pomona Division. At the preliminary design stage, mean value analysis has been used to define basic system characteristics and to develop design alternatives. Siman simula tion language and a specifically designed user interface have been utilized in evaluating alternative designs. The performance of the final designs has been analyzed using statistical techniques.
The impact of distance on fans' intentions to attend team sporting events: a case study of fans of the Carolina Hurricanes of the United States National Hockey League

This research examines the influence of distance on the travel behaviour of fans of professional hockey teams; specifically, with reference to theories of distance decay, the research examines the strength of influence that travel distance has on professional hockey fans' road game attendance. Data collection occurred at the RBC Centre located in Raleigh, North Carolina. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to fans of the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League at the RBC Centre. The results of the analysis indicated that distance influences the travel behaviour of fans of professional hockey teams, and that for respondents there is a relationship between distance and travel behaviour and the type of ticket they purchased and when they attended a game. When factoring in the mode of transportation, the relationship between the variables changes. By understanding the nuances and complexities of the relationships between distance and travel behaviour, sport, recreation and leisure planners...
No increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease

Pulmonary function abnormalities in Parkinson's disease (PD) might predispose patients to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and daytime sleepiness. Fifty-five idiopathic PD patients (mean age = 63.9) underwent three consecutive nights of in-laboratory polysomnography on their usual dopaminergic medications. Sleep apnea severity was compared to published, normative, population-based data from the Sleep Heart Health Study. Demographic and clinical data were compared in patients with and without OSA. The apnea-hyponea index (AHI) was stable across nights in PD patients, and was not different between PD patients and normative controls. Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores, Body Mass Index, and snoring did not correlate with AHI. Severity of OSA is stable across multiple nights in PD patients. Rates of OSA in PD are similar to those seen in the general population. Daytime sleepiness, snoring, and obesity may not be helpful in identifying OSA in PD.
Control of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in cardiac muscle.

Abstract Control of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from heart muscle was similar to that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isolated from other tissues. Activity of the enzyme was greatly reduced by lowering pH from 7.0 to 6.5. NADH and ATP were both strong inhibitors. Inorganic phosphate stimulated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and the ATP inhibition could be completely relieved by inorganic phosphate. NADH inhibition was only partially relieved by inorganic phosphate. Lactate at 20 m m inhibited activity of the enzyme by about 50% at cellular concentrations of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Creatine phosphate was only weakly inhibitory. In ischemic hearts, glycolysis is inhibited at the level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. It is concluded that this inhibition can be accounted for by accumulation of H+, NADH and lactate in the ischemic tissue. Either factor alone may be capable of producing glycolytic inhibition, but the combined effect of these three inhibitors probably accounts for the inhibition that is observed.
Permanent chemotherapy-induced alopecia: Case report and review of the literature

Reversible alopecia following chemotherapy is well recognized and typically not evaluated by dermatologists. However, there are an increasing number of reports of permanent chemotherapy-induced alopecia, typically following high-dose chemotherapy and subsequent bone marrow transplantation. We describe an unusual case of permanent alopecia in a patient who received adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma, and not a conditioning regimen before bone marrow transplantation. A unique histologic finding of replacement of anagen hair follicles by linear columns of basaloid epithelium is reported. We review the clinical and histologic findings of permanent chemotherapy-induced alopecia and speculate on its pathogenesis.
Generalized rodeletive correspondence between multitableaux and multimonomials

Abstract In the third volume of his book on the art of computer programming, Knuth has refined a sorting procedure originated by Robinson and Schensted. By employing a modification of this procedure, in this paper we show that the Straightening Law of Doubilet-Rota-Stein is not valid in the case of ‘higher dimensional’ matrices. In greater detail: In the classical two-dimensional case, the said Law says that the standard monomials in the minors of a (rectangular) matrix X , which correspond to standard bitableaux, form a vector space basis of the polynomial ring K [ X ] in the indeterminate entries of X over the coefficient field K . Now we may ask what happens to this when we consider ‘higher dimensional’ matrices by using cubical, 4-way,…, q -way determinants which were already introduced by Cayley in 1843. In the present paper, as a consequence of the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence, we show that, for q > 2, the standard monomials in the multiminors of the multimatrix X do not span the polynomial ring K [ X ]; in a forthcoming paper it will be shown that they are linearly independent over K .
Conservative Protestantism and skepticism of scientists studying climate change

Politicians who proclaim both their skepticism about global warming and their conservative religious credentials leave the impression that conservative Protestants may be more skeptical about scientists’ claims regarding global warming than others. The history of the relationship between conservative Protestantism and science on issues such as evolution also suggests that there may be increased skepticism. Analyzing the 2006 and 2010 General Social Survey, we find no evidence that conservative Protestantism leads respondents to have less belief in the conclusiveness of climate scientists’ claims. However, a second type of skepticism of climate scientists is an unwillingness to follow scientists’ public policy recommendations. We find that conservative Protestantism does lead to being less likely to want environmental scientists to influence the public policy debate about what to do about climate change. Existing sociological research on the relationship between religion and science suggests that this stance is due to a long-standing social/moral competition between conservative Protestantism and science.
Stability analysis of double-diffusive convection in superposed fluid and porous layers using a one-equation model

Abstract Linear stability analysis has been carried out to predict the onset of double-diffusive convection in superposed fluid and porous layers using a one-equation model. The eigenvalue problem is solved numerically by a finite difference scheme. Results have been obtained for the thermal convection and salt-finger cases. Comparing with the results obtained for the same problems by Chen and Chen [F. Chen, C.F. Chen, J. Heat Transfer 110 (1988) 403–409] using a two-equation model, we find that these two methods give the same general characteristics of the marginal stability curves, however, there are differences in the critical conditions and the flow streamlines at onset. Carefully conducted experiments are needed to determine which model gives the more realistic results.
The impact of emotion on numerosity estimation

Both time and numerosity can be represented continuously as analog properties whose discrimination conforms to Weber’s Law, suggesting that the two properties may be represented similarly. Recent research suggests that the representation of time is influenced by the presence of emotional stimuli. If time and numerosity share a common cognitive representation, it follows that a similar relationship may exist between emotional stimuli and the representation of numerosity. Here, we provide evidence that emotional stimuli significantly affect humans’ estimation of visual numerosity. During a numerical bisection task, enumeration of emotional stimuli (angry faces) was more accurate compared to enumeration of neutrally valenced stimuli (neutral faces), demonstrating that emotional stimuli affect humans’ visual representation of numerosity as previously demonstrated for time. These results inform and broaden our understanding of the effect of negative emotional stimuli on psychophysical discriminations of quantity.
AN ALGORITHM FOR FINDING ALL FUNCTIONS EMBEDDED IN A RELATION

The problem is posed: find an algorithm which for any given n-dimensional relation R ⊂ A1 × A2 × × An, defined on a set family A = { A1, A2, , Anrcub;, n = 1,2, , determines all functional dependences between disjoint subsets of A which are embedded in R. A solution algorithm is presented, a theorem is proved that allows a simplification in the algorithm, and an efficient computer implementation (available through the General Systems Depository) is demonstrated.
Methods for the Study of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Gnotobiotic Root Culture

Two types of apparatus were evaluated for use in the study of plant-nematode interrelationships in gnotobiotic culture. The smaller and less complicated of these apparatus proved the more successful. Two plant species were grown for periods occasionally exceeding 3 months, and several nematode species increased rapidly under the defined experimental environment. Over 55 % of the smaller units were uncontaminated at the conclusion of the test period. Symptoms associated with the feeding of Meloidogyne hapla developed rapidly. Host reactions to feeding of ectoparasitic nematodes were not evaluated.
Pain assessment for the PACU nurse: Science or art?

D U 1 a PAIN ASSESSMENT AND management are now recognized as priorities of postoperative care, but they remain substandard in many settings. Frequent and routine pain assessment has been shown to improve pain management for adults and children; however, such assessment remains difficult in settings where patients are unable to self-report their pain. ASPAN recently released a position statement regarding pain management, suggesting the incorporation of reliable and valid pain scales as a standard part of pain assessment. Furthermore, the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ (ASA) practice guidelines for postanesthesia care recommend periodic pain assessment during emergence and recovery. However, the early postanesthesia recovery period presents several unique challenges for the care provider who must rely not only on knowledge of key scientific principles but also on an artful interpretation of the context of pain assessment.
Selecting an algicide for use with aluminum alloys

Abstract Six commercially available algicidal compounds were evaluated for (1) relative toxicity to various concentrations of seven species of algae and (2) potential for causing pitting corrosion of aluminum alloys. Diuron (a common herbicide) and the acetic acid salt of a technical grade of dehydroabietylamine were the two compounds most toxic to algae. A filming amine corrosion inhibitor ranked third in toxicity. Potassium permanganate, which ranked fourth in algicidal effectiveness, was least corrosive and was the only compound for which no pitting corrosion was measurable. Hydrogen peroxide ranked fifth in toxicity. The chlorine-liberating algicide sodium hypochlorite was found to be substantially inferior to the other five compounds in both toxicity and corrosiveness. New techniques for the evaluation of algicides are described.
Decentralized control of an OmniWrist laser beam tracking system

Laser communication systems developed for mobile platforms, such as satellites, aircraft, and terrain vehicles require fast wide-range beam steering devices to establish and maintain a communication link. Conventionally, the low-bandwidth, high steering range part of the beam-positioning task is performed by gimbals that inherently constitutes the system bottleneck in terms of reliability, accuracy and dynamic performance. OmniWrist, a novel robotic sensor mount capable of carrying a payload of 5 lbs and providing a full 180° hemisphere of azimuth/declination motion is known to be free of the most of deficiencies of gimbals. Provided with appropriate controls, it has the potential for becoming a new generation of gimbals systems. The approach demonstrated in this paper describes an adaptive controller enabling OmniWrist to be utilized as a part of a laser beam positioning system. It is based on a Lyapunov function that assures global asymptotic stability of the entire system while achieving high tracking accuracy. The proposed scheme is highly robust, does not require the knowledge of complex system dynamics, and facilitates independent control of each channel by full decoupling of the OmniWrist dynamics. The paper summarizes the basic algorithm and demonstrates implementation results.
Identification of the phosphoserine residue in histone H1 phosphorylated by protein kinase C

The site-specific phosphorylation of bovine histone H1 by protein kinase C was investigated in order to further elucidate the substrate specificity of protein kinase C. Protein kinase C was found to phosphorylate histone H1 to 1 mol per mol. Using N-bromosuccinimide and thrombin digestions, the phosphorylation site was localized to the globular region of the protein, containing residues 71–122. A tryptic peptide containing the phosphorylation site was purified. Modification of the phosphoserine followed by amino acid sequence analysis demonstrated that protein kinase C phosphorylated histone H1 on serine 103. This sequence, Gly97-Thr-Gly-Ala-Ser-Gly-Ser(PO4)-Phe-Lys105, supports the contention that basic amino acid residues C-terminal to the phosphorylation site are sufficient determinants for phosphorylation by protein kinase C.
Electron- and hole-hopping amplitudes in a diatomic molecule.

We calculate the hopping amplitudes for an electron and for a hole added to the molecule ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. We use a linear combination of atomic orbitals approach and the Hartree approximation. The hopping amplitudes for electrons and holes are found to be different, reflecting the fundamental electron-hole asymmetry of condensed matter. The physical origin of this result is discussed. We study the dependence of hopping amplitudes on internuclear distance and on the nuclear charge Z (Z=1 for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$) and discuss the possible implication of our results to the understanding of superconductivity in solids.
The African Mineral Industry: Evolution of a Supranational Level of Integration

The need for some sort of human organization at a level of integration superior to the war-prone nation-state has stimulated rational attempts to invent structures intended to reduce international conflict. These inventions, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, tend to use the very units that are in contention, nationstates, and the same principles of organization, centralized power in a bureaucratic framework, that characterize the nation-state. The long history of development of human social systems suggests, however, that development from one "level of sociocultural inte-
Distal Esophageal Erosion After Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band Placement with Nissen Fundoplication Takedown

Although primary band placement is proven to be safe, gastric band placement after previous operations in the area of the gastroesophageal junction remains controversial. Erosion into the stomach has been described after failed vertical banded gastroplasty conversion to laparoscopic gastric banding (LAGB), but no reports in the English literature are available on erosion of an adjustable gastric band into the esophagus after conversion operations. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of distal esophageal erosion after LAGB placement with Nissen fundoplication takedown.
The role of relaxation in systematic desensitization.

Summary The present study examined the counterconditioning thesis in systematic desensitization. Fifteen snake phobic S s were exposed to either (a) Desensitization plus relaxation, (b) Desensitization plus muscle tension or, (c) no treatment. Both treatment groups improved significantly more than the control group on the behavioral avoidance test and on most of the self-rating measures. The necessity of relaxation is discussed.
Energy and spectral enhancement of femtosecond supercontinuum in a noble gas using a weak seed

We experimentally demonstrate that the use of a weak seed pulse of energy less than 0.4% of the pump results in a spectral energy enhancement that spans over 2 octaves and a total energy enhancement of more than 3 times for supercontinua generated by millijoule level femtosecond pulses in Krypton gas. Strong four-wave mixing of the pump-seed pulse interacting in the gas is observed. The spectral irradiance generated from the seeding process is sufficiently high to use white-light continuum as an alternative to conventional tunable sources of radiation for applications such as nonlinear optical spectroscopy.
Chromatographic determination of nanomolar cyanate concentrations in estuarine and sea waters by precolumn fluorescence derivatization.

Recent studies suggest that cyanate (OCN–) is a potentially important source of reduced nitrogen (N) available to support the growth of aquatic microbes and, thus, may play a role in aquatic N cycling. However, aquatic OCN– distributions have not been previously described because of the lack of a suitable assay for measuring OCN– concentrations in natural waters. Previous methods were designed to quantify OCN– in aqueous samples with much higher reduced N concentrations (micromolar levels) than those likely to be found in natural waters (nanomolar levels). We have developed a method to quantify OCN– in dilute, saline environments. In the method described here, OCN– in aqueous solution reacts with 2-aminobenzoic acid to produce a highly fluorescent derivative, 2,4-quinazolinedione, which is then quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Derivatization conditions were optimized to simultaneously minimize the reagent blank and maximize 2,4-quinazolinedione formation (>90% reaction yield) in es...
Seed-row residue management for corn establishment in the northern US Corn Belt

In the northern US Corn Belt, plant residue retained on the soil surface increases risk of poor stand establishment and growth of corn (Zea mays, L.). This limits adoption of no-tillage and other conservation tillage systems which are effective in reducing soil erosion. Field and laboratory research has shown that surface residue reduces soil heat unit accumulation by reducing soil heat flux, and conserves soil water by reducing evaporation rate. Surface residue also hinders planter operation and uniformity of seed placement. Removing excessive or non-uniform plant residue from the seed row increases germination and emergence rate by improving seed depth uniformity and by increasing soil heat unit accumulation. Appropriate use of planter attachments to manage surface plant residue has been shown to improve conditions in the seed zone for reliable corn establishment in the northern US Corn Belt.
Stretch in shear zones: implications for section balancing

Abstract The stretch, S, of a line in a zone of general shear deformation is given by S = Wsinθ /sinθ', where the shear zone's final to initial width ratio is W and the line's inclination to the zone boundary is θ before deformation and θ' after. For the special cases of simple shear and pure shear, S = sinθ / sinθ', and S2 = sin 2θ / sin 2θ', respectively. Fisher's and Sorby's formulae may be combined in a form appropriate to general shear strain, γ = cotθ' - Rcotθ, where R is the axial ratio of the irrotational component of deformation and γ is the shear strain; for simple shear and pure shear the equation reduces to γ = cotθ' - cotθ, and tanθ = Rtanθ, respectively. These relationships may be used to estimate strain in exposed faulted strata, or to restrict the possible geometries of inferred fault ramps in balanced geological cross-sections.
High field NMR magnets

Impressive progress has been made during past decades in many research fields which apply NMR, pushing the proton resonance frequency from 30 MHz (0.7 T) to about 800 MHz (19 T). In this overview we analyze different technologies for generation of the required fields and their potential for future developments toward even higher resonance frequencies of up to 2 GHz.
Cooperative relay for decentralized detection

We consider decentralized detection for resource- constrained wireless sensor networks where local sensor decisions need to go through a multi-hop relay network before reaching the fusion center. Our objective is to collectively design sensor decision rules and relay rules for optimum detection performance. Under the Bayesian criterion, we establish the necessary conditions for an optimal system and derive the form of the optimal fusion rule at the fusion center. Under some conditional independence assumptions, we derive the forms of the optimal local decision rules and the optimal relay rules and show that the optimal set of decision rules for the entire system can be specified by a set of parameters. We demonstrate the advantages of our proposed systematic approach against more conventional design approaches through a numerical example.
Rapidly Developing Hyperglycemia During Treatment with Olanzapine

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of rapidly occurring hyperglycemia that occurred in a geriatric patient 3 days after treatment with olanzapine.CASE SUMMARY:An 89-year-old man was admitted for dementia with behavioral disturbance and psychosis and was started on olanzapine 2.5 mg twice daily. Due to paranoia and agitation, the dose was increased to 5 mg twice daily after 2 days. Subsequently, he developed hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose 138 mg/dL) that resolved when olanzapine was stopped and recurred (fasting blood glucose 150 mg/dL) after 2 days of rechallenge with olanzapine 2.5 mg twice daily. In addition, his overall medical status worsened, as he developed concurrent acute renal failure and became more confused and lethargic. The hyperglycemia once again resolved with discontinuation of the drug.DISCUSSION:We postulate that the rapid onset of hyperglycemia and the resulting medical sequelae were due to olanzapine. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse drug event was probable. Th...
Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Glutethimide and Barbiturates

A simple, rapid, quantitative method for the simultaneous analysis of barbiturates and glutethimide (2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide) is described. The procedure involves a single chloroform extraction from a sample buffered at pH 7.4 and requires less than an hour.