cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cluster synthesis. XXVII, New sulphido osmium carbonyl cluster complexes from the pyrolysis of Os6(CO)16(μ4-S)(μ3-S)

Abstract When Os6(CO)16(μ4-S)(μ3-S) (1) was heated to 125°C for 5 h in octane solvent, two new compounds Os6(CO)16(μ-S)2
Father‐son relationships and violent behavior

Contrary to the compulsive masculinity thesis advanced in the Moynihan Report, the physical absence of the father is found to be unrelated to the self‐reported violent behavior of black and white boys. In general, however, identification with a father figure is a significant barrier to violent behavior. Black and white boys whose fathers have a history of unemployment are more likely to engage in violent behavior than sons of fully employed fathers. The relevance of these findings for social control and cultural deviance theories of delinquency is discussed.
S-nitrosylation of TRIM72 at cysteine 144 is critical for protection against oxidation-induced protein degradation and cell death.

Oxidative stress and membrane damage following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury are important contributors to cardiomyocyte death and the loss of myocardial function. Our previous study identified cysteine 144 (C144) of tripartite motif-containing protein 72 (TRIM72) as a potential site for S-nitrosylation (SNO). TRIM72 is a cardioprotective membrane repair protein that can be both activated and targeted for degradation by different oxidative modifications. Consistent with the potential regulation of TRIM72 by various oxidative modifications, we found that SNO levels increased at C144 of TRIM72 with ischemic preconditioning. Therefore, to investigate the role of C144 in the regulation of TRIM72 function, we mutated C144 of TRIM72 to a serine residue (TRIM72C144S), and expressed either TRIM72WT or TRIM72C144S in HEK-293 cells, which lack endogenous TRIM72, in order to examine the effect of this mutation on the functional stability of TRIM72 and on cell survival. We hypothesized that SNO of TRIM72 stabilizes the protein, thus allowing for membrane repair and enhanced cell survival. Upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), we found that TRIM72WT levels were decreased, but not TRIM72C144S and this correlated with increased H2O2-induced cell death in TRIM72WT cells. Additionally, we found that treatment with the cardioprotective S-nitrosylating agent S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), was able to preserve TRIM72WT protein levels and enhance TRIM72WT-mediated cell survival, but had no effect on TRIM72C144S levels. Consistent with our hypothesis, GSNO was also found to increase SNO levels and inhibit H2O2-induced irreversible oxidation for TRIM72WT without affecting TRIM72C144S. In further support of our hypothesis, GSNO blocked the ischemia/reperfusion-induced decrease in TRIM72 levels and reduced infarct size in a Langendorff-perfused heart model. The results of these studies have important implications for cardioprotection and suggest that SNO of TRIM72 at C144 prevents the oxidation-induced degradation of TRIM72 following oxidative insult, therefore enhancing cardiomyocyte survival.
Treatment of Infections Due to Herpesvirus in Humans: A Critical Review of the State of the Art

Results of experimental trials with antiviral agents in humans have varied from encouraging to controversial to negative, usually as a result of the difficulty in defining the true therapeutic index (ratio of efficacy to toxicity) of toxic drugs for the treatment of diseases that are potentially severely debilitating or lethal. Reasons for current difficulties relate mainly to inadequacies of preclinical studies and the lack of appropriate controls. The inadequacies include poor definition of the effect of drugs or viruses on cellular metabolism, incomplete pharmacologic studies in animals or humans, and, because of the latter, inappropriate animal models. In human trials, historical data have often been used instead of true controls because of the presumed severity of candidate diseases. Use of such data led to a false impression of drug efficacy, an impression later refuted when proper control studies demonstrated that the range of disease was much greater than had been previously supposed. Data bearing on these points for the most commonly employed experimental compounds (cytosine arabinoside, adenine arabinoside, and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine) are contrasted to highlight difficulties as well as to provide perspectives for antiviral chemotherapy of herpesvirus infections.
Differentiation of emotional disturbance and social maladjustment: Introduction to the special issue

We provide an overview of this special issue of Psychology in the Schools, which focuses on the current status of the debate about the definition of emotional disturbance (ED) provided in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997) and the exclusionary clause regarding social maladjustment (SM). The debate centers on three areas: special education classification, which is ultimately a fiscal matter for law makers; differential diagnosis of clinical or educational disorders, which is ultimately a question about the worth of diagnostic taxonomies; and use of the terms emotional disturbance and social maladjustment, which have not been scientifically established. In this introduction we argue that Congress has already decided the issue of special education eligibility for those with social maladjustment. Rather, the core issue is the evaluation of the scientific merit of ED and SM differentiation as it relates to treatment planning. This is addressed in this special issue by a number of authors outlining the steps necessary for schools to move forward from this debate toward a focus on empirically-based treatment for children whose emotions and/or behaviors interfere with their learning or the learning of others. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 819–821, 2004.
The occurrence of two-tone structures in room-temperature cured cement pastes

Abstract It is generally accepted that high-temperature steam cured concretes, or concretes otherwise exposed to high temperatures during early hydration, can be recognized by the subsequent presence of “temperature relics” in the form of banded or layered hydration rims displaying two-tone or sometimes three-tone appearance in backscatter SEM. We have found (and illustrate) populations of such supposed indicators of high-temperature curing in various small specimens that have been cured entirely at room temperature. Accordingly, we suggest that such banded structures may arise in other ways, and their presence does not necessarily indicate that high-temperature curing has occurred.
Characterization and In Vivo Hydrolysis of Amylose–Stearic Acid Complex

ABSTRACT Objectives of this study were to compare thermal properties, swelling power, and enzymatic hydrolysis of a type 5 resistant starch (RS5) with that of normal corn starch (NCS) and high-amylose corn starch (HA7). The RS5 was prepared by complexing debranched HA7 with stearic acid (SA). Because of amylose-helical-complex formation with SA, the RS5 starch granules showed restricted swelling at 95°C. The RS5 displayed a larger RS content (67.8%) than the HA7 (33.5%) and NCS (0.8%), analyzed following AOAC method 991.43 (AACC International Approved Method 32-07.01). When the cooked RS5, HA7, and NCS were used to prepare diets for rats with 55% (w/w) starch content, RS contents of the diets were 33.7, 15.8, and 2.6%, respectively. After the diet was fed to the rats in week 1, ≈16% of the starch in the RS5 diet was found in the feces, substantially greater than that of the HA7 diet (≈6%) and NCS diet (0.1%). The percentage of starch not being utilized in the RS5 diet decreased to ≈5% in week 9, which cou...
Corporate Environmental Behaviors in Voluntary Programs: Does Timing Matter?*

Objective. Why do some firms participate in voluntary programs earlier than others? What conditions dictate whether firms participate in voluntary programs earlier rather than later? Current research on voluntary programs has not considered discrete processes in which corporate actors could have different motives and objectives in different time dimensions, that is, early versus late. Methods. We adopt a diffusion theory to disaggregate corporate voluntary participation behavior in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored Green Lights (GL) voluntary program. We focus on the GL participants during two periods—the early joiners in 1993–1994, and the late joiners in 1995–1996. Results. At the early diffusion stage, firms are more likely driven by the market motive that garners a “green” reputation, an important strategic asset to promote market competitiveness; at the late diffusion stage, firms are more driven by the institutional motive to improve their relationships with regulatory agencies and subsequently relieve regulatory pressures from them. Conclusion. We find that firms have different motives for GL participation at different diffusion stages. We suggest that policymakers who want to induce firms to join voluntary programs should pay more attention to program designs and implementation schemes that accommodate different corporate interests and objectives in different time orders of firms' participations in voluntary programs.
Observed changes in pan-arctic cold-season minimum monthly river discharge

Recent changes in pan-arctic land-surface hydrology may significantly affect ecosystems and the built environment. While spatial and temporal patterns in land-surface hydrology trends can be identified using in situ observations of river discharge, the existing studies of cold-season river discharge are often inconsistent and incomparable because they use different methodologies, time periods and geographic regions. By using a comprehensive dataset of river discharge and a trend analysis applying one algorithm over a range of temporal and spatial scales, a synthesis of pan-arctic cold-season low-flow was performed. Cold-season low-flow is increasing over most of the pan-arctic, with decreasing flow in eastern North America and unchanged flow in small basins in the late twentieth century in eastern Eurasia as the main exceptions. This study provides the first synthesis of spatially distributed cold-season low-flow trends in the pan-arctic and indicates that widespread changes in pan-arctic subsurface hydrology are occurring.
Public perceptions on the acceptance of geological storage of carbon dioxide and information influencing the acceptance

Abstract Public acceptance will be important for the implementation of the geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the general public perceives this storage and the factors crucial for its acceptance. Further, this study attempts to analyze and evaluate what kind of information would influence the public acceptance and how. In order to evaluate them, questionnaire surveys concerning the acceptance of CO 2 geological storage were conducted among Japanese university students. The questionnaire was designed under the assumption that there were five important factors with regard to the acceptance: risk perception, benefit perception, trust, and two perceptions relating to human interference with the environment (one each for CO 2 geological storage and global warming). The questionnaire also investigated the effects of two kinds of information supplied: on natural analogues and on field demonstrations of CO 2 storage. The responses were analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis, and the dynamic changes in the perceptions resulting from the supplied information were analyzed. The analysis results include the following: the five factors explained the acceptance very well (>83%), the benefit perception was primarily important for determining public acceptance, and information on the natural analogues decreased the risk perception greatly.
Chemical Modification of Bacterial 4-Aminobutyrate Aminotransferase by Phenylglyoxal

Abstract4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19), obtained from Pseudomonas fluorescens, was irreversibly inhibited by phenylglyoxal, a reagent that specifically modifies arginyl residues. The inactivation appeared to be the result of a simple, bimolecular reaction since no evidence of a reversible complex between inhibitor and enzyme emerged. The second-order rate constant was 0.221 ± 0.077 M−1 sec-1. The concentration of either substrate had no effect on the inhibition, but an increase in the concentration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate reduced the rate of inactivation by phenylglyoxal. The data are consistent with the modification of amino acid residues at the cofactor binding site on the enzyme.
Amphotericin B enhanced anomalous potential difference response to changes in aqueous K+ in frog cornea.

Abstract An increase in aqueous K+ from 0 to 4 mM increased the potential difference (anomalous response of electrogenic (Na+ + K+)-ATPase antiport) by 1.1 mV in Cl−-free solutions compared to 6.8 mV in Cl− solutions. With amphotericin B added to the tear solution in Cl−-free solutions, the anomalous PD response for the addition of 4 mM K+ to the aqueous solution was about 20 mV, siignificantly greater than in Cl− solutions. This anomalous response was inhibited by ouabain. These data support the electrogenicity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase pump. It is also evident that, for the pump to respond, Na+ should readily enter the cell. This may be accomplished experimentally, either across the basolateral membrane in Cl− solutions or across the apical membrane in Cl−-free solutions with amphotericin B present in the tear solution.
Multireference symmetry-projected variational approaches for ground and excited states of the one-dimensional Hubbard model

We present a multireference configuration mixing scheme for describing ground and excited states, with well-defined spin and space-group symmetry quantum numbers, of the one-dimensional Hubbard model with nearest-neighbor hopping and periodic boundary conditions. Within this scheme, each state is expanded in terms of nonorthogonal and variationally determined symmetry-projected configurations. The results for lattices up to 30 and 50 sites compare well with the exact Lieb-Wu solutions as well as with results from other state-of-the-art approximations. In addition to spin-spin correlation functions in real space and magnetic structure factors, we present results for spectral functions and density of states computed with an Ansatz whose quality can be well controlled by the number of symmetry-projected configurations used to approximate the systems with ${N}_{e}$ and ${N}_{e}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ electrons. The intrinsic symmetry-broken determinants resulting from the variational calculations have rich structures in terms of defects that can be regarded as basic units of quantum fluctuations. Given the quality of the results here reported, as well as the parallelization properties of the considered scheme, we believe that symmetry-projection techniques, which have found ample applications in nuclear structure physics, deserve further attention in the study of low-dimensional correlated many-electron systems.
One-step assay for detecting influenza virus using dynamic light scattering and gold nanoparticles

Herein we detail the development of a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for quantitative detection of influenza A virus using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) labels. Influenza-specific antibodies are conjugated to AuNPs, and aggregation of the AuNP probes is induced upon addition of the target virus. DLS is used to measure the extent of aggregation and the mean hydrodynamic diameter is correlated to virus concentration. The effects of nanoparticle concentration and size on the analytical performance of the assay were systematically investigated. It was determined that decreasing the AuNP probe concentration improves the detection limit while the effect of changing the AuNP size is minimal. Optimization of the assay provided a detection limit of <100 TCID50/mL which is 1–2 orders of magnitude improved over commercial diagnostic kits without increasing the assay time or complexity. Additionally, this assay was demonstrated to perform equivalently for influenza virus prepared in different biological matrices.
Light scattering studies of crossover to a liquid crystal tricritical point

We have used light scattering to study nematic elastic constantsK2 andK3 in the alkyl-cyanobiphenyl (n CB) system. As the average alkyl chain lengthn increases, the temperature range of the nematic phase decreases and the system approaches a tricritical point. Our data are analyzed to determine the parallel and perpendicular correlation lengths and critical exponents for smectic short-range order. We find a continuous decrease in the critical exponentsv∥ andv⊥ as the tricritical point, which occurs at ≃9.1 CB, is approached. There is also a significant decrease in the magnitude of the parallel correlation length at a fixed reduced temperature.
Placement by Simulated Annealing on a Multiprocessor

Physical design tools based on simulated annealing algorithms have been shown to produce results of extremely high quality, but typically at a very high cost in execution time. This paper selects a representative annealing application--standard cell placement--and develops multiprocessor-based annealing algorithms for placement. A taxonomy of possible multiprocessor decompositions of annealing algorithms is presented which divides decomposition schemes into two broad classes: those which divide individual moves into subtasks and distribute them across cooperating processors, and those which perform complete moves in parallel. It is shown that the choice of multiprocessor annealing strategy is influenced by temperature; in particular, the paper introduces the idea of adaptive strategies that dynamically change the parallel decomposition scheme to achieve maximum speedup as the annealing task progresses through each temperature regime. Implementations of three parallel placement strategies are described for an experimental shared-memory multiprocessor. Practical speedups are achieved over a serial version of the algorithm, and it is shown that an adaptive strategy which switches between two parallel decompositions at the optimal temperature yields speedup significantly better than any single strategy approach. Models are developed to account for the observed performance, and to predict the crossover points for switching strategies.
5α-Reductase Type 1 Immunostaining is Enhanced in Some Prostate Cancers Compared With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelium

ABSTRACTPurpose: In the prostate testosterone is converted to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone by the enzymes 5α-reductase (5αR) types 1 (5αR1) and 2 (5αR2). Since 5αR2 is the dominant prostatic enzyme, the 5αR2 selective inhibitor finasteride has been widely used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, inhibition of both 5αR enzymes provides a greater decrease in serum dihydrotestosterone. We developed a specific antibody to 5αR1 and assessed expression in BPH and prostate cancer (pCa) tissue. The presence of this isoenzyme in localized prostate cancer would provide a rationale for assessing the efficacy of dual inhibition for prostate cancer prevention.Materials and Methods: A polyclonal antibody to 5αR1 was developed and validated using 5αR1 and 5αR2 transfected COS-1 cells. A total of 26 BPH and 53 pCa specimens were assessed for 5αR1 protein expression using immunocytochemical methods. Also, 29 BPH and 37 pCa specimens were assayed for 5αR1 and 5αR2 enzyme activity.Results: ...
Amplatzer® Duct Occluder device: a new technology for the closure of the moderate-to-large-sized patent ductus arteriosus

The Amplatzer® Duct Occluder is a novel device designed to allow for the transcatheter closure of virtually all sized patent ductus arteriosuses. Prior technologies have been cumbersome and challenging to deploy with somewhat less than ideal closure rates associated with their use. This article summarizes the present knowledge about the Amplatzer Duct Occluder device and its various indications. With the introduction of this device as well as the use of embolization coils, all but the neonatal patent ductus arteriosuses can now be safely, consistently and successfully closed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Reversal of the EHDP inhibition of calcium absorption by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

Abstract. Disodium ethane- 1 -hydroxy - 1,1 -diphosphonate (EHDP), given a t a dose of 10 mg of P kg-1 day-1 S.C. for 7 days to rats on a high calcium-high vitamin D diet, inhibits bone mineralisation, induces hypercalcaemia and decreases the intestinal calcium absorption. The intestinal response could be explained by an interference with vitamin D metabolism. To test this hypothesis, cholecalciferol (D,), 25-hydroxy-cholecnlciferol (25-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydrorycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] were administered to EHDP-treated rats. A single injection of 325 pmoles of 1,25-(OH)2D3 completely reversed the EHDP-induced decrease in intestinal calcium absorption. No effect was observed when the same dose or a tenfold greater dose (3250 pmoles) of D2 or 25-OHD3 were administered or when these two compounds were given a t the dose of 6350 pmoles/day during the 7 days of EHDP treatment. These findings strongly suggest that the low calcium absorption rate observed in the EHDP-treated rats is due to a reduced conversion of 25-OHD3 to 1,25-(OH)2D3. The role of the EHDP-induced hypercalcaemia to account for this response remains to be established.
Stand density and age affect tree-level structural and functional characteristics of young, postfire lodgepole pine in Yellowstone National Park

Abstract More frequent fire activity associated with climate warming is expected to increase the extent of young forest stands in fire-prone landscapes, yet growth rates and biomass allocation patterns in young forests that regenerated naturally following stand-replacing fire have not been well studied. We assessed the structural and functional characteristics of young, postfire lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia ) trees across the Yellowstone subalpine plateaus to understand the influence of postfire stand density and age on tree-level aboveground biomass (AB), component biomass (bole, branch, foliage), partitioning to components, tree-level aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and leaf area (LA). Sixty 24-year-old lodgepole pine trees were harvested from 21 sites ranging from 500 to 74,667 stems·ha − 1 for development of allometric equations to predict biomass, ANPP and LA. All traits increased nonlinearly with increasing tree basal diameter. Tree-level total AB and component biomass decreased with increasing stand density and increased with age when compared with measurements from 11-year-old trees. Bole partitioning increased with stand density, while foliage and branch wood partitioning declined. Tree-level ANPP and LA decreased significantly with stand density and age. Overall, our results indicate that stand density and age explain much of the variation in tree characteristics and that 24 years after fire, the initial postfire regeneration density is still exerting significant influence on the structure and function of individual trees.
Electrical Defect Monitoring For Process Control

The use of electrical defect monitoring for process control is described. Details are presented of the use of fast cycle time short flow snake lots for metal and poly processes in an advanced CMOS pilot production line. Contributions to defectivity from diffusion, CVD, and etch processes are described briefly. The nature and origin of three different types of photo process defects are discussed together with methods of eliminating these defects; a track develop system gave lower defect density than a batch develop system, and a higher numerical aperture stepper led to the reduction of a micro bridging defect mechanism. An application of snake processing to give improvements in a contrast enhancement layer photo technique showed that contrast enhancement layer strip time was a key factor in improving yields. The need for an integrated photo monitoring system consists of snake patterns and other forms of inspection is discussed.
An adequate model of photosynthesis—I Parameterization, validation and comparison of models

Abstract Many models of leaf photosynthesis have been proposed but there have been few attempts to compare them and determine their adequacy for various purposes. Three of the most popular models of leaf photosynthesis were compared quantitatively and qualitatively. The models were the rectangular hyperbola, Farquhar's model, and Harley's interpretation of Farquhar's model. The methodology for statistical assessment and comparison is described. The models were fitted to experimental data for tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Rutgers Large Red) by an optimization procedure. The data set consisted of leaf light response curves measured at temperatures of 18, 25 and 32°C and CO 2 concentrations of 100, 350, 700 and 1000 vpm. The hyperbolic model of leaf photosynthesis proved to be adequate quantitatively, and it can be used in models of productivity for predictive calculations. It is not necessary to introduce a more complicated model with a greater number of parameters. The two interpretations of Farquhar's model (his own and Harley's) were quantitatively and qualitatively adequate, and can be used for research purposes.
Etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of seasonal and non-seasonal mood disorders: possible role of circadian rhythm abnormalities related to developmental alcohol exposure

Developmental alcohol exposure adversely influences the developing brain. Alcohol exposure during rapid brain growth causes cell loss, alters connections between brain regions, and lowers the production of biological substances responsible for the communication among neurons. It is reasonable to suggest that alcohol may adversely affect the development of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the master circadian pacemaker. Multiple research reports suggest that abnormalities in circadian rhythms are involved in the etiopathogenesis of seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a syndrome in which depression develops during autumn or winter and remits the following spring or summer. Several lines of evidence suggest that changes in the circadian system are also involved in the development of nonseasonal mood disorders, such as major depression and bipolar disorder. Thus, developmental alcohol exposure produces subtle abnormalities in circadian rhythms that may contribute to the development of seasonal and nonseasonal mood disorders. Pharmacological, psychological, and light treatments of mood disorders have multiple effects on circadian function. The state of the circadian system may affect a response to treatment. Circadian rhythms have been reported for neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and the second messenger system in the brain that are involved in the effects of treatments. Some of these rhythms have amplitudes as large as several 100%. Effects of many psychotropic medications depend on the time of administration in relation to body rhythmicity. Therefore, subtle circadian rhythm abnormalities related to developmental alcohol exposure may affect treatment response in patients with mood disorders.
Molecular genetic approaches to developing quality protein maize

Since its development more than two decades ago, Quality Protein Maize (QPM) has been adopted for cultivation in many regions of the developing world. Given the potential benefits of widespread use of QPM, research to better understand the genetic and biochemical mechanisms responsible for its altered kernel texture and protein quality is important. Recent investigations into the improved protein quality of the opaque2 mutant and the genetic mechanisms that can suppress its starchy kernel phenotype provide new insights to support the continued improvement of QPM. Chief among these developments are the use of transgenic approaches to improve nutritional quality and the discovery that an important component of modified endosperm texture in QPM is related to altered starch granule structure.
On the ground configuration of the phosphorus sequence from copper to molybdenum

The energy-level structure of the 3s23p3 configuration of the phosphorus sequence ions Mo xxviii and Zr xxvi has been determined from magnetic-dipole line wavelengths and emissivities measured in the Princeton Large Torus tokamak discharges. The new measurements have caused some changes in the tentative assignments reported earlier for this sequence, especially for the 4S3/2–2D3/2 transitions. Isoelectronic interpolations together with some experimental confirmations in the Se xx and Ge xviii spectra now permit a reasonably accurate and complete reconstruction of this configuration from Z = 42 to previously established Z ≤ 28 elements. The measured wavelengths and relative intensities are in substantial agreement with recent semiempirical evaluations and ab initio calculations.
Closing thoughts about helping students improve how they think

(1995). Closing thoughts about helping students improve how they think. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 82-83.
Effects of light treatment on core body temperature in seasonal affective disorder

Abnormalities in circadian rhythms of core body temperature have been reported previously in depressed patients. In this study, we compared the temperature rhythms of 10 depressed seasonal affective disorder (SAD) patients with winter depression with those of 12 normal controls and evaluated the effects of bright light on temperature in SAD. Unlike previous studies of depressed patients, the temperature curves of the patients and normal controls during the off-light condition were nearly identical. We found a significant difference in amplitude between the patients in the untreated and light-treated conditions. Although there was no systematic difference in circadian phase across groups or treatment conditions, we present preliminary evidence that suggests that phase-typed subgroups may be present in the population distinguished by their treatment responses.
Animal and pasture productivity of 'Coastal' and 'Tifton 44' Bermudagrass at three nitrogen rates and associated soil nitrogen status.

'Coastal' and 'Tifton 44' (T44) Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] are well adapted across the lower southern United States, but the grazing response of (T44) to N application in the Piedmont of the upper South warrants further evaluation. This 3-yr experiment compared animal and pasture productivity of Coastal and T44 with three annual N rates of 101, 202, and 303 kg of N ha -1 on a Cecil clay loam (fine, kaolinitic thermic Typic Kanhapludult) soil typical of the Piedmont. Herbage mass differed for Coastal and T44 (3.5 and 3.0 Mg ha -1 respectively, P < 0.01), but not among N rates. The canopy of T44 was leafier (20.6 vs. 14.5% of dry matter) than Coastal and greater for in vitro true organic matter disappearance (IVTOD) (522 vs. 498 g kg -1 ) and CP (107 vs. 84 g kg -1 ) and lesser in NDF (596 vs. 605 g kg -1 ). The diet selected from T44 was greater in IVTOD (764 vs. 743 g kg -1 ) and lesser in NDF (596 vs. 605 g kg -1 ) giving greater steer average daily gain (0.63 kg vs. 0.57 kg; P < 0.01) which increased (P = 0.05) with N rate. Weight gain ha -1 (884 kg) and effective feed units (EFU) (4735 kg ha -1 ) were similar, and N rate linearly increased gain from 723 to 1073 kg ha -1 and EFU from 3978 to 5523 kg ha -1 . Soil inorganic N was similar between cultivars but differed among soil depths. Tifton 44 pasture was greater in nutritive value, hence steer performance, and as productive as Coastal in the Piedmont.
Vibrational spectra and conformations of alkyl substituted three‐membered ring compounds: Ethylcyclopropane, isopropylcyclopropane and ethyloxirane

The infrared spectra (from 4000 to 200 cm−1) and Raman spectra of ethylcyclopropane, isopropylcyclopropane and ethyloxirane have been recorded in solid, liquid and vapor phases. From the spectral data, ethylcyclopropane has been shown to exist solely in the gauche conformation in all three states of matter. Likewise, isopropylcyclopropane exists solely in a bisected conformation having a mirror plane of symmetry. On the other hand, however, in the gas phase ethyloxirane exists as an equilibrium mixture of the two nonequivalent gauche rotameric forms. In all cases, steric repulsions between methyl hydrogens and β-ring hydrogens preclude the existence of possible conformers where a methyl group is situtated over (cis) the three-membered ring. Tentative vibrational assignments have been proposed for major spectral bands of all three molecules.
Treatment of the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease

Behavioral symptoms are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and represent a major source of the disease morbidity. Neuropsychiatric disturbances have been associated with more rapid cognitive decline (1), increased caregiver burden (2,3), increases in patient care costs due to earlier institutionalization of the AD patient, greater medication use and more adverse side effects and more extensive institutional staffing needs (4,5). Kaufer and colleagues (6) reported a strong correlation between the amount of neuropsychiatric disturbance as measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the degree of caregiver distress with little relationship between the degree of impairment on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) (7) and the degree of caregiver distress. In addition, a recent cost analysis showed that AD patients with higher NPI scores (worse psychopathology) had formal costs between $3,162 and $5,919 higher than those with low NPI scores and the total direct costs between $10, 670, and $16,141 higher, depending on the severity of cognitive impairments (8). Clinical research on the treatment of these non-cognitive symptoms has only recently become a subject of major investigation. Clinical drug trials of new therapeutic agents in AD are beginning to regularly include specific scales to measure potential changes in behavioral symptoms with respect to their therapeutic interventions. In addition, an increasing number of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of a wide variety of psychotropic medications to treat significant behavioral disturbances in dementia are beginning to emerge. The successful management of troublesome behaviors associated with AD can significantly improve the overall quality of life for patients and their caregivers and could result in significant relevant benefit.
Race to College: The “Reverse Gap”

This article uses the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to establish that once socioeconomic status is considered, black Americans go to college at higher rates than whites. The outcome replicates numerous other studies that use different datasets and varying methods. Combining statistics and literature, I propose that blacks’ superior educational investment is an “empirical generalization.” This leads to discussions of the black-white “gap” in education and the “attitude-achievement paradox.” The latter claims that black people have high educational aspirations but fail to act on those attitudes. But when considering the choice to invest in education, the “attitude-achievement paradox” evaporates. Black Americans have high educational aspirations and, when there are enough resources, act on those aspirations by going to college at higher rates than whites. The paper concludes with a theoretical explanation of why black people, more than whites, efficiently translate resources into educational investment. I use literature to show that in the United States, the bearers of light skin are afforded numerous informal opportunities that allow them to get higher returns out of a given level of human capital. Non-whites, on the other hand, have fewer informal opportunities, and they therefore deploy “supra-normal efforts” of skill acquisition as a strategy to overcome their informal disadvantage.
Post-breeding bird responses to canopy tree retention, stand size, and edge in regenerating Appalachian hardwood stands

Abstract Avian use of even-aged timber harvests is likely affected by stand attributes such as size, amount of edge, and retained basal area, all characteristics that can easily be manipulated in timber harvesting plans. However, few studies have examined their effects during the post-breeding period. We studied the impacts of clearcut, low-leave two-age, and high-leave two-age harvesting on post-breeding birds using transect sampling and mist-netting in north-central West Virginia. In our approach, we studied the effects of these harvest types as well as stand size and edge on species characteristic of both early-successional and mature forest habitats. In 2005–2006, 13 stands ranging from 4 to 10 years post-harvest and 4–21 ha in size were sampled from late June through mid-August. Capture rates and relative abundance were similar among treatments for generalist birds. Early-successional birds had the lowest capture rates and fewer species (∼30% lower), and late-successional birds reached their highest abundance and species totals (double the other treatments) in high-leave two-age stands. Area sensitivity was evident for all breeding habitat groups. Both generalist and late-successional bird captures were negatively related to stand size, but these groups showed no clear edge effects. Mean relative abundance decreased to nearly zero for the latter group in the largest stands. In contrast, early-successional species tended to use stand interiors more often and responded positively to stand size. Capture rates for this group tripled as stand size increased from 4 to 21 ha. Few birds in the forest periphery responded to harvest edge types despite within-stand edge effects evident for several species. To create suitable habitat for early-successional birds, large, non-linear openings with a low retained basal area are ideal, while smaller harvests and increased residual tree retention would provide habitat for more late-successional birds post-breeding. Although our study has identified habitat use patterns for different species in timber harvests, understanding habitat-specific bird survival is needed to help determine the quality of silvicultural harvests for post-breeding birds.
Utility of branched chain carboxylic acids in the manufacture of driers

To be useful in the manufacture of driers, a carboxylic acid must yield lead, cobalt, manganese, calcium and zinc soaps which are soluble in paint vehicles and petroleum hydrocarbon thinners. The drying metal soaps of a number of saturated branched chain carboxylic acids were prepared to determine the relationship of acid structure to metal soap solubility. It was found that with the exception of 4-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid those branched chain acids containing at least six carbon atoms in the longest straight chain yielded soluble drying metal soaps and were therefore useful in drier manufacture. soluble “basic” lead soaps, pale-colored manganese soaps and reddish purple cobalt soaps were obtained from acids lacking in alpha branching. Alpha-branched acids yielded insoluble basic lead soaps, dark manganese soaps and dark blueviolet cobalt soaps.
Review: tissue engineering: reconstitution of human hematopoiesis ex vivo.

The reconstruction of functioning human tissues ex vivo is becoming an important part of biotechnology. There are compelling scientific, clinical, and biotechnological reasons for fully or partially reconstituting human tissues such as skin, bone marrow, and liver ex vivo. In particular, bone marrow is a tissue of much importance, and there are significant societal and health benefits derived from a successfully constructed ex vivo hematopoietic system. In this article, we review the current status of this effort. The topics covered include the current understanding of the biology of human hematopoiesis, the motivation for reconstructing it ex vivo, the current state of ex vivo human hematopoietic cultures, the development of important metrics to judge culture performance, and an approach based on in vivo mimetics to accomplish this goal. We discuss some applications of functional ex vivo hematopoietic cultures and the biological and engineering challenges that face research in this area.
NIF Pockels cell and frequency conversion crystals

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a stadium-sized facility containing a 192-beam, 1.8-Megajoule, 500-Terawatt, ultraviolet laser system together with a 10-meter diameter target chamber with room for nearly 100 experimental diagnostics. Each beam line requires three different large-aperture optics made from single crystal potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). KDP is used in the plasma electrode pockels cell (PEPC) and frequency doubling crystals, while deuterated KDP (DKDP) crystals are used for frequency tripling. Methods for reproducible growth of single crystals of KDP that meet all material requirements have been developed that enable us to meet the optics demands of the NIF. Once material properties are met, fabrication of high aspect ratio single crystal optics (42 × 42 × 1 cm) to meet laser performance specifications is the next challenge. More than 20% of the required final crystal optics have been fabricated and meet the stringent requirements of the NIF system. This manuscript summarizes the challenges and successes in the production of these large single-crystal optics.
Field Assessment of Changes in Pavement Moduli Caused by Freezing and Thawing

Three secondary highways with flexible pavements were instrumented for 18 months to monitor changes in pavement moduli caused by seasonal meteorological changes. Temperatures, water contents, and water phase changes in the subsurface as well as meteorological conditions were recorded every 2 hours throughout the study. Pavement moduli were regularly determined by conducting surveys with a falling weight deflectometer and by performing backcalculations using the program Modulus. The moduli of the base and subgrade typically increased 12 to 4 times, respectively, when frost penetrated the subsurface. When the base and subgrade began to thaw, the moduli decreased substantially. The base moduli decreased the most, typically being about 35 percent of the prefreezing values by the end of thaw. Smaller decreases occurred in the subgrade. The subgrade moduli were about 65 percent of their prefreezing values by the end of thaw. The moduli continued to decrease until thaw was complete and then gradually recovered b...
The Challenge of Genetic Studies in Hypertension

See related article, pages 1522–1529 Essential hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease,1,2 with genetic elements contributing up to 30% to 50% of the blood pressure variability.3 Identifying contributing genes may allow us to recognize vulnerable individuals, to classify patients in subgroups with definite genetic and pathogenic mechanisms and to achieve better prevention and therapeutics. Using knowledge of pathways involved in cardiovascular regulation, many genes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension by the candidate gene linkage approach. The approach relies on studies of single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, in most cases derived from experimental rodent models of the disease. Genes responsible for vasoactive peptides, their receptors, and sodium homeostasis have taken center stage because of the role of these processes in the regulation of fluid volume and vascular reactivity. However, in spite of intense efforts (11 199 publications for “human hypertension/genetics” listed in PubMed by April 2007) the attempts to replicate association studies have not been encouraging. The question has been raised as to whether high impact journals should even publish these studies.4 The reasons for this problem are clear. Blood pressure is controlled by a complex combination of processes with redundant balancing pressor and depressor mechanisms. Hypertension is a polygenetic condition with multiple interactions of networked genes, strongly influenced by environmental factors. Genes and the environment affect the onset, severity, progression, prognosis and treatment of the disease, and their influence differs among ethnic groups or even population subgroups.1,2 Our knowledge of the mechanisms of blood pressure control and the pathogenesis of hypertension is not complete. Adequate genetic analysis and phenotype definition will not be possible until such mechanisms are better understood. The effect of only one gene is likely to be small and inconsistent across different genetic and environmental backgrounds, a few …
The effect of instrumentation and laboratory site on the accuracy of the APTT‐based heparin therapeutic range

Summary Background Monitoring of unfractionated heparin therapy by activated partial thromboplastin time using the ex vivo method for determining the heparin therapeutic range (HTR) is the standard of practice. Many extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence accuracy of the HTR. This study investigates the affect of instrumentation and laboratory site on the accuracy of the ex vivo HTR method. Methods Patients on unfractionated heparin are used to determine the HTR by published guidelines. Various instruments and different laboratories are compared to investigate the affect of these variables on the HTR. Results The HTR is the same when the same model of instrument or even different models (same methodology) are used in the same laboratory. However, a significant clinical difference is observed when different hospital laboratories using same lot and instrument model are compared. Conclusions The ex vivo method for HTR is the best protocol currently available. The HTR should be determined and averaged on all of the same method instruments used in the laboratory. However, determination of the HTR in different laboratories should not be shared.
Insights into mechanisms governing forest carbon response to nitrogen deposition: A model–data comparison using observed responses to nitrogen addition

In many forest ecosystems, nitrogen (N) deposition enhances plant uptake of carbon dioxide, thus reducing climate warming from fossil fuel emissions. Therefore, accurately modeling how forest carbon (C) sequestration responds to N deposition is critical for understanding how future changes in N availability will influence climate. Here, we use observations of forest C response to N inputs along N deposition gradients and at five temperate forest sites with fertilization experiments to test and improve a global biogeochemical model (CLM-CN 4.0). We show that the CLM-CN plant C growth response to N deposition was smaller than observed and the modeled response to N fertilization was larger than observed. A set of modifications to the CLM-CN improved the correspondence between model predictions and observational data (1) by increasing the aboveground C storage in response to historical N deposition (1850–2004) from 14 to 34 kg C per additional kg N added through deposition and (2) by decreasing the aboveground net primary productivity response to N fertilization experiments from 91 to 57 g C m −2 yr −1 . Modeled growth response to N deposition was most sensitive to altering the processes that control plant N uptake and the pathways of N loss. The response to N deposition also increased with a more closed N cycle (reduced N fixation and N gas loss) and decreased when prioritizing microbial over plant uptake of soil inorganic N. The net effect of all the modifications to the CLM-CN resulted in greater retention of N deposition and a greater role of synergy between N deposition and rising atmospheric CO 2 as a mechanism governing increases in temperate forest primary production over the 20th century. Overall, testing models with both the response to gradual increases in N inputs over decades (N deposition) and N pulse additions of N over multiple years (N fertilization) allows for greater understanding of the mechanisms governing C–N coupling.