cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Organized Criticality: Analysis and Simulation of a 1D Sandpile

To study the self-organization of systems, their approach towards a critical state, and the statistical properties at criticality, so-called mathematical sandpiles have been suggested. In this paper we analyze elementary properties of a slope-based one-dimensional model, for which one boundary is an abyss, the other is a wall. Our analysis is based on properties of the Markov matrix. Some numerical results for sand- piles with small lattice sizes are also included.
A novel cDNA restores reduced folate carrier activity and methotrexate sensitivity to transport deficient cells

Mammalian cells accumulate reduced folates and methotrexate, a folate antagonist, through the reduced-folate carrier (RFC) (Goldman, I.D., Lichtenstein, N.S., and Oliverio, V.T. (1968) J. Biol. Chem. 243, 5007-5017). This study describes the isolation and expression of a cDNA clone that restores RFC activity to human breast cancer cells defective in this transporter. The cDNA cancer cells defective in this transporter. The cDNA codes for a peptide (mRFC1) of 58 kDa, whose hydropathy plot, resembling those of mammalian sugar transporters, predicts that it may be a member of a superfamily of transporter genes. Transfection of methotrexate-resistant (MTXR) ZR-75-1 cells with an expression vector, pRFC1, that codes for this peptide restores their ability to accumulate methotrexate. Furthermore, transport of methotrexate into pRFC1-transfected cells is blocked by a 10-fold molar excess of the reduced folate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid, but is unaffected by folic acid. The increase in methotrexate uptake that is observed in pRFC1-transfected MTXR ZR-75-1 cells reverses their resistance to this antitumor agent.
Mass Measurements of AGNs from Multi-Lorentzian Models of X-Ray Variability. I. Sampling Effects in Theoretical Models of the σ2rms-MBH Correlation

Recent X-ray variability studies suggest that the log of the square of the fractional rms variability amplitude, σ, seems to correlate with the log of the AGN black hole mass, MBH, with larger black holes being less variable for a fixed time interval. This has motivated the theoretical modeling of the σ-MBH correlation with the aim of constraining AGN masses based on X-ray variability. A viable approach to addressing this problem is to assume an underlying power spectral density with a suitable mass dependence, derive the functional form of the σ-MBH correlation for a given sampling pattern, and investigate whether the result is consistent with the observations. For simplicity, previous studies, inspired by the similarities shared by the timing properties of AGN and X-ray binaries, have explored model power spectral densities characterized by broken power laws and ignored, in general, the distorting effects that the particular sampling pattern imprints in the observed power spectral density. Motivated by the latest timing results from X-ray binaries, obtained with RXTE, we propose that AGN broadband noise power spectra consist of a small number of Lorentzian components. This assumption allows one, for the first time, to fully account for sampling effects in theoretical models of X-ray variability in an analytic manner. We show that neglecting sampling effects when deriving the fractional rms from the model power spectral density can lead to underestimating it by a factor of up to 80% with respect to its true value for the typical sampling patterns used to monitor AGNs. We discuss the implications of our results for the derivation of AGN masses using theoretical models of the σ-MBH correlation.
Longitudinal trends of dietary supplement use by U.S. Army soldiers differ from the U.S. civilian population (245.6)

Longitudinal trends of dietary supplement (DS) use by civilians are well documented; however, similar data in subpopulations, such as the military, are not available. Therefore, this study assessed...
ANSELMIAN SPACETIME: OMNIPRESENCE AND THE CREATED ORDER

For Anselm, the attribute of omnipresence is not merely concerned with where God exists, but with where and when God exists. His account of this attribute thus precipitates a discourse on the nature of space and time: how they are related to God, to one another, and to the rest of the created order. In the course of this analysis Anselm articulates a number of positions which are generally thought to be the sole possession of modernity. In Part One of what follows I argue, first, that Anselm provides us with an analysis of objects which have both spatial and temporal parts, and second, that he provides us with a clear distinction between those objects which persist by enduring through time in their entirety and those which persist by being temporally extended. In Part Two I argue that Anselm's analysis of omnipresence is consciously informed by a conception of spacetime, according to which space and time form a single, four-dimensional manifold in which objects both persist and move.
The Future of Spatial Data Infrastructures: Capacity-building for the Emergence of Municipal SDIs

Our paper suggests a realistic and sustainable pathway that will enable the emergence of comprehensive municipal information infrastructures, which in turn will support higher-level integration for spatial planning and decision-making at the regional, state, national and international scale. First of all, we propose to target our efforts to the primary locus of spatial change, i.e. the municipality, hence we call the strategy the City Knowledge approach (Carrera, 2004). We believe that the creation of sustainable Spatial Data Infrastructures – where data are plentiful and readily available in what we term a “Plan-Ready” scenario – can be achieved by investing time and effort in the creation of comprehensive municipal information systems (Carrera and Hoyt, 2006). The City Knowledge approach is founded on the premise that urban change falls almost entirely under municipal jurisdiction, and specifically under the purview of individual municipal departments. This paper therefore proposes to “grow” this knowledge from the middle-out, integrating a top-down approach to standardization (Craglia and Signoretta, 2000; Nedovic-Budic and Pinto, 2000), with a bottom-up approach to neighborhood-scale ‘atomic’ data accrual (Ferreira, 1999; Talen, 1999). We believe that a web-services approach (Singh, 2004) would provide the technical mechanisms whereby towns will be enabled to accrue and maintain their municipal information in an inexpensive, efficient and sustainable manner. The “middle-out” approach combines the benefits of top-down and bottom-up initiatives, while largely avoiding their respective pitfalls. Thus, instead of proposing a top-down solution to municipal data management, this paper suggests a distributed scheme whereby each department would be in charge of the upkeep of its own urban data, leveraging the power of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as the platform for intra- and inter-departmental sharing of information. The novelty in this approach lies in its pragmatic, yet systematic pursuit of exhaustive, fine-grained, department-level datasets for each physical structure and dynamic activity in the urban realm, and in the identification of the implementation tools available to municipal governments, as well as of the technical and administrative mechanisms for capturing permanent as well as ephemeral change when it is directly or indirectly caused by official municipal acts.
Energy dissipation and relaxation processes in deoxy myoglobin after photoexcitation in the Soret region

Abstract The kinetics of the spectral evolution of myoglobin (Mb) following the Soret band (S) excitation (405 nm) were measured in the Q-band (450–630 nm) and band-III (730–900 nm) regions. There are two ultrafast electronic relaxation steps, one less than 100 fs and another of a few 100 fs that bring Mb to the ground electronic state (S0). The anisotropy reaches 0.1 by ≈400 fs and then remains constant as the system approaches equilibrium. Further relaxation involves a biphasic decay dominated by a few ps component in addition to a smaller 15 ps component. These processes are ascribed to vibrational cooling in the ground electronic state. The distinctive shapes of the transient spectra are consistent with predictions of the differences between the spectra of hot and colder S0 molecules.
Mycofloras in cysts, females, and eggs of the soybean cyst nematode in Minnesota

Abstract During 1996–1997, mycofloras in cysts, females, and eggs of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines , were investigated in 45 fields from 26 counties across southern Minnesota, USA. A total of 4500 cysts, 4500 females, and 45,000 eggs were examined, and 62 fungal species were isolated and identified from the nematode. Fungi colonized 55% (29–89%) of cysts with Cylindrocarpon destructans , Fusarium solani , Pyrenochaeta terrestris , Fusarium oxysporum and Cylindrocarpon olidum the most common. The frequency of fungi encountered in cysts was positively correlated with egg density in fields. Only 3.4% of females were colonized by fungi with Oidiodendron cerealis , F. solani , F. oxysporum , C. destructans , and P. terrestris the most common. Only 1% of eggs yielded fungi with C. destructans , F. solani , P. terrestris , Exophiala pisciphila , and F. oxysporum the most common. Average fungal egg-parasitic index (EPI at a scale from 0 to 10 to measure fungal parasitism of eggs) in the fungus-colonized cysts was 2.0, and average EPI in females was 1.8. The EPI was positively correlated with percentage of cysts colonized by fungi and egg density in the fields. The Simpson’s diversity index (at a scale from 0 to 1) was low (average 0.25), indicating that fungal community in the cysts was highly diversified and no single species was dominant. Average similarity index (at a scale from 0 to 1) for mycofloras in cysts between fields in Minnesota was 0.53 (range 0.13–0.85). The study demonstrated that the mycofloras in the cysts and females from the Minnesota fields might have limited antagonistic effect on the SCN population.
Transient isolation of the hexokinase reaction from the glycolytic sequence on initiation of glycolysis in ascites tumor cells.

Abstract The kinetics of accumulation of glycolytic intermediates during the first 10 sec after glucose addition to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells indicate that hexokinase operates alone for the first 3 sec, utilizing a pre-existing pool of ATP. Between 4 and 5 sec, hexokinase activity declines, while the remainder of the glycolytic sequence begins a coordinated acceleration; after 5 sec, hexokinase activity increases again, following the sharply rising phosphofructokinase activity. The 5 sec point coincides with the minimum ATP level in the cells and also marks the beginning of the coupling between the ATP-utilizing kinases in the head-end of glycolysis and the ATP-generating systems.
Crystal Structure of Invasin: A Bacterial Integrin-Binding Protein

The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein promotes bacterial entry by binding to host cell integrins with higher affinity than natural substrates such as fibronectin. The 2.3 angstrom crystal structure of the invasin extracellular region reveals five domains that form a 180 angstrom rod with structural similarities to tandem fibronectin type III domains. The integrin-binding surfaces of invasin and fibronectin include similarly located key residues, but in the context of different folds and surface shapes. The structures of invasin and fibronectin provide an example of convergent evolution, in which invasin presents an optimized surface for integrin binding, in comparison with host substrates.
Spectroscopic determination of open complex formation at promoters for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.

A considerable amount of effort has been expended studying the kinetics of association of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with promoter DNA in forming the open complex. Strand separation occurs ove...
Identifying coherent spatiotemporal modes in time-uncertain proxy paleoclimate records

High-resolution sedimentary paleoclimate proxy records offer the potential to expand the detection and analysis of decadal- to centennial-scale climate variability during recent millennia, particularly within regions where traditional high-resolution proxies may be short, sparse, or absent. However, time uncertainty in these records potentially limits a straightforward objective identification of broad-scale patterns of climate variability. Here, we describe a procedure for identifying common patterns of spatiotemporal variability from time uncertain sedimentary records. This approach, which we term Monte Carlo Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis, uses iterative age modeling and eigendecomposition of proxy time series to isolate common regional patterns and estimate uncertainties. As a test case, we apply this procedure to a diverse set of time-uncertain lacustrine proxy records from East Africa. We also perform a pseudoproxy experiment using climate model output to examine the ability of the method to extract shared anomalies given known signals. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of our approach, including possible extensions of the technique.
Photoacoustic Tomography: Beat Optical Diffusion and Diffraction

PAT provides in vivo multiscale functional, metabolic, molecular, and histologic imaging across the scales of organelles, cells, tissues, and organs with absorption contrast. Penetration and resolution have reached 7 cm and 90 nm, respectively.
Summary and recommendations of the Third International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

The Third International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) was convened in Chicago, Illinois, on 8 November 1990 as an invitational meeting sponsored by the American Diabetes Association with the cooperation of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Diabetes Advisory Board, the Centers for Disease Control, and the Diabetic Pregnancy Study Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. The meeting provided a forum for the review of new information concerning GDM in the areas of diagnosis and prevalence, perinatal and long-range implications, and management strategies.
Evidence that inner hair cells are the major source of cochlear summating potentials

The role of the inner hair cells (IHCs) in generating the cochlear summating potentials (SP) was assessed by measuring SP, cochlear nerve action potentials (CAP), cochlear microphonics (CM) and 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in 15 chinchillas with either acute chemical de-afferentation, accomplished by applying kainic acid to the round window, or surgical de-afferentation and basal IHC loss, which developed within two months after sectioning the auditory nerve. In the auditory nerve sectioned ears, type I ganglion cells disappeared whereas most, if not all, type II ganglion cells were still present. Histological analysis of surface preparations and sections through the modiolus verified the de-afferentation in both models and showed a large IHC loss at the base of the cochlea in the ears with the auditory nerve sectioned while other structures of the cochlea remained intact. Unoperated (left) ears of 9 animals served as controls. CM and DPOAEs were normal in all ears whereas the CAP was substantially depressed in de-afferented ears. Comparisons among the SP input-output functions suggest that (1) the IHCs are the major generator of SP recorded from the round window in chinchilla, in particular at low to moderate stimulus levels, (2) the SP recorded from the round window largely reflects the responses from hair cells at the base of the cochlea, and (3) kainic acid results in an increase of SP amplitude to high-level stimuli whereas the SP to low- to moderate-level stimuli remains in the normal range.
Poison center surveillance data: the good, the bad and … the flu

Background. Poison center data are increasingly used by state health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for public health surveillance. Forrester and colleagues evaluated the ability of 6 Texas poison centers covering a population of 24 million to accurately code and report the number of H1N1 calls received over a 5-month period. Discussion. The Texas poison centers generated new coding and began work within 24 h of notification of the surveillance need. No additional staff were added for call management, coding, or quality assurance, and no H1N1 training was provided ahead of time. A triple-redundancy coding method was used to prevent underreporting of calls. This allowed the Texas poison centers to accurately flag over 90% of H1N1 cases. Results were available in real time, allowing day-to-day monitoring by poison centers and the state public health department for surges, location, ages of callers and/or patients, and type of question. Conclusion. The accuracy of poison cente...
Evaluating the buffering vs. direct effects hypotheses of emotional social support on inflammatory markers: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Social support is associated with cardiovascular disease mortality, however, the physiologic mechanisms underlying this relationship remains unspecified. This study evaluated the association of social support with inflammatory markers associated with cardiovascular risk: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fibrinogen. We evaluated two competing models of the support-inflammation relationship: first, that low social support is directly associated with inflammation, and second, that high support acts to buffer the effect of stress on inflammation. Using data from the baseline interview of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (N = 6814, 53% female, age 45-84 years) we assessed the independent and interacting associations of social support and stress with inflammation. Social support was measured by the emotional social support index. Stressors in multiple domains (work, family, finances, interpersonal) were assessed. Serum CRP, IL-6, and fibrinogen were analyzed from fasting samples using high-sensitivity assays. Multivariate linear regression, including models stratified by gender and age group (45-64 and 65-84 years), was used to assess the direct and buffering relationships between social support, stress, and inflammation. In bivariate analyses low social support was associated with higher levels of all three markers. In adjusted models, low support was associated with higher lnCRP (B: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.30) among men but not women. High social support buffered the relationship between stress and CRP among middle-aged women only (P for interaction 0.042). Overall, social support was only modestly associated with inflammation in this relatively healthy sample, and these relationships varied by age and gender.
Self-Cleaning and Next Generation Anti-Fog Surfaces and Coatings

Due to their high surface energy, hydrophilic surfaces are susceptible to contaminations which are difficult to remove and often ruin the surface. Traditional anti-fog coatings are especially limited by contaminants, as the prevention of fogging is enhanced as hydrophilicity increases. Thus, advanced solutions to fogging are required which incorporate some degree of self-cleaning ability without significant losses in anti-fog character. Potential next generation anti-fog surfaces are characterized with particular emphasis on extended lifetime stimuli- responsive surfaces. Surfactant-based surfaces exhibited simultaneous hydrophilicity, necessary for anti-fogging, and oleophobicity, necessary for contamination resistance. The combination of these features rendered the surface as self-cleaning.
Clusters from higher order correlations

Given a set of variables and their mutual correlations, we develop a method for finding clustering among the variables. The method takes advantage of information implicit in higher-order (not just pairwise) correlations. The idea is to define a Potts model whose energy is based on the correlations. Each state of this model is a partition of the variables and a Monte Carlo method is used to identify states of lowest energy, those most consistent with the correlations. A set of the 100 or so lowest such partitions is then used to construct a stochastic dynamics (using the adjacency matrix of each partition) whose observable representation gives the clustering. Four examples are studied. For three of them the 3rd-order correlations are significant for getting the clusters right. One of these is a toy model of a biological system in which the joint action of several genes or proteins is necessary to accomplish a given process.
Intense polarized 3He source for use in fusion reactors

A method is described to produce intense beams of nuclear polarized 3He atoms for injection into a fusion reactor. The polarized beam is produced by charge exchange of He+ in sodium vapor followed by selective optical pumping with circularly polarized laser radiation at 1.08 μ.
Specificity and distribution of mammalian carnosinase

Abstract Hog kidney carnosinase (EC 3.4.13.3) was found to have a narrow specificity; it hydrolyzed carnosine, anserine and glycyl- l -histidine, but did not split l -alanyl- l -histidine or homocarnosine. The isoelectric point of this enzyme was 5.8 and its molecular weight was about 84 000. Carnosinase was found to be widely distributed in various tissues of the rat. Uterus, kidney, liver and lung contained high levels of carnosinase, whereas moderate concentrations were found in spleen, heart and brain, with low levels in small intestine, skeletal muscle and stomach, and none in blood.
Prospects for Expanding Telehealth: Multi-Agent Autonomic Architectures

The worldwide trend of rapidly rising health care costs and growing demands for access to quality health services at lower costs is a driving force for development and adoption of telehealth systems and technologies. However, the complexity of development, deployment, integration, and management of next-generation telehealth systems needs to be addressed by a new computing paradigm that will not rely on human intervention and administration to manage the system complexity. Hence, our research focuses on autonomic computing - a new computing paradigm that has been inspired by the human body's self-regulatory nervous system. Autonomic computing systems are envisioned to be self-aware and able to self-manage. In this research project, we explore multi-agent approach for development of autonomic architectures for telehealth systems. In this paper, we present multi-agent autonomic system architecture for telemonitoring that involves remotely monitoring health conditions of patients in post- surgery and patients with chronic diseases or life- threatening health problems requiring continuous monitoring. We discuss our latest research results and plans for further research in this area.
Factors influencing the outcome of balloon aortic valvuloplasty in the elderly.

This study describes the short- and long-term outcome of 44 consecutive percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty procedures performed in 42 elderly patients (age 77.8 ± 7 years) with calcific aortic stenosis. The initial success rate was 95%, with the peak aortic valve pressure gradient declining from a mean of 82 ± 32 mm Hg to 44 ± 23 mm Hg and aortic valve area increasing from a mean of 0.59 ± 0.15 cm2 to 0.83 ± 0.40 cm2. One procedure-related death occurred and an additional three patients died ≤30 days after balloon aortic valvuloplasty. These patients all had New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV heart failure symptoms prior to the procedure and their mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (28 ± 7%) was lower than that of hospital survivors (52 ± 13%) (as was their ratio of left ventricular [LV] wall thickness-to-cavity ratio [0.50 ± 0.10 versus 0.70 ± 0.15]). At the time of hospital discharge after valvuloplasty, 76% of patients were asymptomatic or markedly improved (NYHA class I or II). After a mean follow-up of 15.5 months (range 2 to 26 months), however, 10 patients had died and 15 had undergone aortic valve replacement for recurrence of NYHA class III or IV symptoms. The adjusted 1- and 2-year survivals were 0.68 and 0.62, respectively, and adjusted 2-year event-free survival was 0.25. Proportional hazard regression analysis indicated that LVEF <40% was the only variable affecting survival (p < 0.01) and was a possible indicator of event-free survival (p = 0.07). Patients with LVEF <40% had a 2-year survival of 0.36 compared with 0.80 for those with LVEF ≥40% and 2-year event-free survival was 0 versus 0.34, respectively. This study shows that balloon aortic valvuloplasty is not an effective long-term alternative for management of aortic stenosis in patients with depressed LV function.
The Colon Cancer Stem Cell Microenvironment Holds Keys to Future Cancer Therapy

Background Colorectal cancer remains the most common gastrointestinal cancer. While screening combined with effective surgical treatment has reduced its mortality, we still do not have effective means to prevent recurrence nor to treat metastatic disease. What we know about cancer biology has gone through revolutionary changes in recent decades. The advent of the cancer stem cell theory has accelerated our understanding of the cancer cell. However, there is increasing evidence that cancer cells are influenced by their surrounding microenvironment.
Creation of the Phonatory Neoglottis

Voice rehabilitation in the laryngectomy patient has been a major goal of reconstructive laryngeal surgery. a series often patients underwent laryngectomy and creation of a phonatory neoglottis as outlined by Staffieri. Speech and swallowing were evaluated postoperatively. Functional speech was achieved in 9 out of 10 patients. Swallowing difficulties did not present a serious problems Voice production utilizing the neoglottic technique was found to be superior to esophageal speech. from this preliminary series, the phonatory shunt operation of Staffieri appears to offer much potential and deserves further study.
Modeling of Solid Rotor Turbogenerators Part I: Theory and Techniques

This paper discusses techniques for modeling turbogenerators based upon measured machine properties. Of specific concern is the two port nature of the d- axis and the consequent requirement upon proper identification of the field winding properties. Techniques for deriving models from frequency response measurements are presented.
Changes in Total Protein and Transaminase Activities of Grass Carp Exposed to Diquat

Abstract Total protein in plasma and muscle of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fish exposed to 53.0 mg diquat/L than in fish exposed to 2.0 mg diquat/L. Generally, total protein in fish exposed to 2.0 mg diquat/L was not significantly different from total protein in control fish (0.0 mg diquat/L) throughout 168 h of exposure. Aspartate aminotransferase (=glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GOT) activities increased significantly in plasma, muscle, and liver of fish exposed to 53.0 mg diquat/L. However, in fish exposed to 2.0 mg diquat/L, plasma and liver GOT decreased significantly. Alanine aminotransferase (=glutamicpyruvic transaminase; GPT) activities increased significantly in plasma and liver of fish exposed to 53.0 mg diquat/L, whereas there was no change in fish exposed to 2.0 mg diquat/L.
PERSPECTIVE:EMBEDDED MOLECULAR SWITCHES, ANTICANCER SELECTION, AND EFFECTS ON ONTOGENETIC RATES: A HYPOTHESIS OF DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINT ON MORPHOGENESIS AND EVOLUTION

The switch between the cell cycle and the progress of differentiation in developmental pathways is prevalent throughout the eukaryotes in all major cell lineages. Disruptions to the molecular signals regulating the switch between proliferative and differentiating states are severe, often resulting in cancer formation (uncontrolled proliferation) or major developmental disorders. Uncontrolled proliferation and developmental disorders are potentially lethal defects in the developing animal. Therefore, natural selection would likely favor a tightly controlled regulatory mechanism to help prevent these fundamental defects. Although selection is usually thought of as a consequence of environmental or ecological influences, in this case the selective force to maintain this molecular switch is internal, manifested as a potentially lethal developmental defect. The morphogenetic consequences of this prevalent, deeply embedded, and tightly controlled mechanistic switch are currently unexplored, however experimental and correlative evidence from several sources suggest that there are important consequences on the control of growth rates and developmental rates in organs and in the whole animal. These observations lead one to consider the possibility of a developmental constraint on ontogenetic rates and morphological evolution maintained by natural selection against cancer and other embryonic lethal defects.
EUV OPC for the 20-nm node and beyond

Although the k1 factor is large for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography compared to deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography, OPC is still needed to print the intended patterns on the wafer. This is primarily because of new non-idealities, related to the inability of materials to absorb, reflect, or refract light well at 13.5nm, which must be corrected by OPC. So, for EUV, OPC is much more than conventional optical proximity correction. This work will focus on EUV OPC error sources in the context of an EUV OPC specific error budget for future technology nodes. The three error sources considered in this paper are flare, horizontal and vertical print differences, and mask writing errors. The OPC flow and computation requirements of EUV OPC are analyzed as well and compared to DUV. Conventional optical proximity correction is simpler and faster for EUV compared to DUV because of the larger k1 factor. But, flare and H-V biasing make exploitation of design hierarchy more difficult.
Intellectual, academic, and adaptive functioning of Tourette syndrome children with and without attention deficit disorder.

The intellectual, academic, and adaptive strengths and weaknesses of 30, medication-free children (M=10.5 years) with Tourette syndrome (TS) were assessed with a battery of standardized psychoeducational measures and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Results indicated significant relative weaknesses in mental and written arithmetic, and relative strengths in reading achievement and abstact, logical thinking. Socialization skills emerged as a signifiant weakness in adaptive functioning. Comparisons between TS children with attention deficit disorder with hyperativity (ADD-H) (n=19) and without ADD-H(n=11) pointed to similar profiles of strength and weakness in both groups in all areas assessed, but significantly lower performance IQs in TS subjects with ADD-H. These findings are discussed in relation to future research with TS children.
Modulation of adrenal cell functions by cadmium salts. 1. Cadmium chloride effects on basal and ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis.

Cultured Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells, which secrete 20-α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-DHP), were used to investigate the acute nonlethal effects of incremental cadmium chloride (CdCl2) concentrations on basal and maximally stimulated steroid secretion. In addition, cumulative CdCl2 effects during 4-hr incubations, effect reversibility, and viability were determined. Cells were incubated in 1 ml serum-free Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium (FMEM) with or without 0.5 IU (ca. 1.5 μM) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in the presence or absence of CdCl2. Following incubation, cell viability was quantitated using trypan blue exclusion. The 20-DHP secreted into the experimental incubation medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. CdCl2 levels of 10.0 μg/ml or greater significantly inhibited basal 30 min steroid secretion in a dose-dependent manner; ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion was significantly inhibited by levels 5.0 μg/ml or greater. At least 80% of all control and stimulated cells in the presence or absence of cadmium ions excluded trypan blue. The reduction in ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion was greater than the reduction in basal steroid secretion at any cadmium concentration level. The CdCl2 concentration that reduced stimulated steroid hormone secretion by 50% (IC50) was 45.0 μg/ml. Exposing Y-1 cells to either 5.0, 10.0, 45.0 or 500.0 μg CdCl2/ml FMEM for periods ranging from 0.5 to 4 hr inhibited ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion in a time-dependent manner. After 30 min exposure to 10.0, 45.0 or 500.0 μg CdCl2/ml FMEM with or without ACTH, cadmium inhibition was irreversible. When 5.0 μg CdCl2/ml was used, basal and stimulated inhibition was reversible by reincubating in medium containing ACTH alone. The relatively greater cadmium effects on ACTH stimulated steroidogenesis might suggest that cadmium modulated the rate-limited transducing system between the ACTH plasma membrane receptor complex and cholesterol side-chain cleaving mitochondrial enzymes. However, cadmium influences on basal secretion indicated effects on the non-rate-limited steroidogenic pathway.
On the theory and error estimation of the reduced basis method for multi-parameter problems

Abstract : In an earlier paper (ZAMM 63, 1983, 21), J.P.Fink and W.C.Rheinboldt developed a priori local error estimates for the scalar-parameter case of the reduced basis method by considering the method in a differential-geometric setting. Here it is shown that an analogous setting can be used for the analysis of the method applied to problems with a multidimensional parameter vector and that this leads to a corresponding local error theory also in this general case.
On cross effects of seismic responses of structures

Earthquake ground motions usually apply multi-directional forces to civil engineering structures. The response of the structure is then multi-directional. The assumption that the seismic responses of structures occur only in the direction of excitation is an oversimplification, which can lead to unsafe designs. In this paper, one of the major cross effects, caused by modal coupling, is examined and the induced magnifications of seismic responses is estimated quantitatively.
Comparison of COAP and UW‐19 Protocols for Dogs with Multicentric Lymphoma

Background: Various chemotherapy protocols for treating lymphoma in dogs have been published; however, comparison of protocols from different studies is difficult, especially when evaluating survival time and toxicoses. Hypothesis: The choice of COAP (C, cyclophosphamide; O, vincristine; A, cytosine arabinoside; P, prednisone) and a modified University of Wisconsin 19-week (UW-19) induction protocol has no influence on overall survival times in dogs with lymphoma. Animals: One hundred and one dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Methods: Retrospective study (2001–2006). Dogs induced with either an 8-week COP-based protocol (C, cyclophosphamide; O, vincristine; and P, prednisone) with maintenance therapy (COAP group) or a 19-week CHOP (C, cyclophosphamide; H, doxorubicin; O, vincristine; and P, prednisone) based protocol (UW-19 group) were compared in terms of the duration of first remission, survival time, toxicoses, and cost. Results: There were 71 dogs in the COAP group and 30 dogs in the UW-19 group. Various protocols were used after the first relapse. The median duration of the first remission for the COAP and UW-19 groups were 94 days (range, 6–356 days) and 174 days (28–438 days), respectively (P < .01). The median survival times for dogs in the COAP and UW-19 groups were 309 days (6–620 days) and 275 days (70–1102+ days), respectively (P= .09). Dogs in the COAP group had a hazard ratio of 1.9 (95% CI 1.1–3.4) for death relative to the UW-19 group (P= .03), after controlling for the confounders (World Health Organization clinical stage, age, sex, use of doxorubicin during reinduction). The severity of neutropenia and gastrointestinal toxicoses were significantly higher in the UW-19 group than in the COAP group (P= .01 and P < .01, respectively). Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Use of a long-term doxorubicin-containing sequential combination chemotherapy protocol is associated with a decreased risk of relapse and death relative to a non-doxorubicin-containing protocol.
Beta2-microglobulin and other early predictors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related wasting

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether beta2-Microglobulin, neopterin, nutritional status, clinical status, immunosuppression, and hematologic status are predictors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related wasting and wasting syndrome. In addition, we aimed to determine which factors are early predictors and which are late predictors o f wasting. For this cohort study of HIV-1-seropositive men seen semiannually from 1984 to 1991, a nested case-control design was used to analyze the predictive value of independent variables collected at baseline (first study visit for the seropositive cohort, first seropositive visit for seroconverters), 12 to 18 months prior, 6 to 12 months prior, and less than 6 months prior to the time at which case patients and control subjects were identified. Data on beta2-Microglobulin, neopterin, educational status, and diet were only available at baseline. A total of 41 case patients and 161 control subjects (n = 202) were identified. These were homosexual/bisexual men who were either HIV-seropositive on entering the study (n = 177) or who seroconverted during the study period (n = 25). Case patients were defined as men who had lost more than 10% of their baseline weight or who had a clinical diagnosis of wasting syndrome using the 1987 Centers for Disease Control definition. Control subjects had less than 5% weight loss from baseline or no weight loss at all. Four control subjects were matched to each case patient (where possible) by age and duration of follow-up. At baseline, in a multivariate logistic regression model, beta2-Microglobulin (odds ratio (OR) = 4.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.90 to 8.62, per twofold increase in beta2-Microglobulin), lymphadenopathy (OR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.51), and lower educational status (OR = 4.39; 95% CI: 1.83 to 10.54) were significant early predictors of HIV-related wasting. Use of street drugs at baseline (OR = 5.39; 95% CI: 0.98 to 29.78) was of borderline significance. Neopterin, CD4 lymphocyte count, total energy intake, body mass index, micronutrient and macronutrient intake, and other clinical conditions at baseline were all unrelated to subsequent wasting. At 12 to 18 months prior to identification of wasting, fatigue (OR = 5.05; 95% CI: 1.75 to 14.56) and hemoglobin (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.43, per 5-g/dL increase) were significant predictors in a multivariate model. At 6 to 12 months and less than 6 months, respectively, a clinical diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (OR = 30.56; 95% CI: 3.90 to 302.83) and oral Candida (OR = 4.25; 95% CI: 1.34 to 13.50) were the most important variables. The relation of early predictors such as beta2-microglobulin, fatigue, and anemia with subsequent wasting is consistent with the proposed immune cell activation /cytokine-mediated hypothesis for HIV-related wasting. These data suggest that metabolic factors may be the most important mechanism leading to wasting in HIV infection.
Tracing 'driver' versus 'modulator' information flow throughout large-scale, task-related neural circuitry.

Primary objective: To determine the relative uses of neural action potential (‘spike’) data versus local field potentials (LFPs) for modeling information flow through complex brain networks. Hypothesis: The common use of LFP data, which are continuous and therefore more mathematically suited for spectral information-flow modeling techniques such as Granger causality analysis, can lead to spurious inferences about whether a given brain area ‘drives’ the spiking in a downstream area. Experiment: We recorded spikes and LFPs from the forelimb motor cortex (M1) and the magnocellular red nucleus (mRN), which receives axon collaterals from M1 projection cells onto its distal dendrites, but not onto its perisomatic regions, as rats performed a skilled reaching task. Results and implications: As predicted, Granger causality analysis on the LFPs—which are mainly composed of vector-summed dendritic currents—produced results that if conventionally interpreted would suggest that the M1 cells drove spike firing in the mRN, whereas analyses of spiking in the two recorded regions revealed no significant correlations. These results suggest that mathematical models of information flow should treat the sampled dendritic activity as more likely to reflect intrinsic dendritic and input-related processing in neural networks, whereas spikes are more likely to provide information about the output of neural network processing.
DNA Damage Repair and Response Proteins as Targets for Cancer Therapy

The cellular response to DNA damage is critical for determining whether carcinogenesis, cell death or other deleterious biological effects will ensue. Numerous cellular enzymatic mechanisms can directly repair damaged DNA, or allow tolerance of DNA lesions, and thus reduce potential harmful effects. These processes include base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, nonhomologous end joining, homologous recombinational repair and mismatch repair, as well as translesion synthesis. Furthermore, DNA damage-inducible cell cycle checkpoint systems transiently delay cell cycle progression. Presumably, this allows extra time for repair before entry of cells into critical phases of the cell cycle, an event that could be lethal if pursued with damaged DNA. When damage is excessive apoptotic cellular suicide mechanisms can be induced. Many of the survival-promoting pathways maintain genomic integrity even in the absence of exogenous agents, thus likely processing spontaneous damage caused by the byproducts of normal cellular metabolism. DNA damage can initiate cancer, and radiological as well as chemical agents used to treat cancer patients often cause DNA damage. Many genes are involved in each of the DNA damage processing mechanisms, and the encoded proteins could ultimately serve as targets for therapy, with the goal of neutralizing their ability to repair damage in cancer cells. Therefore, modulation of DNA damage responses coupled with more conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy approaches could sensitize cancer cells to treatment. Alteration of DNA damage response genes and proteins should thus be considered an important though as of yet not fully exploited avenue to enhance cancer therapy.
Functional Sorbents for Selective Capture of Plutonium, Americium, Uranium, and Thorium in Blood

Self-assembled monolayer on mesoporous supports (SAMMS) are hybrid materials created from attachment of organic moieties onto very high surface area mesoporous silica. SAMMS with surface chemistries including three isomers of hydroxypyridinone, diphosphonic acid, acetamide phosphonic acid, glycinyl urea, and diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) analog were evaluated for chelation of actinides ((239)Pu, (241)Am, uranium, thorium) from blood. Direct blood decorporation using sorbents does not have the toxicity or renal challenges associated with traditional chelation therapy and may have potential applications for critical exposure cases, reduction of nonspecific dose during actinide radiotherapy, and for sorbent hemoperfusion in renal insufficient patients, whose kidneys clear radionuclides at a very slow rate. Sorption affinity (K(d)), sorption rate, selectivity, and stability of SAMMS were measured in batch contact experiments. An isomer of hydroxypyridinone (3,4-HOPO) on SAMMS demonstrated the highest affinity for all four actinides from blood and plasma and greatly outperformed the DTPA analog on SAMMS and commercial resins. In batch contact, a fifty percent reduction of actinides in blood was achieved within minutes, and there was no evidence of protein fouling or material leaching in blood after 24 h. The engineered form of SAMMS (bead format) was further evaluated in a 100-fold scaled-down hemoperfusion device and showed no blood clotting after 2 h. A 0.2 g quantity of SAMMS could reduce 50 wt.% of 100 ppb uranium in 50 mL of plasma in 18 min and that of 500 dpm mL(-1) in 24 min. 3,4-HOPO-SAMMS has a long shelf-life in air and at room temperature for at least 8 y, indicating its feasibility for stockpiling in preparedness for an emergency. The excellent efficacy and stability of SAMMS materials in complex biological matrices suggest that SAMMS can also be used as orally administered drugs and for wound decontamination. By changing the organic groups of SAMMS, they can be used not only for actinides but also for other radionuclides. By using the mixture of these SAMMS materials, broad spectrum decorporation of radionuclides is very feasible.
Viscously driven plasma flows in the deep geomagnetic tail

An analysis, based on the principles of stress balance in a 1-dimensional current sheet is presented, which considers the problem of closed magnetic flux transport into the deep tail by a 'viscous'-like interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. The analysis is illustrated with an example of ISEE-3 data showing strong tailward plasma sheet flows on apparently closed field lines in the deep tail. Apart from narrow regions adjacent to the magnetopause, these flows are not driven by the scattering of magnetosheath plasma into the magnetosphere. The fraction of the magnetosheath momentum flux needed to be anomalously transferred into the plasma sheet to drive the flows is estimated. In the example this is 6 percent. No previously suggested mechanism (e.g., the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) has been shown capable of providing anomalous momentum transport of this magnitude. The current understanding of the 'viscous' interaction between the solar wind and magnetosphere is thus insufficient to explain these observations.
SU-E-J-124: Prediction of the Characteristics of Moving Lung Tumor in CBCT Imaging Using Virtual CBCT Image Simulated From 4-D CT Dataset

Purpose: Due to the slow scanning speed of on‐board CBCT imaging, the characteristics of moving lung tumor acquired by such system could be complicated. Recent phantom studies have shown that the maximum intensity projection (MIP) image, which was used for target delineation in treatment planning, might overestimate the target volume determined by CBCT imaging. The purpose of this study is to propose a new strategy to predict the characteristics of moving lung tumor in CBCT imaging. Methods: Six non‐small‐cell‐lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were retrospectively selected in this study. All patients underwent 4D CT scan using GE LightSpeed scanner under audio coaching. The respiratory motion of all patients ranged from 7.5mm to 12.5mm. For each patient, ten sets of phase‐sorted CT images and a MIP image including all respiratory phases were acquired. To simulate the respiratory motion effect in CBCT imaging, 4‐D projection images were generated using ray‐tracing algorithm based on the 3‐D CT images of the corresponding phase at each gantry angle. Filtered‐back‐projection algorithm was used to reconstruct this simulated virtual CBCT (SVCBCT) image. The targets were then contoured at the MIP image, SVCBCT image and the clinic CBCT image acquired at first treatment, respectively. Results: For the three cases volume differences between SVCBCT and MIP image were less than 5%. For the other three cases the target volume determined by SVCBCT image were 30%∼62% less than that of MIP image, and the distance of target center between those two images could be up to 6mm. In comparison, for all patients, the volume differences between SVCBCT and CBCT were all less than 4%. Conclusion: The characteristics of a moving lung tumor determined by CBCT imaging are highly dependent on the specific respiratory motion pattern of each patient, and could be well predicted by SVCBCT image.