cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal and next‐day effects of ethanol and basal level of sleepiness

Five healthy young men (mean age 25.6 years) consumed ethanol (0.8 g/kg producing breath ethanol concentration (BEC) of 0.06 per cent on average 30 min post-consumption) and placebo at 2200–2230 h after 4 and 8 h in bed (TIB) the previous night. Standard sleep recordings were collected from 2300 to 0700 h. The next-day latency to sleep onset was tested at 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 h and divided attention performance and hangover symptoms were assessed 30 min after each latency test. The 4 h TIB increased sleep efficiency, but did not interact with the effects of ethanol. Ethanol altered sleep staging. In analyses of ethanol effects by halves of the night, ethanol increased percentage stage 3/4 sleep in the first half and increased percentage stage 1 sleep in the second half. The following day, mean daily sleep latency (MSLT) was reduced and mean divided attention tracking errors were increased with ethanol. Ethanol effects (mild) on the hangover questionnaire were detected only on the 0800 h assessment.
Structural roles of CO2 and [CO3]2− in fully polymerized sodium aluminosilicate melts and glasses

Ab initio, molecular orbital calculations of the structures, energetics, and vibrational spectra of six T_2O_(br)-CO_2 clusters and five T-[CO_3]-T clusters (T = Al or Si, with and without Na^+ present) have been completed using a 3–21G^(∗∗) basis set and the Gaussian 92 program to evaluate possible configurations of CO_2 molecules and carbonate groups in melts and glasses on the NaAlO_2-SiO_2 join. Based on these calculations, we developed the following hypothesis for the solution mechanisms of CO_2 molecules and carbonate groups in fully polymerized melts and glasses on this join. Molecular CO2 is weakly bound to bridging oxygen atoms in T_2O_(br)-CO_2 clusters. Calculated energetics indicate that molecular CO_2 is more strongly bonded when associated with smaller angle T-O-T linkages, and thus may preferentially bond to linkages where at least one T = Al^(3+). [CO_3]^(2−) is most likely present in T-[CO_3]-T linkages. Si-[CO_3]-Al linkages probably form in melts toward the silica-rich end of the NaAlO_2-SiO_2 join; Si-[NaCO_3]-Al and/or Al-[CO_3]-Al become more significant with increasing NaAlO_2 content. The experimentally observed increase in [CO_3]^(2-)/CO_2 ratio accompanying higher NaAlO_2 compositions can be understood in terms of the predicted increasingly negative ΔG° for T_2O_(br)-CO_2 → T-[CO_3]-T reactions when Si-[NaCO_3]-Al and Al-[CO_3]-Al rather than Si-[CO_3]-Si and Si-[CO_3]-Al are the reaction products. In addition, a reaction pathway with a low activation energy was calculated for forming T-[CO_3]-T linkages from T_2O_(br)-CO_2 linkages. This model is consistent with available information on the vibrational and NMR spectra of C-bearing Na-aluminosilicate glasses, and on the relative proportions in these glasses of carbonate and molecular CO_2 and their dependence on pressure, temperature, and composition.
International Law Between Two Futures

Much more than its domestic analogues, the contest over international rules and procedures is essentially confined to a small elite of agents—multinational corporations, industry associations, banks, hedge funds, billionaires—who can effectively influence the negotiating positions of the most powerful governments, foremost that of the United States. Lesser constituents are marginalized through the exclusivity and intransparency of international negotiations, the high costs of successful lobbying and the routine dismissal of moral concerns as inappropriate to the jungle of international relations. We find the fingerprints of this global elite all over the workaday parts of our system of international rules and procedures. Many resource-rich countries are suffering economically because their rulers are internationally recognized as entitled to borrow in the country’s name and to confer ownership rights in its natural resources, regardless of how these rulers came to power and regardless of how badly they rule. These international rules secure the flow of resources into the industrialized countries while facilitating oppression and corruption, and encouraging coups and civil wars in the developing world. Poor countries are drained of badly needed capital and tax revenues through an international tax and financial system that enables their richer citizens to hide assets in foreign secrecy jurisdictions and enables multinational corporations to shift their profits to tax havens through trade mis-invoicing and other gimmicky transactions among subsidiaries of the same corporation. Under the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, the developing countries were forced to agree to grant 20-year pharmaceutical product patents on pains of being excluded from the World Trade Organization. As a result, important medicines that could be cheaply manufactured domestically are sold at prices exceeding manufacturing costs by a factor of 100 or more. The TRIPS Agreement enables the pharmaceutical, software, entertainment and agro industries to extend their …
A new perspective on microtubules and axon growth.

role of the cell body in generating the axonal microtubule array, whereas the other emphasizes the role of local mechanisms within the axon itself. Recent work suggests that events significant to the generation of the axonal microtubule array occur within both of these compartments, and that axon growth is dependent upon the coordinated efforts of several types of microtubule behavior. Our goal in this article is to evaluate the existing models in light of more recent data, and provide new perspectives on the manner by which the axonal microtubule array is generated.
Contributions of Indian Ocean and Monsoon Biases to the Excessive Biennial ENSO in CCSM3

The Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3), is known to produce many aspects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) realistically, but the simulated ENSO exhibits an overly strong biennial periodicity. Hypotheses on the cause of this excessive biennial tendency have thus far focused primarily on the model's biases within the tropical Pacific. This study conducts CCSM3 experiments to show that the model's biases in simulating the Indian Ocean mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the Indian and Australian monsoon variability also contribute to the biennial ENSO tendency. Two CCSM3 simulations are contrasted: a control run that includes global ocean-atmosphere coupling and an experiment in which the air-sea coupling in the tropical Indian Ocean is turned off by replacing simulated SSTs with an observed monthly climatology. The decoupling experiment removes CCSM3's warm bias in the tropical Indian Ocean and reduces the biennial variability in Indian and Australian monsoons by about 40% and 60%, respectively. The excessive biennial ENSO is found to reduce dramatically by about 75% in the decoupled experiment. It is shown that the biennial monsoon variability in CCSM3 excites an anomalous surface wind pattern in the western Pacific that projects well into the wind pattern associated with the onset phase of the simulated biennial ENSO. Therefore, the biennial monsoon variability is very effective in exciting biennial ENSO variability in CCSM3. The warm SST bias in the tropical Indian Ocean also increases ENSO variability by inducing stronger mean surface easterlies along the equatorial Pacific, which strengthen the Pacific ocean- atmosphere coupling and enhance the ENSO intensity.
Renal Artery Aneurysms: Significance of Macroaneurysms Exclusive of Dissections and Fibrodysplastic Mural Dilations

• Seventy-two patients (39 females and 33 males), 9 to 84 years in age, exhibited a total of 94 renal artery macroaneurysms. Solitary aneurysms affected 53 patients, and multiple aneurysms occurred in 19 patients. Arteriosclerotic changes, observed in nearly 30% of aneurysms, were considered secondary rather than primary processes in most instances. Renal artery fibrodysplasia was an associated finding among 27 patients. In 57 hypertensive patients, evidence supportive of renal artery aneurysms contributing to elevated blood pressure was meager. Two patients experienced frank aneurysmal rupture. Covert rupture into renal veins occurred twice. Aneurysmectomy was performed on 31 occasions. Nephrectomy, partial as well as total, was performed 17 times. No operative mortality occurred. Potential for rupture and an association with functionally important renal artery stenoses support surgical intervention in selected patients with renal artery macroaneurysms. ( Arch Surg 110:1327-1333, 1975)
Engagement in child protective services: Parent perceptions of worker skills

Abstract Recent reforms in child protection systems (CPS) in several countries have placed an increased emphasis on engaging parents in the initial assessment and service planning process. CPS workers, however, face multiple barriers to successful engagement with parents, including parents' preconceived notions of CPS and their subsequent fearful or angry responses to the initial visit. This qualitative study sought input from 40 parents involved in CPS regarding the strategies that workers used to successfully engage them in the child protection intervention. Three major themes about worker skills emerged from the analysis of the interview transcripts: parents were more positively engaged with CPS workers who they perceived as competent, who utilized positive communication skills, and who provided them with either emotional or concrete support. These findings have clear implications for CPS worker training; especially for CPS agencies that do not require CPS workers to have social work degrees. Additional implications for CPS agencies, such as the need for realistic worker caseloads and effective community outreach, are discussed.
A new delineation of the congeries of osteoarthritis

New concepts of osteoarthritis (OA) are reviewed as preliminary to establishing a new classification of OA, defining sub-groups of OA based on combined biochemical and clinical data. The biochemical data are derived from assays of serum proteins — transferrin, ceruloplasmin, albumin, a1-acid glycoprotein, a1-antitrypsin, immunoglobulins A, G, and M. Standard clinical techniques are followed to provide clinical data, including medical history, physical examination, x-ray studies and routine biochemical tests. Genetic polymorphism is proposed as an explanation for subsets of OA. Extensive family history data is important in establishing connections.
Io - Energy constraints and plume volcanism

Observational and theoretical considerations, including near-surface energy constraints, suggest a model of Io that features a surface layer of sulfur overlying an active silicate crust. Such a model would imply frequent contact between silicate magma intrusions and the sulfur layer. This contact could produce volcanic plumes driven by high-temperature sulfur vapor. Plumes driven by sulfur vapor meet observational constraints for a wide range of possible conditions, in contrast to the special conditions required for plume generation by SO2. Characteristics of the two models are compared, and it is suggested that high-spatial-resolution infrared radiometry could identify the driving volatile.
Enhancement of chemical-carcinogen-induced cell transformation in hamster embryo cells by 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3

The biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3], which by itself was not effective in inducing morphological cell transformation in vitro in the Syrian hamster embryo colony assay, enhanced such a transformation in a dose-dependent manner in cells pretreated with a series of known chemical carcinogens. Treatment of the hamster embryo cells with either benzo[a]-pyrene (B[a]P), (+/-)7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine for 3 days (stage 1) followed by treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3 for 4 days (stage 2) increased the transformation frequency compared to the transformation frequency for cells treated with the carcinogen only. Reversing the order of the treatment (i.e., incubating the cells with 1,25-(OH)2D3 prior to B[a]P treatment) did not result in an effective enhancement. Vitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, another metabolite of this vitamin, also enhanced the frequency of cell transformation but to a lesser degree than did 1,25-(OH)2D3. Pyrene, which is not a carcinogen, did not induce transformed colonies either by itself or when combined with 1,25-(OH)2D3. Benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]P), which is not considered to be a complete carcinogen but can act as a tumor initiator, also was not effective by itself. However, in the two-stage protocol with 1,25-(OH)2D3, B[e]P did induce transformed colonies. Comparison of the enhancing effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to that of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a known tumor promoter, revealed a heterogeneity in the response to these agents. A high or low responsiveness of the cells to 1,25-(OH)2D3 was not necessarily indicative of a similar responsiveness to PMA. These results indicate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 can act as a promoter of cell transformation in fibroblasts and perhaps other cell types but through a mechanism not necessarily identical to that involving PMA.
A monte carlo evaluation of response surface analysis based on paired-comparison data

The use of the logit transformation on paired-comparison data in the weighted least squares analysis of response surfaces for aesthetic qualities of products is discussed. Monte Carlo simulations are employed to investigate the small sample properties of the estimators and test statistics. A secondary objective of the Monte Carlo simulations is the comparison of two transformation procedures. The simulations are of standard-item paired-compar-ison experiments in which ties are not allowed.
Presence of proline in positions 3 for potent inhibition of the activity of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and of ovulation

Summary [ D -Phe2,Pro3, D -Trp6]-LHRH completely inhibited the release of LH and FSH by LHRH from isolated rat pituitaires at a ratio of analog:LHRH of 50:I. Complete inhibition also resulted from [ D -Phe2,Leu3, D -Trp6]-LHRH and [ D -Phe2,Leu3, D -Phe6]-LHRH, but at higher ratios. These analogs had no agonist activity. The Pro3-analog completely inhibited ovulation in rats at a single se injection of 750 μg, and 375 μg gave 50% inhibition. The Leu3-analogs gave complete inhibition of ovulation at 750 μg with D -Phe6, and at 1.5 mg with D -Trp6. The substitution of proline in position 3 of a LHRH inhibitory sequence effectively increased both the in vitro potency, and the antiovulatory potency in rats.
Sexually Coercive Male Chimpanzees Sire More Offspring

Summary In sexually reproducing animals, male and female reproductive strategies often conflict [1]. In some species, males use aggression to overcome female choice [2, 3], but debate persists over the extent to which this strategy is successful. Previous studies of male aggression toward females among wild chimpanzees have yielded contradictory results about the relationship between aggression and mating behavior [4–11]. Critically, however, copulation frequency in primates is not always predictive of reproductive success [12]. We analyzed a 17-year sample of behavioral and genetic data from the Kasekela chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) community in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, to test the hypothesis that male aggression toward females increases male reproductive success. We examined the effect of male aggression toward females during ovarian cycling, including periods when the females were sexually receptive (swollen) and periods when they were not. We found that, after controlling for confounding factors, male aggression during a female's swollen periods was positively correlated with copulation frequency. However, aggression toward swollen females was not predictive of paternity. Instead, aggression by high-ranking males toward females during their nonswollen periods was positively associated with likelihood of paternity. This indicates that long-term patterns of intimidation allow high-ranking males to increase their reproductive success, supporting the sexual coercion hypothesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present genetic evidence of sexual coercion as an adaptive strategy in a social mammal.
Coordination of DNA–PK Activation and Nuclease Processing of DNA Termini in NHEJ

DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), particularly those induced by ionizing radiation (IR), are complex lesions that can be cytotoxic if not properly repaired. IR-induced DSB often have DNA termini modifications, including thymine glycols, ring fragmentation, 3'-phosphoglycolates, 5'-hydroxyl groups, and abasic sites. Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is a major pathway responsible for the repair of these complex breaks. Proteins involved in NHEJ include the Ku 70/80 heterodimer, DNA-PKcs, processing proteins including Artemis and DNA polymerases μ and λ, XRCC4, DNA ligase IV, and XLF. We will discuss the role of the physical and functional interactions of DNA-PK as a result of activation, with an emphasis on DNA structure, chemistry, and sequence. With the diversity of IR induced DSB, it is becoming increasingly clear that multiple DNA processing enzymes are likely necessary for effective repair of a break. We will explore the roles of several important processing enzymes, with a focus on the nuclease Artemis and its role in processing diverse DSB. The effect of DNA termini on both DNA-PK and Artemis activity will be analyzed from a structural and biochemical view.
Blaming Drunk Victims: Is It Just World or Sex Role Violation?

Richardson and Campbell (1980, 1982), in studying attributions of blame and responsibility for violent interactions, found that intoxicated victims were blamed more and held more responsible for their victimization than their sober counterparts. Two alternative explanations were proposed to account for this finding: the just world hypothesis and the effects of sex role violation. The present study was designed to test these explanations. One hundred twenty-nine males and 93 females read scenarios that varied the sex of the victim and the level of intoxication of the victim and the aggressor. Participants rated the responsibility of the aggressor, victim, and situation for the action and evaluated the aggressor and victim. Although strong support for neither of the hypotheses was demonstrated, more support was found for the effect of sex role violation than for the just world hypothesis.
Inertial range scaling in turbulence

In this paper, we apply She and Leveque's [Z.-S. She and E. Leveque, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 336 (1994)] hierarchy model under the assumption that ${\mathrm{lim}}_{\mathit{p}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{p}}$/p=-1 with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{p}}$ being the scaling exponent for the local averaged dissipation function suggested by Novikov [E. A. Novikov, Phys. Rev. E 50, R3303 (1994)]. The resulting model agrees well with existing theoretical and experimental results for p\ensuremath{\le}10. The most interesting prediction of this model is the saturation of the exponents of the velocity increment as p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}.
Flow modeling workflow: I. Green fields

Abstract Two categories of fields can be defined for the application of flow modeling workflows: green fields, and brown fields. In its most fundamental form, a green field is an undeveloped field, while a brown field is a developed field. The main difference between a green field and a brown field is the availability of applicable historical production and/or injection data for the brown field. This difference has a significant impact on reservoir flow modeling workflows. A workflow for green fields is presented in this paper, and workflows for brown fields are presented in the companion paper (Fanchi, 2011).
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: expanding indications.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews multiple secondary and primary prevention trials that have expanded the indications for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). RECENT FINDINGS Most studies performed over the last several years have concentrated on the role of ICDs in high-risk patients for the primary prevention of sudden death. Several recent trials that have been completed but not published are also reviewed. SUMMARY Data from recently completed trials and evolving ICD technology, such as ICDs with cardiac resynchronization capabilities, will alter indications for ICDs in the near future.
Increased Flow and Shear Stress Enhance In Vivo Transforming Growth Factor-β1 After Experimental Arterial Injury

Abstract —We have previously demonstrated that high-flow (HF) conditions inhibit experimental intimal hyperplasia. We hypothesized that such flow conditions may alter transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) after mural injury. The right common carotid artery (CCA) was balloon-injured in 54 New Zealand White male rabbits. Flow was thereafter preserved (normal flow [NF]), reduced by partial outflow occlusion (low flow [LF]), or increased by ligation of the left CCA (HF). Four sham-operated animals served as uninjured controls. Mean blood flow and pressure in the right CCA were measured before and after flow modulation and before euthanasia (3, 7, and 14 days). TGF-β1 mRNA and protein levels in the right CCA were determined by Northern and ELISA analyses at each time point. At 7 and 14 days, intimal hyperplasia was quantified, and the transmural localization of TGF-β1 was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Mean flow was reduced from 22±1 to 10±3 mL/min in the LF group and increased to 34±2 mL/min in the HF group ( P <0.001). Blood pressure was not different among the flow groups for all time points. Wall shear stress was markedly decreased in the LF group to 14±4 dyne/cm2 and increased in the HF group to 63±6 dyne/cm2 at 7 days compared with values in uninjured controls (39±2 dyne/cm2, P <0.001) and the NF group (44±7 dyne/cm2, P <0.001). At 14 days, wall shear stress was similar among the flow groups. The intima-to-media ratio was 5- and 2-fold greater in the LF group than in the HF and NF groups at 14 days. mRNA levels for TGF-β1 and its active ligand were increased in the HF group by at least 2- and 3-fold, respectively, at 3 and 7 days compared with levels in uninjured controls and the LF group ( P <0.05) but were not different among the flow groups at 14 days. TGF-β1 preferentially localized in the abluminal vascular smooth muscle cells of the HF arterial segments. Flow- and shear-mediated release of TGF-β1 may therefore play a role in abrogating the proliferative and migratory response of vascular smooth muscle cells in the early stages after mural injury.
An apparently high flux of primary cosmic-ray He-nuclei at 41°N mag

Abstract The flux of primary cosmic-ray helium nuclei was measured in nuclear photographic emulsions exposed on a high altitude balloon flight in Texas, in April 1965. The flux value derived was 110 ± 8 particles/m 2 /sec. ster, substantially in excess ofthat expected on the basis of data obtained in 1954-6, at the time of the previous minimum in solar activity. A re-examination of published records of older flights shows that the geomagnetic cut-off values assumed were in error. Discussions of solar modulation effects in the high energy region will require modification.
Myocardial Fibrosis in Constrictive Pericarditis Electrocardiographic and Pathologic Observations

It has been suggested that a tentative preoperative decision favoring a pericardial lesion, on the one hand, or a myocardial lesion, on the other, may be made from certain noninvasive procedures, including the electrocardiogram. An attempt was therefore made to detect associated myocardial fibrosis by electrocardiogram in 67 patients with constrictive pericarditis as proven at catheterization (63 patients), surgery (64 patients) or postmortem examination (12 patients). Seven of the 67 had electrocardiograms characteristic of, and 16 compatible with, old myocardial infarct. The electrocardiographic experience was otherwise typical of the literature with non-specific changes in the T waves or RS-T segments and/or low voltage in the remaining 44. All three autopsied patients whose electrocardiograms were interpreted as diagnostic of an old myocardial infarct and both autopsied patients with electrocardiograms compatible with that diagnosis showed myocardial fibrosis. In seven autopsied cases with non-specific T waves or low voltage, the myocardium was normal in three while four showed myocardial fibrosis. It appears that in a few cases right ventricular hypertrophy might have simulated infarct by inducing tall R waves over the right precordium, or R waves which decreased in amplitude as the electrode was passed from the right to the left precordium. Pathologic evidence related myocardial fibrosis to: (1) direct subepicardial penetration by the inflammatory process or deposit of fat in the subepicardial myocardium; (2) compromise of coronary blood flow, as by (a) direct throttling of coronary arteries by scar tissue or (b) deficient irrigation of subendocardial layers due to rigidity of the pericardium; or (3) a concomitant myocardial and pericardial process (lupus, radiation fibrosis, rheumatoid). Independent pericarditis and coronary disease was surprisingly rare. This limited experience (1) suggests that, though myocardial fibrosis may be predicted in constrictive pericarditis if the electrocardiogram shows characteristic changes of myocardial infarction, non-specific T wave changes or low voltage may likewise be associated with myocardial fibrosis, and (2) emphasizes that the difficulty in determining the site of a constrictive process may be compounded by the co-existence in the same heart of both a pericardial and a myocardial process.
Abstract 4757: Design and optimization of linked nucleic acid (LNA) probes to detect the c-MYC G-quadruplex

The c-MYC oncogene is upregulated in almost 80% of cancers, and in some cases is the causative oncogenic factor. It is regulated at the transcriptional level with up to 90% initiating at the P1 and P2 promoters. The NHE III1 element regulates this region, which consists of a unique guanine-rich string of DNA capable of adopting at least three topologies: single stranded, double stranded (ds) and the non-B-DNA G-quadruplex (G4) structure. G4s are formed when two or more tetrads stack, each comprised of four guanines bonded by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds, stabilized with monovalent cations. Putative G4 forming regions have at least four runs of three or more consecutive guanines separated by varying nucleotides that comprise the loop structures. The c-MYC G4 structure has been elucidated to involve guanine runs 1α4 (G41-4) or 2Δ5 (G42-5) (of six total runs) in a parallel formation. Regulatory proteins have been identified, and small molecule compounds are under investigation to stabilize the G4 element and downregulate c-MYC expression. In parallel to these efforts, we are developing linked nucleic acid (LNA)-biotin bridge probes to be used as diagnostic tools to identify these formations in biopsies in order to inform therapeutic regimens. Molecular models of the two G4 isoforms were used to determine the distance occupied by the secondary structure to be between 16.4α16.6 angstroms; various length nucleic acid sequences flanking a 17.7α30 angstrom linker were screened and optimized. Probes were shown to be structure specific - either for the c-MYC G41-4 (probe 1a) or the G42-5 (probe 1b) - by EMSA analysis. The probes were amenable to internal biotinylation for ongoing pull-down assays, but truncation of the 5′-complementary sequence limited affinity. Interestingly, the LNA probes thermally stabilized the c-MYC G4 in a unique pattern and are also being examined for their potential therapeutic efficacy. Experiments are underway to show that these hybrid probes will bind intracellularly and show the frequency of G4 formation in quiescent versus activated cells, and following treatment with c-MYC G4-interactive compounds. Through these works, we highlight for the first time that a ‘FISH’-type probe can be developed and used to selectively detect the formation of the c-MYC G4 in vitro. Up to 80% cancer patients overexpress c-MYC and are candidates for G4-targeted therapies currently under development. The developed probes will be of great utility as companion diagnostics in selecting patients for G4-therapeutics and truly personalized medicine. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4757. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4757
CALORIMETRIC AND COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF CHLOROCARBON ADSORPTION IN ZEOLITES

Monte Carlo simulations on the adsorption of the two model chlorocarbons, chloroform and trichloroethylene, in three faujasite type zeolites, NaX, NaY, and siliceous faujasite (Si/Al = 1.2, 3.0, and ∞, respectively), are compared with the results of calorimetric measurements on the same systems. At low sorbate loadings, the heats of adsorption increase with increasing polarity of the zeolite host (siliceous faujasite < NaY < NaX), underlining the importance of the dipolar nature of the sorbates. For all six systems, quantitative agreement is found between the calculated and observed heats as a function of sorbate loading. Decomposition of the calculated heats into the short-range and long-range contributions shows that sorbate−sorbate interactions are important in all three hosts and lead to an increase in the adsorption heat with coverage in NaY and siliceous faujasite. The SIII‘ cations play a specific role in the case of zeolite NaX, where a cancellation between the short-range and electrostatic intera...
Separation of eight inositol isomers by liquid chromatography under pressure using a calcium-form, cation-exchange column

Abstract All eight inositols were resolved by liquid chromatography under pressure using a Ca 2+ -form cation-exchange resin as stationary phase and water as an eluting solvent. The method was successfully applied to the separation of the products formed when myo -inositol was boiled in water in the presence of Raney nickel. In this case, six peaks corresponding to inositols and at least seven unknown peaks were resolved, showing that this liquid chromatographic method is an efficient way to monitor the side reactions which occur during the 1 H 2 H exchange reaction of myo -inositol in deuterium oxide with Raney nickel catalyst.
The Cross-National Relevance of U.S. Formulated Theories of College Student Departure.

This article focuses on the cross-national relevance of theories of college student departure formulated by U.S. scholars. Some aspects of U.S. developed theories of college student departure hold some semblance of cross-national relevance. Economic and sociological perspectives provide such aspects. The weighing of costs and benefits inherent in the economic perspective appears relevant in the countries of Ghana, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia where the dual-payment system prevails. Concepts of both the social inequality and interactionalist aspects of the sociological perspective appear relevant cross-nationally. Social inequality in student graduation rates transpires along socioeconomic lines in Ghana and the United Kingdom. Moreover, key aspects of the interactionalist perspective concerning departure from commuting institutions such as support from significant others, the problems associated with commuting, and academic integration appear to differentiate between students who continue their e...
Repair of streaming multimedia with adaptive forward error correction

Internet multimedia applications have timing constraints that are often not met by TCP, the de facto Internet transport protocol, hence, most multimedia applications use UDP. Since UDP does not guarantee data arrival, UDP flows often have high data loss rates. Network data loss can be ameliorated by the use of Forward Error Compression (FEC), where a server adds redundant data to the flow to help the client repair lost data. However, the effectiveness of FEC depends upon the network burst loss rates, and current FEC approaches are non-adaptive or adapt without effectively monitoring this rate. We propose a Forward Error Correction protocol that explicitly adapts the redundancy to the measured network burst loss rates. Through evaluation under a variety of network conditions, we find our adaptive FEC approach achieves minimal end-to-end delay and low loss rates after repair.
On the Role of Mobility for Multimessage Gossip

We consider information dissemination in a large n -user wireless network in which k users wish to share a unique message with all other users. Each of the n users only has knowledge of its own contents and state information; this corresponds to a one-sided push-only scenario. The goal is to disseminate all messages efficiently, hopefully achieving an order-optimal spreading rate over unicast wireless random networks. First, we show that a random-push strategy-where a user sends its own or a received packet at random-is order-wise suboptimal in a random geometric graph: specifically, Ω(√n) times slower than optimal spreading. It is known that this gap can be closed if each user has “full” mobility, since this effectively creates a complete graph. We instead consider velocity-constrained mobility where at each time slot the user moves locally using a discrete random walk with velocity v(n) that is much lower than full mobility. We propose a simple two-stage dissemination strategy that alternates between individual message flooding (“self promotion”) and random gossiping. We prove that this scheme achieves a close to optimal spreading rate (within only a logarithmic gap) as long as the velocity is at least v(n)=ω(√(logn/k)). The key insight is that the mixing property introduced by the partial mobility helps users to spread in space within a relatively short period compared to the optimal spreading time, which macroscopically mimics message dissemination over a complete graph.
Sputtering of UF4 by high energy heavy ions

The sputtering of UF4 targets by energetic beams of O-16, F-19, and Cl-35 ions has been investigated for beam energies in the range 0.12 to 1.5 MeV/amu. The sputtering yields, which follow the same trend as the electronic part of the projectile energy loss in the material, are observed to have a strong dependence on the charge state of the incident ions. Data have been taken both in transmission and reflection (0 and 180 deg to the incident beam direction, respectively). Energy spectra of the neutral sputtered particles have been obtained for 5 MeV F-19 ions and for 13 MeV Cl-35 ions; in both cases the spectrum has a Maxwellian form. The data obtained are compared with several models of the high energy sputtering process.
Obstetricians and gynecologists' perceptions and use of nicotine replacement therapy.

The objective of this study was to assess Ohio obstetricians/gynecologists’ perceptions and use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with pregnant smokers. A three-wave mailing procedure was used and 154 responded (44%) to a valid and reliable 36-item questionnaire regarding: Stage of Change in using NRT, perceptions of prescribing NRT, confidence in using NRT, barriers to prescribing NRT, and use of 5 A’s counseling steps. One-fourth (26%) prescribed NRT to pregnant smokers. One-third (32%) perceived NRT as safe, yet few (14%) perceived it as effective. Respondents were most likely to prescribe NRT if the patient requested it (44%). Those most likely to prescribe NRT were more likely to: perceive use of NRT in pregnancy as safe (OR = 20.0); perceive NRT as effective in pregnancy (OR = 4.3); have high confidence in their ability to effectively prescribe NRT (OR = 3.86); and believed most or some of their colleagues prescribed NRT to pregnant smokers (OR = 6.7). The majority did not prescribe NRT possibly because few respondents received cigarette smoking cessation training in medical school or their residencies. Significant revisions in professional training and more continuing medical education are needed regarding smoking cessation and use of NRT.
Fuzzy semi-active control of MR damper for structural base isolation

This paper presents four types of semi-active control on Magnetorheological (MR) Damper in an experimental base isolation structure model with three degree-of-freedom. The semi-active control methods include proportional-derivative (PD) control, and three fuzzy control methods: rule-based fuzzy logic control, auto-tuning fuzzy PD control, and discrete fuzzy PD control. The main purpose is to compare the response effect between passive control methods and semi-active control methods, and also compare within semi-active controls. The results of both passive controls and semi-active controls in experiments are presented. From the results, semi-active controls are shown more adaptive than passive control for this model when the earthquake type is unknown. Moreover, auto-tuning fuzzy PD control is proved to have relatively best performance among all control methods.
Symptom Severity of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Patient-Based Measure Developed in the Veterans Health Study

BACKGROUND Our objective was to develop a patient-based measure of the severity of osteoarthritis of the knee, focusing on symptomatology, that may be used in conjunction with measures of health-related quality of life in monitoring the health status of outpatients. METHODS We surveyed a random sample of male outpatients at Boston-area Veterans Affairs medical centers who were identified as having osteoarthritis of the knee according to a three-question screen. Structured interviews included 12 items covering five domains of symptoms (global severity, 4 items; pain with activity, 3 items; pain at rest, 2 items; impaired mobility, 2 items; and sensations of crepitus, 1 item), which were derived from clinical texts, consensus statements, and previously developed severity indices. Interviews also included a detailed medical history. Health-related quality of life was measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Health Status Survey (SF-36). Factor analysis and evaluation of multiattribute scales were used to evaluate the structural relationships between and within the five domains of symptoms. RESULTS We identified 415 of the 1770 screened outpatients as having osteoarthritis of the knee. Internal consistencies of the five domains ranged from .50 to .72, with substantial convergence between domains. The 12 items comprise a summary index with high internal consistency (alpha = .88). Overall severity, defined as the mean of the 12 items after standardization, was moderately correlated with the SF-36 component summaries: r = -.48 for physical; r = -.30 for mental. CONCLUSIONS Our measure provides a reliable index that represents symptomatic severity of osteoarthritis of the knee, which may be useful in comparing patient groups and assessing health outcomes; subscales may help characterize temporal changes, including responses to treatment.
Human Vγ2Vδ2 T Cells Produce IFN-γ and TNF-α with an On/Off/On Cycling Pattern in Response to Live Bacterial Products

Whereas cytokine production in αβ T cells is rapidly regulated by exposure to peptide Ag, the mechanisms regulating cytokine production by γδ T cells are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells produce IFN-γ and TNF-α as early as 2 h after Ag exposure, and that they produce these cytokines in a dose- and time- dependent manner in response to stimulation with a live bacterial product, iso -butylamine (IBA), but not to dead bacteria or LPS. γδ T cells began, ceased, and then resumed IFN-γ and TNF-α generation in an on/off/on cycling pattern, both in vitro and in vivo, depending on the presence or absence of IBA. IFN-γ and TNF-α, whose optimum production was dependent on IBA-stimulated γδ T cells, were critical for monocyte-mediated killing of Escherichia coli . By limiting cytokine production to periods of direct contact with live bacteria, γδ T cells focus their resources at the site of infection, while limiting systemic immunopathology. Thus, human γδ T cells may mediate innate resistance to extracellular bacteria via tightly regulated cytokine production without necessarily expanding in number.
Ownership, responsibility and hospital care: lessons for the consultation psychiatrist.

Abstract Objective To identify scenarios in which consultation psychiatrists encounter difficulty reconciling their clinical role with consultees' expectations and to suggest concepts that help navigate these situations. Methods The authors' clinical experiences are used to generate and discuss three major categories of situations that require psychiatric consultants to thoughtfully adjust the breadth and depth of their obligation to patients and consultees. Results "Occam's razor ‘dulled," "Conflation of the psychosocial with the psychiatric" and "Disposition preoccupation" are proposed as the major categories leading to conflicting patient management views between consultant and consultee. Each has, at its core, a compromise of patient ownership that blurs the boundaries of the consulting psychiatrist's responsibility . Conclusions Understanding and channeling ownership back to the consultee, while appropriately gauging and embracing one's responsibility, form a two-pronged approach to clarifying one's role in consultations.
The Rat Prepro Gastrin Releasing Peptide Gene is Transcribed from Two Initiation Sites in the Brain

The gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a gastrointestinal hormone, a neuropeptide, and a growth factor. To study systematically GRP gene expression in embryonic and in adult mammals, we cloned the rat prepro-GRP gene from brain cDNA libraries. Analysis of these cDNA clones along with organspecific mRNA studies show that there are prepro- GRP transcripts initiating in the brain, but not in the duodenum, from a novel promoter. The latter is located at least four hundred base pairs upstream from a second promoter that is active in both duodenum and in brain. In contrast to human prepro- GRP, there is no alternative processing of the 3′-region of rat brain and duodenum prepro-GRP transcripts; hence, these mRNAs encode a single 147 amino acid prepro-GRP hormone that is homologous to the third isoform of the human prepro-GRP hormone.
Spaced Heterometallic 3d–4f Magnetic Chains from the Pseudo‐One‐Dimensional Na2LnMnO(AsO4)2 Series: Stepped Magnetization in the Na2GdMnO(AsO4)2 Ferromagnet

Herein, we report the synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of new 3d-4f solids Na2LnMnO(AsO4)2 (Ln = Sm3+, Gd3+, Dy3+) (the 2112 series) and their structural comparison with the Na3LnMn3O3(As04)3 (Ln = La3+, Sm3+, Gd3+) series (the 3133 series). The gadolinium compd. of the 2112 series reveals intriguing magnetic anomalies that arise from competing multiple magnetic dynamics and, for the first time, stepped magnetization below the Curie temp. T ≈ 2O K.
Role of the Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic pathway in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease.

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by the gradual and inexorable depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes. The pathogenetic importance of the loss of these cells is unquestioned since it correlates with the loss of immune capabilities and the consequent occurrence and
The lower and upper bound problems for cubical polytopes

We construct a family of cubical polytypes which shows that the upper bound on the number of facets of a cubical polytope (given a fixed number of vertices) is higher than previously suspected. We also formulate a lower bound conjecture for cubical polytopes.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Antigens Expressed during Urinary Tract Infection

Uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) represents a prevalent and potentially severe infectious disease. In this study, we describe the application of an immunoproteomics approach to vaccine development that has been used successfully to identify vaccine targets in other pathogenic bacteria. Outer membranes were isolated from pyelonephritis strain E. coli CFT073 cultured under conditions that mimic the urinary tract environment, including iron limitation, osmotic stress, human urine, and exposure to uroepithelial cells. To identify antigens that elicit a humoral response during experimental UTI, outer membrane proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and probed using pooled antisera from 20 CBA/J mice chronically infected with E. coli CFT073. In total, 23 outer membrane antigens, including a novel iron compound receptor, reacted with the antisera and were identified by mass spectrometry. These antigens also included proteins with known roles in UPEC pathogenesis, such as ChuA, IroN, IreA, Iha, IutA, and FliC. These data demonstrate that an antibody response is directed against these virulence-associated factors during UTI. We also show that the genes encoding ChuA, IroN, hypothetical protein c2482, and IutA are significantly more prevalent (P < 0.01) among UPEC strains than among fecal-commensal E. coli isolates. Thus, we suggest that the conserved outer membrane antigens identified in this study could be rational candidates for a UTI vaccine designed to elicit protective immunity against UPEC infection.
Systems Genetics: A Novel Approach to Dissect the Genetic Basis of Osteoporosis

From the early 1990s to the middle of the last decade, the search for genes influencing osteoporosis proved difficult with few successes. However, over the last 5 years this has begun to change with the introduction of genome-wide association (GWA) studies. In this short period of time, GWA studies have significantly accelerated the pace of gene discovery, leading to the identification of nearly 100 independent associations for osteoporosis-related traits. However, GWA does not specifically pinpoint causal genes or provide functional context for associations. Thus, there is a need for approaches that provide systems-level insight on how associated variants influence cellular function, downstream gene networks, and ultimately disease. In this review we discuss the emerging field of “systems genetics” and how it is being used in combination with and independent of GWA to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in bone fragility.
Physically addressed queueing (PAQ): improving parallelism in solid state disks

NAND flash storage has proven to be a competitive alternative to traditional disk for its properties of high random-access speeds, low-power and its presumed efficacy for random-reads. Ironically, we demonstrate that when packaged in SSD format, there arise many barriers to reaching full parallelism in reads, resulting in random writes out-performing them. Motivated by this, we propose Physically Addressed Queuing (PAQ), a request scheduler that avoids resource contention resultant from shared SSD resources. PAQ makes the following major contributions: First, it exposes the physical addresses of requests to the scheduler. Second, I/O clumping is utilized to select groups of operations that can be simultaneously executed without major resource conflict. Third, inter-request NAND transaction packing empowers multi-plane-mode operations. We implement PAQ in a cycle-accurate simulator and demonstrate bandwidth and IOPS improvements greater than 62% and latency decreases as much as 41.6% for random reads, without degrading performance of other access types.