cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visceralism and the Superior Mind in French Medicine and Literature, 1750–1850

During the French Enlightenment, cerebralists were a key focus of the period’s distinctly visceralist ideas about the mind–body relation. Hygienic works designed for intellectuals frequently focused on treatments for the “delicate stomachs” of scholars, in a model that flourished well into the following century. In the field of mental medicine, hypochondria—understood as both a digestive and a psychic disorder—was redefined as a condition distinct from melancholy and hysteria, and as particularly predominant among male intellectuals. Major literary writers were also keenly interested in the visceral aspects of intellectual endeavor. The chapter provides an overview of those developments, focusing on the place of visceralism in the special “poetic organization” that was attributed to gens de lettres.
Unsupervised spectral learning

In spectral clustering and spectral image segmentation, the data is partitioned starting from a given matrix of pairwise similarities S. The matrix S is constructed by hand, or learned on a separate training set. In this paper we show how to achieve spectral clustering in unsupervised mode. Our algorithm starts with a set of observed pairwise features, which are possible components of an unknown, parametric similarity function. This function is learned iteratively, at the same time as the clustering of the data. The algorithm shows promising results on synthetic and real data.
Neuropeptidomics: Mass spectrometry-based qualitative and quantitative analysis

Neuropeptidomics refers to a global characterization approach for the investigation of neuropeptides, often under specific physiological conditions. Neuropeptides comprise a complex set of signaling molecules that are involved in regulatory functions and behavioral control in the nervous system. Neuropeptidomics is inherently challenging because neuropeptides are spatially, temporally and chemically heterogeneous, making them difficult to predict in silico from genomic information. Mature neuropeptides are produced from intricate enzymatic processing of precursor proteins/prohormones via a range of post-translational modifications, resulting in multiple final peptide products from each prohormone gene. Although there are several methods for targeted peptide studies, mass spectrometry (MS), with its qualitative and quantitative capabilities, is ideally suited to the task. MS provides fast, sensitive, accurate, and high-throughput peptidomic analyses of neuropeptides without requiring prior knowledge of the peptide sequences. Aided by liquid chromatography (LC) separations and bioinformatics, MS is quickly becoming a leading technique in neuropeptidomics. This chapter describes several LC-MS analytical methods to identify, characterize and quantify neuropeptides, while emphasizing the sample preparation steps so integral to experimental success.
History of the naming of the Ferruginous Hawk

The Ferruginous Hawk, a breeding bird endemic to North America, was named Falco ferrugineus in 1838 by H. Lichtenstein, curator of the Berlin Zoological Museum. The type was collected by F. Deppe near present day Monterey, California. In 1844 G.R. Gray of the British Museum assigned the Buteo regalis to a Ferruginous Hawk specimen of unknown origin, but perhaps donated to the museum by John Phillips, a renowned British geologist. The species was known as Falco (Buteo) ferrugineus until the 1920s when it was discovered that this epithet was occupied. The next name in priority was Gray's Buteo regalis , which then became valid. The species has been known by a number of common names. Even though any reference to the rusty brown markings on the otherwise white plumage is no longer part of the species specific name, the Ferruginous Hawk continues to be the most frequently used common name.
La idea misma de positivismo jurídico

Recent discussions on legal positivism suggests that the controversy surrounding the notion turns on the distinction between inclusive and exclusive legal positivism. One can acquire a broader perspective by opening up the field in order to cover not only inclusive and exclusive legal positivism but also non-positivism. In any case, I want to argue that a far more fundamental distinction within the positivist camp lies elsewhere. The distinction I have in mind is that between legal positivism qua naturalism (J. Austin) and legal positivism without naturalism (H. Kelsen). For reasons institutional in nature, legal positivism has largely been discussed in a vacuum, there is a standing presumption to the effect that there are ties between legal positivism and ‘positivism writ large’ in the greater philosophical tradition –or, as it would be put in present-day philosophical circles, ties between legal positivism and naturalism. My claim is that it is to be sharply distinguished Kelsen posivist interprise from legal positivism qua naturalism, where the separation principle is simply a corollary of naturalism and where there is of course no nomological normativity thesis.
Comparison of Multipiscivore Foraging Success on Native and Invasive Prey Fish under Variable Light Intensities

The majority of fish predator-prey studies have focused on interactions using a single predator. We explored the complexity of foraging at different times of the day by examining the interactions of paired native predators (Burbot Lota lota or Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu) with either native (Mottled Sculpin Cottus bairdii) or invasive (Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus) benthic prey (n=20). The study allowed the comparison of a pursuit (Smallmouth Bass) and ambush (Burbot) predator. Trials were performed under natural relevant lighting conditions with downwelling light intensity and emission spectrum matched to the irradiance at 10 m depth found in the St. Louis River estuary during summer at night, civil twilight, sunrise, and midmorning. Smallmouth Bass were more active than burbot and initiated 1,510 reactions that resulted in the successful capture of 61 Round Goby and 103 Mottled Sculpin (10.9% success rate overall) whereas Burbot initiated 475 reactions resulting in 24 successful retentions including 9 Round Goby and 15 Mottled Sculpin (5.0% success rate overall). The percentage of successful retentions was greater for Smallmouth Bass at 10.9% compared to only 5.0% for Burbot. Reaction probabilities to each prey differed significantly which resulted in a two-fold increase in attacks on Mottled Sculpin compared to Round Gobies within the same time period. Reaction distances for both predator species did not differ in regard to prey species, but Smallmouth Bass reacted farther than Burbot (max. reaction distances of 159 and 98 cm, respectively). Greater success of native predators on native prey likely cause predators to expend more energy capturing invasive prey and cause higher mortality on native prey populations due to greater predator success.
Treatment cost and access to care: experiences of young women diagnosed with breast cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women younger than 40 years. We aim to evaluate cost as a barrier to care among female breast cancer patients diagnosed between 18 to 39 years. In early 2017, we distributed a survey to women diagnosed with breast cancer between the ages of 18 and 39 years, as identified by the central cancer registries of California, Georgia, North Carolina, and Florida. We used multivariable statistics to explore cost-related barriers to receiving breast cancer care for the 830 women that completed the survey. About half of the women (47.4%) reported spending more on breast cancer care than expected, and almost two-thirds (65.3%) had not discussed costs with their care team. A third of the patients (31.8%) indicated forgoing care due to cost. Factors associated with not receiving anticipated care due to cost included age less than35 years at diagnosis, self-insurance, comorbid conditions, and late-stage diagnosis. Previous studies using breast cancer registry data have not included detailed insurance information and care received by young women. Young women with breast cancer frequently forgo breast cancer care due to cost. Our results highlight the potential for policies that facilitate optimal care for young breast cancer patients which could include the provision of comprehensive insurance coverage.
Frequency-domain modeling of orbit and clock errors for sequential positioning

In this paper, we develop new stochastic orbit and clock error models for positioning, fault detection, and integrity monitoring over time. This work is intended for time-sequential navigation systems including Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) integrated with inertial navigation systems (INS) or dual-frequency, multi-constellation, sequential Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM).
Asymptotically optimal inference in sparse sequence models with a simple data-dependent measure

For high-dimensional inference problems, statisticians have a number of competing interests. On the one hand, procedures should provide accurate estimation, reliable structure learning, and valid uncertainty quantification. On the other hand, procedures should be computationally efficient and able to scale to very high dimensions. In this note, I show that a very simple data-dependent measure can achieve all of these desirable properties simultaneously, along with some robustness to the error distribution, in sparse sequence models.
Phytoplankton community structuring and succession in a competition-neutral resource landscape

Phytoplankton community composition and succession affect aquatic food webs and biogeochemistry. Resource competition is commonly viewed as an important governing factor for community structuring and this perception is imbedded in modern ecosystem models. Quantitative consideration of the physical spacing between phytoplankton cells, however, suggests that direct competition for growth-limiting resources is uncommon. Here we describe how phytoplankton size distributions and temporal successions are compatible with a competition-neutral resource landscape. Consideration of phytoplankton-herbivore interactions with proportional feeding size ranges yields small-cell dominated size distributions consistent with observations for stable aquatic environments, whereas predator–prey temporal lags and blooming physiologies shift this distribution to larger mean cell sizes in temporally dynamic environments. We propose a conceptual mandala for understanding phytoplankton community composition where species successional series are initiated by environmental disturbance, guided by the magnitude of these disturbances and nutrient stoichiometry, and terminated with the return toward a ‘stable solution’. Our conceptual mandala provides a framework for interpreting and modeling the environmental structuring of natural phytoplankton populations.
The health literacy disparity in adolescents with sickle cell disease

PURPOSE There are over 100,000 individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the United States, most of whom are Black, poor, and publically insured. In combination with a chronic illness, these demographics lead to significant barriers to healthcare for patients with SCD, leaving them exceptionally vulnerable within the healthcare system. This unique vulnerability is especially notable when transitioning adolescents with SCD from pediatric to adult care, as this is a significant time of morbidity and mortality for these patients. It is postulated that health literacy influences transition from pediatric to adult care in adolescents with SCD. To better understand this relationship, more adolescent health literacy research must be conducted with both adolescents with and without SCD. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to systematically compare health literacy in adolescents with and without SCD. DESIGN AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory study. One hundred and thirty-four adolescents with SCD and 105 adolescents without SCD were recruited for this study. The Newest Vital Sign (NVS) health literacy instrument was used to evaluate health literacy. Pearson correlations were conducted to evaluate relationships among health literacy and the influencing factors of age, grade level, income, and parental education level. Differences in NVS scores between groups were assessed using independent samples t tests. RESULTS There was a significant relationship between health literacy, age (r = .286, p < .01) and grade level (r = .317, p = .00) in adolescents with SCD. In adolescents without SCD, there was a significant relationship between health literacy, income (r = .235; p < .05) and parental education (r = .263; p < .01). The mean NVS score was 2.66 for adolescents with SCD and 3.77 for adolescents without SCD. A statistically significant difference in NVS scores was found between groups (t = 4.772; p < .001). Adolescents with SCD demonstrated significantly lower NVS scores than adolescents without SCD. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS There are significant differences in health literacy scores and influencing factors in adolescents with and without SCD. Thus, this article provides unique insight for nurses as they design, implement and evaluate health promotion, patient education, and future research initiatives for adolescents and families, both with and without SCD. Further research is needed to gain more insight into this phenomenon.
Diagnostic Twin Screw Extruder: Initial Measurements of Continuous Ne, H2, and D2 Extrusions

Flow and heat transfer measurements of solid hydrogenic materials inside twin screw extruders are not available. Fusion tokamaks like ITER require fuel pellet injection at 99.9% reliability which r...
Trademark Law and Racial Subordination: From Marketing of Stereotypes to Norms of Authorship

Trademark protection, as with intellectual property (IP) protection across the board, has expanded in recent years. Some contend that IP expansion has occurred primarily at the behest and for the benefit of large corporate conglomerates. Professor Greene's previous work has contended that trademark expansion has the potential to negatively impact cultural production and free speech, particularly in the expressive context of entertainment products such as music, film and television. Trademark critics have grown vocal in recent years about the misuse of trademark law. Similarly, numerous academic commentators have detailed the deleterious effects of a too-robust trademark law regime.There is also increasing recognition, among academics at least, that trademark law and IP law generally impact diverse constituencies, including creators, consumers, and corporations. However, outside of the topic of racially offensive trademark registrations, IP scholars have devoted relatively scant analysis to the intersection of race and trademark law. Professor Greene's scholarship, however, has closely examined African-American cultural production and its relationship to intellectual property, particularly copyright law.In this article, Professor Greene explores trademark law in conjunction with racial dynamics within American culture. The article's thesis consists of three points. First, although trademark law, like copyright, is a formally "race-neutral" legal regime, it has both impacted and been impacted by the racial dynamics underlying American society. In the United States, our public discourse has historically focused on racial classifications and stereotypes.Second, far from being at the fringes of the process of racial subordination, trademarked imagery has been central to the promotion of derogatory racial stereotypes. Negative racial stereotypes have generally declined as norms of racial equality have taken hold in our society. However, despite progress in race relations, the resonance of stereotypes is still profoundly strong in American culture and is reflected in stereotypical trademark uses.Third, drawing on the work of scholars with "critical" perspectives of the law, this article contends that the treatment of African-American artists, consumers and producers within the IP context can serve as a barometer for how our society serves (or disserves) the least advantaged in society. A corollary of this point is that where a group's civil rights are weak, so is the degree of protection afforded by the IP system. IP protection or lack thereof is related to racial subordination and can serve as a leading indicator of racial progress.
Inferring Users’ Preferences from Crowdsourced Pairwise Comparisons: A Matrix Completion Approach

Inferring user preferences over a set of items is an important problem that has found numerous applications. This work focuses on the scenario where the explicit feature representation of items is unavailable, a setup that is similar to collaborative filtering. In order to learn a user's preferences from his/her response to only a small number of pairwise comparisons, we propose to leverage the pairwise comparisons made by many crowd users, a problem we refer to as crowdranking. The proposed crowdranking framework is based on the theory of matrix completion, and we present efficient algorithms for solving the related optimization problem. Our theoretical analysis shows that, on average, only O ( r log m ) pairwise queries are needed to accurately recover the ranking list of m items for the target user, where r is the rank of the unknown rating matrix, r << m . Our empirical study with two real-world benchmark datasets for collaborative filtering and one crowdranking dataset we collected via Amazon Mechanical Turk shows the promising performance of the proposed algorithm compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.
Karyotypic analysis predicts outcome of preremission and postremission therapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study

The associations of cytogenetics with complete remission (CR) rates, overall survival (OS), and outcomes after CR were studied in 609 previously untreated AML patients younger than 56 years old in a clinical trial comparing 3 intensive postremission therapies: intensive chemotherapy, autologous transplantation (ABMT), or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT) from matched related donors. Patients were categorized into favorable, intermediate, unfavorable, and unknown cytogenetic risk groups based on pretreatment karyotypes. CR rates varied significantly (P <.0001) among the 4 groups: favorable, 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77%-90%); intermediate, 76% (CI, 71%-81%); unfavorable, 55% (CI, 48%-63%); and unknown, 54% (CI, 33%-74%). There was similar significant heterogeneity of OS (P <.0001), with the estimated relative risk of death from any cause being 1.50 (CI, 1.10-2.05), 3. 33 (CI, 2.43-4.55), and 2.66 (CI, 1.59-4.45) for the intermediate, unfavorable, and unknown risk groups, respectively, compared with the favorable group. In multivariate analyses, the effects of cytogenetic risk status on CR rate and OS could not be explained by other patient or disease characteristics. Among postremission patients, survival from CR varied significantly among favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable groups (P =.0003), with significant evidence of interaction (P =.017) between the effects of treatment and cytogenetic risk status on survival. Patients with favorable cytogenetics did significantly better following ABMT and alloBMT than with chemotherapy alone, whereas patients with unfavorable cytogenetics did better with alloBMT. Cytogenetic risk status is a significant factor in predicting response of AML patients to therapy; however, to tighten treatment correlates within genetically defined AML subsets, a significantly larger leukemia cytogenetic database is warranted.
Promotion of BRCA2-Dependent Homologous Recombination by DSS1 via RPA Targeting and DNA Mimicry

The tumor suppressor BRCA2 is thought to facilitate the handoff of ssDNA from replication protein A (RPA) to the RAD51 recombinase during DNA break and replication fork repair by homologous recombination. However, we find that RPA-RAD51 exchange requires the BRCA2 partner DSS1. Biochemical, structural, and in vivo analyses reveal that DSS1 allows the BRCA2-DSS1 complex to physically and functionally interact with RPA. Mechanistically, DSS1 acts as a DNA mimic to attenuate the affinity of RPA for ssDNA. A mutation in the solvent-exposed acidic domain of DSS1 compromises the efficacy of RPA-RAD51 exchange. Thus, by targeting RPA and mimicking DNA, DSS1 functions with BRCA2 in a two-component homologous recombination mediator complex in genome maintenance and tumor suppression. Our findings may provide a paradigm for understanding the roles of DSS1 in other biological processes.
How Much is Minnesota Like Wisconsin? States as Counterfactuals

Political scientists are often interested in understanding whether state laws alter individual level behavior. For example, states often alter their election procedures, which can increase or decrease the cost of voting. In this example, it is important to understand whether these changes alter turnout since changes in costs may disproportionally aect those at the margin of voting. Analysts have typically used one of two dierent regression based research designs to estimate whether changes in state laws increase or decrease turnout. In both instances, voters from states without a change in laws are used as counterfactuals for the voters who experience a change in election law. Here, we carefully examine the assumptions behind both research designs and study their plausibility. Next, we outline a series of research design elements that can be used in addition to the usual designs. These research design elements allow the analyst to better understand the role of unobserved confounders, which is obscured in standard research designs. Using these design elements, we demonstrate that what appears to be clear cut evidence from the usual research designs is often a function confounding. We argue that to truly understand how changes in voting costs alters turnout, a dierent research design is required. Future work must rely on a research design that makes comparisons among voters who live within the same state. Our work has implications beyond turnout to any investigation of how state level treatments alter individual behavior.
A study on tumor necrosis factor, tumor necrosis factor receptors, and nitric oxide in human fetal glial cultures.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the main novel findings concerning human fetal astrocyte tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNF-Rs) and nitric oxide (NO). The focus is on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment that leads to increased soluble TNF-R concentrations in astrocyte supernatants without a detectable change in surface TNF-Rs, the inhibition of cytokine-induced soluble TNF-Rs by pentoxifylline (PTX); but it does not affect surface TNF-R, the association of elevated soluble TNF-R levels with increased TNF and NO production. It is concluded that during CNS inflammation, such as MS, NO production is accompanied by changes in TNF-Rs, which may either limit or prolong the effects that NO has on surrounding cells or invading pathogens. Indeed, NO concentrations may be regulated, in part, by modulating TNF-R shedding. Recent findings suggest that TNF effects on a target cell are mediated, in part, by the presence of soluble extracellular TNF receptor (TNF-R) fragments cleaved from intact surface receptors by proteases. These soluble TNF-Rs can bind to TNF and inhibit or prolong its activity, and are additional pathways by which TNF can be modulated. Thus, the maintenance of NO levels within a nonpathological range may depend not only on limiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), but also on regulating cytokine pathways associated with iNOS activation. One of the aims of the chapter is to discuss the evidence of the production and regulation of TNF, TNF-Rs, and NO production in human glial cell cultures. These studies are based on the hypothesis that TNF, IL-1, and NO mediate demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques and neuronal damage in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia, both of which may contribute to the clinical manifestations of these conditions.
Space-time vector delta-sigma modulation

Classical delta-sigma modulation gains resolution through temporal oversampling by using a high-speed, low-resolution quantizer and shaping the resulting quantization errors out of the signal band. Likewise, spatial delta-sigma modulation is often used in image halftoning to create high-visual-quality binary images. We consider combining spatial and temporal delta-sigma modulation to reduce temporal oversampling requirements in high-SNR antenna transmit arrays using simple high-power switches as the output amplifiers. We introduce a vector delta-sigma architecture that allows noise shaping jointly in both temporal and spatial frequency. The two-dimensional pseudo-shift-invariant delta-sigma architecture commonly used for image halftoning is realized as a special case, and we consider when such a simplified model may be appropriate.
Uncommon and rarely reported adverse events of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become a primary tool for the treatment of biliary and pancreatic ductal diseases. It is essential for the endoscopist carrying out the ERCP to have a thorough understanding of the potential adverse events. Typically, endoscopists are well familiar with common adverse events such as post-ERCP pancreatitis, cholangitis, post-sphincterotomy bleeding, post-sphincterotomy perforation, and sedation-related cardiopulmonary compromises. However, there are other less common adverse events that arecritical to promptly recognize in order to provide appropriate therapy and prevent disastrous outcomes. This review focuses on the presentation and management of the less common and rare adverse events of an ERCP from the perspective of the practicing endoscopist.
Analysis of fault-tolerance in a class of multistage interconnection networks

Some fault-tolerance properties in a class of 2log/sub 2/N- or (2log/sub 2/N-1)-stage rearrangeable network are analyzed. The analysis is based on the newly developed inside-out routing algorithm. It is shown that the algorithm can provide us with a higher degree of freedom in the ways of realizing a given permutation than the well-known looping algorithm. In finding a set of complete assignments for the center-stage cycles, alternate paths can be obtained by changing the initial position or changing the assigning direction or even interchanging the first level decompositions of a permutation. Utilizing the alternate paths, it is shown that any single control fault can be tolerated in the network and in addition, any single switching-element fault can also be tolerated with some performance degradation. These new approaches are originated from the fact that the algorithm routes outward from the center stages and due to this, the center stages and two half networks can be treated separately. An example is given to demonstrate the fault-tolerance in the networks. >
Joseph Kimhi's Sefer Ha-Berit : Pathbreaking Medieval Jewish Apologetics

Christian anti-Jewish polemics have a long and rich history, stretching all the way back to the early stages of the new faith community. Anti-Jewish treatises dot the history of Christian literature from the third century onward. By contrast, Jews seem to have been much less concerned with combatting Christianity. It has been widely noted that the earliest Jewish compositions devoted to anti-Christian polemics stem from the twelfth century. While the twelfth-century provenance of the earliest Jewish anti-Christian tracts has long been recognized, little attention has been focused on the significance of this dating. The fact that sometime toward the end of the twelfth century, perhaps in the 1160s or 1170s, two anti-Christian works, the forerunners of a substantial body of Jewish anti-Christian polemical-apologetic works, were composed almost simultaneously begs interpetation. What changes gave rise to a new Jewish sensitivity, to a need to present Jewish readers with formulation and rebuttal of Christian claims? The answer clearly lies in the enhanced agressiveness of western Christendom toward the Jews, as well as other non-Christians, a development that has been recognized and discussed extensively in modern scholarly literature. In the face of an increasingly aggressive Christendom, Jewish intellectual and spiritual leadership had to reassure the Jewish flock of the rectitude of the Jewish vision and the nullity of the Christian faith. This is precisely what the first two anti-Christian treatises, the Milhamot ha-Shem of Jacob ben Reuven and the Sefer ha-Berit of Joseph Kimhi, undertook to achieve. Given the pioneering nature of these works, it is striking that insufficient scholarly attention has been accorded to these two efforts. They surely have much to tell both of perceived Christian thrusts and of meaningful Jewish rebuttal of these challenges.
On The Non-Adoption Of Present Value Depreciation In Managerial Performance Evaluation

Present value depreciation has long been advocated as a way to improve the dominant return on investment (ROI) managerial performance measure. Yet, to date, reported adoptions of this approach have been rare. Since providing appropriate managerial incentives is increasingly important in this era of intensifying global competition, it is useful to explore why firms are foregoing this theoretically superior approach. This paper points out that the non-adoption of present value depreciation may be an economically rational choice. It notes that advocates of present value depreciation have failed to consider some potentially significant implementation costs. In addition, a small scale computer simulation reveals that under conditions of uncertainty and correlated cash flows, ROI calculated under conventional depreciation procedures can often closely approximate the theoretically correct value. Hence, besides providing a specific analysis of present value depreciation, this study also underlines afresh the importance of cost/benefit considerations in developing or adopting new approaches to business problems.
Design of the Oxygen Lance Lifting Control System Based on S7-400 PLC

With the high demand for steel building steel works, steel quality requirements are also gradually increasing, continuous innovations in technology in steel plant to produce high quality all steel. Now widely used in the metallurgical industry in top blown oxygen steel-making, automatic control system of oxygen Lance in converter steelmaking on oxygen top blown oxygen process plays a key role in lifting control. In order to forge a more quality steel products, need to study the Lance system automation control performance. So with Lance for the study, with Siemens S7-400PLC has designed a new type of control system of oxygen gun. And related programming, introduced the hardware components and PLC control system of oxygen gun. Proof, the system reached the Lance to pinpoint and aim to increase production efficiency. Keywords: Top blown oxygen steelmaking,Lance,S7-400PLC,automatic control system
Meet the new boss: Institutional change and loose coupling in parole and probation

The authors use the institutional theory of organizations to argue that historical changes in parole and probation are ceremonial in the sense that they are aimed at an institutional audience and have had little effect on the day-to-day work of line-level officers. A review of the history of community corrections in the US suggests that parole and probation can be described in four eras, each era marked by a particular pattern of institutional authority and by corresponding changes in the structure, goals, and policies of parole and probation. By loosely coupling the work of street-level parole and probation agents to organizational goals and policies and minimizing caseload problems via surveillance and information-gathering techniques, the day-to-day activity of parole and probation officers has been largely unaffected.
Truncated projection computer tomography and objects of annular support

Truncated Projection Computer Tomography (TPCT) is an imaging method that, in contrast to conventional CT, collects projection data along only a segment of each integration path. We examine three aspects of TPCT in this article. First, we present computer simulations of data acquisition and image reconstruction for TPCT. The reconstruction algorithm is iterative and sometimes referred to as the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique or ART. Failings of the technique, when used in this application, motivate our examination of objects with annular support. We find that, for a rect truncation window, TPCT naturally segments an object whose support is a disk into annular sub- objects. Finally, we introduce an analytical TPCT reconstruction formula. This reconstruction formula amounts to inversion of the incomplete Radon transform.
Frugivory and the fate of dispersed and non-dispersed seeds of six African tree species

The relationship between seedling recruitment (under and away from parent trees) and the behaviour of seed dispersers and predators, was explored in a three-year study in Kibale National Park, Uganda. On the basis of 1261 hours of observation, the foraging activity of the diurnal frugivores which fed on fruit from six tree species was quantified. The fate of dispersed and non-dispersed seeds and seedlings was examined experimentally. The findings suggest that a trade-off exists between factors that promote seedling growth in areas with high seedling density and factors that promote dispersal by frugivores. For example, dispersal of Mimusops bagshawei increases both seed and seedling survival; seeds placed away from adult conspecifics had a 8% lower probability of disappearing than seeds placed under adults and seedlings away from adults had a 30% greater probability of surviving than seedlings grown under adults. In contrast, for Uvariopsis congensis, dispersed seeds had a 56% greater probability of disappearing than seeds directly under a parent tree, while the survival of dispersed and non-dispersed seedlings was similar. Non-dispersed seed and seedling disappearance were correlated with the percentage of the fruit crop removed from focal trees, suggesting that the ability to survive under an adult maybe related to other aspects of the tree's life history.
Complementation between glucocorticoid receptor and lymphocytolysis in somatic cell hybrids of two glucocorticoid-resistant human leukemic clonal cell lines

Somatic hybrids between two glucocorticoid-resistant clonal cell lines, CEM C1 and ICR-27, isolated independently from the CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastoid cell line, were constructed to investigate the complementation effect between the glucocorticoid receptor and the gene product(s) for inducing receptor-mediated lymphocytolysis. CEM C1 (r+ly−) has a normal amount of functional glucocorticoid receptor as compared to the steroid-sensitive clonal line CEM C7. Clone ICR-27 (r−ly?), which was originally isolated following mutagenesis of CEM C7 with the mutagen ICR 191, has few glucocorticoid receptors as determined by whole-cell receptor assay. The eight randomly selected CEM C1 × ICR-27 hybrid clones all showed sensitivity to 10− 6 M dexamethasone (ly+). The receptor site content of two neartetraploid hybrids chosen for analysis was close to that of CEM C1 (r+). Hybrids constructed between CEM C1 and the receptor-bearing, steroid-sensitive clone, CEM C7 (r+ly+) also showed glucocorticoid sensitivity, and their receptor sites corresponded to the sum of those of CEM C1 and CEM C7 (r+r+ly+) These results indicate: (1) that CEM C1 has no trans-active inhibitor of lysis; (2) that CEM C1 has intact glucocorticoid receptor; and (3) that ICR-27 and CEM C1 complement one another to restore lymphocytolysis. Therefore, CEM C1 cells can serve as a donor of human glucocorticoid receptors.
Parametric instabilities of circularly polarized large-amplitude dispersive Alfvén waves: excitation of parallel-propagating electromagnetic daughter waves

We investigate the parametric decay and modulational instabilities of a large-amplitude circularly polarized dispersive Alfven wave. Our treatment is more general than that of previous derivations based on the two-fluid equations in that we allow for propagation of the unstable daughter waves at arbitrary angles to the background magnetic field, although our main concern in this paper is the exploration of new aspects of propagation parallel to the DC magnetic field. In addition to the well-known coupling of pump waves to electrostatic daughter waves, we find a new parametric channel where the pump wave couples directly to electromagnetic daughter waves. Excitation of the electromagnetic instability occurs only for modulation (k/k0 ≤ 1) and not for decay (k/k0 0) and right-hand (K < 0) polarization. For large k/k0, the electromagnetic channel dominates, while at lower values the electrostatic channel has a larger growth rate for modest values of dispersion, pump-wave amplitude and plasma β. Unlike the electrostatic modulational instability, the growth rate of the electromagnetic instability increases monotonically with increasing pump wave amplitude. This analysis confirms that, for decay, the dominant process is coupling to electrostatic daughter waves, at least for parallel propagation. For modulation, the coupling to electromagnetic daughter waves usually dominates, suggesting that the parametric modulational instability is really an electromagnetic phenomenon.
Phase II Study of First-Line Sequential Chemotherapy with Gemcitabine-Carboplatin Followed by Docetaxel in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Rationale: Despite the use of novel chemotherapeutic agents, patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continue to show a poor survival. Objectives:</i&g
Deuteron polarization in p-d elastic scattering

Abstract The vector and tensor polarization of deuterons in p-d elastic scattering was measured by scattering polarized deuterons in the energy range of 4 to 12 MeV from a proton target. The vector polarization is positive at all angles and has a maximum in the backward hemisphere. The largest value observed is 〈 iT 11 〉 = 0.050±0.006 ( E d = 12 MeV, θ = 120°). The second rank polarization parameters 〈 T 20 〉 and 〈 T 22 〉 were measured at 10.1, 11 and 12 MeV; their values range from −0.008 to −0.057.
Marrow transplantation for acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in first remission using fractionated or single-dose irradiation

Abstract Fifty-three patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in first remission were treated with cyclophosphamide, total body irradiation and marrow transplantation. Twenty-seven patients received 1000 rad in one exposure and 12 are living in remission 6–29 months later. Twenty-six received 200 rad on each of 6 days and 18 are living in remission after 4–27 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis shows a survival advantage for the fractionated regimen (p = 0.05).
Enhancing Unmanned Aerial System Training: A Taxonomy of Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes, and Methods:

The burgeoning use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) has, regrettably, not been met with an appropriate integration of training science into UAS training efforts. At best, current UAS training efforts are fragmented; at worst, they are ineffective (Stulberg, 2007). However, this need not be the case. Though nascent, the UAS literature has identified many necessary knowledge, skill, and attitude (KSA) components of UAS operation. This article works to aid the UAS training community in combining practice with science. In order to accomplish this goal, the emerging UAS knowledge base is collected herein as a taxonomy of KSAs. These KSAs are joined by a listing of training methodologies that can be used to impart them to UAS operator teams. Finally, these KSAs and methods are used to resolve example training deficiencies drawn from the literature.
Developmental Transformations: Improvisational Drama Therapy with Children in Acute Inpatient Psychiatry

This article describes the use of Developmental Transformations drama therapy in groups within an acute psychiatric setting, exploring issues specific to group work with child psychiatric inpatients. Case material from a series of sessions is used to explore how group members can use the process for mutual support as well as to increase flexibility and capacity for creative expression. Connections are drawn between Developmental Transformations and social group work theories to illustrate parallels between the two practice methods.
Work-related injuries in the meatpacking industry

Abstract National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) surveillance efforts are directed towards identifying and studying high-risk industries. This research describes injuries and worker characteristics and suggests how these injuries may be prevented in one industry—the meatpacking industry. This industry has maintained the third highest injury rate among all U.S. manufacturing industries from 1976 through 1985. According to NIOSH data, 25 workers died from work-related injuries during 1980–1985. Injury data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Supplementary Data System show that 76% of injured workers suffered strains, sprains, lacerations, contusions, or abrasions. The two major types of injury are: Struck by or against objects (25%) and overexertion including lifting, pulling, and throwing (31 %). Handtools are involved in almost one half of all injuries. The occupations of over half of all injured workers are meat cutter (49%), butcher (2%), and packer and wrapper (4%). These findings suggest aiming preventive efforts towards workers in these jobs. However, more comprehensive and detailed surveillance systems are needed to further study workers at risk and evaluate preventive efforts.
An analytical model for the steady-state and transient characteristics of the power insulated-gate bipolar transistor

Abstract An analytical model for the power Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is developed. The model consistently describes the IGBT steady-state current-voltage characteristics and switching transient current and voltage waveforms for all loading conditions. The model is based on the equivalent circuit of a MOSFET which supplies the base current to a low-gain, high-level injection, bipolar transistor with its base virtual contact at the collector end of the base. The basic element of the model is a detailed analysis of the bipolar transistor which uses ambipolar transport theory and does not assume the quasi-static condition for the transient analysis. This analysis differs from the previous bipolar transistor theory in that (1) the relatively large base current which flows from the collector end of the base is properly accounted for, and (2) the component of current due to the changing carrier distribution under the condition of a moving collector-base depletion edge during anode voltage transitions is accounted for. Experimental verification of the model using devices with different base lifetimes is presented for the on-state current-voltage characteristics, the steady-state saturation current, and the current and voltage waveforms for the constant voltage transient, the inductive load transient, and the series resistor-inductor load transient.
Comments on the requirements for a general Stark broadening theory

Abstract An analysis is made of requirements for a general theory of Stark broadening applicable to both strong and weak collisions. It is pointed out in particular that inclusion of the static and weak interaction limits is not sufficient to obtain a generally valid theory. At least one other condition is necessary—a dynamic correction for strong, primarily static, collisions. The kangaroo process model microfield method is examined from this point of view, and it is shown that the model conditional probability leads to an incorrect functional form for the lowest order dynamic correction.
Fluorescence detected soft XAS and MCD - applications to bioinorganic systems

Abstract Recent developments in synchrotron radiation sources and end stations make x-ray magnetic circular dichroism a feasible experiment for metalloproteins. This paper describes the experimental apparatus and some results that indicate the promise of the technique.
Taphonomic estimates of competition and the role of carnivore avoidance in hominin site use within the Early Pleistocene Olduvai Basin

It has become increasingly clear among paleoanthropologists that Early Pleistocene sites sample a diversity of behaviors and no one model is sufficient to explain every collection of archaeological debris. With this comes the realization that hominins reacted to an equally diverse set of ecological parameters, each of which determined to some extent where, when, and how they chose to concentrate, or not concentrate, their activities across ancient landscapes. Competition with, and predation risk from, large carnivores is thought to be an especially critical factor, particularly when large mammal tissues became a component of hominin diets after 2.6 million years ago. Here, the degree to which carnivore avoidance influenced patterns of hominin site use is evaluated with a sample of faunal and lithic assemblages from Beds I and II at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Multivariate measures of bone destruction, as proxies for levels of on-site competition and thus predation risk, show little systematic relationship with patterns of lithic discard and butchery. This suggests that while carnivore avoidance was probably part and parcel of hominin daily life in the Early Pleistocene Olduvai Basin, other considerations such as water, tree cover, dry land, and toolstone played more proximate roles.
Differential up-regulation of Vesl-1/Homer 1 protein isoforms associated with decline in visual performance in a preclinical glaucoma model.

Glaucoma is a multifactorial progressive ocular pathology, clinically presenting with damage to the retina and optic nerve, ultimately leading to blindness. Retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma ultimately results in vision loss. Vesl/Homer proteins are scaffolding proteins that are critical for maintaining synaptic integrity by clustering, organizing and functionally regulating synaptic proteins. Current anti-glaucoma therapies target IOP as the sole modifiable clinical parameters. Long-term pharmacotherapy and surgical treatment do not prevent gradual visual field loss as the disease progresses, highlighting the need for new complementary, alternative and comprehensive treatment approaches. Vesl/Homer expression was measured in the retinae of DBA/2J mice, a preclinical genetic glaucoma model with spontaneous mutations resulting in a phenotype reminiscent of chronic human pigmentary glaucoma. Vesl/Homer proteins were differentially expressed in the aged, glaucomatous DBA/2J retina, both at the transcriptional and translational level. Immunoreactivity for the long Vesl-1L/Homer 1c isoform, but not of the immediate early gene product Vesl-1S/Homer 1a was increased in the synaptic layers of the retina. This increased protein level of Vesl-1L/Homer 1c was correlated with phenotypes of increased disease severity and a decrease in visual performance. The increased expression of Vesl-1L/Homer 1c in the glaucomatous retina likely results in increased intracellular Ca2+ release through enhancement of synaptic coupling. The ensuing Ca2+ toxicity may thus activate neurodegenerative pathways and lead to the progressive loss of synaptic function in glaucoma. Our data suggest that higher levels of Vesl-1L/Homer 1c generate a more severe disease phenotype and may represent a viable target for therapy development.