cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Minimally Invasive Approach for Inguinal Lymphadenectomy in Melanoma and Genitourinary Malignancy: Long-Term Outcomes in an Attempted Randomized Control Trial

Open inguinal lymphadenectomy (OIL) has a high incidence of complications. The authors adapted and reported a minimally invasive technique [videoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VIL)] for use with melanoma, subsequently pursuing a randomized, prospective trial comparing open and minimally invasive approaches in an attempt to confirm retrospective findings illustrating reduced complications with the minimally invasive approach. A randomized, prospective trial (NCT01526486) was designed to compare outcomes for patients undergoing VIL versus OIL. Patients with a diagnosis of malignancies requiring inguinal lymphadenectomy at Emory University were enrolled in the study, and informed consent was obtained. Failure to accrue sufficient patients resulted in suspension of the randomization process. Clinicopathologic, procedural, and outcomes data on VILs were prospectively collected. The primary outcome was wound complications, and the secondary outcome was recurrence-free survival. The results are limited to VILs. In this study, 102 patients underwent 137 procedures. Most of the complications were Clavien-Dindo 1 or 2, accounting for 89.7% of all postoperative issues. The wound infection rate was 47.4%. Skin necrosis or wound dehiscence occurred after 13 of the procedures (9.5%). For the patients with melanoma, the median overall survival was 68.8 months, and the recurrence-free survival was 18.5 months. The median inguinal recurrence-free survival was not reached. The median stage-specific recurrence-free survival was not reached for stage IIIA, was 22.8 months for stage IIIB, and was 8.8 months for stage IIIC disease (p < 0.001). The long-term findings presented in this report expand on and confirm previously published results demonstrating decreased morbidity and oncologic noninferiority of VIL, further validating the technique for patients requiring lymphadenectomy.
Is Proprietary Software Unjust? Examining the Ethical Foundations of Free Software

“Free software” is software that respects the users’ freedoms by granting them access to the source code, and allowing them to modify and redistribute the software at will. Richard Stallman, founder of the Free software movement, has argued that creating and distributing non-Free software is always a moral injustice. In this essay, I try to identify the ethical foundations of Stallmanism. I identify three major trends in Stallman’s thinking—libertarian, utilitarian, and communitarian—and I argue that none is sufficient to justify the radical claim that distributing non-Free software is always wrong (unless we accept extremely demanding ethical standards that Stallman himself does not consistently endorse). I recommend thinking of Stallmanism as an attempt to optimize the satisfaction of a number of core values, including freedom, cooperation, and happiness, and I stress the importance of connecting the Free software movement to other political struggles against oppression.
CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING IN OCTOGENARIANS: MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY

There is limited data on outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) in octogenarians. This study compared outcomes of CABG between patients 80 years or older (elderly) and patients younger than 80 years old (control). Using the National Inpatient Sample database, we identified patients that
The Moral Aesthetics of Compulsory Ultrasound Viewing and the Theological Future of Abortion

By law, women seeking abortions in some US states must undergo compulsory ultrasound viewing. This article examines the moral significance of this practice, especially as understood by pro-life rel...
Sagittal Plane Deformities

The concept of malalignment in the frontal plane has significance different from that of malalignment in the sagittal plane. The knee does not have functional range of motion in the frontal plane. Therefore, there is no compensatory knee range of motion for MAD. Because the knee moves in the sagittal plane, the sagittal plane alignment of the hip, knee, and ankle changes with normal knee motion and gait. Although static considerations usually suffice in the analysis of frontal plane alignment, dynamic factors must be considered when assessing sagittal plane alignment.
Analgesia, Sedation, and Delirium in the ICU

Pain, agitation, and delirium in the ICU are common occurrences; and inappropriate management of these conditions is clearly associated with poorer outcomes, including increased length of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, and risk of mortality. Within this chapter we discuss the best practices regarding both assessment and treatment of these conditions as well as the pharmacology of available agents for analgesia, sedation, and delirium management. A comprehensive approach to improving patient care and comfort is also proposed.
The Socioecology of Eulemur Macaco: A Preliminary Report

The preliminary results of a 15-month field study of the socioecology of four social groups of Eulemur macaco macaco in differing forest habitats at Ambato Massif are described. The four study groups ranged in size from 5 to 14 animals during the project. Mean group size was 9.75. The sex ratio of adult animals approximated 1:1. Home ranges were between 3.5 and 7.0ha, with a mean home range area of roughly 5.0–5.5ha. The population density of black lemurs at Ambato Massif was approximately 200 animals per km2. Larger social groups were not as cohesive as smaller groups and frequently fissioned into sub-groups. The large study group inhabiting a relatively more disturbed patch of forest fissioned continually throughout the dry season, a variation in social organization predicted for such an environment with the use of an ecological modelling approach. Marked seasonal variation in activity and dietary patterns were also noted, although these were shared by all study groups and not related to a particular habitat type as were group size and social orgamzation. E. m. macaco can thus be described as a generalist species with a relatively wide econiche.
Constraints, Plasticity, and Universal Patterns in Genome and Phenome Evolution

Evolutionary genomics identifies multiple constraints that differentially affect different parts of the genomes of diverse life forms. The selective pressures that shape the evolution of viral, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic genomes differ dramatically, and substantial differences exist even between animal and bacterial lineages. Constraints on protein evolution appear to be more universal and could be determined by the fundamental physics of protein folding. Some key features of the molecular phenome such as protein abundance turn out to be unexpectedly conserved and hence strongly constrained. The constraints that shape the evolution of genomes and phenomes are complemented by the plasticity and robustness of genome architecture, expression, and regulation. Several universal “laws” of genome and phenome evolution were detected, some of which seem to be dictated by selective constraints and others by neutral process.
The Effect of Immigration on Natives’ School Performance: Does Length of Stay in the Host Country Matter?

Using a rich data set of primary school students, this paper estimates the effects of immigrant concentration in the classroom on the academic achievement of natives. In contrast with previous contributions, it exploits rare information on age-at-migration to estimate separate spillover effects by duration of stay of immigrant classmates. To identify treatment effects, it uses cohort-by-cohort deviations in immigrant concentration within schools combined with attractive features of the Dutch school system. Overall, the paper finds no effect of the concentration of immigrant students on natives’ test scores. However, although immigrant students who have been in the country for some time have virtually no effect on natives, the analysis finds a small negative effect of recent immigrants in the classroom on natives’ test scores. The effect is significant only for language test scores, but insignificant for mathematics test scores. When significant, effect sizes are quite small compared to other educational interventions and classroom peer effects estimated in other contexts.
Crowdsourcing for Food Purchase Receipt Annotation via Amazon Mechanical Turk: A Feasibility Study.

Background: The decisions that individuals make about the food and beverage products they purchase and consume directly influence their energy intake and dietary quality and may lead to excess weight gain and obesity. However, gathering and interpreting data on food and beverage purchase patterns can be difficult. Leveraging novel sources of data on food and beverage purchase behavior can provide us with a more objective understanding of food consumption behaviors. Objective: Food and beverage purchase receipts often include time-stamped location information, which, when associated with product purchase details, can provide a useful behavioral measurement tool. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, reliability, and validity of processing data from fast-food restaurant receipts using crowdsourcing via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Methods: Between 2013 and 2014, receipts (N=12,165) from consumer purchases were collected at 60 different locations of five fast-food restaurant chains in New Jersey and New York City, USA (ie, Burger King, KFC, McDonald’s, Subway, and Wendy’s). Data containing the restaurant name, location, receipt ID, food items purchased, price, and other information were manually entered into an MS Access database and checked for accuracy by a second reviewer; this was considered the gold standard. To assess the feasibility of coding receipt data via MTurk, a prototype set of receipts (N=196) was selected. For each receipt, 5 turkers were asked to (1) identify the receipt identifier and the name of the restaurant and (2) indicate whether a beverage was listed in the receipt; if yes, they were to categorize the beverage as cold (eg, soda or energy drink) or hot (eg, coffee or tea). Interturker agreement for specific questions (eg, restaurant name and beverage inclusion) and agreement between turker consensus responses and the gold standard values in the manually entered dataset were calculated. Results: Among the 196 receipts completed by turkers, the interturker agreement was 100% (196/196) for restaurant names (eg, Burger King, McDonald’s, and Subway), 98.5% (193/196) for beverage inclusion (ie, hot, cold, or none), 92.3% (181/196) for types of hot beverage (eg, hot coffee or hot tea), and 87.2% (171/196) for types of cold beverage (eg, Coke or bottled water). When compared with the gold standard data, the agreement level was 100% (196/196) for restaurant name, 99.5% (195/196) for beverage inclusion, and 99.5% (195/196) for beverage types. Conclusions: Our findings indicated high interrater agreement for questions across difficulty levels (eg, single- vs binary- vs multiple-choice items). Compared with traditional methods for coding receipt data, MTurk can produce excellent-quality data in a lower-cost, more time-efficient manner.
Workers’ Rights, Exploitation, and the Transactional Moment

In this chapter, I uncover some of the contradictions that emerge in contemporary rights language when material relations are not sufficiently perceived or acknowledged. For example, I demonstrate how rights language in response to some inequities—particularly instances of serious worker abuse—misleadingly characterizes these cases as aberrations from the “normal” wage relationship in capitalism, arguing, in effect, for a “fair” wage. I also challenge the logic of related oppositions in rights language: the “just” and the “unjust,” the “fair” and the “unfair.” I explore the extent to which rights for workers can be acquired under capitalism, a system necessarily rooted in the economic exploitation of the many by the few. Inevitably, I consider what is meant by the term “exploitation” and what happens when that term is repressed or replaced by the term “oppression.”
The Pharmacist's Expanding Role in HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

The efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV has been firmly established; however, the success of PrEP largely depends on access to care as well as high levels of medication adherence. One of the key areas of focus for the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for 2020 in the United States calls for full access to comprehensive PrEP services where appropriate and desired, with support for medication adherence. Despite advances and advocacy for PrEP since approval for adults in 2012, large rates of prescribing disparity exist among gender and race/ethnicity. In 2016, only 3.7% of all PrEP users were women and only 11.2% were black. As one of the most widely accessible health care resources, pharmacists are well positioned to improve patient understanding, promote medication adherence, provide key risk reduction counseling, and enhance PrEP efficacy. Pharmacists' knowledge and accessibility in nearly every urban and rural community can be leveraged as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention strategy to expand access to care and improve population health. As trusted health care professionals, pharmacists develop a strong rapport with patients and may be the key to address current disparities in PrEP prescribing patterns as well as serve as an essential liaison between patients and other members of the multi-disciplinary care team. The purpose of this review is to summarize available data on pharmacist involvement in various models of care providing PrEP services and to identify opportunities to maximize and expand the role of the pharmacist to improve access to PrEP.
Abstract 592: Associations of mammographic breast density with breast stem cell marker-defined breast cancer subtypes

Background: High mammographic breast density is a strong, well-established breast cancer risk factor. A recent study found increased expression of stem cell markers in the areas of high breast density, but, whether stem cells may explain high breast cancer risk due to high breast density is unknown. We investigated the association between breast density and the risk of breast cancer by the status of stem cell markers CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 in the tumor. Methods: We included 223 postmenopausal women with primary invasive or in-situ breast cancer and 399 age-matched controls from Mayo Clinic Mammography Study. Percent breast density, absolute dense area and non-dense area were assessed using computer-assisted thresholding technique. Immunohistochemical analysis of the markers was performed on tumor tissue microarrays according to a standard protocol with commercial antibodies. Cases with positive staining (≥1% positively stained cells) on one or more cores were considered marker-positive. We used polychotomous logistic regression to quantify the associations of breast density measures with breast cancer risk by the status of each of the markers. Heterogeneity tests were conducted to compare the differences in associations by marker-defined tumor subtypes. Results: Of the 223 cancers in the study, 182 (82%) were positive for CD44, 83 (37%) for CD24 and 52 (23%) for ALDH1A1. Associations of percent density were not significantly different across any of the marker-defined subtypes (density 51%+ vs. 11-25%: OR=2.83, 95% CI 1.49-5.37 for CD44+ vs. OR=1.87, 95% CI 0.47-7.51 for CD44-, p-heterogeneity=0.66; OR=2.80, 95% CI 1.27-6.18 for CD24+ vs. OR=2.44, 95% CI 1.14-5.22 for CD24-, p-heterogeneity=0.61; OR=3.04, 95% CI 1.14-8.10 for ALDH1A1+ vs. OR=2.57. 95% CI 1.30-5.08 for ALDH1A1-, p-heterogeneity=0.94). Positive associations of absolute dense area and inverse associations of non-dense area with breast cancer risk were similar across marker-defined subtypes. Similar associations of breast density measures with breast cancer were seen when cancer subtypes were defined using combined marker expression status (none, one positive marker, or two and more positive markers). Conclusions: We found no evidence of differential associations of breast density measures with breast cancer risk by the status of stem cell markers. However, our power was limited and further studies in larger study populations are warranted to confirm these associations in a larger sample. Citation Format: Lusine Yaghjyan, Ashwini Esnakula, Christopher Scott, Akemi Wijayabahu, Matthew Jensen, Celine Vachon. Associations of mammographic breast density with breast stem cell marker-defined breast cancer subtypes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 592.
De-Implementation of Evidence-Based Interventions: Implications for Organizational and Managerial Research

ABSTRACTThe science of implementing evidence-based interventions (EBIs) is being developed in social work and many other disciplines. Particular attention has been paid to whether, when, and how to...
Platelets treated with pathogen reduction technology: current status and future direction

Allogeneic platelets collected for transfusion treated with pathogen reduction technology (PRT), which has been available in some countries for more than a decade, are now increasingly available in the United States (US). The implementation of PRT-treated platelets, also known as pathogen-reduced platelets (PRPs), has been spurred by the need to further decrease the risk of sepsis associated with bacterial contamination coupled with the potential of this technology to reduce the risk of infections due to already recognized, new, and emerging infectious agents. This article will review available PRP products, examine their benefits, highlight unresolved questions surrounding this technology, and summarize pivotal research studies that have compared transfusion outcomes (largely in adult patients) for PRPs with non-PRT-treated conventional platelets (CPs). In addition, studies describing the use of PRPs in pediatric patients and work done on the association between PRPs and HLA alloimmunization are discussed. As new data emerge, it is critical to re-evaluate the risks and benefits of existing PRPs and newer technologies and reassess the financial implications of adopting PRPs to guide our decision-making process for the implementation of transfusing PRPs.
Dietary recommendations for patients with dementia

With the emergence of support for diet in the maintenance of cognition, clinicians have been justifiably eager to promote diet recommendations for their older patients. But popular diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), have not been shown to benefit cognition among patients who already have dementia or cognitive decline. In our experience, promoting these restrictive diets can be detrimental to patients with dementia who are already prone to eating disturbance; vulnerable to malnutrition; and, if underweight, demonstrate increased mortality. Moreover, we have seen both patient and caregiver satisfaction negatively affected by dietary modification. Clinicians need to be aware that any dietary recommendations for patients with dementia should be mitigated by the lack of evidence for improvement in cognition, the risks for exacerbating poor nutrition, and the potential for further limiting their quality of life.
Automated identification of lymphoma involving the bone from PET/CT reports using natural language processing and adaptive learning.

e19201Background: Automated extraction of key clinical features from imaging reports, such as the site, size and FDG avidity of lesions would allow for automatic determination of disease stage, res...
A K a -Band gyrotron experiment using an intense relativistic electron beam

A new K a -band gyrotron experiment is underway, using an electron beam from a compact Febetron puiser. Operating at 350 keV with a 700 A electron beam, the gyrotron has produced 20 MW (±3 dB) at ∼8.5 % efficiency at 35 GHz in a TE 62 mode.
Effect of Nanoparticle Ligands on 4-Nitrophenol Reduction: Reaction Rate, Induction Time, and Ligand Desorption

Ligands are the quintessential synthesis tool in the preparation of colloidal metal catalysts, allowing for the rational design of nanostructured surfaces with high activity and selectivity. These ...
On the Plausibility of Walden Two

I have for many years assigned Walden Two (Skinner, 1962) as a sort of grand finale at the end of a course in personality taught from a behavioristic point of view. Reactions of students have ranged from dismissive contempt through skeptical interest to utopian yearning, but for nearly all of them the question of the practicability of such a community is central; and for those of them on the political left, so is the question of the compatibility of behaviorism and socialism. This latter question sometimes arises because many leftwing students have come to regard Skinner as the arch Antihumanist, and they are jarred to find represented in his community most of the social goals to which they aspire.
Fine-scale environmental heterogeneity and spatial niche partitioning among spring-flowering forest herbs

PREMISE Environmental heterogeneity influences plant distributions and diversity at several spatial scales. In temperate forests, fine-scale environmental variation may promote local coexistence among herbaceous species by allowing plants to spatially partition microsites within forest stands. Here we argue that shallow soils, low soil water-holding capacity and fertility, and reduced light near tree boles should favor short, shallow-rooted, evergreen species like Anemone acutiloba with low moisture, nutrient, and light requirements. Farther from trees, richer, deeper soils should favor taller, deeper-rooted herbs with greater moisture and nutrient demands, such as Sanguinaria canadensis and Trillium flexipes. METHODS We tested these hypotheses by mapping the fine-scale distributions of Anemone, Sanguinaria, and Trillium individuals within a 50 × 50 m plot, comparing local species' distributions with respect to soil depth and proximity to neighboring trees, and characterizing intraspecific and interspecific spatial associations. RESULTS Local plant distributions were consistent with our predictions based on leaf height, physiology, and phenology. Anemone was found in microsites on shallower soils and closer to trees than either Sanguinaria or Trillium. In all three species, individual plants were spatially aggregated within 2 m, but spatially segregated from individuals of the other species beyond 2 m. CONCLUSIONS Differential plant responses to fine-scale environmental heterogeneity and observed spatial associations suggest that local species-environment associations could facilitate coexistence. These findings illustrate how fine-scale environmental heterogeneity coupled with phenological and physiological differences likely contribute to spatial niche partitioning among spring-flowering forest herbs and maintain high local plant diversity within temperate forests.
Discrimination capability of pretest probability of stable coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis suggesting how to improve validation procedures.

Objective Externally validated pretest probability models for risk stratification of subjects with chest pain and suspected stable coronary artery disease (CAD), determined through invasive coronary angiography or coronary CT angiography, are analysed to characterise the best validation procedures in terms of discriminatory ability, predictive variables and method completeness. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Global Health (Ovid), Healthstar (Ovid) and MEDLINE (Ovid) searched on 22 April 2020. Eligibility criteria We included studies validating pretest models for the first-line assessment of patients with chest pain and suspected stable CAD. Reasons for exclusion: acute coronary syndrome, unstable chest pain, a history of myocardial infarction or previous revascularisation; models referring to diagnostic procedures different from the usual practices of the first-line assessment; univariable models; lack of quantitative discrimination capability. Methods Eligibility screening and review were performed independently by all the authors. Disagreements were resolved by consensus among all the authors. The quality assessment of studies conforms to the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2). A random effects meta-analysis of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values for each validated model was performed. Results 27 studies were included for a total of 15 models. Besides age, sex and symptom typicality, other risk factors are smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. Only one model considers genetic profile. AUC values range from 0.51 to 0.81. Significant heterogeneity (p 0.12). Values of I2 >90% for most analyses and not significant meta-regression results undermined relevant interpretations. A detailed discussion of individual results was then carried out. Conclusions We recommend a clearer statement of endpoints, their consistent measurement both in the derivation and validation phases, more comprehensive validation analyses and the enhancement of threshold validations to assess the effects of pretest models on clinical management. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019139388.
Freud and Fetishism: Previously Unpublished Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society

(1988). Freud and Fetishism: Previously Unpublished Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 147-166.
Improving Medical Student Clinical Knowledge and Skills Through Influenza Education.

Background This project aimed to implement a rigorous evaluation of influenza vaccine education as a learning tool for influenza and medical knowledge and clinical proficiency. Methods Among 280 Stony Brook University first-year medical students, 80 were randomly selected to participate in the Stony Brook influenza vaccine education program. Participants completed an anonymous pre-survey assessing participants': (1) experience and attitudes towards flu vaccines, (2) knowledge base of the flu virus and vaccine, (3) self-rated knowledge of the flu virus and vaccine, and (4) self-rated proficiency of clinical skills relevant to administering flu vaccines. Students then completed an educational module and vaccinated either employee healthcare workers or patients at a student-run free health clinic. Following the vaccination experience, participants completed a post-survey including questions identical to those on the pre-survey and questions regarding their evaluation of the flu vaccine education program. The pre- and post-survey data were paired, established through matching surrogate study identification codes, and differences between survey responses were analyzed using paired t-tests. Results Eighty first-year medical students participated in the pre-survey, while 55 participated in the post-survey. Compared to the pre-survey, participants significantly improved their knowledge base related to the flu virus and vaccine as well as their self-rated knowledge and clinical skills, in the post-survey. Conclusions The Stony Brook influenza vaccination program succeeded in establishing medical student training and practice with service learning. Our study is the first to provide quantitative evidence of influenza vaccine education programs improving medical student knowledge and clinical skills. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-021-01355-2.
Instabilities in a Three-Dimensional Heated Draining Film

The surface-wave and the thermocapillary instabilities in a thin heated draining film is examined. We consider a long-wave evolution equation that is capable of describing these instabilities, and study the nonlinear flow development, with focus on the pattern selection, via analysis of a truncated system and numerical integration of the full system. We show the nonlinear equilibration of two-dimensional waves and their subsequent breakdown into three-dimensional waves. We also show that nonlinear, coupled, temporal instabilities can create surface deformations that lead to an array of rivulets aligned with the flow, which demonstrates a mechanism for rivulet formation based solely on instability phenomena.
Correlations of Apparent Cellulose Crystallinity Determined by XRD, NMR, IR, Raman, and SFG Methods

Although the cellulose crystallinity index (CI) is used widely, its limitations have not been adequately described. In this study, the CI values of a set of reference samples were determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and infrared (IR), Raman, and vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopies. The intensities of certain crystalline peaks in IR, Raman, and SFG spectra positively correlated with the amount of crystalline cellulose in the sample, but the correlation with XRD was nonlinear as a result of fundamental differences in detection sensitivity to crystalline cellulose and improper baseline corrections for amorphous contributions. It is demonstrated that the intensity and shape of the XRD signal is affected by both the amount of crystalline cellulose and crystal size, which makes XRD analysis complicated. It is clear that the methods investigated show the same qualitative trends for samples, but the absolute CI values differ depending on the determination method. This clearly indicates that the CI, as estimated by different methods, is not an absolute value and that for a given set of samples the CI values can be compared only as a qualitative measure.
Rapid amplification of a retrotransposon subfamily is evolving the mouse genome

Retrotransposition affects genome structure by increasing repetition and producing insertional mutations. Dispersion of the retrotransposon L1 throughout mammalian genomes suggests that L1 activity might be an important evolutionary force. Here we report that L1 retrotransposition contributes to rapid genome evolution in the mouse, because a number of L1 sequences from the T(F) subfamily are retrotransposition competent. We show that the T(F) subfamily is large, young and expanding, containing approximately 4,800 full-length members in strain 129. Eleven randomly isolated, full-length T(F) elements averaged 99.8% sequence identity to each other, and seven of these retrotransposed in cultured cells. Thus, we estimate that the mouse genome contains approximately 3,000 active T(F) elements, 75 times the estimated number of active human L1s. Moreover, as T(F) elements are polymorphic among closely related mice, they have retrotransposed recently, implying rapid amplification of the subfamily to yield genomes with different patterns of interspersed repetition. Our data show that mice and humans differ considerably in the number of active L1s, and probably differ in the contribution of retrotransposition to ongoing sequence evolution.
The vacuum ultraviolet spectra of pyrazine, pyrimidine, and pyridazine vapors . Part I. Spectra between 1550 Å and 2000 Å

Abstract The spectra of pyrazine, pyrimidine, and pyridazine, and the fully deuterated species of the first two of these molecules, have been photographed at high dispersion in the vacuum ultraviolet region between 1550 A and 1950 A. Several transitions for each molecule have been identified and the most probable assignments, based on the experimental evidence and analogy with isoelectronic molecules, are discussed. Two strong, diffuse systems present in all three molecules, are correlated with the two π ∗ -π transitions of benzene observed in this spectral region. Another system, which in pyrazine and pyrimidine consists of sharp bands forming long progressions, but which in pyridazine either is absent or is masked by a stronger π ∗ -π system, has been identified as the ancestor of a Rydberg series. A high resolution study of the 0-0 band of this system for pyrazine-d4 indicates in-plane polarization, probably perpendicular to the line of the nitrogen atoms, consistent with a Rydberg transition involving the π-electrons and with earlier interpretations of a more diffuse Rydberg system of benzene. Finally, a weaker, sharp system of pyrimidine, and possibly also pyridazine, has been assigned provisionally to a new π ∗ -n transition which may be absent in pyrazine. Vibrational analyses are proposed for all those transitions exhibiting structure, some of which are characterized by the ring-breathing mode ν1 and others by the ring-elongation mode ν6a.
Vitamin E uptake by human intestinal cells during lipolysis in vitro

Vitamin E uptake by Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal cell line, was studied by incubating the cells with alpha-tocopherol/triglyceride emulsions with or without bile activated lipase or lipoprotein lipase. During a 1-h incubation, vitamin E was transferred to Caco-2 cells only in the presence of triglyceride hydrolysis by bile activated lipase and not by lipoprotein lipase. Incubation with either lipase resulted in hydrolysis of approximately 20% of the medium [3H]-triolein to free fatty acids and a 3-5-fold increase in cellular radioactivity. In the absence of lipases but the presence of taurocholate, addition of oleic acid in an amount equal to the molar concentration of triglyceride (5.7 mM) to triglyceride emulsions containing either alpha-tocopherol or cholesteryl ester resulted in an increase in cellular [3H]-triglyceride and alpha-tocopherol or cholesteryl ester. We suggest that the absorption of hydrophobic molecules such as vitamin E may occur in the presence of bile and amphipathic lipids via the uptake of micellar neutral lipids by the intestine.
Unit Memory Convolutional Codes with Maximum Distance

Unit memory codes and in particular, partial unit memory codes are reviewed. Conditions for the optimality of partial unit memory codes with degree k − 1 are given, where optimal codes are the codes having the maximum free distance among all codes of the same parameters k, n and degree µ. A binary construction of unit memory codes with µ = k − 1 is discussed for the cases that satisfy the optimality conditions. This construction is generalized for codes over fields of characteristic p > 2.
Flow Cytogenetics: Fundamentals and New Developments

The ability to rapidly and quantitatively analyze and separate single chromosomes with a flow cytometer has made a significant impact on several biomedical research disciplines. The analysis and sorting of single specific chromosomes in a flow cytometer is called flow cytogenetics. One area where flow cytogenetics has served an enabling role is the human genome program. To reduce the complexity of a genome, chromosome sorting offers the advantage of sorting individual chromosomes for the cloning and mapping of separate distinct components. By dividing up a cells genetic material into the 24 different types of chromosomes and producing chromosome specific libraries from these sorted populations, the task of mapping the human genome has been greatly simplified.
Having it All, Having Too Much, Having Too Little: How women manage trade-offs through adulthood

In June, 2012, an Atlantic cover story, “Why Women Still Can’t Have It All” 1 became the most viewed article in the history of the magazine’s website2. It provoked a torrent of debate about the myth of the superwoman, the dearth of models for combining career and personal life, and the reasons why so few women get to the top. Well into the second generation of full time working women, “work-life” conflicts remain raw and problematic. This theory-generating study used in-depth interviews to trace the life histories of 40 women, born between 1945 and 1955, from adolescence through middle age. Participants come from 4 occupations and a range of socio-economic and ethnic/racial backgrounds. Close analysis of their stories belies the super-women myth, and suggests three distinct answers to the question “Can I have it all?”—answers which imply three basic strategies for managing trade-offs. Strategies differ in the advantages and risks they pose, the factors that contribute to their working well or badly, and in women’s reasons for choosing them. There is no one “best way”: a strategy’s success depends primarily on how well it matches a woman’s own needs and the resources available to her. Further, a woman’s basic strategy is not irrevocable. Many participants successfully shifted from one strategy to another, in ways that were characteristic to each starting point. Enriched by the perspective and hindsight of mid-life, these stories illuminate authentic answers to the question of whether a woman can have it all, and suggest how they play out over the long run.
The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the rutin content of tomato plants

Abstract A paper chromatographic method has been modified to use fluorometry for the quantitative determination of rotin in tomato plants. Using this method, quantitative analyses were made periodically over a period of 12 days on the rutin content of stems and leaves of control as well as of 2,4-D-treated tomato plants. By the twelfth day, the rutin content of the leaves of the control plants was more than 4 times as great as that of the leaves from 2,4-D-treated plants, and the rutin content of the stems of the control plants was more than 10 times that of the stems from 2,4-D-treated tomato plants.
Irreversibility analysis of a water-to-water mechanical-compression heat pump

Abstract The thermodynamic irreversibility sources of a steady-flow, vapor-compression, water-to-water heat pump are analyzed. The three main components in the system (condenser, evaporator, and reciprocating compressor) are considered in detail. The heat transfers and mass flows in these three components are analyzed on the basis of energy- and mass-balance theories. The irreversibilities due to heat transfer across a finite temperature difference and mass flow across a finite pressure drop in each component are calculated according to the second law of thermodynamics. An experimental heat pump using R-22 is used as a test system for applying the analysis. Pressure, temperature, mass-flow rate, and power-consumption data are used to evaluate the irreversibilities of the system operating in steady state. Optimization of the water-flow rate in both the condenser and evaporator has been determined for this system to minimize the power consumption for a given load and inlet water temperature. The results show that an increase in the heat-transfer coefficient for the heat exchangers, even with an increase in pressure drop, will decrease the irreversible loss substantially.
Genitopatellar syndrome : Expanding the phenotype and excluding mutations in LMX1B and TBX4

Genitopatellar syndrome is a newly described disorder characterized by absent/hypoplastic patellae, lower extremity contractures, urogenital anomalies, dysmorphic features, skeletal anomalies, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. More recently, cardiac anomalies and ectodermal dysplasia have been suggested as additional features of this syndrome. We report on two additional patients with genitopatellar syndrome and expand the spectrum of anomalies to include radio-ulnar synostosis. Since there exists significant overlap in the skeletal phenotype between genitopatellar syndrome and both the nail-patella and short patella syndromes, mutation screening of their causative genes, LMX1B and TBX4, was performed. Although there still does not appear to be an identifiable molecular etiology in genitopatellar syndrome, mutations in these two candidate genes have been excluded in our patients. Since both LMX1B and TBX4 are involved in a common molecular pathway, it is likely that the causative gene of genitopatellar syndrome functions within the same developmental process.
Antethoracic colonic esophagoplasty for esophageal atresia : long-term follow-up

Abstract We report a case of a 23-year-old woman who under-went antethoracic colonic esophagoplasty at age 3 years 10 months for failed intrathoracic correction of tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. The appearance of this rarely performed procedure is shown with barium swallow and computed tomography.
Four jet production at the Tevatron Collider

We present predictions for four-jet production at the Tevatron Collider. The standard QCD production of four-jet final states through 2→4-parton processes is compared to the double-parton scattering production.
Rapid processor customization for design optimization: A case study of ECG R-peak detection

In engineering wireless body area network platforms it is crucial to meet performance goals at minimal hardware cost and energy required. This paper describes a design flow that relies on processor customization of Tensilica's Xtensa processor cores. We introduce custom instructions to expedite wavelet processing used in an ECG R-peak detection application. We explore several instruction extensions and show that customized processor cores significantly reduce program execution time and energy requirements for this application.
Embryonic expression of a haematopoietic growth factor encoded by the SI locus and the ligand for c-kit

MICE carrying mutations at the W (Dominant white spotting) and SI (Steel) loci develop abnormalities in three independent systems: neural crest-derived melanocytes, primordial germ cells and haematopoietic stem cells. Consequently, homozygotes of viable mutant alleles have white coats and are sterile and severely anaemic. Tissue recombination studies predict that the W gene is expressed cell autonomously, whereas the product of the SI locus affects the microenvironment in which the stem cells migrate, proliferate and differentiate1–6. The W locus encodes the proto-oncogene c-kit, a member of the tyrosine kinase receptor family7,8.The haematopoietic growth factor SCF (stem cell factor) has been identified as the product of the SI locus and a ligand for c-kit9–11. Here, we report that SCF is expressed during embryogenesis in cells associated with both the migratory pathways and homing sites of melanoblasts, germ cells and haematopoietic stem cells. Both SCF and c-kit are also expressed in a variety of other tissues, including the brain and spinal cord, suggesting that the receptor–ligand system has additional roles in embryogenesis.
Anti-inflammatory properties of cannabichromene.

Abstract It was not known if Cannabichromene (CBC), which is a major constituent of drug types of Cannabis , has anti-inflammatory properties as do other cannabinoids. CBC was tested in vivo using the rat paw edema test and in vitro using the erythrocyte membrane stabilization assay. CBC was as effective as phenylbutazone (PBZ) at equivalent doses. Since CBC is less toxic than PBZ, larger doses may be given to produce a greater therapeutic effect.
Assembly and attachment of bacteriophage T4 tail fibers.

Bacteriophage T4 tail fibers are rodlike structures with a contour length of about 1400 A, a diameter of about 45 A, and a total mass of about 600,000 daltons. The assembly of the tail fibers and their subsequent attachment to the phage particle are under the control of 8 phage-induced proteins. The gene control and molecular weight of each protein are known. The sequence of gene-controlled steps has been determined by the characterization of intermediates that accumulate when various steps are blocked by mutation. The protein composition of the fibers and their precursors has been determined by purification and electrophoretic analysis. Four of the eight gene products are structural components of the tail fiber. These proteins are P34 (150,000 daltons, 2 copies), P37 (120,000 daltons, 2 copies), P35 (40,000 daltons, 1 copy), and P36 (24,000 daltons, 2 copies). The wac (whisker antigen control) gene product is a structural component of the phage whiskers. The remaining three gene products, P38, P57, and P63, are not structural components of the phage particle. Both P63 and the wac gene product promote the attachment of tail fibers to the phage particle. P63 has been shown to act catalytically. Both P38 and P57 are somehow involved in the folding of the major tail fiber structural proteins (P37 and P34). The normal requirement for P38 and P57 functions can be bypassed by secondary mutations.
Regeneration silviculture of birch: A review

Abstract The birches are most commonly regenerated using even-aged systems, primarily clearcutting. Clearcut sizes range from 16 ha down to 0.4-ha patches. Seed trees or shelterwoods are sometimes used to provide additional seed and site protection. Uneven-aged systems are not recommended, with the exception of group selection for yellow birch. Coppice systems do not provide full stocking except in short-rotation biomass culture, but coppice provides acceptable supplemental regeneration. Natural regeneration by seeding prevails because it is economical and highly reliable where the water balance is favorable. Yellow birch sometimes regenerates in advance, but otherwise the canopy, understory, and seedbed must be manipulated to meet germination and seedling-establishment requirements. Suitable seedbeds are prepared by burning, by mechanical site-preparation equipment, and sometimes by the logging process itself. Draining often is all that is necessary to regenerate peatlands. Seedlings should be protected from grazing or browsing. Relatively few stands are regenerated artificially. Direct seeding (either broadcast- or spot-sowing) is usually reliable. Planting is more common and gives the opportunity to introduce exotic or genetically improved stock. In species trials, silver birch has consistently grown faster - and yellow birch slower - than eeitherhairy birch or paper birch. Phenotypically selected natural stands and controlled pollination produce progeny that grow in volume from 30 to 80% faster than average. Thorough site preparation, fertilization, mulching, weed control, and protection from animals benefit seedling growth. Both bare-root and container-grown stock are planted successfully. Birch is highly regarded for afforesting mine spoils, drained or worked-out peatlands, abandoned and abused agricultural lands, heaths, previously flooded lands, and areas with high air pollution. Fertilizers are often applied to improve site quality. Birch nurse crops benefit conifers by protecting them from frost, insects, and pathogens; by improving the soil through nutrient cycling; and by increasing stand wind-firmness on shallow soils. The optimum proportion of birch in mixed stands is 17–25%. Overly dense birch should be controlled with chemicals, by hand, or with machinery to allow optimum conifer development.
Pathogenic Naegleria sp.—Study of a Strain Isolated from Human Cerebrospinal Fluid

SYNOPSIS. Experimental observation of the pathogenicity of some strains of Hartmannella plus the observation of human meningo-encephalitis due to small amebas which had a structure compatible with that of Hartmannella in the tissues has suggested the concept of respiratory amebiasis followed by cerebral and other complications. Until recently no cultural evidence was available to identify positively the amebas in the human cases. This report summarizes the isolation of Naegleria sp. (HB-1) from human spinal fluid by mouse inoculation followed by tissue culture of the infected mouse brain. C. Butt and his associates, who submitted this material to us, isolated the Naegleria on agar medium with Escherichia coli without antibiotics at 37 C. The new isolate failed to grow on the medium previously suggested by us for Hartmannella. HB-1 is virulent for laboratory animals and has a structure in the tissues which more resembles the amebas in the human tissue than the amebas in experimental Hartmannella infections of mice. Naegleria and Hartmannella are both potential pathogens for normal animals and man. A clinical laboratory method to detect Naegleria as well as Hartmannella is herein suggested.