cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proximal-Gradient Algorithms for Tracking Cascades Over Social Networks

Many real-world processes evolve in cascades over complex networks, whose topologies are often unobservable and change over time. However, the so-termed adoption times when blogs mention popular news items, individuals in a community catch an infectious disease, or consumers adopt a trendy electronics product are typically known, and are implicitly dependent on the underlying network. To infer the network topology, a dynamic structural equation model is adopted to capture the relationship between observed adoption times and the unknown edge weights. Assuming a slowly time-varying topology and leveraging the sparse connectivity inherent to social networks, edge weights are estimated by minimizing a sparsity-regularized exponentially-weighted least-squares criterion. To this end, solvers with complementary strengths are developed by leveraging (pseudo) real-time sparsity-promoting proximal gradient iterations, the improved convergence rate of accelerated variants, or reduced computational complexity of stochastic gradient descent. Numerical tests with both synthetic and real data demonstrate the effectiveness of the novel algorithms in unveiling sparse dynamically-evolving topologies, while accounting for external influences in the adoption times. Key events in the political leadership in North Korea and the initial public offering of LinkedIn explain connectivity changes observed in the associated networks inferred from global cascades of online media.
Fixed investment/fundamental sensitivities under financial constraints

Abstract While most models with financial market imperfections predict investment by financially constrained firms to be more sensitive to financial variables, contracting models argue that investment by such firms should be more sensitive to fundamental determinants of investment because fundamentals capture both investment opportunities and changes in the financial position. By first grouping U.S. manufacturing firms as either financially constrained or unconstrained, this paper examines systematic differences in investment/fundamental sensitivities. The findings show that, as expected of contracting models, investment by financially constrained firms is more responsive to fundamentals. These fundamentals are captured by two prominent empirical measures: profitability shocks and mandated investment rate.
The importance of air pollution in the corrosion of stone and metals

Abstract Evidence is presented that polluted air not only affects life but also stone, concrete and metals as well. CO 2 and the sulfates are the strongest corrodents; less strong are the nitrates and chloride. Evidence is presented here that the ionic increase almost doubled in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River drainage basin, whereby about 20–50% of the ions are believed to be contributed from polluted atmospheres surrounding the lakes. Improvement of automotive combustion will climinate toxic CO and smog-producing unburned hydrocarbons, but on the other hand will augment CO 2 and NO 2 to such a high level that the corrosion of stone and metals probably will increase rapidly unless a switch to new power sources is accomplished.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELDS RESULTING FROM THE EMERGENCE OF TWISTED MAGNETIC FLUX TUBES

We present the results of MHD simulations in the low-? regime of the evolution of the three-dimensional coronal magnetic field as an arched, twisted magnetic flux tube emerges into a preexisting coronal potential magnetic arcade. We find that the line-tied emerging flux tube becomes kink-unstable when a sufficient amount of twist is transported into the corona. For an emerging flux tube with a left-handed twist (which is the preferred sense of twist for active region flux tubes in the northern hemisphere), the kink motion of the tube and its interaction with the ambient coronal magnetic field lead to the formation of an intense current layer that displays an inverse-S shape, consistent with the X-ray sigmoid morphology preferentially seen in the northern hemisphere. The position of the current layer in relation to the lower boundary magnetic field of the emerging flux tube is also in good agreement with the observed spatial relations between the X-ray sigmoids and their associated photospheric bipolar magnetic regions. We argue that the inverse-S-shaped current layer formed is consistent with being a magnetic tangential discontinuity limited by numerical resolution and thus may result in the magnetic reconnection and significant heating that causes X-ray sigmoid brightenings.
Reaction of thrombins with human antithrombin III I. Enzyme activity losses unrelated to the inhibitory reaction and their prevention

Abstract Adsorption loss of thrombin may produce considerable systematic error when quantitative evaluation of its reaction with antithrombin III is based on measurements of changes in enzyme activity with time. At 25°C, pH 7.8 (0.1M NaCI, 0.01M TRIS, 0.01M HEPES) glass, siliconized glass, polypropylene and polystyrene surfaces adsorb thrombin in a similar manner. Its adsorption is a saturation reaction reaching an equilibrium after about three hours. At initial concentrations of enzyme convenient for assay with chromogenic substrate (10 nM or less) a large fraction of activity is lost. Binding of a thrombin to polypropylene is very tight. The association constants (K a ) were found to be 12.6 10 9 M −1 and 4.0 10 9 M −1 for human and bovine a thrombin respectively. The adsorbed enzyme has hardly any ability to hydrolyze chromogenic substrate. A small part of its activity can be recovered by displacement with PEG 6000, more when the substrate is present. The addition of non-ionic detergents and continuous stirring allows recovery of up to 30% of the enzyme activity and accelerates this process. Complete and long term (more than 20 hours at 25°C) prevention of adsorption loss of human a and bovine a and 6 thrombin at pH between 7.0 - 8.3 is achieved by the addition of 0.1% PEG 6000 to the buffer and use of tubes precoated with PEG 20,000. Alternative use of non-ionic detergents (BRIJ-35, TRITON X-100) to modify the solvent also appears effective but their possible interference with reactions studied should be borne in mind.
Divergent diving behavior during short and long trips of a bimodal forager, the little auk Alle alle

The purpose of this study was to characterize for the first time seabird diving behavior during bimodal foraging. Little auks Alle alle, small zooplanktivorous Alcids of the High Arctic, have recently been shown to make foraging trips of short and long duration. Because short (ST) and long trips (LT) are thought to occur in different locations and serve different purposes (chick- and self-feeding, respectively) we hypothesized that foraging differences would be apparent, both in terms of water temperature and diving characteristics. Using Time Depth Recorders (TDRs), we tested this hypothesis at three colonies along the Greenland Sea with contrasting oceanographic conditions. We found that diving behavior generally differed between ST and LT. However, the magnitude of the disparity in diving characteristics depended on local foraging conditions. At the study site where conditions were favorable, diving behavior differed only to a small degree between LT and ST. Together with a lack of difference in diving depth and ocean temperature, this indicates that these birds did not increase their foraging effort during ST nor did they travel long distances to seek out more profitable prey. In contrast, where local foraging conditions were poor, birds increased their diving effort substantially to collect a chick meal during ST as indicated by longer, more U-shaped dives with slower ascent rates and shorter resting times (post-dive intervals and extended surface pauses). In addition, large differences in diving depth and ocean temperature indicate that birds forage on different prey species and utilize different foraging areas during LT, which may be up to 200 km away from the colony. Continued warming and deteriorating near-colony foraging conditions may have energetic consequences for little auks breeding in the eastern Greenland Sea.
Effects of caffeine intake during gestation and lactation on bones of young growing rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the extended effect of caffeine intake received during gestation and lactation on the mandible and femur of rats. Timed-pregnant dams were divided into two groups. Dams of group 1 were fed a 20% protein diet throughout the experimental period from day 9 of gestation. Dams of group 2 were also fed a 20% protein diet, supplemented with caffeine (1 mg/100 g of body weight). Upon delivery, 8 pups were assigned to each dam, and the dams were continued on their respective diets. At weaning (day 22 postnatally), only male rats were selected. Pups of both groups were fed a 20% protein diet without caffeine. At day 56 postnatally the rats were killed. Mandibles and femurs were removed and the following parameters analyzed: weight, physical dimension, volume, and Knoop microhardness. Caffeine intake during gestation and lactation resulted in an impairement of femur growth and development and to a lesser extent mandibular growth and development. The early effects of caffeine in the maternal diet were lasting, as noted by the lack of recovery of the offspring even after changing to a caffeine-free diet for an extended time after weaning.
Personalized real-time traffic information provision: Agent-based optimization model and solution framework

The advancement of information and communication technology allows the use of more sophisticated information provision strategies for real-time congested traffic management in a congested network. This paper proposes an agent-based optimization modeling framework to provide personalized traffic information for heterogeneous travelers. Based on a space–time network, a time-dependent link flow based integer programming model is first formulated to optimize various information strategies, including elements of where and when to provide the information, to whom the information is given, and what alternative route information should be suggested. The analytical model can be solved efficiently using off-the-shelf commercial solvers for small-scale network. A Lagrangian Relaxation-based heuristic solution approach is developed for medium to large networks via the use of a mesoscopic dynamic traffic simulator.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among chamorro migrants from guam

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which occurs in unusually high incidence among the Chamorro people on the island of Guam, has developed in 28 Chamorro migrants--24 of whom had onset in the United States, Japan, Germany, or Korea--after periods of absence from Guam of 1 to 34 years. Thus, the latency period for the disease, if caused by environmental factors on Guam, may be over three decades. Four further patients developed ALS within 1 to 14 years of their return to Guam after long-term residence in the continental United States. The minimum exposure time to environmental variables on Guam, based on age at migration, was 18 years, and all patients had spent their childhood and adolescence on Guam. Estimates of crude mortality rates for ALS from these data are considerably higher than for the United States population, and lower than the ALS mortality rates for nonmigrant Chamorros on Guam.
Resistance to Sigma Virus Infection in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is subject to infection by the sigma virus, either by virus carried in the fly gametes or by extracts from infected flies. Infected flies somehow become ‘CO2-sensitive’ and thereafter are fatally poisoned if subjected to a dose of CO2, which is merely anaesthetic to virus-free flies. Plus1 showed that the time lag (incubation period) between a sigma injection and the onset of CO2-sensitivity is a measure of the injected dose, and sigma extracts are now usually titred by using them as inocula and measuring the resultant incubation period in recipient adult flies.
Some Remarks on High-Speed Automatic Computers and their Use in Meteorology

The logical design of an electronic digital computer is described. A simple computation problem is proposed; this is used to illustrate the main steps leading to formulation of a problem for machine computation — the propram and the flow diagram. In conclusion, some general comments are made concerning areas of application of high-speed computers in meteorology. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1952.tb01002.x
Effects of intravenous methyl palmoxirate on the turnover and oxidation of fatty acids in conscious dogs.

Methyl palmoxirate (MP) is a member of a class of hypoglycemic agents that inhibit fatty acid oxidation in vitro. The studies presented here were undertaken to determine the effects of intravenous (IV) MP on tracer-determined rates of fatty acid oxidation and systemic adipose tissue lipolysis in dogs. MP (40 mg/kg) was administered IV to five mongrel dogs using a primed continuous infusion of [1-14C]palmitate to determine palmitate kinetics. Palmitate concentration and rate of appearance decreased rapidly (from 155 ± 25 to 47 ± 6 μmol/L and 2.9 ± 0.5 to 0.9 ± 0.2 μmol·kg−1·min−1, respectively, at 15 minutes, both P < .05). Palmitate oxidation also decreased, from 1.5 ± 0.4 to 0.3 ± 0.1 μmol·kg−1·min−1, P < .05. Oxidative clearance decreased by approximately 50% 90 minutes after MP administration (P < .05). Fractional oxidation of palmitate also decreased by approximately 40% (P < .05). Plasma insulin increased from 45 ± 6 to 240 ± 93 pmol/L at 15 minutes (P < .05). Plasma glucose decreased over the course of study by approximately 20% (P < .05). In summary, MP has a specific inhibitory effect on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation in dogs, confirming previous in vitro observations in an in vivo model. In addition, it has a potent antilipolytic effect when administered IV, an effect likely mediated by stimulation of insulin secretion. The observation that systemic FFA oxidation was only partially suppressed at this relatively high dose of MP is consistent with previous studies suggesting that MP may exert its major effect in the liver, and may be less potent in extrahepatic tissues.
“Estoy viejo” [I’m old]: Internalized Ageism as Self-Referential, Negative, Ageist Speech in the Republic of Panama

Ageism is a form of discrimination that anyone may experience at some point in life (Palmore 2004). Yet ageism is rarely the focus of behavioral research (Nelson 2005). Age can be understood as a social construct that reflects social norms (Lemus and Exposito 2005). Based on our review of the published literature, there were two studies on perceptions of aging among Latina/os in the United States (Beyene et al. 2002; Sarkisian et al. 2006). These studies investigated perceptions and expectations of aging among older Latina/o adults rather than direct experiences of ageism. It is important to note that Latina/os are not a homogenous group and that there are within-group differences. For this reason, this study explored internalized, negative ageism specifically in the Republic of Panama. Although Panama has unique characteristics, it also reflects Central American culture and therefore should provide initial insights regarding Central American self-referential, negative, ageist talk, which we labeled “Estoy viejo.” Flanagan’s Critical Incident Technique was used to access and understand participants’ (ages 18–65) negative ageist talk (n = 159). Participants who reported engaging in “Estoy viejo.” (46.3 % of those sampled) were significantly younger than participants who did not (p < .05). One potential explanation is that younger participants may have been more influenced by North American culture and its strongly negative ageist stereotypes than older participants, who may have identified primarily with Central American culture.
A Programmatic Modeling Approach to Explore Alternative Hypothesis of Mitochondrial Regulation in Extrinsic Apoptosis Signaling

Experiments often result in observations that can lead to conflicting interpretations of biochemical mechanisms in signaling networks. We aim to use mathematical modeling of extrinsic apoptosis signaling networks to address such experimental observations and provide a theoretical explanation to seemingly discordant interpretations. Probing multiple mechanistic hypotheses in biological modeling often involves the instantiation of complex systems of equations, which despite their usefulness can make model revision, extension, and sharing extremely challenging. To address these modeling barriers, we have developed a modeling framework that allows biological models to be written as native Python programs that encode biological functions. Our modeling framework, PySB, offers access to a large set of existing numerical and programming methods to biological systems modeling. We discuss the implementation of our approach and show how it can be used to explore multiple hypotheses to describe the regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization among the Bcl-2 family of proteins. We use our modeling framework to systematically explore proposed mechanisms, both from the literature and from our own experimental work, resulting in the instantiation, comparison, and calibration of multiple model topologies for numerical exploration. Our preliminary results, based on simulations calibrated to experimental data, suggest that the so-called indirect mechanism does not accurately reproduce experimental observations. Preliminary simulations of the so-called direct, and embedded mechanisms, with different topological variants, suggest that the latter model has better relation with experimental data and combinations of these hypothetical mechanisms could more likely account for the experimental observations. We will also aim to provide a programmatic foundation to probe biochemical model topology, physicochemical parameter-space exploration, and model likelihood with the goal of developing novel testable hypotheses about the interactions among these proteins and their role in apoptosis cancer biology.
Cokriging: multivariable analysis in petroleum exploration

Abstract In petroleum exploration the evaluation of multiple variables from well data, such as subsurface elevations, net sand thicknesses, and porosities, is of utmost importance in the estimation of data values for future exploration. Geostatistical analysis of the data gives geologists another tool to work with to obtain maximum productivity. The geostatistical analysis consists of modeling and evaluating variograms, then performing the actual estimation technique using advanced methods such as kriging or cokriging. Kriging has been used successfully as an optimal interpolator in the estimation of single data values. It is based on the theory of regionalized variables that describe the spatial relationship between data values and uses that information to estimate values at unsampled locations. Cokriging, on the other hand, is not only based on spatial correlation, but on between-variable correlation as well. This method also has the ability to make multiple estimations at a given point. One of the applications of cokriging is for undersampled problems. That is, one or more variables are not sampled at all locations. The objective is to improve the estimation of the undersampled variables using the correlation with the other sampled variables. For severely undersampled situations the Gauss elimination technique fails, which leads to the need for a more sophisticated method. The ART iterative technique (named for a technique used to reconstruct digital images from rays) shows promise to be such a method. Even when cokriging estimates a single variable it has proven to be more accurate than kriging.
Hemodynamic Monitoring in the Critically Ill: Spanning the Range of Kidney Function

Critically ill patients often have deranged hemodynamics. Physical examination, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure ("wedge") have been shown to be unreliable at assessing volume status, volume responsiveness, and adequacy of cardiac output in critically ill patients. Thus, invasive and noninvasive cardiac output monitoring is a core feature of evaluating and managing a hemodynamically unstable patient. In this review, we discuss the various techniques and options of cardiac output assessment available to clinicians for hemodynamic monitoring in the intensive care unit. Issues related to patients with kidney disease, such as timing and location of arterial and central venous catheters and the approach to hemodynamics in patients treated by long-term dialysis also are discussed.
Experimental evaluation of an advanced buffet suppression system on full-scale F/A-18 fin

Buffeting is an aeroelastic phenomenon that plagues high-performance aircraft, especially with those with twin vertical tails such as the F/A-18. At high angles of attack, unsteady vortices that emanate from wing leading-edge extensions interact with the vertical fin, resulting in premature fatigue failure. An advanced hybrid buffet suppression system was experimentally evaluated on a full-scale F/A-18 empennage as an international technical collaboration activity among Australia, Canada, and the United States under the auspices of The Technical Cooperative Program. The advanced hybrid buffet suppression system incorporated two distinct actuation systems to control the bending and torsion modes independently. The vertical fin bending mode was counteracted using the inertial loading from the rudder structure while the first torsion model was controlled using surface-mounted macrofiber composite conformable actuators optimally located on the fin. The buffet excitation input generated by the shakers matched the buffet modes and magnitude expected under aerodynamic loading, but it was difficult to match the aerodynamic damping. Therefore, closed-loop tests were conducted under two damping conditions that were lower and higher than the expected aerodynamic damping level. The lower damping condition was produced by imposing free vibration condition on the active fin, and the higher damping condition was tested using forced vibration. The real-time adaptive controllers were able to effectively suppress both the bending and torsion vibration modes under representative buffet load spectra. The performance of the hybrid actuation system was significantly greater at the low damping condition, which led to higher reduction in vibration. Results showed that the conventional rudder and macrofiber composite actuator systems were capable of simultaneously reducing both the bending and torsion modes sufficiently to double the fatigue life of the fin. The full-scale closed-loop tests demonstrated that the advanced hybrid buffet suppression system is a feasible solution to alleviate vertical tail fatigue due to buffeting in fighter aircraft.
Concanavalin a cap formation on polymorphonuclear leukocytes of normal and beige (chediak-higashi) mice.

TREATMENT of a variety of cell types with concanavalin A (con A) leads to the aggregation of the lectin into one region or pole of the cell, forming a so-called cap. Not all cells cap (erythrocytes and normal cultured fibroblasts do not). Cells which do cap can be distinguished as (a) lymphocytes1 and rabbit exudate polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (our data) that cap directly when incubated with low concentrations of con A at 37° C, and (b) cells exemplified by SV40-transformed fibroblasts2 and lymphocytes incubated with high (more than 5 µg ml−1) concentrations of con A1 that cap only after incubation with colchicine which disrupts microtubules (MT). These differences between cell types are not understood.
Preparation of creatine kinase-MM isoenzymes from canine and human tissues.

Abstract An improved method is described for the purification of creatine kinase-MM isoenzyme from canine and human skeletal muscle. The purification uses a 50–80% (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography and Blue Sepharose-CL-6B affinity chromatography. Similar separations and purities are obtained from both sources. This method produces a homogeneous protein preparation as verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate and disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Group transfer polymerization — A critical overview

Available evidence on the mechanism of group transfer polymerization is presented. The data are discussed in terms of the possibility that the chain carriers are enolate anions rather than the originally suggested pentacoordinate silicon complexes.
A rule based approach for visual pattern inspection

The authors investigate the use of a priori knowledge about a scene to coordinate and control bilevel image segmentation, interpretation, and shape inspection of different objects in the scene. The approach is composed of two main steps. The first step consists of proper segmentation and labeling of individual regions in the image for subsequent ease in interpretation. General as well as scene-specific knowledge is used to improve the segmentation and interpretation processes. Once every region in the image has been identified, the second step proceeds by testing different regions to ensure they meet the design requirements, which are formalized by a set of rules. Morphological techniques are used to extract certain features from the previously processed image for rule verification purposes. As a specific example, results for detecting defects in printed circuit boards are presented. >
Precursory quiescence before the August 1982 Stone Canyon, San Andreas fault, earthquakes

The Stone Canyon earthquake sequence started during August 1982 and lasted for about four months. It contained four mainshocks withM L ≥4, each with an aftershock zone about 4 km long. These mainshocks, progressing from southeast to northwest, ruptured a segment of the fault approximately 20 km long leaving two gaps, which were later filled by theM L =4.6 mainshocks of January 14, and May 31, 1986. The equivalent magnitude of the sequence isM L =5.0. Precursory seismic quiescence could be identified in: (1) the northernmost 10 km of the aftershock zone which contained three of the mainshocks; and (2) the southern gap in the aftershock zone. The fault segment containing the first mainshock and its aftershocks did not show quiescence. This pattern of precursory quiescence is very similar to two cases in Hawaii where the rupture initiation points of the mainshocks (M S =7.2 and 6.6, respectively) were located in volumes of constant seismicity rate, surrounded by volumes with pronounced precursory quiescence. The precursory quiescence before the August 1982 Stone Canyon earthquakes lasted for 76 weeks, amounted to a reduction in rate of about 60%, and could be recognized without any false alarms. That is, the anomaly was unique within the 60 km study segment of the fault and in the years 1975 through August 1982. Eighteen foreshocks occurred between July 27 and August 7, 1982. We conclude that the August 1982 mainshocks could have been predicted, based on seismic quiescence and foreshocks.
Use of Antiviral T-Lymphocyte Clones to Characterize Antigen Presentation and T-Lymphocyte Subsets

Abstract The ability to isolate homogeneous populations of antiviral T lymphocytes from immune mice has led to insight into a variety of areas in cellular immunology. It has permitted the characterization of the distinct pathways of antigen processing and presentation to CD8 + , Class I MHC-restricted and CD4 + , Class II MHC-restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes as well as the identification of antigenic epitopes for T lymphocytes. In addition, in vivo effector function of CD8 + and CD4 + cytolytic T-cell clones in protection from lethal viral pneumonia in a murine model of influenza virus infection has been demonstrated. Since the identification of CD4 + T-lymphocyte helper subsets based on the lymphokine profiles of clonal populations, much interest has been focused on the role of specific cytokines in ultimately determining the effector functions of those cells. The protocol presented in this paper has been used to isolate Th1 and Th2 clones in a viral infectious disease model that has enabled us to further investigate the role of specific cytokines in controlling viral infection.
Handheld Echocardiography: Its Role in Intensive Care Units

Hand-held echocardiography (HHE) is being explored for use in the intensive care arena as an extension of the physical examination for real time and iterative information. HHE can help assess chamber size, ventricular function, and presence of fluid collections, and thus is useful in determining etiology of shock and measuring volume status. With additional outcomes and cost-effectiveness research, development of appropriate indications for HHE, and multisociety guidelines on competence assessment and quality control, HHE is expected to be increasingly integrated into intensive care medicine.
Dynamic musical communication of core affect.

Is there something special about the way music communicates feelings? Theorists since Meyer (1956) have attempted to explain how music could stimulate varied and subtle affective experiences by violating learned expectancies, or by mimicking other forms of social interaction. Our proposal is that music speaks to the brain in its own language; it need not imitate any other form of communication. We review recent theoretical and empirical literature, which suggests that all conscious processes consist of dynamic neural events, produced by spatially dispersed processes in the physical brain. Intentional thought and affective experience arise as dynamical aspects of neural events taking place in multiple brain areas simultaneously. At any given moment, this content comprises a unified “scene” that is integrated into a dynamic core through synchrony of neuronal oscillations. We propose that 1) neurodynamic synchrony with musical stimuli gives rise to musical qualia including tonal and temporal expectancies, and that 2) music-synchronous responses couple into core neurodynamics, enabling music to directly modulate core affect. Expressive music performance, for example, may recruit rhythm-synchronous neural responses to support affective communication. We suggest that the dynamic relationship between musical expression and the experience of affect presents a unique opportunity for the study of emotional experience. This may help elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying arousal and valence, and offer a new approach to exploring the complex dynamics of the how and why of emotional experience.
Developmental Markers in Adolescent Language

Adolescents with language disorders frequently manifest delays in syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic development. Proper assessment and intervention with these students requires the speech-language...
One-phonon scattering of He from the LiF(001)〈100〉 Rayleigh mode

Abstract The one-phonon cross-section from the Rayleigh mode calculated with a point-ion lattice dynamical theory accounts for all salient inelastic scattering intensities seen in He-LiF(001)〈100〉 measurements published by Brusdeylins, Doak and Toennies [J. Chem. Phys. 75 (1981) 1784]. Scattering cross-sections are found by the Rayleigh method, wherein the repulsive part of the scattering potential is approximated as a hard-wall. The solution is in the form of a perturbation expansion in the elastic corrugation and phonon motion of the surface. For each phonon order the solution is infinite in the elastic corrugation. Resonant intensity enhancement occurs either through selective desorption or selective adsorption, both of which have amplitudes which explicitly appear in the perturbation expansion and can be separately calculated. Intensity enhancement also occurs by kinematical focusing. We find a new type of kinematical focusing in addition to that discussed by Benedek [Phys. Rev. Letters 35 (1975) 234].
Bioassay-directed fractionation of mutagenic PAH atmospheric photooxidation products and ambient particulate extracts

Abstract Simulated atmospheric gas-phase reactions of naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene have been carried out in an environmental chamber with bioassay-directed chemical analysis of the reaction products. Nitro-PAH were found to be the most significant mutagens formed from the reactions of naphthalene and fluorene. The mutagram (bar graph of mutagenic activity versus HPLC fraction) of the phenanthrene reaction products closely resembled that of an ambient air particulate extract with the most mutagenic activity being in a fraction more polar than that in which the nitro-PAH elute. Nitrophenanthrene lactones (nitro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones) were found to account for the observed activity of this polar fraction of the phenanthrene reaction products. It has been shown that the utilization of an environmental chamber with a known PAH-starting material and the ability to produce sufficient product for isomer-specific identifications of mutagens is a promising complement to bioassaydirected fractionation of ambient air particulate extracts.
Co-expression patterns of the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholecystokinin with the transduction molecules α-gustducin and T1R2 in rat taste receptor cells

Taste receptor cells are primary sensory receptors utilized by the nervous system to detect the presence of gustatory stimuli in the oral cavity. These cells are particularly heterogeneous and may be divided into various subtypes based on morphological, histochemical, or physiological criteria. One example is the heterogeneous expression of neuropeptides, such as cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. These peptides are hypothesized to participate in the transduction processes. To pursue examination of this hypothesis, this study explored the relationship of peptide expression with two important and mostly non-overlapping transductive elements--the taste-specific G protein gustducin, involved in bitter and sweet transduction cascades, and the seven transmembrane taste receptor T1R2, hypothesized to respond to sweet compounds. Double labeling experiments were performed on taste buds of the posterior rat tongue combining immunocytochemistry for peptide expression and in situ hybridization experiments for either gustducin or T1R2 expression. Additionally, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expression in posterior taste receptor cells was confirmed using the technique of RT-PCR. More than half (56%) of the CCK-expressing taste receptor cells co-expressed alpha-gustducin mRNA whereas far fewer (15%) co-expressed T1R2 mRNA. A majority of VIP-expressing taste receptor cells co-expressed alpha-gustducin mRNA (60%) whereas only 19% of these cells co-expressed T1R2 mRNA. More remarkable was the observation that these two peptides displayed almost identical expression patterns with these signal transduction molecules, suggesting that peptides are not randomly expressed with relation to signal transduction molecules. This observation supports the hypothesis that peptides may play roles in transduction. Further physiological exploration will be required to elucidate the nature of these roles.
Stark-Induced Temporal Intensity Variations in Spectral Lines

Stark splitting effect on fine structure level probabilities for hydrogen lines, taking account of spontaneous transition probabilities and Lamb shift
Routine comprehensive inquiry for abuse: A justifiable clinical assessment procedure?

Routine inquiry regarding histories of sexual and physical abuse among psychiatric patients is not yet a commonly accepted practice for most mental health practitioners. While there is greater awareness regarding such trauma, the prevalence of abusive experiences in this patient population has not received adequate documentation in the literature. This study was conducted to determine the relevance of systematic inquiry for abuse. It examined the nature and magnitude of victimization in psychiatric in-patients. Findings revealed that approximately one-half of all patients experienced abuse while one-quarter encountered severe abuse. Victimization of males was substantiated at higher levels than previously documented. This research supports the position that systematic and extensive inquiry for all forms of abuse is a sound clinical assessment procedure.
Observing the Observer: Self-Regulation in the Observational Learning of Motor Skills

Abstract Motor skills are among the most basic and prevalent types of knowledge that individuals must acquire over the life span, and observational learning is one of the primary ways in which individuals acquire new knowledge and skills. Observational learning of a motor skill involves: (1) observation of the model, which allows one to imitate and understand a modeled demonstration, and (2) self-observation, which allows one to actively regulate one's own learning and performance of a motor skill. Few, if any, theoretical treatments of observational learning examine how self-regulation influences observational learning of motor skill. The text examines observation of the modeled performance, including three moderators of observational learning: The properties of the model, the nature of the task, and observer determinants. Observer determinants are examined at length, especially self-regulation of learning (including the effects of perceived self-efficacy, goal setting, and expertise).
Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck: A 30‐year experience at the university of Florida

BACKGROUND Outcome in previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck needed to be assessed. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of 79 patients with stage I or II non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck treated between 1964 and 1994 with radiotherapy (RT) or combined modality therapy (CMT) at the University of Florida. Freedom from relapse, cause-specific survival, and absolute survival were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Patterns of failure were defined, and the relationship between dose and infield recurrence was studied. Histology was classified as low grade or intermediate/high grade. RESULTS At 10 years, absolute survival for patients with low-grade lymphoma treated with RT was 45%; absolute survival for patients with intermediate/high-grade lymphoma was 41% for those treated with RT and 57% for those who received CMT. Twenty-seven patients had a recurrence of lymphoma after initial treatment. Twenty patients (74%) had recurrences outside the radiation treatment field; 90% of these failures were in predictable sites that would be included in comprehensive lymphatic irradiation fields (Waldeyer's ring, mantle, and whole abdomen). No clear dose response was observed. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with tumors or = 5 cm in diameter. CONCLUSIONS Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the head and neck with tumors > or = 5 cm in diameter appear to have a worse prognosis than those with smaller tumors. The patterns of failure suggest that initial treatment with comprehensive lymphatic irradiation fields could potentially eliminate the majority of treatment failures.
Sound and the emergence of mind

Man’s domestication of sound in the form of speech has taken him farther than his mastery of fire or tools or any of his other conquests. It permeates them all. In other species vocal sound is a sparsely settled territory, populated by no more than a few squatters here and there in the form of instinctively programmed signaling cries. Man’s most distinctive initiative as a species has been the massive colonization of this territory with significances of his own making, references to an open-ended array of relevant but not self-evident possibilities, such as things as it is opportune to see them as having been, things as they may be but elsewhere, and things as we would like them to turn out; or as they may turn out whatever we do, or as they will not turn out if we can help it. With this potential, it is a clear waste of resources to talk about the way things are right before our eyes and we spend little time doing so, though conversation must be referrable, however indirectly, to the identity of the speakers involved and what their situation is, if it is to make sense. Speech articulates the social synchrony achieved through vocalizing and listening with an indirect claim on a realm beyond the reach of the senses, and does so in ways that are directly furthered by the nature of sound and our control over it. Since the archeology of sound has no subject matter earlier than the late 19th century, we are free to speculate that the first step in the campaign to dilate the present that led eventually to speech may have been some remote ancestral urge to develop more situationally specific, situationally adaptive cries to attract attention, signal mood, and issue commands or warnings (‘interjectional’ theories of the origin of speech are as old as Democritus). All primates have a repertory of such cries. A cry of warning, for example, could have been modifed by lips and tongue, once they had evolved the flexibility to do the job, into phonological variants associated specifically with ‘leopard’ or ‘fire’. The larynx is a relatively old idea in evolutionary terms, being common to many orders, but one reason chimpanzees cannot speak is that they lack the physical capacity for phonation that first appeared in man. This would be consistent with the idea that the cry of warning itself is an enactment of an encounter with danger translated into an encounter between wind pressure and the vocal folds. Just as leopards and fires are particular articulations of the broad real-life category of dangerous situations, so some aboriginal equivalent of the sounds ‘leopard’ and ‘fire’ would have articulated the general-purpose warning cry with patterns of subtle additional resistance, interrupting and releasing the stream of vocal sound at the surface
Using NDVI Differencing and Temporal Logic to Enhance ISODATA Classification in Urban Environments

This paper presents a new approach to improving land use/cover mapping accuracy in an urban environment. Bi-temporal Landsat TM images (1987 and 1997) were initially classified using the ISODATA method. An NDVI difference image was derived and classified, with each class indicating certain land use/cover changes. Temporal logical reasoning was then performed on the classified NDVI difference map and the initial land use/cover maps. The procedure successfully resolved the confusion between forest clear-cuts/fallow cropland and urban, as well as between forest clear-cuts and cropland. The kappa analysis test led to a Z value of 1.837 with the p-value of 0.026 for the year 1987, and a Z value of 1.924 with the p-value of 0.014 for 1997, indicating significant enhancement at the 95% confidence level.
Involvements of cyclic nucleotide systems in enlarged mice lungs produced by butylated hydroxytoluene.

Abstract A single intraperitoneal injection of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), at a dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight, to mice caused enlargement of their lungs, which was found to be associated with some modifications in certain parameters of the cyclic nucleotide systems. These include: (a) increased levels of cyclic GMP, with cyclic AMP levels remaining unaffected, (b) increased levels of phosphodiesterases for cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP, with the lowest ratio of these activities seen at the beginning of the tissue mass increase, (c) increased levels of both cyclic GMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases, and (d) increased levels of stimulatory modulator of the cyclic GMP-dependent enzyme, with unaltered levels of inhibitory modulator of the cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme. Since increases in levels of cyclic GMP, the cyclic GMP target enzyme and its stimulatory modulator, as well as of the activity of DNA polymerase, occurred prior to or coincided with the pulmonary hypertrophy and hyperplasia, it is suggested that the cyclic GMP-mediated processes may be particularly crucial for cell proliferation after toxic injury of the lung by BHT.
A study of the non-parabolic hydrodynamic modelling of a sub-micrometre - n - device

The common assumptions for closure of the first three moment equations with non-parabolic band structure have led to many inconsistencies associated with the electron temperature, effective mass and heat flux. The assumptions are involved in the heat flux based on the Fourier law and in the electron temperature determined from the average kinetic and drift energies. The inconsistencies resulting from these assumptions are studied and illustrated for electrons in silicon with a non-parabolic energy band. A simple alternative by means of which to avoid the inconsistent assumptions and to truncate the hierarchy of the hydrodynamic equations with non-parabolic band structure is proposed. Instead of using the Fourier-law heat flux to close the hydrodynamic equations, the energy flux is separated into fluxes carried by average and random velocities. The proposed model and a Fourier-law-based hydrodynamic model, together with the Monte Carlo method, are applied to a silicon sub-micrometre - n - diode with a non-parabolic band at various applied voltages. Effects on electron transport in the sub-micrometre device resulting from the assumptions of the Fourier-law heat flux and the electron temperature determined from the average kinetic and drift energies are investigated.
The process and development of image-guided procedures

Medical imaging has been used primarily for diagnosis. In the past 15 years there has been an emergence of the use of images for the guidance of therapy. This process requires three-dimensional localization devices, the ability to register medical images to physical space, and the ability to display position and trajectory on those images. This paper examines the development and state of the art in those processes.
Impacts of Road Grade on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Evidenced by Use of Advanced Navigation Systems

Recently, advanced navigation systems have been developed that provide users the ability to select not only a shortest-distance route and even the shortest-duration route (on the basis of real-time traffic congestion information) but also routes that minimize fuel consumption as well as greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. In these ecorouting systems, fuel consumption and emission attributes are estimated for roadway links on the basis of the measured traffic volume, density, and average speed. Instead of standard travel time or distance attributes, these link attributes are then used as cost factors when an optimal route for any particular trip is selected. In addition to roadway congestion attributes, road grade factors also have an effect on fuel consumption and emissions. This study evaluated the effect of road grade on vehicle fuel consumption (and thus carbon dioxide [CO2] emissions). The real-world experimental results show that road grade does have significant effects on the fuel economy of lig...
Dynamic load balancing in parallel discrete event simulation for spatially explicit problems

We present a dynamic load balancing algorithm for parallel discrete event simulation of spatially explicit problems. In our simulations, the space is discretized and divided into subareas, each of which is simulated by a logical process (LP). Load predictions are done based on the future events that are scheduled for a given LP. The information about the load of the processes is gathered and distributed during the Global Virtual Time calculation. Each LP calculates the new load distribution of the system. The load is then balanced by moving spatial data between neighboring LPs in one round of communications. In our problems, the LPs should be described as being elements of a ring from the point of view of communication. Due to the spatial characteristics, the load can be migrated only between neighboring LPs. We present an algorithm that performs the load balancing in a ring and minimizes the maximum after-balance load.