cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immune, Endocrine, and Soluble Factor Interactions During Aerobic Exercise in Cancer Survivors

Aerobic exercise impacts multiple cellular immune system components, hormones, and pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble factors. The purpose of this chapter is to (1) briefly describe the role of aerobic exercise as an intervention for improving function in cancer survivors; (2) provide a comprehensive review of the impact of aerobic exercise on cellular immune system function in cancer survivors; and (3) discuss underlying endocrine and soluble factor mechanisms that may be associated with these cellular immune responses. In general, individuals with and without a history of cancer respond similarly to acute aerobic exercise, with changes in adrenal hormones and some cytokines potentially underlying exercise and recovery patterns of cellular immune parameters. The effects of aerobic exercise training on resting immune function, as well as relationships between exercise intervention-induced alterations in cellular immune parameters, hormones, and soluble factors, are less clear. Aerobic exercise continues to be a valuable clinical tool for improving quality of life in cancer survivors. Additional understanding of exercise-induced immune, endocrine, and soluble factor responses is necessary for creating more individualized exercise prescriptions that aim to improve anticancer defense, decrease cancer treatment-related side effects, and prolong disease-free survival.
Improved epitaxial growth of TbAs film on III–V semiconductors

In order to achieve high epitaxial quality of rocksalt TbAs, the authors studied the molecular beam epitaxy growth of TbAs films on zincblende (001) GaAs and (001) InP:Fe wafers. Despite the opposite strain condition of TbAs on these two substrates, mixed-orientation TbAs growth was observed on both substrates. However, the nucleation time and the continuing growth of the TbAs misoriented domains were influenced by the substrate type. By suppressing the growth of misoriented domains in the TbAs film, enhanced single-crystal orientation of TbAs grown on the (001) InP:Fe substrate was observed as compared to the (001) GaAs substrate. In addition, the cube-on-cube epitaxial arrangement of (001) TbAs with a thick film of up to ∼1150 nm is maintained on the (001) InP:Fe substrate but not on the (001) GaAs substrate. The improved TbAs film growth on the InP:Fe substrate exhibited enhanced optical properties when compared to that grown on the GaAs substrate, including a threefold reduction in the scattering rate. This largely improved optical property highlights the importance of increasing the epitaxial quality of TbAs films for future optoelectronic as well as other applications.
Secondary trauma and impairment in clinical social workers.

Abstract Background Secondary traumatic stress (STS), symptomatology resulting from indirect exposure to trauma, is one potential negative effect from engaging in clinical social work. Yet, little is known about the relationship between STS and workers’ distress and impairment due to their work. Objective The purpose of this paper was to explore STS in a national sample of clinical social workers (N = 539). Method and results A structural equation model demonstrating good model fit indicated that STS mediated the association between trauma exposure at work and reports of significant distress and impairment (β = .08, p Conclusions Implications for agencies working with child welfare are provided, including a discussion of addressing STS and significant distress and impairment at the individual and larger agency levels.
Dipole and quadrupole synthesis of electric potential fields

A general technique for expanding an unknown potential field in terms of a linear summation of weighted dipole or quadrupole fields is described. Computational methods were developed for the iterative addition of dipole fields. Various solution potentials were compared inside the boundary with a more precise calculation of the potential to derive optimal schemes for locating the singularities of the dipole fields. Then, the problem of determining solutions to Laplace's equation on an unbounded domain as constrained by pertinent electron trajectory data was considered.
Level of IL-17 and MMP-9 in cerebrospinal fluid of children with tuberculous meningitis and its significance

Objective To detect the levels of IL-17 and MMP-9 in cerebrospinal fluid of children with tuberculous meningitis,and to study their role in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis.Methods The 15 cases of children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM),20 cases of children with viral encephalitis (VM) and 18 cases of children without central nervous system infections,were choosed as the TBM group,the VM group and the control group.The levels of IL-17 and MMP-9 in cerebrospinal fluid were detected by ELISA method.Results The levels of IL-17 and MMP-9 in cerebrospinal fluid in TBM group increased significantly.Compared with other two groups,respectively,the differences were significant (P ＜0.01).Conclusions The levels of IL-17 and MMP-9 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculous meningitis were all highly increased,suggesting they might be involved in the pathological process of tuberculous meningitis.The levels of IL-17 and MMP-9 in cerebrospinal fluid can help identification of tuberculous meningitis with viral meningitis. Key words: Tuberculous meningitis; Viral encephalitis; Inter leukin-17; Matrix metall oproteinase-9; Cerebrospinal fluid; Children
Leveraging Ambient LTE Traffic for Ubiquitous Passive Communication

To support ubiquitous computing for various applications (such as smart health, smart homes, and smart cities), the communication system requires to be ubiquitously available, ultra-low-power, high throughput, and low-latency. A passive communication system such as backscatter is desirable. However, existing backscatter systems cannot achieve all of the above requirements. In this paper, we present the first LTE backscatter (LScatter) system that leverages the continuous LTE ambient traffic for ubiquitous, high throughput and low latency backscatter communication. Our design is motivated by our observation that LTE ambient traffic is continuous (v.s. bursty and intermittent WiFi/LoRa traffic), which makes LTE ambient traffic a perfect signal source of a backscatter system. Our design addresses practical issues such as time synchronization, phase modulation, as well as phase offset elimination. We extensively evaluated our design using a testbed of backscatter hardware and USRPs in multiple real-world scenarios. Results show that our LScatter's performance is consistently orders of magnitude better than WiFi backscatter in all the above scenarios. For example, LScatter's throughput is 13.63Mbps, which is 368 times higher than the latest ambient WiFi backscatter system [54]. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our system using two real-world applications.
The Flynn effect can become embedded in tests: How cross-sectional age norms can corrupt longitudinal research

Abstract The Flynn Effect (FE; Flynn, 1984 , Flynn, 1987 ) is the decades-long increase in measured mean IQ of approximately 1/3 point per year, observed in industrialized nations over the course of at least a century. An obvious and practical implication of the FE is that the FE can cause test norm obsolescence. If norms from 1970 were used today, the average score would be approximately a standard deviation above the original mean. A more subtle effect was suggested by Mingroni (2007): Age-normed tests could have a FE “built-in” through the norming process. His observation can be true in any case where there are cohort differences (between- or within-family); it is almost certain to occur in cases where cross-sectional samples are used to age norm in the presence of cohort effects. We illuminate this process in several ways, because it can significantly impact longitudinal research. If the “built in FE” hypothesis is supported, then the FE potentially affects resulting scores assigned to test-takers from all age-normed cognitive tests exhibiting a FE. A series of graphic simulations demonstrate the logic. Following, analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Children data suggest that the Flynn Effect is indeed built into the PIAT-Math scores.
Evolving two-generation services to disrupt the intergenerational effects of poverty and promote family well-being

Abstract How do social services disrupt the generational effects of poverty to help families flourish? To address this question, we highlight a less familiar, but resurgent, social work model known as two-generation services that avoids serving only individuals and instead orients around holistic family outcomes. Despite the optimism of leading think tanks and publicized exemplars, the prevalence of the two-generation approach is rare. To empower these initiatives with ideas to reach their potential, we synthesize two-generation principles with extant research and data with social service participants to identify gaps in service design and value creation that impede two-generation approaches. Analysis reveals entrenched skepticism and imbalanced polarities for families that participate in social service ecosystems. To stimulate progress against these imbalances, we synthesize insights from Family Systems Theory and Service-Dominant Logic to generate research propositions and practical insights for services seeking to reduce the intergenerational effects of poverty and promote family well-being.
Characteristics Associated With Unsheltered Status Among Veterans.

Introduction Unsheltered homelessness is a strongly debated public issue. The study objective is to identify personal and community characteristics associated with unsheltered homelessness in veterans and to test for interactions between these characteristics. Methods In a 2018 national survey of U.S. veterans with homeless experiences; investigators assessed unsheltered time; psychosocial characteristics; and community measures of shelter access, weather, and rental affordability. Associations between these characteristics and unsheltered status were tested in July–August 2020. This study also tested whether the count of personal risk factors interacted with community characteristics in predicting unsheltered status. Results Among 5,406 veterans, 481 (8.9%) reported ≥7 nights unsheltered over 6 months. This group was more likely to report criminal justice history, poor social support, medical and drug problems, financial hardship, and being unmarried. Their communities had poorer shelter access and warmer temperatures. The likelihood of unsheltered experience rose with risk factor count from 2.0% (0–1) to 8.4% (2–3) and to 24.2% (4–11). Interaction tests showed that the increase was greater for communities with warmer weather and higher rents (p Conclusions Among veterans experiencing homelessness, unsheltered experiences correlate with individual and community risk factors. Communities wishing to address unsheltered homelessness will need to consider action at both levels.
Introgression among North American wild grapes (Vitis) fuels biotic and abiotic adaptation

Introgressive hybridization can reassort genetic variants into beneficial combinations, permitting adaptation to new ecological niches. To evaluate evolutionary patterns and dynamics that contribute to introgression, we investigate six wild Vitis species that are native to the Southwestern United States and useful for breeding grapevine (V. vinifera) rootstocks. By creating a reference genome assembly from one wild species, V. arizonica, and by resequencing 130 accessions, we focus on identifying putatively introgressed regions (pIRs) between species. We find six species pairs with signals of introgression between them, comprising up to ~ 8% of the extant genome for some pairs. The pIRs tend to be gene poor, located in regions of high recombination and enriched for genes implicated in disease resistance functions. To assess potential pIR function, we explore SNP associations to bioclimatic variables and to bacterial levels after infection with the causative agent of Pierce’s disease (Xylella fastidiosa). pIRs are enriched for SNPs associated with both climate and bacterial levels, suggesting that introgression is driven by adaptation to biotic and abiotic stressors. Altogether, this study yields insights into the genomic extent of introgression, potential pressures that shape adaptive introgression, and the evolutionary history of economically important wild relatives of a critical crop.
Jury Trial and Adversary Procedure in Russia: Reform of Soviet Inquisitorial Procedure or Democratic Window-Dressing?

The new Russian jury system is based on the Russian jury system which was itself the product of great reforms throughout Europe in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This chapter discusses the problem of judicial dependency on the executive branch and how the modern Russian theory of adversary procedure-with its notion of a distinct separation of power between prosecution, defense and the decision, left to the judiciary- was designed to counteract it. It describes the discussion of the extent to which the jury is actually replacing the judge as the arbiter of the guilt issue. The chapter discusses the factors that have allowed a massive reversal of acquittals in Russian jury cases. The author regrettable conclusion is that these ambitious reforms are looking more and more like democratic window-dressing for a system that is continuing to function as it did in Soviet times. Keywords: democratic change; Europe; judicial reform; Russian jury system; Soviet theory
Summarizing the Lessons: Shaping a Blueprint

This chapter begins by summarizing key points of convergence among the analyses presented throughout the preceding 18 chapters. Following that summary, it outlines a blueprint for nurturing and sustaining robust commitment to professional responsibility in the fields of education and medicine. Nine points of convergence are identified. Taken together, they frame a comprehensive picture of how education and medicine, along with other social and human service occupations, could be positively transformed into more equitable and effective services for the nation’s children and adults. These convergent points cover the conceptualization of professionalism, the social, organizational, and political contexts of professional work, the importance of recognizing the power of institutional environments to either support or deflect professional actions, and the extent to which the working relationships among individual physicians and teachers need to be transformed into collaborative community action systems in order to define and promote responsible professionalism. The tentative blueprint for professional practice reform in the last section of the chapter aims at providing some useful guidance for turning scholarly insight into practical action.
An implementation for hybrid continuous variable/discrete event dynamic systems

Implementation techniques for hybrid control systems are considered. The term 'hybrid' is used to refer to a system that combines continuous variable dynamic sysem and discrete event dynamic system models, which is a broader problem than discrete-time fixed rate sampling. Several mechanisms for implementing hybrid systems are discussed. Switches allows efficient, limited control law changes in response to events. Scheduling modes provide more expensive but more flexible control law and implementation changes in response to events. Either type of change can be triggered by either external (hardware interrupt) or internal (software-raised) events. The authors discuss support for fixed rate control processes, hard deadline aperiodic processes, and queueing processes for exchanging data and sharing resources within the same hybrid adaptive guidance, navigation and control system. >
The Power of Appointment and Monetary Policy

Previous chapters show that the Administration, Congress, and the banking industry signal their desires for monetary policy to Federal Reserve leaders and that periodically these leaders systematically respond. Nevertheless, even during the most blatant interludes of monetary policy signaling, Federal Reserve officials seldom complain publicly. They understand that politicians and bankers usually know where to draw the line. Politicians and bankers are aware of the private costs of too frequently appearing to pressure the Fed and central bankers are aware of the private costs of appearing to succumb to these pressures. These costs arise because all signaling challenges central bank autonomy and, if excessive, threatens the symbiotic balance between the Administration, Congress, and the financial services sector, as uncooperative principals on the one hand, and Federal Reserve officials, as agents on the other hand (see, for example, Alt 1991, or Woolley 1984). As seen in Chapter Six, the frequency of signaling is highly variable over time, depending on the degree of economic stress, interest group pressures because of that stress, and the viability of other means of influencing policy.2
Will Labour Unrest Lead to More Democratic Trade Unions in China

China does not recognize the international labor law principle of 'freedom of association.' China's only lawful trade union, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) and its branches, is controlled by the Communist Party, and its enterprise-level "grassroots" chapters have been dominated by management, for example, through control of nominations for grassroots union officers. The union has thus been widely seen as ‘useless’ to China’s workers in their efforts to protect their legal rights and economic interests, and thus rather useless to the state in seeking to control rising labor unrest. While there is no sign that China's leaders intend to loosen either party control of the ACFTU or the ACFTU’s monopoly on collective worker representation, they are seeking to make the ACFTU a more effective and responsive worker representative. One focal point of reform has been democratization of grassroots unions. Recently, some striking workers have begun to demand and to get open ‘haixuan’ elections (in which workers nominate their own candidates) for grassroots union officers. This chapter examines these developments from a broadly comparative and historical perspective on the relationship between labor unrest and workers’ ability to secure fundamental labor rights, and on the relationship between unions' accountability to workers and the goal of securing industrial peace. Electoral democracy at the grassroots level of the trade unions in China would be a modest step in the direction of ‘freedom of association.’ It might also put pressure on the unelected local union and party-state officials that sit above them -- and vice versa -- with the end result of either extension or frustration of democratic reforms. The labor arena may be functioning as a laboratory in which to test competing views within China's leadership over the best strategy for maintaining stability -- the right mix of control and flexibility, repression and responsiveness, cooptation and democratization. Behind these competing views lie different theories about what Chinese workers (and citizens) want: Will worker-citizens be content with material improvements or will they hold out for a meaningful voice in their working lives and communities?
Regulation of Sugar Transport in Neurospora crassa

Sugar uptake systems in Neurospora crassa are catabolically repressed by glucose. Synthesis of a low Km glucose uptake system (system II) in Neurospora is derepressed during starvation for an externally supplied source of carbon and energy. Fasting also results in the derepression of uptake systems for fructose, galactose, and lactose. In contrast to the repression observed when cells were grown on glucose, sucrose, or fructose, system II was not repressed by growth on tryptone and casein hydrolysate. System II was inactivated in the presence of 0.1 m glucose and glucose plus cycloheximide but not by cycloheximide alone. Inactivation followed first-order kinetics with a half-time of 40 min. The addition of glycerol to the uptake medium had no significant effect on the kinetics of 3-0-methyl glucose uptake, suggesting that the system was not feedback inhibitable by catabolites of glycerol metabolism.
MODE PROPAGATION AND ATTENUATION IN LINED DUCTS

Optimal impedance for each mode is an important concept in an infinitely long duct lined with uniform absorption material. However it is not valid for finite length linings. This is because that the modes in lined ducts are not power-orthogonal; the total sound power is not equal to the sum of the sound power of each mode; cross-power terms may play important roles. In this paper, we study sound propagation and attenuation in an infinite rigid duct lined with a finite length of lining impedance. The lining impedance may be axial segments and circumferentially non-uniform. We propose two new physical quantities Kp and S to describe the self-overlap of the left eigenfunction and right eigenfunction of one mode and the normalized overlap between modes, respectively. The two new physical quantities describe totally the mode behaviors in lined ducts.
Comparison of output particle size distributions from pressurized aerosols formulated as solutions or suspensions.

The delivery of particles as small as possible (preferably <5 µm) to the respiratory tract should be the aim of those formulating metered dose inhalers (MDIs). This may be facilitated by the formulation of solution, rather than suspension-type, pressurized aerosol units. Two series of MDIs were compared; one contained suspended micronized disodium fluorescein (0.1%, w/v), while the other contained the same concentration of dissolved salicylic acid. Either oleic acid, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, or sorbitan trioleate was incorporated at 0.15% (w/v) as suspending agent (disodium fluorescein) or solubilizing agent (salicylic acid). The propellant blend was 70% (w/w) Freon 12 and 30% (w/w) Freon 11 in all cases. This exhibited a vapor pressure of 50.6 psig (444.7 kPa) at 21°C. The output particle size distribution of the aerosol reaching the cascade impactor showed a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of approximately 4 and 2 µm for the suspension and solution formulations respectively, regardless of the surfactant used. Larger MMADs were observed for solution aerosols formulated with oleic acid (2.32 µm) compared to those containing L-α-phosphatidylcholine (1.93 µm) or sorbitan trioleate (2.07 µm). Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.
Perceptions of Hospital Safety Climate and Incidence of Readmission

Preventable hospital readmission represents an increasingly prominent target in policy discussions aimed at reducing morbidity and cost in the U.S. health care system. Approximately one-fifth (19.6 percent) of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries will experience hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge (Jencks, Williams, and Coleman 2009). Up to three-quarters of these unplanned readmissions are potentially avoidable and are associated with an annual cost of U.S.$12 billion (MedPAC 2007). In response to these cost and quality implications, in July 2009 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) began reporting 30-day risk-standardized readmission rates as a measure of hospital quality (Keenan et al. 2008). This was likely a first step toward readmission rates becoming a standard indicator of inpatient and post-discharge quality of care and a metric for performance-based reimbursement (Epstein 2009). Reflecting a belief that hospital readmission is a function not only of patient morbidity but also of hospitals' management of safe transitions between the inpatient and the post-acute care setting, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the National Quality Forum (NQF) have focused on the relationship between hospital readmission and patient safety (AHRQ 2009a, b; NQF 2009;). Worse performance on AHRQ's Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) has been associated with higher readmission rates (Friedman et al. 2009). Modeled in part on Project RED (Re-Engineered Discharge) at Boston University Medical Center (Jack et al. 2009), NQF has designated evidence-based improvement in “discharge systems” as a requisite hospital practice in order to be considered “safe.” If the frequency of readmission reflects inadequate patient safety processes in the hospital, then hospitals with worse safety culture would be expected to exhibit higher levels of hospital readmission. To evaluate this supposition, we examined the relationship of a measure of hospital patient safety culture—hospital patient safety climate—and hospital readmission. We used data from a survey measuring safety climate in a national sample of hospitals and CMS risk-standardized measures of 30-day hospital readmission.
Neurological involvement and characterization in acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adulthood.

Abstract Objective To describe the neurological and neuroradiological features of acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in adulthood by reporting a series of cases. Methods Ten consecutive patients who were diagnosed with HLH at Medstar Georgetown University Hospital and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center were evaluated for neurological involvement. All underwent clinical neurological evaluation, and when indicated CSF analysis and MR imaging of the brain. Data were gathered and analyzed retrospectively. Results Seven of the ten patients with HLH had neurological involvement. Mean age at onset was 50 (range: 21 to 73). Four patients were males. Prominent clinical features included mild to severe encephalopathy and seizures. Other findings included hemiparesis and spastic tetraparesis. Neuroimaging revealed a wide spectrum of abnormalities including cortical and subcortical edema, gadolinium enhancement, hemorrhage, and diffusion restriction. Basal ganglia involvement was present in four out of seven patients. Three patients died due to multisystem organ failure, and the other patients displayed varying degrees of recovery. Conclusions The neurological features of acquired HLH in adults have not been previously reported. These seven patients demonstrate the spectrum of neurological involvement that can occur. The diagnosis of HLH should be considered in patients who are systemically ill with unexplained fevers and hyperferritinemia who have evidence of inflammation in the CNS.
Biotin recycling impairment in phenylketonuric children with seborrheic dermatitis

Objective To investigate the effect of a therapeutic diet on serum biotin levels and to explain the seborrheic dermatitis in phenylketonuric (PKU) patients on a “loose” diet. Design Forty-seven patients were divided into two groups: group A (n = 21) demonstrated good compliance to a special diet and group B (n = 26) were on a “loose” diet. Most of the patients in group B (20/26), who suffered from mild seborrheic dermatitis, were requested to return to phenylalanine (Phe)-restricted diet for at least 15 days. Seventy-nine healthy children of comparable age were used as controls. Biotin serum levels and plasma biotinidase activity were measured in patients as well as controls. In addition, biotinidase activity was evaluated in vitro after incubation with various concentrations of Phe. Results Biotin levels in group A patients (636 ± 118 ng/L) were statistically significantly elevated (P < 0.01) compared with those of group B patients before (412 ± 184 ng/L) and after (501 ± 160 ng/L) 15 days on a Phe-restricted diet, as well as with those of controls (337 ± 290 ng/L). Furthermore, biotinidase activities were decreased in group B patients (4.2 ± 1.68 nmol/min/L) compared with those of group A patients (6.4 ± 0.7 nmol/min/L) and controls (6.10 ± 0.8 nmol/min/L). Additionally, biotinidase activities in the patients of group B were restored to normal (5.78 ± 0.81 nmol/min/L), with a simultaneous remission of their skin lesions, after 15 days on a Phe-restricted diet. Moreover, the in vitro findings showed a 51% inhibition of biotinidase activity when incubated with Phe (20 mg/dL). Conclusions It is suggested that the high biotin levels in group A patients reflect the intake of water-soluble biotin of vegetable origin. In contrast, the low biotinidase activity in group B patients may be attributed to their high Phe plasma levels, which acts as an enzyme inhibitor, as shown by the in vivo and in vitro results. Consequently, the observed seborrheic dermatitis in PKU children (group B) is associated with an impairment of biotin recycling.
Localization of the adenovirus early region 1B 55-kilodalton protein during lytic infection : association with nuclear viral inclusions requires the early region 4 34-kilodalton protein

Abstract The distribution of the adenovirus early region 1B 55-kDa protein (E1B-55kDa) in lytically infected HeLa cells was determined. At the time of infection, when the E1B-55kDa protein facilitates the cytoplasmic accumulation of viral mRNA while simultaneously restricting the accumulation of most cellular mRNA, five distinct intracellular localizations of the protein were observed. Only one of these was disrupted when cells were infected with a mutant virus that fails to produce a second viral protein encoded by early region 4 (E4-34kDa). This protein normally forms a complex with the E1B-55kDa polypeptide, enabling it to influence RNA metabolism. This key localization of the E1B protein was within and about the periphery of nuclear viral inclusion bodies believed to be the site of viral DNA replication and transcription. In the absence of the E4-34kDa protein, the coincidence of E1B-55kDa-specific immunofluorescence and phase-dense viral inclusions was reduced compared with that in a wild-type infection. Similarly, by immunoelectron microscopy, the relative number of E1B-55kDa-specific immunogold particles associated with the clear fibrillar inclusion bodies was reduced. However, the E4-34kDa protein was not required for the close association of the early region 2A DNA binding protein with the viral inclusions. We propose that the viral 55-kDa-34-kDa protein complex interacts with a cellular factor required for cytoplasmic accumulation of mRNAs and directs it to the periphery of the transcriptionally active viral inclusion bodies. This model provides an explanation for the ability of these viral proteins to simultaneously enhance accumulation of viral mRNAs and inhibit accumulation of cellular mRNAs.
Specificity and parameters in defining dyslexia

The concern for specificity in definition on the part of researchers and policy makers is understandable. Those on the line, confronted by children who need to be helped, and those who have a working familiarity with the complexity of the reading process, and of the reading disability syndrome, may share my reservations about this specificity: that in defining reading disability strictly in terms of a significant deviation from IQ restrictions are imposed that may obscure important aspects and interactions in the clinical picture. I am in favor of careful selection of samples and of persistence in the search for better defining parameters. Until we have them it may be desirable to operate within looser guidelines and to base treatment on a careful evaluation of linguistic, cognitive, emotional and cultural functioning, when the aim is to teach individual children. If Alexander Pope’s admonition (in “An Essay on Criticism,” Part I) is kept in mind we should not go too far astray: First follow Nature, and your judgment frame By her just standard...
Presynaptic calcium concentration microdomains and transmitter release

n-Aequorin J, a luminescent protein which responds to calcium concentration changes in the order of several hundred micromoles, was injected into the preterminal fiber in the squid giant synapse. The activation of the presynaptic terminal leading to release of transmitter was accompanied by light emission at well-defined sites at the active zone in the presynaptic terminal. Location of these light emission sites was very much the same from one stimulus to the next, indicating that light emission was triggered by the inward calcium current occurring at specific and invariant locations. The distribution, size and number of these QEDs (quantum emission domains) coincides well with the location and number of active zones in the presynaptic terminal. The results imply that transmitter release is triggered by very well-localized calcium concentration changes that may be as high as several hundred micromoles.
The effect of IT range and order quantity flexibility on firm performance: an empirical study

Information technology range (IT range), or the strategic information flow regarding a manufacturing firm’s products, production, logistics and suppliers, has long been recognised as a key determinant of a firm’s competitive advantage. Various studies also show that flexible suppliers, particularly in terms of order quantity, are important components of agile supply chains, which can be used to cope with changes faced by firms. Prior research has focused on examining each factor separately, but in a supply chain loaded with rich information, it is important for the manufacturing firm to determine how these factors co-exist and influence firm performance (e.g., flexibility). Analysing responses from 201 supply chain professionals, this research suggests that: 1 each factor correlates to the overall flexibility of a manufacturing firm 2 the strategic information flow provided by the firm’s information system moderates the effect of suppliers’ order quantity flexibility on a manufacturing firm’s logistics flexibilities.
Binned Hubble parameter measurements and the cosmological deceleration–acceleration transition

Abstract Weighted mean and median statistics techniques are used to combine 23 independent lower redshift, z 1.04 , Hubble parameter, H ( z ) , measurements and determine binned forms of H ( z ) . When these are combined with 5 higher redshift, 1.3 ≤ z ≤ 2.3 , H ( z ) measurements the resulting constraints on cosmological parameters, of three cosmological models, that follow from the weighted-mean binned data are almost identical to those derived from analyses using the 28 independent H ( z ) measurements. This is consistent with what is expected if the lower redshift measurements errors are Gaussian. Plots of the binned weighted-mean H ( z ) / ( 1 + z ) versus z data are consistent with the presence of a cosmological deceleration–acceleration transition at redshift z da = 0.74 ± 0.05 [30] , which is expected in cosmological models with present-epoch energy budget dominated by dark energy as in the standard spatially-flat Λ CDM cosmological model.
Preoperative Identification and Operative Management of Intraatrial Extension of Lung Tumors

Preoperative identification of intraatrial tumor is uncommon. A 23-year-old woman presented with local recurrence and pulmonary metastases after previous resection of a clavicular sarcoma. Evaluation by computed tomography revealed bilateral pulmonary masses. Due to the size and proximal location, magnetic resonance imaging and transesophageal echocardiography were performed, revealing a large intraatrial mass. She then underwent staged surgical excision without intraoperative complications. We summarize this case and review risk factors for intracardiac extension and prevention of tumor emboli.
Use of aminopterin in selecting electrically active neuroblastoma cells

Abstract A marked increase in electrical excitability and process formation occurs in the N-18 clone of mouse neuroblastoma as these cells go from the logarithmic phase of growth to the stationary state in confluent cultures. Even more excitable cells can be selected by growth in culture medium containing 10 −5 M aminopterin which kills about 90% of the cells. Clone 1A-103 does not develop significant processes or exhibit marked electrical excitability under any of the culture conditions studied. Thus, our results show that one or more of the steps required for generation of the action potential is sensitive to regulation in cultured cells. Methods are presented for obtaining populations of either electrically passive cells or electrically excitable cells which can easily be maintained for several weeks. Clones differ markedly in their capacity to extend processes and their ability to generate action potentials.
Asymptotic solution of eigenvalue problems

Abstract A method is presented for the construction of asymptotic formulas for the large eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions of boundary value problems for partial differential equations. It is an adaptation to bounded domains of the method previously devised to deduce the corrected Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum conditions. When applied to the reduced wave equation in various domains for which the exact solutions are known, it yields precisely the asymptotic forms of those solutions. In addition it has been applied to an arbitrary convex plane domain for which the exact solutions are not known. Two types of solutions have been found, called the “whispering gallery” and “bouncing ball” modes. Applications have also been made to the Schrodinger equation.
Lack of effect of neurotransmitters on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in an insect CNS

The inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from the nerve cord ofManduca sexta was studied using theophylline as a model compound. 11 putative neurotransmitters had no effect on enzyme activity.
Stanislaw M. Ulam's Contributions to Theoretical Theory

S. M. Ulam's contributions to biology are surveyed. The survey covers cellular automata theory, population biology, Fermi-Pasta-Ulam results, pattern recognition, and sequence similarity.
Mother-Young Feeding Synchrony and Early Food Selection Differences in Eulemur fulvus

I tested the hypothesis that mother-young cofeeding correlates with a systematic similar food selection in wild Mayotte brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus). I simultaneously recorded the feeding behavior of 4 maternal dyad members, from infant birth to weaning, and 10–12 mo of juvenile age, during 10-min focal periods, each separated by 5-min intervals over 10 mo. I recorded the solid food items selected for each feeding behavior at the level of specific plant part, along with the distance between the 2 individuals. I considered feeding behaviors simultaneous (between the young lemurs and their mothers) when the young began to eat a food item while the mother was already eating, regardless of the separation distance. During their first year, most of the feeding events of the young brown lemurs were initiated by their mothers. However, infants also selected different food items from those chosen by their mothers in almost one-third of cases, and the food selection dissimilarity was not attributable to an increase in the distance of separation. For juveniles, dissimilar food selection was significantly lower and linked to an increase in mother-juvenile separation distance. Thus, the substantial proportion of dissimilarity in solid foods selected by the infant during the synchronized feeding behaviors strongly suggests that social influences were not food-specific and might instead drive the acquisition of group feeding activity rhythm rather than food selection habits.
Projected performance of rf-linac-driven free-electron lasers in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region☆

Abstract A free-electron laser user facility for scientific experimentation in the vacuum-ultraviolet and soft X-ray spectral regions (together termed the XUV) is being developed at Los Alamos. The design includes a series of laser oscillators and amplifiers, driven by a single, rf-linear accelerator, that will generate broadly tunable, picosecond-pulse, coherent radiation from 1 to 400 nm. Below 300 nm, the peak- and average-power output of these FEL devices should surpass the capabilities of any existing, continuously tunable photon sources by many orders-of-magnitude. The design and output parameters of this facility are described, including comparison with synchrotron radiation sources and recent progress in developing the three primary components (electron beam, magnetic undulator and resonator mirrors) is cited.
Assessment of behavior management and behavioral interventions in state child welfare facilities

Summary Official state program reviews of 204 substitute care facilities were assessed for the types of behavior management and behavioral interventions used and the extent to which agency practices were consistent with learning theory principles. Data were also collected on the type and number of professional staff available to implement and oversee these procedures, Results showed that a sizable portion of the agencies used restrictive procedures (e.g. “timeout") for response reduction purposes, but without incorporating positive reinforcement programs (e.g., token or point systems, contingent privileges) that would make the application of these procedures humane and therapeutically effective. Program reviews also indicated that relatively small numbers of professionally trained staff were available on‐site to supervise the use of behavior management procedures and behavioral interventions.
Observation of new structures in the collective mode spectrum of 3HeB

Abstract The single-ended, cw, impedance technique has been employed to study the squashing mode of 3.5. Superfluid 3HeB in a sound cell with a path length of 381 μm with ultrasound frequencies of 115.8 MHz and 141.6 MHz. A doublet splitting of the squashing mode has been observed and the magnitude of the splitting depends on the pressure. In addition, a “bump-like” structure, preceding the pair-breaking edge by about 3.5 MHz, has been observed with a sound frequency of 64.3 MHz in an applied magnetic field at pressures ranging from 4 to 7 bar.
Infectious Endophthalmitis after Penetrating Injuries with Retained Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Purpose: To determine the risk factors and prognostic indicators of infectious endophthalmitis in eyes with penetrating injury and retained intraocular foreign body. Methods: From the National Eye Trauma System (NETS) Registry, 492 eyes with intraocular foreign bodies were reviewed for signs of infectious endophthalmitis. Results: Thirty-four eyes (6.9%) with intraocular foreign bodies had evidence of infectious endophthalmitis, and 31 (91.2%) of those eyes had signs of infection at the time of removal of the intraocular foreign body. The majority of eyes with an intraocular foreign body with or without endophthalmitis were in patients between 10 and 39 years of age, but the risk of endophthalmitis developing increased with age, especially in patients 50 years of age or older with delayed primary repair ( P = 0.005). Endophthalmitis was more likely to develop in eyes with home or occupational injuries (33/358, 9.2%) than in those with injuries from other settings (1/128, 0.8%; P = 0.001). Infectious endophthalmitis was much less likely to develop in eyes with primary repair within 24 hours of the injury (10/287 = 3.5%) than in eyes with primary repair more than 24 hours after the injury (22/164, 13.4%; P Conclusions: Removal of a retained intraocular foreign body within 24 hours of injury markedly reduces the risk of infectious endophthalmitis developing. Older persons are at high risk for endophthalmitis developing after retaining an intraocular foreign body when there is delayed surgical repair.
Chemical vapor deposition and composition–depth profiling of a graded coating by Auger electron spectroscopy used in conjunction with taper polishing

Abstract A graded TiCxN1−x coating with x varying parabolically in the range 0–1 was grown by chemical vapor deposition in the TiCL4–CH4–N2–H2 system by quasi-continuously changing process parameters (growth time, CH4 mole fraction) at 1400 K and at 10.7 kPa. Taper polishing of the graded coating was carried out by a simple apparatus converting a depth dimension into a lateral dimension. Auger electron spectroscopy line scan was then performed on the taper polished surface. Composition profile of the graded coating was determined to be in agreement with the designed one using surface profilometer traces and AES signals from CKLL transition at 272 eV. AES/taper polishing approach facilitates composition–depth analysis with a minimal degree of sputtering and a substantial reduction of data acquisition time. Taper polishing could also be combined with other chemical analysis techniques such as X-ray microdiffraction.
Liability Transfers: An Economic Assessment of Buyer and Lender Liability

Abstract This paper examines the conditions under which it is efficient to transfer liability for contamination of a given piece of property from the seller to the buyer at the time of sale and then, for debt-financed sales for which there is a foreclosure, subsequently to the lender who has financed the purchase. We identify two key potential sources of inefficiency, which depend on the relative probabilities that the parties will be judgment-proof at the time liability is imposed. The results suggest that the efficiency effects of liability transfers will depend on the relative magnitudes of these two sources of inefficiency.
Cancellation of the dipole ionization amplitudes in slow heavy-ion-Atom collisions

Abstract We show why, in semi-classical approximation, the contribution to the amplitude for exciting 1s electrons into dipole continuum states due to the perturbation by the Coulomb potential between the projectile nucleus and electron usually cancels the contribution due to the recoil of the target nucleus.
Loss Performance of Planar Interconnects on FR-4 Up to 67 GHz

This paper shows the performance of planar transmission lines (TLs) on a multilayer stack-up with a flame resistant-4 (FR-4)-based core up to 67 GHz. These lines will be used as interconnects to integrate a CMOS circuit with an antenna fabricated on FR-4 for a low-cost system-in-package solution. The attenuation characteristics of coplanar waveguide (CPW), grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW), and microstrip lines with different configurations are investigated. The peak attenuation varies from 0.15 to 0.45 dB/mm at 60 GHz, depending on the line type and geometry. In addition, the effective permittivity and loss tangent of the multilayer stack-up are determined using CPW TLs. The overall results show that FR-4-based materials are viable candidates for packaging at the millimeter-wave frequency range if suitable line lengths are utilized.
Full Navier-Stokes analysis of a two-dimensional mixer/ejector nozzle for noise suppression

A three-dimensional full Navier-Stokes (FNS) analysis was performed on a mixer/ejector nozzle designed to reduce the jet noise created at takeoff by a future supersonic transport. The PARC3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code was used to study the flow field of the nozzle. The grid that was used in the analysis consisted of approximately 900,000 node points contained in eight grid blocks. Two nozzle configurations were studied: a constant area mixing section and a diverging mixing section. Data are presented for predictions of pressure, velocity, and total temperature distributions and for evaluations of internal performance and mixing effectiveness. The analysis provided good insight into the behavior of the flow.