cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RNA-binding proteins PCBP1 and PCBP2 are critical determinants of murine erythropoiesis

We previously demonstrated that the two paralogous RNA-binding proteins PCBP1 and PCBP2 are individually essential for mouse development: Pcbp1-null embryos are peri-implantation lethal, while Pcbp2-null embryos lose viability at midgestation. Midgestation Pcbp2-/- embryos revealed a complex phenotype that included loss of certain hematopoietic determinants. Whether PCBP2 directly contributes to erythropoietic differentiation and whether PCBP1 has a role in this process remained undetermined. Here, we selectively inactivated the genes encoding these two RNA-binding proteins during differentiation of the erythroid lineage in the developing mouse embryo. Individual inactivation of either locus failed to impact viability or blood formation. However, combined inactivation of the two loci resulted in midgestational repression of erythroid/hematopoietic gene expression, loss of blood formation, and fetal demise. Orthogonal ex vivo analyses of primary erythroid progenitors selectively depleted of these two RNA-binding proteins revealed that they mediate a combination of overlapping and isoform-specific impacts on hematopoietic lineage transcriptome, impacting both mRNA representation and exon splicing. These data lead us to conclude that PCBP1 and PCBP2 mediate functions critical to differentiation of the erythroid lineage.
Demonstrations, Grievance, and Civil Conflict

In this chapter, we show that Empirically Informed Covariate Selection can inform future directions of research. Specifically, we have identified how the search for alternate treatments tells us about the possible causes of demonstrations. We find that civil conflict may be part of a continuum of political contention, suggesting that grievance remains a contender as a cause for conflict. Last, as part of a trend with previous chapters, we show that the relative accuracy of different algorithms matters. The less accurate LOGIT, for example, posits a very different causal relationship between demonstrations and civil war than BART. This difference may be why the literature on civil war has not pursued grievance as a cause of conflict.
Evaluation of Blind Thoracoscopic-Assisted Placement of Three Double-Lumen Endobronchial Tube Designs for One-Lung Ventilation in Dogs

Objective To describe a technique for blind thoracoscopic-assisted double-lumen endobronchial tube (DLT) placement for achieving one-lung ventilation (OLV) using 3 different DLT designs and to evaluate whether thoracic auscultation could reliably confirm OLV in dogs. Study Design Prospective randomized study. Animals Mature female hound dogs (n = 6). Methods Physical examination, baseline blood work and thoracic radiography confirmed the absence of preexisting disease in all dogs. Thoracoscopic observation was established through a subxiphoid portal and used for evaluation of differential lung lobe ventilation. Each dog was sequentially intubated using 1 of 3 DLT designs in random order; Robertshaw left-sided tube (RS-L), Carlens left-sided tube (C-L), Dr. White right-sided tube (DW-R). Incidence of initial and overall (after a maximum of 3 DLT manipulations) correct and complete OLV (CC-OLV) was recorded. After each blind thoracoscopic-assisted DLT placement, bronchoscopic evaluation was performed to document correct DLT position. Result Blind DLT placement achieved overall CC-OLV in all dogs using RS-L, 66% using C-L, and all using DW-R. Successful initial left-sided OLV (L-OLV) was statistically more likely when RS-L DLTs were used compared to C-L or DW-R. Of cases where overall CC-OLV was achieved, correct DLT position was present in only 44% of intubations. Conclusions Blind DLT placement produced successful CC-OLV in all dogs using at least one DLT design evaluated. Use of thoracoscopic assistance may obviate the need for bronchoscopic observation during DLT placement in dogs. However, bronchoscopic observation may still refine DLT positioning in dogs after blind thoracoscopic-assisted DLT placement.
A feminist theoretical approach to understanding health of adolescent females.

This paper presents a conceptual framework derived from theorists of female developmental and psychoanalytical psychology which explains the various health concerns of adolescent females. These health concerns include the specific mental health-related issues for young girls such as depression and eating disorders. It also attempts to link the developmental transition of these young girls to these health issues as well as examine the impact of race ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Based on the discussions several strategies for health promotion are developed using the constructs of relationship and voice. First health promotion in pregnancy drug use eating disorders and depression should be addressed in the developmental framework specifically theorized for young girls. Second a diverse group of professionals should be recruited to develop programs in schools and communities.
How Do Predatory Lending Laws Influence Mortgage Lending in Urban Areas? A Tale of Two Cities

This paper examines the effects of predatory lending laws in the cities of Chicago and Philadelphia. The level of mortgage activity in each of the cities is compared during the pre- and post-legisl...
Expression and signaling of novel IL15Rα splicing variants in cerebral endothelial cells of the blood‐brain barrier

Interleukin (IL)-15 and its receptors in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells play an important role in mediating neuroinflammatory signaling across the blood-brain barrier. Although alternative splice variants of IL15Ralpha (the specific receptor) are seen in immune cells, the presence and functions of splice variants have not been studied in the cerebral endothelia that compose the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we identified five splice variants from mouse cerebral capillaries by RT-PCR, cloning, and DNA sequencing, and performed domain analysis. Four of these isoforms have never been described in any tissue. All isoforms were detected by qPCR in enriched mouse cerebral microvessels and their expression was increased by tumor necrosis factor treatment in vivo. To determine their functions, plasmids encoding individual isoforms were transfected into RBE4 cerebral endothelial cells. All of these predicted alkalinic proteins were expressed and most showed post-translational modifications. There were variations in their subcellular distribution. Only the full length IL15Ralpha and to a lesser degree isoform alpha1 were trafficked to the cell surface 24 h after over-expression. As shown by a luciferase reporter for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3, over-expression of isoforms alpha2 and alpha4 reduced basal STAT3 activation. In comparison with the control, over-expression of the full length IL15Ralpha had a greater effect in increasing IL15-induced STAT3 transactivation than other isoforms. The results show that IL15 signaling in cerebral endothelia is probably an orchestrated effect of all IL15Ralpha splice variants that determine the eventual outcome by differential regulation.
DIABETES AMONG OAXACA'S TRANSNATIONAL POPULATION: AN EMERGING SYNDEMIC

Though indigenous communities have undergone rapid economic integration in the last few decades as a result of neoliberal reforms and increased migration, these communities experience a complex epidemiological profile that includes fetal and childhood undernutrition and adult obesity and diabetes. We argue here that the interaction of these burdens and the social conditions that have dismantled local food systems and propelled out-migration best explain the growing rate of diabetes in this region. We contrast this syndemic approach with the Thrifty Genotype Hypothesis, which attributes the high rate of diabetes among Native American populations to presumed genetic predisposition, triggered by lifestyle changes. We find the Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis useful for explaining links between fetal and postnatal nutrition interruptions and chronic diseases in later life in certain populations and that a syndemics framework is useful for modeling the complex social causes of this pattern. While the syndemics model has largely been used to understand infectious diseases and addiction, social scientists have yet to use the framework to investigate the complex interactions between chronic malnutrition, metabolic syndrome, and political economy in rural Oaxacan communities. The most effective efforts to reduce diabetes will be those that address the social determinants of diabetes in this and other similar populations, rather than programs that address individual behaviors and lifestyle.
Common quadratic Lyapunov-like function with associated switching regions for two unstable second-order LTI systems

In the present paper we utilize Lyapunov-like functions in the qualitative analysis of switched systems. Specifically for a class of second-order switched systems consisting of two unstable subsystems, explore in detail some necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of common quadratic Lyapunov-like functions. We find that the existence of quadratic Lyapunov-like functions is closely related to conic switching laws.
Super heat resistant ceramic insulated wire

Although the fast breeder reactor (FBR) was developed by many countries as the economical nuclear reactor, many countries have stopped developing FBR, except France and Japan, for economic reasons. Nuclear power is important for Japan as a source of energy, therefore Japan will continue to investigate nuclear energy such as the thermonuclear fusion reactor and FBR. This experiment will require high performance ceramic insulated wire which has the features to maintain resistivity against high level neutron ray and stability at high temperature above 500/spl deg/C. In order to deal with this requirement, the authors have developed conductors with copper as the core conductor, nickel or titanium as the outer diffusion prevention layer, and high melting point metal, e.g., niobium, tantalum, as the internal diffusion prevention layer between core conductor and outer diffusion prevention layer. As a result, these conductors show good response to the requirement. This paper describes the fundamental concept for ceramic insulated wire to show the stability high temperature above 500/spl deg/C, furthermore, and introduces new knowledge obtained from this study.
Vector Language: a proposed verification methodology for intellectual-property cores

When it comes to verifying Intellectual Property (IP) cores, there are no standard methodologies in existence today. The inconsistent use of many HDL language features has produced a wide array of techniques and ad hoc approaches. It is imperative to adopt a standard approach since approximately 70 percent of the design effort is dedicated to verification. A consistent and simple way of generating testbenches and test vectors for IP cores will reduce the verification's-learning curve and will allow the verification team, to concentrate on debugging the functionality of the design instead of debugging the testbench. This paper proposes a verification methodology for IP cores, using a simple and powerful Verilog coding style called Vector Language (VL). VL is a proven technique especially targeted for memory-mapped designs. It is easily portable from unit level to system level testbenches. It does not require special compilers and is compatible with every Verilog vendor, including Motorola's Stingray design system.
Near-vacuum hohlraums for driving fusion implosions with high density carbon ablatorsa)

Recent experiments at the National Ignition Facility [M. J. Edwards et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 070501 (2013)] have explored driving high-density carbon ablators with near-vacuum hohlraums, which use a minimal amount of helium gas fill. These hohlraums show improved efficiency relative to conventional gas-filled hohlraums in terms of minimal backscatter, minimal generation of suprathermal electrons, and increased hohlraum-capsule coupling. Given these advantages, near-vacuum hohlraums are a promising choice for pursuing high neutron yield implosions. Long pulse symmetry control, though, remains a challenge, as the hohlraum volume fills with material. Two mitigation methodologies have been explored, dynamic beam phasing and increased case-to-capsule ratio (larger hohlraum size relative to capsule). Unexpectedly, experiments have demonstrated that the inner laser beam propagation is better than predicted by nominal simulations, and an enhanced beam propagation model is required to match measured hot spot symmetry. Ongoing work is focused on developing a physical model which captures this enhanced propagation and on utilizing the enhanced propagation to drive longer laser pulses than originally predicted in order to reach alpha-heating dominated neutron yields.
Enhancement of the protective efficacy of a Chlamydia trachomatis recombinant vaccine by combining systemic and mucosal routes for immunization

Chlamydia trachomatis causes respiratory and sexually transmitted infections. Here, we tested a vaccine formulated with the recombinant major outer membrane protein from C. trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (CT-MoPn) for its ability to protect mice against an intranasal (i.n.) challenge. The adjuvants CpG and Montanide were used for systemic routes, intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.), and cholera toxin for mucosal routes, sublingual (s.l.) and colonic (c.l.). Mucosal immunizations were performed either alone or in combination with systemic routes. Mice inoculated i.n. with 10(4) inclusion-forming units (IFU) of CT-MoPn served as a positive control and the Neisseria gonorrhoeae recombinant porin B (Ng-rPorB) as the negative antigen control. Immunized animals were challenged i.n. with 10(4)IFU of CT-MoPn. Following immunization the combination groups showed high chlamydial serum IgG titers (s.l.+i.m.+s.c. 25,600; c.l+i.m.+s.c. 102,400) and the IgG2a/IgG1 ratios indicated a Th1 response. Following the i.n. challenge the s.l.+i.m.+s.c. group showed the best protection as demonstrated by an increase in body weight of 0.3% over the 10 day course of infection. A statistically significant difference was found when compared with the Ng-rPorB immunized animals that had lost 20% of their original body weight (P<0.05). In addition, the repeated measures ANOVA test showed significant difference in body weight change for the combined immunized groups vs their mucosal counterparts and also the systemic immunized group. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was also observed in the number of IFUs recovered from the lungs when the s.l.+i.m.+s.c. (2.8×10(6)) and c.l.+i.m.+s.c. (3.4×10(6)) groups were compared to their respective mucosal only groups (s.l.: 61.9×10(6) and c.l: 136.2×10(6)) and the control Ng-rPorB immunized mice (198.2×10(6)) (P<0.05). In conclusion, a combined systemic plus mucosal vaccination provides better protection against a respiratory challenge with C. trachomatis than either systemic or mucosal immunizations alone.
Surface chemistries of lithium: Detailed characterization of the reactions of H2S, SO2, and SO2Cl2 using XPS and EELS

Abstract The surface chemical reactions of clean lithium with H 2 S, SO 2 and SO 2 Cl 2 have been studied by a combination of XPS and EELS. The reactions with H 2 S lead entirely to the formation of sulfide product layers, which propagate only to the extent of a few monolayers. The reactions with SO 2 are more complicated, the first monolayer consists of oxide and sulfide from the full dissociation of the SO 2 molecule. Subsequent reaction occurs to form sulfide, sulfite and SO 2 (ads), probably as the radical anion form. At exposures of SO 2 up to atmospheric pressure, the product layer composition, within the XPS sampling depth, becomes exclusively sulfite. The reaction with SO 2 Cl 2 occurs along similar pathways. The first monolayer is exclusively the oxide, sulfide and chloride, while subsequent reactions occur to form sulfite and SO 2 (ads), in the presence of additional chloride. These studies are important first steps toward the understanding of electrochemical processes of these interfaces.
An urgent need to restrict access to pesticides based on human lethality

Matthew Miller and Kavi Bhalla discuss new research findings from Andrew Dawson and colleagues on the human toxicity of pesticides in Sri Lanka, and call for urgent reclassification of agricultural pesticides to help reduce suicides by poisonings. Language: en
The tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli and caudal related homeodomain protein regulate expression of retinol dehydrogenase L.

Development of normal colon epithelial cells proceeds through a systematic differentiation of cells that emerge from stem cells within the base of colon crypts. Genetic mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are thought to cause colon adenoma and carcinoma formation by enhancing colonocyte proliferation and impairing differentiation. We currently have a limited understanding of the cellular mechanisms that promote colonocyte differentiation. Herein, we present evidence supporting a lack of retinoic acid biosynthesis as a mechanism contributing to the development of colon adenomas and carcinomas. Microarray and reverse transcriptase-PCR analyses revealed reduced expression of two retinoid biosynthesis genes: retinol dehydrogenase 5 (RDH5) and retinol dehydrogenase L (RDHL) in colon adenomas and carcinomas as compared with normal colon. Consistent with the adenoma and carcinomas samples, seven colon carcinoma cell lines also lacked expression of RDH5 and RDHL. Assessment of RDH enzymatic activity within these seven cell lines showed poor conversion of retinol into retinoic acid when compared with normal cells such as normal human mammary epithelial cells. Reintroduction of wild type APC into an APC-deficient colon carcinoma cell line (HT29) resulted in increased expression of RDHL without affecting RDH5. APC-mediated induction of RDHL was paralleled by increased production of retinoic acid. Investigations into the mechanism responsible for APC induction of RDHL indicated that β-catenin fails to repress RDHL. The colon-specific transcription factor CDX2, however, activated an RDHL promoter construct and induced endogenous RDHL. Finally, the induction of RDHL by APC appears dependent on the presence of CDX2. We propose a novel role for APC and CDX2 in controlling retinoic acid biosynthesis and in promoting a retinoid-induced program of colonocyte differentiation.
Effect of partial thyroidectomy, propylthiouracil or thyroxine on estrogen-induced intranuclear inclusions in mammotrophs of the Mongolian gerbil.

Abstract Partial thyroidectomy caused a significant increase in the number of intranuclear inclusions per field (2.83 ± 0.10 inclusions as compared with 0.15 ± 0.03 inclusions for sham-controls). The inclusions occurred exclusively within mammotrophs. Thyrotrophs were stimulated: an increased cell size, numerous secretory granules, an enlarged Golgi apparatus and hypertrophic rough endoplasmic reticulum. Propylthiouracil caused similar ultrastructural changes although significantly fewer inclusions were observed (0.64 ± 0.06 inclusions). Suppression of thyroid function with thyroxine produced no change in the number of inclusions (0.17 ± 0.03 inclusions) although when combined with estrogen there were significantly fewer inclusions (1.62 ± 0.07) when compared to estrogen alone (2.69 ± 0.09). Intranuclear inclusions appear to be a unique reaction of mammotrophs to cellular hyperfunction in the Mongolian gerbil.
Making Sense of Requirements, Sooner

Making decisions during early requirements formulations is like racing through a dark forest without a road map or compass. The available options or goals are often unclear. Different participants in the formulation process have different points of view and frequently end up making decisions based on political rather than technical grounds. Using AI-based simulation tools can cut back the forest to reveal clear paths to possibilities and useful requirements. Researchers have long used modeling and simulation to analyze complex processes. In this approach, we describe the system's properties and behavior symbolically and numerically, and then let the computer unleash its brute force to grind through the combinations. We have been developing our own model-based technique for making early requirements decisions. The technique uses two curious properties seen in many models, clumps and collars, which make it easier to search quickly through a seemingly vast range of options
Activation of Thalassiosira pseudonana nadh: Nitrate reductase

Abstract NADH: nitrate reductase (NR) has been isolated in both active and inactive states, and both could be purified using blue-Sepharose. The state of activation of the enzyme depended on the presence or absence of agents such as cysteine or EDTA during the assay. When NR was assayed, the addition of activator before NADH led to maximum activity. Therefore, the reduced NR appeared to be inactivated during the assay in the absence of activator. Inactivation may have occurred via a mechanism similar to the inactivation of lipoamide dehydrogenase by trace metals, such as CU 2+ . The activation of NR by cysteine or EDTA was interpreted as protection of the reduced enzyme due to chelation of trace metals in the assay solution by the activators.
Cardiotoxicity of Jamesoni's mamba (Dendroaspis jamesoni) venom and its fractionated components in primary cultures of rat myocardial cells.

Primary cultures of spontaneously beating myocardial cells isolated from neonatal rat hearts were used to screen the cardiotoxic effects of Jamesoni's mamba (Dendroaspis jamesoni) venom and components isolated from the venom by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Cardiotoxicity was evaluated on the basis of leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), changes in morphology, cell membrane lysis, cellular viability, and alterations in spontaneous beating activity. The whole venom caused dose- and time-dependent leakage of LDH, disruption of the cell monolayer, decreases in viability, and inhibition of beating activity. Gel filtration of the venom yielded eight fractions (DjI to DjVIII). DjI (30 μg/ml), DjII (20 μg/ml), and DjV (20 μg/ml) caused significant (P<0.001) leakage of LDH, extensive morphologic damage, and decreases in viability. At lower concentrations DjI to DjVIII caused progressive inhibition of spontaneous beating activity. The main fraction (DjV), which was the most toxic, was further separated into 14 polypeptides (Dj1 to Dj14) by ion-exchange chromatography using Bio-Rex 70. Based on the ability to induce LDH leakage, produce morphologic damage, lyse cell membranes, and arrest beating activity, four categories of polypeptides were identified: cardiotoxins, Dj1 and Dj2; cardiotoxinlike polypeptides, Dj3 to Dj8; less active membrane lytic polypeptides, Dj9 to Dj13; and membrane lytic polypeptide, Dj14.
The age-related distribution of dental indicators of growth disturbance in ancient lower nubia: an etiological model from the ethnographic record

The etiology of growth disturbance in early childhood is complex. Since skeletal indicators of growth disturbance are non-specific, attempts to understand this syndrome in ancient populations must rely on a biocultural approach. This paper presents a biocultural approach to data from Lower Nubia. Accentuated striae of Retzius, an indicator of disruption in enamel formation, are used to determine the age-related distribution of growth disturbance in two ancient Lower Nubian populations. This data is then discussed in the context of a modern Sudanese analogy. The sample consists of 105 first permanent molars (M1) from the Meroitic (100 b.c. to a.d. 300) and X-Group ( a.d. 300 to 600) periods. Etched ground sections were made, and the location of accentuated striae along the dentioenamel junction (DEJ) was determined for the mesiobuccal and distolingual cusps. Location scores were converted to percentages of DEJ length, and compiled into frequency distributions. Published ages for M1 crown completion were then used to develop an age scale. Age-segments, each comprising 20% of M1 crown development, were compared to determine age-related patterns of accentuated stria occurrence. Interpopulation comparisons were made with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test. There is no significant difference in the age of accentuated stria formation between populations (for either cusp). Frequencies remain low during the first half-year of life, and then rise dramatically in the second year of life. Accentuated stria formation remains high during the major portion of the third year of life. A tentative reconstruction based upon previous ancient Nubian data and modern Sudanese data suggests that the second-year rise may reflect a weaning “crisis” occurring in the context of a pattern of multiparous reproduction, extended lactation, and infectious disease. Further research is needed before this hypothesis can be tested.
Maximum principles and pointwise error estimates for torsion of shells of revolution

This paper is concerned with the question of assessing the quality of approximate thin shell solutions for the problem of axisymmetric torsion of elastic shells of revolution, an issue previously considered by Ho and Knowles [1]. In both works, the objective is to obtain pointwise estimates, based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity, for the errors involved in using an approximate shell theory.
Changes in glomerular filtration rate during complete ureteral obstruction in rats

The effects of complete ureteral obstruction on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remain to be clearly delineated. Existing data indicate that the process of glomerular filtration continues for at least several hours following the onset of obstruction [1–3]. In place of standard clearance techniques, which depend on continuous urine flow and hence are not applicable to the obstructed kidney, other methods of estimating GFR during urinary tract obstruction have been devised. By use of a modification of the stop-flow technique [4] in dogs [3] and rats [2], by measurement of the arteriovenous inulin difference across the kidney in rats [1], and by determination of the disappearance rate of inulin from the blood following a single inulin injection in rats [1], previous investigators have provided evidence that filtration continues during ureteral obstruction. These methods, however, were capable of yielding only rough estimates of GFR. Moreover, in two of these studies, the data were all obtained during mannitol or hypertonic saline loading, within the first few minutes of obstruction [2, 3|. The third study [1] presented results for up to 6 hours following the onset of obstruction, but the data sufficed only to demonstrate the occurrence of filtration, without permitting calculation of GFR. Thus, none of these studies has clearly defined the time course of GFR following onset of obstruction.
PROM Cell made with an EPROM process

A floating-gate PROM cell has been developed which is electrically the same as an EPROM cell but which is not erasable with UV radiation. A metal shield is fabricated so that it surrounds the transistor and increases the time for erasure consistently beyond the 168 hour goal. A practical result of this work is that the shielded PROM cell is used on a 128K EPROM to provide redundancy circuits with information defining which rows in the array are to be replaced by redundant rows.
Investigation of Zr-C, Zr-N, and potential agostic interactions in an organozirconium complex by experimental electron density analysis.

The crystal structure and electron density (ED) distribution of an imine coupling product with an open zirconocene, Zr(2,4-C7H11)[(i-Pr)NCHPhCH2CMeCHCMeCH2] (C7H11 = dimethylpentadienyl), have been derived from accurate synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. The molecular structure reveals asymmetric coordination of Zr by the pentadienyl (2,4-C7H11) ligand (〈Zr−C〉 = 2.56(6) A), the butadiene fragment (〈Zr−C〉 = 2.43(5) A), and the amide nitrogen atom (Zr−N = 2.0312(5) A) of the second ligand. The study of the ED and its topological analysis affords new insight into the bonding and electronic structure of the title zirconium complex. The interactions between the metal center and the ligands are represented by a Zr−N bond path and one Zr−C bond path with each of the pentadienyl and butadiene moieties, contrary to the usually depicted global metal−ligand bonding. The butadiene and pentadienyl groups exhibit a polarization of the corresponding π-like ED in the C−Zr directions, indicating that the whole co...
Magnetohydrodynamics of atmospheric transients. I. Basic results of two-dimensional plane analyses.

The dynamic behavior of transients in a stratified atmosphere in the presence of a magnetic field is investigated with the two-dimensional plane formulation, i.e., the formulation in which variations of the flow and magnetic field are confined within a plane. It is pointed out that, in the plane formulation, the noncompressible transverse waves (often called the Alfven waves) are excluded. The compressible responses of the atmosphere are then examined with a temperature perturbation (simulating a sudden local release of energy by a flare) as functions of the configuration of magnetic field and field strength. It is shown that (1) in the open (mostly radial) magnetic field, the propagation of 'bubble-like' density enhancements, the coronal transients, result; while (2) in the closed (mostly azimuthal) field, the density enhancement forms a pair of 'horns' near the foot points of field lines similar to that often observed by coronagraphs after flares. Discussions in interpreting the results in terms of the anisotropic propagation of the fast and slow waves (or shocks) are presented together with consideration of possible consequences with the inclusion of the transverse waves.
Specific photoaffinity labelling of inhibitory adenosine receptors

Abstract N6(L-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (L-PIA) and N6(3-iodo-4-azido benzyl)-adenosine (IAzBA) inhibit the adenylate cyclase activity in synaptic membranes of chick cerebellum via Ri adenosine receptors. [3H]L-PIA and [125I]AzBA bind to these membranes with Kd values of∼1 nM and Bmax values of∼1000 fmol/mg protein. Photolysis of [125I]AzBA bound to synaptic membranes results in the specific incorporation of radioactivity into a protein with Mr = 36,000. This photoincorporation is blocked by simultaneous exposure to L-PIA, theophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist, or Gpp(NH)p, but not by cytosine, suggesting that the 36,000 dalton protein is the Ri adenosine receptor or a subunit of the receptor that contains the adenosine binding site.
Roger T. Kelleher, behavior analyst.

Roger T. Kelleher, rightly known as one of the foremost contributors to behavioral pharmacology, also made many important contributions to the experimental analysis of behavior. He participated significantly in the development of the discipline, through both his research and his editorial contributions to this journal. This article summarizes his contributions to the field of behavior analysis. His most significant empirical and conceptual contributions to behavior analysis came in two domains—conditioned reinforcement and the power of schedules of reinforcement. His accomplishments in these two domains still serve as principal foundations for modern research and theory.
Why Decisions Fail: Avoiding the Blunders and Traps That Lead to Debacles

The article presents a review of the book “Why Decisions Fail: Avoiding the Blunders and Traps That Lead to Debacles,” by Paul C. Nutt.
Acute ultrastructural response of hypoxic hypoxia with relative ischemia in the isolated brain.

The acute cortical response to surgical brain isolation and subsequent extracorporal normoxic or 30 min hypoxic (PaO2=20 mm Hg) perfusions (hypoxic hypoxia with relative ischemia) was evaluated. Cerebral blood flow, arterial pH and CO2 were maintained constant during both perfusions; only the arterial oxygen content was changed. The isolated brain model used in this and previous investigations produces no qualitative ultrastructural changes in the neocortex following brain isolation and normoxic perfusion. However, the acute cortical structural response to 30 min of hypoxic hypoxia with relative ischemia demonstrated a number of important observations. Hypoxic hypoxia produced ultrastructural responses common to cerebral ischemia such as nuclear chromatin clumping, nucleolar condensation and cytoskeletal breakdown. Although neuronal abnormalities seen after 30 min of hypoxic hypoxia were similar to those acute neuronal changes observed following complete cerebral ischemia without recirculation, they differed three ways: (a) mitochondrial swelling and microvacuolation were observed in many cortical pyramidal neurons. (b) Glycogen particles within astroglial processes were observed even after a 30-min period of hypoxic hypoxia. (c) Perivascular astroglial swelling was minimal despite considerable perineuronal swelling. In contrast, incomplete cerebral ischemia produces mitochondrial changes similar to those in hypoxic hypoxia but also causes the depletion of tissue glycogen and perivascular glial swelling. Thus, hypoxic hypoxia with relative ischemia produces a unique acute ultrastructural response compared to either complete or incomplete cerebral ischemia.
An investigation of helicopter dynamic coupling using an analytical model

Many attempts have been made in recent years to predict the off-axis response of a helicopter to control inputs, and most have had little success. Since physical insight is limited by the complexity of numerical simulation models, this paper examines the off-axis response problem using an analytical model, with the goal of understanding the mechanics of the coupling. A new induced velocity model is extended to include the effects of wake distortion from pitch rate. It is shown that the inclusion of these results in a significant change in the lateral flap response to a steady pitch rate. The proposed inflow model is coupled with the full rotor/body dynamics, and comparisons are made between the model and flight test data for a UH-60 in hover. Results show that inclusion of induced velocity variations due to shaft rate improves correlation in the pitch response to lateral cycle inputs.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein functions as a context-dependent angiogenic cue in vertebrates

Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling has been implicated in diverse biological processes. Although how BMP signaling regulates behaviors of endothelial cells during angiogenesis are not fully understood, increasing evidence indicate functions of BMP signaling components are essential in developmental and pathological angiogenesis. Here we review recent advances in delineating the functions of BMP signaling during angiogenesis. In addition, we discuss downstream pathways that transduce BMP signaling in endothelial cells, and factors that modulate BMP signaling response in endothelial cells. Finally, we provide recent insight on how BMP signaling functions as a context dependent angiogenic cue.
Larvae of benthic invertebrates in hydrothermal vent plumes over Juan de Fuca Ridge

Larvae of benthic invertebrates collected in the water column above Juan de Fuca Ridge show distinct variations in abundance and composition in, and away from, the neutrally-buoyant hydrothermal plume emanating from underlying vents. Larvae of vent gastropods (Lepetodrilus sp. and two peltospirid species) occur in significantly higher abundances in the plume than away from it (mean abundance=21.0 individuals 1000 m−3 vs 1.4 individuals 1000 m−3), and larvae of vent bivalves (Calyptogena? sp.) occur exclusively in the plume (mean abundance=0.5 individuals 1000 m−3). Larvae from other benthic taxa known not to be endemic to Juan de Fuca vent communities, such as anthozoans, pholad clams, bryozoans and echinoderms, are less abundant in the plume than away (mean abundance=47.5 vs 16.9 individuals 1000 m−3) at comparable depths and heights above the bottom. These results support the hypothesis that larvae of vent species are entrained into buoyant hydrothermal plumes and transported at the level of lateral spreading several hundred meters above the seafloor. The discovery of vent-associated larvae in the plume suggests that models used to predict hydrodynamic processes in the plume will also be useful for modeling larval dispersal. Advanced imaging and new molecular-based approaches will be required to resolve taxonomic uncertainties in some larval groups (e.g. certain polychaete families) in order to distinguish vent species and make comprehensive flux estimates of all vent larvae in the neutrally-buoyant plume.
Test development and use: New twists on old questions

Over the past several decades, there have been some significant advances in psychological science, specifically in our knowledge about important questions to address with respect to the development and use of assessment tools. This article focuses on developments in research and guidelines for practice in five selected areas that, if applied, will lead to more informed use of assessment tools. The five areas that we discuss are validity generalization, statistical significance testing, criterion measures, cutoff scores, and cross-validation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous inhibition of thymidine degradation and stimulation of incorporation into DNA by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine

Abstract Cultured plant cells degrade exogenously supplied thymidine. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) can be used to inhibit this degradation while at the same time enhancing thymidine (dThd) incorporation into DNA. The improvement in DNA labeling which results permits detection of DNA synthesis in freshly isolated protoplasts, as well as other sensitive measures of DNA metabolism in plant cells.
Squeeze casting of metal matrix composites using short fibre performs

Abstract Squeeze casting has become one of the accepted liquid metal routes for efficient and effective manufacture of metal matrix composites using ceramic preforms. This acceptance is based on the fact that squeeze casting produces zero porosity castings and the assumption is made that the use of similar casting parameters also produces zero porosity composites. This paper considers the problem of air entrapment during normal squeeze casting operations for fibre preform squeeze infiltration. It is shown that very high pressures are required to eliminate porosity in poorly vented preforms, and that oxide and nitrate formation can occur in the matrix phase during infiltration and during subsequent periods of heat treatment.
Root Secretion of Phytochemicals in Arabidopsis Is Predominantly Not Influenced by Diurnal Rhythms

Root-secreted phytochemicals mediate multiple interactions in the rhizosphere. The root exudation process can be altered by various biotic factors, including pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, and abiotic factors like temperature and soil moisture. It has been suggested that root secretion of specific flavonoids is influenced by diurnal rhythms (by light or dark) but a comprehensive analysis of the overall secretion of phytochemicals in response to diurnal rhythms has not been studied. In this study, we analyzed the effect of light/dark cycles on root exudation profiles using Arabidopsis as a model plant. Our results reveal that the root secretion of phytochemicals is partly regulated by the diurnal light cycle and follows two main patterns of secretion: (1) the large majority of phytochemicals in the exudates showed no diurnal pattern in their secretion, and (2) a few compounds showed a diurnal pattern in their secretion: three compounds increased in secretion only under light; two compounds increased in secretion only while it was dark; and two compounds increased in secretion during the transition from dark to light. Root-specific ABC transporters have been implicated in root exudation; an analysis of the gene expression patterns of ABC transporters in the roots of Arabidopsis at specific time points revealed that none of the ABC transporters followed a diurnal expression pattern, suggesting that they are expressed constantly during the day and night. Similarly, we analyzed the expression in roots of genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis and found that some of the genes involved in phenylpropanoid and glucosinolate biosynthesis (i.e. 4-coumarate-CoA ligases (4CL1 and 4CL2), flavonol synthases (FS1 and FS2), and CYP79B3) followed distinct diurnal expression patterns. Overall, we have discovered that while root exudation of the majority of phytochemicals is constitutive, the secretion of a few compounds follows a diurnal rhythm, which is in accordance with the expression of some genes involved in secondary metabolism.
Somatic cell type specific gene transfer reveals a tumor‐promoting function for p21Waf1/Cip1

How proteins participate in tumorigenesis can be obscured by their multifunctional nature. For example, depending on the cellular context, the cdk inhibitors can affect cell proliferation, cell motility, apoptosis, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, and transcription. Thus, to determine how a protein contributes to tumorigenesis, we need to evaluate which functions are required in the developing tumor. Here we demonstrate that the RCAS/TvA system, originally developed to introduce oncogenes into somatic cells of mice, can be adapted to allow us to define the contribution that different functional domains make to tumor development. Studying the development of growth-factor-induced oligodendroglioma, we identified a critical role for the Cy elements in p21, and we showed that cyclin D1T286A, which accumulates in the nucleus of p21-deficient cells and binds to cdk4, could bypass the requirement for p21 during tumor development. These genetic results suggest that p21 acts through the cyclin D1–cdk4 complex to support tumor growth, and establish the utility of using a somatic cell modeling system for defining the contribution proteins make to tumor development.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 in combination: a potent and consistent myelodysplastic syndrome bone marrow stimulant in vitro.

In an effort to overcome bone marrow failure in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), we have investigated recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) in phase I–II clinical trials. Although these agents partially increased peripheral blood granulocyte counts, their effect on other hematopoietic lineages was generally sporadic. Since in vitro analysis and in vivo studies in primates indicate that GM-CSF and IL-3 synergistically enhance hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, we evaluated their combined effect on marrow progenitors obtained from ten MDS patients. When used singly, each growth factor stimulated replication of granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and erythroid (BFU-E) colony-forming cells in a dose-dependent fashion. When colony-stimulating activity was compared at concentrations that maximally amplified individual MDS patients' colony numbers, IL-3 was a more potent stimulant in some patients and GM-CSF in others. When used in combination, IL-3 plus GM-CSF was more effective than each growth factor by itself in five of six patients. Our data indicate that the MDS hematopoietic progenitor stimulatory effect of these growth factors varies from patient to patient. However, the combination of GM-CSF and IL-3 appears to be more potent than the individual molecules in the majority of patients
Invasive trees and shrubs: where do they come from and what we should expect in the future?

The global database of invasive trees and shrubs has been updated, resulting in a total of 751 species (434 trees and 317 shrubs) from 90 families (Rejmanek and Richardson 2013 Divers Distrib 19:1093–1094). This database is used to assess major trends in human-assisted exchanges of dendrofloras among 15 major geographical regions. Areas most invaded by non-native trees are Pacific Islands (136 species), Southern Africa (118), Australia (116), and North America (114). Areas most invaded by non-native shrubs are North America (98), Australia (87), Pacific Islands (71), and Europe (61). The most important sources of invasive trees are Asia (122–146 species, depending on how many Eurasian species are considered to have been introduced only from Europe), Australia (81), and South America (81). The most important sources of invasive shrubs are Asia (103–118), Europe (68), and South America (54). Mean number of native geographical regions for invasive trees is 1.64, while the mean number of invaded regions by trees is 2.51. The difference is smaller for shrubs: 1.60 versus 2.11. Asia is the major source of invasive Rosaceae shrubs, as well as invasive Arecaceae and Oleaceae species. South America and Australia are major sources of invasive Fabaceae trees. North America and Europe are major sources of invasive Pinaceae. Most of the invasive Salicaceae are of Eurasian origin. The identified trends will very likely continue in this century. Because of increasing interactions with many states in Asia, even more invasive woody species will be introduced from this part of the world.
Bollywood madness and shock therapy: a qualitative and comparative analysis of depiction of electroconvulsive therapy in Indian cinema and Hollywood

Indian cinema, affectionately known as Bollywood, is hugely influential in shaping social attitudes in Indian subcontinent and many other parts of the world. However, the extent to which Bollywood movies have played a responsible role in reinforcing societal attitudes towards mental illness and treatment modalities such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is unknown. The objective of this study was to identify how ECT is portrayed in Bollywood movies and how these movies are perceived by the public and film critics. Also to understand socio-cultural influences on how movies are made and to find if there are cross-cultural influences of Hollywood movies on Indian movies by comparing movies that depict ECT. After identifying Bollywood and Hollywood movies with mental health themes, we qualitatively reviewed movie plots for the portrayal of ECT. Main outcome measures identified were: type of attitude towards the ECT (sympathetic, comical, hostile, condescending etc.), accuracy of the portrayal of ECT and attr...
Identification of GeH3 on Si(100)-(2×1) by the decomposition of digermane

Abstract The low-temperature adsorption and decomposition of digermane on Si(100) has been investigated by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Exposure of Ge 2 H 6 to Si(100) at 110 K results in molecular adsorption and ab initio calculations of gas phase Ge 2 H 6 are used to help interpret the low temperature ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum. Upon warming the Ge 2 H 6 covered surface to 150 K, GeGe bond cleavage occurs and a surface covered with germyl groups is observed.
Solubilities of five triglycerides in aqueous ethanol

The solubilities of trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein in 90, 95.4, 98, and 100% ethanol between 40C and 90C were determined. The data were compared with data calculated by the ideal solution law.