cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attention as an effect not a cause

Attention is commonly thought to be important for managing the limited resources available in sensory areas of the neocortex. Here we present an alternative view that attention arises as a byproduct of circuits centered on the basal ganglia involved in value-based decision making. The central idea is that decision making depends on properly estimating the current state of the animal and its environment and that the weighted inputs to the currently prevailing estimate give rise to the filter-like properties of attention. After outlining this new framework, we describe findings from physiological, anatomical, computational, and clinical work that support this point of view. We conclude that the brain mechanisms responsible for attention employ a conserved circuit motif that predates the emergence of the neocortex.
Isotropic four-point interpolation

Abstract An efficient algorithm is given for constructing a smooth curve through an arbitrary sequence of data points. The method is local, using only four points at a time; isotropic, giving a result independent of the orientation of the curve relative to the underlying coordinate system; and applicable to curves in an arbitrary number of dimensions. It makes the direction of the curve at each data point that of a circle through that point and the two adjacent data points.
An implantable VLSI architecture for real time spike sorting in cortically controlled Brain Machine Interfaces

Brain Machine Interface (BMI) systems demand real-time spike sorting to instantaneously decode the spike trains of simultaneously recorded cortical neurons. Real-time spike sorting, however, requires extensive computational power that is not feasible to implement in implantable BMI architectures, thereby requiring transmission of high-bandwidth raw neural data to an external computer. In this work, we describe a miniaturized, low power, programmable hardware module capable of performing this task within the resource constraints of an implantable chip. The module computes a sparse representation of the spike waveforms followed by “smart” thresholding. This cascade restricts the sparse representation to a subset of projections that preserve the discriminative features of neuron-specific spike waveforms. In addition, it further reduces telemetry bandwidth making it feasible to wirelessly transmit only the important biological information to the outside world, thereby improving the efficiency, practicality and viability of BMI systems in clinical applications.
Monitoring and control of a pulse detonation engine using a diode-laser fuel concentration and temperature sensor

Fuel measurements are needed to accurately tailor fued charges in pulse detonation engines (PDEs) to improve engine performance and to validate PDE models and computations. Here, we report simultaneous concentration and temperature measurements of C2H4 fuel in a PDE using a newly developed diode-laser absorption sensor. These measurements enable characterization of the fuel loading and ignition timing of the engine. Based on these characterizations, a real-time control system that optimizes fuel consumption and maximizes specific impulse in the engine has been realized. Similar measurements of C2H4 concentration and temperature were used to characterize pulse-to-pulse interference resulting from loading fresh fuel/oxygen reactants into hot combustion products. The sensor was used in a simple control scheme to minimize such interference, illustrating its potential role in control systems to maximize the engine's operation rate. During these studies, the sensor demonstrated two valuable improvements over traditional absorption spectroscopic techniques: (1) increased robustness and accuracy and (2) simultaneous measurements of concentration and temperature. These improvements are enbled by broad wavelength scanning of the Q-branch spectra of C2H4 near 1.62 μm. The success achieved in these small-scale tests provides strong support for expanded use of diode-laser sensors in propulsion applications.
The course of eating disorders in patients with borderline personality disorder: A 10-year follow-up study

Clinical experience suggests that disordered eating and actual eating disorders are common among patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, only six cross-sectional studies have assessed the prevalence of eating disorders in samples of criteria-defined borderline patients.1–6 In general, these studies found that both anorexia nervosa (range: 3–21%; median=6%) and bulimia nervosa (range: 0–26%; median=10%) are relatively uncommon. These studies have also found that neither anorexia nor bulimia was significantly more common among patients with BPD than among comparison subjects. In contrast, eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), which was first included in our nomenclature in DSM-III-R, has been found to be relatively common (range: 14–26%; median=22%) but not discriminating.4–6 In addition, only two longitudinal studies have determined the course of eating disorders in samples of rigorously diagnosed borderline patients.7,8 The prevalence of anorexia, bulimia, and EDNOS were studied over six years of prospective follow-up in the McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD).7 It was found that the prevalence of anorexia and bulimia (but not EDNOS) declined significantly over time in both patients with BPD and patients with other axis II disorders. No between-group differences were found in the prevalence rates of any of the three disorders studied. Rates of remission and relapse for both bulimia and EDNOS were studied over five years of prospective follow-up in the Collaborative Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders (CLPS).8 Putting all subjects together (those with BPD, those with other personality disorders, and those with major depression but no significant axis II pathology), it was found that 74% of subjects meeting criteria for bulimia at baseline had a remission by the time of the five-year follow-up interview. The figure for EDNOS was 83%. The relapse rates were 47% for bulimia and 42% for EDNOS. The current study, which is an extension of the MSAD study mentioned above, is the first longitudinal study to assess the prevalence of these disorders over 10 years of prospective follow-up in a large and well-defined sample of borderline patients and participants with other axis II disorders. It is also the first study to assess time-to-remission, time-to-recurrence, and time-to-new onset of each of these eating disorders in borderline patients followed prospectively for a decade. In addition, it is the first study to assess diagnostic migration from one type of eating disorder to another in a sample of criteria-defined borderline patients.
Optical constants of bismuth tellurium sulfide

The optical constants of crystals of bismuth tellurium sulfide have been determined from reflectance measurements. Because it is a uniaxial crystal, two sets of optical constants are associated with it. One of these sets, denoted by (nc, kc), corresponding to the component of an E vector parallel to the symmetry axis (c axis) has been determined in the wavelength range 1–16.5 μm. The other set, denoted by (na, ka), corresponding to the perpendicular component of an E vector, has been obtained in the range 0.2–16.5 μm. Two methods of analysis, the classical oscillator method and the Kramers–Kronig method, are used to obtain the (na, ka) set, but the (nc, kc) set is obtained by using the classical oscillator method alone. A brief discussion on the uniqueness of the constants as obtained by a single method of analysis is presented.
Coxsackievirus-Induced Chronic Inflammatory Myopathy: Virus Variants Distinguish between Acute Cytopathic Effects and Pathogenesis of Chronic Disease

Abstract Infection with the Tucson strain of coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1 T ) causes the development of chronic inflammatory myopathy (CIM) and hind limb weakness in susceptible strains of mice. In this study, a panel of six plaque-purified viruses exhibiting either small or large plaque phenotypes was derived from parental CVB1 T and parental CVB1 T that had been passaged through monkey kidney cells. All six variants caused similar acute histopathology in muscle, but three of four passaged viruses (AMP1, AMP2, and AMP3) did not induce CIM while the fourth (MP3) caused some hind limb weakness but without associated muscle inflammation. In contrast, both viruses (MP1 and MP2) isolated directly from the parental CVB1 T stock were myopathic. Large plaque MP2 caused higher mortality and more rapid inhibition of host cell biosynthesis, but both MP1 and MP2 induced CIM that was comparable to that induced by parental CVB1 T . Plaque size was a stable characteristic of the variants but did not correlate with their ability to induce CIM. Five of the six variants showed equivalent levels of replication in muscle, monkey kidney cells, and G8 myoblasts while one, AMP3, was selectively impaired for replication. Receptor binding and virus-induced inhibition of host cell transcription and translation were not linked to myopathogenicity. Thus, most of the passaged variants are robust infectious viruses, suggesting that viral induction of CIM does not depend solely on cytopathogenicity during the acute infection.
Integration of domain-specific IT processes and tools in IBM service management

In this paper we focus on the integration of domain-specific information technology (IT) processes and tools in the IBM Service Management architecture, a service-oriented software architecture that automates and simplifies the management of IT services. The IT processes are based on a generalized concept of service management that incorporates best practices, such as those defined by the Information Technology Infrastructure Library® (ITIL®). The IT tools are the operational management tools in various domains, such as monitoring, network management, and provisioning. We refer to implementation of IT processes as Process Managers. We first describe three typical scenarios in which integrating the domain-specific IT processes through the use of PMs increases the level of automation. Then, we illustrate the benefits to be gained from integrating IT processes and tools and describe the design of four PMs: the Service Level Process Manager, the IBM Tivoli Availability Process Manager, the IBM Tivoli Capacity Process Manager, and the IT Service Continuity Process Manager.
Behaviorally induced changes in length of cerebrum in rats

In normal rats, growth in the width of the cerebral hemispheres ceases about 21 days of age, but growth in length continues at a reduced, steady rate in the young-adult. Three behavioral treatments were used to determine whether this late phase in cerebral growth is sensitive to environmental influences. Rats that were trained on a complex visual discrimination task for 4 months had significantly longer cerebral hemispheres than their passive littermates. Rats that were raised in enriched or social environments had longer cerebral hemispheres than rats raised in isolation. Finally, the cerebrum of unhandled rats was shorter than that of rats handled during infancy; that of the latter was shorter than the cerebrum of trained or enriched animals. No changes were observed under any of these conditions in cerebral width. These results indicate that the length of the cerebrum characteristic of normal rats does not represent a genetically determined, fixed level. This level is not attained under certain rearing conditions and it can be surpassed when the complexity of the environment is increased. The morphological bases of these changes were not determined.
Left Ventricular Laceration Due to Stented Prosthesis

Complications following open chest massage in patients with porcine xenografts in the mitral location have not been previously described. The authors report a case of cardiac resuscitation following mitral valve replacement with a stented porcine valve. The patient died following brief closed chest, and then, prolonged open chest, cardiac massage. Autopsy showed laceration of the left ventricle by the prosthetic valve stents. Physicians involved in the postoperative care of patients with stented prosthetic valves should be aware of this complication and should exercise caution when applying manual compression in the region of the posterolateral base of the heart.
Bone marrow transplantation in DiGeorge syndrome.

A Hispanic infant girl with DiGeorge syndrome underwent successful bone marrow transplantation (BMT) at age 28 1/2 weeks. She had typical facies, a cardiac defect, hypoparathyroidism, severe T and B cell immunodeficiency, and low levels of facteur thymique serique (FTS). In vitro incubation of the peripheral blood lymphocytes with thymosin α 1 showed no increase in the number of T cells on two occasions. A fetal thymus for transplantation was not available, and further review of past experience with thymic cells or factors revealed inconsistent and incomplete responses. Because of the patient's worsening clinical and immunologic status, BMT was performed, with her histocompatible brother as donor. The patient has had a good clinical and immunologic response to BMT, with evidence of T cell engraftment, improved B cell function, and increased levels of serum FTS. This experience indicates that minimal thymic influence is necessary for successful BMT and that patients with DiGeorge syndrome with significant T cell deficiency may benefit from this treatment.
What's in a Label? Judgments of Feminist Men and Feminist Women

Although significant progress has been made on research concerning stereotypes of feminist women, very little is known about the stereotypes of feminist men. College students rated one of four terms—“feminist man,” “feminist woman,” “man,” or “woman.” Compared to “feminist woman,” “feminist man” was evaluated more positively, but as less potent (i.e., lower in stereotypically masculine characteristics) and less heterosexual. Although feminist man had the highest evaluative ratings of the four terms and was rated similarly in confidence to woman and man, compared to the other terms it was rated low in attractiveness and potency. These results suggest that at least on some dimensions a feminist man's masculinity may be questioned, which in turn may be a hindrance to men in adopting the feminist label.
Reflectance spectrophotometry (∼0.5–1.0 μm) of outer-belt asteroids: Implications for primitive, organic solar system material

The surface compositions of outer-belt asteroids were used to obtain information about the origin of these asteroids. High-resolution CCD reflectance spectra of 21 asteroids, primarily P class, were examined for compositional information. Distinct slope changes are observed that suggest that these asteroids are the remnants of a compositional gradation of planetesimals in the outer solar system, which were retained selectively in location when other material was ejected from the solar system. Other data suggest that this gradation could extend through the orbits of Uranus and Neptune.
Metal reinforced thermal plasma diamond coatings

A three-step process to produce wear-resistant, composite diamond coatings is presented. Diamonds are deposited by RF thermal plasma CVD, reinforced by an electroplated metal binder, and regrown to form a continuous film. Microscratching and pin-on-disk wear tests indicate that the three-step composite films are more adherent than plasma deposited diamonds alone.
Sustained GHz oscillations in ultra-high Q silicon microresonators

We report the experimental observation of long-sustained GHz electronic oscillations resulting from coupled electron-photon dynamics in ultra-high-Q Si microdisk resonators with CW pumping. Theoretical analysis identifies conditions for steady-state GHz oscillations while suppressing thermal oscillations.
Electronic spectra, excited state structures and interactions of nucleic acid bases and base assemblies: a review.

Abstract A comprehensive review of recent theoretical and experimental advances in the singlet electronic transitions, excited state structures and dynamics of nucleic acid bases (NABs) and base assemblies are presented. It is well known that NABs absorb ultraviolet radiation, but the absorbed energy is efficiently dissipated in the form of ultrafast internal conversion processes believed to occur in the subpicosecond time scale and, therefore, enabling NABs highly photostable. It is not known how much evolutionary role was played in evolving these molecules and the ultimate selection by nature as genetic materials, but it is well accepted that survival-of-fittest prevails. Recently, significant efforts have been continuously paid to understand the mechanism of electronic excitation deactivation, but universally acceptable mechanism is still elusive. However, recent investigations reveal that electronic excited state geometries of DNA bases are usually nonplanar and this structural nonplanarity may facili...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Intraoperative

Over the past several decades, the neurosciences, particularly neurosurgery, have benefited tremendously from advances in neuroimaging modalities. These advances include cerebral angiography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is a logical progression for these technologies to be applied in the operating theater. Since the mid-1990s, a number of intraoperative MRI systems have been developed. Various solutions to the many difficulties in placing a high-field, superconducting imaging magnet in an operating room while maintaining surgical ease and workflow have been developed. The systems range from very low-field (0.1 T) to very high-field (3 T) and differ in design either by moving the patient to the MRI magnet or the magnet to the patient. Each system has its own strengths, weaknesses, and defined purpose. However, intraoperative MRI units are becoming increasingly popular worldwide and have become established as another important tool in the neurosurgical armamentarium.
Use of pregabalin for nonconvulsive seizures and nonconvulsive status epilepticus.

Abstract Purpose To determine the efficacy of pregabalin (PGB) in treatment of frequent nonconvulsive seizures (NCS) and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in critically ill patients. Methods In this retrospective study, 21 patients were identified as having received pregabalin for the treatment of NCS as determined by continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. The patients were considered to be responders if their seizures were terminated within 24h of initiation of PGB without the addition of another antiepileptic agent. Results Of the 21 patients who received PGB for treatment of NCS or NCSE, 11 (52%) were responders. PGB was administered via a nasogastric tube or orally and was the 2nd to 4th agent used. The average initial dose and total daily dose of PGB was similar in the responders and non-responders (342mg vs. 360mg, respectively). PGB was more effective in aborting NCS (9 patients, 82%) than NCSE (2 patients, 18%). Of the 9 brain tumor patients, PGB resulted in seizure cessation in 67% (6 patients). In contrast, all patients with hypoxic injury (4) did not respond to PGB. The responders were noted to have better clinical outcome (64% vs. 9% discharged home). Most of the patients tolerated the medication without any significant short term adverse effects, except two patients who were noted to have dizziness and sedation. Conclusions Pregabalin may be safe option for add-on treatment for nonconvulsive seizures in critically ill patients when conventional therapy fails.
The science journalist online: Shifting roles and emerging practices

Science reporters today work within an evolving science media ecosystem that is pluralistic, participatory and social. It is a mostly online environment that has challenged the historically dominant and exceptional role of science reporters as privileged conveyers of specialist information to general audiences. We map this science media environment, drawing on interviews with journalists and writers from nationally prominent US and UK media organizations, describing the shifting roles and emerging practices of science journalists online. Compared to a decade ago, this occupational group, driven by economic imperatives and technological changes, is performing a wider plurality of roles, including those of curator, convener, public intellectual and civic educator, in addition to more traditional journalistic roles of reporter, conduit, watchdog and agenda-setter. Online science journalists have a more collaborative relationship with their audiences and sources and are generally adopting a more critical and ...
Prevention of local tumor growth with paclitaxel-loaded microspheres.

Objectives Lung cancer is associated with a significant rate of locoregional recurrence after surgical resection, particularly when nonanatomic wedge resections are performed. The primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a microsphere drug delivery system to locally deliver chemotherapy and prevent the establishment and growth of lung cancer cells and establish proof of concept for a potential future approach to target occult microscopic disease remaining at the surgical resection margin. Methods Poly-(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres loaded with the antineoplastic agent paclitaxel were prepared and tested for antitumor efficacy in an in vitro cell proliferation assay for tumor inhibition and induction of apoptosis. The in vivo prevention of Lewis lung carcinoma cell establishment and growth in subcutaneous tissues of mice was also assessed by comparing 4 treatment groups: Lewis lung carcinoma cells alone, Lewis lung carcinoma cells combined with 100 × 10 6 unloaded (carrier alone) PLGA microspheres, and Lewis lung carcinoma cells combined with 50 × 10 6 or 100 × 10 6 paclitaxel-loaded PLGA microspheres. After the coinjection of Lewis lung carcinoma cells with or without microspheres, in vivo tumor growth was monitored, and tumor weight was recorded on death. Results Paclitaxel-loaded PLGA microspheres were found to effectively prevent growth of tumor cells in culture through the induction of apoptosis. Similarly, paclitaxel-loaded PLGA microspheres significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo at both the 50 × 10 6 and 100 × 10 6 microsphere dose (0.497 ± 0.183 and 0.187 ± 0.083 g total tumor weight, respectively) compared with 2.91 ± 0.411 g for Lewis lung carcinoma cells with unloaded microspheres and 3.37 ± 0.433 g for untreated tumor ( P Conclusions Paclitaxel-loaded PLGA microspheres induce tumor apoptosis and inhibit the establishment and growth of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo without obvious systemic toxicity. By using models consistent with localized microscopic tumor burdens, these results suggest that local delivery of paclitaxel through a microsphere system might lead to an effective future method of decreasing local tumor recurrence in non–small cell lung cancer when applied to the surgical margins at risk for microscopic tumor foci. Such an approach might be particularly efficacious after wedge resection in the setting of poor pulmonary reserve or significant comorbidity, where local recurrence rates are increased and acceptable alternative treatment options are limited.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE FIR ENGRAVER, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): I. ANALYSIS OF POPULATION BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL FROM 1964 TO 1971

Populations of the fir engraver reached epidemic proportions and then declined to a very low level over the study period (1964–71). However, population density within infested trees showed an inverse relationship to overall population trend. The population trend over the past 40 years was associated to some degree with rainfall deficits and with Douglas-fir tussock moth outbreaks. The major contribution to total mortality in each generation occurred in the larval, pupal and pre-emergent adult stages, next was adult mortality and infecundity, while egg mortality was of least significance. Mortality and infertility of parent females was mainly caused by nematode parasites although host resistance resulted in a significant number of attack failures. Parasitism by a phorid fly was of minor importance. Nematode parasitism appeared to be density-dependent in relation to overall population size. Most egg mortality resulted from host resistance which was inversely related to egg density within trees. Other egg mortality occurred in a density-independent manner. Mortality between larva and brood adult stages was mainly attributed to intra- and interspecific competition. The impact of these factors was directly related to within-tree larval density. Nematode parasitism was related to overall fir engraver population size and to per cent infection of attacking females. Predator activity was weakly density-dependent and mortality caused by resinosis was inversely related to fir engraver density. Parasitism and other mortality factors appeared to be independent of host density. An hypothesis is presented for the population behavior of the fir engraver; population fluctuations being determined by the quantity of susceptible trees and ultimately regulated by intraspecific competition. Nematode parasitism and interspecific competition were regarded as modifying, and perhaps sometimes regulating, abundance. Areas needing additional study, particularly host-tree physiology are discussed.
Age-related prefrontal alterations during auditory memory

Event-related potentials were recorded from young and elderly subjects while they performed a modified auditory Sternberg memory task. Aging was associated with a decrease in frontal activation, suggesting that prefrontal alterations may be central to age-related impairments in auditory working memory. Young subjects showed significant serial position effects electrophysiologically, while elderly subjects showed no recency effects for P3 latency and no serial position effects for N4 and SFN amplitude. This finding, in combination with increased false alarm rates in the elderly, suggest that the two group of subjects employed different cortico-limbic circuits to perform the task.
Essential Functions of the Unique N-Terminal Region of the Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E Ectodomain in Viral Replication and in the Pathogenesis of Skin Infection

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE) is a multifunctional protein important for cell-cell spread, envelopment, and possibly entry. In contrast to other alphaherpesviruses, gE is essential for VZV replication. Interestingly, the N-terminal region of gE, comprised of amino acids 1 to 188, was shown not to be conserved in the other alphaherpesviruses by bioinformatics analysis. Mutational analysis was performed to investigate the functions associated with this unique gE N-terminal region. Linker insertions, serine-to-alanine mutations, and deletions were introduced in the gE N-terminal region in the VZV genome, and the effects of these mutations on virus replication and cell-cell spread, gE trafficking and localization, virion formation, and replication in vivo in the skin were analyzed. In summary, mutagenesis of the gE N-terminal region identified a new functional region in the VZV gE ectodomain essential for cell-cell spread and the pathogenesis of VZV skin tropism and demonstrated that different subdomains of the unique N-terminal region had specific roles in viral replication, cell-cell spread, and secondary envelopment.
Priority-Based Access Schemes and Throughput Performance in Wireless Networks Exploiting Multibeam Antennas

Multibeam antennas (MBAs) are capable of supporting concurrent communications with multiple neighboring users in wireless networks and, thus, can improve the throughput over omnidirectional antennas and switched-beam directional antennas. The throughput performance, however, may degrade in the absence of a proper access scheme for user scheduling, and thus, collisions occur. The probability of having such collisions further increases in a multipath propagation environment, which is commonly encountered in a wireless network. Furthermore, there is an increased demand to deliver various types of data with differentiated quality and latency requirements. Thus, it is desirable to incorporate user/packet priority in the medium access control (MAC) protocol. In this paper, priority-based access schemes are proposed for wireless networks exploiting MBAs, respectively, in single-path and multipath environments. An analytical framework is then developed to analyze the node throughput performance when the proposed access scheme is used. The analytical and simulated results clearly show that, in contrast to a random-access scheme, where significant throughput degradation occurs in a multipath propagation environment, when the proposed access scheme is applied, the node throughput becomes a nondecreasing function of the offered load, and the degradation due to multipath is significantly mitigated.
Perceiving interpersonally-mediated risk in virtual environments

Using virtual reality (VR) to examine risky behavior that is mediated by interpersonal contact, such as agreeing to have sex, drink, or smoke with someone, offers particular promise and challenges. Social contextual stimuli that might trigger impulsive responses can be carefully controlled in virtual environments (VE), and yet manipulations of risk might be implausible to participants if they do not feel sufficiently immersed in the environment. The current study examined whether individuals can display adequate evidence of presence in a VE that involved potential interpersonally-induced risk: meeting a potential dating partner. Results offered some evidence for the potential of VR for the study of such interpersonal risk situations. Participants’ reaction to the scenario and risk-associated responses to the situation suggested that the embodied nature of virtual reality override the reality of the risk’s impossibility, allowing participants to experience adequate situational embedding, or presence.
The Antarctic cold desert and the search for traces of life on Mars

The cryptoendolithic microoganisms that live inside rocks in the frigid Ross Desert of Antarctica can serve as a terrestrial model for what may have happened to life forms on Mars when the planet became dry and cold. Trace fossils of microbial rock colonization exist in Antarctica, and similar structures could have formed on Mars. In some respects, such trace fossils could be an easier target for life-detection systems than fossils of cellular structures.
Psychiatric care of the deinstitutionalized patient.

Psychiatric care of the Deinstitutionalized patient involves a stepwise approach that allows clarity and sequencing of the important issues in the care plan.
Integrative approaches to depression and its treatment.

Thomas Kuhn, the noted philosopher of science, tells us that there is a predictable movement of scientific development. During periods of normal science, our understanding grows, and models of understanding become more precise. However, with increasing rigor, it becomes easier to appreciate the limits of any particular explanatory model. The eventual result is what he coined a “paradigm shift.” I am hopeful that there is a psychiatric paradigm shift in the making, which seems to be emerging around our treatment of depression. The last two decades have seen a period of unprecedented scientific development in psychiatry. While overall human knowledge doubles approximately every 33 years, and medical knowledge at least every 19 years, it is immediately obvious that the growth in the neurosciences far outstrips that rate. With increasingly precise tools from the biological sciences, such as genetic testing and neuroimaging, we are unlocking not only the secrets of the brain but also of the mind. The current generation of psychiatrists prescribe medications that have been intelligently designed rather than serendipitously discovered. Against the backdrop of such optimistic growth in the neurosciences (as well as certain economic pressures), the old paradigm, psychoanalysis, was declared dead in the mainstream media and in mainstream psychiatry. The 1990s were, by Presidential proclamation, the “Decade of the Brain.” Now we are in an era of evidence-based practice. The quality of evidence that we have is often better, and the consumers of that evidence are more sophisticated. One consequence of the focus on evidence is the growing recognition that mainstream approaches to depression have fallen far short of our optimism for those treatments. Analysis of our entire research corpus on antidepressant treatment suggests that, while our treatments are effective, in general they hold only a slight edge over placebo for the average patient.
Entanglement Renyi entropies in holographic theories

Ryu and Takayanagi conjectured a formula for the entanglement (von Neumann) entropy of an arbitrary spatial region in an arbitrary holographic eld theory. The von Neumann entropy is a special case of a more general class of entropies called R enyi entropies. Using Euclidean gravity, Fursaev computed the entanglement R enyi entropies (EREs) of an arbitrary spatial region in an arbitrary holographic eld theory, and thereby derived the RT formula. We point out, however, that his EREs are incorrect, since his putative saddle points do not in fact solve the Einstein equation. We remedy this situation in the case of two-dimensional CFTs, considering regions consisting of one or two intervals. For a single interval, the EREs are known for a general CFT; we reproduce them using gravity. For two intervals, the RT formula predicts a phase transition in the entanglement entropy as a function of their separation, and that the mutual information between the intervals vanishes for separations larger than the phase transition point. By computing EREs using gravity and CFT techniques, we nd evidence supporting both predictions. We also nd evidence that large-N symmetric-product theories have the same EREs as holographic ones.
Hamiltonian cycles in solid grid graphs

A grid graph is a finite node induced subgraph of the infinite two dimensional integer grid. A solid grid graph is a grid graph without holes. For general grid graphs, the Hamiltonian cycle problem is known to be NP complete. We give a polynomial time algorithm for the Hamiltonian cycle problem in solid grid graphs, resolving a longstanding open question posed by A. Itai et al. (1982). In fact, our algorithm can identify Hamiltonian cycles in quad quad graphs, a class of graphs that properly includes solid grid graphs.
Threats to Territorial Integrity, National Mass Schooling, and Linguistic Commonality:

Why are some countries more linguistically homogeneous than others? We posit that the international environment in which a state develops partially determines the extent of its linguistic commonali...
The philosophy of mathematics education by Paul Ernest

L'A. presente l'ouvrage de P. Ernest intitule «The Philosophy of Mathematics Education» en se proposant de resoudre l'apparente contradiction entre la legitimation d'une connaissance informelle ou populaire d'une part, et le renforcement d'une epistemologie elitiste et formelle d'autre part, qui pourrait nuire a l'etablissement d'une ethnomathematique
Defining Coparenting for Social Work Practice: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis

Coparenting, referred to as “an enterprise undertaken by two or more adults working together to raise a child for whom they share responsibility,” is responsive to intervention, associated with multiple indicators of individual and family well-being, and applicable to diverse family structures. Because of a lack of conceptual clarity, however, and absence from social work publications, coparenting has not yet entered the purview of social work. In this review, the authors attempt to synthesize existing coparenting definitions into one that is conceptually clear and clinically useful for social work practice with families. Implications for social work practice and research are discussed.
A convenient synthesis of cadmium chalcogenide quantum dots from cadmium acetate and bis(diphenylphosphino)methane monosulfide and –selenide or 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane monoselenide

The synthesis of both cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide quantum dots has been effected using a synthetic protocol that avoids the use of volatile, toxic organocadmium reagents and alkyl phosphines.
Contribution of arterial feed vessels to skeletal muscle functional hyperemia

The purpose of this study was to determine whether dilation of arterial vessels preceding the microcirculation contributes differentially to increases in skeletal muscle blood flow during contracti...
CPEB1 promotes differentiation and suppresses EMT in mammary epithelial cells

Downregulation of CPEB1, a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein, in a mouse mammary epithelial cell line (CID-9) causes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), based on several criteria. First, CPEB1 knockdown decreases protein levels of E-cadherin and β-catenin but increases those of vimentin and Twist1. Second, the motility of CPEB1-depleted cells is increased. Third, CID-9 cells normally form growth-arrested, polarized and three-dimensional acini upon culture in extracellular matrix, but CPEB1-deficient CID-9 cells form nonpolarized proliferating colonies lacking a central cavity. CPEB1 downregulates Twist1 expression by binding to its mRNA, shortening its poly(A) tract and repressing its translation. CID-9 cultures contain both myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells. CPEB1 increases during CID-9 cell differentiation, is predominantly expressed in myoepithelial cells, and its knockdown prevents expression of the myoepithelial marker p63. CPEB1 is present in proliferating subpopulations of pure luminal epithelial cells (SCp2) and myoepithelial cells (SCg6), but its depletion increases Twist1 only in SCg6 cells and fails to downregulate E-cadherin in SCp2 cells. We propose that myoepithelial cells prevent EMT by influencing the polarity and proliferation of luminal epithelial cells in a mechanism that requires translational silencing of myoepithelial Twist1 by CPEB1.
Is Proxy Consent for an Invasive Procedure on a Patient with Intellectual Disabilities Ethically Sufficient

Women with intellectual disabilities should not be sedated for a pap smear without their assent, and the test’s risks and benefits should be weighed.
Common problems in pediatric and adolescent gynecologic surgery.

Clinical studies on the myriad of problems that are encompassed by pediatric and adolescent gynecologic surgery are extremely difficult to carry out due to the low numbers of patients with these diagnoses in any one location or institution. Our current understanding of diagnosis, treatment, and outc
212 A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF TEACHING ACTIVITIES ON GENERAL INPATIENT SERVICES IN A CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL.

Background General pediatric inpatient services serve as a major teaching site for both residents and students. Supervising faculty must accommodate the needs of learners at different levels in their training while providing appropriate medical care to patients and communications with families. Likewise, the struggle of balancing clinical and educational demands by residents has received increased attention, but little is known about inpatient educational experiences for pediatric trainees. Objective To describe teaching activities on general inpatient pediatric services. Methods This observational study examined teaching activities on the two major general pediatric inpatient teaching services at Children9s Hospital of Alabama, the primary pediatric training site for UAB. Three premed students attended weekday rounds over an 8-week period (June-August 2005) and collected data at the patient level: type of patient (new or existing), presenter (student, intern, resident), time spent and topics discussed on each patient, type of faculty feedback, discussion level (teacher only, teacher and one learner, or involving the larger group), number of references made to the literature, and type of bedside teaching activities (demonstration and/or role modeling). Results Three students observed 473 patient presentations (109 new, 364 existing) divided between the two teams (241, 232) and involving 7 attending physicians. Patients were usually presented on rounds by students (280, 61%), followed by interns (142, 31%) and residents (39, 8%). Presenters spent an average of 3.4 minutes per presentation (7.4 minutes new, 3.4 existing). Feedback on presentation and/or management was given on 33% of patient presentations: 17% instructional, 7% positive, 3% negative, and 7% neutral. Patient encounters prompted teaching points by the faculty in 26% and by the resident in 4%, with educational assignments given on 4% of patient encounters. When teaching discussions occurred, approximately 47% involved the group, 41% were one-way comments made by the attending, and 12% involved only two members of the team. References to the literature were made by faculty in 2.4% and by residents in 1.5% of patient encounters. Teams spent an average total of 11 minutes per patient, 10 minutes on existing patients vs 14 minutes on new patients. Bedside teaching consisted of faculty demonstrating physical findings on 30% of patients and role modeling professional behavior and communication with 95% of patients. Conclusions Use of trained observers demonstrates key components of medical training but with important opportunities for improvement.
Uncommon cause of acute encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis

A 49-year-old woman with a medical history of alcoholic cirrhosis status post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (post-TIPS) in 2012, and ongoing alcohol abuse, presented to the hospital, with haematuria. CT intravenous pyelogram (IVP) was normal except for ‘a large intrahepatic cystic mass adjacent to the TIPS, causing intrahepatic biliary duct dilation’. The patient also presented with acute encephalopathy, jaundice, right upper quadrant abdominal pain and hyperbilirubinaemia (total bilirubin of 8.1 mg/dL with direct bilirubin of 3.0 mg/dL). She remained encephalopathic despite adequate treatment for alcohol withdrawal, hepatic encephalopathy and enterococcus urinary tract infection. MRI of the abdomen later confirmed presence of an obstructing biloma. The biloma, drained by CT-guided percutaneous drains, demonstrated an Escherichia coli and ESBL Klebsiella infection. The patient9s encephalopathy completely resolved after treatment of the infected biloma. With adequate drainage, her hyperbilirubinaemia resolved to her post-TIPS baseline (total bilirubin of 3.7 mg/dL with direct bilirubin of 3.3 mg/dL).
Cathodic behavior of molten CaCl2-CaO and CaCl2-NaCl-CaO

The cathodic behavior of molten CaCl2, CaCl2-CaO and equimolar CaCl2-NaCl-CaO was studied by cyclic voltammograms and constant potential polarization at temperatures of 1123 to 1173 K on molybdenum and titanium electrodes. The diffusion coefficient of Ca2+ (CaO) in molten CaCl2-CaO was calculated from the linear relationship between the square root of scan rate and the peak current density. The deposition potentials and the potential temperature coefficient of CaO in molten CaCl2-0.5mol%CaO and CaCl2-NaCl-0.5mol%CaO were also obtained from their cyclic voltammograms. The result shows that CaO is more easily reduced than CaCl2. The addition of NaCl in molten CaCl2-CaO induces the underpotential electrodeposition of CaO.
Models of Nuclear Reactions

The preceding chapter outlined some of the elements of quantum scattering theory. Almost nothing was said about the ways in which the physics of the nucleus influence the parameters which enter the formal theory, although some general features of nuclear reactions were discussed briefly in Chapter 2. We now intend to describe various physical models in more detail. Some models are of more general applicability than others but, as is the way with a model, the more general its nature the less physical content it tends to have. No single physical model describes all the phenomena of nuclear reactions, but the models in use do tend to be restricted to one of two broad categories: direct reactions and compound nucleus reactions (see section 2.18).
Mechanical tests on individual carbon nanofibers reveals the strong effect of graphitic alignment achieved via precursor hot-drawing

Abstract Electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs) processed via carbonization of electrospun precursors are an emerging class of nanoscale carbon-based materials with abundant sp2 C C bonds which can offer significant opportunities for structural light-weighting in multifunctional materials. In this work, we have studied the effect of graphitic alignment on mechanical properties of CNFs. Graphitic alignment was achieved by hot-drawing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber precursors at temperatures above the Tg of PAN which induces chain alignment. We studied several states of PAN chain alignment by varying electrospinning take-up velocity and hot-drawing ratios. Chain alignment and orientation induced crystallization was studied via polarized Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. IR spectroscopy revealed that the formation of crystals delays thermal stabilization and cyclization in hot-drawn PAN nanofibers. Thus, we modified the stabilization process to transform PAN chains into a ladder-like structure suitable for carbonization. The carbonization was carried out at 1100 °C. MEMS-based mechanical characterization of individual CNFs revealed over 100% improvement in average strength and over 70% improvement in modulus of CNFs as a result of graphitic alignment. The CNFs obtained from hot-drawn samples demonstrated strength as high as 5.4 GPa, which is among the highest reported for this class of material.
The association of relative survival benefit and approval of oncological drugs: An analysis of oncology drug advisory committee reviews.

2582 Background: To evaluate the association of relative survival benefit (additional benefit / historic control) as a modality to predict for oncology drug approval. Methods: Data was extracted fr...
METRIC EVALUATION PIPELINE FOR 3D MODELING OF URBAN SCENES

Abstract. Publicly available benchmark data and metric evaluation approaches have been instrumental in enabling research to advance state of the art methods for remote sensing applications in urban 3D modeling. Most publicly available benchmark datasets have consisted of high resolution airborne imagery and lidar suitable for 3D modeling on a relatively modest scale. To enable research in larger scale 3D mapping, we have recently released a public benchmark dataset with multi-view commercial satellite imagery and metrics to compare 3D point clouds with lidar ground truth. We now define a more complete metric evaluation pipeline developed as publicly available open source software to assess semantically labeled 3D models of complex urban scenes derived from multi-view commercial satellite imagery. Evaluation metrics in our pipeline include horizontal and vertical accuracy and completeness, volumetric completeness and correctness, perceptual quality, and model simplicity. Sources of ground truth include airborne lidar and overhead imagery, and we demonstrate a semi-automated process for producing accurate ground truth shape files to characterize building footprints. We validate our current metric evaluation pipeline using 3D models produced using open source multi-view stereo methods. Data and software is made publicly available to enable further research and planned benchmarking activities.