cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating zonal electricity supply curves in transmission-constrained electricity markets

Abstract Many important electricity policy initiatives would directly affect the operation of electric power networks. This paper develops a method for estimating short-run zonal supply curves in transmission-constrained electricity markets that can be implemented quickly by policy analysts with training in statistical methods and with publicly available data. Our model enables analysis of distributional impacts of policies affecting operation of electric power grid. The method uses fuel prices and zonal electric loads to determine piecewise supply curves, identifying zonal electricity price and marginal fuel. We illustrate our methodology by estimating zonal impacts of Pennsylvania's Act 129, an energy efficiency and conservation policy. For most utilities in Pennsylvania, Act 129 would reduce the influence of natural gas on electricity price formation and increase the influence of coal. The total resulted savings would be around 267 million dollars, 82 percent of which would be enjoyed by the customers in Pennsylvania. We also analyze the impacts of imposing a $35/ton tax on carbon dioxide emissions. Our results show that the policy would increase the average prices in PJM by 47–89 percent under different fuel price scenarios in the short run, and would lead to short-run interfuel substitution between natural gas and coal.
Distinguishing the role of authority “in” and authority “to”☆

Abstract Authority, and the behavioral response to authority, is central to many important questions in public economics, but has received insufficient attention from economists. In particular, research has not differentiated between legitimate power and the presumption of expert knowledge, what we call authority “to” and authority “in.” In this paper we report on the results of a series of lab experiments designed to distinguish the effects of the two sources of authority on contributions to a public project. The results suggest that authority “to” and authority “in” interact in ways not heretofore understood. Penalizing non-social behavior without expert explanation does not increase voluntary contributions, nor does expert explanation without the threat of penalty, but together they induce more contributions than any other combination of policies. We interpret these findings to indicate that the reaction to an authority depends on whether that authority is perceived to be legitimate.
Uptake of a Hydrologic Tracer (Bromide) by Ryegrass from Well and Poorly-Drained Soils

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) accumulated an average 32% of applied bromide (Br - ) in aboveground biomass. Bromide uptake was greater on a well-drained soil (38%) than a poorly drained soil (27%). Uptake was also affected by an interaction between season and N fertility. Bromide concentration of ryegrass was affected by interactions between soil drainage and season, and between soil drainage and N fertility. The magnitude of uptake shows Br - to be quite biologically reactive in the soil root zone. The impact of interactions between common experimental variables on Br - uptake makes it difficult to select settings where Br - uptake will be low. Consequently, the amount and pattern of uptake among common experimental variables greatly restricts the settings in which Br - is an appropriate hydrologic tracer.
Note on singular perturbation of linear state regulators

This correspondence examines the relationship between the results obtained when the dimensionality of a regulator problem is reduced in the statement of the problem and when this reduction is made in the Riccati equation for the nonreduced problem.
Biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury

Correspondence: Won K Han Thomas Jefferson University, Division of Nephrology, 833 Chestnut Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA Tel +1 215 955 8826 Fax +1 215 503 4099 Email won.han@jefferson.edu Abstract: It is very difficult to make an early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) using serum creatinine, which is the standard metric tool for the detection of renal injury. The absence of sensitive AKI biomarkers has impaired progress in the nephrology field and had a detrimental effect on the design and outcome of AKI clinical trials. Recently, several proteins have shown potential in the early detection of AKI, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, and interleukin-18. This review discusses the current status of three AKI biomarkers as a potential diagnostic tool for the early detection of AKI. The focus is limited to prospective human studies from January 2005 to December 2011. The review compares the clinical conditions for which the AKI biomarkers have the greatest potential utility for the early detection of AKI. It also demonstrates the barriers to the successful use of AKI biomarkers in clinical practice, as well as the future trials that will be needed to validate their use. Despite the early promise of biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, and interleukin-18 for the early detection of AKI, none of these biomarkers has demonstrated a clear benefit in detecting various types of AKI in daily clinical practice. Indeed, the majority of published clinical studies of known AKI biomarkers so far are small and insufficient to support clinical studies of AKI biomarkers as an effective early AKI diagnostic test in humans.
Near-Resonant Ocean Response to Sea Breeze on a Stratified Continental Shelf

Abstract The spatial structure and temporal characteristics of sea breeze and the associated coastal ocean response in the northwest Gulf of Mexico are investigated using moored instruments, hydrographic stations, and wind measurements. Near the study area of 30°N, motions in the diurnal–inertial band (DIB) may be significantly enhanced by a near-resonant condition between local inertial and diurnal forcing frequencies. Wavelet analysis is used to quantify the results. Results indicate that diurnal sea-breeze variability peaks in summer and extends at least 300 km offshore with continuous seaward phase propagation. The maximum DIB oceanic response occurs in June when there is a shallow mixed layer, strong stratification, and an approximately 10-day period of continuous sea-breeze forcing. DIB current variance decreases in July and August as the consequence of the deepening of the mixed layer and a more variable phase relationship between the wind and current. River discharge varies interannually and can s...
Evaluation of a large cohort of men presenting for a screening semen analysis

Abstract Objective: To determine: [1] what percentage of men in an infertile relationship will have a semen abnormality, [2] the average value for each semen parameter in this group of men, [3] the distribution of abnormal semen parameters in this group, and [4] if our data support the hypothesis that sperm concentration is declining. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: County hospital university-based infertility clinic. Patient(s): Male partners of women presenting for an infertility evaluation. Intervention(s): Semen specimens were collected after 2–5 days of abstinence. Main Outcome Measure(s): Sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Result(s): Fifty-two percent of samples had at least one sperm abnormality based on World Health Organization criteria. Fifty-one percent had an abnormality in sperm motility, 18% in sperm concentration, and 14% in sperm morphology. Four percent of the patients were azoospermic. Conclusion(s): No decline in sperm density was revealed in semen collected by men presenting for an initial screening semen analysis.
Multi-Gb/s Fiberoptic Physical Layer for Spacecraft Interconnects

We report on the development of a fiberoptic physical layer bus with RapidIO-protocol for spacecraft avionics interconnects. To emulate spacecraft instrument data transmission, dynamic routing of real-time live camera data packets is demonstrated through a switch-based network. For real-time instrument data input/output, an interface bridge between Ethernet protocol and RapidIO protocol is developed. RapidIO-based fiberoptic avionic system is compared with 1393 ring protocol based interconnect in terms of performance, flexibility, mass/power/size, and suitability for different mission applications. Fault tolerant architectures for RapidIO and 1393 ring-protocol-based spacecraft buses are also presented.
Ground-penetrating radar for highway and bridge deck condition assessment and inventory

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been developed and used successfully for bridge deck and roadway condition assessment. In the past, GPR interpretation has been done manually by trained engineers and technicians with the aid of standard signal processing techniques. This method of collection produced vast quantities of data, and the interpretation required a great amount of time. Recently, parallel processing in the form of artificial neural networks (ANNs) has been applied to the interpretation of GPR condition assessment data from highways. This paper introduces general strategy for using ANNs for the interpretation of GPR data. Results of applying this strategy to bridge deck condition assessment data are also given.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anticoagulation for Emergency Department Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Is Our Duty to Inform or Prescribe?

investigated how oftenemergency physicians at 2 Canadian centers follow theCanadian Cardiovascular Society anticoagulation treatmentrecommendations when discharging patients with atrialﬁbrillation. His ﬁndings suggest that up to 50% of atrialﬁbrillation patients who are not correctly anticoagulated at theiremergency department (ED) evaluation are discharged homewithout the recommended anticoagulant initiated or adocumented justiﬁcation for not initiating anticoagulation.Scheuermeyer
Far-infrared spectra of metal-olefin complexes. I. Potassium μ-1,3-butadiene-bis(trichloroplatinate(II))☆

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of K2[(PtCl3)2(C4H6)] have been obtained in the crystalline state. The infrared spectrum of this complex in the high frequency region is similar to that of free butadiene (transoid configuration) and is markedly different from that of Fe(CO)3(C4H6) where butadiene is planar-cisoid. The infrared spectrum of the Pt(II) complex in the low frequency region is strikingly similar to that of Ziese's salt. Based on these observations, a new structure of the Pt(II) complex has been proposed in which the symmetrical transoid butadiene molecule is sandwiched between two PtCl3 groups.
The Complex Web of Urban Governance Gossamer or Iron

The logic inherent in the design of the American political system is based upon a presumption that overlapping jurisdictions will give citizens access to multiple sets of officials to tend their interests. That logic also presumes that authority must be divided or fragmented if those who exercise governmental prerogatives are to be held accountable for their actions. It may well be that the most critical problems of urban government have derived from excessive efforts to simplify political structures [Bish and Ostrom, 1973: 93-94].[G]iven its present political organization and decision-making processes, the city is fundamentally ungovernable. By ungovernable I mean that the urban policy- making system is incapable of producing coherent decisions, developing effective policies, or implementing state or federal programs.... City government is an intractable jigsaw puzzle because of the inherent fragmentation of urban service delivery and the historical fragmentation of urban policy-making processes [Yates, ...
Alkylation of duplex DNA in nucleosome core particles by duocarmycin SA and yatakemycin.

(+)-Yatakemycin (1, Fig. 1) and (+)-duocarmycin SA (2) are exceptionally potent, naturally occurring antitumor agents that derive their biological properties through a characteristic sequence-selective DNA-alkylation reaction1,2,3,4,5. Studies have shown that both the AT-rich binding selectivity (shape-selective recognition) and the alkylation catalysis (shape-dependent catalysis) that contribute to the alkylation selectivity are dependent on the DNA minor groove shape and size characteristics of an AT-rich sequence (ref. 6 and references therein; refs. 7,8). Here we report the alkylation properties of yatakemycin and duocarmycin SA on free DNA (α-satellite DNA) and the same sequence bound in a nucleosome core particle (NCP) modeling the state of DNA in eukaryotic cells. Both compounds showed a clear, relatively unaltered ability to alkylate DNA packaged in NCPs in terms of both alkylating efficiency and sequence selectivity, despite the steric and conformational perturbations imposed by NCP packaging. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of NCP-bound DNA and illustrate that cell- and protein-free DNA-alkylation studies of members of this class of antitumor drugs provide valuable insights into their properties.
Why isn't creativity more important to educational psychologists? Potentials, pitfalls, and future directions in creativity research.

The construct of creativity has a great deal to offer educational psychology. Creativity appears to be an important component of problem-solving and other cognitive abilities, healthy social and emotional well-being, and scholastic and adult success. Yet the study of creativity is not nearly as robust as one would expect, due in part to the preponderance of myths and stereotypes about creativity that collectively strangle most research efforts in this area. The root cause of these stereotypes is the lack of adequate precision in the definition of creativity. The body of the article is devoted to specific suggestions for conceptualizing and defining creativity to maximize its potential contributions to educational psychology.
Feasibility of high-dose-rate brachytherapy salvage for local prostate cancer recurrence after radiotherapy: the University of California-San Francisco experience.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of salvage high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Methods and Materials: We retrospectively analyzed 21 consecutively accrued patients undergoing salvage HDR brachytherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer after EBRT between November 1998 and December 2005. After pathologic confirmation of locally recurrent disease, all patients were treated with 36 Gy in six fractions using two transrectal ultrasound–guided HDR prostate implants, separated by 1 week. Eleven patients received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy immediately presalvage, whereas none received adjuvant hormonal therapy postsalvage. Median follow-up time from recurrence was 18.7 months (range, 6–84 months). Determination of subsequent biochemical failure after brachytherapy was based on the definition by the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. Results: Based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE version 3), 18 patients reported Grade 1 to 2 genitourinary symptoms by 3 months postsalvage. Three patients developed Grade 3 genitourinary toxicity. Maximum observed gastrointestinal toxicity was Grade 2; all cases spontaneously resolved. The 2-year Kaplan-Meier estimate of biochemical control after recurrence was 89%. Thirteen patients have achieved a PSA nadir ≤0.1 ng/ml, but at the time of writing this endpoint has not yet been reached for all patients. All patients are alive; however 2 have experienced biochemical failure, both with PSA nadirs ≥1, and have subsequently been found to have distant metastases. Conclusions: Salvage HDR prostate brachytherapy appears to be feasible and effective.
Guide for the Perplexed: On Michael Burawoy's "Public Sociology" 1

If you scratch the surface of a sociologist, you are likely to find a person who was initially attracted to the field either by its unconventional way of looking at the social world, or by the criticisms it offered of existing social relations. Most of us had (and many still have) a strong desire to "change the world"?to help it become more just, more equal, more accepting, more aware. Add to this another factor. Much of our work as sociologists is directly relevant to public issues. We study race and immigration, religion and politics, environmen tal changes due to urban growth, educational success and failure, global inequali ties. We know things that decision-makers should know: that bilingual students often do better in school than monolingual students, because they have wider net works (Rumberger and Larson, 1998); that religious politics is a form of status group assertion more common among uprooted peoples (Evans, 1996); that secrets in organizations can be corrosive and lead to disaster (Vaughan, 1996); that the interests of corporations lie behind the crisis in personal finances (Sullivan, War ren, and Westbrook, 2000). Our research touches directly on public issues?if only decision-makers would listen! Add to this a third factor. Many people of progressive convictions understand ably feel the need to fight back on behalf of the poor and dispossessed at a time when the rightward drift of the country has been apparent for a quarter century? and the right seems to be ever-better organized. The situation of the poor is often desperate and has not been improving, either globally or nationally. If we needed any additional proof, the suffering following the recent devastation of New Orleans and other Gulf Coast cities shows us clearly how many people have been left be hind in our own prosperous country, and how little the government seems to care about these people. If we do not respond now, when will we?
Analysis of 1H‐NMR spectra of various end‐functionalized polyisobutylenes

1H-NMR spectra of various telechelic (i.e., ∼ CH2C(CH3)2Cl, ∼ CH2C(CH3)CH2, ∼ CHC(CH3)2, and ∼ CH2CH(CH3)CH2OH capped) polyisobutylenes (PIB) have been analyzed. The products were prepared by living carbocationic polymerization followed by end-group functionalization. Shielding and deshielding effects strongly influence the 1H-NMR spectra of these products. Inductive effects (chlorine-ended PIBs), magnetically anisotropic end-groups (olefin groups and phenyl rings), allylic coupling (olefin end-groups), chirality (hydroxyl end-groups), and the interaction of these effects on the 1H-NMR spectra are discussed. Numerous heretofore unidentified resonances have been assigned and better insight into the detailed structure of end-functionalized PIBs has been obtained. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Robot acceleration capability: the actuation efficiency measure

Presents a performance measure, the actuation efficiency, which describes isotropy in acceleration capability for non-redundant manipulators. It measures the imbalance between the end-effector accelerations achievable in different directions. Prior to this, no measure of this characteristic was adequate for a six degree-of-freedom manipulator because its end-effector motions are referenced to a mix of linear and angular coordinates. The proposed measure addresses both linear and angular accelerations. It also indicates oversized actuators, since this contributes to the imbalance in achievable accelerations. The development of this measure is based on the formulation of the motion isotropy hypersurface. The shape of this hypersurface is a weak indicator a acceleration isotropy.
Modeling Snowmelt Runoff Response to Climate Change in the Animas River Basin,Colorado

Snowmelt runoff is a significant water resource in the western United States. However this resource is extremely sensitive to changes in the local or regional climate. In this paper the potential changes in snowmelt runoff volume in response to changes in the local climate for the Animas River basin, Colorado were studied. A set of statistically downscaled general circulation model scenarios encompassing generally warmer and drier future climates were used to drive the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) to investigate how snowmelt season basinwide runoff would respond to these conditions. Results suggest a shift in the timing and size of the snowmelt relative to historical measurements, with increases in April-May runoff volume offset by decreases in June-July runoff. The success of the SRM in modeling these climate change impacts could provide valuable data for water resource planners of similar snowmelt dominated river basins across the western United States.
Predictions of strength in MEMS components with defects - a novel experimental-theoretical approach

Abstract This paper presents a novel experimental–theoretical method to investigate the strength of structures having complex geometries, which are commonly used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It involves the stretching to failure of freestanding thin-film membranes, in a fixed–fixed configuration, containing micro-fabricated sharp cracks, blunt notches and re-entrant corners. The defects, made by nanoindentation and focused ion beam milling, are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MEMS structures made of ultra-nano-crystalline-diamond (UNCD), a material developed at Argonne National Laboratory, were investigated using this methodology. A theory to predict the strength of microstructures with defects is proposed and compared with experimental results. It is shown that fracture mechanics general concepts can be applied with confidence in the design of MEMS. An experimental methodology and formulas to predict strength of MEMS structures possessing defects of various geometries are provided.
Translating clinical trials into practice.

The primary message I want to impart today is that we can reduce mortality and morbidity rates from cardiovascular disease, not only in the United States but around the world, if we do the right clinical trials and develop performance indicators, and if we make sure to develop systems that can deliver effective care by diagnosing and treating cardiovascular disease in line with professional standards (Table I).
Effects of Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I on Renin Gene Expression in the Renal Cortical Cells of Ovine Fetuses

Renin gene expression and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFI) gene expression are both developmentally upregulated in the renal cortex of ovine fetuses and decline after birth. The infusion of IGFI into ovine fetuses in late gestation increases plasma renin activity and concentration. In order to determine whether there are direct effects of IGFI or insulin on renin gene expression in the kidneys of ovine fetuses, we treated the renal cortical cells of ovine fetuses with IGFI or insulin. The results showed that the responses of renal renin mRNA to IGFI or insulin treatment in vitro were dependent on the culture conditions. Renin mRNA levels were significantly elevated by IGFI or insulin if the cells were cultured in medium devoid of serum (starved) for 16-18 h before treatment. In contrast, no obvious changes in renal renin mRNA expression were observed in the cells cultured in the presence of serum (non starved) before treatment with IGFI or insulin. IGFI and insulin also significantly enhanced cAMP conc...
A modeling approach for analyzing human-machine interaction dynamics in complex systems

A modeling framework suitable for examining human-machine interaction dynamics in the context of complex systems is described. To illustrate the basic modeling approach, the example of a simple decision aid is considered. At each decision instance, the aid makes a recommendation regarding the appropriate decision. A number of research questions remain, including the development of modeling conventions for the framework and the need to validate when possible presumed interaction variable relationships, as well as to incorporate relevant behaviors documented in the literature. >
Paying attention to reading: The neurobiology of reading and dyslexia

Extraordinary progress in functional brain imaging, primarily advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging, now allows scientists to understand the neural systems serving reading and how these systems differ in dyslexic readers. Scientists now speak of the neural signature of dyslexia, a singular achievement that for the first time has made what was previously a hidden disability, now visible. Paralleling this achievement in understanding the neurobiology of dyslexia, progress in the identification and treatment of dyslexia now offers the hope of identifying children at risk for dyslexia at a very young age and providing evidence-based, effective interventions. Despite these advances, for many dyslexic readers, becoming a skilled, automatic reader remains elusive, in great part because though children with dyslexia can be taught to decode words, teaching children to read fluently and automatically represents the next frontier in research on dyslexia. We suggest that to break through this "fluency" barrier, investigators will need to reexamine the more than 20-year-old central dogma in reading research: the generation of the phonological code from print is modular, that is, automatic and not attention demanding, and not requiring any other cognitive process. Recent findings now present a competing view: other cognitive processes are involved in reading, particularly attentional mechanisms, and that disruption of these attentional mechanisms play a causal role in reading difficulties. Recognition of the role of attentional mechanisms in reading now offer potentially new strategies for interventions in dyslexia. In particular, the use of pharmacotherapeutic agents affecting attentional mechanisms not only may provide a window into the neurochemical mechanisms underlying dyslexia but also may offer a potential adjunct treatment for teaching dyslexic readers to read fluently and automatically. Preliminary studies suggest that agents traditionally used to treat disorders of attention, particularly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, may prove to be an effective adjunct to improving reading in dyslexic students.
Erosion of inferior vena caval filter noted during robotic assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) filters are mechanical devices implanted to provide prophylaxis against pulmonary emboli in patients for whom standard anticoagulation is either inadequate or contraindicated. A 67-year-old female with a 10-year-old indwelling IVC filter underwent robotic assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for a right upper pole renal mass. Renal hilum dissection was complicated by adhesions secondary to eroded IVC filter struts. IVC filter erosion is a well-described phoenomena in both the radiologic and surgical literature. As many as 25% of filters are noted to be radiographically eroded; however, the incidence of clinically significant erosion is much less. Given the placement of endovascularly delivered IVC filters in close proximity to many urologic operative fields, it is important for urologists to be aware of the potential of eroded devices when pursuing para-caval dissections.
Coerced childhood sexual abuse moderates the association between cigarette smoking initiation and college drug use frequency.

The current study examined childhood sexual abuse (CSA) as a potential moderator of the “gateway theory” association of cigarette use onset and college drug use. Covariate adjusted hierarchical regressions showed that CSA history interacted with age of first cigarette to predict total 12-month illicit drug use frequency (Δ R2 =.048, F(10, 76) = 4.041, Mse = 8.812, p =.021). Simple effects revealed that age of first cigarette predicted drug use frequency in individuals with CSA histories (p =.045) rather than non-CSA individuals (p =.103). Exploratory analyses further revealed that the CSA moderation was carried primarily by those exposed to forced/coerced CSA events. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Biofeedback and cognitive coping in the treatment of pediatric habit cough.

Habit cough is a persistent ‘barking’ cough that does not have a medical basis. The current study evaluated a biofeedback approach using skin temperature feedback with a family focus in the treatment of an 11-year-old girl diagnosed with habit cough. Treatment consisted of six, one hour sessions with the family for part of the session and then individually with the girl. Individual treatment involved skin-temperature biofeedback to teach relaxation during the coughing episodes. The girl was cough free at the end of the sixth session and remained cough free at the end of a one and two year follow-ups. The use of a single case baseline design demonstrated the reduction of coughing and increase in extracurricular activity. It is, noteworthy that the girl demonstrated a significant ability to increase skin temperature during treatment and when asked to try to control her cough.
A study of a non-linear optimization problem using a distributed genetic algorithm

Genetic algorithms have been used successfully as a global optimization method when the search space is very large. To characterize and analyze the performance of genetic algorithms on a cluster of workstations, a parallel version of the GENESIS 5.0 was developed using PVM 3.3. This version, called VMGENESIS, was used to study a nonlinear least-squares problem. Performance results show that linear speedups can be achieved if the basic distributed genetic algorithm is combined with a simple dynamic load-balancing mechanism. Results also show that the quality of search changes significantly with the number of processors involved in the computation and with the frequency of communication.
Theobald - Reforming Medical Malpractice in Ohio: The Case, the Background, a Survey of State Laws, and Policy Impacts

In its recent decision of Theobald v. Univ. of Cincinnati, Ohio's Tenth District Court of Appeals declared that medical practitioners shall have state employee immunity, based on ORC Section 9.86, anytime they treat a patient as long as they act in a dual role to "teach" an "involved" student or resident. This immunity takes away any right to sue the practitioner personally for his medical malpractice. Required within this holding, the doctor must have an "employment relationship" with a state medical college. However, an employment relationship could encompass anything from a faculty position to something as minimal as a work relationship with a private practice plan closely tied to the state medical college. Also, within this holding, the court held a student or resident's amount of involvement does not matter as long as the practitioner was "teaching" at the time of treatment. Essentially, teaching may be satisfied as long as the student or resident observes treatment. Finally, the court was explicit in stating that the patient's view of his relationship with the practitioner is completely irrelevant during an immunity determination. Thus, private patients will not be allowed to sue physicians in their private capacity. The Theobald holding runs contrary to the established case law of Ohio at the time. The prior law was clear that practitioners receive immunity when treating a patient of the state or supervising another's treatment of a patient. Moreover, when the Theobald holding is compared to other jurisdictions' immunity grants, Ohio appears to be an extreme outlier. And even when Ohio is compared to just those states with similar immunity statutes, the Theobald decision is still the outlier. Finally, not only it is difficult to "justify" the decision through precedent or "conventional wisdom" among the several states, but there are harsh practical effects that make any policy justification unreasonable. First, a plaintiff's primary forum, in a Theobald-like case, has now been changed from the Court of Common Pleas to the Court of Claims. Second, the change in law has reduced the amount of recovery for many plaintiffs through the inflexible cap on damages that applies to suits against the state. Third, the Theobald rule devalues the medical service markets by giving less of an economic incentive to practitioners to follow the standard of care. This novel features of this article are in-depth surveys concerning state employee immunity of physicians while in dual agency. The first looks at the entire progression of Ohio physician immunity law, as created and formed over a 20 year period by the Tenth District Court of Appeals. The second looks at other states' statutes or common law "governing law" and the subsequent rules that are formed through judicial interpretation. The second survey can show how "conventional" American courts interpret immunity statutes, and thus, show the Tenth District to be an outlier.
From weight loss to weight gain: appetite changes in major depressive disorder as a mirror into brain-environment interactions

A SHIFT IN THE APPETITIVE SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION In recent decades, there has been a profound shift in the appetitive characteristics of depression. For early measures of depression, such as the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; Hamilton, 1960), the key appetitive characteristic of depression was weight loss. In the 1950s and 60s, reduced appetite was considered a key feature even in mild depression and it was noted that in moderate depression the desire for food may almost totally disappear (Beck, 1967); those suffering with severe depression may almost have to force themselves to eat (Schuyler, 1974; Polivy and Herman, 1976). Zung, another pioneer of depression measurement, found that even the individual designated as the significant “other” associated loss of appetite as symptomatic of depression in the patient (Zung et al., 1974). No assessment for increased appetite, food intake, or weight gain was assessed in the HRSD. In these early reports, people with depression who overate or gained weight were diagnosed with “atypical depression” and were treated differently than those with more “typical” depression characterized by weight loss. Yet, this understanding of depression has shifted, with weight gain and increased appetite being identified as a “typical” symptom of depression among those with the disorder today (Doraiswamy, 2013), as is also evident as a common symptom for many other disorders involving emotional distress (American Psychological Association, 2013). Indeed, a recent representative US national survey of 43,093 adults found that the prevalence of major depression with atypical features was almost 40% higher than that of depression without atypical features (Blanco et al., 2012). In this survey, factors that predicted atypical depression appear to mirror the growth of obesity and over eating in our society as a whole.
Supporting High Level Language Semantics within Hardware Resident Threads

The paper presents the new hardware thread interface (HWTI), a meaningful and semantic rich target for a high level language to hardware descriptive language translator. The HWTI provides a hardware thread with the same thread system calls available to software threads, a fast global distributed memory, support for pointers, a generalized function call model including recursion, local variable declaration, dynamic memory allocation, and a remote procedural call model that enables hardware threads access to any library function.
Robotic and laparoscopic radical cystectomy in the management of bladder cancer

To review the current status of robot-assisted and laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RARC and LRC) in the management of bladder cancer, published English literature was searched using the National Library of Medicine database. The experience with RARC is rapidly growing, and this minimally invasive option and has relatively better results than LRC. Both techniques allow an appropriate lymph node dissection in the hands of experienced and skilled surgeons at high-volume centers. The early and intermediate oncological outcomes of RARC and LRC compare favorably with open radical cystectomy (ORC). Extracorporeal urinary diversions are performed via a mini-incision in most cases and have better outcome than pure intracorporeal urinary diversions. RARC has taken over LRC at most of the centers where robot is available. The future of RARC with extracorporeal urinary diversion looks optimistic and has potential to supplant ORC, but with greater cost.
Seasonal Movements, Aggregations and Diving Behavior of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus Thynnus) Revealed with Archival Tags

Electronic tags were used to examine the seasonal movements, aggregations and diving behaviors of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) to better understand their migration ecology and oceanic habitat utilization. Implantable archival tags (n=561) were deployed in bluefin tuna from 1996 to 2005 and 106 tags were recovered. Movement paths of the fish were reconstructed using light level and sea-surface-temperature-based geolocation estimates. To quantify habitat utilization we employed a weighted kernel estimation technique that removed the biases of deployment location and track length. Throughout the North Atlantic, high residence times (167633 days) were identified in four spatially confined regions on a seasonal scale. Within each region, bluefin tuna experienced distinct temperature regimes and displayed different diving behaviors. The mean diving depths within the high-use areas were significantly shallower and the dive frequency and the variance in internal temperature significantly higher than during transit movements between the high-use areas. Residence time in the more northern latitude high-use areas was significantly correlated with levels of primary productivity. The regions of aggregation are associated with areas of abundant prey and potentially represent critical foraging habitats that have seasonally abundant prey. Throughout the North Atlantic mean diving depth was significantly correlated with the depth of the thermocline, and dive behavior changed in relation to the stratification of the water column. In this study, with numerous multi-year tracks, there appear to be repeatable patterns of clear aggregation areas that potentially are changing with environmental conditions. The high concentrations of bluefin tuna in predictable locations indicate that Atlantic bluefin tuna are vulnerable to concentrated fishing efforts in the regions of foraging aggregations.
The effects of unilateral antennectomy on the flight behaviour of male Heliothis virescens in a pheromone plume

Unilaterally antennectomized Heliothis virescens (F ) males flying close to the central axis of a plume of sex pheromone display no significant differences in behaviour compared to sham-oper ated males in course angles, tiack angles, airspeed and groundspeed. This dem- onstrates that rightlleft antenna1 information is not necessary for normal orientation movements in response to pheromone, but rather that it is 'blended' within the moth's central nervous -system before pheromone-mediated manoeuvres are made. However, some unilater- ally antennectomized moths (36%) make repetitive, asymmetrical, saw-tooth-shaped tracks during pheromone-mediated upwind pro- gress, whereas control moths never make such tracks Unilaterally antennectomized moths made such tracks on the side of the plume contralateral to the missing antenna. We hypothesize that these oc- casional asymmetrical tracks in unilaterally ablated males are the result of reiterative asymmetrical pheromone stimulation of a higher prob- ability on track legs going toward rather than away from the long axis of the plume on males with a single antenna remaining on the 'away from axis' side. Combined with a greater propensity for treated moths to lock onto the plume away from the central axis on one side rather than the other, repetitive successive asymmetrical track legs (resulting in a saw-tooth-shaped track) are commonly observed in these moths Control moths do also make asymmetric successive track legs but they rarely are repeated and thus are not readily observed
Soluble and strana-bound globin chains in mild and severe β thalassemia

In mild β thalassania henoglobin levels are much higher than in severe β thalassemia, yet black patients with the mild syndrome are as deficient in β chain synthesis as severe thalassemia patients. The following studies were undertaken to determine if differences in the precipitation of excess α chain distinguishes these two groups of β thalassemia homozygotes.The percentages of radioactive globin chain hound to erythroid cell stroma were determined in mild and severe thalassemia patients. only the cells of splenectomized severe patients coontained large amounts of stroma-bound globin radioactivity, the percentages in five such patients ranging from 6.7 to 13.9 (x = 9.9). In four splenectomized patients with mild thalassemia the percentages ranged. fram 1.0 to 3.5 (x = 1.9; p<0.005). This is the first observed difference in globin chain metabolisn between these two groups of patients.
High-Resolution In Vivo Imaging of the RPE Mosaic in Eyes with Retinal Disease

METHODS. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) was used to image the macular region in patients with retinal degenerative diseases, including two patients with cone–rod dystrophy and one with bilateral progressive maculopathy. Images were processed, and the microscopic details were analyzed. Fundus-related microperimetry was used to assess visual function within retinal regions where no cones were visible. RESULTS. In addition to patches of intact cone photoreceptors, AOSLO images revealed mosaics of RPE cells in regions where it appeared that cones were missing. In cone–rod dystrophy (CRD), the RPE cells were visualized in an annular region surrounding a cone-preserved central area. RPE cell shape, size, and distribution compared well with measurements from the literature. Fundus-related microperimetry results indicated scotomas that corresponded to the locations where RPE cells were visible. CONCLUSIONS. For the first time, the mosaic of RPE cells has been directly visualized by AOSLO. Patients with hereditary retinal degenerations causing cone loss in the macula allowed visualization of RPE cells in areas where cones were missing. Regions with visible RPE cells demonstrated loss of visual function measured using microperimetry. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:2297–2303) DOI:10.1167/iovs.06-1450
Student Heterogeneity and Diversity at Catholic Colleges.

The purpose of this study was to examine structural diversity at Catholic colleges; more specifically, the variation in the student body diversity characteristics of a sample of freshman students matriculated at Catholic colleges. For the purpose of this article, diversity characteristics include background characteristics associated with student learning and democratic outcomes. Results suggest that Catholic college students are more diverse in terms of race, ethnicity, parental education, and family income than private college students in general. In addition, when disaggregated by institutional selectivity, significant differences among the student populations emerged suggesting students at less selective Catholic colleges are more diverse than those at highly selective Catholic colleges.
Characterization of Thiobacillus thioparus LV43 and Its Distribution in a Chemoautotrophically Based Groundwater Ecosystem

Bacterial strain LV43 was previously isolated from a floating microbial mat located in Movile Cave, the access point to a chemoautotrophically based groundwater ecosystem in southern Romania. This gram-negative, rod-shaped organism grows autotrophically through the oxidation of thiosulfate and sulfide, but it does not grow heterotrophically. Strain LV43 grows over a pH range of 5.0 to 9.0, with an optimum near 7.5 at 28 degrees C. The pH of the medium decreased from 7.5 to 6.5 during growth on thiosulfate. Carbon isotope fractionation values for strain LV43 were within the previously reported range of fractionation values for the overall floating microbial mat in Movile Cave and were similar to values reported for chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing strains of Thiobacillus neapolitanus and Thiomicrospira sp. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain LV43 was determined, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain LV43 was most closely related to Thiobacillus thioparus and the uncultured bacterial strain Strip2, which is represented by a 16S rRNA clone obtained by direct PCR from the Stripa research mine in Sweden. This identification of strain LV43 is supported by its G+C content of 62%, which is within the range reported for strains of T. thioparus. Fluorescently labeled polyclonal antibodies specific for strain LV43 were used to locate and enumerate this strain at different locations in Movile Cave and in nearby surface-water and groundwater sources. Strain LV43 was found only at aerobic, neutral-pH sites within the cave. Strain LV43 was also found outside Movile Cave in surface waters and in groundwater believed to intercept the same sulfurous aquifer as Movile Cave.
Immobilized metal affinity chromatography: Self-sharpening of protein–modulator interfaces in frontal chromatography

Abstract The binding behavior of mobile phase modulators in IMAC is quite different from that of proteins due to their single site interaction and high saturation capacities. Furthermore, stationary phase sites that are sterically shielded for proteins upon macromolecular adsorption are often accessible to mobile phase modifiers. In this paper, the implications of these differences on the self-sharpening of protein–modulator interfaces in frontal chromatography and on the order of elution in binary frontal chromatography are examined. A metal affinity interaction chromatography (MAIC) model is employed to study the behavior of these non-linear systems. The results indicate that for a given protein concentration, there exist a lower and an upper limit of modulator concentration that leads to a self-sharpening protein–modulator interface. Below the lower limit, a single step change in protein concentration can lead to the formation of two protein– modulator interfaces. In addition, protein–modulator binary frontal chromatography in IMAC systems is seen to exhibit dual selectivity reversals. The work presented in this paper has important implications for the determination of protein isotherms in IMAC systems.
PRODUCT FIT AND CONSUMER ATTITUDE TOWARD BRAND EXTENSIONS: THE MODERATING ROLE OF PRODUCT INVOLVEMENT

It is proposed that product involvement provides a situational motivation for consumers to discount the importance of product fit in brand extension evaluations. An experimental study with multiple brand extensions was conducted to test this hypothesis. It is found that the hypothesis holds in the case of complementarity between parent brand and extension product. A personality variable, need for cognition (NFC) is further applied to test the underlying principle and results support the argument.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INBREEDING ON FITNESS COMPONENTS IN MIMULUS GUTTATUS.

Recent theoretical work has shown that there can be selection favoring the maintenance of sexual reproduction and the evolution of increased recombination when deleterious mutations at different loci interact synergistically, such that the logarithm of fitness declines at a greater than linear rate with the number of harmful mutations per genome. The purpose of this experimental study was to determine whether synergism exists for genes affecting fitness components in two partially selfing populations of the monkey flower Mimulus guttatus. For each wild population, a large randomly mated base population was constructed and many independent lines, inbred to differing degrees, were extracted from this base population. Lines with expected inbreeding coefficients of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 were raised simultaneously in the greenhouse and were scored for germination, flowering, flower production, and pollen viability. All fitness traits except germination success declined with increased inbreeding, but in spite of the substantial inbreeding depression found in this study, relatively little evidence of synergistic epistasis was found. The only trait that showed evidence of synergism was pollen viability. These results indicate that synergism is not strong for the fitness components measured in this study. The evidence for synergism from other published studies is also reviewed.