cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Debridement of Burn Wounds

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for debridement of burn wounds as performed by the following approaches: using mechanical or sharp techniques by curetting, scraping, roughening, or cutting. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, which provides the reader with an operative report, such as that found in a patient chart or electronic medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: the removal of loose, devitalized, necrotic, and/or contaminated tissue, foreign bodies, and other debris on the wound.
Vietnamese Intervention in Cambodia - 1978

This is a case study of Vietnam's 1978 intervention in Cambodia that will appear in a volume collecting analyses of all significant uses of force in the post-World War II period. The Vietnamese intervention is often cited as an example of humanitarian intervention. This chapter suggests that view is inconsistent with both Vietnam's asserted justifications for the intervention - which largely focused on self-defense - and the claims made during an extensive series of debates in the United Nations.
Parents' Responses to Peer Victimization: Associations with Early Adolescent Coping and Peer Victimization.

Prospective associations linking parental responses to peer victimization (i.e., coping suggestions, school contact) with adolescents’ coping and experiences of peer victimization were examined. Pa...
High modulus, fluorine-free self-healing anti-smudge coatings

Abstract Reported herein is a simple strategy for the fabrication of phenolic polyurethane coatings with self-healing and anti-smudge properties as well as good mechanical strength and optical clarity. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is incorporated to impart anti-smudge performance into urethane matrix comprised of biobased propyl gallate, hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer, and polytetrahydrofuran prepolymer. Propyl gallate is used as a reversible crosslinker to impart the self-healing properties to the coating. The reaction products were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies. Optical microscopic analysis was used to observe the self-healing behavior of polymer films. The contact angle and sliding angle tests were used to evaluate the anti-smudge ability of these polymers. Tensile test, hardness, and abrasion test were used to validate the mechanical properties of the coatings. The obtained coatings showed excellent anti-smudge properties as evident from their water, oil, ink, and hexadecane repellencies. Also, these coatings showed excellent optical clarity approach 100% transmittance. Furthermore, these coatings exhibit promising self-healing properties, which recover from 40 μm cuts in ∼10 min at 120 ℃ and in 1 h at 80 ℃. As this approach offers a simple route towards multi-functional coatings, therefore, real-world applications are anticipated for the coatings reported in this study.
Utility, the Good and Civic Happiness: A Catholic Critique of Law and Economics

This paper contrasts the value maximization norm of welfare economics that is central to law and economics in its prescriptive mode to the Aristotelian/Aquinian principles of Catholic social thought. The reluctance (or inability) of welfare economics and law and economics to make judgments about about utilities (or preferences) differs profoundly from the Catholic tradition (rooted in Aristotle as well as religious faith) of contemplation of the nature of the good. This paper also critiques the interesting argument by Stephen Bainbridge that homo economicus bears a certain affinity to fallen man, and that law and economics thus provides appropriate rules for a fallen world. From a Catholic perspective, the social vision of neo-classical economics and its progeny (welfare economics and law and economics) rests on a concept of human autonomy and a utilitarian concept of pleasure inconsistent with the Aristotelian and Aquinean concept of virtue and the conception of civic happiness articulated by Antonio Genovesi and other Catholic economists.
Acute vesicular eruption postoperatively after use of a forced-air warming device.

Thermal burn injuries are a known complication of forced-air warming devices but rarely occur when the device is used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Here we present a case of a...
Laparoscopic and Robotic Ventral Hernia Repair

Ventral hernia repair is a common general surgery operation with more than 350,000 ventral hernias repaired annually in the United States. Despite the frequency of ventral hernia repair, there remains significant variation in all aspects of ventral hernia management. Herein, we detail our perioperative evaluation and management of patients selected for a minimally invasive, laparoscopic or robotic-assisted, ventral hernia repair as well as our surgical technique for both laparoscopic and robotic-assisted ventral hernia repairs.
Psychological and Neuropsychological Interventions in the Mobile Mourning Process

It has become axiomatic that cognitive and psychosocial deficits severely retard recovery from traumatic brain injury. Jennett’s (1975) review of the management of traumatically head-injured patients reported persistent cognitive losses as the main contribution to social disability. He also cited the apparent failure to recognize the extent of family disruption resulting from a trauma to one of its members. Lundholm, Jepsen, and Thornvak (1975) reported that in 80% of patients followed 8 to 14 years posttrauma, social rehabilitation was impeded by reductions in mental capacity. Oddy, Humphrey, and Uttley (1978) found that the two most common stresses experienced by families 6 and 12 months posttrauma concerned the trauma patient’s current and future deficits. Their findings suggested that families desired “more details regarding the extent and nature of the brain damage” (p. 511). They also stated that the families complained about the lack of continued psychological counseling “other than through the usual psychiatric channels which they regarded as inappropriate” (p. 511). Our clinical experience is consistent with these findings.
Nearly equal beta * at CESR

Using a special CESR (Cornell Electron Storage Ring) lattice with beta /sub h/*=32 cm, beta /sub v/*=20 cm, and zero horizontal and vertical dispersion at the interaction point, the authors collided beams with horizontal emittance of 136 nm-rad and vertical emittance of about 9 nm-rad. There were experimental complications, involving the damping partition numbers, a near miss at a parasitic crossing point, and small orbit offsets at the main collision point. A detailed analysis has been done of these complications, and a discussion is presented of their effects on the observed saturated tune shift of 0.045+or-0.010. >
Control Theory Research at the Office of Naval Research

The Office of Naval Research (ONR) program in decision and control systems has two major components. The first is in the area of centralized control and responds to Naval needs in vehicle and weapon control. The second is in large scale systems and is concerned with naval applications in surveillance, command and control, and communications. The research is strongly problem motivated but spans both theoretical and applied efforts.
Homes with Tails

America's communications infrastructure is stuck at a copper wall. For the vast majority of homes, copper wires remain the principal means of getting broadband services. The deployment of fiber optic connections to the home would enable exponentially faster connections, and few dispute that upgrading to more robust infrastructure is essential to America's economic growth. However, the costs of such an upgrade are daunting for private sector firms and even for governments. These facts add up to a public policy challenge. Our intuition is that an innovative model holds unrealized promise: household investments in fiber. Consumers may one day purchase and own fiber connections that run from their homes. They would then be able to connect to a variety of service providers, including today's Internet, television, and telephone services, as well as ultra-bandwidth intensive services of the future. Consumers would have the opportunity not only to get a fast broadband connection, but also benefit from greater competition and lower prices in the retail service market.
High-Growth Firms and the Future of the American Economy

Into early 2010, more than two years after the recession began, the American economy continues to send out mixed signals with respect to economic recovery: GDP growth looks set to recover, while unemployment is projected to remain high for many more years. The most important economic matter facing the country is job creation, not only in terms of employment itself but also for boosting sectors such as housing, which will not fully recover until job creation recovers.Discussions about jump-starting the U.S. economy - both from policymakers and pundits - primarily focus on measures that would expand job growth in existing companies. This report, the third in the Kauffman Foundation Research Series on Firm Formation and Economic Growth, draws on a new set of data, a special tabulation conducted by the Census Bureau at the request of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, calculated from the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) database.While previous research has emphasized the importance of new and young companies to job creation overall, this paper focuses on high-growth firms - the so-called “gazelles” that, despite their relatively small numbers, nonetheless account for a disproportionate share of job creation.The data generally show that: -In any given year, the top-performing 1 percent of young firms generate roughly 40 percent of new job creation. -Fast-growing young firms, comprising less than 1 percent of all companies, generate roughly 10 percent of new jobs in any given year.This paper examines the relevance of these points in the national discussion on job creation. When the current conversation turns to small business as an instigator in economic growth, it still emphasizes existing firms. But a new discussion - one that not only promotes entrepreneurship, but, specifically, high-growth entrepreneurship - is necessary, because top-performing companies are the most fruitful source of new jobs and offer the economy’s best hope for recovery.Finally, this paper recommends strategies policymakers could follow to facilitate the creation and growth of more gazelle companies: -Remove barriers that potentially block the emergence of high-growth companies. -Focus on taxation, regulation, immigration, access to capital, and academic commercialization. -Target immigrant entrepreneurs and universities, which may be likely sources for high-growth firms.
Are there health disparities among Jordanian older adults? Proposed interventions (Part II)

Several factors including access to health care, and the cost, and quality of that health care are varied among the population of Jordanian citizens, including older adults. Furthermore, there is a paucity of both formal instruments devoted to screening health outcomes relevant to older adults in Jordan, and also desired outcomes following proposed interventions to enhance health outcomes in older adults. Several strategies will be proposed for implementation as guidelines for healthcare providers in this paper. In addition to those strategies, myriad of interventions mentioned in this paper are driven by theoretical or conceptual models, and might eventually contribute to the promotion of healthcare. Finally, such interventions could also be useful in terms of their desired health outcomes at the end of the predetermined interventions targeting older adults in Jordan.
Bubble chamber study of (10÷100) GeV cosmic-ray muons at all zenith angles

Cosmic-ray muons have been studied by analysis of tracks recorded in a large high-field heavy-liquid bubble chamber. From a sample of 50 000 pictures approximately 2 000 muons with energies above 10 GeV were examined for energy and zenith-angle distributions over the complete range from 0° to 90°. In the vertical direction the integral spectrum up to energies exceeding 100 GeV is consistent with depth intensity data and somewhat higher than observed in unshielded vertical magnetic spectrometers. At other zenith angles we find the expected variations, which approach a cos2ϑ attenuation for muons in the 10 GeV region, and tend towards a secϑ enhancement for muon energies above 100 GeV.
Email filters can adversely affect free and open flow of communication

With the unprecedented growth and widespread nature of computer viruses and worms spreading through electronic mail systems, network administrators have developed and installed filters to stem the flow of unsolicited and dangerous email. However, in the vigilant atmosphere of today due to malicious software such as SoBig.F, email filters can have unintended consequences. Examples of such consequences range from blocking of legitimate email to blacklisting senders accused of spam or unsolicited, mass-mailing. In this paper, we will provide a brief overview of the topic in order to depict the adverse, albeit inadvertent, consequences of email filters on the free and open flow of communication among network users. We will also provide several suggestions on resolving the problems.
Polymeric Foam by Photoinitiated Polymerization of Trimethylolpropanetriacrylate: Initiator and Solvent Effects

A comprehensive examination of the preparation of polymeric foam via the photopolymerization of trimethylolpropanetriacrylate, TMPTA, was undertaken. Foam properties such as uniformity, shrinkage, density, microstructure, physical integrity, and machinability were measured as a function of initiator, solvent, and processing conditions.The photopolymerization rate of TMPTA in poly(oxyethylene[4]) lauryl ether, or Brij 30, and glycol ethers is enhanced using active photoinitiators such as benzoinethylether and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone. The properties of the TMPTA foams were identical for all photoinitiators examined.The properties of the TMPTA foams were dramatically changed when a co-solvent was employed. The co-solvents were triethyleneglycol dimethyl ether and triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether. The use of co-solvents leads to greater shrinkage and a higher than expected foam density. Unlike foams prepared in Brij 30, foams prepared using glycol ethers possess good physical properties and can b...
Ethical issues in the treatment of children.

It is consistent with contemporary community standards and accepted professional ethics for psychologists to provide treatment for children who exhibit maladaptive behavior, including gender dysphoria. We do not believe it possible to obtain proper consent from the child which truly satisfies the legal criteria of being informed and competent. Although some critics allege that it is inappropriate for parents or professional to impose their standards on children, there seems no more appropriate reference group to make the social value judgment than the parent in consultation with professionals who are, in turn, sensitive to the broader social codes and moral expectations of the community. To distinguish psychological treatment from other forms of intervention for children (such as school attendance, dental care, and medical treatment) would imply that psychological intervention should follow different ethical standards, a conclusion we reject. All professions have the same ethical obligation to guarantee to children a foundation for happy and productive lives, whether it be through appropriate educational, psychological, medical, or dental intervention.
Effect of gel damage on fracture fluid cleanup and long-term recovery in tight gas reservoirs

Abstract One major source of new natural gas supplies for the world will be gas from low-permeability reservoirs. Currently, natural gas from tight sandstones, carbonates, coal seams and shales accounts for over 25% of the annual gas production in the United States. Global production of gas from similar reservoirs world wide will be expected in the next few decades. For such reservoirs, the wells have to be successfully fracture treated to produce at commercial gas flow rates. In many situations, the designed created length was probably achieved, and maybe even the designed propped length was achieved. However, due to insufficient proppant concentration, or insufficient proppant transport, or the use of the wrong propping agent, or a fracture fluid that does not break to a low viscosity fluid, the effective fracture length is significantly less than the designed length and does not provide optimal production results. It is our opinion that insufficient fracture fluid cleanup is the primary cause of poor results when the optimal effective fracture length is not achieved. Fracture fluid cleanup is affected by gel damage, which includes the static yield stress, the flowing yield stress, the amount of polymer residue in the fracture after the fracture closes, and the amount of polymer that forms a filter cake on the walls of the fracture. In addition, there are other issues such as proppant crushing and non-Darcy flow effects that also affect fracture fluid cleanup. In this research, we have used a reservoir simulator to model how polymers in the fracture affect fracture fluid cleanup. We have incorporated mathematical expressions for static yield stress. We have included the effects of proppant crushing, gel residue plugging and the formation of a filter cake on the cleanup behavior and the resulting gas flow rates. With our model, we are able to simulate many of the problems we observe in field data and problems documented in the petroleum literature. Even though real solutions to these problems still remain to be developed, we think we can explain the issues behind most fracture fluid cleanup problems and offer a few ideas on what can be done to solve them.
MOISTURE EQUILIBRATION AND MEASUREMENT IN DRY PINTO BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Investigations of post-harvest spoilage of dry beans have been inconclusive about the moisture level at which loss of quality will occur. This study evaluated and compared different moisture equilibration and moisture determination methods used with dry beans in previous investigations. Our results indicated that significant variation among individual dry beans existed for all methods of moisture equilibration especially with direct addition of water. No significant differences were found among methods of moisture analysis. Storage of pinto beans with a moisture content of 14.1% (aw= 0.755) or less is recommended for microbial stability. Because of bean to bean variation, a mean and coefficient of variation for moisture content of a representative sample of beans described the condition of the beans better than a mean alone.
Synthesis of highly potent second-generation taxoids through effective kinetic resolution coupling of racemic ?-lactams with baccatins

A series of highly potent second-generation taxoids bearing a 2-methylprop-1-enyl or a 2-methylpropyl group at C-3′ with modifications at the C-2, C-10, and C-14 positions was synthesized through the coupling of racemic cis-β-lactams with properly protected/modified baccatin and 14-OH-baccatin. A high level of kinetic resolution was observed for all cases examined. The observed highly efficient enantiomer differentiation is ascribed to the markedly different chiral environment between the (+)- and (−)-β-lactams in their approach to the chiral framework of the enantiopure lithium alkoxide of a baccatin in the ring-opening coupling process. It was also observed that substantially higher selectivity was achieved when 14-OH-baccatin-1,14-carbonate was used. Analysis of the transition state models revealed that the repulsive interactions between the 3-TIPS group of a (−)-β-lactam with 1,14-carbonate group of the baccatin substantially increases the asymmetric bias in the kinetic resolution process, favoring the reaction of a (+)-β-lactam, which leads to the observed excellent selectivity. Chirality 12:431–441, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
InFLUencing Host Survival: cIAP2 Tips the Scales

Necroptosis has emerged as an important facet of both host defense and inflammatory disease. In this issue, Rodrigue-Gervais et al. (2014) demonstrate a role for the cell death regulator cIAP2 in maintaining lung homeostasis during influenza infection. Loss of cIAP2 promotes necroptosis of lung tissues, leading to host death.
Thickness dependent adhesion force and its correlation to surface roughness in multilayered graphene

In this paper adhesion force of multi-layered graphene films with different thickness is experimentally determined and studied for the first time. In thin graphene layers, the adhesion force increases with decreasing thickness and approaches that of substrate which is correlated to Van Der Waals force transparency of mono-layer graphene. In very thick graphene layers, a rise in adhesion force is seen which we correlate to surface roughness changes of the substrate. Simple models for measuring adhesion force for a flat surface with sub-nanometer roughness and tip-radius scale roughness are proposed. Based on these models we understand that small surface roughness decreases adhesion force while large roughness will increase the adhesion force. This deduction is corroborated by the experimental data obtained from adhesion force measurements. It is also shown that roughness in the scale of AFM tip-radius can double the adhesion force easily and surface roughness plays an important role in the adhesion force measurements.
Initiation of atypical antipsychotic agents and health outcomes in patients with schizophrenia.

Summary Background: Although pharmacological treatments are available for patients with schizophrenia, there is a lack of systematic and comprehensive evaluation of health outcomes following the initiation of atypical antipsychotic agents. Objective: To assess the effects of the initiation of olanzapine or risperidone, the two most widely prescribed atypical antipsychotics, on patients’ health outcomes, as measured by changes in patient clinical characteristics between 6 months prior to and post-initiation. Method: We identified patients with schizophrenia by >1 inpatient or ≥2 outpatient ICD-9-CM codes (≥7 days apart) between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999, and those who were initiated on olanzepine or risperidone during the period 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2000 inclusive. We then subdivided these patients into three groups: (i) those who were not on olanzapine or risperidone, (ii) those who were not on any atypical agents, and (iii) those who were not on any antipsychotic agents, for 6 months prior to being issued with the new prescription. Using test of means or chi-square tests, we examined whether the initiation of olanzapine or risperidone is related to different changes in patient clinical indicators, such as number of drugs for psychiatric conditions, use of psychiatric services, and use of non-psychiatric services. Results: Between pre- and post-initiation, olanzapine initiators had a greater decrease in the number of psychiatric hospitalizations and use of psychotropic agents, whereas risperidone initiators had a greater reduction in the number of non-psychiatric hospitalizations. The initiation of olanzapine and risperidone appear to be associated with different patient health outcomes. Compared with olanzapine initiators, risperidone initiators had a greater increase in the use of treatments related to mental health, but had greater decrease in the use of treatments related to physical health. Conclusion: Despite olanzapine and risperidone being often perceived as similar antipsychotic agents, our results suggest that the clinical outcomes associated with their use are different. Outcome data from routine clinical practice are required to provide a more comprehensive assessment of these drugs.
The Sequential Estimation of Quantal Response Curves for Small Sample Sizes

An approach to the sequential estimation of the location and scale-parameters of a logistic response curve using small sample sizes is discussed. The experimental design employed is a variation of Dixon's Up-Down method with variable step size. Modified maximum likelihood estimates for the location and scale parameters are used in conjunction with this design. The effectiveness of the new estimation procedure and a comparison of this experimental design with some standard alternative designs are examined using Monte Carlo simulation.
The structure of the basidiomycete ortho quinone, phlebiarubrone, and of its novel acetylation product

Abstract The red pigment produced by the basidiomycete Phlebia strigozonata (Schw.) Lloyd is shown to be 3,6-diphenyl-4,5-methylenedioxy-1,2-benzoquinone by spectral evidence, and alkaline hydrolysis to polyporic acid and formaldehyde. Treatment of this quinone with acetic anhydride and hydrated sodium acetate gives in high yield the compound 2-acetoxy-3,6-diphenyl-4,5-methylenedioxy-benzyl acetate.
T-cell coregulatory molecule expression in urothelial cell carcinoma: clinicopathologic correlations and association with survival.

Purpose: Aberrant expression of T-cell coregulatory molecules has been investigated as a mechanism by which certain cancers may evade host immune surveillance. We evaluated expression of the T-cell coregulators B7-H1, B7-H3, and PD-1 in urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder. Experimental Design: Immunohistochemistry for B7-H1, B7-H3, and PD-1 was done on paraffin-embedded sections from 318 consecutive patients with UCC who underwent radical cystectomy. Expression was correlated with clinicopathologic outcomes and postoperative survival. Results: B7-H3 was widely expressed in UCC, as 222 of 314 (70.7%) tumors showed positive staining. Expression of B7-H3 in UCC was significantly increased compared with adjacent, nontumor urothelium, as a median of 70% of tumor cells expressed B7-H3, compared with 20% of cells in nontumor specimens (P Conclusions: B7-H3 is highly expressed in UCC across tumor stages, whereas B7-H1 and PD-1 expression are associated with advanced disease. B7-H1 expression predicts mortality after cystectomy for patients with organ-confined tumors. These molecules may represent novel diagnostic or prognostic markers, as well as therapeutic targets, for patients with UCC.
The Origins of Meaning: Language in the Light of Evolution

The Origins of Meaning: Language in the Light of Evolution JAMES R. HURFORD New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 352 pages, ISBN 0199207852 (hbk); $49.99 A bridge is needed for the daunting disc...
Hyperkalemia and cardiovascular collapse following administration of succinylcholine to the traumatized patient.

Mean arterial potassium increased 84 per cent in 14 massively traumatized soldiers following administration of succinylcholine, 1 mg/kg, for intubation. A control group of patients showed only an 11 per cent increase. In five traumatized patients, potassium increased from an average of 3.8 mEg/1 lo
Molecular Orientation and Deformation of Polymer Solutions under Shear: A Flow Light Scattering Study

The conformational characteristics of polymer coils in dilute solution under shear flow were investigated by means of wide angle laser light scattering in an apparatus similar to one used by Cottrell, Merrill, and Smith (J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1969, 7, 1415).1 The polymer solution was subjected to steady, homogeneous shear flow in the annulus between concentric cylinders by rotation of the inner cylinder. By examining the angular dependence of the scattered light intensity during shear, the orientation and the lengths of the major and minor axes of the deformed polymer molecules in solution were determined quantitatively. The solutions studied were linear polystyrenes of various molecular weights dissolved in the viscous solvent dioctyl phthalate near the ϑ temperature. The shear rate dependence of the orientation angle of the deformed molecules was found to agree well with Zimm model predictions. The elastic dumbbell, Rouse, and Zimm models, however, substantially overpredict the degree of defo...
Excitation-contraction coupling of isolated cardiac fibers with disrupted or closed sarcolemmas. Calcium-dependent cyclic and tonic contractions.

Single cells of adult rat ventricle were separated with 0.1% trypsin and 0.05-0.1% collagenase. Ten percent of these cells were tubular and striated, contracted spontaneously in the presence of 0.05 mM CaCl2 or after addition of 0.1-0.5 mM CaCl2, and developed contracture in 1 mM CaCl2. A resting potential of -30 to -50 mv and an action potential more than 100 msec in duration were recorded in some of the cells. These relatively intact cells were contrasted with myocardial fibers (10-100µ) obtained by homogenization. In the presence of 0.025 mM ethyleneglycol bis(β-aminoethylether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), localized cyclic contractions with intracellular asynchrony were observed under the phase microscope in obviously disrupted areas of these mechanically separated fibers. These contractions were insensitive to the ratio of Na+ to K+, and neither resting potentials nor action potentials were observed. Thus, these disrupted fibers were considered skinned fibers of cardiac muscle; this assumption was ...
Systematic physical verification with topological patterns

Design rule checks (DRC) are the industry workhorse for constraining design to ensure both physical and electrical manufacturability. Where DRCs fail to fully capture the concept of manufacturability, pattern-based approaches, such as DRC Plus, fill the gap using a library of patterns to capture and identify problematic 2D configurations. Today, both a DRC deck and a pattern matching deck may be found in advanced node process development kits. Major electronic design automation (EDA) vendors offer both DRC and pattern matching solutions for physical verification; in fact, both are frequently integrated into the same physical verification tool. In physical verification, DRCs represent dimensional constraints relating directly to process limitations. On the other hand, patterns represent the 2D placement of surrounding geometries that can introduce systematic process effects. It is possible to combine both DRCs and patterns in a single topological pattern representation. A topological pattern has two separate components: a bitmap representing the placement and alignment of polygon edges, and a vector of dimensional constraints. The topological pattern is unique and unambiguous; there is no code to write, and no two different ways to represent the same physical structure. Furthermore, markers aligned to the pattern can be generated to designate specific layout optimizations for improving manufacturability. In this paper, we describe how to do systematic physical verification with just topological patterns. Common mappings between traditional design rules and topological pattern rules are presented. We describe techniques that can be used during the development of a topological rule deck such as: taking constraints defined on one rule, and systematically projecting it onto other related rules; systematically separating a single rule into two or more rules, when the single rule is not sufficient to capture manufacturability constraints; creating test layout which represents the corners of what is allowed, or not allowed by a rule; improving manufacturability by systematically changing certain patterns; and quantifying how a design uses design rules. Performance of topological pattern search is demonstrated to be production full-chip capable.
An interactive environment for scientific model construction

Most AI research on scientific model construction aims to automate this process using discovery techniques. In contrast, we describe an interactive environment for model construction that lets the user construct, edit, and visualize scientific models, use them to make predictions, and call on discovery methods to revise them in ways that better fit the available data. The environment relies on a new formalism that embeds mathematical equations, which are familiar to many scientists, within distinct processes, which can encode background knowledge used to constrain model revision. We report initial studies on ecosystem modeling that suggest this environment is more effective than earlier approaches and more transparent to users. In closing, we discuss related work on modeling environments and model revision, then suggest directions for future research.
Potential for control of signaling pathways via cell size and shape.

Summary Background In order for signals generated at the plasma membrane to reach intracellular targets, activated messengers, such as G proteins and phosphoproteins, must diffuse through the cytoplasm. If the deactivators of these messengers, GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and phosphatases, respectively, are sufficiently active in the cytoplasm, then the signal could in principle decay before reaching the target and a stable spatial gradient in phosphostate would be generated. Recent experiments document the existence of such gradients in living cells and suggest a role for them in mitotic spindle morphogenesis and cell migration. However, how such systems behave theoretically when embedded in a cell of varying size or shape has not been considered. Results Here we use a simple mathematical model to explore the theoretical consequences of a plasma membrane bound activator (i.e., guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEF, or kinase) and a cytoplasmic deactivator (i.e., GAP or phosphatase), and we find that as a model cell grows, the substrate becomes progressively dephosphorylated as a result of decreased proximity to the activator. Conversely, as a cell spreads and flattens, the substrate becomes globally phosphorylated because of increased proximity of the substrate to the activator. Similarly, in the leading edge of polarized cells and in protrusions such as lamellipodia or filopodia, the substrate is highly phosphorylated. As a specific test of the model, we found that the experimentally observed preferential activation of the G protein Cdc42 in the periphery of fibroblasts that was recently reported is consistent with model predictions. Conclusions We conclude that cell-signaling pathways can theoretically be turned on and off, both locally and globally, in response to alterations in cell size and shape.
Treatment of alcoholism using psychedelic drugs: a review of the program of research.

Abstract Following Albert Hofmann's discovery of LSD's psychoactive properties in 1943, and previous to their scheduling as controlled substances, the psychedelic drugs were widely studied—six international conferences and hundreds of papers discussed their potential therapeutic usefulness. The observation that the frightening experience of delirium tremens sometimes led alcoholics to moderate their alcohol intake suggested to early psychedelic researchers that the “psychotomimetic” experience thought to be produced by LSD could be used to treat alcoholism. A number of hypothesis-generating studies employing a variety of research designs to examine this premise were completed, but relatively few controlled trials attempted hypothesis testing. After twenty-five years of study, a combination of flawed methodology, uneven results and social reprehension led to the abandonment of research on the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs, leaving many avenues of inquiry unexplored and many questions unanswered. Tod...
Hemoglobin induction in mouse macrophages

The common perception that hemoglobin is involved solely in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide has been challenged by recent studies with nitric oxide (NO). These studies have shown that the primordial bacterial flavohemoglobin functions to consume NO enzymatically (to protect from nitrosative stress), whereas mammalian hemoglobin functions to deliver NO (thus maximizing oxygen delivery in the respiratory cycle). Here we report that murine macrophages stimulated to produce NO with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ express the βminor hemoglobin subunit. Consumption of NO, however, was not increased by cytokines or by hemoglobin expression. These data suggest alternative functions for globins in mammalian cells, and they challenge the prevailing view that the expression of α- and β-globin genes is always balanced and coordinated.
Pathways and consequences of contaminant flux to Acadian flycatchers (Empidonax virescens) in urbanizing landscapes of Ohio, USA.

article i nfo A prevalent environmental contaminant, mercury (Hg) is mobile and persistent in aquatic systems, where it often occurs in its bioavailable form methylmercury. Because methylmercury can bioaccumulate in aquatic in- sectsandthentransfertoterrestrial foodwebs,riparianconsumersreliantupon aquaticemergentinsects,should be disproportionately affected. Using the aerial insectivore Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) as a focal species, we examined (1) the extent to which total Hg loads in breeding flycatchers affected body condition and reproductive output and (2) potential pathways of contaminant flux in 19 riparian forest fragments distrib- uted across an urban-to-rural landscape gradient in Ohio, USA. From April-August 2011-2012, we collected blood samplesfrom adult(n= 76)and nestling(n=17from7nests)flycatchers,monitoredtheirannualrepro- ductive success (i.e., total number of fledglings), and sampled water, sediment, and aquatic emergent insects at each site. Hg concentrations in adult flycatcher blood (47 to 584 μg/kg, x =2 11.8,SD = 95.5) were low relative to published advisory levels and not related to body condition. However, even at low concentrations, blood Hg was negatively related to reproductive success, with a 0.83 decline in the number of fledglings per μg/kg (loge) increaseof blood Hg. Adult flycatchers had 11× greaterconcentrations of bloodHgthantheir offspring. Hglevels in flycatcher blood were not predicted by Hg concentrations in sediment, water, or aquatic emergent insects, with the exception of rural landscapes alone, in which flycatcher Hg was negatively related to sediment Hg. In addition to illustrating the difficulty of predicting exposure pathways that may vary among landscape contexts, our study provides evidence that even trace levels of contaminants may impair reproductive success of free- living songbirds.
Who Benefits From Failing Urban Schools? An Essay

This author speculates about who benefits from school failure. The article is grounded in the author's personal reflections over 50 years of involvement with urban schools, teachers, students, and administrators. He provides an in-depth critique of identifying the causes of school failure in the personal shortcomings of children and their families and resituates the discourse within a larger sociopolitical analysis of the many groups in society who benefit from the “natural,” largely unexamined acceptance of the myth that urban schools are doing everything possible to succeed. He addresses the construction of the myth and makes 19 specific predictions based on its widespread acceptance.
Induced stabilization of IκBα can facilitate its re-synthesis and prevent sequential degradation

The transcription factor NF-kappaB is responsible for regulating genes that can profoundly impact cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune responses. The NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha is rapidly degraded and then re-synthesized after an NF-kappaB stimulus. We have found that the re-synthesis of IkappaBalpha in a human colon-derived cell line (HT-29) includes the post-translational stabilization of newly synthesized IkappaBalpha. The TNF-alpha-induced stabilization of newly synthesized IkappaBalpha involves the C-terminal PEST region of the protein: N-terminal deletion mutants (lacking the IkappaB kinase phosphorylation sites) were readily stabilized by TNF-alpha, whereas deletion of the C-terminus resulted in a constitutively stable protein. The role of the C-terminus in stabilization was further supported by the finding that fusion of the IkappaBalpha C-terminus to GFP generated a protein that could also be stabilized by TNF-alpha. The p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor SB203580 prevented stabilization of IkappaBalpha and delayed the re-emergence of IkappaBalpha following TNF-alpha-induced degradation. The IkappaBalpha stabilization pathway could prevent sequential rounds of IkappaBalpha degradation without preventing IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. Analysis of two other cell lines (SW480 and THP-1) revealed similarities and cell-specific differences in the regulation of IkappaBalpha stabilization. We propose that cytokine stabilization of newly synthesized IkappaBalpha in some cell types is a critical homeostatic mechanism that limits inflammatory gene expression.
LIMITATIONS OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION: UNPACKING THE COMPLEXITY

Although some academic scholars have called for adoption of evidence-based practice (EBP) as a unifying model for social work education and practice, controversies with the EBP approach for the social work profession still need to be examined. Some of the limitations of EBP to be recognized and addressed before recommending broad changes within social work education are described. Conceptual and definitional limitations include following a medical model, privileging certain types of evidence, and downplaying the importance of theory. Implementation and feasibility limitations include sorting the complexity of research information and providing necessary practice grounding and supervision to facilitate knowledge application. Dialogue on the role of EBP in social work education must continue.
PARANOIA: INTERACTIONAL VIEWS ON EVOLUTION AND INTERVENTION*

An interactional basis for the evolution of a paranoid cycle is presented, followed by its implications for clinical intervention. Treatment strategies and tactics are delineated along with a set of clinical examples. The major therapeutic principle advocated is for the therapist to help to build new action based upon old labels and premises. The danger of using static labels of pathology is clarified through the example of the paranoid cycle. Finally, the interactional view of the paranoid cycle is briefly related to the paradigm shift within our field. True to strategic intervention tactics, the reframing of traditional labels used by the field in general is advocated as the best pathway to change.
A Bayesian approach to optimal sensor placement for structural health monitoring with application to active sensing

Abstract This paper introduces a novel approach for optimal sensor and/or actuator placement for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. Starting from a general formulation of Bayes risk, we derive a global optimality criterion within a detection theory framework. The optimal configuration is then established as the one that minimizes the expected total presence of either type I or type II error during the damage detection process. While the approach is suitable for many sensing/actuation SHM processes, we focus on the example of active sensing using guided ultrasonic waves by implementing an appropriate statistical model of the wave propagation and feature extraction process. This example implements both pulse-echo and pitch-catch actuation schemes and takes into account line-of-site visibility and non-uniform damage probabilities over the monitored structure. The optimization space is searched using a genetic algorithm with a time-varying mutation rate. We provide three actuator/sensor placement test problems and discuss the optimal solutions generated by the algorithm.
An object-oriented communication protocol

Abstract OOC is a high-level (OSI application layer and above) controls communication protocol. While natural languages are too complex for the controls environment, computer protocols are often insufficiently expressive. OOC is an attempt to balance simplicity and expressivity, and is sufficiently flexible to express data acquisition, control requests, alarm messages and error messages in a straightforward generic way. OOC supports dynamic creation of objects. It can be used in networks, for intertask and even for intratask communication. OOC, the protocol, is supported by OOC, the code, written in portable C. The lower level of this code supports a tagged-data scheme, with tags as elementary as INTEGER and BOOLEAN and as complex as OBJECT and MESSAGE. These tagged data can be evaluated in a LISP-like way.
Low voltage ride-through enhancement of fixed-speed wind farms using series FACTS controllers

Abstract This paper studies the application and control of three series flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices namely, the gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC), the thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), and series braking resistor (SBR), in order to enhance the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) in fixed-speed wind turbine generator systems (FSWTGS). Modeling and simulations are carried out in order to investigate and compare the performance of these devices, considering (1) successful reclosing of circuit breakers (CBs), (2) unsuccessful reclosing of CBs, and (3) connection of a dynamic load to the point of common coupling (PCC). Simulation results exhibit significantly enhanced transient stability of FSWTGS due to the employment of the GCSC. Furthermore, the GCSC is competitive with the TCSC and the SBR, and it requires less power rating to stabilize the wind generator system. Therefore, the proposed GCSC can be considered an effective tool to improve the LVRT of FSWTGS.
The Social Role of Technology in Coastal Alaska

Novel technologies linked to women and men through identity-demarcated tasks and knowledge sets can potentially have differential and even long-term effects on each group. This study follows the trajectory of two significant imports into the coastal western Alaskan system, the firearm and the metal cook pot. These imports had different implications for coastal Yup’ik women and men, young and old. Over time the gun became an integral piece of a man’s tool kit and one that had the potential to boost production and thus a man’s access to status-building. However, these same tools had the potential to undermine the apprenticeship system of male authority. Likewise, the metal cook pot replaced the productive oversight and skill set of elder women’s ceramic production but created paths of independence for younger Yup’ik women. These changes in technology destabilized relative balances of gender and age based status, security, and authority and fashioned new gender and age based social and economic opportunities and limitations.