cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic amphetamine: Tolerance and reverse tolerance reflect different behavioral actions of the drug

Chronic administration of amphetamine (AMPH) has been reported to produce tolerance to the drug's behavioral effects in some paradigms (self-stimulation, discriminative stimulus, self-administration) and an enhanced effect or reverse tolerance when other behaviors are monitored (locomotor activity, stereotypy). The present study investigated whether the two phenomena are, in fact, related to the particular behavior monitored or reflect the marked differences in the injection regimens (1X vs. 3X daily injections) used to produce the phenomena. The effects of chronic AMPH administered once or three times daily on AMPH facilitation of self-stimulation responding and on the locomotor stimulant and stereotypy-producing effects of the drug were assessed. Regardless of the injection regimen used, chronic AMPH resulted in an enhancement of the locomotor stimulant effects of the drug as well as a more rapid onset and greater intensity of the stereotypy produced. In the self-stimulation paradigm, only the 3X daily regimen significantly reduced the effectiveness of a challenge dose of AMPH (tolerance), although the 1X regimen produced effects that were qualitatively similar but quantitatively less. Perhaps behavioral tasks in which tolerance develops reflect the mood-altering properties of the drug in humans whereas a process similar to reverse tolerance may underlie the increased susceptibility to psychoses elicited by the drug with repeated use.
Approximate minimization algorithms for the 0/1 Knapsack and Subset-Sum Problem

The well-studied 0/1 Knapsack and Subset-Sum Problem are maximization problems that have an equivalent minimization version. While exact algorithms for one of these two versions also yield an exact solution for the other version, this does not apply to @e-approximate algorithms. We present several @e-approximate Greedy Algorithms for the minimization version of the 0/1 Knapsack and the Subset-Sum Problem, that are also @e-approximate for the respective maximization version.
Castration reduces mRNA levels for calcium regulatory proteins in rat heart

Sex-related differences in the cardiac phenotype have been well established. This study was designed to determine whether androgens regulate myocardial gene expression and play a role in the sex-related differences in the myocardial phenotype. Gonadectomized male rats were treated with testosterone, and myocardial gene expression was examined in whole heart using quantitative real-time PCR. Gonadectomy produced a substantial decrease in mRNA levels for the androgen receptor, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, L-type calcium channel, and β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR). Supplementation of testosterone in castrates produced a fivefold increase in androgen receptor mRNA levels. Testosterone treatment of castrates produced almost a sixfold increase in Na+/Ca2+ exchanger mRNA, a tenfold increase in L-type calcium channel mRNA accumulation, and a fourfold increase in β1AR mRNA levels. Increased calcium channel expression, β1AR expression, and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger expression together may alter cytosolic calcium. These results provide the first evidence that testoster-one regulates expression of myocardial calcium regulating genes and thus may play a role in modulating the cardiac phenotype in males.
Concussion Frequency Associates with Musculoskeletal Injury in Retired NFL Players.

OBJECTIVE: Concussion is commonly associated with immediate and persistent alterations in motor function affecting postural control and gait. Patients with lower extremity joint injury have demonstrated functional alterations in the cerebral cortex suggesting that musculoskeletal injury may be linked to alterations in brain function. Therefore we examined the associations between concussion frequency and lower extremity musculoskeletal injury sustained during professional careers of National Football League (NFL) American Football players in a cross-sectional study. METHODS: An inclusive health history survey was mailed to 3647 NFL players who retired during 1930-2001. Respondents reported total concussion frequency (0, 1, 2, or 3+) and presence (yes/no) of specific knee and ankle musculoskeletal injury during their NFL career. Separate logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between concussion frequency and each musculoskeletal injury type, adjusting for number of years played in the NFL, body mass index while playing in the NFL, and playing position. RESULTS: Data from 2429 players (66.6% response rate) were available for analysis. Nearly 61% reported suffering a concussion while competing in the NFL. Meniscal tear was the most commonly reported musculoskeletal injury (32%). Compared to NFL players who did not sustain a concussion, retired NFL players with 1, 2, or 3+ concussions had between 18-63%, 15-126%, and 73-165% higher odds of reporting various musculoskeletal injuries, respectively. CONCLUSION: A history of concussions was associated with a history of musculoskeletal injuries during NFL careers. These data suggest that a higher number of concussions is linked with a higher odds of reporting a musculoskeletal injury. Language: en
Opioids and psychological issues: A practical, patient‐centered approach to a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy

The use of long-term opioid therapy for the management of chronic pain remains controversial. The highlighted consequences of long-term opioid therapy are aberrant drug-taking behaviors, abuse, and dependence. However, the limitations of this treatment modality usually can be attributed to a lack of efficacy and adverse events. Patients that remain refractory to long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain often have a psychiatric disorder that is acting as a barrier to effectiveness. While standardized approaches to the evaluation of a patient to receive long-term opioid therapy are established, little data exists to document their ability to limit opioid abuse or enhance their efficacy. Screening questionnaires and other attempts at predicting or detecting opioid-related substance use disorders fail to determine the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders. A comprehensive approach for the psychiatric evaluation of patients with chronic pain will address specific barriers to successful chronic pain management and optimize the chances for success with long-term opioid therapy.
Simulation of soft projectiles impacting composite targets using an arbitrary lagrangian-eulerian formulation

Methods for modeling the impact of triaxial braided composites with a gelatin projectile have been developed using the commercial explicit finite element code LSDYNA. An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation was used to resolve problems with numerical instability that were encountered in previous simulations based on a pure Lagrangian formulation. The LSDYNA MAT 58 material model and shell elements were used for the composite. Composite material properties were obtained from available experimental data and micromechanics calculations. The impact dynamics and penetration thresholds observed in the experiments were adequately simulated. The simulated contact forces between the projectile and composite material were useful for understanding the onset of penetration. The effect of boundary conditions on the penetration threshold was simulated using spring elements located at the boundaries. Simulations confirmed experimental observations that the penetration threshold is higher when slipping occurs during the impact. The impact simulations also show that the reaction forces at the boundaries of the half-ring are much smaller than for the flat plates, and so the boundary slipping will occur more likely during the flat plate impact case.
Assessing self‐authorship

Institutional and programmatic effectiveness in promoting self-authorship requires an understanding of how to assess self-authorship.
Dose response of IgE and IgG antibodies during ragweed immunotherapy.

Abstract We studied the detailed dose-response relationship for ragweed (RW) antibody responses in 51 patients who received maximal-dose immunotherapy with crude RW extract. Serum RW-IgG and RWIgE levels were determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay at frequent intervals during initiation and maintenance of immunotherapy. Pretreatment RWIgE ranged from 0.94 to 974 ng/ml (median 105); 4551 patients had insignificant levels (
Adherence is a multi-dimensional construct in the POUNDS LOST trial

Research on the conceptualization of adherence to treatment has not addressed a key question: Is adherence best defined as being a uni-dimensional or multi-dimensional behavioral construct? The primary aim of this study was to test which of these conceptual models best described adherence to a weight management program. This ancillary study was conducted as a part of the POUNDS LOST trial that tested the efficacy of four dietary macronutrient compositions for promoting weight loss. A sample of 811 overweight/obese adults was recruited across two clinical sites, and each participant was randomly assigned to one of four macronutrient prescriptions: (1) Low fat (20% of energy), average protein (15% of energy); (2) High fat (40%), average protein (15%); (3) Low fat (20%), high protein (25%); (4) High fat (40%), high protein (25%). Throughout the first 6 months of the study, a computer tracking system collected data on eight indicators of adherence. Computer tracking data from the initial 6 months of the intervention were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory analyses. Two factors (accounting for 66% of the variance) were identified and confirmed: (1) behavioral adherence and (2) dietary adherence. Behavioral adherence did not differ across the four interventions, but prescription of a high fat diet (vs. a low fat diet) was found to be associated with higher levels of dietary adherence. The findings of this study indicated that adherence to a weight management program was best conceptualized as being multi-dimensional, with two dimensions: behavioral and dietary adherence.
Acid-doped multi-wall carbon nanotube/n-Si heterojunctions for enhanced light harvesting

Abstract Multiple wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) networks form Schottky-like heterojunction on n-type silicon substrate. Acid doping downshifts the Fermi level of the MWNTs, can significantly reduce the internal resistance of the MWNT film. Wetting the MWNT networks with nitric or sulfuric acid can form MWNT-acid–Si photoelectrochemical units. The photoelectrochemical units and the Si–MWNT heterojunctions connected in parallel on the same side of the Si substrate, consequently boosting the power conversion efficiency by more than 10 times.
Pediatric intestinal transplantation: Historical notes, principles and controversies

The development in technique and immunosuppressive management of the last 12 yr have made intestinal transplantation an effective treatment for children with intestinal failure. The information provided in this review support such a conclusion, but was more clearly validated by the March 2001 Medicare Report which provided a national coverage decision of the Social Security Act for intestinal transplantation. As of May 2001, there were 55 centers world-wide which have performed 696 intestinal transplants in 656 patients. (Intestinal Transplant Registry, http://www.lhsc.on.ca/itr) the majority of recipients have been children, and there has been a greater need for liver replacement in conjunction with the allograft intestine because of a higher incidence of TPN-induced cholestatic liver disease in children. Though overall long-term survival is approximately 50%, similar advances in surgical, clinical and immunosuppressive management since 1995 have improved patient survival to more than 70% in most experienced programs. Over 80% of survivors are enjoying nutrition-supporting intestinal function. The major causes of graft loss and patient demise continues to be rejection and infection. Tacrolimus remains the mainstay of immunosuppressive therapy. Further experience other induction protocols utilizing rapamycin and daclizumab, as well graft pretreatment protocols may further enhance results in the future.
Dealing with Discomfort New Approaches to Preventing and Treating Postoperative Pain

Dental pain is estimated to account for 15 million lost U.S. work days each year. A flexible analgesic scheme, described in this report, can effectively manage acute pain so patients won't avoid dental treatment they perceive as painful.
Oxidation Behavior and Protection of Refractory Metals

Abstract Relative oxidation behavior and degree to which oxide properties affect the oxidation resistance of columbium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and rhenium are presented. Recent work in development of oxidation-resistant columbium and tantalum alloys is reviewed and the current status of protection of molybdenum by cladding and coating discussed. 6.5
A projectile-oriented, design study for a cannon-caliber electromagnetic launcher

The results for integrating a finned rod with a solid armature are summarized. An initial design is presented for a rod projectile launched from a 23-mm, round-bore augmented railgun. The projectile design is evaluated by considering launch, flight, and terminal effects. Four capacitor-based pulsed power supply systems are considered for the launcher. The host vehicle weight limit and largest number of projectiles stowed provide guidance in selecting the optimum configuration. The study utilizes a wide array of parameters for estimating system weight. Simple scaling for power components is provided to further appraise launcher feasibility. Projectile effectiveness is evaluated at the target using a weapons simulation code and a similar caliber conventionally launched projectile. >
Accurate Estimation of Combinational Circuit Activity

Several techniques to estimate power consumption of a combinational circuit using probabilistic methods have been proposed. However none of these techniques take into account circuit activity when two or more inputs change simultaneously or when glitching occurs. A formulation is presented in this paper which includes signal correlation and multiple gate input switching. Work is also presented in estimating the glitching contribution to the switching activity. Results obtained from benchmarks and test circuits show very good accuracy when compared to actual activities as measured by SPICE and IRSIM.
A PROCEDURE FOR THINNING THE SCHEDULE OF TIME-OUT

Few studies have evaluated ways to thin punishment schedules. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using variable ratio (VR) schedules to thin the time-out schedule gradually. Warnings were used in some conditions to assist potentially with schedule thinning, but this analysis was limited. Participants were 3 young students who engaged in problem behavior during enriched time-in periods. Dense schedules of intermittent time-out were effective at reducing problem behavior.
Dauthendeys “Stimmen des Schweigens”

Max Dauthendey ist wegen seines Fruhwerks Ultra-Violett (1893) und besonders wegen der darin enthaltenen Abteilung ≤ Stimmen des Schweigens ≥ oft als Vorlaufer des Expressionismus angesehen worden. Doch zeigt ein Vergleich der Tagebucheintragungen, die dem Dichter als Vorlage zu verschiedenen dieser Gedichte dienten, mit den endgultigen Fassungen, dass sich Dauthendey im Gegenteil streng an impressionistische Richtlinien hielt. Die Eigenart dieser fruhen Gedichte liegt vielmehr an der Verwendung von Theatereffekten und an dem Kulissencharakter der dargestellten Landschaften. So sind auch die als ≤ expressionistisch ≥ empfundenen Verkurzungen nicht etwa Metaphern fur tiefe symbolische Bezuge, sondern farbige Attrappen, die naivsinnliche Reize vermitteln sollen.
Endoluminal Grafting for Aneurysmal and Occlusive Disease in the Superficial Femoral Artery: Early Experience:

Purpose:To examine whether endoluminal grafts (ELGs) of radially expandable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) can successfully form durable internal conduits to revascularize lengthy occlusive disease and exclude aneurysms in the femoropopliteal (FP) arteries.Methods:Under protocol, implantation of an unpredilated PTFE tube ELG anchored with Palmaz stents using a low-profile percutaneous delivery system was attempted in 50 symptomatic patients for a variety of pathologies: (1) restenosis; (2) complex lesions unlikely to be treated successfully with other endoluminal therapies; (3) acute angioplasty failure; and (4) aneurysms. There were 37 occlusions, 14 stenoses, and 2 long, combined stenoticaneurysmal lesions in 47 native arteries, 5 FP grafts, and 1 femorotibial (FT) vein graft. Thirty-two percent of the patients had ≤ 1 vessel runoff. The average lesion length was 20.4 ± 11.4 cm (range 1.5 to 40), and the mean preoperative ankle-brachial index (ABI) at rest was 0.53 ± 0.14.Results:In a 20-month period th...
Facing corrections in the workplace: The influence of perceived face threat on the consequences of managerial reproaches

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether workplace reproaches differ in their level of perceived face threat and to examine the relationship between perceived face threat and a variety of outcomes. One hundred and four full‐time employees completed a survey asking them to describe in detail a time they were reproached by a manager. The survey included scales measuring perceived face threat, interactional fairness, anger, communicative competence, and satisfaction with the outcome of the incident. As predicted, we found that reproaches differ from each other in degree of perceived face threat. In addition, perceived face threat was negatively correlated with interactional fairness, communicative competence, and satisfaction with the outcome of the incident, and positively correlated with anger.
Creating a virtuous spiral organization

Organizations with outstanding people and outstanding management systems create a self-reinforcing cycle of escalating performance—the virtuous spiral. Laying the groundwork for this win-win condition requires the right management practices in seven key areas: defining the values of the workplace; hiring people who fit those values; making training and development ongoing; designing work as meaningful; delineating the strategies, goals, and values of the organizational mission; devising appropriate reward systems; and hiring and developing the right leadership under whom the organization can thrive.© 2006 Hewitt Associates LLC.
Web-Based interrogation of large-scale geophysical data sets from handheld devices

This paper describes the issues related to using handheld devices to interrogate wirelessly large-scale geophysical data over the Web using a client–server configuration. A modification of our current Web-based data interrogation program addresses specifically the limitations of current handheld devices with wireless access, such as processor speed, screen size and resolution, memory, and network speeds. The system uses a combination of Java, Python, and C in order to run remotely from the handheld device, while incorporating the power and memory capacity of a large workstation server.
Time-Resolved Electron Energy Distributions and Plasma Characteristics in a Pulsed Capacitively Coupled Plasma

Pulsed capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs) are attractive for controlling electron energy distributions f(e) and plasma properties for microelectronic fabrication. A conceptual design of a pulsed CCP is discussed which provides additional control over the magnitude and composition of the reactive fluxes to the wafer. We present computed images of time-resolved f(e) and electron density during a pulse period.
Concepts in spin echo small-angle neutron scattering

Two-dimensional spin echo small-angle neutron scattering experiments that measure the vector-length distribution function, or pair-distance distribution function, in real space are discussed. The proposed diffractometer uses two cylindrically symmetric magnetic fields with conically shaped front and end faces to enable experiments in two dimensions. It also features a π/2 neutron spin flipper to make the effective analyzing direction of the analyzer perpendicular to the polarizing direction of the polarizer. The theoretical aspect of one-dimensional spin echo small-angle neutron scattering experiments is also explored. The relationship between the correlation function from one-dimensional experiments and the vector-length distribution function is established, and interpretation of this correlation function in real space is presented.
Tousled kinase TLK1B counteracts the effect of Asf1 in inhibition of histone H3-H4 tetramer formation.

The T ousled-l ike k inases (TLKs) function in processes of chromatin assembly, including replication, transcription, repair, and chromosome segregation. TLK1 interacts specifically with the chromatin assembly factor Asf1, a histone H3–H4 chaperone, and with Rad9, a protein involved in DNA repair. Asf1 binds to the H3–H4 dimer at the same interface that is used for formation of the core tetramer, and hence Asf1 is implicated in disruption of the tetramer during transcription, although Asf1 also has a function in chromatin assembly during replication and repair. We have used protein crosslinking with purified components to probe the interaction between H3, H4, Asf1, and TLK1B. We found that TLK1B, by virtue of its binding to Asf1, can restore formation of H3–H4 tetramers that is sterically prevented by adding Asf1. We suggest that TLK1B binds to Asf1 in a manner that interferes with its binding to the H3–H4 dimer, thereby allowing for H3–H4 tetramerization. A description of the function of TLK1 and Asf1 in chromatin remodeling is presented.
Ruthenium Complex “Light Switches” that are Selective for Different G‐Quadruplex Structures

Recognition and regulation of G-quadruplex nucleic acid structures is an important goal for the development of chemical tools and medicinal agents. The addition of a bromo-substituent to the dipyridylphenazine (dppz) ligands in the photophysical "light switch", [Ru(bpy)2 dppz](2+) , and the photochemical "light switch", [Ru(bpy)2 dmdppz](2+) , creates compounds with increased selectivity for an intermolecular parallel G-quadruplex and the mixed-hybrid G-quadruplex, respectively. When [Ru(bpy)2 dppz-Br](2+) and [Ru(bpy)2 dmdppz-Br](2+) are incubated with the G-quadruplexes, they have a stabilizing effect on the DNA structures. Activation of [Ru(bpy)2 dmdppz-Br](2+) with light results in covalent adduct formation with the DNA. These complexes demonstrate that subtle chemical modifications of Ru(II) complexes can alter G-quadruplex selectivity, and could be useful for the rational design of in vivo G-quadruplex probes.
Obesity and Right Ventricular Structure and Function: The MESA-Right Ventricle Study

Background The relationship between obesity and right ventricular (RV) morphology is not well studied. We aimed to determine the association between obesity and RV structure and function in a large multiethnic population-based cohort. Methods The MESA-Right Ventricle Study measured RV mass and volumes by cardiac MRI in participants aged 45 to 84 years without clinical cardiovascular disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Participants were divided into three categories based on BMI: lean (≤ 24.9 kg/m 2 ), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m 2 ), and obese (≥ 30 kg/m 2 ). Results The study sample included 4,127 participants. After adjustment for demographics, height, education, and cardiovascular risk factors, overweight and obese participants had greater RV mass (6% and 9% greater, respectively), larger RV end-diastolic volume (8% and 18% greater, respectively), larger RV stroke volume (7% and 16% greater, respectively), and lower RV ejection fraction (≥ 1% lower) than lean participants (all P Conclusions Overweight and obesity were independently associated with differences in RV morphology even after adjustment for the respective LV measure. This association could be explained by increased RV afterload, increased blood volume, hormonal effects, or direct obesity-related myocardial effects.
Influence of an antiperspirant on foot blister incidence during cross-country hiking

Abstract Background: Rubbing moist skin results in higher frictional forces than rubbing very dry skin. As friction increases, the probability of activity-related blisters also increases. Therefore reducing moisture may reduce blister incidence during physical activity. Objective: We examined whether an antiperspirant can reduce foot blisters during hiking. Methods: In a double-blind study, cadets attending the US Military Academy were separated into two groups that used either an antiperspirant (20% aluminum chloride hexahydrate in anhydrous ethyl alcohol) or placebo (anhydrous ethyl alcohol) preparation. Cadets were told to apply preparations to their feet for 5 consecutive nights. On day 6, cadets completed a 21-km hike, and their feet were examined for blisters before and after. Results: Because of dropouts, the final sample size was 667 cadets with 328 in the antiperspirant group and 339 in the placebo group. There was a high rate of noncompliance with the treatment schedule: Cadets used the preparations from 0 to 5 nights before the hike. For cadets using the preparations at least 3 nights before the hike ( n = 269), the incidence of foot blisters was 21% for the antiperspirant group and 48% for the placebo group ( P P Conclusion: A 20% solution of aluminum chloride hexahydrate in anhydrous ethyl alcohol may be effective in reducing foot blisters during hiking; however, the side effect of skin irritation should be considered and preventive measures studied to reduce this irritation. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:202-6.)
Chronic infection of the rabbit central nervous system by a slowly growing equine herpesvirus.

The spinal cords of rabbits were chronically infected by a slowly growing horse herpesvirus (a “cytomegalovirus”) inoculated directly therein. Virus was recovered from the central nervous systems of some of such animals after more than 1 year. The virus could be reisolated from all the animals killed during the first few weeks after its injection; acute focal meningomyelitis was present with involvement of gray and white matter of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels of the spinal cords of these rabbits, though the nerve cells themselves remained undamaged. Thereafter, reisolation of the virus became sporadic, and no damage to the spinal cord could be histologically discerned even in animals from which the virus was recovered. No paralytic or other clinical effects could be attributed to the infection. Images
The last mile: the technology manager as innovation salesperson

The management of technology requires innovation, not only in terms of technology, but also in terms of fostering change. The role of the technology leader is to be entrepreneurial, to have a vision, to think like an executive and to sell change to the organization. The technology leader must understand not only the culture of their organization, but also the social styles of the decision makers and influencers who are needed to implement change. Technology managers must possess the technical skills, passion and courage to make a difference by leading others. Effective internal selling in technology management can make the difference between futile activity and market leadership. The use of effective internal selling in technology management may just be the key to changing the basis of competition in an industry. Effective technology leaders must employ the principles of relationship selling and demonstrate the ability to make effective presentations. They must learn the real needs of their internal and external customers, and make their case in terms of advantages and benefits to these customers. In our telecommunications and power systems, a critical link is "the last mile" to the user. No matter how strong the total infrastructure, unless delivered "the last mile" to the customer, it has little value. Same with technical ideas-they must be delivered "the last mile." This paper puts the concepts of selling innovation in the context of the role of the technology manager.
A Tabulated Summary of Targeted and Biologic Therapies for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

The current pace of development of targeted agents in lung cancer is unprecedented. This rapid pace of development is facilitated by the identification of novel targets, development of new ways of inhibiting older and more familiar targets and some very innovative therapeutic engineering that allows us to inhibit multiple targets simultaneously. In this tabulated summary of over 320 targeted therapies currently in practice and in clinical trials for patients with lung cancer are listed. Given that the information included is constantly changing, the readers are encouraged to ascertain the current status of the ongoing clinical trials by checking the clinicaltrials.gov website. To facilitate this, a hyperlink for each agent is inserted in the left hand column of this reference tool. Compounds in pre-clinical development that have not yet entered clinical trials are not listed. Target therapies that are in clinical development but not enrolling lung cancer patients are also not included. Save for these exceptions the list is intended to be comprehensive. In conclusion, there are a plethora of novel agents currently in development for lung cancer. The emergence of these agents offers hope to a group of patients for whom progress has been slow until now. However dramatic improvements in survival have already been made in specific subsets of patients and this pace of advancements is only expected to accelerate dramatically for the foreseeable future.
Awareness of Substance Abuse and Other Health-Related Behaviors among Preschool Children.

A group of forty-six preschool children, ages five and six, who were recipients of well-child examinations, were surveyed by a trained person without parents or teacher present. Subjects were shown eight pictorial representations of drug abuse, alcohol abuse, smoking, over-eating, tooth brushing, exercising, wearing a seat belt, and violence towards others. Each child was asked to identify each health-related behavior; explain its health implication; state whether they currently practiced or planned to engage in the behavior in the future; and identify their source of knowledge. All children could identify at least some of the behaviors and relate some health benefits or hazards of the behavior. Parents and television were the primary sources of knowledge. This study suggests that preschool children may be a suitable target population for substance abuse and other health-related education, since awareness of these behaviors was very high in the group of children studied here.
Evaluating pile installation and subsequent thixotropic and consolidation effects on setup by numerical simulation for full-scale pile load tests

During pile installation, stresses and void ratios in the surrounding soils change significantly, creating large displacements, large strains, soil disturbance, and development of excess pore-water...
Steganography for e-Business: An Offensive Use of Information Security

A new use of steganographic technique is proposed for e-business, using animation to encode an important and secret business message. A very robust steganography system is proposed and discussed from its business applications. Steganalysis of the proposed technique is also discussed from different management and engineering perspectives.
Race, Calcineurin Inhibitor Exposure, and Renal Function After Solid Organ Transplantation

Abstract Background Calcineurin-inhibitor (CNI)–induced nephrotoxicity frequently complicates transplantation. African-Americans are at a greater risk of renal failure than the general population. We investigated whether race was an effect modifier of the relationship between CNI exposure and kidney function after nonrenal solid organ transplantation. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 1609 patients who underwent initial nonrenal solid organ transplantation between January 2000 and June 2012. A central repository administrative database was queried electronically for demographics, comorbidities, and serial levels of tacrolimus, cyclosporine, and serum creatinine. Predictors of interest were total drug exposure of tacrolimus and cyclosporine (area under the concentration–time curve) and self-reported race. The outcome of interest was cumulative change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Results There were 1109 patients treated with tacrolimus (271 African-Americans) and 500 patients treated with cyclosporine (113 African Americans). A decline in GFR over time was seen with total tacrolimus exposure (−1.3 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for every 5 ng/mL·year increase in tacrolimus) and total cyclosporine exposure (−1.1 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for every 50 ng/mL·year increase in cyclosporine). However, total CNI exposure effect on estimated GFR changes did not vary by race ( P interaction was 0.9 for tacrolimus and 0.6 for cyclosporine). Conclusions Total CNI exposure is associated with worsening kidney function among patients with nonrenal solid organ transplantation. However, African-American patients are not more vulnerable to chronic CNI-induced nephrotoxicity when compared to white patients.
Gating of Channels in Nerve and Muscie: A Stochastic Approach

Publisher Summary Gating is the process that underlies the opening and closing of channels. This simplistic view suggests that channels are merely rigid pores, which can be opened and closed by a gate. It is becoming apparent, however, that open channels are not necessarily rigid pores, and that gating processes, when fast enough, cannot be distinguished from open channel properties. In spite of this ambiguity, channels often appear to open and close in discrete jumps. This chapter addresses some of the experimental and theoretical details of this process. Several aspects of gating are common to most, if not all, types of ionic channels. The general properties of the gating of single channels are discussed in the chapter. One might imagine that a channel opens slowly as it undergoes a conformational change from a resting to an activated state. For example, a “gate” could open in tiny increments, with the conductance of the single channel increasing in tiny increments. Alternatively, a channel could flip suddenly into and out of a conducting state. Choosing the correct alternative requires single-channel recording; noise measurements alone cannot do it. Stochastic representations of channel gating and experimental findings are discussed in the chapter.
Spatially Resolved STIS Spectroscopy of α Orionis: Evidence for Nonradial Chromospheric Oscillation from Detailed Modeling*

Four spatially resolved near-UV raster scans across the chromospheric disk of α Ori, obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope, reveal mean chromospheric infall from 1998 January to April, which reversed to upflow in deeper layers between 1998 September and 1999 March. In 1998 September we detect systematic reversals in the component maxima of four double-peaked emission lines of Si I (UV 1), Fe II (UV 36), Fe II (UV 61), and Al II] (UV 1), when scanning across the UV disk. Detailed modeling of the Si I λ2516 resonance line with radiative transport calculations in spherical geometry constrain the mean radial velocity structure in the projected slit area (25 × 100 mas) for different aperture positions, observed off-limb to 157.5 mas. Hence, we determine with semiempirical models that these spatial reversals of emission-line components correspond to average opposite flow velocities of ~2 km s-1 across the chromospheric disk. We determine that the chromospheric velocity field cannot be represented by a unique radial velocity structure across the stellar disk in order to match the observed peak ratios of this raster scan. These subsonic velocities indicate (local) nonradial movements of chromospheric fluid in confined regions during a chromospheric oscillation phase, which reverses from global contraction into expansion over this monitoring period of 15 months.
Identification of multiple lipid genes with modifications in expression and sequence associated with the evolution of hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in Physaria fendleri

Two Brassicaceae species, Physaria fendleri and Camelina sativa, are genetically very closely related to each other and to Arabidopsis thaliana. Physaria fendleri seeds contain over 50% hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), while Camelina sativa and Arabidopsis do not accumulate HFAs. To better understand how plants evolved new biochemical pathways with the capacity to accumulate high levels of unusual fatty acids, transcript expression and protein sequences of developing seeds of Physaria fendleri, wild-type Camelina sativa, and Camelina sativa expressing a castor bean (Ricinus communis) hydroxylase were analyzed. A number of potential evolutionary adaptations within lipid metabolism that probably enhance HFA production and accumulation in Physaria fendleri, and, in their absence, limit accumulation in transgenic tissues were revealed. These adaptations occurred in at least 20 genes within several lipid pathways from the onset of fatty acid synthesis and its regulation to the assembly of triacylglycerols. Lipid genes of Physaria fendleri appear to have co-evolved through modulation of transcriptional abundances and alterations within protein sequences. Only a handful of genes showed evidence for sequence adaptation through gene duplication. Collectively, these evolutionary changes probably occurred to minimize deleterious effects of high HFA amounts and/or to enhance accumulation for physiological advantage. These results shed light on the evolution of pathways for novel fatty acid production in seeds, help explain some of the current limitations to accumulation of HFAs in transgenic plants, and may provide improved strategies for future engineering of their production.
Side Chain Polymers for Electro-Optic Applications

Organic and polymeric materials have emerged in recent years as candidates for advanced device and systems applications. This interest has arisen from the promise of extraordinary optical, structural, and mechanical properties of certain organic materials, and from the fundamental success of molecular design performed to create new materials. Our approach to the problem is to develop an understanding of the molecular basis of non-linear optical activity, incorporate the most promising candidates into tractable polymers, and evaluate these materials in device format. This paper will review some of the recent developments in the NLO materials effort at Hoechst Celanese.
Ability and Responsibility

La liberte ou la necessite? H. Frankfurt, "Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility" (Journal of Philosophy, LXVI, 1969, p. 829-839) reitere une telle alternative dans ce qu'il appelle le principe de possibilite alternee ou morale: une personne est moralement responsable de ce qu'elle a fait seulement si elle aurait pu faire autrement. L'A. discute et critique cette conception en essayant de formaliser les idees morales.
Lipase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of ethyl lactate in organic solvents

The feasibility of preparing L-lactic acid by lipase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of ethyl lactate in organic solvents was explored.The effects of enzyme sources and organic media on the reaction were examined respectively.The results showed that Candida antarctic lipase B(N435)had both the highest catalytic activity and enantioselectivity.The mixture of tert-butanol and isooctane (1∶1,vol) was the most suitable media for the reaction, and other optimum conditions for catalysis were 200 r·min-1 for shaking rate, 1∶5 for mass ratio of ethyl lactate to water, 0.27 g·ml-1 for ethyl lactate concentration, 0.8 g·mol-1 for enzyme concentration and 60℃ for reaction temperature, respectively.Under these optimal conditions, a product enantiomeric excess (ee) of 90.02% and the yield of 28.69% were achieved after 16 h reaction time.The kinetics of lipase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of ethyl lactate was investigated too.The experimental results indicated that: the reaction could be described in terms of the Michaelis-Menten equation with a Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism and competitive inhibition by both substrates.The effects of D-lactic acid and D-ethyl lactate substrate concentrations on the initial rate of asymmetric hydrolysis were studied.
Peripheral neuropathies associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

A variety of forms of peripheral neuropathy may occur in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These include distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multiple mononeuropathy, polyradiculopathy, and autonomic neuropathy. HIV-associated metabolic and nutritional disorders and certain antiviral drugs may also cause peripheral neuropathy. This article reviews the clinical, electrophy-siologic, and pathologic features of these neuropathies and presents theories of pathogenesis and results of therapy.
Evaluation and consumption

Singular indefinite objects of evaluative predicates (e.g. like) are interpreted specifically (1). But several constructions do not yield specific readings, (2). (1) # John likes a cookie. (specific reading/#kind reading) (2) a. John likes a cookie after dinner. b. John likes having a cookie. c. John likes a good cookie. d. John likes a cookie as much as the next guy. We propose that constructions with a minimal consumption-situation reading license a contextual operator which binds the object, giving it a non-specific reading.
Post-procedural pseudoaneurysms: Single-center experience:

ObjectivesPseudoaneurysms are a well-recognized complication of percutaneous angiographic procedures. Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection is currently the preferred treatment modality. This study was undertaken to evaluate our experience with the management of post-procedure pseudoaneurysms.MethodsA retrospective study was undertaken of all patients who developed a post-procedure pseudoaneurysm between March 2004 and January 2013. Data were obtained from our prospectively maintained non-invasive vascular laboratory data base.ResultsOverall, 167 patients (80 men) with post-procedure pseudoaneurysms were identified. The mean age was 66 years. Post-procedure pseudoaneurysms developed following diagnostic coronary angiography (38%), coronary angioplasty (37%), peripheral vascular interventions (14.7%), or other access procedures (7.6%). Mean post-procedure pseudoaneurysm diameter was 2.8 ± 1.8 cm. One hundred forty-two post-procedure pseudoaneurysms were injected with thrombin under ultrasound guidance. Prim...
Initial Clinical Sudies with Iproplatin (CHIP, JM9)

Iproplatin (CHIP, JM9) was given to 21 patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors at doses of 20–350mg/m2 preceded by 2L of 0.5N saline and to 16 pts at doses of 270–350mg/m2 without pretreatment hydration (PH) in a phase I trial. Toxicity was NV WBC 3,200/cu.mm, platelets 41,000/cu.mm at 350mg/m2 (n=14)], diarrhoea in 4, skin rash in 3, hypersensitivity in 2. In pts treated with 350mg/m2 without PH, creatinine clearance (CrCl) was 102 ± 23ml/min before and 115 ± 33ml/min 3–4 weeks after therapy (n=12). Subsequently, 6 end stage pts with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors failing on third line therapy which included cisplatin were treated, 3 with iproplatin alone and 3 with combination therapy in which iproplatin replaced cisplatin. There were 1 CR, 2 PR and 2 MR in this group. One pt developed severe N&V, dehydration, hyperuricemia and acute renal failure which resolved with rehydration. One pt with renal failure from cisplatin therapy, on hemodialysis, received 3 courses of iproplatin. Recovery of total platinum was 10% in the urine in 72hr and 23,9% in the dialysate over 4hr when the drug was given immediately prior to hemodialysis. In this pt total platinum had a t1/2s of 69,3br and a ClB of 9.73L.h-1. Unchanged iproplatin had a t1/2 of 1.23h and a ClB of 11.5L.h-1, These values were within 1 S.D. of the mean for all pts. One pt with bladder carcinoma with renal failure (CrCl 10ml/min) had a CR but died from drug related myelosuppression. Iproplatin is myelosuppressive and active in cisplatin resistant germ cell tumours. Supported in part by USPHS CA-21071 and Bristol Laboratories.
Supernova 1987 A and some Properties of Light, Exotic Particles

The observation of a neutrino pulse from the supernova SN 1987A constrains the production of light, exotic particles in the proto neutron star. We give an overview over recently derived bounds on axion parameters, the strength of right handed weak currents, Dirac masses of neutrinos, and neutrino magnetic dipole moments. We also mention bounds on the neutrino-majoron coupling.
Maternal variables associated with physiologic stress and perinatal complications in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE Complications of prematurity may be related to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in preterm infants. Increased intrauterine exposure to cortisol may be responsible for adverse prenatal programming and subsequent dysfunction of the infant's hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The aim of the study was to describe maternal social variables and their association with infant cortisol levels and complications of prematurity. METHODS Preterm infants <32 weeks' gestation were recruited. Primary outcomes were development of complications of prematurity and physiologic stress response, represented by cord blood and salivary cortisol levels on first day of life. Descriptive statistics and comparative analyses were performed. RESULTS Fifteen of 31 infants enrolled developed a complication of prematurity. Infants of greater gestational age when prenatal care was established had lower cord blood cortisol (p = 0.009) and trended a higher risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (p = 0.069). Infants whose mothers smoked more showed significantly different salivary cortisol distributions on day 1 (p = 0.037), and were at greater risk for intraventricular hemorrhage (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS The association between maternal social variables, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, and complications of prematurity supports the research model of physiologic dysregulation/allostatic load as a mechanism for complications in preterm infants. More research is warranted to investigate associations between maternal social variables, maternal stress levels, and adverse prenatal programming of the infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
An Unusual Trocar Site Hernia after Prostatectomy

Trocar site hernias are rare complications after laparoscopic surgery but most commonly occur at larger trocar sites placed at the umbilicus. With increased utilization of the laparoscopic approach the incidence of trocar site hernia is increasing. We report a case of a trocar site hernia following an otherwise uncomplicated robotic prostatectomy at a 12 mm right lower quadrant port. The vermiform appendix was incarcerated within the trocar site hernia. Subsequent appendectomy and primary repair of the hernia were performed without complication.
Half-Life of Pb 210

A new determination of the half-life of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{210}$ has been made by the geological method. Pb${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ extracted from uranium minerals in secular equilibrium was used to calibrate a thick-source scintillation counter for ${\mathrm{Po}}^{210}$ alpha particles. Using this calibration the absolute activity of ${\mathrm{Po}}^{210}$ in partial equilibrium with a known number of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{210}$ atoms prepared from the decay of a measured quantity of radon was determined. From these data a half-life of 21.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 years was obtained for ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{210}$.