cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further validation of the hybrid algorithm for CTO PCI; difficult lesions, same success.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the success rates and outcome of the hybrid algorithm for chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) by a single operator in two different clinical settings. Methods We compared 279 consecutive CTO PCIs performed by a single, high-volume operator using the hybrid algorithm in two different clinical settings. Data were collected through the PROGRESS CTO Registry. We compared 145 interventions performed in a community program (cohort A) with 134 interventions performed in a referral center (cohort B). Results Patient in cohort B had more complex lesions with higher J-CTO (3.0 vs. 3.41; p Conclusions In spite of higher lesion complexity in the setting of a quaternary-care referral center, use of the hybrid algorithm for CTO PCI enabled similarly high technical and procedural success rates as compared with those previously achieved by the same operator in a community-based program at the expense of a higher rate of MACE.
Dynamic Written Corrective Feedback in Developmental Multilingual Writing Classes

This study investigated the role of dynamic written corrective feedback (DWCF; Evans, Hartshorn, McCollum, & Wolfersberger, 2010; Hartshorn & Evans, 2015; Hartshorn et al., 2010), a mode of providing specific, targeted, and individualized grammar feedback in developmental English as a second language (ESL) writing classes (pre–first year composition) at a large western U.S. research university. Via a quasi-experimental design investigating DWCF at three different levels of developmental ESL writing classes across three terms with 325 student participants, results of this study suggest that multilingual students become better at self-editing and have more accurate timed writing paragraphs after taking classes that supplement grammar instruction using DWCF than those who take classes with only traditional grammar instruction. Specific error categories were investigated (global, local, and mechanical, per Bates, Lane, & Lange, 1993), with largely significant results across all error types at each language level, indicating that DWCF may be an effective pedagogical intervention to improve linguistic accuracy.
PEMANFAATAN TANAMAN KENTANG TRANSGENIK RB UNTUK PERAKITAN KENTANG TAHAN PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN (Phytophthora infestans) DI INDONESIA

Hawar daun yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Phytophthora infestansmerupakan salah satu penyakit utama pada tanaman kentang.Kehilangan hasil akibat penyakit tersebut berkisar antara 47−100%.Hingga kini pengendalian penyakit hawar daun dilakukan secaraintensif dengan penyemprotan fungisida dosis tinggi. Hal iniberbahaya bagi lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia, selain meningkatkanbiaya produksi. Pemanfaatan varietas tahan merupakanalternatif pengendalian yang lebih ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan.Gen ketahanan (gen RB) yang berasal dari spesies liar kentangdiploid Solanum bulbocastanum memiliki spektrum yang luasterhadap P. infestans. Gen ini telah diintroduksikan ke dalamkentang Katahdin melalui transformasi Agrobacterium. Tanamantransgenik Katahdin RB menunjukkan ketahanan yang lebih tinggiterhadap penyakit hawar daun dibandingkan dengan tanaman nontransgenikpada pengujian di rumah kaca dan di lapangan. Untukmendukung program pemuliaan kentang tahan penyakit hawar daundi Indonesia, tanaman transgenik Katahdin RB dapat digunakansebagai sumber ketahanan. Persilangan antara transgenik Katahdin(event SP904 dan SP951) dengan varietas kentang yang rentanterhadap hawar daun (Atlantic dan Granola) menghasilkan klonklonkentang transgenik yang mengandung gen RB. Melaluievaluasi ketahanan klon-klon tersebut terhadap P. infestans dilapangan uji terbatas (LUT) di Pasir Sarongge, Cianjur, diperolehempat klon tahan pada 77 hari setelah tanam atau 21 hari setelahinfeksi, sementara di LUT Lembang didapatkan tiga klon tahanpada 46 hari setelah tanam atau 20 hari setelah infeksi. Sementaraitu, Atlantic dan Granola memerlukan aplikasi fungisida lebih awal,yaitu pada saat muncul gejala infeksi. Klon-klon kentang tahanpenyakit tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu program pemuliaanuntuk perakitan varietas unggul baru yang produktif dan tahanterhadap penyakit hawar daun.
Internal Model Control - Theory and Applications

Abstract Process control is characterized by severe modelling problems. Therefore, robustness of the control system, that is, stability and acceptable performance in the event of plant parameter changes and sensor and/or actuator failure is of paramount importance. During the past few years a multivariable control system design method, Internal Model Control (IMC), has been developed which addresses specifically these issues. The IMC scheme is transparent, can be easily ad4usted on-line and is therefore readily accepted by the operating personnel The basic theoretical principles behind IMC are described and parallels are drawn to other design schemes (Model Algorithmic Control, Dynamic Matrix Control, Linear Quadratic Optimal Control, Smith predictor, etc.). Extensions of IMC to nonlinear systems are indicated. Applications of IMC both in simulations and on pilot plants are discussed.
Present and Future Needs for Personnel to Prepare Teachers of the Behaviorally Disordered.

The goal of this study was to assess the need for teacher educators to prepare teachers for the area of behavioral disorders. The data collection instrument was a 17-item questionnaire sent to 128 ...
Time and Memory in Euripides' Iphigenia at Aulis1

Three extended dialogue or monologue passages, along with numerous brief references and two choral odes in Euripides' Iphigenia at Aulis talk about the past. As in many tragedies, the past is not altogether past because it is forced upon characters and audience alike by the pressure of tradition and by its likeness to the present situation.Agamemnon begins the play by harking back to a previous time. Nor is his monologue a simple, ingenuous statement of historical facts. It is full of subtleties which clarify much of what subsequently occurs in the drama. Timing is important from his first utterance:Leda, the daughter of Thestius had three parthenoi,Phoebe, Clytemnestra my wife,and Helen … (49-51)
Meio ambiente do trabalho e direitos sociais: cumulação dos adicionais de periculosidade e de insalubridade

Este artigo analisa a evolucao dos direitos fundamentais, enfatizando os direitos sociais e o meio ambiente do trabalho. Com isso, sao estudados os adicionais de periculosidade e de insalubridade no contexto dos direitos sociais e da protecao ambiental trabalhista, com destaque a possibilidade de sua cumulacao. Apesar da previsao legal aparentemente restritiva, bem como da controversia jurisprudencial quanto ao tema, conclui-se que ambos os adicionais sao devidos ao empregado que trabalha submetido a condicoes perigosas e insalubres, decorrentes de fatos geradores autonomos e especificos.
Extra-judicial Actor Induced Change in Supreme Court Legitimacy:

Although public support for the U.S. Supreme Court is generally stable, various cues and heuristics affect how individuals derive political opinions. And while the Court is capable of conferring su...
We Are How We Eat: An Argument for the Social Value of Slow School Lunch

This chapter examines the lunch practices at Bishop Seabury Academy, a private school in Lawrence, Kansas. At Bishop Seabury, all students and staff sit together in mixed age, randomly assigned, biweekly rotations three days each week throughout the year. This purposeful arrangement serves as a backdrop against which I develop a critique of school lunch in its more typical—and taken for granted—form as simply a necessary pause to refuel the body. Drawing conceptually from the “slow” movement for the serious reconsideration of lunch, I compare Seabury and other efforts that promote the social value of lunchtime. My analysis illustrates how such initiatives challenge enduring “fast food” orientations to what and how we eat in school.
Nonpoint Source Pollution

A comprehensive review of the research papers published in 2018 focusing on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is presented in this review article. The identification of pollution from different sources and estimation of NPS pollution using various models are summarized in this review paper. Various innovative techniques are also examined to abate NPS pollution. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The non-point source pollution in 2018 is systematically reviewed and documented. This review evaluates and summarizes the identification, quantification, reduction, and management of NPS pollution. Future perspectives of NPS pollution research are discussed.
Differential Probability Functions for Investigating Long-Term Changes in Local and Regional Air Pollution Sources

ABSTRACT Conditional probability functions are commonly used for source identification purposes in air pollution studies. CBPF (conditional bivariate probability function) categorizes the probability of high concentrations being observed at a location by wind direction/speed and investigate the directionality of local sources. PSCF (potential source contribution function), a trajectory-ensemble method, identifies the source regions most likely to be associated with high measured concentrations. However, these techniques do not allow the direct identification of areas where changes in emissions have occurred. This study presents an extension of conditional probability methods in which the differences between conditional probability values for temporally different sets of data can be used to explore changes in emissions from source locations. The differential CBPF and differential PSCF were tested using a long-term series of air quality data (12 years; 2005/2016) collected in Rochester, NY. The probability functions were computed for each of 4 periods that represent known changes in emissions. Correlation analyses were also performed on the results to find pollutants undergoing similar changes in local and regional sources. The differential probability functions permitted the identification of major changes in local and regional emission location. In Rochester, changes in local air pollution were related to the shutdown of a large coal power plant (SO2) and to the abatement measures applied to road and off-road traffic (primary pollutants). The concurrent effects of these changes in local emissions were also linked to reduced concentrations of nucleation mode particles. Changes in regional source areas were related to the decreases in secondary inorganic aerosol and organic carbon. The differential probabilities for sulfate, nitrate, and organic aerosol were consistent with differences in the available National Emission Inventory annual emission values. Changes in the source areas of black carbon and PM2.5 mass concentrations were highly correlated.
Selector Requirements for Tera-Bit Ultra-High-Density 3D Vertical RRAM

Selector requirements for tera-bit class, ultra-high-density 3D vertical resistive random access memory (VRRAM) are presented, including practical design considerations such as array efficiency (AE), pillar driver transistors (pillar drivers), and wire/metal plane resistances. We design a novel chip architecture that is different from 3D NAND: (a) separated, square and large wordplane (WP) connected by global wordplane connections (WPC) within a block to minimize influence of leakage currents, (b) compact staircase. An accurate, computationally efficient resistor network is developed to model the parasitic resistances of the architecture. Through the resistor network simulations, selector requirements for 3D VRRAM are examined. To achieve tera-bit class 3D VRRAM with density higher than the most advanced 3D NAND flash (> 4.3 Gb/mm2), selector nonlinearity (NL) ≥ 102 is required.
Reduced density and visually complex apiaries reduce parasite load and promote honey production and overwintering survival in honey bees.

Managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies are kept at much greater densities than naturally occurring feral or wild colonies, which may have detrimental effects on colony health and survival, disease spread, and drifting behavior (bee movement between natal and non-natal colonies). We assessed the effects of a straightforward apiary management intervention (altering the density and visual appearance of colonies) on colony health. Specifically, we established three “high density / high drift” (“HD”) and three “low density / low drift” (“LD”) apiary configurations, each consisting of eight bee colonies. Hives in the HD apiary configuration were of the same color and placed 1m apart in a single linear array, while hives in the LD apiary configuration were placed 10m apart at different heights, facing outwards in a circle, and made visually distinctive with colors and symbols to reduce accidental drift between colonies. We investigated disease transmission and dynamics between the apiary configurations by clearing all colonies of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, and subsequently inoculating two randomly-chosen colonies per apiary with controlled mite doses. We monitored the colonies for two years and found that the LD apiary configuration had significantly greater honey production and reduced overwinter mortality. Inoculation and apiary management intervention interacted to affect brood mite levels, with the highest levels in the inoculated colonies in the HD configuration. Finally, foragers were more than three times more likely to drift in the HD apiary configurations. Our results suggest that a relatively straightforward management change–placing colonies in low-density visually complex circles rather than high-density visually similar linear arrays–can provide meaningful benefits to the health and productivity of managed honey bee colonies.
Coastally Generated Near-Inertial Waves

AbstractWind directly forces inertial oscillations in the mixed layer. Where these currents hit the coast, the no-normal-flow boundary condition leads to vertical velocities that pump both the base...
Spectral-domain MOM for Planar Meta-materials of Arbitrary Aperture Wave-guide Array

In this paper, an efficient Computational Electromagnetics (CEM) method based on Method of Moment (MOM) in the spectral domain with the wave-guide modes as test functions has been proposed for the planar meta-materials slab that consists of arbitrary aperture wave-guide or its periodic array. Starting from the equivalent surface electric and magnetic currents, we have derived rigorous Fourier spectra for both electric field and magnetic field. We then match the boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the planar meta-materials slab, from which we can obtain a system of MOM equations that are tested with the aperture wave-guide modes; and finally, we propose a matrix solution to solve the obtained MOM equations. In particularly, analytic formula has been obtained for the simple case of TE01 mode of the rectangular aperture wave-guide array and its physics meaning is explained. At last, numerical simulation is performed and result is presented.
Secretin Improves Visualization of Nondilated Pancreatic Ducts in Children Undergoing MRCP.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to assess whether secretin improves visualization of a nondilated pancreatic duct and whether it increases identification of variant duct anatomy on MRCP i...
Circus Life: Performing and Laboring Under America's Big Top Shows, 1830-1920: by Micah D. Childress, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2018, Pp. 247, $57.00 (hbk), ISBN 9781621903949

Circus Life provides an excellent and relatively unexplored view of the world of the circus in five chapters, each of which explores a different aspect of circus history and culture. Rather than fo...
Coupling surface flow and subsurface flow in complex soil structures using mimetic finite differences

Abstract We explore the coupling of surface and subsurface flows on fully unstructured meshes that conform to complex soil structures. To accommodate the distorted meshes that inevitably result from explicit representation of complex soil structures, we leverage the structure of the Mimetic Finite Difference (MFD) spatial discretization scheme to couple surface and subsurface flows. The MFD method achieves second-order accuracy and maintains local mass conservation on distorted meshes. We couple the diffusion wave approximation for surface flows to the Richards equation for subsurface flow, ensuring continuity of both pressure and flux between the surface and subsurface. The MFD method is particularly convenient for this coupling because it uses face-based constraints in the subsurface system that can be expressed as face-pressure unknowns. Those unknowns are coincident with surface cell-based unknowns, thus allowing the discrete surface system to be directly substituted into the subsurface system and solved implicitly as a global system. Robust representation of the transition between wet and dry surface conditions requires upwinding of the relative permeability and is facilitated by globalization in the nonlinear solver. The approach and its implementation in the Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) are evaluated by comparison to previously published benchmarks. Using runoff from soils with patchy groundcover (duff) as an example, we show that the new method converges significantly faster in mesh convergence tests than the commonly used two-point flux approximation.
Preliminary comparison of vibration measurement accuracy between a low cost, portable acceleration measurement unit and a gold-standard accelerometer system.

Abstract Characterization of Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) exposure is important for the development and evaluation of mitigation strategies for occupational WBV. However, barriers associated with cost and complexity limit widespread use of current gold-standard accelerometer (GSA) measurement systems. Small, simple, low cost Acceleration Measurement Unit (AMU) devices with built-in batteries and memory potentially allow for more efficient collection of WBV data, but the measurement accuracy of these devices need to be evaluated. Using known acceleration inputs generated by an accelerometer calibrator and field collected vibration profiles simulating real-world vibration exposures, the measurements of an AMU device and GSA system were compared. Analysis of accelerometer calibrator data showed no significant difference in weighted acceleration (Aw) measurements between the systems (mean difference −0.001 m/s2, p = 0.95). In field collected vibration profile testing, differences in Aw measurements were small (0.06 m/s2, 4.6%). These results suggest the AMU evaluated in this study may be acceptable for measuring occupational WBV.
Survey of glyphosate-resistant junglerice (Echinochloa colona) accessions in dicamba-resistant crops in Tennessee

Junglerice has become a major weed in Tennessee cotton and soybean fields. Glyphosate has been relied on to control these accessions over the past two decades, but in recent years cotton and soybean producers have reported junglerice escapes after glyphosate + dicamba and/or clethodim applications. In the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019, a survey was conducted of weed escapes in dicamba-resistant (DR) crops. Junglerice was the most prevalent weed escape in these DR (Roundup Ready Xtend®) cotton and soybean fields in both years of the study. In 2018 and 2019, junglerice was found 76% and 64% of the time in DR cotton and soybean fields, respectively. Progeny from junglerice seeds collected during this survey was screened for glyphosate and clethodim resistance. Seventy percent of the junglerice accessions tested had an effective relative resistance factor to glyphosate of 3.1 to 8.5. In all, 13% of the junglerice accessions could no longer be effectively controlled with glyphosate. This research also showed that all sampled accessions could still be controlled with clethodim in a greenhouse environment, but less control was observed in the field. These data also suggest that another cause for the poor junglerice control is dicamba antagonism of glyphosate and clethodim activity. Nomenclature: Clethodim; dicamba; glyphosate; junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link]; cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.); soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]
Is there information in the volatility skew

Since the 1987 crash, option prices have exhibited a strong negative skew, implying higher implied volatility for out-of-the-money puts than at- and in-the-money puts. This has resulted in incorporating multiple jumps and stochastic volatility within the data generating process to improve the Black–Scholes model in an attempt to capture negative skewness and a highly leptokurtic distribution. The general conclusion is that there is a large jump premium in the short term, which best explains the significant negative skew for short maturity options. Alternative explanations for the negative skew are related to market liquidity driven by demand shocks and supply shortages. Regardless of the explanation for the negative skew, we assess the information content in the shape of the skew to infer if the option market can accurately forecast stock market crashes and/or spikes upward. We demonstrate, using all options on the S&P 100 from 1984–2006, that the shape of the skew can reveal with significant probability when the market will crash or spike. However, we find the magnitude of the spike prediction is not economically significant. Our findings are strongest for the short-term out-of-the money puts, consistent with the notion of investors' aversion to large negative movements. We also find that the power of the crash/spike prediction decreases with an increase in the time to option maturity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 27:921–959, 2007
Controlled Dispersion and Setting of Cellulose Nanofibril - Carboxymethyl Cellulose Pastes

This work investigated the redispersion and setting behavior of highly loaded (~ 18 wt.% solids in water) pastes of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). A single-screw extruder was used to continuously process CNF + CMC pastes into cord. The adsorption of CMC onto the CNFs was assessed through zeta potential and titration which revealed a surface charge change of ~ 61% from − 36.8 mV and 0.094 mmol/g COOH for pure CNF to -58.1 mV and 0.166 mmol/g COOH for CNF + CMC with a CMC degree of substitution of 0.9. Dried CNFs with adsorbed CMC was found to be fully redispersible in water and re-extruded back into a cord without any difficulties. On the other hand, chemical treatment with hydrochloric acid, a carbodiimide crosslinker, or two wet strength enhancers (polyamide epichlorohydrin and polyamine epichlorohydrin) completely suppressed the dispersibility previously observed for dried-untreated CNF + CMC. Turbidity was used to quantify the level of redispersion or setting achieved by the untreated and chemically treated CNF + CMC in both water and a strong alkaline solution (0.1 M NaOH). Depending on the chemical treatment used, FTIR analysis revealed the presence of ester, N-acyl urea, and anhydride absorption bands which were attributed to newly formed linkages between CNFs, possibly explaining the suppressed redispersion behavior. Water uptake of the differently treated and dried CNF + CMC materials agreed with both turbidity and FTIR results.
Impacts of Ocean Dynamics, Climate Change and Human Pressure on the East African Coast: The Case of Maputo

Coastal erosion and loss of coastal environments are worldwide phenomena. These typical processes occur on different spatial and temporal scales, from river basins to coastlines, and from the ocean-atmosphere system to the global climate scale. All climate change scenarios foresee an increase in the global mean sea level in the next century, from a few tens of centimeters to over a meter. However, these scenarios are not sufficient to explain the accelerating erosion that already occurs today. In coastal areas, such change appears to be linked not only to sea level rise as a direct cause, but also to changing climatic conditions (changes in the rain distribution, winds, sea waves, etc.) and to increased human pressure on land (excessive use of weirs and dams along watercourses, loss of coastal dunes and areas of protective vegetation such as mangroves, etc.). The case of Maputo is quite informative, as none of the known effects of climate change is the main cause of the significant erosion processes that occur there today. Rather, this erosion is attributable to an altered balance between the contributions of sediment from neighboring river basins and to certain effects of coastal dynamics.
The Scramjet Engine: Basic and Combined Cycles

The supersonic-combustion ramjet (scramjet) is a cycle similar to the basic ramjet with the exception that the airflow remains, at least in certain engine regions, supersonic. The short residence time of the order of milliseconds for a full size engine, imposes severe technological requirements for fuel injection, mixing, and combustion to efficiently release heat and produce thrust. The engine is suitable for flight in excess of Mach 6 when due to the low angle of the ensuing shock waves, the engine becomes highly integrated with the vehicle. The following broadly describes the operation of the scramjet engine and the differences between this and the subsonic ramjet device. Given the range of flight speeds travelled by a hypersonic vehicle, the scramjet will operate along other cycles in a closely couple fashion; several combined cycled concepts are also described. Keywords: high-speed propulsion; scramjet; thermodynamic cycle; performance analysis; combined cycles
An Approach to the Study of Ethnic Dance for American Students

(1973). An Approach to the Study of Ethnic Dance for American Students. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 55-56.
Designing an interprofessional learning curriculum for medical and physical therapy students in gross anatomy curriculum (18.5)

Interprofessional collaboration in healthcare is crucial for quality patient care. While it continues to be an expected competency, most educational programs lack interprofessional learning (IPL) e...
Grafting the command responsibility doctrine onto corporate criminal liability for atrocities

This paper explores the theoretical parameters associated with applying the command responsibility doctrine for prosecuting military superiors under international law to corporations. The jump from the military context to the corporate context is not completely analogous, yet holds some promise. Holding corporations accountable for participation in atrocities under international law is not a new concept, but the impetus to do so is gaining momentum.
Localnomics: myth or reality!

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to refute the proposition that in today's global economy “local is the new global.” It provides a logical argument that a passing economic trend should not be viewed independent of circumstances.Design/methodology/approach – The paper briefly discusses changes in the global economic landscape and identifies factors that are essential to sustaining market attractiveness and achieving a competitive edge. The paper then concludes that certain markets acquire an edge in appealing to businesses and attracting FDI.Findings – When companies, under certain conditions, relocate their businesses back home, this does not evidence a retreat from the global market. Rather, it demonstrates a change in strategic initiative to seize market opportunities and effectively deal with competition.Originality/value – The paper offers a genuine reflection on emerging economic phenomena. It sets the stage for an effective argument to counter the voices that seize on current global economic d...
Optimal upstream collocation: a survey of recent results

We give herein analytical formulas for the Hermite collocation solution of the steady-state convection-diffusion equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions defined on a uniform mesh in one spatial dimension. Analysis is provided that compares the discrete collocation solution to the corresponding exact solution. Extremely accurate collocation solutions are easily attainable in a variety of settings by utilizing the author's “optimal upstream weighting” technique.
Do Boards Exercise Discretion to Reduce Costly Ex Post Settling Up

This paper examines whether boards exercise discretion to reduce costly ex post settling up of having to recover CEO cash compensation for unrealized gains that fail to materialize. We predict and support three empirical findings. First, we document greater cash pay-performance sensitivity for firms exhibiting unrealized losses (proxied via negative stock returns) relative to firms with unrealized gains (proxied via positive stock returns). We use a sample of firms selected to maximize their likelihood of falling within the incentive zone; this research design addresses concerns in the literature regarding possible attribution of findings to mechanical application of bonus formula. Second, we find that future salary revisions are more sensitive to unrealized losses than to unrealized gains, consistent with Fama’s (1980) notion of ex post settling up occurring via salary revisions. Finally, we provide cross-sectional evidence that this asymmetric sensitivity is greater for firms with stronger corporate governance, less timely accounting earnings, and a larger proportion of total pay in the form of cash compensation.
Property in Crisis

Property law generally develops gradually, with doctrine slowly accreting in the interstices of daily conflict and the larger culture of property likewise emerging at a glacial pace. In times of crisis, however, fundamental questions about the nature of ownership and the balance between the individual and the state instantiated in the structure of property rise rapidly to the surface. Our current economic crisis - the deepest since the Great Depression - is no exception. This economic crisis, more than many in our history, began with property, sparked in no small measure by structural flaws in the residential market and an ownership society that advocated risk-taking with insufficient heed for consequences. Property has likewise played a palpable role in the still-emerging policy response, with concerns about creeping socialism and fears of nationalization shaping regulatory design. As a result, this crisis has unsettled long-stagnant tensions in property theory. It is providing a vivid reminder of the interconnected nature of property while recalibrating the role of property as a repository for risk and reward. These conceptual shifts have brought the state’s role in shaping property to the fore, starkly - albeit perhaps temporarily - placing great weight on the public, communitarian, and even punitive aspects of the nature of property. This crisis thus provides a powerful window to assess the current state of our property discourse and begin to glean lessons about the directions in which property may evolve in the aftermath. Although scholars have begun to grapple with the causes and some of the particular consequences of the current crisis, there has been relatively little theoretical engagement with the role of property norms in the origins of, and in the regulatory response to, the crisis. By identifying the intersection of crisis and property theory with greater clarity, this Article lays the groundwork for normative efforts moving forward. It holds broader lessons as well for understanding the contingent nature of legal change and the structure of one of our most foundational social institutions.
CAVITATION FROM SURFACE IRREGULARITIES IN HIGH VELOCITY

Irregularities in flow surfaces of hydraulic structures operating at high velocities have been the source of serious damage by cavitation. The types of surfaces often encountered in construction are shown and many examples of cavitation damage induced by the irregularities are shown photographically. Charts from which critical sizes of some of the types can be determined are presented. Methods used to reduce the irregularities to acceptable tolerance are noted and the use of aeration slots and tunnel offsets used in recent designs to eliminate cavitation damage that would otherwise occur at the irregularities is reviewed.
CAPACITY AND EQUITY: FEDERAL FUNDING COMPETITION BETWEEN AND WITHIN METROPOLITAN REGIONS

Major federal grant programs in areas such as transportation, neighborhood development, and education increasingly rely on competition to award funds. Yet the capacity to develop a competitive application for funds can vary widely, with some places lacking civic resources that contribute to successful grant applications. Moreover, not all civic actors and priorities have similar levels of involvement in grant seeking; in particular, low-income communities may be left out of the process. Our research examines how two forms of capacity—civic and equity advocacy—affect the distribution of federal transportation grants between and within metropolitan regions. We use multiple methods of analysis, including comparative case studies of transportation projects in Miami and Orlando, as well as a cross-sectional quantitative analysis of competitive transportation grants. First, we assess how civic capacity affects whether a region secured federal transportation funding and find that civic capacity is positively associated with receiving competitive transportation grants in both the case studies and quantitative analysis. Second, we examine whether equity advocacy capacity within a region is associated with grant project benefits for low-income communities. Based on the case studies, we find that equity advocacy capacity may be a key condition in order for grants to benefit low-income communities, and our exploratory quantitative analysis further supports for this finding. Overall our findings substantiate concerns that competition for federal awards could exacerbate disparities between and within regions.
Absolute-rate coefficient for C3+(2s-->2p) electron-impact excitation.

We have measured the absolute-rate coefficient for electron-impact excitation (EIE) of ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$(2s $^{2}$${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p $^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{1/2,3/2}$) for energies near threshold. A delayed coincidence technique with inclined beams was used. Radiation from the excited ions was detected using an optical system that subtends slightly over \ensuremath{\pi} steradians. At an ion-rest-frame energy of 10.10 eV the measured rate coefficient was (7.79\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and the measured cross section was (4.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.12)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The uncertainties quoted here represent the total experimental uncertainty, statistical and systematic, at a confidence level considered to be equivalent to a statistical 90% confidence level. Good agreement is found with other measurements. Agreement is not good with Coulomb-Born with exchange and two-state close-coupling calculations, both of which fall outside our 90% confidence limits. Nine-state close-coupling calculations are in better agreement. However, the calculations lie at the extreme edge of our uncertainty limits. Taking into account previous measurements of EIE in ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$ and also a measurement of EIE in Li-like ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ that falls significantly below theory at threshold, there is a suggestion that the ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$(2s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p) EIE rate coefficient near threshold may fall slightly below presently accepted values.
Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery: complications and how to avoid them.

INTRODUCTION Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) has emerged as a natural progression from standard laparoscopy aiming to further minimize the morbidity of urological procedures. Recent advances in technology and instrumentation coupled with a mastery of laparoscopic surgery by some has led to the incorporation of LESS techniques in a variety of complex urological operations. Given the paucity of published data regarding complications, we review the collective experience as well as share our own results and observations. METHODS A literature search of published series on LESS was performed focusing on complications and other difficulties associated with this new technique. The experience with LESS at our institution was also evaluated for complications and means of avoiding them. RESULTS A few complications relating to LESS specifically are reported in the literature. These are generally related to the access site and the ability to manage situations that require added dexterity. Conversion to standard laparoscopy (or open surgery) is rare while insertion of an additional port appears to be more common. CONCLUSIONS LESS is an evolving platform and may have a steeper learning curve than standard laparoscopy. In experienced hands, the rates of LESS complications appear to be similar to other surgical techniques.
Characterization of aquifer heterogeneity using indicator variables for solute concentrations

[1] A new approach to the use of tracer test concentration data for inference of the parameters characterizing the hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity is introduced. Rather than using concentration data directly, the concentrations are transformed into indicator variables, whose time-dependent mean and covariance structure in a control plane orthogonal to the mean flow direction are developed in terms of the log conductivity variance, vertical and horizontal correlation lengths, and the mean flow velocity. Parameter values can be inferred by comparison of the theoretical indicator moments with field measurements. The approach is found to have several advantages over the direct use of concentrations. These include (1) insensitivity of the indicator covariance to the log conductivity variance, allowing for independent determination of the integral scale in isotropic media, and (2) less susceptibility to measurement errors or interference from ambient groundwater concentrations. Also, because the indicator records only the first concentration detect, it is more efficient than methods such as travel time moment analysis, which require the entire breakthrough record.
Replication of viral ribonucleic acid. X. Turnover of virus-specific double-stranded ribonucleic acid during replication of phage MS2 in Escherichia coli

Abstract Following infection of Escherichia coli with MS2, synthesis of parental type viral "plus" strands was preceded by the formation of complementary "minus" strands. Twenty-two minutes after infection, when the synthesis of progeny ribonucleic acid was well under way, the rate of synthesis of plus strands greatly exceeded that of minus strands. At this time there was a turnover of plus strands and little or no turnover of minus strands in MS2-specific double-stranded RNA. These results provide further support for the view that the replication of MS2 RNA proceeds in two steps. Minus strands are first synthesized with "plus" strands as template. The resulting replicative intermediate then acts as a template for the asymmetrical synthesis of progeny plus strands. In the latter process, newly formed plus strands displace their counterparts from the replicating complex.
A comparison of students' conceptions about the nature of argumentation in school and professional science

This paper explores the relationship between students' conceptions about warranting claims in science class and their beliefs about how professional scientists warrant claims. An interview was used to measure beliefs about school science, and a questionnaire was used to measure beliefs about professional science. The difference of these expressed ideas in the two contexts have implications for understanding students' personal epistemologies of science as well as the coherence of students' epistemological beliefs.
DEMOCRATIC POLITICS AND THE LONG MARCH ON GLOBAL WARMING: Comments on McCright and Dunlap

The political impasse over global warming legislation stems from obstacles in the mass media arena, public awareness, electoral politics as well as governmental policy. Advocates of global warming ...
Limits of Multicasting in a Packet-Switched WDM Single-Hop Local Lightwave Network

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a technique used to divide the tremendous optical bandwidth of a fiber into many non-interfering channels. A WDM single-hop local lightwave network can be designed by using two-way fibers to connect every node to a passive star coupler, and equipping the nodes with tunable transmitters and/or receivers. The passive star broadcasts data transmitted on each wavelength channel to all nodes in the system. This type of network, known as broadcast and select, is naturally suited to multicasting; every node in the network has the opportunity to receive any particular packet. In this study, we show how multicasting in a broadcast and select environment can dramatically increase the throughput of the network. Using a Markov model and a simulation, we show that multicasting significantly improves the limiting performance of both small and large networks, especially when each node is equipped with multiple receivers.
The Metamorphosis: The Nature of Chronic Illness and Its Challenge to Medicine

As a multiple sclerosis patient I am one of the millions of Americans who suffer from severe chronic illness. The main diseases of our time---the degenera t ive diseases of the elderly, AIDS, cancer, hear t disease, stroke--are all chronic in nature. A t the same time the predominant focus of medical care and medical education in recent years has been directed towards acute care----the underlying assumption being that an acute model of illness is adequate for dealing with the problems associated with chronic disorders. I would like to suggest that this assumption is mistaken. Chronic illness is distinctively different in nature to acute illness. Furthermore, its distinctive character poses a challenge to the prevailing conception of the goals of medicine and the nature of the physician-patient relationship.
Acute thermogenic effects of nicotine and alcohol in healthy male and female smokers.

Nicotine intake is associated with lower body weight in both women and men. Despite its energy content, alcohol consumption is also associated with lower body weight in women but not in men. Each drug may reduce weight by acutely increasing thermogenesis. During four sessions, nicotine (20 μg/kg per dosing) or placebo was given to male and female smokers (n = 9 each) via measured-dose nasal spray every 30 min for 2 h after consumption of diet tonic water with or without alcohol (0.5 g/kg). Each nicotine/placebo dosing was followed by assessment of energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Alcohol alone induced no significant effect in men or women, whereas nicotine alone and combined with alcohol induced a significant thermogenic effect in men but not women. These results are consistent with other research suggesting a reduced thermogenic responsiveness to drugs in women and indicate that nicotine must act via appetite suppression to reduce body weight in women. Similarly, these findings do not support the notion that alcohol is inversely related to body weight in women because of excessive acute thermogenesis.
Variations in glycerol content and its influence on cold hardiness in the Alaskan carabid beetle, Pterostichus brevicornis☆

Quantitative paper chromatographic determinations of glycerol content in the haemolymph of adult P. brevicornis have revealed seasonal variations in the concentration of this substance. Mean glycerol concentrations in excess of 22 g% have been measured during winter with the values decreasing to less than 1 g% during spring and summer. Acclimation studies gave similar results. In the artificially warmed winter beetles glycerol content decreased to less than 1 g% within 36 hr at 20°C. Glycerol concentrations were closely correlated with the changing supercooling points and haemolymph freezing points in both the naturally acclimatized and laboratory acclimated specimens. Temperature preferences showed a positive correlation with changes in cold tolerance.
One-pot formal synthesis of biorenewable terephthalic acid from methyl coumalate and methyl pyruvate

Diverse functionalized aromatic compounds are constructed from captodative dienophiles with exclusive regioselectivity. 100% biorenewable dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) from methyl coumalate and methyl pyruvate is achieved in a one-pot, Diels–Alder/decarboxylation/elimination sequence in nearly quantitative yield. The DMT system is solvent-free and purification is accomplished through recrystallization. DMT hydrolysis reveals the co-monomer terephthalic acid (TPA) as a bio-based drop-in replacement for the polymer industry, avoiding harsh oxidation and petrochemicals.
Recent microsurgical advances in China

For more than two decades, microsurgery has been developed, practiced, and refined in China. For the most part, this has taken place independent of a parallel process in the Western World. Only until recent years has there been some communication from China regarding this microsurgical experience. The authors believe that there is much yet to be learned from the wealth of Chinese experience in microsurgery, just as Chinese surgeons have gained valuable information from the West. The authors reviewed the microsurgical literature in China from 1983 to 1986, and present here what we regard to be of particular interest to American microsurgeons, including the areas of digital reconstruction, replantation, flap transfer and transposition, and microsurgical techniques and patient management. Some historical background in the development of Chinese microsurgery is also provided.
Spatially periodic instability occurring in moving boundary electrophoresis experiments

Abstract While carrying out moving boundary electrophoresis experiments in gels, an unusual periodic disturbance of the interface was noted. This disturbance occurs when the mobility of the trailing ion exceeds that of the leading ion. A simplified model neglecting diffusion has been developed to demonstrate the physical basis for the boundary instability. By the use of dimensional analysis it can be shown that the wavelength of the instability is independent of electrolyte concentration and is inversely related to applied voltage. These predictions are in accord with experiment.
Rotationally sensitive focusing of molecular ions in an a.c. quadrupole electric field

Abstract The possibility of resolving rotational states of molecular ions in an a.c. quadrupole field is explored. The calculations indicate that the required experimental conditions for observing the effect with heavy molecular ions such as BaCl + are not out of reach of present technology.
IL-7: success without a formal education

Decimation of the T-cell pool following intensive chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, or infection with HIV renders the patient highly susceptible to a variety of life-threatening infectious pathogens and/or fatal malignancies. Restoration of normal T-cell immunity can occur by 2 distinct
Mechanism of crystal growth for the enzyme chymotrypsinogen.

IN a previous publication1 it was shown that the morphology of chymotrypsinogen crystals was dependent on the super saturation at which they were formed. Particular emphasis was laid on the nucleation mechanism. In the following work evidence is presented which suggests the underlying mechanism of the enzyme crystallization.
The Role of the Investigative Surgeon: Asking Questions and Questioning Answers

In this article, the notion of an investigative surgeon is explored, defining the role and why it is important. The advantages and disadvantages of assuming this role, as well as strategies for success, are discussed.