cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Su1435 Long Term Effectiveness After Endoscopic Therapy in Chronic Pancreatitis

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and risk factors of postERCP pancreatitis in patients who had undergone prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting. Patients and methods: Between July 2002 and January 2010, ERCPrelated procedures were performed in 9192 cases of pancreatobiliary diseases at seven institutions. From among them, 414 patients (246 men, 168 women; mean age, 68 yr; age range, 22-91 yr) at high risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis who had undergone prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting were included in this study. The stent used in the present study was a 5-Fr stent with a single duodenal pigtail, which is made of soft polyethylene and has no flange (Pit-stent: Cathex, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The pancreatic duct stent was placed via the channel of the duodenoscope over a guidewire with the assistance of fluoroscopy at the end of the procedure. The frequency and risk factors of post-ERCP pancreatitis were investigated. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was defined based on the consensus criteria. Results: Therapeutic ERCP was performed in 52% of the patients. Indications for prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting were as follows: difficult cannulation of the bile duct, 192; pancreatic duct cytology/biopsy, 95; precut sphincterotomy, 40; pancreatic sphincterotomy, 29; female, 28; papillectomy, 25; sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, 12; history of pancreatitis, 10. Hyperamylasemia at 18-24 h after ERCP was observed in 64% (267 patients) of the patients. Pancreatitis occurred in 9.9% (41 patients: mild, 37; moderate, 2; severe, 2). Univariate analysis revealed intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas to be the only significant risk factor for pancreatitis (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2, 7.1). Multivariate analysis also showed IPMN to be the only risk factor for pancreatitis (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2, 7.8). The mean diameter of the pancreatic head duct in patients with IPMN who developed post-ERCP pancreatitis was significantly smaller than that in those who did not develop pancreatitis (3.0 1 mm vs 4.7 2.6 mm, P 0.0037). Conclusions: Post-ERCP pancreatitis developed in 9.9% of the patients at high risk who had undergone prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting. Since the majority of cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis were mild, pancreatic duct stenting may contribute to lessening the severity of pancreatitis. Our results suggest that IPMN without a dilated pancreatic head duct is a possible risk factor for postERCP pancreatitis after prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting.
Mechanisms of augmented field potential responses in the rat olfactory bulb

Olfactory bulb field potential and single unit responses to paired pulse stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract were observed in the rat. In agreement with previous reports, surgical levels of barbiturate anesthesia prolonged the period of diminution of the field potential responses to the test pulse relative to the effect seen under light anesthesia. Very deep barbiturate anesthesia (sufficient to depress the EEG) led to decreased responses to the primary pulse but augmented responses to the test pulse. Urethane and ether anesthesia produced augmented test responses without severely depressing the EEG and without producing a period of diminished test responses. Single unit recordings failed to show external plexiform layer units excited at the time of maximal augmentation of the field potential. Simultaneous single unit and field potential recordings showed that prolonged diminution of the field potential response was associated with prolonged suppression of unit responses to the test pulse, while augmented field potential responses were associated with decreased suppression of unit responses to the test pulse. These observations are most easily explained by the assumption of temporal facilitation in the synaptic output of mitral and tufted cells. This facilitation is masked by feedback inhibition under some conditions, particularly under barbiturate anesthesia.
Marcinkiewicz strong laws of large numbers and convergence rates for arrays of independent random elements in banach spaces

Consider a set of independent Banach space-valued random elements indexed by the positive integer d-dimensional lattice points, d ≥ 2. The classical Kolmogorov-Marcinkiewicz strong law of large numbers is obtained in this setting. In addition, a rate of convergence for the tall probabilities of the sample sums is determined
Behavior of Li Guest in KNb5O13 Host with One-Dimensional Tunnels and Multiple Interstitial Sites

Potassium niobium oxide (KNb5O13) exhibits multiple unoccupied interstitial sites in its crystal structure. In a lithiation/delithiation process, ∼3.5 Li+ ions can be inserted/extracted into/from these sites above 1.0 V vs Li/Li+. Although there are two-dimensional tunnels in KNb5O13, the experiment demonstrates that only a-axis tunnels have access to the electrolyte for the lithiation/delithiation process. The one-dimensional tunnels connect to multiple off-axis sites (4c, 4d, and 8e), which results in a polarization hysteresis in the potential profile of the lithiation/delithiation process. Using experimental and calculation methods, the study explains the polarization hysteresis with a proposed lithiation/delithiation process in KNb5O13.
Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy of a 13C carbonyl-labeled polypeptide

High resolution structural elucidation of macromolecular structure by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance requires the preparation of uniformly aligned samples that are isotopically labeled. In addition, to use the chemical shift interaction as a high resolution constraint requires an in situ tensor characterization for each site of interest. For 13C in the peptide backbone, this characterization is complicated by the presence of dipolar coupled 14N from the peptide bond. Here the 13C1-Gly2 site in gramicidin A is studied both as a dry powder and in a fully hydrated lipid bilayer environment. Linewidths reported for the oriented samples are a factor of five narrower than those reported elsewhere, and previous misinterpretations of the linewidths are corrected. The observed frequency from oriented samples is shown to be consistent with the recently determined structure for this site in the gramicidin backbone. It is also shown that, whereas a dipolar coupling between 13C and 14N is apparent in dry preparations of the polypeptide, in a hydrated bilayer the dipolar coupling is absent, presumably due to a `self-decoupling' mechanism.
Theory of collective excitations of spherical nuclei with particular application to the giant dipole state

The system of equations of motion for the components of the one-particle density matrix is linearized for a finite system of fermions interacting through a two-body “residual” force. Exchange terms are included. Equations corresponding to those of the “extended shell model” method are obtained for calculating collective states of spherical nuclei of definite angular momentum, parity, spin and isobaric spin, both in the j-j and L–S coupling scheme. Particular application and solution of such equations is obtained for the case of the giant dipole state of O16 by the use of finite range potentials with two different mixtures of exchange forces and radial shapes. The matrix elements are antisymmetrized and the “backward-going graphs” are included. Satisfactory agreement with experiment is obtained. The left over terms bilinear in the density operator are then “minimized” by extracting their lowest order linear contribution. The resulting correction terms are estimated for the giant dipole state in O16 and found small, giving support to the Random Phase Approximation.
Saving the phenomena: requirements that inductive inference machines not contradict known data

Abstract Three kinds of restrictions on inductive inference machines (IIMs) are considered: postdictive completeness, postdictive consistency, and reliability. It is shown that postdictively consistent IIMs can be effectively replaced with post-dictively complete IIMs that succeed to at least the same degree. Various loosenings of the notions of postdictive completeness and reliability are considered, and a pair of related triangular hierarchies is exhibited; IIMs higher (or to the right) in the hierarchies are less restricted and capable of learning more than IIMs lower or to the left. Various conjectures and older results are obtained as corollaries.
An association between fetal abdominal wall defects and elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin in mid‐trimester

We analysed maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 16 pregnancies with fetal abdominal wall defects previously identified prenatally by elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or at birth. The AFP levels had a mean of 6.38 MOM (range 0.34-15.65), as expected with these defects. The hCG levels had a mean of 1.82 MOM (range 0.23-4.11). The hCG levels in five pregnancies (31.25 per cent) were above 2.30 MOM. Elevated levels of hCG may be associated with fetal abdominal wall defects.
iResTrac: an architecture for maintaining medical resource status with mobile devices

In this paper, we introduce iResTrac, a mobile device application and service-oriented architecture for capturing and retrieving hospital resource information such as beds or ventilators. Our system leverages the continuing penetration of smartphones in the hospital environment to provide medical, cleaning, and maintenance staff with an application that allows them to use a smartphone to scan barcodes to acquire and update information about resources. This solution does not require an additional hardware infrastructure like that required by RFID tags. It uses existing hospital Wi-Fi infrastructure that allows the application to access an in-house web service that exposes methods to update and retrieve information. In addition, the system provides a dashboard application that can be viewed in a traditional web browser or optimized for a tablet device.
Legal Issues in Psychological Abuse of Children

The pediatrician must observe and assess a variety of emotional disorders in children, many of which seem related to adverse parental attitudes and actions. It is important for the pedia trician to appreciate the judicial system's constraints in defining psychological abuse so that, when appropriate, legal interventions can be actively encouraged. Cases most likely to be ad judicated are those in which the caretaker's harmful acts and attitudes can be causally related to measurable emotional damage in the child. Other cases which may be suitable are those in which the parent's actions are patently atrocious or the parents have consistently refused to obtain treatment for a seriously disturbed child. Cases which satisfy these criteria, and some which do not, are presented.
Hypokalemia and Hypercalcemia

Excerpt To the editor: Aldinger and Samaan in their article "Hypokalemia with Hypercalcemia" (Ann Intern Med87:571-573, 1977) demonstrate a higher prevalence of hypokalemia in the hypercalcemia of ...
Expression of the developmentally regulated catalase (cat) genes in maize

The catalase (H2O2:H2O2 oxidoreductase; E.C.1.11.1.6; CAT) gene-enzyme system in Zea mays L (maize) represents an ideal model for studying the molecular basis of developmental gene regulation in higher eukaryotes. This system comprises a family of structural genes that are highly regulated, both temporally and spatially, during maize development. In maize, there are four distinct forms (isozymes) of catalase that are readily discernible by convetional separation procedures. Three of the catalases have been studied in detail from a genetic and biochemical viewpoint. The catalases CAT-1, CAT-2, and CAT-3 are encoded by the distinct, unlinked genes Cat1, Cat2, and Cat3, respectively. Each of the structural genes is highly regulated both spatially and temporally in its expression. Cat1 is expressed primarily in the endosperm, aleurone, pericarp, and scutellum of developing kernels, and in the root, shoot, and scutellum of very young seedlings. Cat2 is expressed primarily in the scutellum and leaf during postgerminative sporophytic development. Cat3 is expressed, for the most part, in the shoot and pericarp of young seedlings. A number of regulatory variants have been recovered that affect the developmental program of expression of the catalases. Analysis of one variant allowed for the identification of a temporal regulatory gene (Car1) that specifically alters the developmental program of the Cat2 structural gene by acting to regulate the rate of CAT-2 protein synthesis. Cat1 has been mapped on chromosome 1S, 37 map units (m.u.) from the Cat2 structural gene. Another variant line has been isolated which lacks expression of the Cat2 gene in its tissues at all stages of development. Isolated polysomes from this line (A16) were translated in vitro, and the products were immunoprecipitated with CAT-2-specific antibodies. No CAT-2 was detectable in the A16 labeled immunoprecipitates, whereas CAT-2 was readily detected in the normal line, W64A, under similar conditions. The temporal and spatial expression of the Cat structural genes is not only influenced by genetic factors (as above), but is also responsive to exogenously applied environmental signals: light, hormones, and temperature. The mechanisms by which such signals specifically affect CAT-2 expression will be discussed.
Far-infrared absorption by small particles

Detailed far-infrared (FIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) studies of aluminum small particles have been carried out. MIR absorption studies of clustered and non-clustered samples suggest that the anomalous FIR absorption does not arise from the clustering together of the individual metallic particles. The MIR absorption, which is too small to be the continuation of the anomalous FIR absorption, could be fitted to the classical theory by using an unexpectedly short electronic mean free path. Evidence is presented for the particles having a non-Drude dielectric function, suggesting that the anomalous FIR absorption is due to the fact that the small particles are not metals.
Role of cell shape in growth control

Tissue culture plastic adhesivity was precisely varied by applying different concentrations of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The extent of cell spreading was thus accurately controlled so that cells cultured on these substrata could be held at any one of a graded series of quantitated cell shapes. Cell shape was found to be tightly coupled to DNA synthesis and growth in nontransformed cells. These findings suggest a mechanism that is important in growth control of mammalian cells, and provide a more fundamental interpretation of such phenomena as density dependent inhibition of cell growth and anchorage dependence.
Variance Estimation for NAEP Data Using a Resampling-Based Approach: An Application of Cognitive Diagnostic Models

This paper presents an application of a jackknifing approach to variance estimation of ability inferences for groups of students, using a multidimensional discrete model for item response data. The data utilized to demonstrate the approach come from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). In contrast to the operational approach used in NAEP, where plausible values are used to make ability inferences, the approach presented in this paper reestimates all parameters of the model, and makes ability inferences based on replicate samples of the jackknife without using plausible values.
McKenna’s Quality of Will

In this paper, I investigate the role played by Quality of Will in Michael McKenna’s conversational theory of responsibility. I articulate and press the skeptical challenge against it, and then I show that McKenna has the (untapped) resources in his account to deflect it.
Modifications in P62 occur due to proteasome inhibition in alcoholic liver disease

P62 is capable of binding the polyubiquitin chain that targets proteins for degradation by the proteasome through its ubiquitin associated domain (UBA). Immunostaining of hepatocytes from human liver with alcoholic hepatitis showed colocalization of ubiquitin and P62 in Mallory bodies. Rats fed ethanol chronically and their controls showed that P62 is colocalized with the proteasome in hepatocytes as shown by confocal microscopy. P62 cosedimented with 26S proteasomes isolated from livers of control and alcohol fed rats. P62 was increased in the 26S proteasome fraction when the proteasome chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L) activity decreased in rats fed ethanol. PS-341, a potent proteasome inhibitor was used to compare the inhibition of the proteasome with the inhibition which occurs with ethanol feeding. P62 protein levels were also increased in the purified proteasome fraction of rats given PS-341. This data indicates that modifications in P62 occur due to proteasome inhibition in experimental alcoholic liver disease.
A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CROSS-SECTIONAL CORTICAL BONE REMODELING IN THE FEMORAL DIAPHYSIS FOLLOWING HIP ARTHROPLASTY IN ELDERLY FEMALES

A quantitative assessment of cross-sectional cortical bone remodeling in the femoral diaphysis following hip arthroplasty was made by direct in vitro measurements of cross-sectional geometric properties. We obtained eight femora from four female cadavers ranging in age from 77 to 96 years. In three cases unilateral uncemented Austin Moore implants were used, and in one case a unilateral cemented Thompson prosthesis had been implanted. The time of implantation in the two specimens where this information could be obtained was greater than 40 months. Sections were made at 12 diaphyseal locations from the superior aspect of the lesser trochanter through the distal diaphysis. Section properties (areas and second moments of area, or area moments of inertia) were determined by tracing photographs of the cross-sections with a digitizer. In this sample of prosthetic femora, we found reductions in both total subperiosteal area (TA) and endosteal area (ENDA) relative to the contralateral unoperated side in most sections distal to the lesser trochanter. The average pairwise reduction in ENDA for this region was 21.1 mm2, reaching statistical significance in one distal diaphyseal section. The average decline in TA in this region was 10.2 mm2. Because the reduction in endosteal dimensions was generally greater than the reduction in subperiosteal dimensions, cortical area (CA) was maintained or increased throughout the distal 80% of this region in prosthetic femora with an average increase in CA of 9.3 mm2, reaching statistical significance in one mid-diaphyseal section. A completely different pattern of remodeling occurred in the two most proximal sections through the lesser trochanter and base of the femoral neck.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on temporal recovery (pre-pulse inhibition) of the acoustic startle response in the rat.

Abstract In a series of 6 experiments 40 μg/kg d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) augmented acoustic startle amplitude in rats when long intertone intervals (4, 8, 16, or 32 sec) were used but not when short interstimulus intervals were used (0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 2 sec). In contrast, 8 mg/kg d-amphetamine augmented startle when either long or short interstimulus intervals were used. The results suggest that LSD augments startle by accelerating the decay of pre-pulse inhibition (temporal recovery process) which may be one mechanism by which LSD can alter sensory processing.
The major histocompatibility complex of the rat.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the major histocompatibility complex of the rat. There is a close association between the Ag-B histocompatibility type of a strain and its mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) response to other strains of the same or different Ag-B groups. The genes that control private serological (Ag-B) specificities divide all strains tested so far into eight major groups, including two new alleles. These strains are recombinants between the Ag-B (SD) and MLR (LD) loci, and their existence provides indirect evidence that the SD and LD antigens are controlled by closely linked, but distinct, genes. The genetic control of the immune response to poly (Glu52 Lys33 Tyr15) is exerted by at least two autosomal genes. The quantity, binding constant, and specificity of the antibody are all controlled by the same genetic mechanism.
Recoating mirrors having a chromium underlayer

X-ray mirrors and multilayers are used to reflect, focus, or monochromatize x-ray beams. Substrate materials are typically silicon, fused silica, Zerodur, ULE, or metals such as molybdenum, copper, or stainless steel. Substrates are polished to a few angstroms rms roughness and often coated with one or more layers to provide the desired spectral reflectivity. Coatings can be damaged as a result of mishandling, contamination and/or chemical reaction, prolonged exposure to x-rays, exposure to poor vacuum, aging, or peeling due to poor coating adhesion and/or high stress. Incomplete or out-of-spec coatings may render an optic unacceptable. In all these cases, it is highly desirable to be able to completely strip off a coating and recoat the substrate without the need for repolishing it. This is particularly important for optical substrates that are expensive or have a long fabrication lead-time. This paper describes one such scheme. It involves pre-coating of mirror reflecting surfaces with a thin layer of chromium. Subsequent coatings can be stripped by etching away the chromium underlayer without damaging the substrate. Experimental results show that surface roughness is unaffected by the etching process in silicon and zerodur, the two substrate material tested so far. The process is expected to be equally applicable to other glasses and can be extended to other substrate materials using appropriate underlayer / etchant combinations.
Central distribution of primary afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana.

Summary The brain stem distribution of afferent fibers in the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves of the opossum was studied using the Fink-Heimer 14 stain for fibers which degenerated after surgical section. From both nerves, fasicles containing degenerated afferents run dorsomedially through the medulla, passing through the spinal trigeminal tract and entering the tractus solitarius. A few fibers turn caudally in the spinal tract of V and descend to end in the caudal part of the spinal nucleus of V. Another very small group of fibers enters the dorsal reticular formation. Most of the afferents terminate in the solitary tract nuclei near the level where IXth nerve fibers enter, and in the commissural nucleus of Cajal just below the obex. Many fibers which descend in the tract to the latter nucleus cross the midline resulting in a bilateral termination in the commissural nucleus. A few fibers ascend 0.5–0.75 mm in the contralateral solitary tract to end in the medial or interstitial nucleus.
Label-free flow-enhanced specific detection of Bacillus anthracis using a piezoelectric microcantilever sensor.

Differentiation between species of similar biological structure is of critical importance in biosensing applications. Here, we report specific detection ofBacillus anthracis (BA) spores from that of close relatives, such as B. thuringiensis (BT), B. cereus (BC), and B. subtilis (BS) by varying the flow speed of the sampling liquid over the surface of a piezoelectric microcantilever sensor (PEMS). Spore binding to the anti-BA spore IgG coated PEMS surface is determined by monitoring the resonance frequency change in the sensor's impedance vs. frequency spectrum. Flow increases the resonance frequency shift at lower flow rates until the impingement force from the flow overcomes the binding strength of the antigen and decreases the resonance frequency shift at higher flow rates. We showed that the change from increasing to decreasing resonance frequency shift occurred at a lower fluid flow speed for BT, BC, and BS spores than for BA spores. This trend reduces the cross reactivity ratio of BC, BS, and BT to the anti-BA spore IgG immobilized PEMS from around 0.4 at low flow velocities to less than 0.05 at 3.8 mm s−1. This cross reactivity ratio of 0.05 was essentially negligible considering the experimental uncertainty. The use of the same flow that is used for detection to further distinguish the specific binding (BA to anti-BA spore antibody) from nonspecific binding (BT, BC, and BS to anti-BA spore antibody) is unique and has great potential in the detection of general biological species.
Teaching Professional Writing Rhetorically: The Unified Case Method.

Writing and speaking rhetorically means directing one's words to a particular audience for a particular effect; teaching rhetorically includes appealing to students' interests and experience. Writing teachers frequently use scenarios for that purpose. In this article, the author introduces the unified case method as an improvement on the traditional case method and reports on the use of this rhetorical method in a professional writing class. Specifically, the author used a single, complex scenario throughout the semester so that all the writing assignments were situated in the same fictional world. The students reacted enthusiastically to the method, and their writing was more successful.
The Effects of Pore Pressure on the Conductivity of Fractured Aquifers

In this study, we investigate the degree to which climate-induced changes in hydraulic head can affect the stress regime and hydraulic conductivity of fractured aquifers. The effects of stress changes on conductivity are well-known, but not usually considered in the analysis of ground water systems because of the misconception that the head change necessary to make a measurable impact is beyond the range of normal head fluctuations. An empirical model relating changes in hydraulic conductivity of fractured aquifers to vertical-effective stress was used in analyzing the effects of pore pressure changes on conductivity. An analysis showed that for realistic head changes (20 to 100 m), conductivity in an unconfined system can change as much as 20 to 30%. The analysis also showed that for a given head increase, increases in conductivity are greatest at shallow depths and that conductivity is a function of both hydraulic head and the relative position of head to the land surface. Maximum conductivity changes occur when the initial pore pressure is a relatively large percentage of the total stress. Similar results were also obtained in confined systems. Field examples demonstrate that large head changes have occurred in bedrock aquifers due to climatic changes and pumping withdrawals. Thus, large head changes needed to make a measurable impact on hydraulic conductivity are quite plausible. Conductivity changes can in turn lead to changes in calculated ground water flow and solute transport rates. As a result, when significant head changes are expected, changes in conductivity should be considered in the analysis of fractured aquifer systems.
Effect of nicotine and other drugs on the release of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-dopamine from rat brain slices

Nicotine produced a significant increase in the release of 3H-NE from incubated slices prepared from rat hypothalamus, cortex, and cerebellum. The effect on the hypothalamus was much greater than on the other two regions. Nicotine also produced a release of 3H-NE from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus which was dependent upon extracellular calcium and reduced by prior addition of hexamethonium or acetylcholine to the superfusion medium. Nicotine produced a similar release of 3H-DA from rat striatal slices. This effect was reduced by acetylcholine, methacholine, hexamethonium and lidocaine. Morphine and cocaine were without effect while phenoxybenzamine produced a significant increase in the release of 3H-DA induced by nicotine. It is concluded that nicotine can release monoamines from central tissue; the effect is dependent upon extracellular calcium and is produced by an action on classical nicotinic receptors. In addition, this study provides support for the muscarinic inhibitory hypothesis suggesting that acetylcholine may modulate the release of DA and NE from central neurones in a similar way as NE from peripheral adrenergic neurones.
Facile Synthesis of 4-Hydroxycinnamaldehydes

4-Hydroxycinnamaldehydes are key intermediates in the biosynthesis and degradation of lignins, the class of aromatic polymers that are responsible for much of the recalcitrance in converting lignocellulosic biomass to liquid fuels. Access to these aldehydes is needed for investigation of biochemical pathways, a crucial step in manipulating lignin biosynthesis for cost-effective biofuels production. Here, p-coumaraldehyde, caffealdehyde, coniferaldehyde, and sinapaldehyde were efficiently prepared by coupling the corresponding 4-hydroxycinnamic acids with N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine, followed by selective reduction with diisobutylaluminum hydride. The protecting-group-free total synthesis of these aldehydes does not require the use of a controlled atmosphere, nor chromatographic purification; thus, although it remains in the realm of moderately well-trained synthetic chemists, the syntheses are particularly convenient.
Action spectra for photoreactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli and Streptomyces griseus.

Action spectra for photoreactivation (light-induced recovery from ultraviolet radiation injury) of Escherichia coli B/r and Streptomyces griseus ATCC 3326 were determined. The spectral region explored was 365 to 700 mµ. The action spectrum for S. griseus differed from that for E. coli, indicating that the chromophores absorbing reactivating energy in the two species were not the same. Reactivation of S. griseus occurred in the region 365 mµ (the shortest wave length studied) to about 500 mµ, with the most effective wave length lying near 436 mµ. This single sharp peak in the spectrum at 436 mµ suggested the Soret band typical of porphyrins. Reactivation of E. coli occurred in the region 365 to about 470 mµ, with the most active wave length lying near 375 mµ. The single, non-pronounced peak near 375 was probably not due to a Soret band, and the identification of the substance absorbing reactivating light in E. coli is uncertain. In neither species was the region 500 to 700 mµ active. The implications of these action spectra and their differences are discussed.
You Shall Not Stand By

Lo Ta’amod al Dam Re’ekha. This passage, from the Hebrew Bible (Va’Yikrah, or Leviticus 19:16), means “You shall not stand idly by while your fellow human is in danger of harm.” This religious injunction is held to apply to all human beings, and similar concepts underlie secular moral and ethical codes as well. In essence, we as humans accept that others’ lives are important and worth protecting, even, perhaps, at danger to ourselves. It is, perhaps, this universal human sentiment that leads health care workers and many others to spontaneously volunteer to give of themselves in disasters. The threat of pandemic influenza or other very-large-scale natural, accidental, or terrorist-caused disasters has challenged society to develop methods to provide large-scale, long-term health care surge capacity. The needs of such an effort would include a large number of health care staff, in addition to training, equipment, medications, and, perhaps most notably, organization. Issues to be settled include how to recruit, train, protect, and provide liability and workers compensation protection for health care workers who may be thrust into unusual situations, providing care at the limits of their training, in unaccustomed venues. The American College of Emergency Physicians, among others, strongly supports making such volunteer efforts possible while recognizing the difficulties. In this issue of Annals, Schultz and Stratton describe a method for tackling the difficult issue of staffing: where will the caregivers be found? Theirs is hardly the first or only method proposed for recruiting and credentialing staff to provide disaster care. As the authors note, for example, the federal government has established the Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals. All states and several large cities in the United States are required to implement components of this system. So why do we need to even discuss the method described by this proposal? Simply because it answers problems that Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals may be unable to address, and in a nimble, rapid, and unencumbered fashion. As they point out, Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health
TT-STUN protocol design for effective TCP NAT traversal

For the NAT gateway widely used in the computer network, PC can not connect to another one through NAT gateway using TCP directly. Despite there are many methods like UPNP and Port prediction which can resolve the problems, it is difficult to be used for the Low penetration rate. In this article, we design TT-STUN protocol using TCP To Stun To TCP's design for effective TCP NAT traversal. According to reliable data, its penetration can reach 90%.
Serial Bispectral index scores in patients undergoing observation for sedative overdose in the emergency department

Abstract Study Objective Many patients who overdose on sedatives experience a declining mental status and eventually require endotracheal intubation. The goal of this study was to determine if serial bedside Bispectral index (BIS) scores monitoring can be used to detect the eventual need for intubation in overdosed patients who are undergoing observation in the ED. Methods This was a prospective, observational study of a convenience sample of patients who presented to the Hennepin County Medical Center ED between June and November 2002. Patients being treated and observed for a suspected sedative ingestion were eligible. Upon presentation, a Bispectral electroencephalographic probe was applied to the patient's forehead, and a BIS score was recorded at 0 and 20 minutes. The Altered Mental Status scale was used to describe the patient's clinical status. Data were collected by trained research assistants. Data are described with descriptive statistics. The mean changes in BIS score between patients who did and did not require intubation are compared with t tests, and the outcome of patients with stable vs declining BIS scores were compared with χ 2 tests. Results Seventy-six patients were enrolled. The mean initial BIS score was 83.9 (95% CI, 79.7-88.1; range, 9-99). The mean change in BIS scores during the 20-minute observation period for the patients who required intubation was −13.5 (95% CI, −30.2 to 3.2) and was +6.7 (95% CI, 3.3-10.1) for those who were not intubated. Sixteen patients had an initial BIS score below 70. Of these patients, 6 were intubated. All intubations occurred during the 20 minutes, and this group had a mean initial BIS of 47.2 (95% CI, 35.6-58.8). The 10 patients with an initial BIS below 70 who were not intubated had a mean increase in BIS score of 23.3 (95% CI, 11.7-33.9) during the 20 minutes. Of the 60 patients whose first BIS score was above 70, 5 were eventually intubated during their ED treatment. The mean change in BIS was −36.4 (95% CI, −18.7 to −54.1) for the intubated patients vs +7.9 (95% CI, 4.4-11.3) for nonintubated patients during the first 20 minutes. Conclusion The overdosed patients who required intubation during their ED treatment experienced a mean decrease in BIS during the first 20 minutes, compared with those who did not. Bispectral index scores monitoring may prove useful for earlier ED treatment and decision making regarding sedative overdose patients.
Contrasting Visions: Identity, Literacy, and Boundary Work in a Fan Community:

This article focuses on learning and identity-related practices of young female fans of a popular British boy band called One Direction. Drawing on qualitative inquiry into a fanfiction community formed around the band, analysis highlights (a) the literate work fans engage in, including writing, reading, critiquing, and collaborating on multimodal texts, (b) identity work performed by the fans with respect to what it means to be a true fan, a teen, and an effective writer within this community, and (c) ways in which the literate and identity work weave together to inform participation and identification in the One Direction fanfiction community, creating both links and ruptures between young people's out-of-school and in-school spaces. Analyses center on the ways the fans themselves define their involvement, with a focus on subgroup identities. Interview data highlight the ways fans used linguistic, technological, and social resources to stake out certain identities and to negotiate status within the site...
Real-time anomaly detection using a nonparametric pattern recognition approach

Obstacles to achieving anomaly detection in real time include the large volume of data associated with user behavior and the nature of that data. The paper describes preliminary results from a research project which is developing a new approach to handling such data. The approach involves nonparametric statistical methods which permits considerable data compression and which supports pattern recognition techniques for identifying user behavior. This approach applies these methods to a combination of measurements of resource usage and structural information about the behavior of processes. Preliminary results indicate that both accuracy and real time response can be achieved using these methods. >
Qualitative Research: A Case for a Multi-Angle View to Enhance ‘Validity’

Qualitative and quantitative organizational research methods have been fiercely debated with regards to their ‘value’ in terms of the ‘validity’ and ‘generalizability’ of their respective research outcomes. Qualitative or phenomenological research paradigm requires a ‘holistic’ approach to analysing a particular phenomenon in order to address ‘validity’ and ‘generalizability’ issues, and therefore necessitates more ‘intense’ and ‘comprehensive’ approach to data analyses. This conceptual paper adds to the current debate among the positivists and the phenomenologists on the superiority of a particular research method and, resorting to the dialectical analysis, contributes to the current literature on organizational research methods through conditionalising the ‘validity’ and ‘generalizability’ of the research outcomes under the qualitative research paradigm to the use of appropriate ‘research design’. Using the microfinance sector’s paradigm shift of the 1990s as a case, the paper argues that, under the qualitative research paradigm, ‘viewing’ and ‘analysing’ a qualitative set of data with a combination of two or three established theoretical constructs would help the researcher overcome the relative ‘flaw’ or ‘incapacity’ of a single theoretical construct to address all aspects of a social phenomenon under investigation, and therefore, not only enhance readers’ understanding of the issue but also conclude the research with relatively more ‘valid’ and ‘generalizable’ outcomes.
Allergic contact dermatitis from cycloaliphatic epoxide in jet aviation hydraulic fluid.

Keywords: allergic contact dermatitis; hydraulic fluid; cycloaliphatic epoxide; aviation mechanic; occupational; lack of cross-sensitivity; acid scavenger
Styryl‐Based Compounds as Potential in vivo Imaging Agents for β‐Amyloid Plaques

A group of styryl-based neutral compounds has been synthesized in this study for potential use as in vivo imaging agents for beta-amyloid plaques. Of 56 candidates, 14 compounds were found to label beta-amyloid plaques well on Alzheimer's disease (AD) human brain sections in vitro. The binding affinity to beta-amyloid fibrils was then determined by measuring the change in fluorescence intensity. Interestingly, we found that a class of quinaldine-styryl scaffold compounds displays specific binding to beta-amyloid fibrils. A representative compound, STB-8, was used in ex vivo and in vivo imaging experiments on an AD transgenic mouse model and demonstrated excellent blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and specific staining of the AD beta-amyloid plaques.
Keltonia balli (Knight) (Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae): A Rarely Collected Specialist on Staminate Flowers of the Dioecious Shrub Florida Rosemary (Ceratiola Ericoides Michx.; Ericaceae)

Abstract Described in 1926 from Florida and Mississippi, the phyline plant bug Keltonia balli (Knight) has been known in the literature only from 10 specimens; six additional specimens, reported herein, have been found in museum collections. The mirid's host-plant relationships have remained unknown. From 2002 to 2008, I collected 359 adults and 78 nymphs (instars II–V) on Florida rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides Michx.; Ericaceae), a dioecious evergreen shrub endemic to the southeastern United States. Nymphs and all but four adults were on male plants with flower buds or flowers in October, November, or December; the mirid was not found during sampling in January, February, March, April, June, or August. Keltonia balli was found only in the Lake Wales Ridge and other sand scrubs of peninsular Florida from Clay County south to Highlands County. The plant bug is a rosemary specialist whose nymphs develop on reproductive structures of male plants. Aspects of this herbivore-plant system needing elucidation, suc...
Pedestrian tracking by fusion of thermal-visible surveillance videos

In this paper we introduce a system to track pedestrians using a combined input from RGB and thermal cameras. Two major contributions are presented here. First is the novel probabilistic model of the scene background where each pixel is represented as a multi-modal distribution with the changing number of modalities for both color and thermal input. We demonstrate how to eliminate the influence of shadows with this type of fusion. Second, based on our background model we introduce a pedestrian tracker designed as a particle filter. We further develop a number of informed reversible transformations to sample the model probability space in order to maximize our model posterior probability. The novelty of our tracking approach also comes from a way we formulate observation likelihoods to account for 3D locations of the bodies with respect to the camera and occlusions by other tracked human bodies as well as static objects. The results of tracking on color and thermal sequences demonstrate that our algorithm is robust to illumination noise and performs well in the outdoor environments.
Improved ultrasonographic estimation of birth weight in macrosomic fetuses by application of a correction factor to the gestation-adjusted projection method.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to improve estimated birth weight (EBW) determination in macrosomic fetuses (estimated fetal weight >or=4000 g) by application of a correction factor to the gestation-adjusted projection (GAP) method. METHODS A review was performed of 411 singleton pregnancies delivered at term. On the basis of ultrasonographic examinations previously performed between 34.0 and 36.9 weeks' gestation, an EBW was calculated for each patient by the GAP method (EBW(GAP)). Using linear regression, a correction factor was developed that minimized the systematic error in the EBW(GAP). The model was then tested retrospectively on a second group of 317 patients. RESULTS The GAP method systematically overestimated weights of the heavier fetuses in our population. The model we derived showed improved accuracy compared with the GAP method. When applied to a second group of 317 patients, our correction to the GAP method improved specificity for macrosomia from 94.7% to 98.6% (P = .003). Stated differently, the false-positive rate was reduced from 5.3% to 1.4%. The difference in sensitivity for macrosomia was not significant: 41.2% and 35.3% (P = .68). CONCLUSIONS Application of our model to our study population reduced the number of false-positive results for fetal macrosomia.
Computation of near-wake, aerobrake flowfields

Simulations of the near-wake flowfield behind three aerobrakes have been implemented with Program LAURA, an algorithm for obtaining the numerical solution to the governing equations for three-dimensional, viscous, hypersonic flows in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium. Emphasis is placed on understanding the conditions that are likely to cause the shear layer to impinge on a payload positioned behind the aerobrake. A linear relationship between shear-layer deflection angle and angle of attack (or lift-to-drag ratio) has been identified in several ground-based tests. A similar relation appears in the numerical simulations, though there is some evidence that deflection angles may increase somewhat due to the effects of gas chemistry. Shear-layer impingement can raise local heating levels a factor of 10 higher than levels present without impingement. Nomenclature CD = coefficient of drag CL = coefficient of lift D = base diameter, m H = total enthalpy, J/kg h = altitude, km L/D = lift-to-drag ratio M = Mach number Ne = electron number density, I/cm3 NReoo D = Reynolds number based on freestream conditions and base diameter NRe2 D = Reynolds number based on postnormal shock conditions and base diameter NReceH = Reynolds number based on mesh height and local sound speed p = pressure, N/m2 q = heating rate, W/cm2 RN = aerobrake nose radius, m RS = aerobrake shoulder radius, m T = translational-rotational temperature, K TV = vibrational-electronic temperature, K V = velocity, m/s x, y, z = aerobrake coordinates, in. a = angle of attack referenced to base plane normal, deg /3 = aerobrake cone angle, deg d = rake angle of base plane relative to cone axis, deg e = eccentricity of aerobrake nose 6 = shear-layer deflection angle referenced to base plane normal, deg p = density, kg/m3
Steep, cheap and deep: an ideotype to optimize water and N acquisition by maize root systems.

Background A hypothetical ideotype is presented to optimize water and N acquisition by maize root systems. The overall premise is that soil resource acquisition is optimized by the coincidence of root foraging and resource availability in time and space. Since water and nitrate enter deeper soil strata over time and are initially depleted in surface soil strata, root systems with rapid exploitation of deep soil would optimize water and N capture in most maize production environments. • The ideotype Specific phenes that may contribute to rooting depth in maize include (a) a large diameter primary root with few but long laterals and tolerance of cold soil temperatures, (b) many seminal roots with shallow growth angles, small diameter, many laterals, and long root hairs, or as an alternative, an intermediate number of seminal roots with steep growth angles, large diameter, and few laterals coupled with abundant lateral branching of the initial crown roots, (c) an intermediate number of crown roots with steep growth angles, and few but long laterals, (d) one whorl of brace roots of high occupancy, having a growth angle that is slightly shallower than the growth angle for crown roots, with few but long laterals, (e) low cortical respiratory burden created by abundant cortical aerenchyma, large cortical cell size, an optimal number of cells per cortical file, and accelerated cortical senescence, (f) unresponsiveness of lateral branching to localized resource availability, and (g) low Km and high Vmax for nitrate uptake. Some elements of this ideotype have experimental support, others are hypothetical. Despite differences in N distribution between low-input and commercial maize production, this ideotype is applicable to low-input systems because of the importance of deep rooting for water acquisition. Many features of this ideotype are relevant to other cereal root systems and more generally to root systems of dicotyledonous crops.