cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Republicans Are the Nation? Thomas Jefferson, William Duane, and the Evolution of the Republican Coalition, 1809–1815

This essay explores Thomas Jefferson's early retirement political activity and binary vision of Federalism/Republicanism within the context of the broader political economic forces of the early nineteenth century. It shows that his notions of unity and legitimacy, so rooted in the life and death struggles of 1790s state building, increasingly no longer were relevant. His participation in a minor affair illuminates this point quite well. In the spring of 1811, Jefferson played a central role in a battle over loyalty, editorial prerogative, and the maintenance of party unity. It began when William Duane, book publisher, editor of the Philadelphia Aurora and long-time power broker within the coalition, sought Jefferson's help in securing funding from Virginia Republicans. Duane was facing a financial meltdown, and he hoped that the “sage of Monticello” might provide him a way out. Jefferson ultimately rejected the request in the name of party harmony, the irony of which is that Duane's “schism” reflected mor...
Structure and dynamics of CO2 and N2 in a tetracyanoborate based ionic liquid

To gain insight into the transport behavior of gas molecules such as CO2versus N2 through ionic liquid membranes, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structure and dynamics of CO2 and N2 gases in a tetracyanoborate based ionic liquid recently shown to exhibit high CO2/N2 permselectivity. We found that upon addition of CO2 or N2 the liquid structure does not change. CO2 or N2 molecules occupy the voids between ions and their local environments are found to be similar. Gas diffusivity is about one order of magnitude greater than that of the cation or anion. Dissolved N2 diffuses slightly faster than CO2. We hence conclude that the high permeability selectivity of CO2versus N2 observed experimentally is mainly due to the disparity in gas solubility. In other words, the much higher solubility of CO2 in tetracyanoborate-based ionic liquids such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate [emimB(CN)4] leads to their high CO2 permeability. Based on the experimental solubility and the simulated diffusivity, we obtained a permeability of 2830 barrer for CO2 in emimB(CN)4 at 300 K, in good agreement with the experimental value of 2040 barrer.
The interactive balloon: sensing, actuation, and behavior in a common object

In the not too distant future, new materials for sensing and actuation, together with high-density, low-power electronics and embedded computation, will bring interaction and intelligence to commonplace inanimate objects in our environment. As a simple but illustrative example, we have built balloons that can interact conversationally. This paper describes this system: the piezoelectric foil that works as an acoustic pickup and speaker on the balloon, its audio characteristics, the driving electronics, the signal processing, and some applications of this technology at the MIT Media Lab.
Unit Completion Ratio: Assessing Influences of Campus on Community College Student Success

This study examines survey and transcript data for a stratified random sample of over 4,000 students enrolled in the nine campuses of the Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD) and found that several campuses predict small but statistically significant differences in unit completion ratio (defined as the ratio of units [or credit hours] completed with a grade of A, B, C, or pass to units attempted) after controlling for influences of student characteristics (p < .05). Furthermore, split-file data analyses indicate that some campuses foster higher rates of completion for specific types of student subpopulations—such as first generation or nonnative English speakers—after controlling for other student characteristics. Limitations, implications for practice, and recommendations for further study conclude this article.
Vietnam Provincial Competitiveness Index 2009

The Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) was developed in 2005 by the Vietnamese Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the U.S. Agency for International Development-funded Vietnam Competitiveness Initiative. Since that time, the PCI has come to be seen as a critical tool for measuring and assessing the standards of economic governance in Vietnam’s 63 provinces from the perspective of over 10,000 private sector businesses.The year 2009, which marks the fifth iteration of the PCI analysis, is especially important because it takes place during a period of declining private sector optimism. Only 65 percent of private operations in Vietnam intend to expand their businesses over the next two years, compared with 78 percent in 2008 and 77 percent in 2007. Small firms have been more severely traumatized by the current global economic crisis than others; only 47 percent claim they plan to expand.It is in these periods of declining business confidence that economic governance becomes most important to entrepreneurial decision making. Business owners are concerned about their prospects for the future because they are uncertain both about economic events outside of the control of Vietnamese policy makers and about the policy decisions of Vietnamese officials themselves. In such an environment, clear, transparent, and fair regulatory rules and policies become paramount for assuaging firms’ fears and helping them make accurate predictions about future business prospects. Thus, the 2009 PCI can be a helpful signpost to help provincial policy makers address weaknesses, and thereby help private entrepreneurs overcome the current economic hardships.
Assessing Intra-Urban Surface Energy Fluxes Using Remotely Sensed ASTER Imagery and Routine Meteorological Data: A Case Study in Indianapolis, U.S.A.

The seasonal and spatial variability of surface heat fluxes is crucial to the understanding of urban heat island phenomenon and dynamics. To estimate energy fluxes, remote sensing derived biophysical variables need to be integrated with surface atmospheric parameters measured in meteorological stations or in situ field measurements. In this study, based on the two-source energy balance algorithm, we applied a method to estimate surface energy fluxes by combined use of multispectral ASTER images and routine meteorological data, and applied it to the City of Indianapolis, United States, aiming at in-depth understanding of the spatial patterns of energy fluxes. By computing the fluxes by land use and land cover (LULC) type, we further investigated the spatial variability of heat fluxes. Results show that the energy fluxes possessed a strong seasonality, with the highest net radiation in summer, followed by spring, fall and winter. Sensible heat flux tended to change largely with surface temperature, while latent heat was largely modulated by the change in vegetation abundance and vigor and the accompanying moisture condition. The fluctuation in all heat fluxes tended to be high in the summer months and low in the winter months. Sensible and latent heat fluxes showed a stronger spatial variability than net radiation and ground heat flux. The variations of net radiation among the land use/cover types were mainly attributable to surface albedo and temperature, while the within-class variability in the turbulent heat fluxes was more associated with the changes in vegetation, water bodies, and other surface factors.
Androgen receptor gene expression in the developing and adult zebrafish brain.

Androgens play a central role in the regulation of male sexual differentiation and behavior in many vertebrates, including zebrafish. Their signaling is mediated by activation of the androgen receptor. A single androgen receptor (ar) gene was recently identified in zebrafish, which encodes a protein that binds androgens in vitro. However, the tissue-specific expression pattern of this receptor in vivo has not been described. Using whole-mount RNA in situ hybridization, we characterized expression of the ar gene in developing zebrafish and in the adult brain. In embryos, transcripts were found in the presumptive pronephros and in olfactory placodes. By 3–5 days postfertilization, ar transcripts were also detected in the pineal organ anlage and the retina. In the adult brain, ar was expressed in discrete regions of the telencephalon, in the preoptic area, and throughout the periventricular hypothalamus, regions previously implicated in the regulation of sexually dimorphic behaviors in mammals. Developmental Dynamics 237:2987–2995, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adjunctive operative coronary artery balloon-catheter dilatation: Review of Lenox Hill experience

Operative transluminal coronary angioplasty (OTCA) has been used as an adjunct to coronary artery bypass surgery in 65 patients over a 56-month period beginning in May 1978. Experience has led us to use OTCA primarily in the left anterior descending coronary artery. The angioplasty catheter has undergone a number of modifications. Late restudy (8 to 56 months; mean, 24.1) data in 17 patients demonstrated that 15 of 19 angioplasty segments (78.9%) were patent.
Facilitating intellectual liberation, engaging the null curriculum, and WebCT

College professors seek to create intellectual experiences that free students from false perceptions and incomplete truths. This article explores one curricular decision and an accompanying pedagogical approach which, the authors argue, facilitates such a liberating experience. In the online environment of WebCT, students post their reactions to course readings, including a null curriculum consisting of a few examples of a complex body of literature by and about heretofore lost women writers. What we believe emerges from the students’ words is, first, that they feel awakened to their own unconscious complicity in perpetuating and normalising a male-dominated body of literature; second, the female students report experiencing an increased sense of empowerment because they believe that contemporary woman’s self-identity is intimately joined to the experiences and accomplishments of their scholarly female predecessors. The authors argue that the curricular choice to expose students to the women’s works, aide...
Interactions of the Components of Chromate Conversion Coating with the Constituents of Aluminum Alloy AA2024-T3

Electrochemical techniques were employed to study the nature of individual interactions between the chemicals constituting a widely used commercial chromate conversion-coating treatment and the main constituents of AA2024-T3 alloy, namely, Al (99.999%), Al 2 Cu, Al-Al 2 Cu galvanic couple, and AA2024-T3 alloy. The samples were pretreated using chromate, ferricyanide, fluoride, tetrafluoroborate, and hexafluorozirconate, prior to electrochemical corrosion tests. The results were compared with untreated (control) samples. For the first time, the chemical interaction of aluminum with hexafluorozirconate has been studied. Maximum activation was observed in the case of hexafluorozirconate pretreatment, which also decreased the interfacial tension and increased surface wetting. The electrochemistry of the control and pretreated (except for hexafluorozirconate pretreatment) AA2024-T3 and Al 2 Cu were found to be similar. The cathodic electron transfer reaction rate for oxygen reduction was found to be enhanced by the presence of copper in the systems. The enhancement was proportional to the copper content. The cathodic reaction on all systems was inhibited by chromate. Aluminum was observed to undergo cathodic corrosion, leading to an enrichment of the surface copper content and subsequent enhancement of the cathodic electron transfer reaction.
A novel mouse model of in-stent restenosis

Background and aims In-stent restenosis (ISR) is the major complication that occurs after percutaneous coronary interventions to facilitate coronary revascularization. Herein we described a simple and cost-effective model, which reproduces important features of ISR in the mouse.
The ATP-dependent remodeler RSC transfers histone dimers and octamers through the rapid formation of an unstable encounter intermediate

RSC, an essential chromatin remodeling complex in budding yeast, is involved in a variety of biological processes including transcription, recombination, repair, and replication. How RSC participates in such diverse processes is not fully understood. In vitro, RSC uses ATP to carry out several seemingly distinct reactions: it repositions nucleosomes, transfers H2A/H2B dimers between nucleosomes, and transfers histone octamers between pieces of DNA. This raises the intriguing mechanistic question of how this molecular machine can use a single ATPase subunit to create these varied products. Here, we use a FRET-based approach to kinetically order the products of the RSC reaction. Surprisingly, transfer of H2A/H2B dimers and histone octamers is initiated on a time scale of seconds when assayed by FRET, but formation of stable nucleosomal products occurs on a time scale of minutes when assayed by native gel. These results suggest a model in which RSC action rapidly generates an unstable encounter intermediate that contains the two exchange substrates in close proximity. This intermediate then collapses more slowly to form the stable transfer products seen on native gels. The rapid, biologically relevant time scale on which the transfer products are generated implies that such products can play key roles in vivo.
Methotrexate for inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacology and preliminary results.

Objective To review the limited published experience with methotrexate treatment for inflammatory bowel disease, to examine the proposed anti-inflammatory and immune-modifying mechanism of action and pharmacologic properties of methotrexate, and to detail its limiting toxicities. Design A comprehensive synopsis of methotrexate is presented to aid physicians who treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Results Methotrexate and its polyglutamate metabolites are folic acid analogues with inhibitory activity against many enzymes in the metabolic pathway of folic acid. Long-term low-dose methotrexate therapy (25 mg or less once a week) inhibits production of thymidylate, purines, and methionine and leads to accumulation of adenosine, a potent anti-inflammatory substance. These actions inhibit cellular proliferation, decrease formation of antibodies, and decrease production of mediators of inflammation such as interleukins and eicosanoids. Three uncontrolled trials and two controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy of low-dose methotrexate therapy for induction of remission in Crohn's disease and have also suggested possible benefit for ulcerative colitis and for remission maintenance indications in both diseases. Although methotrexate is generally well tolerated for long-term use at a low dose, several serious toxicities potentially limit its use. Conclusion Methotrexate is a promising new agent for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the plunge stage in friction stir welding

Abstract A better understanding of the plunge phase is critical with the growing role of friction stir spot welding and also in understanding tool wear in case of friction stir welding (FSW) of high strength alloys. This paper investigates the plunge stage using experimental and numerical modeling. Plunge experiments were performed on aluminum 2024 alloy with simultaneous measurement of temperature and axial loads. Specimens were examined using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for wear particles from the tool. A 3D finite element-based model (FEM) of the plunge stage was developed using the commercial code ABAQUS to study the thermomechanical processes involved during the plunge stage. The strain rate and temperature-dependent Johnson–Cook material law is adopted in the FEM. The numerical simulation data correlate well with the experimental data obtained in this research as well as to experimental data from the literature.
Urodynamic Patterns of Normal Male Micturition: Influence of Water Consumption on Urine Production and Detrusor Function

ABSTRACTPurpose: Urodynamic characterization of normal male micturition can be a useful standard in the analysis of data on patients complaining of voiding dysfunction. The validity of such a standard is based on the need to obtain baseline parameters of pressure flow values, an important consideration when evaluating prostatic obstruction and its treatment. While current numerical pressure flow values provide a useful summary of the voiding sequence, a more complete analysis of the pattern of normal voiding may reveal more functionally useful information concerning micturition. We establish basic experimental conditions that simulate normal voiding of physiologically produced urine by the kidneys measured at intervals representing real stages of bladder filling. We report the results of an investigation designed to study consecutive micturitions at bladder volumes determined by water consumption and endogenous circadian rhythm. Our particular focus is to examine critically the urodynamic pattern of press...
Degree of polymerization between adjacent visible light-cured composite areas.

Abstract The degree of polymerization between 2 adjacent visible light-cured composite areas was characterized by hardness measurements and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that minimum of 20 s exposure for 1 mm overlap and 40 s for 0.5 mm overlap, between 2 light-exposed areas, produced optimal hardness. The interface between the areas was uniformly cured. The 1 mm overlap would produce a homogeneous structure, optimal hardness and eliminate any possibility of partially cured area in the filling.
Lactate muscles its way into consciousness: fueling brain activation.

the energetics of neuron-astrocyte interactions during brain activation is an exciting but controversial topic because the idea that lactate might be a significant supplemental fuel challenges the long-held consensus that brain is strictly dependent on glucose as its obligatory fuel. Thus a “
Europa's South Pole Region: A sequential reconstruction of surface modification processes

Abstract High-resolution images of a region near the south pole of Europa allow reconstruction of a series of events, tectonic and thermal, that displaced and modified the surface. This approach is complementary to regional geological mapping, which is based on less detailed images, but covers a broader sample of the surface. The events reconstructed in this locale resurfaced about half the area or more, so they probably ranged over a substantial fraction of the age of Europa's surface, which in itself is quite young (
PK 0048-09: a possible radio variable galaxy.

OBSERVATIONS of sixty Parkes Catalogue radio galaxies north of −20° declination have been made at a frequency of 8,000 MHz. Widely differing values of flux density have been measured on different dates for one of these galaxies, PK 0048–09, and it is believed to be varying.
Development of a Lumped Element Circuit Model for Approximation of Nanosecond Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharges

This work presents a circuit model for calculating the total energy dissipated into neutral species for nanosecond pulsed direct current (DC) dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas. Based on experimental observations, it is assumed that the nanosecond pulsed DBD’s which have been proposed for aerodynamic ow control can be approximated by two independent regions of homogeneous electric eld. An equivalent circuit model is developed for both homogeneous regions based on a combination of a resistor, capacitors, and a zener diode. Instead of tting the resistance to an experimental data set, a formula is established for approximating the resistance by modeling plasmas as a conductor with DC voltage applied to it. Various assumptions are then applied to the governing Boltzmann equation to approximate electrical conductivity values for weakly ionized plasmas. The developed model is then validated with experimental data of the total power dissipated by plasmas.
Camera-Ready Copy for Papers to be Published in Applied Spectroscopy: An Alternative Opinion

Standards for preparation of camera-ready copy for articles submitted to Applied Spectroscopy need not follow exactly the stylistic conventions used by the journal. A simpler set of guidelines that can be easily implemented on most microcomputers is proposed.
Prospects for atomically ordered device structures based on STM lithography

Abstract A new approach to future nanodevice fabrication is proposed which could, if successful, realize practical 3-dimensional control over electron transport in silicon and silicon-based heterostructures down to the atomic scale. The process we envision consists of the following steps: (1) STM-induced desorption of hydrogen atoms to expose bare silicon dangling bonds on an H-terminated surface, (2) dosing with a few Langmuirs of PH 3 , AsH 3 , or B 2 H 6 to deposit self-ordered arrays of dopant precursors onto the STM-exposed regions, (3) low-temperature silicon overgrowth using techniques designed to limit dopant redistribution to the atomic scale, (4) repetition to produce 3-dimensional electronic architectures. Reproducible electrical properties are made possible by the large Bohr diameter for bound state wavefunctions on the individual dopants, approximately 6.6 nm for electrons with in-plane mass m *=0.190 m 0 , and preliminary calculations indicate that this same distance scale may apply to wavefunction coupling across lateral gaps between lithographically defined high-density donor/acceptor sheets. Potential advantages include: (1) elimination of disorder in random impurity doping, (2) greatly simplified all-UHV processing, (3) elimination of surface effects and offset charges through epitaxial encapsulation, (4) lateral tunnel junctions with reproducible impedance, and (5) structuring of electron transport in any desired 2D or 3D configuration.
Effects of saline loading on distal renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption.

SummaryThe stop flow method was used to determine the effects of saline loading on distal renal tubular function in hydropenic dogs. Stop flow experiments were performed in 6 dogs early and late in the course of an increasing diuresis induced by saline loading. Distal tubular stop flow patterns were compared with regard to the sodium clearance ratio (U/P Na/U/P creatinine) and U/P creatinine values. Stop flow patterns obtained late in the diuresis consistently showed elevations of all distal sodium clearance ratios, including the minimum, and decreases in all U/P creatinine values. These data suggest that an inhibition of sodium and water reabsorption develops in the distal tubule during saline loading. This could be characterized only as a fractional rather than an absolute decrease in distal reabsorption. It appeared that the inhibition was not a flow rate dependent phenomenon. Reabsorption at other tubular sites was not evaluated because of limitations inherent in stop flow methodology.
Growth factors and their receptors as determinants in the proliferation and metastasis of human prostate cancer

Prostate adenocarcinoma, the most common tumor occuring among North American men, preferentially metastasizes to bone, where it characteristically forms osteoblastic lesions. The following growth regulatory factors are expressed in some human prostate cancers and/or established cell lines: epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and insulin-like growth factor. Some of these, especially EGF, bFGF, and TGF-beta, are also implicated in growth regulation in normal and benign hyperplastic prostates. Although evidence fromin vitro study of the small number of prostate cell lines available demonstrates that these growth regulatory pathways are exploited by some of these cells, directin vivo evidence is limited. The development of human prostate cancer cell lines which grow and metastasize in immune-deficient rodents is an advance which now permits experimental analysis of the role of these growth factors in prostatic metastasis, particularly to bone. The progression and metastasis of human prostate cancer results from the complex interactions ofmultiple growth factors, androgens, and cellular communication, which form a dynamic network. Continued progress in the study and treatment of this disease will require new conceptual frameworks as well as successful application of the techniques of molecular and cellular biology.
Use of pharmaceutical manufacturers' value-added services to build customer loyalty

Abstract Maximum difference conjoint analysis is used to determine which value-added services offered by pharmaceutical manufacturers are liked the best (worst) as perceived by hospital pharmacy directors. When pharmacy directors are presented with opportunities to switch biotechnological products, it is possible to assess the relative value of value-added services in maintaining customer loyalty. A manufacturer's resources, such as educational programs, product services, and other specialized skills, are valued by hospital pharmacy directors as revealed by their reluctance to switch to a competitor's product. Differential effects of hospital size and managerial implications are also discussed.
THE PROSTATIC NODULE: A CHALLENGE AND A PROBLEM*

Cancer of the prostate begins as a microscopic lesion without signs or symptoms—carcinoma “in situ.” It can be an incidental finding at prostatectomy or at autopsy. The terms “latent,” “occult,” “incipient” and “early cancer” of the prostate are also evaluated. As the prostatic neoplasm grows, a desmoplastic reaction follows and the accumulation of malignant cells and connective-tissue elements unite to form a palpable hard nodule. There are still no subjective symptoms unless benign prostatic hypertrophy is also present. Though this palpable nodule (about 1 cm in diameter) is the earliest detectable evidence of cancer, it already contains millions of cells. Fortunately, invasion through the capsule into neighboring tissue and/or metastasis has not necessarily occurred, and in some cases ablative treatment still can be successful. At this stage of the disease, the challenge is to detect the nodule. For this reason it is important that every male over 40 have a periodic digital rectal examination, performed carefully and gently. Prostatic lesions other than cancer can produce a hard nodule. For definitive diagnosis and documentation, a perineal prostatic biopsy is necessary. If the biopsy results are positive, malignancy is proved, but if the biopsy results are negative, malignancy is not ruled out since significant tissue areas may have been missed. Anaplasia may suggest extension but does not ensure that this has taken place. Perineural invasion often occurs, without spread. The pathological findings must be correlated with the results of digital rectal examination, radiography, and determinations of the serum acid phosphatase level. There are two stages of prostatic cancer in which the serum acid phosphatase level may not be elevated: 1) the early stage—carcinoma “in situ” or the small localized nodule—and 2) the late stage when the cells are anaplastic and no longer functioning. Otherwise the level is high. Objectives in therapy are: 1) removal of the cancer (radical prostatectomy), but only if the patient's physical condition permits, and 2) palliation by decreasing the endogenous adrogen level (bilateral orchiectomy) and/or increasing the estrogen level (orally or by injections). Although prostatic cancer is hormonally dependent in the early stages, there is a tendency toward autonomy. What to do for the hormonally independent cancer is the problem.
Terrain-dependence of longitudinal R.M.S. velocities in the neutral atmosphere

Abstract Values of the ratio of the longitudinal r.m.s. velocity σ to the friction velocity u ★ are compared for a number of sites for which these quantities are adequately defined. Conflicting hypotheses concerning the variation of this ratio with terrain are examined in the light of some recent roughness-change measurements and theoretical results. Although the results of this re-examination are not conclusive, they tend to favour the traditional view that σ/u ★ is constant in fully developed equilibrium flows which are not affected by roughness changes.
Assessment of errors caused by X-ray scatter and use of contrast medium when using CT-based attenuation correction in PET

Purpose Quantitative image reconstruction in positron emission tomography (PET) requires an accurate attenuation map of the object under study for the purpose of attenuation correction. Current dual-modality PET/CT systems offer significant advantages over stand-alone PET, including decreased overall scanning time and increased accuracy in lesion localisation and detectability. However, the contamination of CT data with scattered radiation and misclassification of contrast medium with high-density bone in CT-based attenuation correction (CTAC) are known to generate artefacts in the attenuation map and thus the resulting PET images. The purpose of this work was to quantitatively measure the impact of scattered radiation and contrast medium on the accuracy of CTAC.
Wave-front generation of Zernike polynomial modes with a micromachined membrane deformable mirror

We investigate the characteristics of a 37-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror for wave-front generation. We demonstrate wave-front generation of the first 20 Zernike polynomial modes, using an iterative algorithm to adjust driving voltages. The results show that lower-order-mode wave fronts can be generated with good accuracy and large dynamic range, whereas the generation of higher-order modes is limited by the number of the actuator channels and the working range of the deformable mirror. The speed of wave-front generation can be as fast as several hundred hertz. Our results indicate that, in addition to generation of wave fronts with known aberrations, the characteristics of the micromachined membrane deformable mirror device can be useful in adaptive optics systems for compensating the first five orders of aberration.
Acoustic studies of the large‐scale ocean circulation

Detailed knowledge of ocean circulation and its transport properties is prerequisite to an understanding of the earth’s climate and of important biological and chemical cycles. Results from two recent experiments, THETIS‐2 in the Western Mediterranean and ATOC in the North Pacific, illustrate the use of ocean acoustic tomography for studies of the large‐scale circulation. The attraction of acoustic tomography is its ability to sample and average the large‐scale oceanic thermal structure, synoptically, along several sections, and at regular intervals. In both studies, the acoustic data are compared to, and then combined with, general circulation models, meteorological analyses, satellite altimetry, and direct measurements from ships. Both studies provide complete regional descriptions of the time‐evolving, three‐dimensional, large‐scale circulation, albeit with large uncertainties. The studies raise serious issues about existing ocean observing capability and provide guidelines for future efforts.
Distribution of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in tissues of rat, mouse, chick and frog.

Abstract 1. 1. The distribution of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in brain, heart, liver and muscle of rat, mouse, chick and frog was studied. 2. 2. These studies reveal differences in enzyme activity in different tissues within a species but similarities among the four species. 3. 3. With the exception of chick brain, NAD does not seem to be required by the enzymes from frog and chick tissues. However, it is required by the enzymes from mouse and rat tissues.
AMO instrumentation for the LCLS X-ray FEL

Instrumentation is being developed to conduct atomic, molecular and optical science experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source x-ray free electron laser at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. This suite of instruments will be used to study the interaction of the very intense x-ray beam with the simplest forms of matter, namely atoms, molecules and clusters. The instrumentation will be ready for the start of operations of the facility in August 2009.
Characteristics of women who have repeat abortions in the Netherlands.

AbstractObjectives To explore the demographic characteristics of women having multiple abortions, in order to identify abortion clients who might be at increased risk of repeat abortion.Methods On the basis of the registration data of most Dutch abortion clinics, responsible for 64% of all such procedures, women who procured a first abortion were compared to those who had one or more previously. Results of bivariate analyses and a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis are presented.Results Of all abortions, 36% were repeat abortions. Women aged over 20 were more likely to have repeat abortions, as were migrants, particularly those with a Caribbean background (from Surinam or the Netherlands Antilles) and women who had children. Effect sizes of other factors were very small. Surprisingly, women who had repeat abortions more often used contraception in the preceding six months than women who had a first abortion, but also this effect size was small as well. A multivariate logistic regression anal...
A low-complexity rate-compatible LDPC decoder

In this paper, we present a rate-compatible LDPC decoder architecture which supports code rates between the rate of the mother code and 1. The rate- 2304-bit Quasi-Cyclic (QC) LDPC codes with dual-diagonal parity check structure is selected from WiMax standard as the mother code and is punctured using specific puncturing patterns to obtain arbitrary rates. Parallel layered decoding architecture (PLDA) is employed to reduce chip area and improve the throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed punctured codes have comparable error correcting performances with the performances of dedicated codes from WiMax standard. The decoder is implemented on the platform of Xilinx XC2V8000. Compared with previous WiMax LDPC decoders synthesized by the same device, our low-complexity decoder consumes less FPGA resources: reduction of slices by 63%, flip-flops by 73%, look-up tables (LUTs) by 60% and RAMs by 30%.
Linearized theory of inhomogeneous multiple 'water-bag' plasmas

Equations are derived for describing the inhomogeneous equilibrium and small deviations from the equilibrium, giving particular attention to systems with trapped particles. An investigation is conducted of periodic systems with a single trapped-particle water bag, taking into account the behavior of the perturbation equations at the turning points. An outline is provided concerning a procedure for obtaining the eigenvalues. The results of stability calculations connected with the sideband effects are considered along with questions regarding the general applicability of the multiple water-bag approach in stability calculations.
Culturally Diverse High-Achieving Students in an Urban High School:

Many high ability students from culturally diverse populations exist in large economically deprived urban environments and they are often included in the statistical reports of high school dropouts. A 3-year investigation of the culture of highability, high-achieving students in an urban high school was undertaken by researchers from the National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented. Through ethnographic interviews and case study methods, descriptions emerged of culturally diverse teenagers who achieved in an urban high school. Specific factors that enabled these students to succeed included: the development of a belief in self, supportive adults, interaction with a network of high-achieving peers, extracurricular activities, challenging classes such as honors classes, personal characteristics such as motivation and resilience, and family support. The findings of the study offer educators useful suggestions and strategies for addressing the academic needs of talented youth in an urban setting.
A longitudinal experiment on relational tone in computer-mediated and face to face interaction

Prior experiments on computer-mediated communication have suggested depersonalizing effects of the medium, while field studies report warmer personal relations. Past research is criticized for failing to incorporate temporal and developmental perspectives on social information processing and relational development, and for omitting nonverbal cues in comparisons between conditions. 192 coders evaluated relational communication of 16 computer-mediated and 16 traditional groups over time. Mediated groups exhibited greater intimacy and social-orientation than did face-to-face groups. Boundaries on previous theories of computer-mediated communication are recommended, and research using temporal and nonverbal variables is suggested. >
Impact of pain on outcomes in long-term care residents with and without multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare long-term care (LTC) residents with and without multiple sclerosis (MS); to compare admission status of pain, physical disability, pressure ulcers, depression, and cognitive performance in LTC residents with and without MS; and to examine the impact of MS andpainonoutcomes 90and 180days afterLTCadmission. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a large data set. SETTING: LTC facilities in Missouri. PARTICIPANTS: Residents admitted to non-hospitalbased LTC facilities. MEASUREMENTS: Minimum Data Set/Resident Assessment Instrument, Version 2.0; Activities of Daily Living Scale; Cognitive Performance Scale. RESULTS: Residents with and without MS had similar pain prevalence and intensity after admission, with daily pain more frequent in residents with MS (P 5.03). On admission, residents with MS had more physical disability (Po.001) and a greater prevalence of pressure ulcers (P 5.004) and depression (Po.001) than residents without MS. In all LTC residents, initial pain status was associated with physical disability (Po.001), pressure ulcers (Po.001), depression (Po.001), and cognitive performance (Po.001) 90 and 180 days after admission. A diagnosis of MS was associated with physical disability (Po.001) 90 and 180 days after admission and pressure ulcer development 180 days after admission (P 5.02). CONCLUSION: Residents with MS were more physically disabled and had more frequent pain and a higher prevalence of pressure ulcers and depression on admission than residents without MS. Pain, or lack thereof, in residents with and without MS on admission may warn of problems that could occur within 6 months after admission to a LTC facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:1490–1496, 2005.
Centromere Assembly and Propagation

Centromere assembly provides a unique example of how elaborate protein structures can be assembled onto DNA, independent of sequence, and then stably propagated through numerous cell divisions. Here, we review the possible epigenetic strategies that organisms ranging from yeast to human use to assemble and propagate active centromeres.
A brief history of nuclear criticality accidents in Russia: 1953-1997

Fourteen nuclear criticality accidents that occurred in Russia between 1953 and 1997 are described. These accidents are significant because of the loss of control of special nuclear material and the resultant radiation doses to personnel, potential damage to equipment, and release of radioactive material to the workplace and the environment. A qualitative analysis of the causes and contributing factors to these accidents is presented along with a description of the radiation health effects to workers. The primary cause of most of these accidents was inadequate design that allowed the use of process equipment that did not preclude nuclear criticality on the basis of geometry. Personnel errors and violations of procedures were major contributing factors to these accidents.
The Follicle-Deplete Mouse Ovary Produces Androgen

The follicle-depleted postmenopausal ovary is enriched in interstitial cells that produce androgens. This study was designed to cause follicle depletion in mice using the industrial chemical, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD), and characterize the steroidogenic capacity of cells in the residual ovarian tissue. From a dose-finding study, the optimal daily concentration of VCD was determined to be 160 mg/kg. Female B6C3F1 immature mice were treated daily with vehicle control or VCD (160 mg kg 21 day 21 , 15 days, i.p.). Ovaries were removed and processed for histological evaluation. On Day 15 following onset of treatment, primordial follicles were depleted and primary follicles were reduced to about 10% of controls. On Day 46, primary follicles were depleted and secondary and antral follicles were reduced to 0.7% and 2.6% of control, respectively. Seventy-five percent of treated mice displayed disruptions in estrous cyclicity. All treated mice were in persistent diestrus (acyclic) by Day 58. Plasma FSH levels were increased (P , 0.05) relative to controls on Day 37 and had plateaued by Day 100. Relative to age-matched cyclic controls, by Day 127, the significant differences in VCD-treated mice included reduced ovarian and uterine weights, elevated plasma LH and FSH, and reduced plasma progesterone and androstenedione. Furthermore, plasma 17bestradiol levels were nondetectable. Unlike controls, immunostaining for LH receptor, and the high density lipoprotein receptor (SR-BI), was diffuse in ovarian sections from VCD-treated animals. Ovaries from Day 120 control and VCD-treated animals were dissociated and dispersed cells were placed in culture. Cultured cells from ovaries of VCD-treated animals produced less LH-stimulated progesterone than control cells. Androstenedione production was nondetectable in cells from cyclic control animals. Conversely, cells from VCD-treated animals produced androstenedione that was doubled in the presence of insulin and LH (1 and 3 ng/ml). Collectively, these data demonstrate that VCD-mediated follicle depletion results in residual ovarian tissue that may be analogous to the follicle-deplete postmenopausal ovary. This may serve as a useful animal model to examine the dynamics of follicle loss in women as ovarian senescence ensues. aging, interstitial cells, steroid hormones, theca cells
PARENTAL POTENCY AND THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF INNER‐CITY BLACK CHILDREN

Seventy-two working class mothers of inner-city black kindergarten children were administered an Educational Attitude Survey. The variable, Futility, or sense of powerlessness with regard to the educational system, was not found to be significantly correlated with children's achievements. Other data suggest mothers' preparatory teaching behaviors are more predictive; implications for parental involvement in schools are discussed.
Bedside optical imaging of occipital resting-state functional connectivity in neonates

Resting-state networks derived from temporal correlations of spontaneous hemodynamic fluctuations have been extensively used to elucidate the functional organization of the brain in adults and infants. We have previously developed functional connectivity diffuse optical tomography methods in adults, and we now apply these techniques to study functional connectivity in newborn infants at the bedside. We present functional connectivity maps in the occipital cortices obtained from healthy term-born infants and premature infants, including one infant with an occipital stroke. Our results suggest that functional connectivity diffuse optical tomography has potential as a valuable clinical tool for the early detection of functional deficits and for providing prognostic information on future development.
Characteristics of a parametric magnetostrictive oscillator

Parametric properties of a magnetostrictive oscillator are characterized by observing the strain dynamics of a magnetically excited metallic glass ribbon. A magnetostrictive ribbon excited by a total magnetic field H=H/sub dc/+h/sub p/ cos( omega t)+h/sub Omega / cos( Omega t) generates strain responses at frequencies omega , Omega , omega +or- Omega , thereby making the device resemble a parametric oscillator operating in the three-photon mode. Close to an instability in the nonlinear strain dynamics of such materials, the authors observed dependence of the gain of the strain e/sub Omega / on pump amplitude h/sub p/ and detuning frequency, while DC field dependent gain was observed in the strain e/sub omega +or- Omega /. This behavior is generic to parametric devices and is not predicted by the quadratic coherent rotation model of magnetostriction. Experimental verification of greater than 35-dB small signal gain in a fiber-optic AC magnetometer is demonstrated. >
Joint Blind Source Separation by Multiset Canonical Correlation Analysis

In this paper, we introduce a simple and effective scheme to achieve joint blind source separation (BSS) of multiple datasets using multiset canonical correlation analysis (M-CCA) [J. R. Kettenring, "Canonical analysis of several sets of variables", Biometrika, vol. 58, pp. 433-451, 1971]. We first propose a generative model of joint BSS based on the correlation of latent sources within and between datasets. We specify source separability conditions, and show that, when the conditions are satisfied, the group of corresponding sources from each dataset can be jointly extracted by M-CCA through maximization of correlation among the extracted sources. We compare source separation performance of the M-CCA scheme with other joint BSS methods and demonstrate the superior performance of the M-CCA scheme in achieving joint BSS for a large number of datasets, group of corresponding sources with heterogeneous correlation values, and complex-valued sources with circular and non-circular distributions. We apply M-CCA to analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from multiple subjects and show its utility in estimating meaningful brain activations from a visuomotor task.
Molecular origins of surfactant-mediated stabilization of protein drugs ☆

Loss of activity through aggregation and surface-induced denaturation is a significant problem in the production, formulation and administration of therapeutic proteins. Surfactants are commonly used in upstream and downstream processing and drug formulation. However, the effectiveness of a surfactant strongly depends on its mechanism(s) of action and properties of the protein and interfaces. Surfactants can modulate adsorption loss and aggregation by coating interfaces and/or participating in protein-surfactant associations. Minimizing protein loss from colloidal and interfacial interaction requires a fundamental understanding of the molecular factors underlying surfactant effectiveness and mechanism. These concepts provide direction for improvements in the manufacture and finishing of therapeutic proteins. We summarize the roles of surfactants, proteins, and surfactant-protein complexes in modulating interfacial behavior and aggregation. These events depend on surfactant properties that may be quantified using a thermodynamic model, to provide physical/chemical direction for surfactant selection or design, and to effectively reduce aggregation and adsorption loss.
First-class health: amenity wards, health insurance, and normalizing health care inequalities in Tanzania.

In 2008, a government hospital in southwest Tanzania added a “first-class ward,” which, unlike existing inpatient wards defined by sex, age, and ailment, would treat patients according to their wealth. A generation ago, Tanzanians viewed health care as a right of citizenship. In the 1980s and 1990s, structural adjustment programs and user fees reduced people's access to biomedical attention. Tanzania currently promotes “amenity” wards and health insurance to increase health care availability, generate revenue from patients and potential patients, and better integrate for-profit care. In this article, I examine people's discussions of these changes, drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in the 2000s and 1990s. I argue that Tanzanians criticize unequal access to care and health insurance, although the systemic structuring of inequalities is becoming normalized. People transform the language of socialism to frame individualized market-based care as mutual interdependence and moral necessity, articulating a new biomedical citizenship.