cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Achieving the Double Bottom Line: A Framework for Corporations Seeking To Deliver Profits and Public Services

Achieving the Double Bottom Line: A Framework for Corporations Seeking to Deliver Profits and Public Services argues that many people who object to for-profit corporations that deliver public services, such as kindergarten through 12th grade education or foster care, have greatly exaggerated the extent to which the for-profit regime will compel such corporations to subordinate the delivery of those services to financial considerations. Because of this over-exaggeration, these opponents have not focused on designing a framework that would assist these entities in meeting their double bottom lineachieving profit for their shareholders while also delivering a high quality public service. The Article seeks to remedy this failure. The Article therefore proposes that double bottom line corporations be required to have an independent committee, similar to the audit committee, which would focus not on financial issues, but rather on issues pertaining to the attainment of the entities' public goals. By providing for both committees within the corporate framework, this proposal makes it more likely that double bottom line corporations actually achieve their dual objectives.
A Combined Antenna Array and Multi-User Detection DS-CDMA Receiver inSingle-Path and Multi-Path Fading Channels

An adaptive antenna array is incorporated into a decorrelating multi-user detector to effectively increase the DS-CDMA system capacity. Capacity improvement is due to beamforming gain, spatial diversity gain (assuming large angle spread), and the decorrelating effect. The receiver has been analyzed for the cases of sufficiently and insufficiently spaced receiving antennas. The receiver consists of a front-end beamformer for every user in the cell and has knowledge of all users' signature sequences. The beamformer estimates the desired user channel vector, enhancing its signal and reducing the co-channel interference from other directions. The multi-user detection, exploiting knowledge of other users, rejects those interferers whose arrival angles are close to that of the desired user. The average uncoded Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of the number of in-beam active users, the average antenna Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and the number of receiving antennas is examined in both single-path and multi-path Rayleigh fading channels. Analysis shows an increase in system capacity proportional to the number of receiving antennas.
Comparison of Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties and Fatigue Behavior of Two Variants of a Woven SiC/SiC Composite

Tensile properties (elastic modulus, proportional limit strength, in-plane tensile strength, and strain at failure) of two variants of a woven SiC/SiC composite, manufactured during two separate time periods (9/99 and 1/01), were determined at 1038 and 1204 C by conducting tensile tests on specimens machined from plates. Continuous cycling fatigue tests (R = 0.05) and 20 cpm) were also conducted at the same two temperatures on specimens from both composites. In this study, average tensile properties, 95% confidence intervals associated with the tensile properties, and geometric mean fatigue lives of both composite materials are compared. The observed similarities and differences in the tensile properties are highlighted and an attempt is made to understand the relationship, if any, between the tensile properties and the fatigue behaviors of the two woven composites.
AIDS and Social Networks

During the past 30 years, research on the global AIDS pandemic and on social networks has coevolved. Insights from social networks literature have advanced our understandings of AIDS; simultaneously, key empirical insights from the AIDS literature have furthered the development of social network research—especially methodologically. We elaborate on this reciprocal relationship, identifying some of the key developments and future directions for research on AIDS and on social networks generally. From existing literatures, we discuss how (i) social networks analysis was central to early attempts to understand the spread of HIV through sexual and needle-sharing relationships; (ii) subsequent prevention efforts leveraged similar insights to different ends; (iii) social networks have been crucial in understanding patterns of care for people living with HIV/AIDS; and (iv) the structural composition of networks across international, organizational, and individual levels highlights the epidemic's global implications in ways that extend far beyond epidemiology. We contend that future research must integrate recent developments from both fields in order advance understandings. Among these, we identify as most promising: (i) a move from static modeling approaches toward research emphasizing the dynamic properties of networks; (ii) a shifting focus from single networks in isolation (e.g., sexual transmission networks) to the analysis of multiplex networks (i.e., those involving multiple relationship types represented simultaneously); and (iii) an acknowledgment—conceptual and methodological—of the “vertical” embeddedness of networks. Continued advances in this area will require the gathering of high quality social network data specifically designed to address such questions. Keywords: AIDS ; HIV ; social networks; social support; international aid; NGOs ; multiplexity; network dynamics
Maritime hyperspectral imaging and coastal bathymetry from space

Spaceborne maritime hyperspectral imagery promises to be a powerful technique for the retrieval of coastal bathymetry and other environmental parameters worldwide. In hyperspectral imaging, a contiguous spectrum of the light leaving each ground sample is recorded. Bathymetry retrievals are performed by modeling the water-leaving spectral radiance of sunlight scattered by the water column and bottom, and matching the modeled data to the measured spectra. This can be done using a look-up-table (LUT) in which modeled spectra are stored for many combinations of water and bottom parameters, which are then searched to find the modeled spectrum that best matches the measured data for each ground sample. This method is applied to 4 m resolution airborne hyperspectral imagery of the Indian River Lagoon in Florida, and the retrieved bathymetry is compared to 30 m resolution ground validation data. LUT bathymetry retrievals for regions identified as a having uniform bottom type correlated well with measured bathymetry to a depth of 5 m. These preliminary results suggest that the LUT method has the potential for accurate bathymetry determination from space.
Public Administration and The Myth of Positivism: The Antichrist'S View

Definition: Positivism (n) 1. A short lived philosophy of social sci ence that held facts could be rigidly separated from values and that analysis could be value free. The last positivist not in captivity (that is, not in an economics department) died in 1970 from internal inju ries incurred after discovering that holding facts in high regard meant that facts had value and thus could never be separated from values. 2. A mythical approach to public administration that denies free will and moral responsibility and seeks to euthanize all non believers. Positivism was perpetuated by public administration the orists so that they could continue to teach exactly what they learned in graduate school.
The Expectation of Partial Retirement Among Family Business Owners

Decisions that the family business owner makes about retirement and succession are critical and could affect a large proportion of the work force. Compared to employees, family business owners may have more of an opportunity to retire partially, i.e., reduce the number of hours worked. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of family business owners who expect to retire partially. Data on 1,155 family business owners from the 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances reveals that family business owners with more education and more income, who work more hours per week, and who have tax-deferred retirement accounts expect to retire partially. There is a direct correlation between age and those choosing partial retirement, suggesting that many family business owners expect to retire partially. Married family business owners were less likely to expect to retire partially; instead, they would retire fully. The equity in the business, type of ownership, and involvement of other family members did not affect the expectation of partial retirement.
Thermal capsuloplasty of the glenohumeral joint: Technique and results of treatment

Abstract Mobility of the upper extremity is essential in everyday life. Yet a large shoulder range of motion is also partlythe reason that the glenohumeral joint is the most commonly dislocated joint of the body. After such instability, successful surgical treatment requires precise repair of joint pathoanatomy. Traditional open repair techniques involve capsulolabral plication and repair of the Bankart lesion, if present, to the glenoid bone. Because artlu-oscopy allows intra-capsular visualization of the glenohumeral joint, new techniques were developed in hopes of improving results. Instead, arthroscopic techniques have had success rates that often were inferior to the success rates with traditional, open techniques. One reason may be technical differences that influence the adequacy of repair, but failure to restore normal capsulolabral length using the arthroscopic technique may also contribute to poor outcomes. Thermal capsuloplasty enables the surgeon to diminish capsulolabral length using an arthroscopic technique. Not only must the technique of joint pathoanatomy repair be understood, but also the parameters of the instrument used to apply the heat. Clinical outcome may be equal to that of traditional open repair techniques in treatment of some instability types. Yet concerns remain, as rates of nerve injury and difficult-to-repair soft tissue injuries after thermal capsuloplasty remain uncertain.
The effects of nerve section on the non-quantal release of ACh from the motor nerve terminal.

Abstract The spontaneous release of acetylcholine (ACh) from motor nerve terminals is now thought to occur by two mechanisms: (a) quantal release, giving rise to miniature endplate potentials; and (b) non-quantal release. In this study we have examined the effect of nerve section on spontaneous non-quantal ACh release, and have compared the time-course of cessation of non-quantal and quantal ACh release. Non-quantal ACh release, measured by an electrophysiological technique, declined 4 h after nerve section to approximately 50% of the control value. At 8–10 h it briefly rose again, then gradually declined to undetectable levels. Spontaneous quantal release (frequency of miniature endplate potentials) in the same muscle fibers remained close to control levels for 8 h after nerve section, and also increased prior to failure. Decline of non-quantal ACh release appears to be the earliest change in the nerve terminal following nerve transection; it may therefore be relevant in understanding the effects of denervation on the consequent changes in muscle properties.
Strategic marketing to theological library constituents: Rationale and potential applications

SUMMARY There is little published evidence that marketing concepts and techniques are intentionally used by librarians who provide information services to students and faculty members in theological seminaries. This essay first discusses the religiously based objections that Philip D. Kenneson articulated against the use of marketing by Christian organizations, and argues that theological libraries, as providers of information services to their constituents, may legitimately use marketing methodologies to assist in the fulfillment of their missions. The second part of the essay explores three potential applications for marketing in the context of small to medium sized theological libraries: (1) market segmentation (faculty needs versus the needs of students in various degree programs), (2) the provision of library services to extension programs, and (3) patron satisfaction.
On-line measurement of catecholamine secretion.

Abstract A method for the on-line measurement of catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells is described. Isolated chromaffin cells are placed on a membrane filter and superfused. The perfusate is passed directly over an electrochemical detector, where secreted catecholamines are oxidized. The catecholamine content in the perfusate is measured and recorded as a continuous current output from the detector. This on-line monitor has been used to study the time course of catecholamine secretion, the desensitization of the secretory process, and the recovery of the secretory response to acetylcholine.
Plastic limit behavior and failure of filament reinforced materials

Abstract Plane stress limit conditions or maximum plastic strength envelopes are derived using limit analysis for arbitrary planar arrays of thin, strong filaments in a matrix of weaker material. Both filaments and matrix are assumed plastic with acceptable limit behavior, but respective limit conditions are arbitrary. The limiting case of a volume fraction weighted average of the constituent phase limit stresses is predicted for plastic composite strength, which should also be an upper bound to strength of composites with brittle filaments or where fracture can otherwise occur. Specific results are given for unidirectional and bidirectional reinforcement which agrees with experiment.
DEMON Acoustic Ship Signature Measurements in an Urban Harbor

Detection, classification, and tracking of small vessels are important tasks for improving port security and the security of coastal and offshore operations. Hydroacoustic sensors can be applied for the detection of noise generated by vessels, and this noise can be used for vessel detection, classification, and tracking. This paper presents recent improvements aimed at the measurement and separation of ship DEMON (Detection of Envelope Modulation on Noise) DEMON acoustic signatures in busy harbor conditions. Ship signature measurements were conducted in the Hudson River and NY Harbor. The DEMON spectra demonstrated much better temporal stability compared with the full ship spectra and were measured at distances up to 7 km. The combination of cross-correlation and methods allowed separation of the acoustic signatures of ships in busy urban environments.
Insights into sustainability from complexity analysis of life cycle networks: A case study on gasoline and bio-fuel networks

The traditional Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) methods study a static snapshot of resource flow or emissions in life cycle networks by utilizing aggregated environmental metrics. It is likely that these networks can provide additional insight about the sustainability of systems that is currently not captured by any of the aggregated metrics. This includes insights such as resilience, vulnerability and many more, which motivates exploration of methods that can extract such information from these networks. This article focuses on applying the network analysis approach to life cycle networks to obtain additional insights about the sustainability of systems. Network analysis of corn-ethanol & gasoline network shows that one fuel is not consistently better over the other and several metrics need to be combined to gauge the true risks associated with each fuel. Results also show that two fuels will require different management strategies based on critical path (as indicated by degree strengths) in case of particular resource disruption. Further flow structure shows that current economy needs to integrate recycling strategies within structure of economy for various resources which is missing. The strengths and limitations of some of those methods for Input Output Life Cycle networks is also highlighted.
Chemical states of sulfate at Shenandoah National Park during summer, 1991

Abstract Despite the importance of the chemical states of sulfate in understanding of particle growth, acidic impacts, and visibility, relatively few data are available during the intense summer sulfate haze periods characteristic of the eastern US. In order to establish the precise anion associated with sulfates, measurements were made of the chemical state of sulfates by size and time during September 1991, as part of a larger Shenandoah NP aerosol study. Inertial impactors were prepared with Teflon substrates to allow operation of existing IMPROVE analytical protocols on highly size resolved fine aerosol samples with a time resolution of 4 h, Sept. 5 through 19, 1991. The results show that the finest aerosols, below 0.34 μm aerodynamic diameter, are predominantly ammonium sulfate during the entire period. Intermediate size particles in the 0.34 to 1.15 μm range varied from almost pure ammonium sulfate to almost pure sulfuric acid. Larger particles, 1.15 to 2.5 μm, could not be chemically resolved due to the presence of excess hydrogen from organic matter. Due to the high humidity and hygroscopic nature of these species, the aerosols contained considerable water, enhancing their impact upon visibility.
The Making and Breaking of Sister Chromatid Cohesion

The picture that emerges from recent studies is that of an intricate regulatory network, the purpose of which is to ensure that sister chromatids go their separate ways during anaphase. The more we know about the process, the more challenging our next questions become. Specifically, we need to understand how replication is linked to cohesion establishment, what are the various regulatory mechanisms that govern the timely execution of anaphase initiation, and what is the molecular basis for the dual role of securin in regulating separase activity in various organisms. Apart from the complexity of this process, one cannot but marvel at the extensive use of proteolysis in driving anaphase initiation. At least three types of protein degradation are involved in separating sister chromatids: that of securin (mediated by APC/C-dependent ubiquitination), that of Scc1 and possibly separase (mediated by separase), and that of the Scc1 cleavage product (mediated by the N-end rule degradation pathway). There is little doubt that anaphase is meant to be an irreversible process.
Ground systems and operations concepts for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility

Key requirements and ground systems implementation strategy for SIRTF which presents a significant challenge in the operational phase of the mission are discussed. The facility is aimed at reliably integrating a guaranteed time program, requests from about 200 guest observer teams per year, and observatory maintenance. SIRFT is characterized by the five-year life time due to cryogen boil-off which means that the ground system must be fully operational at launch and must operate with an efficiency and timeliness rarely achieved in previous space missions.
Goodness of Fit

It appears to be with software architectures: for a given domain, even across the decades, forces are at play that are best resolved by a common architectural pattern that allows variants. One architectural style might be deemed "better" than another for that domain because it better resolves those forces. In that sense, there's a goodness of fit - not necessarily a perfect fit, but good enough
Influence of multiple scattering on the Coulomb-explosion imaging of fast molecules

A quantitative analysis of the influence of small-angle multiple scattering on fast molecules dissociating in solids is made using a Monte Carlo technique. Simulations allow the computation of asymptotic velocities of all of the fragments after Coulomb explosion. It is found that only the simultaneous treatment of the Coulomb explosion and the multiple scattering leads to satisfactory agreement of the simulations with experimental data. Limits on the range of validity for Coulomb-explosion-imaging experiments are determined. It is shown that these limits are ample to allow quantitative spectroscopic data to be extracted from such experiments.
BRCA buccal immunoassay predicts BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations

Approximately 4% of unaffected, reproductive age women have a significant family history for heritable breast or ovarian cancer. While, BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) mutation analysis may prove useful in the clinical management of such individuals, such testing is prohibitively expensive. We have developed a rapid, noninvasive. and inexpensive, assay capable of identifying BRCA mutations in buccal cells. Objective: To determine the predictive value of the BRCA buccal immunoassay in the detection BRCA gene mutations. Methods: Buccal cells and peripheral blood were collected from 11 individuals, identified with a greater than 40% risk of carrying a BRCA mutation. To detect protein truncations which are associated with 90% of BRCA mutations, buccal cells were evaluated for BRCA immunoreactivity. Specifically, a qualitative, immunohistochemical comparison using antibodies directed against the amino and carboxy ends of either BRCA proteins, was performed. The presence of diminished immunoreactivity (total or diminished anti-carboxy reactivity relative to anti-amino reactivity) was scored as predictive for mutation. This analysis was compared to the results of BRCA ONA analysis. Results: Of the 11 individuals identified, six were found to have a BRCA1 mutation, two were found to have a BRCA2 mutation, and three were found to carry no mutations at all. The BRCA buccal immunoassay correctly predicted the presence of all eight mutations. Of the three individuals without BRCA mutations, immunoassay correctly predicted no mutation for BRCA1 in all three, while correctly predicting the absence of a BRCA2 mutation in 2 of three individuals. Conclusions: The positive and negative predictive values for this assay were 89% and 100% respectively, suggesting great promise as an inexpensive screen for BRCA mutations.
Loopback Virtual Channel Router Architecture for Network on Chip

Low-level design parameters -- such as router micro-architecture, switching techniques and packet sizes -- have a huge impact on performance and cost of Network on Chip (NoC) implementation. This work proposes a router micro-architecture that has a mechanism for buffer structure, allocation, and arbitration, which minimizes latency, area overhead of the router, and power consumption. The proposed router micro-architecture can be adapted to various switching techniques used in current NoC implementations, and is independent of the topology. The architecture was developed, simulated, and synthesized using hardware description language (HDL). The performance of the architecture was evaluated for hotspot congestion scenarios and compared to classical router micro-architectures. Compared to classical router micro-architectures, this architecture achieves better performance for area, latency and power.
Dendritic cells from C57BL/6 mice undergo activation and induce Th1-effector cell responses against Campylobacter jejuni

Abstract Food-borne Campylobacter jejuni (Cj) is an important cause of enteritis. We showed that C57BL/6 and congenic interleukin (IL)-10−/− mice serve as models of Cj colonization and enteritis, respectively. Thus, C57BL/6 mice are resistant to Cj induced disease. Because dendritic cells (DCs) are central to regulating adaptive immune responses, we investigated the interaction of Cj with murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) to assess bacterial killing, DC activation, and the ability of Cj-infected BM-DCs to stimulate Campylobacter-specific T cell responses in vitro. BM-DCs challenged with Cj efficiently internalized and killed Cj 11168 and significantly upregulated surface MHC-II, CD40, CD80 and CD86 demonstrating a mature phenotype. Infected BM-DCs secreted significant amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-12p70. Formalin-killed Cj also induced maturation of BM-DCs with similar cytokine production but at a significantly lower magnitude than live bacteria. Maximal activation of murine BM-DCs required internalization of Cj; attachment alone was not sufficient to elicit significant responses. Also, various strains of Cj elicited different magnitudes of cytokine production from BM-DCs. Finally, in a coculture system, Cj-infected BM-DCs induced high level interferon-γ (INF-γ) production from CD4+T cells indicating Th1 polarization. Thus, DCs from resistant C57BL/6 mice initiate T cell responses against Cj.
Impact of Hypertension on Stroke

Hypertension is the single most important risk factor for all types of stroke: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Epidemiologic studies over the past 30 years have demonstrated a dramatic reduction in the incidence and mortality of all stroke types with good control of hypertension, and it appears that all effective antihypertensive agents have similar efficacy in their ability to reduce stroke risk. In addition, it appears that acute treatment of hypertension in the setting of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage is beneficial, but it is still uncertain in the setting of ischemic stroke what level of blood pressure will result in the best possible outcome.
Carbon-fiber microelectrode amperometry reveals sickle cell-induced inflammation and chronic morphine effects on single mast cells

Sickle cell disease, caused by a mutation of hemoglobin, is characterized by a complex pathophysiology including an important inflammatory component. Mast cells are tissue-resident leukocytes known to influence a range of immune functions in a variety of different ways, largely through the secretion of biologically active mediators from preformed granules. However, it is not understood how mast cells influence the inflammatory environment in sickle cell disease. A notable consequence of sickle cell disease is severe pain. Therefore, morphine is often used to treat this disease. Because mast cells express opioid receptors, it is pertinent to understand how chronic morphine exposure influences mast cell function and inflammation in sickle cell disease. Herein, carbon-fiber microelectrode amperometry (CFMA) was used to monitor the secretion of immunoactive mediators from single mast cells. CFMA enabled the detection and quantification of discrete exocytotic events from single mast cells. Mast cells from two transgenic mouse models expressing human sickle hemoglobin (hBERK1 and BERK) and a control mouse expressing normal human hemoglobin (HbA-BERK) were monitored using CFMA to explore the impact of sickle-cell-induced inflammation and chronic morphine exposure on mast cell function. This work, utilizing the unique mechanistic perspective provided by CFMA, describes how mast cell function is significantly altered in hBERK1 and BERK mice, including decreased serotonin released compared to HbA-BERK controls. Furthermore, morphine was shown to significantly increase the serotonin released from HbA-BERK mast cells and demonstrated the capacity to reverse the observed sickle-cell-induced changes in mast cell function.
Topical antiinflammatory dehydroabietylamine derivatives. IV

Abstract Four derivatives of dehydroabietylamine were synthesized as potential phospholipase-A 2 (PLA 2 ) inhibitors and found to be active as topical antiinflammatory as demonstrated in the tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate induced ear edema assay (TPA Ear). An attempt has been made to explain the antiinflammatory activity of these compounds based on their biochemical profiles.
Inhibition of Skeletal Metastasis by Ectopic ERα Expression in ERα-Negative Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Some hormone-independent breast cancers lack functional estrogen receptors (ERs) and show evidence of a more aggressive metastatic phenotype. A protective role of the ER has also been suggested in hormone-resistant breast cancer progression. In this study, we have investigated the effect of the ectopic expression of human ERα on the bone-metastatic potential of highly metastatic ERα-negative human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435-F-L cell lines in an experimental model of bone metastasis in nude mice. ERα overexpression had no effect on the growth of both cell lines but reduced the expression of integrin αvβ3 and the receptor activator of NF-κB, which are known to promote bone metastasis. A significant reduction in the incidence of osteolytic bone metastasis was observed by X-ray imaging of the legs and arms of mice inoculated with ERα-expressing clones of MDA-MB-231 cells in comparison to controls. Ectopic expression of ERα in MDA-MB-435-F-L cells also reduced their widespread skeletal metastasis to the legs, arms, spine, and mandible, as detected by whole-mouse enhanced green fluorescent protein imaging. Our study indicates for the first time that stable reintroduction of functional ERα in ERα-negative human breast cancer cells can inhibit their aggressive bone-metastatic potential in an experimental bone metastasis model.
Synthesis and photochromic properties of methacryloxy 6-nitrospirobenzopyrans

Abstract The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of several methacryloxy-modified spiropyran dyes is reported. The dyes were found to have similar photochromic isomerization rates relative to a commercially available reference compound in solution. The methacryloxy-modified dyes were also successfully incorporated into polymer matrices, where they retained their ability to photoisomerize and complex with cobalt (II) and zinc (II) ions.
Influence of word meaning on the acquisition of a reading vocabulary in second-grade children

The acquisition of a reading vocabulary for abstract and concrete words was examined in 62 second-grade children. Words had been learned as part of a basal reader program or as part of outside reading. Word recognition speed and reading accuracy were examined for abstract and concrete words using lexical decision and word naming tasks. The size of the concreteness effect was similar for both processing tasks. In neither task did concreteness influence reaction times, but abstract words were read with less accuracy than concrete words in both tasks. Further, these concreteness effects in reading accuracy were larger for words that were part of a basal reading program than for words acquired during free reading. We conclude that word meaning influences the entry of words at a time when children are developing a sizeable reading vocabulary.
Mineral, Virginia, earthquake illustrates seismicity of a passive‐aggressive margin

[1] The August 2011 M 5.8 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake that shook much of the northeastern U.S. dramatically demonstrated that passive continental margins sometimes have large earthquakes. We illustrate some general aspects of such earthquakes and outline some of the many unresolved questions about them. They occur both offshore and onshore, reaching magnitude 7, and are thought to reflect reactivation of favorably-oriented, generally margin-parallel, faults created during one or more Wilson cycles by the modern stress field. They pose both tsunami and shaking hazards. However, their specific geologic setting and causes are unclear because large magnitude events occur infrequently, microseismicity is not well recorded, and there is little, if any, surface expression of repeated ruptures. Thus presently active seismic zones may be areas associated with higher seismicity over the long term, the present loci of activity that migrates, or aftershock zones of large prehistoric earthquakes. The stresses causing the earthquakes may result from platewide driving forces, glacial isostatic adjustment, localized margin stresses, and/or dynamic topography. The resulting uncertainties make developing cost-effective mitigation strategies a major challenge. Progress on these issues requires integrating seismic, geodetic, and geological techniques.
Approach-avoidance conflict behavior as a function of prior shock stimulation

Albino rats received a series of spaced 1-sec. shocks administered in then homecages for five consecutive days, and were later tested in an approach-avoidance conflict situation with either shock or airblast. Compared to control groups the prior-shock Ss were initially less sensitive to the effects of electric shock in the conflict situation.
Self-directed versus therapist-directed cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder

This study investigated two approaches to providing cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: self-directed and therapist-directed. Sixteen individuals with panic disorder were randomly assigned to the treatment conditions. All participants were provided with a workbook describing cognitive-behavioral treatment (Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic by Barlow & Craske). Therapist-directed participants worked through the material over 12 weekly therapy sessions. Therapists met with self-directed participants three times over 12 weeks to assign readings and answer questions. A fourth meeting was devoted to posttreatment assessment. Participants in both conditions improved with treatment and maintained their gains at 6-months follow-up. There were no differences between the treatment conditions on outcome measures. Forty percent and 28.6% of self-directed and therapist-directed participants, respectively, met conservative criteria for high end-state functioning at follow-up.
Comparison of survival between cerebellar and supratentorial glioblastoma patients: surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) analysis.

BACKGROUND Cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme (cGBM) is rare, and although there is a general belief that these tumors have a worse prognosis than supratentorial GBM (sGBM), few studies have been published to support this belief. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of cerebellar location on survival through a case-control design comparing overall survival time of cGBM and sGBM patients. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry was used to identify 132 patients with cGBM (1973-2008). Each cGBM patient was matched with an sGBM patient from among 20,848 sGBM patients on the basis of age, extent of resection, decade of diagnosis, and radiation therapy using propensity score matching. RESULTS Within the cGBM, 37% were older than 65 years of age, 62% were men, and 87% were white. Most patients underwent surgery and radiation (74%), whereas only 26% underwent surgical resection only. The median survival time for the cGBM and sGBM matched cohort was 8 months; however, the survival distributions differed (log-rank P = .04). Survival time for cGBM vs sGBM at 2 years was 21.5% vs 8.0%, and 12.7% vs 5.3% at 3 years. Multivariate analysis of survival among cGBM patients showed that younger age (P < .0001) and having radiation therapy (P < .0001) were significantly associated with reduced hazard of mortality. Among all patients, multivariate analysis showed that tumor location (P = .03), age (P < .0001), tumor size (P = .009), radiation (P < .0001), and resection (P < .0001) were associated with survival time in the unmatched cohort. CONCLUSION Median survival time for cGBM and sGBM patients was 8 months, but cGBM patients had a survival time advantage as the study progressed. These findings suggest that cGBM patients should be treated as aggressively as sGBM patients with surgical resection and radiation therapy.
A New Approach to the Stability Analysis of Boost Power-Factor-Correction Circuits

We analyze the stability of a boost power-factor-correction (PFC) circuit using a hybrid model. We consider two multi-loop controllers to control the power stage. For each closed-loop system, we treat two separate cases: one for which the switching frequency is approaching infinity and the other for which it is finite but large. Unlike all previous analyses, the analysis in this paper investigates the stability of the converter in the saturated and unsaturated regions of operation. Using concepts of discontinuous systems, we show that the global existence of a smooth hypersurface for the boost PFC circuit is not possible. Subsequently, we develop conditions for the local existence of each of the closed-loop systems using a Lyapunov function. In other words, we derive the conditions for which a trajectory will reach a smooth hypersurface. If the trajectories do not reach the sliding surface, then the system saturates. As such, the stability of the period-one orbit is lost. Using the conditions for existenc...
The Meaning and Measurement of Income Mobility

Abstract Income mobility may be seen as arising from two sources: (i) the transfer of income among individuals with total income held constant, and (ii) a change in the total amount of income available. In this paper, we propose several sensible properties defining the concept of income mobility and show that an easily applicable measure of mobility is uniquely implied by these properties. We also show that the resulting measure is additively decomposable into the two sources listed above, namely, mobility due to the transfer of income within a given structure and mobility due to economic growth or contraction. Finally, these results are compared and contrasted with other mobility concepts and measures in the literature. Journal of Economic Literature : Classification Numbers: D31, D63.
Effects of Monensin on Assembly of Po Protein into Peripheral Nerve Myelin

: The ionophore monensin has been used in a variety of systems to block secretion of glycoproteins or assembly of glycoproteins into membranes. We examined the effects of monensin on assembly of the Po glycoprotein into PNS myelin, and compared this agent with the glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin in our system. Sciatic nerves from 9-day-old rat pups were sliced and incubated in vitro. Electron microscopy of the Schwann cells in slices incubated with monensin revealed extensive swelling of the Golgi complex. Incubation with 10−7M monensin inhibited total protein synthesis by about 20% and fucose incorporation into protein about 35%. Following isolation of myelin, proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Monensin inhibited the appearance of Po in myelin, while causing its accumulation in a denser membrane fraction. In addition, a slightly faster-migrating species of Po labeled with both [3H]fucose and [14C]glycine was observed in all fractions. Assembly of basic proteins into myelin was not affected. Preincubation with 10 μg/ml tunicamycin for 30 min prior to incubation with [3H]fucose and [14C]glycine for 2 h resulted in a 65% decrease in [3H]fucose incorporation into Po, and the appearance of a new [14C]glycine-labeled peak that migrated in the region of the 23K protein reported by Smith and Sternberger. [3H]Fucose incorporation was inhibited earlier, and to a greater extent, than protein synthesis. Our results show that processing of the Po glycoprotein is sensitive to both monensin and tunicamycin, and that monensin partially blocks assembly of Po into myelin.
Development and application of a neural network based ocean colour algorithm in coastal waters

An algorithm for determining chlorophyll‐a concentrations in shallow, case II waters has been developed and applied to nearly six years of Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data in order to observe the general chlorophyll‐a patterns in a coastal estuarine environment. Due to the fact that the current empirical chlorophyll‐a algorithm (OC4) used to process SeaWiFS data breaks down in coastal waters, a neural network based algorithm was developed. The neural network in the study uses SeaWiFS remote sensing reflectance data paired with in situ chlorophyll‐a data in the Delaware Bay and its adjacent coastal zone (DBAC) from a number of different days and seasons in an effort to overcome the limitations of single day algorithms and simulated dataset algorithms. Although the neural network model (NN) in this study displayed some difficulty representing high chlorophyll‐a values, it showed significant improvement over the OC4 algorithm. The performance parameters of the NN were an r 2 of 0.79, a ro...
Use of Ar+ plasma etching to localize structural proteins in viruses: Studies with adenovirus 2

The experiments described here were undertaken to test the idea that low energy Ar+ plasma etching could be employed as the basis of a method to order viral structural polypeptides according to their physical proximity to the virus surface. Since low energy (500 eV) Ar+ ions do not penetrate deeply into virus surfaces, one expects that the outermost proteins will be damaged before internal ones when intact virions are irradiated. To test this expectation, we exposed adenovirus 2 to a 500-eV Ar+ plasma and then employed sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis to assess the extent of damage to the major structural polypeptides. Gel analyses showed that the proteins exposed on the virus surface (proteins II, III, and IV) were degraded rapidly during the first 10 s of irradiation while protein VII, the major core polypeptide, was almost completely protected. Proteins located between the capsid and the core, such as proteins IIIa and VI, were degraded at intermediate rates. Quantitative measurements demonstrated that the observed decay rate differences were not due simply to differences in protein target size; distance to the virion surface made an important contribution. The plasma etching technique, therefore, appears to have considerable potential for the structural analysis of viruses and other macromolecular assemblies where the proximity of individual proteins to the particle surface is unknown.
INCORPORATION OF 3H-THYMIDINE IN TELENCEPHALIC STRUCTURES OF THE VOMERONASAL AND OLFACTORY SYSTEMS OF EMBRYONIC GARTER SNAKES

Previous studies have shown that the vomeronasal and, possibly, olfactory systems are functional in newborn garter snakes. However, little is known about neurogenesis in these chemosensory pathways. In the companion paper, we describe the embryonic growth of the sensory epithelia for both the vomeronasal and olfactory systems. In the present study, we examine neurogenesis in the telencephalic structures of these chemosensory systems by using 3H-thymidine autoradiography (ARG). The majority of neurogenesis appears to occur before birth in the accessory and main olfactory bulbs and their principal projection sites, the nucleus sphericus and lateral cortex, respectively. The data suggest that some postnatal neurogenesis may occur in the accessory and main olfactory bulbs and in the nucleus sphericus. Although the neuronal constituents of the accessory and main olfactory bulbs appear to mature concurrently, those of the lateral cortex appear to mature before those of the nucleus sphericus. Along with previous findings, this latter result supports the hypothesis that the olfactory system develops before the vomeronasal system in garter snakes. There appears to be a rostral to caudal gradient of neurogenesis within the mural layer of the nucleus sphericus. However, an "outside to inside" gradient of neurogenesis was not observed in the mantle layer of the lateral cortex, as described for other reptiles. Similarities and differences observed by other investigators in other reptilian species and mammals are discussed.
Some physical and biologic properties of subtilin and other antibiotics.

Subtilin, a new antibiotic obtained from B. subtilis , proved active in vitro against L. plantarum, E. histolytica and its associated bacterium `t', and T. equiperdum without causing immediate hemolysis of erythrocytes. Subtilin is tensioactive, and amounts required for antibiotic effect are within the range of surface tension activity. It was relatively nontoxic for four species of mammals, especially after intragastric administration. Gramicidin is more hemolytic and more toxic than subtilin.
Sulfur dioxide-induced lymphocyte defects in human peripheral blood cultures

Abstract Human lymphocyte cultures were prepared from peripheral blood of healthy males by a standard technique utilizing phytohemagglutinin. Nine cultures were established in each of five experiments. One, designated control, was allowed to grow without interruption for 3 days. Each experimental culture received a single exposure to 100 cc of 5.7 ppm SO2 in air by bubbling the gas through the culture medium at either 0, 1, 2, or 3 days of incubation. An additional four cultures received an identical amount of the same quality of air minus the SO2 at each time interval. All cultures were harvested as smears and hypotonic spread preparations at 72 hours after treatment for 1 hour with colchicine and 3H-thymidine. Statistical analysis revealed significantly reduced cell growth (enlargement), DNA synthesis, and mitotic indices in the cultures exposed to sulfur dioxide at initiation of incubation compared to controls and air-treated cultures. In addition, chromosome abnormalities, mainly in the form of clumping, were observed in the SO2-treated cultures. Lymphocyte damage as caused by sulfur dioxide exposure is offered as one explanation for the reduced immunological responses observed in laboratory animals after inhalation of the gas in vivo.
The effect of glucagon on arrhythmias due to digitalis toxicity.

Abstract The effect of glucagon on arrhythmias produced by digitalis (ouabain) and on ventricular automaticity was studied in 36 dogs. Glucagon abolished the arrhythmias in 26 dogs (72 percent), primarily by producing a sinus tachycardia with 1:1 ventricular response, thereby competing with and suppressing the ectopic rhythm. After administration of glucagon in the normal heart, ventricular automaticity was generally unchanged. During digitalis toxicity, glucagon had either not changed or decreased ventricular automaticity, the decrement in ventricular automaticity showing poor correlation with this agent's antiarrhythmic effect. Glucagon also induced an immediate rise, then a fall in serum potassium levels. It is concluded that a multiplicity of factors—enhanced automaticity of the sinoatrial node, improved atrioventricular conduction, changes in potassium levels and, at times, slight lowering of ventricular automaticity—all contribute to the antiarrhythmic capabilities of glucagon.
Herbs and alternative therapies: Relevance to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases

Herbal remedies, supplements, and alternative therapeutic items are used by many patients with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Scientific knowledge about their efficacy and safety is lacking, and unfortunately, physicians are frequently not aware that patients are using these nontraditional forms of medical care. Patients may anticipate physicians' disapproval of their use, or not realize that it is important for the physician to know what they are taking. Therefore, it is imperative that patients are asked nonjudgmental questions about current and past use of herbals and alternative therapies. Even when physicians are aware of such use, they feel poorly trained to identify the constituents and effects. Although many such therapies are innocuous, several herbal or alternative therapeutic items can significantly elevate blood pressure or cause interactions with cardiovascular drugs. Practitioners in cardiovascular medicine should be competent and know current scientific evidence for the benefits and adverse effects of herbal supplements and provide patients reasonable advice. In this brief article, we review the epidemiology of alternative therapy use, and select several important herbal or other supplements that patients with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases may be taking. We discuss the therapies considered biological in nature as opposed to mind-body interventions or manipulative body or energy therapies.