cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slow afterhyperpolarization governs the development of NMDA receptor-dependent afterdepolarization in CA1 pyramidal neurons during synaptic stimulation

CA1 pyramidal neurons from animals that have acquired a hippocampus-dependent task show a reduced slow postburst afterhyperpolarization (sAHP). To understand the functional significance of this cha...
Hydrolysis of raffinose in a hollow‐fiber reactor using an unrefined mixture of α‐galactosidase and invertase

Summary Raffinose was converted enzymatically in a hollow-fiber reactor to melibiose, sucrose, galactose, glucose, and fructose. The enzymes were a crude extract of ex­ galactosidase and invertase produced by Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 on a solid substrate, wheat bran. With a concentration of raffinose, Co, entering the reactor at a flow rate Q, and with C being the concentration of raffinose exiting the reactor, the conversion (C/ Co), was studied as a function of Q at two levels of Co' The data could be fairly well fitted using the analysis of Waterland et al. even though a mixed crude enzyme system was being investigated. It was found empirically that In (C/ Co) was linear in Q-l, with the absolute value of the slope decreasing with increasing Co. The linearity of such plots were predicted by Lewis and Middleman from Waterland et al. for a single enzyme system obeying first-order kinetics, the slope being independent of Co. Although the assumptions involved in this approximate analytical solution are riot valid, the observed linearity of the In(C/Co) vs. Q-l plots is excellent and should prove useful in reactor design considerations.
Determining a correction factor for aerial surveys of harbor seals in California

Counts of pinnipeds provide a minimal estimate of population size because some unknown proportion of individuals is in the water during surveys. We determined a correction factor (CF) for Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) by estimating the proportion ashore of 180 seals tagged with flipper-mounted radio tags throughout California. The mean proportions of tagged individuals ashore during four complete surveys in 2004 were not different between central and northern California (F= 1.85, P= 0.18) or between sexes (F= 0.57, P= 0.45), but a lesser proportion of weaners was ashore than subadults or adults (F= 7.97, P= 0.001), especially in northern California. The CF calculated for the statewide census of harbor seals was 1.65, using transmitters operating during the survey (n= 114). Using a mark-recapture estimator for tag survival (phi) and the four telemetry surveys the mean CF for central and northern California was 1.54 ± 0.38 (95% CI). A CF for southern California of 2.86 was based on a single survey. Using the mean CF of 1.54 and a statewide count in 2009 we estimated 30,196 (95% CI = 22,745–37,647) harbor seals in California.
Incomplete Differentiation of Fetal Keratinocytes in the Skin Equivalent Leads to the Default Pathway of Apoptosis

Abstract The program of epidermal morphogenesis and differentiation changes dramatically during development of human fetal skin. Keratinocytes derived from fetal basal cells at early stages undergo only an incomplete keratinization and are eventually replaced by newly formed fetal keratinocytes that complete the terminal differentiation program and form the first stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Once established, this program is reiterated throughout life, as the epidermis continually renews. To test the developmental potential of early fetal keratinocytes, we have cultured them in the physiologic skin equivalent (SE) system in the presence of varied retinoic acid (RA) concentrations and have compared them to neonatal keratinocytes cultured under the same conditions. The responses of fetal and neonatal SEs have been characterized by analysis of epidermal morphology, the presence and distribution of RA-responsive and differentiation-specific keratins and filaggrin, proliferation, and apoptosis. Our study shows that fetal basal keratinocytes already are programmed to form the granular layer and incomplete stratum corneum, even when isolated from a stage prior to formation of these layers. Fetal keratinocytes respond differently than neonatal keratinocytes to RA in terms of modulation of both epidermal morphology and expression of differentiation markers. Modulation of RA-responsive K1 and K19 occurs in both fetal SE and neonatal SE but the fetal keratinocyte responds at lower RA concentrations in the medium. In contrast, fetal keratinocytes appear to be less responsive than neonatal keratinocytes in terms of filaggrin expression and stratum corneum formation. These differences in the differentiation and RA responsein vitromay be related to inherent stage-specific differences between fetal and neonatal keratinocytes in RA-signaling pathways including expression of the retinoic acid receptor, RARβ. Furthermore, high rates of apoptosis in the fetal SE suggest that apoptosis is the default pathway that is taken in the absence of complete keratinocyte differentiation.
New Features of Time Domain Electric-Field Structures in the Auroral Acceleration Region

The Polar Satellite carries the first three-axis electric field detector flown in the magnetosphere. Its direct measurement of electric field components perpendicular and parallel to the local magnetic field has revealed new classes and features of electric field structures associated with the plasma acceleration that produces discrete auroras and that populates the magnetosphere with plasma of ionospheric origin. These structures, associated with the hydrogen ion cyclotron mode, include very large solitary waves, spiky field structures, wave envelopes of parallel electric fields, and very large amplitude, nonlinear, coherent ion cyclotron waves. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Switching effects in As14Tl14Sb6Se16Te21

Abstract The glass, As14Tl14Sb6Se16Te21, was shown to be an amorphous semiconductor. Current-voltage switching behavior was examined for samples positioned in a sealed enclosure with pressure contact electrodes. Switching was found to occur over the frequency range of 20 Hz to 0.5 MHz. Switching characteristics were examined for threshold triggering by voltage, laser radiation and thermal heating. Switching modes both with and without memory were identified. The fast switching times and other characteristics observed in samples on the order of 200 μm thick in this composition, generally, have only been reported for much thinner samples in other amorphous semiconductors.
Beliefs about Teaching Geometric Transformations with Geometers' Sketchpad: A Reflexive Abstraction

A teacher‟s belief plays a significant role in the quality of teaching mathematics. In a fictive way, I changed my role from a researcher to a research participant in an imaginative interview. My interior other (David) interviewed me as a researcher. A single interview session was held lasting for about three hours. The interview text was used for the analysis and interpretation using the grounded theory method. I invented a substantive theory of my beliefs about teaching geometric transformations with Geometer‟s Sketchpad. The theory is “reflexive abstraction of my beliefs about teaching Geometric Transformations with Geometer‟s Sketchpad” as a personal theory characterized by some basic categories of - beliefs about the advancement of pedagogy, beliefs about pedagogical environment, beliefs about the role of students‟ and teacher, beliefs about self as a future teacher, beliefs about teaching learning activities, and beliefs about transitions in teaching learning. I reconstructed a synthesis of the characteristics of these beliefs. While constructing these layers of interpretive accounts, I used radical constructivist grounded theory as a theoretical
Identification of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase MATK/CHK as an essential regulator of immune cells using Matk/CHK-deficient mice.

Matk/CHK knockout mice were reported to show no apparent phenotypic abnormalities. This was thought to be due to the homologous kinase Csk that compensates for Matk/CHK. Here, we present the first evidence that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Matk/CHK, is an important modulator of immune cell signaling. We found that the frequency of primitive hematopoietic cells, the side population c-kit+ Lin– Sca-1+ (SPKLS) cells, in Matk/CHK–/– mice was increased 2.2-fold compared with the control mice. Moreover, Matk/CHK deficiency led to significantly higher pre–B cell colony formation following IL-7 stimulation. Interestingly, when mice received the in vivo antigen challenge of TNP-ovalbumin followed by restimulation, the Matk/CHK–/– lymph node and spleen cells produced significantly lower IFN-γ levels compared with the respective wild-type cells. Our study indicates that Matk/CHK is not functionally redundant with Csk, and that this tyrosine kinase plays an important role as a regulator of immunologic responses.
Theory Development and Evaluation of Project WIN A Violence Reduction Program for Early Adolescents

There is a need for an effective violence reduction program for early adolescents in schools. Social psychologists have had success teaching adolescents integrative negotiation strategies that help them to resolve potentially violent conflicts. The caveat is that these strategies are effective only in cooperative social contexts and backfire in competitive social contexts. To develop an effective violence reduction program, we must not only teach young people skills of integrated negotiation; we must also present complementary strategies to help them transform competitive social contexts into cooperative social contexts. The purpose of this study was to present a violence reduction program, entitled Project WIN (Working out Integrated Negotiations), which accomplished both of these goals. The target group was fifth-graders in a low-income, urban community. Plans for further evaluation of Project WIN and greater investment of educators and researchers in the behavioral technology of violence reduction are ...
ECO-DAC Energy Control over Divide and Control

The need for a smarter grid is emerging with the increase of peak demand and the integration of renewable resources. A great solution for peak shifting and renewable energy smoothing is through the usage of energy storage devices. This paper focuses on the energy storage power control problem in small to medium sized power distribution systems with loads, energy storage devices and renewable resources connected to the grid. To the best of our knowledge, solutions in this area either focus on the optimization problem with a convex optimization solver, that have high worst-case complexities or on sub-optimal heuristics. This paper provides a low-complexity solution, ECO-DAC, which is optimal in terms of minimizing a multi-tier cost function. We show on multiple case studies that it is possible to save up to 21% in costs for electricity drawn from the grid, compared to the no-battery case.
Citizen interaction with e-government: From the streets to servers?

Abstract This article examines citizen interaction with e-government. Much of the existing work on the development of e-government has explored it from a supply-side perspective, such as evidence presented from surveys of what governments offer online. The demand side explanation, which is relatively unexplored, examines citizen interaction with e-government and is the focus of this article. E-government presently has evolved into two identifiable stages. The first stage is the information dissemination phase in which governments catalogue information for public use. The second phase is transaction-based e-government in which there is e-service delivery such as paying taxes online. This article argues that the information and transaction phases are closely intertwined with the street-level bureaucracy literature. Various attributes of citizen interaction with electronic government will be tested in this article. One notable finding was that the Internet improved the ability for e-citizens to interact with government, acknowledging some initial movement from street-level to system-level bureaucracies.
Snack Consumption and Waste by Preschool Children Served “Cute” versus Regular Snacks

Abstract Objective To determine if preschool children would eat and waste different amounts of food when served snacks in a regular versus a “cute” form. Design Preschool children were served 6 snacks in a cute form and the same snacks in a regular form using the same food components during 24 snack sessions. Children served as their own controls. Subjects/Setting Thirty-nine children ages 36 to 60 months (20 girls, 19 boys) in a university child development laboratory. Main Outcome Measures Snack portions eaten and wasted and time for eating. Analysis Data were analyzed using a 2 × 6 factorial analysis of variance, with snack form (cute or regular) and snack components as the 2 factors. Results There was no significant difference in children's snack consumption or waste between cute and regular versions of snacks. It took children an average of 2 minutes longer to eat the cute snacks. Conclusions and Implications There is no apparent advantage to serving cute snacks in terms of increased consumption or decreased waste. Further research should be conducted on children's mealtime behaviors when served cute foods to learn more about children's responses to the overall appearance of their food.
Functional Status Declines among Cancer Survivors: Trajectory and Contributing Factors

Objective This study aimed to quantify functional status (FS) trajectories pre- and post-diagnosis of cancer, FS trajectories among cancer-free individuals, and factors affecting FS.
Immunohistochemical analysis of murine CD95/Fas/Apo‐1 receptor and its ultrastructural distribution in the thymus

CD95/Fas/Apo-1 is a cell surface receptor that, upon contact with its ligand, induces cells to die by apoptosis. In view of the importance of Fas receptor (FasR) in immunologic tolerance, an immunohistochemical analysis of FasR expression was performed in the lymphoid and certain parenchymal tissues of normal and mutant MRL/1pr mice using a rabbit polyclonal anti-Fas receptor antibody. FasR was expressed by immunoperoxidase (IP) in the cortex and at the corticomedullary junction of the thymus of normal mice. By immunoelectron microscopy FasR was detected on the cell membrane of normal thymocytes. In MRL/1pr mice, FasR protein expression could not be clearly detected. FasR protein expression was not detected in the heart, liver or ovary by IP, presumably reflecting the low number of receptors in these tissues.
Complexity of control of tumorigenic expression in intraspecies hybrids of human SV40-transformed fibroblasts and normal human fibroblast cell lines

Somatic cell hybrids between SV40-transformed human fibroblast cells and normal human fibroblasts were isolated and tested for growth in vitro and in athymic nujnu (nude ) mice. All
The magnetothermal phenomena in electromagnetic levitation processes

Abstract This paper presents an analytical study of the electromagnetic and thermal phenomena in magnetic levitation. The analytical solution for the current induced in a magnetically-levitated sphere is obtained via the magnetic vector potential using the method of separation of variables. Other electromagnetic field properties, such as the induced magnetic field, the time-averaged Joule heating and time averaged electromagnetic forces, are then readily derived from the vector potential. The temperature distributions inside the sphere that are generated by the Joule heating are also obtained analytically for both the steady state and transient cases. Analysis shows that the power input, the lifting forces and the temperature distributions, both global and local, are proportional to the square of input current. At high frequency limit, the total power input and the temperature are proportional to the square root of applied frequency and inversely proportional to the square root of electrical conductivity. Detailed calculations are given. The results show that temperature difference inside the sphere is roughly 1 K, corresponding to a temperature gradient of 167 K/m. For the conditions studied, the temperature at the center of an aluminum sphere drops 130 K in about 20s, and the characteristic time for the temperature decay from a steady state is on the order of 80 s, after the heating current is turned off.
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE PLANNING IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

In recent years, several models of second language acquisition (SLA) have been proposed in an effort to describe the relationships among variables affecting rate and eventual attainment in SLA. A major weakness of these models is that they have not included planning variables. That is, they have not accounted for the impact of government planning on SLA processes. This article explores the impact of planning variables within one of the most comprehensive SLA models that proposed by Merrill Swain that includes four sets of variables: input, learner. Learning, and learned variables. The planning process is analyzed as a complex series of policy levels having varying kinds of impact on SLA. Four components of the planning process are distinguished: macro-policy goals, macro-implementation decisions, micro-policy goals. and micro-implementation decisions. The effects of these components on input, learner, learning, and learned variables are explored in order to demonstrate the ways in which SLA is often the result of deliberate policy implementation by national, regional, and local planning agencies.
Holtzman inkblot correlates of creative potential.

Abstract Fifteen female undergraduates were tested with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and judged to have creative potential because of their high scores on the intuition and perception sub-scales. They were matched for age and verbal ability with a group having low creative potential, and both groups were given the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. Out of 14 hypotheses, 8 were statistically significant, and one out of seven exploratory relationships was significant. The creative-potential Ss gave HIT responses involving more definite form, color, movement, human content, integration of blot elements, pathognomic verbalization, anxiety, hostility, and abstract content.
Simultaneous photoconjugation of methylene blue and cis-Rh(phen)2Cl2+ to DNA via a synergistic effect.

Abstract Irradiation of the red-light absorbing dye, methylene blue (MB), in the presence of the metal complex, cis-Rh(phen)2Cl2+ (BISPHEN), leads to irreversible photobinding of both reagents to DNA. Evidence from absorption and emission spectroscopy indicates that the dye is strongly complexed to the DNA at the concentrations used in the experiments and that this complex is unaffected by the presence of BISPHEN. The level of covalent binding is proportional to the absorbed light dose, with the quantum efficiency for covalent binding of BISPHEN to the DNA with 633 nm light equal to 3.5 × 10−4. Electrospray ionization mass spectrum of a mixture of DNA fragments created by enzymatic degradation of DNA isolated following irradiation indicates that purine adducts are formed with both BISPHEN and the dye. In addition, UV–Vis and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses of the irradiated MB/BISPHEN/DNA mixture and isolated adducts show extensive conversion of the dye and metal complex to the correspondi...
A Nonstructural Approach to Control Salt Accumulation in Ground Watera

One of the more subtle and dangerous areas of pollution is that occurring in ground water from normal irrigation practices. The pollution from salt buildup is presently one of the unsolved problems in managing stream-aquifer systems. This paper presents several strategies that offer a possibility of controlling this salt buildup. For example, instead of applying irrigation ground water near the site of the well, the ASTRAN Method transfers it downstream to be applied on land where the ground water is a lower quality thereby controlling the increase in salt concentration. Instead of preventing seepage loss in delivery canals, the percolating water is used to maintain ground-water quality. Finally, timed releases of return flow remove salts without exceeding surface-water quality constraints.
Comparison of open and thoracoscopic bilateral volume reduction surgery: complications analysis

Abstract Background . The effectiveness of lung volume reduction for the treatment of patients with emphysema is well established, but data about the surgical approach, the postoperative management, and complications are limited. We report a comparison of patients undergoing bilateral lung volume reduction (BLVRS) via median sternotomy and thoracoscopic techniques with emphasis on hospital course and complications. Methods . All patients undergoing BLVRS at Hospital of University of Pennsylvania were analyzed for mortality and morbidity, using a combination of prospective data analysis and retrospective chart review. Results . Patients undergoing BLVRS via median sternotomy were older than those undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) procedures (63.9 ± 6.89 vs 59.3 ± 9.4 years, p = 0.005). Operating time was longer for the VATS procedure (147 versus 129 minutes, p = 0.006) while estimated blood less was greater for median sternotomy (209 versus 82 L, p = 0.0000017). Significant differences were found in intensive care unit stay, days intubated, life-threatening complications, respiratory complications, requirement for tracheostomy, and death that favored VATS BLVRS. When only later cohorts of patients were compared, more life-threatening complications and deaths were found in patients undergoing BLVRS by median sternotomy. There were no differences between early and late median sternotomy BLVRS patients. Twenty-six percent of the lethal complications in median sternotomy BLVRS patients were bowel perforations, equally divided between duodenal ulcers and colons. Conclusions . Managing patients after BLVRS remains complex. Bilateral video-assisted volume reduction offers equivalent functional outcome with potentially decreased morbidity and mortality. Gastrointestinal perforations can complicate the management of these patients.
ON THE COMBINATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EMISSION MEASURE ANALYSIS AND ROTATIONAL TOMOGRAPHY FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLAR EUV IMAGING

Conventional differential emission measure (DEM) analysis allows one to determine the amount of plasma as a function of temperature along a given line of sight. A completely different technique called solar rotational tomography (SRT) exploits the view angles provided by solar rotation to determine the spatial distribution of emissivity in three dimensions. These two techniques can be combined in a procedure called differential emission measure tomography (DEMT) to determine the DEM at each point in the corona with the same spatial resolution as can normally be achieved by SRT. In this paper the theory of DEMT is presented, and numerical examples based on the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) are given. The results demonstrate promising potential for the methods to be adapted for use with other EUV and X-ray imaging and/or spectroscopy instruments.
Manufacturing the global

Surely, 'global ethnography' is an oxymoron? How can the global be ethno graphic? How can ethnography contribute to the understanding of global ization? After all, in anthropology, we stereotypically picture the lone ethnographer settled in his or her village, itself isolated from the world around. In sociology, we think of the ethnographer as the specialist of face to-face relations or of situational analysis, but with the context firmly brack eted. Or perhaps we think of the ethnographer-sociologist studying conflict and cohesion in the urban community; but, as with the anthropologist, it is a community cut off from the world beyond, often by physical barriers such as buildings, parks or railroad tracks. What could be further from global ethnography? After three-quarters of a century of professional anthropology and sociology, global ethnography appears oxymoronic because we have blotted out the prehistory of our professions. Global ethnography is not new at all. As Joan Vincent (1990) has argued, before the First World War anthro pology was swept up in debates between evolutionists and diffusionists who saw the world as their canvas. James Clifford (1997) makes a similar point: with peripatetic missionaries and colonial administrators monopolizing knowledge about 'the native', anthropologists had to seek out their own niche of expertise, which they found in the careful, systematic and prolonged observation of indigenous peoples in a single place. This professionalization of fieldwork led to its circumscription, its concentration on dwelling rather than traveling. In overlooking the vast web of Empire, the multiple and asymmetrical connections between metropolis and colony that made focused field research possible, anthropology bracketed its own global underpinnings.
Chemical reporters for exploring ADP-ribosylation and AMPylation at the host–pathogen interface

Bacterial pathogens secrete protein toxins and effectors that hijack metabolites to covalently modify host proteins and interfere with their function during infection. Adenosine metabolites, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), have in particular been co-opted by these secreted virulence factors to reprogram host pathways. While some host targets for secreted virulence factors have been identified, other toxin and effector substrates have been elusive, which require new methods for their characterization. In this review, we focus on chemical reporters based on NAD and ATP that should facilitate the discovery and characterization of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation and adenylylation/AMPylation in bacterial pathogenesis and cell biology.
Temperature systematically modifies neural activity for sweet taste

Temperature can modify neural and behavioral responses to taste stimuli that elicit “sweetness,” a perception linked to intake of calorie-laden foods. However, the role of temperature in the neural...
Baryon exchange and shapes of inclusive spectra

Abstract Contributions of baryon exchanges to inclusive single-pion production processes are investigated. We show that shapes of distributions in p T 2 are reproduced remarkably well by t dependence of simple baryon exchange, but absence of structure at WSNZ positions is noted. Simple Regge models cannot reproduce x (or missing mass) dependence of spectra; to achieve agreement with dat, we introduce and discuss additional modulating functions of x . Spin and absolute normalization are treated.
Aligning pharmaceutical innovation with medical need.

How can we make vaccines and medicines for major diseases that have been largely ignored? How can we get vaccines and medicines to populations that cannot afford them? A fundamental solution to these problems requires aligning three basic processes—innovation, incentive and access—so that they become mutually reinforcing. The present patent system provides incentives for innovation by enforcing product monopolies that permit sales at prices far above production cost. Industry has little financial incentive to develop products for diseases that mainly afflict the poor, and the poor cannot afford products that industry develops for wealthier
Anatomic and prognostic implications of an early positive treadmill exercise test

Abstract Eighty men (group A) with clinical coronary artery disease underwent coronary angiography regardless of symptoms and previous therapy because they had a positive treadmill exercise test in stage I or II of the Bruce protocol. Thirty-four other men (group B) who also had an early positive treadmill test underwent coronary angiography because they had disabling angina pectoris despite medical therapy. We found left main coronary artery stenosis of 50% or greater of the vessel diameter in 28% of group A and 35% of group B (p >0.3). In contrast, only 10% of 93 other catheterized patients who had treadmill tests that were not early positive had left main coronary disease (p We conclude that an early positive treadmill test identifies patients who have an increased likelihood of having left main coronary stenosis, even if they are minimally symptomatic. To identify left main coronary stenosis, catheterization may be justified in patients whose angina pectoris has been mild or not intensively treated when they have an early positive treadmill response. After left main coronary stenosis has been excluded, these patients may be treated medically with a low mortality.
Phase shifting at 94 GHz using the electro-optic effect in bulk crystals

We have measured electro-optic coefficients at 94 GHz for several orientations in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3. These coefficients are considerably enhanced over their values in the visible, due to contributions from lattice vibrations. A scaling law is developed which allows the calculation of these coefficients in terms of the linear susceptibility. The phase shifting performance of a number of promising materials is discussed.
Isolation of equine IgG(T) by hydrophobic interaction chromatography

Abstract Hydrophobic interaction chromatography with phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B was used to isolate IgG(T) from the serum of non-hyperimmunized horses. IgG(T) was bound to phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B in the presence of 1 M ammonium sulfate and eluted in 0.6 M ammonium sulfate. In contrast to human IgA, the IgA of various anima species including the horse, is eluted only with ammonium sulfate concentrations below 0.6 M , allowing the purification of IgG(T) without contamination by IgA.
Five ways to keep disputes out of court

Even if you win, a lawsuit can be a disaster. Attorney fees eat up $20 billion a year in the United States alone, and that doesn't count the cost of diverting key personnel from productive work or of damaging profitable business relationships. But more and more managers are discovering that litigation can be avoided with inventive use of alternative dispute resolution, or ADR. All forms of ADR are designed to do two things: save time and money and soften the sharp edges of the adversarial system. In the majority of cases, disputants settle their differences quickly and to the satisfaction of both parties. In the best of cases, opponents resolve their disputes cooperatively and forge new ties. Arbitration, the oldest and most adversarial form of ADR, is now a compulsory prerequisite to litigation in about 20 states. Mediation, perhaps the most versatile and the least coercive, depends greatly on the skill and personality of the mediator. Other methods include the rent-a-judge program, summary jury trial, and minitrial, all of which simulate real litigation to one degree or another but with greater speed, more privacy, and less expense. (The last two have settled several bitter disputes in weeks-after years of litigation.) Variations and hybrids of ADR methods are limitless. In picking the ADR method best suited to your circumstances, factors to consider include: the extent to which both disputants are committed to ADR, the closeness of the business relationship between the two parties, the need for privacy, the urgency of reaching a settlement, the absolute and relative financial health of both parties, the importance of the principles involved, the complexity of the case, the size of the stakes, and the ability and willingness of company executives to get involved.
Casino gambling and aging consumers: overcoming barriers and reaping the benefits of experiential leisure consumption.

ABSTRACT This study uses an ethnographic participant observation approach and interview data to support extant findings that recreational casino gambling presents an important leisure opportunity for aging consumers. The findings suggest that participation in this activity is likely to lead to increased life satisfaction through leisure enjoyment, as well as improved social competence, independence, and role continuation. In addition, this study identifies ways that casino operators may neutralize the typical barriers to leisure participation among this group and provide the positive consequences of meaningful leisure, including the fantasy, feeling, and fun aspects of casino gambling which characterize it as a key experiential consumption activity for older consumers.
In vitro enzymatic chlorophyll catabolism in wheat elicited by cereal aphid feeding

Chlorophyll degradation is a complex phenomenon that often accompanies insect feeding damage to plants. Loss of chlorophyll can be initiated by several reactions, including oxidative bleaching, chlorophyllase activity, and Mg-dechelatase activity. Extracts from the Russian wheat aphid [Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)], the bird cherry-oat aphid [Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)], and aphid-infested and uninfested wheat plants were assayed in vitro for activities involved in chlorophyll degradation. Although the initial infestation was the same (10 apterous adults) for both aphid species, D. noxia weight was significantly higher than R. padi after feeding for 12 days. Consequently, D. noxia feeding caused greater fresh leaf weight reduction than R. padi feeding. Chlorophyll degradation assays showed no activity from either D. noxia or R. padi extracts. Plant extract assays showed a significant difference in Mg-dechelatase activity, while no difference was detected in either the chlorophyllase or oxidative bleaching pathways among the aphid-infested or uninfested plant extracts. Diuraphis noxia-infested leaf extracts showed a greater increase of Mg-dechelatase activity than either R. padi-infested or the uninfested plants. The findings suggest that leaf chlorosis elicited by D. noxia feeding is different from the chlorophyll degradation that occurs in natural plant senescence. Aphid-elicited chlorosis might be the result of a Mg-dechelatase-driven catabolism of chlorophyll in challenged wheat seedlings, however, the factor(s) from D. noxia that elicited the increase of Mg-dechelatase activity still remain to be determined.
4-Hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine as a substrate for xanthine oxidase: Loss of conventional substrate activity with catalytic cycling of the enzyme

Abstract The 6-hydroxylation of 4-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine (4-HPP) by xanthine oxidase takes place by a mechanism which, initially, utilizes the complete internal electron transport chain of the enzyme; electron transfer to molecular oxygen and to cytochrome c can be demonstrated, together with spectrophotometrically detectable reduction of the enzyme flavin by substrate. Conventional substrate activity is rapidly lost, however, the rate of aerobic oxidation of 4-HPP showing an exponential decline with a half-time of 18 sec at 25°. The anomalous behavior of 4-HPP as a xanthine oxidase substrate becomes manifest only on catalytic cycling of the enzyme.
Mutationism and the dual causation of evolutionary change

SUMMARY The rediscovery of Mendel's laws a century ago launched the science that William Bateson called “genetics,” and led to a new view of evolution combining selection, particulate inheritance, and the newly characterized phenomenon of “mutation.” This “mutationist” view clashed with the earlier view of Darwin, and the later “Modern Synthesis,” by allowing discontinuity, and by recognizing mutation (or more properly, mutation-and-altered-development) as a source of creativity, direction, and initiative. By the mid-20th century, the opposing Modern Synthesis view was a prevailing orthodoxy: under its influence, “evolution” was redefined as “shifting gene frequencies,” that is, the sorting out of pre-existing variation without new mutations; and the notion that mutation-and-altered-development can exert a predictable influence on the course of evolutionary change was seen as heretical. Nevertheless, mutationist ideas re-surfaced: the notion of mutational determinants of directionality emerged in molecular evolution by 1962, followed in the 1980s by an interest among evolutionary developmental biologists in a shaping or creative role of developmental propensities of variation, and more recently, a recognition by theoretical evolutionary geneticists of the importance of discontinuity and of new mutations in adaptive dynamics. The synthetic challenge presented by these innovations is to integrate mutation-and-altered-development into a new understanding of the dual causation of evolutionary change—a broader and more predictive understanding that already can lay claim to important empirical and theoretical results—and to develop a research program appropriately emphasizing the emergence of variation as a cause of propensities of evolutionary change.
Analog simulation of Hanford dual-purpose reactor plant:

An analog simulation of the dual-purpose Hanford N-reactor was undertaken.1Studies were performed to determine the dynamic characteristics of the plant and to determine the effects of possible plant, oper ator, and control-system malfunctions. Various op erational procedures and proposed design changes were also studied.The simulation of the reactor plant was made up of a series of subsystems which were coupled to gether. Each subsystem had been studied in detail previous to being assembled into the total reactor plant simulation.
Captivity affects behavioral physiology: plasticity in signaling sexual identity.

Little is known about the link between captivity, physiology, and behavior in wild-caught vertebrates. Anecdotal evidence suggests that hormonal changes are responsible for behavioral changes in wild animals brought into captivity. Studying the effects of captivity on reproduction is hampered because wild animals often fail to exhibit sexual behavior under captive conditions. In weakly discharging electric fish, field studies have reported sex differences in electric organ discharges which are rarely seen in the laboratory. I now report the results of a series of laboratory investigations which show thatGnathonemus petersii exhibits seasonal, hormone-dependent, phasespecific sex differences in electric organ discharges. Captivity dramatically alters and may even reverse these sex differences as a result of rapid changes in endogenous plasma hormone levels. These findings have broad implications for research on animal physiology and behavior performed in laboratory settings.
The use of indicator species to classify climax sugar maple and eastern hemlock forests in Upper Michigan

Abstract Four Tsuga canadensis and Acer saccharum dominated Associations within climax stands in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan were identified using the Bray-Curtis method of ordination. The use of all but the most common groundflora species in the ordinations successfully delineated the four Associations. Although ordinating stands of all four Associations using indicator species resulted in an intermixing of stands between Associations, the use of indicator species to delineate two Associations at a time was successful. A simple key was developed that can be easily used by land managers to identify these Associations in either climax or seral stands. Testing the key in other climax stands of this geographic region proved successful. The potential uses of this classification system by land managers in the Northern Hardwoods Region is discussed.
Wavelet-based algorithms for linear initial-value problems

the complexity decreases tremendously, e.g. for one dimensional parabolicequation it becomes O(log4N) as opposed to O(N(log3N)).We expect to do multidimension hyperbolic problems using the new ideaand get a significant speed-up.For a general multidimensional parabolic equation, the complexity is O(log4 N)).For a d dimensional hyperbolic system the complexity is O(N'22 log3 N). Thisis advantageous for dimension d =
Sigma-1 receptor ligands: potential in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

The σ receptor was originally proposed to be a subtype of the opioid receptor. However, it is now clear that σ receptors are unique non-opioid, non-phencyclidine brain proteins. Two types of σ receptor exist, the σ-1 receptor and the σ-2 receptor. σ-1 receptors have been cloned and their distribution, physiological functions and roles in signal transduction were recently characterised. Certain sex hormones in the brain (neurosteroids) are known to interact with σ-1 receptors. σ-1 receptors regulate glutamate NMDA receptor function and the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine. They are thus proposed to be involved in learning and memory as well as in certain neuropsychiatric disorders.
Clustering Fossils from the Early Universe

Many inflationary theories introduce new scalar, vector, or tensor degrees of freedom that may then affect the generation of primordial density perturbations. Here we show how to search a galaxy (or 21-cm) survey for the imprint of primordial scalar, vector, and tensor fields. These new fields induce local departures to an otherwise statistically isotropic two-point correlation function, or equivalently, nontrivial four-point correlation functions (or trispectra, in Fourier space), that can be decomposed into scalar, vector, and tensor components. We write down the optimal estimators for these various components and show how the sensitivity to these modes depends on the galaxy-survey parameters. New probes of parity-violating early-Universe physics are also presented.
Phase-space approach to wave propagation with dispersion and damping

We consider dispersive propagation with damping in phase-space, and derive the Wigner distribution in terms of the initial wave and the dispersion relation. The case for no damping, that is, lossless propagation, has been previously considered by Cohen, and is a special case of the more general result presented here. Simple and physically revealing approximations of the Wigner distribution in terms of the initial Wigner distribution are presented. Also, exact low-order conditional moments are given and their interpretation is discussed.
Effects of cations and anions as aggregating agents on SERS detection of cotinine (COT) and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC).

Abstract The sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) highly depends on experimental factors including aggregating agents and pH. Using silver nanoparticles as the substrate, the effect of five cationic (K + , Na + , Mg 2+ , Li + , Ca 2+ ) and three anionic (Cl − , Br − , I − ) aggregating agents was examined on the SERS detection of tobacco-related biomarkers, namely cotinine (COT) and trans -3′-hydroxycotinine (3HC). The optimal concentrations of the aggregating agents with respect to highest SERS intensity varied widely (from 1.5 mM for MgCl 2 to 150 mM for LiCl). Both cations and anions strongly influenced the SERS enhancement. When Cl − was used as the anion, Mg 2+ and Na + exhibited the highest SERS intensities for COT and 3HC, respectively. When Mg 2+ was used as the cation, Cl − and Br − generated the highest SERS enhancement for COT and 3HC, respectively. Clearly, SERS enhancement also depended on the target molecule. Among the 11 aggregating agent combinations tested, the highest SERS enhancement is obtained using 1.5 mM MgCl 2 for COT at pH 7.0 and 50 mM NaBr for 3HC at pH 3.0.
An Electrophoretic Study of the Protein in Skimmilk

Summary Electrophoretic studies of unfractionated and unheated skimmilk proteins at ionic strengths of 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 at pH's 8.4, 6.6, 5.4, 4.1 and 3.2 have shown that: (a)The electrophoretie mobilities of the proteins in unfractionated skimmilk are appreciably lower than the mobilities of the corresponding isolated proteins. (b)The isoelectric points of the proteins in unfractionated skimmilk are approximately the same as the isoelectric points of the corresponding isolated proteins reported by other workers. (c)The best electrophoretic resolution of the proteins in skimmilk occurs at pH 6.6 and ionic strengths of 0.02 and 0.1. (d)α-Casein migrates as two distinct components, α 1 - and α 2 -casein, over a range of pH's above 4.2 at ionic strengths of 0.02 and 0.10. (e)An interaction occurs between the α- and β-casein components of skimmilk which increases in degrees as pH is lowered from 8.4 to 5.4 at ionic strength 0.02. Heat treatments of skimmilk for 30 min. at 65, 75 and 85 C. were found to cause the following changes in the electrophoretic properties of the protein components as revealed by electrophoresis measurements at pH 6.6, r/2 = 0.1: (a) The mobilities of α -casein, β -casein and β -lactoglobulin are lowered by heating, the effect being greater at the higher temperatures; (b) The concentrations of β -lactoglobulin and β -casein are decreased and the concentration of protein migrating with a-casein is increased by heating skimmilk under the conditions given.
Measurements of Transformations in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Clouds Associated with Onshore Flow in Washington State

Abstract Preliminary measurements of several physical and chemical parameters associated with clouds in two cases of onshore flow over western Washington suggest that the physical and chemical properties of maritime, cloudy air passing over this region change over relatively small spatial and temporal scales (∼100–200 km, and 5- 15 h, respectively). These scales are similar to those for changes in precipitation chemistry in this region. This tentative conclusion concerning the scales for air mass changes differs from the assumption usually made concerning air mass characteristics and transport distances in the eastern United States.
Characterization of Anterior Pituitary Target Cells for Arginine Vasopressin: Including Cells that Store Adrenocorticotropin, Thyrotropin-β, and Both Hormones*

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) stimulates the se- cretion of ACTH and TSH. Recently, affinity cytochemical techniques with a potent biotinylated analog of AVP were used to identify ACTH cells as one of the target cells. Counts showed that AVP-bound cells were 10% of the population. However, if AVP bound all corticotropes and thyrotropes, one would expect AVP to bind at least 16% of the pituitary cells. Therefore, dual cytochemical labeling protocols were used to learn if thyrotropes also bound AVP (bio-AVP). Forty-eight percent of AVP target cells contained ACTH, and 42% contained TSH/3. The percent- ages of AVP-bound cells were increased to 12-13% of the total pituitary cells after 1-h pretreatment in 10 nM TRH or CRH. TRH and CRH together stimulated increases to 16% of the total cells. Analysis of dual labels showed that the additional AVP- bound cells stimulated by CRH or TRH stemmed from the corticotrope or thyrotrope populations, respectively. TRH stim- ulated an increase in the percentage of TSH cells that bound AVP from 55% to 75%. Similarly, CRH stimulated an increase in the percentage of ACTH cells that bound AVP from 61% to 79%. In addition, the populations of cells labeled for TSH/3 or ACTH antigens increased by 30% after 1 h in unlabeled AVP, supporting its direct effect on these target cells. TRH stimulated a similar increment in TSH cells. CRH pretreatment had no effect on the percentages of cells labeled for TSH or ACTH. This could be the result of loss of ACTH stores needed to identify stimulated corticotropes. Finally, analysis of the total percent- ages of AVP-bound TSH/3 or ACTH cells suggested an overlap in the population. This stimulated the application of dual labels for ACTH and TSHjS. In populations exposed to vehicle only, 1-2% of mixed pituitary cells stored both ACTH and TSH. This unique cell type also comprised 10% of a corticotrope population enriched by counterflow centrifugation. The percentage of ACTH-TSH cells in the mixed cell population was augmented to 4.8% after 1 h in AVP. It was not affected by exposure to either TRH or CRH (or both peptides). These studies demon- strate that AVP target cells include thyrotropes, corticotropes, and unique cells that store both ACTH and TSH. (Endocrinology 124: 554-559,1989)