cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compliance‐gaining message strategies: A typology and some findings concerning effects of situational differences

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible control strategies a persuader may use and to determine how situational differences affect a persuader's strategic choices. By modifying an earlier study of Marwell and Schmitt, dimensions of control strategies were sought in four situations: interpersonal, long‐term consequences; interpersonal, short‐term consequences; nonin‐terpersonal, long‐term consequences; and noninterpersonal, short‐term consequences. Respondents were obtained from students at a Midwestern state university and a community college, and from army recruiters enrolled in a college extension course. Results indicated that situational differences affected the cluster structures and led to the conclusion that a general typology of control strategies is improbable.
Some critical observations and attendant new results in the finite element method for stochastic problems

Abstract Extensive motivation to do additional work in the finite element method in stochastic problems (FEMSP) is discussed. The qualitative comparison of FEMSP with the state of the art of the deterministic FEM is given. These critical observations and thoughts are then realized in several manners. We first present the exact inverse FEMSP, which however cannot serve as a general tool for stochastic analysis of complex structures. Therefore, an improved FEMSP is presented. Finally, the variational principles for stochastic beams, for the mean response function, as well as the response's auto-correlation function are formulated for the first time in the literature, it is concluded that much work needs to be done in order for FEMSP to be at the level compared to that of the deterministic FEM. The advantage of the main methods presented here over the conventional ones lies in their non-perturbational nature. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the superiority (if not yet universality) of the presented methods over the conventional ones.
Simultaneous occurrence of the Holt-Oram and the Duane syndromes

A kinship is presented in which the features of the Holt-Oram syndrome and the Duane syndrome are associated. Karyotypes are normal. Autosomal dominant transmission of each syndrome is suggested.
Cigarette smoking increases the development of intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury

Purpose: Our purpose was to determine whether exposure to cigarette smoke increases the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH) after vascular injury. Methods: Sixteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent standardized balloon catheter injury of the left common carotid artery. For 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after injury, animals in the experimental group (n=8) were exposed to cigarette smoke with an automated vacuum pump device. Animals in the control group (n=8) were restrained in the smoking device for an identical amount of time and underwent arterial injury at 4 weeks but were not exposed to cigarette smoke. Carotid arteries were perfusion-fixed in vivo, prepared as histologic cross sections, and stained for elastin. IH was measured by planimetry and is reported both as the absolute area of IH and as the ratio (IH/IEL) of the absolute area of IH to the normalized area enclosed by the internal elastic lamina (expressed as a percent). Results : The absolute area of IH was 2.09±0.34 for the experimental group compared with 0.94±0.25 for the control group; mean IH/IEL was 43.7%±7.1% for the experimental group versus 17.7%±4.7% for the control group ( p t test). Conclusions : Inhalation of cigarette smoke increases the development of intimal hyperplasia in a rat model of balloon catheter arterial injury.
Altered Cardiac Retention of Exogenous Noradrenaline produced by Stress in Young Rabbits

AN impressive body of evidence indicates that cardiovascular reactivity either to sympathetic nerve stimulation or to injected catecholamines is considerably decreased in adrenalectomized animals1. The administration of adrenocortical hormones to such animals either improves or restores to normal the ability of the cardiovascular system to respond either to sympathetic nerve activity or to the injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline1. These considerations suggest that one result of stress-induced adrenocortical secretion in normal animals might be an enhanced response of the cardiovascular system to the catecholamines. In support of this idea, it has been reported2 that hydrocortisone increased the response of rabbit aorta to noradrenaline in vitro. Such potentiation could be caused by a decreased tissue-binding (that is, functional inactivation) of administered noradrenaline produced by the steroid. This suggestion was investigated by examining the influence of administered hydrocortisone on the sub-cellular distribution of tritiated noradrenaline in the rabbit heart.
Endoglin is required for myogenic differentiation potential of neural crest stem cells

Genetic studies show that TGFβ signaling is essential for vascular development, although the mechanism through which this pathway operates is incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that the TGFβ auxiliary coreceptor endoglin (eng, CD105) is expressed in a subset of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) in vivo and is required for their myogenic differentiation. Overexpression of endoglin in the neural crest caused pericardial hemorrhaging, correlating with altered vascular smooth muscle cell investment in the walls of major vessels and upregulation of smooth muscle α-actin protein levels. Clonogenic differentiation assay of NCSCs derived from neural tube explants demonstrated that only NCSC expressing high levels of endoglin (NCSCCD105+) had myogenic differentiation potential. Furthermore, myogenic potential was deficient in NCSCs obtained from endoglin null embryos. Expression of endoglin in NCSCs declined with age, coinciding with a reduction in both smooth muscle differentiation potential and TGFβ1 responsiveness. These findings demonstrate a cell autonomous role for endoglin in smooth muscle cell specification contributing to vascular integrity.
The World's Laws on Contraceptives

To date there has been no reasonably full compilation of the legal situation in various countries covering the most important procedure for family planning; contraception. This document attempts to review and analyze the laws regulations and decisions in this field. The texts of laws regulations and decisions affecting contraceptives are rarely available in convenient and current form and the rules affecting contraceptives appear in the laws covering many fields: public health pharmacy medical ethics and other medical fields commerce industry foreign tariffs and education. Frequently governments have attempted to regulate the field through criminal laws. This tabulation contains many gaps due to the lack of information available from a particular country. Tribal law and "private law" obstructions are not covered. The document contains a review of the rationales on which laws affecting contraceptives are based the older rationales prior to World War II the public moral rationale and the modern rationales: the human right of family planning the public health and welfare the excessive rate of population growth medical considerations and economic and commercial considerations. Regional approaches to contraception are given for North Africa and Asia Latin America tropical Africa Europe North America the Peoples Republic of China. Specific fields of regulation which are reviewed include: provisions relating to imports manufacture sale and distribution (particularly condoms oral contraceptives and IUDs); advertising and publicity (the origin of restrictions principal types of restriction and a general comment on the advertising limitations); and the use of the mails. After a review of types of legislation and the penal law approach the document ends with a section on conclusions and a tabulation of countries.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS GONADOTROPIC HORMONE PREPARATIONS ON THE BLOOD PLASMA ASCORBIC ACID OF SHEEP AND RABBITS1

RECENTLY a number of observations have indicated a relationshipof ascorbic acid to the endocrine control of reproduction. Experimentalresults have shown an effect of hormone preparations on ascorbicacid content of tissues and blood plasma, and converselyascorbic acid has been reported to influence the response of animals tocertain gonadotropic preparations. Mosonyi (1936, 1937) observed a 30 to 40 per cent decrease in theascorbic acid content of the livers and adrenals of guinea pigs afterthe administration of estrogens to females or androgens to males.Nespor (1937) found that there was first a rise and later a fall in theascorbic acid content of the testes of young guinea pigs on the scorbuticdiet after giving gonadotropic hormone. The simultaneous loss byother tissues indicated to him a utilization of ascorbic acid in thetestes at the expense of other tissues.
Editorial Introduction to Special Issue on “The Virtue of Justice”

The work on this special issue of Philosophia first began in the summer of 2010 when we began to prepare for the 2012 Midwestern Regional Meeting of the Society of Christian Philosophers (SCP), which we were organizing and hosting at Hendrix College in Conway, AR. Our guiding aim as we organized that SCP event was to choose a conference theme that would allow scholars working in philosophy of religion, ethics, political philosophy, and epistemology to be brought into productive conversation with each other regarding a topic of shared concern. Accordingly, we settled on “The Virtue of Justice” because we felt that it is a theme that invites collaboration across traditional subdisciplinary boundaries. We were honored to have Robert Audi, Jean Porter, and Nicholas Wolterstorff as the keynote speakers. Eventually we accepted nearly 70 papers for the SCP conference and all of the accepted papers were then invited to submit to this special issue of Philosophia. From the original 70 papers presented at the conference, 40 were submitted to us for consideration for publication. All of those submissions were then sent out for blind peer review. The reviewers who assisted during this process (and there are many of them) are all influential scholars with distinguished publication records in areas relevant to the paper each was asked to review. Indeed, we want to express our deep gratitude for the care and rigor that each reviewer brought to the process. Without them this issue would not have been possible. Ultimately, we accepted 5 of the 40 papers that were submitted for review. Those 5 papers loosely fell into 5 general categories: (1) Aquinas on the Virtue of Justice, (2) Social Epistemology and Social Ethics, (3) Virtue, Justice, and War, and (4) Justice and Politics. Philosophia (2013) 41:271–272 DOI 10.1007/s11406-013-9431-8
Semiretracts of a free monoid

The generating set of a semiretract of a free monoid is an infix code and a biprefix code. If a free monoid is generated by n elements then any nest of semiretracts contains at most n + 1 distinct members.
Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the foot in early Oligocene anthropoids

Newly discovered foot bones of Aegyptopithecus are described and compared to those of Apidium and Dolichocebus. Locomotor adaptations are inferred for African early Oligocene propliopithecids, parapithecids, and for Argentine early Oligocene Dolichocebus. All show an anthropoid grade of development in their foot anatomy. Tarsals of Aegyptopithecus compare best with those of Miocene hominoids. Apidium shares derived calcaneal features that link it with Old World monkeys. Dolichocebus exhibits a very generalized platyrrhine talar morphology akin to that seen in Saimiri, Callicebus, Cebus, and Aotus. The morphology of early Oligocene primate foot bones suggests that at least three quite distinct groups, corresponding to three recognized superfamilies, were present in the early Oligocene of South America and Africa.
Most probable number method to enumerate a bioluminescent Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in soil

Abstract An adaptation of the most probable number (MPN) method and use of microfluor plates for monitoring a bioluminescent strain (171LIIH-7) of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson in debris-inoculated soil, is described. Microfluor plates with liquid culture medium were inoculated with a dilution series of soil extract previously infested with cabbage debris containing 171LIIH-7. Light produced by the bacteria was detected on X-ray film, and absorbance readings of the images were converted to a binary set of values for estimation of MPN by the computer program MPNES (Woomer et al., 1990). The MPN-microfluor plate system was compared with direct dilution plating on FS medium and MPN-miniplate enrichment ELISA with a pathovar-specific monoclonal antibody. The detection limit of X. c. pv. campestris with FS medium was about 104 cfu g−1 soil. The detection threshold of MPN-microfluor plates (102 bacteria g−1 non-sterile soil) was equivalent to the MPN-miniplate enrichment ELISA and 100 times more sensitive than direct dilution plating. The MPN-microfluor plate system is an easy, accurate, sensitive and inexpensive method to detect and enumerate bioliminescent X. c. pv. campestris in soil, and permits ecological studies in the soil environment that will provide the rationale for changes in crop rotations or other cultural practices.
Chemical and physical weathering of fluvial sands in an Arctic environment; sands of the Sagavanirktok River, North Slope, Alaska

ABSTRACT Sands of the Sagavanirktok River drainage basin, on the North Slope of Alaska, are composed primarily of calcite, quartz, and sedimentary and metasedimentary lithic fragments. The relative proportions of these components vary systematically through the drainage basin. Sands sampled in the river headwaters, in the Brooks Range, average 58% calcite, 35% lithic fragments, and 7% quartz. With increased distance from river headwaters, calcite is progressively removed from the sediments. Rivers sampled in the Arctic Foothills physiographic province average 29% calcite, 53% lithic fragments, and 18% quartz. Further transport results in enrichment of quartz relative to lithic fragments. Sands from the Arctic Coastal Plain average 9% calcite, 38% lithic fragments, and 53% quartz; the northernm st sample collected, from near the head of the Sagavanirktok delta, is 70% quartz, 5% calcite, and 25% lithic fragments. We attribute these increases in compositional maturity to chemical and physical weathering of sediments during temporary storage in alluvial sequences such as alluvial fans, river braid plains, point bars, and alluvial terraces. As river channels migrate and reincorporate such stored alluvium into bed load, there is a net increase in the proportion of sediment that has been stored--and subjected to weathering during alluvial storage. Climate change, tributary dilution, and anthropogenic perturbation of the river system are insufficient to account for these compositional changes. This process is similar to that demonstrated previously in tropical river systems. The magnitude of the compositional variation among the Sagavanirktok River sands suggests that weathering during alluvial storage is a dominant process in shaping sediment composition in Arctic settings as well. Chemical weathering in the arid, Arctic setting of the North Slope of Alaska is probably enhanced by high organic acid activity associated with the stagnant water perched on permafrost of the tundra. Physical weathering in the form of grain disaggregation through freeze-thaw cycles, crushing between cobbles, and dragging by ice probably plays an important role as well.
Palate Morphology and Fetal Movements in Mice After DPH

Effects of DPH on fetal development were studied using a dose which produced 65% cleft palate in the CD-1 strain. Generalized developmental retardation and diminution of fatal muscular movements occurred at the early fetal stage. Intermediate stages of palate closure persisted to term, indicating interference with palatine shelf rotation.
Acute effects of D-fenfluramine on simultaneous measures of aggressive escape and impulsive responses of adult males with and without a history of conduct disorder

Rationale: The role of serotonin in human aggression was evaluated by administering D-fenfluramine and comparing the effects on laboratory measures of aggression, escape and impulsivity among subjects with and without a history of conduct disorder. Methods: Ten male subjects with a history of criminal behavior participated in experimental sessions that measured aggressive and impulsive responses. Five subjects had a history of childhood conduct disorder (CD+) and five control subjects did not. Aggression was measured using the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP), which provides subjects with an aggressive, escape and monetary reinforced response options. Impulsive responses were measured using a paradigm that gives subjects choices between small rewards after short delays versus larger rewards after long delays. Results: Acute doses (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) of D-fenfluramine produced significant decreases in aggressive responses in CD+ subjects and large decreases in escape responses for CD+ subjects and smaller decreases for control subjects. Impulsive responses were decreased slightly and monetary reinforced responses were not changed in either group. Decreases in aggressive responses were not selective, since escape responses were also decreased, but such effects could not be attributed to a non-specific sedative action because monetary reinforced responses were increased and reaction times were decreased, indicative of central nervous system stimulation. Conclusions: Release of serotonin by D-fenfluramine is the possible mechanism for reductions in aggressive responses. These results are consistent with a large body of data linking reduced serotonin function and aggressive behavior.
Psychiatrist Decision-Making Towards Prescribing Benzodiazepines: The Dilemma with Substance Abusers

Psychiatrists' decision making about prescribing benzodiazepines (BZD) was evaluated in a community mental health center. An anonymous survey of outpatient psychiatrists in an academic-affiliated public mental health center was conducted using a 45-item questionnaire developed based on the results of a previous study. Sixty-six percent of responses indicate that, at times, psychiatrists experienced requests for behaviors suspicious for abuse, including 'lost/missing prescriptions' and 'use of BZD by others'. Patient characteristics such as 'history of abuse', 'unknown patient', and 'patient use of illicit substances' were occasional or common reasons for NOT prescribing BZDs (75%). The most common contexts in which the majority of our sample was uncomfortable prescribing BZDs involved a patient history of substance abuse, fear of initiation of dependence, diversion, and feeling manipulated by the patient. Time limitations were a dilemma for 20%. Psychiatrist self-reported dilemma and behavior in prescribing BZDs largely reflected concerns with substance abuse and less frequently workload or time issues.
Multi-Cylinder HCCI Control With Cam Phaser Variable Valve Actuation Using Model Predictive Control

Recent work in the area of Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine control has focused on the use of variable valve timing (VVT) as a near term implementation strategy. Control of valve timing has a significant influence on combustion phasing and can be implemented with cam-based VVT systems already available in production vehicles. However, cam-based VVT systems pose a challenge by introducing cylinder coupling via a shared actuator. This paper presents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework that explicitly accounts for this inter-cylinder coupling as a constraint on the system. The prediction time step of this MPC controller differs from the execution time step, enabling consideration of shared actuation among otherwise independent systems. Experimental results on a multi-cylinder HCCI engine test bed provide validation of this controller.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Age of the primate-bearing deposits on Maboko Island, Kenya

Abstract Renewed field work on the Miocene deposits of Maboko Island Benefit & McCrossin 1989 has produced a weath of new fossil material with important implications for vertebrate evolution in the early Neogene of East Africa. The deposits are of particular importance due to the abundance of primate fossils recovered from them. This report presents new geologic data concerning the stratigraphy and age of the fossiliferous deposits on Maboko. Maboko Island lies in the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria (Figure 1). The geologic setting and history of research on the island have been reviewed by Andrews et al. 1981. Fossiliferous deposits were first reported from the island in 1930s and a Miocene age attributed to them on faunal grounds. Some controversy arose over the dating of the Maboko deposits, sparked by suggestion of an unconformity in the sequence and the presence of faunal elements of clearly Pleistocene age within the Miocene assemblage. The fluvial character of the Maboko deposits does include erosional surfaces, but there is no indication that they are of significant duration. Pleistocene fossils are found scattered about the island as a surface lag deposited during a late Pleistocene highstand of Lake Victoria. Subsequent studies on Maboko Island recovered additional fossil material, and suggested an age of 15–16 ma for the fauna, based on faunal considerations and isotopic dating of presumed correlative units exposed on the mainland (Andrews et al. , 1981). This report presents the first numerical calibration of the age of the Miocene sequence on Maboko Island.
Characterization of the Binary Interaction Between Human Erythrocyte Protein 4.1 and Actin

The binary interaction between human erythrocyte protein 4.1 and rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin was examined by rapid pelleting of the binary complexes. The binding curves show that the reaction was saturable at approximately one protein 4.1 molecule/actin monomer. The reaction was highly co-operative, displaying a Hill coefficient close to 2. Using a fixed concentration of radiolabelled protein 4.1, and varying the concentration of F-actin, the apparent molar association constant, Ka, was observed to range from 5 x 10(4) M-1 to > 10(6) M-1. The binary interaction between erythrocyte spectrin and actin was also observed to be co-operative under the same conditions. The rate of reaction between protein 4.1 and actin was temperature sensitive in a manner consistent with a high energy of activation. The pelleting assay also showed that the concentration of actin was reduced in the supernatant in the presence of protein 4.1 compared with actin alone, indicating that the critical concentration of actin was lowered in the presence of protein 4.1. Polyvalent anions disrupted the binary interaction between F-actin and protein 4.1, the disruption being consistent with the number of negative charges on these anions at pH 7.5. We postulate that the co-operativity of the binding of protein 4.1 to actin results from a protein 4.1 molecule binding to a single monomer within the filament structure which then promotes conformational changes allowing further protein 4.1 binding. The demonstration of a specific binary association between protein 4.1 and actin suggests that this interaction contributes significantly to the stabilization of the spectrin-actin-protein-4.1 ternary complex.
Defective Bacteriophages and Incomplete Prophages

A bacteriophage is termed defective if it is virtually unable to carry out a complete infectious cycle in known circumstances. As it is impossible to test infectivity on every host under all conditions, categorization is arbitrary and provisional. The significance of failure to infect is most readily interpretable for variants derived in a single step from an active phage. Operationally, ability to carry out a complete infectious cycle is frequently equated with plaque formation.
Results from an X-band coaxial extended length cavity

Experiments and simulations demonstrate high-power microwave generation at 9 GHz in a coaxial geometry. The 9 cm diameter annular electron beam is propagated between inner and outer drift tube conductors, a configuration which increases the beam current and reduces the structure fields from existing high-power sources, Since the TEM mode of the coaxial guide reduces the quality factor of small-gap cavities, especially at high frequency, the interaction is provided by an extended length cavity loaded with dielectric. A single 16 cm cavity generates 200 MW of power from the 400 keV, 7 kA electron beam. Although the cavity can oscillate at a number of resonances, a single mode is selected with 10-30 kW of input power from a magnetron. A coupler samples 25 MW of the power from the interaction region, precisely measured using a single-shot calorimeter. Simulations indicate that the efficiency of the device is limited to 7% by saturation effects, and can be improved by reducing the length of the cavity. >
Toward a modeling language standard for hybrid dynamical systems

A rigorous means for modeling and evaluating hybrid systems is needed for the efficient and cost-effective development of embedded real-time software for a wide variety of applications (weapons, manufacturing, intelligent vehicles, process control). The development of a standard hybrid systems modeling language (SHSML) and corresponding rigorous simulation environments represent important contributions to fulfilling this requirement. >
Reliability of cop-based postural sway measures

Measures of human sway during upright standing are frequently used as indirect measures of the postural control system. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of several center-o...
Transcatheter Renal Artery Embolization for Management of Renal and Adrenal Tumors

Transcatheter arterial embolization is a minimally invasive procedure that is increasingly used for the management of angiomyolipomas and to augment and/or palliate the management of malignant renal and adrenal neoplasms. The most common indications for renal artery embolization include (1) prenephrectomy and preradiofrequency ablation infarction of renal tumors, (2) management of renal angiomyolipomas, (3) palliations of unresectable renal malignancy, and (4) malignant renal hemorrhage (life-threatening or chronic debilitating hematuria). The increasing use of renal artery embolization for these conditions reflects the procedure's effectiveness and safety. Although there is less extensive literature available regarding the use of transcatheter embolization of adrenal tumors, this technique appears to be effective and safe for palliation and preadrenalectomy of adrenal metastatic disease, adrenocortical carcinomas, as well as treatment of symptomatic aldosteronomas. This article reviews the indications and techniques involved in performing transcatheter arterial embolization for renal and adrenal tumors.
The Acetylcholinesterase Homology Region Is Essential for Normal Conformational Maturation and Secretion of Thyroglobulin

Secretion of thyroglobulin (Tg, a large homodimeric glycoprotein) is essential to deliver Tg to its site of iodination for thyroxine biosynthesis. An L2263P missense mutation in Tg has been proposed as the molecular defect causing congenital goitrous hypothyroidism in cog/cog mice due to perturbed Tg homodimerization, resulting in its retention within the endoplasmic reticulum. The mutation falls within a carboxyl-terminal region of Tg with high structural similarity to the entirety of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a secretory protein that also forms homodimers. We provide new evidence that authentic AChE and the cholinesterase-like domain of Tg share a common tertiary structure. Moreover, we find that a Tg truncation, deleted of the cholinesterase-like region (but not a comparably sized deletion of internal Tg regions), blocks Tg export. Appending to this truncation a cDNA encoding authentic AChE results in translation of a chimeric protein in which AChE is present in a native, enzymatically active (albeit latent) conformation, and this fully rescues Tg secretion. Introduction of the cog mutation inhibits AChE enzyme activity, and established denaturing mutations of AChE block secretion of the Tg. Additional studies show that the native structure of the AChE region functions as a "dimerization domain," facilitating intracellular transport of Tg to the site of thyroid hormonogenesis.
Calculation of air temperature and pressure history during the operation of a magnetic flux compression generator

Summary form only given. During the explosive operation of a MFCG, the air between the armature and stator is shocked and compressed. The resulting plasma could cause an electrical breakdown either between neighboring helix turns or between helix and armature, even before mechanical contacting occurs. When this happens, magnetic flux is lost and the electrical efficiency of the MFCG decreases. Therefore, the knowledge of gas temperature and pressure during the explosion phase of the MFCG's operation is vital for the assessment of the severity of energy loss due to electrical breakdown in the MFCG gas-plasma. The area with the highest temperature and pressure is expected to be close to the armature-stator contact. This makes it difficult to measure the gas temperature and pressure in the MFCG. The objective of the work was to calculate the air temperature and pressure history by combining experimental and numerical simulation results. The methodology was to first calibrate the finite element simulation model by matching the deformed armature contour obtained from actual experiments with contours obtained from numerical simulations. Then, the air temperature in a template generator (6061-T6-aluminum armature/stator) was calculated using the pressure history data obtained from numerical simulations assuming adiabatic process conditions and utilizing an ideal gas equation of state.
Digestive determinants of benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene bioaccumulation by a deposit-feeding polychaete

The uptake of hydrophobic contaminants from ingested sediment can contribute significantly to body burdens of deposit feeders, and feeding behavior and digestive physiology can play important roles in bioaccumulation. We examined the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by the deposit-feeding polychaete Abarenicola pacifica in experiments in which worms were first acclimated to low or high organic carbon sediments with 0.08 or 0.45% total organic carbon, respectively and then transferred to low or high organic carbon test sediments contaminated with radiolabeled phenanthrene or benzo[a]pyrene. Ingestion rate was a strong determinant of rates (benzo[a]pyrene) or extents (phenanthrene) of PAH uptake. Ingestion rate measurements are essential in many types of bioaccumulation studies because differences in ingestion rates between sediment types may confound some traditional measures of bioavailability. Physiological acclimation to the low or high organic carbon sediments did not appear to affect PAH uptake from the test sediments, but acclimation did affect biotransformation capabilities, particularly for phenanthrene.
Lord of the Rings Impact on Federal and State Film Industry Tax Incentives and Their Tax Treatment

ABSTRACT: This article discusses recent developments for both federal and state tax purposes that directly impact the entertainment industry. For federal purposes, Congress has recently expanded the scope of the Section 181 and 199 deductions to allow more generous deductions, and in the case of Section 199 to relax the requirements which must be met to claim the deduction. The states seem to be in competition to “outdo” each other in enacting rebates or transferable credits to enhance the desirability of their states for film production. The tax treatment of these credits for both federal and state purposes is discussed, and the Appendix summarizes the provisions of these incentives on a state‐by‐state basis. The article concludes with a discussion of the effectiveness of this type of incentive legislation.
Differences in Functional Consequences and Signal Transduction Induced by IL-3, IL-5, and Nerve Growth Factor in Human Basophils

Previous studies have indicated a redundancy in the effects of the cytokines, IL-3, IL-5, and nerve growth factor (NGF) on acute priming of human basophils. In the current study, we have examined the effects of these three cytokines on 18-h priming for leukotriene C4 generation, their ability to induce Fc(epsilon)RIbeta mRNA expression, or their ability to sustain basophil viability in culture. We also examine a variety of the signaling steps that accompany activation with these cytokines. In contrast with the ability of IL-3 to alter secretagogue-mediated cytosolic calcium responses following 18-h cultures, 18-h treatment with IL-5 or NGF did not affect C5a-induced leukotriene C4 generation or alter C5a-induced intracellular Ca2+ concentration elevations. IL-3 and IL-5, but not NGF, induced Fc(epsilon)RIbeta mRNA expression and all three improved basophil viability in culture with a ranking of IL-3 > IL-5 > or = NGF. All three cytokines acutely activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and the signaling elements that preceded extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cytosolic phospholipase A2 phosphorylation, consistent with their redundant ability to acutely prime basophils. However, only IL-3 and IL-5 induced Janus kinase 2 and STAT5 phosphorylation. This pattern of signal element activation among the three cytokines most closely matched their ability to induce expression of Fc(epsilon)RIbeta mRNA. Induction of the sustained calcium signaling that follows overnight priming with IL-3 appeared to be related to the strength of the early signals activated by these cytokines but the relevant pathway required was not identified. None of the signaling patterns matched the ability of the cytokines to promote basophil survival.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF RED BLOOD CELLS

1. A simple method for determining the specific gravity of red blood cells is described. 2. It is more rapid than and as accurate as pycnometer determinations. 3. The marked chemical and physical interactions between corpuscles and suspension fluids in other methods are avoided.
Global optimization of general nonconvex problems with intermediate polynomial substructures

This work considers the global optimization of general nonconvex nonlinear and mixed-integer nonlinear programming problems with underlying polynomial substructures. We incorporate linear cutting planes inspired by reformulation-linearization techniques to produce tight subproblem formulations that exploit these underlying structures. These cutting plane strategies simultaneously convexify linear and nonlinear terms from multiple constraints and are highly effective at tightening standard linear programming relaxations generated by sequential factorable programming techniques. Because the number of available cutting planes increases exponentially with the number of variables, we implement cut filtering and selection strategies to prevent an exponential increase in relaxation size. We introduce algorithms for polynomial substructure detection, cutting plane identification, cut filtering, and cut selection and embed the proposed implementation in BARON at every node in the branch-and-bound tree. A computational study including randomly generated problems of varying size and complexity demonstrates that the exploitation of underlying polynomial substructures significantly reduces computational time, branch-and-bound tree size, and required memory.
Adult memories of childhood trauma: A naturalistic clinical study

The clinical evaluations of 77 adult psychiatric outpatients reporting memories of childhood trauma were reviewed. A majority of patients reported some degree of continuous recall. Roughly half (53%) said they had never forgotten the traumatic events. Two smaller groups described a mixture of continuous and delayed recall (17%) or a period of complete amnesia followed by delayed recall (16%). Patients with and without delayed recall did not differ significantly in the proportions reporting corroboration of their memories from other sources. Idiosyncratic, trauma-specific reminders and recent life crises were most commonly cited as precipitants to delayed recall. A previous psychotherapy was cited as a factor in a minority (28%) of cases. By contrast, intrusion of new memories after a period of amnesia was frequently cited as a factor leading to the decision to seek psychotherapy. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the role of psychotherapy in the process of recovering traumatic memories.
Mediastinal staging of non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND The goal of preoperative staging of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is to identify patients who will benefit from surgical resection. Various imaging and less invasive modalities are now available to improve therapy decision making. METHODS The available staging methods are reviewed, including conventional methods, surgical staging, and less invasive means of pathologic staging. RESULTS Computed tomography alone is not sufficiently accurate to stage the mediastinum, and further definitive testing is usually indicated. Positron emission tomography, along with mediastinal biopsy techniques using transbronchial needle aspiration or endoscopic ultrasound, has the potential to improve the accuracy of pretreatment staging. CONCLUSIONS Every effort should be made to accurately discriminate between benign and malignant mediastinal disease. With further research on the proper roles of these new imaging modalities, they will become more widely used and will improve the accuracy of pretreatment staging of NSCLC.
Phasic characteristic of elementary Ca2+ release sites underlies quantal responses to IP3

Ca2+ liberation by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is ‘quantal’, in that low [IP3] causes only partial Ca2+ release, but further increasing [IP3] evokes more release. This characteristic allows cells to generate graded Ca2+ signals, but is unexpected, given the regenerative nature of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release through IP3 receptors. Two models have been proposed to resolve this paradox: (i) all-or-none Ca2+ release from heterogeneous stores that empty at varying [IP3]; and (ii) phasic liberation from homogeneously sensitive stores. To discriminate between these hypotheses, we imaged subcellular Ca2+ puffs evoked by IP3 in Xenopus oocytes where release sites were functionally uncoupled using EGTA. Puffs were little changed by 300 µM intracellular EGTA, but sites operated autonomously and did not propagate waves. Photoreleased IP3 generated flurries of puffs—different to the prolonged Ca2+ elevation following waves in control cells—and individual sites responded repeatedly to successive increments of [IP3]. These data support the second hypothesis while refuting the first, and suggest that local Ca2+ signals exhibit rapid adaptation, different to the slower inhibition following global Ca2+ waves.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates turkey prolactin gene expression by increasing transcription rate and enhancing mRNA stability

This study evaluates the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of prolactin (PRL) by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Pituitary nuclei from laying (control), incubating (with enhanced VIP secretion), and VIP-immunized laying turkey hens, and from pituitary cells cultured with or without VIP were used in nuclear run-on transcription assays. Cytoplasmic PRL mRNA was analyzed by slot blot hybridization. PRL transcription was greater in hyperprolactinemic incubating birds (PRL/beta-actin=3.33) than in laying birds (PRL/beta-actin=1.83). VIP-immunoneutralized birds had 47% and 51% decreases in PRL transcription and cytoplasmic PRL mRNA, respectively when compared with laying birds. In primary pituitary cell cultures, VIP significantly increased the transcription rate of PRL (3.8-fold) and cytoplasmic PRL mRNA (3.2-fold) compared with that of non-VIP-treated pituitary cells. The stability of pre-existing PRL mRNA was measured by Northern blot analysis after addition of actinomycin D. PRL mRNA half-lives were calculated using a two-component model, with a first-long component of 18.0+/-1.0 h and a second-short component of 3.7+/-0.7 h in non-VIP-treated pituitary cells. Both half-lives were significantly increased (53. 2+/-6.9 and 26.3+/-4.3 h) in VIP-treated cells. The present data show that VIP acts to stimulate PRL expression by up-regulating the transcription rate of PRL and by enhancing PRL mRNA stability.
Sex and Age as Variables in Persuasibility

(1967). Sex and Age as Variables in Persuasibility. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 47-52.
Asymptotics of k-mean clustering under non-i.i.d. sampling

Abstract The asymptotic theory of k -mean clustering is extended to stationary mixing processes, both σ-mixing and strong-mixing. In addition, a consistency result is obtained for non-identically distributed independent observations.
Teacher Performance Trajectories in High- and Lower-Poverty Schools:

This study explores whether teacher performance trajectory over time differs by school-poverty settings. Focusing on elementary school mathematics teachers in North Carolina and Florida, we find no...
Modification of the visual background increases the conspicuousness of golden-collared manakin displays

Effective visual communication requires signals that are easy to detect, transmit, receive, and discriminate. Animals can increase the probability that their visual signals would be detected by evolving signals that contrast with their visual background. Animals can further enhance this contrast by behaviorally modifying the existing visual background. Male golden-collared manakins (Manacus vitellinus) clear leaf litter from the ground to form courts, which are used as display arenas. Using reflectance measures of the signal (male plumage) and the visual background (cleared court and adjacent litter), the irradiance measures of ambient light during display, and published measures of photoreceptor sensitivity of a Passerine, we test the hypothesis that court-clearing augments the contrast between male plumage and the visual background. We find that the chromatic and brightness contrasts of golden patches used during courtship are greater against the cleared court than against adjacent litter. In addition, we find that cleared courts provide a less variable background for these color patches, resulting in displays that consistently contrast the visual background. These results suggest that behavioral modification of the visual background may act to increase the conspicuousness of colorful male plumage during display, providing an explanation for why golden-collared manakins, and possibly other species, build or clear display courts. Key words: chromatic contrasts, court-clearing, Manacus vitellinus, manakins, signaling, visual signals. [Behav Ecol 15:1003–1010 (2004)]
Slope-Deflection for Elastic-Viscoplastic Frames

The conventional slope-deflection method of beam and frame analyses is extended to the case of structural materials that follow an elastic-linear strainhardening, viscoplastic constitutive power law. Slope-deflection equations are derived in an incremental form for the cases of linear power law with strainhardening and nonlinear power law without strainhardening under the assumption that the effect of axial force/bending moment interaction on inelastic deformation is negligibly small. These equations are subsequently used in developing a computerized large displacement/lumped mass frame analysis procedure. Two approximate techniques applicable to shear frame analysis are developed for the general constitutive power law case. Three example problems, i.e., mild steel cantilever beams and shear frames, respectively, subjected to strong blast, impact, and earthquake loadings are presented for demonstration purposes. Importance of inclusion of material strain rate effects in the inelastic analysis of such or similar dynamic problems is emphasized.
Impact of Media on Domestic Violence Norms: Evidence from India

Greater access to media may influence norms about domestic violence. It may lead to greater acceptance of violence (due to an increase in the incidence of violence) or to lower acceptance due to a change in gender norms. Applying a difference-in-differences methodology to the NFHS, India (1998-99 and 2005-06), we find evidence that switching into regularly accessing television and radio over time has a small but statistically significant association with reduction in the probability of women accepting domestic violence. This suggests that increasing access to media may lead to greater empowerment of women in India.
THE HISTORY, STATUS, AND FUTURE OF THE NEW ENGLAND OFFSHORE FISHERY: INTRODUCTION TO THE PROCEEDINGS

Any regular reader of a New England daily newspaper is aware that all is not well in our offshore waters. Commercial harvests of fish have been dropping and many fish populations are in trouble globally, even in our own Northwest Atlantic region. In 1995, the National Marine Fisheries Service surveyed 201 species groups of US fish and judged over 60% to be either fully or over utilized. By 1998, the National Academy of Sciences estimated that 80% of commercially harvested fish species were fully or over utilized. Declines in fish stocks and subsequent fishing restrictions have translated into huge decreases in income and employment opportunities, both in New England and adjacent Canada. One report indicates closures to fishing on Georges Bank in the early 1990s cost 14,000 jobs in New England while Grand Banks closures caused 30,000 to become unemployed in Newfoundland. Most recently, in southern New England, a still mysterious die-off of lobster in Long Island Sound has thrown what was once a fairly stable segment of the industry into complete turmoil. Contrary to the general consensus on declines in numbers of commercial fish and in the number of people employed in the industry, there is considerable debate about the cause of the problem. How much is simply due to overfishing and how much to misguided regulation, pollution, or other factors is hotly debated. The History, Status, and Future of the New England Offshore Fishery Conference, held at Connecticut College in April 1999, was the second such gathering sponsored by the Goodwin-Niering Center for Conservation Biology and Environmental Studies. Like its predecessor, which dealt with the topic of New England forests (proceedings in Northeastern Naturalist 5(2), 1998), this two-day meeting was designed to examine a fairly specific subject from as many different points of view as possible. Our goal was to produce an insightful overview of current scientific, regulatory, economic, sociological, and conservation perspectives on the New England offshore fishery. We began planning this event shortly after the reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, which governs federal management of fisheries outside of coastal state waters. In the spirit of Connecticut College’s mission to foster the liberal arts, we held our ban-
The Advising Workplace: Generational Differences and Challenges.

The American workplace today is unlike any other in history because for the first time it is made up of four distinct generations. The advising workplaces on today's college campuses mirror this generational diversity. Four generations and their different perceptions of work attitudes and values, management expectations, communication patterns, and even work hours and dress are addressed in this article. Also discussed are generational preferences for information giving, teaching styles, and advisor-training formats. Suggestions for how advisors and administrators can use this diversity to enrich collaboration between generations are offered. Acknowledging and incorporating the ideas, values, and perceptions that advisors from different generations bring to the advising workplace can have a positive impact on its climate, collegiality, and effectiveness.