cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of the first C2-asymmetric phosphinine and its pyrylium precursor

Abstract The synthesis of the first C2 chiral phosphinine (phosphabenzene) and its pyrylium salt precursor is reported. The chiral phosphinine is derived from (+)-camphor, is a crystalline air-stable solid and is shown to effectively form complexes with metals. A preliminary result using the phosphinine as a ligand for asymmetric catalysis is reported and rationalized structurally.
Respiratory Vaccination of Mice Against Influenza Virus: Dissection of T‐ and B‐Cell Priming Functions

We find that a single respiratory administration of replicationally inactivated influenza A viral particles most often elicits a waning serum antibody response, as the long-sustained bone marrow antiviral plasma cell populations characteristically induced by viral infection are lacking, though antiviral plasma cells at other sites may occasionally persist for a long time. To determine whether this alteration in the pattern of the B-cell response is a reflection of the nature of T-helper (Th) priming, we simultaneously primed B cells with inactivated influenza A/PR8(H1N1) and Th cells with infectious A/x31(H3N2). We show that Th cells cross-react extensively between these two viruses, although the antibody response to viral envelope glycoproteins is completely non-cross-reactive. Th cells primed by infectious A/x31 have little impact on the antibody response specifically elicted from naive B cells by inactivated A/PR8 viruses, suggesting that the characteristic vigour of the antibody response to influenza viral infection depends on the direct interaction of antiviral B cells with virally infected dendritic cells. Memory B cells primed by inactivated influenza viral particles however, respond rapidly to secondary challenge with live or inactivated viruses, promptly populating bone marrow with antiviral plasma cells. Moreover, Th cells primed by previous live A/x31 viral challenge alter the pattern of the response of naive B cells to live A/PR8 challenge by accelerating the appearance of anti-H1/N1 plasma cells in bone marrow, eliminating the early spike of anti-H1/N1 plasma cells in the mediastinal node, and generally diminishing the magnitude of the lymph node response. Inactivated A/PR8 and infectious A/x31 are both effective vaccines against A/PR8 infection, as mice preimmunized with either vaccine exhibit much more rapid viral clearance from the lung after infectious A/PR8 challenge. In fact, even when given during a course of anti-CD8 treatment to preempt cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells, live A/x31 is a more effective vaccine against A/PR8 infection than is inactivated A/PR8 itself.
Chondrosarcoma of the pelvis: Prognostic factors for 67 patients treated with definitive surgery

BACKGROUND Chondrosarcoma (CS) most commonly involves the pelvis. Local and systemic failures often result in poor outcome. Prognostic factors that determine patient outcome remain ill-defined. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 67 patients with CS of the pelvis treated by definitive surgery from January 1970 to December 1992. All patients had localized disease including Grade 1 (19 patients), Grade 2 (18 patients), Grade 3 (17 patients), and dedifferentiated (13 patients) tumors. Thirty-two patients underwent a limb-sparing surgical resection and 35 patients underwent hemipelvectomy. Follow-up was available for all patients. The median duration of follow-up for the survivors was 115 months (range, 24-288 months). RESULTS At last follow-up, 52% of the patients were disease free, 8% were alive with disease, 36% died of disease, and 4% died of other causes. Nineteen patients (28%) had developed a local recurrence (LR). The median time to LR was 23 months (range, 1-111 months). Independent variables in a multivariate analysis associated with increased risk of LR included inadequate surgical margin, tumor epicenter in the pubis, and high grade histology. LR did not influence overall patient survival. Twenty-three patients (36%) developed distant metastases at a median time of 9 months (range, 1-111 months) postoperatively. Metastases developed in 0% of the patients with Grade 1, 20% of the patients with Grade 2 60% of the patients with Grade 3 and 75% of patients with dedifferentiated CS. On multivariate analysis, histologic high grade was the only significant predictive variable for distant relapse (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The critical issue for a favorable outcome in low grade CS of the pelvis is adequate surgical excision (i.e., negative surgical margin). The high rate of systemic failure in high grade and dedifferentiated CS, despite adequate surgery, emphasizes the need for more effective systemic therapy. Cancer 1996;78:745-50.
Educating the brain to avoid dementia: can mental exercise prevent Alzheimer disease?

Physicians often recommend to older adults that they should engage in mentally stimulating activity to reduce the risk of dementia. But is this recommendation based on sound evidence?
Effects of sorbic acid and its salts on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and gene mutations in cultured Chinese hamster cells

The ability of sorbic acid and its potassium and sodium salts to induce chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and gene mutations in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells was examined. Sodium sorbate caused significant induction of chromosome aberrations and SCE, and also induced 6-thioguanine-resistant mutations in a dose-dependent manner. The clastogenic potency of sodium sorbate was found to be less than one hundredth of that of the potent clastogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The induction of SCE by sodium sorbate was twice the control level, whereas that by methyl methanesulphonate, a potent inducer of SCE, was 14 times the control level. The mutagenic potency of sodium sorbate was less than one-tenth that of ethyl methanesulphonate, a potent inducer of mutation, when compared at an equitoxic level. Sorbic acid and its potassium salt induced chromosome aberrations, but only at the highest doses tested. These compounds also induced 1.2 times the control level of SCE, but neither compound induced 6-thioguanine-resistant mutations. The cytogenetic activity of sodium sorbate was concluded not to be due to the effect of osmotic pressure or an impurity. These results indicate that sodium sorbate is a genotoxic agent, although its potency seems to be weak, and that sorbic acid and potassium sorbate are less genotoxic than the sodium salt.
A systematic review of symptomatic duodenal perforation by inferior vena cava filters

Objective A systematic review of the literature on symptomatic duodenal perforation caused by inferior vena cava (IVC) filters. Methods Three databases, PubMed MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, and Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciencias da Saude (LILACS), reference lists of review articles and conference proceedings were searched. All articles containing data on clinical presentation, diagnostic strategy, and available treatment of symptomatic duodenal perforation caused by an IVC filter were included regardless of design, language, size, or length of follow-up. Results Seventy-two articles were selected for full-text screening, being 21 case reports were selected. The median age was 46 years old (range, 21-83 years old). Abdominal pain was reported in 11 patients and gastrointestinal bleed in 5 patients. The indications for IVC filter placement in this cohort of patients were contraindication of anticoagulation and recurrent pulmonary embolism (PE) despite therapeutic levels in 8 and 5 patients, respectively. Three different imaging modalities were obtained in 9 patients (43%) before confirming the diagnosis. All but 1 patient underwent open approach through laparotomy with or without removal of the filter. No PEs or deaths were reported and only 1 patient had a severe clinical complication of IVC and bilateral iliac vein thrombosis with massive lower extremities edema. Conclusions Duodenal perforation caused by IVC filters is a rare complication that frequently requires extensive workup. Excellent outcomes with low complication rate have been reported in cases where an open procedure was performed with either extraction of the filter or removal of the offending struts.
A fine structural study of human oral epithelium separated from the lamina propria by enzymatic action.

Incubation of human oral mucosa in physiological solutions containing proteolytic enzymes permits separation of the preparation into its epithelial and connective tissue components. Trypsin, collagenase and elastase were utilized to effect epithelium-connective tissue separation. Elastase was the most suitable in that a reliable separation of the epithelium from the connective tissue occurred at the lamina lucida (the electron-lucent zone between the basal cell and basal lamina) with only minimal alteration of the epithelium. The most common change observed in separated epithelium was the formation of cytoplasmic protrusions or blebs on the inferior surface of the epithelial basal cell. Bleb formation was quite extensive when preparations were incubated one to two hours beyond the point where the epithelium could be separated from the connective tissue. With prolonged incubations inferior aspects of epithelial basal cells demonstrated the formation of an entirely new cytoplasmic front apparently resulting from fusion of membranes and subsequent confluence of the cytoplasm contained within the blebs. Individual hemidesmosomes or small lengths of the original inferior epithelial basal cell membrane became enclosed in membrane-bound vacuoles within the cytoplasm of the epithelial basal cell. These vacuoles were shown to have been interiorized by the absence of a ruthenium red reaction product within the vacuolar spaces. Bleb formation was shown to be strictly enzyme-induced since intact specimens demonstrated extensive basal cell blebbing following prolonged incubation. Occasional desmosomes were broken and the component halves interiorized in membrane-bound vacuoles within the cell cytoplasm. Alterations observed in epithelial basal cells as a consequence of exposure to exogenous proteolytic enzymes mimic alterations observed in many disease processes and during certain stages of development.
The Economic status of the Engineer

This is not a committee report, though perhaps it could be made to serve as such, because its genesis was a request of the engineer that a paper be written around the author's remark, ``The economic status of the engineer is largely a matter determined by each individual engineer according to his particular personal qualifications and the relations these bear to the work he does and to the personalities of those persons with whom and by whom he is employed.'' The study on which the paper is based shows conclusions which may be briefed as follows: Engineers, through suffering considerable loss of income and employment during the recent years of business depression, on the whole have fared much better than most classification groups, be they government, capital, profession, or labor. Preceding the depression, there was no lack of employment for engineers and their compensation for the most part was equitable in comparison with the pay for other types of service. The verdict of users of engineering service regarding the reasons why engineers who have not made satisfactory progress professionally or in their economic status is almost unanimous that such failures are due to deficiencies in personality, general culture, tact, industry, etc., rather than for lack of technical training. Graduation from college is prerequisite to success in engineering, but does not per se guarantee an engineer.
The effect of atrial natriuretic peptide infusion on renal haemodynamics and plasma lipoproteins in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats.

SUMMARY 1. The effect of continuous intravenous administration of 1 UmUg/h atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) for 4 days was studied in normal male Sprague-Dawley rats and rats made nephrotic with puromycin aminonucleoside (PA). 2. ANP infusion significantly increased urinary sodium and potassium excretion by 3 days of infusion in control rats but not in PA-treated rats. ANP infusion significantly increased glomerular filtration rate in PA-treated rats, while effective renal plasma flow was similarly decreased compared with non-infused nephrotic rats. 3. Plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) were significantly decreased and low density lipoproteins (LDL) were increased in PA-treated rats that received ANP; HDL were increased in normal rats infused with ANP. 4. Competitive binding studies demonstrated a lower density of specific ANP receptors in glomerular membranes from rats injected with PA, while binding affinity was unchanged. 5. Infusion with exogenous ANP did not promote natriuresis in PA nephrosis despite an enhancement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), thus suggesting that sodium retention in this model is due to a post-glomerular defect. Plasma lipoprotein composition in both normal and nephrotic rats may be affected by ANP.
Immunotoxicity of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Serum-Free Medium

To test the effect of purified polyunsaturated fatty acids on immune cells in vitro, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine spleen cells were incubated in Opti-MEM medium without serum or even albumin and with 2-mercapto-ethanol, insulin, transferrin and selenium as supplements. The human cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and the murine cells were stimulated with Concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide. Both human and murine cells were stimulated with recombinant human interleukin-2 to generate lymphokine activated killer cells. Linoleic and linolenic acids inhibited all of the immune responses tested, whereas docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids did not. Similar effects were observed with cultured B16 F10 murine melanoma cells. Mixtures of linoleic and docosahexaenoic or eicosapentaenoic acids also inhibited the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin. Inhibition of lipid mediator production by indomethacin, quercetin, rutin, or nordihydroguariaretic acid, and addition of vitamins C and E with anti-oxidant activity failed to reverse the effects of linoleic acid. Thus, linoleic and linolenic acids appear to directly inhibit immune and tumor cells, at least under these conditions.
Rapid peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (PSC) assay for assessing both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants

This paper reports a simple, rapid, and sensitive assay for assessing peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (PSC) of both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant compounds and food extracts. The assay is based on the degree of inhibition of dichlorofluorescin oxidation by antioxidants that scavenge peroxyl radicals, generated from thermal degradation of 2,2'-azobis(amidinopropane). For hydrophilic antioxidant activity, the dose required to cause a 50% inhibition of the reaction (EC(50)) ranged from 2.41 +/- 0.02 (EGCG) to 21.26 +/- 0.38 microM (ferulic acid). EC(50) values for the hydrophilic antioxidant activity of food extracts ranged from 309.2 +/- 3.63 (apple) to 3345.1 +/- 151.5 micromol of vitamin C equiv/100 g for wheat bran. The EC(50) values for lipophilic antioxidant activity were 1.58 +/- 0.11 (Trolox), 4.35 +/- 0.43 (alpha-tocopherol), 18.94 +/- 0.38 (BHA), and 182.69 +/- 13.7 microM (BHT). Whole grain lipophilic antioxidant activity ranged from 3.49 +/- 0.57 (wheat) to 8.79 +/- 1.98 micromol of alpha-tocopherol equiv/100 g of rice. Hydrophilic antioxidant activity contributed >98% of the total antioxidant activity (hydrophilic plus lipophilic) of whole grains tested. The PSC assay was accurate (86-108% recovery), precise (0.12-11% CV), and reproducible (12% RSD) and produced results comparable to those of similar published assays. The PSC assay can be routinely used to analyze or screen both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants or food extracts and will be a valuable alternative biomarker for future epidemiological studies of chronic diseases.
Applying formal methods to semantic-based decomposition of transactions

In some database applications the traditional approach of seerializability, in which transactions appear to execute atomically and in isolation on a consistent database state, fails to satisfy performance requirements. Although many researchers have investigated the process of decomposing transactions into steps to increase concurrency, such research typically focuses on providing algorithms necessary to implement a decomposition supplied by the database application developer and pays relatively little attention to what constitutess a desirable decomposition or how the developer should obtain one. We focus onthe decomposition itself. A decomposition generates proof obligations whose descharge ensures desirable properties with respect to the original collection of transactions. We introduce the notion of semantic histories to formulate and prove the necessary properties, and the notion of successor sets to describe efficiently the correct interleavings of steps. The successor set constraints use information about conflicts between steps so as to take full advantage of conflict serializability at the level of steps. We propose a mechanism based on two-phase locking to generate correct stepwise serializable histories.
Near equivalence of human click-evoked and stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions

Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) evoked by broadband clicks and by single tones are widely regarded as originating via different mechanisms within the cochlea. Whereas the properties of stimulus-frequency OAEs (SFOAEs) evoked by tones are consistent with an origin via linear mechanisms involving coherent wave scattering by preexisting perturbations in the mechanics, OAEs evoked by broadband clicks (CEOAEs) have been suggested to originate via nonlinear interactions among the different frequency components of the stimulus (e.g., intermodulation distortion). The experiments reported here test for bandwidth-dependent differences in mechanisms of OAE generation. Click-evoked and stimulus-frequency OAE input/output transfer functions were obtained and compared as a function of stimulus frequency and intensity. At low and moderate intensities human CEOAE and SFOAE transfer functions are nearly identical. When stimulus intensity is measured in "bandwidth-compensated" sound-pressure level (cSPL), CEOAE and SFOAE transfer functions have equivalent growth functions at fixed frequency and equivalent spectral characteristics at fixed intensity. This equivalence suggests that CEOAEs and SFOAEs are generated by the same mechanism. Although CEOAEs and SFOAEs are known by different names because of the different stimuli used to evoke them, the two OAE "types" are evidently best understood as members of the same emission family.
Potential radiation protective agents. V. Synthetic approaches to 2-aryl-2-mercaptoethylamines.

Abstract β-Acetthiohydrocinnamoyl azide, through the Curtius degradation, gave 2-mercapto-2-phenylethylamine hydrochloride in low yield. Following the nitro-thiolacetate route to 2-aryl-2-mercaptoethylamines, two acetoxy-substituted β -nitrostyrenes were found to undergo an anomalous reaction with thiolacetic acid involving reduction of the nitro group, formation of elemental sulfur, and the isolation of products containing four more acetyl groups than the starting material.
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Vein Varix by Transesophageal Echocardiography

A pulmonary vein varix is a localized dilatation of a pulmonary vein that usually is asymptomatic, presenting as a mass on a chest roentgenogram. Pulmonary angiography has been the mainstay of diagnosis. This case is the first in which transesophageal echocardiography was used to diagnose pulmonary vein varix. (Chest 1993; 103:1901-03)
To serve and pursue: Exploring police sexual violence against women

This study identifies and examines an unexplored criminological phenomenon, termed here police sexual violence. Analysis and interpretation of quantitative data and case studies are used to explore the subject. Two data sets, one from federal litigation cases and the other from a media source, provide the material for examining the known incidence, distribution, and nature of this form of police crime and sexual violence against women. The data include 124 cases of police sexual violence; 37 of these are sexual assault and rape cases committed by on-duty police officers against female citizens. The analysis of case studies draws on and integrates feminist and police studies literature, allowing for the development of a police sexual violence continuum and the exploration of theoretical, conceptual, and practical issues. The conclusion explores the cultural and structural context within which police sexual violence against women occurs.
School Counseling in the United States: Implications for the Asia-Pacific Region.

The impetus for this paper came about after an international conference in Asia which focused on school counseling in the Asia-Pacific region. Representatives from several Asian and non-Asian countries attended the conference and presented their scholarly work. The importance of international exchange about school counseling was emphasized at the conference. In this paper the history of school counseling in the United States (US) is summarized, including descriptions of newer models of school counselor practice and training and suggestions on how these models might strengthen the impact of school counselors. In addition, a brief overview of school counseling in the Asia-Pacific region is presented with attention to cultural issues that need to be considered. Finally, the implications of the US models are discussed and some questions presented that are potentially relevant for countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as those outside the region
Reduced basis technique for nonlinear vibration analysis of composite panels

Abstract A reduced basis technique and a computational procedure are presented for the nonlinear free vibrations of composite panels. The computational procedure can be conveniently divided into two distinct steps. The first step involves the generation of various-order perturbation vectors using Linstedt-Poincare perturbation technique. The second step consists of using the perturbation vectors as basis vectors, computing the amplitudes of these vectors, and the nonlinear frequency of vibration, via a direct variational procedure. The analytical formulation is based on a form of the geometrically nonlinear shallow shell theory with the effects of transverse shear deformation, rotatory inertia and anisotropic material behavior included. The panel is discretized by using mixed finite element models with the fundamental unknowns consisting of both the nodal displacements and the stress-resultant parameters of the panel. The potential of the proposed technique is discussed and its effectiveness is demonstrated by means of numerical examples.
A rapid screening technique for photosynthetic mutants of higher plants

Abstract When photosynthetic electron transport is blocked by chemical inhibitors or by genetic mutation, a higher level of visual leaf fluorescence is observed. The increased yield of fluorescence can easily be detected with a simple filter technique. This technique may be used to screen higher plants for mutation of the photosynthetic process.
Pantaloon Spica Cast: An Effective Method for Postoperative Immobilization after Free Graft Hypospadias Repair

AbstractPurpose: We used a postoperative dressing of silicone foam in conjunction with a pantaloon spica cast to optimize the chances for successful graft take in hypospadias repairs with grafts. We compared the results to those of inpatient bed restriction.Materials and Methods: A total of 15 patients underwent graft urethroplasty, and application of a penile silicone foam dressing and fiberglass pantaloon spica cast. Patients were discharged home the following morning.Results: Two fistulas developed. Results are no different from those of our previously reported cases which required 6 or 7 days of hospitalization.Conclusions: We believe that the pantaloon spica cast provides necessary immobilization for facilitating imbibition and inosculation, which are required for graft survival. Also, the spica cast allows early discharge home, obviating the need for prolonged hospitalization and bed rest.
Droplet Dynamics in Creeping Flows

The accelerated motion of a liquid droplet is investigated analytically. The equation of motion is developed through an analysis of the internal and exernal fluid motions. Response to step changes in applied force and external fluid velocity are determined. Oscillating forces and velocities are treated and frequency response characteristics found. In the appropriate limits, the results reduce to the known behavior of bubbles or rigid particles. 10 refs.
ZD6474 – clinical experience to date

ZD6474 selectively targets two key pathways in tumour growth by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent tumour angiogenesis and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent tumour cell proliferation and survival. Phase I clinical evaluation has shown ZD6474 to be generally well tolerated, with a pharmacokinetic profile appropriate for once-daily oral dosing. Phase II evaluation of ZD6474 at doses of 100−300 mg is ongoing in a range of patient types in single and combination regimens. These include three randomised studies of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. In one of these trials, the efficacy of ZD6474 monotherapy is being compared with that of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa™) in previously treated patients. In the other two trials, the efficacy of ZD6474 in combination with certain standard chemotherapy regimens is being compared with that of standard chemotherapy alone: one with carboplatin and paclitaxel in previously untreated patients, and the second with docetaxel in patients who progressed after platinum-containing therapy. The advent of novel molecular-targeted agents such as ZD6474 has necessitated a re-evaluation of conventional cancer study design in order to optimise appraisal of this new generation of anticancer agents. The specific considerations of the ZD6474 clinical programme are discussed.
In vivo biomechanical assessment of triglycidylamine crosslinked pericardium

While glutaraldehyde crosslinking is most often used to fabricate bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) using heterograft tissues, it predisposes BHV to calcification and dramatically stiffens the heterograft tissues. Our group previously reported the synthesis and characterization of a novel epoxy-crosslinker, triglycidylamine (TGA). TGA pretreatment of BHV tissues compared to glutaraldehyde results in both calcification resistance in subdermal implants and improved leaflet compliance. In these prior studies, optimal calcification inhibition was noted with the combined use of TGA with mercapto-aminobisphosphonate (MABP). In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that bovine pericardium cross-linked with TGA-MABP retains these beneficial biomechanical properties in vivo using a novel mitral valve anterior leaflet (MVAL) ovine valvuloplasty model. Bovine pericardial specimens were crosslinked with either glutaraldehyde or TGA-MABP, from which 1cm2 sections were implanted in the ovine MVAL after removal of the original tissue of the same size. An array of four sonomicrometry transducers were implanted on the corners and used to compute the complete in-surface strain tensor cardiac cycle over the cardiac cycle at 0 and 4 weeks. Following explant samples were fixed in formalin for histology studies. At 4 weeks both treatment groups experienced no dimensional changes in the unloaded state, indicating no shrinkage. When fully loaded during peak systolic ejection, TGA-MABP valvuloplasty patches were significantly more compliant, which did not change at 4 weeks. In contrast, the glutaraldehyde areal strain increased significantly by 4 weeks. Estimated implant stresses for both treatment groups, based on previously measured biomechanical properties [Connolly JM, Alferiev I, Clark-Gruel JN, Eidelman N, Sacks M, Palmatory E, et al. Triglycidylamine crosslinking of porcine aortic valve cusps or bovine pericardium results in improved biocompatibility, biomechanics, and calcification resistance: chemical and biological mechanisms. Am J Pathol 2005;166(1):1-13], were 40 and 250 kPa in the circumferential and radial directions, respectively, which are comparable to predicted BHV peak stress levels. We conclude that TGA-MABP crosslinked bovine pericardium, when subjected to in vivo BHV stress levels in a blood-contacting environment, maintains stable functionality.
A soft-switched highly reliable grid-tied inverter for PV applications

This paper introduces a soft-switched high-frequency-link inverter for grid-tied PV systems. This single-stage inverter can perform the step-up/down operation and also has the ability to effectively harvest the highest possible power from the PV array. The high-frequency link is formed by an ac inductor and a small ac capacitor without the use of bulky short-life electrolytic capacitors. The link inductor is responsible for transferring the PV power to the grid while the link capacitor facilitates zero-voltage switching for the power devices. Galvanic isolation can be realized by replacing the link inductor with an air-gapped high-frequency transformer. This novel topology has seven total switches, making it suitable for low and medium power PV applications. Furthermore, the converter has a high power density and reliability due to the minimization of passive component sizes and the requisite number of power switches. The proposed PV inverter's control scheme and operating algorithm are presented, followed by a detailed design analysis. Experimental results are also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed topology under different operating conditions.
Methotrexate inhibition of CCRF-CEM cultures of human lymphoblasts.

Abstract The biochemical basis for methotrexate (MTX) inhibition of human lymphoblasts was examined with the CCRF-CEM cell line. Methotrexate inhibition of growth by cultures of this human lymphoblast cell line was prevented by a combination of hypoxanthine, thymidine and deoxycytidine and was reversed competitively by folinic acid. Within 5 min MTX inhibited the incorporation of isotopically-labeled deoxyuridine, hypoxanthine and glycine into DNA, although thymidine incorporation continued normally for more than 90 min before becoming inhibited. In media supplemented with thymidine plus deoxycytidine, 2- to 5-fold more MTX was required for 50% inhibition of growth than in regular media. In media supplemented with hypoxanthine, or thymidine, deoxycytidine and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, folinic acid competitively reversed MTX inhibition. At 0·02 and 0·01 μM MTX, inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) required 6–16 hr to develop, and deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was not inhibited. In media containing dialyzed serum 0·08 μM MTX inhibited DHFR within 60 min and deoxyuridine incorporation within 85 min. After preincubation with 0·08 μM MTX for 3 hr, cells recovered traces of DHFR in 20 min. Simultaneously, deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA started to recover and attained control rate in 60 min with less than 10% recovery of DHFR activity. These data indicate: (a) CCRF-CEM cells have 10- to 20-fold more DHFR than required for cell division. (b) Growth inhibition of cultures resulted from thymidine deficiency. (c) MTX did not selectively inhibit either thymidine or purine biosynthesis. Consideration of these factors suggests that MTX inhibition of cell division resulted from the inhibition of DHFR.
The breadcrumb forwarding service: a synthesis of PGM and EXPRESS to improve and simplify global IP multicast

If ubiquitously deployed, IP Multicast promises to provide an efficient datagram service for an arbitrary sending host to reach an arbitrary and dynamic set of destination hosts anywhere in the Internet. Unfortunately, two very difficult problems ---interdomain multicast routing and viable end-to-end multicast transport--- have yet to be solved and deployed satisfactorily.This paper proposes that two existing but independent network mechanisms--- the EXPRESS service model and the network component of the Pragmatic Multicast protocol (PGM)--- be synthesized in a scheme we call the Breadcrumb Forwarding Service (BCFS) to simultaneously tackle the problems of interdomain multicast routing and end-to-end reliable multicast. Like EXPRESS, BCFS utilizes explicit-source group join and like PGM, enhances the network forwarding architecture with finer-grained group control. In this paper, we detail BCFS service model and router mechanisms to support the service. To demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of BCFS, we describe the application examples built on this service model, which can accommodate not only PGM and also a novel reliable multicast transport protocol.
PREDICTING NEED FOR ECMO IN PATIENTS BEING TREATED WITH INHALED NITRIC OXIDE(INO). † 1436

INO a selective pulmonary vasodilator is being used with variable success for treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). Early prediction of the need for ECMO in these patients would be important so as to reduce barotrauma. The Illinois Multicenter Nitric Oxide Study design includes increasing the iNO (max. of 80ppm) to attain maximal paO2 response so as to allow rapid weaning of mechanical ventilation and FiO2. We hypothesized that poor response to maximal vasodilation with NO may be predictive of patients eventually requiring ECMO. Data on 50 patients (21 MAS, 15 HMD, CDH 7, other 7) enrolled so far were analyzed. 26% required ECMO based on accepted criteria. Maximal sustained improvements in Oxygenation Index (OI), AaDO2 and% change in PaO2 were calculated for the first 6 hours after starting iNO. Of the three parameters a poor response in OI was most significantly predictive of the need for ECMO(see figure). A less than 2.5X fold improvement in OI within the first 6 hours predicted the need for ECMO with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 97%. We conclude that iNO therapy titrated to achieve maximal PaO2 response, a less than 2.5X fold improvement in OI within the first 6 hours of NO treatment is predictive of the subsequent need for ECMO.
New cathode materials for silver-based primary batteries: AgCuO2 and Ag2Cu2O3☆

Abstract Two new silver copper oxides, Ag2Cu2O3 and AgCuO2, were studied and evaluated as primary lithium batteries. Ag2Cu2O3 was found to have a capacity of 358 mAh/g (or 2513 mAh/cc) with an average voltage of 2.0 V, while AgCuO2 had a capacity of 310 mAh/g (or 2214 mAh/cc) with an average voltage of 2.3 V. Material performance was found to vary depending on how the material was discharged due to slow silver migration out of the electrode after reduction by lithium. Differences in the discharge characteristics of AgCuO2 and Ag2Cu2O3 were found to be caused by the relative stability of the Cu(III) cation versus the Ag(I) cation and Cu(II). This was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, which showed copper (III) reduction occurred before silver reduction.
Isolation and preliminary characterization of hemerythrin from Lingula unguis

Abstract 1. 1. A procedure is described for the isolation and crystallization of the two hemerythrins found in the brachiopod, Lingula unguis . 2. 2. The iron contents, subunit structures and some of the spectral properties are similar to the corresponding properties of hemerythrins from the unrelated sipunculids, Golfingia, Dendrostomum and Sipunculus . 3. 3. Amino acid compositions indicate that considerable differences in amino acid sequence could exist between brachiopod and sipunculid hemerythrins in spite of an overall similarity in subunit structure, Lingula hemerythrins contain considerably more methionine and glutamic acid and less isoleucine than sipunculid hemerythrins.
Electromagnetic stereotactic navigation for external ventricular drain placement in the intensive care unit

Placement of external ventricular drains subjects patients to risks of injury, intracerebral hematoma, and failure from improper placement. Traditional free-hand placement has been associated with a relatively frequent occurrence of these complications. We sought to assess the accuracy of ventriculostomy when performed using image-navigation technology in the intensive care unit (ICU). Thirty-five patients were consecutively enrolled in a single-arm trial evaluating the accuracy and complications from ventriculostomies performed at the ICU bedside using electromagnetic image guidance technology. The duration of any additional imaging and the length of the total procedure were also quantified. There were no unacceptably placed ventriculostomy catheters; only two catheters were not perfectly placed in the ipsilateral frontal horn. There was only one patient with tract hemorrhage. The use of image guidance technology added approximately 36 minutes to the time from when the need was identified to when successful drainage was achieved (p = 0.002), but added only 4 minutes of operative time (p = 0.12). Accuracy of placement demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the accuracy of ventriculostomy over historical data. There were two registration failures which were converted to the traditional technique; there were no other complications arising from the use of image-guided technology. Electromagnetic image guidance is feasible and accurate. Image guidance technology eliminated unacceptably placed catheters and may reduce the risk of catheter-associated intracerebral hemorrhages.
Ultrafast laser assisted microinjection enables distinct spatial localization pattern in cells and retina

Laser microbeam has enabled highly precise non-contact delivery of exogenous materials into targeted cells, which has been a highly challenging task while using traditional methods without compromising cell viability. We report distinct spatial localization of impermeable substances into mammalian cells and goldfish retinal cells in explants subsequent to ultrafast laser microbeam assisted injection, realized by focusing a near infrared tunable Ti: sapphire laser beam. Introduction of impermeable dye into the cell through localized pore formation was confirmed by distinct fluorescence at the site of pore formation on the membrane and its spatiotemporal diffusion pattern through the nucleus. Indirect optoporation by bubble formation, external to cell, led to a similar spatial diffusion pattern but with a larger time constant for injection. Using optimized laser intensity, exposure and spatial irradiation pattern, desired spatial transfection patterns in goldfish retina explants were achieved as confirmed by expression of injected plasmids encoded for light-activable channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) ion channel tagged with fluorescent protein. Laser assisted delivery of exogenous material into specific area of three-dimensional neuronal tissue, such as the retina, will help to understand the functioning of neuronal circuitry of normal and degenerated retina.
Acridine orange staining of a single-stranded DNA bacteriophage.

Abstract Sinsheimer's light-scattering experiments have established that the DNA of bacteriophage ΦX174 is in the single-stranded form. Our studies on purified concentrates of ΦX174 in the fluorescence microscope reveal staining characteristics with the fluorochrome acridine orange completely compatible with such a single-stranded DNA structure. Carnoy-fixed smears of viral concentrates developed a brilliant flame-red fluorescence. Treatment of similar smears with DNase prevented the development of this property while RNase had no effect. This staining property may prove a simple and direct means for detecting single-stranded DNA.
Balanced bootstrap in sample surveys and its relationship with balanced repeated replication

Abstract Resampling methods for survey sampling have been broadly classified into three categories: the jackknife, the bootstrap, and balanced repeated replication (BRR) in the literature. In this paper, we consider the balanced bootstrap. Two classes of balanced bootstrap designs are constructed. The balanced bootstrap method based on the first class of designs includes BRR as a special case. The second class of designs generalize those given by Nigam and Rao (1996) .
24-h multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring may be an inadequate test for detecting gastroesophageal reflux in patients with mixed typical and atypical symptoms.

The detection of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) via pH testing is the key component of the evaluation of patients considered for antireflux surgery. Two common pH testing systems exist, a multichannel, intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring (MII-pH) catheter, and wireless (Bravo®) capsule; however, discrepancies between the two systems exist. In patients with atypical symptoms, MII-pH catheter is often used preferentially. We aimed to elucidate the magnitude of this discrepancy and to assess the diagnostic value of MII-pH and the Bravo wireless capsule in a population of patients with mixed respiratory and typical symptoms. The study population consisted of 66 patients tested with MII-pH and Bravo pH testing within 90 days between July 2009 and 2013. All patients presented with laryngo-pharyngo-respiratory (LPR) symptoms. Patient demographics, symptomatology, manometric and endoscopic findings, and pH monitoring parameters were analyzed. Patients were divided into four comparison groups: both pH tests positive, MII-pH negative/Bravo positive, MII-pH positive/Bravo negative, and both pH tests negative. Nearly half of the patients (44 %) had discordant pH test results. Of these, 90 % (26/29) had a negative MII-pH but positive Bravo study. In this group, the difference in the DeMeester score was large, a median of 29.3. These patients had a higher BMI (28.5 vs. 26.1, p = 0.0357), were more likely to complain of heartburn (50 vs. 23 %, p = 0.0110), to have a hiatal hernia, (85 vs. 53 %, p = 0.0075) and a structurally defective lower esophageal sphincter (LES, 85 vs. 58 %, p = 0.0208). In patients with LPR symptoms, we found a high prevalence of discordant esophageal pH results, most commonly a negative MII-pH catheter and positive Bravo. As these patients exhibited characteristics consistent with GERD (heartburn, defective LES, hiatal hernia), the Bravo results are likely true. A 24-h MII-pH catheter study may be inadequate to diagnose GERD in this patient population.
Michaux: Xenopathic Ontology

The hallucinogenic art of Michaux and other surrealists should never be regarded as advocating unbridled sensuous experimentation. The affects they generate may index absurdity, incongruity and comedy – they may ‘ridiculise’ our systematic thinking – but these affects thereby serve a more serious production of concepts. Through an abstemious aesthetics of existence Michaux becomes an ontologist of the prephilosophical sort. Carefully but ambiguously he explores the truths of matter, movement, body and modernity. As Deleuze saw clearly, the resulting ontology has strong affinities with that of Leibniz, though we have to insist on Simondon's transindividual dimension to obtain the full ontological purchase of hallucinogenic surrealisation.
Transformations in Cognitive Science: Implications and Issues Posed

Summary of Departures From CognitivistOrthodoxy Excellent reviews of situated cognition(forthcoming; Suchman, 2007) and embodiedcognition (Anderson, 2003) provide much moredetail than can be offered in this space. Thispaper has tried to identify some of the moreprominent perspectives for the purpose of illus-trating the nature and extent of contemporarydepartures from the cognitivist assumptions thathave so long been a focus of criticism fortheoretical psychologists. Published in ArtiÞ-cial Intelligence , of all places, is AndersonOsinstructive purview: For over 50 years in philosophy, and for perhaps 15 inArtiÞcial Intelligence and related disciplines, there hasbeen a rethinking of the nature of cognition. Instead ofemphasizing formal operations on abstract symbols,this new approach focuses attention on the fact thatmost real-world thinking occurs in very particular (andoften very complex) environments, is employed forvery practical ends, and exploits the possibility ofinteraction with and manipulation of external props. Itthereby foregrounds the fact that cognition is a highlyembodied or situated activity Nemphasis intentionallyon all threeN and suggests that thinking beings oughttherefore be considered Þrst and foremost as actingbeings. This shift in focus from DescartesO OthinkingthingO, and the picture of human being and subjectivityit suggests, to a more Heideggerian approach to beingin the world, in which agency and interactive copingTRANSFORMATIONS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE 23
Existing by Convention

Ever since the Proslogion was first circulated (c. 1077), critics have been bemused by St Anselm's brazen attempt to establish a matter of fact, namely, God's existence, from the simple analysis of a term or concept. Yet every critic who has proposed to 'write the obituary' of the Ontological Argument has found it to be remarkably resilient (cf. McGrath, 1990: 212). At the risk of adding to a record of failures, I want to venture a new method for attacking this durable argument. Neither the common version of Anselm's argument from Chapter 11 of the Proslogion nor the previously unrecognized modal version uncovered by Norman Malcolm from Pros, m (i960: 52) can possibly get under way without Anselm's celebrated assertion that
Early prostate specific antigen (PSA) response predicts PSA nadir in patients with prostate cancer treated with external beam radiation

Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) values decrease after external beam radiation (EBRT) for clinically localized prostate cancer, reaching their nadir 6–12 months after treatment. The nadir PSA value is predictive of disease-free survival. This prospective study was initiated to evaluate whether the early response of PSA as measured by 1) the rate of PSA decrease during treatment (PSA slope) and 2) the immediate (within 1 month) post-treatment PSA would predict the PSA nadir. Thirty patients treated with EBRT for clinical stages A2-C2 (T1c-T3c) adenocarcinoma of the prostate were enrolled in this prospective study. Nine patients were subsequently excluded because they were lost to follow-up after less than 1 year (n = 6) or their pretreatment PSA was measured by a method other than Hybritech (n = 3). Serum PSA measurements were obtained at weeks 2, 4, and 6 of treatment (n = 21) as well as immediate post-treatment PSA at the first follow-up 2–4 weeks after treatment (n = 17). The end-point analyzed was whether or not the PSA nadir was ≦ 1.5 ng/ml. A linear regression model of log(PSA) vs. time (treatment week) was fit for each patient's data. The rate of decrease of PSA (PSA slope) was estimated from this regression. The PSA slope, pretreatment PSA, immediate post-treatment PSA, stage, and grade were studied by Cox life table regression analysis to determine predictors of PSA nadir. In the Cox model, time was measured from the start of radiotherapy until PSA ≦ 1.5 ng/ml or until the last measurement for those who did not reach this level. Models combining the significant individual factors were then constructed. The minimum follow-up is 52 weeks and the median is 66 weeks. The PSA slope (P = 0.05) and the immediate post-treatment PSA (P = 0.02) predicted a PSA nadir ≦ 1.5 ng/ml. Pretreatment PSA approached significance (P = 0.09). A model which combined pretreatment PSA and PSA slope predicted PSA nadir ≦ 1.5 ng/ml (P = 0.05) as did PSA slope combined with immediate post-treatment PSA (P = 0.01). Within each model, PSA slope was the stronger predictor. In conclusion, the early response of serum PSA as measured by the PSA slope and the immediate post-treatment PSA appears to be predictive of PSA nadir in patients treated with EBRT. More patients and longer follow-up are needed to confirm this finding and determine whether the early response predicts disease-free survival. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.