cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance characteristics of broth-only cultures after revision total joint arthroplasty.

Background Surgeons frequently obtain intraoperative cultures at the time of revision total joint arthroplasty. The use of broth or liquid medium before applying the sample to the agar medium may be associated with contamination and false-positive cultures; however, the degree to which this is the case is not known.
Surface structure and properties of functionalized nanodiamonds: a first-principles study

The goal of this work is to gain fundamental understanding of the surface and internal structure of functionalized detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) using quantum mechanics based density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The unique structure of ND assists in the binding of different functional groups to its surface which in turn facilitates binding with drug molecules. The ability to comprehensively model the surface properties, as well as drug‐ND interactions during functionalization, is a challenge and is the problem of our interest. First, the structure of NDs of technologically relevant size (∼5 nm) was optimized using classical mechanics based molecular mechanics simulations. Quantum mechanics based density functional theory (DFT) was then employed to analyse the properties of smaller relevant parts of the optimized cluster further to address the effect of functionalization on the stability of the cluster and reactivity at its surface. It is found that functionalization is preferred over reconstruction at the (100) surface and promotes graphitization in the (111) surface for NDs functionalized with the carbonyl oxygen (C=O) group. It is also seen that the edges of ND are the preferred sites for functionalization with the carboxyl group (‐COOH) vis-` a-vis the corners of ND.
Trade Diaspora versus Colonial State: Armenian Merchants, the English East India Company, and the High Court of Admiralty in London, 1748-1752

This article offers a non-fictional detective story that enables, and is embedded within, a larger analytical narrative. For reasons that will become clear, I as a historian and archival researcher...
A Pharmacy Practice Laboratory Exercise to Apply Biochemistry Concepts

Objectives. To develop exercises that allow pharmacy students to apply foundational knowledge discussed in a first-professional year (P1) biochemistry course to specific disease states and patient scenarios. Design. A pharmacy practice laboratory exercise was developed to accompany a lecture sequence pertaining to purine biosynthesis and degradation. The assignment required students to fill a prescription, provide patient counseling tips, and answer questions pertaining to the disease state, the underlying biochemical problem, and the prescribed medication. Assessment. Students were graded on the accuracy with which they filled the prescription, provided patient counseling, and answered the questions provided. Overall, students displayed mastery in all of these areas. Additionally, students completed a course survey on which they rated this exercise favorably, noting that it helped them to integrate basic science concepts and pharmacy practice. Conclusion. A laboratory exercise provided an opportunity for...
Emergence of self-similar tree network organization

The self-similar tree topology in open dissipative systems is formed as a result of self-organization and found in various examples, such as river networks, blood vessels, vascular organizations in plants, and even lightning. It is generally assumed that the tree organization is a result of a dynamic process that minimizes the dissipation of energy. Here, we argue that inherent randomness is a sufficient condition for the generation of tree patterns under evolutionary dynamics and the decrease of energy expenditure is not the cause but a consequent signature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 13: 30–37, 2008 This article was submitted as an invited paper resulting from the “Understanding Complex Systems” conference held at the University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, May 2006
CONNECTING MIDDLE SCHOOL MATHEMATICS TO COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION

The subject matter of computer vision and pattern recognition can play a useful role in the education of mathematics for students in middle school. New standards in education call for new content relevant to students' lives, and new pedagogical methods involving construction, group work, discovery, and the use of new technology. The project "Mathematics Experiences Through Image Processing" at the University of Washington has developed software and learning activities that enable middle school and high school students to use mathematical tools and concepts to explore some exciting ideas of image processing. This paper describes these materials and discusses how the ideas of computer vision and pattern recognition can be integrated into the curriculum. Not only do we use 2D topics such as digital geometry and edge detection, but also 3D topics such as surface construction and stereogram generation.
Growth and ultrastructural characterization of proliferating human keratinocytes in vitro without added extrinsic factors

Routine in vitro cultivation of human epithelial cells derived from foreskin and free of contaminating fibroblasts has been achieved without the addition of conditioned medium or extrinsic factors. Epithelial cell populations could be serially subpassaged and exhibited modulating responses at PDL5 to culture conditions as the cells passed from phase 1 through phase 2 of their life span. The cell population in early phase 2 gave rise to tissue sheets that exhibited characteristics typical of human foreskin epidermis including the formation of distinct cellular layers, viz. strata basalis, spinosum, granulosum and corneum. Typical keratohyaline granules were not observed in the epithelial cells although a distinct cornified layer was evident. Ultrastructurally, desmosomes and tonofilaments were readily apparent. Thus, the procedure detailed in this study will produce highly differentiated fibroblast-free epidermal sheets reaching several centimeters in size and which can be removed from the substratum as a single sheet of organized epidermis. The epithelial cells could be cultured through 20±3 PDL, whereas fibroblast cultures derived from foreskin cultures exhibited 40±5 PDL and mixed cell cultures of foreskin were carried through 43±5 PDL.
Differential Emotional Responding to Ideographic Cues of Traumatic Interpersonal Violence Compared to Non-Interpersonal Traumatic Experiences:

Models of traumatic event-related emotional reactivity have primarily focused on fear. Emerging research points to the importance of advancing our currently limited understanding of how anger and disgust relate to certain types of traumatic experiences, such as interpersonal violence (IPV). The current study compared anger, disgust, and anxiety in response to an ideographic neutral and traumatic event script between IPV victims and those exposed to a non-interpersonally-relevant traumatic event. Victims of IPV evidenced greater anger and disgust in response to the traumatic event script compared to the non-IPV group after accounting for variability in posttraumatic stress symptoms and negative affect. No differences emerged in terms of anxiety responding. These findings suggest reminders of IPV may be particularly likely to elicit anger and disgust, in addition to anxiety, which may have implications for the treatment of IPV-related posttraumatic stress.
Development and impact of the gene-tox program, genetic activity profiles, and their computerized data bases

This invited historical review traces the development and impact of two major data bases in the field of genetic toxicology. Discussed from a personal perspective are the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Gene-Tox Program and the EPA/International Agency for Research on Cancer Genetic Activity Profiles (GAPs) and their respective data bases. Whereas Gene-Tox was focused on the assessment of short-term tests and their role in predicting carcinogens and mutagens, GAPs and the GAP data base were designed specifically to aid in the evaluation of individual chemicals. Both data bases have been computerized. Gene-Tox is available on TOXNET and GAP is available in a personal computer format from the author. The Gene-Tox and GAP data bases appear to have had substantial impact, particularly on hazard identification activities in cancer risk assessment. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Recombinant Oncolytic Poliovirus Eliminates Glioma In Vivo Without Genetic Adaptation to a Pathogenic Phenotype

Many viruses, either naturally occurring or as a result of genetic manipulation, exhibit conditional replication in transformed cells. This principle is the basis for experimental therapeutic approaches exploiting the oncolytic potential of such agents without the danger of collateral damage to resistant normal tissues. One of the potential obstacles to these approaches is the possibility of genetic adaptation of oncolytic viruses upon replication in susceptible tumor tissues. Genetic variation can reverse genetic manipulations of parental viral genomes that determine attenuation of virulence, selective tumor cell tropism or other desirable traits. Alternatively, it may convey new properties not originally associated with parental strains, e.g., adaptation to a human host range. We examined genetic stability of an oncolytic nonpathogenic poliovirus recombinant considered for therapy of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This was done by serial passage experiments in glioma xenografts in vivo and investigation of phenotypic and genotypic markers of attenuation. Intratumoral inoculation of oncolytic poliovirus produced efficient tumor regress and elimination without altering temperature-sensitive growth, selective cytotoxicity, or genetic markers of attenuation of virus recovered from inoculated animals. Our studies demonstrate that active viral oncolysis of malignant glioma does not alter the conditional replication properties of oncolytic nonpathogenic poliovirus recombinants.
Handicapped Students as Tutors for Nonhandicapped Peers

With proper planning and procedures, handicapped students can learn to be effective tutors to students who are viewed as being more capable.
The contemporary Asian silver cycle: 1-year stocks and flows

The stocks and flows of silver throughout the Asian economy for 1997 have been quantified, with major flows examined over their entire life cycle, including mining, production, fabrication, and manufacture, product use, and waste management. By compiling the findings of 11 country-level material flow analyses, a regional analysis was created. The reliability and availability of the data varied, with the most confidence given to the earlier life stages and the most uncertainty existing later. Overall, Asia is a net importer of silver, requiring nearly 7000 Mg of silver in 1997. Approximately 2200 Mg Ag are mined, and production waste totals about 640 Mg Ag. The flow of silver into use equals 9900 Mg Ag, with a considerable build-up of 7100 Mg Ag entering in-use stock. Silver waste sent directly to the environment, in addition to landfilled waste, totals 1600 Mg Ag. Much variation exists when examining country-level silver flows on a per capita basis. India and Thailand’s fondness for silver jewelry greatly increases their silver flows into use and in-use stock. Japan’s high overall consumption reflects its high GDP per capita. Regionally, a significant potential exists to tap the silver contained in the in-use stocks and to enhance the recycling rates.
Comparing anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression.

The frequent comorbidity of anxiety disorders and mood disorders has been documented in previous studies. However, it remains unclear whether specific anxiety traits or disorders are more closely associated with unipolar major depression (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BPD). We sought to examine whether MDD and BPD can be distinguished by their association with specific types of anxiety comorbidity. Individuals with a primary lifetime diagnosis of either bipolar disorder (N=122) or major depressive disorder (N=114) received diagnostic assessments of anxiety disorder comorbidity, and completed questionnaires assessing anxiety sensitivity and neuroticism. The differential association of these anxiety phenotypes with MDD versus BPD was examined with multivariate modeling. Panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) specifically emerged amongst all the anxiety disorders as significantly more common in patients with BPD than MDD. After controlling for current mood state, anxiety sensitivity and neuroticism did not differ by mood disorder type. This study supports prior research suggesting a specific panic disorder–bipolar disorder connection, and suggests GAD may also be differentially associated with BPD. Further research is needed to clarify the etiologic basis of anxiety disorder/BPD comorbidity and to optimize treatment strategies for patients with these co-occurring disorders.
Avian Influenza: A New Pandemic Threat?

In December 2003, the largest outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 occurred among poultry in 8 Asian countries. A limited number of human H5N1 infections have been reported from Vietnam and Thailand, with a mortality rate approaching 70%. Deaths have occurred in otherwise healthy young individuals, which is reminiscent of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic. The main presenting features were fever, pneumonitis, lymphopenia, and diarrhea. Notably, sore throat, conjunctivitis, and coryza were absent. The H5N1 strains are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine but are susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, which can be used for treatment and prophylaxis. The widespread epidemic of avian influenza in domestic birds increases the likelihood for mutational events and genetic reassortment. The threat of a future pandemic from avian influenza is real. Adequate surveillance, development of vaccines, outbreak preparedness, and pandemic influenza planning are important. This article summarizes the current knowledge on avian influenza, including the virology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of this emerging disease.
Sensitivity studies of tapped delay line filters applied to a passive sonar system

Performance sensitivity of a tapped delay line filter is studied by varying system parameters such as tap coefficients, tap spacings, and the spectra and bandwidth of signal, noise, and directional noises. The optimum filter is designed both with and without the directional noise by using mean-square-error criterion for the case of single and multiple hydrophones. After prescribing the spectra of signal, noise, and directional noise, the performance sensitivity of the optimum filter is examined in detail for four characteristic tap spacings
Human-induced evolution caused by unnatural selection through harvest of wild animals

Human harvest of phenotypically desirable animals from wild populations imposes selection that can reduce the frequencies of those desirable phenotypes. Hunting and fishing contrast with agricultural and aquacultural practices in which the most desirable animals are typically bred with the specific goal of increasing the frequency of desirable phenotypes. We consider the potential effects of harvest on the genetics and sustainability of wild populations. We also consider how harvesting could affect the mating system and thereby modify sexual selection in a way that might affect recruitment. Determining whether phenotypic changes in harvested populations are due to evolution, rather than phenotypic plasticity or environmental variation, has been problematic. Nevertheless, it is likely that some undesirable changes observed over time in exploited populations (e.g., reduced body size, earlier sexual maturity, reduced antler size, etc.) are due to selection against desirable phenotypes—a process we call “unnatural” selection. Evolution brought about by human harvest might greatly increase the time required for over-harvested populations to recover once harvest is curtailed because harvesting often creates strong selection differentials, whereas curtailing harvest will often result in less intense selection in the opposing direction. We strongly encourage those responsible for managing harvested wild populations to take into account possible selective effects of harvest management and to implement monitoring programs to detect exploitation-induced selection before it seriously impacts viability.
Contact urticaria from diethyl fumarate

The contact urticariagenic properties of diethyl fumarate were studied using the guinea pig ear swelling assay and by open application on the human upper back skin. Diethyl fumarate caused non-immunologic contact urticaria in both human and guinea pig skin, and the reactions exhibited similar dose dependency and timing of maximal response.
Notochord is essential for oligodendrocyte development in Xenopus spinal cord

Oligodendrocyte precursors originate in the ventral ventricular zone of the developing spinal cord. To examine whether the notochord is essential for the development of oligodendrocytes in Xenopus spinal cord the notochord was prevented from forming, ablated, or transplanted during early stages of development. Differentiated oligodendrocytes did not appear in spinal cord regions lacking a notochord in animals in which notochord failed to develop after UV irradiation at the one-cell stage. Similarly, differentiated oligodendrocytes were not detected in the spinal cord adjacent to the site of segmental notochord ablation at embryonic or larval stages. Transplantation of an additional notochord dorsal to the spinal cord induced the premature appearance of differentiated oligodendrocytes in adjacent lateral and dorsal spinal cord white matter. These results indicate that the development of Xenopus spinal cord oligodendrocytes is dependent on local influences from the notochord and suggest that the notochord is essential for oligodendrocyte development in Xenopus spinal cord.
Curvature Calculations with Spacetime Algebra

A new method for calculating the curvature tensor is developed and applied to the Scharzschild case. The method employs Clifford algebra and has definite advantages over conventional methods using differential forms or tensor analysis.
Pinacol cleavage using iron(III)trisphenanthroline complexes

Abstract Oxidative bond cleavage of benzpinacol and 2,3-diphenyl-2,3- butanediol have been effected with two Fe(III)(1,10-phenanthroline) 3 complexes which are thought to undergo electron transfer reactions by an outer sphere mechanism. The products of these reactions are exclusively the corresponding ketones when 2,6-di-t-butylpyridine is added to the solution. In contrast to the facile oxidations of these aromatic substrates, pinacol is not cleaved under these reaction conditions.
Generating random vectors uniformly distributed inside and on the surface of different regions

Abstract An acceptance-rejection algorithm for generating random vectors uniformly distributed over (inside or on the surface of) a complex region inserted in a minimal multidimensional rectangle is considered. For regions having simple forms (simplex, hypersphere, hyperellipsoid) several algorithms are presented as well.
The stress and displacement fields at the tip of crazes in glassy polymers

Abstract This analysis models a craze region in glassy polymers as an elastic transversely isotropic homogeneous inclusion of thin elliptical shape with different elastic properties from the bulk polymer. The plane elasticity problem for an applied uniform stress field is solved and the results dimensionalized with respect to the craze tip radius. Stress and strain enhancements of several times far field values are found to occur at the craze tip and are independent of craze tip radius. These results are consistent with experimentally observed characteristics of craze growth and should be important in assessing the relative merits of different criteria that have been proposed for craze growth in glassy polymers.
Contentious Politics and Democratization: Comparing the Impact of Social Movements on the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe:

In this paper, I identify and analyze the interaction between two processes – mobilization and bargaining – by which democratic challengers can transform political institutions, bringing together insights from the literatures on social movements, which tends to analyze movement emergence, and democratization, which tends to analyze the design of democratic institutions. I compare the impact of social movements in the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, cases that offer a valuable opportunity to extend the literature on contentious politics beyond its origins in the study of Western parliamentary democracies. The analysis directs attention to an under examined arena of political contestation, agenda setting, or the process by which the demands of social movements are translated into issues for governments. The paper argues that the traditional dichotomy between institutional and non-institutionalized contention has obscured the ways that democratic challengers not only pressure states from the outside but...
Effect of Increased Dairy Consumption on Appetitive Ratings and Food Intake

Objective: The influence of dairy product consumption on food intake and appetitive sensations was explored in a cross-over design study with individuals who were habitually low ( 3 servings/d) dairy consumers. Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty-eight participants were required to eat one portion of dairy each day (low dairy) or three portions of dairy each day (high dairy) for 7 days. After a 7-day washout period, the opposite treatment condition was completed. Food intake and appetitive ratings were measured on each day of the treatment periods. Results: During the high-dairy period, participants consumed 209 kcal/d more than during the low dairy period (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in subjective appetite ratings. Habitual dairy use did not influence either the appetitive or dietary findings. Discussion: These data indicate that increasing dairy consumption may lead to increased energy intake, which could potentially cause weight gain.
RESEARCH: "A Higher Purpose: The Sanctification of Strivings in a Community Sample"

Most adults in a community sample (N = 150; ages 25-56) perceived their top 10 strivings as being connected to God (theistic sanctification) and having sacred, transcendent qualities (nontheistic sanctification), with highest ratings given to religious goals, family relationships, altruistic endeavors, and existential concerns. Greater sanctification of strivings correlated positively with the importance, commitment, longevity, social support, confidence, and internal locus of control of strivings. Based on 5 phone interviews about the prior 48 hr, people invested more time and energy in their 2 most highly sanctified strivings than their 2 least sanctified strivings. Greater sanctification of strivings related to a greater sense of life purpose and meaning and joy yielded by strivings but not fewer psychological or physical health difficulties.
Composition control and conductivity in Na/Zn-compensated β″-Na-gallate fast ion conductor

Abstract By controlled substitution of Zn 2+ for Ga 3+ and Na + on the cation sites in β″-Na-gallate, the negative charge on the spinel block, and, hence, the number of charge compensating mobile Na + ions in the conduction plane, can be changed. The mobile Na + concentration can be varied from 1.5 to 1.67 ions per conduction plane. The ionic conductivity is largest at these two terminal compositions, and falls to much lower values between. A super-cell domain model is proposed to explain the behavior.
Poetry as research: Advancing scholarship and the development of poetry therapy as a profession

To be effective and to achieve legitimization, each profession must develop its own body of knowledge. Within a social context characterized by the increasing influence of for-profit managed care corporations and the expanded influenced of the medical model, many helping professions have turned to logical positivism as a model for knowledge acquisition. Yet, the methods associated with this epistemological position may not be consonant with the values and knowledge needs of poetry therapy as a profession. Fortunately, advances in expressive arts research has lead to the development of methods congruent with the aims and needs of the burgeoning profession. The research poem is examined as one potential vehicle through which to improve the research agenda of poetry therapy.
Total syntheses of (±)-ovalicin, C4(S*)-isomer, and its C5-analogs and anti-trypanosomal activities

Total syntheses of (+/-)-ovalicin, its C4(S( *))-isomer 44, and C5-side chain intermediate 46 were accomplished via an intramolecular Heck reaction of (Z)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-iodo-1,6-heptadiene and a catalytic amount of palladium acetate. Subsequent epoxidation, dihydroxylation, methylation, and oxidation led to (3S( *),5R( *),6R( *))-5-methoxy-6-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octan-4-one (2), a reported intermediate. The addition of a side chain with cis-1-lithio-1,5-dimethyl-1,4-hexadiene (27) followed by oxidation afforded (+/-)-ovalicin. The functional group manipulation afforded a number of regio- and stereoisomers, which allow the synthesis of analogs for bioevaluation. The structure of 44 was firmly established via a single-crystal X-ray analysis. The stereochemistry at C4 generated from the addition reactions of alkenyllithium with ketones 2, 40, and 45 is dictated by C6-alkoxy functionality. Anti-trypanosomal activities of various ovalicin analogs and synthetic intermediates were evaluated, and C5-side chain analog, 46, shows the strongest activity. Compound 44 shows antiproliferative effect against HL-60 tumor cells in vitro. Compounds 46 and a precursor, (3S( *),4R( *),5R( *),6R( *))-5-methoxy-4-[(E)-(1',5'-dimethylhexa-1',4'-dienyl)]-6-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octan-4-ol (28), may be explored for the development of anti-parasitic drugs.
Binding of Mercury in Renal Brush-Border and Basolateral Membrane-Vesicles IMPLICATION OF A CYSTEINE CONJUGATE OF MERCURY INVOLVED IN THE LUMINAL UPTAKE OF INORGANIC MERCURY IN THE KIDNEY

The influence of the thiols l-cysteine (CYS), glutathione (GSH), and 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate (DMPS) on the binding and transport of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) in luminal (brush-border) and basolateral membrane-vesicles isolated from the kidneys of rats was studied using radiolabeled mercury (203HgCl2). Membrane-vesicles were exposed to 1, 10, or 100 μM Hg2+ in the presence or absence of a 3:1 or 10:1 mole-ratio of CYS, GSH, or DMPS relative to Hg2+. Equilibration of mercury with the membrane-vesicles occurred very rapidly, essentially being complete within 5 sec. By 60 sec, binding accounted for 87–97% of intravesicular Hg2+ in the absence of exogenous thiols. All three thiols significantly reduced the fraction of binding, with DMPS being the most effective agent. CYS enhanced the association of Hg2+ with luminal membrane-vesicles relative to that when Hg2+ was added alone, suggesting that conjugation of Hg2+ with CYS promotes the transport of low concentrations of Hg2+. In contrast, an excess of either GSH or DMPS relative to Hg2+ interfered significantly with both the binding and transport of Hg2+ into either luminal or basolateral membrane-vesicles. In summary, the present study is the first to describe the association of Hg2+ with renal luminal and basolateral membrane-vesicles. Evidence was obtained for the involvement of a Hg2+-CYS conjugate as a mechanism by which Hg2+ uptake and binding to luminal membranes occur and for an inhibitory effect of GSH and the chelator DMPS with regard to Hg2+ uptake and binding, demonstrating that extracellular thiols can modulate significantly the renal accumulation of Hg2+.
Time completion for various dispatching rules in job shops

Abstract This study investigates the relative priority of various job shop dispatching rules for various shop utilization levels under both deterministic and stochastic assumptions with regard to processing times. The primary criterion for evaluation is that of percentage on time completion. The results indicate that an assumption of accurately predetermining actual operation times in most cases is not likely to weaken the analysis and impact of research studies which are performed using such an assumption. Also conclusions indicate that the ranking of dispatching rules according to their effectiveness varies significantly with shop utilization levels.
Fatigue Crack Growth Thresholds of Deflected Mixed-Mode Cracks in PWA1484

The fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of PWA 1484 single crystals was characterized in air under mixed-mode loading at 593°C as a function of crystallographic orientation using an asymmetric four-point bend test technique. Most mixed-mode fatigue cracks deflected from the symmetry plane and propagated as transprecipitate, noncrystallographic cracks, while self-similar fatigue crack growth occurred on the (111) planes in (111)/[011] and (111)/[112] oriented crystals. The local stress intensity factors and the crack paths of the deflected mixed-mode cracks were analyzed using the finite-element fracture mechanics code, FRANC2D/L. The results indicated that the deflected crack path was close to being normal to the maximum tensile stress direction where the Mode II component diminishes. Crystallographic analysis of the deflected crack paths revealed that the Mode 1 and the deflected mixed-mode cracks were usually of different crystallographic orientations and could exhibit different Mode I FCG thresholds when the crystallography of the crack paths differed substantially. These results were used to identify the driving force and conditions for cracking mode transition.
PEROXIDASE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO FOOD FLAVOR AND QUALITY: A REVIEW

The effect of peroxidase on food flavor and quality is discussed, and its use as an index of blanching fruits and vegetables reviewed. Peroxidase is considered the most heat stable enzyme in plants. If inactivated, all ofher enzyme systems are usually inactivated in the product. There is an empirical relationship between residual peroxidase activity and the development of off-flavors and off-odors in foods. Peroxidase activity has been detected in products stored at — 18°C and under moisture conditions as low as 12.5% moisture. Any activity detected following severe heat treatments is usually due to the enzyme not being wholly inactivated. Inadequate thermal processing may result in regeneration of the enzyme.
Structural studies of the Maillard reaction products of a protein using ion trap mass spectrometry.

The early stage products of the Maillard reaction of egg white lysozyme with D-glucose were studied. Incubation with D-glucose at 50 degrees C for 20 days caused reaction on the Lys and Arg residues of lysozyme as follows: all of the six Lys residues and 10 of the 11 Arg residues in lysozyme reacted with D-glucose; Arg 61 did not react with D-glucose. The Lys residues reacted with D-glucose with 1 mol of dehydration per mole of residue, and the Arg residues reacted with 2 mol of dehydration per mole of residue. The major constituent of the Amadori product with the epsilon-amino group of the Lys residue and the D-glucose was found to be the beta-pyranose form. The structure of the early stage product of the Maillard reaction of a protein with a sugar is the same as that of an amino acid with a sugar.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of a Highly Substituted cis-Decahydroquinoline via a Knoevenagel Condensation.

A diastereoselective approach to 3,7,8-trisubstituted cis-decahydroquinolines is described. This ring system forms the core of rings B and E of the norditerpenoid alkaloid methyllycaconitine. This approach starts with a known disubstituted cyclohexene. The remaining carbons are attached via a Knoevenagel condensation followed by an intramolecular lactam formation. The stereochemistry of the substituents is controlled by the cis-substitution of the starting cyclohexene ring.
Identification of Verrucarin A as a Potent and Selective Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 Small Molecule Inhibitor

Members of the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family are overexpressed in numerous types of cancers. In particular, steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3) has been recognized as a critical coactivator associated with tumor initiation, progression, recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance where it interacts with multiple nuclear receptors and other transcription factors to enhance their transcriptional activities and facilitate cross-talk between pathways that stimulate cancer progression. Because of its central role as an integrator of growth signaling pathways, development of small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) against SRCs have the potential to simultaneously disrupt multiple signal transduction networks and transcription factors involved in tumor progression. Here, high-throughput screening was performed to identify compounds able to inhibit the intrinsic transcriptional activities of the three members of the SRC family. Verrucarin A was identified as a SMI that can selectively promote the degradation of the SRC-3 protein, while affecting SRC-1 and SRC-2 to a lesser extent and having no impact on CARM-1 and p300 protein levels. Verrucarin A was cytotoxic toward multiple types of cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations, but not toward normal liver cells. Moreover, verrucarin A was able to inhibit expression of the SRC-3 target genes MMP2 and MMP13 and attenuated cancer cell migration. We found that verrucarin A effectively sensitized cancer cells to treatment with other anti-cancer drugs. Binding studies revealed that verrucarin A does not bind directly to SRC-3, suggesting that it inhibits SRC-3 through its interaction with an upstream effector. In conclusion, unlike other SRC SMIs characterized by our laboratory that directly bind to SRCs, verrucarin A is a potent and selective SMI that blocks SRC-3 function through an indirect mechanism.
An environmental, economic, and social assessment of improving cattle finishing weight or average daily gain within U.S. beef production

The objective of this study was to assess environmental impact, economic viability, and social acceptability of 3 beef production systems with dif- fering levels of efficiency. A deterministic model of U.S. beef production was used to predict the number of animals required to produce 1 × 10 9 kg HCW beef. Three production treatments were compared, 1 rep- resenting average U.S. production (control), 1 with a 15% increase in ADG, and 1 with a 15% increase in finishing weight (FW). For each treatment, various socioeconomic scenarios were compared to account for uncertainty in producer and consumer behavior. Environmental impact metrics included feed consump- tion, land use, water use, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe), and N and P excretion. Feed cost, animal pur- chase cost, animal sales revenue, and income over costs (IOVC) were used as metrics of economic viability. Willingness to pay (WTP) was used to identify improve- ments or reductions in social acceptability. When ADG improved, feedstuff consumption, land use, and water use decreased by 6.4%, 3.2%, and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control. Carbon footprint decreased 11.7% and N and P excretion were reduced by 4% and 13.8%, respectively. When FW improved, decreases were seen in feedstuff consumption (12.1%), water use (9.2%). and land use (15.5%); total GHGe decreased 14.7%; and N and P excretion decreased by 10.1% and 17.2%, compared with the control. Changes in IOVC were dependent on socioeconomic scenario. When the ADG scenario was compared with the control, changes in sector profitability ranged from 51 to 117% (cow- calf), -38 to 157% (stocker), and 37 to 134% (feedlot). When improved FW was compared, changes in cow- calf profit ranged from 67% to 143%, stocker profit ranged from -41% to 155% and feedlot profit ranged from 37% to 136%. When WTP was based on marketing beef being more efficiently produced, WTP improved by 10%; thus, social acceptability increased. When marketing was based on production efficiency and con- sumer knowledge of growth-enhancing technology use, WTP decreased by 12%—leading to a decrease in social acceptability. Results demonstrated that improved efficiency also improved environmental impact, but impacts on economic viability and social acceptability are highly dependent on consumer and producer behav- ioral responses to efficiency improvements.
The formation of intermediate lactones during aminolysis of diethyl galactarate

Abstract The aminolysis of diethyl galactarate has been found to proceed through intermediate γ-lactones. In dimethyl sulfoxide at 31°, the 1,6-diester is quickly converted into the 6-ester 1,4-lactone through base catalysis, and this lactone reacts with a primary amine to yield a 6-ethyl galactaric 1-amide that rapidly affords the 6,3-lactone, which reacts with the amine to give the galactaric diamide. The reaction sequence was established by 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy, which suggested competitive, consecutive, second-order kinetics in which k 1 = k 2 can be applied.
Surface Structures and the Orthorhombic Transformation of Thin Film BaSi 2 on Siucon

The epitaxial structural development and surface reactions of barium metal with silicon have been studied as a function of surface coverage. BaSi{sub 2} is orthorhombic, and grows epitaxially on Si(001) and Si(111) for surface coverages greater than 1 monolayer (ML). From 0 to 1 ML a series of ordered surface structures develops that suggests a cubic Ba-Si compound. Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Auger and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data have been obtained in this thin film regime that support a chemical reaction and compound formation between barium and silicon for all barium coverages. In bulk form, at high pressures, BaSi{sub 2} can be stabilized into the cubic SrSi{sub 2} structure. We suggest that epitaxial strain at the silicon surface provides a mechanism for stabilizing the low-coverage precursors of the orthorhombic BaSi{sub 2}. 14 refs., 5 figs.
The Effect of Chloride Ions on a Li+-MgO Catalyst for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane

At Cl/Li atomic ratios approaching unity, Li[sup +]-MgO-Cl[sup [minus]] catalysts undergo a marked change in behavior with respect to the oxidative coupling of CH[sub 4] to form C[sub 2]H[sub 4] and C[sub 2]H[sub 6] hydrocarbons. Most significant are the large C[sub 2]H[sub 4]/C[sub 2]H[sub 6] ratios that may be obtained, primarily as a result of the enhanced activity for the oxidative dehydrogenation of C[sub 2]H[sub 6]. The presence of Cl[sup [minus]] ions at the appropriate level modified the catalyst so that it no longer functions as a strongly basic oxide. In particular, the catalyst is not poisoned by CO[sub 2], which normally dominates the kinetic behavior of a Li[sup +]-MgO catalyst. The intrinsic activity for CH[sub 3] [center dot] radical generation over a properly chlorided Li[sup +]-MgO catalyst is less than that of a normal catalyst, but after poisoning by CO[sub 2], the activities of the two catalyst are comparable. At the typical reaction temperature of 650[degrees]C, chlorine is slowly lost from the catalyst, but this chlorine may be replaced by adding a small amount of HCl intermittently to the feed stream. At temperatures as low as 625[degrees]C, a CH[sub 4] conversion of 29% and a C[sub 2+] selectivity ofmore » 60% may be achieved. 29 refs., 8 figs., 4 tabs.« less
Spectrophotometric determination of cadmium with 1-[(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)azo]-2-naphthol

Cadmium(II) reacts with l-[(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)azo]-2-naphthol (5-C1-β-PAN) in aqueous solution; the complex can be extracted with chloroform at pH 9–11 to give a red solution with an absorption peak at 566 nm. The colour in chloroform is stable and the system conforms to Beer's law; optimal range in the chloroform layer for measurement at 1.00-cm cells is 0.1–1 ppm cadmium. Common cations and anions do not interfere. Large amounts of some cations can be masked by potassium cyanide, the cadmium cyanide complex being demasked by formaldehyde. The proposed method is one of the most sensitive procedure for the determination of cadmium. The molar absorptivity in the chloroform extract is 6.6· 104 1 mole−1 cm−2 at 566 nm.
Breakdown limitations on the transmission of microwave power through the atmosphere

One of the limiting factors in the transmission of the increasingly large amounts of microwave power available is voltage breakdown of the atmosphere. Almost all of the published work dealing with voltage breakdown at microwave frequencies has been concerned with breakdown in the presence of surfaces to which particles can diffuse. This paper describes laboratory experiments which have been performed using a focused microwave system to produce a discharge in the absence of proximate surfaces. The experiments have been concerned with 1) the determination of the power level at which breakdown occurs, and 2) the ability of the atmosphere to act as a medium for the transmission of power after breakdown has occurred. The paper presents a theory for predicting the power level at which breakdown will occur and then demonstrates the agreement of this theory with measured breakdown levels. An experiment is then described which shows that the power per unit of input power, received beyond the discharge plasma by a test antenna, decreases as power is increased after breakdown.
The Effect of Objective Self Awareness on Compliance in a Reactance Situation.

Objective self awareness was varied to determine its effect on compliance and reactance. The experimental procedure was similar to that used in an early study of reactance (Brehm and Sensenig, 1966). The principal result was that objective self awareness increased compliance, a result that is consistent with those of a number of other studies (e.g., Wicklund and Duval, 1971, Exp. II; Duval, 1976). In addition, males and females were found to differ in response to a threat to their freedom. Males tended to show traditional patterns of reactance and compliance, whereas females were more compliant under a high threat to freedom and displayed reactance-like behavior under a low degree of threat.
Support for Adolescent Spirituality: Contributions of Religious Practice and Trait Mindfulness

Spirituality and the surge of its development in adolescence have been established in the research. To date, however, these studies look at tendencies across full samples of adolescence rather than investigating multiple subgroups or multiple pathways of spiritual development. The current study uses latent class analysis to identify subgroup portraits of spiritual life in adolescence, based upon a range of dimensions of spiritual experience, religious practice, and mindfulness. Mindfulness, as a dispositional trait, is examined alongside the impact of religious practice on the level of spiritual experience (relationship with the Higher Power, spiritual values, and spiritual self). The findings suggest there is a complimentary contribution to spiritual life in adolescence from religious practice and mindfulness, with both as supportive pathways for spiritual development. Adolescents with the highest level of spiritual experience benefit from both religious practice and trait mindfulness, suggesting that taken together, there is an additive and augmenting contribution.
Insecticide resistance in the house fly: effect of a modifier gene in combination with major genes which confer resistance.

The modifying effect of a genetic factor that reduces rates of insecticide penetration in Musca domestica L. was studied in combination with major genes conferring resistance to DDT, dieldrin, and malathion. When the gene for reduced penetration was combined with major resistance genes, resistance was increased by factors of 1.5 to more than 100-fold. The increase was least with malathion, intermediate with DDT, and greatest with dieldrin. The results demonstrate that a decrease in rate of penetration is an important component of insecticide resistance in M. domestica . In other tests, peculiarities involved in transmission of the gene for reduced penetration were investigated. The observed anomalies involved crosses in which a susceptible male parent which apparently contained the Y chromosome or male determining factor attached to chromosome 3 was crossed with females of a strain containing the factor for reduced penetration.
Effects of 17α-dihydroequilenin sulfate on atherosclerotic male and female rhesus monkeys

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to determine the effects of 17α-dihydroequilenin on plasma lipid and lipoprotein, glucose, and insulin concentrations; coronary artery vasomotor function; and reproductive organ and mammary gland proliferation in atherosclerotic male and female rhesus macaques. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty adult female and 33 adult male rhesus macaques were randomized to treatment by lifetime dietary cholesterol exposure and ratio of total plasma cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The female treatment groups were intact female controls ( n = 9), ovariectomized controls ( n = 16), ovariectomized plus 0.3 mg/kg/day 17 α -dihydroequilenin ( n = 17) and ovariectomized plus subcutaneous estradiol ( n = 7). The male treatment groups were control ( n = 16) and 1.25 mg/kg/day 17 α -dihydroequilenin ( n = 17). Treatment lasted 5 weeks. Longitudinal assessments of plasma lipid and lipoprotein and glucose and insulin concentrations were performed. Coronary artery vasomotor function was assessed by quantitative coronary angiography 1 week after initiation of treatment. Morphologic and immunohistochemical assessments of proliferation index values of reproductive organs and mammary glands were done at necropsy. RESULTS: 17α-Dihydroequilenin prevented endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction in males ( p p α -Dihydroequilenin treatment increased plasma apolipoprotein A-1 concentrations ( p p α -Dihydroequilenin had no other effects on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in either males or females. It had no trophic effects on uterus, endometrium, or breast. There was no effect on either prostatic or testicular weight. CONCLUSION: 17α-Dihydroequilenin may represent a single-agent hormone therapy for reduction of ischemic heart disease risk for both menopausal women and men. It has no apparent trophic effects on reproductive organs or mammary glands of female and male rhesus macaques. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:341-51.)
Structure of 2 + , T = 2 States in A = 12 Nuclei

Using a reasonable but simple model, properties of 2{sup +} states in {sup 12}Be and {sup 12}O are calculated and compared with results of experiments.
Engineering optimal high current characteristics of high voltage DENMOS

This paper demonstrates the dramatic improvement in ESD performance of HV DENMOS and LDMOS obtained by using selective drain extension silicide blocking (SBLK). The results are validated through 3D TCAD and TLP measurements on different technologies. Measured D.C. Id-Vd characteristics show minimal performance impact due to the addition of SBLK region.