cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KINETICS OF PEPPERONI DRYING

The kinetics of sausage drying were described in terms of a rate equation and of the diffusivity for moisture in a sausage. The rate equation developed is: dx/dt = -k[(x - c)/x]2, where k is the rate constant, t is time, x is percent yield at any time, and c is the ultimate percent yield at t =∞. Data, as percent yield, are substituted into the integrated form of the equation and values for k and c are obtained. The mean square (MS) of deviations of the data from the theoretical curve was used to test agreement. Heating or fermenting the sausages reduced MS and improved agreement. After extended drying, actual percent yields of sausages approximated yields predicted by the rate equation. Estimation of final percent yield, on the basis of sausage weight early in the drying period, should facilitate efficient production and marketing of sausage. By use of equations developed by Sherwood and Newman, the apparent overall diffusivities for moisture in pepperoni were 5.7 × 10−7, 5.6 × 10−7, and 4.7 × 10−7 cm2/sec, respectively, for pepperoni of starting tat content of 13.3, 17.4 and 25.1%.
RGC32 deficiency protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice.

Obesity is an important independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and many other chronic diseases. Adipose tissue inflammation is a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and a contributor to disease susceptibility and progression. The objective of this study was to determine the role of response gene to complement 32 (RGC-32) in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Wild-type (WT) and RGC-32 knockout (RGC32–/–) mice were fed normal chow or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Metabolic, biochemical and histologic analyses were performed. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used to study the role of RGC-32 in adipocytes in vitro. RGC32–/– mice fed with HFD exhibited a lean phenotype with reduced epididymal fat weight compared to WT controls. Blood biochemical analysis and insulin tolerance test showed that RGC-32 deficiency improved HFD-induced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Although it had no effect on adipocyte differentiation, RGC-32 deficiency ameliorated adipose tissue and systemic inflammation. Moreover, RGC32–/– induced browning of adipose tissues and increased energy expenditure. Our data indicated that RGC-32 plays an important role in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, and thus it may serve as a potential novel drug target for developing therapeutics to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
TRYPTOPHAN REPLACEMENT IN THE C‐TERMINAL OCTAPEPTIDE OF CCK‐PZ

Six sulphated octapeptide amide analogues, representing the C-terminal sequence of pancreozymin have been prepared in addition to the natural sequence. The tryptophyl residue which is essential for biological activity was replaced in this series by structurally, closely related analogues each of which resemble the properties of the original moiety to varying extents. The syntheses were so conducted that the C-terminal tetrapeptide amides (modified tetragastrins) could be secured. The results of the measurement of one of the biological parameters are indicated. The activity was determined to elucidate which of the physicochemical properties of the tryptophyl residue is most essential for exertion of biological activity in the described test.
A parallel imaging approach to wide-field MR microscopy.

Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), suggested in the earliest papers on MRI, has always been limited by the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) resulting from the small voxel size. MRM has largely been enabled by the use of microcoils which provide the SNR improvement required to overcome this limitation. Concomitant with the small coils is a small field-of-view, which limits the use of MRM as a histological tool or for imaging large regions in general. This paper describes initial results in wide field-of-view MR microscopy using a large array of narrow, parallel coils, which provides an SNR enhancement as well as the ability to use parallel imaging techniques. Comparison images made between a volume coil and the proposed technique demonstrate reductions in imaging time of over 100 with no loss in SNR or resolution.
Microstructurally Mediated Changes in Fracture Characteristics for Electrochemically Hydrogenated 4340 Steel

The effect of hydrogen on the fracture characteristics of low alloy 4340 steel was studied using double-notched tensile samples electrochemically charged in situ with hydrogen in 1 N H2SO4 + 5 mg/l As2O3 solution. Fracture behaviors of samples with prior austenitic grain sizes of 10 and 40 μm and martensitic hardness of 43–52 HRC (Rockwell hardness, C scale) were examined after hydrogen charging times of 0–40 min. As expected, increases in hydrogen charging time and hardness resulted in decreased failure strains and decreased evidence of ductile fracture. Harder samples showed predominant intergranular fracture close to the notch and a combination of ductile and flat surfaces away from the notch. Softer samples showed mixed mode intergranular and quasi-cleavage fracture close to the notch and predominant ductile fracture as distance from the notch increased.
Psychological predictors of risk for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among low-income inner-city men: A community-based survey

Abstract The present study investigated sensation seeking, future time perspective, and life satisfaction as predictors of risk for HIV infection. One hundred ninety-three men (mean age = 33.2, 93% African-American, 71% unemployed), recruited from an inner-city neighborhood were defined as being at high-risk for HIV infection if they had: engaged in homosexual activity (9%); injected drugs (9%); had an injection drug using sexual partner (20%); or had a history of sexually transmitted diseases (44%), resulting in 44% of the sample being grouped at lower-risk (n = 85), and 56% at high-risk (n = 108). Discriminant analysis showed that high-risk men were more dissatisfied with their lives, higher in sensation seeking, and less future oriented than lower-risk men, suggesting that risk for HIV infection among inner-city low-income men corresponds to a disadvantaged social status, life dissatisfaction, and a constricted future perspective. HIV prevention efforts directed at low-income men will require attention...
Synthetic Lumbar Intervertebral Disk for Medical Education

Surgical treatment interventions for low-back pain are increasing. Surgical risk associated with new techniques can be reduced by practice on synthetic spine replicas. However, current models for surgical training on intervertebral disk procedures do not represent average patients because they exhibit variable degrees of degeneration. A low-cost synthetic intervertebral disk device with lifelike sensory and visual feedback to enhance surgeon training was developed. Design criteria for the synthetic analog intervertebral disks (IVDs) were based on observations of fresh frozen human cadaveric disks, surgeon input, and literature descriptions; prototypes were designed to mimic a Grade I-II lumbar IVD. Qualitative evaluation was done by interviewing orthopedic surgeons during mock surgeries on the model. The surgical feel was quantitatively evaluated by a mock nucleotomy on prototypes and cadaveric specimens using instrumented surgical tools. In qualitative analysis, two orthopedic surgeons commented that the visual and tactile qualities of the model were similar to disks of adult spine surgery patients. Quantitative test results showed similarities between human and analog disks. The inexpensive synthetic IVD design successfully replicated the main features of a human cadaveric disk.
Crowding as the primary factor in the production of the agamic alate form of Therioaphis maculata (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Abstract The influence of various environmental factors on the production of the agamic alate form of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton), has been investigated in the laboratory. Results indicate that crowding is the only factor inducing the development of winged forms, whereas parentage and nutritional state are secondary modifiers. The stimulus is entirely postnatal and is confined to the first instar. Time of inception and duration of crowding are both of importance and appear to reinforce one another in determining alate percentages. There is a specific length of time during which initiation of the stimulus is effective, since animals more than 18 hr of age are no longer receptive. If parents are prevented from depositing, so that larvae are held in utero beyond their normal birth hour, the duration of stimulus initiation time is correspondingly shortened. The crowding stimulus does not involve excretory products, pheromones, or induced changes in the host plants. It appears to require physical contact between live animals.
Supersonic Through-Flow Fan Blade Cascade Studies: Part II — Riblet Effects

An experimental study to determine the effects of riblets on the performance of the Supersonic Throughflow Fan (STF) cascade blades was performed. The unique flow conditions of the STF provided a new application of using riblets to reduce aerodynamic losses. The cascade was tested in the Virginia Tech intermittent wind tunnel facility, where the Mach and Reynolds (based on chord) numbers were 2.36 and 4.8 × 106, respectively. The riblet sheets were symmetric v-grooved type and were applied onto the blade surfaces. Three different riblet heights were tested: 0.023, 0.033, and 0.051 mm. Riblet testing was conducted at design incidence as well as at off-design conditions (incidence angles: +5, −10 deg). To evaluate the performance of the riblets on the blades, a Pitot-static probe was used to measure the wake profile downstream of the cascade. The resultant total pressure profile was then integrated to obtain an overall mass-averaged loss coefficient. This loss coefficient was compared with a control test case where an equivalent thickness of smooth material is applied to the blade. Results show that at the design incidence, the riblet sheet with a height of 0.033 mm provides the optimal benefit, with a reduction of 8.5% in loss coefficient compared to the control case. Smaller effects were measured at the off-design conditions.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Major oxygen-containing functional groups present in humic and fulvic acid fractions isolated from contrasting marine environments

Abstract The major oxygen-containing functional groups present on various fractions of humic and fulvic acids extracted from different marine clays are carboxyls, phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyls and carbonyls. The total acidity of the different fractions ranges from 2 to 7 m-equiv./g of organic matter and appears to arise mainly from carboxyl groups rather than phenolic hydroxyls. The carbonyl content of marine organic matter appears to be high in relation to the other functional groups. It is also high as compared to the carbonyl content in soil organic matter. The depositional environment is probably conducive to the accumulation and preservation of the carbonyl groups. The oxygen content of an overlying water column does not appear to exercise much influence on diagenetic changes in the organic matter associated with clays as no appreciable differences were noticed in the functional group content and elemental analyses of organic matter from reducing and non-reducing environments.
Description of the molecular mechanism of cooperativity in human hemoglobin cannot be limited to a first-order free energy coupling concept.

Studies of the linkage between ligand binding and subunit assembly of oligomeric proteins have extensively used the concept of free energy coupling. The "order" of these free energy couplings was introduced [Weber, G. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 7098-7102] as the number of subunits that must be liganded to alter specific intersubunit interactions. This concept dictates that the ligation of fewer subunits has no effect, but once the order number of subunits becomes ligated, the specific intersubunit interaction energy between those particular subunits is completely eliminated. Weber's report claims that the free energy coupling between oxygen binding and the dimer-tetramer subunit assembly in stripped human hemoglobin A is "first order". This conclusion is based on the analysis of a set of previously published equilibrium constants [Mills, F. C., Johnson, M. L., & Ackers, G. K. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5350-5362]. I subsequently reported that the original experimental data, from which the equilibrium constants were derived, are consistent with both the first-order and "second-order" free energy coupling concepts [Johnson, M. L. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 791-797]. I also demonstrated that more precise recent experimental data [Chu, A. H., Turner, B. W., & Ackers, G. K. (1984) Biochemistry, 23, 604-617] are consistent with both the first-order and second-order free energy coupling concepts. A recent article [Weber, G. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 331-332] disagrees that the oxygen-binding data for human hemoglobin A are consistent with a second-order model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Research on Learning To Teach: Implications for Teacher Induction and Mentoring Programs:

Research on learning to teach has implications for the design of induction and mentoring programs: (a) Giving beginning teachers difficult teaching assignments (multiple preparations, subjects out ...
Linearization of the Korteweg—de Vries and Painlevé II Equations

A new integral equation which linearizes the Korteweg-de Vries and Painlev\'e II equations, and is related to the potentials of the Schr\"odinger eigenvalue problem, is presented. This equation allows one to capture a far larger class of solutions than the Gel'fand-Levitan equation, which may be recovered as a special case. As an application this equation, with the aid of the classical theory of singular integral equations, yields a three-parameter family of solutions to the self-similar reduction of Korteweg -de Vries which is related to Painlev\'e II.
Two-dimensional thermal oxidation of silicon. II. Modeling stress effects in wet oxides

For pt.I see ibid., vol.ED-34, p.1008-17 (May 1987). The authors propose that the stress from two-dimensional oxide deformation affects the kinetic parameter in the Deal-Grove model (1965). In particular, the viscous stress associated with the nonuniform deformation of the oxide is identified as the fundamental force of retardation. In this model, the stress normal to the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface reduces the surface reaction rate in both convex and concave surfaces, whereas the stress in the bulk of the oxide (compressive for concave and tensile for convex surfaces) is responsible for the thinner oxides on the concave structures. The model is described by a simplified mathematical formulation made possible by the symmetry in cylindrical structures. Comparisons with experimental data, possible applications, and limitations of the model are also discussed. >
Normalization Issues in Latent Variable Modeling

Structural equation models with latent variables have been popular in the social sciences for some time. Recently such models have been used to make comparisons between groups, within dyads, and ac...
Doppler-Optical Coherence Tomography (D-OCT) Velocimetry of Blood Flow in Murine Tumor Microvasculature

D-OCT can potentially be a useful tool for bench-top research of tumor microvasculature and anti-angiogenic cancer therapies. We demonstrate D-OCT's capabilities by presenting velocimetric functional images of tumor microvasculature in a subcutaneously injected tumor model.
Advanced abdominal imaging is not required to exclude strangulation if complete small bowel obstructions undergo prompt laparotomy.

Background When small bowel obstruction is demonstrated clinically or radiographically to be complete, operation is advocated because of the demonstrated association of strangulation obstruction with complete obstruction and the difficulty of diagnosing strangulation obstruction. Short observation periods, fluoroscopic procedures, and cross-sectional imaging are used in treatment of partial obstruction by those who believe that observation is futile or dangerous. This approach holds that few patients resolve after a day or two of observation; if this premise were true, protracted observation should see few patients resolve and some require resection for necrotic bowel after failed observation. Observer bias and the spectrum of nonnecrotic ischemia makes end-point analysis after laparotomy difficult to interpret; few criteria or incentives exist for a surgeon to speculate that a patient brought to surgery might have recovered without it. Study design I reviewed the clinical courses of 413 obstructed patients seen over 13 years. Results Seventy-two patients underwent immediate treatment for complete obstruction, 294 resolved without operation, and 47 patients required operation after a period of observation ranging from 3 to 15 days. All observed patients were followed using clinical examination, leukocyte count, and plain film radiography only. No bowel resections were required in patients who were observed. Conclusions Research opportunities exist for use of alternatives to plain film imaging in treatment of partial small bowel obstruction, but this series does not support the premise that there is a risk for bowel ischemia or bowel resection by observing patients with partial small bowel obstruction or by following them with plain films alone. Indeed, such a strategy resulted in resolution in 294 of 341 patients so treated, with readmission and reoperation rates comparable with those reported in series in which earlier operation was undertaken.
A KINETIC STUDY OF THE METHANOLYSIS OF THE SULFONYLUREAS BENSULFURON METHYL AND SULFOMETURON METHYL USING CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

The instability of sulfonylureas in solution in methanol has led us to a kinetic study of methanolysis of two sulfonylureas using capillary electrophoresis. In a preliminary experiment, solutions of the seven compounds, bensulfuron methyl, sulfometuron methyl, nicosulfuron, chlorimuron ethyl, thifensulfuron methyl, metsulfuron methyl, and chlorsulfuron were prepared in methanol and in acetonitrile. After six weeks at room temperature the compounds dissolved in acetonitrile were quite stable as shown by electropherograms obtained with free zone capillary electrophoresis (CE). All seven of the compounds dissolved in methanol had undergone extensive degradation and in some cases the sulfonylurea could not be detected. Bensulfuron methyl and sulfometuron methyl were selected for further detailed study. Solutions of these two compounds in methanol were heated at 5, 40, 57, and 65 degrees C. No decomposition of either compound was observed in similar solutions of acetonitrile incubated at 57 degrees C. The rates of decomposition in methanolic solutions were estimated from the decrease in instrumental response representing the peaks of the two sulfonylureas. The methanolysis of both compounds proceeded with pseudo first-order kinetics as evidenced by the fact that semilogarithmic plots of the concentration of the substrate as a function of time were linear (correlation coefficients of 0.99). Rate constants and half-lives for the reactions at 40, 50, 57, and 65 degrees C were determined. These varied by factors of 18 to 22 depending upon the reaction temperature. The energies of activation for these reactions were estimated from the appropriate Arrhenius plots and found to be 26 kcal per mole for bensulfuron methyl and 24.5 kcal per mole for sulfometuron methyl. The kinetics of appearance of the products of methanolysis were directly related to and accurately predicted by the pseudo first-order rate constants observed for disappearance of the sulfonylureas. Kinetic study of the reaction mixture by negative and positive-ion mass spectrometry indicated that the products of methanolysis of sulfometuron methyl were 2-carboxymethyl (N-carboxymethyl)benzsulfonamide and 2-amino-4,6-di-methyl pyrimidine and suggested a general mechanism for methanolysis of each of the seven compounds studied.
Tachycardia-induced early afterdepolarizations: Insights into potential ionic mechanisms from computer simulations

Although early afterdepolarizations (EADs) are classically thought to occur at slow heart rates, mounting evidence suggests that EADs may also occur at rapid heart rates produced by tachyarrhythmias, due to Ca overload of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) leading to spontaneous SR Ca release. We hypothesized that the mechanism of tachycardia-induced EADs depends on the spatial and temporal morphology of spontaneous SR Ca release, and tested this hypothesis in computer simulations using a ventricular action potential mathematical model. Using two previously suggested spontaneous release morphologies, we found two distinct tachycardia-induced EAD mechanisms: one mechanistically similar to bradycardia-induced EADs, the other to delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs).
Effect of converting enzyme inhibition on the course of adriamycin-induced nephropathy

Effect of converting enzyme inhibition on the course of adriamycin-induced nephropathy. The effect of the converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI) enalapril was assessed in Munich-Wistar rats with established adriamycin nephrosis. Rats were given a single dose of adriamycin and one month later divided into four groups matched for albuminuria, blood pressure, and plasma albumin concentration. Groups 1 and 3 remained untreated while groups 2 and 4 received enalapril. Groups 1 and 2 underwent micropuncture studies after 10 days. These short-term studies showed that enalapril reduced arterial blood pressure (101 ± 2 vs. 124 ± 3mm Hg, group 2 vs. 1, P
Profiling Marital Satisfaction among Graduate Students: an Analysis of the Perceptions of Masters and Doctoral-Students

This study investigated marital satisfaction among graduate students. Using the Marital Satisfaction Inventory-R (MSI-R), 65 graduate students were surveyed. The results revealed multiple common areas of marital concern based on degree program of the student. These findings offer implications for psycho-educational and responsive interventions for clinicians working with this population.
The Power of Statistical Studies in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry

Several authors recently have proclaimed the need for empirically based research articles in consultation-liaison psychiatry. The authors report that although the proportion of empirically based studies published in Psychosomatics increased 148% from 1979 to 1989, the power of statistical analyses and the deleterious effect of multiple tests were often neglected. A power analysis of empirical studies published in the 1989 volume year of Psychosomatics is reported, showing statistical power to be low for all but the most robust of effect sizes.
Temperature effects on selectivity using carbon dioxide-based mobile phases on silica-based packed columns near the mixture critical point

The temperature dependence on selectivity using modified carbon dioxide mobile phases with silica-based packed columns is found to be primarily related to the hydrogen bonding character of the analytes. Selectivity between hydrogen bond acceptor compounds is enhanced at temperatures above the mixture critical temperature. Selectivity for these compounds is further enhanced using hydrogen bond donating modifiers, such as alcohols. Selectivity between hydrogen bond donor/acceptor compounds is enhanced at lower temperatures, below the mixture critical temperature, regardless of the modifier used. Analysis of the enthalpic contributions to retention indicate that the main driving force behind these variations in temperature and modifier effects are the differences in solute heat of adsorption on the silica stationary phase.
Adult male replacement inMacaca fascicularis of East Kalimantan, Indonesia

This report on wild-ranging crab-eating macaques in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, describes male replacements for the first time in this species. A replacement at the alpha rank by an immigrant adult male was seen in this multimale troop during each year of the 20-month field study. The data show considerable variation in the process and outcome of social change. Adult male immigrants contested the alpha rank, whereas subadult male immigrants did not. The first replacement took 2 days, whereas the second one took 1 month. In the first replacement four males and 10 other residents left the troop. In the second replacement one of the two adult males was successful in immigrating when he replaced the resident male of his alpha rank, but the deposed alpha male was not evicted from the troop. Existing models of the causes of replacement (such as high density or human disturbance) and of the causes of infanticide are not supported by these data. Infanticide by immigrating males was not observed despite the apparent presence of the postulated circumstances conducive to infanticide.
Semiconductor-platelet fibre-optic temperature sensor

We report a novel transmission fibre-optic temperature sensor consisting of a semiconductor platelet sandwiched between two parallel fibre ends. A new configuration eliminates the influence of the fibre absorption and the coupling factor of the fibre coupler on the measurement result.
The Compensatory Anti-inflammatory Response Syndrome (CARS) in Critically Ill Patients

Like the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) is a complex pattern of immunologic responses to severe infection or injury. The difference is that while SIRS is a proinflammatory response tasked with killing infectious organisms through activation of the immune system, CARS is a global deactivation of the immune system tasked with restoring homeostasis. Much research now suggests that the timing and relative magnitude of this response have a profound impact on patient outcomes.
Passive vibration tuning with neural networks

Neural network control of flexible structures demonstrates better settling time and energy dissipation than linear design methods. Optimal tuning of passive vibration absorbers for reduced order control is examined using linear and non-linear cases. Quasi-Newton (BFGS) and simplex optimization methods improved the Den Hartog parameters where unsupervised LMS or backpropagation techniques were unstable. Lessons on unsupervised training for dynamic system control are illustrated by examining convergence to the solution in `error space' (parameters vs. cost). Spring stiffness and passive damping of a reaction mass actuator (RMA) are `tuned' for best disturbance rejection using total energy as a cost function. A single neuron using two weights (one for damping and the other for the spring coefficient) improved beam energy over the Den Hartog parameters for the linear bi-modal case. The non-linear case demonstrates even better performance. A multiple layer network is then demonstrated for both the linear and non-linear cases. Optimization techniques improved linear system parameters when initiated at the linear solutions. Lab data for the linear single neuron case validates model fidelity.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Scattering of Energetic Particles by Laboratory Plasmas

Possible experiments on the scattering of energetic particles by laboratory plasmas are discussed. Expressions for scattering coefficients in terms of the electric field autocorrelation function are derived. Sample situations are considered. Whereas incoherent scattering of electromagnetic waves is governed by the charge density autocorrelation function, energetic particle scattering is governed by the electric field autocorrelation function.
Multiple-Dose Mannitol Reduces Brain Water Content in a Rat Model of Cortical Infarction

Background and Purpose Repeated use of mannitol in the setting of ischemic infarction is a controversial and poorly defined therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of repeated mannitol infusions on brain water content and tissue pressure in a well-defined rat model of focal ischemic stroke. Methods Mannitol infusions (0.5, 1.5, or 2.5 g/kg) were given by intravenous bolus 4 or 24 hours after 90-minute transient cortical ischemia in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery in rats and every 4 hours thereafter for a total of 24 hours. Fluid replacement was limited to 0.5 mL IV isotonic saline administered immediately after each mannitol dose. Control rats received 0.5 mL IV saline at the same intervals and were otherwise under ad libitum conditions. Water contents (percent H2O) of whole hemispheres and of cortical biopsies were measured with the wet-dry method, and blood samples were analyzed for plasma osmolality and chemistries. In a subgroup of rats, tissue...
Cationic lipid-mediated transfection of bovine aortic endothelial cells inhibits their attachment.

The need for a small-diameter vascular graft for coronary artery and peripheral vascular replacement is great and is projected to increase as the population ages. Synthetic small-diameter vascular grafts fail because of acute thrombosis or chronic intimal hyperplasia leading to restenosis. Endothelial cell seeding has been attempted with limited success in the femoral artery by Zilla and others. However, patency rates have not increased sufficiently to justify large clinical trials. Genetic engineering of endothelial cells before seeding has been proposed to encourage endothelial cell phenotypes that would predispose the graft to patency. In this study, we investigate the effect cationic lipid-mediated transfection of endothelial cells with respect to their attachment to a potential graft material, Fluoropassiv (Vascutek). Liposomal transfection was optimized for maximum gene expression. We report that transfection decreases the ability of bovine aortic endothelial cells to attach by approximately 100% as compared with nontransfected control over 18 h. Further, when placed under physiologic shear conditions, this difference is sustained. The effects of gene transfer on endothelial cell adhesion must be included as an important optimization criterion along with gene expression for engineered endothelial cell-seeding applications.
Conductance fluctuations of chiral metals

Abstract We study conductance fluctuations of the edge-state sheath that forms in the integer quantum Hall effect from the coupled edge states of a GaAs/Al x Ga 1 − x As multilayer. Comparison of the measured variance in the vertical conductance to recent theoretical predictions for mesoscopic fluctuations suggests dephasing lengths of 1–10 μm around the sheath perimeter at low temperatures. However, inconsistencies in the estimated inelastic lengths indicate that present understanding of dephasing on the sheath is incomplete.
Galvanoluminescence of rare-earth doped aluminum☆

Abstract The spectra of galvanoluminescent aluminum doped with dysprosium and terbium have been measured for a.c. and anodic excitation at 128 V. The results indicate that both anodic and a.c. spectra are caused by emission from the triply ionized rare-earth impurities.
Child Abuse and Neglect: Theory, Research and Practice

(1989). Child abuse and neglect: Theory, research and practice. Early Child Development and Care: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 3-10.
Multi-aspect profiling of kernel rootkit behavior

Kernel rootkits, malicious software designed to compromise a running operating system kernel, are difficult to analyze and profile due to their elusive nature, the variety and complexity of their behavior, and the privilege level at which they run. However, a comprehensive kernel rootkit profile that reveals key aspects of the rootkit's behavior is helpful in aiding a detailed manual analysis by a human expert. In this paper we present PoKeR, a kernel rootkit profiler capable of producing multi-aspect rootkit profiles which include the revelation of rootkit hooking behavior, the exposure of targeted kernel objects (both static and dynamic), assessment of user-level impacts, as well as the extraction of kernel rootkit code. The system is designed to be deployed in scenarios which can tolerate high overheads, such as honeypots. Our evaluation results with a number of real-world kernel rootkits show that PoKeR is able to accurately profile a variety of rootkits ranging from traditional ones with system call hooking to more advanced ones with direct kernel object manipulation. The obtained profiles lead to unique insights into the rootkits' characteristics and demonstrate PoKeR's usefulness as a tool for rootkit investigators.
HDTV transmission formats and migration path

The current proposal for terrestrial broadcasting of HDTV in the United States incorporates a flexible approach toward encoding and transmission. Specifically, the format used to encode an HDTV picture will not be fixed. Instead, a variety of transmission formats will be available, unlike the current (NTSC) system. Furthermore, although a basic set of formats will exist initially, it is possible that this set can change over time, depending on the evolution of relevant technologies. This article will consider various topics related to the current and future transmission formats associated with HDTV systems in the United States. This article discusses the usefulness of allowing multiple transmission formats and describes the formats which will be immediately available for HDTV broadcasting, as agreed upon by the Grand Alliance. The relationship between source formats, transmission formats, and display formats are discussed, with reference to some of the signal processing modules required to convert between formats. Finally, the migration of HDTV to incorporate additional formats is addressed. This report describes a method of achieving this migration in a backward-compatible manner, so that the basic HDTV receivers will not become obsolete.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc
Autoreceptor-mediated changes in dopaminergic terminal excitability: effects of striatal drug infusions.

Abstract The neurophysiological correlates of autoinhibition at the terminals of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were studied by measured the changes in antidromic excitability of nigrostriatal neurons following local infusions of various catecholamine agonists and antagonists into the neostriatum. Infusions of apomorphine or amphetamine reduced terminal excitability whereas the dopamine antagonists, haloperidol, fluphenazine or sulpiride, led to increases in terminal excitability. Alterations in antidromic excitability were constrained to the terminal regions and were not observed when infusions and excitability testing were performed in the medial forebrain bundle. The alpha-2 agonist, clonidine, did not alter dopaminergic terminal excitability. Our results indicate that pharmacological manipulations which have been shown to reduce the amount of stimulation-induced transmitter release from dopaminergic terminals are associated with a dopamine autoreceptor-mediated hyperpolarization and/or alteration in ionic conductance of the terminal membranes. These results are discussed with respect to mechanisms of autoinhibition in the central nervous system.
Illness and injury among long-distance hikers on the Long Trail, Vermont.

The popularity of recreational hiking has steadily increased since the 1940s, with millions of Americans enjoying backpacking and day hiking. This popularity in hiking increases the possibility for injury and illness among participants. Multiple studies have focused on specific types of injury faced by hikers, including loadinduced musculoskeletal and metabolic injuries,1,2 highaltitude mountain sickness,3 and wilderness-specific infection.4 Surprisingly, however, formal documentation of hiking injury patterns and prevention is scarce.5 Furthermore, there are only limited epidemiological data addressing injury and illness during long-distance hiking.6,7 Long-distance backpackers, persons who hike hundreds of miles in a single trip, represent a subset of hiking participants with unique health care needs. Their numbers have also increased. For example, the number of hikers completing the Appalachian Trail (a 2200-mile footpath along the eastern United States) in 1 year has more than quadrupled since 1980.8 Among the most common injuries this group may experience are musculoskeletal complaints, such as overuse injuries; diarrhea; and trauma, including fractures, lacerations, and abrasions.7 Although long-distance hikers know of these potential risks, they are often unable to diagnose and treat basic wilderness medicine conditions. In fact, studies have recommended that long-distance backpackers be better prepared and equipped before starting their hike.9 The purpose of this study was to define the illness and injury patterns of a group of long-distance hikers and to examine the role of experience, conditioning, wilderness medicine knowledge, and first-aid supplies in injury prevention and treatment.
EFFECT OF CRYSTALLINE ESTRIN IMPLANTS ON THE PROXIMAL TIBIA AND COSTOCHONDRAL JUNCTION OF YOUNG FEMALE RATS

OSSIFICATION OF THE MARROW CAVITY of the long bones in pigeons that COincided with the maturation of the ovarian follicle was noted by Keyes and Potter (1) in 1934. Within a short time Zondek (2), using the domestic fowl and rat, and Gardner (3) working with the mouse, reported essentially similar results following the administration of estrogens. Since then a number of workers have confirmed and elaborated the role of the estrogens in calcium metabolism and their effects on bone morphology. Considering the number of different species investigated, the pigeon (1, 4, 5), the common fowl (2, 6), the duck (5), the sparrow (7), the rat (2, 8, 9,10), the guinea pig (11), and the mouse (3, 12, 13), a surprising degree of similarity in results has been observed. In general it has been found that administration of excess amounts of estrogens over a relatively long period of time causes a hyper-Ossification of the long bones; and where young growing animals were the subject of investigation, a stunting of growth w...
Spins and spin alignments in 16O+16O inelastic scattering.

Angular correlation measurements have been performed for the heavy-ion inelastic channel {sup 16}O({sup 16}O,{sup 16}O){sup 16}O(3{sup {minus}}, 6.13 MeV) over a wide energy range. The spin alignment was determined and the range of acceptable values of {ital J} has been narrowed down for several structures in the excitation function. Our results rule out the possibility of any correlation between the structures in this channel and those in the elastic and the 6.05 MeV (0{sub 2}{sup +}) inelastic channel and are in conflict with an interpretation in terms of the band crossing model.
Thermodynamic Effects of Formamide on DNA Stability

Formamide lowers melting temperatures (Tm) of DNAs linearly by 2.4-2.9 degrees C/mole of formamide (C(F)) depending on the (G+C) composition, helix conformation and state of hydration. The inherent cooperativity of melting is unaffected by the denaturant. dTm/dC(F)for 11 plasmid domains of 0.23 coil transitions. Results indicate that formamide has a destabilizing effect on the helical state, and that sequence-dependent variations in hydration patterns are primarily responsible for small variations in sensitivity to the denaturant. The average unit transition enthalpy delta H(m)[see text for complete expression], exhibits a biphasic dependence on formamide concentration. The initial drop of -0.8 kcal/mol bp at low formamide concentrations is attributable to a delta delta H(m)[see text for complete expression], for exchange of solvent in the vicinity of the helix: displacement by formamide of weakly bound hydrate or counterion. The phenomenological effects are equivalent to lowering the bulk counterion concentration. Poly(dA.dT) exhibits a much lower sensitivity to formamide, due to the specific pattern of tightly bound, immobilized water bridges that buttress the helix from within the narrow minor groove. Tracts of three (A.T)-pairs behave normally, but tracts of six exhibit the same level of reduced sensitivity as the polymer, suggesting a conformational shift as tracts are elongated beyond some critical length [McCarthy J.G. and Rich,A. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 3421-3429].
Interactive effects of contextual cues and acute alcohol intoxication on the associations between alcohol expectancy activation and urge to drink.

This study examined the joint effects of contextual cues and alcohol intoxication on the associations between activation of positive and negative alcohol expectancies in memory and self-reported urges to drink alcohol after a laboratory alcohol administration. Young adult heavy drinkers were randomly assigned to drink a moderate dose of alcohol or a placebo (alcohol manipulation), and then listened to positive or negative drinking scenarios (cue manipulation). Before and after these manipulations, participants completed an alcohol expectancy Stroop task assessing positive and negative expectancy activation, as well as self-report measures of urges to drink. Regression analyses revealed that the alcohol and cue manipulations had a joint, moderating impact on the associations between expectancy activation and postcue changes in urge to drink. Specifically, both increased activation of negative expectancies and decreased activation of positive expectancies predicted decreases in urges to drink, but only for intoxicated participants in the negative cue condition. There were no associations between expectancy activation and urges to drink for those in the positive cue condition regardless of beverage condition. RESULTS suggest that whether memory activation of alcohol expectancies has an impact on urge to drink after alcohol is on board may depend on the relevance of the activated expectancies to the current drinking context. This process appears to be influenced by a complex interaction between contextual cues in the environment and the pharmacological effects of alcohol. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Towards Automatically Detecting Whether Student Learning is Shallow

Recent research has extended student modeling to infer not just whether a student knows a skill or set of skills, but also whether the student has achieved robust learning—learning that enables the student to transfer their knowledge and prepares them for future learning (PFL). However, a student may fail to have robust learning in two fashions: they may have no learning, or they may have shallow learning (learning that applies only to the current skill, and does not support transfer or PFL). Within this paper, we present automated detectors which identify shallow learners, who are likely to need different intervention than students who have not yet learned at all. These detectors are developed using K* machine learned models, with data from college students learning introductory genetics from an intelligent tutoring system.
High-speed and low-power on-chip global link using continuous-time linear equalizer

A new equalized on-chip global link structure is proposed for ultra-high-speed and low-energy communication by utilizing continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). Modeling and optimization approaches for each building block are introduced and a low-power driver-receiver co-design methodology is proposed to greatly reduce energy-per-bit by 50%. Final design can achieve 20Gbps signaling over 10mm, 2.2um-pitch on-chip T-line with 11ps/mm latency and 0.19pJ/b energy in 45nm CMOS.
Raman Spectroscopy of Potassium Titanates: Their Synthesis, Hydrolytic Reactions, and Thermal Stability

The majority of the potassium titanates described in the literature were synthesized, and their Raman spectra recorded. The identity of the compounds K2TiO3, K2Ti2O5, K2Ti4O9, K2Ti6O13, and K2Ti8O17 was confirmed by x-ray diffraction. Raman spectroscopy was then used to study the hydrolysis, under different conditions, of K2Ti2O5 and of K2Ti4O9. On drying of the hydrolysis products, the following species were found to from: K2(H2O)0.66Ti8O16(OH)2, K1.33(H2O)0.33Ti4O8.33(OH)0.67, and H2Ti8O17. On ignition at temperatures of 500-600°C these species converted, respectively, to K2Ti8O17, K2Ti6O13, and TiO2(B). Raman spectroscopy was used to establish that (1) K6Ti4O11 consists of a mixture of K2TiO3 and a new compound K4Ti3O8; (2) K2Ti3O7 consists of a mixture of K2Ti2O5 and K2Ti4O9, and (3) K2Ti5O11 consists of a mixture of K2Ti4O9 and K2Ti6O13. The temperature of decomposition and the identity of the products of the thermal decomposition of K2Ti8O17, K2Ti4O9, K2Ti2O5, and K4Ti3O8 were determined by Raman spectroscopy. The XRD data of the newly identified compounds are reported.
Psychopathology and Mental Functions in the Offspring of Alcoholic and Epileptic Mothers

Three groups of 19 children matched by age and sex born to either an alcoholic mother, an epileptic mother, or a healthy control mother were studied. Comparisons were made in the areas of intelligence, visual perception, and psycholinguistic abilities. The children born to epileptic mothers had only a few physical malformations while the children born to alcoholic mothers suffered from alcoholembryopathy to varying degrees. The findings revealed a broad range of psychiatric and psychological abnormalities for the alcoholembryopathic children; children born to epileptic mothers with few exceptions were relatively free from psychopathology.
Kainic acid stimulates excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter release at presynaptic receptors

Kainic acid (KA), a conformationally restricted analogue of glutamic acid, exhibits potent neuroexcitatory1 and neurotoxic properties2. The mechanism of the neurotoxicity of KA, however, seems to be complex and indirect because in many brain areas neuronal vulnerability requires the integrity of excitatory afferents3–6. Nevertheless, neurophysiological studies indicate that the neuroexcitatory effects of KA in the mammalian brain are direct7. We have now examined the effects of KA and other excitatory amino acids on the stimulation of cyclic GMP formation in brain slices incubated in vitro as a method for monitoring their depolarizing effects8. We show in the adult mouse cerebellum that the excitatory amino acid antagonist, D-α-aminoadipate (DAA)9, blocks the stimulation of cyclic GMP produced by N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMDLA) but potentiates the effects of KA. Whereas KA causes a significant release of both aspartic (Asp) and glutamic (Glu) acids by a calcium-dependent process, NMDLA is without effect; furthermore, the effects of KA on Glu release are markedly reduced in cerebellum deficient in granule cells. KA also releases Glu and Asp from hippocampal and striatal slices, indicating that this response is not unique to the cerebellum. The results are consistent with evidence that KA has direct excitatory effects on neurones7 but suggest that its potent neurotoxic action involves the activation of presynaptic receptors on glutamatergic and aspartergic terminals, thereby releasing Asp and Glu.
Tunable 3D photonic crystals by liquid crystal infiltration

A review is given of recent theoretical and experimental studies on the liquid crystal (LC) infiltration of 3D photonic crystal (PC) structures so as to obtain tunable Bragg reflection and transmission characteristics. It is shown that large-pore and non-close-packed inverse opals formed by sintering, or by a multiple-layer conformal deposition technique, provide a simple and effective dielectric scaffold for liquid crystal infiltration. The dynamic optical properties are strongly dependent on the scaffold structure and the dielectric contrast between the scaffold and the LC. Experimental structures were fabricated using precise, conformal, low temperature atomic layer depositions of Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 to create inverse opals and non-close-packed inverse opals, which were subsequently infiltrated with the nematic liquid crystals 5CB and MLC2048. The dependence of the visible/infrared reflectance and transmittance were investigated as functions of applied electric field amplitude and frequency for applications in optical modulation and switching.