cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A depression screen and intervention for older ED patients

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of screening examinations for depression on the care of older emergency department (ED) patients and to assess recognition of depression by emergency physicians (EPs). This was a prospective interventional study of 267 patients 70 years or older. Patients were screened for depression using the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale, and the results were presented to EPs after assessing EP recognition of depression. The prevalence of depression was 16.5% (44/267; 95% confidence interval, 12.0%-20.9%). Fifteen (34.1%) of 44 patients with depression were recognized by EPs as being depressed. Screening results did not alter care in any of the 44 patients with depression. No patients were given referrals or discharge instructions specifically to address depression. Depression is highly prevalent and poorly recognized in older ED patients. Use of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale did not alter care of older patients with depression.
The effect of schistosome excretory-secretory products on Biomphalaria glabrata hemocyte motility

Excretory-secretory (E-S) products contained in supernatants from in vitro cultured Schistosoma mansoni primary sporocysts were assayed for their effects on the in vitro motility of Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes. Both whole (unfractionated) and fractionated E-S products were tested in modified Boyden chemotaxis chambers. E-S product fractionation was accomplished using both membrane ultrafiltration (MF) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Transformation (Tr) products, but not those products released by 8-day sporocysts, significantly inhibited the random motility of hemocytes from an S. mansoni susceptible strain (M-Line) of B. glabrata. This activity was found in both high and low MF fractions of Tr but not in an intermediate MF fraction. In an effort to isolate the active component(s) of the high MF fraction, HPLC was used to separate components based on size exclusion. Although each of four HPLC fractions displayed some inhibitory activity, the greatest consistent activity was found in fraction 3, which was composed, predominantly, of a 108-kDa protein. In contrast to the response of M-Line cells to Tr E-S products, the motility of hemocytes from an S. mansoni-resistant strain (10-R2-OK) of B. glabrata was not significantly reduced from controls. The high MF fraction, however, elicited a slight positive chemokinetic response, while the low MF fraction reduced 10-R2-OK hemocyte motility slightly but not significantly. While three HPLC fractions significantly reduced 10-R2-OK hemocyte motility, this effect was significantly less than that produced by the same HPLC fractions on M-Line hemocyte motility. These data suggest that S. mansoni sporocyst Tr E-S products differentially affect the random motility of M-Line and 10-R2-OK snail hemocytes. Although the significance of this differential effect on the in vivo defenses of B. glabrata is not known, it could be important in the host-parasite interaction which leads to either resistance or susceptibility.
Calmodulin-binding proteins in subcellular fractions of zones of the adrenal cortex

The guinea pig adrenal cortex consists of a steroidogenic ACTH-responsive outer zone and an ACTH-unresponsive inner zone. It has been suggested that calmodulin plays an important role in ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis. Thus, in an effort to examine the calmodulin 'system' in the guinea pig adrenal cortex model, Ca2+-dependent binding of calmodulin to proteins in subcellular fractions of the outer and inner zones was examined by the [125I]iodocalmodulin overlay technique and compared to similar studies utilizing pancreas, brain and liver tissue. Although the general pattern of calmodulin-binding proteins was similar for the two adrenocortical zones, quantitatively there was a striking difference with greater binding in the outer zone; this was particularly noteworthy for the mitochondrial fraction. The two most prominent calmodulin-binding proteins isolated from cytosol by calmodulin-Sepharose column chromatography had Mr of 60,000 and 47,000. The size of these two proteins suggested the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Western blot analysis, however, failed to demonstrate calmodulin kinase II in either zone, although it was clearly detectable in brain cytosol. The 60 K calmodulin-binding protein in the adrenal cortex also suggested the presence of the calmodulin-binding A subunit of the Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase, calcineurin. Western blot analysis did reveal the presence of calcineurin in the outer adrenocortical zone; it was not detectable, however, in the inner adrenocortical zone. The relation between the striking zonal differential for calmodulin-binding proteins and the zonal differential in ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis in the guinea pig adrenal cortex will require further investigation.
Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine in normal subjects and in patients with homocystinuria.

Summary: A method was developed to quantitate protein-bound homocyst(e)ine using 2-mercaptoethanol. Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine was discovered in the plasma from normal individuals, ranging from 0.5–2.2 nmole/ml. In two obligatory heterozygotes for classical homocystinuria, plasma protein-bound homocyt(e)ine was 3.5 and 4.8 nmole/ml, respectively. Untreated homozygotes showed approximately a 40-fold increase of plasma protein-bound homocyst(e)ine. Furthermore, using conventional methods, no free homocystine was detectable in the supernatant of plasma precipitate from two classical homocystinuric patients treated with pyridoxine, but plasma protein-bound homocyst(e)ine showed a 10-fold increase. Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine was also demonstrated in the liver, kidney, and brain tissues from a patient with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Speculation: The results in this study suggest that determination of proteinbound homocyst(e)ine using 2-mercaptoethanol may provide a more reliable assessment of treatment in patients with homocystinuria and a potentially useful tool for the definition of the carrier state. Demonstration of protein-bound homocyst(e)ine in various tissues of homocystinuric patients suggests the possibility that this compound may be directly associated with the development of some of the pathologic changes in the tissues
A CO2 Cloak for the Cyanide Dagger

In the ever-expanding universe of compounds prepared to date, it is remarkable that a two-carbon ion with an apparently simple electronic structure could have eluded structural characterization until now. It is especially notable because this ion is formed from carbon dioxide (CO2) and cyanide (CN−), each with a rich chemical history. On page 75 of this issue, Murphy et al. ( 1 ) report trapping the elusive cyanoformate ion as a crystalline salt with a bulky and unreactive cation. Their crystallographic and spectroscopic analysis along with quantum-mechanical calculations reveal a seemingly ordinary carbon-carbon (C−C) bond with the length of ∼1.5 A, yet cyanoformate balances on the brink of fragmentation in nonpolar environments and its C−C bond breaks in more polar solvents.
Subspecialization in Internal Medicine: A historical review, an analysis, and proposals for change

Abstract The recent decline in the production of primary care physicians has been associated with a decrease in the production of general internists and an increase in the number of medical subspecialists. A significant majority of entering internal medicine residents anticipate entering a medical subspecialty. This transition in the development of medical manpower, perceived by some as inappropriate, is analyzed in light of historical trends in the evolution of internal medicine and its subspecialties, and in conjunction with the roles played by the American Board of Internal Medicine and the National Institutes of Health. Evidence is presented that the creation of virtually independent subspecialty departments may have been detrimental to the education of physicians and not productive of the physician scientists they are assumed to create. Current recommendations for reform are reviewed and a new proposal is presented, suggesting increasing the length of the medical residency from 3 to 4 years, incorporating subspecialty training in one or more fields into the third year of the residency, removing "duration of training" as a requirement for board eligibility in a subspecialty, transferring the certification of technical competence in a procedure to local institutions, and creating investigational units in basic disciplines within the department of internal medicine that would serve as a resource for all the subspecialty divisions.
Spectral and electron-collision properties of atomic ions. II. Inner-shell properties.

In this report, a follow-up to our earlier paper (Theodosiou, Manson, and Inokuti, Phys. Rev. A 34, 943 (1986)) on comprehensive calculations of various properties of all atomic ions in all stages of ionization with nuclear charge {ital Z}{le}50, we investigate, within the Hartree-Slater approximation, inner-shell properties including orbital binding energies, x-ray transition energies and rates, photoionization cross sections, and expectation values of powers of electron radial coordinates. Throughout we concentrate on enumerating general trends of the properties as functions of the nuclear charge {ital Z} and the total electron number {ital N}. The systematics thus found for highly stripped ions (i.e., for ions in which {ital Z}{minus}{ital N} is appreciable) are interpreted in terms of the outer-shell screening and the hydrogenic shell structure in which complete shells occur at {ital N}={ital n}({ital n}+1)(2{ital n}+1)/3 =2,10,28,60,..., for principal quantum numbers {ital n}=1,2,3,4,..., respectively.
A stable traveling-wave solution of a model of cellular control processes with positive feedback

Abstract Edelstein's model ∂E ∂τ =F(M, E) , ∂M ∂τ =G(M, E)+D ∂ 2 M ∂s 2 , M(s,0)=∅(s) , E(s,0)=ψ(s) , where τ ⩾ 0 and −∞ F(M, E>) = (K 1 +M m ) (K 2 +M m )−k 1 E, G(M, E) = k 1 E − k 2 M, m ⩾ 2, describes the behavior of two basic chemical species during the cellular differentiation in a linear ensemble of the same cell type. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a travelling-wavefront solution. We also demonstrate one kind of stability for this solution.
An electrokinetic characterization of human tooth surfaces.

Abstract The contact interactions between gingival cells and teeth are thought to be modified by the electrical potentials at their surfaces. The net potentials very close to the surfaces of particles of tooth tissues and synthetic hydroxyapatite have, therefore, been determined by particle electrophoresis. At constant pH (7.2) and temperature (30 °C) in Hanks' “physiological” saline, all particles carried a net negative surface charge. Deletion of calcium and magnesium from the suspending medium generally produced an increase in the net surface negativity of the particles. Studies of time-dependent changes in the electrophoretic mobilities of the different particles, indicate that “electrokinetic equilibrium” with their media is attained within several hours in the case of enamel and dentine, whereas periods of days are required for hydroxyapatite under similar circumstances.
Dependence of daily peak O3 concentrations near Houston, Texas on environmental factors: Wind speed, temperature, and boundary-layer depth

Abstract Airborne and surface measurements of ozone (O3) during the Texas Air Quality Study campaigns in 2000 and 2006 (TexAQS 2000 and TexAQS 2006) were used to investigate the relationship between maximum daily O3 and the vector-averaged wind speed , calculated from radar wind profiler data, in the lower atmospheric boundary layer (BL). Both the maximum daily O3 and the peak “add-on” O3 contribution (calculated as the maximum minus the background values) from the Houston area showed a strong correlation (r∼0.7–0.9) with both the reciprocal of this wind speed −1, and the wind speed itself. Data from airborne platforms produced higher correlations in general than surface-measured values. Except for special cases where O3 was measured close to source activity in a location where the BL depth h was suppressed, peak daily ozone concentrations were not strongly correlated with h, and attempts to include 1/h dependence with −1 degraded the correlations—indicating that in general, h was not a strong predictor for maximum daily O3. Inclusion of daily maximum temperature in the regression analysis also failed to improve the correlations significantly. The high correlations for wind speed thus showed that was the meteorological variable most strongly associated with peak daily O3 concentrations. The best-fit regression line of peak daily O3 vs. for the 2000 data lay above the line for 2006 for wind speeds less than 5 m s−1, the difference increasing as the wind speeds weakened. This six-year decrease in O3 concentrations for the weakest-wind, most polluted days suggests that control strategies implemented between 2000 and 2006 may be producing beneficial effects, especially on the most polluted days.
Decision support for yard capacity, fleet composition, truck substitutability, and scalability issues at seaport container terminals

Abstract This paper presents the results of nine independent studies that link a seaport container terminal’s long-run average quay crane rate to various strategic and tactical decisions made by the terminal operating company. New numerical results on yard capacity, fleet composition, truck substitutability, and terminal scalability issues are obtained using a fully-integrated, discrete event simulation model of a vessel-to-vessel transshipment terminal that is designed to reproduce the microscopic, stochastic, real-time environment at a multiple-berth facility. These are the first such studies to be conducted using a fully-integrated simulation model of a non-automated container terminal.
Polarization-encoded discriminators for secured fingerprint verification systems

We develop new techniques for polarization-encoded fingerprint images that correspond to Stokes vector imagery. We show how the polarization-encoded images can effectively be used to increase the discrimination capabilities of fingerprint systems for security applications in defense, law enforcement and civilian areas. Computer simulation supported by optical experiments is also presented to further support the validity of the proposed technique.
The Effects of Euphemism Usage in Business Contexts

Transparency is important in today’s business environment. The use of euphemisms decreases transparency yet is increasing in business and business education. This study examines the effects of euphemism on people’s attitudes toward actions and their intentions to perform those actions. It also measures the effect of oversight on attitudes and behavioral intentions. Using a 2 × 2 experimental design, we measured participants’ attitudes by employing a semantic differential scale and behavioral intentions by using a simple yes/no question regarding the action described. A questionnaire with 20 brief scenarios provided the euphemistic (transparent) versus non-euphemistic (less-transparent) condition. Oversight versus non-oversight conditions were manipulated through instructions to participants. Hypotheses regarding the effects of euphemism were supported; participants were both more likely to rate an action as appropriate and to indicate they would take that action when stated euphemistically. Oversight did not have a significant effect on attitude toward the action, but did significantly affect participants’ intentions to take that action. Findings suggest both managerial and ethical implications for businesses. Greater transparency includes more straight talk and less euphemism and is recommended to ensure employees’ understanding and implementation of ethical business actions.
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN PREGNANCY WASTAGE

In a consecutive series of 1,040 families seen in our Genetic Counseling Program, 58 families were referred because of pregnancy loss or wastage (2 or more spontaneous abortions or stillbirths). In 41 families cytogenetic studies were done on both parents and in four instances only the mother was studied. One mother was found to be a mosaic Turner's syndrome (46XX/45X); two mothers and one father were balanced translocation carriers (46XX, t (13q-; 3q+); 46XX t (17p-; 3q+); 46XY, t (4q-; 13+)). Of the 78 parents in whom cytogenetic studies were carried out, five families had children with trisomy 21 in addition to two miscarriages or one miscarriage and a stillbirth. Six families had children with anomalies of the nervous system (anencephalus, hydrocephalus or meningomyelocele). In one mother pregnancy wastage was associated with maternal hyperthyroidism. In two other families fetal wastage, which occurred late during pregnancy, could be attributed to blood group incompatibilities. Thus, in 40 families no obvious cause could be found for fetal loss. The overall percentage of obvious chromosomal abnormalities in our series is approximately 10%, and exceeds previously reported frequencies of significant cytologic aberrations in couples who present with fetal wastage.
The Problem of Evil and the Possibility of Nihilism

A critical notice of Peter Dews, The Idea of Evil. Wiley‐Blackwell, 2007. Pp. ix+253. ISBN 978–1–4051–1704–3. $39.95 (hbk). Peter Dews, in his book The Idea of Evil, begins an historical search for...
Growth rate of human fingernails and toenails in healthy American young adults.

Background Human nail clippings are increasingly used in epidemiological studies as biomarkers for assessing diet and environmental exposure to trace elements or other chemical compounds. However, little is known about the growth rate of human nails. Objective To estimate the average growth rate of fingernails and toenails and examine factors that may influence nail growth rate. Methods Twenty-two healthy American young adults marked their nails close to the proximal nail fold with a provided nail file following a standardized protocol, and recorded the date and the distance from the proximal nail fold to the mark. One to three months later, participants recorded the date and distance from the proximal nail fold to the mark again. Nail growth rate was calculated based on recorded distance and time between the two measurements. Results Average fingernail growth rate was faster than that of toenails (3.47 vs. 1.62 mm/month, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between right and left fingernail/toenail growth rates. The little fingernail grew slower than other fingernails (P < 0.01); the great toenail grew faster than other toenails (P < 0.01). Younger age, male gender, and onychophagia were associated with faster nail growth rate; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion Nail growth rates have increased compared with previous estimates conducted decades ago. Toenail clippings may reflect a long exposure time frame given the relatively slow growth rate.
Thin, low frequency, high displacement actuator panels

An advanced type of thin, high displacement, low frequency actuator panel is being developed for in-air active vibro-acoustic control applications. The 10 cm×10 cm actuator panel consists of cymbal-type flextensional sub-elements placed mechanically and electrically in parallel with each other between two stiff cover plates. The total thickness of the actuator panel is 6.35 mm. Two panel designs are currently under investigation. One consists of sixty-four 12.7 mm diameter cymbals in an 8×8 square arrangement. It is intended for use in the frequency band from 1 kHz to 10 kHz. The other panel has sixteen 25.4 mm diameter elements in a 4×4 square configuration and is designed for use below 1 kHz. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements show peak displacements on the order of 1 µm or more are obtained when driving the panels at one Volt at their respective resonance frequencies.
Obsidian hydration: A new paleothermometer

The natural hydration of obsidian was first proposed as a dating technique for young geological and archaeological specimens by Friedman and Smith (1960), who noted that the thickness of the hydrated layer on obsidian artifacts increases with time. This approach is, however, sensitive to temperature and humidity under earth-surface conditions. This has made obsidian hydration dating more difficult, but potentially provides a unique tool for paleoclimatic reconstructions. In this paper we present the first successful application of this approach, based on combining laboratory-based experimental calibrations with archaeological samples from the Chalco site in the Basin of Mexico, dated using stratigraphically correlated 14 C results and measuring hydration depths by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The resultant data suggest, first, that this approach is viable, even given the existing uncertainties, and that a cooling trend occurred in the Basin of Mexico over the past 1450 yr, a result corroborated by other paleoclimatic data.
Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life: the Heart and Soul Study.

ContextLittle is known regarding the extent to which patient-reported health status, including symptom burden, physical limitation, and quality of life, is determined by psychosocial vs physiological factors among patients with chronic disease.ObjectiveTo compare the contributions of depressive symptoms and measures of cardiac function to the health status of patients with coronary artery disease.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsCross-sectional study of 1024 adults with stable coronary artery disease recruited from outpatient clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area between September 2000 and December 2002.Main MeasuresMeasurement of depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ); assessment of cardiac function by measuring left ventricular ejection fraction on echocardiography, exercise capacity on treadmill testing, and ischemia on stress echocardiography; and measurement of a range of health status outcomes, including symptom burden, physical limitation, and quality of life, using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire. Participants were also asked to rate their overall health as excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor.ResultsOf the 1024 participants, 201 (20%) had depressive symptoms (PHQ score ≥10). Participants with depressive symptoms were more likely than those without depressive symptoms to report at least mild symptom burden (60% vs 33%; P<.001), mild physical limitation (73% vs 40%; P<.001), mildly diminished quality of life (67% vs 31%; P<.001), and fair or poor overall health (66% vs 30%; P<.001). In multivariate analyses adjusting for measures of cardiac function and other patient characteristics, depressive symptoms were strongly associated with greater symptom burden (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.7; P = .002), greater physical limitation (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.1-4.6; P<.001), worse quality of life (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.2-4.6; P<.001), and worse overall health (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9; P<.001). Although decreased exercise capacity was associated with worse health status, left ventricular ejection fraction and ischemia were not.ConclusionsAmong patients with coronary disease, depressive symptoms are strongly associated with patient-reported health status, including symptom burden, physical limitation, quality of life, and overall health. Conversely, 2 traditional measures of cardiac function—ejection fraction and ischemia—are not. Efforts to improve health status should include assessment and treatment of depressive symptoms.
The Return of the Myth of the Mental

McDowell's claim that “in mature human beings, embodied coping is permeated with mindedness”,1 suggests a new version of the mentalist myth which, like the others, is untrue to the phenomenon. The phenomena show that embodied skills, when we are fully absorbed in enacting them, have a kind of non‐mental content that is non‐conceptual, non‐propositional, non‐rational and non‐linguistic. This is not to deny that we can monitor our activity while performing it. For solving problems, learning a new skill, receiving coaching, and so forth, such monitoring is invaluable. But monitoring what we are doing as we are doing it degrades performance to at best competence. On McDowell's view, there is no way to account for such a degradation in performance since the same sort of content would be involved whether we were fully absorbed in or paying attention to what we were doing. McDowell claims that it is an advantage of his conceptualism that it avoids any foundationalist attempt to build up the objective world on th...
Ginsparg-Wilson relation and the overlap formula

The fermionic determinant of a lattice Dirac operator that obeys the Ginsparg-Wilson relation factorizes into two factors that are complex conjugates of each other. Each factor is naturally associated with a single chiral fermion and can be realized as an overlap of two many body vacua.
Genetic transformation of the fungal plant wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum

A system for transformation of the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum has been developed. The system employs plasmids which contain a bacterial hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph) linked to Aspergillus regulatory sequences and which confer hygromycin B resistance in Fusarium. Transformation resulted from integration of the vectors into heterologous regions of the Fusarium genome and occurred at a frequency of approximately one transformant per µg DNA. No evidence was found for autonomous replication of the vector in the fungus. The transformed, drug resistant phenotype was mitotically stable with or without selection. However, modification of integrated DNA could occur during vegetative growth.
Expression of the DNA-PK binding protein E4-34K fails to confer radiation sensitivity to mammalian cells.

Purpose : The adenovirus E4orf6 34 kDa protein (E4-34k) is known to disrupt V(D)J recombination as a result of its interaction with the catalytic subunit of cellular DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK cs) , a major participant in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Previous studies have shown that cells with disrupted DSB repair and V(D)J recombination due to attenuation of DNA-PK cs activity exhibit a radiation-sensitive phenotype. It is not known at present whether the E4-34k protein can also modify cellular response to ionizing radiation. In an attempt to develop a novel gene therapy strategy to modify cellular radiation response, we sought to determine if expression of the adenovirus E4-34k protein resulted in sensitization to clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation. Materials and methods : In order to minimize potential bias resulting from selection procedures, we performed clonogenic survival assays on DU 145 prostate cancer cells, RKO colorectal cancer cells and 293 kidney cells...
Incorporating linguistic theories of pronunciation variation into speech–recognition models

This paper describes the use of distinctive linguistic features to represent acoustic variability of words for speech recognition. Focusing on conventional hidden Markov model technology, we review implicit use of linguistic features as questions in decision-tree design for both coarticulation and pronunciation modelling and describe possibilities for more explicit use. The importance of conditioning on (hierarchical) syllable and prosodic structure is discussed, and the problem of modelling relative timing of feature-dependent acoustic cues is raised as a key limitation of current models.
Comparison of response properties of dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tract neurons to a physiological stimulus.

Abstract The response characteristics of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) neurons and ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) neurons to the cutaneous inputs applied to footpads were studied in the cat. Three different wave forms were used: (1) step displacement of varying amplitudes (0.01–3.5 mm); (2) constant amplitude ramps with different slopes (5–120 mm/s); and (3) constant amplitude sinusoidal displacements of varying frequencies (1–20 Hz). Both DSCT and VSCT neurons responded phasically to cutaneous stimuli of different wave forms. The phasic responses were related to both the amplitude and velocity of the peripheral stimulus. However, the responses of DSCT neurons were graded over only a very narrow, low range of stimulus intensities, whereas the responses of VSCT neurons were graded over a larger range of skin indentation up to 3 mm. Only the DSCT neurons exhibited some length sensitivity to ramp stimuli, and only DSCT neurons were activated repetitively by periodic stimuli. These results suggest both DSCT and VSCT can transmit exteroceptive information but respond selectively to different features of these stimuli.
Computer Simulation in Hospitality Teaching, Practice, and Research:

Excerpt] This paper focuses on the use of computer simulation as a tool and how it can be applied in hospitality education, practice, and research. Simulation involves the modeling of an existing real system—for example, skiers' activities at a ski resort, diners' experiences in a full-service restaurant, and guests' transactions at a hotel's front desk. In this article we first discuss the main types of simulation—numerical simulation and discrete-event simulation. We then discuss the tools for building simulation models and offer a few words of caution regarding simulation. We close with our thoughts about the usefulness of computer-simulation modeling.
The influence of prolonged treatment with atherogenic diet and tyloxapol on the oxygen consumption and activity of some oxidative enzymes of the cardiac muscle of white rats

Abstract An atherogenic diet, containing cholesterol 20 %, hydrogenated fat 40 %, ergocalciferol 0.005 %, Carbimazole 0.0075 %, wheat flour ad 100 % was fed to several groups of white rats (20 g/kg/day). Oxygen uptake of the heart muscle tissue slices, the activity of cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase were assayed by manometric methods. The extent of lesions in the circulatory system was recorded. In rats treated with atherogenic diet an increase of total oxygen uptake and cytochrome oxidase activity of the heart muscle was observed. In animals treated with atherogenic diet and tyloxapol (polymer of p-isooctylpolyoxyethylene phenol with formaldehyde, Triton WR-1339) a similar, but more pronounced increase occurred in heart cytochrome oxidase activity. A simultaneous decrease in heart succinic dehydrogenase activity was observed. A connection between increased oxygen uptake in heart muscle and the degree of fatty degeneration of liver was noticed.
Protein cleavage by boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate prior to electrophoresis

Abstract During preparation of proteins for electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, boiling caused hydrolysis of both commercial enzyme and β-galactosidase from freshly grown Escherichia coli as determined by a decrease in staining intensities, detection of smaller peptides, and measurement of auto-alpha activity. Proteins from sea urchin sperm flagellar axonemes and from whole E. coli exhibited hydrolysis. Cleavage appeared chemical and not due to proteolytic activity.
Pain coping strategies that predict patients' and spouses' ratings of patients' self-efficacy

This study examined the relationship of pain coping strategies to osteoarthritis patients' ratings of self-efficacy and to spouses' ratings of the patients' self-efficacy. Subjects, 130 individuals having osteoarthritis of the knees and persistent knee pain, completed a pain coping strategies measure (the Coping Strategies Questionnaire), a measure of self-efficacy (the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale), and a measure of pain (the McGill Pain Questionnaire). Two sets of regression analyses were conducted, one examining the degree to which pain coping strategies predicted patients' self-efficacy ratings, and the other examining the degree to which coping strategies predicted spouses' ratings of the patients' self-efficacy. Several pain coping strategies were found to predict a significant proportion of variance in patients' ratings of self-efficacy: (i) ignoring pain sensations was related to higher self-efficacy for pain; (ii) coping self statements were related to higher self-efficacy for controlling other arthritis symptoms (e.g., fatigue or mood symptoms: and (iii) catastrophizing was related to lower self-efficacy for pain, and self-efficacy for other arthritis symptoms. Pain coping strategies were also found to predict a significant proportion of variance in spouses' ratings of the patients' self-efficacy. Specifically: (i) diverting attention was related to lower spousal ratings of self-efficacy for pain; (ii) praying or hoping was related to lower spousal ratings of self-efficacy for function; and (iii) catastrophizing was related to lower spousal ratings of self-efficacy for control of fatigue or mood symptoms. The findings regarding coping strategies were particularly interesting in that they were obtained even after controlling for pain intensity and demographic variables. The pain coping strategies identified are potentially important targets for cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment efforts. Interventions designed to increase the use of adaptive pain coping strategies and decrease the use of maladaptive pain coping strategies could enhance self-efficacy, reduce pain, and improve the physical and psychological functioning of individuals having osteoarthritis.
Kindergarten children's use of category membership

Abstract Kindergarten children (N = 70) learned to order 12 photographically presented objects. The objects were well known and either unrelated or categorizable into two, three, four, or six well-known categories. Free recall was assessed. Results indicated that the children used category membership both to learn and to recall the items. However, they processed the list composed of six pairs of items at least as efficiently as lists composed of fewer but larger groups of items (including a list indexed as easiest through previous adult performance).
Cooperative–shareholder relations in agricultural cooperatives in Turkey

Abstract The most important agricultural cooperative types in Turkey are Agricultural Credit Cooperatives (ACCs), Agricultural Sales Cooperatives (ASCs), and Agricultural Development Cooperatives (ADCs). Despite their apparent growth in number, agricultural cooperatives have made only a limited impact on economic, social, and industrial development of the country and democratization of the agricultural sector and the community. The reasons for these pertain to some basic problem areas such as finance, integration, training and research, administration, legislation, and auditing [Mulayim, Z. G. (2003). Kooperatifcilik, Yetkin Yayinlari. Ankara]. To further explore these problem areas, this paper focuses on cooperative–shareholder relations in three major types of cooperatives in Turkey. According to the survey results, ADCs have emerged as the most prominent type of cooperative in terms of their members’ participation into cooperative activities. The research results suggest that all members of ADCs were actively engaged in trading with their cooperatives, whereas 90% of members in ASCs and 80% in ACCs were trading with their cooperatives. When the three types of cooperatives are compared to each other with respect to members’ perception of democratic administration, relations with the state organs, awareness of cooperative principles, and frequency of visits to cooperatives, ADCs are in a favourable position compared to ACCs and ASCs. The same situation is also valid for economic relations and interest in financial matters. ACCs come first in supplying farm inputs and they are followed by ASCs.
CTCF Mediates Interchromosomal Colocalization Between Igf2/H19 and Wsb1/Nf1

Gene transcription may be regulated by remote enhancer or insulator regions through chromosome looping. Using a modification of chromosome conformation capture (3C) and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found that one allele of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2)/H19 imprinting control region (ICR) on chromosome 7 colocalized with one allele of Wsb1/Nf1 on chromosome 11. Omission of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) or deletion of the maternal ICR abrogated this association and altered Wsb1/Nf1 gene expression. These findings demonstrate that CTCF mediates an interchromosomal association, perhaps by directing distant DNA segments to a common transcription factory, and the data provide a model for long-range allele-specific associations between gene regions on different chromosomes that suggest a framework for DNA recombination and RNA trans-splicing.
Device-independent color in PostScript

The PostScript language has long been known for very precise, device independent page descriptions of potentially very complex pages consisting of text, graphics, and images. However, in the past the description of color in PostScript has not done justice to the term device independence since the exact meaning of the colorants in a color space was not explicitly specified, but instead was left to the interpretation of each device receiving the given page description. Device independent color is the ability to describe color in a manner independent of the color forming properties of any particular device. Instead color is described based on the CIE system of color specification. PostScript has been extended to afford his manner of color specification.
Beryllium in the Environment: A Review

Beryllium is an important industrial metal because of its unusual material properties: it is lighter than aluminum and six times stronger than steel. Often alloyed with other metals such as copper, beryllium is a key component of materials used in the aerospace and electronics industries. Beryllium has a small neutron cross-section, which makes it useful in the production of nuclear weapons and in sealed neutron sources. Unfortunately, beryllium is one of the most toxic elements in the periodic table. It is responsible for the often-fatal lung disease, Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD) or berylliosis, and is listed as a Class A EPA carcinogen. Coal-fired power plants, industrial manufacturing and nuclear weapons production and disposal operations have released beryllium to the environment. This contamination has the potential to expose workers and the public to beryllium. Despite the increasing use of beryllium in industry, there is surprisingly little published information about beryllium fate and transport in the environment. This information is crucial for the development of strategies that limit worker and public exposure. This review summarizes the current understanding of beryllium health hazards, current regulatory mandates, environmental chemistry, geochemistry and environmental contamination.
Arrived: the crisis of unaccompanied children at our southern border

For me as a pediatrician, the rapid influx of unaccompanied minors at our southern border simultaneously raises eyebrows and clinical concerns. While our elected leaders continue to battle about immigration issues and refugee status, I have had many conversations with fellow pediatricians around the country who are asking the same 2 questions: “What is this situation at the border about?” and “How can I help?” Over the past few years, US Customs and Border Protection agents have seen increasing numbers of unaccompanied children and young families crossing into the United States. Most of these young immigrants come from the Central American countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. Contrary to media portrayal, this is not a new issue. These 3 countries are plagued by poverty, complicated by a growing culture of violence bolstered by an illegal drug trade.1 Although these children have diverse backgrounds, >90% of the children arriving at the border as unaccompanied minors have contact information for a family member living in the United States. Social workers work to contact this person or relative, and if he or she agrees to serve as a “Sponsor,” will conduct a background check of the person. If there are no issues with the background check (which does not include verification of citizenship), the child can be placed with the Sponsor while awaiting a deportation hearing. At this hearing, a child will often be represented by pro bono legal advocates. Some children will qualify for asylum as refugees; others will not, and will be deported. More information about this process is available from the Office of Refugee Resettlement. Some media sources have argued that the unaccompanied children pose an imminent public health threat, and even some elected officials have asserted that these children threaten our communities. These claims range from the … Address correspondence to Loren Robinson, MD, University of Pennsylvania, Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, 423 Guardian Dr, 13th Floor, Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: lorenr{at}upenn.edu
A Tale of Three Sisters: Language Ideologies, Identities, and Negotiations in a Bilingual, Transnational Family.

This longitudinal case study investigated how linguistic identity was constructed, constrained, and performed by three sisters, aged 1, 12, and 17, within one bilingual, transnational Ecuadorian–U.S. family. Data were collected over 14 months through weekly home visits that included participant observation, informal interviews, and family-generated audio-recordings of home conversations. Ethnographically informed discourse analysis of family interactions and interviews examined how each of the three daughters was positioned and positioned herself discursively as a language learner and user, and how locally held ideologies about language and language learning shaped the ways in which identities and family roles were constructed and enacted. These findings sharpen our understanding of how widely circulating discourses and ideologies of language—and ideologies of language learning in particular—shape family language practices as well as children's ascribed and prescribed identities within the large and growi...
Memory Effect in the Current-Voltage Characteristics of Diodes based on PEDOT:PSS

Diodes were formed by intermediating a thin film of PEDOT:PSS between aluminum and heavily doped silicon. Both p-type and n-type Si substrates were used. Hysteresis loops were observed in their current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. A ‘state’ can be written by applying a voltage pulse to aluminum electrode. The state of the device can be read out from the current under a small probe voltage (0.3-0.6 V, to Al electrode). Appling +4.0 V induces a ‘low’ conductance state while applying -4.0 V switches the device back to the ‘high’ conductance state. The current difference between two states is up to 3 orders of magnitude. The space charge storage in the polymer is believed to be responsible for the memory effect. Upon positive voltage bias the charges are injected into the place near the Al/PEDOT:PSS interface. The charges are stored there and will resist subsequent charge injection, resulting in the ‘low’ conduction state. The redox reactions further reduce the conductance of the device. Negative bias can remove the stored charges and reverse the redox reactions, thus recover the device back to ‘high’ conduction state.
An 8-Year-Old Boy with Fever, Axillary Ulcerative Lesion, and Altered Mental Status

Wright stain of the patient’s CSF sample, revealing 87%lymphocytes (including many atypical lymphocytes) and 13% neutrophils.Diagnosis: tularemia with meningitis.After the lumbar puncture was performed, intravenous cef-triaxone was added to the patient’s vancomycin therapy, andlater that day, treatment with intravenous doxycycline and gen-tamicin was initiated, because tularemia was suspected on thebasis of the axillary lesion (ﬁgure 1) and a predominance oflymphocytes (ﬁgure 2) in the CSF cell count (87% lymphocytes;13% neutrophils). The CSF culture grew
A hierarchical decomposition method for optimal control of hybrid systems

We consider optimal control problems for hybrid systems with a separable cost structure allowing us to decompose them into two components: a lower-level component with time-driven dynamics (describing the physical state of the system) interacting with a higher-level component with event-driven dynamics (describing the changes in the operating modes of the system). We develop a hybrid controller which aims at jointly optimizing the performance of both hierarchical components. We demonstrate this approach on two problems: a linear system switching from one operating mode to another and a multistage manufacturing system. In the first problem, the main difficulty is due to the coupling of the physical states across modes, whereas in the second it is due to the nondifferentiable event-driven dynamics.
Integrating fire, structure and agent models

A state-of-the-art integrated environment was created to study interaction among fire, structure and agent models in a fire evacuation from a typical office building. For the fire simulations NIST large-eddy simulation code Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was used. The code is based on a mixture fraction model. FDS provided time resolved temperature, CO, CO2, soot distribution in the building. The agent software was designed to simulate agent behaviors during evacuation by tracking the behavior of each individual in the building taking into account effects of temperature, CO, and soot on the behavior and health for each agent. The created integrated environment was designed to provide the bridge between multiple simulations for data transfer and model interaction. It was shown that fire position, agent positions, and number of exits available affect significantly agents' health and death toll. The results can be used for better fire safety building design and regulations.
Bottom-up construction of dynamic multicast trees in WDM networks

The high throughput provided by WDM technology in fiber optic networks has made WDM networks the choice of future high speed networks. Many efficient routing and wavelength assignment algorithms have been proposed in the literature. However, efficient construction of multicast trees in all-optical WDM networks is still a challenging problem. Due to the difficulty of partitioning the destinations into different wavelength groups, minimizing the network usage of a multicast tree in an all-optical WDM network is much harder than its counterpart in IP networks. In this paper, we present a simple greedy heuristic for constructing a dynamic multicast tree in an all-optical WDM network. Our algorithm can establish a multicast tree as long as all destinations are reachable from the source node. Computational results show that: (1) the blocking probability of our algorithm is considerably lower than other known WDM multicast algorithms; (2) the network usage required by our multicast tree is less than that of the multicast tree induced from minimum cost unicasts; (3) the time required to establish a multicast tree is very short.
Ordered weighted learning vector quantization and clustering algorithms

This paper derives a broad variety of ordered weighted learning vector quantization (LVQ) algorithms. These algorithms map a set of feature vectors into a finite set of prototypes by adapting the weight vectors of a competitive neural network through an unsupervised learning process. The derivation of the proposed algorithms is accomplished by minimizing the average ordered weighted generalized mean of the Euclidean distances between the feature vectors and the prototypes using gradient descent. Under certain conditions, the proposed formulation results in ordered weighted clustering algorithms that can also be derived using alternating optimization. Moreover, existing LVQ and clustering algorithms are interpreted as special cases of the proposed formulation.