cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods of measuring activity at individual synapses: a review of techniques and the findings they have made possible.

Neurons in the brain are often linked by single synaptic contacts (Gulyas et al., 1993) and the probabilistic character of synaptic activity makes it desirable to increase the resolution of physiological experiments by observing the function of the smallest possible number of synaptic terminals, ideally, one. Because they are critically important and technically difficult to resolve, several of the core questions investigated in singe-site experiments have been under study for decades (Auger and Marty, 2000). Many approaches have been taken toward the goal of measuring activity at few synapses, and consideration of the capabilities and limitations of each of these methods permits a review of the contributions each has made possible to present understanding of synaptic function. A number of methodological advances in recent years have increased resolving power. New techniques often build on previous developments and many effective approaches combine components of existing specialized methods with new technology. One theme that emerges is that synaptic properties vary among regions, reducing the utility of general questions such as whether synaptic glutamate saturates receptors or how rapidly synaptic vesicle pools are depleted. For several core questions, multiple studies using different methods have reached similar conclusions, suggesting that consensus may be emerging for some anatomic synapses.
Endovascular repair of pseudoaneurysm associated with coarctation of the aorta.

A 33-year-old man with a history of aortic coarctation presented to our group. His initial aortic repair as an infant involved a patch augmentation of his proximal descending thoracic aorta. After a 7-year interval, a planned repeat patch augmentation was abandoned due to scarring, and an ascending-to-descending 16-mm Dacron graft was placed. Subsequent aneurysmal dilation of the ascending aorta was repaired with a valvesparing root replacement using a 24-mm Dacron graft. Sequential computed tomography surveillance demonstrated progressive aneurysmal dilation of the distal anastomosis of the jump graft to the native aorta (Cover; A). The native segment of coarcted aorta remained patent. Of note, the patient was completely asymptomatic and remained in good health. The patient underwent an endovascular repair of the aneurysmal dilation. Aftera femoral cutdown,a14 10Amplatzer (AGAMedical,Plymouth,Minn) vascular plug was deployed in the distal native descending arch to prevent antegrade filling of the pseudoaneurysm but allow for flow in the great vessels. Subsequently, the pseudoaneurysm was excluded using a three-component Talent (Medtronic Corp, Santa Rosa, Calif) thoracic endograft (B). Postplacement images demonstrated exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm and preservation of the great vessels (C). The patient’s postoperative course was unremarkable, and he was discharged home on postoperative day 2.
Transition probability-based indicator geostatistics

Traditionally, spatial continuity models for indicator variables are developed by empirical curvefitting to the sample indicator (cross-) variogram. However, geologic data may be too sparse to permit a purely empirical approach, particularly in application to the subsurface. Techniques for model synthesis that integrate hard data and conceptual models therefore are needed. Interpretability is crucial. Compared with the indicator (cross-) variogram or indicator (cross-) covariance, the transition probability is more interpretable. Information on proportion, mean length, and juxtapositioning directly relates to the transition probability: asymmetry can be considered. Furthermore, the transition probability elucidates order relation conditions and readily formulates the indicator (co)kriging equations.
High-flow nasal cannula oxygen in critically ill adults: do the nose or lungs know there's a difference?

Intra-nasal oxygen was introduced by Arbuthnot Lane in 1907, using rubber nasal catheters. This approach was advocated by Adrian Stokes for use in critically ill victims of phosgene gas warfare during World War I.[1][1] However, placement of rubber catheters into the nasal cavity (and often removal
Statistical Models for Predicting Numbers of Plant Species

In T. H. Hamilton9s reply to Dawdy9s comment-report (20 Nov., p. 1075), the second sentence of paragraph 2) should have read: "That ‘linear’ line should be labeled log Y = 1.456 . . ." instead of "Y = 0.1456 . . . ."
Polyorganometallic heterocycles. 2,6-dilithiopyridine

Abstract Metal—halogen exchange between 2,6-diiodo- and 2,6-dibromopyridine and two equivalents of n-butyllithium gives 2,6-dilithiopyridine. On quenching with either carbon dioxide followed by esterification, methanol or dimethyl disulfide the dilithio compound gives a methyl 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate, pyridine, or 2,6-dithiomethylpyridine, respectively. A convenient procedure for halogen—halogen exchange is also described.
Probabilistic named entity verification

Named entity (NE) recognition is an important task for many natural language applications, such as Internet search engines, document indexing, information extraction and machine translation. Moreover, in oriental languages (such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean), NE recognition is even more important because it significantly affects the performance of word segmentation, the most fundamental task for understanding the texts in oriental languages. In this paper, a probabilistic verification model is designed for verifying the correctness of a named entity candidate. This model assesses the confidence level of a candidate not only according to the candidate's structure but also according to its context. In our design, the clues for confidence measurement are collected from both positive and negative examples in the training data in a statistical manner. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly improves the F-measure of Chinese personal name recognition from 86.5% to 94.4%.
Task-oriented dual-arm manipulability and its application to configuration optimization

The authors deal with a measure of static manipulability for a dual-redundant-arm system engaged in cooperative task execution. Considering the kinematic interaction between the two cooperating arms, the dual-arm manipulability is defined as the intersection between the two manipulability ellipsoids from individual arms. A task-oriented dual-arm manipulability measure is defined as the measure of geometrical similarity between the desired and the actual dual-arm manipulability ellipsoids at the selected task points. The authors present mathematical formulas defining task-oriented dual redundant arm static manipulability and its application to the optimization of dual-redundant-arm joint as well as grasp configurations. Simulation results are shown. >
Muonic-electronic negative hydrogen ion: circular states

We studied a system consisting of a proton, a muon, and an electron (a μpe system), the muon and the electron being in circular states. We demonstrated that in this case, the muonic motion can represent a rapid subsystem while the electronic motion can represent a slow subsystem – the result that might seem counterintuitive. We used a classical analytical description to find the energy terms for the quasi molecule where the muon rotates around the axis connecting the immobile proton and the immobile electron (i.e., dependence of the energy of the muon on the distance between the proton and electron). We found that there is a double-degenerate energy term. We demonstrated that it corresponds to stable motion. We also conducted an analytical relativistic treatment of the muonic motion and found that the relativistic corrections are relatively small. Then we unfroze the slow subsystem and analysed a slow revolution of the axis connecting the proton and electron. We derived the condition required for the vali...
POPULATION POLICY RESEARCH AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

Our spacecraft called the Earth is reaching its capacity. Can we not invent a way to reduce our population growth to zero?… Every human institution … should set this as its prime task. Lee A. DuBridge The creation of a steady-state world, which is at the same time a liveable one, is the most important and difficult problem mankind has ever faced. Roger Revelle
Antimicrobial surfaces for craniofacial implants: state of the art.

J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;39:43-54) In an attempt to regain function and aesthetics in the craniofacial region, different biomaterials, including titanium, hydroxyapatite, biodegradable polymers and composites, have been widely used as a result of the loss of craniofacial bone. Although these materials presented favorable success rates, osseointegration and antibacterial properties are often hard to achieve. Although bone-implant interactions are highly dependent on the implant's surface characteristics, infections following traumatic craniofacial injuries are common. As such, poor osseointegration and infections are two of the many causes of implant failure. Further, as increasingly complex dental repairs are attempted, the likelihood of infection in these implants has also been on the rise. For these reasons, the treatment of craniofacial bone defects and dental repairs for long-term success remains a challenge. Various approaches to reduce the rate of infection and improve osseointegration have been investigated. Furthermore, recent and planned tissue engineering developments are aimed at improving the implants' physical and biological properties by improving their surfaces in order to develop craniofacial bone substitutes that will restore, maintain and improve tissue function. In this review, the commonly used biomaterials for craniofacial bone restoration and dental repair, as well as surface modification techniques, antibacterial surfaces and coatings are discussed.
Circumcision, Sexual Function, and Sexual Satisfaction

As physicians, it is not uncommon for us to react and change our practices pertaining to a certain disease or operative processes, based on anecdotal evidence, especially if negative, and worse if there is vocal negative response from a select minority of patients. The issue of sexual function and satisfaction is one of the more controversial and emotional aspects related to circumcision and in the past has not been well studied. Moreover, both these subjects that are very difficult to assess objectively. The work herein, provides a great leap forward and has been monumental toward our understanding of these issues, as thousands of patients were studied and investigated thoroughly. However, the primary population studied may not necessarily extrapolate to populations and conditions within Western cultures. Without a doubt, this issue requires much in-depth, ongoing evaluation in other cultures, as has been done using similar proper reproducible, reliable methodology to those used by these authors.
Thinking, Doing, and Writing International Relations Theory

This article describes an experientially based approach to the teaching/ learning of international relations (IR) theory. The course is designed with the pedagogical goal of decentering the classroom, which implies taking the focus off of the instructor and creating a more collaboratively oriented learning environment. Students actively engage in peer editing, and review of one another’s written work, they work in small discussion/interpretive circles, they utilize the class website to create an international issues forum, they design, format, and participate in a mock conference at the end of the semester, and their capstone project involves the creation of their own IR theory writing portfolio. The theoretical perspectives of realism, liberalism, globalism, constructivism, feminism, and postmodernism are introduced as a series of ‘‘lenses’’ through which students will view various international issues, problems, and events. Our operative premise is that all international events are given meaning by their interpreters; therefore, the lens through which we view the world is crucial. This course is designed to introduce students to the work of the IR theorist in a collaborative and actively engaged educational setting.
Storage assignment during high-level synthesis for configurable architectures

Modern, high performance configurable architectures integrate on-chip, distributed block RAM modules to provide ample data storage. Synthesizing applications to these complex systems requires an effective and efficient approach to conduct data partitioning and storage assignment. In this paper, we present a data and iteration space partitioning solution that focuses on minimizing remote memory accesses or, equivalently, maximizing the local computation. Using the same code but different data partitionings, we can achieve faster clock frequencies, without increasing the number of cycles, by simply minimizing global memory accesses. Other optimization techniques like scalar replacement, prefetching and buffer insertion can further minimize remote accesses and lead to average 4.8/spl times/ speedup in overall runtime.
The performance of a nitrogen-containing tetrahedral amorphous carbon electrode in flow injection analysis with amperometric detection

The performance of a nitrogen-incorporated tetrahedral amorphous (ta-C:N) carbon thin-film electrode was evaluated using flow injection analysis with amperometric detection. The response stabilization time, and background current and noise were evaluated as a function of the applied potential. The analytical detection figures of merit for norepinephrine in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) were also determined for the ta-C:N electrode and compared with values obtained at a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond film electrode. The ta-C:N electrode exhibited more rapid stabilization times, and lower background current and noise at all potentials from 0.1 to 0.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The response precision, sensitivity, linear dynamic range and limit of detection were as good or superior for the ta-C:N electrode. The results portend the analytical utility of this new carbon electrode material.
A nonequilibrium stage model of multicomponent separation processes. Part III: The influence of unequal component‐efficiencies in process design problems

The conventional equilibrium-stage model that uses a component-independent stage efficiency and a nonequilibrium-stage model, in which mass transfer rate equations are solved simultaneously with the stage conservation equations, are employed to solve four representative distillation design problems. There are large differences between the number of stages predicted by the two models for a specific separation of the more volatile component. The differences arise from two causes: the way in which the liquid phase resistances and equilibrium equations are used in the models, and the consequences of diffusional interaction effects. Neglect of the latter may lead to an underdesigned column; there is between a 9 and 15% difference in the stage requirements predicted by the nonequilibrium model with a rigorous mass transfer model and a nonequilibrium model which ignores interaction effects.
A rare case of lupus with multiple unusual cardiovascular complications

A 25-year-old woman presented with sudden severe left-sided chest pain. Her co-morbidities include systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, four prior strokes, patent foramen ovale (closed percutaneously), and an abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Upon admission, her INR was 3 (on coumadin). A chest CT scan ( Panel A ) showed a large mediastinal haematoma (asterisk) and active extravasation (arrow) …
AFRICA IN INDIAN INK: URDU ARTICULATIONS OF INDIAN SETTLEMENT IN EAST AFRICA*

This article examines an Urdu travelogue written in 1901 to analyze the discursive frameworks by which Africa was rendered knowable to Indian settlers. As a vernacular ethnography written for a readership of Punjabi migrants associated with the Uganda Railway, the travelogue provides our earliest direct evidence of colonial Indian attitudes towards the peoples and landscapes of East Africa. Envisioning the region as at once an imperial and Islamic settlement zone, the travelogue documents the emergence of an ‘imperial-Islamicate’ discourse that incorporated both littoral and interior East Africa into an industrializing oceanic culture area.
Representing civilization: Solidarism, ornamentalism, and Siam’s entry into international society:

Although norms are important in various schools of international relations theory, there has been relatively little effort to integrate their various uses of the term. Here I seek to bring together the Constructivist use of norms based on individual human agency with the English School’s concept of solidarism. This perspective helps make sense of the expansion of international society, a point demonstrated through a study of the apparently anomalous case of Siam, which achieved sovereignty without developing significant military power. Siamese elites were able to gain inclusion in international society by enacting solidarism with European conceptions of ‘civilized’ behavior and using European conceptions of class to trump preconceptions about race.
A comparison study of the pen and the mouse in editing graphic diagrams

Reports the results of an experiment comparing the merits of the pen and the mouse as drawing devices. For this study a pen-based graphic diagram editor equipped with a shape recognition algorithm was developed on GO's PenPoint operating system. A commercially available drawing program on NeXT was used for mouse-based editing. Twelve CS students were chosen as subjects and asked to draw four different diagrams of similar complexity: two with a pen and the other two with a mouse. The diagrams were chosen from the categories of dataflow visual language, Petri nets, flowcharts, and state diagrams. The results indicate that drawing by pen is twice as fast as drawing by mouse. >
A PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF DEHYDRATED SALTED FISH‐SOY CAKES

A method for producing a dehydrated, salted fish-soy product was developed. The best results were obtained when mechanically deboned flounder meat from headed and gutted fish frames (“racks”) was thoroughly mixed with salt (30% of the meat weight), soybean curd (20% of the meat weight) and the mixture was subjected to a pressure of 75 psi to remove juices and form cohesive cakes. The cakes were dried at 50°C for 8 hr to give a final product of 49.8% crude protein, 14.4% moisture, 21.1% salt and 5.3% crude fat. The salt was effectively removed from the product in preparation for consumption by bringing the fish-soy cake to a boil in three changes of water. Such a product can be made economically with the use of simple equipment and therefore could serve as an inexpensive protein for the developing countries. Further development work and appropriate acceptance trials with a given target population seem desirable.
Poisson's Summation Formula in several Variables and some Applications to the Theory of Numbers

In a recent paper, Poisson's summation formulawas proved very simply by integration by parts, subject to the conditions:(α) for all real values of x, f(x) and f′(x) are continuous and f (x)→0, f′ (x)→0 as |x| → ∞.(β) f(x) and f″(x) are such that the integrals, converge.
Injuries to nerves of the upper extremity.

Nine hundred and seventeen nerve injuries involving the upper extremity were studied over a fifty-six-month period. When the nerves remained in continuity, although functionally inactive, spontaneous recovery occurred in 70 per cent of gunshot wounds and 85 per cent of fracture-dislocations. The time scale for spontaneous nerve recovery was one to four months for fractures and three to nine months for gunshot wounds. When the nerves were severed, epineural suture was successful in 44 per cent of lacerations and 25 per cent of gunshot wounds. Nerve suture was most successful when the patient was less than twenty years old.
Accelerated Publication: Direct fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystal structures in silicon using positive and negative Hydrogen Silsesquioxane (HSQ) patterns

The use of Hydrogen Silsesquioxane (HSQ) as a negative-tone electron-beam resist and a hard etching mask to directly fabricate two-dimensional Si-based photonic crystals (PhC) was investigated. We demonstrate a protocol using the HSQ resist, including spin coating processes, low-energy electron-beam exposures, development, post-development treatments, and dry-etching, to achieve sub-micron two-dimensional photonic crystal structures in silicon. An electron-beam area dose of 315@mC/cm^2 at 30kV was sufficient to produce anisotropic 267-nm deep HSQ-based PhC features upon development. Subsequent oxygen plasma treatment and dry etching processes were done to transfer the final patterns to the underlying silicon with a 1:1.23 etch selectivity (Si:HSQ) using a CF"4/O"2 plasma. These results demonstrate the use of HSQ to simplify the fabrication processes for photonic crystals and their integration with other optical-based on-chip components.
Reticulum Cell Sarcoma Terminating in Acute Leukemia

The records of 113 patients dying at the Francis Delafield Hospital with documented reticulum cell sarcoma revealed six cases whose course terminated in a syndrome resembling acute leukemia. Their course was characterized by weakness, pallor, petechiae, hemorrhages and hepatosplenomegaly. The blood showed anemia, leukocytosis (white blood cell count 20,000 to 80,000/ cu.mm.) and thrombocytopenia (platelet count [unknown] 100,000/cu.mm.). Differential count in the blood and the bone marrow revealed a high percentage of immature cells (35 to 96 per cent). These were identified as reticulum cells in three patients, as myeloblasts in two and as monocytoid granulocytes in one. In all six patients, this explosive illness terminated in systemic infection or hemorrhage within two months. Therapy with 6-mercaptopurine, adrenal steroids, or both, gave no benefit.
Sampling Evidence at the Crossroads

The use of sampled evidence in mass tort cases is at the crossroads. In McLaughlin v. Phillip Morris, Judge Jack B. Weinstein of the Eastern District of New York certified a nationwide class action on behalf of an estimated 50 million "light" cigarette smokers. In the face of the overwhelming cost of gathering evidence from tens of millions of plaintiff class members, he announced a dramatic trial plan to completely abandon individualized adjudication in favor of aggregate factual determinations based on evidence from statistical samples. The central issue in the interlocutory appeal now before the Second Circuit is the legality of statistical sampling. This Article strenuously defends Judge Weinstein's strategy of relying on evidence produced through proven methods of sampling. Such an aggregate strategy is not only much more cost-effective than case-by-case evidence gathering, it is also much more likely to arrive at an accurate determination of damages. By laying out a comprehensive proposal for the use of sampled evidence in litigation, the authors hope to hasten the day when legal decision makers finally accept a practice than has been a hallmark of scientific decision making for the past sixty years.
Stochastic programming approach to optimal design and operations of shale gas supply chain under uncertainty

In this paper, we propose the first stochastic model addressing the optimal design and operations of the comprehensive shale gas supply chain, where uncertainties of estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) in each shale well are considered. The resulting mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model covers the well-to-wire life cycle of shale gas, which consists of a number of stages including freshwater acquisition, shale well drilling, fracking, and completion, shale gas production, wastewater management, shale gas processing, electricity generation as well as transportation and storage. In order to reduce the model size and the number of scenarios, we use a sample average approximation approach to generate scenarios based on the EUR distribution derived from actual historical data. To demonstrate the proposed stochastic model and solution approach, we present a case study based on Marcellus shale play to maximize the total expected profit of this shale gas supply chain network.
Study on Effect of Vitamin D on Skull Growth of Children with Small Anterior Fontanel

Objective To observe the influence of vitamin D on the skull growth of children with small anterior fontanel.Methods One hundred and fifteen healthy infants aged 42 days hospitalized in the Children's Hospital of Baoding City from March to August in 2009 were selected as the objects of the study.They were divided into two groups according to the fontanelle inclined length,45 cases of the small anterior fontanel group(≤1.5 cm) and 70 cases of the normal anterior fontanel group(1.5-2.5 cm).All infants were treated with vitamin D to prevent rickets.We followed-up and observed the closure time of their anterior fontanels and the head circumferences at the ages of 1,2 and 3 years,and the results were compared between the two groups.Results There were statistically significant differences in the closure time of the anterior fontanel between the two groups(P0.05),but no statistically significant difference was found in the head circumferences at the ages of 1,2 and 3 years between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusions Vitamin D has no adverse effect on the skull growth of children with small anterior fontanel.It is necessary to take vitamin D for rickets prevention whatever the size of anterior fontanel.
Design of engineering safety monitoring unit based on ARM system

This paper describes the functions of engineering safety monitoring unit,necessary soft platform and hardware structure.It mostly introduces the application of ARM system in engineering safety monitoring unit,including ARM processor,memory devices,and Ethernet devices.Besides,it also describes the design of low power consumption in engineering safety monitoring unit.
Solution Methods for Semiclassical Transport

We present various methods used to solve numerically the Boltzmann transport equation. The moments methods (drift diffusion, hydrodynamic model, energy transport) are first considered. Particle-based methods (Monte Carlo, cellular automata, scattering matrices, and weighted particles method) are then discussed and we conclude with an overview of direct methods of solution.
Formulation and Characterization of Nanocluster Ceftazidime for the Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Melioidosis.

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. The disease is responsible for a high proportion of human pneumonia and fatal bacteremia in the endemic areas of the world and is highly resistant to most commonly available antibiotics. Studies have shown that prophylactic antibiotic treatment, when administered 24 h following bacterial challenge, can prevent infection in a murine model. Prophylactic treatment against this disease using a pulmonary antibiotic formulation has not previously been examined, but may reduce the number of treatments required, allow for the delivery of higher doses, eliminate the need for intravenous administration, and help to minimize systemic side effects. Ceftazidime was formulated as a dry powder aerosol suitable for pulmonary delivery using previously developed NanoCluster dry powder technology. Pharmacokinetics of aerosolized ceftazidime was analyzed in a mouse model. This study demonstrates that ceftazidime can be formulated using NanoCluster technology as a dry powder aerosol suitable for pulmonary delivery to humans. We have also demonstrated the retention of nebulized ceftazidime in mouse lungs for up to 6 h after exposure. The results indicate that this treatment may be useful as a prophylactic treatment against melioidosis. Future work will examine the efficacy of this treatment against B. pseudomallei aerosol challenge.
Complete Genome Sequences of 38 Gordonia sp. Bacteriophages

ABSTRACT We report here the genome sequences of 38 newly isolated bacteriophages using Gordonia terrae 3612 (ATCC 25594) and Gordonia neofelifaecis NRRL59395 as bacterial hosts. All of the phages are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) tail phages with siphoviral morphologies, with genome sizes ranging from 17,118 bp to 93,843 bp and spanning considerable nucleotide sequence diversity.
Stochastic drift counteraction optimal control and enhancing convergence of value iteration

This paper considers stochastic optimal control of a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems with disturbances modeled by a Markov chain. The objective is to maximize the expected time or the expected total yield until prescribed constraints are violated. Conditions for the existence of an optimal solution are derived, and a new algorithm is developed that converges to the optimal solution faster than conventional value iteration / dynamic programming. Two numerical examples of stochastic adaptive cruise control and glider flight management are treated.
Advances on immunotherapy in genitourinary and renal cell carcinoma.

Genitourinary (GU) cancers are a group of epithelial malignancies associated with the organs involved in the excretion of urine. Renal cell, urothelial, and prostatic carcinoma are the overwhelming subtypes diagnosed by oncologists. Each of these was traditionally treated surgically when local and non-invasive. When these carcinomas spread, invade, or metastasize, surgical control lacks in efficacy. Chemotherapeutic regimens have been implemented for decades and have increased overall survival but many patients progress. Molecular targeting through tyrosine kinase inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has emerged as a frontline therapy in kidney cancer with more durable responses. More recently, immunotherapy has begun to find efficacy in many other solid tumors including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. The inherent genetic instability of this group of cancers makes them ideal solid tumors for immune modulation. Vaccines manufactured to initiate T-Cell regulation through neoplastic-antigen presentation are available for prostate cancer and are currently on trial in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) are intricate members of cellular immunity against neoplastic cells. In an activated, unbound state, these molecules permit T-cell activation and cytotoxic killing of cancer cells. However, when they are linked, cellular immunity is attenuated and local cancer cells are permitted the opportunity to proliferate and invade. A novel class of monoclonal antibodies have been developed which stop PD-1 linkage and thus uncouple the ‘stop’ signal of these neoplastic regulatory cells. The increased overall and progression free survival have made them attractive options alone as well as in combination with anti-VEGF inhibitors for patients. Although more tolerable than chemotherapy, immunotherapeutics have adverse potential toxicities. Overall, the use of immunomodulatory medications have opened a new paradigm in the anti-neoplastic regimen of GU cancers and further developments will determine the appropriate patient to treat for optimum tumor burden eradication.
A Juvenile Specimen of Barosaurus Marsh, 1890 (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, USA

ABSTRACT We describe five partial middle and posterior dorsal vertebrae from an upper Kimmeridgian exposure of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation at the Carnegie Quarry of Dinosaur National Monument (Utah, USA), and refer these vertebrae to the poorly known diplodocid sauropod dinosaur genus Barosaurus Marsh, 1890. The small size and unfused neurocentral junctions of these vertebrae indicate that they belonged to a subadult individual and the osteologically youngest specimen yet described for the genus. We also provide corroborating evidence for the pneumatic hiatus previously hypothesized for Barosaurus and identify a previously unrecognized autapomorphy of the genus, the presence of an anterodorsallyoriented accessory lamina arising from the spinodiapophyseal lamina on dorsal vertebrae. Furthermore, we document a temporal uncoupling of neural spine lamination and pneumatization of the centrum, such that full development of the laminae preceded development of sharp-lipped pleurocoels in dorsal vertebrae.
QOL Research in Relation to Specific Public and Private Sectors

This chapter will cover QOL research from a different perspective, a perspective from the vantage of specific public or private sector such as travel and tourism, childcare, casino and gambling, tobacco and smoking, television, and entrepreneurship. There are many QOL researchers interested in assessing the societal QOL of an industry at large. For example, in this part we will expose the reader to QOL research dealing with travel and tourism. Here, QOL researchers focus on assessing the positive as well as negative impact of the tourism industry on host communities or countries, i.e., the QOL of the local residents of the tourist destination sites. Similarly, QOL researchers examine the positive and negative impact of the tobacco industry, the casino industry, the childcare industry, and the small business sector.
Analytic solutions for Long's equation and its generalization

Abstract. Two-dimensional, steady-state, stratified, isothermal atmospheric flow over topography is governed by Long's equation. Numerical solutions of this equation were derived and used by several authors. In particular, these solutions were applied extensively to analyze the experimental observations of gravity waves. In the first part of this paper we derive an extension of this equation to non-isothermal flows. Then we devise a transformation that simplifies this equation. We show that this simplified equation admits solitonic-type solutions in addition to regular gravity waves. These new analytical solutions provide new insights into the propagation and amplitude of gravity waves over topography.
Pre-Quantum Theories

In this introductory chapter we review two theories from classical physics – Newtonian mechanics and Maxwellian electrodynamics – and use them to introduce a number of concepts (such as determinism, locality, ontology, measurement, and configuration space) that we will explore in the context of quantum mechanics in subsequent chapters.
Reference Management Software Preferences Among Liberal Arts Faculty

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine faculty preferences and attitudes regarding reference management software (RMS) to improve the library’s support and training programs. Design/methodology/approach A short, online survey was emailed to approximately 272 faculty. Findings Survey results indicated that multiple RMS were in use, with faculty preferring Zotero over the library-supported RefWorks. More than 40 per cent did not use any RMS. Research limitations/implications The relatively short length of the survey precluded a more detailed investigation of faculty attitudes. The 20 per cent response rate, although typical of surveys of this type, may over-represent those faculty who have strong attitudes toward RMS. These findings support the necessity of doing more research to establish the parameters of the RMS environment among faculty, with implications for support, instruction and outreach at the institutional level. Practical implications Surveys should be conducted to establish local faculty RMS usage and preferences, as they may differ from both published findings and local expectations. Because it is unlikely that faculty will overwhelmingly use one RMS, libraries should plan to support multiple RMS. Originality/value This study is among the first to investigate the issue of RMS faculty preferences in a liberal arts setting.
Nurse Practitioner Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs When Caring for Transgender People

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore Nurse Practitioner (NP) knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs when working with transgender people and to inform about Practitioner education needs. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design was used to explore (NP) experiences. Focused semistructured interviews were conducted in 2016 with 11 (N=11) NPs in the northeastern United States who represent various years of experience and encounters with transgender patients. The interviews explored NP knowledge attitudes and beliefs when caring for transgender patients and described their overall experiences in rendering care in the clinical setting. The interviews were professionally transcribed and analyzed independently and jointly by two investigators using conventional content analysis. Results: Four main themes and six subthemes were identified: Main themes include personal and professional knowledge gaps, fear and uncertainty, caring with intention and pride, and creating an accepting environment. Conclusions: NPs in this study perceive gaps in their knowledge that threaten their ability to deliver quality, patient-centered care to transgender patients, despite their best intentions. These findings have implications for changes in nursing practice, education, and research needed to address vital gaps in the healthcare of transgender people.
A centralized, primary care medical home survivorship model at the GW Cancer Center.

45Background: Models for survivorship care are often oncology-based. George Washington (GW) Adult Cancer Survivorship Clinic (ACS) has developed a unique, centralized model for survivorship care de...
A Glycolysis Outsider Steps into the Cancer Spotlight.

Glycolysis is prudently regulated and coupled to cell growth. Phosphofructokinase 2 controls glycolytic flux by generating fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase 1. In a recent paper in Nature, Dasgupta et al. address the novel role of PFKFB4, an isoform of phosphofructokinase 2, in regulating gene expression to promote tumor growth.
Impurity Effects in Surface Diffusion on Aluminum Oxide

Surface diffusion on aluminum oxide was studied by measuring the growth rate of grain boundary grooves at high temperatures. Three materials were studied, high-purity aluminum oxide crystals containing low-angle subgrain boundaries and two grades of polycrystalline sintered alumina having different impurity contents. The rate of grooving on the higher-purity surfaces was 1/3 to 1/2 that on the lower-purity surfaces. The activation energy for surface diffusion on the high-purity crystals and on one of the sintered materials is about 130 kcal/mole, compared to 75 kcal/mole for the less-pure sintered material. Intentional impurity additions to the surfaces indicate that small amounts of impurities can appreciably change the rate of groove growth.
Logic-Based User-Defined Aggregates for the Next Generation of Database Systems

In this paper, we provide logic-based foundations for the extended aggregate constructs required by advanced database applications. In particular, we focus on data mining applications and show that they require user-defined aggregates extended with early returns. Thus, we propose a simple formalization of extended user-defined aggregates using the nondeterministic construct of choice. We obtain programs that have a formal semantics based on the concept of total stable models, but are also amenable to efficient implementation. Our formalization leads to a simple syntactic characterization of user-defined aggregates that are monotone with respect to set containment. Therefore, these aggregates can be freely used in recursive programs, and the fixpoints for such programs can be computed efficiently using the standard techniques of deductive databases. We describe the many new applications of user-defined aggregates, and their implementation for the logical data language LDL++. Finally, we discuss the transfer of this technology to SQL databases.
Hematopoietic Signaling by the Cytokine Receptor Superfamily

Hematopoiesis is regulated through the interaction of a variety of cytokines with receptors of the cytokine receptors superfamily. Although lacking catalytic domains, signaling by this receptor family has been shown to require tyrosine phosphorylation. Recent studies have demonstrated that this is mediated through a novel family of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases termed the Janus kinases (Jaks) which currently consists of four members (Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Tyk2). The Jaks associate with one or more of the receptor subunits and are tyrosine phosphorylated and catalytically activated following ligand binding. Once activated, the Jaks phosphorylate one or more of the receptor subunits creating docking sites for SH2 containing proteins including SHC, the p85 subunit of phosphotidylinositol 3′ kinase (PI3-Kinase) and hematopoietic cell phosphatase (HCP). The Jaks also phosphorylate cellular substrates including one or more of a family of proteins termed signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stats). When phosphorylated, Stat proteins dimerize, migrate to the nucleus and bind DNA. The Jak/Stat signaling pathway represents a novel pathway that is primarily utilized by the cytokine receptor superfamily.
Measurement of the mid-infrared absorption spectra of ethylene (C2H4) and other molecules at high temperatures and pressures

Abstract A methodology for the measurement of mid-infrared absorption cross sections of gaseous molecules at high temperatures and pressures is presented. A rapid-tuning, broad-scan external cavity quantum cascade laser with a tuning rate in excess of 30000 cm − 1 s − 1 has been employed in the measurement of full vibrational bands ( > 100 cm − 1 ) in shock-heated test gases. The approach is demonstrated with measurements of the absorption cross section of ethylene (C2H4) in the 8.5 µm to 11.7 µm region for temperatures from 800 K to 1600 K and pressures from 1 to 5 atm. Decreasing peak strength with temperature is observed as well as pressure-insensitivity. The measurements are compared with existing experimental, empirical, and ab initio databases. Additionally, illustrative absorption cross section measurements of propene (C3H6), 1-butene (1-C4H8), 2-butene (2-C4H8), 1,3-butadiene (1,3-C4H6), and methanol (CH3OH) are presented near 1000 K and 2.3 atm.
Designing Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High-Loading Cathodes at a Lean Electrolyte Condition

Developing lithium–sulfur cells with a high-loading cathode at a lean-electrolyte condition is the key to bringing the lithium–sulfur technology into the energy-storage market. However, it has prov...
Role of plasma exchange in stiff person syndrome.

Abstract Objective: Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is commonly associated with antibodies directed against 65-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65). Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) has been used as an adjunct therapy in patients who do not respond well to conventional treatment, which includes immunosuppression therapies, anti-anxiety medications, muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants, and pain relievers. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and outcomes of ten patients with the clinical diagnosis of anti-GAD65 positive SPS in which TPE was employed to improve symptoms refractory to conventional treatment during an eight-year period. Results: TPE was initiated as complementary therapy in patients with worsening of symptoms characteristic of SPS. Six patients underwent chronic treatment with TPE following an initial course, of which the frequency of TPE was guided by the clinical response. Two patients only had transient improvements with further disease progression. Four patients developed a relapse of symptoms when the interval between procedures was increased. One of the four patients dependent on TPE had worsening of symptoms following complete cessation of TPE due to lack of insurance coverage. Four patients underwent only an acute hospitalized course of treatment with TPE; one demonstrated complete resolution of symptoms; one had a partial response; and two experienced no improvement. Conclusion: Our study supports previous reports that TPE may be beneficial for the management of patients with anti-GAD65 positive SPS, both for acute exacerbations and long-term maintenance, either as an adjunct therapy, or in lieu of treatment with disease modifying agents.
Convolution and the Fourier Transform

In this chapter we will present several mathematical applications of the Lebesgue integral and the \(L^p\) spaces. In Section 9.1 we study the convolution of functions. Using this operation we will prove, for example, that the space \(C_{c}^{\infty }(\mathbb {R})\) of infinitely differentiable, compactly supported functions is dense in \(L^{p}(\mathbb {R})\) for all finite p. Then in Section 9.2 we introduce the Fourier transform, which is the central operation of harmonic analysis for functions on the real line. In Section 9.3 we study Fourier series, which is the analogue of the Fourier transform for periodic functions. In particular, we prove that the trigonometric system \(\{e^{2\pi i n x}\}_{n \in \mathbb {Z}}\) is an orthonormal basis for \(L^2[0,1].\) Finally, in Section 9.4 we prove that the Fourier transform can be extended from \(L^1(\mathbb {R})\) to \(L^2(\mathbb {R}).\) In particular, the Fourier transform is a unitary mapping of \(L^2(\mathbb {R})\) onto itself, and we explain why this is the correct analogy for the Fourier transform of the fact that the trigonometric system is an orthonormal basis for \(L^2({\mathbb {T}}).\)
Treating Mentally Ill Offenders in an Inpatient Setting

Adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect and household dysfunction have been linked to negative adult outcomes. These outcomes include psychiatric disorders, poor psychosocial functioning, homelessness, substance abuse and incarceration. Unfortunately, individuals with mental health problems may find themselves arrested for misdemeanors such as trespassing, alcohol and drug related charges, disorderly conduct or other less serious charges. If a person is determined to be psychiatrically unstable, they may be held in jail while waiting for a psychiatric evaluation, waiting for a hospital bed, or for transportation to a psychiatric hospital for treatment. Situations arise that in which a person’s sentence is completed, but the court determines that they are not ready to live in the community because of actions that occurred while incarcerated, or because of the charges that resulted in incarceration. These offenders are then released to a psychiatric hospital for treatment to prepare them for community reintegration. When this cohort is sent to an inpatient setting involuntarily it makes treatment very challenging. It is essential for community reintegration and decarceration that we gain an understanding of how to successfully treat mentally ill offenders when they are moved from a criminal justice setting into an alternate treatment setting involuntarily. This paper will consider difficulties that may arise and suggest treatment alternatives to reach this cohort when retained in an inpatient setting.
Revitalizing Historiography in Public Administration

Notwithstanding the popularity in public administration of empirical, behavioral, and quantitative research, interpretive methodologies similarly help advance scholarship. For the latter, history i...
That’ll move the chains: Collecting network chain data

Abstract Although most network studies involve the collection of either ego or whole network data, a smaller subset of work has focused on the collection of network chain data. Collecting network chain data involves collecting a path in an unobserved whole network, and can be useful for capturing phenomena like degrees of separation or search processes. In this paper, we draw on past network chain data collection studies and reviews to propose a design framework for network chain data collection. Next, we use this framework to describe the qualitative collection of network chain data from a pilot sample of public school educators, and the quantitative collection of network chain data from a statewide sample of 600 public school principals and superintendents. Drawing on lessons learned from these data collection efforts, we discuss specific data collection strategies for improving the quality of network chain data, reflecting on what worked and what didn’t, offering recommendations for future studies involving network chain data collection.