cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attractiveness to Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) of Natural Attrahents of Tree and Fungus Origin Supplemented with Vinegar and Water in an Appalachian Hardwood Foresest

A feeder station was designed and tested to draw matinhabiting Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) to surfaces on feeder blocks where they can be counted or collected alive for subsequent testing to determine if they were carrying spores of the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocyslis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt. Daily observations were made on the number and genera of Nitidulidae attracted to the fungus-inoculated and non inoculated red oak, Quercus rubra L., and red maple Acer rubrum L., feeder blocks kept moist with water or vinegar for 12 days in August ]965. More than twice as many nitidulids were observed on oak blocks than on maple blocks. Blocks moistened with vinegar attracted greater numbers of Carpophilus , the most abundant genus, than blocks moistened with water. Larger numbers of this genus were observed on blocks inoculated with C. pluriannulata (Hedge.) C. Moreau, a fungus closely related to C. fagacearum but nonpathogenic, than on the noninocuated blocks. Few Carpophilus spp., Stelidota sp., and Coleoptems spp. were found on blocks inoculated with Penicillium sp.
Taking Costs into Account: Mapping the Boundaries of Judicial and Agency Discretion

The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Michigan v. EPA is only one of a long line of cases struggling with the same problem: when can—or must—a decision-maker consider costs? Agencies face the problem in rulemaking; courts face it in statutory injunctions. The law has developed independently in these two contexts, and cases are marked by heated judicial disagreement. Yet a deeper analysis reveals that, to a surprising extent, the same principles govern the legal relevance of costs in both areas. The areas differ, however, in terms of how to consider legally relevant costs: courts must use a balancing test for injunctions (eBay) while agencies have other choices (Michigan v. EPA). This difference should be resolved in favor of using the Michigan v. EPA approach in both settings.
Revascularization in the Acute State of Cerebral Ischemia

Large numbers of people are affected throughout the world by the development of cerebral ischemic infarcts every year. Seventy percent of these events are caused by occlusive lesions, most of which are not directly accessible by surgical means. It has been suggested by Astrup [1] that a period of grace exists during which the presence of cerebral ischemia is not followed by the development of cell death, as long as the perfusion to the ischemic tissue is reestablished. The major concern voiced by most physicians regarding the possibility of reperfusing the acutely ischemic brain has been the potential for the development of a hemorrhagic infarction in the area of ischemia [4, 5, 20].
Chapter 17 – Hyaluronan in Aging

Hyaluronan (HA) is an essential heteropolysaccharide of mammalian connective tissue. In this chapter, the secondary and tertiary structures of HA in solution are analyzed, in an attempt to explain their relevance to normal biologic functions and aging. Hydrophilic sequences of D-GlcN and D-GlcA are used to explain the stiff and flexible domains detected in HA solutions. The hydrophilic segments should be more densely hydrogen bonded with water than the regions of alternating D-GlcA and D-GlaNAc, as water would form cages around them. In aging, the hypothetic D-GlcN sequence is used in an attempt to explain the N-deacetylation of human skin HA at 75 years of age. Because the skin composition of HA decreases by 77% (w/w), also at 75 years, and the basic sugarsequence makes HA more hydrophilic than the alternating sequence of D-GlcA and D-GlcNAc, it is concluded that nature compensates for the loss of HA concentration in aging by having an enzyme that removes the N-acetyl groups, making HA more hydrophilic. Highly hydrophilic HA is needed in aged human skin, if no other molecules are made to retain the water, since about 50% (w/w) of this reagent is bonded to this GAG. The reasons for the loss of HA from the skin were attributed to depolymerization induced by both endogenous and exogenous free radicals. This hypothesis is supported by findings that indicate that free radical scavengers inhibit UV-light-mediated cleavage of HA in vitro.
The Relation of Loneliness and Self-Disclosure

Loneliness... is the exceedingly unpleasant and driving experience connected with inadequate discharge of the need for human intimacy, for interpersonal intimacy. (Sullivan, 1953, p. 290) Loneliness appears to be a largely subjective experience associated with a perceived lack of interpersonal intimacy. (Chelune, Sultan, & Williams, 1980, p. 462) The phenomenological experience of loneliness appears to be at least as much a function of the intimacy and privacy of one’s social intercourse as the sheer quantity of time spent in the presence of others. (Franzoi & Davis, 1985, p. 768) Individuals... attribute their loneliness feelings above all to the lack of an opportunity to talk about personally important, private matters with someone else. (Sermat & Smyth, 1973, p. 332)
The Social, Historical, and Institutional Contingencies of Dam Removal

Environmental managers in the United States and elsewhere are increasingly perceiving dam removal as a critical tool for river restoration and enhancing watershed resilience. In New England, over 125 dams have been dismantled for ecological and economic rationales. A surprising number of these removals, including many that are ongoing, have generated heated conflicts between restoration proponents and local communities who value their dammed landscapes. Using a comparative case study approach, we examine the environmental conflict around efforts to remove six dams in New England. Each of these removal efforts followed quite different paths and resultant outcomes: successful removal, stalled removal, and failure despite seemingly favorable institutional conditions. Lengthy conflicts often transpired in instances where removals occurred, but these were successfully arbitrated by paying attention to local historical–geographical conditions conducive to removal and by brokering effective compromises between dam owners and the various local actors and stakeholders involved in the removal process. Yet our results across all cases suggest that these are necessary, but not sufficient conditions for restoration through dam removal since a similar set of conditions typified cases where removals are continuously stalled or completely halted. Scholars examining the intersection between ecological restoration and environmental politics should remain vigilant in seeking patterns and generalities across cases of environmental conflict in order to promote important biophysical goals, but must also remain open to the ways in which those goals are thwarted and shaped by conflicts that are deeply contingent on historical–geographical conditions and broader institutional networks of power and influence.
Engineered AAVs for efficient noninvasive gene delivery to the central and peripheral nervous systems

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are commonly used for in vivo gene transfer. Nevertheless, AAVs that provide efficient transduction across specific organs or cell populations are needed. Here, we describe AAV-PHP.eB and AAV-PHP.S, capsids that efficiently transduce the central and peripheral nervous systems, respectively. In the adult mouse, intravenous administration of 1 × 1011 vector genomes (vg) of AAV-PHP.eB transduced 69% of cortical and 55% of striatal neurons, while 1 × 1012 vg of AAV-PHP.S transduced 82% of dorsal root ganglion neurons, as well as cardiac and enteric neurons. The efficiency of these vectors facilitates robust cotransduction and stochastic, multicolor labeling for individual cell morphology studies. To support such efforts, we provide methods for labeling a tunable fraction of cells without compromising color diversity. Furthermore, when used with cell-type-specific promoters and enhancers, these AAVs enable efficient and targetable genetic modification of cells throughout the nervous system of transgenic and non-transgenic animals.
The Evolution of GIS Services within North American Academic Libraries: Documenting Change through the Decades (1995–2016)

This review was conducted to identify articles written about Geographic Information Systems (GIS) services offered in the United States (US) and Canadian university and college libraries. In the early 1990's, the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) GIS Literacy Project, in partnership with Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), helped enable ARL member libraries to create GIS services within their libraries. By the mid to late 1990's, librarians from academic institutions began to write articles that discussed how their library developed GIS services and the components involved with operating a GIS service. Writing about GIS services in academic libraries continued on into the 2000's and 2010's. This review of the literature will document the areas of staffing, service, technology, and data provision for GIS service units from three decades (1990's, 2000's, and 2010's).
What’s Done Is Donne and How Can I Find God Now: Poems from The Volcano Sequence

To seek God as a Jewish woman, an American and a feminist, in our secular age, cannot much resemble seeking God as a Roman Catholic-turned-Anglican priest in seventeenth century England.
Use of functional polymorphisms to elucidate the peptide binding site of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) complexes (APP5P.101)

The major histocompatibility (MHC) class I antigen presentation pathway plays an important role in alerting the immune system to virally infected and transformed cells. TAP translocates peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen for peptide loading onto MHC class I molecules. The peptide specificity of TAP has been correlated with the antigenic peptide repertoire of MHC class I molecules in several species, but the precise location of the peptide binding site of TAP is unknown. Polymorphisms in rat and chicken TAPs influence peptide transport selectivity. Combining homology modeling of TAP with experimental measurements of peptide binding selectivity, we demonstrate several residues of rat TAP that are critical for the recognition of basic or hydrophobic residues at the peptide C-terminus, as well as of side chains near the peptide N-terminal and central regions. Based on these interaction sites of peptides with rat TAP, we propose models for rat, chicken and human TAPs in complex with selected peptides. The bound peptides adopt bent conformations and occupy a site near the cytosolic membrane surface, which is similar to that for glutathione derivatives in the Na Atm1 transporter, highlighting conserved elements of bacterial detoxification and eukaryotic immunity-related proteins. These experimentally verified models will facilitate the development of improved epitope discovery tools for assessments of CD8 + T cell prevalence and function in diseases.
Safety of Administering Furosemide During Nuclear Diuretic Renography in Patients With Sulfonamide Allergies

OBJECTIVE. We reviewed the safety of nuclear diuretic renography with furosemide in patients with sulfonamide allergies. The electronic health record was used to uncover any drug effects reported w...
Clinical Outcomes Following the Latarjet Procedure in Contact and Collision Athletes.

Background Few studies have evaluated the success of the Latarjet procedure for recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability in the contact or collision athlete. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the return-to-sport and functional results of the Latarjet procedure in this select group. Methods One hundred and nine consecutive contact or collision athletes (112 shoulders) treated with an open Latarjet procedure for recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability were retrospectively identified. Seventy-three shoulders in 73 patients (67%) were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 52 months (range, 24 to 120 months). The average age at surgery was 25.8 years (range, 15 to 54 years). The primary outcomes were the scores on the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) questionnaire, a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and return to sport. Predictors of return to sport were analyzed. Results Six (8%) of the 73 patients experienced ≥1 postoperative dislocations. Ten additional patients (14%) experienced a perception of instability without a dislocation. The median postoperative WOSI and ASES scores were 382 (range, 0 to 2,016) and 93.3 (range, 21.7 to 100), respectively. The median postoperative VAS pain score was 0 (range, 0 to 10). Forty-nine percent (36) of the 73 patients returned to their preoperative sports level, 14% (10) decreased their activity level in the same sport, 12% (9) changed sports, and 25% (18) decreased their level of activity and changed sports or stopped participating in sports altogether. Patients with ≥2 stabilization procedures prior to the Latarjet procedure demonstrated a lower likelihood of returning to their original sport (p = 0.019; relative risk = 2.84; 95% confidence interval = 1.34 to 6.06). The percentage of glenoid bone loss showed no association with the return-to-sport rate (p = 0.507). Conclusions The outcome of the Latarjet procedure in high-risk contact or collision athletes is variable. Patients who have fewer prior stabilization surgical procedures are more likely to successfully return to their original sport. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hybrid spatially-evolving DNS model of flow past a sphere

Abstract Direct numerical simulation in the form of a hybrid spatially-evolving model is used to simulate the turbulent wake behind a towed sphere at a subcritical Reynolds number, R e = U ∞ D / ν = 3700 , where U∞ is the free stream velocity, D is the diameter of the sphere, and ν is the viscosity. The sphere is not present in the model domain but realistic inflow conditions are obtained from a body-inclusive simulation. As such, the model is a hybrid of both body-inclusive and body-exclusive simulations which greatly reduces computational cost and allows for downstream study of wake dynamics. Inlet conditions are extracted from three locations in the streamwise, x1, direction namely x 1 / D = 3 , 6 , and 10, to investigate the sensitivity of the results to extraction position. Simulations are performed considering both unstratified and stratified fluids with Froude numbers, F r = U ∞ / N D = ∞ , 3 , and 1 where N is the buoyancy frequency of the background, to explore the model effectiveness for varying levels of stratification. It is found that a strategic choice in extraction location is required in order to accurately capture the flow physics. Simulation results show less agreement with the body-inclusive simulations at extraction location x 1 / D = 3 than with x 1 / D = 6 or x 1 / D = 10 . Mean wake decay of the hybrid model simulations is consistent with the body-inclusive simulations. The layered flow structure of the stratified wake is captured well while phase lines indicating internal wave propagation are clearly observed in vorticity contours and are consistent with the body-inclusive simulations. Accurate turbulent kinetic energy (t.k.e.) capture is noted for all cases. Additional simulations with higher resolution grids were performed and analyzed to demonstrate the impact of grid resolution on turbulence statistics. Examination of t.k.e. budget terms indicates that improved grid resolution results in better agreement with the body-inclusive simulation near the inlet where the resolution disparity between the hybrid and body-inclusive simulations is most significant. The hybrid model is shown to be a robust tool for the study of turbulent wake dynamics.
A multicenter, phase I/II trial of anastrozole, palbociclib, trastuzumab and pertuzumab in HR-positive, Her2-positive metastatic breast cancer.

TPS1103Background: Overexpression or amplification of HER2 occurs in approximately 15 – 20% of patients and about half of these tumors are hormone receptor (HR) positive. Studies suggest that this ...
Identification of gamma-interferon as a murine macrophage-activating factor for tumor cytotoxicity.

Over the past decade, work from a number of laboratories has indicated that, under the proper conditions, the macrophage can express nonspecific effector cell function toward a variety of neoplastic cells (reviewed in Den Otter, 1981; Fidler and Raz, 1981; Keller, 1981; Lohmann-Matthes et al., 1981; Meltzer, 1981b; Piessens et al., 1981). While this type of macrophage tumoricidal activity does not require antibody or antibodylike specificity, it is nevertheless able to discriminate between normal cells and tumor cells (Hibbs, 1974; Piessens et al., 1975; Fidler et al.,1976). The currently accepted concept is that two signals are required to activate macrophages for tumor cell killing (Russell et al., 1977; Ruco and Meltzer, 1978a,b; Weinberg et al., 1978; Weinberg and Hibbs, 1979; Meltzer, 1981a,b; Pace and Russell, 1981). The first signal is a lymphokine that primes the macrophage and makes it receptive to a diverse group of substances that can act as second signals to trigger the development of full cytocidal activity. The lymphokine, denoted macrophage-activating factor (MAF), has been reported to alter a number of functional and biochemical properties in macrophage populations (reviewed in David and Remold, 1979; Rocklin et al., 1980). These alterations include increases in endocytic, biosynthetic, secretory, and effector cell functions as well as changes in membrane physiology and composition. However, since it is unclear whether all these alterations are effected by the same molecular species, it has become critical to define MAF in the context of the activity it induces. This chapter defines MAF exclusively as the factor that primes macrophages for nonspecific tumoricidal activity.
Saffman-Taylor Problem in Sector Geometry

Patterns formed by the instabilities in propagating interfaces between different phases have received much attention1 in recent years. One of the well known examples is the Saffman-Taylor problem in a Hele-Shaw cell2, where an unique finger pattern is observed when a viscous fluid is displaced by a less viscous fluid.
Melanchthon and the Anabaptists

Until well into the 1520’s the Reformation had consisted primarily of an attack on papal practice and theology plus an earnest appeal to the newly liberated Word as the revelation and power of God to redeem the heart of man. The old order had crumbled under these attacks in the regions of Electoral Saxony and elsewhere in Central Germany. But little had been done to reconstruct a new church order. Luther had rested confidently in the power of the unaided Word to transform the churches. The development of radicalism culminating in the disaster of Frankenhausen in 1525, plus the fact of lapses in public worship, compelled him to take action. He began by urging a general visitation of churches on the Elector to ascertain the nature and degree of ecclesiastical problems which confronted the authorities. This information would provide a basis for the progressive reorganization of the church order along Evangelical lines.’ The Elector looked with favor on the proposal. Accordingly Electoral Saxony was divided into a number of parts, each to be examined by a body of visitors who would investigate the spiritual and economic conditions within the various parishes throughout the land. Philip Melanchthon was quickly designated as one of the theologians to participate in some of the early visitations.
Probabilistic Foundations of Statistical Network Analysis

Probabilistic Foundations of Statistical Network Analysis presents a fresh and insightful perspective on the fundamental tenets and major challenges of modern network analysis. Its lucid exposition provides necessary background for understanding the essential ideas behind exchangeable and dynamic network models, network sampling, and network statistics such as sparsity and power law, all of which play a central role in contemporary data science and machine learning applications. The book rewards readers with a clear and intuitive understanding of the subtle interplay between basic principles of statistical inference, empirical properties of network data, and technical concepts from probability theory. Its mathematically rigorous, yet non-technical, exposition makes the book accessible to professional data scientists, statisticians, and computer scientists as well as practitioners and researchers in substantive fields. Newcomers and non-quantitative researchers will find its conceptual approach invaluable for developing intuition about technical ideas from statistics and probability, while experts and graduate students will find the book a handy reference for a wide range of new topics, including edge exchangeability, relative exchangeability, graphon and graphex models, and graph-valued Levy process and rewiring models for dynamic networks. The author’s incisive commentary supplements these core concepts, challenging the reader to push beyond the current limitations of this emerging discipline. With an approachable exposition and more than 50 open research problems and exercises with solutions, this book is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students interested in modern network analysis, data science, machine learning, and statistics. Harry Crane is Associate Professor and Co-Director of the Graduate Program in Statistics and Biostatistics and an Associate Member of the Graduate Faculty in Philosophy at Rutgers University. Professor Crane’s research interests cover a range of mathematical and applied topics in network science, probability theory, statistical inference, and mathematical logic. In addition to his technical work on edge and relational exchangeability, relative exchangeability, and graph-valued Markov processes, Prof. Crane’s methods have been applied to domain-specific cybersecurity and counterterrorism problems at the Foreign Policy Research Institute and RAND’s Project AIR FORCE.
Expanding adolescent access to hormonal contraception: an update on over-the-counter, pharmacist prescribing, and web-based telehealth approaches.

Purpose of reviewHormonal contraceptives are largely responsible for recent declines in unintended adolescent pregnancies, with oral contraceptives being the most commonly used. Young people face multiple barriers to accessing effective contraception in clinical settings. This article reviews innova
149 LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF A STABLE LUNG NODULE.

Introduction A solitary pulmonary nodule is defined as a single, radiolographically visible lesion that is within and surrounded on all sides by pulmonary parenchyma. It is a widely held concept that a nodule that remains stable for 2 years is benign. This is based on data that are currently being reconsidered. Our hypothesis is that such nodules are, in fact, benign. Methods All patients seen at the Oklahoma City VA thoracic oncology clinic between 1999 and 2004 were evaluated. Those with a radiographically stable lung nodule after a 2-year follow-up were included in our analysis. Imaging beyond the 2-year stability period and the clinical outcome of the patients were reviewed. Results A total of 915 patients were evaluated in our clinic during the 5- year period. Twenty-nine patients were discharged after the 2-year follow-up, at which time they were deemed to have a benign lesion based on the 2-year stability rule. Of those, one patient, a nursing home resident, died, and another was lost for follow-up before any further imaging could be obtained. Twenty-seven patients, with a total of 29 nodules, were therefore included in our analysis. All patients were male, with an average age of 59 years. All were smokers, with an average of 51 pack-years. The size of the lesions ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 cm (mean 1.7 ± 0.9 cm). Most lesions occurred in the right upper lobe (38%) and the left upper lobe (24%). Beyond the 2-year stability period, follow-up imaging averaged 1.5 ± 1.4 years (10 patients had chest radiography, 16 had chest CT, and one patient had both). Of the 29 nodules, only one (3.4%, 95% confidence interval 0.09-17.7%) increased in size from 2.4 to 3 cm. Its doubling time was 1,719 days, suggesting a benign etiology. Twenty-six patients are still alive 2.2 years beyond the follow-up period. One patient, whose lesion remained stable, died in a nursing home 3.4 years after the stability period. Conclusion Our data suggest that if a lung nodule is stable over a 2-year period, it is likely to be benign and will remain stable in size.
On Relationships between Nonrecurving Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones, the Madden-Julian Oscillation, and the East Asian Subtropical Jet

AbstractA 200-hPa zonal momentum budget is performed to examine the role that western North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs) play in helping to organize intraseasonal extratropical circulation anoma...
Dispersal history of the golden jackal (Canis aureus moreoticus Geoffroy, 1835) in Europe and possible causes of its recent population explosion.

Background Data on the historical distribution of the golden jackal in Europe and its primary habitats are scarce. There are many new data on the population explosion and the rapid spread of the in Europe. However, the main factors for this expansion, the core population and its routes of dispersal, remain controversial or insufficiently studied. New information This study provides a profound analysis of the history of the jackal's (Canis aureus moreoticus Geoffroy, 1835) occurrence in Europe, the factors limiting or those triggering its expansion on the continent. The analysis shows that the timing of the species appearance in Europe still remains unclear. Historical data show that the species is a typical inhabitant of South-Eastern Europe, with some pulsations within its core area, as well as extensions to the north and west of it in favourable periods. Nowadays, the increase of the species range in Europe is the largest documented population explosion on the continent. We argue that this expansion originates from only three core populations, the Peri-Strandja area and the Dalmatian coast in the Balkans and the east parts of Western Transcaucasia in the Caucasus. This population explosion is largely due to a unique combination of factors of an anthropogenic nature.
LAMDA: Learning-Assisted Multi-stage Autotuning for FPGA Design Closure

A primary barrier to rapid hardware specialization with FPGAs stems from weak guarantees of existing CAD tools on achieving design closure. Current methodologies require extensive manual efforts to configure a large set of options across multiple stages of the toolflow, intended to achieve high quality-of-results. Due to the size and complexity of the design space spanned by these options, coupled with the time-consuming evaluation of each design point, exploration for reconfigurable computing has become remarkably challenging. To tackle this challenge, we present a learning-assisted autotuning framework called LAMDA, which accelerates FPGA design closure by utilizing design-specific features extracted from early stages of the design flow to guide the tuning process with significant runtime savings. LAMDA automatically configures logic synthesis, technology mapping, placement, and routing to achieve design closure efficiently. Compared with a state-of-the-art FPGA-targeted autotuning system, LAMDA realizes faster timing closure on various realistic benchmarks using Intel Quartus Pro.
How Muscle Foods Are Categorized and Described in Chronic Disease Literature: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Analysis (P01-021-19)

Qualitatively, nutrition science and policy experts recognize that variation in muscle food categories (CAT) and descriptions (DESCR) hinder effective translation of research into policy. The purpose of this systematic review was to quantitatively describe CAT and DESCR patterns in nutrition-related chronic disease literature. We identified 3427 articles in PubMed, Cochrane, and CINHAL up to March 2018. Inclusion criteria were: 1) observational (OBS) or randomized controlled trial (RCT) designs, 2) muscle food consumption as an independent variable, 3) primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, or cancer as a dependent variable, 4) population 19+ years, and 5) females not pregnant/lactating. We considered a CAT as the phrase researchers used to refer to a muscle food group and DESCR as the explanation of a CAT. Table 1 describes our empirical scoring scale. We used generalized linear mixed models to assess effect of publication date, one-way ANOVAs to assess differences between study designs and chronic disease types, and binary logit models to estimate probabilities of DESCR factors. We identified 1019 CAT and 833 DESCR from 369 articles. Mean CAT specificity for RCT and OBS was 2 and 3 points, respectively (out of 7; Table 1), with no differences among chronic disease types. Specificity of OBS CAT was higher in more recent publications but RCT CAT became less specific in the 2000 s compared to previous years. RCT CAT were 5x more likely to include species, 6x more likely to include leanness, but 5x less likely to include processing degree compared to OBS CAT. Among all CAT, 76% and 82% included a DESCR for OBS and RCT, respectively. Researchers described processed meat, red meat, and total meat categories more commonly than poultry or fish categories. Of processed meat DESCR provided by researchers, 31% included a common term used in publicly available regulatory definitions. Muscle food categories and descriptions are substantively different within and between observational and experimental studies and do not match definitions used by regulatory agencies. A practical muscle food classification system is warranted to improve interpretation of evidence regarding muscle food consumption and chronic disease. The Beef Checkoff.
Lithiation of 1-alkyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl phosphonic acid esters: Novel anion-mediated carbon-to-carbon phosphonate migrations

The lithiation chemistry of 1-alkyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl phosphonic acid esters 3 has been investigated. Lithiation occurs exclusively on the 1-alkyl group, α to nitrogen, to give carbanionic intermediates 10. No evidence was found for any lithiation at the 3-position of the triazole ring. On warming, intermediates 10 undergo an unusual anion-mediated phosphonate migration, giving rise to 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-methylphos-phonates 14.
A Decade of Extremes: The Top-10 Record-Breaking Events of Recent Years

Every year that goes by seems to bring a new round of record-breaking weather events, many with devastating consequences. Powerful hurricanes that bring large economic and human losses, massive wil...
Group sequential comparison of positive predictive value curves for correlated biomarker data

Clinical studies of predictive diagnostic tests consider the evaluation of a single test and comparison of two tests regarding their predictive accuracy of disease status. The positive predictive value (PPV) curve is used for assessing the probability of predicting the disease given a positive test result. The sequential property of one PPV curve had been studied. However, in later stages of diagnostic test development, it is more interesting to compare predictive accuracy of two tests. In this article, we propose a group sequential test for the comparison of PPV curves for paired designs when both diagnostic tests are applied to the same subject. We first derive asymptotic properties of the sequential differences of two correlated empirical PPV curves under the common case-control sampling. We then apply these results to develop a group sequential test procedure. The asymptotic results are also critical for deriving both the optimal sample size ratio and minimal required sample sizes for the proposed procedure. Our simulation studies show that the proposed sequential testing maintains the nominal type I error rate in finite samples. The proposed design is illustrated in a hypothetical lung cancer predictive trial and in a cancer diagnostic trial.
Optimal and simple approximate solutions to a production-inventory system with stochastic and deterministic demand

Abstract We consider a continuous review production-inventory system where demand is a mixture of a deterministic component and a random component which follows a compound Poisson process. Demand is satisfied by a production facility which may be in production or idle. While in production, the facility produces at a constant rate. A two-number (s, S) policy is used to control production. When inventory reaches level S, production is turned off and when inventory drops below level s, production is turned on. A level crossing approach is used to derive the steady-state distribution of inventory level from which the exact total expected cost function, consisting of setup, inventory holding and backorder costs, is determined. The optimal (s, S) policy can be found through a search of the expected cost function. We propose approximations that give simple closed-form solutions with near-optimal performance.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE VERSUS VITAMIN K ANTAGONIST FOR TREATMENT OF ACUTE VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM IN ROUTINE CLINICAL PRACTICE: RECOVERY DVT/PE PROSPECTIVE GLOBAL COHORT STUDY

RE-COVERY DVT/PE is a multicenter, international, observational study of patients with deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE), comparing outcomes with dabigatran vs. vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). The main outcomes were International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis major or
Joule’s Nineteenth Century Energy Conservation Meta-law and the Twentieth Century Physics (Quantum Mechanics and Relativity): Twenty-First Century Analysis

Joule’s Energy Conservation Law was the first “meta-law”: a general principle that all physical equations must satisfy. It has led to many important and useful physical discoveries. However, a recent analysis seems to indicate that this meta-law is inconsistent with other principles—such as the existence of free will. We show that this conclusion about inconsistency is based on a seemingly reasonable—but simplified—analysis of the situation. We also show that a more detailed mathematical and physical analysis of the situation reveals that not only Joule’s principle remains true—it is actually strengthened: it is no longer a principle that all physical theories should satisfy—it is a principle that all physical theories do satisfy.
Erratum zu: Symptomatische Behandlung nach Schlaganfall

Im Originalbeitrag sind leider die Tabellen in der Einleitung sowie das „Fazit“ entfallen. Wir bitten um Beachtung der hier aufgefuhrten Erganzung und des aktualisierten …
Clinician prognostic scoring system reveals COVID-19 patients' prognosis more likely to be limited by acute illness relative to traditional ICU patients

Introduction: There has been substantial lay press interest in whether patients who die of COVID-19 are dying of COVID-19 or other underlying illnesses. We have previously described a clinician scoring system that delineates whether a patient's prognosis is driven by acute illness vs comorbidities. In this study we compared this clinician phenotyping system in patients with COVID-19 to ICU biobank patients enrolled prior to 2020. Methods: Clinician phenotyping was performed on patients enrolled into 2 Stanford ICU biobanks: (1) Patients admitted to Stanford ICU before 2020 with at least one ARDS risk factor (non-COVID-19 cohort) and (2) Patients admitted to the ICU with confirmed COVID-19 infection (COVID-19 cohort). The roles of each of the following categories in determining prognosis at time of enrollment were scored from 1-5 (1 being non-contributory and 5 being highly contributory): goals of care, comorbidities, baseline functional status, acute multi-system organ failure (MSOF), ARDS, acute neurologic injury, and terminal illness. Each patient's primary determinant of mortality was then grouped into one of four categories: (1) MSOF or ARDS (>=4 for ARDS or multi-organ failure), (2) Comorbidities (>=4 for goals of care, comorbidities, acute neurologic injury, or baseline functional status), (3) Mixed (>= 4 for both of the above), or (4) None (<4 for all categories). The odds ratio for prognostic subgroupings was compared between patient cohorts.Results: Clinician phenotyping was performed on 70 non-COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU with at least one risk factor for ARDS, and 28 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU. Compared to the general ICU population, COVID-19 patients were younger (median age 53 vs 71), more likely to be male (71% vs 54%), and more likely to identify as Hispanic (64% vs 13%). 60-day mortality was higher in the COVID-19 group (29% vs 20%). ARDS or MSOF was the primary determinant of prognosis in 64% of patients with COVID-19 compared to 31% of traditional ICU patients (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.6-9.9, Figure 1). Only 11% of COVID-19 patients' primary determinant of prognosis was comorbidities or goals of care relative to 31% in the traditional ICU population (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.07-0.9).Conclusion: In this study, ARDS or MSOF is far more likely to be the main risk factor for death in patients with COVID-19 than in a traditional ICU population. This suggests that most COVID-19 fatalities are attributable to acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 rather than progression of underlying disease.
High-order interactions explain the collective behavior of cortical populations in executive but not sensory areas.

Summary One influential view in neuroscience is that pairwise cell interactions explain the firing patterns of large populations. Despite its prevalence, this view originates from studies in the retina and visual cortex of anesthetized animals. Whether pairwise interactions predict the firing patterns of neurons across multiple brain areas in behaving animals remains unknown. Here, we performed multi-area electrical recordings to find that 2nd-order interactions explain a high fraction of entropy of the population response in macaque cortical areas V1 and V4. Surprisingly, despite the brain-state modulation of neuronal responses, the model based on pairwise interactions captured ∼90% of the spiking activity structure during wakefulness and sleep. However, regardless of brain state, pairwise interactions fail to explain experimentally observed entropy in neural populations from the prefrontal cortex. Thus, while simple pairwise interactions explain the collective behavior of visual cortical networks across brain states, explaining the population dynamics in downstream areas involves higher-order interactions.
What's in a Name? The Hidden Historical Ideologies Embedded in the Black and African American Racial Labels.

History can inconspicuously repeat itself through words and language. We explored the association between the “Black” and “African American” racial labels and the ideologies of the historical movem...
Financial and Housing Wealth

Financial wealth and housing wealth are the two largest and most important assets held by a household in many countries, including the United States and the Netherlands. In the article published in 2001, “The Relationship between Financial and Housing Wealth: Evidence from Dutch Households,” Stefan Hochguertel and Arthur van Soest analyze financial and housing wealth in the Netherlands and attempt to determine how these two types of investment decisions are interrelated. In the past, studies similar to this one had focused only on the implications of housing decisions on financial wealth decisions and not vice versa. Hochguertel and van Soest develop an empirical model that explains how housing investment demand and financial wealth holdings impact one another. The authors’ goals were to determine if homeowners have different demand for financial wealth than renters, how house prices affect the probability of homeownership, and whether or not housing wealth is affected by the level of financial wealth held.
Two Perspectives on DEA: Unveiling the Link between CCR and Shephard

In this paper we contrast the DEA and activity analysis approaches by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978) and Shephard (1970), respectively. We show that by appropriately normalizing Shephard's output price model the two approaches coincide.
Glycosylated hemoglobin A2 components

Partially purified hemoglobin A2 has been examined for the existence of glycosylated components by isoelectric focusing and by acid agar gel electrophoresis. Bands analogous to the glycohemoglobin derivatives of hemoglobin A, hemoglobin-A1.a.b.c, were readily detected. Evidence that these minor bands are in fact glycohemoglobins was obtained by showing that 14C-glucose bound to hemoglobin A2 moved with these minor bands. The amounts of glycohemoglobin derivatives of hemoglobin A2 were increased in the blood of diabetic patients.
Crayfish escape behavior

1. Intracellular recordings were made from the somata of central neurons in semi-intact preparations in order to trace sensory pathways in the phasic extensor system. 2. The tonic and phasic muscle receptor organs (MROs or stretch-receptors) produce unitary EPSPs in the phasic extensor motoneurons (Figs. 1, 2). 3. The tonic MRO also produces large, unitary EPSPs in the peripheral inhibitor to the phasic flexors (FI); smaller EPSPs are produced by the phasic MRO (Fig. 2). 4. The MRO-produced EPSPs in FI can summate with central excitation to fire FI (Fig. 3). The EPSPs appear to be monosynaptic and chemical, and show slight posttetanic potentiation (Fig. 5). 5. Each MRO distributes excitation to at least 3 ganglia, but EPSPs in the ganglion where the axon enters are several times larger than EPSPs in neighboring ganglia. The connections made by the MROs are highly specific — the MROs do not contact the fast flexor motoneurons or extensor inhibitors (Figs. 6, 7, 8). 6. The MROs appear to be the exclusive source of monosynaptic sensory input to the extensor motoneurons, but excitation via polysynaptic pathways can be produced by stimulating any sensory root in the abdomen (Fig. 9). Polysynaptic excitation peaks at about 30 ms, which is close to the time when the extensors should fire during the tail flip.
Infant health effects of a nurse-community health worker home visitation programme: a randomized controlled trial.

Background Home visiting is supported as a way to improve child health and development. Home visiting has been usually provided by nurses or community health workers (CHWs). Few studies compared the child health advantages of a nurse–CHW team approach over nurse prenatal and postnatal home visiting. Methods A randomized trial was conducted with Medicaid-insured pregnant women in Kent County, Michigan. Pregnant women were assigned to a team intervention including nurse–CHW home visitation, or standard community care (CC) including nurse home visitation. Morbidity was assessed in 530 infants over their first 12 months of life from medical claims and reported by the mother. Results There were no differences in overall child health between the nurse–CHW intervention and the CC arm over the first year of life. There were fewer mother-reported asthma/wheezing/croup diagnostics in the team intervention group among infants whose mothers have low psychosocial resources (13% vs. 27%, P = 0.01; adjusted OR = 0.4, P = 0.01). There were no differences in diagnosed asthma/wheezing/croup documented by medical claims. There were no differences in immunizations, hospitalizations and ear infections. Conclusions There was no strong evidence that infant health was improved by the addition of CHWs to a programme of CC that included nurse home visitation. Targeting such interventions at common health problems of infancy and childhood or at diagnosed chronic conditions may prove more successful.
Evolution or Entropy? Changing Reference/User Culture and the Future of Reference Librarians

This article addresses issues that relate to the changing functional relationship between the reference librarian and the user, based on the observation that the advance of information technology, particularly the Internet, has altered the values, attitudes, and beliefs of library users, and, as a consequence, their microculture. Highlights include: the traditional reference desk; the changed reference environment, the creation of elec tronic reference services, and direct connections to information resources; user cultures; the convenience quo tient (a measure of what type of user orientation is most comfortable within a given type of relationship and who regards the services provided as convenient); and components of reference service with regard to infor mation resources. TT TT TThere have you gone, Lloyd's of London? A
A one Zener diode, one memristor crossbar architecture for a write-time-based PUF

With the rise of emerging technologies, nanoelectronics are seen as potential solutions for various security primitives. Memristors are of interest, as they are believed to offer benefits for use as a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF), since their non-linear behavior is inefficient to model in large quantities. A write-time-based PUF has been suggested in the form of a memristor array to avoid the sneak path problem. To amend this approach, a one Zener diode, one memristor crossbar architecture may be used. Such an architecture can virtually eliminate sneak paths in crossbars up to a size that is limited by the saturation current of the Zener diode. This approach allows uniformity and uniqueness among the crossbar, similar to a SRAM-based PUF, where the uniformity in the response is derived from the uniformity of the memory cells. Ultimately, this approach is meant as a beneficial contribution to the novel and relatively new technique of creating a random bit distribution among an array of memristors, as it allows the same technique to be used on a crossbar to offer an improvement in terms of bits per area.
Ultraviolet-Induced Cross-Links in the Deoxyribonucleic Acid of Single-Stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid Viruses as a Probe of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Packaging

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated phiX174 sediments in alkali at rates up to 1.7 times that of unirradiated phiX174 DNA and is observed as a condensed, cross-linked structure when examined in the electron microscope by the formamide spreading technique. This structure appears to result from multiple cross-links induced in the tightly coiled DNA contained within the spherical phiX174 capsid. In contrast, the DNA extracted after UV irradiation of the filamentous bacteriophage M13 is not strikingly altered in its sedimentation properties and appears by electron microscopy to be rod-shaped as a result of side-to-side association of the circular DNA. The differences in these UV-induced structures reflect the differences in the packaging of the single-stranded DNA in the two virions.
This study presents a promising assistive technology intervention for individuals with Rett syndrome. Replication and extension is warranted to explore its generality for enabling choice making

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Stasolla, F., Perilli, V., Di Leone, A., Damiani, R., Albano, V., Stella, A., & Damato, C. (2015). Technological aids to support choice strategies by three girls with Rett syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 36–44.Source of funding and disclosure of interest: Funding sources not reported. No disclosure of interests reported.