cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of potential benefits of wind dependent parallel arrival operations

This paper documents the results of fast-time simulations evaluating potential capacity benefits of procedure concepts developed for parallel approaches to closely spaced parallel runways (CSPR) at airports with runway spacing less than 2,500 feet. Currently, simultaneous arrival operations at CSPR airports rely on visual meteorological conditions (VMC). In inclement weather when visual procedures can no longer be applied, simultaneous arrivals must be discontinued. Application of standard aircraft separations based on instrument flight rules (IFR) effectively results in the loss of arrival operations on one of the two runways, significantly reducing the arrival capacity of CSPR airports. Proposed wind-dependent parallel approach concepts promise improvements in arrival capacity at CSPR airports by enabling continued operations of dual arrival streams in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The concepts permit dependent parallel arrival operations when meteorological conditions are determined to render approach paths free of wake vortices from preceding aircraft. The operations are expected to increase capacity during IMC and decrease weather-related delays at CSPR airports. Simulation results for 9 CSPR airports in the National Airspace System (NAS) suggest significant potential capacity benefits ranging from 2 to 18 additional arrival operations per hour depending upon the concept and airport. The paper outlines the proposed wake independent straight-in parallel approach concept and 12 procedural derivatives. It describes the model developed to visualize the operations and the Monte Carlo approach taken to quantify potential capacity benefits.
The Persistence of Lenient Market Labels

Research across disciplines presumes that markets will have strong boundaries. Markets without well-defined boundaries typically are not useful and do not become institutionalized, so are expected to fade away. In contrast, we suggest that in many contexts lenient markets or market labels with porous boundaries, persist and become important. This can be explained by looking at both market entry and market exit. Consistent with prior research, we suggest that lenient market labels offer less credibility than labels with strong boundaries, and so organizations will be more likely to exit these markets. At the same time, lenient market labels are more accepting of many different types of organizations. As a result, we expect lenient labels to also have high rates of entry. When entry rates are higher than exit rates, lenient markets will endure over time. We also predict that organizations exiting lenient labels will enter other lenient labels, which further fuels their persistence. Finally, this trend is exaggerated when influential external agents favor leniency. We find support for these ideas in a longitudinal analysis of organizational entry into and exit from market labels in the software industry.
Progressive dysphagia and cough.

An otherwise healthy 54-year-old male with no significant past medical history presented with a 6-month history of food sticking in his throat and night awakenings secondary to coughing, choking, and difficulty managing his secretions. He reported occasional regurgitation of food and/or liquids with his cough. He denied any weight loss or recent history of pulmonary infection. He was on montelukast for a cat allergy and atorvastatin for hypercholesterolemia. He reported consuming approximately one glass of wine per day and denied tobacco use. As a component of his previous workup, he had undergone manometry, visualization of the esophagus, and 48-h BRAVO pH monitoring and presented to his initial appointment with results from these evaluations. Briefly, manometric findings were unremarkable. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed thickened mucosa, esophageal trachealization or ‘‘ringed esophagus,’’ and a small hiatal hernia. A biopsy of the proximal, medial, and distal esophagus was significant for eosinophils (15–18 per high power field), and pH monitoring revealed substantial reflux only when in the supine position [% time pH \ 4 averaged 13 (normal \1.2)]. Based on these findings, he was placed on twice daily esomeprazole and ranitidine before bed. A pH impedance study to assess treatment efficacy while on reflux therapy was unremarkable. What additional test is needed and what is the likely diagnosis? (refer the answer in the next page)
Relationship Between Creative Behavior in Music and Selected Variables as Measured in High School Students

The major intention of this study was to define music creativity and to develop procedures for measurement of music creativity that were sensitive to the music process. Three modes of creative behavior in music (composition, improvisation, and analysis) were identified and compared to selected variables. The sample consisted of 77 high school students who had participated in school music groups but who had had no systematic training in creative skills in music. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the data revealed that: (1) music achievement correlated significantly with all modes of creative behavior and was the single best predictor of each mode, (2) figural creativity correlated significantly with improvisation and analysis creativity and was a significant predictor when used with other variables, (3) verbal creativity was significantly correlated with analysis creativity but was shown not to be a good predictor when combined with other variables, (4) IQ and sex were significantly related to improv...
The Influence of a Linoleic-Acid-Deficient Maternal Diet on Growth of Progeny

Abstract HOPKINS and Nesheim (1962) demonstrated that the progeny of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient dams grew slower than progeny of nondeficient dams if the chicks were given a low-fat diet. The effect of EFA depletion of the dams on chick growth rate was not observed when the chicks received soybean oil-supplemented diets. Marion and Edwards (1962) reported that chicks from hens receiving a corn oil diet had a significantly higher rate of growth at 3 weeks than chicks from hens fed a low-fat diet. Menge et al. (1964) also showed that the severity of EFA depletion of the dam had an effect on the growth rate of progeny fed a corn-soy diet. Depletion of the dams of EFA for 16 weeks did not affect the growth rate of the progeny, but after depletion for 32 weeks, the growth rate of the progeny was significantly slower than that of progeny of . . .
Nitrogenous constituents of selected grain legumes.

Nitrogenous constituents of four legume species and their varieties were investigated. The total N of whole seeds ranged from 3.16 4.21%, of which 8.3–14.5% was nonprotein N. Water- and salt-soluble proteins together constituted 72–94% of the total seed protein. The mean protein contents of the water- and salt-soluble fractions were 67% and 87%, respectively, while the carbohydrates associated with them ranged from 17–30% and 4–14%, respectively. The albumin: globulin ratios were characteristic of the variety. The SDS-PAGE patterns for proteins of Phaseolus showed a more complex profile than those of the other legume species investigated.
THE INFORMATION BOUND OF A DYNAMIC PANEL LOGIT MODEL WITH FIXED EFFECTS

In this paper, I calculate the semiparametric information bound in two dynamic panel data logit models with individual specific effects. In such a model without any other regressors, it is well known that the conditional maximum likelihood estimator yields a √n-consistent estimator. In the case where the model includes strictly exogenous continuous regressors, Honore and Kyriazidou (2000, Econometrica 68, 839–874) suggest a consistent estimator whose rate of convergence is slower than √n. Information bounds calculated in this paper suggest that the conditional maximum likelihood estimator is not efficient for models without any other regressor and that √n-consistent estimation is infeasible in more general models.
Fifty years of progress in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity determinations

This paper is a review of the progress made in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity calculations over the past 50 years. Determinations of cosmic ray trajectories, and hence cutoff rigidities, using digital computers began in 1956 and progressed slowly until 1962 when McCracken developed an efficient computer program to determine cosmic ray trajectories in a high degree simulation of the geomagnetic field. The application of this cosmic ray trajectory technique was limited by the available computer power. As computers became faster it was possible to determine vertical cutoff rigidity values for cosmic ray stations and coarse world grids; however, the computational effort required was formidable for the computers of the 1960s. Since most cosmic ray experiments were conducted on the surface of the Earth, the vertical cutoff rigidity was adopted as a standard reference value. The effective cutoff value derived from trajectory calculations appeared to be adequate for ordering cosmic ray data from latitude surveys. As the geomagnetic field evolution became more apparent, it was found necessary to update the world grid of cutoff rigidity values using more accurate descriptions of the geomagnetic field. In the 1970s and 1980s it became possible to do experimental verification of the accuracy of these cosmic ray cutoff determinations and also to design experiments based on these cutoff rigidity calculations. The extensive trajectory calculations done in conjunction with the HEAO-3 satellite and a comparison between these experimental measurements and the trajectory calculations verified the Stormer theory prediction regarding angular cutoff variations and also confirmed that the structure of the first order penumbra is very stable and could be used for isotope separation. Contemporary work in improving cutoff rigidities seems to be concentrating on utilizing improved magnetospheric models in an effort to determine more accurate geomagnetic cutoff values. When using geomagnetic cutoff rigidity values to predict the cosmic radiation access to spacecraft for a satisfactory computation of the radiation dose, both the particle transmission though the cosmic ray penumbra and angular cutoffs must be considered.
DFT-based prediction of fission product sorption on carbon structures under O2 ingress conditions

Abstract An isotherm based model for the prediction of Cs sorption on the carbon components of a High Temperature Reactor (HTR) under O 2 ingress conditions is presented. Isotherms are derived from a thermodynamic model based on binding energies calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The DFT derived isotherms are compared with isotherms obtained from experimental calculations and sources of discrepancies are discussed. A DFT only model and a second model combining DFT and experimental calculations are used to predict fission product inventories in a HTR vessel during O 2 ingress conditions. Results suggest that the carbon type (i.e. graphitic vs. amorphous) plays a central role on fission product sorption and release. During normal reactor conditions ( T around 1400 K, low P O 2 ) graphitic carbon will absorb a small percentage of a monolayer of Cs, while amorphous carbon will be approximately saturated at an entire monolayer of Cs. Results also indicate that, for the case of O 2 ingress to the reactor’s vessel, the Cs will form Cs 2 O. In the case of graphitic carbon, the Cs 2 O will bind more weakly than Cs, leading to Cs release in the form of Cs 2 O during O ingress. However, the weak binding of Cs to graphite means that only small release is expected. In the case of amorphous carbon, Cs 2 O binds almost as strongly Cs, and so no significant change in Cs absorbed to the amorphous carbon is predicted, although the form of the absorbed Cs is predicted to be Cs 2 O. For the case of low release conditions, consistent with modern TRISO fuels, the core will adsorb the entire Cs inventory at normal operating temperatures. However, for high Cs release conditions, consistent with older TRISO fuels, the surface sites on the core will be saturated and most of the Cs will remain in gas form or plate out on other surfaces.
Corporate Spin-Offs and Closed-End Funds in a State-Preference Framework

Miller's clientele argument for market value subadditivity as an explanation for stockholder wealth gains in corporate spin-offs and discounts from the net asset value of closed-end fund shares is examined in the context of a simple state-preference model. It is shown that binding short sales constraints induce value subadditivity and thus render Miller's clientele argument valid. This is true regardless of whether or not divergence of opinion among investors or state-dependent utility functions exist. In the absence of binding short sales constraints, value additivity prevails and Miller's clientele argument is not viable. Although personal taxes are not considered in the model developed in this paper, it is shown that tax-timing options reinforce the existence of value subadditivity.
Psychological correlates of codependency in women.

This study examined several potential psychological correlates of codependency to determine the parameters and feasibility of the codependency construct. Subjects were 171 adult female volunteers from a university. Results indicated significant relationships between codependency and: object relations and reality testing (p = .01), intensity of depression (p < .01), introjective depression (p < .001), and history of abuse (p < .001). The results are supportive of codependency as a useful construct which involves a cluster of difficulties in interpersonal relationships, reality testing, and introjective depression. An association was demonstrated between codependency and parental alcoholism, or history of childhood abuse, or both.
Pain in Premature Infants: What Is Conclusive Evidence and What Is Not

Abstract Premature infants spend much of their early days of life in an environment that is stressful and in many situations painful. Short and long term consequences of pain are not well documented, yet postulated to have a negative impact on stress-response systems and on deployment. To date there is insufficient evidence for the best methods to assess or to effectively treat their pain. Though a variety of uni- and multidimensional assessment tools are available, many lack sufficient psychometric testing, do not incorporate essential developmental cues to premature infants, and do not distinguish between acute and chronic pain. This review paper will discuss the etiology, sources, and manifestations of pain as well as the short and long term consequences of pain. The available assessment tools for pain in premature infants along with reliability and validity will also be presented.
Atrial Arrhythmia Following a Biatrial Approach to Mitral Valve Surgery

The biatrial approach to exposing the mitral valve during surgery has the potential for improving visualization of the valve with minimal cardiac manipulation. This procedure, involving a right atriotomy and an extended transseptal incision, may isolate the sinus node from its normal blood supply and autonomic innervation. Thirty-eight consecutive patients undergoing this procedure were examined. Twenty-two of these patients (58%) were admitted in normal sinus rhythm and 15 (40%) were in atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter. Of the 22 patients admitted in normal sinus rhythm, only 3 patients remained in this rhythm at discharge. Fourteen of the 22 patients were discharged in a slow, low atrial rhythm. All of the patients admitted in AF were discharged in AF. Of the 14 patients discharged in a low atrial rhythm, the rhythm persisted in eleven patients (80%) at a mean of 6-month follow-up. The routine use of this transseptal approach to mitral valve surgery needs further assessment in light of the predictable loss of the sinus mechanism.
Parental control of nocturnal thumbsucking

This study evaluates two procedures for the elimination of nocturnal thumbsucking in a 10-yr-old boy. The subject's mother recorded the occurrence of thumbsucking four times each night. Reliability checks were done twice a week by another family member. A plastic splint, usually employed to protect a damaged thumb, was placed on the subject's thumb at bedtime. The results showed that when the splint was used, the incidence of thumbsucking decreased from 100% of the checks made during baseline to 0% during intervention. Several naturally occurring and one planned reversal demonstrated the effectiveness of the splint in controlling thumbsucking.
Violence and trauma: predicting the impact on the well-being of African American women with severe mental illness.

Exposure to violence and trauma has become a major mental health and public health problem in the United States. This study assesses the rates of exposure to traumatic events of 55 adult African American women receiving treatment in an urban community mental health clinic. The study examined three research questions. First, what is the rate of exposure to violence and trauma among African American women in an urban community mental health clinic? Second, what effect does violence and trauma exposure have on mental health? Finally, does exposure to violence and trauma have an effect on well-being as measured with the Medical Outcomes Survey (MOS/SF-36)? A significant negative relationship between diagnostic burden and well-being was found. A negative nonsignificant relationship was found between Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and wellbeing. Study findings suggest that use of a screening and assessment tool for violence and trauma exposure may have important clinical implications in providing appropriate mental health services to African American women. Language: en
Mixed convection along an isothermal vertical cylinder in porous media

Mixed convection adjacent to a vertical cylinder in porous media is studied. The problem is solved using the nonsimilarity solution method for the case of uniform wall temperature (UWT). In the first approach, mixed convection is studied by examining separately the buoyancy effect on forced convection and the forced flow effect on free convection. These effects are represented, respectively, by RaJPex and PexlRax. Curvature is represented by gf = (xlr^Pe~* /2 in the forced-convection-dominated regime and by £„ = (x/r0)Raxl/2 in the free-convection-dominated regime. The second approach examines the entire regime of mixed convection by introducing the single parameter \ = [1 + (Rax/Pex)1/2]~l, where \ = I corresponds to pure forced convection and x = 0 to pure free convection. In this regime, the curvature is represented by £ = (xlr^[Pe*x2 + Ralx2]~*. In the analysis, the non-Darcian and thermal dispersion effects are neglected. The resulting nonsimilar systems of equations from the different approaches are solved using a finite difference method. Results are presented for temperature and velocity profiles, and local Nusselt number. Correlation equations are given for local and average Nusselt numbers in all regimes of mixed convection.
External validation of oppositional disorder and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity

Validity of the distinction between oppositional disorder (OD) and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) was examined in a sample of 6- to 12-year-old boys with behavior problems. Problem identification, cognitive/attentional, family context, and behavioral symptom differences were examined among nine boys with OD only, 20 with ADDH, 40 with comorbid OD and ADDH, and 28 with neither disruptive behavior disorder. Systematic comparisons of groups including and excluding the OD and ADDH diagnoses were undertaken to determine the existence of pure OD and pure ADDH disorder effects. The most consistent result was the lack of evidence for either pure OD or pure ADDH effects. Most of the significant findings reflected differences between the nondisruptive (neither) and comorbid groups. The results support the importance of comorbidity, but they provide little support for disorder-specific distinctions between oppositional and attention deficit disorders.
Accuracy of CO2 conductance predicted using a morphometric model of the middle ear mucosa

Conclusion. These results hold promise that morphometric analysis can be used to generate transMEM (middle ear mucosa) gas conductance estimates for MEM geometries representative of the shift from healthy to pathologic states (e.g. increased MEM thickness and capillary density). Objectives. Novel strategies to treat otitis media with effusion require a better understanding of how MEM geometry affects gas transport. Earlier studies developed techniques to empirically measure transMEM gas conductance and to estimate conductance using morphometric models of MEM geometry. We used chinchillas to determine the correspondence between experimentally measured transMEM CO2 conductance and that predicted by morphometric study of the MEM. Materials and methods. TransMEM CO2 conductance was measured unilaterally in 10 chinchillas; the animals were killed and the ME was removed and processed for morphometric analyses of MEM geometry. Results. The average measured and estimated transMEM CO2 conductances were 4.87±2.30×1...
TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS: Rapid Induction of Endothelial Mitoses Demonstrated by Autoradiography

Walker ascites tumor cells and an extract derived from such cells (tumor angiogenesis factor, TAF) were injected into the subcutaneous tissue of rats by using a dorsal air sac technique. At intervals thereafter, thymidine-3H was injected into the air sac and the tissues were examined by autoradiography and electron microscopy. Autoradiographs of 1µ thick Epon sections showed thymidine-3H labeling in endothelial cells of small vessels 1–3 mm from the site of implantation, as early as 6–8 hr after exposure to live tumor cells At this time interval endothelial cells appeared histologically normal. DNA synthesis by endothelium subsequently increased and within 48 hr new blood vessel formation was detected. The presence of thymidine-3H-labeled endothelial nuclei, endothelial mitoses, and regenerating-type endothelium was confirmed by electron microscopy. TAF also induced neovascularization and endothelial cell DNA synthesis after 48 hr. A similar response was not evoked in saline controls. Formic acid, which elicited a more intense inflammatory response, was associated with less endothelial labeling and neovascularization at the times studied. Pericytes and other connective tissue cells were also stimulated by live tumor cells and TAF. The mechanism of new blood vessel formation induced by tumors is still unknown but our findings argue against cytoplasmic contact or nonspecific inflammation as prerequisites for tumor angiogenesis.
The Identity Paradox: Latino Language, Politics and Selective Dissociation

Sociolinguists and social identity theorists have found that negative perceptions of groups and/or their language are the key to the understanding, expression and maintenance of their ethnic identities. This study attempts to connect these analyses to politics by using 100 in-depth interviews of Latinos to look at the way Latinos' relationship to Spanish language affects their ethnic identity and political cohesion. It finds that Spanish is an important part of Latino identity, but Latinos' relationship to the language is paradoxical—Spanish language skills are both a source of ethnic solidarity and of social stigma. As a result, native-born Latinos often try to dissociate themselves from the immigrant sectors of the community. This selective dissociation has an important negative effect on community cohesion, and could help explain Latino support for anti-immigrant policy proposals.
Gender, splitting and non-recognition in Mad Men.

The world of Mad Men is one in which life lived on the surface and repression dominates the scene. A superficial reading seems to suggest that the classically gendered subject–object split characterizes Mad Men: women in the series appear devoid of desire, while men possess power, sexuality and agency. But despite its blatant sexism, Mad Men's rendering has turned traditional 1960s American culture on its head. There is no subject–object split in Mad Men because men do not have access to the subject position; they, as much as women, remain objects to themselves and their partners. In the absence of mutual recognition, serotics ultimately fails.
Silicon segregation in sliding wear

Abstract Friction experiments were conducted on a couple consisting of an Fe-Ni pin sliding against a tool steel disk. The Fe-Ni pin contained a small amount of silicon (0.18%). In a mild vacuum environment (0.1 mmHg at 10% relative humidity) at loads below a critical value (13.0 N, at a sliding speed of 0.22 m s −1 ), silicon segregation to the pin surface took place, resulting in the formation of a glassy film. Under these experimental conditions the friction coefficient and wear values were very low (0.28 and 5 × 10 −3 mm 3 km −1 respectively). At loads higher than the critical value (in the same mild vacuum environment) as well as under atmospheric conditions, no silicon segregation could be detected. The corresponding values of the friction coefficient and the wear rate were much higher (0.54 and about 0.4 mm 3 km −1 respectively). It is suggested that the beneficial glassy layer can build up only when the rate of diffusion of silicon to the surface is higher than the rate of material removal (wear).
Sea-Fan Neovascularization in Diabetes with Thalassemia

T he J ournal invites letters that describe unusual clinical or pathologic findings, experimental results, and new instruments or techniques. The title and the names of all authors appear in the Table of Contents and are retrievable through the Index Medicus and other standard indexing services. These brief reports must not duplicate data published or submitted for publication elsewhere. Each letter must be accompanied by T he J ournal copyright transfer agreement of the Ophthalmic Publishing Company printed elsewhere in each issue. Letters must be typed, double-spaced, on 8½ × 11-inch bond paper with 1½-inch margins on all four sides. They should be no more than two typewritten pages in length. A maximum of two black and white figures may be used; they should be cropped to a width of 2⅔ inches (one column). Color figures cannot be used. References should be limited to five. Letters may be referred to outside editorial referees for evaluation or may be reviewed by members of the Editorial Board. All letters are published promptly after acceptance. Authors do not receive galley proofs, but if the editorial changes are extensive, the typescript is sent for approval.
Hormone production and peptide regulation of the human fetal pituitary gland.

Introduction THE PREVALENT view of the ontogeny of neuroendocrine regulation of anterior pituitary secretion promulgated by Gluckman et al. (1), in an earlier review in this journal is that the development of this control is dependent upon maturation of the central nervous system. But by the time the central nervous system completes its synaptogenesis and other integrative systems of the developing human have reached a state of maturity competent to perform many of the tasks associated with homeostasis, the endocrine system will have been functional for some time. Thus, the endocrine system may be perceived not as mimicking that of the adult, but rather as one of the first, if not the first, homeostatic systems to develop, a system which is functional from intrauterine life through old age, but which may have unique functions during fetal life. As will be shown, the neuroendocrine axis appears early in fetal development, and the full repertoire of neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, and hormonal factors are a...
Intercomparison of Independent Calibration Techniques Applied to the Visible Channel of the ISCCP B1 Data

AbstractThe International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) B1 data, which were recently rescued at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Climatic Data Center (NOAA/NCDC), are a resource for the study of the earth’s climate. The ISCCP B1 data represent geostationary satellite imagery for all channels, including the infrared (IR), visible, and IR water vapor sensors. These are global 3-hourly snapshots from satellites around the world, covering the time period from 1979 to present at approximately 10-km spatial resolution. ISCCP B1 data will be used in the reprocessing of the cloud products, resulting in a higher-resolution ISCCP cloud climatology, surface radiation budget (SRB), etc. To realize the promise of a higher-resolution cloud climatology from the B1 data, an independent assessment of the calibration of the visible band was performed. The present study aims to accomplish this by cross-calibrating with the intercalibrated Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (...
Episomally Driven Antisense mRNA Abrogates the Hyperinducible Expression and Function of a Unique Cell Surface Class I Nuclease in the Primitive Trypanosomatid Parasite, Crithidia luciliae

Abstract Here, we show that Crithidia luciliae, a primitive trypanosomatid, purine auxotroph, up-expressed its unique, bi-functional, surface membrane 3′-nucleotidase/nuclease (Cl 3′NT/NU) activity by ∼ 1000-fold in response to purine starvation. A second surface membrane phospho-monoesterase, i.e. a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Cl MAcP) was also found to be up-expressed in such purine-starved cells. Here, we used homologous episomal-expression of an antisense construct of the Cl3′NT/NU to dissect the functional expression of these two surface membrane enzymes. In antisense transfected cells, a large excess of the antisense transcript was produced and no trace of any endogenous Cl3′NT/NU sense message was detected. Further, the purine-starvation hyper-induced levels of 3′NT/NU enzyme activity were completely abrogated in these transfected cells versus controls. Moreover, such antisense transcription completely abolished the ability of these transfectants to grow in poly(A)-containing medium demonstrating the essential nature of the 3′NT/NU for the growth/survival of this parasite. In contrast, antisense transcription had no apparent deleterious effects on either endogenous or purine-starvation-induced levels of MAcP enzyme activity, its steady-state mRNA levels, or the constitutive expression of house-keeping genes (e.g. Cl α-tubulin) in these transfectants. Cumulatively, results of our antisense experiments demonstrated that the functional nuclease activity of the surface membrane Cl 3′NT/NU was, in fact, critical/essential for the growth and development of these primitive parasites.
Role of estrogen in the aetiology and treatment of mood disorders.

Worldwide, the prevalence of depression in women is significantly greater than in men. Available data suggest that estrogen, or its absence, is strongly implicated in the regulation of mood and behaviour, as well as in the pathobiology of mood disorders. The multiple effects of estrogens and their complex interactions with the CNS and endocrine system have been well documented, although the specific, multifaceted role of estrogen in each dysphoric state has yet to be elucidated. Several facts suggest that estrogen plays a vital role in the precipitation and course of mood disorders in women. Gender differences in the prevalence of depression first appear after menarche, continue through reproductive age, and dissipate after perimenopause. Periods of hormonal fluctuations or estrogen instability (i.e. premenstrually, postpartum, perimenopausally) have been associated with increased vulnerability to depression among susceptible women. It is plausible that the phenotype of these depressions is distinguishable from those that are not associated with reproductive events or that occur in men. Based on current knowledge, estrogen treatment for affective disorders may be efficacious in two situations: (i) to stabilise and restore disrupted homeostasis - as occurs in premenstrual, postpartum or perimenopausal conditions; and (ii) to act as a psychomodulator during periods of decreased estrogen levels and increased vulnerability to dysphoric mood, as occurs in postmenopausal women. There is growing evidence suggesting that estrogen may be efficacious as a sole antidepressant for depressed perimenopausal women. It is still unclear whether estrogen is efficacious as an adjunct to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or as one of the paradigms to manage treatment-resistance depression in menopausal women, but such efficacy is plausible.
Freud's divided heart and Saraha's cure

This paper has three aims: first, to redeem some of Freud's most fundamental insights, so courageous and revolutionary that they were not even entirely appealing and intelligible to Freud himself; not understanding their teacher, Freud's disciples systematically distorted or suppressed his boldest speculations. By concentrating on an early Buddhist text of great profundity it is hoped to push our understanding of Freud beyond Freud himself. The exotic nature of this text makes it an especially powerful instrument for cutting through the conservatism and resistance of venerable Freudian doctrine; secondly, to make more accessible a text which will encourage Western thinkers to do some serious thinking in the Buddhist way; and thirdly to examine the relationship between id and ego; it is shown why and how the egological construction (ego/superego) blocks the spontaneity of libidinal fulfillment. The role of representation in time‐consciousness is also explored.
Cytokines inducing bone marrow SCA+ cells migration into pancreatic islet and conversion into insulin-positive cells in vivo.

We hypothesize that specific bone marrow lineages and cytokine treatment may facilitate bone marrow migration into islets, leading to a conversion into insulin producing cells in vivo. In this study we focused on identifying which bone marrow subpopulations and cytokine treatments play a role in bone marrow supporting islet function in vivo by evaluating whether bone marrow is capable of migrating into islets as well as converting into insulin positive cells. We approached this aim by utilizing several bone marrow lineages and cytokine-treated bone marrow from green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive bone marrow donors. Sorted lineages of Mac-1+, Mac-1−, Sca+, Sca−, Sca−/Mac-1+ and Sca+/Mac-1− from GFP positive mice were transplanted to irradiated C57BL6 GFP negative mice. Bone marrow from transgenic human ubiquitin C promoter GFP (uGFP, with strong signal) C57BL6 mice was transplanted into GFP negative C57BL6 recipients. After eight weeks, migration of GFP positive donor' bone marrow to the recipient's pancreatic islets was evaluated as the percentage of positive GFP islets/total islets. The results show that the most effective migration comes from the Sca+/Mac− lineage and these cells, treated with cytokines for 48 hours, were found to have converted into insulin positive cells in pancreatic islets in vivo. This study suggests that bone marrow lineage positive cells and cytokine treatments are critical factors in determining whether bone marrow is able to migrate and form insulin producing cells in vivo. The mechanisms causing this facilitation as well as bone marrow converting to pancreatic beta cells still need to be investigated.
Political Libertarianism at Berkeley: An Application of Perspectives from the New Student Left

Longitudinal data from the University of California at Berkeley are analyzed to test the relevance of New Left explanations of student protest politics when applied more generally to the study of student libertarianism. After first noting the predominance of change (more often in a libertarian direction) among the Berkeley panel, analysis turns to several prominent New Left themes purporting to help account for student activism in the sixties. These include a concern with students' class origins, dissatisfaction with the modern university, rejection of conventional achievement values, and intellectual competence. Except for dissatisfaction with the university, all of these themes are found to be of relevance in understanding student libertarianism. It is argued that the well-known association between social class background and student activism not only does not extend to the realm of attitudes regarding political tolerance, but has also been over-emphasized in its own right. The analysis suggests that a complex pattern of intellectualism and ascetic idealism may underlie the emergence of political tolerance among college undergraduates.
Dynamic structural transformations for distillation control configurations

A control structure transformation is presented that includes the effects of inventory control system dynamics and internal flow dynamics on flows and compositions. This new transformation can be used to predict column dynamic operation for any alternative control structure from the open-loop model (inventory control only) obtained for a particular control structure (LV). New types of inverse responses are predicted using this technique and verified both by rigorous dynamic simulation and by experimental studies on a pilot-scale distillation column. These features also can be shown theoretically using a simplified transfer function model.
Optimization of a Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage Unit

The optimization of the design of a packed-bed thermal energy storage unit is presented. A one-dimensional, transient, two-phase model is chosen for the packed bed which assumes uniformity at each cross section within the packing. The governing equations for the time dependent temperature distributions in both the solid and fluid phases are solved using a fully implicit formulation. The accuracy of the numerical method is demonstrated by comparison with experimental measurements of temperature distribution in a randomly packed bed of uniform spheres. The goal of the optimization is to achieve maximum utilization of the thermal energy storage and recovery capabilities of the storage medium for a given set of operating conditions. The optimum combination of bed length, size of the packing particles, and relative size of the bed cross section to the particle diameter is determined, subject to constraints on the maximum allowable pressure drop across the packing, the maximum outlet fluid temperature, and the total amount of supplied energy. The thermodynamic availability is examined as the measure of storage utilization. The monotinicity method is utilized for the optimization process. This method identifies a global optimum without any special computations, and prevents acceptance of false optimum solutions, as could bemore » generated by numerical techniques. The results of the study provide guidelines for choosing the size of the packing and the packing particle subject to the constraints for a practical operating system.« less
Harmonic waves in one-, two- and three-dimensional composites: Bounds for eigenfrequencies

Abstract Harmonic waves in one-, two- and three-dimensional elastic composites with periodic structure are considered. Based on a new quotient recently proposed by Nemat-Nasser, lower and upper bounds for the eigenfrequencies are developed. For illustration waves propagating normal to the layers in layered composites, and normal to the fibers in fiber-reinforced composites, are considered. These examples show that the new quotient is very effective and yields very accurate results for the considered class of problems. While these results are of interest in their own right, they can be used to check the effectiveness of various approximate theories which recently have been proposed by various authors.
The transformation of urban transport in the Czech Republic, 1988–1998

Similar to virtually all formerly socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the Czech Republic has been experiencing a transport revolution since the shift from socialism to capitalism a decade ago. From 1988 to 1998, per-capita car ownership rose by 63% in the country as a whole, and by 93% in the capital city of Prague. Vehicle km of motor vehicle use have more than doubled. Conversely, public transport usage has fallen considerably, by 26% in the country as a whole, and by 19% in Prague. This modal shift from public transport to the private car has resulted from increased incomes, access to Western markets, declining real prices of cars and petrol, removal of restrictions on manufacturing and importing cars, and the car's attraction as a symbol of freedom, affluence, and status. The sharp reduction of subsidies for public transport has forced increases in fares and service cutbacks, which have also encouraged the shift toward the private car. Although the private car is very popular, the sudden surge in car ownership and use has caused significant social and environmental problems: roadway congestion, parking shortages, increased traffic accidents, air pollution, and noise. Given their severe financial limitations, Czech cities are struggling to preserve their public transport systems while accommodating the immensely popular private car.
Automating Analyses of the Distal Femur Articular Geometry Based on Three-Dimensional Surface Data

Quantitative knowledge of the distal femur morphology is critical to understanding the relation between the anatomy and function of the knee joint. Prior knowledge was contaminated by manual procedures and subjective visual inspections in extracting geometric information from image data. This article proposes a new computational framework to enable automated analysis of the distal femur articular geometry based on 3D surface data. The framework consists of a pattern recognition algorithm for sectioning the sagittal-view condyle profiles, a least-squares algorithm for fitting and analyzing the profiles, and an optimization algorithm for establishing a unified sagittal plane. An application of the proposed framework to 12 knee surface models demonstrated that it can analyze the condyle contour profiles and extract geometric measures automatically and accurately. The proposed framework also facilitated a simulation-based analysis of the uncertainty associated with conventional manual approaches, elucidating how subjective determination of the sagittal plane and flexion facet can hinder accurate understanding of the distal femur morphology and related kinematics.
Stack based sense amplifier designs for reducing input-referred offset

The design of high performance SRAM in scaled technology nodes has become challenging due to an increase in both variation and leakage. The sense amplifier is one component that is particularly sensitive to threshold voltage variation due to its symmetrical design. Reducing the intrinsic input-referred offset of the sense amp reduces the bitline development time, which improves both energy and delay. In this paper we present a source coupled scheme that requires no area overhead and reduces the standard deviation of offset (σ OFFSET ) by up to 19%. In addition we present three novel sense amp designs that offer up to a 48% reduction in offset at iso-area compared to a traditional latch-based design.
Berkeley radio and optical SETI programs: SETI@home, SERENDIP, and SEVENDIP

We present results from two radio and two optical SETI programs at the University of California, Berkeley: The SERENDIP IV sky survey searches for narrow band radio signals at the 305 meter Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. The program uses a 168 million channel spectrum analyser, running in 'piggyback' mode, using a dedicated receiver to take data 24 hours a day, year round. SETIhome is Berkeley's most recent SETI project. SETIhome uses desktop computers of over a million volunteers to analyse 40 Terabytes of data from Arecibo Observatory. SETIhome is the largest supercomputer on the planet, currently averaging 20 Teraflops. The SEVENDIP optical program searches for nS timescale pulses at visible wavelengths. The target list includes nearby F,G,K and M stars, plus a few globular cluster and galaxies. The pulse search utilizes Berkeley's 30 inch automated telescope at Leuschner Observatory. Another Berkeley optical SETI program searches for narrow band coherent signals in high resolution stellar spectra taken by Marcy and his colleagues as part of their on-going search for planets at Lick, Keck, and the Anglo-Australian observatories.
Diaminozucker, VI. Die Synthese der 2.6-Diamino-2.6-didesoxy-β-D-mannose. Ein Derivat der 2.6-Imino-2.6-didesoxy-α-D-altrose

Die Inversion des C-3 im Molekul des D-Altrosamins unter Nachbargruppenbeteiligung fuhrte zum Oxazolin III und zum Aziridin IV. Durch Einfuhrung einer Aminogruppe in III und Ringoffnung wurde das 2.6-Diamino-2.6-didesoxy-β-D-mannose-dihydrochlorid kristallisiert erhalten. — Umsetzung des Tosylamins XII mit Natriumacetat ergab Ringschlus zu einem Derivat der 2.6-Imino-2.6-didesoxy-α-D-altrose (XIII).
Sputtered protective coatings for die-casting dies

Three experimental research designs investigating candidate materials and processes involved in protective die surface coating procedures by sputter deposition, using ion beam technologies, are discussed. Various pre-test results show that none of the coatings remained completely intact for 15,000 test cycles. The longest lifetime was observed for coatings such as tungsten, platinum, and molybdenum which reduced thermal fatigue, but exhibited oxidation and suppressed crack initiation only as long as the coating did not fracture. Final test results confirmed earlier findings and coatings with Pt and W proved to be the candidate materials to be used on a die surface to increase die life. In the W-coated specimens, which remained intact on the surface after thermal fatigue testing, no oxidation was found under the coating, although a few cracks formed on the surface where the coating broke down. Further research is planned.
Exploiting power-up delay for sequential optimization

Recent work has identified the notion of safe replacement for sequential synchronous designs that may not have reset hardware or even explicitly known initial states. Safe replacement requires that a replacement design be indistinguishable from the original from the very first clock cycle after power-up. However, in almost any realistic application, the design is allowed to stabilize for many clock cycles before it is used. In this paper, we investigate the safety of a replacement if the replacement design is allowed to be clocked some cycles (that is, delayed) with arbitrary inputs before the design is reset. Having argued the safety of delay replacements, we investigate a new method of sequential optimization based upon the notion. We present experimental results to demonstrate that significant area optimizations can be gained by using this new notion of delay replaceability, and that there is a trade-off between the allowed number of clock cycles after power-up and the amount of optimization that can be obtained.
Unusual Nitrite Complexes of Iron(III) and Iron(II) Stabilized by the Tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate Ligand

Halide metathesis with silver nitrite allows for either stepwise or complete substitution of all three chloride ligands in the iron(III) compound [NEt4][HB(3,5-Me2pz)3FeCl3] (1) to give the complexes [NEt4][HB(3,5-Me2pz)3Fe(ONO)xCl3-x], x = 1−3 (2−4), and [NEt4][HB(3,5-Me2pz)3Fe(η2-ONO)Cl] (5), which were characterized by elemental analyses, electrochemistry, and IR, EPR, and UV−vis spectroscopy. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the ferric complexes 2 and 4 and the ferrous chelating nitrito complex 5. The crystal structures of the ferric complexes exhibit monodentate, O−bound nitrito ligands, while the change in metal oxidation state from +3 to +2 leads to a chelating nitrito ligand in 5.