cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinct pathways of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation by growth factors, fibronectin and parathyroid hormone 1-34.

Abstract Growth factors, hormones, and matrix proteins regulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, acting through cognate receptors. Since each of the receptors are coupled to a variety of distinct signal transduction pathways, in this report we evaluated whether there is a common convergent intermediate step that allows cross-talk among the various pathways. Since extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) play a role in mitogenesis and differentiation processes, we evaluated the effects of various osteotrophic factors on Erk1/2 phosphorylation in osteoblasts. Osteoblasts isolated from the metaphyseal marrow (MM) and diaphyseal marrow (DM) of 4–6 week old male rat longitudinal bones were grown to confluency and Erk1/2-phosphorylation was evaluated using antibodies that recognized either the total or the phosphorylated form of the kinase. There was very little Erk1/2 phosphorylation in cells kept in suspension. Both MM and DM cells attached to fibronectin (FN), demonstrated Erk1/2 phosphorylation that persisted for at least up to 8 h. Platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB) induced a transient and robust Erk1/2 phosphorylation that was attenuated by 2 h. Studies with specific inhibitors indicated that the effects of these factors were mediated by protein kinase C, by receptor tyrosine kinase, as well as by protein phosphatases. Parathyroid hormone (PTH 1–34), a bone anabolic agent however, caused a down-regulation of FN stimulated Erk1/2 phosphorylation in MM derived cells. The inhibitory effect of PTH was mediated through cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) activation. The data collectively suggest that a combination of diverse extracellular stimuli regulates Erk1/2 phosphorylation that may ultimately influence osteoblast proliferation and/or differentiation.
Measuring Practitioner Attitudes Toward Evidence-Based Treatments: A Validation Study

A better understanding of clinicians’ attitudes toward evidence-based treatments (EBT) will presumably enhance the transfer of EBTs for substance-abusing adolescents from research to clinical application. The reliability and validity of two measures of therapist attitudes toward EBT were examined: the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (Aarons, 2004), and Attitudes Toward Psychotherapy Treatment Manuals Scale (Addis & Krasnow, 2000). Participants included 543 public sector, master's-level mental health and substance abuse therapists who treat adolescents. Factor analyses generally corroborated factor structures of the instruments found previously. Beliefs that EBTs negatively affect treatment process were associated with relatively low openness to new treatments and with beliefs that EBTs do not produce positive outcomes.
Coordinated Remodeling of Cellular Metabolism during Iron Deficiency through Targeted mRNA Degradation

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for virtually all organisms and serves as a cofactor for a wide variety of vital cellular processes. Although Fe deficiency is the primary nutritional disorder in the world, cellular responses to Fe deprivation are poorly understood. We have discovered a posttranscriptional regulatory process controlled by Fe deficiency, which coordinately drives widespread metabolic reprogramming. We demonstrate that, in response to Fe deficiency, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cth2 protein specifically downregulates mRNAs encoding proteins that participate in many Fe-dependent processes. mRNA turnover requires the binding of Cth2, an RNA binding protein conserved in plants and mammals, to specific AU-rich elements in the 3' untranslated region of mRNAs targeted for degradation. These studies elucidate coordinated global metabolic reprogramming in response to Fe deficiency and identify a mechanism for achieving this by targeting specific mRNA molecules for degradation, thereby facilitating the utilization of limited cellular Fe levels.
The Prison Strike: Some General Considerations and a Case Study

This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of the prison work stoppage. It discusses the conditions which make prison strikes possible and invokes a general theory of strike action to account for the prevalence of prison strikes. In addition, it focusses on a particular, successful prison work stoppage in Massachusetts and analyzes both the extent to which it was organized and the nature of its leverage.
Global relevance of total building performance

Abstract Global population and environmental trends demand a radical departure from current building and developmental processes. Applying total building performance thinking can reduce energy consumption, pollution and waste in existing and new construction by a factor of 4 and simultaneously can improve quality of life within buildings—measured through occupant satisfaction, health and productivity. The further development of advanced energy and water systems, and the application of appropriate technology and systems integration concepts will help to enable the elimination of `waste-streams', avoiding obsolescence, as well as managing industrial and agricultural nutrient streams. Instead of treating buildings and their contents as `pre-garbage', worse `pre toxic-waste', all material flows can be considered within life cycles for `cradle to cradle' use. These concepts can make major contributions towards the creation of more sustainable lifestyles with even greater quality in the industrialized countries and the development and implementation of sustainable urban and building infrastructures in rapidly emerging economies. Rather than the continued export of non-sustainable building solutions, this paper argues for the development and demonstration of such practices in the industrialized countries that would create a progressive `pull' to enable the appropriate implementation of new practices.
Chronic carbamazepine selectively downregulates cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression and cyclooxygenase activity in rat brain.

Abstract Background Carbamazepine is a mood stabilizer used as monotherapy or as an adjunct to lithium in the treatment of acute mania or the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. Based on evidence that lithium and valproate, other mood stabilizers, reduce brain arachidonic acid turnover and its conversion via cyclooxygenase to prostaglandin E 2 in rat brain, one possibility is that carbamazepine also targets the arachidonic acid cascade. Methods To test this hypothesis, carbamazepine was administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection at a daily dose of 25 mg/kg for 30 days. Results Carbamazepine decreased brain phospholipase A 2 activity and cytosolic phospholipase A 2 protein and messenger RNA levels without changing significantly protein and activity levels of calcium-independent phospholipase A 2 or secretory phospholipase A 2 . Cyclooxygenase activity was decreased in carbamazepine-treated rats without any change in cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels. Brain prostaglandin E 2 concentration also was reduced. The protein levels of other arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes, 5-lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase, were not significantly changed nor was the brain concentration of the 5-lipoxygenase product leukotriene B 4 . Conclusions Carbamazepine downregulates cytosolic phospholipase A 2 -mediated release of arachidonic acid and its subsequent conversion to prostaglandin E 2 by cyclooxygenase. These effects may contribute to its therapeutic actions in bipolar disorder.
A sampling approach to estimate the log determinant used in spatial likelihood problems

Likelihood-based methods for modeling multivariate Gaussian spatial data have desirable statistical characteristics, but the practicality of these methods for massive georeferenced data sets is often questioned. A sampling algorithm is proposed that exploits a relationship involving log-pivots arising from matrix decompositions used to compute the log determinant term that appears in the model likelihood. We demonstrate that the method can be used to successfully estimate log-determinants for large numbers of observations. Specifically, we produce an log-determinant estimate for a 3,954,400 by 3,954,400 matrix in less than two minutes on a desktop computer. The proposed method involves computations that are independent, making it amenable to out-of-core computation as well as to coarse-grained parallel or distributed processing. The proposed technique yields an estimated log-determinant and associated confidence interval.
Field dissociation of HeRh2+ by atomic tunneling: A study of the effects of vibrational and rotational motion.

We describe a numerical study of the field dissociation of ${\mathrm{HeRh}}^{2+}$ by atomic tunneling. Model calculations predict that the dissociation is localized in a well-defined spatial zone of width 125 A\r{} located about 200 A\r{} from the tip surface, due to the combination of rotational motion, field distribution, and the orientation-dependent particle tunneling probability. These results are in excellent agreement with experiment. In addition, the numerical results predict the existence of a fine structure (due to the combined effect of rotation, the field distribution, and the vibrational motion) consisting of four secondary peaks in the ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{2+}$ spectrum, separated in time from each other by an average value of 0.86\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}13}$ s. These should be observable in experiments.
Proportion of prokaryotes enumerated as viruses by epifluorescence microscopy

It is well known that there are prokaryotes small in size (e.g. ultra-microprokaryotes) that pass through a 0.2-μm filter. As bacterial and viral abundances are determined by epifluorescence microscopy and the differentiation between them is based on particle size, some bacteria can be erroneously enumerated as viruses, namely in marine waters where bacteria are small. However, there is no information on the proportion of prokaryotes that could be misidentified as viruses by epifluorescence microscopy. In this work, we assessed, in water samples collected in the estuarine system Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), the proportion of prokaryotes that could be counted as viruses by the current widespread epifluorescence microscopy and, for the first time, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The total number of particles was determined on membranes of 0.2 and 0.02 μm after staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and the number of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) was determined by FISH for both pore size membranes. The results show that, in the marine zone of the estuarine system, 28 % of particles enumerated as virus-like particles were prokaryotes, but, in the brackish water zone, only 13 % of the particles counted as viruses were actually prokaryotic cells. Epifluorescence microscopy overestimates viral abundance, and also the ratio viruses:prokaryotes, and this error must be taken into consideration because it can vary significantly within a system. In fact, in the marine zone of an estuarine system, the overestimation of viral abundance can be twice as high as in the brackish water zone.
Experimental verification of soft-robot gaits evolved using a lumped dynamic model

When generating gaits for soft robots (those with no explicit joints), it is not evident that undulating control schemes are the most efficient. In considering alternative control schemes, however, the computational costs of evaluating continuum mechanic models of soft robots represent a significant bottleneck. We consider the use of lumped dynamic models for soft robotic systems. Such models have not been employed previously to design gaits for soft robotic systems, though they are widely used to simulate robots with compliant joints. A major question is whether these methods are accurate enough to be representations of soft robots to enable gait design and optimization. This paper addresses the potential "reality gap" between simulation and experiment for the particular case of a soft caterpillar-like robot. Experiments with a prototype soft crawler demonstrate that the lumped dynamic model can capture essential soft-robot mechanics well enough to enable gait optimization. Significantly, experiments verified that a prototype robot achieved high performance for control patterns optimized in simulation and dramatically reduced performance for gait parameters perturbed from their optimized values.
Synthesis, characterization and properties of a physically and chemically gelling polymer system using poly(NIPAAm-co-HEMA-acrylate) and poly(NIPAAm-co-cysteamine).

The aim of this work was to develop a simultaneous physically and chemically gelling system using NIPAAm co-polymers. The in situ polymer gel was obtained by synthesizing poly(NIPAAm-co-HEMAacrylate) and poly(NIPAAm-co-cysteamine) through free radical polymerization and further nucleophilic substitution. The purpose of the dual gelation is that physical gelation would take place at higher temperatures as the NIPAAm chains associate, while chemical gelation would occur through a Michael-type addition reaction, resulting in a cross-link forming through a nucleophilic attack of the thiolate on the acrylate. The structure of each co-polymer was then verified using 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The corresponding lower critical solution temperature and phase transition behavior of each co-polymer was analyzed through cloud point and DSC, while mechanical properties were investigated through rheology. Swelling behavior was also monitored at different temperatures. The resulting polymer system demonstrated prope...
PRENATAL COCAINE PRODUCES DEFICITS IN SEROTONIN MEDIATED NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES IN ADULT RAT PROGENY : EVIDENCE FOR LONG-TERM FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS IN BRAIN SEROTONIN PATHWAYS

Cocaine produces biochemical alterations in brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons. Since 5-HT is critical to the development of fetal 5-HT neurons and target tissues, we hypothesized that in utero exposure to cocaine could result in long-term alterations in postnatal 5-HT systems. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered either saline or (-)cocaine (15 mg/kg, s.c., b.i.d.) from gestational day 13 to 20. Prenatal cocaine exposure did not alter litter size, gender number, or progeny birth weights. Functional alterations in serotonergic systems were determined in postnatal day (PD) 70 male progeny by measuring changes in 5-HT mediated plasma hormones following a single 8 mg/kg injection of the 5-HT releaser p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). Cocaine exposed male progeny exhibited significant reductions in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, -43%) and renin (-62%) responses to PCA. However, no alterations were observed in the corticosterone or prolactin response to PCA. In utero exposure to cocaine did not alter basal levels of ACTH, renin, corticosterone, or prolactin. There were no significant differences in the density of either hypothalamic or cortical 5-HT uptake sites. Likewise, there were no significant differences in the densities of any of the 5-HT1 receptor subtypes or in the density of 5-HT2 receptors in cortex. These data, which provide the first demonstration of deficits in 5-HT mediated neuroendocrine function in adult progeny following in utero exposure to cocaine, indicate long-term functional alterations of brain 5-HT systems.
The neuropeptide Y antagonist PYX2 decreases lordosis behavior

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been localized to noradrenergic neurons and both the noradrenergic system and NPY play a facilitatory role in the control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release. The present experiments examined whether NPY also plays a role in the control of lordosis. Adult female guinea pigs were ovariectomized (ovx) and implanted with a cannula into the lateral ventricle. In Experiment 1, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of the NPY antagonist PYX2 (0, 0.5, 2.0 or 10.0 μg) caused a dose-dependent decrease in lordosis behavior in ovx, estrogen and progesterone-primed guinea pigs. In addition to an effect on the mean lordosis response, PYX2 also decreased the percent of animals showing lordosis and the maximum lordosis response. In Experiment 2, NPY administration (25 μg, ICV) 30 min after PYX2 (2 μg, ICV) to ovx estrogen and progesterone-primed females significantly reversed the effect of the PYX2. Because the NPY antagonist PYX2 reversibly decreased lordosis behavior this suggests that NPY plays a facilitatory role in the control of lordosis behavior.
Demonstration of Conjugated Dopamine in Monkey CSF by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A method for measuring unconjugated and conjugated dopamine in body tissues and fluids is described. Conjugated dopamine was hydrolyzed in acid to unconjugated dopamine, separated from the sample matrix by alumina chromatography, and assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conjugated dopamine was detected in greater concentrations than unconjugated dopamine in CSF taken from lateral ventricle or thecal sac of the Rhesus monkey. Haloperidol administration did not increase the levels of conjugated dopamine in lumbar CSF.
Gene amplification and overexpression of protein phosphatase 1α in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines

Gene amplification of chromosomal band 11q13 is observed frequently in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Several genes have been identified in the 11q13 amplicon, including FGF3, FGF4, CCND1, EMS1 and TAOS1. Some of these genes show good correlation between gene copy number and gene expression, and are thought to play a role in driving 11q13 amplification. The PPP1CA gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of serine/threonine protein phosphatase protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), is also located in 11q13. Protein phosphatase 1, one of the isoforms of PP1, regulates critical cellular events, such as cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. We sought to explore the possibility that PPP1CA was amplified and overexpressed in OSCC cells. Indeed, some OSCC cell lines had PPP1CA gene amplification, as analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. We have also demonstrated that PPP1CA gene copy number is increased in 21% of the OSCC cell lines determined by quantitative microsatellite analysis. PP1 RNA expression determined by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was significantly higher in OSCC cell lines with 11q13 amplification compared to those without 11q13 amplification (P=0.011). The difference was even more significant between cell lines with at least three copies of the PPP1CA gene and those with less than three copies of the gene (P=0.00045). Relative PP1 protein levels were also significantly associated with PPP1CA gene copy number (P=0.014). Furthermore, knockdown of PP1 and/or cyclin D1 by small interfering RNA suppressed OSCC cell growth, at least in part by modulating pRB phosphorylation, resulting in G0 growth arrest. These data suggest that like the cyclin D1 gene, CCND1, amplification and overexpression of the PP1 gene, PPP1CA, may be involved in OSCC tumorigenesis and/or progression.
A short-chain ester from the seed oil of Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Abstract Methyl esters prepared from the seed oil of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. yielded a small amount of a volatile ester, C6H18O5. The molecular weight was confirmed by the mass spectrum. Examination by i.r. and NMR spectra indicated the probable structure as methyl 4,4-dimethoxy-3-(methoxymethyl)butyrate (I). Comparison of the spectra with those of methyl 9,9-dimethoxynonanoate and evidence of a lactone on hydrolysis provided additional support for this structure. The compound is presumed to exist in the oil as part of a glyceride or glyceryl ether and to be converted into the dimethylacetal ester during the interesterification treatment.
Ion-size effects and the spatial extent of defects

Analysis of the F-centre's optical absorption indicates that the radii of centres with large cation neighbours are greater than the radii of those with smaller neighbours. We resolve this apparent conflict with the Pauli exclusion principle by calculating the rms radii of point-ion model wave functions orthogonalized to the occupied core states of nearest-neighbour ions. Orthogonality to s-like ion-core states shifts defect charge toward neighbours' nuclei. This yields negligible change in rms size, but a large increase in hyperfine interaction, an effect established by ENDOR. Orthogonalization to p-like core states relocates charge lying between the F-centre and the ions to the outer sides of the ions expanding the defect charge distribution. The larger the neighbours, the greater is the expansion.
Differential expression of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin in normal and posttransplantation myocardium. Cell adhesion molecule expression in human cardiac allografts.

BACKGROUNDCell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have been implicated in cardiac allograft rejection. However, previous studies have used qualitative analysis of immunohistochemical data and did not exclude patients with infection or malignancy.METHODS AND RESULTSWe analyzed 40 endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 25 cardiac transplant patients and 8 specimens from patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients with evidence of infection or malignancy were excluded. Specimens were stained with monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1, E-selectin, VCAM-1, and PECAM-1 (which labels all vessels). ICAM-1 expression was assessed by counting ICAM-1-positive vessels and dividing by the total number of vessels (measured by PECAM staining). Specimens were scored as positive or negative for VCAM-1 and E-selectin. We also determined whether serum-soluble ICAM-1 levels (sICAM) correlated with rejection by evaluating 145 serum specimens from 48 cardiac transplant patients and 8 specimens from patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac...
Urological injuries in the Civil War.

ABSTRACTPurpose: This study compiles all cases of urological injuries reported in the Civil War (1861 to 1865).Materials and Methods: Using original sources largely assembled in army surgeon report...
IQ and fertility: A cross-national study

Many studies have found a small to moderate negative correlation between IQ and fertility rates. However, these studies have been limited to the United States and some European countries. The present study was a between-nation study using national IQ scores and national fertility rates. There were strong negative correlations found between national IQ and three national indicators of fertility.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHASE UNWRAPPING WITH MINIMUM WEIGHTED DISCONTINUITY

Given an interferometric phase image of a surface profile, the task of two-dimensional phase unwrapping is to reconstruct the profile by adding multiples of 2π to the image. Discontinuities in the unwrapped phase must be restricted to areas of noise and true discontinuity in the profile. Such areas can often be identified by their low quality. This suggests that the unwrapped phase should be chosen to minimize a weighted sum of discontinuity magnitudes. An algorithm is presented that computes such an unwrapped phase from any initial guess. The elementary operation of the algorithm is to partition the image into two connected regions, then raise the unwrapped phase by 2π in one of the regions, reducing the weighted sum; this is done repeatedly until no suitable partitions exist. The operations are found by creating paths that follow discontinuity curves and extending them to form complete partitions. The algorithm terminates when no path can be extended. The behavior of the algorithm and the benefits of weighting are illustrated with an example.
Pancreaticobiliary complications after composite visceral transplantation: incidence, risk, and management strategies

Background Combined liver/small-bowel (L/SB) and multivisceral (MV) transplantation has been increasingly used with significant improvement in outcome. Objective To report our experience with pancreaticobiliary (PB) complications in this unique population. Design and Setting Single-center cohort study using a prospectively completed database. Patients and Interventions From May 1990 to November 2008, records of 271 consecutive patients who received 289 composite visceral grafts were retrospectively reviewed; 151 of the allografts were L/SB (52%) and the remaining 138 were MV. Main Outcome Measurements Type, incidence, risk factors, clinical features, and management of PB complications. Results PB complications were diagnosed in 44 patients with an incidence of 16%. Biliary complications developed in 20 patients (ampullary stenosis in 9, bile duct casts/stones in 6, and bile duct leaks in 5), pancreatic complications occurred in 19 patients (necrotizing pancreatitis in 7, edematous pancreatitis in 6, and pancreatic duct fistulae in 6), and combined biliary and pancreatic complications occurred in 5 patients. The risk of PB complications was significantly higher in MV graft recipients compared with L/SB recipients with a rate of 25% compared with 9%, respectively. ERCP was instrumental in the diagnosis and/or treatment of ampullary stenosis, bile duct casts and stones, bile duct leaks, and recurrent acute pancreatitis. Combined endoscopic and surgical intervention was required in most cases of pancreatic duct fistulae. Surgical intervention was performed in patients with pancreatic allograft necrosis and complex anastomotic biliary leaks. Limitations Single-center study. Conclusions PB complications are common after composite visceral transplantation. Awareness of these complications is important to the transplantation team to ensure early diagnosis and appropriate intervention in an attempt to minimize morbidity and mortality.
A mechanism for metalloid strengthening of Udimet-700

Essais de fluage entre 1145 K et 1255 K de l'alliage Udimet-700 Ni-Al9,2at.%-Co14at.%-Cr15at.%-Mo2,4at.%-Ti4at.% apres un traitement de precipitation de particules fines de Ni 3 Al. L'addition de 0,04 at.% diminue la vitesse du fluage secondaire et augmente l'energie d'activation du fluage. Relation de ces resultats avec la sous-structure des dislocations
Intracarotid amobarbital testing for language and memory dominance in children.

Abstract The intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) was attempted in 22 pediatnc epilepsy surgery candidates, ages 5–12 years old. With extra pre-test teaching and emotional preparation, adjusted amobarbital dosage for younger patients, and simplified test items tailored to the child's abilities, language and memory testing were accomplished after at least one injection for 19 (86%) of patients. Language dominance was clarified in 11 children overall (50% of patients), in all of the children who had bilateral testing and at least borderline intelligence (IQ>70), and in 57% of the children with mild or moderate mental retardation. Memory assessment was accomplished in 18 children after amobarbital injection of the hemisphere ipsilateral to the predominant epileptogenic zone. IAP retention scores tended to be lower in children than adults, especially in the setting of mental retardation. Retention scores after ipsilateral injection were >60% in all 10 of the children with at least borderline intelligence, but 60% in only four of 12 children. Our results suggested that a modified pediatrie IAP protocol can clarify the hemisphere of language dominance in most verbal preadolescent children with at least borderline intelligence, and in many children with mental retardation. However, IAP memory retention scores tended to be lower in children than adults and should be interpreted with caution.
The Stigmatizing Effects of Affirmative Action: An Examination of Moderating Variables

Two studies examined (a) the pervasiveness of stigmas of incompetence, (b) the possible moderating effects of qualifications and type of affirmative-action plan, and (c) the influence of an individual's attitudes toward affirmative action on stigmatization of a beneficiary. Results for Study 1 showed that participants evaluated the affirmative-action hiree as less competent and unlikely to have been hired because of qualifications, regardless of the hiree's actual qualifications. Study 2 demonstrated that, while affirmative-action plan had no effect on participants' evaluations, association with affirmative action produced negative evaluations on competence, career progress, and hiring because of qualifications. Attitudes toward affirmative action had a stronger effect on evaluations of the hiree than the qualifications of the hiree. Implications for alleviating stigmatization are discussed.
ALCHEMI study of site distributions of 3d-transition metals in B2-ordered iron aluminides

Abstract ALCHEMI has been used to determine the site distributions of the 3d-transition metals Me = {Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu} in B2-ordered iron aluminides of stoichiometry Fe 50 Al 45 Me 5 . These alloying additions exhibited an increasing ‘Fe’-site preference with increasing atomic number. Elements Co, Ni and Cu were found to occupy the ‘Fe’ site exclusively, displacing 10% of the Fe host element to the ‘Al’ anti-site. None of the alloying elements exhibited an exclusive ‘Al’-site preference. The element Ti exhibited the largest ‘Al’-site occupancy, with ∼85% of the alloying element occupying the ‘Al’ site. The residual ‘Fe’-site occupancy (15%) can be attributed to the kinetics of the site-equilibration mechanism.
Synoptic Activity in the Arctic Basin, 1979–85

Abstract Synoptic activity in the Arctic basin from 70°–907deg;N is examined for the period 1979–85, using improved pressure analyses incorporating data from a network of drifting buoys. Geographical and seasonal variations in cyclone and anticyclone frequencies, mean cyclone pressures and other cyclone characteristics are determined. Results, in general, compare favorably with those from earlier studies. The atmospheric circulation of the Arctic is characterized by strong seasonality, but with considerable year-to-year variability, evidenced through large-scale seasonal shifts in the position and intensity of cyclone and anticyclone frequency maxima, the types of systems comprising these pattern, and major cyclone tracks. In winter and spring, cyclonic activity is largely restricted to the eastern Arctic. Local frequency maxima are found near Svalbard, the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya, and, in winter, also near the Pole at about 90°E. The systems comprising these patterns are migratory, the majority ent...
Analysis of Palm Oil Carotenoids By HPLC with Diode-Array Detection

Palm oil carotenoids are analyzed by nonaqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NARP-HPLC) with UV/vis diode-array detection. Isocratic elution with 60% acetonitrile/35% methanol/5% methylene chloride at 2 mL/min on a 25-cm C18 column results in an analysis time of 30 min. Identification is made through absorption spectra and chromatographic elution behaviors, for example, polyenic pi conjugation, dipole moment of end-groups, and oxygen function on the chromophores. At least 12 carotenoids are identified with alpha- and beta-carotene as the dominant carotenoids (1:2 ratio). Several mono- and di-epoxides of alpha- and beta-isomers and hydrocarbon carotenes are found, including the UV-absorbing phytoene identified by spectral substraction. cis-Isomerization is found and discussed in the light of spectral evidence. The effect of saponification time on the amount of extracted carotenes is investigated. Quantitation results in a combined alpha- and beta-carotene concentration of at least 506 ppm. The detection limit for beta-carotene is 31 ng.
Comments on an evaluation of the 1992 performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

Abstract The following topics are discussed in a review of the 1992 performance assessment (PA) for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP): (1) inclusion of potash mining and other disruptions in the definition of possible futures at the WIPP, (2) definition of future drilling rates in the vicinity of the WIPP, (3) possible non-conservatisms in analysis assumptions, (4) characterization of uncertainty in solubilities, and (5) characterization of uncertainty in distribution coefficients. With respect to (1) and (2), the 1992 WIPP PA attempted to follow guidance in the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) standard for the geological disposal of radioactive waste, 40 CFR 191. Many of the reviewer's comments relate to the EPA's recent guidance in 40 CFR 194 on assessing compliance with 40 CFR 191, which was not published until early 1996 and which makes many changes from the guidance given in 40 CFR 191. The 1996 WIPP PA, which will support a compliance certification application to the EPA, will follow the guidance in 40 CFR 194. With respect to (3), (4) and (5), the WIPP PA tries to avoid both deliberate conservatism and deliberate non-conservatism. The 1992 WIPP PA attempted to use all the information available to it consistent with the requirements to incorporate uncertainty in PA results and to use ‘reasonable expectation’ as the criterion for assessing compliance with 40 CFR 191. Since 1992, many additional results related to solubilities and distribution coefficients have become available. The 1996 WIPP PA will incorporate these new results.
THE SOURCE OF EXCESS CREATINE FOLLOWING METHYL TESTOSTERONE

INTRODUCTION SINCE among the steroids only the 17-methylated compounds cause increased formation of creatine, the present studies were designed to give some information regarding the site of this action. Wilkins and Fleishmann (11) in 1941 first described the production of creatinuria in undeveloped dwarfs who were treated with methyl testosterone. Like testosterone, this compound caused increased nitrogen storage and growth, but whereas testosterone administration led to a small decrease in creatine output, methyl testosterone caused a marked increase in creatine excretion after a latent period of six to sixteen days. Samuels, Henschel and Keys (8) in 1942 described this increased creatinuria after administration of methyl testosterone to normal young men. The output rose to as high as one gram per day in certain individuals. Not only was there a creatinuria but the blood creatine levels increased. These workers, therefore, came to the conclusion that the creatinuria was due to an increased formation of ...
Radiosensitization of Escherichia coli by Methyl Hydrazine and the Effect of Oxygen

THIOL-BINDING agents such as N-ethylmaleimide1, iodoacetamide2 and hydroxymercuribenzoate3 are effective bacterial radiosensitizers, particularly with the more radioresistant bacteria2. Sensitization of bacteria by these compounds is believed to be a result of their common ability to bind sulphydryl groups within the bacterial cell which can function either as natural radioprotective agents by radical scavenging or as repair agents for DNA radicals formed by hydrogen abstraction4–6. Alternatively, enzyme repair reactions may be inhibited by the presence of these sulphydryl poisons, a view recently emphasized by Alexander, Lett and Dean7. Another group of radiosensitizing compounds are the stable free radicals such as oxygen8, nitric oxide9, di-t-butyl nitroxide10, and copper ions11. Still a third class of compounds known to radiosensitize bacteria are halogen containing substances such as chloral hydrate12 or chloroform13 which presumably act by the formation of short-lived halogen radicals toxic to the bacterial cell (the halogen containing sulphydryl poison iodoacetamide may be in this category too) or by formation of long lived toxic radiolytic product. Most of these agents are found to be more effective in nitrogen than in oxygen radiation conditions. Halogenated pyrimidines such as 5-bromouracil sensitize by yet another mechanism, because they require incorporation into cellular DNA in order to be effective.
Evaluation of the QUIC-URB fast response urban wind model for a cubical building array and wide building street canyon

This paper describes the QUIC-URB fast response urban wind modeling tool and evaluates it against wind tunnel data for a 7 × 11 cubical building array and wide building street canyon. QUIC-URB is based on the Rockle diagnostic wind modeling strategy that rapidly produces spatially resolved wind fields in urban areas and can be used to drive urban dispersion models. Rockle-type models do not solve transport equations for momentum or energy; rather, they rely heavily on empirical parameterizations and mass conservation. In the model-experiment comparisons, we test two empirical building flow parameterizations within the QUIC-URB model: our implementation of the standard Rockle (SR) algorithms and a set of modified Rockle (MR) algorithms. The MR model attempts to build on the strengths of the SR model and introduces additional physically based, but simple parameterizations that significantly improve the results in most regions of the flow for both test cases. The MR model produces vortices in front of buildings, on rooftops and within street canyons that have velocities that compare much more favorably to the experimental results. We expect that these improvements in the wind field will result in improved dispersion calculations in built environments.
Aish, Huriyya, Karama Insaniyya : Framing and the 2011 Egyptian Uprising

One of the principal chants that was raised during the Egyptian uprising of 2011 was aish, huriyya, karama insaniyya, or ‘bread, freedom, human dignity’. This slogan encapsulated the three primary collective action frames that activists employed during the uprising. I argue that these frames were drawn from, and engaged with, three broad themes in Egypt's political discourse that had been developed over the previous decade: poor economic conditions, lack of democracy, and police abuse.
Application of GEE procedures for sample size calculations in repeated measures experiments

Derivation of the minimum sample size is an important consideration in an applied research effort. When the outcome is measured at a single time point, sample size procedures are well known and widely applied. The corresponding situation for longitudinal designs, however, is less well developed. In this paper, we adapt the generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach of Liang and Zeger to sample size calculations for discrete and continuous outcome variables. The non-central version of the Wald χ2 test is considered. We use the damped exponential family of correlation structures described in Munoz et al. for the ‘working’ correlation matrix among the repeated measures. We present a table of minimum sample sizes for binary outcomes, and discuss extensions that account for unequal allocation, staggered entry and loss to follow-up. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrathecal delivery of fluorescent labeled butyrylcholinesterase to the brains of butyrylcholinesterase knock-out mice: Visualization and quantification of enzyme distribution in the brain

Exogenously delivered butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has proven to be an efficient bioscavenger against highly toxic organophosphorus poisons and nerve agents. The scavenger properties of BChE when delivered via intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal routes are limited to the body's peripheral sites because the 340 kDa enzyme does not cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Overcoming the BBB is an important step toward evaluating the neuroprotective properties of BChE within the central nervous system (CNS). This study examines the feasibility of delivering BChE to the brain and spinal cord by intrathecal (IT) injection. Mice completely devoid of BChE were injected intrathecally with either BChE (80 units) that was labeled with near-infrared fluorescent dye (BChE/IRDye) or a molar equivalent amount of carboxylate dye. The BChE/IRDye and carboxylate dye were tracked using an in vivo imaging system demonstrating the real-time distribution of BChE in the brain and the residence time in the brain and spinal cord through 25 h post-dosing. BChE/IRdye levels in the brain peaked at 6 h post-dosing. BChE enzyme activity was quantified in plasma and brain sections by BChE activity assays of plasma and of perfused tissues. Average BChE activity levels were 0.6 units/g in the brains of mice treated with BChE/IRDye at 4 h post-dosing. Intense fluorescent signal in the cortex, dentate gyrus and ventricles of the brain at 25 h post-dosing was visualized by confocal microscopy and the presence of BChE was confirmed with activity assays of frozen sections. This procedure proved to be an efficient, safe and rapid method to deliver BChE to the CNS of mice, providing a research tool for determining neural protection by BChE following OP exposure.
Potential Practical Applications of Basic Research in Molecular Dynamics

The chemical technology of the future will require a deeper knowledge of fundamental molecular-dynamical processes. It will no longer suffice to be able to systematize (and even calculate) static properties of simple molecules in equilibrium or to produce tables of Arrhenius kinetic parameters characterizing the rate constants of a host of elementary chemical reactions. In order to make significant gains, in the sense of “breakthrough technology”, an intimate knowledge of basic molecular dynamical behavior will be needed. Such insight is derivable from a new class of experiments at the atomic and molecular level and from new theoretical-computational approaches to molecular-dynamical problems. To illustrate these new requirements, and the potential practical applications of an improved understanding at the basic level, examples are presented in the areas of combustion and atmospheric pollution, atmospheric and ionospheric chemistry, synthetic applications of selective excitation, lasers in chemistry and chemical-to-radiation energy conversion.
Raman Amplification in Multi-Mode Fiber: Reduction of Inter-Symbol Interference via Mode Selective Gain

We present the theoretical and experimental results demonstrating Raman amplification in multi-mode fiber and mode selective gain. These results suggest a new method to increase data rates in multi-mode fiber links.
A tentative identification of methanol as the progenitor of the 3.52-μm emission feature in several comets

Continuum emission has been detected during 3.44-3.64 micron spectral region observations of Comets P/Brorsen-Metcalf, Okazaki-Levy-Rudenko, and Levy. The spatial brightness profile of the 3.52-micron emission feature was measured and found to be consistent with uniform outflow from a central, unresolved source; the molecule generating the emission is either directly sublimated from the cometary surface or is a short-lived parent specie's dissociation product. The modeled IR spectrum of CH3OH implies the consistency of the observed spectra with a methanol origin for the 3.52 emission.
High PCO does not alter pHi, but raises [Ca2+]i in cultured rat carotid body glomus cells in the absence and presence of CdCl2

Abstract We measured the effect of high P CO (500–550 Torr) on the pH i and [Ca 2+ ] i in cultured glomus cells of adult rat carotid body (CB) as a test of the two models currently proposed for the mechanism of CB chemoreception. The metabolic model postulates that the rise in glomus cell [Ca 2+ ] i , the initiating reaction in the signalling pathway leading to chemosensory neural discharge, is due to [Ca 2+ ] release from intracellular Ca 2+ stores. The membrane potential model postulates that the rise in [Ca 2+ ] i comes from influx of extracellular Ca 2+ through voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels (VDCC) of the L-type. High P CO did not change pH i at PO 2 of 120–135 Torr, showing that CO-induced changes in [Ca 2+ ] i are not due to changes in pH i . High P CO caused a highly significant rise in [Ca 2+ ] i from 90±12 nM to 675±65 nM, both in the absence and in the presence of 200 μM CdCl 2 , a potent blocker of L-type VDCCs. This result is fully consistent with release of Ca 2+ from glomus cell intracellular stores according to metabolic model, but inconsistent with influx of extracellular Ca 2+ through VDCCs according to the membrane potential model.
Interactive effects of life experience and situational cues on aggression: The weapons priming effect in hunters and nonhunters

Abstract Recent research ( Anderson, Benjamin, & Bartholow, 1998 ) indicates that the presence of guns increases the accessibility of aggressive thoughts via automatic priming. Our research examined whether this “weapons priming effect” differs depending on the structure of an individual's knowledge about guns, and if so, whether that difference results in corresponding differences in aggressive behavior. Experiment 1 revealed that individuals with prior gun experience (hunters) have more detailed and specific information about guns than do individuals with no direct gun experience (nonhunters), and that hunting experience interacts with gun type (hunting versus assault) in predicting affective and cognitive reactions to guns. Experiment 2 revealed that pictures of hunting guns were more likely to prime aggressive thoughts among nonhunters, whereas pictures of assault guns were more likely to prime aggressive thoughts among hunters. Experiment 3 showed differences in aggressive behavior following gun primes that correspond to differences in affective and cognitive responses to gun cues. Our findings are discussed in light of the General Aggression Model.
Facies and Paleogeography of Late Paleozoic Diamictite, Falkland Islands

In the Falkland Islands, diamictite of Carboniferous to Early Permian age unconformably overlies Devonian sandstone and quartzite and extends gradationally upward into black shale of Permian (?) age. The unit, previously termed Lafonian Tillite, consists dominantly of diamictite containing 5–50 per cent subrounded to subangular clasts up to boulder size set in a very poorly stratified, sandy mudstone matrix, now recrystallized. Maximum clast diameter is about 7 m, and clast types include those derived locally from both the Cape Meredith basement complex and the Devonian sequence as well as volcanic, carbonate, and mafic hypabyssal rocks of unknown source. No striated floor was recognized, and striated and clearly faceted clasts are exceedingly rare. The stratigraphic section ranges in thickness from 350 to 850 m and includes isolated intercalations of stratified rocks up to 50 m thick. These range from linear channel-fillings and small fan-shaped bodies of well-sorted sandstone and minor conglomerate in the west to extensive, bedded intercalations of pebbly mudstone, graded graywacke, and shale with dispersed pebbles in the east. These intercalations define a western and an eastern facies within the Lafonian Diamictite; an intervening third facies consists of disrupted and contorted slabs derived from sandstone of the western facies. Transport from west to east is indicated by small-scale sedimentary structures, trends of the channels, eastward decrease in mean and maximum clast size in the diamictite, diamictite clast-fabric, and eastward thinning of the entire unit. The linear sand bodies are interpreted as subglacial eskers debouching onto small submarine fans; the western facies is accordingly assigned to marginal glacial conditions. The eastern facies is interpreted as offshore marine (?) in origin, and the intermediate facies is interpreted as slope deposits resulting from submarine mass movement. It is considered likely that the diamictite was derived from shelf ice fringing southeastern South America during Late Paleozoic time.