cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airspace and the Takings Clause

This Article argues that the United States Supreme Court’s takings jurisprudence fails to account for instances when public entities restrict private airspace solely to keep it open for their own use. Many landowners rely on open space above adjacent land to preserve scenic views for their properties, to provide sunlight access for their rooftop solar panels, or to serve other uses that require no physical invasion of the neighboring space. Private citizens typically must purchase easements or covenants to prevent their neighbors from erecting trees or buildings that would interfere with these non-physical airspace uses. In contrast, public entities can often secure their non-physical uses of neighboring airspace without having to compensate neighbors by simply imposing height restrictions or other regulations on the space. The Court’s existing regulatory takings rules, which focus heavily on whether a challenged government action involves physical invasion of the claimant’s property or destroys all economically beneficial use of the property, fail to protect private landowners against these uncompensated takings of negative airspace easements. In recent years, regulations aimed at keeping private airspace open for specific government uses have threatened wind energy developments throughout the country and have even halted major construction projects near the Las Vegas Strip. This Article highlights several situations in which governments can impose height restrictions or other regulations as a way to effectively take negative airspace easements for their own benefit. This Article also describes why current regulatory takings rules fail to adequately protect citizens against these situations and advocates a new rule capable of filling this gap in takings law. The new rule would clarify the Court’s takings jurisprudence as it relates to airspace and would promote more fair and efficient allocations of airspace rights between governments and private citizens. ∗ Associate Professor, University of Missouri School of Law. Many thanks to Dennis Crouch, Wilson Freyermuth, Blake Hudson, Rhett Larson, Dale Whitman, and the faculty at Florida State University School of Law for their insightful comments on early versions of this Article. Washington University Open Scholarship 422 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [VOL. 90:421
Three-to-One Internal Resonances in Parametrically Excited Hinged-Clamped Beams

The nonlinear planar response of a hinged-clamped beam to a principal parametric resonance of either its first or second mode or a combination parametric resonance of the additive type of its first two modes is investigated. The analysis accounts for mid-plane stretching, a static axial load, a restraining spring at one end, and modal damping. The natural frequency of the second mode is approximately three times the natural frequency of the first mode for a range of static axial loads, resulting in a three-to-one internal resonance. The method of multiple scales is used to attack directly the governing nonlinear integral-partial-differential equation and associated boundary conditions and derive three sets of four first-order nonlinear ordinary-differential equations describing the modulation of the amplitudes and phases of the first two modes in the cases of (a) principal parametric resonance of either the first or the second mode, and (b) a combination parametric resonance of the additive type of these modes. Periodic motions and periodically and chaotically modulated motions of the beam are determined by investigating the equilibrium and dynamic solutions of the modulation equations. For the case of principal parametric resonance of the first mode or combination parametric resonance of the additive type, trivial and two-mode solutions are possible, whereas for the case of parametric resonance of the second mode, trivial, single, and two-mode solutions are possible. The trivial and two-mode equilibrium solutions of the modulation equations may undergo either a supercritical or a subcritical Hopf bifurcation, depending on the magnitude of the axial load. For some excitation parameters, we found complex responses including period-doubling bifurcations and blue-sky catastrophes.
A Model Program for Undergraduate Education in Real-Time Computer Process Control

Abstract Recent deveopments in the introduction of real-time computer-aided data acquisition and control into the undergraduate laboratory program at the University of Rochester will be discussed. Microcomputer technology has been utilized to provide hands-on access to real-time control for all students from the sophomore year on. Concepts of computer-experiment interfacing, digital data acquisition, data analysis and control are introduced naturally in a laboratory environment. Simple feedback loops with on-off and PID control are studied experimentally even before the students are exposed to control theory. Details of computer systems, interfaces and control experiments will be discussed.
Cigarette smoking and its promotion: Editorials are not enough

This article was originally published in The New York State Journal of Medicine, Volume 83, Number 13, pp. 1245 – 1247, 1983. It is reprinted here with permission. This article should not be reproduced without permission of the Medical Society of the State of New York. -- INTRODUCTION -- This issue of the Journal marks the 20th anniversary of the first report on smoking and health by the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service. Preparations for the issue began one year ago with a letter to the present Surgeon General, C. Everett Koop, MD, requesting an interview on the subject of juvenile-onset cigarette smoking. Dr Koop's encouraging reply inspired other letters to individuals around the world who have been deeply committed to ending the cigarette pandemic.
Stability Criteria for Chemical Reactors

Abstract Stability criteria are presented for six most common types of chemical reactors: a batch reactor, a continuous flow stirred tank reactor, a tubular flow reactor, a fluidized bed reactor, a tubular catalytic reactor and a tubular autothermal reactor with internal or external heat exchange. The criteria may be used to determine the boundary of the region of parameter values in which the behavior of a reactor, in which a single exothermic reaction occurs, is insensitive to small perturbations.
The Spatial Structure of Farmland Values: A Semiparametric Approach

Controlling for spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence in farmland valuation models has gained substantial attention in recent literature. This paper proposes to derive the spatial structure of farmland values endogenously and semiparametrically based on the spatial competition theory. The paper assembles panel data of Pennsylvania county level farmland values between 1982 and 2012. A spatial autoregressive panel data model with spatial weights matrix endogenously incorporated is estimated. Out of sample predictions and non-nested statistical tests for model selection suggest that the fit and the predictability of hedonic farmland valuation models can be greatly improved.
Causal independence for knowledge acquisition and inference

I introduce a temporal belief-network representation of causal independence that a knowledge engineer can use to elicit probabilistic models. Like the current, atemporal belief-network representation of causal independence, the new representation makes knowledge acquisition tractable. Unlike the atemproal representation, however, the temporal representation can simplify inference, and does not require the use of unobservable variables. The representation is less general than is the atemporal representation, but appears to be useful for many practical applications.
Morphology of the normal human lens.

PURPOSE To provide a quantitative, morphologic description of differentiated lens fiber cells in all regions of aged normal human lenses. METHODS Transparent normal human lenses (age range, 44 to 71 years) were examined with correlative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Vibratome sections allowed examination of internal structures, whereas dissected whole lenses revealed surface characteristics. Additionally, image analysis was used to measure cross-sectional areas of fiber cells. RESULTS Approximate regional dimensions (percentage of diameter and thickness, respectively) were determined for whole lenses: cortex 16%, 17%; adult nucleus 24%, 21%; juvenile nucleus 12%, 9%; fetal nucleus 45%, 49%; and embryonic nucleus 3%, 4%. Cortical cells were irregularly hexagonal, and the average cross-sectional area measured 24 +/- 9 microns2. Adult nuclear cells were flattened with intricate membranous interdigitations and an area of 7 +/- 2 microns2. Juvenile nuclear cells had an area of 14 +/- 5 microns2. Fetal nuclear cells were rounded with an area of 35 +/- 22 microns2. Embryonic nuclear cells also were rounded and had a variable area of 80 +/- 68 microns2. Fiber cell cytoplasm in all lens regions appeared smooth in texture and homogeneous in staining density. CONCLUSIONS Both TEM and SEM are necessary to obtain a complete description of fiber cells. Cross-sections of fibers give new insights into the lamellar organization of the lens, indicating that each region has characteristic cell shapes and sizes. Furthermore, average dimensions were used to demonstrate that the number of cells and approximate growth rates vary significantly between adjacent regions.
Authenticated Data Structures

Authenticated data structures are a model of computation where untrusted responders answer queries on a data structure on behalf of a trusted source and provide a proof of the validity of the answer to the user. We present a survey of techniques for designing authenticated data structures and overview their computational efficiency. We also discuss implementation issues and practical applications.
Functional Forms and Declining Average Costs

The translog form, if fitted to data exhibiting monotonically decreasing average costs, generally will imply spurious U-shaped average costs. The reason is that the log-log transform of any cost function characterized by monotonically declining average costs is strictly convex in the logarithm of size except in limited cases. Simulations suggest that the severity of the bias is exacerbated by a realistically skewed sample distribution. Similar properties of alternative forms also are considered. Estimates fitted to three samples of U.S. banks bear out the potential importance of these concerns.
Solving MAP exactly using systematic search

MAP is the problem of finding a most probable instantiation of a set of variables in a Bayesian network, given some partial evidence about the complement of that set. Unlike posterior probabilities, or MPE (a special case of MAP), the time and space complexity of structure-based algorithms for MAP are not only exponential in the network treewidth, but in a larger parameter known as the constrained treewidth. In practice, this means that computing MAP can be orders of magnitude more expensive than computing posterior probabilities or MPE. We introduce in this paper a new, simple upper bound on the probability of a MAP solution, which is shown to be generally much tighter than existing bounds. We then use the proposed upper bound to develop a branch-andbound search algorithm for solving MAP exactly. Experimental results demonstrate that the search algorithm is able to solve many problems that are far beyond the reach of any structurebased method for MAP. For example, we show that the proposed algorithm can compute MAP exactly and efficiently for some networks whose constrained treewidth is more than 40.
On the absolute value of the SO(3)-invariant and other summands of the Turaev-Viro invariant

The Turaev-Viro invariant is defined as a certain state sum calculated on an arbitrary simple spine of a 3-manifold. We specify each term of the sum as 0-term, 1-term or 2-term such that each sum of the terms having the same type is an invariant too. The sum of the 0-terms is equal to the square of the modulus of the so-called SO(3)-invariant. In the paper we express the sum of the 0-terms and 2-terms and the sum of the 1-terms via the Turaev-Viro invariants. Tables of values of the invariants are enclosed. The values are presented as polynomials on primitive roots of unity with integer coefficients.
Optimal Nonplanar Escape from Circular Orbits

Minimum impulse transfer between circular orbit and hyperbolic trajectory velocity vector, assuming fixed transfer times
The LSB Theorem Implies the KKM Lemma

(2007). The LSB Theorem Implies the KKM Lemma. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 114, No. 2, pp. 156-159.
On Types of Trade,Adjustment of Labor and Welfare Gains During Asymmetric Liberalizations

This paper modifies the two-industry, two-country Heckscher-Ohlin model with intermediate goods to decompose trade into its horizontal and vertical intra-industry, as well as inter-industry parts. Acknowledging that liberalization affects each type of trade differently, and that changes in each imply labor adjustment of different magnitudes, the paper analyzes the effects of widely observed asymmetries in liberalization policies. The paper concludes with the implications of the model for the liberalization between the East and the West through the Europe Agreements.
Meteorology and hydrology in Yosemite national park: a sensor network application

Over half of California's water supply comes from high elevations in the snowmelt-dominated Sierra Nevada. Natural climate fluctuations, global warming, and the growing needs of water consumers demand intelligent management of this water resource. This requires a comprehensive monitoring system across and within the Sierra Nevada. Unfortunately, because of severe terrain and limited access, few measurements exist. Thus, meteorological and hydrologic processes are not well understood at high altitudes. However, new sensor and wireless communication technologies are beginning to provide sensor packages designed for low maintenance operation, low power consumption and unobtrusive footprints. A prototype network of meteorological and hydrological sensors has been deployed in Yosemite National Park, traversing elevation zones from 1,200 to 3,700 m. Communication techniques must be tailored to suit each location, resulting in a hybrid network of radio, cell-phone, land-line, and satellite transmissions. Results are showing how, in some years, snowmelt may occur quite uniformly over the Sierra, while in others it varies with elevation.
A utility-aware middleware architecture for decentralized group communication applications

Although unstructured Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks provide economical platforms for supporting group communication applications, their ad-hoc nature poses significant challenges to the performance of the group communication services. This paper presents the design and implementation of GroupCast -- a utility-aware middleware architecture for scalable and efficient P2P group communications. The GroupCast design is characterized by two unique features. First, we present a utility function for quantifying the role of unicast links in enhancing the scalability and efficiency of the group communication applications. Second, we develop a utility-aware distributed spanning tree construction algorithm for efficiently propagating group communication messages. It dynamically creates and maintains the group communication channels by optimizing the utility value of the group communication spanning trees. In addition, we also outline a utility-based overlay management protocol for constructing and maintaining low-diameter overlay networks. Our experiments show that the GroupCast system can improve the scalability of wide-area group communication services by one to two orders of magnitude.
Specification of Investment Functions in Sub-Saharan Africa

It is a well-known fact that one of the most important determinants of growth is private investment. But in the developing country context of widespread poverty, the effects of initial conditions on the process of capital accumulation have seldom been investigated. This paper highlights heterogeneity in the process of capital accumulation across different countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, and derives a formal specification of investment functions in the primary, industry, and service sectors in the region using a variation of the combined Tobin's Q Theory and the neoclassical models of investment. The results highlight a more rapid accumulation of capital in the relatively high income subpanel and a widening public-private capital accumulation gap. A functional specification points to the significance of aggregate profitability shocks, the financing cost of investment, and public capital stock in estimating the growth rate of private capital accumulation. These results are supported empirically, as highlighted by the relatively small absolute deviation between actual and predicted value distributions.
Does strict employment protection discourage job creation? Evidence from Croatia

Employment protection legislation in Croatia is among the most strict in Europe. Firing is difficult and costly, and flexible forms of employment are limited. Is this apparent rigidity reflected-as one would expect based on standard economic theory-in low labor market dynamics? Is job creation low and hiring limited? Is the job security of insiders achieved at the cost of outsiders not being able to enter the labor market? The author attempts to answer these questions by examining job flows. If the employment protection legislation is binding, then job and worker turnover should be low. He shows that this is indeed the case. Hiring is limited and the average job tenure is very long in Croatia. Job destruction is low, however job creation is still lower. The result is accumulation of unemployment, in large part due to new labor market entrants not being able to find a job. The high degree of job protection also seems to strengthen the bargaining position of insiders and results in relatively high wages. So, wages in Croatia are higher than among its competitors, even after adjusting for productivity. These high labor costs are likely to contribute to limited job creation in existing firms, but also are likely to discourage the entry of-and thus job creation in-new firms. The author presents evidence that firm growth has been indeed limited in Croatia, contributing to the low employment level. The author examines other potential causes of high unemployment in Croatia (the unemployment benefit system, labor taxation, the wage structure, and skill and spatial mismatches). He argues that they do not play a substantial part in accounting for poor labor market outcomes in Croatia. The author concludes that the stringent employment protection legislation is the key labor market institution behind low job creation and high unemployment. Based on this he recommends specific measures aimed at liberalizing the labor market to foster job creation and employment.
Health Statistics, History of

Early work in demography and vital statistics in the seventeenth century was influenced both by the development of probability in relation to gambling problems and by the analysis of astronomic data. The work of Graunt and Petty is described, as is the later work of Pinel and Louis in clinical statistics. In nineteenth century England, Farr's work on classification and registration of vital events was important, and similar developments took place in the United States, where extensive health surveys were established. Keywords: Graunt; Petty; Farr; Pinel; Louis; registration; classification; surveys; death certificate
Corruption and trade tariffs, or a case for uniform tariffs

By explicitly accounting for the interaction between importers and corrupt customs officials, the author argues that setting trade tariff rates at a uniform level, limits public official's ability to extract bribes from importers. If the government's main objective is to raise revenues at the minimum cost to welfare, optimally-set tariff rates will be inversely proportional to the elasticity of demand for imports. So they will generally differ across goods. Such a menu of tariff rates endows customs officials with the opportunity to extract rent from importers. If officials have enough discretionary power, they might threaten to misclassify goods into more heavily taxed categories unless importers pay them a bribe. Because of the bribe, the effective tariff rate for the importing firm increases, so demand for the good decreases. The resulting drop in import demand implies an efficiency loss as well as lower government revenues, compared with the optimal taxation benchmark without corruption. A similar argument applies when customs officials offer to classify goods into low-tariff categories in exchange for a bribe. Setting trade tariffs at a uniform level eliminates officials' opportunities to extract rents. Thus, when corruption is pervasive, a uniform tariff can deliver more government revenues and welfare than the optimally set (Ramsey) tariff benchmark. The empirical evidence confirms that these considerations are relevant to policymaking, since a robust association between the standard deviation of trade tariffs - a measure of the diversification of tariff menus - and corruption emerges across countries.
A leader in health education: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.

Abstract The American genius for organization has produced a myriad of agencies, organizations, associations, and societies devoted to the betterment of health in this country. These groups have long provided stimulus, guidance, and inspiration to progress in the health sciences, and each has recognized the fundamental significance of education in the persistent battle against disease and accident. This article briefly describes the work of one of the many groups that have contributed to the rapid advancement of health through education in the United States—the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, one of the first business organizations to recognize the importance of an enlightened public in matters pertaining to health.
Price-Response Asymmetry and Spatial Differentiation in Local Retail Gasoline Markets

This study explores the possibility that local market power influences the observed asymmetric relationship between changes in wholesale gasoline costs and changes in retail gasoline prices. I exploit an original data set of weekly gas station prices in Southern California from September 2002 to May 2003, and take advantage of detailed station and local market level characteristics to determine the extent to which spatial differentiation influences price response asymmetry. I find that brand identity, proximity to rival stations, bundling and advertising, operation type, and local market features and demographics each influence a station's predicted price-response asymmetry.
Mobiscope: A Scalable Spatial Discovery Service for Mobile Network Resources

Mobiscope is a discovery service where clients submit long-running queries to continually find sets of moving network resources within a specified area. As in moving object databases (MODBMSs), moving resources advertise their positions as functions over time. When Mobiscope receives a query, it runs the query statically against advertisements (ads) that are currently cached by Mobiscope, and then continuously over ads that Mobiscope receives subsequently. For scalability, Mobiscope distributes the workload to multiple nodes by spatial coordinates. Application-level routing protocols based on geography ensure that all queries find all matching resources on any node without significant processing overhead. Simulation results indicate that Mobiscope scales well, even under workloads that stress Mobiscope's distribution model.
Faragher, Ellerth, and the Federal Law of Vicarious Liability for Sexual Harassment by Supervisors: Something Lost, Something Gained, and Something to Guard Against

In this article, the author posits that the Supreme Court's articulation of a new standard for vicarious liability under Title VII for sexual harassment by supervisors in Faragher and Ellerth represents a significant severing of ties between state tort law and federal sexual harassment law. The article discusses the influence of sexual harassment law in shaping some state tort law theories of recovery and the influence of state tort respondeat superior analysis on vicarious liability analysis under federal sexual harassment law. The article further suggests that the borrowing of state tort respondeat superior concepts for sexual harassment vicarious liability analysis may have influenced courts to apply the respondeat superior analysis to tort claims in ways they would not have had it not been for the relationship between the two, with courts reading course and scope of employment expansively. Written from the perspective of a torts and employment discrimination teacher, the article expresses some regret over the severing of the tie. It acknowledges, however, that given the different policies underlying respondeat superior liability for torts and vicarious liability for sexual harassment, the creation of a federal common law of vicarious liability in Faragher and Ellerth was a good result; vicarious liability analyses are not "one size fits all" items. The article concludes by warning that courts applying respondeat superior analysis to tort claims should not be influenced by the results produced by the new vicarious liability analysis in sexual harassment cases.
Immigrant Homeownership and Immigration Status: Evidence from Spain

Because of the many advantages of homeownership for immigrants and for the communities where immigrants reside, a variety of countries have implemented policies that facilitate immigrant homeownership. Although these policies hinge on immigration status, the link between immigration status and homeownership is yet to be carefully explored. Using a recent survey of immigrants in Spain, we find that permanent residents from the EU15 enjoy the highest homeownership rates, even after accounting for a wide range of individual and family characteristics known to impact housing ownership. Permanent residents from countries outside the EU15, temporary residents and undocumented immigrants are, respectively, 12, 29, and 33 percentage-points less likely to own a home than permanent residents from the EU15. Overall, the findings highlight the differences in homeownership by immigrant status, possibly reflecting differences in cultural adaptation and integration across immigrants in the host country.
The Uni-level Description: A Uniform Framework for Representing Information in Multiple Data Models

One advantage of having several different representation schemes and data models is that users can select the right representation and associated tools for their particular need. However, multiple representations introduce structural, model-based heterogeneity, making it difficult to combine information from different sources and exploit information using generic tools (e.g., for querying or browsing). In this work, we define a uniform representation based on a meta-data-model called the Uni-Level Description (ULD) that can accommodate and accurately store information in a broad range of data models. The ULD defines three distinct instance-of relationships plus a relationship for modeling conformance, which is used to connect (data) constructs to other (schema) constructs and can be constrained to reflect the requirements of the data model. The ULD has been shown to enable powerful, generic transformation rules and simple generic browsing capability over information represented in diverse data models and representation schemes.
RF characteristics of spaceborne antenna mesh reflecting surfaces: application of periodic method of moments

We analyzed the mesh reflecting surfaces by using MoM with RWG basis and testing functions, which solve integral equations with periodic Green's function. Computed transmission losses approximately matched with the measured ones, even though our surface-patch models had single strip width. Detailed analysis on the difference between computed and measured transmission loss is under study The analysis of transmission loss for various polarization and incident angles indicated that the electrical characteristics of single satin mesh were better than those of single atlas mesh.
Assimilation of Simulated Doppler Radar Observations with an Ensemble Kalman Filter

Assimilation of Doppler radar data into cloud models is an important obstacle to routine numerical weather prediction for convective-scale motions; the difficulty lies in initializing fields of wind, temperature, moisture, and condensate given only observations of radial velocity and reflectivity from the radar. This paper investigates the potential of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), which estimates the covariances between observed variables and the state through an ensemble of forecasts, to assimilate radar observations at convective scales. In the basic experiment, simulated observations are extracted from a reference simulation of a splitting supercell and assimilated using the EnKF and the same numerical model that produced the reference simulation. The EnKF produces accurate analyses, including the unobserved variables, after roughly 30 min (or six scans) of radial velocity observations. Additional experiments, in which forecasts are made from the ensemble-mean analysis, reveal that forecast errors grow significantly in this simple system, so that the ability of the EnKF to track the reference solution is not simply because of stable system dynamics. It is also found that the covariances between radial velocity and temperature, moisture, and condensate are important to the quality of the analyses, as is the initialization chosen for the ensemble members prior to assimilating the first observations. These results are promising, especially given the ease of implementing the EnKF. A number of important issues remain, however, including the initialization of the ensemble prior to the first observation, the treatment of uncertainty in the environmental sounding, the role of error in the forecast model (particularly the microphysical parameterizations), and the treatment of lateral boundary conditions.
Tidal asteroseismology: Kepler's KOI-54

We develop a general framework for interpreting and analysing high-precision light curves from eccentric stellar binaries. Although our methods are general, we focus on the recently discovered Kepler system KOI-54, a face-on binary of two A stars with e= 0.83 and an orbital period of 42 days. KOI-54 exhibits strong ellipsoidal variability during its periastron passage; its light curve also contains ∼20 pulsations at perfect harmonics of the orbital frequency, and another ∼10 non-harmonic pulsations. Analysis of such data is a new form of asteroseismology in which oscillation amplitudes and phases rather than frequencies contain information that can be mined to constrain stellar properties. We qualitatively explain the physics of mode excitation and the range of harmonics expected to be observed. To quantitatively model observed pulsation spectra, we develop and apply a linear, tidally forced, non-adiabatic stellar oscillation formalism including the Coriolis force. We produce temporal power spectra for KOI-54 that are semi-quantitatively consistent with the observations. Both stars in the KOI-54 system are expected to be rotating pseudo-synchronously, with resonant non-axisymmetric modes providing a key contribution to the total torque; such resonances present a possible explanation for the two largest-amplitude harmonic pulsations observed in KOI-54, although we find problems with this interpretation. We show in detail that the non-harmonic pulsations observed in KOI-54 can be explained by non-linear three-mode coupling. The methods developed in this paper can be generalized in the future to determine the best-fitting stellar parameters given pulsation data. We also derive an analytic model of KOI-54’s ellipsoidal variability, including both tidal distortion and stellar irradiation, which can be used to model other similar systems.
Cost-Sensitive decision tree learning for forensic classification

In some learning settings, the cost of acquiring features for classification must be paid up front, before the classifier is evaluated. In this paper, we introduce the forensic classification problem and present a new algorithm for building decision trees that maximizes classification accuracy while minimizing total feature costs. By expressing the ID3 decision tree algorithm in an information theoretic context, we derive our algorithm from a well-formulated problem objective. We evaluate our algorithm across several datasets and show that, for a given level of accuracy, our algorithm builds cheaper trees than existing methods. Finally, we apply our algorithm to a real-world system, Clarify. Clarify classifies unknown or unexpected program errors by collecting statistics during program runtime which are then used for decision tree classification after an error has occurred. We demonstrate that if the classifier used by the Clarify system is trained with our algorithm, the computational overhead (equivalently, total feature costs) can decrease by many orders of magnitude with only a slight (<1%) reduction in classification accuracy.
Creating Context-Aware Software Agents

Sharing ontology, sensing context and reasoning are crucial to the realization of context-aware software agents. This document describes our effort on using Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Prolog Forward Chaining (P fc ) system to provide support for ontology sharing and reasoning in the CoolAgent Recommendation System (CoolAgent RS), a context-aware multi-agent system. This document also describes the implementation of the CoolAgent RS document and cuisine recommendation services that provide tailored services by exploiting user’s context.
Sequential Markets, Market Power, and Arbitrage

We develop a framework to characterize strategic behavior in sequential markets under imperfect competition and restricted entry in arbitrage. Our theory predicts that these two elements can generate a systematic price premium. We test the model predictions using microdata from the Iberian electricity market. We show that the observed price differences and firm behavior are consistent with the model. Finally, we quantify the welfare effects of arbitrage using a structural model. In the presence of market power, we show that full arbitrage is not necessarily welfare-enhancing, reducing consumer costs but increasing deadweight loss. (JEL D42, D43, L12, L13, L94, Q41)
Estimation of effects of sequential treatments by reparameterizing directed acyclic graphs

The standard way to parameterize the distributions represented by a directed acyclic graph is to insert a parametric family for the conditional distribution of each random variable given its parents. We show that when one's goal is to test for or estimate an effect of a sequentially applied treatment, this natural parameterization has serious deficiencies. By reparameterizing the graph using structural nested models, these deficiencies can be avoided.
Economic consequences of population aging in Japan : effects through changes in demand structure

In this paper, I investigate the effects of changes in demand structure caused by population aging on the Japanese economy using a multi-sector new Keynesian model with job creation/destruction ana...
Economics of Incorporating Public Participation in Efforts to Redress Degradation of Agricultural Land

More and more environmental economists are finding themselves working within the unchartered territory of participatory governance. Yet many have not appreciated that the shift from progressive, or ‘technocentric’, governance to participatory governance signifies a corresponding departure from the modern worldview underpinning their theory. This paper has two aims. The first is to contribute to an economic explanation of this worldview shift. The intention here is to help overcome the "disciplinary arrogance" and "close-minded adherence to ... ideological convictions" that Sandra Batie, in a presidential address to the American Agricultural Economics Society, identified as "our own worst enemy" when contributing to debates over how to realise sustainable development. The second aim is to highlight some of the exciting challenges and opportunities that arise once economists come to embrace this worldview shift.
La descolonización y el giro des-colonial

Este articulo delinea dos asuntos relativos a la descolonizacion del ser y del saber. El primero versa sobre la vigencia actual de la descolonizacion, y el segundo sobre la idea de un giro des-colonial. Este segundo tema conlleva la discusion acerca de la idea de descolonizacion, cuyo origen se encuentra en el horror ante el «mundo de la muerte» creado por la colonizacion. Ese escandalo u horror es tambien el fundamento central de lo que el autor denomina la actitud des-colonial. Esta actitud es la base principal para una postura etico-politica y teorica que plantea nuevas bases para el conocer, lo que se denomina como la razon des-colonial. Tanto la actitud como la razon des-coloniales son partes fundamentales de lo que se presenta aqui como el giro des-colonial, el que plantea la descolonizacion (y no la modernidad) como proyecto todavia inacabado a nivel global
Improving the Budget Process in Fragile and Conflict‐Ridden States: Two Modest Lessons from Afghanistan

Both the donor community and scholars have created a cottage industry studying “fragile” states. International nongovernmental organizations that have developed indexes measuring corruption or governance have been unkind to Afghanistan. One index suggests a different and more optimistic story. The International Budget Partnership measures transparency every two years with its Open Budget Index. Afghanistan demonstrated dramatic improvement on this index between 2008 and 2012. The authors use the improvement in Afghanistan's transparency score as an entry point to explore how donors try to intervene and promote transparency as part of broader efforts in public financial management development and how legislative strengthening has also contributed to budget reform. The analysis offers a modest corrective to the overly pessimistic assessments of fragile states by showing that a fragile state can improve its budgetary transparency and enhance governance by strengthening the legislature's involvement in the budget process.
A review of regulatory instruments to control environmental externalities from the transport sector

This study reviews regulatory instruments designed to reduce environmental externalities from the transport sector. The study finds that the main regulatory instruments used in practice are fuel economy standards, vehicle emission standards, and fuel quality standards. Although industrialized countries have introduced all three standards with strong enforcement mechanisms, most developing countries have yet to introduce fuel economy standards. The emission standards introduced by many developing countries to control local air pollutants follow either the European Union or United States standards. Fuel quality standards, particularly for gasoline and diesel, have been introduced in many countries mandating 2 to 10 percent blending of biofuels, 10 to 50 times reduction of sulfur from 1996 levels, and banning lead contents. Although inspection and maintenance programs are in place in both industrialized and developing countries to enforce regulatory standards, these programs have faced several challenges in developing countries due to a lack of resources. The study also highlights several factors affecting the selection of regulatory instruments, such as countries' environmental priorities and institutional capacities.
Copper Puts Arenes in a Hard Position

Copper catalysts enable substitution reactions on a benzene ring to occur at positions that normally are unfavorable.
Optical interferometry with HST/FGS at V>15

The Hubble Space Telescope's Fine Guidance Sensor FGS1r has been used to observe cool white dwarf stars with apparent magnitudes that are near the FGS's faint limit. We had expected to discover that about 10% of these stars are actually binary white dwarf systems. Furthermore, we expected the binaries to have angular separations much larger than the size of the FGS white light fringes, making them easy to resolve. Although we did find 10% of the stars to be binaries, most have angular separations less than 25 milli-arcseconds, well below the HST diffraction limit. Instead of two widely separated fringes, we observed fringes that displayed subtle differences, in amplitude and morphology, from those of point sources. A major complication for our program was the need to address and remove the effects of the detector's dark current, which for the faintest targets contributed up to 40% of the counts. This paper outlines the process we employed to extract the science from the data. Our scientific motivation is briefly discussed
Universal Relations for Fermions with Large Scattering Length

Particles with short-range interactions that produce a large scattering length have universal properties that depend only on the scattering length [1]. A system consisting of such particles is strongly interacting in the sense that there are effects of the interactions that must be treated nonperturbatively. These strong interactions give rise to strong correlations among the particless. Many theoretical methods, even if they are nonperturbative, are inadequate for dealing with such strong correlations. However, such a system is also governed by universal relations that follow from the short-distance and short-time dynamics associated with the large scattering length. These universal relations provide powerful constraints on the behavior of the system. They hold for any state of the system: few-body or many-body, ground state or nonzero temperature, homogeneous or in a trapping potential, normal state or superfluid, balanced in the two spin states or imbalanced. They connect various properties of the system, ranging from thermodynamic variables to large-momentum and high-frequency tails of correlation functions.
Morphology and Network Patterns of Martian Valleys

Martian valleys exhibit morphologies and network patterns which do not provide compelling evidence of formation by rainfall. Rather, cuspate amphitheater terminations and sparse, open networks, often strongly structurally controlled, argue for erosion by subsurface water.
From Z > 6 to Z ∼ 2: Unearthing Galaxies at the Edge of the Dark Ages

Galaxies undergoing formation and evolution can now be directly observed over a time baseline of some 12 Gyr. An inherent difficulty with high—redshift observations is that the objects are very faint and the best resolution (HST) is only ~ 0.5 kpc. Such studies thereby combine in a highly synergistic way with the great detail that can be obtained for nearby galaxies through “archaeological” studies. Remarkable advances are being made in many areas, due to the power of our observatories on the ground and in space, particularly the unique capabilities of the HST ACS. Three new developments are highlighted. First, is the derivation of stellar masses for galaxies from spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using HST and now Spitzer data, and dynamical masses from both sub—mm observations of CO lines and near—IR observations of optical nebular lines like Ha. A major step has been taken with evidence that points to the z ~ 2 – 3 LBGs having masses that are a few ×1010 M ⊙. Second is the discovery of a new population of red, evolved galaxies, again at redshifts z ~ 2 – 3 which appear to be the progenitors of the more massive early—type galaxies of today, with dynamical masses around a few ×1011 M ⊙. Third are the remarkable advances that have occurred in characterizing drop—out galaxies (LBGs) to z ~ 6 and beyond, less than 1 Gyr from recombination. The HST ACS has played a key role here, with the dropout technique being applied to i and z images in several deep ACS fields, yielding large samples of these objects. This has allowed a detailed determination of their properties (e.g., size, color), and meaningful comparisons against lower—redshift dropout samples. The use of cloning techniques has overcome many of the strong selection biases that affect the study of high redshift populations. A clear trend of size with redshift has been identified, and its impact on the luminosity density and star formation rate estimated. There is a significant, though modest, decrease in the star formation rate from redshifts z ~ 2.5 out through z ~ 6. The latest data also allow for the first robust determination of the luminosity function at z ~ 6. Last, but not least, the latest UDF ACS (optical) and NICMOS (near—IR) data has resulted in the detection of some galaxies at z ~ 7 – 8.
Test aspects of the JPL Viterbi decoder

The generation of test vectors and design-for-test aspects of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Viterbi decoder chip is discussed. Each processor integrated circuit (IC) contains over 20,000 gates. To achieve a high degree of testability, a scan architecture is employed. The logic has been partitioned so that very few test vectors are required to test the entire chip. In addition, since several blocks of logic are replicated numerous times on this chip, test vectors need only be generated for each block, rather than for the entire circuit. These unique blocks of logic have been identified and test sets generated for them. The approach employed for testing was to use pseudo-exhaustive test vectors whenever feasible. That is, each cone of logid is tested exhaustively. Using this approach, no detailed logic design or fault model is required. All faults which modify the function of a block of combinational logic are detected, such as all irredundant single and multiple stuck-at faults.
Energy coupling during the August 2011 magnetic storm

We present results from an analysis of high-latitude ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) coupling to the solar wind during a moderate magnetic storm which occurred on 5–6 August 2011. During the storm, a multipoint set of observations of the ionosphere and thermosphere was available. We make use of ionospheric measurements of electromagnetic and particle energy made by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and neutral densities measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite to infer (1) the energy budget and (2) timing of the energy transfer process during the storm. We conclude that the primary location for energy input to the IT system may be the extremely high latitude region. We suggest that the total energy available to the IT system is not completely captured either by observation or empirical models.
Superconducting and Mechanical Properties of Cold Hydrostatically Extruded Monofilamentary Nb3Sn Wires

In the conventional bronze technique of manufacturing multifilamentary Nb3Sn superconducting wires (Fig. 1), a composite billet having niobium cores in a bronze sleeve is hot-extruded and drawn down to a rod. The number of filaments is increased by assembling these rods into a starting billet, which is again hot-extruded and drawn. After the cycles of assembly and reduction are completed, the rod is drawn down to a fine multifilamentary wire. Intermediate anneals must be given frequently to soften the bronze matrix. Finally, a diffusion anneal produces Nb3Sn at the niobium-bronze interface.
Drift-Wave Eigenmodes and Spectral Gaps in Tandem Mirrors

In recent years, breakthroughs in the GAMMA-10 tandem mirror device and new designs such as the Kinetically Stabilized Tandem Mirror have renewed enthusiasm for investigation of mirror plasmas. 1 With a discrete eigenmode solver and shooting code we calculate kinetic Alfven waves in a model GAMMA-10 experiment, and then examine the nature of the spectral gaps. We validate the results of these calculations by comparing with magnetic probe signals recorded in the LAPD as a function of frequency of the antenna and the axial position.