cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
USE OF MECHANICAL TENDERIZATION TO INCREASE THE TENDERNESS OF BULLOCK BEEF1

The biceps femoris (BF), semimembranosus (SM) and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles from bullocks and steers were passed through a mechnical tenderizer zero (OX), once (1X), twice (2X) or three times (3X). All three muscles were evaluated for cooking loss, cooking time and textural properties on an Instron Universal Testing machine. In addition, LD muscle steaks were presented to a sensory panel for evaluation. The passing of the SM and LD muscles through a mechanical tenderizer one or two times decreased peak load and fail energy and increased peak elongation and fail load values. LD steaks from bullocks not passed through the mechanical tenderizer (OX) were least esy to fragment, had the most detectable connective tissue and had lowest overall tenderness ratings. Passing bullock beef once (1X) through a mechanical tenderizer improved palatability ratings to a level comparable to untenderized steer beef.
Colesevelam hydrochloride: evidence for its use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus with insights into mechanism of action

Colesevelam hydrochloride is a molecularly engineered, second-generation bile acid sequestrant demonstrating enhanced specificity for bile acids which has been approved for use as adjunctive therapy to diet and exercise as monotherapy or in combination with a β-hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor for the reduction of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. It is also the only lipid-lowering agent currently available in the United States which has been approved for use as adjunctive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose glycemia remains inadequately controlled on therapy with metformin, sulfonylurea, or insulin. With the recent emphasis upon drug safety by the Food and Drug Administration and various consumer agencies, it is fitting that the role of nonsystemic lipid-lowering therapies such as bile acid sequestrants - with nearly 90 years of in-class, clinically safe experience - should be reexamined. This paper presents information on the major pharmacologic effects of colesevelam, including a discussion of recent data derived from both in vitro and in vivo rodent and human studies, which shed light on the putative mechanisms involved.
CHANGES IN SERUM LIPIDS WITH ATROMID AND CHLOROPHENOXYISOBUTYRIC ESTER.

Summary In 45 hypercholesterolemic patients an evaluation was carried out of the blood lipid effects of three test substances: ( 1 ) a placebo, ( 2 ) CPIB alone, and ( 3 ) 2.5 g of Atromid by mouth in 4 divided doses. Only minor fluctuations were observed with the placebo. CPIB alone and in combination with androsterone significantly reduced the total serum cholesterol and β-lipoprotein cholesterol. The triglycerides were not lowered in these patients whose initial values were normal, and who continued to follow a low cholesterol diet with moderate carbohydrate restriction.
Measurement of spin-exchange effects in electron-hydrogen collisions: Further studies of impact ionization

Using a Fano-effect polarized electron source and a state-selected thermally dissociated hydrogen beam, we measured the interference between the direct and exchange scattering amplitudes for electron-impact ionization of atomic hydrogen between 13.8 and 30.0 eV. We report the data from these measurements and the results of corrections applied to previously published data.
Starprobe - The science opportunities

The scientific objectives of the NASA Starprobe mission for an unmanned spacecraft to pass within three solar radii of the sun's surface are reviewed. Fundamental observations of gravitation, relativity, and factors related to the solar interior, measurements of the static and dynamic electromagnetic fields and the particle populations close to the sun, and observations of the solar atmosphere from the photosphere to the corona with high spatial resolution would be possible with the Starprobe. A determination of the quadrupole coefficient in the expansion of the gravitational potential field of the sun is noted to be possible by measuring the departure from a Keplerian orbit of the Starprobe as it passes perihelion, yielding data on the rate of revolution of the interior of the sun. Further information on shock acceleration, energy losses, radio bursts, interplanetary propagation, and diffusion will be available at 10-60 solar radii.
Multifocal, recurrent sinonasal leiomyosarcoma: case report and review of literature

Leiomyosarcoma is a rare tumor encountered in the sinus and skull base, and can be difficult to control. We present a case of an 83 year old female with a recurrent sinonasal leiomyosarcoma. The tumor exhibited variable growth rates of recurrences in non-contiguous sites despite having obtained clear surgical margins and use of adjuvant therapy. This case illustrates unusual characteristics of this rare tumor that are important for clinicians to know. Patient demographics, presenting symptoms, risk factors, treatment options, and prognosis are also reviewed.
Testing two process models of religiosity and sexual behavior.

Abstract Adolescents who are more religious are less likely to have sex, but the process by which religiosity impacts sexual behavior is not well established. We tested two potential processes, involving: (1) whether religiosity suppressed individuals' motivations to have sex for physical pleasure, and (2) whether individuals internalized their religions' teachings about sex for pleasure. College students (N = 610, 53.8% female, M age = 18.5, 26.1% Hispanic Latino [HL], 14.9% non-HL African American, 23.8% non-HL Asian American/Pacific Islander, 26.3% non-HL European American and 8.9% non-HL multiracial) completed web surveys during their first three semesters. Religiosity did not moderate the association between students' motivations for sex for pleasure and sexual behavior. Motivations mediated the association between religiosity and sexual behavior, suggesting that religion does not override adolescents' existing motivations, but instead, religious adolescents internalize norms about sexual behavior. Testing Two Process Models of Religiosity and Sexual Behavior.
Temporal Stability and Authenticity of Self-Representations in Adulthood

The temporal stability of role-specific self-representations was examined in a sample of 188 young, middle-aged, and older adults. Considerable stability was observed for all self-representations. Central self-descriptors showed significantly greater temporal stability than peripheral self-descriptors. Temporal stability of self-representations was positively associated with self-concept clarity, self-esteem, and positive affect (PA). Age differences were obtained for three of the five self-representations, with older adults showing significantly lower stabilities for self with family, self with friend, and self with significant other compared to young and middle-aged adults. Assessment of the authenticity of adults’ role-specific self-representations showed that greater authenticity tended to be associated with greater temporal stability. Authenticity and the number of positive daily events were significant positive predictors of the stability of self-representations.
A comparison of growth rates of normal thoroughbred foals and foals diagnosed with cervical vertebral malformation

SUMMARY The objectives of this study were to compare the growth rates of normal thoroughbred foals to previously reported growth rates 1 and to compare growth rates of normal foals with foals diagnosed with cervical vertebral malformation (CVM). Fifty-six foals from two foals crops were used, and eight of these foals were diagnosed with CVM. Growth rate analysis of the CVM foals had to be restricted to the period prior to diagnosis because once these foals were diagnosed, they were treated differently from the normal foals. Body measurements taken at 7 day intervals were body weight, wither height, hip height, and heart girth. For statistical analysis, data were broken down into 30 day intervals. Results showed that the growth rates for normal thoroughbred foals have not changed in the past fifteen years. The CVM foals tended to be heavier and taller during some time intervals than the normal foals, but there were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the skeletal growth measurements. Body weight gain was faster in CVM foals from 31–60 d (p
Decomposition Pathways of Z-Selective Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts

The decomposition of a Z-selective ruthenium metathesis catalyst and structurally similar analogues has been investigated utilizing X-ray crystallography and density functional theory. Isolated X-ray crystal structures suggest that recently reported C–H activated catalysts undergo decomposition via insertion of the alkylidene moiety into the chelating ruthenium–carbon bond followed by hydride elimination, which is supported by theoretical calculations. The resulting ruthenium hydride intermediates have been implicated in previously observed olefin migration, and thus lead to unwanted byproducts in cross metathesis reactions. Preventing these decomposition modes will be essential in the design of more active and selective Z-selective catalysts.
Apo- and holofatty acid synthetases from pigeon liver.

Abstract Two forms (an apo- and a holoenzyme) of the fatty acid synthetase complex from pigeon liver were separated by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose-ϵ-aminocaproyl pantetheine column. The difference between these enzymes is the presence or absence of the prosthetic group, 4′-phosphopantetheine. Due to the absence of the prosthetic group, apofatty acid synthetase lacks the overall ability to synthesize fatty acids, and it has no β-ketoacyl synthetase (condensing enzyme) activity. These two forms of enzyme were shown to be homogeneous and they behaved identically on DEAE-cellulose chromatography, gel filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, disc gel electrophoresis, and immunodiffusion. The isolation and purification of an apoacyl carrier protein are also reported. The apoacyl carrier protein lacks β-alanine and it has no sulfhydryl group, indicating therefore that the acyl carrier protein from apofatty acid synthetase does not have a 4′-phosphopantetheine group. The transfer of 4′-phosphopantetheine from CoA to apofatty acid synthetase was effected by an enzyme system present in the supernatant of pigeon liver homogenate. The resulting product of this reaction was the holofatty acid synthetase. The reverse reaction, the formation of apo- from holofatty acid synthetase, was also demonstrated. The physiological significance of this system is suggested from studies carried out on fasting and refeeding of pigeons. At early times of refeeding (0–4 h) there is a large amount of apoenzyme. The amount of holofatty acid synthetase increases after 4 h of refeeding and the apofatty acid synthetase decreases. When pigeons are refasted, after refeeding for 48 h, the amount of apoenzyme increases and the holoenzyme decreases.
What Do “Don’t Know” Responses Really Mean in Giving Surveys?

Surveys of charitable giving typically find that a substantial proportion of respondents say they do not know how much they gave in the past year. In this article, it is argued that these responses tend to distort giving levels among certain demographic groups, thus compromising the accuracy of charity measures. This problem is illustrated using data from the 2000 Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, and the groups that are the primary source of this distortion are identified.
CHIRAL SOLVATION AS A MEANS TO QUANTITATIVELY CHARACTERIZE PREFERENTIAL SOLVATION OF A HELICAL POLYMER IN MIXED SOLVENTS

Poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) adopts a helical structure in solution and the preference of one helical sense induced by a nonracemic chiral solvent can be detected by the circular dichroism (CD) of the backbone chromophore of the polymer. Addition of an achiral or racemic cosolvent leads to a reduction of the CD intensity, which can be interpreted quantitatively as reflecting the composition of the solvent mixture in contact with the helical backbone of the polymer. Equilibrium constants characterizing the relation between the solvent composition in contact with the polymer and the bulk of the system are given for mixtures of (S)-1-chloro-2-methylbutane and a number of achiral or racemic cosolvents. The relationship between the structure of the cosolvent and the extent of the preferential solvation was surprising in several instances. The polymer was preferentially solvated by a highly branched hydrocarbon although it was a precipitant and the preferential solvation by alcohols extended up to the point of poly...
That-clauses and other complements

Abstract The fundamental assumption of the present paper is that complementizers have specific communicative function. We propose a tripartite distinction of complementizers in English. Complementizer that marks the following clause as belonging to the semantic domain de dicto in which reference is made to the elements of speech rather than to the elements of reality. Gerundive -ing clauses and infinitival clauses belong to the domain de re. We provide evidence for the analysis based on several properties of the de dicto and de re expressions. Our analysis enables us to explain a number of properties of that-clauses that remained unexplained so far. Long attendant to the philosophical debates about the problem of opaque and transparent contexts are sentences containing that-clauses. The hypothesis advanced in this paper helps to articulate the nature of opacity from the point of view of linguistics.
Living Dangerously Culture of Honor, Risk-Taking, and the Nonrandomness of “Accidental” Deaths

Two studies examined the hypothesis that the culture of honor would be associated with heightened risk taking, presumably because risky behaviors provide social proof of strength and fearlessness. ...
Locus of Control Influences Diathesis-Stress Effects in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Abstract Research on diathesis-stress models of depression has focused on the sociotropy–dependency and autonomy–self-criticism dimensions of personality as major diathesis factors. Locus of control (LOC) may also act as such a diathesis factor. Since it focuses on control-relevant dimensions of both the environment and the person, it may also relate to congruence or person/situation fit. In a sample of 62 female rheumatoid arthritis patients, depression affect was predicted by the interactions of spousal criticism and spousal support and LOC. Poor health, in the form of activity limitation, predicted depressive affect generally, but for internals greater levels of support were related to greater depression. A person/situation perspective can employ both diathesis-stress and congruence models in investigating mental health.
Master field treatment of metric perturbations sourced by the trailing string

Abstract We present decoupled, separable forms of the linearized Einstein equations sourced by a string trailing behind an external quark moving through a thermal state of N = 4 super-Yang–Mills theory. We solve these equations in the approximations of large and small wave-numbers.
Economic justification of technology-based investments

This paper examines a range of problems associated with justifying investments in Manufacturing Technology and Information Technology. The appraisal of high technology projects is rather complicated in that the true costs and benefits of such strategic investments are hard to capture with conventional methods of economic decision making. This paper reviews the financial criteria currently used in practice and pinpoints why these criteria might be misleading. It is demonstrated in the paper that qualitative factors very often are the most influential factors to be considered when attempting to justify alternative investments that are environmentally responsible.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reoperations on the Ascending Aorta and Aortic Root in Patients With Previous Cardiac Surgery

Background First time operations on the ascending aorta are performed with low mortality, few complications, and excellent long-term results. Reoperations for aortic pathology in patients with previous cardiac surgery carry significantly more risk. Technical issues during the procedure, as well as age, preoperative New York Heart Association class, and perioperative renal dysfunction, have been shown to contribute heavily to worse outcomes. We analyzed our results with aortic reoperations with the intent of further reducing surgical risk through alterations in surgical technique or patient selection. Methods From July 1997 until October 2005, 147 patients having previous cardiac surgery presented with aneurysm or dissection of the ascending aorta or root. Perioperative data were retrospectively analyzed. Morbidity, mortality, and risk factors for these events were calculated. Results Eight patients expired (5.4%) after their reoperation. Significant ( p p Conclusions Surgery on the ascending aorta and root in patients who have had previous cardiac surgery can be performed with low mortality. Advanced age and significant coronary disease may negatively influence surgical results.
Greenland Deep Ice Core begun

The first season of a multiyear project to drill more than 10,000 feet through the thickest part of the Greenland ice cap has begun to yield the information needed to trace 200,000 years of climatic history by decades or even years. The high-resolution climate record geophysicists hope to construct from dust and gases contained in the ice would allow them to gauge the response of Earth to short-term natural perturbations they think are comparable to the recent buildup of greenhouse gases.
Asthma-related healthcare services utilization by African–Americans enrolled in West Virginia Medicaid

Summary Background Over the past 25 years, African–Americans have experienced higher rates of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and death due to asthma compared to other ethnic groups in the US. African–Americans of lower socioeconomic groups are particularly vulnerable to asthma morbidity and mortality. Few studies have investigated asthma-related healthcare services use by different age and gender groups within this sub-population. Objectives The objectives of this study are to: (1) report rates of asthma among African–Americans who receive healthcare through a state government Medicaid program that provides medical coverage to low-income citizens; (2) report rates of asthma-related medical services and prescription utilization for these recipients; and (3) report the costs to the Medicaid program for asthma-related care for these recipients. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive analysis. West Virginia (WV) Medicaid administrative fee-for-service claims data from calendar year 2002 were the data source. Medical services claims with a primary diagnosis of asthma for recipients who were African–American less than 65 years of age were extracted. Matching prescription claims for these recipients for medications to treat asthma were extracted. Dollars reimbursed for medical services and prescription medications were from the perspective of WV Medicaid. Results There were 635 African–American recipients who had a primary diagnosis of asthma. Children under 21 years of age comprised the majority of the sample. Males under 21 years of age, and females 21 years and older had the highest rates of asthma. Although males 21 years and older accounted for the lowest proportion of age–gender groups, these recipients had the highest rates of hospitalizations and ED visits for asthma. Less than one-third of the recipients had a prescription claim for an inhaled corticosteroid. There were more claims paid by Medicaid for quick-relief medications vs. controller pharmacotherapy for the sample. A majority of the dollars paid by Medicaid for asthma care were for prescriptions and hospitalizations. Conclusion Asthma prevalence and asthma-related medical services utilization rates among African–American recipients of Medicaid varied by age and gender groups. These recipients appeared to be underutilizing controller pharmacotherapy for asthma.
Correction of Moderate and Severe Hallux Valgus Deformity with a Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy Using an Intramedullary Plate

Abstract More than 200 surgeries have been described for hallux valgus correction. The distal V-shape chevron-type osteotomy was described with no more than 50% translation of the distal fragment in relation to the metatarsal shaft. This concept of high, powerful correction for distal chevron osteotomy fixed by the Mini MaxLock Extreme ISO gives the surgeon the possibility of a mini-invasive rapid solution. A new technique of fixation is based on the Murawski and Beskin concept, because a powerful correction can be performed with a minimally invasive approach, but, in contrast to other studies, with stable osteotomy fixation.
Direct Photon Production from π + p Interactions at 10.5 GeV/ c

We have studied inclusive photon production from ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ interactions at 10.5 GeV/c and found a source of centrally produced direct photons which accounts for (46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9)% of all photons detected with ${{P}_{L}}^{*}$ and ${P}_{T}$ between 0 and 20 MeV/c. The experimental data are found to be in good agreement with a calculation of hadronic inner bremsstrahlung.
Diabetes is a vascular disease: the role of endothelial dysfunction in pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in diabetes

Diabetes is a vascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction is the initial process in vascular manifestations of diabetes mellitus (DM). There are multiple pathways involved in the pathophysiologic process related to endothelial dysfunction in DM. Most of these abnormalities occur secondary to insulin resistance. In this article the role of insulin, glucose,dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and various cellular mechanisms related to endothelial dys-function in diabetes are discussed in detail.
Metacognition and Foreign Language Cultural Instruction

In a recently published, well-received book, What the Best College Teachers Do, author Ken Bain expounds on 15 years of meticulous research into the attributes and techniques of successful college instructors. One of his main conclusions is that the best college teachers employ what he calls metacognition, or thinking about thinking. He explains that students are inspired when taken on deep intellectual forays. Examples of such cerebral expeditions are probing for tacit assumptions, critically examining the socially constructed paradigms that manipulate our realities, and examining the implications of particular lines of thought. In foreign language classes, the teaching of culture provides a medium for the instructor to exploit this pedagogical resource. Yet most culture taught in foreign language classes is so superficial as to not lend itself to critical reflection or significant paradigm shifts. This article discusses how Bain's findings can be utilized to improve cultural instruction and stimulate th...
Double diffusive convection in a horizontal sparcely packed porous layer

Abstract This paper presents a linear stability analysis for the problem of double diffusion in a horizontal layer of sparcely packed porous medium. The critical parameters of the problem are determined and the boundaries defining the regions of direct and overstable modes are obtained. The flow in the porous matrix is modeled by using the Brinkman — extended Darcy model which accounts for friction due to macroscopic shear. The results of this study for the onset of convection bridge the gap between double diffusion in a Darcy (densely packed) porous medium and double diffusion in a classical fluid.
A new approach to boundary value equations and application to a generalization of Airy's equation

Abstract The decomposition method is demonstrated to provide a convenient and computationally simple solution of equations, such as ▽ 2 u = ƒ + ku for given boundary conditions, and can easily be adapted to solution of nonlinear versions and for complex (linear, nonlinear, or even random or coupled) boundary conditions.
The Case for Theoretical Pluralism.

In this paper, the author begins with the proposition that research and theory tend to lag behind practice in educational administration. By this he means that the problems of schools, and the acti...
Systematic Assessment of the Benefits and Caveats in Mining Microbial Post-Translational Modifications from Shotgun Proteomic Data: The Response of Shewanella oneidensis to Chromate Exposure

Microbes are known to regulate both gene expression and protein activity through the use of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Common PTMs involved in cellular signaling and gene control include methylations, acetylations, and phosphorylations, whereas oxidations have been implicated as an indicator of stress. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a Gram-negative bacterium that demonstrates both respiratory versatility and the ability to sense and adapt to diverse environmental conditions. The data set used in this study consisted of tandem mass spectra derived from midlog phase aerobic cultures of S. oneidensis either native or shocked with 1 mM chromate [Cr(VI)]. In this study, three algorithms (DBDigger, Sequest, and InsPecT) were evaluated for their ability to scrutinize shotgun proteomic data for evidence of PTMs. The use of conservative scoring filters for peptides or proteins versus creating a subdatabase first from a nonmodification search was evaluated with DBDigger. The use of higher-scoring filte...
Relationships between Heat Fluxes and Temperature Gradients in a Global Spectral Model

Abstract Two conceptual paradigms have been used in the past to interpret the observed strength and structure of eddy heat fluxes in the atmosphere. One is the idea of “adjustment,” whereby the eddies respond efficiently to changes in forcing to maintain the mean isentropic slope. The other is a “diffusive” paradigm, which assumes that eddy fluxes can be parameterized in terms of the mean flow. The relative merits of these two approaches are examined here with the aid of a two-level primitive equations model on a sphere. In most experiments the model is forced by a completely specified heating field. This eliminates the negative feedback between temperature and forcing that is present in the atmosphere and in idealized formulations such as Newtonian cooling. Thus, any intrinsic relationship that may exist between temperature gradients and the dynamical fluxes can emerge freely. As the specified forcing strength is varied, the net dynamical fluxes vary proportionately in order to maintain an equilibrium cl...
Evaluating Freeway Service Patrols in Low-Traffic Areas Using Discrete-Event Simulation

Freeway service patrol (FSP) is a low-cost but effective method to identify and clear incidents quickly on freeways, and it has been widely implemented in United States. Most of the related literature focuses on evaluating the reduction of travel delay and secondary collision because of a quicker incident clearance. Although such measures are major concerns in urban areas, they may be of less concern in low-traffic areas. A major function of FSP in low-traffic areas is to assist stalled vehicles, protect stranded drivers, and provide free road assistance services, but its major benefit is to bring direct savings to stranded drivers. This paper presents a new benchmark to evaluate the benefit-cost ratio of FSP in low-traffic areas based on a customized event-driven simulation model. The event-driven simulation model is better than the analytical models and microscopic simulation in this context in that it can accommodate more details than an analytical model while achieve a faster simulating speed than microscopic simulations when the road network is large and the simulation period is long. Lastly, the Safety Assistance for Freeway Emergencies (SAFE) Patrol in Kentucky is evaluated by using the method in this paper to evaluate and estimate the benefit-cost ratios of SAFE Patrol under different scenarios.
Realistic control of network dynamics.

Nonlinearity is a hallmark of complex networks, but has generally been regarded as an obstacle to controlling their behaviour. Here Cornelius et al. show how nonlinear dynamics can be harnessed to control a network and drive it to desired states.
Carbohydrate-Mediated Binding and Induction of Acrosomal Exocytosis in a Boar Sperm-Somatic Cell Adhesion Model

The molecular basis underlying the binding of spermatozoa to their homologous eggs and the subsequent induction of acrosomal exocytosis remain a major unresolved issue in mammalian fertilization. Novel cell adhesion systems are now being explored to advance this research. Triantennary and tetraantennary N-glycans have previously been implicated as the major carbohydrate sequences that mediate the initial binding of spermatozoa to the specialized egg coat (zona pellucida) in the murine and porcine models. Mouse spermatozoa also undergo binding to rabbit erythrocytes (rRBCs), presumably via the interaction of their lectin-like egg-binding proteins with branched polylactosamine sequences present on these somatic cells. Experiments presented in this study confirm that boar spermatozoa also bind to rRBCs. However, unlike mouse spermatozoa, boar spermatozoa also undergo acrosomal exocytosis within 30 min after binding to rRBCs. Both binding and induction of acrosomal exocytosis in this system did not require the participation of terminal Galalpha1-3Gal sequences that are found on rRBCs. Pronase glycopeptides derived from rRBCs inhibited the binding of boar sperm to porcine oocytes by 91% at a final concentration of 0.3 mg/ml under standard IVF conditions. Binding in this porcine cell adhesion model was also completely blocked at this concentration of glycopeptide. Thus, adhesion results from the interaction of the egg-binding protein expressed on the surface of boar spermatozoa with the glycans presented on rRBCs. This cell adhesion model will be useful for investigating the molecular basis of gamete binding and the induction of acrosomal exocytosis in the pig.
Freud's Conception of the Origin of Curiosity

(1962). Freud's Conception of the Origin of Curiosity. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 39-45.
DESTRUCTIVE MATERNITY IN AURORA LEIGH

While it is well-known that Victorian women married for financial stability, sexual desire, or social standing, doctors of the time provided another reason: health. Medical texts warned women to make use of their reproductive abilities, to have children to avoid becoming masculine old maids. One anonymous contributor to an 1851 issue of the Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology believed the old maid to be physically unwomanly as a result of childlessness.
Risk of gastrointestinal perforation in patients with cancer treated with bevacizumab: a meta-analysis

Summary Background Gastrointestinal perforation is a serious adverse event associated with bevacizumab, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) widely used in current cancer treatment. The association is highlighted by a black-box warning issued by the US Food and Drug Administration, recommending that bevacizumab be permanently discontinued in patients with gastrointestinal perforation. However, no significant association has yet been established between bevacizumab and gastrointestinal perforation in randomised controlled trials. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomised controlled trials to assess the overall risk of gastrointestinal perforation associated with bevacizumab treatment. Methods We searched PubMed and Web of Science for articles published between January, 1966, and July, 2008. Additionally, abstracts presented at American Society of Clinical Oncology conferences held between January, 2000, and July, 2008, were searched to identify relevant clinical trials. Eligible studies included prospective randomised controlled trials in which bevacizumab was compared with controls in combination with standard anti-neoplastic therapy. Summary incidence rates, relative risks, and 95% CIs were calculated using a fixed-effects or random-effects model, depending on the heterogeneity of the included studies. Findings 12 294 patients with a variety of solid tumours from 17 randomised controlled trials were included in our analysis. The incidence of gastrointestinal perforation was 0·9% (95% CI 0·7–1·2) among patients receiving bevacizumab, with a mortality of 21·7% (11·5–37·0). Patients treated with bevacizumab had a significantly increased risk of gastrointestinal perforation compared with patients treated with control medication, with a relative risk of 2·14 (95% CI 1·19–3·85; p=0·011). Risk varied with bevacizumab dose and tumour type. Relative risks for patients receiving bevacizumab at 5 and 2·5 mg/kg per week were 2·67 (95% CI 1·14–6·26) and 1·61 (0·76–3·38), respectively. Higher risks were observed in patients with colorectal carcinoma (relative risk 3·10, 95% CI 1·26–7·63) and renal cell cancer (relative risk 5·67, 0·66–48·42). Interpretation The addition of bevacizumab to cancer therapy significantly increased the risk of gastrointestinal perforation compared with controls. The risk may vary with bevacizumab dose and tumour type. Further studies are recommended to investigate the use of bevacizumab in selected patients who have recovered from gastrointestinal perforation. Funding Stony Brook University Research Foundation.
Work in Progress: What do engineering educators take into account when making teaching decisions?

This work-in-progress uses a cognitive science methodology for investigating the nature of teacher decision making in engineering education. We ask engineering educators to identify two memorable, recent decisions and describe the situation, the process of making the decision, the factors that they took into account, and the outcomes of their decisions. In this paper, we focus on the preliminary results from this pilot study.
Energy-Efficient Multicast Protocols

In this chapter, we presented general techniques for conserving energy in wireless communication. Then we described the metrics for modeling cost of energy consumption and different optimization goals for energy-efficient multicasting. We also discussed the existing solutions for constructing energy-efficient multicast distribution trees for WANETs and gave the qualitative analysis and simulations results of these solutions. Finally, we presented a framework for energy-efficient multicasting.
Genomic Analysis of a Pathogenicity Island in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073: Distribution of Homologous Sequences among Isolates from Patients with Pyelonephritis, Cystitis, and CatheterAssociated Bacteriuria and from Fecal Samples

Urinary tract infection is the most frequently diagnosed kidney and urologic disease and Escherichia coli is by far the most common etiologic agent. Uropathogenic strains have been shown to contain blocks of DNA termed pathogenicity islands (PAIs) which contribute to their virulence. We have defined one of these regions of DNA within the chromosome of a highly virulent E. coli strain, CFT073, isolated from the blood and urine of a woman with acute pyelonephritis. The 57,988-bp stretch of DNA has characteristics which define PAIs, including a size greater than 30 kb, the presence of insertion sequences, distinct segmentation of K-12 and J96 origin, GC content (42.9%) different from that of total genomic DNA (50.8%), and the presence of virulence genes (hly and pap). Within this region, we have identified 44 open reading frames; of these 44, 10 are homologous to entries in the complete K-12 genome sequence, 4 are nearly identical to the sequences of E. coli J96 encoding the HlyA hemolysin, 11 encode P fimbriae, and 19 show no homology to J96 or K-12 entries. To determine whether sequences found within the junctions of the PAI of CFT073 were common to other uropathogenic strains of E. coli, 11 probes were isolated along the length of the PAI and were hybridized to dot blots of genomic DNA isolated from clinical isolates (67 from patients with acute pyelonephritis, 38 from patients with cystitis, 49 from patients with catheter-associated bacteriuria, and 27 from fecal samples). These sequences were found significantly more often in strains associated with the clinical syndromes of acute pyelonephritis (79%) and cystitis (82%) than in those associated with catheter-associated bacteriuria (58%) and in fecal strains (22%) (P < 0.001). From these regions, we have identified a putative iron transport system and genes other than hly and pap that may contribute to the virulent phenotype of uropathogenic E. coli strains.
Subclinical embolization after carotid artery stenting: new lesions on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging occur postprocedure.

Objectives The reported rate of subclinical brain injury after carotid artery stenting (CAS) seen on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) varies from 10% to >40%. Data from transcranial Doppler after CAS indicate that embolization may continue for several days, suggesting that that at least some lesions seen on DWI occur postprocedure. Because DWI lesions appear ≤1 hour of embolization, we used DWI to prospectively study patients before CAS, 1 hour after, and 48 hours after CAS to answer this question. Methods The study participants were 48 male patients aged 59 to 83. All patients were examined by a neurologist before and after the procedure and had DWI preprocedure and 48 hours postprocedure. In addition, 23 patients had a DWI 1 hour post-CAS. Magnetic resonance imaging exams, including axial and coronal DWI and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images, were read by two neuroradiologists blinded to the study timing. The embolic protection device was obtained from all patients, washed, and the contents examined under a digital microscope for fragments ≥60 μm. Results There were two periprocedural strokes and one transient ischemic attack (TIA), but no strokes or TIAs occurred during follow-up. In the 23 patients imaged 1 hour postprocedure, new lesions were found in two (9%), and 18 (78%) had new lesions at 48 hours ( P 60 μm and a mean of eight fragments (range, 2 to 21) sized >500 μm. Findings on postprocedure DWI did not correlate with the degree of stenosis, size of angioplasty balloon, or number of inflations, nor with the number or size of fragments retrieved from the protection device. Conclusions CAS can be performed with a very low incidence of clinically evident neurologic events; however, it is associated with embolization during and after the procedure. Protection devices effectively prevent clinical and subclinical events during the procedure. Significant embolization continues for at least 48 hours postprocedure, causing lesions on DWI when there is no mechanism for cerebral protection. These data correlate with transcranial Doppler reports of continued embolization after CAS and indicate that DWI should be done as late as possible to accurately assess the rate of subclinical brain injury with CAS procedures.
Clinical reasoning case studies as teaching tools

Objective Students are taught how to apply clinical reasoning methods through a variety of teaching methods, including the use of case studies. Various types of case studies have been described in the literature: paper cases, videotape cases, simulated client cases, and real client cases. This study examined the effectiveness of a new type of paper case study--the clinical reasoning case study--in teaching the clinical reasoning process to occupational therapy students. Method Four seniors in an undergraduate occupational therapy program completed intervention plans in response to both traditional medical model and clinical reasoning paper case studies. Qualitative methods were used to analyze intervention plans and videotaped discussion about this learning experience. Results Themes discovered in the data sources suggest that compared with traditional case studies, the clinical reasoning case studies increased the quality of participants' intervention plans, participants' confidence levels about their plans, and participants' understanding of the clinical reasoning process. Participants also reported preferring clinical reasoning case studies over traditional paper case studies. Conclusion The clinical reasoning case studies are effective teaching tools because they provide students with a holistic picture of the client and his or her occupational therapy treatment. In addition, these case studies model the clinical reasoning process by organizing client information according to the types of clinical reasoning that would be used to gather that information. Occupational therapy educators may find this type of paper case study useful in introducing students to the intervention planning process.
Peripheral Flip Chip Interconnection on Au Plated Pads using Solder-Capped Cu Pillar Bumps

Peripheral flip chip interconnection on gold plated pads would be required to assemble the chip with surface mount technology (SMT) because the gold pads are sometimes used for SMT. Chip Connection (C2) which uses solder-capped copper pillar bumps on the chip and uses reflow process is an attractive method for ultra fine pitch peripheral flip chip interconnection. 50 μm-pitch interconnection on gold plated pads was made with C2 and the shape of the solder joints was discussed. It was found from a mechanical analysis that the stress in low-k layer would be reduced when the solder did not wet on the sides of copper pillars on the chip. Direct immersion gold (DIG) surface treatment would be attractive for not only compatibility to assemble with surface mount components but also for chip-package interaction improvement.
Evaluation of the Potential Performance of Graphene Nanoribbons as On-Chip Interconnects

Interconnects are considered as one of the grandest challenges that gigascale and terascale integrations face because of the delay they add to critical paths, the power they dissipate, the noise and jitter they induce on one another, and their vulnerability to electromigration. Recent studies on novel computational state variables such as electron spin have demonstrated that interconnects will continue to be an ever-growing challenge, even for post-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) switches. The novel 2-D carbon-based material graphene has demonstrated remarkable electrical properties that make it a viable candidate to implement interconnects in both electrical and spintronic domains. In this paper, physical models of the electron transport parameters such as electron mean free path (MFP), diffusion coefficient, mobility, and resistance per unit length are presented for both bulk (2-D) and narrow (1-D) graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) as a function of the interconnect dimensions, edge roughness, and Fermi-energy shift. The potential of multilayer GNR (ML-GNR) as electrical interconnects is explored by taking into account the finite interlayer resistivity between the multiple layers within the ML-GNR stack. The spin-relaxation length in graphene is obtained using some theoretical estimates on the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) introduced due to ripples in graphene. It is found that, in pure graphene, the spin-relaxation length could be longer than 10 μm; however, the presence of adatoms limits the spin-relaxation length in graphene to only 1-2 μm at room temperature. The models developed in this paper are used to benchmark graphene interconnects against their conventional copper/low- κ interconnects in both electrical and spintronic domains. The results offer important insights about the advantages and limitations of graphene interconnects and provide guidelines for technology development for this emerging interconnect technology.
Partial Urogenital Mobilization. Our Initial Experience

Abstract Purpose The treatment of urogenital sinus (UGS) malformations despite various surgical techniques remains complex and controversial. We present our functional and cosmetic results in 5 cases which underwent partial urogenital mobilization (PUM). Material and Methods From January 2004 to April 2007 five patients with (UGS) anomalies, included one with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), underwent PUM with reduction clitoroplasty in the case of CAH. Their age at surgery was 1 month, 3 months, 1, 5.5 and 12 years respectively. PUM is based on the total urogenital mobilization (TUM) technique but the dissection of the common channel is limited to being distal to the pubourethral ligament. Results Follow up ranged from 7 months to 3.5 years. The 2 older children remained continent with physiological urinary stream and normal uroflow studies. The vagina had a physiological position in all patients and none of them developed vaginal stenosis during our relatively short follow up period. In the case of CAH the cosmetic appearance was nearly physiological with normal appeared clitoris, orthotopic urethral meatus, minor and major labias. Conclusions PUM is a less invasive method leaving the continence mechanism and clitoral sensation intact. It limits potential morbidity and gives a cosmetically satisfactory result. More cases and long term follow up is needed to prove the final functional and cosmetic outcome.
Land cover change in western Madagascar's dry deciduous forests: a comparison of forest changes in and around Kirindy Mite National Park

Western Madagascar's dry forests have suffered greater levels of deforestation than the island's humid eastern forests, and many of the largest remaining contig- uous tracts of dry forest are conserved in Kirindy Mite National Park. To assist Kirindy Mite's management plan, we assessed land cover change in and around the Park, re- motely sensing forest cover within the Park and an arbi- trary 5-km buffer from Landsat images taken in 1990, 2000 and 2006. We then quantified forest cover and change and compared the values between the Park and buffer, inter- preting the results through expert knowledge of the area. Kirindy Mite had lower rates of deforestation, higher rates of reforestation, and less net change than the unprotected zone in both 1990-2000 and 2000-2006. Park deforesta- tion rates were approximately one third to one fourth those of the buffer, and Park reforestation rates were approxi- mately double those of the buffer. Net change in the Park fluctuated between the two periods, with deforestation during 2000-2006 slightly exceeding reforestation during 1990-2000. All land cover changes accelerated over the study period, and disturbances in the Park were most fre- quent near its boundary. To maintain the forest as differ- ences in forest cover across the Park boundary increase, we suggest including or intensifying measures to: (1) expand the Park boundary, simplifying its shape, (2) cooperate with the local people in managing a buffer zone, and (3) increase monitoring to minimize anthropogenic disturban- ces crossing the Park boundary.