cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An extended library of hardware modules for genetic algorithms, with applications to DNA sequence matching

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are intelligent search techniques based on the theory of evolution. Software GAs typically require a long processing time. The inherent parallelism in GAs motivates their implementation in hardware. This project extends an existing library of GA hardware modules and performs a comparative analysis of performance for various module choices. A sample architecture developed using the modules is applied to DNA sequence alignment and its performance is compared with the standard software algorithm ClustalW.
Metal−Organic Frameworks Provide Large Negative Thermal Expansion Behavior

Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we show that metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed using octahedral Zn4O(CO2)6 clusters linked via aromatic carbon ring structures lead to negative thermal expansion (NTE) behavior (from 0 K to melting). We find that MOF-C22 contracts volumetrically by 1.9% over the range of 0 to 600 K, making it one of the best NTE materials (linear expansion coefficient of α = −11.05 × 10-6 K-1 compared with α = −9.1 × 10-6 K-1 found for ZrW2O8, previously the champion NTE material). Indeed, we designed a new MOF using 2-butynediodate linkers that leads to an even larger NTE of 2.2% (from 0 to 500 K). We show that this NTE behavior arises because thermal motions in the rigid Zn−O clusters and the organic moieties linking them lead to tilting of the linkers by successively larger amounts from their alignment along the unit cell axes, resulting in decreased cell parameters. The MOF materials were developed to provide a large reversible hydrogen-storage capacity leading to a...
Creating self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates

Semiconductor quantum dots are inorganic fluorescent nanocrystals that, because of their unique optical properties compared with those of organic fluorophores, have become popular as fluorescent imaging probes. Although external light excitation is typically required for imaging with quantum dots, a new type of quantum dot conjugate has been reported that can luminesce with no need for external excitation. These self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates can be prepared by coupling of commercially available carboxylate-presenting quantum dots to the light-emitting protein Renilla luciferase. When the conjugates are exposed to the luciferase's substrate coelenterazine, the energy released by substrate catabolism is transferred to the quantum dots through bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, leading to quantum dot light emission. This protocol describes step-by-step procedures for the preparation and characterization of these self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates. The preparation process is relatively simple and can be done in less than 2 hours. The availability of self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates will provide many new possibilities for in vivo imaging and detection, such as monitoring of in vivo cell trafficking, multiplex bioluminescence imaging and new quantum dot-based biosensors.
Sedimentology and geochemistry of an urban coastal lake system: Coombabah Lake Nature Reserve, Gold Coast, Queensland

A study was initiated to address environmental concerns associated with changes in land use in the catchment area of Coombabah Lake, a brackish coastal lake system located in southeast Queensland. Sedimentological and geochemical data derived from a series of cores that penetrate the ca. 0–6000 year-old lacustrine sequence indicate that throughout much of its history, Coombabah Lake has remained a quiet, shallow, water body fed by fine-grained sediment dropped from suspension. Discrete and laterally continuous, shelly horizons form the basis for the stratigraphy developed for the lake sequence. A lithological transition in the upper 50 cm of the sediment column, from mud to shell-rich, sandy mud, suggests that the depositional regime changed ~500 years ago as accommodation space was filled. At this time, the dominant sedimentary processes changed to include reworking, partial bypass of sediment, the in termittent concentration of shell debris by winnowing, and the development of a flood-tidal delta complex in the lower reaches of the lake. Sharp increases in total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations below the lithological transition at 50 cm depth suggest that the capacity of the system to preserve organic matter and trap nutrients decreased significantly after the transition in depositional regime. Results indicate that current conditions in Lake Coombabah are governed by natural processes associated with the long-term evolution of coastal lake systems, and reveal little to suggest that there were any adverse affects resulting from recent human activities in the surrounding catchment.
Caught in the Act: Single Molecule Structure-Function Studies of Telomerase

Telomerase is a cellular ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase catalyzing the addition of telomeric repeats onto chromosome ends. Given its role in maintaining genomic stability and replicative capacity of cells, telomerase is implicated in cancer development and ageing. Mechanistically, telomerase negotiates a complex set of catalytic substeps, likely requiring exquisite structural rearrangements, to promote processive elongation of chromosome ends. Due to the inherent asynchronicity in enzymatic reactions, traditional biochemical tools are ill-suited for studying how telomerase structure and conformational dynamics enable function. To circumvent this shortcoming, we have developed a single molecule FRET based structure-function assay for telomerase activity and processivity. This assay allows us to capture enzyme-primer interaction (i.e. binding events) and the relevant structural dynamics in real time and to evaluate the catalytic outcome of such interaction. To visualize binding, FRET dye pairs are site-specifically placed at key positions within telomerase to report structural dynamics within the enzyme when bound to surface-immobilized DNA primer. Subsequently, a novel FRET based hybridization approach utilizing a partially complementary detection oligonucleotide (DO) is used to determine the length of the primer previously bound by the labeled enzyme. For an appropriately designed DO, the primer length is revealed through the binding energetics between primer and DO. Proof of principle experiments performed with primers of known lengths show that this detection scheme has single nucleotide sensitivity and low error rates. Since the activity and processivity of telomerase is manifested in its ability to increase the length of a given primer, such scheme allows the determination of enzyme activity one binding event at a time. Using this assay, we have characterized how the structure and conformational dynamics of various Tetrahymena thermophila telomerase RNA motifs such as the pseudoknot and stemloop IV contribute to telomerase function.
Improving the Profession of Nursing in Slovenia

The importance of increasing the educational attainment of professional nurses in Slovenia is discussed. It is suggested that with the global economic recession it is more, not less, important that professional nurses are competent and independent practitioners.
An Information-Aware Framework for Exploring Multivariate Data Sets

Information theory provides a theoretical framework for measuring information content for an observed variable, and has attracted much attention from visualization researchers for its ability to quantify saliency and similarity among variables. In this paper, we present a new approach towards building an exploration framework based on information theory to guide the users through the multivariate data exploration process. In our framework, we compute the total entropy of the multivariate data set and identify the contribution of individual variables to the total entropy. The variables are classified into groups based on a novel graph model where a node represents a variable and the links encode the mutual information shared between the variables. The variables inside the groups are analyzed for their representativeness and an information based importance is assigned. We exploit specific information metrics to analyze the relationship between the variables and use the metrics to choose isocontours of selected variables. For a chosen group of points, parallel coordinates plots (PCP) are used to show the states of the variables and provide an interface for the user to select values of interest. Experiments with different data sets reveal the effectiveness of our proposed framework in depicting the interesting regions of the data sets taking into account the interaction among the variables.
The Commensurability of Intensities of Desires (Pleasures)

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century Hedonism came increasingly under attack from the English Idealists.1 The new school denied that man is a pleasure machine. Only occasionally will he choose his actions with a view to maximizing pleasure; as a rule his actions are directed with a quite different aim. He seeks to satisfy his desires, motives or wants to the maximum extent possible. Since in the present context the three terms, ‘desires,’ ‘motives,’ ‘wants,’ are synonymous, we can shorten the formula and say that in most of his choices man aims at achieving the maximum satisfaction of his desires. The achievement of satisfaction of desire, or indeed the expectation that a desire will be satisfied, is often accompanied by the feeling of pleasure or happiness. But only rarely is desire directed towards the attainment of pleasure. The Hedonists, the Idealists thought, had mistaken an effect for a cause, a by-product for the originating event.
Ambiguous Tragic Flaw in Anita Desai's Fire on the Mountain

The Indian author Anita Desai creates in Fire on the Mountain (1977) a perfect tragedy in the Greek mode. Though fiction, Fire on the Mountain contains the nobility of character, tight structure, sense of retrospective inevitability, ambiguous flaw, and recognition of complicity which Aristotle so admired in 5th-century B.C. plays. Nanda Kaul is a noble woman who, after a long life spent serving a large family, wants only to retreat to a quiet sanctuary, Carignano. Instead, the family puts a great-granddaughter, Raka, into her charge. Raka proves to be as independent and unapproachable as Nanda, and, in her rebelliousness, sets fire at the end of the book to the hillside on which her great-grandmother's house perches. During the forest fire, another old woman, IIa Das, who serves as an alter ego both for Nanda (a tired, elderly woman) and for Raka (someone demanding Nanda's care), is raped and murdered. Nanda, devastated, may recognize that she herself has contributed to Raka's anarchy, by not reaching out to her sooner. Moreover, she has contributed to Ila's murder, by refusing to offer lia a place to stay. Nanda is somehow responsible for all the violence, although she has intended only peace for herself—a reversal exactly in Aristotle's terms.
A Review of Human Values in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

Determining proper medical treatment and whether to treat and how to treat child cancer patients calls for a consideration of ethical, familial, and human values, as well as an appreciation of the laws that govern medical practice and define protections afforded patients. This book focuses on the human values involved in decision making about the care and treatment of child cancer patients. The volume consists of a series of essays by 16 medical and legal professionals, organized in 2 parts. Part 1 deals with issues in clinical research and Part 2, which comprises the bulk of the book, addresses issues in patient care. Succinct and well written, the book is recommended not only for medical and legal professionals, but also for parents confronted with medical choices for a child suffering with cancer.
Spaceflight Meteorology Group's mission procedures in support of the Space Shuttle program

The Spaceflight Meteorology Group (SMG) and its predecessors have been an essential part of NASA's mission control team since the inception of the space program. SMG is a National Weather Service office working for NASA under a reimbursable agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). SMG is an integral member of the Space Shuttle flight control team at NASA's Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX. SMG issues all landing weather forecasts for the Space Shuttle from launch aborts through the end of the mission. To accomplish this, SMG meteorologists work directly with flight directors and flight controllers before, during, and after each mission to insure a safe flight. One SMG lead meteorologist is assigned as Mission Lead Forecaster for each mission and directs all of SMG's activities for that mission. To accomplish all tasks effectively and efficiently, the mission Lead adheres to a set of SMG defined mission procedures.
The Southern Exodus to Mexico: Migration across the Borderlands after the American Civil War . By Todd W. Wahlstrom.

The Southern Exodus to Mexico: Migration across the Borderlands after the American Civil War . Borderlands and Transcultural Studies Series. By Todd W. Wahlstrom . (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015. xxix + 190 pp. Illustrations, map, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $55.00, CAN$68.95, £36.00.) Todd W. Wahlstrom’s The Southern Exodus to Mexico is a novel effort to rethink the historical role played by Southern migrants who exited the United States for Mexico following the Civil War. Until now, the historiography has held that when Southern exiles went to Mexico and curried the favor of Maximillian—the French emperor in Mexico—they simply sought to recast parts of Veracruz as a new South, but Wahlstrom pushes back against this view. While that first wave of migrants did indeed include many Confederates-cum-royalists who courted the transplanted Hapsburgs … jnichols{at}qcc.cuny.edu
Reduced-Intensity Conditioning with Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and Rituximab Is Associated with Improved Outcomes Compared with Fludarabine and Busulfan after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for B Cell Malignancies.

Abstract Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) has been used increasingly for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation to minimize transplant-related mortality while maintaining the graft-versus-tumor effect. In B cell lymphoid malignancies, reduced-intensity regimens containing rituximab, an antiCD20 antibody, have been associated with favorable survival; however, the long-term outcomes of rituximab-containing versus nonrituximab-containing regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in B cell lymphoid malignancies remain to be determined. We retrospectively analyzed 94 patients who received an allogeneic transplant for a B cell lymphoid malignancy. Of these, 33 received RIC with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with a calcineurin inhibitor and mini-methotrexate, and 61 received RIC with fludarabine and busulfan (FluBu) and GVHD prophylaxis with a calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate mofetil. The 2-year overall survival was superior in patients who received FCR versus FluBu (72.7% versus 54.1%, P = .031), and in multivariable analysis adjusted for Disease Risk Index and donor type, only the conditioning regimen (FluBu versus FCR: HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.04 to 4.08; P = .037) and Disease Risk Index (low versus intermediate/high: HR, .38; 95% CI, .17 to .86; P = .02) were independent predictors of overall survival. The 2-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was lower in patients who received FCR versus FluBu (24.2% versus 51.7%, P = .01). There was no difference in rate of relapse/progression or acute GVHD. Our results demonstrate that the use of RIC with FCR and GVHD prophylaxis with a calcineurin inhibitor and mini-methotrexate is associated with decreased chronic GVHD and improved overall survival.
Thermal Runaway in Mold-Assisted Flash Sintering

Analyzing the temperature evolution in pressureless mold-assisted flash sintering, we found the same onset condition as in standard flash sintering: When sample's DC or AC Joule heating replaces environment's radiation heating as the dominant power input term, thermal runaway ensues. Various serial and parallel components connected to the sample, including the mold, insulation, and punches, can affect Joule heating and conduction heat loss, thus play an important role in successful mold-assisted flash sintering.
Stochastic Approximation Via Averaging: The Polyak’s Approach Revisited

Recursive stochastic optimization algorithms are considered in this work. A class of multistage procedures is developed. We analyze essentially the same kind of procedures as proposed in Polyak’s recent work. A quite different approach is taken and correlated noise processes are dealt with. In lieu of evaluating the second moments, the methods of weak convergence are employed and the asymptotic properties are obtained by examining a suitably scaled sequence. Under rather weak conditions, we show that the algorithm via averaging is an efficient approach in that it provides us with the optimal convergence speed. In addition, no prewhitening filters are needed.
Collaborative study to establish World Health Organization international reference reagents for dengue virus Types 1 to 4 RNA for use in nucleic acid testing.

BACKGROUND Dengue is the most important reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. Caused by dengue virus (DENV), a member of the genus Flavivirus in the Flaviviridae family, dengue can be asymptomatic (approx. 80% of cases) or symptomatic, ranging from a flu-like illness known as dengue fever, to a life-threatening form called severe dengue. DENV is primarily transmitted from human to human through the bite of mosquitoes of the genus Aedes; however, it is also transmissible by transfusion of blood and blood components and by solid organ transplant. Nucleic acid test (NAT) assays are considered the most appropriate approach for blood donor screening for recent DENV infections, but there is no Food and Drug Administration–approved assay for the screening of blood for DENV. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS An international collaborative study was conducted to assess the suitability of reference reagent (RR) candidates for DENV Types 1 to 4 RNA for use in NAT-based assays. RESULTS Two sets of RR candidates were prepared for each DENV type, one liquid frozen (Set 1) and one lyophilized (Set 2). A total of 28 laboratories from 20 countries agreed to participate in the study, of which 21 submitted the results for qualitative and/or quantitative assessments. CONCLUSION The World Health Organization has established the lyophilized materials as international RRs for DENV RNA with a unitage of 13,500, 69,200, 23,400, and 33,900 units/mL for DENV-1 to -4, respectively.
Status of Stingrays (Order Myliobatiformes) Captured 1972–2010 at Two Sites in Onslow Bay, Atlantic Ocean, North Carolina

Abstract Eight species of stingrays (Order Myliobatiformes) were collected by trawl and longline 1972–2010 at two Onslow Bay sites, Atlantic Ocean, North Carolina. Three species: Gymnura altavela, Dasyatis say and Myliobatis freminvillei were collected more often during a cooler water peiod 1972–1989; five others, G. micrura, D. sabina, D. americana, Aetobatis narinari and Manta birostris during a warmer water period 1990–2010. Seven other stingray species, known from North Carolina, remain part of its stingray fauna but were not collected. Why some stingray species were more prevalent in cooler or warmer waters than others remains unresolved.
Differential gene expression in trigeminal ganglia of male and female rats following chronic constriction of the infraorbital nerve

Background The mechanisms underlying sex-based differences in pain and analgesia are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated gene expression changes in trigeminal ganglia (TG) of male and female rats exposed to infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (IoN-CCI). Methods Somatosensory assessments were performed prior to IoN-CCI and at selected time points postsurgery. Selected gene expression changes were examined with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in ipsilateral TG at 21 days postsurgery. Results Rats exposed to IoN-CCI developed significant mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia on days 19 and 21 postsurgery. During this period, females developed significantly more allodynia but not hyperalgesia compared to males. At 21 days postsurgery, expression levels of 44 of the 84 investigated pain-related genes in ipsilateral TG were significantly regulated relative to naive rats in either sex. Csf1 and Cx3cr1 were up-regulated in both sexes, but the magnitude of regulation was significantly higher in females (p = 0.02 and p = 0.001, respectively). Htr1a and Scn9a were down-regulated in both sexes, but the down-regulation was significantly more pronounced in males (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). Additionally, Cck, Il1a, Pla2g1b and Tnf genes were significantly regulated in females but not in males, and Chrna4 gene was significantly down-regulated in males but not in females. Conclusions Our findings suggest sex-dependent gene regulation in response to nerve injury, which may contribute to sex dimorphism of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Further studies are needed to establish gene expression changes over time and correlate these with hormonal and other physiological parameters in male and female. Significance We present novel sex-specific transcriptional regulation in trigeminal ganglia that may contribute to male-/female-based differences in trigeminal neuropathic pain. These findings are expected to open new research horizons, particularly in male versus female targeted therapeutic regimens.
Toll-interacting protein differentially modulates HIF1α and STAT5-mediated genes in fibroblasts

Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) deficiency has been implicated in complex inflammatory and infectious diseases whose mechanisms are poorly understood. Comparing the gene expression profiles of WT and Tollip-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts, we observed here that Tollip deficiency selectively reduces the expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) but potentiates the expression of fatty acid–binding protein 4 (FABP4) in these cells. We also observed that expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1α) is reduced, whereas that of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is elevated, in Tollip-deficient cells, correlating with the decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and increased expression of FABP4 in these cells. We further found that the coupling of ubiquitin to ER degradation (CUE) domain of Tollip is required for stimulating HIF1α activity, because Tollip CUE–domain mutant cells exhibited reduced levels of HIF1α and selected cytokines. Tollip is known to mediate autophagy and lysosome fusion, and herein we observed that Tollip's autophagy function is required for modulating STAT5 and FABP4 expression. Bafilomycin A, an inhibitor of lysosome fusion, enhanced STAT5 and FABP4 expression in WT fibroblasts, whereas torin 2, an activator of autophagy, reduced STAT5 and FABP4 expression in Tollip-deficient fibroblasts. Taken together, our study reveals that Tollip differentially modulates HIF1α and STAT5 expression in fibroblasts, potentially explaining the complex and context-dependent contribution of Tollip to disease development.
Clinical Simulation in Anesthesia Education

Understand the different types of simulation and their uses Learn how crisis resource management can be used to manage a critical scenario Know the expectations of a trainee experiencing a medical simulation
Variance Decomposition in the Presence of Epistemic and Aleatory Uncertainty

Variance-based global sensitivity analysis is a powerful approach for understanding the importance of model input variables or groups of variables in driving model output variation. However, input variance is often attributable to both aleatory (irreducible) and epistemic (reducible) uncertainties. This paper presents an approach whereby variance decomposition is used in conjunction with probabilistic analysis. Epistemic uncertainty associated with a model’s probabilistic response is decomposed based on probability distribution uncertainty, deterministic model uncertainty, and other epistemic uncertainty sources. The proposed methodology allows for the identification of the epistemic uncertainty sources having the largest contributions to the uncertainty in the model’s response. As demonstrated in the numerical example, the proposed methodology may be used to support resource allocation decisions in modeling and simulation activities.
Real Human Rights Activism in Latin America: A Comparative Study

Prominent theories stress domestic human rights activism as a major factor in achieving improvement in human rights conditions. Most cross-national studies examine such activism by examining the number of human rights organizations (HROs) within a country. In this paper, I argue that this is a questionable practice and I report original data on actual human rights activism — the presence of contentious challenges, especially protests, that focus on human rights. I collected data on such challenges as part of a broader study of contentious politics in seven Latin American countries from 1981 to 1995. I find that human rights activism was actually greater where there were fewer HROs. Human rights contentious challenges are most prevalent where human rights abuses are worse and authoritarianism is present and in countries that are more urbanized. I also find two different types of human rights activism. Human rights contentious challenges in both Argentina and Guatemala mostly involved HROs and made general demands. I describe these cases as national human rights movements. The other countries in the sample (Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela) experienced human rights challenges that focused more on specific grievances and demands (such as protesting the arrest or demanding the release of a specific group of people) and only a small percentage involved HROs. I refer to these as cases of ancillary human rights activism, in which human rights challenges are part of a more general wave of opposition.
“Losing Your Land You Feel Like You’re Losing Your Identity, Like You’re Experiencing Slow Death”: An Interview With Chief Thomas Dardar—Houma Nation:

The Houma Nation was a major community hub for the Citizen Science Network seafood sampling conducted as part of the Gulf Coast Health Alliance: Health Risks Related to the Macondo Spill (GC-HARMS) research project. They also managed a clinical cohort to facilitate wellness checkups and collection of biological samples during the project. In this interview, Thomas Dardar, Principal Chief of the Houma Nation, outlines the historical and evolving changes-cultural as well as geophysical-that the Houma Nation must address in an uncharted era of climate-related impacts on weather patterns, sea levels, and sustainable land uses. He explores tribal efforts to cope with cumulative exposures, risks, and outcomes of industrial practices that have led to land loss and deterioration of natural marshlands. These changes challenge the perpetuation of traditional values based on multigenerational ties to their land base, and the bayous and estuarial waters they fish.
Association between Red Blood Cell Transfusion and 30-day Readmission Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Background: We sought to evaluate the association between post-procedural packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and 30-day all-cause readmission. We assessed incidence, causes and predictors of 30-day readmission.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 417 patients who underwent TAVR and survived the index hospitalization. A propensity-score adjusted multivariable logistic regression model was utilized to relate PRBC transfusion to 30-day readmission and to identify predictors of 30-day readmission.Results: The overall 30-day readmission rate was 19.4% and was for non-cardiac causes in 54.3% of patients. Of patients who received PRBC transfusion and those who were not transfused, 30.9% and 21.7% were readmitted within 30 days, respectively (p = 0.08). After propensity adjustment, the odds of readmission were not different among transfused and non-transfused patients (1.33 [95% CI 0.74, 2.40, p = 0.34]). However, among non-anemic patients, tra...
Brief Commentary: Marijuana and Cardiovascular Disease-What Should We Tell Patients?

This commentary was 1 of 6 selected for publication from 100 submissions that responded to a call for readers' perspectives on prescribing or recommending marijuana.
Experience of Poverty and Problem Sleep in Later Life

Older adults are more likely to report problem sleep, but little is known about how the economic challenges of old age affect sleep. Using data from the disability and use of time from the panel study of income dynamics (N = 1,693), this study applied propensity score methods and the marginal structural model to estimate the associations between exposure to poverty and two measures of problem sleep: risky sleep duration and difficulty falling asleep. Poverty, irrespective of duration of exposure, had little impact on short sleep duration. Exposure to poverty, however, was associated with increased likelihood of long sleep duration on weekends and having difficulty falling asleep on both weekdays and weekends, especially for older adults who were exposed to poverty for 5 or more years. Findings suggest that economic hardship of old age may be a social structural obstacle for healthy sleep.
Effects of nutrition intervention among students in primary school for children of migrant workers in Shanghai

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of nutrition intervention on nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice and lunch nutrition situation of students in primary school for children of migrant workers in Shanghai, to provide evidence for promoting children 's growth and development and health education. METHODS A total of 4 primary schools for children of migrant workers in Shanghai were selected by stratified cluster sampling in 2014- 2015, and then were randomly assigned to intervention or control group. All students of 4and 5 grades were selected as subject. Nutrition intervention included the school canteen and students. Survey was implemented before and after intervention, and included demographic questionnaire, physical test and nutrition survey using dietary recall. RESULTS The average rise in quantity of weight, BMI, the power of gripping, nutrition attitude accuracy and paper folding test score in intervention group were significantly higher than control group. Intervention was helpful to improve the awareness rates of dietary guidelines and the favor rate of school lunch. Except fat, the average rise in intake of energy and main nutrients in intervention group were significantly higher than control group. The average rise in intake of food grains, soybeans and soy products and vegetables and the average falling in intake of animal food in intervention group were significantly higher than control group. All of the differences were statistically significant( P < 0. 05). The average intake of energy, main nutrients and some kinds of food in intervention group were more close to the standard. CONCLUSION Nutrition intervention has a positive impact on students ' growth and development, nutrition knowledge and attitude, cognitive ability and dietary intake, and should be put into widespread application.
Translanguaging in L2 Arabic Study Abroad: Beyond Monolingual Practices in Institutional Talk

Adopting a translanguaging perspective, this article examines interlocutors? orientations to, and use of, multidialectal and multilingual practices during second language (L2) Arabic conversations-for-learning beyond the classroom in a study abroad program. The study argues that participants? translanguaging practices challenge monolingual ideologies and the program's monodialectal policy of using only Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) in institutional talk beyond the classroom. Audio-recorded dyadic interactions between L2 Arabic learners and their native speaker conversation partners show how multidialectal and multilingual practices can work as a valuable interactional resource that multilinguals draw upon for productive interactions to enhance meaning-making, identity negotiation, and knowledge construction. In addition, participants seem to give precedence to intersubjectivity over monodialectal and monolingual language policies through their use of these translanguaging practices.
Epithelium-derived IL-33 activates mast cells to initiate neutrophil recruitment following corneal injury.

Abstract Purpose Neutrophils play a critical role in defending against threats such as microbial infection, yet their activation during innate immune response incites collateral damage to healthy tissues. We have previously shown that corneal injury induces mast cells to express the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL2. Here we delineate the mechanism of injury-induced, non-IgE-mediated mast cell activation at the ocular surface. Methods Corneal injury was induced by mechanical removal of the epithelium and anterior stroma in mast cell deficient (cKitW-sh) and C57BL/6 mice using Algerbrush II. Corneas were analyzed for frequencies of total CD45+ inflammatory cells, CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils, and cKit+FceR1+ mast cells using flow cytometry. Mast cells were stimulated with different inflammatory factors known to increase during corneal injury (IL-33, IL-1β, IL-36γ, IL-6, SDF1α and Substance P) and assessed for the secretion of β-hexosaminidase, tryptase and CXCL2 using ELISA. IL-33 neutralizing antibody (1 mg/ml) was administered locally for mast cell inhibition in vivo. Results Mast cell deficient mice failed to recruit early neutrophils to the injured corneas. IL-33 stimulation upregulated CXCL2 secretion by mast cells. Corneal injury resulted in amplified expression of IL-33 at the cornea and epithelium was identified as its primary source. Topical neutralization of IL-33 at the ocular surface inhibited mast cell activation, limited neutrophil infiltration, and reduced corneal inflammatory haze, normalizing tissue architecture following ocular injury. Conclusions These data implicate IL-33 in mast cell activation and early neutrophil recruitment in non-allergic inflammation, suggesting IL-33 as a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders of the ocular surface.
Pancreas ultrasound two-dimensional shear wave elastography in healthy children

Pancreas shear wave speed might be a biomarker of pancreatic disease in children. This study aimed to measure pancreas shear wave speed by two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) in a balanced cohort of presumed healthy children. This was a prospective study of 120 children (<18 years of age) without a known history of pancreatic disease, who underwent ultrasound 2-D SWE of the pancreas. Five shear wave speed measurements in the pancreas body and/or tail were obtained for each participant using a Canon Aplio i800 system, i8CX1 transducer. The Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare continuous distributions. Spearman’s correlation was used to assess univariate relationships between continuous variables. Multivariable regression with stepwise selection was used to evaluate independent predictors of pancreas shear wave speed. The median age for the study population was 5.0 years (range: 7 days to 17.8 years) and 61 (50.8%) of the participants were female. The median depth of shear wave speed measurement was 4.7 cm (interquartile range [IQR]: 4.2–5.3). The median pancreas shear wave speed was 1.31 m/s (IQR: 1.21–1.40). On multivariable analysis, female biological sex (P=0.051), the number of hours nil per os (P=0.097), the median depth of measurement (P=0.001) and the median liver shear wave speed (P=0.020) were positively associated with pancreas shear wave speed. We report pancreas shear wave speed in a large, balanced cohort of children without a known history of pancreatic disease, providing reference values for normal.
The Perfect Storm: US Missteps, Belligerence, and Racial Legacies

As we watch COVID devastate our country, many wonder how we got here. I argue that in this paper that the crisis has been agrevated, if not a direct result of presidential missteps, and belligerenc...
Abstract PO-005: Tet2 inactivation enhances the anti-tumor efficiency of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)

Inactivation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is one of the mechanisms mitigating anti-tumor immunity during tumor onset and progression. Epigenetic abnormalities are regarded as a major culprit contributing to the dysfunction of TILs within tumor microenvironments. In this study, we used a murine model of melanoma to discover that Tet2 inactivation significantly enhances the anti-tumor activity of TILs, with the efficacy comparable to immune checkpoint inhibition imposed by anti-PD-L1 treatment. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis further revealed that Tet2-deficient TILs exhibit effector-like features. Transcriptomic and ATAC-seq analysis further demonstrated that Tet2 deletion reshapes the chromatin accessibility and favors the binding of transcription factors geared toward CD8+ T cell activation. In summary, our study establishes that Tet2 constitutes one of the epigenetic barriers contributing to dysfunction of TILs, and that Tet2 inactivation could benefit anti-tumor immunity to boost tumor suppression. Citation Format: Minjung Lee, Jiangfang Li, Shaohai Fang, Wei Han, Margarita Moczygemba, Yubin Zhou, Jia Li, Deqiang Sun, Yun Huang. Tet2 inactivation enhances the anti-tumor efficiency of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Virtual Conference on Epigenetics and Metabolism; October 15-16, 2020; 2020 Oct 15-16. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(23 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-005.
The antigenicity and immunology of human cervical squamous cell carcinoma: A review

Numerous studies have demonstrated an altered antigenicity in the carcinomatous cervix. Whether the neoplasia-associated antigens are of viral origin, are actually normal antigens expressed in elevated levels, or are true tumor-associated antigens has not been precisely determined, since evidence has been presented for all of these possibilities. These antigens associated with cervical squamous cell carcinoma have been demonstrated not only biochemically and by raising antisera to the tumors in animals but also by studies of the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of cervical cancer patients. Immunodiagnosis of cervical cancer with the use of these antigens has, to date, not been feasible, although several of the assays appear potentially useful.
General-Purpose Embedded Cores

The most successful programmable component on silicon is the microprocessor. Fueled by a well-balanced mix of efficient implementations, flexibility, and tool support, microprocessors have grown into a key component for electronic design. This chapter reviews the major features of microprocessor architectures, and in particular of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors. The topic of microprocessors is a very broad one; entire books are devoted to its discussion. The objectives of this chapter are more modest. Our objective is to get insight into the relation between a C program and the execution of that C program on a microprocessor. This will help us to understand the cost of the C program in terms of memory footprint and execution time. Later chapters build on this insight to discuss the detailed interaction of C programs with custom-hardware modules. The chapter covers four different aspects of C program execution on RISC processors. First, we will discuss the major architecture elements of a RISC processor and their role in C program execution. Second, we will discuss the path from C programs to assembly programs to machine instructions. Third, we will discuss the runtime organization of a C program at the level of the machine. And finally, we will discuss techniques to evaluate the quality of generated assembly code, and thus evaluate the quality of the C compiler. Much more can be said on microprocessors besides these points; the reader can find additional suggestions in the Further Reading section at the end of this chapter.
Document Clustering, Visualization, and Retrieval via Link Mining

Clustering for document retrieval has traditionally been done through word-based similarity. But this approach suffers from the ambiguity problems inherent in natural languages. Language-based processing can be augmented by analysis of links among document sets, i.e. hypertext Web links or literature citations. Indeed, early workers in information science recognized the shortcomings with word-based document processing. This led to the introduction of document processing based on literature citations [6]. An important development was the notion of co-citation [13], in which a document pair is associated by being jointly cited (or co-cited) by other documents. In general, clustering based on co-citation as a similarity measure is known to correspond well to document semantics. Spurred by the popularity of the Web, more recent approaches have been developed for analyzing hyperlinks, though primarily for search engine page ranking [12, 8].
Endosperm Cell Walls: Formation, Composition, and Functions

This chapter deals with the mechanisms by which endosperm cell walls arise, with the composition and synthesis of endosperm cell wall polysaccharides, and with their specific functions during seed development and germination. The endosperm cell walls differ from somatic cell walls in polysaccharide composition. Endosperm walls often contain massive amounts of storage hemicelluloses such as mannan, galactomannan, glucomannans, xyloglucans, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans but very little of cellulose. These hemicelluloses act as carbohydrate stores for the germinating embryo and, depending on their specific physico-chemical properties, may also play additional roles in water retention during post-imbibition drought, mechanical protection of the embryo, and signaling. In recent years, many of the genes responsible for the synthesis of endosperm cell wall polysaccharides have been identified. Endosperm cell walls have also evolved special mechanisms of formation. In the nuclear-type of endosperm development, which is the most common type in all analyzed species, the endosperm becomes multinucleate (syncytial) before cellularizing. Cellularization proceeds by the simultaneous formation of syncytial-type cell plates between sister and non-sister nuclei. Syncytial-type cell plates form at the boundaries of nuclear cytoplasmic domains, which are defined by radial systems of microtubules that organize on the envelope of endosperm nuclei. These cell plates are associated with clusters of microtubules called mini-phragmoplasts that transport the cell plate-forming vesicles to the division plane. In contrast to phragmoplasts in dividing somatic cells, mini-phragmoplasts never form a coherent cytoskeletal structure around the expanding cell plate. Syncytial-type cell plates undergo several developmental stages before completion of the new cell wall: vesicle fusion intermediates, wide tubules and wide tubular networks, convoluted fenestrated sheets, and planar fenestrated sheets.
Concentration Dependent Diffusion of H+ in TiO2: Analysis of Electronic Effects in Ionic Diffusion

Diffusion of charged impurities or defects in a non-metallic crystal generally results in changes in the electron Fermi level relative to the lattice energy bands and impurity levels, thus producing substantial internal electric fields. These fields in turn exert a force on the diffusing ion, hence modifying the diffusion process. A self-consistent treatment describing such diffusion processes in materials with band gap 1.5 eV will be developed. Our analysis shows that diffusion proceeds locally according to Fick’s laws, but with an effective diffusion coefficient, D(eff), which may be larger than the diffusion coefficient which would be observed in the absence of internal fields by a factor of 104 or more. D(eff) depends on the concentration of diffusing ions, and hence, changes with position and time. The problem of interdiffusion of two similar ions (as in an isotope exchange experiment) is also analyzed; it is shown that such an experiment virtually eliminates the effects of internal fields if the two species are more or less chemically equivalent, making it possible to determine accurately the field-free diffusion parameters. Detailed calculations for both single ion diffusion and interdiffusion of H and D in TiO2 will be presented; the overall rate for single diffusion typically shews an enhancement by a factor of 10 to 30, and a very distinctive concentration profile is predicted. Experiiments leading to accurate determination of the field-free diffusion parameters for H in TiO2, both by the isotope exchange technique and by ionic conductivity measurements, will be reported. In addition, single diffusion measurements have been carried out, which agree in quantitative detail with the calculations described above, both with respect to overall diffusion rate and concentration profile.
Neurotrophin receptor genes are expressed in distinct patterns in developing dorsal root ganglia

All members of the neurotrophin family of neuronal growth factors promote survival and neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro. The trk family of protooncogenes encodes receptors that are now thought to mediate the biological effects of neurotrophins. In order to learn more about the dependence of DRG neurons on neurotrophins in vivo, we have studied mRNA expression of members of the trk family in developing DRGs in embryonic and postnatal rats. We show here that neurotrophin receptors are expressed in thoracic and lumbar DRGs by embryonic day 13 (E13), which is only 24-48 hr after neurogenesis begins in these ganglia. Distinct patterns of expression of trkA, trkB, and trkC are readily apparent by E15. At this age, 40% of thoracic DRG neurons express trkA. In contrast, trkB and trkC are expressed by only 6% and 8%, respectively, of thoracic DRG neurons. These percentages change little between E15 and postnatal day 1. Although absolute numbers of DRG neurons expressing neurotrophin receptors are greater in lumbar than in thoracic ganglia, the ratios of DRG neurons expressing different members of the trk family are similar in the two regions. The different trks are expressed by distinct populations of DRG neurons from E15 onward. trkA is expressed predominantly by small neurons with darkly staining cytoplasm. trkB and trkC are expressed by large, lightly staining neurons. Size-frequency histograms show that trkA is expressed by neurons of variable sizes, but particularly by neurons at the smallest end of the spectrum. In contrast, trkC is expressed predominantly by large DRG neurons, including those with the largest soma areas. trkB is expressed by DRG neurons of intermediate size. Our results show that a majority of DRG neurons express mRNA for at least one member of the trk protooncogene family. Furthermore, trk expression occurs in a time frame consistent with the idea that trks mediate responses of DRG neurons to neurotrophins that are synthesized in both the periphery and spinal cord at early developmental stages. Finally, different populations of DRG neurons express different trks. We hypothesize that DRG neurons subserving different functions express different trks, and that trk expression of a particular class of DRG neurons determines its neurotrophin dependence during development.