cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibronectin binding determinants of the Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin receptor.

Synthetic peptide analogs mimicking a repeated motif within the Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin receptor inhibit binding of the bacteria to fibronectin (Signas, C., Raucci, G., Jonsson, K., Lindgren, P. E., Anantharamaiah, G. M., Hook, M., and Lindberg, M. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 699-703). In this study, we have further localized the fibronectin-binding determinant within the 37 amino acid D3 peptide. Chemical modification of the carboxyl side chains of the glutamic and aspartic residues in D3 abolished fibronectin-binding activity, whereas modifications of lysine or tyrosine residues had little effect. An active peptide encompassing residues 15-36 was isolated from a trypsin digest of D3, and a synthetic peptide S16-36 had activity comparable with that of intact D3. Scrambling the amino acid sequence of S16-36 or replacing the aspartic and glutamic residues with asparagine and glutamine resulted in loss of activity. Therefore, one or more of the acidic residues are essential for activity. However, additional sequence is required. Reduction in the size of S16-36 from either the N- or C-terminal end resulted in peptides with greatly diminished activity. These data suggest that the amino acids essential for binding fibronectin are contained within residues 21-33 of the D3 peptide and that the flanking N- and C-terminal amino acids are necessary for the peptide to acquire a conformation that is favorable for fibronectin binding.
Piecewise C 1 Extremal Functions

In many problems examined thus far we have required continuous differentiability of the function y (or Y) defining the classes for optimization. Already with the example of the minimal surface of revolution from §1.4(a) we have argued that for some configurations, the minimizing curve (if it exists) should exhibit “corners,” and it is natural to wonder whether cornered curves ŷ and Ŷ such as those shown in Figure 7.1 might not give improved results for other problems. Such curves are represented readily by functions which are piecewise continuously differentiable, or piecewise C1.
Double Oxidative Dehalogenation of 2,5‐Bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)‐3,6‐difluoro‐1,4‐hydroquinone leading to Formation of New Copper Quinonoid Complexes

Open air reactions of 2,5-bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)-3,6-difluoro-1,4-hydroquinone with (bipy)Cu(CH3COO)2 or (bipy)CuCl2 in wet methanol proceeded with oxidative dehalogenation of the ligand and the formation of bimetallic complexes supported by 2,5-bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)-3,6-dioxy-1,4-quinonate. The coordination mode of the bridging ligand towards (bipy)Cu(X) fragments depends on the nature of the anionic ligand (X = acetate or chloride). Thus, in bimetallic complex 2 [bis((2,2′-bipyridyl)copper(η2-acetate))-μ-(η2(O,O)-2,5-bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)-3,6-dioxy-1,4-quinonate] the ligand coordinates two (bipy)Cu(acetate) fragments into the [O,O] chelation pockets of the tetraoxolene core. In bimetallic complex 3 [bis((2,2′-bipyridyl)copper(chloride))-μ-(η2(O,(P=O))-2,5-bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)-3,6-dioxy-1,4-quinonate] the ligand coordinates the (bipy)CuCl fragments into its [O,(P=O)] pockets. Coordination chemistry was briefly explored by subjecting complex 3 to ligand-substitution reactions by reacting it with AgBF4 and with carboxylate and carbonate salts. Complexes 4 [bis((aqua)(dimethylformamide)(2,2′-bipyridyl)copper)-μ-(η2(O,(P=O))-2,5-bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)-3,6-dioxy-1,4-quinonate) di-tetrafluoroborate] and 5 [bis(aqua)(2,2'-bipyridyl)copper-(η2(O,O)-3,6-bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)-4,5-dioxy-1,2-quinonate] were obtained during these investigations. Compounds 2–5 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, and by spectroscopic and magnetic measurements.
Gravitational Radiation -- A New Window Onto the Universe

A summary is given of the current status and plans for gravitational-wave searches at all plausible wavelengths, from the size of the observable universe to a few kilometers. The anticipated scientific payoff from these searches is described, including expectations for detailed studies of black holes and neutron stars, high-accuracy tests of general relativity, and hopes for the discovery of exotic new kinds of objects.
Unnatural virtues for well‐living: Social economy, civitas, and public philosophy

Argues that there exists, at least at the level of social practices, a type of social or public philosophy that identifies and gives meaning to the values dynamizing social interactions. That is, the “public philosophy” consists of a continuous discourse about the “good”. It is to this level of public philosophy that social economics adverts to its research field. When this is done we understand that the social economy, expressed in metaphors and symbols of “wellbeing” and “well‐living” in fact consists of the resources and social organizations that make it possible for groups and communities to manage their own affairs. Uses the example of micro‐business and micro‐enterprise to show the interaction of the “public philosophy” (as a set of expectations) and social economy. Concludes by arguing that attention to non‐instrumental dimensions of the social economy raises a new set of questions about the meaning of economy and the human good.
Model-free association analysis of a rare disease.

Model-free methods of testing for association of a disease with alleles at a marker locus were used to analyze simulated data for a rare disease locus and 360 marker loci distributed at 2 cM intervals along six chromosomes. After adjustment for multiple tests, there was no evidence of significant heterogeneity of parental allele frequencies between a sample of parents with at least one affected child and a sample of parents with no affected children. Several significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected after Bonferroni correction but these were Type I errors. After adjusting for multiple tests, the model-free test for association detected significant associations of alleles at two loci with the disease. These associations were in fact part of the generating model for the simulated data. However, these methods were unable to detect two other major loci contributing to the disease since these loci were not associated with any of the marker loci. ©1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improved Activation Time Assignment of Unipolar Electrograms from Ischemic Canine Epicardium

Aims: The present study attempts to develop an objective, statistically based set of criteria for activation time determination from unipolar electrograms (U-EGMs) using a standard of activation related to biophysical theory. Methods: A high-resolution assembly of U-EGMs obtained from the epicardial surface of the canine postinfarction heart were analyzed in order to achieve the best prediction of local versus distant activation. An activation time standard (ATS) consisted of three properties: (1) propagation of activation, evidenced by a linear temporal shift of waveforms from closely spaced U-EGMs with little or no decay in amplitude; (2) cycle length-dependent changes of those propagating waveforms; and (3) evidence of electrotonic deflections, seen as nonpropagating potentials having decaying amplitude with distance. Results: A number of U-EGM features were calculated and subjected to analysis by comparing their occurrence with the ATS. A discriminant function analysis incorporating multiple features (Voltage, −dV/dt and Ratio) of major U-EGM deflections improved prediction of activation time of complex fractionated EMGs from ischemic canine epicardium to 90%. Conclusion: A unique discriminant function based on sound biophysical principles markedly improved prediction of activation time of complex U-EGMs from ischemic canine epicardium. A computerized version of the algorithm could be developed to provide more accurate activation maps for both basic and clinical use. (PACE 2011; 34:1105–1115)
Structural analysis of normal and mutant insulin receptors in fibroblasts cultured from families with leprechaunism.

Leprechaunism is an inherited disorder characterized by insulin resistance and intrauterine growth restriction. In this study we analyze insulin binding and subunit structure of the insulin receptor in dermal fibroblasts cultured from three unrelated families whose probands (Ark-1, Atl, and Minn) were affected by leprechaunism. Cells cultured from all three probands had markedly reduced insulin binding at equilibrium. Fibroblasts cultured from the parents of Ark-1 and Atl had partial and differing degrees of impairment in insulin binding. The structure of the alpha subunit of insulin receptors was analyzed by cross-linking 125I-insulin to plasma membranes. A major band of 350 kilodaltons (kD) (corresponding to the heterotetrameric insulin receptor alpha 2 beta 2) was observed in control and leprechaun fibroblasts. The relative amount of radioactivity cross-linked to plasma membranes reflected the genetic variations seen in insulin binding to intact cells. In reducing gels, 125I-insulin was cross-linked equally to a 250-kD (alpha-alpha dimer) and a 125-kD (alpha monomer) protein in cells from controls, the parents of Ark-1 and Atl, and probands Atl and Minn. By contrast, cells from the Ark-1 proband had diminished cross-linking of alpha-alpha dimers. The ratio of dimer to monomer in cells from controls was 0.93 +/- 0.06, and that in cells from Ark-1 was 0.31 +/- 0.19 (P less than .01). Beta-subunit structure and function was analyzed by studying insulin-enhanced autophosphorylation. Although maximal stimulation of beta-subunit phosphorylation was reduced to 30% in proband Ark-1 fibroblasts, this reduction was quantitatively related to reduced insulin binding. These results indicate that mutations causing severe insulin resistance and defective insulin binding are transmitted with autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance and that heterogeneity exists for these mutations. The mutation in pedigree Ark-1 most likely produces conformational changes in alpha-subunit interaction.
Observation of Elliptically Polarized High Harmonic Emission from Molecules Driven by Linearly Polarized Light

Using a metal mirror polarizer, we perform an accurate polarimetry of high harmonic emission from aligned molecules. Surprisingly, we find that harmonic emission from N2 can be strongly elliptically polarized even when driven by linearly polarized lasers
MUTANTS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDI

A genetic analysis of the biological clock in Chlamydomonas reinhardi has been initiated. Of six wild-type strains tested (3 mt+ and 3 mt-), five had periods close to 24 hr whereas one had a 21-hr period. Mutants with altered clock period have been isolated. The periods of 3 of these variant strains are temperature compensated. Genetic crosses involving a long-period mutant suggest that a single gene confers the long-period character, and in general clock-period length seems to be a useful phenotypic measure of alterations in the clock due to genetic differences. One phase mutant was found but its behavior was variable and the phase of the rhythm, relative to a light–dark transition which initiates the rhythm, does not seem to be reliable as a parameter of clock differences. No markers have yet been mapped.
High-fidelity CFD simulation of wave run-up for single/multiple surface-piercing cylinders in regular head waves

Abstract The capabilities of CFDShip-Iowa V4.5 and V6.2 simulations for wave run-up for single/multiple surface-piercing cylinders in regular waves are assessed in conjunction with the ITTC OEC Workshop on VIV and Wave Run-up held in Nantes, France October 17⿿18, 2013. Statistical convergence and grid/domain/turbulence model sensitivity studies show uncertainty UI values are less than 1% for both the experiment/simulation data and grid/domain/turbulence model sensitivities are less than the facility bias UFB. Simulations are qualitatively validated using UFB and error E between experiment and simulation. Errors for single/four cylinder(s) are comparable with UFB and average error E ¯ for the other CFD data of the workshop participants. Results from both V4.5 and V6.2 agree well with experiment and also show capabilities to apply for complex/large-scale problem and to describe detailed wave breaking/spraying for V4.5 and V6.2, respectively. Study on run-up profile shows mean wave elevations are similar to free surface elevations for a cylinder in a steady current. For wave steepness/wave length effect, 2nd to 1st harmonic ratio on the cylinder weather face decreases with steepness for short wave, but increases for long wave. Wave diffraction analysis shows that 2nd/3rd to 1st harmonic ratio in diffracted wave contour reach up to 18⿿41%/9⿿16% respectively. Due to interaction between cylinders, crest/trough heights increase 5⿿17%/4⿿10% for 4C, respectively. Study on vortex shedding shows short wave has insufficient time to develop periodic vortex shedding compared to long wave.
Heuristics in flow shop scheduling with sequence dependent setup times

Abstract This paper addresses the scheduling of jobs with sequence dependent setup times in a deterministic, static flowshop scenario. Four heuristics are described and compared with three benchmarks which represent generally practiced approaches to scheduling in this environment. Performance results are presented for a series of test problems taken from and comparable to those described in previous research. The results indicate that while sophistication does not necessarily lead to performance improvements, two of the proposed heuristics produce substantially better results than the other methods tested and merit consideration for implementation in practice.
Radiographic Risk Factors for Contralateral Rupture in Dogs with Unilateral Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Background Complete cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CR) is a common cause of pelvic limb lameness in dogs. Dogs with unilateral CR often develop contralateral CR over time. Although radiographic signs of contralateral stifle joint osteoarthritis (OA) influence risk of subsequent contralateral CR, this risk has not been studied in detail. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of client-owned dogs with unilateral CR to determine how severity of radiographic stifle synovial effusion and osteophytosis influence risk of contralateral CR over time. Detailed survival analysis was performed for a cohort of 85 dogs after case filtering of an initial sample population of 513 dogs. This population was stratified based on radiographic severity of synovial effusion (graded on a scale of 0, 1, and 2) and severity of osteophytosis (graded on a scale of 0, 1, 2, and 3) of both index and contralateral stifle joints using a reproducible scoring method. Severity of osteophytosis in the index and contralateral stifles was significantly correlated. Rupture of the contralateral cranial cruciate ligament was significantly influenced by radiographic OA in both the index and contralateral stifles at diagnosis. Odds ratio for development of contralateral CR in dogs with severe contralateral radiographic stifle effusion was 13.4 at one year after diagnosis and 11.4 at two years. Odds ratio for development of contralateral CR in dogs with severe contralateral osteophytosis was 9.9 at one year after diagnosis. These odds ratios were associated with decreased time to contralateral CR. Breed, age, body weight, gender, and tibial plateau angle did not significantly influence time to contralateral CR. Conclusion Subsequent contralateral CR is significantly influenced by severity of radiographic stifle effusion and osteophytosis in the contralateral stifle, suggesting that synovitis and arthritic joint degeneration are significant factors in the disease mechanism underlying the arthropathy.
Farthest segments and extremal triangles spanned by points in R3

Given a set S of n points in R^3 we consider finding the farthest line segment spanned by S from a query point q given as part of the input, and finding the minimum and maximum area triangles spanned by S. For the farthest line segment problem we give an O(nlogn) time, O(n) space algorithm, matching the time and space complexities of the planar version. The algorithm is optimal in the algebraic decision tree model. We further prove that the minimum area triangle spanned by S can be found in O(n^2^.^4log^O^(^1^)n) time and space, and the maximum area triangle spanned by S can be found in O(h^2^.^4log^O^(^1^)h+nlogn) time and O(h^2^.^4log^O^(^1^)h+n) space, where h is the number of vertices of the convex hull of S (h=n in the worst case).
Test of a new multi-reference Møller-Plesset perturbation theory

Abstract A modified form of multi-reference second-order perturbation theory is considered. The nature of the poor convergence of Moller-Plesset perturbation theory for systems like cyano radical or He+2, He2+2, O2+2 cations is analysed. Additionally, isomerization of the formaldehyde radical cation and the electronic ground state of ozone are considered in detail. To all of the above cases, a modified form of multi-reference second-order perturbation theory is applied and results re-examined.
Reflexive Research Ethics for Environmental Health and Justice: Academics and Movement Building

Community-engaged research on environmental problems has reshaped researcher–participant relationships, academic-community interaction and the role of community partners in human subjects protection and ethical oversight. We draw on our own and others' research collaborations with environmental health and justice social movement organizations to discuss the ethical concerns that emerge in community-engaged research. In this paper, we introduce the concept of reflexive research ethics: ethical guidelines and decision-making principles that depend on continual reflexivity concerning the relationships between researchers and participants. Seeing ethics in this way can help scientists conduct research that simultaneously achieves a high level of professional conduct and protects the rights, well-being and autonomy of both researchers and the multiple publics affected by research. We highlight our research with community-based organizations in Massachusetts, California and Alaska, and discuss the potential imp...
Heart chambers and whole heart segmentation techniques: review

Computer-aided segmentation of cardiac images obtained by various modalities plays an important role and is a prerequisite for a wide range of cardiac applications by facilitating the delineation of anatomical regions of interest. Numerous computerized methods have been developed to tackle this problem. Recent studies employ sophisticated techniques using available cues from cardiac anatomy such as geometry, visual appearance, and prior knowledge. In addition, new minimization and computational methods have been adopted with improved computational speed and robustness. We provide an overview of cardiac segmentation techniques, with a goal of providing useful advice and references. In addition, we describe important clinical applications, imaging modalities, and validation methods used for cardiac segmentation.
Tailoring single-photon and multiphoton probabilities of a single-photon on-demand source

As typically implemented, single-photon sources cannot be made to produce single photons with high probability, while simultaneously suppressing the probability of yielding two or more photons. Because of this, single-photon sources cannot really produce single photons on demand. We describe a multiplexed system that allows the probabilities of producing one and more photons to be adjusted independently, enabling a much better approximation of a source of single photons on demand.
Lesbians, tea, and the vernacular of fluids

In Go Fish, Rose Troche and Guinevere Turner's seminal lesbian film from 1994, one of the protagonists complains that the woman who her friends want to set her up with has cupboards of herbal tea and no sex appeal. In the course of the film, the women end up together, but the joke/not-joke about lesbians and their fondness for herbal tea remains. What can we make of this conjunction? What does the linkage of tea and lesbianism connote and how does tea function within representational economies of lesbianism? On the one hand, tea functions as prelude to eroticism and codes for the opacity of lesbian sex. On the other hand, it also works to consolidate stereotypes about lesbianism. In this essay, the author explores the factors that make this almost joke possible – the gendering of tea as feminine, stereotypes about lesbian feminism – and examine ways in which it has been deployed as a form of lesbian shorthand. In working to understand why tea has evoked this stereotype, a sense of American counter-culture...
Physical attractiveness, the severity of the emergency and helping: A field experiment and interpersonal simulation☆

Abstract The effects of the severity of the emergency and the physical attractiveness of the solicitor (victim) on helping behavior were investigated in a field experiment and corresponding interpersonal simulation. In the field experiment, male subjects were approached by a physically attractive or unattractive female solicitor who asked for money for a tetanus injection under high or low severity of emergency conditions. Subjects donated more money to the solicitor when the severity of emergency was high. Additionally, the physically attractive solicitor received more money than the unattractive solicitor, but only when the severity of the emergency was high. In the interpersonal simulation, male subjects given a detailed description of one of the conditions of field experiment were unable to fully reproduce the findings of the experiment. The results are discussed in terms of the Piliavins' two-stage model of the helping process.
Congregate meal sites participants: Can they manage their diets?

Abstract Many individuals attending congregate meal sites have chronic conditions that can be impacted by their diet. This study found that congregate meal site participants visit meal sites primarily for social purposes but consume meals while they satisfy their social agenda. Also, individuals that suffer from diabetes, cancer, and heart disease were not aware of what foods were beneficial in prevention and/or maintenance. Specifically, individuals with diabetes, cancer, and heart disease were not able to determine any better than those without those conditions which food types were recommended by nutrition experts, nor which food types were more beneficial in the maintenance or prevention of their conditions.
We are the correct physicians to treat women requesting labiaplasty.

An increasing number of patients are seeking cosmetic procedures of the vulva. In 2007, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists released a Committee Opinion (#378) advising against cosmetic vaginal procedures due to a lack of safety and efficacy data. A growing number of observational studies has suggested overall high satisfaction rates, and complication rates that are “acceptable,” although a paucity of comparative data and validated outcomes measures remains. The issue is further intensified and complicated by the proprietary or franchised techniques and devices that surgeons “sell” to each other, and by the fee-for-service model that circumnavigates some of the rigors of the physician-payor-patient relationship. This point/counterpoint article, based on a debate held at the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons’ 2014 Annual Scientific Meeting, addresses the issue of an individual seeking a cosmetic reduction labiaplasty from her gynecologist in the contexts of available literature and standard ethical frameworks. The specific question posed to the panelists was, “Should the gynecologist feel comfortable offering cosmetic labiaplasty procedures to his or her patients?”
RealTracer--Tools for Measuring the Performance of RealVideo on the Internet

The increase in high-bandwidth connections and high-speed computers has spurred the growth of streaming media across the Internet. While there have been a number of studies measuring the performance of traditional Internet traffic, there have not been sufficient empirical measurements ofvideo performance especially for commercial videos across the Internet. The lack of empirical workthat measures streaming video traffic may arise from the lack of effective video performance measurement tools. In this paper, we present RealTracer, a set of tools for measuring the performance of RealNetworks Video. RealTracer includes RealTracker, a customized video playe that plays RealNetworks Video from pre-selected playlist and records user-centric video performance information. RealTracer also includes RealData, a data analysis tool that helps manage,parse and analyze data captured by RealTracker. We describe the software architecture and usage ofRealTracker and the usage of RealData, both publicly available for download. To illustrate the useof RealTracer, we present some results from a study that used RealTracker to measure RealVideo performance across the Internet. Using RealData, that study made several contributions to better understanding the performance of streaming video on the Internet. Typical RealVideos have high quality, achieving an average frame rate of 10 frames per second and very smooth playout, but very few videos achieve full-motion frame rates. Overall video performance is most influenced by the bandwidth of the end-user connection to the Internet, but high-bandwidth Internet connections are pushing the video performance bottleneck closer to the server.
Kohonen neural network for image coding based on iteration transformation theory

Iterated transformation theory (ITT), also known as fractal coding, is a relatively new block compression method which removes redundancies between different scale representations of the uncompressed signal. In ITT coding we are looking for a piecewise continuous mapping from the space of all images with the same support onto itself which has a close approximation of the desired image as a unique fixed point. The mapping is then the code for the image, and for decoding we iterate the mapping on any initial image, orders of magnitude faster than encoding. We have reduced the computational load of finding the piecewise continuous transformation by using a self-organizing feature map (SOFM) artificial neural network which finds similar features in different resolution representations of the image. The patterns are mapped onto a two-dimensional array of formal neurons forming a code book similar to vector quantization (VQ) coding. We use the (SOFM) ordering properties by searching for mapping not only to the best feature match neuron but also to its neighbors in the network. In this paper we describe the ITT-SOFM algorithm and its software implementation with application to image coding of still gray images. Computer simulations show compression results comparable to or better than state-of-the-art VQ coders, and computational complexity better than most of the well known clustering algorithms.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self‐amplifying sensory materials: energy migration in polymer semiconductors

Signal amplification for ultra-sensitive detection has been achieved by energy migration in conjugated semiconducting polymeric assemblies. Critical to optimizing this effect is the synthesis of non-aggregate polymers, the multidimensional directional transport of excited states (excitons), and extending the intrinsic excited state lifetime of conjugated polymers. We developed new watersoluble non-ionic conjugated polymers for use in biosensory applications, which can be used to provide highly sensitive/specific ultra-trace detection that is immune to specificity problems that plauge ionic conjugated polymers.
Study of ATR detection performance degradation caused by geometrically induced aspect error

The complex relationships between the vast number of system parameters make the evaluation of automatic target recognition algorithms a most complicated task. The sensor and system parameters, and environment, all play a key role in the performance of ATR systems. Consequently, a more complete performance model will require some or all of these parameters to be incorporated in the model design. Unfortunately, parameters like environment and opponent's strategy are virtually impossible to model at all but the most abstract levels. When the actual approach angle differs from the expected approach angle, several errors occur in template matching ATR algorithms and degrades the performance of ATR systems. This paper describes an effort which concentrated on the modeling of geometrically induced errors in ATR performance. Our effort was focused on the performance degradation caused by geometrically induced errors such as an aspect error. There is much merit to matched filter techniques and therefore the matched filter based analytical model is enhanced for the detection performance measure in the problem depicted above.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Molecular asymmetry of organometallic complexes: iron carbonyl complexes of prochiral mono and diolefins

Abstract The preparation of optically active iron carbonyl complexes of prochiral mono and diolefins is described. The circular dichroism spectra of the complexes are reported and related to the absolute configuration of the coordinated olefin.
Testing the equality of several binomial proportions to a prespecified standard

Testing the equality of several binomial proportions was first proposed by Pearson (1900) and the discussion of this test can be found in standard statistics books. In this article we consider testing the equality of several binomial proportions to a known standard. For testing such a hypothesis against a two sided alternative, an intuitive test statistic and its null distribution have been mentioned in Rohatgi (1976). Here we study the non-null distribution of that statistic and provide a simple way of calculating the approximate power via a moment approximation method (MAM). A procedure of constructing simultaneous confidence intervals is also given here. Additionally, we propose test statistics for testing the above null hypothesis against one sided alternative hypotheses. We give simple methods of obtaining the p-value and the power for these test statistics. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the techniques.
Threat to Whom? Conflict, Consensus, and Social Control

A number of observers have questioned the efficacy of model specifications designed to falsify the conflict perspective of crime control. Exploiting the quasi-experimental qualities of Cincinnati's recent race-related riot, this study employs interrupted time series techniques to evaluate a component of conflict theory, the racial threat hypothesis. In brief, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) transfer function models indicate that, upon controlling for the potentially confounding effects of robbery offenses, the April 2001 riot led to a lasting increase in the level of robbery arrests. The implications of this investigation for distinguishing between the predictions of conflict and consensus theories of crime control are discussed.
A MEASURE OF SELF-DEFEATING PERSONALITY

This paper describes the development of a scale to assess self-defeating personality. Cronbach alpha is .68, and 3-wk. test-retest reliability is .71 for men, .75 for women. Correlations between Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Checklist Scales indicated the scale identifies individuals who strongly identify with a victim's position and have a number of characteristics consistent with the DSM-III—R criteria for diagnosing self-defeating personality disorder.
On the nature and fuction of explanation in intelligent information retrieval

We discuss the complexity of explanation activity in human-human goal-directed dialogue, and suggest that this complexity ought to be taken account of in the design of explanation in human-computer interaction. We propose a general model of clarity in human-computer systems, of which explanation is one component. On the bases of: this model; of a model of human-intermediary interaction in the document retrieval situation as one of cooperative model-building for the purpose of developing an appropriate search formulation; and, on the results of empirical observation of human user-human intermediary interaction in information systems, we propose a model for explanation by the computer intermediary in information retrieval.
ANTIOXIDANT FUNCTIONS FOR THE HEMOGLOBIN β93 CYSTEINE RESIDUE IN ERYTHROCYTES AND IN THE VASCULAR COMPARTMENT IN VIVO

The β93 cysteine (β93Cys) residue of hemoglobin is conserved in vertebrates but its function in the red blood cell (RBC) remains unclear. Because this residue is present at concentrations more than 2 orders of magnitude higher than enzymatic components of the RBC antioxidant network, a role in the scavenging of reactive species was hypothesized. Initial studies utilizing mice that express human hemoglobin with either Cys (B93C) or Ala (B93A) at the β93 position demonstrated that loss of the β93Cys did not affect activities nor expression of established components of the RBC antioxidant network (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin-2, glutathione peroxidase, GSH:GSSG ratios). Interestingly, exogenous addition to RBCs of reactive species that are involved in vascular inflammation demonstrated a role for the β93Cys in hydrogen peroxide and chloramine consumption. To simulate oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo, mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Notably, LPS induced a greater degree of hypotension and lung injury in B93A versus B93C mice, which was associated with greater formation of RBC reactive species and accumulation of DMPO-reactive epitopes in the lung. These data suggest that the β93Cys is an important effector within the RBC antioxidant network, contributing to the modulation of tissue injury during vascular inflammation.
Steady-state permeation rate of homopolymer chain molecules through a pore in a barrier

An analysis based upon the Rouse bead−spring model and the Smoluchowski many particle diffusion equation in the free draining limit is utilized to derive an expression for the steady-state permeation rate of homopolymeric chainlike molecules passing through a narrow pore with a cross-sectional area slightly greater than that of an individual chain segment in an otherwise impenetrable barrier that separates in general two different solvent environments. The analysis is also applied to determine the steady-state permeation rate of homopolymers diffusing across a planar liquid−liquid interface formed by two immiscible solvents. The planar interface corresponds to a pore whose cross-sectional area is much larger than the mean square end to end dimensions of the polymer molecule. The key results give the permeation rate, J, as a function of the degree of polymerization, N, the individual bead diffusion coefficient(s) Di (i = 1, 2) in the different solvents and a localized pore or interfacial surface contact re...
Thermographic Imaging At Millimeter And Centimeter Wavelengths

Theoretical considerations and experiments show that thermography at centimeter wavelengths offers an attractive penetration depth of more than one centimeter; however it is not well suited for remote imaging of the temperature of the human body because of its marginal spatial resolution and the required large distance between the receiver and the object. Millimeter wave thermography tests around 45 GHz show that a spatial resolution of a few millimeters and a temperature resolution of 0.1°K can be achieved. A penetration depth of several millimeters makes millimeter wave thermography more attractive for remote temperature sensing of deeper lying body tissues than infrared thermography.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Continuous combined Fenton’s oxidation and biodegradation for the treatment of pentachlorophenol-contaminated water

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was studied as a model recalcitrant compound for a sequential chemical oxidation and biodegradation treatment, in a continuous laboratory-scale system that combined a Fenton's chemical reactor and a packed-bed bioreactor. PCP degradation and dechlorination were observed in the Fenton's reactor at a residence time of 1.5 h, although no reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) was observed. Both PCP degradation and dechlorination were strongly dependent on the H(2)O(2) dose to the chemical reactor. The PCP degradation intermediates tetrachlorohydroquinone and dichloromaleic acid were identified in this reactor. Further treatment of the Fenton's reactor effluent with a packed-bed bioreactor (operating at a residence time of 5.5 h) resulted in partial biodegradation of PCP degradation intermediates and reduction in TOC, although no further reduction of PCP or dechlorination was achieved in the bioreactor. Increased residence time in the bioreactor had no significant impact on degradation of TOC. Recycle of the effluent from the bioreactor to the chemical reactor increased the TOC degradation, but not the extent of the PCP degradation or dechlorination. A mathematical model of the combined Fenton's oxidation and biodegradation system supported the experimental results. While the model over-predicted the PCP and TOC degradation in the combined system, it adequately predicted the sensitivity of these parameters to different H(2)O(2) doses and recycle rates. The model indicated that high recycle rates would improve TOC degradation.
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris in an immunocompetent girl.

Background Balamuthia mandrillaris is a recently recognized cause of a rare, devastating infection, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Presenting symptoms of GAE are nonspecific and can last for months before becoming clinically significant. Once the infection involves the central nervous system, death often results within days to weeks. A high degree of clinical suspicion is needed to correctly diagnose this infection because definitive diagnostic tests are presently limited, and even then there are only sparse data concerning effective treatment. The importance of early diagnosis is emphasized because delay likely contributes to the extremely high mortality with this infection. Methods This study presents a previously healthy, immunocompetent 2-year-old female patient who succumbed to GAE secondary to B. mandrillaris, with the intention of raising awareness of this devastating infection. Results Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis is a devastating form of amoebic encephalitis that is increasingly reported in the literature. Conclusions GAE should be considered for a patient with atypical encephalitis and single or multiple lesions with surrounding edema evident on neurodiagnostic imaging.
Rapid Detection of Salmonella in Turkey Rolls and on Fresh Chicken Parts

Abstract THE methods used for determining salmonellae on the products vary somewhat from one laboratory to another. However, the usual procedure is to enrich a sample in a broth such as selenite-cystine or tetrathionate-brilliant green, and, after incubation, streak loopfuls of growth onto from one to three agar surfaces which are selective for Salmonella. Banwart (1968) reported the development of a glass apparatus which can aid in the detection of Salmonella. The experiments reported herein were made to determine the effectiveness of the glass apparatus to detect Salmonella on fresh chicken and in turkey rolls. MATERIALS AND METHODS The glass apparatus described by Banwart (1968), consists of a central chamber from which three U tubes project through the container. Semi-solid SIM and mannitol purple (MP) agars were prepared as described by Banwart (1968) and used in two of the three side tubes. Into the third side arm was placed a selenite…
The interrelationship of cell growth and division in haploid and diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The coordination of cell growth and division has been examined in isogenic haploid and diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The average cell volume of the haploid and diploid cells was unaffected by a range of environmental conditions and generation times. For most environments and generation times the mean cell volume of diploid cells was between 1.52 and 1.83 of the haploid cell volume. Both haploid and diploid cell volumes were reduced drastically when the cells were grown in the chemostat with glucose as the limiting substrate. In this environment diploid cells have the same mean cell volume as haploid cells. Diploid cells are more elongated than haploid cells, and the characteristic shape (eccentricity) of the cells is unaffected by all environmental conditions and generation times tested. Mother cell volume increased during the cell cycle, although the pattern of this increase was affected by the environmental conditions. Under most growth conditions detectable mother cell volume increase occurred only during the budding phase, whereas under conditions of carbon limitation detectable increase only occurred during the unbudded phase. A consequence of this result is that the mean cell volume of haploids at bud initiation is relatively constant in all environments, including carbon limitation. This suggests that there is a critical size for bud initiation for haploids which is constant and independent of environmental conditions. The results for diploids are more complex. Coordination of growth and division in haploid cells can be explained by a simple model initially developed for prokaryotes by Donachie. A modification of this model is proposed to account for the results with diploids.
Gravel dispersion on a granite pediment (East Mojave Desert, California): a short-term look at erosional processes

Hypotheses about the influence of surface shape, landscape unit and vegetation cover on gravel dispersion were tested on a shallowly dissected portion of a low-sloping granite pediment in the East Mojave Desert of California. Painted gravels (2 to 20 mm diameter) were placed at 117 nodes on a 6m × 3m grid. Gravel movements were recorded after 9.7 cm of precipitation over a four-month period. Vectors indicating the magnitude and direction of gravel movement were longest for summits (24 cm, 34 nodes observed) and shortest for backslopes (14 cm, 27 nodes observed). Gravels beneath shrub canopies were protected significantly from rainsplash transport. To describe dispersion symmetry, eccentricity values were calculated using a ratio of variances of major and minor axes of an ellipse. Mean eccentricity values ranged from about 3 to 250 with dispersion on summits being the most symmetrical and dispersion in washes being the most elongated. Erosion is the most important soil- and pediment-modifying process at upper elevations of the Granite Cove Pediment which is cut off from sediment additions because of washes incised at the base of the mountain front. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase boundaries near the bicritical point of MnF2

Abstract Phase boundaries near the bicritical point ( T b = 64.74 ± 0.01 K, H b = 118.45 ± 0.4 kOe) of the uniaxial antiferromagnet MnF 2 were redetermined with higher precision from ultrasonic attenuation measurements. The results are compared with recent theories of Fisher et al.
Depression, anhedonia and anxiety in temporomandibular joint and other facial pain syndromes

Abstract Depression, anhedonia, state anxiety (A-state), trait anxiety (A-trait), and self-reported pain estimate were measured in almost 500 facial pain patients. These patients were divided into 3 diagnostic categories: myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPD) [8], arthritis of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ arthritis), and trigeminal neuralgia. Three control groups were measured for comparison. They consisted of a normal, or non-patient group, a group of arthritis patients, and a group of movement disorder patients attending a neurology clinic. Among the facial pain patients and the normal controls few differences were found with regard to anhedonia and depression. The arthritis and neurology patients produced significantly higher depression and anhedonia scores than did several of the facial pain groups. Pain estimate ranged from 0 for the controls, to a mean of 67.6 ± 31.3 for the trigeminal neuralgia patients with the MPD ( x = 56.2 ± 32.5 ) and the TMJ arthritis patients ( x = 46.7 ± 30.8 ) somewhat lower. Clinical variables such as duration of pain, help seeking behavior and total number of symptoms were correlated with depression but not with anhedonia scores. It is hypothesized that anhedonia is a measure separate from depression and may be more closely linked to suffering behavior than to pain behavior. Psychological variables did not discriminate among facial pain patients and in particular did not distinguish between so-called functional and organic illness.
Effects of turbulence and lubricant inertia on dynamics of journal bearings lubricated with molten zinc in a galvanizing process

In a galvanizing process a continuous sheet of steel is passed through a bath of molten zinc around a series of rotating rollers. One or more of these rollers are submerged in the bath of molten zinc and are supported by journal bearings that are lubricated with molten zinc. Dynamic characteristics of these bearings influence the quality of the finished galvanized sheet and also determine the production speed. This work presents a theoretical study of these bearings in terms of the damping, stiffness, and inertia coefficients of the film of molten zinc separating the journal from the bearings. This work also addresses the influence of turbulence on the bearing dynamics. The damping, stiffness, and inertia coefficients of journal bearings lubricated with molten zinc are determined for different zinc alloys at 450,650, and 850 °F.
Development of a string level I–V curve tracer

Monitoring systems with high precision and high reliability are of great importance in the interest of harnessing solar power with ever increasing power outputs and efficiencies. Typical monitoring systems do not allow for the tracing and analysis of I–V curves. A portable and light-weight method for tracing I–V curves of photovoltaic strings has been developed using a capacitive load.
Refinements in a site-mixing model for illites: local electrostatic balance and the quasi-chemical approximation

Abstract A quasi-chemical model for illites has been derived, and local electrostatic balance has been added to a random regular solution site-mixing model for illites ( Stoessell , 1979). Each model assumes similar order-disorder conditions for both the end-members micas and the solid solution. Thermodynamic properties of illites predicted by the random, electrostatic, and quasi-chemical models are compared as a function of composition. For natural illite compositions, molar entropies of mixing in the electrostatic model are about 1 entropy unit less than those in the random model. Intermediate values are given by the quasi-chemical model. Each model predicts an increased entropy of mixing in dominantly trioctahedral illites as compared to dioctahedral illites. Each model also predicts destabilization of trioctahedral illites using absolute molar exchange energies greater than 2 RT/Zx, where Zx is the number of adjacent cation interactions per site in the Xth site class. The most negative free energies of mixing are predicted by the quasi-chemical model. Intermediate values predicted by the random model are apparently the result of error cancellation due to overestimation of both the entropy and enthalpy of mixing.
Some capital investment considerations in the public utility sector

Abstract This paper presents a method for generating minimum annual revenue requirements (MARR), using the normalizing procedure, for projects with extended construction periods. The method presented includes a provision for allowable funds under construction (AFC). This paper also presents a method for calculating the effect of a project on the rate base and discusses the effects of MARR, rate base, and AFC on consumer rates.