cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nuclear Conversion of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Subsequent Binding to the Nuclear Progesterone-Binding Protein in the Guinea Pig Adrenal Cortex: A Possible Regulatory Role for the Pregnenolone-Binding Protein

Progesterone, which is normally produced in the endoplasmic reticulum, was found to be rapidly degraded in the cytosolic fraction of the guinea pig adrenal cortex in vitro. Assuming this finding reflects what happens in vivo raises a question as to the source of progesterone for interacting with a nuclear progesterone-binding protein (P4-BP) that exists in this model system. It was subsequently found that pregnenolone, which in contrast to progesterone is relatively stable in the cytosol, was converted to progesterone by endogenous nuclear 3 beta-ol dehydrogenase. It was also determined that the nuclear-derived progesterone specifically bound to the nuclear P4-BP which is distinct from the classical progesterone receptor. The guinea pig adrenocortical cytosol contains a specific pregnenolone-binding protein (P5-BP) that could be virtue of its pregnenolone binding activity regulate the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in the nuclear compartment and thereby reduce the binding of progesterone to the nuclear P4-BP. A partially purified P5-BP preparation markedly inhibited the nuclear conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and reduced the binding of progesterone to the nuclear P4-BP (P5-BP did not directly inhibit binding of progesterone to the nuclear P4-BP). The ability of P5-BP to inhibit the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone was destroyed by heat and alkaline phosphatase treatment. The binding of pregnenolone to the P5-BP, as previously reported, is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, and alkaline phosphatase-treated P5-BP loses the ability to bind pregnenolone; this process can be reversed by a cytosolic kinase. This provides a mechanism for controlled release of bound steroid. These results suggest that P5-BP regulates the nuclear conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and thus the binding of progesterone to the nuclear P4-BP.
High-Speed Long-Wavelength Strained Quantum-Well Lasers: Theory and Experiment

We investigate In 1- x Ga x As 1- y P y and In 1- x - y Ga x Al y As quantum-well (QW) lasers for 1.55 μm telecommunication applications and compare their temperature dependence both theoretically and experimentally. Under steady-state (DC) electric bias, the gain and intrinsic absorption losses are measured based on the well-known Hakki-Paoli method from below threshold to threshold. The photon lifetime is obtained from this measurement. A comprehensive theoretical gain model with the realistic band structure including the valence band mixing and many-body effect is then used to fit the experimentally obtained modal gain spectra and extract the carrier density, and thus, the differential gain. We then carried out the high-speed microwave modulation measurement, and the experimental modulation response curves are fitted by the theory and the important parameters such as the differential gain and Κ factor are obtained. These high-speed differential gain agrees very well with the value obtained from the steady-state direct optical gain measurement. New experimental data on the temperature-dependent characteristics of two compressively strained lasers are then presented. The comparison of two material systems will be important to design high-bandwidth high-performance semiconductor lasers in order to meet requirements of 1.55 μm telecommunication applications.
The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition

The underlying bases of the considerable interindividual variability in pain-related traits are starting to be revealed. Although the relative importance of genes versus experience in human pain perception remains unclear, rodent populations display large and heritable differences in both nociceptive and analgesic sensitivity. The identification and characterization of particularly divergent populations provides a powerful initial step in the genetic analysis of pain, because these models can be exploited to identify genes contributing to the behavior-level variability. Ultimately, DNA sequence differences representing the differential alleles at pain-relevant genes can be identified. Thus, by using a combination of “top-down” and “bottom-up” strategies, we are now able to genetically dissect even complex biological traits like pain. The present review summarizes the current progress toward these ends in both humans and rodents.
The occurrence of nitrotoxins in Old World and South American astragalus (Fabaceae)

Leaves from herbarium specimens representing 404 species and 89 sections of Old World and South AmericanAstragalus were examined for nitro compounds. Thirty-three species contained nitro compounds. This included all species examined of sectionUliginosi while sectionsSewerzowia, Hemiphaca, Hemiphragmium, Oroboidei, Brachycarpus, Melanocercis, andMelilotopsis also contained significant percentages of nitro-containing species
Metallization in microelectronics

Abstract Continued improvements in the design and fabrication of semiconductor devices have led to the introduction of medium and large scale integration of microcircuits. These advances have placed severe demands on metallization techniques, requiring metal contacts to shallow junction devices and definition of metal interconnections that are closely spaced and of a narrow pattern. Aluminum is the most widely used metal in microelectronics for providing the necessary contacts and interconnections. The contact resistance of the SiAl interface is sensitive to surface preparation, the vacuum ambience of the Al film deposition and contact sintering. Controlled contaminations, such as H2O, CO and O2, have been introduced during the Al film deposition in order to determine their effects on Al/Si contacts. Extensive studies have shown the interdependence of the film deposition parameters, the physical properties of the Al films and the dominant failure mechanisms, such as electromigration, that limit the reliability of integrated circuit interconnections. For high speed very shallow emitter-base junction devices, Al in silicon contact windows can penetrate to the junction during sintering and can cause leakage. Solutions to this problem include the use of Al + Si films, PtSi contacts with a barrier layer (e.g. Ti:W) and Al or Au conductors. Metallization must be suited to all the device processing steps beginning with contact sintering, device packaging, testing and also the operating conditions. Highly complex large scale integrated circuits require multilevel interconnections. A two-level metallization scheme (Al/insulator/Al) and its application are presented. Future trends in metallization processing are also discussed.
A new quantum structure ‘multiple quantum barrier and multiple quantum well in active region’ design for laser diode applications

Abstract A new quantum structure of AlGaAs laser for high temperature operation has been demonstrated. The new laser has a multiple-quantum barrier (MQB) structure located in the middle of the active region. This location of the MQB improves the efficiency of the hole injection into the active region compared to conventional MQB structure. It also maintains the suppressible effect of the electron overflow from the active region to the cladding layer. Moreover, multiple-quantum wells (MQWs) are integrated at each side of MQB to minimize the possible overflow of electrons by improving the recombination efficiency. The continuous-wave laser threshold current ( I th ) and the differential quantum efficiency ( η d ) have been improved about 50% by integration of MQW to the MQB in active laser. The I th as low as 31.1 mA ( η d : 0.44 mW/mA) was obtained on a ridge waveguide MQB + MQW in active laser of 4 μm wide and 300 μm long having as-cleaved uncoated facets.
Quantum devices with multipole-electrode: Heterojunctions hybrid structures

Since the introduction of the man-made superlattices and quantum well structures, the field has taken off and developed into Quantum Slab, QS; Quantum Wire, QW; Quantum Dot, QD; and Nanoelectronics. This rapidly expanding field owes its success to the development of epitaxially grown heterojunctions and heterostructures to confine carriers in injection lasers. Meanwhile, the advancement of lithography allows potentials to be applied in nanoscale dimension leading to the possibility of quantum confinement without heterostructures. Actually, quantum states in the inversion layer of field effect transistors, FETs, formed by the application of a large gate voltage appeared several years before the introduction of the superlattices and quantum wells. The quantum Hall effect was first discovered in the Si inversion layer. This chapter, Multipole-Electrode Heterojunction Hybrid Structure, MEHHS, discusses hybrid structures of heterojunctions and applied potentials via multipole-electrodes for a much wider variety of structures for future quantum devices. The technology required to fabricate these electrodes, to some degree, is routinely used in the double-gate devices. Few specific examples are detailed here, hopefully, to stimulate a rapid adoption of a hybrid system for the formation of quasi-discrete states for quantum devices.
Time-mode operation of a Mössbauer spectrometer without precision control of the drive waveform

Abstract A new method has been developed for storing a Mossbauer spectrum in a multichannel analyzer. The method combines the high counting-rate capability of conventional time-mode operation with the undistorted velocity scale characteristic of operation in the pulseheight mode. Nonlinearity and instability of the drive waveform can be tolerated because a normalization spectrum for eliminating vertical distortions can be obtained concurrently with the Mossbauer spectrum. This normalization spectrum costs practically nothing in counting time or counting statistics, but storage space must be available for it in the analyzer. The necessity for a normalization spectrum can be eliminated by a simple modification of the method, but at the cost of a slight nonlinearity of the velocity scale.
Size and stress dependent hydrogen desorption in metastable Mg hydride films

Mg is a promising light-weight material that has superior hydrogen storage capacity. However H2 storage in Mg typically requires high temperature, w500e600 K. Furthermore it has been shown that there is a peculiar film thickness effect on H2 sorption in Mg films, that is thinner Mg films desorb H2 at higher temperature [1]. In this study we show that the morphology of DC magnetron sputtered Mg thin films on rigid SiO2 substrate varied from a continuous dense morphology to porous columnar structure when they grew thicker. Sputtered Mg films absorbed H2 at 373 K and evolved into a metastable orthorhombic Mg hydride phase. Thermal desorption spectroscopy studies show that thinner dense MgH2 films desorb H2 at lower temperature than thicker porous MgH2 films. Meanwhile MgH2 pillars with greater porosity have degraded hydrogen sorption performance contradictory to general wisdom. The influences of stress on formation of metastable MgH2 phase and consequent reduction of H2 sorption temperature are discussed.
Epistemological Syncretism in a Biology Classroom: A Case Study

In teaching science, the beliefs of teachers may come into conflict and inhibit the implementation of reformed teaching practice. An experienced biology teacher, Mr. Hobbs, was found to have two different sets of epistemological beliefs while his classroom practice was predominantly teacher-centered. A case study was then performed in order to investigate the underlying issues that contributed to his classroom practice. Data sources included preliminary and follow-up interviews and classroom observations. Data analysis indicated that factors that prevented the epistemological conflict from reaching a resolution included Mr. Hobbs’ beliefs about learning, contextual teaching factors, personal experiences as a student, and views of the nature of science. The findings from this case indicate that science teachers possess complex belief systems that are not immediately obvious to either the teacher or science teacher educators, and science teacher educators need to address teacher beliefs when they encourage teachers to implement reformed teaching practices.
Association of fibroblast orientation around titanium in vitro with expression of a muscle actin.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of cell orientation around a biomaterial with expression of a contractile actin isoform. Selected cytokines and a fungal metabolite known to alter the cytoskeleton were used to modulate the fibroblast orientation around titanium in vitro and the synthesis of a specific muscle actin in order to reveal an association between these processes. A novel culture system using a fibronectin-coated silicone surface was employed to evaluate the orientation of human gingival fibroblasts around titanium discs. Round glass cover slips, 25 mm in diameter, were coated with polydimethylsiloxane. During the heat-induced polymerization process, two commercially pure titanium discs, 5 mm in diameter, were placed on the silicone at a distance of approximately 0.5 mm apart. The rubbery consistency of the silicone stabilized the metal discs on the cover slip and eliminated the risk of developing a lip at the edge of the titanium sample. The cover slip was then heated to complete polymerization of the silicone and subsequently coated with fibronectin. One hundred thousand human gingival fibroblasts were plated onto each glass cover slip containing the titanium discs. The cells were treated with one of the following prior to seeding on the cover slips: transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) for cytochalasin-D. Untreated cells served as controls. The orientation of the cells at the surface of the titanium discs was evaluated microscopically and the cell content of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) was determined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. A notable finding was the high correlation between the percentage of cells oriented perpendicular to the titanium surface and SMA synthesis. TGF-β1, IFN-γ and cytochalasin-D increased synthesis of SMA while PDGF-BB decreased it. The findings support the proposition that SMA-enabled cell contraction may play a role in the orientation of cells to a biomaterial surface.
14-year-old boy with blurred vision and diplopia.

14-year-old boy presented to our emergency depart­ ment because of neck stiffness, diplopia, and blurred vision. He reported that the symptoms had begun 2 weeks earlier with a stiff neck after he had slept in a chair. Four days before presentation, he had noted mildly blurred vi­ sion, a holocephalic headache, and neck stiffness. The headache was relieved with acetaminophen. The morning before presentation, he complained of intermittent diplopia, and his parents took him to an optometrist for evaluation. On funduscopic examination, the optometrist observed blurred disk margins bilaterally. The patient was then referred to an ophthalmologist, who obtained a head computed tomographic scan, findings of which were nor­ mal. The patient was subsequently referred to our institu­ tion for evaluation. On presentation, the patient's only complaint was diplopia on right and left lateral gaze. He denied having headache, neck tenderness, change invisual acuity, nausea, or emesis. The general examination revealed an obese ado­ lescent male in no distress, with normal vital signs. Funduscopic examination showed indistinct optic disk margins bilaterally, retinal hemorrhages at the nasal margin of the left optic disk, and an absence of spontaneous venous pulsations. Diplopia was present on right and left lateral gaze, with an inability of the patient's left eye to ab­ duct fully on left lateral gaze. On the cover test, the lateral­ most image on both right and left lateral gaze was eliminated by covering the abducting eye. Findings on the rest of the neurologic examination were normal, in­ cluding visual fields, visual acuity, deep tendon reflexes, motor strength, sensory function, and cerebellar func­ tion. After the neurologic examination, the patient had a
Morphological processing for the analysis of disordered structures

Hybrid combinations of morphological, feature extraction and pattern recognition methods are used to analyze disordered structures. As a simple example of a disordered structure, we consider locations of a number of rectangles in an image and determination of the distributions of orientations and lengths of each. Applications of our techniques to textured patterns are then addressed. New elementary and directional structuring elements are used.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The archives of Portugal: A guide to an intelligence treasure trove

(1990). The archives of Portugal: A guide to an intelligence treasure trove. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 539-550.
Oncogenic Viruses in AIDS: Mechanisms of Disease and Intrathoracic Manifestations

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this article is to introduce the reader to the thoracic manifestations of neoplasms that are related to common oncogenic viruses in HIV-infected patients. We review the pathologic basis of the infections and illustrate the imaging features of their thoracic manifestations.CONCLUSION. The intrathoracic manifestations of oncogenic viral infection in AIDS patients are protean. Understanding their epidemiologic, pathologic, and imaging features is crucial to diagnosing and managing these often-treatable conditions.
Contact—impact modeling in explicit transient dynamics

Abstract In this article we discuss the treatment of contact—impact modeling in a large deformation explicit dynamic setting. Such problems are posed mathematically by demanding the usual satisfaction momentum balance equations and boundary conditions for each body separately, while imposing an additional set of constraints that govern the interaction of these bodies with each other. In applying such methods to contact problems we emphasize two requirements: first, that the treatment of contact should follow from the development of the local (weak) and global (strong) forms of the contact equations in the continuum setting. Algorithms developed from this framework are seen to readily handle the three-dimensional multi-body friction case. Second, and equally important especially in large applications is the practical aspect of computing the closest point projection for contact nodes, an essential component of defining the contact constraints. This calculation is global in nature, accounting for the fact that contact—impact involves multiple bodies interacting in unforeseeable ways. These requirements have guided the development of algorithms capable of treating contact—impact in PRONTO3D (M.W. Heinstein, S.W. Attaway, J.W. Swegle, F.J. Mello, A general purpose contact detection algorithm for nonlinear structural analysis sodes, SAND92-2141, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, N-87185, 1992) are discussed in this paper.
Heat treatment effects on the tensile properties of annealed 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel

Abstract The effect of heat treatment on the tensile properties of annealed 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel was investigated. Detailed tensile properties were determined from 25 to 593°C and strain rates between 2.67 × 10−6 and 6.67 × 10−3/s on steel plates (from a single heat) given three different heat treatments. For all heat treatments, dynamic strain-aging peaks were observed between 200 and 400°C. The peak height for the annealed material that was cooled fastest was largest and occurred at the highest temperature. The dynamic strain aging was concluded to be the result of interaction solid solution hardening in the proeutectoid ferrite and involves interactions between molybdenum and carbon atoms or atom clusters with dislocations. The difference in the dynamic strain-aging effects for the different heat treatments was explained in terms of the precipitation reactions that occur during the heat treatment.
“ALL TREE HISTOGRAMS” AND THE EVALUATION OF CLADISTIC EVIDENCE: SOME AMBIGUITIES

— Inspection of trees of varying lengths (by the option ALL TREES, which produces a histogram for tree lengths in PAUP 3.0) has been used to evaluate cladistic data and results. For example, a result may be judged more effective if the groups supported in the most parsimonious tree are preserved in trees that require increasingly greater amounts of homoplasy. Evaluation of grouping purely on the basis of this stability criterion ignores other highly relevant aspects of cladistic results. In particular, some data sets may incorporate additional taxa that introduce homoplasy to the shortest tree in a manner that concurrently allows for a revised understanding of character optimization patterns. These taxa may render groups preserved in the shortest tree less stable, but this result is not necessarily deficient if the homoplasy underlying such instability reveals possible character state changes for the given taxa irretrievable from the original matrix. The hypothetical example described here is relevant to so called “stem”, “basal” or “plesiomorphic sister” taxa that are commonly considered in studies of both fossil and extant taxa.
Microstructure and phase evolution in rapidly-solidified Ti24Al11Nb

Abstract The microstructure and phase evolution in a rapidly-solidified Ti24Al11Nb alloy have been studied using X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two forms of this alloy, plasma rotary electrode process powder and plasma-sprayed foil, were used for this investigation. While a β phase was the only phase found in the powder, several different phases were observed in the foil. These included ordered β (B2), ordered b.c.t. (T), ordered orthorhombic (O) and ordered h.c.p. (α2) phases. Phase transitions occurred when the rapidly-solidified alloy was isothermally aged. The phase transition sequences that took place during isothermal aging depended upon temperature range. For T(°C) β/ B 2 a ω and β/ B 2 a α 2 occurred. For 650 β/ B 2 a α 2 was prevalent. A complex reaction sequence was found for the β/ B 2 a α 2 transition: β/ B 2 a T a O a α 2 . For 900 β a α 2 (niobium-lean) + β(niobium-rich) took place. A preliminary time-temperature-transformation diagram for the Ti24Al11Nb alloy is proposed.
The nature of the machine translation problem

Machine translation can be viewed as a type of human translation, since the translating machine will merely follow rules provided by the human linguists now engaged in machine translation research; but it is more difficult than ordinary human translation, and the solution of the problem requires a careful analysis of the translation process and its relation to linguistic structure. The inadequacy of ineffective procedures can be shown by their lack of means of handling various phenomena known to exist in languages. Methods that can be discarded in this way include those of word-for-word substitution and word-for-word substitution plus doctoring, as well as other methods which use words as basic units. More advanced systems, which show promise of success on theoretical grounds, are those which recognize the various independently functioning grammatical units and structural strata of language. For such systems translation consists of a series of interstratal conversions, from morphemic to lexemic to sememic to semantic and from there through the strata of the target language, ending with strings of target-language graphemes.
The drawing rules of children: Sequence and direction

This study examined the development of some of the directional rules children use in drawing. A broader age range than in previous studies was used to analyze the following drawing rules: top-to-bottom, left-to-right, threading in a continuous clockwise or counterclockwise direction, and nonthreading. These rules were tested across three different age groups (4- and 5-year-olds, 6- and 7-year-olds, and 8- to 10-year-olds) and three figure types (circular, square, and apex). Age and figure type interacted to significantly influence the percentage of rule use. Two tasks, copying and modeling, were compared to test the robustness of these rules to task variation. Task did not greatly influence the selecton of drawing rules. The implications from this study are that the process of drawing is rule-governed, and that some of the rules children use, robust to task variation, shift in kind with age.
The use of intraoral cores to repair complete and partial removable prostheses

A technique has been described for repairing fractured dentures. The procedure entails use of an occlusal core to correctly position the broken pieces of the denture. This technique is also applicable for repair of removable partial dentures as well as complete dentures. When the cause of a fractured prosthesis can be traced to occlusal disharmony or poor fit, it is not expected that repairing the denture will solve the underlying cause.
Sentinel node biopsy in ductal carcinoma in situ patients.

Background: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping is an effective and accurate method of evaluating the regional lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. The SLN is the first node that receives lymphatic drainage from the primary tumor. Patients with micrometastatic disease, previously undetected by routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains, are now being detected with the new technology of SLN biopsy, followed by a more detailed examination of the SLN that includes serial sectioning and cytokeratin immunohistochemical (CK IHC) staining of the nodes. Methods: At Moffitt Cancer Center, 87 patients with newly diagnosed pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions were evaluated by using CK IHC staining of the SLN. Patients with any focus of microinvasive disease, detected on diagnostic breast biopsy by routine H&E, were excluded from this study. DCIS patients, with biopsy-proven in situ tumor by routine H&E stains, underwent intraoperative lymphatic mapping, using a combination of vital blue dye and technetium-labeled sulfur colloid. The excised SLNs were examined grossly, by imprint cytology, by standard H&E histology, and by IHC stains for CK. All SLNs that had only CK-positive cells were subsequently confirmed malignant by a more detailed histological examination of the nodes. Results: CK IHC staining was performed on 177 SLNs in 87 DCIS breast cancer patients. Five of the 87 DCIS patients (6%) had positive SLNs. Three of these patients were only CK positive and two were both H&E and CK positive. Therefore, routine H&E staining missed microinvasive disease in three of five DCIS patients with positive SLNs. In addition, DCIS patients with occult micrometastatic disease to the SLN underwent a complete axillary lymph node dissection, and the SLNs were the only nodes found to have metastatic disease. Of interest, four of the five nodepositive patients had comedo carcinoma associated with the DCIS lesion, and one patient had a large 9.5-cm low grade cribriform and micropapillary type of DCIS. Conclusions: This study confirms that lymphatic mapping in breast cancer patients with DCIS lesions is a technically feasible and a highly accurate method of staging patients with undetected micrometastatic disease to the regional lymphatic basin. This procedure can be performed with minimal morbidity, because only one or two SLNs, which are at highest risk for containing metastatic disease, are removed. This allows the pathologist to examine the one or two lymph nodes with greater detail by using serial sectioning and CK IHC staining of the SLNs. Because most patients with DCIS lesions detected by routine H&E stains do not have regional lymph node metastases, these patients can safely avoid the complications associated with a complete axillary lymph node dissection and systemic chemotherapy. However, DCIS patients with occult micrometastases of the regional lymphatic basin can be staged with higher accuracy and treated in a more selective fashion.
Use of test structures and results of electrical tests for silicon-on-sapphire integrated circuit processes

To obtain parametric data characterizing an IC processing schedule, a pattern of specialized test devices was used in conjunction with a powerful computer-controlled testing and data-reduction system. A test programming system which allows looping and branching was used to control instrumentation having capacitance measurement capability in addition to the usual voltage and current instrumentation. The test devices (MOS capacitor, transistor, and various other types) were tested automatically using the system. Computer-based data logging, analysis, and display generation techniques were necessary so the large bulk of data taken could be-reduced to physically meaningful parameters whose significance can be readily comprehended. In addition to the usual statistical analysis methods, a perspective three-dimensional plot showing parameter values as a function of position in the wafer plane was found most valuable. This data generation system is felt to be a necessary step to providing a complete characterization of both the capabilities and limitations of an IC fabrication scheme, which is vital to both the circuit designer and the line process engineer.
The impact of fiber supplementation on ADMA levels.

Background: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an emerging biomarker that has been associated with oxidative metabolism and increased cardiovascular risk. Little information is available regarding the effect of diet on ADMA. Methods: The authors studied 86 overweight/obese adults as part of a clinical trial of psyllium supplementation to determine whether 3 months of such supplementation would affect ADMA levels. Forty-one people in the intervention group received 14 g/day of psyllium in addition to their usual diet compared with 45 controls who followed their usual diet alone. The 2 groups were comparable at baseline in demographic characteristics and body mass index. Results: Baseline ADMA levels were elevated in this overweight/obese population compared with published reference values in healthy individuals (0.75 vs 0.50 μmol/L). The change in ADMA levels over 3 months was not different in the psyllium group compared with the control group (–.03 vs –.01 μmol/L, P = .73). Conclusions: These findings ...
The share economy in general equilibrium

Abstract Weitzman's 1982 paper on increasing returns and unemployment equilibrium is driven by the presence of a Clower constraint and does not provide a persuasive model of unemployment. The employment effects of implementation of a share economy are impossible to evaluate until unemployment equilibrium is understood. Further, the determination and adjustment of the share parameter and of labor demand are unsatisfactory in Weitzman's model.
Posttranscriptional Regulation of Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression in Colorectal Cancer

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of prostaglandin formation in pathogenic states, and overexpression of COX-2 occurs at multiple stages of colon carcinogenesis, allowing elevated prostaglandin synthesis to occur in the tumor microenvironment. In normal cells, COX-2 expression levels are potently regulated at the posttranscriptional level through various RNA sequence elements present within the mRNA 3' untranslated region (3′UTR). A conserved AU-rich element functions to target COX-2 mRNA for rapid decay and translational inhibition through association with various RNA-binding proteins to influence the fate of COX-2 mRNA. The 3′UTR contains alternative polyadenylation signals that result in a shortened 3′UTR and loss of regulatory elements. Specific microRNAs have been identified to bind regions within the COX-2 3′UTR and control COX-2 expression. Recent evidence demonstrates the functional significance of the COX-2 3′UTR and how improper recognition of the 3′UTR can contribute to COX-2 overexpression in colorectal cancer.
On the impact of social botnets for spam distribution and digital-influence manipulation

Online social networks (OSNs) are increasingly threatened by social bots which are software-controlled OSN accounts that mimic human users with malicious intentions. A social botnet refers to a group of social bots under the control of a single botmaster, which collaborate to conduct malicious behavior, while at the same time mimicking the interactions among normal OSN users to reduce their individual risk of being detected. We demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of exploiting a social botnet for spam distribution and digital-influence manipulation through real experiments on Twitter and also trace-driven simulations. Our results can help understand the potentially detrimental effects of social botnets and help OSNs improve their bot(net) detection systems.
Government Influence and Community Involvement on Abstinence-Only Programs in 1999 and 2003

In this study, we compare federal government influence on abstinence-only programs in 1999 and 2003 to better see how shifts in the federal government's sex education polices impacted other government and community actors. Using data from the Sex Education in America Surveys (SEAS), we find that changes in federal policy, particularly after the year 2000, significantly altered the influence of state and local governments and the involvement of other community actors on school sex education programs. As federal influence increased, the number of abstinence-only programs continued to grow. The influence and involvement of other key actors declined, changing the face of sex education.
Superconductivity and magnetism in the high TC copper oxides

Abstract The occurrence of long- and/or short-range magnetic ordering in La2−zCuO4−y, La2−xSrxCuO4−y and YBa2Cu3O7−x is reviewed and discussed with respect to the occurrence of high Tc superconductivity in these systems.
A quantitative analysis of alternated line scanning in k space and its application in MRI of regional tissue perfusion by arterial spin labeling.

Abstract A quantitative analysis of the alternated-line-scanning method is performed for k -space data acquisition in MRI. Application of the method in MRI of regional tissue perfusion by arterial spin labeling is demonstrated. It is also shown that, by using the alternated-line-scanning method, the degree of arterial spin labeling α can be determined in a single scan.
Can a Simulation Help Achieve Course Objectives? An Exploratory Study Investigating Differences Among Instructional Tools

Abstract A simulation, like any pedagogical tool, must be evaluated in terms of its effectiveness in achieving course objectives. This study investigated how well a particular simulation did in achieving course objectives and compares its performance to the textbook and papers used in the course. Compared to the textbook and the papers, students consistently gave the simulation the highest ratings on several learning-related measures. In addition, it was found that the simulation had the strongest associations with a set of measures designed to assess general course learning objectives. Further, the results suggest that the degree of involvement in the simulation had an effect on simulation-specific learning objectives as well as more broadly defined course learning objectives. We recommend the prudent use of simulations and suggest that professors regularly undertake a comparative outcome assessment of the instructional tools they are using in their courses.
Cesarean delivery of twins and neonatal respiratory disorders.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of neonatal respiratory disorders when cesarean delivery is performed before labor in twin pregnancies. Study Design: We reviewed the charts of all patients with twin pregnancies who underwent cesarean delivery before labor after 36 weeks' gestation. All cases in which delivery was done for a clear maternal or fetal indication were excluded. Neonatal respiratory disorders included transient tachypnea of the newborn and respiratory distress syndrome. Results: Delivery was performed between 36 weeks' and 37 weeks 6 days' gestation in 79 patients (62.7%) and between 38 weeks' and 40 weeks 2 days' gestation in 47 patients (37.3%). Respiratory disorders were diagnosed in 15 neonates from 11 pregnancies. Pregnancies in which one or both neonates were diagnosed with respiratory disorders were more likely to have been delivered before 38 weeks' gestation (90.9% vs 60.0%; P = .04) and were more likely to have been conceived spontaneously (54.5% vs 21.7%; P = .03) than those pregnancies with no affected neonates. Conclusions: Neonatal respiratory disorders are more common in twin pregnancies with cesarean delivery performed before labor before 38 weeks' gestation. Without a clear indication for delivery, waiting until labor or until after 38 weeks' gestation should be considered. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1052-6.)
Adenovirus genes that modulate the sensitivity of virus‐infected cells to lysis by TNF

TNF is a key inflammatory cytokine with antiviral properties. Human adenoviruses encode several intracellular proteins that mediate the effects of TNF. Expression of the adenovirus immediate early E1A proteins induces viral genes and a host of cellular genes, drives G0 cells into S-phase, and induces apoptosis and susceptibility to TNF-induced apoptosis. The adenovirus E1B-19K protein inhibits both E1A- and TNF-induced apoptosis. The E3-14.7K protein and the E3-10.4K/14.5K complex of proteins inhibit TNF- but not E1A-induced apoptosis. The E3 14.7K and 10.4K/14.5K proteins inhibit TNF activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which may explain how they inhibit TNF cytolysis. Since eicosinoids produced from arachidonic acid (the product of cPLA2) are potent mediators of inflammation, the E3 proteins may block the inflammatory response to adenovirus infection. These adenovirus proteins should be novel tools to understand adenovirus pathogenesis, TNF signal transduction, and TNF cytolysis.
129 Tuberous Sclerosis Presenting as End Stage Renal Disease

TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS PRESENTING AS END STAGE RENAL DISEASE Nabeel Imam1, Mohammed Ahmed2, Muhammad Rizwan Afzal2, Sarah Grove2, Antoine Samaha2. 1 Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, 2Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH. Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a multisystem autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by seizure, mental retardation, cutaneous lesions and visceral hamartomas. The diagnosis of TS is made clinically and the presentation of the disease varies. Renal involvement in TS includes angiomyolipomas, renal cysts, and renal cell carcinoma. Despite the high incidence of renal involvement, development of chronic renal failure is unusual. We report an unusual case of advanced kidney disease secondary to renal involvement of TS. A 36-year-old African American female with a past medical history of childhood seizures presented with fatigue, depressed mood, nausea and vomiting, dysgueusia, and nocturia. She denied any other symptoms nor using any medications. She has a 15-year-old son with an established diagnosis of TS (with renal involvement namely angiomyolipoma). Her physical exam was significant for blood pressure 156/95 and pale appearance. Exam showed angiofibromas along malar region of the face and a right 5 digit subungual fibroma. She also had asterixis and clonus. Initial investigation showed blood urea nitrogen of 164 mg/dl, serum creatinine of 23.45 mg/dl, calcium 4.1 mg/dl, phosphorus 10.1 mg/dl, parathyroid hormone 962 pg/ml, serum albumin 3.2g/dl and hemoglobin 6.4 g/dl. Urine analysis showed 3+ protein, 1+ blood, 1+ leukocyte esterase. Extensive serology workup was negative. A CT scan of the abdomen/pelvis showed bilateral atrophic kidneys with a 5.5cm large angiomyolipoma in the left kidney and multiple small cortical cysts bilaterally. Hemodialysis was initiated and she later underwent selective embolization of the renal angiomyolipoma due to progressive enlargement on the follow up CT scan of the abdomen. TS was diagnosed on the basis of a positive family history, kidney CT scan findings, presence of facial angiofibroma, and subungual fibromas. This case illustrates that advanced kidney disease can be the first clinical presentation of previously undiagnosed TS.
Contextual Career Education for Urban Youth: A New Look at Experience Based Career Education.

This article describes a model career education program for urban youth. The program exemplified promising practices in career education by providing all career education experiences in the context of real life experiences. Work site supervisors' ratings of youths' initiative and responsibility significantly increased over the course of the seven week program.
Biofeedback Implementation in a Video Game Environment

This paper introduces a new hardware-software solution for game development. Currently, game developers do not utilize any dynamic inputs that are based off of a player's reaction. The goal of this paper is to research how effectively and efficiently biofeedback can be implemented into a videogame. This process is evaluated from both the hardware and software implementation of heart rate monitoring. On the software side, the game dynamically generate events based on a player's heart rate. Basing the software off of a player's reaction feedback yields an intimate player-game experience.
Rapid analysis of ranitidine in biological fluids and determination of its erythrocyte partitioning.

Abstract A reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic assay is described for the rapid and sensitive quantitation of the H 2 -receptor antagonist ranitidine in human plasma and urine. The method involves a single-step extraction of the alkalinized sample with methylene chloride and analysis of the evaporated extract on a cyano column. Detection was performed by ultraviolet absorbance monitored at 318 nm. The overall run time of the assay was 5 min at a flow-rate of 2.0 ml/min. The limit of sensitivity was 1 ng/ml ranitidine in human plasma. Urine and plasma samples collected from a subject after administration of an oral dose of 150 mg of ranitidine were analyzed by this method. Furthermore, the procedure was applied to determine the red blood cell partition coefficient of ranitidine in a concentration range up to 10 μg/ml.
Plastic waves in a rate sensitive material—II. Waves of combined stress†

Summary Experiments are reported in which combined longitudinal and torsional plastic waves are generated in thin-walled tubes of alpha-titanium by subjecting pre-torqued tubes to longitudinal impact. Longitudinal and torsional strain-time profiles are recorded at several stations along the specimen. These strain-time profiles exhibit features which cannot be explained within the framework of a strain-rate independent theory. The latter theory requires the wave generated under the loading employed to consist of, successively, a fast simple wave, an intermediate constant state region, a slow simple wave, and a final constant-state region. The experiments show no evidence of an intermediate constant-state region; furthermore, a final constant-state region is not observed even though the latest times of observation are greater than the time at which, according to a strain-rate independent theory, a constant strain-rate region is expected. Straightforward generalization of the rate-dependent theory to allow for combined stress states leads to a theory which predicts the observed strain-time profiles with good accuracy.
The effect of conformation on the CD of interacting helices: A theoretical study of tropomyosin

A recent report [M. E. Holtzer, et al. (1988) Biophysics Journal, 53, 96a] of the anomalous CD spectrum of the tropomyosin (TM) fragment 11TM127 motivated us to model the system as two 21-residue alpha-helices distorted to a coiled-coil conformation. We used strong-coupling exciton theory to model the optical properties of the system. Two backbone amide excited states (n pi* and pi pi*) were considered, as well as four excited states (Lb, La, Bb, Ba) for the phenolic side chain. We calculated the effect of superhelix formation on the backbone CD spectrum. The decrease in molar ellipticity of the alpha-helix parallel-polarized transition at 208 nm was found to be a simple function of superhelix tilt angle. We then modeled a coiled coil (radius = 5.5 A, pitch = -140 A) with one aromatic ring per superhelix. Steric interactions between aromatic side chains in a coiled coil were calculated as a function of side-chain conformation and heptet position. Steric interactions between phenolic rings will be significant for heptet positions a and d, but not for positions b, c, e, f, or g. We calculated the phenolic Lb transition rotational strength as a function of position within the heptet repeats, and of all possible side-chain dihedral angles, chi 1 and chi 2. When tyrosines were placed at heptet positions b, c, e, f, or g, the rotational-strength surface was nearly identical to that of a single tyrosine in an undistorted helix. In contrast, the rotational-strength surface for tyrosines in heptet positions a or d showed substantial intertyrosine coupling components. The rotational-strength surfaces for the three types of heptet positions (position a, position d, and the others) allowed an interpretation of the aromatic CD spectra of TM and its fragments. It was predicted that the three types of heptet positions will be spectroscopically distinguishable.
Measurements of spin-correlation parameters ALL and ASL for p

Measurements of A/sub L/L between 500 and 800 MeV and spin dependent cross sections derived from these measurements are presented for the reaction pp..--> pi..d at c.m. angles theta/sub ..pi../( of 50/sup 0/, 70/sup 0/, and 90/sup 0/. Angular distributions for A/sub S/L are also presented for energies 500, 650, and 800 MeV. These are the first measurements of spin-correlation parameters in this channel above 590 MeV, and are in substantial disagreement with theoretical predictions of the triplet amplitudes above 600 MeV.
Occurrence of volatile nitrides from silicates in low pressure, high temperature, reducing environments

Abstract A nitride and oxynitride of silicon, Si 2 N and Si 2 NO, have been observed as stable vapor species over quartz in reducing atmospheres at temperatures as low as 1400°C. Partial pressures of species in the reaction, SiO + Si 2 N = Si 2 NO + Si were measured over the temperature range 1400–1525°C by molecular-beam mass spectrometry. It is suggested that vaporization through formation of volatile nitride-nitrogen species may be an important mechanism for the transfer of nitrogen from silicates in reducing environments.
Creating new social identities in children through critical multicultural media: The case of Little Bill

Multicultural education emerged from the political struggles of the 1960s and 1970s and advocated the inclusion of women and ethnic and racial groups in school curricula and children's media. Recently multiculturalism has evolved to include a critical perspective by focusing on stigmatized social identities such as race, class, sexuality, ethnicity, and disability. Little Bill, a children's animated television series, is an example of applied critical multiculturalism. In this chapter, we present a case study of one episode, “A Ramp for Monty,” to illustrate the merits of this approach, which may increase the number of social identities children relate to and increase the degree of understanding they may bring to the differences inherent in social identities. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.