cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Search of "Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism"

This article is a response to Professor Jed Shugerman’s Economic Crisis and the Rise of Judicial Elections and Judicial Review, HARVARD LAW REVIEW (2010). Professor Shugerman argues that the widespread adoption of judicial elections in the 1850’s and the embrace by the first generation of elected judges of countermajoritaran rationales for judicial review helped to effect a transition from the active, industry-building state of the early nineteenth century to the "laissez-faire constitutionalism" of the Lochner era. This response argues that Professor Shugerman overstates the causal relationship between the elected judiciary’s robust constitutional defense of "vested rights" and the iconic, if unrepresentative, "substantive due process" of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. If we are to draw a line of historical causation between the mid-century vested rights decisions and the so-called "laissez-faire constitutionalism" of the Lochner era, it must necessarily run through the watershed historical events of slave emancipation and the industrialization of labor, as well as the transformative constitutional changes set in motion by the Reconstruction amendmnets. To the exent that Lochner-era courts did constitutionalize economic liberty in a manner that warrants the label "laissez-faire constitutionalism," they were inspired less by the "Jacksonian" vested rights jurisprudence that preceded the Civil War than by the constitutional and industrial revolutions that followed it.
Effect of Strain in WS 2 Monolayer Integrated Excitonic Photodetector

We investigate the effect of local non-homogeneous strain on WS 2 monolayer when integrated on a SiN photonic waveguide showing a strong spectral responsivity(80mA/W) at exciton wavelength(620nm) and shift of ~10nm in photodetector device.
Covalent Linkage: III. Immobilization of Enzymes by Intermolecular Cross-Linking

A very versatile chemical method for immobilizing enzymes and other proteins is intermolecular cross-linking with multifunctional reagents. The method can produce enzyme conjugates of diverse physical character depending on the conditions employed. Thus, conjugates can be prepared that are water-soluble or water-insoluble; granular, gel-like, or filamentous in nature; or that are pure protein. It is reliable and inexpensive.
Calcium-regulated conformational change in the C-terminal end segment of troponin I and its binding to tropomyosin.

The troponin complex plays an essential role in the thin filament regulation of striated muscle contraction. Of the three subunits of troponin, troponin I (TnI) is the actomyosin ATPase inhibitory subunit and its effect is released upon Ca2+ binding to troponin C. The exon-8-encoded C-terminal end segment represented by the last 24 amino acids of cardiac TnI is highly conserved and is critical to the inhibitory function of troponin. Here, we investigated the function and calcium regulation of the C-terminal end segment of TnI. A TnI model molecule was labeled with Alexa Fluor 532 at a Cys engineered at the C-terminal end and used to reconstitute the tertiary troponin complex. A Ca2+-regulated conformational change in the C-terminus of TnI was shown by a sigmoid-shape fluorescence intensity titration curve similar to that of the CD calcium titration curve of troponin C. Such corresponding Ca2+ responses are consistent with the function of troponin as a coordinated molecular switch. Reconstituted troponin complex containing a mini-troponin T lacking its two tropomyosin-binding sites showed a saturable binding to tropomyosin at pCa 9 but not at pCa 4. This Ca2+-regulated binding was diminished when the C-terminal 19 amino acids of cardiac TnI were removed. These results provided novel evidence for suggesting that the C-terminal end segment of TnI participates in the Ca2+ regulation of muscle thin filament through interaction with tropomyosin. Structured digital abstract • McTnT binds to Tropomyosin by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (View interaction) • McTnI binds to TnC by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (View interaction) • Tropomyosin physically interacts with McTnT and McTnI by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (View interaction) • McTnI binds to TnT by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (View interaction)
Status of utility-interactive photovoltaic power conditioning technology

Design options for utility-interactive photovoltaic power conditioning technology for unit ratings from 2kW to 5 MW are compared. Line- and self-commutated inverter designs for both single and three-phase applications are described. Efficiency, weight, and cost projections are provided for comparing the design options. New circuit designs that take advantage of advances in power semiconductor devices are found to be the most promising. Hardware efficiencies from 95 percent for single phase to 98 percent for three-phase applications are found.
Transformations in Space—Time

The review of translations, rotations, and the rotation group being completed, we are prepared to investigate their relativistic generalizations: translations, rotations, and velocity transformations in space—time, along with the homogeneous and inhomogeneous Lorentz groups. We shall again stress group closure properties and the resulting transformation laws and commutation relations. The new concept of a “boost” operation, a form of active Lorentz velocity transformation, is particularly useful for the construction of relativistic wave functions describing particles with spin. Helicity is another important notion which we shall develop. Spin−1/2 helicity spinors and spin−1 helicity polarization vectors are covariantly generalized from their rotation-group form. Massive-particle helicity states are contrasted with massless-particle helicity states with an eye to their use in later chapters.
The unscientific determinants of voting on a controversial scientific issue: an evaluation of biofuels policy in the U.S. congress.

This research evaluates biofuels policy in the United States Congress and uses statistical analysis to attempt to determine the motivations of legislators in support of or opposition to the use of biofuels. Specifically, biofuels amendments to four pieces of legislation containing major biofuels components were analyzed using logistic regression. Results showed that in the U.S. House of Representatives, partisanship and ideology played a significant role in voting, but in the Senate partisanship was not a statistically significant predictor of a senator's vote. The interests of constituents were important in both chambers, however, in the Senate the influence of specific constituent groups predominated over party interests. In this case, the Senate responded to the preferences of constituent groups with agricultural interests (corn farmers). The study confirms the view that legislators must balance party allegiance against the interests of their constituents, and leads to the proposition that regardless of available science, a legislator is most likely to do that which is most beneficial to him or her.
Increased body mass index and ASA physical status IV are risk factors for block failure in ambulatory surgery — an analysis of 9,342 blocks

Regional anesthesia can be the technique of choice for selected ambulatory surgery procedures, but in spite of its benefits, it has an inherent failure rate even in experienced hands. We examine the efficacy and factors associated with failure of ambulatory regional anesthesia techniques. This study included 9,342 blocks performed on 7,160 patients at the Duke University Ambulatory Surgery Center. Blocks were classified as interscalene, supraclavicular, axillary, lumbar plexus, femoral, sciatic, ankle, paravertebral, spinal, and other (frequency less than 100). A block was considered surgical if a single attempt at placing the block resulted in a complete sensory, motor, and sympathetic nerve block. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the risk-adjusted association between patient characteristics and block failure. Paravertebral blocks and those considered in the “other” category had significantly higher failure rates (P < 0.001 ), while spinal and lumbar plexus blocks had lower than average rates of failure (P < 0.001 andP = 0.03, respectively). In multiple logistic regression analyses excluding paravertebral blocks, body mass index (BMI) scores greater than 25 (P values: BMI 25–29: < 0.001; BMI 30–34:P < 0.001; BMI 35:P < 0.001) and ASA physical status IV (P < 0.001 ) were significantly associated with higher block failure rates. High BMI and ASA IV are independent risk factors for block failure in ambulatory surgery patients.
Graph models of brain diseases

Recent advances in network modeling of brain phenomena have opened up many opportunities for graph theorists and image analysis researchers to solve important clinical and scientific problems in neuroscience and neurology. Although initial studies were limited to applying conventional “social network” techniques to the brain connectomes, new studies are introducing bottom-up graph models specifically derived from the neural context of brain structure and function. In this paper we review the models of graph spread and explore their application in capturing the incidence, spread and prognostication of neurodegenerative diseases. We show that graph models can be used not only to characterize disease but also to predict future disease states from baseline imaging data.
High-efficiency crossbar switches using capacitively coupled signaling

As process technologies have scaled, the increasing number of processor cores and memories on a single die has also driven the need for more complex on-chip interconnection networks. Crossbar switches are primary building blocks in such networks-on-chip, as they can be used as fast single-stage networks or as the core of the router switch in multi-stage networks. While crossbars offer non-blocking, single-hop, all-to-all communication, they tend to scale poorly with the number of nodes due to the latency and energy of the long wires and high-radix multiplexor structures needed. To combat these limitations, we propose a low-swing crossbar design that uses capacitively driven wires and capacitively coupled multiplexers. Capacitively driven wires offer low swing signaling, higher bandwidths, and low energy consumption, while capacitively coupled multiplexers offer reduced parasitic loading from the inactive inputs. We present a 16×16 64b low-swing crossbar switch designed in a TSMC 40nm CMOS bulk process. Post-layout simulation shows it operating at a maximum frequency of 2.2GHz, achieving a bandwidth of 2.56Tb/s at 0.9V (nominal Vdd) with an area of 0.94mm2. Total energy consumption for full, half, and minimum bandwidths are 110pJ, 84pJ, and 64pJ respectively, thus offering an efficiency of 10.49 Tbps/W, a 3X improvement over previously published results.
Protective mechanisms of activated protein C in severe inflammatory disorders

The protein C system is an important natural anticoagulant mechanism mediated by activated protein C (APC) that regulates the activity of factors VIIIa and Va. Besides well-defined anticoagulant properties, APC also demonstrates anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and endothelial barrier-stabilizing effects that are collectively referred to as the cytoprotective effects of APC. Many of these beneficial effects are mediated through its co-receptor endothelial protein C receptor, and the protease-activated receptor 1, although exact mechanisms remain unclear and are likely pleiotropic in nature. Increased insight into the structure–function relationships of APC facilitated design of APC variants that conserve cytoprotective effects and reduce anticoagulant features, thereby attenuating the risk of severe bleeding with APC therapy. Impairment of the protein C system plays an important role in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe sepsis. The pathophysiology of both diseases states involves uncontrolled inflammation, enhanced coagulation and compromised fibrinolysis. This leads to microvascular thrombosis and organ injury. Administration of recombinant human APC to correct the dysregulated protein C system reduced mortality in severe sepsis patients (PROWESS trial), which stimulated further research into its mechanisms of action. Several other clinical trials evaluating recombinant human APC have been completed, including studies in children and less severely ill adults with sepsis as well as a study in acute lung injury. On the whole, these studies have not supported the use of APC in these populations and challenge the field of APC research to search for additional answers. This article is part of a themed issue on Mediators and Receptors in the Resolution of Inflammation. To view this issue visit http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
Synthesis of Bacteriophage φ29 Proteins in Bacillus subtilis

Seventeen bacteriophage phi29 proteins were detected in ultraviolet light-irradiated Bacillus subtilis by autoradiography of polyacrylamide slab gels. The appearance of phi29 proteins occurred either before or concomitantly with viral DNA replication. Viral proteins detected early in the infectious cycle consisted of nine polypeptides ranging from 5,200 daltons to 54,000 daltons. Two of the early proteins were identified as, respectively, the major capsid protein and the protein comprising the filaments which extend from the head of the virus. Late phi29 proteins were composed of eight polypeptides ranging from 14,000 daltons to 95,000 daltons. Only three late proteins were noncapsid proteins. Among the early proteins, six were synthesized at diminishing rates late in the infectious cycle. One of the early proteins (protein 12) lacked histidine, whereas two (proteins 10 and 15) lacked tryptophan. Among the 17 proteins detected, 10 were viral noncapsid proteins. The amount of viral genetic information required to code for the 17 proteins detected in these experiments (81% of the potential genetic information of phi29 DNA) compares favorably with the genetic information detected as mRNA in a previous report, 85% of the potential information on the phi29 chromosome.
Limitations of a Molecular Clock Applied to Considerations of the Origin of HIV-1

A recent report has provided information that helps to determine the age of a common viral ancestor of the AIDS epidemic. Korber et al. examine the strengths as well as limitations of molecular clock analysis and the implications of the findings for planning vaccines and forecasting the future of the epidemic.
Cavitary pneumonia secondary to Tsukamurella in an AIDS patient. First case and a review of the literature

Tsukamurella is a Gram-positive, variable rod-shaped, weakly acid-alcohol-fast, non motile, aerobic bacterium that belongs to the genus Rhodococcus. Tsukamurella has been reported as a cause of infections in humans with immunosuppression and indwelling foreign bodies. It has also been isolated in one patient with AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) as a saprophytic organism. Optimal management of infections secondary to this micro-organism is still uncertain due to the paucity of cases. The combination of a beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside, along with removal of medical devices, appear to be the treatment of choice. We report the case of an AIDS patient who presented with multiple lung cavitary lesions secondary to Tsukamurella. This is the first case reported of Tsukamurella as a pathogenic agent in an AIDS patient. We also propose a successful oral antibiotic regimen with fluoroquinolone and rifampin to treat infections secondary to this uncommon micro-organism.
One-trial acquired likes and dislikes in humans: Disgust as a US, food predominance, and negative learning predominance

Abstract Self-reports were solicited by questionnaire on experiences in which likes or dislikes for anything except people were produced as a result of a single event. The same questionnaire also asked for cases of one-experience acquisition of, or loss of, fears. Analysis of 440 reports indicates that the learned taste aversion phenomenon accounts for most rapid acquired dislikes; foods were the subject of 77% of all rapid acquired dislikes. A new form of food “aversion” learning appeared (22 cases), in which the US is a disgusting stimulus rather than illness. This may be mediated by nausea, the same US as in illness-produced aversions. There were more than three times as many cases of one-trial dislikes as opposed to likes. This could result from a bias in remembering or sampling, a bias in the occurrence of events in the world, and/or a bias to learn more rapidly about negative events. In contrast to acquired likes and dislikes, foods were the subject of one-trial acquired fear in only 1 case out of 164.
The JLab polarization transfer measurements of proton elastic form factor

The ratio of the electric and magnetic proton form factors,GEpGMp, has been obtained in two Hall A experiments, from measurements of the longitudinal and transverse polarizations of the recoil proton,Pl andPt, in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons,\(\overrightarrow e p \to e\overrightarrow p \). Together these experiments cover theQ2 range of 0.5 to 5.6 GeV2. A new experiment is currently being prepared, to extend theQ2 range to 9 GeV2 in Hall C.
Reply to ''Comment on 'Recurrences without closed orbits' ''

Recently, we presented quantum spectra of alkali-atoms in a static electric field @1#. We restricted the investigation to cases where the electron has at least one unit of angular momentum in the field direction. We found strong features in the recurrence spectra at short actions which do not correspond to real closed orbits in this system. We dubbed these features ‘‘recurrences without closed orbits.’’ In Main’s Comment @2# on this paper, he demonstrates that orbits exist at the correct action to account for the recurrences in our spectra. These orbits come from the bifurcation of the closed uphill and downhill orbits observed in the m 50 photoabsorption spectra of hydrogen in an electric field into real and complex periodic orbits in the m51 and m 52 spectra. The uphill and downhill orbits no longer exist for mfi0, but each is split into a real periodic orbit and a complex orbit in a type of tangent bifurcation. The real periodic orbits formed in this bifurcation, unlike the original orbits, no longer reach the nucleus. Main proposes that these periodic orbits are the origin of the ‘‘recurrences without closed orbits’’ described in Ref. @1#. This is a reasonable inference and we think that a theory of the short action recurrences must account for these orbits. However, there are conceptual questions that need to be addressed before it can be shown whether or not these orbits actually generate the short action recurrences. The role of the complex, ‘‘ghost,’’ periodic orbits found by Main is interesting and may play a role in the explanation of the recurrences in H. These complex orbits are connected to the tunneling of the wave function into the forbidden region and thus to the overlap of the wave function with the initial state. This would be in line with the approximation made in @1# of treating the on-axis orbits as if they did exist even though there were classically forbidden. A theory based on Main’s orbits should also explain the success of the approximation in reproducing the recurrence strengths and the scaling law followed by the ‘‘recurrences without closed orbits’’ we deduced from the approximation. A possible problem with these orbits is that the electron never gets closer than 12.8 a.u. to the nucleus for m51; thus they do not overlap with the 1s initial state which has a size of 1 a.u.
Functional adrenal disease: radiologic evaluation in a patient with anomalous kidneys.

In a hypertensive patient, the likelihood that an adrenal disorder is the cause of hypertension is low, perhaps less than 1 % [1]. Rigorous testing, however, suggests that the prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism may be as high as 2% in hypertensive patients [2J. In the proper clinical setting, evaluation of the adrenal gland is extremely important as adrenal diseases such as cortical adenomas and pheochromocytoma are usually curable by adrenalectomy. With its high spatial resolution and noninvasive nature, CT has become the method of choice for initial radiologic examination of the adrenals. The CT appearance of normal adrenal glands and of common adrenal lesions has been well described in the literature [3-6]. Recent reports describe the presence, location, and appearance of the adrenal in patients with congenital absence or ectopy of the ipsilateral kidney [7, 8]. We present a case of aldosteronoma arising in the left adrenal gland in a patient with fused pelvic kidneys, emphasizing not only the CT appearance but also the vascular anatomy, with specific reference to performance of adrenal venography.
Water Yield Improvement Potential by Vegetation Management on Western Rangelands

Increasing water for onsite and offsite uses can be a viable objective for management of certain western rangelands. One approach utilizes water harvesting techniques to increase surface runoff by preventing or slowing infiltration of rain. An attractive alternative, where applicable, is to replace vegetation that uses much water with plants that use less so that more water percolates through the soil to streams and ground water. Most sites are too dry to increase water yield in this way; probably less than 1 percent of the western rangelands can be managed for this purpose. However, where annual precipitation exceeds about 450 mm (18 inches) and deep-rooted shrubs can be replaced by shallow-rooted grasses, there is potential to increase streamflows and to improve forage for livestock. Little or no increase can be expected by eradication of low-density brush and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Potentials for improving water yield are reviewed and summarized by vegetation types.
The effect of numbers of frozen-thawed boar sperm and addition of prostaglandin F2α at insemination on fertility in pigs.

Frozen-thawed boar sperm (FTS) has reduced fertility compared to liquid semen. Exogenous prostaglandin administered at insemination has been reported to improve cases of low fertility. This experiment tested the effect of number of FTS and addition of prostaglandin (PGF2α) on fertility. The experiment was performed in replicates using weaned sows (n=24) and synchronized gilts (n=94). All females were induced into estrus using PG600® at weaning or following estrus synchronization. At estrus, females received 0.5, 1.0, or 2 billion motile FTS (n=9 boars) with 0 or 5mg of PGF2α added into each AI dose at insemination. Inseminations occurred at 24 and 36h after onset of estrus and ovulation was monitored by ultrasound. Pregnancy and litter size were determined for sows at farrowing and d 50 of gestation for gilts at slaughter. There was no effect of PGF2α and no interaction with dose of FTS or parity on fertility (P>0.10). Pregnancy rate was affected by FTS dose (P 0.10) but was influenced by boar (P<0.05). Number of fetuses was also affected by FTS dose (P<0.001) with 2.0×10(9) (10.1) and 1.0×10(9) (9.4) producing more pigs than 0.5×10(9) sperm (6.9±0.9). Litter size was also affected by parity (P=0.001) and boar (P<0.01). These results indicate that AI using 2.0×10(9) FTS can result in acceptable pregnancy rates and litter sizes but with no measurable benefit for addition of prostaglandin.
Mechanism-based modeling of friction and wear

Abstract Equations for “predicting” friction and wear that product design engineers can readily apply require new methods to develop. These include the following. 1. 1. The planned cooperation of several technical disciplines. 2. 2. The selection of a well studied system. 3. 3. Parametric equations (models) for the observed friction or wear behavior, including all variables known by an interdisciplinary group. 4. 4. Data that cover a wide range (e.g. several decades) of most relevant variables. 5. 5. Methods for adjusting parameters in the models to closely match the data. The results of three research efforts are discussed in terms of the prospects for developing equations either by curve fitting the data or by describing underlying phenomena involved in the sliding process. Finally, possible contributions of several technical disciplines toward modeling the conditions for scuff prevention are suggested.
Reversible Conjugation of Isothiocyanates with Glutathione Catalyzed by Human Glutathione Transferases

Abstract Rates were determined for the nonenzymatic (second order rate constants) and enzyme-catalyzed conjugations with glutathione of four isothiocyanates that are present in edible plants (allyl-, benzyl-, phenethyl-isothiocyanates, and sulforaphane). Of four cloned human glutathione transferases studied, GSTP1-1 and GSTM1-1 were the most efficient catalysts. GSTA1-1 was less efficient, and GSTM2-2 was the least efficient. Conjugation of benzyl-NCS is the most rapid and that of sulforaphane [CH3S(O)(CH2)4-NCS] is the slowest. The large enzymatic rate enhancements and the abundance of the enzymes suggest that the glutathione transferases play important roles in the metabolic disposition of isothiocyanates in humans. Enzymatic cleavage of the GSH conjugates of isothiocyanates (dithiocarbamates) is catalyzed by glutathione transferases. The importance of these reverse reactions is probably limited because they are slow and inhibited by high intracellular concentrations of glutathione.
Trajectory Analysis for the Lunar Flyby Rescue of AsiaSat-3/HGS-1

On May 13, 1998, the Hughes Global Services 1 Spacecraft (HGS-1, originally known as AsiaSat 3) became the first commercial spacecraft to fly by the Moon on a trajectory to reposition it into a useful geosynchronous orbit. This was necessary due to the failure of the last stage of the launch vehicle that left it in a high inclination, eccentric, and unusable orbit. The spacecraft did not have enough propellant to perform the maneuvers required to place it into its intended geostationary orbit via a standard transfer trajectory. However, it did have enough propellant to place it on a trajectory that flew by the Moon twice to finally achieve a useful low inclination geosynchronous orbit. In addition to being the first commercial operation in the vicinity of the Moon, it was the last successful lunar mission of the twentieth century. We discuss of the events leading up to the start of the rescue operation that included contributions from external organizations. We also describe the analytic estimates used to construct the trajectory and provide an overview of the details of the actual mission.
T-cell-dependent antibody response: assay development in cynomolgus monkeys.

The current study was designed to develop and test a T-cell dependent antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in cynomolgus monkeys. In an optimization experiment, monkeys (3/sex) were...
Employment determination in macroeconomic models: Some empirical evidence

Abstract The specification of how employment is determined has important implications for short-run macroeconomic policy prescriptions. Heretofore, there have been two main methods for testing this specification: comparing an equilibrium model to a disequilibrium model and using a switching regression model. This paper introduces a new method which is based on the distribution of the error term and the sign and significance of the real wage coefficient in a reduced form equation for employment. It is found that for the years 1948–1984 inclusive, the United States labor market has been operating under a fixed wage regime in which employment is being determined by the short-side of the market. Furthermore, the tests also indicate that the real wage is as likely to be below the equilibrium real wage as it is to be above it. As such, one cannot even make the case that, even though employment is determined by the short-side of the market, it “acts as if” it was demand determined.
HopX1 in Erwinia amylovora Functions as an Avirulence Protein in Apple and Is Regulated by HrpL

ABSTRACT Fire blight is a devastating disease of rosaceous plants caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora. This pathogen delivers virulence proteins into host cells utilizing the type III secretion system (T3SS). Expression of the T3SS and of translocated and secreted substrates is activated by the alternative sigma factor HrpL, which recognizes hrp box promoters upstream of regulated genes. A collection of hidden Markov model (HMM) profiles was used to identify putative hrp boxes in the genome sequence of Ea273, a highly virulent strain of E. amylovora. Among potential virulence factors preceded by putative hrp boxes, two genes previously known as Eop3 and Eop2 were characterized. The presence of functionally active hrp boxes upstream of these two genes was confirmed by β-glucuronidase (GUS) assays. Deletion mutants of the latter candidate genes, renamed hopX1Ea and hopAK1Ea, respectively, did not differ in virulence from the wild-type strain when assayed in pear fruit and apple shoots. The hopX1Ea deletion mutant of Ea273, complemented with a plasmid overexpressing hopX1Ea, suppressed the development of the hypersensitivity response (HR) when inoculated into Nicotiana benthamiana; however, it contributed to HR in Nicotiana tabacum and significantly reduced the progress of disease in apple shoots, suggesting that HopX1Ea may act as an avirulence protein in apple shoots.
The clinical relevance of opiate receptor research

Recent progress in opiate receptor research of particular relevance to clinicians is discussed. A simple binding assay, which in itself is valuable in allowing rapid screening of new compounds for opiate activity, has been the basis of these studies. Extensive mapping of opiate receptors in subcortical brain regions has provided important insights into the neuronal pathways involved in analgesia, while physical and chemical characterization of these receptors has led to a simple means of distinguishing agonists from antagonists. The existence of multiple receptors suggests that the analgetic effects of the opiates may be dissociated from other effects, and studies of tolerance and dependence indicate that they too may be dissociable from analgesia. Purification of the receptors, at last a reasonable possibility, may lead to new ways to promote or inhibit analgesia.
Argentic oxide as an oxidimetric reagent determination of manganese, cerium and chromium

Abstract Argentic oxide, AgO, is commercially available (Merck) in pure form, and it serves advantageously as a very powerful oxidimetric reagent in acid media. On addition of a small excess of argentic oxide to cold solutions of manganous, cerous, or chromic ion in 2 to 5M nitric acid rapid and complete oxidation to permanganate, ceric, or dichromate ion takes place, and the excess argentic oxide dissolves. By simply diluting and warming the solution for a few minutes the excess +2 silver is completely reduced by water, and the permanganate, ceric, or dictiromate ion can then be titrated with standard ferrous solution in the usual way. Alternatively the titration with ferrous solution can be performed potentiometrically, which leads to an even simpler procedure because destruction of the excess +2 silver by heating is unnecessary. The potentioinetric titration curve exhibits two inflections, the first after reduction of the excess +2 silver and the second after reduction of the permanganate, ceric, or dichromate ion. Results precise and accurate to +0.2% or better are easily obtained by either of these procedures, and they are more convenient and rapid than the classical titrimetric methods of determining these elements. The method has been applied with excellent results to the determination of managanese and chromium in aluminium and ferrous alloys, and to the determination of cerium in misch metal.
Basic fibroblast growth factor predicts cardiovascular disease occurrence in participants from the veterans affairs diabetes trial.

Aim: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to test whether plasma basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels predict future cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurrence in adults from the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial. Methods: Nearly four- hundred veterans, 40 years of age or older, having a mean baseline diabetes duration of 11.4 years were recruited from outpatient clinics at six geographically distributed sites in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Within the VADT, they were randomly assigned to intensive or standard glycemic treatment, with follow-up as much as seven and one-half years. Cardiovascular disease occurrence was examined at baseline in the patient population and during randomized treatment. Plasma bFGF was determined with a sensitive, specific two-site enzyme-linked immunoassay at the baseline study visit in all 399 subjects. Results: One hundred-five first cardiovascular events occurred in these 399 subjects. The best fit model of risk factors associated with the time to first cardiovascular disease occurrence (in the study) over a seven and one-half year period had as significant predictors: prior cardiovascular event, (hazard ratio [HR] 3.378; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 3.079- 3.807; P < .0001), baseline plasma bFGF (HR 1.008; 95% CI 1.002-1.014; P =.01), age, (HR 1.027; 95% CI 1.004-1.051; P =.019), baseline plasma triglycerides, (HR 1.001; 95% CI 1.000-1.002; P =.02) and diabetes duration-treatment interaction (P =.03). Intensive glucose-lowering was associated with significantly decreased hazard ratios for CVD occurrence (0.38-0.63) in patients with known diabetes duration of 0-10 years, and non-significantly increased hazard ratios for CVD occurrence (0.82-1.78) in patients with longer diabetes duration. Conclusion: High level ofplasma basic fibroblast growth factor is a predictive biomarker of future cardiovascular disease
Inhibition of stem growth and gibberellin production in Agrostemma githago L. by the growth retardant tetcyclacis.

The effects of the new growth retardant tetcyclacis (TCY) on stem growth and endogenous gibberellin (GA) levels were investigated in the long-day rosette plant Agrostemma githago. Application of TCY (10 ml of a 5·10-5M solution daily) to the soil suppressed stem elongation in Agrostemma grown under long-day conditions. A total of 10 μg GA1 (1 μg applied on alternate days) per plant overcame the growth retardation caused by TCY.
Impacts of enhanced CCN on the organization of convection and recent reduced counts of monsoon depressions

Monsoon depressions, that form during the Indian summer monsoon season (June to September) are known to be baroclinic disturbances (horizontal scale 2,000–3,000 km) and are driven by deep convection that carries a very large vertical slope towards cold air aloft in the upper troposphere. Deep convection is nearly always organized around the scale of these depressions. In the maintenance of the monsoon depression the generation of eddy kinetic energy on the scale of the monsoon depression is largely governed by the “in scale” covariance of heating and temperature and of vertical velocity and temperature over the region of the monsoon depression. There are normally about 6–8 monsoon depressions during a summer monsoon season. Recent years 2009, 2010 and 2011 saw very few (around 1, 0 and 1 per season respectively). The best numerical models such as those from ECMWF and US (GFS) carried many false alarms in their 3–5 day forecasts, more like 6–8 disturbances. Even in recent years with fewer observed monsoon depressions a much larger number of depressions is noted in ECMWF forecasts. These are fairly comprehensive models that carry vast data sets (surface and satellite based), detailed data assimilation, and are run at very high resolutions. The monsoon depression is well resolved by these respective horizontal resolutions in these models (at 15 and 35 km). These models carry complete and detailed physical parameterizations. The false alarms in their forecasts leads us to suggest that some additional important ingredient may be missing in these current best state of the art models. This paper addresses the effects of pollution for the enhancement of cloud condensation nuclei and the resulting disruption of the organization of convection in monsoon depressions. Our specific studies make use of a high resolution mesoscale model (WRF/CHEM) to explore the impacts of the first and second aerosol indirect effects proposed by Twomey and Albrecht. We have conducted preliminary studies including examination of the evolution of radar reflectivity (computed inversely from the model hydrometeors) for normal and enhanced CCN effects (arising from enhanced monsoon pollution). The time lapse histories show a major disruption in the organization of convection of the monsoon depressions on the time scale of a week to 10 days in these enhanced CCN scenarios.
Somatotroph, lactotroph and thyrotroph function in three-week-old gilts reared in a hot or cool environment

Abstract The influence of the thermal environment on the ability of the pituitary gland to secrete growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was examined in gilts reared under hot (H: 27–32°C, 50–90% RH, n = 6) or cool (C: 20°C, 50% RH, n = 6) conditions. Piglets were sacrificed at 3 wks of age. Pituitary cells from each animal were cultured and exposed to vehicle (culture medium); .1, 1, and 10 nM thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH); .1, 1, and 10 nM growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH); 59 mM KCl; 2 mM 8-Br-cAMP; and 100 nM phorbol myristate acetate. Rearing in the H, compared to the C, environment increased plasma PRL concentrations (p
A Bayesian Approach to Combining Information from a Census, a Coverage Measurement Survey, and Demographic Analysis

Abstract Demographic analysis of data on births, deaths, and migration and coverage measurement surveys that use capture-recapture methods have both been used to assess U.S. Census counts. These approaches have established that unadjusted Census counts are seriously flawed for groups such as young and middle-aged African-American men. There is considerable interest in methods that combine information from the Census, coverage measurement surveys, and demographic information to improve Census estimates of the population. This article describes a number of models that have been proposed to accomplish this synthesis when the demographic information is in the form of sex ratios stratified by age and race. A key difficulty is that methods for combining information require modeling assumptions that are difficult to assess based on fit to the data. We propose some general principles for aiding the choice among alternative models. We then pick a particular model based on these principles and imbed it within a mor...
Trust and the Family-School Relationship: Examination of Parent-Teacher Differences in Elementary and Secondary Grades.

Abstract Trust between parents and teachers is a vital element in building and maintaining the family–school relationship. Parents n = 1,234 and teachers n = 209 from a first-ring suburban school district were surveyed about issues of trust in the family–school relationship. Results indicated higher levels of parent trust and teacher trust at the elementary level than at middle or high school levels. Additionally, differences in trust levels between teachers and parents at elementary and high school levels were found, with parent trust being significantly higher. Improving home–school communication was identified as a primary way to enhance trust. Also, the perceived quality of family–school interaction was a better predictor of trust than was the frequency of contact or demographic variables. Trust was positively correlated with three indicators of school performance. Implications for school personnel to make more systematic efforts toward building trust between parents and teachers throughout a child's academic career are discussed.
Diffusion flame in a two-dimensional, accelerating mixing layer

A theoretical and computational study of a laminar, two-dimensional, compressible, mixing, reacting layer with a pressure gradient that accelerates the flow in the direction of the primary stream is performed. One objective is to analyze the problems of a new technology related to combustion occurring in an accelerating transonic flow. Potential exists for reduction in nitric oxide formation and improvement in engine efficiency and/or power/weight. A similarity solution is found that reduces the partial differential equations to a system of ordinary differential equations. The solution is found in terms of a new acceleration parameter for compressible flows. The parameter is also useful for nonreacting mixing layers and for reacting or nonreacting wall boundary layers. For a low Mach number, the parameter reduces to the classical incompressible parameter. A numerical solution to these equations was performed. In the presence of exothermic reaction and accelerating pressure gradients, there are nonmonotoni...
Men without chests.

In coming before the body of the Central Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists this morning, I am discharging the most difficult of the responsibilities that are charged to the president of the organization, that of addressing the Association about some matter that is important in our field, and of doing that with integrity and sensitivity. The subject I have chosen to speak about has to do with decision making. As I hope will be clear as the speech unfolds, I consider actions derived from decision making the most important single problem facing the body of medicine in the United States today. The magnitude of the problem is definitely not limited to the practice of medicine, but I will confine my remarks to that field. Until quite modern times, almost all persons believed the universe to be such that there was a congruence of our nature, our feelings, and the universe wherein we live. An excellent example of this congruence is expressed in the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, where it is stated, "We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights. Among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness .... " In the early years of the last century, with the introduction of Hegel's system 'Qf philosophy, which incorporates the thesis-anti thesis-synthesis concept, relativism was born. The fruit of relativism is a general philosophic theory that all values are subjective and trivial. In our day this has worked out by the fluidity of the
Regime classifications in the disequilibrium market models

Abstract The classification of sample observations to periods of excess demand and excess supply is in the domain of discriminant analysis. The classification rule suggested by Kiefer (1980) and Gersovitz (1980) is shown to be optimal in the sense that it minimizes the total probability of misclassification.
Pattern formation in systems with one spatially distributed species

We describe a three-species mechanism for spatial pattern formation in which only one species spatially moves. We show that a bifurcation to traveling or standing waves occurs. We contrast this mechanism for pattern formation with the better known cases where more than one species moves.
Endoscopic management of duodenal adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis-A single-center experience

Duodenal lesions (DLS) are common in patients with familial adenomatosis polyposis (FAP), and screening for duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) is currently recommended. Endoscopic treatment of DLS is controversial. To report management and outcomes of endoscopic therapy for DLS in patients with FAP. The records of patients with FAP who underwent endoscopic surveillance or therapy for DLS over a 15-year period were reviewed. Endoscopic intervention included endoscopic surveillance with biopsies, argon plasma coagulation (APC), endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), EMR with APC, and ampullectomy. Main outcome measurements were recurrence and histology of DLS after endoscopic therapy, complications of endoscopic therapy, and need for duodenectomy. Seventy-one patients with FAP and DLS were identified from our endoscopy database as undergoing upper endoscopy for screening and/or surveillance (1995–2009). Mean follow up was 4.5 years (1–15 years). Seventy of the seventy-one (98.5%) patients had multiple flat DLS. Most of the patients were followed with yearly biopsies. APC was performed in 17 patients and EMR was performed in eight patients; in five of the eight EMR patients, APC was also performed to treat the edges of EMR site. During the follow up, 17/55 (31%) patients had histological progression (HP). HP was seen in 5/16 (31%) patients who underwent APC (one was lost to follow-up) and 12/40 (30%) patients followed with biopsies alone. Recurrence of lesions was noted in all patients. Two patients underwent duodenectomy. None of the patients developed DA during follow up. Endoscopic surveillance with directed endotherapy for DLS in FAP is feasible and safe when diligently performed.
Trustfulness and Suspiciousness as a Function of Liberal or Conservative Church Membership: A Field Experiment

(1971). Trustfulness and Suspiciousness as a Function of Liberal or Conservative Church Membership: A Field Experiment. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 163-164.
Total completion time minimization on multiple machines subject to machine availability and makespan constraints

Abstract This paper studies preemptive bi-criteria scheduling on m parallel machines with machine unavailable intervals. The goal is to minimize the total completion time subject to the constraint that the makespan is at most a constant T . We study the unavailability model such that the number of available machines cannot go down by 2 within any period of p max where p max is the maximum processing time among all jobs. We show that there is an optimal polynomial time algorithm.
Estimating ordered parameters by linear programming

There are many models that require the estimation of a set of ordered parameters. For example, multivariate analysis of variance often is formulated as testing for the equality of the parameters versus an ordered alternative. This problem, referred to as isotonic inference, constrained inference, or isotonic regression, has led to the development of general solutions, not often easy to apply in special models. In this expository paper, we study the special case of a separable convex quadratic programming problem for which the optimality conditions lead to a readily solved linear complementarity problem in the Lagrange multipliers, and subsequently to an equivalent linear programming problem, whose solution can be used to recover the solution of the original isotonic problem. The method can be applied to estimating ordered correlations, ordered binomial probabilities, ordered Poisson parameters, ordered exponential scale parameters, or ordered risk differences.
A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ON THE DISAGGREGATION OF TIME SERIES TOTALS

. This paper sheds new light on a generalized least squares approach for disaggregating a series of time series totals to estimate an underlying unaggregated series. By reinterpreting the generalized least squares problem as a time series prediction problem we can produce considerable computational savings relative to standard least squares approaches. Our reinterpretation gives us insight into the nature of the matrices which need to be inverted to compute the disaggregates.
TEST OF K/sub l3/ SOFT-PION THEOREM AND CHIRAL SW(3) MODEL.

An exact inequality involving the ${K}_{l3}$ scalar form factor $D(t)$ and its derivatives is derived by utilizing the soft-pion theorem. From our analysis, the chiral SW(3) model of Gell-Mann, Oakes, and Renner and of Glashow and Weinberg appears to be inconsistent with the present experimental data. The linear extrapolation method for $D(t)$ is also shown to lead to an inconsistent result.