cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of deoxycytidine kinase activity and inhibition by DFDC.

Abstract 1. (1) Deoxycytidine kinase activity increased in a transformation- and progression-linked fashion in rat hepatomas of different proliferation rates (1). The activity also increased and was growth rate-linked in a series of tissue culture cell lines of human and animal tumors. 2. (2) Deoxycytidine kinase activity was stringently linked with expression of the neoplastic proliferative program as it sharply increased in log phase in tissue culture cells of hepatoma 3924A and several human carcinoma strains. 3. (3) Deoxycytidine kinase is subject to nutritional and hormonal regulation. On starvation the activity in liver decreased and on refeeding it returned to normal. Steroid hormone increased liver enzymic activity. Deoxycytidine kinase is substrate-inducible, since deoxycytidine injections in rat led to a 2- to 3-fold increase in hepatic enzyme activity. 4. (4) Actinomycin or cycloheximide treatment blocked the increase in liver deoxycytidine kinase activity induced by steroid or deoxycytidine treatment. Therefore, it is assumed that the rise in deoxycytidine kinase activity requires new RNA and protein synthesis. 5. (5) Cycloheximide treatment of rats carrying hepatomas yielded a t 1 2 = 3.4 hr in the tumor for deoxycytidine kinase activity which was the shortest among the examined enzymes of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. 6. (6) Actinomycin treatment of rats carrying hepatomas yielded a t 1 2 of 5.8 hr for deoxycytidine kinase activity in the tumor which was one of the shortest in the examined enzymes of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. 7. (7) Difluorodeoxycytidine (DFDC) is a competitive inhibitor ( K i = 7 − 28 μ m ) of deoxycytidine kinase from rat hepatoma and from human pancreatic carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma cells in culture.
Perceived social position and health: Is there a reciprocal relationship?

Abstract Recent work exploring the relationship between socioeconomic status and health has employed a psychosocial concept called perceived social position as a predictor of health. Perceived social position is likely the “cognitive averaging” (Singh-Manoux, Marmot, & Adler, 2005) of socioeconomic characteristics over time and, like other socioeconomic factors, is subject to interplay with health over the life course. Based on the hypothesis that health can also affect perceived social position, in this paper we used structural equation modeling to examine whether perceived social position and three different health outcomes were reciprocally related in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal cohort study of older adults in the United States. The relationship between perceived social position and health differed across health outcomes—self-reported health, the Health Utilities Index, and depressive symptoms—as well as across operationalizations of perceived social position—compared to the population of the United States, compared to one's community, and a latent variable of which the two items are indicators. We found that perceived social position affected self-reported health when operationalized as latent and US perceived social position, yet there was a reciprocal relationship between self-reported health and community perceived social position. There was a reciprocal relationship between perceived social position and the Health Utilities Index, and depressive symptoms affected perceived social position for all operationalizations of perceived social position. The findings suggest that the causal relationship hypothesized in prior studies—that perceived social position affects health—does not necessarily hold in empirical models of reciprocal relationships. Future research should interrogate the relationship between perceived social position and health rather than assume the direction of causality in their relationship.
Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Francisella novicida (U112)

Abstract Francisella novicida (U112), a close relative of the highly virulent bacterium F. tularensis, was shown to produce a lipopolysaccharide in which the antigenic O-polysaccharide component was found by chemical, 1H and 13C NMR and MS analyses to be an unbranched neutral linear polymer of a repeating tetrasaccharide unit composed of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -galacturonamide ( d -GalNAcAN) and 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy- d -glucose ( d -Qui2NAc4NAc, di-N-acetylbacillosamine) residues (3:1) and had the structure: →4) -α- d -GalNAcAN- (1→4) -α- d -GalNAcAN- (1→4) -α- d -GalNAcAN- (1→3) -α- d -QuiNAc4NAc- (1→ With polyclonal murine antibody, the F. novicida O-antigen did not show serological cross-reactivity with the O-antigen of F. tularensis despite the occurrence of a common → 4)- d -GalpNAcAN-(1 → 4)-α- d -GalpNAcAN-(1 → disaccharide unit in their respective O-antigens. Thus, O-PS serology offers a practical way to distinguish between the two Francisella species.
Magneto-optical rotation spectroscopy: Oxidation and reduction studies of cytochrome c

Abstract The magneto-optical rotation spectra of cytochrome c were studied as a function of pH, temperature, and the oxidation state of the molecule. The large magnetic rotation observed at 549 mμ for reduced cytochrome c was used for a study of the kinetics of oxidation and reduction. A two-step mechanism is postulated for the electron transport properties of cytochrome c .
“Unenlightened by a single ray from Antiquity”: John Quincy Adams and the design of the pediment for the United States Capitol

The role of President John Quincy Adams (1825–29) as a patron of the arts and as the person responsible for the sculptural program of the United States Capitol has largely gone unnoticed. Adams had studied more works of art than any other president before him, and his knowledge of the arts was at least equal to that of Jefferson. In 1825, when a competition for the design of the main pediment of the Capitol yielded no acceptable proposal, Adams—at first involuntarily—got involved in the design process and eventually determined the features of a pediment celebrating the American Constitution. No ancient or modern models existed on which Adams and his advisors could have drawn. While classical forms prevail, their iconography is uniquely American, emphasizing a relationship between the individual figures that is allegorical and literal—and consequently difficult to read and easily misunderstood. Adams was aware of that fact and suggested an explanatory inscription that was never carried out. Crawford's pediment for the Senate wing of the Capitol overcame the problems facing Adams by discarding allegories and concentrating on “telling a story”.
Comparison of irrigation strategies for surface-irrigated corn in West Central Nebraska

Many farmers in West Central Nebraska have limited irrigation water supplies, and need to produce crops with less water. This study evaluated the impact of four water management strategies on grain yield of surface-irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) at North Platte, Nebraska. Treatments included: (1) no irrigation (DRYLAND), (2) one irrigation prior to tassel formation (EARLY), (3) one irrigation during the silk stage (LATE), and (4) irrigation following farmer’s practices (FARMER). The study included three wet years (1992, 1993, and 1996) and 2 years with average annual rainfall for the area (1994 and 1995). Significant yield differences among treatments, and a yield response to irrigation, were only observed during the 2 years with average rainfall. During all years, the FARMER treatment was over-irrigated and resulted in considerable water losses by runoff and deep percolation. Grain yield response to irrigation during the three wet years was insignificant among the treatments, but significant during the dry years. The results of this study suggest that inducing stress is not a good strategy for increasing crop water productivity (yield per unit ETd) for corn and point out the need to minimize irrigation water losses and improve irrigation scheduling.
A four-bit full adder implemented on fast SiGe FPGAs with novel power control scheme

The low operating speed of current CMOS Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), i.e., 10-220 MHz, has prevented their use in high-speed digital applications. With the advent of IBM Silicon Germanium (SiGe) 7HP technology, designers have been able to design FPGAs operating in the gigahertz range. This paper is going to elaborate on the implementation of a 4-bit ripple-carry full adder (FA) on the new SiGe FPGA with new architectures and a novel power management strategy. The 1-bit FA can be realized in three Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs). Apart from these, the FA can operate in multiple modes: FAST, NON-CRITICAL, SLOW and OFF. The propagation delays of the 1-bit FA and 4-bit ripple-carry FA are 240 ps and 675 ps respectively in the FAST mode. All the simulation and layouts were done using Cadence 4.4.6 and IBM SiGe 7HP design kit version 1.1.1.0.
Mapping plans for climate change science strategy

The Bush administration's release of information about its climate change science strategy which has frustrated some scientists and members of Congress, may be loosening up. In June, the administration provided Congress with a long-anticipated report on its Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI), which identifies potential research initiatives and draws heavily on a June 2001 National Research Council document.
Modification, permethylation and mass spectrometry of arginine-containing oligopeptides at the 100 nanomolar level

Abstract The amino acid sequence of arginine-containing oligopeptides, including bradykinin, has been determined by mass spectrometry. The guanidino groups of the arginine-residues in 100 nmoles of peptide were reacted with acetyl-acetone under mild conditions to produce N δ -2-(4,6-dimethyl)pyrimidylornithine residues. N -Acetylation and N, 0 -permethylation then produced peptide derivatives that were suitable for vaporization. This procedure makes arginine-containing oligopeptides accessible for mass spectrometric sequence analysis.
Scattering Resonances for a Two-Dimensional Potential Well with a Thick Barrier

This paper is concerned with the scattering resonances of the Schrodinger operator $-\Delta + V_L$ in $\mathbb{R}^2$. The real valued potential $V_L$ is a low energy well surrounded by a barrier with finite thickness proportional to $L$. We are interested in the resonances that are close to the nondegenerate bound state frequencies associated with the potential that has infinitely thick barrier. In particular, it is shown that the difference between a resonance and the associated bound state frequency decays exponentially as a function of the barrier thickness with a rate of $L^2e^{-cL}$. The analysis leads to a perturbative approach for accurately approximating the near bound-state resonances.
Effect of Aging and Dietary Restriction on Matrix Gla Protein and Other Components of Rat Tracheal Cartilage

Age-related changes in connective tissues can alter their functions of elasticity, compressibility and support. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent connective tissue component of unknown function. We have purified bovine MGP, and developed a specific radioimmunoassay for it. Since it is found in highest concentration in cartilage, we have developed quantitative extraction methods for MGP, and examined the age-related changes of MGP relative to other components found in the cartilage matrix. The ratio of hydroxyproline to MGP increases with age, while the ratio of glycosaminoglycan to MGP is constant. No effect is seen for MGP in the dietary restricted rat with prolonged lifespan, while both hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan contents of tracheal cartilage are significantly increased by dietary restriction (p < or = .05). These data show that MGP and glycosaminoglycan concentration are relatively constant in rats from 6 to 30 months of age, while hydroxyproline concentration increases with age.
Why do nascent entrepreneurs use external assistance programs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study support factors influencing the entrepreneur's use of external assistance programs and explain why some entrepreneurs obtain support from these programs while others do not. The proposed framework suggests that outside assistance programs are a support option of last resort that entrepreneurs utilize only when the start‐up team and personal network are incapable of providing support.Design/methodology/approach – Data from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I are used to perform logistic regression of use of assistance programs on the entrepreneur's human capital and characteristics of the start‐up team and personal network.Findings – A total of 26 percent of entrepreneurs in the sample made contact with assistance programs. Regression results suggest that entrepreneurs who are more educated and experienced, rely extensively on the start‐up team, have a less experienced start‐up team, and have larger personal networks are more likely to use assistanc...
3D OCT eye movement correction based on particle filtering

Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new ophthalmic imaging technique offering more detailed quantitative analysis of the retinal structure. Eye movement during 3D OCT scanning, however, creates significant spatial distortions that may adversely affect image interpretation and analysis. Current software solutions must use additional reference images or B-scans to correct eye movement in a certain direction. The proposed particle filtering algorithm is an independent 3D alignment approach, which does not rely on any reference image. 3D OCT data is considered as a dynamic system, while location of A-scan is represented by the state space. A particle set is generated to approximate the probability density of the state. The state of the system is updated frame by frame to detect A-scan movement. Seventy-four 3D OCT images with eye movement were tested and subjectively evaluated by comparing them with the original images. All the images were improved after z-alignment, while 81.1% images were improved after x-alignment. The proposed algorithm is an efficient way to align 3D OCT volume data and correct the eye movement without using references.
Elastic-Wave Formulation for Electroelastic Waves in Unbounded Piezoelectric Crystals

The equations describing the elastic behavior of plane-wave disturbances in an infinite piezoelectric crystal are reduced in form to those of a purely elastic medium in the quasistatic approximation. The internal energy of the piezoelectric solid is expressed as one elastic-type term, and an alternative expression for the elastic energy flux yields the combined elastic and electric energy flux on replacing the elastic constant ${c}^{E}$ with the stiffened "constants" ${c}^{\mathrm{kD}}$ without introducing $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\nabla}}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}=\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{D}}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{P}}=\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$. Similarly, the electric displacement is expressed in terms of the strain variables alone by means of modified piezoelectric "constants" ${e}^{\mathrm{kD}}$. Properties of this "stiffened-elastic" formalism and of the usual mechanical-electrical formulation are the same, and the two formulations are discussed in relation to each other. The elastic-propagation properties of piezoelectrics are describable by a ray or wave surface, which exists in terms of the ${c}^{\mathrm{kD}}$, and the techniques of variational elasticity carry over to piezoelectrics. The positive definiteness of the ${c}^{\mathrm{kD}}$ is asserted for an arbitrary direction to realize physical stability and, whereas no new limiting restrictions among material constants obtain, their use in Rayleigh-Ritz procedures assures its monotonic convergence. The symmetry and transformation properties of the ${c}^{\mathrm{kD}}$ show that, whereas their symmetry is lower than that of the ${c}^{E}$, their centrosymmetric nature requires only the centrosymmetric crystal groups to describe the elastic properties of piezoelectric crystals. Various stiffened-elastic properties are numerically evaluated for an arbitrary nonpure mode and symmetry-related directions for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-quartz (class 32), LiNb${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ($3m$), CdS ($6mm$), ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$Na${\mathrm{Nb}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{15}$ ($2mm$), ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{12}$Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ (23), and GaAs ($43m$). The work offers a simplified approach to characterizing bulk and surface elastic-wave properties of electroelastic waves in piezoelectric crystals and of modally analyzing particular classes of piezoelectric structures.
Identifying Dicymbe corymbosa Monodominant Forests in Guyana Using Satellite Imagery

The ectomycorrhizal (EM) canopy tree Dicymbe corymbosa (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae) forms monodominant forests in the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana. Like other tropical monodominants, D. corymbosa has several life-history traits that promote conspecific clumping, in contrast to density-dependent recruitment limitations characterizing most tropical trees. Dicymbe corymbosa forests, occurring in Guyana as patches within a largely non-EM mixed-species forest matrix, are important habitats for a diverse assemblage of EM fungi. Ground-based studies have not adequately determined the regional extent of D. corymbosa forests, nor are they practical due to the rugged, remote nature of the Pakaraima Mountains. We assessed the suitability of Landsat satellite imagery for mapping regional distribution of D. corymbosa forests in Guyana’s Upper Potaro River Basin. Supervised image classification was performed on images from August 1989 (Landsat5 TM) and October 1999 (Landsat-7 ETM+). In situ forest reference data were used to quantitatively assess accuracy of output classification maps. Classification performed well in distinguishing monodominant from mixed-species forests. For both images, D. corymbosa forest class accuracy was good (1989 user’s accuracy = 89.8%, Khat = 0.74; 1999 user’s accuracy = 80.7%, Khat = 0.59). The resulting output classification maps will be useful for planning fungal surveys and ecological studies in forests of the Pakaraima region. Classification of Landsat images may be effective for identifying monodominant forests in other remote regions of the tropics.
Clar Reaction of 7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one: Isolation and Identification of Tetrabenzo[a,cd,lm,o]perylene

The Clar reaction of 7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one (20) was reinvestigated as a source for C34H18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The utilization of a ternary sodium chloride/potassium chloride/zinc chloride melt with zinc dust as reducing agent yielded tetrabenzo[a,cd,j,lm]perylene (11) (10.7% yield), dibenzo[a,cd]naphtho[1,8-jk]perylene (16) (10.2% yield), and dibenzo[a,cd]naphtho[3,2,1-lm]perylene (14) (7.4% yield) as main products. Tetrabenzo[a,cd,lm,o]perylene (26) as a minor product of the Clar reaction was purified via semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography, and its unequivocal identification was demonstrated through NMR data and a microscale-cyclization reaction.
An analysis of dialysis training in the United States and Canada

Abstract Background: Because the prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has progressively increased in both the United States and Canada, patients with ESRD are likely to constitute progressively larger proportions of nephrology practices. Methods: We mailed a questionnaire to US and Canadian nephrology program directors to determine methods used in dialysis training; 53% of US and 73% of Canadian programs responded. Results: Training programs in the United States enrolled a larger median number of fellows and had a lower median faculty-fellow ratio compared with programs in Canada. However, the availability of faculty in providing training in the care of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) or chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) was similar in both countries. There were wide variations in availability of patients in both the United States and Canada. US training programs offered trainees significantly lower numbers of MHD and CPD patients; 29% of US training programs had less than five CPD patients per fellow. Similarly, there were wide variations in the amount of time trainees spent providing care to MHD and CPD patients; in 14% of US training programs, fellows spent less than 5% of their time receiving training for patients undergoing CPD. Only a small proportion of training programs had faculty resources or ensured training for fellows in the placement of percutaneous tunneled venous hemodialysis catheters or peritoneal dialysis catheters. Conclusions: To conclude, there are wide variations in dialysis training in both the United States and Canada. This survey raises concerns that many US training programs either do not have an appropriate number of CPD patients or do not allocate appropriate time to ensure the preparedness of fellows in providing independent care for patients with ESRD undergoing CPD. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
850-NM vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers on Si substrates

By employing a reactive low temperature wafer bonding technique, we have demonstrated oxide-defined 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL's) on Si substrates. Devices reach a differential quantum efficiency of 53% and a light output power of 7.1 mW under room temperature and continuous-wave operation without a heat sink.
Significance of microtubule catastrophes at focal adhesion sites

Directional cell migration requires cell polarization and asymmetric distribution of cell signaling. Focal adhesions and microtubules are two systems which are essential for these. It was shown that these two systems closely interact with each other. It is known that microtubule targeting stimulates focal adhesion dissociation. Our recent study shows that focal adhesions, in turn, specifically induce microtubule catastrophe via a biochemical mechanism. We were able to track down one of the focal adhesion proteins paxillin which is involved in this process. Paxillin phosphorylation was previously shown to be the key component in the regulation of focal adhesion assembly or disassembly. Since microtubule catastrophe dynamic differs at the leading edge and cell rear, similar to paxillin phosphorylation levels, we suggest a model connecting asymmetric distribution of focal adhesions and asymmetric distribution of microtubule catastrophes at adhesion sites as a feedback loop.
Persistent Echovirus Infection of Mouse Cells Expressing the Viral Receptor VLA-2

Abstract Mouse cells are not susceptible to infection with echovirus 1 (EV-1) because they lack the viral receptor, human VLA-2. Two mouse fibroblast cell lines, L cells and 3T3 cells, were made susceptible to EV-1 infection after transformation with cDNAs of human VLA-2. After EV-1 infection, L cell transformants of human VLA-2 (α2β1 L cells) develop cytopathic effect (CPE) as expected, while 3T3 cell transformants of human VLA-2 (α2β1 3T3 cells) or the α2 subunit of human VLA-2 (α2 3T3 cells) become persistently infected. The distinct outcome is not a result of differential virus growth on these transformants because one-step growth curve analysis reveals little difference in EV-1 replication in both cell lines. In addition, 3T3 cell transformants expressing the poliovirus receptor (Pvr 3T3 cells) are lysed during poliovirus infection, suggesting that 3T3 cells are not intrinsically resistant to CPE caused by enterovirus infection. The results of limit dilution assays indicate that all EV-1-infected α2 3T3 cells produce infectious virus. All EV-1-infected α2 3T3 cells remain viable after EV-1 infection, and the kinetics of cell growth were not altered. FACS analysis reveals that receptor down-regulation is not involved in the establishment of persistent infection. Furthermore, inhibition of host protein synthesis was not observed in EV-1-infected α2 3T3 or α2β1 L cells. Since α2β1 L cells are lysed by EV-1 infection, these findings suggest that virus-induced translation inhibition is not a determinant of cell killing.
Nanocatalysis on Supported Oxides for CO Oxidation

Active gold and palladium nanoparticles supported on a variety of oxides (CeO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, SiO2, MgO and ZnO) were synthesized using laser vaporization and microwave irradiation methods. The catalytic activities for CO oxidation on the nanoparticle catalysts were evaluated and compared among different oxide supports. The effect of shape on the catalytic activity is demonstrated by comparing the activities of the Au and Pd catalysts deposited on MgO nanocubes and ZnO nanobelts. The Au/CeO2 nanoparticles deposited on MgO nanocubes exhibit high catalytic activity and stability. The enhanced catalytic activity is attributed to the presence of a significant concentration of the corner and edge sites in MgO nanocubes. The Au- and Pd-doped Mn2O3 nanoparticles show promising results for the low temperature CO oxidation. Several approaches for incorporating the Au and Pd nanocatalysts within mesoporous oxide supports are presented and discussed.
Rural community satisfaction and attachment in mass consumer society

Abstract Previous models of community satisfaction and attachment have not included personal economic attitudes and behaviors as independent variables. Their inclusion is theoretically justified when residents of communities are viewed as consumers in a larger social/economic context first and residents of a particular community second. As locally-oriented economic processes—once part of the community experience—were removed to nonlocal markets, local economic and demographic attributes became less important to rural residents' experience of community. In two rural communities with extreme scores on a service center viability index, satisfaction with employment and location of employment are important predictors.
Mid-Section Cadences in Haydn's Sonata-Form Movements

Although a half cadence marks the end of the transition section in most sonata-form expositions and recapitulations, in many of Haydn’s sonata-form movements — especially those from around the 1760s — the end of the transition is instead articulated by a firm perfect authentic cadence. This establishes a point of harmonic resolution, rather than momentum, at this crucial formal juncture. As such, it yields an overall formal shape that departs from “textbook” sonata-form descriptions, which are based largely on later stylistic norms. The practice of having a strong tonic arrive in the middle of the exposition or recapitulation is a strategy that Haydn shared with other composers who flourished in the mid-eighteenth century, and it well accords with the descriptions of formal procedures found in Heinrich Christoph Koch’s Versuch einer Anleitung zur Composition .
Topographical control of ocular cell types for tissue engineering.

Visual impairment affects over 285 million people worldwide and has a major impact on an individual's quality of life. Tissue engineering has the potential to increase the quality of life for many of these patients by preventing vision loss or restoring vision using cell-based therapies. However, these strategies will require an understanding of the microenvironmental factors that influence cell behavior. The eye is a well-organized organ whose structural complexity is essential for proper function. Interactions between ocular cells and their highly ordered extracellular matrix are necessary for maintaining key tissue properties including corneal transparency and retinal lamination. Therefore, it is not surprising that culturing these cells in vitro on traditional flat substrates result in irregular morphology. Instead, topographically patterned biomaterials better mimic native extracellular matrix and have been shown to elicit in vivo-like morphology and gene expression which is essential for tissue engineering. Herein we review multiple methods for producing well-controlled topography and discuss optimal biomaterial scaffold design for cells of the cornea, retina, and lens. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1571–1584, 2013.
Sweetened food purchases and indulgent feeding are associated with increased toddler anthropometry

Objective: To explore the role of feeding practices and food purchases in toddler dietary intake and anthropometry. Methods: A convenience sample of Latino mother and toddler pairs were interviewed at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. Data on feeding practices, toddler dietary intake, anthropometry, and food purchases were collected using the Toddler-Feeding Questionnaire;24-hour recalls; measurements of weight, height, and/or length; and food purchase receipts. Results: Indulgent feeding scores and high intake of sweetened beverage were associated with a 0.52 increase (P ¼ .03) and 0.46 increase in toddler weight-for-height z-score (P ¼ .05), respectively. Households with 10 percentage points of more sweetened food and beverage expenditures were associated with increases in weight indicator z-scores. Conclusions and Implications: Indulgent feeding, high intake, and purchase of sweetened beverage are associated with weight gain in Latino toddlers. Programs should target food purchasing decisions and provide concrete guidance for the division of responsibility around feeding.
Rapid quantitation of cardiovascular flow using slice-selective fourier velocity encoding with spiral readouts.

Accurate flow visualization and quantitation is important for the assessment of many cardiovascular conditions such as valvular stenosis and regurgitation. Phase contrast based methods experience partial volume artifacts when flow is highly localized, complex and/or turbulent. Fourier velocity encoding (FVE) avoids such problems by resolving the full velocity distribution within each voxel. This work proposes the use of slice selective FVE with spiral readouts to acquire fully localized velocity distributions in a short breath-hold. Scan-plane prescription is performed using classic protocols, and an automatic algorithm is used for in-plane localization of the flow. Time and spatially-resolved aortic valve velocity distributions with 26-msec temporal resolution and 25 cm/sec velocity resolution over a 600 cm/sec field-of-view were acquired in a 12-heartbeat breath-hold. In carotid studies, scan time was extended to achieve higher spatial resolution. The method was demonstrated in healthy volunteers and patients, and the results compared qualitatively well with Doppler ultrasound. Acquisition time could be reduced to 7 heartbeats (a 42% reduction) using partial Fourier reconstruction along the velocity dimension. Magn Reson Med 57:639–646, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Superficial greater petrosal neuropathy

Following resection of a left anterior temporal low-grade glioneuronal tumor, a 30-year-old woman noticed that when she cried the left eye did not produce tears. At baseline, her eyes did not feel dry. The Schirmer test was performed without topical anesthesia and demonstrated markedly impaired tear production on the left (figure 1).
Single frequency characterization of a commercial resin

Electrical impedance measurement methods are extensively utilized to characterize dielectric materials. There are not many inexpensive commercially available measurement systems for low frequencies. In this paper an impedance measurement method using an electrometer is presented. The method can be employed for frequencies lower than 100 mHz. To illustrate the usefulness of the presented method, an epoxy resin is characterized and the influence of thermal aging is investigated.
Evidence grid-based methods for 3D map matching

Registering multiple sets of 3D range data is a crucial capability for robots. The standard method for matching two sets of range data is to convert the ranges to a point cloud representation, and then use on of the many variants of Iterative Closest Point (ICP). We present a set of alternative methods for matching 3D range scans based on a different data representation: evidence grid maps. Evidence grids are robust to noise and variations in point density, can incorporate an indefinite number of ranges, and explicitly encode empty as well as occupied space. While 3D evidence grids can be huge when naively implemented, we use an optimized octree data structure to efficiently store sparse volumetric maps. To register a series of range scans, we build an evidence grid map for each scan, and then register them together using a several different methods. The first two methods are based on a 3D extension of the classic 2D Lucas-Kanade template matching method, and differ only in whether we match a single large region, or multiple small regions that are selected heuristically. Our third method involves extracting surfaces from the evidence grids, and then running ICP to register the surfaces. We demonstrate our methods and compare them to ICP using two datasets collected by two different subterranean robots.
Amplitude Characteristics of Coupled Circuits Having Distributed Constants

A general solution for the amplitude characteristics (resonance curves) for bridge-coupled circuits having distributed line constants is obtained and applied to typical circuit arrangements including those encountered in wavelength measurement using parallel wires. The physical conditions under which the theory may be applied are analyzed; theoretical curves are computed for a typical selection of constants, and are shown to be in excellent agreement with corresponding experimental ones. A new precision method for measuring ultra-short waves is described; the maximum deflection and the minimum deflection methods are shown to be exact. A method is devised for experimentally determining the characteristics of short-wave detectors, and for measuring their input impedance at ultra-high frequencies. The screen-grid resonance indicator is shown to have a linear resonance current-deflection characteristic, and its input impedance is measured at 434 centimeters wavelength.
Impediments to global surveillance of infectious diseases: consequences of open reporting in a global economy

Globalization has led to an increase in the spread of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. International efforts are being launched to control their dissemination through global surveillance, a major hindrance to which is the failure of some countries to report outbreaks. Current guidelines and regulations on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases do not sufficiently take into account the fact that when developing countries report outbreaks they often derive few benefits and suffer disproportionately heavy social and economic consequences. In order to facilitate full participation in global surveillance by developing countries there should be: better and more affordable diagnostic capabilities to allow for timely and accurate information to be delivered in an open and transparent fashion; accurate, less sensationalist news reporting of outbreaks of diseases; adherence by countries to international regulations, including those of the World Trade Organization and the International Health Regulations; financial support for countries that are economically damaged by the diseases in question. The article presents two cases — plague in India and cholera in Peru — that illuminate some of the limitations of current practices. Recommendations are made on measures that could be taken by WHO and the world community to make global surveillance acceptable.
Some Journal Metrics for Forensic Science International: Genetics

Abstract Forensic Science International: Genetics , which is the official journal of the International Society for Forensic Genetics, has grown in readership and impact factor since its introduction in 2007. This article reviews some metrics of the 32 issues available as of September 2013.
Surface biochemical changes accompanying primary infection with Rous sarcoma virus. I. Electrokinetic properties of cells and cell surface glycoprotein:glycosyl transferase activities.

Abstract Both chick embryo fibroblasts and chick embryo fibroblasts transformed by SR-strain of Rous sarcoma virus (SR-RSV) were found to contain glycosyl ectoenzyme systems. Trypsin treatment of the cells and other control experiments suggested that both the glycoprotein: glycosyl transferase and acceptors were located on the external plasma membrane of both cell lines. Activity was especially intense with the UDP-galactose and GDP-mannose ectoenzyme systems. Elevations of approx. 12-fold in the activity levels of the UDP-galactose and GDP-mannose glycosyl ectoenzyme systems were found in the SR-RSV-CEF cells compared with the CEF cells. CEF cells infected with RAV virus or a temperature-sensitive RSV mutant (TS-68) at the non-permissive temperature had levels of glycosyl ectoenzymes similar to those of the normal CEF cells, suggesting that the elevations in the SR-RSV-infected cells were the result of transformation and not merely viral infection. These glycosyl transferases and acceptors with activities expressible at the cell surface may be important in cell:cell adhesion and related phenomena or for the glycosylation of extracellular glycoproteins. SR-RSV-CEF cells in 0.0145 M NaCl, 0.6 mM NaHCO3, 4.5% sorbitol, pH 7.2, at 25 °C had an electrophoretic mobility of − 2.45 ± 0.02 μm/s/V/ cm while control CEF cells had a mobility of −2.04 ± 0.01 μm/s/V/cm. RAV-CEF grown at 37 °C and TS-68-CEF cells grown at 41 °C had mobilities of −2.03 and −2.02 μm/s/V/cm respectively, indicating the elevated electrophoretic mobility in the SR-RSV-CEF cells was probably the result of transformation and not viral infection. The elevation in electrophoretic mobility in the SR-RSV-CEF cells was found to be due primarily to elevated levels of surface N-acetylneuraminic acid and hyaluronic acid.
Progress and Controversy in the Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been notable for controversy as well as progress. This article concerns the evidence bearing on the most contentious issues in the field of traumatic stress: broadening of the definition of trauma, problems with the dose-response model of PTSD, distortion in the recollection of trauma, concerns about “phony combat vets,” psychologically toxic guilt as a traumatic stressor, risk factors for PTSD, possible brain-damaging effects of stress hormones, recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse, and the politics of trauma.
Mapping integrative trade: conceptualising and measuring global value chains

The concept of Global Value Chains (GVCs) provides a pragmatic and parsimonious framework as we seek answers to questions about the dynamic organisation of global industries. In this paper, I discuss the evolution of GVC, the framework, especially the motivations for supplementing the 'buyer-driven' and 'producer-driven' modes of Global Commodity Chain (GCC) governance developed by Gary Gereffi in the 1990s with an industry-neutral, non-empirical framework. I go on to briefly present the features of the GVC governance framework, and lay out its interdisciplinary theoretical underpinnings. I then provide more detail on the most novel form of GVC governance, value chain modularity. Finally, I point out the need to develop new metrics to map GVCs and propose a generic classification of business functions to accomplish this.
Health disparities and the criminal justice system: an agenda for further research and action.

Although racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be involved with the criminal justice system than whites in the USA, critical scientific gaps exist in our understanding of the relationship between the criminal justice system and the persistence of racial/ethnic health disparities. Individuals engaged with the criminal justice system are at risk for poor health outcomes. Furthermore, criminal justice involvement may have direct or indirect effects on health and health care. Racial/ethnic health disparities may be exacerbated or mitigated at several stages of the criminal justice system. Understanding and addressing the health of individuals involved in the criminal justice system is one component of a comprehensive strategy to reduce population health disparities and improve the health of our urban communities.
Structural requirements for high affinity ligand binding by estrogen receptors: a comparative analysis of truncated and full length estrogen receptors expressed in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells.

In order to better understand the structural requirements for effective high affinity binding of estrogens and antiestrogens by the human estrogen receptor (ER), a comparative study was undertaken in which we examined: 1) native ER from the MCF-7 ER-positive human breast cancer cell line; 2) full length ER expressed in yeast; 3) the ER hormone binding domain (amino acid residues 302-595) expressed in yeast; 4) a bacterially expressed protein A fusion product encoding a truncated ER (amino acid residues 240-595); and 5) a synthetic peptide encompassing amino acids 510-551 of the ER. The binding parameters studied included affinity, kinetics, structural specificity for ligands, and stability. Full length ER expressed in yeast was very similar to the MCF-7 ER in its affinity [dissociation constant (Kd), 0.35 +/- 0.05 nM], dissociation rate (t1/2, 3-4 h at 25 C), and structural specificity for both reversible and covalently attaching affinity ligands. While the truncated ER expressed in yeast was similar to M...
Superposition encoding and partial decoding is optimal for a class of Z-interference channels

We apply a technique introduced by Korner and Marton to the converse of a class of Z-interference channels. This class has the properties that, for the transmitter-receiver pair that suffers from interference, 1) the conditional output entropy is invariant with respect to the input and, 2) the maximum output entropy is achieved by a single input distribution irrespective of the interference distribution. We show that for this class of channels, superposition encoding and partial decoding is optimal. We thus provide a single-letter characterization for the capacity region, which was previously unknown.
Beyond the Anarchical Society

On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. By Andrew Hurrell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 354 pp., $45.00 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-19-923311-3). The idea of the English School (ES) is now firmly established in the academic community specializing in International Relations. This has resulted in a significant number of publications on a wide variety of themes associated with the School's key texts and research agenda (Dunne 1998; Buzan 2004; Vigezzi 2005; Linklater and Suganami 2006). Hedley Bull's The Anarchical Society constitutes one of the School's foundational texts and therefore it is not surprising that subsequent publications have focused on it. Andrew Hurrell's book, however, represents a significant attempt to move beyond it. Hurrell is mainly concerned with the ability of the anarchical society of states to provide a practically viable and normatively acceptable framework for global political order in an era of globalization. This concern has also been shared by other ES scholars (Buzan 2004; Little and Williams 2006; Stivachtis 2007). For Hurrell, international society faces three essential challenges: the need to capture shared and common interests, to manage unequal power, and to mediate cultural diversity and value conflict. The main problem is how to find a legitimate form of global order capable of meeting these three challenges. In addressing these issues, Hurrell begins by rejecting Bull's suggestion, namely that a thin pluralist international society of states is the best available means of upholding global order. This brings Hurrell into an intellectual confrontation with contemporary ES scholars who advocate a pluralist conception of international society (Jackson 2000). Although Hurrell is very sympathetic to ES scholars who have advanced a solidarist conception of international society (Wheeler 2000), he is very skeptical of the ability of the solidarist approach to address effectively the issues at hand. According to Hurrell, the main reason for this is that solidarist approaches still …
Dulaglutide The Newest GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), dulaglutide, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Data Sources: A PubMed search was completed to identify publications from 1947 to October 2014 using the search terms dulaglutide and LY2189265. References were reviewed to identify additional resources. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles were included if they evaluated the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, or efficacy of dulaglutide. Data Synthesis: Dulaglutide reduces both glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and weight by stimulating insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon in a glucose-dependent manner, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting satiety. Dulaglutide consists of 2 GLP-1 analogues that have been modified to make it a long-acting, once-weekly agent. Dulaglutide has been studied as monotherapy and in combination with metformin, glimepiride, pioglitazone, and insulin lispro. It ha...
Dependence based prefetching for linked data structures

We introduce a dynamic scheme that captures the accesspat-terns of linked data structures and can be used to predict future accesses with high accuracy. Our technique exploits the dependence relationships that exist between loads that produce addresses and loads that consume these addresses. By identzj+ing producer-consumer pairs, we construct a compact internal representation for the associated structure and its traversal. To achieve a prefetching eflect, a small prefetch engine speculatively traverses this representation ahead of the executing program. Dependence-based prefetching achieves speedups of up to 25% on a suite of pointer-intensive programs.
AFRICAN AMERICAN ADOLESCENT MOTHERS' VOCATIONAL ASPIRATION-EXPECTATION GAP: INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

This study investigated the vocational aspirations and expectations of 160 African American adolescent mothers living in urban poverty. Discriminant function analysis was used in an attempt to distinguish between participants with, and those without, a discrepancy between their vocational aspirations and expectations. The two groups were found to be distinct in several ways. Depressive and anxious symptoms along with childcare provided by relatives, were associated with a gap between aspirations and expectations. Higher grade point averages, living with biological parents, and having a career mentor were more often associated with a match between expectations and aspirations. A combination of factors, including psychological functioning, social support, achievement, and contextual factors specific to the tasks of teen parenting, should be considered in future attempts to understand and describe adolescent mothers’ vocational development. Pregnant and parenting teens might well be considered an archetypal “at risk” group in psychology. Negative outcomes associated with early parenthood include low educational attainment, unemployment, and welfare dependence (Hofferth, 1987; Hofferth & Moore, 1979; Hoffman, Foster, & Furstenburg, 1993; Klepinger, Lundberg, & Plotnick, 1995). As adolescents, these young women face the tasks of forging an identity and gaining independence, while simultaneously coping with the stress of the transition to parenthood. Even in the best of circumstances, these tasks would be difficult. Minority adolescents confront additional obstacles stemming from racial discrimination and those living in poverty face even greater adversity. However, some poor, minority adolescent mothers manage to overcome the risks and make their way out of poverty—somehow they