cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact of isotropic square plates with rigid spherical indentors

Abstract The contact problem of an isotropic square plate indented by a rigid spherical indentor was studied. Employing an exact solution method with a simple discretization technique, the numerical sensitivity due to the ill-posed nature of the problem was precluded by enhancing the numerical procedure with a least square technique. For small indentations, the results were compared with the published solutions for a circular plate and good agreement was obtained. Depending upon the size of contact, the contact area was found to be either a circle or a hypotrocoid of four lobes featuring a shorter length of contact along the through-the-corner directions of the plate. The range of applicability of Hertz's theory was found to be limited to very small indentations. The distributions of the contact stresses over the plane of the plate were presented to illustrate the difference of contact behavior between a square plate and a circular plate. The load-indentor displacement relation was presented which showed that a square plate was stiffer than a circular plate under indentation.
Intracavernosal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor protects endothelial dependent corpora cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit: a preliminary study.

Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for erectile dysfunction, and loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilation appears early in the development of this disorder. Nitric oxide (NO) appears to be the principle mediator of erectile function and is generated in part by the sinusoidal endothelium. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic growth factor and an endothelial cell-specific mitogen and the actions of VEGF are coupled to NO. In this preliminary study, we investigated whether VEGF could be used to protect endothelial dependent cavernosal relaxation from the atherosclerotic injury induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet.Two groups of New Zealand white adult male rabbits received a 1% cholesterol diet for four weeks, and two groups consumed normal rabbit chow. Half of the rabbits consuming the 1% cholesterol diet received weekly penile injections of 0.3 mg VEGF (n=8), and half injections of normal saline (n=8). Rabbits fed normal chow followed a similar protocol, half received weekly penile injections of 0.3 mg VEGF (n=6) and half were given weekly penile injections of normal saline (n=6). Isometric tension studies (with norepinephrine, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and histamine) were performed on isolated strips of corpora cavernosa. The degree of corporal smooth muscle relaxation in response to ACH and SNP administration was recorded and compared. Significant elevation in serum total cholesterol levels occurred in rabbits receiving 4 weeks of the 1% cholesterol diet (727+/-75.6 mg/dl vs 38.7+/-5.53 mg/dl) P<0.01. There were no significant differences in cavernosal contraction in any group, while cavernosal smooth muscle from rabbits on normal chow retained the ability to relax in response to ACH and SNP in tissue bath. The hypercholesterolemic rabbits receiving VEGF had a significantly higher maximal per-cent relaxation to ACH (111+/-28.9) compared to the hypercholesterolemic rabbits that received NS (77+/-23.1, P<0.001). This difference in percent maximal relaxation to SNP was also present for hypercholesterolemic/VEGF rabbits (129.4+/-24) versus the hypercholesterolemic/NS rabbits (115.0+/-18, P=0.033). In conclusion, intracavernosal injections of VEGF appear to protect corporal endothelium from hypercholesterolemia induced injury, thus preserving endothelial dependent corporal smooth muscle relaxation in hypercholesterolemic rabbit.
A class of convergent generalized hill climbing algorithms

Generalized hill climbing (GHC) algorithms have been presented as a modeling framework for local search strategies applied to address intractable discrete optimization (minimization) problems. GHC algorithms include simulated annealing (SA), pure local search (LS), and threshold accepting (TA), among others, as special cases. A particular class of GHC algorithms is designed for discrete optimization problems where the objective function value of a globally optimal solution is known (in this case, the task is to identify an associated optimal solution). This class of GHC algorithms is shown to converge, and six examples are provided that illustrate the diversity of GHC algorithms within this class of convergent algorithms. Implications of these results are discussed.
Diffusional interactions among crystallites

Abstract The interactions among a population of crystallites in a melt is studied, and the relation between the interactions and the system's volume fraction is established for small volume fractions. Through the solution of the diffusion analog of the Debye–Huckel equation, we obtain the growth rate of a crystal of specified radius. The growth rate reflects contributions from interactions among the crystal–melt interfaces, and is different from that predicted classically by Lifshitz and Slyozov. The crystallite size distribution, scaled by average crystal size, is obtained numerically through a solution to the continuity equation. We demonstrate that interactions among crystallites broaden the size distribution, and increase the coarsening rate. The new results reported for the coarsening rate and crystallite size distribution appear to be in good agreement with other theoretical and computer simulation results.
Dynamics of Entomophthora muscae (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) Conidial Discharge from Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) Cadavers

Discharge of Entomophthora muscae conidia from cadavers of Musca domestica L. was studied in the laboratory at 20, 50, and 80% RH. Primary conidial discharge began within 5 h postmortem (HPM), reached its highest intensity 10 to 12 HPM, and had essentially ceased by 24 HPM. Secondary conidial discharge began within 3 h after primary conidial discharge (HPD), reached its highest intensity ca. 6 HPD, and had essentially ceased by 12 HPD. Primary conidial discharge intensity was greatest at 50% RH, followed by 80 and 20% RH. Mean time and duration of primary conidial production were shorter at 20% RH than at 50 or 80% RH. Cadaver weight was correlated with primary conidial production. Females produced larger numbers of conidia, but production was the same for males and females when adjusted for weight differences. Of primary conidia discharged onto glass slides, ca. 31% later discharged secondary conidia that adhered to a slide placed 3 mm above. A few tertiary conidia were observed at 80% RH.
Eyelid tumors of sweat gland origin

Tumors of sweat gland origin are not uncommon in the periocular region. These tumors frequently pose diagnostic difficulty due to the wide range of histopathological patterns, and to the fact that they may be infiltrative or have metastatic potential despite their relatively benign appearance. This report discusses the classification and diagnosis of five sweat gland tumors with variable histological appearance, including syringoma, mixed tumors, adenoma of ductal origin, and mucinous adenocarcinoma of sweat gland origin.
Failure to find a humoral factor which influences the compensatory response after resection of the rat small bowel.

Small bowel resection was performed in one parabiont of a parabiotic rat pair to determine whether there was a ‘humoral’ or other circulating factor present which could influence the compensatory response seen in the remainder of the small bowel. Following intestinal resection in one parabiont, there was an increase in DNA synthesis in the intestine of that member provided at least 40% of the small intestine was removed. the compensatory response seen in a resected animal was not observed in its parabiotic partner, even though an attempt was made to make the potentially responding animal more sensitive to the influence of any circulating ‘factors’ by resecting its intestine as well. The results obtained are in disagreement with the one closely related report in the literature; it is suggested that there is no good evidence for the existence of a resection-induced circulating factor with the capability of crossing a vascular anastomosis and controlling proliferation of small intestinal epithelium.
Scanning electron microscopy of mammalian gametes

The scanning electron microscope was used to study ejaculated human and rabbit spermatozoa, epididymal hamster spermatozoa and detergent treated and capacitated rabbit spermatozoa. Rabbit ova were studied during the penetration by spermatozoa of the ovum layers. Spermatozoa were fixed with glutaraldehyde and ova with glutaraldehyde and osmic acid, followed by freeze-drying.
Functional interactions between the noncovalently associated N- and C-terminal halves of mammalian Type I hexokinase

The 100 kDa Type I isozyme of mammalian hexokinase has evolved by duplication and fusion of a gene encoding an ancestral 50 kDa hexokinase. Although the N- and C-terminal halves are similar in sequence, they differ in function, catalytic activity being associated only with the C-terminal half while the N-terminal half serves a regulatory role. The N- and C-terminal halves of rat Type I hexokinase have been coexpressed in M + R 42 cells. The halves associate noncovalently to produce a 100 kDa form that exhibits characteristics seen with the intact Type I isozyme but not with the isolated catalytic C-terminal half, i.e., characteristics that are influenced by interactions between the halves. These include a decreased K(m) for the substrate ATP and the ability of P(i) to antagonize inhibition by Glc-6-P or its analog, 1-5-anhydroglucitol-6-P. Thus, functional interactions between the N- and C-terminal halves do not require their covalent linkage.
Design and Control of a Compact and Flexible Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Actuation System: Part One—Design Process

This paper describes the design and control of a compact and flexible pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) actuation system for bio-robotic systems. The entire paper is divided into two parts, with the first part covering the mechanism design and the second part covering the corresponding controller design. This novel system presented in this part incorporates two new features, including a variable-radius pulley based PAM actuation mechanism, and a spring-return mechanism to replace the PAM in the “weak” direction. With the pulley radius as a function of the joint angle, this new feature enables the designer to freely modulate the shape of the torque curve, and thus achieves a significantly higher flexibility than the traditional configuration. The other new feature, the spring-return mechanism, is inspired by the fact that a large number of bio-robotic systems require a significantly larger torque in one direction than the other.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Theories of women's studies

Essays examine the objectives of women's studies, the methods of their teachi their connection with the feminist movement, and the methodologies of femini research.
Finite‐sample properties of tests for equal forecast accuracy

This study examines the small-sample properties of some commonly used tests of equal forecast accuracy. The paper considers the size and power of different tests and the performance of different heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) variance estimators. Monte Carlo experiments show that the tests all suffer some size distortions in small samples, with the distortions varying across tests. The experiments also show that, adjusted for size distortions, the tests have broadly similar power, although some small differences exist. Finally, the experiments indicate that the size and power performances of HAC estimators vary with the features of the data. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial organization of particle size composition in an eddy–jet system off California

Abstract We describe here the results of an interdisciplinary study conducted off the coast of northern and central California during September 1993 in which we deployed an Optical Plankton Counter. This instrument counted and measured particles in the size range between 0.27 and 9.8 mm equivalent spheric diameter (ESD) occurring between the surface and 240 m depth. The survey region was characterized by the presence of the California Current jet and a cyclonic and an anticyclonic eddy. We analyzed the spatial (horizontal and vertical) distribution of planktonic particles and their relation to this hydrodynamic structure. We used specific analytical methods that take into account spatial constraints, i.e. autocorrelation analysis, constrained agglomerative clustering and contiguity constraints permutation analysis of variance. Horizontal spatial organization of particles was revealed at three different spatial scales (5, 18 and 100 km), while vertical patterns were described at a much smaller scale (20 m). We could detect some degree of similarity between particle size category spatial organization and hydrodynamic structure both by size category association independent of current movements and by comparison of dynamically differentiated areas. Five groups of similar size composition were detected that had some relation to the dynamic structure. Four sub-regions were determined a priori by their different hydrodynamic heights. We could describe a variability of particle abundance among these regions, both for total particles and for some size categories. Particles were more abundant inside the cyclonic eddy and less abundant inside the anticyclonic eddy. We also found deep concentration maxima inside the anticyclonic eddy and shallower concentration maxima inside the cyclonic eddy, with particles >2 mm ESD at deeper levels, for both daytime and nighttime sampling. No systematic difference was detected between daytime and nighttime samples in 0–240 m integrated total particle abundance. However, at night particles appeared to be concentrated into three depth strata (10–50, 70–90 and 90–230 m) of different size-abundance composition, while during the day particles were distributed into one shallow (10–50 m) and one deeper stratum (70–240 m). Smaller particles always occupied the most shallow depths
Preparation of millicurie quantities of oxygen‐15 labeled water

Due to the annihilation radiation of the positron emitting oxygen-15, H215O has great potential for tracer studies. The method of preparation utilized the fast exchange reaction between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid. It was found that the rate of exchange depended on the temperature, the solution used and the dynamic state of the solution. Utilizing this exchange reaction, water with a specific activity of 80 mCi/cc was prepared.
10. The surface and interior of venus

The present knowledge of Venus is reviewed with discussions of the nature and history of both the surface, crust and interior. Instrumentation on board the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, including the radar mapper, radio tracking and the fluxgate magnetometer, is described. Topographic, geological, Bouguer gravity, magnetic, and crustal thickness maps will be constructed from Orbiter data. These maps should provide information on composition and thermal history, the major geological or geophysical provinces, the rate of past and present tectonic activity, and evidence of past or present MHD dynamos.
Induction of autoantibody production but not autoimmune disease in HEL transgenic mice vaccinated with HEL in combination with CpG or control oligodeoxynucleotides.

Abstract CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are synthetic DNA sequences that mimic bacterial DNA, and bind to the TLR9 receptor. The cells that express TLR9, B cells and dendritic cells, are stimulated by CpG ODN and induce innate and acquired immune responses. Because CpG ODN induce antigen-independent immune activation there has been much interest in the possibility that they may break self tolerance. To test this hypothesis we used a tolerance model with hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-transgenic (Tg) mice, anti-HEL Ig-Tg mice and double (Dbl)-Tg mice injected with CpG ODN alone or together with HEL self antigen. When cultured in vitro, tolerant B cells responded to CpG ODN in a similar way as the non-tolerant Ig-Tg B cells in terms of cell proliferation, NFκB activation and CD69 expression. Despite these potent in vitro stimulatory effects of CpG ODN alone, HEL-Tg mice injected with CpG ODN alone, or in combination with low dose antigen (4 μg HEL), surprisingly did not produce any detectable anti-HEL Ab. However, HEL-Tg or Dbl-Tg mice immunized with CpG ODN plus higher doses of self antigen showed strong antigen-specific humoral responses. Surprisingly, control non-CpG ODN also had partial activity for breaking tolerance and inducing autoantibody production when administered in combination with self antigen, though not when used alone. Despite the production of high titers of anti-HEL Ab in the immunized HEL-Tg mice, no evidence of autoimmune disease was detected. We conclude that immunization with CpG or control ODN in the presence of a high dose of exogenous self antigen, but not treatment with ODN alone, can break tolerance to self antigen without inducing autoimmune disease in this system.
Least squares optimal linearization

Optimal linearization approximates a nonlinear system function by a best linear model over a specified region of states and controls. It is designed to improve upon conventional linearization and is different from other methods of linearization. This paper presents the theoretical solutions to square norm optimal linearization, derives a numerical algorithm for its implementation, and discusses its use in feedback design. The least squares optimal linearization has a unique solution over a hypercubic region. The optimal linear matrices are proper multiple integrals of the nonlinear function. Conventional linearization is the limiting case of optimal linearization where the region of interest is very small. In particular, the numerical algorithm computes conventional linear matrices efficiently. In general, optimal linear models are closer to given nonlinear systems than conventional linear models. Three examples are given to demonstrate the concept of optimal linearization. Optimal linearization applies to any continuous nonlinear functions and gives rise to sound numerical methods. Overall, it presents a new framework for linearizing nonlinear systems.
Lowest inelastic He autodetachment state (2P/sup 0/) is a Feshbach resonance

The lowest inelastic (/sup 2/P/sup 0/) resonance in the scattering of electrons from helium is recalculated using the quasiprojection formalism. An eigenvalue has been found at 20.52 eV using a closed-shell target ground state quasiprojector, and is confirmed by using an open-shell target projector (yielding E = 20.56 eV). The width is also calculated and is very wide: GAMMA = 0.44 eV, thus unambiguously showing that the well-known experimental structure at approx.20.3 eV is a Feshbach and not a shape resonance. The associated nonresonant continuum phase shift reveals a pronounced enhancement beyond the 2/sup 1/S threshold. This finding supports the observational inference of a second /sup 2/P/sup 0/ (shape) resonance at 20.8 eV by Phillips and Wong.
ERIC Counseling and Personnel Services Information Center

This article describes the development and planned use of the Counseling and Personnel Services Information Center, which is part of the Educational Research Information Center (ERIC).
Hip implants: Paper V. Physiological effects

Abstract Osteolysis and aseptic loosening are the major causes of failure of total hip replacements. Particles released from the implant during articulation have been found to be a clinically relevant size (0.1–10 μm). Wear debris particles and toxic metal ions activate macrophages and stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2, which activate osteoclasts and lead to bone resorption. Data is compiled to reflect trends in the amounts of wear debris produced by different articulating surfaces. This article overviews the results of clinical studies, in vivo, and laboratory studies, in vitro, and provides a critical discussion of results.
In vivo marking of shallow-water and deep-sea amphipods by ingestion of bait mixed with fast green

Seven vital stains were mixed with fish muscle and fed to a sublittoral lysianassid (Orchomene sp. A collected in Scripps Canyon off La Jolla, California USA between August 1978 and August 1981) in the laboratory to test the utility of these dyes as feeding labels for scavenging amphipods. Fast-green FCF proved to be the most effective of the stains tested; >90% of starved amphipods fed fast-green-stained bait (Scomber japonicus muscle) for as little as 1 h exhibited a conspicuous green coloration along the digestive tract, which lasted an average of ≥35 d. The ability to label animals with such a single, short exposure interval makes this dye especially suitable for marking scavengers attracted to bait. Fast green efficiently stained this amphipod over a broad range of concentrations (1 to 8% by weight in water) and feeding regimes, and had no significant effects on survivorship or activity of laboratory-held organisms. Nile blue A also proved to be an acceptable feeding label for Orchomene sp. A for time scales of about 1 wk. Additional laboratory and field tests between August 1978 and August 1979 indicated that fast green is an effective feeding stain for 2 bathyal species (Orchomene sp. B and O. plebs from the Ross Sea, Antarctica) and 3 abyssal species (Eurythenes gryllus, O. gerulicorbis and Paralicella caperesca from the central North Pacific Ocean) of amphipods. Field labeling of amphipods at 5 800 m in the central North Pacific Ocean with fast green demonstrates that feeding stains may be used readily as in situ marking agents for population studies of scavengers in remote environments.
Heart failure: Heart failure clinical trials: how do we define success?

The selection of end points for clinical trials of heart failure is challenging, with important implications for patients, the medical community, and regulatory agencies. The standards used in clinical research on patients with heart failure influence the effectiveness and value of future clinical trials, and the extent to which they can be translated into clinical practice.
Parallel DSP system integration

Abstract Heterogeneous parallel computer architectures with flexible topology, such as transputer or TMS320C40 networks with special purpose coprocessors, are ideal hardware candidates for many signal processing and instrumentation applications. The management of the hardware complexity of large systems, however, presents serious problems. This paper describes a model-based approach to deal with them. The novel features of this method include hierarchical modelling, dual (graphical and declarative) model representation and automatic model analysis. The merits of the approach include the formal representation of the system design, intelligent hardware diagnostic support and fast message routing map and network loader information generation.
The King's Ranger: Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier

The King's Ranger explores not only military history but also such aspects of the American past as colonial migration, upheaval in the backcountry...and the formation of new settlements in the Caribbean.
A portable measurement system for prosthetic triaxial force transducers

A portable system was developed to process and store normal and shear stress data measured at thirteen sites at the stump-socket interface of lower-limb amputees. Forces and moments measured in the prosthetic shank were also processed and stored. Custom-designed sensors and small-size signal conditioning units described in detail elsewhere (Sanders and Daly, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995) were mounted on the prosthesis to take the measurements. The data collection unit, described in detail in this communication, was a Motorola HC16 microcontroller with appropriate peripherals and custom-written software. A 4 Mbyte PCMCIA card was used for data storage. The system collected data for approximately 5 minutes of continuous monitoring or for segmented trials of durations specified by the user. Evaluation tests showed good linearity with minimal hysteresis, though there was some 10-90 mV peak-to-peak noise on the stored data. The principal source of noise was interference between wires in the belt pack instrumentation. The noise can be reduced in the future by changing from a wire-wrapped board configuration to a printed circuit design. Use of the system on an amputee subject showed data of similar magnitude to that collected with a stationary system (cables to a computer data acquisition unit). The system win be used to collect data to improve understanding of how prosthesis design features effect interface stress distributions and also to evaluate stump-socket finite element models. Finite element models are computer-based tools that potentially will predict interface stresses for proposed socket designs and thus enhance the prosthetic design process.
Intramedullary Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures

Intramedullary fixation has recently received increased enthusiasm as an option for distal radius fracture fixation. Indications for this fracture fixation technique should be limited to predominately displaced extra-articular or simple intra-articular distal radius fractures. Intramedullary fixation permits limited soft tissue dissection and insertion of a low-profile implant that acts as an internal splint. Purported benefits include a familiar fracture fixation technique, less soft tissue irritation, and locked fixed-angle technology. Thorough understanding of the radial and dorsal approaches to the distal radius is a prerequisite. Important aspects of intramedullary fixation of distal radius fractures include proper fracture selection, good fracture reduction, protection of sensory nerves, and avoidance of inadvertent intra-articular screw placement. Relevant surgical anatomy, technique, postoperative care, and a review of complications are presented.
Dimensional reduction of integrals of orthogonal invariants

The integration of a function of scalar products ofp vectors in RD, where D > p, is reduced to that of a corresponding function of vectors in Rp.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: A possible link to contaminated hand lotion

This article describes a prolonged outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The attack rate of this outbreak was 8.5%, with no associated mortality. Hand lotion contaminated with P. aeruginosa was implicated in the transmission of organisms; removal of this hand lotion ended the outbreak. Contaminated hand lotion applied to clean hands of health care workers may have led to direct inoculation of infants at high risk for infection.
AC phase measuring interferometer for measuring dn/dT of fused silica and calcium fluoride at 193 nm

A novel method for the measurement of the change in index of refraction vs. temperature (dn/dT) of fused silica and calcium fluoride at the 193 nm wavelength has been developed in support of thermal modeling efforts for the development of 193 nm-based photolithographic exposure tools. The method, based upon grating lateral shear interferometry, uses a transmissive linear grating to divide a 193 nm laser beam into several beam paths by diffraction which propagate through separate identical material samples. One diffracted order passing through one sample overlaps the undiffracted beam from a second sample and forms interference fringes dependent upon the optical path difference between the two samples. Optical phase delay due to an index change from heating one of the samples causes the interference fringes to change sinusoidally with phase. The interferometer also makes use of AC phase measurement techniques through lateral translation of the grating. Results for several samples of fused silica and calcium fluoride are demonstrated.
Preliminary experiences with early primary closure of foot wounds after lower extremity revascularization

Background The costs associated with local wound care after revascularization can be significant, and it has been suggested that early closure or healing of foot wounds can be a source of cost savings. We sought to determine the safety and effectiveness of attempts to primarily close chronic foot wounds early after revascularization. Methods We performed a single-center 1-year review of patients who underwent primary wound closure during the same hospitalization as revascularization. Results Seven patients underwent an attempt at early primary wound closure. Most (71%) were diabetic. The wounds were primarily closed at a median of 6 days after revascularization (range 3–8 days). The limb-salvage rate at 6 months was 86%. Four patients remained completely healed with primary closure. One healed secondarily with wound care, and 2 required major amputation. Wound-closure techniques included the use of toe/forefoot amputations, skin grafting, and local flaps. Conclusions Early primary closure after revascularization may be a safe technique to consider for carefully selected foot wounds without ongoing soft tissue infection.
CdZnTe arrays for astrophysics applications

The scientific objectives, status, and future instrumental requirements of high energy X-ray astronomy (20 to 200 keV) are discussed. Two particularly compelling requirements are: (1) an improvement in sensitivity to a level of about 5 microCrab and (2) a survey of the sky at a sensitivity of about 0.1 milliCrab, which will discover and characterize about 10,000 new sources. The first requirement can be fulfilled by imaging telescopes that use large-area focusing X-ray mirrors, which are effective over 5-30 arcminute fields, and the second requirement can be met by arrays of large area coded mask imagers with wide fields, about 50 deg. Multilayer mirror and CdZnTe detector technology now in development offers the potential to meet these objectives. Position-sensitive CdZnTe detectors are well-suited to both of these imaging techniques, and instrument concepts that use these detectors are described. Detectors with pixel readout are better suited for focusing telescopes, and those with crossed-strip readout are better suited for coded mask imagers. Technical aspects of these detectors are discussed. Recent work at UCSD and WU on CdZnTe strip detectors is described in detail. Studies with small, 40 micron, X-ray beams have mapped a crossed-strip detector's spatial response with fine spatial resolution.
Fundamental connection between hydrogen/deuterium desorption at silicon surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum and at oxide/silicon interfaces in metal–oxide–semiconductor devices

The fundamental connection between electron stimulated desorption (ESD) of hydrogen (H)/deuterium (D) at silicon surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum and hot-carrier-stimulated desorption of H/D at the oxide/silicon interfaces in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) devices is presented. The dependences of device degradation on carrier energy and current density were studied on two generations of CMOS devices. The results suggest that the interface degradation in long channel devices is primarily due to the desorption of H/D by high energy electrons through the direct electronic desorption mechanism, while the multiple vibrational heating mechanism becomes important for ESD of H/D in deep submicron devices. By measuring interface trap generation at various stressing conditions in large time scales, we also provide experimental evidence to show that, unlike the uniform energy distribution of Si–H on silicon surfaces, the disordered interface environment introduces a variation of Si–H bond strength at the...
Latency, stochastic dominance, and laterality effects

Definitions of transitivity of choice are provided for latency of choice, and it is shown that in both preferential and judgmental choice behavior this definition accurately reflects probabilistic transitivity of choice. It is shown, moreover, that both temporal and probabilistic transitivity are subject to laterality effects as predicted by Coombs’ unfolding theory.
A Multi-Scale Modeling Based Theory for Mechanical Load Induced Cell Damage in a 3D Cell-Encapsulated Alginate Tissue Construct

Bio-fabrication methods utilize mechanical means to manufacture products with living cells incorporated. During the fabrication process, cells are involuntarily manipulated and/or exposed to mechanical disturbances that may not be present in the normal physiological environment. One of fundamental questions that need to be answered is whether cells remain viable and/or functional when subjected to mechanical disturbances. This paper presents the development of a theory that can address relation between applied mechanical forces and cellular response from a mechanics point of view. Specifically, a 3D multi-scale numerical model is developed and applied to determine the stress and deformation fields at the cellular level when the tissue construct is subjected to macro-level loads. Based on the detailed information rendered for the micro stress and deformation fields, a general theory is then formulated. A simulation for a 3D alginate tissue construct with encapsulated cells under uniform compression is conducted to illustrate the solution technique. Comparison between the predicted cell viability and experimental data demonstrates that the proposed theory is capable of capturing the experimental trend.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
VMW: a visualization-based microarchitecture workbench

Superscalar processor design requires increasingly sophisticated software tools. The visualization-based microarchitecture workbench described in the paper addresses weaknesses common to most performance simulators: the lack of retargetability, visualization support, and interactive control. VMW provides a multifunction workbench for aiding designers of modern superscalar processors. It facilitates rigorous machine specification by providing specification templates at both the architecture and microarchitecture levels.
Incurvated nail. Does the phalanx determine nail plate shape

This study examines the relationship between the shape of the nail plate of the hallux and the base of its distal phalanx. Twenty-three cadaver specimens were examined anatomically for nine variables. These variables represented the following: height and width of the distal phalanx base; height and width of the proximal aspect of the nail plate; distal shape of the nail plate; ratio of the nail plate height and width and structural index of the nail plate. Statistics for the variables are presented using correlation coefficients between nail structural index and bone structural index. The study shows a high and significant correlation between the shape of the proximal aspect of the nail plate and that of the phalangeal base.
A potential role in spintronics

Abstract The essential aim of spin electronics, or spintronics, is to use the spin of quantum mechanical particles to carry signals and process information. Conventional electronics technology relies on the charges of electrons and holes for this purpose. Signals consist of voltage pulses, each of which is a bundle of charged carriers. Furthermore, conventional digital electronics is classical in nature in that bits are defined in terms of such discrete charge pulses. Here, a ‘1’ bit may be represented by a negative voltage pulse whereas a ‘0’ bit would be the absence of such a pulse. Devices continue to diminish in size in order to achieve higher speeds. As this shrinkage occurs, design parameters are impacted in such a way that the materials in current use are pushed to their limits. Moore’s Law states that the logic density, or amount of storable information per unit area, in silicon-based integrated circuits doubles every 18 months.
Electrical Output of a Receptor Membrane

The electrical output of the receptor membrane of the nonmyelinated ending of Pacinian corpuscles is a function of the electrical gradients across the receptor membrane. The generator potential of the receptor membrane in response to equal mechanical stimuli varies linearly with the intensity of polarizing currents passed through the membrane. The production of a generator potential leaves a refractory state in the receptor membrane which is independent of the amount of charge transferred across the membrane but is dependent on a factor related to the strength of the stimulus which produced the response.
Parallel shortest path auction algorithms

Abstract In this paper we discuss the parallel implementation of the auction algorithm for shortest path problems. We show that both the one-sided and the two-sided versions of the algorithm admit asynchronous implementations. We implemented the parallel schemes for the algorithm on a shared memory machine and tested its efficiency under various degrees of synchronization and for different types of problems. We discuss the efficiency of the parallel implementation of the many origins-one destination problem, the all origins-one destination problem, and the many origins-many destinations problem.
A Liquid Argon/Iron Hadron Calorimeter

We have built a liquid argon/iron calorimeter that will serve as a prototype for an instrument that will be used in an experiment at Fermilab. This calorimeter allows measurements of the direction of the hadronic shower, as well as its energy, to be made. The calorimeter is approximately 685 gis/cm2 thick and so sufficient to contain hadron energies up to 150 GeV. Various design features of the system are discussed.
Gauge field model of induced classical gravity

Abstract The quantum corrections to the stress-energy tensor of a pure massless SU(2) gauge theory in a curved space-time are considered. The instanton contributions to the one-loop vacuum energy include a term proportional to the Einstein tensor with a finite coefficient.
Robust game theory

We present a distribution-free model of incomplete-information games, both with and without private information, in which the players use a robust optimization approach to contend with payoff uncertainty. Our ``robust game'' model relaxes the assumptions of Harsanyi's Bayesian game model, and provides an alternative distribution-free equilibrium concept, which we call ``robust-optimization equilibrium,'' to that of the ex post equilibrium. We prove that the robust-optimization equilibria of an incomplete-information game subsume the ex post equilibria of the game and are, unlike the latter, guaranteed to exist when the game is finite and has bounded payoff uncertainty set. For arbitrary robust finite games with bounded polyhedral payoff uncertainty sets, we show that we can compute a robust-optimization equilibrium by methods analogous to those for identifying a Nash equilibrium of a finite game with complete information. In addition, we present computational results.
Feminists and the Gender Gap

In recent years, analysts have devoted considerable attention to the gender gaps in party identification and voting. Despite its importance, substantially less attention has been concentrated on the gender gap in public opinion. In an effort to remedy that situation, this paper focuses on gender differences and differences among women in political values and basic moral orientations. The findings suggest that feminists are distinctive in their fundamental values; and that feminists account for a large part of the gender gap in specific issue preferences. The implications of such findings for feminist theory are discussed.
Hybrid proton resonance frequency/T1 technique for simultaneous temperature monitoring in adipose and aqueous tissues.

Thermal therapy procedures being carried out under MR guidance would be safer if temperature changes could be accurately monitored in both water-based and fat-based tissues. To this end we present a hybrid PRF/T1 approach for simultaneously measuring proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift temperatures in water-based tissues and T1 changes in fat-based tissues. The hybrid PRF/T1 sequence is a standard RF spoiled gradient echo sequence executed in a dynamic mode with two flip angles alternating every time frame. The PRF information is extracted every time frame using the image phase in the standard approach and the T1 information is extracted every two time frames using a variable flip angle (VFA) approach. Simulation studies, ex vivo high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) heating experiments, and in vivo stability experiments were performed to test the feasibility of the approach. The results indicate that the hybrid PRF/T1 approach provides PRF temperature maps of the same quality as those obtained by traditional PRF methods while simultaneously being able to track T1 changes in fat-based tissues. While several potential error sources exist for the T1 measurements, the approach is a promising start towards realizing quantitative temperature measurements in both water-based and fat-based tissues.
P4.112 Sexual Health Meta-Analysis

Background US population-level rates of sexual health indicators such as STI rates have stimulated interest in a public health approach to improving sexual health, focusing in six domains: knowledge, attitudes and norms, communication, healthcare use, sexual behaviour and adverse outcomes We conducted a systematic review of the intervention literature in these domains to assess the extent to which existing research supported sexual health principles: recognition of sexuality as intrinsic to individual health and relationships should have positive outcomes for all partners involved. Methods Studies were drawn from Medline and PsycInfo databases (English language, adult populations, published between 1996–2011, country with developed public health infrastructure). Sufficient studies for meta-analytic review were in three domains: knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behaviours. To examine main intervention effects within each domain, study’s intervention characteristics were extracted to compute the pooled Hedges’ g and 95% CIs using the random-effects model. Effect size heterogeneity was measured by I 2 . Results From 9064 candidates, 21 studies across three domains were included in the meta-analysis. For knowledge, there was a large intervention effect on sexual health knowledge, Hedges’ g = 1.32 (0.51–2.14). The pooled effect size for both attitudes and sexual behaviour domains yielded small to medium intervention effects, Hedges’ g = 0.58 (0.34–0.81) and 0.25 (0.13–0.37), respectively. Heterogeneity for each domain was substantial (between 91% and 97%). Removal of outliers decreased heterogeneity estimates for all domains (21% to 62%), i.e., small. The final effects sizes for knowledge, attitudes and sexual behaviour were 0.25 (0.03–0.48), 0.21 (0.15–0.28) and 0.10 (0.06–0.15), respectively. Conclusions Our results indicate that existing intervention efforts focused on sexual health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour have small, but positive significant effects. Studies were not designed to encompass all the domains of sexual health, but when studies were examined by these domains the results were consistent across the studies.
Electrically evoked potentials in cochlear implant subjects

A series of experiments was performed to study electrically evoked potentials as indicators of subject response to cochlear implantation. 1. Brain stem evoked responses to electrical stimulation were compared to those obtained by acoustic stimulation in guinea pigs. The response pattern was similar and was independent of the site of placement of the stimulus electrode (cochlear base or apex) or of the extracochlear ground electrode (eustachian tube or temporalis muscle) when evoked electrically. 2. Electrically evoked middle latency responses were recorded and compared to subjective behavioral thresholds in patients who had received a single channel cochlear implant (House-Urban). The behavioral responses to the same stimuli were similar. 3. Electrically evoked auditory brain stem responses were studied in single channel cochlear implant subjects (3M/House). When evoked electrically, potential latencies were shorter and interpeak intervals narrower than acoustically evoked potentials.
Hopelessness as a response to physical illness

Purpose: To analyze hopelessness as a psychological response to physical illness, differentiate hopelessness from depression, and discuss measures of hopelessness. Organizing Framework: Walker and Avant's (1995) concept analysis strategy. Method: A review of the literature from 1983 to 2004 was completed, with a focus on hopelessness theory and measurement. Findings: Although hopelessness is closely related to depression, distinct characteristics of hopelessness were identified. A continuum of attributes of hopelessness and depression was derived. Hopelessness has been examined in a variety of populations with several different instruments. One established measure was selected for discussion. Conclusions: Continued study of hopelessness as a psychological response to physical illness is needed, including the continued differentiation of hopelessness from depression, further analysis of the continuum of hopelessness and depression, and the differentiation of state from trait hopelessness. Research to validate this conceptualization will enhance accuracy of the diagnosis of hopelessness and testing of nursing inteventions.
Effectiveness of Walleye Fry and Fingerling Stocking in Rathbun Lake, Iowa, 1990–1999

Abstract I evaluated the performance of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum in Rathbun Lake, Iowa, by comparing stockings of fry, intensively reared fingerlings, and extensively reared fingerlings (fall and spring) during 1984–1999. The management goal was to triple the biomass of walleye adults (>17.5 in). Fry were stocked at 2,000/acre (1984–1995) and 3,000/acre (1996–1999), extensively reared fingerlings were stocked at 10/acre (1984–1990), and intensively reared fingerlings were stocked at 5/acre (1985–1999). Spring- and fall-stocked fingerlings were also compared during 1992–1999. Fry stockings were highly variable, but produced large year-classes in 1985, 1986, 1993, 1995, 1997, and 1998. October samplings of fingerlings, which originated from fry stockings, yielded 9–27 fish/acre. Intensively reared fingerling survival was about four times greater than that of the smaller, extensively reared fingerlings. Survival of spring-stocked fingerlings was higher than that of fall-stocked fingerlings in 3 of 5 yea...
Studies of Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) inhibition.

The Ca2+ transport ATPase of intracellular membranes (SERCA) can be inhibited by a series of chemical compounds such as Thapsigargin (TG), 2,5-di(tert-butyl)hydroquinone (DBHQ) and 1,3-dibromo-2,4,6-tris (methyl-isothio-uronium) benzene (Br2-TITU). These compounds have specific binding sites in the ATPase protein, and different mechanisms of inhibition. On the other hand, SERCA gene silencing offers a convenient and specific method for suppression of SERCA activity in cells. The physiological and pharmacological implications of SERCA inhibition are discussed.
Carbohydrate binding proteins galectin-1 and galectin-3 in human trabecular meshwork.

Abstract Purpose . Galectins are a family of carbohydrate binding proteins involved in a variety of biological processes including cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. We examined galectin-1 and galectin-3 to determine if galectins are expressed in the human trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. Methods . Human trabecular meshworks were dissected from donor eyes within 12 hr of death. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression was examined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry of galectin-1 and galectin-3 was analyzed in normal and glaucomatous tissue. Results . Expression of mRNA and protein of Galectin-1 (14 kDa) and galectin-3 (31 kDa) was found in the outflow pathway. Immunostaining revealed galectin-1 and galectin-3 throughout the meshwork, cells lining Schlemm's canal, and extracellular spaces in the inner and outer walls of the canal. Comparison of normal, POAG and PEX samples revealed no difference in location or intensity for either galectin-1 and galectin-3. Conclusion . Galectin-1 and galectin-3 are present in human trabecular meshwork of normal and glaucomatous eyes.