cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional modeling of density current. I. Flow in straight confined and unconfined channels

The lateral development of density-driven flow in a subaqueous channel is studied using a three-dimensional numerical model. The model is applied to four different cases of confined and unconfined flow in straight channels. The density current is generated by injecting a heavier fluid as a plug flow at the upstream boundary of the channel. The inflow transforms into a density current within a short distance. The current increases in thickness by entraining the ambient lighter fluid as it travels in the downstream direction. In the unconfined cases, the flow begins to spill in the lateral direction as soon as its thickness exceeds the bank height. The spilling results in a distinct lateral flow in the overbank area and limits the growth of the current in the vertical direction. The vertical structure of the overbank flow in the lateral direction is found to be similar to the primary flow structure of a density current. The magnitude of the lateral flow is found to depend strongly on the lateral slope of th...
That's so OCD

We use an experiment to analyze increasing trivial language about OCD on Twitter.We examine content frames, gender of the avatar, and self-identification with OCD.Participant gender and experience with mental illness shape reactions to OCD.Trivialized content lowers observers' liking and identification with Twitter users.Twitter avatars who self-identify as having OCD are admired by participants. Informal discussions of mental illness take place every day in social media. In the case of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), in particular, widespread use of the hashtag "#OCD" indicates that social media users often trivialize the disease. The present study used a 3i?2i?2 between-subjects fully factorial online experiment (N=574, recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform) to test the impact of trivialized framing of this disease on perceptions of social media users who employ such language, as well as on perceptions of people with OCD as a group. Additionally, this study tested the effects of the gender of the Twitter avatar and self-identification in the avatar biography as an individual with OCD on these perceptions. Three-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) assessed the impact of the manipulations (i.e., content frame, gender of the avatar, self-identification with OCD). Results indicate that language use, gender, and self-identification influence impression formation in a social media environment.
Improving map accuracy of soil variables using soil electrical conductivity as a covariate

Accurate characterization of soil properties across a field can be difficult, especially when compounded with the diverse landscapes used for pastureland. Indirect methods of data collection have the advantage of being rapid, noninvasive, and dense; they may improve mapping accuracy of selected soil parameters. The objective of this study was to determine if the use of soil electrical conductivity (EC) as a covariate improved mapping accuracy of five soil variables across four sampling schemes and two sampling densities in a central Iowa, USA pasture. In this study, cokriging methods were compared to kriging methods for the measured soil properties of soil pH, available P and K, organic matter and moisture. Maps resulting from cokriging each of the soil variables with soil EC exhibited more local detail than the kriged maps of each soil variable. A small, but inconsistent, improvement occurred in kriging variance and prediction accuracy of non-sampled sites when cokriging was implemented. The improvement was generally greater for soil variables more highly correlated with soil EC. This work indicates that cokriging of EC with less densely and invasively collected soil parameters of P, K, pH, organic matter (OM) and moisture does not consistently and substantially improve the characterization accuracy of pasture soil variability.
Policy developments in regulatory approval

Although radical changes in drug regulation are rare (e.g., the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 and the 1962 amendment to the Act creating an effectiveness requirement), regulations and guidance do evolve significantly in the face of new problems and accumulating experience. Recent changes have been driven by the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA), user fee legislation, the International Conference on Harmonization, recent safety related drug withdrawals, and concerns about trial ethics and investigator conflict of interest. FDAMA and guidance developed in response to it has helped circumstances in which FDA would rely on a single study to support effectiveness and the circumstances in which surrogate endpoints could support approval. An ICH Document 'Choice of control group and related design issues in clinical trials' focussed attention on the ethics of placebo controls (acceptable, even if there is existing therapy, when the placebo-treated patient will suffer no irreversible injury) and the design of 'equivalence' or 'non-inferiority' trials. There has been greatly increased attention to obtaining good dose-response information and to assessing need for modifying treatment in demographic (age, gender, race) and concomitant disease (renal or hepatic function abnormalities) subgroups, and in assessing drug-drug interactions. Other important trends are increasing reliance on non-U.S. data, increasing numbers of FDA-industry meetings during drug development, and new focus on risk assessment and risk management.
HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS : A PREVALENT DISORDER OF IRON METABOLISM WITH AN ELUSIVE ETIOLOGY

Hereditary hemochromatosis is a prevalent inherited disorder with an estimated frequency of homozygosity of 0.2 to 0.45% in Caucasians. The disease is characterized by progressive iron overload until a massive accumulation of body iron occurs. Undetected, the disorder eventually can produce either cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, cardiac disease, arthritis, or hepatocellular carcinoma or a combination of these manifestations. Early diagnosis and treatment prevents organ damage and normalizes life expectancy. Screening studies to detect hemochromatosis are most effectively accomplished by measurement of the serum iron and total iron binding capacity. Treatment is most effectively performed by frequent phlebotomy until body stores are empty and then 3 to 4 times yearly for life. The basic defect of hemochromatosis appears to increase iron absorption, decrease iron excretion, and produce preferential deposit of iron in hepatic parenchymal cells rather than Kupffer cells. The genetic abnormality of hemochromatosis is located on chromosome 6 in close association with the gene for HLA antigens. Recent speculation postulates that tumor necrosis factor may be involved in the etiology of this disease because of its location on chromosome 6 and its effect upon iron transport.
Analysis of DRL responding by rats with septal damage

Nonnal rats and rats with septal lesions were exposed to several DRL schedules having different delay requirements. Response output was an inverse function of delay requirement, with septals responding more than nonnals on each schedule. Responding by septals depended upon the reinforcement generated by each schedule, while that of nonnals was additionally affected by the perfonnance established by the previously run schedule. Since septals could acquire a temporal discrimination on DRL 10 but not on longer DRL schedules, it was concluded that the absence of temporal discrimination by septals on the longer DRL schedules is secondary to a failure to suppress short latency responses. In a previous study (Ellen & Aitken, 1971), we demonstrated that animals with septal lesions failed to acquire a temporal discrimination on a DRL 20 schedule . For these animals, the response probabilities (IRTs/OP) of nonreinforced responses remained constant at all values of delay since the previous response . In contrast, nonnal animals developed an increase in response probability as the required delay was approached. The present experiment is concerned with assessing the generality of this observation. That is, do septal animals fail to show temporal discrimination at shorter values of DRL requirement, and what are the upper limits of such discrimination in the case of nonnal animals?
A cyclic 3',5'-amp-stimulated protein kinase from cardiac muscle.

Abstract A protein kinase that is stimulated by cyclic 3′,5′-AMP has been purified 250-fold from beef heart. The purified enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of casein or histone. Of several nucleotides tested, only the dibutyryl derivative of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP had a significant stimulatory effect. When the heart protein kinase was aged, it lost the cyclic 3′,5′-AMP effect but this could be partially restored with mercaptoethanol. Cyclic 3′,5′-AMP decreased the stability of the kinase.
Two Sides of the Same Coin: How Ambiguous Classification Affects Multiple Audiences’ Evaluations

This paper questions findings indicating that when organizations are hard to classify they will suffer in terms of external evaluations. Here, I suggest this depends on the audience evaluating the organization. Audiences that are “market-takers” consume or evaluate goods and use market labels to find and assess organizations; for them, ambiguous labels make organizations unclear and therefore less appealing. “Market-makers” are interested in redefining the market structure, and as a result, this type of audience sees the same ambiguity as flexible and therefore more appealing. I tested these ideas in a longitudinal analysis of U.S. software organizations between 1990 and 2002. As predicted, organizations that claim ambiguous labels are less appealing to consumers, an audience of market-takers, but more appealing to venture capitalists, who are market-makers. Further, when labels are ambiguous, aversion to or preference for ambiguity arises from the label itself. Identifying with multiple ambiguous labels ...
Site-specific lithium ion attachment directs low-energy dissociation pathways of dinucleotides in the gas phase. Application to nucleic acid sequencing by mass spectrometry

Abstract Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy has been used to examine the low-energy collision-induced dissociation pathways of lithiated dinucleotides. Collisional activation using continuous off-resonance excitation permits observation of energetically-favorable dissociation pathways. Dissociation products were examined under multiple collision conditions for center of mass collision energies from 0 eV to the minimum energy required to bring about complete dissociation of the reactant ion (7.0 eV). The lithiated molecular ions dissociate to yield several characteristic products. The major fragmentation pathways observed in most systems are directed by localization of charge on the phosphate moiety leading to cleavage of the 3′-phosphate diester linkage to produce the 3′-sequence ion. In some systems, loss of the 5′-terminus base from the lithiated parent ion is also observed. Exceptions are observed only in systems where guanine is the 3′-terminus base. In these systems, the major products observed are the ion resulting from loss of the neutral 3′-terminus base along with its dehydrated decedent ion, the 5′-sequence ion and the ion resulting from loss of water from the 5′-sequence ion. Reaction mechanisms which account for the observed products are proposed. The present results suggest that collisional activation of lithiated oligonucleotides may provide useful sequence information.
Acquired Contralateral Oculomotor Synkinesis

• A patient with a traumatic right third nerve paresis had a contralateral oculomotor synkinesis develop that involved the left upper eyelid. With infraduction in adduction of the nonparetic left globe, the left upper eyelid was elevated. Elevation of the right upper eyelid was present in adduction of the paretic eye but absent in downgaze. To our knowledge this is the first description of the pseudo-Graefe phenomenon developing contralateral to the regenerating paretic third nerve.
The Enclave Economy: Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development in Mexico’s Silicon Valley. By Kevin P. Gallagher and Lyuba Zarsky

The article reviews the book "The Enclave Economy: Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development in Mexico's Silicon Valley," by Kevin P. Gallagher and Lyuba Zarsky.
Analysis technique for systematic variation over whole shot and wafer at 45 nm process node

We propose a test structure for systematic variation measurement over the whole shot and wafer area at a 45 nm process node. With this structure, we found that the systematic variation had two kinds of site dependence, one is a wafer scale and the other is a shot scale component. Additionally, the Die-to-Die and Within-Die variations for any chip size are calculated. Then, the systematic variation component has the correlation length more than 16mm. This shows that it is necessary to take into consideration the Within-Die variation according to the Die size.
Tailoring aqueous solubility of functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes over a wide pH range through substituent chain length.

Carboxylic acid-functionalized SWNTs prepared via the reaction of an amino acid, NH2(CH2)nCO2H, with fluoronanotubes show similar levels of sidewall functionalization; however, the solubility in water is controlled by the length of the hydrocarbon side chain (i.e., n). The 6-aminohexanoic acid derivative is soluble in aqueous solution (0.5 mg mL-1) between pH 4 and 11, whereas the glysine and 11-aminoundecanoic acid derivatives are insoluble across all pH values.
Determinants of Foreign Investment of U.S. Advertising Agencies

This paper investigates the impact of several factors on the foreign investment of U.S. advertising agencies by using the theories on the determinants of foreign direct investment by manufacturing firms. For the two years examined, the hypotheses about the impact of host country market size, host country geographic proximity, firm size, firm's international operations experience, oligopolistic reaction, and presence of home country customers abroad are all confirmed. This paper also investigates the impact of oligopolistic reaction among the top ten and the second ten largest agencies and finds a stronger impact for the former.
Home monitoring for uterine activity. A response from the FDA.

SACHS et al., in discussing the Food and Drug Administration's approval of marketing of the Genesis Home Uterine Activity Monitor (HUAM), raise issues that require clarification. The authors contend that because the Genesis HUAM has not been shown to prevent premature births, it has no clinical value. We disagree. The FDA approved the device on the basis of its demonstrated ability to detect uterine contractions indicative of the onset of preterm labor, as evidenced by the degree of cervical dilation at the time of diagnosis. (It should be noted that in the supporting clinical study, none of the study subjects . . .
Reaction-anticipation transitions in human perception-action patterns

Abstract We investigated the hypothesis that reaction and anticipation in human perceptual-motor performance are two coordinative modes of a single pattern-forming dynamical system, rather than separate behaviors. Subjects coordinated the onset of finger flexions with visual metronome flashes in each of three patterns: reactive, synchronized, or syncopated. The stimulus frequency was progressively increased (0.125–1.375 Hz) or decreased (1.375-0.125 Hz) in small steps (0.125 Hz) every 10 cycles. We observed qualitative transitions in both the time interval between stimulus and corresponding action (Δt) and their relative phase (o) at critical values of the stimulus frequency, corresponding to changes from ‘reactive-to-anticipatory’ and ‘anticipatory-to-reactive’ performance. Such transitions provide evidence of a single, multifunctional system, which can be adequately described by the dynamics of collective variables characterizing the respective perception-action patterns.
Impact of clay nanoparticles on glutaraldehyde crosslinked fiber composites

Glutaraldehyde (GA) was investigated as a potential binder material for nanoparticle-modified wood fiber-based composites. Clay nanoparticle wood fiber composites were fabricated using a wet-lay forming process followed by compression molding. GA treatments significantly increased both bending modulus and strength properties of wood fiber composites. Bending modulus and strength of the fiber composites increased from 2.1 GPa and 16.4 MPa without GA treatment to 6.9 GPa and 49.6 MPa, respectively, after GA treatments. Wood modification with GA also substantially decreased water absorbance and thickness swelling of wood fiber composites. Although there was a significant change in performance after crosslinking, only minimal changes were detected in FTIR analysis of the fiber composites. The effect of montmorillonite clay nanoparticles loading onto wood fiber was found to have a deleterious impact on performance of the wood fiber composites. This research suggests that the nanoparticles inhibit wood fiber–fiber interactions resulting in poor interfiber bonding.
NO alters cell shape and motility in aortic smooth muscle cells via protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activation

Cell motility is an important determinant of vascular disease. We examined mechanisms underlying the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on motility in cultured primary aortic smooth muscle cells from newb...
RoACH: An autonomous 2.4g crawling hexapod robot

This work presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel hexapedal walking millirobot using only two actuators. Fabricated from S2-glass reinforced composites and flexible polymer hinges using the smart composite microstructures (SCM) process, the robot is capable of speeds up to 1 body length/sec or approximately 3 cm/s. All power and control electronics are onboard and remote commands are enabled by an IrDA link. Actuation is provided by shape memory alloy wire. At 2.4 g including control electronics and battery, RoACH is the smallest and lightest autonomous legged robot produced to date.
Coping with Variable Latency and Disorder in Distributed Event Streams

Distributed event processing systems often require input streams that are ordered in some predetermined way or that events arrive within a fixed time interval. This order may simply be arrival order or given explicitly on a specific event attribute, such as a timestamp or sequence number. Standing event queries, such as a temporal correlation of events across multiple streams, can block if an input stream incurs latency or may produce an incorrect answer if events fail to arrive within the fixed time interval. In this paper, we describe a stream conditioning mechanism developed for Event Correlation Services (ECS), which is a high performance event processing service for monitoring distributed applications. We show how punctuation messages that carry timestamps can be generated by event sources and then forwarded through the network, to align events from multiple distributed streams and unblock event pattern queries.
A 2.7-kW, 29-MHz class-E/F/sub odd/ amplifier with a distributed active transformer

A class-E/F/sub odd/ high power amplifier (PA) using the distributed active transformer (DAT) is demonstrated at 29MHz. The DAT combines the output power from four VDMOS push-pull pairs. The zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition is investigated and modified for the class-E/F/sub odd/ amplifier with a non-ideal output transformer. All lumped elements including the DAT and the transistor package are modeled and optimized to achieve the ZVS condition and the high drain efficiency. The PA exhibits 2.7kW output power with 79% drain efficiency and 18dB gain at 29MHz.
Sparse Word Graphs: A Scalable Algorithm for Capturing Word Correlations in Topic Models

Statistical topic models such as the Latent Dirichlet Al- location (LDA) have emerged as an attractive framework to model, visualize and summarize large document collections in a completely unsupervised fashion. One of the limitations of this family of models is their assumption of exchangeabil- ity of words within documents, which results in a `bag-of- words' representation for documents as well as topics. As a consequence, precious information that exists in the form of correlations between words is lost in these models. In this work, we adapt recent advances in sparse mod- eling techniques to the problem of modeling word corre- lations within topics and present a new algorithm called Sparse Word Graphs. Our experiments on AP corpus re- veal both long-distance and short-distance word correla- tions within topics that are semantically very meaningful. In addition, the new algorithm is highly scalable to large collections as it captures only the most important correla- tions in a sparse manner.
Endovascular repair reduces early and late morbidity compared to open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm.

PURPOSE To compare systemic complications between standard surgery and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) for both primary and late secondary procedures. METHODS At a single center between July 1993 and May 2000, 297 patients (255 men; mean age 73.4 +/- 8.1 years, range 50-93) were treated with open surgical repair; beginning in 1996, 200 (166 men; mean age 73.6 +/- 8.0 years, range 45-96) patients were treated with the AneuRx stent-graft. In a comparison of the cohorts, which were similar in terms of age, gender, and aneurysm diameter, the main outcomes were early major systemic morbidity following the primary procedure to treat the aneurysm and late (>30 days) organ system morbidity for any secondary procedures. RESULTS Mean length of follow-up for open patients was 20.1 +/- 17.1 months (range 1-150) compared to 12.4 +/- 9.6 months (range 1-60) after endovascular repair (p<0.05). There were 36 (12.1%) systemic complications after the primary open surgery and 15 (7.5%) after endovascular repair (p=NS). There were 43 (14.5%) combined primary and secondary morbidities in the open surgery group versus 15 (7.5%) for patients undergoing endovascular repair (p<0.01). The need for invasive procedures to treat these primary and secondary systemic complications was 4 times greater in the open group (17, 5.7%) than in endograft patients (3, 1.5%) (p<0.05). After secondary procedures (32 in the open group and 30 in the endovascular patients) for graft-related complications, there were 7 (21.9%) adverse events in the open group versus none (0%) for endograft patients (p<0.01). Hospital lengths of stay following both primary and secondary procedures were lower for the endograft patients (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Endovascular stent-graft repair compared to open surgery has reduced the early and late morbidity by half. Complications that require invasive or secondary surgical procedures and hospitalization are reduced with endovascular repair.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr Enhances Expression from Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA

Retroviral DNA synthesized prior to integration, termed unintegrated viral DNA, is classically believed to be transcriptionally inert and to serve only as a precursor to the transcriptionally active integrated proviral DNA form. However, it has recently been found to be expressed under some circumstances during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and may play a significant role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. HIV-1 Vpr is a virion-associated accessory protein that is critical for HIV-1 replication in nondividing cells and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We find that Vpr, either expressed de novo or released from virions following viral entry, is essential for unintegrated viral DNA expression. HIV-1 mutants defective for integration in either the integrase catalytic domain or the cis-acting att sites can express unintegrated viral DNA at levels similar to that of wild-type HIV-1, but only in the presence of Vpr. In the absence of Vpr, the expression of unintegrated viral DNA decreases 10- to 20-fold. Vpr does not affect the efficiency of integration from integrase-defective HIV-1. Vpr-mediated enhancement of expression from integrase-defective HIV-1 requires that the viral DNA be generated in cells through infection and is mediated via a template that declines over time. Vpr activation of expression does not require exclusive nuclear localization of Vpr nor does it correlate with Vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest. These results attribute a new function to HIV-1 Vpr and implicate Vpr as a critical component in expression from unintegrated HIV-1 DNA.
Microbial Community Dynamics in Manure Composts Based on 16S and 18S rDNA T-RFLP Profiles

Compost processing is assumed to be related to the microbial communities present. However, methods that will evaluate these relationships are not well understood. In this study, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was used to evaluate the diversity of PCR-amplified bacterial 16S and fungal 18S rDNA communities from manure composts at different stages of composting (initial [day 0], thermophilic [day 24], and mature [day 104]). Results showed that the bacterial and fungal community profiles changed over the composting process, with bacterial communities showing a higher diversity compared with the fungal communities. During the thermophilic stage (day 24), the diversity of the bacterial communities increased, while the fungal communities decreased. As the compost reached maturity (day 104), a reverse pattern was observed between the diversity of bacterial and fungal communities. That is, the 18S rDNA T-RFLP-based diversity indices increased, while the 16S rDNA T-RFLP-based diversity decreased. Differences in temperature profiles at different stages of composting impacted the chemical properties and the diversity of the microbial communities. The day 104 compost (mature) had lower water, organic matter and C contents and higher C and OM loss compared with the day 0 (initial) and day 24 (thermophilic) composts, which affected the diversity of the microbial communities. The results presented here demonstrated that distinctive community patterns from manure composts could be rapidly generated using T-RFLP analysis. The succession of peaks in combination of increasing and decreasing peak heights at different stage of composting indicates the high potential of T-RFLP technique to monitor the dynamics of microbial communities, and their variation qualitatively and quantitatively.
Density of dilute 3 He- 4 He solutions

The number density of dilute 3He-4He solutions under saturated vapor pressure is calculated within the framework of quantum hydrodynamics. For temperatures T small compared to the 3He Fermi temperature T F, results are given for 3He concentrations large enough to manifest 3He quasiparticle interactions. The nondegenerate regime (T≫T F) is also considered in the limit of small 3He concentration. Relevance to experimental determination of quasiparticle energies and interactions is emphasized.
From specific to global analysis of posttranscriptional regulation in eukaryotes: posttranscriptional regulatory networks.

Regulation of gene expression occurs at several levels in eukaryotic organisms and is a highly controlled process. Although RNAs have been traditionally viewed as passive molecules in the pathway from transcription to translation, there is mounting evidence that their metabolism is controlled by a class of proteins called RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), as well as a number of small RNAs. In this review, I provide an overview of the recent developments in our understanding of the repertoire of RBPs across diverse model systems, and discuss the computational and experimental approaches currently available for the construction of posttranscriptional networks governed by them. I also present an overview of the different roles played by RBPs in the cellular context, based on their cis -regulatory modules identified in the literature and discuss how their interplay can result in the dynamic, spatial and tissue-specific expression maps of RNAs. I finally present the concept of posttranscriptional network of RBPs and their cognate RNA targets and discuss their cross-talk with other important posttranscriptional regulatory molecules such as microRNAs s, resulting in diverse functional network motifs. I argue that with rapid developments in the genome-wide elucidation of posttranscriptional networks it would not only be possible to gain a deeper understanding of regulation at a level that has been under-appreciated in the past, but would also allow us to use the newly developed high-throughput approaches to interrogate the prevalence of these phenomena in different states, and thereby study their relevance to physiology and disease across organisms.
STFT computation using pruned FFT algorithms

We show that the discrete short-time Fourier transform with temporal decimation (DSTFT-TD) can be evaluated using a variety of pruned FFT structures. A pruning method we refer to as overlap pruning can be used to eliminate computational overlap between consecutive FFT's for computing slices of the DSTFT-TD. When only a limited frequency range of the DSTFT-TD is of interest, further computational savings can be achieved by combining overlap pruning with classical frequency pruning. We evaluate the complexity of the overlap and frequency pruned FFT's for the DSTFT-TD in terms of the number of complex multiplications and additions required for the computation of each DSTFT-TD slice. >
An O(log n) VLSI implementation of a parallel sorting algorithm

A parallel algorithm for sorting is developed which has a time complexity of O(log n) and requires n/sup 2//log n processors. The algorithm can be readily mapped onto an SIMD mesh-connected array of processors which has all the features of efficient VLSI implementation. The corresponding hardware algorithm maintains the O(log n) execution time and has a low, O(n) interprocessor communication time. >
Subconjunctival hemorrhages and retinal vascular abnormalities.

Awoman inhermid-50swithahistoryofhyperlipidemiaandarthritis presentedwith recurrent subconjunctival hemorrhagesand retinal vascular abnormalities asnotedby her general ophthalmologist. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 OU. Results of thepupillary examination, intraocular pressuremeasurements,motility, and confrontatiol visual field testing were normal in each eye. Findings on the anterior slitlamp examination demonstratedrareanteriorchambercellsandmildnuclear sclerotic cataracts in both eyes. Results of the dilated fundusexamination (Figure 1) demonstratedbilateral vitreouscells thatwerenot dense enough to obscure retinal vessel details, as well as optic disc hyperemia, arterial attenuation, arterial and venous sheathing, hard exudates, and focal areas of retinal thinning. There was nomacular edema in either eye. Results of a complete blood cell count were normal. Quiz at jamaophthalmology.com Figure 1. Fundus photograph of the patient’s left eye at presentation.
GENCO's Risk-Constrained Hydrothermal Scheduling

This paper presents a stochastic midterm risk-constrained hydrothermal scheduling algorithm in a generation company (GENCO). The objective of a GENCO is to maximize payoffs and minimize financial risks when scheduling its midterm generation of thermal, cascaded hydro, and pumped-storage units. The proposed schedule will be used by the GENCO for bidding purposes to the ISO. The optimization model is based on stochastic price-based unit commitment. The proposed GENCO solution may be used to schedule midterm fuel and natural water inflow resources for a few months to a year. The proposed stochastic mixed-integer programming solution considers random market prices for energy and ancillary services, as well as the availability of natural water inflows and generators in Monte Carlo scenarios. Financial risks associated with uncertainties are considered by applying expected downside risks which are incorporated explicitly as constraints. Variable time-steps are adopted to avoid the exponential growth in solution time and memory requirements when considering midterm constraints. A single water-to-power conversion function is used instead of several curves for representing water head and discharge parameters. Piecewise linearized head-dependant water-to-power conversion functions are used for computational efficiency. Illustrative examples examine GENCOs' midterm generation schedules, risk levels, fuel and water usage, and hourly generation dispatches for bidding in energy and ancillary services markets. The paper shows that GENCOs could decrease their financial risks by adjusting expected payoffs.
The management of fetal hydrocephalus

The management of 53 consecutive documented cases of fetal hydrocephalus is presented. Hydrocephalus was isolated in nine cases (17%) and associated with other abnormalities in 44 (83%). Our success in diagnosing abnormalities associated with hydrocephalus improved from the time period 1977 through 1981 to that of 1982 through 1983. In this series, management consisted of termination of pregnancy, 14 (26%); ventriculoamniotic shunt placement and cesarean section, two (4%); cephalocentesis and cesarean section, two (4%); cesarean section without cephalocentesis or ventriculoamniotic shunt placement, 18 (34%); cephalocentesis and vaginal delivery, nine (17%); and vaginal delivery without cephalocentesis, eight (15%). The outcomes were spontaneous abortion, 14 (26%); intrapartum death, eight (15%); postnatal death, 16 (30%); currently alive, 15 (28%). Current approaches to the management of fetal hydrocephalus are discussed, and areas of therapeutic uncertainty are delineated.
Discrete event simulation model for analysis of horizontal scaling in the cloud computing model

One of the distinguishing characteristics of the cloud model is the ability for the service users to horizontally scale computing resources to match customer demand. Because the cloud model is offered in a pay-as-you-go scheme, it is in the service user's best interest to maximize utilization while still providing a high quality of service to the customer. This paper describes a discrete event simulation model that is used to explore the relationship between the horizontal scaling profile configurations and the functionality of the cloud model. Initial results show that both a state-aware load distribution algorithm and the parameters that dictate the elasticity of the horizontal scaling ability are essential to achieving high rates of utilization. Through modeling and simulation, this paper presents both a framework and initial results to further explore the cloud model.
TAM: A Tiered Authentication of Multicast Protocol for Ad-Hoc Networks

Ad-hoc networks are becoming an effective tool for many mission critical applications such as troop coordination in a combat field, situational awareness, etc. These applications are characterized by the hostile environment that they serve in and by the multicast-style of communication traffic. Therefore, authenticating the source and ensuring the integrity of the message traffic become a fundamental requirement for the operation and management of the network. However, the limited computation and communication resources, the large scale deployment and the unguaranteed connectivity to trusted authorities make known solutions for wired and single-hop wireless networks inappropriate. This paper presents a new Tiered Authentication scheme for Multicast traffic (TAM) for large scale dense ad-hoc networks. TAM combines the advantages of the time asymmetry and the secret information asymmetry paradigms and exploits network clustering to reduce overhead and ensure scalability. Multicast traffic within a cluster employs a one-way hash function chain in order to authenticate the message source. Cross-cluster multicast traffic includes message authentication codes (MACs) that are based on a set of keys. Each cluster uses a unique subset of keys to look for its distinct combination of valid MACs in the message in order to authenticate the source. The simulation and analytical results demonstrate the performance advantage of TAM in terms of bandwidth overhead and delivery delay.
Steady-state gas flow in pipes

Abstract New general flow equations of simple form are developed to account for the pressure drops due to friction, elevation and kinetic energy change. Simplified forms are also presented for new flow equations for gas flow in pipelines or wells where the kinetic energy term can be neglected. The new general flow equations and their simplified forms are compared with the widely-used AGA equations and tested with field data. Results show that the new equations make excellent predictions of flow rates or pressure drops, and that they are applicable over a much broader range of gas types and gas flow rates than the AGA equation and old simplified flow equations. In addition, different empirical explicit correlations for the Fanning friction factor are compared. It is found that different correlations give quite different values of the friction factor. For smooth pipes, modified 1 9th power law, Blasius, Drew et al., and Panhandle equations are recommended for different Reynolds number ranges. For rough pipes, Serghides (I) and (II), Zigrang-Sylvester (I) and (II), Chen, and Haaland equations can be employed with confidence. Other friction factor correlations reported in the literature should be avoided because they can result in large errors.
Bile Duct Adenoma with Oncocytic Features

Bile duct adenomas are benign bile duct proliferations usually encountered as an incidental finding. Oncocytic bile duct neoplasms are rare and the majority are malignant. A 61-year-old male with a diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma was undergoing surgery when a small white nodule was discovered on the surface of the right lobe of his liver. This lesion was composed of cytologically bland cells arranged in tightly packed glands. These cells were immunopositive for cytokeratin 7, negative for Hep Par 1, contained mucin, and had a Ki67 proliferation index of 8%. The morphology, immunophenotype, presence of mucin, and normal appearing bile ducts, as well as the increased Ki67 proliferation rate, were consistent with a bile duct adenoma with oxyphilic (oncocytic) change. Oncocytic tumors in the liver are rare; the first described in 1992. Only two bile duct adenomas with oncocytic change have been reported and neither of them had reported mucin production or the presence of normal appearing bile ducts within the lesion.
Estimation-theoretic algorithms and bounds for three-dimensional polar shape-based imaging in diffuse optical tomography

In the case where we have prior knowledge that a medium can be well approximated as being piecewise constant, we can resolve edges in three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography, generally thought of as a low-resolution imaging modality due to the extremely smoothing nature of the diffusion operator. Assuming that the piecewise-constant regions are polar, we parametrize the boundary using spherical harmonics, reducing the inverse problem to a low-dimensional parameter estimation problem. We show how the sensitivity of the forward model to shape variations can be efficiently, directly computed. The resulting shape Jacobian is used both in the context of an estimation algorithm for determining these parameters and as the basis for Cramer-Rao bounds calculations that provide for an understanding of the fundamental limits on our ability to resolve shape structure from DOT data.
Cell immortality: maintenance of cell division potential.

Cell immortality refers to the ability to reproduce indefinitely. This property does not imply constancy of genetic information from generation to generation, since mutation coupled with natural selection and genetic drift may cause genetic changes over successive generations. Furthermore, cells of a germ line ordinarily undergo periodic recombination with cells of other germ lines causing additional genetic change. Nevertheless, all extant cells reflect the ability to reproduce indefinitely, since the ancestry of each cell presumably traces back, in an unbroken lineage for over 3 billion years, to the origin of life. As pointed out by Avise (1993), it is not actually cells which are immortal, but cell lineages.
Large-Eddy Simulation of a Supersonic Jet and Its Near-Field Acoustic Properties - Methodology and Validation

Large-eddy simulations (LES) of imperfectly expanded jet flows from a convergent- divergent nozzle with a sharp contraction at the nozzle throat have been carried out. The flow field and near-field acoustics for various total pressure ratios from over-expanded to under-expanded jet flow conditions have been investigated. Spacing of the shock cells and the length of the potential core are in good agreement with experimental data and previous theoretical results. The velocity profiles are also in good agreement with data from experimental measurements. A normal shock wave is observed for over-expanded jet cases with nozzle pressure ratios much lower than the fully expanded value. It is found that this type of nozzle with a sharp turning throat has no shock-free condition for supersonic jet flows. The near-field intensities of pressure fluctuations show wavy structures for cases where screech tones are observed. The LES predictions of the near-field noise intensities show very good agreement with those obtained from experimental measurements. This good agreement shows that LES and measurements can play complementary roles in the investigation of the noise generation from supersonic jet flows.
Potential for Tufa Precipitation from Crushed Concrete Containing Coarse Basaltic and Fine Coralline Sand Aggregates

Crushed recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) has been widely utilized as base and sub-base course and as backfill. Despite the advantages of RCA, one of the potential concerns in some states is that its use can lead to the precipitation of calcium carbonate, or tufa, which can impair drainage and clog filter fabrics, which in turn can lead to premature failure of roads and other infrastructure systems. Tufa precipitation of RCA has been studied in various states, but no studies have been conducted on RCA containing a coarse basaltic and a fine coralline sand aggregate. By passing carbon dioxide gas through RCA soaked in rainwater for over 3 months to simulate an accelerated exposure of RCA to the elements of nature, the potential for tufa precipitation was studied by examining the pH and chemical composition of rainwater over time, the make-up of the RCA aggregate before and after testing, and by visual observation of the aggregate itself. From these observations, there is no evidence indicating that RCA containing a coarse basaltic and fine coralline sand aggregate has a serious tufa precipitation potential.
Peptidoglycan recognition and neutrophil function

Host responses and defense against invading micro-organisms depend on highly conserved innate immune recognition systems that react with conserved motifs found uniquely in microbes. The Toll-like receptors are related proteins mediating inflammatory responses in a wide variety of cells, each
Python and Physical Modeling

Kevin Thielen and Vivienne Tien review J.M. Kinder and P. Nelson's "A Student's Guide to Python for Physical Modeling", declaring that readers can expect to not only know how to write and read Python but also to develop a thorough understanding for developing complex physical models and calculations.
General theoretical treatment of spectral modulation light-labeling spectroscopy.

We theoretically derive the analytic relationship between experimental parameters and the measured incident (or illumination) optical power spectrum for a new form of spectroscopy, entitled light-labeling spectroscopy. The light-labeling signals are shown to arise from the interference between fields diffracted from a grating with time varying ruling density. A model Gaussian spatial mode is used to illustrate the bounds of the method for recovering power spectra without artificial spectral apodization. Finally, several example systems are tabulated to give numerical insight into the possible system performance across a range of wavelength regions.
Jane Schoolcraft’s Literary Contributions: Transcribing Ojibwe Folklore as Short Stories

When Margaret Fuller mourned in 1843 that “[b]y the premature death of Mrs. Schoolcraft was lost a mine of poesy” (124), her sentiments were not hers alone. Writers interested in the situation of A...
Basis set effects on the geometry of C96H24

Abstract C96H24 has D 6 h symmetry using the 4-31G, 6-31G, cc-pVDZ, or cc-pVTZ basis sets, but has lower symmetry if the 6-31G∗∗ or 6-311G∗∗ basis sets are used. Changing the carbon 3d exponent in the 6-31G∗∗ basis set can restore the D 6 h symmetry, but raises the total energy. The question of geometry vs basis set is discussed.
155 INDUCTION OF FOLLICULAR RECRUITMENT USING DOMINANT FOLLICLE REDUCTION OR 2 DOSES OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE

Induction of follicular recruitment is a common method of treatment in bovine donors before initiation of superstimulatory protocol for transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte recovery (TVOR; Bo and Mapletoft 2014 Theriogenology 81, 38–48). Two types of induction are frequently applied: dominant follicle reduction (DFR) performed on Day −6 before TVOR, or 2 injections of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), 100 μg each, on Day −6 and −13 before TVOR. The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of DFR v. 2 GnRH injections for inducing follicular recruitment before TVOR in cattle. Dominant follicle reduction is the mechanical aspiration of follicles >5 mm and is a reliable method of initiating follicular recruitment (Blondin 2012 IETS Innovation Workshop 1, St Augustine, FL, USA). This procedure also allows the practitioner to evaluate donors before beginning any treatments. For several reasons (expense, time, and logistics), DFR may be impractical, making a double GnRH regimen appealing. Administering 2 doses of GnRH is simpler but is not considered as reliable; reported ovulation in response to GnRH are ~40% and 60% in heifers and cows, respectively. The donor populations in this study consist of cows and heifers privately owned by farms in the northeastern United States. Donors received an average of 14 to 15 mL (280–300 mg) Folltropin total, split between 6 injections given every 12 h. Cows averaged a 43-h coasting period (time of the last FSH injection to TVOR), and heifers averaged a 31-h coasting period. Oocytes were collected March 2015 to June 2016 by the same practitioner using the same equipment under the same procedure at 2 ovum pickup locations, and submitted to our partnering IVF laboratory, Boviteq USA (Madison, WI, USA). Comparing DFR to 2 doses of GnRH in Table 1, there was no statistically significant difference in total follicles aspirated, total transferable embryos produced or blast rate by either t-test or non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test (P > 0.05). The use of 2 doses of GnRH is an acceptable method for the induction of follicular recruitment before TVOR. Additional statistical models are currently being applied to evaluate which, if any, differences are present in the 2 donor populations. Table 1. Raw data and results1
The growing threat of non-communicable disease to pregnancy health

For the past three decades, global maternal and child health efforts have focused on ensuring adequate nutrition for pregnant women, access to essential medicines, skilled health providers, safe facilities for birthing, and treating conditions such as prematurity, which remains the leading cause of newborn death. 1 As a result, maternal deaths have fallen by almost 45% since 1990 and the mortality of those aged under five years has more than halved. 2 But, this global progress stands to be undermined by the rapidly rising prevalence of obesity and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes and chronic hypertension, amongst the obstetric population.