cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epitaxial stabilization of ferromagnetism in the nanophase of FeGe.

Epitaxial nanocrystals of FeGe have been stabilized on Ge(111). The nanocrystals assume a quasi-one-dimensional shape as they grow exclusively along the $⟨1\overline{1}0⟩$ direction of the Ge(111) substrate, culminating in a compressed monoclinic modification of FeGe. Whereas monoclinic FeGe is antiferromagnetic in the bulk, the nanowires are surprisingly strong ferromagnets below $\ensuremath{\sim}200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ with an average magnetic moment of $0.8{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per Fe atom. Density functional calculations indicate an unusual stabilization mechanism for the observed ferromagnetism: lattice compression destabilizes the antiferromagnetic Peierls-like ground state observed in the bulk while increased $p\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}d$ hybridization suppresses the magnetic moments and stabilizes ferromagnetism.
Evidence for POT expansion in early Homo : A pretty theory with ugly (or no) paleoneurological facts

If POT (parieto-occipital-temporal junction) reorganization came earlier in australopithecines than in Homo, it is likely that the selective pressures were different, and not necessarily directed toward language. The brain endocast evidence for the POT in A. afarensis is actually better than it is for early Homo.
Ribonucleotides as nucleotide excision repair substrates

Abstract The incorporation of ribonucleotides in DNA has attracted considerable notice in recent years, since the pool of ribonucleotides can exceed that of the deoxyribonucleotides by at least 10–20-fold, and single ribonucleotide incorporation by DNA polymerases appears to be a common event. Moreover ribonucleotides are potentially mutagenic and lead to genome instability. As a consequence, errantly incorporated ribonucleotides are rapidly repaired in a process dependent upon RNase H enzymes. On the other hand, global genomic nucleotide excision repair (NER) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes removes damage caused by covalent modifications that typically distort and destabilize DNA through the production of lesions derived from bulky chemical carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites, or via crosslinking. However, a recent study challenges this lesion-recognition paradigm. The work of Vaisman et al. (2013) [34] reveals that even a single ribonucleotide embedded in a deoxyribonucleotide duplex is recognized by the bacterial NER machinery in vitro . In their report, the authors show that spontaneous mutagenesis promoted by a steric-gate pol V mutant increases in uvrA , uvrB , or uvrC strains lacking rnhB (encoding RNase HII) and to a greater extent in an NER-deficient strain lacking both RNase HI and RNase HII. Using purified UvrA, UvrB, and UvrC proteins in in vitro assays they show that despite causing little distortion, a single ribonucleotide embedded in a DNA duplex is recognized and doubly-incised by the NER complex. We present the hypothesis to explain the recognition and/or verification of this small lesion, that the critical 2′-OH of the ribonucleotide – with its unique electrostatic and hydrogen bonding properties – may act as a signal through interactions with amino acid residues of the prokaryotic NER complex that are not possible with DNA. Such a mechanism might also be relevant if it were demonstrated that the eukaryotic NER machinery likewise incises an embedded ribonucleotide in DNA.
God-Talk: By What Name Do We Call God?

Russell McCutcheon, in his article "Naming the Unnameable," (MTSR 111 [1990], 213-229), raises the question of names for the deity in the milieu of Religious Studies. He uses an article of mine, "Language About God," in Studies in Religion1 as a foil to question whether one can advocate the use of inclusive language for the deity, and in particular, whether one who uses and advocates the use of inclusive language for the name of the unnameable does harm to the integrity of other religions. McCutcheon is correct in his observation that I was writing from within a particular religious framework. The God of whom I spoke is the God of the Israelites and the Christians. Tire consideration of names for the deity in the Religious Studies context was not on my mind. Yet his queries have led me to some thoughts about the matter from a linguistic, as well as from a theological point of view In responding to his questions, my task will be fourfold: first, to explore briefly the feminist agenda related to inclusive language; second, I hope to illustrate some of the problems and possibilities attendant with gender-neutral god-language by using the Christian religion as an example; a third section joins the debate about whether the theological is the political; and my final point very quickly reviews the sociolinguistic premise concerning the interrelationship among language, thought and culture. Although the material here may seem unusual in a theological or religious studies discussion, I find it essential for demonstrating why the issue of gender-neutral god-language is crucial in all contexts including that of religious studies.
Effect on core temperature of restraint after peripherally and centrally injected morphine in the Sprague-Dawley rat

Abstract The changes in core temperature (Tc) evoked by morphine in the Sprague-Dawley rat were altered by restraining the rat. The Tc of the free-moving rat rose after the IP (5, 15, 30, 60 mg/kg) or intracerebral injection (10, 20, 50 μg) of morphine. In the restrained rat, however, identical doses of morphine evoked either a hyperthermia of lesser magnitude than in the free-moving rat or a drop in Tc. These findings reemphasize the importance of restraint in determinating the action of morphine on Tc and extend the finding to the Sprague-Dawley rat.
Effects of hypothermia on canine kidney mitochondria.

Abstract The effect of hypothermia on the function of isolated dog kidney cortex mitochondria was determined with an FAD- and NAD + -linked substrate. In dog kidney mitochondria, temperatures of 10 °C or less suppress ADP stimulation of respiration but have little or no effect upon uncoupler, Ca 2+ or valinomycin-K + stimulation of respiration. This suggests that the adenine nucleotide translocase which catalyses the transport of ADP into the mitochondria limits the rate of respiration and generation of ATP at 10 °C in kidneys undergoing preservation. The coupling of oxidation to phosphylation, as determined by measuring the amount of ATP formed at low temperatures, indicates, however, that mitochondria are fully coupled at both 10 and 5 °C. The respiratory control index at 15 °C is greater (with pyruvate plus malate) than at 30 or 10 °C and suggests that 15 °C may be the optimum perfusion temperature for maintaining adenine nucleotide levels in the perfused kidney.
Antimicrobial activity of home disinfectants and natural products against potential human pathogens.

Objective To assess the efficacy of both natural products (vinegar, baking soda) and common commercial disinfectants (Vesphene IIse, TBQ, Clorox, Lysol Disinfectant Spray, Lysol Antibacterial Kitchen Cleaner, Mr. Clean Ultra, ethanol) designed for home or institutional use against potential human pathogens, including selected antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Design A quantitative suspension test was used to assess the efficacy of selected disinfectants following exposure times of 30 seconds and 5 minutes. Activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Selected disinfectants were also tested against poliovirus, vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus species, and methicillin-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus. Results The following compounds demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity (>5.6-8.2 log10 reduction) at both exposure times: TBQ, Vesphene, Clorox, ethanol, and Lysol Antibacterial Kitchen Cleaner. Mr. Clean eliminated 4 to >6 logs10 and Lysol Disinfectant approximately 4 logs10 of pathogenic microorganisms at both exposure times. Vinegar eliminated 3 log10 reduction) against poliovirus. Conclusions A variety of commercial household disinfectants were highly effective against potential bacterial pathogens. The natural products were less effective than commercial household disinfectants. Only Clorox and Lysol disinfectant were effective against poliovirus.
A comparative study of rectal dose histograms in prostate brachytherapy: some analytic and numerical results.

A cumulative dose histogram is the graph of an integral function integrated over a domain V ⊂ R 3 and is dubbed the dose-volume histogram (DVH), the dose-surface histogram (DSH) or the dose-wall histogram (DWH), depending on the dimension and structure of the region V . This paper presents a comparative study of the three rectal dose histograms for sixty patients as well as for a cylindrical model of the rectum; in particular, the DSH and DVH for the cylindrical model with one point source are computed analytically in terms of elliptic integrals. The difference among the three relative dose histograms, averaged over the sixty patients, is less than 5%, whereas that between DVH and DWH for various wall-thickness can be as large as 3 – 12 cm 3 in the range 60 – 100 Gy . The paper also contains an error analysis using two simple models of the rectum, for which the true DSH and DWH can be computed via numerical integration, to evaluate the effect of digitization. The digitized computation agrees quite well with the pre-digitization numerical integration, within 1% or 0.2 cm 3 , because of the low dose-gradient effect near the rectum in prostate brachytherapy.
Demonstration of the synthetic utility of the generation of alkoxy radicals by the photo-induced homolytic dissociation of alkyl 4-nitrobenzenesulfenates

Abstract The synthetic utility of the generation and study of the reactions of alkoxy radicals generated by the photo-induced, homolytic dissociation of alkyl 4-nitrobenzenesulfenates is demonstrated. The efficient formation of remotely substituted alcohol derivatives, and the addition of the alkoxy radical to a remotely situated CC is illustrated.
Social embeddedness in an online weight management programme is linked to greater weight loss.

The obesity epidemic is heightening chronic disease risk globally. Online weight management (OWM) communities could potentially promote weight loss among large numbers of people at low cost. Because little is known about the impact of these online communities, we examined the relationship between individual and social network variables, and weight loss in a large, international OWM programme. We studied the online activity and weight change of 22 419 members of an OWM system during a six-month period, focusing especially on the 2033 members with at least one friend within the community. Using Heckman's sample-selection procedure to account for potential selection bias and data censoring, we found that initial body mass index, adherence to self-monitoring and social networking were significantly correlated with weight loss. Remarkably, greater embeddedness in the network was the variable with the highest statistical significance in our model for weight loss. Average per cent weight loss at six months increased in a graded manner from 4.1% for non-networked members, to 5.2% for those with a few (two to nine) friends, to 6.8% for those connected to the giant component of the network, to 8.3% for those with high social embeddedness. Social networking within an OWM community, and particularly when highly embedded, may offer a potent, scalable way to curb the obesity epidemic and other disorders that could benefit from behavioural changes.
A long-leaved specimen of Lepidodendron

Lepidodendron obovatum Sternberg var. grandifolium var. nov. is described from a single, unusual specimen collected from the roof shale of the Beckley coal (Lower Pennsylvanian) of West Virginia. L. obovatum Sternberg var. grandifolium var. nov. is an unbranched stem with attached leaves and with pyramidal leaf cushions. The leaves are long, attaining a length of more than 78 cm; they are sessile, entire, and thought to be sharply pointed. Leaves of such length are not generally associated with Lepidodendron , but with Sigillaria . The description of this new variety of Lepidodendron helps to confirm the idea that there is little difference between the foliage of Lepidodendron and Sigillaria . The unbranched condition of the new variety herein described is thought to represent a young axis prior to the first dichotomy.
If I were Minister of Finance ... : gaining understanding of financial crisis through a simulation workshop.

Financial crises (also known as debt crises, currency crises or balance of payments crises) have become endemic in the modern world. The countries at greatest risk have been developing countries. This article discusses a workshop, ‘If I were Minister of Finance...’, which we ran at the Association for Women in Development (AWID) conference in Guadalajara in October 2002. In the workshop, participants took part in a simulation of the Argentine currency crisis. The simulation sought to give participants a better understanding of the causes of a currency crisis, and the tough, limited choices a government faces in trying to prevent it. Simulations like the one described in this article can be helpful to activists and women's organisations in moving a gender-sensitive economic policy agenda forward.
Control of photoluminescence properties of CdSe nanocrystals in growth.

The photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of CdSe nanocrystals during their growth under a given set of initial conditions increases monotonically to a certain maximum value and then decreases gradually. Such a maximum is denoted as a PL “bright point”, which does not always overlap with the minimum point of the PL peak width for the same reaction. The experimental results suggest that the existence of the PL bright point is a general phenomenon during the growth of semiconductor nanocrystals and likely is a signature of an optimal surface structure/reconstruction of the nanocrystals grown under a given set of initial conditions. The position of the bright point, the highest PL QY, the types of the bright points (sharp or flat), the sharpness of the PL peak, etc., were all strongly dependent on the initial Cd:Se ratio of the precursors in the solution. A large excess of the selenium precursor, with 5−10 times more selenium precursor than the amount of the cadmium precursor, was found necessary to achi...
Measurement of intraspecimen variations in vertebral cancellous bone architecture.

A three-dimensional technique was developed for the quantification of the number and cross-sectional geometry of individual trabeculae oriented along a given direction. As an example application, the number of vertical and horizontal trabeculae and their respective cross-sectional geometry were determined for a set of six vertebral cancellous bone specimens (L3-L4 female vertebral bodies; age range 39-63 years). Three-dimensional optical images at a spatial resolution of 20 microm were obtained using an automated serial milling technique. The thickness distributions were generally right skewed. The mean true thickness for both the vertically and horizontally oriented trabeculae showed a strong relationship with volume fraction (vertical: r2 = 0.86; p < 0.05; horizontal: r2 = 0.80; p < 0.05), and mean trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.) (vertical: r2 = 0.81; p < 0.05; horizontal: r2 = 0.72; p < 0.05). The horizontal trabeculae were greater in number and were thinner than the vertical trabeculae. The coefficient of variation of the intraspecimen vertical trabecular thicknesses ranged from 25% to 42%, and showed a weak, albeit insignificant, positive correlation with volume fraction (r2 = 0.46). The findings demonstrated substantial intraspecimen variations exist in trabecular thickness that are not related to volume fraction. Further studies are recommended to determine the potential role of such intraspecimen variations in architecture on biomechanical properties.
Discrimination between coupling networks of glucopyranosides varying at a single stereocenter using two-dimensional vibrational correlation spectroscopy

A combination of two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) correlation spectroscopy, linear absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory quantum calculations was used to identify characteristic spectral features of two anomers of acetylated 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. While the linear absorption spectra for the α and β anomers were distinctive, a substantial difference between them was observed only in the spectral region below 1200 cm−1. The infrared correlation spectra of the two anomers differed significantly, even in regions where their linear absorption spectra were similar. Very substantial differences were found for the NN/CO stretch mode region of the 2DIR correlation spectrum, indicating differences in the anharmonic coupling of the NN stretching mode of the equatorially oriented N3 group with the CO modes when the C1 ester was either in the axial (α anomer) or equatorial (β anomer) orientation. In addition, the energy transport patterns originating from the excited NN stretching mode were found to be different for the two anomers; up to a 1.8-fold difference in the energy transport times was observed for the probed modes of the same type in the two anomers. The results demonstrate the capability of 2DIR and relaxation-assisted 2DIR (RA 2DIR) spectroscopies to provide unique spectroscopic data specific to sugar anomers that vary at a single stereochemical center. These methods identify unique coupling networks within individual sugar stereochemical units and demonstrate the potential to identify a number of stereochemical differences among them.
Control functions for a multiprocessor architecture

This paper is tutorial in nature in that it applies known techniques to control the execution of processes in a multiprocessor multiprogram environment. Aspects of the software and hardware needs in a multiprocessor system are discussed. An example hardware system of the less expensive mini or micro processors is used to help illustrate the control software needed. A framework of a small set of control routines is presented for controlling the concurrent execution of processes. Finally, a number of open ended questions on how the system may be improved are brought to the reader's attention.
Intraseasonal Change in Caloric Content of Some Freshwater Invertebrates

Intraseasonal changes in caloric contents of planktonic cladocerans (Daphnia spp. and Leptodora kindtii), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and chironomid larvae (primarily Glyptotendipes sp.) were studied in 1968. Mid—summer decreases of 823, 2117, and 422 g—cal/g dry weight were observed in the Daphnia, L. kindtii, and H. azteca, respectively. Calorica content of Daphnia increased again during August and early September. The energy content of chironomid larvae increased steadily during June and July and then declined. The low value (4899 g—cal/g dry weight) occurred on 9 September. Variation in energy content of the Daphnia appeared to be related to known changes in population numbers. The influence of significant changes in caloric contents of food organisms on the daily ration of predator fish species is discussed.
Heme protein dynamics revealed by geminate nitric oxide recombination in mutants of iron and cobalt myoglobin.

Nitric oxide myoglobin (MbNO) at 300 K was photodissociated with 405 nm pulses. The NO recombination in several mutants of iron and cobalt myoglobins was investigated at a time resolution of ca. 70 fs. The geminate recombination of NO was nonexponential on sub-nanosecond time scales. For both metals, the change of the detailed structure of the heme pocket (position 68 mutations) caused significant changes in the rates of recombination; however, the metal substitution influenced the recombination much less than did amino acid substitution. The results indicate a primary role of the heme pocket structure in the dynamics, and they suggest that proximal protein relaxation is not the limiting factor in the geminate recombination process. Recombination in cobalt derivatives is somewhat more efficient on the sub-nanosecond time scales than in corresponding iron myoglobins, consistent with other results that show a greater intrinsic reactivity toward the NO of cobalt compared with the iron heme. A comparison of r...
Time transfer via geostationary satellites

Numerous experiments using geostationary satellites for two-way time transfer have demonstrated that this method can achieve subnanosecond precision and nanosecond accuracy. Efforts are now directed towards establishing operational networks.
Pathogenic Diversity of Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae within the Genus Poa.

The diversity of pathogenicity of Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae, the causal agent of bacterial wilt in the genus Poa, was studied. Strains of X. c. pv. poae were distinguishable into three groups, according to differences in their pathogenicity against Poa species. Group 1, represented by strain JT-P192, caused mild wilt and a pale yellow appearance in leaves of annual bluegrass and supina bluegrass. Group 2, represented by strain JT-P482, was pathogenic to annual bluegrass, rough bluegrass and supina bluegrass, but caused only wilt symptoms. Group 3 included the type strain of X. c. pv. poae, which caused only a wilt in annual bluegrass, rough bluegrass, supina bluegrass and big bluegrass. Compatible and incompatible relationships were evaluated from the symptoms on infected plants and from bacterial multiplication in the lowest part of the culm after leaf clipping-inoculation.
A Relationship Between Autocorrelation Length and Adhesive Friction Behavior of Rough Surfaces

Autocorrelation Length (ACL) is a surface roughness parameter that provides spatial information of surface topography that is not included in amplitude parameters such as Root Mean Square roughness. This paper presents a statistical relation between ACL and the real area of contact, which is used to study the adhesive friction behavior of a rough surface. The influence of ACL on profile peak distribution is studied based on Whitehouse and Archard’s classical analysis, and their results are extended to compare profiles from different surfaces. With the knowledge of peak distribution, the real area of contact of a rough surface with a flat surface can be calculated using Hertzian contact mechanics. Numerical calculation shows that real area of contact increases with decreasing of ACL under the same normal load. Since adhesive friction force is proportional to real area of contact, this suggests that the adhesive friction behavior of a surface will be inversely proportional to its ACL. Results from microscale friction experiments on polished and etched silicon surfaces are presented to verify the analysis.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Effects of Electrode‐Myocardial Separation on Cardiac Stimulation in Conductive Solution

Electrode-Myocardial Separation. Introduction. Effects of a conductive bath and electrodemyocardial separation on cardiac stimulation have not been elucidated. These factors may play a role in endocardial catheter stimulation or defibrillation. Methods and Results. We studied effects of a bath and separation on transmembrane voltage changes during stimulation (ΔVm) and excitation thresholds in rabbit hearts, cultured rat cardiac cell monolayers and cardiac bidomain computer models. Similar to previous epicardial measurements with no bath, a dogbone pattern of ΔVm during stimulation was found in bathed epicardium and right ventricular septal endocardium and in models of bathed anisotropic myocardium. Electrode-myocardial separation altered spatial distributions of ΔVm, moved reversals of the sign of ΔVm farther from the stimulation epicenter, and decreased aspect ratio of ΔVm (i.e., length/width of dogbone contours of ΔVm). The separation increased thresholds and reduced maximal ΔVm, while ΔVm at sites away from maxima increased or decreased. Anodal thresholds in models initially were larger than those in experiments and decreased when models were altered to include nonuniform cellular coupling. Existence of nonuniformity in monolayers was indicated by irregular excitation patterns. Conclusion. Electrode-myocardial separation alters spatial distributions of ΔVm, which may impact on arrhythmia induction by altering distributions of states of ΔVm-sensitive ion channels. The results also indicate that excitation thresholds may depend on tissue nonuniformities. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 11. pp. 1132-1143, October 2000)
Elastic Damage Analysis of Interlaminar Stress Distributions in Symmetrical Composite Laminates with Edge Delamination Cracks

This paper is intended to present a study of elastic-damaged behaviour of symmetrical composite laminates with edge delamination cracks subjected to uniformly applied uniaxial tensile load. The response of composite laminates is investigated by a quasi-three-dimensional finite element analysis including the damage characterization of constituent plies. Of principal concern are the effects of edge delamination cracks as well as the influence of damage on stress distributions in graphite/epoxy [0/90°]s, [90/0°]s and [±45°], laminates. The computed results between the behaviours of laminates with stiffness damage consideration and those of geometrically similar laminates without stiffness damage are compared and the significance of damage in stress analysis of fibre-reinforced composite materials is elucidated.
Adsorption and Dissociation of Phosphine on Si(001)

The adsorption and thermal decomposition of phosphine (PH3) on the Si(001) surface has been investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Phosphine is found to adsorb both nondissociatively and dissociatively, depending on the coverage and flux during exposure. Infrared spectra reveal that PH3 dissociates to produce two distinct forms of PH2. Further decomposition yields phosphorus atoms and surface hydrogen. The surface P atoms form P−Si heterodimers and, in the presence of surface hydrogen, form PSiH “hydrided heterodimers”. The bonding of hydrogen in this form is stronger than on the clean Si surface, resulting in a higher desorption temperature for hydrogen when phosphorus is present on the surface. Molecular orbital calculations are used to provide insight into the bonding geometry of PH3 on Si(001).
Cytogenetic Effects of Inhaled Benzene in Murine Bone Marrow

Exposure to benzene is both an occupational and an environmental hazard. Health concerns are based on the extensive use of benzene in industry and local commerce (1) and a long-standing association with aplastic anemia and leukemia in occupationally-exposed workers (2–4, see Goldstein, these proceedings). Although negative for genotoxic activity in a variety of short-term in vitro bioassays (5–7), benzene is capable of inducing tumors in animals (8,9). The discrepency between these and other in vitro and in vivo results strongly suggests that a metabolite(s), rather than the parent compound, is primarily responsible for benzene’s genotoxic activity.
A comparison of distributed and shared memory scalable architectures. 1. KSR shared memory

A computational chemistry program is used to compare radically different architectures. The program, UHBD, has two complimentary stages with conflicting demands on both hardware and software. We study implementations using different programming strategies, one using an SPMD style and one using shared-memory constructs. We assess the value of having hardware support for shared-memory for unstructured problems. >
Master regulator or readout: the wisdom of distributed control. Focus on “Pyruvate suppresses PGC1α expression and substrate utilization despite increased respiratory chain content in C2C12 myotubes”

in their article, Philp and colleagues ([8][1]) show that supraphysiological levels of pyruvate have multiple effects on myotubes in vitro. In response to exogenous pyruvate, glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression were downregulated, as was content of peroxisome proliferator-
Deflecting crosstalk by routing reconsideration through refined signal correlation estimation

Crosstalk between interconnects has become one of the major factors that tamper with VLSI signal integrity as device feature size scales down to UDSM and nanometer level. Traditional techniques for crosstalk reduction focus on reducing the coupling capacitance between interconnect nets to maximize the crosstalk slack among the nets. Although effective in reducing the worst-case crosstalk, such a strategy is incapable of minimizing the average run-time crosstalk which is equivalently critical for the timing and functional correctness of nanoscale VLSI. The minimization of both worst-case and average crosstalk necessitates the consideration of signal correlation information determined by circuit logic during the layout optimization stage. In this paper, a post-global routing technique is proposed to reduce the run-time crosstalk risk without violating the worst-case crosstalk bound specified by traditional techniques. A measure is proposed to accurately capture the signal correlation and model the run-time behavior of net pairs. Adjustment in the routing track assignment is performed under the guidance of run-time information to reduce the chance of neighboring nets having crosstalk-generating signal transitions. Meanwhile, the coupling length of each net is still controlled to within a specific bound for the maximization of the minimal crosstalk slack.Experimental results show that, compared to the conventional approaches, the proposed technique achieves significant reduction in average crosstalk without exacerbating the minimal crosstalk slack of the circuit.
Chlorpyrifos Residues Before and After Cooking of Catfish Fillets

:In this paper, chlorpyrifos residues were compared before and after frying, smoking or baking and quantified using GC/ECD (gas chromatography/electron capture detector) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) methods. All cooking methods reduced chlorpyrifos by 8 to 52% on a dry basis or 12 to 56% on a fat basis. Frying, which reduced chlorpyrifos residue by 56% on a fat basis was shown to provide the greatest reduction when compared to baking (22%) and smoking (12%). Statistical analysis showed that results from the GC/ ECD and ELISA methods were not significantly different (p= 0.05).
Deformation and fracture of single-crystal silicon theta-like specimens

Single-crystal silicon test specimens, fabricated by lithography and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), were used to measure microscale deformation and fracture properties. The mechanical properties of two specimen geometries, both in the form of a Greek letter Θ (theta), were measured using an instrumented indentation system. The DRIE process generated two different surface structures leading to two strength distributions that were specimen geometry independent: One distribution, centered about 2.1 GPa, was controlled by 35 nm surface roughness of scallops; the second distribution, centered about 1.4 GPa, was controlled by larger, 150 nm, pitting defects. Finite element analyses (FEA) converted measured loads into strengths; tensile elastic measurements validated the FEA. Fractographic observations verified failure locations. The theta specimen and testing protocols are shown to be extremely effective at testing statistically relevant (hundreds) numbers of samples to establish processing-structure-property relationships at ultrasmall scales and for determining design parameters for components of microelectromechanical systems.
RECONSIDERING PREY SPECIALIZATIONS IN AN ALGAL‐LIMPET GRAZING MUTUALISM: EPITHALLIAL CELL DEVELOPMENT IN CLATHROMORPHUM CIRCUMSCRIPTUM (RHODOPHYTA, CORALLINALES)1

The association of the limpet Tectura testudinalis (Muller 1776) and the crustose coralline red alga Clathromorphum circumscriptum (Stromfelt) Foslie (Melobesioideae) is considered a species-specific mutualism between grazer and prey. Anatomical features of C. circumscriptum, especially those associated with epithallial cells, have been viewed as being unusual and directly related to the mutualism. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic methods were used to investigate the structure and development of epithallial cells in C. circumscriptum. Contrary to prior reports, terminal cells of the epithallial filaments of C. circumscriptum undergo senescence and shedding much like epithallial cells in other members of the Corallinales; hence, multicellular epithallial filaments did not evolve in this alga simply because epithallial cells were unable to slough. Although epithallial cells in many coralline algae are lightly calcified, those in C. circumscriptum are heavily mineralized, more so than the underlying initial cells and cells comprising the cortex. As in other coralline algae, starch is absent from the epithallial cells of C. circumscriptum. The feature of having abundant chloroplasts in the epithallial cells of C. circumscriptum is shared by other species with multi-cellular epithallial filaments and transiently by species with single epithallial cells. Except for having a thick epithallus, a feature found in other genera and in other species of Clathromorphum, the anatomy of C. circumscriptum is unexceptional.
Home‐Based Multicomponent Treatment of Pediatric Migraine

SYNOPSIS The present investigation examined a home-based multicomponent treatment program incorporating biobehavioral technology in the treatment of pediatric migraine. Twenty-one children ages 7–12 participated in home-based practice of thermal biofeedback while parents implemented guidelines designed to encourage the use of biofeedback and eliminate support for maladaptive pain behavior. Treatment was introduced sequentially across three groups of children in a multiple baseline design. When subjects and their families were complaint with treatment recommendations, 87% of the children experienced clinically significant reductions in headache activity, with these reductions maintained at 3 and 8 month followups. Treatment outcome was found to be closely related to frequency of home practice, parental support for the use of adaptive coping (biofeedback) rather than maladaptive coping (pain) behaviors, and ability to warm hands. Discussion is provided concerning potential mechanisms of action and directions for future research.
GROWTH AND PHAGE PRODUCTION OF LYSOGENIC B. MEGATHERIUM

Cell multiplication and phage formation of lysogenic B. megatherium cultures have been determined under various conditions and in various culture media. 1. In general, the more rapid the growth of the culture, the more phage is produced. No conditions or culture media could be found which resulted in phage production without cell growth. 2. Cultures which produce phage grow normally, provided they are shaken. If they are allowed to stand, those which are producing phage undergo lysis. Less phage is produced by these cultures than by the ones which continue to grow. 3. Cells plated from such phage-producing cultures in liquid yeast extract medium grow normally on veal infusion broth agar or tryptose phosphate broth agar, which does not support phage formation, but will not grow on yeast extract agar. 4. Any amino acid except glycine, tyrosine, valine, leucine, and lysine can serve as a nitrogen source. Aspartic acid gives the most rapid cell growth. 5. The ribose nucleic acid content is higher in those cells which produce phage. 6. The organism requires higher concentrations of Mg, Ca, Sr, or Mn to produce phage than for growth. 7. The lysogenic culture can be grown indefinitely in media containing high phosphate concentrations. No phage is produced under these conditions, but the cells produce phage again in a short time after the addition of Mg. The potential ability to produce phage, therefore, is transmitted through cell division. 8. Colonies developed from spores which have been heated to 100°C. for 5 minutes produce phage and hence, infected cells must divide. 9. No phage can be detected after lysis of the cells by lysozyme.
Cricket Wind Detection

A great deal of interest has recently been focused on theories concerning parallel distributed processing in central nervous systems. In particular, many researchers have become very interested in the structure and function of "computational maps" in sensory systems. As defined in a recent review (Knudsen et al, 1987), a "map" is an array of nerve cells, within which there is a systematic variation in the "tuning" of neighboring cells for a particular parameter. For example, the projection from retina to visual cortex is a relatively simple topographic map; each cortical hypercolumn itself contains a more complex "computational" map of preferred line orientation representing the angle of tilt of a simple line stimulus.
CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS: THE ROLE OF PRODUCT BENEFITS AND PERCEIVED RISKS

This study examines consumer willingness to consume genetically modified food products with clearly stated benefits and risks. Results suggest that male; white, Southerners, and those with some college education are more likely to consume genetically modified fruits and vegetables. Trust in government, biotech industry, and medical professional on matters relating GM foods also have a positive impact on the willingness to consume GM foods; such trust allays fears associated with risks posed by GM technology. Conversely, risk seems to negatively influence the willingness to consume GM products. Once the respondents are well informed of the risk of the product, this greatly diminished their willingness to consume such products. Older respondents (age above 55 years), those taking time to read food labels, and those with either high or low score on actual knowledge of GM based on a simple scientific quiz, are less enthusiastic toward GM foods. Income, religion and political affiliation did not play any significant role on influencing the willingness to consume GM fresh fruits and vegetables.
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor mRNA Levels in the Brains of Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The type 1 angiotensin II (AII) receptor (AT1-R) has been implicated in the physiological actions mediated by AII in the brain. In view of the reported hyperactivity of the brain AII system in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), we compared the expression of AT1-R mRNAs in the brains of normotensive [Wistar Kyoto (WKY)] and SHR animals. Northern blot analysis showed about three- and approximately 20-fold increases in the levels of AT1-R mRNAs from the hypothalamus and brainstem areas, respectively, of the SHR compared with the WKY rat brain. This was attributable to greater levels of both AT1A- and AT1B-R mRNA subtypes in these areas from the SHR. These observations suggest that increased AII receptor levels in SHR brain may, in part, be a result of increased expression of the AT1-R gene.
Mapping and identification of candidate loci responsible for Peromyscus hybrid overgrowth

Crosses between two recently diverged rodent species of the genus Peromyscus result in dramatic parent-of-origin effects on growth and development. P. maniculatus females crossed with P. polionotus males yield growth-retarded conceptuses, whereas the reciprocal cross results in overgrowth and lethality. These hybrid effects are particularly pronounced in the placenta. We previously detected linkage to two regions of the genome involved in the overgrowth effects. One locus, termed Peal, is a paternally expressed autosomal locus mapping to a domain whose house mouse equivalent contains several clusters of imprinted genes. The other locus, termed Mexl, maps to a gene-poor region of the X chromosome. Here we use an advanced intercross line to verify and narrow the regions of linkage and identify candidate genes for Mexl and Peal. While we have previously shown that Mexl affects both pre-and postnatal growth, we show here that Peal affects only prenatal growth. Utilizing criteria such as mutant phenotypes and allelic expression, we identify the loci encoding the homeobox protein Esx1 and the zinc-finger protein Pw1/Peg3 as candidates. Both loci exhibit expression changes in the hybrids.
Novel aspects of urokinase function in the injured lung: role of α2-macroglobulin

The level of active urokinase (uPA) is decreased in lung fluids of patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) whereas α(2)-macroglobulin (α(2)-M), a plasma proteinase inhibitor, is a major component of these fluids. Since there have been reports describing the ability of α(2)-M to form complexes with uPA in vitro, we hypothesized that α(2)-M may interact with uPA in the lung to modulate its biological activity. Pulmonary edema fluids and lung tissues from patients with ALI/ARDS were evaluated for the presence of uPA associated with α(2)-M. Complexes between α(2)-M and uPA were detected in alveolar edema fluids as well as in lungs of patients with ALI/ARDS where they were located mainly in close proximity to epithelial cells. While uPA bound to α(2)-M retains its amidolytic activity towards low-molecular-weight substrates, it is not inhibited by its main physiological inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. We also investigated the functional consequences of formation of complexes between uPA and α(2)-M in vitro. We found that when α(2)-M:uPA complexes were added to cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), activation of nuclear factor-κB as well as production of interleukin-6 and -8 was substantially suppressed compared with the addition of uPA alone. Our findings indicate for the first time that the function of uPA in patients with ALI/ARDS may be modulated by α(2)-M and that the effects may include the regulation of the fibrinolytic and signaling activities of uPA.
An Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor-Gated Intracellular Ca2+ Store Is Involved in Regulating Sperm Hyperactivated Motility

Hyperactivated motility, a swimming pattern displayed by mammalian sperm in the oviduct around the time of ovulation, is essential to fertilization. Ca(2+) has been shown to be crucial for the initiation and maintenance of hyperactivated motility. Nevertheless, how Ca(2+) reaches the axoneme in the core of the flagellum to switch on hyperactivation is unknown. Ca(2+)-releasing agents were used to determine whether an intracellular store provides Ca(2+) to the axoneme. Hyperactivation was induced immediately in bull sperm by thapsigargin, caffeine, and thimerosal. The responses were dose-dependent and were induced in both capacitated and uncapacitated sperm. When external Ca(2+) was buffered below 50 nM with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, the response to caffeine was significantly reduced; however, the responses to thapsigargin and thimerosal were not affected. This indicates caffeine-induced hyperactivation depends on external Ca(2+) influx, whereas hyperactivation by thapsigargin and thimerosal do not. Acrosome reactions were not induced by these treatments; therefore, an acrosomal store was probably not involved. Indirect immunofluorescence labeling showed type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)R) in the acrosome and neck region, but no ryanodine receptors (RyR) were found using anti-RyR antibodies or BODIPY FL-X ryanodine. These data indicate that there is an IP(3)R-gated Ca(2+) store in the neck region of sperm that regulates hyperactivated motility.
Pin techniques for supporting tooth-colored restorations.

Abstract 1. The Class IV pin-retained resin is an esthetic restoration. The technique is useful in solving economic problems and in awaiting a pulpal prognosis or full coverage. 2. A proper rubber dam application provides a strongly indicated dry and clean cavity preparation. 3. Pin selection and placement should effectively retain the restoration, and not injure the tooth. 4. Standard manipulative techniques are critical because proper consistency and correct timing are necessary for acceptable adaptation of the resin to the prepared tooth. Being able to finish the restoration at the same appoinment is an advantage for selecting a rapid polymerizing resin. In the future, a resin compound that bonds to tooth structure will undoubtedly be produced. However, until then, the materials now available offer an excellent patient service under certain conditions.
Coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Objectives To determine the relative risks of long-term mortality between coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods We identified 1015 patients with ESRD who underwent coronary revascularization between 1996 and 2008 within Kaiser Permanente Northern California. We obtained clinical variables from health plan databases, state death certificates and social security administration files. Our primary and secondary outcomes, respectively, were all-cause mortality and repeat revascularization. Our primary predictor was CABG compared with PCI. We used a Cox proportional hazards model for multivariable analyses. Results The mean age of CABG and PCI patients was similar (64.7 ± 10.6 and 63.4 ± 9.3, respectively, P = 0.06). The CABG group had a higher proportion of diabetics (P = 0.045), and higher nitrate use (P = 0.01). Adjusted for age, gender, race, year of index revascularization, number of vessels intervened, duration of dialysis and baseline comorbidities, patients referred for CABG during the first year had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.16 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80-1.67] for mortality compared with PCI. During Years 1-5, the HR was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.63-1.33) with an overall HR of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.43-1.22). The sub-HR as calculated by the Fine-Gray competing risk model was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.31-0.85). Conclusions As there are no randomized clinical trials in this area, our observational study adds to the growing body of literature that suggests a significant decrease in repeat revascularization with CABG and at least equivalency in long-term mortality with CABG when compared with PCI in ESRD patients.
Temporal changes in combat casualties from afghanistan by nationality: 2006-2010.

ABSTRACTThis study sought to evaluate temporal changes in combat deaths and improvised explosive device (IED)-related fatalities among three coalition allies in Afghanistan: the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. The website icasualties.org was used to identify American, Canadian, and British soldiers killed in combat in Afghanistan between 2006 and 2010. Population-at-risk was determined as the number of personnel serving within the Afghanistan theater for each coalition nation. Unadjusted incidence rates of combat deaths per deployed personnel, and IED deaths as a portion of total combat deaths, were derived and adjusted comparisons performed to control for confounders. Between 2006 and 2010, 1,673 combat deaths occurred in a population of 721,520 soldiers. Fifty percent of all combat deaths occurred as a result of IED attack. British personnel maintained the highest unadjusted risks of combat-related death, as well as IED-associated mortality. As compared to Americans, Canadian personnel were at...
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Measurements for the Evaluation of Decontaminant Efficacy Following Percutaneous Organophosphorus Compound Exposure

A rapid and sensitive in vivo method for the evaluation of skin decontaminant efficacy following percutaneous exposure to organophosphonates (OPs) was developed using erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) inhibition in the rabbit as an end point. The level of AChE inhibition was evaluated for use as a more humane means of assessing skin decontaminant efficacy than lethality-based methods. Groups of anesthetized animals were exposed percutaneously to either of two highly toxic OPs [thickened soman (TGD) or VX], and 2 min later were treated with a known effective skin decontaminant or were untreated (negative control). Blood samples were drawn and assayed for AChE activity 5 min before TGD or VX exposure and at 30, 60, and 120 min after exposure. Percent AChE inhibition relative to preexposure levels was calculated at each postexposure time for each animal in control and treatment groups. Efficacy data based on percent AChE inhibition were compared with results from previous efficacy studies p...