cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bank Mergers, Business Loans, and the Structure of Banking Markets

OUTSIDE THE FIELD of business lending, though unrivaled among financial intermediaries in the variety of services offered and assets owned, commercial banks do not dominate: they hold under two-fifths of all consumer loans, one-fifth of all residential mortgages, one-third of municipal bonds, 30 per cent of the publicly owned federal debt and 40 per cent of all time deposits.3 Commercial banks do stand preeminent in the external financing of small enterprises, extending over three-fourths of the total amount of small-business loans. If (as a 1952 Board of Governors staff study concluded) shortand intermediate-term financing "is not generally a problem" to small business, commercial banks are mainly responsible. Other sources -insurance companies, small loan companies, and friends and relativesare usually considered only after a bank has turned down a loan request. Federal credit agancies have not found it practicable to make many small loans because of the high administrative costs. Except for the V.A.guaranteed or V.A.-insured loans, government loans have gone to medium-
Surface films of soluble detergents

The force-area diagrams for films of a number of water-soluble detergents were determined by using salts in the substrate to reduce solubility, and by employing rapid compression. Curves were obtained with films of some pyridinium salts, Aerosol OT, sodium lauryl sulfonate, and the C14 to C18 derivatives of sodium alkyl sulfates. The latter were used with varying amounts of salt in the substrate. All films, with the exception of the C16 and C18 sulfates, were of the expanded type. The exceptions showed an apparent phase change, but the break in the curve, since it disappeared on allowing the film to age for an hour, was shown to arise from a non-equilibrium arrangement of the film. Substitution of CaCl2 for NaCl in the substrate was without appreciable effect, except that the break in the curve for the higher homologues was eliminated without the necessity for aging. A comparison of the results of this investigation on undissolved films with results below the critical concentration on solutions of detergents and soaps indicates that the films are not the same under the two conditions. Surface tension and microtome measurements show that, at a given “surface pressure,” films on solutions occupy about twice the area of films on a salt substrate. Above the critical concentration, present measurements agree well with microtome results on solutions, but again not with surface tension results.
The effect of calcium chelation on cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances

Abstract 1. 1. Sodium versenate (NaEDTA) has been administered intravenously in twenty-seven instances of cardiac arrhythmias or conduction disturbances. 2. 2. In eleven cases the patients were believed to be intoxicated with digitalis. In each case the abnormality was lessened or abolished by the administration of NaEDTA. The beneficial effect lasted only a few minutes in some patients, but was permanent in others. 3. 3. Fourteen instances of similar arrhythmias or conduction disturbances not due to digitalis were also investigated. In one of these cases, ventricular premature contractions were either abolished or diminished in frequency on two separate occasions. In all the other cases in which digitalis intoxication was not present, the electrocardiographic abnormalities were unaffected by the administration of NaEDTA. 4. 4. In two cases in which the presence or absence of digitalis intoxication could not be satisfactorily determined, there was no change following the administration of NaEDTA. 5. 5. NaEDTA, given in the manner described. is a safe and effective therapeutic agent which may be used when rapid reversal of digitalis intoxication is desired. 6. 6. NaEDTA may be useful in determining whether or not a given arrhythmia or conduction disturbance is due to digitalis intoxication.
Mammalian DNA base excision repair proteins: Their interactions and role in repair of oxidative DNA damage

The DNA base excision repair (BER) is a ubiquitous mechanism for removing damage from the genome induced by spontaneous chemical reaction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also DNA damage induced by a variety of environmental genotoxicants. DNA repair is essential for maintaining genomic integrity. As we learn more about BER, a more complex mechanism emerges which supersedes the classical, simple pathway requiring only four enzymatic reactions. The key to understand the complete BER process is to elucidate how multiple proteins interact with one another in a coordinated process under specific physiological conditions.
Compact Modeling of Fractal Tree-Shaped Microchannel Liquid Cooling Systems

Demands for higher computational speed and miniaturization have already resulted in extremely high heat fluxes in microprocessors. Fractal tree-shaped microchannel liquid cooling systems are novel heat transfer enhancement systems to keep the temperature of the microprocessors in a safe range. Due to the complexity of these systems, their full field numerical modeling for simulation of the flow and temperature fields is too time consuming and costly, particularly to be used within iterative optimization algorithms. In this paper, a quick but still accurate compact modeling approach based on Flow Network Modeling (FNM) is introduced for analysis of the flow filed in fractal microchannel liquid cooling systems. The compact method is applied to a representative fractal microchannel cooling system and the obtained velocity and flow rate distribution are validated against a full Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based model for three different designs. The compact model shows good agreement with the CFD results and robustness on different designs, while requiring much less computational capability and time. Afterwards, the compact model is used for optimization of the geometry of the fractal cooling system to achieve maximum flow rate and uniform flow distribution among the channels for a fixed pressure drop.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Soybeans: Fumigation with Phosphine

Eggs and larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and immature Sitophilus oryzae (L.) were used to evaluate phosphine as a fumigant for control of insects in stored soybeans. The insects were used to determine toxicity and penetration and were not necessarily relevant to soybean storage. Fumigation with phosphine (90 tablets/1000 bu placed in various patterns) failed to produce 100% mortality of the test insects at all locations in the treated bins.
Treatment attitudes of recovered alcoholic counselors and nonalcoholic counselors

The advent of the profession of alcoholism counseling has generated concern about the clinical treatment attitudes of counselors who are recovered alcoholics. The treatment attitudes of eight recovered counselors and eight nonalcoholic counselors at a U.S. Navy alcohol treatment facility were compared by rating the counselors' perception of client clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and preference for treatment modality and goals. Recovered counselors perceived: greater psychological dependence on alcohol, higher probability of substitution of another drug for alcohol, psychologists as less helpful, Antabuse as more helpful, abstinence as a more necessary treatment goal, and transactional analysis as a more helpful treatment. No significant differences remained between the attitudes of both groups of counselors after intervening counselor characteristics (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous activity and alcohol training experience) were controlled. The findings may indicate reticence among nonalcoholic counselors to challenge traditional alcoholism treatment methods and theories.
The Effect of Procaine Penicillin and Ascorbic Acid on Egg Weight and Shell Thickness During Hot Weather

Abstract IT IS generally known that eggs laid by chickens when air temperatures are high have thinner, more easily broken, shells than have those laid when air temperatures are low or moderate. Experimental evidence of this was apparently first reported by Bennion and Warren (1933), who observed that when hens were kept under high temperatures their egg shells seemed more fragile. Conrad (1939) reported that the thinning of egg shells under high temperatures was associated, or at least coincident, with a decrease in the blood calcium level of the laying chicken. In the same experiment, Warren and Schnepel (1940) obtained data showing a considerable reduction in the thickness of the egg shells of hens when their constant environmental temperature was raised to 90 degrees F. In those experiments, calcium carbonate was used in the diets of the layers as the main source of calcium. In two experiments where different principal sources …
Relationship between Soil Sodium Concentration and Plant Height in Salicornia virginica in the Ballona Wetlands in Los Angeles, California

Abstract. Previous studies have shown a positive relationship between biomass of the common wetland halophyte, Salicornia virginica, and salinity. This study implements a new technique that is less invasive than measuring total plant biomass that involves uprooting the plant. Instead, plant height was used as an indicator of sodium content in surrounding soils. This technique is based on the hypothesis that plant height of S. virginica corresponds to soil sodium concentrations. There was a significant variation in plant height at higher soil sodium concentrations than at lower soil sodium concentrations. Furthermore, in areas of higher soil water content (%), sodium concentration was elevated.
Structure of the global attractor of cyclic feedback systems

We characterize the dynamics on global attractors of cyclic feedback systems. Under mild restrictions the description is given in terms of a semiconjugacy to a simple model system which possesses Morse-Smale dynamics. However, for the completely general case, no simple model system is feasible and hence we introduce a weaker notion of equivalence, namely, topological semiequivalency. We then prove that the global attractor of a cyclic feedback system is topologically semiequivalent to the original model flow. Main ingredients in the proof are the discrete Lyapunov function introduced by Mallet-Paret and Smith and the Conley index theory.
A Biologist's Guide to Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Evolution by Sarah P. Otto and Troy Day

A Biologist's Guide to Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Evolution by Sarah P. Otto and Troy Day, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2007, 732 pp., US$65.00 (hardcover), ISBN 0-69-112344...
3-Epideoxyradicinol and the biosynthesis of deoxyradicinin

Abstract A novel phytotoxic compound, in addition to the known phytotoxin deoxyradicinin, has been isolated from Alternaria helianthi and its structure elucidated as 3-epideoxyradicinol. Its epimer is also briefly described. The polyacetate biosynthetic origin of deoxyradicinin has been demonstrated.
Clinical and immunological studies of venom immunotherapy.

Summary Clinical and immunological studies were conducted in fifty insect-sensitive patients receiving bee and yellow jacket venom immunotherapy. All patients had had anaphylactic reactions and had elevated serum levels of venom-specific IgE (RAST) prior to therapy. Venom injections were given weekly starting at a dose of about 0.001 μg and aiming for a maximum of 50 μg or greater. Maintenance injections were administered monthly. In the majority of patients, venom-specific IgG was produced by immunizing doses above 1 μg. Highest titres were related to higher doses. Almost all patients receiving doses of 50 μg of venom had an IgG antibody response. Sequential measurements of venom-specific IgE were done in thirty-seven patients. Twenty-two had a declining titre, ten had a persistently elevated titre and five patients had a rise in antibody titre. There was no relationship between IgE and IgG antibody titres except for four patients who had a marked rise of both antibodies following venom therapy. Ten of the fifty patients received subsequent stings with no reactions. At the time of the subsequent uneventful sting, all but one had detectable serum IgG antibodies. These studies suggest: (1) venom immunotherapy appears effective for immunization of insect-sensitive individuals; and (2) considerable variability in individual immunological response to therapy and thus the probable need to individualize the degree and extent of venom therapy.
36: Primary and secondary prevention of obesity in older female adolescents attending a reproductive health clinic: A missed opportunity to intervene

the risk of developing life-threatening complications. In chronic illnesses, degree of control can be influenced by quality of life, self-efficacy, and disease management. This study investigates the factors affecting these parameters among adolescents with type 1 DM, including gender-specific differences. Methods: Data were obtained from 47 subjects with type 1 DM, age 12-21 years, enrolled in a clinical trial assessing factors affecting glycemic control. Inclusion criteria included baseline HbA1c 7.5% and 12.0% and duration of diabetes 1 year. Subjects completed the following: Diabetes Quality of Life, a three subscale instrument assessing disease satisfaction, impact, and worries; Diabetes Self-Efficacy, a two subscale instrument used to assess subjective personal ability to control diabetes; Diabetes Expectancy, a measure of how well subjects expect to manage their diabetes over the next three months; and Diabetes Attitudes and Knowledge, a four subscale instrument assessing attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, and healthy/unhealthy weight behaviors. Subjects also completed the Diabetes Self-Management interview. Statistical analyses included linear multiple regression analysis and Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Results: At baseline, mean age was 16.0 years ([12-21], SD 2.2); 18 subjects (38.3%) were female; 41 subjects (87.2%) were white; mean duration of diabetes was 7.2 years ([1.2-18.3], SD 4.2); and mean HbA1c was 9.6% ([7.5-11.8%], SD 1.2). Diabetes Quality of Life subscales (all 0.80) showed that females reported greater diabetes dissatisfaction (p 0.01) and worry (p 0.10). Worry was associated with age (p 0.05). Females had significantly lower scores (p 0.05) in both Diabetes Self-Efficacy subscales (both 0.80). Duration of diabetes was associated with greater self-efficacy (p 0.05). Females had significantly poorer Diabetes Expectancy scores (p 0.05). Analysis of Diabetes Attitudes and Knowledge subscales (all 0.70) revealed that females were more likely to engage in healthy weight control behaviors (p 0.01) and trended towards significance for unhealthy weight control behaviors (p 0.11). Higher baseline HbA1c was related to unhealthy weight control behaviors (p 0.01). The Diabetes Self-Management interview revealed that females were more likely to report delaying, missing, or altering their insulin doses (p 0.05). Conclusions: Females with type 1 DM report poorer diabetesrelated quality of life, self-efficacy, and diabetes management expectancy, and greater misuse of insulin. These data demonstrate gender-specific correlates of glycemic control and support the need for specific attention to weight management, particularly among young women with type 1 DM. Sources of Support: Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN; HRSA/ MCHB T71MC00008.
Uncertainty quantification in LES of a turbulent bluff-body stabilized flame

Abstract We address the forward uncertainty quantification problem in large eddy simulation (LES) of a turbulent non-premixed hydrocarbon flame, focusing on parametric uncertainty. More specifically, we examine the effect of uncertainty in the Smagorinsky coefficient and turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt numbers on specific quantities of interest. To conduct this analysis 25 LES simulations are performed, from which a surrogate model is built, based on polynomial chaos expansion, for the quantities of interest. This enables global sensitivity analysis and forward propagation of uncertainty, providing marginal and joint distributions on the quantities of interest. A non-intrusive method is used to construct the surrogate models, avoiding the need to modify the deterministic LES forward solver. The accuracy of the surrogates is examined using global error measures. The results provide insights into the underlying structure of the LES simulation, the impact of varying parameters on specific observables, and correlations among different quantities of interest.
Effects of modeling assumptions on the stability domain of BWRs

Abstract Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) stability analyses are generally conducted using reduced order models employing various methods such as frequency domain stability analyses, bifurcation analyses and time domain numerical integration. One of the models used for these analyses is the March-Leuba et al. (1986) model, which couples temperature and void reactivity to point reactor kinetics. This model was later modified to include the effects of rate of temperature change on the excess void reactivity ( March-Leuba, 1986b ). Here, we show the effect of this higher order modeling on the overall stability of the BWR, which can be used in validating large-scale codes. The change in the stability boundaries from the earlier reduced order model to the modified model is determined by evaluating the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices. The size of the stable region increases with positive coefficient for rate of temperature change term, whereas it decreases for negative coefficient. The nonlinear model is also integrated numerically, and shows that for parameter values studied here, the system evolves to stable amplitude oscillations when operating in the unstable region close to the stability boundary. The effects of uncertainty in parameters on the system behavior are modeled by formulating and solving stochastic differential equations of the reduced order model. The results show significant impact of uncertainties in modeling parameters.
“‘An effort to decide’: More Research into Kubrick’s Music Choices for 2001: A Space Odyssey”

This article supplies new information about Stanley Kubrick’s musical decision-making process on 2001: A Space Odyssey. This article draws on correspondence, anecdotal evidence, and legal documents housed in the Stanley Kubrick Archive, as well as the scholarly literature, to contribute new details to the timeline and nature of Kubrick’s provisional employment of Alex North and his selection process and pursuit of pre-existing works by Gyorgy Ligeti. In addition, the article illuminates Kubrick’s ongoing search for the right music by listening to music – and having others listening to music with the film in mind, and his pursuit through legal channels, of recordings of pieces he wanted to use. In these efforts, he was guided by a desire to find works that would both fit the film and help generate profit.
Evaluation of the quantitative capability of a high-resolution positron emission tomography scanner for small animal imaging.

Objective: The quantitative capability of a positron emission tomography scanner for small animal imaging was evaluated in this study. Methods: The microPET P4 (Concorde Microsystems, Knoxville, TN) scanner's capability for dynamic imaging and corrections for radioactive decay, dead time, and attenuation were evaluated. Rat brain and heart studies with and without attenuation correction were compared. A calibration approach to convert the data to nanocuries per milliliter was implemented. Calibration factors were determined using calibration phantoms of 2 sizes with and without attenuation correction. Quantitation was validated using the MiniPhantom (Data Spectrum, Chapel Hill, NC) with hot features (5:1 ratio) of different sizes (4, 6.4, 8, 13, and 16 mm). Results: The microPET P4 scanners ability to acquire dynamic studies and to correct for decay, dead time, and attenuation was demonstrated. The microPET P4 scanner provided accurate quantitation to within 6% for features larger than 10 mm. Sixty percent of object contrast was retained for features as small as 4 mm. Conclusions: The microPET P4 scanner can provide accurate quantitation.
Health care reform as perceived by first year medical students.

Our study objective was to evaluate the attitudes of first year medical students toward the health care system using a self administered questionnaire to all first year medical students at the medical schools in the University of California system. Of 631 students surveyed, 94% comleted the instrument. Students were asked about their attitudes toward and familiarity with concepts in health services, access to care, and managed care. Our findings indicated that most students were unfamiliar with concepts related to health services. Students were concerned about access to care; sixty-six percent of students favor a national health insurance plan. A majority of students supported allowing patients access to the current health care system regardless of the cost or utility of a medical test or procedure. Thirty-nine percent felt that rationing health care in any form (transplants, access to the intensive care unit, etc.) is contrary to the way medicine should be practiced. 72% felt that practicing physicians had a major responsibility to help reduce health care costs. When asked about specific changes intended to control health costs, students identified reform of medical malpractice system (63%) and increased spending on preventive health (60%) as the two proposals most likely to be effective. Students generally held negative attitudes toward managed care organizations; only 10% would chose to receive their care in HMOs. We conclude that first year medical students generally have little understanding of the health care system. Despite this, they hold strong opinions about access to care, managed care organizations and strategies intended to reduce health care spending. It is up to medical educators to find creative methods of introducing these content areas into an already bulging curriculum.
Building Capacity for Local Governance: An Application of Interactional Theory to Developing a Community of Interest*

The Emory-Obed Watershed in Tennessee, like many other rural areas throughout the United States, is experiencing changes in economic activities and social values associated with natural resources. Informed by the interactional approach to community development, this effort strove to build community capacity so community members could more fully govern their life according to their values and interests. We utilized key informant and focus group interviews to gain information about the watershed and to obtain different perspectives on resource-related issues. Data from key informant interviews led to the selection of a geographic community in which a community of interest was nurtured throughout a year involving monthly meetings, a community assessment and submission of a development grant application. It was found that gaining entry into the community and building trust among participants, and between participants and researchers, were critical in this in-place participatory community research. Lessons drawn from this experience applicable to similar efforts are discussed.
Bulky End Groups and Mesomorphism Study of Mesogenic Stilbenes with Chlorosilyl Groups

Abstract Liquid crystalline alkoxy stilbenes with chlorosilyl end groups were synthesized for the first time. The chlorosilyl end groups, even though bulky, tend to promote smectic mesophase due to their high polarity. The long range dipole-dipole intermolecular attractive forces overpower repulsive steric interactions. Theoretical calculations show the dimers from these chlorosilyl precursors to prefer bent conformation over extended one and thus they prove to be good models for side chain polysiloxanes.
Multiple input productivity measurement of production systems

The manufacturing manager is faced with the responsibility to effectively manage the productivity improvement of his production system. Critical to this challenge is the ability to measure the productivity of the various controllable resources. A multiple input productivity measurement model using data available within the manufacturing data base is presented which will perform absolute and trend analysis for the individual input factors along with the aggregate of the total system.
G6PD Deficient Cells and the Bioreduction of Disulfides: Effects of DHEA, GSH Depletion and Phenylarsine Oxide

We used Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) minus cells (89 cells) and G6PD containing cells (K1) to understand the mechanisms of bioreduction of disulfide and the redox regulation of protein and non protein thiols in mammalian cells. The 89 cells reduce hydroxyethyldisulfide (HEDS) to mercaptoethanol (ME) at a slower rate than K1 cells. HEDS reduction results in loss of nonprotein thiols (NPSH) and a decrease in protein thiols (PSH) in 89 cells. The effects are less dramatic with K1 cells. However, the loss of NPSH and PSH in K1 cells are increased in the absence of glucose. Glutathione-depletion with L-BSO partially blocks HEDS reduction in K1 and 89 cells. Treatment with the vicinal thiol reagent phenyl arsenic oxide (PAO) blocks reduction of HEDS in both cells. Surprisingly, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a known inhibitor of G6PD, inhibits the growth and blocks the reduction of HEDS both in 89 and K1 cells suggesting that its mechanism for inhibition of growth is not G6PD related.
Mechanical and biochemical modeling of cortical oscillations in spreading cells.

Actomyosin-based cortical contractility is a common feature of eukaryotic cells and is involved in cell motility, cell division, and apoptosis. In nonmuscle cells, oscillations in contractility are induced by microtubule depolymerization during cell spreading. We developed an ordinary differential equation model to describe this behavior. The computational model includes 36 parameters. The values for all but two of the model parameters were taken from experimental measurements found in the literature. Using these values, we demonstrate that the model generates oscillatory behavior consistent with current experimental observations. The rhythmic behavior occurs because of the antagonistic effects of calcium-induced contractility and stretch-activated calcium channels. The model makes several experimentally testable predictions: 1), buffering intracellular calcium increases the period and decreases the amplitude of cortical oscillations; 2), increasing the number or activity of stretch activated channels leads to an increase in period and amplitude of cortical oscillations; 3), inhibiting Ca2+ pump activity increases the period and amplitude of oscillations; and 4), a threshold exists for the calcium concentration below which oscillations cease.
Local production of Ia-inducing activity in experimental immunogenic uveitis

The production of soluble lymphokine products of T lymphocytes was studied in the aqueous of rabbits with uveitis induced by intravitreal injection of 2.0 mg of ovalbumin. Aqueous from uveitic eyes demonstrated Ia-inducing activity at a dilution of 1:50 which diluted out at 1:250. The control aqueous and sera from normal or uveitic animals were negative. While production of interleukin 2(IL-2) in uveitic eyes could not be demonstrated in vitro, control rabbit concanavalin A-induced supernatants of nylon-wool-purified T cells contained both Ia-inducing and IL-2 activity. These data demonstrate antigen-driven production of a lymphokine activity in the aqueous of the uveitic eye. Local production of lymphokine may be a potent mechanism for amplification of the inflammatory process in uveitis.
Assessing the impact of different auction-based CO 2 allowance allocation mechanisms

Auction based CO 2 allowance allocation is a fundamental element of all cap-and-trade programs that are being discussed around the world. Multi-unit auctions usually follow a uniform or discriminatory pricing mechanism. Each of the auction mechanisms result in different strategic behavior by bidders. In this paper, we develop a game-theoretic model to assess the impact of these auction mechanisms on cap-and-trade and electricity markets. The game-theoretic model is solved using a nested two-stage diagonalization algorithm. The methodology is demonstrated on power network data from northern Illinois electricity market and results are discussed.
Hepatic disease in pregnancy

Abstract Liver disease occurring in pregnancy can be categorized into three groups. The first group includes diseases unique to pregnancy and caused by it. Among these are hyperemesis gravidarum, cholestasis of pregnancy, and disorders associated with preeclampsia. Liver involvement may be expected in 50% of patients with hyperemesis gravidaru. Preeclampsia has been associated with both the HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver tests, and low platelets), which includes hepatic infarction and rupture, and with acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP). In patients with HELLP syndrome, liver test abnormalities do not correlate with liver injury. Therefore, this and other disorders associated with preeclampsia require aggressive treatment, primarily with delivery. The second group of liver diseases are those exacerbated by pregnancy. Viral infections involving the liver that are usually benign, such as hepatitis E and herpes simplex, are more likely to be exacerbated in pregnant women and are more likely to lead to fulminant hepatic failure. Cholelithiasis and Budd-Chiari syndrome are more prevalent in pregnant women. The third group is comprised of liver diseases that are preexisting in the pregnant patient and includes autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and Wilson's disease. The number of patients in the last group is small, as chronic liver disease is rare in women who are able to bear children.
Immunochemical evidence for multiple class I antigens coded by the MHC of the rat (RT1) and their differential expression on red blood cells and lymphocytes.

SUMMARY Five monoclonal antibodies reacting with class I MHC antigens were produced by fusing lymphocytes from WF (RT1u) rats immunized against DA (RT1a) rats with P3-X63-Ag8-653 myeloma cells. Sequential immunoprecipitation studies with the mAb and the WF anti-DA alloantiserum demonstrated the presence of four different class I molecules: all four molecules were reactive with the alloantiserum; three of them contained the determinant for mAb 155; two of the latter three molecules shared the determinants for mAb 3, 56 and 60, and one of these two molecules also contained the determinant for mAb 118. The four molecules could be isolated from the antigen preparation by sequential immunodepletion first with 118, next with 3, then with 155 and finally with the alloantiserum or by sequential absorption with affinity columns of Sepharose 4B coupled to the antibodies. The three antigens which were sequentially isolated with the mAb 118, 3, and 155, respectively, were analysed by SDS-PAGE after digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and they showed differences in peptide patterns. The relative amounts of the antigens expressed on red blood cells and on lymphocytes were different based on the results of sequential isolation and indirect cellular radioimmunoassay: the antigen which reacted with both mAb 3 (and 56 or 60) and 155 was the major class I antigen on red blood cells, and the antigen which reacted with mAb 118, 3 (and 56 or 60) and 155 was the major class I antigen on lymphocytes.
Musicians' Cognitive Processing of Imagery-Based Instructions for Expressive Performance

This study addressed the cognitive processes of musicians using imagery to improve expressive performance. Specifically, it was an examination of the extent to which musicians translate imagery int...
Brain connectivity: a new journal emerges.

We are excited about the launch of this new journal Brain Connectivity, which focuses on a field that has been rapidly evolving over the last several years. This journal will bring together all aspects of the functional and structural connections of the human and animal brain regardless of experimental technique. Improvements to existing neuroimaging modalities have provided unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution, and new computational and neurophysiological models are further propelling connectivity research forward. Additionally, there has been a recent trend toward the use of multimodal experiments to obtain complementary information about neural connectivity and to promote a better understanding of the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of the phenomenon. We believe this unprecedented level of growth in a focused area of neuroscience presents a unique opportunity to begin this endeavor and to shape the future of brain connectivity research.
Soot formation and burnout during the combustion of dispersed pulverized coal particles

The formation and burnout of soot during the combustion of three high volatile bituminous coals were studied using a combination of high-speed photography and two-color optical pyrometry. The soot is observed to form in a nearly spherical shell displaced from the particle surface by one to four particle radii. The overall soot cloud diameter is approximately constant with the shell thickness increasing with decreasing oxygen concentration. The soot concentration builds to a peak value and then decays over intervals of 5 ms at 100% O2 to 8 ms at 15% O2. The peak soot concentration ranges from 0.5% of the mass of coal at the higher oxygen concentrations to 3% at the lower. The location and duration of the soot flame are roughly correlated with values calculated from a simple model of the formation and burnout of coal volatiles.
Climate change scenario for Costa Rican montane forests

[1] Tropical montane cloud forests are characterized by persistent immersion in clouds, an important source of moisture during the dry season. Future changes in temperature and precipitation could alter cloud cover at the vegetation level and seriously affect mountain ecosystems. A regional climate modeling study that focuses on changes in the distributions of temperature and precipitation in Costa Rica shows, in general, an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation under the A2 scenario. At high elevations, warming is amplified and future temperature distribution lies outside the range of present-day distribution. Compared to the Caribbean side, temperature changes are greater at high elevations on the Pacific side. Model results also show significant changes in precipitation amounts and variability and an increase in the altitude of cloud formation on the Pacific side that may have serious implications for mountain ecosystems in and around Costa Rica.
Teaching about Another Culture: The Old Order Amish.

(1996). Teaching about Another Culture: The Old Order Amish. The Social Studies: Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 161-163.
Management of Penetrating Joint Injuries

A classification scheme for penetrating joint injuries is presented. Diagnostic techniques and treatment recommendations for managing penetrating joint injuries in small animals are described. Techniques used in human and equine patients are discussed for comparison.
Unknown sensor position estimation in axially distributed sensing and 3D imaging

An axially distributed sensing system is a 3D sensing and imaging where the sensors are distributed along the optical axis. In this system, a prior knowledge of exact sensor positions was required for 3D volume image reconstruction. In this paper, we overview unknown sensor position estimation method and present an axially distributed sensing with unknown sensor positions. Experiments illustrate the feasibility of the proposed system and show this new system may improve the visual quality of 3D reconstructed images.
Enlargement of the micropores of a caking bituminous coal by controlled oxidation

Abstract In a study of the enlargement of pores of coals it has been found that treatment of a bituminous coal (PSOC No. 371, from the Pennsylvania State University Coal Section) with a 5:95 O2:N2 stream 4 h at 400 °C increases the surface area as measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77K by a factor of at least 50 to a value 52 m2 g−1. The increase in pore size was accompanied by a 9.7% weight loss. Simultaneously, the area as measured by carbon dioxide at 195K increased from 61 to 136 m2 g−1 and that measured by carbon dioxide at room temperature increased from 125 to 237 m2 g−1. Attempts to enlarge the pores by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or ozone were unsuccessful. A Pittsburgh coal subject to a small percentage of oxygen in nitrogen or steam at 300 to 400 °C showed a surface area as measured by nitrogen adsorption of less than 1 m2 g−1 both before and after such pretreatment. This same coal with a 5:95 O2:N2 stream for 4 h at 450 °C showed a surface area of 110 m2 g−1 measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77K.
Forward masking properties of neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus: Possible role in the process of echo suppression

The majority of single unit studies in the auditory system have been carried out using stimuli whose temporal and spectral contexts are held constant. Relatively little attention has been given to the influence of context on unit response properties. Indeed, auditory nerve fiber responses are known to be context-dependent due to the property of forward masking, a phenomenon by which the response to one sound results in a reduction in the response to a subsequent sound. Forward masking might be expected to be even more influential at central levels of the auditory pathway where the responses are reshaped by additional synaptic interactions. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the forward masking properties of neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). A tool was developed for measuring the response to a probe tone as a function of delay following a previous tone-burst. The frequency of the probe was held constant at the unit's characteristic frequency while the frequency of the leading tone (masker) was varied. These measures provided a description of neural masking effects in different temporal and spectral contexts. The data yielded two patterns of suppression. In the first pattern (Type A), the suppression of the probe response became evident immediately following offset of the masker; the suppression bandwidth showed a gradual narrowing as the delay between masker and probe was increased. In the second class (Type B), the suppression of the probe response did not become evident until well after offset of the masker; this pattern appeared more circumscribed in that the suppression bandwidth gradually increased as a function of delay up to a maximum then decreased with further increases in delay. The results imply that mechanisms intrinsic to the DCN contribute to further modification and reshaping of the spectral and temporal context of masking effects beyond those seen in the auditory nerve. It is hypothesized that such properties may be specialized for suppressing the response to echoes thus facilitating communication and localization of sound in enclosed spaces.
Phase-polarization control as a route to plasmonic nano-devices

Several concepts of coherent control are extended to manipulate light propagating along metal nano-particle arrays. A phase-polarization control strategy is proposed and applied to control the electromagnetic energy transport via nano-array constructs with multiple branching intersections, leading to an optical switch or inverter far below the diffraction limit. An optimal control approach, based on the genetic algorithm optimization procedure, is next generalized to suggest a systematic design tool for plasmonic nano-devices, where both material properties of nano-arrays and incident field parameters are optimized in order to make devices with desired functionality. The proposed schemes are also used to better understand the physics underlying the phenomenon of electromagnetic energy transport via metal nano-constructs. Several applications of the phase-polarization and optimal control strategies are considered.
Labor costs and economic impact of a primary care clinical pharmacy service on postfracture care in postmenopausal women.

Study Objective To compare costs associated with two osteoporosis management interventions and to quantify cost avoidance due to projected hip fracture prevention. Design Labor and cost analysis within a retrospective cohort study. Setting Integrated health care delivery system. Patients or Participants Women aged 67 or older with a documented fracture between January 1 and December 31, 2007, managed by either a Clinical Pharmacy Osteoporosis Management Service (CPOMS) or comparator service using a registered nurse (RN). Recommendations included dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans and/or bisphosphonate therapy as appropriate. Measurement and Main Results The primary end points were cost per patient reviewed, cost per patient achieving the quality end point of completing a DEXA scan or purchasing an antiosteoporosis medication, and cost avoidance due to projected hip fracture prevention. A total of 1129 women were managed by either CPOMS (n=827) or the comparator service (n=302). The cost of provider time for CPOMS and comparator group interventions was $25 ($21–$30) and $34 ($21–$53) per patient reviewed, respectively. The cost per patient achieving the quality end point was $92 ($77–$112) and $198 ($124–$307), respectively. If women in the CPOMS group persisted in receiving their bisphosphonate for 1 year, approximately two additional hip fractures would be avoided per 1000 patients reviewed. Based on this model, the projected annual cost of osteoporosis care for 1000 women was $619,736 (CPOMS) versus $726,887 (comparator service). Conclusions The CPOMS resulted in comparable cost per patient reviewed but a lower cost per patient achieving quality end points. When including costs associated with projected hip fractures, CPOMS was less expensive than the comparator group because more patients initiated drug therapy, which resulted in fewer projected hip fractures. From the health care payer's perspective, the CPOMS intervention is associated with a lower cost per patient achieving treatment recommendations while providing future cost savings because of fewer hip fractures.
A folk meta-theorem in the foundations of utility theory

Abstract We formalize a folk meta-theorem, which we call the Coduality Principle, that unifies the weak and strict preference approaches to utility theory. The Coduality Principle asserts that any well-formed formula involving weak preference is equivalent to a codual formula involving strict preference that is obtained by replacing every occurence of a weak preference relation in the original formula with an equivalent codual relation. We also provide some of the history, theory, and applications of the Coduality Principle to decision theory.
Congenital Mitral Stenosis

Seven patients with isolated congenital mitral stenosis are described. In one instance there was an associated coarctation of the aorta. Repeated pulmonic infections, pulmonary edema, and congestive heart failure occurred frequently. The clinical diagnosis is suspected in the presence of an apical diastolic rumbling murmur and left atrial enlargement. Presystolic accentuation of this diastolic murmur, a sharp first heart sound, and an opening snap strengthen the diagnosis. Cardiomegaly and the electrocardiographic finding of right ventricular hypertrophy are common. Pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure may obscure the clinical picture of isolated congenital mitral stenosis. In infancy, the presence of tight mitral stenosis is usually associated with a poor prognosis. The mitral leaflets showed variable degrees of fusion and thickening. The chordae tendineae were shortened and the papillary muscles hypertrophic. Endocardial fibroelastosis was common in the left heart, especially in the atriu...
Reactive oxygen species are involved in the morphology-determining mechanism of Fremyella diplosiphon cells during complementary chromatic adaptation.

Fremyella diplosiphon modifies the pigment composition of its major light-harvesting complexes, i.e. phycobilisomes, and cell and filament morphology according to ambient light quality in a process termed complementary chromatic adaptation (CCA). The cells are red in colour and rectangular shaped, and filaments are longer under green light (GL), in contrast with blue-green, spherical cells and shorter filaments under red light (RL). In this study, we report that wild-type (WT) UTEX 481 and WT-pigmented, shortened filament strain SF33 of F. diplosiphon accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under both GL and RL, with the level of oxidative stress being higher under RL as compared with GL. During CCA, higher levels of ROS under RL are correlated with the RL-specific spherical cell shape and filament fragmentation – cells exhibiting elevated levels of ROS under RL have reduced cell length, yet the width of cells is not affected. Addition of ascorbic acid to RL-grown cultures resulted in lower ROS levels and a concomitant shift to GL-associated cellular morphology, i.e. an increased cell length. This observation identifies an RL-dependent oxidative-stress-mediated regulation of morphogenesis in a bacterial system. Spherical cell morphology may result from ROS-dependent changes in the cell membrane integrity or cell wall loosening and associated cell expansion.
Anti-trinitrophenyl (TNP) antibody detection by neutralization of TNP-coliphage T4.

Abstract Anti-trinitrophenyl antibodies are detected by the specific neutralization of bacteriophage T4 haptenated with the picryl radical (TNP). TNP-phage neutralization by anti-TNP is compared to neutralization by anti-phage. Anti-TNP neutralized haptenated phage by two separable first order processes. The initial reaction was operative until the surviving fraction approached 0·1 at which point a second, slower, apparent first order process was detectable. Neutralization of haptenated phage by anti-phage antibody appeared to proceed by a single first order reaction and thus differed from neutralization by anti-TNP antibody. Neutralization by anti-TNP is hapten specific since anti-hapten antibody was unable to neutralize native phage and since neutralization of TNP-phage by anti-TNP was inhibited by TNP-ϵ-aminocaproic acid which does not affect anti-phage antibodies. Neutralization of TNP-phage by anti-hapten also differs from neutralization of TNP-phage in the rat the former is more dependent on antigen concentration. This assay was used to detect primary 19S and 7S anti-hapten antibodies separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and provides a means of detecting the two classes of anti-TNP antibodies at very low concentration.
ISS properties of nonholonomic vehicles

The paper presents the first result on nonholonomic systems enjoying input to state stability (ISS) properties. Although it is known that smooth stabilizability implies ISS, the converse is not generally true. This leaves the possibility of non-smoothly stabilizable systems being ISS with respect to a particular input, after an appropriate feedback transformation. This is shown to be true for the case of the unicycle with a dynamic extension, in a particular topology induced by a metric appropriate for this type of systems. A feedback control law renders the closed-loop system locally ISS in the particular topology. Potential applications include stability and robustness analysis of formations of mobile robots.
When A Lie Becomes Memory's Truth: Memory Distortion After Exposure to Misinformation

ing is that after receipt of new infor mation that is misleading in some way, people make errors when they report what they saw. New, postevent information often be comes incorporated into a recollec tion, supplementing or altering it, sometimes in dramatic ways. New information invades us, like a Trojan horse, precisely because we do not detect its influence. Understanding how we become tricked by revised data about a witnessed event is a central goal of this research. Current research showing how memory can become skewed when people assimilate new data utilizes a simple paradigm. Participants first witness a complex event, such as a simulated violent crime or automo bile accident. Subsequently, half the participants receive new, mislead ing information about the event. The other half do not get any misinfor