cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoplasmic reticulum stress response in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased over the past few decades due to a rise in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and obesity. Sedentary lifestyle coupled with exorbitant consumption of high-caloric diet has been associated with root cause of the epidemic increase in chronic liver diseases. NAFLD is a chronic liver disease which encompasses a spectrum of conditions ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), further leading to irreversible liver cirrhosis. A “multiple hit working model” is a recognized theory that explains the development and progression of NASH, the advanced stage of NAFLD. According to this model, initial hit leads to the development of steatosis, which makes the liver vulnerable to following hits induced by inflammatory cytokines, endotoxins, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, saturated fatty acid deposition, and/or hepatic organelle dysfunction. These hits eventually result in hepatic fibrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis, which are considered the key features of NASH. Accumulation of hepatic fats leads to the activation of various pathways, including unfolded protein response, which is associated with intracellular stress and inflammation. ER plays a crucial role in restoring cellular homeostasis by directing either through the refolding of misfolded proteins or employing several alternative mechanisms such as ER-associated degradation. ER stress response also causes insulin resistance and inflammation and in the worst cases, culminates in severe liver damage and hepatic cell death, all of which are central to the pathogenesis of NASH. This review sheds some light on recent findings of ER stress response and oxidative stress in the progression of NAFLD.
Physiology and Rheology of Arteries

Anatomical descriptions of the human and other mammalian arterial trees can be found in many textbooks. For the purpose of illustrating the blood perfusion and pressure pulse transmission path, the major branches of the arterial tree are shown in Fig. 2–1. There are considerable similarities among the corresponding anatomical sites of the arterial circulation in mammals (Li, 1996). The root of the aorta begins immediately at the aortic valve. The outlet of the aortic valve sits in the ascending aorta, which has the largest diameter of the aorta. The first branches off the aorta are the left and right main coronary arteries. The aortic arch junction is formed by the ascending aorta, the brachiocephalic artery, the left subclavian artery, and the descending thoracic aorta.
The Externalities of Global Warming

The societal cost of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion can be measured as (1) the cost of enduring or repairing the damage caused by global warming; (2) the cost of controlling the harm by reducing greenhouse gas emissions; or, (3) the cost of mitigating the harm by sequestering emitted CO2 in trees.
ASYNAPSIS AND MUTABILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

From analysis of salivary gland configurations and patterns of nondisjunction, it is estimated that the highly rearranged Second Multiple 5 (SM5) chromosome does not pair extensively with its homologue. The frequency of chromosome II lethal mutations was significantly higher among sperm from asynaptic SM5/+ males (19.5%) than among sperm from control males (8.6%) six to eight days after treatment with 1000 r of x rays. These sperm batches are interpreted as having been in or near meiosis at the time of irradiation. This sensitivity of SM5/+ males was found not to extend to the X chromosome after irradiation, indicating that such males do not have an inherently high mutability. The rate of spermiogenesis or sperm maturation in SM5/+ males and control males was compared by scoring induced crossovers, fecundity, and egg hatchability during single-day mating periods after irradiation. No difference in the pattern of these effects was observed, so that the maturation time of both groups of males is ap parently the same. The interpretation that asynapsis is an important factor during meiosis is supported by these findings. It is suggested that during meiosis the synapsis of homologous chromosomes favors the repair of chromosomal disruptions over the formation of rearrangements,more » and that asynapsis may greatly increase the frequency of lethal mutations. (auth)« less
Pressure-induced metal-insulator transition in twisted bilayer graphene

Recent experiments on twisted bilayer graphene (TBLG) have observed insulating states for two and three unit charges per moir\'e supercell, whereas the quarter-filling state (QFS) remained metallic. Subsequent experiments show that under hydrostatic pressure the QFS turns insulating for a certain window of pressure. In fact, the resistivity of the 1/2-filling and 3/4-filling states are also enhanced in the same pressure-window. Using pressure-dependent band structure calculations we compute the ratio of the potential to the kinetic energy, ${r}_{s}$. We find a window of pressure for which ${r}_{s}$ crosses the threshold for a triangular Wigner crystal, thereby corroborating our previous work that the insulating states in TBLG are driven by Wigner physics, A key prediction of this work is that the window for the onset of the hierarchy of Wigner states that obtains at commensurate fillings conforms to a dome shape under pressure. We also predict the optimal condition for Wigner crystallization to be around $1.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. Consequently, TBLG provides a new platform for the exploration of Wigner physics and its relationship with superconductivity.
Police Misconduct and Release-Dismissal Agreements

There are numerous barriers to reducing and eliminating police misconduct, especially excessive use of force and other civil rights violations. Some involve prosecutors. One such barrier, is reluctance on the part of local prosecutors to bring charges against police officers the prosecutor works with and relies upon. Another barrier, though, confronts surviving victims of police misconduct seeking relief in civil courts: prosecutorial use of release-dismissal agreements to shield police misconduct. In a release-dismissal agreement, a prosecutor offers to dismiss criminal charges against a person in exchange for the person giving up the right to file a civil lawsuit based on injuries resulting from police misconduct. Under such an agreement, a prosecutor uses criminal charges as leverage to obtain a release of civil claims against a police officer, police department, and municipality. Use of release-dismissal agreements raises significant legal and ethical issues, which we address in this paper. We begin by analyzing the arguments for and against release-dismissal agreements and the possible scenarios in which a prosecutor may enter into one. We also discuss the legal status of release-dismissal agreements and the ethical issues they raise.
Primary Care Physicians: an Untapped Resource for Disaster Response

The importance of the primary care physicians (PCP) role in disaster preparedness can often be overlooked by communities, organizations, and physicians themselves. Understanding how PCP is currently trained to respond to a disaster can help to ensure knowledge in disaster preparedness and their response to disasters in the future. Even as disasters continue to be a part of daily life, studies have shown that there continues to be a lack of preparedness on the physician’s part to respond due to insufficient training. The willingness and eagerness of physicians to help exists; however, there is a disconnect between the larger federal organizations, local organizations and the physician’s role in the planning, implementation, and response to a disaster. It continues to be imperative that physicians, starting in their training years, become familiar with disaster preparedness and build the confidence to lead or take part in response. Moving forward, medical schools, residency programs, and continuing medical education courses need to focus and capitalize on the sense of responsibility physicians have toward patients and families and give them the tools that they need to become familiar and confident in creating a role for themselves in disaster preparedness.
Some Insights into Assessing Chemical Systems Thinking

This paper seeks to provide some insights into the assessment of student understanding within a systems thinking perspective. Results are based on work carried out using a general chemistry curriculum that, although not developed with such a framework, shares some of its underlying intentions. After describing how chemical systems thinking is conceptualized in the paper, a specific example of an assessment tool is described and discussed to illustrate major points in our analysis. Results of a qualitative pilot study using this instrument are presented and used to highlight potentialities and challenges in teaching and assessing student understanding using a systems thinking framework. A majority of study participants expressed sophisticated ways of reasoning based on the properties and interactions of relevant components and processes in the system under consideration. Nevertheless, they could not easily connect and apply their understanding of theoretical chemical models and practices to the realities of the system.
Cellulose Nanocrystals for Wrinkled Fabric

Although wrinkling is not appreciated in some of its manifestations, there are other instances for which it is essential to study and comprehend various physical phenomena related to wrinkling. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have some excellent intrinsic properties, i.e., high aspect ratio, percolation function, and good mechanical strength that have potential to affect wrinkling. Since the production period of bacterial cellulose is longer, it is efficient to use CNC as a substitute for bacterial cellulose in such applications. The network structure of bacterial cellulose can be mimicked by CNC fabric, which comprises several wrinkled CNC layers.
MSN perceptions of practice-based problems and research-based interventions.

Abstract Background Although faculty design Master of Science in Nursing courses to help students acquire knowledge in practice, evidence gaps exist in the literature. The purpose of this study was to describe problems identified by practicing graduate nursing students, match them with themes from the National Institute of Nursing Research, determine if sufficient published literature exists to guide research-based interventions, and identify gaps. Method Using the National Institute's research themes as the framework, 215 de-identified student papers were selected using two courses—a research methods/biostatistics and an ethics course. The Krippendorff method was used to identify practice-based problems and research-based interventions with gaps in the literature. Discussion Students identified pain, sleep difficulties, delirium, falls, hospital-acquired infections, noise, hypothermia, and stress as priority practice-based problems. Conclusion A lack of clear or administratively enforced clinical guidelines or educational strategies was identified as an area with information gaps in the literature.
Hyers–Ulam Stability for a First-Order Linear Proportional Nabla Difference Operator

The Hyers–Ulam stability (HUS) of a certain first-order proportional nabla difference equation with a sign-alternating coefficient is established. For those parameter values for which HUS holds, an HUS constant is found, and in special cases it is shown that this is the minimal such constant possible. A 2-cycle solution and a 4-cycle solution are shown to not have HUS.
The Pictures in Their Heads: How U.S. Mayors Think About Racial Inequality:

Many scholars examine what role cities can play in addressing racial inequality. Yet existing research presents little direct evidence of local political elites’ perceptions of racial inequality an...
Peer-to-Peer Contact Tracing: Development of a Privacy-Preserving Smartphone App.

Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an urgent public health crisis, with epidemiologic models predicting severe consequences, including high death rates, if the virus is permitted to run its course without any intervention or response. Contact tracing using smartphone technology is a powerful tool that may be employed to limit disease transmission during an epidemic or pandemic; yet, contact tracing apps present significant privacy concerns regarding the collection of personal data such as location. Objective: The aim of this study is to develop an effective contact tracing smartphone app that respects user privacy by not collecting location information or other personal data. Methods: We propose the use of an anonymized graph of interpersonal interactions to conduct a novel form of contact tracing and have developed a proof-of-concept smartphone app that implements this approach. Additionally, we developed a computer simulation model that demonstrates the impact of our proposal on epidemic or pandemic outbreak trajectories across multiple rates of adoption. Results: Our proof-of-concept smartphone app allows users to create “checkpoints” for contact tracing, check their risk level based on their past interactions, and anonymously self-report a positive status to their peer network. Our simulation results suggest that higher adoption rates of such an app may result in a better controlled epidemic or pandemic outbreak. Conclusions: Our proposed smartphone-based contact tracing method presents a novel solution that preserves privacy while demonstrating the potential to suppress an epidemic or pandemic outbreak. This app could potentially be applied to the current COVID-19 pandemic as well as other epidemics or pandemics in the future to achieve a middle ground between drastic isolation measures and unmitigated disease spread.
Cellular Immune Events in the Joints of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Our understanding of rheumatology in general, and rheumatoid arthritis in particular, owes much to immunologic studies. In the past three decades, as new technologies and concepts emerged, each in turn has been tested in patients with this disease. In the 1950s and 1960s, emphasis was on the antibodies present in the blood, particularly the antibody to IgG known as rheumatoid factor. Later attention shifted to the inflammatory events mediated by antigen-antibody interactions within the articular cavity. These have been described elsewhere and are not dealt with in this chapter (Silver and Zvaifler, 1985; Zvaifler, 1973). Rather, we review the information on cellular immune findings that has accumulated in the last 10 years and, where appropriate, try to relate it to the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid synovitis.
Mothers' DASH diet adherence and food purchases after week-long episodic future thinking intervention

Abstract Prospection has helped participants forego the temptation to buy and eat higher calorie nutrient poor foods in favor of buying and eating fewer calories and healthier macronutrient profiles in laboratory tasks and brief field studies. This pilot study examines whether episodic future thinking (EFT) improves mothers’ dietary behavior and food purchasing over a longer 7-10-day period. The study utilized a 2 × 2 factorial design with mothers (N = 60) randomized to EFT or standardized episodic thinking (SET) crossed with dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet education or a food safety education control. Participants listened to their cues (e.g., recordings of themselves imagining a future event or recalling a past episode) using a mobile ecological momentary intervention (EMI) tool and returned to complete a follow-up dietary recall and submit food receipts. Results showed diets of mothers in the EFT groups became more concordant with the DASH diet (ηp2 = 0.08, p
Urinary ferritin; a potential noninvasive way to screen NICU patients for iron deficiency.

Building on our previous study, showing a correlation between ferritin in serum and urine, we conducted a feasibility evaluation, measuring urinary ferritin as a potential noninvasive screening test for iron deficiency among NICU patients. This was a prospective analysis of paired serum/urine ferritin levels. We defined iron-limited erythropoiesis by a RET-He <5th percentile lower reference interval (<28 pg). We obtained 49 paired serum/urine samples from neonates judged as at-risk for iron deficiency. Urine ferritin (“corrected” for urine creatinine and specific gravity) correlated with serum ferritin (correlation coefficient of log10-transformed values 0.44). A corrected urine ferritin <12 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 82% (95% CI, 67–93%) and a specificity of 100% (CI, 66–100%) for detecting iron-limited erythropoiesis, with a positive predictive value of 100% (CI, 89–100%). Measuring urinary ferritin in NICU patients is feasible. Since low values identify iron-limitation, this could become a useful noninvasive screen.
Neighborhood social cohesion and disease prevention in Asian immigrant populations.

Abstract In the United States (US), chronic disease risk factors are highly prevalent among Asian immigrant communities, who also exhibit low health screening rates. Perceived neighborhood social cohesion (NSC) has been associated with preventive healthcare use in the general US population, although it remains unexplored among Asian Americans (AAs). The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between NSC and preventive screening for hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, and depression among East, South and Southeast Asian American (EAA, SAA, SEAA) communities in New York City (NYC) using cross-sectional, locally collected data from 2013 to 2016. NSC was assessed using a 4-question scale to create an additive score between 4 and 16 and was analyzed both as a continuous and categorial variable (High, Medium, and Low tertiles). Recent screening was defined as a check-up within the last year for each of the included health conditions. A one-unit increase in NSC score was associated with increased odds of recent screening for high cholesterol in EAAs (AOR = 1.09, 95%CI:1.00–1.20); for high cholesterol, diabetes, and depression in SAAs (AOR = 1.08, 95%CI:1.00–1.20; AOR = 1.07, 95%CI:1.00–1.15; AOR = 1.15, 95%CI:1.06–1.25); and with high cholesterol among SEAAs (AOR = 1.12, 95%CI:1.00–1.25). Overall, NSC was an important facilitator for preventive screening behaviors for specific conditions in different groups, though was consistently associated with screening for high cholesterol in our sample. Enhancing NSC through family and community-based programming may be one strategy to encourage screening for preventive behaviors, though more research is needed to elucidate a precise mechanism.
Biofabrication of 3D printed hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone regeneration

Biofabrication has been adapted in engineering patient-specific biosynthetic grafts for bone regeneration. Herein, we developed a 3D high-resolution, room-temperature printing approach to fabricate osteoconductive scaffolds using calcium phosphate cement (CPC). The non-aqueous CPC bioinks were composed of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), and Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) dissolved in either ethanol (EtOH) or Tetrahydrofuran (THF). They were printed in an aqueous sodium phosphate bath, which performs as a hardening accelerator for hydroxyapatite (HA) formation and as a retainer for 3D microstructure. The PVB solvents, EtOH or THF, affected differently the slurry rheological properties, scaffold microstructure, mechanical properties, and osteoconductivity. Our proposed approach overcomes limitations of conventional fabrication methods, which require high-temperature (> 50 oC), low-resolution (> 400 μm) printing with an inadequate amount of large ceramic particles (> 35 μm). This proof-of-concept study opens venues in engineering high-resolution, implantable, and osteoconductive scaffolds with predetermined properties for bone regeneration.
Hunt, Lynn and Jack R. Censer, The French Revolution and Napoleon: Crucible of the Modern World: London: Bloomsbury, 256 pp., $95.02, ISBN 978-1474213721, Publication Date: October 2017

The French Revolution was the most powerful agent of political and social change between the Reformation and World War I. The Napoleonic era that followed it helped disseminate these changes to oth...
Urban nocturnal cooling mediated by bluespace

The spatiotemporal characteristics of air temperature and humidity mediated by urban bluespace are investigated using a combination of dense network of climatological observations in a medium-sized US city, computational fluid dynamics, and analytical modeling approaches. Both numerical simulation and observational results show that the rate of change of hourly averaged air temperature and humidity at 3.5 m over urban areas peaks 2 h after sunset, while it decreases with time monotonically over greenspace, indicating different impacts due to presence of urban lakes. The apparent temperature decreases with distance to lakes in urban area due to higher near-shore humidity. This highlights that urban lakes located near city center can deteriorate the nighttime cooling effects due to elevated humidity. Finally, two analytical models are presented to explain the connection between the surface and air temperature as well as the spatial variation of air temperature and humidity adjacent to the urban lakes. These simplified models with parameters being inferred from the network of measurements have reasonably good performance compared to the observations. Compared to other sophisticated numerical simulations, these analytical models offer an alternative means that is easily accessible for evaluating the efficacy of bluespace on urban nocturnal cooling.
Orthognathic speech pathology: impacts of Class III malocclusion on speech.

INTRODUCTION Patients with dentofacial disharmonies (DFDs) seek orthodontic care and orthognathic surgery to address issues with mastication, esthetics, and speech. Speech distortions are seen 18 times more frequently in Class III DFD patients than the general population, with unclear causality. We hypothesize there are significant differences in spectral properties of stop (/t/ or /k/), fricative (/s/ or /ʃ/), and affricate (/tʃ/) consonants and that severity of Class III disharmony correlates with the degree of speech abnormality. METHODS To understand how jaw disharmonies influence speech, orthodontic records and audio recordings were collected from Class III surgical candidates and reference subjects (n = 102 Class III, 62 controls). A speech pathologist evaluated subjects and recordings were quantitatively analysed by Spectral Moment Analysis for frequency distortions. RESULTS A majority of Class III subjects exhibit speech distortions. A significant increase in the centroid frequency (M1) and spectral spread (M2) was seen in several consonants of Class III subjects compared to controls. Using regression analysis, correlations between Class III skeletal severity (assessed by cephalometric measures) and spectral distortion were found for /t/ and /k/ phones. CONCLUSIONS Class III DFD patients have a higher prevalence of articulation errors and significant spectral distortions in consonants relative to controls. This is the first demonstration that severity of malocclusion is quantitatively correlated with the degree of speech distortion for consonants, suggesting causation. These findings offer insight into the complex relationship between craniofacial structures and speech distortions.
Integrated continuously tunable optical orbital angular momentum generator

We present the first demonstration of generating light carrying continuously tunable optical orbital angular momentum using a compact integrated silicon photonic circuit and a single electrical control.
Network Information Indices with an Estuarine Model

Our insight into complex ecological systems benefits from diverse perspectives. Historically various methods of observation and analysis have been used to reveal patterns and principles of structure and function. The question is not whether there is an all-powerful single best approach; such an expectation is obviously unrealistic for complex real systems. Rather, we must develop and test several tools and evaluate each in terms of specific uses for which it is best suited. The goal of the Santa Cruz SCOR Workshop on Ecological Flow Analysis was to explore the utility of a number of tools for the analysis of networks in the development of ecosystem theory (see Field et al. 1989, this volume).
Minimum-Support Solutions for Radiotherapy Planning

Computer-generated plans for radiation treatment sometimes involve an unnecessarily large number of gantry angles. Such plans are time consuming and expensive to administer because each distinct angle causes a delay while the gantry is repositioned. To address this issue, we consider an optimization model that generates minimum-support solutions to the treatment planning problem – that is, solutions involving a minimum number of gantry angles. This model is a polyhedral concave program, which is solved using a successive linearization algorithm based on work by Mangasarian [10].
Leukemia and Hemophilia

In Reply.— As far as we know, previous data on the incidence of malignancies in hemophiliacs are lacking; nevertheless, we quite agree with the iemark of Altay et al1 that malignancies in hemophiliacs should be reported for future evaluation of their frequency. Regarding our patient,2 we believe that his lymphoma occurred in the setting of AIDS. This is supported by our retrospective finding of his being seropositive for HTLV-III antibodies, by Western blot technique, on several occasions since 1982.
Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on vitamin D metabolites in primary biliary cirrhosis

The osteopenic bone disease associated with primary biliary cirrhosis is thought to be de to a deficiency in vitamin D or its metabolites. However, this has never been proven. Therefore, we measured serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OD)2D), and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3), before and after a 1 yr treatment with oral 25,OHD3, in 10 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis selected because of documented osteopenic bone disease. Only in 1 patient was the pretreatment serum 25-OHD3 level below normal, less than 4.4 ng/ml. In 8 patients the serum 25,OHD3 level was in the low normal range and in one, was above normal. Serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D, the vitamin D metabolite with the greatest stimulatory effect on intestinal calcium absorption, were normal in 9 patients and elevated in 1. In contrast, serum levels of 24,25-(OH)2D3, a metabolite whose function is not known with certainty, were undetectable in 8 patients, low normal in a ninth, and normal in 1 patient who had been on large amounts of vitamin D2 (50,000 U b.i.w.,) before the start of the study. After 1 yr of treatment with oral 25-OHD3, serum 25-OHD3 rose to above normal in 9 patients. Serum 1,25-(OH)2D levels did not change significantly, while 24,25-(OH)2D3 rose to normal levels or higher in 9 of 10 patients. The bone disease of primary biliary cirrhosis is not due to 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency alone and is certainly not due to a deficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D as has been postulated. It may be related to low blood levels of 24,25-(OH)2D3 or to other as yet undefined factors.
Evaluation of New Ozone Monitoring Instruments by Measuring in Nonurban Atmospheres

This paper compares the response and sampling characteristics of chemiluminescent ozone-ethylene monitors, the ultraviolet ozone photometer, and a solid phase chemiluminescent ozone monitor. Gas phase ozone-ethylene monitors from different manufacturers were used in the study to determine the differences in the response and sampling characteristics of some commercially representative monitors. Comparisons included correlation among instruments, typical response characteristics, and a detailed study of maintenance requirements and calibration stability.
Is Islam in Western Europe Like Race in the United States

Asking whether Islam in Western Europe is like race in the United States is, to a large degree, to ask whether Muslims in Europe share the same fate and face the same barriers as blacks in the United States. The article considers (1) the nature of the hostility to Islam in Western Europe and why it is a greater barrier to inclusion for immigrants and their children than in the United States; (2) the dynamics of color-coded race in the United States, comparing, on the one hand, the severe barriers confronting individuals and groups with African ancestry in the United States with the barriers facing Muslims (as well as black immigrants) in Western Europe and, on the other hand, considering certain advantages available to immigrants of color in the United States that Muslim and other immigrants lack in Europe; and (3) whether the boundary based on religion will prove more permeable for the descendants of Muslim immigrants in Western Europe than the racial boundary in the United States for those with visible African ancestry.
Many-body Green's function theory of electron impact ionization: coincident ionization of helium

The many-body Green's function theory of Yarlagadda and Taylor (1975) is applied in the lowest order to the coincident ionization of the helium atom. Significant agreement is obtained with the experimental results of Ehrhardt and coworkers (1972). The success of the two-time model of inelastic processes is demonstrated.
An Energy-Based Uniaxial Fatigue Life Prediction Method for Commonly Used Gas Turbine Engine Materials

A new energy-based life prediction framework for calculation of axial and bending fatigue results at various stress ratios has been developed. The purpose of the life prediction framework is to assess the behavior of materials used in gas turbine engines, such as Titanium 6Al-4V (Ti 6AI-4V) and Aluminum 6061-T6 (Al 6061-T6). The work conducted to develop this energy-based framework consists of the following entities: (1) a new life prediction criterion for axial and bending fatigue at various stress ratios for Al 6061-T6, (2) the use of the previously developed improved uniaxial energy-based method to acquire fatigue life prior to endurance limit region (Scott-Emuakpor et al., 2007, "Development of an Improved High Cycle Fatigue Criterion, " ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 129, pp. 162-169), (3) and the incorporation of a probabilistic energy-based fatigue life calculation scheme to the general uniaxial life criterion (the first entity of the framework), which is capable of constructing prediction intervals based on a specified percent confidence level. The precision of this work was verified by comparison between theoretical approximations and experimental results from recently acquired Al 606-T6 and Ti 6Al-4V data. The comparison shows very good agreement, thus validating the capability of the framework to produce accurate uniaxial fatigue life predictions for commonly used gas turbine engine materials.
Neutron activation analysis for platinum in Cr2O3

A method for the analysis of platinum in Cr2O3 has been developed for amounts of Pt ranging up to 2.5 mg. The method employs the separation of activated Pt into ethyl acetate after its reduction by SnCl2. The areas under the 192 keV γ-ray from the decay of197Pt in standards and samples are used to calculate the amount of Pt in the samples by the standard comparison technique. It has been shown that up to 2.5 mg of Pt can be recovered by the solvent extraction procedure. The precision of the analysis has varied up to 5%.
Relating angular momentum operators in cylindrical tensor form asymmetric rotator hamiltonians

Abstract Two cylindrical tensor-form asymmetric rotator Hamiltonians are in general use. In one form, the operators are constructed as sums of Hermitian combinations of products of integral powers of the angular momentum operators P 2 , P c 2 , and ( P a 2 − P b 2 ), where P 2 = P a 2 + P b 2 + P c 2 . In the other form one uses integral powers of P 2 and P c 2 along with ( P + 2 n + P − 2 n ), n = 1, 2, 3, …, where P + = P a + iP b and P − = P a − iP b . Relations are developed between the operators occurring in the two formulations in order to facilitate comparison of empirical constants based on one or the other of the two formulations, especially when octic and higher-power angular momentum operators are included in the analysis.
Neosynephrine in treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

Abstract Neosynephrine restores the normal sinus rhythm within thirty-five to seventy seconds after rapid intravenous injection in most cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. The reversion of the supraventricular tachycardia is attributable to reflex cardiac inhibition elicited by the rapid rise in pressure in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch. The rise in pressure occurs as a result of the vasoconstriction produced by Neosynephrine. Presumably, any vasoconstrictor compound which acts quickly and briefly, and which has little or no direct stimulating action on the cardiac conducting system, would revert paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Neosynephrine reverted paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in most cases when the systolic pressure reached a level of 160 mm. Hg or less. Some of the attacks which were terminated were refractory to treatment by mechanical methods and by various drugs. In occasional cases reversion was produced with Neosynephrine only when the systolic pressure was elevated to levels which might be considered too high for safety. In the typical case the rise in systolic blood pressure is proportional to the dose of Neosynephrine, and the maximum dose to be used is determined by the maximum rise in pressure which is considered safe for the individual patient. The initial dose should not exceed 0.5 mg., and any subsequent dose is selected on the basis of the pressor response to the initial dose. Most attacks were reverted by 1.0 mg. or less. These studies suggest that intravenous injection of Neosynephrine, or some other rapid-acting vasopressor substance, will prove to be the treatment of choice in selected cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
Reactor control and reaction kinetics for electrochemical urea oxidation

Abstract Urea is electrolytically oxidized on anodic platinum surfaces to ammonia and carbon dioxide at potentials in the range of 0.5 to 1.1 V relative to Ag/AgCl. The oxidation is a nonsteady-state phenomenon in which individual reactions follow Tafel kinetics and in which the urea reaction products remain on the surface leading to reversible electrode deactivation and concomitant increase in electrode potential at constant current. An optimal control method, voltage polarity relay, accomplishes simultaneous urea oxidation and electrode regeneration. A simple kinetic model is shown to adequately describe the observed phenomena.
Insertion-site anatomy of the human menisci: Gross, arthroscopic, and topographical anatomy as a basis for meniscal transplantation

A cadaveric study was performed to determine the insertion-site anatomy of the human menisci, their topographical relationships to adjacent intra-articular structures, and which arthroscopic portal provides for optimal visualization of each insertion site. Fifteen fresh-frozen cadaver knees were studied (ages 48 to 63 years). Ten knees underwent arthroscopy using four standard arthroscopic portals. Visualization and placement of an arthroscopic guide over each meniscal horn insertion site was attempted through the four arthroscopic portals. Guide wires were drilled to mark horn insertions followed by a gross dissection to evaluate accuracy of the guide wire gross dissection to evaluate accuracy of the guide wire placement and to isolate meniscal horn insertion sites. Insertion sites were outlined and evaluated for size and topographical relationships to other intra-articular structures. Five additional knees were dissected free of all soft tissues except the tibial insertions of the meniscal roots and anterior cruciate ligament/posterior cruciate ligament. Each tibia was mounted in a jig and a digitizing system was used to record coordinates of points along the outline of each bony meniscal horn insertion site, the ACL tibial insertion, and the articular surface of each tibial plateau. The x, y, z coordinates for each point were calculated and loaded into a computer program allowing for surface area determination and computer-generated topographical maps to assess relative position of each specific insertion site. Placement of the arthroscope in the anterolateral portal allows optimal visualization and guide wire placement for both lateral meniscal horn insertion sites. Medial meniscal anterior and posterior horn insertion sites are best visualized with the arthroscope in the anteromedial and posteromedial portals respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Trend Toward Standardization and Automation in Manufacturing

The design of electronic products has been revolutionized, in recent years, by the introduction of various "state-of-the-art" concepts and technology changes. This continually accelerating trend of technical innovation has, perhaps, had a tendency to cloud the significance and relative importance of some of the fundamental concepts involved in the expression "producibility of design." "Producibility," specifically with respect to the cost connotations implied, is necessarily associated with standardization of materials, components, and operations which, in turn, become the basis for extended mechanization and automation of the operations. A corollary to this process is the necessity for improved data management at the design-manufacturing interface and, in a sense, the standardization and automation of the data and data handling techniques involved.
GABA-like immunoreactivity in the chick vestibular end organs

Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactivity in the chick vestibular endorgans was examined using an antiserum against GABA coupled with glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin. GABA-like immunoreactivity was confined to the cytoplasm of the hair cells in both cristae and maculae. GABA-like immunoreactive cells were evenly distributed throughout the sensory epithelia, and no difference existed between type I and type II hair cells. The results provide evidence that GABA-like immunoreactivity is localized to sensory cells and raises the possibility that GABA may serve as an afferent neurotransmitter in the chick vestibular end organs.
Arenas of contested citizenship

Abstract There are well-founded concerns that current South African housing policy will entrench and reinforce rather than reduce existing inequalities that are the legacy of apartheid. This study examines the processes by which attempts to formulate housing policy that would have moved the country towards egalitarian citizenship were undermined and scuttled largely through inappropriate timing of policy negotiations and shrewed manipulation of the process by forces opposed to change. The housing policy analysis is centered on the core themes of citizenship, property, and place which are pivotal to the process of post-apartheid healing and reconciliation. An introduction to these concepts in the context of housing policy in apartheid South Africa sets the background against which the proceedings of the National Housing Forum, the vehicle for policy negotiation and formulation established during the dying years of apartheid, are examined. The policy that emerged and was adopted by the post-apartheid government are then evaluated within the framework of the core themes of the study. The analysis is structured around the major place types that are the legacy of apartheied: the African “location” or township, the displaced urban settlements or dormitory towns of the African reserves, and the rural homestead. Within this structure, the form of citizenship of the inhabitants of each place type, namely, township residents, migrant workers, long distance commuters, and rural women is considered. The analysis reveals that realizing the goals of equal citizenship is contingent upon policy that will move beyond the confines of the current uniform and monetarist approach, and address the broader issues of property and place.
Developing Professional Identities through Participation Within a Hybrid Community of Practice: Illustrating the Front-Line Experiences of Four Pre-K Mentor–Teachers

Early childhood classroom teachers are often left with little support and guidance as they assume responsibilities as mentor–teachers. The purpose of this collective case study was to explore how a hybrid community of practice comprised of four pre-K mentors and a university program coordinator supported the development of new understandings about how to effectively supervise preservice teachers. The evolution of collective and individual knowledge was chronicled through interviews, online discussions, face-to-face exchanges, and classroom observations. Data analyses included iterative cycles of coding, moving from open coding to process and pattern coding. Findings illustrate how mentors’ processes of coming to know were developed within a complex web of relationships from which the dyadic roles and responsibilities as mentors of preservice teachers and teachers of young children were considered and negotiated. Implications include the need for more collaborative professional opportunities for pre-K ment...
Partially purified phosphatidylinositol kinase does not catalyze the formation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate

The enzyme phosphatidylinositol kinase was partially purified from murine livers. The purification scheme involved solubilization of proteins with Triton X-100 and deoxycholate, followed by gel filtration chromatography in ACA 44, affinity chromatography with Blue Sepharose and hydroxylapatite. The purification achieved from membranes was 490 fold. We found that partially purified phosphatidylinositol kinase was unable to catalyze the formation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate.
An in vivo investigation of the effect of anthraquinones on the turnover of aggrecans in spontaneous osteoarthritis in the guinea pig

We present details of a method which allows for the determination of chondroitin sulphate turnover in vivo using the guinea pig. Such methods have been utilised to examine the effects of diacetyl rhein, a compound with purported anti-osteoarthritic activity, and several related anthraquinone analogues on the turnover of chondroitin. Since the guinea pig develops spontaneous osteoarthritis, this may give useful information on the potential for such compounds to inhibit the progression of osteoarthritis. The results show that several of the anthraquinones are capable of reducing the turnover of chondroitin 4- but not 6-sulphate. This may indicate potential mechanisms for the breakdown of guinea pig cartilage aggrecans. We propose that these techniques could be useful for the screening of chemical agents with useful activity against osteoarthritis.
Prime-boost approaches to tuberculosis vaccine development.

Four individuals die from active TB disease each minute, while at least 2 billion are latently infected and at risk for disease reactivation. BCG, the only licensed TB vaccine, is effective in preventing childhood forms of TB; however its poor efficacy in adults, emerging drug-resistant TB strains and tedious chemotherapy regimes, warrant the development of novel prophylactic measures. Designing safe and effective vaccines against TB will require novel approaches on several levels, including the administration of rationally selected mycobacterial antigens in efficient delivery vehicles via optimal immunization routes. Given the primary site of disease manifestation in the lungs, development of mucosal immunization strategies to generate protective immune responses both locally, and in the circulation, may be important for effective TB prophylaxis. This review focuses on prime–boost immunization strategies currently under investigation and highlights the potential of mucosal delivery and rational vaccine d...
Deterministic Tree Networks for Fluid Flow: Geometry for Minimal Flow Resistance Between a Volume and One Point

The function of many natural flow systems is to connect by a fluid flow a nite-size volume and one point. This paper outlines a strategy for constructing the architecture of the volume-topoint path such that the flow resistance is minimal (constructal theory 1 ). The given volume is viewed as an assembly of volume elements of various sizes. The main discovery is that the shape of each element can be optimized such that the elemental volume-to-point flow resistance is minimal. This optimization principle applies at every volume scale. The smallest volume element contains a fluid saturated porous medium with Darcy flow, which is collected by and channeled through a high permeability path (e.g., ssure) to one point on the element boundary. The geometric optimization is repeated for larger volume elements, which are constructs (assemblies) of optimized smaller volumes. The flow integrated over each new assembly is channeled through a high-permeability path to a point on the side of the assembly. One remarkable feature of the emerging minimal-resistance flow path is that the highpermeability channels of the various volume elements form a tree network which is completely deterministic. The interstices of the network are lled with low permeability porous medium. The method is extended to applications where the high-permeability paths are empty spaces (e.g., parallel-plate channels). It is shown that when the total void volume is constrained it can be distributed optimally among the volume elements to further decrease the overall flow resistance.
Judging a book by its package: Ancillaries to textbooks

Abstract Publishers now offer ancillary packages for big textbooks. These extras include videotapes, transparencies, printed examinations, and computerized lectures, guides, examination questions, exercised, simulations and statistical programs. Critics charge that such ancillaries raise questions about the responsibilities of the instructors, the benefits to the student, and the cost of the textbook.
Characterization of Rapidly Labeled Ribonucleic Acid from Dwarf Peas

The ribonucleic acid synthesized by excised shoots of dwarf pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Progress No. 9) during short labeling periods has been characterized. Thirty percent of the total 32Pi incorporated in 1 hour is found in the ribosomal fraction. This labeled RNA was polydisperse (6-18 Svedberg units) and after chromatography on a methylated albumin-kieselguhr column about 80% of the radioactivity appeared in two peaks. One of these appeared on the shoulder of heavy ribosomal RNA (“mRNA”) while the other was tenaciously bound to the column (TB-RNA). In the presence of high NaCl concentration, about half of the polydisperse RNA interacted with ribosomal RNA and eluted as “mRNA” while the remainder eluted as TB-RNA. This interaction in the presence of salt seems to result in the alteration of secondary structure because the “mRNA” fraction had a high sedimentation coefficient (45-50 Svedberg units). The polydisperse RNA approaches DNA in low cytidylate and guanylate content. After short periods of labeling TB-RNA showed higher adenylate content than “mRNA.” The radioactivity from the “mRNA” peak can be chased, and these counts may represent a class of shortlived messenger RNA molecules with an average half-life of 10 to 15 minutes. The other component, TB-RNA, could not be chased and accumulated radioactivity during the chase period.
A High-Resolution Grating-Prism Spectrometer for the Infrared

A high-resolution infrared spectroscopic system consisting of a large Littrow-type grating monochromator followed by a prism order-sorting system is described. The system has been designed to provide sufficient radiant energy per spectral pass band so that a spectral resolution of about 0.08 cm−1 can be achieved at wavelengths beyond 7 μ. An order-sorting system permits simultaneous recording of the spectrum being measured and a higher-order calibration spectrum. Wavelengths of the lines in absorption spectra can be measured to within 0.005 cm−1.