cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A global tectonic activity map

A three-part map, showing equatorial and polar regions, has been compiled showing tectonic and volcanic activity of the past one million years, including the present. Features shown include actively-spreading ridges, spreading rates, major active faults, subduction zones, well-defined plates, and volcanic areas active within the past one million years. Activity within this period has been inferred from seismicity (instrumental and historic), physiography, and published literature. The tectonic activity map has been used for planning global geodetic programs of satellite laser ranging and very long base line interferometry, and for geologic education. It illustrates several aspects and problems of global tectonic and volcanic activity not shown on conventional plate maps: the large areas of crustal deformation not susceptible to treatment as parts of rigid plates. the wide occurrence of volcanoes on the upper blocks of continent-continent convergence zones, areas of little-known volcanism and tectonism, intraplate rifts, and the bilateral across-strike symmetry of young fold belts.
Journal Overlap Analysis of the GeoRef and Web of Science Databases

ABSTRACTA journal overlap analysis was performed between the academic library databases GeoRef and Web of Science using Microsoft Excel with a third-party add-in for matching data in spreadsheets. The analysis determined that there were 555 journal titles common to both databases and that 4.13 percent of the 13,437 GeoRef journals were found in Web of Science, and 2.84 percent of the 19,489 Web of Science journals were indexed in GeoRef. This small percentage of geology journal coverage in Web of Science indicates that the use of this database would best be limited to lower-undergraduate assignments of geology students. This method of journal overlap analysis is fast and easy and can benefit both subject librarians and collection development departments.
A Reproducible Model of Right Heart Failure by Pulmonary Artery Banding via Left Thoracotomy

INTRODUCTION: Dysregulated proliferation and tumor formation are hallmarks of malignancy. Recent studies implicate C-terminal tensin-like (CTEN) in the malignant progression of colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancer. Mechanisms regulating CTEN expression and its contribution to lung cancer progression remain unknown. We hypothesize that CTEN mediates proliferation of lung cancer cells and its expression is regulated by ERK 1/2.
The “Beast” in Boston: Benjamin F. Butler as Governor of Massachusetts

I ENJAMIN F. Butler and the Yankee elite of Massachusetts had long been at loggerheads. From his youth Butler had disliked the "better elements," and, despite his attainments in life (successful lawyer, Civil War general, and wealthy factory owner), he never discarded this resentment. The patricians had come to their conclusion more recently. For a number of reasons, including his enthusiasm for soft money and the spoils system, they increasingly found Butler objectionable. By the early 1870s most of the Massachusetts elite had come to view "Uncle Ben" as a disreputable politico.2 Their dispute reached a new level of intensity in August 1878, however, when he abandoned the Republican party to run as an independent candidate for governor. In the weeks following the announcement of his candidacy, Butler traveled about Massachusetts sharply assaulting the status quo. Stumping the state as a "Jacksonian Democrat," he lashed out at bankers and "blue bloods," charged the reigning Republican organization with extravagance and venality, and denounced as "corrupt" the Commonwealth's system of boards and commissions. For the ills besetting Massachusetts, Butler also offered his remedy: reduced taxes and stringent governmental economy.3
Alternative Unsteady Aerodynamic Uncertainty Modeling Approaches for Aeroservoelastic Reliability Analysis

A newly developed computational capability for Monte-Carlo simulations of uncertain aeroelastic / aeroservoelastic systems is used to obtain flutter response statistics accounting for doublet lattice method (DLM) based aerodynamic uncertainties. A physically based surface-zone by surface-zone uncertainty scheme is introduced and applied to a backward-swept wing test configuration at a sequence of angle of attacks. The relative priority of contribution of uncertainty associated with the defined zones to the flutter velocity and frequency uncertainties is ranked by using global sensitivity analysis. With the inclusion of structural uncertainties, the contributions of structural and aerodynamic uncertainties to the uncertainty of system’s outputs are compared and ranked. _____________________________________________________________________ + PhD candidate, wusang@aa.washington.edu & Boeing Endowed Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics, eli@aa.washington.edu
Resonant Interneurons Can Increase Robustness of Gamma Oscillations.

Gamma oscillations are believed to play a critical role in in information processing, encoding, and retrieval. Inhibitory interneuronal network gamma (ING) oscillations may arise from a coupled oscillator mechanism in which individual neurons oscillate or from a population oscillator in which individual neurons fire sparsely and stochastically. All ING mechanisms, including the one proposed herein, rely on alternating waves of inhibition and windows of opportunity for spiking. The coupled oscillator model implemented with Wang–Buzsaki model neurons is not sufficiently robust to heterogeneity in excitatory drive, and therefore intrinsic frequency, to account for in vitro models of ING. Similarly, in a tightly synchronized regime, the stochastic population oscillator model is often characterized by sparse firing, whereas interneurons both in vivo and in vitro do not fire sparsely during gamma, but rather on average every other cycle. We substituted so-called resonator neural models, which exhibit class 2 excitability and postinhibitory rebound (PIR), for the integrators that are typically used. This results in much greater robustness to heterogeneity that actually increases as the average participation in spikes per cycle approximates physiological levels. Moreover, dynamic clamp experiments that show autapse-induced firing in entorhinal cortical interneurons support the idea that PIR can serve as a network gamma mechanism. Furthermore, parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells were much more likely to display both PIR and autapse-induced firing than GAD2+ cells, supporting the view that PV+ fast-firing basket cells are more likely to exhibit class 2 excitability than other types of inhibitory interneurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Gamma oscillations are believed to play a critical role in information processing, encoding, and retrieval. Networks of inhibitory interneurons are thought to be essential for these oscillations. We show that one class of interneurons with an abrupt onset of firing at a threshold frequency may allow more robust synchronization in the presence of noise and heterogeneity. The mechanism for this robustness depends on the intrinsic resonance at this threshold frequency. Moreover, we show experimentally the feasibility of the proposed mechanism and suggest a way to distinguish between this mechanism and another proposed mechanism: that of a stochastic population oscillator independent of the dynamics of individual neurons.
Computer-Assisted Instruction in Hematology

In light of the rapid upsurge in the use and availability of computers, many educators are overcoming the traditional fear of that “monsterous black box” and are finding that investment of a little of their time can lead to the generation of enhanced student learning experiences through computerassisted instruction. This article presents ways to utilize the computer in order to help medical technology students through a course in hematology.
Conservatives Pursue the Workplace Constitution in the Courts

“Their individual rights and liberties as free men” Complaint, Ward v. Seaboard Air Line Railroad Co. In 1950, Congress debated amending the Railway Labor Act to allow union shops, ones in which eligible workers were required to join the union to keep their jobs. “I and my co-workers ... believe in the necessity of unions,” Kentuckian William T. Harrison wrote several southern Congressmen, but “forced membership in either a union, club, lodge, church or anything else ... is Un-American and should be left to Russia.” As an official of the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks, Harrison’s prounion stance was sincere. His opposition to “forced membership” was equally heartfelt. It stemmed not only from patriotic anticommunism but also racial politics. The national labor leaders who pushed for union shops, Harrison objected, “seek such power to further their political ideas, which for the great part are of the F.E.P.C. and other civil rights programs of the North and East variety.” To Harrison’s chagrin, in 1951 the union shop amendments passed and his union suspended him for publicly opposing them. The Railway Labor Act amendments transformed the right-to-work movement. Most notably, they channeled the movement’s strategy back into the courts. As discussed in Chapter 3, Hollywood mogul Cecil B. DeMille had decided that influencing public opinion was the best way to achieve a Supreme Court victory for the his cause. Instead of funding litigation, he lobbied states to adopt right-to-work laws. Individual workers still occasionally brought right-to-work suits but they were not part of any larger Supreme Court strategy. The Railway Labor Act’s amendments overrode (in legal terms, “preempted”) state right-to-work laws, however, foreclosing the state-law antidote and sending the movement back to court. Generating litigation, it turned out, was only one of several ways the amendments transformed the right-to-work movement.
Abstract 1129: EGFR-mediated activation of RET in ASCL1+ lung adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer accounts for about 27% of the cancer related deaths in the USA annually. Pathologically, it is a very complex disease broadly classified into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLCs are further classified into squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1), an important transcription factor essential in the development of neuroendocrine cells (NE) in lungs is shown to be specifically expressed in lung NE cancers and 10-20% of adenocarcinomas (AD) with NE differentiation (NED), thus suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of these tumors. Our previous study showed that ASCL1 is a regulator of the RET oncogene in AD with NED. RET is a receptor tyrosine kinase with two isoforms in humans: RET9 (short) and RET51 (long). We performed survival analysis to study implications of RET isoforms in ASCL1+ tumors and found that elevated expression of the long RET mRNA was associated with poor survival. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated that treatment with EGF robustly induced phosphorylation of RET in HCC1833 and H1755 cell lines which have high endogenous levels of ASCL1 and RET but not in VMRC-LCD cell line which has high level of ASCL1 but low level of RET. EGF induced phosphorylation of RET was diminished by gefitinib and by EGFR siRNA. Immunoprecipitation results indicated direct binding between EGFR and RET in presence of EGF. Furthermore, a high throughput drug screening found 8 EGFR inhibitors that were 10 - 250 fold more cytotoxic in ASCL1+ compared with ASCL1- AD cells. These results implicate EGFR as a key regulator of RET activation in ASCL1+ AD and suggest that EGFR inhibitors may be therapeutic for this population of patients. Citation Format: Kaustubh N. Bhinge, Yang Lin, Hamed Rahi, Marie Christine Aubry, Aaron Mansfield, Irina Kovtun, Stephen Murphy, Ping Yang, Dennis Wigle, Joanne (Eunhee) Yi, Aqsa Nasir, Simone Terra, Julian Molina, George Vasmatzis, Farhad Kosari. EGFR-mediated activation of RET in ASCL1+ lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1129.
Origin of a cryptic lineage in a threatened reptile through isolation and historical hybridization

Identifying phylogenetically distinct lineages and understanding the evolutionary processes by which they have arisen are important goals of phylogeography. This information can also help define conservation units in endangered species. Such analyses are being transformed by the availability of genomic-scale data sets and novel analytical approaches for statistically comparing different historical scenarios as causes of phylogeographic patterns. Here, we use genomic-scale restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) data to test for distinct lineages in the endangered Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus). We then use coalescent-based modeling techniques to identify the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the origin of the lineages in this species. We find equivocal evidence for distinct phylogenetic lineages within S. catenatus east of the Mississippi River, but strong support for a previously unrecognized lineage on the western edge of the range of this snake, represented by populations from Iowa, USA. Snakes from these populations show patterns of genetic admixture with a nearby non-threatened sister species (Sistrurus tergeminus). Tests of historical demographic models support the hypothesis that the genetic distinctiveness of Iowa snakes is due to a combination of isolation and historical introgression between S. catenatus and S. tergeminus. Our work provides an example of how model-based analysis of genomic-scale data can help identify conservation units in rare species.
Memory-Aware Scheduling for Mixed-Criticality Systems

In this paper, by taking both memory-access and computation time cost into consideration, a two-phase execution, i.e. memory-access phase first to fetch the instructions and required data, and then computation, is proposed to model mixed criticality tasks. Based on the proposed task model, a fixed-priority based scheduling algorithm is developed to schedule the mixed-criticality tasks. We first establish the theoretical foundations upon which to determine whether if a mixed-criticality task set is schedulable under given memory-access and computation priorities; and then based on these theoretical conclusions, we further present how to apply the well-known Audsley’s algorithm to find the optimal priority assignment for both memory-access and computation phases. Extensive experiments have been conducted and the experimental results validate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Explaining military coups and impeachments in Latin America

We develop a unified theory of presidential instability to explain why presidents are removed from office through military coups or through legal procedures. While some causal factors motivate opponents to overthrow the president irrespective of the specific mechanism employed, other factors expand the relative capabilities of groups inclined to pursue military or civilian action. The first group of variables, including economic recession, protests, and radicalization, explains why presidents fall. The second set of variables, including regional diffusion, partisan support for the executive, and normative support for democracy, explains how they are ousted. We test this theory using discrete-time event history models with sample selection on a novel database for 19 Latin American countries between 1945 and 2010.
Limits to Cashless Payments and the Persistence of Cash. Hypotheses About Mexico

In recent years, Mexico has undergone strong growth in the use of cashless payment instruments, primarily the use of credit and debit cards, electronic funds transfers (EFTs) and mobile banking. Although these payment instruments have been available in the country for some time (the bank credit card was introduced in the sixties), their rate of adoption was not remarkably fast, until the last 15 years. The recent acceleration is due to the drive of the financial industry to adopt innovations in payments and penetrate into new market segments, mainly low income earners with little access to financial services, as well as growing interest from the government to encourage cashless payment methods. But despite the large increase in the use of these instruments over the last decade, the use of cash still persists in the Mexican economy. This chapter seeks to document this phenomenon and discuss some hypotheses on why things have happened this way.
Lasing of surface-polished polycrystalline Ho: YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) fiber

A polycrystalline 1.5% Ho: YAG fiber with a diameter of 31 µm was prepared. Surface roughness from grain boundary grooving was reduced by polishing, which decreased the fiber scattering coefficient from 76 m-1 to 35 m-1. Lasing tests were done on this fiber with a SF57 Schott glass cladding. Lasing was confirmed by spectrum narrowing with threshold pump power lower than 500 mW and a slope efficiency of 7%. To our knowledge, this is the first lasing demonstration from a small diameter polycrystalline ceramic fiber.
Investigating the Potentially Protective Effects of Neighborhood Processes in Intimate Partner Violence

ABSTRACTWomen who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) are often mothers. This study seeks to further the understanding of IPV in families, as well as social factors that can prevent violence from occurring. Based on existing literature and theory, we hypothesize that social cohesion and informal social control are associated with lower rates of IPV. To test this theory, we use a total sample of 2,344 mothers with partners surveyed in the Families and Child Wellbeing study and analyze the effects of neighborhood social cohesion and informal social control on reported IPV experiences. This was done by using a negative binomial regression. Findings show that informal social control is associated with lower levels of IPV experiences among mothers with partners.
Breast Reconstructive Surgery

Breast reconstruction following mastectomy can be achieved by a variety of techniques using alloplastic implants, autogenous tissues, or both. In the last 30 years, breast reconstruction has progressed from a rarely requested procedure to one that has become an integral part of patient management. The modern era of breast reconstruction began in 1963 with the introduction of the silicone gel prosthesis. In 1972, Radovon described the use of tissue expansion for breast reconstruction. This technique allowed patients with more significant skin deficits to benefit from reconstruction. In the early 1980s, the use of autologous tissue for breast reconstruction was revolutionized by Hartrampf with introduction of the transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap. These developments have resulted in more natural and esthetically acceptable outcomes. Experience over time has also shown breast reconstruction to be an oncologically safe component of the overall treatment plan. Perhaps most importantly, breast reconstruction yields psychological benefits for women, offering a sense of normalcy, a “return to wholeness” and a way to leave the cancer experience behind them.
Radical polymers as interfacial layers in inverted hybrid perovskite solar cells

We report high performance hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) through the introduction of a radical polymer-based copolymer that contains a second moiety capable of undergoing crosslinking through simple exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate)-co-(4-benzoylphenyl methacrylate) (PTMA-BP). The PTMA-BP thin film engineered the surface of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) hole extraction layer (HEL). Systematic investigations indicate that PTMA-BP can induce better band alignment between PEDOT:PSS and perovskite hybrids, reduce interfacial charge carrier recombination, and improve the crystallization of perovskite hybrids that are cast on the top of the HEL. As a result, the stable PSCs incorporated with PTMA-BP exhibit a 15% power conversion efficiency, which is more than a 15% enhancement compared to cells that lacked the PTMA-BP interfacial modifying layer.
Prevalence of Tanning Addiction and Behavioral Health Conditions among Ethnically and Racially Diverse Adolescents

Evidence indicates that tanning may be addictive and is associated with other behavioral health conditions. Few studies have examined tanning addiction among adolescents. We performed a cross-sectional study to explore the relationship between tanning addiction, substance use, and psychological conditions among a racially and ethnically diverse adolescent population. Tanning addiction was assessed using the modified CAGE measure among 11th grade students in Los Angeles (N = 2,637; response rate 78%). Overall, 7.02% of the sample met tanning addiction criteria. Tanning addiction was significantly associated with past 30-day smoking and marijuana use, problem substance use, depression, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bipolar disorder in regression models. After controlling for all significant substance use and psychological variables, we found that problem marijuana use and obsessive-compulsive disorder remained significantly associated with tanning addiction (odds ratio = 2.06 [95% confidence interval = 1.03–4.09] and odds ratio = 2.54 [95% confidence interval = 1.73–3.72], respectively.) Tanning addiction was also significantly associated with multiple problem substance use and behavioral health conditions. Our findings indicate an appreciable prevalence of tanning addiction among ethnically and racially diverse adolescents and suggest the importance of addressing tanning addiction in the context of comorbid behavioral conditions to reduce this high-risk behavior among diverse youth.
Why did the Great Recession Fail to Produce a New New Deal in the USA

In a manner remarkably similar to the decade of the 1920s, inequality soared for over three decades prior to the crisis of 2008, provoking in both instances financial crises and severe macroeconomic dysfunction. The 1930s depression witnessed a strong egalitarian political reaction to the laissez-faire ideology that had justified the inequality-generating institutional changes of the 1920s, resulting in a New Deal that launched four decades of institutional change that considerably improved general welfare and lessened inequality. The Grand Recession and its wake, by contrast, has not put that same ideology seriously into question, malaise becoming expressed predominantly in a form of rightwing populism, behind which inequality continues to explode. Why such radically divergent reactions to severe hardship? This article explores three foremost reasons for why ideology legitimating inequality survived practically unscathed during the later crisis: First, the crisis beginning in 2008 proved to be less severe, in part due to wiser public policy responses. Second, the welfare net that developed in the wake of the earlier crisis softened the degree of hardship accompanying the later crisis. And third, the elite's command over ideology had become more sophisticated and thus capable of surviving the later crisis essentially intact.
Red cell transfusions in patients with hematologic malignancies

Although the transfusion of red cells is a relatively common clinical event, patients with hematologic malignancies have special requirements for their red cell products and are at increased risk for certain adverse effects of transfusion. This chapter will provide an overview of many of the basic principles of transfusion medicine with a focus on the issues which are relevant to the restoration of oxygen carrying capacity in the patient with a hematologic malignancy.
Knotted paths in percolation

We study the topology of doubly-infinite paths in the bond percolation model on the three-dimensional cubic lattice. We propose a natural definition of a knotted doubly-infinite path. We prove the existence of a critical probability pk satisfying pc pk there are unknotted doubly-infinite paths.
Beauty in the Eye of the Judicial Beholder

Humans tend to demonstrate strong preferences for images they consider aesthetically pleasing. Aesthetic preferences often manifest themselves in the law, and are especially relevant to forms of intellectual property protection for visual designs, works, marks, and aspects of celebrity publicity. This study uses empirical data from human subject experiments to examine what influences aesthetic preferences may have on the validity and infringement of visual intellectual property: design patents, trademarks, copyrights, and rights of publicity. In a comprehensive study of every design patent litigated to a final adjudication between 2005 and 2011, design patents held to be invalid tended to be the least attractive, those held to be valid but not infringed tended to be intermediate in attractiveness, and those held to be valid and infringed tended to be the most attractive. These results challenge current design patent doctrine, in which the patentability of designs is generally independent of aesthetic considerations, and may have implications for other intellectual property doctrines, such as the fair use defense in copyright, trademark, and rights of celebrity publicity. In addition to implications for legal doctrine, evolutionary, neurobiological, and cultural explanations are evaluated as potential explanations for aesthetic preferences in visual intellectual property.
Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Mineral Solid Solutions

Calculation of phase-equilibrium relations critically depends on the accuracy of thermochemical data and models of solutions. An extensive discussion of the solution models has been presented in Chapter 2. As reviewed in this chapter, we note that different solution models may be fitted to the same experimental data with similar success in reproducing the phase diagrams (e.g., for aluminous pyroxene see Wood and Holloway 1984; Ganguly and Ghose 1979; Saxena 1982). However, the behavior of these model components may differ when extrapolated to pressures and temperatures beyond the range of experimental results. If several models can be fitted to the same experimental data, it is of course preferable to use the simplest formulation for interpolation. However, the success of extrapolation significantly beyond the experimental condition and prediction of thermochemical properties would depend on how closely the adopted solution model approximates the atomic configuration of the solution. The problem has been discussed by Green (1970a, b) and Cohen (1986).
Myofilament diameters: an ultrastructural re-evaluation.

In situ, ultrastructural measurements of diameters of contractile filaments in skeletal and heart muscle differ considerably from those previously reported. Past measurements have been made in thin, transverse epoxy sections that were non-specifically stained with heavy metal salts to overcome background scattering of epoxy polymer. In our images from transverse de-embedded sections, the hexagonal lattice has some considerable differences from that seen in epoxy sections. Muscle samples from rat atrium and frog sartorius were fixed, dehydrated, embedded in polyethylene glycol, and sectioned. Sections were de-embedded in graded polyethylene glycol/ethanol, mounted on coated grids, critical point dried, and viewed in the electron microscope without staining. The backbone diameters of thick filaments were measured in the M band region and have an average value, after correction for shrinkage, of 25 nm. Thin filament diameters range from 6.5–9.5 nm. In regions of overlap of thin and thick filaments, the thick filament profiles varied from circular to asymmetric; diameters range up to 36 nm and yield eccentricity ratios varying from 1.5 to 1.0 (circular profiles). Portions of thick filaments touch or partially envelope neighboring thin filaments. The relative contributions of cytoskeletal components to these images of overlap regions remains to be determined, but the backbone diameters in glycerinated frog sartorius are not significantly different from control samples. The present results are consistent with those reported for rotary shadowed thick filaments; from recent experiments in muscles whose myofilament lattice is osmotically compressed; and with estimates of A band mass. This lattice geometry yields relatively low surface-to-surface distances between filaments. Steric considerations and their implications for cross bridge theory are discussed.
Osteoporosis and quality of life. Psychosocial outcomes and interventions for individual patients

Despite the substantial psychosocial impact of osteoporosis, little research has evolved in this area. Early reports conceptualized these nonskeletal problems as psychosocial in nature, but more recent investigations focus on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Multiple HRQOL instruments have been designed to measure this construct in people with osteoporosis, and each has its strengths and weaknesses. Unfortunately, so much investigative energy has been spent on psychometric testing that these instruments have not been put to work efficiently to identify problem areas in HRQOL. It is from such results that interventions to improve HRQOL will occur.
Perioperative Care of the Patient with a Solid Organ Transplant

Patients with solid organ transplants are living longer and frequently undergo surgery that is unrelated to their transplant [1]. Often these patients are many years out from transplantation, and are primarily being managed by primary care providers. In most cases these patients still require specialty care, but internists are expected to have a working knowledge of care of such patients.
Phase I study of trametinib with neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancers (LARC).

3612Background: The RAS/RAF/MEK signal transduction pathway is critical to the development of colorectal cancer, and tumors harboring KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations were shown to be resistant to ra...
Endless Mourning: Racial Melancholia, Black Grief, and the Transformative Possibilities for Racial Justice in Education

In this article, Justin Grinage investigates how black youth experience and contest racial trauma using racial melancholia, a psychoanalytic conception of grief, as a framework for understanding th...
Pre-exposure prophylaxis 2.0: new drugs and technologies in the pipeline

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine was adopted by WHO as a strategy to reduce HIV incidence. Although shown to be highly effective in reducing HIV acquisition, the protective efficacy of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine relies on optimal adherence, which poses a challenge for a key portion of the most at-risk populations (women, young individuals [15-24 years], racial and ethnic minority men who have sex with men, and transgender women). New PrEP agents in clinical development include novel oral agents (eg, tenofovir alafenamide and islatravir [also known as MK-8591]), long-acting injectables (eg, cabotegravir), vaginal rings, broadly neutralising monoclonal antibodies, topical products (including gels, films, and enemas), and multipurpose technologies. In addition, new drug delivery systems, such as implants and transdermal devices, are promising strategies that are being developed for HIV prevention. The ultimate goal of this new PrEP research agenda is to expand the available PrEP regimens and offer preventive technologies that will appeal to a wide variety of individuals with different needs over the course of their sexually active lifespan.
Coding in scientific modeling lessons (CS-ModeL)

Learning standards for K-12 science education emphasize the importance of engaging students in practices that scientists perform in their profession. K-12 teachers are expected to engage students in scientific modeling, which entails constructing, testing, evaluating, and revising their own models of science phenomena while pursuing an epistemic goal. However, conceptualizing models of unobservable science phenomena without support is daunting for students. We propose that creating science simulations with block-based coding in Scratch is a promising approach to support student’s scientific modeling and learning to code. However, research indicates that preservice and in-service science teachers often hold a deficient understanding of scientific modeling instruction, and lack experience teaching with coding. Professional learning on use of block-based coding in scientific modeling instruction is needed though such interdisciplinary research is scarce. In this paper, we review pertinent literature and propose five guidelines for teacher educators striving to offer such professional learning. The guidelines informed the design and development of coding in scientific modeling lessons (CS-ModeL), which is a module and an online tool for scaffolding teachers’ learning to code science simulations, and to integrate simulation coding activities into scientific modeling lessons, respectively. We discuss how guidelines informed the design and development of CS-ModeL, as well as plans for future research.
Culture, Anonymity, and Consumer Expectations: The Challenges of Modern Rating Systems in the Age of Social Media

This chapter underscores how culture and anonymity shape consumer expectations, highlighting some of the challenges associated with the modern online rating systems. The chapter begins by presenting the profile of the “ideal student,” from a faculty perspective. A discussion of the problems associated with categorizing and distinguishing students as “good students” (or not), and the effects of this categorization, follows. The chapter then highlights how social structure binds all players in the academic game to conform to the status quo, with success determined by how well players conform to upper-class norms and values. Underscoring the role of culture—cultural trends, cultural pressures, and consumer expectations—the chapter argues that such cultural cues have transformed the relationship between professor and student, and between other pairs of individuals (for instance, the doctor-patient relationship). The chapter concludes by emphasizing how, in the new age of social media, social relationships have become nearly entirely consumer-centric. A discussion of the problems with this extremely consumeristic mentality follows.
Transformer Inrush Current Impact on Commutation Failure Prevention of UHVDC Transmission system

This paper studied the influence of transformer inrush current on commutation failure prevention control of Ultra-high voltage DC (UHVDC) transmission system. An actual event occurred on Tianzhong UHVDC transmission project was analyzed with data from fault recorder. UHVDC transmission model with commutation failure prevention control was established in PSCAD/EMTDC, and then it was applied to replay the event. It is found that the frequent maloperation of commutation failure control and the fluctuation of DC power exist when inrush current occurred. An improved commutation failure prevention control strategy was proposed to avoid this phenomenon. Validity of the improved method was proved by the simulation results.
Middle Cranial Fossa Repair of Temporal Bone Spontaneous CSF Leaks With Hydroxyapatite Bone Cement

OBJECTIVES To determine the safety and effectiveness of the middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach in repairing spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (sCSF) leaks. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Patient with sCSF leaks repaired by MCF approach between January 1, 2014 and August 31, 2019 were included. Demographic information, clinical and surgical findings, and postoperative outcomes were recorded. RESULTS The cohort (n = 45) included 24 tegmen repairs by multilayer reconstruction using hydroxyapatite cement and 21 cases of multilayer repair without hydroxyapatite cement. Ten MCF repairs were performed on patients ≥65 years old. Twenty (53%) ears had multiple tegmen defects (range, 1-9 tegmen defects) and 78% of patients had ≥1 encephaloceles. All sCSF leaks were resolved with one surgical intervention. There were no major intracranial complications. Transient expressive aphasia occurred in 2 patients. Medical complications occurred in four patients. There were no short-term postoperative CSF leaks with bone cement reconstruction and two postoperative leaks without bone cement. One resolved with lumbar drain (LD) and the other resolved without treatment. The average (SD) length of stay (LOS) with bone cement was shorter than in patients without bone cement (2.54 [0.83] days vs. 3.52 [1.99] days, P < .05). There have been no long-term CSF leak recurrences with an average (SD) follow-up of 13.5 (12.9) months (range 0.25-46 months). CONCLUSIONS MCF approach for sCSF repairs demonstrate efficacious outcomes, particularly with tegmen reconstruction using hydroxyapatite cement. The approach exhibited no serious adverse events and few complications requiring intervention. Therefore, MCF is a safe and effective approach to resolve sCSF leaks. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:624-632, 2021.
Health consequences of retirement due to non-health reasons or poor health

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to contribute to our understanding of the complex linkage between retirement and health by estimating health consequences of retirement transitions that were not driven by health reasons separately from those caused by poor health, while taking into consideration the health differences that exist between individuals who engage in different labor force behaviors. Methods Ten waves of rich data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (N = 9,347; 52,658 person-wave observations) were used to estimate within-person associations between retirement transitions and subsequent health, assessed with self-rated health and depressive symptoms. To account for the bidirectional relationship between retirement and health, retiree's self-reports of the reasons for labor force withdrawal were used to identify and parse out retirement transitions driven by poor health from the retirement transitions that were unrelated to health reasons. Results Retirement transitions were unrelated to subsequent health if the withdrawal from the labor force was driven by non-health reasons, whereas retirement transitions driven by poor health were associated with worse subsequent health. Retirement transitions that were phased through partial retirement were associated with worse health outcomes compared to transitioning from full-time work to complete retirement. Conclusions Study findings suggest that retirement policies designed to prolong working lives may be implemented without adversely influencing health of older individuals, and potentially delay negative health outcomes associated with retirement for some segments of the older population for whom labor force participation is considered more valuable.
Neuronal Network Excitability in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Puzzle of Similar versus Divergent Roles of Amyloid β and Tau

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder that commonly causes dementia in the elderly. Recent evidence indicate that network abnormalities, including hypersynchrony, altered oscillatory rhythmic activity, interneuron dysfunction, and synaptic depression may be key mediators of cognitive decline in AD. In this review, we discuss characteristics of neuronal network excitability in AD, and the role of Aβ and Tau in the induction of network hyperexcitability. Many patients harboring genetic mutations that lead to increased Aβ production suffer from seizures and epilepsy prior to the development of plaques. Similarly, pathological accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau has been associated with hyperexcitability in the hippocampus. We present common and divergent roles of tau and Aβ on neuronal hyperexcitability in AD, and hypotheses that could serve as a template for future experiments. Significance statement Abnormal neuronal network excitability may lead to hypersynchrony, aberrant oscillatory rhythmic activity and interneuron dysfunction, which may contribute to cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. The main goals of this review are: (1) to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the association between abnormal network dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease; (2) discuss the role of pathological Aβ and tau on neuronal hyperexcitability; and (3) present potential hypotheses that can be tested for future studies, which could lead to more effective strategies to prevent, diagnose and manage AD and related disorders.
Microstructural evolution in directionally solidified Al-Cu-Mg ternary eutectic

Abstract This work seeks to increase our fundamental understanding of microstructure evolution and pattern formation in multi-component, multi-phase metallic materials during freezing. The solidification behavior of three-phase Al-Cu-Mg eutectic was investigated via directional solidification using a Bridgman furnace with varied thermal gradients (G = 3.0–14.4 K/mm) and velocities (0.625–4.0 µm/s). Precise quantification of the resulting microstructures was carried out using phase fraction, eutectic spacing, axis ratio, phase size, and nearest neighbor measurements. The results of the qualitative and quantitative assessments of the evolving structure showed that the modified two-lamellar, one-rod microstructure previously presented for this system breaks down below a critical velocity. The effect of velocity, gradient and composition on the stability of the three-phase coupled growth is considered, and results are compared to thermodynamically predicted values. Unlike in the related eutectic system of Al-Ag-Cu, thermal gradient was found to have no measurable effect on either eutectic spacing or pattern, results which were further supported with inferential statistical tests (ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD).
Brief relaxation training is associated with long-term endocrine therapy adherence among women with breast cancer: post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Despite life-saving potential, many women struggle to adhere to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) for their breast cancer (BCa). Prior research has demonstrated that emotional distress is a barrier to AET adherence. We followed women from a trial to test the long-term effects of two 5-week post-surgical group-based stress management interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and relaxation training versus an attention-matched health education control, on AET adherence. We conducted a long-term follow-up (median = 8 years) of women randomized to CBT, relaxation training, or health education after surgery for stage 0–3 BCa. We measured adherence with the Endocrine Therapy Medication Usage Questionnaire (ETMUQ). First, we established factors on the ETMUQ via confirmatory factor analysis. We then used Bayesian structural equation modeling to regress these factors on study arm, controlling for age and treatments received. Of those who completed long-term follow-up (n = 59, 44.7%), over half (n = 33; 55.9%) reported problems with adherence generally. Women receiving relaxation training (n = 15) had better adherence than those receiving health education (n = 24) on the Forgetfulness/Inconsistency [B(SE) = 0.25(0.14), p = 0.049] and Intentional Nonadherence [B(SE) = 0.31(0.14), p = 0.018] factors of the ETMUQ. Similar results were observed for those receiving relaxation training compared to CBT (n = 20): Forgetfulness/Inconsistency [B(SE) = − 0.47(0.25), p = 0.031]; Intentional Nonadherence [B(SE) = − 0.31(0.15), p = 0.027]. Women receiving relaxation training were less likely to (1) forget to take their AET and (2) intentionally miss doses of AET in the long term compared to women receiving health education or CBT. This is evidence for the need of randomized trials that aim to improve adherence by incorporating theoretically based behavioral change techniques. Trial 2R01-CA-064710 was registered March 26, 2006.
Calibration, sensitivity analysis, and demonstration of a basic polarimeter for artificial satellite observations

Abstract The Department of Physics at the United States Air Force Academy has a DFM Engineering f/8.2, 16-inch telescope outfitted with a 9-position filter wheel populated with broadband photometric filters (Johnson-Cousins B, V, R, and a blue-blocking exoplanet filter) and a 100 lines per millimeter diffraction grating. As part of their senior capstone project, physics cadets developed a simple, four-channel linear Stokes polarimeter by populating the open slots in the filter wheel with linear polarization filters oriented at 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° relative to the vertical axis of the imaging camera. Size and weight restrictions on the back of the telescope prohibited the use of more elaborate polarimeters. They also developed the process and procedures to characterize the effect of the telescope optical elements on the polarization of incident light. Using an unpolarized uniform flat light source, along with a polarized film rotated at 10° increments from 0° to 180°, the intensity of the light source was measured as it passed through the entire optical system including the previously mentioned linear polarized filters. The measured intensities were fitted to Malus Law using a least squares method. From this fit, a modified Mueller matrix was created that describes how the telescope’s optical elements, including the polarizing filters, alter the incident light measured by the telescope’s camera. To relate the measured intensities of light to the Stokes parameters of the light reflected from a satellite, a calibration matrix was computed using a pseudoinverse of the modified Mueller matrix. The sensitivity of the pseudoinverse process was analyzed by perturbing input data and measuring the root mean square (RMS) error between the perturbed and ideal matrices. This process for employing the pseudoinverse introduced minimal error into the system as the RMS error for the calibration matrix was within an acceptable error range. The calibration matrix was applied to observations of three different satellites, AMC-15, DirecTV-10, and DirecTV-14, resulting in their measured Stokes parameters, Degree of Linear Polarization, and Angle of Linear Polarization.
Structural characterization of modified folates in Archaea

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structural characterization of modified folates in Archaea. Two methods for the extraction of modified folates from bacterial cells are used. In the first method, the cells are extracted aerobically with warm 50% (v/v) ethanol, leading to the air-oxidative cleavage of a large percentage of the reduced modified folates present in the cells. The resulting extract is then assayed for the presence of 7-substituted pterins and substituted arylamines. The second method consists of the analysis of the modified folates present in anaerobic cell extracts, obtained either by sonication or French press methods, and employs nitrous acid oxidative cleavage of the modified H 4 folates under the conditions of the Bratton–Marshall reaction. The Bratton–Marshall azo dye derivatives prepared from these extracts can be directly assayed as purple bands on BioGel P-4 columns.
Computer Use in Hospitality Education

(1990). Computer Use in Hospitality Education. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 20-24.