cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing the time-for-speciation effect in the assembly of regional biotas

Summary 1. Rates of evolutionary diversification play a fundamental role in the assembly of regional communities, but the relative balance of diversity-dependent and diversity-independent rate control remains controversial. Recent studies have reported a significant relationship between the amount of time a geographic region has been occupied and species richness, implying that feedbacks between species interactions and diversification rates may be less important than diversity-independent mechanisms in generating regional species pools. 2. Previous analyses of the regional age-diversity relationship have used a range of metrics to quantify the amount of ‘evolutionary time’ that a region has been occupied, but the relative performance of these metrics has not been quantified. 3. Here, I evaluate the performance of the most commonly used methods and data transformations for assessing the regional age-diversity relationship. 4. I find that process-based models of diversification are more appropriate than process-independent models for evaluating the influence of time on species richness. I also demonstrate that time should not be log-transformed when testing the regional time-for-speciation hypothesis, as in some recent studies. 5. Application of this framework to patterns of elevational richness in several recent studies provides support for a logistic model of diversity accumulation within elevational bands and implies that evolutionary age alone cannot fully account for current species richness. 6. These results indicate that process-based models, in concert with appropriate data transformation, provide a robust foundation for inference on the causes of regional diversity gradients.
Synchrotron-Based Spectroscopic Techniques: Mössbauer and High-Resolution Inelastic Scattering

We summarize recent developments in selected synchrotron-based spectroscopy methods like nuclear resonant forward scattering (“synchrotron Mossbauer spectroscopy”), nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (“NRIXS”), and momentum-resolved inelastic x-ray scattering (“IXS”). The inelastic methods provide specific vibrational information, e.g., the phonon density of states, and in combination with diffraction data permits the determination of sound velocities under high pressure and high temperature. The Mossbauer method gives hyperfine interactions between the resonant nucleus and electronic environment like isomer shifts, quadrupole splittings, and magnetic fields, which provide important information on valence, spin state, and magnetic ordering. Both nuclear resonant methods use a nuclear resonant isotope as a probe and can be applied under high pressure and high temperature. The physical mechanism of the scattering processes will be discussed and several high-pressure high-temperature examples will be given.
Occupational Characteristics and Patterns as Risk Factors for Parkinson's Disease: A Case Control Study.

Background Associations have been reported between the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and employment in certain fields. Most studies have focused on toxic exposures as potential causal explanations. However, PD also has been associated with personality characteristics that may influence occupational choices and patterns. Objective This study evaluates the role of personality as indicated by occupational choices and employment patterns in the risk for PD. Methods In-person interviews were conducted to assess occupational histories and early-adult personality indicators among 89 PD patients and 99 controls. Results PD cases had fewer lifetime jobs than controls (mean for cases = 4.38 ± 2.20; mean for controls = 5.00 ± 2.26; p = 0.03). Among women, PD was positively associated with more complex work with people (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.12-1.89), representing a 95% increased risk for PD comparing women with the greatest complexity of work with those requiring the least complexity of work with people. Women PD cases also performed less complex work with things compared with controls (OR = 0.69 (95% CI 0.53-0.90)), translating into a 13-fold increased risk for PD among women whose work involved the least complex work with things compared with the most. The numbers of jobs and job types were associated with taking more activity risks as a young-adult (r = 0.19, p = 0.02; r = 0.26, p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions Cases with PD held fewer lifetime jobs compared with controls. Occupational complexity was associated with the risk for PD among women, but not men. Further consideration of the possible influence of personality on occupational choices is warranted.
The martensitic transformation in the system Nb3Sn1−xAlx

Abstract Replacement of several percent of Sn in Nb 3 Sn by Al is found to prevent the low temperature lattice transformation. A maximum in T c occurs at the critical concentration of Al.
Mueller-Lyer Illusion: Effect of Age, Lightness Contrast, and Hue

Mueller-Lyer figures produced by lightness contrast (white on black) and by hue contrast in the absence of lightness contrast (red, yellow, green, or blue on gray) were presented to subjects aged nine to adult. Contrary to Piagetian expectations, the illusion magnitudes resulting from the colored figures did not decline with age.
Quasiparticles and the Born Series

Perturbation theory always works in nonrelativistic scattering theory, unless composite particles are present. By "composite particle" is meant a bound state or resonance, or one that would exist for an interaction of opposite sign; in fact, this provides a precise definition of resonances. It follows that if fictitious elementary particles (quasiparticles) are first introduced to take the place of all composite particles, then perturbation theory can always be used. There are several ways of accomplishing this, one of which corresponds to the $\frac{N}{D}$ method. In order to prove these results it is necessary to make a detailed study of the eigenvalues of the scattering kernel, and as a by-product we obtain new proofs of the applicability of the Fredholm theorems to scattering theory, of the convergence of the Born series at high energy, of the Bargmann-Schwinger theorem on the number of bound states, of the Pais-Jost theorem on the identity of the Jost function with the Fredholm determinant, and of Levinson's theorem. We also give explicit formulas for binding energies and phase shifts in potential theory, using first-order perturbation theory after insertion of a single quasiparticle; these formulas work well for the lowest bound state and the $S$-wave scattering length of the Yukawa potential, and give precisely 13.6 eV for the hydrogen atom binding energy.
Incoherent Photon Echoes

Photon echoes are generated by excitation pulses of chaotic (thermal) light. Echo signals are large and display a modulation with pulse separation due to quantum beating of hyperfine levels.
Numerical models and experimental investigation of energy loss mechanisms in SOI-based tuning-fork gyroscopes

Abstract This paper presents numerical models and experimental investigation of energy loss mechanisms in tuning-fork gyroscopes fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. While the numerical model of thermoelastic damping is created according to a thermal-energy method, in which thermoelastic damping is interpreted from thermal perspective and its mathematical expression is derived using a well-defined thermodynamic parameter—entropy, the numerical model of anchor loss is based on a separation-and-transfer method, in which a tuning-fork structure and its substrate are first separated for analysis and then the stress from the clamped regions of the structure is transferred to the substrate for determining the vibration displacement across the clamped regions. The corresponding experimental investigation of energy loss mechanisms in the tuning-fork gyroscopes is consequently conducted. By comparing with the measured highest Quality factor ( Q ) values, the numerical models of thermoelastic damping and anchor loss are validated. The combination of the numerical models and the experimental measurement sheds important and interesting insight on the achievable Q value of these SOI-based tuning-fork gyroscopes: (1) from the design perspective, thermoelastic damping is the sole dominant loss in the gyroscope structure, given that the anchors are tightly fixed to the substrate; (2) but from the fabrication perspective, anchor loss can vary from negligible to significant, simply because HF etching causes the undercut underneath the anchors to various unpredictable extents. In addition, surface loss, damping from experimental electronics, and the effect of the DC polarization voltage on the measured Q values are also addressed.
Spiritual Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life Among African–American Women with HIV/AIDS

Many HIV-positive women regard spirituality as an important part of their lives and spirituality may have positive impact on their health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Particularly among African American women with HIV, spirituality may serve as a cultural and psychological resource. This descriptive, crosssectional study examined associations between spiritual well-being (SWB) and its components, existential well-being (EWB) and religious well-being (RWB), and dimensions of HRQOL among a non-random sample of 118 African American HIV-positive women. A secondary analysis of data from two similar, NIH-funded studies: The Get Busy Living (GBL) Project and the KHARMA Project, was conducted. Baseline data on women from both studies were combined into one database and statistical analyses, including descriptive, correlation and hierarchical regression analyses, were conducted. Existential well-being was significantly positively (β = .74; p = .014) associated with the physical composite of HRQOL and accounted for a significant amount of unique variance (10.0%) beyond that explained by socio-demographic variables, religious well-being (RWB), HIV medication adherence, CD4 cell count and percentage, HIV viral load, and depressive symptoms. EWB was also significantly positively (β = .57; p = .024) associated with the mental health composite of HRQOL. Depressive symptomatology was also significantly inversely (β = .40; p = .004) associated with mental HRQOL. EWB accounted for a significant amount of additional variance (6.3%) beyond that explained by other variables. Spirituality is an important factor in the lives and quality of life of African American women and women living with HIV/AIDS. Further research is needed to examine relationships between spirituality and HRQOL among HIV-positive African American women.
Solute Concentrations and Fluxes of Major Nutrients in Potted Red Spruce Saplings Exposed to Simulated Acid Rain Treatments

Ninety potted red spruce saplings have been enclosed in open-top fumigation chambers and exposed to simulated acid rain treatments of pH 3.1, 4.1, and 5.1 for two growing seasons as part of a 4 yr study Original spodosol soil profiles were reconstructed in each 1 m diameter pot with tension lysimeters buried at two depths and drainage spouts installed on the bottom of each pot. All principal fluxes of the major elements are being measured in these “ecosystems” allowing calculation of precise input-output and internal nutrient budgets. During the first year of treatments, nutrient budgets were strongly affected by enhanced mineralization owing to transplant disturbances, and this masked any treatment effects. Second year budgets indicated the effects of strong acid loading on cation depletion and acidification of soils. For example, nitrate leaching from the subsoil was nearly five times higher in the pH 3.1 treatment than in others and correlated increases in base cation leaching were observed. Significant differences in soil pH among rainfall treatments were also observed. Budgetary calculations demonstrated that at present there are large exchangeable Ca pools available for tree growth, whereas for K, plant requirements were very high relative to K soil pools which may lead to growth deficiencies and/or nutrient imbalances These results illustrate the potential for the combined effects of tree growth and strong acid loading to deplete the base status of acidic forest soils.
Stratigraphy of the Lower Pierre Shale (Campanian): Implications for the Tectonic and Eustatic Controls on Facies Distributions

The lower Pierre Shale represents a time of significant changes in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, resulting from complex interactions of tectonism and eustatic sea level changes. The recognition and redefinition of the units of the lower Pierre Shale has facilitated understanding of the dynamics of the basin. The Burning Brule Member of the Sharon Springs Formation is restricted to the northern part of the basin and represents tectonically influenced sequences. These sequences are a response to rapid subsidence of the axial basin and the Williston Basin corresponding to tectonic activity along the Absoroka Thrust in Wyoming. Unconformities associated with the Burning Brule Member record a migrating peripheral bulge in the Black Hills region corresponding to a single tectonic pulse on the Absoroka Thrust. Migration of deposition and unconformities supports an elastic model for the formation and migration of the peripheral bulge and its interaction with the Williston Basin.
Commentary on Tracking and Revisiting the Evolving Perspective of an Intern

The paper reminds me of the dilemmas students face when they write their clinical qualifying exams in our doctoral program. In these papers, students have to demonstrate both their clinical competencies and their dexterities with theories of change by juxtaposing a personal theory of change with the events of one of their therapy cases. In this benchmarking exercise, they need to show that they have expertise in both practicing therapy and describing/explaining/interpreting their own therapeutic practice. In other words, the students need to demonstrate that they have reached a certain level of reflective practice which must be assessed in the quality of both their walk and their talk and the coherent relationship between the two. For students, problems arise in three different forms. In form one, students have wonderfully articulate theories of change but no case material with which to connect and to illustrate their personal change theories and models of therapy. These students have the talk, but they have not mastered their walk. In form two, students have wonderful sets of clinical moments that exemplify clinical artistry, but they do not have sound ways of connecting these clinical events with a coherent theory of change. In contrast to the students of form one, these students have mastered the walk, but they have not found their talk. In these first two forms, the challenge is to bring the walk and the talk into a more harmonious relationship. What also makes this process especially difficult is that theories of change have a tendency to change too, but these papers come with an expectation of stabilizing change in order to commit thoughts and actions to words. In form three, there may not be a disconnect between students’ talk and walk, but problems arise when students’ papers are read by faculty committees that are clearly divided by allegiances to contrasting and possibly conflicting schools of Journal of Systemic Therapies, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2004
Engaging High School Students in University Research

The absence of engineering from K-12 curricula and mainstream media often causes students to refer back to historical stereotypes regarding what engineers look like and the type of work they do. Such misconceptions may prevent high school students from pursuing engineering as a field of study and increase the need for engineering educational programs [1]. Nano-Challenge is an outreach program that orients high school students to engineering through a one-year research internship. The program is held at the Center for Nanoscale Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical Manufacturing Systems (Nano-CEMMS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A major focus of the program is to involve students from groups traditionally underrepresented in STEM fields and inform them about engineering earlier in their careers. An external program evaluation provides anecdotal information about the students’ experiences and gives feedback to inform program improvement.
The role of supplemental oxygen and JAK/STAT signaling in intravitreous neovascularization in a ROP rat model.

Purpose To investigate whether oxygen stresses experienced in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) would trigger signaling through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways to lead to intravitreous neovascularization (IVNV) in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) rat model.
Air pollution exposure and self-reported cardiovascular disease.

Abstract Background Studies suggest that increases of fine particle concentrations (PM 2.5 ) could be linked with a rise in cardiovascular disease. With approximately 25% of American adults aged 30 and older reporting having either heart disease or hypertension it is possible that exposure to air pollution could have significant public health consequences. This study examined the relationship between PM 2.5 and the prevalence of self-reported hypertension and heart disease using data from a large nation-wide survey. Study design Adults, 30 years of age or older, who participated in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from 1999 to 2005 were linked to annual PM 2.5 data from the US Environmental Protection Agency ( N =132,224). Annual air quality estimates were averaged from monitors within 20 miles of the respondent's residential block group. Respondents who reported being told they had hypertension by a health professional on two or more separate occasions were defined as hypertensive. Heart disease was defined as answering, “yes” to one or more of three NHIS questions on heart disease. Results A 10 μg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 exposure was associated with a small elevated risk of hypertension (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.10) risk of heart disease (1.08 95% CI 1.00–1.16). The association between PM 2.5 and hypertension was found in non-Hispanic white adults (OR 1.10 95% CI 1.04–1.17) but not in non-Hispanic black or Hispanic adults. Conclusions Findings from this study complement those from other studies and indicate that PM 2.5 adversely affects cardiovascular health. Our results are consistent with other studies in showing a small association between exposure to PM 2.5 and cardiovascular outcomes.
Symptoms of Autism in Males with Fragile X Syndrome: A Comparison to Nonsyndromic ASD Using Current ADI-R Scores

Symptoms of autism are frequent in males with fragile X syndrome (FXS), but it is not clear whether symptom profiles differ from those of nonsyndromic ASD. Using individual item scores from the Autism Diagnostic Inventory-Revised, we examined which current symptoms of autism differed in boys with FXS relative to same-aged boys diagnosed with nonsyndromic ASD. In addition, different subsamples of participants were matched on autism diagnostic status and severity of autism symptoms. Between-group comparisons revealed that boys with FXS showed significantly less impairment in Social Smiling than did age-, diagnostic-, and severity-matched boys with nonsyndromic ASD. Severity-matched boys with FXS showed more impairment in complex mannerisms than did boys with nonsyndromic ASD. Behavioral differences between FXS and nonsyndromic ASD may be of theoretical importance in understanding the causes and correlates of ASD in FXS and in developing and implementing appropriate treatments.
Vibration of Shallow Shells with Two Adjacent Edges Clamped and the Others Free

ABSTRACT Considerable information is available in the published literature on the free vibration frequencies and mode shapes of rectangular flat plates having two adjacent edges clamped and the other two free. However, no results appear to have been published previously for shallow shells having such edge conditions. The present work uses the Ritz method with displacement components in the form of algebraic polynomials to obtain accurate frequencies. Frequencies are determined for the first eight modes of shallow shells having spherical, cylindrical, and hyperbolic paraboloi-dal curvatures and square planforms. Beginning with the plate, the curvatures are incrementally increased in each case to the limits of shallow
Effects of nutrition, puberty, and gender on bone ultrasound measurements in adolescents and young adults.

Abstract Purpose Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) evaluation of bone is attractive for evaluating skeletal status in adolescents, but its use is limited in the United States due to sparse pediatric reference data. This study evaluated associations between radial and tibial speed of sound (SOS) measurements via QUS and demographic, anthropometric and nutritional variables. Methods We enrolled 151 healthy participants, aged 11–26 years, during routine visits to an urban adolescent clinic. SOS measurements were obtained using the Omnisense 7000P (Sunlight Medical Ltd., Tel-Aviv, Israel) and correlated with weight, height, gender, race, sexual maturity rating (SMR), and reported nutritional intake. Results The sample was 53% female; aged 17± 2.8 years (mean ± SD); and 48% African-American, 21% Hispanic, and 21% Caucasian. Seventy percent of males and 91% of females had achieved SMR 5; 96% of females were postmenarchal. Males met the recommended daily allowance for calcium intake, on average; the females did not. Both the girls and boys reported consumption of inadequate vitamin D. Intake of neither calcium nor vitamin D was correlated with SOS. Radial and tibial SOS were significantly higher in those with SMR 5 ( p r = .42–.64, p p Conclusions This study provides QUS measurements of the peripheral skeleton among healthy adolescents. QUS measurements followed similar age and pubertal distributions to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone density measurements; other variables did not follow expected trends. Further research is needed to clarify what skeletal properties are assessed by this technique. This study adds to accumulating evidence that many adolescents do not consume adequate vitamin D or calcium.
SHIFTING PRODUCTION BOTTLENECKS: CAUSES, CURES, AND CONUNDRUMS

We examine the phenomenon of shifting production bottlenecks from an analytic perspective. We quantify the propensity of a work center to be a bottleneck, defined as maximal queue length, using a simple Jackson production network model. Comparison of the analytic model against an empirical simulation-based model shows that the two are in good agreement. A scalar measure of bottleneck shiftiness is proposed and used to investigate several policies for mitigating shiftiness. Simulation experiments show that several commonly observed managerial policies for coping with shifting bottlenecks actually increase shiftiness, but that shiftiness declines when the capacity of nonbottleneck resources is increased.
Prediction of wind turbine rotor loads using the Beddoes-Leishman model for dynamic stall

The Beddoes-Leishman model for unsteady aerodynamics and dynamic stall has recently been implemented in YawDyn, a rotor analysis code developed at the University of Utah for the study of yaw loads and motions of horizontal axis wind turbines. This paper presents results obtained from validation efforts for the Beddoes model. Comparisons of predicted aerodynamic force coefficients with wind tunnel data and data from the combined experiment rotor are presented. Also, yaw motion comparisons with the combined experimental rotor are presented. In general the comparisons with the measured data are good, indicating that the model is appropriate for the conditions encountered by wind turbines.
Seductive Simulations? Uncertainty Distribution Around Climate Models

This paper discusses the distribution of certainty around General Circulation Models (GCMs) - computer models used to project possible global climatic changes due to human emissions of greenhouse gases. It examines the trope of distance underpinning Donald MacKenzie's concept of 'certainty trough', and calls for a more multi-dimensional and dynamic conceptualization of how uncertainty is distributed around technology. The certainty trough describes the level of certainty attached to particular technoscientific constructions as distance increases from the site of knowledge production, and proposes that producers of a given technology and its products are the best judges of their accuracy. Processes and dynamics associated with GCM modeling challenge the simplicity of the certainty trough diagram, mainly because of difficulties with distinguishing between knowledge producers and users, and because GCMs involve multiple sites of production. This case study also challenges the assumption that knowledge producers always are the best judges of the accuracy of their models. Drawing on participant observation and interviews with climate modelers and the atmospheric scientists with whom they interact, the study discusses how modelers, and to some extent knowledge producers in general, are sometimes less able than some users to identify shortcomings of their models.
Identification and adaptive control of some stochastic distributed parameter systems

An important class of controlled linear stochastic distributed parameter systems is that with boundary or point control. A survey of some existing adaptive control problems with their solutions for the boundary or the point control of a partially known linear stochastic distributed parameter systems is presented. The distributed parameter system is described by an analytic semigroup with cylindrical white noise and a control that occurs only on the boundary or at discrete points. The unknown parameters in the model appear affinely in both the infinitesimal generator of the semigroup and the linear transformation of the control. The noise in the system is a cylindrical white Gaussian noise. Strong consistency is verified for a family of least-squares estimates of the unknown parameters. For a quadratic cost functional of the state and the control, the certainty equivalence control is self-optimizing, that is the family of average costs converges to the optimal ergodic cost. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compensatory proliferation induced by cell death in the Drosophila wing disc requires activity of the apical cell death caspase Dronc in a nonapoptotic role.

Abstract Achieving proper organ size requires a balance between proliferation and cell death. For example, at least 40%–60% of cells in the Drosophila wing disc can be lost, yet these discs go on to give rise to normal-looking adult wings as a result of compensatory proliferation [1–3]. The signals that drive this proliferation are unknown. One intriguing possibility is that they derive, at least in part, from the dying cells. To explore this hypothesis, we activated cell death signaling in specific populations of cells in the developing wing but prevented these cells from dying through expression of the baculovirus p35 protein, which inhibits the activity of effector caspases that mediate apoptosis [4]. This allowed us to uncouple the activation steps of apoptosis from death itself. Here we report that stimulation of cell death signaling in the wing disc—in the absence of cell death—results in increased proliferation and ectopic expression of Wingless, a known mitogen in the wing. Activation of the apical cell death caspase Dronc is necessary and sufficient to drive both of these processes. Our results demonstrate an unanticipated function, the nonautonomous induction of proliferation, of an apical cell death caspase. This activity is likely to contribute to tissue homeostasis by promoting local compensatory proliferation in response to cell death. We speculate that dying cells may communicate cell fate or behavior instructions to their neighbors in other contexts as well.
Mitral valve hemodynamics after repair of acute posterior leaflet prolapse: quadrangular resection versus triangular resection versus neochordoplasty

Objective Leaflet prolapse resulting from acute chordal rupture is one presentation of fibroelastic deficiency that is associated with minimal leaflet changes in the prolapsing segment. Minimizing resection and preserving leaflet tissue may be an optimal surgical strategy. We examined the importance of the leaflet preservation concept by comparing resective and nonresective surgical procedures in practice today. Methods Eight porcine mitral valves were evaluated in an in vitro heart simulator before surgical manipulation. Mitral regurgitation was created in these valves by transecting the posterior marginal chordae resulting in severe P2 prolapse. After confirmation of mitral regurgiation via regurgitant flow measurement (mL/beat), regurgitation was corrected by three repairs: neochordoplasty with polytetrafluoroethylene sutures (Gore-Tex; W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc, Flagstaff, Ariz), triangular resection, and quadrangular resection with annular compression. Postrepair valve hemodynamics were quantified under pulsatile conditions of 120 mm Hg peak transmitral pressure and 5 L/min cardiac output at 70 beats/min. Furthermore, hemodynamic, geometric, and echocardiographic indices were measured. Results Transecting the marginal chordae resulted in severe P2 prolapse and significant mitral regurgiation (19.3 ± 4.3 mL/beat). Regurgitant volume was significantly reduced after any of the three surgical approaches (quadrangular, 4.38 ± 1.6 mL/beat; triangular, 2.56 ± 1.0 mL/beat; neochordal, 2.86 ± 1.24 mL/beat). In comparison with the baseline normal valves, leaflet coaptation length and posterior leaflet mobility were significantly reduced in the quadrangular resection group, whereas they were partially restored in the triangular resection and fully preserved in the neochordoplasty group. Conclusions Although the three repair procedures are hemodynamically comparable, valve function and leaflet kinematics were significantly better after a nonresection or limited resective correction of leaflet prolapse in this experimental model of acute chordal rupture with otherwise normal leaflet geometry.
ModDRE: A program to model deepwater-reservoir elements using geomorphic and stratigraphic constraints

Abstract In deepwater-reservoir modeling, the proper representation of the spatial distribution of architectural elements is important to account for pore-volume distribution and the connectivity of reservoir sand bodies. This is especially critical for rock and fluid-volume estimates, reservoir-performance predictions, and development-well planning. A new integrated stochastic reservoir-modeling approach (ModDRE—Modeling Deepwater Reservoir Elements) accounts for geomorphic and stratigraphic controls to generate the deepwater-reservoir architecture. Information on stratal-package evolution and sediment provenance can be integrated into the reservoir-modeling process. A slope-area analytical approach is implemented to account for topographical constraints on channel and sheet-form reservoir architectures and their distribution. Inferred sediment–source statistics and architectural-element variability (from seismic, outcrop, and stratigraphic studies) associated with relative changes in sea level can also be used to constrain the deepwater-reservoir-element statistics. Based on these geomorphic and stratigraphic constraints, deepwater-reservoir elements (channels, lobes) are built into the model sequentially (in stratigraphic order). Integration of realistic geological and engineering attributes into deepwater-reservoir models is vital for optimal reservoir management. This approach is unique in that it is more directly constrained to geomorphic and stratigraphic parameters than traditional object- or surface-based techniques for stochastic deepwater-reservoir modeling.
Anthracene-induced turnover enhancement in the manganese porphyrin-catalyzed epoxidation of olefins.

Anthracene and related compounds function as lifetime-extending cofactors in the (meso-tetraphenylporphine)MnIII chloride-catalyzed epoxidation of olefins. An experiment with a chiral porphyrin catalyst shows that enantioselectivity is preserved in the presence of the cofactor. Additional experiments show that (a) turnover number enhancement is greatest for the least reactive substrates, (b) derivatization of anthracene at the 9 and 10 positions largely eliminates the enhancement effect, and (c) anthracene is ultimately converted to anthraquinone. The origin of the observed enhancements is in the reaction of anthracene with the normally unreactive dimeric oxo-bridged form of the catalyst. This reaction, which produces anthraquinone, regenerates the catalytically active monomeric form of the manganese porphyrin.
Teacher-generated and student-generated variability in teacher effectiveness ratings

The effects of teacher-generated and student-generated variability on student ratings of instructors were assessed using multiple regression procedures. Student variables included interest in the subject, reason for course enrollment, and educational level. Teacher variables were generated through dummy coding. Five different samples were studied: 24 classes taught by different instructors were divided into three samples of eight classes each, and 10 classes taught by the same five instructors were divided into two samples. Teacher-generated variability explained more of the variance in student ratings than did student-generated variability.
Allosteric Inhibition Through Suppression of Transient Conformational States.

The ability to inhibit binding or enzymatic activity is key to preventing aberrant behaviors of proteins. Allosteric inhibition is desirable as it offers several advantages over competitive inhibition, but the mechanisms of action remain poorly understood in most cases. Here we show that allosteric inhibition can be effected by destabilizing a low-populated conformational state that serves as an on-pathway intermediate for ligand binding, without altering the protein's ground-state structure. As standard structural approaches are typically concerned with changes in the ground-state structure of proteins, the presence of such a mechanism can go easily undetected. Our data strongly argue for the routine use of NMR tools suited to detect and characterize transiently formed conformational states in allosteric systems. Structure information on such important intermediates can ultimately result in more efficient design of allosteric inhibitors.
SVLM21, a Sindbis virus mutant resistant to methionine deprivation, encodes an altered methyltransferase.

Abstract The replication of Sindbis virus (SV STD ) in cultured Aedes albopictus mosquito cells is sensitive to methionine deprivation. We have suggested from earlier work that this sensitivity is primarily because of a decreased pool of S -adenosyl methionine (ado met) and the resultant failure to methylate the 5′ cap of the viral mRNAs. SV LM21 , a strain of Sindbis virus derived in our laboratory from SV STD by serial passage on mosquito cells maintained after infection in low concentrations of methionine, is resistant to methionine starvation. It was proposed that this adaptation to low methionine, and to the resultant low intracellular levels of ado met, reflected the accumulation of mutations which led to the generation of a viral RNA cap methyltransferase with an increased affinity for ado met. We report here kinetic data which distinguished the enzymes coded for by SV STD and SV LM21 . Using guanylylimidodiphosphate (GIDP) as the methyl acceptor, radioactively labeled ado met as the methyl donor, and lysates from infected BHK cells as the enzyme source, we calculated from our results that SV LM21 , generated a methyltransferase with a K m for ado met 10-fold lower than that generated by either SV STD or the related alphavirus, Semliki Forest virus. In addition, we found that BHK cells infected with SV LM21 , generated higher levels of methyltransferase activity than did cells infected with SVSTD and that the SV STD and SV LM21 , enzymes differed with respect to their relative activities at elevated temperatures. We conclude from these results that the SV LM21 , phenotype is associated with an altered methyltransferase and suggest that this is the basis of the resistance of SV LM21 , to methionine deprivation.
On gart's test for interaction of second order

Gart (1972) ottered a Statistic on testing the hypothesis of no second-order interaction in a 2×s×t contingency table. The statistic was tn be used as an asymptotic chi-square with (s-1) (t-1) degrees of freedom. We show that this statistic suiters from the drawback that unless certain side conditions hold, the statistic would reject the null hypothesis with probability approaching one asymptotically even in the null case. Hence the statistic is not strictly valid for the hypothesis for which it was intended.
Cadmium: Effects on transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction

Abstract Cd 2+ competitively antagonizes Ca 2+ in the evoked release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals in the frog sciatic-sartorius neuromuscular junction. The dissociation constant between Cd 2+ and its receptor sites was calculated to be 1.7 μM. In agreement with previous work we found that brief exposures to 100–500 μM Cd 2+ had little or no effect on spontaneous transmitter release. However, in contrast to other reports, prolonged exposures to 100–1000 μM Cd 2+ or tetanic nerve stimulation during brief exposures to high concentrations of Cd 2+; produced substantial increases in spontaneous transmitter release. We conclude that Cd 2+ , when present at low concentrations, is a specific Ca 2+ channel blocker. At higher concentrations, Cd 2+ is either relatively impermeable to the presynaptic nerve membrane or, if it does enter the nerve terminal, it less effective than such metals as Pb 2+ , La 3+ or Hg 2+ in increasing the rate of spontaneous transmitter release.
SYNERGISM OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON MAMMARY GLAND GROWTH IN GUINEA PIGS1

Guinea pigs were treated for varying periods of time with a range of doses of estradiol benzoate and/or progesterone. Typically, the steroids were injected subcutancously in separate sites three times a week for four or eight weeks. Growth was assessed histologically in all experiments. In animals given combinations of estrogen and progesterone, measurements of nucleic acids, total nitrogen, per cent dry and defatted-diy weight, and slice respiration of mammary tissue supplemented the histological approach. The amount of lobulo-alveolar growth attained with estrogen alone depended upon both the dosage and length of treatment. Glands from males showed less growth after estrogen than those from females, while those from intact females were larger than those from castrated females. No dose of estrogen was found which elicited ductal proliferation without at the same time causing some lobular growth, but the dose was limited so that the synergistic action of progesterone could be demonstrated.
Direct enantiomeric analysis of amphetamine in plasma by simultaneous solid phase extraction and chiral derivatization

An analytical approach has been developed for the one step determination of enantiomeric amphetamine composition in plasma, using on-line, pre-column solid phase derivatization with reversed phase HPLC separation. The high molecular weight protein components were excluded by the small pore structure of the polymer and washed out of the reaction column before derivatization. Spiked amphetamine in human plasma was extracted and derivatized by the polystyrene based FMOC-L-prolyl solid phase reagent. The derivatized diastereomers were separated on a conventional ODS column with an ACN/H2O mobile phase. No kinetic resolution or racemization was observed in this solid phase derivatization. Calibration plots and reproducibility experiments were performed to demonstrate the validity of the new approach. Automation of the procedure provided a simple and reproducible method for direct chiral recognition in plasma samples.
Continuous thermodilution cardiac output: Agreement with fick and bolus thermodilution methods

Objective: Cardiac outputs were determined with continuous thermodilution, bolus thermodilution, and the Fick method during pharmacologically varied hemodynamics. Design: Prospective comparison of techniques. Setting: University animal laboratory. Participants: Swine. Interventions: Swine were anesthetized, tracheally intubated, and instrumented to measure continuous (QTDC) and bolus (QTDB) thermodilution cardiac outputs and sample arterial and mixed venous blood. Continuous thermodilution of blood was facilitated by computer modulation of a thermal filament wrapped around the portion of the pulmonary artery catheter residing in the right atrium and ventricle. QTDC was computed from the thermodilution curve monitored by the thermistor. Bolus thermodilution was performed in triplicate by injecting 10 mL of 5% dextrose in water (0 to 4°C). Oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) was calculated as the averaged minute rate of disappearance of spirometer oxygen over a 6-minute steady state. Cardiac output was determined with the direct Fick method (QF) by dividing VO 2 by the difference in arterial and mixed venous oxygen content. Basal QTDC was increased and decreased with an intravenous infusion of dobutamine or labetalol, respectively. Data are summarized as mean ±SD or 95% confidence interval (CI 95%). Agreement between methods of determining cardiac output was assessed by calculating bias, percent bias, and percent coefficient of determination (100 r 2 ). Measurements and Main Results: Eighteen swine (38.9 ± 1.2 kg) exhibited a range of QTDC from 2.2 to 14.8 L/min. Mean measurement variance of VO 2 , CaO 2 , CvO 2 , and QTDB was 1.5%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 11.8%, respectively. Mean bias, percent bias, and 100 r 2 was 0.004 ± 1.05 L/min (CI 95%: 0.18 to 0.19 L/min), −0.37 ± 13.8% (CI 95%: −2.75 to 2.01), and 89% between QTDC and QF, respectively. Bias, percent bias, and 100 r 2 was 0.05 ± 1.09 L/min (CI 95%: −0.14 to 0.23 L/min, 1.21 ± 13.06% (CI 95%: −1.03 to 3.46%), and 91% between QTDC and QTDB, respectively. Bias, percent bias, and 100 r 2 (Fig 6) was −0.04 ± 0.69 L/min (CI 95%: −0.16 to −.08 L/min), −1.23 ± 9.17% (CI 95%: −2.8 to 0.35%), and 94% between QTDB and QF, respectively. Conclusion: Automatic cardiac output computed with continuous thermodilution appears accurate and reliable. Also; good agreement was confirmed between cardiac output derived by continuous and bolus thermodilution methods and bolus thermodilution and Fick methods.
The Importance of Accurate Reporting on Liposuction Surgery to the Public

A relatively negative article on liposuction surgery appeared in the October 1989 issue of a national women's magazine. The following is a copy of a letter to the magazine written in response to that article.
Case report: A global sequential processing disorder following head injury: A possible role for the right hemisphere in serial order behavior

Abstract A single case is presented in which, following traumatic injury primarily involving the right cerebral hemisphere, the subject presented with severe deficits in his ability to produce overlearned and newly presented arbitrary verbal and spatial sequences. In contrast, his ability to produce logically or physically constrained sequences remained relatively intact. This case is considered as evidence for the existence of a higher order sequential processing mechanism which, in some people, may be important in both verbal and visuospatial sequential information processing.
Kinetic analysis of ouabain-K+ and Na+ interaction on a Na+, K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase from cardiac tissue.

Abstract Antagonism by K + of ouabain inhibition of Na + ,K + -dependent adenosinetriphosphatases (Na + ,K + -ATPase), reported earlier by Dunham and Glynn (1961) , Post and Albright (1961) and Auditore (1964) , suggests that ouabain inhibits the enzyme activity by a displacement of K + from a K + -binding site (Skou, 1964). On the other hand, Schatzmann (1965) observed a non-competitive interaction between ouabain and K + or Na + on a red cell ghost ATPase system. The kinetics of the Na + ,K + -ATPase as well as studies of partial reactions of the enzyme system have not been extensively pursued due, in part, to difficulty in purifying the enzyme. The present report is concerned with the kinetics of ouabain inhibition of a highly specific Na + ,K + -ATPase from cardiac tissue ( Matsui and Schwartz, 1966 ). The non-competitive nature of ouabain-K + interaction is described, stressing the dependency of ouabain-induced inhibition upon the Na + K + ratio.
Policy Transmissions, External Imbalances, and Their Impacts: Cross-Country Evidence from BRICS

This paper provides an empirical exploration of the interaction between fiscal policy, monetary policy, exchange rates, and external balances as well as their impacts on real economic growth and inflation for the BRICS countries. A panel VAR model is employed to assess the dynamic relationships. Our results generally confirm the significant impacts of a monetary shock on real economic activity but the effect of fiscal policy appears to be much weaker in these countries. We do not find evidence supporting the “twin deficits” hypothesis but the positive interaction between inflation and interest rates — the “price puzzle” — is documented. When bilateral exchange rates and trade deficits (vis-a-vis the US) are used, we find that the BRICS–US bilateral trade balances do not react considerably to currency depreciation shocks, which implies that exchange rates may not play a critical role in the adjustment of large trade deficits for the U.S.