cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ECE imaging on TEXT-U

Abstract The principles of plasma electron cyclotron (EC) radiometry are reviewed. The aim is to lay the groundwork for discussion of new high performance electron cyclotron emission (ECE) detectors. One example is that of heterodyne arrays. Preliminary results are presented of data obtained with a novel ECE imaging system on TEXT-U based on such an array. A variety of preliminary experiments have already been performed with this system where the ultimate space and time resolutions of ECE are attained. As examples we cite average electron temperature profile measurements with 1 cm resolution, high frequency fluctuations and their vertical chord correlation, magnetohydro-dynamic mode reconstruction and magnetic island detection.
Ion irradiation of porous silicon: The role of surface states

Abstract Porous Si was obtained by electrochemical etching of p-doped Si(1 0 0) and progressively irradiated with H+, He+ or Ne2+ ions. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were obtained as a function of the displacement-per-atom parameter up to ∼0.01 level, which nearly extinguished emission. The PL quenching efficiency, which showed a dependence on the chemical nature of the implanted species, was correlated with the self-recovery of the defects as investigated by channeling spectrometry. Emission recovery and enhancement after irradiation indicated the importance of surface states in the PL mechanism.
Issues in temporal reasoning for autonomous control systems

Deep Space One will be the rst spacecraft to be controlled by an autonomous agent poten tially capable of carrying out a complete mission with minimal commanding from Earth The New Millennium Remote Agent NMRA includes a planner scheduler that produces plans and an executive that carries them out In this paper we discuss several issues arising at the interface between planning and execution including exe cution latency plan dispatchability and the dis tinction between controllable and uncontrollable events Temporal information in the plan is rep resented within the general framework of Simple Temporal Constraint networks as introduced by Dechter Meiri and Pearl However the execu tion requirements have a substantial impact on the topology of the links and the propagation through the network
In vitro prion protein conversion in detergent-solubilized membranes.

A fundamental event in the pathogenesis of prion disease is the conversion of PrPC, a normal glycophosphatidyl-anchored glycoprotein, into an infectious isoform designated PrP S c . In a modified version of the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technique [Saborio et al. (2001) Nature 411, 810-813], protease-resistant PrP S c -like molecules (PrPres) can be amplified in vitro in a species- and strain-specific manner from crude brain homogenates, providing a biochemical model of the prion conversion reaction [Lucassen et al. (2003) Biochemistry 42, 4127-4135]. In this study, we investigated the ability of enriched membrane subsets and detergent-solubilized membrane preparations to support PrPres amplification. Membrane fractionation experiments showed that purified synaptic plasma membrane preparations enriched in PrP C but largely depleted of late endosomal and lysosomal markers were sufficient to support PrPres amplification. Detergent solubilization experiments showed that a small group of select detergents could be used to produce soluble preparations that contain PrP C and fully support PrPres amplification. The stability of PrPres amplification ability in detergent-solubilized supernatants was dependent on detergent concentration. These results lead to the surprising conclusion that membrane attachment is not required for PrP C to convert efficiently into PrPres in vitro and also indicate that biochemical purification of PrPres amplification factors from brain homogenates is a feasible approach.
Characterizing The Early Cranial Mesoderm: Development of The Endothelium.

In classic models of craniofacial development, the cranial mesoderm was thought to play only a passive role, receiving signals from the migrating neural crest cells (NCC). Recent studies suggest that the cranial mesoderm can influence NCC identity and migration, suggesting a more active role for the mesoderm in craniofacial development. The goal of our study was 1) To identify genes specific to the cranial mesoderm that may influence NCC development, 2) To characterize their spatial and temporal expression, and 3) To evaluate the effect of identified genes on NCC development. Using an Affymetrix microarray, we have identified 184 genes expressed at a >3 fold difference in the cranial mesoderm when compared to a pooled endoderm/ectoderm sample. A large number of endothelial genes and genes involved in vascular development were identified by the screen, including Vegf-C, Flk-1 and Flt-1, Fli-1, Sox18, VE-cadherin, Esam1, Claudin 5 and Igfbp4, which suggests that development of the endothelium may play an important role in early craniofacial formation. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrates that the endothelial genes show diffuse punctate expression throughout the cranial mesoderm, and focus on endothelial gene Igfbp4 demonstrates that Igfbp4 is dynamically expressed in the developing branchial arches. Functional analysis of Igfbp4 using bead implantation experiments demonstrates that Igfbp4 is upregulated by FGF8 but is not influenced by SHH expression. Further work is underway to evaluate the effect of Igfbp4 and other endothelial genes on NCC development using gene overexpression in Pax3-GFP transgenic mice.
Medical authorship: traditions, trends, and tribulations.

Excerpt The biomedical literature serves many purposes. From it we learn what is known and what we seek to know. Communication of new concepts and discoveries is a critical part of the advance of m...
Blood group antigen expression in the rat colon I. Age‐dependent and region‐related changes

The blood group antigens H, A, B, and Leb are oncofetal antigens of the human distal colon. Although these antigens are present in the digestive mucosa of the rat, little is known about their ontogenic expression in the developing rat colon. The present study was undertaken to assess age-dependent and region-related changes of blood group antigens during colonic development and maturation with the aim of determining their fetal phenotype. Antigen expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry using H-, A-, B-, Lea-, and Leb-specific monoclonal antibodies and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded colon sections from fetal, suckling, weanling, and adult rats. Staining of antigen was analyzed with respect to its locations in colonic goblet cells, brush borders, and columnar cells. H, B, and Leb antigens were expressed by goblet cells of the distal colon, beginning at 20 days of gestation, but expression was lost from the colon during the first postnatal week, thus exhibiting a fetal phenotype. H and Leb, but not B, were also expressed by goblet cells of the fetal proximal colon; however, unlike that of the distal colon, their expression increased progressively during postnatal development until adulthood. Fetal phenotypic expression was observed in the brush border of the proximal and distal colon for H antigen, whereas it was observed in that of the distal colon for B antigen. No fetal phenotypic expression of H, B, and Leb by columnar cells of the colon was observed. Antigen A was expressed by goblet cells, brush border, and columnar cells of the entire colon at all ages, in concert with the development and maturation of the colon. Therefore, its expression in the rat colon was not fetal in nature. Lea was not detected in the colon at any age, except for some sporadic staining in the Golgi zone of columnar cells of the postnatal proximal colon. In conclusion, these data indicate significant age- and region-related changes of blood group antigen expression in the rat colon. Because the fetal phenotypic expression of H, B, and Leb by goblet cells of the distal colon mimics that in the human distal colon, the adult rat colon is a potentially useful model for assessing the effects of cocarcinogenic dietary factors, including ethanol, that may induce reexpression of these so-called oncofetal tumor-associated antigens of the colon. Anat Rec 259:395–404, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of dansylated aminopropyl controlled pore glass solvated by molecular and ionic liquids.

We compare how (i) four ionic liquids (ILs) (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C 4 mim][BF 4 ]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C 4 mim][Tf 2 N]), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C 4 mpy][Tf 2 N]), and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([P(C 6 ) 3 C 14 ][Tf 2 N])) and (ii) two conventional molecular liquids (methanol and 1-octanol) solvate/wet luminescent organic moieties that are covalently attached to the surface of silica controlled pore glass (CPG). A series of aminopropyl CPG particles that have been covalently tagged with the solvatochromic fluorescent probe group dansyl were used in this study. The results demonstrate that ILs solvate/wet the silica surface differently in comparison to molecular liquids (MLs). Specifically, when comparing ILs and MLs that appear to solvate the free probe, dansylpropylsulfonamide (DPSA), equally in solution, we find that ILs do not solvate/wet the silica surfaces as well as the corresponding MLs. The cation component in these ILs is the significant factor in how the ILs solvate/wet silica surfaces. Solvation/wetting of surface-bound species at a silica surface depends on the cation size. Chlorosilane end-capping of the surface silanol and amine residues attenuates the cation's affects.
Educational and psychosocial issues related to new treatment advances for metastatic breast cancer.

Objectives : To explore educational issues as well as psychosocial issues relating to finances, family, and hope that may arise with the introduction of new treatment strategies for metastatic breast cancer. Data Sources : Review articles, textbooks, and personal communications. Conclusions : New treatment advances in metastatic breast cancer are multifaceted and complex. Nurses must provide a holistic approach to patients and are in an excellent position to guide patients towards treatment advances. Implications for Nursing Practice : Patients look to nurses to provide answers and to serve as resources as new treatment advances develop.
Discrimination method of power frequency ferroresonance in GIS

Ferroresonance over-voltage is one of the most important factors to impact the inner insulation of electrical appliances. The damage to appliance caused by ferroresonance over-voltage accounted for a great majority proportion in power system. A criterion in neutral-ungrounded power system was deducted in detail to estimate whether the ferroresonance will occur in power system from one manner of working transiting to another manner of working. This criterion deducted by means of analytical method expresses the relationship between circuit equivalent resistance and critical resistance, which can be used to decide the zero-sequence resistance value added to the secondary coil of potential transformer to eliminate the ferroresonance over-voltage. The availability of this criterion was verified under two working states via a practical gas insulated substation.
Subcellular cultivation of a virus: Growth of ornithosis virus in nonnucleate cytoplasm

Abstract Cytoplasmic fragments, prepared by microdissection of cells from a human amnion cell line, are motile and undergo pinocytosis. They incorporate amino acids but do not incorporate those ribonucleic acid precursors so far tested. Cultures were infected with ornithosis virus before or after preparation of nonucleate cytoplasmic pieces and (1) stained (Giemsa or acridine orange), or (2) labeled with tritiated nucleosides, digested with ribonuclease, stained by the Feulgen method and covered with autoradiographic stripping film. Attachment, penetration, initiation of virus growth and moderately advanced maturation of virus inclusions occurred whether the prospective cytoplasmic fragment was part of an intact cell at early points in this sequence or was already amputated before infection. Synthesis of viral deoxyribonucleic acid was demonstrated by autoradiography. Nuclear participation in the infectious process was not required at any time during the events studied here, but may be necessary for renewal of cytoplasmic materials which are equally essential to functional survival of cytoplasm alone.
Observation of cysteine thiolate and -S...H-O intermolecular hydrogen bond.

The cysteine anion was produced in the gas phase by electrospray ionization and investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy at low temperature (70 K). The cysteine anion was found to exhibit the thiolate form [ - SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H], rather than the expected carboxylate form [HSCH2CH(NH2)CO2 - ]. This observation was confirmed by two control experiments, that is, methyl cysteine [CH3SCH2CH(NH2)CO2 - ] and cysteine methyl ester [ - SCH2CH(NH2)CO2CH3]. The electron binding energy of [ - SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H] was measured to be about 0.7 eV blue-shifted relative to [ - SCH2CH(NH2)CO2CH3] due to the formation of an intramolecular -S - ‚‚‚HO2C- hydrogen bond in the cysteine thiolate. Theoretical calculations at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2df,p) and B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,p) levels were carried out to estimate the strength of this intramolecular -S - ‚‚‚HO2C- hydrogen bond. Combining experimental measurements and theoretical calculations yielded an estimated value of 16.4 ( 2.0 kcal/mol for the -S - ‚‚‚HO2C- intramolecular hydrogen-bond strength.
Local destabilization of DNA during transcription

Abstract During the in vitro transcription of bacteriophage T7 DNA by Escheriohia coli RNA polymerase, regions of the double helix were observed to be opened up, or partially unwound. These “transcription bubbles” represent regions of active transcription as determined by comparing their position on T7 DNA molecules with that of extended RNA chains and collapsed RNA bushes. These structures were observed when electron microscope grids were prepared in moderate concentrations (40 to 60%) of formamide that would not otherwise lead to the separation of T7 DNA chains (partial denaturation). The sensitivity of transcription bubbles to RNase suggests that they are formed by a transient interaction between the growing RNA chain and single-chained DNA, probably not involving normal Watson-Crick base pairing. The double helix is temporarily left in a state of lowered stability, extending 300 to 1200 nucleotides behind the polymerase, rendering regions of chain separation visible when samples are subjected to normally non-denaturing levels of formamide.
The Internal Logic of Holy Saturday in the Theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar

: While consensus reigns that Balthasar's theology of Christ's descent into hell on Holy Saturday constitutes both the center of his theology and his most significant innovation on the tradition, the question remains open whether that innovation marks a true development on this theologoumenon or a radical departure from it. This article argues for the former alternative by drawing on all those elements in the history of theology, both Catholic and Protestant, that point to an increasing – indeed inevitable – radicalization of this doctrine. Then, using the norms set forth by Cardinal Newman's Essay on Development, it shows how Balthasar's ‘innovations’ meet Newman's criteria for authentic development.
Relationship between the Hosoya polynomial and the hyper-Wiener index

Abstract The Hosoya polynomial of a graph, H ( G, x ), has the property that its first derivative, evaluated at x = 1, equals the Wiener index, i.e., W ( G ) = H ′( G , 1). In this paper, an equation is presented that gives the hyper-Wiener index, WW ( G ), in terms of the first and second derivatives of H ( G, x ). Also defined here is a hyper-Hosoya polynomial, HH ( G, x ), which has the property WW ( G ) = HH ′( G , 1), analogous to W ( G ) = H ′( G , 1). Uses of higher derivatives of HH ( G, x ) are proposed, analogous to published uses of higher derivatives of H ( G, x ).
Psychosocial factors and cognition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

(2003). Psychosocial factors and cognition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 217-224.
Scale, Direction, and Pattern in Riparian Vegetation-Environment Relationships

Abstract Because of the linear nature of riparian environments, direction and scale are closely linked. Cross-valley variation in mountain stream valleys is typically seen on a scale of meters, while variation up- and down-valley may be measured in kilometers. As a result, environmental factors at transverse scale (varying within a cross section) and at longitudinal scale (varying between cross sections) impose different patterns on vegetation. This paper compares these scale influences on the composition of woody riparian vegetation in southern California. Using cover data from 37 valley cross sections in the Transverse Ranges, and dividing these into four-meter segments, I determine segment values for the longitudinal-scale variables of elevation, years since burning, aspect, valley width and lithology, and for the transverse-scale variables of water-table depth, unit stream power (for the 20-year flood), and substrate particle size. The influence of variables at these contrasting scales on the vegetati...
International Treaties and U.S. Laws as Tools to Regulate the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships and Ports

Regulations on marine greenhouse gas emissions are possible, and some are in progress, using international treaty law and federal regulations. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), port and coastal States have jurisdiction over ships entering their waters and have the ability to implement mitigation strategies, ranging from mandatory speed reduction to installing shore-side electricity or sequestration equipment. Under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is determining the feasibility of design, fuel, and operation reforms. Alternatively, the implementation may be usurped by a global cap-and-trade scheme from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tightening the Clean Air Act § 213 regulations governing marine vessels and U.S. waters were recently designated a SO x Emission Control Area. However, carbon dioxide emissions from marine vessels remain unregulated.
Ostene, a new alkylene oxide copolymer bone hemostatic material, does not inhibit bone healing.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigate the effects of a soft bone hemostatic wax comprised of water-soluble alkylene oxide copolymers (Ostene; Ceremed, Inc., Los Angeles, CA) on bone healing in a rat calvaria defect model. We compared the effects with a control (no hemostatic agent) and bone wax, an insoluble and nonresorbable material commonly used for bone hemostasis.
CHANGES IN INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY RELATED TO GLUTEN (G) INGESTION IN CHILDREN WITH CELIAC DISEASE (CD)

Intestinal permeability to polyethylene glycol (PEG) (MW 238-590) and serum antigliadin antibody levels (AGA) were studied in children with CD, diagnosed according to ESPGAN criteria. Results of intestinal permeability to PEG (obtained as described previously, NASPG/ESPGAN, 1985:80) were expressed as N1/2, the theoretical polymer length whose recovery is 50% of the maximally recovered polymer (normal > 12). At diagnosis, 0/9 children had normal N1/2 and AGA. Twenty-four/28 children on a G-free diet had normal N1/2. Two children with abnormal N1/2 admitted ingesting G; one had abnormal N1/2 at 56 d but normal after 180 d. Only 5 had normal AGA. After 30 d on a G-free diet, 7/8 children had normal N1/2; but none had normal AGA. After 77 d on the diet, 12/14 had normal N1/2; only 3 had normal AGA. Upon reintroduction of G, N1/2 were abnormal in 17/36 with a tendency towards normal levels with longer re-exposure, although small bowel biopsies were abnormal. Regression analysis between N1/2 and duration of re-exposure to G indicated a significant association (r=0.5, P < 0.05); for every day of re-exposure, N1/2 improved by 0.006 units. Conclusion: Intestinal permeability rapidly improves with elimination of G from the diet and PEG serves as a good indicator to detect children who are noncompliant. In addition, an apparent adaptation of the bowel occurs with prolonged re-exposure to G, and while histological changes persist and AGA remain elevated, intestinal permeability tends to improve.
Ultra-trace-level determination of cobalt, chromium, and hydrogen peroxide by luminol chemiluminescence detected with a charge-coupled device

A solid-state two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) is used to detect the chemiluminescence of luminol with hydrogen peroxide and a transition metal ion. The chemiluminescence spectra are recorded with the use of trace amounts of metal ions. Excellent linearity, dynamic range, and detection limits are obtained for the total amount of Cr3+, Co2+, and H2O2 analyzed by manual injection. Detection limits on the order of low femto-mole levels of analytes are reported. The utility of CCDs for ultra-low-level light measurements is discussed, and new concepts for "luminometers," both wavelength dispersive and nondispersive, are described.
Rb-Sr systematics of Luna 20 and Apollo 16 samples

For the soils of two lunar highland sites from which samples were returned by the Luna 20 probe and the Apollo 16 mission, Rb-Sr data are presented. For comparison, the results of some additional analyses of Apollo 15 soils are also given. All these soils indicate that an early lunar differentiation process occurred in the interval of 4.3-4.6 b.y. and resulted in the formation of a crust rich in K, Rb, U, and Th.
Transgenic Mouse α- and β-Cardiac Myosins Containing the R403Q Mutation Show Isoform-dependent Transient Kinetic Differences

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a major cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. The discovery in 1990 that a point mutation at residue 403 (R403Q) in the β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) caused a severe form of FHC was the first of many demonstrations linking FHC to mutations in muscle proteins. A mouse model for FHC has been widely used to study the mechanochemical properties of mutated cardiac myosin, but mouse hearts express α-MHC, whereas the ventricles of larger mammals express predominantly β-MHC. To address the role of the isoform backbone on function, we generated a transgenic mouse in which the endogenous α-MHC was partially replaced with transgenically encoded β-MHC or α-MHC. A His6 tag was cloned at the N terminus, along with R403Q, to facilitate isolation of myosin subfragment 1 (S1). Stopped flow kinetics were used to measure the equilibrium constants and rates of nucleotide binding and release for the mouse S1 isoforms bound to actin. For the wild-type isoforms, we found that the affinity of MgADP for α-S1 (100 μM) is ~ 4-fold weaker than for β-S1 (25 μM). Correspondingly, the MgADP release rate for α-S1 (350 s(-1)) is ~3-fold greater than for β-S1 (120 s(-1)). Introducing the R403Q mutation caused only a minor reduction in kinetics for β-S1, but R403Q in α-S1 caused the ADP release rate to increase by 20% (430 s(-1)). These transient kinetic studies on mouse cardiac myosins provide strong evidence that the functional impact of an FHC mutation on myosin depends on the isoform backbone.
A new algorithm for object oriented ray tracing

A new algorithm for ray tracing object oriented environments is presented. The new algorithm promises significant savings in CPU time compared with the standard Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) algorithm. In particular, fewer ray-surface intersections are calculated, all sorting is eliminated, and there is no binary tree traversal. The new algorithm is bounded in CPU cost by O(N) for N objects compared with O ( N 2 ) for CSG.
Ushering in the new toxicology: toxicogenomics and the public interest.

New scientific tools spawned by the genomics revolution promise to improve our ability to identify causative factors in human diseases. But as these new tools elucidate the complex interactions between chemical toxins and biologic systems, the strain on traditional ways of understanding toxic effects grows. Despite major advances in the science and technology of these new toxicogenomics tools, scientific and political complexities threaten to delay the use of toxicogenomics to further the public interest or—worse—to advance its use initially to weaken the regulation and safety of widely used chemicals. To gain further insight into the scientific and political landscape of the new toxicology, we interviewed 27 experts from a variety of disciplines and sectors. Interviewees expressed widespread agreement that the new toxicology promises a significant increase in the amount of information available on toxic effects of chemicals. But the interviews show that the promise of the new toxicology will be realized only if technical and political obstacles can be overcome. Although scientific rigor is necessary for the new toxicology to move forward, the scientific and public-interest communities must ensure that inappropriate definitions of rigor, as well as proprietary interests, do not create unnecessary barriers to more effective public health protection.
Analysing global triangle inequality violations due to Internet eXchange Points for future overlay networks

The growth of peering at Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) by Autonomous Systems (ASes) has led to opportunities for the creation of newer architectures for improved inter-domain routing. This peering infrastructure is now a critical component of the Internet ecosystem and may be exploited to identify global routes with lower end to end latencies. In this work we propose a measurement framework to infer triangle inequality violations (TIVs) in the Internet delay space which are created due to worldwide peering. We then study and analyze properties of this artifact of Internet routing policies and motivate the potential for the creation of future overlay networks based on these TIVs. We observe popular peering links provide alternate paths between a set of end hosts which are more efficient and are thus responsible for their creation. By carrying out a graph based study of the underlying topology of TIVs, we provide a theoretical basis of indicating the common subset of good peering links decreasing overall end to end delays. We observe the presence of a significant percentage of alternate paths outperforming the default route through an IXP in all major regions. Even though IXPs are set up primarily with economic benefits in mind, we conclude that there is a huge potential for improvement with more efficient routing and better planning at the primary IXPs around the world.
Monte Carlo simulation of fermionic fields

We present a simple algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of field theories containing fermionic fields. It is based on a small step-size limit in a Metropolis et al. scheme. The approach has similarities with the Langevin evolution. A simple modification of the procedure permits an interpolation to the pseudofermionic algorithm.
Detection of alkaline phosphatase in canine cells previously stained with Wright-Giemsa and its utility in differentiating osteosarcoma from other mesenchymal tumors.

Background Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a common primary bone tumor in dogs. Demonstration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) reactivity by tumor cells on unstained slides is useful in differentiating osteosarcoma from other types of sarcoma. However, unstained slides are not always available. Objectives The objectives of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic utility of detecting ALP expression in differentiating osteosarcoma from other sarcomas in dogs using cytologic material previously stained with Wright–Giemsa stain and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of ALP expression for diagnosing osteosarcoma using a specific protocol. Methods Archived aspirates of histologically confirmed sarcomas in dogs that had been previously stained with Wright–Giemsa stain were treated with 5-bromo, 4-chloro, 3-indolyl phosphate/nitroblue tetrazolium (BCIP/NBT) as a substrate for ALP. Cells were evaluated for expression of ALP after incubation with BCIP/NBT for 1 hour. Sensitivity and specificity of ALP expression for diagnosis of OSA were calculated. Results In samples from 83 dogs, cells from 15/17 OSAs and from 4/66 tumors other than OSA (amelanotic melanoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, collision tumor, and anaplastic sarcoma) expressed ALP. Sensitivity and specificity of ALP expression detected using BCIP/NBT substrate applied to cells previously stained with Wright–Giemsa stain for OSA were 88 and 94%, respectively. Conclusions ALP expression detected using BCIP/NBT substrate applied to previously stained cells is useful in differentiating canine OSA from other mesenchymal neoplasms.
The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein L22.

Abstract The amino acid sequence of the rat 60S ribosomal subunit protein L22 was deduced from the sequence of nucleotides in two recombinant cDNAs. Ribosomal protein L22 has 128 amino acids; the molecular weight is 14 779. Hybridization of the cDNA to digests of nuclear DNA suggests that there are 6 to 9 copies of the L22 gene. The mRNA for the protein is about 600 nucleotides in length. Rat L22 is related to ribosomal proteins from other eukaryotes and is identical in amino acid sequence to human EAP, the EBER 1 (Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA) associated protein.
The significance of different diacylgycerol synthesis pathways on plant oil composition and bioengineering.

The unique properties of vegetable oils from different plants utilized for food, industrial feedstocks, and fuel is dependent on the fatty acid (FA) composition of triacylglycerol (TAG). Plants can use two main pathways to produce diacylglycerol (DAG), the immediate precursor molecule to TAG synthesis: 1) De novo DAG synthesis, and 2) conversion of the membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) to DAG. The FA esterified to PC are also the substrate for FA modification (e.g. desaturation, hydroxylation, etc.), such that the FA composition of PC-derived DAG can be substantially different than that of de novo DAG. Since DAG provides two of the three FA in TAG, the relative flux of TAG synthesis from de novo DAG or PC-derived DAG can greatly affect the final oil FA composition. Here we review how the fluxes through these two alternate pathways of DAG/TAG synthesis are determined and present evidence that suggests which pathway is utilized in different plants. Additionally, we present examples of how the endogenous DAG synthesis pathway in a transgenic host plant can produce bottlenecks for engineering of plant oil FA composition, and discuss alternative strategies to overcome these bottlenecks to produce crop plants with designer vegetable oil compositions.
All Together Now: Teens and Museums

(2014). All Together Now: Teens and Museums. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 39, All Together Now: Teens and Museums, pp. 231-235.
Effects of carotid body tumor resection on the blood pressure of essential hypertensive patients

Removal of carotid body (CB) improves animal models of hypertension (HTN) and heart failure, via withdrawal of chemoreflex-induced sympathetic activation. Effect of CB tumor (CBT) resection on blood pressure (BP) in subjects with HTN is unknown. A retrospective analysis of 20 subjects with HTN (BP≥140/90 mmHg or anti-hypertensives use) out of 134 with CBT resection. Short-term (30 days from surgery) and long-term (slope of regressions on time over the entire follow-up) changes in BP and heart rate were adjusted for covariates (interval between readings, total follow-up, number of readings and changes in therapy). Age and duration of HTN were 56±4 and 9±5 years. Adjusted short-term decreases in systolic (SBP: -9.9±3.1, p<0.001) and pulse pressures (PP: -7.9±2.7, p<0.002) were significant and correlated with their respective long-term changes (SBP: r=0.47, p=0.047; PP: r=0.54, p=0.019). There was a strong relationship between adjusted short-term changes in SBP and PP (r=0.64, p<0.004). Six (50% of responders or 33% of the total) had short-term falls of SBP ≥10 mmHg and of PP ≥ 5 mmHg. First study to show that unilateral CBT resection is associated with sustained reduction of BP in hypertensive patients. Targeted CB chemoreflex removal could play a role in the therapy of human HTN.
Potential growth and control of Salmonella in Hispanic type soft cheese.

Abstract This study evaluated the growth and control of Salmonella serotypes in a soft Hispanic type cheese (Queso Fresco). Cheese was made in the laboratory using a commercial procedure and after inoculation it was stored under vacuum at temperatures ranging from 6 to 30°C. The minimum temperature that allowed growth of Salmonella was 8°C. Accumulated data from the growth studies were used for the development of models relating the square root of 1/LT (LT = lag time) and specific growth rate to temperature. The effect of selected antimicrobials (potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and sodium lactate) on the growth and survival of Salmonella in milk and in cheese at various storage temperatures was also examined. Addition of sodium benzoate (0.3%) to cheese (pH 6.6) or addition of potassium sorbate (0.3%) to cheese (pH 6.0) made from milk, which was acidified to pH 5.9 with propionic acid, had a significant impact on delaying or preventing growth of the pathogen.
Rivers in the Solar System: Water Is Not the Only Fluid Flow on Planetary Bodies

Water, either in liquid or ice form, is the most common fluid that forms channels and valleys on Earth. Lava flows also make channels. The responsible fluid is generally clear on Earth because the process of formation tends to be observable. Channels and valley landforms are widespread on surfaces of planetary bodies, but their formation processes are not normally observable in action. Therefore, planetary geologists rely on geomorphology and knowledge of the environment to infer the nature of the fluid that produced these features. A wide range of fluid flows, including water, lava of various compositions, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons, have been proposed for the genesis of channels and valleys on the Moon, Venus, Mars, Io, and Titan.
Unified Management of Surface‐ and Ground‐Water Quality Through Clean Water Act Authorities

Existing institutions for protecting surface- and ground-water quality provide uneven results across the nation. Pollutants are transferred across media and political boundaries, important contaminants are not addressed, important sources of pollution are not controlled, and accountability in achieving measurable objectives is not assured. Examples from the seven-state region served by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) document the wide range of ground-water contamination issues facing the nation and the importance of interconnections between subsurface and surface waters–both hydrologically and institutionally. National legislation seems imminent to overcome institutional barriers that promote fragmented, ineffective, and expensive approaches. Unified management of subsurface- and surface-water quality makes both hydrologic and institutional sense for dealing with cross-media, cross-agency linkages causing water pollution. Congressional testimony presented by TVA suggests that this unified water quality management can be achieved through a narrow amendment to the Clean Water Act requiring state adoption of (1) surface- and subsurface-water classification systems, (2) surface and subsurface numerical standards, and (3) conjunctive surface- subsurface-water quality management programs. National minimum program requirements, federal funding, and federal program/facility compliance would provide leadership in creating new local/state/federal partnerships targeted to priority geographic areas. In this way, the state comprehensive program would become the hub around which the spokes of all different environmental and natural resource management (technology-based control) programs with surface- or ground-water quality implications would be integrated. This proactive water quality management approach would be less costly to the public than existing reactive approaches which have left taxpayers with a half trillion dollar remedial action bill for cleaning up our surface- and ground-water resources.
An Iterative, Bimodular Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase that Converts Anthranilate and Tryptophan into Tetracyclic Asperlicins

The bimodular 276 kDa nonribosomal peptide synthetase AspA from Aspergillus alliaceus, heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, converts tryptophan and two molecules of the aromatic β-amino acid anthranilate (Ant) into a pair of tetracyclic peptidyl alkaloids asperlicin C and D in a ratio of 10:1. The first module of AspA activates and processes two molecules of Ant iteratively to generate a tethered Ant-Ant-Trp-S-enzyme intermediate on module two. Release is postulated to involve tandem cyclizations, in which the first step is the macrocyclization of the linear tripeptidyl-S-enzyme, by the terminal condensation (CT) domain to generate the regioisomeric tetracyclic asperlicin scaffolds. Computational analysis of the transannular cyclization of the 11-membered macrocyclic intermediate shows that asperlicin C is the kinetically favored product due to the high stability of a conformation resembling the transition state for cyclization, while asperlicin D is thermodynamically more stable.
Modeling and control of rapid thermal processing

A first-principles low-order model of rapid thermal processing ofsemiconductor wafers is derived. The nonlinear model describes the steady-state and transient thermal behavior of a wafer with approximate spatial temperature uniformity undergoing rapid heating and cooling in a multilamp RTP chamber. The model is verified experimentally for a range of operating temperatures from 400°C to 900°C and pressure of 1 torr in an inert N2 environment. Advantages of the low-order model over detailed models include ease of identification and implementation for real-time predictive applications in signal processing and temperature control. This physics-based model is used in the design of an advanced real-time multivariable control strategy. The strategy employed a feedforward mechanism to predict temperature transients and a feedback mechanism to correct for errors in the prediction. The controller is applied to achieve a ramp from 20°C to 900°C at a rate of 45°C/second in a one atmosphere environment with less than 15°C nonuniformity during the ramp and less than 1°C average nonuniformity during the hold as measured by three thermocouples.
Diffusion from a polymer-thickened, sessile, aerosol droplet through a membrane

Abstract We consider the case of diffusion from a polymer-thickened, sessile, aerosol droplet through a membrane. Building on an exact analysis of diffusion from a polymer-thickened film through a membrane, we discuss the origin of the observed non-Fickian diffusion, which we reinterpret in the context of an apparent or local fractal dimension.
Use of microwave electromagnetic oscillations for nondestructive testing of refractories

The microwave method of quality control facilitates the local and integral checking of the apparent density and porosity of products having different shapes, and also the checking of products having different densities, without breaking the refractories.
A Weighted Harmonic Means Analysis for the Proportional Unbalanced Design

The standard unweighted means analysis is often employed in balanced designs where data loss is unrelated to the levels of the independent variables. In a proportional unbalanced design, where unequal but proportional cell frequencies have been planned, the standard unweighted means analysis is not appropriate when a random loss of data has occurred. A weighted harmonic means analysis is presented that incorporates all of the available data, preserves the planned proportionality of the design, and avoids the problems associated with the replacement of missing data with sample estimates.
A single locus model of selection in permanent translocation heterozygotes

A model for evolution at a single locus in permanent translocation heterozygotes is described. It is also applicable to other permanent structural heterozygotes that possess the mating systems discussed. Recombination occurs between the locus and the chromosomes, which are of two types. The mating system includes selfing and random mating. When recombination is rare, selection will result in almost complete fixation on the single most fit genotype present in a population, regardless of the frequency of selfing. This provides a possible explanation for the ecological success of permanent translocation heterozygotes in some groups of organisms, like Oenothera. It is not necessary to postulate that their success is the result of hybrid vigor. Furthermore, a complete lack of recombination is not necessary for explaining the observed association of alleles with particular segmental arrangements. A small amount of recombination is consistent with the observation that different segmental arrangements often carry different alleles.
Maternal-Infant interaction in women with unipoloar and bipolar depression.

Abstract Background One percent of women experience bipolar disorder and are likely to suffer from mood disorders during the postpartum period, potentially impacting interaction with their infants. The purpose of this study was to describe maternal–infant interactions in women with bipolar depression at 12months postpartum and to compare interactions to women with unipolar depression and a control group. Methods Using a descriptive design, maternal–infant interactions in women with bipolar disorder (n=40) were videotaped, coded, and analyzed for maternal sensitivity and maternal–infant reciprocity and compared to maternal–infant interaction in women with unipolar depression (n=50) and women without depression (n=40). Results Women with bipolar depression had lower scores on both maternal sensitivity and infant reciprocity, but differences were nonsignificant. Conclusions This research is the first study to examine maternal–infant interaction in women with bipolar disorder, and important trends were noted. Future research should examine maternal–infant interaction at earlier time periods.
The acid mucopolysaccharides in normal urine.

Abstract 1. 1. The purpose of this investigation is to report the qualitative distribution of acid munopolysaccharides in normal urine and the composition of a mucopeptide isolated from urine. 2. 2. The predominant mucopolysaccharides in normal urine are a family of chondrotin sulfates characterized by a varying sulfate content. Chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate C each constitute about one-third of the total mucopolysaccharide, while chondroitin (non-sulfated chondroitin sulfate) constitutes one-fourth of the total mucopolysaccharide. 3. 3.Heparitin monosulfate makes up approx. 8% of the total mucopolysaccharide excreted. Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate B, and a highly sulfated keratosulfate are excreted in trace amounts. 4. 4. Monosulfated chrondroitin sulfate, as found in normal urine, is extracted as fragments of small molecular size, some of which are covalently bound to a polypeptide characterized by a high serine, glycine and glutamic acid content.
Methylmercury causes oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in microglia: Attenuation by 15-deoxy-delta 12, 14-Prostaglandin J2

Abstract Methylmercury (MeHg) causes severe neurological disorders in the central nervous system. This study focused on the effects of MeHg on microglia, macrophage-like cells that reside in the CNS important in neuro-immune interactions. The murine N9 microglial cell line was used in this set of study. MeHg caused reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial depolarization and aconitase inactivation, all of which were signs of cellular oxidative stress. MeHg greatly increased microglial IL-6 secretion despite the fact that it severely inhibited protein synthesis. The concentration that caused 50% cell death in 24 h was ∼9 μM. Pretreatment of microglia with the prostaglandin derivative, 15-deoxy-delta 12, 14-Prostaglandin J2 attenuated MeHg induced cell death. The saving effect did not appear to be mediated through activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) since other agonists of these receptors did not prevent MeHg induced microglial death.
Effect of Yttrium on the Fatigue Behavior of Investment-Cast and Wrought Ti-6Al-4V

The effect of yttrium (Y)-containing particles on the microstructure and fatigue behavior of investment-cast and hot isostatically pressed (HIP) Ti-6Al-4V has been investigated. Elemental Y was added to the Ti-6Al-4V melt to obtain a concentration of 200 ppm Y, which is 4 times the amount allowed by current industrial specifications. The observed particles were between 100 nm and 1 μm in diameter, were widely dispersed, and did not agglomerate. High-cycle fatigue tests were conducted and an extensive fractography study revealed that the effect of the particles was negligible compared to the large colony size, and therefore slip length, in the cast material. The fatigue lives were consistent with those in the literature for tests conducted on specimens containing standard concentrations of Y. A section of the casting was extruded to refine the grain size in order to study the effects of the particles on a microstructure with shorter slip lengths. The results of the fractography study on these specimens were not as straightforward. A fine particle was observed at the crack-initiation site of one of the specimens of extruded material and shallow depressions on the size scale of the particles were present in other samples. However, no evidence of Y was detected by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and the fatigue lives were on the high end of the scatter band typically encountered in wrought and annealed Ti-6Al-4V.
Surface chemistry of dimethylamine on Pt(1 1 1): formation of methylaminocarbyne and its decomposition products

Abstract Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption have been used to study the reactive surface chemistry of dimethylamine (DMA) on the Pt(1 1 1) surface over the temperature range of 85–550 K. DMA adsorbs molecularly at 85 K through the nitrogen lone pair and is stable up to 350 K where it dehydrogenates to form methylaminocarbyne (CNHCH3), a species that was found in an earlier study to also form from the N-protonation of methyl isocyanide (CNCH3) on Pt(1 1 1). Upon annealing to 400 and 450 K, methylaminocarbyne decomposes to several different surface intermediates, including methyl isocyanide, as indicated by a ν(CN) peak at 2238 cm−1. Spectroscopic characterization of a surface intermediate that appears to retain a CNC unit and is stable up to 450 K is presented. This intermediate is formed from several precursors, including DMA, methyl isocyanide, and trimethylamine. At temperatures over 500 K, H2 and HCN desorb by the decomposition of the surface intermediates leaving CN and C on the surface.