cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a pharmacist-based gout care management programme in a large integrated health plan: results from a pilot study

Objectives The study objective was to determine the feasibility of using a pharmacist-staffed, protocol-based structured approach to improving the management of chronic, recurrent gout. Setting The study was carried out in the outpatient clinic of a single Kaiser Permanente medical centre. This is a community-based clinic. Participants We report on 100 consecutive patients between the ages of 21 and 94 (75% men) with chronic or recurrent gout, referred by their primary physicians for the purpose of management of urate-lowering therapy. Patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease were excluded. Interventions The programme consisted of a trained clinical pharmacist and a rheumatologist. The pharmacist contacted each patient by phone, provided educational and dietary materials, and used a protocol that employs standard gout medications to achieve and maintain a serum uric acid (sUA) level of 6 mg/dL or less. Incident gout flares or adverse reactions to medications were managed in consultation with the rheumatologist. Primary outcome measure The primary outcome measure was the achievement and maintenance of an sUA of 6 or less for a period of at least 3 months. Results In 95 evaluable patients enrolled in our pilot programme, an sUA of 6 mg/dL or less was achieved and maintained in 78 patients with 4 still in the programme to date. Five patients declined to participate after referral, and another 13 patients did not complete the programme. (The majority of these were due to non-adherence.) Conclusions A structured pharmacist-staffed programme can effectively and safely lower and maintain uric acid levels in a high percentage of patients with recurrent gout in a primary care setting. This care model is simple to implement, efficient and warrants further validation in a clinical trial.
Comment on "Valence state of titanium in the Wark-Lovering rim of a Leoville CAI as a record of progressive oxidation in the early Solar Nebula" by K.A. Dyl, J.I. Simon and E.D. Young

Abstract Dyl et al. (2011) state that their results confirm the conclusion of J. Simon et al. (2005) that the pyroxene in Wark–Lovering rims ( Wark and Lovering, 1977 ) found on Ca-, Al-rich refractory inclusions has lower Ti 3+ /Ti tot ratios than the primary pyroxene in the interiors of inclusions. While true, the claim is misleading because J. Simon et al. (2005) concluded that there was no Ti 3+ in the rims, whereas Dyl et al. (2011) found Ti 3+ in 41 of 42 new rim analyses. In addition, J. Simon et al. (2005) concluded that rims formed under much more oxidizing conditions, log f O 2 ⩾ IW-1, or ⩾6–7 log units higher, than inclusion interiors. The conclusions of J. Simon et al. (2005) were disputed by S. Simon et al. (2007) and are not supported by the new data of Dyl et al. (2011) . The present work is intended for clarification of this and other issues.
A simple and efficient scheme for the purification of insulin-like growth factor II from human bone matrix extract.

Human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) has been purified to homogeneity from bone which contained 10–15 times more IGF-II than insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). After extraction of IGF-II by demineralization of human bone powder with 10% EDTA containing 4 M guanidine HCl at pH 7.4, IGF-II was separated from IGF binding proteins by hydroxylapatite chromatography in the presence of 4 M guanidine HCl. The hydroxylapatite unbound fraction containing IGF-II was purified by affinity chromatography using Sm 1.2. monoclonal antibodies, which bind both IGF-I and IGF-II. The final purification of IGF-II was achieved by FPLC mono S ion-exchange chromatography in which IGF-II was separated from IGF-I. Human IGF-II thus purified was shown to be pure by (1) HPLC reverse-phase chromatography, (2) SDS-PAGE, and (3) N-terminal amino acid sequence.From 300 g of bone, 0.18 mg IGF-II was obtained with an overall recovery of 42%. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of (1) bone as a source for IGF-II purificatio...
Identification of Self Through Two-Dimensional Chemistry and Synapses

▪ Abstract Cells in the immune and nervous systems communicate through informational synapses. The two-dimensional chemistry underlying the process of synapse formation is beginning to be explored using fluorescence imaging and mechanical techniques. Early analysis of two-dimensional kinetic rates (kon and koff) and equilibrium constants (Kd) provides a number of biological insights. First, there are two regimes for adhesion—one disordered with slow kon and the other self-ordered with 104-fold faster kon. Despite huge variation in two-dimensional kon, the two-dimensional koff is like koff in solution, and two-dimensional koff is more closely related to intrinsic properties of the interaction than the two-dimensional kon. Thus difference in koff can be used to set signaling thresholds. Early signaling complexes are compartmentalized to generate synergistic signaling domains. Immune antigen receptor components have a role in neural synapse editing. This suggests significant parallels in informational synaps...
A train-the-trainer model for integrating evidence-based medicine training into podiatric medical education.

This article presents the development, implementation, and evaluation of a national evidence-based medicine faculty-development program for podiatric medical educators. Ten faculty members representing six accredited colleges of podiatric medicine, one podiatric medical residency program, and a Veterans Affairs podiatry service participated in a 2-day workshop, which included facilitated discussions, minilectures, hands-on exercises, implementation planning, and support after the workshop. Participants’ evidence-based medicine skills were measured by retrospective self-reported ratings before and after the workshop. Participants also reported their implementation of “commitments to change” on follow-up surveys at 3 and 12 months. Participants’ evidence-based medicine practice and teaching skills improved after the intervention. They listed a total of 84 commitments to change, most of which related to the program objectives. By 12 months after the workshop, participants as a group had fully implemented 24 ...
Computation of Aromatic C3N4 Networks and Synthesis of the Molecular Precursor N(C3N3)3Cl6

The successful synthesis and structural characterization of molecules that represent segments of extended solids is a valuable strategy for learning metric and stereochemical characteristics of those solids. This approach has been useful in cases in which the solids are particularly difficult to crystallize and thus their atomic connectivity and overall structures become difficult to deduce with X-ray diffraction techniques. One such class of materials is the covalently linked CxNy extended solids, where molecular analogues remain largely absent. In particular, structures of C3N4 solids are controversial. This report illustrates the utility of a simple molecule, N(C3N3)3Cl6, in answering the question of whether triazine based C3N4 phases are layered or instead they adopt 3D structures. Here, we present density functional calculations that clearly demonstrate the lower stability of graphitic C3N4 relative to 3D analogues.
The generalized assignment problem with flexible jobs

The Generalized Assignment Problem (GAP) seeks an allocation of jobs to capacitated resources at minimum total assignment cost, assuming a job cannot be split among multiple resources. We consider a generalization of this broadly applicable problem in which each job must not only be assigned to a resource, but its resource consumption must also be determined within job-specific limits. In this profit-maximizing version of the GAP, a higher degree of resource consumption increases the revenue associated with a job. Our model permits a job's revenue per unit resource consumption to decrease as a function of total resource consumption, which allows modeling quantity discounts. The objective is then to determine job assignments and resource consumption levels that maximize total profit. We develop a class of heuristic solution methods, and demonstrate the asymptotic optimality of this class of heuristics in a probabilistic sense.
Comparative study of intraarterial and intravenous anticoagulants in microvascular anastomoses

Using a rat femoral artery crush-avulsion model previously described by the authors (Rooks et al.: Microsurgery 14:130–134, 1993), we analyzed the relative efficacy of intraarterially delivered anticoagulants against similar systemically administered intravenous anticoagulants with double blinded experimentation. The model uses a standardized crush of approximately 0.3 J and a standardized avulsion. This is followed by vascular stasis for 90 seconds after vessel repair. All rats were limited to 175 to 225 gm in weight to control vessel size. Urokinase, heparin sodium, and dextran (40,000 Dalton) were evaluated in this study. A statistically significant (p-value = 0.02) increase in urokinase efficacy was found with intraarterial delivery. (Patency rate increased from 40% to 100%.) No advantage to intraarterial delivery was evident with either dextran or heparin. There was a dose related improvement in patency with heparin that was unaffected by delivery route. (Patency increased from 30% to 80% with a statistical p-value of 0.018.) © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Methods of implementation of the MUMPS global data-base.

Recent standardization of the MUMPS language (ANSI Xlll-1977) has resulted in increased investigations into its efficient implementation. Of particular concern is the method of implementation of the MUMPS hierarchical data file, or global. Two implementation techniques have found substantial support: a traditional technique utilizing linked physical blocks, and a more recent, self-indexing method based on the theory of balanced trees. Comparison of these methods shows that the balanced-tree implementation offers significant advantages in most MUMPS environments.
Surgical Suites' Operations Management

Surgical suites are a key driver of a hospital’s costs, revenues, and utilization of postoperative resources such as beds. This article describes some commonly occurring operations management problems faced by the managers of surgical suites. For three of these problems, the article also provides preliminary models and possible solution approaches. Its goal is to identify open challenges to spur further research by the operations management community on an important class of problems that have not received adequate attention in the literature, despite their economic importance.
CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL TWO DIMENSIONAL SYNTHETIC JETS IN CROSS FLOW AT LOW MACH NUMBER

This paper explores the interaction between dual synthetic jets with identical geometries via studies of in-phase oscillations with different jet proximities, and fixed jet proximity with out- of-phase oscillations. The two-dimensional synthetic jet plenums were 10mm wide and 39.2mm deep with an orifice 1.0mm wide and 0.9659mm deep and run at a frequency of 1632.65Hz creating a maximum average outflow velocity of 165.63m/s and a maximum average inflow velocity of 99.48m/s. A single cross-flow Mach number of 0.4 and Reynolds number based on momentum thickness at the first jet of 3127 was employed for all the calculations. Jet proximity ranged from 12 to 44mm for the in-phase jets, while phase shifts of 0 to 315 degrees were explored for a 16mm proximity jet. Jet performance is judged via the momentum coefficient and results explained through the use of vorticity and pressure contour time histories. Results demonstrate that the close proximity jets (below 26mm) suffer relative to isolated jets because of the adverse interaction of pressure waves and vortex shedding, whereas the high proximity jets (above 26mm) experienced favorable interactions. The physics of these flows demonstrate that upstream traveling pressure waves from the second jet have the greatest effect on the first jet, while a combination of downstream traveling pressure waves and a shed vortex contribute to the behavior of the second jet. Results for the phase-shifted 16mm proximity jets demonstrated similar flow physics and momentum coefficient behavior. A phase shift of 180-degrees produced the highest momentum coefficient and locally favorable pressure and vorticity physics. The results suggest the possibility of tuning a dual synthetic jet system for optimal performance.
Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction to Differentiate Avian Leukosis Virus (ALV) Subgroups: Detection of an ALV Contaminant in Commercial Marek's Disease Vaccines

Avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) are common in many poultry flocks and can be detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or any other test designed to identify p27, the group-specific antigen located in gag. However, endogenous retroviruses expressing p27 are often present and can be confused with exogenous ALVs. A more specific and informative assay involves targeting the variable envelope glycoprotein gene (gp85) that is the basis for dividing ALVs into their different subgroups. We designed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers that would specifically detect and amplify viruses from each of the six ALV subgroups: A, B, C, D, E, and J. Subgroup B and D envelopes are related, and our B-specific primers also amplified subgroup D viruses. We also designed a set of common primers to amplify any ALV subgroup virus. To demonstrate the usefulness of these primers, we obtained from the Center for Veterinary Biologics in Iowa culture supernatant from chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with an ALV that was found to be a contaminant in two commercial Marek's disease vaccines. Using our PCR primers, we demonstrate that the contaminant was a subgroup A ALV. We cloned and sequenced a portion of the envelope gene and confirmed that the ALV was a subgroup A virus. Unlike typical subgroup A viruses, the contaminant ALV grew very slowly in cell culture. We also cloned and sequenced a portion of the long terminal repeat (LTR) from the contaminant virus. The LTR was found to be similar to those LTRs found in endogenous ALVs (subgroup E) and very dissimilar to LTRs normally found in subgroup A viruses. The E-like LTR probably explains why the contaminant grew so poorly in cell culture.
Endoscopic Management of Gastrointestinal Fistulae.

Dr Kumar is an advanced endoscopy fellow in the Division of Gastroenterol- ogy and Dr Thompson is the director of therapeutic endoscopy at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachu- setts. Dr Larsen is an associate physician in the Digestive Disease Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle, Washington. Abstract: A gastrointestinal fistula is a common occurrence, especially after surgery. Patients who develop a fistula may have an infection, surgically altered anatomy, nutritional deficiency, or organ failure, making surgical revision more difficult. With advancements in flexible endoscopic devices and technology, new endoscopic options are available for the management of gastro- intestinal fistulae. Endoscopically deployable stents, endoscopic suturing devices, through-the-scope and over-the-scope clips, sealants, and fistula plugs can be used to treat fistulae. These therapies are even more effective in combination. Despite the inherent challenges in patients with fistulae, endoscopic therapies for treatment of fistulae have demonstrated safety and efficacy, allowing many patients to avoid surgical fistula repair. In this paper, we review the emerging role of endoscopy in the management of gastrointestinal fistulae.
Conditional entropy and value of information metrics for optimal sensing in infrastructure systems

Abstract Optimal allocation of monitoring efforts is necessary to cost-effectively obtain information to support the management of civil infrastructure. To optimize the design of sensing networks, pre-posterior analysis of the network can be conducted based on some metric for comparing alternative monitoring schemes. One such metric is conditional entropy, an information theoretic measure of the uncertainty in a set of random variables, conditioned on available sensor measurements. A second metric is the value of information, a decision theoretic metric which explicitly quantifies the benefit of sensor measurements in reducing the expected losses to a managing agent in the context of a decision-making problem under uncertainty. In this paper, we present a scalable probabilistic framework to perform pre-posterior analysis in large infrastructure systems using either metric. A discussion is also provided concerning situations in which either metric should be preferred. To demonstrate this framework, an example infrastructure monitoring problem related to seismic risk is presented and analyzed.
Epideictic Rhetoric: Questioning the Stakes of Ancient Praise by Laurent Pernot

This useful, clearly written, and highly satisfying book is Laurent Pernot’s second major English-language contribution to rhetorical scholarship, after his 2005 Rhetoric in Antiquity (originally L...
FURTHER TESTS IN HAMSTERS FOR ONCOGENIC QUALITY OF ORDINARY VIRUSES AND MYCOPLASMA, WITH CORRELATIVE REVIEW.

SummaryPrevious and present findings demonstrated the failure of tumor induction in newborn hamsters by adenovirus 1, 2, 3 (tentative), 4, 5, and 6 (tentative), vaccinia, herpes simplex, varicella, cytomegalo-virus, reovirus 1 (tentative), poliovirus 1 and 3, ECHO 25, Coxsackie A10 and A21, rhino virus 11, 23 and 30, encephalo-myocarditis, chikungunya, Hawaiian dengue, Marituba, Sicilian sandfly, influenza A2, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syn-cytial, mumps, measles (virulent and attenuated), rubella, rabies, visceral lymphomatosis (including RPL-12 and RIF agent), pneumonia virus of mice and lymphocytic chorio-meningitis viruses and two Mycoplasma species including Eaton agent. Adenovirus 7 was moderately and adenovirus 12 and 18 were highly oncogenic. Tumors occurred in 2 animals which Received Bryan strain Rous sarcoma. The findings are discussed in relation to the familial, biophysical, biochemical and structural properties of the viruses studied and with respect to the evidences which suggest...
A meta-analytic review of the effect of guilt on compliance

AbstractMeta-analytic procedures were used to estimate the effect of experienced guilt on compliance. Examination of 47 effect sizes indicated that inducing guilt is an effective means by which to increase compliance, ρ = .26. Moreover, despite coding for numerous substantive and methodological moderators, there was no evidence of moderation in these data. Instead, correcting for measurement error in the independent variable and restriction in range in the dependent explained all variance in effect sizes, yielding a corrected effect size of ρ′ = .35.
Liquid Crystalline Polymer Blends as Fillers for Self-Reinforcing Polymer Composites

Blending is a widely used technique for improving the mechanical, rheological and degradative properties of various polymeric materials. It offers the opportunity to formulate a material with more desirable characteristics than either of the individual components. From industrial perspectives, polymer blends with continuous microstructure exhibit good impact properties when compared with blends exhibiting non-continuous microstructure. In this chapter, the use of liquid crystalline polymers as fillers for self-reinforced polymer composites, and the effects of processing parameters on the morphological developments and the mechanical properties of a self-reinforced PET/LCP composite is described. The effects of the processing parameters were investigated through two techniques: SEM, to examine morphological changes, and tensile testing, to determine the mechanical property dependence of the processing parameters such as mixing speeds, injection speeds, and melt temperatures. The correlation between structure development during injection molding, and the modulus of injection molded PET/LCP blends were also investigated. Process parameters such as injection speed and melt temperature were varied to determine the effect of these parameters on the modulus and structure of the blends.
An Investigation on Urgent Problems Existing in Student Affairs during the Transformation of China

With the transformation of social economy and the massification of higher education,more and more problems emerge from student affairs in Chinese universities and colleges.This research investigates 50 student affairs managers,student affairs personnel and college students with "Questionnaire of Urgent Problems Existing in Students Affairs during the Transformation of China",which was designed by researchers and amended by experts.The result shows that career consultation,psychological counseling,ideological education,academic guide,theoretic foundation and professional training are the most urgent problems during the transformation of China.
Is Nephrectomy Justified in Patients with Metastatic Renal Carcinoma

AbstractThe survival data of 93 patients with metastatic renal carcinoma are discussed with respect to the site of metastasis and whether nephrectomy was performed as part of the initial treatment. Analysis of the cumulative survival rates revealed that nephrectomy significantly increased survival only for those patients presenting exclusively with osseous metastases. Nephrectomy did not alter survival for patients with pulmonary and/or soft tissue metastases.
Monoclonal antibodies define antigenic variation in the ID variety of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.

Abstract Three monoclonal antibodies were generated that are specific for the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus and have useful reactivities in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody 1A1B-9 distinguished between the IC (epizootic) and ID (enzootic) varieties of VEE virus by ELISA. Clone 7A1A-1 antibody distinguished the Panamanian prototype virus (3880) from Colombian ID isolates by a 500-fold difference in titer by endpoint ELISA, and it detected antigenic variation in ID isolates from southern Colombia and Ecuador. Antibody 7A3A-4 defined a cryptic antigenic site on the latter two isolates. These monoclonal antibodies complement others in identifying VEE isolates by a simple ELISA.
Wake Up America! World War I and the American Poster.: By Walton Rawls., Abbeville Press, 1988, 296 pp., $49.95, Cloth

(1989). Wake Up America! World War I and the American Poster. American Journalism: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 266-267.
The Shortfall in Demand

In a globalized world, the effects of unlimited supplies of labor in China spill over to advanced economies as well. Between 1980 and 2013, labor’s share of GDP dropped 9 percentage points while profits after tax as a share of GDP increased by roughly the same amount. Globalization instead of technology has been the main driver of the fall in labor’s share. As investments in advanced economies do not keep up with rising profits, there is, in effect, a shortfall in demand. This shortfall is structural instead of cyclical as Keynesians tend to argue. The best way to redeem the shortfall in demand is by redistributing income from capital to labor in a way that reinforces labor, such as by investing in education and health care.
Examining the relationship between the food environment and adult diabetes prevalence by county economic and racial composition: an ecological study

Inequitable access to healthy food may contribute to health disparities. This study examines the relationship between the prevalence of adult diabetes and food access in the U.S. by county economic/racial composition. An ecological study from 2012 was used to estimate the relationship between diabetes and retail food outlet access. County diabetes prevalence was measured based on individual responses to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey question, “Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have diabetes?” If the answer was “yes” individuals were classified as having diabetes. Retail food outlets included grocery stores, supercenters, farmer’s markets, full-service restaurants, fast food restaurants and convenience stores. Counties were categorized as “high-poverty” or “low-poverty”. Counties were categorized as low ( 31.0%) percent minority residents. Multiple linear regression models estimated the association between retail food outlets and diabetes, controlling for confounders, and testing for interactions between retail food outlets and county racial composition. Regression models were conditioned on county economic composition. Data were analyzed in 2016. Density of retail foods outlets varied greatly by county economic and racial composition; counties with medium-minority populations had the least access to grocery stores and the highest access to fast food restaurants and convenience stores. Low poverty/low-minority population counties had the greatest access to farmer’s markets and grocery stores. For low poverty/low-minority counties, grocery stores were associated with decreased of diabetes prevalence. Supercenters were associated with an increase in diabetes prevalence for high-poverty/low-minority counties. Only low poverty/medium-minority counties had a statistically significant relationship between farmer’s markets and diabetes prevalence. Fast food restaurants were found to be positively associated with diabetes prevalence in all counties except high poverty/medium-minority. However, only low poverty/low-minority counties had a statistically significant relationship. Across all models, access to full service restaurants were significantly associated with lower prevalence of diabetes. Generally, access to convenience stores were associated with increased diabetes prevalence, except for high poverty/low-minority counties. The food environment is more strongly associated with diabetes prevalence for wealthier counties with a lower proportion of minority residents. This is important given efforts to increase food access in vulnerable communities. Availability of healthier food may not be enough to change health outcomes.
An image-based pattern recognition approach to condition monitoring of reciprocating compressor valves:

This work presents the development of a vibration-based condition monitoring method for early detection and classification of valve wear within industrial reciprocating compressors through the combined use of time-frequency analysis with image-based pattern recognition techniques. Two common valve related fault conditions are spring fatigue and valve seat wear and are seeded on the crank-side discharge valves of a Dresser-Rand ESH-1 industrial compressor. Operational data including vibration, cylinder pressure, and crank shaft position are collected and processed using a transformed time-frequency domain approach. The results are processed as images with features extracted using 1st and 2nd order image texture statistics and binary shape properties. Feature reduction is accomplished by principal component analysis and a Bayesian classification strategy is employed with accuracy rates greater than 90%.
Actionable Analytics for Software Engineering

Although intensive research on software analytics has been going on for nearly a decade, a repeated complaint in software analytics is that industrial practitioners find it hard to apply the results generated from data science. This theme issue aims to reflect on actionable analytics for software engineering and to document a catalog of success stories in which analytics has been proven actionable and useful, in some significant way, in an organization. This issue features five articles covering promising analytical methods for improving change triage, strategic maintenance, and team robustness, as well as the success stories of applying analytical tools during an organizational transformation.
Acute acalculous cholecystitis: A new safety risk for patients with MS treated with alemtuzumab.

Objective To evaluate acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) as a potential safety risk for patients treated with alemtuzumab. Methods The Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System and the medical literature were searched for cases of AAC in conjunction with alemtuzumab for all clinical indications. Results Eight spontaneously reported cases meeting the case definition of AAC in close temporal association with alemtuzumab use were identified. Based on established criteria within the Food and Drug Administration Division of Pharmacovigilance for causality assessment, 4 cases were assessed as probable while 4 were possible. All cases occurred in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Seven of the 8 cases presented with AAC during or shortly after alemtuzumab treatment, thereby suggesting an acute cytokine release syndrome as a putative pathogenic mechanism. The cases identified in this review differ from the typical AAC cases described in the medical literature based on female preponderance, lack of concurrent critical illnesses, inconsistent presence of other risk factors, and resolution with conservative treatment in the majority of cases. Conclusions AAC represents a new and potentially life-threatening adverse event associated with alemtuzumab use in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. In cases seen to date, early and conservative treatment resulted in good clinical outcome, although the natural history of AAC in this population without critical illness is not well defined. Awareness of this safety risk by general and specialty neurologists is important for prompt recognition and optimal management.
Are We Losing the Certification Wars

How do the various specialties and specialists in American medicine get along? Idealists might say that all differences and disputes are resolvable. For them the overall picture is one of collaboration and cooperation. Separation of responsibilities are agreed to in principle and have been authorized and validated by the formation of board certification from way back in the 1930s and by the creation of distinct curricula in the post war period which was strengthened by the increasingly specific regulations of the (ACGME) the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education from the 1970s to today. Moreover, while state medical boards are concerned with licensure of physicians, a whole range of policies and regulations indicating criteria for insurance reimbursements, hospital payments, and malpractice case law, as well as focused accreditation programs have further defined the boundary conditions separating the work of each specialty.
Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Other Nairoviruses

The genus Nairovirus within the family Bunyaviridae includes a total of 34 predominantly tick-borne viruses. Of these, the most important human pathogen is Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). This virus, as are other members of the genus, is enveloped, with a tripartite negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, with the small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segments encoding the viral nucleocapsid protein, mature glycoproteins Gn and Gc, and the viral polymerase, respectively. Infection with this virus can cause Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), which was first recognized in the mid-1940s in people in the Crimean peninsula. The disease now occurs sporadically throughout much of Africa, Asia, and Europe and results in an approximately 30% case–fatality rate. CCHF is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, chills, severe headache, and back and abdominal pains, with hemorrhagic manifestations seen in severe cases. Numerous genera of ixodid ticks serve both as vector and reservoir for CCHFV; however, ticks in the genus Hyalomma are particularly important to the ecology of this virus. Other nairoviruses are only rare causes of human disease or cause disease in domestic livestock, the most important of which is Nairobi sheep disease. For most nairoviruses, their pathogenic potential for humans is not known.
Evaluation of Gadolinium Deposition in the Brain After MR Arthrography.

OBJECTIVE. Although significant investigation has been done into the deposition of gadolinium in the brains of patients receiving IV gadolinium, there is little research concerning nonintravenous u...
Midbrain activity supports high-level visual properties in primate temporal cortex

The evolution of the primate brain is marked by a dramatic increase in the number of neocortical areas that process visual information. This cortical expansion supports two hallmarks of high-level primate vision, the ability to selectively attend to particular visual features and the ability to recognize a seemingly limitless number of complex visual objects. Given their prominent roles in high-level vision for primates, it is commonly assumed that these cortical processes supersede the earlier versions of these functions accomplished by the evolutionarily older brain structures that lie beneath the cortex. Contrary to this view, here we show that the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure conserved across all vertebrates, is necessary for the normal expression of attention-related modulation and object selectivity in a newly identified region of macaque temporal cortex. Using a combination of psychophysics, causal perturbations and fMRI, we identified a localized region in the temporal cortex that is functionally dependent on the SC. Targeted electrophysiological recordings in this cortical region revealed neurons with strong attention-related modulation that was markedly reduced during attention deficits caused by SC inactivation. Many of these neurons also exhibited selectivity for particular visual objects, and this selectivity was also reduced during SC inactivation. Thus, the SC exerts a causal influence on high level visual processing in cortex at a surprisingly late stage where attention and object selectivity converge, perhaps determined by the elemental forms of perceptual processing the SC has supported since before there was a neocortex.
“Want me to show you?”: Emergent bilingual preschoolers’ multimodal resourcing in show-and-tell activity

Abstract In this study, we use a transmodal lens to investigate how emergent bilingual (EB) preschoolers employ diverse bodies of knowledge, modalities, and languaging practices to engage in show-and-tell presentations. We also investigate the role of translanguaging in support of children's communication and interaction in this activity. Video data of show-and-tell activity in two dual language preschool classrooms were analyzed for the actional, verbal, and visual modes used by children as well as for features of their transmodal repertoire. Qualitative analyses revealed specific patterns in EB children's employment of multimodal resources, in response to presentation purposes and show-and-tell routines and structures. Children's translanguaging practices were flexible and supported their presentation purposes and participation across show-and-tell routines. Findings have implications for ways of facilitating show-and-tell and how teachers can promote students’ transmodal practices in support of their learning and engagement in this activity.
Collateral status contributes to differences between observed and predicted 24-h infarct volumes in DEFUSE 3:

We previously demonstrated that in the DEFUSE 3 trial, the union of the baseline core and the 24-h Tmax > 6 s perfusion lesion predicts the infarct volume at 24 h. Presently, we assessed if collate...
Using Educational Game for Engaging Students in Learning Foundational Concepts of Propositional Logic

Propositional logic is part of foundational concepts of computer science. However, many students confuse between IMPLICATION and EQUIVALENCE. Further, the students are persistently under the impression that they have mastered the basic logical concepts. We developed an educational game to engage the students’ interest in learning basic logical concepts. We developed a virtual escape room where is given logical hints to help them escape. While the hints are always correct, when asked students who confuse IMPLICATION and EQUIVALENCE answer incorrectly. This will familiarize them with the idea that IMPLICATION and EQUIVALENCE.
An overview of potential novel mechanisms of action underlying Tumor Treating Fields-induced cancer cell death and their clinical implications

Traditional cancer therapy choices for clinicians are surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and immune therapy which are used either standalone therapies or in various combinations. Other physical modal...
The Effects of Agency Assignment and Reference Point on Responses to COVID-19 Messages.

As the COVID-19 pandemic poses severe threats to human life around the globe, effective risk messages are needed to warn the public and encourage recommended actions for avoiding infection, especia...
Modal paradox II: essence and coherence

Paradoxes of nested modality, like Chisholm’s paradox, rely on S4 or something stronger as the propositional logic of metaphysical modality. Sarah-Jane Leslie’s objection to the resolution of Chisholm’s paradox by means of rejection of S4 modal logic is investigated. A modal notion of essence congenial to Leslie’s objection is clarified. An argument is presented in support of Leslie’s crucial but unsupported assertion that, on pain of inconsistency, an object’s essence is the same in every possible world (in which that object exists). A fallacy in the argument is exposed. Alternative interpretations of Leslie’s objection are provided and are found to involve equivocation between different notions of “essence.” A material artifact’s modal essence, as distinct from its quiddity essence, could have been different than it is.
Effects of Strength and Conditioning on Maximal Isometric Strength, Motor Unit Behavior, and Concentric Isokinetic Peak Torque in Middle-School Boys'.

ABSTRACT MacLennan, RJ, Mota, JA, Thompson, BJ, and Stock, MS. Effects of strength and conditioning on maximal isometric strength, motor unit behavior, and concentric isokinetic peak torque in middle-school boys. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-It has long been theorized that improvements in muscle strength in young athletes are mediated by motor unit adaptations. The ability to decompose surface electromyographic signals obtained during isometric contractions now allow for such research questions to be answered. We examined changes in isometric and concentric isokinetic strength, as well as vastus lateralis motor unit behavior, after 16 weeks of strength training and conditioning in middle-school aged boys. Nine boys (mean ± SD age = 12 ± 1 years) participated in training. Five boys (age = 13 ± 1 years) served as control subjects. The training subjects performed 90 minutes of high-intensity, multi-joint exercise twice per week. Assessments of unilateral maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force of the knee extensors, concentric peak torque at velocities of 60, 180, and 300°·s-1, and vastus lateralis motor unit data during 50 and 80% MVIC tests were performed. Strength training and conditioning did not improve MVIC force. Greater training-induced strength increases were observed at faster isokinetic velocities, with a large effect size at 300°·s-1 (d = 0.813). The slopes and y-intercepts of the mean firing rate vs. recruitment threshold relationship and the action potential amplitude vs. recruitment threshold relationship were unaffected by training. Sixteen weeks of middle-school strength and conditioning did not enhance maximal isometric strength or vastus lateralis motor unit control, but improvements were observed during rapid isokinetic muscle actions. Given the lack of training (multi-joint) vs. testing (single-joint) specificity, we propose that motor unit adaptations in youth are task specific.
Smoking-attributable medical expenditures by age, sex, and smoking status estimated using a relative risk approach.

Abstract Objective To accurately assess the benefits of tobacco control interventions and to better inform decision makers, knowledge of medical expenditures by age, gender, and smoking status is essential. Method We propose an approach to distribute smoking-attributable expenditures by age, gender, and cigarette smoking status to reflect the known risks of smoking. We distribute hospitalization days for smoking-attributable diseases according to relative risks of smoking-attributable mortality, and use the method to determine national estimates of smoking-attributable expenditures by age, sex, and cigarette smoking status. Sensitivity analyses explored assumptions of the method. Results Both current and former smokers ages 75 and over have about 12 times the smoking-attributable expenditures of their current and former smoker counterparts 35–54 years of age. Within each age group, the expenditures of formers smokers are about 70% lower than current smokers. In sensitivity analysis, these results were not robust to large changes to the relative risks of smoking-attributable mortality which were used in the calculations. Conclusion Sex- and age-group-specific smoking expenditures reflect observed disease risk differences between current and former cigarette smokers and indicate that about 70% of current smokers' excess medical care costs is preventable by quitting.
Redesigning Crops for Increased Tolerance to Freezing Stress

The process of cold acclimation is a complex developmental phenomenon that invokes the orchestration of many different processes, including hormonal responses to environmental cues, altered gene activity, the synthesis of new gene products, and alterations that influence virtually every facet of cellular metabolism. Although seemingly disparate, many of these metabolic changes ultimately contribute to the increased cryostability of cellular membranes, destabilisation of which is the primary cause of freezing injury. Therefore, to provide a rational integration of the many different facets of the cold acclimation process, it is necessary to first identify the freeze/thaw-induced lesions in cellular membranes and to elucidate the biophysical mechanisms and biochemical alterations responsible for their occurrence. Although all cellular membranes are vulnerable to freeze-induced destabilisation, maintenance of the structural integrity of the plasma membrane is a prerequisite for survival because of the central role that it plays during a freeze-thaw cycle. Cryomicroscopy studies of isolated protoplasts complemented with electron microscopy studies of freeze- induced ultrastructural changes are yielding a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenology of freezing injury and the identification of specific ‘lesions’ in the plasma membrane, which vary depending on the stage of acclimation and the nadir temperature to which the protoplasts are cooled. Of the lesions identified to date (expansion-induced lysis, lamellar-to-hexagonal II phase transitions, and the fracture-jump lesion), all are a consequence of freeze- induced dehydration; however, whereas expansion-induced lysis is the result of cellular dehydration and the large osmotic excursions incurred during a freeze-thaw cycle, lamellar-to-hexagonal II phase transitions and the fracture-jump lesion are consequences of the removal of water that is closely associated with cellular membranes. These studies, together with a detailed analysis of the plasma membrane lipid composition at the molecular species level and procedures to alter selectively the lipid composition of the plasma membrane have provided a foundation for mechanistic studies to establish directly the relationships between alterations in the plasma membrane lipid composition and its increased cryostability after cold acclimation. In order to determine if genotypic diversity in freezing tolerance is associated with genotypic differences in membrane lipid composition, we are extending these studies to other cereals (e.g., oat and barley), which are less freezing tolerant than winter rye. These studies reveal that the freeze-induced membrane lesions in a spring oat cultivar (Ogle) are qualitatively similar to those observed in rye, but occur at substantially higher temperatures. Moreover, the lipid composition of the plasma membrane isolated from leaves of the spring oat is vastly different from that of winter rye leaves. These studies suggest that strategies for improving the freezing tolerance of cereals should include techniques to modify membrane lipid composition.
Is Strategy Different for Very Small and New Firms

In this paper, we argue that much of the small business strategic management literature has drawn too heavily from work done on large, established firms. We build upon the notions of the liabilities of smallness and newness to discuss how microenterprises and very new firms are different in regards to their strategic analysis, strategic content, strategic resources, and strategic processes. We note that there are a number of important and non-obvious questions that need to be asked that have implications for the most common firms in the world, those that are very small.
Properties of high Tc superconducting oxides

With the recent discovery of superconductivity at temperatures exceeding 30 K1 and the rapid follow-up discovery of superconductivity at temperatures exceeding 90 K,2 an unprecedented worldwide effort has been directed to exploring these materials and to search for new superconducting compounds. The effort has been remarkably productive, yielding numerous new superconducting compounds, some with transition temperatures Tc in excess of 120 K.3 All of these new materials are oxides and those with highest Tc’s contain copper, generally in a high oxidation state, bonded to oxygen in a near-planar configuration. [The search has yielded one new copper-free compound, potassium doped BaBiO3,4,5 with Tc ~ 30 K, a transition temperature significantly exceeding that of Nb3Ge, the long time record holder (at 23 K)].
Rhetoric, Reality, and Regulation 18B

"Of great importance to the public is the preservation of this personal liberty, for if once it were left to the power of any, the highest, magistrate to imprison arbitrarily whomever he or his officers thought proper, (as in France it is daily practised by the Crown), there would soon be an end of all other rights and immunities."! So wrote Blackstone, and since his time, and of course earlier, the rhetoric of personal liberty has been a standard feature of common law legal culture. You may recall Dicey's discussion of the rule of law, or as he calls it in one passage, the predominance of the legal spirit:
Apoptotic and mitotic indices predict survival rates in lymph node-negative colon carcinomas.

An imbalance between apoptosis and mitosis is believed to underlie colon cancer development and progression. These processes regulate the growth of normal and neoplastic epithelia, and in tumors, may confer prognostic information. To test this hypothesis, we determined apoptotic and mitotic indices (AI, MI) by morphology in HE MI correlated with PI (P = 0.02) and inversely with Bcl-2 in distal tumors (P = 0.02). p53 and Bcl-2 expression were detected in 52 and 53% of tumors, respectively. Distal tumor site was associated with aneuploidy (P = 0.001), p53 (P = 0.001), and PI > 15% (P = 0.002). In a univariate analysis, colon cancers with high MIs (>0.5%) had a poor prognosis (P = 0.04). Bcl-2 overexpression (>20% + tumor cells) was associated with more favorable OS (P = 0.04). The association of ploidy and PI with outcome was of borderline significance for all tumors; however, diploidy predicted better survival in proximal cancers. In distal cancers, low AIs ( 0.5%) were adverse prognostic markers. After adjustment for other variables, an increased MI predicted shorter OS with a hazard ratio (HR) for death of 2.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) was 1.23-5.91 (P = 0.01). Expression of Bcl-2 was associated with more favorable OS (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.21-1.0; P = 0.06). In proximal cancers, Bcl-2 expression was the most important predictor of OS (HR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.03-0.85; P = 0.03). In distal tumors, low AIs (HR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.27-9.09; P = 0.01) and high MIs predicted poor survival. In conclusion, increased mitosis and low or absent Bcl-2 expression are significant risk factors for death in node-negative colon cancers, as are low rates of apoptosis in distal tumors. If validated prospectively, our results may identify patient subsets than can benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.