cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Trustworthy Embedded Devices

The 5th International Workshop on Trustworthy Embedded Devices (TrustED 2015) was held October 16th, 2015 in Denver, Colorado, USA, and has been co-located with the 22nd ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2015). TrustED 2015 is a continuation of previous workshops in this series, which were held in conjunction with ESORICS 2011, IEEE Security & Privacy 2012, ACM CCS 2013, and ACM CCS 2014 (see http://www.trusted-workshop.de for details). The Internet of Things promises to make reality Mark Weisser's vision of ubiquitous computation set out in his 1991 influential paper. This vision has already started to become reality through modern technologies that allow for electronic systems to be embedded practically everywhere. Yet to make such vision successful, it is widely acknowledged that security of super large distributed systems has to be guaranteed and the privacy of the collected data protected. The Internet of Things, made possible through the wide deployment of embedded devices, differs significantly from "classical" systems, such as desktop (networked) PCs, in various aspects, which include: severe computational, memory, and power constraints, lack of advanced user interfaces, an increased vulnerability with respect to physical or network attacks, inability to provide strong hardware security guarantees, and as mentioned previously, their tendency to collect potentially highly privacy sensitive data. Given the above, major themes of TrustED 2015 include security and privacy aspects of the Internet of Things and in particular of embedded devices as parts of cyber physical systems and their environments. It aims to bring together experts from academia and research institutes, industry, and government in the field of security and privacy in cyber physical systems to discuss and investigate the problems, challenges, and recent scientific and technological developments in this field. This year, eleven papers have been submitted. Each paper received at least three reviews, which were followed by an online discussion to decide on the program. Papers co-authored by one PC chair were exclusively handled by the other. The program committee accepted six papers that cover a variety of topics, including Physical Unclonable Functions, side-channel attacks, hardware security, system security, and digital rights management in embedded platforms. In addition to the technical program, the workshop featured four internationally highly renowned speakers: Geremy Condra, Marten van Dijk, Jakub Szefer, and Andre Weimerskirch.
Penetration depth variation in atomic layer deposition on multiwalled carbon nanotube forests

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 on tall multiwalled carbon nanotube forests shows concentration variation with depth in discrete steps. While ALD is capable of extremely conformal deposition in high aspect ratio structures, decreasing penetration depth has been observed over multiple thermal ALD cycles on 1.3 mm tall multiwalled carbon nanotube forests. Scanning electron microscopy imaging with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy elemental analysis shows steps of decreasing intensity corresponding to decreasing concentrations of Al2O3. A study of these steps suggests that they are produced by a combination of diffusion limited precursor delivery and the increase in precursor adsorption site density due to nuclei growing during the ALD process. This conceptual model has been applied to modify literature models for ALD penetration on high aspect ratio structures, allowing two parameters to be extracted from the experimental data. The Knudsen diffusion constant for trimethylaluminum (TMA) in these carbon nanotube forests has been found to be 0.3 cm2 s−1. From the profile of the Al2O3 concentration, the sticking coefficient of TMA in the TMA/water thermal ALD process was found to be 0.003.
Task-driven source-detector trajectories in cone-beam computed tomography: I. Theory and methods.

We develop a mathematical framework for the design of orbital trajectories that are optimal to a particular imaging task (or tasks) in advanced cone-beam computed tomography systems that have the capability of general source–detector positioning. The framework allows various parameterizations of the orbit as well as constraints based on imaging system capabilities. To accommodate nonstandard system geometries, a model-based iterative reconstruction method is applied. Such algorithms generally complicate the assessment and prediction of reconstructed image properties; however, we leverage efficient implementations of analytical predictors of local noise and spatial resolution that incorporate dependencies of the reconstruction algorithm on patient anatomy, x-ray technique, and geometry. These image property predictors serve as inputs to a task-based performance metric defined by detectability index, which is optimized with respect to the orbital parameters of data acquisition. We investigate the framework of the task-driven trajectory design in several examples to examine the dependence of optimal source–detector trajectories on the imaging task (or tasks), including location and spatial-frequency dependence. A variety of multitask objectives are also investigated, and the advantages to imaging performance are quantified in simulation studies.
Glycogen storage disease type IV: dilated cardiomyopathy as the isolated initial presentation in an adult patient

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV, Andersen disease) is a rare autosomal recessive condition. The childhood neuromuscular subtype of GSD IV is characterised by a progressive skeletal myopathy with cardiomyopathy also reported in some individuals. We report a case of a 19-year-old man who presented with severe non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) necessitating heart transplantation, with biopsy showing aggregations of polyglucosan bodies in cardiac myocytes. He had no signs or symptoms of muscle weakness, liver dysfunction or neurologic involvement. A homozygous GBE1 c.607C>A (p.His203Asn) variant was identified. Our case is unusual in that our patient presented with an isolated NIDCM in the absence of other clinical manifestations of GSD IV. This case highlights the importance of considering storage disorders in young adults presenting with isolated NIDCM of unknown aetiology. It also emphasises the potential synergy between histopathological evaluation and genomic testing in enhancing diagnostic certainty.
Reproductive life histories influence cariogenesis: Exploring sex‐specific variation in dental caries and survivorship in the human past

OBJECTIVES Differences in dental caries prevalence between males and females is considered a reflection of diet. However, recent syntheses argue that sex-specific variation in dental caries prevalence also reflects changes in the oral cavity attributable to variation in reproductive life histories. This study explores sex-specific variation in carious lesions using a life history perspective to understand if differences in reproductive ecology influence this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Survival probability between 860 males and females from the Terry Collection was compared using carious lesion manifestation (absent, crown presence, root/cemento-enamel junction [CEJ] presence) and sex as covariates and age as a time series variable. A four-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) comparing carious lesion type by sex, age, and periodontal disease presence was used to evaluate interaction between these variables. RESULTS Individuals with carious lesions have greater survivorship than those without lesions. Males and females with crown lesions do not differ in survivorship from individuals without carious lesions. Females with root/CEJ lesions are characterized by the highest survivorship. A significant interaction was found for root/CEJ carious lesions by age, sex, and periodontal disease presence. Root/CEJ lesion formation in older males was not dependent upon periodontal disease presence, though dependence between these variables characterizes postmenopausal females. CONCLUSION Sex-specific variation in crown lesions is not associated with reproductive life histories and likely reflects diet. By contrast, root/CEJ lesions form through pathways attributable to reproductive life histories, particularly age-induced periodontal disease in females. These results suggest the formation of carious lesions is complex, and in some cases, rooted in reproductive life histories.
Analysis of iodine status of monitoring results in high water iodine areas in Henan Province from 2014 to 2015

Objective To investigate the consumption rate of non-iodized salt, and evaluate the iodine status and goiter prevalence among school children in high water iodine areas of Henan Province from 2014 to 2015. Methods In the 20 counties with high water iodine, one township was randomly selected from each location (east, west, south, north and middle) in each county; secondly, 4 villages were selected from each chosen township; thirdly, 15 households were selected to collect salt samples from each chosen village. In the 10 chosen counties, one village with high water iodine was selected and water samples were collected; one school was sequentially selected from the chosen village and 100 school children aged 8-10 were chosen to collect their urine samples and measure their thyroid volume. Salt iodine was tested by semi-quantitative method; iodine contents of urine and water were tested by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophometry; thyroid volume was measured by ultrasound method. Results In the 20 counties with high water iodine, 4 440 salt samples were collected and tested both in 2014 and 2015; the rates of non-iodized salt were 98.2% (4 363/4 440) in 2014 and 98.3% (4 366/4 440) in 2015. In the 10 chosen counties, the median water iodine contents from the chosen villages were 202.0 μg/L in 2014 and 235.0 μg/L in 2015; 970 and 999 urine samples of the students from the chosen villages were collected and tested in 2014 and 2015, and the median urinary iodine contents were 251.9 μg/L in 2014 and 290.6 μg/L in 2015; 937 and 948 students were examined in 2014 and 2015, the goiter rates were 3.4% (32/937) in 2014 and 7.8% (74/948) in 2015. Stratified by water iodine, the urinary iodine contents and goiter rates of school children increased with the rise of water iodine content. When the water iodine content exceeded 300 μg/L, goiter rate of school children was 8.4%, which was higher than other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions After stopping the supple of iodized salt in high water iodine areas, the current iodine status and goiter rate of school children are still higher than normal levels. Both non-iodized salt supply and water improvement to reduce water iodine content should be taken in the areas with water iodine higher than 150 μg/L. Key words: Iodine; Urine; Salts; Drinking; Thyroid gland
Crystal and magnetic structure of polar oxide HoCrWO6

Abstract Polar magnetic oxide HoCrWO6 is synthesized and its crystal structure, magnetic structure, and thermodynamic properties are investigated. HoCrWO6 forms the polar crystal structure (space group Pna21 (#33)) due to the cation ordering of W6+ and Cr3+. There is an antiferromagnetic transition at TN = 24.5 K along with the magnetic entropy change (~5 J.Kg.−1K−1 at 70 kOe). Neutron diffraction measurement indicates that both Cr and Ho sublattices are ordered with the moment of 2.32(5)μB and 8.7(4)μB at 2 K, respectively. While Cr forms A-type collinear antiferromagnetic (AFM) structure with magnetic moment along the b axis, Ho sublattice orders in a non-coplanar AFM arrangement. A comparison with isostructural DyFeWO6 and DyCrWO6 indicates that the magnetic structure of this family of compounds is controlled by the presence or absence of eg electrons in the transition metal sublattice.
Peering into a Crystal Ball: Foresight During Periods of Industry Change

Managers are frequently confronted with new technologies and business models that could transform their industries. However, making sense of these disruptive changes is an inherently challenging ta...
Microlevel Opportunity Structures as Determinants of Non-CEO Executive Pay

We develop a theory wherein the pay of non-CEO executives can be explained by micro-level opportunity structures—the intersection of functional position, CEO background, human capital, and firm str...
A Unified Printed Circuit Board Routing Algorithm With Complicated Constraints and Differential Pairs

The printed circuit board (PCB) routing problem has been studied extensively in recent years. Due to continually growing net/pin counts, extremely high pin density, and unique physical constraints, the manual routing of PCBs has become a time-consuming task to reach design closure. Previous works break down the problem into escape routing and area routing and focus on these problems separately. However, there is always a gap between these two problems requiring a massive amount of human efforts to fine-tune the algorithms back and forth. Besides, previous works of area routing mainly focus on routing between escaping routed ball-grid-array (BGA) packages. Nevertheless, in practice, many components are not in the form of BGA packages, such as passive devices, decoupling capacitors, and through-hole pin arrays. To mitigate the deficiencies of previous works, we propose a full-board routing algorithm that can handle multiple real-world complicated constraints to facilitate the printed circuit board routing and produce high-quality manufacturable layouts. Experimental results show that our algorithm is effective and efficient. Specifically, for all given test cases, our router can achieve 100% routability without any design rule violation while the other two state-of-the-art routers fail to complete the routing for some test cases and incur design rule violations.
Dr. Hunton’s Research Misconduct, Co-authorship Incentives, and Journal Policies Regarding Co-authors’ Responsibility

I summarize Dr. James Hunton’s research misconduct and then provide economics-based analysis related to some accounting community responses to his misconduct. One change made by some accounting journals was to introduce, highlight, or reinforce policies that spread responsibility for the research integrity of a paper among the paper’s co-authors. To explore this change, I create a model of publication incentives that demonstrates accounting researchers’ incentive to maximize the number of co-authors on each paper and minimize the amount they check each other’s work. From this model, I suggest that journal policy changes that focus on making co-authors responsible for data integrity alone may be too specific to Dr. Hunton’s exact method for research misconduct (i.e. data fabrication). Focusing on data integrity fails to address the incentive for researchers not to check each other’s work in all co-author roles, not just roles related to data integrity.
Railroad accident analysis using extreme gradient boosting.

Abstract Railroads are critical to the economic health of a nation. Unfortunately, railroads lose hundreds of millions of dollars from accidents each year. Trends reveal that derailments consistently account for more than 70 % of the U.S. railroad industry’s average annual accident cost. Hence, knowledge of explanatory factors that distinguish derailments from other accident types can inform more cost-effective and impactful railroad risk management strategies. Five feature scoring methods, including ANOVA and Gini, agreed that the top four explanatory factors in accident type prediction were track class, type of movement authority, excess speed, and territory signalization. Among 11 different types of machine learning algorithms, the extreme gradient boosting method was most effective at predicting the accident type with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) metric of 89 %. Principle component analysis revealed that relative to other accident types, derailments were more strongly associated with lower track classes, non-signalized territories, and movement authorizations within restricted limits. On average, derailments occurred at 16 kph below the speed limit for the track class whereas other accident types occurred at 32 kph below the speed limit. Railroads can use the integrated data preparation, machine learning, and feature ranking framework presented to gain additional insights for managing risk, based on their unique operating environments.
Elementary Complex and CR Geometry

In this chapter, we will establish that a non-constant equi-dimensional rational sphere map is a ball automorphism when \(n\ge 2\). The proof of this simple sounding result requires some geometric information which we gather. We will discuss the rudiments of CR geometry, including the Levi form and strong pseudoconvexity. We will encounter an unbounded realization of the unit sphere, the Heisenberg group, and an algebraic variety Xf associated with a rational sphere map f. We move even further from the unit sphere by stating and using some results by Baouendi-Rothschild and Baouendi-Huang-Rothschild on complex analogues of the Hopf lemma.
Uma prosa através: “Minha classe gosta / Logo, é uma bosta.”, um nuvô romã de Paulo Leminski / A word about: “My class likes/So, it’s a crap.”, a nouveau roman by Paulo Leminski

Resumo: No inicio dos anos 1980, surgiu em Curitiba uma revista que teria vida curta e que veicularia, em tres de suas primeiras edicoes, novela inedita e incompleta de Paulo Leminski. “Minha classe gosta/Logo, e uma bosta.” nao figura em nenhum dos livros de Leminski; ficou, assim, circunscrita aqueles tres numeros da Raposa magazine – revista de cultura que, desde a capa, prometia vincular “humor e rumor”. O clima contracultural da Curitiba – e do Brasil – dos anos 1980 se ve refletido nao so na idealizacao da revista, como tambem de maneira especial na novela leminskiana, que opera uma releitura da decada anterior sem obliterar as questoes politicas que estavam no centro das discussoes. Com vistas a alinhar as questoes eticas levantadas pela narrativa em pauta ao apuro estetico de um poeta muito atento as revolucoes formais do seculo XX, esta analise se acerca do texto de Leminski municiada das consideracoes de Theodor Adorno (1982; 2003) sobre a importância da forma como conteudo sedimentado – que medeia e incorpora a barbarie do mundo –, com apoio nas leituras feitas por Jaime Ginzburg (2012) e Verlaine Freitas (2008); alem disso, ensaios de Roberto Schwarz (1978), Carlos Alberto Messeder Pereira (1993), Elio Gaspari (2000; 2014) e Bernardo Kucinski (2001) ajudarao a compor o cenario historico brasileiro dos anos 1960 aos 1980. Palavras-chave: Paulo Leminski; “Minha classe gosta/Logo, e uma bosta.”; Theodor Adorno; estetica e politica. Abstract: In the early 1980s, there appeared in Curitiba a magazine which would have a short life and would bring, in three of its first editions, an unpublished and incomplete novel by Paulo Leminski. “My class likes/So, it’s a crap.” is not in any of Leminski’s books; it was limited to those three issues of Raposa magazine – a culture magazine that, from its cover, promised to link “humor and rumor”. The counter-cultural climate of Curitiba – and of Brazil – in the 1980s is reflected not only in the magazine’s idealization, but also, in a special way, in the Leminskian narrative, which does a rereading of the previous decade without obliterating the political issues that were at the center of the discussions. In order to align the ethical issues raised by the narrative with the aesthetic accuracy of a poet who was very attentive to the formal revolutions of the 20th century, this analysis approaches Leminski’s text, armed with Theodor Adorno’s considerations (1982; 2003) about the importance of form as a sedimented content – which mediates and incorporates the barbarity of the world – and also with the support of by Jaime Ginzburg’s (2012) and Verlaine Freitas’s readings (2008). In addition, essays by Roberto Schwarz (1978), Carlos Alberto Messeder Pereira (1993), Elio Gaspari (2000; 2014) and Bernardo Kucinski (2001) will help to set the Brazilian historical scenario from the 1960s to the 1980s. Keywords: Paulo Leminski; “My class likes/So, it’s a crap.”; Theodor Adorno; aesthetics and politics.
In Defense of the Injured: How Trauma-Informed Criminal Defense Can Reform Sentencing

Justice O’Connor’s oft-cited concurrence in California v. Brown declared that, “Evidence about the defendant’s background and character is relevant because of the belief, long held by this society, that defendants who commit criminal acts that are attributable to a disadvantaged background, or to emotional and mental problems, may be less culpable than defendants who have no such excuse.” That principle has guided the Supreme Court’s holdings that hardships including poverty, neglect, and exposure to violence are centrally relevant to capital and juvenile life without parole sentencing. In those contexts, when the harshest sentences available to adults and children, respectively, are at stake, defense advocates have persuaded the Court that serious adversity in their clients’ backgrounds differentiated them from those who deserved the ultimate penalties. In capital cases, the Court has therefore held that defense lawyers are constitutionally obligated to investigate such adversity. Yet, the Court has never recognized a constitutional obligation of noncapital attorneys to investigate adult clients’ backgrounds for the barest sentencing mitigation, even in cases where defendants face life without the possibility of parole. In the years since the Court decided its seminal cases recognizing that serious overwhelming adversity, trauma, is relevant to culpability, science has vindicated that intuition. Yet, in the vast majority of criminal cases — the ones in which the death penalty or juvenile life without parole are not at stake — evidence of a defendant’s exposure to trauma remains legally irrelevant. As the study of trauma now demonstrates, this disjuncture in sentencing has become vanishingly defensible, particularly because the quality and extent of trauma in noncapital cases is often indistinguishable from that in capital or juvenile life without parole cases. This article presents legal and theoretical arguments, and social science evidence, explaining why defense lawyers need to create records in a breadth and depth of noncapital cases explaining why trauma is relevant to their clients’ penalty culpability in order to initiate changes that will lead to more just and efficacious sentencing doctrine and policy.
Do Richer People Pollute More or Less? New Evidence on Household Level Vehicle Emissions Kuznets Curves

Smog is sharply declining in growing cities. This suggests that emissions per mile of driving is declining faster than overall vehicle mileage is growing. This paper analyzes emissions for over 24,000 vehicles tested at random between 1997 and 1999 in California's Random Roadside Emissions Tests. We use these data to test hypotheses concerning whether the rich create more annual vehicle emissions than poorer people. Building on the recent "macro" Environmental Kuznets Curve literature, we present evidence that vehicle emissions first rise and then decline as a function of household income. We document that three effects underlie this relationship. First, richer people drive more miles than poorer people. Second, richer people own newer vehicles which pollute much less than older vehicles. Third, even controlling for vehicle model year, richer people pollute less. For richer people, the second and third "quality" effects dominate this first "quantity" effect. Hence, the rich pollute less.
1-Soliton solution of the B(m,n) equation with generalized evolution

This paper obtains the 1-soliton solution of the B(m,n) equation, that is the generalized form of the Boussinesq equation, with generalized evolution term. The solitary wave ansatz is used to obtain the solution. The four exhaustive cases, depending on the parameters, are considered.
Influence of Temperature Adaptation on Glucose Metabolism in a Psychrotrophic Strain of Cytophaga johnsonae.

Selective enrichment of yellow-orange-pigmented, gram-negative bacteria related to Cytophaga johnsonae from lake sediment was dependent on low temperatures (ca. 5°C). However, this temperature effect was abolished when excessive amounts of dissolved organic carbon (10 mM N-acetylglucosamine) were added. A psychrotrophic freshwater isolate of C. johnsonae was used to study the physiological versatility of this group. Exponential growth rates were found to be dependent on the temperature to which the cells used as the inocula were acclimated. Glucose incorporation and respiration were also dependent upon the acclimation temperature of the inocula. Patterns of 14CO2 evolution obtained from position-labeled [14C]glucose indicated that glucose was predominantly metabolized via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, which, however, was greatly reduced at 25°C when the concentration of glucose was as low as 5 μM/liter. Transport, respiration, and incorporation of glucose (0.2- to 20,000-μM/liter concentrations) into macromolecular cellular compounds were characterized by multiple Km values which were a function of substrate concentration and temperature. It appeared possible that these multiple Km values reflected the changing participation of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway in glucose metabolism. These results may provide a physiological explanation for the selective enrichment of psychrotrophic freshwater cytophagas. Moreover, they exhibit the limits of interpreting kinetic data based on conventional heterotrophic potential measurements, especially when some complications may arise from temperature and substrate adaptations of the more versatile members of the chemoorganotrophic microflora such as C. johnsonae.
Memory-access optimization of parallel molecular dynamics simulation via dynamic data reordering

Dynamic irregular applications such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulation often suffer considerable performance deterioration during execution. To address this problem, an optimal data-reordering schedule has been developed for runtime memory-access optimization of MD simulations on parallel computers. Analysis of the memory-access penalty during MD simulations shows that the performance improvement from computation and data reordering degrades gradually as data translation lookaside buffer misses increase. We have also found correlations between the performance degradation with physical properties such as the simulated temperature, as well as with computational parameters such as the spatial-decomposition granularity. Based on a performance model and pre-profiling of data fragmentation behaviors, we have developed an optimal runtime data-reordering schedule, thereby archiving speedup of 1.35, 1.36 and 1.28, respectively, for MD simulations of silica at temperatures 300 K, 3,000 K and 6,000 K.
Plastic handguns that resemble toy guns: new technology creates a uniquely hazardous product.

Pediatricians are well aware that handguns are a hazard for children.1-3 This hazard exists, in part, because children cannot reliably differentiate between realistic toy guns and real guns.2-5 Moreover, children holding toy guns have on occasion appeared to highly trained adults to be truly armed, often with tragic results2 (Time Magazine, April 20, 1987, p 33; Sacramento Bee, July 31, 1987, p 1). It is less well known that real handguns made almost entirely of plastic may soon enter the marketplace, making the differentiation of real guns from toy guns immensely more difficult. The physical characteristics of these guns, and the likelihood of their promotion as a new means of personal and household defense, will almost certainly result in increased shootings of children (and of others by children).
Between-domain cognitive dispersion and functional abilities in older adults

Objective: Within-person variability in cognitive performance is related to neurological integrity, but the association with functional abilities is less clear. The primary aim of this study was to examine the association between cognitive dispersion, or within-person variability, and everyday multitasking and the way in which these variables may influence performance on a naturalistic assessment of functional abilities. Method: Participants were 156 community-dwelling adults, age 50 or older. Cognitive dispersion was calculated by measuring within-person variability in cognitive domains, established through principal components analysis. Path analysis was used to determine the independent contribution of cognitive dispersion to functional ability, mediated by multitasking. Results: Results of the path analysis revealed that the number of subtasks interweaved (i.e., multitasked) mediated the association between cognitive dispersion and task sequencing and accuracy. Although increased multitasking was asso...
Magnetic properties of carbonyl iron particles in magnetorheological fluids

Knowledge of the magnetic properties of dispersed magnetic particles is a prerequisite to the design an MR fluid with desired performance. A term specific susceptibility is introduced for characterization of particle susceptibility. The study was performed with the Bartington MS2B magnetic susceptibility system on small samples volume. Specific magnetic susceptibility of iron particles was found to be a linear function of median particle size. Structural change in the fluid, including particle organization, led to susceptibility drift and may affect fluid performance. It was shown that susceptibility data can be used for evaluation of the concentration of carbonyl iron particles in MR fluids.
General matrix representations for Bezier and B-spline curves

Abstract The matrix representation for a Bezier curve or arbitrary degree is given as well as the analogous representation for the uniform B-spline of arbitrary degree. Special matrices for calculating the uniform open B-spline curve are derived. This form is convenient to implement in hardware or software, particularly if a matrix facility is present.
Dynamics of the nucleotide pocket of myosin measured by spin-labeled nucleotides.

We have used electron paramagnetic probes attached to the ribose of ATP (SL-ATP) to monitor conformational changes in the nucleotide pocket of myosin. Spectra for analogs bound to myosin in the absence of actin showed a high degree of immobilization, indicating a closed nucleotide pocket. In the Actin·Myosin·SL-AMPPNP, Actin·Myosin·SL-ADP·BeF3, and Actin·Myosin·SL-ADP·AlF4 complexes, which mimic weakly binding states near the beginning of the power stroke, the nucleotide pocket remained closed. The spectra of the strongly bound Actin·Myosin·SL-ADP complex consisted of two components, one similar to the closed pocket and one with increased probe mobility, indicating a more open pocket, The temperature dependence of the spectra showed that the two conformations of the nucleotide pocket were in equilibrium, with the open conformation more favorable at higher temperatures. These results, which show that opening of the pocket occurs only in the strongly bound states, appear reasonable, as this would tend to keep ADP bound until the end of the power stroke. This conclusion also suggests that force is initially generated by a myosin with a closed nucleotide pocket.
Art as the Making of the World: Outline of Method in the Criticism of Religion and Art

There has been less difficulty with the incorporation of religion into the study of art, not because the critical problem is either different or easier but because the task is defined historically, in terms of what people actually have done in using art in their religious activities. Such studies, in fact, should constitute the bedrock of the discipline, if the study of religion and art has any hope of developing into a recognizable scholarly field. Even so, the theoretical problem is no better treated than in the attempts to relate art to religion. The solution to these difficulties is not so simple as finding some new and superior mode of criticism; the restless succession of critical theories and methods in literary criticism should be sufficient warning against that process as a way out. The solution, rather, lies deeper, in an examination of the paradoxes and the dilemmas of the modern mind. We have not yet learned how to live with, work with, what we have learned about the workings of the mind and of the human organism in general. The solution to our problem may be more open to us if we learn how to take seriously what we now know about the world of the human. Brief summaries are usually caricatures; they are often indispensable. I
Operation of the CCD/Transit Instrument (CTI)

The fully automated imaging survey telescope at Kitt Peak known as the CCD/Transit Instrument (CTI) has no moving parts, and employs two CCDs aligned east-west in the focal plane that are operated in the time delay and integrate mode, at the apparent sidereal rate, in order to produce a strip image of the sky. This image is 8.25-arcmin wide in declination and 8 hr in duration, to yield about 15 sq deg of sky from each night's survey; this, over the course of a year, represents more than 40 sq deg in a continuous strip. The CTI is addressing such astronomical tasks as the determination of the supernova production rate by counting, galactic structure investigations, and the definition of a complete sample of quasars. Attention is given to the CTI's bimetallic, thermally self-compensating structure and three-mirror wide-field optical system.
Calculating Phase Diagrams of Polymer-Clay Mixtures by Combining Density Functional and Self-Consistent Field Theory

We analyze the thermodynamics of polymer-clay mixtures within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The interaction potential between clay particles is calculated using the self-consistent field (SCF) method and is strongly dependent on the length and density of grafted short-chain organic modifiers. By combining the DFT and SCF techniques, we determine the role of the grafted chains on the equilibrium phase behavior of the mixtures.
Serum regulation of collagen biosynthesis in human diploid fibroblasts.

Abstract The mechanism by which serum stimulates collagen production by fibroblasts was examined. Fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of serum and collagen production and mRNA levels were measured. Collagen production was determined as collagenase digestible radioactivity and collagen mRNA levels were measured using a [35S]UTP-labelled proα1[I] probe. The results showed that increased collagen production correlated with enhanced mRNA levels. Extra- and intracellular collagen degradation was similar in control and serum treated cultures, and “G1” and “S” phase fibroblasts contained similar levels of collagen mRNA. We conclude that serum regulation of collagen synthesis occurs primarily at the transcriptional level and that activation of collagen synthesis is not coupled to mitogenic stimulation.
The α-keto acids of branched-chain amino acids: Simplified derivatization for physiological samples and complete separation as quinoxalinols by packed column gas chromatography

Abstract By use of a relatively new mixed stationary phase, complete separation of the branched-chain α-keto acids as O -trimethylsilyl-quinoxalinol derivatives is achieved within 10 min by packed column gas chromatography. Precise quantification of less than 5 nmol of α-keto acids in biological samples is possible. In small aqueous samples the α-keto acids are directly derivatized without prior purification. Plasma need only be deproteinized by perchlorate and neutralized before derivatization. Average relative precision for determination of the three main branched-chain α-keto acids is ± 5.8%.
Effects of Shielding Adenoviral Vectors with Polyethylene Glycol on Vector-Specific and Vaccine-Mediated Immune Responses

Abstract Many individuals have been previously exposed to human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). This prior immunity has long been known to hinder its use for gene therapy and as a gene-based vaccine. Given these immunogenicity problems, we have tested whether polyethylene glycol (PEG) can blunt immune effects against Ad5 during systemic and mucosal vaccination. Ad5 vectors were covalently modified with 5-, 20-, and 35-kDa linear PEG polymers and evaluated for their ability to produce immune responses against transgene antigen products and the vector itself. We show that shielding Ad5 with different-sized PEGs generally reduces transduction and primary antibody responses by the intramuscular or intranasal route. In contrast, PEGylated vectors generally appear better at boosting antibody responses in Ad-immune animals. Displaying either glucose or galactose on PEG mediated increased transduction and antibody responses by the intranasal, but not the intramuscular, route. In naive animals, PEGylated vectors gene...
A Comparison of Tornado Warning Lead Times with and without NEXRAD Doppler Radar

Abstract The installation of the network of NEXRAD (Next Generation Weather Radar) WSR-88D (Weather Surveillance Radar—1988 Doppler) radars has been an ongoing process for more than three years. An assessment is made on how these radars and related changes at National Weather Service Offices have impacted the warning of tornadoes. Tornado warning statistics were employed to evaluate the improvements in warning lead times and detection after the installation of the WSR-88D. In an effort to remove a bias from the warning dataset, the statistics based on the first tornado event of each day were also considered. This early evaluation of the warning capability of these radars indicates an improvement at selected sites over the previous five years.
Endothelial Cell Micropatterning: Methods, Effects, and Applications

The effects of flow on endothelial cells (ECs) have been widely examined for the ability of fluid shear stress to alter cell morphology and function; however, the effects of EC morphology without flow have only recently been observed. An increase in lithographic techniques in cell culture spurred a corresponding increase in research aiming to confine cell morphology. These studies lead to a better understanding of how morphology and cytoskeletal configuration affect the structure and function of the cells. This review examines EC micropatterning research by exploring both the many alternative methods used to alter EC morphology and the resulting changes in cellular shape and phenotype. Micropatterning induced changes in EC proliferation, apoptosis, cytoskeletal organization, mechanical properties, and cell functionality. Finally, the ways these cellular manipulation techniques have been applied to biomedical engineering research, including angiogenesis, cell migration, and tissue engineering, are discussed.
Impact of induced seismic events on seal integrity, Texas Gulf Coast

Recent publications have suggested that large-scale CO2 injection could trigger earthquakes and that even small- to moderate-sized earthquakes may threaten the seal integrity of the injection zone, and potentially damage buildings and other surface structures. In this study, we compared seal thickness to estimated fault displacement due to a single hypothetical seismic event in a selected area of the Texas Gulf Coast comprising an offshore strip of state waters along two Texas counties. To evaluate the slip generated by a single seismic event, we compiled well log information on shale/sand sequences and seismic information on fault geometric characteristics of a section of Lower Miocene age. The section is thousands of feet thick and is overlain and underlain by marine shales (Amph. B and Anahuac, respectively) that are relatively easy to correlate between wells. The Amph. B. shale is the secondary and ultimate seal for all injection intervals in the Lower Miocene. Given its thickness, no realistic seismic event or small series of seismic events will offset it significantly. However, this may not be true of smaller local primary seals. An analysis of geophysical logs of a total of 71 wells yielded a total of 2,871 sand / shale binary intervals.more » An analysis of the dedicated 3D seismic survey counted 723 fault traces at five roughly horizontal horizons within the Lower Miocene Fault displacement estimated using the product of the fault length times an uncertain multiplier coefficient assumed to follow a triangular distribution with a 10-3 to 10-5 range and a mode of 8 × 10-5. We then compared estimated single-event fault displacements to seal thicknesses by means of a Monte-Carlo analysis. Only 1.8% of thickness/displacement pairs display a displacement greater than 20% of the seal thickness. Only 0.26% of the pairs result in a displacement of half the seal thickness and only 0.05% of thickness/displacement pairs result in a clear seal rupture. The next step was to compare the magnitude of the event generated by such a displacement to documented magnitudes of “large” earthquakes generated by waterflooding and fluid disposal. Based on this analysis, we conclude that seismicity that may arise from CO2 injection appears not to be a serious complication for CO2 storage integrity, at least in the Gulf Coast area.« less
Valproic Acid for Physically Aggressive Behavior in Geriatric Patients

The authors present four cases of physically aggressive behavior in geriatric patients with dementia managed with the use of valproic acid. There was improvement in the behavior in most patients; however it was frequently necessary to add a second medication for adequate behavior control, and the side effects were significant.
The Phoenix signal detection system

Abstract The Phoenix system is based on that developed for the Targeted Search element of the former NASA High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS). The Phoenix system was used at the Parkes 64 m and Mopra 22 m antennas of the Australian Telescope National Facility in the first part of 1995. The system consists of: (1) an RF/IF subsystem providing 1–3 GHz coverage; (2) a search subsystem with a 20 MHz, dual-polarization search bandwidth; (3) a two-site, pseudo-interferometric follow-up subsystem that reobserves interesting signals found by the search subsystem; and (4) a control subsystem capable of automatic searching.
Colorimetric flow-injection analysis of dissolved iron in high DOC waters.

Abstract An iron flow-injection analysis system has been optimized for the analysis of iron in waters high in dissolved organic carbon. The method detects either dissolved iron(II) or total dissolved iron with a detection limit of 10 nM, precision of 0.65% at 1 μM, and a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude. There are minimal interferences (
Critical behavior near a vanishing miscibility gap.

We report measurements of the osmotic susceptibility and correlation length for the pseudobinary mixture of guaiacol ($o$-methoxy phenol) plus glycerol-water as a function of temperature and water content $x[x\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{weight}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{water}/(\mathrm{weight}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{water}\mathrm{plus}\mathrm{weight}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{glycerol})]$. This system exhibits a limited two-phase region which vanishes for $xl{x}_{0}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.0137$. We observed a smooth transition from nearly Ising-type behavior for $x\ensuremath{\gtrsim}4{x}_{0}$ through a non-power-law regime to doubled exponents for $x\ensuremath{\simeq}{x}_{0}$ and saturating divergences with doubled exponents for $xl{x}_{0}$.
The effect of chlorphentermine pretreatment on the toxicity of nitrogen dioxide in mice

Abstract Chlorphentermine HCl (CP) was used to induce preexisting alveolar alterations resembling a pulmonary lipidosis in mice to study these effects on the severity and duration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) toxicity. Results indicated that a daily dose of 120 mg/kg for 14 days produced consistent histopathologic changes characterized by an accumulation of large foamy macrophages. Male Swiss-Webster mice were divided into a control and three treatment groups. Group 1 received 120 mg/kg CP po daily for 2 weeks followed by exposure to air for 48 hr. Group 2 received 20 ppm NO2 for 48 hr via whole-body inhalation, and group 3 received 120 mg/kg CP daily for 2 weeks followed by 20 ppm NO2 for 48 hr. The fourth group served as a nontreated control and received water in place of CP and air in place of NO2. All groups were compared by morphologic evaluation of pulmonary tissues at the light and electron microscopic levels at Days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 after the 48-hr exposure to air or NO2. In a second experiment using the same treatment groups, thin-section light microscopy was used to count the number of type I and type II cells and macrophages. NO2 exposure alone caused deaths in 20.8 and 18.5% of the mice in the two studies, but no deaths were seen in the combination groups from both experiments. Histopathologic evaluation showed a typical cellular response to the NO2 exposure, but differences were noted between the two groups receiving NO2 on this treatment. There was increased type II cell hyperplasia and terminal bronchiolitis on Days 0 and 1 but less on Days 3 to 7 in the combination group compared to the NO2 alone group. CP treatment prior to NO2 exposure caused less terminal bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia and less pulmonary edema than was seen in the NO2 along group. The CP treatment appeared to protect against the lethal effects of NO2 at the concentration and time of exposure used and altered the cellular repair mechanism that occurs in response to NO2 toxicity. CP treatment prior to NO2 exposure caused significantly less loss of type I cells and less increase in type II cells due to NO2 damage. The combination treatment also caused an increase in macrophages greater than that seen in either individual treatment, and this number remained increased through 5 days post-NO2 exposure, whereas the NO2 alone caused a steady increase in macrophages following the exposure until Day 3. Overall, prior treatment with CP offered partial protection against NO2 toxicity.
Exploring Adoptive Motherhood: Adoption-Seeking Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women

ABSTRACT Predictors of ever having sought adoption are evaluated for Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. Analysis of the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, a nationally representative study of reproductive health of 7,643 women aged 15 to 44 years, is employed. These include Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women aged 18 to 44 who are currently married and cohabiting (n = 3,118) and Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women aged 18 to 44 of all marital statuses (n = 5,236). Being married, older, and attending religious services are significantly associated with having sought adoption among non-Hispanic White women. Nativity status, language spoken, and resources are significantly associated with having sought adoption among Hispanic women.
Mechanistic considerations for anation reactions in the solid state

Abstract The controversy regarding the mechanisms of anation reactions in the solid state is examined. Historically, these reactions have been considered as SN2 since the nature of the anion affects the reaction. However, principles of reaction kinetics for solid state processes lead to as many as 17 possible rate laws. The role of free space, which increases as the difference between the sizes of the cation and anion increases, appears to be rate-determining in some cases. In most instances, the observed anion effect is readily explained in terms of free space (a defect-diffusion model) rather than SN1 or SN2. Consequently, rate laws based on nucleation or diffusion control appear to be more applicable to anation reactions. The review of a large number of anation reactions is presented to show the applicability of the defect-diffusion model.