cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of EuO films

Films of EuO have been vacuum deposited by three techniques: electron beam heating of bulk EuO, simultaneous deposition of Eu and Eu 2 O 3 , and evaporation of Eu in a partial pressure of oxygen. X-ray measurements show the structure of these films to be essentially the same as bulk EuO. The Faraday rotation of EuO films was measured at 5° K for wavelengths between 0.5μ and 1.2μ. The largest specific Faraday rotation occurs at a wavelength of 0.66μ and is 5 × 105degrees per cm, which is one of the highest values yet reported for any material. From magneto-optical measurements and force balance measurements, various magnetic properties of these films have been determined and compared with bulk EuO. Magnetic moment, susceptibility, and squareness of EuO films do not differ greatly from bulk. The coercive force, however, is several times bulk value, and appears to be related to stress in the films.
The Artist as Seigneur: Chateaux and Their Proprietors in the Work of David Teniers II

After a long period of neglect, David Teniers II has once more begun to command the attention of art historians.1 The obscurity in which Teniers's reputation has lain for much of this century contrasts markedly with the preeminent artistic and social position he enjoyed among Flemish painters in the generation following Rubens. Born in Antwerp in 1610, Teniers was both versatile and prolific, producing more than one thousand paintings in a career spanning nearly fifty years.2 These include examples in all genres, from devotional subjects to singeries, but the scenes of Netherlandish country life for which he is best known account for over half of his extensive oeuvre. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Teniers's works were in demand throughout Europe; and for more than a century after his death in 1690 they continued to be a source for painters, engravers, and tapestry designers, among whom the artist's name became a generic term for scenes of rustic life.3
Two remarks on the Burr-Erdős conjecture

The Ramsey number r(H) of a graph H is the minimum positive integer N such that every two-coloring of the edges of the complete graph K"N on N vertices contains a monochromatic copy of H. A graph H is d-degenerate if every subgraph of H has minimum degree at most d. Burr and Erdos in 1975 conjectured that for each positive integer d there is a constant c"d such that r(H)@?c"dn for every d-degenerate graph H on n vertices. We show that for such graphs r(H)@?2^c^"^d^l^o^g^nn, improving on an earlier bound of Kostochka and Sudakov. We also study Ramsey numbers of random graphs, showing that for d fixed, almost surely the random graph G(n,d/n) has Ramsey number linear in n. For random bipartite graphs, our proof gives nearly tight bounds.
The new patent laws

For a number of years, various judicial interpretations of the patent laws have been the subject of much controversy in the patent field. With the first of the year, new statutes went into effect which should do much to clarify the situation.
Synthesis and structural characterization of enantiopure exo and endo six-membered oxazoline-derived palladacycles

Abstract Direct palladation of (S)-4-benzyl-2-methyl-2-oxazoline (1) and (S)-2-benzyl-4-tert-butyl-2-oxazoline (2) using Pd(OAc)2 in MeCN afforded the corresponding μ-acetato-dimeric complexes with six-membered exo and endo palladacycles, respectively. The same complexes were obtained by reacting coordination complexes Pd(1)2(OAc)2 and Pd(2)2(OAc)2 with Pd(OAc)2 in MeCN. Metalation of (S)-2,4-dibenzyl-2-oxazoline (3) with Pd(OAc)2 in AcOH, MeCN or CH2Cl2 resulted in the regiospecific formation of the six-membered endo palladacycle. The obtained μ-acetato-dimeric complexes were converted to the corresponding μ-chloro-dimeric derivatives 7, 11 and 13 by treatment with LiCl in acetone. The mononuclear PPh3 adducts 8, 12 and 14 were obtained by reacting dimers 7, 11 and 13 with PPh3 in benzene. NMR spectroscopy data supported the proposed structures of all complexes and suggested that exo and endo palladacycles in 8 and 12 have rigid boat conformations in CHCl3. The X-ray crystal structures of the μ-acetato dimer 6 with the exo palladacycle and the PPh3 adduct 14 with the endo metalacycle revealed boat conformation of both palladacycles and chiral twisted conformations δ(S) and λ(S), respectively, of the oxazoline rings in the solid state.
Heuristics, LPs, and Trees on Trees: Network Design Analyses

We study a class of models, known as overlay optimization problems, composed of "base" and "overlay" subproblems, linked by the requirement that the overlay solution be contained in the base solution. In some telecommunication settings, a feasible base solution is a spanning tree, and the overlay solution is an embedded Steiner tree or path. For the general overlay optimization problem, we describe a composite heuristic solution procedure that selects the better of two feasible solutions obtained by independently solving the base and the overlay subproblems, and establish worst-case performance guarantees as a function of the worst-case bounds for the subproblems for the composite heuristic as well as an LP relaxation of the model. For certain special cases, both the heuristic and the LP relaxation have a worst-case bound of 4/3. We extend this analysis to multiple overlays on the same base solution, producing the first known worst-case bounds approximately proportional to the square root of the number of commodities for the uncapacitated multicommodity network design problem. In a companion paper, we develop heuristic performance guarantees for various new multi-tier, survivable network design models that incorporate both multiple facility types and differential node connectivity levels.
A proposed mechanism for the formation of spherical vivianite crystal aggregates in sediments

Abstract Vivianite [Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O] is often found in the form of nodules composed of spherical aggregates of crystals. Crystallization of vivianite in agar gels of various concentrations yield crystal aggregates (nodules) that have spherical morphology and a bimodal size distribution. The aggregates were formed under both biotic and abiotic conditions. When special redox cells fitted with electrodes were used, more perfect spherical structures were formed when the electrodes were shorted than when they were on open circuit. In nature, vivianite nodules generally are found in sediments or clays that are gelatinous, often caused by the presence of organic debris. A model consistent with experimental observations and based on the dynamics of gels is proposed to explain a possible origin of nodular vivianite. To maintain iron and phosphate concentrations in sedimentary pore spaces filled with gel-like organic debris, the electric field spanning the aerobic-anerobic zones in the upper sediments may be an important driving force in addition to diffusion. It is suggested that the combination of the gel medium in the pore spaces and the natural electric field in the upper sediments could be contributing causes to explain the spherical aggregates of vivianite crystals found in nature.
Development of a new scale to measure self-reported medication nonadherence

Abstract Background A major drawback in the medication adherence literature today is the absence of a gold standard for measuring medication adherence. Objective measures of nonadherence such as prescription claims and pill count, while quantifying nonadherence, do not provide the reasons for nonadherence, hence making it difficult to develop intervention strategies. Self-reported measures are helpful to determine reasons for nonadherence; however, widely used self-reported measures such as the Morisky scale are restricted to only few potential reasons. Objectives The objective of this study was to develop a new scale to measure self-reported nonadherence and to compare it with the existing Morisky scale. Methods A cross-sectional study of adult U.S. population on cholesterol-lowering and asthma maintenance medications was used. Data on nonadherence were collected using (1) the newly developed Medication Adherence Reasons Scale (MARS), (2) Morisky scale, and (3) an objective self-reported measure. Results A total of 840 responses were collected. Factor analysis of MARS resulted in 5 subscales in cholesterol-lowering medications and 3 subscales in asthma maintenance medications. The level of agreement between both scales in identifying adherents and nonadherents as measured by kappa coefficient was 0.381 in cholesterol-lowering medications and 0.545 in asthma medications. MARS was able to identify various other significant reasons for nonadherence than that identified by the Morisky scale. Conclusion A new subjective measure of medication nonadherence based on the frequently reported reasons of nonadherence was developed, and it showed adequate reliability when compared with the Morisky scale to warrant future study.
Modeling intrinsic and extrinsic asymmetry of 3D cylindrical gate/gate-all-around FETs for circuit simulations

In a vertical cylindrical gate transistor, we identify doping gradation along channel and structural difference in electrode regions as major reasons for highly asymmetric drain current characteristics. These effects have been captured in a physical manner in a SPICE model. Calibration results of such a model to silicon device data from a vertical cylindrical gate technology that exhibits asymmetric I-V characteristics is presented for the first time.
SURVIVING “THE JOINT”: MITIGATING FACTORS OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICER STRESS

ABSTRACT Many studies have focused upon the effect of stress upon police and correctional officers. This study investigates the relationship between stressors, coping mechanisms, and three types of stress (job dissatisfaction, work stress, and life stress) encountered by correctional officers. Factors such as danger, education, and supervisory support, experience and court decisions are considered in the multivariate model.
Scaffold morphology in histone-depleted HeLa metaphase chromosomes

In a study of HeLa metaphase chromosomes depleted of histories with 2 M NaCl and spread with cytochrome c, two new types of images of chromosome scaffolds have been observed in the electron microscope. In the first type, scaffolds are very large and fibrous but still display the shape typical of metaphase chromosomes. The regularity and lack of distortion in these scaffolds, despite their openness and seeming fragility, support the notion that the underlying scaffold structure is an interconnected network of fibers. In the second type, fibrous regions and dense regions are juxtaposed in the same chromosome scaffold. These micrographs suggest that the dense appearance of some previously observed scaffolds may be the result of incomplete adherence to the cytochrome c monolayer, leading to collapse and aggregation during dehydration.
Durability of wood flour-plastic composites exposed to accelerated freeze-thaw cycling. Part I. Rigid PVC matrix

This study examined the effects of accelerated freeze–thaw actions on the durability of wood fiber-plastic composites. Rigid PVC formulations filled with various concentrations of wood flour (both pine and maple) were processed in a counterrotating twin-screw extruder and exposed to cyclic freeze–thaw actions according to ASTM Standard D6662. Freeze–thaw cycling was also modified by omitting portions of the test (either the water or freezing) to verify whether or not moisture was the primary cause for property loss. The durability of exposed samples was assessed in terms of flexural properties, density, and dimensional stability. Scanning electron micrographs of unexposed and freeze–thaw-exposed samples were taken to qualitatively evaluate the interfacial adhesion between the wood flour and PVC matrix. The experimental results indicated that the density was not affected by freeze–thaw cycling. The dimensional stability was also relatively unaffected, although greater wood flour content exhibited greater dimensional change. The loss in stiffness of the composites was statistically significant after only two freeze–thaw cycles, regardless of both the wood species and content. Conversely, the strength of the composites was not significantly affected by five freeze–thaw cycles at lower wood flour contents (50 and 75 phr). The deleterious effects of the freeze–thaw actions on the strength of the composites became apparent at higher wood flour content (100 phr) after only two freeze–thaw cycles for maple flour and five freeze–thaw cycles for pine flour. The property loss was attributed primarily to the water portion of the cycling, which appears to have led to the decreased interfacial adhesion between the wood flour and the rigid PVC matrix. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL. 11:1–8, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Celebrating diversity in the communication field

(1998). Celebrating diversity in the communication field. Communication Studies: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 172-178.
SEMIQUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF PROTEIN RESIDUES IN FOODS USING THE FLASH RAPID CLEANING VALIDATION METHOD

Cross-contamination of food contact surfaces in retail foodservice establishments may result in outbreaks of foodborne illness. Traditional microbiological sampling collection methods that use swab tests or agar surface tests to monitor cross-contamination can be time- and cost-prohibitive to restaurant operators. The purpose of this study was to develop an identification protocol for residual proteins on foodservice contact surfaces using rapid chemical detection methods. The FLASH Rapid Cleaning Validation device (BioControl Systems, Bellevue, WA) was used to detect residual protein traces (exposed for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h) of six different food samples (ground beef, ground turkey, ground pork, catfish, shredded cheddar cheese and shredded vegetables) on plastic cutting boards. Catalase testing was performed concurrently with FLASH validation to add further estimation of potential biological activities. Results showed that meat, cheese and vegetable samples were positive for the FLASH test and could provide semiquantification using a red–green–blue color chart. In addition, catalase testing provided more selective identification of food samples. This study demonstrates the time savings and cost-effectiveness of using rapid methods of monitoring food safety standards in a foodservice operation.
Transformed and immortalized cellular uptake of oligodeoxynucleoside phosphorothioates, 3′-Alkylamino oligodeoxynucleotides, 2′-o-methyl oligoribonucleotides, oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosphonates, and peptide nucleic acids

Direct quantitative comparisons of cellular uptake across a wide variety of analogs and cell types are necessary for the design of oligonucleotide diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This work reports quantitative cellular uptake and nuclear localization of [14C]oligodeoxynucleoside phosphorothioates (PS), 3'-alkylamino oligodeoxynucleoside phosphodiesters (PO-NH2), 2'-O-methyl oligoribonucleoside phosphodiesters (2OM), peptide nucleic acids (PNA), and oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosphonates (MP) in several transformed or immortalized cell lines. All analogs demonstrated active cellular uptake in that intracellular concentrations greatly exceeded the extracellular 1 microM concentration within 1-3 hr. However, by 9-24 hr, cellular accumulations of PS exceeded those of PO-NH2 and 2OM by 3- to 5-fold, PNA by 6- to 7-fold, and MP by 8- to 10-fold. Similar results were observed in two transformed cell lines, HL-60 leukocytes and H-ras transformed fibroblasts, using three different heterogeneous sequences. H-ras and IGF-1R transformed fibroblasts had a 2- to 5-fold higher uptake of all analogs than non-transformed immortalized fibroblasts. Nuclear levels of the PO-NH2, PS, and MP analogs were approximately 25% of total cellular uptake, while nuclear percentages of 2OM and PNA were less than 20%, suggesting some differences in nuclear localization among the analogs. These observations provide a direct quantitative comparison of cellular uptake as a function of oligonucleotide modification, and imply that transformation enhances cellular uptake. From the perspective of therapy and diagnosis, clear trade-offs were apparent between efficiency of uptake on the one hand, and nuclease resistance and hybridization strength on the other.
Spin-dependent hot electron transport in Ni 81 Fe 19 and Co 84 Fe 16 films on GaAs(001)

Magnetic tunnel transistors are used to study spin-dependent hot electron transport in ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{81}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{19}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}_{84}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{16}$ films deposited on GaAs(001). For both ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{81}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{19}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}_{84}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{16}$ the attenuation length of majority electrons is found to decrease with energy, whereas the much smaller attenuation length of minority electrons is found to be nearly constant at electron energies between 1.0 and 1.9 eV above the Fermi level. Contrary to the similarities in the bulk, hot electron scattering at the metal/GaAs interface is found to be much stronger at the ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{81}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{19}/\mathrm{GaAs}(001)$ interface than at the ${\mathrm{Co}}_{84}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{16}/\mathrm{GaAs}(001)$ interface.
Generalized Efficiency and its Application to Microscopic Engines

We generalize the definition of the energy output of an engine as the minimum energy input required to accomplish the same task as the engine. Applying this new concept to molecular motors makes it possible to measure their efficiency even without attaching any external load to them. This way we can compare and characterize the operation of molecular motors in various situations. We also investigate how the thermally driven motors differ from other motors.
Mitosis in the lens epithelium of the galactose-fed rat after prolactin treatment

We have investigated the effect of the anterior pituitary hormone, prolactin, on mitosis in the lens epithelium of the galactose-fed rat. Our findings indicate that prolactin had a stimulatory effect on galactose-triggered mitosis within 24 hours after hormone administration. After three full days of galactose-feeding and daily prolactin injections, lens epithelia from prolactin treated rats had fewer mitoses than those from saline-injected controls. At the time when the number of mitoses had fallen to a subnormal level due to galactose-feeding (i.e., after 7 days), lenses of prolactin-treated animals exhibited less of a decrease in mitotic activity. Thus, it seems that prolactin modulates the mitotic response of lens epithelial cells when animals are on a galactose-rich diet. This modulation may be due, among other things, to a general acceleration of the cataractogenic process, mediated by the osmoregulatory action of prolactin.
Process options for nominal 2-K helium refrigeration system designs

Nominal 2-K helium refrigeration systems are frequently used for superconducting radio frequency and magnet string technologies used in accelerators. This paper examines the trade-offs and approximate performance of four basic types of processes used for the refrigeration of these technologies; direct vacuum pumping on a helium bath, direct vacuum pumping using full or partial refrigeration recovery, cold compression, and hybrid compression (i.e., a blend of cold and warm sub-atmospheric compression).
Functional expression of Squalus acanthias melanocortin-5 receptor in CHO cells: ligand selectivity and interaction with MRAP.

Abstract The melanocortin-5 receptor (MC 5 ) of the dogfish Squalus acanthias (SacMC 5 receptor) can be functionally expressed in CHO cells in the absence of the co-expression of an exogenous MRAP cDNA. Both human ACTH(1–24) and dogfish ACTH(1–25) were much better stimulators of the SacMC 5 receptor than any of the mammalian or dogfish MSH ligands that were tested. The order of ligand selectivity for the dogfish melanocortins was ACTH(1–25) > αMSH > γ-MSH = δ-MSH > β-MSH. Unlike mammalian MC 5 receptors, the functional expression of the SacMC 5 receptor was not negatively impacted when the receptor was co-expressed with a cartilaginous fish ( Callorhinchus milii ) MRAP2 cDNA. However, co-expression with either mouse mMRAP1 or zebrafish zfMRAP1 increased the sensitivity of SacMC 5 receptor for hACTH(1–24) by at least one order of magnitude. Hence, SacMC 5 receptor has the potential to interact with MRAP1 orthologs and in this regard behaved more like a melanocortin MC 2 receptor ortholog than a melanocortin MC 5 receptor ortholog. These observations are discussed in light of the evolution of the melanocortin receptor gene family in cartilaginous fish, and the physiological implications of these observations are considered.
Robotic picking of citrus

A prototype robot for picking citrus is described which utilized real-time, color machine vision to vision-servo the robot on a targeted fruit. A programming technique is presented which simplified development of the task-level, robot control program. An economic evaluation of robotic harvesting in Florida determined that robotic harvesting would be approximately 50 percent more expensive than conventional hand harvesting. Harvest inefficiency was identified as the most influential factor affecting robotic harvesting economics. Field trial performance is summarized and the potential of commercial robotic harvesting discussed.
MORAL RIGHTS AND LEGAL RULES:: A Natural Law Theory

In an impressive and important article, Rights Against Rules: The Moral Structure of American Constitutional Law, Matthew Adler maintains that constitutional rights are “rights against rules: they protect citizens against the legislative enactment and judicial application of particular rules (rules with wrong act-type predicates); they do not provide guarantees that citizens can perform any particular sorts of actions free of governmental interference.” Matthew D. Adler, Rights Against Rules: The Moral Structure of American Constitutional Law, 97 M ICH . L. R EV . 1 (1998). As Adler writes:
Channel estimation in low SNR environments using chirp signals and joint time-frequency filters

A novel method to estimate an unknown linear time invariant (LTI) channel in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment is proposed. The method is based on transmitting chirp signals for the transmitter and using linear time-variant filters in the joint time-frequency (TF) domain for the receiver to reduce the noise before estimation.
Motorized Vehicle Purchase in Surat, India

As India's economy grows, so does its rate of car ownership. Motorized two-wheelers had been the prevalent mode of personal transport in the country. With improving economic conditions, more households are buying and using cars, and large cars are being introduced in a market that consisted primarily of small cars. This study assessed the trends in the future composition of motorized vehicles in the Indian city of Surat by analyzing a cross section of consumer purchases across used and new motorized vehicles, namely, two-wheelers and different size categories of cars. The findings have potential use in informing policies on infrastructure development and in controlling the negative externalities of car use. Data were obtained through home interview surveys of Surat residents who had recently purchased a motorized vehicle. To explain the vehicle choices of these residents, different observed attributes of the vehicles and their owners were considered. It was hypothesized that latent attributes (e.g., caref...
The in vitro Uptake of Fluoride by Secretory and Maturation Stage Bovine Enamel

The objectives of this study were to determine the specific surface area of secretory-stage and of maturation-stage enamel, to compare the fluoride uptake by isolated enamel at these two stages on a surface-area basis, and to examine the effect of the organic matrix on the fluoride uptake by whole enamel. Fetal bovine secretory and maturation stage enamel samples were collected, and a portion of the enamel at each developmental stage was treated with hydrazine for removal of the organic matrix. The specific surface areas of the enamel mineral, as determined by the multi-point BET method, were 59.3 m2/ g in the secretory stage and 37.9 m2/g in the maturation stage. Whole and deproteinated enamel samples were equilibrated in buffered solutions containing 10 -5 to 10-3 mol/L fluoride, and the uptake was measured with a fluoride specific electrode. The results indicate that the in vitro fluoride uptake was controlled solely by the surface area of the apatitic mineral and that the organic matrix did not contri...
Multiwavelets: Regularity, Orthogonality, and Symmetry via Two–Scale Similarity Transform

An important object in wavelet theory is the scaling functionφ(t), satisfying a dilation equationφ(t)=∑Ckφ(2t−k). Properties of a scaling function are closely related to the properties of the symbol or maskP(ω)=∑Cke−iωk. The approximation order provided by φ(t) is the number of zeros of P(ω) at ω=π, or in other words the number of factors (1+e−iω) in P(ω). In the case of multiwaveletsP(ω) becomes a matrix trigonometric polynomial. The factors (1+e−iω) are replaced by a matrix factorization of P(ω), which defines the approximation order of the multiscaling function. This matrix factorization is based on the two-scale similarity transform (TST). In this article we study properties of the TST and show how it is connected with the theory of multiwavelets. This approach leads us to new results on regularity, symmetry, and orthogonality of multiscaling functions and opens an easy way to their construction.
The No Child Left Behind Act: Challenges and Implications for Educators

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act is potentially the most significant educational initiative to have been enacted in decades. Among the salient elements of this initiative are requirements that all students have qualified teachers and be given the opportunity to attend high-quality schools. The NCLB legislation also requires that states raise academic achievement levels for all students, including those with disabilities. Linked to these components and related issues, this article discusses the major components of the NCLB along with implications and recommendations for educators.
Pathogenesis and Classification of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: An Update

Primary central nervous system lymphoma has undergone a remarkable increase in incidence over the last decade, both in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals. Its clinicopathologic evaluation requires knowledge of current hematopathologic systems for lymphoma classification, as well as specific understanding of unique central nervous system determinants. In immunocompromised individuals, the tumor has a constant association with Epstein-Barr virus. The form of Epstein-Barr virus in these tumors appears to be predominantly latent, however, the precise mechanism relating virus to tumor pathogenesis is still unclear. In immunocompetent patients, risk factors and oncogenic associations are completely unknown. Critical to the formation of these tumors is the trafficking of B-cells, whether pre- or post-transformation, across the blood-brain barrier. These B-cell migrations may require perturbations to the barrier that originate in or around neural parenchyma, such as localized injury or infection.
Targeting programmed cell death pathways with experimental therapeutics: opportunities in high-risk neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a pediatric solid tumor with high morbidity and mortality in association with particular high-risk biological and clinical features (such as MYCN proto-oncogene amplification or advanced tumor stage). Such high-risk neuroblastomas may be initially responsive to cytoreductive therapies, yet the majority will ultimately demonstrate de novo or acquired chemoresistance leading to tumor progression and death. Insight into the genetic alterations responsible for these phenotypes are beginning to be gained, and subversion of inherent programmed cell death pathways is a common theme. Intact apoptosis pathways protect cells against neoplastic transformation and provide the mechanisms by which cytotoxic agents exert their effects. When these pathways are abolished through alterations in the cell death machinery, they complement deregulated oncogenes to promote tumor initiation and therapy resistance. Currently, therapeutic intensity for high-risk neuroblastoma has been advanced to near-tolerance with only modest gains in survival, and it is likely that further improvements in outcome will require innovative approaches that target key regulatory pathways that potentiate currently available therapies. Efforts to abrogate the cancer cell 'survival bias' engendered by alterations in death pathways are now a major focus in experimental cancer therapeutics, and their application to the problem of high-risk neuroblastoma form the basis of this review. These include agents that activate death receptors (TRAIL-agonists) or restore DISC competency (CDDO, DNA methyltransferase and HDAC inhibitors); reduce pro-survival Bcl2 homologues (Oblimersen sodium [AS-Bcl2], AS-Mcl1) or deliver a pro-apoptotic BH3 protein burden (BH3 peptides, gossypol, ABT737); or repress IAPs (Smac/Diablo peptides, AS-XIAP, AS-Survivin). As our knowledge of apoptosis dysregulation in neuroblastoma evolves, the possibilities for pro-apoptotic therapeutics seems not only promising, but a realistic adjunct to conventional treatments.
Environmental sensor networks in ecological research

Environmental sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing capacity, real-time data visualization and analysis, and integration with adjacent networks and remote sensing data streams. These advances have become a reality as a combined result of the continuing miniaturization of electronics, the availability of large data storage and computational capacity, and the pervasive connectivity of the Internet. Environmental sensor networks have been established and large new networks are planned for monitoring multiple habitats at many different scales. Projects range in spatial scale from continental systems designed to measure global change and environmental stability to those involved with the monitoring of only a few meters of forest edge in fragmented landscapes. Temporal measurements have ranged from the evaluation of sunfleck dynamics at scales of seconds, to daily CO2 fluxes, to decadal shifts in temperatures. Above-ground sensor systems are partnered with subsurface soil measurement networks for physical and biological activity, together with aquatic and riparian sensor networks to measure groundwater fluxes and nutrient dynamics. More recently, complex sensors, such as networked digital cameras and microphones, as well as newly emerging sensors, are being integrated into sensor networks for hierarchical methods of sensing that promise a further understanding of our ecological systems by revealing previously unobservable phenomena.
Receiving treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: do the perspectives of adolescents matter?

Abstract Purpose This study describes the perspectives of parents and adolescents regarding clinical need for and attitudes toward care for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition, it explores as to how these views relate to past year usage of mental health services. Methods Parents and adolescents were interviewed 6 years after the school district was screened for ADHD. Using standardized measures, mental health service usage, adolescent and parent perceived clinical needs (ADHD symptoms, disruptive behavior disorders, anxiety and/or depression, functioning), and enabling attitudes (treatment receptivity, ADHD stigma), as well as parent factors (caregiver strain, distress, instrumental social support) were assessed. Nested logistic regression modeling was used to determine the hierarchical contribution of parent and adolescent perspectives on past year service usage, after adjusting for previous usage of mental health services. Stepwise regression was conducted to identify the variables that were most predictive of service usage. Results Among the adolescents who were at a high risk for ADHD, 79% had a history of lifetime mental health service usage, but only 42% had received any kind of mental health services in the past year. In hierarchical modeling, only parent inattention ratings and medication receptivity and adolescent ADHD stigma perceptions contributed significantly toward improved model fit. Stepwise regression confirmed these three variables to be predictors (OR: 1.2, 3.8, and .2, respectively) and identified adolescents-reported functioning as an additional predictor of service usage (OR: 1.1). Conclusion Perceptions of adolescents regarding the stigma related to ADHD are influential in treatment receipt. Quality improvement interventions for adolescents with ADHD should include psychoeducational interventions for adolescents and their parents that target medication receptivity and the stigma related to ADHD.
BiC: a web server for calculating bimodality of coexpression between gene and protein networks

Summary: Bimodal patterns of expression have recently been shown to be useful not only in prioritizing genes that distinguish phenotypes, but also in prioritizing network models that correlate with proteomic evidence. In particular, subgroups of strongly coexpressed gene pairs result in an increased variance of the correlation distribution. This variance, a measure of association between sets of genes (or proteins), can be summarized as the bimodality of coexpression (BiC). We developed an online tool to calculate the BiC for user-defined gene lists and associated mRNA expression data. BiC is a comprehensive application that provides researchers with the ability to analyze both publicly available and user-collected array data.
Florentine Platonism and its Relations with Humanism and Scholasticism

The early humanism in Italy from the second half of the fourteenth to the middle of the fifteenth century, characterized by the discovery and revival of classical antiquity, was at the same time the first expression of modern ideals and feelings. Although it was in several points closely connected with the preceding age, it produced a lively reaction against the medieval civilization and its form of philosophical and scientific thought, scholasticism. Petrarch, the father of humanism, began the polemics against scholasticism which have remained since then a commonplace in the writings of his followers: according to him the scholastics wasted their time in subtle and useless disputations without resolving the basic questions of human life; their unpolished Latin style was a consequence of their barbarous thought; they could not be compared with the great writers and thinkers of classical antiquity whom they were not able to read or imitate; and even their chief authority, Aristotle, in many respects must be considered inferior to his greater master, Plato.
Stored‐product insects in a flour mill: population dynamics and response to fumigation treatments

In a wheat flour mill, seasonal trends in stored-product insect trap capture, relationships between trap captures inside and outside the mill, and between pheromone trap capture and product infestation, and the impact of fumigation on pest populations, were assessed. Mark-recapture was used to evaluate the potential for movement of insects outside the mill into the mill. For Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), pheromone trap captures outside were higher than inside the mill, and when inside and outside trap captures were correlated, both indoor and outdoor trap captures tended to cycle according to a seasonal pattern; fumigations did not consistently influence pheromone trap captures, and in only one instance were they found in product samples. Mark-recapture data indicated that P. interpunctella was capable of entering the building from outside. Tr ibolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) trap captures, in contrast, tended to be lower outside compared to inside, followed a pattern of sharp decline after fumigation treatment, and then steadily increased (0.002‐ 0.005 beetles/trap/ day) until the next fumigation. This pattern, other than potentially the rate of increase, was not impacted by season and outside trap capture levels. Tr ibolium castaneum was the primary species infesting the product. The information generated in this study provides some of the information needed to develop improved monitoring and management programs.
Growth codes: maximizing sensor network data persistence

Sensor networks are especially useful in catastrophic or emergency scenarios such as floods, fires, terrorist attacks or earthquakes where human participation may be too dangerous. However, such disaster scenarios pose an interesting design challenge since the sensor nodes used to collect and communicate data may themselves fail suddenly and unpredictably, resulting in the loss of valuable data. Furthermore, because these networks are often expected to be deployed in response to a disaster, or because of sudden configuration changes due to failure, these networks are often expected to operate in a "zero-configuration" paradigm, where data collection and transmission must be initiated immediately, before the nodes have a chance to assess the current network topology. In this paper, we design and analyze techniques to increase "persistence" of sensed data, so that data is more likely to reach a data sink, even as network nodes fail. This is done by replicating data compactly at neighboring nodes using novel "Growth Codes" that increase in efficiency as data accumulates at the sink. We show that Growth Codes preserve more data in the presence of node failures than previously proposed erasure resilient techniques.
The Last Passage: Recovering a Death of Our Own

The Last Passage: Recovering. Death of Our Own. Donald Heinz. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999. 296 pp.
3-D ultrasonic imaging of the structure and elasticity of the carotid bifurcation

The long-term goal of this work is to develop an ultrasound technique that produces a 3-D image of the structure and elasticity of the cervical common carotid artery and its bifurcation, allowing the quantitative measurement of the volume, structure and composition of atherosclerotic plaque at or near the bifurcation. An Acuson 128 imaging system was used to obtain time-gated B-mode images of the carotid in vivo. The motion of the vessel wall due to the changing blood pressure during a cardiac cycle was quantified and used to compute an estimate of the tissue elasticity distribution over each 2-D image plane. The tissue motion direction and amplitude was determined by a 2-D interframe block matching technique performed on a sequence of frames acquired at 18 frames per second. The transducer was moved linearly along the axis of the common carotid in 2 mm increments to collect the set of slices used to form the 3-D image. Volumetric images of the phantom have been made. Elasticity measurements indicate that the tissue motion appears to be an adequate measure for the determination of relative elasticity distributions.
HELMINTH PARASITES OF THE WESTERN PAINTED TURTLE, CHRYSEMYS PICTA BELLI (GRAY), INCLUDING NEOPOLYSTOMA ELIZABETHAE N. SP. (MONOGENEA: POLYSTOMATIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE CONJUNCTIVAL SAC

Neopolystoma elizabethae n. sp. is described from the conjunctival sac of the western painted turtle Chrysemys picta belli (Gray), from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This is the first species found in this location from chelonians in North America. The new species differs from all other species of Neopolystoma in possessing a circle of 8 genital spines that are recurved and possess a crescent-shaped base. Eight additional species of helminths were found in the 5 turtles examined in this study. All are common parasites of North American freshwater turtles. An additional species of Monogenea (Polystomoides pauli) was found in the oral cavity. Four species of Digenea (Eustomos chelydrae, Allassostomoides chelydrae, Spirorchis kirki, and Spirorchis parvus) and 3 species of Nematoda (Spiroxys contorta, Serpinema trispinosus, and Amphibiocapillaria serpentina) were also found. The following are reported from Michigan for the first time: P. pauli, S. kirki, and A. serpentina.
Ein Argument für die Beweiskraft von psychoanalytischen Daten

Als Psychoanalytiker und Forscher bin ich Professor Grunbaum dankbar fur seine eingehende Kritik an der klinischen psychoanalytischen Methode. Beim Nachvollzug seiner Gedankengange habe ich von seiner straff gefuhrten Beweisfuhrung viel gelernt. Aber ich mache mir grose Sorgen, das seine Kritik in einigen Kreisen schlimm misverstanden werden wird, namlich als Gnadenstos fur die Psychoanalyse und nicht als das verstandnisvolle Bemuhen, den Weg zur Bildung einer soliden empirischen Grundlage fur die [Psychoanalyse als] Wissenschaft zu weisen. Grunbaum wurdigt an mehr als einer Stelle den hohen heuristischen Wert, den psychoanalytische Hypothesen innerhalb und auserhalb der Behandlungssituation haben. Er greift nicht die Theorie an sich an, sondern die Beweisstellung, die sie im Augenblick einnimmt. Leider geht Gardner, der auf dem Schutzumschlag zitiert wird, uber diesen wiederholten Vorbehalt hinweg und erklart, die Arbeit sei „ein groser Beitrag zu der standig anwachsenden Flut von Angriffen, die mit dieser Problematik vertraute Denker gegen eine der beharrlichsten dogmatischen Institutionen der letzten Zeit gefuhrt haben“. Und auf demselben Schutzumschlag begluckwunscht Hobson Grunbaum zu seiner „unerbittlichen, zwingenden Kritik an der Freudschen Wissenschaft“, die tatsachlich den Glauben all jener, die „in der Psychoanalyse eine allgemeine wissenschaftliche Theorie der menschlichen Psyche“suchten, untergraben wird. Grunbaum hat nichts dergleichen unternommen, und seine Schlusfolgerung sollte die Psychoanalyse starken und nicht schwachen.
Kinetic modeling and sensitivity analysis of plasma-assisted oxidation in a H2/O2/Ar mixture

Abstract A numerical scheme describing the oxidation process induced by single and multiple dielectric barrier discharges in a H2/O2/Ar mixture is developed. Path flux and sensitivity analyses are performed in order to identify important reaction paths. The analyses are conducted for an initial mixture of 2000 ppm H2 and 3000 ppm O2 balanced in Ar at a constant pressure of 1 atm and temperatures ranging from 474 K to 1008 K, covering both below and above the second explosion limit. Results with only one discharge as well as with repetitive discharges at rates between 1 and 5 kHz are discussed. Three sets of reaction schemes leading to H2O formation are identified: two short-time-scale schemes involving negative ions and O(1D), respectively, and a long-time-scale scheme involving ground state radicals, which is responsible for the majority of the H2O formation and driven by plasma dissociation of H2 and O2. At temperatures below the second explosion limit, the last scheme drives the straight chain propagation mechanism without causing exponential growth of radicals, where the reactions of HO2 play important roles on the overall fuel oxidation. At temperatures above the second explosion limit, H and O atoms produced from the dissociation of reactants by deactivation of excited argon subsequently trigger ignition significantly reducing the ignition delay. The consumption of H2 and O2 which follows is governed by conventional high temperature chain branching kinetics and occurs at a rate equivalent to that of the purely thermal reaction. Increasing the pulse repetition rate of the discharge at low temperatures results in a shift of the rate-limiting steps from reactions of H atoms to those of the OH radical. Furthermore, the kinetics of metastable Ar*m, HO2, O2(a1Δg), and O(1D) are analyzed and their implications to other systems are discussed.
Lateral Refraction in Proximity of Structures

Lateral refraction is an unavoidable problem in the proximity of structures. The objectives of the investigation described were the determination of the magnitude of the refractional influence and the development of procedures for considering its effect on horizontal directions. A series of experiments was carried out under laboratory conditions and a study made of application of the procedures developed. The results stress the the necessity of correcting observations for lateral refraction effects prior to adjustment. The simple methods and techniques outlined were found applicable under normal field conditions.
Theory of Automata: Discussion

The interest of social scientists in the recent rapid development of automata has two bases: they are interested in powerful computing devices that would enable them to handle complex systems of equations; and they are interested in the suggestive analogies between automata, on the one hand, and organisms and social systems on the other. With respect to the second interest, Mr. von Neumann’s strictures on the limitations of the automaton-organism analogy are well taken. The analogies are fruitful in exposing some of the very general characteristics that such systems have in common — for example, characteristics centering around the notions of communication and servomechanism behavior. But it is dangerous to carry such analogies in detail — e.g, to compare specific structures in a computer with specific neural structures.
IS Project Continuation in Escalation Situations: A Real Options Model

Software project escalation has been shown to be a widespread phenomenon. With few exceptions, prior research has portrayed escalation as an irrational decision-making process whereby additional resources are plowed into a failing project. In this article, we examine the possibility that in some cases managers escalate their commitment not because they are acting irrationally, but rather, as a rational response to real options that may be embedded in a project. A project embeds real options when managers have the opportunity but not the obligation to adjust the future direction of the project in response to external or internal events. Examples include deferring the project, switching the project to serve a different purpose, changing the scale of the project, implementing it in stages, abandoning the project, or using the project as a platform for future growth opportunities. Although real options can represent a substantial portion of a project's value, they rarely enter into a project's formal justification process in the traditional quantitative discounted cash flow-based project valuation techniques. Using experimental data collected from managers in 123 firms, we demonstrate that managers recognize and value the presence of real options. We also assess the relative importance that managers ascribe to each type of real option, showing that growth options are more highly valued than operational options. Finally, we demonstrate that the influence of the options on project continuation decisions is largely mediated by the perceived value that they add. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed.