cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE OF CORNER CRACKS LOCATED AT HOLES LOADED IN TENSION OR BENDING

— The objective of this paper is to report fatigue crack growth and closure behavior for corner cracked holes. An optical interference technique is employed with transparent polymer specimens to determine the three-dimensional crack surface displacement field. The local crack closure behavior is examined along the crack front under remote tension and pure bending conditions. It was observed that the crack opening loads along the hole and the free surface were significantly higher than the opening values at interior crack locations.
THE INFLUENCE OF PERINATAL EVENTS ON THE NEONATAL OUTCOME OF THE EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (ELBW) INFANT. 1602

THE INFLUENCE OF PERINATAL EVENTS ON THE NEONATAL OUTCOME OF THE EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (ELBW) INFANT. 1602
Micellization and phase separation in binary amphiphile mixtures

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations with histogram reweighting are used to examine the micellization and phase separation of a lattice model for binary amphiphile mixtures in an implicit solvent. The model amphiphiles consist of a neutral, rigid head group that occupies seven lattice sites and solvophobic tail chains of varying length and number. It is found that the critical micelle concentration of the mixtures closely matches theoretical values obtained by assuming that the components form an ideal mixture. The solubility of amphiphiles which undergo a first-order transition to form a disordered liquid phase can be increased by adding an amphiphile that forms micelles, and the phase transitions in these mixtures are between a dense liquid state and a low concentration phase that contains aggregates. In both micelles and dense liquids, the amphiphiles mix indiscriminately and the micelle size and shape depends on the concentration ratio of the two species.
A Mathematical Model for a Gyroscopic Ocean-Wave Energy Converter

Global attempts to increase generation of clean and reproducible energy have contributed to considerable progress in ocean-wave power-generation technologies. The efficiency of ocean-wave energy converters has improved by almost an order of magnitude in the last decade. In this report, we consider a floating-type gyroscopic ocean-wave power-generator that has proven to generate 50 kW in a prototype test conducted by a Japanese company in 2012.A gyroscopic power generator consists of a buoy, a gimbal, and spinning rotors mounted on a gimbal. The gimbal is installed on the deck of the buoy and rotates when the buoy oscillates or rocks by ocean waves. The gimbal axis is connected to an electric generator.The objectives of our research are to understand quantitatively the mechanisms of gyroscopic ocean-wave power-generators and to improve the component design of the generator to maximize power output. To this end, we develop a mathematical model and a scale model of a gyroscopic ocean-wave power-generator. This integrated approach is to numerically simulate power generation and to clarify the effect of relevant design parameters.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Stroboscopic interferometry for characterization and improvement of flexural plate-wave transducers

We describe an improved stroboscopic interferometer system making possible static-deformation measurements of MEMS structures as well as motion measurements at frequencies up to 1MHz. The time resolution of the system is determined by the width of the strobed laser pulse. To demonstrate high-frequency measurement capabilities, we investigate acoustic waves on a flexural plate-wave micropump developed at the Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center. We also characterize the micropump with a commercial micro scanning vibrometer (Polytec). The results are compared and different features of the two systems are discussed.
Sexual preferences of male hamsters: Importance of preweaning and adult experience, vaginal secretion, and olfactory or vomeronasal sensation

Sexual preferences play an important role in such fundamental processes as the origin of species, the evolution of sexual dimorphism, and the establishment of social organization. An appreciation that sexually reproducing organisms discriminate and display preferences with respect to different characteristics of potential sexual partners is critical to a full understanding of reproductive behavior. The purpose of the present work was to examine experiential and sensory factors influencing the sexual preferences of male hamsters. The results of five studies indicate that male Turkish and Syrian hamsters are capable of discriminating females of their own species from females of a closely related species, and that they display a strong sexual preference for conspecific females. This preference is displayed by both virgin and sexually experienced adult males but is reduced or absent in animals reared by a female of a different but closely related species. A preference also is displayed to vaginal secretion from conspecific females; this preference, too, is independent of adult sexual experience. While vaginal secretion is sufficient for species discrimination and preference, it is not the only species-specific factor capable of sustaining such behavior. Bilateral removal of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs of male Syrian hamsters eliminated species preference, but section of the vomeronasal nerves alone had no effect.
Effect of aspirin ingestion on ascorbic-acid levels in rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract Platelet and plasma-ascorbic-acid levels were studied in forty-eight normal subjects and thirty-four patients with confirmed rheumatoid arthritis. Plasma-ascorbic-acid levels were abnormally low in all rheumatoid subjects except those taking supplemental vitamin C. However, significantly low platelet levels of ascorbic acid were found only in those rheumatoid patients receiving high doses of aspirin—i.e., 12 or more tablets per day. Since platelet levels of ascorbic acid more accurately reflect tissue stores than plasma levels, it appears that a high dosage of aspirin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is associated with tissue ascorbic-acid depletion. Administration of supplemental ascorbic acid to rheumatoid patients receiving a high dosage of aspirin as primary therapy seems warranted.
Improving the Condition Number of Finite Element Stiffness Matrices via Inverted Elements

In the finite element method, poor quality elements typically increase the condition number of the underlying stiffness matrix, thereby potentially: (1) degrading the computed solution, and (2) slowing the convergence of iterative solvers. Current mesh improvement strategies rely on node movement and edge-flipping to alleviate these problems. However, these methods cannot guarantee a lower-bound on mesh quality, especially in 3-D. In this paper we propose the concept, and use, of inverted elements to improve mesh quality and condition number. Inverted elements are standard finite elements, but with negative Jacobian. After establishing the mathematical properties of these elements we show how they can be used to dramatically improve the quality of a mesh through the use of an ‘element cover’. Further, we show that a lower-bound on the mesh quality can be easily achieved, as supported by numerical experiments and case-studies.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Socioeconomic Status and Health across the Life Course: A Test of the Social Causation and Health Selection Hypotheses

This research investigates the merits of the "social causation" and "health selection" explanations for associations between socioeconomic status and self-reported overall health, musculoskeletal health and depression. Using data that include information about individuals' SES and health from childhood through late adulthood, I employ structural equation models that account for errors in measured variables and that allow for explicit tests of various hypotheses about how SES and health are related. For each outcome and for both women and men the results provide no support for the health selection hypothesis. SES affects each health outcome at multiple points in the life course, but the reverse is not true.
The Effects of Graded Occlusion on Manual Search and Visual Attention in 5‐ to 8‐Month‐Old Infants

Young infants may be limited in searching for hidden objects because they lack the means-end motor skill to lift occluders from objects. This account was investigated by presenting 5- to 8-month-old infants with objects hidden behind transparent, semitransparent, and opaque curtains. If a means-end deficit explains search limitations, then infants should search no more for an object behind a transparent curtain than for objects behind semitransparent or opaque curtains. However, level of occlusion had a significant effect on manual search and visual attention. Infants retrieved and contacted the object more, contacted the curtain more, and looked away less with the transparent curtain than with the semi transparent or opaque curtains. Adding a time delay before allowing search and presenting a distraction after occlusion further depressed infants' behavior. The findings fail to support the means-end deficit hypothesis, but are consistent with the account that young infants lack object permanence.
Ureteroscopy under local anesthesia.

Abstract Ureteroscopy has been performed with local anesthesia with and without sedation in 30 patients. Flexible endoscopes were used in 18, rigid endoscopes alone in 7, and rigid and flexible instruments in 5 patients. The flexible instruments ranged in size from 4F to 10F, while rigid instruments were 10F to 12E Although most procedures were diagnostic, calculi were removed from the distal ureter in 4 patients and from the midureter in 1 patient. Ultrasonic lithotripsy was utilized in 1 patient. The success and tolerance of flexible or distal rigid ureteroscopy with local anesthesia permits its recommendation in carefully selected patients.
Unifying the DNA End Processing Roles of the Artemis Nuclease: Ku-Dependent Artemis Resection at Blunt DNA Ends

Artemis is a member of the metallo-β-lactamase protein family of nucleases. It is essential in vertebrates because, during V(D)J recombination, the RAG complex generates hairpins when it creates the double strand breaks at V, D, and J segments, and Artemis is required to open the hairpins so that they can be joined. Artemis is a diverse endo- and exonuclease, and creating a unified model for its wide range of nuclease properties has been challenging. Here we show that Artemis resects iteratively into blunt DNA ends with an efficiency that reflects the AT-richness of the DNA end. GC-rich ends are not cut by Artemis alone because of a requirement for DNA end breathing (and confirmed using fixed pseudo-Y structures). All DNA ends are cut when both the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit and Ku accompany Artemis but not when Ku is omitted. These are the first biochemical data demonstrating a Ku dependence of Artemis action on DNA ends of any configuration. The action of Artemis at blunt DNA ends is slower than at overhangs, consistent with a requirement for a slow DNA end breathing step preceding the cut. The AT sequence dependence, the order of strand cutting, the length of the cuts, and the Ku-dependence of Artemis action at blunt ends can be reconciled with the other nucleolytic properties of both Artemis and Artemis·DNA-PKcs in a model incorporating DNA end breathing of blunt ends to form transient single to double strand boundaries that have structural similarities to hairpins and fixed 5' and 3' overhangs.
Retrospective cohort study of hospitalized adults treated with vancomycin or clindamycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections.

Abstract Background: Vancomycin alternatives, including clindamycin, have in vitro activity against current strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but clinical evidence of their effectiveness is needed. Objective: The aim of this work was to compare health outcomes for hospitalized adult patients treated with vancomycin and clindamycin for skin and soft- tissue infections caused by MRSA. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of patients admitted to University Hospital (San Antonio, Texas) with culture-proven MRSA skin or soft-tissue infections from July 1, 2006, to December 31, 2006. Patients were subdivided into groups according to antibiotics received on the first day of hospital admission. The primary outcome was composite failure , which was defined as having an additional positive MRSA culture 5 to 90 days after initial culture or requiring an additional intervention (eg, new course of antibiotics or additional incision and drainage within 90 days after initiation of therapy). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize each group; χ 2 , Fisher exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to assess differences between the vancomycin and clindamycin groups. Results: Ninety-one patients received vancomycin (n = 40) or clindamycin (n = 51) for a MRSA skin infection. Most vancomycin-treated patients received 1 g IV q12h (92.5% [37/40]), whereas most clindamycintreated patients received 600 mg IV q8h (51.0% [26/51]) or 900 mg IV q8h (27.5% [14/51]). The vancomycin and clindamycin groups had no significant differences with regard to median age (38 vs 37 years, respectively), male sex (62.5% [25/40] vs 74.5% [38/51]), or Hispanic ethnicity (77.5% [31/40] vs 78.4% [40/51]). All MRSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. Few patients who received clindamycin were resistant to clindamycin (3.9% [2/51]). No patients died in the hospital. There were no significant differences between the vancomycin (n = 40) and clindamycin (n = 51) groups with respect to composite failure (15.0% [6/40] vs 7.8% [4/51], respectively), microbiologic failure (2.5% [1/40] vs 3.9% [2/51]), additional inpatient interventions (5.0% [2/40] vs 3.9% [2/51]), or additional outpatient interventions (12.5% [5/40] vs 3.9% [2/51]). Most patients (93.4% [85/91]) received incision and drainage. When those who did not were excluded from the analyses, all trends remained unchanged. Conclusions: In a single institution with a low rate of clindamycin resistance, there were no significant differences between vancomycin and clindamycin for the treatment of these hospitalized patients with MRSA skin infections, on the basis of clinical outcomes data. This finding warrants further investigation in a randomized controlled trial.
Enacting Diversity in Dual Certification Programs.

This exploratory study, based on a content analysis of program descriptions, course syllabi, and related program documents, examined the curricula of three fully merged teacher education programs that were redesigned to better prepare teachers for the full range of diversity in their student populations. In these programs, graduates earn a general and special education elementary license simultaneously. Results suggest that attention to disability is more prevalent than attention to other social identity markers such as race, class, culture, or language.
Without “you” I'm nothing: making white Britishness online

Drawing on ethnographic data, this article examines the construction of British identity in an online community. Throughout, I specifically consider the function of “whiteness” – which often serves as a synonym for Britishness – as I explore the strategies of speaking subjects in the constitution of “self”. Analysing everyday discourse in relation to a wider hegemonic field where whiteness and Britishness are made to seem inextricably connected, I draw on the work of Edward Said and others – demonstrating that the discursive character of such an identity always entails the creation of an “other” who is made to stand as the place-holder of absolute difference. I endeavour to isolate specific constituting strategies so as to unmask the exclusionary structure of identity, while at the same time demonstrating the vulnerability of hegemonic meaning, which is consumed, negotiated, concretized or refused in and through routine interaction.
Using NLP Techniques for Tagging Events in Arabic Text

In any text Events represent a rich source of information, such as proper names that specify the people, organizations, locations, etc., that participate in the event, dates that specify the time of the event, noun phrases that describe the event, and keywords that indicate that an interesting event has occurred. In this paper our focus is on those elements in terms of how we use natural language processing techniques to capture, analyze and identify the role each element plays in the event and understand how they are linked to form events as well as how they form the relationships between related events.
Direct targeting of peptidergic amygdalar neurons by noradrenergic afferents: linking stress-integrative circuitry

Amygdalar norepinephrine (NE) plays a key role in regulating neural responses to emotionally arousing stimuli and is involved in memory consolidation of emotionally charged events. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dynorphin (DYN), two neuropeptides that mediate the physiological and behavioral responses to stress, are abundant in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and directly innervate brainstem noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Whether the CRF- and DYN-containing amygdalar neurons receive direct noradrenergic innervation has not yet been elucidated. The present study sought to define cellular substrates underlying noradrenergic modulation of CRF- and DYN-containing neurons in the CeA using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that NE-labeled axon terminals form synapses with CRF- and DYN-containing neurons in the CeA. Semi-quantitative analysis showed that approximately 31 % of NET-labeled axon terminals targeted CeA neurons that co-expressed DYN and CRF. As a major source of CRF innervation to the LC, it is also not known whether CRF-containing CeA neurons are directly targeted by noradrenergic afferents. To test this, retrograde tract tracing using FluoroGold from the LC was combined with immunocytochemical detection of CRF and NET in the CeA. Our results revealed a population of LC-projecting CRF-containing CeA neurons that are directly innervated by NE afferents. Analysis showed that approximately 34 % of NET-labeled axon terminals targeted LC-projecting CeA neurons that contain CRF. Taken together, these results indicate significant interactions between NE, CRF and DYN in this critical limbic region and reveal direct synaptic interactions of NE with amygdalar CRF that influence the LC-NE arousal system.
Recent progress in SOFC anodes for direct utilization of hydrocarbons

There would be significant advantages to having anodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that were capable of directly utilizing hydrocarbon fuels. Because conventional Ni-based anodes catalyze the formation of carbon fibers, new anode compositions are required for this application, but most of the materials that have been proposed exhibit either limited thermal stability or poor electrochemical activity. In this paper, we will describe two strategies for the development of new anodes with improved performance. The first strategy involves the use of bimetallic compositions with layered microstructures. In the bimetallic anodes, one metal is used for thermal stability while the other provides the required carbon tolerance. The second strategy involves separating the anode into two layers: a thin functional layer for electrocatalysis and a thicker conduction layer for current collection. With this approach, the functional layer can be optimized for catalytic activity and, if it is thin enough, requires minimal conductivity. Examples are shown for each of these approaches and possible future directions are outlined.
Single-event effects experienced by astronauts and microelectronic circuits flown in space

Models developed for explaining the light flashes experienced by astronauts on Apollo and Skylab missions were used with slight modification to explain upsets observed in microelectronic circuits. Both phenomena can be explained by the simple assumption that an event occurs whenever a threshold number of ionizations or isomerizations are generated within a sensitive volume. Evidence is consistent with the threshold being sharp in both cases, but fluctuations in the physical stimuli lead to a gradual rather than sharp increase in cross section with LET. Successful use of the model requires knowledge of the dimensions of the sensitive volume and the value of threshold. Techniques have been developed to determine these SEU parameters in modern circuits.
Cyclic AMP regulation of P0 glycoprotein and myelin basic protein gene expression in semi-differentiated peripheral neurinoma cell line D6P2T

We have analyzed the effects of cAMP-elevating drugs (dibutyryl cAMP, forskolin, and isobutyl methylxanthine) on growth properties and myelin-specific gene expression in the peripheral neurinoma cell line D6P2T. The steady-state levels of RNA and polypeptide for the two major PNS myelin proteins, P0 glycoprotein (P0) and myelin basic protein (MBP), were measured by Northern blotting and immunoblotting, respectively. The levels of the two RNAs in individual cells were examined by in situ hybridization. The transcriptional activities of the P0 and MBP genes were analyzed by nuclear run-off experiments. Treatment with cAMP-elevating agents caused cell aggregation and dose-dependent increase in growth control. Expression of P0 RNA was constitutive in untreated cells and was repressed at high doses. Expression of MBP RNA was induced at low doses and repressed at higher doses. For both MBP and P0 the effects on gene expression were first detected after a lag of approximately 6 h, were manifested in all cells and were mediated, at least in part, at the transcriptional level. The level of P0 polypeptide was proportional to the level of P0 RNA, but MBP polypeptide was not detectable even under conditions where MBP RNA was induced. The results with this clonal model suggest that cAMP plays a pivotal role in regulation of growth and gene expression during Schwann cell differentiation.
Archaeology and Created Memory: Public History in a National Park

Archaeology and Created Memory: Public History in. National Park. Paul A. Shackel. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000.191 pp.
Attraction Toward and Nonverbal Stigmatization of Gay Males and Persons With AIDS Evidence of Symbolic Over Instrumental Attirudinal Structures

AIDS, the disease, has become highly associated with gays in our society. In fact, so much so that homosexual tolerance is more predictive of nonverbal involvement with persons with AIDS (PWAs) than it is of nonverbal involvement with gays. Additionally, fear of AIDS contraction is just as predictive of greater nonverbal involvement with gays and PWAs as is homosexual tolerance. This adds evidence to the claim that symbolic (anti-gay) and instrumental (fear of contraction) factors both must be considered when predicting attitudes and behaviors toward PWAs. Finally, these findings add further evidence to the claim that one's true attitudes are not always discernible from one's actions. This three-part investigation examines Stigmatization toward gays and persons with AIDS as more a symbolic than instrumental process, through the expression of attraction (task, social, and physical) and desire for future interaction, and through nonverbal expressions of involvement.
Communication patterns in pedodontics.

This investigation examined communication patterns between 16 randomly selected senior dental students and their child patients. Interactions were videotaped during a regular treatment appointment and analyzed according to four Practitioner Communication categories and four Child Cooperation categories. Communication categories included Directive Guidance Behavior, Permissive Behavior, Coercive Behavior, and Other Behavior. Child behavior categories included Cooperation, Resistance, Noncooperation, and Other. The probability that a given category of child's behavior would follow a given category of practitioner's behavior was calculated. Results indicated a .85 probability that Directive Guidance would be followed by Cooperation; a .67 probability that Permissiveness would lead to Noncooperation; and a .97 likelihood that Coerciveness would lead to either Noncooperation or Resistance. Practitioners' confidence was also considered; less confident operators account for 95% of the Coercive behaviors, 86% of Permissive behaviors and 87% of Uncooperative behaviors.
Impoundments and the decline of freshwater mussels : A case study of an extinction gradient

One major factor leading to the imperilment of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae) has been the large-scale impoundment of rivers. We examined the distribution and abundance of mussels at 37 sites along a 240-km length of the Little River in southeastern Oklahoma, U.S.A., which is affected by both main- stem and tributary reservoirs. We observed a mussel extinction gradient downstream from impoundments in this river: with increasing distance from the mainstem reservoir there was a gradual, linear increase in mus- sel species richness and abundance. Mussel species distributions were significantly nested, with only sites fur- thest from the impoundment containing relatively rare species. Below the confluence with the inflow from the second reservoir these same trends were apparent but much weaker, and overall mussel abundance was greatly reduced. Our results suggest that considerable stream lengths are necessary to overcome the effects of impoundment on mussel populations, and such information should be considered in conservation and man- agement plans.
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Pediatric Practice

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) use in pediatrics is now rapidly gaining acceptance. It refers to a technique that increases alveolar ventilation by supplying a transpulmonary pressure gradient through an oronasal or nasal mask. Avoiding any indwelling artificial airways, such as endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes, and their complications constitutes its main advantage.
Abstract 3575: Oligodendrocyte Proliferation and Improved Myelination Following Human Embryonic-Derived Neural Stem Cell Treatment in an Experimental Model of Cerebral Palsy

Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of motor disability in children, and chronic deficits are associated with white matter injury. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic insults, an impor...
The association of negative attributions with irritation and anger after brain injury.

OBJECTIVES: Study objectives were to examine associations of irritation and anger with negative attributions, and associations of negative attributions with trait aggression in participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI). PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight participants with moderate to severe TBI participated in this study. Participants were primarily male (68.8%), and on average, approximately 5 years postinjury. DESIGN: Prospective study using a quasi-experimental design. MAIN MEASURES: Participants were presented with 21 vignettes that hypothetically led to negative consequences for the participant. Stories portrayed characters' actions as benign, ambiguous, or hostile. After each vignette, participants rated how irritated and angry they would be, and how intentional, hostile, and blameworthy they perceived the characters' actions. Participants' trait aggression was evaluated with the aggression questionnaire. RESULTS: Irritation and anger ratings were strongly correlated with intent, hostility, and blame ratings of the character (p CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that irritation and anger after TBI may be linked to the negative attributions they make about others' behaviors. FINDINGS further indicate a relationship between negative attributions and trait aggression. Thus, individuals with TBI who have higher trait aggression may have a tendency to make more negative attributions about others' behaviors, and in turn, have stronger feelings of irritation and anger as a response. Future studies with healthy controls and larger sample sizes are needed to build upon this clinically relevant topic. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Correlations between Photodegradation of Bisretinoid Constituents of Retina and Dicarbonyl Adduct Deposition.

Non-enzymatic collagen cross-linking and carbonyl adduct deposition are features of Bruch's membrane aging in the eye, and disturbances in extracellular matrix turnover are considered to contribute to Bruch's membrane thickening. Because bisretinoid constituents of the lipofuscin of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are known to photodegrade to mixtures of aldehyde-bearing fragments and small dicarbonyls (glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MG)), we investigated RPE lipofuscin as a source of the reactive species that covalently modify protein side chains. Abca4−/− and Rdh8−/−/Abca4−/− mice that are models of accelerated bisretinoid formation were studied and pre-exposure of mice to 430 nm light enriched for dicarbonyl release by bisretinoid photodegradation. MG protein adducts were elevated in posterior eyecups of mutant mice, whereas carbonylation of an RPE-specific protein was observed in Abca4−/− but not in wild-type mice under the same conditions. Immunolabeling of cryostat-sectioned eyes harvested from Abca4−/− mice revealed that carbonyl adduct deposition in Bruch's membrane was accentuated. Cell-based assays corroborated these findings in mice. Moreover, the receptor for advanced glycation end products that recognizes MG and GO adducts and glyoxylase 1 that metabolizes MG and GO were up-regulated in Abca4−/− mice. Additionally, in acellular assays, peptides were cross-linked in the presence of A2E (adduct of two vitamin A aldehyde and ethanolamine) photodegradation products, and in a zymography assay, reaction of collagen IV with products of A2E photodegradation resulted in reduced cleavage by the matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9. In conclusion, these mechanistic studies demonstrate a link between the photodegradation of RPE bisretinoid fluorophores and aging changes in underlying Bruch's membrane that can confer risk of age-related macular degeneration.
Power System Differential-Algebraic Equations

This document presents an introduction of two commonly used power system differential algebraic equations for studying electromechanical oscillation and transient stability. Two types of generator models are used to formulate the power system model, respectively: the second-order classical model and the fourth-order generator model. An example is provided on the IEEE 9-bus system.
Comparative effectiveness of behavioral rehearsal and verbal reinforcement for effecting anger expressiveness.

Psychiatric patients reinforced by light onset for increases in anger expressiveness showed greater increase in expressiveness than controls without treatment between assessments. A group experiencing behavior rehearsal between tests also increased in expressiveness.
Protein Composition of Nasal Secretion During Respiratory Virus Infection

SummaryDuring the latter portion of upper respiratory illness induced with Coxsackie A-21 virus, there was a rise in total protein concentration and an increase in the frequency with which several ...
Reversible Altered Consciousness and Brain Atrophy Induced by Valproic Acid

A 5-year-old female child with valproic acid (VPA)-related alteration of consciousness and brain atrophy that progressed over a 3 day period and resolved within 12 hours of discontinuing VPA is reported from Dokkyo University School of Medicine and Shimotsuga General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan.
State-of-the-art of regulatory dendritic cells in cancer

Dendritic cells (DCs) with robust immunosuppressive activity are commonly found in the microenvironment of advanced solid tumors. These innate immune cells are generically termed regulatory DCs and include various subsets such as plasmacytoid, conventional and monocyte-derived/inflammatory populations whose normal function is subverted by tumor-derived signals. This review summarizes recent findings on the nature and function of regulatory DCs, their relationship with other myeloid subsets and unique therapeutic opportunities to abrogate malignant progression through their targeting.
Gastric varix: radiological-endoscopic correlation.

A 28-year-old white female with a past medical history significant for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and splenectomy in 1995 presented to an outside hospital after an episode of large volume hematemesis. She did not have any prior history of liver disease or any history of alcohol abuse. She underwent emergency endoscopy and 2 medium sized varices in the distal esophagus were treated with sclerotherapy. The patient was referred to our institution for further management. Upon arrival she had a CT scan of the abdomen that revealed previous splenectomy as well as a large gastric varix (Panel A arrow) and also demonstrated portal vein and superior mesenteric venous thrombosis with cavernous transformation. The thrombosis was felt be due to previous splenectomy and history oral contraceptive use. The patient recovered well and a follow up endoscopy 5 days later revealed small esophageal varices and the same gastric varix (Panel B) that was seen on the CT scan.
Distributed MIMO systems: Receiver design and ML detection

We propose a novel receiver design for distributed MIMO systems that accounts for multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) and multiple timing offsets (TOs). The proposed structure utilizes a bank of pulse matched filters (one per effective CFO) at each receive antenna, followed by an information symbol detector. Each filter in the bank is sampled at the symbol rate with sampling timing selected according to the corresponding TO. For the proposed receiver configuration, we derive the maximum likelihood (ML) detector. Our theoretical developments are illustrated through extensive simulation studies and indicate that the proposed receiver structure together with the optimal ML detection offers significant performance gains compared to the current state of the art.
Bird Song Learning

All birds have a repertoire of sound signals, calls, and songs for communication about danger, food, sex, group movements, and the use of space. Unlike most calls, oscine songs develop abnormally in males reared out of hearing of adults. In many birds, adult song patterns remain more or less fixed after adolescence. In other species, song patterns may change. Nonlearners such as doves and New World flycatchers, which develop normal song in isolation, even after deafening. In learners, deaf songs are degraded and variable, even lacking features that an intact male develops in isolation, suggesting that aspects of song production are guided by auditory templates in the brain, with species-specific song specifications. Given a choice, most birds prefer to learn conspecific song. Some individual song repertoires are huge, built up by the reiteration of processes of imitation, segmentation, recombination, improvisation, and invention. Such birds are almost unmanageable as subjects for scientific study, but as animal models of the creative impulse, they are one of the few that comes close to human standards.
Technology at Work: Attitudes Toward Law Enforcement in “Social” Media

This chapter examines community attitudes toward local law enforcement through the lens of social media reports. Content analysis of 301 online reviews of police stations from Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Philadelphia are used to illustrate common themes in public opinions of the police. It is suggested that further investigation into the benefits and harms of social media may assist public relations efforts by police agencies. As a relatively young technology that has profoundly impacted everyday life it is important that both researchers and law enforcement alike begin to come to terms with the power of social media and its impact on law enforcement.
Some Mathematical and Geophysical Considerations in Radioisotope Dating Applications

Some quality considerations for use in isotopic dating are presented to identify and correct heretofore unidentified overestimate scenarios. These include to a lesser degree the statistical interpretation issues with linear-least-squares fitting results but more importantly the isotope effect in the individual components of the isochron coefficient ratios. By taking into consideration the isotope effect (differential mass diffusion rates) when measuring isotopic ratios from very old samples, the distribution dependency in the coefficient ratios will cause a bias if isotopic diffusion rates are not identical throughout a sample. The isotope effect is that isotopes having a smaller atomic mass will diffuse faster throughout a medium than will their heavier counterparts causing concentration gradients of their ratios even when there are no contributions from radioactive decay. The application to Rb/Sr dating is evaluated and shown to result in expected age overestimates when isotopic ratios are employed to l...
Polymers in Medicine — An Overview

The history of biomaterials (i.e. the use of natural or artificial materials in restoring the function of tissue or parts of the body) dates further back than even the most ancient ruins on this beautiful island of Sardinia. The Edgar Smith papyrus papers of over 4000 B.C. describe sutures and other wound closure devices. Later work around 2000 B. C. describe metals in bone repair. Somewhat later, the use of goose quills in vascular repair was mentioned. However, it was not until the 1800’s that we saw the real beginning of metals used in bone reconstruction surgery and in the 1930’s (with the beginning of plastic industries to see the beginning use of polymers in a variety of reconstruction applications.
The Ideological Foundations of Affective Polarization in the U.S. Electorate

Democratic and Republican partisans dislike the opposing party and its leaders far more than in the past. However, recent studies have argued that the rise of affective polarization in the electorate does not reflect growing policy or ideological differences between supporters of the two parties. According to this view, though Democratic and Republican elites are sharply divided along ideological lines, differences between the policy preferences of rank-and-file partisans remain modest. In this article, we show that there is a close connection between ideological and affective polarization. We present evidence from American National Election Studies surveys that opinions on social welfare issues have become increasingly consistent and divided along party lines and that social welfare ideology is now strongly related to feelings about the opposing party and its leaders. In addition, we present results from a survey experiment showing that ideological distance strongly influences feelings toward opposing pa...
Molecular Biology of Bromovirus Replication and Host Specificity

One of the remarkable developments in virology in recent years has been the recognition that many outwardly diverse RNA and DNA viruses of plants, vertebrate animals, insects, and even bacteria share extensive similarities in nonstructural proteins involved in nucleic acid replication. The emergence of these revelations from nucleic acid sequencing has enlightened and stimulated considerations of virus evolution and has accelerated research progress by allowing productive comparison of observations from distinct but related viruses. Among (+) strand RNA viruses, which comprise the majority of known plant viruses, such relationships have defined at least two and possibly three virus superfamilies (Goldbach, 1987). One of these superfamilies contains many of the well studied viruses encapsidating capped (+) strand RNAs (Cornelissen and Bol, 1984; Haseloff et al., 1984; Ahlquist et al., 1985). As examples, Fig. 1 shows the relationship among genome maps of three viruses in this superfamily: brome mosaic virus (BMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Sindbis virus, type member of the animal alphaviruses. As shown, separate domains in nonstructural proteins nsP1, nsP2 and nsP4 of Sindbis virus share extensive amino acid conservation with nonstructural proteins la and 2a of BMV and the 126/183 kD proteins of TMV. By a variety of studies all of these proteins have now been implicated in RNA replication. Thus in all three viruses most of the genome encodes RNA replication functions, while additional genes for nonstructural proteins and capsid proteins complete the ability of each virus to move from cell to cell and host to host.
The Resolution of Racemic α-Amino Acids

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the resolution of racemic α-amino acids. When same proteins are hydrolyzed by an alkaline agent, such as strong baryta, amino acids are optically inactive and posses different solubilities from those of the corresponding active forms. These values are obtained with amino acids isolated from proteins after acid hydrolysis. When the same proteins are hydrolyzed by an alkaline agent, such as strong baryta, the amino acids are optically inactive and possessed somewhat different solubilities from those of the corresponding active forms. The final step demonstrates that the optically inactive form of these amino acids is in a racemic mixture of two optical enantiomorphs, one of which is the natural form of the amino acid isolated from protein hydrolysates.
Adapting to Learner Errors with Minimal Supervision

This article considers the problem of correcting errors made by English as a Second Language writers from a machine learning perspective, and addresses an important issue of developing an appropriate training paradigm for the task, one that accounts for error patterns of non-native writers using minimal supervision. Existing training approaches present a trade-off between large amounts of cheap data offered by the native-trained models and additional knowledge of learner error patterns provided by the more expensive method of training on annotated learner data. We propose a novel training approach that draws on the strengths offered by the two standard training paradigms—of training either on native or on annotated learner data—and that outperforms both of these standard methods. Using the key observation that parameters relating to error regularities exhibited by non-native writers are relatively simple, we develop models that can incorporate knowledge about error regularities based on a small annotated ...
Infiltrative Rhetoric for LGB Inclusion: The LDS Version of the “Supportive Families, Healthy Children” Pamphlet

Infiltrative Rhetoric is a tactic for creating discursive space to address controversial topics within highly restricted community conversations. Messages that exhibit a cluster of three criteria a...
Beyond Pink and Blue: The Complexity of Early Androgen Effects on Gender Development

Why do girls and women differ from boys and men? Gender development is typically considered to result from socialization, but sex hormones present during sensitive periods of development, particularly prenatal androgens, play an important role. Data from natural experiments, especially from females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, show the complexity of the effects of androgens on behavior: Prenatal androgens apparently have large effects on interests and engagement in gendered activities; moderate effects on spatial abilities; and relatively small or no effects on gender identity, gender cognitions, and gendered peer involvement. These differential effects provide an opportunity to move beyond identifying sources of variation in behavior to understanding developmental processes. These processes include links among gendered characteristics, psychological and neural mechanisms underlying development, and the joint effects of biological predispositions and social experiences.
Baseline Predictors for Five-Year Visual Acuity Outcomes in the Comparison of AMD Treatment Trials.

Purpose To determine baseline predictors of visual acuity (VA) outcomes at 5 years after initiating treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Secondary analysis of data from a cohort study. Participants Patients enrolled in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT) who completed a 5-year follow-up visit. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 1 of 3 dosing regimens. After 2 years, patients were released from the clinical trial protocol and recalled for examination at 5 years. Trained readers evaluated baseline lesion features, fluid, and thickness. Baseline predictors were determined using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Main Outcome Measures The VA score and change from baseline, ≥3-line gain, and VA 20/200 or worse at 5 years. Results Among 647 patients with VA measured at 5 years, mean VA score in the study eye was 58.9 letters (≈20/63), mean decrease from baseline was 3.3 letters, 17.6% eyes gained ≥3 lines, and 19.9% had VA of 20/200 or worse. In multivariate analysis, worse baseline VA was associated with worse VA, more VA gain, higher percentage with ≥3-line gain, and higher percentage with 20/200 or worse at 5 years (all P Conclusions Five years after initiating treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab in CATT participants, worse baseline VA, larger baseline CNV lesion area, and presence of baseline RPE elevation remained independently associated with worse VA at 5 years. In addition, male gender, cigarette smoking, and absence of subretinal fluid and treatment with ranibizumab in the first 2 years were independently associated with worse vision outcomes at 5 years.
Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Type 1 Diabetes.

Abstract Significance: The complex etiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the outcome of failures in regulating immunity in combination with beta cell perturbations. Mitochondrial dysfunction in beta cells and immune cells may be involved in T1D pathogenesis. Mitochondrial energy production is essential for the major task of beta cells (the secretion of insulin in response to glucose). Mitochondria are a major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Under immune attack, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) participate in beta cell damage. Similarly, T cell fate during immune responses is tightly regulated by mitochondrial physiology, morphology, and metabolism. Production of mtROS is essential for signaling in antigen-specific T cell activation. Mitochondrial dysfunction in T cells has been noted as a feature of some human autoimmune diseases. Recent Advances: Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction in beta cells sensitizes these cells to immune-mediated destruction via direc...
Comparisons of core and uncore frequency scaling modes in quantum chemistry application GAMESS

Energy efficiency and energy-proportional computing have become a central focus in modern supercomputers. With the exascale computing throughput purported to be bound by the 20 MW power wall, there is an urgent need for power efficiency in modern computing systems. Apart from processor cores and DRAM, the other chip components (typically collectively denoted as uncore) become increasingly important contributors to the total system power. In this paper, the uncore frequency scaling (UFS) is explored with respect to its effect on latencies and bandwidths. Next, UFS and core dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) are compared as to their energy-saving potential through experiments on a 20-core Haswell-EP machine using the quantum chemistry application GAMESS. Results depict that UFS is comparable to DVFS in terms of power saving capability and when used in conjunction with DVFS, it can save energy up to 21% for GAMESS execution.