cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: reconstruction of a large centrofacial defect

Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a rare, malignant tumor of the skin that is commonly classified as a low-grade sweat gland carcinoma. Goldstein et al1 first described the tumor in 1982. The tumor arises in the skin adnexa from a pluripotent adnexal keratinocyte. Histologically, it is well differentiated and appears as small, keratinized cysts with well-defined ducts.2 The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was able to identify a total of 273 reported cases from 1973 to 2004.3 Yu et al3 concluded that MAC is a locally invasive tumor that rarely metastasizes and has a predilection for the head and neck skin. The clinical presentation is typically a firm, flesh-colored nodule or plaque.4 Kirkland et al5 reported that the tumor often requires extensive surgical resection. Outcome studies of tumors treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) show that MMS allows for tissue conservation and an increased likelihood of long-term cure with one study reporting a 2-year success rate of 89.7%.4,6 Limited data exist regarding the role of radiation therapy, but a recent study showed promising outcomes.7 The purpose of our case report is to add to the limited treatment experience of this rare tumor.
Invasive Weed Optimization and its Features in Electromagnetics

A new numerical stochastic optimization algorithm, inspired from colonizing weeds, is proposed for Electromagnetic applications. This algorithm, invasive weed optimization (IWO), is described and applied to different electromagnetic problems. The linear array antenna synthesis, the standard problem used by antenna engineers, is presented as an example for the application of the IWO. Compared to the PSO, The features of the IWO are shown. As another application, the design of aperiodic thinned array antennas by optimizing the number of elements and at the same time their positions is presented. By implementing this new scenario, thinned arrays with less number of elements and lower sidelobes, compared to the results achieved by genetic algorithm (GA) for the same aperture dimensions, are obtained. Finally, the IWO is applied to a U-slot patch antenna to have the desired dual-band characteristics.
Antigenic phenotypes of cultured malignant astrocytomas: identification of lineage-consistent, lineage-independent and putative tumor-restricted antigenic expression.

Abstract The treatment of CNS neoplasms with monoclonal antibody-mediated immunotherapy optimally requires the identification of tumor restricted cell surface antigens. However, little is known regarding the antigenic phenotype(s) of malignant astrocytomas. The interrelated expression of four neuroectodermal tumor antigens, CNT 11 , AJ8, A010 and CNT 2 , has been studied in cultured malignant gliomas and correlated with anchorage independent growth, morphology, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and the surface expression of other antigens. Many of these latter antigens have been reported to be expressed by specific fetal and differentiated adult cell lineages or tissues, as well as certain classes of malignant tumors. The tumor-associated expression of these antigens may be broadly classified as lineage-consistent, lineage-independent or putatively tumor-restricted. Malignant glioma tumor antigenic heterogeneity represents the expression of neuroectodermal and non-neuroectodermal cell surface markers. The importance of this observation is 2-fold. Lineage-independent antigen expression may be an indication of altered genome regulatory processes within tumor cells, and thus reflect the degree of anaplasia. The identification of lineage-consistent and lineage-independent tumor associated antigens may contribute to the selection of “target” antigens and the prediction of toxicity for monoclonal antibody mediated immunotherapy.
Viral and cellular gene transcription in fibroblasts infected with small plaque mutants of varicella-zoster virus.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes varicella and herpes zoster. In these experiments, cDNA corresponding to 69 VZV open reading frames was added to 42K human cDNA microarrays and used to examine viral as well as cellular gene transcription concurrently in fibroblasts infected with two genetically distinct small plaque VZV mutants, rOka/ORF63rev[T171] and rOkaΔgI. rOka/ORF63rev[T171] has a point mutation in ORF63, which encodes the immediate early regulatory protein, IE63, and rOkaΔgI has a deletion of ORF67, encoding glycoprotein I (gI). rOka/ORF63rev[T171] was deficient in the transcription of several viral genes compared to the recombinant rOka control virus. Deletion of ORF67 had minimal effects on viral gene transcription. Effects of rOka/ORF63rev[T171] and rOkaΔgI on host cell gene transcription were similar to the rOka control, but a few host cell genes were regulated differently in rOkaΔgI-infected cells. Infection of fibroblasts with intact or small plaque VZV mutants was associated with down-regulation of NF-κB and interferon responsive genes, down-regulation of TGF-β responsive genes accompanied by reduced amounts of fibrotic/wound healing response genes (e.g. collagens, follistatin) and activation of cellular proliferation genes, and alteration of neuronal growth markers, as well as cellular genes encoding proteins important in protein and vesicle trafficking. These observations suggest that replication of VZV small plaque mutant viruses and intact VZV have similar consequences for host cell gene transcription in infected cells, and that the small plaque phenotype in these mutants reflects deficiencies in viral gene expression.
Loss spectroscopy through side-illumination fluorescence (SIF) in dye-doped polymer optical fibers

Fluorescence from squaraine dye-doped polymer optical fibers (POFs) is utilized to measure the linear absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength. By illuminating dye- doped POFs from the side with an appropriate wavelength, the fluorescence generated propagates down the length of the fiber. The attenuation of the fluorescence can be measured as a function of propagation distance by moving the laser source or the fiber in the propagation direction. From this measurement the linear absorption coefficient can be calculated. The benefits of the side-illumination fluorescence (SIF) method are that it is non-destructive and it accurately measures small values of the linear absorption (off-resonance) for a wide range of wavelengths from a single wavelength source. Accurate measurements of the off-resonance absorption are crucial for modeling communication systems and optical logic devices.
Variables Influencing Pregnancy Termination Following Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Chromosome Abnormalities

The objective of this study was to identify variables that may influence the decision to terminate or continue a pregnancy affected by a chromosome abnormality. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 286 pregnancies diagnosed with a chromosome abnormality following genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. Data obtained included procedure type, chromosome results, ethnicity, maternal age, use of fertility treatments, and uptake of genetic counseling after results, among other factors. Wilcoxon rank sum test, Fisher’s exact test, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used for data analysis. The overall termination rate in this study was 82.9 %. A lower likelihood to terminate was found in pregnancies with a diagnosis of a sex chromosome abnormality (OR 0.05, p < .0001), Filipina race (OR 0.10, p = .03), and uptake of second genetic counseling session (OR 0.05, p < .0001). Prior history of termination was associated with increased likelihood to terminate (OR 8.6, p = .02). Factors revealing no statistically significant association with termination included maternal age, gestational age, clinic site, fetal gender, ultrasound anomalies, reason for referral and who informed the patient. Our data affirm the complexity of the decision making process and reinforce that providers should refrain from making assumptions regarding a patient’s likelihood to terminate based on factors such as maternal age, gestational age, type of procedure, or ultrasound.
Determinants of the Increasing Work Attachment of Married Women

Between 1966 and 1976, the proportion of married women in their late thirties who exhibited a strong attachment to the labor force increased faster than the proportion with a weaker work attachment. This article focuses on factors that have encouraged or prevented strong attachment. For white women, the most important factors contributing to the trend toward greater work attachment were: lessening family responsibilities, increases in their previous work experience and changing attitudes toward women's roles; for black women, lessening family responsibilities, higher educational attainment, and improved health were most important. Rising unemployment rates prevented still larger increases in strong attachment to the labor force than those that were observed. Although the labor force participation of midlife married women may continue to increase in the future, it is possible that adverse economic conditions could promote intermittent work patterns rather than strong attachment.
Experimental evidence for a transverse magnetization of the Abrikosov lattice in anisotropic superconductors.

The torque on a superconductor in a magnetic field H has been thought to be dominated by trapped flux or sample shape effects, but it has recently been suggested that an anisotropic type-II material should experience an intrinsic torque for H(c1) much less than H, which in turn is less than H(c2). The predicted phenomenon results from transverse magnetization of the Abrikosov lattice. Measurements are presented on copper-oxide superconductors which delineate the experimental regime in which extrinsic effects are negligible and confirm the existence of the predicted intrinsic torque.
Chemoradiation for metastatic SCCA: role of comorbidity.

Objectives: A previous study of 371 patients with extracapsular spread (ECS) of cervical metastases from squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) of the head and neck revealed a survival advantage for patients treated with adjuvant chemoradiation, compared with those treated with surgery and radiation or surgery alone. While all patients in the study were offered adjuvant chemotherapy, only 35% selected this option. Comorbidity was identified as a reason for declining chemotherapy. Recently, Piccirillo demonstrated that the Modified Medical Comorbidity Index (MMCI) is a valid instrument to classify and quantify severity of comorbidity. We applied this instrument to previously reported patients with ECS to determine 1) how comorbidity affected treatment selection, 2) whether the survival advantage of adjuvant chemoradiation persisted after controlling for comorbidity, and 3) the impact of comorbidity on outcome. Study Design: This was a nonrandomized, retrospective study. Methods: Patients in the initial study underwent resection of the primary tumor and neck dissection. Eligible patients elected to receive chemoradiation, radiation, or no further treatment. Comorbidity scores were assigned according to the MMCI. Data were analyzed according to disease-specific survival and overall survival. Results: The study population consisted of 330 patients. More severe comorbidity was related to higher overall mortality rates after controlling for treatment. Adjuvant chemoradiation resulted in improved disease-specific and overall survival compared with adjuvant radiation after adjusting for severity of comorbidity. Conclusions: These results substantiate the benefits of adjuvant chemoradiation for patients with SCCA of the head and neck. Furthermore, these results reinforce the importance of comorbidity as a prognostic indicator for this population of patients.
Concerning the motion and orientation of flux transfer events produced by component and antiparallel reconnection

We employ the Cooling et al. (2001) model to predict the location, orientation, motion, and signatures of flux transfer events (FTEs) generated at the solstices and equinoxes along extended subsolar component and high ]latitude antiparallel reconnection curves for typical solar wind plasma conditions and various interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strengths and directions. In general, events generated by the two mechanisms maintain the strikingly different orientations they begin with as they move toward the terminator in opposite pairs of magnetopause quadrants. The curves along which events generated by component reconnection form bow toward the winter cusp. Events generated by antiparallel reconnection form on the equatorial magnetopause during intervals of strongly southward IMF orientation during the equinoxes, form in the winter hemisphere and only reach the dayside equatorial magnetopause during the solstices when the IMF strength is very large and the IMF points strongly southward, never reach the equatorial dayside magnetopause when the IMF has a substantial dawnward or duskward component, and never reach the equatorial flank magnetopause during intervals of northward and dawnward or duskward IMF orientation. Magnetosheath magnetic fields typically have strong components transverse to events generated by component reconnection but only weak components transverse to the axes of events generated by antiparallel reconnection. As a result, much stronger bipolar magnetic field signatures normal to the nominal magnetopause should accompany events generated by component reconnection. The results presented in this paper suggest that events generated by component reconnection predominate on the dayside equatorial and flank magnetopause for most solar wind conditions.
Scientific revolutions, paradigms and textbooks in development theories

Abstract The purpose of this study is to test whether Thomas Kuhn's model of scientific revolutions and his hypothesis of the ‘mirror effect’ of education apply to the history of the sociology of development, as many analysts of the field argue. Syllabi were examined from 1970 to 1981 for each of the existing graduate programs in sociology of development in Mexican major public and private universities. Results are inconsistent with the claim that the sociology of development has experienced a major scientific revolution, and we found no evidence of the existence of paradigms in the field. The same results are consistent with Kuhn's hypothesis of the ‘mirror effect’ of scientific change on textbooks and scientific training in pre-paradigmatic disciplines.
Refining the product‐process matrix

We undertake an empirical study of the well‐known product‐process matrix using data collected from 128 plants. Our analysis indicates that the relationship between product structure and process structure is significant, but not strong. Furthermore, less than half of the plants operate near the diagonal of the matrix. We found that the off‐diagonal plants are using innovative initiatives to overcome the lack of product structure and process structure match. As a result, we propose that a third dimension be added to the product‐process matrix that measures how aggressively plants are implementing these innovative initiatives, thereby explaining their off‐diagonal behavior.
Light scattering from swollen gels

Abstract Measurements of the light scattered by swollen polymeric methacrylate and styrene gels have been carried out. The scattering is quite high and a large dissymmetry is observed. A straight-line relation is found between the inverse of the scattered intensity and (sin θ/2) 3 2 . An explanation is given for this phenomenon based upon fluctuations of crosslink density from place to place in the polymer. Semiquantitative agreement is found between theory and experiment at moderate crosslink densities but not at low degrees of crosslinking.
Terahertz absorption in non-polar rotator crystals

We characterize the phase behavior of linear n-alkanes with n > 22, using terahertz spectroscopy. We observe enhanced absorption in the quasi-ordered rotator phase, the first report of disorder-induced THz absorption in a rotator crystal.
Production of pi degrees in the Coulomb field of nuclei by virtual photons from electron scattering.

We explore the cross section for \ensuremath{\pi}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} production by virtual photons from electron scattering, interacting with the Coulomb field of heavy nuclei. The same process with real photons, generally known as the Primakoff effect, has been used in the past to investigate the \ensuremath{\pi}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} lifetime. In the present work, virtual photons bring into focus the electromagnetic structure of the \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\pi}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} vertex.
ESTERASES IN HYMENOLEPIS AND IN HYDATIGERA.

Abstract The distribution of nonspecific esterase and cholinesterase in Hydatigera taeniaeformis and several species of Hymenolepis has been studied. Cholinesterase has been found to be present in the cuticle of all of the cestodes studied. Preliminary studies on the effect of eserine on the cholinesterase and on the uptake of glucose have shown that eserine inhibits the cholinesterase but does not inhibit uptake of glucose. Similarly, Strophanthin G does not inhibit uptake of glucose by Hymenolepis diminuta , suggesting that uptake of glucose is not linked with sodium transport.
Are captive tortoises a reservoir for conservation? An assessment of genealogical affiliation of captive Gopherus agassizii to local, wild populations

The conservation of tortoises poses a unique situation because several threatened species are commonly kept as pets within their native ranges. Thus, there is potential for captive populations to be a reservoir for repatriation efforts. We assess the utility of captive populations of the threatened Agassiz’s desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) for recovery efforts based on genetic affinity to local areas. We collected samples from 130 captive desert tortoises from three desert communities: two in California (Ridgecrest and Joshua Tree) and the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center (Las Vegas) in Nevada. We tested all samples for 25 short tandem repeats and sequenced 1,109 bp of the mitochondrial genome. We compared captive genotypes to a database of 1,258 Gopherus samples, including 657 wild caught G. agassizii spanning the full range of the species. We conducted population assignment tests to determine the genetic origins of the captive individuals. For our total sample set, only 44 % of captive individuals were assigned to local populations based on genetic units derived from the reference database. One individual from Joshua Tree, California, was identified as being a Morafka’s desert tortoise, G. morafkai, a cryptic species which is not native to the Mojave Desert. Our data suggest that captive desert tortoises kept within the native range of G. agassizii cannot be presumed to have a genealogical affiliation to wild tortoises in their geographic proximity. Precautions should be taken before considering the release of captive tortoises into the wild as a management tool for recovery.
Arsenic : risk assessment for California drinking water standards

Six California counties contain 15 water systems with arsenic concentrations above the 50 ppb Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL). Arsenic compounds are carcinogenic in humans by oral and inhalation routes. They are also fetotoxic and teratogenic in mice, rats and hamsters and cause a variety of toxic effects in the gastro-intestinal tract, circulatory system, skin, liver, kidney, nervous system and heart. The US EPA has identified an oral human chronic No-Observable-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of 0.0008 mg/kg-d based on skin and vascular effects. In 1988 EPA estimated the human carcinogenic potency of arsenic in drinking water to be about 2 × 10−1/μg/kg-d with a 10−6 lifetime skin cancer risk equivalent to consumption of 21/day at 20 ppt. Recently Smith et al. (1990) estimated the potency of arsenic to be 5.3 × 10−3μ/g/kg-d based on the same human data. Also Chen et al. (1988) and Chen and Wang (1990) identified the additional tumor sites of liver, lung, bladder, kidney, nasal cavity and prostate. The lifetime risk of developing skin cancer at the 50 ppb MCL level (21/day) is about 8 in 1000. Preliminary analysis of the recent data on other tumor sites indicate comparable risks of: females - lung, 11.0; bladder, 6.7; kidney, 3.4; liver, 0.3; males - lung, 6.1, bladder, 2.2; kidney, 1.4; liver, 0.2. On the basis of a skin cancer potency of 5.3 × 10−3/μg/kg-d, a Recommended Public Health Level (RPHL) of 2 ppt (0.002 μg/l) is being proposed in accordance with the provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1989. This value assumes a body weight of 70 kg, a water consumption of 21/day, a relative source contribution of 20%, and a lifetime extra cancer risk of 10−6.
Proteoglycans and Hypertension II.[35S]Sulfate Incorporation into Aorta Proteoglycans of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats are known to have an increased content of chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans (PG) in the aorta as compared to normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the present study we have compared WKY and SH rat aortas with respect to [35S]sulfate incorporation in vivo and in vitro. The specific activity (cpm/mg aorta) of the total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) pool from SH rat aorta, measured 48 h after intraperitoneal injection of [35S]sulfate, was twice as high as that of WKY aorta GAG. After in vitro incubation of aortas for 4 or 6 h, the specific activity (cpm/mg aorta) of glycosaminoglycans from SH rat was 2.4- to 7.1-fold higher than in controls. Labeled PG were extracted with 4 M guanidine from aortas which had been incubated with [35S]sulfate, and chromatography of the extract on Sepharose CL-6B yielded two incompletely resolved peaks, one emerging with the void volume (peak I) and one in a more retarded position (peak II). Peak I (WKY) contained nearly equal amounts of CS and HS (53 and 46%, respectively) and a small amount of DS (8%). Peak II (WKY) (Kav, 0.34) was divided into two fractions; the fraction of larger molecular weight (II A) contained 43% CS, 35% DS, and 20% HS, whereas the smaller fraction (II B) contained 40% CS, 51% DS, and 5% HS. In each corresponding pool from SH rat aorta, a similar proportion of HS was found, but the DS content was approximately half, and the CS content was correspondingly greater. The estimated molecular weights of the CS/DS chains in peaks I, II A, and II B from WKY aorta were 34,600, 18,800, and 11,600 daltons, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for the SH rat aorta pools were 32,300, 24,700, and 17,000 daltons, respectively. The proportions of 4- and 6-sulfated galactosamine residues as well as the degree of sulfation of the CS/DS PG were similar in the two strains. The HS-PG was larger in the WKY rat aorta and was made up of larger HS chains (Mr 26,600 vs. 16,100); however, the degree of sulfation was apparently similar in the two strains. These results suggest that the rates of PG synthesis and/or degradation and the PG structure are altered in the SH rat aorta.
The politics of being sorry: the Greensboro truth process and efforts at restorative justice

This paper examines the Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission (GTRC) to better understand the way the truth process in Greensboro, North Carolina intersects with conceptions of restorative justice and geographic understandings of the ‘right to the city.’ The GTRC was a grassroots truth process focused on a shooting of labor organizers in 1979 by Ku Klux Klan and American Nazi Party Members and the complicity of local officials in the violence. In 2006, the GTRC released its report to the citizens of Greensboro and its recommendations for the city touched off a contentious debate. Using a multi-method qualitative approach—including open-ended interviews and archival research—I argue the GTRC process engages with notions of right to the city activism that challenges the right to the city literature to focus on broader discussions of racism, activism, and white privilege that emerges from critical race scholarship and contributes to the growth of robust, multiracial anticapitalist coalitions; an app...
Collaborative editing of micro-tags

This paper introduces the InSight system, which was designed to explore two new concepts in social tagging. In this system, we introduce the concept of community-editable tags, a methodology that allows a community of users to edit, modify and delete tags of each other. The goal is to improve the quality of tags, and to reduce the proliferation of incorrect or incomplete tags often found in social networking systems. We also explore the concept of "micro-tagging," which has begun to appear in web-based applications. In "micro-tagging," the user attaches a tag to a subset of large media, such as a segment in a video or a region of an image. InSight allows users to create and edit video micro-tags. Users can mark specific time intervals within a video, and specific spatial locations within video frames, and these tags can be edited by subsequent users. We also present an empirical study which demonstrates an improvement in factual tag quality when the community of users is allowed to edit and delete each others' tags. These results provide a first step in demonstrating how refining tags would make them more valuable for search.
Intimate partner violence exposure, salivary cortisol, and childhood asthma.

Abstract Objectives Neuroendocrine alterations may help explain health differences between intimate partner violence (IPV) exposed children and non-exposed children. We sought to determine the feasibility of having families, recruited at a child asthma visit, collect at home and return via mail child salivary samples, and whether socio-demographic variables were associated with sample return. For those returning samples, we examined whether past-year IPV exposure was associated with total cortisol output (AUC) and the magnitude of the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and whether these cortisol values were associated with asthma control. Methods Fifty-five families with an asthmatic child of any age were recruited from 2 pediatric asthma clinics. At the time of the visit, parents completed a survey packet which included a modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale to assess IPV. Parents were given supplies to collect 3 child salivary cortisol samples (awakening, 30-min after awakening, bedtime) at home on a typical day, and return them via mail. Medical records also were abstracted. Results Fifty-three percent ( n = 29) returned child salivary samples. Families who returned samples typically returned them within 2 weeks, most commonly before we made a reminder call. Parental male sex was associated ( p = .06) with increased rate of return at the trend level. In multivariable models, a 1-unit increase in IPV was significantly associated with a .93 SD increase in root-transformed total cortisol output (AUC) (un-standardized beta = 2.5; SE .59; p = .001). The odds of uncontrolled asthma were marginally higher for every nmol/l increase in CAR (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.0, 1.1; p = .06). Conclusions This study provides support for the feasibility of obtaining a moderate return of salivary specimens from a convenience sample. Findings that IPV was associated with elevated total cortisol output and uncontrolled asthma was marginally associated with cortisol awakening response suggest that future studies should investigate whether cortisol mediates the IPV-child asthma relationship.
Contemplating Design: Listening to Children’s Preferences about Classroom Design

This paper focuses on children’s responses about the design of two images of interior classroom environments. Chil-dren reported that key elements were circles, spheres, and windows in the low visual stimulation environment. In the high visual stimulation environment they identified activity materials and the decor as preferred elements in the space. Results from this study can be used by designers of child development centers to guide the design of the space to reflect one that incorporates children’s preferences for design.
Quantifying the benefits of breaking bulk in retail operations

Abstract We explore the benefits of ‘breaking bulk’ in retail operations. Here, breaking bulk refers to delivering single units from distribution centers to retail outlets rather than the multiple units bundled together by manufacturers termed ‘case-packs’. The focus is largely on the benefits to space management at the retail level, rather than the more obvious reduction in inventory costs. Using data from the grocery industry, results indicate that retail unit profitability can be increased substantially by breaking bulk—but only if current inventory replenishment practices are changed. In essence, breaking bulk allows for either higher product variety within a store or identical variety in smaller stores. This work seeks to quantify the order of magnitude of that benefit.
Parallel Computing Framework for Optimizing Environmental and Economic Performances of Housing Units

AbstractDecision makers in the housing industry need to carefully analyze housing design and construction decisions to improve housing environmental and economic performances. Available energy opti...
Dietary fat saturation modifies the metabolism of LDL subfractions in guinea pigs.

The effects of dietary fat saturation on the metabolism of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions were measured in adult male guinea pigs fed semipurified diets containing 15% (wt/wt) corn oil (CO; 58% linoleic acid), lard (24% palmitic/14% stearic acid), or palm kernel oil (PK; 52% lauric/18% myristic acid). Animals fed the CO diet had lower plasma total cholesterol levels than guinea pigs fed the PK or lard diets (P < .01). Plasma LDL-1 (d = 1.019 to 1.05 g/mL) concentrations were 3.5- and 2.4-fold higher in animals fed the PK diet compared with the CO and lard groups, respectively, while LDL-2 (d = 1.05 to 1.09 g/mL) concentrations were not different among groups. For all dietary fat groups LDL-1 had a higher molecular weight and a larger diameter than LDL-2. LDL fractional catabolic rates (FCRs) varied, depending on both the diet and the LDL subfraction. Animals fed the polyunsaturated CO diet had a more rapid LDL FCR than animals from the other two groups (P < .01). Within the same diet group, LDL-2 exhibited a slower turnover rate than LDL-1 in animals fed the PK diet, while no differences in LDL subfraction FCR were found in the CO and lard groups. Animals fed the PK and lard diets did not exhibit significant modifications in the density distribution of LDL subfractions over a period of 33 hours. In contrast, animals fed the CO diet exhibited a shift of more buoyant to denser LDL particles, suggesting that differences in LDL intravascular processing are mediated by dietary fat saturation. In vitro LDL binding to hepatic membranes confirmed the in vivo data with an increased expression of apolipoprotein B/E receptors (Bmax) in animals fed the CO diet (P < .01). Hepatic apolipoprotein B/E receptors exhibited less affinity for LDL-2 in the PK group, a result consistent with the less rapid turnover of LDL-2 in PK-fed animals. The results suggest that dietary fatty acids varying in saturation and composition have distinctive atherogenic potentials. The lowest plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations mediated by CO intake could in part be explained by induced changes in the composition and processing of LDL subfractions, resulting in faster LDL turnover rates in addition to increased expression of hepatic apolipoprotein B/E receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The importance of being Ernst

Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. By Ernst Mayr. Harvard University Press: 1988. Pp.564. $35. To be published in Britain in June.
An Overview of Computational Environments for Engineering

The concept of a computational environment as an engineering tool was first discussed in the 1960’s. As envisioned today integrated computational environments bring together the engineering models, tools, and visualizations that describe an engineered product or process into a single interactive environment that can be used throughout the life of the product. Many of the components of computational environments have been integrated into systems such as problem solving environments, model integration frameworks, and virtual environments. However the development of an integrated (or complete) computational environment that supports engineering from initial concept, through analysis and design, manufacturing, operation, and retirement or decommissioning has been illusive. This paper reviews the goals of integrated computational environments and proposes a set of tools that are needed to develop and support development of these integrated computational environments and should be pursued by the AIAA Meshing, Visualization, and Computational Environments Technical Committee.
Perturbative matching of the staggered four-fermion operators for {epsilon}'/{epsilon}

Using staggered fermions, we calculate the perturbative corrections to the bilinear and four-fermion operators that are used in the numerical study of weak matrix elements for {epsilon}'/{epsilon}. We present results for one-loop matching coefficients between continuum operators, calculated in the naive dimensional regularization (NDR) scheme, and gauge invariant staggered fermion operators. In particular, we concentrate on Feynman diagrams of the current-current insertion type. We also present results for the tadpole improved operators. These results, combined with existing results for penguin diagrams, provide a complete one-loop renormalization of the staggered four-fermion operators. Therefore, using our results, it is possible to match a lattice calculation of K{sup 0}-{bar K}{sup 0} mixing and K{yields}{pi}{pi} decays to the continuum NDR results with all corrections of O(g{sup 2}) included.
Pyridazinone (BASF 13-338) alleviation of ethanol-induced stress effects on the growth and lipid composition of Chlorella vulgaris

Abstract Ethanol at 0.33% completely inhibited growth of Chlorella vulgaris after about 30 hr, causing increases in cellular concentrations of triglycerides, free sterols, and phosphatidylcholine. The ratio of linoleate to linolenate decreased in the triglyceride and free fatty acid fractions, while the double bond index increased as a result of ethanol treatment. Combined treatments of ethanol and [4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-phenyl-3(2H) pyridazinone (BASF 13-338) resulted in partial alleviation of growth inhibition and a reversal of the ethanol-induced lipid effects. In addition, BASF 13-338 caused a qualitative change in the sterol composition of the alga, resulting in the accumulation of sterol precursors. In as much as BASF 13-338 reportedly inhibits the synthesis of linolenate from linoleate and now affects sterol synthesis in C. vulgaris, it is possible that the alleviation of ethanol-induced stress could be via alteration of unsaturated fatty acid and/or sterol synthesis.
A peer tutoring program for introductory accounting courses

Abstract The paper presents a description of a peer tutoring program which is in use by an urban university. The objectives of the tutorial program, its organization, and operation are presented.
Acquisition of MV-scatter-free kilovoltage CBCT images during RapidArc™ or VMAT

Abstract Purpose To perform kilovoltage (kV) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging concomitant with the delivery of megavoltage (MV) RapidArc treatment, and demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining MV-scatter-free kV CBCT images. Methods and materials RapidArc/CBCT treatment and imaging plans are designed, and delivered on the Varian TrueBeam, using its Developer Mode. The plan contains 250 control points for MV-radiation delivery, each over an arc of 0.4–0.7 o . Interlaced between successive MV delivery control points are imaging control points, each over an arc of 0.7–1.1 o . During the 360 o gantry rotation for the RapidArc delivery, CBCT projections of a phantom are acquired at 11 frames per second. The kV projections with minimal MV-scatter are selected, based on gantry angle, and the CBCT s image reconstructed. For comparison, a reference CBCT r image is acquired in the normal way. In addition, to examine the effect of MV-scatter we acquire CBCT c using the same treatment plan without the imaging control points, i.e. with continuous MV delivery during the 360 o rotation. Quantitative evaluation of image qualities is performed based on the concepts of CNR (contrast-to-noise ratio) and NSTD (normalized standard deviation). Results The different types of CBCT images were reconstructed, evaluated, and compared. Visual comparison indicates that the image quality of CBCT s is similar to that of the reference CBCT r , and that the quality of CBCT c is significantly degraded by the MV-scatter. Quantitative evaluation of the image quality indicates that MV-scatter significantly decreases the CNR of CBCT (from ∼7 to ∼3.5 in one comparison). Similarly, MV-scatter significantly increases the inhomogeneity of image intensity, e.g. from ∼0.03 to ∼0.06 in one comparison. Conclusion We have developed a method to acquire MV-scatter-free kV CBCT images concomitant with the delivery of RapidArc treatment. Engineering development is necessary to improve the process, e.g. by synchronization of the MV and kV beams.
Pathology of low- and intermediate-grade gliomas.

Under the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification, gliomas can be divided into diffuse variants such as astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and mixed oligo-astrocytoma versus more discrete subtypes such as pilocytic astrocytoma and other less common entities. These tumors have been assigned histologic grades ranging from I to IV to reflect expected biological behavior. The ever-growing body of literature on genetic alterations of glial neoplasms promises to augment therapeutic and prognostic information in the future. An important example is the 1p and 19q deletions in oligodendrogliomas that recently have been associated with chemosensitivity and prolonged patient survival. This article reviews the pathology of low-and intermediate-grade gliomas, highlighting practical diagnostic and prognostic issues
Inherited sodium channelopathies: models for acquired arrhythmias?

voltage-gated Na channels, transmembrane proteins that produce the ionic current responsible for the rapid upstroke of the cardiac action potential, are key elements required for rapid conduction through the myocardium and maintenance of the cardiac rhythm. As such, inherited mutations in SCN5A, the
Control of phenylalanine hydroxylase synthesis in tissue culture by serum and insulin

Stationary-phase, minimal deviation hepatoma H4-II-E-C3 cell cultures that are serum-deprived respond with a biphasic time course of phenylalanine hydroxylase induction when dialyzed fetal calf serum or insulin is added. These two agents induce phenylalanine hydroxylase additively, during both the initial 3-hour and the delayed 24-hour phases. The initial phase of induction by insulin is inhibited by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. The delayed induction by both dialyzed fetal calf serum and insulin is inhibited by 10(-6) M cycloheximide and 0.20 mug/ml actinomycin D. H4-II-E-C3 cells in culture do not synthesize the factor(s) in serum that induce phenylalanine hydroxylase.
A multicenter study of two magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques in individuals with HIV dementia.

Purpose To evaluate single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SV-MRS) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) metabolite results in individuals with HIV dementia. Materials and Methods Twenty HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals underwent SV-MRS (TE 35 msec) and MRSI (TE 280 msec). Results were stratified according to serostatus, dementia severity, psychomotor speed performance, and functional impairment. Results HIV+ individuals with psychomotor slowing had an increased myoinositol/creatine (mI/Cr) ratio (0.63 vs. 0.45) in the frontal white matter using SV-MRS and an increased choline (Cho)/Cr ratio (1.88 vs. 1.41) in the mesial frontal gray matter using MRSI compared to HIV+ individuals without psychomotor slowing. Using MRSI, subjects with HIV dementia also had a decreased N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/Cho ratio (1.55 vs. 2.53) compared to HIV+ individuals without cognitive impairment in the mesial frontal gray matter. Both techniques detected metabolite ratio abnormalities associated with abnormal functional performance. Conclusion SV-MRS and MRSI offer complementary roles in evaluating individuals with HIV dementia. Short TE SV-MRS measures mI, which may be elevated in early HIV dementia, whereas MRSI provides wider spatial coverage to examine specific regional changes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:325–333. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MIP-1α Induces Activation of Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase That Associates with Pyk-2 and Is Necessary for B-Cell Migration

The chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha [MIP-1alpha] causes migration of B cells and also induces changes in antibody secretion. However, the signal transduction pathways leading to these phenotypic changes remain undefined. We have identified a signal transduction pathway initiated by MIP-1alpha in B cells. Here we report that stimulation of tonsil B cells with MIP-1alpha induces phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3-K] activation. Kinase activity was transient with peak induction occurring within 2.5 to 5 min after stimulation and was dose-dependent. In addition stimulation with MIP-1alpha induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase Pyk-2. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed a constitutive association between Pyk-2 and PI3-K and pretreatment of MIP-1alpha-stimulated B cells with wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3-K, resulted in a loss of PI3-K activity. The PI3-K inhibitor wortmannin prevented B cells from migrating in response to MIP-1alpha. Hence, PI3-K and Pyk-2 seem to be components of a signal transduction pathway induced by stimulation of B cells with MIP-1alpha, and this pathway may play a role in B-cell migration.
Incidence of coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic.

Objective To determine the incidence of Coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic (Pima and Maricopa counties, Arizona) and estimate the rate of clinical illness. Design Community-based longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. Animals 124 healthy 4- to 6-month-old seronegative puppies (longitudinal study) and 381 4- to 18-month-old dogs with unknown serostatus (cross-sectional study). Procedure Dogs in the longitudinal study were tested at 6-month intervals for at least 1 year for anticoccidioidal antibodies. Dogs that became ill were evaluated for coccidioidomycosis. Dogs in the cross-sectional study were tested for anticoccidioidal antibodies once, and clinical abnormalities were recorded. Results 28 of the 104 (27%) dogs that completed the longitudinal study developed anticoccidioidal antibodies. Thirty-two of the 381 (8%) dogs in the cross-sectional study had anticoccidioidal antibodies. Five seropositive dogs in the longitudinal study and 13 seropositive dogs in the cross-sectional study had clinical signs of disease. The remaining seropositive dogs were otherwise healthy and were classified as subclinically infected. Survival analysis indicated that the cumulative probability of infection by 2 years of age was 28%, and the cumulative probability of clinical infection by 2 years of age was 6%. Titers for clinically and subclinically infected dogs overlapped. Conclusions and clinical relevance Results suggested that young dogs living in the study area had a high likelihood of becoming infected with Coccidioides spp, but few developed clinical illness. Serologic testing alone was insufficient for a diagnosis of clinical disease because of the overlap in titers between clinically and subclinically infected dogs.
Efficient Multi-Link Failure Localization Schemes in All-Optical Networks

Link failure localization has been an important and challenging problem for all-optical networks. The most general monitoring structure, called m-trail, is a light-path into which optical signals are launched and monitored. How to minimize the number of required m-trails is critical to the expense of this technique. Existing solutions are limited to localizing single link failure or handling only small networks. Moreover, some practical constraints, like lacking of knowledge of the failure quantity, are ignored. To overcome these limitations is prospective but quite challenging. To this end, we provide novel theoretical solution frameworks toward the multi-failure localization problem. On one hand, for small dense networks, we provide a tree-decomposition based algorithm; on the other hand, a random walk based localized algorithm for large scale sparse networks is proposed. In addition, we further adapt these two algorithms to cope with three practical constraints. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are included to prove the correctness and efficiency of the proposed schemes.
More than Bricks and Mortar: Neighborhood Frames, Social Processes, and the Mixed‐Income Redevelopment of a Public Housing Project

Policy initiatives to deconcentrate poverty through mixed–income redevelopment were motivated in part by the desire to reduce social isolation and social disorganization in high–poverty neighborhoo...
Identification by polymerase chain reaction of the G protein-coupled receptor kinases expressed in the mouse gonadotropic alpha T3-1 cell line.

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK 1-6) stimulate short-term desensitization (< 5 min) by phosphorylating G-protein coupled receptors, and also participate in receptor sequestration, which may relate to intermediate-term desensitization (30-60 min). The existence of such kinases and hence a potential role for them in gonadotrope/GnRH receptor desensitization was investigated using the PCR to identify GRKs in messenger RNA (mRNA) from the mouse alpha T3-1 gonadotrope cell line. The 150-bp complementary DNAs amplified by PCR from the kinase catalytic domain were cloned and sequenced. Seventeen of 42 clones were receptor kinases based on high nucleotide identities of 85-100% and amino acid identities of 97-100% with rat GRK2 and 3, and with human GRK6. Among the eight GRK3 clones was one differing from rat GRK3 by a single nucleotide and seven differing by six; no amino acid difference resulted from the nucleotide differences. Of the five GRK2 clones, one sequence was identical with rat GRK2, but four s...
Thermodynamics of proton dissociations from aqueous glycine at temperatures from 278.15 to 393.15 K, molalities from 0 to 1.0 mol · kg−1, and at the pressure 0.35 MPa: Apparent molar heat capacities and apparent molar volumes of glycine, glycinium chloride, and sodium glycinate

Abstract We have measured the densities of aqueous solutions of glycine, glycine plus equimolal HCl, and glycine plus equimolal NaOH at temperatures 278.15 ⩽ T/K ⩽ 368.15, molalities 0.01 ⩽ m/mol · kg−1 ⩽ 1.0, and at p = 0.35 MPa, using a vibrating tube densimeter. We have also measured the heat capacities of these solutions at 278.15 ⩽ T/K ⩽ 393.15 and at the same m and p using a fixed-cell differential scanning calorimeter. We used the densities to calculate apparent molar volumes Vϕ and the heat capacities to calculate apparent molar heat capacities Cp,ϕ for these solutions. We used our results and values of Vϕ(T, m) and Cp,ϕ(T, m) for HCl(aq), NaOH(aq), NaCl(aq) from the literature to calculate parameters for ΔrCp,m(T, m) for the first and second proton dissociations from protonated aqueous cationic glycine. We then integrated this value of ΔrCp,m(T, m) in an iterative algorithm, using Young’s Rule to account for the effects of speciation and chemical relaxation on the observed Vϕ and Cp,ϕ of the solutions. This procedure yielded parameters for Vϕ(T, m) and Cp,ϕ(T, m) for glycinium chloride {H2Gly+Cl−(aq)} and sodium glycinate {Na+Gly−(aq)} which successfully modeled our observed results. We have then calculated values of ΔrCp,m, ΔrHm, ΔrVm, and pQa for the first and second proton dissociations from protonated aqueous glycine as functions of T and m.