cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lymphoid hyperplasia and eosinophilic pneumonia as histologic manifestations of amiodarone-induced lung toxicity

Background: Amiodarone use is often limited by lung toxicity. Amiodarone lung disease (ALD) classically manifests as organizing pneumonia with intra-alveolar foamy macrophages, but other patterns may occur. Herein we report two previously unreported patterns of ALD, lymphoid hyperplasia (LH) and eosinophilic pneumonia (EP). Method: We identified patients with LH or EP as a prominent feature among 75 cases of probable ALD from the authors9 teaching files collected from 1997-2010. Clinical history and wedge biopsies were reviewed. Results: Twelve patients (7 men) met inclusion criteria. Median age was 71 years. Amiodarone dose was known in 10 cases (median 200mg/d). Treatment duration was known in 8 cases and ranged from 1 to 9 years. Thoracic imaging showed diffuse infiltrates concerning for ALD. Histologic review revealed intra-alveolar foamy macrophages in all cases. Eight cases prominently displayed patterns of LH including diffuse LH (7), follicular bronchiolitis (5), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (2), and lymphocytic perivascular cuffing (2). Two showed features of acute EP including diffuse alveolar damage with abundant eosinophils. Two showed features of chronic EP including interstitial pneumonia with abundant eosinophils, patchy organization, fibrinous exudates, and interstitial thickening. One chronic EP case also showed focal LH. Additional features included intra-alveolar giant cells (6), pleuritis (3), small poorly-formed granulomas (3), and thrombi (2). Conclusions: Lymphoid hyperplasia and eosinophilic pneumonia are previously unrecognized histopathologic manifestations of ALD, and amiodarone exposure should be included in their differential diagnosis.
Statistical Prediction of North American Air Temperatures from Pacific Predictors

Abstract A statistical study suggests that sea surface temperatures (SST) anomalies in the Pacific can be used to forecast subsequent changes in surface air temperature anomaly over North America. The SST's generally produce higher hindcast skill than do forecasts made from sea level pressure (SLP) or from persistence. The skill associated with the hindcasts was generally low and dependent on both location and season. Over a large region of the central United States significant predictions could not be made for any season and combination of SST and SLP predictors. The results of the study were found to be insensitive to changes in model structure, treatment of the predictands and methods of skill scoring. Independent tests of the predictive relations gave results in excellent agreement with those discussed above from the dependent data set. The major predictive ability comes from water temperature and sea level pressure variations in the equatorial and tropical Pacific Ocean. Fluctuations of SST and SLP i...
Some Burning Characteristics of Filter Paper

Abstract The downward rate of spread of a free-burning fire in a single piece of filter paper has been studied experimentally. The internal temperature distribution in the paper is calculated from a numerical solution of the two-dimensional heat conduction equation. Net heat flux from the flame can be computed, and a model for the burning zone tested by comparing measured and computed char zone lengths. Correlation is good, suggesting that a simple model of the pyrolysis process is valid.
Operative Microwave Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Complications, Recurrence, and Long-Term Outcomes

Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the setting of cirrhosis is limited by tumor size/location and underlying liver disease. Radiofrequency ablation is utilized in selected patients; however, local recurrence remains a concern. Microwave ablation (MWA) delivers energy to tissue in a unique fashion, reducing local recurrence. A minimally invasive operative approach allows for mobilization/protection of adjacent structures, intra-operative ultrasound, and assessment of ablation progress. Retrospective review of operative MWA performed for HCC in patients with cirrhosis over a 4-year period at a single center. Complications were stratified by Clavien–Dindo classification. Incomplete ablation and local, regional, and metastatic recurrence was assessed on follow-up imaging. Survival was assessed in months. Fifty-four patients with 73 tumors underwent MWA. Median tumor size was 2.6 cm (range 0.5–8.5 cm). Cirrhosis was present in 92.6 % of patients, with a Child–Pugh score of B/C in 27.8 % and hepatitis C present in 59.3 %. A minimally invasive approach was used in 94.5 % of patients. There were no deaths within 30 days. Thirty-day morbidity was 28.9 %, with grade III complications present in 11.5 %. Delayed complications occurred in 7.8 % of patients, with a 5.6 % 90-day mortality. Incomplete ablation was identified in 5.9 % of tumors with local recurrence of 2.9 % at 9 months median follow-up. Regional and metastatic recurrence occurred in 27.5 and 11.8 % at 9 months median follow-up. Median survival was not reached at 11 months median follow-up. One- and 2-year survival was 72.3 and 58.8 %. Operative, preferably minimally invasive, MWA can be performed in cirrhotic patients with HCC with acceptable morbidity and low recurrence rates. High regional and metastatic recurrence rates in these patients underscore the need for minimally invasive, low morbidity approaches to liver-directed therapy.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of estradiol-17β and metabolites in biological media

Abstract A method was developed to resolve radiolabeled estradiol-17β and its various metabolites in biological fluids and tissues. After a rapid initial clean-up step, samples were analyzed with the sequential use of reversed-phase and normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic systems. Approximately 25 conjugated and non-conjugated standards could be resolved by the combined use of six systems. Radiolabeled parent compound and metabolites from biological samples were separated and tentatively identified by comparing their retention times to those of known standards. The method was found to be reproducible and quantitative for the majority of the estrogens and their conjugates, and semiquantitative for some of the more polar and di-conjugated estrogens.
Validation of a specific selection criterion for dental periapical radiography

It has been recommended that the prescription of dental radiographic examinations be based on a series of selection criteria. This study evaluated the usefulness of the presence of a large or deep restoration as an indicator for the need for a radiographic examination. Patients in need of routine examinations were questioned regarding pain in restored teeth. The radiographs of 2269 restored teeth in 209 patients were evaluated for depth of restoration and presence or absence of periapical pathosis. Another 1306 nonrestored teeth in 100 patients were evaluated similarly. There was an association between pain and periapical pathosis and between depth of restoration and periapical pathosis (p < 0.001 in each case). Radiographic yield for positive apical findings was low in restored teeth, especially when the restoration was shallow. The radiographic yield may be increased if other factors such as pain or integrity of the restoration are used to help make the decision regarding the need for radiographs.
Sarcomatous transformation of the orbit in a patient with Paget's disease.

Abstract Objective To report the clinical and pathologic features of sarcomatous transformation of the skull with involvement of the orbit, in Paget's disease. Design Interventional case report. Participant An 83-year-old woman with Paget's disease who experienced progressive proptosis of the left eye. Intervention Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the orbital mass. Results Cytologic examination revealed round to oval malignant cells with wispy cytoplasm, consistent with the diagnosis of sarcoma. The patient died shortly after institution of orbital radiation therapy and systemic steroid therapy. Conclusions Proptosis related to Paget's disease is uncommon, and only rarely is it a result of sarcomatous transformation. Sarcomatous transformation of the skull involving the orbit should be included in the differential diagnosis of progressive proptosis in patients with Paget's disease.
Monte Carlo simulation of ion transport in non-linear ion mobility spectrometry

A program for Monte Carlo simulation of ion transport in non-linear ion mobility spectrometry, also known as field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) or differential mobility spectrometry (DMS), has been developed. Simulations are based on elastic collisions between the ions and the gas particles, and take into account the effects of flow dynamics and asymmetric electric fields. Using this program, the separation and diffusion of the ions moving in a planar DMS filtration gap are demonstrated. Ion focusing in a cylindrical filtration gap is also confirmed. A characteristic compensation voltage is found to provide insight for understanding separation in non-linear ion mobility spectrometry. The simulation program is used to study the characteristics of non-linear ion mobility spectrometry, the effect of the carrier gas flow, and the dependence of the compensation voltage and nonlinear mobility coefficient (α) on the applied asymmetric electric field.
Transformation from militia to police in Croatia and Poland – A comparative perspective

During the last decade Croatia and Poland underwent a period of major political transformation from communist regimes to democratic forms of government. Although their police forces function within similar political frameworks, their operational agendas are somewhat different. Due to the differences in social and economic environments, as well as the recent war in Croatia, the challenges the two police forces faced in the transition period varied substantially. This paper analyzes and compares the processes of change encountered by the two law enforcement agencies.
Human gallbladder mucosa infrastructure: Evidence of intraepithelial nerve structures

The zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) fixative-staining method was used along with topographical ultrastructure to investigate cholecystectomized human gallbladders under light and electron microscopic techniques. This method delineated neuronal structures which may be involved in controlling the functions of the gallbladder epithelium. Three epithelial cell types were described in the surface epithelium: (1) Co lumnar clear cells; (2) dark, tuft osmiophilic cells; and (3) basal clear cells with electron-dense granules and showing intense ZIOphilic staining properties. While mucous granules were delineated in the first two cell types, the columnar epithelial clear cells are of uncertain function(s) and content but are probably absorptive cells. The small basal clear cells displaying intense ZIOphilia are associated with intraepithelial nerve endings. These nerve structures may have a sensory and/or motor function(s); they were detected throughout the gallbladder epithelial lining and mucosa.
Dietetic Students Experience Life in the State of Poverty

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To enhance dietetic students' knowledge, attitudes and experiences with individuals entrenched in poverty and the welfare system in the United States. Dietetic professionals educate, consult, employ, and interact with individuals and families of diverse cultural, social, and economic backgrounds. One of the challenges of dietetic education is to introduce students to the diverse populations with whom they will work. College students frequently have limited interaction with those who are different from themselves and may be ineffective when working with people from diverse backgrounds. Dietetic faculty, university extension specialists, and social services professionals conducted a "Poverty Simulation" to provide an experiential learning opportunity for students. The "Poverty Simulation" was developed by the Reform Organization for Welfare as a four hour seminar which utilizes case studies of 26 family units who live in poverty. Directed role playing and debriefing/reflection periods enhanced learning. A refreshment break further emphasized diversity: one third of the participants received cookies and sodas, one third received WIC approved cereal and koolaid, and one third received water only. Seventy two dietetic and Human Environomental Studies students, faculty, and administration, including the University President, participated in the simulation. As in the world of poverty, the majority of participants (68) were female. Seventy six percent were 18 to 24 years, 15% were 25 to 44 years, and 8% were over 45 years. A pretest and posttest measured participants' attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors as related to the "state of poverty." There was a significant difference in mean scores for nine of the ten questions on the posttest as compared to the pretest. The poverty simulation provided students, faculty, and human service professionals an opportunity to interact and learn about a complex population whom they will serve.
Inversion of data from diffraction-limited multiwavelength remote sensors: 2. Nonlinear dependence of observables on the geophysical parameters

Linear shift-invariant spatial filtering is applied to inversion of radiometric measurements of the earth in both polarizations at the following frequencies: 6.6, 10.7, 18, 21, and 37 GHz. For purposes of radiative transfer calculations at these frequencies, the state of the ocean-atmosphere system is described by a seven-parameter model. The parameters are near-surface wind speed, sea surface temperature, integrated water vapor mass, scale height of water vapor in an exponential distribution, integrated liquid water mass, height of the liquid water, and characteristic drop radius in a Best (1950) drop size distribution. Also described is a spatial filtering algorithm by means of which geophysical parameters are retrieved from measurements made over the ocean by the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer on the Nimbus 7 satellite. The parameters here are near-surface wind speed, sea surface temperature, rain rate, integrated atmospheric water vapor content, and integrated liquid water content (including rain).
c-myc amplification in ovarian cancer

The c-myc oncogene codes for a DNA binding protein that appears to play an important role in the regulation of cell growth. c-myc gene amplification has been documented to occur in both hematopoietic and solid neoplasms and often indicates more biologically aggressive tumors. Southern hybridization analysis was performed on high-molecular-weight DNA isolated from primary ovarian carcinomas. Major structural rearrangements of c-myc were not detected. Five of seventeen (29.4%) tumor samples demonstrated amplification of the myc oncogene. The 5 patients with ovarian carcinomas associated with c-myc amplification exhibited a median survival of 17 months. Of the 12 patients without evidence of tumor-associated c-myc amplification, 5 have exhibited disease-free survival for an average of 36.8 months and are currently alive. The remaining 7 patients, the majority of whom had advanced-stage, poorly differentiated lesions with a normal c-myc copy number, exhibited a median survival of 9 months. There was no apparent relationship between c-myc amplification, grade of tumor differentiation, and response to platinol-based chemotherapy. These data do not suggest a prognostic role for c-myc amplification in primary ovarian cancer. However, c-myc amplification is a common finding in advanced-stage ovarian cancer.
Web 2.0 Technologies and the Spirit of Online Learning

There are many definitions of learning, all reflecting the academic specialties from which the study is conducted: 1. the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, beliefs, emotions, senses, etc.; 2. the sum total of the process of acquiring knowledge, skills etc, e.g., a learned person; and 3. sometimes, wrongly used as a synonym for education, e.g., adult learning. Significantly, learning is replacing the term education in the educational vocabulary. However, active learning is defined as methods by which learners actively participate in the learning process e.g., discussion groups, problem-solving, experimentation, and the like. It is differentiated from passive learning in which learners are led by the nose. It is widely believed that active learning may lead to the creation of new knowledge and new skills needed by learners. Because of this belief in active learning, both educators and practitioners have been avidly promoting active learning online since Web 2.0 Technologies were used for online teaching and learning.
Postprandial physiology and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies implicate postprandial hyperglycemia as an important driver of the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 DM or prediabetes. Objectives: This article reviews the postprandial physiology of glucose and insulin, the role of postprandial hyperglycemia in the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 DM, and the role of insulin and other agents in reducing that risk. Methods: Relevant articles for this review were identified through a search of MEDLINE (1999-2007; Englishlanguage articles only). The search terms used were glucose, insulin, pathophysiology, postprandial, hyperglycemia, and cardiovascular risk. Results: The concentration of glucose in plasma is determined by the relative rates of glucose entering and leaving the circulation. The rate at which intestinally absorbed glucose disappears from the circulation is controlled primarily by insulin. Insulin stimulates cells in insulin-sensitive tissue to increase uptake of glucose and acts directly on the liver to suppress hepatic glucose production and postprandial pancreatic a-cell secretion of the glucoregulatory hormone glucagon. Elevations of glucose in plasma may increase cardiovascular risk in several ways. Postprandial hyperglycemia has been shown to increase the production of free radicals and attenuate antioxidant defenses, activate prothrombotic pathways, induce vasoconstriction, and increase circulating levels of adhesion molecules. Postprandial hyperglycemia also has been correlated with carotid intima-media thickness, a surrogate marker for cardiovascular dysfunction. Insulin may reduce cardiovascular risk. Insulin is a known vasodilator that increases blood flow through the macrovasculature and microvasculature. It also appears to have direct anti-inflammatory effects, suppressing the generation of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory transcription factors, as well as antiatherogenic effects, reducing postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, total atherosclerotic area, and number of aortic lesions. Conclusions: The adverse effects of postprandial hyperglycemia, together with the accompanying dyslipidemia, on cardiovascular health suggest that postprandial hyperglycemia should be a primary target of antidiabetic therapy. There is ample evidence to show that reducing postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 DM or prediabetes can reduce cardiovascular risk. Insulin may be an ideal agent for the treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia owing to its antihyperglycemic and cardioprotective effects.
Kinematically complete measurement of pp-->pnπ + near threshold

Cross sections for $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pn}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ have been measured at incident proton energies of 294.3, 299.3, 306.3, 314.1, and 319.2 MeV $(0.11l\ensuremath{\eta}l0.42)$ to investigate hadronic ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ production near threshold. Pion angular distributions are presented for 294.3, 299.3, and 319.2 MeV. At 294.3 and 299.3 MeV they are consistent with isotropy, indicating $s$-wave dominance for the angular momentum of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\mathrm{pn}$ system. The shapes of the $\mathrm{pn}$, $n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, and $p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ invariant mass distributions provide further evidence for dominance of $s$-wave mechanisms close to threshold. At 319.2 MeV significant anisotropy indicates contributions from higher partial waves. The total cross sections show an energy dependence consistent with an early partial conservation of axial current based calculation and with a recent calculation that considers only $s$-wave contributions. Tentative values for the strongest contributing partial wave amplitudes are presented.
Complete subunit architecture of the proteasome regulatory particle

The proteasome is the major ATP-dependent protease in eukaryotic cells, but limited structural information restricts a mechanistic understanding of its activities. The proteasome regulatory particle, consisting of the lid and base subcomplexes, recognizes and processes polyubiquitinated substrates. Here we used electron microscopy and a new heterologous expression system for the lid to delineate the complete subunit architecture of the regulatory particle from yeast. Our studies reveal the spatial arrangement of ubiquitin receptors, deubiquitinating enzymes and the protein unfolding machinery at subnanometre resolution, outlining the substrate’s path to degradation. Unexpectedly, the ATPase subunits within the base unfoldase are arranged in a spiral staircase, providing insight into potential mechanisms for substrate translocation through the central pore. Large conformational rearrangements of the lid upon holoenzyme formation suggest allosteric regulation of deubiquitination. We provide a structural basis for the ability of the proteasome to degrade a diverse set of substrates and thus regulate vital cellular processes. Determination of the proteasome regulatory particle structure by electron microscopy. In eukaryotes, the ubiquitin–proteasome system is the major pathway for selective protein degradation. The 19S regulatory particle of the proteasome consists of lid and base subcomplexes, and functions in recognition, deubiquitination, unfolding and translocation of substrates into the 20S core particle for proteolysis. The complete subunit architecture of the regulatory particle has now been determined by electron microscopy. The structure provides insights into the potential mechanisms for substrate unfolding and translocation by ATP-dependent proteases into the proteolytic core.
Follicular Large Cell Lymphoma Localized to the Testis in Children

Purpose: Primary follicular lymphoma of the testis in childhood is rare with only 6 cases previously reported. We present 3 additional cases.Materials and Methods: We extensively analyzed primary follicular lymphoma of the testis in 3 boys. Clinical data were obtained by reviewing patient charts.Results: The patients were 4, 5 and 11 years old, respectively. Two patients presented with painless unilateral testicular enlargement and 1 presented with unilateral hydrocele. Laboratory findings were within normal limits in all patients. Radical orchiectomy was done in all cases. The excised testes were partially or completely replaced by tumor. In all cases the features were those of follicular, large cell-type malignant lymphoma. Tumor cells in all cases were CD20 and CDw75 positive, focally CD23 positive and bcl-2 negative, while in 2 they were CD10 positive and bcl-6 positive. Surface Ig was absent in the 2 cases studied. Karyotyping in 1 case showed a normal karyotype. Staging revealed no evidence of extra...
Panorama del manejo cognitivo conductual de la disfunción de la memoria asociada a la quimioterapia

Objective: This article summarizes current empirical support for Memory and Attention Adaptation Training (MAAT), a cognitive-behavioral treatment program that uses a compensatory strategy approach for management of late cognitive effects of chemotherapy among cancer survivors. A description of MAAT, in addition to other treatment approaches, is presented. Results: Current methods of assessing treatment gains among cancer survivors with cognitive problems who have completed programs such as MAAT need to be expanded. As such, a table of patient reported outcome (PRO) measures that may be better suited for future outcome research is proposed. Conclusions: Identifying outcome measures that accurately assess the clinical targets of MAAT and other behavioral treatments is of prime importance, as certain variables (e.g., quality of life, role strain) are not detected by neuropsychological testing in isolation. The PRO table presented in this article is intended to aid future researchers in identifying measures that can reflect quality of life improvement in response to treatments such as MAAT.
La fonction exponentielle d'ordre réel et son application pour la description du procédé de fluage

This paper reviews the properties of the exponential function of real order, as well as adequate conditions which are necessary for describing a certain physical phenomenon concerned. Description of creep process and extrapolation of time to rupture of an industrial alloy represent a first important application of this function.
Peripheral nerve hamartoma with macrodactyly in the hand: Report of three cases and review of the literature

Two patients with hamartomas of the median nerve and one with hamartoma of the ulnar nerve associated with macrodactyly are described. Nineteen similar cases of this association have been found in the literature. There is evidence that these two conditions are part of a localized regional growth disturbance. This type of macrodactyly should be differentiated from neurofibromatosis.
A new area-maximization proof for the circle

Finally, we compare the trianglesTi with the isosceles triangles which would be obtained by slicing the circle by the same procedure. Since they all have the same short base length and the same angle opposite the base, the isosceles triangles composing the circle have more area than the trianglesTi. Because the latter triangles cover all ofR1 (perhaps even with overlap and/or extension beyondR1), we see that the area of the quarter-circle is greater than that ofR1, and thus the circle's entire area is greater than that of our original regionR.
Template-Synthesized Protein Nanotubes

A layer-by-layer deposition strategy for preparing protein nanotubes within the pores of a nanopore alumina template membrane is described. This method entails alternately exposing the template membrane to a solution of the desired protein and then to a solution of glutaraldehyde, which acts as cross-linking agent to hold the protein layers together. The number of layers of protein that make up the nanotube walls can be controlled at will by varying the number of alternate protein/glutaraldehyde cycles. After the desired number of layers have been deposited on the pore walls, the alumina template can be dissolved to liberate the protein nanotubes. We show here that glucose oxidase nanotubes prepared in this way catalyze glucose oxidation and that hemoglobin nanotubes retain their heme electroactivity. Furthermore, for the glucose oxidase nanotubes, the enzymatic activity increases with the nanotube wall thickness.
Flow Injection Analysis of Benzoyl Peroxide Using N,N,N,N-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPDA) and Surfactants

Abstract The flow injection analysis of benzoyl peroxide using N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPDA, also known as Wurster's reagent) and a solvent system including the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cerium(IV) as a catalyst at pH 6.0 at 612 nm was investigated. The method was applied to the analysis of acne cream and flour. The study included a 26-metal-ion search for other possible methods of catalysis and a buffer study of SDS and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB).
Majorisations for the eigenvectors of graph-adjacency matrices

We develop majorisation results that characterise changes in eigenvector components of a graph's adjacency matrix when its topology is changed. Specifically, for general (weighted, directed) graphs, we characterise changes in dominant eigenvector components for single- and multi-row incrementations. We also show that topology changes can be tailored to set ratios between the components of the dominant eigenvector. For more limited graph classes (specifically, undirected, and reversibly-structured ones), majorisations for components of the subdominant and other eigenvectors upon graph modifications are also obtained.
Legal and Procedural Strategies for Employees Utilizing Arbitration for Statutory Disputes

This article § reviews the current United States law regarding arbitration of statutory disputes in the nonunion employment setting. The article is a literature review and offers no new research findings but rather focuses on the important legal and procedural strategies employees may use throughout the arbitration process. The article specifically advises the reader on selection of an attorney, selection of an arbitrator, selection of a third party administrator, the discovery process, and the requisite hearing procedure. Possible challenges to the arbitration process are also discussed. In addition, the article focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of arbitration from an employee's point of view.
Explaining the absence of violent crime among the Semai of Malaysia: Is criminological theory up to the task?

Abstract The Semai are a so-called aboriginal people of Malaysia who have maintained settlements in which violent crime is completely absent. Although the Semai have been subjected to extensive anthropological examination, they have not been the subject of previous criminological inquiry. This article demonstrates that six major criminological perspectives—social control, self-control, strain, labeling, feminist, and social learning—appear to have the capacity to provide criminological accounts of Semai nonviolence that are relevant as well as plausible. Anthropological accounts of Semai culture, however, reveal that the ability of the Semai to prevent violent crime appears to be significantly aided by a form of violence prevention that criminological theory has not yet addressed. The Semai, that is, appear to have universally socialized their members to react to potentially violent situations (i.e., frustrating stimuli) with a fear response that inhibits them from committing violent criminal acts. Previous theories of crime that have dealt with, either directly or implicitly, the relationship between fear and the inhibition of crime have either focused exclusively on the level of the individual (i.e., some individuals in a given social environment are more fearful, and therefore less likely to commit criminal acts), or they have focused on the ability of social environments to generate fear among potential criminals by providing them with formal or informal deterrents. Such theories have completely ignored the ability of social environments to affect, via widespread or universal socialization, the extent to which individuals will tend to become fearful when they are confronted with frustrating stimuli.
Finding pleasure in solitary activities: desire for aloneness or disinterest in social contact?

Abstract People balance their interpersonal engagements with time spent alone but differ widely in the degree to which they engage in and enjoy solitary activities. This study examined the question of whether these differences are primarily a function of a strong desire to spend time alone (high solitropism) versus a weak desire to spend time with other people (low sociotropism). Two-hundred and four respondents completed multiple measures of solitropic and sociotropic orientations, and answered questions about their participation in and enjoyment of solitary activities. The results suggested that the frequency and enjoyment of solitary activities are more strongly related to a high desire for solitude than to low sociotropism.
Toward a theory of genuine altruism in Homo sapiens

Abstract The paper begins with a brief conceptual analysis of several forms of allegedly altruistic behavior in order to arrive at genuine or ascetic altruism, which is defined and illustrated for Homo sapiens . The explanation of ascetic altruism builds on the work of R. L. Trivers and E. O. Wilson, among others. I argue that the evolution of "reciprocal altruism" favored the selection of voluntary conformity and the need for social approval. In a hierarchically arranged society, such a need was sometimes subject to hypertrophic peaks and became an end in itself, thereby leading relatively large numbers of submissive individuals to exchange units of inclusive fitness for merely symbolic rewards with dominant individuals. Ascetic altruism was further facilitated by the selection of self-deception, which, together with the evolution of the social self, resulted in the cultural evolution of the soul concept. A portion, sometimes overwhelming, of the gene's quest for immortality was, through self-deception, redirected toward the quest for the eternal salvation of the soul. My argument underscores the hypothesis of an interplay between biological and cultural forces and suggests the possibility of ascetic altruism without altruistic genes. Appearances notwithstanding, it also supports the maximization principle but recommends greater flexibility for it by way of a theoretical idealization.
Choosing the Ph.D. Path: A Multi-Criteria Model for Career Decisions

A interactive, multi-criteria decision model was developed using Criterium software to help students assess alternative career paths: undertaking graduate study leading to an engineering doctoral degree and an academic career versus pursuing a career as an engineer in industry. The use of the model enables consideration of multiple factors, which may represent conflicting objectives and which have different measures of value (quantitative and qualitative) and different levels of importance to the decision. The model should assist its users in more carefully and thoroughly evaluating the criteria that affect career choices. We hope that its use may also help reduce the impending shortage of engineering faculty by encouraging more students to consider careers as engineering professors.
Chronic symptomatic os subfibulare in children.

Background: Some children have persistent pain and instability following inversion injuries of the ankle. Radiographs may reveal a small osseous fragment distal to the lateral malleolus, suggesting an avulsion injury of the anterior talofibular ligament and/or calcaneofibular ligament. The avulsion injury may involve an os subfibulare, causing ligamentous laxity and chronic pain resulting from nonunion. This situation must be differentiated from an asymptomatic os subfibulare, which is a normal anatomic variant in 1% of children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intraoperative findings and long-term outcomes of patients treated operatively for symptomatic avulsion injuries or a symptomatic os subfibulare. Methods: Twenty-three patients presented with chronic ankle pain and instability, tenderness anterior and distal to the lateral malleolus, and imaging studies (magnetic resonance imaging and/or stress radiographs) suspicious for avulsion injury of the anterior talofibular ligament and/or calcaneofibular ligament. After unsuccessful nonoperative treatment, all patients underwent excision of the osseous fragments, anatomic reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament with use of drill holes through the lateral malleolus, and a modified Brostrom procedure. Results: The mean age of the patients was 10.4 years (range, eight to thirteen years) at the time of injury and 13.6 years (range, eight to seventeen years) at the time of surgery, representing a mean delay in diagnosis and treatment of 3.2 years. At a mean follow-up of 4.5 years (range, 2.1 to 13.2 years), the mean Foot and Ankle Outcome Score was 91.4 (range, 87 to 98) out of 100, with all but one patient returning to the preinjury recreational level. Only one patient had a long-term complication. Conclusions: In children with chronic pain and instability associated with an os subfibulare, surgical excision of the os subfibulare combined with reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament and a modified Brostrom procedure was effective in restoring ankle stability, eliminating pain, and permitting return to the preinjury functional level. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The role of phonology in incidental vocabulary acquisition during silent reading

In two experiments, we investigated the role of phonology in learning new words incidentally during silent reading. Participants read sentence pairs containing novel or known words that varied in homophony (whether another word exists with an alternate spelling for the same pronunciation). In Experiment 1, we monitored readers' eye movements to investigate online processes involved in establishing meanings for novel words. In Experiment 2, participants completed cued recall and vocabulary recognition tasks after the reading session to assess the influence of phonological form on word learning. Eye movement results indicate that readers spent the most time reading novel homophones (e.g., skwosh) and surrounding context, indicating that phonological information is activated early during a reader's initial encounter with a new letter string. Retention measures suggest that readers were able to infer a meaning for each novel word type, despite the increased difficulty associated with reading novel words with ...
No Free Rides: Descriptive Frame as Ideology in Maupassant's L'aveu

(1996). No Free Rides: Descriptive Frame as Ideology in Maupassant's L'aveu. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 40-49.
Increased PTH and 1.25(OH)2D Levels Associated With Increased Markers of Bone Turnover Following Bariatric Surgery

The objective of this study was to characterize changes in metabolic bone parameters following bariatric surgery. Seventy-three obese adult patients who underwent either gastric banding (GB), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) were followed prospectively for 18 months postoperatively. Changes in the calcium-vitamin D axis (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH)), markers of bone formation (osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase) and resorption (urinary N-telopeptide (NTx)), as well as bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed at 3-month intervals during this time period. Bariatric surgery resulted in significant and progressive weight loss over 18 months. With supplementation, 25OHD levels increased 65.3% (P < 0.0001) by 3 months, but leveled off and decreased <30 ng/ml by 18 months. PTH initially decreased 21.4% (P = 0.01) at 3 months, but later approached presurgery levels. 1,25(OH)2D increased significantly starting at month 12 (50.3% increase from baseline, P = 0.008), and was positively associated with PTH (r = 0.82, P = 0.0001). When stratified by surgery type, median PTH and 1,25(OH)2D levels were higher following combined restrictive and malabsorptive operations (RYGB and BPD/DS) compared to GB. Bone formation/resorption markers were increased by 3 months (P < 0.05) and remained elevated through 18 months. Radial BMD decreased 3.5% by month 18, but this change was not significant (P = 0.23). Our findings show that after transient improvement, preoperative vitamin D insufficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism persisted following surgery despite supplementation. Postoperative secondary hyperparathyroidism was associated with increased 1,25(OH)2D levels and increased bone turnover markers.
Geoscience and the Media

The public is much better informed about geology these days, mostly because of increased coverage in the mass media. They bombard us continuously with stories, and some small percentage of these include geology and geophysics. Although the percentages have increased, they remain small. In a study by Louise Nathe, comparing newspapers (Los Angeles Times, New York Times, and the St. Louis Post‐Dispatch), the earth sciences received the least attention of all the sciences in both years studied, 1963 and 1973.
Emergency contraception: Advance provision in a young, high-risk clinic population

Objective: To assess whether advance provision of emergency contraception increases its use and whether it has secondary effects on regular contraceptive use. Methods: We conducted a controlled trial of female clients, aged 16 ‐24 years, who attended a publicly funded family planning clinic. Women were systematically assigned to receive an advance provision of emergency contraception and education (treatment) or education only (control). Among 263 participants enrolled (133 treatment, 130 control), follow-up was completed in 213 (111 treatment, 102 control). The main outcome measures were emergency contraception knowledge and use, frequency of unprotected sex, and pattern of contraceptive use in the past 4 months. Results: Participants were aware of emergency contraception at follow-up, but the treatment group was three times as likely to use it (P 5 5 .006). Although the treatment group did not report higher frequencies of unprotected sex than the control group, women in the treatment group (28%) were more likely than those in the control group (17%) to report using less effective contraception at follow-up compared with enrollment (P 5 .05). The proportion of women in both groups who reported consistent pill use increased from enrollment to follow-up (34% versus 45%); however, the control group (58%) was more likely than the treatment group (32%) to report consistent pill use at follow-up (P 5 5 .03). Conclusion: Use of emergency contraception was increased by providing it in advance, but not by education alone. Changes to less effective contraceptive methods and patterns of pill use were potentially negative effects that need to be explored in relation to observed benefits. (Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:1‐7. © 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.)
Study on Composite Interface of 4045/3003 by Cladding Casting

With the cladding casting equipment, which was self-designed and self-made, 4045/3003 composite ingot, which is in size of Φ140mm/Φ110mm, has been manufactured by direct cooling continuous casting by adjusting and optimizing the technological parameters. The process was investigated involving macro-morphology and microstructure near the interface between the two different aluminum alloys at different positions, and distributions of both components and hardness of the cladding ingot. In addition, the tensile strengths were tested. The results showed that metallurgical bonding of two different aluminum alloys could be obtained by direct-chill semi-continuous casting process. The diffusion layer, which is about 15μm on average, has formed on the two sides of composite interface during casting process. From the side of 4045 aluminum alloy to the side of 3003 aluminum alloy, the Si content has a trend to decrease, as well as the hardness, while the Mn content has a trend to increase gradually. Tensile strength of the coated ingot reaches 117.3MPa, which is higher than the core-material matrix (3003 aluminum alloy), indicating the bonding of the two alloys belongs to metallurgical bonding.
The Impact of New Deal Expenditures on Mobility During the Great Depression

Abstract Using county-level data on federal New Deal expenditures on public works and relief and Agricultural Adjustment Administration payments to farmers, this paper empirically examines the New Deal’s impact on inter-county migration from 1930 to 1940. We construct a net-migration measure for each county as the difference between the Census’s reported population change from 1930 to 1940 and the natural increase in population (births minus infant deaths minus non-infant deaths) over the same period. Our empirical approach accounts for both the simultaneity between New Deal allocations and migration and the geographic spillovers that likely resulted when economic activity in one county may have affected the migration decisions of people in neighboring counties. We find that greater spending on relief and public works was associated with significant migration into counties where such money was allocated. The introduction of our modern farm programs under the aegis of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration appears to have contributed to a net out-migration that sped the transition of people out of farming.
Automated design of gravity-assist trajectories to Mars and the outer planets

In this paper, a new approach to planetary mission design is described which automates the search for gravity-assist trajectories. This method finds all conic solutions given a range of launch dates, a range of launch energies and a set of target planets. The new design tool is applied to the problems of finding multiple encounter trajectories to the outer planets and Venus gravity-assist trajectories to Mars. The last four-planet grand tour opportunity (until the year 2153) is identified. It requires an earth launch in 1996 and encounters Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Venus gravity-assist trajectories to Mars for the 30 year period 1995-2024 are examined. It is shown that in many cases these trajectories require less launch energy to reach Mars than direct ballistic trajectories.
Curve Numbers for Low-Compaction Steep-Sloped Reclaimed Mine Lands in the Southern Appalachians

AbstractIn the coal-mining region of the Appalachians, the Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) is currently promoted by the U.S. Dept. of Interior, Office of Surface Mining (OSM). FRA’s goal in establishing native forest cover on reclamation sites requires the use of loose spoils rather than traditionally compacted spoils during hillslope reconstruction. Loose spoils improve tree planting survival and enhance overall forest growth. Although FRA has been shown to be successful on low-gradient slopes without excessive runoff leading to erosion, rainfall-runoff relationships have not been studied on steep slopes (>20°) where most surface-mine reclamation typically occurs. A curve number (CN) range representing low-compaction steep-sloped conditions was needed for Appalachian FRA sites. Three active surface-mine sites in East Tennessee were monitored during a 1-year period (June 2009–July 2010) for rainfall (5-min intervals) and runoff hydrology (discharge volume, peak discharge) using a unique Pinson-type co...
Mean-field calculations of the properties of the dilute t-J model for high-temperature superconductivity.

We describe mean-field calculations of the properties of the dilute {ital t}-{ital J} model for high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} superconductors. We first discuss a physical motivation for the model in terms of the effects of oxygen vacancies and the appropriate parametrization for a qualitative description of high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} superconductors. We briefly review our mean-field numerical methods. We present results on the density of states, local carrier density, the transition temperature as a function of carrier concentration, oxygen-vacancy concentration, and elastic-scattering impurity concentration, as well as the dc conductivity. These are compared with experiment on high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} materials. We conclude that the model is a promising framework for understanding high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} materials microscopically.