cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Function and Expression of Flavohemoglobin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE IN THE OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSE

We have studied the function and expression of the flavohemoglobin (YHb) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This protein is a member of a family of flavohemoproteins, which contain both heme and flavin binding domains and which are capable of transferring electrons from NADPH to heme iron. Normally, actively respiring yeast cells have very low levels of the flavohemoglobin. However, its intracellular levels are greatly increased in cells in which the mitochondrial electron transport chain has been compromised by either mutation or inhibitors of respiration. The expression of the flavohemoglobin gene, YHB1, of S. cerevisiae is sensitive to oxygen. Expression is optimal in hyperoxic conditions or in air and is reduced under hypoxic and anaerobic conditions. The expression of YHB1 in aerobic cells is enhanced in the presence of antimycin A, in thiol oxidants, or in strains that lack superoxide dismutase. All three conditions lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and promote oxidative stress. To study the function of flavohemoglobin in vivo, we created a null mutation in the chromosomal copy of YHB1. The deletion of the flavohemoglobin gene in these cells does not affect growth in either rho° or rho+ genetic backgrounds. In addition, a rho+ strain carrying a yhb1- deletion has normal levels of both cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-insensitive respiration, indicating that the flavohemoglobin does not function as a terminal oxidase and is not required for the function or expression of the alternative oxidase system in S. cerevisiae. Cells that carry a yhb1-deletion are sensitive to conditions that promote oxidative stress. This finding is consistent with the observation that conditions that promote oxidative stress also enhance expression of YHB1. Together, these findings suggest that YHb plays a role in the oxidative stress response in yeast.
Preoperative predictability of the short esophagus: endoscopic criteria

Short esophagus is a common cause of failure of antireflux surgery. Minimally invasive intervention for short esophagus is technically difficult. Reliable predictors of short esophagus would allow appropriate referral and better outcomes. The aim of this study is to investigate the preoperative predictability of the short esophagus in patients undergoing antireflux surgery. Eighty-five patients with Collis gastroplasty and antireflux surgery (1994–2007) at a single institution form group A. Control group (B) comprises 205 consecutive patients undergoing primary antireflux surgery (2004–2007). Retrospective review of prospectively collected data was completed. Esophageal length index (ELI) was calculated as the ratio of endoscopic esophageal length (in cm) to height (in meters). Patients requiring Collis gastroplasty (group A) tend to be older while there were no significant differences in sex, height, weight, and body mass index distribution between groups. Mean endoscopic esophageal length (EEL) as measured from incisor to esophagogastric junction was significantly shorter in group A (32.4 cm) as compared with group B (36.2c m) (p < 0.0001). Esophageal length index (ELI) of less than 19.5 had 83% negative predictive value with 95% specificity. Patients with an ELI of less than 19.5 or with stricture have higher risk for having a short esophagus.
Fast and accurate computation of polyhedral mass properties

The location of a body's center of mass, and its moments and products of inertia about various axes are important physical quantities needed for any type of dynamic simulation or physical based modeling. We present an algorithm for automatically computing these quantities for a general class of rigid bodies: those composed of uniform density polyhedra. The mass integrals may be converted into volume integrals under these assumptions, and the bulk of the paper is devoted to the computation of these volume integrals. Our algorithm is based on a three-step reduction of the volume integrals to successively simpler integrals. The algorithm is designed to minimize the numerical errors that can result from poorly conditioned alignment of polyhedral faces. It is also designed for efficiency. All required volume integrals of a polyhedron are computed together during a single walk over the boundary of the polyhedron; exploiting common subexpressions reduces floating point operations. We present numerical results detailing the speed and accuracy of the algorithm, and also give a complete low level pseudocode description.
Size effects in aerosol particle interactions: The Van der Waals potential and collision rates

Abstract Three effects which are explicitly dependent on aerosol particle size are identified and discussed. They are focussed about the particle collision rate and how it relates to the properties of the gas, the particle, and the particle's interaction potential energy which play roles in particle-particle collision rates. By incorporating the conduction electronic free path effect for conductors into the frequency-dependent dielectric constants of silver and graphite, particle size effects in the Lifshitz-Van der Waals potentials for identical pairs of 1 nm and 100 nm particles are evaluated. Water and tetradecane particle interaction potentials for the same size particles are also calculated to illustrate size effects due to the retardation of the interaction. These potentials are then used to calculate the enhancement of the particle collision rates above their value in the absence of any potential at various gas pressures. The roles of the interaction potential in collision among identical pairs of particles of differing compositions is also briefly discussed.
General nondynamical formalism for reactions with particles of arbitrary spin: Rotation invariance

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed and practical prescription for calculating physical observables from form factors (i.e., invariant amplitudes) of the M -matrix for an arbitrary reaction containing an arbitrary number of particles having arbitrary spins. The treatment is fully relativistic. No invariance principles have been assumed (except rotational invariance in three-space) and the discussion is valid whether or not any of the usual invariance principles (parity conservation, time-reversal invariance, etc.) hold. The prescription is based on those properties of such reactions which have already been treated in the literature, as well as on several remarks that have not been discussed before. Among the latter are the factorizability of the M -matrix in spin-space, the treatment of nonsquare spin matrix tensors, and the general evaluation of traces of products of spin tensors. The expansion of the M -matrix in terms of spin-momentum tensors is explained for the general case, and a similar discussion is given for the density matrix. From these the observables are calculated, and the mathematical background of such calculations are treated in appendices. Some of the results of this paper have been used in several past papers of ours, others will appear in papers completed and soon to be published. A table containing the coefficients of the bilinear products of form factors in the various experimental observables for various reactions containing plausible spins will soon be available also as an unpublished report, as it was calculated by a computer program utilizing the procedure outlined in this paper. The program will also be available to calculate, as the need arises, any reactions not contained in the table.
SnapShot: Mouse Primitive Streak

Gastrulation is the central event in organizing the body plan of the embryo. It transforms a single layer of epithelial cells, called the epiblast, into the three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—that give rise to all of the tissues and organs of the embryo. In addition to changes in gene expression that define the different germ layers, gastrula-tion is also an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that generates migratory cells of the mesoderm and endoderm. The gastrulation EMT in the mouse takes place at a structure called the primitive streak (light blue) at the posterior pole of the embryo. Gastrulation in the mouse initiates at embryonic day 6.25 (e6.25) and continues for several days.Cells adopt different fates depending on when they leave the streak. The first cells to exit from the streak give rise to extraembryonic, cardiac, and cranial mesoderm, as well as definitive endoderm. Later cells give rise to lateral plate and then paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the primitive streak is a stable entity that continually proliferates and generates an ordered series of cell types through an EMT. Recent evidence suggests that, if cells are forced to undergo EMT, they adopt a stem cell-like state and now contribute to a variety of cell fates. This SnapShot depicts the signals and transcription factors, which are required for the establishment, maintenance, and termination of the primitive streak, and illustrates how this process endows stem cell-like fate on the cells that have delaminated from the epiblast.
Toward a Kierkegaardian critique of psychoanalysis: Can we come to psychoanalytic terms with death?

There are religious thinkers of Kierkegaard's ilk who concede that their belief in an afterlife is the expression of a wish and an offense to the understanding. Freud could not agree more. The collision that this essay plots comes when a Freud and a Kierkegaard try to decide what the individual is to do with such inherently human, unrealistic desires. Freud urges us to forsake all wish‐fulfilling thoughts of everlasting life; however, this requires nothing less than the acceptance of imminent, everlasting death. This is a difficult thought to think I half argue, half insist. The question is raised as to whether or not psychoanalysis can help us come to terms with the reality it compels us to face. A negative conclusion is reached.
Prevalence of low ankle-brachial index, elevated plasma fibrinogen and CRP across Framingham risk categories: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

Abstract Objective 60–80% of heart attacks or coronary-related deaths occur in individuals identified as non-high-risk per the conventional risk assessment algorithms. Abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI), plasma fibrinogen and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) have been shown to be associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, comparable data have not been reported for prevalence of abnormal ABI, fibrinogen and CRP in non-high-risk population. Methods We analyzed data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of the U.S. population, for 6292 men and women, aged 40 and older, without known CVD or diabetes, with available data on standard CVD risk factors, ABI, fibrinogen and CRP. The main objective was to identify proportions of individuals with abnormal ABI (ABI 3mg/l), with otherwise low or intermediate ( Results Overall prevalence of abnormal ABI, fibrinogen, and CRP was 3.6% (95% CI 3.2–4.1%), 27.4% (95% CI 23.9–31.0%) and 38.3% (95% CI 36.5–40.0%) respectively. Among those with ABI data, 91.4% were at p p p =0.0012) had an elevated CRP. Overall, 45.0% (95% CI 42.2–47.8%; p Conclusion Abnormal ABI, elevate fibrinogen and CRP are highly prevalent among individuals otherwise at low-intermediate risk. If any or all of them are shown to improve predictive ability of FRS for primary prevention, it would have a significant public health impact.
Cooperating for professional communication's sake: Design of a Business Writing Prototype

Professional programs within colleges of engineering and business recognize students' need to learn disciplinary discourses and the need to meet accreditation standards for students' ability to communicate effectively within the discourses of their field. This paper describes a writing-in-the-disciplines initiative created in a partnership between the College of Business and the Writing Studies Program at Auburn University. In this initiative — called the Business Writing Prototype (BWP) — writing consultants worked with one class on a substantial writing project, providing written feedback and one-on-one tutoring. End-of-semester student surveys and informal interviews indicate student, faculty, and consultant satisfaction.
Heat Transfer Measurements in Turbulent Liquid Flow Through a Vertical Annular Channel

A number of experimental studies have been reported on heat transfer in turbulent liquid flow through heated annuli. The experimental work reported here is a continuation of an earlier study of turbulent liquid flow through a vertical concentric annulus with the inner wall heated (constant heat flux) and the outer wall insulated. The measurements have been made in a region where the velocity and temperature fields are expected to be fully developed. For the experiments reported here, the effect of free convection may be neglected since the ratio Gr/Re{sup 2} is much less than unity even at the lowest Reynolds number.
Symptomatic treatment of Huntington disease

Huntington disease (HD) is a progressive heredoneurodegenerative disease manifested by chorea and other hyperkinetic (dystonia, myoclonus, tics) and hypokinetic (parkinsonism) movement disorders. In addition, a variety of psychiatric and behavioral symptoms, along with cognitive decline, contribute significantly to the patient’s disability. Because there are no effective neuroprotective therapies that delay the progression of the disease, symptomatic treatment remains the cornerstone of medical management. Several classes of medications have been used to ameliorate the various symptoms of HD, including typical and atypical neuroleptics, dopamine depleters, antidepressants, antiglutamatergic drugs, GABA agonists, antiepileptic medications, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and botulinum toxin. Recently, surgical approaches including pallidotomy, deep brain stimulation, and fetal cell transplants have been used for the symptomatic treatment of HD. The selected therapy must be customized to the needs of each patient, minimizing the potential adverse effects. The primary aim of this article is to review the role of the different therapies, both available and investigational, for the treatment of the motor, psychiatric, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms of HD, and to examine their impact on the patient’s functionality and quality of life.
IL-17A directly inhibits TH1 cells and thereby suppresses development of intestinal inflammation.

T helper type 1 cells (TH1 cells) serve a dominant function in T cell–mediated colitis. New work reports that interleukin 17A, an effector cytokine required for the development of autoimmune tissue inflammation, directly inhibits TH1 development by suppressing the expression of key TH1-associated genes and therefore regulates TH1 cell–mediated colitis.
Increasing oxygen flux through a dense oxygen permeable membrane by photolithographic patterning of platinum

Abstract Currently attainable oxygen flux values through dense, dual conducting mixed metal oxide membranes are not yet sufficient for industrial applications, such as air separation and selective oxidation reactions. However, the addition of a catalyst near the surface of the membrane has been shown to increase the oxygen flux during gas-phase chemical reaction. This study investigated the fabrication of patterned catalyst arrays directly on the surface of dual conducting mixed metal oxide membranes and the ability to use a platinum patterned surface on the oxygen source side to increase the oxygen flux through the membrane. Membrane processing procedures including photolithography and subsequent electron beam evaporation allowed reproducible deposition of metal arrays with specific feature sizes between 3 and 200 μm. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) characterization of the membranes confirmed that the patterning process does not compromise the integrity of the membranes. The deposited catalyst arrays were stable at temperatures up to 800 °C. Placing a platinum patterned membrane surface on the oxygen source side doubled membrane oxygen flux in the temperature range studied.
Concerning a Serious Misunderstanding of the Essence of the Phenomenological Method in Psychology

In an earlier article, Edwards (1991) tried to establish that the Duquesne Phenomenological Research Method (DPRM) was simply a particular type of Case Study research method (CSRM) and he also reproached users of the DPRM for not developing theory. This article rebuts both of Edwards's theses. DPRM is radically different from CSRM in logic and in execution and the article demonstrates that the development of theory is not at all the intent of DPRM. The basic difficulty is that Edwards attempts to understand DPRM from an empirical philosophical perspective whereas a phenomenological philosophical perspective is required to understand DPRM correctly.
Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Insomnia in Older Adults

The review describes evidence-based psychological treatments (EBTs) for insomnia in older adults. Following coding procedures developed by the American Psychological Association's Committee on Science and Practice of the Society for Clinical Psychology, two treatments were found to meet EBT criteria: sleep restriction-sleep compression therapy and multicomponent cognitive-behavioral therapy. One additional treatment (stimulus control therapy) partially met criteria, but further corroborating studies are needed. At the present time, there is insufficient evidence to consider other psychological treatments, including cognitive therapy, relaxation, and sleep hygiene education, as stand-alone interventions beneficial for treating insomnia in older adults. Additional research is also needed to examine the efficacy of alternative-complementary therapies, such as bright light therapy, exercise, and massage. This review highlights potential problems with using coding procedures proposed in the EBT coding manual when reviewing the existing insomnia literature. In particular, the classification of older adults as persons age 60 and older and the lack of rigorous consideration of medical comorbidities warrant discussion in the future.
Distributed optical microsensors for hydrogen leak detection and related applications

Significant advances have recently been made to develop optically interrogated microsensor based chemical sensors with specific application to hydrogen vapor sensing and leak detection in the hydrogen economy. We have developed functionalized polymer-film and palladium/silver alloy coated microcantilever arrays with nanomechanical sensing for this application. The uniqueness of this approach is in the use of independent component analysis (ICA) and the classification techniques of neural networks to analyze the signals produced by an array of microcantilever sensors. This analysis identifies and quantifies the amount of hydrogen and other trace gases physisorbed on the arrays. Selectivity is achieved by using arrays of functionalized sensors with a moderate distribution of specificity among the sensing elements. The device consists of an array of beam-shaped transducers with molecular recognition phases (MRPs) applied to one surface of the transducers. Bending moments on the individual transducers can be detected by illuminating them with a laser or an LED and then reading the reflected light with an optical position sensitive detector (PSD) such as a CCD. Judicious selection of MRPs for the array provides multiple isolated interaction surfaces for sensing the environment. When a particular chemical agent binds to a transducer, the effective surface stresses of its modified and uncoated sides change unequally and the transducer begins to bend. The extent of bending depends upon the specific interactions between the microcantilever's MRP and the analyte. Thus, the readout of a multi-MRP array is a complex multidimensional signal that can be analyzed to deconvolve a multicomponent gas mixture. The use of this sensing and analysis technique in unattended networked arrays of sensors for various monitoring and surveillance applications is discussed.
The Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Depression, Diabetes Distress and Medication Adherence Among Low-Income Patients with Poorly-Controlled Diabetes

BACKGROUND Food insecurity— lack of dependable access to adequate food—may play a role in poor diabetes control.
Symantec offers safer Internet

Abstract Symantec has launched what it claims is the first integrated personal Internet Security Solution, combining firewall, parental control and anti-virus technology to ensure a safer Internet. The product Norton Internet Security 2000 aims to balance convenience and security to safeguard PC users against the vulnerabilities and dangers of Internet-based computing. Using a combination of personal firewall, parental control technology and Norton AntiVirus, Norton Internet Security 2000 keeps personal online information safe by defending against dangerous Internet-borne viruses and malicious hackers.
Future Directions in Public Sector Labor Relations: A 2020 Perspective

Any exercise in predicting the future of social and economic phenomena seems rather presumptuous at best. Understandably, we tend to draw upon the certainty of past experience and our current understanding of the world when attempting to project the unknown future. Yet, in any dynamic social and economic context, there is an infinite number of extant variables that currently lie dormant and unrecognized. The unexpected activation of any one or a combination of these hidden and unforeseen factors has the potential to vastly distort our generally linear projections of what will be (e.g., consider the projections about all aspects of American life before and after the September 11 terrorist attacks). Predicting the reality of next year is at best a risky and difficult task, but to forecast the future as it will be fifteen to twenty years hence requires humility, a keen understanding of the subject at hand and, most importantly, good luck. Readily assuming the mantle of humility, presumably having a basic understanding of the topic, and energetically hoping for blind luck, I am pleased to offer some thoughts on aspects of public sector labor and employment relations as they will evolve over the next couple of decades. Such projections, obviously, are done as through a glass, darkly.
Hemoglobins AIDA (α64 ASP → ASN) and D-Los Angeles (β121 Glu → Glu) in an Asian-Indian Family

Hemoglobins D-Los Angeles (β 121 Gin) and Aida (α64 Asn) were encountered in an Asian Indian, unassociated with any clinical manifestations. These hemoglobins had normal oxygen affinities and were stable to heat and isopropanol. The ratio of α chain synthesis to β chain synthesis was close to unity. The identical change in isoelectric points of the two variants produced an interesting electrophoretic pattern.The coexistance of more than one hemoglobin variant in an individual or family has provided valuable
The synthesis of ribonucleotide-5′-(5-Iodoindol-3-ol) and (4-methylcoumarin-7-ol) esters for the histochemical demonstration of nucleases

The syntheses of ribonucleotide-5′ monoesters with 5-iodoindol-3-ol and 5′-uridylic acid and 5′-adenylic acid monoesters with 4-methylcoumarin-7-ol has been accomplished by the reaction of phosphorodichloridates with various 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene ribonucleosides, followed by hydrolysis and anion exchange chromatography.
Non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma: factors important for relapse and survival.

Background Duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) is rare, but potentially curable. Prospective data on treatment outcomes is scarce and large retrospective studies show conflicting results on the impact of radical resection, node-status, and adjuvant therapy. Methods In the past 17 years, 30 patients presented with resectable DA. Data on the aforementioned variables were acquired then analyzed for impact on recurrence and survival. Results Overall-survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 70.0%, 53.3%, and 33.3% respectively. Recurrence-free survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 53.3%, 30.0%, and 26.7%. Overall-survival rates for patients with node-positive disease at 1, 2, and 3 years were 68.8%, 43.8%, 12.5%, and for node-negative 70%, 60%, 60%. Recurrence-free survival in node-positive disease at 1, 2, 3 years was 50%, 12.5%, 12.5%, and for node negative 50%, 50%, and 40%. Median survival from diagnosis was 27.5 months (0.5–226.7 months). Significant predictors of recurrence and survival were nodal-status and AJCC stage (P < 0.001). Adjuvant therapy, surgical-type, pathological tumor-stage, and surgical margins were not significant. Conclusion Nodal-status and overall pathological-stage significantly affect the prognosis for patients with DA, while resection-status and adjuvant therapy may not. The role of adjuvant therapy requires prospective trials for elucidation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:144–148. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Narrative organisation at encoding facilitated children's long-term episodic memory

This study examined the effect of narrative organisation at encoding on long-term episodic memory in a sample of five- to seven-year-old children (N = 113). At an initial interview, children were asked to narrate a story from a picture book. Six months later, they were interviewed again and asked to recall the story and answer a series of direct questions about the story. Children who initially encoded more information in narrative and produced more complete, complex, cohesive and coherent narratives remembered the story in greater detail and accuracy following the six-month interval, independent of age and verbal skills. The relation between narrative organisation and memory was consistent across culture and gender. These findings provide new insight into the critical role of narrative in episodic memory.
Mechanics of Avian Fibrous Periosteum: Tensile and Adhesion Properties During Growth

Abstract We report the results of direct mechanical tests of the fibrous periosteum from the tibiotarsi of white leghorn chicks at 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 14 weeks of age using a newly developed sample isolation technique. Additionally, this technique allows the determination of the apparent in vivo load on the fibrous periosteum. The periosteum has a highly nonlinear stress-strain relationship at all ages. For loading below the in vivo level, the periosteum is pliant and mean tensile modulus is 3.35 MPa (±1.84 SD, n = 75). For loading above the in vivo level, tensile stiffness is nearly two orders of magnitude greater. In the region of high stiffness, mean modulus is 229.5 MPa (±89.6, n = 72). In vivo, the periosteum is loaded at the transition between these two stiffness regions. We interpret this as indicating that, in vivo, the collagen fibers of the periosteum are aligned, but subject to minimal loading. Stress levels in the periosteum corresponding to in vivo conditions indicate modest loading, and mean apparent in vivo stress levels are 0.92 MPa (±0.37 SD, n = 67). A second technique demonstrated that the adhesion of the periosteum in the diaphyseal region (1–6 weeks of age) is minimal, but is substantial in the metaphyseal region. The metaphyseal adhesion will affect the transmission of load between the physes. These studies suggest that growth of the fibrous periosteum follows the longitudinal growth of the bone, rather than the periosteum having a direct mechanical influence on growth plate activity. Comparison of tensile properties over the course of growth indicates a substantial increase in periosteal stiffness in the early portion of the growth period, which reaches a maximum at approximately 9 weeks posthatching. There is also a marked decline in periosteal stiffness as growth rate declines in the latest stages of growth (14 weeks). This suggests that the basic properties of periosteal collagen may undergo a transition during the course of this tissue’s brief functional lifetime; that is, during long bone growth.
Instantaneous Measures of Mental Workload: An Initial Investigation

Many researchers have implicitly or explicitly averaged measures of mental workload over a given run or period of time. This process tends to mask specific features (e.g. peaks) of interest in the flow of instantaneous mental workload (IMWL). A study was conducted in which thirty subjects performed computer tasks which quantifiably varied in difficulty during a run. These tasks emphasized perceptual, mediational, psychomotor, and storage and retrieval from short-term memory processes. Data were gathered on the following candidate measures of momentary load: instantaneous primary task performance, instantaneous Michon tapping and time estimation secondary task performance, instantaneous pulse and respiration rates, and two types of online subjective opinion. Data were short-term averaged and used to develop regression models to evaluate the ability of the measures to track IMWL. Primary task performance (response time for functional subtasks) and both forms of online subjective opinion measures showed grea...
Biomass-derived electrocatalytic composites for hydrogen evolution

The production of hydrogen from water electrolysis calls for an efficient non-precious-metal catalyst to make the process economically viable because of the high cost and the limited supply of the currently used platinum catalysts. Here we present such a catalyst made from earth-abundant molybdenum and common, humble soybeans (MoSoy). This catalyst, composed of a catalytic β-Mo2C phase and an acid-proof γ-Mo2N phase, drives the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with low overpotentials, and is highly durable in a corrosive acidic solution over a period exceeding 500 hours. When supported on graphene sheets, the MoSoy catalyst exhibits very fast charge transfer kinetics, and its performance rivals that of noble-metal catalysts such as Pt for hydrogen production. These findings prove that the soybean (as well as other high-protein biomass) is a useful material for the generation of catalysts incorporating an abundant transition metal, thereby challenging the exclusivity of platinum catalysts in the hydrogen economy.
The forgotten dimensions in health education research

This paper evaluates the content focus of health education research as presented in the professional literature over a 6-year period (2000-2005). The majority of research (1365 papers) addresses the physical dimension of health (79%), while other health dimensions receive less attention. It is argued that the current content focus of research in health education fails to harmonize with the multidimensional, dynamic and functional nature of health as generally defined. The goal of health education, positive behavior change, also seems less reachable without a better understanding of how nonphysical dimensions of health influence wellness behaviors. At present, there exists an opportunity for health educators to move toward research agendas that more fully appreciate the interconnectedness of various dimensions of health and that evaluate them evenhandedly. Practical application of this approach will require a partial break from the biological orientations of other health professions, new research agendas that clarify multidimensional health relationships and new programs that seek to influence outcomes in a variety of dimensions.
Spoilage of Washed Eggs 1. Effect of Sprayed Versus Static Water under Different Washing Temperatures

Abstract THE adverse effect of washing on the resistance of eggs to spoilage is well known. Nevertheless, washing remains a common practice, and, with the development of various methods of machine washing, is becoming even more widespread. Some machines have made washing easier even than segregating clean from soiled eggs; consequently, many poultrymen wash the entire production of their flocks, paying, at the same time, less than normal attention to the ordinary practices of poultry-house cleanliness. Published reports on egg washing have been so almost uniformly unfavorable that one would have thought additional investigation of the subject to be unprofitable. The subject is complicated, however, by the frequent appearance of new washing devices together with remarkable claims by some manufacturers. It is also complicated by not infrequent and apparently bona fide reports of satisfactory results with packs of washed eggs from individual ranches. There has thus been a tendency in some . . .
Combined monetary unit sampling from several independent populations: Sample size planning and sample evaluation with the moment method*

Abstract. Although auditors often determine an upper bound on the amount of error in individual accounts, their primary concern is with the overall amount of error over several accounts. This paper presents a combined bound procedure for determining such an overall upper bound when using the moment method of monetary unit sampling (MUS). A procedure is also presented for determining optimal sample sizes over several independent accounts. The new combined bound procedure provides the moment method of MUS with the same type of flexibility that is currently available for the Stringer method of MUS. In addition, the new sample size planning procedure provides the combined moment bound with added flexibility and options that are not available when using a combined Stringer bound approach. The effectiveness and efficiency of both procedures has been investigated using 4324 separate simulation studies. The results indicate that the combined upper confidence bounds of the moment method are significantly smaller than those provided by the most attractive Stringer-based combined bound method. Further, the sample size planning procedure can be an effective audit tool. Resume. Bien que les verificateurs fixent souvent la limite superieure du taux d'erreur acceptable pour des comptes particuliers, leur preoccupation premiere touche le taux global d'erreur pour un ensemble de comptes. L'auteur propose un procede permettant d'etablir une limite combinee visant la determination de cette forme de limite superieure globale grâce a l'utilisation de la methode des moments appliquee a l'echantillonnage en unites monetaires. Il propose egalement un procede visant la determination d'echantillons de taille optimale pour un ensemble de comptes independants. Le nouveau procede de limite combinee fait appel a la methode des moments d'echantillonnage en unites monetaires avec le meme type de souplesse que l'on peut actuellement obtenir en utili sant la methode de Stringer. De plus, le nouveau procede de planification de la taille de l'echantillon livre une limite combinee resultant de l'application de la methode des moments en meme temps qu'il offre une souplesse plus grande et des possibilites que n'offre pas la methode de Stringer. L'efficacite et l'efficience des deux procedes sont analysees a l'aide de 4324 etudes de simulation distinctes. Les resultats indiquent que les limites de confiance superieures combinees obtenues par la methode des moments sont beaucoup plus faibles que celles que l'on obtient par l'application de la methode de la limite combinee, plus attrayante, basee sur la methode de Stringer. De plus, le procede de planification de la taille de l'echantillon peut etre un instrument de verification efficace.
Interconnect simulation with asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE)

The interconnect analysis problem is treated in a general fashion, exploiting the efficiency and accuracy of asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) for the linear interconnect portion of the circuit while using the SPICE simulator for the nonlinear portions. An algorithm that allows the use of partitioned circuit solution techniques in conjunction with AWE is described. A special technique for determining the moments of a partition comprising distributed elements is presented. Moment-computation algorithms for AWE are combined with the method of characteristics to form another type of macromodel for systems of coupled lossy lines. The AWESpice algorithm, which combines the linear multiport macromodels of interconnect with general nonlinearities in a time domain simulation, is described. Results of using the techniques are provided. >
In silico screening of chemicals for bacterial mutagenicity using electrotopological E-state indices and MDL QSAR software ☆

Abstract Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) software offers a rapid, cost effective means of prioritizing the mutagenic potential of chemicals. MDL QSAR models were developed using atom-type E-state indices and non-parametric discriminant analysis. Models were developed for Salmonella typhimurium gene mutation, combining results from strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1536, TA1537, and TA1538 (n = 3228), and Escherichia coli gene mutation tests WP2, WP100, and polA (n = 472). Composite microbial mutation models (n = 3338) were developed combining all Salmonella, E. coli, and the Bacillus subtilis rec spot test study results. The datasets contained 74% non-pharmaceuticals and 26% pharmaceuticals. Salmonella and microbial mutagenesis external validation studies included a total of 1444 and 1485 compounds, respectively. The average specificity, sensitivity, positive predictivity, concordance, and coverage of Salmonella models was 76, 81, 73, 78, and 98%, respectively, with similar performance for the microbial mutagenesis models. MDL QSAR and discriminant analysis provides rapid and highly automated mutagenicity screening software with good specificity, sensitivity, and coverage that is simpler and requires less user intervention than other similar software. MDL QSAR modules for microbial mutagenicity can provide efficient and cost effective large scale screening of compounds for mutagenic potential for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.
Validity of the Children's Orientation to Book Reading Rating Scale.

The present study investigates the validity of a 4-point rating scale used to measure the level of preschool children's orientation to literacy during shared book reading. Validity was explored by (a) comparing the children's level of literacy orientation as measured with the Children's Orientation to Book Reading Rating Scale (COB) with a teacher's rating of a child's level of attention and effortful control on the Children's Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ), and (b) computing the predictive validity of a child's COB rating with overall levels of emergent literacy at the end of the preschool school year. This study involved 46 preschool children from low-income backgrounds; children's literacy orientation was rated during a group teacher-led book reading. Children's ratings of literacy orientation during shared book reading using the global 4-point COB scale were significantly correlated with teacher ratings of a child's attention and effortful control as measured on the CBQ. Hierarchical regression results indicated children's literacy orientation significantly predicted children's end-of-year alphabet knowledge and overall emergent reading skills above and beyond the variance contributed by children's language skills and family income. The validity of a global rating for indexing children's level of literacy orientation was supported. Educational implications and recommendations for the COB as a component of early literacy assessment are discussed.
Shelter from the storm: building a safe archive in a hostile world

The storing of data and configuration files related to scientific experiments is vital if those experiments are to remain reproducible, or if the data is to be shared easily. The prescence of historical (observed) data is also important in order to assist in model evaluation and development. This paper describes the design and implementation process for a data archive, which was required for a coastal modelling project. The construction of the archive is described in detail, from its design through to deployment and testing. As we will show, the archive has been designed to tolerate failures in its communications with external services, and also to ensure that no information is lost if the archive itself fails, i.e. upon restarting, the archive will still be in exactly the same state.
A numerical study on optimization of multilateral horizontal wellbore patterns for coalbed methane production in Southern Shanxi Province, China

Abstract China's southern Shanxi Province contains thick, gassy coals of anthracite rank. These high-methane-content (higher than 500 ft3/ton) coals necessitate pre-mining methane drainage to enhance the health and safety of underground coal workers. Both traditional vertical wells and multilateral horizontal wells, which were shown to perform better, have been drilled in the area in order to effectively reduce the gas content of coals. However, optimization of well drilling patterns is crucial to improve the gas drainage by boosting well performance and resulting in significant additional recovered gas in a cost-effective manner. In this study, exploration borehole data from an undeveloped coalbed methane field in China's Qinshui Basin was obtained where permeability is expected to range from 0.1 to 10 md. Reservoir modeling conducted in this study concludes that in the presence of low permeability coals (less than 1.0 md) well patterns can be optimized to maintain high-methane production rates. In this work, relationships to determine combinations of horizontal lateral spacing and permeability that yield similar production curves were developed in order to maximize production. Pinnate wells with laterals spaced at 600-ft intervals in reservoirs with 2.0 md permeability performed similar to those with 200-ft lateral intervals in 0.5 md reservoirs. Additional similar relationships were drawn for reservoirs ranging from 0.1 to 8.0 md. Furthermore, because of the Qinshui Basin's potential high stress regime, Pitchfork and Pinnate horizontal well patterns were analyzed based on their potential for catastrophic wellbore failure at well junctions and producing well branches. Analyses concluded that Pitchfork wells had a significantly lower risk for significant wellbore loss due to borehole collapse, while providing the opportunity for higher gas recovery in reservoirs exhibiting directional permeability.
mRNA splicing efficiency in yeast and the contribution of nonconserved sequences

A simple kinetic model for mRNA splicing predicts the way in which in vivo steady state precursor RNA levels (P) and messenger RNA levels (M) vary as a function of the rate constant of the splicing reaction (ksp). The model points to M/P as the best measure of ksp. The analysis of a set of intron mutations in a yeast gene supports the general features of the model and shows that the splicing efficiency of transcripts containing the wild-type intron is well in excess of what is necessary to generate normal mRNA levels. The data also suggest that regions of the intron, in addition to the well-conserved consensus sequences, contribute to efficient splicing.
Quantitative Assessment of Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Grade Antibodies Directed against Histone Modifications Reveals Patterns of Co-occurring Marks on Histone Protein Molecules

The defining step in most chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays is the use of an antibody to enrich for a particular protein or histone modification state associated with segments of chromatin. The specificity of the antibody is critical to the interpretation of the experiment, yet this property is rarely reported. Here, we present a quantitative method using mass spectrometry to characterize the specificity of key histone H3 modification-targeting antibodies that have previously been used to characterize the "histone code." We further extend the use of these antibody reagents to the observation of long range correlations among disparate histone modifications. Using purified human histones representing the mixture of chromatin states present in living cells, we were able to quantify the degree of target enrichment and the specificity of several commonly used, commercially available ChIP grade antibodies. We found significant differences in enrichment efficiency among various reagents directed against four frequently studied chromatin marks: H3K4me2, H3K4me3, H3K9me3, and H3K27me3. For some antibodies, we also detected significant off target enrichment of alternate modifications at the same site (i.e., enrichment of H3K4me2 by an antibody directed against H3K4me3). Through cluster analysis, we were able to recognize patterns of co-enrichment of marks at different sites on the same histone protein. Surprisingly, these co-enrichments corresponded well to "canonical" chromatin states that are exemplary of activated and repressed regions of chromatin. Altogether, our findings suggest that 1) the results of ChIP experiments need to be evaluated with caution given the potential for cross-reactivity of the commonly used histone modification recognizing antibodies, 2) multiple marks with consistent biological interpretation exist on the same histone protein molecule, and 3) some components of the histone code may be transduced on single proteins in living cells.
Mean Flow - Acoustic Correlations for Dual-Stream Asymmetric Jets

We present an experimental study, comprising acoustic and mean-flow measurements, of several fan-flow deflector configurations in a subscale dual-stream supersonic turbofan nozzle. The deflectors encompassed internal vanes and external wedges. The aim of the study was to investigate trends of high-frequency noise reduction, in the direction of peak emission, versus the distortion of the velocity field in the jet plume. The distortion is quantified in terms of the volume of the inflectional region of the jet, in a particular azimuthal direction, normalized by the volume of the high-speed region of the jet. It is observed that fan flow deflection generally increases the volume of the inflectional region (in the downward and sideline azimuthal directions) and decreases the volume of the high-speed region. Correlations of sound pressure level with the volume-ratio parameter show rapid noise suppression for small values of the volume ratio followed by slower noise reduction at higher values. The correlations appear to validate the hypothesized physics of noise suppression by an enlarged secondary core, and provide practical guidance for the implementation of the fan flow deflection method
Practical lazy scheduling in sensor networks

Experience has shown that the power consumption of sensors and other wireless computational devices is often dominated by their communication patterns. We present a practical realization of lazy packet scheduling that attempts to minimize the total transmission energy in a broadcast network by dynamically adjusting each node's transmission power and rate on a per-packet basis. Lazy packet scheduling leverages the fact that many channel coding schemes are more efficient at lower transmission rates; that is, the energy required to send a fixed amount of data can be reduced by transmitting the data at a lower bit rate and transmission powe.The optimal per-packet transmission rate in a multi-node network is governed in practice by the available bit rates of the given transceiver(s), the nodes' delay tolerance, and the offered load at every node contending for the shared broadcast channel. We propose an extension to the traditional CSMACA MAC scheme called L-CSMACA that allows individual nodes to continually estimate the current demand for a broadcast channel and adjust their transmission schedules accordingly. Our simulation results show that L-CSMACA can provide improved energy efficiency in a single-hop, broadcast network (20--25% with more than 10 nodes, and up to 99% for four nodes with a standard power function) for both Poisson and bursty arrivals with only minor degradation the capacity of the channe.