cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Galanin neurons exhibit estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in the female rat mediobasal hypothalamus

Galanin has been shown to augment the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and pituitary luteinizing hormone release and to play an important role in the feedback effects of ovarian steroids on pituitary hormone secretion. To further characterize estrogen effects on galanin, we tested for the existence of estrogen receptors in arcuate nucleus galanin-producing cells. Hypothalamic vibratome sections from colchicine-pretreated female rats were double immunolabeled for estrogen receptor and galanin. Neurons which exhibited immunoreactivity for either estrogen receptor or galanin were distributed throughout the hypothalamus; and a population of neurons, located predominantly in the mediobasal hypothalamus, displayed immunoreactivity for both galanin and estrogen receptor. These results raise the possibility that estrogen may act directly on galanin-producing arcuate nucleus neurons to regulate pituitary hormone secretion.
The Heat Budget of the Tropical Pacific Ocean in a Simulation of the 1982–83 El Niño

Abstract The heat budget of a model that realistically simulate the 1982–83 El Nino indicates that the enormous changes in the winds during that event failed to disrupt the usual seasonal variations in meridional heat transport. Cross-equatorial transport towards the winter hemisphere continued as in a regular seasonal cycle. The key factor was the continued seasonal migrations of the ITCZ during El Nino. In early 1983 the ITCZ strayed farther south than usual and remained near the equator longer than usual thus causing an increase in the northward heat transport. This, together with an increase in the evaporative heat loss because of higher sea surface temperature, resulted in a large loss of heat from the band of latitudes approximately 12°N–12°S during El Nino.
Analytical solutions for the breakdown voltage of abrupt cylindrical and spherical junctions

Abstract Analytical solutions for the breakdown voltage of abrupt cylindrical and spherical junctions have been obtained, using suitable approximations for the electric field in the depletion layer. These solutions are shown to be within ±1% of exact computer solutions for doping densities of less thant 10 16 cm −1 . By normalization to the parallel plane case, these solutions have been presented in a form which allows the computation of the breakdown voltage of both cylindrical and spherical junctions using a single curve for each situation.
The abundance and distribution of euphausiids and zero-age pollock on the inner shelf of the southeast Bering Sea near the Inner Front in 1997–1999

Abstract Acoustic data and net samples were collected during late spring and early fall 1997–1999 to assess zooplankton and micronekton abundance and distribution relative to the Inner Front at three sampling grids (Port Moller, Cape Newenham and Nunivak Island) on the inner shelf of the southeast Bering Sea. Epibenthic scattering layers were observed during May–June and August–September in all three years. Acoustic data were scaled to euphausiid biomass using target strength models. Mean euphausiid biomass determined acoustically for each transect line was 0.7– 21 g m −2 , with most values below 5 g m −2 . There was no consistent relationship between the distribution and biomass of euphausiids and the location of the Inner Front. Zero age pollock were observed on the inner shelf in August–September during all years, but were confined primarily to the stratified side of the Inner Front and to the frontal regime. The acoustic data for pollock were scaled to biomass using laboratory measurements of gas bladder dimensions and target strength models. Acoustic determinations of mean transect biomass for euphausiids did not differ from literature values for the inner shelf of the southeast Bering Sea, and pollock biomass on the inner shelf did not differ from that around the Pribilof Islands. Despite recent anomalies in climate and oceanographic conditions on the inner shelf, and high mortality of shorttail shearwaters during 1997, we found no evidence of significant interannual differences in the biomass of euphausiids or zero-age pollock on the inner shelf of the southeast Bering Sea.
Uptake, intra‐axonal transport and fate of horseradish peroxidase in embryonic spinal neurons of the chick

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected in ovo into the ventral muscle mass of the hind limb of 5- to 7-day-old chick embryos or into the gastrocnemius muscle of 8- to 18-day embryos and localized histochemically. HRP is extensively incorporated via endocytosis into axonal growth cones or presynaptic terminals in the proximity of the injection site. Much of the tracer is taken up in vesicles and small vacuoles. Most of these are smooth-surfaced and only a few are bristle-coated. A small amount of the tracer is also incorporated into the axon terminal through the openings between the axolemma and an intricate membrane channel. The majority of the tracer-laden vesicles and vacuoles rapidly fuse with one another to become large vacuoles, some of which are transformed into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). In axon shafts, many labeled vacuoles and MVBs are transferred to tubule-like organelles, which appear to be the primary carrier for transporting the tracer back to the cell bodies in the lumbar spinal cord. HRP arrives in the sensory ganglia about 0.5–1 hour earlier than in the motoneurons of the lateral motor column. The maximal rate of the retrograde axoplasmic transport is about 3.5 mm/hour. After arriving in the cell bodies, HRP is transferred from tubule-like organelles to discrete vacuoles of various sizes and appearance. Lysosomal dense bodies and HRP-labeled vacoules can be distinguished ultrastructurally. A fusion of HRP-labeled vacuoles with lysosomal dense bodies or Golgi vesicles was occasionally observed and the density of HRP-labeled vacuoles diminished after 2 to 3 days. Most of the HRP-labeled organelles were found to contain acid phosphatase activity. Therefore, the complete disappearance of HRP by 4 days postinjection is most likely related to lysosomal degradation. Neuronal cell bodies diffusely labeled with HRP were only observed prior to day 6. After day 6, despite various attempts to injure the peripheral axons, only granularly labeled cell bodies were found. This difference may imply that ‘mature’ neurons have a more efficient mechanism for the sequestration of ‘free’ HRP in the cytoplasmic matrix into membrane-bounded organelles. A mature-like retrograde transport mechanism appears to exist at the earliest stages of axonal growth in vivo.
Combined hemodynamic and scintigraphic assessment of piroximone (MDL 19,205) and comparison with dobutamine and nitroprusside.

Abstract The acute hemodynamic responses to intravenous infusion of piroximone (MDL 19,205), a nonglycoside, noncatecholamine agent with positive inotropic activity in vitro, were compared with those of intravenous dobutamine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively, in 2 groups of patients with New York Heart Association class Ml or IV symptoms. Each drug was titrated to optimal dosage (dobutamine, 12.5 ± 3.9 μg/kg/min; nitroprusside, 2.5 ± 0.6 μg/kg/min; piroximone 1.4 ± 0.6 mg/kg) and simultaneous hemodynamic and scintigraphic values were measured. In group 1, the increase in cardiac index was slightly greater with piroximone than with dobutamine (from 1.6 ± 0.5 to 2.7 ± 0.6 vs 2.4 ±0.6 liters/min/m 2 , p 2 , difference not significant), whereas LV filling pressure decreased slightly less with piroximone (29 ± 7 to 24 ± 10 vs 30 ± 7 to 20 ±11 mm Hg, difference not significant). Only nitroprusside reduced mean arterial pressure (88 ± 13 to 72 ± 12 mm Hg, p
Using electrospun poly(ethylene-oxide) nanofibers for improved retention and efficacy of bacteriolytic antibiotics

The aim of this study was to demonstrate targeted delivery of protein-based bactericidal antibiotics using electrospun polymer nanofibers. Previous studies have utilized electrospinning to create nanofibers for the localized delivery of therapeutic agents, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and low molecular weight heparin. By employing established electrospinning techniques, nanofibers of varying diameters (100–500 nm) were generated from a 0.05 % solution of poly(ethylene-oxide) (PEO) and the antimicrobial peptide, LL-37 was incorporated into the nanofiber meshwork. Initial experiments determined that the strong electric fields caused by electrospinning do not disrupt the antimicrobial properties of LL-37, thus justifying the application of LL-37 as an electrospun component. Disk diffusion assays and especially bacterial filtration studies with E. coli were conducted to quantify the drug delivery potential of the nanofibers. Disk diffusion revealed a small zone of inhibition of about 1 mm around the LL-37-incorporated nanofiber disk. Filtration tests demonstrated that electrospun PEO fibers were capable of delivering LL-37 consistently while still maintaining their antimicrobial abilities.
Candy consumption in childhood is not predictive of weight, adiposity measures or cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Background There are limited data available on the longitudinal relationship between candy consumption by children on weight and other cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in young adults. The present study investigated whether candy consumption in children was predictive of weight and CVRF in young adults. Methods A longitudinal sample of children 10 years (n = 355; 61% females; 71% European-Americans, 29% African-Americans) who participated in cross-sectional surveys from 1973 to 1984 (baseline) and in one of two surveys (follow-ups) as young adults [19–38 years; mean (SD) = 23.6 (2.6) years] in Bogalusa, LA, were studied. Dietary data were collected using 24-h dietary recalls at baseline and at one follow-up survey; a food frequency questionnaire was used in the other follow-up survey. Candy consumers were those consuming any amount of candy. Candy consumption was calculated (g day–1) from baseline 24-h dietary recalls, and was used as a covariate in the adjusted linear mixed models. Dependent variables included body mass index (BMI) and CVRF measured in young adults. Results At baseline, 92% of children reported consuming candy [46 (45) g day–1]; the percentage decreased to 67% [20 (30) g day–1] at follow-up. No longitudinal relationship was shown between baseline candy consumption and BMI or CVRF in young adults, suggesting that candy consumption was not predictive of health risks later in life. Conclusions The consumption of nutrient rich foods consistent with dietary recommendations is important, although modest amounts of candy can be added to the diet without potential adverse long-term consequences to weight or CVRF. Additional studies are needed to confirm these results.
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after drowning

A 16-year-old boy with no significant past medical history was brought to the emergency department (ED) after drowning in Lake Michigan where he was reportedly submerged in water for 15 min before being pulled out. On arrival of the paramedics, he was unresponsive with an initial rhythm of pulseless electrical activity. He was intubated at the scene, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed for 8 min with restoration of spontaneous circulation. In the ED, the patient’s electrocardiogram (EKG) revealed an acute infero-postero-lateral ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (Fig. 1, panel a). He was started on heparin and eptifibatide (INTEGRILIN; Merck and Co., Whitehouse Station NJ) drip, and was transferred to the cardiac catheterization lab for percutaneous coronary angiogram. A repeat EKG performed immediately prior to the procedure revealed resolution of ST-segment elevation, and the procedure was therefore deferred and the patient was sent to the intensive care unit (ICU). Upon arrival in the ICU, the patient was unconscious, hypothermic (temperature 32.5 C), and hypotensive requiring vasopressors and inotropic support. Follow-up EKG 3 h later revealed deep Q waves in the inferior leads (Fig. 1, panel b). Laboratory investigations were significant for a troponin [50 ng/mL (N 0–0.08), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) 4104 unit/L (N 32–294), creatinine kinase MB (CKMB) 297 ng/mL (N 0–5), a combined metabolic and respiratory acidosis with a pH 7.1, bicarbonate (HCO3) 16 mmol/L and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) 53 mmHg, international normalized ratio (INR) 3.2 and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) [150 s. Chest X-ray study revealed bilateral patchy infiltrates consistent with pulmonary edema. Shortly, the patient developed epistaxis and hematemesis, so antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications were discontinued. The patient’s level of consciousness deteriorated to a Glasgow Coma Scale of 3/15 with absence of all brainstem reflexes in addition to a positive apnea test and electroencephalogram (EEG) conformed to the diagnosis of brain death. Drowning is a major cause of death worldwide among boys 5–14 years of age [1]. There is scant data in the literature describing the myocardial ischemic complications of drowning. In the prospective study by Checchia et al. [2], there was a trend towards a higher mortality in children with acute out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after submersion injury who had a higher troponin elevation, however, the results did not reach statistical significance. In a retrospective analysis of autopsy and laboratory findings in 197 submersion cases by Papadodima et al. [3], 23 cases died from complications of coronary artery disease. A possible mechanism by which drowning can lead to myocardial infarction includes hypoxia-either due to fluid aspiration or laryngospasmand subsequent coronary spasm. Sheikh et al. [4] demonstrated the occurrence of transient ST H. R. Omar (&) E. El-Khabiry Y. Ali Internal Medicine Department, Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60616, USA e-mail: hesham_omar2003@yahoo.com
Recent development of self-interaction-free time-dependent density-functional theory for nonperturbative treatment of atomic and molecular multiphoton processes in intense laser fields.

In this paper, we present a short account of some recent developments of self-interaction-free density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) for accurate and efficient treatment of the electronic structure, and time-dependent quantum dynamics of many-electron atomic and molecular systems. The conventional DFT calculations using approximate and explicit exchange-correlation energy functional contain spurious self-interaction energy and improper long-range asymptotic potential, preventing reliable treatment of the excited, resonance, and continuum states. We survey some recent developments of DFT/TDDFT with optimized effective potential (OEP) and self-interaction correction (SIC) for both atomic and molecular systems for overcoming some of the above mentioned difficulties. These DFT (TDDFT)/OEP-SIC approaches allow the use of orbital-independent single-particle local potential which is self-interaction free. In addition we discuss several numerical techniques recently developed for efficient and high-precision treatment of the self-interaction-free DFT/TDDFT equations. The usefulness of these procedures is illustrated by a few case studies of atomic, molecular, and condensed matter processes of current interests, including (a) autoionizing resonances, (b) relativistic OEP-SIC treatment of atomic structure (Z=2–106), (c) shell-filling electronic structure in quantum dots, (d) atomic and molecular processes in intense laser fields, including multiphoton ionization, and very-high-order harmonic generation, etc. For the time-dependent processes, an alternative Floquet formulation of TDDFT is introduced for time-independent treatment of multiphoton processes in intense periodic or quasiperiodic fields. We conclude this paper with some open questions and perspectives of TDDFT.
Effect of dichloroacetic acid on rat hepatic messenger RNA activity profiles

We have previously suggested that the ability of glucose to induce rat hepatic lipogenic enzymes is mediated by the mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate. In part, this hypothesis is supported by the finding that an activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase, dichloroacetic acid (DCA), is capable of inducing malic enzyme in hepatocyte cultures. In order to further test this hypothesis, we compared the mRNA responses induced by carbohydrate feeding in vivo and by glucose administration to hepatocytes in culture with those mRNA responses induced in DCA both in vivo and in culture. DCA administration to rats resulted in a significant increase in liver:body weight ratio. It was, in addition, a potent inducer of malic enzyme. Hepatic mRNA activity profiles were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of in vitro translation products. Six of the seven mRNAs altered by carbohydrate feeding were similarly altered by DCA feeding in vivo. In cultured hepatocytes 10 mmol/L DCA significantly increased four of six glucose-induced mRNAs. The mRNA for malic enzyme was among those mRNA sequences induced both in vivo and in culture. Increasing glucose concentrations in the culture medium resulted in an expected rise in pyruvate levels, whereas DCA caused a significant decrease in the concentration of this intermediate. It is likely, therefore, that augmentation of the flux of pyruvate through pyruvate dehydrogenase rather than alterations in pyruvate levels per se, is a proximal event leading to the induction of multiple mRNAs. The marked overlap in mRNA response to both carbohydrate and DCA indicates that the signal regulating the content of the carbohydrate responsive mRNAs is derived from mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation.
Influence of the Turbulence Model in Calculations of Flow over Obstacles with Second-Moment Closures

Abstract This paper investigates the role of turbulence models in numerical calculations of flow over obstacles with second-moment closure models. Two models for the pressure-strain correlations are examined in the study. Computations of the main characteristics of the mean flow and the turbulent fields are compared against experimental data, and results obtained with the standard k-ϵ model. All models give reasonable agreement with the data. In the limited region in which comparisons were made, the k-ϵ model gives the best agreement with mean flow data, and the LRR model gives better agreement with Reynolds stress data.
The stable isotope geochemistry of CaCO3 on the Tanana River floodplain of interior Alaska, U.S.A.: Composition and mechanisms of formation

Abstract On the river floodplains of interior Alaska, forests exist on calcareous, alluvial soils. The objectives of this study were to determine the stable 13 C and 18 O isotopic composition of CaCO 3 along a plant primary successional sequence (250 yr.) and to examine possible mechanisms controlling the formation of CaCO 3 in these floodplain soils. Soil samples were analyzed from duplicate plots of three successional stages: open shrub (Stage III, 4 yr. old), young balsam poplar-alder (Stage V, 30 yr. old), and mature white spruce (Stage VIII, 170–250 yr. old). The early stages of plant succession showed little variation in the mean soil δ 13 C PDB (−4.3 to −4.0%), while the Stage-VIII sites showed the greatest carbon depletion δ 13 C PDB = −7.9 to −6.2%). The mean soil δ 18 O PDB -values ranged from −16.3 to −14.6%. These low δ 18 O-values reflect, in part, the very depleted meteoric precipitation ( δ 18 O PDB = −50.3%) for this cold, continental site. A few surface “salt crust” samples showed significant enrichment in both C and O isotopes. Six calcite-bearing rock samples from the Alaska Range, the source of the alluvial parent material, fell into two classes with means for δ 13 C PDB of −0.2 and −5.2% and means for δ 18 O PDB of −14.6 and −18.7%, respectively. The early Stage-III profiles showed little variation in isotopic composition with soil depth, suggesting that the CaCO 3 was primarily inherited with the alluvial material and was not formed in situ. Surface evaporation of water played a minor role and transpirational loss of water played a major role in altering the isotopic composition of soil CaCO 3 along the successional sequence. There was no evidence supporting freezing as a mechanism controlling soil CaCO 3 precipitation. Over the 170–250-yr.-old plant successional sequence, the biotic factor significantly altered the isotopic composition of soil CaCO 3 .
Long-term surgical outcomes in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: observations from a single institution

Abstract Background/Purpose Surgical complications are common in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), but little is known about long-term incidence patterns and associated predictors. Methods A cohort of 99 CDH survivors was prospectively followed at a single-institution multidisciplinary clinic. Data were gathered regarding the adverse surgical outcomes of hernia recurrence, chest and spinal deformity, and operative small bowel obstruction (SBO), and then were retrospectively analyzed in relation to perinatal and perioperative markers of disease severity to determine significant predictors. Statistical methods used included univariate and multivariate regression analysis, hazard modeling, and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results At a median cohort age of 4.7 (range, 0.2-10.6) years, 46% of patients with patch repairs and 10% of those with primary repairs had a hernia recurrence at a median time of 0.9 (range, 0.1-7.3) years after repair. Chest deformity was detected in 47%. Small bowel obstruction and scoliosis occurred in 13%. Recurrence and chest deformity were significantly more common with patch repair, liver herniation, age at neonatal extubation greater than 16 days, oxygen requirement at discharge, and prematurity. The strongest predictor of SBO was patch repair. Multivariate analysis showed that patch repair was independently predictive of recurrence and early chest deformity (odds ratios of 5.0 and 4.8, confidence intervals of 1-24 and 1-21, P Conclusions For long-term survivors of CDH, specific perinatal and operative variables, particularly patch repair, are associated with subsequent adverse surgical outcomes.
Glycoproteins of representative paramyxoviruses: isolation and antigenic analysis using a zwitterionic surfactant.

A new method for the isolation of biologically active envelope antigens from paramyxo- and myxoviruses was developed using a zwitterionic detergent Empigen BB. Essentially complete recovery of hemagglutinin and sialidase from representative paramyxoviruses (PMY, NDV, and Sendai virus) and influenza virus X7 was achieved. The glycoproteins (HN and F) of PMY were purified in a DEAE-Bio-Gel A column equilibrated with bicarbonate buffer containing Empigen, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of pooled HN fractions revealed one band, indicating that it is a common glycoprotein. Gels of pooled F-enriched fractions revealed three bands corresponding to LGP, HN, and F. Gels of PMY virus revealed six polypeptides, and they have been tentatively designated L, LGP, HN, F, NP, and M. LGP, a large glycoprotein, was not detected in gels of NDV and Sendai virus. It has been proposed that LGP may consist of a complex of F. Antiserum was prepared against purified HN and it was found to be monospecific. The antiserum inhibited both hemagglutination and enzyme activities of PMY, which is in support of the hemagglutinin and sialidase of PMY being associated with a common glycoprotein. By enzyme inhibition analysis of PMY, NDV, and Sendai virus, it was shown that the enzymes of these viruses are antigenically distinct. The methods described for the isolation and purification of PMY glycoproteins may be useful for the preparation of myxo- and paramyxovirus subunit vaccines.
The mechanism of electron-cation geminate recombination in liquid isooctane

Abstract Electron–cation geminate recombination in isooctane has been reinvestigated by femtosecond spectroscopy. The observed recombination kinetics are well-fit by a single exponential decay ( τ = 400 ± 40 fs) and exhibit a significant hydrogen/deuterium kinetic isotope effect. The kinetics are not affected by varying the incident intensity or by exciting the recombining electrons with a high power 800 nm pulse. These observations strongly suggest that the recombination rate is not limited by diffusive motion of the ions to form a contact ion pair, but rather by the electron transfer reaction rate between the ions in a contact ion pair.
A worldwide examination of solar beam-slope angle values

Abstract Angle i, the angle formed between a perpendicular on a slope and the incident solar beam, has been calculated worldwide for all latitudes, slope angles, and for the summer and winter solstices. The response of this angle, an indicator of potential solar input, to variations in slope angles, slope directions, solar positions and altitudes during changing seasons is not easily grasped intuitively.
Rectifier unblocking from a generalized analysis of self-saturating magnetic amplifiers

The unblocking of the self-saturating gate rectifier of the reresetting core in magnetic-amplifier circuits is a well-known phenomenon. Circuit behavior during this unblocked period, a condition sometimes called gate limited reset, may result in appreciably different response times and different gains than would otherwise be expected. The purpose of this paper is to derive analytic predictions of the occurrence of this phenomenon which will be useful in the analysis and design of self-saturating magnetic amplifiers.
Efforts to establish a foliage-feeding moth, Austromusotima camptozonale, against Lygodium microphyllum in Florida, considered in the light of a retrospective review of establishment success of weed biocontrol agents belonging to different arthropod taxa

Old World climbing fern, Lygodium microphyllum, is a serious invasive weed in south Florida. Development of biological control is vital for sustainable management of L. microphyllum, although the selection of candidate control agents is limited. Austromusotima camptozonale was the first agent to be approved for release against L. microphyllum. From 2004 to 2005, 10,555 adults were released at L. microphyllum-infested sites but subsequent monitoring failed to recover insects. From 2006 to 2007, 30,000 larvae were released, but survivors were never recovered from pine or tree island sites, and were only recovered for three months at cypress sites. Studies in which A. camptozonale eggs and larvae were set out at release sites and subsequently retrieved indicated no evidence of predation or parasitism of eggs, although eggs in pine systems suffered 20% mortality, attributed to high temperatures. No evidence of parasitism of A. camptozonale larvae was detected, although significantly fewer larvae were recovered in treatments to which walking predators had access, relative to Tangle-Trap exclusion treatments. Ants were recovered trapped in Tangle-Trap treatments and had previously being observed preying on A. camptozonale in the field. We conclude that ant predation was a contributing factor in the failure of A. camptozonale to establish. Based on rates of establishment observed in past weed biocontrol programs, use of a lepidopteran agent within the Pyralidae sensu lato would not be a strategy predicted to offer the best likelihood of success. However a herbivore fauna composed predominantly of Lepidoptera offered few alternatives.
Effect of ergotamine tartrate on potassium changes in histamine shock.

SummaryErgotamine tartrate in the dosage used did not significantly modify serum potassium changes characteristic of histamine shock in the rat. It did not influence histamine tolerance in either the normal or the demedullated animal.
A review of the chemical reaction mechanism and kinetics for hydrofluoric acid etching of silicon dioxide for surface micromachining applications

Abstract An etching mechanism for thin silicon dioxide films in hydrofluoric acid solutions has been deduced from experimental results and a review of literature sources. The etching reaction consists of two elementary chemical reactions at the surface of the silicon dioxide thin film. First, acidic components from the etchant break up the siloxane bonds at the SiO 2 surface leaving silanol species. This process creates more space at the SiO 2 surface for the fluorinated species to react with the silicon nucleophilically. Experiments at low HF concentrations (below 4 M HF) show that the etching reaction is nearly first order. Over a wider range of HF concentration, however, the reaction order approaches 2. Moreover, the addition of strong acids to HF solutions enhances the etching reaction by increasing the rate of the “surface opening” reaction. Literature data support this view of SiO 2 etching. Application of these ideas will enhance etching for large area surface micromachining.
Mutations, Chromosomal Aberrations, and Tumors in Insects Treated with Oncogenic Virus

An increased incidence of lethal mutations, visible mutations, chromosomal losses, chromosomal nondisjunctions, and tumors resulted when drosophila were placed in medium containing Rous-sarcoma virus. In the group treated, a few mosaics of the eye and translocations appeared as well. There is a suggestion, from preliminary data, that the size of chromosomal puffs may be reduced by this RNA virus, but the difference is not significant. Tests for the persistence of virus in progeny have been negative so far.
Conceptual design and analysis of a semi-passive containment cooling system for a large concrete containment

Abstract An internal evaporator-only (IEO) concept has been developed as a semi-passive containment cooling system for a large dry concrete containment. The function of this system is to keep the containment integrity by maintaining the internal pressure not to exceed ultimate design pressure, i.e. 0.83 MPa (120 psia) in the absence of any other containment cooling following a severe accident, which postulates core damage and hydrogen combustion. The ability of the concept to protect the containment was evaluated for the design basis accident (DBA) large break loss of coolant accident (LB LOCA) and severe accident scenarios (LB LOCA without Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) and containment spray flow, 100% zirconium oxidation and complete hydrogen combustion). All were modeled using the GOTHIC computer code. It was concluded that a practical system requiring four IEO loops could be utilized to meet design criteria for severe accident scenarios.
Dynamics of the flame surface area in turbulent non-premixed combustion

The dynamic equations for integral quantities relevant to turbulent flames are developed based on atheorem of geometric measure theory. The total area of level surfaces is considered in detail using mixture fraction, a quantity which is important for non-premixed combustion, to define the level surfaces. The level surface corresponding to its stoichiometric value is defined as the flame surface. It is shown that the rate of strain generated by the motion of the fluid, coupled with molecular diffusion and source terms of the scalar variable defining the level surface, determines the evolution of the surface properties. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) results obtained for a low-Reynolds-number turbulent non-premixed flame are used to evaluate the effects of strain rate and scalar dynamics on the surface area of level surfaces, including the flame surface.
Galactic Cosmochronometry from Radioactive Elements in the Spectra of Very Old Metal-Poor Stars

In a short review of neutron-capture elemental abundances in Galactic halo stars, emphasis is placed on the use of these elements to estimate the age of the Galactic halo. Two prominent characteristics of neutron-capture elements in halo stars are their large star-to-star scatter in the overall abundance level with respect to lighter elements, and the dominance of r-process abundance patterns at lowest stellar metallicities. The r-process abundance signature potentially allows the direct determination of the age of the earliest Galactic halo nucleosynthesis events, but further developments in r-process theory, high resolution spectroscopy of very metal-poor stars, and in basic atomic data are needed to narrow the uncertainties in age estimates. Attention is brought to the importance of accurate transition probabilities in neutron-capture element cosmochronometry. Recent progress in the transition probabilities of rare earth elements is discussed, along with suggestions for future work on other species.
Oscillating balloon angioplasty: does pressure oscillation reach the balloon?

Oscillating pressure inflations may minimize trauma to the coronary artery during coronary angioplasty. We measured in vitro diameters of polyolefin copolymer compliant angioplasty balloons (as a surrogate for pressure) during pressure oscillation at the inflator to determine if pressure oscillations at the inflator were conducted to the balloon. Balloon diameter oscillation increased as cycle length and inflator pressure amplitude increased. Currently practiced oscillating inflation (cycle length 2–3 sec, amplitude 2–3 atm) did not effectively transmit oscillation to the balloon. Clinically feasible optimal balloon oscillation was achieved at a cycle length of 6 sec and pressure amplitude of about 3 atm. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Reactions between Blood Group Antibodies and Antisera to Purified Immunoglobulins

Rabbit antibody to chromatographically separated 7S gamma globulin proved to be a potent anti-gamma globulin reagent, capable of potentiating the serologic activity of blood group antibodies of the 7S gamma globulin class without dependence on complement. Purified proteins of the beta2A class caused the production of weak antibodies to gamma globulin and to complement as well as to beta2A globulin. Specific anti-beta2A serum prepared by absorbing this reagent with cord blood serum appeared incapable of potentiating the serologic activity of the blood group antibodies tested. Purified proteins of the beta2M class caused the production of antibodies to gamma globulin and to complement as well as to beta2M globulin. Such antisera were of broad spectrum activity. Specific anti-beta2M serum prepared by absorption with cord blood serum was found capable of potentiating the serologic activity of only certain examples of anti-Lewis agglutinins. It can be questioned whether this potentiation was due to specific anti-19S activity, to cross-reactivity with 7S gamma globulin or to other factors.
Resolving topology ambiguity for multiple-material domains

Abstract This paper describes a novel approach to resolve topology ambiguity in generating quality triangular and tetrahedral meshes for multiple-material domains. In previous works, we developed an octree-based dual contouring method to construct surface and volumetric meshes for complicated domains with topology ambiguity resolved. However, this method is based on enumeration and cannot handle domains with multiple materials. As a follow up, in this study we develop an automatic and efficient approach to resolve topology ambiguity for multiple-material domains. We first use an indicator variable to identify the topology inside each octree leaf cell; whenever one cell is ambiguous, we split the cell into 12 tetrahedra. In the following we analyze each material-change edge to create triangles or boundary tetrahedra with surrounding minimizers. For tetrahedral meshes, in addition to material-change edges we need to analyze each interior edge to create interior tetrahedra. With the ambiguity-free mesh ready, we are able to apply quality improvement techniques to attain good mesh quality. Our main contribution lies in resolving topology ambiguity by analyzing a hybrid octree with both cubic and tetrahedral leaf cells, and this method works for both homogeneous and multiple-material domains. We have applied our algorithm to three complicated material datasets and obtained good results.
Data augmentation strategies for the Bayesian spatial probit regression model

The well known latent variable representation of the Bayesian probit regression model due to Albert and Chib (1993) allows model fitting to be performed using a simple Gibbs sampler. In addition, various types of dependence among categorical outcomes not explained by covariate information can be accommodated in a straightforward manner as a result of this latent variable representation of the model. One example of this is the spatial probit regression model for spatially-referenced categorical outcomes. In this setting, commonly used covariance structures for describing residual spatial dependence in the normal linear model setting can be imbedded into the probit regression model. Capturing spatial dependence in this way, however, can negatively impact the performance of MCMC model-fitting algorithms, particularly in terms of mixing and sensitivity to starting values. To address these computational issues, we demonstrate how the non-identifiable spatial variance parameter can be used to create data augmentation MCMC algorithms. We compare the performance of several non-collapsed and partially collapsed data augmentation MCMC algorithms through a simulation study and an analysis of land cover data.
Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced pneumonia in swine: A model of interstitial lung disease

Intravenously administered complete Freund's adjuvant, emulsified in saline, induced a lesion in the porcine lung characterized by a disseminated histiocytic interstitial pneumonia, type II pneumocyte proliferation and granulomatous arteriolitis. In addition, there was a persistent increase in numbers of alveolar macrophages. The lesion was well developed in 7 days. The sequential development and early resolution of the light microscopic lesions was studied for a period of 21 days after inoculation. The administration of Freund's adjuvant induced a spectrum of lesions typical of many forms of interstitial lung diseases of man and domestic animals. The pig is a suitable host for the investigation of the pulmonary inflammatory response and the repair mechanisms involved in chronic lung disease produced by infectious agents or environmental antigens.
Chemical Budgets for Polyethylene‐lined, Brackishwater Ponds

Budgets for water, nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were estimated from May to October 1986 in three 0.09 ha ponds stocked with striped bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum). Ponds were lined with highdensity polyethylene sheeting to prevent seepage. Pond bottoms, except for side slopes, were covered with soil. Total rainfall roughly equalled evaporation. Liner runoff augmented rainfall inflow by 43%. The largest source of nitrogen input was feed -88% of the measured input. Overflow was the greatest measured loss of nitrogen. Denitrification and ammonia volatilization apparently removed large amounts of nitrogen. Feed applications and runoff were the major phosphorus inputs. Fish harvest and uptake by mud represented the major losses of phosphorus. The production of each kilogram of fish required 2.09kg of feed and released to the water, as metabolic waste, 118.55g nitrogen, 1.2g phosphorus, and 1.67kg COD. Metabolic wastes from fish resulted in the production of an additional 3.71kg of COD in phytoplankton and benthic algae. Thus, 1kg of live striped bass resulted in a total of 5.38kg of COD. Benthic respiration exceeded respiration of microorganisms in the water column. Total respiration exceeded oxygen produced by photosynthesis, but diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere into the ponds was sufficient to maintain adequate DO concentrations for fish survival.
Site-directed circular dichroism of proteins: 1Lb bands of Trp resolve position-specific features in tear lipocalin.

Abstract The absorption spectra of N-acetyl- l -tryptophanamide in various solvents were resolved into the sums of the 1La and 1Lb components. The relative intensities of the 0–0 transitions of the 1Lb bands correlate linearly with the solvent polarity values ( E T N ). A novel strategy that uses a set of the experimental 1Lb bands was employed to resolve the near-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra of tryptophanyl residues. Resolved spectral parameters from the single-tryptophan mutants of tear lipocalin (TL), F99W and Y87W, corroborate the fluorescence and structural data of TL. Analysis of the 1Lb bands of the Trp CD spectra in proteins is a valuable tool to obtain the local features. The dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-like 1Lb band of Trp CD spectra may be used as a “fingerprint” to identify the tryptophanyl side chains in situations where the benzene rings of Trp have van der Waals interactions with the side chains of its nearest neighbor. In addition, the signs and intensities of the components hold information about the side chain conformations and dynamics in proteins. Combined with Trp mutagenesis, this method, which we call site-directed circular dichroism, is broadly applicable to various proteins to obtain the position-specific data.
Computer games and cognitive processes: Two tasks, two modes, too much?

Broadbent's recent explorations of control of dynamic diverges from the ‘ small and simple tradition’. His ‘unselected mode’ of learning and processing, which relies on separate implicit knowledge structures, challenges many traditional assumptions and popular theories of human performance. The two experiments presented here used an arcade-type computer game. Although they are in the tradition of other dynamic control tasks, they differed along several task dimensions. Their convergent but somewhat counter-intuitive results support the incorporation and general importance of unselected, non-verbal channels in the human information processing system.
Postmortem stability of α-bungarotoxin binding sites in mouse and human brain

Summary The postmortem stability of α-bungarotoxin binding sites was examined in the brains of mice handled under conditions designed to simulate the handling of human autopsy material. No significant changes in the concentration of binding sites were evident up to 24 h after death. No correlation between the number of binding sites and the delay period between death and autopsy was found in studies of frontal cortex or mid-temporal gyrus from normal humans or cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Samples of mid-temporal gyrus from demented patients show a significant reduction in the number of binding sites.
Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in adolescent Hispanics.

Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in an adolescent Hispanic population and calculate the cost of screening. Methods: A retrospective chart review of deliveries to adolescent ( Results: Three hundred twenty-six adolescent Hispanic women were screened for GDM with a 1-hour 50-g oral glucose tolerance test at an average gestational age of 26 weeks (range 11–39 weeks), at a cost of $26 per test. Thirty (9.2%) had positive screens defined as a plasma glucose level of ≥140 mg%. Three-hour 100-g oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on those with positive screens, at a cost of $124 per test. Five women were diagnosed with GDM, an incidence of 1.5%. The cost to diagnose each case of GDM was $2,569. Conclusion: The incidence of GDM in this population is low, and therefore universal screening of Hispanic adolescents may be unwarranted and cost prohibitive. Large prospective trials evaluating maternal and neonatal outcomes would provide the best means to assess the value of screening.
Enhanced Excitation of T = 0 , S = 0 States of the Ground-State Configuration in C 12 - C 12 Scattering at 126 MeV

A detailed study was made on the scattering of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ from ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ at 126 MeV in order to better understand the inelastic scattering mechanisms involved in these reactions. Earlier experiments noted four prominent peaks in the energy spectrum of the scattered particles at forward angles. One of these peaks is due to the elastic scattering and another to the excitation of the first excited state in ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ ($Q=\ensuremath{-}4.43$ MeV). The two remaining peaks correspond to $Q$ values of -9.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7 MeV and -14.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 MeV. Using coincidence techniques it is shown that the principal contribution to the $Q=\ensuremath{-}9$ MeV peak over the range of angles studied is due to the excitation of both ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ nuclei to their first excited state. An angular distribution for this process is obtained and compared to a Born approximation calculation in which all parameters are determined by previous experiments. The $Q=\ensuremath{-}14$ MeV peak is shown to be due to the excitation of an $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle unstable level in ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ at 14.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 MeV. Measurement of the angular distribution of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles that decay from this level to the ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ ground state indicates that this level has spin and parity 4+. Thus, the levels most strongly excited (4.43 MeV, 2+; 14.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 MeV, 4+) in these reactions bear a strong similarity to the level sequence expected for a ground-state rotational band in ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$. However, the shell model in L\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S coupling also accounts for the observed results as the only states in ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ with $T=0$ and $S=0$ with the ${(p)}^{8}$ configuration have $L=0, 2, \mathrm{and} 4$ with relative predicted energies in agreement with our observations.
Ex situ growth and biomass of Populus bioenergy crops irrigated and fertilized with landfill leachate

Merging traditional intensive forestry with waste management offers dual goals of fiber and bioenergy production, along with environmental benefits such as soil/water remediation and carbon sequestration. As part of an ongoing effort to acquire data about initial genotypic performance, we evaluated: (1) the early aboveground growth of trees belonging to currently utilized Populus genotypes subjected to irrigation with municipal solid waste landfill leachate or non-fertilized well water (control), and (2) the above- and below-ground biomass of the trees after 70 days of growth. We determined height, diameter, and number of leaves at 28, 42, 56, and 70 days after planting (DAP), along with stem, leaf, and root dry mass by testing six Populus clones (DN34, DN5, I4551, NC14104, NM2, NM6) grown in a greenhouse in a split–split plot, repeated measures design with two blocks, two treatments (whole-plots), six clones (sub-plots), and four sampling dates (sub–sub-plots, repeated measure). Treatments (leachate, water) were applied every other day beginning 42 DAP. The leachate-treated trees exhibited greater height, diameter, and number of leaves at 56 and 70 DAP (P 0.05). Overall, genotypic responses to the leachate treatment were clone-specific for all traits.