cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of radionuclides in aqueous samples using cloud point extraction

A cloud point extraction method followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed for the detection of trivalent lanthanides (Ln(III)) in aqueous samples. Ammonium pyrrolodinedithiocarbamate (APDC) was used as the chelating ligand with 2 wt% Triton X-114 as the surfactant. Various experimental parameters were investigated and the extraction efficiency, distribution ratios and concentration factors for the extraction of lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), europium (Eu) and thulium (Tm) were determined.
The Dose and Delivery of Psychotherapy: A Commentary on Hansen et al.

Hansen et al. provide important data on the dose of psychotherapy received in clinical practice. For their sample of over 6,000 patients, they found the median number of sessions of psychotherapy received was three, with a recovery rate of 6.5%. In contrast, data from controlled clinical trials reviewed by Hansen et al. indicated patients received an average of 13 sessions of treatment, with half the sample achieving remission. In this commentary, potential reasons for this rift between research and clinical practice are discussed, with attention to factors associated with engagement in treatment. In particular, every controlled trial reviewed by Hansen et al. involved cognitive-behavioral interventions, whereas application of these programs of treatment is relatively rare in clinical practice. Elements of the treatment and treatment context are identified that may be useful for enhancing the dose of psychotherapy.
Competition, trust, and reciprocity in the development of innovative regional milieux

While economists have given considerable attention to the role of competition in economic matters, and rightly so, they have unduly neglected the positive economic roles of cooperation, trust, and reciprocity. The importance of the latter have become particularly evident in the context of the many geographically concentrated networks of enterprises that have formed in countries throughout the industrialized world. The general nature of these dynamic regions are briefly considered. Their origins are then examined in terms of economic and technical factors, as well as in terms of historical, cultural, and social factors that reduce transaction costs and enhance innovation in relations among enterprises that not only compete, but that also often cooperate in ways suggesting that the regional milieu itself has an entrepreneurial character. Finally, the relevance of these arguments is illustrated by numerous concrete examples.
On the preswitching phenomena in semiconducting glasses

Abstract Preswitching behavior of chalcogenide glasses has been analysed thermally. By treating simultaneously the temperature and field dependences of the conductivity, analytical and numerical results on the threshold voltage, delay time, and small signal capacitance have been obtained. Good agreements with experimental observations suggest that thermal runaway together with a possible phase transition may indeed be the cause for rapid switching in semiconducting glasses.
A Framework for Generalization in Disordered Phonology

Generalization is an important outcome of treatment for phonological disorders. However, generalization often fails to occur. When it does not occur spontaneously, modifications must be made in the...
Subdiffusion and lateral diffusion coefficient of lipid atoms and molecules in phospholipid bilayers

We use a long, all-atom molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation combined with theoretical modeling to investigate the dynamics of selected lipid atoms and lipid molecules in a hydrated diyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayer. From the analysis of a 0.1 micros MD trajectory, we find that the time evolution of the mean-square displacement, , of lipid atoms and molecules exhibits three well-separated dynamical regions: (i) ballistic, with approximately t2 for t approximately tbeta with beta approximately t for t>or approximately 30 ns. We propose a memory-function approach for calculating over the entire time range extending from the ballistic to the Fickian diffusion regimes. The results are in very good agreement with the ones from the MD simulations. We also examine the implications of the presence of the subdiffusive dynamics of lipids on the self-intermediate scattering function and the incoherent dynamic structure factor measured in neutron-scattering experiments.
µCT/HR-pQCT Image Based Plate-Rod Microstructural Finite Element Model Efficiently Predicts the Elastic Moduli and Yield Strength of Human Trabecular Bone

Osteoporosis is an age-related disease characterized by low bone mass and architectural deterioration, which affects primarily the trabecular sites and causes millions of fractures. High-resolution image voxel-based finite element (FE) models with the detailed 3D microstructure have been widely utilized to assess the mechanical properties of trabecular bone [1, 2]. However, the very large size of the voxel-based FE model, in general, limits its application to linear elastic cases. Despite the great potential it has shown in studying trabecular bone failure, iterative nonlinear analysis is still hard to be performed efficiently. Therefore, there is an apparent need for an alternative approach, which maintains the advantages of the voxel-based FE models in capturing details of trabecular microstructure, while allowing faster computation. Based on the individual trabeculae segmentation (ITS) technique [3], a specimen-specific plate-rod (P-R) microstructural FE model was developed by substituting the individual beam/shell element for 3D volume of trabecular plate/rod of μCT images of trabecular bone (21 μm resolution) (Fig. 1). The first goal of this study is to validate both linear and nonlinear predictions based on the P-R models for in vitro μCT images of human trabecular bone samples. The prediction accuracy and computational speed of the P-R model were examined by comparing with those of the voxel-based FE model.© 2010 ASME
Cumulative Causation of Rural Migration and Initial Peri-Urbanization in China

This paper posits that rural migration feeds the high demand for cheap labor in peri-urbanization, which is driven by globalization, flows of foreign capital, and entrepreneurial local governments. While the gravity model and push/pull perspective ignore the dynamics of migratory course, we use the cumulative causation of migration theory to conceptualize social expectations for outmigration and social resources from migrant networks in destinations. Four major findings are drawn from this demographic analysis based on micro data from China's 2000 Census. First, the expectation of outmigration significantly increases outmigration, and this effect is independent of push factors. Second, foreign direct investment (FDI) contributes to attracting rural labor migrants from other provinces to peri-urban areas as it does to cities. Third, social resources from migrant networks play an important role in attracting rural labor migrants to both city and noncity destinations. Fourth, the importance of wage differentials declines in gravitating rural labor migrants to peri-urban areas. These findings provide tentative evidence that rural labor migration is indispensable during initial peri-urbanization. Infused with flows of FDI and entrepreneurial local governments, rural migration has created a favorable initial condition for peri-urbanization.
Dependence of rates of apparent photosynthesis on tissue phosphorus concentrations in Myriophyllum spicatum L.

Abstract The relationship between internal phosphorus concentration and apparent photosynthesis was examined in 10-cm shoot tips of the submersed macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum L. A pseudo-Michaelis-Menten type relationship was observed in both laboratory and field-grown plants. Curves fit to the data showed phosphorus compensation points (tissue phosphorus concentrations at which the predicted rates of apparent photosynthesis = 0) of 0.024 and 0.023% for laboratory and field-grown plants respectively. Critical concentrations (tissue phosphorus concentration resulting in a predicted rate of apparent photosynthesis equal to 90% of a “mean saturated” photosynthetic rate) were determined to be 0.29 and 0.32%, respectively. Literature values for tissue phosphorus concentrations frequently fall in the range between Gerloff's critical concentration of 0.07% and the 0.3% critical concentration derived in the current study, indicating that data originally interpreted as showing phosphorus sufficiency may indeed indicate suboptimal levels of phosphorus.
Cohesive energy-lattice constant and bulk modulus-lattice constant relationships: Alkali halides, Ag halides, Tl halides

In this note we present two expressions relating the cohesive energy, E(sub coh), and the zero pressure isothermal bulk modulus, B(sub 0), of the alkali halides. Ag halides and TI halides, with the nearest neighbor distances, d(sub nn). First, we show that the product E(sub coh)d(sub 0) within families of halide crystals with common crystal structure is to a good approximation constant, with maximum rms deviation of plus or minus 2%. Secondly, we demonstrate that within families of halide crystals with a common cation and common crystal structure the product B(sub 0)d(sup 3.5)(sub nn) is a good approximation constant, with maximum rms deviation of plus or minus 1.36%.
Children's Responses to Visual Complexity in a Play Setting

Summary.-Groups of 4-yr.-old children were tested wichin a play environment containing Large climbing boxes which were structurally identical but presented two levels of visu3lly patterned complexity. No preferences for either level of visual complexity were detected in the children's use of the boxes. This result confirmed predictions based on consideration of visual complexity as a form of unimodal complexity subordinate to multimodal complexiry in an integral stimulus context represented by the play-setting tested. One of the first studies to explore the relationships between stimulus complexity and visual responsiveness was conducted by Vaughan ( 1906) who found that complex figures held the eye longer than simple ones. Since this early study, a multitude of workers has researched the phenomena of visual complexity (Berlyne, 1960, 1970; Cantor, 1963; Dent & Simmel, 1968; Faw & Nunnally, 1968; Fiske & Maddi, 1961; Leckhart, Glanville, Hootstein, Keleman, & Yaremko, 1972; Munsinger & Weir, 1967; Unikel & Harris, 1970). Generally, this research has shown visual complexity to be associated with positive affect. Specifically, visual fixation and preference have been reported as positively correlated with visual complexity and to move in a curvilinear manner, with stimuli of moderate complexity usually preferred over stimuli of very high or very low complexiry. Visual complexity, however, is not usually encountered in isolation within normal life concexts. Visual complexity is a unimodd phenomenon and is commonly operative within a larger multimodal sensory setting. The effects of visual complexity within such broader settings and the relationships of visual complexity to other types od stimulus complexity have been invesrigated only rarely and usually indirectly. The limited relevant research has been within the realm of play-related behavior. Some of this research has probed the holistic multimodal aspects of stimulus complexity. In a series of experiments on chimpanzees, Weker ( 1956a, 1956b, 1956c, 1961 ) found that mu1 timodally complex play objects sustained a greeter amount of exploratory and manipulative behavior than did simple objects. Investigating the play behavior of young children, Gramza, Comsh, and Ellis ( 1972) and Scholtz (1973) also found a sustained preference (as use) for complex play objects and concluded that mulcimodal complexity is of primary importance in children's play. This conclusion linked to an earlier study in which Grarnza and Witt (1969), researching the 'This investigation was supported in part by a research grant to the Motor Performance and Play Research Laboratory via the Herman M. Adler Center by the Department of Mend Health of the Smte of Illinois.
Residential landscapes as social-ecological systems: a synthesis of multi-scalar interactions between people and their home environment

Residential landscapes are a common setting of human-environment interactions. These ubiquitous ecosystems provide social and ecological services, and yard maintenance leads to intended and unintended ecological outcomes. The ecological characteristics of residential landscapes and the human drivers of landscape management have been the focus of disciplinary studies, often at a single scale of analysis. However, an interdisciplinary examination of residential landscapes is needed to understand the feedbacks and tradeoffs of these complex adaptive social-ecological systems as a whole. Our aim is to synthesize the diversity of perspectives, scales of analysis, and findings from the literature in order to 1) contribute to an interdisciplinary understanding of residential landscapes and 2) identify research needs while providing a robust conceptual approach for future studies. We synthesize 256 studies from the literature and develop an interdisciplinary, multi-scalar framework on residential landscape dynamics. Complex human drivers (attitudinal, structural, and institutional factors) at multiple scales influence management practices and the feedbacks with biophysical characteristics of residential landscapes. However, gaps exist in our interdisciplinary understanding of residential landscapes within four key but understudied areas: 1) the link between social drivers and ecological outcomes of management decisions, 2) the ecosystem services provided by these landscapes to residents, 3) the interactions of social drivers and ecological characteristics across scales, and 4) generalizations of patterns and processes across cities. Our systems perspective will help to guide future interdisciplinary collaborations to integrate theories and research methods across geographic locations and spatial scales.
Truncated D-Optimal Designs for Screening Experiments

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTD-optimal designs have proved useful in analyzing common factorial experiments involving multilevel categorical factors. When analyzed by ANOVA, they allow the estimation of coefficients in a regression equation and the contributions to the variance by the main effects and interactions. If the measurement of contribution to variance is necessary but the estimation of all interaction coefficients in the regression equation is not, it is possible to reduce the number of experimental runs below a minimum D-optimal design, using what we call truncated D-optimal screening designs. D-efficiency calculations are not available due to the singularity of the design matrix; another method must be used to pare down the matrix while maintaining reasonable estimation of the original full factorial data. Covering arrays are adapted to guide this reduction. Combining properties of D-optimal designs and covering arrays produces designs that perform well at estimating full factorial results. A method is th...
Hinrichs Revisited: Individual Evaluations of Income Increments

ABSTRACT Pay is used increasingly to recognize and reward performance; nevertheless, little research exists regarding the evaluation of pay increases. The data were collected, by applying the “method of limits” paradigm widely used in psychophysical measurement, from approximately 3,500 employees of a large industrial organization. Building on the seminal work of Hinrichs (1969), we posited and found that (a) Weber's Law is an inadequate explanation of pay evaluations; (b) individual difference variables moderate Weber fractions; (c) women did not expect less than men, they expected more; and (d) inflation increased evaluation thresholds. The potentially significant implications of these findings, for compensation administration and the paradigm in general, are discussed.
Mutants of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells with Altered Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity

Two mutant clones of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity have been characterized. In each case, there is evidence that a structural gene mutation has taken place. The first mutant produces 11% specific enzyme activity compared to wild-type parental cells, but this residual activity is much more heat sensitive than that of the wild type. The second mutant contains no residual activity, but a revertant was isolated that exhibits a partial restoration of G6PD activity with, again, an increased heat sensitivity. The selection of G6PD* cells from G6PD}-populations can be effected by exploiting the increased sensitivity of the latter to diamide, a compound that depletes the cell of reduced glutathione.
A miniaturized patch antenna at 2.4 GHz using uni-planar compact photonic band gap structure

This article presents a miniaturized patch antenna for wireless applications at 2.4 GHz. A conventional microstrip-fed patch antenna is firstly designed to operate close to 10 GHz. Then, the antenna is modified to operate at lower frequency without changing the antenna dimensions. First, the ground plane is replaced with a uniplanar-compact-photonic-band-gap (UC-PBG) structure. Then, a backed conductor is placed close to the UC-PBG and connected to it through four vias. These two modifications are utilized to decrease the lower operating frequency of the antenna from 9.7 to 2.42 GHz. Thus, a 75% size reduction factor is obtained. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 1360–1363, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23381
LDMS: A linguistic data management system

On presente une description detaillee du systeme, consistant en deux modeles, l'un pour l'entree destine aux chercheurs non familiarises avec l'informatique, l'autre, qui utilise un microordinateur, outil analytique pour l'analyse linguistique. Applique a des documents anciens italiens et latins, le systeme est applicable a d'autres langues. On discute et on montre les avantages du systeme
Ethical and legal issues in professional practice transitions.

Transitions such as opening, growing, closing, or relocating a professional practice raise a host of challenging legal and ethical questions. Practitioners must consider a range of issues related to client welfare, records management, professional liability, and relationships with colleagues. Some of the issues include obligations and options when closing or selling a practice, opening a practice in a new community, and altering the nature of an existing practice by adding or shedding participating practitioners. A checklist of issues to consider is provided.
Making decisions in the 21st century: Scientific data, weight of evidence, and the precautionary principle

Traditionally, science has progressed by slow steps involving the accumulation of studies showing particular effects, leading eventually to a general consensus. However, with increasing development and industrialization, environmental problems have escalated faster than the ability to collect sufficient data to form clear consensus among scientists. Since man- agers require scientific information to make decisions about management, regulation, and public policy, the gap has been partially filled by two approaches: weight of evidence and the precautionary principle. I suggest that both are useful for making decisions about endocrine active substances, although few papers in the refereed literature link the precautionary prin- ciple with endocrine active substances. As with most public policy decisions, these involve an iterative process whereby scientific inquiry must continue to fill data gaps, and to deter- mine if the decisions made by these processes are still appropriate and protective of human and ecological health. The precautionary principle is most useful when it continues to inform and help direct research to fill data gaps in our understanding of environmental problems, such as the effect of endocrine active substances on endocrine disruption.
Minimal acute rejection after lung transplantation: a risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a major cause of lung allograft dysfunction. Although previous studies have identified mild to severe rejection (grade ≥A2) as a risk factor for BOS, the role of minimal rejection (grade A1) remains unclear. To determine if A1 rejection by itself is a risk factor for BOS, we performed a retrospective cohort study on 228 adult lung transplant recipients over a 7-year period. Cohorts were defined by their most severe rejection episode (none, A1 only, and ≥A2) and analyzed for the subsequent development and progression of BOS using univariate and multivariate time-dependent Cox regression analysis. In the univariate model, the occurrence of isolated minimal rejection was a risk factor for all stages of BOS. Similarly, multivariate models that included HLA mismatch, cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, community acquired viral infection, underlying disease and type of transplant demonstrated that A1 rejection was a distinct risk factor for BOS. Furthermore, the associated risk with A1 rejection was slightly greater than the risk from ≥A2 and treatment of A1 rejection decreased the risk for subsequent BOS stage 1. We conclude that minimal rejection is associated with an increased risk for BOS development and progression that is comparable to A2 rejection.
Formation of Liesegang-like rings by metal ions and chelating or complexing agents.

IT has been recently reported from this laboratory that Liesegang-like rings of growth and inhibition of growth of bacteria were produced around filter paper disks in inoculated agar media when a chelating agent was dissolved in the agar and a metal ion was applied on the disk1. The formation of as many as six concentric and alternate rings of growth and absence of growth was ascribed to the presence or absence of toxic mixtures of chelating agents, metal chelates and free metal ions in the areas of the rings. These areas of interaction were invisible and apparent only through the biological response of the micro-organisms.
Genetic variation in paraoxonase activity and sensitivity to diisopropylphosphofluoridate in inbred mice.

Abstract The mechanism underlying genetic variation in the acute and chronic responses of mice to diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DFP) are unknown. We investigated whether variation in metabolism of organophosphates by A-esterase, as exemplified by the enzyme paraoxonase, was correlated to the degree of sensitivity to DFP in four inbred mouse strains. LD50s and plasma paraoxonase were measured in each strain. We observed genetic variation in both of these measures, but there was no significant correlation between the two measures. We conclude that plasma paraoxonase activity does not underlie genetic variation in sensitivity to the lethal effects of DFP ni mice sinces it does not determine the degree of sensitivity or resistance to DFP.
Cardiac Autonomic Modulation and Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Children

The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in young children currently is about 2% and may increase because of the obesity epidemic in children. The analysis of beat-to-beat heart rate variability (HRV) has been used widely as a noninvasive measurement of cardiac autonomic modulation in cardiovascular disease research. Very few studies, especially population-based studies in the sleep research field, have used HRV to assess the associations between SDB and related metabolic factors and the impairment of cardiac autonomic modulation. This article describes SDB in children, the application of HRV analysis to assess cardiac autonomic modulation, and preliminary findings of a population-based study of SDB, obesity, and cardiac autonomic modulation in children.
Mechanical proof testing

A computer program has been written in PL/I to check the correctness of proofs in an axiomatic theory. A notation for the statements of the theory is described. Application examples are provided.
Quantitative utilization of prior biological knowledge in the Bayesian network modeling of gene expression data

Bayesian Network (BN) is a powerful approach to reconstructing genetic regulatory networks from gene expression data. However, expression data by itself suffers from high noise and lack of power. Incorporating prior biological knowledge can improve the performance. As each type of prior knowledge on its own may be incomplete or limited by quality issues, integrating multiple sources of prior knowledge to utilize their consensus is desirable. We introduce a new method to incorporate the quantitative information from multiple sources of prior knowledge. It first uses the Naive Bayesian classifier to assess the likelihood of functional linkage between gene pairs based on prior knowledge. In this study we included cocitation in PubMed and schematic similarity in Gene Ontology annotation. A candidate network edge reservoir is then created in which the copy number of each edge is proportional to the estimated likelihood of linkage between the two corresponding genes. In network simulation the Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithm is adopted, and samples from this reservoir at each iteration to generate new candidate networks. We evaluated the new algorithm using both simulated and real gene expression data including that from a yeast cell cycle and a mouse pancreas development/growth study. Incorporating prior knowledge led to a ~2 fold increase in the number of known transcription regulations recovered, without significant change in false positive rate. In contrast, without the prior knowledge BN modeling is not always better than a random selection, demonstrating the necessity in network modeling to supplement the gene expression data with additional information. our new development provides a statistical means to utilize the quantitative information in prior biological knowledge in the BN modeling of gene expression data, which significantly improves the performance.
Possible Role of Stresses in Inducing Spinal Stenosis—A Long Term Complication Following Disk Excision

A three-dimensional finite element model of an intact ligamentous lumbar motion segment (L3-4) was used to predict stresses in the pars interarticularis regions of the modeled vertebral bodies. The changes in stresses following disk excision, as compared to the intact model, also were computed. The predicted results show an increase in stresses in the posterior bony elements following disk excision. In some patients over a long period of time this increase in stresses, in association with other clinical factors, may lead to bony hypertrophy of the structures that surround the nerve roots. Ultimately, over a long period of time the increase in pressure on the entrapped nerve root may induce recurrent pain and other complications reported in the literature.
Reconfigurable radiation from a W-band trough waveguide antenna: trade-offs in impedance and radiation from tapered MEMS-based perturbations

This work examines tapered, variable-length, MEMS-based perturbations for fixed frequency beam steering of a W-band trough waveguide antenna. Tapered (non-rectangular) perturbation geometries are utilized to reduce the impedance mismatch due to phase accumulation while scanning through broadside (where perturbations are one-half a guided wavelength), improve the fixed-frequency and frequency-dependant scanning capabilities, and reduce the side-lobes during scanning operations. Three different perturbation geometries (rectangular, sinusoidal, and triangular) are used in this work to study non uniform, periodic, odd aperture distributions (antiphase constant, sine, and antiphase triangular, respectively) and determine the resulting trade-offs in radiation and impedance behavior of the antenna. By maintaining the impedance match over the range of reconfigured radiation patterns and improving the radiation behavior of the antenna, the capacity of the antenna to support multi-function mm-wave systems can be increased substantially.
Mortality of pregnant females in Arikara villages: Osteological evidence

High infant mortality and high mortality for late adolescent and young adult females suggest that obstetrical hazards may be one explanation for differences in male and female mortality curves. This possibility is investigated in Arikara skeletal series by determining the frequency of females who died with fetal remains in utero. Two females (0.9%) were so identified. Examination of the females and the fetal remains do not provide evidence that stress of childbearing was the cause of death in these cases.
Dialogue patterns of an arabic robot receptionist

Hala is a bilingual (Arabic and English) culturally-sensitive robot receptionist located at Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar. We report results from Hala's deployment by comparing her English dialogue corpus to that of a similar monolingual robot (named "Tank") located at CMU's Pittsburgh campus. Specifically, we compare the average number of turns per interaction, duration of interactions, frequency of interactions with personal questions, rate of non-understandings, and rate of thanks after the robot's answer. We provide possible explanations for observed similarities and differences and highlight potential cultural implications on the interactions.
A robust facial feature tracking system

Facial feature tracking is crucial in computer vision applications. In this paper, we propose a system capable of locating a human face using skin color filtering and then detecting and tracking six facial features, i.e. pupils, nostrils and lip corners, in a real time video. A 3D facial feature model is employed to estimate the 3D pose of a person's head, which improves the robustness of the tracking system. This system has the advantage of automatically detecting the facial features and recovering the features lost during the tracking process. Encouraging results have been obtained using the proposed system.
Of ghosts, gauge volumes, and Gauss's law

The relationship between the canonical operator and the path integral formulation of quantum electrodynamics is analyzed with a particular focus on the implementation of gauge constraints in the two approaches. The removal of gauge volumes in the path integral is shown to match with the presence of zero-norm ghost states associated with gauge transformations in the canonical operator approach. The path integrals for QED in both the Feynman and the temporal gauges are examined and several ways of implementing the gauge constraint integrations are demonstrated. The upshot is to show that both the Feynman and the temporal gauge path integrals are equivalent to the Coulomb gauge path integral, matching the results developed by Kurt Haller using the canonical formalism. In addition, the Faddeev–Popov form for the Feynman gauge and temporal gauge Lagrangian path integrals are derived from the Hamiltonian form of the path integral.
New perspective on intrasentential code-switching: A study of Korean– English switching

This article explores typology-based differences in patterns of bilingual behavior by analyzing code-switches of Korean-English bilingual speakers, a language group that has not received much study so far. Data collected from 20 balanced bilinguals was analyzed to address the issues of linguistic constraints on code-switching and applicability of the concepts of nonce borrowing, language assignment, and neutrality to the phenomena observed. Two interesting code-switching phenomena were found: a change of the part of speech in the process of making small-size nonequivalence constituent switches and an introduction of Korean “operating verbs,” which are inflected to indicate the degree of respect to the interlocutor. Four subjects (two males, two females), who were taped in two different contexts, showed a reduction in social code-switching and a higher rate of English monolingual sentences when talking to their spouses than to an acquaintance.
Three‐dimensional finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities to model material failure in the infinitesimal range

SUMMARY This paper presents new three-dimensional finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities in the small strain infinitesimal range. The goal is to model localized surfaces of failure in solids, such as cracks at fracture, through enhancements of the finite elements that capture the propagating discontinuities of the displacement field in the element interiors. In this way, such surfaces of discontinuity can be sharply resolved in general meshes not necessarily related to the detailed geometry of the surface, unknown a priori. An important issue is also the consideration of general finite element formulations in the developments (e.g., basic displacement-based, mixed or enhanced assumed strain finite element formulations), as needed to optimally resolve the continuum problem in the bulk. The actual modeling of the discontinuity effects, including the incorporation of the cohesive law defining the discontinuity constitutive response, is carried out at the element level with the proper enhancement of the discrete strain field of the element. The added elemental degrees of freedom approximate the displacement jumps associated with the discontinuity and are defined independently from element to element, thus allowing their static condensation at the element level without affecting the global mechanical problem in terms of the number and topology of the global degrees of freedom. In fact, this global-local structure of the finite element methods developed in this work arises naturally from a multi-scale characterization of these localized solutions, with the discontinuities understood to appear in the small scales, thus leading directly to these computationally efficient numerical methods for their numerical resolution, easily incorporated to an existing finite element code. The focus in this paper is on the development of finite elements incorporating a linear interpolation of the displacement jumps in the general three-dimensional setting. These interpolations are shown to be necessary for hexahedral elements to avoid the so-called stress locking that occurs with simpler constant approximations of the jumps (namely, a spurious transfer of stresses across the discontinuity not allowing its full release and, hence, resulting in an overstiff or locked numerical solution). The design of the new finite elements is accomplished in this work by a direct identification of the separation modes to be incorporated in the discrete strain field of the element, rather than from an assumed discontinuous interpolation of the displacements, assuring with this approach their locking-free response by design. An additional issue addressed in the paper is the geometric characterization and propagation of the discontinuity surfaces in the general three-dimensional setting of interest here. The paper includes a series of numerical simulations illustrating and evaluating the properties of the new finite elements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial degradation by autophagy (mitophagy) in GFP-LC3 transgenic hepatocytes during nutrient deprivation

Fasting in vivo and nutrient deprivation in vitro enhance sequestration of mitochondria and other organelles by autophagy for recycling of essential nutrients. Here our goal was to use a transgenic mouse strain expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to rat microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3 (LC3), a marker protein for autophagy, to characterize the dynamics of mitochondrial turnover by autophagy (mitophagy) in hepatocytes during nutrient deprivation. In complete growth medium, GFP-LC3 fluorescence was distributed diffusely in the cytosol and incorporated in mostly small (0.2-0.3 μm) patches in proximity to mitochondria, which likely represent preautophagic structures (PAS). After nutrient deprivation plus 1 μM glucagon to simulate fasting, PAS grew into green cups (phagophores) and then rings (autophagosomes) that enveloped individual mitochondria, a process that was blocked by 3-methyladenine. Autophagic sequestration of mitochondria took place in 6.5 ± 0.4 min and often occurred coordinately with mitochondrial fission. After ring formation and apparent sequestration, mitochondria depolarized in 11.8 ± 1.4 min, as indicated by loss of tetramethylrhodamine methylester fluorescence. After ring formation, LysoTracker Red uptake, a marker of acidification, occurred gradually, becoming fully evident at 9.9 ± 1.9 min of ring formation. After acidification, GFP-LC3 fluorescence dispersed. PicoGreen labeling of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) showed that mtDNA was also sequestered and degraded in autophagosomes. Overall, the results indicate that PAS serve as nucleation sites for mitophagy in hepatocytes during nutrient deprivation. After autophagosome formation, mitochondrial depolarization and vesicular acidification occur, and mitochondrial contents, including mtDNA, are degraded.
Bigotry and Same-Sex Marriage

The advent of marriage equality has led some commentators and judges to complain that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights supporters frequently claim that same-sex marriage opponents are bigots. This essay explains that while it is true that some LGBT rights supporters have sometimes improperly suggested that many marriage equality opponents are bigots, some commentators and judges (including Chief Justice Roberts in his dissent in Obergefell v. Hodges and Justice Alito in his dissent in United States v. Windsor) have incorrectly contended that to claim that the exclusion of same-sex couples from the institution of marriage discriminates against — or demeans, humiliates, or stigmatizes — sexual minorities is to claim that those who support a traditional understanding of marriage are bigoted. The essay also explains that despite Chief Justice Roberts’s contention to the contrary, the majority in Obergefell did not focus on the intent or motivations behind the same-sex marriage bans. Instead, the Court emphasized the harmful, demeaning, and stigmatizing consequences of those bans for sexual minorities. Finally, the essay argues that Chief Justice Roberts in Obergefell and Justice Alito in Windsor provide, at best, an unduly circumscribed, and, at worst, a revisionist and sanitized version of the same-sex marriage debates that took place in the United States during the last two decades.
Ableitung der Quantenregeln auf nicht-quamenmäßiger Grundlage

The general law of probability interference is only the first step to quantum mechanics; it does not yet contain wave-like periodic traits. The latter enter the theory only through additional dynamical rules for the connection between coordinates and momenta, typified by the wave function Ψ(p,q)=exp(2iπqp/h). This quantum-dynamical rule is shown to be derivable from a non-quantal, nonperiodic requirement of invariance of certain quantities with respect to displacement of the zero point in q- and p-space.
Prediction of Medicare Drug Formulary Drugs for Treatment of Overactive Bladder

Purpose: With the establishment and signing into law the Medicare and Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003, also known as Medicare Part D, medical costs are expected to soar. In fact, the program is expected to cost more than a trillion dollars through 2015. Establishment of the Medicare Part D drug formulary will allow cost containment but still absorb patient and physician preferences as well as a consideration of efficacy and safety data.Materials and Methods: Potential Medicare formulary choices were examined in the anticholinergic class, as commonly used by urologists, and small in number of available drugs. Formulary selection parties and issues were individually analyzed, including the government in respect to cost containment, patients in relation to efficacy and cost, physicians in relation to preferences and influence and drug companies in relation to lobbying power, country of base of operations and market shares. Costs to Medicare and patients were calculated using disco...
Dehydrocyclization of paraffins. Influence of chlorine on cyclization pathway over Pt-Al2O3 catalysts

Platinum-alumina catalysts are usually prepared by impregnation with chloroplatinic acid (1). McHenry et al. (b), have proposed that a fraction of the chloroplatinum complex survived the catalyst pretreatment; this complex-but not metallic platinum-was soluble in aqueous HF. They found that dehydrocyclization was catalyzed only by the soluble chloroplatinum fraction; isomerization and cracking were catalyzed by the metallic platinum. Other laboratories subsequently reported results which supported this proposal (S-5). Bursian et al. (6’) claimed that the soluble Pt-Cl-A1,03 complex was even more specific and catalyzed only cyclizations to naphthenes and that all dehydrogenation took place on the metallic platinum. In contrast, Kluksdahl and Houston (7) and Johnson and Keith (8) found that the soluble platinum was present only after the reduced catalyst was exposed to oxygen. Thus, the soluble form could not be the active dehydrocyclization catalyst but may still be the source of the Pt active for dehydrocyclization. The aromatic isomer distribution may be influenced by the various catalytic materials (9) ; hence, it could be expected that a different isomer distribution may be obtained when chlorine is present than when it has been removed. Thus, we have determined the aromatic isomer distribution for the dehydrocyclization of 3-methylheptane over catalysts with and without chlorine.
Rotating vector methods for smooth torque control of a switched reluctance motor drive

This paper has two primary contributions to switched reluctance motor (SRM) control: a systematic approach to smooth torque production and a high-performance technique for sensorless motion control. The systematic approach to smooth torque production is based on development of novel rotating spatial vectors methods that can be used to predict the torque produced in an arbitrary SRM. This analysis directly leads to explicit, insightful methods to provide smooth torque control of SRMs. The high-performance technique for sensorless motion control is based on a rotating vector method for high bandwidth, high resolution, position, and velocity estimation suitable for both precise torque and motion control. The sensorless control and smooth torque control methods are both verified experimentally.
Administration of kynurenine during adolescence, but not during adulthood, impairs social behavior in rats

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a tryptophan metabolite that is present at high concentrations in the brains of persons with schizophrenia. This study tested the hypothesis that treatment with l-kynurenine (L-KYN), which increases KYNA concentration, would produce deficits in social behavior similar to those associated with schizophrenia. Rats treated with L-KYN throughout adolescence exhibited decreased social interaction when tested drug-free as adults. In contrast, neither acute nor chronic treatment during adulthood affected social behavior. These findings demonstrate that increases in KYNA concentration produce deficits in social behavior and that the adolescent brain is particularly susceptible to the effects of high KYNA concentration.
Elinor Ostrom: An uncommon woman for the commons

On June 12, 2012, Elinor Awan Ostrom died of pancreatic cancer after an illness of about 6 months. Lin Ostrom, one of the few political scientists to win the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, showed that solutions to common resource problems worked out by individuals directly involved are often more successful and enduring than regimens imposed by central political authorities. Under specified conditions, common resources—forests, fisheries, oil fields, or grazing lands—can be managed successfully by the people who use them. She showed creatively and rigorously that participatory decision-making can work: as she said the day her Nobel Prize was announced, “What we have ignored is what citizens can do and the importance of real involvement of the people involved.” Ostrom’s pioneering work influenced and inspired researchers across many fields, and she has scores of disciples around the world, including innumerable young people who she touched with her work or personally. She loved to welcome visitors, but especially young scientists, into her Indiana workshop and made each one feel special.
Dimolybdenum–μ-cyanide complexes supported by N - tert -butylanilide ligation: in pursuit of cyanide reductive cleavage

The red cyanide complex (NC)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 (R=C(CD_3)_2CH_3, Ar=3,5-C_6H_3Me_2) was prepared in 77% yield by reaction of iodide IMo(N[R]Ar)_3 with tetra-n-butyl ammonium cyanide. By reaction of cyanide (NC)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 with the three-coordinate molybdenum(III) complex Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 was prepared the dimolybdenum-μ-cyanide complex (μ-CN){Mo(N[R]Ar)_3}_2 as a violet solid in 80% yield. Reduction of μ-cyanide (μ-CN){Mo(N[R]Ar)_3}_2 by one electron would give a cyanide-bridged anion isoelectronic with the known μ-N_2 complex (μ-N_2){Mo(N[R]Ar)_3}_2, an intermediate in dinitrogen cleavage to two equivalents of nitride NMo(N[R]Ar)_3 by Mo(N[R]Ar)_3. Instead of undergoing an analogous cleavage of cyanide upon one-electron reduction, μ-cyanide (μ-CN){Mo(N[R]Ar)_3}_2 was found to undergo expulsion of a ligand C(CD_3)_2CH_3 substituent upon exposure to reducing conditions, the product isolated in 50% yield being imido–μ-cyanide (Ar[R]N)_2(ArN)Mo(μ-NC)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3. By reaction of [N^nBu_4][CN] with the 1-adamantyl-substituted molybdenum complex Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3, the blue salt [N^nBu_4][(NC)Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3] was obtained in 91% yield. Reaction of ferrocenium triflate or silver triflate with [N^nBu_4][(NC)Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3] gave ferrocene or silver along with the neutral cyanide complex (NC)Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3, isolated in 74% yield. While reaction of (NC)Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3 with Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 gave in 53% yield a burgundy-colored dimolybdenum–μ-cyanide complex (Ar[Ad]N)_3Mo(μ-CN)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3. the 1-adamantyl-substituted cyanide did not exhibit any reaction with the 1-adamantyl-substituted tricoordinate complex Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3. The latter results indicate that cyanide is too small to serve as a bridge for two equivalents of the highly sterically encumbered Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3 fragment. A metathetical route to a heterodinuclear cyanide-bridged complex was explored involving addition of [N^nBu_4][(NC)Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3] to the vanadium iodide complex IV(N[R]Ar_F)_2. By this reaction was obtained the orange–brown μ-cyanide complex (Ar_F[R]N)_2V(μ-NC)Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3 in 30% recrystallized yield. The latter was characterized by X-ray crystallography. The cyanide chemistry reported here is interpreted with the aid of bonding considerations and cyclic voltammetry studies on the new complexes.