cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revealing effective classifiers through network comparison

The ability to compare complex systems can provide new insight into the fundamental nature of the processes captured, in ways that are otherwise inaccessible to observation. Here, we introduce the n-tangle method to directly compare two networks for structural similarity, based on the distribution of edge density in network subgraphs. We demonstrate that this method can efficiently introduce comparative analysis into network science and opens the road for many new applications. For example, we show how the construction of a ?phylogenetic tree? across animal taxa according to their social structure can reveal commonalities in the behavioral ecology of the populations, or how students create similar networks according to the University size. Our method can be expanded to study many additional properties, such as network classification, changes during time evolution, convergence of growth models, and detection of structural changes during damage.
Atomistic non-equilibrium Green’s function simulations of Graphene nano-ribbons in the quantum hall regime

The quantum Hall effect in Graphene nano-ribbons (GNR) is investigated with the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) based quantum transport model in the ballistic regime. The nearest neighbor tight-binding model based on p z orbital constructs the device Hamiltonian. GNRs of different edge geometries (Zigzag and Armchair) are considered. The magnetic field is included in both the channels and contact through Peierls substitution. Efficient algorithms for calculating the surface Green function are used to reduce computation time to enable simulating realistically large dimensions comparable to those used in experiments. Hall resistance calculations exactly reproduce the quantum Hall plateaus observed in the experiments. Use of large dimensions in the simulation is crucial in order to capture the quantum Hall effect within experimentally magnetic fields relevant 10–20 T.
Epithelial differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells for laryngeal tissue engineering.

Objectives/Hypothesis: One potential treatment option for severe vocal fold scarring is to replace the vocal fold cover layer with a tissue-engineered structure containing autologous cells. As a first step toward that goal, we sought to develop a three-dimensional cell-populated matrix resembling the vocal fold layers of lamina propria and epithelium. Study Design: Basic science investigation. Methods: Adipose-derived stem cells were cultured in fibrin hydrogels with various growth factors. At the end of the culture period, matrices were sectioned and labeled with immunomarkers to identify cell phenotype. Results: Adipose-derived stem cells survived, attached, and populated three-dimensional fibrin matrices. Under select conditions, a superficial layer of cells expressing epithelial marker proteins overlay a deeper mesenchymal cell layer. Conclusions: A three-dimensional structure of fibrin and adipose-derived stem cells was created as a prototype vocal fold replacement. Two segregated cell phenotypes occurred, producing a bilayered structure resembling epithelium over lamina propria. This preliminary work demonstrates the feasibility of tissue engineering to produce structures for vocal fold replacement. Laryngoscope, 2010
Loading mechanism for atomic guides

We present a method of coupling laser-cooled atoms from a vapor-cell magneto-optic trap (MOT) into a magnetic atom guide. The axis of the four-wire quadrupole guide passes directly through the center of the MOT. The guide is tilted at a small angle with respect to the horizontal plane to facilitate the propagation of the atoms released from the MOT into the guide. We demonstrate the loading of ${10}^{5}{ }^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms into the guide and measure their propagation up to distances of 17 cm (limited by the guide length). The guide incorporates a tapered section in which the guide diameter reduces by a factor of about 3.
A kinetic study of the water-gas shift reaction over Rh/Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract An investigation of the water-gas shift reaction on Rh Al 2 O 3 catalysts showed that light oxidation of an inactive catalyst triggered a transient in activity. The stability of the transient was enhanced by lengthened O 2 exposures although extensive oxidations were detrimental to both activity and stability. The rate of deactivation is accelerated by exposure to H 2 or increases in temperature but is not sensitive to changes in CO partial pressure. Reaction rate parameters measured during the transient showed the reaction to be nearly zero order in P CO and slightly positive order in P H 2 O with an activation energy of 23 ± 2 kcal/mol.
Analysis of Multidimensional Conduction Phase Change Via the Enthalpy Model

The basis of the enthalpy model for multidimensional phase change problems in media having a distinct phase change temperature is demonstrated, and subsequent numerical applications of the model are carried out. It is shown that the mathematical representation of the enthalpy model is equivalent to the conventional conservation equations in the solid and liquid regions and at the solid-liquid interface. The model is employed in conjunction with a fully implicit finite-difference scheme to solve for solidification in a convectively cooled square container. The implicit scheme was selected because of its ability to accommodate a wide range of the Stefan number Ste. After its accuracy had been established, the solution method was used to obtain results for the local and surface-integrated heat transfer rates, boundary temperatures, solidified fraction, and interface position, all as functions of time. The results are presented with SteFo (Fo = Fourier number) as a correlating parameter, thereby facilitating their use for all Ste values in the range investigated. At low values of the Biot number, the surface-integrated heat transfer rate was relatively constant during the entire solidification period, which is a desirable characteristic for phase change thermal energy storage.
Expression pattern of the cannabinoid receptor genes in the frontal cortex of mood disorder patients and mice selectively bred for high and low fear.

Although the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been implicated in brain development and various psychiatric disorders, precise mechanisms of the ECS on mood and anxiety disorders remain unclear. Here, we have investigated developmental and disease-related expression pattern of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) genes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) of humans. Using mice selectively bred for high and low fear, we further investigated potential association between fear memory and the cannabinoid receptor expression in the brain. The CB1, not the CB2, mRNA levels in the PFC gradually decrease during postnatal development ranging in age from birth to 50 years (r2 > 0.6 & adj. p < 0.05). The CB1 levels in the PFC of major depression patients were higher when compared to the age-matched controls (adj. p < 0.05). In mice, the CB1, not the CB2, levels in the PFC were positively correlated with freezing behavior in classical fear conditioning (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the CB1 in the PFC may play a significant role in regulating mood and anxiety symptoms. Our study demonstrates the advantage of utilizing data from postmortem brain tissue and a mouse model of fear to enhance our understanding of the role of the cannabinoid receptors in mood and anxiety disorders.
Is the Local Fluff typical

The very local interstellar medium (LISM) has physical characteristics that are typical of the warm neutral medium throughout the disk of the Milky Way. Recent high resolution surveys of the Galactic plane in the λ21 cm line of hydrogen show that structures like the local bubble and the local clouds within it are very common. On smaller scales, observations predict that inside the local clouds there should be structure in the density and velocity field that might be detectable by direct measurements. With a time baseline of a few years or more, even an upper limit on the variation in these parameters would be useful to clarify the interpretation of controversial 21 cm VLBI observations.
Optical ramsey fringes in two-photon spectroscopy

Interaction of atoms and molecules with intense monochromatic laser standing waves can give rise to very narrow Doppler-free two-photon resonances. This new high resolution spectroscopic method has recently been extensively applied to the study of several atomic and molecular optical transitions [1]. The discovery and accurate measurement of these narrow, frequency-stable resonance lines in the emission and absorption spectra of substances are significant because advances in this area will not only provide direct clues to the innermost processes of matter, but may also lead to novel applications in many areas of science.
Quench pressure, thermal expulsion, and normal zone propagation in internally cooled superconductors

When a nonrecovering normal zone appears in an internally cooled superconductor, the pressure in the conductor rises, helium is expelled from its ends, and the normal zone grows in size. A model of these processes is presented that allows calculation of the pressure, the expulsion velocity, and the propagation velocity with simple formulas. The model is intended to apply to conductors such as the cable-in-conduit conductor of the Westinghouse LCT (Large Coil Task) coil, the helium volumes of which have very large length-to-diameter ratios (3*10/sup 5/). The predictions of the model agree with the rather limited data available from propagation experiments carried out on the coil. >
Genotypes and Phenotypes in the Evolution of Molecules

The landscape paradigm Genotypes are DNA or RNA sequences that – together with epigenetic and environmental influences – determine the unfolding of the phenotype. Commonly, this process is extremely complicated and – at least for the time being – escapes rigorous mathematical analysis and serious computer modeling. Nevertheless, the relations between genotypes and phenotypes play a fundamental role in biology and in its applications to pharmaceutical research and medicine. In particular, many questions concerning evolution and its mechanisms cannot be answered without an understanding of the phenotypic consequences of changes in the genotypes. Neglecting epigenetics and environmental change for the moment, genotypes and phenotypes play clearly defined distinct parts in Darwinian evolution, which is understood as the interplay of variation and selection: all variations, mutations, recombination, and gene duplication, are changes in the polynucleotide sequences of the genotype whereas the phenotype is the target of selection. Historically, the idea of encapsulating genotype–phenotype relations in the postulate of a landscape in the theory of evolution is due to Sewall Wright. 1 He used the landscape metaphor to illustrate optimization in the sense of Darwin’s natural selection: populations climb a fitness landscape through optimization of mean fitness and in a stationary situation all species occupy local optima that correspond to the niches in an ecosystem. In the 1930s, one major problem of Wright’s metaphor was that it remained unclear, in essence, what was to be plotted on the horizontal axes of the landscape given fitness is the vertical coordinate axis. A second, and even more substantial, criticism had been raised by Ronald Fisher: the metaphor is built upon *Reprinted by courtesy from Schuster P. 2009. Genotypes and Phenotypes in the Evolution of Molecules. In CaetanoAnolles G. (in press). Evolutionary Genomics and Systems Biology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Networked Control of Distributed Energy Resources: Application to Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

This paper presents a model-based networked control approach for managing distributed energy resources (DERs) over communication networks. As a model system, we consider a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) plant that communicates with the central controller over a bandwidth-constrained communication network that is shared by several other DERs. The objective is to regulate the power output of the fuel cell while keeping the communication requirements with the controller to a minimum in order to reduce unnecessary network utilization and minimize the susceptibility of the SOFC plant to possible communication disruptions in the network. Initially, a feedback control law is designed to regulate the power output of the SOFC plant at a desired set-point by manipulating the inlet fuel flow rate. Network utilization is then reduced by minimizing the rate of transfer of information between the fuel cell sensors and the central controller without sacrificing the desired stability or performance properties. To this end, a dynamic model of the SOFC plant is embedded in the controller to approximate the dynamics of the plant when measurements are not transmitted by the sensors, and the state of the model is updated using the actual state that is provided by the SOFC plant sensors at discrete time instances. When full-state measurements are not available, an appropriate state observer is included in the control structure to generate state estimates from the measured outputs, which are then used to update the model states. An explicit characterization of the maximum allowable transfer time between the sensor suite of the SOFC plant and the controller (i.e., the minimum allowable communication rate) is obtained under both state and output feedback control in terms of plant-model mismatch and the choice of control law. The characterization accounts for both stability and performance considerations. Finally, numerical simulations that demonstrate the implementation of the networked control architecture and its disturbance handling capabilities are presented.
The Continuum Emission from Planetary Nebulae

The study of nebular continuum emission is important for several reasons (Pottasch 1984, Planetary Nebulae, Dordrecht: Reidel). First of all, it can provide information about the temperature and the density of the nebula, when the object is large enough, or when the central star is weak enough, so that the nebular continuum is easily observed without interference from the stellar continuum. On the other hand, for small planetary nebulae, both the central star and the nebula contribute to the observed continuum. In this latter case, in order to obtain the stellar continuum the theoretical nebular emission must be used. Thus, studies of the evolution of planetary nebula nuclei through the HR diagram rely on a good calculation of the theoretical nebular continuum.
THEY DON'T INVENT THEM LIKE THEY USED TO: AN EXAMINATION OF ENERGY PATENT CITATIONS OVER TIME

This article uses patent citation data to study flows of knowledge across time and across institutions in the field of energy research. Popp [2002, Induced Innovation and Energy Prices. American Economic Review, 92(1), 160–180.] finds that the level of energy-saving research and development (R&D) depends not only on energy prices, but also on the quality of the accumulated knowledge available to inventors. Patent citations are used to represent this quality. This article explores the pattern of citations in these fields more carefully. Evidence for diminishing returns to research inputs, both across time and within a given year is found. To check whether government R&D can help alleviate potential diminishing returns, special attention is paid to citations to government patents. The government patents filed in or after 1981 are more likely to be cited. More importantly, descendants of these government patents are 30% more likely to be cited by subsequent patents. Earlier government research was more appli...
Zirconium(IV)- and Hafnium(IV)-Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Epoxidation of Homoallylic and Bishomoallylic Alcohols

In this report, zirconium(IV)− and hafnium(IV)−bishydroxamic acid complexes were utilized in the highly enantioselective epoxidation of homoallylic alcohols and bishomoallylic alcohols, which used to be quite difficult substrates for other types of asymmetric epoxidation reactions. The performance of the catalyst was improved by adding polar additive and molecular sieves. For homoallylic alcohols, the reaction could provide epoxy alcohols in up to 83% yield and up to 98% ee, while, for bishomoallylic alcohols, up to 79% yield and 99% ee of epoxy alcohols rather than cyclized tetrahydrofuran compounds could be obtained in most cases.
Structural and magnetic study of Al3+ doped Ni0.75Zn0.25Fe2−xAlxO4 nanoferrites

Abstract Nanostructured Al 3+ doped Ni 0.75 Zn 0.25 Fe 2− x Al x O 4 ( x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) ferrites were synthesized via the wet chemical method. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and magnetization measurements have been used to investigate the structural and magnetic properties of spinel ferrites calcined at 950 °C. With the doping of Al 3+ , the particle size of Ni 0.75 Zn 0.25 Fe 2− x Al x O 4 first increased to 47 nm at x = 0.4 and then decreased down to 37 nm at x = 1. The main two absorption bands in IR spectra were observed around 600 cm −1 and 400 cm −1 corresponding to stretching vibration of tetrahedral and octahedral group Fe 3+ –O 2 − . Saturation magnetization and hyperfine field values decreased linearly with Al 3+ due to magnetic dilution and the relative strengths of Fe–O–Me (Me = Fe, Ni, Zn, and Al) superexchanges. The coercive field showed an inverse dependence on ferrite particle size with minimum value of 82 Oe for x = 0.4. A continuous drop in Curie temperature was observed with the Al 3+ substitution. From the Mossbauer spectral analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, it is deduced that Al 3+ for x x > 0.4. In nutshell the study presents detailed structural and magnetic, and Mossbauer analysis of Ni 0.75 Zn 0.25 Fe 2− x Al x O 4 ferrites.
Field Experiments in Class Size from the Early Twentieth Century

A vast majority of adults believe that class size reductions are a good way to improve the quality of public schools. Reviews of the research literature, on the other hand, have provided mixed messages on the degree to which class size matters for student achievement. Here I will discuss a substantial, but overlooked, body of experimental work on class size that developed prior to World War II. These field experiments did not have the benefit of modern econometrics, and only a few were done on a reasonably large scale. However, they often used careful empirical designs, and the collective magnitude of this body of work is considerable. Moreover, this research produced little evidence to suggest that students learn more in smaller classes, which stands in contrast to some, though not all, of the most recent work by economists. In this essay, I provide an overview of the scope and breadth of the field experiments in class size conducted prior to World War II, the motivations behind them, and how their experimental designs were crafted to deal with perceived sources of bias. I discuss how one might interpret the findings of these early experimental results alongside more recent research.
Statistics of dressed modes in a thermal state

By a Wigner-function calculation, we evaluate the trace of a certain Gaussian operator arising in the theory of a boson system subject to both finite temperature and (weak) interaction. Thereby we rederive (and generalize) a recent result by Kocharovsky, Kocharovsky, and Scully [Phys. Rev. A 61(2000) 053606] in a way that is technically much simpler. One step uses a special case of the response of Wigner functions to linear transformations, and we demonstrate the general case by simple means. As an application we extract the counting statistics for each mode of the Bose gas.
Can managed care and competition control Medicare costs

ABSTRACT: Medicare+Choice (M+C) was conceived to bring managed care and competitive forces to bear on Medicare. Ultimately, M+C could not thrive under the conditions of the marketplace and the Bala...
Soil conservation and technical efficiency among hillside farmers in Central America: a switching regression model*

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate and analyse technical efficiency (TE) levels for hillside farmers under different levels of adoption of soil conservation in El Salvador and Honduras. A switching regression model is implemented to examine potential selectivity bias for high and low level adopters, and separate stochastic production frontiers, corrected for selectivity bias, are estimated for each group. The main results indicate that households with above-average adoption show statistically higher average TE than those with lower adoption. Households with higher adoption have smaller farms and display the highest partial output elasticity for land. Constraints in the land and credit markets are likely explanations for these differences. In addition, all estimated models show that TE has a positive and significant association with education and extension.
A Review of Delirium Assessment Instruments

This paper reviews various types of assessment instruments for delirium, including nursing screening scales, symptom checklists, an analog scale, an interview schedule, and symptom rating scales. Their structures and applicability to the clinical and research assessment of delirium are described. Despite the seeming plethora of assessment methods, only a few are suitable for use by researchers.
Kinetic Resolution of Diiron Acyl Complexes—An Approach to Asymmetric Bicyclic β‐Lactams

Kinetic resolution is achieved in the reaction of racemic diiron complexes like 1 with the chiral nitrone (-)-2. Oxidative removal of the metal and reductive cleavage of the N-O bond provides β-amino acids. This sequence was used in the synthesis of β-amino acids as well as the corresponding β-lactams 4 (via 3).
Lipase mediated optical resolution of bicyclic secondary carbinols

Abstract The optical resolution (±) -endo-bicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2.ol and (±) bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-2-ol proceeds by porcine lipase catalyzed transesterification under anhydrous conditions.
New detections of optical emission from kiloparsec-scale quasar jets

Abstract We report initial results from the detection of optical emission in the arcsecond-scale radio jets of two quasars utilizing images from the Hubble Space Telescope archive. The optical emission has a very knotty appearance and is consistent with synchrotron emission from highly relativistic electrons in the jet. Combining these observations with those of previously reported features in other quasars, an emerging trend appears to be that their radio-to-optical spectral indices are steeper than those of similar features in jets of lower power radio sources.
Bulk and Transhorizon Measurements in AdS/CFT

We discuss the construction of bulk operators in asymptotically AdS space-times, including the interiors of AdS black holes. We use this to address the question “If Schrodinger’s cat were behind the horizon of an AdS black hole, could we determine its state by a measurement in the dual CFT?” We argue that the answer is affirmative, but this assumes a complete knowledge of both the bulk and boundary dynamics.
QUANTIFYING THE BIASES OF SPECTROSCOPICALLY SELECTED GRAVITATIONAL LENSES

Spectroscopic selection has been the most productive technique for the selection of galaxy-scale strong gravitational lens systems with known redshifts. Statistically significant samples of strong lenses provide a powerful method for measuring the mass-density parameters of the lensing population, but results can only be generalized to the parent population if the lensing selection biases are sufficiently understood. We perform controlled Monte Carlo simulations of spectroscopic lens surveys in order to quantify the bias of lenses relative to parent galaxies in velocity dispersion, mass axis ratio, and mass-density profile. For parameters typical of the SLACS and BELLS surveys, we find (1) no significant mass axis ratio detection bias of lenses relative to parent galaxies; (2) a very small detection bias toward shallow mass-density profiles, which is likely negligible compared to other sources of uncertainty in this parameter; (3) a detection bias toward smaller Einstein radius for systems drawn from parent populations with group- and cluster-scale lensing masses; and (4) a lens-modeling bias toward larger velocity dispersions for systems drawn from parent samples with sub-arcsecond mean Einstein radii. This last finding indicates that the incorporation of velocity-dispersion upper limits of non-lenses is an important ingredient for unbiased analyses of spectroscopically selected lens samples. In general, we find that the completeness of spectroscopic lens surveys in the plane of Einstein radius and mass-density profile power-law index is quite uniform, up to a sharp drop in the region of large Einstein radius and steep mass-density profile, and hence that such surveys are ideally suited to the study of massive field galaxies.
Spatially Resolved Characterization of Residual Stress Induced by Micro Scale Laser Shock Peening

Single crystal aluminum and copper of (001) and (110) orientation were shock peened using laser beam of 12 micron diameter and observed with X-ray micro-diffraction techniques based on a synchrotron light source. The X-ray micro-diffraction affords micron level resolution as compared with conventional X-ray diffraction which has only mm level resolution. The asymmetric and broadened diffraction profiles registered at each location were analyzed by sub-profiling and explained in terms of the heterogeneous dislocation cell structure. For the first time, the spatial distribution of residual stress induced in micro-scale laser shock peening was experimentally quantified and compared with the simulation result obtained from FEM analysis. Difference in material response and microstructure evolution under shock peening were explained in terms of material property difference in stack fault energy and its relationship with cross slip under plastic deformation. Difference in response caused by different orientations (110 and 001) and active slip systems was also investigated.
A comment on technical naturalness and the cosmological constant

We propose a model of dynamical relaxation of the cosmological constant. Technical naturalness of the model and the present value of the vacuum energy density imply an upper bound on the supersymmetry breaking scale and the reheating temperature at the TeV scale.
Vitamin D levels and menopause-related symptoms.

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to determine whether vitamin D levels are associated with menopause-related symptoms in older women.MethodsA randomly selected subset of 1,407 women, among 26,104 potentially eligible participants of the Women’s Health Initiative Calcium and Vitamin D trial of postme
Tandem polar/radical crossover sequences for the formation of fused and bridged bicyclic nitrogen heterocycles involving radical ionic chain reactions, and alkene radical cation intermediates, performed under reducing conditions: scope and limitations

It is demonstrated that phosphorylated forms of beta-nitro alcohols provide an excellent means of entry into beta-(phosphatoxy)alkyl radicals on exposure to tributyltin hydride and AIBN in benzene at reflux. These radicals then undergo heterolytic cleavage of the phosphate group to yield alkene radical cation/phosphate anion contact ion pairs which are trapped intramolecularly in a tandem polar/radical crossover sequence involving radical ionic chain reactions by allylic and propargylic amines. The substitution pattern of the alkene radical cation dictates the cyclization mode, and this may be engineered to form fused ring systems by an initial exo-mode nucleophilic cyclization or bridged bicyclic systems when the nucleophilic attack takes place in the endo-mode.
Confocal Fluorescence Detection Using a Zone Plate Array in a Microfluidic Drop Splitter

By parallelizing both the optics and the microfluidics, we present a fluorescence measurement system capable of extremely high throughput. The system produces approximately 52,000 discrete fluorescence measurements per second.
The quantum 2-sphere as a complex quantum manifold

We describe the quantum sphere of Podles for c = 0 by means of a stereographic projection which is analogous to that which exibits the classical sphere as a complex manifold. We show that the algebra of functions and the differential calculus on the sphere are covariant under the coaction of fractional transformations with SUq(2) coefficients as well as under the action of SUq(2) vector fields. Going to the classical limit we obtain the Poisson sphere. Finally, we study the invariant integration of functions on the sphere and find its relation with the translationally invariant integration on the complex quantum plane.
Selective reduction of nitric oxide over Cu/ZSM-5: The role of oxygen in suppressing catalyst deactivation by carbonaceous deposits

Abstract The role of oxygen in the selective reduction of nitrogen monoxide by either propane or propene over “excessively” ion-exchanged Cu/ZSM-5 has been studied. In a wide temperature region and in the absence of additives such as steam, propane is a more effective reductant than propene; with propane and in the presence of oxygen reduction of nitric oxide to nitrogen approaches 100% above 600 K. The difference in effectiveness is due to the different degree of catalyst deactivation by carbonaceous deposits: more carbonaceous material is deposited from propene than from propane. Temperature-programmed oxidation shows that above 600 K the rate of oxidation of carbonaceous deposits by oxygen is significant. The amount of such carbonaceous deposits is, therefore, lower when catalytic tests above 600 K are done in the presence of oxygen. At very high temperatures, the in situ volatilization of the deposits by reaction with oxygen keeps the catalyst surface clean in the steady state of nitric oxide reduction.
Bayesian curve fitting for lattice gauge theorists

Abstract A new method of extracting the low-lying energy spectrum from Monte Carlo estimates of Euclidean-space correlation functions which incorporates Bayesian inference is described and tested. The procedure fully exploits the information present in the correlation functions at small temporal separations and uses this information in a way consistent with fundamental probabilistic hypotheses. The computed errors on the best-fit energies include both statistical uncertainties and systematic errors associated with the treatment of contamination from higher-lying stationary states. Difficulties in performing the integrals needed to compute these error estimates are briefly discussed.
Improved Dynamic Generation of Operationally Acceptable Reroutes Using Network Optimization

This paper develops a methodology for generating operationally acceptable reroutes in the presence of convective weather. A decision support system that defines flight-specific reroutes would aid traffic managers in efficiently maneuvering flights, but only if the reroutes provided were acceptable alternatives. As such, this research describes a methodology that captures, through the network definition and metric evaluations, properties of reroutes that are both flexible and operationally acceptable. By employing network optimization techniques, reroutes are developed that can estimate and avoid dynamic weather constraints and do so by optimizing a set of operational acceptability metrics. This paper first illustrates how prioritizing weather avoidance as compared with other cost factors in network generation alters the reroutes generated, which can aid in parameter setting for automation. The reroutes generated through network optimization are then compared with traditional reroute alternatives by evaluating each set of reroutes against a set of operationally acceptable metrics. The overall approach of the proposed methodology is reviewed and details are provided on the modeling formulation and solution algorithm employed by the network optimization method. Multiple flights with weather-impacted routes are examined to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in producing reroutes with better operational acceptability.
Makanin-Razborov diagrams for limit groups

We give a description of Hom (G, L), where L is a limit group (fully residually free group). We construct a finite diagram of groups, the Makanin-Razborov diagram, that gives a convenient representation of all such homomorphisms.
The Web of Risk Factors for Excessive Gestational Weight Gain in Low Income Women

The objective of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of issues related to gestational weight gain (GWG) including general health, diet, and physical activity among high and low income women and to elucidate socio-ecological and psychosocial risk factors that increase risk for excessive GWG. We conducted 9 focus groups with high (n = 4 groups) and low (n = 5 groups) income pregnant women aged 18-35 years to discuss health, GWG, diet and physical activity following a discussion guide. The constant comparative method was used to code focus group notes and to identify emergent themes. Themes were categorized within the integrative model of behavioral prediction. Low income women, in contrast to high income women, had higher BMIs, had more children, and were African American. Diet and physical activity behaviors reported by low income women were more likely to promote positive energy balance than were those of high income women. The underlying behavioral, efficacy, and normative beliefs described by both groups of women explained most of these behaviors. Experiencing multiple risk factors may lead to (1) engaging in several behavior changes during pregnancy unrelated to weight and (2) holding more weight gain-promoting beliefs than weight maintaining beliefs. These factors could inhibit diet and physical activity behaviors and/or behavior changes that promote energy balance and in combination, result in excessive GWG. Low income women experience multiple risk factors for excessive GWG and successful interventions to prevent excessive GWG and pregnancy related weight gain will need to recognize the complex web of influences.
Multiple-frequency SAW devices for chemical sensing and materials characterization

Abstract We have designed, tested, and demonstrated the use of two types of multiple-frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) device for chemical detection and characterization of thin-film properties. These devices, both of which utilize ST-cut quartz substrates, allow the frequency dependence of SAW sensor perturbations to be examined, aiding in the elucidation of the operative interaction mechanism(s). A four-frequency device with nominal SAW center frequencies of 16, 40, 100, and 250 MHz is designed in such a way that all four sets of transducers probe a common region of a thin film deposited in the wave path. A seven-frequency SAW device is designed and fabricated with nominal Rayleigh-wave center frequencies ranging from 25 to 200 MHz in √2 multiples; each pair of transducers probes a distinct region of a thin film on the active area of the device. For the seven-frequency device, transducer periodicity, finger length, and center-to-center transducer separation all scale with the reciprocal of the center frequency. Measurements of the SAW response to the vacuum deposition of a thin nickel film show the expected frequency dependence of mass sensitivity and the acoustoelectric effect. Coating multifrequency devices with a thin polymer film allows the frequency-dependent changes in the viscoelastic properties of the polymer to be studied as a function of temperature and of the concentration of various organic solvents, which in turn provides a means for selective chemical detection of these compounds. By measuring changes in both wave velocity and attenuation at multiple frequencies, extrinsic perturbations such as temperature and pressure changes are readily differentiated from one another and from changes in surface mass and other perturbations.
The Non-Regular CEO Problem

We consider the CEO problem for non-regular source distributions (such as uniform or truncated Gaussian). A group of agents observe independently corrupted versions of data and transmit coded versions over rate-limited links to a CEO. The CEO then estimates the underlying data based on the received coded observations. Agents are not allowed to convene before transmitting their observations. This formulation is motivated by the practical problem of a firm’s CEO estimating (non-regular) beliefs about a sequence of events, before acting on them. Agents’ observations are modeled as jointly distributed with the underlying data through a given conditional probability density function. We study the asymptotic behavior of the minimum achievable mean squared error distortion at the CEO in the limit when the number of agents $L$ and the sum rate $R$ tend to infinity. We establish a $1/R^{2}$ convergence of the distortion, an intermediate regime of performance between the exponential behavior in discrete CEO problems [Berger, Zhang, and Viswanathan (1996)], and the $1/R$ behavior in Gaussian CEO problems [Viswanathan and Berger (1997)]. Achievability is proved by a layered architecture with scalar quantization, distributed entropy coding, and midrange estimation. The converse is proved using the Bayesian Chazan–Zakai–Ziv bound.
Nonlinear oscillations of a fluttering plate. II.

Quasi-steady aerodynamic and von Karman large deflection plate theory equations of nonlinear oscillations of fluttering plate for single mode subsonic and sonic or coupled mode supersonic oscillations
Rearrangement of 2-(haloalkoxy)pyridines to N-haloalkyl-2(1H)-pyridones

Abstract 2-(Haloalkoxy)pyridines thermally rearrange to N-haloalkyl-2(1H)-pyridones in high yield. The reaction rate is accelerated by use of a more polar solvent, by bromine rather than chlorine as the halogen substituent and by a two-carbon alkoxy chain as opposed to a three or, especially, four-carbon chain. The reaction kinetics can be interpreted in terms of an oxazolium ion intermediate.
Real estate investment by Bank Holding Companies and their risk and return: nonparametric and GARCH procedures

We investigate the association between real estate investment by US Bank Holding Companies (BHCs) and their return, risk and risk-adjusted returns. Three portfolios are formed of BHCs according to whether they do or do not invest in real estate, strictness of the regulation on real estate investment and the ratio of real estate investment to assets. Wilcoxon tests of differences in portfolio returns, risk, risk-adjusted returns and value at risk between each pair of portfolios are conducted to determine how engagement in real estate, stricter regulation and increased real estate investment affect BHC performance. These effects are also investigated within a GARCH framework. Wilcoxon tests indicate that real estate investment or operating under lenient rules lower return and risk-adjusted returns and raise risk. Within GARCH, increases in real estate investment are associated with lower returns and greater systematic risk for BHCs with higher real estate shares in assets. These results indicate that benefi...
Women home‐based business owners: insights from comparative analyses

Recent research on women business owners de‐emphasizes home‐based business ownership, despite the fact that home‐based ownership is on the rise. This study uses data from the Upstate New York Small Business Project to compare women engaged in home‐based businesses to their counterparts, who locate their businesses outside the home. The results indicate that the women engaged in home‐based business ownership experience less work to family conflict than their counterparts. Yet their businesses enjoy less economic success than those run by their non‐home‐based counterparts. This suggests that home‐based ownership may be a good option only for women who do not have strong financial needs.
Using Multiwavelength Observations to Determine the Black Hole Mass and Accretion Rate in the Type 1 Seyfert Galaxy NGC 5548

We model the spectral energy distribution of the type 1 Seyfert galaxy NGC 5548, fitting data from simultaneous optical, UV, and X-ray monitoring observations. We assume a geometry consisting of a hot central Comptonizing region surrounded by a thin accretion disk. The properties of the disk and the hot central region are determined by the feedback occurring between the hot Comptonizing region and thermal reprocessing in the disk that, along with viscous dissipation, provides the seed photons for the Comptonization process. The constraints imposed upon this model by the multiwavelength data allow us to derive limits on the central black hole mass, Mu is approximately or less than 2x10(exp 7) solar mass, the accretion rate, Mu is approximately or less than 2.5x10(exp 5) sq solar mass per year/Mu, and the radius of the transition region between the thin outer disk and the geometrically thick, hot inner region, is approximately 2-5x10(exp 14) cm.
Relevance of baseline hard proton-proton spectra for high-energy nucleus-nucleus physics

We discuss three different cases of hard inclusive spectra in proton–proton collisions: high pT single hadron production at √ s ≈ 20 GeV and at √ s = 62.4 GeV, and direct photon production at √ s = 200 GeV; with regard to their relevance for the search of quark–gluon plasma signals in A+A collisions at SPS and RHIC energies. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Computerized Simulation of Generation of Internal Involute Gears and Their Assembly

The contents of the paper cover the determination of conditions: (i) of nonundercutting by axial and axial-radial generation of internal gears by shapers, and (ii) avoidance of interference by axial and axial-radial assembly. The authors have developed computer programs for simulation of undercutting and interference, design charts and a table that allow to determine the limiting number of teeth of the cutter and pinion considering the tooth number of internal gear as known. The details of developed algorithms are given in the Appendices. The paper is illustrated with computer graphics and numerical examples.
A Simple Iridium Catalyst with a Single Resolved Stereocenter for Enantioselective Allylic Amination. Catalyst Selection from Mechanistic Analysis

A study of the relationship between the stereochemical elements of a phosphoramidite ligand and the stereoselectivity of iridium-catalyzed amination of allylic carbonates is reported. During catalyst activation, a complex of a phosphoramidite ligand possessing one axial chiral binaphtholate group and two resolved phenethyl substituents converts to a more reactive cyclometalated complex containing one distal chiral substituent at nitrogen, one substituent that becomes part of the metalacycle, and one unperturbed binaphtholate group. Systematic changes were made to the different stereochemical elements. Replacement of the distal chiral phenethyl substituent with a large achiral cycloalkyl group led to a catalyst that reacts with rates and enantioselectivities that are similar to those of the original catalyst with the phenethyl group. Studies of the reactions of diastereomeric ligands containing (R) or (S) binaphtholate groups on phosphorus, along with one (R)-phenethyl and one achiral cyclododecyl group on...
Internet Interconnection Economic Model and its Analysis: Peering and Settlement

Peering and transit are two types of Internet interconnection among ISPs. Peering has been a core concept to sustain Internet industry. However, for the past several years, many ISPs broke their peering arrangement because of asymmetric traffic pattern and asymmetric benefit and cost from the peering. Even though traffic flows are not a good indicator of the relative benefit of an Internet interconnection between the ISPs, it is needless to say that cost is a function of traffic and the only thing that we can know for certain is inbound/outbound traffic volumes between the ISPs. In this context, we suggest Max{inbound traffic volume, outbound traffic volume} as an alternative criterion to determine the Internet settlement between ISPs and we demonstrate this rule makes ISPs easier to make a peering arrangement. In our model, the traffic volume is a function of a market share. We will show the market share decides traffic volume, which is based on the settlement between ISPs. As a result, we address the current interconnection settlement problem with knowledge of inbound and outbound traffic flows and we develop an analytical framework to explain the Internet interconnection settlement.
Interactive skeleton techniques for enhancing motion dynamics in key frame animation

A significant increase in the capability for controlling motion dynamics in key frame animation is achieved through skeleton control. This technique allows an animator to develop a complex motion sequence by animating a stick figure representation of an image. This control sequence is then used to drive an image sequence through the same movement. The simplicity of the stick figure image encourages a high level of interaction during the design stage. Its compatibility with the basic key frame animation technique permits skeleton control to be applied selectively to only those components of a composite image sequence that require enhancement.
Reaction of oxygen with a binuclear cobalt(II) hexaphosphine complex. Single-crystal X-ray structure of an extended chain cobalt(II) hexaphosphine oxide system

Abstract Molecular oxygen reacts rapidly with Co 2 Cl 4- x ,(eHTP) x + [ x = 0 or 2; eHTP = (Et 2 PCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 PCH 2 P(CH 2 CH 2 PEt 2 ) 2 ] in dry acetonitrile to produce in approximately 66% yield the fully-oxygenated phosphine oxide eHTP (eHTPO) Co(II) complex [Co(eHTPO) 2+ ][CoCl 4 2− . The X-ray structure on this novel system shows an extended chain system in which the monomeric repeating unit has an octahedral Co(II) centre. The eHTPO ligand is adopting an unusual conformation with the phosphine oxide groups P(2)P(1)P(3) (P(1) is one of the internal phosphorus atoms) forming a P(1)P(2) chelate to the metal atom while P(3) bridges to another Co(eHTPO) 2+ monomer unit making up the extended chain, instead of acting as an independent bis chelating group. The third unique coordination site on the cobalt centre is occupied by a phosphine oxide group from the other half of the eHTPO ligand which bridges over to the cobalt centre forming a facial set of three PO donor ligands. This mixed bridging/chelating conformation gives rise to fused seven- and nine-membered ring systems with a CoCo separation of 7.613(0) A between symmetry related cobalt sites on the extended chain. This structure is the first reported for a Co(R 3 PO) 6 n + (R = alkyl, phenyl) system.
Charge Friedel oscillations in a Mott insulator

When a metal undergoes a transition to an insulator it will lose its electronic Fermi surface. Interestingly, in some situations a ``ghost'' Fermi surface of electrically neutral spin carrying fermions may survive into the insulator. Such a novel ghost Fermi surface has been proposed to underlie the properties of a few different materials but its direct detection has proven elusive. In this paper, we show that the ghost Fermi surface leads to slowly decaying spatial oscillations of the electron density near impurities or other defects. These and related oscillations stem from the sharpness of the ghost Fermi surface and are direct analogs of the familiar Friedel oscillations in metals. The oscillation period contains geometric information about the shape of the ghost Fermi surface, which can be potentially exploited to detect its existence.
Two-step formal [3+2] cycloaddition of enones/enals and allenyl MOM ether: gold-catalyzed highly diastereoselective synthesis of cyclopentanone enol ether containing an all-carbon quaternary center.

A two-step, highly diastereoselective formal [3+2] cycloaddition between allenyl MOM ether and an enal/enone is developed. Au activation of allenyl ethers is proposed to yield all-carbon 1,3-dipoles, which can undergo concerted intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Synthetically useful cyclopentanone enol ethers containing an all-carbon quaternary center can be readily prepared with excellent diastereocontrol.