cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interactive effects of parental self-efficacy and child eating styles in relation to naturalistically-assessed craving, overeating, and loss of control eating.

Objective Parental factors have been linked to weight-related outcomes in children, though less is known regarding the role of parental self-efficacy (PSE) for promoting healthy dietary behaviors (HDBs). This study examined associations between PSE for promoting HDBs and child reports of craving, overeating, and loss of control eating in daily life. The interactive effects of PSE and child eating style (emotional eating, external eating, and restraint) were also explored. Method Thirty-eight youth (ages 8-14; 55.3% female) with overweight/obesity and their parents completed the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) and Parental Self-Efficacy for Healthy Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors Scale, respectively. Youth completed ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to report craving, overeating, and loss of control eating. Results Generalized estimating equations indicated no consistent main effects of PSE on EMA outcomes, but PSE interacted with DEBQ-C child eating styles to predict each EMA outcome. Among children of parents with lower PSE, (a) higher emotional eating was associated with greater overeating and loss of control eating; (b) higher external eating was associated with greater craving; and (c) higher restraint was associated with greater loss of control eating and craving. Conversely, these associations were attenuated among children of parents with higher PSE. Discussion Together findings suggest the interplay of child characteristics and PSE regarding children's eating behaviors warrants future investigation in the context of eating and weight disorders. In particular, further research is needed to examine the directionality of effects and mechanisms underlying these associations.
U.S. Census Bureau-assessed prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.

Background The disruptions to daily life caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have impacted mental health, particularly mood disorders. This study aimed to compare prevalence rates of anxiety disorder and depressive disorder in national samples in the U.S. before and during the pandemic. Methods Participants (n = 336,525) were from U.S. Census Bureau-administered nationally representative probability samples, one from the first half of 2019 and four during the pandemic in April and May 2020. All participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 screening for depressive disorder and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 screening for anxiety disorders. Results Compared to U.S. adults in 2019, U.S. adults in April and May 2020 were more than three times as likely to screen positive for depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, or one or both, with more than one out of three screening positive for one or both. The prevalence of anxiety decreased slightly between the April 23-May 4, 2020 and the May 21-26, 2020 administrations, while the prevalence of depression increased slightly. Conclusions U.S. adults in 2020 are considerably more likely to screen positive for mood disorders than in 2019, with anxiety declining and depression increasing from April to May.
Gonadal vein transposition is a safe and effective treatment of nutcracker syndrome.

Abstract Background Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is a pelvic venous disorder that results from outflow obstruction of the left renal vein, most often due to a decreased aortomesenteric angle, leading to gonadal vein reflux, pain, and varices. Although a number of open and minimally invasive procedures to treat NCS have been described, the optimal management of this condition remains uncertain. To the best of our knowledge, we have presented the largest case series to date using gonadal vein transposition (GVT) to treat NCS. Methods Patients considered for intervention to treat NCS underwent a rigorous and standardized workup, including axial imaging studies, catheter-based diagnostic procedures, and urinalysis. GVT has been the institutional first-line treatment of NCS for appropriate patients. With institutional review board approval, a retrospective review of patients who had undergone GVT for NCS was conducted. Results From 2014 to 2019, 18 GVTs had been performed. Of the 18 patients, none had died or required reintervention, although 2 had required readmission. During a median follow-up of 178 days, complete symptom relief was achieved in 11 patients (61.1%), with 4 patients (22.2%) reporting partial symptom relief and 2 (11.1%) reporting transient symptom relief. Conclusions GVT is a safe and effective procedure to treat NCS in appropriately selected patients with outcomes that compare favorably with those of other described procedures. Appropriate patient selection for this procedure is critical and requires a rigorous and standardized approach to diagnosis and management.
MLParest: Machine Learning based Parasitic Estimation for Custom Circuit Design

A novel machine learning based parasitic estimation (MLParest) method for pre-layout custom circuit design is presented. It reduces the error between pre-layout and post-layout circuit simulation from 37% to 8% on average for different measurements across a variety of analog circuits. MLParest can thus greatly reduce the number of iterations between pre-layout and post-layout design phases. The key contributions of this work are a machine learning based approach to parasitic estimation and a push-button model training framework, scalable across different technology nodes. To the best of our knowledge, a machine learning based framework of parasitic estimation is an industry first.
Wasserstein Distributionally Robust Optimization and Variation Regularization.

Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization (DRO) has recently achieved empirical success for various applications in operations research and machine learning, owing partly to its regularization effect. Although connection between Wasserstein DRO and regularization has been established in several settings, existing results often require restrictive assumptions, such as smoothness or convexity, that are not satisfied for many problems. In this paper, we develop a general theory on the variation regularization effect of the Wasserstein DRO - a new form of regularization that generalizes total-variation regularization, Lipschitz regularization and gradient regularization. Our results cover possibly non-convex and non-smooth losses and losses on non-Euclidean spaces. Examples include multi-item newsvendor, portfolio selection, linear prediction, neural networks, manifold learning, and intensity estimation for Poisson processes, etc. As an application of our theory of variation regularization, we derive new generalization guarantees for adversarial robust learning.
Geographical Variation in the Relationship Between Religiosity and Campus Sexual Assault:: Differences in Prevalence or Reporting?

In this study, we use the 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Study and Clery Act institution-level data to investigate the relationship between state-level religiosity and campus sexual assault rates in the U.S. We found a strong negative correlation (r = -0.54, p < 0.001) between the reported rates of campus sexual assault and religious service attendance in the 50 U.S. states. Two possible explanations for the correlation, along with their divergent implications, are discussed: differences in reporting and differences in prevalence. In exploratory analyses, we used the 2007-2014 National Crime Victimization Survey to examine regional differences in rape incident victimization and reportage, but we could not rule out the explanation that there are genuine prevalence differences across geographical regions. We argue that, due to the significant policy issues at stake, a campus sexual assault victimization survey that includes state-level geographical data for the entire U.S. is needed.
Using the Crab Nebula as a high precision calibrator for cosmic microwave background polarimeters

The polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides a plethora of information about the early universe. Most notably, gravitational waves from the Inflationary epoch (the leading explanation of the origin of the universe) create a unique CMB polarization B-mode signal. An unambiguous detection of the Inflationary B-mode signal would be a window into the physics of the universe as it was 10−36s after the Big Bang, at energy scales many orders of magnitude larger than what the LHC can produce. However, there are several instrumental and astrophysical sources that can obfuscate the Inflationary B-mode signal. One of the most difficult parameters to calibrate for CMB telescopes is the absolute orientation of the antenna’s polarization sensitive axis. A miscalibration of the polarization orientation rotates the much brighter E-mode signal, producing a false B-mode signal. The current best uncertainty on polarization orientation in the CMB community is 0.5∘, set from extrapolating IRAM measurements of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant at 90 GHz to 150 GHz, where the CMB signals peak. This accuracy is not sufficient to convincingly detect B-modes predicted by currently allowable models of Inflation. We suggest to precisely measure the Crab Nebula’s polarization, which can be calibrated absolutely to 0.1∘ from measurements of the polarized emission of Mars, and use these data to calibrate current and upcoming CMB experiments. In addition to Inflationary B-modes, more precise calibration will allow us to better constrain the sum of the neutrino masses and set limits on exotic physics such as parity violation through cosmic polarization rotation.
Fair Corporate Taxation: Why and How International Tax Rules Need to Be Changed

Tax avoidance harms public budgets as is estimated that at least 20 per cent of corporate income tax revenues are lost due to such corporate behaviour. Furthermore, the business models used by multinational enterprises to reduce tax payments (such as letterbox-type practices) have a detrimental impact on productive investment, on workers’ involvement in management’s decisions and on collective bargaining for a fair share of the wealth. Indeed, current international tax rules do not take into account the complex business and tax strategies in which multinationals are engaged at global level. First, a move towards a unitary taxation principle is required, which means that the profits of a multinational should be determined globally and shared out between countries in proportion to the real level of economic activity. Second, a global minimum tax rate should limit tax competition between countries and raise corporate tax revenues. And finally, greater transparency about tax practices, including a breakdown of revenues and profits by country (country-by-country reporting), is needed to enable workers’ representatives to understand the tax practices of their companies.
Capability of the Airstream Helmet for Protecting Mine Workers from Diesel Particulate Matter

Diesel particulate matter (DPM) is considered carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and mine workers have some of the highest exposures to DPM in the USA. Therefore, mines have been developing control strategies for reducing DPM exposures of mine workers. Many of these strategies include engineering and administrative controls. In addition to these types of controls, a respirator program is used at some mines to provide further protection to mine workers where elevated concentrations of DPM exist. However, sometimes mine workers may feel restricted by the use of a half-mask respirator or inconvenienced by the requirement to remove facial hair. Another option which may be more appealing to some mine workers than a half-mask respirator is an airstream helmet, which provides filtered air in the breathing zone of the worker. The airstream helmet does not restrict breathing, provides some cooling, and does not require the worker to be clean shaven to work properly. These helmets are being used to help reduce respirable dust exposures in some coal mines, and this study investigated how effective this helmet may be for reducing DPM exposures. The airstream helmet with a HEPA filter was found to reduce DPM exposures by over 99% in static conditions by both mass and particle counting data. The airstream helmet can be an important part of a mine’s DPM control plan because it can provide clean air into a mine worker’s breathing zone in areas of elevated concentrations.
Chapter 27. The Development and Current Status of Glycoconjugate Vaccines

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the historical and conceptual development of vaccines against H. influenzae, their current status, and the extension of these vaccine principles to other diseases. The major sequelae from H. influenzae disease, in terms of numbers and consequences, are mental retardation and loss of hearing. The mortality and morbidity associated with Haemophilus disease, the increased use of infant day care and the emergence of bacterial strains that are antibiotic resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol have provided the impetus for disease prevention through vaccination. H. influenzae meningitis is a disease of infants and small children, with the peak incidence of disease, occurring before the age of one year. The immunity that is observed in older children (> 5 years) and adults is most likely the result either of the antibodies formed during periods of asymptomatic H. influenzae carriage or of cross-reacting antibodies formed against a variety of organisms that are common to the nasopharygeal or gastro-intestinal tracts. The conceptual development for the resolution of the problem discussed in the chapter, and the eventual introduction of efficacious vaccines for use in infants against H. influenzae type b disease trace back to the late 1920 and the immunochemical studies of Goebel and Avery. Around 1970, Schneerson, Barrera, Sutton, and Robbins reported the preparation and immunogenicity of protein conjugates of the H. influenzae type b polysaccharide. The findings, like those of Goebel and Avery so many years before, were indicative of a T-cell dependent response and furnished the experimental and conceptual basis for the development of a vaccine against invasive H. influenzae disease for use in infants. There are now four licensed type b H. influenzae glycoconjugate vaccines in the United States. Based, in part, on the success of the H. influenza vaccines, a number of additional glycoconjugate vaccines are now in various stages of development.
Electrical Double Layers in Membrane Transport and Nerve Excitation

Because of the historical linkage of nerve excitation to the electrical stimulation of cells, electrophysiology has always appeared to offer the possibility of explaining a basic biological process in terms of electrochemical and physical properties. Thus, each new development in the physical chemistry of electrolyte solutions and membranes, has been used to contribute to a deeper insight into the properties of the biological system. Even the 200 year old controversy over Galvani’s “animal electricity” was resolved when Volta was able to show parallels between the structures and functions of the natural electric organ and a man-made inorganic battery (1).
Peace Studies as a Transdisciplinary Project

The titles of the chapters that have preceded this one, and those that follow, make it very obvious that peace studies flows across many disciplines. Chapter titles include various dimensions of conflict formation and transformation, and human rights, gender, journalism, psychology, education, business, and peace movements. Other chapters focus on political science, international law, health, religion and language. Of course, authors of these chapters draw on many other disciplines.
Chapter 26. Action of Neurotrophic Factors on Central Nervous System Neurons

Publisher Summary The study of neurotrophic factors is still relatively young. A neurotrophic factor is a molecule produced by various cell types that can affect the neuronal growth. Agents that affect neuronal survival, the size of the cell body (hypertrophy), neurite (axon or dendrite) elongation, and neurotransmitter synthesis can be considered as neurotrophic factors. Evidence demonstrating a role for various molecules during regeneration and development suggest a possible clinical application for these types of molecules. For example, it has been suggested that nerve growth factor (NGF) be used as a potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases that involve cholinergic neurons, such as been described in Alzheimer's. Although some neurotrophic factors influence many aspects of neuronal growth, others have a limited effect—that is, maintaining survival or promoting neurite outgrowth only. The functions of four neurotrophic factors are discussed in this chapter with major emphasis on the nerve growth factor (NGF). The theme of the chapter is restricted to the effects of the described agents on central nervous system (CNS) neurons during development and after injury in the adult. The best characterized neurotrophic factor is undoubtedly NGF. The vast majority of NGF-sensitive neurons in the CNS are cholinergic; however, some evidence now suggests that embryonic GABAergic neurons are also NGF-responsive. Several other neurotrophic factors that may potentially prove important are gangliosides, hormones, such as thyroid hormone, interleukins, and potentially, various neurotransmitters. These molecules have been shown to influence the neuronal survival, cytoarchitecture, and the regeneration of various CNS neuronal populations. Till date, however, it is still early to employ these drugs therapeutically. Much more basic research, especially on how trophic factors elicit a response from target neurons, is needed.
Dividend Decisions and Earnings

This paper examines whether managers use inflation accounting data in making dividend decisions. Two sources of inflation accounting data are used: individual firm data mandated by the FASB, and aggregate data estimated by the Department of Commerce. We find that aggregate dividend changes are related to aggregate inflation adjustments, but no such relation exists using individual firm data. Managers therefore, at least partially, consider the effects of inflation in making decisions to change their firms' dividends. However, their estimates of inflation are quite different from those reported to comply with FASB 33.
REED: robust, efficient filtering and event detection in sensor networks

This paper presents a set of algorithms for efficiently evaluating join queries over static data tables in sensor networks. We describe and evaluate three algorithms that take advantage of distributed join techniques. Our algorithms are capable of running in limited amounts of RAM, can distribute the storage burden over groups of nodes, and are tolerant to dropped packets and node failures. REED is thus suitable for a wide range of event-detection applications that traditional sensor network database and data collection systems cannot be used to implement.
H2 generation in Ar/NH3 microdischarges

Due to the difficulty of H2 storage, development of real time H2 generators would be advantageous for portable fuel cells. In this paper, the real time production of H2 using microdischarge devices is discussed with results from a computational investigation. Ar/NH3 mixtures were studied using plug flow and two-dimensional models. Dissociation of NH3 by electron impact and thermal processes produces H atoms which recombine to form H2. We found that for sandwich type microdischarges with a diameter of 300 µm, dissociation of NH3 is approximately 95% by electron impact and 5% by thermal processes for a NH3 mole fraction of 5%. Efficiency of conversion of NH3 to H2 is dependent on residence time in the discharge, mole fraction and geometry, as these properties determine the eV/molecule deposited into NH3. Conversion efficiencies (fraction of H in NH3 converted to H2) in excess of 83% are predicted for optimum conditions.
Transport of methotrexate in L1210 cells: Mechanism for inhibition by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate and N-ethylmaleimide

Abstract Methotrexate transport in L1210 cells is highly sensitive to inhibition by p -chloromercuriphenylsulfonate (CMPS) and, to a lesser extent, by N -ethylmaleimide. A 50% reduction in the methotrexate influx rate occurred upon exposure of cells to 3 μM CMPS or 175 μM N -ethylmaleimide, while complete inhibition was achieved at higher levels of these agents. Dithiothreitol reversed the inhibition by CMPS, suggesting that a sulfhydryl residue is involved. This residue is apparently not located at the substrate binding site of the transport protein, since methotrexate failed to protect the system from inactivation by either CMPS or N -ethylmaleimide, and the transport protein retained the ability to bind substrate (at 4°C) after exposure to these inhibitors (at 37°C). Methotrexate efflux was also inhibited by CMPS (50% at 4 μM), indicating that both the uptake and efflux of methotrexate in L1210 cells occur via the same transport system. High concentrations of CMPS (greater than 20 μM) increased the efflux rate, apparently by damaging the cell membrane and allowing the passive diffusion of methotrexate out of the cell.
Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Prior to the availability of computed tomography (CT) imaging, seven case series had reported the use of various thrombolytic agents for 249 patients who had ischemic strokes (1–7). Mortality rates ranged from 20 to 50% and intracranial hemorrhage rates from 11 to 35% in these studies (see Chapter 6). These discouraging results reflect the fact that patients were treated days to weeks after symptom onset, and CT scanning was not yet available to appropriately exclude patients with hemorrhage.
Ground Water Nitrogen Dynamics in Giant Cane and Forest Riparian Buffers

Abstract Forest and grass riparian buffers are a common conservation practice to control nonpoint source pollution. In the lower midwestern United States, there is significant interest in incorporating a once common native riparian species, giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea) in riparian restoration designs. Thus, assessing the water quality benefits of giant cane buffers is warranted. Ground water nitrate and ammonium concentrations were measured at the field edge (0 m), and 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, and 12.0 m from the field edge through giant cane and forest riparian buffers adjacent to agricultural fields along three streams in southern Illinois. Ground water nitrate and ammonium were not different between the giant cane and forest riparian buffers, nor were there significant reductions in these nutrients through the riparian zones when all three sites were considered. However, site-specific regressions of nutrient concentration vs. distance showed significant reductions (>80%) in nitrate through two forest a...
Occupational Stressors and the Mental Health of Truckers

Trucking has been classified as one of the highest-risk occupations in the United States. Occupational stress is even greater for long-haul truckers who are away from home, family, friends, and other support networks for several days or weeks at a time.Occupational stressors and the mental health of truckers was studied using data collected as part of a large multisite ethno-epidemiological study of trucker networks. Findings from the current study show that truckers face many occupational stressors including constant time pressures, social isolation, disrespectful treatment from others, driving hazards such as weather changes, traffic, and road conditions, and violence or fear of violence. Facing such stressors may be a factor in the prevalence of risky behaviors including drug use and paying for sex. Therefore, mental health promotion and treatment for truckers is an important area of concern and must be examined within the broader context of the transportation environment.
Gene regulatory networks that control the specification of neural-crest cells in the lamprey

The lamprey is the only basal vertebrate in which large-scale gene perturbation analyses are feasible at present. Studies on this unique animal model promise to contribute both to the understanding of the basic neural-crest gene regulatory network architecture, and evolution of the neural crest. In this review, we summarize the currently known regulatory relationships underlying formation of the vertebrate neural crest, and discuss new ways of addressing the many remaining questions using lamprey as an experimental model.
Down regulation of specific binding of [20-3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate and phorbol ester-induced differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells.

Abstract Binding of [20-3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDB) to intact human promyelocytic leukemia cells susceptible (HL-60) or resistant (R-35) to phorbol ester-induced differentiation was characterized. Specific binding of [3H]PDB to both HL-60 and R-35 cells at 37 degrees C reached a maximum within 15-20 min. Maximal specific [3H]PDB binding to HL-60 cells was followed by a decline (down regulation) of radioactivity. This down regulation was temperature dependent, because no loss of radiolabel occurred by 1 hr at 4 degrees C. The down regulation of bound [3H]PDB seen in HL-60 cells at 37 degrees C was not observed with R-35 cells. Prior exposure of the HL-60 cells but not of R-35 cells to 1 microM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for 90 min at 37 degrees C caused a marked reduction in the specific binding of [3H]PDB. When [3H]PDB binding was carried out at 4 degrees C, [3H]PDB bound to both cell types in a rapid, specific, and reversible manner. At equilibrium, HL-60 and R-35 cells were found to contain almost the same number of binding sites, which had dissociation constants of about 50 nM, indicating that the failure of R-35 cells to undergo PDB-induced differentiation was not associated with any change in the affinity or in the number of [3H]PDB binding sites. These results indicate that the down regulation of specific [3H]PDB binding may be a crucial early event in the control of phorbol ester-induced terminal differentiation in HL-60 cells. Furthermore, we suggest that such down regulation may be involved in other cellular and biochemical effects of phorbol diester tumor promoters.
Reinforced tracheoles in three firefly lanterns: Further reflections on specialized tracheoles

The structures of the lantern tracheoles of three genera of flashing fireflies are compared. All three genera have stiff, reinforced tracheoles which resist folding or collapsing under conditions which flatten more typical tracheoles. This common specialization supports the hypothesis that the tracheoles play a major role in flash control in these fireflies, especially as the morphological basis of the stiffening is different in the three genera. Study of the tracheoles of other tissues reveals that there is great variety in structure and flexibility of these vessels from tissue to tissue and organism to organism, suggesting that tracheolar specialization may be a general phenomenon, with the fine structure of these air tubes being tailored to the particular demands and conditions of the tissues in which they are found.
The political business cycle at sixty: towards a neo-kaleckian understanding of political economy?

Il y a soixante ans, Kalecki (1943) introduisait dans les sciences economiques le concept du cycle conjoncturel politique, en insistant sur le fait que l’individualisme economique influencait non seulement le comportement politique de chaque individu mais aussi la croissance economique globale. Depuis lors, une litterature etendue, remarquablement heterogene, s’est developpee. En s’unifiant, elle a favorise, tout d’abord, l’emergence d’une analyse interdisciplinaire des problemes economiques et des questions de redistribution de richesse et a permis, par la suite, d’integrer la branche « non-marchande » de l’economie politique au reste de la discipline. En faisant l’examen critique des notions acquises par les economistes depuis lors, cet article place dans un contexte plus large ces innovations recentes de la recherche qui sont reprises de l’analyse kaleckienne, selon laquelle les conflits personnels sont la principale explication du comportement politique et de la croissance economique — en laissant prevoir le developpement d’une theorie economique « positive » de la politique, qui devrait integrer pleinement les decisions des electeurs, des partis politiques et des gouvernements a celles des consommateurs et des entreprises.
Minimum latency data aggregation in the physical interference model

Data aggregation has been the focus of many researchers as one of the most important applications in Wireless Sensor Networks. A main issue of data aggregation is how to construct efficient schedules by which data can be aggregated without any interference. The problem of constructing minimum latency data aggregation schedules (MLAS) has been extensively studied in the literature although most of existing works use the graph-based interference model. In this paper, we study the MLAS problem in the more realistic physical model known as Signal-to-Interference-Noise-Ratio (SINR) where few works exist and algorithms that guarantee theoretical performances are scarce [17, 16]. We first derive an © (log n) approximation lower bound for the MLAS problem in the metric SINR model. We also prove the NP-completeness of the decision version of MLAS in the geometric SINR model. This is a significant contribution as these results have not been obtained before for the SINR model. In addition, we propose a constant factor approximation algorithm whose latency is bounded by O(Δ+R) for the dual power model, where Δ is the maximum node degree of a network and R is the network radius. Finally we study the performance of the algorithms through simulation.
Force-deformation response of the lumbar spine: a sagittal plane model of posteroanterior manipulation and mobilization

Objective. To develop a mathematical model capable of describing the static and dynamic motion response of the lumbar spine to posteroanterior forces. Design. Static, impulsive and oscillatory forces with varying thrust angles and offsets were applied to the model, and the resulting motion responses were compared to experimental data published for spinal mobilization and manipulation of prone-lying subjects. Background. Methods are sought to improve understanding of the dynamic force-induced displacement response of the lumbar spine during spinal mobilization and manipulation treatment. Methods. The thorax, pelvis and five lumbar vertebrae were represented as seven rigid structures and eight flexible joint structures. Flexible joint structures were modeled using spring and damper elements with three displacement degrees-of-freedom (posterior–anterior and axial displacement, and flexion–extension rotation). The resulting 21 degrees-of-freedom lumped parameter model was solved in modal space. Results. The fundamental natural frequency of vibration was 5.24 Hz. Simulations performed using 100 N static and dynamic posteroanterior forces applied to the L3 vertebrae indicated that peak L3 segmental displacements were up to 2.40 mm (impulsive) and 8.23 mm (oscillatory at 2 Hz). Appreciable axial displacements (0.41 mm) and flexion–extension rotations (1.49) were also observed for oscillatory forces at L3. The posteroanterior motion response of the lumbar vertebrae was relatively insensitive to both the thrust force angle and thrust force offset, but axial displacements and flexion–extension rotations showed a large change (2-fold or greater) for thrust angles greater than )5 (caudal) in comparison to vertical thrusts. Intersegmental motion responses for static, impulsive and oscillatory loads were more comparable than their segmental counterparts. Conclusions. The model predicts lumbar segmental and inter-segmental motion responses to manipulative forces that are otherwise difficult to obtain experimentally. Relevance
Leadership Development: An Examination of Individual and Programmatic Growth

This study focuses on two girls' experiences in one youth leadership organization during a period of 3 years. Relying on an embedded case study design, the authors examine the links between leaders...
Elevated levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus in major depression.

Abstract Background: Levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) are regulated in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in response to changes in the activity of LC neurons and in response to changes in brain levels of norepinephrine. To study the potential role of central noradrenergic neurons in the pathobiology of major depression, TH protein was measured in the LC from postmortem brains of 13 subjects with a diagnosis of major depression and 13 age-matched control subjects having no Axis I psychiatric diagnosis. Most of the major depressive subjects died as a result of suicide. Methods: Protein from sections cut through multiple rostro-caudal levels of LC was transferred to Immobilon-P membrane, immunoblotted for TH, and quantified autoradiographically. Results: The distribution of TH-immunoreactivity (TH-ir) along the rostro-caudal axis of the LC was uneven and was paralleled by a similar uneven distribution of neuromelanin-containing cells in both major depressive and psychiatrically normal control subjects. Amounts of TH-ir in the rostral, middle and caudal levels of the LC from major depressive subjects were significantly higher than that of matched control subjects. There were no significant differences in the number of noradrenergic cells at any particular level of the LC comparing major depressive subjects to control subjects. Conclusions: Elevated expression of TH in the LC in major depression implies a premortem overactivity of these neurons, or a deficiency of the cognate transmitter, norepinephrine.
Helmet-mounted display integration using flat panel image sources

The advent of flat panel display technology has created new thermal challenges for the integration of the image sources into helmet mounted displays. Each of the leading display technologies, when driven to high brightness, leads to heat dissipation challenges. For the higher brightness displays it will be shown that active cooling systems are necessary. Further discussions suggest that display peak brightness and resulting heat output may be reduced to mitigate some of the thermal control problems.
Exposure to Acrylamide in Chemical Sewer Grouting Operations

Abstract An industrial hygiene survey has been conducted of in-line chemical sewer grouting using acrylamide at three locations. Exposure monitoring consisted of area and personal air sampling, wipe sampling of work surfaces, wipe sampling of the exposed skin of workers, and rinses of one (predominant) hand of exposed workers. Time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of individual worker air samples for acrylamide did not exceed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Level of 0.03 mg/m3 (skin) but did exceed one half this value at one site. TWA concentrations of acrylamide from area air samples exceeded 0.03 mg/m3 at one site and exceeded one half this value at another site. Inhalation exposures were not associated with any single task. Instead, they are believed to be related to acrylamide contamination found on many surfaces in sewer grouting company service vans. Significant concentrations of acrylamide were found on work surfaces in vans at two of the three sit...
Vesicoureteral reflux: the role of antibiotic prophylaxis.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is now the most common serious bacterial infection that occurs in infancy and early childhood in the United States.1 The prominence of UTI is a result, in great part, of the dramatic reduction of the previously common manifestations of infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae due to the introduction and near-universal dissemination of effective conjugate vaccines in childhood. The current standard of care in the management of UTI (especially for young infants and children) includes the performance of imaging procedures.2 Although some controversy has surrounded the selection of imaging procedures, the potential menu of choices includes renal ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and renal scintigram. Formerly, the intravenous pyelogram was included among the choices but has been replaced, for most intents and purposes, by renal ultrasound. Renal ultrasound is used to assess the gross anatomy of the urinary tract and thereby detect obstructive uropathies. It is a noninvasive test that adequately describes renal size, detects dilatation and duplication of the collecting system, and gross anatomic abnormalities such as a horseshoe kidney.2 Although ultrasounds have become standard in the evaluation of children with UTI, it is worth rethinking their contribution to management. In an era when ultrasounds are performed routinely during pregnancy (and sometimes on multiple occasions), they may be superfluous in the evaluation of a child with UTI.3 Most children with congenital obstruction of the urinary tract are diagnosed in utero. If an ultrasound was performed in the latter part of gestation (beyond 30–32 weeks of gestation) at an experienced institution and found to be normal, repeating it when a young child presents with UTI has a negligible impact on management. In a recent study that evaluated intravenous versus oral treatment of 306 children between the ages of 1 … Address correspondence to Ellen R. Wald, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Box 4108, University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792. E-mail: erwald{at}wisc.edu
A tribute to Earl A. Thompson and, in his own words, a summary of his general economic and social theory

Brilliant but little known, in part because his style was dense and crucial papers unpublished, Earl Thompson reformulated standard theory to achieve policy relevance, focusing on significant rent-seeking inefficiencies stemming from private information and transaction costs. Drawing on history, he showed a vast array of institutions to be efficient which economists had previously found to be inefficient, modeled governments and their nature, defined government’s functions, and showed why dominant states rise and fall.
Spatial resolution for compositional analysis in STEM

Abstract Spatial resolution for compositional analysis in STEM depends upon instrumental parameters as well as the characteristics of the sample being observed. In an effort to characterize the importance of these parameters in defining spatial resolution for microanalysis, experiments on materials of scientific interest have been performed and the results tested against a model. Experiments have been performed involving the depletion of Cr at grain boundaries is sensitized stainless steels and the segregation of Fe to grain boundaries in heat-treated MgO. The experimental composition profiles have been determined as a function of sample thickness and incident probe size. These results have been modelled by describing the electron intensity as a Gaussian distribution that broadens with depth in the sample. The impact that increasing sample thickness and increasing electron probe size have on spatial resolution for microanalysis is discussed with reference to the experimental data obtained and the model used.
FORMALISM FOR PARTIAL-WAVE ANALYSIS OF THE REACTION MESON (0$sup -$) + BARYON ($sup 1$/$sub 2$$sup +$) $Yields$ MESON (0$sup -$) + BARYON ($sup 3$/$sub 2$$sup +$).

The formalism for making a partial-wave analysis of the reactions $\ensuremath{\pi}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Delta}(1236)+\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\overline{K}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Sigma}(1385)+\ensuremath{\pi}$ is outlined. From such an analysis, the coupling of baryon resonances to these inelastic channels can be determined. The differential cross section, decay distribution for $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N+\ensuremath{\pi}$, and nucleon polarization are expressed as functions of the $S$-matrix elements ${{S}_{{l}^{\ensuremath{'}}\frac{3}{2},l\frac{1}{2}}}^{J}(k)$, which connect the initial $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ state with orbital angular momentum $l$, spin $J$, and c.m. momentum $k$ to the $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\pi}$ state with orbital angular momentum ${l}^{\ensuremath{'}}$.
Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain

Abstract Normal rats rotate (turn in circles) at night and in response to drugs (e.g. d-amphetamine) during the day. Rats with known circling biases were injected with [1,2- 3 H]-deoxy-d-glucose, decapitated and glucose utilization was assessed in several brain structures. Most structures showed evidence of functional brain asymmetry. Asymmetries were of three different kinds: (1) a difference in activity between sides of the brain contralateral and ipsilateral to the direction of rotation (midbrain, striatum); (2) a difference in activity between left and right sides (frontal cortex, hippocampus); and (3) an absolute difference in activity between sides that was correlated to the rate of either rotation (thalamus, hypothalamus) or random movement (cerebellum). Amphetamine, administered 15 minutes before a deoxyglucose injection in other rats, altered some asymmetries (striatum, frontal cortex, hippocampus) but not others (midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum). Different asymmetries appear to be organized along different dimensions in both the rat and human brains.
A Review of the Dual Resource Constrained System Research

Abstract This paper reviews the recent dual resource constrained (DRC)system literature. The DRC system research has gained new significance through the emphasis being placed on cross-training by Just-In-Time (JIT) system advocates. Cross-training is the key to labor flexibility-one of the key issues in the DRC system research. This review covers over twenty-five articles about DRC systems and should be helpful in familiarizing potential DRC system researchers with the field. The DRC system research and results, categorized into design and operating decisions, are summarized and suggestions for future research are provided. A table which summarizes the characteristics of the DRC systems modeled, decision rules examined, statistical analysis methods employed, and the performance criteria used in each study is also provided. An appendix is used to highlight characteristics that are common to many of the models employed in the studies surveyed. Handled by the Manufacturing and Automated Production Department
Spherical meander dipole with optimum filling configuration

Summary form only given. Electrically small antennas have been realized as a meander dipole or monopole on the surface of a sphere (O.S. Kim, iWAT, 2010) or hemisphere (J. Adams and J. Bernhard, IEEE AP-S Symposium, 2008). The meandering of the antenna line takes the form of connected parallel circles, continuous spiral, normal mode helix on a hemispherical surface, and spherical helix (S. Best, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2005), among others. The length of the dipole or monopole that results from meandering over the spherical surface determines, among other parameters, the resonance frequency and the operating bandwidth of the antenna. In a recent study (H. Gerlach and H. von der Mosel, The American Mathematical Monthly, 2011), it was shown that the longest rope on a unit sphere can be deduced from the rope's thickness and the filling function over the spherical surface. The theory that determines such optimum filling can be applied to the design of the spherical dipole, leading to the lowest frequency and the corresponding bandwidth of the resulting electrically small spherical dipole antenna. An example of a spherical meander folded dipole is shown in Figure 1. One restriction in applying the sphere-filling procedure is in the choice of the optimum spacing between the meandering lines for a given line or wire diameter. Another parameter in the design is the alignment of the current vectors along the lines that form the antenna. The significance of the current vector alignment in establishing the resonant frequency of a meandering line antenna was reported in cases of planar configurations (S. Best and J. Morrow, IEEE AWPL, 2003). In this paper, we use the optimum sphere filling methods to study meander line spherical dipole/monopole antennas. Parametric simulations are presented to show the lowest frequency and the associated bandwidth that can be achieved for a given sphere diameter and given wire or line thickness. The effects of spacing between the lines and the control of the current vectors to enhance the antenna performance are also presented.
Evidence for Trisulfide Bonds in a Recombinant Variant of a Human IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody

The hinge region of human IgG2 contains four cysteine residues involved in disulfide linkages between the heavy chains, as well as the heavy and light chains. These linkages provide the fundamental framework of three distinct IgG2 disulfide isoforms recently described. Here, we detail another, disulfide-related post-translational modification in a recombinant variant of human IgG2. Heterogeneity associated with this antibody was separated into several fractions by anion-exchange chromatography (AEX), which is an important initial step that highlights the resolving power of surface charge-based HPLC techniques. Mass spectrometry of the intact antibody revealed weakly resolved discrete covalent additions of 25−35 Da in one of the two main AEX fractions. Digestion by endoproteinase Lys-C performed under nonreducing conditions, as well as tandem MS experiments, narrowed the modification to the peptide-containing disulfide-bridged hinge structure. High mass resolution and accuracy measurements of the peptide s...
Role of Tissue Undermining in the Trapdoor Effect of Transposition Flaps

background. The trapdoor or pincushioning effect is a frequent complication of transposition flaps. Several explanations have been proposed for its occurrence, including lymphatic or venous obstruction, scar hypertrophy, excessive subcutaneous fat or flap tissue, and scar contracture. objective. To study the effects of tissue undermining and scar contracture using a guinea pig animal model. methods. Circular wounds on the dorsal surface of guinea pigs were repaired with transposition paps. Half of the recipient beds were undermined widely and half were not undermined. Animals were observed for evidence of the trapdoor phenomenon. results. Only animals in the group without undermining demonstrated evidence of the trapdoor effect. conclusion. Tissue undermining may prevent the development of the trapdoor effect in transposition flaps.