cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple correlations and Bonferroni's correction.

Correlation coefficients between biological measurements and clinical scales are often calculated in psychiatric research. Calculating numerous correlations increases the risk of a type I error, i.e., to erroneously conclude the presence of a significant correlation. To avoid this, the level of statistical significance of correlation coefficients should be adjusted. Threshold levels of significance for correlation coefficients were adjusted for multiple comparisons in a set of k correlation coefficients (k = 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100) by Bonferroni's correction. Significant correlation coefficients were then calculated according to sample size. The change in the threshold values of significance is larger when the number of correlations goes from 1 to 5 than when it goes from 50 to 100. A correlation coefficient, statistically significant at 5% when calculated alone, can be under the threshold level of significance when calculated even among a few other coefficients. Focusing on the most relevant variables or the use of multivariate statistics is advocated.
Generation of compound-specific descriptions for interpreting the infrared spectra of condensed-phase mixtures

Abstract A knowledge-based system, IRBASE, has been developed for the rapid creation of compound-specific infrared spectral descriptions. Heuristic rules are used to generate chemically reasonable limits for band shifting effects in mixtures and to perform feature selection. These descriptions form the knowledge base of a second system, MIXIR, used to identify the components of unknown mixtures. Th IRBASE system has been used to generate a knowledge base for 50 common organic compounds.
Helping gay fathers come out to their children

This paper describes the treatment of seven gay fathers who were concerned about revealing their sexual identity to their children. A time-limited group was established for the purpose of developing strategies to help them past this juncture in their development as gay men. Role playing of specific situations was the modality chiefly employed. Discussions of the effects of internalized homophobia were also held. At the conclusion of the group (eight sessions) all participants rated the experience as ohighly useful.o Follow-up data are presented at 6 months.
What is the normalization of 6Li

Abstract The wave-function for 6 Li, viewed as a bound state of deuteron and alpha particle, must be renormalized because of the compositeness of its constituents. The nearness of the 3-body α + n + p threshold suggests that the most important effect is the virtual dissociation of the deuteron. An approximate value of the renormalization, based on this hypothesis, is derived.
Entropy, Information Theory, and the Approach to Equilibrium of Coupled Harmonic Oscillator Systems

Finite segments of infinite chains of classical coupled harmonic oscillators are treated as models of thermodynamic systems in contact with a heat bath, i.e., canonical ensembles. The Liouville function p for the infinite chain is reduced by integrating over the "outside" variables to a function pN of the variables of the N-particle segment that is the thermodynamic system. The reduced Liouville function pn, which is calculated from the dynamics of the infinite chain and the statistical knowledge of the coordinates and momenta at t = 0, is a time-dependent probability density in the 2N-dimensional phase space of the system. A Gibbs entropy defined in terms of pN measures the evolution of knowledge of the system (more accurately, the growth of missing pertinent information) in the sense of information theory. As p t [ -+ 0% energy is equipartitioned, the entropy evolves to the value expected from equilibrium statistical mechanics, and p~evolves to an equilibrium distribution function. The simple chain exhibits diffusion in coordinate space, i.e., Brownian motion, and the diffusivity is shown to depend only on the initial distribution of momenta (not of coordinates) in the heat bath. The harmonically bound chain, in the limit of weak coupling, serves as an excellent model for the approach to equilibrium of a canonical ensemble of weakly interacting particles.
Three-dimensional Hydrodynamic Simulations of Relativistic Extragalactic Jets

We describe a new numerical three-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic code and present the results of three validation tests. A comparison of an axisymmetric jet simulation using the three-dimensional code, with corresponding results from an earlier two-dimensional code, reveal that (1) the enforcement of axisymmetry in the two-dimensional case had no significant influence on the global morphology and dynamics and (2) although three-dimensional studies typically have lower resolution than those using two dimensions, limiting their ability to fully capture internal jet structure, such three-dimensional studies can provide a reliable model of global morphology and dynamics. The three-dimensional code has been used to study the deflection and precession of relativistic flows. We find that even quite fast jets (γ ~ 10) can be significantly influenced by impinging on an oblique density gradient, exhibiting a rotation of the Mach disk in the jet's head. The flow is bent via a potentially strong, oblique internal shock that arises owing to asymmetric perturbation of the flow by its cocoon. In extreme cases this cocoon can form a marginally relativistic flow orthogonal to the jet, leading to large-scale dynamics quite unlike that normally associated with astrophysical jets. Exploration of a γ = 5 flow subject to a large amplitude precession (semiangle 1125) shows that it retains its integrity, with modest reduction in Lorentz factor and momentum flux, for almost 50 jet radii, but thereafter the collimated flow is disrupted. The flow is approximately ballistic, with velocity vectors not aligned with the local jet wall. However, sufficiently large changes in flow direction take place within the jet that for observers close to the jet axis, significant changes in Doppler boost would be evident along the flow. We consider simple estimators of the flow emissivity in each case and conclude that (1) while the oblique internal shocks that mediate a small change in the direction of the deflected flows have little impact on the global dynamics, significantly enhanced flow emission (by a factor of 2-3) may be associated with such regions and (2) the convolution of rest-frame emissivity and Doppler boost in the case of the precessed jet invariably leads to a core-jet-like structure but that intensity fluctuations in the jet cannot be uniquely associated with either change in internal conditions or Doppler boost alone but, in general, are a combination of both factors.
Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Distribution Associated with Acute Increases in Plasma Sodium and Osmolality of Chronic Hyponatremic Rats

The cause of the osmotic demyelination syndrome that follows too rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia (CHN) is unknown. Recently, we reported in CHN rats an association between blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption occurring as early as 3 h into correction and subsequent demyelination. Given the changes in brain water and blood volume which occur during correction of CHN, we hypothesized that the same correction protocol that causes demyelination might alter cerebral blood flow (CBF) during correction, thereby possibly contributing to BBB disruption and demyelination. Ten CHN rats were given hypertonic sodium intraperitoneally and its effect on CBF was continuously monitored for 3 h by magnetic resonance flow imaging. Over the subsequent 3 h, plasma sodium rose from 110.8 to 127.6 mEq/liter (P < 0.001) but neither mean arterial blood pressure nor arterial CO(2) tension changed significantly. By 30 min, CBF increased by 50% in cortical and subcortical areas (P < 0.001) and remained elevated for the next 60 min. After 2 h, cortical flow was no longer elevated significantly and by 3 h it had returned to control values. Subcortical flow, however, significantly exceeded control values throughout the 3 h so that after 2 h the ratio of cortical to subcortical blood flow had fallen from 1.17 to 0.91 (P < 0.05). Although the mechanism by which increased plasma sodium and osmolality alters CBF is uncertain, the results suggest that changes in CBF may be part of a cascade of cerebrovascular disturbances including endothelial or parenchymal damage, mechanical events, metabolic disturbances, or cytokine release which eventually lead to BBB disruption and subsequent demyelination.
Singlet-triplet transitions in the tetraphenyls

Abstract Data on the singlet-triplet absorption spectra and phosphorescent lifetimes of the group IV tetraphenyls are presented. The singlet-triplet transition probability is found to increase with increasing atomic number of the central metallic atom. This leads to phosphorescent lifetimes (~10 −4 sec) and singlet-triplet extinction coefficients (of order unity) for the heavier tetraphenyls, which are quite unusual for transitions of aromatic pi electrons. This represents a further example of the “atomic number effect”.
Photoelectric effects in bimolecular lipid membranes

Abstract The photo-electrical effect has been studied for a BLM which contains chlorophyll. An electron acceptor (ferric chloride) produces a rectification effect in the BLM and produces sensitivity to light. Open circuit voltage, current, and resistance has been measured as a function of light intensity.
A 5 MHz Cylindrical Dual-Layer Transducer Array for 3-D Transrectal Ultrasound Imaging

Two-dimensional transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is being used in guiding prostate biopsies and treatments. In many cases, the TRUS probes are moved manually or mechanically to acquire volumetric information, making the imaging slow, user dependent, and unreliable. A real-time three-dimensional (3-D) TRUS system could improve reliability and volume rates of imaging during these procedures. In this article, the authors present a 5-MHz cylindrical dual-layer transducer array capable of real-time 3-D transrectal ultrasound without any mechanically moving parts. Compared with fully sampled 2-D arrays, this design substantially reduces the channel count and fabrication complexity. This dual-layer transducer uses PZT elements for transmit and P[VDF-TrFE] copolymer elements for receive, respectively. The mechanical flexibility of both diced PZT and copolymer makes it practical for transrectal applications. Full synthetic aperture 3-D data sets were acquired by interfacing the transducer with a Verasonics Data Acqui...
Nicotine and caffeine: disruption of the long-term store of memory and proactive facilitation of learning in mice.

The effects of nicotine and caffeine on the long-term store of memory in mice were determined for a wide range of dosages. Male F1 mice (C57BL/6J×DBA/ 2J) were given two trials in an appetitive maze 24 h apart. Twenty-four hours after the second trial each animal was given the first of five daily injections of one of the dosages being tested. Beginning 48 h after the last injection, animals received one trial per day until a learning criterion was reached. Both nicotine and caffeine produced a dose-dependent disruption of performance in the trials following the injection series. In contrast, nicotine produced facilitation of performance in animals given a series of injections in the absence of previous training, and caffeine produced a strong trend in this direction. It was concluded that these drugs produced disruption of the long-term store of memory for the initial training and proactive facilitation of maze learning. The existence of separate and opposing effects of these drugs on different aspects of learning and memory was discussed.
Small clusters made up of three kinds of neutral alkali atoms

Small clusters made up of three kinds of neutral alkali atoms, i.e. clusters of the form XlYmZn, are theoretically studied. These clusters exhibit three series of magic numbers, one for each kind of atoms. That is,l,m, andn independently can be magic numbers rather than their cumulative numberl+m+n or, in other words, magic numbers in alkali clusters composed of neutral atoms are due to atoms rather than to delocalized electrons as in jellium model. Of course, if conditions favor delocalization of electrons,l+m+n can be magic but then we have no neutral atoms which are prerequisite for an application of the present model.
Précis of Writing the Book of the World

Nelson Goodman (1978) said that there is no “ready-made world”. Human physicists use words like ‘charge’, ‘mass’, and ‘distance’, but nothing would be wrong with instead describing the world using cooked-up words derived from those of physics in the way that Goodman’s ‘grue’ and ‘bleen’ are derived from ‘green’ and ‘blue’.
Selective attention to face identity and color studied with f MRI.

Abstract: Cortical areas associated with selective attention to the color and identity of faces were locatedusing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Six subjects performed tasks which requiredselective attention to face identity or color similarity using the same color-washed face stimuli.Performance of the color attention task but not the face attention task was associated with a region ofactivity in the collateral sulcus and nearby regions of the lingual and fusiform gyri. Performance of bothtasks was associated with a region of activity in ventral occipitotemporal cortex that was lateral to the colorresponsive area and had a greater spatial extent. These fMRI results converge with results obtained fromPET and ERP studies to demonstrate similar anatomical locations of functional areas for face and colorprocessing across studies. Hum. Brain Mapping 5:293–297, 1997. r 1997 W iley- L iss, I nc. † Key words: brain mapping; color perception; face recognition; selective attention; extrastriate cortex;visual cortex; visual pathways; magnetic resonance imagingr r
Reaction of O2 with [(−)-Sparteine]Pd(H)Cl: Evidence for an Intramolecular [H–L]+ “Reductive Elimination” Pathway

(Sp)PdCl2 [Sp = (−)-sparteine] catalyzes a number of different aerobic oxidation reactions, and reaction of O2 with a PdII–hydride intermediate, (Sp)Pd(H)Cl (1), is a key step in the proposed catalytic mechanism. Previous computational studies suggest that O2 inserts into the PdII–H bond, initiated by abstraction of the hydrogen atom by O2. Experimental and computational results obtained in the present study challenge this conclusion. Oxygenation of in-situ-generated (Sp)Pd(H)Cl exhibits a zero-order dependence on [O2]. This result is inconsistent with a bimolecular H-atom-abstraction pathway, and DFT computational studies identify a novel “reductive elimination” mechanism, in which the chelating nitrogen ligand undergoes intramolecular deprotonation of the PdII–hydride. The relevance of this mechanism to other PdII oxidation catalysts with chelating nitrogen ligands is evaluated.
Eigenstructure of First-Order Velocity-Stress Equations for Waves in Elastic Solids of Trigonal 32 Symmetry

This paper reports the eigenstructure of a set of first-order hyperbolic partial differential equations for modeling waves in solids with a trigonal 32 symmetry. The governing equations include the equation of motion and partial differentiation of the elastic constitutive relation with respect to time. The result is a set of nine, first-order, fully coupled, hyperbolic partial differential equations with velocity and stress components as the unknowns. Shown in the vector form, the model equations have three 9×9 coefficient matrices. The wave physics are fully described by the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrices; i.e., the nontrivial eigenvalues are the wave speeds, and a part of the corresponding left eigenvectors represents wave polarization. For a wave moving in a certain direction, three wave speeds can be identified by calculating the eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix in a rotated coordinate system. In this process, without using the plane-wave solution, we recover the Christoffel matrix and thus validate the formulation. To demonstrate this approach, two- and three-dimensional slowness profiles of quartz are calculated. Wave polarization vectors for wave propagation in several compression directions as well as noncompression directions are discussed.
Disease risks derived from genetic variants need clinical context.

makes important pointsregarding the impact of updates to risk factors and thelimitations of disease risk estimates derived from genetic vari-ants during a time of active discovery. However, there is afundamental assumption made, both in this work and in thepresentations of disease risk from commercial companies offer-ing genome-wide scans, that is worthy of challenge. The thresh-old used is the population average. By presenting risks inrelationship to the average in the overall population, clinicalutility of the population average is implied, though this assump-tion most often is not supported.In the Rotterdam Study population used by Mihaescu et al.,the average risk of type 2 diabetes, calculated using both inci-dent and prevalent cases, is reported as 20%. Based on thesingle
FETAL LUNG C-MYC EXPRESSION SUGGESTS A POSITIVE REGULATORY ROLE IN LUNG GROWTH

Oncogenes control cell proliferation and are proposed regulators of fetal development. C-myc codes for a nuclear protein that is necessary in the positive regulation of cell proliferation. When c-myc expression is blocked, cells cannot divi-de. When cell differentiation is induced, c-myc expression Is dramatically reduced. In the developing lung, growth stops for differentiation to begin. Slowed growth and the start of differentiation occur sooner in females. We sought to begin to understand the regulatory role of c-myc in lung development by correlating its expression with known cellular events, proposing that c-myc expression is high during rapid fetal lung growth and is dramatically reduced when growth stops and differentiation begins. RNA was isolated from lungs of fetal rats and mice (days 17-22 in the rat and days 16-18 in the mouse). The presence of c-myc mRNA was determined by Northern blot analysis using a 32P-labelled mouse c-myc cDNA probe. In both species, c-myc expression decreased substantially with increasing gestational age. In the fetal rat lung, c-myc expression was high in both sexes on day 17. C-myc expression decreased approximately 50% in the females by day 19, but not until day 20 in the males. By day 22, its expression decreased 74% in females and 76% in males. The timing of decreased c-myc expression corresponds to the onset of cellular differentiation and surfactant synthesis. Our findings suggest that c-myc has an important regulatory role in fetal lung growth and differentiation.
Demodulation scheme for fiber Bragg grating sensors based on active control of the spectral response of a wavelength division multiplexer

We present a closed-loop technique for measuring wavelength shifts associated with fiber Bragg gratings by using a fused biconical wavelength division multiplexer (WDM). The spectral response of the WDM is actively tuned by stretching of the coupling region to maintain a fixed coupling ratio at the reflected Bragg wavelength. The closed-loop operation allows sensitivities usually associated with a highly selective WDM to be obtained without compromising the measurement range. A simple theoretical model is presented together with experimental results for temperature and strain measurements.
Localization of histaminase (diamine oxidase) in rat small intestinal mucosa: Site of release by heparin

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that in the rat, small intestine is the source for rise in plasma histaminase levels seen after heparin administration. The cellular location of histaminase in intestine and the mechanism of heparin release have not been previously investigated. The present study identifies intestinal villus cells rather than crypt cells as the location of intestinal histaminase; at this site, the enzyme is not associated with brush border. Heparin added to incubations containing isolated intestinal cells did not release histaminase into the medium. Perfusion of intestinal vasculature with heparin caused a prompt release of this enzyme into venous effluent. The present investigation. therefore, suggests that heparin releases histaminase from vascular binding sites rather than directly from parenchymal cells. The use of isolated intestine with perfusion of the vasculature could serve as a useful tool for further defining the relationship between the sites of synthesis and the binding sites involved with heparin releasable enzymes such as histaminase.
The effect of oxygen on auger electron spectroscopy of FeAl and NiAl

Etude relative a deux problemes pouvant intervenir lors d'une etude par spectrometrie Auger de surfaces de rupture in-situ d'echantillons de FeAl et NiAl a structure B2: la vitesse d'adsorption d'oxygene sur les surfaces de rupture et comment cet oxygene adsorbe peut masquer les pics Auger des autres elements; l'influence de la taille de la sonde electronique, par consequent de la densite de courant dans la sonde electronique, sur la detection et la quantification des pics Auger quand de l'oxygene est present sur la surface de rupture
Mutagenesis studies of thyroxine binding to human serum albumin define an important structural characteristic of subdomain 2A

The familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) phenotype results from a natural human serum albumin (HSA) mutant, with histidine instead of arginine at amino acid position 218. This mutation results in an enhanced affinity for thyroxine. In our earlier study, site-directed mutagenesis and a yeast protein expression system were used to synthesize FDH HSA and several other HSA mutants. Measurement of the binding of these HSA mutants to thyroxine and several thyroxine analogs using equilibrium dialysis and quenching of tryptophan 214 fluorescence allowed us to propose a preliminary model of thyroxine binding to the 2A subdomain of wild type and FDH HSA. In this study, we have produced several other HSA mutants. By comparing the binding affinity of these mutants for thyroxine and tetraiodothyroacetic acid to the binding affinity of other mutants, we were able to suggest a new model for thyroxine binding to the 2A subdomain of HSA. We found that the substitution of arginine at position 218 with alanine increased the binding affinity for thyroxine by 2 orders of magnitude relative to the binding affinity of wild type HSA for thyroxine. A more accurate understanding of the mechanism of thyroxine binding to HSA has allowed us to define an important structural characteristic of subdomain 2A, one of the two principal binding sites on HSA for small hydrophobic ligands.
Shopping center fire zone parking violators: an informal look.

Data for 33 1 h observations at a shopping center in a suburban location showed about 700 violations of a traffic regulation prohibiting parking in a fire zone. Women driving vans were the least complaint-accounting for approximately 35% of the total.
Hydrogen-Capped Silicon Nanoparticles as a Potential Hydrogen Storage Material: Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrogen Release

Chemical hydrides are compounds that can potentially uptake and release hydrogen without the use of hydrogen gas. Nanostructure silicon may have great potential as a chemical hydride. The surface can be capped by hydride and dihydride, and hydrogen can be thermally desorbed from the surface. We have prepared large-scale (1−2 g) samples of hydrogen-capped silicon nanoparticles with average diameters of 60, 10, 5, and 4 nm via a low-temperature chemical method to explore the release of hydrogen from the surface as a function of size. The 60- and 10-nm-diameter particles have only hydrogen on the surface. The 60-nm-diameter particles are crystalline, and the 10-nm-diameter particles are amorphous according to powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The 5- and 4-nm-diameter particles have both hydrogen and solvent capped on the surface. The 4-nm-diameter particles are amorphous and the 5-nm-diameter particles are crystalline by powder XRD. Weight percentages of ∼3.5% at 350 °C are observed for the 10-nm-diameter part...
Futility Scaling: High-Associativity Cache Partitioning

As shared last level caches are widely used in many-core CMPs to boost system performance, partitioning a large shared cache among multiple concurrently running applications becomes increasingly important in order to reduce destructive interference. However, while recent works start to show the promise of using replacement-based partitioning schemes, such existing schemes either suffer from the severe associativity degradation when the number of partitions is high, or lack the ability to precisely partition the whole cache which leads to decreased resource efficiency. In this paper, we propose Futility Scaling (FS), a novel replacement-based cache partitioning scheme that can precisely partition the whole cache while still maintaining high associativity even with a large number of partitions. The futility of a cache line represents the uselessness of this line to application performance and can be ranked in different ways by various policies, e.g., LRU and LFU. The idea of FS is to control the size of a partition by properly scaling the futility of its cache lines. We study the properties of FS on both associativity and sizing in an analytical framework, and present a feedback-based implementation of FS that incurs little overhead in practice. Simulation results show that, FS improves performance over previously proposed Vantage and Prism by up to 6.0% and 13.7%, respectively.
Is it safe to discharge intussusception patients after successful hydrostatic reduction

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate whether discharge from the emergency department (ED) after successful hydrostatic reduction (HR) of intussusception is safe. Methods We conducted a single institution review of patient records with a diagnosis code of intussusception from 1995 to 2006. Data collected included age, clinical presentation, imaging, surgical interventions, pathology, recurrence, and disposition. Statistical analysis utilized χ 2 tests, where P ≤ .05 was considered significant. Results A total of 309 patients with intussusception were identified. One hundred twenty-three patients (39.8%) required surgical intervention, 138 (44.6%) patients were managed nonoperatively as inpatients, and 48 (15.5%) were treated nonoperatively and discharged from the ED. There were 18 recurrences (5.8%). Recurrence rates did not significantly differ between patients who required operative reduction and those who were managed nonoperatively with HR and either observed as inpatients or discharged from the ED. Seven patients with recurrences required surgical intervention, and 1 of those children had a pathologic lead point, which was nonneoplastic. Conclusions Recurrence rates do not differ between children observed as inpatients and those discharged home after successful HR. Missed neoplastic pathologic lead points were not found in the patients who required an operation after a recurrence. Our data suggests that it is safe to discharge patients selectively from the ED after successful HR.
A Competitive Game of Synaptic Tag

LTP maintenance is thought to require an activity-dependent "synaptic tag" that allows potentiated synapses to sequester factors necessary for maintenance. In a paper in this issue of Neuron, Fonseca et al. show that synapses can compete with each other for such maintenance factors, so that additional potentiation of one input results in loss of potentiation of another. These data suggest that LTP maintenance is a dynamic and competitive process.
Correlation analysis of the optics of progressive addition lenses.

Purpose. To investigate the relations between selected key optical parameters and the sizes of the clear viewing areas of progressive addition lenses (PALs). Methods. The optics of 28 PALs (plano with 2.00 D add) currently on the market were measured with a Rotlex Class Plus lens analyzer. Horizontal cross sections were analyzed in 1 mm vertical steps with respect to the fitting cross. Distance, intermediate, and near viewing zone widths and areas were calculated from the measurements. The maximum amount of unwanted astigmatism, minimum zone width (0.50 DC limit), and maximum power rate in the corridor were also recorded for each lens. Correlation coefficients were determined for all relations. Results. Each of the three viewing zone areas had a significant negative relation with the other (r of 0.4 to 0.8), indicating design tradeoff. Maximum power rate was significantly related to minimum zone width (r 0.695), which was significantly related to maximum astigmatism (r 0.616), but there was not a significant relation between maximum power rate and maximum astigmatism. Higher power rates and narrower minimum zones were significantly related to smaller intermediate and larger near zones (r 0.4 to 0.9). Maximum astigmatism was related to distance zone width (r 0.42) and to intermediate zone size (r 0.4 to 0.56), but not significantly related to near viewing zone. Power rate and astigmatism each vary relatively uniformly across each lens. Conclusions. The fundamental relation appears to be between power rate and zone width, each of which is highly related to sizes of the intermediate and near viewing zones. The maximum amount of astigmatism is related to zone width, but not to maximum power rate. The amount of astigmatism is unrelated to the size of the near zone. The pattern of correlations between the optical and viewing zone parameters help identify the underlying optical relations of PALs. (Optom Vis Sci 2004;81:350-361)
The ubiquitin kinase PINK1 recruits autophagy receptors to induce mitophagy

Protein aggregates and damaged organelles are tagged with ubiquitin chains to trigger selective autophagy. To initiate mitophagy, the ubiquitin kinase PINK1 phosphorylates ubiquitin to activate the ubiquitin ligase parkin, which builds ubiquitin chains on mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, where they act to recruit autophagy receptors. Using genome editing to knockout five autophagy receptors in HeLa cells, here we show that two receptors previously linked to xenophagy, NDP52 and optineurin, are the primary receptors for PINK1- and parkin-mediated mitophagy. PINK1 recruits NDP52 and optineurin, but not p62, to mitochondria to activate mitophagy directly, independently of parkin. Once recruited to mitochondria, NDP52 and optineurin recruit the autophagy factors ULK1, DFCP1 and WIPI1 to focal spots proximal to mitochondria, revealing a function for these autophagy receptors upstream of LC3. This supports a new model in which PINK1-generated phospho-ubiquitin serves as the autophagy signal on mitochondria, and parkin then acts to amplify this signal. This work also suggests direct and broader roles for ubiquitin phosphorylation in other autophagy pathways.
Usefulness of electrocardiographic parameters as compared with computed tomography measures of left atrial volume enlargement: from the ROMICAT trial.

Abstract Introduction The 12-lead surface electrocardiogram (ECG) is commonly used as a noninvasive modality to assess for left atrial enlargement (LAE), but data comparing ECG against cardiac computed tomography (CT) for LAE is lacking. We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of 6 ECG criteria for LAE as compared with CT left atrial volume (LAV) and index to body surface area (LAVI) as the reference standard. Materials and Methods In 339 patients (age: mean ± mean, 53 ± 12 years; 63% male), we evaluated the quantitative ECG parameters of P duration, P to PR segment ratio, P wave area, and P terminal force in lead V1. We also assessed qualitatively the morphology of bifid and biphasic P waves. Patients were stratified into top and lowest quartile of LAV and LAVI by CT. Results Of the 6 ECG criteria, patients with P duration greater than 110 milliseconds had a 2½-fold increase likelihood of being in the top quartile of LAV (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.51; P = .01) and LAVI (adjusted OR, 2.74; P = .007) as measured by CT. For this ECG criterion, the sensitivity and specificity were 71% and 55% for CT LAE by LAV and 61% and 55% for LAVI. The remaining ECG parameters of LAE assessed (P to PR segment ratio, P terminal force in lead V1, P wave area, bifid, and biphasic P wave) were not associated with LAE by CT-based LAV or LAVI (all P ≥ .20). Discussion Only P duration greater than 110 milliseconds was independently associated with LAE based on CT-derived LA volume and index. However, none of the established ECG parameters of LAE have sufficient diagnostic accuracies for predicting volumetric enlargement by CT, thus limiting its clinical utility.
Stairs, Escalators, and Obesity

Several studies have suggested possible activity differences between the obese and the nonobese. This study examined the activity choices of obese and non-obese individuals in four public settings....
Effect of Silicon Activity on Liquid‐Phase Sintering of Nitrogen Ceramics

Volatilization resulting from the thermal decomposition of Si3N4 causes the large weight loss and desintering phenomenon observed during pressureless sintering of Si3N4-5% MgO and sialon (z =2)-5% MgO. The addition of a few weight percent of Si to the powder suppresses this volatilazation and helps to achieve fully dense Si3N4 components.
Numerical evaluation of antenna noise temperature for optimal reflector antenna designs

Antenna noise temperature is crucial to an optimal antenna design. In this paper a systematic evaluation of the antenna noise temperature for arbitrary antenna pointing angles and noise temperature profiles is presented. Its numerical implementation is discussed. Simulation results of a single offset reflector and an offset Gregorian antenna are used to validate the effectiveness in the antenna design phase.
Basic concepts about genes, inactivity and aging

Remarkably, 80-year-old humans who have partaken in lifelong aerobic or strength training have maximal aerobic capacities or muscle strengths comparable with that of sedentary individuals aged 50 or 55-year-old, respectively. Such delays in functional aging are clinically significant because lower aerobic and lower strength capacities increase the risk of premature death. In this short review, we speculate that the lack of daily physical activity induces evolutionarily selected mechanisms to use or lose, one of which is related to nutritional status.
Class Size Impact Upon Student Learning and Attitudes in the Introductory Marketing Course

This article reports the results of a study which measured the impact of class size upon student learning and attitudes. Comparisons were made between a large and small introductory marketing class in terms of the amount of cognitive learning and attitude change produced. No difference was found between the large class and small class in terms of low-level and high-level cognitive learning, but the amount of attitude change differed significantly. The smaller section had more favorable attitudes towards marketing and produced a higher percentage of declared marketing majors. The results of the study indicate that special attention needs to be given to the decision of class size in the introductory marketing class, particularly with regard to increasing the number of marketing majors.
Biodegradation of Recalictrant Components of Organic Mixtures

Biodegradation of two recalcitrant compounds, dichloromethane and methyl tert-butyl ether was investigated individually and in combination with toluene and benzene. A vapor phase biofilter operating at an air flux of 1 m3/m2 min and an empty bed residence time of 1 minute was used as the reaction system. Inlet recalcitrant contaminant concentrations were typically 35 ppm on a volume basis while the aromatic compound concentrations were varied from 8 ppm to 150 ppm. Dichloromethane removals were not impacted by the introduction of toluene. However, a rapid decrease in methyl tert-butyl ether removal resulted from the initial introduction of toluene. Complete removal of both methyl tert-butyl ether and toluene was achieved within a week of operation.
Fast Modular Multiplication for E-Commerce Cryptosystem

The performance of the modular multiplication is the core arithmetic of the RSA cryptosystem for e-commerce security. In this paper we present a novel technique for modular multiplication by performing complements on the multiplicand and partitioning the key size of the multiplier. By applying the modular arithmetic and complement technique to the Montgomery algorithm, we propose an efficient modular multiplication method that requires exactly 50% multiplications comparing to Lee-Jeong-Kwon's algorithm.
Electrochemical study of the SnO2 lithium-insertion anode using microperturbation techniques

Abstract A disk pressed from commercial SnO 2 powder, sandwiched between two nickel screen current collectors, was used as a lithium-ion secondary anode. Its electrochemical lithium insertion–extraction behavior was investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge and galvanostatic intermittent titration (GITT) using a microcurrent on one current collector. The trans-electrode voltage was measured to monitor the transmissive resistance across the SnO 2 electrode during the discharge–charge process. Special electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) protocols were used to investigate the kinetic and transmissive impedances during initial lithium insertion. Protocol B or C EIS, described in the text, give the local transmissive impedance near the operating current collector, while Protocol B′ or C′ give the local transmissive impedance near the other current collector. The use of special EIS protocols showed that the inner transmissive impedance near the operating current collector side is higher than that near the other current collector.
Defusing the Baby Boomer Time Bomb: Projections of After-Tax Income in the Twenty-First Century

There has been a major national policy debate over the prospective tax burden facing future generations of workers as a result of the impending retirement of the baby boom generation. However, the real determinant of well-being is after-tax income, not the tax rate on before-tax income. This study constructs a series of projections of after-tax income, for workers and families at different points in the income distribution, to examine the effects of several different trends. The author first calculates the extent to which after-tax income can be expected to decline as the result of the aging of the baby boomers, then calculates the impact on after-tax income for families at different points in the income distribution of a continuation of recent trends in wage inequality. He also constructs a category of "after-tax, after-health-care spending" income, which examines the impact of the continued rapid growth in health care costs. The findings suggest that the continuation of recent trends in inequality and health care cost growth will have a much larger effect on future living standards than will the aging of the baby boomers.
Moving Devices for Finishing Pigs: Efficacy of Electric Prod, Board, Paddle, or Flag

Abstract A total of 320 finishing pigs (72 to 90 kg) was used in four studies to assess the efficacy of various moving devices by evaluation of pig behavior and time to complete a standardized course. The handler was behind the pigs (n = 3) with the objective of moving the pigs forward. In the first study, pig reactions to an electric prod or paddle touching their ham, neck, rear hock or back, or on their left or right side were recorded. The percentage of pigs moving forward was greatest (P 0.05) at moving pigs. Studies then standardized evaluations using blue devices. In the third study, the electric prod, paddle, and board were evaluated for time to complete the course. A handler using a board required less time (P
A Theoretical Framework for Examining the Corporate Adoption Decision Involving XBRL as a Continuous Disclosure Reporting Technology

For some time regulators across the globe have been advocating a more modern financial reporting process that would provide additional information (i.e., mainly nonfinancial) in a timelier manner (the AICPA’s Jenkins Committee (1994), Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB; 2000). Recent regulation, such as Sarbanes-Oxley section 409 (henceforth, 409; 2002) in the United States and the Corporation Act in Australia, are requiring public firms to report material information more quickly than ever before.2 Since the information being reported to the regulators is also publicly available, firms need to consider the adoption and consequent use of a technology that is 1) capable of continuous disclosure (CD); 2) can work with existing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to internally gather and then externally report required information quickly and reliably; and 3) comply with appropriate regulation.3,4
Decomposition of Defects by Neutrons in Reirradiated Graphite

S>Separation of effects of thermal annealing and radiation enhancement of defect annealing in the reirradiation of AGOT graphite at 350 deg C after neutron irradiation at 30 deg C is accomplished. The reirradiations are seen to involve competitive reactions between production and decomposition of interstitial complexes. (R.E.U.)
Dissociated effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on acid secretion and blood flow.

Peripherally administered corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) inhibits gastric acid secretion in the rat via unknown mechanisms. Because intravenous CRF can produce marked systemic hypotension, the hypothesis that its antisecretory effect is due to a reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow (MBF) was tested. Corpus MBF was measured by hydrogen gas clearance in fasted, urethan-anesthetized rats. CRF (15 nmol.kg-1.h-1 iv) had no significant effect on MBF but significantly decreased systemic blood pressure (BP) by 21.8 +/- 3.4%. This dose of CRF significantly decreased acid secretion stimulated by 40 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 pentagastrin iv but did not decrease MBF despite a 30.3 +/- 2.3% decrease in BP. To avoid the confounding effect of systemic hypotension on MBF, close gastric intra-arterial infusions were performed. CRF (1.7 nmol/h ia) had no effect on BP and did not increase MBF. CRF (3.4 nmol/h ia) slightly decreased BP without modifying MBF. In contrast, histamine (200 micrograms/h ia) significantly increased MBF by 58 +/- 11%. We conclude that 1) the peripheral antisecretory effect of CRF is not related to a decrease in MBF, 2) the maintenance of MBF during CRF-induced hypotension is not due to a direct vasodilator effect of CRF on the gastric microvasculature.
An Evaluation of Factors for Retaining Female Students in Construction Management Programs

ABSTRACTThe under-representation of women in construction necessitates academia’s understanding of what influences a female’s decision to remain in a construction management (CM) program. Many factors that retain women in CM programs have been identified. Understanding which of these factors are most influential is an important step towards increasing the number of women in CM. This study used a quantitative approach to explore the factors that have been previously identified to retain female students in CM programs; however, qualitative methods were also used to identify additional retention factors. The research was completed through a self-administered, researcher-designed survey of female CM students at five major universities. The results provide a prioritized ranking of the factors identified to retain female students. They indicated that the most positively influential factors for females to remain in a CM undergraduate degree program are: the community of students, lab classes, internships, innova...
Leadership Behaviors in Sales Managers: A Level Analysis

This study of industrial salespeople explores the appropriate level of analysis for leadership behavior in sales managers. Sales management literature on compensation, motivation, training, etc. suggests that the sales manager makes decisions for each sales person as an individual, at the dyad level. However, sales supervisory behaviors are usually studied using group based leadership theories. The Kouzes and Posner leadership model is used to identify the correct level of analysis for leadership in the sales domain related to the job outcomes of role clarity and job satisfaction. Results from Within-and-Between analysis (WABA) provide limited support for the group parts levels of analysis.
Validation of a Novel Delay Discounting of Text Messaging Questionnaire

Using cellular phones for text messaging has become a ubiquitous mode of communication in today’s American culture. Text messaging has become a primary source of relationship development and maintenance for many Americans, especially youth. Researchers have begun classifying excessive reliance on text messaging as an addictive behavior, which may lead to risky activities such as texting while driving. This study interprets texting dependence within a behavioral economics framework of addictive behavior and proposes a novel Delay Discounting of Texting Questionnaire (DDTQ). The DDTQ involves a hypothetical scenario wherein the respondent chooses between paying for an immediate text now and waiting to receive a free text message in the future. We validated the DDTQ using a relatively diverse crowdsourced sample from Amazon Mechanical Turk. The DDTQ demonstrated expected degrees of systematic discounting and yielded higher rates of delay discounting with reward values in a within-subjects evaluation of the magnitude effect. Finally, the DDTQ successfully discriminated different profiles of possible text-messaging dependence. Collectively, these findings suggest the DDTQ is a viable task for use in studying the behavioral economics of possible text-messaging dependence.
The Integration of Deliberative Democracy and Public Participation in Contemporary Chinese Grass-roots Communities

With the reformation and opening up to the outside world,there are further differentiations in grass-roots communities.Grassroots election strengthens social contradictions,which weakens the capacity of social integration and decrease the ability to deal with the public issues.The appearance of various democratic consultations is coupling to the rise of deliberative democracy theory,which provides a new perspective for social integration of the integration of grass-roots communities.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality Traits

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the evolutionary perspectives. There are three evolutionary perspectives that understand human personality traits: (1) evolutionary heritage, (2) evolutionary trends, and (3) human distinctiveness. Evolutionary heritage emphasizes similarities between the humans and animals. This perspective differs in two ways: (1) the similarities are limited to mammals and primates. (2) The focus is on behavior and personality traits, not on principles involving the propagation of genes. The second perspective is large. The evolutionary sequence implies the evolutionary trends in the features that affect behavior and personality. These trends may be divided into: (1) those that occurred during mammalian evolution in the line that led to primates and (2) those that occurred during primate evolution in the line that led to human species. These trends lead directly to the third perspective. Humans are distinctly different. The novel personality traits in humans not seen in other species are self-related traits and cognitive traits. These uniquely human traits differ in two ways: (1) they derive from advanced cognitions and socialization practices. (2) All the primate traits are known to be inherited in humans, but the inheritance of the uniquely human traits has yet to be established.