cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical investigation of the relationship between spectra differences and regression faults

Many software maintenance and testing tasks involve comparing the behaviours of program versions. Program spectra have recently been proposed as a heuristic for use in performing such comparisons. To assess the potential usefulness of spectra in this context an experiment was conducted, examining the relationship between differences in program spectra and the exposure of regression faults (faults existing in a modified version of a program that were not present prior to modifications, or not revealed in previous testing), and empirically comparing several types of spectra. The results reveal that certain types of spectra differences correlate with high frequency—at least in one direction—with the exposure of regression faults. That is, when regression faults are revealed by particular inputs, spectra differences are likely also to be revealed by those inputs, though the reverse is not true. The results also suggest that several types of spectra that appear, analytically, to offer greater precision in predicting the presence of regression faults than other, cheaper, spectra may provide no greater precision in practice. These results have ramifications for future research on, and for the practical uses of, program spectra. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of HOX genes in human implantation

HOX genes are transcriptional regulators that play an essential role in determining tissue identity during embryonic development. HOX genes are involved in the development of the Mullerian system and then continue to be expressed in the adult uterus. Two HOX genes have been demonstrated necessary for uterine receptivity in knock-out mice. We have recently elucidated the expression patterns and regulation of HOX genes in the development of the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. HOX genes are likely key regulators of human implantation. This paper will review the role of HOX genes in the reproductive tract, specifically the evidence that HOX genes are important for human endometrial development and receptivity.
Subchronic Toxicity of Monensin in Broiler Chickens

One hundred ninety-two male broiler chicks were dosed with monensin at concentrations of 0, 121, or 242 mg/kg feed throughout the normal growing period (50 days). Body weight gain and feed efficiency were determined weekly, and cardiac muscle was examined grossly and histologically at the end of the experiment. Livers also were weighed and examined grossly. Feed intake was determined daily, allowing continuous monitoring of drug intake. No depressing effects of the drug on growth rate and efficiency were observed until after four weeks, and then were evident only in the chicks receiving the 242 mg/kg diet. Subepicardial hemorrhage and congestion occurred in 40% of the hearts from the chickens fed the high monensin dose and were nonexistent in the other treatments. There appeared to be an inverse relationship between monensin dose and liver weight. The paralytic effects previously reported from acute dosing experiments were not observed. The results show that the heart and probably the liver are sensitive indicators of monensin toxicity and that the subchronic toxic dose is less than 18 mg/kg body weight per day.
An Active Type IV Secretion System Encoded by the F Plasmid Sensitizes Escherichia coli to Bile Salts

F strains of Escherichia coli infected with donor-specific bacteriophage such as M13 are sensitive to bile salts. We show here that this sensitivity has two components. The first derives from secretion of bacteriophage particles through the cell envelope, but the second can be attributed to expression of the F genes required for the formation of conjugative (F) pili. The latter component was manifested as reduced or no growth of an F strain in liquid medium containing bile salts at concentrations that had little or no effect on the isogenic F strain or as a reduced plating efficiency of the F strain on solid media; at 2% bile salts, plating efficiency was reduced 10 4 -fold. Strains with F or F-like R factors were consistently more sensitive to bile salts than isogenic, plasmid-free strains, but the quantitative effect of bile salts depended on both the plasmid and the strain. Sensitivity also depended on the bile salt, with conjugated bile salts (glycocholate and taurocholate) being less active than unconjugated bile salts (deoxycholate and cholate). F cells were also more sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulfate than otherwise isogenic F cells, suggesting a selectivity for amphipathic anions. A mutation in any but one F tra gene required for the assembly of F pili, including the traA gene encoding F pilin, substantially restored bile salt resistance, suggesting that bile salt sensitivity requires an active system for F pilin secretion. The exception was traW .A traW mutant was 100-fold more sensitive to cholate than the tra strain but only marginally more sensitive to taurocholate or glycocholate. Bile salt sensitivity could not be attributed to a generalized change in the surface permeability of F cells, as judged by the effects of hydrophilic and hydrophobic antibiotics and by leakage of periplasmic -lactamase into the medium. Normally, coliform bacteria are resistant to noxious agents, such as bile salts, likely to be encountered at high levels in the mammalian digestive tract. Resistance is the result of the synergistic effects of the permeability barrier established by the outer membrane of gram-negative cells and broad-specificity efflux pumps that capture and expel toxic molecules that do penetrate the outer membrane (38–40). The number of genes and the amount of metabolic energy devoted to these defenses reflect the magnitude of the selective pressures exerted by exposure to these agents. We report here that the type IV secretion system encoded by the F plasmid can render F cells sensitive to certain anionic detergents, including bile salts and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Type IV secretion systems of gram-negative bacteria are broadly distributed, versatile, macromolecular transporters (9, 10, 12, 29). One subclass of these systems mediates conjugal DNA transfer among bacterial cells or between bacterial and eukaryotic cells. This subclass is distinguished by a requirement for conjugative pili, which are extended surface filaments that mediate the initial cell-cell contact stages of DNA transfer (42).
Planning the coordination of multiple processes

Prior artificial intelligence robot planning techniques have mostly ignored time reasoning and coordination of multiple processing elements. A new technique that solves linear and non-linear problems also allows the coordination and sequencing of multiple machines (processes). Scheduling of processing cells (computing or factory) is achieved by integration of the planning technique with a time reasoning system. The planner includes a new means to specify the relationships of multiple goal states in order to describe a process sequence.
Extracting Frame-Semantics Knowledge using Lattice Theory

In this article, we introduce a new representation based on lattice theory for lexical data from a lexical-database embodying the frame-semantic approach to language description, FrameNet. We present proof of the abundance of Concept Lattices as proposed in Formal Concept Analysis both in the theory of frames and in its present-day incarnation, the FrameNet resource, by constructing several types of these. We further argue for the adequacy of such lattices in representing linguistic data with contributions that range from data-visualization to the fine-tuning of some frame-theoretical concepts. We argue finally that FrameNet is better thought of as being a lexical resource rather than an ontology, but we make the case throughout the article for Concept Lattices being a linguistically adequate, formally effective intermediate representations from which knowledge representation languages may draw knowledge-rich, linguistic facts from FrameNet at their convenience.
Dynamics of Charged Drop Break-Up

Spherical conducting liquid drops fission when their net electrical charge exceeds the Rayleigh limit Q c ≡ 4√π, where the shape becomes unstable to small amplitude perturbations which lead to two-lobed forms. We use a combination of domain perturbation and multiple timescale methods to compute the evolution of axisymmetric, inviscid oscillating drops near this limit and show that it corresponds to a transcritical bifurcation point between the families of static spherical shapes and oblate and prolate axisymmetric forms. Prolate forms exist at lower values of charge ( Q Q c ) and are unstable to small-amplitude perturbations. Finite amplitude oscillations destabilize the spheres at a value of charge below Q c , with the decrease in the critical value proportional to the amplitude of the prolate component of the initial shape disturbance. Oblate static shapes exist for Q > Q c and are stable to small axisymmetric perturbations, but are unstable to moderate-amplitude ones, where the stability boundary is given by the nonlinear stability analysis. Finite element analysis is used to calculate the static drop shapes in both the prolate and oblate families. Asymptotic analysis for the static shapes is in good agreement with the numerical calculations for even moderate-amplitude deformations of the drop.
Human Flourishing and the Appeal to Human Nature

If “perfectionism” in ethics refers to those normative theories that treat the fulfillment or realization of human nature as central to an account of both goodness and moral obligation, in what sense is “human flourishing” a perfectionist notion? How much of what we take “human flourishing” to signify is the result of our understanding of human nature? Is the content of this concept simply read off an examination of our nature? Is there no place for diversity and individuality? Is the belief that the content of such a normative concept can be determined by an appeal to human nature merely the result of epistemological naivete? What is the exact character of the connection between human flourishing and human nature?These questions are the ultimate concern of this essay, but to appreciate the answers that will be offered it is necessary to understand what is meant by “human flourishing.” “Human flourishing” is a relatively recent term in ethics. It seems to have developed in the last two decades because the traditional translation of the Greek term eudaimonia as “happiness” failed to communicate clearly that eudaimonia was an objective good, not merely a subjective good.
Therapy for stage IIIB and stage IV non-small cell lung cancer.

Complete surgical resection remains the cornerstone of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Due to the presence of advanced disease at diagnosis or comorbid illness, however, curative resection is feasible in fewer than one third of these patients. For patients not amenable to surgery, the goal of therapy is to control the tumor locally and at distant sites. Recent clinical trials have tested new chemotherapeutic regimens, novel radiation therapy (RT) techniques, and combined modality approaches. As a result, RT combined with chemotherapy is recognized as the current standard of care for selected patients with unresectable, nonmetastatic NSCLC. In addition, novel molecular targets are being identified, and modulators of these targets are being evaluated in clinical trials. Preliminary reports of these drugs, which include inhibitors of the cell cycle, signal transduction, and angiogenesis, demonstrate promising activity. The authors review the results of these recent trials and attempt to define the current status of chemotherapy and RT in the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

The signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) range from those that command the immediate attention of patient and doctor to those that escape the attention of patient and family over the course a lifetime. For nearly a century, we have discovered some examples of MS found at autopsy that were never recognized by the family. In the modern era, we find examples of MS on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans done for other reasons, such as a motor vehicle accident.
The experience of receiving scholarship aid and its effect on future giving: a listening guide analysis

ABSTRACTWhy are there so many people who receive scholarship aid who do not give back to the schools that gave it? Social exchange theories grounded in the assumption of direct reciprocity have long been the framework used within higher education to understand donative behavior. As a result, conventional wisdom within higher education holds that recipients of scholarship aid will later donate money to the institution that provided it. However, the philanthropic data show that most aid recipients do not, in fact, give back. This study probes the underlying factors for this phenomenon by using the Listening Guide, a voice-centered relational method of discovery, to analyze and interpret interviews with 10 scholarship recipients. By providing a more robust understanding of the experience of receiving, the findings challenge some of the most basic psychological and sociological assumptions about giving and generosity within higher education.
Fungal associations on field-weathered plants and their role in residue decomposition

Basic microbiological information is presented which is relevant to an understanding of the decomposition of crop residues in conservation and conventional tillage practices. Little has been known about the role in crop residue decomposition of microbial populations that grow on dead leaves and stems of crop plants standing in the field after maturation. Even the identity of such organisms has not been thoroughly defined. Dead leaves and stems were collected from corn and from other field crop, garden, and native plants standing during weathering after maturation in fields at Beltsville, Md., and at seven other U.S. locations in the fall of 1984 and the spring of 1985. Certain “field fungi” from the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Helminthosporium (Bipolaris) occurred as a common population growing on samples from most locations in spite of major differences in temperature and precipitation during the weathering. All fungi observed are known from the literature to be able to decompose native cellulose in pure culture. Some can grow on plant waxes. They grow poorly, if at all, in the absence of oxygen. All grow best in the presence of free water; none are true xerophytes, although some can resist wetting-drying cycles. They are mesophiles and exhibit most rapid growth at about 25–28 C. Some can survive over winter in plant tissues in cold climates. Probable relevance of these characteristics to residue decomposition in field situations is discussed.
Ultrafast Hybrid Plasmonics: New Routes to Nanoscale Imaging and Energy Propagation

Efforts in our group for the imaging and ultrafast spectroscopy of hybrid plasmonic nanostructures are discussed, specifically applied to plasmonic continuum spectroscopy, metal nanoparticle photoluminescence, and the unique optical states that arise from coupled nanostructures.
Spruce Beetle Winter Mortality Resulting from Record Low Temperatures in Arizona

During the week of January 1, 1971, a cold period with a record low temperature of −40°C (−40°F) occurred near an area supporting high spruce beetle populations on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona. This resulted in 88% spruce beetle larval mortality above the snow level in sampled standing trees. Below the snow level, mortality of larvae and hibernating adults was 15 and 28%, respectively. Parasites, predators, and other associated species incurred lower mortality.
QA and QC of 16 Slices Helical CT Angiography in Lower Limb

Objective To investigate the quality assurance(QA) and quality control(QC)of 16 slices helical CT angiography in the lower limb. Methods 42 cases clinically suspected as the arterial disease of lower limb undergoing MSCTA were analyzed retrospectively. All reconstructed images were reformed by means of MIP, VR, MPR and CTVE. Results 22 patients were diagnosed correctly by using MSCTA. Compared to DSA and/or surgical results. Sensitivity, specificity and accurate rate were all 100%. Conclusion It is important to strengthen the QA and QC of the 16 slices helical CT angiography in the lower limb.
A Story of How One Teacher/Researcher/Artist Learned to Use Arts-Based Research

Arts Based Research (ABR): A way to generate new understandings of phenomena while engaging with the arts. Arts Based Research highlights subjective and contextually specific ways of knowing as opp...
2D Transient Viscoplastic Model for Dislocation Generation of SiC by PVT Method

SiC crystal grown by PVT method has attracted worldwide research attention and it has been successfully produced under various growth conditions, such as growth temperature, pressure, and growth chamber geometry. However, the dislocation multiplication in SiC crystal grown by PVT method are generated by excessed thermal stresses caused by the nonuniform temperature field in the SiC ingot. A 2 dimensional transient finite element model based on the Haasen-Sumino viscoplastic constitutive model (HAS) is developed to evaluate the dislocation densities generated in the SiC crystal grown by PVT method. The dislocation densities generated in the PVT process is the major parameter for the evaluation of final product. The result shows that the maximum dislocation density is about 1.8 × 107 m−2 when the temperature gradient equals −340/90,000 K/s, while it increases to 2.4 × 107 m−2 when the temperature gradient increases to −640/90,000 K/s.
Assessment of thermal comfort of nanosilver-treated functional sportswear fabrics using a dynamic thermal model with human/clothing/environmental factors:

The development of nanotechnology has made it possible to add desirable functions to fabrics. Nanosilver has been used to provide antibacterial and odor control functions for sportswear over decade...
Waste to energy ash monofill mining: An environmental characterization of recovered material.

Abstract Samples of combined bottom and fly ash produced at a U.S. waste-to-energy facility were collected from an ash monofill. These samples represented ash monofilled between 1991 and 2008. The ash samples were characterized for total element content and leachability; trends in these parameters were evaluated as a function of sample depth and ash age. Comparison to risk thresholds was used to assess the relative magnitude of the total and leachable mass of elements in the monofilled ash. Natural carbonation was found to have occurred in the monofilled ash, reducing the pH and leachability of Al and Pb. Sb was the element with the highest leachable concentration when compared to risk thresholds, driven primarily by the pH of the ash (9.8). The release of Mo, Sr, Ba, Na and K (all readily soluble elements in ash) was higher (48–122%) when comparing the samples taken from the 0 to 1.5 m bore to the 6.1–7.62 m bore; total concentration analysis also demonstrated that more of these elements were present in the deeper samples (25–53%). These data support the hypothesis that as infiltrating rainwater moves through an ash monofill leached concentrations are depleted from the upper layers of the ash first.
Forum design and the changing landscape of crowd-sourced help information

The help documentation landscape has changed with the growth of various forms of social media. People now post how-to videos to YouTube, they write crowdsourced documentation for open-source software, and they participate in and draw from a wide range of help forums. These forums are a form of crowdsourced help information in which experts and amateurs come together to address questions and explain materials. While these online forums can be thought of as a threat to the roles of technical communicators, they also present opportunities for professionals to adapt their skills to new roles as "community managers" of professionally sponsored forums. This article examines that point by showing how communication design is important for developing online help forum communities. Through the analysis of ethnographic and interview data, the article covers different areas of design important for understanding help forums as networked forms of technical communication.
Effective Leadership of Surgical Teams: A Mixed Methods Study of Surgeon Behaviors and Functions

Background The importance of effective team leadership for achieving surgical excellence is widely accepted, but we understand less about the behaviors that achieve this goal. We studied cardiac surgical teams to identify leadership behaviors that best support surgical teamwork. Methods We observed, surveyed, and interviewed cardiac surgical teams, including 7 surgeons and 116 team members, from September 2013 to April 2015. We documented 1,926 surgeon/team member interactions during 22 cases, coded them by behavior type and valence (ie, positive/negative/neutral), and characterized them by leadership function (conductor, elucidator, delegator, engagement facilitator, tone setter, being human, and safe space maker) to create a novel framework of surgical leadership derived from direct observation. We surveyed nonsurgeon team members about their perceptions of individual surgeon's leadership effectiveness on a 7-point Likert scale and correlated survey measures with individual surgeon profiles created by calculating percentage of behavior types, leader functions, and valence. Results Surgeon leadership was rated by nonsurgeons from 4.2 to 6.2 (mean, 5.4). Among the 33 types of behaviors observed, most interactions constituted elucidating (24%) and tone setting (20%). Overall, 66% of interactions (range, 43%–84%) were positive and 11% (range, 1%–45%) were negative. The percentage of positive and negative behaviors correlated strongly ( r = 0.85 for positive and r = 0.75 for negative, p r = 0.80; p = 0.03), and negative forms of elucidating, ie, criticism, related most negatively ( r = –0.81; p = 0.03). Conclusions We identified 7 surgeon leadership functions and related behaviors that impact perceptions of leadership. These observations suggest actionable opportunities to improve team leadership behavior.
Total parenteral nutrition in patients following pancreaticoduodenectomy: lessons from 1184 patients.

Abstract Background Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has historically been used conservatively in the management of patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Herein, we evaluate the indications for and outcomes associated with TPN use in a high-volume pancreatic surgery center. Materials and methods We retrospectively queried our institution's pancreatic surgery database for patients who received TPN after PD from 2006 through 2015. Results Of 1184 patients who underwent PD, 232 (19.6%) received TPN perioperatively. The most common indications for TPN were delayed gastric emptying (DGE, n = 171, 73.7%), pancreatic fistula ( n = 102, 44%), and generalized malnutrition ( n = 25, 10.8%). The median day of TPN initiation was postoperative day 4 (range: −31 to 22), with a median usage of 9 days (range: 1-115). Forty-four (19%) patients received short-course TPN (≤3 days), primarily those diagnosed with isolated grade A DGE without associated complications ( P = 0.0003). Multivariate analysis suggests the presence of deep surgical site infection (odds ratio: 3.09, [1.16-5.06], P = 0.018) or pancreatic fistula (odds ratio: 2.57, [1.03-6.41], P = 0.043) at the time of DGE presentation as predictive of long-term TPN requirement. Hyperglycemia (34.5%) was the most common complication resulting from TPN use, whereas central line–associated bloodstream infections (2.6%) were rare. Readmissions (35.3% TPN cohort; 15% historical institutional rate) were most commonly due to poor oral intake (26.8%). The 30-day mortality rate in the overall TPN cohort was 3.4% (0.8% historical institutional rate). Conclusions TPN is a critical and safe adjunct for patients who develop PD-associated complications; however, it may be of limited utility for patients with isolated DGE.
A Community-Based Intervention Program's Effects on Dietary Intake Behaviors

Objective To evaluate the effect of a community-based lifestyle behavioral intervention on intakes of fat, fruits, vegetables, fast foods, and beverages in low-income young mothers with overweight or obesity. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention (watching video lessons at home plus peer support group teleconferences) or a comparison group. General linear mixed model analyses were utilized to determine mean differences between the groups (212 intervention, 126 comparison) immediately following and 3 months (196 intervention, 115 comparison) after the intervention. Results Immediately after the intervention, the intervention group had significantly lower mean scores in intakes of fat (effect size [d] = 0.24), fast foods (d = 0.33), and non–sugar-sweetened beverages (d = 0.27) than the comparison group. No significant group differences were observed for intakes of fruits, vegetables, or sugar-sweetened beverages. Three months after the intervention, no significant group differences were observed for intakes of fat, fruits, vegetables, fast foods, and both sugar- and non–sugar-sweetened beverages. Conclusions The intervention group improved dietary intakes of fat and fast foods but not fruits, vegetables, or beverages over the short term. Our intervention had no long-term effect on dietary intake behaviors.
Estimating alfalfa yield and nutritive value using remote sensing and air temperature

Abstract In-field estimation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield and nutritive value can inform management decisions to optimize forage quality and production. However, acquisition of timely information at the field scale is limited using traditional measurements such as destructive sampling and assessment of plant maturity. Remote sensing technologies (e.g., measurement of canopy reflectance) have the potential to enable rapid measurements at the field scale. Canopy reflectance (350–2500 nm) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-estimated canopy height were measured in conjunction with destructive sampling of alfalfa across a range of maturities at Rosemount, MN in 2014 and 2015. Sets of specific spectral wavebands were determined via stepwise regression to predict alfalfa yield and nutritive value and models were reduced by spectral range to improve utility. Cumulative growing degree units (GDUs) and canopy height were tested as model covariates. An alternative GDU calculation (GDUALT) using a temporally graduating base temperature was also tested against the traditional static base temperature. The inclusion of GDUALT increased prediction accuracy for all response variables by 9–17%. Models using a common set of seven wavebands, combined with GDUALT, explained 81–90% of the variability in yield, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and NDF digestibility (NDFd; 48-h in-vitro), respectively. This research establishes potential for remote sensing measurements to be integrated with air temperature information to achieve rapid and accurate predictions of alfalfa yield and nutritive value at the field scale for optimized harvest management.
The Denmark Vesey Affair: A Documentary History

Among historians familiar with the Denmark Vesey conspiracy, it is impossible to avoid the controversy over the nature of the archive of the events. Anyone attempting to comprehend what happened im...
SIM-Cumulus: An Academic Cloud for the Provisioning of Network-Simulation-as-a-Service (NSaaS)

Large-scale network simulations are resource and time intensive tasks due to a number of factors i.e., setup configuration, computation time, hardware, and energy cost. These factors ultimately force network researchers to scale-down the scope of experiments, either in terms of simulation entities involved or in abridging expected micro-level details. The Cloud technology facilitates researchers to address mentioned factors by the provisioning of pre-configured instances on shared infrastructure. In this paper, an academic Cloud architecture SIM-Cumulus targeting the research institutions is proposed. SIM-Cumulus provides the framework of virtual machine instances specifically configured for large-scale network simulations, with the aim of efficiency in terms of simulation execution time and energy cost. The performance of SIM-Cumulus is evaluated using large-scale wireless network simulations. Simulation results show that SIM-Cumulus is beneficial in three aspects i.e., 1) promotion of research within the domain of computer networks; 2) consumption of considerably fewer resources in terms of simulation elapsed time and usage cost; and 3) reduction of carbon emission leading toward sustainable IT development.
Variationen des Simplexverfahrens

In diesem Abschnitt lernen wir die Version des Simplexverfahrens kennen, die in der Literatur zumeist als „primaler“ Algorithmus beschrieben ist. Hier stellt sich der Zulassigkeitsbereich als Losungsmenge eines Gleichungssystems dar, wobei auserdem auch noch Vorzeichenbedingungen einzuhalten sind.
Chapter 7 The Origin of Petroleum in Carbonate Rocksk1

Summary The hydrocarbons in petroleum appear to owe their origin to different sources and mechanisms. The light hydrocarbons and gases generally containing less than nine carbon atoms are formed in sediments over geologic time from the decomposition of heavier organic materials. The heavier hydrocarbons are synthesized by living organisms and are formed in the sediments. Formation of hydrocarbons appears to continue until the sediments are so metamorphosed that only methane is obtained. Carbonate sediments appear to be as effective source beds as clay sediments although there are differences in the time and conditions of generation, migration, and accumulation of oil. As a result of early lithification of carbonates, hydrocarbons tend to be retained until migration paths are developed through fractures, fissures, and solution channels. The close juxtaposition of source and reservoir beds in carbonates plus the frequent presence of impermeable evaporite caprocks results in a more efficient process of oil accumulation in carbonates than in sand-shale sequences. Carbonates, however, have very little catalytic activity compared to clays and they do not continue to expel fluids to reservoirs over long geologic periods as do the clays. The fact that 40% of the petroleum in major oil fields is in carbonate reservoirs, many of which are completely surrounded by carbonate rocks, indicates that carbonates can be oil source beds.
Marine colloids, agents of the self-cleansing capacity of aquatic systems: Historical perspective and new discoveries

Abstract Colloids in the ocean are mainly composed of natural organic matter (NOM), with trace amounts of metals, metalloids , radionuclides , pollutants , and variable amounts of anthropogenically produced engineered nanoparticles and nanoplastics. State-of-the-art sampling and instrumental techniques were required to unravel both size spectra and chemical composition. Chemical components of colloidal macromolecular organic matter (COM) include aquagenic substances (composed of microbially produced Exopolymeric Substances (EPS), gels, transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and TEP precursors), and pedogenic substances (mostly humic and fulvic matter). COM can be bioavailable and biodegradable. EPS in aquatic systems can form flocs of Marine Snow (MS) or Marine Oil Snow (MOS). EPS is thus important in initiating and maintaining aggregation, flocculation , and sedimentation processes of particles and microorganisms that act also as sorbents of pollutants, a process that contributes in a major way to the ‘self-cleansing capacity’ of aquatic systems. COM contains a diverse array of functionalities which can make them good metal chelating agents , amphiphilic and surface active pH-sensitive and redox-active. Due to numerous electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between different moieties and ligand groups within a macromolecule , equilibrium constants , Ki , will become distribution functions for most reactions rather than fixed constants, as is common for low molecular weight organic molecules. Colloidal pumping of trace substances bound to EPS and other reactive macromolecular NOM compounds is counteracting the prevailing pathway of degradation of the bulk macromolecular NOM. Due to strong sorption capabilities for stable and radioactive metal ions , particle- and colloid-reactive radionuclides are useful to trace particle and organic carbon fluxes in the ocean. Open research questions include the role of different mechanisms that affect size spectra and composition of EPS in response to changing conditions, the role of macromolecular organic carrier molecules of radioactive and other trace substances that are used as oceanographic tracers; the potential use of the protein/carbohydrate ratio as a predictor of colloid or particle stickiness, aggregation or emulsification processes, and the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated polymerization reactions of proteins and other molecules, which are part of EPS, for MS and MOS formation.
Ocean Deoxygenation and Zooplankton: Very Small Oxygen Differences Matter

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), large midwater regions of very low oxygen, are expected to expand as a result of climate change. While oxygen is known to be important in structuring midwater ecosystems, a precise and mechanistic understanding of the effects of oxygen on zooplankton is lacking. Zooplankton are important components of midwater food webs and biogeochemical cycles. Here, we show that, in the eastern tropical North Pacific OMZ, previously undescribed submesoscale oxygen variability has a direct effect on the distribution of many major zooplankton groups. Despite extraordinary hypoxia tolerance, many zooplankton live near their physiological limits and respond to slight (≤1%) changes in oxygen. Ocean oxygen loss (deoxygenation) may, thus, elicit major unanticipated changes to midwater ecosystem structure and function.
Indonesia’s Active, Creative, Effective and Joyful Learning: From a University Teacher Training Program to High School Classrooms

This study asked how and to what extent professors were modeling and encouraging active-learning methods in the students’ English and Education courses in response to decentralization reforms at the University of Banten, in Serang, Indonesia. A discussion of the background of PAKEM (pembelajaran aktif, kreatif, efektif dan menyenangkan) policy and its implementation builds a framework for identifying and interpreting specific challenges which impact English teacher preparation and the knowledge and implementation of PAKEM Active Learning methods. PAKEM represents a major element of ongoing decentralization policy and was explored thematically through an ethnographic analysis of in-depth accounts of professors, teachers, and students at the campus over ten months. The discussion provides extensive and diverse evidence of dynamic responses to PAKEM policy changes. Lecturers were well informed about and engaged in the implementation of active learning methods in instruction. Findings are situated amongst similar case studies on the implementation of active learning pedagogies and consistencies are identified and discussed.
Green Technology: Transformation of Transpiration Vapor to Mitigate Global Water Crisis

The transpiration mechanism has been proposed for rerouting as it is the main cause of groundwater loss which is also causing significant climate change by releasing water vapor into the air. Since electrostatic force has the tendency to tug down the water, thus, a static electricity force creating plastic tank has been proposed to install at the bottom of plants to capture the transpiration water vapor and treated it in site by applying UV technology to meet the daily water demand throughout the world.
Administrative Conference of the United States Launches Study of Agency-Level Bid Protests

The Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) is undertaking a study of agency-level bid protests. The author of this article has been engaged by the Administrative Conference to undertake that study. The project will study agency-level bid protest procedures under the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and agency-specific regulations. It will analyze agency regulations governing various aspects of agency-level bid protests, including review above the level of the contracting officer, standard clauses governing protest procedures, and the exchange of information during protests. The study will offer a series of options for agency-level bid protest procedures, and recommendations regarding when specific procedures may be appropriate for adoption. This article summarizes the phases of the study and the process for the Administrative Conference's review, and outlines the research plan for the study. The study will build on an analytical structure for effective bid protest systems suggested by former Associate Dean Daniel Gordon, in "Constructing a Bid Protest Process: Choices Every Procurement Challenge System Must Make," 35 Public Contract Law Journal 427 (2006), available here: https://ssrn.com/abstract=892781.
Uncertain objects and ethnographic possibilities: thinking through the Smithsonian-Universal African Expedition

ABSTRACTThe early twentieth century saw the proliferation of museum-sponsored expeditions seeking to collect footage, artifacts, and specimens to expand museum collections. These expeditions were f...
Holistic perspectives—Understanding rancher experiences with holistic resource management to bridge the gap between rancher and researcher perspectives

On the Ground • Holistic Resource Management (HRM) is a ranch management strategy plagued by controversy; experimental evidence from ecological studies has consistently failed to support that HRM provides ecological benefits, yet many ranchers staunchly support the method. • Using a qualitative approach, we found that the HRM processes used on four case study ranches in eastern Colorado provided a systematic framework for key ranch stakeholders to improve long-term, adaptive approaches to managing ranches as complex socioecological systems. • Notably, the ranchers emphasized the planning benefits of HRM over the grazing benefits, suggesting the value of the system is not in how the cattle are grazed but in how it changes the way ranchers make decisions about how to graze their cattle and manage the many other complexities of operating a ranch. • Approaching HRM as a planning framework versus as a grazing strategy may be a key factor in the difference in claims between ranchers practicing HRM and researchers studying grazing systems.
Teaching Law Online: A Guide for Faculty

As law school classes move online, it is imperative that law faculty understand not only how to teach online, but how to teach well online. This article therefore is designed to help law faculty do their best teaching online. It walks faculty through key choices they must make when designing online courses, and concrete ways that they can prepare themselves and their students to succeed. The article explains why live online teaching should be the default option for most faculty, but also shows how faculty can enhance student learning by incorporating asynchronous lessons into their online classes. It then shows how faculty can set up their virtual teaching space and employ diverse teaching techniques to foster an engaging and rigorous online learning environment. The article concludes by discussing how the move to online education in response to COVID-19 could improve the overall quality of law school teaching.
Hangman's Fracture.

Study design Review article. Objective A review and update of the treatment of Hangman's fractures including the indications for both nonoperative and operative treatment of typical and atypical fractures. Summary of background data Hangman's fractures are the second most common fracture pattern of the C2 vertebrae following odontoid fractures. Many of the stable extension type I and II fractures can be treated with external immobilization, whereas the predominant flexion type IIa and III fractures require surgical stabilization. Methods A review of the literature. Results The clinical and radiographic outcomes of the treatment of Hangman's fractures lend a good overall prognosis when the correct diagnosis is made. The nonoperative treatment of stable type I and II fractures with external immobilization leads to excellent long-term outcomes as does the operative treatment of the unstable type IIa and III fractures. Conclusions Hangman's fractures can be classified as stable (type I and most II) or unstable (type IIa and III) and the optimal treatment depends upon this distinction. Stable injuries do well with rigid immobilization and rarely require operative intervention. In contrast, unstable injuries do poorly if treated nonoperatively but do well with surgical intervention. When treating atypical Hangman's variants, great vigilance and close clinical observation is paramount if nonoperative treatment is indicated given the potential for neurological compression in this fracture pattern. Properly identifying and treating these injuries represents an opportunity for the spine surgeon to optimize patient outcomes.
LiBeB Energetics and Cosmic Ray Origin

Three different models have been proposed for LiBeB production by cosmic rays: the CRI model in which the cosmic rays are accelerated out of an ISM of solar composition scaled with metallicity; the CRS model in which cosmic rays with composition similar to that of the current epoch cosmic rays are accelerated out of fresh supernova ejecta; and the LECR model in which a distinct low energy component coexists with the postulated cosmic rays of the CRI model. These models are usually distinguished by their predictions concerning the evolution of the Be and B abundances. Here we emphasize the energetics which favor the CRS model. This model is also favored by observations showing that the bulk (80 to 90%) of all supernovae occur in hot, low density superbubbles, where supernova shocks can accelerate the cosmic rays from supernova ejecta enriched matter.
CMOS Compatible Process Integration of SOT-MRAM with Heavy-Metal Bi-Layer Bottom Electrode and 10ns Field-Free SOT Switching with STT Assist

This paper demonstrates a CMOS compatible process integration of spin-orbit torque (SOT) device with a unique bilayer SOT bottom electrode. An effective spin-Hall angle of 0.27, a median tunneling magneto-resistance ratio of 127% at electrical CD of 57 nm, and a 96% resistance-based MTJ yield on 300 mm scale were achieved. We experimentally validated the two-pulse field-free SOT switching scheme with spin-transfer torque assist at 10ns. Unlike conventional field-free SOT switching schemes, the demonstrated scheme adds no complexity to process integration.
Equivalent outcomes with minimally invasive and sternotomy mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral valve disease

Background Debate continues in regard to the optimal surgical approach to the mitral valve for degenerative disease. Methods Between February 2004 and July 2015, 363 patients underwent mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral valve disease via either sternotomy (sternotomy, n = 109) or small right anterior thoracotomy (minimally invasive, n = 259). Survival, need for mitral valve reoperation, and progression of mitral regurgitation more than two grades were compared between cohorts using time-based statistical methods and inverse probability weighting. Results Survival at 1, 5, and 10 years were 99.2, 98.3, and 96.8 for the sternotomy group and 98.1, 94.9, and 94.9 for the minimally invasive group (hazard ratio: 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11-1.30, p = .14). The cumulative incidence of need for mitral valve reoperation with death as a competing outcome at 1, 3, and 5 years were 2.7%, 2.7%, and 2.7% in the sternotomy cohort and 1.5%, 3.3%, and 4.1% for the minimally invasive group (subhazard ratio (SHR) 1.17, 95% CI: 0.33-4.20, p = .81). Cumulative incidence of progression of mitral regurgitation more than two grades with death as a competing outcome at 1, 3, and 5 years were 5.5%, 14.4%, and 44.5% for the sternotomy cohort and 4.2%, 9.7%, and 20.5% for the minimally invasive cohort (SHR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.28-1.63, p = .38). Inverse probability weighted time-based analyses based on preoperative cohort assignment also demonstrated equivalent outcomes between surgical approaches. Conclusions Minimally invasive and sternotomy mitral valve repair in patients with degenerative mitral valve disease is associated with equivalent survival and repair durability.
Comprehensive fool examination and risk assessment: A report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American diabetes association, with endorsement by the American association of clinical endocrinologists

The following article1 is the report of an American Diabetes Association task force that summarizes the recent literature on tests and measures to identify people at risk for foot ulceration and to recommend what should be included in the comprehensive foot exam for adult patients with diabetes. Although this information would be timely and pertinent for physical therapists at any time, its content is particularly complementary to the content of PTJ's Special Issue on Diabetes. This article has been reprinted with permission of the American Diabetes Association from Boulton AJM, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, et al. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the Task Force of the Foot Care Interest Group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care . 2008;31:1679-1685. DOI: 10.2337/dc08-9021. Available online at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org. Copyright ©2008 American Diabetes Association. From Diabetes Care ®, Vol 31, 2008; 1679-1685. Reprinted with permission from The American Diabetes Association . Reference 1 Boulton AJM, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, et al. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the Task Force of the Foot Care Interest Group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1679–1685. [OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2] [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DDiabetes%2BCare%26rft.stitle%253DDiabetes%2BCare%26rft.issn%253D0149-5992%26rft.aulast%253DBoulton%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BJ.M.%26rft.volume%253D31%26rft.issue%253D8%26rft.spage%253D1679%26rft.epage%253D1685%26rft.atitle%253DComprehensive%2BFoot%2BExamination%2Band%2BRisk%2BAssessment%253A%2BA%2Breport%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTask%2BForce%2Bof%2Bthe%2BFoot%2BCare%2BInterest%2BGroup%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAmerican%2BDiabetes%2BAssociation%252C%2Bwith%2Bendorsement%2Bby%2Bthe%2BAmerican%2BAssociation%2Bof%2BClinical%2BEndocrinologists%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.2337%252Fdc08-9021%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18663232%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=diacare&resid=31/8/1679&atom=%2Fptjournal%2F88%2F11%2F1436.atom