cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia in Patients With CHARGE Syndrome: 3C Syndrome

Importance CHARGE syndrome refers to a syndrome involving coloboma, heart defects, atresia choanae, retardation of growth and development, genitourinary disorders, and ear anomalies. However, Verloes revised the characteristics of CHARGE syndrome in 2005 to define this syndrome more broadly. Deficiency of the semicircular canals is now a major criterion for CHARGE syndrome. Objective To characterize patients with CHARGE syndrome at our center using Verloes’ criteria and to reevaluate the nomenclature for this condition. Design, Setting, and Participants We performed a medical chart review of patients with CHARGE syndrome and reviewed their temporal bone imaging studies at a tertiary care children’s hospital affiliated with Washington University in St Louis. Two authors independently reviewed each imaging study (A.W. and K.H.). Radiologic studies, physical findings, genetic tests, and other diagnostic tests were included. Patients with no temporal bone imaging studies were excluded. Results Eighteen children were included in this study; 13 children (72%) were male, and the mean (median; range) age of patients at the time of inner ear imaging studies was 2 years (4.5 years; 8 months to 8 years). Coloboma was present in 13 patients (72%) and choanal atresia in 5 (28%); semicircular canal anomalies were present in all patients. Additionally, 13 patients (72%) were diagnosed as having hindbrain anomalies, 17 (94%) as having endocrine disorders, 17 (94%) as having mediastinal organ malformations, and all as having middle or external ear abnormalities and development delay. Cleft lip and cleft palate were found in 6 of 14 patients (43%) who did not have choanal atresia. We tested 16 patients for mutations in the CHD7 gene; 10 were positive (63%) for mutations, 4 (25%) were negative, and 2 (13%) were inconclusive. Conclusions and Relevance Semicircular canal anomalies were the most consistent finding in our patients with CHARGE syndrome. Given the high prevalence of semicircular canal hypoplasia and importance of imaging for diagnosing CHARGE syndrome, we propose changing the term CHARGE syndrome to 3C syndrome to emphasize the importance of the semicircular canals and to recall the 3 major criteria for diagnosis: coloboma, choanal atresia, and semicircular canal anomaly. The nomenclature would also reference the 3 semicircular canals in each ear. This new name for CHARGE syndrome would provide a mnemonic and focus the disease on the most important clinical criteria for diagnosis.
Navigating the Road to Transplantation for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Transplantation is an important component of treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients with severe limitations despite optimal medical therapy. Although the risks of transplantation remain significant, appropriate candidates may achieve excellent functional outcomes and long-term survival. As PAH therapy and transplantation have advanced, the approaches to transplant referral and listing have changed. This article will review criteria and thresholds for transplant referral and listing, novel approaches to expanding the pool of donor organs, options for bridging to transplantation, and the ways in which the current system for organ allocation have evolved. Knowledge of these concepts will help to ensure timely referral and navigation of the course to successful transplantation for PAH patients.
Enhanced Training for Cyber Situational Awareness in Red versus Blue Team Exercises

This report summarizes research conducted through the Sandia National Laboratories Enhanced Training for Cyber Situational Awareness in Red Versus Blue Team Exercises Laboratory Directed Research and Development project. The objective of this project was to advance scientific understanding concerning how to best structure training for cyber defenders. Two modes of training were considered. The baseline training condition (Tool-Based training) was based on current practices where classroom instruction focuses on the functions of a software tool with various exercises in which students apply those functions. In the second training condition (Narrative-Based training), classroom instruction addressed software functions, but in the context of adversary tactics and techniques. It was hypothesized that students receiving narrative-based training would gain a deeper conceptual understanding of the software tools and this would be reflected in better performance within a red versus blue team exercise.
The Development of the Pneumatic Transmission Lag Compensator and its Effects

Abstract In order to minimize the transmission lags associated with the pneumatic instrumentation, the Transmission Lag Compensator (TLC) was developed. The construction and features of the TLC which is based on the phase lead compensation are described. The effects of applying the TLCs are investigated by experiments and simulations. Experiments with practical plants using the TLCs show the improvement of the control performance over the system without the TLC. The effects of applying the TLCs are also obtained quantitatively from the control performance simulations.
KRAS, YAP, and obesity in pancreatic cancer: A signaling network with multiple loops

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to be a lethal disease with no efficacious treatment modalities. The incidence of PDAC is expected to increase, at least partially because of the obesity epidemic. Increased efforts to prevent or intercept this disease are clearly needed. Mutations in KRAS are initiating events in pancreatic carcinogenesis supported by genetically engineered mouse models of the disease. However, oncogenic KRAS is not entirely sufficient for the development of fully invasive PDAC. Additional genetic mutations and/or environmental, nutritional, and metabolic stressors, e.g. inflammation and obesity, are required for efficient PDAC formation with activation of KRAS downstream effectors. Multiple factors "upstream" of KRAS associated with obesity, including insulin resistance, inflammation, changes in gut microbiota and GI peptides, can enhance/modulate downstream signals. Multiple signaling networks and feedback loops "downstream" of KRAS have been described that respond to obesogenic diets. We propose that KRAS mutations potentiate a signaling network that is promoted by environmental factors. Specifically, we envisage that KRAS mutations increase the intensity and duration of the growth-promoting signaling network. As the transcriptional activator YAP plays a critical role in the network, we conclude that the rationale for targeting the network (at different points), e.g. with FDA approved drugs such as statins and metformin, is therefore compelling.
A Peer-Relative Perspective of the Contract Year Phenomenon Using Bayesian Analysis

This research examines the contract year phenomenon in a new context, by evaluating player performance relative to other players, rather than the same player over time. Since ordinary least-squares (OLS) methods assume independent observations, results may be biased as player performance is dependent on other players. As such, a Bayesian approach to allow for non-independence among player performance is used to evaluate players in contract years relative to their peers. Using novel performance data of National Football League (NFL) players and controlling for player salary, position, experience, and team effects, the results show that contract year players under-perform relative to players not in a contract year. Furthermore, increasing salary exhibits a greater negative effect on the performance of contract year players. The findings suggest managers would get more performance from players, on average, by not having players play during a contract year. Subscribe to JASM
Shell beads from Mississippian sites in the northern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi

ABSTRACTIn this paper, which focuses on the Mississippian period in the northern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi, I present some interesting findings from research done over the past century. In this area...
MultiNyx: a multi-level abstraction framework for systematic analysis of hypervisors

MultiNyx is a new framework designed to systematically analyze modern virtual machine monitors (VMMs), which rely on complex processor extensions to enhance their efficiency. To achieve better scalability, MultiNyx introduces selective, multi-level symbolic execution: it analyzes most instructions at a high semantic level, and leverages an executable specification (e.g., the Bochs CPU emulator) to analyze complex instructions at a low semantic level. MultiNyx seamlessly transitions between these different semantic levels of analysis by converting their state. Our experiments demonstrate that MultiNyx is practical and effective at analyzing VMMs. By applying MultiNyx to KVM, we automatically generated 206,628 test cases. We found that many of these test cases revealed inconsistent results that could have security implications. In particular, 98 test cases revealed different results across KVM configurations running on the Intel architecture, and 641 produced different results across architectures (Intel and AMD). We reported some of these inconsistencies to the KVM developers, one of which already has been patched.
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Postoperative Rehabilitation

Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is the most common cause of stifle lameness in the adult dog. An understanding of the pathogenesis of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and the resulting degenerative joint disease is crucial in establishing an accurate diagnosis and implementing appropriate treatment. Early diagnosis of the cruciate-deficient stifle with appropriate therapeutic intervention may minimize degenerative joint disease but does not prevent it in all cases. Rehabilitation of the surgically corrected cruciate-deficient stifle may influence the success of the surgical outcome.
PREDICTING OXIDE SOLUBILITIES IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER

Methods and problems of predicting oxide solubilities in supercritical water are reviewed. Alumina-water is the example system investigated. A method of statistical analysis for developing semi-empirical correlations for predicting such solubilities is described. Predictions use the Cochran, Lee, and Pfund formulation of the Kirkwood-Buff solution theory with an added pH term to represent additional molecular interactions. Results are highly accurate for the alumina-water system over a large range of temperatures and pressures. Only eight data points may be used to determine the fitted constants for these predictions, provided those data points are chosen over an appropriate pH range.
Sankofa: An Inherently Religious Dimension of African Education

In recent years new emphasis has been placed upon the role and importance of African traditional (indigenous) education and its special place in the curriculum. This emphasis is demonstrated by highlighting how the concept of African traditional education became the focal point in a course in educational philosophy taught in Jos, Nigeria in August of the years 2000 and 2002. The essay explores three areas: context, texts, and life-texts. This essay addresses African traditional education for what it is, namely, a deeply religious component in the formation of the African person and community. The essay argues in favor of maintaining the place of the traditions in present day African education. The terms African traditional education and African indigenous education are used synonymously. The essay supports the work of other African philosophers of education who have written in favor of a distinctively African form of philosophy of education. For Africans, formal courses in philosophy of education should be centred upon African wisdom rather than adapted from Western models, although Western models do have a place in these courses. It should be kept in mind that the author of this essay is an expatriate. There is far more to Sankofa than is portrayed in these pages. Hence, it is critical that would be African philosophers of education be trained in such a manner that they can more fully develop the concept of Sankofa than is expressed here (Njoroge & Benaars, 1986). This chapter argues in favor of a traditionally African philosophy of education. It is written with deep respect for the people and culture of Africa, from which the world has much to learn. Context, part one, describes the circumstances and setting in which the course in educational philosophy is taught. Texts, part two, illustrates the major areas of course content with specific reference to oral, written, and visual texts. The concept
CHEMOKINES, CXC | CXCL9 (MIG)

Human CXCL9 was identified in 1993 by a differential hybridization screening technique, comparing cDNA libraries obtained from an unstimulated and interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-activated macrophage cell line. CXCL9 is a member of the alpha or CXC subfamily of chemokines. The CXC chemokines can be subdivided based on the presence or absence of a tripeptide motif Glu–Leu–Arg (ELR) N-terminal to the conserved CXC region. CXCL9, a non-ELR-containing CXC chemokine, mediates most of its biological function through binding to CXCR3, a seven-transmembrane-domain receptor coupled to G proteins. CXCL9 primarily attracts activated T lymphocytes, preferentially of the Th1 phenotype, which express high levels of CXCR3. The expression of CXCL9 is induced primarily by the Th1-associated cytokine IFN-γ and correlates with tissue infiltration of T lymphocytes in a number of Th1-associated diseases, suggesting that CXCL9 plays an important role in the regulation of effector cell recruitment to sites of inflammation. Remarkably, CXCL9 also regulates eosinophil accumulation in experimental asthma, a Th2-associated lung disease. In addition, CXCL9 has potent angiostatic activity, inhibiting blood vessel growth in wound repair and inhibiting tumor growth and tumor-associated vessel expansion.
Magnetic-Field Angle Dependence of The Critical Current Density in Bi-2223 Superconducting Tape

Critical current densities (Jc) have been investigated in Ag — sheathed Bi-2223 superconducting tapes which were prepared by powder-in-tube technique. The Jc was measured in terms of both magnitude (B) and angle (Θ) to the tape surface of the magnetic field. In the high angle range, that is, the magnetic field component perpendicular to the tape surface (BsinΘ) was large, Jc values were able to be expressed by one universal function independently of the magnitude of the magnetic field. That function was proportional to the logarithm of BsinΘ (i.e., Jc ∝ log(BsinΘ)). Jc values were out of that function when the angle was decreased and saturated in the range near Θ = 0. The angles at which Jc began to part from the above function hardly depended on the magnitude of magnetic field. It was considered that the Jc of the sample was basically dominated by the magnetic field component perpendicular to the tape surface, that is, parallel to the c-axis of the crystal structure. The suppression of Jc in the low angle range may be due to misaligned grains. The misaligned angle was investigated by SEM. It was estimated that the mean misalignment angle was about 10°.
“Buried Treasure”: Ellen Browning Scripps: New Money and American Philanthropy, by Molly McClain

Full disclosure: I taught at Scripps College for 40 years and knew nothing about Ellen Browning Scripps, nor did I have any interest in knowing about her, although I was reaping the benefits of her...
What Is the Role of Additional Pharmacotherapy and Neuromodulation in Patients with Marginal Benefit from Botulinum Toxin Injection

Third-line therapies for patients with overactive bladder (OAB) can improve symptoms for those who have failed conservative therapies. Options include percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), cystoscopic injection of onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX-A), and sacral neuromodulation (SNM). This paper aims to review the current literature on the treatment of patients with idiopathic OAB who have undergone BTX-A injections and have not responded or have undesirable side effects from the therapy. There are no randomized control trials examining the role of concurrent medical therapy and BTX-A; rather, there are observational studies in the neurogenic population. Furthermore, there are two observational studies on the role of SNM in BTX-A refractory idiopathic OAB patients demonstrating its safety and efficacy. There are many options available to the patient who fails BTX-A. Further research in this specific patient population is necessary to determine why patients have suboptimal responses and to delineate the next step in treatment.
Collaborative Writing on GitHub: A Case Study of a Book Project

Social coding platforms such as GitHub are increasingly becoming a digital workspace for the production of non-software digital artifacts. Since GitHub offers unique features that are different from traditional ways of collaborative writing, it is interesting to investigate how GitHub features are used for writing. In this paper, we present the preliminary findings of a mixed-methods, case study of collaboration practices in a GitHub book project. We found that the use of GitHub depended on task interdependence and audience participation. GitHub's direct push method was used to coordinate both loosely- and tightly-coupled work, with the latter requiring collaborators to follow socially-accepted conventions. The pull-based method was adopted once the project was released to the public. While face-to-face and online meetings were prominent in the early phases, GitHub's issues became instrumental for communication and project management in later phases. Our findings have implications for the design of collaborative writing tools.
To be a child of diaspora: The irreconcilable outsider in Sikh discourse

Scholarship, media, and activism engaging Sikhism construct a standardized Sikh who carries a specific configuration of language, ethnicity, historical memory, and physical appearance. Nijhawan cal...
Short-Term Cash Flow Shocks and R&D Investment: Evidence from the 1999 Taiwan Earthquake

This paper studies changes in managers' investment decisions in response to short-term cash flow shocks. Using the novel setting of the 1999 Taiwan earthquake and a difference-in-differences design, I find managers reduce investment in research and development (R&D), but not capital expenditure, following the shock. The earthquake increased production costs for a subset of firms in the US high-technology industry that source raw materials from Taiwan. Because the shock occurred in Taiwan and was unexpected, this setting allows me to hold constant market demand and the investment-opportunity set, reducing concerns that changes in demand or investment opportunities could be driving the cutback in R&D. I also provide evidence suggesting the reduction in R&D is related to reduced innovation. Finally, using a decision tree model, I find evidence consistent with an earnings management motive. Specifically, I find firms affected by the shock become more aggressive in revenue recognition.
Leech Me Alone! Atraumatic Hemarthrosis after Hirudotherapy.

A 58-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of knee pain and swelling after performing hirudotherapy (leech therapy) approximately one week prior. Knee arthrocentesis demonstrated significant hemarthrosis. Hirudotherapy is being used for a broad array of reasons including treatment of osteoarthritis, to plastic and reconstructive surgery. Case reports and journal articles often discuss cutaneous reactions, bleeding, and infection as common adverse events. Intra-articular bleeding is not commonly mentioned. With hirudotherapy being utilized more as alternative therapy for osteoarthritis and joint pain, physicians should be aware of hemarthrosis as a possible adverse reaction.
Boba: Authoring and Visualizing Multiverse Analyses

Multiverse analysis is an approach to data analysis in which all “reasonable” analytic decisions are evaluated in parallel and interpreted collectively, in order to foster robustness and transparency. However, specifying a multiverse is demanding because analysts must manage myriad variants from a cross-product of analytic decisions, and the results require nuanced interpretation. We contribute Baba: an integrated domain-specific language (DSL) and visual analysis system for authoring and reviewing multiverse analyses. With the Boba DSL, analysts write the shared portion of analysis code only once, alongside local variations defining alternative decisions, from which the compiler generates a multiplex of scripts representing all possible analysis paths. The Boba Visualizer provides linked views of model results and the multiverse decision space to enable rapid, systematic assessment of consequential decisions and robustness, including sampling uncertainty and model fit. We demonstrate Boba's utility through two data analysis case studies, and reflect on challenges and design opportunities for multiverse analysis software.
The Bamboo Ceiling of Leadership Attainment in the United States

Asians appear disproportionately under-represented in leadership positions in the U.S., a problem called the “Bamboo Ceiling.” It remains unclear why this problem exists and whether it applies to a...
Hi-Fi, Middle Brow? Frederick Fennell, Mercury Records, and the Eastman Wind Ensemble From 1952 to 1962:

Frederick Fennell, founder of the internationally acclaimed Eastman Wind Ensemble (EWE), is considered by many to be the catalyst for the modern wind-band movement, often credited with revolutioniz...
Performance Analysis of Cellular-V2X with Adaptive & Selective Power Control

LTE based Cellular Vehicle-To-Everything (C-V2X) allows vehicles to communicate with each other directly without the need for infrastructure and is expected to be a critical enabler for connected and autonomous vehicles. V2X communication based safety applications are built on periodic broadcast of basic safety messages with vehicle state information. Vehicles use this information to identify collision threats and take appropriate countermeasures. As the vehicle density increases, these broadcasts can congest the communication channel resulting in increased packet loss; fundamentally impacting the ability to identify threats in a timely manner. To address this issue, it is important to incorporate a congestion control mechanism. Congestion management scheme based on rate and power control has proved to be effective for DSRC. In this paper, we investigate the suitability of similar congestion control to C-V2X with particular focus on transmit power control. In our evaluation, we include periodic basic safety messages and high priority event messages that are generated when an event such as hard braking occurs. Our study reveals that while power control does not improve packet delivery performance of basic safety messages, it is beneficial to high priority event message delivery. In this paper, we investigate the reasons for this behavior using simulations and analysis.
Acute cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury predicts the occurrence of brain atrophy patterns similar to those observed in Alzheimer's disease.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are often followed by persistent structural brain alterations and by cognitive sequalae, including memory deficits, reduced neural processing speed, impaired social function, and decision-making difficulties. Although mild TBI (mTBI) is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the extent to which these conditions share patterns of macroscale neurodegeneration has not been quantified. Comparing such patterns can not only reveal how the neurodegenerative trajectories of TBI and AD are similar, but may also identify brain atrophy features which can be leveraged to prognosticate AD risk after TBI. The primary aim of this study is to systematically map how TBI affects white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) properties in AD-analogous patterns. Our findings identify substantial similarities in the regional macroscale neurodegeneration patterns associated with mTBI and AD. In cerebral GM, such similarities are most extensive in brain areas involved in memory and executive function, such as the temporal poles and orbitofrontal cortices, respectively. Our results indicate that the spatial pattern of cerebral WM degradation observed in AD is broadly similar to the pattern of diffuse axonal injury observed in TBI, which frequently affects WM structures like the fornix, corpus callosum, and corona radiata. Using machine learning, we find that the severity of AD-like brain changes observed during the chronic stage of mTBI can be accurately prognosticated based on acute assessments of post-traumatic mild cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that acute post-traumatic cognitive impairment predicts the magnitude of AD-like brain atrophy, which is itself associated with AD risk.
Hybrid nanocomposites based on cellulose nanocrystals/nanofibrils and zinc oxides: Energy applications

Abstract The fossil fuels rapid consumption and environmental concern has led to find green alternatives for energy applications. Cellulose and its derivatives can prove to be a sustainable and renewable alternative for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. The cellulose, its derivatives, and metal oxide-based composite source, synthesis, characterization, and properties can hold tunable potential. The recent development of cellulose in energy conversion devices such as solar cells, piezoelectric materials, metal-ion batteries, nanogenerators, integration with active materials for powering portable electronics and devices has been highlighted. This chapter also focuses on the recent updates and research gaps in energy applications of cellulose-based composites.
Neuro-Behcet's Disease in the Setting of Active Covid-19 Infection

Abstract Background Cases of SARS-COV-2 triggering or exacerbating autoimmune responses has been described in the literature, and it has shown that use of steroids in non-severe COVID-19 may potentially increase mortality. Case presentation A 22 year-old African-American man presented with headache, weight, loss, and oral/scrotal ulcerations. Case report Neurological exam revealed somnolence and right hemiplegia. MRI was remarkable multiple enhancing lesions involving the brainstem and left hemisphere. He was found to have a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Work-up was unrevealing, and he was diagnosed with Neuro-Behcet's disease (NBD) based on the International Criteria for Behcet's Disease (ICBD)ackspaceD)BackspaceBackspacep. The patient was treated with systemic steroids, which resulted in both clinical and radiological improvement of his disease without exacerbation of his SAR-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions This case presentation suggests that IV steroids may be safe in the treatment of NBD in adult patients presenting with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Neural correlates of slower gait in middle-aged persons with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: The impact of accelerated brain aging.

Abstract Aims We aimed to determine if neuroimaging characteristics of gray and white matter are associated with gait speed in middle-aged individuals with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), and whether associations are independent of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) status. Methods In a cohort of 100 middle-aged adults with childhood-onset T1D (aged 49.2 ± 7.0 years, 50F/50M), we assessed cross-sectional associations of DPN, severity of white matter hyperintensities (WMH; Fazekas score), and regional gray matter volume (GMV) with gait speed. Associations were tested separately and combined in linear regression models adjusted for diabetes duration and locomotor risk factors. Results Average gait speed was 1.3 m/s, with 52% of participants walking below the age-appropriate range of 1.3–1.5 m/s. In separate models, higher WMH severity (β = −0.27, p = 0.01) and smaller caudate GMV (β = −0.21, p = 0.04), but not DPN (β = −0.20, p = 0.08) were associated with slower gait speed. When combined, only WMH severity remained significant (β = −0.22, p = 0.04). Conclusions More than half of participants walked more slowly than expected based on age. Gait speed was slower among those with more severe WMH independent of locomotor risk factors. Gait slowing in middle-aged persons with T1D may reflect brain changes, and thus, deserve further attention.
The DSW: From Skeptic to Convert

The author traces the history of the original DSW degree in relation to the Ph.D. which was viewed as the more respected, rigorous, and traditional degree, essentially replacing the DSW in social work doctoral programs. Following the trend of practice doctorates in the health care field, beginning with the Psy.D. in Psychology, the DSW as a practice-oriented doctoral degree reemerged in 2007 and programs have been proliferating at a rate of approximately one per year. Initially a skeptic, through exposure in various capacities, the author came to appreciate the important gap that advanced practitioners-scholars trained in DSW programs can fill in teaching practice-related coursework in BSW and MSW programs.
Infection of Synechococcus cedrorum by the cyanophage AS-1M: II. Protein and DNA synthesis

Abstract The timing of protein and DNA synthesis and breakdown of the host DNA was determined after infection of the blue-green alga Synechococcus cedrorum by the cyanophage AS-1M. Three classes of protein are synthesized after phage infection: early proteins, which are produced until 4 hr after infection; middle proteins, which are produced from 3 hr after infection until lysis; and late proteins, phge structural proteins, which are synthesized from 4 hr until lysis. Breakdown of the host DNA begins almost immediately after infection and is optimal by 3 hr. This degradation is in response to a phage-dependent nuclease activity which has the characteristics of an early protein. Phage DNA synthesis begins at about 3 hr after infection; the enzymes responsible for this synthesis appear to be middle proteins. Synthesis of the middle and late proteins requires postinfection RNA transcription; factors necessary for the control of transcription of these classes are synthesized beginning at 2 and 3 hr after infection, respectively. AS-1M has approximately 30 structural proteins; the proteins so far delineated on acrylamide gels represent about 75% of the coding capacity of the phage genome.
The Economics of Loyalty Discounts and Antitrust Law in the United States

This paper examines the law and economics of loyalty discounts. While there have been recent advances in the economic analysis of loyalty discounts, this literature is still relatively recent and sparse. Though some of these papers provide tests that would serve to identify either deviations from short run profit maximization or, in the case of bundled discounts, a reduction in consumer welfare or the exclusion of a hypothetically equally efficient competitor, these tests have several shortcomings. As a result, the economic literature currently does not provide a reliable way to gauge whether the potential harm from the use of loyalty discounts would outweigh any demonstrable benefits from their use. A review of the major cases involving loyalty and other volume discounts suggests the following general observations. In the single product case, courts have consistently applied the "not easy to establish" two-part test for predatory pricing set out by the Supreme Court in its Brooke Group decision. As a result, the courts have generally ruled that above-cost volume discounts, including those that use market share discounts and near exclusive thresholds, are lawful and do not violate the antitrust laws. In cases involving multimarket or bundled rebates, however, courts have not generally followed the Brooke Group Court's presumption that above cost bundled discounts are presumptively legal. However, they have generally followed the Brooke Group Court's focus on the actual facts or realities of the marketplace rather than on hypotheticals. Thus, while the lower courts have considered the theories and tests contained in the recent theoretical literature on loyalty discounts, they have generally refused to find liability absent sufficient proof that the conditions required by these tests apply, and that the underlying tests reflect market realities. This approach is consistent with the federal courts' generally cautious approach to expanding Section 2 liability, and the recognition of the underdeveloped and untested state of the academic literature. Moreover, there are significant flaws in the two cases where courts have found use of bundled loyalty rebates to be unlawful. In SmithKline, the court did focus on data and concluded that an equally efficient competitor would have been excluded by the bundled discounts evaluated in the case. However, economic theory suggests that the court may have used a flawed standard, and should have instead focused on the fact that changes to the bundled rebate programs served to increase rather than decrease prices. And the court's decision in LePage's not only suggested use of the same flawed standard, it found liability without requiring sufficient proof that the standard even applied to the facts of the case.
The Price of Malice in Linear Congestion Games

We study the price of malice in linear congestion games using the technique of no-regret analysis in the presence of Byzantine players. Our assumptions about the behavior both of rational players, and of malicious players are strictly weaker than have been previously used to study the price of malice. Rather than assuming that rational players route their flow according to a Nash equilibrium, we assume only that they play so as to have no regret . Rather than assuming that malicious players myopically seek to maximize the social cost of the game, we study Byzantine players about whom we make no assumptions, who may be seeking to optimize any utility function, and who may engage in an arbitrary degree of counter-speculation. Because our assumptions are strictly weaker than in previous work, the bounds we prove on two measures of the price of malice hold also for the quantities studied by Babaioff et al. [2] and Moscibroda et al. [15] We prove tight bounds both for the special case of parallel link routing games, and for general congestion games.
A logistic regression model for detecting prominences

The paper describes the development of a model for identifying points of prominence in speech. This model can be used as a first step in intonational labeling of corpora that are used in some speech synthesis systems (A. Black and P. Taylor, 1995). The working definition of prominence is that starred ToBI accents (K. Silverman et al., 1992), that is, H*, L*, L*+H, L+H*, and H+IH*, are prominent. The prominence detection model developed here is based on the sums of products vowel duration model (J.P.H. van Santen, 1992). The model was trained and tested on different portions of the Boston University Radio News corpus and achieves accuracy results of 86.3% correct identification with 12.52 false detection. The results are comparable to those of previous work (C.W. Wightman and W.N. Campbell, 1995): 85.9% correct identification with 10.7% false detection. The advantage of this model is that it can be trained quickly on as few as 600 data points, reducing the need for large corpora.
Invention and Representation as Cultural Capital

The paramount reputation of Bordeaux wines is believed to follow from superior techniques of vinification and a climate and soil reputedly ideal for winegrowing. Through a qualification of the invention of tradition theme, this essay argues that Bordeaux's paramount reputation follows from a social history and a hegemonic, invented winegrowing tradition that enabled winegrowing elites to replicate and profit from the cultural capital associated with the aristocracy. The essay concludes that commodity production tends to naturalize the social.
Falling through the Cracks? Grade Retention and School Dropout among Children of Likely Unauthorized Immigrants

Abstract We evaluate how intensified interior immigration enforcement impacts the likelihood that children of unauthorized immigrants will repeat a grade or drop out of school. Using a weighted index of the intensity of interior immigration enforcement at the MSA level, we find that increased enforcement has the largest impact on younger children ages 6 to 13. The estimates, which account for the non-random residential location of children and their families, reveal that increased enforcement raises young children's probability of repeating a grade by 6 percent and their likelihood of dropping out of school by 25.2 percent.
A rapid method for processing very large numbers of tissue sections for immunohistochemical hybridoma screening

A hybridoma screening format which facilitates the processing of thousands of tissue sections for immunohistochemical analysis is described. The method utilizes sterile replica transfers of monoclonal antibody-containing test supernatants from 96-well culture plates to tissue sections mounted in appropriately sized 8 X 12 arrays, and is extremely rapid and inexpensive.
Cortical neural responses to previous trial outcome during learning of a directional choice task

The outcomes that result from previous behavior affect future choices in several ways, but the neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Previous studies have shown that t...
Forty Miles from the Sea: Xalapa, the Public Sphere, and the Atlantic World in Nineteenth-Century Mexico. By Rachel A. Moore. (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2011. Pp. 240. $49.95.)

There are many stories of travelers losing all of their worldly possessions to robbers while in transit between Veracruz and Mexico City during the three decades after Mexican independence in 1821....
Medical student performance on an adolescent medicine examination.

Abstract Purpose To examine the performance of third-year medical students on an adolescent medicine clinical practice examination. Methods The participants were third-year medical students (2010 [n = 145] and 2011 [n = 134]) at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. Student performance on adolescent contraceptive management was measured in three domains following Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies in professionalism, communication, and history-taking skills. Results With regard to professionalism and communication skills, students performed very well, scoring >95% correct in both years. Students demonstrated relatively poorer performance in history-taking competency in 2010 and 2011 (66% and 67% correct, respectively). Conclusion In the adolescent Objective Structured Clinical Examination case, third-year medical students demonstrated extremely high performance in communication and professionalism skills. However, performance was lower for history-taking skill in contraceptive management.
Modulation of Glucocorticoid-Regulated Transcription by Purines: Novel Characteristics and Implications for Tissue Specificity of Steroid Responses*

Treatment of the T47D(A1-2) mammary carcinoma cell line with the nonspecific kinase inhibitor 2-aminopurine (2AP) has an unusual effect on induction of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter by glucocorticoids. 2AP initially abrogates the dexamethasone-mediated increase, but after about 16-20 h, this effect is reversed, and continued incubation with 2AP potently stimulates the hormone induction. The biphasic kinetics of 2AP action displayed cell specificity. No inhibitory phase was seen in fibroblasts. Cell type specificity is also seen upon treatment of cells with isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX). Dexamethasone action is inhibited in mammary cells, but potentiated in fibroblasts. Unlike 2AP treatment, IBMX continues to suppress the hormone response through at least 48 h of treatment. IBMX is commonly used as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and indeed, it stimulates a cAMP-dependent promoter in both mammary carcinoma cells and fibroblasts. Because elevating cAMP will potentiate dexamethasone-mediated inductio...
Catalytic decomposition of alcohols, including ethanol, for in situ H2 generation in a fuel stream using a layered double hydroxide-derived catalyst

Abstract Addition of small amounts of H 2 to the combustion chamber of spark ignition internal combustion (IC) engines can result in increased fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Hydrogen can be generated by decomposition of alcohols, which are now present in a large fraction of automobile fuels (reformulated gasoline). In the present study, in situ production of hydrogen by catalytic decomposition of ethanol and other alcohols over Cu/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) derived catalysts has been investigated. Reactions were performed using both neat alcohols and alcohol/fuel mixtures at temperatures of 150–400 °C and atmospheric pressure. Catalytic dehydrogenation of the neat alcohols to H 2 and their corresponding aldehyde appears to be the major mechanism occurring in the reactions. The active catalytic phase is derived from the initial Cu/Al LDH structure during the process. The onset of H 2 formation generally occurred at 200–230 °C, and is related to the formation of metallic Cu species formed during in situ modification of the initial LDH. In alcohol/fuel mixtures, dehydrogenation of the alcohols also appeared to be the major mechanism. Significant irreversible catalyst deactivation occurred above 350–360 °C.
Achieving clarity: glazing solutions for works on paper

Abstract This article explores the variety of glazing materials, specifically several types of glass and acrylic sheets, currently available on the market for use in framing works of art on paper. Current conservation standards for framing and glazing are considered, including a specific discussion of filtering ultraviolet wavelengths from light sources. The characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of each product are considered, followed by a table of glazing products and a list of vendors included as an appendix at the end of the article.
Restaurant owners' perspectives on a voluntary program to recognize restaurants for offering reduced-size portions, Los Angeles County, 2012.

Introduction Reducing the portion size of food and beverages served at restaurants has emerged as a strategy for addressing the obesity epidemic; however, barriers and facilitators to achieving this goal are not well characterized. Methods In fall 2012, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health conducted semistructured interviews with restaurant owners to better understand contextual factors that may impede or facilitate participation in a voluntary program to recognize restaurants for offering reduced-size portions. Results Interviews were completed with 18 restaurant owners (representing nearly 350 restaurants). Analyses of qualitative data revealed 6 themes related to portion size: 1) perceived customer demand is central to menu planning; 2) multiple portion sizes are already being offered for at least some food items; 3) numerous logistical barriers exist for offering reduced-size portions; 4) restaurant owners have concerns about potential revenue losses from offering reduced-size portions; 5) healthful eating is the responsibility of the customer; and 6) a few owners want to be socially responsible industry leaders. Conclusion A program to recognize restaurants for offering reduced-size portions may be a feasible approach in Los Angeles County. These findings may have applications for jurisdictions interested in engaging restaurants as partners in reducing the obesity epidemic.
Pediatric myocardial protection: a cardioplegic strategy is the "solution".

Abstract This article describes the experimental infrastructure and subsequent successful clinical application of a comprehensive cardioplegic strategy that limits intraoperative injury and improves postoperative outcomes in pediatric patients. The infant heart is at high risk of damage from poor protection as a result of preoperative hypertrophy, cyanosis, and ischemia. These factors may also make the immature (pediatric) heart more sensitive to cardioplegic arrest compared with the mature (adult) heart. The preoperative factors of cyanosis and pressure volume overload are discussed, followed by the infrastructure of the strategies of warm induction and reperfusion with substrate enhancements, multidose cardioplegia, and a "modified" integrated approach to allow ischemia only when visualization is needed in pediatric surgeries. The importance of using a blood cardioplegia solution, with reduced calcium, increased magnesium, and low perfusion pressure are also shown. A practical clinical framework based on these experimentally proven principles is then presented to allow the surgeon to apply these strategies clinically. The results of using these principles are depicted in a series of 567 patients, including 93 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Applications of these concepts should improve the safety of protection of the infant heart and reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality.
Impact of TMJ radiographs on clinician decision making

Abstract Objectives This study examined the influence of lateral and frontal temporomandibular joint tomograms on the initial diagnosis and treatment plan of patients having facial or preauricular pain or temporomandibular joint disorders. Study design Five or six general dentists, all with experience in treating patients with disorders of the temporOmandibular joint, examined records of 105 patients from a university-based orofacial pain clinic. The examiners proposed a diagnosis and treatment plan for each patient without the benefit of tomograms. They then repeated this procedure after study of the radiographs. The impact of the radiographs was measured as the change in pre- versus postradiographic diagnosis and treatment plan. Results The availability of temporomandibular joint tomograms changed or modified diagnosis in 65% of the judgments and influenced treatment recommendations in 40%. These changes were substantive for 21% of the diagnoses and 22% of the treatment plans. The strongest correlation to changes in both diagnosis and treatment plan was with radiographic detection of osseous changes. New information about condyle position had less effect on clinical decisions. Conclusions These findings indicate that temporomandibular joint tomograms play a valuable role in influencing clinician's diagnosis and treatment plan of patients with disorders of the temporomandibular joint.
Neutron Sources for Radiography and Gaging

The paper is mainly a review of technical and economic characteristics of various types of neutron sources that could be considered for neutron radiography and gaging. Minimum application requirements along with sources that may be used to satisfy the requirements are presented. The primary organizations in the United States that offer commercial neutron radiography services are listed. Contacts at some organizations that manufacture and/or distribute neutron sources are also included.