cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid data-model-based mapping of soil thickness in a mountainouswatershed

Abstract. Soil thickness plays a central role in the interactions between vegetation, soils, and topography where it controls the retention and release of water, carbon, nitrogen, and metals. However, mapping soil thickness, here defined as the mobile regolith layer, at high spatial resolution remains challenging. Here, we develop a hybrid model that combines a process-based model and empirical relationships to estimate the spatial heterogeneity of soil thickness with fine spatial resolution (0.5 m). We apply this model to two examples of hillslopes (south-facing and north-facing, respectively) in the East River Watershed in Colorado that validates the effectiveness of the model. Two independent measurement methods – auger and cone penetrometer – are used to sample soil thickness at 78 locations to calibrate the local value of unconstrained parameters within the hybrid model. Sensitivity analysis using the hybrid model reveals that the diffusion coefficient used in hillslope diffusion modelling has the largest sensitivity among all input parameters. In addition, our results from both sampling and modeling show that, in general, the north-facing hillslope has a deeper soil layer than the south-facing hillslope. By comparing the soil thickness estimated between a machine learning approach and this hybrid model, the hybrid model provides higher accuracy and requires less sampling data. Modeling results further reveal that the south-facing hillslope has a slightly faster surface soil erosion rate and soil production rate than the north-facing hillslope, which suggests that the relatively less dense vegetation cover and drier surface soils on the south-facing slopes may influence soil characteristics. With only seven parameters for calibration, this hybrid model can provide a realistic soil thickness map at other study sites by with a relatively small amount of sampling dataset. Integrating process-based modeling and statistical analysis not only provides a thorough understanding of the fundamental mechanisms for soil thickness prediction, but integrates the strengths of both statistical approaches and process-based modeling approaches.
Holodeck: Immersive 3D Displays Using Swarms of Flying Light Specks.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have moved beyond a platform for hobbyists to enable environmental monitoring, journalism, film industry, search and rescue, package delivery, and entertainment. This paper describes 3D displays using swarms of flying light specks, FLSs. An FLS is a small (hundreds of micrometers in size) UAV with one or more light sources to generate different colors and textures with adjustable brightness. A synchronized swarm of FLSs renders an illumination in a pre-specified 3D volume, an FLS display. An FLS display provides true depth, enabling a user to perceive a scene more completely by analyzing its illumination from different angles. An FLS display may either be non-immersive or immersive. Both will support 3D acoustics. Non-immersive FLS displays may be the size of a 1980's computer monitor, enabling a surgical team to observe and control micro robots performing heart surgery inside a patient's body. Immersive FLS displays may be the size of a room, enabling users to interact with objects, e.g., a rock, a teapot. An object with behavior will be constructed using FLS-matters. FLS-matter will enable a user to touch and manipulate an object, e.g., a user may pick up a teapot or throw a rock. An immersive and interactive FLS display will approximate Star Trek's Holodeck. A successful realization of the research ideas presented in this paper will provide fundamental insights into implementing a Holodeck using swarms of FLSs. A Holodeck will transform the future of human communication and perception, and how we interact with information and data. It will revolutionize the future of how we work, learn, play and entertain, receive medical care, and socialize.
Building a Customer‐driven Company – The Saturn Story

Examines the reasons for the rapid success of Saturn cars. The president of the Corporation, Richard Le Fauve, gave some answers in an interview with Richard Whiteley. Success is based on customer enthusiasm – involving customers in designing cars, changing retailing methods, actually listening to customers, etc. Other factors are making suppliers responsible and effective teamwork. Concludes with brief comment on the desired future of the company.
Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter for the speciation trends network site in Cleveland, OH

Aerosol composition data from the Speciation Trends Network (STN) site (East 14th Street) in Cleveland, OH, were analyzed by advanced receptor model methods for source apportionment as well as by the standard positive matrix factorization (PMF) using PMF2. These different models are used in combination to test model limitations. These data were 24-hr average mass concentrations and compositions obtained for samples taken every third day from 2001 to 2003. The Multilinear Engine (ME) was used to solve an expanded model to estimate the source profiles and source contributions and also to investigate the wind speed, wind direction, time-of-day, weekend/weekday, and seasonal effects. PMF2 was applied to the same dataset. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and conditional probability function (CPF) analyses were used to locate the regional and local sources using the resolved source contributions and appropriate meteorological data. Very little difference was observed between the results of the expanded model and the PMF2 values for the profiles and source contribution time series. The identified sources were as ferrous smelter, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, soil/combustion mixture, steel mill, traffic, wood smoke, and coal burning. The CPF analysis was useful in helping to identify local sources, whereas the PSCF results were only useful for regional source areas. Both of these analyses were more useful than the wind directional factor derived from the expanded factor analysis. However, the expanded analysis provided direct information on seasonality and day-of-week behavior of the sources.
Compute-resource allocation for motion estimation in real-time video compression

We present a novel method for allocating computational resources in motion estimation for real time video compression that attempts to minimize prediction error over the whole image. The method makes decisions about how much compute power is allocated to motion estimation for each particular block based upon past observations of the input and output data of each task. We present results that demonstrate the ability of our method to improve the resulting quality of encoded video under a real-time computational constraint.
Hybrid experimental and computational studies: combined compression-bending fracture of edge-cracked polypropylene specimens

A four-camera system is employed to measure three-dimensional (3D) displacements on both the front and back surfaces of a single-edge-notched polypropylene plate undergoing combined compression and out-of-plane bending. A methodology was developed to ensure that both systems employed a common coordinate system for defining the deformations on the front and back surfaces. Using the image pairs obtained simultaneously by both stereo-vision systems, the full 3D displacement and strain history on both sides of the specimen are measured during the loading process by using the 3D digital image correlation (DIC) technique, including the crack path, load-surface crack extension curve, load versus actuator displacement curve, crack front profiles and 3D displacement and strain fields. It is found that crack growth only occurs on the front side of the specimen where tensile stresses are present; there is no crack growth on the back side where compression occurs. A computational model is also established to reconstruct the failure process based on a simplified geometry model and nodal release technique. Good agreements are reached on the measured and predicted results on deformation, strain fields, load-crack extension curves.
Lack of Distinction Between Nitrobacter agilis and Nitrobacter winogradskyi

Abstract No adequate criteria were established to distinguish between Nitrobacter agilis and N. winogradskyi. However, very gentle preparative techniques permitted demonstration of flagella in N. agilis.
Selling the bomb

Abstract On December 18, 1950, when President Truman approved atomic weapons testing in Nevada, he cautioned his advisors to announce the policy in such a way as not to scare the American people about “shooting off bombs in their backyard.” From that point on, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) assiduously pursued a massive public relations campaign designed to win and maintain popular support for the arms race. Using government documents and archival material as the primary sources, this article looks at the four-pronged approach followed by the AEC. The Commission first inundated the public with positive information on atomic power, a subject few people understood at the time, and then emphasized the national defense needs for testing to protect the democratic way of life, highlighted the potential nonmilitary benefits of testing, and constantly reassured the citizenry that testing was not hazardous to their health and safety.
Control of power supply ripple produced sidebands in microwave transistor amplifiers

Spurious responses in microwave transistor amplifiers can be generated in linear regions of amplifiers due to the gain variations as a function of ripple on their DC power lines. A technique that is useful in predicting and defining the allowable sinusoidal ripple on microwave amplifier DC power supply voltages and in predicting and controlling ripple-generated spurious sidebands is presented. It is assumed that the amplifiers are operating within their linear region. >
Type II Solar Radio Bursts

Solar radio bursts of type II are thought to be caused by MHD shock waves propagating through the corona and interplanetary medium. They are identified as slowly drifting features in the dynamic spectra recorded by ground based and spaceborne radio instruments. The radio emission itself occurs as a final step in a series of physical processes: initiation of the shock, particle acceleration, generation of plasma waves and finally, conversion of the plasma waves into electromagnetic waves. Type II bursts play an important role in understanding the Sun-Earth connection, because of their association with flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Images of type II bursts made by radioheliographs are crucial to understand the physical relationship between shocks, CMEs and solar flares. Observations of a new type of coronal waves by the EIT instrument on board the SOHO mission and long-decametric and hectometric type II bursts by the WIND/WAVES experiment have added new dimensions to the study of type II radio bursts. In this review, I summarize the basic properties and associated solar activities of type II bursts and discuss some of the current issues.
Dynamic thermal analysis of solid-state reactions

There are many reactions of interest in which one or more of the reactants belong to some solid phases. Modern thermoanalytical instruments can conveniently provide reaction kinetic data of high precision and accuracy, from which the underlying activation energyE may be derived in principle. Unfortunately, no ‘best’ method yet exists for the derivation when the data have been collected with a programmed linear increase in sample temperature, unlike the case of isothermal measurements, which however suffer from experimental limitations [1]. Here we propose a method for extractingE from non-isothermal data, that promises general validity.
Crystal structure of the histone lysine specific demethylase LSD1 complexed with tetrahydrofolate

An important epigenetic modification is the methylation/demethylation of histone lysine residues. The first histone demethylase to be discovered was a lysine-specific demethylase 1, LSD1, a flavin containing enzyme which carries out the demethylation of di- and monomethyllysine 4 in histone H3. The removed methyl groups are oxidized to formaldehyde. This reaction is similar to those performed by dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and sarcosine dehydrogenase, in which protein-bound tetrahydrofolate (THF) was proposed to serve as an acceptor of the generated formaldehyde. We showed earlier that LSD1 binds THF with high affinity which suggests its possible participation in the histone demethylation reaction. In the cell, LSD1 interacts with co-repressor for repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (CoREST). In order to elucidate the role of folate in the demethylating reaction we solved the crystal structure of the LSD1–CoREST–THF complex. In the complex, the folate-binding site is located in the active center in close proximity to flavin adenine dinucleotide. This position of the folate suggests that the bound THF accepts the formaldehyde generated in the course of histone demethylation to form 5,10-methylene-THF. We also show the formation of 5,10-methylene-THF during the course of the enzymatic reaction in the presence of THF by mass spectrometry. Production of this form of folate could act to prevent accumulation of potentially toxic formaldehyde in the cell. These studies suggest that folate may play a role in the epigenetic control of gene expression in addition to its traditional role in the transfer of one-carbon units in metabolism.
Rates and mechanism of alkyne ozonation

The rates and products of the reactions of ozone with acetylene, methylacetylene, dimethylacetylene, and ethylacetylene have been studied in a long-path infrared cell at 21 ± 1°C. The gas phase reaction gives products formed by cleavage of the carbon–carbon triple bond. A mechanism is proposed that involves formation of a short-lived acid anhydride intermediate, which is energized by virtue of the reaction exothermicity and undergoes unimolecular decomposition. Formation of an α-dicarbonyl was observed in every case, but there is evidence that a side reaction on the walls accounted for that product. The general relationship between alkyne and alkene ozonation is discussed. The rate measurements showed that, unlike the alkenes, the rate of alkyne ozonation is not greatly affected by substitution with simple alkyl groups. The rate constant for C2H2 agrees with earlier work and thus provides additional support for the previously derived high A-factor for acetylene ozonation relative to alkenes.
Scalability and performance of a distributed AWGR-based all-optical token interconnect architecture

This paper studies an interconnect architecture with distributed all-optical control plane. A physical layer analysis shows scalability up to 128 ports. Simulations for an 128-port switch show low latency and high throughput at 0.75 load.
The impact of patient- and SBI process-level variables on six-month drinking outcomes in a level I trauma center

Researchers have decried the lack of investigation regarding the “how and why” of brief intervention effects. Additional research is needed to explicate the processes at work during motivational interviewing brief interventions, as well as the most salient factors influencing these processes. The overall aim of the current study was to better understand the nature and possible active ingredients of the screening and brief intervention encounter. Specifically, this inquiry focused upon the effect of patient-level variables and two distinct brief motivational interviewing-based counseling interventions on six-month drinking outcomes. Three hundred and thirty-three adult participants were recruited from a Level I trauma center. Participants were randomized to one of two brief counseling intervention arms. All interventions were conducted by professional mental health counselors or graduate student counselors-in-training. Follow-up data regarding participants’ drinking patterns and well-being were collected via telephone approximately 6 months subsequent to the intervention. Data were analyzed using MANOVA and hierarchical regression. There were two primary significant findings of this study: one, that a new standardized brief counseling intervention appeared to be as efficacious as a widely-used brief intervention focusing upon quantity and frequency of drinking; and two, that patient pre-intervention AUDIT scores were a major predictor of changes in patient AUDIT scores at 6 months post-intervention in a way that was theoretically counter-intuitive: namely, that high scores (indicating possible alcohol dependence) were associated with the greatest changes at follow-up. Limitations and implications of findings are discussed. Future investigation of the construct of patient engagement is recommended.
Understanding bufferbloat in cellular networks

Bufferbloat is a prevalent problem in the Internet where excessive buffers incur long latency, substantial jitter and sub-optimal throughput. This work provides the first elaborative understanding of bufferbloat in cellular networks. We carry out extensive measurements in the 3G/4G networks of the four major U.S. carriers to gauge the impact of bufferbloat in the field. Due to the bufferbloat problem, several pitfalls of current TCP protocols have been proposed in this paper. We also discover a trick employed by smart phone vendors to mitigate the issue and point out the limitations of such ad-hoc solutions. Our measurement study is coupled with theoretical analysis using queuing models. Finally, we comprehensively discuss candidate solutions to this problem and argue for a TCP-based end-to-end solution.
On intelligent database systems

In response to the limitations of comtemporary database management systems in addressing the requirements of many potential application environments, and in view of the characteristics of emerging interconnected systems, we examine research directions involving adding more 'intelligence' to database systems. Three major thrusts in the intelligent database systems area are discussed. The first involves increasing the modeling power to represent an application environment. The second emphasis centers on enhancing the functionality of such a system to include rule-based inference capabilities. The third direction focuses on supporting the interoperability of multiple, autonomous, heterogeneous database systems. We provide here a view of the first two thrusts, and examine the third via a description of the Remote-Exchange research effort currently underway at USC.
Ketorolac tromethamine as compared with morphine sulfate for treatment of postoperative pain

Ketorolac tromethamine, a nonnarcotic, prostaglandin synthesis-inhibiting analgesic, was compared with morphine sulfate for relief of moderate to severe postoperative pain. The 155 patient participants received single intramuscular doses of either ketorolac, 10, 30, or 90 mg, or morphine, 6 or 12 mg, administered in a double-blind, randomized fashion. Pain scores (verbal and visual analog) were recorded at baseline and assessed at 30 minutes and then hourly to 6 hours. Pain relief was rated at the same times. Ketorolac, 90 and 30 mg, was rated significantly better than morphine, 6 mg, at each assessment interval after 1 hour. Ketorolac, 90 and 30 mg, was rated similarly to morphine, 12 mg, for the first 3 hours and better than morphine, 12 mg, 4 hours after injection. There were no serious side effects reported. The only side effect reported in more than 3% of patients was 8% somnolence with morphine. This study shows ketorolac to be a safe and effective analgesic for relief of postoperative pain. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 41, 556–561; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.71
Medical management of breast cancer: Today and tomorrow

The surgeon continues to play a key role in the initial local/regional management of breast cancer. Breast conserving therapy (BCT) utilizing segmental mastectomy has been developed as an alternative to total mastectomy to improve cosmetic and psychosocial outcomes while retaining oncologic benefits. Developments in the surgical treatment of breast cancer have changed the way breast cancer is diagnosed and treated, and will likely continue to evolve in the future. This review highlights aspects of breast cancer treatment in which the surgical approach has evolved or is evolving, and comments on how the surgeon may participate in breast cancer care in the future.
Challenges associated with assessment of risk for tuberculosis in a dental school setting.

Abstract Background: Reproted risk among health care workers, related to tuberculosis exposure, motivated us to accurately assess this occupational risk at our College of Dentistry. Methods: Our sample population included all dental students entering their junior (third) year (beginning of maximum patient exposure). Screening for tuberculosis infection, with the standardized Mantoux test (purified protein derivative [PDP]), was conducted by the authors; several variables, previously associated with inaccurate test results in the literature, were controlled for during the study. Results: Among the study population of 158 students, the PDD conversion rate, as determined by one-stop testing, after one academic year was 10.6%. To further investigate factors (other than possible workplace exposure) contributing to PPD conversion in the study population, the authors also examined PPD results from previous employee and student screenings and conducted a retrospective chart review of selected patients registered at the college for the same period. Conclusions: We found that being born outside of the United States and having previously received bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine are associated with positive PPD test results. In addition, PPD conversion among the study group may not be associated with occupational exposure at the College but, in fact, may be related to other factors, including community- and hospital-based clinical exposure. Finally, we recommend further research that examines the possible systemic effects of periodic testing with PPD on test subjects.
Gas, Oil and the linkages between domestic and foreign policies: The case of Ukraine

mechanisms which coordinated economic activities between republics, this collapse by itself did not eliminate the existing web of economic dependencies on the previous 'centre,' i.e. Moscow. Nowhere has the issue of economic dependence on Russia been so clear as in the area of gas, oil and other energy resources. Thus energy sources and their transport may to a large extent hold the key to the longer-term ability of the new, post-Soviet states to achieve economic independence. This is true to such a point that one author, Smolansky, has argued that 'the proclamation of independence, the adoption of state symbols and a national anthem, the establishment of armed forces (...) and even the presence on Ukrainian territory of nuclear missiles-all important elements of independent statehood-amount to little if another power, Russia, controls access to fuel without which Ukraine cannot survive economically'.l Although the geopolitical impact of energy sources is significant throughout the entire territory of the former USSR, their importance is especially clear in the Caspian Sea area and the area on Russia's western borders, centring on Ukraine. In this article I will concentrate on this second area. What makes a case study of Ukraine's energy politics especially interesting is the fact that, as described by a writer for the Eastern Economist, the mechanisms for the supply and distribution of Russian energy to Ukraine are 'at the centre of political struggles at both the international and domestic levels'.2 Yet while the effects of Ukraine's structural energy dependency on Russia have been studied elsewhere,3 little attention has been paid to the domestic determinants of this situation, and the ripple effects of these domestic factors beyond Ukraine's borders.
Spatial and temporal variability in the geography of American defense outlays

Abstract The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union led the US to maintain military expenditures at historically high peacetime levels. Consequently, certain regions and sectors of the US economy are now dependent on military spending. At the state level, federal military outlays exhibit a large degree of locational persistence, with the spatial distribution of these expenditures remaining stable over a four-decade (1959–1989) time-period. At the county scale, there is little correspondence between the spatial distribution of federal defense and non-defense spending. Our findings also indicate that counties in the ‘Defense Perimeter’ or ‘Gunbelt’ (Markusen, 1986; Markusen et al. , 1991) secure significantly higher amounts of federal military allocations than other counties. However, those outside the defense perimeter receive significantly greater levels of non-defense expenditures. In the aggregate, allocations of federal expenditures are roughly equal in the over 3000 counties of the United States.
Cherenkov radiation emitted by ultrafast laser pulses and the generation of coherent polaritons

We report on the generation of coherent phonon polaritons in ZnTe, GaP, and ${\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3}$ using ultrafast optical pulses. These polaritons are coupled modes consisting of mostly far-infrared radiation and a small phonon component, which are excited through nonlinear optical processes involving the Raman and the second-order susceptibilities (respectively, impulsive stimulated Raman scattering and difference frequency generation). We probe their associated hybrid vibrational-electric field, in the THz range, by electro-optic sampling methods. The measured field patterns agree very well with calculations for the field due to a distribution of dipoles that follows the shape and moves with the group velocity of the optical pulses. For a tightly focused pulse, the pattern is identical to that of classical Cherenkov radiation by a moving dipole. Results for other shapes and, in particular, for the planar and transient-grating geometries are accounted for by a convolution of the Cherenkov field due to a point dipole with the function describing the slowly varying intensity of the pulse. Hence, polariton fields resulting from pulses of arbitrary shape can be described quantitatively in terms of expressions for the Cherenkov radiation emitted by an extended source. Using the Cherenkov approach, we recover the phase-matching conditions that lead to the selection of specific polariton wave vectors in the planar and transient grating geometry as well as the Cherenkov angle itself. The formalism can be easily extended to media exhibiting dispersion in the THz range. Calculations and experimental data for pointlike and planar sources reveal significant differences between the so-called superluminal and subluminal cases where the group velocity of the optical pulses is, respectively, above and below the highest phase velocity in the infrared. Using the Cherenkov radiation formalism, the fields generated by a spatiotemporally shaped pulse in a thick dispersive medium can be calculated analytically.
Effects of Headings on Text Recall and Summarization

Abstract Two experiments examined how headings influence text recall and summarization. In a free recall task (Experiment 1), the presence of headings facilitated recall of unfamiliar topics but not familiar topics. In a summarization task (Experiment 2), headings and familiarity had independent effects, whereas headings interacted with the amount of discussion of a topic, such that headings had a greater influence on the likelihood that a topic would be included in a summary only when the topic was briefly discussed. Findings are interpreted as indicating that headings and the amount of discussion of a topic jointly influence readers’ representation of a text's topic structure and so interact in summarization. Headings and familiarity jointly influence the accessibility of topic information and thus interact in recall, but not summarization.
Successful Spinal Fixation Surgery Following Teriparatide Treatment in an Adolescent Boy with Severe Osteoporosis and Progressive Kyphoscoliosis: A Case Report.

Osteoporosis in individuals with severe kyphoscoliosis can decrease the likelihood of successful surgical fixation and cause substantial morbidity. Loosening of spinal fixation screws and spontaneous vertebral fracture at the fixation site have been reported in patients with severe osteoporosis following surgical fixation1-5. Spinal fixation surgery has gone through numerous changes in the past century, yielding better outcomes for patients. These advances include Harrington rods and hooks in the 1950s, sublaminal wires and anterior approaches in the 1970s, and, popularized by Cotrel et al., transpedicular fixation in the 1980s6-10. Since the 1990s, in order to obtain spinal fusion, there has been a trend to use pedicle screws that are more rigid than previous screws, allowing for greater curvature correction and higher fusion rates11. In addition, new therapies are now being investigated to aid in spinal fusion, including recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein, which stimulates new bone formation at the fusion site and eliminates the need for bone-grafting12,13. However, in patients with osteoporosis, spinal fixation surgery continues to be a challenge. One potential treatment that could be used to improve bone mineral density (BMD) in severe osteoporosis is teriparatide therapy. Teriparatide is the 34-amino acid N-terminal fragment of the parathyroid hormone molecule that can increase BMD, bone strength, and markers of bone turnover14. It is an anabolic drug that has been shown to increase rates of postoperative spinal fusion in rabbits15. Numerous studies show that postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who are treated with teriparatide have increased BMD and a substantial decrease in subsequent vertebral and hip fractures16-19. Teriparatide is particularly appealing for use perioperatively because of the concern for fracture-healing with bisphosphonate treatment20. A recent study showed that …
Use of a double diffused guard ring to obtain near ideal I V characteristics in Schottky barrier diodes

Abstract This paper reports the use of a unique double-diffused guard ring Schottky barrier diode. The electrical characteristics of the conventional Schottky barrier diode are compared with the single and double guard ring devices. It is shown that both guard ring devices give near ideal I–V characteristics by eliminating the edge effects inherent with metal-semiconductor contacts. It is also shown that the double guard ring structure maintains the fast recovery time of the Schottky diode to higher current levels than the single ring structure by suppression of minority carrier injection.
One-Sided Confidence Intervals for Means of Positively Skewed Distributions

Abstract In this article, we study the coverage accuracy of one-sided confidence intervals based on Hall's and Johnson's transformation methods and their bootstrap versions for means of positively skewed distributions. We confirm Hall's finding that a lower endpoint confidence interval based on his transformation method provides better coverage accuracy than Johnson's transformation method. We also find that Hall's upper endpoint confidence interval has poor coverage accuracy. Furthermore, we find that the bootstrap method, based on Hall's transformation, yields the best coverage accuracy for both upper and lower endpoint confidence intervals.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 drives annexin A2 system-mediated perivascular fibrin clearance in oxygen-induced retinopathy in mice

Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) is a well-characterized model for retinopathy of prematurity, a disorder that results from rapid microvascular proliferation after exposure of the retina to high oxygen levels. Here, we report that the proliferative phase of OIR requires transcriptional induction of the annexin A2 (A2) gene through the direct action of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 complex. We show, in addition, that A2 stabilizes its binding partner, p11, and promotes OIR-related angiogenesis by enabling clearance of perivascular fibrin. Adenoviral-mediated restoration of A2 expression restores neovascularization in the oxygen-primed Anxa2−/− retina and reinstates plasmin generation and directed migration in cultured Anxa2−/− endothelial cells. Systemic depletion of fibrin repairs the neovascular response to high oxygen treatment in the Anxa2−/− retina, whereas inhibition of plasminogen activation dampens angiogenesis under the same conditions. These findings show that the A2 system enables retinal neoangiogenesis in OIR by enhancing perivascular activation of plasmin and remodeling of fibrin. These data suggest new potential approaches to retinal angiogenic disorders on the basis of modulation of perivascular fibrinolysis.
Integration of Daylighting and Sport Lighting Systems Design for Turf Growth in an Indoor Football Stadium

(1999). Integration of Daylighting and Sport Lighting Systems Design for Turf Growth in an Indoor Football Stadium. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 63-80.
Morphological Color-Change in the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) While Kept in Captivity

Coloration is a trait frequently cited as important to ecological, and thus evolutionary, processes in amphibians. To fully understand the impact of coloration, a consistent method of color measurement is required, which is often achieved by collecting color information in a captive, laboratory setting. However, results from the lab can only be generalized to the field if coloration remains consistent between the two. In this study we collected spectral data from two discrete color morphs of Plethodon cinereus (erythristic and striped) at two distinct time periods while in captivity to determine whether and how their coloration changed over time. We found that brightness in both color morphs decreased similarly through time, though the change was most pronounced in the erythristic morph. Additionally, we examined the overall coloration change over time using multivariate change vectors and found that the magnitude (amount) of multivariate color change was significantly greater in the erythristic morph as ...
Hearing loss and diabetes: you might not know what you're missing.

In this issue, Bainbridge and colleagues report that people with diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey had increased risk for hearing loss compared with nondiabetic perso...
Climate variability and land-surface processes

Abstract The coupled ocean-atmosphere-land climate system is characterized by substantial amounts of variability on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This natural variability of climate increases the difficulty of detecting climate change attributable to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. A key issue in climate research is obtaining a better description of this variability and the physical mechanisms responsible for it. One of the important physical processes contributing to this variability is the interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere. Through its effect on the surface energy flux components, the land surface can exert a pronounced effect on the variability of the atmosphere. The potential importance of such interactions for climate variability is examined through the use of numerical modeling studies. The physical mechanisms governing the time scales of soil moisture variability in the model are outlined, and observational evidence is presented supporting this analysis. In addition, it is shown that interactions between soil wetness and the atmosphere can both increase the total variability of the atmosphere and lengthen the time scales of near-surface atmospheric fluctuations.
Mechanism of Calmodulin Recognition of the Binding Domain of Isoform 1b of the Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase: Kinetic Pathway and Effects of Methionine Oxidation†

Calmodulin (CaM) binds to a domain near the C-terminus of the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), causing the release of this domain and relief of its autoinhibitory function. We investigated the kinetics of dissociation and binding of Ca2+-CaM with a 28-residue peptide [C28W(1b)] corresponding to the CaM-binding domain of isoform 1b of PMCA. CaM was labeled with a fluorescent probe on either the N-terminal domain at residue 34 or the C-terminal domain at residue 110. Formation of complexes of CaM with C28W(1b) results in a decrease in the fluorescence yield of the fluorophore, allowing the kinetics of dissociation or binding to be detected. Using a maximum entropy method, we determined the minimum number and magnitudes of rate constants required to fit the data. Comparison of the fluorescence changes for CaM labeled on the C-terminal or N-terminal domain suggests sequential and ordered binding of the C-terminal and N-terminal domains of CaM with C28W(1b). For dissociation of C28W(1b) from CaM labeled on ...
Aerodynamic design considerations and wind- tunnel test of a high-altitude air sampler.

is clearly smaller than that of the usual sounding rockets of the same performance. This low dispersion is particularly interesting, for example, in the case of payload recovery, when it may be necessary to assure the conditions of safety of the launching range. This accuracy also may be required by the very nature of the mission, as, for example, in the case of the two TITUS sounding rockets launched in Argentina on November 12, 1966 to observe an eclipse of the sun at very high altitude, for which the interception of the cone of darkness from the moon must be very accurate. Bibliography
Some properties of adiabatic blast waves in preexisting cavities

Cox and Anderson (1982) have conducted an investigation regarding an adiabatic blast wave in a region of uniform density and finite external pressure. In connection with an application of the results of the investigation to a study of interstellar blast waves in the very hot, low-density matrix, it was found that it would be desirable to examine situations with a positive radial density gradient in the ambient medium. Information concerning such situations is needed to learn about the behavior of blast waves occurring within preexisting, presumably supernova-induced cavities in the interstellar mass distribution. The present investigation is concerned with the first steps of a study conducted to obtain the required information. A review is conducted of Sedov's (1959) similarity solutions for the dynamical structure of any explosion in a medium with negligible pressure and power law density dependence on radius.
Geologic Factors Affecting Compaction of Deposits in a Land-Subsidence Area

In the west-central San Joaquin Valley, California, pumping of ground water has changed water levels, thereby increasing the stresses that tend to compact alluvium by as much as 50 percent and creating a large area of intense land subsidence. The estimated 1943–1960 specific unit compaction (compaction during a time period, per unit thickness, per unit applied-stress increase) of the deposits in a northern subarea is four times that of a southern subarea, which suggests marked differences in the compressibility of the deposits. A third of the compressibility difference is real and is due to less prior total applied stress in the northern than in the southern subarea. The other two-thirds of the compressibility difference is only apparent and is attributed to different water-expulsion rates in the clayey beds of different depositional environments. In the northern subarea, the deposits are mainly flood-plain sediments that contain extensive sand beds and thin clayey beds that are dewatered relatively quickly under increasing effective stress. In the southern subarea, the sediments are mainly alluvial-fan deposits that contain thick clayey sequences adjacent to lensing sandy beds. These deposits are de-watered more slowly than those in the northern subarea. Variations of mean lithology in the chief compacting zone could not be correlated with variations in the specific unit compaction of the deposits.
Isolation of aliphatic sulfur compounds in a crude oil by a non-reactive procedure

Abstract Ligand exchange chromatography using CuCl 2 has been developed for the isolation of aliphatic sulfur compounds in fossil fuels. The procedure is simple and non-reactive. Aliphatic sulfur compounds form stronger ligands with CuCl 2 , because of their higher nucleophilicity, than do aromatic sulphur compounds. After the isolation of aliphatic sulfur compounds from a crude oil, they were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, including tert -butyl disulfide.
Measuring the neutron yield from T(d,n)4He

Abstract A silicon detector is employed to measure the neutron flux from T(d,n) 4 He by counting the associated alpha particle. Corrections to the alpha count necessitated by the presence of charged particles from other reactions are considered.
Broad Impacts and Narrow Perspectives: Passing the Buck on Science and Social Impacts

We provide a critical assessment of the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) “broader impacts criterion” for peer review, which has met with resistance from the scientific community and been characterized as unlikely to have much positive effect due to poor implementation and adherence to the linear model heuristic for innovation. In our view, the weakness of NSF’s approach owes less to these issues than to the misguided assumption that the peer review process can be used to leverage more societal value from research. This idea, although undoubtedly well‐meaning, is fundamentally flawed. Retooling or refining the Broader Impacts Criterion does not alter the fact that conventional peer review, based on specialized scientific and technical expertise, is not up to the task of ensuring adequate judgements about social impact. We consider some possible alternative approaches to providing greater social impact in science and include in our assessment past and current efforts at NSF and throughout the federal res...
Incorporating Comparisons Standard 4.1 into Foreign Language Teaching.

: This article discusses how linguistic comparisons can be incorporated into foreign language classroom activities. Drawing on Slobin's (1996) experimental study, which demonstrated the existence of “the thinking for speaking” form of thought, it is argued that teaching a foreign language entails teaching novel “thinking for speaking” operations and it is at this point of instruction that the use of L1-L2 comparisons is most warranted. In addition, linguistic and psycholingustic evidence in favor of using the word as a basic unit of linguistic comparisons in the foreign language classroom is provided. Finally, practical suggestions as to how linguistic comparisons can be included in day-to-day teaching are offered.
Redox Characterization of the FeS Protein MitoNEET and Impact of Thiazolidinedione Drug Binding

MitoNEET is a small mitochondrial protein that has been identified recently as a target for the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of diabetes drugs. MitoNEET also binds a unique three-His- and one-Cys-ligated [2Fe-2S] cluster. Here we use protein film voltammetry (PFV) as a means to probe the redox properties of mitoNEET and demonstrate the direct impact of TZD drug binding upon the redox chemistry of the FeS cluster. When TZDs bind, the midpoint potential at pH 7 is lowered by more than 100 mV, shifting from ∼0 to −100 mV. In contrast, a His87Cys mutant negates the ability of TZDs to affect the midpoint potential, suggesting a model of drug binding in which His87 is critical to communication with the FeS center of mitoNEET.
Complex form factors in nucleon transfer reactions

Abstract The effect of an imaginary component in the form factor for (p, d) and (p, t) reactions has been examined. Following a recently developed procedure, several inadequacies of the DWBA description of these reactions, particularly those involving L = 0 transfers, are largely overcome.
¡Basta Ya! Latino Parents Fighting Entrenched Racism

Abstract At times it is necessary for individuals to get out of their comfort zone in order to be able to make a difference and have a positive outcome. In this article, we discuss the story of a group of parents who chose to fight a school district in order to bring about some needed changes within the district to guarantee educational equity for their children. In their story, we see the courage and determination of the human spirit.
Formulation and optimization of sucrose polyester physical properties by mixture response surface methodology

The physical properties of sucrose polyester (SPE), prepared from different composite blends of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of safflower oil, palm oil, and peanut oil, were evaluated by mixture response surface methodology. Optimum combinations of fatty, acids to achieve specific physical properties of SPE were determined. The SPE most similar in physical properties to peanut oil was obtained with a 55:45 molar ratio of mixed FAME from safflower oil and peanut oil. The physical properties of SPE were significantly affected by the degree of saturation and the average chainlength of their composite fatty acids.
Cannons, castles, and capitalism: The invention of gunpowder and the rise of the west∗

The emergence of institutions which effectively defined and enforced ownership rights was a key prerequisite to the development of the modern capitalist economy. The nation‐state played a major role in supplying this institutional framework for economic growth. Explaining why nation‐states emerged when they did is relevant to explaining the early modern transition to sustained economic growth. Various economic historians have claimed that the Gunpowder Revolution of the fifteenth century was a crucial event which helped trigger these developments. The present paper examines this argument critically. When the relevant military and technological history of the middle ages is closely examined, the claims for the importance of the “gunpowder trigger” can be shown to be seriously flawed.
COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS AND JAPANESE VIEWS OF AFRICAN‐DESCENT POPULATIONS

In research on non‐Western populations there is a tendency to limit analysis to only gross demographic differences. This has resulted in the serious misconception of an ethnically homogenous population in countries such as Japan and thus masks a critical dimension of the diversity truly extant. This article examines Western research on Japanese views of people of African descent evident prior to 1945. The argument by Western researchers that Japanese are inherently ethnocentric/racist is examined through primary and secondary sources dealing with Japanese contact with Africans. The alternative explanation offered suggests that while the basic structure of ethnocentrism existed before Western contact, there are indications that this structure was given direction and focus (i.e. became racial) with and through that contact. It is suggested that the view acquired by the Japanese of Africans was based in large part on the collective representations presented to them by Euro‐Americans.
An index for evaluating difficulty of Chewing Index for chewable tablets

Chewing difficulty index, a potential measure of difficulty in chewing the chewable tablets, has been described herein as the product of tablet thickness and tablet hardness measured under the diametral loading. The proposed index was evaluated by measuring the dimensions and mechanical strength of commercial and in-house prepared chewable tablets. Data collected on tablets with different thickness but same hardness or tensile strength suggests that the proposed index provides a good assessment of the force needed to chew the chewable tablets. Influence of brief exposure to salivary fluid during chewing on the mechanical strength of the chewable tablets was also evaluated. Thirty seconds exposure to the simulated salivary fluid was also found to significantly reduce (p < 0.05) the hardness and the chewing difficulty index of a number of evaluated chewable tablet drug products.