cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lespedeza Hay for Dairy Cattle

Summary The feeding value of lespedeza hay was compared with that of alfalfa hay in feeding trials with dairy cows and dairy heifers. The lespedeza hay was somewhat less palatable than the alfalfa hay. The particular lot of lespedeza hay fed to dairy cows proved practically equal pound for pound to the alfalfa hay fed, as judged by milk yields and gain in weight of the cows. Slightly lower grades of both lespedeza hay and alfalfa hay were found practically equal pound for pound for gain in weight of growing dairy heifers. In both trials, however, it is likely that adequate amounts of protein were supplied, so that the lower protein content of the lespedeza hay was not a limiting factor. No differences in the laxative properties or conditioning effects of lespedeza hay and alfalfa hay were observed. The lespedeza hay was found to be lower than the alfalfa hay in its content of protein, fiber, total ash, and lime.
Regulation of HIV-1 infection in astrocytes: Expression of Nef, TNF-α and IL-6 is enhanced in coculture of astrocytes with macrophages

'Restricted' human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV-1) infection of astrocytes is recognized in vivo in some pediatric and adult AIDS brains and in vitro in a small proportion of transfected primary fetal astrocytes. We investigated the extent of HIV-1JR-FL expression in fetal astrocytes and macrophages cultivated alone or together. Peak HIV-1 p24 antigen titres in supernatant fluids of macrophage cultures were increased with monocyte/macrophages from certain donors and were higher when macrophages were cocultivated with astrocytes. Structural HIV-1 gene (gp 41 and pol) products (protein and mRNA) were observed only in macrophages. Ten days after HIV-1JR-FL infection, astrocytes in a monoculture were stained negative or only weakly positive (1-2+) for Nef, whereas in a coculture up to 100% of astrocytes displayed Nef staining (up to 4+) in the cytoplasm. The streptavidine-biotine-peroxidase technique with certain monoclonal antibodies to Nef (Ovod et al, 1992) was specific for infected astrocytes. The intensity of Nef staining was higher in astrocytes cultivated with monocyte/macrophages from certain donors. In the coculture, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was expressed in the astrocyte cytoplasm earlier after coinfection with HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus (CMV) compared to infection with HIV-1 alone. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was secreted spontaneously and transiently in uninfected cocultures, but in a prolonged fashion following HIV-1 and HIV-1/CMV infections. The interactions between HIV-1- and CMV-infected macrophages and astrocytes lead to upregulation of TNF-alpha and IL-6 and enhancement of productive HIV-1 infection of macrophages and of 'restricted' HIV-1 infection of astrocytes with implications for the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia.
Bypass suppression analysis maps the signalling pathway within a multidomain protein: the RsbP energy stress phosphatase 2C from Bacillus subtilis

The network controlling the general stress response in Bacillus subtilis requires both the RsbP phosphatase and the RsbQ α/β hydrolase to convey signals of energy stress. RsbP contains three domains: an N-terminal PAS, a central coiled-coil, and a C-terminal PP2C phosphatase. We report here a genetic analysis that established the functional interactions of the domains and their relationship to RsbQ. Random mutagenesis of rsbP yielded 17 independent bypass suppressors that had activity in an rsbQ null strain background. The altered residues clustered in three regions of RsbP: the coiled-coil and two predicted helices of the phosphatase domain. One helix (α0) is unique to a subfamily of bacterial PP2C phosphatases that possess N-terminal sensing domains. The other (α1) is distinct from the active site in all solved PP2C structures. The phenotypes of the suppressors and directed deletions support a model in which the coiled-coil negatively controls phosphatase activity, perhaps via the α0-α1 helices, with RsbQ hydrolase activity and the PAS domain jointly comprising a positive sensing module that counters the coiled-coil. We propose that the α0 helix characterizes an extended PP2C domain in many bacterial signaling proteins, and suggest it provides a means to communicate information from diverse input domains.
Dilemmas of Legitimacy The Supreme Court, Patronage, and the Public Interest

The legitimacy of public administration within the constitutional separation of powers has been repeatedly questioned. Attempts to address this challenge have emphasized the public interest as a fundamental concept in defining the administrator's role in governance. In its landmark decisions on political patronage, the Supreme Court explicitly considered this issue. This analysis examines the court's reasoning using three alternative models of the public interest. Judicial perspectives in the patronage cases are found to contrast sharply with contemporary administrative theory. This divergence underscores some of the theoretical dilemmas that confront the field in developing new models of public administration in governance.
Calorie restriction and the nutrient sensing signaling pathways.

Calorie restriction (CR) is the most potent regimen known to extend the life span in multiple species. CR has also been shown to ameliorate several age-associated disorders in mammals and perhaps humans. CR induces diverse metabolic changes in organisms, and it is currently unclear whether and how these metabolic changes lead to life span extension. Recent studies in model systems have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms by which CR extends life span. In this review, we summarize and provide recent updates on multiple nutrient signaling pathways that have been connected to CR and longevity regulation. The roles of highly conserved longevity regulators — the Sirtuin family- in CR are also discussed.
First Fossil Record of Totoaba Villamar 1980 (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) Based upon Early Miocene Otoliths from California with Comments on the Ontogeny of the Saccular Otolith

Abstract A new species of the genus Totoaba (family Sciaenidae) based upon otoliths from the late early Miocene marine upper Olcese Sand, Kern County, southern San Joaquin Valley, California is described. This is the first fossil occurrence for the genus, and it is hypothesized that Totoaba evolved entirely in the eastern Pacific realm. Within the upper Olcese Sand, this species represents but one component of a complex sciaenid fauna, which could provide insight into the evolution and distribution of the family Sciaenidae. An ontogenetic series of this species is defined, and ontogenetic changes in its otoliths are discussed.
Analysis and Modeling of "Focus" in Context

This paper uses a crowd-sourced definition of a speech phenomenon we have called “focus”. Given sentences, text and speech, in isolation and in context, we asked annotators to identify what we term the “focus” word. We present their consistency in identifying the focused word, when presented with text or speech stimuli. We then build models to show how well we predict that focus word from lexical (and higher) level features. Also, using spectral and prosodic information, we show the differences in these focus words when spoken with and without context. Finally, we show how we can improve speech synthesis of these utterances given focus information. Index Terms: Focus, Context, Speech Synthesis, Prominence, Emphasis, Prosody
Cordon bleu promotes the assembly of brush border microvilli

Microvilli are actin-based protrusions found on the surface of diverse cell types, where they amplify membrane area and mediate interactions with the external environment. In the intestinal tract, these protrusions play central roles in nutrient absorption and host defense and are therefore essential for maintaining homeostasis. However, the mechanisms controlling microvillar assembly remain poorly understood. Here we report that the multifunctional actin regulator cordon bleu (COBL) promotes the growth of brush border (BB) microvilli. COBL localizes to the base of BB microvilli via a mechanism that requires its proline-rich N-terminus. Knockdown and overexpression studies show that COBL is needed for BB assembly and sufficient to induce microvillar growth using a mechanism that requires functional WH2 domains. We also find that COBL acts downstream of the F-BAR protein syndapin-2, which drives COBL targeting to the apical domain. These results provide insight into a mechanism that regulates microvillar growth during epithelial differentiation and have significant implications for understanding the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
CIM — Integration beyond Manufacturing

This paper discusses the CIM requirements and the integration of computerized information processing in a manufacturing enterprise organization. It concentrates on manufacturing and development functions, but considers marketing and administrative functions, too. Three aspects are presented in more detail: o Information flow structure. o Information generation and administration. o Horizontal and vertical integration of computerized information processing.
Nephrocutaneous sinus: a case report.

AbstractA case of a nephrocutaneous sinus developing secondary to calculous pyonephrosis and perinephric abscess is reported. The anatomy of the drainage pathway is described.
Plain and simple: denying payment denies care.

A physician who has worked as a utilization reviewer for several HMOs now attacks the industry for taking medical decision making away from doctors.
Membrane Tension Acts Through PLD2 and mTORC2 to Limit Actin Network Assembly During Neutrophil Migration

For efficient polarity and migration, cells need to regulate the magnitude and spatial distribution of actin assembly. This process is coordinated by reciprocal interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and mechanical forces. Actin polymerization-based protrusion increases tension in the plasma membrane, which in turn acts as a long-range inhibitor of actin assembly. These interactions form a negative feedback circuit that limits the magnitude of membrane tension in neutrophils and prevents expansion of the existing front and the formation of secondary fronts. It has been suggested that the plasma membrane directly inhibits actin assembly by serving as a physical barrier that opposes protrusion. Here we show that efficient control of actin polymerization-based protrusion requires an additional mechanosensory feedback cascade that indirectly links membrane tension with actin assembly. Specifically, elevated membrane tension acts through phospholipase D2 (PLD2) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) to limit actin nucleation. In the absence of this pathway, neutrophils exhibit larger leading edges, higher membrane tension, and profoundly defective chemotaxis. Mathematical modeling suggests roles for both the direct (mechanical) and indirect (biochemical via PLD2 and mTORC2) feedback loops in organizing cell polarity and motility—the indirect loop is better suited to enable competition between fronts, whereas the direct loop helps spatially organize actin nucleation for efficient leading edge formation and cell movement. This circuit is essential for polarity, motility, and the control of membrane tension.
The Effects of Lithic Procurement Strategies on Tool Curation and Recycling

>Significant variability is embedded within the concepts of tool curation and recycling. This variability is discussed within the contexts of both mobile and sedentary systems by employing a case s...
Rapid Solidification of Sn-Cu-Al Alloys for High-Reliability, Lead-Free Solder: Part I. Microstructural Characterization of Rapidly Solidified Solders

Particles of Cu x Al y in Sn-Cu-Al solders have previously been shown to nucleate the Cu6Sn5 phase during solidification. In this study, the number and size of Cu6Sn5 nucleation sites were controlled through the particle size refinement of Cu x Al y via rapid solidification processing and controlled cooling in a differential scanning calorimeter. Cooling rates spanning eight orders of magnitude were used to refine the average Cu x Al y and Cu6Sn5 particle sizes down to submicron ranges. The average particle sizes, particle size distributions, and morphologies in the microstructures were analyzed as a function of alloy composition and cooling rate. Deep etching of the samples revealed the three-dimensional microstructures and illuminated the epitaxial and morphological relationships between the Cu x Al y and Cu6Sn5 phases. Transitions in the Cu6Sn5 particle morphologies from faceted rods to nonfaceted, equiaxed particles were observed as a function of both cooling rate and composition. Initial solidification cooling rates within the range of 103 to 104 °C/s were found to be optimal for realizing particle size refinement and maintaining the Cu x Al y /Cu6Sn5 nucleant relationship. In addition, little evidence of the formation or decomposition of the ternary-β phase in the solidified alloys was noted. Solidification pathways omitting the formation of the ternary-β phase agreed well with observed room temperature microstructures.
Do Domestic Sentiment and the Spillover of US Investor Sentiment Impact Mexican Stock Market Returns

We examine the relationship between sentiment and Mexican stock market returns. Results suggest a positive dynamic relationship between rational Mexican sentiment and equity market returns. Results...
Computational modeling of cell mechanics

Abstract: The mechanical properties of cells, the forces that they produce internally, and force applied to them externally all play an important role in their normal function. To study the mechanics of cells, computational models have been developed that address cell mechanics as a collection of biomechanical and biochemical processes. These models have been advantageous in explaining experimental observations by providing a framework of underlying cellular mechanisms. They have also enabled predictive in silico studies, which would otherwise be difficult or impossible to perform with current experimental approaches. In this review, we discuss these novel models and outline future directions to advance the field of cell mechanics.
Morphotype-Dependent Flow Characteristics in Bicuspid Aortic Valve Ascending Aortas: A Benchtop Particle Image Velocimetry Study.

The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a major risk factor for secondary aortopathy such as aortic dilation. The heterogeneous BAV morphotypes (left-right-coronary cusp fusion (LR), right-non-coronary cusp fusion (RN), and left-non-coronary cusp fusion (LN)) are associated with different dilation patterns, suggesting a role for hemodynamics in BAV aortopathogenesis. However, assessment of this theory is still hampered by the limited knowledge of the hemodynamic abnormalities generated by the distinct BAV morphotypes. The objective of this study was to compare experimentally the hemodynamics of a normal (i.e., non-dilated) ascending aorta (AA) subjected to tricuspid aortic valve (TAV), LR-BAV, RN-BAV, and NL-BAV flow. Tissue BAVs reconstructed from porcine TAVs were subjected to physiologic pulsatile flow conditions in a left-heart simulator featuring a realistic aortic root and compliant aorta. Phase-locked particle image velocimetry experiments were carried out to characterize the flow in the aortic root and in the tubular AA in terms of jet skewness and displacement, as well as mean velocity, viscous shear stress and Reynolds shear stress fields. While all three BAVs generated skewed and asymmetrical orifice jets (up to 1.7- and 4.0-fold increase in flow angle and displacement, respectively, relative to the TAV at the sinotubular junction), the RN-BAV jet was out of the plane of observation. The LR- and NL-BAV exhibited a 71% increase in peak-systolic orifice jet velocity relative to the TAV, suggesting an inherent degree of stenosis in BAVs. While these two BAV morphotypes subjected the convexity of the aortic wall to viscous shear stress overloads (1.7-fold increase in maximum peak-systolic viscous shear stress relative to the TAV-AA), the affected sites were morphotype-dependent (LR-BAV: proximal AA, NL-BAV: distal AA). Lastly, the LR- and NL-BAV generated high degrees of turbulence in the AA (up to 2.3-fold increase in peak-systolic Reynolds shear stress relative to the TAV) that were sustained from peak systole throughout the deceleration phase. This in vitro study reveals substantial flow abnormalities (increased jet skewness, asymmetry, jet velocity, turbulence and shear stress overloads) in non-dilated BAV aortas, which differ from those observed in dilated aortas but still coincide with aortic wall regions prone to dilation.
The Changing View of Input in the Treatment of Children With Grammatical Deficits.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to present 3 approaches that emphasize the role that input plays in the treatment of grammatical deficits in children with language impairments. Method These ...
DiMBI: An Interface to Connect People to Math's Big Ideas of Patterns and Relations

Math education faces the challenge not only of how to teach math, but also of what math to teach. With the intention of promoting math's big ideas in formal and informal settings, we created DiMBI (Discovering Math's multimedia platform developed in Processing that uses reacTIVision to read users' interactions with selected tangible regular polygons (a triangle and a square). The corners of each polygon are linked with specific features that aim to promote transfer learning (colors and music). The features change as the user manipulates the objects through symmetric actions and permutation of corners. This is the first stage of our technology, which aims to bring big math ideas closer to the people, through more concrete interactions.
Iron and infection.

Iron is an essential trace metal for nearly all infectious microorganisms, and host defense mechanisms target this dependence to deprive microbes of iron. This review highlights mechanisms that are activated during infections to restrict iron on mucosal surfaces, in plasma and extracellular fluid, and within macrophages. Iron overload disorders, such as hereditary hemochromatosis or β-thalassemia, interfere with iron-restrictive host responses, and thereby cause increased susceptibility to infections with microbes that can exploit this vulnerability. Anemia of inflammation (formerly known as anemia of chronic diseases) is an “off-target” effect of host defense wherein inflammatory cytokines shorten erythrocyte lifespan by activating macrophages, prioritize leukocyte production in the marrow, and induce hepcidin to increase plasma transferrin saturation and the concentration of non-transferrin-bound iron.
Collaborative Practice Model: Improving the Delivery of Bad News.

Ideal bad news delivery requires skilled communication and team support. The literature has primarily focused on patient preferences, impact on care decisions, healthcare roles, and communication styles, without addressing systematic implementation. This article describes how an interdisciplinary team, led by advanced practice nurses, developed and implemented a collaborative practice model to deliver bad news on a unit that had struggled with inconsistencies. Using evidence-based practices, the authors explored current processes, role perceptions and expectations, and perceived barriers to developing the model, which is now the standard of care and an example of interprofessional team collaboration across the healthcare system. This model for delivering bad news can be easily adapted to meet the needs of other clinical units. .
Simulation of climatic conditions in the subsurface

The complexities of the relationships that govern heat flow from the strata into ventilated underground openings are illustrated by the analyses given in section 15.2. Indeed, the routine use of those relationships become practical only through the availability of computer assistance. The first computer programs to simulate heat flow into mine workings were developed in South Africa (Starfield, 1966a, Starfield, 1966b). The early programs estimated strata heat flow from the Goch and Patterson tables (section 15.2.6), either by interpolation or from regression-fitted equations that approximated those tables. Since that time, simulation programs of increasing sophistication have been developed in a number of countries. Current programs recognize the influence of boundary layers close to the rock—air interface, allow for heat sources other than the strata (section 15.3) and predict the psychrometric effects of heat and moisture additions on the mine climate.
Mental Health Counselors and Substance Abuse Treatment: Advantages, Difficulties, and Practical Issues to Solution-Focused Interventions

Mental health counselors increasingly work with a wide variety of client issues, including substance abuse. This article addresses the use of solution-focused counseling as a viable treatment option for clients who experience problems with substance abuse and addiction. A brief overview of traditional substance abuse treatment is offered. The basic assumptions of solution-focused counseling are then discussed, and differences from traditional approaches are delineated. Benefits of using solution-focused counseling with substance abuse issues, such as the collaborative and client-centered nature of the approach, are presented; and sample interventions are described. Difficulties to using solution-focused counseling techniques with substance abuse issues are also discussed.
The Use of Mass Spectrometry in Studying Protein-Protein Interaction

Mass spectrometry has now become a mainstream technique in biology research. We first give a brief account highlighting the most important developments in mass spectrometry that may be useful for the study of protein-protein interaction; next, we discuss some interesting issues that are starting to emerge as we learn more about protein complexes; finally, we discuss in some detail one example of using mass spectrometry to study protein- protein interaction in the area of human genome maintenance, and propose a new concept that we termed “network analysis proteomics” that aims to identify modular protein interaction networks.
Analytical Transition to Weak Turbulence and Chaotic Natural Convection in Porous Media

A review on the transition to weak turbulence and chaotic natural convection in porous media is presented in this chapter. In particular, the question on how can one obtain the transition point analytically is emphasized and topics such as the hysteresis phenomenon linked to this transition is discussed. Fractal types of results obtained by comparing solutions at different accuracy levels are finally presented to conclude the chapter.
Forms of Authority and the Real Ad Verecundiam

This paper provides a typology of appeals to authority, identifying three distinct types: that which is based on a command; that which is based on expertise; and that which is based on dignity. Each type is distinguished with respect to the reaction that a failure to follow it ordinarily evokes. The rhetorical roots of Locke's ad verecundiam are traced to the rhetorical practices of ancient Rome.
The Personal Orientation Inventory as a Measure of the Self-Actualization of Underachievers

(1968). The Personal Orientation Inventory as a Measure of the Self-Actualization of Underachievers. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 110-114.
A Statistical Approach for Line Outage Detection in Power Systems with Transient Dynamics

A method to detect and identify line outages in a power system is proposed. The statistics characterizing electricity demand are assumed to be known and propagated through a linearization of the power flow equations. The voltage phase angle measurements are collected using phasor measurement units (PMUs). Then, a quickest change detection (QCD) algorithm is applied to the voltage phase angles in order to detect and identify the line outage. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is applicable even when the transient dynamics of the power system following a line outage are considered. Case studies demonstrating the performance of the QCD algorithm on faults leading to transient dynamics are illustrated through the IEEE 14-bus test system.
Body Composition with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Breast Cancer Survivors.

BACKGROUND Because obesity is an independent risk factor for breast cancer recurrence, assessment of body composition is crucial to guide weight management in breast cancer survivors (BCS). This study assessed whether dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) yield similar results for body composition in BCS. METHODS Body fat percentage, lean body mass, and fat mass were estimated using DXA and BIA under fasting conditions in 89 BCS. BMI categories included normal (18-24.99 kg/m2 ; n = 28), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2 ; n = 21), obese (>30 kg/m2 ; n = 23), and severely obese BCS (>35 kg/m2 ; n = 17). Agreement between the devices was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS There was no agreement between the 2 devices for body fat percentage (DXA: 44.2 ± 6.2% vs BIA: 40.4 ± 7.8%), lean body mass (DXA: 39.1 ± 7.6 kg vs BIA: 42.9 ± 5.9 kg), and fat mass (DXA: 32.4 ± 10.8 kg vs BIA: 30.6 ± 11.0 kg; P < .001). These findings were consistent in normal, overweight, and obese BCS. There was agreement between the 2 devices for fat mass (DXA: 48.7 ± 7.2 kg vs BIA: 47.9 ± 5.7 kg) in severely obese BCS (P = .102), possibly due to small sample size. CONCLUSIONS BIA may underestimate body fat percentage and fat mass and overestimate lean body mass, compared with DXA. Future studies are warranted to assess the use of these 2 devices in a larger cohort of BCS within BMI categories.
Predictiveness and Reward Effects on Attention can be Explained by a Single Mechanism

Abstract In order to learn efficiently, organisms must learn how to distribute their attention to the available cues. Traditionally, most experiments on attention learning have involved discrete outcomes (e.g. no food vs. one food pellet, or category A vs. category B). A basic finding is that cues receive attention in proportion to how well they predict such outcomes. However, more recent research has shown an apparently independent effect of outcome value on attention (Le Pelley, Mitchell, & Johnson, 2013), in which cues associated with large rewards receive more attention than those associated with small rewards. It has been suggested that a separate derived attention mechanism - in which attention is based directly on association strength - is necessary to explain this result (Le Pelley, Mitchell, Beesley, George, & Wills, 2016). As our primary experimental contribution, we use modified versions of this design to replicate the value effect and show that it can be reversed by manipulating the rewards given for incorrect choices. Our simulations show that CompAct - a model in which cues compete for attention on the basis of their relative predictiveness - can account for both of our empirical results. The derived attention theory, in contrast, incorrectly predicts that cues associated with large rewards will always receive more attention. We conclude that we do not need separate mechanisms to account for predictiveness effects and value effects on attention.
Human-Machine Interface for a Smart Wheelchair

The paper describes the integration of hardware and software with sensor technology and computer processing to develop the next generation intelligent wheelchair. The focus is a computer cluster design to test high performance computing for smart wheelchair operation and human interaction. The LabVIEW cluster is developed for real-time autonomous path planning and sensor data processing. Four small form factor computers are connected over a Gigabit Ethernet local area network to form the computer cluster. Autonomous programs are distributed across the cluster for increased task parallelism to improve processing time performance. The distributed programs operating frequency for path planning and motion control is 50Hz and 12.3Hz for 0.3 megapixel robot vision system. To monitor the operation and control of the distributed LabVIEW code, network automation is integrated into the cluster software along with a performance monitor. A link between the computer motion control program and the wheelchair joystick control of the drive train is developed for the computer control interface. A perception sensor array and control circuitry is integrated with the computer system to detect and respond to the wheelchair environment. Multiple cameras are used for image processing and scanning laser rangefinder sensors for obstacle avoidance in the cluster program. A centralized power system is integrated to power the smart wheelchair along with the cluster and sensor feedback system. The on board computer system is evaluated for cluster processing performance for the smart wheelchair, incorporating camera machine vision and LiDAR perception for terrain obstacle detection, operating in urban scenarios.
Hepatitis C in pregnant American Indian and Alaska native women; 2003-2015.

ABSTRACTRecent reports have found a rise in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in reproductive age women in the USA. Surveillance data suggests one group that is at increased risk of HCV infection is the American Indian and Alaska Native population (AI/AN). Using the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) birth certificate and the Indian Health Services, Tribal, and Urban Indian (IHS) databases, we evaluated reported cases of HCV infection in pregnant women between 2003 and 2015. In the NCHS database, 38 regions consistently reported HCV infection. The percentage of mothers who were known to have HCV infection increased between 2011 and 2015 in both the AI/AN population (0.57% to 1.19%, p < 0.001) and the non-AI/AN population (0.21% to 0.36%, p < 0.001). The IHS database confirmed these results. Individuals with hepatitis B infection or intravenous drug use (IDU) had significantly higher odds of HCV infection (OR 16.4 and 17.6, respectively). In total, 62% of HCV-positive women did not have IDU recor...
Bio-inspired design for resilient water distribution networks

Abstract Economic, environmental, and social advantages have been achieved over the years through byproducts and waste exchanges between industries. These Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) are touted to be ecologically similar, however when they are analyzed using Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) techniques it has been found that they do not successfully mimic analogous ecosystems. ENA coupled with average food webs characteristics are used here to create a bio-inspired design optimization for the water distribution network of the Kalundborg EIP in Denmark. The bio-inspired solution is compared to a cost-based solution to illustrate what the former can offer beyond a conventional approach. Both solutions similarly minimize freshwater consumption, however the bio-inspired solution has additional benefits that suggest a more sustainable and robust design, such as the ability to maintain network function in the event of a connection losses. The results suggest that consumption and cost reductions alone may not be the best optimization route.
Remixing the Fashion Brand: Uniqlo Through Instagram and Twitter

Social media platforms have given brands new way to interact with consumers, but they come with opaque algorithms which complicate brand-to-consumer communications. This paper offers an experimental exploration of branding in social media spaces by using “remix” techniques [1]. It builds potential brand images for Uniqlo, the Japan fashion retailer, as presented within its Twitter and Instagram feeds. Three competing brand images are constructed through the same set of messages to illustrate how social media algorithms have a profound effect on what information consumers receive and how that may alter understandings of fashion brands.
Can the microbiome influence host evolutionary trajectories

Abstract The microbiome shapes many traits in hosts, but we still do not understand how it influences host evolution. To impact host evolution, the microbiome must be heritable and have phenotypic effects on the host. However, the complex inheritance and context-dependence of the microbiome challenges traditional models of organismal evolution. Here, we take a multifaceted approach to identify conditions in which the microbiome influences host evolutionary trajectories. We explore quantitative genetic models to highlight how microbial inheritance and phenotypic effects can modulate host evolutionary responses to selection. We synthesize the literature across diverse taxa to find common scenarios of microbiome driven host evolution. First, hosts may leverage locally adapted microbes, increasing survivorship in stressful environments. Second, microbial variation may increase host phenotypic variation, enabling exploration of novel fitness landscapes. We further illustrate these effects by performing a meta-analysis of artificial selection in Drosophila, finding that bacterial diversity also frequently responds to host selection. We conclude by outlining key avenues of research and experimental procedures to improve our understanding of the complex interplay between hosts and microbiomes. By synthesizing perspectives through multiple conceptual and analytical approaches, we show how microbiomes can influence the evolutionary trajectories of hosts.
Personalizing cancer treatment using gene activity scores with the NIH Medical Genetics Summaries.

e22000Background: Oncology professionals need to access a wide range of genetic tests, including tests for cancer biomarkers, predisposition to hereditary cancers, and pharmacogenetic tests. While ...
One Organization’s Approach to Balancing Survivor Empowerment with Mandated Child Abuse Reporting

There is a long-standing history of tension between the domestic violence and child welfare fields. Domestic violence advocates, whose mission is to empower individual experiencing domestic violence, are often placed in the role of gatekeeper to the child welfare system as they decide whether or not to report potential child abuse and neglect to the state. This commentary serves to open a dialogue concerning how domestic violence organizations can build capacity to bridge the gap between the domestic violence and child welfare fields. Utilizing Goodman et al. (2019) framework highlighting the inward-facing, survivor-facing, and system-facing strategies used by domestic violence advocates, we offer a parallel, organizational approach to bridging the gap between domestic violence and child welfare services. We cannot create opportunities for safety for all families until we can create integrated approaches in which multidisciplinary teams work collaboratively to leverage strengths and skills from the domestic violence and child welfare fields, united by a single vision, to support all members of the family in safety and healing.
Hypothesis Testing Methods for Multivariate Multi-Occasion Intra-Individual Change

In psychological and educational measurement, it is often of interest to assess change in an individual. The current study expanded on previous research by introducing methods that can evaluate individual change on multiple latent traits measured on multiple occasions. The four methods considered are the likelihood ratio test (LRT), the multivariate Wald test (MWT), the modified multivariate Wald test (MMWT), and the score test (ST). Simulation studies were conducted to examine the true positive rate (TPR) and the false positive rate (FPR) of the new methods under a conventional fixed-form test and a computerized adaptive test (CAT). Manipulated variables included the number of occasions, change magnitudes, patterns of change, and correlations between latent traits. Results revealed that, in terms of FPR, all methods except MWT had close adherence to the nominal significance level. Among the three methods, the LRT is recommended as it provided a balance between FPR and TPR. Larger change magnitude yielded higher TPR, regardless of the remaining factors. With the same test length, a CAT yielded higher TPR than a conventional test. Real-data examples are provided of identifying psychometrically significant change across two to four occasions using a multivariate adaptive self-report medical outcomes measure from hospitalized patients. The detection of significant change among the three methods agreed highly, and those patients identified as having significant change exhibited large profile differences, which provided support for the valid performance of the proposed methods.
Associations between effort, importance, and self-monitoring during and after a 12-week behavioural weight management program.

Objective: Self-monitoring of weight and caloric intake has been associated with improved weight loss and weight loss maintenance in behavioural weight loss programs; however, participants' adherence to self-monitoring tends to decrease over time. To identify potential barriers to self-monitoring adherence, the current study examined week-to-week associations between ratings of perceived effort, relative importance of weight loss goals, and adherence to self-monitoring of weight and caloric intake during and after a behavioural weight loss programme. Method: Participants were 74 adults with overweight and obesity enrolled in a 12-week, Internet-based weight loss programme followed by a 40-week "maintenance" period during which no additional intervention was provided. Participants self-reported adherence to self-monitoring and completed ratings of effort and importance on a study website weekly throughout the study period (1 year). Results: Longitudinal multilevel models demonstrated that higher ratings of effort were associated with fewer days of self-monitoring of weight, s = -0.100, p < .0001, and caloric intake, s = -0.300, p < .0001. Conversely, higher ratings of importance were associated with more frequent self-monitoring of weight, s = 0.360, p < .0001, and caloric intake, s = 0.742, p < .0001. Moreover, the magnitude of these associations were stronger during the maintenance period than during initial intervention, ps < .01. Conclusions: Perceptions of effort and importance are both independently associated with adherence to self-monitoring weight and caloric intake, and this effect appears to be stronger after the end of initial intervention. Future research should investigate whether tailoring intervention content based on these constructs can improve adherence to self-monitoring.
Counterstories of Policy Implementation: Using Reform to Address Latinx Student Equity

We highlight how community colleges implement equity-oriented reform to address inequities facing Latinx students. Through counterstorytelling, we provide lessons learned on the implementation and ...
Teaching for Social Impact: Integrating Generational Goals and Concerns into Religious Education.

Claims of everyone a changemaker and calls for social and environmental responsibility resonate with today’s young adults. Less religious than preceding generations, they tend instead to draw their values and purpose from consumer, cultural, and employment affinities. They also rely on their connectivity, digital or otherwise, for the ability to make an impact in the direction of social change they deem necessary. Yet they are less connected than previous generations to some of the most fundamental means that support change, especially faith, family, and institutional leadership. To have a hand in shaping their generational desire for change, religious educators can design curricula to achieve not just traditional student learning outcomes, but social impact outcomes, too. Toward this end, the article proposes that religious educators approach students of religious education as engaged practitioners of change on a contemporaneous basis as well as in anticipation of their future agency. Doing so would instantiate teaching for social impact as a particular form of the praxis already prevalent in religious education. The article explores this potential through a survey of the cause–concerns and desires of young adults in Australia and the United States; a conceptual analysis of the engaged practice that is grounded in studium, or the zeal for coherence; and a description of what it might look like for religious education to integrate social impact outcomes into curricular considerations on the basis of such studium.
Anisotropic In-Plane Phonon Transport in Silicon Membranes Guided by Nanoscale Surface Resonators

Author(s): Neogi, S; Donadio, D | Abstract: Anisotropic phonon transport is observed along different lattice directions in two-dimensional (2D) and layered materials. However, this effect vanishes in homogeneous, covalently bonded films, as the thickness is increased beyond few atomic layers. Here we establish a fundamental mechanism to induce anisotropic phonon transport in quasi-2D materials with in-plane isotropic symmetry. The anisotropy is engendered by the resonant modes of surface nanostructures that hybridize with membrane modes. Using atomistic lattice dynamics and classical molecular dynamics we demonstrate that the thermal conductivity of silicon membranes with surface nanofins is larger by approximately 100% parallel to the fins than in the perpendicular direction. The primary advantage of these configurations is that they would be technologically viable for implementation to existing and innovative material architectures. We anticipate that our results will open up alternative research directions to control phonons of technology-enabling nanomaterials for a broad range of applications, including thermal management in three-dimensional interconnected nanoelectronics, thermoelectric conversion to IR sensing.
The safety performance of connected vehicles on slippery horizontal curves through enhancing truck drivers’ situational awareness: A driving simulator experiment

Abstract Although drivers can adequately adjust their operating speed according to the road curvature, they show a lack of recognition regarding the pavement friction conditions. In this regard, inappropriate speed selection on Horizontal Curves (HCs) with reduced surface friction can lead to a remarkable rate of run-off-road, sideswipe, head-on, and rollover crashes, especially on rural highways. Aligned with the Connected Vehicle (CV) Pilot Program on Interstate-80 in Wyoming, this study scrutinizes how CV advisory/warning messages can enhance traffic safety on slippery HCs. To this aim, a roadway consists of two HCs with regular and slippery pavement conditions was designed in a high-fidelity driving simulator experiment. A total of 24 professional truck drivers were recruited to drive the simulated roadway under CV and non-CV environments. In the CV scenario, drivers were informed about the pavement conditions and the advisory speeds before entering HCs. In contrast, no messages were given to non-CV drivers. Truck drivers' behaviors in both scenarios were quantified using four Kinematic-based Surrogate Measures of Safety (K-SMoS), including deviation from the pathway, instantaneous acceleration, lateral speed, and steering angle. CVs’ trajectories were statistically compared to non-CVs in terms of the central tendency and dispersion using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (WSRT) and Median Absolute Deviation (MAD), respectively. The results of WSRT depicted, under the effect of CV advisory/warning messages and throughout the slippery HC, the central tendency of four K-SMoS could be shifted toward zero by 23% up to 99%. This shifting is associated with a significant safety enhancement that potentially can reduce the likelihood of curve-related crashes on slippery HCs. It was revealed that the variation in drivers’ behavior on the slippery HC could be minimized in the CV environment, where 54% up to 95% reduction in the dispersions of four K-SMoS were observed, leading to more certainty in drivers’ behavior.
Frailty-a risk factor of global and domain-specific cognitive decline among a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older adult U.S. Medicare beneficiaries

OBJECTIVES frail older adults may be more vulnerable to stressors, resulting in steeper declines in cognitive function. Whether the frailty-cognition link differs by cognitive domain remains unclear; however, it could lend insight into underlying mechanisms. METHODS we tested whether domain-specific cognitive trajectories (clock-drawing test, (CDT), immediate and delayed recall, orientation to date, time, president and vice-president naming) measured annually (2011-2016) differ by baseline frailty (physical frailty phenotype) in the National Health and Aging Trends Study (n = 7,439), a nationally representative sample of older adult U.S. Medicare beneficiaries, using mixed effects models to describe repeated measures of each cognitive outcome. To determine if the association between frailty and subsequent cognitive change differed by education, we tested for interaction using the Wald test. RESULTS we observed steeper declines for frail compared to non-frail participants in each domain-specific outcome, except for immediate recall. Largest differences in slope were observed for CDT (difference = -0.12 (standard deviations) SD/year, 95%CI: -0.15, -0.08). By 2016, mean CDT scores for frail participants were 1.8 SD below the mean (95%CI: -1.99, -1.67); for non-frail participants, scores were 0.8 SD below the mean (95%CI: -0.89, -0.69). Associations differed by education for global cognitive function (Pinteraction < 0.001) and for each domain-specific outcome: CDT (Pinteraction < 0.001), orientation (Pinteraction < 0.001), immediate (Pinteraction < 0.001) and delayed (Pinteraction < 0.001) word recalls. CONCLUSION frailty is associated with lower levels and steeper declines in cognitive function, with strongest associations for executive function. These findings suggest that aetiologies are multifactorial, though primarily vascular related; further research into its association with dementia sub-types and related pathologies is critical.
World War One: The Global Revolution

World War I and its aftermath witnessed a global revolution. This was reflected in the revolutionary war aims of most of the belligerents, the technological revolution that made the war so deadly, the revolutionary sentiment that grew among ordinary combatants, and the revolutionary pressures that led to the collapse of the Romanov, Habsburg, and Ottoman empires. In this revised edition of World War One, Lawrence Sondhaus synthesizes the latest scholarship on the war and incorporates insights from the vast body of work published during the war's centenary. He charts the political, economic, social and cultural history of the war at home and on the frontlines as well as the war's origins, ending and transformative effects on societal norms and attitudes, gender and labor relations, and international trade and finance. The accessible narrative is supported by chronologies, personal accounts, guides to key controversies and debates, and numerous maps and photographs.