cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging: inotropic effects of Bay K-8644 and nifedipine on rat cardiac muscle.

Abstract Inotropic effects of Bay K-8644, nifedipine, isoproterenol and extracellular calcium (Ca o 2+ ) were examined in right ventricular strips, papillary muscle and left atria isolated from 4, 14 and 25 month old, male F344 rats. Under the experimental conditions used (37°C, 1.4 mM Ca o 2+ and 4 Hz), control developed tension (expressed per mg wet weight) increased with age in right ventricular strips and papillary muscle, but decreased in left atria. The maximal positive inotropic response to Bay K-8644 was diminished with age in right ventricular strips and papillary muscle (but not left atria), while the negative inotropic action of nifedipine was not affected in any of the three tissues. Age decreased the inotropic efficacy of isoproterenol in right ventricular strips and papillary muscle (not left atria), had no effect on the efficacy of Ca o 2+ in right ventricular strips and left atria, but diminished the maximum response to Ca o 2+ in papillary muscle. K d and B max values for [ 3 H]nitrendipine binding were not significantly different in the three age groups. These data suggest: (1) that age-related changes in basal contractility and inotropic responsiveness differ in atrial and ventricular muscle; and (2) that these changes may result from alterations in excitation-contraction coupling which are not mediated by changes in Ca 2+ channel density.
Capitalizing on the hydrophobic bias of electrospray ionization through chemical modification in mass spectrometry-based proteomics

Protein chemical derivatization has emerged as an invaluable bioanalytical approach in mass spectrometry-based proteomics with nearly unlimited potential. To date, derivatization strategies in proteomics have primarily focused on improving mass spectral identification and relative quantification of proteins, as well as increasing enrichment yield from complex mixtures. However, there is a great opportunity to develop and exploit front-end chemical processes to enhance the ability to detect low-abundant peptides and proteins for a large number of applications. The content of this article focuses on improvements in targeted, mass spectrometry-based proteomic strategies, achieved by taking advantage of the mechanism of ESI through the use of hydrophobic chemical derivatization.
Ten to eleven: It is not too late

Superunification underwent a major paradigm shift in 1984 when eleven-dimensional supergravity was knocked off its pedastal by ten-dimensional superstrings. This last year has witnessed a new shift of equal proportions: perturbative ten-dimensional superstrings have in their turn been superseded by a new non-perturbative theory called M-theory, which describes supermembranes and superfivebranes, which subsumes all five consistent string theories and whose low energy limit is, ironically, eleven-dimensional supergravity. In particular, six-dimensional string/string duality follows from membrane/fivebrane duality by compactifying M-theory on S 1/Z 2×K3 (heterotic/heterotic duality) or S 1×K3 (Type IIA/heterotic duality) or S 1/Z 2×T 4 (heterotic/Type IIA duality) or S 1×T 4 (Type IIA/Type IIA duality).
COUNIFORM DIMENSION OVER SKEW POLYNOMIAL RINGS

ABSTRACT In this paper, we study the behavior of the couniform (or dual Goldie) dimension of a module under various polynomial extensions. For a ring automorphism σ ∈ Aut(R), we use the notion of a σ-compatible module M R to obtain results on the couniform dimension of the polynomial modules M[x], M[x −1], and M[x, x −1] over suitable skew extension rings.
The transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to endogenous lipid acceptors in liver microsomes.

Abstract When the microsomal fraction of beef liver is incubated with UDP-[ 14 C]-galactose in the presence of an inhibitor of nucleotide pyrophosphatase, there is an incorporation of the [ 14 C]galactose into glycoprotein and into two lipid components, one soluble in chloroform and the other in chloroform/methanol/water (1:1:0.3). Chromatography of the chloroform fraction on DEAE-cellulose or Kieselguhr G gives a single peak with behavior identical to that of dolichol phosphate mannose. Hydrolysis of the chloroform fraction released free galactose. It seems, therefore, that galactose, like glucose, mannose, and N -acetylglucosamine, can be transferred from its respective sugar nucleotide to glycoprotein via dolichol intermediates.
Intersensory transfer in normal and brain-operated monkeys

Abstract A summary is given of five experiments which demonstrate transfer, between visual and tactual problems, of specific object discrimination and of learning-set acquisition. A suggested classification of intersensory transfer effects is presented, and the neural mechanisms involved are discussed.
Evaluating Materials of Environmental Concern Using Hyperspectral Imaging

Imaging spectroscopy has been successfully used to aid researchers in characterizing potential environmental impacts posed by acid-rock drainage, Katrina related oil spills, and asbestos in serpentine mineral deposits and urban dust.
Does the lipR gene of tubercle bacilli have a role in tuberculosis transmission and pathogenesis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipases, a diverse class of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, may have an important role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. We explored the association of large sequence polymorphism (LSP) in one of the M. tuberculosis lipase-encoding genes, lipR (Rv3084), with patient characteristics using a population-based sample of clinical isolates to elucidate the potential role of lipR in TB pathogenesis. LSP in lipR was found in 104 (15.6%) of 665 isolates, of which 96% belonged to principal genetic group 3. When linkage by molecular type and epidemiologic evidence were compared, molecularly clustered cases infected with a lipR LSP isolate were more often epidemiologically linked than clustered cases infected with a lipR wild-type isolate. Further epidemiologic and functional studies are necessary to determine if the association between this lipR LSP and recent transmission we identified in this population reflects a functional role of lipR in TB transmission and pathogenesis or other unidentified mechanisms.
Rhyming and the right hemisphere

Abstract Subjects determined whether two successively presented and orthographically different words rhymed with each other. The first word was presented at fixation and the second was presented either to the left or to the right of fixation, either alone (unilateral presentation) or accompanied by a distractor word in the other visual hemifield (bilateral presentation). Subjects were more accurate when the words did not rhyme, when presentation was unilateral, and when the target was flashed to the right visual hemifield. It was predicted that bilateral presentation would produce interference when information from both visual fields was processed by one hemisphere (callosal relay), but not when each of the two hemispheres performed a task independently (direct access). That is, callosal relay tasks should show greater laterality effects with bilateral presentations, whereas direct access tasks should show similar laterality effects with both bilateral and unilateral presentations. Greater laterality effects were observed for bilaterally presented rhyming words, but nonrhyming words showed similar laterality effects for both bilateral and unilateral presentations. These results suggest that judgment of nonrhyming words can be performed by either hemisphere, but that judgment of rhyming words requires callosal relay to the left hemisphere. The absence of a visual field difference with nonrhyming word pairs suggests further that judgment of non-rhyming word pairs may be accomplished by the right hemisphere when presentation is to the left visual field.
Surface free energy of nickel and stainless steel at temperatures above the melting point

The surface tension (liquid-state surface free energy) of pure nickel and type 304 stainless steel was measured in a narrow temperature range above the melting point by the sessile drop method. The temperature coefficients of surface free energy in the liquid state were found to be −1.76 erg cm−2 ‡ C−1 for nickel and −2.48 erg cm−2 ‡ C−1 for stainless steel. These values are shown to be a factor of 2 larger than those previously determined for the solid surface free energies of nickel and stainless steel, but have the same sign. The latent heats of fusion of nickel and 304 stainless steel were determined by comparison of variations of solid and liquid-state surface energies with temperature and found to be 292 and 284 erg cm−2 respectively. Measurement of the contact angle for a nickel sessile drop on thoria and a stainless steel sessile drop on alumina showed a decrease in the angle with an increase in temperature.
Correlations among indices of forest soil nutrient availability in fertilized and unfertilized loblolly pine plantations

Various laboratory indices of N and P availability in forest soils correlated poorly among themselves and with on-site ion exchange resin (IER) estimates in both unfertilized and N+P fertilized loblolly pine plantations. IER nutrient availability estimates had greatest within-site variability than laboratory indices. Net nitrification was minimal in laboratory incubation of the mineral soil despite high rates of ammonification. In contrast, IER NO3−N values were usually of the same magnitude as IER NH4−N values. In both fertilized and unfertilized stands, at least one N availability index was negatively correlated with at least one P index. Soil N and P availabilities were generally higher on fertilized plots than on unfertilized plots 3.5 years after fertilization, and IER estimates showed the greatest number of plots with increased levels. The greater ability of the IER method to distinguish between fertilized and unfertilized plots indicated the method was affected by on-site factors that the laboratory methods do not assess.
A method of identifying narcotic analgesics in human urine after therapeutic doses.

Abstract Alkaloids were separated from urine in 15 min with an Amberlite XAD-2 resin column, and the methanol eluate was chromatographed on 2 thin-layer silica gel glass microfiber sheets to establish a pattern of spots for each narcotic analgesic and its metabolites. Ten milliliters of urine applied to a column of Amberlite XAD-2 resin (1 × 6 cm) was flushed with an equal volume of water. The adsorbed drug and its metabolites were eluted with methanol nonselectively into the same fraction as some highly colored urinary pigments. The latter served as a guide to collect the alkaloid-containing fraction. Sixty microliters of the fraction were spotted on 2 Gelman SG sheets; these chromatograms were developed in 2 solvent systems: I ( n -butanol-acetic acid-water, 35:3:10) and IV (CHCl 3 saturated with ammonium hydroxide). The chromatograms were sprayed with iodoplatinate reagent, and unknowns were identified by matching their pattern of spots (drug and metabolites) with the pattern for urine standards run on the same chromatograms. From patients receiving no medication and others receiving therapeutic doses of narcotic analgesics 140 coded urine samples were collected. These unknowns were not decoded until after completion of the analysis. Six (out of the 7) control samples from untreated patients were correctly demonstrated to contain no alkaloids. The remaining 134 of the 140 samples were shown to be positive to iodoplatinate. Of these 134, 88 were identified correctly to be 27 meperidine, 29 codeine, 2 morphine, 1 levorphanol, 27 pentazocine, and 2 dihydromorphinone samples. In the remainder, 13 could not be assigned to a specific narcotic analgesic, and 33 were misidentified. Both these types of errors arose largely from paucity in number of alkaloid spots for matching with the urine standards. In spite of these shortcomings, the ease, speed, high sensitivity for detection and possibility for differential identification of narcotic analgesics make this method highly practical.
Spectral reflectance of natural objects: how many basis functions are necessary?

Ideal-observer analysis was used to determine the number of basis functions necessary to represent the spectral reflectances of natural objects. The ideal observer was placed at the level of photon catch in the foveal photoreceptors of a typical human eye. Daylight illumination was used. Discrimination of an original reflectance spectrum from its approximation typically reached an asymptote after three or four basis functions were used. A consideration of various factors involved in real rather than ideal performance led to the conclusion that three basis functions are necessary and probably sufficient for representing the spectral reflectance functions of natural objects.
Autonomous Boolean modelling of developmental gene regulatory networks

During early embryonic development, a network of regulatory interactions among genes dynamically determines a pattern of differentiated tissues. We show that important timing information associated with the interactions can be faithfully represented in autonomous Boolean models in which binary variables representing expression levels are updated in continuous time, and that such models can provide a direct insight into features that are difficult to extract from ordinary differential equation (ODE) models. As an application, we model the experimentally well-studied network controlling fly body segmentation. The Boolean model successfully generates the patterns formed in normal and genetically perturbed fly embryos, permits the derivation of constraints on the time delay parameters, clarifies the logic associated with different ODE parameter sets and provides a platform for studying connectivity and robustness in parameter space. By elucidating the role of regulatory time delays in pattern formation, the results suggest new types of experimental measurements in early embryonic development.
Saturated Mound Development on Sloping Clay Layers Due to a Finite Source: An Analytical Solutiona

Sloping clay layers beneath percolation ponds can cause infiltrating waste water to pond and move in directions not predicted by vertical infiltration equations. This paper presents a method for estimating the potential of percolation sumps located over sloping clay layers to interact with nearby ground-water resources. The analytical solution developed is for steady-state conditions and includes a procedure to estimate the time needed to reach steady state. The fundamental assumption used in the mathematical development requires that elevation-head gradients be much larger than pressure-head gradients. A method for testing the validity of this assumption is also included. An example calculation was performed for percolation sumps on the Naval Petroleum Reserves No. 1 in Elk Hills, California. That analysis shows that under the assumptions used, a sump exclusion zone on the Elk Hills is required to protect ground-water resources within the adjacent San Joaquin Valley.
Sophistic ethics in the technical writing classroom: Teaching nomos, deliberation, and action

Drawing on arguments by Carolyn Miller, Steven Katz, and others, this essay claims that teaching ethics is particularly important to technical writing. Next, the essay outlines a classical, sophistic approach to ethics based on the theories and pedagogies of Protagoras, Gorgias, and Isocrates. This sophistic approach emphasizes the Greek concept of nomos, internal and external deliberation, and responsible action or articulation. The final section of the essay discusses possible problems and pedagogical applications of sophistic ethics in the contemporary technical writing classroom.
Fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase copying a hypervariable region of the HIV-1 env gene

Abstract The unusually high mutation frequency exhibited by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major impediment to developing effective vaccines against the virus and to designing nucleotide analogs that inhibit viral replication. To investigate the molecular basis of HIV hypermutability, we established cell-free assays to measure the fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) in copying either DNA or both RNA and DNA templates that contain the hypervariable region 1 of the HIV-1 env gene (V-1). The fidelity of DNA synthesis was measured by repetitively copying the envelope gene (V-1) DNA by HIV-1 RT, followed by cloning and sequencing these newly synthesized DNA products. We found that the error rate of HIV RT copying either RNA or DNA of the env V-1 region is about one misincorporation per 5 kb polymerized. This rate is similar to that found with the M13mp2 forward mutation assay using the lacZ α gene as a template. This similarity suggests that the HIV env hypervariable sequence is not inherently hypermutable. The high error rate of HIV RT suggests that misincorporation by this enzyme is a major source of mutations throughout the viral genome and a determinant for rapid viral evolution. The spectrum of mutations produced by HIV RT in vitro partially correlates with the spectrum of HIV mutations observed in AIDS patients. The differences between these spectra highlight the contribution of phenotypic selection during HIV-1 infection. The overall uniformity of misincorporation of HIV-1 RT further suggests an alternative anti-HIV strategy based on increasing viral mutagenesis by nucleotide analogs.
Effect of soil pH on iron uptake and its specific activity by two cultivars of soybeans differing in ability to accumulate iron and by oleander

Abstract PI54619–5–1 and Hawkeye soybeans (Glycine max L.) were grown in Yolo loam soil with different amendments to alter the soil pH (5, 6, 7.4, and 8.2). High specific activity 59Fe had been equilibrated with the soil before transplanting. The numbers of plants per pot varied to create competition (8 or 2 for each variety plus 4 of each variety together). The PI54619–5–1 soybeans were Fe deficient at pH 7.2 and both Varieties were deficient at pH 8.5. The Hawkeye accumulated the most Fe except at pH 8.5. Iron accumulation and specific activity were both decreased at this pH value. Specific activity otherwise increased with soil pH, but varietal difference was most pronounced at pH 8.5. No stress effects were noted for growing the two soybean varieties together in these same pots. A high level of hydroquinone (10‐3 M) in the nutrient solution increased both Fe level and specific activity of 59 Fe in PI54619–5–1 soybeans. The DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) did not always extract the same spe...
Purine metabolism in vertebrate blood cells

Abstract 1. 1. Nucleated red blood cells from birds, reptiles and amphibians were shown to have little or no capacity to incorporate [ 14 C]glycine into adenine and guanine. [ 14 C]4-Amino-5-imidazole carboxamide was incorporated into these purines indicating that part of the purine biosynthetic pathway is functional in the nucleated cells. 2. 2. Mature mammalian red cells and other cells with a limited ability for purine synthesis de novo rely on the purine phosphoribosyltransferases for the utilization of performed purines to satisfy their requirements for these compounds. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.6) was shown to be present in all vertebrate red cells indicating that nucleated red cells may also utilize this mechanism.
The Effect of IntelliDrive on the Efficiency of Highway Transportation Systems

Recently, the IntelliDrive initiative has been proposed by the US Department of Transportation (USDOT) to enhance on-road safety and efficiency. In this study, we provide a mathematical framework which predicts the effect of such technologies on the efficiency of multilane highway systems prior to their real-life deployment. Our study shall encompass mixed traffic conditions in which a variety of assisted, automated and unequipped vehicles coexist. We show that intervehicular communications improves the flow of vehicles by reducing the perception-reaction (P-R) times of drivers and, in some cases, allowing for more efficient lane-changing operations. As we shall see, unlike the latter, the former effect of IntelliDrive on driver P-R time is always there, regardless of the specific traffic conditions.
The association between an objective measure of physical activity and weight status in preschoolers.

Objective: Our objective was to determine the association between physical activity and BMI among racially diverse low-income preschoolers. Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross-sectional study of 2- to 5-year-olds (n = 56) enrolled in Massachusetts Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants & Children (WIC). Physical activity was measured for 7 consecutive days with an accelerometer. Height and weight were obtained from WIC records, and BMI-for-age percentiles were calculated based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) 2000 Growth Charts. At-risk-for-overweight (BMI-for-age of ≥85th to <95th percentile) and overweight (BMI-for-age ≥95th percentile) groups were combined and referred to as overweight. Final analysis inclusion criteria were: completion of 4.5 days of activity assessment and anthropometric data obtained within 90 and 120 days of the activity assessment for children ages 24 to 35.99 and 36 to 59.99 months, respectively. Results: Overweight children had significantly lower mean daily very vigorous minutes (VVM) (2.6 mins vs. 4.6 mins, p < 0.05) and lower very active minutes (VAM) [i.e., sum of vigorous minutes (VM) and VVM] per day (22.9 mins vs. 32.1 mins, p < 0.05) than children who were not overweight. Daily VVM [odds ratio (OR) = 0.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.49 to 0.96], VM (OR = 0.94; CI, 0.88 to 1.00), and VAM (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.00) were all associated with significantly lower odds of being overweight. Discussion: This study suggests that, in a diverse group of preschoolers, vigorous and very vigorous activity are associated with lower odds of overweight. However, these findings require corroboration in a diverse sample of preschoolers using a longitudinal design.
Action Research: Theory and Applications

Action research as a methodology is suitable for use within academic library settings. Its theoretical foundations are located in several disciplines and its applications span across many professions. In this article, an overview of the theoretical beginnings and evolution of action research is presented. Approaches generally used in conducting an action research project and their applicability to academic library settings are discussed. Following the approaches are examples of action research projects conducted in a variety of academic settings and topics of interest to a wide spectrum of academic librarians, including those who work with information systems. Lastly, recommended guidelines on conducting an action research project are provided.
Polyene macrolide antibiotic cytotoxicity and membrane permeability alterations I. Comparative effects of four classes of polyene macrolides on mammalian cells

The relationship between polyene macrolide-induced early membrane damage and cytotoxicity in B1 (hamster), B82 (mouse), and RAG (mouse) cells has been investigated. Filipin (FIL) induced the greatest immediate damage, as monitored by 51Cr release, followed by mediocidin (MED), amphotericin B-deoxycholate (Fungizone®) (FZ) and pimaricin (PIM). For long term effect, PIM was the least toxic followed by MED, FZ, and FIL as indicated by 24-hour survival, 72-hour viability, and growth rate of cells. In evaluating polyene macrolide-induced permeability alterations and cytotoxicity two types of interactions with mammalian cells were found: (1) cell toxicity at polyene macrolide levels not eliciting immediate membrane permeability changes; and (2) immediate membrane damage without long range toxicity.
Log Ratio Methods For Establishing A Reference Frame For Chemical Change

A long‐standing but often ignored problem in geology is the fact that compositional data are closed, i.e., data sum to a constant and, thus, are not amenable to standard statistical techniques. The undesirable properties of closure can be overcome by converting compositional data to log ratios; the transformed data can usually be analyzed with parametric statistics. Woronow and Love proposed tests for establishing immobile element reference frames for measuring chemical change. These tests are independent of the usual assumption that Al, Ti, Zr, and the rare earth elements are immobile, an assumption contradicted by field studies and laboratory experiments suggesting that these elements are sometimes mobile. In this paper, Woronow and Love's tests are examined using an intuitive‐geometric approach. Although their tests are generally sound, modifications are proposed to make them more powerful. An additional test for immobility is proposed using variance ratios. These tests were applied to the alteration o...
G.L.C. determination of aldonic acids as acetylated aldonamides

A g.l.c. method for the determination of ribonic, xylonic, mannonic, gluconic, and galactonic acids has been developed. The method utilizes the propensity of aldonic acids to form lactones. The lactones are treated with 1-alkylamines, converted into N-(1-alkyl)aldonamides, and acetylated. The peracetylated N-(1-alkyl)aldonamides are thermally stable and readily separable by g.l.c. in 13 min on a cyanosilicone column.
Human Development and Adversity In Ecological Perspective, Part 1: A Conceptual Framework

This article is part one of a two-part series on human development and adversity. The author presents a conceptual framework combining developmental psychopathology and its associated concepts of resilience, protective factors, and risk factors with social work's ecological, phenomenological, and strengths-based approach. Separately, each framework has its strengths and weaknesses. Together, these frameworks provide a comprehensive and detailed view of human development that has major implications for practice, programs, and policy. Part two presents the results of research demonstrating how the integrated framework elucidates developmental processes under adverse conditions. This research identified three models of human development under adverse conditions: the model of the wounded well, the social- deficits model, and the social-assets model.
Remotely Operating a Fourier Transform Spectrometer for Atmospheric Remote Sensing

This paper describes how the MkIV instrument was adapted for remote operation from the Barcroft site, where the harsh winter conditions make access difficult. Some of the main technical challenges will be discussed including, (i) operation from solar panels and batteries, (ii) cooling the detectors with LN2, (iii) instrument control and monitoring over a cellular phone, and (iv) data storage, processing and analysis. Finally, MkIV spectra measured from Barcroft and compared with those measured from JPL to highlight the advantages of the higher altitude site.
Keeping track of sequential events: implications for the design of displays.

Several years of research on man's ability to keep track mentally of a series of events occurring in rapid sequence have bean reviewed, for the purpose of identifying parameters of potential importance to the designer of displays. Parameters such as presentation rate, the role of on—off ratio, irrelevant information, irregular presentation rate and audio versus visual displays are among those reviewed
Absence of a Grass/Fire Cycle in a Semiarid Grassland: Response to Prescribed Fire and Grazing

Many nonnative invasive grasses alter fire regimes to their own benefit and the detriment of native organisms. In southern Arizona the nonnative Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) dominates many semiarid grasslands where native grasses were abundant. Managers are wary of using prescribed fire in this fire-prone community partly due to the perceived effects of a grass/fire cycle. However, examples of the grass/fire cycle originate in ecosystems where native plants are less fire-tolerant than grasses and the invasive plant does not mimic the physiognomy of the native community. We investigate the effects of prescribed fire and livestock grazing on a semiarid grassland community dominated by a nonnative invasive grass. Lehmann lovegrass does not appear to alter the fire regime of semiarid grasslands to the detriment of native plants. Prescribed fire reduced the abundance of Lehmann lovegrass for 1 to 2 yr while increasing abundance of native grasses, herbaceous dicotyledons and fall richness, and diversity. Effects of livestock grazing were less transformative than the effects of fire in this long-grazed area, but grazing negatively affected native plants as did the combination of prescribed fire and livestock grazing. Although Lehmann lovegrass produces more fuel than native plants, fire frequency in semiarid grasslands appears to be limited by the paucity of above-average precipitation, which constrains high fuel loads. In addition, many native grasses tolerate high temperatures produced by Lehmann lovegrass fires. Consistent with previous research, fire does not promote the spread of Lehmann lovegrass, and more importantly human alteration of the fire regime is greater than the nominal effects of Lehmann lovegrass introduction on the fire regime.
Gravity induced symmetry breaking and ground state of local supersymmetric GUTs

Abstract It is shown that local supersymmetry does not necessarily imply existence of anti-de Sitter vacua in grand unified theories. A locally supersymmetric SU(5) grand unified example is presented in which the supergravity interactions make the SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) vacuum be the absolute minimum of the effective potential for a class of solutions whose Higgs and matter multiplets have no vacuum expectation values in the global limit ( k → 0). Supersymmetry breaking occurs at a scale m s ∼ 1 TeV through super Higgs effect and degeneracy is broken by O ( m s 4 ) rather than O ( K 2 M 6 ).
A revision of Ganaspidium Weld, 1952 (Hymenoptera, Figitidae, Eucoilinae): new species, bionomics, and distribution.

Th e New World eucoiline genus Ganaspidium is revised. Species in this genus are parasitoids of some of the most pestiferous species of leaf-mining Agromyzidae (Diptera), including the notorious Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). Th e following new species are described: Ganaspidium didionae, G. eldiablo, G. fl emingi, G. kolmaci, and G. konzaensis. Ganaspidium navajoe (Miller), comb. n., is recognized as junior synonym of G. pusillae Weld (syn. n.). Ganaspidium nigrimanus (Kieff er) and G. utilis Beardsley are removed from synonymy, and together with G. hunteri (Crawford), are now in Banacuniculus Buffi ngton. Species of Ganaspidium are recorded from a wide geographic area within North America, and several species appear to be adapted to arid environments. New distribution data, new host records, and a key to known species are provided.
Effects of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide [NSC 45388, DTIC] on neuroblastoma cells in culture.

Abstract The effects of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboximide (DTIC) on morphological and biochemical parameters of differentiation were studied in mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture. DTIC (10 μg/ml) did not induce formation of neurites in the cells but inhibited cell division, and produced a marked increase in cell size and in activity of three enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase) involved in neurotransmitter metabolism. These effects were apparently not related to an increase in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP.
End conditions for cubic spline interpolation derived from integration

In the literature, most of the end conditions for spline functions are obtained from conditions imposed on the spline function, its finite differences, or its derivatives near the two endpoints. In this paper a class of end conditions is derived for cubic spline functions by use of integration. These end conditions are given in terms of function values at the knots (data), and give rise to O(h^4) spline approximation. Also, it is shown that some of these end conditions have been obtained before from other constraints.
Black/White dating online: Interracial courtship in the 21st century.

We analyzed personal profiles and records of communication for more than a million nationwide users of a major online dating site. White more than Black, women more than men, and old more than young users stated a preference for a same-race partner. Overall, Blacks, especially Black men, proved more open to cross-race dating than did Whites. More than 80% of the contacts initiated by Whites were to Whites, with only 3% to Blacks. This sharp difference held for men and women and even for those who stated no racial or ethnic preference in their profiles. Blacks were 10 times more likely to contact Whites than Whites were to contact Blacks. Reciprocations to messages showed the same trends, but more moderately.
An Image Is Worth a Thousand Words: Why Nouns Tend to Dominate Verbs in Early Word Learning.

Nouns are generally easier to learn than verbs (e.g., Bornstein, 2005; Bornstein et al., 2004; Gentner, 1982; Maguire, Hirsh-Pasek, & Golinkoff, 2006). Yet, verbs appear in children's earliest vocabularies, creating a seeming paradox. This paper examines one hypothesis about the difference between noun and verb acquisition. Perhaps the advantage nouns have is not a function of grammatical form class but rather related to a word's imageability. Here, word imageability ratings and form class (nouns and verbs) were correlated with age of acquisition according to the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) (Fenson et al., 1994). CDI age of acquisition was negatively correlated with words' imageability ratings. Further, a word's imageability contributes to the variance of the word's age of acquisition above and beyond form class, suggesting that at the beginning of word learning, imageability might be a driving factor.
An effective hop-based detailed router for FPGAs for optimizing track usage and circuit performance

We have developed a hop-based complete detailed router ROAD-HOP that uses the Bump & Refit (B&R) approach to route a FPGA circuit in a near-optimal manner. This approach is based on generating a minimum-spanning tree (MST) from the complete pin-to-pin graph of each net with each edge cost based on a combination of its contribution to the net length, channel congestion and potential average "bumping" cost in the channels in which the edge lies. Using the MST, a hop-based routing of each net is performed that attempts to minimize the combination of net length, number of hops and total number of tracks needed in the FPGA. Given each net's global route, a FPGA detailed router can minimize net delays by minimizing the number of hops or equivalently the number of track switchings in complex switchboxes of current FPGAs---hop-based routing can model routing using complex switchboxes. By minimizing the number of hops and total net length, ROAD-HOP minimizes net delay. Note that ROAD-HOP can only be compared to another detailed router and we compare it to the best previous detailed router SEGA for the VPR architecture. We use the output of the VPR global router as input to both ROAD-HOP and SEGA. Our new algorithm achieves significantly better results than SEGA with respect to the number of tracks needed and the circuit speed. Across a number of benchmark circuits, our algorithm needs about 8% fewer tracks than SEGA. Furthermore, the average net delay of the routing generated by our algorithm is 34% less than that of SEGA, and is 52% less for the longest net.
Telomere loss as a mechanism for chromosome instability in human cancer

Cancer cells commonly have a high rate of telomere loss, even when expressing telomerase, contributing to chromosome instability and tumor cell progression. This review addresses the hypothesis that this high rate of telomere loss results from a combination of four factors. The first factor is an increase in the frequency of double-strand breaks (DSB) at fragile sites in cancer cells due to replication stress. The second factor is that telomeres are fragile sites. The third factor is that subtelomeric regions are highly sensitive to DSBs, so that DSBs near telomeres have an increased probability of resulting in chromosome instability. The fourth factor is that cancer cells may be deficient in chromosome healing, the de novo addition of telomeres to the sites of DSBs, a mechanism that prevents chromosome instability resulting from DSBs near telomeres. Understanding these factors and how they influence telomere loss will provide important insights into the mechanisms of chromosome instability and the development of novel approaches for anti-cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 70(11); 4255-9. (c)2010 AACR.
Biologically-Inspired Bodies Under Surface Waves Part 2: Theoretical Control of Maneuvering

The theoretical control of low-speed maneuvering of small underwater vehicles in the dive plane using dorsal and caudal fin-based control surfaces is considered. The two dorsal fins are long and are actually mounted in the horizontal plane. The caudal fin is also horizontal and is akin to the fluke of a whale. Dorsal-like fins mounted on a flow aligned vehicle produce a normal force when they are cambered. Using such a device, depth control can be accomplished. A flapping foil device mounted at the end of the tailcone of the vehicle produces vehicle motion that is somewhat similar to the motion produced by the caudal fins offish. The moment produced by the flapping foils is used here for pitch angle control. A continuous adaptive sliding mode control law is derived for depth control via the dorsal flns in the presence of surface waves. The flapping foils have periodic motion and they can produce only periodic forces. A discrete adaptive predictive control law is designed for varying the maximum tip excursion of the foils in each cycle for the pitch angle control and for the attenuation of disturbance caused by waves. Strouhal number of the foils is the key control variable. The derivation of control laws requires only imprecise knowledge of the hydrodynamic parameters and large uncertainty in system parameters is allowed. In the closed-loop system, depth trajectory tracking and pitch angle control are accomplished using caudal and dorsal fin-based control surfaces in the presence of system parameter uncertainty and surface waves. A control law for the trajectory control of depth and regulation of the pitch angle is also presented, which uses only the dorsal fins and simulation results are presented to show the controller perfor­ mance.
Iron Deficiency and Educational Deficiency

Existing data suggest that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a risk factor for poor educational performance in schoolchildren. The synergistic effect of IDA in combination with other forms of malnutrition and other risk factors may affect educational performance more strongly. Thus, IDA and its effect on educational performance should be studied in the context of other risk factors.
Generation of 5.1 fs, 0.5 mJ pulses with an adaptive phase modulator

By improving the throughput of the 4f system and by increasing the input laser pulse energy, milli-joule level two cycle pulses were produced with a liquid crystal spatial light modulator for the first time.
Biosynthesis of a structurally novel lipid A in Rhizobium leguminosarum: identification and characterization of six metabolic steps leading from UDP-GlcNAc to 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid2-lipid IVA.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are prominent structural components of the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. In Rhizobium spp. LPS functions as a determinant of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legumes. LPS is anchored to the outer surface of the outer membrane by the lipid A moiety, the principal lipid component of the outer bacterial surface. Several notable structural differences exist between the lipid A of Escherichia coli and that of Rhizobium leguminosarum, suggesting that diverse biosynthetic pathways may also exist. These differences include the lack of phosphate groups and the presence of a 49-linked GalA residue in the latter. However, we now show that UDP-GlcNAc plays a key role in the biosynthesis of lipid A in R. leguminosarum, as it does in E. coli. 32P-labeled monosaccharide and disaccharide lipid A intermediates from E. coli were isolated and tested as substrates in cell extracts of R. leguminosarum biovars phaseoli and viciae. Six enzymes that catalyze the early steps of E. coli lipid A biosynthesis were also present in extracts of R. leguminosarum. Our results show that all the enzymes of the pathway leading to the formation of the intermediate 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo2)-lipid IVA are functional in both R. leguminosarum biovars. These enzymes include (i) UDP-GlcNAc 3-O-acyltransferase; (ii) UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-GlcNAc deacetylase; (iii) UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-GlcN N-acyltransferase; (iv) disaccharide synthase; (v) 49-kinase; and (vi) Kdo transferase. Our data suggest that the early steps in lipid A biosynthesis are conserved and that the divergence leading to rhizobial lipid A may occur at a later stage in the pathway, presumably after the attachment of the Kdo residues. Images
Comparative pulmonary response to inhaled nanostructures: considerations on test design and endpoints

Recently there has been increased concern and focus on the toxicity of engineered nanoparticulates (NPs). The tendency of NPs to aggregate and agglomerate in a concentration- and/or matrix-dependent manner often provides a continuum of particulates, ranging from nanosized to micrometer-sized. Agglomerated arrangements of closely packed nanoparticles increase the void-space volume and increase the composite volume of phagocytized particles. Consequently, much less particle mass is needed to exceed the volumetric overload limit for the inhibition of macrophage-mediated clearance. A unifying, most appropriate metric of NPs conferring pulmonary biopersistence and toxicity has not been demonstrated yet. Hence, it is timely to analyze and to consider to what extent current testing paradigms need to be modified in order to identify the unique hazards potentially associated with engineered nanostructured materials. Before embarking on novel testing paradigms, toxicological testing of NPs should be carried out acc...
Multiobjective Optimization of a Port-of-Entry Inspection Policy

At the port-of-entry, containers are inspected through a specific sequence of sensor stations to detect the presence of radioactive materials, biological and chemical agents, and other illegal cargo. The inspection policy, which includes the sequence in which sensors are applied and the threshold levels used at the inspection stations, affects the probability of misclassifying a container as well as the cost and time spent in inspection. This work is an extension of a paper by Elsayed et al., which considers an inspection system operating with a Boolean decision function combining station results. In this paper, we present a multiobjective optimization approach to determine the optimal sensor arrangement and threshold levels, while considering cost and time. The total cost includes cost incurred by misclassification errors and the total expected cost of inspection, while the time represents the total expected time a container spends in the inspection system. Examples which apply the approach in various systems are presented.
Stratigraphy of the Caloris Basin, Mercury: Implications for Volcanic History and Basin Impact Melt

Caloris basin, Mercury's youngest large impact basin, is filled by volcanic plains that are spectrally distinct from surrounding material. Post-plains impact craters of a variety of sizes populate the basin interior, and the spectra of the material they have excavated enable the thickness of the volcanic fill to be estimated and reveal the nature of the subsurface. The thickness of the interior volcanic plains is consistently at least 2.5 km, reaching 3.5 km in places, with thinner fill toward the edge of the basin. No systematic variations in fill thickness are observed with long-wavelength topography or azimuth. The lack of correlation between plains thickness and variations in elevation at large horizontal scales within the basin indicates that plains emplacement must have predated most, if not all, of the changes in long-wavelength topography that affected the basin. There are no embayed or unambiguously buried (ghost) craters with diameters greater than 10 km in the Caloris interior plains. The absence of such ghost craters indicates that one or more of the following scenarios must hold: the plains are sufficiently thick to have buried all evidence of craters that formed between the Caloris impact event and the emplacement of the plains; the plains were emplaced soon after basin formation; or the complex tectonic deformation of the basin interior has disguised wrinkle-ridge rings localized by buried craters. That low-reflectance material (LRM) was exposed by every impact that penetrated through the surface volcanic plains provides a means to explore near-surface stratigraphy. If all occurrences of LRM are derived from a single layer, the subsurface LRM deposit is at least 7.5-8.5 km thick and its top likely once made up the Caloris basin floor. The Caloris-forming impact would have generated a layer of impact melt 3-15 km thick; such a layer could account for the entire thickness of LRM. This material would have been derived from a combination of lower crust and upper mantle.
Cellular and Molecular Analysis of Lymphoid Development Using RAG-Deficient Mice

The establishment of a functional immune system with diverse antigen receptors is dependent on the V(D)J recombination activating gene products Rag-1 and Rag-2. These two proteins constitute the key lymphoid components required for the activation of antigen receptor rearrangement. Both Rag-1 and Rag-2 are required for the catalysis of the initial stages of V(D)J recombination. Thus, functional disruption of either the Rag-1 or Rag-2 genes by homologous recombination, leads to immunodeficiency due to lymphoid arrest at a stage prior to the recombination of the antigen receptor loci. In Rag-deficient mice, both B- and T-cell differentiation is eliminated due to the absence of antigen receptors. Lymphoid development can be restored by the introduction of rearranged antigen receptor transgenes that give rise to monoclonal populations of fully mature B- or T-cells. The absence of the major conventional populations of B- and T-cells from the Rag-deficient mice provided an excellent background for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of lymphoid differentiation. The Rag-deficient background has been used as a system for: the functional analysis of Rag-1 and Rag-2; studying the developmental functions of antigen receptors and other molecules of the immune system; the molecular analysis of the early stages of the B- and T-cell lineages; the co-development of lymphocytes with stroma cells; the identification of minor subpopulations of the developing immune system; the involvement of lymphoid populations in the onset of pathogenesis. In addition, the development of the "blastocyst complementation assay" methodology, based on the phenotype of the Rag-/- mice, allowed the functional analysis of numerous lymphoid specific components.