cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrocorticographic functional mapping identifies human cortex critical for auditory and visual naming

Abstract More comprehensive, and efficient, mapping strategies are needed to avoid post-operative language impairments in patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. Conservative resection of dominant anterior frontal or temporal cortex frequently results in post-operative naming deficits despite standard pre-operative electrocortical stimulation mapping of visual object (picture) naming. Naming to auditory description may better simulate word retrieval in human conversation but is not typically tested, in part due to the time demands of electrocortical stimulation mapping. Electrocorticographic high gamma (60–150 Hz) activity, recorded simultaneously through the same electrodes used for stimulation mapping, has recently been used to map brain function more efficiently, and has at times predicted deficits not anticipated based on stimulation mapping alone. The present study investigated electrocorticographic mapping of visual object naming and auditory descriptive naming within conservative dominant temporal or frontal lobe resection boundaries in 16 patients with 933 subdural electrodes implanted for epilepsy surgery planning. A logistic regression model showed that electrodes within traditional conservative dominant frontal or temporal lobe resection boundaries were significantly more likely to record high gamma activity during auditory descriptive naming than during visual object naming. Eleven patients ultimately underwent resection and 7 demonstrated post-operative language deficits not anticipated based on electrocortical stimulation mapping alone. Four patients with post-operative deficits underwent a resection that included sites where high gamma activity was observed during naming. These findings indicate that electrocorticographic mapping of auditory descriptive naming may reduce the risk of permanent post-operative language deficits following dominant temporal or frontal resection.
The use of hair analysis for the detection of drugs: on overview

Forensic scientists, medical practitioners, other healthcare professionals, criminologists and epidemiologists have a need to accurately determine types and intensities of psychoactive drug use. As a consequence these groups have turned to various drug detection technologies to aid them in finding accurate methods of evaluating drug exposure. The development over the last two decades of immunochemical drug assays of urine has been a major element in enhancing the capability to detect and assess drug use and establishing the efficacy of drug testing in clinical circumstances. The fact that these drugs are often illicit adds a complexity to this process not associated with traditional therapeutic drug monitoring. The introduction and application of urinalysis for cocaine, opiates, cannabinoids and other drugs, for example, engendered considerable controversy although now its use is routinely accepted. Furthermore, in the US the use of this technology in criminal justice and employment contexts has evoked substantial debate over individual rights of privacy and protection from intrusion. Hair specimen analysis was first used to detect toxins in the 18th century, and the detection of psychoactive drugs in hair dates back more than 40 years. Hair analysis has undergone intense development in the last decade, and recapitulating the history of urine testing, its application has stirred considerable debate as well. The controversies attached to hair analysis are not confined to just abstract ideas of rights and protections of the individual or the scientific validity of the technique. Drug testing has in the US become 'big business'. Commercial testing is well developed and highly competitive, with financial stakes involved in servicing the drug testing market. Government agencies, too, have
Treatment of unfavorable myelodysplastic syndrome with all-trans-retinoic acid and subcutaneous Ara C.

Abstract Thirty patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, defined as>5% bone marrow blasts, were treated with a combination of oral all- trans- retinoic acid (45 mg/m 2 daily) and subcutaneous AraC (10 mg/m 2 ) on days 1–14 of each 28–35 day cycle repeated for 2–6 cycles. Complete remission lasting 9, 12, and 15 months was achieved in three patients. Partial and minor response did not translate into meaningful clinical improvement, like complete responders. Overall incidence of leukemia transformation and survival of this cohort of patients was no different from the expected outcome for a group of patients with similar characteristics.
MyD88 Functions as a Negative Regulator of TLR3/TRIF-induced Corneal Inflammation by Inhibiting Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase

The adaptor molecule MyD88 is necessary for responses to all Toll-like receptors except TLR3 and a subset of TLR4 signaling events, which are mediated by the adaptor molecule TRIF. To determine the role of TRIF in host inflammatory responses, corneal epithelium of C57BL/6, TLR3(-/-), TRIF(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) mice was abraded and stimulated with the synthetic TLR3 ligand poly(I:C). We found that poly(I:C) induced a pronounced cellular infiltration into the corneal stroma, which was TLR3- and TRIF-dependent. Unexpectedly, the inflammatory response was exacerbated in MyD88(-/-) mice, with enhanced neutrophil and F4/80(+) cell infiltration into the corneal stroma and elevated corneal haze, which is an indicator of loss of corneal transparency. To determine whether MyD88-dependent inhibition of TLR3/TRIF responses is a general phenomenon, we examined cytokine production by MyD88(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages; however, no significant difference was observed between MyD88(+/+) or MyD88(-/-) macrophages. In contrast, human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) transfected with MyD88 small interfering RNA had significantly increased (2.5-fold) CCL5/RANTES production compared with control HCECs, demonstrating a negative regulatory role for MyD88 in TLR3/TRIF responses in these cells. Finally, knockdown of MyD88 in HCECs resulted in increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not p38, IRF-3, or NF-kappaB. Consistent with this finding, the JNK inhibitor SP600125, but not p38 inhibitor SB203580, ablated this response. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a novel JNK-dependent inhibitory role for MyD88 in the TLR3/TRIF activation pathway.
Spectral description of the gravity wave field

This section discusses atmospheric fluctuations in the mesoscale range, which for present purposes is defined to include motions with vertical scales ranging from a scale height or so down to a few tens of meters, horizontal scales from a few hundred kilometers down to a few kilometers, and time scales from about a day down to the buoyancy (Brunt-Vaisala) period of 5 to 10 minutes. When fluctuations in the mesoscale range are observed to be sinusoidal they are almost certainly due to gravity (buoyancy) waves. Usually, however, the fluctuations are noiselike, so that their cause is not immediately apparent. Gage (1] suggested that these noiselike fluctuations are the result of two-dimensional turbulence in an energy cascade from smaller to larger horizontal scales. On the other hand, Dewan (2] and VanZandt [3] suggested that they are the result of a random field of gravity waves with the energy flow generally from larger to smaller scales. The preponderance of evidence shows that gravity waves are usually dominant, but on theoretical grounds two-dimensional turbulence must always be present to some degree.
Ultrastructural organization of eumelanin from Sepia officinalis measured by atomic force microscopy.

Atomic force microscopy is used to investigate the structural organization of eumelanin isolated from the inks sacs of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Deposits of eumelanin on mica reveal a range of structures. The most prevalent structure is an aggregate comprised of particles with diameters of 100−200 nm. This morphology is consistent with published SEM images of intact granules. Mechanical manipulation of these structures using the AFM tip show that these particles, while stable, are not a fundamental structural unit but are an aggregate of smaller constituents. Images of the bulk pigments also reveal the presence of filament structures that have an average height and width of ∼5 nm and tens of nanometers, respectively. Taken along with recent X-ray scattering and mass spectrometry experiments, the AFM data provides strong supporting evidence for the conclusion that eumelanin is comprised of small oligomeric units and that the structural morphology observed in imaging experiments reflects aggregation...
Immune Response in Progressor and Regressor Strains of Chickens at Specific Intervals After a Primary Challenge with Rous Sarcoma Virus

A progressor line and a regressor line of chickens were compared for development of immune response, after an initial inoculation of Rous sarcoma virus in the wing-web. Quantitative measures of immunity were determined for the two contrasting lines of chickens at specific intervals after the initial challenge. It was found that subsequent challenges, with either Rous sarcoma virus or tumor homogenate, in the opposite wing-web were met by an early immune response from the regressor line. This early response was absent in the progressor line. However, both lines showed a similar immune response after a time interval of 15 days from the initial challenge. The genes for regression exert this early immune response which is the key to spontaneous regression of Rous sarcomas.
The regulation of RNA synthesis during mitosis.

Abstract The inhibition of RNA synthesis in mitotic cells is accountable, at least in part, by a reduced template capacity for RNA synthesis seen with mitotic chromatin. By reconstituting chromatin from purified DNA and either S-phase or mitotic chromosomal proteins, it is shown that the reduced template capacity is produced by the interaction of the mitotic proteins with DNA. The degree of inhibition of template capacity is related to the dose of mitotic proteins in the reconstituted chromatin.
Methodological Considerations for Using the English XL Tribometer for Post Hoc Slip-and-Fall Evaluations:

We examined several variables that can affect slip-resistance measurements obtained using the English XL tribometer to illustrate the importance of implementing the proper controls when using the device to evaluate a slip-and-fall incident. We measured slip resistance at two different locations on the same surface, under wet and dry conditions, with the tribometer oriented in eight different directions per location. Our results showed that location, direction, and surface wetness can affect slip resistance measurements, but the effects interact with each other in unpredictable ways. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering direction as well as location of a particular slip-and-fall, rather than strict adherence to ASTM F1679–04: Standard Test Method for Using a Variable Incidence Tribometer (VIT). We conclude that it is important to consider both location and direction when using the tribometer in analysis of any specific incident occurring on non-uniform surfaces.
Relation of the alliance with outcomes in youth psychotherapy: A meta-analysis

The goal of this meta-analytic review was to provide a reliable estimate of the alliance-outcome relation in youth psychotherapy. Previous meta-analyses focused upon the alliance-outcome association in youth and adult psychotherapy have produced effect size (ES) estimates above r=.20. In the current study, meta-analytic methods were applied to the largest study sample collected (N=38) to date in the youth psychotherapy field and the mean weighted ES estimate was r=.14, which is smaller than previous estimates. The child- and parent-therapist alliances were not differentially associated with outcomes. However, the alliance-outcome association did vary across theoretical (i.e., child age, problem type, referral source, and mode of treatment) and methodological (i.e., source and timing of alliance assessment; domain, technology, and source of outcome assessment; single vs. multiple informants) variables. Existing client-, therapist-, and observer-report alliance measures evidenced adequate reliability; however, substantial variability exists in how the alliance is conceptualized and measured. Though the magnitude of the ES estimate raises questions about the role that the alliance may play in youth psychotherapy, the findings also suggest that the extant literature represents a heterogeneous group of studies whose effects vary according to theoretical and methodological factors. Addressing existing knowledge and measurement gaps in the field may therefore lead to a more robust estimate of the alliance-outcome association in youth psychotherapy.
Directly fed millimetre-wave two-arm spiral antenna

An 18 to 110 GHz two-arm Archimedean spiral antenna directly fed with a Dyson balun is designed, fabricated, and measured. The feed line includes a monolithically integrated rectangular coaxial line impedance transformer designed to reduce the nominal antenna impedance from ~180 to 80 Ω and to match that impedance to the nominal system's impedance of 50 Ω. Full-wave modelling and impedance measurements are used to assess antenna performance. A VSWR <;; 2.5:1 is obtained throughout the measured band.
Effective Teaching Strategies for English Language Learners

Abstract This paper provides effective strategies for early childhood teachers to use with children who are English language learners (ELLs). The strategies were compiled from interviews with 20 early childhood educators from two culturally and linguistically diverse communities in Massachusetts. Emphasis was placed on the strategies that the greatest number of teachers from both school districts identified as effective. These teaching strategies seek to help ELL students make connections between content and language, and support their communication and social interactions.
Oxygen Availability in Ischemic Brain Following Hypocarbia and Hypercarbia: Polarographical Depth Electrode Recordings in Evolving and Completed Experimental Stroke in the Monkey

Acutely implanted oxygen-recording polarographical depth electrodes were used to appraise changes in oxygen availability (O2a) in the brain of the Rhesus monkey. Modifications of oxygen availability induced by hypocarbia and hypercarbia in the normal and the infarcted brain are described. The most consistent finding was a reversal of the expected effects of low and high Paco2 values during the acutely ischemic period (evolving stroke) and an incomplete return to the normal response by five days (completed stroke).
Glutamate activation of neurons within trigeminal nucleus caudalis increases adrenocorticotropin in the cat

The role of trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) in control of the autonomic and endocrine correlates of nociception was assessed in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Microinjections of the neuroexcitatory agent, L-glutamate (0.5 M), were directed at the marginal layers, at the central magnocellular portion, and at the deep magnocellular portion of Vc. Changes in the plasma concentration of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), in mean arterial pressure, and in heart rate were examined. Glutamate excitation of neurons within the marginal layers of Vc evoked a significant (+143 +/- 52 pg/ml, P less than 0.01) increase in plasma ACTH during the 10 min postinjection sampling period. Glutamate injections into the deep magnocellular portion of Vc also increased plasma ACTH (+97 +/- 28 pg/ml, P less than 0.05), whereas activation of neurons in the central magnocellular portion of Vc had no consistent effect on plasma ACTH (-25 +/- 29 pg/ml, P greater than 0.10). Arterial pressure increased transiently after glutamate injections into the marginal layers or central magnocellular portion of Vc, whereas injections into the deep magnocellular portion of Vc did not affect arterial pressure. Heart rate increased transiently regardless of the laminar site of injection within Vc. These data indicate that activation of neurons in laminar regions of Vc that process nociceptive information cause an increase in plasma ACTH, whereas activation of neurons in laminae of Vc that process mainly non-nociceptive input have no significant influence on plasma ACTH.
Pharmacokinetics of drugs in blood I. Unusual distribution of gentamicin

Distribution kinetics of gentamicin in whole blood were studied. After spiking human blood to an initial concentration of 20 μg ml−1, plasma gentamicin concentrations dropped to minima at about 5 min then increased to maxima at about 15 min and remained constant afterwards. A difference of up to 36 per cent between the maximum and minimum was found. The equilibration was faster with lower initial concentrations. These unusual distribution phenomena might be attributed to the Schiff base formation between nonprotonated amino groups of gentamicin and free fatty aldehyde groups on blood cell membrane. The mean equilibrium blood cells/plasma partition ratio was about 0.1. Similar equilibration kinetics were observed with blood of rabbits after being intravenously dosed with gentamicin. Therefore, the time elapsed between the collection and centrifugation of blood samples, especially shortly after dosing, may have a significant effect on the ‘measured’ plasma gentamicin concentration. Distribution between plasma and blood cells may also occur in a similar manner with other drugs which have primary amino groups. It is recommended that distribution kinetics of drugs and metabolites in blood be included in pharmacokinetic studies.
Evaluation for concomitant thyroid nodules and primary hyperparathyroidism in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy or thyroidectomy.

Background Previous investigators have reported the incidence of thyroid nodules in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism; others have noted the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients who underwent thyroidectomy. It is well known that both of these entities coexist. In this article, we present a single-center experience with the incidence of concomitant thyroid nodular disease and primary hyperparathyroidism in patients who underwent parathyroidectomy or thyroidectomy. Methods From May 2006 to December 2007, 526 patients underwent thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, or both. Operations were performed by surgeons in the Johns Hopkins Endocrine Surgery Section after screening preoperatively for concomitant thyroid nodular disease or primary hyperparathyroidism. Results Among the 200 patients who underwent a parathyroidectomy, 102 (51.0%) were found to have thyroid nodular disease. Six percent of these 200 patients also had a thyroid malignancy. Of the 326 patients who were primarily seen for thyroid disease, the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism was 3.1%. Conclusion By implementing a comprehensive approach to patients who present with thyroid disease or primary hyperparathyroidism, concomitant pathology may be elucidated preoperatively. This approach will facilitate the detection of otherwise unsuspected thyroid cancer and hyperparathyroidism as well as prevent unnecessary reoperative surgery.
Pharmacological and genetic depletion of fibrinogen protects from kidney fibrosis

Fibrinogen (Fg) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several fibrotic disorders by acting as a profibrotic ligand for a variety of cellular surface receptors and by modulating the provisional fibrin matrix formed after injury. We demonstrated increased renal Fg expression after unilateral ureteral obstruction and folic acid (FA) nephropathy in mice, respectively. Urinary Fg excretion was also increased in FA nephropathy. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, our results suggested that IL-6 mediates STAT3 activation in kidney fibrosis and that phosphorylated (p)STAT3 binds to Fgα, Fgβ, and Fgγ promoters in the kidney to regulate their transcription. Genetically modified Fg heterozygous mice (∼75% of normal plasma Fg levels) exhibited only 3% kidney interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy after FA nephropathy compared with 24% for wild-type mice. Fibrinogenolysis through Ancrod administration after FA reduced interstitial fibrosis more than threefold compared with vehicle-treated control mice. Mechanistically, we show that Fg acts synergistically with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to induce fibroblast proliferation and activates TGF-β1/pSMAD2 signaling. This study offers increased understanding of Fg expression and molecular interactions with TGF-β1 in the progression to kidney fibrosis and, importantly, indicates that fibrinogenolytics like Ancrod present a treatment opportunity for a yet intractable disease.
Mechanism and Scope of the Base-Induced Dehalogenation of (E)-Diiodoalkenes

A wide range of nucleophiles have induced the elimination of iodine from (E)-diiodoalkenes to form alkynes under surprisingly mild conditions. The iodide anion is particularly efficient, and can drive the reaction to completion in less than 1 hour at room temperature in a polar aprotic solvent. Detailed investigations have suggested the reaction has a bimolecular polar mechanism. The deiodination reaction can be driven to completion with 1 equiv. of nucleophile and is partially catalytic with substoichiometric amounts of deiodinating reagent. Kinetic analysis of the stoichiometric iodide-induced reaction indicated an overall pseudo-first-order behavior. The reaction exhibited strong solvent effects, with much slower reactions observed in protic solvents than in polar aprotic solvents. The substrate dimethyl (2E)-2,3-diiodobutene-2-dioate demonstrated orthogonal reactivity for either elimination or hydrolysis, depending on the solvent and nucleophile used. This reaction is a major pathway for all the diiodoalkenes examined, and represents a challenge and an opportunity for using these substrates in organic synthesis.
The Significance of Charged Defects in Understanding the Light-Induced Degradation of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon-Germanium Alloys

The authors have characterized the defect state structure in a series of device quality glow discharge intrinsic, n-type doped, and p-type doped a-Si,Ge:H alloys with Ge content ranging from 20 at.% to 35 at.%. Their experimental methods include capacitance profiling, transient junction photocurrent and photocapacitance measurements. These methods have allowed them to identify one type of thermally induced defect transition plus two types of optical transitions from deep defects. Their results indicate that these transitions must involve at least two distinct defect sub-bands. Comparison of the magnitudes of these sub-bands for the intrinsic, n-type, and p-type alloys has allowed them to confirm that one of the optical transition belongs to D{sup +} defect sub-band. All the optically and thermally induced bands of defect transitions are present with similar magnitudes for the most intrinsic a-Si,Ge:H alloys, which implies that charged defects play a significant role in glow discharge a-Si,Ge:H alloys. They then examined the changes in these defect densities, along with the changes in the hole mobility-lifetime products, that result from prolonged light exposure. By comparing the annealed state and light soaked state of each sample, they have been able to correlate the relative changes of the identified defect sub-band withmore » the measured hole mobility-lifetime products. These data indicate that charged defects probably play a dominant role in determining the degradation of these a-Si,Ge:H alloys in device applications.« less
Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936

1. The origins of the Bolshevik vision: love unfettered: women free 2. The first retreat: Besprizornost and socialised childrearing 3. Law and life collide: free union and the wage-earning population 4. Stirring the sea of peasant stagnation 5. Pruning the 'Bourgeois Thicket': drafting a new family code 6. Freedom and its consequences: the debate on the 1926 family code 7. Reproduction and the law 8. Recasting the vision: the resurrection of the family 9. Conclusion: the new socialist state, law and family.
Cyanobacteria as Biocatalysts for Carbonate Mineralization

Microbial carbonate mineralization is widespread in nature and among microorganisms, and of vast ecological and geological importance. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that trigger and control processes such as calcification, i.e., mineralization of CO2 to calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is limited and literature on cyanobacterial calcification is oftentimes bewildering and occasionally controversial. In cyanobacteria, calcification may be intimately associated with the carbon dioxide-(CO2) concentrating mechanism (CCM), a biochemical system that allows the cells to raise the concentration of CO2 at the site of the carboxylating enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) up to 1000-fold over that in the surrounding medium. A comprehensive understanding of biologically induced carbonate mineralization is important for our ability to assess its role in past, present, and future carbon cycling, interpret paleontological data, and for evaluating the process as a means for biological carbon capture and storage (CCS). In this review we summarize and discuss the metabolic, physiological and structural features of cyanobacteria that may be involved in the reactions leading to mineral formation and precipitation, present a conceptual model of cyanobacterial calcification, and, finally, suggest practical applications for cyanobacterial carbonate mineralization.
Towards the standardization of in vitro load transfer investigations of hip prostheses

AbstractThe effect of optical refraction at an interface between optically dissimilar media is modelled in order to apply the principles of three-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) to measure deformations on submerged objects accurately. Using an analytical formulation for refraction at an interface, a non-linear solution approach is developed to perform stereo calibration. The proposed method incorporates a simplified parametric representation for the orientation and position of an interface(s), accounting explicitly for the effects of refraction at all such interfaces in the path of each stereo camera. Separating the calibration process into two parts, a modified bundle adjustment process with an updated Levenburg–Marquardt (LM) non-linear optimization algorithm is employed to determine (a) intrinsic and extrinsic stereo camera parameters without interface refraction and (b) orientation and position of each planar interface. Detailed simulations demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy, and stabili...
Resources and energetics determined dinosaur maximal size

Some dinosaurs reached masses that were ≈8 times those of the largest, ecologically equivalent terrestrial mammals. The factors most responsible for setting the maximal body size of vertebrates are resource quality and quantity, as modified by the mobility of the consumer, and the vertebrate's rate of energy expenditure. If the food intake of the largest herbivorous mammals defines the maximal rate at which plant resources can be consumed in terrestrial environments and if that limit applied to dinosaurs, then the large size of sauropods occurred because they expended energy in the field at rates extrapolated from those of varanid lizards, which are ≈22% of the rates in mammals and 3.6 times the rates of other lizards of equal size. Of 2 species having the same energy income, the species that uses the most energy for mass-independent maintenance of necessity has a smaller size. The larger mass found in some marine mammals reflects a greater resource abundance in marine environments. The presumptively low energy expenditures of dinosaurs potentially permitted Mesozoic communities to support dinosaur biomasses that were up to 5 times those found in mammalian herbivores in Africa today. The maximal size of predatory theropods was ≈8 tons, which if it reflected the maximal capacity to consume vertebrates in terrestrial environments, corresponds in predatory mammals to a maximal mass less than a ton, which is what is observed. Some coelurosaurs may have evolved endothermy in association with the evolution of feathered insulation and a small mass.
High-silica deposits of an aqueous origin in western Hellas Basin, Mars

[1] Data from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer and the Thermal Emission Imaging System have been used to identify isolated high silica surfaces in western Hellas Basin. Deconvolution results indicate that the surfaces are composed of nearly 80% high silica phases (amorphous silica, phyllosilicates, or zeolites). The deposits may be derived from alcoves in the terrain immediately to the north. The high silica deposits are an additional indicator of a variety of past aqueous processes on Mars.
Food choice, plate waste and nutrient intake of elementary- and middle-school students participating in the US National School Lunch Program.

Objective To (i) evaluate food choices and consumption patterns of elementary- and middle-school students who participate in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and (ii) compare students’ average nutrient intake from lunch with NSLP standards. Design Plate waste from elementary- and middle-school students’ lunch trays was measured in autumn 2010 using a previously validated digital photography method. Percentage waste was estimated to the nearest 10 % for the entree, canned fruit, fresh fruit, vegetable, grain and milk. Univariate ANOVA determined differences in percentage waste between schools, grades and genders. Daily nutrient intake was calculated using the district's menu analysis and percentage waste. Setting Elementary and middle schools in northern Colorado (USA). Subjects Students, grades 1–8. Results Plate waste was estimated from 899 lunch trays; 535 elementary- and 364 middle-school students. Only 45 % of elementary- and 34 % middle-school students selected a vegetable. Elementary-school students wasted more than a third of grain, fruit and vegetable menu items. Middle-school students left nearly 50 % of fresh fruit, 37 % of canned fruit and nearly a third of vegetables unconsumed. Less than half of the students met the national meal standards for vitamins A and C, or Fe. Conclusions Few students’ lunch consumption met previous or new, strengthened NSLP lunch standards. Due to the relatively low intake of vegetables, intakes of vitamins A and C were of particular concern. Effective behavioural interventions, combined with marketing, communications and behavioural economics, will likely be necessary to encourage increased vegetable intake to meet the new meal standards.
Routing and scheduling for variable bandwidth advance reservation in elastic applications

We introduce a heuristic for the routing and scheduling problem in variable bandwidth advance reservation. The proposed heuristic minimizes latency for each request and reduces request blocking significantly compared to traditional circuit switching approaches.
A new biodegradation prediction model specific to petroleum hydrocarbons

A new predictive model for determining quantitative primary biodegradation half-lives of individual petroleum hydrocarbons has been developed. This model uses a fragment-based approach similar to that of several other biodegradation models, such as those within the Biodegradation Probability Program (BIOWIN) estimation program. In the present study, a half-life in days is estimated using multiple linear regression against counts of 31 distinct molecular fragments. The model was developed using a data set consisting of 175 compounds with environmentally relevant experimental data that was divided into training and validation sets. The original fragments from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry BIOWIN model were used initially as structural descriptors and additional fragments were then added to better describe the ring systems found in petroleum hydrocarbons and to adjust for nonlinearity within the experimental data. The training and validation sets had r2 values of 0.91 and 0.81, respectively.
Characterization of the cell cycle and synchrony in a CV-1 cell line†

Synchronous populations of CV-1 cells have been prepared by the selective detachment of mitotic cells. An approach, using a combination of standard techniques, has allowed evaluation of the degree of synchrony throughout the cell cycle. CV-1 cells have a cycle of approximately 19-hr duration, throughout which synchronous populations progress with a dispersion of 3 hr, i.e., ie, greater than or equal to 90% of the cells enter S phase and subsequently divide within a 3-hr period. A major cause of this dispersion is the differential attachment times of individual cell within the population when a synchronous culture is initiated.
Ratio of shear to load ground-reaction force may underlie the directional tuning of the automatic postural response to rotation and translation.

This study sought to identify the sensory signals that encode perturbation direction rapidly enough to shape the directional tuning of the automatic postural response. We compared reactions to 16 d...
Environmental contributors to the achievement gap.

Extensive research shows that blacks, those of low socioeconomic status, and other disadvantaged groups continue to exhibit poorer school performance compared with middle and upper-class whites in the United States’ educational system. Environmental exposures may contribute to the observed achievement gap. In particular, childhood lead exposure has been linked to a number of adverse cognitive outcomes. In previous work, we demonstrated a relationship between early childhood lead exposure and end-of-grade (EOG) test scores on a limited dataset. In this analysis, data from the North Carolina Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program surveillance registry were linked to educational outcomes available through the North Carolina Education Research Data Center for all 100 counties in NC. Our objectives were to confirm the earlier study results in a larger population-level database, determine whether there are differences in the impact of lead across the EOG distribution, and elucidate the impact of cumulative childhood social and environmental stress on educational outcomes. Multivariate and quantile regression techniques were employed. We find that early childhood lead exposure is associated with lower performance on reading EOG test scores in a clear dose-response pattern, with the effects increasingly more pronounced in moving from the high end to the low end of the test score distribution. Parental educational attainment and family poverty status also affect EOG test scores, in a similar dose-response fashion, with the effects again most pronounced at the low end of the EOG test score distribution. The effects of environmental and social stressors (especially as they stretch out the lower tail of the EOG distribution) demonstrate the particular vulnerabilities of socioeconomically and environmentally disadvantaged children. Given the higher average lead exposure experienced by African American children in the United States, lead does in fact explain part of the achievement gap.
Detecting Functional Modules from Protein Interaction Networks

Accumulating evidence suggests that biological systems are composed of separable functional modules. Identifying these modules is essential in understanding the organization of biological systems. In this paper, we extend the indegree and outdegree concept of vertex to the sub-graph and propos a new formal definition of a module in a network. By combining our new network module definition with an adaptation of the Girvan-Newman algorithm, we propose a new divisive algorithm to detect modules from protein interaction networks. We applied our approach to the DIP yeast core protein interaction network and 81 compact simple modules with size larger than 3 are revealed. All 81 modules are significantly enriched for functional Gene Ontology terms. Comparison between our compact simple modules with the modules of Radicchi et al. showed that our modules are statistically more significant (lower P-value). Our approach provides a plausible way to identify functional modules within biological networks.
Sea-level rise and coastal groundwater inundation and shoaling at select sites in California, USA

a b s t r a c t Study region: The study region spans coastal California, USA, and focuses on three primary sites: Arcata, Stinson Beach, and Malibu Lagoon. Study focus: 1 m and 2 m sea-level rise (SLR) projections were used to assess vulnerability to SLR-driven groundwater emergence and shoaling at select low-lying, coastal sites in Cal- ifornia. Separate and combined inundation scenarios for SLR and groundwater emergence were developed using digital elevation models of study site topography and groundwater surfaces constructed from well data or published groundwater level contours. New hydrological insights for the region: SLR impacts are a serious concern in coastal Cali- fornia which has a long (∼1800 km) and populous coastline. Information on the possible importance of SLR-driven groundwater inundation in California is limited. In this study, the potential for SLR-driven groundwater inundation at three sites (Arcata, Stinson Beach, and Malibu Lagoon) was investigated under 1 m and 2 m SLR scenarios. These sites provide insight into the vulnerability of Northern California coastal plains, coastal developments built on beach sand or sand spits, and developed areas around coastal lagoons associated with seasonal streams and berms. Northern California coastal plains with abundant shal- low groundwater likely will see significant and widespread groundwater emergence, while impacts along the much drier central and southern California coast may be less severe due to the absence of shallow groundwater in many areas. Vulnerability analysis is hampered by the lack of data on shallow coastal aquifers, which commonly are not studied because they are not suitable for domestic or agricultural use. Shallow saline aquifers may be present in many areas along coastal California, which would dramatically increase vulnerability to SLR-driven groundwater emergence and shoaling. Improved understanding of the extent and response of California coastal aquifers to SLR will help in preparing for mitigation and adaptation.
THE SENIC SAMPLING PROCESS: DESIGN FOR CHOOSING HOSPITALS AND PATIENTS AND RESULTS OF SAMPLE SELECTION

To achieve its primary objectives, the Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC Project) focused its attention on a target population of patients referred to as SENIC-eligible admissions in a target population of hospitals referred to as the "SENIC Universe." SENIC thus required a design for sampling hospitals and patients within these hospitals and a valid procedure for projecting sample results to the target population. This paper presents the details of the sampling design used, describes the actual process of selecting hospitals and patients for the surveys, explains the procedure used to project sample results to the target population, and examines the possibility of bias in the design and hospital selection process. As with most large-scale sample surveys, the design and sample selection processes for the surveys in Phases II and III of SENIC were complicated by incomplete frame, nonresponse and measurement problems. Nevertheless, adjustments to reduce the effects of some of these problems have been made through the development of a valid procedure for projecting sample results to the target population, and it appears unlikely that practically important nonsampling biases will result from the estimation procedures applied to this sample of hospitals.
Survival of CD23-positive (CD23+) mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) compared to classic CD23-negative (CD23-) MCL: Biologic correlates and clinical outcomes in a 10-year analysis

8039 Background: MCL has been historically classified as CD23-, but CD23+ immunophenotype (IP) is identified in a significant minority of patients (pts). It is unclear whether clinicopathologic or survival differences exist between CD23- and CD23+ MCLs. Methods: MCL diagnosis was based on morphology, IP with associated cyclinD1-positivity and/or t(11;14). We identified MCL pts treated at our institution from 1997–2006. We investigated IP (CD23 by flow cytometric analysis), pt characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival. Results: We identified 54 pts (16F/38M), of whom 89% had stage IV disease, IPI = 3 in 57%, 38% elevated LDH, 26% high B2- microglobulin, 30% bulky disease (= 7cm), and 39% with peripheral blood involvement. Thirty-three pts (61%) had CD23- disease, 14 (26%) CD23+ MCL, and 7 (13%) had variable CD23 expression (CD23+/CD23- varied in tissue sites). The only clinicopathologic differences between CD23- and CD23+ pts were increased incidence of extranodal disease (besides marrow or gastroi...
A Drug-Free Zone--Lymph Nodes as a Safe Haven for HIV

Understanding where and how the HIV latent reservoir persists is essential for developing rational HIV cure strategies. In a recent paper in Nature, Lorenzo-Redondo et al. (2016) demonstrate that HIV persists and actively evolves within lymph nodes due to low antiretroviral drug penetration, revealing the need to target these drug-privileged sites.
Acceptance and Body Dissatisfaction: Examining the Efficacy of a Brief Acceptance Based Intervention for Body Dissatisfaction in College Women.

Background: Body dissatisfaction among college women is concerning given its high prevalence and associated negative consequences. While cognitive-behavioral approaches to reducing body dissatisfaction have considerable support, it may be beneficial to target the problematic relationship that some individuals have with their internal experiences. Aims: To examine the relative efficacy of an acceptance-based compared to a cognitive restructuring approach to targeting body dissatisfaction. Method: College women were randomly assigned to an acceptance (n = 21), cognitive restructuring (n = 21) or a neutral comparison condition (n = 24). Participants completed a body dissatisfaction challenge postintervention and their dissatisfaction, distress about body-related thoughts and emotions, and the extent they felt defined by their outward appearance were measured. Results: Both approaches provided a protective effect against decreases in body satisfaction and related feelings. Conclusion: Acceptance and CBT approaches to treating body dissatisfaction are worthy of future investigation.
Positive and negative eating expectancies in disordered eating among women and men.

Deficits in emotion regulation are known to characterize disordered eating patterns including binge eating, purging, and dietary restraint, though much of this work has been conducted exclusively on women. Eating expectancies, or expectations regarding reinforcement from food and eating, constitute one cognitive mechanism that is thought to serve as a proximal influence on eating behavior. Previous research shows that eating to manage negative affect (a negative eating expectancy) is associated with eating pathology in women, but less is known about eating as a reward or for pleasure (a positive eating expectancy). In addition, no prior work has examined eating expectancies among men. This study examines the role of emotion regulation and eating expectancies on disordered eating in women and men.Participants were 121 female and 80 male undergraduates who completed self-report measures of emotion regulation, eating expectancies, and disordered eating.In women, body mass index (BMI), emotion regulation, and eating to manage negative affect directly predicted disordered eating in the final multivariate model, whereas eating for pleasure or reward was inversely associated with disordered eating. However, in men, emotion regulation predicted disordered eating, but not when eating expectancies were added to the model. In the final model, only BMI and eating to manage negative affect contributed significantly to the variance in disordered eating.These findings suggest that some correlates of eating pathology, particularly eating expectancies, may vary by gender. Future research should continue to examine gender differences in the explanatory mechanisms underlying disordered eating.
A Novel, Reactive Green Iron Sulfide (Sulfide Green Rust) Formed on Iron Oxide Nanocrystals

Iron oxide nanocrystals are of great scientific and technological interest. In this work, these materials are the starting point for producing a reactive nanoparticle whose surface resembles that of natural green rusts. Treatment of iron oxide nanoparticles with cysteamine leads to the reduction of iron and the formation of a brilliant green aqueous solution of nanocrystals rich in iron(II). These materials remained crystalline with magnetic and structural features of the original iron oxide. However, new low-angle X-ray diffraction peaks as well as vibrational features characteristic of cysteamine were found in the nanocrystalline product. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoemission (XPS) and Mossbauer spectroscopies indicated the presence of an iron(II)-rich phase with high sulfur content analogous to the iron–oxygen structures found in natural green rusts. Electron microscopy found that these structural components remained associated with the nonreduced iron oxide cores. These sulfur-rich ...
Lacunarity Analysis of Fracture Intensity Maps: Are they Multifractals?

Lacunarity (L) is a scale (r)-dependent parameter that was developed for quantifying clustering in fractals and has subsequently been employed to characterize various natural patterns. It has been further analytically proved that lacunarity analysis invoking the gliding-box algorithm can find the correlation dimension, D 2 of multifractals. The present research empirically tests this on a set of multifractal models generated with known D 2 values. The log-transformed lacunarityvalues of these models, log L were plotted as a function of the log-transformed box-size, log r. The slopes of these linear relations, estimated using regression analysis, were then used to calculate D 2 values that gave an approximately 1:1 relationship with the known values. Multifractal behavior can therefore, be checked without having to compute the whole spectrum of non-integer dimensions, D q (-∞ < q < +∞) that typically characterize a multifractal. The technique thus developed was applied to fracture intensity maps generated from a set of nested fracture networks from the Devonian Sandstone, Hornelen Basin, Norway in order to test if such intensity maps display multifractal behavior.
Analysis on A Snowstorm in Shenyang Taoxian International Airport

By using conventional observed data,and combined with analysis of atmospheric circulation and physical quantity characteristics,a snowstorm process in Shenyang area during Mar.19th-20th,2010 was analyzed.The results showed that under the northeast area specific U-shape topographical condition,it is easy to form the underlying bed submersion air current,the lifting ascendant current and the high-level cold air forms the rough atmosphere stratification,the high-level strong divergence disperse suction plays important role in snowstorm formation;and the hindering of accurate paroxysmal cyclone to water vapor was the main reason for the snow formation.The snowstorm water vapor originated from Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea,Shenyang sky moist potential vorticity had the close relationship with the snowstorm.
Diel variations in the aggressive behaviour of the mouse, Mus musculus

Abstract Experiments to determine the extent of diel variations in the aggressive behaviour of male ICR mice involved (1) independent observations of different mice at different times of the day and (2) multiple observations on individual mice at different times. It was found that wounding varied over the 24-hr period, the rhythm of wounding was shifted with shifts in the photoperiod, and the rhythm of aggression was correlated with the rhythm of activity. The two peaks of aggression corresponded with the change from light to dark and dark to light.