cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Semi Truck Driver Age and Gender and the Presence of Passengers on Collisions with Other Vehicles

Objective: A retrospective population-based case control study was conducted to determine whether semi truck driver age and gender and the presence of passengers affect the likelihood that a semi truck driver will be at fault in a semi truck collision (STC) with another vehicle. Methods: Cases were identified as semi truck drivers in at-fault STCs with other vehicles and controls were semi truck drivers in not-at-fault STCs with other vehicles, using the Kentucky Collision Report Analysis for Safer Highways (CRASH) electronic database from 2000–2006. Multiple logistic regression was performed. Results: The results from the final multiple logistic regression show that solo semi truck drivers, aged 65 and over, were the age group at highest risk for at-fault STCs with other vehicles. However, the presence of passengers in the semi truck had a protective effect for semi truck drivers aged 65 and older. When controlling for all other variables in the model, female semi truck drivers were at higher risk than m...
SU-FF-I-114: Effects of Exposure Level and Anatomical Background On Detection of Simulated Microcalcifications in Digital Mammography

Purpose: To assess the influence of quantum and anatomic noises on the detection of simulated microcalcifications (MCs) on digital mammograms.Materials and Methods: Images of an anthropomorphic breast phantom (RMI 169) overlapping with simulated MCs ranging from 160 to 224 micron in size placed at various locations were acquired with an aSi/aSe flat panel based digital mammography system (Selenia) operated with Mo‐Mo target/filter combination at 28 kVp. These mammograms were exposed with 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 325 mAs. All images were displayed randomly on a review workstation and reviewed by five readers independently. The readers were asked to count the number of visible MCs. The ratio of visible MCs was computed for each different combination of MC size, reader and mAs setting. The performance differences in the ratios averaged from all readers between mAs levels was assessed by performing Student t‐test to compute the p values. Results: It was found that in the dense tissue region the visibility reached 90% at 10, 33 and 37 mAs for 200–212, 160–180 and 180–200 micron MCs, respectively; and at 10 mAs for 180–200 and 200–212 micron MCs and at 15 mAs for 160–180 micron MCs in the fatty region. The lower visibility in the dense tissue region may be due to the fact that the photon flux was lower in the dense tissue regions therefore requiring higher mAs setting to achieve sufficient image SNRs for detection of MCs. Our results also show that in the dense tissue region, the visibility of 180–200 micron MCs stayed at 90% at 80 mAs. This may indicate that the anatomical noise was limiting the detectability of 180–200 micron MCs. This work was supported in part by grants CA104759 and CA124585 from NIH‐NCI, a grant EB00117 from NIH‐NIBIB, and a subcontract from NIST‐ATP.
Vagal and recurrent laryngeal neuropathy following stereotactic ablative radiation therapy in the chest

Abstract Purpose To identify clinical and dosimetric factors associated with vagus nerve (VN) and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RecLN) injury following stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) in the chest. Methods and Materials We examined the clinical courses and SABR plans of 67 patients treated for T1 or T2 non-small cell lung cancer of the upper right or left lung, including 2 who developed vocal cord paresis (VCP) following treatment. After developing a contouring atlas for the VN and RecLN in the thorax, dose to those structures was retrospectively determined for each patient, and we identified 12 patients whose treatment imparted significant dose to either nerve and who were assessable for more than 12 months follow-up. Biologically effective doses using linear-quadratic (LQ) and linear quadratic-linear (LQ-L) modeling were correlated with VN and RecLN toxicity. Results Of 12 patients, 2 developed VCP. The first underwent repeat SABR and received a cumulative single fraction equivalent dose (alpha/beta = 3; SFED 3 ) of 37.4 or 64.5 Gy to the VN and 13.7 or 15.3 Gy to the RecLN (by LQ or LQ-L modeling, respectively). This was the highest VN dose and fifth highest RecLN dose in the cohort. The second had rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue disease and received a SFED 3 of 16 Gy to the VN and 19.5 Gy to the RecLN (by both LQ and LQ-L modeling). This was in the upper tertile of VN and RecLN doses for the cohort. Conclusions Following SABR for non-small cell lung cancer, VCP was associated with high cumulative dose to the VN in 1 patient and a moderately high dose to the VN and RecLN in another patient with rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue disease. Particularly in the setting of reirradiation or connective tissue disease, potential toxicity to the VN or RecLN should be considered.
Evaluation of hypothalamic dysfunction in growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients using single versus multiple doses of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH-44) and evidence for diurnal variation in somatotroph responsiveness to GHRH in GH-deficient patients.

To examine the efficacy of multiple doses of GHRH-44 to enhance GH secretion and to determine the number of GHRH-44 doses required to exclude hypothalamic dysfunction, 12 doses of GHRH-44 were administered iv every 2 h to 4 GH-deficient patients beginning in the morning (group A) and to 4 GH-deficient patients beginning in the evening (group B). Five additional GH-deficient patients (group C) were given 4-18 GHRH-44 doses. The first and last doses were 5 μg/kg; all others were 1 μg/kg. Higher GH responses were attained by 9 of the 13 patients after multiple GHRH-44 doses than after the initial GHRH-44 dose. After the first GHRH-44 dose, the peak plasma GH concentrations were less than 7 μg/L in 9 patients; 4 of 9 achieved GH concentrations above 7 μg/L after 5–7 GHRH-44 doses; 2 had measurable levels below 7 μg/L. GH concentrations remained undetectable in 3 older patients in group C. In the patients who had detectable GH levels after GHRH-44 treatment, serum somatomedin-C concentrations increased from 0....
Three-dimensional deformation of a spherical droplet in a square duct flow at moderate reynolds numbers

Abstract In this work, we study the dynamics of a three-dimensional neutrally buoyant droplet as it translates and deforms in a square-duct. An emphasis is placed on understanding the transient deformation history. We study the effect of the Reynolds number, capillary number, and droplet to carrier fluid viscosity ratio on deformation. In the low Reynolds number limit, we expect the droplet deformation to be independent of Reynolds number. We examine moderate Reynolds numbers in the range of 10–100 and show that inertia plays a significant role in droplet deformation both in the magnitude of steady-state as well as transient deformations. For Reynolds numbers greater than 25, we observe non-monotonic deformation histories. At higher Reynolds numbers we also observe cavity regions forming at the trailing edge of the droplets. These cavity regions appear to be unstable due to their relatively high interfacial curvature. Interfacial tension therefore plays a significant role at the trailing edge to return the cavity region to a more stable convex shape. We study droplet deformation for moderate capillary numbers in the range of 0.10–0.25 and observe a strong variation in deformation magnitude with capillary number. However, the capillary number does not appear to influence the qualitative transient deformation behavior. We also explore the effect of droplet to carrier fluid viscosity ratio on droplet deformation and observe a more complicated relationship. For small viscosity ratios, the deformation histories are non-monotonic and the steady-state deformation increases as the viscosity ratio is increased. In this regime, a cavity forms at the droplet trailing during early times. The formation of a trailing edge cavity is considerably decreased and vanishes for large droplet viscosity. For large drop viscosity, the system is considerably damped and the deformation histories are monotonic for the period of time investigated in this study.
DEVELOPING GENETIC COEFFICIENTS FOR CROP SIMULATION MODELS WITH DATA FROM CROP PERFORMANCE TRIALS

Successful uses of crop models in technology transfer and decision support tools require that coefficients describing new cultivars be available as soon as the cultivars are marketed. The objectives of this study were (i) to develop an approach to estimate cultivar coefficients for the CROPGRO-Soybean model from typical information provided by crop performance tests, (ii) to evaluate the suitability of yield trial data for deriving genetic coefficients and site-specific soil traits for use in crop models, and (iii) to explore the extent to which our approach allowed the crop model to reproduce observed genotype x environment (GE) interactions, cultivar ranking, and year-to-year yield variability. Crop performance tests typically record harvest maturity date, seed yield, seed size, height, and lodging. A stepwise procedure using data on 11 cultivars grown at five sites in Georgia over 4 to 10 yr efficiently decreased the root mean square error (RMSE) between observed and predicted data. For Stonewall', a maturity group VII cultivar, the RMSE of 769 kg ha -1 between the actual and modeled seed yield, estimated initially by means of the existing general maturity group coefficients, was reduced to 404 kg ha -1 . For the same cultivar, the initial RMSE of 5.3 and 9.3 d between the actual and simulated anthesis and harvest maturity dates, respectively, estimated by means of the existing general maturity group coefficients, were reduced to 2.9 and 5.8 d. In addition to deriving useful information on site characteristics and cultivar traits, our approach has enabled CROPGRO to satisfactorily mimic the genotypic yield ranking and much of observed genotype x environment interactions. Across all environments, the difference in genotype ranking based on yield between measured and predicted values was one or less for 61% of the environments.
A galactosyltransferase from Erwinia amylovora and its possible role in biosynthesis of polysaccharide in infected tissues

Abstract A galactosyltransferase (UDP galactose: D-glucose 4-β-galactosyl transferase; E.C. 2.4.l.22) was partially purified by 30 to 75% ammonium sulfate fractionation, QAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G 150 column chromatography from a soluble fraction (40 000 g) of sonicated bacterial cells of Erwinia amylovora (ATCC 19381). The enzyme activity was assayed in a 0·l ml aqueous reaction mixture containing 5 μmol of Tris-HCI buffer, pH 7·2, 4 μmol of manganese chloride, 47 pmol of UDP-(1'C) galactose (2·7 x 104 dpm), 2 μmol of acceptor and enzyme preparation. This enzyme transferred galactose from UDP-galactose to glucose in the presence of α-lactalbumin and to N-acetylglucosamine and amylovorin primer in the absence of α-lactalbumin. n -Acetylgalactosamine, maltose and melibiose were not galactose acceptors. The specificity of the enzyme suggests that the galactosyltransferase may play an important role in the production of amylovorin, a galactose-rich polysaccharide, found in the exudates on the surface of apple and pear tissues infected by E. amylovora.
Body CT During Pregnancy: Utilization Trends, Examination Indications, and Fetal Radiation Doses

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to analyze body CT utilization trends, indications, fetal radiation doses, and scanning parameters associated with high fetal radiation doses (defined as > 30 mGy).MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review of all chest and abdominopelvic CT examinations performed between 1998 and 2005 of patients known to be pregnant was conducted. Demographics, gestational age, examination indication, and scan parameters were recorded. Fetal radiation dose was calculated for those abdominopelvic examinations with direct fetal irradiation.RESULTS. From a database of more than 170,000 chest and more than 180,000 abdominopelvic CT examinations, 74 chest and 86 abdominopelvic examinations of pregnant patients were identified. Chest CT use increased on average 75%/y/1,000 deliveries in pregnancy versus 19%/y increase in all patients (p = 0.2700). Abdominopelvic CT utilization increase was on average 22%/y/1,000 deliveries in pregnant patients versus 13%/y increase in all patients ...
Patient Perceptions of Having 1st- and 2nd-Year Medical Students Involved in Their Care

Background: Medical student education has shifted to earlier clinical experiences and increased use of ambulatory settings. Little is known about patient perceptions of having 1st- and 2nd-year medical students involved in their care. Purposes: The purpose of this article is to study patient perceptions of having 1st- and 2nd-year medical students involved in their care in an ambulatory setting. Methods: In 2011 we surveyed 314 patients seen in 2 primary care clinics who saw 1st- or 2nd-year medical students. The survey included questions regarding patient visit satisfaction and perception of overall quality of the visit, adequacy of visit time, benefit of having a student involved in their care, and willingness to see a student in clinic again. Comparisons were made for patients who saw a student and a preceptor (n = 201) and patients who saw only the preceptor (n = 113). Results: Overall visit satisfaction was very high for patients who saw students (83% very satisfied) and patients who saw only the pre...
Use of an ideal scaled model for scaling evaluation

In this paper a method is described for using RELAP5 models to corroborate the scaling methodology that has been used for design of the Purdue University multidimensional Test Apparatus. This facility was built for the U.S. NRC to obtain data on the performance of the passive safety systems of the General Electric Company simplified boiling water reactor. Similarity between the prototype system and the scaled test facility is investigated for a main steam line break accident.
Regularity of flat level sets in phase transitions

We consider local minimizers of the Ginzburg-Landau energy functional ∫1/2|∇u| 2 +1/4(1-u 2 ) 2 dx and prove that, if the 0 level set is included in a flat cylinder then, in the interior, it is included in a flatter cylinder. As a consequence we prove a conjecture of De Giorgi which states that level sets of global solutions of Δu = u 3 - u such that |u| ≤ 1, ∂ n u > 0, lim u(x', x n ) ±1 x n →±∞ are hyperplanes in dimension n ≤ 8.
Characterization of skeletal muscle effects associated with daptomycin in rats

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic with strong bactericidal effects against Gram-positive bacteria and minor side effects on skeletal muscles. The type and magnitude of the early effect of daptomycin on skeletal muscles of rats was quantified by histopathology, examination of contractile proper- ties, Evans Blue Dye uptake, and effect on the patch repair pro- cess. A single dose of daptomycin of up to 200 mg/kg had no effect on muscle fibers. A dose of 150 mg/kg of daptomycin, twice per day for 3 days, produced a small number of myofibers (� 0.22%) with loss of plasma membrane integrity and/or infiltra- tion by neutrophils and/or macrophages. Multiple doses of dap- tomycin are required for a quantifiable effect on skeletal muscles of rats. Some fibers were Evans Blue Dye-positive but were not yet infiltrated by neutrophils. This suggests that the sarcolemma may be the primary target for the observed effects. Muscle Nerve 42: 385-393, 2010 daptomycin on the skeletal muscle of healthy Sprague-Dawley rats; potential effects of daptomy- cin on structural and functional properties of selected skeletal muscles; and potential effects of daptomycin on the plasma membrane repair mechanisms involved in the patching of small sar- colemmal breaches associated with normal muscle activity. We hypothesized that the sarcolemma is the primary target of daptomycin's effect on skele- tal muscle.
Love in the Fourth Dimension

Psychologists' efforts to understand love began in the mid-twentieth century. The fact that they continue apace in the twenty-first century reflects increased awareness of the importance of love to understanding relationship phenomena and acknowledgment that an understanding of love has yet to be achieved. This article (a) describes one source of increased recognition that the present confusions surrounding love must be transcended if progress is to be made in understanding many relationship phenomena; (b) discusses the failure to explicate the love construct, which constitutes the major obstacle to the study of love phenomena; (c) discusses the need for a temporal model of love in relationships; and (d) suggests that it is important to consider the presence or absence of four types of love, each of which appears to be associated with different causal conditions and thus is likely to have a different temporal course as an adult relationship moves through time.
Use of a bioabsorbable polymer for the delivery of ofloxacin during experimental osteomyelitis treatment

This study was performed to investigate the potential utility of ofloxacin-impregnated bioabsorbable polymers for osteomyelitis therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa osteomyelitis was induced in 48 New Zealand White rabbits. Four weeks after infection, the animals were randomized to one of four treatment groups: drug-free polymer, ofloxacin polymer, systemic ofloxacin, or ofloxacin polymer plus systemic ofloxacin. Twenty-eight days later, radiographs were taken of the affected area, the animals were killed, and bone was obtained for histologic evaluation, culture, and determination of ofloxacin concentrations. The percentage of sterile bone cultures was 33, 83, 75, and 91 for the groups treated with drug-free polymer, ofloxacin polymer, systemic ofloxacin, and ofloxacin polymer plus systemic ofloxacin, respectively. When compared with the drug-free polymer, both the ofloxacin polymer and the ofloxacin polymer plus systemic ofloxacin significantly improved the rate of sterilization. The mean concentrations of the drug in bone for the groups treated with ofloxacin polymer, systemic ofloxacin, and ofloxacin polymer plus systemic ofloxacin were 34.9 (range: 2-160), 1.9 (range: 0.8-3), and 26.0 microg/g (range: 9-100 microg/g), respectively. These data suggest that the DL-lactide:glycolide polymer studied is a suitable vehicle for the delivery of high local concentrations of ofloxacin and that these concentrations result in eradication of the bacterial pathogen in this rabbit model.
Fault detection for aircraft control surfaces using approximate input reconstruction

We use an approximate input reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct unknown inputs, which are then used as a basis for fault detection. The approximate input reconstruction algorithm is a least squares algorithm that estimates both the unknown initial state and input history. The estimated inputs are then compared to the commanded values and sensor values to assess the health of actuators and sensors. This approach is applied to the longitudinal and lateral dynamics of an aircraft. The input reconstruction algorithm can be used for minimum-phase or nonminimum-phase zeros; however, zeros on the unit circle yield persistent estimation errors and thus poor input reconstruction.
Definition and Epidemiology of the Female Athlete Triad

The Female Athlete Triad is a function of the interrelationships among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density/skeletal fragility. These three components of the Triad have been conceptualized as being on a continuum to reinforce the idea that graded negative health outcomes can occur at varying levels of each component; these continua range from optimal health on one end to pathology and disease on the other. Estimates for the prevalence of the Triad and its components are wide, ranging from a low end of 1 % to a high end of over 50 %, with this variability attributable to different conceptual definitions of the components of the Triad, different measurement choices in operationalizing the components, and different sport, age, and competitive level of populations sampled.
Piezoelectric Effects in GaN/AlGaN Multiple Quantum Wells Probed by Picosecond Time-Resolved Photoluminescence

Piezoelectric effects in GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) have been directly probed by picosecond time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The time-resolved PL spectra of the 40 A well MQWs reveal that the PL transition peak position is in fact blueshifted at early delay times due to the collective effects of quantum confinement of carriers, piezoelectric field, and Coulomb screening. However, the spectral peak position shifts toward lower energies as the delay time increases and becomes redshifted at longer delay times. By comparing experimental and calculation results, we have obtained a low limit of the piezoelectric field strength to be about 560 kV/cm in the 40 A well GaN/Al0.15Ga0.85N MQWs.
Promoting self-regulation through school-based martial arts training

The impact of school-based Tae Kwon Do training on self-regulatory abilities was examined. A self-regulation framework including three domains (cognitive, affective, and physical) was presented. Children (N = 207) from kindergarten through Grade 5 were randomly assigned by homeroom class to either the intervention (martial arts) group or a comparison (traditional physical education) group. Outcomes were assessed using multidimensional, multimodal assessments. After a 3-month intervention, results indicated that the martial arts group demonstrated greater improvements than the comparison group in areas of cognitive self-regulation, affective self-regulation, prosocial behavior, classroom conduct, and performance on a mental math test. A significant Group Gender interaction was found for cognitive self-regulation and classroom conduct, with boys showing greater improvements than girls. Possible explanations of this interaction as well as implications for components of martial arts training for the development of self-regulation in school-age children are discussed.
Collegiate Football Scores, U.S.A.

Abstract In collegiate football, ties are now rare, only two percent of the games ending this way in 1967, the highest scoring tie being 37–37. Ties happen less than half as often as one-point differences. The most frequent outcome of a game was 14–7, although the most frequent winning score was 21 and the most frequent losing score was 0. The average winning score was 27, the average losing score, 10. A team score of 11 has a 25 percent chance of being a winning score, a score of 16 a 50 percent chance, a score of 23 a 75 percent chance and a score of 40 is practically certain to win, based on a freehand curve. Scores of 3, 9, 10 are more favorable to winning than their size would suggest, while 18 and 22 are less favorable than theirs suggests. Indeed, a score of 9 is more likely to win than is a score of 15, and nearly as likely as a score of 18. When a loser scores 0, the average winning score is 27, but when the loser scores 3, the average winning score is only 19. Average winning scores are roughly ...
Estimating Hop Distance Between Arbitrary Host Pairs

Establishing a clear and timely picture of Internet topology is complicated by many factors including the vast size and dynamic nature of the infrastructure. In this paper, we describe a methodology for estimating an important characteristic of Internet topology - the hop distance between arbitrary pairs of end hosts. Our goal is to develop an approach to pairwise hop distance estimation that is accurate, scalable, timely and does not require a significant measurement infrastructure. Our methodology is based on deploying a small set of landmark nodes that use trace route-like probes between each other to establish a set of accurate pairwise hop distances. The landmark nodes are also configured to collect source IP addresses and TTL values from passively monitored network packet traffic. We develop a novel multidimensional scaling algorithm that can be applied to both the passive and active measurements to generate pairwise hop distance estimates for all of the observed source host addresses. The basic algorithm is then enhanced to consider the autonomous system membership of source hosts via BGP routing information. We investigate the capabilities of our estimation algorithms using a set of synthetic network topologies. The results show that our method can generate highly accurate pairwise hop distance estimates over a range of network sizes and configurations, and landmark infrastructure sizes.
Serum and Myocardial Kinetics of Amiodarone and Its Deethyl Metabolite After Intravenous Administration in Rabbits

The serum kinetics of amiodarone and its major metabolite the deethyl analogue were studied in rabbits after intravenous administration. The elimination of the drug and the metabolite from serum occurred as a biexponential function. Both compounds exhibited a rapid distribution phase (6.5 and 4.4 min, respectively) and had elimination half-lives of 136 and 235 min, respectively. There was a rapid uptake of both drugs by the myocardium, with maximal concentrations at 5 and 15 min. The myocardial concentrations were higher than the respective serum concentrations and declined with time. There was a wide scatter in myocardium-serum ratios, which ranged from 1 to 11 for amiodarone and 12 to 29 for the metabolite. Neither the drug nor the metabolite produced significant changes in the surface electrocardiogram after intravenous administration. These data suggest that accumulation of the metabolite does not account for the slow onset of action of amiodarone.
Role of the Mammalian Forebrain in Hearing

The study of the role of auditory cortex in hearing by ablation-behavior methods is now over a century old (James, 1896). At first, the question of assessing cortical function seemed easily answerable. Animals surgically deprived of auditory cortex acted as if they were deaf—not responding to very loud and unexpected sounds (Ferrier, 1876). But after several repetitions of this experiment yielded variable results, a more careful and systematic ablation-behavior inquiry into auditory cortex began. This inquiry proceeded hesitantly while several sources of acoustic, surgical, and behavioral artifact were eliminated from the experimental procedures one at a time (e.g., Kryter and Ades, 1943). However, by the 1950’s, the labs of Neff and of Ades had invented behavioral and acoustical presentation methods, and experimental surgery techniques with histological verification that have had to change little in ensuing years (e.g., Neff, 1968; Ades, 1959). Interesting and often surprising results soon followed.
Tectonic control of subsidence and southward displacement of southeast Louisiana with respect to stable North America

[1] GPS data collected between 1995 and 2006 suggest that southeast Louisiana, including New Orleans and the larger Mississippi Delta, are both subsiding vertically and moving southward with respect to stable North America. Both motions are likely related due to their common tectonic setting. Subsidence in the New Orleans area occurs in part because it is located in the hanging wall of a large listric normal fault system that forms the northern boundary of a 7-10 km thick allochthon that is detached from stable North America. Southward motion of this allochthon relative to stable North America occurs at 2.2 ± 0.6 mm/yr. The average subsidence rate for GPS sites located on the allochthon is 5.2 ± 0.9 mm/yr relative to Earth's center of mass, or ∼7 mm/yr relative to mean sea level. Motion of the allochthon is likely due to the gravity instability created by rapid Holocene sediment deposition in the delta following continental glacial retreat and is facilitated at depth by weak salt horizons. Because New Orleans and other communities of southeastern Louisiana lie atop this active allochthon, future motion of this body should be considered during rebuilding of the region following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
Human Cytomegalovirus Protein pUL38 Induces ATF4 Expression, Inhibits Persistent JNK Phosphorylation, and Suppresses Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Cell Death

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle involved in sensing and responding to stressful conditions, including those resulting from infection of viruses, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Three signaling pathways collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) are activated to resolve ER stress, but they will also lead to cell death if the stress cannot be alleviated. HCMV is able to modulate the UPR to promote its infection. The specific viral factors involved in such HCMV-mediated modulation, however, were unknown. We previously showed that HCMV protein pUL38 was required to maintain the viability of infected cells, and it blocked cell death induced by thapsigargin. Here, we report that pUL38 is an HCMV-encoded regulator to modulate the UPR. In infection, pUL38 allowed HCMV to upregulate phosphorylation of PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α), as well as induce robust accumulation of activating transcriptional factor 4 (ATF4), key components of the PERK pathway. pUL38 also allowed the virus to suppress persistent phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which was induced by the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 pathway. In isolation, pUL38 overexpression elevated eIF-2α phosphorylation, induced ATF4 accumulation, limited JNK phosphorylation, and suppressed cell death induced by both thapsigargin and tunicamycin, two drugs that induce ER stress by different mechanisms. Importantly, ATF4 overexpression and JNK inhibition significantly reduced cell death in pUL38-deficient virus infection. Thus, pUL38 targets ATF4 expression and JNK activation, and this activity appears to be critical for protecting cells from ER stress induced by HCMV infection.
The human as a critical component in an adaptive meaning processing system

As automation has taken over more of the procedural aspects of work and as the complexity and the pace of change in the workplace has increased the human's role with respect to safety has changed. The human's ability to follow procedures without error is becoming less important, and the human's ability to generate new procedures in response to changes or to situations that were not anticipated in the design of the system becomes increasingly more important. In other words, automation has taken over many of the routines that reflect inner control loops in advanced technical systems leaving humans to deal with the outer, adaptive control loops. The information processing model, with its emphasis on internal processing limits, may not be the best framework for thinking about this new role. Instead, a "meaning processing" framework might better address the generative and creative demands of adapting to dynamic work environments.
Factors Predicting Distress Among Caregivers to Children with Chronic Medical Conditions

Explored informant differences and assessed the importance of sociodemographic factors, child health status characteristics, and caregiver burden to variability in psychological symptoms among caregivers to 116 children with chronic medical conditions. Important informant effects were found. Caregiverreported, but not physician-reported, burden was an important predictor. Severity of illness, whether rated by physician or caregiver, had little predictive effect whereas child impairment predicted greater distress, independent of sociodemographics. Lower family income and female child sex predicted caregiver distress independent of other variables. Even among families with higher income, those with the lowest income report much higher distress. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of informant choice and the use of sociodemographics as primary rather than control variables in studies of the families of chronically ill children.
Inhibition of the renal response to intravenous prolactin by ADH.

The injection of ovine prolactin intramuscularly in conscious human subjects (Horrobin, Lloyd, Lipton, Burstyn, Durkin, and Muiruri, 1971) or intraperitoneally in conscious rats (Lockett and Nail, 1965) has been shown to produce an antidiuresis and antinatri-uresis which persists for several hours. The duration of the renal response both in the human subjects and in the rats was due partially to the route of prolactin administration. Thus, to define more clearly the time course of the renal response to prolactin we have monitored renal function in rats before and after the intravenous injection of prolactin.
Strategies to accelerate immune recovery after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

The interplay existing between immune reconstitution and patient outcome has been extensively demonstrated in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. One of the leading causes of infection-related mortality is the slow recovery of T-cell immunity due to the conditioning regimen and/or age-related thymus damage, poor naive T-cell output, and restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. With the aim of improving posttransplantation immune reconstitution, several immunotherapy approaches have been explored. Donor leukocyte infusions are widely used to accelerate immune recovery, but they carry the risk of provoking graft-versus-host disease. This review will focus on sophisticated strategies of thymus function-recovery, adoptive infusion of donor-derived, allodepleted T cells, T-cell lines/clones specific for life-threatening pathogens, regulatory T cells, and of T cells transduced with suicide genes.
Search for possible one- and two-phonon octupole vibrational states in 134Sb, 134, 135Te, 135, 136I, 137Xe and 139Ba near 132Sn

High spin states of 134Sb, 134, 135Te, 135, 136I, 137Xe and 139Ba near 132Sn are reanalysed in order to search for octupole phonon vibrational states. New spins and parities are tentatively assigned to the 2203.9 keV state in 137Xe and the 1976.6 and 2091.7 keV states in 139Ba from the state energy plots of the N = 82 and 83 nuclei. High spin states of 134Sb, 134, 135Te, 135, 136I, 137Xe and 139Ba connected by E1, E3/M2 and E3 transitions are proposed, for the first time, as zero-, one- and two-phonon octupole vibrational (POV) states. One- and two-POV states in 134Sb and 135Te are built on a 7− (πg7/2νf7/2) state and a 19/2− (νf7/2 ⊗ 6) state, respectively. One-POV states built on the 19/2− (νf7/2 ⊗ 6) and the 21/2− (νh9/2 ⊗ 6) states coexist in 137Xe. Then, one- and two-POV states in 139Ba are built only on the 21/2− (νh9/2 ⊗ 6) state. One- and two-POV states in 134Te are built on the 6 state with some mixing with the 6 state.
EVALUATING EXPLOSIVE METAL FORMING

This process, while not a panacea for all metalworking problems, appears to be well established as a compliment to other forming techniques.
Large-Eddy Simulations of a Supersonic Heated Jet

Large-eddy simulations of imperfectly expanded jet flows from a convergent-divergent nozzle with a heated (600K) and a cold jet conditions have been carried out. Mach wave radiation is present outside the jet core and the heated jet shows a much larger density shear-layer spreading than the cold jet. The potential core length is shortened, but the shock-cell shape and shock-cell spacing remain similar to those shown in the cold jet. It is found that the Crocco-Busemann equation captures well the correlation between the temperature and the axial velocity in the cold jet, but it underestimates the nonlinear variations in the shock-containing region in the heated jet. Temperature effect has more impact on the high-frequency components of pressure fluctuations near the nozzle exit, but the impact moves to lowand mid-frequency ranges further downstream. The convection speed of the near-field pressure waves increases with the temperature. The addition of inflow random pressure perturbations increases the velocity shear-layer spreading and turbulence intensities near the nozzle exit, but it reduces the screech intensity and the peak intensity of the overall pressure fluctuation level. The heated jet is found to be more sensitive to the inflow pressure perturbations than the cold jet.
Varenicline for Smoking Cessation in Light Smokers.

INTRODUCTION As the prevalence of cigarette smoking has declined, the proportion of smokers who smoke less than 10 cigarettes/day (cpd) has increased. Varenicline may provide an effective pharmacotherapeutic treatment option for increasing smoking abstinence rates among light smokers. METHODS We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of varenicline for increasing smoking abstinence rates among light smokers (5-10 cpd). Participants received varenicline or placebo for 12 weeks. Outcomes were assessed at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS Ninety-three participants were randomized. Fifty-two percent of participants terminated the study early. At end-of-treatment (3 months), the point prevalence smoking abstinence rate was 53.3% in the varenicline group compared to 14.5% in placebo (odds ratio [OR]: 6.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.48-18.06, P < .001), and the prolonged smoking abstinence rate was 40.0% and 8.3%, respectively (OR: 7.33, 95% CI: 2.24-23.98, P = .001). At end-of-study (6 months), the point prevalence smoking abstinence rate was 40.0% in the varenicline group compared to 20.8% in placebo (OR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.01-6.34, P = .047), and the prolonged smoking abstinence rate was 31.1% and 8.3%, respectively (OR: 4.97, 95% CI: 1.49-16.53, P = .009). The estimated magnitude of the treatment effect remained consistent across the various missing data assumptions and in analyses that adjusted for gender. Nausea and sleep disturbance were more commonly reported in the varenicline group. CONCLUSIONS Varenicline was safe and effective for increasing long-term smoking abstinence rates in a population of predominantly White light cigarette smoker. The efficacy of varenicline in this study was comparable to that observed in heavier smokers. IMPLICATIONS Our findings demonstrate that varenicline is effective for increasing smoking cessation in light smokers. Our findings have implications for advancing the treatment of light smokers in clinical practice.
The Application of GIS in Logistics Delivery System

High efficient and swift logistics delivery system is very important to business development.The combination of high-efficiency and swiftness is discussed in this essay.The basic principles of GIS applied in logistics are introduced and then the mathematics model of GIS-based logistics delivery system is presented.Finally the functions of the application of GIS in logistics delivery system are also pointed out.
Principles of auditory processing differ between sensory and premotor structures of the songbird forebrain.

Neural responses to auditory stimulation in sensory area NCM and premotor area HVC of the songbird forebrain show plasticity in the form of stimulus-specific adaptation with markedly different dyna...
Revisiting Perceptual Distortion for Natural Images: Mean Discrete Structural Similarity Index

A challenge in image processing is quantifying the perceptual quality of distorted images. Solutions to this problem allow lossy compression algorithms to be more easily and accurately evaluated. Motivated by failings of mean-squared error (MSE/PSNR), Wang, Bovik, and others proposed a perceptual image measure called mean structural similarity (MSSIM), which decomposes the distortion of image patches into three components: a difference in mean luminance, a difference in luminance variance, and a difference in structure. We present a new measure, mean discrete structural similarity (MDSSIM), that replaces the structural comparison of MSSIM with the Hamming distance between suitably discretized original and distorted image patches. To assess its performance, we apply this new image measure to a standard human psychophysics dataset, the LIVE Image Quality Assessment Database (Release 2). The high correlation of MDSSIM with human scores suggests, consistent with experiment and well-known results about lossy compression, that the human visual system may be fundamentally concerned with discrete structure in natural images.
Managed access technology to combat contraband cell phones in prison: Findings from a process evaluation.

Abstract Cell phones in correctional facilities have emerged as one of the most pervasive forms of modern contraband. This issue has been identified as a top priority for many correctional administrators in the United States. Managed access, a technology that utilizes cellular signals to capture transmissions from contraband phones, has received notable attention as a promising tool to combat this problem. However, this technology has received little evaluative attention. The present study offers a foundational process evaluation and draws upon output measures and stakeholder interviews to identify salient operational challenges and subsequent lessons learned about implementing and maintaining a managed access system. Findings suggest that while managed access captures large volumes of contraband cellular transmissions, the technology requires significant implementation planning, personnel support, and complex partnerships with commercial cellular carriers. Lessons learned provide guidance for practitioners to navigate these challenges and for scholars to improve future evaluations of managed access.
Circumcision and Sexual Pleasure

Thirty—eight (38) men who had experienced sexual intercourse before they were circumcised are members of an elite group who have experienced the qualitative differences in sexual pleasure between the circumcised and the intact state. This study asked these men for the advantages, and the disadvantages of circumcision. Twenty—four (24) men volunteered “decreased sensitivity” as a disadvantage. Direct quotations describe their feelings about the loss of half of the skin from their normal penis.
Religiousness as a Predictor of Suicide: An Analysis of 162 European Regions

Research on religion as a protective factor has been marked by four recurrent limitations: (1) an overemphasis on the United States, a nation where religiosity is relatively high; (2) a neglect of highly secularized zones of the world, where religiousness may be too weak to affect suicide; (3) restriction of religiousness to religious affiliation, a construct which may miss capturing other dimensions of religiousness such as the importance of religion in one's life; and (4) an overwhelming use of the nation as a unit of analysis, which masks variation in religiousness within nations. The present article addresses these limitations by performing a cross-national test of the following hypothesis: The greater the strength of subjective religiousness, the lower the suicide rate, using small units of analysis for a secularized area of the world. All data refer to 162 regions within 22 European nations. Data were extracted from two large databases, EUROSTAT and the European Social Surveys (ESS Round 4), and merged using NUTS-2 (Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial Units) regions as the unit of analysis. Controls are incorporated for level of economic development, education, and measures of economic strain. The results of a multiple regression analysis demonstrated that controlling for the other constructs in the model, religiousness is associated with lower suicide rates, confirming the hypothesis. Even in secularized European nations, where there is a relatively weak moral community to reinforce religion, religiousness acts as a protective factor against suicide. Future work is needed to explore the relationship in other culture zones of the world.
ANALISIS KESALAHAN DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL MATEMATIKA MATERI PERSAMAAN GARIS LURUS BERASARKAN ANALISIS NEWMAN

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persentase kesalahan dalam menyelesaikan soal matematika materi persamaan garis lurus berdasarkan Analisis Newman yaitu (1) kesalahan membaca soal, (2) kesalahan memahami soal, (3) kesalahan transformasi, (4) kesalahan ketrampilan proses, (5) kesalahan penulisan jawaban akhir dan untuk mengetahui kesalahan apa yang paling banyak dilakukan siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan tes. Instrumen penelitian ini adalah tes. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa analisis kesalahan dalam menyelesaikan soal matematika materi persamaan garis lurus berasarkan Analisis Newman pada siswa kelas VIII SMP N 1 Gedangsari yaitu kesalahan membaca soal sebesar 5%, kesalahan memahami soal sebesar 46,4%, kesalahan transformasi sebesar 63,6%, kesalahan ketrampilan proses sebesar 74,8% kesalahan penulisan jawaban akhir sebesar 87,9% dan kesalahan paling banyak dilakukan siswa pada kesalahan penulisan jawaban akhir sebesar 87,9%.
Integration of hydrogeophysical datasets and empirical orthogonal functions for improved irrigation water management

Precision agriculture offers the technologies to manage for infield variability and incorporate variability into irrigation management decisions. The major limitation of this technology often lies in the reconciliation of disparate data sources and the generation of irrigation prescription maps. Here the authors explore the utility of the cosmic-ray neutron probe (CRNP) which measures volumetric soil water content (SWC) in the top ~ 30 cm of the soil profile. The key advantages of CRNP is that the sensor is passive, non-invasive, mobile and soil temperature-invariant, making data collection more compatible with existing farm operations and extending the mapping period. The objectives of this study were to: (1) improve the delineation of irrigation management zones within a field and (2) estimate spatial soil hydraulic properties to make effective irrigation prescriptions. Ten CRNP SWC surveys were collected in a 53-ha field in Nebraska. The SWC surveys were analyzed using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) to isolate the underlying spatial structure. A statistical bootstrapping analysis confirmed the CRNP + EOF provided superior soil hydraulic property estimates, compared to other hydrogeophysical datasets, when linearly correlated to laboratory measured soil hydraulic properties (field capacity estimates reduced 20–25% in root mean square error). The authors propose a soil sampling strategy for better quantifying soil hydraulic properties using CRNP + EOF methods. Here, five CRNP surveys and 6–8 sample locations for laboratory analysis were sufficient to describe the spatial distribution of soil hydraulic properties within this field. While the proposed strategy may increase overall effort, rising scrutiny for agricultural water-use could make this technology cost-effective.
Advanced Composite Satellite Equipment Support Module Study

The inherent characteristics of advanced composite materials are ideal for satellite primary structure. The low weight, high stiffness, and low thermal expansion characteristics of advanced composites can be used to significant advantage in satellite systems. The present and emerging needs for improved instrument accuracy, larger satellite systems, more efficient structural subsystems and other increasingly stringent requirements make advanced composites an effective material for application in all structural components of a satellite. This study has evaluated a satellite system with established system requirements and derived advanced composites structure design concepts that will improve the capability.
Anesthesia and analgesia.

The necessity to administer medications to the pregnant patient in advanced gestation or labor imposes on the obstetrician the need for thorough understanding of the pharmacologic effect of those drugs on the mother and the fetus in utero, and the immediate postpartum period. The response elicited by oxytocics, uterine relaxants, and other miscellaneous preparations has been reviewed in detail in Chapter 9. The substances routinely used for the specific aim of controlling labor pains are the subject of this chapter. However, because of their effect on the uterus, some have already been discussed in Chapter 9, to which the reader will be referred for analysis.