cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of the Ruminal Fermentation. III. Effect of Nitrate on Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acid Production and Milk Composition

Abstract The ability of nitrate to alter ruminal fermentation by acting as an alternate electron acceptor was investigated. Sodium and potassium nitrate were either incorporated into the concentrate portion of a high grain ration fed to a nonlactating Jersey cow or were infused intraruminally in progressively larger amounts until nitrate (NO- 3 ) intake equaled 5 to 6% of total feed intake. Feed intake was reduced above 4% dietary nitrate, and methemoglobinemia appeared at higher nitrate intake. As per cent dietary nitrate increased from 0.7 to 4%, ruminal acetate increased from 62.3 to 80.2 molar per cent, propionate decreased from 19.6 to 14.7%, and butyrate from 16.1 to 5.0%. At times butyrate was lowered to 0.9 molar per cent. Nitrate-adapted ingesta reduced added nitrate in vitro more rapidly and caused greater alterations in ruminal acid production than nonadapted ingesta. A lactation study with eight cows receiving a high grain, fat depressing ration determined if feeding nitrate would alter ruminal acetate and propionate production enough to increase fat test. Feeding nitrate at 2% of total feed intake increased molar per cent of ruminal acetate from 51.5 to 65.7 and decreased propionate from 33.6 to 20.9%. Molar per cent of butyrate was not affected. Ruminal ammonia increased with nitrate supplementation. Other than reduced feed intake, no toxic symptoms were noted. Milk composition was not significantly altered. Nitrate is effective as an electron sink in ruminal fermentation, thus lowering the amount of relatively reduced acids such as propionate and butyrate and increasing acetate. Because of reduced palatability and the potential for toxicity, nitrate is probably not a desirable agent for manipulating ruminal fermentation.
Prescribed scalar curvature on a complete Riemannian manifold in the negative case

Abstract The proposed problem is to determining functions which are the scalar curvature of some complete metric g ′ conformal to an initial metric g . This problem is equivalent to proving the existence of a function u which is a solution of the equation: 4(n−1) n−2 Δu+Ru=fu (n+2)/(n−2) , u>0, such that the metric g ′= u 4/( n −2) g is complete. We study the case of negative scalar curvature. We intend to find sufficient conditions in order that the proposed problem have a solution.
Making the commitment to meiosis.

Analysis of the phenotype of mouse germ cells deficient for the retinoic acid–responsive gene Stra8 provides insight into the timing of the commitment to enter meiosis in mammals. The observations suggest that, as in other eukaryotes, this commitment precedes (or coincides with) the commitment to premeiotic DNA replication.
Comparison of cyclists' and motorists' utilitarian physical activity at an urban university.

Objective. Preliminary comparison of cyclists and motorists on: (1) distance lived from campus and, (2) the impact of transportation mode on physical activity. Methods. A purposive sample of students (n=50; cyclists=26, motorists=24) living b5 miles from Arizona State University campus wore an accelerometer and completed a travel log for two on-campus days during fall 2005–spring 2006. Residence distance to campus was calculated by geocoded addresses (n=45; cyclists=23 vs. motorists=22). Final outcome variables were: distance lived from campus, accelerometer time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, steps/day, total time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (logged minutes cycling+accelerometerderived moderate-to-vigorous physical activity), and minutes total active commuting (logged walking+cycling). Results. Groups were significantly different for: distance lived from campus (cyclists=0.6±0.6 vs. motorists=2.0±1.1 miles; pb0.000); steps/ day (cyclists=11,051±4295 vs. motorists=9174±3319; p=0.046); total time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (cyclists=85.7±37.0 vs. motorists=50.3±23.8 minutes; pb0.001); minutes in motorized transport (cyclists=24.9±27.5 vs. motorists=61.6±32.9; pb0.001); and total active transport (cyclists=59.4± 32.4 vs. motorists=29.5±20.0; pb0.001). Conclusion. Among students living within 5 miles of campus, cyclists lived relatively closer to campus, accumulated more minutes of physical activity, and spent more time in active transportation than students who used motorized means.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of cerebellar granule cell migration

The real-time observation of cell movement in brain slice preparations reveals that in the developing brain, postmitotic neurons alter their shape concomitantly with changes in the mode, direction, tempo, and rate of migration as they traverse different cortical layers. Although it has been hypothesized that orchestrated activities of multiple external cues and cell-cell contact are essential for controlling the cortical-layer-specific changes in cell migration, signaling mechanisms and external guidance cues related to the alteration of neuronal cell migration remain to be determined. In this article, we will first review recent studies on position-specific changes in granule cell behavior through different migratory terrains of the developing cerebellar cortex. We will then present possible roles for the coordinated activity of Ca2+ channels, NMDA type of glutamate receptors, and intracellular Ca2+ fluctuations in controlling cerebellar granule cell movement. Furthermore, we will discuss the crucial roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neuregulin (NRG), stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), ephrin-B2, and EphB2 receptor in providing directional cues promoting granule cell migration from the external granular layer (EGL) to the internal granular layer (IGL). Finally, we will demonstrate that endogenous somatostatin controls the migration of granule cells in a cortical layer-specific manner: Endogenous somatostatin accelerates granule cell movement near the birthplace within the EGL, but significantly slows down the movement near their final destination within the IGL.
Cleavage of rRNA ensures translational cessation in sperm at fertilization

Intact ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) comprise the majority of somatic transcripts, yet appear conspicuously absent in spermatozoa, perhaps reflecting cytoplasmic expulsion during spermatogenesis. To discern their fate, total RNA retained in mature spermatozoa from three fertile donors was characterized by Next Generation Sequencing. In all samples, >75% of total sequence reads aligned to rRNAs. The distribution of reads along the length of these transcripts exhibited a high degree of non-uniformity that was reiterated between donors. The coverage of sequencing reads was inversely correlated with guanine-cytosine (GC)-richness such that sequences greater than ∼70% GC were virtually absent in all sperm RNA samples. To confirm the loss of sequence, the relative abundance of specific regions of the 28S transcripts in sperm was established by 7-Deaza-2′-deoxy-guanosine-5′-triphosphate RT–PCR. The inability to amplify specific regions of the 28S sequence from sperm despite the abundant representation of this transcript in the sequencing libraries demonstrates that approximately three-quarters of RNA retained in the mature male gamete are products of rRNA fragmentation. Hence, cleavage (not expulsion of the RNA component of the translational machinery) is responsible for preventing spurious translation following spermiogenesis. These results highlight the potential importance of those transcripts, including many mRNAs, which evade fragmentation and remain intact when sperm are delivered at fertilization. Sequencing data are deposited in GEO as: {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE29160","term_id":"29160"}}GSE29160.
Exposure to the Fields of Psychology: Evaluation of an Introductory Psychology Project

We evaluated a project designed to expose introductory psychology students to the fields of psychology. We created this project to foster student learning about the various fields of psychology, careers that psychologists have, the psychology program on their campus, and courses available at their home institution. Evaluative data included knowledge of the definitions of the fields, measured at 3 time points, as well as students' self-reported reactions. Results indicated that students found the project interesting and would recommend it for future classes. More important, knowledge tests revealed significant increases in knowledge that persisted over a 4-week period.
NEDRES: An interactive computer tool for locating geophysical information

Imagine that someone mentions that there is a study of surface wind patterns in the Gulf of Mexico. How can the data be located? Who has gravity data for Alaska? Is there a study relating tree rings and carbon dioxide in the Yellowstone area? These and numerous other questions about data can be answered by an environmental data base maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The National Environmental Data Referral Service (NEDRES) is a “yellow pages” directory for locating environmental data in the United States. NOAA provides the service as part of its responsibility to archive and document environmental data. The data base is accessed via a local telephone call using a computer terminal or personal computer, and the results can be listed on the user's terminal or printed at the computer site.
Repression of Flowering in Arabidopsis Requires Activation of FLOWERING LOCUS C Expression by the Histone Variant H2A.Z

The histone variant H2A.Z has been implicated in numerous chromatin-mediated processes, including transcriptional activation, euchromatin maintenance, and heterochromatin formation. In yeast and humans, H2A.Z is deposited into chromatin by a conserved protein complex known as SWR1 and SRCAP, respectively. Here, we show that mutations in the Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of two components of this complex, ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN6 (ARP6) and PHOTOPERIOD-INDEPENDENT EARLY FLOWERING1 (PIE1), produce similar developmental phenotypes and result in the misregulation of a common set of genes. Using H2A.Z-specific antibodies, we demonstrate that ARP6 and PIE1 are required for the deposition of H2A.Z at multiple loci, including the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene, a central repressor of the transition to flowering. Loss of H2A.Z from chromatin in arp6 and pie1 mutants results in reduced FLC expression and premature flowering, indicating that this histone variant is required for high-level expression of FLC. In addition to defining a novel mechanism for the regulation of FLC expression, these results support the existence of a SWR1-like complex in Arabidopsis and show that H2A.Z can potentiate transcriptional activation in plants. The finding that H2A.Z remains associated with chromatin throughout mitosis suggests that it may serve an epigenetic memory function by marking active genes and poising silenced genes for reactivation.
Arterial Helium Embolism from a Ruptured Intraaortic Balloon

A 67-year-old man sustained a sudden global neurological deficit immediately following rupture of an intraaortic balloon catheter. Considerable improvement in his neurological function occurred during and after three hyperbaric oxygen treatments.
Teaching Clinical Competence

This Commentary is written from my experience as a teacher of Emily Liu in a graduate clinical psychology course focusing on the training of psychotherapy skills. Liu took the class simultaneous to seeing the case of TC, and she utilized the class to develop her approach to the case, including conceptualization and formulation; the processing of her emotional, "countertransferential" reactions to the client; the devising of intervention strategies with the client; reflection upon the process; and writing about the case. These processes are reviewed in the context of the course and issues raised by the nature of the case material itself. A synergistic overlap is reviewed among (a) the skills taught in the course, (b) an emerging national consensus on core clinical skills developed at the 2002 Scottsdale "competency conference," and (c) the competencies required to function in Peterson's "disciplined inquiry" paradigm, which is the model underlying the structure of the case studies in this PCSP journal. It is this overlap which provided to Liu very targeted and effective preparation in graduate school for the development of her impressive case study in this journal.
The L:M cone ratio in males of African descent with normal color vision

Among Caucasian males with normal color vision, long-wavelength-sensitive (L) cones outnumber middle-wavelength-sensitive (M) cones by nearly three to one, on average, and the L and the M cone opsin genes are arrayed on the X-chromosome with the L opsin gene being closest to an upstream enhancer element termed the locus control region (LCR). Interaction between an opsin gene promoter and the LCR is required to mediate normal opsin gene expression, and the relative proximity of the L opsin gene promoter (4,000 base pairs for L compared to 40,000 base pairs for the M opsin gene promoter) has been proposed to endow the L gene with the advantage in competing for interaction with the LCR, thereby accounting for the nearly 3:1 ratio of L:M cones. This proximal advantage hypothesis predicts that the L:M cone ratio will be similar among populations that share the same X-chromosome opsin gene array organization. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining a sample of males of African descent and found them to have a significantly different average L:M ratio compared to Caucasian males, even though their X-chromosome opsin gene arrays were indistinguishable from arrays in males of Caucasian descent. How these observations might be reconciled is discussed.
An Analysis of Supports for Persistence for the Military Student Population

This study sought to describe the correlation of academic, financial, and social supports to the persistence of a military student population: veterans, active duty, and their families. The study also contrasted these relationships with non-military students and looked at the results of the overall group to persistence. Results confirmed the emphasis in the persistence literature on the importance of academic support mechanisms and noted its positive relationship to the military student population. Financial supports varied for the military student population, nonmilitary population, and the overall group with the military student population negatively impacted by loans, nonmilitary by university scholarships, and the overall group by government grants and aid. As an additional finding for this study, institutional support emerged as a key support mechanism. This study recommends enhancing academic and institutional support for the military student population to reinforce their persistence.
Unexpected Flagellar Movement Patterns and Epithelial Binding Behavior of Mouse Sperm in the Oviduct

In order to better understand how sperm movement is regulated in the oviduct, we mated wild-type female mice with Acr-EGFP males that produce sperm with fluorescent acrosomes. The fluorescence improved our ability to detect sperm within the oviduct. Oviducts were removed shortly before or after ovulation and placed in chambers on a warm microscope stage for video recording. Hyperactivated sperm in the isthmic reservoir detached frequently from the epithelium and then reattached. Unexpectedly, most sperm found in the ampulla remained bound to epithelium throughout the observation period of several minutes. In both regions, most sperm produced deep flagellar bends in the direction opposite the hook of the sperm head. This was unexpected, because mouse sperm incubated under capacitating conditions in vitro primarily hyperactivate by producing deep flagellar bends in the same direction as the hook of the head. In vitro, sperm that are treated with thimerosal to release Ca(2+) from internal stores produce deep anti-hook bends; however, physical factors such as viscous oviduct fluid could also have influenced bending in oviductal sperm. Some sperm detached from epithelium in both the ampulla and isthmus during strong contractions of the oviduct. Blockage of oviduct contractions with nicardipine, however, did not stop sperm from forming a storage reservoir in the isthmus or prevent sperm from reaching the ampulla. These observations indicate that sperm continue to bind to oviductal epithelium after they leave the isthmic reservoir and that sperm motility is crucial in the transport of sperm to the fertilization site.
Improved acousto-optic modulator for ultrafast laser pulse shaping

We demonstrate an improved acousto-optic modulator for ultrafast optical pulse shaping making use of a diamond shaped transducer. Measurements of the spatial profile of the diffracted light beam agree well with Fresnel diffraction calculations.
A 100 MHz Gm-C analog equalizer for 100Base-TX application

Describes a two-pole two-zero analog programmable equalizer which provides 0-19 dB boost at 100 MHz. It is used in a 100Base-TX Fast Ethernet transceiver application which supports a data rate of 100 Mb/s over 100 m CAT5 UPT cable. The Gm-C analog design technique is used, resulting in 100 MHz bandwidth. The equalizer provides a 2 V peak-to-peak differential signal swing from a single +5 V power supply, with total harmonic distortion measured at -40 dB. Implemented in a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, it occupies 0.34 mm/sup 2/ of silicon area and consumes 150 mW using the single +5 V power supply.
Stigma and Treatment for Alcohol Disorders in the United States

Among a nationally representative sample of adults with an alcohol use disorder, the authors tested whether perceived stigmatization of alcoholism was associated with a lower likelihood of receiving alcohol-related services. Data were drawn from a face-to-face epidemiologic survey of 34,653 adults interviewed in 2004-2005 who were aged 20 years or older and residing in households and group quarters in the United States. Alcohol abuse/dependence was diagnosed by using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, version (AUDADIS-IV). The stigma measure used was the Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination Scale. The main outcome was lifetime intervention including professional services and 12-step groups for alcohol disorders. Individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder were less likely to utilize alcohol services if they perceived higher stigma toward individuals with alcohol disorders (odds ratio = 0.37, 95% confidence interval: 0.18, 0.76). Higher perceived stigma was associated with male gender (β = -0.75; P < 0.01), nonwhite compared with non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, lower income (β = 1.0; P < 0.01), education (β = 1.48; P < 0.01), and being previously married (β = 0.47; P = 0.02). Individuals reporting close contact with an alcohol-disordered individual (e.g., relative with an alcohol problem) reported lower perceived stigma (β = -1.70; P < 0.01). A link between highly stigmatized views of alcoholism and lack of services suggests that stigma reduction should be integrated into public health efforts to promote alcohol treatment.
Longer Lives, Sicker Lives? Increased Longevity and Extended Disability Among Mexican-Origin Elders

Objectives. (a) To identify factors associated with different patterns of functional decline in a longitudinal sample of older Mexican-origin individuals, and (b) to determine the proportions of life after age 65 characterized by serious functional impairment. Methodology. W e use the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly to examine changes in objective Performance Oriented Mobility Assessments in a cohort of 3,050 Mexican-origin elders initially interviewed in 1993/1994 and recontacted 6 times over 17 years. This sample combined with an additional cohort of 902 individuals 75 and older added at wave 4 in 2004/2005 (combined sample = 3,952) is used in life table analyses to estimate the number of years after 65 characterized by serious functional impairment. Results. Three distinct patterns of functional decline emer ge: (a) high initial functioning followed by decline, but not to the level of disability (48%); (b) moderate initial functioning followed by decline to the level of disability (37.5%); and (c) initial disability followed by continued poor functioning (14.5%). Life table analyses reveal that subjects spent over half of the period after 65 with serious functional limitations. Significant gender and nativity differentials emerge. Discussion. Protracted morbidity that accompanies increases in life e xpectancy has serious implications for the physical, social, and economic well-being of older individuals and their families, as well as for health and long-term care policy.
Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis and Staging

This unit presents a basic protocol for detecting and staging ovarian cancer. The techniques are similar to those used for general imaging of the liver/abdomen and the pelvis for other applications.
Redistributive Politics and Stock Price Dispersion

Cross-sectional time-series data from fourteen stock markets, from 1973 to 1996, are used to study how political institutions compare in affecting party governments' incentives to enrich one group of industries at the expense of another. Using measures of cross-sectoral variance of price changes within stock markets as a proxy for change in redistributive policy, I show that political change is important in both proportional representation (PR) and majoritarian systems. As parties shift in and out of government, trade and industrial policy is redistributed to favour the parties' industrial supporters. Such changes in policy increase the cross-sectoral dispersion in price changes, with newly advantaged industries seeing their stock increase, while the price of those losing favourable policy declines. The temporal impact of redistribution differs across electoral systems, with the impact of political change being more immediate in majoritarian systems and the effect being more diffuse in PR systems. Majoritarian systems are also more responsive to economic shocks, while changes in economic conditions have few discernable effects on the dispersion of stock prices in PR countries. PR systems, however, experience overall higher levels of dispersion. I contrast these results with the dominant extant arguments of radical policy shifts in majoritarian systems and policy stability in PR systems.
The California Violence Prevention Initiative: Advancing Policy to Ban Saturday Night Specials

The California Violence Prevention Initiative (VPI) was conceived in 1993 as a 5-year, $35 million comprehensive community, media, research, and policy advocacy effort to reduce violence among youth. The VPI included an emphasis on three broad policy areas: shifting society’s definition of violence to include a public health perspective, reducing access to alcohol and other drugs, and limiting availability of handguns. For the first 3 years of the VPI, the policy focus was on reducing the availability of handguns to youth through efforts to ban the manufacture and sale of Saturday night specials (SNSs). Prior to the VPI, there were no local SNS bans. Now, there are bans in 41 California jurisdictions, including major population centers. After two vetoes of a statewide legislative ban by the former governor, an SNS ban was signed by a newly elected governor.
Danshen: a versatile Chinese herbal drug for the treatment of coronary heart disease.

In view of the recent report by Sieveking et al. [1] that danshen modulates key early atherogenic events in vitro, it might be appropriate to review briefly the history of development of this Chinese herbal drug. The traditional Chinese herbal medicine danshen ( ) (Salvia mitiorrhizae Bge) has long been judged to be highly effective in ‘‘activating circulation and dispersing stasis or sludging of blood’’ [2]. Among the classic teachings of traditional Chinese medicine, it is stated that ‘‘when blockage is opened, pain is relieved’’ ( ) [2]. This concept, of course, represents the modern Fopen artery hypothesis_ [3,4] in myocardial reperfusion strategies, be it pharmacological or mechanical, in the management of acute myocardial infarction. A quarter of a century ago, Yu, my schoolmate in St. John’s Medical School, University of Pennsylvania (now called the Shanghai Second Medical University), Shangahi, China, in 1971 began the earliest study of danshen [2]. He found that oral administration of crude powder or concoction was effective in the treatment of angina pectoris. Ampules of danshen injected into animals produced similar favorable results without untoward reactions. Finally, Yu himself received the intravenous injection of the danshen concoction, the first instance of intravenous administration of a Chinese herbal medicine in man [2]. The second intravenous injection was administered to a junior house staff member, who had frequent attacks of precordial distress accompanied by T wave inversions in the precordial leads of his ECG. Immediately after the injection, symptoms improved and the inverted Twaves became isoelectric for more than 8 h [2].
Arsenic exposure from drinking water, and all-cause and chronic-disease mortalities in Bangladesh (HEALS): a prospective cohort study

Summary Background Millions of people worldwide are chronically exposed to arsenic through drinking water, including 35–77 million people in Bangladesh. The association between arsenic exposure and mortality rate has not been prospectively investigated by use of individual-level data. We therefore prospectively assessed whether chronic and recent changes in arsenic exposure are associated with all-cause and chronic-disease mortalities in a Bangladeshi population. Methods In the prospective cohort Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS), trained physicians unaware of arsenic exposure interviewed in person and clinically assessed 11 746 population-based participants (aged 18–75 years) from Araihazar, Bangladesh. Participants were recruited from October, 2000, to May, 2002, and followed-up biennially. Data for mortality rates were available throughout February, 2009. We used Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality, with adjustment for potential confounders, at different doses of arsenic exposure. Findings 407 deaths were ascertained between October, 2000, and February, 2009. Multivariate adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality in a comparison of arsenic at concentrations of 10·1–50·0 μg/L, 50·1–150·0 μg/L, and 150·1–864·0 μg/L with at least 10·0 μg/L in well water were 1·34 (95% CI 0·99–1·82), 1·09 (0·81–1·47), and 1·68 (1·26–2·23), respectively. Results were similar with daily arsenic dose and total arsenic concentration in urine. Recent change in exposure, measurement of total arsenic concentrations in urine repeated biennially, did not have much effect on the mortality rate. Interpretation Chronic arsenic exposure through drinking water was associated with an increase in the mortality rate. Follow-up data from this cohort will be used to assess the long-term effects of arsenic exposure and how they might be affected by changes in exposure. However, solutions and resources are urgently needed to mitigate the resulting health effects of arsenic exposure. Funding US National Institutes of Health.
Soluble factors from the notochordal-rich intervertebral disc inhibit endothelial cell invasion and vessel formation in the presence and absence of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Summary Background Chronic low back pain can be associated with the pathological ingrowth of blood vessels and nerves into intervertebral discs (IVDs). The notochord patterns the IVD during development and is a source of anti-angiogenic soluble factors such as Noggin and Chondroitin sulfate (CS). These factors may form the basis for a new minimally invasive strategy to target angiogenesis in the IVD. Objective To examine the anti-angiogenic potential of soluble factors from notochordal cells (NCs) and candidates Noggin and CS under healthy culture conditions and in the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators. Design NC conditioned media (NCCM) was generated from porcine NC-rich nucleus pulposus tissue. To assess the effects of NCCM, CS and Noggin on angiogenesis, cell invasion and tubular formation assays were performed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) ± tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα [10 ng/ml]). vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, MMP-7, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 mRNA levels were assessed using qRT-PCR. Results NCCM (10 & 100%), CS (10 and 100 μg) and Noggin (10 and 100 ng) significantly decreased cell invasion of HUVECs with and without TNFα. NCCM 10% and Noggin 10 ng inhibited tubular formation with and without TNFα and CS 100 μg inhibited tubules in Basal conditions whereas CS 10 μg inhibited tubules with TNFα. NCCM significantly decreased VEGF-A, MMP-7 and IL-6 mRNA levels in HUVECs with and without TNFα. CS and Noggin had no effects on gene expression. Conclusions We provide the first evidence that soluble factors from NCs can inhibit angiogenesis by suppressing VEGF signaling. Notochordal-derived ligands are a promising minimally invasive strategy targeting neurovascular ingrowth and pain in the degenerated IVD.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION IX. THE EFFECTS OF ANTAGONISTIC SALTS ON THE RESPIRATION OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER.

1. In the presence of 0.05 per cent dextrose the respiration of Aspergillus niger is increased by NaCl in concentrations of 0.25 to 0.5M, and by 0.5M CaCl 2 . 2. Stronger concentrations, as 2M NaCl and 1.25M CaCl 2 , decrease the respiration. The decrease in the higher concentrations is probably an osmotic effect of these salts. 3. A mixture of 19 cc. of NaCl and 1 cc. of CaCl 2 (both 0.5M) showed antagonism, in that the respiration was normal, although each salt alone caused an increase. 4. Spores of Aspergillus niger did not germinate on 0.5M NaCl (plus 0.05 per cent dextrose) while they did on 0.5M CaCl 2 (plus 0.05 per cent dextrose) and on various mixtures of the two. This shows that a substance may have different effects on respiration from those which it has upon growth.
Surface normal interpolation for five axis CNC milling

This paper presents an algorithm for five-axis CNC interpolation. The algorithm generates cutter location points by interpolating the surface normals along a desired path. The surface normals are represented by line coordinates which tie a orientation vector with a specific point in space. The algorithm uses line displacements to generate an approximation of the surface normals along a path. The main advantage of this method is that it relates the angular velocity of the tool to the feed rate requirement of the interpolation. An example is shown of the interpolation technique on a Bezier surface.
Saturday night, August 14, 2010—Chicago, IL

With his feet still propped up on his make-shift coffee table, Caleb read the unpublished, strange contents of the manila folder—Delta’s other sequestered stories. He read from the beginning to the end.
Engaging students through collaboration: how Project FUN works.

Abstract Students from three disciplines designed, developed, and implemented exercise and nutrition interventions, online modules and videos, to benefit low-income middle school students. The process used to incorporate the scholarship of teaching into a collaborative college-level application of learning is described.
Outpatient Management of Severe Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) with Placement of Pigtail Catheter.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of outpatient management of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) requiring placement of a pigtail catheter. Methods: retrospective analysis of thirty-three consecutive patients who underwent in-vitro fertilization (2003-2009) and developed severe/critical OHSS requiring placement of a pigtail catheter. Patients who were managed on outpatient basis were monitored by frequent office visits, daily phone calls, and received IV normal saline for hydration when required. Results: In 3 patients (9.1%) OHSS started early, requiring placement of a pigtail catheter 4.3 + 0.6 days after retrieval. In 30 patients (90.9%) OHSS started late (14 ± 4 days after retrieval). The mean amount of ascitic fluid drained immediately after placement of the catheter was 2085 ± 1018 cc. The pigtail catheter was removed after 7.8 ± 5.3 days. Of the 31 patients who had embryo transfer (two had total freeze), 84% conceived. Twenty-nine patients (88%) were managed on outpatient basis without any complications. Four patients required hospital admission for 1-7 days (3.0 ± 2.7). One patient with severe OHSS was admitted for work up for chest pain. Three patients with critical OHSS with severe pleural effusion requiring thoracentesis were admitted for supportive measures. Conclusion: The placement of a pigtail catheter resulted in safe and effective outpatient management for the majority of patients with severe OHSS.
WSRank: A New Algorithm for Ranking Web Services

Web services are one of important components in the service-oriented computing paradigm. As the increasing number of Web services is available for service requests, it is demand to develop an algorithm for ranking them with respect to some criteria. In addition, the algorithm should be capable of taking into account the fact that the user requirements for a service may be diverse. This paper presents approaches for ranking Web services in different scenarios. Two algorithms are developed for this purpose
‘Well, but that System Has Failed Entirely’: Using Theological and Philosophical Methods to Resolve Jurisprudential Confusion Over Legislative Prayer

In general, Marsh v. Chambers (1983) is thought of as a brazen exception to the Court’s wider Establishment Clause jurisprudence, marking out legislative chaplaincies as a special case of permitted religiosity. Lower courts have attempted to apply Marsh to other legislative chaplaincies, but have created a muddled jurisprudence that mistakes the institutional employed chaplain in Marsh with rotating volunteer chaplains in other cases, treating the two as essentially the same before the Constitution. Marsh’s reasoning does not, and should not be interpreted to, extend to rotating chaplaincies. The difference between rotating chaplaincies and the type of institution approved in Marsh can only be seen clearly once excavated using tools made available by a particular style of theological inquiry (the descriptive submovement of fundamental practical theology) and philosophical background concepts. Once thoroughly understood, legislative chaplaincies become simpler to analyze: the rotating chaplaincies that have caused so much jurisprudential confusion should be considered unconstitutional, while the situated chaplaincies of the sort approved in Marsh should continue as a valuable and important part of the institutional life of legislatures.Methodologically, this article explores the potential of a novel field of inquiry: law and theology. While such analysis will not be appropriate for every case with a religious aspect, there are some applications where an understanding of theological methods can illuminate legal analysis in a substantive manner.
SOLVCON: A Python-Based CFD Software Framework for Hybrid Parallelization

SOLVCON is a new, open-sourced software framework for high-fidelity solutions of linear and non-linear hyperbolic partial differential equations. SOLVCON emphasizes scalability, portability, and maintainability for supercomputing by using emerging multi-core architectures. The code development effort follows Extreme Programming practices, including version control, documentation, issue tracking, user support, and frequent code releases. In SOLVCON, the Python framework includes all supportive functionalities for the work flow. For pre-processing operations, the Python framework provides parallelized mesh data input and automatically sets up domain decomposition. In calculations, the Python framework provides light-weight memory management through extensive use of pointers. Computation-intensive operations are implemented by using C and FORTRAN for high performance. The default numerical algorithm employed is the space-time Conservation Element and Solution Element (CESE) method. The code uses general unstructured meshes with mixed elements, including tetrahedra, hexahedra, prisms, and pyramids for threedimensional calculations. Hybrid parallelism includes shared- and distributed-memory parallelization. The temporal loop and the spatial loop in modern finite-volume methods are implemented in a two-layered structure in SOLVCON. Distributed-memory parallelization by domain decomposition and MPI is performed in the temporal loop. Shared-memory parallel computing by using accelerator technologies, e.g., General-Purpose Graphic Processor Unit (GPGPU), is performed in the spatial loop. More than 99% of the execution time of SOLVCON is used for number-crunching in the solver as a part of the space loop. Written in C or FORTRAN, a typical solver contains only 10% of the code statements in SOLVCON. To demonstrate the capabilities of newly developed SOLVCON, we performed CFD calculations by using 23 million elements. The code was run on a 512-core cluster. SOLVCON delivers calculations of flow variables in 11.29 million elements per second. The parallel efficiency is 70%. In the open-sourced SOLVCON, two solvers are available: (i) the Euler equations solver for compressible flows, and (ii) the velocity-stress equations solver for waves in anisotropic elastic solids. SOLVCON can be easily extended for other applications, including viscous flows, aero-acoustics, nonlinear solid mechanics, and electromagnetism. The Python framework allows fast adaption to new heterogeneous, multi-core hardware as well as further development of the code for peta-scale supercomputing.
Effect of Gas/Liquid Mass Ratio on the Penetration of Aerated Liquid Jet in Supersonic Cross Flow

The success of supersonic air-breathing propulsion systems will be largely dependent on efficient injection, mixing, and combustion inside the supersonic combustion chamber. Fuel/air mixing enhancement inside the combustion chamber will depend on the strategies used to control the fuel jet penetration and droplet's size, velocity and dispersion. Experimental results on the effect of the gas/liquid mass ratio on the penetration of aerated liquid jet in supersonic cross flow (M=1.5) are presented in this paper. High speed imaging system is used in this study for the visualization of the injection of the aerated liquid jet in high speed cross flow. The results show the effect of jet/cross flow momentum ratio and the gas/liquid mass ratio on the penetration of aerated liquid jet. The data generated in this study can be used for the development of active control strategies to optimize the liquid fuel jet penetration and supersonic fuel/air mixing.
Gitelman syndrome disclosed by calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease: early diagnosis by ultrasonographic study

Gitelman's syndrome is a rare autosomal-recessive tubular disorder characterized by hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria associated to hypokalemia. The clinical spectrum is wide and usually characterized by chronic fatigue, cramps, muscle weakness and paresthesiae. We describe a case of a 43 year-old male patient with early onset of knee arthritis and no other symptoms. Ultrasound revealed diffuse and confluent hyperechoic deposits in cartilage, fibrocartilage of the menisci and synovium and calcium pyrophosphate crystals were observed in the synovial fluid of the knee. The concomitant presence of hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria and hypokalemia made clear the diagnosis of Gitelman's syndrome associated with chondrocalcinosis.
A Stem Cell Model of the Motor Circuit Uncouples Motor Neuron Death from Hyperexcitability Induced by SMN Deficiency.

In spinal muscular atrophy, a neurodegenerative disease caused by ubiquitous deficiency in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, sensory-motor synaptic dysfunction and increased excitability precede motor neuron (MN) loss. Whether central synaptic dysfunction and MN hyperexcitability are cell-autonomous events or they contribute to MN death is unknown. We addressed these issues using a stem-cell-based model of the motor circuit consisting of MNs and both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons (INs) in which SMN protein levels are selectively depleted. We show that SMN deficiency induces selective MN death through cell-autonomous mechanisms, while hyperexcitability is a non-cell-autonomous response of MNs to defects in pre-motor INs, leading to loss of glutamatergic synapses and reduced excitation. Findings from our in vitro model suggest that dysfunction and loss of MNs result from differential effects of SMN deficiency in distinct neurons of the motor circuit and that hyperexcitability does not trigger MN death.
Charge controlled 80 volt lateral DMOSFET with very low specific on-resistance designed for an integrated power process

The development of a lateral power device with low specific on-resistance which can be merged with control devices for use in power integrated circuits is described. The device uses charge control principles which effect a double RESURF action. The device was designed for a breakdown in excess of 80 V and a specific on-resistance of less than 2.0 m Omega -cm/sup 2/. Experimental results corroborate the design simulation. Device breakdown of 80 V was observed with a specific on-resistance of 1.8 m Omega -cm/sup 2/. >
Adaptive Seizure Onset Detection Framework Using a Hybrid PCA–CSP Approach

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in the world. Prompt detection of seizure onset from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can improve the treatment of epileptic patients. This paper presents a new adaptive patient-specific seizure onset detection framework that dynamically selects a feature from enhanced EEG signals to discriminate seizures from normal brain activity. The proposed framework employs principal component analysis and common spatial patterns to enhance the EEG signals and uses the extracted discriminative feature as an input for adaptive distance-based change point detector to identify the seizure onsets. Experimental results from the Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) dataset show the computational efficiency of the proposed method (analyzing EEG signals in a time window of 3 s within 0.1 s using a Core i7 PC) while providing comparable results to the existing methods in terms of average sensitivity, latency, and false detection rate. The proposed method is advantageous for real-time monitoring of epileptic patients and could be used to improve early diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from recurrent seizures.
Optimizing Mechanical Alignment With Modular Stems in Revision TKA

Abstract Background Although mechanical alignment is critical for optimal function and long-term implant durability, the role of modular stems in achieving ideal alignment is unclear. Methods We identified 319 revision total knee arthroplasty from 2003-2013, for which stem length, stem diameter, and stem fixation method were recorded prospectively. Three-dimensional canal-filling ratio, the product of canal-filling ratio at the stem tip in both the anteroposterior and lateral planes, and alignment were measured radiographically. Results Ideal alignment of the femur was considered to be 95° in the anteroposterior (AP) plane and from 1° of extension to 4° of flexion in the lateral plane, and ideal tibial alignment was considered to be 90° in the AP plane. Even after accounting for difference in stem size and canal-fill, ideal AP alignment was more reliably achieved with press-fit stems. Conclusion Furthermore, increased engagement of the diaphysis and its anatomical axis with canal-filling stems facilitates accurate alignment.
Towards personalized medicine: Establishment and in vivo characterization of a low passage tumor xenograft tumor predictive of clinical response

B22 Human tumor xenograft models originating from high passage, commercially available cell lines are routinely used in anticancer drug development. While information from these studies is often useful in a preclinical setting, clinical relevance is often limited likely due to genetic alterations and adaptations from successive, long-term in vitro and in vivo passages. In an attempt to develop more clinically relevant preclinical models, we and others have successfully established low passage xenograft models from patient tumors engrafted into nude mice. However, whether these models are more predictive of clinical response is unclear. To address this question, we established a low passage tumor model from a non-small cell lung patient with an available clinical history which included platinum resistance. Based on these data, we carried out three in vivo studies evaluating past, current, and prospective therapies focused on targeted therapy combinations. Consistent with clinical results, the tumor model was insensitive to platinum regimens including cisplatin alone or an oxaliplatin/pemetrexed combination. However, cisplatin resistance was partially reversed with co-administration of the novel endoribonuclease, ranpirnase. Treatment with a sorafenib/bevacizumab regimen resulted in impressive tumor growth inhibition which was further enhanced with irinotecan including tumor regressions in half of the treated mice. Interestingly, the donor patient responded to this triple therapy with a 50% maximal remission and continued with stable disease on a sorafenib/bevacizumab regimen. Taken, together, these results demonstrate this model as predictive for clinical response of this patient. In addition, these data suggest low passage xenograft models may serve as a useful tool to better predict human response to test agents in a preclinical setting. Additional studies are currently underway to further validate and refine the use of these models in oncology drug development.
Dr. Norman Chater and Chater's Point.

Dr. Norman Chater, a University of California San Francisco–trained microvascular neurosurgeon, dedicated his career to the development of surgical bypass techniques. His work contributed to advancements in microvascular anatomy and the development of cerebral revascularization techniques. He identified Chater's point, an extracranial landmark that marks the posterior extent of the Sylvian fissure, which on craniectomy reliably exposes vessels of the angular gyrus, the vasculature found to be most appropriate for bypass procedures owing to its accessibility and vascular diameter. This surgical landmark continues to be essential for the successful execution of bypass surgeries to this day.
What Constitutes Sexual Harassment and How Should Administrators Handle It

Gender discrimination and sexual harassment persist on college campuses across the United States. This seems especially obvious at the beginning of the academic year when many freshman women and th...