cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing casualty densities based on sensor reports pursuant to a large-scale disaster

One of the newest innovations which are making its way more prevalently into the field of emergency response is information technology. Information technology (IT), in this sense, seeks to turn relevant data into usable information to aid in an emergency response. One of the key elements to useful beneficial IT is to quickly, accurately, and dynamically turn incoming data into usable information. This paper presents a way to statistically analyze incoming casualty reports at specific time intervals to not only estimate casualty densities, but also assess whether or not the casualty densities being observed are within some confidence interval of an expected number of casualties. Simple models of the searching process are developed and used to dynamically analyze an incoming report stream. If the numbers of casualties are sufficiently different than the expected number, then one might conclude either a secondary event has occurred or the initial estimates were simply wrong.
The New Edition of the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services

Preventive services compose a large portion of primary care pediatrics, and pediatricians by their nature and training seem extraordinarily disposed toward clinical prevention. Therefore, when the first edition of the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services appeared in 1989 from the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), the negative reaction of the organized pediatric community was disappointing. The second edition of that guide has just been released, and we three pediatricians, who have worked hard during the past 5 years as members and staff of the second task force, hope for a far more positive reaction from our colleagues this time around.
Chapter 16 Biotransformation and excretion: Pharmacokinetic studies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses pharmacokinetic studies of biotransformation and excretion. Clearance (CL) and elimination half-life ( t 1/2 ) are the parameters typically measured in clinical pharmacokinetic studies. These parameters can be determined readily without using stable isotope labeled (SIL) tracer techniques. An SIL tracer dose of drug is administered by the intravenous (i.v.) route. A number of plasma samples are taken, and the concentration of SIL and unlabeled drug is determined for each sample by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A single SIL study can be used to determine pharmacokinetic values at typical steady state plasma concentrations. Drugs whose value for drug plasma concentration (C) is small in relation to Michaelis constant (K m ) and whose values for maximum velocity V max and K m do not change over time will exhibit linear pharmacokinetics. Drugs whose value for C is similar to, or greater than, K m , will exhibit concentration-dependent pharmacokinetics and drugs whose values for V max or K m vary with time will exhibit time-dependent pharmacokinetics. Tracer dose elimination rate constant (k) is the actual quantity measured in SIL tracer dose studies.
Measurements and analyses of velocity profiles and frazil ice-crystal rise velocities during periods of frazil-ice formation in rivers

The vertical concentration distribution of frazil-ice crystals in a stream during the formation and growth of frazil ice was discussed in a preliminary way by Gosink and Osterkamp (1981). This paper extends and completes the analysis of buoyant rise velocities of frazil-ice crystals and applies the results to an interpretation of measured velocity profiles in rivers during frazil-ice events. Additional experimental data are also presented. Two time scales are defined: the buoyant time scale TB, which represents the time required for a frazil crystal to rise, buoyantly, from the river bottom to the water surface, and the diffusive tine scale TD, which represents the time required for a frazil crystal to he transported by turbulence through the depth. It is shown that the ratio of the time scales TB/TD defines the nature of the layering processes; in particular, if TB/TD 1, turbulent mixing will proceed faster than buoyant lifting and the flow will be well-mixed. This ratio, for frazil particles of diameter 2 mm or more, corresponds to rule-of-thumb velocity criteria developed in Norway and Canada to distinguish layered frazil-ice/water flow from well-mixed flow. The development of this theory depends in large part upon the determination of TB, which depends upon the rise velocity of frazil-ice crystals. A force balance .nodel was developed for the rise velocity of a frazil crystal. Field observations during frazil -ice formation in Goldstream Creek and in the Chatanika River north of Fairbanks are reported, including a series of measurements of the rise velocities of frazil-ice crystals. Typical particle size of frazil ice was about 2 mm with a rise velocity of about 10.0 mm s -1. The agreement of measured rise velocities with the theoretical model is good considering uncertainties in the drag coefficient and in the determination of frazil crystal sizes under field conditions. Velocity profiles in the Chatanika River and in Goldstream Creek during frazil formation suggest that the time-scale ratio may serve as a transition criterion between layered frazil-ice/water flow and well-mixed flow. This ratio was calculated with the rise velocity of frazil-ice crystals arbitrarily chosen to be 0.01 m s−1.
The yeast ARD1 gene product is required for repression of cryptic mating-type information at the HML locus.

Abstract Mutations in the ARD1 gene prevent yeast cells from displaying G1-specific growth arrest in response to nitrogen deprivation and cause MATa haploids (but not MAT alpha haploids) to be mating defective. Analysis of cell type-specific gene expression by examination of RNA transcripts and measurement of beta-galactosidase activity from yeast gene-lacZ fusions demonstrated that the mating defect of MATa ard1 mutants was due to an inability to express genes required by MATa cells for the mating process. The lack of mating-specific gene expression in MATa cells was found to be due solely to derepression of the normally silent alpha information at the HML locus. The cryptic a information at the HMR locus was only very slightly derepressed in ard1 mutants, to a level insufficient to affect the mating efficiency of MAT alpha cells. The preferential elevation of expression from HML over HMR was also observed in ard1 mutants which contained the alternate arrangement of a information at HML and alpha information at HMR. Hence, the effect of the ard1 mutation was position specific (rather than information specific). Although the phenotype of ard1 mutants resembled that of cells with mutations in the SIR1 gene, both genetic and biochemical findings indicated that ARD1 control of HML expression was independent of the regulation imposed by SIR1 and the other SIR genes. These results suggest that the ARD1 gene encodes a protein product that acts, directly or indirectly, at the HML locus to repress its expression and, by analogy, may control expression of other genes involved in monitoring nutritional conditions.
The Language War.

The Language War. Robin Tolmach Lakoff. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000. 322 pp.
Development and manufacture of a large, multi-cell lithium thionyl chloride reserve battery

A high power reserve battery has been developed to provide electrical energy for a family of ocean buoys. Some of the key development and manufacturing features of this program are outlined. The battery weighs approximately 145 lbs and is packaged in the nose of a MK 46 torpedo size store. Electrolyte, stored in a reservoir, is distributed to the 21 cells via a unique manifolding system. Activation is initiated by an explosive squib, and a stored energy system within the reservoir provides motive power. The 21 cells are divided into two sections. Performance requirements include extended operation at 4 kW constant power discharge. Each battery contains a large number of components, and automation has been developed to facilitate manufacture. A continuous coating process is used for the manufacture of cathode stock. Robots are used for the conversion of cathode stock into finished cathodes and for welding electrode tabs to current collectors. A comprehensive system of nonoperating electrical tests is used to determine product operability and safety. These tests include capacitance measurements to assure continuity of the unactivated series stacks and the integrity of the cell/manifold/activation system. >
A dual-band dual-feed Fresnel zone antenna concept: application in solar sails missions

A Fresnel Zone (FZ) antenna is envisioned to be integrated as a part of a large sail structure in the solar sail mission (see Khayatian, B. et al., IEEE APS Int. Sym., vol.2, p.742-5, 2001). Furthermore, a design was proposed to accommodate enough antenna gain to satisfy the communication link requirements. Spacecraft communication takes place over the uplink and downlink X-band around 8.49 and 7.16 GHz. This, in turn, requires an operating bandwidth of more than 9% for the Fresnel antenna configuration. Since the operating bandwidth of FZ antennas is inversely proportional to their number of rings, the bandwidth of the proposed 10 m FZ antenna (having F/D=1, with 33 rings) cannot exceed 3% (see Khayatian et al.). To enhance the required bandwidth criterion of the FZ antenna, a dual-band design of this antenna configuration is investigated.
Structure of the cauliflower mosaic virus genome. III. Restriction endonuclease mapping of thirty-three isolates.

The sites of various restriction endonucleases were mapped on the DNA of cauliflower mosaic virus isolate Cabb B-JI.FspAI,HgiAI,HhaI, andXhoI each cut at one site,PstI andPvuII each at two sites,BglII at five sites, andHindIII at nine sites;SacP,SmaI, andXbaI did not cut this DNA. These sites and those ofBamHI,EcoRI, andSalGI were compared with the sites of these enzymes on the DNAs of 32 other CaMV isolates. Considerable variations were found both in numbers and map positions of the sites of the restriction enzymes. The significance of this variation is discussed.
Quadrature sums involving p th powers of polynomials

R. Askey’s problem of estimating quadrature sums involving pth powers of polynomials $(0 < p < \infty )$ in terms of integrals, is solved. In its simplest form, the method can extend the large sieve of number theory to sums involving pth powers, rather than just squares, of trigonometric polynomials. Further, the method yields estimates whenever the abscissas in the quadrature have a suitable spacing and the weights have suitable bounds. In particular, it may be applied to generalized Jacobi weights and to Freud weights.
Reduced glucose-induced thermogenesis is present in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without obesity.

Decreased glucose-induced thermogenesis has been observed in all forms of obesity. However, some studies implicate insulin resistance rather than obesity per se as the mechanism by which glucose-induced thermogenesis is reduced. To establish the role of insulin resistance in reduced thermogenesis independent of obesity, we compared energy expenditure in 9 nonobese individuals with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) to 16 nonobese control subjects using indirect calorimetry and the hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. To document the presence of insulin resistance and reduced glucoseinduced thermogenesis in nonobese NIDDM, 6 individuals from each group were studied under identical conditions of hyperinsulinemia (120 mU/m2·min) and euglycemia (∼5 mmol/1). Both glucose uptake (0.482 ± 0.042 vs. 0.737 ± 0.040 g/min) and energy expenditure above basal (0.04 ± 0.02 vs. 0.10 ± 0.02 kcal/min) were decreased in nonobese NIDDM compared to control subjects (both P < 0.05). To determine whether decreased glu...
Data sharing in multi-threaded applications and its impact on chip design

Analytical modeling is becoming an increasingly important technique used in the design of chip multiprocessors. Most such models assume multi-programmed workload mixes and either ignore or oversimplify the behavior of multi-threaded applications. In particular, data sharing observed in multi-threaded applications, and its impact on chip design decisions, has not been well characterized in prior analytical modeling work. In this work we describe why data sharing behavior is hard to capture in an analytical model, and study why, and by how much, past attempts have fallen short. We propose a new methodology to measure the impact of data sharing, which quantifies the reduction in on-chip cache miss rates attributable solely to the presence of data sharing. We then extend an existing analytical performance model for a many-core chip by incorporating into it the impact of data sharing in contemporary multi-threaded workloads. We use this analytical model to explore the chip design space for a hypothetical many-core chip of the future. We find that the optimal design point is substantially different when the impact of data sharing is modeled compared to when it is not. Data sharing can enable reassigning a significant fraction of the total chip area (up to 16%, per our model of a future many-core) from cache resources to core resources, which, in turn, improves the overall chip throughput (by up to 58%).
Transient responses of a heterogeneous spin system to binomial pulse saturation

Abstract The transient responses of a heterogeneous spin system to binomial pulses applied at the free-water resonance frequency are obtained by solving the Bloch equations pertaining to such a system modeled by a pair of binary coupled spin baths. Examples of such a solution are given and the validity of the theoretical model is tested by imaging experiments conducted on a phantom consisted of two intact chicken eggs, one raw and the other cooked.
Huang diffuse scattering from dislocation loops and cobalt precipitates in copper

High-resolution measurements of the Huang diffuse scattering from dislocation loops in neutron-irradiated copper and cobalt precipitates in Cu:1-wt%-Co crystals have been carried out close to the (200) and (111) reflections using a three-axis x-ray diffractometer. These measurements have been compiled in the form of diffuse intensity contours and compared with calculations based on the dipole-force model for dislocation loops and spherical precipitates. Good agreement was found between the measured and calculated contours and it was shown that the symmetry of the defects could be determined from these measurements. The necessity of considering the elastic anisotropy of the lattice in the calculations was also demonstrated.
Mass spectral analysis of neuropeptide expression and distribution in the nervous system of the lobster Homarus americanus.

The lobster Homarus americanus has long served as an important animal model for electrophysiological and behavioral studies. Using this model, we performed a comprehensive investigation of the neuropeptide expression and their localization in the nervous system, which provides useful insights for further understanding of their biological functions. Using nanoLC ESI Q-TOF MS/MS and three types of MALDI instruments, we analyzed the neuropeptide complements in a major neuroendocrine structure, pericardial organ. 57 putative neuropeptides were identified and 18 of them were de novo sequenced. Using direct tissue/extract analysis and bioinformatics software SpecPlot, we charted the global distribution of neuropeptides throughout the nervous system in H. americanus. Furthermore, we also mapped the localization of several neuropeptide families in the brain by high mass resolution and high mass accuracy mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) using a MALDI LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. We have also compared the utility and instrument performance of multiple mass spectrometers for neuropeptide analysis in terms of peptidome coverage, sensitivity, mass spectral resolution and capability for de novo sequencing.
Electron-Beam-Inactivated Vaccine Against Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization in Molting Hens.

SUMMARY Electron-beam (eBeam) irradiation technology has a variety of applications in modern society. The underlying hypothesis was that eBeam-inactivated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) cells can serve as a vaccine to control SE colonization and shedding in poultry birds. An eBeam dose of 2.5 kGy (kilograys) was used to inactivate a high-titer (108 colony-forming units [CFU]) preparation of SE cells. Microscopic studies revealed that the irradiation did not damage the bacterial cell membranes. The vaccine efficacy was evaluated by administering the eBeam-killed SE cells intramuscularly (1 × 106 CFU/bird) into 50-wk-old single comb white leghorn hens. On day 14 postvaccination, the hens were challenged orally with live SE cells (1 × 109 CFU) and SE colonization of liver, spleen, ceca, and ovaries determined on day 23. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, and 23 postvaccination and the sera were analyzed to quantify SE-specific IgG titers. The vaccinated chickens exhibited significantly...
Relating ecoystem services to domains of human well-being: Foundation for a U.S. index

Abstract Humans are dependent upon the services provided by nature, and unless we effectively account for the range of values from ecosystems in our efforts to protect the environment, we cannot sustain human well-being. In light of this dependence, a national measure of well-being is needed which is responsive to changes in the provisioning of ecosystem services as well as service flows from economic and social sectors. To conceptualize the eco-human linkages we must identify the measurable components of well-being that can be related to ecosystem service provisioning. The indicators and metrics used in existing well-being indices provide a basis for developing a core set of domains to develop such a composite measure of well-being; however these indices lack the ability to link well-being endpoints specifically to service flows from different types of capital. This paper suggests a core set of well-being domains that can be linked to ecosystem services via their relationship to economic, environmental and societal well-being. The well-being domains identified will serve as the foundation for developing an index of well-being for the U.S. which will be used to evaluate the provisioning of ecosystem, economic and social services in a predictive modeling framework. We present an overview of selected well-being measures and discuss the potential relationships between ecosystem services and the domains selected to develop the index structure.
Treatment of anorexia nervosa: Insights and obstacles

Anorexia nervosa is a behavioral disorder characterized by ego-syntonic self-starvation, denial of illness and ambivalence towards treatment. Treatment refusal and drop-out rates are high and relapse is common. Treatment is best viewed as comprised of two phases, weight restoration and normalization of eating behavior followed by relapse prevention. Most patients verbalize a desire to change, however they seek treatment on their own terms, ideally with minimal or no weight gain. Successful treatment must therefore convince patients to overcome their drive to diet. Evidence-based data on treatment interventions for anorexia nervosa are scarce and methodological problems afflict the few published, controlled trials. Taken together, clinical expertise and data from correlational and controlled trials suggest that chronicity and adult status are associated with a worse prognosis. Outpatient family therapy is effective in weight-restoring the majority of adolescent patients whereas older patients, or those with severe medical or psychiatric comorbidity, often require intensive treatment on an inpatient eating disorders behavioral specialty unit. Correlational data suggest that weight-restored patients are less likely to relapse. Despite limitations of the current knowledge-base, several new areas of research hold promise in elucidating risk factors, in identifying the pathophysiology that sustains anorectic behavior, and in developing more targeted and effective treatments.
Variables Influencing Susceptibility Testing of Cryptococcus neoformans to 5-Fluorocytosine

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) was determined for 65 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans by using a twofold serial tube dilution method. The MIC was profoundly influenced by incubation temperature, inoculum size, and duration of incubation. By using a standard set of test conditions, 100% of 49 pretreatment isolates of C. neoformans were susceptible to 10 μg of 5-FC per ml or less, and 9 (56%) of 16 isolates recovered during or after 5-FC therapy were massively drug resistant (MIC > 320 μg/ml). With the standard test conditions recommended here, the tube dilution method was found to be both accurate and reproducible, and the results correlated with the treatment status of patients.
"Medically necessary" panniculectomy to facilitate gynecologic cancer surgery in morbidly obese patients.

A retrospective review of patients in our practice who underwent abdominal panniculectomy to facilitate gynecologic cancer surgery was performed. The objective of the study was to determine if panniculectomy was a safe and useful procedure in the morbidly obese gynecologic cancer patient. A total of 12 patients underwent the procedure between 1992 and 1996. Optimal pelvic oncologic surgery was accomplished in all 12 patients. All aspects of those procedures were performed by gynecologic oncologists. The Buchwalter retractor was used in all cases. The patients' weights ranged from 170 to 429 pounds, with a mean of 275 pounds. The mean body mass index was 48, with a range from 37 to 67. Four patients had a history of diabetes mellitus. Nine patients healed without wound complications. Three patients developed superficial subcutaneous wound infections/necrosis that were successfully managed with office debridement. Abdominal panniculectomy is a reasonably safe procedure that makes radical pelvic surgery possible regardless of the patient's weight. Prolonged wound bulb suction drainage may decrease the incidence of wound necrosis/infection in these high-risk patients.
Empire and I: Reading the Travelogue of a Late Eighteenth-Century British Army Captain

Framed in a discussion of post-colonial approaches to the British Empire's influence on culture, a close reading of Captain Donald Campbell's late eighteenth-century travelogue contextualises the personal particularities in his assessments of Habsburg Europe, Ottoman West Asia and Mysorean/British South Asia. His is an imagination in which the bonds of ‘religion’ ameliorate the ‘otherness’ of continental Europeans, while his concept of ‘enlightenment’ learning is deployed to understand the Ottomans. Only in the case of South Asia is the very humanity of the ‘other’ denied. I argue that this landscape of otherness reflects the coincidence of the interests of his ‘self’ and the ‘Empire’, which overlap most thoroughly in South Asia. Campbell's travelogue is of value to post-colonial approaches, as it is a particularly poignant example of the manner in which the particularities of the ‘self’ contribute to the construction of broader cultural discourses permeated by ‘Empire’.
Metal matrix Composites

This paper reviews the world wide upsurge in metal matrix composite research and development activities with particular emphasis on cast metal-matrix particulate composites. Extensive applications of cast aluminium alloy MMCs in day-to-day use in transportation as well as durable good industries are expected to advance rapidly in the next decade. The potential for extensive application of cast composites is very large in India, especially in the areas of transportation, energy and electromechanical machinery; the extensive use of composites can lead to large savings in materials and energy, and in several instances, reduce environmental pollution. It is important that engineering education and short-term courses be organized to bring MMCs to the attention of students and engineering industry leaders. India already has excellent infrastructure for development of composites, and has a long track record of world class research in cast metal matrix particulate composites. It is now necessary to catalyze prototype and regular production of selected composite components, and get them used in different sectors, especially railways, cars, trucks, buses, scooters and other electromechanical machinery. This will require suitable policies backed up by funding to bring together the first rate talent in cast composites which already exists in India, to form viable development groups followed by setting up of production plants involving the process engineering capability already available within the country. On the longer term, cast composites should be developed for use in energy generation equipment, electronic packaging aerospace systems, and smart structures.
Light on light: A response to Grøn

Einstein's second postulate (light-speed constancy) is modified in the following manner:(1) as to motion of light emitters, no modification is made;(2) as to motion of light absorbers, if the absorber moves with velocityv with respect to the observer, that observer will attribute to light the velocity (c+v). It is shown, with reference to the original Einstein train example, that such a modification of the second postulate restores to kinematics a concept of distant simultaneity. Thus is indicated the complicated (acausal) behavior that must be attributed to light in order that the simple behavior earlier attributed(1) to matter (nonoccurrence of the Lorentz contraction) may be consistent with all known facts. A reply is made to Gron's critique(2) of the earlier paper on metric standards. It is concluded that further experimental data are needed to decide the simple-light-complicated-matter versus complicated-light-simple-matter issue.
A content analysis of six introduction to computer science textbooks

A content analysis was conducted on three pairs of introduction to computer science textbooks to determine if there were any significant differences in their content. The results of the analysis seem to indicate that the content of major topics in earlier computer science texts is not signficantly different from more recent textbooks.
ATM gene deletion in patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the ATM gene (mutated in ataxia telangiectasia [AT] patients) and ATM protein deficiency occur in 14% and 34%, respectively, of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). ATM protein deficiency also is associated with aggressive disease and worse patient survival. Considering the aberrations in the ATM gene in CLL and the high rate of incidence of lymphoid neoplasias in AT patients, the authors investigated its incidence rate and significance in patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). METHODS Samples from 36 adults with ALL were analyzed for LOH and homozygous deletion (HD) using a panel of three microsatellite markers located at the ATM gene (D11S2179), the MLL gene (D11S1356), and the BCL1 gene (D11S987) loci. These markers are located within the 11q13-q23 locus. RESULTS Of the 36 informative cases, 10 (28%) showed deletions (7 LOH and 3 HDs) at the D11S2179 marker. In two patients, the deletions were extended to the MLL gene locus. These deletions were submicroscopic because only 3% (1 of 36) of patients showed abnormalities involving 11q23 using cytogenetic studies. The authors also estimated the levels of ATM protein in 15 ALL patients and 12 healthy volunteers by radioimmunoassay. The ATM protein levels in cases with LOH at the ATM gene were between 15-50% of those from normal bone marrow. In contrast to CLL patients, patients with LOH or HD at the ATM gene locus showed better survival compared with patients without ATM gene deletions (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS LOH of the ATM gene and protein deficiency are common in adult ALL, are not demonstrated at the cytogenetic level, and are associated with a favorable prognosis. The authors speculate that ATM deficiency may increase the sensitivity of leukemic blasts to the chemotherapy used during induction and after disease remission in patients with adult ALL. The relatively high frequency of deletion of the D11S2179 marker compared with the D11S1356 marker suggests that ATM is the target gene of the deletion at the 11q23 locus, and that such deletions may play a role in the pathogenesis of ALL. Cancer 2000;88:1057–62. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Age at initial onset of depression and waking EEG variables in the elderly.

Depressive illness with initial onset after age 60 has different clinical and prognostic features compared to depression beginning at a younger age. We evaluated waking electroencephalograms (EEGs) in 61 elderly depressed patients (32 early onset, 29 late onset) without cognitive impairment and not receiving psychotropic medications. The groups were comparable for age, severity of Hamilton depression score, education, and Folstein Mini-Mental State scores. Conventional visual EEG analysis revealed no significant differences in the mean alpha rhythm, incidence of abnormal records, or types of EEG abnormalities. Computerized spectral EEG analysis was also performed in 48 patients (23 early onset, 25 late onset). There were no significant differences in the pooled parasagittal mean frequency, theta - beta difference, combined delta and theta percentage, or relative power of the frequency bands. Thus, waking EEGs do not differentiate between elderly patients with the initial onset of the depression before or after age 60.
Position of Human Chromosomes is Conserved in Mouse Nuclei Indicating a Species-Independent Mechanism for Maintaining Genome Organization

The nonrandom positioning of chromosome territories in eukaryotic cells is largely correlated with gene density and is conserved throughout evolution. Gene-rich chromosomes are predominantly central, while gene-poor chromosomes are peripherally localized in interphase nuclei. We previously demonstrated that artificially introduced human chromosomes assume a position equivalent to their endogenous homologues in the diploid colon cancer cell line DLD-1. These chromosomal aneuploidies result in a significant increase in transcript levels, suggesting a relationship between genomic copy number, gene expression, and chromosome position. We previously proposed that each chromosome is marked by a “zip code” that determines its nonrandom position in the nucleus. In this paper, we investigated (1) whether mouse nuclei recognize such determinants of nuclear position on human chromosomes to facilitate their distinct partitioning and (2) if chromosome positioning and transcriptional activity remain coupled under these trans-species conditions. Using three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization, confocal microscopy, and gene expression profiling, we show (1) that gene-poor and gene-rich human chromosomes maintain their divergent but conserved positions in mouse–human hybrid nuclei and (2) that a foreign human chromosome is actively transcribed in mouse nuclei. Our results suggest a species-independent conserved mechanism for the nonrandom positioning of chromosomes in the three-dimensional interphase nucleus.
Pedestrian crash risk on boundary roadways: university campus case study

Prominent pedestrian trip attractors, such as college campuses and major urban parks, are often surrounded by roadways with high volumes of motor vehicle traffic. Although many pedestrians cross busy boundary roadways, relatively little is known about the pedestrian crash risk along these types of facilities. This study quantifies pedestrian crash risk at roadway intersections on the boundary of the University of California, Berkeley, campus during typical spring and fall semester weekdays. Manual pedestrian counts were extrapolated with data from three automated counter locations to represent pedestrian exposure. Pedestrian crash risk was highest at intersections along the boundary roadways with the lowest pedestrian volumes. In addition, pedestrian risk in the evening (6:00 p.m. to midnight) was estimated to be more than three times higher than in the daytime (10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.). The crash risk estimation approach presented can be used to study pedestrian safety on the boundary of campuses and other major attractors so that agencies can identify and prioritize engineering, education, and enforcement treatments to reduce pedestrian injuries.
Release Rates of Solid Drug Mixtures Dispersed in Inert Matrixes III: Binary Mixture of Acid Drugs Released into Alkaline Media

The release of a mixture of two acidic drugs (benzoic acid and salicylic acid) from an inert matrix into phosphate buffers was investigated utilizing the physical model approach. Equations were derived describing the diffusional behavior and interactions of the various species under different conditions. The equations were solved for two boundary conditions due to the interactions of drugs with the buffers and drugs by themselves, i.e., for precipitation or no precipitation of benzoic acid in the matrix. Experimental data were obtained and analyzed with self-consistent methods employing the appropriate equations. The analysis showed that the physical model investigated generally described all of the experimental data and yielded physically significant parameter values and conclusions. It was found that the model utilizing the simultaneous precipitation and drug release gave much better agreement of the data with the theory than that which assumed appreciable supersaturation of the drug in the matrix.
Effect of denture base thermal conductivity on gustatory response

Abstract The effects of thermal conductivity of metal and acrylic resin palatal bases on gustatory response was compared in 10 subjects. Two similar maxillary palatal bases, one in metal and the other in acrylic resin, were fabricated for each subject. Each palatal base contained a chamber which permitted circulation of water at prespecified temperatures. The superior conductivity of the metal over the acrylic resin base was evident by the higher palatal tissue temperatures with hot stimulus and lower temperatures with cold stimulus. The parotid response varied with the concentration and type of taste stimulus, but did not show any enhancement of sweet or acid stimuli either at hot or cold palatal tissue temperatures under the metal palatal base. Instead, increased, sustained higher palatal tissue temperature under the metal base seemed to interfere more with the gustatory response to taste stimuli than the acrylic resin base.
Depressive symptoms in rape victims

Thirty-four recent rape victims were assessed for depressive symptomatology using a well-validated self-report instrument in combination with formal psychiatric evaluation. Fifteen subjects were found to be moderately or severely depressed when measured on the self-report questionnaire. A closer examination of these 15 subjects revealed that 8 were suffering from a major depressive disorder. The authors emphasize that all clinicians working with rape victims should be alert to the emergence of depression in this population.
NAFTAs Future? — The Logic of Puerto Rico's Export‐Led Development

East Asian industrializations and the crisis of Latin American developmentalism in the 1970s and 1980s have been at the center of disputes over the conditions leading to a socially optimal extension and intensification of capitalist production relations in the periphery. The contrast in regional styles and outcomes of development is deemed to be the key to a final adjudication between the competing analytical claims of neoclassical economists and statist currents within political economy. Neoclassical critiques of excessive Latin American tampering with markets find confirmation for neoliberal prescriptions in the open, export‐oriented East Asian regimes. That East Asian development is not a paragon of neoliberal virtue, and that relatively freer markets might not be the most important part of the story, is the crux of the enduring statist critique. Over a decade of contestation has given way to significant refinements, among them, a recognition of the importance of sequencing import‐and export‐substitution. The modicum of foresight and discipline that seems to be implied in proper sequencing has weighed in favor of the statist emphasis on the role of ‘developmental states.’ Even researchers disposed to enshrine the virtues of markets in the process of modernization, find it difficult not to concede that the East Asian record rests on more than macroeconomic stability; although they remain skeptical about the cruder claims of states successfully ‘picking winners and losers’ (Dollar and Sokoloff 1994). Perhaps the most enduring legacy of this controversy—only extreme zealots could deny this—is the mounting empirical evidence supporting the argument that economic development is an inherently discontinuous process, and reliance on the market institution leaves societies woefully unprepared to ‘negotiate’ through an unstable and asymmetrical international political economy.
External heat transfer from cylindrical self-cooled electric equipment

IN ADDITION to the usual electromagnetic and electrical limitations, the performance of electric equipment is dependent on its ability to dissipate its losses and still maintain safe component temperatures. For forced-cooled equipment, such as blast-cooled generators, a continuous flow of coolant is provided to carry away practically all of the heat. Since only one method of heat transfer need be considered, techniques are available which can be used to predict the cooling performance for any set of cooling conditions encountered in aircraft.1 For self-cooled equipment, however, the heat transfer picture is much more complicated. Heat may be dissipated by natural or forced convection to the surrounding air, by radiation to surrounding objects, and by direct conduction to objects with which it comes in contact.
Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid and periocular tissues

Five patients had eyelid and periocular Merkel cell carcinoma. The tumor was located on the left lower eyelid in two patients, the left upper eyelid in one patient, the right upper eyelid in one patient, and was metastatic to the right outer canthus in one patient. The mean duration of symptoms was approximately four months. The diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma was not suspected clinically in any of the four primary eyelid cases, but was only established on histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens. Light microscopy disclosed carcinoma with small primitive cells in all five tumor biopsy specimens. Immunohistochemical studies showed neuron-specific enolase and keratin and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated neurosecretory granules typical for Merkel cell carcinoma. All five patients in this study were treated with wide surgical excision of the eyelid tumors with intraoperative frozen-section monitoring of the margins of resection. The left lower eyelid Merkel cell carcinoma spread to the preauricular lymph node in one patient. This patient subsequently died of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. One patient with metastatic right outer canthus Merkel cell carcinoma received radiotherapy (6,550 cGy). Eyelid Merkel cell carcinoma has the potential for recurrence and metastatic spread. We recommend lifetime follow-up for patients treated for eyelid Merkel cell carcinoma.
Factors influencing the decision to return to graduate school for professional students

The purpose of this study was to describe factors influencing the decision to return to graduate school for a group of professional students. A causal model was proposed that included five variable sets: background characteristics, college characteristics, college experiences, work experiences, and attitudes toward graduate study. The sample was composed of 217 physical therapists who responded to a 1988 statewide survey on graduate education. The longstanding articulation of graduate education and vocational interests was confirmed. The overwhelming influence in this group was the desire to advance in clinical/technical skills. Career conditions of specialization and income further influenced the educational decision. Less influence was seen from the college experience. Cost factors that have been found to be predominant in many groups did not influence the decision.
Design and validation of a diffuse reflectance and spectroscopic microendoscope with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based phantoms

Many cases of epithelial cancer originate in basal layers of tissue and are initially undetected by conventional microendoscopy techniques. We present a bench-top, fiber-bundle microendoscope capable of providing high resolution images of surface cell morphology. Additionally, the microendoscope has the capability to interrogate deeper into material by using diffuse reflectance and broadband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The purpose of this multimodal technique was to overcome the limitation of microendoscopy techniques that are limited to only visualizing morphology at the tissue or cellular level. Using a custom fiber optic probe, high resolution surface images were acquired using topical proflavine to fluorescently stain non-keratinized epithelia. A 635 nm laser coupled to a 200 μm multimode fiber delivers light to the sample and the diffuse reflectance signal was captured by a 1 mm image guide fiber. Finally, a tungsten-halogen lamp coupled to a 200 μm multimode fiber delivers broadband light to the sample to acquire spectra at source-detector separations of 374, 729, and 1051 μm. To test the instrumentation, a high resolution proflavine-induced fluorescent image of resected healthy mouse colon was acquired. Additionally, five monolayer poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based optical phantoms with varying absorption and scattering properties were created to acquire diffuse reflectance profiles and broadband spectra.
Status Distinctions in Interaction: Social Selection and Exclusion at an Elite Nightclub

Although social status plays a crucial role in the generation and maintenance of social inequalities, how status processes operate in naturalistic social contexts remains less clear. In the following article, I provide a case study of doormen—individuals who simultaneously represent status experts and status judges—at a highly exclusive nightclub to investigate how people draw status distinctions in micro-social settings. Using interview and ethnographic data, I analyze on what bases doormen evaluate the relative worth of patrons and confer the status prize of admission. I find that in making such decisions, doormen drew from a constellation of competence and esteem cues, which were informed by contextually specific status schemas about the relative material, moral, and symbolic worth of particular client groups. Moreover, the ways in which doormen used these cues and schema depended on the identity of the specific patron being evaluated. As such, I argue that processes of interpersonal evaluation and status conferral are contextually specific, culturally embedded, and interpersonally variable. Despite such variations, a patron’s perceived social connections seemed to outweigh other types of cues in admissions decisions. I conclude by discussing these findings in light of both status characteristics theory and Bourdieu’s work on the transubstantiation of capital to suggest that social capital is a powerful status cue that can, under certain conditions, be a more potent source of social distinction and status advantage, or hold a greater conversion value, in systems of stratification than other types of qualities.
Predictors of Dental Care Use: Findings From the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Abstract Purpose To examine longitudinal trends and associated factors in dental service utilization by adolescents progressing to early adulthood in the United States. Methods The data source was the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health from Waves I (1994–1995), II (1996), III (2001–2002), and IV (2007–2008). This was a retrospective, observational study of adolescents' transition to early adulthood. We obtained descriptive statistics and performed logistic regression analyses to identify the effects of baseline and concurrent covariates on dental service utilization from adolescence to early adulthood over time. Results Dental service utilization within the prior 12 months peaked at age 16 (72%), gradually decreased until age 21 (57%), and remained flat thereafter. Whites and Asians had a 10–20 percentage points higher proportion of dental service utilization at most ages compared with Blacks and Hispanics. Dental service utilization at later follow-up visits was strongly associated with baseline utilization, with odds ratio = 10.7, 2.4, and 1.5 at the 1-, 7-, and 13-year follow-ups, respectively. These effects decreased when they were adjusted for current income, insurance, and education. Compared with Whites, Blacks were consistently less likely to report a dental examination. Conclusions Dental service utilization was highest in adolescence. Gender, education, health insurance, and income in young adulthood were significant predictors in reporting a dental examination. Blacks had lower odds of reporting a dental examination, either as adolescents or as young adults.
Coal mine waters and their influence on the purity ecological state of river and the fish production

Abstract Studies concerning ecological quality of coal mine waters were carried out in Lublin Coal Basin (Eastern Poland). The waters were collected in a mining reservoir and entered to small rivers Świnka and Wieprz. These waters were medium salinity, mainly chlorides, which average content ranged between 834 mg/l – 922 mg/l. Fairly rich water fauna was found in this reservoir. It was represented by 31 taxons of invertebrates and 10 species of fish. Fish reached high annual weight and lenght gains, usually higher than in other waters in Poland. The high content of chlorides in coal mine waters exerted a negative changes on the chemical composition and the zoocoenosis structure of the Świnka and Wieprz rivers. Among others, the number of river species decreased and the eurytopic and euryhalinic ones increased.
Spatial scales of genetic structure and gene flow in Calochortus albus (Liliaceae)

Calochortus (Liliaceae) displays high species richness, restriction of many individual taxa to narrow ranges, geographic coherence of individual clades, and parallel adaptive radiations in different regions. Here we test the first part of a hypothesis that all of these patterns may reflect gene flow at small geographic scales. We use amplified fragment length polymorphism variation to quantify the geographic scales of spatial genetic structure and apparent gene flow in Calochortus albus, a widespread member of the genus, at Henry Coe State Park in the Coast Ranges south of San Francisco Bay. Analyses of 254 mapped individuals spaced 0.001–14.4 km apart show a highly significant decline in genetic identity with ln distance, implying a root-mean-square distance of gene flow σ of 5–43 m. STRUCTURE analysis implies the existence of 2–4 clusters over the study area, with frequent reversals among clusters over short distances (<200 m) and a relatively high frequency of admixture within individuals at most sampling sites. While the intensity of spatial genetic structure in C. albus is weak, as measured by the Sp statistic, that appears to reflect low genetic identity of adjacent plants, which might reflect repeated colonizations at small spatial scales or density-dependent mortality of individual genotypes by natural enemies. Small spatial scales of gene flow and spatial genetic structure should permit, under a variety of conditions, genetic differentiation within species at such scales, setting the stage ultimately for speciation and adaptive radiation as such scales as well.