cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An apparatus for desalination with ion exchange resins

Abstract This paper describes an apparatus in which desalination was achieved on ion-exchange resins by periodic change in temperature synchronized with an alternation in the course of liquid flow. Experiments showed that higher separation can be obtained with an increase in temperature difference, pressure, rate of liquid flow or resin-to-liquid ratio.
Researching teacher-consultancy via Exploratory Practice

This paper provides much of the theoretical background to Exploratory Practice (EP) that it was not possible to cover in the introductory paper to this collection. It also illustrates how the framework of EP can be invoked in the context of doctoral research. I report and comment on my reflexive doctoral study, which focuses on my own professional development as an EP teacher-consultant (Miller, 2001). I added an academic investigative dimension to my already reflexive practitioner research with a view to creating opportunities for working towards enriched understandings of the unfolding of two longitudinal teacher-consultancy encounters in which I worked, within EP (Allwright, 1992-2002), individually, as an EFL consultant to/with two practising EFL teachers.I claim that my paradoxically reflexive positioning in both my practitioner and academic research practices combined to enhance my understandings of the ‘unrepresentable’ management of reflection in the sessions. I captured the interactional delicacy...
A robust affine-equivariant median

Tukey used the idea of depth-trimming to define an affine-equivariant multivariate sample median. We propose a modification to Tukey's definition leading to a median with a larger breakdown-point. A lower bound on the breakdown-point of the proposed median is also exhibited
Lansing poliovirus infection in mice: antibody demonstrable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoprecipitation but not by neutralization.

Abstract Adult mice infected intracerebrally (i.c) with the Lansing strain of type 2 human poliovirus (HPV2) failed to develop a systemic neutralizing antibody response until 2 months post-infection (p.i). In contrast, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated an antibody response of IgM and IgG classes beginning at day 1 p.i. with peak levels reached by 5 weeks p.i. This response was slightly greater in paralyzed than in nonparalyzed animals. Immunoprecipitation of poliovirus proteins from cytoplasmic extracts and disrupted purified virion preparations revealed antibodies to three capsid proteins, two capsid precursor proteins, and one nonstructural protein. Finally, neither neutralizing antibody nor definite virus replication was detected after oral, intraperitoneal, or intravenous routes of inoculation. We conclude that the lack of a systemic neutralizing antibody response in mice is probably due to an insufficient amount of infectious virus and consequently viral neutralizing epitopes reaching extraneural lymphoid tissues
Growth and Equity in Developing Countries: A Reinterpretation of the Sri Lankan Experience

In the important debate between the proponents of direct (basic needs) and indirect (economic growth) measures of promoting welfare, Sri Lanka has frequently been cited as one country which has successfully pursued the direct approach. It has raised living standards without much cost in terms of reduced growth. This conclusion, however, is based on analyses which do not account for the initial conditions of the countries being compared. After methodologically incorporating these concerns, neither the improvement in living standards nor the 2.0 percent per capita growth rate during the period of direct policy measures (1960-78) was exceptional. In contrast, during the period of more indirect growth-promoting policies (1977-84), i) economic growth more than doubled to an average rate of 4.3 percent per capita per annum; ii) expenditure inequality did not significantly change; iii) consumption expenditures of the population, and the poor, generally increased; and iv) several living standard indicators continued to improve.
A systematic evaluation of ADHD and comorbid psychopathology in a population-based twin sample.

ABSTRACT Objective Clinical and population samples demonstrate that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurs with other disorders. Comorbid disorder clustering within ADHD subtypes is not well studied. Method Latent class analysis (LCA) examined the co-occurrence of DSM-IV ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and depression symptoms in a population twin sample. The authors fit separate models for ADHD and comorbid disorder symptoms. Twin concordance ratios (monozygotic versus dizygotic) were compared examining genetic influence on class membership. Results LCA of ADHD symptoms resulted in seven classes including inattentive, combined, and hyperactive subtypes in 1,616 subjects. The few ADHD symptoms (53.4%) and severe inattentive (12.3%) classes were most frequent. LCA of ODD, CD, and depression symptoms in 1,587 subjects revealed five classes including ODD (19.4%), depression (14.5%), and two composite classes: ODD/CD (6.9%) and ODD/CD/depression (7.2%). Internalizing and externalizing comorbid disorders were present across all ADHD subtypes. Odds ratios (ORs) for twin concordance indicate genetic influence on severe inattentive (OR = 4.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-11.53) and combined (OR = 5.25; 95% CI, 1.32-20.78) ADHD classes and ODD (OR = 1.49; 95% CI, 0.70-3.17), ODD/CD (OR = 3.32; 95% CI, 0.57-19.28), and ODD/CD/depression (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 0.30-4.77) classes. Conclusions Internalizing and externalizing disorders did not cluster differentially within ADHD subtypes. LCA may provide a more precise characterization of comorbidity with ADHD.
NMR investigation of histamine-phospholipid interaction

Summary Dispersions of histamine and phosphatidyl-L-serine, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine were investigated at acidic and alkaline pD values using nmr. A specific interaction between histamine and phosphatidyl-L-serine was observed in the acidic pD range and involved only the imidazole protons of histamine. No interactions between histamine and the other phospholipids were observed.
THERMONEUTRALITY: AN EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE AGAINST AGEING?

Abstract The immune system has been suggested as a possible cause of the ageing process. Many experimental studies have shown that immunological mechanisms and host defences against bacterial disease function better at slightly elevated (fever) temperatures than at the normal body temperature. The hypothesis proposed is that the mechanism of fever during infection and the intervening long periods of normothermia when the immune system is functioning below its optimum may have evolved as a way of controlling the immune system's contribution to degenerative processes, including ageing.
The effect of epoetin dose on hematocrit

To the Editor: Cotter et al.1 used United States Renal Data System data from 14,001 incident patients to estimate the dose–response relationship between epoetin (EPO) and hematocrit. The authors used their analysis to infer the maximum effective EPO dose and suggested that this should inform Federal reimbursement policy. However, the analytic approach used is inconsistent with FDA guidance and the inferred maximum dose is not likely to be generalizable to the US dialysis population. We think it is inadvisable to support reimbursement policies based on inferential information without careful consideration of the potential clinical consequences.
Streptococcus salivarius Bacteremia and Meningitis following Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Cauterization for Gastric Bleeding

Streptococcus salivarius is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity. When isolated from blood cultures, this viridans streptococcus is often disregarded as a contaminant. Viridans streptococci, although a common cause of endocarditis, are rarely associated with bacterial meningitis and account for less than 1% of all cases of purulent meningitis. We report a case of bacteremia and meningitis due to S. salivarius that occurred in a patient who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and cauterization for control of gastric bleeding. Although bacteremia following gastrointestinal procedures has been well documented, its incidence is low (ranging from 2% to 10%), and its course is usually transient without major clinical sequelae. This case is unique with respect to the pathogen isolated, the length of bacteremia, and the meningitis that subsequently developed following a gastroesophageal procedure.
Stability and variability in linguistic pragmatics

The study of linguistic pragmatics is always caught in the wonderful tension between seeking broad human pragmatic abilities and showing the subtle ways that communication is dependent on specific people and social situations. These different foci on areas of stability and variability in linguistic and nonlinguistic behavior are often accompanied by very different theoretical accounts of how and why people act, speak, and understand in the ways they do. Within contemporary research in experimental pragmatics, there are always instances of some people behaving in regular patterns and other people failing to adhere to putative pragmatic principles. My aim in this article is to broadly describe a way of thinking about stability and instability in linguistic pragmatics as emerging from people’s self-organizing tendencies. This view claims that both broad regularities and specific variations in human behavior, like all natural systems, can be accounted for by self-organizational processes that operate without explicit internal rules, blueprints, or mental representations. A major implication of this perspective is that pragmatics and society are seen as dynamically interacting constraints operating on multiple time-scales of experience.
"Sympathy pains" in carpal tunnel syndrome.

We reviewed the records of all patients with carpal tunnel syndrome who underwent carpal tunnel release by the same neurosurgeon between 1980 and 1990. Of the total 102 patients, 71 patients (70%) had bilateral symptoms. Twenty-six patients in this group (37%) underwent bilateral surgery first on the more severely affected hand, and 1 month later on the contralateral hand. The remaining 45 patients with bilateral symptoms had surgery only on the more severely affected hand, contralateral surgery being withheld for various reasons. These 45 patients were sent follow-up questionnaires to evaluate the symptoms on the hand not treated surgically. The minimum follow up time after surgery was 14 months with an overall mean follow up of 5 years. Of the 33 respondents to the questionnaire, 15 patients stated that symptoms had disappeared in the non-operated hand, 4 said that their symptoms had improved, and 11 reported that symptoms had stayed the same. Three patients eventually underwent surgery on this previously non-operated hand. Thus, 58% of those who responded stated that; without surgery, the symptoms on their contralateral hand either improved or disappeared after surgery on the other hand. We suggest that simultaneous bilateral carpal tunnel surgery may be unnecessary for some patients with bilateral symptoms.
Refractory concrete with phosphate binder for high-temperature induction heaters

The optimum composition was determined for a concrete with aluminophosphate binder suitable for embedding insulated induction heater coils operating in a chemically active gaseous medium at temperatures up to 1800°C.
Mitral valve replacement for isolated mitral regurgitation: Analysis of clinical course and late postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction

Abstract One hundred five patients underwent mitral valve replacement for relief of isolated mitral regurgitation between 1974 and 1979. There were 4 in-hospital deaths (4 percent) and 12 late deaths giving an 82 percent predicted 5 year survival rate. An age of 60 years or more at the time of surgery and a preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 0.40 were the only variables that correlated with decreased survival at 3 to 5 years after operation (p 8.6 100 patient years) than did patients with a porcine valve (2.8/100 patient years) (p It is concluded that, in addition to age, only preoperative left ventricular function as measured by ejection fraction predicts survival in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement for isolated mitral regurgitation. Clinical recovery is good even though the majority of long-term survivors have a postoperative decrease in ejection fraction.
Parental Goals and the Birthing Experience

In order to assess the extent to which the obstetric care they were providing was oriented to the family's goals, health-care professionals at a midwestern university hospital planned and conducted an evaluation study of patient services. A mailed questionnaire survey of 91 families who used three family practice residency program model clinics for obstetric care focused on the goals, plans, and experiences that parents had regarding the labor, delivery, and postpartum periods. Parents reported wanting opportunities to be close to the infant immediately postpartum, more time with the infant in the recovery room, earlier rooming-in, more time spent with the infant at night for feeding, and sibling visitation as well as opportunities for siblings to hold the new infant.
Space Shuttle Main Engine nozzle thermal protection system

Two of the three Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) nozzles are exposed to significant reentry aeroheating loads. To ensure reusability of the Nozzle Assembly, the nozzle primary structure must not exceed specific temperature limits. Due to the thermal, pressure, and dynamic flexing of the nozzle during a mission cycle, an appropriate insulating system must have significant flexibility. Recent missions have demonstrated nozzle reentry aeroheating rates and heat loads much higher than predictions, higher than the capability of the original insulating system. A new insulating system has been developed using similar materials in an aerodynamically 'smooth' shape to both reduce the incoming heating and increase radiation cooling.
The synthesis and investigation of the DNA binding properties of dielectrophiles incorporating bis-vicinal tricarbonyls

Abstract A concise and versatile synthesis of bis-vicinal tricarbonyls was developed from readily available diacids or their corresponding diacid chlorides. The bis-tricarbonyls prepared by this method were shown to be effective interstrand DNA cross-linking agents.
UTILIZATION OF QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT AS A TOOL FOR THE SYSTEMS ENGINEER

This paper presents an overview of the utilization of QFD as a tool for the systems engineer. QFD can be used in the systems engineering process for both requirements definition/allocation and resource allocation management. Relevant examples of the application of QFD in the development of U.S. Army missile systems and in a program management role will be used to illustrate the benefit of this tool in the systems engineering process.
The influence of structural characteristics on the response of silicon avalanche photodiodes to proton irradiation

Different silicon avalanche photodiode structures are compared for the effects of 51-MeV protons on dark current, photocurrent, and noise. Large differences in depletion region volumes contributed to differences in sensitivity to bulk dark current increases. At high fluences, ionization damage appeared to be the dominant mechanism for dark current increases in some devices. Increases in 1/f-type noise and supplemental gamma ray testing indicate that these high dark current increases are due to surface damage effects. A discussion of structural parameters that may heighten radiation sensitivity is presented, including doping levels and p-n junction termination techniques.
Effects of cropping systems and microbial biomass on arylamidase activity in soils.

The activity of arylamidase (EC 3.4.11.2) was recently detected in soils. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of an N-terminal amino acid from peptides, amides, or arylamides. Recent work suggests that this enzyme is involved in N mineralization in soils. The impacts of crop rotations and N fertilization on the activity of arylamidase were investigated in soils of two long-term cropping systems at the Northeast Research Center (NERC) in Nashua and the Clarion-Webster Research Center (CWRC) in Kanawha, Iowa, to assess the effect of the microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic) contents on the activity of this enzyme. Surface soils (0–15 cm) were taken in 1996 and 1997 from four replicate field plots in corn, soybean, oats, or meadow (alfalfa) that received 0 or 180 kg N ha–1 before corn. Results showed that arylamidase activity was significantly affected by crop rotations in both years at the NERC site, whereas it was affected by N fertilization only in 1997. Because of the high degree of spatial variability and sampling time, no such relationship was found for the samples from the CWRC site. The greatest activity values were obtained in multi-cropping systems in meadow or oats, and the lowest values in continuous corn or soybean systems. The enzyme activity was significantly correlated with Cmic (r>0.40, P 0.56, P<0.001) in both years at the two sites. The amounts of N mineralized during 24 weeks of incubation at 30°C in soils of the plots receiving 0 or 180 kg N ha–1 were significantly correlated with arylamidase activity at the NERC site(r=0.88, P<0.001 and r=0.55, P<0.01, respectively), but not in soils from the CWRC site.
EEG and HRV signal features for automatic sleep staging and apnea detection

Sleep is a circadian rhythm essential for human life. Many events occur in the body during this state. In the past, significant efforts have been made to provide clinicians with reliable and less intrusive tools to automatically classify the sleep stages and detect apnea events. A few systems are available in the market to accomplish this task. However, sleep specialists may not have full confidence and trust in such systems due to issues related to their accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The main objective of this work is to explore possible relationships among sleep stages and apneic events and improve on the accuracy of algorithms for sleep classification and apnea detection. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) will be assessed using advanced signal processing approaches such as Detrend Fluctuation Analysis (DFA). In this paper, we present a compendium of features extracted from EEG and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) data acquired from twenty five patients (21 males and 4 females) suffering from sleep apnea (age: 50 ± 10 years, range 28–68 years undergoing polysomnography). Polysomnographic data were available online from the Physionet database. Results show that trends detected by these features could distinguish between different sleep stages at a very significant level (p≪0.01). These features could prove helpful in computer-aided detection of sleep apnea.
Separation of maltodextrins by charcoal chromatography.

Abstract Gradient elution of charcoal columns using aqueous tert.-BuOH has proved very effective for separating individual starch oligosaccharides in the range up to 15 d -glucose units. Effects of sample size, steepness of gradient and pretreatment of charcoal were examined. Carbohydrate in the effluent was monitored by a continuous recording polarimeter or by analyzing fractions with a Technicon Autoanalyzer. Branched, as well as linear, oligosaccharides could be separated.
Dynamic responses of Xenopus retinal ganglion cell axon growth cones to netrin-1 as they innervate their in vivo target

Netrin-1 influences retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon pathfinding and also participates in the branching and synaptic differentiation of mature RGC axons at their target. To investigate whether netrin also serves as an early target recognition signal in the brain, we examined the dynamic behavior of Xenopus RGC axons soon after they innervate the optic tectum. Time-lapse confocal microscopy imaging of RGC axons expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein demonstrated that netrin-1 is involved in early axon branching, as recombinant netrin-1 halted further advancement of growth cones into the tectum and induced back branching. RGC growth cones exhibited differential responses to netrin-1 that depended on the degree of differentiation of the axon and the developmental stage of the tadpole. Netrin-1 decreased the total number of branches on newly arrived RGC growth cones at the target, but increased the dynamic branching of more mature arbors at the later developmental stage. To further explore the response of axonal growth cones to netrin, Xenopus RGC axons were followed in culture by time-lapse imaging. Exposure to netrin-1 rapidly increased the forward advancement of the axon and decreased the size and expanse of the growth cone, while also inducing back branching. Taken together, the differential in vivo and in vitro responses to netrin-1 suggest that netrin alone is not sufficient to induce the cessation of growth cone advancement in the absence of a target but can independently modulate axon branching. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel role for netrin on RGC axon branch initiation as growth cones innervate their target. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 628–648, 2012
Don't let the flu catch you: agency assignment in printed educational materials about the H1N1 influenza virus.

In English and in other languages, the agency for viral transmission can be grammatically assigned to people (e.g., Thousands may contract H1N1) or to the virus itself (e.g., H1N1 may infect thousands). These assignment options shape different conceptions of transmission as attributable either to social contact within one's control or to pursuit of an active predator. The authors tested the effect of agency assignment and agentic images on young adults' (N = 246) reactions to educational materials about H1N1 influenza. The authors hypothesized that assigning agency to the virus would heighten perceived severity and personal susceptibility relative to human agency assignment. Results were consistent with this hypothesis, indicating that virus agency increased perceptions of severity, personal susceptibility, and reported intentions to seek vaccination relative to human agency. The image manipulation did not directly affect these factors. The findings suggest that strategic agency assignment can improve the effectiveness of educational materials about influenza and other health threats.
Age‐related decline in route learning ability

The effect of normal aging on route learning ability was investigated, employing a complex, real‐life route. Performance was not related to gender or education but was strongly related to age. Difficulty learning the route (i.e., total errors across three repeated trials) increased monotonically in successive age groups. Decline became particularly apparent in the 60‐ to 69‐year‐old group and was even more pronounced in the 70+ group, which averaged more than four times as many errors as the youngest group (18 to 39 years) on each of the three trials. In addition to normal age‐related decline, defective route learning was seen in subjects in the oldest groups. The findings indicate that an ecologically valid test may be especially sensitive to age‐related decline in route learning ability.
On the existence and potential functions of low-amplitude vocalizations in North American birds

ABSTRACT Research on acoustic communication has focused predominantly on high-amplitude, long-range vocalizations that are easily recognized from a distance by the human ear. However, attention has recently expanded to the more enigmatic low-amplitude (quiet) vocalizations produced during close-proximity interactions associated with a variety of social behaviors such as aggression, courtship, group movements, and predator avoidance. The existence of low-amplitude vocalizations has been identified in a number of individual avian and nonavian species (e.g., crickets, fish, and primates), but how common these signals are within larger taxonomic groups such as orders and classes remains poorly understood. Here, we used the Birds of North America Online archive to perform a survey of the existence and putative functions of low-amplitude vocalizations across 749 species accounts of breeding birds in North America. By searching with keywords such as soft, quiet, low-amplitude, and whispered, we found evidence th...
Paramagnetic relaxation and Wohlleben effect in field-cooled Nb thin films

The ``Wohlleben effect'' (paramagnetic Meissner effect) is found in uniform applied magnetic fields only above a threshold value ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{2}\mathrm{Oe}$ for field-cooled Nb films of thickness less than 1000 \AA{}. The initial diamagnetic magnetization observed upon field cooling to fixed temperatures just below ${T}_{c}$ gives way to a logarithmic time relaxation toward paramagnetic values comparable to the critical state magnetization over a period of several hours (normalized rate $S\ensuremath{\approx}0.1),$ implying that the development of the paramagnetic state is moderated by fast flux creep processes. Small field gradients \ensuremath{\approx}10--20 mOe/cm are found to influence the occurrence of the effect for applied fields $Hl{H}_{0}.$
Cadmium (zinc) manganese sulfide nanocrystalline (Cd1‐xMnxS and Zn1‐xMnxS) dilute magnetic semiconductors. synthesis, annealing, and effects of surface oxidation on magnetic properties

Cd1-xMnxS and Zn1-xMnxS dilute magnetic semiconductor nanocrystals were prepared in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions by simple precipitation methods with x values ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. X-ray powder diffraction showed the asprepared sample crystal sizes were about 2–3 nm with zinc blende cubic structure. After thermal annealing, the crystals converted to the hexagonal wurzite structure as the crystallite size reached 100–120 nm. The manganese ions on the surface were very easily oxidized in the air and were the cause of an antiferromagnetic transition at near 37 K.
Cation Exchange on Vadose Zone Research Park Subsurface Sediment, Idaho National Laboratory

The exchange of Sr 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , Li + , and NH 4 + for Ca 2+ on a sediment from the Vadose Zone Research Park at Idaho National Laboratory was characterized for use in modeling transport and remediation of the 90 Sr-contaminated vadose zone at the nearby Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center. Cation exchange was measured at ionic strengths of 0.1 and 0.005 and a range of cation compositions. The Sr–Ca exchange on this sediment is nonpreferential (Vanselow selectivity coefficient K V = 1), whereas in NH 4 –Ca exchange NH 4 is preferentially adsorbed ( K V ≫ 1). The data were modeled using the Vanselow, Rothmund–Kornfeld, and Gapon ( K G ) exchange coefficients. The Gapon coefficient was the least dependent on exchanger-phase composition. The K G values were incorporated into a geochemical software program that includes aqueous- and solid-phase reactions. Modeled NH 4 + and Ca 2+ exchanger phase and solution composition were in good agreement with the experimental data at both ionic strengths.
Impacts of Nitrogen Control Policies on Crop and Livestock Farms at Two Ohio Farm Sites

Empirical studies have noted that relatively small changes in farm management practices can significantly reduce emissions of agricultural effluents (Johnson, Adams, and Perry; Taylor, Adams, and Miller; Moxey and White). Farmers may voluntarily adopt these practices because they require few adjustments and have little or no cost. Total reliance on voluntary measures to control agricultural emissions, however, has been criticized because they are unable to lower emissions to acceptable levels (General Accounting Office; Malik, Larson, and Ribaudo). Hence, regulations such as emission standards, taxes on inputs, and taxes on estimated effluents have been suggested. One aim of these policies is to change farmers' management practices which would then lead to declines in emissions of
Electrochemical generation of triplet states VI—1. A mechanistic study of the luminescence processes at the anodic cleavage of 2,2′- and 4,4′-bipyranes in presence of aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract During the anodic oxidation of mixtures of a fluorescent aromatic hydrocarbon and a 2,2′- or a 4,4′-bipyrane in acetonitrile/benzene the emission of the hydrocarbon is observed. it results from a systematic study using rotating disk and ring-disk electrode techniques that this luminescence is caused by the electron transfer between the pyranyl radicals generated in the anodic cleavage of the bipyrane and the hydrocarbon cation radicals. Measurements in a magnetic field and thermodynamical considerations prove a triplet ECL mechanism. As visible from the ECL intensity—potential curves the pyranyl radicals are generated by two different mechanisms. The heterogeneous one electron oxidation of the bipyrane and the following cleavage of a single bond is replaced with the indirect anodic oxidation by means of the reversible hydrocarbon redox system at more positive potentials.
The violent and victimized in the male prison

A review of the literature on prison violence identifies two types of studies concerning violent and victimized inmates. One, typified by Irwin's Prisons in Turmoil, is rich in descriptive detail but is generally based on one person's observations and assessment of what is taking place in the prison setting. The second set consists of empirically generated profiles of either violent or victimized inmates and tend to be limited in scope. This study seeks to expand existing empirical research by testing some of the propositions posed in the descriptive literature. Specifically, the study examines the differences and similarities of violent and victimized inmates and explores whether environmental factors affect these inmates' behavior. The methodology consists of a cross-sectional analysis of patterns of inmate adjustment in ten prisons. Using several indicators of violence and victimization, the distinctiveness of these two groups is explored, and profiles using background variables, personality types, and...
Cysteine-induced H2S emission, ATP depletion, and membrane electrical responses in oat coleoptiles

Incubation of oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Victory) coleoptile segments in 4 mM L-cysteine reduced the tissue ATP level to 42 nmol (g fresh weight)−1 (35% of normal) over a 2 h period. Emissions of H2S accompanied this depletion in ATP suggesting an H2S production by desulfhydration of cysteine similar to that reported in other plants. Additions of exogenous H2S to the sections also caused ATP depletion. Aminooxyacetate, an inhibitor of cysteine desulfhydrase (EC 4.4.1.1), eliminated the cysteine-induced H2S emission and the ATP depletion. Prolonged exposure to cysteine depressed the electrical polarity of the cell membrane from – 116 mV to –85 mV. That and other electrical responses appear to reflect a reduced capacity for ATP-dependent H+ extrusion. These effects should be taken into account whenever cysteine is used in physiological experiments.
Meteoroid Streams: Evidence from Meteorites Recovered on Earth

The flux of small meteoroids, originating primarily from comets, consists of sporadic, random objects and others whose orbits are related. Here, we summarize data relevant to the question of whether the flux of large meteoroids of asteroidal origin (recoverable as meteorites) also consists of objects with random orbits, as well as coorbital objects. After reviewing some relevant properties of planetary materials, applications of two nuclear techniques - radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) - to this question are discussed. Contents of ten thermally labile trace and ultratrace elements determined by RNAA (Ag, Bi, Cd, Cs, In, Rb, Se, Te, Tl, Zn) act as thermometers for thermal metamorphism in parent sources. These data, together with spectral reflectivity information, establish the nature of surfaces on abundant C-, G-, B- and F-class asteroids. Data for these ten cosmothermometers in H4-6 type ordinary chondrites, when treated by multivariate statistical techniques, demonstrate that a suite chosen by one set of criteria (the circumstances of their fall in May, between 1855 and 1895) is distinguishable by another set, i.e. compositionally, from all other such falls analyzed. Hence, this suite, H Cluster 1, has an average thermal history distinguishable from those of all other falls, demonstrating that near-Earth source regions for H chondrite falls changes rapidly. AMS measurements of cosmogenic36Cl (301 kyr half-life), quantify nominal terrestrial ages for Antarctic H chondrites whose contents of thermometric trace elements were also established by RNAA. While multivariate statistical analysis of RNAA data from Antarctic H chondrites with nominal terrestrial ages ≤50 kyr are not distinguishable from those of falls, older Antarctic H chondrites are compositionally distinguishable from falls. Assertions that these highly significant compositional differences reflect terrestrial or methodologic causes are refutable. This result argues that near-Earth source regions of H chondrites have changed over a long time, as well. Thus, the Earth receives a highly biased sampling of planetary objects in the Solar System in any one time-period.
THE SINO-BRITISH JOINT DECLARATION, 1997, AND THE LAND MARKET OF HONG KONG*

In September, 1984, Britain and China concluded the Joint Declaration on the Future of Hong Kong. The Joint Declaration guarantees the continual practice of capitalism and a high degree of autonomy for Hong Kong for a period of 50 years after 1997. It helped to rebuild confidence and caused property prices to rise. However, Annex HI of the Joint Declaration places severe restraints on the present government, limiting its ability to respond to market trends and generate funds from land sales. This paper seeks to look at some of these effects. It is argued that there is very little room for the present government to maneouvre and that even now the constraints imposed by the Joint Declaration are affecting the land market in Hong Kong. Higher land prices, a slower rate of horizontal expansion of the city and a greater intensity of land use are likely consequences of the newly imposed contraints. The recent emphasis on inner city development and redevelopment vis-a-vis a new town development strategy is in part attributable to the Joint Declaration.
Physical design equivalencies in database conversion

As relational technology becomes increasingly accepted in commercial data processing, conversion of some of the huge number of existing navigational databases to relational databases is inevitable. It is thus important to understand how to recognize physical design modifications and enhancements in the navigational databases and how to convert them to equivalent relational terms as applicable.
Stochastic wafer fabrication scheduling

To meet the challenge of integrating uncertainty analysis into wafer fabrication scheduling, this paper proposes a stochastic dynamic programming model for scheduling new releases and bottleneck processing by stage. Based on the paradigm of stochastic linear quadratic control (SLQ), the fab scheduling model incorporates considerable analysis of uncertainties in yields and demands. The SLQ scheduling model explicitly captures the reentrant flow structure characteristic of wafer fabrication. Moreover, the SLQ scheduling model removes a major weakness in applying dynamic programming to production control by accommodating noninteger values for lead times. Embedded in the SLQ scheduling model is what the authors term a degree-2 yield distribution that subsumes most popular yield distributions in the literature. As long as the underlying system dynamics behave in a degree-2 fashion, the corresponding optimal scheduling policy turns out to be a linear control rule that is easy to compute and implement. Industrial data are used to test the effectiveness and robustness of the SLQ machinery versus the LP rolling horizon and pull heuristic methodologies. Encouraging results and valuable insights are obtained from extensive numerical experiments that show promise for successfully managing uncertainties surrounding fab scheduling.
Effect of refractive index on the measurement of optical properties in turbid media

Continuous-wave measurement-based methods offer a rapid cost-effective way to determine optical properties in turbid media. This method requires a measure of the refractive index of the medium, which is often unknown a priori. Whereas previous studies have reported that the refractive index has little impact on the measurement of optical properties, here we show a significant effect of refractive indices on measurements, using both simulations and experiments. In addition we propose a noniterative method to determine the refractive index of the medium. This method can also provide an optimal initial guess of the optical properties for the standard iterative method for determining optical properties in turbid media. Our method is confirmed by simulations and experiments with latex spheres and Intralipid suspensions.
Characteristic Deflection Domain for Various Compliant Segment Types, and its Importance in Compliant Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis

Compliant mechanism design inherently requires certain specified displacement boundary conditions to be satisfied. Obtaining realistic solutions for such problem types often becomes a challenge as the number of displacement boundary condition specifications increases. Typically, related failures are attributed to the numerical nature of the solution process. Little attention has been given to the fundamental understanding of the deformation behavior of flexible continuum with respect to its limits of mobility or reach. This paper strives to provide an insight into this aspect of compliant mechanism design. To assist a designer with the specification of realistic and achievable requirements, the concept of characteristic deflection domain has been proposed in the past. This paper systematically develops the characteristic deflection domain for a variety of compliant segment types. The pseudo-rigid-body model (PRBM) representation is utilized for determining the lower and upper boundaries of the deflection domain. The paper further investigates the mobility characteristics of compliant mechanisms comprised of multiple segment types. Case studies are presented that help exemplify the use of the characteristic deflection domain plots. The results suggest that the number, type, and orientation of the compliant segments have a significant effect on the mobility of compliant mechanisms. Thus, care must be exercised by the designer when specifying free-choices/boundary conditions in compliant mechanisms synthesis and analysis.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma in an HIV-infected patient

Primary intracranial leiomyosarcomas are rare tumors arising from the mesenchymal cells of the dura matter or the cerebral blood vessels. Only 14 cases of primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma are reported in the literature. We report a case of primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma in an human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient with a CD4 count of 14 cells/μL. Additionally, in-situ hybridization of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) early RNA stained sections highlighted the tumor cells, consistent with the presence of EBV. Review of the literature strongly suggests an association between AIDS, EBV, and primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma. Given the paucity of information in the literature, we review possible chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma in patients refractory to surgical resection and radiation therapy.
Evaluation Update of the Red Light Camera Program in Fairfax County, VA

The Red Light Camera (RLC) program in Fairfax County, VA, had 13 cameras in operation in year 2003. This update study is conducted to evaluate the Fairfax County RLC program after 2 years of operation. The results of the violation analysis indicate that the RLC program did reduce the violation rate by up to 63% in the 22nd- to 27th-month period of its operation. The results also show that the increase of the intersection amber time combined with RLC produced a higher reduction of up to 72% in violation rate. The reduction in violation rate was found to be statistically significant. The accident rate was reduced by 27% after 2 years of RLC operation. However, the reduction in accidents was not found to be statistically significant at this point in time
Development of an exchange assay for cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors using the synergistic effects of molybdate plus dithiothreitol.

A glucocorticoid receptor exchange assay has been developed for the accurate quantification of both free and steroid-bound receptors in rat liver cytosol. Hepatic cytosol from adrenalectomized rats was saturated in vitro with unlabeled corticosterone. Cytosol was subsequently treated with [H]dexamethasone (with and without 1000-fold cold dexamethasone) for 2-28 h at 4 C in the presence of 10 mM molybdate plus 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Complete exchange occurred between 16-28 h in the presence of molybdate plus DTT. In control and 10 mM molybdate (alone) treated samples only about 50% exchange was achieved. In the presence of 5 mM DTT (alone) approximately 60-70% exchange was observed. The exchange assay (utilizing molybdate plus DTT) was also applied to hepatic cytosol of adrenalectomized rats injected with corticosterone in vivo and to samples prebound with unlabeled dexamethasone.
Evaluation of respirator filters for asbestos fibers.

Fiber aerosols are known to have different aerodynamic behaviors than spherical particles and usually carry higher electrostatic charges. We investigated the effects of flow rate and charge status of filter cartridges on the penetration of spherical and fiber aerosols. Four types of test respirator filters were selected: two for passive respirators, one for a powered respirator, and one disposable respirator. Surface charges on respirator filters were determined using a noncontact field electrostatic field meter. Penetration tests were performed for filter cartridges before and after charge neutralization. The surface charge measurements on the respirator filters showed that some filters, including those used in disposable face masks, are charged to enhance the collection efficiency. Only high-efficiency particulate air filters performed consistently for both spherical test aerosols and the three types of asbestos fibers. The surface charge potential of filter cartridges and flow rate did not appear to af...
The status of s in Dominican Spanish

Theoretical linguistic treatments of the intrusive-s of popular Dominican Spanish (yo[s] tuve. <. yo tuve 'I had') assume the hypothesis that illiterate speakers have reanalyzed their phonologies so that lexical items no longer contain any trace of coda-s. As a consequence, illiterate speakers are said to restore an s into random syllable codas in an attempt to hypercorrect to a more elevated style. Using natural data gathered from sociolinguistic interviews with Dominicans of diverse literacy levels, we demonstrate that the phonological characterization of intrusive-s in the theoretical literature is incorrect and the hypothesis that illiterate speakers lack etymological /s/ is also shown to be flawed. Instead, the results of a quantitative analysis demonstrate that, despite high rates of s-deletion, overtly manifested s usually corresponds to etymological-s. Intrusive-s arises relatively rarely in our corpus and it appears from this data that lexical and intrusive-s might have distinct linguistic distributions and they may differ in what they mark socially. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Ostrom for anthropologists

Elinor Ostrom has devoted much of her career to understanding the conditions under which people have incentives to conserve or over-exploit common-pool resources (e.g., oceans, air, irrigation, unowned forests and grassland). While a growing number of anthropologists have taken an interest in this critically important topic, her work is not well known to many anthropologists. This paper describes three different aspects of Ostrom’s work which should be of interest to anthropologists. First is her analysis of collective action problems and the conditions under which people in local communities have devised rules and institutions to solve those dilemmas to conserve resources. Second is Ostrom’s discussion and classification of the complex rules used to manage resources. Third is her analysis of four kinds of goods (i.e., public goods, common-pool resources, toll goods and private goods) and the property regimes that produce them in different combinations. Last, I outline several directions in which her work seems to be going.
Sonic rhinoplasty: sculpting the nasal dorsum with the ultrasonic bone aspirator.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Rhinoplasty often requires precise, graded bone removal without damage to surrounding nasal soft tissue and mucosa. Unfortunately, current techniques are associated with decreased visualization, heat generation, mechanical chatter, and lack of surgical precision with resultant soft tissue injury. We introduce a novel technique to sculpt the nasal dorsum in a precise fashion with the ultrasonic bone aspirator and delineate its advantages over conventional techniques. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: The SONOPET ultrasonic bone aspirator (Mutoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) utilizes ultrasonic waves to emulsify bone with concurrent irrigation and suction, enabling precise, graded bone removal under direct visualization without thermal or mechanical injury to the surrounding soft tissue or mucosa. We describe the application of this technology to dorsal hump reduction with early follow-up to 9 months. Successful reduction was determined by the senior author at postoperative follow-up appointments. Results: Sixty patients underwent open rhinoplasty requiring dorsal reduction with the ultrasonic bone aspirator. No individuals experienced delayed healing, infection, scarring, or major complications. Five of 60 patients had minor post surgical irregularities, which included visible nasal dorsum deformity, palpable nasal deformity, under-resection of the dorsum, and asymmetry of the nasal dorsum. No postoperative open sky deformities, inverted “V” deformities, over-resected dorsums, or skin injuries were observed. Conclusions: Ultrasonic bone aspiration permits safe, precise, graded bone removal without damaging surrounding nasal soft tissue and mucosa. We introduce novel applications of the ultrasonic bone aspirator in dorsal reduction that provide significant advantages over conventional techniques. Laryngoscope, 2010
Software Piracy among Accounting Students: A Longitudinal Comparison of Changes and Sensitivity

A 1991 survey found that a large proportion of accounting students pirate software. Since 1991, however, the rate of software piracy within the United States has decreased. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), this paper analyzes whether the frequency and the underlying antecedents of software piracy also have changed among accounting students. The results indicate that students' understanding and knowledge of copyright laws have increased, but this knowledge has not influenced software piracy rates. This paper also investigates respondents' willingness to answer honestly questions dealing with software piracy. The randomized response technique allows for an evaluation of the honesty of responses to a sensitive question (i.e., software theft). In contrast to other ethics issues about which individuals have been found to be dishonest, the results indicate that participants honestly answered most questions about their piracy behavior.