cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on the Theory of Transport Coefficients

An ambiguity in the theory of transport coefficients is discussed. It is shown that the flux of energy density, particle number, charge, or momentum is not uniquely determined from the steady-state transport coefficient. The fluxes are arbitrary to the extent that any quantity with vanishing divergence can be added to them. (C.E.S.)
Contemporary Management of Diabetic Neuropathic Foot Ulceration: A Study of 917 Consecutively Treated Limbs

Background For patients with diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration, the current treatment paradigm is heavily weighted toward limb revascularization; aligning incentives to perform more surgery and less ulcer management/prevention. Our purpose was to perform an analysis of functional outcomes to assess this current treatment paradigm. Study Design Nine hundred and seventeen neuropathic ulcerated feet in 706 patients with diabetes were analyzed. Four hundred and sixty limbs (50.2%) had concomitant ischemia, 219 of which were revascularized (137 angioplasty and 82 open surgery). Outcomes measured included ulcer healing, survival, limb salvage, amputation-free survival, maintenance of ambulation, and independence. Independent predictors of outcomes were measured using an Extended Cox Model. Results Overall outcomes (n = 917) were: ulcer healed, n=250 (27%; mean time to healing 33 weeks); functionally healed, n=488 (53%; mean time to functional healing 29 weeks); 5-year limb salvage, 68%; survival, 38%; amputation-free survival, 30%; maintenance of ambulation, 64%; and maintenance of independence, 74%. There was little difference in ulcer healing rates for patients with or without ischemia (28.5% versus 26%; p=0.4). However, ischemia was a significant marker of poor outcomes (nonischemic ulcer, ischemic ulcer revascularized, and ischemic ulcer not revascularized: 5-year limb salvage of 80%, 61%, and 51%; p Conclusions The current treatment paradigm is associated with relatively poor healing rates and substantial late morbidity and mortality. Although revascularization is effective treatment for ischemia, it is probably overvalued when compared with the potential improvement afforded by better medical foot wound management.
Relativistic random-phase approximation calculations on the zinc isoelectronic sequence

Excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and transition probabilities for the $4{s}^{2}^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}4s4p^{1}P_{1}$, $4{s}^{2}^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}4s5p^{1}P_{1}$, and $4{s}^{2}^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}4s6p^{1}P_{1}$ resonance transitions of elements of the zinc isoelectronic sequence are calculated using the relativistic random-phase approximation. The elements considered range from Gaii to Ulxiii and include many of interest in current fusion research. A graphical analysis of the systematic trends of the oscillator strength as a function of the inverse nuclear charge provides a means of estimating the oscillator strengths for those elements whose values are not explicitly calculated.
Temporal Patterns of Division of Labor among Workers in the Primitively Eusocial Bumble Bee, Bombus griseocollis (Hymenoptera: Apidae))

The primitively eusocial bee, Bombus (Fraternobombus) griseocollis, possesses a complex temporal division of labor based on shifting patterns of principal tasks rather than on discrete age castes. Workers within a given age range perform ensembles of tasks which change quantitatively as the workers age. Functional classes of behavior, such as nursing or guarding, are not limited to a given age class of workers; all tasks are performed by workers of all ages. Colony ontogeny also influences worker behavioral ontogeny; significant differences in task performance exist among workers born in different phases of colony development. As the colony aged, young bees foraged with increasing probability. In the absence of foraging mortality, foragers shifted to nursing tasks, and were replaced by younger bees.
Wielding the Power of Popular Sentiment: Woman's Agency in Courtship and the Love Letters of Anna Todd∗

If you want to break [our engagement], and do not like to for fear it would be wronging me, then let the trouble be settled at once. Of course I do admit that it would be wronging me—yes, it would be taking away my love, my life—my whole existence. But I would sacrifice all that if such a proceeding would rid you of all these trials and troubles, and make you happy once again.
Convective Cooling of Lightning Channels

Abstract We report experimental data which trace the time development of electric discharge channels in air and which demonstrate the turbulent cooling of such channels. These data provide qualitative confirmation of the model proposed and used by Hill, Rinker and Wilson to calculate the production of nitrogen oxides by lightning. We outline an analytical treatment which identifies asymmetries in the pressure and density gradients of the discharge channel as a significant source of vorticity. The vorticity, in turn, causes ambient air to mix into the channel. Our theoretical analysis results in equations from which the vorticity strength and mixing time scale may be calculated. We briefly describe detailed simulations with which we have calibrated the theory. Finally, we combine the experimental data with our calibrated formulas to estimate the convective mixing rate in the case of lightning. We obtain a rate of ∼400 s−1 for the return stroke channel after pressure equilibrium has been achieved.
A linguistic model for the rational design of antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AmPs) are small proteins that are used by the innate immune system to combat bacterial infection in multicellular eukaryotes. There is mounting evidence that these peptides are less susceptible to bacterial resistance than traditional antibiotics and could form the basis for a new class of therapeutic agents. Here we report the rational design of new AmPs that show limited homology to naturally occurring proteins but have strong bacteriostatic activity against several species of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. These peptides were designed using a linguistic model of natural AmPs: we treated the amino-acid sequences of natural AmPs as a formal language and built a set of regular grammars to describe this language. We used this set of grammars to create new, unnatural AmP sequences. Our peptides conform to the formal syntax of natural antimicrobial peptides but populate a previously unexplored region of protein sequence space.
Using advanced technologies to reduce motor vehicle greenhouse gas emissions

This paper quantifies the potential reduction in US greenhouse gas emissions that could be achieved by using advanced-technology motor vehicles and low-emission bio-fuels. These two approaches are compared to a variety of other approaches to reduce transportation sector emissions. It is concluded that only strong fiscal measures can produce emission reductions as large as are available from advanced-technology vehicles and low-emission fuels. A technology strategy is offered that should make the benefits of these technologies likely to occur should the US enter into a binding agreement to limit US greenhouse gas emissions. Various policy scenarios that could result from such an agreement are presented with the result that the technology strategy to produce advanced-technology vehicles and bio-fuels remains the most viable and cost-effective approach to control the future growth of transportation-sector greenhouse gas emissions.
Cationic cyclopentannelation. Synthesis of (d,1)-xanthocidin

Abstract A cationic cyclopentannelation reaction has been used for the key step of a concise synthesis of (d,1)-xanthocidin. An improvement on our previously described procedure for the preparation of9 is reported.
On-chip sub-cellular resolution whole-animal manipulation for high-throughput in vivo screening

We present a suite of technologies that can be combined to perform complex high-throughput whole-animal genetic and drug screens. When used in various combinations, these devices facilitate a variety of high-throughput assays using whole animals.
The Origins of the Freedom to Read Foundation: Public Librarians' Campaign to Establish a Legal Defense against Library Censorship

This article examines public librarians' experiences with attempted censorship, including their dismay, anger, and disappointment with fellow librarians and their professional organizations, which those under attack found apathetic in safeguarding user rights and protecting their jobs as library professionals. Some of these librarians became the activists who campaigned for the creation of the American Library Association's (ALA) legal defense machinery, along with other primarily young progressive librarians, who pushed forward their own agenda. This study highlights these public librarians' struggles, which made the Freedom to Read Foundation (FTRF) and ALA leading professional organizations in championing intellectual freedom. The study focuses on cases that shaped ALA's policy that led to the establishment of a defense mechanism for librarians in the late 1960s and 1970s. It also examines the extent to which ALA upheld the organization's professional credo and its members' rights.
Understanding Creativity in the Workplace: An Examination of Individual Styles and Training in Relation to Creative Confidence and Creative Self-Leadership

Creative Self-Leadership and Creative Confidence were examined in relation to Creative Style Preference and Training. It was hypothesized that perceptions of Creative Self-Leadership and Creative Confidence were related to personal Creative Style Preferences and that Training would be associated with higher levels of Creative Self-Leadership and Creative Confidence. Data were collected from two groups of individuals, one with Creative Self- Leadership Training, one without. Results indicated that a Creative Style Preference tending toward Innovator was positively related to Creative Confidence, but at a low level and only in the condition prior to training. Training was related to higher scores on Creative Self-Leadership.
Ancient Metallurgy in Rhodesia

MY attention has been directed to an article on “Early Man in N. Rhodesia”, by Prof. Raymond Dart, which appeared in the Times of Aug. 22 and was noticed in NATURE of Aug. 30. Echoes of the statements made in the article are finding their way into our local Press, and the unprotected public is being told that iron was being fabricated “3000 to 4000 years” ago by a people of Palaeolithic culture dwelling in central Africa.
An Empirical Study of Peer Bias in Evaluations: Students Rating Students

Abstract This article presents a case study on the use of peer evaluations (students rating students) for assigning grades in a university classroom. The demographics of peer evaluators were found to introduce little bias into the peer evaluation process. Students were, however, found to harbor considerable concern about being evaluated by their classmates.
Mechanistic study of the ChemChar Process using hexachlorobenzene as a surrogate for monitoring reaction products

The ChemChar Process, a non-incinerative thermolytic technology designed to destroy hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, was studied using the surrogate compound hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The process was varied from the conventional mode of operation, and thermal degradation products of HCB were collected in sampling trains. A mechanism of thermal destruction was proposed from experimental results and comparison to known mechanisms employing similar coal conversion technology.
Bicontinuous porosity in ceramics utilizing polymer spinodal phase separation

Abstract This paper demonstrates how the combination of inorganic and organic polymers can be used to form bicontinuous porosity in ceramics with pore sizes larger than 5 μm. Spinodal phase separation of pseudo-binary polymer mixtures allows to form larger bicontinuous pore structures than spinodal phase separation of inorganic glasses. Addition of salts allows even more complex compositions of ceramics and glasses to be formed. Here, bioactive glasses are presented that were produced via sol–gel processing of a pseudo-binary mixture of an inorganic and an organic polymer. Due to the addition of an organic polymer to the gelling sol and the spinodal phase separation at a specific equilibrium temperature, both an inorganic polymer ceramic phase and organic polymer-rich phase are formed. The evaporation of the solvent and the burnout of the organic polymer produce a microstructure of interconnected and nearly uniform porosity, which can be controlled by several processing parameters. The dependency of pore size and connectivity is best predicted by polymer phase separation rather than glass melt separation. Results suggest that polymer spinodal phase separation could be useful for the manufacture of a variety of porous ceramics.
Long-term vasodilator therapy of chronic left ventricular failure: does it work?

Chronic left ventricular failure is characterized hemodynamically as a state of increased vascular resistance, which is a major determinant of left ventricular outflow resistance or afterload. Output of the normal heart is largely preload dependent and is maintained relatively constant during changes in afterload [l]. Conversely, the failing ventricle operates on a flat depressed preload curve which has little effect on cardiac output. Instead, cardiac output is largely dependent on its steep inverse relation to afterload in this setting. Therefore a vicious cycle of depressed ventricular function, reduced cardiac output, compensatory sympathetic stimulation, elevated vascular resistance, increased afterload, and further depression of cardiac function is operative in heart failure. Because of their ability to interrupt this cycle, vasodilator drugs have achieved considerable popularity in recent years. Thus sodium nitroprusside infusion in patients with severe left ventricular failure markedly reduces left ventricular filling pressure, increases cardiac output, and only modestly decreases arterial blood pressure without changing heart rate [2,3]. This short-term hemodynamic response is often associated with prompt and dramatic symptomatic improvement. Because of this often impressive response to short-term vasodilator administration, it has been assumed that maintenance of these same hemodynamic effects over the long-term would be of value in treating chronic congestive heart failure [4]. Thus, it became common practice to assess the utility of long-acting vasodilators in terms of their hemodynamic actions, especially in comparison to sodium nitroprusside as a “standard” [5], and an ideal long-acting vasodilator should mimic the hemodynamic effects of nitroprusside which should be sustained without producing undesirable
Pea chloroplast tRNA(Lys) (UUU) gene: transcription and analysis of an intron-containing gene.

The pea chloroplast trnK gene which encodes tRNALys (UUU) was sequenced. TrnK is located 210 bp upstream from the promoter of psbA and immediately downstream from the 3′-end of rbcL. The gene is transcribed from the same DNA strand as psbA and rbcL. A 2447 bp intron with class II features is located in the trnK anticodon loop. The intron contains a 506 amino acid open reading frame which could encode an RNA maturase. The primary transcript of trnK is 2.9 kb long; its 5′-end was identified as a site of transcription initiation by in vitro transcription experiments. The 5′-terminus is adjacent to DNA sequences previously identified as transcription promoter elements. The most abundant trnK transcript is 2.5 kb long with termini corresponding to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the trnK exons. Intron specific RNAs were not detected. This suggests that RNA processing which produces tRNALys leads to rapid degradation of intron sequences.
Value creation using alliances within the software industry

Successful companies in the information technology sector pursue alliances and acquisitions as a way to compete and grow. It is, however, not clear if these strategies work in all situations. In this study we look at 103 alliances in the packaged software industry over a period of four years (1999-2002). Combining the economic theory of complementarities with a concept that captures the relationship between software products offered by firms to the market called software stack, we show how firms create value using alliances. Applying the events studies methodology, our analysis shows that firms generate greater value when forming alliances within the same layer of the stack when compared to results from alliances made across layers. This finding is opposite to what was found in the case of mergers and acquisitions. We discuss the implications of our findings.
Influence of Depth on Detection Distance of Low-Frequency Radio Transmitters in the Ohio River

Abstract Radio telemetry is commonly utilized in large, deep bodies of water to assess fish movement and habitat use. A commonly neglected factor in these studies is the influence of signal attenuation on the results and conclusions. Signal attenuation is related to many factors but most importantly to the depth of the transmitter in the water column and water conductivity. While conducting a biotelemetry study within the Ohio River, several fish that had not been detected in prior search periods were detected in later searches. Consequently, we hypothesized that telemetered fish in deep water may not be detected. We conducted an experiment to measure the influence of depth on the maximum distance at which a transmitter could be detected and found that an exponential decay model (distance = 0.9890 × e (0.2005 × depth)) best explained these data. Our results imply that radio telemetry studies may underestimate use of deepwater habitats by fishes.
THE AQUEOUS PHOTOLYSIS OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL ADSORBED ON GOETHITE

— Suspensions of goethite (α-FeOOH) were photolyzed in aerated ethylene glycol-water solutions at pH 6.5, with ultraviolet light in the wavelength range300–400 nm. Under these conditions, formaldehyde and glycolaldehyde were detected as photoproducts. Quantum yields of formaldehyde production ranged from 1.9 7times; 10-5 to 2.9 × 10-4 over the ethylene glycol concentration range of 0.002-2.0 mol/l, and gave evidence that the reaction occurred at the goethite surface. Quantum yields of glycolaldehyde were 20% less than those of formaldehyde, and displayed a concentration-dependent relationship with ethylene glycol similar to that of formaldehyde. Immediately after photolysis, Fe2+ was measured to be 4.6 × 10-7 mol/l in an aerated suspension containing 1.3 mol/l ethylene glycol, and 8.5 × 10-6 mol/l in the corresponding deoxygenated suspension. Glycolaldehyde was not generated in the deoxygenated suspensions. These results are consistent with a mechanism involving the transfer of an electron from an adsorbed ethylene glycol molecule to an excited state of Fe3+ (Iron[III]) in the goethite lattice, to produce Fe2+ and an organic cation. In a series of reactions involving O2, FeOOH, and Fe2+, the organic cation decomposes to form formaldehyde and the intermediate radicals “OH and” CH2OH. OH reacts further with ethylene glycol in the presence of O2 to yield glycolaldehyde. Aqueous photolysis of ethylene glycol sorbed onto goethite is typical of reactions that can occur in the aquatic environment.
Afterglow techniques with spectroscopic detection for determining the rate coefficients and products of dissociative electron—ion recombination

Abstract Techniques are described for determining the rate coefficients and quantitatively identifying the products of dissociative electron—ion recombination. Emphasis is placed on afterglow techniques with which most of the measurements have been made. Product detection by VUV absorption, laser induced fluorescence and emission spectroscopy, which require calibration to determine absolute number densities of atoms and radicals, is described. Particular attention is paid to the factors that complicate the measurements and to how these complications are overcome. Experimental data are included to illustrate the various techniques and the most recent data on product identification are reviewed.
Criminal justice as an academic discipline: Costs and benefits

Abstract One of the stages through which any new field must pass is academic legitimation. The field of criminal justice is presently in this stage of striving for acceptance within the academic community. Recently, criticism of the field as well as legitimizing activities seem to have increased. In the course of the debate about the appropriate location and identity of criminal justice, it can be expected that the issue of disciplinary status for criminal justice will gain prominence. The issue of disciplinary status for the field of criminal justice is considered in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of disciplines. Also, assets of a multidisciplinary status are presented and “cost” comparisons are made between disciplines and multidisciplinary fields. While there seem to be points in favor of disciplines, an analysis of some of the weaknesses of disciplines suggests that continuance of a more synthetic and open approach is preferable for the field.
Ethical implications and practical considerations of ethnically targeted screening for genetic disorders: the case of hemoglobinopathy screening

The prevalence of hemoglobinopathies differs among populations due to genetic differences and due to the protective effects of the heterozygote (carrier) state against malaria. Because of the difference in genetic distribution, public health programs have weighed the ethical versus practical implications of ethnically targeted versus universal newborn, and where applicable, prenatal screening. We examine newborn and prenatal screening for hemoglobinopathies in relation to the use of ‘race’ and ethnicity to assess risk for genetic conditions. First, categories of race/ethnicity are social constructs, therefore, observed or self-identified broad racial/ethnic categories are correlated but not necessarily reliable indicators of geographic ancestry or genetic risk. Second, targeting based on ethnicity poses serious issues of logistics and equity for public health programs and clinical services. In the past, newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies in the United States and United Kingdom was often selective, t...
Design and fabrication of efficient collimation and focusing optics for mid-IR quantum cascade lasers

Quantum cascade lasers (QCL) are a new class of solid-state lasers capable of delivering mid-infrared (mid-IR) radiation wavelengths from 3.5 μm to 25 μm. QCLs are finding extensive use in chemical sensing applications due to the abundance of absorption features in the molecular fingerprint region spanned by these sources. They are also being exploited in the field of electro-optical infrared countermeasures. QCL devices exhibit an elliptical emission profile that is highly divergent in the fast axis of the laser waveguide. The far-field profile of the QCL emission, 62° and 32° ± 2° for the fast and slow axes, respectively, places stringent demands on the design of efficient collimation lenses. Because of the current lack of commercially available mid-IR optical components, QCL users must design and fabricate custom micro-optics to efficiently collect, collimate, and focus the QCL emission. In this paper, we report the design, fabrication, and characterization of germanium aspheric collimating and focusing optics designed for mid-IR Fabry-Perot QCLs with an emission wavelength of 8.77 μm. Custom aspheric collimating and focusing lenses with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.85 and 0.20, respectively, were designed and fabricated using single-point diamond turning. Measurements of the transmitted wavefront error at mid-IR wavelengths showed diffraction-limited performance with Strehl ratios >0.94 and >0.99 for the collimation and focusing lenses, respectively. A beam propagation figure of merit (M 2 ) of 1.8 and 1.2 was measured for the fast and slow axes, respectively, of a Fabry-Perot QCL using a confocal optical system comprised of these lenses.
On finite groups and finite fields

(1991). On Finite Groups and Finite Fields. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 6, pp. 549-551.
Coherent Optical Receiver for Linear Optical Phase Demodulation

A novel optical coherent receiver architecture for linear optical phase modulation is presented. A proof-of-concept demonstration has been performed using discrete components and at low frequency. High dynamic range has been confirmed at 3.13 mA average photocurrent; 124.3 dBHz2/3, corresponding to a 131.5 dBHz2/3 if a shot-noise limited noise floor were achieved (here limited by low-frequency 1/f-type noise). Further, efforts to increase the operating frequency to the GHz region and beyond has been outlined in the efforts to develop compact, low latency integrated chip technology and the development of novel sampling downconversion receiver architectures.
Formation of H2 on amorphous ice grains and their importance for planetary atmospheres

The mechanism and the rate of formation of H2 molecules from adsorbed H atoms on interstellar ice grains (or on ice coated non-icy grains) are investigated assuming that the ice is not crystalline but amorphous. Using the available theory and experimental data it is concluded that, in contrast to crystalline grains, the mobility of the adsorbed atoms on amorphous grains at temperatures of 10–20 K is exceedingly low so that the controlling factor is the probability that two H atoms are accidentally adsorbed within a site or two of each other. The rate of H2 formation on ice grains per unit volume is much lower than previously estimated and is very sensitive to temperature. This conclusion applies not only to pure amorphous ice investigated here, but also to impure ice and to other grains (carbon or silicates) which would not be crystalline, such as graphite, but may be highly imperfect or actually amorphous aggregates of atoms or molecules.
Thickness Scaling of the Convective Conductance of 4He Films

Abstract We report results of analysis of the convective conductance, Kf, of pure 4He films of thickness from 11.7 to 156A, and critical temperature, Tc,, from 1.281 to 2.155 K. The data show a narrowing of the critical region with thickness as Tc approaches Tλ. In our analysis we have corrected for the small change of film thickness with temperature, and explored the consequences of using different values for the background conductance and a possible temperature dependence of the vortex diffusion constant, D. In all circumstances we find a strong thickness dependence of the parameters D/a2 and b, with a the vortex core parameter and b a constant describing the divergence of the correlation length. The shift of Tc, with thickness, which does not follow simple scaling predictions, can be partly understood in terms of φ theory with the addition of the van der Waals interaction.
Nucleation and ordering of MoSi2 on Si(100)

Abstract Molybdenum deposition on clean Si( 100) with a fluence as low as 1–4 monolayers suffices to nucleate molybdenum disilicide. At 640°C, disilicide growth is initiated by the formation of small crystallites of hexagonal MoSi 2 , separated by clean, but roughened, Si(100)−2 × 1, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and glancing angle X-ray diffraction. At 770°C, molybdenum deposition leads to tetragonal MoSi 2 preferentially oriented with respect to the silicon substrate.
Data path synthesis

Abstract This paper reviews all the phases in data path synthesis: register allocation, storage grouping, module allocation and interconnect allocation. In addition, a new phase for the storage value insertion is introduced. For each of these phases a formal problem description is given. Restrictions on the data path allocation phases are presented, which delimit the problems to cases which can be solved by polynomial algorithms. For the general cases, heuristics are provided which have appeared to be effective in the literature. Special data path architectures may require special algorithms to make use of their features. Throughout the paper archetectural constraints are described and effective algorithms for them derived. To construct an effective data path allocation system, a scheme has to be defined. The scheme determines which subproblems are solved in what order and which constraints are taken into account in each phase. The data flow graph and schedule and their match with the data path architecture have a major impact on the development of a scheme. This paper will point out the trade-offs that have to be made when developing such a scheme. This paper provides a reference to most of the data path allocation algorithms published in the scope of high-level synthesis. Most of the techniques are explained in considerable detail and various examples are given. The paper comments on the applicability of most of the algorithms for particular data path allocation problems.
Fermions in a Pseudoparticle Field

A study is made of the relationship between the triangle anomaly and zero-eigenvalue solutions to the Euclidean Dirac equation in the presence of a pseudoparticle field.
Time dependencies in perfluorooctylacids disposition in rat and monkeys: A kinetic analysis

Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) are surfactants that have been used for various industrial and consumer applications. The widespread exposure and persistence of PFOA and PFOS in humans have caused these chemicals to be the subject of intense kinetic and toxicity studies. To identify the biological determinants of the species different in elimination observed in kinetic studies, we incorporated time-dependent descriptions for free fraction in plasma and for volume of distribution into an earlier pharmacokinetic model to simulate the time course behaviors of PFOA and PFOS in monkeys and rats. The structurally similar model for monkeys and rats also allows for examination of the complex kinetics observed in animal studies. A higher estimated liver:blood partition coefficient in the rat and additional binding in rat liver suggest that PFOS retention in liver occurs in rats but not in monkeys. Higher liver:blood partition coefficient and renal filtration suggest that PFOS is retained longer in tissues compared to PFOA. A much lower renal resorption may explain the fast elimination of PFOA from plasma observed in female compared to male rats. Understanding these cross-species, cross-compound, and cross-gender difference is an important step in the future development of a human model for these compounds.
Ocean acoustic tomography using turning-point filters

Turning-point filtering is a method to focus acoustic energy from a vertical line array receiver into an oceanographically meaningful image. The turning-point filter is a simple modification of the linear beamformer which compensates for the sound-speed variation in the water column. Focused peaks in the image (phase-speed, group- speed space) can be regarded as accurate samples of the underlying dispersion curve whenever the WKBJ approximation is valid. Applying this method to real data, still fails to produce a useful observable because of small-scale variations in the ocean. The ocean acoustic waveguide has limited space, time, and frequency coherences which limit the image sharpness. Accounting for this by incoherently combining the limited coherent subspaces generates easily measured observables as demonstrated.
Coarctation of the descending thoracic aorta diagnosed during pregnancy.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Coarctation of the aorta is an uncommon condition complicating pregnancy. It is often associated with hypertension and usually involves the aortic isthmus. CASE: Coarctation of the descending thoracic aorta was found at 21 weeks’ gestation after physical findings of hypertension, a holosystolic murmur over the entire left hemithorax, and diminished lower extremity pulses. The diagnosis led to thoracotomy and placement of a graft bypass after an otherwise uneventful pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Unusual sites of coarctation of the aorta complicating pregnancy include the descending thoracic aorta.
Adhesive bond testing of carbon–epoxy composites by laser shockwave

Adhesive bonding, particularly of composite laminates, presents many practical advantages when compared with other joining methods but its use is limited, since there is presently no non-destructive inspection technique to ensure the quality of the bond. We are developing a technique based on the propagation of high amplitude ultrasonic waves to evaluate the adhesive bond strength at high strain rate. Compression waves are generated by a short and powerful laser pulse under water confinement and are converted after reflection on the assembly back surface into tensile waves. The resulting tensile forces normal to the interfaces can cause a delamination inside the laminates or a disbond. The adhesion strength is probed by increasing the laser pulse energy until disbond. A good bond is unaffected by a certain level of stress whereas a weaker one is damaged. The method is shown completely non-invasive throughout the whole composite assembly. The sample back surface velocity is measured by an optical interferometer and used to estimate stress history inside the sample. The depth and size of the disbonds are revealed by a post-test inspection by the well established laser-ultrasonic technique. Experimental results confirmed by numerical simulations show that the proposed method is able to differentiate weak bonds from strong bonds and to estimate quantitatively the bond strength.
Phytotoxicity of Copper-Based Bactericides to Peach and Nectarine

Organometallic copper, consisting of a mixture of copper abietate, copper linoleate, and copper oleate (CuALO), is important for postbloom management of bacterial spot in New Jersey peach and nectarine orchards. Rotation of CuALO with oxytetracycline reduces cost and helps prevent (or delay) resistant organisms. However, because copper is also phytotoxic, higher rates and inorganic coppers have not been utilized. A study was conducted on 'Encore' peach and 'Redgold' nectarine to determine the quantitative relationship between copper concentration (metallic equivalent) and phytotoxicity. Different rates of CuALO and copper hydroxide (CuOH) were applied seven times postbloom. Foliar injury and defoliation increased with number of applications and copper concentration. Maximum 'Encore' defoliation was 10 to 17%, while 'Redgold' sustained 30 to 35% leaf loss. CuOH caused similar or less leaf injury and defoliation than CuALO. No injury was observed on fruit, even at three times the labeled metallic copper rate of CuALO. Fruit size and soluble solids were not influenced by copper. Estimates of foliar density and tree volume indicated that sufficient photosynthetic capacity existed to allow acceptable leaf damage and loss from copper applications. These results showed that inorganic coppers may be viable alternatives to organometallic copper for postbloom bacterial spot control; nectarine may be more sensitive to copper injury than peach; and higher rates of metallic copper, above the current commercial rate, can be applied to peach. In the latter case, greater amounts of copper may provide longer residual activity and improved bacterial spot control on highly susceptible cultivars.
Cyber practicum: A future practicum classroom

The article offers a solution to the difficulties of placing teaching students in schools for practicums. Teacher education institutions require teaching candidates to have practical experience in a school setting, but often there are difficulties in finding schools in which to place candidates and finding teachers at those schools who will cooperate with instructing the teaching candidates. The author offers a solution described as the Cyber Practicum, a three-dimensional classroom simulation on the Internet. The Cyber Practicum would allow teaching candidates to design their classroom, create avatars, develop lessons, and teach. The simulation involves online chat rooms, a three-dimensional- (virtual reality) themed chat room, and a virtual learning environment.
Metadata in ARL Libraries: A Survey of Metadata Practices

This study assesses the current metadata practices and trends in Association of Research Libraries (ARL) libraries, based on the survey Metadata conducted in spring 2007 (SPEC Kit 298: Metadata), a collaborative effort with the staff at the ARL. The survey investigates how metadata has been implemented in ARL member libraries: what kinds of projects or initiatives have been undertaken, what types of digital objects are associated with metadata, who are creating metadata, what schemas and tools are used to create and manage metadata, and the organizational changes and challenges resulting from the adoption of metadata in the libraries. The author summarizes her observations of the findings and the main themes that emerged from the metadata practices in libraries. She assesses the changing context of metadata creation and management and the evolution of metadata workflow and best practices in libraries. The author also discusses the roles and responsibilities of metadata professionals and the implications o...
Shear rate dependence of viscosity and configurational entropy of the Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10.0Be22.5 metallic glass forming liquid

In this study the viscosity of Zr 41.2 T 13.8 Cu 12.5 Ni 10.0 Be 22.5 (Vit 1) has been measured as a function of temperature and shear rate above the liquidus temperature, T liq = 1026 K, using a high temperature Couette Rheometer. It has been discovered that there exists a pronounced decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate. This is contrary to the general belief that metallic systems above the liquidus temperature should show Newtonian behavior. It has also been discovered that this shear rate dependence of the viscosity decreases with increasing temperature and approaches the Newtonian behavior and viscosities of simple monatomic liquids or binary alloys at approximately 1300 K. These results are discussed in terms of configurational entropy, S c , by using the Adam-Gibbs entropy model for viscous flow. It is suggested that a large amount of short-range order still exists above the liquidus temperature. At high shear rates this order is destroyed causing the configurational entropy to increase by a magnitude that is on the order of the entropy of fusion.
Tanden in de hersentumor

Tanden in niet-orale tumoren zijn niet helemaal onbekend. Maar niemand verwachtte een stel goedgevormde tandjes in de hersentumor van een zuigeling. Wat valt daarvan te leren?
Do metrical accents create illusory phenomenal accents

In music that is perceived as metrically structured, events coinciding with the main beat are called metrically accented. Are these accents purely cognitive, or do they perhaps represent illusory increases in perceived loudness or duration, caused by heightened attention to main beats? In four separate tasks, musicians tried to detect a small actual increase or decrease in the loudness or duration of a single note in melodies comprising 12 notes. Musical notation prescribed a meter (6/8) implying a main beat coinciding with every third note. Effects of metrical accentuation on detection performance were found in all four tasks. However, they reflected primarily an increase in sensitivity to physical changes in main beat positions, likely to be due to enhanced attention. There was no evidence of biases indicating illusory phenomenal accents in those positions. By contrast, and independent of metrical structure, pitch accents due to pitch contour pivots were often mistaken for increases in loudness.
Harmonic generation from integrated nonlinear transmission lines for RFID applications

Self-interference has been a serious problem in passive RFID systems. We propose a new solution using nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) for efficient second and third harmonic generation. Three designs for different frequency bands, in discrete and distributed lines, are implemented in IBM 8RF 0.13µm CMOS process. The NLTL with Bragg cutoff frequency of 10 GHz shows −10 dBm second harmonic and −15 dBm third harmonic power by 0 dBm small signal input with a layout area of 0.4 mm by 1.8 mm. This demonstrates the advantages of compact size and passive operation of NLTL in RFID transponder applications.
Ammonium molybdate-stannous chloride determination of orthophosphate in the presence of triton X-100

Abstract A colorimetric method for the determination of orthophosphate in the presence of Triton X-100 and the extent of their mutual interference is presented. Effects of albumin and trichloroacetic acid on the reaction are also examined. The method is based on the very sensitive reaction developed for determination of orthophosphate by complex formation with ammonium molybdate followed by reduction with stannous chloride. The method allows determination of 0.005 μmol of orthophosphate in the presence of up to 0.5% Triton X-100 and as little as 0.3% ( v v ) Triton X-100 in the absence of phosphate.
Activation of the Farnesoid X Receptor Induces Hepatic Expression and Secretion of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21

Previous studies have shown that starvation or consumption of a high fat, low carbohydrate (HF-LC) ketogenic diet induces hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) gene expression in part by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα). Using primary hepatocyte cultures to screen for endogenous signals that mediate the nutritional regulation of FGF21 expression, we identified two sources of PPARα activators (i.e. nonesterified unsaturated fatty acids and chylomicron remnants) that induced FGF21 gene expression. In addition, we discovered that natural (i.e. bile acids) and synthetic (i.e. GW4064) activators of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) increased FGF21 gene expression and secretion. The effects of bile acids were additive with the effects of nonesterified unsaturated fatty acids in regulating FGF21 expression. FXR activation of FGF21 gene transcription was mediated by an FXR/retinoid X receptor binding site in the 5'-flanking region of the FGF21 gene. FGF19, a gut hormone whose expression and secretion is induced by intestinal bile acids, also increased hepatic FGF21 secretion. Deletion of FXR in mice suppressed the ability of an HF-LC ketogenic diet to induce hepatic FGF21 gene expression. The results of this study identify FXR as a new signaling pathway activating FGF21 expression and provide evidence that FXR activators work in combination with PPARα activators to mediate the stimulatory effect of an HF-LC ketogenic diet on FGF21 expression. We propose that the enhanced enterohepatic flux of bile acids during HF-LC consumption leads to activation of hepatic FXR and FGF19 signaling activity and an increase in FGF21 gene expression and secretion.
Effects of confinement on material behaviour at the nanometre size scale

In this article, the effects of size and confinement at the nanometre size scale on both the melting temperature, Tm, and the glass transition temperature, Tg, are reviewed. Although there is an accepted thermodynamic model (the Gibbs–Thomson equation) for explaining the shift in the first-order transition, Tm, for confined materials, the depression of the melting point is still not fully understood and clearly requires further investigation. However, the main thrust of the work is a review of the field of confinement and size effects on the glass transition temperature. We present in detail the dynamic, thermodynamic and pseudo-thermodynamic measurements reported for the glass transition in confined geometries for both small molecules confined in nanopores and for ultrathin polymer films. We survey the observations that show that the glass transition temperature decreases, increases, remains the same or even disappears depending upon details of the experimental (or molecular simulation) conditions. Indeed, different behaviours have been observed for the same material depending on the experimental methods used. It seems that the existing theories of Tg are unable to explain the range of behaviours seen at the nanometre size scale, in part because the glass transition phenomenon itself is not fully understood. Importantly, here we conclude that the vast majority of the experiments have been carried out carefully and the results are reproducible. What is currently lacking appears to be an overall view, which accounts for the range of observations. The field seems to be experimentally and empirically driven rather than responding to major theoretical developments.
Second-order statistics of the wavelet transform of multiplicative white stochastic process

We determine the second-order statistics of the wavelet transform of a class of non-stationary random process which may be interpreted as a deterministic signal being corrupted by a multiplicative white stochastic process. The correlation function of the wavelet transform of the process is obtained in terms of wavelet ambiguity function (in Woodward's (1953) sense). The upper-bound of the variance of the wavelet transform of the process is given. We show that for a narrow-band signal the upper-bound has an asymptotic decay of (2a)/sup -/spl alpha//, where a and /spl alpha/ represent, respectively, the scale level of the wavelet transform of the process and the wavelet regularity parameter. Applications of the result are discussed. >
A commitment model of reproductive inhibition in cooperatively breeding groups

Cooperatively breeding groups include individuals that give up some current reproductive opportunities while remaining in a group. In some cases, these individuals are physiologically or morphologically unable to reproduce. Empirical and theoretical evidence suggest that this inability often does not result from stress or manipulation by dominants against the interests of subordinates. I argue that such reproductive inhibition can represent a commitment not to reproduce in exchange for a reduction in costs imposed by dominants. I present a model that allows subordinates to choose whether to inhibit their own reproduction (‘‘self-inhibition’’) and accept no direct reproduction while in the group or to remain flexible and attempt to take a share of group productivity. If dominants assess the reproductive status of subordinates and punish those that reproduce, this model predicts self-inhibition when group members are closely related, opportunities for independent breeding are poor, assessment of reproductive status and eviction are costly, and the chance of being detected when cheating is high. However, dominants are less likely to assess the reproductive status of subordinates that are closely related, resulting in a narrow window of relatedness in which self-inhibition is favored. Counterintuitively, this window is wider when flexible subordinates would be able to take a large share of group production. Although the model assumes that dominants are able to reliably detect commitment, it is generally robust against mistakes in the form of dominants failing to assess uncommitted subordinates, or even low frequencies of deception by flexible subordinates. Key words: credibility, imperfect information, reproductive skew, reproductive suppression. [Behav Ecol 15:585–591 (2004)]