cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nature of strongly adsorbed species formed on platinizedplatinum after the addition of methanol, formic acid, and formaldehyde

Abstract Adsorbed species were formed at 20° on platinized-platinum at open circuit after injecting CH3OH, HCOOH, and CH2O, respectively, into sulfuric acid solutions at potentials in the double-layer region. The species were oxidized at constant current and constant rate of helium stirring either after a washing procedure or directly in the solution at fuel concentrations of 5.10−4M. Analysis of the gas mixture by gas chromatography demonstrated that two electrons are required for the production of one CO2 molecule, on the average. The net composition of the species appears to be the same for the three fuels. An approximate net composition, H2C2O3, which may result from the simultaneous adsorption of HCO and COOH particles, is considered likely.
The effect of temperature and humidity on the oxygen sorption in Diels-Alder polyphenylenes

Abstract The gas transport properties of post-sulfonated Diels–Alder polyphenylene (SDAPP) membranes were measured and compared to poly(perfluoro sulfonic acid) (Nafion 112). The SDAPP materials had ion exchange capacities of 1.6 and 2.2 mequiv/g. The O 2 gas permeability in the SDAPP 2.2 was about half that observed in Nafion@ 112. The O 2 sorption in each membrane was measured in both the non-humidified and humidified state. In the non-humidified state, the O 2 sorption followed Henry's Law behavior. The enthalpy of sorption for the SDAPP materials in the dry state was about double that measured for Nafion@ 112. In the presence of moisture, the O 2 sorption followed Type IV behavior typically exhibited by hydrophilic polymers. The SDAPP samples had a higher percent wet-O 2 mass uptake compared to Nafion@ 112, because of a higher ion exchange capacity.
Defect-state occupation, Fermi-level pinning, and illumination effects on free semiconductor surfaces

A comprehensive physical model for equilibrium and illuminated free semiconductor surfaces interacting with an arbitrary number of monoenergetic surface and bulk defect states is presented. The position of the surface Fermi energy is shown to be determined by the overall balance of surface charge and surface electric field, and is not merely set by alignment to the energy of the highest-density surface state. Boundary conditions are derived for nonequilibrium device analysis, which includes the full electrostatic and recombinative details of the surface states. An approximate analytical solution is given for the semiconductor transport equations with these boundary conditions and this model is used to describe illumination effects on the free surface. The solution can be represented in a graphical form, which allows the most significant contributions to be easily visualized. Fermi-level pinning on free surfaces is then classified according to the primary contributions to the charge balance and also according to the sensitivity of the surface potential to charge perturbations. The occupation factors for the surface states under illumination conditions are derived from the analytic model and are shown to both shift and saturate with increasing illumination intensity. This allows the origin of free-surface photovoltage, depletion-edge contraction, and band flattening to be reinterpreted as arising from a change in surface-state occupation rather than from a quenching of the depletion-region field by free electrons and holes.
Aetiology of an ulcerative disease in goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.): experimental induction of the disease

. Infection experiments were conducted to determine the primary aetiology of an ulcerative disease in goldish, Carassius auratus (L.). Goldfish were exposed to atypical Aeromonas salmonicida and A. hydrophila, previousl y isolated from cutaneous ulcers, and to 04 5 μm filtrates of cutaneous ulcers and kidneys from diseased fish. Fish were exposed to each preparation by intraperitoneal, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection and by a method in which a small patch of scales was removed from each side of the fish and the inoculums applied. Most of the fish injected with A. salmonicida died without developing coetaneous ulcers; however, ulcers were induced in five of the ten fish exposed by the scale removal technique. Exposure to ultra filtrates or A. hydrophila did not result in consistent ulcer formation o r death. Additional experiments showed that a 30-min exposure of goldfish, without prior treatment, to water containing 3 × 105 colony forming units (cfu/ml) of A. salnumicida was sufficient to produce cutaneous lesions in nine often fish exposed. Multiple lesions were produced in most fish and A. salmonicida was consistently recovered. Fish exposed by similar waterborne challenge s to 6·2 × 106 cfu/ml of A. hydrophila or to 7·2 × 106 cfu/ml of another lesion isolate identified as a member of the A. hydrophila complex produced no lesions, eve n when scales were removed. The studies demonstrate that atypical A. salmonicida can initiate cutaneous lesion s characteristic of ulcerative disease, while A. hydrophila and an A. hydrophila complex organism cannot.
An introductory course in network administration

This paper describes a sophomore/junior-level laboratory course on network administration. The course aims to introduce networking concepts while emphasizing observation and measurement of network traffic. It utilizes an isolated laboratory of PCs running Linux along with numerous hubs, switches, and routers that can be rewired into multiple configurations. Being isolated from the campus network allows students complete administrative access without compromising campus security. Groups of students assemble their own LAN, attach it to the lab's "internet" backbone via a router, and then provide numerous common services like HTTP, DNS, and remote access to the rest of the lab. Once the room has a functioning internet, students examine various issues like encryption with TLS and ssh, as well as caching and load issues in retrieving different types of data from a web server. This paper covers the goals of the course, the laboratory setup, the exercises used in the course, and our experiences teaching the course.
Physiologic assessment of botulinum toxin effects in the rat larynx

Objective: Botulinum toxin (BT) is a currently used treatment for spasmodic dysphonia (SD) and other related focal dystonias. The goal of this study is to provide a basis for using the rat larynx to objectively assess physiological and histological effects of BT. Study Design: Dosages and volumes of BT injection were varied and three physiological parameters were measured. These measures included: optical density of PAS-stained laryngeal muscle after electrical stimulation, which is an indirect measure of denervation, spontaneous laryngeal muscle activity, and laryngeal movement. Methods: A new microlaryngoscopic technique was developed, which made it possible to observe and manipulate the rat larynx endoscopically. Laryngeal movement and electromyographic (EMG) measures were made prior to injection and 3 days following BT injections of various dosages and volumes. Optical density measures were made 3 days after injection. Results: Significant reductions in vocal fold motion and spontaneous laryngeal muscle activity as a function of increased BT dosage were observed. In addition, the optical density of PAS-stained laryngeal muscle after electrical stimulation was increased following BT injection. Significant volume effects in optical density were observed in the lateral thyroarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles on the contralateral side. Conclusions: The rat laryngeal model is suitable for assessing BT effects. In addition, the three physiological variables provided useful and reliable measures of laryngeal function. It is the authors' intention to use the rat laryngeal model to further examine the physiological and histological effects of BT with the goal of developing new methods for the treatment of patients with SD and other focal dystonias.
Abstract IA-19: Deconstructing metastasis

Metastasis is a multi‐stage process that selects for circulating cancer cells that can infiltrate, survive in, and colonize distant organs. The cellular origin, oncogenic alterations, tissue affinities, and circulation patterns of tumors markedly influence the sites and temporal course of metastasis. Cancer cell dissemination may be followed by a protracted period of latency before relapse in one or more organs, as in breast cancer, or by a swift colonization of multiple organs, as in lung adenocarcinoma. We have sought to incorporate this varied biology into experimental models to deconstruct metastasis. Searching for mechanisms that prime breast cancer cells for infiltration of different organs, we found few requirements for cancer cell extravasation through fenestrated bone marrow capillaries, certain key requirements (EGFR ligands, COX2, TGFβ‐induced angiopoietin‐like 4) for infiltration through the non‐fenestrated walls of lung and brain capillaries, and additional mediators (sialyl transferase ST6GalNac5) for infiltration though brain capillaries with blood‐brain barrier. Searching for mechanisms that allow infiltrated breast cancer cells to survive as latent disease, we found that a hyperactive SRC pathway supports the responsiveness of breast cancer cells to certain survival factors in the marrow microenvironment. Searching for mechanisms that in contrast underlie the rapid metastasis of lung adenocarcinomas to brain and bone, we uncovered an involvement of WNT/TCF signaling through HOXH9 and LEF1. These striking disparities in the natural progression of different cancers bring into focus important questions about the evolution of metastatic traits, the molecular mediators involved, and the treatment opportunities for the prevention of metastasis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):IA-19.
Template strand gap bypass is a general property of prokaryotic RNA polymerases: implications for elongation mechanisms.

It has previously been shown that T7 RNA polymerase is capable of bypassing gaps on the template strand ranging in size from 1 to 24 nucleotides. This as well as other observations suggested a role for the nontemplate strand during elongation. To establish the generality of this gap bypassing event, we have extended these studies to SP6 and Escherichia coli RNA polymerases. SP6 RNA polymerase bypasses template gaps from 1 to 19 nucleotides in size with various degrees of efficiency and produces runoff transcripts of decreasing length corresponding to increasing gap size. RNA sequence analysis of the resulting runoff transcripts revealed that SP6 RNA polymerase faithfully transcribed both parts of the template strand flanking the gapped region. Similar experiments were carried out with E. coli RNA polymerase (a multiple subunit enzyme) and indicate that it is also capable of gap bypass albeit with reduced efficiency compared to T7 and SP6 RNA polymerases. It appears that the ability to bypass gaps present ...
A STIMULATORY FACTOR FOR MITOCHONDRIAL NADH OXIDASE.

Abstract This laboratory has reported previously that fragmentation of brain mitochondrial fractions resulted in a 7–25 fold increase of the antimycin A-sensitive NADH oxidase, provided that ionic compounds such as inorganic phosphate were present in the incubation media used for enzymatic determination ( Giuditta and Strecker, 1959 ). The oxidation of NADH and of succinate by the Keilin-Hartree heart muscle preparation has been shown also to be stimulated by ionic compounds and by globin ( Keilin and Hartree, 1949 ; Slater, 1949 ; Bonner, 1954 ). Similar observations have been made now with liver and heart mitochondria. Evidence is presented to indicate that the stimulatory effects obtained with added ionic compounds depends at least partially on interaction with a heat stable non-dialyzable factor, which appears to be present exclusively in the mitochondrial fractions of heart, liver or brain homogenates.
Formulating a future for diversity

A significant reduction in the diversity of life on earth is already assured as a result of the loss and degradation of terrestrial and aquatic habitats over past centuries. With continued human population growth, biodiversity will come under even more pressure in coming decades. Yet significant opportunities do exist to lessen the rate of extinction and thereby increase the amount of biodiversity that is passed on to future generations. Strategies for biodiversity conservation must recognize ethical, ecological, and economic values of biodiversity if they are to have the greatest possible impact. All of these values are important in determining the costs of biodiversity loss and the benefits of conservation
Two Approaches to Organizational Analysis: A Critique and A Suggestion

The often-used goal model for measuring effectiveness is criticized. A system model is suggested and its advantages over the goal model specified. Mainly, the system model is theoretically more powerful and avoids certain value judgments. Two system models are compared: an often-used survival model and a rarely applied effectiveness model. The impact of either one on social action is briefly outlined.
Characterization and Finite Element Modeling of Unidirectional Non-Crimp Fabric for Composite Manufacturing

A hybrid finite element discrete mesoscopic approach is proposed to model the forming of composite parts using a unidirectional glass prepreg non-crimp fabric (NCF). The tensile behavior of the fabric is represented using 1-D beam elements, and the shearing behavior is captured using 2-D shell elements. The material is characterized using tensile and shear frame tests. These properties are then incorporated into an ABAQUS/Explicit finite element model via user-defined material subroutines. The shear frame characterization test is simulated using a finite element model of the fabric, and the finite element results are compared to experimental data as a validation of the methodology. The thermostamping of a double-dome geometry, which has been used in an international benchmarking program, is modeled as a demonstration of the capabilities of the proposed methodology.
A Comprehensive Model for the Transfer of Training

The transfer of newly learned skills from a training situation to actual on-the-job performance is one of the most important aspects of training design and development, since this process is the ultimate goal of nearly any training session. Based on an extensive literature review in a variety of educational and corporate content areas, the following article presents a model for the effective transfer of newly learned skills from the training classroom to worksite implementation. The model includes three overall stages (pre-training, training, and post-training) and specific strategies in each stage for use by trainers, managers, and other corporate professionals. While useful in a variety of settings, this model should prove particularly helpful to instructional designers and corporate trainers involved in developing instruction to improve the performance of employees at all levels.
Structured deformation in granular materials

Abstract Microscale deformations are investigated in numerical DEM experiments of a large two dimensional assembly of disks. The assembly was subjected to quasi-static biaxial loading at small to moderate strains. Deformations within individual voids were computed from the relative motions of surrounding particles. Evolution of the local fabric was measured in terms of void-based parameters, including effective void ratio, void cell valence, and shape-elongation of the voids, all of which increased monotonically during loading. A direct correlation was measured between local void shape and dilation, which accounts for the transition from compressive to dilatant behavior. Deformation was very nonuniform at the microscale of individual voids. The predominant deformation structures were thin obliquely trending bands of void cells within which slip deformation was most intense. These “microbands” appeared spontaneously throughout the test, even at the start of loading. The microbands ranged in thickness between one and four particle diameters. Unlike shear bands, the microbands were neither static nor persistent: they would emerge, move, and disappear. Their orientation angle increased as deformation proceeded. Dilation was slightly larger within the microbands than in the surrounding material. Void shapes within the microbands were somewhat elongated, with an elongation direction that was related to the orientations of the microbands. Energy dissipation was concentrated within the microbands, even at small strains. In a small cycle of loading and unloading, local fluctuations in the elastic and plastic slips occurred in opposite directions. No spatial relation was found between the deformation microbands and chains of the most heavily loaded particles. Particle rotations were structured, with the most rapid rotations occurring within and near microbands. The rotations tended to relieve sliding between most particles, but transferred the sliding to a few contacts at which frictional slipping was most intense.
Liquid crystal polarimetry for metastability exchange optical pumping of 3He

Abstract We detail the design and operation of a compact, discharge light polarimeter for metastability exchange optical pumping of 3 He gas near 1 torr under a low magnetic field. The nuclear polarization of 3 He can be discerned from its electron polarization, measured via the circular polarization of 668 nm discharge light from an RF excitation. This apparatus measures the circular polarization of this very dim discharge light using a nematic liquid crystal wave retarder (LCR) and a high-gain, transimpedance amplified Si photodiode. We outline corrections required in such a measurement and discuss contributions to its systematic error.
A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Assay for Threonine/Serine Dehydratase

Abstract Threonine dehydratase, a key enzyme leading to the biosynthesis of isoleucine, catalyzes the production of 2-ketobutyrate from threonine. An uv/fluorometric HPLC assay for threonine dehydratase has been developed that involves derivatization of the 2-ketoacids produced by the enzyme using a specific derivatizing agent, o-phenylenediamine. The derivatized ketoacids can be detected spectrophotometrically or fluorometrically. This novel assay is over 1000-fold more sensitive than the commonly used dinitrophenyl hydrazine denyatization assay. In addition, the HPLC assay allows the identification of the reaction product(s), and can be used to examine the reaction using mixtures of the two substrates, threonine and serine.
Effect of calcium chloride on aspirin-induced hypoinsulinemia in rats.

Salicylates are widely used as analgesics , antipyretics and anti-inflammatory agents. Administration of salicylates has been found to change blood sugar levels; however, these observations have been inconsistent. Some investigators observed a hyperglycemic effect in rats (l), dogs (2), and humans (3,4), while others reported a hypoglycemic effect in normal (5) and adrenalectomized (6) rats, and in normal and mildly diabetic patients (7,8). The mechanism of action of these salicylate effects, especially on insulin secretion, also remains controversial. Some investigators found that salicylates had no effect on insulin secretion in isolated rat (9) and hamster (10) islets, in dogs (11,12), and in humans (4), while other groups reported that salicylates reduced insulin secretion in fragments of rabbit pancreas (13), in rats (5), and in dogs (14), and others reported that salicylates stimulate insulin secretion in normal and diabetic humans (15-17). We recently observed that, in thyroparathyroidectomized rats, acetylsalicylate (aspirin) inhibited bone resorption (i.e. hypercalcemic effect) caused either by parathyroid hormone (PTH) or by the active form of vitamin D3, and caused a hypocalcemic state in normal rats. Administration of aspirin, however, did not affect the hypocalcemic effect of calcitonin (CT) (18). From these findings we considered the possible interrelationships in the effect of salicylates in vivo on glucose and calcium homeostasis. -___ To examine this, we have studied the effect of administration of aspirin and/or calcium chloride on serum insulin, glucose and calcium in rats.
An experimental study of a turbulent shear layer at a clean and contaminated free-surface

An experimental study was performed to measure the flow properties of a vertically-orientated shear layer in the vicinity of a free-surface. The effect of surface contamination on the near surface flow field was also determined. Digital Particle Image Velocimetry was used to measure instantaneous and averaged velocity, vorticity, and Reynolds stresses. Results show that the presence of surfactants can cause directional shifts of the shear layer, as well as an overall damping of the turbulence in the vicinity of the free-surface, except in the vicinity of a Reynolds ridge where an increase in Reynolds stress was observed.
Quantifying white matter lesions with MRI using finite mixture density and 2D clustering estimation

Research is presented in which white matter lesions are quantified using MRI data on cardiac surgery patients. Various methods of quantification are presented including finite mixture density analysis of various MRI parameters, K-means, and principal components analysis. Pre- and post-operative data sets are studied for each patient to determine the change in lesion load due to surgery. The various methods are compared and the differences are indicated on both registered and unregistered data sets. Agreement among the methods is not good in many instances and at times show an inverse correlation. Images and data showing the gray scale distributions are presented.
The Limits of Reinventing Government

When introduced, reinventing government promised significant changes in government performance. Juxtaposed against that theory is one presented by rebounderss," which demands a return to a constitutional grounding in governance. This article suggests that each has significant limitations that can best be understood by examining the other. Accordingly, we seek to establish the central or core theoretical concepts of each theory and the underlying assumptions on which each theory rests. We then proceed to examine them critically as "theories" and compare them to empirical evidence. We argue each is vague, internally inconsistent, and contradicted by known empirical evidence. However, we argue that by integrating the two, the weaknesses of each can be overcome, permitting the evolution of a more fully informed theory, one that addresses both the "means" and the "ends " of government.
Optimization Design of Capacitance Sensor with Helical Shaped Surface Plates

Optimized capacitance sensor with helical shaped surface plates has an obvious advantage of smaller homogeneous error which helps to make the measurement result insensitive to phase distribution and flow changes. The angle of rotation is one of the most important structural parameters to the sensor optimization design. The effect of rotation angle of the helical surface plate to the performance of the sensor with different diameters was studied in this paper. Results showed that the best rotation angle of the helical surface plate was different for different sizes of sensor. 360 degree rotation angle is the best to obtain the smallest homogeneous error when the diameter is greater than 32mm, however, 180 degree is the best when the pipe diameter is less than 31mm, ,
The Locke paradigm of cross cultural counseling

To meet the needs of culturally different populations, culturally consistent assessment, evaluation, and treatment skills, as well as theoretical content must be understood by those working with these populations. The Locke Paradigm of Cross Cultural Counseling offers a framework for such action. While the paradigm does not specifically address counseling skills, the knowledge one gains from a study of a subculture is the foundation upon which a counselor builds the relationship with a client from a culturally different population. Effective counseling can only occur when the counselor has knowledge of both counseling theory and of the particular culture of the client.
Adolescents’ Perspectives on Vaccination Outside the Traditional Medical Home A Survey of Urban Middle and High School Students

Eleventh- and 6th-grade students from an urban public school district were surveyed concerning vaccination outside the traditional medical home. Survey response rates were 50% for 11th- and 73% for 6th-grade students. Seventy-two percent of 11th-grade students reported that public health clinics were definitely or probably acceptable locations for vaccination; 70% reported this for emergency departments, 65% for school-based health centers, 55% for family planning clinics, and 44% for obstetrics/gynecology clinics. Corresponding percentages for 6th-grade students were 60% for public health clinics, 49% for emergency departments, 39% for school-based health centers, and 36% for family planning clinics. Sixth-grade students were not asked about obstetrics/gynecology clinics. Forty-seven percent of respondents identified a doctor's office as the "best" setting to receive vaccines, more than identified any other setting. We concluded that vaccination in one or more settings outside the traditional medical home was acceptable to most adolescents.
What Motivates Political Preferences? Self-Interest, Ideology, and Fairness in a Laboratory Democracy

Substantial prior literature has established that subjects in laboratory experiments are typically willing to sacri…ce their own well-being to make …nancial allocations more equal among participants. We test the applicability of this result in an environment that contains some of the key contextual issues that are usually excluded from more abstract games but which might be important in situations involving income redistribution. Our general …nding is that votes for a redistributive tax are almost entirely in accordance with self-interest: above-average earners vote for low tax rates and below-average earners vote for high tax rates. A measure of subjects’ preferences for fairness or equality, their self-reported economic ideology, is not directly related to their voting behavior in this experiment. Because the ideology measure should be correlated with any intrinsic preferences regarding inequality aversion, we conclude that any preferences for fairness or inequality that our subjects possess are not strong enough to overcome self-interest
Inside the Black Box of Negative Campaign Effects: Three Reasons Why Negative Campaigns Mobilize

The debate over the effect of negative campaigns on vote turnout has not been settled. At present, studies demonstrating a mobilization effect seem to have the upper hand. However, neither side has offered a compelling theory of the causal mechanisms that connect negative campaigns and voter turnout. This paper identifies three mechanisms of voter motivation—republican duty, candidate threat, and perceived closeness of the election—and tests the influence of negative ads on each. The findings suggest that each works to plausibly translate exposure to negative advertisement into increased participation. Since Ansolabehere and his colleagues’ groundbreaking evidence of the demobilizing effects of negative campaigns (Ansolabehere, Iyengar, Simon, & Valentino, 1994), new research has begun to point in the opposite direction (Goldstein & Freedman, 2002). Negativity in campaigns is increasingly thought to mobilize rather than demobilize citizens, with a few important exceptions. Even so, the causal mechanisms of both the demobilization and mobilization hypotheses are underdeveloped. This paper explores three different explanations for why negative campaigns encourage rather than discourage turnout—stimulation of republican duty, anxiety toward the candidates, and perceptions of increased closeness of the race. Ultimately, all three paths for mobilization bear fruit.
Circular format zig-zag scanning of vidicon tubes

In an effort to increase camera readout speed, we have developed a nonconventional vidicon tube scanning technique. Because all vidicon targets are round, acquiring a full view requires overscanning with a conventional square format scan, resulting in 22% of the video field time wasted. Furthermore, conventional scanning employs horizontal flyback, which for high frame rates can be more than 10% of the total field time. Our nonconventional scanning technique eliminates flyback time by utilizing a triangular waveform rather than a sawtooth for horizontal deflection. This triangle wave is amplitude modulated in order to scan only the (circular) area of interest. The vertical deflection is a staircase ramp, with a step occurring at the end of each horizontal line. This maintains even spacing and a parallel relationship between horizontal lines, as opposed to skewed lines with conventional scans. To display the video output, the X-Y monitor must also be driven with these waveforms in order to maintain the correct temporal and spatial position of the video data. Sweep rates of 400 lines in a 1 ms field have been demonstrated. Test results using this technique show a frame time reduction of approximately 30%, with no loss of resolution or dynamic range, and no increased video bandwidth requirements.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High efficiency frequency tripling schemes for high-power Nd: Glass lasers

A comparison is made of three schemes ("angle-detuned," "polarization-mismatch," and "polarization-bypass") permitting high efficiency frequency tripling of 1 μm laser radiation. The overall characteristics of each are examined in terms of sensitivity to input intensity, polarization angles, and mismatch angles. The "polarization-mismatch" scheme is favored for tripling current high-power 1 μm Nd:glass laser radiation with KDP crystals, while for future systems the "polarization-bypass" scheme may be optimum. All schemes permit the tripling of some shaped pulses without substantial degradation in efficiency. The theory of tripling in KDP is reviewed.
A Segmentation-Based Dropping Scheme in OBS Networks

Contention resolution is one of the most significant concerns in OBS networks. As an important contention resolution approach, segmentation can pass packets using as much as possible fragmented resources. Aiming at using bandwidth as efficiently as possible, we propose a new segmentation-base contention resolution scheme ? random dropping. When contention occurs, any part of a contending burst could be dropped, instead of only the head or tail of bursts. This dropping policy makes bandwidth utilization more efficient and flexible. Simulation results show that random dropping performs better than existing segmentation-based dropping schemes.
An architectural perspective on a memory access controller

In this paper a CMOS memory access controller chip is described that provides the basis for achieving high-performance 68020-based (68030-based) systems. This controller matches the speed of the memory system to that of the microprocessor by providing a virtual cache mechanism where address translations are only required when there is a cache miss.This mechanism also facilitates the construction of shared-memory multiprocessor system where the controller manages a memory hierarchy consisting of cache memory, local memory, and shared global memory.
Influence of aging and long-term unloading on the structure and function of human skeletal muscle

Understanding the quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle that control changes in function is crucial in the development of countermeasures to the loss of skeletal muscle function observed with real and simulated microgravity exposure (i.e., unloading) and with aging in humans. Qualitative changes that could influence the force and power producing properties of skeletal muscle are changes in the distribution of the 3 isoforms of the main motor protein myosin heavy chain (MHC), as well as the abundance of MHC, actin (the other main contractile protein), and the force distributing the connective tissue network. Numerous studies have examined quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle, from the whole muscle to the single myofiber from individuals undergoing real and simulated space flight for a few weeks to several months, as well as from aging men and women. When considering the relative content of the main functional and structural elements (i.e., myosin, actin, collagen), it appears that human muscle appropriately scales changes in size of 10%-40% induced over a relatively short time period (1-3 months) and over the lifespan (in humans 20 to 90+ years old). The main qualitative change with unloading and aging is a redistribution of the 3 MHC isoforms, which have vastly different contractile characteristics. It is now known that the response of skeletal muscle to unloading is muscle and gender specific. In summary, changes in muscle mass (quantity) combined with the alterations in MHC distribution (quality) are the primary determinants of changes in muscle function with unloading and aging. These parameters are the key components of muscle that should be targeted with countermeasures for conditions related to muscle loss, along with considerations for muscle- and gender-specific responses.
Aerosol behavior in temperature and concentration gradient fields in nonisothermal tube flow

A general aerosol dynamics equation is derived for nonisothermal steady flow in cylindrical geometry. A scheme for the numerical solution of this equation is presented and its application is illustrated for a practical case incorporating condensation, nucleation, and thermophoresis effects. Additionally, the results of the numerical computations are compared with laboratory experimental measurements of changes in aerosol concentrations and size distributions for nonisothermal flow through a horizontal circular tube.
Glial Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain and Emerging Interventions

Neuropathic pain is often refractory to intervention because of the complex etiology and an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms behind this type of pain. Glial cells, specifically microglia and astrocytes, are powerful modulators of pain and new targets of drug development for neuropathic pain. Glial activation could be the driving force behind chronic pain, maintaining the noxious signal transmission even after the original injury has healed. Glia express chemokine, purinergic, toll-like, glutaminergic and other receptors that enable them to respond to neural signals, and they can modulate neuronal synaptic function and neuronal excitability. Nerve injury upregulates multiple receptors in spinal microglia and astrocytes. Microglia influence neuronal communication by producing inflammatory products at the synapse, as do astrocytes because they completely encapsulate synapses and are in close contact with neuronal somas through gap junctions. Glia are the main source of inflammatory mediators in the central nervous system. New therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain are emerging such as targeting the glial cells, novel pharmacologic approaches and gene therapy. Drugs targeting microglia and astrocytes, cytokine production, and neural structures including dorsal root ganglion are now under study, as is gene therapy. Isoform-specific inhibition will minimize the side effects produced by blocking all glia with a general inhibitor. Enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokines could prove more beneficial than administering proinflammatory cytokine antagonists that block glial activation systemically. Research on therapeutic gene transfer to the central nervous system is underway, although obstacles prevent immediate clinical application. (Korean J Pain 2009; 22: 1-15)
Wind Climatology, Climate Change, and Wind Energy

This article presents an overview of research in wind climatology and wind energy. Specifically, patterns and trends in wind speed are examined. This article looks at both past variability and trends and projected future patterns of the wind resource in various locations across the globe. A review of the historical and current research and results in each one of these areas is presented. In addition, results from research into one of these areas (e.g., analysis of wind speed patterns) are presented as an example within the overall broader review to illustrate current and potential future avenues of investigation. In the past, there has been disconnect between the research being conducted on wind speed climatology and the efforts of the wind industry to understand changes in the resource, and this article represents an attempt to summarize the current status of the research, and also suggest possible avenues of future research.
Clinical practice guidelines as a new source of middle-range theory: Focus on acute pain

Clinical practice guidelines are a useful source of middle-range prescriptive theory because of their empirical support and specific recommendations for practice. A method of developing nursing theory from the acute pain management guidelines is presented and illustrated with a theory of achieving a balance between analgesia and side effects in adults.
Chernoff-Type Bounds for the Gaussian Error Function

We study single-term exponential-type bounds (also known as Chernoff-type bounds) on the Gaussian error function. This type of bound is analytically the simplest such that the performance metrics in most fading channel models can be expressed in a concise closed form. We derive the conditions for a general single-term exponential function to be an upper or lower bound on the Gaussian error function. We prove that there exists no tighter single-term exponential upper bound beyond the Chernoff bound employing a factor of one-half. Regarding the lower bound, we prove that the single-term exponential lower bound of this letter outperforms previous work. Numerical results show that the tightness of our lower bound is comparable to that of previous work employing eight exponential terms.
Voices of elders: culture and person factors of residents admitted to long-term care facilities.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate person and environment factors of elders that facilitate adaptation to relocation to long-term care skilled nursing facilities. Results represent f...
Uridine monophosphate kinase 3: a genetic marker for susceptibility to haemophilus influenzae type B disease

Abstract Alaskan Eskimos have the highest known prevalence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, primarily meningitis, affecting 1-5% of all children in the first two years of life. In this population a polymorphic genetic variant of the pyrimidine pathway enzyme, uridine monophosphate kinase-3 (UMPK-3), was found to be positively associated with invasive Hib disease (relative risk 3·3) and a tendency towards a younger age at onset of illness. There was no difference in levels of naturally acquired Hib anticapsular antibody between persons with Hib disease and healthy controls in this population. This suggests that UMPK-3 may have a role in mediating non-humoral immunity to Hib. However, unlike other enzyme variants in the nucleoside synthesis pathways which result in syndromes of severe immunodeficiency, this gene appears to confer a more subtle disease susceptibility.
Shape control using primitive decompositions

Presents novel techniques to modify free-form shapes defined by implicit algebraic models. These models are first simplified by introducing a decomposition in terms of conic-line primitives, and then the desired local/global shape changes are produced by varying the parameters of these primitives. A decomposed model provides efficient control of each primitive using its canonical frame. To make the analysis simpler, we restrict our attention to free-form curves modeled by a 4th-degree (quartic) equation. However, all of the analysis can be directly extended to higher-degree models. We also provide some 3D interpolation procedures based on the resulting primitives to illustrate the potential of our methods in 3D.
Influence of Structure on the Soft X-Ray Optical Properties of Metallic Multilayers

Multilayer thin film structures for reflecting soft x-rays are now being fabricated in a number of laboratories. However, understanding of. the optical properties of these structures is presently limited by lack of knowledge of the microstructure of the layers, as well as of the details of the interfaces. In this paper we present results from our studies of multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), characterized in situ by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and characterized ex situ by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction, and Rutherford back scattering (RBS). In the case of Mo/Si multilayers, we observe the formation of an amorphous interfacial silicide, which can have a positive effect on the performance of these evaporated multilayer mirrors. We observe a contraction in the period of these multilayers as the deposition temperature is raised from 50 °C to 250 °C, corresponding to an increase in the thickness of the interfacial silicide. This contraction indicates that the silicide is more dense than the average atomic density of its components. We also discuss Ag/B and Pd/B multilayers, which have very similar theoretical performance. However, due to differences in the multilayer structures formed, the actual performance of multilayers made from these materials is radically different. The structural differences originate from different growth modes for Ag and Pd on B.
Data replication approaches for ad hoc wireless networks satisfying time constraints

Recent advances in technology have enabled the development of ad hoc wireless networks in which a collection of wireless mobile hosts (nodes) may move freely and self-organize into arbitrary and temporary network topologies in areas where communication infrastructures do not exist. In such networks, hosts frequently need data items to finish a certain task. The hosts chosen to store data items are called data servers. If the data items are stored too far away from the requiring host, multiple intermediate hosts are needed to relay the data. This creates a certain amount of delay which is not insignificant in time-critical applications. In this paper, we propose replica allocation schemes to let each host obtain data items in at most k(k ≥ 1) hops using minimal number of data servers in the network. Simulation results show that our schemes can generate a small number of data servers satisfying the k-hop time constraints.
BASING‐POINT PRICING AND INCOMPLETE COLLUSION*

. It has been contended that basing-point pricing (BPP) is not indicative of anticompetitive behavior because a cartel would never attain maximum profits by using BPP. We disprove this contention. BPP is the profit-maximizing pricing strategy for a cartel that faces competition only at selected locations. In addition, our model explains the emergence of multiple basing points, and establishes that BPP must be consistent with a market-division scheme.
Neuronal plasminogen activators: cell surface binding sites and involvement in neurite outgrowth.

Sympathetic neurons release both urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). A number of inhibitors of serine proteases have been tested to determine their effects on neurite outgrowth from rat sympathetic neurons. Some inhibitors increase neurite outgrowth while others have little or no effect on outgrowth. Inhibition of plasminogen activator (PA) activity but not other serine protease activity correlates with the increase in neurite outgrowth (uPA, r = 0.89; tPA, r = 0.86; plasmin, r = 0.015; thrombin, r = 0.025). Antibodies that inhibit uPA activity increase neurite outgrowth, while antibodies that bind to uPA but do not inhibit activity do not alter outgrowth. Time-lapse videomicroscopy of neurite outgrowth indicates that about 85% of the neurites increase their rate of outgrowth following exposure to inhibitors of PA. Routinely, 1–2 min after exposure of a growth cone to an inhibitor, there is an increase in lamellipodial activity at the leading edge of the growth cone and a decrease in lamellipodial activity on the sides and base of the growth cone. The increase in the rate of outgrowth combined with the decrease in lamellipodial activity on the sides of the growth cones results in neurites being very long and straight in the presence of inhibitors (persistence time P = 3.7 and 15.3 hr for controls and in the presence of inhibitors of PA, respectively). PAs released from sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells interact with 3 different binding sites on the cell surface: (1) an inhibitor of serine proteases (including uPA and tPA) is bound to the surface via a heparinase-sensitive site; (2) a uPA- selective binding site is present in patches on the bottom surface of PC12 cells; and (3) a tPA-selective binding site with high affinity (KD = 23 +/- 10 nM) and high capacity (340,000 +/- 130,000 sites/neuron) for 125I-tPA is homogeneously distributed over the entire surface. Data in the present study are consistent with PA being involved in neurite outgrowth and open the possibility of other PA-dependent functions occurring when tPA and/or uPA interacts with cell surface binding sites.
Statistics of breakdown field and time-dependent dielectric breakdown in contact-to-poly modules

In this paper, we present the results of voltage-ramp dielectric breakdown and time-dependent dielectric breakdown experiments for contact-polysilicon control gate intra-level dielectric stacks. Lifetime distribution and area scaling are discussed statistically with the analysis of global and local space deviations using the electrical method. Optimized process reliability is evaluated by performing a SRAM lifetime test that measures the early life failure rate.
Civil Society as Democratic Practice: North American Cities during the Nineteenth Century

Civil Society as Democratic Practice: North American Cities during the Nineteenth Century On the threshold of the twenty-first century, many scholars and citizens are grasping for some sense of societal purpose more substantial and satisfying than the aggregated narcissism that triumphed in the last. Yet, the various formulations of the object of this quest, "Social capital," "civic engagement," "the public sphere," or "civil society," strike contradictory chords of meaning. "Social capital" might ring pleasantly in the ears of social scientists, but to some humanists, it emits a discordant economistic sound. "Civic engagement" might recall the pieties of a citizenship class convened a half century ago, which alternately comfort and repel. Gold-plated philosophical terms like "civil society" and "the public sphere" come enmeshed in a thicket of theoretical writing, much of it bound to parochial Western political theory. While the range and variety of issues that this special issue of the journal calls forth is to be applauded, such heterogeneous expectations can also lead to confusion and miscommunication. Thus, at the outset, let me state my own particular interpretation of what is at stake in the contemporary discussions of social capital.
Lipids of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima: season and symbiont affect content and fractionation

iv Acknowledgements v List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Introduction 1 Methods 5 Collection 5 Symbiont density 7 Protein analysis 9 Lipid extraction 9 Method development for lipid separation 10 Lipid separation 14 Algae processing 15 Photo-analysis 16 Data analysis 17 Results 20 Solvent systems 20 Holobiont dry weight 22 Symbiont density 22 Holobiont lipid profile 26 Symbiont lipid profile 33 Discussion 39 References 47