cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the macroalga, muskgrass, for the phytoremediation of selenium-contaminated agricultural drainage water by microcosms

Previous field studies suggested that the macroalga, muskgrass (Chara canescens Desv. & Lois), plays an important role in the removal of selenium (Se) from agricultural drainage water. This study evaluated the efficiency of Se removal from drainage water by muskgrass-vegetated wetland microcosms, and determined the extent to which muskgrass removed Se through phytoextraction and biovolatilization. Six flow-through wetland microcosms were continuously supplied with drainage water containing an average Se concentration of 22 microg L(-1) over a 24-d experimental period. The Se mass input and outflow and the rate of Se volatilization were monitored daily for each microcosm. Three microcosms containing muskgrass reduced the daily mass Se input in the inflow drainage water by 72.1%; this compared with a reduction of 50.6% of the mass Se input for three unvegetated control microcosms. Selenium accumulated in muskgrass tissues accounted for 1.9% of the total mass Se input in the microcosm, followed by 0.5% via biological volatilization. The low rates of Se volatilization from selenate-supplied muskgrass, which were 10-fold less than from selenite, were probably due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of Se in muskgrass. This conclusion was derived from X-ray absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis, which showed that muskgrass treated with selenite contained 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in muskgrass treated with selenate.
Glass bead micromodel study of solute transport

This study presents solute transport experiments and simulations conducted in a horizontally-mounted glass bead micromodel. The glass bead micromodel of novel design, with one layer of glass beads fused between two glass plates, simulates an ideal porous medium. Various scale levels of solute transport through the micromodel were observed experimentally and recorded on video tape for use with image analyzers. Results were analyzed with image analyzers to obtain relative concentration plots for the bulk micromodel and at various points in the model. The results show favorable comparisons of experimental and numerical data. The glass bead micromodel study was a feasible procedure for quantifying micromodel experiments.
An Evaluation of Temporal Changes in Sediment Accumulation and Impacts on Carbon Burial in Mobile Bay, Alabama, USA

The estuarine environment can serve as either a source or sink of carbon relative to the coastal ocean carbon budget. A variety of time-dependent processes such as sedimentation, carbon supply, and productivity dictate how estuarine systems operate, and Mobile Bay is a system that has experienced both natural and anthropogenic perturbations that influenced depositional processes and carbon cycling. Sediments from eight box cores provide a record of change in bulk sediment accumulation and carbon burial over the past 110 years. Accumulation rates in the central part of the basin (0.09 g cm−2) were 60–80 % less than those observed at the head (0.361 g cm−2) and mouth (0.564 g cm−2) of the bay. Sediment accumulation in the central bay decreased during the past 90 years in response to both anthropogenic (causeway construction) and natural (tropical cyclones) perturbations. Sediment accumulation inevitably increased the residence time of organic carbon in the oxic zone, as observed in modeled remineralization rates, and reduced the overall carbon burial. Such observations highlight the critical balance among sediment accumulation, carbon remineralization, and carbon burial in dynamic coastal environments. Time-series analysis based solely on short-term observation would not capture the long-term effects of changes in sedimentation on carbon cycling. Identifying these relationships over longer timescales (multi-annual to decadal) will provide a far better evaluation of coastal ocean carbon budgets.
Reflections on 25 years of the International Journal of Group Psychotherapy.

(2001). Reflections on 25 Years of the International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 147-150.
Pattern of recovery of thyroid hormone indices associated with treatment of diabetes mellitus.

The effects of diabetes mellitus on serum thyroidhormone parameters were studied in 54 patients divided into 4groups. Treated asymptomatic patients (group I) had normalthyroid values which did not correlate with serum or urinaryglucose. Untreated nonketoacidotic patients (group II) showeda mild persistent depression in T3 and an elevation in rT3.Patients with ketoacidosis with a brief history of symptoms(group III) had a moderate T3 decrease and a mild rT3 elevationwhich quickly resolved with treatment. Ketoacidotic patients with a long history of symptoms (group IV) had marked depressionof T3 and elevation of rT3 which was only partiallyrectified by treatment. Serum T4 was generally normal, exceptfor a minimal decrease on the day after admission, probablyresulting from rehydration and a subsequent increase associatedwith an increase in TSH. We concluded that thyroid hormoneparameters were not influenced by variations in serum glucose,but seemed to reflect the effects of a preexisting catabolic state,keto...
Broadening horizons: A human sexuality program at summer camp

In the summer of 1977, a Human Sexuality program was implemented at a camp for disabled teenagers and adults. This article discusses the organization and operation of the program from its initial theoretical conception to its actual development and impact on the camping community. The intent of the discussion is to promote the concept of having such a program in a camp setting as a vital experience for disabled individuals to enhance self-awareness and self-growth.
Relativistic Thomas-Fermi Calculations of Hot Nuclei

Relativistic thermal Thomas-Fermi calculations for equilibrated hot nuclei have been performed for a nonlinear {sigma}-{omega} model. To isolate the properties of the hot nucleus from the contributions of the surrounding nucleon vapor, a subtraction procedure based on the equivalent sharp radius'' is applied. Various quantities describing hot nuclei and their temperature dependence are investigated. Special attention is devoted to the study of the level density parameter; we compare our results with those of a recently published nonrelativistic investigation.
914-70 An Orally Active Synthetic IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonist Inhibits Ex-vivo Platelet-Thrombus Formation

Coronary artery disease and its progression is clearly linked to thrombosis. Thrombosis has been successfully inhibited by using several drugs when given i.v. The use of i.v. drugs is useful to prevent thrombosis in acute situations; but long-term inhibition of platelet activity will require orally active drugs. The available oral agents (ASA, Ticlopidinel have a limited antiplatelet effect. Platelet-fibrinogen binding inhibition by oral administration of SC-54684A (synthetic mimetic of the RGD-sequence) has been tested as a strategy to prevent thrombosis. This compound is currently undergoing clinical trials. Platelet deposition (PD) has been evaluated by 111 In-platelets in an “ex vivo” canine perfusion model (Badimon's chamberl. Effects of SC-54684A (3 mg/kg; doses that totally block in vitro platelet aggregation) on PD have been tested on mildly (MI) and severely injured (SI) aortic wall, at flow conditions modeling shear rates (SR) typical of medium size patent (212 s -l ) and stenotic (1690 s -1 ) arteries after 5 min perfusions. PD results are expressed as (platelets × 10 6 /cm 2 ) (mean ± SE) Substrate Mild injury Severe injury Flow conditions 212/s 1690/s 212/s 1690/s Control 3.5 ± 0.7 9.8 ± 32 16.0 ± 3.4 49.3 ± 4.2 SC-54684A 6.2 ± 1.2 9.6 ± 1.7 17.2 ± 1.3 25.8 ± 1.3 * * p l 0.05 Our results demonstrate that oral administration of a synthetic peptide antagonist of the IIb/IIIa platelet receptor significantly reduces platelet thrombus formation on stenosed severely injured lesions where there is a higher risk of thrombotic occlusions. This novel oral approach may have important clinical implications.
I. The form of the QRS complex in the normal precordial electrocardiogram and in ventricular hypertrophy

Abstract The form and interrelations of the component phases of the QRS complexes in the six Wilson precordial leads are demonstrated through a diagrammatic reconstruction of the portion of the QRS registered in each lead at fixed intervals after the onset of the initial deflection. This method of analysis is offered as a teaching aid and is employed to bring out the characteristic features of the QRS complex in the normal precordial electrocardiogram, in left ventricular hypertrophy, and in right ventricular hypertrophy.
A biomedical multiprocessor SoC for closed-loop neuroprosthetic applications

Successful proof-of-concept laboratory experiments on cortically controlled motor prostheses [1], brain pacemakers [2] and hippocampal prostheses [3] motivate continued development for neural prosthetic systems. Advances in implantable electrode arrays [4] and miniaturized multichannel recording ICs [5–6] enable long-duration, wireless and closed-loop experiments on freely moving subjects. To further improve clinically viable neural prostheses, the bulk associated with external systems must be eliminated. Thus a miniaturized processing-and-controlling system interfacing recording ICs and actuators in real time is required [7].
Co-occurring suicide attempts and physical fighting: a comparison between Urban, Suburban, and Rural high school students

This study examines the prevalence and correlates of co-occurring suicidal behavior (i.e., attempted suicide) and violent behavior (i.e., involved in a physical fight) in a nationally representative sample of high school students. Analyses were based on cross-sectional data from the 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), which includes a nationally representative sample (n = 15,214) of high school students in 9th through 12th grade in the United States. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to test the associations between demographic characteristics, potential risk factors, and suicidal and violent behavior for students across urban, suburban, and rural settings. Suicidal and violent behaviors were classified into four mutually exclusive groups: (1) both suicidal and violent behaviors, (2) violent behavior only, (3) suicidal behavior only, and (4) no suicidal behavior and no violent behavior. The prevalence of involvement in suicide attempts and physical fighting were similar across ur...
A study of craft worker length of employment at select missouri construction companies

This study addressed a gap in the literature relative to craft worker length of employment. More specifically, it set out to provide a methodology for using readily available employee databases to assist construction companies in retaining their at-risk craft workers. Using a sample population of 10 of Missouri's 17 largest contractors, this study examined the employee databases to identify differences in mean length of employment based on hire age, craft, and company size. An analysis of variance was utilized to test three null hypotheses. Results lead the researcher to accept the null hypothesis that there were no significant differences between the mean length of employment for craft workers based on five hire age categories (16–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, and 55 years & up). However, results indicated that operators had a statistically significant (0.05 alpha) longer length of employment than did carpenters, laborers, and iron workers. Also, results indicated that craft workers at medium-sized companies ...
Moments of the maximum entropy and the symmetric maximum entropy distribution

Abstract Simulation results are described for four estimators of moments of a normal distribution: the sample and maximum entropy (ME) moments and those obtained when the sample or ME distribution is symmetrized. The discussion includes the small-sample bias and the gain in efficiency which results from the knowledge that the parent distribution is continuous and/or symmetric.
Investment in knowledge: a generalization of learning by experience

Learning is often perceived as a cost-reducing endogenous by-product of production processes. In many applications this by-product is modeled as a learning curve; that is, a simple function of time or of cumulative production experience. In an earlier paper we presented an alternative explanation where managers decide what resources to devote to knowledge acquisition. In this paper we expand those results to a situation using a more flexible production technology and emphasizing discounted cost. Our model explains resource and output behavior for a firm that is producing specialized units to contractual order. However, the results are quite general and have implications for investment in research, engineering, science and technology, software development, and worker training. We provide examples where the cost-minimizing producer will choose to invest in knowledge creation early in the production program and then have the rate of investment decline over time. Other interesting results are noted by examining the optimal time paths of the control and state variables in a comparative dynamic analysis.
Electromagnetic corrections to allowed nuclear beta decay

Dominant Coulomb corrections to the spectral functions for allowed nuclear $\ensuremath{\beta}$ transitions are calculated using the elementary particle approach.[RADIOACTIVITY Calculated electromagnetic corrections. Allowed $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay.]
Relations between transverse momentum distributions and chiral odd generalized parton distributions

We discuss the information on the spin structure of the proton that one can access by studying transverse momentum distributions, generalized parton distributions and their connection through generalized transverse momentum distributions. A "flexible" parametrization is proposed to extract this information from deeply virtual exclusive experiments.
GAMMA FACTORS IN FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS.

This paper is dedicated to Professor Alexander Petrunkevitch on his eightieth birthday. ntribution from the Osborn Zoological Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. t Theresa Seessel fellow, Yale University, from the University of Vienna. F. A. Forel, "Temperatures lacustres: Recherches sur la temp6rature du Lac Leman et utres lacs d'eau-douce," Arch. sci. phys. et nat. (ser. 3), 35, 505-575, 1880. F. Ruttner, "Hydrographische und hydrochemische Beobachtungen auf Java, Sumatra und li," in Tropische Binnengewdsser (Arch. Hydrobiol., Suppl., Vol. 8 [1931]), pp. 197-454. G. E. Hutchinson, The Study of Lakes, Vol. 1: Geographical and Physiochemical Limology appear late in 1956). J. Murray, in E. H. Shackleton, The Heart of the Antarctic (London: W. Hienemann, 1909), 1. 2.
Genetic predictors for cardiovascular disease in hispanics.

A less favorable cardiovascular risk factor profile but paradoxically lower cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been observed in Hispanics—a pattern often referred to as the Hispanic paradox. It has been proposed that the specific genetic susceptibility of this admixed population and gene–environment interactions may partly explain the paradox. During the past few years, there have been major advances in the identification of genetic risk factors using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for cardiovascular disease, especially in Caucasians. However, no GWAS of cardiovascular disease have been reported in Hispanics. In the Costa Rican Heart Study, we reported both the consistency and disparity of genetic effects on risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) between Hispanics and other ethnic groups. We demonstrated that the improvement in the identified genetic markers on discrimination of CHD in Hispanics was modest. Future genetic research on Hispanics should consider the diversity in genetic structure, lifestyle, and socioeconomics among various subpopulations and comprehensively evaluate potential gene–environment interactions in relation to cardiovascular risk.
Altered coronary flow responses to vasoactive drugs in the presence of coronary arterial stenosis in the dog.

Abstract Recent in vitro observations of human coronary arteries have suggested that intraluminal pressure can be a determinant of the resistance to flow through the stenosis. This study examined whether similar pressure-dependent changes in stenotic resistance could be observed and analyzed in an open chest, anesthetized, animal model of coronary arterial stenosis. Without stenosis, intracoronary isoproterenol (1 μg) or nitroglycerin (10 μg) increased flow and decreased coronary resistance, whereas methoxamine (500 μg) or vasopressin (0.2 U) decreased flow and increased coronary resistance. After partial arterial constriction, administration of isoproterenol (1 μg) resulted in a decrease in coronary pressure from 61.2 ± 2.5 to 39.4 ± 2.7 mm Hg (p ≤ 0.05), a 23 percent derease in distal coronary resistance (p ≤ 0.05) and a 22 percent decrease in flow associated with an increase in stenotic resistance of 2.34 ± 0.97 (p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, nitroglycerin caused a decrease in coronary pressure from 55.7 ± 3.1 to 42.1 ± 3.6 mm Hg (p ≤ 0.05), a 29 percent increase in distal coronary resistance and only a 1 percent increase in flow associated with a 38 percent increase in stenotic resistance. Methoxamine caused an increase in coronary pressure from 62.8 ± 2.0 to 73.6 ± 3.4 mm Hg (p ≤ 0.05), an 18 percent increase in distal coronary resistance, an 8 percent decrease in flow and a 10 percent decrease in stenotic resistance. Vasopressin caused an increase in coronary pressure from 61.0 ± 1.5 to 99.2 ± 7.1 mm Hg (p ≤ 0.05), a 239 percent increase in distal coronary resistance but only a 45 percent decrease in flow associated with a decrease in stenotic resistance of 1.33 ± 0.91 (p ≤ 0.05). Passive changes in the stenotic area caused by coronary pressure changes are postulated as part of the mechanism for the observed changes in stenotic resistance. This hypothesis is strengthened by the changes in stenotic resistance and radiographic analysis obtained from an in vitro carotid arterial preparation. The pressure-dependency of stenotic resistance could be an additional factor in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease.
10 networking papers: elegance and insight

When Jim Kurose invited me to write a piece for the “recommended reading” series in CCR, I thought it would be a fun exercise and accepted the invitation right away. Little did I realize how challenging it would be to put together this list, as much because I was only allowed to pick 10 papers as because I had to steer clear of the many fine papers that had already been picked in previous lists. It has nevertheless been an enjoyable experience and I thank Jim for providing me with this opportunity. I also thank him, Zahir Koradia, and Ram Ramjee for their comments on this article. Rather than focusing on a single topic, I decided to pick papers from across sub-areas of networking that have left a lasting impression on me (and quite possibly on other researchers as well) because of their elegance, the insights they provide, and in many cases both of these. I hope many readers will enjoy reading these papers, if they have not already done so. Now let me get started with the list. Adaptation is a key aspect, indeed requirement, of any networked protocol or system. The first few papers in my list focus on various aspects of adaptation. We will start with:
Effect of chamber pressure on spreading and splashing of liquid drops upon impact on a dry smooth stationary surface

Liquid drop impacts on a smooth surface were studied at elevated chamber pressures to characterize the effect of gas pressure on drop spreading and splashing. Five common liquids were tested at impact speeds between 1.0 and 3.5 m/s and pressure up to 12 bars. Based on experiments at atmospheric pressure, a modification to the “free spreading” model (Scheller and Bousfield in AIChE Paper 41(6):1357–1367, 1995) has been proposed that improves the prediction accuracy of maximum spread factors from an error of 15–5%. At high chamber pressures, drop spreading and maximum spread factor were found to be independent of pressure. The splash ratio (Xu et al. in Phys Rev Lett 94:184505, 2005) showed a non-constant behavior, and a power-law model was demonstrated to predict the increase in splash ratio with decreasing impact speed in the low impact speed regime. Also, drop shape was found to affect splash promotion or suppression for an asymmetry greater than 7–8% of the equivalent drop diameter. The observations of the current work could be especially useful for the study of formation of deposits and wall combustion in engine cylinders.
The correlation of bispectral index with endtidal sevoflurane concentration and haemodynamic parameters in preschoolers.

Summary Background: Bispectral index (BIS) is a signal processing device that potentially is a pharmacodynamic measure of the effects of anaesthesia on the central nervous system. Methods: In this prospective blinded study, we investigated the pharmacodynamic relationship between BIS, haemodynamic changes during anaesthesia and endtidal nonsteady state concentrations of sevoflurane in 30 children, mean age 3.3 ± 1.1 years, who were undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. A standardized anaesthetic technique was used and included induction and maintenance with sevoflurane, nitrous oxide and oxygen. BIS, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and endtidal sevoflurane (ETsevo) concentrations were continuously recorded and specifically noted at the time of intubation, placement of Dingman gag, incision of adenoid, adenoid out, incision of tonsil, tonsil one out, tonsil two out, last agent off, first spontaneous movement, first eye opening and extubation. The anaesthetist was blinded to BIS throughout the procedure. Results: Using a Spearman correlation analysis, there was significant negative correlation between BIS and ETsevo concentrations (r=− 0.888, P < 0.01) and a pharmacodynamic relationship with EC50 (ETsevo at which BIS=50) of 1.48% (95% confidence interval 0.84–2.11). There was a weak negative correlation between sevoflurane and MAP (r=− 0.391, P < 0.01) but no significant correlation between sevoflurane and heart rate. Conclusions: In preschool children undergoing sevoflurane anaesthesia for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, endtidal sevoflurane concentrations are more closely correlated with BIS than with MAP or heart rate.
An evaluation scheme for assessing the worth of automatically generated design alternatives

This paper introduces a tool called the designer preference modeler (DPM) that analyzes the designer’s decision making during concept evaluation, and constructs a designer preference model to be used for evaluation of automatically generated design alternatives. The method is based on establishing an interaction between a designer and a computational synthesis tool during conceptual design. The synthesis software generates design alternatives using a catalog of design knowledge formulated as grammar rules which describe how electromechanical designs are built. DPM carefully selects a set from these alternatives and presents it to the designer for evaluation. The designer’s evaluations are translated into a preference model that is subsequently used to search the solution space for best designs. Application of the method to the design of a consumer product shows DPM’s range of capabilities.
In Situ NMR Investigations of Heterogeneous Catalysis with Samples Prepared under Standard Reaction Conditions.

Only 170 milliseconds are required to cool the catalyst bed by 150 K in the catalytic reactor shown on the right. Thus, NMR spectroscopic investigations can be carried out on products that are formed after very short contact times and under real catalysis conditions.
Differentiation-dependent secretion of proangiogenic factors by mesenchymal stem cells.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell population for cell-based bone repair due to their proliferative potential, ability to differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts, and their secretion of potent trophic factors that stimulate angiogenesis and neovascularization. To promote bone healing, autogenous or allogeneic MSCs are transplanted into bone defects after differentiation to varying degrees down the osteogenic lineage. However, the contribution of the stage of osteogenic differentiation upon angiogenic factor secretion is unclear. We hypothesized that the proangiogenic potential of MSCs was dependent upon their stage of osteogenic differentiation. After 7 days of culture, we observed the greatest osteogenic differentiation of MSCs when cells were cultured with dexamethasone (OM+). Conversely, VEGF protein secretion and upregulation of angiogenic genes were greatest in MSCs cultured in growth media (GM). Using conditioned media from MSCs in each culture condition, GM-conditioned media maximized proliferation and enhanced chemotactic migration and tubule formation of endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs). The addition of a neutralizing VEGF165/121 antibody to conditioned media attenuated ECFC proliferation and chemotactic migration. ECFCs seeded on microcarrier beads and co-cultured with MSCs previously cultured in GM in a fibrin gel exhibited superior sprouting compared to MSCs previously cultured in OM+. These results confirm that MSCs induced farther down the osteogenic lineage possess reduced proangiogenic potential, thereby providing important findings for consideration when using MSCs for bone repair.
Fabrication of planar optical waveguides by K+ ion exchange in BK7 glass.

Planar waveguides have been formed by K+ exchange in BK7 optical glass. Measurements of the mode indices (TE) have been made and are well described by the WKB dispersion relation with a complementary error-function index profile. An index change of Δn = 0.0094 was found, and the diffusion times necessary to achieve a desired number of modes and diffusion depths have been established.
Education and change in cognitive function. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study.

Abstract The association between educational attainment and decline in cognitive function over an interval of 1 year was examined for 14,883 subjects 18 years and older in the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Cognitive function was assessed at both time points by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); cognitive decline was coded as a dichotomous variable and was defined as 1 if the subject's score had declined 3 or more points from the baseline MMSE score at the 1-year follow-up interview and as 0 otherwise. The association between educational attainment and decline in cognitive function over 1 year was examined in logistic regression models that were stratified by age group ( 23, MMSE ⩽ 23). Covariates included age, baseline MMSE score, ethnicity, residence, lifetime diagnosis of abuse of alcohol or other drugs, and gender. In those with baseline MMSE > 23, education was a significant predictor of cognitive decline, not only in the elderly but also in younger subjects. Among those with baseline MMSE ⩽ 23, education was not a significant predictor of cognitive decline. The fact that education provides protection against cognitive decline even in those younger than 65 years, in whom the prevalence and incidence of dementia are very low, would seem to indicate that education or its correlates provides protection against processes other than dementia that might produce a decline in test performance in young persons.
Hemithoracic intensity modulated radiation therapy after pleurectomy/decortication for malignant pleural mesothelioma: toxicity, patterns of failure, and a matched survival analysis.

Purpose To investigate safety, efficacy, and recurrence after hemithoracic intensity modulated radiation therapy after pleurectomy/decortication (PD-IMRT) and after extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP-IMRT). Methods and Materials In 2009-2013, 24 patients with mesothelioma underwent PD-IMRT to the involved hemithorax to a dose of 45 Gy, with an optional integrated boost; 22 also received chemotherapy. Toxicity was scored with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0. Pulmonary function was compared at baseline, after surgery, and after IMRT. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), time to locoregional failure, and time to distant metastasis. Failures were in-field, marginal, or out of field. Outcomes were compared with those of 24 patients, matched for age, nodal status, performance status, and chemotherapy, who had received EPP-IMRT. Results Median follow-up time was 12.2 months. Grade 3 toxicity rates were 8% skin and 8% pulmonary. Pulmonary function declined from baseline to after surgery (by 21% for forced vital capacity, 16% for forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and 19% for lung diffusion of carbon monoxide [ P for all = .01]) and declined still further after IMRT (by 31% for forced vital capacity [ P =.02], 25% for forced expiratory volume in 1 second [ P =.01], and 30% for lung diffusion of carbon monoxide [ P =.01]). The OS and PFS rates were 76% and 67%, respectively, at 1 year and 56% and 34% at 2 years. Median OS (28.4 vs 14.2 months, P =.04) and median PFS (16.4 vs 8.2 months, P =.01) favored PD-IMRT versus EPP-IMRT. No differences were found in grade 4-5 toxicity (0 of 24 vs 3 of 24, P =.23), median time to locoregional failure (18.7 months vs not reached, P not calculable), or median time to distant metastasis (18.8 vs 11.8 months, P =.12). Conclusions Hemithoracic intensity modulated radiation therapy after pleurectomy/decortication produced little high-grade toxicity but led to progressive declines in pulmonary function; OS and PFS were better in PD-IMRT compared with EPP-IMRT.
Being and feeling unique: statistical deviance and psychological marginality.

Two studies tested the hypothesis that people with culturally stigmatized and concealable conditions (e.g., gays, epileptics, juvenile delinquents, and incest victims) would be more likely to feel unique than people with culturally valued or conspicuous conditions (e.g., the physically attractive, the intellectually gifted, the obese, and the facially scarred). In Study 1, culturally stigmatized individuals with concealable conditions were least likely to perceive consensus between their personal preferences and those of others. In Study 2, they were most likely to describe themselves as unique and to make these self-relevant decisions quickly. Marginality is a psychological reality, not just a statistical one, for those with stigmatized and concealable "master status" conditions.
The electronic structure of the low lying sextet and quartet states of CrF and CrCl

The electronic structure of CrF and CrCl in X 6Σ+, 6Π, 6Δ, A6Σ+, 4Σ+, 4Π, and 4Δ states that correlate with the low lying 6S, 6D, and 4D states of Cr+ have been studied, using large atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis sets and a variety of ab initio methods, including multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) and coupled cluster with perturbative triples (RCCSD(T)). We include scalar relativistic effects perturbatively and also explore the consequence of correlating the 3s and 3p electrons on the transition metal. We report T e, R e,ωe, as well as dipole moments, bond energies, and charge distributions and compare with the available experimental data as well as previous theoretical results.
β-Glucosidase in four phytophagous Lepidoptera

Abstract β-Glucosidase in larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was studied using helicin as the substrate. Enzyme activity was found in various tissues, with the midgut exhibiting the highest activity. Among the midgut subcellular fractions, the soluble fraction was the most active. The apparent K m value for the enzyme was 0.63 mM. The enzyme was fairly stable for 8 weeks when stored at −10°C. Activity was mainly located in the 60% fraction when the midgut soluble fraction was fractionated with ammonium sulfate. The system also hydrolyzed a variety of glucosides including numerous toxic plant allelochemicals. Substrate specificity of β-glucosidase was different in the fall armyworm, velvetbean caterpillar, cabbage looper and corn earworm, suggesting a qualitative difference in the enzyme among these species. In general, d -amygdalin, helicin, d (+)-cellobiose, p -nitrophenyl β- d -glucoside and 4-methylumbelliferyl β- d -glucoside were the preferred substrates, whereas sinigrin, phloridzin, α-solanine, tomatine and linamarin were poor substrates for the enzyme in these insects. Toxicity tests reveal that, in most instances, the glucosides were less toxic than their corresponding aglycones to the fall armyworm, indicating that β-glucosidase is an activation enzyme.
Use of small diameter WCOT columns for ultra-high resolution GC/MS

For clinical and environmental analyses utilizing capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), increased sensitivity and speed of analysis are highly desirable. These performance advantages are realized using a WCOT column of 100 μm i.d. as compared to the more conventional 200 μm i.d. capillary columns. The improved sensitivity of capillary direct GC/MS with the 100 μm i.d. column for the confirmation of drugs of abuse will be demonstrated. For environmental analysis, the superior efficiency and resolution of the 100 μm i.d. column can be employed for the separation of priority pollutants. This approach is more amenable to capillary direct GC/MS providing a more effective interface to the mass spectrometer. As a result improved sensitivity and a considerable decrease in analysis time is achieved over that obtained with the larger diameter environmental specialty phase columns.
Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter

Abstract This study used a mail survey to determine the (a) percentage of children who stutter with co-occurring non-speech disorders, speech disorders, and language disorders, and (b) frequency, length of sessions, and type of treatment services provided for children who stutter with co-occurring disorders. Respondents from a nationwide sample included 1184 speech–language pathologists (SLPs). Of the 2628 children who stuttered, 62.8% had other co-occurring speech disorders, language disorders, or non-speech–language disorders. Articulation disorders (33.5%) and phonology disorders (12.7%) were the most frequently reported co-occurring speech disorders. Only 34.3% of the children who stuttered had co-occurring non-speech–language disorders. Of those children with co-occurring non-speech–language disorders, learning disabilities (15.2%), literacy disorders (8.2%), and attention deficit disorders (ADD) (5.9%) were the most frequently reported. Chi-square analyses revealed that males were more likely to exhibit co-occurring speech disorders than females, especially articulation and phonology. Co-occurring non-speech–language disorders were also significantly higher in males than females. Treatment decisions by SLPs are also discussed. Learning outcomes As a result of this activity, the participant should: (1) have a better understanding of the co-occurring speech disorders, language disorders, and non-speech disorders in children who stutter; (2) identify the speech disorders, language disorders, and non-speech disorders with the highest frequency of occurrence in children who stutter; and (3) be aware of the subgroups of children with co-occurring disorders and their potential impact on assessment and treatment.
Red Scare in Court: New York versus the International Workers Order

A meticulously detailed historical account of one of the casualties of the Cold War politics of the 1950s. Arthur J. Sabin has had unprecedented access to the files of both sides, thus providing a rare "behind the scenes" portrait of the case.
Novel x-ray imaging methods at the Nova laser facility (invited)

We are pursuing several novel x‐ray imaging schemes to measure plasma parameters in inertial‐confinement fusion experiments. This paper will concentrate principally on two quite successful approaches, the soft x‐ray moire deflectometer, and the annular (ring) coded‐aperture microscope. The first scheme uses moire deflectometry to measure the electron density within a plasma. When a beam of collimated light travels through a plasma, it is refracted by electron‐density gradients. Moire deflectometry is a scheme to measure the refraction, and thus provides a diagnostic of the line‐integrated electron‐density spatial profile. To use deflectometry with a high‐density laser‐produced plasma, we produced a probe beam with a soft x‐ray laser (λ=15.5 nm). The short wavelength of the probe radiation allows us to measure the spatial profiles at densities up to critical (e.g., 4×1021 cm−3) in long scale‐length (≳1 mm) plasmas. We use finely made one‐dimensional rulings (10‐μm pitch), a set of synthetic multilayer mirr...
Trickling down the Rising Tide: New Estimates of the Link between Poverty and the Macroeconomy

This paper uses pooled time-series regressions of regional data to reexamine the link between poverty and the macroeconomy. The use of disaggregated data provides additional degrees of freedom and permits the inclusion of controls for demographic changes and increased income inequality. The results indicate a stronger relationship between poverty rates and the macroeconomy in the 1980s than that found in prior research and confirm that the dramatic reduction in unemployment during the late 1990s was instrumental in reducing poverty rates. The estimated results for the 1990s imply a 0.4–0.9% increase in the poverty rate for each 1% increase in the unemployment rate.
Hepatitis C virus core and nonstructural proteins induce fibrogenic effects in hepatic stellate cells.

Abstract Background & Aims: The mechanisms by which hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces liver fibrosis are unknown. Hepatocytes secrete HCV proteins, which may interact with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Our aims were to investigate whether HCV proteins induce fibrogenic effects on HSCs. Methods & Results: Human-activated HSCs expressed messenger RNA (mRNA) for the putative HCV receptors CD81, LDL receptor, and C1q receptor as assessed by RT-PCR. Incubation of activated but not quiescent human HSCs with recombinant core and NS3 protein increased intracellular calcium concentration and reactive oxygen species production, as well as stimulated intracellular signaling pathways. Adenoviruses encoding core and nonstructural proteins (NS3-NS5) were used to express HCV proteins in HSCs. Expression of core protein increased cell proliferation in a Ras/ERK and PI3K/AKT dependent manner. In contrast, NS3-NS5 protein expression preferentially induced proinflammatory actions, such as increased chemokine secretion and expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule type 1 (ICAM-1) through the NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. These effects were attenuated by antioxidants. Infection of freshly isolated rat HSCs with adenovirus-encoding core protein resulted in accelerated cell activation, as assessed by α-smooth muscle actin expression. Moreover, adenovirus-encoding core and NS3-NS5 proteins increased the secretion of bioactive TGFβ1 and the expression of procollagen α1(I) in early cultured rat HSCs, as assessed by ELISA and RNase protection assay, respectively. Conclusions: HCV core and nonstructural proteins regulate distinct biologic functions in HSCs. A direct interaction between HCV proteins and HSCs may contribute to HCV-induced liver fibrosis.
Labeling Public Aggression: When is it Terrorism?

Abstract The present study explored the consequences of an attack against a public leader; the leader's respectability; and the motivation of the attacker on perceptions of deserved penalty, attack predictability, aggressor responsibility, leader/victim responsibility, and labeling of an act of public aggression. Although attack predictability was not changed by the independent variables, severity of penalty, attribution of responsibility to the attacker and to the leader, and the label assigned to the event were affected. Despite the theoretical stand that terrorists can be classified as political crusaders, irrational “crazies,” or materialistic criminals, subjects in this study (407 undergraduate students) perceived terrorism as a primarily politically motivated act.
What a Difference a Phosphate Makes: Life or Death Decided by a Single Amino Acid in MDM2

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Gannon and colleagues create genetically engineered mice to test the role phosphorylation plays in the modification of one serine long thought to play a critical role in controlling the activity of MDM2, one of p53's main negative regulators.
Conjugal association practices in prisons of the American nations

Information from a recent survey describes conjugal association practices in the prisons of the nations of the Americas. Such practices are concentrated in those nations with a strong Spanish heritage. Possible explanations for such an occurrence are provided, and implications for family stability and prison policy in the United States are considered.
Slope stability assessment using stochastic rainfall simulation

Abstract Many regions around the world are vulnerable to rainfall-induced landslides and debris ﬂows. A variety of methods, from simple analytical approximations to sophisticated numerical methods, have been proposed over the years for capturing the relevant physics leading to landslide initiation. A key shortcoming of current hazard analysis techniques, however, is that they typically rely on a single historical rainfall record as input to the hydromechanical analysis. Unfortunately, the use of a single record ignores the inherently stochastic nature of the rainfall process. In this work, we employ a Markov chain model to generate many realizations of rainfall time series given a measured historical record. We then use these simulated realizations to drive several hundred ﬁnite element simulations of subsurface inﬁltration and collapse. The resulting slope-stability analysis provides an opportunity to assess the inherent distribution of failure statistics, and provides a much more complete picture of slope behavior.
A comparison of the clinical efficacy of pheniramine maleate/naphazoline hydrochloride ophthalmic solution and olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution in the conjunctival allergen challenge model.

Abstract Background: The signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis include ocular redness and itching. Two treatment options currently indicated for acute ocular allergic reaction are pheniramine maleate 0.3%/naphazoline hydrochloride 0.025% ophthalmic solution, an over-the-counter antihistamine/vasoconstrictor combination; and olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1% ophthalmic solution, a prescription antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer. Objective: This study was designed to compare, at onset of action, the relative effectiveness of pheniramine/naphazoline and olopatadine, when administered before conjunctival allergen challenge (CAC), using the ocular allergy index (OAI) as the primary end point. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, double-masked, contralateral, active- and placebo-controlled, single-center study of the CAC model. The first 2 study visits established and confirmed the subjects' ocular allergic reaction (no medication administered). At visit 3, the subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 contralateral (right eye vs left eye) treatment combinations: pheniramine/naphazoline + olopatadine, pheniramine/naphazoline + placebo, or olopatadine + placebo. Medication was given 10 minutes before CAC. The subjects' erythema in the ciliary, conjunctival, and episcleral vessel beds; eyelid swelling; chemosis; and itching were evaluated at 7, 12, and 20 minutes after CAC. The OAI was calculated as a composite score of 6 signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis to assess global severity. Between-treatment differences in OAI scores were used to evaluate efficacy. Subjects were asked their eye drop preference at the conclusion of visit 3. Results: Subjects (n = 83) ranged in age from 20 to 70 years (mean, 42.5 years), 61.4% (n = 51) were female, and 94.0% (n = 78) were white. Both pheniramine/naphazoline and olopatadine were associated with significantly lower OAI scores than placebo at all 3 time points (all, P P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: In this patient sample, studied in a CAC model of onset of action, prophylactic pheniramine/naphazoline was more effective than olopatadine and placebo in alleviating the signs and symptoms of the acute ocular allergic reaction, as measured by the OAI.
Sliding window technique to detect the presence of LTE

This paper describes the synchronization signals used by the Long Term Evolution (LTE) with a main focus on the detection of the presence of LTE coverage. The LTE system uses its central 62 subcarriers for the purpose of synchronization and broadcast system information. We use sliding window technique over the fading channels with different number of channel taps to detect the presence of two synchronization signals which in turns indicates the presence of LTE.
Federalism and Collective Action

In this Paper, which is a contribution to a symposium issue of the Kansas Law Review on Federalism in the 21st Century, I examine the federal structure of the United States Constitution from the collective action perspective. My basic point is that we can understand the United States federal system as a pragmatic response to collective action problems, which arise when a group of individual actors would benefit from cooperation, but lack the individual incentives to act collectively. This perspective can assist us in the ongoing task of defining the constitutional parameters of federalism.The collective action perspective suggests three interrelated ideas in relation to federalism in the United States. First, the problems that led to the framing of the Constitution were, in essence, collective action problems. Second, these problems arose because the Articles of Confederation did not respond effectively to the forces that cause collective action problems. Third, the constitutional structure of federalism responds to the failures of the Articles by facilitating collective action. Before exploring these ideas, I summarize the general concepts of collective action and collective action problems and their application to the problem of interstate relations. Building on this foundation, I then apply collective action concepts to the United States federal experience, explaining how the problems of the preconstitutional period can be understood as collective action problems, and considering the defects in the Articles of Confederation and the response of the Framers from a collective action perspective. Finally, I touch on some of the implications of the collective action perspective for contemporary issues of federalism.