cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A program system for computer integration of multistep reaction rate equations using the gear integration method

A program system is described for the integration of the rate equations resulting from large systems of elementary reactions. The Gear integration method is used for this problem, which frequently may exhibit stiffness instability when other integration methds are employed. No usage of the quasi-steady-state approximation is necessary. Ease in varying the reaction mechanism and simplicity of input structure are coupled with efficient execution and minimal demands for program storage as key features. The input–output structure, method of operation, and implementation are summarized, along with core storage requirements and execution times for trials using an IBM 360/44 computer.
The exposure of fetal and suckling rats to saccharin from dosed maternal animals

Abstract [35S] Saccharin was found to cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation, or to be excreted in the milk after oral administration of a radiolabeled dose to pregnant or lactating rats given 5% dietary saccharin. The ratio of the fetal blood level of saccharin to the maternal blood level for 19 (±1)-day-old fetuses increased from 0.15 to 0.27 over the period of 1 hour to 5 h after dosing. The ratio of the level of saccharin in milk to the maternal blood level on the tenth (±1) day after parturition rose from 0.5 at 30 min to 2.5 at 3 h after saccharin dosing. These results indicate that there is saccharin exposure of fetal and suckling rats in multi-generation feeding studies and that this should be evaluated as part of the total dosing regimen of the animal.
Changing fluid conditions during folding: An example from the central Appalachians

Abstract Fluids inclusion microthermometry and stable isotope analyses of vein minerals in the central Appalachian Patterson Creek anticline record dynamic changes in fluid temperature, pressure, and chemistry during folding. These changes resulted from variations in fracture connectivity and fluid communication between stratigraphically restricted fluid reservoirs. Minerals in early-formed bed parallel and ENE–NNW striking cross-fold veins show that prior to folding, fluids in Silurian through lower Upper Devonian rocks were well stratified based temperature, salinity and isotopic composition. Stable isotopes data indicates that the fluid systems were essentially closed, with no communication between layers. As folding commenced, early minerals in NE–NW striking veins in the Siluro-Devonian carbonate rocks record 2 km of burial by syn-tectonic sedimentation, with corresponding increases in fluid temperature and pore-fluid pressure. An additional 2 km of burial along with the influx of low-salinity, methane-saturated brines into the Middle and Upper Devonian clastic rock sequence is recorded by later quartz in the NE–NW striking veins. At some point during folding, Stable isotope data indicate that fluid communication increased along fracture and faults between major stratigraphic fluids reservoirs. The culmination of this process was the breaching of the stratigraphic seal at the base of the Devonian shales, allowing fluid infiltration from the Devonian shale sequence into the upper portion of the Helderberg Group. This resulted in the local precipitation of quartz and possibly the enhancement of solution structures.
Forebrain connections in the goldfish support telencephalic homologies with land vertebrates

Horseradish peroxidase injections into dorsomedial and dorsolateral regions of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) telencephalon demonstrate, by retrograde cell labeling, that the teleost telencephalon receives a pattern of projections from the thalamus remarkably similar to those of land vertebrates. The evidence provides support for a homology between the dorsomedial region and the corpus striatum of land vertebrates and a homology between two dorsolateral regions and the dorsal and medial pallium of land vertebrates.
Nonlinear optical processes in xenon and krypton studied by two-color multiphoton ionization

Multiphoton ionization (MPI) and third-harmonic generation (THG) in xenon and krypton have been studied via three-photon resonance with the xenon 6s'(1/2)/sub 1//sup 0/ and krypton 5s((3/2)/sub 1//sup 0/ states. A second, tunable dye laser is used to couple these states to higher-lying even-parity states. Observations are reported regarding the third-harmonic related cancellation of the intermediate s-state population and the mechanisms of population of the final states. Effects of the four-photon resonance on THG are detailed. Changes induced by the second laser reduce THG in normally favorable regions and enable it in otherwise forbidden regions. Striking effects in the MPI spectra due to the changes induced in THG are reported.
Mold and the Construction Industry

Mold has become a major environmental concern in homes and in the workplace. Indeed, mold spores are found almost everywhere, but current legal cases and media coverage of mold problems inside buildings have projected this indoor air quality issue into the public spotlight. A member of the Fungi Kingdom, mold needs a source of food and water to survive and grow. Cellulose-rich building materials, including wood studs, drywall, ceiling panels, carpeting, wallpaper, and insulation (when wet), may serve as nutrient source to mold. Furthermore, certain mold species have been known to produce allergic reactions and illnesses in humans. This paper examines various available factors that impact mold damage in buildings, and discusses health effects on people, and describes the impact that it is having on the construction industry. It discusses building materials and practices that promote the growth of mold in buildings and outlines recommendation for testing, abatement, and remediation and the control of moistu...
Reflection circular dichroism of naturally optically active substances

A new type of experiment is described in this paper. It is proposed that optical activity parameters of opaque substances be investigated in reflection rather than in transmission. The current status of optical activity experiments is reviewed briefly to delineate the circumstances in which the new experiment is useful. Theoretical results necessary for the design and interpretation of experiments are reported and discussed.
Histopathology of laser skin resurfacing

Pulsed carbon-dioxide laser skin resurfacing is a purportedly 'non-thermal' procedure enjoying wide application as a cosmetic treatment for skin wrinkles. Treatment success has been based on clinical assessments of skin smoothness. Skin lesions (1 cm2) created by one, two or three superimposed carbon-dioxide laser passes were placed on the backs of 28 'fuzzy' Harlan Sprague Dawley rats. The variable laser irradiation parameters included measured energies ranging from 112 to 387/pulse with pulse widths of 65 and 125 microseconds and a repetition rate of 8 Hz. The square, flat laser beam measured 3 mm2 at the focal point. The lesions were collected from 0 to 10 days after treatment for qualitative and quantitative histopathology. Thermal damage and treatment effect tended to increase in severity and, to a lesser extent, depth with increased delivery parameters. In acute lesions, the vacuolated and fragmented, desiccated and thermally coagulated epidermis was partially removed exposing the underlying thermally coagulated dermal collagen and cells. Epidermal and dermal necrosis and slough occurred between 24 to 72 hours after treatment. Epithelial regeneration originated from the adnexa and the lesion edges. Dermal fibrous scar formation began at 5 days below the regenerated epidermis and became more prominent at 7 and 10 days.
Racial and ethnic identity: Developmental perspectives and research.

Developmental research is reviewed to evaluate how race, ethnicity, racial identity, and ethnic identity are defined and investigated for minority populations. First reviewed is how these terms are used in developmental and counseling research. Early practices limited these terms to their demographic denotations (e.g., heritage), but more recent practices have expanded to include socially constructed connotations. Second, developmental research was used to evaluate key assumptions in theories of racial and ethnic identity development, with an emphasis on recent longitudinal studies. Research supports some, but not all, of these developmental predictions. Longitudinal research supported the progressive nature of ethnic and racial identity development and that exposure to racism appears to stimulate further identity development during adolescence. In contrast, available evidence does not support the claims of a developmental hierarchy for racial ideologies and that identity crises are normative. Adjustment was not predicted by a single racial or ethnic identity ideology, but research suggested that the adolescent’s sociocultural identity and socialization should be tailored to the nature of the racial and ethnic context for development. Implications for counseling research and practice are offered.
The Response of Three Bacterial Populations to Pollution in a Stream

Practical methods for biomonitoring of natural systems are still under development. Bacteria are potentially useful indicators of water quality because of their species diversity and ability to rapidly respond to changing environmental conditions. In this study, bacterial populations from unpolluted and polluted stream sites in two watersheds were compared to determine their suitability for use as environmental indicators. Upper Three Runs Creek and Four Mile Creek headwaters have had little anthropogenic disturbance, as opposed to lower Four Mile Creek which received thermal, radioactive, and chemical perturbations. Chemical and physical measurements provided evidence that seepage from holding ponds polluted Four Mile Creek. Polluted sites did not have altered total bacterial numbers but had decreased numbers of colony-forming units. Abundances of three bacterial species, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Burkholderia cepacia, and Pseudomonas putida, were determined by colony hybridization with species-specific rDNA probes. Contribution of A. calcoaceticus to the assemblage was higher at polluted sites, which indicated either tolerance of polluted conditions or the ability to utilize compounds existing at these sites to reach larger populations. No differences in B. cepacia populations were detected, and differences in P. putida populations could not be attributed solely to disturbance. The pollution of Four Mile Creek induced differences in bacterial populations that could be monitored using the described approach.
Evaluating Hardening Laws at Large Tensile Strains in Sheet Specimens

In the finite element modeling of sheet metal formability, the strains in the sheet are calculated from a hardening law which is normally derived from a tensile test. These laws are known to be accurate only up to the maximum uniform strain in tension. However, they are extrapolated during modeling to strains three to five times greater than the uniform strain. In assessing the applicability of these hardening laws at large strains, tensile specimens of 1008 AK steel and commercial purity titanium and zinc were gridded with a fine mesh and slowly pulled to failure. During the test, photographs were taken of the deforming grid in order to develop a complete strain and strain-rate history for each element across the minimum cross section. These data were combined with a hardening law for each material to calculate the total axial load on the specimen. Good agreement between the calculated and measured loads suggests that hardening laws for these materials can be extrapolated to large strains.
Interleukin-1β and adverse effects on cerebral blood flow during long-term global hypoperfusion

Object. The effects of interleukin (IL)-1β on the cerebral vasculature are complex and incompletely understood. Many pathophysiological states in which inflammatory cascades have been implicated also have varying degrees of cerebral hypoperfusion. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the long-term effects of this proinflammatory cytokine and its antagonist on cerebral blood flow (CBF) following global cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods. Sprague—Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 12 groups and given continuous intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusions of IL-1β, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), or saline vehicle (control). Global cerebral hypoperfusion was produced by occlusion of both carotid arteries and one vertebral artery. Cerebral blood flow was measured at baseline and again after initiation of the infusions by performing a 133Xe clearance study. Prolonged ICV administration of IL-1β resulted in a significant decrease in CBF compared with that in controls. Prolonged administration of ...
Targeted radionuclide therapy

Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) seeks molecular and functional targets within patient tumor sites. A number of agents have been constructed and labeled with beta, alpha, and Auger emitters. Radionuclide carriers spanning a broad range of sizes; e.g., antibodies, liposomes, and constructs such as nanoparticles have been used in these studies. Uptake, in percent-injected dose per gram of malignant tissue, is used to evaluate the specificity of the targeting vehicle. Lymphoma (B-cell) has been the primary clinical application. Extension to solid tumors will require raising the macroscopic absorbed dose by several-fold over values found in present technology. Methods that may effect such changes include multistep targeting, simultaneous chemotherapy, and external sequestration of the agent. Toxicity has primarily involved red marrow so that marrow replacement can also be used to enhance future TRT treatments. Correlation of toxicities and treatment efficiency has been limited by relatively poor absorbed dose estimates partly because of using standard (phantom) organ sizes. These associations will be improved in the future by obtaining patient-specific organ size and activity data with hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT scanners.
Evaluating question-answering techniques in Chinese

An important first step in developing a cross-lingual question answering system is to understand whether techniques developed with English text will also work with other languages, such as Chinese. The Marsha Chinese question answering system described in this paper uses techniques similar to those used in the English systems developed for TREC. Marsha consists of three main components: the query processing module, the Hanquery search engine, and the answer extraction module. It also contains some specific techniques dealing with Chinese language characteristics, such as word segmentation and ordinals processing. Evaluation of the system is done using a method based on the TREC question-answering track. The results of the evaluation show that the performance of Marsha is comparable to some English question answering systems in TREC 8 track. An English language version of Marsha further indicates that the heuristics used are applicable to the English question answering task.
Development of a peptide-based vaccine targeting TMPRSS2:ERG fusion positive prostate cancer

Identification of novel vaccine targets is critical for the design and advancement of prostate cancer (PCa) immunotherapy. Ideal targets are proteins that are abundant in prostate tumors while absent in extra-prostatic tissues. The fusion of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 gene with the ETS transcription factor ERG occurs in approximately 50 % of prostate cancer cases and results in aberrant ERG expression. Because expression of ERG is very low in peripheral tissue, we evaluated the suitability of this protein as an antigen target in PCa vaccines. ERG-derived HLA-A*0201-restricted immunogenic epitopes were identified through a 3-step strategy that included in silico, in vitro, and in vivo validation. Algorithms were used to predict potential HLA-A*0201-binding epitopes. High-scoring epitopes were tested for binding to HLA-A*0201 using the T2-based stabilization assay in vitro. Five peptides were found to bind HLA-A*0201 and were subsequently tested for immunogenicity in humanized, HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. The in vivo screening identified three immunogenic peptides. One of these peptides, ERG295, overcame peripheral tolerance in HLA-A*0201 mice that expressed prostate-restricted ERG. Also, this peptide induced an antigen-specific response against ERG-expressing human prostate tumor cells. Finally, tetramer assay showed detectable and responsive ERG295-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes in peripheral blood of HLA-A*0201+ prostate cancer patients. Detection of ERG-specific CTLs in both mice and the blood of prostate cancer patients indicates that ERG-specific tolerance can be overcome. Additionally, these data suggest that ERG is a suitable target antigen for PCa immunotherapy.
Diastropic Dwarfism: a Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study of the Endochondral Growth Plate

Summary: Chondro-osseous tissue from five patients with diastropic dwarfism was studied by histologie, histochcmical, and electron microscopic methods. The major abnormalities observed were: 1) irregular distribution of chondrocytes undergoing degeneration in the resting cartilage; 2) abnormal distribution of collagen in the resting cartilage; 3) a spectrum of fibrous matrix lesions in the resting cartilage which ranged from focal areas of aggregated collagen fibrils to large cystic lesions in which intracartilagenous ossification occurred; and 4) shortened, irregular cellular columns within the growth plate which were occasionally disrupted by matrix lesions extending from the resting cartilage. These alterations in chondro-osseous morphology have not been observed in any of the other skeletal dysplasias examined to date and appear to be pathognomonic for this disorder. Speculation: The basic abnormality in diastropic dwarfism may be a metabolic abnormality in the chondrocyte which predisposes it to cell death or a processing defect in its synthesis of either collagen or proteoglycan. An enzyme deficiency could produce either type of defect and would be consistent with the autosomal recessive inheritance of this disorder.
The effect of cosolubilizing lighter components on the asphaltene content of heavy oils

Abstract Asphaltene precipitation and subsequent formation damage during oil production remains a serious problem in oil production. Asphaltenes are also of concern in petroleum processing. In this work, asphaltene precipitation in dense gas processes has been examined using continuous supercritical fluid extraction experiments. Experiments were performed on a bitumen (ultra heavy oil) using propane as the solvent at several temperatures and pressures and the asphaltene contents of the original material and residual fractions were determined. The experimental data indicated that as the cosolubilizing lighter components of the oil are extracted, more of the heavier compounds precipitate in the pentane-insolubles test, thus showing an increase in the asphaltene content of the residual fractions. The polar-to-nonpolar compounds ratio also increased for the residual fractions relative to the original bitumen. This indicates that asphaltenes, defined as pentane-insolubles, are not a definite compound class but are specific to a given mixture. The study also indicated that it may be inappropriate to perform ‘asphaltene’ balances on different fractions of crude oils and bitumens since the solubility and precipitation characteristics of the mixtures change with composition. The asphaltene content of the original oil may not be an appropriate index in order to define the precipitation characteristics since this is not the only fraction susceptible to precipitate in a dense gas flooding process.
Joseph G. Gall

The year 2003 marks the 75th birthday of Joseph G. Gall, a founder of the field of cell biology who has contributed to the field for the past 50 or so years. Currently a staff member at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Joe is a scientist's scientist - a researcher who embodies the positive
Apparent predation on the mole crabEmerita talpoida (Say) by the ghost crabOcypode quadrata (fabricius)

The ghost crab Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius) is both a scavenger and an active predator which can be seen prowling the sea wrack left by the tide, especially at night. Williams (1965) stated that the crabs often will feed upon beached fish and I have seen them consuming portions of dead bluefish and striped mullet. According to Fowler (1911), the crabs prey extensively upon amphipod beach fleas of Latreille's genus Talitrus (= Orchestia, Leach, Barnard 1969). Sprunt (1948) reported that in the Florida Keys, the crabs can successfully attack and kill newly hatched least and sooty terns. During October, 1974, I observed the nocturnal activities of 0. quadrata on the open beaches of Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. While some crabs scavenged among the sea wrack, others wandered that part of the
ritual form and permutation in New Guinea: implications of symbolic process for socio‐political evolution

Ritual and religion have had an important impact upon political dynamics and societal size in many Melanesian societies, especially prior to Western influence. In the Strickland-Bosavi area, the rituals of several societies appear as structural transformations of one another, but with crucial pragmatic differences. Ritual belief helped preclude some intergroup contacts, while facilitating others to the point of cultural amalgamation and political expansion. Religious and symbolic processes must be considered on a par with social-structural, economic, and ecological factors in explaining cultural development and political evolution, [ritual, structuralism, evolution, Melanesia, Strickland-Bosavi]
General relativity as the surface action of a five-dimensional gauge theory

We show that the action of euclidean general relativity is the surface term of a five-dimensional O(5) gauge theory, thus realizing Hawking's conjecture that the functional integral be restricted to compact manifolds without boundary. Our treatment of general relativity uncovers and exploits analogies with monopoles and instantons in the O(5) gauge theory. We review the metric-independent treatment of general relativity, its implications for the renormalizability of pure gravity and reexamine the positivity problem for the euclidean action. The new phenomenon of spontaneous dimensional reduction, by which a spatial manifold loses a dimension when a scalar field acquires a vacuum value, is described - an approach to higher dimensions distinct from the usual Kaluza-Klein approach. We propose a five-dimensional gauge field model with positive action - for which the surface action is that of general relativity - and explore some of its consequences.
A rapid method for the analysis of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes.

Abstract A simplified method for analysis of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes on cellulose acetate is described. Three bands, corresponding to those seen on agar gel, are identified. Results with a commercially available incubation mixture were identical to those obtained with our own reagents and obviated many of the problems associated with maintaining and replenishing relatively expensive reagents.
Epidemiologic Evaluation of Postoperative Wound Infection in Clean‐Contaminated Wounds: A Retrospective Study of 239 Dogs and Cats

Objective— To evaluate risk factors for development of postoperative wound infections in clean-contaminated wounds. Study Design— Retrospective clinical study. Sample Population— Two hundred thirty-nine dogs and cats that had clean-contaminated surgical procedures. Methods— Records of animals that had a clean-contaminated surgical procedure and were prospectively monitored for development of postoperative wound infection were reviewed. Prospective data included signalment, nutritional status, body weight, duration of surgery, surgical procedures, wound classification, surgical site clip time before surgery, hypotension during surgery, the presence of an active distant infection, endocrinopathy, administration of an immunosuppressive agent, administration of antibiotics, and the type of antibiotic used. Additional retrieved data included total anesthesia time, temperature variables, blood loss, and suture material used. Results— Intact males (P= .008) and animals with concurrent endocrinopathy (P= .008) were at a higher risk of development of postoperative wound infection. Total surgery time (P= .02) and total anesthesia time (P= .04) were longer in animals that developed postoperative wound infection. No other factors were statistically significant. Conclusions— Intact males and animals with a concurrent endocrinopathy were at higher risk of postoperative wound infection after clean-contaminated surgical procedures. Clinical Relevance— Time under anesthesia and duration of surgery should be minimized to reduce the risk of wound infection in clean-contaminated surgical procedures.
An effective algorithm for numerical Schrödinger solver of quantum well structures

An effective algorithm for a one dimensional Schrodinger solver is proposed. The algorithm is derived from Bohm’s form of Schrodinger equation, and can be interpreted as a generalization of the Numerov process for the computational solution to the Schrodinger equation with quantum well structures. The proposed algorithm averages the probability slope’s discontinuity to converge the given energy to the nearest eigenstate, and generate complete eigenstates in a general heterojunction potential well. The new algorithm is applied to double-well III–V nanoscale MOSFET and generates each of the quantized levels.
Genome-scale approaches to resolving incongruence in molecular phylogenies

One of the most pervasive challenges in molecular phylogenetics is the incongruence between phylogenies obtained using different data sets, such as individual genes. To systematically investigate the degree of incongruence, and potential methods for resolving it, we screened the genome sequences of eight yeast species and selected 106 widely distributed orthologous genes for phylogenetic analyses, singly and by concatenation. Our results suggest that data sets consisting of single or a small number of concatenated genes have a significant probability of supporting conflicting topologies. By contrast, analyses of the entire data set of concatenated genes yielded a single, fully resolved species tree with maximum support. Comparable results were obtained with a concatenation of a minimum of 20 genes; substantially more genes than commonly used but a small fraction of any genome. These results have important implications for resolving branches of the tree of life.
Secretoglobins: sexually dimorphic expression of androgen-binding protein mRNA in mouse lacrimal glands.

PURPOSE. This study was conducted to seek sex differences in mRNA expression in normal mouse lacrimal glands. Gene expression differences in the lacrimal gland may contribute to susceptibility to lacrimal gland or ocular surface disease. METHODS. A differential display analysis was performed on poly(A) + RNA isolated from male and female Swiss Webster mouse exorbital lacrimal glands. Four potential gender-specific products were subcloned and sequenced. Full-length cDNAs of each product were obtained using RACE-PCR. 32 P-labeled fragments of each clone were hybridized to a blot of male and female mouse poly(A) + RNA isolated from harderian, lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands and the liver. RESULTS. GenBank database alignments indicated that the four clones were members of the secretoglobin family. The most closely related sequences were the mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP) subunits a, β, and y. We named the four lacrimal clones the δ, ∈, ζ, and η subunits of ABP. Northern blot analysis showed that mRNAs for each of these four ABP subunits were lacrimal-gland-specific. The 8 and ζ subunits of ABP were expressed primarily in male mouse lacrimal gland. CONCLUSIONS. Sequence attributes predict that the ABP subunits expressed in lacrimal glands comprise proteins that are secreted in tears. These data imply compositional differences in ABPs secreted by mouse lacrimal and submandibular glands, and in ABPs secreted by male and female mouse lacrimal glands.
Protein Backbone Mutagenesis Reveals a Novel Link between Ion Occupancy and C-type Inactivation in K+ Channels

The selectivity filter of K+ channels contains four sequential ion binding sites built primarily from backbone carbonyl oxygen atoms. In addition to ion discrimination, the selectivity filter participates in C-type inactivation, which is a conformation change at the selectivity filter that converts it from a conductive to a non-conductive state. C-type inactivation is modulated by permeant ions but the mechanism underlying this effect is not known. To investigate the link between ion occupancy and C-type inactivation, we used amide to ester substitutions in the protein backbone to alter ion binding at specific sites in the selectivity filter and determined the effect on C-type inactivation. We found that introducing an ester linkage at the 1' site in the selectivity filter of the KcsA channel did not affect inactivation but introducing ester linkages at the 2' and the 3' sites severely reduced inactivation. We determined the structure of the 2' ester mutant of the KcsA channel and found that the 2' ester substitution did not alter the structure of the selectivity filter but did eliminate ion binding specifically to the S2 site. We introduced an equivalent ester substitution at the 2' position in the selectivity filter of the voltage-gated K+ channel KvAP and found that this substitution dramatically slowed inactivation, similar to the effect observed in the KcsA channel. Our results suggest that ion occupancy at the S2 site is necessary for C-type inactivation in K+ channels.
The molecular evolution of cytochrome c in eukaryotes.

Using many more cytochrome sequences than previously available, we have confirmed: 1, the eukaryotic cytochromes c diverged from a common ancestor; 2, the ancestral eukaryotic cytochrome c was not greatly different in character from those present today; 3, fixations are non-randomly distributed among the codons, there being evidence for at least four classes of variability; 4, there are similar classes of variability when the data are considered according to the nucleotide position within the codon; 5, the number of covarions (concomitantly variable codons) in mammalian cytochrome c genes is about 12 and the same value has been obtained for dicotyledonous plants as well; 6, all of the hyper- and most highly variable codons are for external residues, nearly 60 per cent of the invariable codons are for internal residues and nearly half of the codons for internal residues are invariable; 7, the first nucleotide position of a codon is more likely and the second position less likely to fix mutations than would be expected on the basis of the number of ways that alternative amino acids can be reached; 8, the character of nucleotide replacements is enormously non-random, with G A interchanges representing 42% of those observed in the first nucleotide position, but the observation does not stem from a bias in the DNA strand receiving the mutation, nor from the presence of a compositional equilibrium, nor from a bias in the frequency with which different nucleotides mutate, but rather from a bias in the acceptability of an alternative nucleotide as circumscribed by the functional acceptability of the new amino acid encoded; and 9, the unit evolutionary period is approximately 150 million years/observable (amino acid changing) nucleotide replacement/cytochrome c covarion in two diverging lines. Wherever non-randomness has been observed, it has always been consistent with the consideration that an alternative amino acid at any location is more likely to be acceptable the more closely it resembles the present amino acid in its physico-chemical properties. Finally, in no case did the a priori assumption of a biologically realistic phylogeny lead to any observations or conclusions that were in any way significantly different from those obtained when the phylogeny was based solely upon the sequences, proving that the earlier results were not a consequence of some internal circularity.
Sequential Low-Dose Rate Half-Body Irradiation and Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Canine Multicentric Lymphoma

Results: The median 1st remission was 410 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 241–803 days). The 1-, 2-, and 3-year 1st remission rates were 54, 42, and 31%. The median overall survival was 684 days (95% CI 334–1,223 days). The 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 66, 47, and 44%. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results of this study suggest that treatment intensification by a 2-week interradiation treatment interval coupled with interradiation chemotherapy is an effective treatment for dogs with lymphoma.
Use of a nitrogen–argon plasma to improve adherence of sputtered titanium carbide coatings on steel

Friction and wear experiments on 440-C steel surfaces that had been RF-sputtered with titanium carbide when a small percentage of nitrogen was added to the plasma were conducted. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the resultant coatings. Results indicate that a small partial pressure of nitrogen (about 0.5%) markedly improves the adherence, friction, and wear properties when compared with coatings applied on sputter-etched oxidized surfaces or in the presence of a small oxygen partial pressure. The improvements are related to the formation of an interface containing a mixture of the nitrides of titanium and iron, which are harder than their corresponding oxides.
Healthcare employees' work-related victimization and use of preventive measures

Work-related victimization affects 14.6 per 10,000 employees in the United States annually. Little is known about work-related victimization in healthcare or the preventive measures taken by employees and employers. A secondary analysis was conducted of the Workplace Risk Supplement (WRS) data from 4,213 healthcare employees. Mental health field employees reported a significantly higher percentage of being victimized while at work, worrying about victimization, having knowledge of rules or guidelines addressing workplace violence, and receiving education/information on workplace violence compared to medical field respondents. Implications for hospital administrators based on study results are presented.
Religion and Morality in the African Traditional Setting

L'A. se propose de montrer que, malgre les apparences, la religion africaine traditionnelle a une base rationnelle et montre une conformite essentielle a la "structure profonde" de la raison religieuse et de la morale universelle dont parle E. Kant.
On the possibility of measuring the adsorbate density of states with a scanning tunneling microscope

Un modele pour la reaction d'echange d'electrons entre un metal et un adsorbat est presente. L'effet de la presence de la solution sur la densite d'etat observee est discute
Chemorheology of thermosetting resins. IV. The chemorheology and curing kinetics of vinyl ester resin

The rheological properties and curing kinetics of a vinyl ester resin have been determined during isothermal cure. Both steady and oscillatory shearing flow properties were determined using a cone-and-plate rheometer, and the curing kinetics were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Also determined were the rheological properties and curing kinetics of the resin when it had been thickened using magnesium oxide (MgO), in the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as filler and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as low-profile additive. The steady shearing flow behavior observed with the vinyl ester resin was found to be very similar to that observed with a general-purpose polyester resin, reported in Paper I of this series [C. D. Han and K. W. Lem, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 28, 3155 (1983)]. However, a significant difference in the oscillatory shearing flow behavior was found between the two resins. We have concluded that dynamic measurement is much more sensitive to variations in resin chemistry than steady shearing flow measurement. DSC measurement has permitted us to determine the degree of cure as a function of cure time. By combining the rheological and DSC measurements, we have constructed plots describing how the viscosity increases with the degree of cure, at various isothermal curing temperatures.
Methodologies to study the induction of rat hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A at the mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity level

Studies were conducted to characterize assays for the isolation and quantitation of rat cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A isoforms from hepatic and intestinal tissues. Isolated intestinal microsomes were analyzed for their alkaline phosphatase activity and CYP 3A immunoreactivity. The involvement of CYP 3A in the in vitro hydroxylation of midazolam (MDZ) was also evaluated using isoform specific chemical and antibody inhibitors. The effect of glycerol (a common constituent of the microsomal reconstitution buffer) concentration on in vitro MDZ hydroxylation was also investigated. Additionally, to verify that the intestinal preparation was adequate for use in studies investigating the induction of CYP3A at the MRNA, protein, and catalytic activity within a single animal, a separate induction study was carried out with the CYP 3A inducer dexamethasone (DEX). A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and a quantitative Western blotting method were used to reliably detect differences in CYP 3A mRNA and immunoreactivity between DEX- and vehicle (VH)-treated tissues. The in vitro hydroxylation of MDZ evaluated CYP 3A catalytic activity and identified increases in CYP 3A activity caused by DEX in comparison to VH. Collectively, these described techniques provide an experimental model to study xenobiotic induction of rat hepatic and intestinal CYP 3A from the molecular to the catalytic level in individual rats without the need for pooling of tissue.
The Labor Market Experience of Female Migrants: The Case of Temporary Mexican Migration to the U.S.

This article using a Mexican national survey provides a profile of temporary Mexican female migrants in the US labor market. The usual association between occupational groups and wage rates does not hold up with women in unskilled jobs averaging nearly the same wages as while collar women. The dramatic exception is private household workers who earn less than 1/4 of the wage rates of other women. Although the distribution of wage rates across occupational groups for migrant women is not easily explained by schooling or potential work experience wage rates seem to be positively correlated with marriage and childrearing. This is partly explained by the fact that married women are more likely to have the option of not working outside the home and also that the labor market contacts provided by husbands may be helpful in securing more remunerative jobs. Migration networks make the region of origin in Mexico strongly correlate with wage rate variations across occupational groups for women. Although women are found to have more schooling higher legal status more US work experience and are more likely to come from regions with well developed migration networks than men women average upto $7 less per day--a phenomenon largely explained by the labor market segmentation. A lack of legal status constrains womens job opportunities more than mens: over 90% of the women without entry permits are in the low paying private household sector compared with less than 1/4 of those with some legal status. This connection between lack of proper legal status and low status jobs does not seem to prevent women from migrating illegally--more than 1/2 the women migrant studied had no legal status at all. This study concludes that women do not necessarily follow men in migration and their labor market functions are quite distinct from those of men.
Ten-year follow-up of unrelated volunteer granulocyte donors who have received multiple cycles of granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor and dexamethasone

Before the mid-1990s, granulocyte transfusion therapy was limited by the inadequate cell dose collected. A single subcutaneous administration of recombinant human granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in normal donors followed by leukapheresis 12 to 16 hours later harvested three times the number of functionally normal neutrophils compared with corticosteroid pretreatment;1 the addition of corticosteroids resulted in even higher donor neutrophil counts.2 In most studies, the granulocyte donors were family members of the patient; in a few centers, unrelated volunteer apheresis donors were recruited to undergo G-CSF and dexamethasone mobilization to donate granulocytes for patients.3 Some blood centers are reluctant to administer G-CSF to volunteers because of concerns regarding possible long-term toxicity. The short-term side effects of G-CSF such as bone pain, headache, and myalgia are well studied in standard mobilization regimens for peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection. A single dose of G-CSF plus dexamethasone produces a similar side effect profile compared to G-CSF alone for granulocyte donors.4 At least two studies have reported on 2- to 4-year follow-up of related PBSC and granulocyte donors who received G-CSF.5,6 The potential long-term effects of repeated G-CSF stimulation in unrelated volunteer granulocyte donors have not been reported and form the basis for this study.
An electron spin resonance study of graphite irradiated with heavy ions

Abstract Electron spin centers were produced in crystalline graphite samples irradiated with 1 MeV protons (p + ), deuterons (d + ) and helium ions ( 4 He 2+ ) at 77°K. Under these conditions, the linear energy transfer (LET) increased in the sequence p + + 4 He 2+ . The paramagnetic properties were studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Measurements of ESR line width as a function of radiation dose suggest that the centers are present in sufficiently high local concentrations to interact with each other. Measurements of ESR line widths and signal intensity as a function of sample temperature indicate that the spins produced by the radiation are of a localized nature as opposed to conduction type electrons in unirradiated graphite. These data also are consistent with the hypothesis that electrons are trapped at interstitial defect sites in the tracks left by the bombarding particles.
Synthesis-atomic structure-properties relationships in metallic nanoparticles by total scattering experiments and 3D computer simulations: case of Pt–Ru nanoalloy catalysts

An approach to determining the 3D atomic structure of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in fine detail and using the unique knowledge obtained for rationalizing their synthesis and properties targeted for optimization is described and exemplified on Pt–Ru alloy NPs of importance to the development of devices for clean energy conversion such as fuel cells. In particular, PtxRu100−x alloy NPs, where x = 31, 49 and 75, are synthesized by wet chemistry and activated catalytically by a post-synthesis treatment involving heating under controlled N2–H2 atmosphere. So-activated NPs are evaluated as catalysts for gas-phase CO oxidation and ethanol electro-oxidation reactions taking place in fuel cells. Both as-synthesized and activated NPs are characterized structurally by total scattering experiments involving high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction coupled to atomic pair distribution functions (PDFs) analysis. 3D structure models both for as-synthesized and activated NPs are built by molecular dynamics simulations based on the archetypal for current theoretical modelling Sutton–Chen method. Models are refined against the experimental PDF data by reverse Monte Carlo simulations and analysed in terms of prime structural characteristics such as metal-to-metal bond lengths, bond angles and first coordination numbers for Pt and Ru atoms. Analysis indicates that, though of a similar type, the atomic structure of as-synthesized and respective activated NPs differ in several details of importance to NP catalytic properties. Structural characteristics of activated NPs and data for their catalytic activity are compared side by side and strong evidence found that electronic effects, indicated by significant changes in Pt–Pt and Ru–Ru metal bond lengths at NP surface, and practically unrecognized so far atomic ensemble effects, indicated by distinct stacking of atomic layers near NP surface and prevalence of particular configurations of Pt and Ru atoms in these layers, contribute to the observed enhancement of the catalytic activity of PtxRu100−x alloy NPs at x ∼ 50. Implications of so-established relationships between the atomic structure and catalytic activity of Pt–Ru alloy NPs on efforts aimed at improving further the latter by tuning-up the former are discussed and the usefulness of detailed NP structure studies to advancing science and technology of metallic NPs – exemplified.
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT STATUS AND RECOMMENDATIONS1

The Ecological Society of America has evaluated the ecological effects of current and potential uses of field-released genetically engineered organisms (GEOs), as described in this Position Paper. Some GEOs could play a positive role in sustainable agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, bioremediation, and environmental management, both in developed and developing countries. However, deliberate or inadvertent releases of GEOs into the environment could have negative ecological effects under certain circumstances. Possible risks of GEOs could include: (1) creating new or more vigorous pests and pathogens; (2) exacerbating the effects of existing pests through hybridization with related transgenic organisms; (3) harm to nontarget species, such as soil organisms, non-pest insects, birds, and other animals; (4) disruption of biotic communities, including agroecosystems; and (5) irreparable loss or changes in species diversity or genetic diversity within species. Many potential applications of genetic engineering extend beyond traditional breeding, encompassing viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, grasses, trees, insects, fish, and shellfish. GEOs that present novel traits will need special scrutiny with regard to their environmental effects. The Ecological Society of America supports the following recommendations. (1) GEOs should be designed to reduce environmental risks. (2) More extensive studies of the environmental benefits and risks associated with GEOs are needed. (3) These effects should be evaluated relative to appropriate baseline scenarios. (4) Environmental release of GEOs should be prevented if scientific knowledge about possible risks is clearly inadequate. (5) In some cases, post-release monitoring will be needed to identify, manage, and mitigate environmental risks. (6) Science-based regulation should subject all transgenic organisms to a similar risk assessment framework and should incorporate a cautious approach, recognizing that many environmental effects are GEO- and site-specific. (7) Ecologists, agricultural scientists, molecular biologists, and others need broader training and wider collaboration to address these recommendations. In summary, GEOs should be evaluated and used within the context of a scientifically based regulatory policy that encourages innovation without compromising sound environmental management. The Ecological Society of America is committed to providing scientific expertise for evaluating and predicting the ecological effects of field-released transgenic organisms.