cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN RURAL EUROPEAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

THE PAPERS in this group do not treat a common theme but, rather, represent some of the variety of concerns which characterizes European studies today. While the papers speak for themselves, I should like to say a few words about the research in Europe specifically of social anthropologists trained in the Anglo-American anthropological tradition. Prior to 1950, the only published European community studies based on fieldwork and growing out of this tradition were those of Arensberg and Kimball, unless we include Homans’ archival tour de force on thirteenth century England. The 1950s saw the first publications of the work of social anthropologists in Belgium, Spain, Norway (and generally among the Lapps), The Netherlands, Wales, Denmark, Yugoslavia, Italy, and Greece.’ But the field, even as narrowly as I have defined it, really burgeoned in the 1960s, when the number of social anthropological publications on Europe doubled. The early 1970s have already produced an increase nearly equal to that of the entire previous decade. Publication, of course, lags considerably behind actual research: unpublished dissertations and works in progress contribute to make the body of anthropological literature on Europe large indeed. The literature to date indicates certain general trends in social anthropological studies in Europe. First, there is a notable tendency to employ the single nation as the ethnological frame of reference; this is related both to the amount and the complex nature of relevant source materials and to the linguistic difficulty of working across (and often even within) national boundaries. Second, within nations, most field studies have focused on exceedingly small geographic entities, and few ethnological approaches have been made to the study of larger regions or of nations themselves. A review of some specific concerns which inform European research indicates the major areas of our contribution as well as some respects in which Europe’s potential interest has yet to be dealt with by social anthropologists.
On the Use and Abuse of Economics Journal Rankings

There are several aspects of journal-level citations that, taken together, provide considerably more information than mean citations per article. This information is likely to be more useful, in terms of helping someone form more accurate expectations of the quality of a given article published in a journal, than the information provided by mean citations per article only. I provide data that both illustrate this point and offer a range of information about the citations to papers published in 248 economics journals during the period 2001–5.
Anatomy and Relationships of Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis (Dinosauria: Hadrosauroidea) from the Late Cretaceous of Central Asia

ABSTRACT The osteology of the hadrosauroid dinosaur Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis is redescribed in detail based on the disarticulated cranial and postcranial elements of at least four individuals. These together constitute the lectotype and hypodigm of this species. The diagnosis is emended to include two autapomorphies (paddle-shaped postacetabular process that is less than 70% of the length of the iliac central plate and manual phalanx III-1 with greatly asymmetrical distal surface) and the unique combination of two iliac characters (presence of ischial tuberosity and supraacetabular process with apex located posterodorsal to ischial peduncle). The distinction of G. mongoliensis from B. johnsoni is confirmed on the basis of characters of the maxilla, dentition, ilium, ischium, and pubis. Maximum parsimony analysis places G. mongoliensis as a closely related outgroup to the Hadrosauridae, the sister taxon to the clade composed of all hadrosauroids closer to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus than to Bactrosaur...
Population Genetics of Drosophila Amylase. IV. Selection in Laboratory Populations Maintained on Different Carbohydrates

ABSTRACT Two polymorphic systems impinging on α-amylase in Drosophila pseudoobscura have been studied in laboratory populations maintained on medium in which the only carbohydrate source was starch (the substrate of amylase) and replicas maintained on medium in which the only carbohydrate source was maltose (the product of amylase). The two polymorphic systems were alleles at the structural gene ( Amy ) coding for the enzyme (allozymes) and variation in the tissue-specific expression along the adult midgut controlled by several genes. In the seven populations on maltose medium little consistent change was noted in either system. In the seven populations on starch medium, both polymorphisms exhibited selective changes. A midgut pattern of very limited expression of amylase rose in frequency in all starch populations, as did the frequency of the "fast" (1.00) Amy allele. The overall specific amylase activity did not differ between starch-adapted and maltose-adapted flies.—The results, along with previous studies, indicate that when a gene-enzyme system is specifically stressed in laboratory populations, allozymes often exhibit selective differences. Such results make the selectionist hypothesis at least tenable. Furthermore, the fact that both types of polymorphisms responded to selection indicates the role of structural gene vs. gene regulation changes in adaptive evolution is not an either/or question but one of relative roles and interactions.
Isolation and characterization of 15 microsatellite loci from mango (Mangifera indica L.) and cross‐species amplification in closely related taxa

We report here on the development and characterization of 15 microsatellite loci isolated from Mangifera indica L. These markers were evaluated using 59 Florida cultivars and four related species from the USDA germplasm collection for mango. Two loci were monomorphic and 13 polymorphic, with two to seven alleles per locus. Four loci departed significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and have significant heterozygote deficiency. Nine loci exhibited significant linkage disequilibrium. Cross-species amplification was successful in four related species. These loci are being used to investigate patterns of genetic variation within M. indica and between closely related species.
Aspects of the larval biology of the sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and A. artemisia

. We investigated several aspects of the larval biology of the anemone Anthopleura elegantissima, which harbors algal symbionts from two different taxa, and the non-symbiotic A. artemisia. From a 7-year study, we report variable spawning and fertilization success of A. elegantissima in the laboratory. We examined the dynamics of symbiosis onset in larvae of A. elegantissima. Zoochlorellae, freshly isolated from an adult host, were taken up and retained during the larval feeding process, as has been described previously for zooxanthellae. In addition, larvae infected with zooxanthellae remained more highly infected in high-light conditions, compared to larvae with zoochlorellae, which remained more highly infected in low-light conditions. These results parallel the differential distribution of the algal types observed in adult anemones in the field and their differential tolerances to light and temperature. We report on numerous failed attempts to induce settlement and metamorphosis of larvae of A. elegantissima, using a variety of substrates and chemical inducers. We also describe a novel change in morphology of some older planulae, in which large bulges, resembling tentacles, develop around the mouth. Finally, we provide the first description of planulae of A. artemisia and report on attempts to infect this non-symbiotic species with zooxanthellae and zoochlorellae.
The economics of eHealth and mhealth.

While mHealth has the potential to overcome traditional obstacles to the delivery of health services to the poor in lower and middle-income countries—issues related to access, quality, time, and resources—there is little evidence as to whether the expected benefits and savings can be actualized on a large scale. As a first step to developing the investment case for mHealth, this article outlines some of the key economic and financial questions that need to be answered in developing in-country eHealth investments. The proposed questions focus on the costs of eHealth infrastructure; regulatory structures that provide incentives at different levels of the health delivery system to encourage investment in, and use of, eHealth; and measuring the outcomes of successful eHealth utilization, including anticipated return on investment.
Benefits of tai chi in chronic heart failure: Body or mind?

Aerobic exercise training has been demonstrated to yield a range of benefits for patients with chronic heart failure, including improvements in exercise capacity, health-related quality of life, left ventricular hemodynamics and geometry, and a decreased risk of hospitalization and death (1‐ 4). Although most studies have been performed with walking or cycling as the primary mode of exercise, much question remains about the optimal type of physical activity for these patients, most of whom are in their older years of life. Yeh and colleagues (5) present data in this issue of The American Journal of Medicine suggesting functional and biologic benefits of tai chi during a 3-month period in stable patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction (mean age, 64 years). Although peak oxygen uptake did not improve after tai chi exercise compared with usualcare controls, the tai chi group showed improvements in 6-minute walk distance, self-reported quality of life as measured by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, and lower levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Whether these benefits relate to physical or psychologic effects of tai chi is not clear. The baseline aerobic capacity of the 30 patients in this study was extremely low, measured at 10.5 3 mL/kg/min, and this capacity did not increase after the tai chi program. Thus, the perceived benefits of tai chi clearly are not due to an improvement in exercise cardiac output or in peripheral extraction of oxygen by exercising muscle. What then might be the mechanism of the perceived benefits? The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire is a measure of the patients’ perceptions of the effects of heart failure on their lives (6). This 21-item, selfadministered questionnaire comprehensively covers physical, socioeconomic, and psychological impairments that patients often relate to their heart failure. The intervention group had a substantial lowering (improvement) of the total score, which reflects an improved reported quality of life. However, it is not clear if the improvement was due to improvements of psychological, socioeconomic, or physical impairment. A concern in the study design is that the tai chi group had roughly 24-hourly contact sessions with tai chi/health care personnel over 3 months, along with social contact with coparticipants, compared with almost no contact in the usual-care control group. Thus, one can question whether the improvements in self-reported quality of life were a result of the physical and meditative aspects of the tai chi program or the benefits of social contact with participants and health care personnel. Finally, a placebo effect could have occurred in patients who enjoyed participation in tai chi and the contact with the persons running the program. Optimally, the control group should have had a matched number of contact hours with health care personnel and social contact with other patients. Although physical aspects of the tai chi program
IGES and PDES, the current status of product data exchange standard

Currently, IGES (Initial Graphic Exchange Specification) is the international standard for exchange product definition data between CAD (computer-aided design) systems. However, due to its efficiencies, a new standard is in the process of development and will gradually replace IGES. It is believed that PDES will be less error-prone than IGES. Its improvements include free-form format representation of objects, a three-level database architecture, and reduced memory and time requirements. Future IGES developments will be suspended when PDES is introduced to general use. But though PDES will contain all functions of IGES, IGES will remain in use for some time. >
Electrochemical Behaviors of Single Gold Nanoparticles

In this paper, the electrochemical behaviors of a single gold nanoparticle attached on a nanometer sized electrode have been studied. The single nanoparticle was characterized by using electrochemical methods. Since there is only one nanoparticle on the electrode, unarguable information for that sized particle could be obtained. Our preliminary results show that it becomes more difficult to oxidize gold nanoparticle or reduce gold nanoparticle oxide as the radius of the particle becomes smaller. Also, the peak potential of the reduction of gold nanoparticle oxide is proportional to the reciprocal of the radius of the particle.
COX-2: A Molecular Target for Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Cyclooxygenase (COX), a key enzyme in the prostanoid biosynthetic pathway, has received considerable attention due to its role in human cancers. Observational and randomized controlled studies in many different population cohorts and settings have demonstrated protective effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; the inhibitors of COX activity) for colorectal cancers (CRCs). COX-2, the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, is overexpressed in early and advanced CRC tissues, which portends a poor prognosis. Experimental studies have thus identified important mechanisms and pathways by which COX-2 plays an important role in carcinogenesis. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have been approved for use as adjunctive therapy for patients with familial polyposis. The role of COX-2 inhibitors is currently being evaluated for use in wider populations.
Race, Riches & Reporters - Do Race and Class Impact Media Rape Narratives? An Analysis of the Duke Lacrosse Case

Focusing on the Duke rape case as a case study, this Article analyzes magazine coverage using a labeling system from a previous study of media coverage of high profile rapes to determine whether race and class shape rape narratives. Part I of this Article is a brief background about narratives generally and their importance in the law. Part II summarizes the existing research on the topic of rape narratives and media coverage of these narratives. Part III analyzes the Duke case narratives and seeks to determine empirically whether race and class played a role in the exculpation or vilification of either party. The Article concludes by comparing the past studies of rape media coverage with this new data to provide insights and conclusions about media rape coverage today.
Characteristics Favoring Peripheral Persuasion: A Theoretical Perspective on Methodological Problems in Studying Low Involvement

This article reviews the ELM of persuasion and argues the model suffers from construct validity and methodological problems regarding low involvement processing and measurement. Five working hypotheses are proposed for improving the study of low involvement processing.
Effect of diuresis and nephron dimensional heterogeneity on the distribution of nephron filtration rates

Effect of diuresis and nephron dimensional heterogeneity on the distribution of nephron filtration rates. Conflicting data in studies of the effect of natriuresis on intrarenal single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) redistribution may arise from the interplay of hitherto largely overlooked factors. In the present work, the effect of diuresis induced by saline, glucose or mannitol, as well as the effect of anatomical nephron heterogeneity, were studied. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the logarithm of the urine flow per gram of kidney weight (log V) and the mean superficial (S) to mean juxtamedullary (JM) SNGFR ratio. The rise in S/JM SNGFR with diuresis was primarily a function of decreased JM SNGFR. Total proximal tubular length (TPL) was used as a measure of nephron size. The distribution of nephron sizes was evaluated as S/JM TPL. The effects of urine flow and anatomical heterogeneity on S/JM SNGFR were separated by means of multiple regression analysis, which yielded the following equation: S/JM SNGFR=-0.049 + 0.179 log V + 0.818 S/JM TPL. Both slopes were highly significant (P Effets de l'etat de diurese et de l'heterogeneite de dimension des nephrons sur la distribution des debits de filtration glomerulaire. Des resultats contradictoires dans l'etude des effets de la natriurese sur la redistribution des debits de filtration glomerulaire des nephrons (SNGFR) peuvent etre le fait de l'interaction de facteurs non pris en consideration jusqu'a present. Dans le present travail on a etudie l'effet de la diurese induite par le chlorure de sodium le glucose ou le mannitol ainsi que l'effet de l'heterogeneite anatomique des nephrons. Une correlation positive tres significative a ete constatee entre le logarithme du debit urinaire par gramme de rein (log V) et le rapport du SNGFR superficiel moyen (S) au SNGFR juxta-medullaire moyen (JM). L'augmentation de S/JM SNGFR au cours de la diurese est surtout fonction de la diminution de JM SNGFR. La longueur totale du tube proximal (TPL) a ete utilisee comme mesure de la taille des nephrons. La distribution des tailles des nephrons a ete evaluee par S/JM TPL. Les effets du debit urinaire et de l'heterogeneite anatomique ont ete separes au moyen de l'analyse de regressions multiples qui a donne l'equation S/JM SNGFR=- 0,049 + 0,179 log V + 0,818 S/JM TPL. Les deux pentes sont tres significatives (P
The shape of a scatter-broadened image. II: Interferometric visibilities

L'elargissement angulaire d'une radiosource ponctuelle du a l'effet d'une diffusion intense est considere et les visibilites de l'image qui seraient mesurees par un interferometre a 2 elements sont estimees analytiquement
DIAGNOSING VASCULAR RINGS: EVALUATION OF IMAGING MODALITIES

Vascular rings (VR) result in compression of the trachea and esophagus. Variability exists in non-invasive imaging strategies used to establish the diagnosis, including barium esophagram (BE), transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We noted some patients undergo
On Detection of Changes in Categorical Data

AbstractWe consider situations where the observed data is of categorical type and the underlying parameters are subject to abrupt changes of unpredictable magnitude at unknown points in time. We derive change-point detection schemes based on generalized likelihood ratio tests and develop procedures for their design and analysis. We also discuss problems related to parameter estimation for categorical data in the presence of abrupt changes. We illustrate use of the proposed methodology for fault characterization and monitoring in the semiconductor industry.
Book Review: Justice For All?

In Representing Justice: Invention, Controversy, and Rights in City-States and Democratic Courtrooms by Judith Resnik and Dennis Curtis, art takes center stage as Resnik and Curtis focus on the visual renderings of the law, rather than on the words that make up the law, to analyze the pursuit and practice of justice over time. This Book Review examines in particular the iconic depiction of Justice and the controversial meanings her image has elicited, largely prompted by the presence or absence of her blindfold as well as by her physical form. Although Justice’s role is to resolve disputes under the law, the message that her visual presentation conveys about the task of judging and who participates in it has generated much disagreement. In light of the larger questions raised about the goals of justice, this Book Review demonstrates that Justice as typically portrayed may not signify Justice for all.
On a result Bernstein

Determination de la plus petite erreur uniforme d'approximation rationnelle de la fonction 1/(1−x m+1 ) sur [−1/a, 1/a], en relation avec un resultat de S. Bernstein
Oscillatory and Asymptotic Behavior for Second Order Nonlinear Differential Equations

This paper discusses the oscillation of second order nonlinear ordinary differential equations and delay differential equations. Some new oscillation criteria for the equations are obtained. Asymptotic behavior of solutions for a class of forced perturbed nonlinear differential equations is disscussed.
Abstract 327: The Choice of Diuretic is Important in the Treatment of Resistant Hypertension

Background: Diuretic therapy is a critical part of the antihypertensive regimen in patients with resistant HTN; however, the ideal diuretic regimen has not been defined. We hypothesized that BP response is dependent on diuretic type. In the current study, BP response with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), chlorthalidone, and loop diuretics was compared for treatment of resistant HTN. Methods: Data from clinic visits of adults who were referred for resistant HTN to the HTN Clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham between January 2008 and May 2013 were analyzed. Changes in office BP by diuretic type were assessed using a mixed linear model to account for multiple clinic visits with covariate adjustment. Aldosterone status and dietary sodium/potassium were tested for associations with response to diuretic therapy in a subset of patients with complete 24 hour urine collections (n = 131). Results: The study population consisted of 342 patients with 963 clinic visits; 153 out of 342 patients were Black and 202 were women. The median BP on presentation was 152/83 mm Hg while taking 4 (median) classes of antihypertensive medications. Over the course of a median of 3 visits the presence of a diuretic was associated with a lowering in office systolic BP (p = 0.001) after adjusting for age, race, number of medication classes, time between visits, spironolactone use, and CKD stage. However, analyzed by diuretic type, chlorthalidone significantly reduced office BP (p < 0.0001) while HCTZ and loop diuretics did not (p = 0.6 and p = 0.9, respectively) after adjustment for covariates. In the adjusted model, an increase in chlorthalidone dose by 12.5mg was associated with a 5.0 mm Hg reduction in office systolic BP. The BP response to chlorthalidone did not vary by race (p = 0.3), dietary sodium-to-potassium intake (p= 0.3), or aldosterone status (p = 0.4), yet was reduced by increasing CKD stage (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Chlorthalidone was shown to affect BP response in resistant HTN with significant reductions in BP, while HCTZ and loop diuretics were not. The response to chlorthalidone was not explained by race, dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio, or aldosterone status.
Partisan Splitters and Independent Loyalists: How Partisanship Can Promote Divided Ballots

A large body of literature has concluded that stronger partisans are less likely to split their tickets, to the point where this proposition is taken to be axiomatic. Indeed, the consistency of this finding, along with its logical underpinnings, has meant that ticket splitting is often treated not only as a product of weak partisanship, but as a reliable measure of partisan strength in the electorate. While the negative relationship between partisanship and split tickets holds in the aggregate, it largely ignores the effects of electoral contexts. Using a simple formal model, I propose that when the same party enjoys valence advantages in concurrently held races, the partisanship/ticket splitting relationship may be reversed, with some partisans becoming more likely to split their tickets than are independents. If a party fields stronger candidacies than the opposition in multiple races, true independents, evaluating candidacies without regard to party, will vote straight tickets. At the same time, some partisans of the disadvantaged party will be able to overlook the weakness of the comparatively stronger of their party’s candidacies while defecting in the race where their candidate is particularly overmatched. This model receives empirical support from an analysis of elections from 1952 to 2012. Under certain electoral contexts, partisanship serves as a motivator for split-ticket voting. These cases are hardly limited to extremely unbalanced elections, but rather fall well within the bounds of typical electoral competition. The results demonstrate the danger both in seeking to infer nonpartisan intentions from apparently nonpartisan behavior, and in estimating the effects of party identification without regard to the choices available to voters.
Catching the Drift: Carol A. Fowler on Phonetic Variation and Imitation

ABSTRACTIn Carol Fowler's Direct Realist account of speech perception, linguistically significant gestures of the vocal tract are a common currency for both speech perception and production. A straightforward prediction of this account is that listeners will produce what they perceive, leading to imitation or gestural drift. Many studies by Fowler and colleagues have established gestural imitation across acoustic, perceptual, and articulatory measures and provided a valuable framework for understanding phonetic form variation and imitation. As such, this framework's enduring legacy will continue to enrich an understanding of phonetic form variation in spoken communication. This article reviews Fowler's pioneering work on these issues and some of the work that it has inspired.
Soil Aggregate Stability and Grassland Productivity Associations in a Northern Mixed-Grass Prairie.

Soil aggregate stability data are often predicted to be positively associated with measures of plant productivity, rangeland health, and ecosystem functioning. Here we revisit the hypothesis that soil aggregate stability is positively associated with plant productivity. We measured local (plot-to-plot) variation in grassland community composition, plant (aboveground) biomass, root biomass, % water-stable soil aggregates, and topography. After accounting for spatial autocorrelation, we observed a negative association between % water-stable soil aggregates (0.25–1 and 1–2 mm size classes of macroaggregates) and dominant graminoid biomass, and negative associations between the % water-stable aggregates and the root biomass of a dominant sedge (Carex filifolia). However, variation in total root biomass (0–10 or 0–30 cm depths) was either negatively or not appreciably associated with soil aggregate stabilities. Overall, regression slope coefficients were consistently negative thereby indicating the general absence of a positive association between measures of plant productivity and soil aggregate stability for the study area. The predicted positive association between factors was likely confounded by variation in plant species composition. Specifically, sampling spanned a local gradient in plant community composition which was likely driven by niche partitioning along a subtle gradient in elevation. Our results suggest an apparent trade-off between some measures of plant biomass production and soil aggregate stability, both known to affect the land’s capacity to resist erosion. These findings further highlight the uncertainty of plant biomass-soil stability associations.
A contactless ultrasonic surface wave approach to characterize distributed cracking damage in concrete.

Abstract We describe an approach that utilizes ultrasonic surface wave backscatter measurements to characterize the volume content of relatively small distributed defects (microcrack networks) in concrete. A simplified weak scattering model is used to demonstrate that the scattered wave field projected in the direction of the surface wave propagation is relatively insensitive to scatterers that are smaller than the propagating wavelength, while the scattered field projected in the opposite direction is more sensitive to sub-wavelength scatterers. Distributed microcracks in the concrete serve as the small scatterers that interact with a propagating surface wave. Data from a finite element simulation were used to demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach, and also to optimize a testing configuration to collect data. Simulations were validated through experimental measurements of ultrasonic backscattered surface waves from test samples of concrete constructed with different concentrations of fiber filler (0.0, 0.3 and 0.6%) to mimic increasing microcrack volume density and then samples with actual cracking induced by controlled thermal cycles. A surface wave was induced in the concrete samples by a 50 kHz ultrasonic source operating 10 mm above the surface at an angle of incidence of 9°. Silicon-based miniature MEMS acoustic sensors located a few millimeters above the concrete surface both behind and in front of the sender were used to detect leaky ultrasonic surface waves emanating from concrete. A normalized backscattered energy parameter was calculated from the signals. Statistically significant differences in the normalized backscattered energy were observed between concrete samples with varying levels of simulated and actual cracking damage volume.
Chapter One – Strategic Thinking

Real-world strategic interactions are ambiguous, complex, and dynamic. Thus, they present decision-makers with a range of epistemological challenges. Theoretically integrating concepts and empirical findings from social and cognitive psychology, behavioral economics, and related disciplines, the current chapter introduces the QUEST model, an organizing framework for strategic thinking. In the QUEST model, decision-makers think about strategic phenomena by asking and answering, implicitly or explicitly, three questions that draw on game-theoretic concepts: Who are the players? What are their options? How do choices relate to outcomes? I use the QUEST model to organize existing knowledge on strategic thinking in five sections. Section 1 provides definitions and introduces the QUEST model. Section 2 addresses decision-makers’ thinking about the players, reviewing research on attention allocation and mind-reading processes in strategic interactions. Section 3 reviews research on the depth and breadth of strategic thinking, discussing how decision-makers generate options, evaluate options, and think iteratively about their own and others’ options. Section 4 addresses how decision-makers’ cognitive constraints and social motives lead them to misrepresent and transform the given outcomes, as well as what games decision-makers think they are playing in ambiguous, real-world strategic interactions. Section 5 considers additional components of strategic interactions; addresses the possibility of changing the rules of the game; and concludes with open research questions.
WO3 and W Thermal Atomic Layer Etching Using "Conversion-Fluorination" and "Oxidation-Conversion-Fluorination" Mechanisms.

The thermal atomic layer etching (ALE) of WO3 and W was demonstrated with new “conversion-fluorination” and “oxidation-conversion-fluorination” etching mechanisms. Both of these mechanisms are based on sequential, self-limiting reactions. WO3 ALE was achieved by a “conversion-fluorination” mechanism using an AB exposure sequence with boron trichloride (BCl3) and hydrogen fluoride (HF). BCl3 converts the WO3 surface to a B2O3 layer while forming volatile WOxCly products. Subsequently, HF spontaneously etches the B2O3 layer producing volatile BF3 and H2O products. In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) studies determined that the BCl3 and HF reactions were self-limiting versus exposure. The WO3 ALE etch rates increased with temperature from 0.55 A/cycle at 128 °C to 4.19 A/cycle at 207 °C. W served as an etch stop because BCl3 and HF could not etch the underlying W film. W ALE was performed using a three-step “oxidation-conversion-fluorination” mechanism. In this ABC exposure sequence, the W surface is fir...
Intrauterine growth restriction results in persistent vascular mismatch in adulthood

Maternal nutrient reduction induces intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), increasing risks of chronic diseases later in life, including cardiovascular dysfunction. Using ultrasound, we determined regional blood flow, blood vessels sizes, and distensibility in IUGR baboons (8M/8F, 8.8 years, similar to 35 human years) and controls (12M/12F, 9.5 years). The measured blood vessels were larger in size in the males compared to females before but not after normalization to body surface area. Smaller IUGR normalized blood vessel sizes were observed in the femoral and external iliac arteries but not the brachial or common carotid arteries and not correlated significantly with birth weight. Mild decrease in distensibility in the IUGR group was seen in the iliac but not the carotid arteries without between-sex differences. In IUGR baboons there was increased carotid arterial blood flow velocity during late systole and diastole. Overall, our findings support the conclusion that region specific vascular and hemodynamic changes occur with IUGR, which may contribute to the occurrence of later life cardiac dysfunction. The pattern of alteration observed suggests vascular redistribution efforts in response to challenges in the perinatal period may persist into adulthood. Further studies are needed to determine the life course progression of these changes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
A Survey of Value Sensitive Design Methods

Value sensitive design is a theoretically grounded approach to the designof technology that accounts for human values in a principled andsystematic manner throughout the design process. In this article weprovide a survey of 14 value sensitive design methods: 1 direct andindirect stakeholder analysis; 2 value source analysis; 3 co-evolutionof technology and social structure; 4 value scenario; 5 value sketch;6 value-oriented semi- structured interview; 7 scalable informationdimensions; 8 value-oriented coding manual; 9 value-oriented mockup,prototype, or field deployment; 10 ethnographically informed inquiryregarding values and technology; 11 model of informed consentonline; 12 value dams and flows; 13 value sensitive action-reflectionmodel; and 14 Envisioning Cards TM. Each of these methods is honedto the investigation of values in technology, serving such purposesas stakeholder identification and legitimation, value representation andelicitation, and values analysis. While presented individually, the methodsare intended to be integrated in a robust value sensitive designprocess. The survey article begins with a brief summary of value sensitivedesign methodology and theoretical constructs. We next providean overview of the 14 methods. Then, we turn to a broader discussion ofvalue sensitive design practice, focussing on some methodological strategiesand heuristics to support skillful value sensitive design practice.Following the broad discussion of practice, we illustrate one method inaction-value scenarios-providing details on its range of purposes andcontexts. We conclude with reflections on core characteristics of valuesensitive design methodology, and heuristics for innovation.
A problemática dos cancros de intervalo

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Interval cancers, i.e. cancers occurring between two consecutive scheduled screening tests, account for 2.8-4.9% of all sporadic CRC. Case report: 70-year-old woman, with a personal medical history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, stable angina and hyperuricemia. With no family history of cancer, the patient was enrolled in the CRC screening program for average risk patients, and was diagnosed with a rectal carcinoma (stage III), two years after a colonoscopy with no pathological findings. Review: Interval cancers are an important indicator of the quality and effectiveness of CRC screening programs. The etiology is multifactorial; however, four causes have been proposed: non-detected lesions, incomplete polypectomy, biopsy diagnostic errors, and new polyps with rapid progression. Although the screening substantially reduces the mortality due to CRC, it is important to recognize that it does not prevent the occurrence of interval cancers.
Gröbner Bases in Integer Programming

Recently, application of the theory of Grobner bases to integer programming has given rise to new tools and results in this field. Here we present this algebraic theory as the natural integer analog of the simplex approach to linear programming Although couched in algebra, the theory of Grobner bases and its consequences for integer programming are intimately intertwined with polyhedral geometry and lattice arithmetic which are staples of the traditional approach to this subject.
Partial Utopian Visions

The practice of environment and behavior1 is distinguished by its aim to understand and improve the relationship between people and their places. Practice in this chapter describes collective human activities that share aims, locations, and methods of work. In this sense, the work of the academy, the activity of expert discourse, and the design, making, and maintaining of places all constitute the practice of environment and behavior.
Honduran and U.S. Consumer Assessment of Beef from Various Production Systems with or Without Marinating

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of different Honduran cattle production systems, enhancement, and country of origin on palatability of the longissimus muscle aged 21 d postmortem as determined by U.S. and Honduran consumers (n = 240/country). U.S.-sourced strip loins (n = 10/treatment) were selected: USDA Select (SE) and Top (upper 2/3) Choice (TC). Honduran-sourced strip loins (n = 10/treatment) included: 1) dual-purpose bulls, raised on native pasture (HDP), 2) F1 crossbred Brahman bulls finished on a corn-based grain diet for 180 d (HCF), and 3) purebred Brahman bulls finished on a sugarcane-based diet for 180 d (HSC). Ten additional strip loins from each Honduran treatment were selected and enhanced (E; 112% Â± 3.5%) with water, salt, and tripolyphosphate, resulting in EHDP, EHCF, and EHSC. Steaks were cooked to 77Â°C prior to consumer evaluation of tenderness, juiciness, and flavor and overall liking, with classification of each trait as acceptable or unacceptable. Consumers indicated if they were willing to pay 0, 3, 6, or 10 USD/0.45 kg. Consumer data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS as a split plot design, with treatment as the whole plot factor and country and the country A— treatment interaction as the subplot factors, including panel as a random effect. The EHCF had greater (P 0.05) were found between TC and SE when scoring palatability traits, but more (P < 0.05) consumers found TC acceptable for juiciness compared to SE. Honduran consumers ranked all palatability traits greater than U.S consumers and found a greater percentage of samples acceptable for tenderness (P < 0.05). Enhancement of Honduran treatments had a positive effect on palatability traits, as well as the acceptability of those traits. Regardless of the differences in breeds, using high-energy diets and enhancement resulted in greater palatability scores.
An enactivist approach to treating depression: cultivating online intelligence through dance and music

This paper utilizes the enactivist notion of ‘sense-making’ to discuss the nature of depression and examine some implications for treatment. As I understand it, sensemaking is fully embodied, fundamentally affective, and thoroughly embedded in a social environment. I begin by presenting an enactivist conceptualization of affective intentionality and describing how this general mode of intentional directedness to the world is disrupted in cases of major depressive disorder. Next, I utilize this enactivist framework to unpack the notion of ‘temporal desituatedness,’ and maintain that the characteristic symptoms of depression result from a disruption to the future-directed structure of affective intentionality. This can be conceptualized as a loss of “online intelligence” and a shrinking of the field of affordances. Then, I argue that two of the standard modes of treatments for depression, medication and cognitive behavioral therapy, are not fully sufficient means of restoring online intelligence, and that these limitations stem partly from the approaches’ implicit commitment to a brain-bound, overly cognitivist view of the mind. I recommend expressive arts interventions such as dance-movement therapy and music therapy as important supplementary treatment methods that deserve further consideration. Insofar as they revitalize subjects’ bodies and emotions, cultivate an openness to the future, and promote self-insight and social synchrony, these treatment modes not only reflect key insights of enactivism, but also offer great potential for lasting healing.
Generation of sRAGE high transgenic mice to study inflammaging

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) interacts with multiple ligands and transmits inflammatory signals from damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and PAMPs) to cellular programs. RAGE shares ligands with another group of PRRs, i.e., Toll-like receptors. Such ligand-receptor promiscuity generates coordinated and complex signaling patterns that provide a basis for the development of multiple inflammaging diseases. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) functions as a RAGE decoy that scavenges DAMP/PAMP ligands and dampens inflammatory signals. Epidemiological studies have shown that a lower level of circulating sRAGE is associated with metabolic syndromes including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and subclinical brain disease. We hypothesize that an elevated level of circulating sRAGE serves to modulate systemic and low-grade chronical inflammation that often occurs in old age, and therefore minimizes the risk of inflammaing diseases. Consequently, a higher level of circulating sRAGE may improve the health-span of the organism. A newly generated transgenic mouse that has a higher level of circulating sRAGE and maintains normal expression levels of RAGE serves as a model to test this hypothesis.
Drivers and Management Implications of Long-Term Cisco Oxythermal Habitat Decline in Lake Mendota, WI

Cisco (Coregonus artedi) are an important indicator species for cold-water lake habitats in the Great Lakes region, and many populations have been extirpated at their southern range limit over the last century. Understanding the roles of climate and water quality in these extirpations should inform protection of cold-water fishes. Using the water temperature at the depth where dissolved oxygen falls to 3 mg L−1 (TDO3) as a metric, we investigated the roles of climate and water quality as drivers of habitat availability for cisco in Lake Mendota, WI, USA from 1976 to 2013. We find that summer (Jun−Aug) air temperatures, spring (Mar−May) phosphorus load, and spring inflow influence summer TDO3. Warm air temperatures lead to the greatest increases in TDO3, whereas reduced phosphorus loads can reduce TDO3, thus alleviating oxythermal stress. Under air temperatures expected under the A1B climate change scenario, a 25% reduction in phosphorus load would stabilize TDO3 at current levels, while a 75% reduction in phosphorus loading would be required to expand oxythermal habitat. Costs of these reductions are estimated to range from US$16.9 million (−25%) to US$155–167 million (−75%) over a 20-year period but may be feasible by expanding upon current watershed phosphorus reduction initiatives if sustained funding were available. Identifying targeted reductions will become increasingly important throughout the region as warmer temperatures and longer stratification reduces cool- and cold-water fish habitat in many Midwestern lakes under the expected future climate.
James Cone and the Crisis of American Theology

The objective of this essay is to investigate the public function of Christian theology in the (politico-theological writings and hermeneutics of James H. Cone. It is also to articulate a critique of white American theology. In Cone’s work, Christian theology is expressed as a public discourse and testimony of God’s continuing emancipative movements and empowering presence in society with the goal (1) to set the oppressed and the vulnerable free, (2) to readjust the things of the world toward divine justice and peace, and (3) to bring healing and restoration to the places in which volitional (human) agents have inflicted pain, suffering, oppression, and all forms of evil. This essay is an attempt to imagine creatively with new hermeneutical lenses and approaches—anti-imperial, liberative, and postcolonial—the task of Christian theology as public witness to carry out the emancipative agenda and reconciling mission (salvation, healing, hospitality, wholeness, reconciliation, and peace) of God in contemporary societies and in our postcolonial moments. The basic argument of this essay is twofold. First, it contends for the essential role of liberation theology as a public witness in redefining Christian theology in general. Rather than being a “special interest” or merely political theme in theology, it suggests that black liberation theology has a special role to play in “freeing” Christian theology from racism, oppression, and imperialism. Second, by promoting some new understanding of Cone’s work and applying it in some new context, this article is deploying Cone’s public theology to critique or awaken dominant white theology to a new way of thinking about the whole field of theology in the 21 st century.
UNIT 10.24 Solution Radioimmunoassay of Proteins and Peptides

This unit deals with solution radioimmunoassays (RIAs), using the double antibody/polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. A solution RIA determines the amount of a specific protein (or peptide) in an unknown sample by comparison to a standard curve developed using known amounts of the same protein (or peptide) (i.e., so-called standards). The amount of protein (or peptide) antigen in an unknown sample is determined based on its ability to compete with a radiolabeled protein (or peptide) (i.e., so-called tracer) for binding to the primary anti-protein (or anti-peptide) antibody. A secondary antibody directed at the primary antibody in the presence of PEG is used to precipitate the primary antibody-protein (or protein) complexes. The amount of radioactivity in the complex is inversely proportional to the amount of protein in the unknown sample, since there is competition between the radiolabeled tracer and the unlabeled protein (or peptide) in the unknown. Under ideal conditions, an RIA is capable of measuring picograms (10−12 g) of a protein (or peptide) antigen, but only if high specific activity radiolabeling of the standard protein (or peptide) can be achieved. Radioiodine (either 125I or 131I) is the label of choice, because of the significant increase in radioactive disintegrations per unit time (in comparison to 3H or 14C). Keywords: anti-protein (or peptide antiserum); double-antibody method; γ counter; homologous RIA; peptides; polyethylene glycol; primary antibody; protein (or peptide) standards; protein (or peptide) tracer; proteins; radioimmunoassay; RIA; quality controls; secondary antibody; solution RNA