cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRE-DARWINIAN VIEWS ON FACIAL EXPRESSION

Physiognomy was the classical practice of facial morphology or face reading. Even during earlier periods when physiognomy was especially in vogue, the belief was pervasive that the face was the window to the soul. This tradition of classical physiognomy characterized traits from the conformation of the face despite the range of factors that may have produced it. The range of facial morphological contortions that were visible to the observer, that Leibniz labeled as passions, were believed to give away a person's true feelings. Until the nineteenth century, interest in the face was primarily morphological and physiognomic, and most observers abided by Aristotle's skepticism about whether fleeting facial movements were at all worth studying. Thereafter, interest in facial movements grew as the result of a number of factors. Pre-Darwinian evolutionists attempted explanations to account for facial muscular actions; pre-Darwinian evolutionist Lorenz Oken believed that the bones and muscles of the head were but transformed extremities. While, Charles Bell in his Essays on the anatomy of expression in painting , 1806, attempted to explain facial actions simply as indicating pleasant versus unpleasant sentiments. Darwin's account of facial expression attempted to link icon like faces with discrete basic emotions. Darwin's attack took the form of a volume on the face and emotion, the Expression of the emotions in man and animals .
Optical properties of anisotropic excitons in phosphorene

We study the eigenenergies and optical properties of both direct excitons in a phosphorene monolayer in different dielectric environments and indirect excitons in heterostructures of phosphorene with hexagonal boron nitride. For these systems, we solve the 2D Schr\"odinger equation using the Rytova-Keldysh (RK) potential for direct and both the RK and Coulomb potentials for indirect excitons. The results show that excitons formed from charge carriers with anisotropic effective mass exhibit enhanced (suppressed) optical absorption, compared to their 2D isotropic counterparts, under linearly polarized excitations along the crystal axis with relatively smaller (larger) effective carrier masses. This anisotropy leads to dramatically different excited states than the isotropic exciton. The direct exciton binding energy depends strongly on the dielectric environment, and shows good agreement with previously published data. For indirect excitons, the oscillator strength and absorption coefficient increase as the interlayer separation increases. The choice of RK or Coulomb potential does not significantly change the indirect exciton optical properties, but leads to significant differences in the binding energy for small interlayer separation.
Initiation of levothyroxine in a patient with hypothyroidism inducing adrenal crisis requiring VA ECMO: a tale of preventable disaster

A 31-year-old man with a recent diagnosis of hypothyroidism presented to the emergency department as a transfer from the clinic for severe hypotension and hypoglycaemia. The patient endorsed a 2-week history of severe fatigue, weight loss, nausea and non-bloody emesis. He was aggressively hydrated and vasopressors were initiated. Despite these measures, the patient remained hypotensive and went into pulseless electrical activity. Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved via advanced cardiac life support protocol, and venous arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was initiated. On day 3 of hospitalisation, the patient was weaned off ECMO support, and subsequent autoimmune work-up confirmed the diagnosis of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 with positive antiperoxidase antibodies (267 IU/mL), supporting the diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Twelve-year trends in pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes among patients with heart failure in the United States

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using a database from commercial health plans in the United States to describe trends in the use of antidiabetic medications among patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure (HF) from 2006 through 2017. We used loop diuretic dose as a surrogate for HF severity (mild HF 0-40 mg/day, moderate-severe HF >40 mg/day). We assessed antidiabetic medication dispensing in the 90 days following HF diagnosis. Over the 12-year period, we identified an increase in the use of metformin (39.2% vs. 62.6%), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) (0.5% vs. 17.1%) and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) (0.0% vs. 9.0%), but a decrease in the use of sulphonylureas (47.8% vs. 27.8%) and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) (31.7% vs. 5.3%). In 2017, patients with moderate-severe HF more commonly used insulin (43.1%); a majority of mild HF patients used metformin (62.8%). A proportion of patients with moderate-severe HF used TZDs (4.4%). Among patients with diabetes and HF, the use of metformin and DPP-4i rapidly increased, but a proportion of patients with moderate-severe HF continued to use TZDs. Despite their promising cardiovascular safety profile, SGLT-2i use remains limited.
Lower Extremity Petechiae and Purpura.

A patient presented with a nontender, symmetrical petechial and purpuric rash from the soles to the lower abdomen.
Acute Ozone-Induced Change in Lung Permeability of Genetically Susceptible and Resistant Mice is Differentially Mediated by Cytochrome P-450

Ozone (O3) has become a common air pollutant in urban areas and in the workplace. Because O3 is highly reactive and potentially toxic, it has received increasing attention regarding effects on pulmonary function. However, the precise mechanisms which lead to O3-induced lung injury are still not completely understood. A role for cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the development of oxidant-induced lung injury has recently been suggested. Rietjens et al. (1988) found that prolonged exposure to 0.8 ppm O3 caused qualitative and quantitative changes in pulmonary cytochrome P-450-linked enzyme characteristics in whole lung and within specific lung cells of rats. Takahashi and Miura (1990) showed that prolonged exposure to 0.2 ppm O3 caused increased content of specific isoforms of cytochrome P-450 in lungs of rats. Although these studies suggest P- 450 inducibility by O3 may be important, a physiologic or pathologic correlate to the activity of these enzymes has not been demonstrated.
Nanostructured Polyanilines Using the H2O2/CaCl2 Oxidant System

Aniline and its ring-substituted derivatives are oxidatively polymerized by H2O2 to the corresponding electrically conductive emeraldine oxidation state in dilute aqueous acids when 5 M CaCl2 is ad...
Grid-based density functional calculations of many-electron systems

Exploratory variational pseudopotential density functional calculations are performed for the electronic properties of many-electron systems in the 3D cartesian coordinate grid (CCG). The atom-centered localized gaussian basis set, electronic density, and the two-body potentials are set up in the 3D cubic box. The classical Hartree potential is calculated accurately and efficiently through a Fourier convolution technique. As a first step, simple local density functionals of homogeneous electron gas are used for the exchange-correlation potential, while Hay-Wadt-type effective core potentials are employed to eliminate the core electrons. No auxiliary basis set is invoked. Preliminary illustrative calculations on total energies, individual energy components, eigenvalues, potential energy curves, ionization energies, and atomization energies of a set of 12 molecules show excellent agreement with the corresponding reference values of atom-centered grid as well as the grid-free calculation. Results for three atoms are also given. Combination of CCG and the convolution procedure used for classical Coulomb potential can provide reasonably accurate and reliable results for many-electron systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Source-driven vibration of a semi-rigid cantilever: Soap film experiments comparing incidence angles α = 0° and α = 180°

Abstract We present an experimental study of a source-driven vibrating semi-rigid cantilever. The source in this case was a cylinder of diameter D = 5.15 mm that generated vortices due to an upstream-uniform flow. The cylinder was placed ahead of a semi-rigid cantilever at inclination angle of either α = 0° or α = 180°; and the experiment took place in a soap film tunnel. The cantilevers had flexural rigidity EI = 2.7 × 10−8 Pa-m4 and length L = 7.5 mm. The Reynolds numbers were 10000
The effect of a rigid elliptical inclusion on a straight crack

The general problem of a straight crack near a rigid elliptical inclusion is solved. Complex potentials presented in a previous paper (Santare and Keer [6]) for the interaction of an edge dislocation with rigid ellipse are used to formulate the Green's function for this problem. The solution is written as a set of singular integral equations for crack opening displacement which are solved numerically. Stress intensity factors are presented for a variety of crack/inclusion geometries.
Expanded bed treatment of complete recycle aquaculture systems.

The popular dietary shift to fish and the limits on natural fish populations have caused rapid growth in fish farming and aquaculture. Optimized aquaculture systems are attempting to use as complete recycle as possible to obtain maximum control over the fish populations, and limit water and energy requirements. Closed systems aquaculture is severely limited by water quality since pollutants accumulate in the system. This study examined the possibility of simultaneous BOD 5 reduction, SS removal, nitrification and denitrification with an expanded bed in complete recycle growth systems with Atlantic salmon and brook trout. The fish rearing tank volume was 10 m 3 and the expanded bed volume was 2.6 m 3 . The total duration of the study was 180 days. The expanded bed developed a film capable of nitrification and denitrification within 40 days. After this time, the SS and BOD were maintained at less than 6 mg/l. Ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites were below detectable levels, thus confirming the simultaneous one-stage removal potentials. Maximum nitrogen removal rates of 40 mg per liter of AFEB per day are similar to the higher removal rates predicted for maximum removal efficiencies at bulk solution ammonia-nitrogen concentrations of 0.5 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the expanded bed appear to be the most sensitive control parameter for these simultaneous reactions. This one-stage pollution control process for complete recycle aquaculture would be useful in both freshwater and seawater applications. The system is easily modularized for fish rearing tank capacities of 1,000 to more than 10,000 kg. The treatment system volume would be less than half the rearing volumes at low fish densities and low ammonia concentrations (less than 0.5 mg/l of ammonia nitrogen).
From retrograde signaling to flowering time

Plant's transition from vegetative to reproductive phase is balanced by intricate cascade of genes regulated by both endogenous and environmental inputs. Stress causes suppression of vegetative growth and acceleration of flowering as an emergency response for preservation of the species. Recently, we determined that expression levels of a transcription factor with 2 B-Box motifs, BBX19, is notably reduced in response to accumulation of high levels of Methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), a plastidial produced isoprenoids intermediate that also functions as a stress-specific retrograde signaling metabolite. We now have identified BBX19 as a repressor of Flower locus T (FT) expression and the corresponding downstream genes, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1), Leafy (LFY) and Fruitful (FUL), through competition with CONSTANS (CO). Collectively our finding identifies BBX19 as a link between the stress-specific retrograde signal MEcPP and regulation of flowering time by depleting the active CO pool required for transcription of FT.
Transformations in structural biology: a personal view.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the transformation in structural biology. This chapter discusses two developments: first, is the introduction of computers and second, is the implementation of the methods that were used to determine the first handful of protein structures and that established the general principles for the successful pursuit of macromolecular crystallography. This chapter discusses the general procedure to measure the intensities in the three principal zones (0kl), (h0l), and (hk0) calculate Patterson maps for the three corresponding projections, identify the heavy atom–heavy atom vector peaks, and from these obtain the coordinates of the sulfur atom. This chapter highlights the precession camera— that is, a device to initially characterize a macromolecular crystal. This chapter concludes by providing an overview of the cell dimensions and the symmetry plus unusual features of the diffraction pattern, such as twinning or supersymmetry.
A noise-coupled time-interleaved delta-sigma modulator with shifted loop delays

Noise coupling and time interleaving are effective methods for expanding the bandwidth of the low-power wideband delta-sigma modulators. In this paper, a discrete-time ΔΣ modulator topology with these two technologies, combined with shifted loop delays, is proposed. Noise coupling and time interleaving between the two channels enhance the effective order of the noise shaping function. Shifting the loop delays relaxes the critical timing for the DEM. Also, the last integrator in the loop filter performs both integration and active summation. To verify the effectiveness of this topology, a third-order noise-coupled time-interleaved ΔΣ modulator with shifted loop delays is analyzed and simulated.
Identification of metabolites from the degradation of fluoranthene by Mycobacterium sp. strain PYR-1

Mycobacterium sp. strain PYR-1, previously shown to extensively mineralize high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pure culture and in sediments, degrades fluoranthene to 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic acid. In this study, 10 other fluoranthene metabolites were isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of the culture medium by thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. On the basis of comparisons with authentic compounds by UV spectrophotometry and thin-layer chromatography as well as gas chromatography-mass spectral and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses, the metabolites were identified as 8-hydroxy-7-methoxyfluoranthene, 9-hydroxyfluorene, 9-fluorenone, 1-acenaphthenone, 9-hydroxy-1-fluorenecarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, and adipic acid. Authentic 9-hydroxyfluorene and 9-fluorenone were metabolized by Mycobacterium sp. strain PYR-1. A pathway for the catabolism of fluoranthene by Mycobacterium sp. strain PYR-1 is proposed.
Thermal Imaging as a Biometrics Approach to Facial Signature Authentication

A new thermal imaging framework with unique feature extraction and similarity measurements for face recognition is presented. The research premise is to design specialized algorithms that would extract vasculature information, create a thermal facial signature, and identify the individual. The proposed algorithm is fully integrated and consolidates the critical steps of feature extraction through the use of morphological operators, registration using the Linear Image Registration Tool, and matching through unique similarity measures designed for this task. The novel approach at developing a thermal signature template using four images taken at various instants of time ensured that unforeseen changes in the vasculature over time did not affect the biometric matching process as the authentication process relied only on consistent thermal features. Thirteen subjects were used for testing the developed technique on an in-house thermal imaging system. The matching using the similarity measures showed an average accuracy of 88.46% for skeletonized signatures and 90.39% for anisotropically diffused signatures. The highly accurate results obtained in the matching process clearly demonstrate the ability of the thermal infrared system to extend in application to other thermal-imaging-based systems. Empirical results applying this approach to an existing database of thermal images prove this assertion.
Experimental model evaluation of filter trapping after embolectomy using the Merci system: supplemental technique for Merci retrieval procedure.

Examination of embolectomy using the Merci® Retrieval System using experimental stroke models demonstrated that aspiration is not adequate to remove larger clots. The effectiveness of filter trapping was examined using the same models. A silicone model of the carotid artery system with model blood clot was incorporated in a laboratory pulsatile flow system. Embolectomy was performed using the Merci Retrieval System. Any clot not evacuated through the balloon guide catheter was trapped with a distal protection filter device developed for cervical stenting. The clot could not be sucked into the guide catheter by the recommended procedures in nine of 15 trials. Trapping failed in only one trial, in which the clot passed through a gap between the edge of the filter orifice and the inner model lumen. A clot was withdrawn to the catheter tip trapped across the edge of the orifice frame in one trial, and a very large clot was trapped across the filter orifice in two trials. Even clots made by the same method showed variation in properties, especially hardness, which may affect the effectiveness of aspiration. The aspiration procedure recommended for the Merci Retrieval System did not remove the large clots formed by embolectomy. The trapping procedure using a filter device without an orifice frame was effective to solve this problem.
Competing Market Makers, Liquidity Provision, and Bid-Ask Spread

This paper develops a dynamic market microstructure model of liquidity provision in which M strategic market makers compete in price schedules for order flow from informed and uninformed traders. In equilibrium, market makers post price schedules that are steeper than efficient ones, and the market bid-ask spreads can be decomposed into two components, one due to adverse selection and the other due to imperfect competition. At any time, the two components are proportional to each other with a coefficient of proportionality depending on M. Several testable hypothesis are derived regarding the time-series and cross-sectional properties of prices and the bid-ask spreads. In particular, a new empirical measure of market competitiveness is proposed which can be estimated from the history of transaction prices and trading volumes. Finally, the properties of continuous market are also investigated.
Immunological Relationships of Reverse Transcriptases from Ribonucleic Acid Tumor Viruses

Antiserum to partially purified reverse transcriptase from the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus has been prepared and characterized. Antibody to the avian polymerase inhibited the reverse transcriptase activity of avian C-type viruses but had no effect on the polymerase activity from C-type viruses of other classes. The known mammalian C-type viral polymerases were significantly inhibited only by the antiserum to murine C-type viral polymerases; reverse transcriptases from four other mammalian viruses were immunologically distinct from both avian and mammalian C-type viral polymerases. Partially purified murine leukemia viral DNA polymerase activity was comparably reduced by specific antibody regardless of the template used for enzyme detection.
Teaching the Middle Ages on Film: Visual Narrative and the Historical Record

This article provides an overview of some of the contentious issues concerning the role of film in historical studies of the Middle Ages. Is it appropriate to point out inaccuracies of detail in historical film? As a collective commercial enterprise, is a movie inherently limited in its portrayal of the past, and does this matter? How does film convention affect representation? Can movies err on the side of historical truth? What are the uses of purposeful or intentional anachronism? How have perceptions of movies changed with the advent of the paratext on DVD? How might movies with medieval themes be used effectively in the classroom? Responses to these and related questions are drawn from writings on film from 1915 to the present.
Alignment to visual speech information

Speech alignment is the tendency for interlocutors to unconsciously imitate one another's speaking style. Alignment also occurs when a talker is asked to shadow recorded words (e.g., Shockley, Sabadini, & Fowler, 2004). In two experiments, we examined whether alignment could be induced with visual (lipread) speech and with auditory speech. In Experiment 1, we asked subjects to lipread and shadow out loud a model silently uttering words. The results indicate that shadowed utterances sounded more similar to the model's utterances than did subjects' nonshadowed read utterances. This suggests that speech alignment can be based on visual speech. In Experiment 2, we tested whether raters could perceive alignment across modalities. Raters were asked to judge the relative similarity between a model's visual (silent video) utterance and subjects' audio utterances. The subjects' shadowed utterances were again judged as more similar to the model's than were read utterances, suggesting that raters are sensitive to cross-modal similarity between aligned words.
Sequential peritoneal lavage and early diagnosis of colon perforation

In order to determine the usefulness of the lavage white blood cell count as a diagnostic indicator of occult colon perforation, we subjected 20 mongrel dogs to sham laparotomy, isolated liver stab wound, or closed colon perforation and then performed sequential peritoneal lavage. The lavage white cell count rose steadily in those animals with colon perforations, and 100% of these animals had a positive lavage at six hours post-injury. After correction for the white cells shed intraperitoneally secondary to hemorrhage, the lavage white count of animals with liver wounds and of those with sham laparotomy failed to rise significantly during the period of observation. Gram stain of the lavage effluent as well as lavage amylase determination were not of diagnostic value. For solid viscus injury, lavage white cell count rises in proportion to organ hemorrhage; in hollow viscus perforation, lavage white cell count rises disproportionately and is higher than one would expect on the basis of the red cell count. We believe sequential peritoneal lavage white cell counts are of value in the diagnosis of occult colon perforation.
Spatial differentiation of optical images using selective erasure of photorefractive holograms

We propose and demonstrate a novel technique of spatial differentiation of optical images based on the selective erasure of holograms in photorefractive crystals using a composite filter which consists of an amplitude and a phase filter. The net filter is realized by controlling the modulation depth, amplitude of a photorefractive grating using a one-dimensional Gaussian erasing beam in conjunction with a phase filter in the reading beam's path. Experimental results are presented and compared with other type of filter.
Center-of-mass corrections reexamined: A many-body expansion approach

A many-body expansion for the computation of the charge form factor in the center-of-mass system is proposed. For convergence testing purposes, we apply our formalism to the case of the harmonic oscillator shell model, where an exact solution exists. We also work out the details of the calculation involving realistic nuclear wave functions. Results obtained for the Argonne $v$18 two-nucleon and Urbana-IX three-nucleon interactions are reported. No corrections due to the meson-exchange charge density are taken into account.
Comment on “Radioactive fallout in the United States due to the Fukushima nuclear plant accident” by P. Thakur, S. Ballard and R. Nelson, J. Environ. Monit., 2012, 14, 1317–1324

The May 2012 paper “Radioactive fallout in the United States due to the Fukushima nuclear plant accident” (P. Thakur, S. Ballard and R. Nelson, J. Environ. Monit., 2012, 14, 1317–1324), does not address medical patient excreta as a source of 131I (t1/2 = 8.04 d) to the environment. While 131I is generated during fission reactions and may be released to the environment from nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons tests, nuclear fuel reprocessing and weapons production facilities, it is also produced for medical use. Iodine-131 administered to patients, excreted and discharged to sewer systems is readily measureable in sewage and the environment; the patient-to-sewage pathway is the only source of 131I in many locations.
Calcium-stimulated Autophosphorylation Site of Plant Chimeric Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase

The existence of two molecular switches regulating plant chimeric Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK), namely the C-terminal visinin-like domain acting as Ca(2+)-sensitive molecular switch and calmodulin binding domain acting as Ca(2+)-stimulated autophosphorylation-sensitive molecular switch, has been described (Sathyanarayanan, P. V., Cremo, C. R., and Poovaiah, B. W. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 30417-30422). Here we report the identification of Ca(2+)-stimulated autophosphorylation site of CCaMK by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry. Thr(267) was confirmed as the Ca(2+)-stimulated autophosphorylation site by post-source decay experiments and by site-directed mutagenesis. The purified T267A mutant form of CCaMK did not show Ca(2+)-stimulated autophosphorylation, autophosphorylation-dependent variable calmodulin affinity, or Ca(2+)/calmodulin stimulation of kinase activity. Sequence comparison of CCaMK from monocotyledonous plant (lily) and dicotyledonous plant (tobacco) suggests that the autophosphorylation site is conserved. This is the first identification of a phosphorylation site specifically responding to activation by second messenger system (Ca(2+) messenger system) in plants. Homology modeling of the kinase and calmodulin binding domain of CCaMK with the crystal structure of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1 suggests that the Ca(2+)-stimulated autophosphorylation site is located on the surface of the kinase and far from the catalytic site. Analysis of Ca(2+)-stimulated autophosphorylation with increasing concentration of CCaMK indicates the possibility that the Ca(2+)-stimulated phosphorylation occurs by an intermolecular mechanism.
Spontaneous repeptization of colloidal dispersions

While it is widely reported that electrocratic colloids de-stabilized through the addition of monovalent electrolyte produce aggregates that may be substantially repepetized upon sufficient subsequent dilution, the behavior of such colloids de-stabilized using polyvalent counter-ions appears to have been much less studied and may often be one of irreversible coagulation. The present study examines alumina and silica colloids de-stabilized with both mono- and polyvalent coagulants in the presence and absence of an adsorbing nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100 (TX-100). Destabilization using monovalent electrolyte was found to be reversible upon dilution, in the presence or absence of the TX-100, but coagulation using a variety of polyvalent counter-ions was found to be irreversible in the absence of TX-100. When the surfactant was present at sufficient concentration, however, the coagulation event was found to reverse itself spontaneously without dilution, to an extent and at a rate dependent on the coagulant concentration. At the end of the repeptization process, the aggregates were sometimes found to be only a few times larger than the original particles, but primary particles were not recovered. The adsorbing surfactant appears to act as a lubricating layer reducing the direct particle contact needed for sintering while the coagulating ions desorb from the surface via complexation with TX-100 molecules, resulting in recovery of electrostatic repulsion and repeptization following the coagulation event.
On the Efficacy of Computation Offloading Decision-Making Strategies

We present a framework for making computation offloading decisions in computational grid settings in which schedulers determine when to move parts of a computation to more capable resources to improve performance. Such schedulers must predict when an offloaded computation will outperform one that is local by forecasting the local cost (execution time for computing locally) and remote cost (execution time for computing remotely and transmission time for the input/output of the computation to/from the remote system). Typically, this decision amounts to predicting the bandwidth between the local and remote systems to estimate these costs. Our framework unifies such decision models by formulating the problem as a statistical decision problem that can either be treated "classically" or using a Bayesian approach. Using an implementation of this framework, we evaluate the efficacy of a number of different decision strategies (several of which have been employed by previous systems). Our results indicate that a Bayesian approach employing automatic change-point detection when estimating the prior distribution is the best performing approach.
Clinical Assessment of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objective. To determine whether children with a clinical assessment suggestive of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but with negative polysomnography (PSG) have improvement in their clinical assessment score after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (TA 31 boys, 28 girls) with a clinical diagnosis of OSA (clinical assessment score ≥40) were recruited from the pediatric otolaryngology and pediatric pulmonary private offices and clinics of a tertiary care, academic medical center. A standardized assessment was performed on all patients, including history, physical examination, voice recording, tape recording of breathing during sleep, lateral neck radiograph, echocardiogram, and PSG. A clinical assessment score was assigned. Children with positive PSG (n = 27) were scheduled for T&A, whereas children with negative PSG (n = 29) were randomized to T&A (n = 15) or no surgery (n = 14). Children were reassessed in an identical manner at a planned 6-month follow-up. Results. Follow-up was available for 21 patients with positive PSG, 11 patients with negative PSG randomized to T&A, and 9 nonsurgery patients. In the randomized subjects, the median reduction in clinical assessment score was 49 (range: 32–61) for the T&A patients as compared with 8 (range: −9 to 29) for the nonsurgery patients. Nine (82%) of the T&A patients were asymptomatic (clinical assessment score Conclusion. Children with a positive clinical assessment of OSA but negative PSG have significant improvement after T&A as compared with observation alone, thus validating the clinician’s role in diagnosing upper airway obstruction.
Laser induced cooling of hot electrons in n-InSb by free carrier assisted transitions

Abstract Laser induced cooling (LIC) of the conduction electrons in n-InSb is observed with the simultaneous application of a non-ohmic electric field and CO laser radiation near the effective gap. A model based on free carrier assisted transitions (FCAT) is shown to explain the results. Experimental measurements of photoconductivity and the Shubnikov-de Haas are consistent with LIC due to FCAT.
Admission Serum Lactate Levels Do Not Predict Mortality in the Acutely Injured Patient

Introduction: The conventional view that admission lactate levels predict outcome in trauma patients stems from simple comparisons of mean blood levels between groups and small sample sizes. To better address this question, we performed more rigorous statistical analyses of lactate in a larger patient sample. Methods: We prospectively collected data on admission lactate and outcomes in 5,995 patients admitted to an urban, university-based trauma center. The ability of admission lactate to predict mortality was assessed by logistic regression, calculation of positive predictive values (PPV), and measurement of areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Differences between survivors and nonsurvivors in means of most proposed prognosticators was again demonstrated. However, the large overlap in these variables between survivors and nonsurvivors prevented clinically useful predictions. The overall PPV of elevated lactate was only 5.4%. Even in severely injured patients (Injury Severity Score >20; mortality 23%), elevated admission lactate level was a poor predictor of outcome. ROC analyses found no useful sensitivity threshold overall or after stratification by age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale score, revised trauma score, or mechanism of injury. Conclusions: This large retrospective examination of admission lactate levels failed to show useful predictive accuracy for hospital death. Serum lactate levels need not be obtained routinely but can be reserved for patients who will be admitted to the intensive care unit and/or require an emergency operation.
Upper limits on micro-mini black holes

The equations determining cosmic nucleosynthesis up to4He are modified to take account of black-hole evaporation during nucleosynthesis. Numerical calculation shows that deuterium is enhanced by the presence of these micro-mini black holes (μmBH); but very high-density universes are difficult to reconcile with observations, even with a very large abundance of μmBH.
A class of collinear scaling algorithms for bound-constrained optimization: Convergence theorems

A family of algorithms for approximate solution of the bound-constrained minimization problem was introduced in [K.A. Ariyawansa, W.L. Tabor, A class of collinear scaling algorithms for bound-constrained optimization: Derivation and computational results, Technical Report 2003-1, Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 2003, submitted for publication. Available at http://www.math.wsu.edu/math/TRS/2003-1.pdf]. These algorithms employ the standard barrier method, with the inner iteration based on trust region methods. Local models are conic functions rather than the usual quadratic functions, and are required to match first and second derivatives of the barrier function at the current iterate. The various members of the family are distinguished by the choice of a vector-valued parameter, which is the zero vector in the degenerate case that quadratic local models are used. This paper presents a convergence analysis of the family of algorithms presented in [K.A. Ariyawansa, W.L. Tabor, A class of collinear scaling algorithms for bound-constrained optimization: Derivation and computational results, Technical Report 2003-1, Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 2003, submitted for publication. Available at http://www.math.wsu.edu/math/TRS/2003-1.pdf]. Specifically, convergence properties similar to those of barrier methods using quadratic local models are established.
Inhibition and Recovery of Semiconservative DNA Synthesis in Normal and Solar UV Sensitive ICR 2A Frog Cell Lines Following the Induction of Non-dimer DNA Damage by Sunlamp UV > 315 nm

SummaryCultures of the solar UV-sensitive cell lines, DRP 36 and DRP 153, and of the parental ICR 2A cell line, were exposed to 150 kJ/m2 of sunlamp UV > 315 nm plus photoreactivating light. This treatment resulted in the induction primarily of non-dimer DNA damage. Following either a 0, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h incubation, the cultures were pulse-labelled with [3H]thymidine, and the synthesis of different size classes of replicon intermediates measured using the alkaline step elution assay. For all three cell lines tested, an immediate depression of low molecular weight DNA synthesis was observed. This was followed by an inhibition of all size classes of replicon intermediates. Within 12 h following irradiation, recovery of DNA synthesis was observed, which was generally most apparent for low molecular weight DNA. The ICR 2A cells exhibited a nearly full recovery in all size classes of DNA synthesized by 24 h. However, a much smaller recovery of DNA synthesis was detected for the DRP 36 and DRP 153 cultures. Thi...
Individual, Psychosocial, and Social Correlates of Unprotected Anal Intercourse in a New Generation of Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in New York City

Objectives. We examined associations of individual, psychosocial, and social factors with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among young men who have sex with men in New York City.Methods. Using baseline assessment data from 592 young men who have sex with men participating in an ongoing prospective cohort study, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between covariates and likelihood of recently engaging in UAI with same-sex partners.Results. Nineteen percent reported recent UAI with a same-sex partner. In multivariable models, being in a current relationship with another man (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.87), an arrest history (AOR = 2.01), greater residential instability (AOR = 1.75), and unstable housing or homelessness (AOR = 3.10) was associated with recent UAI. Although high levels of gay community affinity and low internalized homophobia were associated with engaging in UAI in bivariate analyses, these associations did not persist in multivariable anal...
Correction factors for determining body exposure from forearm percutaneous absorption data

Evaluation of toxic exposure via the skin is invariably based upon forearm percutaneous absorption data and an appropriate area multiplication factor. Published experimental data clearly show, however, substantial site variation in skin penetration such that the use of forearm data may produce an inaccurate prediction of total body exposure. Using literature results for cutaneous absorption as a function of anatomic position and accepted estimations of human body surface areas, correction factors for use with forearm penetration data have been evaluated. Calculations have been performed for an adult, a small child and a neonate. Examples of limited exposure to specific regions of the body have also been assessed relative to predictions based upon percutaneous absorption across forearm skin. It appears that the use of forearm skin penetration data alone underestimates body exposure by at least a factor of two.
The Value of a Life: New Evidence of the Relationship Between Changes in Occupational Fatalities and Wages of Hourly Workers, 1992 to 1999

The Environmental Protection Agency and other government agencies use the willingness-to-pay concept in labor market studies to estimate the value of a life for evaluating regulatory policies and projects. This study uses new data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the period 1992-1999 on industry injury and illness rates and fatality rates to examine the relationship between changes in occupational mortality rates and in hourly wages. The analysis finds that there is no statistically significant evidence that changes in occupational mortality are associated with changes in wages and, thus, there is no empirical basis for using the willingness-to-pay concept as a reliable method for valuing a life or evaluating regulatory policies.
Some principal mechanisms in the simultaneous erosion and corrosion attack of metals at high temperatures

Abstract Combined erosion-corrosion conditions can cause especially severe degradation of materials because the erosive component often adversely affects the protective properties of the corrosion product. This paper describes the various ways that erosive and corrosive processes may in teract with one another. Depending upon the magnitudes of these components a number of regimes are described for metals and alloys. The pure erosion and pure corrosion regimes prevail when the corrosion component or the erosive component respectively is negligible. In the erosion-enhanced corrosion regime the erosion component causes the corrosion product to be less protective because of spalling, by decreasing its thickness, or by causing the transport processes through this product to be changed. The oxidation-affected erosion regime involves processes whereby oxidation products affect the erosion properties of the metals.
On the development and mechanics of delayed matching-to-sample performance.

Despite its frequent use to assess effects of environmental and pharmacological variables on short-term memory, little is known about the development of delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) performance. This study was designed to examine the dimensions and dynamics of DMTS performance development over a long period of exposure to provide a more secure foundation for assessing stability in future research. Six pigeons were exposed to a DMTS task with variable delays for 300 sessions (i.e., 18,000 total trials; 3,600 trials per retention interval). Percent-correct and log-d measures used to quantify the development of conditional stimulus control under the procedure generally and at each of five retention intervals (0, 2, 4, 8 and 16-s) individually revealed that high levels of accuracy developed relatively quickly under the shorter retention intervals, but increases in accuracy under the longer retention intervals sometimes were not observed until 100–150 sessions had passed, with some still increasing at Session 300. Analyses of errors suggested that retention intervals induced biases by shifting control from the sample stimulus to control by position, something that was predicted by observed response biases during initial training. These results suggest that although it may require a great deal of exposure to DMTS prior to obtaining asymptotic steady state, quantification of model parameters may help predict trends when extended exposure is not feasible.
THE ACTION OF ETHYLHYDROCUPREIN (OPTOCHIN) ON TYPE STRAINS OF PNEUMOCOCCI IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, AND ON SOME OTHER MICROORGANISMS IN VITRO

1. Ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride in very high dilution inhibits the growth of, and in 18 hours kills, representatives of all four groups of pneumococci in vitro. The killing effect is generally seen in somewhat lower dilutions than the inhibiting effect. No constant or considerable difference is seen in these actions on representatives of the four groups of the pneumococci. The action of ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride on the pneumococci in vitro is so strongly specific that it may possibly be used as a test for a true pneumococcus. 2. The inhibitory or killing effects of ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride in vitro on bacteria other than pneumococci are slight or absent. The effects are greater on streptococci than on any other organisms examined, but are still much less than on the pneumococci. This action distinguishes between the streptococcus group, including Streptococcus mucosus sometimes found in normal mouths, on the one hand, and the true pneumococcus (including Pneumococcus mucosus), on the other. 3. Quinine hydrochloride inhibits the growth of, and kills the pneumococcus in vitro; much stronger concentrations, however, are necessary than in the case of ethylhydrocuprein. This effect of quinine hydrochloride is also seen on other organisms, but in a less degree. 4. Ethylhydrocuprein (optochin base) has a well marked protective action against experimental pneumococcal infection in mice in the case of type strains of all four groups of pneumococci; this protective action may be efficient against many multiples of the minimum lethal dose.
Microbiological methods for the detection of mutagens and cytotoxic components in wood drying condensates from Douglas fir, red oak, southern yellow pine, yellow poplar and eastern white pine

Abstract Three microbiological methods of testing for genotoxic chemicals in uncharacterized wood drying condensates were compared. A commercially successful version of the SOS Chromotest, carried out in microtiter plates, was compared with the original assay that was modified to be performed in soft agar overlays. While the microtiter plate version was quantitative and could be read by an automated microtiter plate reader, the soft agar overlay adaptation was at least six times more sensitive with control chemicals, and was more easily carried out. Each version of the test was able to detect cytotoxic effects of wood drying condensates, but neither test was sensitive enough to routinely detect unknown mutagenic components present in wood drying condensates. The Ames Salmonela/ microsome assay, while more laborious, revealed cytotoxic dose-response relationships with wood drying condensates from yellow poplar, Douglas fir, white pine, and southern yellow pine; but none of the condensates was mutagenic in the absence of metabolic activation by mammalian liver enzymes. In the presence of rat liver S-9 extracts, yellow poplar condensate resulted in the highest single mutagenic response, yielding over 5,300 revertants/ml of condensate, but was mutagenic for only one of the four Ames test strains. Douglas fir and white pine condensates were mutagenic for three of four Ames strains, and exhibited significant cytotoxicity in the presence and absence of S-9 extract. Southern yellow pine condensate was mutagenic for two of the four Ames strains, but was far less mutagenic and cytotoxic than condensates from Douglas fir or white pine. Condensate from red oak was cytotoxic, but not mutagenic. The failure of the SOS Chromotest to detect mutagenic components in wood drying condensates was unexpected since over 80% of all compounds tested thus far give similar results in both the Ames test and SOS Chromotest. It appears that mutagenic components present in wood drying condensates are poor inducers of DNA repair, and are not detected by the SOS Chromotest or similar test that rely on SOS induction.
Vasospasm after resection of skull base tumors

Vasospasm after resection of skull base tumors is a rare complication that often produces serious ischemic sequelae. In four of the authors' recent cases, vasospasm complicated the patient's post-operative course. A review of the literature produced a number of cases that can help determine possible causes of vasospasm after tumor resection, ways to prevent it, and methods to evaluate it when it occurs. The cause appears to be multifactorial and the surgical approach may contribute to the pathogenesis of vasospasm. Physicians must have a high degree of suspicion to detect vasospasm at an early stage of skull base surgery. Cerebral blood flow measurement and transcranial Doppler are useful monitoring tools.
The micropolitics of budgeting in universities: Lessons for library administrators

Abstract The investigative perspective of micropolitics is used in this qualitative, multi-site study to explore the budgeting process within large universities. Implications for library administrators include the identification of specific budget strategies and a better understanding of the role of power and influence in academic life.
Isomerization of trans-diethylstilbestrol to pseudo-diethylstilbestrol.

Abstract This study reports the formation and isolation of a diethyl-stilbestrol-dimethylsulfoxide (DES-DMSO) adjunct and Z-3, 4-di(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexene (ψ-DES) from trans -DES. The presence of ψ-DES was indicated by NMR and mass spectrometry and confirmed by direct comparison to a reference sample. High resolution NMR(360 MHz) along with the comparison of the chemical shift values of methine and methyl protons attached to carbon-carbon double bonds in Z and E isomers of 3-substituted-2-pentenes and dienestrol derivatives were used in postulating the Z-stereochemistry for ψ-DES. A NMR additive increment method was useful for the comparison of the chemical shift values of methine protons in ψ-DES and other literature compounds. Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) confirmed the Z-stereochemistry of ψ-DES.