cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometric lattice actions, entropy and fundamental groups

Let \( \Gamma \) be a lattice in a noncompact simple Lie Group G, where \( \mathbb{R} - {\rm rank}(G) \geq 2 \). Suppose \( \Gamma \) acts analytically and ergodically on a compact manifold M preserving a unimodular rigid geometric structure (e.g. a connection and a volume). We show that either the \( \Gamma \) action is isometric or there exists a "large image" linear representation \( \sigma \) of \( \pi_1 (M) \). Under an additional assumption on the dynamics of the action, we associate to \( \sigma \) a virtual arithmetic quotient of full entropy.
Toxicity and some enzymatic properties and activities in the venoms of Crotalidae, Elapidae and Viperidae.

Abstract Venoms from the Elapidae were found to be the most toxic, followed by the Viperidae and Crotalidae. Venoms of the latter showed the highest variation in toxicity among the various species. The Elapidae venoms were practically void of proteolytic activity, while those of the Crotalidae were by far the most potent in this respect with the Viperidae venoms in the intermediate position. Of the three families investigated, the Crotalidae venoms were the richest sources of over-all enzymatic activity.
Effects of enteric-coated methylnaltrexone in preventing opioid-induced delay in oral-cecal transit time.

BACKGROUND Methylnaltrexone is the first peripheral opioid receptor antagonist. It has the potential to prevent or reverse the peripherally mediated gastrointestinal effects of opioids. In previous human volunteer trials, we demonstrated that oral uncoated methylnaltrexone prevented morphine-induced delay in gastrointestinal transit time. METHODS This trial consisted of two studies: a pilot study and a controlled study. The lactulose hydrogen breath test was used to measure the oral-cecal transit time. RESULTS In the pilot study with three subjects, an oral dose of 6.4 mg/kg enteric-coated methylnaltrexone effectively reversed the effects of morphine, producing transit times shorter than baseline levels. Subsequently, in the controlled study with another nine subjects, the transit time increased after intravenous morphine administration in all nine subjects, and the lower dose (3.2 mg/kg) of enteric-coated methylnaltrexone completely prevented the morphine-induced change in oral-cecal transit time in all nine subjects. Morphine significantly increased oral-cecal transit time from baseline level of 96.7 +/- 54.1 minutes (mean +/- SD) to 155.0 +/- 53.6 minutes (P = .014). After enteric-coated methylnaltrexone and morphine, the transit time returned to the baseline level (93.3 +/- 56.0 minutes; P = .55 compared with placebo). Plasma concentrations after 6.4 mg/kg and 3.2 mg/kg enteric-coated methylnaltrexone were substantially lower compared with those after 6.4 mg/kg of the uncoated formulation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that there is a prevailing direct and local luminal effect of enteric-coated methylnaltrexone and that the enteric-coated formulation exerts its gut pharmacologic actions more efficiently than the uncoated formulation.
Protein Kinase C-related Kinase and ROCK Are Required for Thrombin-induced Endothelial Cell Permeability Downstream from Gα12/13 and Gα11/q

Increase in vascular permeability occurs under many physiological conditions such as wound repair, inflammation, and thrombotic reactions and is central in diverse human pathologies, including tumor-induced angiogenesis, ocular diseases, and septic shock. Thrombin is a pro-coagulant serine protease, which causes the local loss of endothelial barrier integrity thereby enabling the rapid extravasation of plasma proteins and the local formation of fibrin-containing clots. Available information suggests that thrombin induces endothelial permeability by promoting actomyosin contractility through the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway. Here we took advantage of pharmacological inhibitors, knockdown approaches, and the emerging knowledge on how permeability factors affect endothelial junctions to investigate in detail the mechanism underlying thrombin-induced endothelial permeability. We show that thrombin signals through PAR-1 and its coupled G proteins Gα12/13 and Gα11/q to induce RhoA activation and intracellular calcium elevation, and that these events are interrelated. In turn, this leads to the stimulation of ROCK, which causes actin stress-fiber formation. However, this alone is not sufficient to account for thrombin-induced permeability. Instead, we found that protein kinase C-related kinase, a Rho-dependent serine/threonine kinase, is activated in endothelial cells upon thrombin stimulation and that its expression is required for endothelial permeability and the remodeling of cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesions. Our results demonstrate that the signal initiated by thrombin bifurcates at the level of RhoA to promote changes in the cytoskeletal architecture through ROCK, and the remodeling of focal adhesion components through protein kinase C-related kinase. Ultimately, both pathways converge to cause cell-cell junction disruption and provoke vascular leakage.
Speech motor development during acquisition of the voicing contrast.

Lip and jaw movements were studied longitudinally in 19-month-old children as theyacquired the voicing contrast for /p/ and /b/. A movement tracking system obtainedlip and jaw kinematics as partici...
Walking the walk.

I am afraid Phil Hadridge needs to remove the inverted commas from `ridiculous' in his recent contribution (December 2005 JRSM1). Should doctors have to be given a detailed briefing about their immediate environment every time they meet somewhere? It is exceedingly unlikely that, by checking the fire escapes in a room, a doctor would significantly reduce the risk of a catastrophe, and it certainly would not make patients any safer. So as a direct action it is ridiculous. Would such an action set a good example? Well, of course, I would like to be seen as rational and flexible: however, checking the fire exits everywhere would give the opposite impression. If you want to change behaviour, first convince people that what you want is sensible and correct. As for the `well it won't hurt' argument? Why not offer up a quick prayer, or take a vitamin tablet at the start of each meeting—easy, cheap and useless. The reasons that we are bad at patient safety are that too many problems are hard to fix, and living with unfixable problems makes it easy to ignore the fixable ones. Some of the latter are now being addressed—for example, the introduction of alcohol handwash dispensers everywhere, and a new culture which makes it easy to roll up sleeves and discard ties, jackets and white coats, has greatly increased the frequency of handwashing. If management are serious about patient safety, they should make this their priority rather than finance and DH targets. If adequate bed area cleansing were regarded as more important than meeting the 4-hour A&E target, and bed occupancy rates fixed at safe levels, I have little doubt that nosocomial infection rates would fall. There is also little doubt that patient waiting times would increase and mangers would be sacked (or relocated). The NHS seems to be concentrating on quantity of treatment whilst accepting some reduction in quality. And given resource limitations, and the fact that the vast majority of the huge number of treatments carried out daily are successful, the balance may not be far out. However, if we want to improve patient safety, management mumbo jumbo is not the answer—adequate time and space to treat patients is.
Placental Insufficiency Alters Cerebral Bcl-2 but not P-53 and Bax Gene Expression in Asymmetrical Intrauterine Growth Retarded (IUGR) Fetal Rats• 268

Asymmetric IUGR infants are at significant risk for perinatal ischemic neurological damage as well as neurodevelopmental delay despite sparing of brain growth. A primary source of this ischemic damage is mitochondrial free radical production which leads to subsequent lipid peroxidation (LP). Bcl-2 and P-53 response protein Bax are mitochondrial associated proteins which are linked to increased free radical production and prevent or facilitate cellular apoptosis respectively. We therefore hypothesized that cerebral gene expression of Bcl-2, P-53, and Bax would be altered and LP would be increased in term fetal rats made IUGR by maternal uterine artery ligation (a well characterized model of uteroplacental insufficiency and asymmetrical IUGR). We performed sham surgery (C) and bilateral uterine artery ligation (IUGR) on pregnant rats on day 19 of gestation (term-21d). 48 hours after surgery, a caserean section was performed and cerebral tissue RNA and protein were extracted for RT-PCR (utilizing an internal control) and western blotting. To assess levels of lipid peroxidation present in the cerebral tissue, malondialdehyde levels were quantitated. RESULTS: Cerebral Bcl-2 mRNA levels(C=1.0, IUGR Bcl-2=0.29±0.03; p < 0.05) and protein levels (C=1.0, IUGR Bcl-2= 0.40±0.05; p< 0.05) were significantly decreased in IUGR pups. In contrast, mRNA levels of P53 and Bax were not significantly different between control and IUGR fetal animals (C=1.0, IUGR P53=0.95±0.12, IUGR Bax=1.1±0.20); moreover, cerebral protein levels of P53 were not significantly different between control and IUGR pups (C=1.0, IUGR P53=1.2±0.16). Malondialdehyde levels were increased(IUGR-4.44±0.83 vs C-3.53±0.66 nmol/g tissue) though not significantly. We conclude that the intrauterine milieu associated with placental insufficiency decreases gene expression of the mitochondrial associated apoptosis protein Bcl-2, but does not significantly alter gene expression of P-53 or P-53 response protein Bax. The decreased expression of Bcl-2 is intriguing because Bcl-2 prevents apoptosis by blocking the release of Cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Cytosolic cytochrome c is necessary for the initiation of the apoptosis program. We speculate that decreased gene expression of Bcl-2 may leave the IUGR fetus susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic insults.
Modeling of a biomass high temperature steam gasifier integrated with assisted solar energy and a micro gas turbine

Abstract A mathematical model that describes a trailer scale biomass steam gasification system coupled with a solar collector heat source and a micro gas turbine is reported in this paper. This combined heat and power system is set to a prescribed output of 20 kW e and several system conditions have been optimized in a parametric study to minimize resource consumption rates. Biomass feeding rates under optimal conditions were found to range between 23 and 63 kg/h depending on the types of feedstock and other parameters. Water consumption is reduced through a condensation and recirculation process that is part of a heat recovery unit. Also, solar energy requirements have been reduced by means of a recuperator that extracts heat out of the combustion products. The overall system performance has been evaluated by a utilization factor which was found to range between 30% and 43%. The system has been compared to a baseline case of an air breathing gasification system of a similar scale. It was found that steam gasification produces the syngas with heating values over twice as high as those obtained by air gasification. Steam gasification also led to a 25% and 50% reduction in emission rates of contaminants like CO 2 and nitrogen oxides respectively relative to the baseline case.
Modular Invariance for Interacting Bosonic Strings at Finite Temperature

We study the finite temperature string path integral introduced by Polchinski [1]. It is shown that on an arbitrary genus world sheet all windings of the fields around the compact time direction can be rotated into a single cycle. The modular invariance of this result is demonstrated.
Virtual Queue Based Distributed Data Traffic Scheduling for Cyber Physical Systems with Application in Smart Grid

Communication is needed in cyber physical system (CPS) to convey information from sensors to controllers. In this paper, a wireless network is considered to serve as the communication infrastructure in CPS. The data traffic scheduling problem is studied for the purpose of system state stabilization. To measure the information amount of different packets, a virtual queue is defined based on the Delay-tolerant Kalman filtering. A back pressure scheduling algorithm is proposed for the virtual queues. The proposed scheduling algorithm is then applied in the context of voltage control in smart grid. Numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the validity of the scheduling algorithm.
Extraction of alkaline earths from sodium nitrate solutions by di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate in benzene: mechanisms and equilibria

Abstract The extraction of the alkaline earths, excluding radium, by di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (DEHP) in benzene from 0·50 and 4·0 M sodium nitrate solutions has been examined as a function of pH and DEHP concentration. Curves with a characteristic maximum in the region of pH 5, similar to that already observed for strontium, were found in all cases. Log plots of E M = [ M ] org [ M ] aq . vs 3 pH gave a slope of +2 at low pH indicating exchange of M2+ with 2H+. The relative extractability was Be ⪢ Ca > Mg > Sr > Ba from 4 M NaNO3 and Be ⪢ Ca > Mg ≈ Sr > Ba from 0·5 M NaNO3. Reagent concentration dependences at low pH where DEHP is in the acid dimer form (HDEHP)2 indicate the following number of DEHP monomers associated with each metal atom: From 4·0 M NaNO3: Be, ∼4; Ca, 5–6; Mg, uncertain; Ba, 6; and from 0·5 M NaNO3: Be, uncertain; Ca, 4–5; Mg, 4–6; Ba, 4–6. The lower number always obtained at the lower reagent concentration and the higher number at the higher reagent concentration. The s ame association ratios and also indicated by the organic phase composition NaDEHP Σ DEHP at which maximum extraction occurs.
Flap lift for LASIK retreatment in eyes with myopia.

Abstract Purpose To analyze the results achieved with LASIK retreatment after lifting the original flap in a large series of patients. Design Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional consecutive case series. Participants Two thousand four hundred twenty-two consecutive eyes undergoing LASIK surgery for myopia, including 334 eyes submitted to flap lift for LASIK retreatment. Main outcome measures Uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, refractive error, and complications. Results LASIK retreatment was performed in 334 eyes (14%), and the mean time between initial procedure and retreatment was 8.2±6.2 months. The mean spherical equivalent (SE) improved from −1.2±0.6 diopters (D) (range, −4.2 to +1.2 D) before retreatment to +0.2±0.4 D (range, −3.1 to +1.1 D) after the retreatment. The uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) after retreatment was 20/20 or better in 58% and 20/40 or better in 92% of eyes. The mean SE was within ±1.0 D in 96% of the patients and within ±0.5 D in 80.5% after retreatment. Eighteen eyes (5%) lost 1 line of best-corrected visual acuity, and 4 eyes (1%) lost 2 lines. Conclusions LASIK retreatment surgery performed by relifting the flap was a useful procedure for correcting residual refractive errors after the primary LASIK procedure. It provided good uncorrected visual acuity, predictable results, good refractive stability, and few complications.
Exact Solution of the Two-Dimensional Slater KDP Model of a Ferroelectric

The Slater KDP model is solved for all temperatures and with an electric field. Above Tc the specific heat behaves lik (T−T c )−1/2 and the polarizability like (T−T c )−1. There is first-order phase transition at T c (latent heat). Below T c the free energy is simply -∣ℰ∣d (ℰ = electric field, d = dipole moment).
NEW NEUTRAL CARRIER-TYPE ION SENSORS. CROWN ETHER DERIVATIVES OF POLY(METHYLHYDROSILOXANE)

Abstract A facile one step synthesis of poly(methylalkoxy-crownether)siloxanes has been achieved by dehydrogenative alkoholysis of PMHS (polymethylhydrosiloxane) catalyzed by a Rh(I) complex.
Retirement in Shanghai

This study probes those attributes of elderly Chinese related to their retirement status. Despite recent pioneering surveys of the objective conditions of the aged in China, multivariate models of retirement, necessary to inform policy and account for important subgroup differences, have been lacking. The present study brings established multivariate modeling approaches to bear on two companion "Older People in Shanghai" surveys of urban and rural residents. The analytic task is to investigate how the elderly's economic activity is shaped by the traditional Western retirement determinants, health and financial status, as well as by factors that are uniquely Chinese such as family living arrangements and intergenerational support. The pattern of results differs markedly from established Western models, reflecting the importance of historical changes in Chinese pension policy and economic development. For example, health status exhibited no significant effects, and pension benefits for urban males increased...
Genetic linkage of urinary albumin excretion in Dahl salt-sensitive rats: influence of dietary salt and confirmation using congenic strains

Previously, we reported a linkage analysis for urinary albumin excretion (UAE) from a backcross population derived from the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) raised on a low-salt diet. The present study sought to examine the effect of salt loading on the observation of UAE quantitative trait loci (QTL) using a F1(S x SHR) x S backcross population (n = 228) raised on a 2% NaCl diet. Parental strain data demonstrated that S rats have significantly higher blood pressure (BP) and UAE compared with either F1(S x SHR) or SHR at 8 wk of age, and this difference was exacerbated by 12 wk of age in response to a high-salt diet (2% NaCl). Genome scans done at 8, 12, and 16 wk of age yielded eight QTL for UAE. At week 8 (low salt), QTL for UAE were observed on rat chromosomes (RNO) 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 19. Week 8 linkage analysis confirmed previous linkage data and provided a baseline to examine the effect of salt loading at subsequent time points. At weeks 12 and 16 (after salt- loading), QTL for UAE were observed on RNO1, -6, -8, -9, and -13. Surprisingly, UAE QTL were no longer observed on RNO2, -11, and -19 after salt loading, suggesting that these QTL are attenuated by increased salt intake. The effects of UAE QTL on RNO2, -6, -9, -11, and -13 were examined using congenic strains whereby the SHR alleles at each QTL were placed on the S background. These congenic strains demonstrated large and significant effects on UAE compared with the S rat, proving that QTL for UAE reside on these chromosomes.
Tobacco cessation education for pharmacists: Face-to-face presentations versus live webinars

Abstract Objective To assess the perceived effectiveness of tobacco cessation continuing education for pharmacists in face-to-face presentation versus live webinar modalities. Methods A continuing pharmacy education (CPE) activity, Do Ask, Do Tell: A Practical Approach to Smoking Cessation, was offered in face-to-face and live webinar modalities. Following the activity, participants completed a brief questionnaire that assessed the anticipated impact of the activity on their smoking cessation counseling practices. Results Of the 1,088 CPE participants, 819 (75%) attended a face-to-face presentation and 269 (25%) participated in a live webinar. Posttraining self-rated ability to address tobacco use was similar between groups ( P = 0.38), and both the face-to-face and live webinar groups reported a significant difference between pre- and posttraining abilities ( P P Conclusion These data suggest that more value exists in face-to-face education than live webinars when personal and interactive skills are the focus of the activity.
A 2000 km genetic wake yields evidence for northern glacial refugia and hybrid zone movement in a pair of songbirds

Hybrid zones are natural experiments that expose the forces maintaining species differences. But for cases where a trait of one of the hybridizing pair appears shifted into the range of the other, the underlying mechanism can be difficult to infer. For example, hybridization between hermit warbler (Dendroica occidentalis) and Townsend's warbler (Dendroica townsendi) is restricted to narrow hybrid zones in Washington and Oregon, yet hermit mtDNA can be found in phenotypically pure Townsend's populations up to 2000 km north along the Pacific coast. This could reflect introgression of selectively favoured hermit mitochondria north across the hybrid zones, or a neutral genetic wake left behind following southern zone movement. Hermit mitochondrial haplotypes in populations of coastal Townsend's exhibit relatively high genetic diversity and significant divergence from those found in populations of hermit warblers. This contradicts the predictions of selective introgression, but is consistent with a northern population of hermits diverging in a glacial refugium before being replaced by Townsend's via aggressive hybridization. Previous field studies showing Townsend's males to be competitively superior to hermit males support this scenario, and suggest that the extreme hybrid zone movement evidenced by the hermit mitochondrial wake represents an extinction in progress.
Comparative anti-influenza virus activity of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluororibosides in vitro

The anti-influenza virus activity of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine was determined in cell culture and in explants of human respiratory epithelium by yield reduction assay. The concentration causing at least 1.0 log10 reduction in influenza A (H3N2) virus yield (EC90) at 24 h was 2.5 micrograms/ml in primary rhesus monkey kidney and 12 micrograms/ml in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, compared to 0.5 micrograms/ml and 0.9 micrograms/ml, respectively, for ribavirin. The estimated therapeutic ratios for both compounds were low (< 5 to 25) in these cell types. In contrast, the EC90 values at 48 h for influenza A and influenza B virus were < or = 0.1 micrograms/ml in human respiratory epithelial explants, and concentrations up to 100 micrograms/ml did not inhibit explant outgrowth. Ribavirin was approximately 50-fold less active in this system and inhibited outgrowth at 10 micrograms/ml. 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine was also approx. 45-fold more potent than the corresponding adenosine and inosine compounds in explant cultures. Partially resistant variants, with approximate 5-fold increases in EC50 values, could be selected by serial influenza A virus passage in MDCK cells in the presence of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine, which indicated that its antiviral activity is at least partially virus specific. The exceptional activity of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine in human respiratory epithelial cells against both influenza A and B viruses makes this compound an interesting candidate for further investigation.
Differential induction of nitric oxide, degranulation, and oxidative burst activities in response to microbial agonist stimulations in monocytes and heterophils from young commercial turkeys

The toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial pathogens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger inflammatory immune responses to control the infection. Here, we examined functional innate immune responses to Salmonella enteritidis (SE, live or formalin-killed) and various TLR agonists including lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) from Staphylococcus aureus and synthetic lipoprotein Pam3CSK4 (PAM), poly I:C (synthetic double-stranded RNA analog), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from S. enteritidis, flagellin (FGN) from S. typhimurium, loxoribine (LOX) and R837 (synthetic anti-viral compounds), and CpG oligodeoxydinucleotide (CpG ODN)by measuring antimicrobial activities including oxidative burst and degranulation in heterophils and nitric oxide production in peripheral blood monocytes. Our results demonstrate differential nitric oxide responses to TLR agonists in turkey monocytes. LTA and CpG ODN were the most potent stimuli for nitric oxide induction followed by PAM, poly I:C, and LPS, whereas FGN, PGN, LOX, R837, and control ODN stimulated little or no nitric oxide production. Live SE stimulated significantly less NO production than formalin-killed SE (FKSE). Although FKSE induced significant degranulation and oxidative burst, most TLR agonists stimulate little oxidative burst and degranulation responses in turkey heterophils.
Effects of conditions favoring enzyme phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on the activity of the α-keto acid dehydrogenases, with particular reference to the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase activities

Abstract These studies have shown that in the crude system of rat liver mitochondria the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase activities are activated at high (10.0mM) Mg ++ concentrations favoring dephosphorylation, and are inactive at low (1.0mM) Mg ++ concentrations favoring phosphorylation. In this crude system, α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity was also regulated in this manner. In general, the optimum Mg ++ and ATP levels for activation were 10mM and 1.0mM respectively.
Excretion of Valproic Acid into Semen of Rabbits and Man

Dipropylacetic acid (VPA, valproic acid) has been quantified in plasma and semen from rabbits and man using a new gas-liquid chromatographic assay. The drug assay is rapid, sensitive and free from interference by VPA metabolites. The beta phase half-life of VPA in rabbits after an i.v. dose (50 mg/kg) was 56 +/- 6 min. The concentration of VPA in rabbit plasma was 17 to 30 times the concentration in rabbit semen. In man, 500 mg doses of the free acid, p.o., resulted in VPA concentrations in plasma that were 11 to 17 times the concurrent levels in semen. VPA, in concentrations up to 10(-3) M, did not influence the motility of rabbit spermatozoa in vitro.
Tool-life reliability of cermet inserts in milling tests

Abstract Seven commercial cermet inserts of similar ISO grades (P05-40) were used in face milling operations, in the dry cutting of a carbon steel (AISI-SAE 1045). All of the inserts were produced by different tool manufacturers, from Europe, USA and Japan. The inserts were first characteristed by their material composition, mechanical properties and cutting-edge preparation. Then they were used in various cutting tests. Experimental results are presented and discussed in terms of an insert's resistance to wear, to fracture mechanisms and to mechanical impact. An understanding of the different behaviour of the inserts is approached, relating cutting performance to material composition and mechanical properties. Some economical issues are also dealt with, based on a comparison of cost–performance ratios.
Detection of functional cell surface perforin by flow cytometry

How perforin (PFN) delivers the granzymes during cytotoxic granule mediated apoptosis remains a mystery. A major obstacle has been the inability to visualize PFN in either monomeric or polymeric form after interaction with the target cell surface. An antibody based technique is described which detects cell surface PFN on intact cells by flow cytometry. The methodology requires the presence of calcium (Ca2+) at a concentration which supports binding but not polymerization of PFN. Functionality was ensured by showing the cell surface PFN was able to deliver GrB causing caspase-3 activation and mitochondrial depolarization. The technique demonstrates a role for heparan sulfate proteoglycans in PFN binding. Further, the variable sensitivity of effector versus target cell lines to the permeabilizing effects of PFN could not be attributed to differential binding of PFN.
Turbomachinery noise studies of the AiResearch QCGAT engine with inflow control

The AiResearch Quiet Clean General Aviation Turbofan engine was tested on an outdoor test stand to compare the acoustic performance of two inflow control devices (ICD's) of similar design, and three inlet lips of different external shape. Only small performance differences were found. Far-field directivity patterns calculated by applicable existing analyses were compared with the measured tone and broadband patterns. For some of these comparisons, tests were made with an ICD to reduce rotor/inflow disturbance interaction noise, or with the acoustic suppression panels in the inlet or bypass duct covered with aluminum tape to determine hard wall acoustic performance. The comparisons showed that the analytical expressions used predict many directivity pattern features and trends, but can deviate in shape from the measured patterns under certain engine operating conditions. Some patterns showed lobes from modes attributable to rotor/engine strut interaction sources.
The Medical and Financial Costs Associated with Termination of a Nutrition Support Nurse

Background: Cost-containment pressures have adversely affected hospital nutrition support team staffing. We determined the effect of termination of a nutrition support nurse responsible for patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on quality assurance and financial indicators. Methods: A retrospective review of all 1,093 patients receiving TPN from fiscal year (FY) 1992 through FY 1998 in a tertiary care community hospital. We documented the changes in care during years when the nutrition support nurse position was staffed, terminated, and restored. Indicators studied included inappropriate TPN, central venous line sepsis, TPN wastage, and estimates of preventable costs. Results: When the nurse was present, 8.6% of TPN patients had a functional gastrointestinal (GI) tract and inappropriately received TPN compared with 12.1% when the nurse was absent, a risk difference of 3.5% points (95% confidence interval [CI], -.06 to 8.3; p = .069). Risk of TPN-associated line sepsis increased from 8.8% of ...
A Behavior Analytic Interpretation of Alexithymia.

Abstract Alexithymia is a term used to describe individuals who seem unable to experience or at least describe emotions. This paper offers a theoretical interpretation of alexithymia from a radical behaviorist perspective. While there have been attempts to explain the etiology of alexithymia, the current analysis is unique in that it provides direct treatment implications. The pragmatic analysis described focuses on the verbal behavior of individuals rather than looking “inside” for explanations. This is supported by a review of experimental research that has failed to find consistencies among alexithymic individuals׳ physiological responding. Descriptions of the various discriminative and consequential stimulus conditions involved in the complex learning histories of individuals that could result in an alexithymic presentation are provided. This analysis helps situate the alexithymia construct in a broader behavior analytic understanding of emotions. Finally this paper outlines implications for assessment and treatment, which involve influencing discriminative and consequential interpersonal stimulus conditions to shape verbal behavior about emotions.
Psychoeducational interventions for family caregivers: Preliminary efficacy data

In this preliminary report, data are presented from the first 111 family member caregivers who participated in a psychoeducational program designed to teach specific skills for coping more effectively with caregiving. Results indicated that depression was reduced and morale was increased for those who were assigned to either of the two skill-building conditions compared to those assigned to the waiting-list condition. Our data suggest that family caregivers, who as a group experience a great deal of stress and stress-related disorders, are able to benefit substantially from structured programs designed to teach skills for better coping, despite adverse conditions of daily life.
“Opting out?” The effect of children on women's employment in the United States

Abstract In the United States, a recent spate of popular media attention has focused on whether mothers, especially highly educated mothers in their thirties, are increasingly “opting out” of employment. This paper uses data from the Current Population Survey's Annual Social and Economic Survey (ASEC) to examine whether children cause women to exit employment. This paper finds that the “child effect” on women's employment has fallen since the end of the 1970s. The child effect was −21.8 percentage points in 1979 and has fallen consistently over the last two decades to −12.7 percentage points in 2005. Between 2000 and 2005, the child effect grew from −11.1 to −12.7, but the change was statistically insignificant. Recent declines in women's employment may be more an effect of the weak labor market for all women, mothers and non-mothers, rather than an increase in mothers voluntarily choosing to exit employment.
Surface Instability of a Half-space under High Two-dimensional Compression☆

Abstract Surface instability of an isotropic incompressible highly elastic half-infinite medium is considered, generated by uniformly distributed compressive loads parallel to the bounding plane of the medium and acting in two perpendicular directions. Using the theory of Green, Rivlin, and Shield of small deformations superposed on a large deformation, asystem of four governing equations is derived. Solution of the system is sought which provides a state of deformation decaying rapidly with an increasing distance from the surface of the medium. Fulfillment of the boundary conditions leads to a characteristic equation for the critical combination of stretches. The results obtained in two limit cases agree with those given by Biot and Green and Zerna. Graphs display the dependence of the critical stretch λ 1 on the stretch λ 3 , in the perpendicular direction, and the wave number ratio.
Seed Composition, Seedling Emergence and Early Seedling Vigour of Red Kidney Bean Seed Produced at Elevated Temperature and Carbon Dioxide

Understanding the influence of growth temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) on seed quality in terms of seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and early seedling vigour is important under present and future climates. The objective of this study was to determine the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 during seed-filling of parent plants on seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and seedling vigour of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Plants of cultivar ‘Montcalm’, were grown at daytime maximum/ nighttime minimum sinusoidal temperature regimes of 28/18 and 34/24 � Ca t ambient CO2 (350 lmol mol )1 ) and at elevated CO2 (700 lmol mol )1 ) from emergence to maturity. Seed size and seed composition at maturity and subsequent per cent emergence, early seedling vigour (rate of development) and seedling dry matter production were measured. Elevated CO2 did not influence seed composition, emergence, or seedling vigour of seeds produced either at 28/18 or 34/24 � C. Seed produced at 34/24 � C had smaller seed size, decreased glucose concentration, but significantly increased concentrations of sucrose and raffinose compared to 28/18 � C. Elevated growth temperatures during seed production decreased the subsequent per cent emergence and seedling vigour of the seeds and seedling dry matter production of seed produced either at ambient or elevated CO2.
On the estimation of some demographic characteristics on a prehistoric population from the American Southwest

After a general discussion of some of the limitations and assumptions inherent in paleodemographic studies, a method for the estimation of average life expectancy when only deaths by age are known is described and applied to the remains from Point of Pines, a prehistoric Western Pueblo population from the American Southwest. It was found that the method was not applicable to these data in its entirety, since there were considerable differences in mortality shapes between this prehistoric group and those summarized in the U. N. Model Life Tables. It is suggested that a range of average life expectancy can be calculated when the intrinsic rates of natural increase vary, and these are given for the Point of Pines data.
Presidential address: Cowboys and Indians, stockmen and aborigines: The rural American west and the northern territory of Australia since 1945

Abstract The American West and the Northern Territory of Australia share common themes in their history. The experiences of Indians and Aborigines in these regions have many parallels. These are the impact of World War II, economic development, urbanization, rights to the land and modern identity.
The effect of graded hypophysectomy on thyroid, gonadal, and adrenocortical function in the dog.

IT IS well known that the removal of three quarters of the anterior lobe of the pituitary often results in no detectable endocrine deficiency, and that in order for the usual atrophic endocrine changes that follow hypophysectomy to appear, removal of the pituitary must be essentially complete. On the other hand, relatively little attention has been paid to the effect on the target endocrine organs of removal of more than 75% but less than all of the anterior pituitary. Because of growing interest in the effect of anterior pituitary transplantation and hypothalamic lesions on endocrine function, this problem is of considerable interest and importance. The present study was therefore undertaken to determine the effect of removing graded amounts of anterior pituitary tissue on gonadal, thyroid and adrenocortical structure and function in the dog.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in large pitch spirally indented tubes

Abstract Heat transfer and pressure drop experiments are performed with water, at atmospheric pressure in the Prandtl number range 3.6–8.8, flowing in spirally indented tubes for heat exchanger applications. Large pitch geometries are studied which minimize pressure drop. The pitch to indentation height ratio is in the range of 23.7–120, which is beyond the range generally considered in previous investigations. Four tubes are tested with the indentation height to diameter ratios of 0.0075, 0.021, 0.038 and 0.0 (plain). The tubes are tested in a counter-current flow configuration that produces results directly applicable to heat exchanger design applications. A data reduction technique is developed that is applicable to an arbitrarily augmented tube, and it is verified with the plain-tube data. Heat transfer and pressure drop results from the spirally indented tubes are compared to extensions of correlations for similar geometries and to limited data available at large pitches.
Civic competence in urban youth.

Civic competence and obstacles to its development are explored in urban youth. Our review suggests that urban youth lag behind suburban adolescents in civic knowledge and civic participation. These lags may be attributable to low levels of political participation among urban adults, educational failures, and a lack of childhood opportunities to join clubs and teams. A comparison of a small city and a neighboring suburban town illustrates both the intertwined obstacles that confront urban youth on the path to civic development and the difficulty that most urban centers face in improving opportunities for civic development. We conclude that urban youth's genuine interest in acquiring civic competence is frustrated by demographic factors largely outside the control of those living in America's cities.
Global cooperation in an era of deregulation

Abstract This article examines the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), the world's foremost satellite carrier and non-profit global cooperative, and the strategic issues facing this organization in the light of international deregulatory changes in the field of telecommunications. Intelsat faces new competitive challenges from two distinct sources, including private satellite systems and the continued deployment of sub-oceanic fibre-optic cable by a consortium of international common carriers.
Associations between medical student log data and clerkship learning outcomes.

Background: Largely due to regulatory requirements, medical students increasingly document patient encounters in logs. Prior studies demonstrated value in achieving course objectives but not regarding objective learning outcomes. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to assess the associations between students’ log data and clerkship outcomes. Methods: We assessed ambulatory, internal medicine-pediatrics clerkship logs. Students recorded patients’ diagnoses, preceptor's teaching content and performing histories and physicals (H&P). We examined associations between log data and National Board of Medical Examiners Subject Exams (NBME), Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCE), and clinical evaluations. Results: All 272 students completed logs (M diagnoses = 146.5, SD = 24.9). In univariate analysis number of diagnoses, preceptors’ teaching patient management and performing H&P independently correlated with OSCE scores (r = .13–.24, p < .05). NBME scores correlated with diagnoses, performing H&P independ...
HYDRODYNAMIC LOADS ON VIBRATING CANTILEVERS UNDER A FREE SURFACE IN VISCOUS FLUIDS WITH SPH

Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) based simulations are implemented to study finite amplitude vibrations of a submerged cantilever beam in viscous fluids under a free surface. The cross section of a thin beam is modelled as a rectangular 2D oscillating rigid lamina, around which fluid field properties are computed. The study is carried out using non-dimensional frequency, amplitude of oscillations and depth of submergence. The total hydrodynamic force on the vibrating beam is extracted via SPH analysis, together with the contours of fluid field properties. Comparison is made between the results obtained with and without the free surface. We find that the presence of the free surface strongly influences the flow physics around the lamina, giving rise to non-harmonic velocity profiles and non-periodic force responses, coupled with phase lags and non-zero mean force during periodic oscillations.
Transport and metabolism of glucose by dissociated brain cells: effects of trypsin.

A study was carried out to determine the effect of trypsin on glucose transport into brain cells. Two suspensions of dissociated cells were prepared from the two brain hemispheres of adult rats—one using only mechanical means to dissociate the cells and one using trypsin. The use of trypsin for preparation of dissociated brain cells caused a marked reduction in the rate of transport of [1,2-3H]-2-deoxy-d-glucose compared to uptakes of this glucose analog by cells prepared without trypsin. Responses of the two cell preparations to inhibitors of glucose transport (cytochalasin B and phloretin) were similar. Rates of oxidation of [6-14C]glucose to14CO2 by trypsin-treated cells were nearly double those in cells prepared without trypsin. Electron microscopic examination of the two preparations revealed much less preservation of structural integrity if trypsin was used to prepare the cells. The findings suggest that trypsin alters cell structure and affects receptor-regulated events in brain cells.
A New Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Grading System Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale: A Comparison with the Hunt and Hess and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Scales in a Clinical Series

Objective Although the Hunt and Hess Scale (HHS) and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Scale (WFNSS) are the most widely used subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) grading systems, neither system has achieved universal acceptance. We propose a simplified grading system based entirely on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which compresses the 15-point GCS into five grades that are comparable with those of the HHS and WFNSS. We refer to this system as the GCS grading system and present a direct comparison with the HHS and WFNSS for predictive value regarding patient outcome and interrater reliability. Methods We reviewed 291 consecutive patients with aneurysms treated at our institution between January 1992 and January 1996 and compared the admission grades from the GCS, WFNSS, and HHS with outcome measures at discharge from hospitalization. The Glasgow Outcome score was used as the major outcome measure to evaluate the predictive value of the three scales. Mortality and length of stay (LOS) were also evaluated as outcome measures. The predictive value of each scale was tested with an ordinal logistic regression model for Glasgow Outcome score, a logistic regression model for mortality data, and a linear regression model for LOS. Results Using the logistic regression model, the GCS was the best predictor of discharge Glasgow Outcome score, with an odds ratio of 2.585 (P = 0.0001), compared with 2.311 (P = 0.0001) for the WFNSS and 2.262 (P = 0.0001) for the HHS. Using mortality data in the logistic model, the HHS was the best predictor, with an odds ratio of 3.391 (P = 0.0001), compared with 2.859 (P = 0.0001) for the GCS and 2.560 (P = 0.0001) for the WFNSS. Each of the three scales had a high predictive value for LOS, using a linear model. We discuss, however, the problematic nature of LOS as an outcome measure for SAH. Interrater reliability for each scale was evaluated using kappa statistics, based on 15 additional patients evaluated prospectively, and showed that the GCS grade also had the greatest interrater reliability, with a kappa of 0.46 (P = 0.0002), compared with 0.41 (P = 0.0005) for the HHS and 0.27 (P = 0.027) for the WFNSS. Conclusion We conclude that the GCS grade has equal or greater predictive value regarding outcome after SAH than do the currently used grading systems and that it has greater reproducibility across observers. Broader familiarity with the GCS among medical and paramedical personnel may further enhance the usefulness of the GCS grade over the HHS and WFNSS in providing a standardized, universally accepted grading system for SAH.
Reindeer Introgression and the Population Genetics of Caribou in Southwestern Alaska

Alaska caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in southwestern Alaska are a poorly understood system, with differing descriptions of their regional population structure, population abundance that has varied greatly through time and instances of the release of domestic reindeer (R. t. tarandus) into their range. Here, we use 21 microsatellites and 297 individuals to investigate the genetic population structure of herds and examine for population bottlenecks. Then, using genetic characteristics of existing reindeer populations, we examine introgression into the wild caribou populations. Caribou of the area are genetically diverse (HE between 0.69 and 0.84), with diversity decreasing along the Alaska Peninsula (AP). Using GST and Jost’s D, we find extensive structuring among all herds; Migrate-n finds that AP herds share few effective migrants with other herds, with Southern AP and Unimak Island herds having the least. Bayesian clustering techniques are able to resolve all but Denali and Mulchatna caribou herds. Using a conservative assignment threshold of q reindeer ≥ 0.2, 3% of caribou show signs of domestic introgression. Denali herd has the most introgressed individuals (6.9%); those caribou herds that were historically adjacent to smaller reindeer herds, or were historically without adjacent herding, show no admixture. This domestic introgression persists despite the lack of managed reindeer in the region since the 1940s. Our results suggest that despite previous movement data indicating metapopulation-like dispersal in this region, there may be unknown barriers to reproduction by dispersing individuals. Finally, our results support findings that wild and domestic Rangifer can hybridize and show this introgression may persist dozens of generations after domestics are no longer present.
The Founding of the Association for Psychological Science: Part 1. Dialectical Tensions Within Organized Psychology.

The founding of the Association for Psychological Science (APS) did not represent the first time a group of psychologists broke away from the American Psychological Association, the parent associat...