cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-Situ Observation of AlN Formation During Nitridation of Sapphire by Ultrahigh Vacuum Transmission Electron Microscopy

Using a novel ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscope (UHV TEM) with insitu molecular beam epitaxy capability we have studied the nitridation of (0001) sapphire upon exposure to ammonia. Atomically flat sapphire surfaces for the experiments were obtained by high temperature annealing. Subsequent exposure to ammonia flow at 950°C led to the successful synthesis of epitaxial AIN; the films were characterized in-situ using TEM. Complimentary ex-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) was also performed in order to characterize the surface morphology before and after nitridation. The experiments indicate that AIN grows by a 3D island growth mechanism. Electron diffraction patterns suggest an abrupt AIN/sapphire interface with no evidence of the formation of Al–O–N compounds. The rate limiting step in the nitridation reaction appears to be the diffusion of nitrogen and oxygen species between the free surface of the growing AIN film and the reaction interface. It is inferred from kinetic measurements that diffusion of these species occurs along the boundaries between coalescing AIN islands.
Method of perturbative-pic simulation for interactions between a particle bunch and its coherent synchrotron radiation

A self-consistent simulation method is developed for the study of coherent synchrotron radiation effects by using a perturbation expansion of retarded radiation field and the particle-in-cell method. With this method, the particle- radiation interaction can be calculated self-consistently without memorizing the history of the bunch particle distribution during a beam tracking.
Commentary on “The NIH Cognitive and Emotional Health Project: Report of the Critical Evaluation Study Committee.” What would be the effect of raising the retirement age by five years on the cognitive and emotional health of individuals age 65 and older?

The cognitive and emotional health of our aging population is of great public health interest and has been a significant focus of attention in recent years in the lay press, in policy discussions, and in health care settings. The authors of findings from the Critical Evaluation Study Committee of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Cognitive and Emotional Health Project (NCEHP) [1] are to be commended for setting the stage for a considered debate on this topic and for systematic future investigation. The group’s comprehensive report, striking for its thoroughness and brevity, raises important issues and makes strong recommendations for the future. Of note is the very substantial breadth of investigation in this area. At the same time, the absence of depth and coordinated investigation is equally notable. Although 36 studies of individuals predominantly
Facilitative Ecological Interactions Between Invasive Species: Arundo donax Stands as Favorable Habitat for Cattle Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Along the U.S.–Mexico Border

The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. is a key vector of protozoa that cause bovine babesiosis. Largely eradicated from most of the United States, the cattle tick continues to infest south Texas, and recent outbreaks in this area may signal a resurgence of cattle tick populations despite current management efforts. An improved understanding of the dynamic ecology of cattle fever ticks along the U.S.-Mexico border is required to devise strategies for sustainable eradication efforts. Management areas of the cattle tick overlap considerably with dense, wide infestations of the non-native, invasive grass known as giant reed (Arundo donax L.). Here we show that stands of giant reed are associated with abiotic and biotic conditions that are favorable to tick survival, especially when compared with other nearby habitats (open pastures of buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) and closed canopy native forests). Overhead canopies in giant reed stands and native riparian forests reduce daily high temperature, which was the best abiotic predictor of oviposition by engorged females. In sites where temperatures were extreme, specifically open grasslands, fewer females laid eggs and the resulting egg masses were smaller. Pitfall trap collections of ground dwelling arthropods suggest a low potential for natural suppression of tick populations in giant reed stands. The finding that A. donax infestations present environmental conditions that facilitate the survival and persistence of cattle ticks, as well or better than native riparian habitats and open grasslands, represents an alarming complication for cattle fever tick management in the United States.
Reduced variation at concertina, a heterochromatic locus in Drosophila

In Drosophila melanogaster and closely related species, polymorphism has been shown to be reduced at loci located in regions of low recombination on the X chromosome and on the fourth chromosome, which does not normally recombine. This positive correlation between nucleotide polymorphism level and recombination rate is not predicted by standard neutral theory and therefore must result from natural selection and genetic hitchhiking along the chromosomes. We report here the near-complete absence of variation at concertina (cta), a locus located in the beta-heterochromatic base of chromosome 2L, a region of strongly reduced recombination. A 1.2 kilobase region containing coding regions and introns was sequenced from each of nine lines of D. melanogaster and nine lines of D. simulans representing worldwide collections. Variation is significantly reduced in eta in both species compared with other available loci on the same chromosome. Two analyses of background selection demonstrate that the reduction in variation at cta. considered in combination with other loci on chromosome 2L or alone, is consistent with the background selection model.
Evaluating embedded decision processes of manufacturing systems through simulation

This paper addresses the issues related to the decision processes of manufacturing system simulation. The manufacturing system is perceived in terms of intelligent entities capable of making non-programmed decisions and data driven entities capable of making programmed decisions. The system entities are classified according to the levels of the previously defined modeling formalism. The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of employing multiple layers of nonprogrammed control. An example make-to-order type of manufacturing system is simulated using the developed tool to observe the impacts of different layers on overall performance.
Leptin differentially regulate STAT3 activation in ob/ob mouse adipose mesenchymal stem cells

Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice exhibit adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia as well as elevated adipose tissue and systemic inflammation. Multipotent stem cells isolated from adult adipose tissue can differentiate into adipocytes ex vivo and thereby contribute toward increased adipocyte cell numbers, obesity, and inflamm ation. Currently, information is lacking regarding regulation of adipose stem cell numbers as well as leptin-induced inflammation and its signaling pathway in ob/ob mice. Using leptin deficient ob/ob mice, we investigated whether leptin injection into ob/ob mice increases adipose stem cell numbers and adipose tissue inflammatory marker MCP-1 mRNA and secretion levels. We also determined leptin mediated signaling pathways in the adipose stem cells. We report here that adipose stem cell number is significantly increased following leptin injection in ob/ob mice and with treatment of isolated stem cells with leptin in vitro. Leptin also up-regulated MCP-1 secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We further showed that increased MCP-1 mRNA levels were due to increased phosphorylation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) Ser727 but not STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation, suggesting differential regulation of MCP-1 gene expression under basal and leptin-stimulated conditions in adipose stem cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that leptin increases adipose stem cell number and differentially activates STAT3 protein resulting in up-regulation of MCP-1 gene expression. Further studies of mechanisms mediating adipose stem cell hyperplasia and leptin signaling in obesity are warranted and may help identify novel anti-obesity target strategies.
Long-Term Follow-up of Reduced Intensity Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Prognostic Model to Predict Outcome

CLL remains incurable with chemoimmunotherapy, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers potential for cure. We assessed the outcomes of 108 CLL patients undergoing first allogeneic HSCTs, 76 with reduced intensity (RIC) and 32 with myeloablative (MAC) conditioning between 1998 and 2009 at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. With median follow-up 5.9 years in surviving patients, the 5 year OS for the entire cohort is 63% for RIC regimens and 49% for MAC regimens (p=0.18). The risk of death declined significantly starting in 2004 and we found that 5 year OS for HSCT between 2004–2009 was 83% for RIC regimens compared to 47% for MAC regimens (p=0.003). For RIC transplantation, we developed a prognostic model based on predictors of PFS, specifically remission status, LDH, comorbidity score and lymphocyte count, and found 5-year PFS 83% for score 0, 63% for score 1, 24% for score 2, and 6% for score >= 3 (p<0.0001). We conclude that RIC HSCT for CLL in the current era is associated with excellent long-term PFS and OS, and, as potentially curative therapy, should be considered early in the disease course of relapsed high-risk CLL patients.
Information technology and health care partnerships: training medical professionals in central and eastern Europe and the New Independent States

The American International Health Alliance (AIHA), a not-for-profit health care organization founded in 1992 and funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), uses Internet technology and computer-mediated communication to foster and enhance partnerships between United States hospitals and medical institutions in Central Eastern Europe (CEE) and the New Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union. As a way to sustain these partnerships, the AIHA instituted the Learning Resource Center (LRC) project, a program that provides information technology, in the form of hardware, software, and training, in order to educate CEE and NIS medical personnel about information technology and its usefulness in their medical practices. Everett Rogers's theory of the diffusion of innovations (E. Rogers, 1995) provides a useful tool for assessing the LRC project's success in supporting the partnerships by looking at the criteria of advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. In addition, Rogers's theory reveals the difficult intercultural issues raised by such a project, issues such as the differences in the levels of socio-economic infrastructure in CEE and NIS and the exportation of American values and culture that are inherent in the LRC project goals and in the information technology itself.
Early steps in thermal unfolding of superoxide dismutase 1 are similar to the conformational changes associated with the ALS-associated A4V mutation.

There are over 100 mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) that result in a subset of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) cases. The hypothesis that dissociation of the dimer, misfolding of the monomer and subsequent aggregation of mutant SOD1 leads to fALS has been gaining support as an explanation for how these disparate missense mutations cause the same disease. These forms are only responsible for a fraction of the ALS cases; however, the rest are sporadic. Starting with a folded apo monomer, the species considered most likely to be involved in misfolding, we used high-temperature all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to explore the events of the wild-type protein unfolding through the denatured state. All simulations showed early loss of structure along the β5–β6 edge of the β-sandwich, supporting earlier findings of instability in this region. Transition state structures identified from the simulations are in good agreement with experiment, providing detailed, validated molecular models for this elusive state. Furthermore, we compare the process of thermal unfolding investigated here to that of the lethal A4V mutant-induced unfolding at physiological temperature and find that the pathways are very similar.
Disordered eating and the transition to college : A prospective study

Objective A longitudinal study was conducted to examine whether the transition to college changed eating disorder symptoms and related attitudes. Method Participants were 342 women who completed an in-depth survey in the spring of their senior year of high school and again during their first year of college. We assessed changes in body self-perception, eating-related attitudes, and disordered eating classification (nondieter, dieter, problem dieter, subclinical eating disordered, or eating disordered on the basis of criteria for bulimia nervosa in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Results Although participants viewed themselves as significantly heavier in their first year of college, dieting frequency and disordered eating classification in college did not differ from high school assessment. Discussion Evidence from this study indicates that disordered eating symptoms and attitudes are established before college. However, our findings also reveal that poor self-image, dieting behaviors, and eating disorder symptoms are common among many young women, both before and during college. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 280-288, 2001.
New Techniques to Generate Key Marketing Insights

Through the processes of laddering and prototyping described herein, the base psychological motivators associated with purchase decisions can be ascertained. As opposed to the more traditional methods for determining purchase characteristics through the study of demographics and focus groups, laddering & prototyping strive to determine the base motivational impulses that affect the purchase decision process. Use of these methods allows for development of more efficient and effective marketing techniques.
Seeing it all clearly: The real story on blurry vision

A he phenomenal features of a percep? tual experience are the features that con? stitute "what-it's-like" to have that expe? rience.1 The phenomenal character of a perceptual experience is the sum total of its phenomenal features. Representation alism is the position that phenomenal char? acter supervenes upon representational content.2 According to this position, intro? spective awareness of a perceptual experi? ence consists of an immediate awareness of what that experience is about?an im? mediate awareness of represented features of the surrounding environment?without an immediate awareness of any of the in? trinsic features of the experience itself. As evidence for this position, representation alists point to the apparent transparency of perceptual experiences: in attending to the phenomenal features of one's own experi? ences it often seems that one is simply at? tending to represented features of the sur? rounding environment and not to any intrinsic features of the experiences them? selves. Opponents of representationalism argue against this transparency by point? ing to so-called "phenomenal counter-ex? amples." In these cases, one is purported to have an introspective awareness of a phe? nomenal feature of perceptual experience that is not a represented feature of the sur? rounding environment. This paper investi? gates one such phenomenal counter-ex? ample: the case of blurry vision.3 Within the published work on the chal? lenge blurry vision presents to representa tionalism, it is assumed that there is (or can be) a phenomenal feature of the expe? rience of edges that differentiates clearly seen indistinct edges from blurrily seen distinct ones.4 (For simplicity, this discus? sion focuses only on the edges of objects and not their textures.) A representation alist can maintain that the blurriness of a clearly seen indistinct edge is simply rep? resented indistinctness; this blurriness is the veridical representation of the actual indistinctness of the edge in question. The blurriness of a blurrily seen distinct edge, however, cannot simply be represented in? distinctness, since, by assumption, there is (or can be) a phenomenal difference be? tween blurrily seen distinct edges and clearly seen indistinct edges. Hence, to avoid the challenge of blurry vision the representationalist must either:
Overspending on Multi-Source Drugs in Medicaid

This working paper analyzes a large subset of 2009 Medicaid drug data from the Medicaid drug program and identifies twenty popular multi-source drugs (that is, prescription drugs for which both brand and generic versions are available) for which there are significant sales of the more costly product. The findings are consistent with the widely held opinion that brand drugs are more expensive than therapeutically equivalent generic products. Given this, the paper quantifies the potential savings that could have been achieved had Medicaid consistently used the lower-cost version of each of these twenty products.
Oral Steroid Contraception

Oral steroid contraception is a popular method of family planning worldwide. Over the past several decades, this method of contraception has changed significantly by decreasing the estrogen dose, changing the progestin component, and reducing the hormone free interval. Despite the popularity of oral steroid contraception, there has been much criticism regarding the associated risks of venous thromboembolism and stroke. Despite these established, yet uncommon risks, oral steroid contraception has many important health benefits. This review highlights the available formulations of oral contraceptives along with their evidence-based associated risks and benefits. Highlights regarding future directions for development of novel oral contraceptives are also addressed.
A survey of knowledge and views concerning genetic and amyloid positron emission tomography status disclosure

Abstract Introduction This survey characterizes viewpoints of cognitively intact at-risk participants in an Alzheimer Prevention Registry if given the opportunity to learn their genetic and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) status. Methods A total of 207 participants were offered a 25-item survey. They were asked if they wished to know their apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) and amyloid PET status and if so, reasons for wanting to know, or not, and the effects of such information on life plans. Results One hundred sixty-four (79.2%) of the registrants completed the survey. Among those who were unaware of their APOE or amyloid PET results, 80% desired to know this information. The most common reasons for wanting disclosure were to participate in research, arrange personal affairs, prepare family for illness, and move life plans closer into the future. When asked if disclosure would help with making plans to end one's life when starting to lose their memory, 12.7% versus 11.5% responded yes for APOE and amyloid PET disclosures, respectively. Disclosure of these test results, if required for participation in a clinical trial, would make 15% of the people less likely to participate. Likelihood of participation in prevention research and the desire to know test results were not related to scores on brief tests of knowledge about the tests. Discussion These results suggest that stakeholders in AD prevention research generally wish to know biological test information about their risk for developing AD to assist in making life plans.
Paravertebral Catheter Use for Postoperative Pain Control in Patients After Lung Transplant Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study.

Objective Effective postoperative pain management has been shown to be a positive predictive factor for postoperative recovery following a thoracotomy. The primary objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of continuous paravertebral blockade in managing acute postsurgical pain following unilateral and bilateral single-lung transplantation. Design The authors conducted a prospective observational trial of patients. Setting The study was conducted in an academic university hospital. Participants Patients (≥18 years of age) who underwent either unilateral or bilateral single-lung transplantation and received a postoperative paravertebral catheter. Interventions Paravertebral catheters were placed via an ultrasound-guided technique on either postoperative day 1 or 2. After placement, a continuous infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine was run at 0.2 to 0.25 mL/kg/h with maximum dose of 7 mL/h per side in bilateral lung transplant patients, and 14 mL/h in unilateral lung transplant patients. Measurements and Main Results Patients were followed up to 120 hours after placement of catheters, and pain scores, opioid use, and adverse events were recorded. There were 35 patients who completed the study from October 2013 to December 2014 (21 bilateral transplants and 14 unilateral transplants). The mean time to paravertebral catheter placement was 1.14 days in the overall group, with median time to extubation occurring 543 minutes after placement (range, 23-2,985 minutes). Catheters remained in place for a mean of 7.18 days. The mean maximal pain scores for both groups was 5.94 (day 1), 6.26 (day 2), 6.20 (day 3), 5.12 (day 4), and 5.60 (day 5). There were no adverse events related to the paravertebral catheters in either group. Conclusions Paravertebral catheters provide a feasible option for postoperative pain control following unilateral or bilateral single-lung transplant in adult patients. Future research should focus on randomized trials of thoracic epidurals compared to paravertebral catheters.
Self-adjusting PID algorithm and its application to an electro-magnetic suspesion platform

This paper presents a math model built for an electro-magnetic suspension platform,puts forward a kind of self-adjusting PID algorithm,analyses the relation between the systems stiffness-damping and the control system and determines the PID parameters according to their relation and the static errors.The experimental result shows that this system has good stiffness and damping characteristics and robustness.
The Important Aspect of Quality Education——the Training of EQ

Emotion is human's root, so cultivation of emotions come before that of people. The new mode of production and the existing state of modern people appeal for the true emotional education. To train the students' appreciation of the beauty is just to teach them the ability to master the lift and achieve success.
CHANGING RULE OF NITROGEN RELEASED BY ANAEROBIC SLUDGE UNDER DIFFERENT SLUDGE RETENTION TIME

Nitrogen is one of the most important indices that shown the properties of sludge.There are a series of reactions among these four forms of nitrogen under anaerobic condition.It is important to optimize the anaerobic digestion that studying the changing of nitrogen.To analyze the changing rules of nitrogen under different anaerobic sludge retention time(SRT),this is 5 days and 10 days.The experimental result shown that there was no the accumulation of nitrite in the two systems.At the beginning of experiment,the producing rate of nitrate in 10 days of SRT system was faster than that in the 5 days SRT system,but the concentration of nitrate in 10 days SRT system was lower than that in 5 days SRT system after 10 days operating.The changing rule of ammonia nitrogen was similar in the two systems,the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the 10 days of SRT system was higher than that in 5 days of SRT.The changing rule of total nitrogen was same in the two system,the ammonia nitrogen was the great contribution to the total nitrogen among the four types of nitrogen.There was no obviously gas produced by the systems during the experiment,that shown nitrogen was rarely removed through Denitrifying reaction,when the SRT was less than 10 days.
Revealing rays: X-posing corruption of the body and the body politic

Drawing on theoretical insights from science and technology studies, this historical analysis addresses how late 19th century American science journalism helped translate the X-ray, as a new media technology, from the physics laboratory into the public sphere. Described as a form of light, the X-ray was given the moral and physical agency to see into concealed spaces and reveal and cure the ailments within, whether of the body or the body politic. As part of a general epistemological framework distinct from photographic realism, these assumptions about the possibilities of knowing can also be seen across public culture at the turn of the 20th century from politics, to journalism, to philosophy, to popular culture. Ultimately, this study highlights how newspaper coverage helped construct the X-ray as a heterogeneous public object while contributing to a larger set of understandings about what can be known and done in public life.
Atorvastatin reduced stroke and CV events after recent stroke or TIA in patients with no known coronary heart disease.

Source Citation The SPARCL Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:549-59. 16899775
Yield and Quality Response of Soybean to Full and Deficit Irrigation at Different Growth Stages under Sub-Humid Climatic Conditions

This study investigated the yield and quality response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to full and deficit irrigation applied at different growth stages under sub-humid climate conditions over a two-year period. A rain-fed (non-irrigated) treatment and 13 different irrigation treatments (1 full and 12 deficit irrigations) were applied to soybeans at four critical development stages: vegetative (V), flowering (F), pod formation (P) and seed enlargement (S). Deficit irrigation had a significant effect on seed yield, crude oil content, crude protein content and various agronomic parameters. The highest seed yield (4004 kg ha-1) was obtained with full irrigation (based on the replenishment of 100% of soil water depletion from a soil depth of 90 cm at 7-day intervals throughout the development period) and the lowest (1974 kg ha-1) with the rain-fed treatment, with a 50.6% difference in average yield between full irrigation (VFPS) and rain-fed treatments. The rain-fed treatment also resulted in the lowest crude oil content (19.1%) and the highest crude protein content (33.6%). As a result, it may be concluded that while VFPS treatment may be the best choice for maximum yield under local conditions, irrigation schedules should be reconsidered when water cost is high and/or water is scarce; in such cases, an irrigation schedule that includes water deficit at the vegetative development stage can be applied.
Climate change and fossil fuel: An examination of risks for the energy industry and producer states

This article compiles and categorizes the various forms of climate risk facing the fossil fuel industry. The type and intensity of risk differs greatly among the three forms of fossil fuels, as well as between countries in the developing and developed world. The paper finds heightened risk for the coal industry and reduced risk for oil businesses, due to its lack of substitutes. Burning coal, oil, and natural gas is the source of two-thirds of the world’s emissions of greenhouse gases. Sales of these fuels also represent the economic underpinning of resource-rich countries and the world’s largest firms. As such, steps taken to abate emissions undermine commercial opportunities to monetize fossil fuel reserves. Risks to the industry correlate with progress on climate goals. This article analyzes recent literature on climate action strategy and finds that a new or intensified set of risks has arisen for the fossil fuel industry. These include government policies and legislation, financial restrictions among lenders and insurers, hostile legal and shareholder actions, changes in demand and geopolitics, as well as the onset of new competitive forces among states and technologies. The exposure of carbon-based businesses to these risks and the potential for loss is neither distributed uniformly across the sector, nor adheres to a uniform time scale. Shareholder-owned firms in the developed world will be incentivized to react sooner than large state-owned resource owners in developing countries. The fates of the three fossil fuels also appear likely to play out differently. Demand for oil appears insulated by its lack of viable substitutes, while coal businesses are already undergoing climate-related action, pushed by decreasing social acceptance and constraining financial regulation. At the other end of the spectrum, climate action has improved the medium-term viability of low-carbon natural gas. What appears clear is that, as effects of climate change grow more pronounced, the industry faces a future that is less accepting of current practices.
Electrocortical amplitude modulations of human level-ground, slope, and stair walking

This study investigates if the electrocortical amplitude modulations relative to the mean gait cycle are different across walking conditions (i.e., level-ground (LW), ramp ascent (RA), and stair ascent (SA)). Non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded and a systematic EEG processing method was implemented to reduce artifacts. Source localization using independent component analysis and k-means clustering revealed the involvement of four clusters in the brain (Left and Right Occipital Lobe, Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC), and Sensorimotor Area) during the walking tasks. We found that electrocortical amplitude modulations varied across different walking conditions. Specifically, our results showed that the modulations in the PPC shifted to higher frequency bands when the subjects walked in RA and SA conditions. Moreover, we found low γ modulations in the sensorimotor area in LW walking and the modulations in this cluster shifted to lower frequency bands in RA and SA walking. These results are a promising step toward the development of a non-invasive Neural-machine Interface (NMI) for locomotion mode recognition.
Echolocation: a personal historical perspective

The remarkable ability of echolocating bats to use echoes of emitted sounds as a substitute for vision is one of the most fascinating stories in neuroethology. Based in part on personal experience,...
Resolution of Retributive Conflicts

Abstract In prolonged confrontations, known here as retributive, the parties not only exact their own demands but also want to incur a high cost on the opponent. Success in resolving a conflict is measured by the gain: each party's benefits and the costs to the opponent compared with the perceived gain for that opponent. Each attempts to maximize this efficiency ratio. Each party must derive actual costs and benefits from two concession hierarchies and its perceived benefits and costs from two other hierarchies. Thus they each have four hierarchies which they then use to evaluate the four kinds of benefits and costs using the Analytic Hierarchy Process with its ratio scale estimation and comparison of intangibles and tangibles. A negotiator must deal with these eight hierarchies plus additional ones of his own. The theory has been applied to the conflict in South Africa. The author has been invited to demonstrate the procedure in seminars in several cities in South Africa next fall. It has also been applied to the Punjab conflict in India and to the free trade negotiations between Canada and the United States.
Dose-effect and concentration-effect relationships with new antidepressants.

Depressive disorders are becoming for the psychiatrists what hypertension is for the internists. There exists now a range of medications with different mechanisms and hence different spectra of clinical activity (Table 1). Only a few years ago, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were the main, if not the only, pharmacological option for treating depressed patients. The only choice was which TCA to prescribe and that was mainly based upon side effect profile rather than efficacy considerations. While much was made about whether a given TCA was more effective in “serotoninergic” vs “noradrenergic” depression, there was little empirical data to support such differential effectiveness. Now there are whole classes of drugs with different pharmacological mechanisms both to treat patients and to test for the existence of depressive disorder subtypes having fundamentally different biochemical etiologies (Preskorn 1990).
Theoretical Studies of Solvent Effects on the Conformational Stability of Cholinergic Molecules

The role of conformation in cholinergic neutral transmission processes is a topic of central interest in biological structure-activity relationships relevant to molecular pharmacology. Since cholinergic receptors have not yet been elucidated at a molecular level, the structural data for consideration of this problem are drawn from experimental and theoretical physicochemical studies of active molecules. X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques are used to determine the structures of molecules in crystalline solids, and classical or quantum mechanical calculations of conformational energies permit the determination of energetically preferred molecular geometries in the free space approximation. A number of studies of cholinergic molecules have been reported from these vantage points, and several review articles in this area have been recently published [1,2,3]. Conformations determined for the solid state or free space system are of course not necessarily relevant to processes in solution, since environmental effects may play a significant role in determining solute geometry in solution. Acetylcholine, the endogenous neurotransmitter in cholinergic systems, exhibits different conformations even in two different crystalline systems [4,5]. Thus environmental effects are surely factors to contend with in structure-activity studies of cholinergic systems.
Price Discrimination, Personal Use and Piracy: Copyright Protection of Digital Works

The growth of digital information transmission worries copyright holders who fear the new technology threatens their profits because of greater piracy and widespread sharing of digital works. They have responded with proposals for expanded protection of digital works. Specifically, they seek restrictions on personal use rights regarding digital works provided by the fair use and first sale doctrines. The proposed changes in the allocation of property rights to digital information significantly affect the ability of copyright holders to practice price discrimination. Broader user rights make discrimination more difficult; broader producer rights make discrimination easier. I argue that more price discrimination not less piracy or sharing would be the really significant effect of the proposed changes. The problem of digital piracy can probably be handled by technical means with modest changes in copyright law. The so-called problem of sharing is not really much of a problem except for price discriminators. On the other hand, copyright expansion could significantly expand opportunities for price discrimination. Curtailing personal use rights would make it easier for a price discriminator to measure buyer valuations and stop buyers from arbitraging away price differences.
Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome

Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome (BIISS) is a clinical condition marked by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and other sequelae of chronic sleep deprivation. This diagnosis is usually applied to individuals who, without recognizing it, do not allow adequate time for sleep in their life schedule. In addition to EDS, BIISS is also associated with negative consequences for cognitive functioning, mood, metabolism, cardiovascular, and immune system function. The diagnosis of BIISS is made by careful history-taking and ruling out competing causes of hypersomnolence. All of the symptoms of BIISS are reversed by obtaining more sleep. The prevalence of problematic chronic sleep deprivation is controversial.
Methodological Issues in Designing Research on Community-Wide Disasters with Special Reference to Chernobyl

Research aimed at elucidating the effects of community-wide or traumatic stress on the health and well-being of exposed populations represents a classic function of epidemiology. In this instance, the primary purpose is to delineate the distribution of illness or impairment in the population and the stress-related risk factors that are associated with both incidence (new onsets of disorder) and prevalence (recurrent episodes). As is true for any type of exposure, there are two basic approaches to investigating the effects of community-wide stressors. As Schlesselman and Stolley (1982) straightforwardly note: “One is to proceed from cause to effect; the other is to proceed from effect to cause” (p. 10).
Marijuana use by middle-aged and older adults in the United States, 2015-2016

Abstract Background Marijuana use is increasing among middle-aged and older adults in the US, but little is understood of its pattern of use by this population. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of responses from 17,608 adults aged ≥50 years from the 2015 and 2016 administrations of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Prevalence of past-year marijuana use was estimated and compared between middle-aged adults (age 50–64) and older adults (≥65). Characteristics of past-year marijuana users including demographics, substance use, chronic disease, and emergency room use, were compared to non-marijuana users and stratified by age group. Marijuana use characteristics were also compared between middle-aged and older adults. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine correlates of past-year marijuana use. Results Prevalence of past-year marijuana use was 9.0% among adults aged 50–64 and 2.9% among adults aged ≥65. Prevalence of past-year alcohol use disorder (AUD), nicotine dependence, cocaine use, and misuse of prescription medications (i.e., opioids, sedatives, tranquilizers) were higher among marijuana users compared to non-users. In adjusted models, initiation of marijuana use Conclusion Marijuana use is becoming more prevalent in this population and users are also at high risk for other drug use.
A Routing Algorithm for Inspecting Grid Transmission System using Suspended Robot: Enhancing Cost-Effective and Energy Efficient Infrastructure Maintenance

Abstract The inspection of transmission line using suspended based robots has drawn great attention from many utility companies. Such an emerging smart technology has the advantages of energy efficiency, cost effectiveness, safety, non-service interruption, and the potential of substituting for the traditional inspection method using linemen with the help of helicopter. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm to identify locations where the ground control station needs to be deployed when using suspended robot in transmission line inspection. The motion and location between the suspended robot and the ground team are coordinated. The bidirectional data transmission between two sides can be guaranteed so that the live signal can be received and processed, robot motion can be controlled, large size obstacles can be appropriately cleared, and health condition of the transmission line can be captured. A case study based on a segment of the transmission line in the state of Missouri of the United States is implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed routing algorithm. Results of the case study illustrate that the performance from both economic and environmental aspects can be significantly improved compared to the traditional inspection mode employing helicopter and linemen as well as an ad-hoc routing algorithm currently used by some utility companies to guide the suspended robot in transmission line inspection. Specifically, compared to the ad-hoc routing algorithm and helicopter with photoelectric stabilized pod, the proposed algorithm can reduce the unit cost by 7.55% and 8.04%; and cut the unit emission by 21% and 98%, respectively.
For Women Living With HIV, A Trauma-Informed Approach To Care

At a San Francisco primary care clinic, trauma is recognized as a root cause of many health challenges.
Size, shape, scars, and spatial patterning: A quantitative assessment of late Pleistocene (Clovis) point resharpening

Abstract Resharpening is considered to be a common technique for extending the use life of stone tools in certain prehistoric contexts. For Clovis peoples, the earliest well-documented North Americans, resharpening is believed to have been particularly important because foraging territories were unknown or poorly known. Gardner (1983, Archaeol East N Amer 11, 49–64) proposed a spatial model of Clovis point resharpening wherein the effects of resharpening increase with distance from stone outcrop. Here we report a study that quantitatively assesses Gardner's model using a large sample of Clovis points from three high-quality chert sources in the Midwest. To investigate the predictions of the model, we used least-cost pathway distances from outcrop locations to each Clovis point and three measures of point resharpening. Our expectations, derived from the model, are that as distance from outcrop increases, points should show evidence of increased resharpening and therefore be smaller in size; should deviate from the classic shape; and should exhibit greater outer-to-inner flake-scar ratios. Our results indicate that there is no spatial patterning of these three measures of point resharpening and therefore do not support Gardner's model. Further analyses suggest that resharpening was not a significant source of Clovis-point variation at the population level and that Clovis points in the Midwest may not have served as the long-life tools as has been generally assumed.
Evidence of Conflict Extension in Partisans’ Evaluations of People and Inanimate Objects

Prior research shows that partisan bias affects evaluations of people in nonpolitical settings, but it is unclear to what extent this bias informs evaluations of objects other than people in simila...
Stigma Associated with Opioid Use Disorders in Adolescents Limits Naloxone Prescribing.

Abstract Theoretical principles Parse's theory of humanbecoming describes shame as a sense that one is failing to conform to both personal and societal expectations of high value. Shame and stigma, negative perceptions others hold of an individual based on failure to conform to societal expectations, that surround opioid use disorders are linked to patients not seeking medical treatment due to the social isolation and humiliation brought on by the disease. Phenomenon addressed This article reviews the resistance of some health care providers to discuss the realities of substance abuse with adolescent patients and their families, and identifies how the stigma that some health care providers place on opioid use disorders makes them less likely to discuss and prescribe naloxone, the reversal agent for opioids. When families are prepared to prevent overdose deaths by administering naloxone, lives can be saved, and time can be preserved for developing long-term treatment options. Research linkages Research should develop curricula that teach how to identify unconscious bias that may exist on the part of the healthcare provider, and to understand the negative effects of stigmatizing opioid use. Bedside nurses and practitioners should be equipped to educate patients and their families about naloxone and its availability, and to explain that it is a safe and effective way to prevent opioid related deaths. When presented in a nonjudgmental way, information about naloxone is a critical component in addressing the opioid epidemic, preventing deaths and providing time for further treatment options.
The effect of differential accretion on the Gravitational Wave Background and the present day MBH Binary population

Massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) form as a consequence of galaxy mergers. However, it is still unclear whether they typically merge within a Hubble time, and how accretion may affect their evolution. These questions will be addressed by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), which aim to detect the GW background (GWB) emitted by MBHBs during the last Myrs of inspiral. Here we investigate the influence of differential accretion on MBHB merger rates, chirp masses and the resulting GWB spectrum. We evolve a MBHB sample from the Illustris hydrodynamic cosmological simulation using semi-analytic models and for the first time self-consistently evolve their masses with binary accretion models. In all models, MBHBs coalesce with median total masses up to $1.5 \times 10^8 M_{\odot}$, up to $3-4$ times larger than in models neglecting accretion. In our model with the largest plausible impact, the median mass ratio of coalescing MBHBs increases by a factor $3.6$, the coalescence rate by $52.3\%$, and the GWB amplitude by a factor $4.0$, yielding a dimensionless GWB strain $A_{yr^{-1}} = 1 \times 10^{-15}$. Our model that favours accretion onto the primary MBH reduces the median mass ratio of coalescing MBHBs by a factor of $2.9$, and yields a GWB amplitude $A_{yr^{-1}} = 3.1 \times 10^{-16}$. This is nearly indistinguishable from our model neglecting accretion, despite higher MBHB masses at coalescence. \textbf{We further predict binary separation and mass ratio distributions of stalled MBHBs in the low-redshift universe, and find that these depend sensitively on binary accretion models. This presents the potential for combined EM and GW observational constraints on merger rates and accretion models of MBHB populations.}
Excitation of interfacial waves via surface–interfacial wave interactions

We consider interactions between surface and interfacial waves in a two-layer system. Our approach is based on the Hamiltonian structure of the equations of motion, and includes the general procedure for diagonalization of the quadratic part of the Hamiltonian. Such diagonalization allows us to derive the interaction cross-section between surface and interfacial waves and to derive the coupled kinetic equations describing spectral energy transfers in this system. Our kinetic equation allows resonant and near-resonant interactions. We find that the energy transfers are dominated by the class III resonances of Alam (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 691, 2012, pp. 267–278). We apply our formalism to calculate the rate of growth for interfacial waves for different values of wind velocity. Using our kinetic equation, we also consider the energy transfer from wind-generated surface waves to interfacial waves for the case when the spectrum of the surface waves is given by the JONSWAP spectrum and interfacial waves are initially absent. We find that such energy transfer can occur along a time scale of hours; there is a range of wind speeds for the most effective energy transfer at approximately the wind speed corresponding to white capping of the sea. Furthermore, interfacial waves oblique to the direction of the wind are also generated.