cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural model refinement under uncertainty using decision-maker preferences

In this research, a framework is presented for making decisions with respect to model development. In particular, the proposed framework is applicable whenever a decision-maker (DM) must first choose between information sources, and then choose among structurally different models. Models serve as representations of reality that help DMs understand input–output relationships, answer ‘what-if’ questions, and find optimal design solutions. Model development seeks to improve the accuracy of models, with an ultimate goal of making better design decisions. Unfortunately, the desire to develop the most accurate model competes with the desire to reduce costs, and the DM is ultimately required to make trade-offs when making model development decisions. In the proposed framework, conjoint analysis is implemented in order to solicit DM preferences for competing attributes, and imprecision in attributes are systematically assigned and propagated through the framework. Using only preliminary experimentation results fr...
Expression of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions and heterosis in quantitative traits of oats (Avena spp.)

Nuclear and cytoplasmic genes from 10 diverse Avena sterilis L. accessions were introgressed into four Corn Belt oat (A. sativa L.) cultivars. Grain and straw yield, harvest index, heading date, height, unit straw weight, and vegetative growth index were evaluated in the BC2 generation of 76 cytoplasmic isopopulations. Means of all seven traits in the BC2 of ‘Tippecanoe’ matings were greater than Tippecanoe due to introgression of A. sterilis germplasm, whereas means of all seven traits in BC2 populations of ‘Ogle’ were inferior to those of Ogle. BC2 populations of matings involving ‘CI 9170’ and ‘CI 9268’ were variable, with some trait means being greater than those of the recurrent parents and some being lower.
Raman Spectrum of Diamond

The first- and second-order Raman spectra of diamond were studied using the 4880 \AA{} and 5145 \AA{} lines of an Ar ion laser and the 6328 \AA{} line of a He-Ne laser. The spectra were recorded at room, liquid-nitrogen, and liquid-helium temperatures. In addition to the second-order spectrum previously reported by Krishnan, a new weaker second-order spectrum was observed in the range 1600-2100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Polarization studies were carried out on both the first- and second-order spectra. From such studies it was established that the 1332-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ Raman line is the zone-center optical phonon with ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{(25+)}$ (${F}_{2g}$) symmetry. The prominent features in both the second-order Raman spectra reported here and the second-order infrared spectra are interpreted in terms of the critical points of the phonon dispersion curves established from neutron spectroscopy and on the basis of space-group selection rules.
Development and in vitro evaluation of insulin-loaded buccal Pluronic F-127 gels

Insulin-loaded buccal Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) gel formulations were fabricated to study the effect of PF-127 concentration, insulin concentration, presence of salt, addition of polymer, and permeation enhancer on their gelation time, mucoadhesion force, release and permeation characteristics of insulin from the gels. Thereafter, the principle of statistical optimization to prepare a gel formulation having the potential for buccal delivery of basal insulin in diabetic patients was employed. The gelation time decreased as the concentration of PF-127 increased. Presence of salts as well as addition of polymer, such as methyl cellulose (MC) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) decreased the gelation time. An increase in PF-127 concentration and addition of MC and HPMC increased the mucoadhesion force of the gel formulations. Release and permeation of insulin from the gel formulations decreased with increased concentration of PF-127, presence of salts, and addition of MC and HPMC. Permeation of insulin fro...
Evaluating risk adjustment by partitioning variation in hospital mortality rates

The variation in mortality rates among hospitals has often been described informally as having three major components: patient severity, quality of care and random variation. These informal concepts are characterized formally by partitioning sums of squares and finding their expected values. The partition relates to commonly used tests for whether individual hospitals have unusual mortality rates. Application of the partition to the hospital mortality reports by the Health Care Financing Administration shows that their models for patient risk account for about one-half the variation among hospital mortality rates. An example using clinical measures of severity accounts for about two-thirds of mortality variation among hospitals.
Model for a Quantum Hall Effect without Landau Levels: Condensed-Matter Realization of the 'Parity Anomaly'

A two-dimensional condensed-matter lattice model is presented which exhibits a nonzero quantization of the Hall conductance ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{xy}}$ in the absence of an external magnetic field. Massless fermions without spectral doubling occur at critical values of the model parameters, and exhibit the so-called "parity anomaly" of (2+1)-dimensional field theories.
The effects of compounding discriminative stimuli that control variable-interval limited-hold avoidance

In the presence of either a visual or an auditory discriminative stimulus, but not in their absence, dogs were required to depress a panel to avoid electric shock on a variable-interval limited hold schedule. Once avoidance responding had stabilized, the dogs received presentations of the auditory-visual compound as well as the elements in a test session. All dogs responded at a higher rate in the presence of the compound stimulus than in the presence of either element.
Current Copyright Legislation of the CIS Nations and Its Relevance for U.S. Library Collections: The Laws of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova

ABSTRACT This article compares the principal features of the copyright laws of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, and the Republic of Moldova. The author highlights the common elements and differences, and discusses features of primary importance for use of material originating in those nations. While U.S. law governs use in this country of eligible copyrighted material originating in any country with which it holds copyright treaty relations, some aspects of the national laws are still relevant to a copyright determination in the U.S. The article discusses key points of the laws that are most relevant to use of literary and artistic works, provides a description of important provisions in the current laws of the four countries, and offers examples illustrating the application of copyright law to library activity.
Work tolerance and subjective responses to wearing protective clothing and respirators during physical work.

This study examined work tolerance and subjective responses while performing two levels of work and wearing four types of protective ensembles. Nine males (mean age = 24·8 years, weight = 75·3 kg, [Vdot]O2 max = 44·6 ml/kg min) each performed a series of eight experimental tests in random order, each lasting up to 180 min in duration. Work was performed on a motor-driven treadmill at a set walking speed and elevation which produced work intensities of either 30% or 60% of each subject's maximum aerobic capacity. Work/rest intervals were established based on anticipated SCBA refill requirements. Environmental temperature averaged 22·6°C and average relative humidity was 55%. The four protective ensembles were: a control ensemble consisting of light work clothing (CONTROL); light work clothing with an open circuit self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA); firefighter's turnout gear with SCBA (FF); and chemical protective clothing with SCBA (CHEM). Test duration (tolerance time) was determined by physiologi...
Direct observation of cosmic strings via their strong gravitational lensing effect – I. Predictions for high-resolution imaging surveys

We use current theoretical estimates for the density of long cosmic strings to predict the number of strong gravitational lensing events in astronomical imaging surveys as a function of angular resolution and survey area. We show that angular resolution is the single most important factor, and that interesting limits on the dimensionless string tension G{mu}/c{sup 2} can be obtained by existing and planned surveys. At the resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope (0'.14), it is sufficient to survey of order a square degree -- well within reach of the current HST archive -- to probe the regime G{mu}/c{sup 2} {approx} 10{sup -8}. If lensing by cosmic strings is not detected, such a survey would improve the limit on the string tension by an order of magnitude on that available from the cosmic microwave background. At the resolution (0'.028) attainable with the next generation of large ground based instruments, both in the radio and the infra-red with adaptive optics, surveying a sky area of order ten square degrees will allow us to probe the G{mu}/c{sup 2} {approx} 10{sup -9} regime. These limits will not be improved significantly by increasing the solid angle of the survey.
Verifying a hardware security architecture

The verification work reported had three goals: (1) to develop a method for specifying components, which may be either software processes or hardware components, in terms of their possible event histories (also called traces); (2) to develop a method of verifying systems built from such components; and (3) to use these techniques to prove security properties about a realistic and substantial design. The approach to specification and verification is described. Although they do not yet have robust enough automated support to aid in the application described, the authors have devoted considerable attention to rigorously defining the logic suited to the method and exploring the type of software support needed. The main part of this study describes the use of the approach to specify and verify the security of the hardware architecture level of a hypothetical secure computing system. As far as the authors know, verification methods already in use are not suited to this sort of problem. >
Statistical efficiency of adaptive algorithms

The statistical efficiency of a learning algorithm applied to the adaptation of a given set of variable weights is defined as the ratio of the quality of the converged solution to the amount of data used in training the weights. Statistical efficiency is computed by averaging over an ensemble of learning experiences. A high quality solution is very close to optimal, while a low quality solution corresponds to noisy weights and less than optimal performance.In this work, two gradient descent adaptive algorithms are compared, the LMS algorithm and the LMS/Newton algorithm. LMS is simple and practical, and is used in many applications worldwide. LMS/Newton is based on Newton's method and the LMS algorithm. LMS/Newton is optimal in the least squares sense. It maximizes the quality of its adaptive solution while minimizing the use of training data. Many least squares adaptive algorithms have been devised over the years, but no other least squares algorithm can give better performance, on average, than LMS/Newton.LMS is easily implemented, but LMS/Newton, although of great mathematical interest, cannot be implemented in most practical applications. Because of its optimality, LMS/Newton serves as a benchmark for all least squares adaptive algorithms. The performances of LMS and LMS/Newton are compared, and it is found that under many circumstances, both algorithms provide equal performance. For example, when both algorithms are tested with statistically nonstationary input signals, their average performances are equal. When adapting with stationary input signals and with random initial conditions, their respective learning times are on average equal. However, under worst-case initial conditions, the learning time of LMS can be much greater than that of LMS/Newton, and this is the principal disadvantage of the LMS algorithm. But the strong points of LMS are ease of implementation and optimal performance under important practical conditions. For these reasons, the LMS algorithm has enjoyed very widespread application. It is used in almost every modem for channel equalization and echo cancelling. Furthermore, it is related to the famous backpropagation algorithm used for training neural networks.
The Difference a Year Can Make: Academic Productivity of Residents in 5 vs 6-Year Urology Programs.

Objective To evaluate the effect of a dedicated research year on academic productivity in a heterogeneous group of urology programs. Methods We obtained information on publication output for the past 5 years, from 2009 to 2013, of urology graduates from all 15 New York Section residency programs (n = 148). We recorded resident sex; whether the program has a dedicated year of research; number of residents per year; total number of publications per resident noting first, second, and third or greater authorship; and whether residents pursued fellowship training. Results Overall, the median number of total publications was 3 for residents in 5-year programs compared with 7 in 6-year programs ( P = .0007). This difference remained significant when evaluating the number of publications per year as well as the number of first and third or greater authorship. Programs with 3 residents per year had significantly more publications than those with 1 or 2, regardless of research time. Graduates of 5-year programs were less likely than their 6-year counterparts to pursue fellowship training. There was a significantly higher publication output for those residents who went on to fellowship training. On multivariate analysis, 5- or 6-year program, the number of residents per year and pursuit of fellowship training remained statistically significant predictors of total publication number. Conclusion Urology residents with a dedicated year of research produce more than 2 times the number of publications than their counterparts in 5-year programs. This dedicated research time and greater publication output were both indicative of the pursuit of fellowship training.
Code Completion from Abbreviated Input

Abbreviation Completion is a novel technique to improve the efficiency of code-writing by supporting code completion of multiple keywords based on non-predefined abbreviated input -- a different approach from conventional code completion that finds one keyword at a time based on an exact character match. Abbreviated input is expanded into keywords by a Hidden Markov Model learned from a corpus of existing code. The technique does not require the user to memorize abbreviations and provides incremental feedback of the most likely completions. This paper presents the algorithm for abbreviation completion, integrated with a new user interface for multiple-keyword completion. We tested the system by sampling 3000 code lines from open source projects and found that more than 98% of the code lines could be resolved from acronym-like abbreviations. A user study found 30% reduction in time usage and 41% reduction of keystrokes over conventional code completion.
Hagen-Poiseuille’s law: The link between cirrhosis, liver stiffness, portal hypertension and hepatic decompensation

The onset of hepatic decompensation in cirrhosis heralds an accelerated downhill course with poor outcome. The sole predictor of this decompensation in cirrhosis is increased hepatic vein to portal vein gradient hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). Surrogate markers of liver function or hepatic reserve appear to be less relevant. The hepatic sinusoids become less elastic and more rigid as liver fibrosis and cirrhosis progress. We propose that the Hagen-Poiseuille’s law, which applies to rigid, but not elastic vessels, determines the pressure-flow characteristics in the sinusoids. In the rigid cirrhotic liver, HVPG rises dramatically with any change in net surface area or radius, r4 of the vasculature that follows surgical resection. This review relates liver stiffness to the risk of decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. The liver has a unique dual blood supply comprising a low pressure portal vein and high pressure hepatic artery. We compare the complexity of autoregulation in the normal elastic liver with that in the rigid cirrhotic liver. Therapeutic modalities to reduce portal pressure may reduce the risk of hepatic decompensation and improve outcomes in cirrhosis.
Two- to three-dimensional transition intermediate: growth of benzene on Ru(001) and Mo(100)

Abstract The complex phase transitions of physisorbed benzene on Ru(001) and Mo(100) have been investigated using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES) and work function measurements. The phase transition from benzene molecules whose planes are parallel to the surface to molecules with their planes approximately perpendicular to the surface is governed by a reversible two-dimensional gas–solid transition in the first physisorbed benzene layer. Furthermore, an additional phase of loosely bound benzene molecules, which can be considered as a two- to three-dimensional transition intermediate, is identified.
Delivering High Resilience in Designing Platform-as-a-Service Clouds

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) clouds allow faster and more effective application development than traditional non-PaaS ways. One issue in designing PaaSs is how to make the development process deliver applications resilient to potential changes of the constraints. This is because any successful applications today must be as resilient as possible to dynamic external or internal constraining factors. Along this line, the first type of dynamic constraints we need to consider is the compatibility between possible components of the application. PaaSs must only engage compatible components to collaborate with each other in the same instance of applications. Other constraints include the environment that the application is running as well as the preferences of the users (or devices) that interact with the application. We present a data-flow based approach, for PaaS clouds, to designing cloud-based applications that are resilient to failures due to dynamic constraints on resources and on component compatibility. The uniqueness of our approach is the following: The procedure of building cloud-based applications is time-stamped. In this way, the composition of the application is updated anytime in accordance to the constraints in order to maximize the resilience of the application at that time. We have designed a graph structure called Instance Dependency Graphs (IDGs), and have used time-based IDGs to capture, analysis and optimize the resilience of the application. We present a case study to validate our approach.
SurfNoC: a low latency and provably non-interfering approach to secure networks-on-chip

As multicore processors find increasing adoption in domains such as aerospace and medical devices where failures have the potential to be catastrophic, strong performance isolation and security become first-class design constraints. When cores are used to run separate pieces of the system, strong time and space partitioning can help provide such guarantees. However, as the number of partitions or the asymmetry in partition bandwidth allocations grows, the additional latency incurred by time multiplexing the network can significantly impact performance.In this paper, we introduce SurfNoC, an on-chip network that significantly reduces the latency incurred by temporal partitioning. By carefully scheduling the network into waves that flow across the interconnect, data from different domains carried by these waves are strictly non-interfering while avoiding the significant overheads associated with cycle-by-cycle time multiplexing. We describe the scheduling policy and router microarchitecture changes required, and evaluate the information-flow security of a synthesizable implementation through gate-level information flow analysis. When comparing our approach for varying numbers of domains and network sizes, we find that in many cases SurfNoC can reduce the latency overhead of implementing cycle-level non-interference by up to 85%.
Microclimatic factors associated with elevational changes in army ant density in tropical montane forest

The density (rate of encountering foraging raids) and species richness of army ants (Formicidae: Ecitoninae, and behaviourally convergent Ponerinae) was measured in montane tropical forest. Above-ground and subterranean army ant raids were sampled using standard protocols at four sites across an elevational gradient (1200 - 1650 m above mean sea level) in and near cloud forest in the area of Monteverde, Costa Rica. 2. Mean ambient temperature differed among sites, and decreased with elevation. For the above-ground foraging army ant species, raid rates also declined with elevation. Surface army ant raid rates, however, were not affected by day to day weather variation within sites (temperature, cloud cover, or precipitation). 3. For the underground foraging army ant species, raid rates did not vary directionally with elevation, and subterranean raid rates were not affected by day to day weather variation within sites. 4. Army ant species richness was not directionally related to elevation, and species sharing among sites was generally high. 5. Army ant community structure changes with elevation in Neotropical montane forest, and the results suggest that the strongest effects are of temperature regimes on the density of raids. These findings provide a baseline against which to detect changes in army ant communities that may accompany directional climate change in tropical cloud forests.
Toxic gas evolution from polymers: Evolution of hydrogen cyanide from polyurethanes

The thermal oxidative degradation of two aromatic and one segmented polyurethane has been studied, with special emphasis on HCN evolution over a range of temperatures and oxygen concentrations. A tentative mechanism for HCN formation has been presented. Other gaseous products were ascertained by chromatography. Infrared spectra during degradation were measured, and the extent of crosslinking was also determined. It is shown that HCN evolution can be inhibited by copper or its oxide.
Assessment of Thymic Activity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative and -Positive Adolescents by Real-Time PCR Quantitation of T-Cell Receptor Rearrangement Excision Circles

Circular DNA molecules known as T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TREC) arise during T-cell development and are present in cells that have recently emigrated from the thymus. In cross-sectional studies, the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing TREC decreases with age, consistent with an anatomically demonstrated loss of thymic epithelial tissue. TREC numbers increase following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and during therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Quantitation of TREC has therefore been proposed as a parameter of thymic activity. In this study, we used real-time PCR to quantify TREC in peripheral blood samples obtained longitudinally from HIV-seronegative adolescents. TREC values in peripheral blood T cells were very stable throughout adolescence, once thought to be a time of rapid involution of the thymus. In addition, in a cross-sectional analysis, we examined TREC values in a cohort of HIV-positive adolescents and found evidence of ongoing thymopoiesis in perinatally infected individuals, despite lifelong infection. These data demonstrate the utility of TREC assessment in adolescents and that HIV infection does not uniformly result in accelerated thymic involution in childhood.
Evaluation of sample pretreatment methods for multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes for the determination of metal impurities by ICPMS, ICPOES, and instrument neutron activation analysis

The manufacture of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) relies on the use of transition metal catalysts. The presence of metals in CNTs has been shown to critically affect the physical, chemical and surface properties of the material for applications in areas such as gas sensors and microcolumns. Once CNTs are released into the environment, the bioavailability of the metals is of concern, in the context of potential human toxicity. In the present study, methods were developed to determine the metals' concentrations in single-walled and multiwalled CNTs (SWCNT and MWCNT, respectively). The metals' concentrations in the SWCNT and MWCNT were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) and mass spectrometry (ICPMS), after the CNTs had been pretreated with one of the three extraction/digestion methods: water extraction, dilute acid (1% HNO3) extraction, and microwave acid digestion. The total metal concentrations were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The metals in CNTs were found to have poor solubility in water and dilute acid, suggesting that the role of CNT metals in cytotoxicity may be limited due to their limited bioavailability, and that metals encapsulated in the CNTs could have potential use as tracers for CNTs, in biological or toxicological studies. Microwave acid digestion can achieve a near-complete extraction of metals from the CNTs, and thus is a suitable cleaning method, when high-purity CNTs are desired. Microwave acid digestion followed by ICPOES analysis produced results closer to those obtained by INAA than to those obtained by ICPMS; the latter method was subject to nonspectral interference induced by carbon residues in the sample solution.
Is early intervention for psychosis feasible and effective

Services that provide comprehensive, early intervention (EI) have shown promise in improving long-term outcomes in schizophrenia. This paper reviews the rationale and salient concepts relevant to understanding the growing EI literature. A selective review of studies evaluating the effectiveness of integrated EI is followed by a discussion of feasibility, especially in the U.S. context. Finally, the authors present a framework that seeks to integrate activities traditionally categorized and separated as discovery and implementation. This framework is offered as one way to advance both goals.
High altitude aircraft mapping of near surface ocean winds

The conically-scanning two look airborne radiometer (C-STAR) is being constructed as a satellite simulator to investigate the feasibility of measuring global ocean vectors with passive microwave instrumentation. The C-STAR will be a total power, four-channel radiometer package remotely sensing 37.1 GHz signatures from a high altitude aircraft platform. The instrument package is being developed by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Global Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC) for flight on a NASA ER-2 aircraft during 1996.
“Only Connect!”: Cross-Cultural Connections in the Reading Lives of Preservice Teachers and Children

In this research, we present case studies of three Anglo American preservice teachers - Clara, Luke, & Varla - as they worked with children of color and/or poverty - Sam, Reggie, and Lucinda - over the course of a semester. In a university class entitled the Literacy/Social Studies Block, we asked the preservice teachers to look within to explore their own literary backgrounds in a reading-autobiography assignment. And we encouraged them to look about as they read and discussed literature with diverse children in the Child as Teacher Project. Here we argue that the combination of autobiographical accounts with reflective field experiences helps preservice teachers reconsider their life stories in reading in order to build bridges of literacy to and with children.
Hard-to-reach? Using health access status as a way to more effectively target segments of the Latino audience

Health issues disproportionately affect Latinos, but variations within this ethnic group may mean that some Latinos are harder to reach with health messages than others. This paper introduces a methodology grounded in communication infrastructure theory to better target 'hard-to-reach' audiences. A random digit dialing telephone survey of 739 Latinos living in two Los Angeles communities was conducted. The relationships between health access difficulties and connections to an integrated storytelling network as well as individual health communication source connections were explored. Findings suggest that Latinos who are connected to an integrated storytelling network report marginally greater ease finding healthcare, despite not being any more likely to have insurance or a regular place for healthcare. Latinos who have health access problems tended to rely more upon Spanish-language television for health information. In addition, those without healthcare access problems are more likely to indicate that they use health professionals, the Internet, mainstream TV and printed materials like health pamphlets for health information. The theoretical and methodological contributions of this work, its major findings, implications, limitations and policy guidelines are discussed.
Dynamic Expiratory Tracheal Collapse in COPD: Correlation With Clinical and Physiologic Parameters

Background COPD has been described as a risk factor for excessive expiratory tracheal collapse, but its prevalence and clinical correlates have not been fully determined. The purpose of this study is to prospectively determine the prevalence of excessive expiratory tracheal collapse among patients with COPD and to test the hypothesis that clinical and/or physiologic parameters will correlate with the presence of excessive tracheal collapse. Methods We studied 100 adults meeting GOLD (Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease) criteria for COPD, who underwent full pulmonary function tests (PFTs), 6-min walk test (6MWT), St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and low-dose CT scan at total lung capacity and during dynamic exhalation with spirometric monitoring. We examined correlations between percentage dynamic expiratory tracheal collapse and PFTs, 6MWT distance, and SGRQ scores. Results Patients included 48 women and 52 men with mean age 65 ± 7 years, FEV1 64% ± 22% predicted, and percentage expiratory collapse 59% ± 19%. Twenty of 100 participants met study criteria for excessive expiratory collapse. There was no significant correlation between percentage expiratory tracheal collapse and any pulmonary function measure, total SGRQ score, or 6MWT distance. The SGRQ symptom subscale was weakly correlated with percentage collapse of the mid trachea (R = 0.215, P = .03). Conclusions Excessive expiratory tracheal collapse is observed in a subset of patients with COPD, but the magnitude of collapse is independent of disease severity and does not correlate significantly with physiologic parameters. Thus, the incidental identification of excessive expiratory tracheal collapse in a general COPD population may not necessarily be clinically significant.
Formation and fate of endogenous triglycerides in blood plasma of rabbits

The formation of hepatic triglyceride fatty acids from palmitate-l-C14 and their transport from the liver to the blood and from the blood to peripheral tissues were studied in rabbits. Isotopic equilibration of triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) in subcellular compartments of the liver required up to 2 hr. Hepatic TGFA appear to be the immediate precursor of TGFA contained in very low-density lipoproteins of plasma. Isotopic transfer between hepatic TGFA and TGFA of very low-density lipoproteins occurred rapidly in relation to the turnover rate of TGFA in liver and plasma. Thus, after a few hours, the turnover rate of TGFA in these compartments can be considered as a unit. Part of the turnover of this pool is the result of extrahepatic transport of TGFA in very low-density lipoproteins, but in fasted animals most of it occurred within the liver itself. Experiments in which labeled palmitate or labeled TGFA in very low-density lipoproteins were injected intravenously showed that the distribution in tissues of FFA is not affected by the nutritional state, but that of TGFA is markedly altered. About 20 times as much TGFA radioactivity was deposited in the adipose tissue of re-fed rabbits as in that of fasted animals, but oxidation was considerably less. The rate of esterification of FFA, however, depended greatly on nutritional state in adipose tissue and, to a lesser degree, in skeletal muscle and lung. These findings are discussed in relation to the roles of lipoprotein lipase activity and esterifying capacity of tissue in the fate of circulating FFA and TGFA.
The Structure of Events

Until recently the paradigm representation for animals was a reflex and a copy. A simple stimulus is detected and a simple response results. Learning, it would follow, would correspond to the formation of connections between these stimuli and responses. Internal changes resulting from experience were thought to mirror the corresponding physical events about which the animal was learning (Bolles, 1975). In such a paradigm it is difficult to conceive of how an animal would represent a complex or structured event. Considerable research effort was dedicated to discovering the simple stimulus properties that mediated performances that otherwise appeared to involve complex events (see Roitblat, 1987, for a review). The goal was to explain these apparently complex events by discovering the simple properties to which the animal was actually responding. The investigator could thereby reduce the apparently complex event to a simple one.
When And Why Does The Thats-Not-All Compliance Technique Work?

The paper examines the underlying theoretical explanation for a common persuasion technique commonly used in marketing called thats-not-all (TNA). The TNA technique is a communication method where a sales pitch is followed by a bonus offer with a time delay, which is more effective than presenting the main item and the bonus simultaneously. Previous research in psychology proposed two competing explanations for its effectivenessnorm of reciprocity and the anchor adjustment heuristicwith mixed results. To test these competing explanations for the TNA technique, a 2x2 factorial experiment is designed with the use of TNA and the net attractiveness of the deal as independent variables. The result found norm of reciprocity as the dominant cognitive process behind the technique, while anchor adjustment heuristic failed to explain the effectiveness of the technique. It also provides an important marketing implication that TNA can be effective only when the net value of the deal including both the main and bonus items is below the reservation price of the consumers.
The Process of Neurosis: A Distortion of Personality and Interpersonal Functioning

In the preceding chapter it was pointed out that personality appears to be largely a result of learning, i.e., of life experience. The concept of neurosis as fear-motivated inhibitions and exaggerations of the interpersonal behavior patterns of the personality was also introduced. The present chapter will carry that topic forward in greater detail.
Development of a proof of concept low temperature 4He Superfluid Magnetic Pump.

Abstract We describe the development and experimental results of a proof of concept Superfluid Magnetic Pump in this work. This novel low temperature, no moving part pump can replace the existing bellows-piston driven 4 He or 3 He- 4 He mixture compressor/circulators used in various sub Kelvin refrigeration systems such as dilution, Superfluid pulse tube, Stirling, or active magnetic regenerative refrigerators. Due to the superior thermal transport properties of sub-Lambda 4 He this pump can also be used as a simple circulator to distribute cooling over large surface areas. Our pump was experimentally shown to produce a maximum flow rate of 440 mg/s (averaged over cycle), 665 mg/s (peak) and produced a maximum pressure difference of 2323 Pa using only the more common isotope of helium, 4 He. This pump worked in an “ideal” thermodynamic state: The experimental results matched with the theoretical values predicted by a computer model. Pump curves were developed to map the performance of this pump. This successful demonstration will enable this novel pump to be implemented in suitable sub Kelvin refrigeration systems.
A single point mutation in Ms44 results in dominant male sterility and improves nitrogen use efficiency in maize.

Application of nitrogen fertilizer in the past 50 years has resulted in significant increases in crop yields. However, loss of nitrogen from crop fields has been associated with negative impacts on the environment. Developing maize hybrids with improved nitrogen use efficiency is a cost-effective strategy for increasing yield sustainably. We report that a dominant male-sterile mutant Ms44 encodes a lipid transfer protein which is expressed specifically in the tapetum. A single amino acid change from alanine to threonine at the signal peptide cleavage site of the Ms44 protein abolished protein processing and impeded the secretion of protein from tapetal cells into the locule, resulting in dominant male sterility. While the total nitrogen (N) content in plants was not changed, Ms44 male-sterile plants reduced tassel growth and improved ear growth by partitioning more nitrogen to the ear, resulting in a 9.6% increase in kernel number. Hybrids carrying the Ms44 allele demonstrated a 4%-8.5% yield advantage when N is limiting, 1.7% yield advantage under drought and 0.9% yield advantage under optimal growth conditions relative to the yield of wild type. Furthermore, we have developed an Ms44 maintainer line for fertility restoration, male-sterile inbred seed increase and hybrid seed production. This study reveals that protein secretion from the tapetum into the locule is critical for pollen development and demonstrates that a reduction in competition between tassel and ear by male sterility improves grain yield under low-nitrogen conditions in maize.
A Hellerstedt Tale: There and Back Again?

In Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt, 136 S.Ct. 2292 (2016), the Supreme Court’s first major abortion decision in over two decades, Justice Anthony Kennedy allied with its liberal wing to strike down a set of abortion health regulations many States had adopted in anticipation of a Court more receptive to such restrictions. Writing for the five-justice majority, Justice Steven Breyer purported to apply the Court’s undue burden analysis adopted in the watershed decision of Casey v. Planned Parenthood, 505 U.S. 833 (1992). With Kennedy’s critical vote, the lead plurality in Casey had adopted the undue burden approach as a compromise that allowed it to reaffirm the commitment of Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) to a pre-viability abortion right, but at the same time allowed States to place greater restrictions on it. The Casey plurality was particularly concerned the Court show substantial deference to State “persuasion regulations” — those designed to influence a woman’s choice in favor of having her child — but also ruled that maternal health regulations — those designed to promote the safety of the abortion procedure — were entitled to deference as well.In his Hellerstedt opinion, however, Breyer transformed the Casey undue burden approach from one requiring substantial deference to abortion regulations — only overturning them if a plaintiff could prove they unduly burdened her abortion right — to a form of heightened scrutiny balancing that shifts much of the burden of proof back to States to show the regulations’ benefits. This was the same approach to maternal health regulations the Court had taken under the discarded Roe trimester framework — hence taking that tribunal “there and back again” in terms of its approach to them. The problem, however, is that Breyer did not differentiate between health and persuasion regulations in his opinion, raising the critical question of whether the Court intends to return to Roe’s stricter treatment of persuasion regulations as well.This Article argues that even though Kennedy joined Breyer’s opinion without qualification, he would not subscribe to applying the new form of heightened scrutiny balancing to persuasion regulations. To do so would risk gutting the core of the Casey compromise he was instrumental to fashioning — allowing lower courts to weigh their benefits in promoting fetal life against their burdens on a woman’s decisional autonomy. Moreover, while health regulations can readily be imposed as a pretext to obstruct women’s access to abortions, persuasion regulations attempt to prevent abortions in a fairly transparent way. Hence, until the Court speaks more clearly on this matter, I believe lower courts would be advised to read Hellerstedt as requiring its new balancing approach solely for the type of regulation at issue in that case — maternal health regulations — and to continue applying Casey’s deferential approach to persuasion regulations.
Workflow for Visualization of Neuroimaging Data with an Augmented Reality Device

Commercial availability of three-dimensional (3D) augmented reality (AR) devices has increased interest in using this novel technology for visualizing neuroimaging data. Here, a technical workflow and algorithm for importing 3D surface-based segmentations derived from magnetic resonance imaging data into a head-mounted AR device is presented and illustrated on selected examples: the pial cortical surface of the human brain, fMRI BOLD maps, reconstructed white matter tracts, and a brain network of functional connectivity.
Epithelial Cell Innate Responses to Rhinovirus Infection

Rhinoviruses are a major cause of the common cold and play a significant role in the exacerbation of various diseases of the airways, including asthma, rhinosinusitis (CRS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In a normal person, they usually cause a self-limiting inflammatory response, mostly confined to the upper airways, and morbidity and mortality are minimal. In a patient with the above diseases, rhinovirus infection can cause a significant worsening of their preexisting disease and can cause life-threatening exacerbations. The purpose of this chapter is to briefly review the literature on the interaction of rhinoviruses with airway epithelium, the most important cellular target of rhinovirus infection, with the belief that improved knowledge of the molecular and cellular responses of the normal and diseased host with rhinovirus will lead to new opportunities to prevent exacerbations of airway diseases.
High-resolution passive cavitation mapping by source localization from aperture-domain signals

Monitoring cavitation is important for therapeutic applications relying on cavitation of microbubbles. Passive cavitation mapping (PCM) can provide quantitative and spatial information of cavitation activities; however, PCM based on time exposure acoustics (PCM-TEA) suffers from poor axial resolution. We propose a novel cavitation mapping algorithm with improved axial resolution based on localization of cavitation events from the individual element signals of the transducer array, even when the timing of the cavitation event is unknown.
Using Space-Time Correlations to Identify Transient Defects

Atomistic simulations are employed to investigate the dynamical behavior of atoms in cubic silicon carbide (SiC) following a 5 keV radiation knock. Specifically, we have computed the time-resolved van Hove self-correlation function, Gs(r,t), separately for the silicon and carbon sub-lattices. Our goal is to probe the early radiation damage mechanisms using a dynamical methodology. The simulation results show that the carbon atoms engage in a dynamic hopping mechanism as the system recovers from the radiation knock. The silicon atoms, however, exhibit a strikingly different behaviour: the time variation of 4πr2Gs(r,t) indicates a dynamic tension between the crystalline and disordered regions of the Si sub-lattice. The power-law tail of the 4πr2Gs(r,t) correlation for silicon atoms suggests a scale-free self-organized critical (SOC) state – a possible precursor to the collapse of the Si sub-lattice.
Remarkable similarity in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase dynamics and its implication for antimalarial drug design

Malaria, mainly caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, has been a growing cause of morbidity and mortality. P. falciparum is more lethal than is P. vivax, but there is a vital need for effective drugs against both species. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of quinones and in protein prenylation and has been proposed to be a malaria drug target. However, the structure of P. falciparumGGPPS (PfGGPPS) has not been determined, due to difficulties in crystallization. Here, we created a PfGGPPS model using the homologous P.vivaxGGPPS X-ray structure as a template. We simulated the modeled PfGGPPS as well as PvGGPPS using conventional and Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics in both apo- and GGPP-bound states. The MD simulations revealed a striking similarity in the dynamics of both enzymes with loop 9-10 controlling access to the active site. We also found that GGPP stabilizes PfGGPPS and PvGGPPS into closed conformations and via similar mechanisms. Shape-based analysis of the binding sites throughout the simulations suggests that the two enzymes will be readily targeted by the same inhibitors. Finally, we produced three MD-validated conformations of PfGGPPS to be used in future virtual screenings for potential new antimalarial drugs acting on both PvGGPPS and PfGGPPS.
Oxytocin Reduces Cigarette Consumption in Daily Smokers.

Introduction Despite widespread knowledge of the dangers of cigarette consumption, smoking continues to be a public health concern. One compound that has shown potential for treatment in preclinical models is the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of intranasal oxytocin on cigarette craving, behavioral economic demand for cigarettes, and cigarette consumption, in regular smokers after 18 hours of abstinence. Method Otherwise healthy daily smokers (n = 35) completed two sessions where they received OT (40 IU intranasal) or placebo (PBO) and completed measures of craving and cigarette demand, and they were given six opportunities to smoke partial cigarettes in exchange for money. Results On average participants smoked few cigarettes after receiving OT than after receiving PBO, and they reported less desire for additional cigarettes during the smoking period. OT did not affect cigarette demand or standardized measures of cigarette craving. Conclusions This study suggests that OT decreases some indices of smoking desire and consumption, providing modest support for the idea that OT might be effective for reducing cigarette smoking. Implications This study provides new evidence that oxytocin might have clinical value in the treatment of addictive disorders, in this case tobacco addiction. The study adds to a growing literature suggesting that this neuropeptide, which is mainly known for its role in social bonding and attachment, may also affect mood and motivational states relevant to addiction.
Brain Estrogens and Metabolism

Recent observations have demonstrated that the ovarian steroid estrogen, acting through one of its receptors, specifically estrogen receptor-α (ERα), in distinct regions in the central nervous system (CNS), is responsible for body weight regulation. The ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH) contains two key nuclei, the arcuate (ARC), which contains populations of neurons that regulate food intake and body weight, and the ventral medial nucleus (VMN). The VMN alone has not been found to have a prominent role in the regulation of food intake and body weight, but does influence energy expenditure. ERα is expressed in the CNS, and estrogenic activation of ERα in discrete brain nuclei is required for the coordinated control of food intake and energy expenditure. Further, we discuss data suggesting that the effects of estrogens on food intake and energy expenditure are mediated by estrogenic enhancement/augmentation of peripheral and neuronal signals in distinct hypothalamic neurons. In sum, estrogens are critical regulators of body weight homeostasis.