cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Two-Dimensional Simulation of Grain Structure Growth within Substrate and Fusion Zone during Direct Metal Deposition

Abstract In this paper, a predictive multi-scale model based on a cellular automaton (CA)-finite element (FE) method has been developed to simulate thermal history and microstructure evolution during metal solidification for the Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) process. The macroscopic FE calculation that is validated by thermocouple experiment is developed to simulate the transient temperature field and cooling rate of single layer and multiple layers. In order to integrate the different scales, a CA–FE coupled model is developed to combine with thermal history and simulate grain growth. In the mesoscopic CA model, heterogeneous nucleation sites, grain growth orientation and rate, epitaxial growth, re-melting of pre-existing grains, metal addition, grain competitive growth, and columnar to equiaxed phenomena are simulated. The CA model is able to show the entrapment of neighboring cells and the relationship between undercooling and the grain growth rate. The model predicts the grain size, and the morphological evolution during the solidification phase of the deposition process. The developed “decentered polygon” growth algorithm is appropriate for the non-uniform temperature field. Finally, the single and multiple-layer DMD experiment is conducted to validate the characteristics of grain features in the simulation.
VERON en el año 2000

espanolEn el ano 1968 un equipo interdisciplinario coordinado por Eliseo Veron y que incluia al autor de esta nota diseno y produjo en Buenos Aires una exposicion/experiencia estetica “El ano 2000” en una prestigiosa galeria de arte que genero a la vez datos demograficos y opiniones acerca del futuro en una amplia muestra de la poblacion. Si bien los datos recogidos (informacion demografica y opiniones de unos 12,000 individuos) acabaron perdiendose en el tiempo y la politica, este articulo detalla forma y proceso de esa exposicion. EnglishThis article describes the structure and process of a participative public experience conceived and developed by a team led by Eliseo Veron that included the author of this note, the exhibit “THE YEAR 2000”. It took place in Buenos Aires in 1968, at a top-rated art gallery, both as an esthetic experience and as a vehicle for a survey project on views about the future. While the data (correlating demographic information and opinions about the future of over 12,000 individuals) was lost, the description of that exhibit may remain as an example of that extremely creative decade in Argentina, cut short by military regimes.
Regulation of human trophoblast syncytialization by histone demethylase LSD1.

A successful pregnancy is critically dependent upon proper placental development and function. During human placentation, villous cytotrophoblast (CTB) progenitors differentiate to form syncytiotrophoblasts (SynTBs), which provide the exchange surface between the mother and fetus and secrete hormones to ensure proper progression of pregnancy. However, epigenetic mechanisms that regulate SynTB differentiation from CTB progenitors are incompletely understood. Here, we show that lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1; also known as KDM1A), a histone demethylase, is essential to this process. LSD1 is expressed both in CTB progenitors and differentiated SynTBs in first-trimester placental villi; accordingly, expression in SynTBs is maintained throughout gestation. Impairment of LSD1 function in trophoblast progenitors inhibits induction of endogenous retrovirally encoded genes SYNCYTIN1/endogenous retrovirus group W member 1, envelope (ERVW1) and SYNCYTIN2/endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1, envelope (ERVFRD1), encoding fusogenic proteins critical to human trophoblast syncytialization. Loss of LSD1 also impairs induction of chorionic gonadotropin α (CGA) and chorionic gonadotropin β (CGB) genes, which encode α and β subunits of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), a hormone essential to modulate maternal physiology during pregnancy. Mechanistic analyses at the endogenous ERVW1, CGA, and CGB loci revealed a regulatory axis in which LSD1 induces demethylation of repressive histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9Me2) and interacts with transcription factor GATA2 to promote RNA polymerase II (RNA-POL-II) recruitment and activate gene transcription. Our study reveals a novel LSD1–GATA2 axis, which regulates human trophoblast syncytialization.
Teachers as Participant-Narrators in Authentic Data Stories.

ABSTRACTThis study describes outcomes from a place-based, teacher-scientist partnership intended to support teacher use of authentic data for science and math instruction. Teachers worked with scie...
Inhibition of 15-PGDH Protects Mice from Immune-Mediated Bone Marrow Failure

ABSTRACT Aplastic anemia (AA) is a human immune-mediated bone marrow failure syndrome that is treated by stem cell transplantation for patients who have a matched related donor and by immunosuppressive therapy (IST) for those who do not. Responses to IST are variable, with patients still at risk for prolonged neutropenia, transfusion dependence, immune suppression, and severe opportunistic infections. Therefore, additional therapies are needed to accelerate hematologic recovery in patients receiving front-line IST. We have shown that inhibiting 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) with the small molecule SW033291 (PGDHi) increases bone marrow (BM) prostaglandin E2 levels, expands hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) numbers, and accelerates hematologic reconstitution following murine BM transplantation. We now report that in a murine model of immune-mediated BM failure, PGDHi therapy mitigated cytopenias, increased BM HSC and progenitor cell numbers, and significantly extended survival compared with vehicle-treated mice. PGDHi protection was not immune-mediated, as serum IFN-γ levels and BM CD8+ T lymphocyte frequencies were not impacted. Moreover, dual administration of PGDHi plus low-dose IST enhanced total white blood cell, neutrophil, and platelet recovery, achieving responses similar to those seen with maximal-dose IST with lower toxicity. Taken together, these data demonstrate that PGDHi can complement IST to accelerate hematologic recovery and reduce morbidity in severe AA.
Smooth static solutions of the Einstein/Yang-Mills equations

We consider the Einstein/Yang-Mills equations in 3+1 space time dimensions withSU(2) gauge group and prove rigorously the existence of a globally defined smooth static solution. We show that the associated Einstein metric is asymptotically flat and the total mass is finite. Thus, for non-abelian gauge fields the Yang-Mills repulsive force can balance the gravitational attractive force and prevent the formation of singularities in spacetime.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolomic Profiles Associated With Fatigue During Treatment for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Abstract Context Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most distressing and persistent symptoms reported during pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy; however, information on the pathways underlying CRF severity is limited. Objectives We conducted global metabolomics profiling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples to provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of CRF. Methods Fatigue in pediatric ALL patients (2012–2017) was assessed during postinduction therapy approximately six months after diagnosis. Postinduction CSF was collected from 171 participants, comprising discovery (n = 86) and replication (n = 85) cohorts. We also conducted secondary validation using diagnostic CSF from 48 replication cohort participants. CSF metabolomic profiling was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography-MS/MS. Kendall's rank correlation was used to evaluate associations between metabolite abundance and CRF. False discovery rate was used to account for multiple comparisons. Results Participants were 56% males and 59% Hispanic with a mean age at diagnosis of 8.5 years. A total of 274 CSF-derived metabolites were common to the discovery and replication cohorts. Eight metabolites were significantly associated with fatigue in the discovery cohort (P Conclusion The metabolites identified in our assessment have been implicated in neurotransmitter transportation and glutathione recycling, suggesting that glutamatergic pathways or oxidative stress may contribute to ALL-associated CRF. This information could inform targeted therapies for reducing CRF in at-risk individuals.
Shoulder instability, performance, and return to play in National Hockey League players

Background The shoulder is a commonly injured area in hockey, yet information is lacking on the prevalence and effect of shoulder instability. Our study investigates the incidence of shoulder dislocation events in the National Hockey League (NHL) and the effects on return-to-play (RTP) and player performance. We hypothesize that NHL players would have high RTP rates without significant changes in performance after injury. Methods NHL players who suffered in-season shoulder instability events between 2003-2004 and 2017-2018 seasons were identified. Demographic characteristics, incidence of injury, recurrences, RTP, and statistical performance data were collected. Postinjury performance was compared with experience-matched, era-matched, position-matched, and age-matched controls. A mixed generalized linear regression model was used to compare postinjury performance as a function of operative and nonoperative treatment. Results A total of 57 players experienced 67 shoulder instability events with 98.5% of players returning to play after an average of 26.3 ± 20.8 regular season games missed. Surgery was performed in 47.8% of players with no recurrent injuries postoperatively. Nonoperatively managed players experienced a decrease in points per game (P = .034) compared with surgically treated patients. Recurrence occurred in 14.3% of conservatively managed players, with 33.3% experiencing a season-ending injury. Players with recurrent injuries missed significantly more career games compared with those treated initially with surgery (P = .00324). Conclusion Professional hockey players experience high rates of RTP with acceptable performance outcomes after shoulder instability events; however, recurrent injuries led to significantly more career games missed when treated nonoperatively at the time of injury.
Comparison of Telemedicine Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy by Mydriatic Smartphone-Based vs Nonmydriatic Tabletop Camera-Based Fundus Imaging.

Purpose:To compare dilated smartphone-based imaging with a nonmydriatic, tabletop fundus camera as a teleophthalmology screening tool for diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods:This was a single-institu...
Operation Community Impact responds to food insecurity and challenges faced by dairy producers

For many individuals and families, challenges sur­rounding food insecurity increased when the pan­demic arrived COVID-19 also created a surplus of fluid milk and led to decreased prices for farmers Dairy farms nationwide were dumping milk due to decreased demand and lack of storage space at plants Meanwhile, food pantries were in desperate need of more food to help provide nourishment for the increasing number of individuals facing food insecurity The Cooperative Extension 4-H and Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) programs at the University of Connecticut partnered with dairy processors to secure donations and mobilize Extension volun­teers to distribute the donations to food pantries statewide
Preparing Special Education Preservice Teachers to Teach Computational Thinking and Computer Science in Mathematics

Increasingly in K–12 schools, students are gaining access to computational thinking (CT) and computer science (CS). This access, however, is not always extended to students with disabilities. One w...
Medicaid and Opioids: From Promising Present to Perilous Future

Medicaid is at the core of the opioid overdose epidemic. Both state and federal government reactions continue to shape the outcomes of this epidemic while death rates in some states continue to increase. There is a strong correlation between those suffering from opioid use disorder and those eligible for Medicaid. Most significantly, individuals with opioid use disorder enrolled in their state’s Medicaid program experience greater positive health outcomes compared to those without coverage. Furthermore, states with expanded Medicaid coverage tend to positively impact social determinants of health for individuals with opioid use disorder. Notwithstanding these critical figures, the positive, ameliorative implementation of Medicaid programs is under attack as several states are erecting new work-requirement rules and the federal government is pushing for a block grant funding model, all of which will make access to health insurance more difficult for those suffering from opioid use disorder.
Magnetic states of the quasi-one-dimensional iron chalcogenide Ba 2 FeS 3

Quasi-one-dimensional iron-based ladders and chains, with the $3d$ iron electronic density $n=6$, are attracting considerable attention. Recently, a new iron chain system ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{FeS}}_{3}$, also with $n=6$, was prepared under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. Here the magnetic and electronic phase diagrams are theoretically studied for this quasi-one-dimensional compound. Based on first-principles calculations, a strongly anisotropic one-dimensional electronic band behavior near the Fermi level was observed. In addition, a three-orbital electronic Hubbard model for this chain was constructed. Introducing the Hubbard and Hund couplings and studying the model via the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method, we studied the ground-state phase diagram. A robust staggered $\ensuremath{\uparrow}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\downarrow}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\uparrow}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ AFM region was unveiled in the chain direction, consistent with our density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Furthermore, at intermediate Hubbard $U$ coupling strengths, this system was found to display an orbital selective Mott phase (OSMP) with one localized orbital and two itinerant metallic orbitals. At very large $U/W$ $(W=\mathrm{bandwidth})$, the system displays Mott insulator characteristics, with two orbitals half-filled and one doubly occupied. Our results for high pressure ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{FeS}}_{3}$ provide guidance to experimentalists and theorists working on this one-dimensional iron chalcogenide chain material.
A Novel Multi-Stage Expander Concept

Raytheon has developed a novel two-stage expander for use in long life, high reliability cryocoolers for space and commercial applications. The expander is classified as a Stirling machine and requires a conventional reciprocating piston compressor to drive it. The key feature is a new method for obtaining and controlling expansion at the two stages. Thermodynamic efficiency is higher than existing one and two stage coolers and the mechanical implementation is as simple or simpler. The expander device is described in both thermodynamic and mechanical terms and performance predictions given.
Escalating Persecution of Gays and Refugee Protection: Comment on Queer Cases Make Bad Law

This article addresses U.S. asylum jurisprudence in sexual orientation cases. It first explores the well-established principle that serious emotional and psychological harm, accompanied by a failure of state protection, can rise to the level of persecution. Next, it addresses the importance of using human rights standards to adopt a principled approach to determining when rights violations constitute serious harm for purposes of the persecution analysis. It then analyzes the elements of nexus and grounds under the Refugee Convention and explores the anti-discrimination principles that define and limit the grounds. The article concludes with a discussion of the challenges with credibility and corroboration in LGBT asylum claims.
Stilbestrol in the termination of pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. It seems likely that estrone plays a role possibly in the physiologic onset of labor, probably synthetizing the uterus to pituitrin. What the threshold of uterine activity is, is not known. 2. 2. Stilbestrol may exert a similar action as suggested by Peel and Abarbanel when used at or near term. Peel was unable satisfactorily to prevent postmaturity in more than half of the cases in which he used it. 3. 3. All are agreed that missed labor and abortion is its most useful field in termination of pregnancy. A total of 11 cases (including 3 in this series) having been reported with 100 per cent result. 4. 4. As a part of the technique of medical induction its use has not been entirely justified in our hands. Our results, however, compare with those reported by Peel who used only stilbestrol. 5. 5. Apparently it does not depress lactation to any marked degree when used pre- and intranatally, and most likely would have to be continued for a longer period after the birth of the baby to have this action. 6. 6. Nausea and vomiting were not seen in any case, even with large dosage; however, one case showed an elevation of temperature after its use on two attempts.
ZmGns, a maize class I β‐1,3‐glucanase, is induced by biotic stresses and possesses strong antimicrobial activity

Plant β-1,3-glucanases are members of the pathogenesis-related protein 2 (PR-2) family, which is one of the 17 PR protein families and plays important roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. One of the differentially expressed proteins (spot 842) identified in a recent proteomic comparison between five pairs of closely related maize (Zea mays L.) lines differing in aflatoxin resistance was further investigated in the present study. Here, the corresponding cDNA was cloned from maize and designated as ZmGns. ZmGns encodes a protein of 338 amino acids containing a potential signal peptide. The expression of ZmGns was detectible in all tissues studied with the highest level in silks. ZmGns was significantly induced by biotic stresses including three bacteria and the fungus Aspergillus flavus. ZmGns was also induced by most abiotic stresses tested and growth hormones including salicylic acid. In vivo, ZmGns showed a significant inhibitory activity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea when it overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Its high level of expression in the silk tissue and its induced expression by phytohormone treatment, as well as by bacterial and fungal infections, suggest it plays a complex role in maize growth, development, and defense.
The impact of a mandatory employment program on welfare terminations : Implications for welfare reform

ABSTRACT This longitudinal study analyzes the impact of one of the most ambitious employment and training programs in the nation, California's Greater Avenue for Independence (GAIN), on welfare terminations. The study isolates the effects of GAIN from other effects by controlling for AFDC program characteristics and labor market conditions. The findings suggest that, all else constant, GAIN increased terminations in a modest fashion. The paper discusses the difficulties future welfare-to-work programs are likely to have in substantially increasing terminations even with stringent mandatory work requirements.
Angiotensin Antagonists in Models of Heart Failure

Occlusion of the left main coronary artery in rats results in a segmental loss of viable myocardium from the anterior lateral aspect of the left ventricular free wall.1–6 The extent and location of the tissue loss is the major determinant in the subsequent depression of cardiac performance following the acute event.1–6 If myocardial necrosis is extensive, i.e., encompassing greater than 40% of the ventricular free wall, left ventricular failure rapidly ensues, often with substantial involvement of right side performance and cardiac congestive failure.1–6 Anatomically, large infarctions precipitate considerable rearrangements in ventricular architecture as evidenced by wall thinning as a result of side-to-side slippage of myocytes and chamber dilatation in both the transverse as well as the longitudinal dimension.4,7,8 In an attempt to maintain normal pump function, activation of the renin—angiotensin system during conditions of infarction-induced cardiac decompensation engenders increases in circulating levels of angiotensin II (ANG II), a major pressor agent.9–12 To reduce the work load on this already compromised ventricle and possibly prevent the associated detrimental changes in chamber geometry, prevention of metabolic conversion of ANG I to ANG II by carboxypeptidase inhibitors (i.e., angiotensin-convert-ing enzyme, or ACE, inhibitors) have been employed both clinically12 and experimentally.12–16 Although ACE inhibitors like captopril12–16 have been quite effective in ameliorating the damaging effects of myocardial infarction, undesirable side effects occur from the therapeutic use of these nonspecific kinases.17–19 With this in mind, compounds have been sought that block specifically the ANG II receptor on cardiac cells. Blockade of this AT1 receptor has been effectively accomplished by a 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1-[2′-(1H-tetrazol-5yl)biphenyl-4yl) methyl]imidazole potassium salt,34 manufactured by DuPont (losartan or DuP 753).
Common Methods Bias

Common methods bias is a well-documented phenomenon observed in research based on self-reported measures. The fact that multiple constructs are measured using common methods (e.g., multiple-item scales presented within the same survey) leads to spurious effects due to the measurement instruments rather than to the constructs being measured. For example, the fact that subjects are asked to report their own perceptions or impressions on two or more constructs in the same survey is likely to produce spurious correlations among the items measuring these constructs owing to response styles, social desirability, priming effects which are independent from the true correlations among the constructs being measured. The most common approach for assessing and controlling for common methods bias is to conduct a multitrait–multimethod study, which requires that the same subjects are measured on multiple constructs using multiple methods or instruments. Keywords: survey research; measurement error; common methods variance; social desirability; hallo effect
Increased expression and genomic organization of a folate-binding protein homologous to the human placental isoform in L1210 murine leukemia cell lines with a defective reduced folate carrier.

Abstract This laboratory previously described an L1210 leukemia cell line (MTXrA) selected for resistance to methotrexate by virtue of impaired transport. In this line, the reduced folate carrier had unchanged affinity for methotrexate, was present at the cell surface in usual quantity, but did not deliver drug into the cell, indicative of a functional defect in the translocation process. In this study, we further characterize this cell line along with a subline (F2-MTXrA) selected for growth in low levels of folic acid. This subline demonstrates continued high resistance to methotrexate and very low influx of [3H]methotrexate and 5-[3H]formyltetrahydrofolate, indicating the persistence of the defect in the reduced folate carrier. Both MTXrA and F2-MTXrA are shown to overexpress FBP2, the murine homolog of a folate-binding protein initially isolated from human placenta. Compared with parent L1210 cells, Northern analysis revealed FBP2 expression to be elevated 40-fold in the MTXrA line and 500-fold in F2-MTXrA. The large increase in FBP2 expression in the F2-MTXrA line correlates with a 10-fold increase in [3H]folic acid membrane surface binding and a 1000-fold decrease in the folic acid growth requirement compared with parental L1210 cells. Also, there are 20- and 500-fold decreases in the 5-formyltetrahydrofolate growth requirement compared with parent L1210 and MTXrA cells, respectively. Finally, the genomic organization of the FBP2 locus is presented. The results of Northern analyses using probes specific to FBP2 5'-untranslated sequences or to a splice junction within this region suggest that the up-regulated FBP2-specific message in F2-MTXrA utilizes 5'-noncoding sequences distinct from those used in the message encoded in L1210 cell lines with low level FBP2 expression. The MTXrA cells provide an example of a line selected for primary resistance to methotrexate that also exhibits concomitant increased expression of a folate-binding protein. Further overexpression of this folate-binding protein (which has homology to that initially identified in placenta) provides cells with the ability to meet cellular folate needs in a folate-deprived environment.
Development and Characterization of a Prepubertal Rat Sertoli Cell Line, 93RS2

Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium provide both structural and nutritional support to germ cells during spermatogenesis. Primary Sertoli cells in culture are an effective tool for the in vitro study of Sertoli cell function; however, primary cultures are inherently variable, time consuming to prepare, expensive, and wasteful of animals. We therefore developed a Sertoli cell line, called 93RS2, by immortalizing primary Sertoli cells derived from prepubertal rats with SV40 tsA255. This cell line proliferates at the permissive temperature (32 degrees C) and has enhanced expression of a differentiated Sertoli cell phenotype at the nonpermissive temperature (40-41 degrees C). Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated that 93RS2 has 42 chromosomes per cell, the same as a normal rat. mRNA analysis showed that this cell line, when cultured at a nonpermissive temperature, exhibited increased expression of transferrin in the presence of testosterone and enhanced expression of sulfated glycoprotein-2. A tumorigenicity assay showed that 93RS2 cells were temperature-dependent for growth in soft agar and were capable of forming tumors in nude mice. In conclusion, this rat 93RS2 cell line should be useful for the study of Sertoli cell function.
The Reference Interview Today by Susan Knoer

The Reference Interview Today serves as a reminder of the librarian's primary goal of successful interaction with patrons irrespective of the technology available today and tomorrow. This is a guid...
Identification of muscarinic M2 receptors on single muscle cells of the human and guinea pig intestine.

Abstract Muscle cells were isolated from the longitudinal muscle layer of guinea pig and human jejunum and used to identify the muscarinic receptor subtype (M 1 or M 2 ) that mediates contraction. Single muscle cells were anchored to the ceiling of a minichamber and their contraction was measured in response to acetylcholine, alone and in combination with three muscarinic antagonists: atropine, 4-diphenylacetoxy- N -methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), and pirenzepine. Estimates of the inhibitory dissociation constants ( K i ) were closely similar in human and guinea pig muscle cells (atropine 2.5–5 × 10 −11 M. 4-DAMP 1.9–2.9 × 10 −10 M, and pirenzepine 8.2–9.5 × 10 −8 M). Thus, pirenzepine, a preferential M 1 antagonist, was 1900–3280 times less potent than atropine and 279–500 times less potent than 4-DAMP. Comparative measurements on longitudinal muscle strips from guinea pig jejunum confirmed the greater potency of atropine and 4-DAMP relative to pirenzepine. Inactivation of muscarinic receptors on single muscle cells with dibenamine showed that only a small fraction of receptors was responsible for the response to acetylcholine. It was concluded that intestinal muscle cells contain a large reservoir of muscarinic M 2 receptors that exhibit considerable spareness and heterogeneity.
Toward an optimal geomagnetic field intensity determination technique

[1] Paleointensity determinations based on double heating techniques (in-field/zero-field cooling, zero-field/in-field cooling, and two in-field steps with opposite laboratory fields) are generally considered to be functionally interchangeable producing equally reliable paleointensity estimates. To investigate this premise, we have developed a simple mathematical model. We find that both the zero-field first and in-field first methods have a strong angular dependence on the laboratory field (parallel, orthogonal, and anti-parallel) while the two in-field steps method is independent of the direction of the laboratory-produced field. Contrary to common practice, each method yields quite different outcomes if the condition of reciprocity of blocking and unblocking temperatures is not met, even with marginal (10%) tails of partial thermoremanence. Our calculations suggest that the zero field first method with the laboratory-produced field anti-parallel to the natural remanence (NRM) is the most robust paleointensity determination technique when the intensity of the lab-induced field is smaller than ancient field. However, the zero field first method with the laboratory-field parallel to the NRM is the optimum approach when the intensity of the lab-induced field is larger than the ancient field. By far the best approach, however, is to alternatethe infield-zerofield (IZ) steps with zerofield-infield (ZI) steps.
Renal replacement therapy in the elderly: medical, ethical, and psychosocial considerations.

As patients over the age of 65 become the fastest growing segment of our treated end-stage renaldisease (ESRD) population, nephrologists and allied healthcare workers who care for these patients must become well versed in the many issues specific to this group. Elderly patients contribute the greatest fraction to the incidence and prevalence of the United States ESRD population. Their life expectancy is greatly reduced compared with age-matched counterparts from the general population. Cardiac disease is the leading cause of death. Although renal transplantation remains the most successful form of renal replacement therapy, only a small fraction of elderly ESRD patients are transplanted. The renal research community has made great strides in improving patient outcomes on d ESRD patient. The substantial mortality and comorbidity experienced by this population makes their management an ongoing challenge. Many unresolved issues remain for elderly ESRD patients in the timing of dialysis initiation, choice of dialytic therapy, use of renal transplantation, and management of cardiovascular disease. It is anticipated that future research in these areas will identify optimal treatment strategies for elderly ESRD patients starting on dialysis and improve patient outcomes.
Expression and characterization of an RNA capping enzyme encoded by Chlorella virus PBCV-1.

We report that the A103R protein ofChlorellavirus PBCV-1 is an mRNA capping enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of GMP from GTP to the 5*diphosphate end of RNA. This is a two-step reaction in which the enzyme firstcondenseswithGTPtoformacovalentenzyme-GMPintermediateandthentransferstheGMPtoanRNA acceptortoformaGpppNcap.PurifiedrecombinantA103Risa38-kDamonomerthatlacksRNA(guanine-7-) methyltransferase activity. With respect to its size, amino acid sequence, and biochemical properties, A103R ismorecloselyrelatedtotheyeastRNAguanylyltransferasesthanitistothemultifunctionalcappingenzymes coded for by other large DNA viruses—the poxviruses and African swine fever virus. We surmise that in order tocapitstranscripts,PBCV-1musteitherencodeadditional5*processingactivitiesorelserelyonthehostalga to provide these functions. Animal viruses have played a pivotal role in defining the structure of the mRNA cap and the biochemistry of cap formation (1). Ensinger and colleagues (2) showed in 1975 that the capping of vaccinia virus mRNAs occurs by a series of three enzymatic reactions in which the 59 triphosphate terminus of the transcriptfirst cleaves to a diphosphate-terminated
U –essential prime divisors and sequences over an ideal

All rings in this paper are assumed to be commutative with identity, and they will generally also be Noetherian. In several recent papers the asymptotic theory of ideals in Noetherian rings has been introduced and developed. In this new theory the roles played in the standard theory by associated primes, R -sequences, classical grade, and Cohen-Macaulay rings are played by, respectively, asymptotic prime divisors, asymptotic sequences, asymptotic grade, and locally quasi-unmixed Noetherian rings. And up to the present time it has been shown that quite a few results from the standard theory have a valid analogue in the asymptotic theory, and a number of interesting and useful new results concerning the asymptotic prime divisors of an ideal in a Noetherian ring have also been proved. In fact the analogy between the two theories is so good that a very useful (but not completely valid) working guide is: results from the standard theory should have a valid analogue in the asymptotic theory. And, although asymptotic sequences are coarser than R -sequences (for example, they behave nicely when passing to R/z with z a minimal prime ideal in R ), the converse of this working guide has also proved useful.
Precipitation of metal 8-hydroxyquinolates from homogeneous solution—IV uranium

Abstract UraniumVI 8-hydroxyquinolate can be precipitated from homogeneous solution with 8-hydroyxquinoline generated by the hydrolysis of 8-acetoxyquinoline. The composition of the uranium chelate formed is not the same for the two procedures described for the quantitative precipitation of the uranium.
Ionic clusters grown from isolated ion seeds

Abstract Resonantly enhanced multi-photon ionization of NO produces cleanly NO + in a supersonic free jet expansion. Sampling of this expansion through a skimmer with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer reveals that cluster species containing as many as 15 NO molecules and 20 Ar atoms can be grown from the isolated NO + seed. For large clusters (NO) χ + , species with odd χ appear strongly favored.
Auger recombination in III-nitride nanowires and its effect on nanowire light-emitting diode characteristics.

We have measured the Auger recombination coefficients in defect-free InGaN nanowires (NW) and InGaN/GaN dot-in-nanowire (DNW) samples grown on (001) silicon by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The nanowires have a density of ∼1 × 1011 cm−2 and exhibit photoluminescence emission peak at λ ∼ 500 nm. The Auger coefficients as a function of excitation power have been derived from excitation dependent and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements over a wide range of optical excitation power density. The values of C0, defined as the Auger coefficient at low excitation, are 6.1 × 10−32 and 4.1 × 10−33 cm6·s−1 in the NW and DNW samples, respectively, which are in reasonably good agreement with theoretical predictions for InGaN alloy semiconductors. Light-emitting diodes made with the NW and DNW samples exhibit no efficiency droop up to an injection current density of 400 A/cm2.
The Modernist Trend in Persian Literature and Its Social Impact

(1982). The modernist trend in Persian literature and its social impact. Iranian Studies: Vol. 15, No. 1-4, pp. 7-29.
Electron-rich rods as building blocks for Sb strips and Te sheets.

We analyze the bonding in a number of networks of heavy main group elements comprised of finite-length linear chains fused at right angles. Isolated linear chain building blocks may be understood easily by analogy with three-orbital four-electron "hypervalent" bonding picture in such molecules as I 3 - and XeF2. After deriving the appropriate electron-counting rules for such linear units, we proceed in an aufbau to fuse these chains into simple (and not so simple) infinite networks. It is proposed that (a) infinite Sb 3 ribbons of vertex sharing squares are stable for an electron count of 20 electrons per three atoms (i.e., Sb 3 5- ); (b) sidewise
Unanticipated hospital admissions during or soon after radiation therapy: Incidence and predictive factors

Abstract Purpose Unplanned hospital admissions in cancer patients undergoing treatment is an understudied area with important implications for both health care costs and patient outcomes. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate the rate, reasons for, and predictors of unplanned hospital admissions during or soon after palliative or curative radiation therapy for cancer, with or without chemotherapy. Methods and materials A total of 1116 consecutive patients who received external beam radiation therapy for a malignancy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from January 1 through December 31, 2010, were studied. The primary outcome was unplanned hospitalization within 90 days of starting radiation therapy (ie, during or soon after). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine patient and treatment factors associated with admissions. Results Twenty percent of patients experienced an unplanned admission, which was especially likely in patients with lung (25% of such patients admitted), head and neck (22%), and gastrointestinal (21%) cancers, as well as those treated with palliative intent (31%). The most common causes for admission were gastrointestinal symptoms, neurologic symptoms, respiratory symptoms, pain, and fever or infection. Forty-seven percent of admitted patients were seen in the clinic within 2 weeks of unplanned hospital admission, and 61% of those patients had a related complaint in the clinic. Multivariate analysis showed that married patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58; P P P Conclusions Unplanned admissions are relatively common during or soon after radiation therapy in our patient series. Additional work is needed to gather data from other centers and to better understand, and hopefully reduce, these unplanned admissions.
Decomposition of hydroxybenzoic and humic acids in water by ultrasonic irradiation

Sonochemical decomposition of a series of hydroxybenzoic acids such as monohydroxy-, 3,4-dihydroxy-, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acids, tannic acid, and reagent and prepared humic acids in water under argon or air atmosphere was investigated. The decomposition followed first-order kinetics at initial stage, and initial rates were in the range of 1.9−5.1 μM min-1 under argon and 1.9−16.4 μM min-1 under air. The rates of OH radical formation in the sonolysis of water were estimated to be 20 μM min-1 under argon and 15 μM min-1 under air from the yield of Fe(III) formed by the sonication of Fe(II) solution. The decomposition of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid was almost completely inhibited by the addition of 0.1 mM t-BuOH, which is an effective scavenger of OH radicals. It is suggested that, in sonolysis under argon, the main sonochemical decomposition of the substances employed in this study proceeds via reactions with OH radicals in the bulk solution and that the contribution of thermal decomposition in cavitation bubb...
A consideration of the extraneous coats of the plasma membrane.

This review is concerned with the role of the "extraneous coat" of the ameba in pinocytosis. It also considers the possible role of the extraneous coat as an additional barrier to those exchanges between the cytoplasm and the environment which involve diffusion. Several examples of pinocytosis in mammalian tissues are presented and are appraised with respect to the physical-chemical properties of the extraneous coat. Types of transport that do not appear to operate by way of pinocytosis are similarly considered.
Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering Studies Of Single Cells Using A Microscope Spectrometer

Quasi- elastic light scattering studies of single cells using a microscope spectrometerPaul S. Blank, Roy B. Tishler, and Francis D. CarlsonThe Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218AbstractWe have developed and tested a quasi -elastic light scattering (QFTS) microscope spectrometer. Microscopicscattering volumes in single cells can be studied using the QFr,S microscope spectrometer. The scatteringproperties of model systems and various biological preparations have been examined.IntroductionQuasi -elastic light scattering (QELS) has been used to study diffusion of macromolecules in solution,intracellular transport, blood flow and cellular motility. The OFrS microscope spectrometer performsall the functions of a standard QELS spectrometer with the additional capability of collecting scatteredlight from microscopic scattering volumes. In addition to the information contained in the scatteredlight, the user has access to the image of the scattering volume through the conventional microscope optics.This feature of AFrS microscope spectrometers is important for studying specific regions of single cells.Our QELS microscope spectrometer has been tested with samples having well defined scattering characteristics:diffusing polystyrene latex spheres in solution and gel filled capillary3tubps moving with uniform velocities.We have examined the scattering properties of red blood cells (IBC)
Indinavir and rifabutin drug interactions in healthy volunteers.

Two studies examined the pharmacokinetics of indinavir and rifabutin when coadministered in healthy subjects. Rifabutin, which induces the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, and indinavir, which inhibits that enzyme system, are frequently coadministered in patients infected with HIV. The second study was undertaken to determine if altering the dose of rifabutin coadministered with indinavir would minimize the drug interaction observed in the first study. Two studies, each with a three-period crossover design, were performed. In study 1, standard doses of rifabutin and indinavir (300 mg of rifabutin qd and 800 mg indinavir q8h) were administered as monotherapy (with placebo to the other drug) or in combination to 10 volunteers for 10 days. In study 2, 150 mg qd of rifabutin together with 800 mg q8h of indinavir, 300 mg qd of rifabutin alone, or 800 mg q8h of indinavir alone was administered to 14 volunteers for 10 days. In study 1, the geometric mean ratio (GMR) (90% confidence interval [CI]) of the AUC ( 0 - 8 h ) of indinavir, coadministered with rifabutin 300 mg qd compared to indinavir alone (with rifabutin placebo), was 0.66 (0.56, 0.77), while that of the AUC ( 0 - 2 4 ) of rifabutin, coadministered with indinavir compared to rifabutin alone (with indinavir placebo), was 2.73 (1.99, 3.77). In study 2, the GMR (90% CI) of the AU ( 0 - 8 h ) of indinavir, coadministered with rifabutin 150 mg qd compared to indinavir alone, was 0.68 (0.60, 0.76), while that of the AUC ( 0 - 2 4 h ) of rifabutin, when rifabutin 150 mg qd was coadministered with indinavir compared to rifabutin 300 mg qd alone, was 1.54 (1.33, 1.79). For both studies 1 and 2, indinavir and rifabutin administered alone or in combination were generally well tolerated. No clinical or laboratory adverse experience was serious. These data demonstrate the important pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir and rifabutin when they are coadministered. Indeed, these observations formed the basis for the subsequent ACTG 365 study that explored dose adjustments for these agents in combination regimens to preserve the sustained antiviral activites of indinavir in the absence of adverse events as a result of elevated circulating levels of rifabutin.
The import premium: Measuring the cost of imported oil

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the value of the oil import premium using nine different models of the world oil market. It begins by providing some motivation for study of the import premium and defining it, and briefly deriving the formula used to compute it. Results based on scenario runs from the oil market models are then presented, and their implications for policy in oil-importing countries are discussed.
Accessibility of web‐based library databases: the vendors' perspectives in 2007

Purpose – Web‐based research databases are common in today's libraries, but most librarians lack the ability to evaluate them for accessibility for persons with disabilities. Consequently, they rely upon resource providers to develop products that are ADA and Section 508 compliant. Are database vendors stepping up to the plate? As a follow‐up to a study reported in 2003, the purpose of this paper is to investigate accessibility of online databases from database vendors' perspectives.Design/methodology/approach – Researchers used a web‐based questionnaire to gather information from vendors of online databases concerning the accessibility of their products. The questions covered general information about product accessibility, compliance with Section 508 standards, and product accessibility/usability testing.Findings – Nearly all of the companies who participated in the survey consider their products to be mostly accessible to users of assistive technologies and are committed to improving product accessibil...
DIABETES MELLITUS AND BONE MINERAL

Bone mineral content was determined in 38 children with insulin dependant diabetes mellitus of various duration. Direct photon absorptiometric scans were made on the radius, ulna and humerus of these patients, and the results were compared to those obtained on normal children taking into account (by multiple regression analysis) age, sex, height and weight. The children with diabetes mellitus deviated from expected bone values by -14.3% (about 1.5 standard deviations). In contrast there was only a minor deviation (-4.6%) from expected height. The extent of bone mineral deviation was not correlated with height deviation indicating that the bone mineral deficit was not associated with growth retardation. The patients were also divided into 4 subgroups based on degree of disease control. The average deviation of bone mineral content was over -10% in each subgroup. There was no association between disease control and bone mineral deviancy (nor height deviancy). These results appear to confirm findings reported in the literature that bone mineral is reduced in diabetes, but this reduction seems to be related to the underlying disease rather than its treatment or degree of control.
Teaching Statistics to a Student who is Blind

In this article, we describe the use of inexpensive, easily constructed, low-tech teaching devices constructed from cardboard and modeling clay for teaching statistics to a student who is blind. The student haptically explored these manipulatives and achieved a high level of conceptual understanding.