cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chip electrochromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on an acrylate-based UV-initiated porous polymer monolith.

The first rigorous evaluation of a UV-initiated porous polymer monolith (PPM) as a stationary phase for chip electrochromatography (ChEC) is described. All channels in an offset T-injector-design-chip (25-µm deep by 50-µm wide channels) were filled by capillary action with an acrylate-based PPM precursor solution and polymerized in situ using 365 nm light for several minutes. Photodefinability of the monolith cast in the channels during the polymerization process was also demonstrated by masking off the injection arms during photoinitiation. The chromatographic performance of this chip was compared with that of chips completely filled with monolith. The detection window was photodefined after polymerization using the detection laser (257 nm doubled argon ion laser) to depolymerize the detection window. A successful ChEC separation of 10 out of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was performed with on-column, off-packing laser-induced fluorescence detection at 257 nm. Van Deemter plots for early-, middle-, and late-eluting compounds showed the minimum plate height to be 5 µm. The average number of theoretical plates per meter for the PAH was 200,000. Several factors contributed to irreproducible results. Oxygen was observed to dynamically quench the fluorescence of the sample over time. Improved sealing of the reservoirs solved this problem. A within-chip variability in the retention time of 2–10% RSD was observed. These results demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the PPM as a solid reversed-phase for electroosmotic flow-driven chip-based chromatography in microscale total analysis systems.
Interleukin 15 controls the generation of the restricted T cell receptor repertoire of gamma delta intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes

The gammadelta T cells are prevalent in the mucosal epithelia and are postulated to act as 'sentries' for maintaining tissue integrity. What these gammadelta T cells recognize is poorly defined, but given the restricted T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, the idea that they are selected by self antigens of low complexity has been widely disseminated. Here we present data showing that the generation of the restricted TCR variable gamma-region gene repertoire of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes was regulated by interleukin 15, which induced local chromatin modifications specific for the variable gamma-region gene segment and enhanced accessibility conducive to subsequent targeted gene rearrangement. This cytokine-directed tissue-specific TCR repertoire formation probably reflects distinct TCR repertoire selection criteria for gammadelta and alphabeta T cell lineages adopted for different antigen-recognition strategies.
A drill and practice program for online retrieval

DAPPOR, a drill and practice program for online retrieval provides reinforcement to students engaged in learning the basic command protocols of the major vendors of bibliographic databases. The DAPPOR evaluation program overcomes the difficult problems of determining the correctness of a user response in a highly flexible environment. The coding of answer definitions and the process of recursive reduction used by the evaluation program are described.
Toward a Newer Theory of Sexuality: Terms, Titles, and the Bitter Taste of Bisexuality

Beginning with a casual narrative, this work becomes a more complex theoretical journey of sexuality and politics, using personal experience, scrutiny, and analogy as vehicles of social critique. I argue that understanding sexuality as taste might fill in certain gaps that exist in current mainstream political debates over gay rights and that these gaps are created and unexpectedly resolved by the same ‘bisexual problematic.’ Furthermore, I note that sexuality as taste is a theory that provides a basis from which to demand equal rights without straying into dangerous realms of biological determinist absolutism.
Immunochemical studies on the binding specificity of the blood group Leb specific lectin Griffonia simplicifolia IV

Abstract The specificity of the Griffonia simplicifolia IV (GS-IV) lectin was studied by quantitative precipitin and quantitative precipitin inhibition assays. The lectin precipitated most strongly with a human H,Le b blood group substance and reacted strongly with an Le a and an A 2 blood group substance with Le b activity. Because of the heterogeneity of the blood group glycoproteins, the lectin reacted to different extents with substances of the same blood group activity. Specific precipitates of lectin with blood group substances which reacted strongly were less soluble than with those which reacted weakly. By inhibition of precipitation of GS-IV with H,Le b blood group substance, the lectin is most specific for the Le b oligosaccharide lacto- N -difucohexaose I, Lacto- N -difucohexaose II, was about one-fourth as active on a molar basis and other difucosyl oligosaccharides were somewhat less active but were more potent than monofucosyl Le a and H active oligosaccharides. l Fuc was inhibitory only at very high concentrations. The binding site of the GS-IV lectin appears most specific for difucosyl oligosaccharides. Although the most active is an Le b oligosaccharide, the site may prove not to be Le b specific.
Optoelectronic Data Link Designed for Applications in a Radiation Environment

We report here on component studies on a 10 m long, optoelectronic data transmission link designed for operation in a radiation environment. Our results show good immunity to neutron fluence levels of approximately 2 × 1014 n/cm2 and gamma radiation levels of 107 rad (Si). These results suggest that radiation hardened optoelectronic data links can be designed to operate in severe environments by carefully selecting components from the existing optoelectronics technology base.
Small momentum transfer measurements of S(k) in 4He at T = 4.27 K as function of density☆

We report the first measurements of S(k) in 4He at a fixed temperature of T = 4.27 K for 126 < p < 164 kg/m3 for the momentum transfer range 0.18 < k < 1.03 A−1. Our results are consistent with expectations at zero momentum transfer based on thermodynamics.
Building a Business Program in Romania: Creating and Sustaining Change

Abstract This article deals with initiating and implementing change in a Romanian university and the problems with attempting to sustain and maintain the change initiatives. An American university received funding by the US government to assist with developing an industrial business management program at a Romanian university during the 1990s. Nine important program initiatives were proposed and attempted, resulting in changes to the established way of doing things in the Romanian university. Five of the nine initiatives were not sustained. The explanation presented in this article emphasizes that the change leadership must be sensitive and aware of the cultural and psychological factors. The explanation for the success and failures of the change initiatives is developed by examining the American partner understanding of leadership to promote participation and involvement with the Romanian partner. Many of the change initiatives were pushed on the Romanian partner, thus failing to gain commitment and acce...
Five Primary Malignancies in a Single Patient: A Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature

Two patients who developed five independent primary malignancies are reported. Each developed multiple distinct malignancies over 45 and 29 years, respectively. The medical literature and etiology of this rare phenomenon are discussed.
Computer-integrated tools for batch process development

Abstract In the current environment of intense market competition, batch process industries stand to benefit from faster process development. Operating procedure sysnthesis (OPS) and process hazards analysis (PHA) are two time-consuming areas in batch process development because they are often manually performed. Recently, two intelligent systems — iTOPS and Batch HAZOPExpert (BHE) were developed in our research group to automate OPS and PHA. In this paper, the architecture of the full integration of the two systems is presented. Two applications from specialty chemical industry are presented to demonstrate the utility of the integrated system.
Biological nitrogen fixation: A key to world protein

1. Characteristics and methodology of the C2H2-C2H4 assay forin situ measurement of N2 fixation are outlined. 2. Electron micrographic analysis of the developmental morphology of the natural soybean symbiosis and C2H2-C2H4 analysis indicate that increasing N2-fixing activity from 12–35 days of age is accompanied by an increase in bacteroid number per cell, bacteroid number per vesicle and inclusions per bacteroid. The mole ratio of leghemoglobin to nitrogenase also increases from 50 to a relatively constant plateau of 500 to 1500 during this period. The quantitative validity of the C2H2-C2H4 assay as a measure of N2 fixation during a complete growth cycle of soybeans on nitrogen-free medium is demonstrated by Σ (C2H2→C2H4)×28/3 values which are 75–95% of the values determined for N2 fixed by Kjeldahl analyses. 3. A technique for the establishment of the first callus N2-fixing symbiosis in mixed cultures ofRhizobium legume provides a defined experimental system for exploration of legume symbiosis. N2-fixing activity is about 1% of the natural system and is influenced by exogenous auxins and cytokinins. Morphology, including infection threads and vesicle enclosed bacteroids, is similar to the nodule system. 4. N2-fixing activity of field-grown soybeans, including varieties which differed in flowering characteristics and maturity dates, and of peanuts was determined biweekly with the C2H2-C2H4 assay. Activity extended from nodule initiation to senescence and correlated with the nitrogen demands of the plant and in most cases >90% of the N2 fixed during the 60–70 day period of fruit formation and maturation. A logarithmic relationship between N2-fixing activity and age, and N2 fixed and age was demonstrated as a fundamental characteristic of these annual symbionts,i.e. log N2 fixed =k(t−t 0), wheret 0 is age at activity initiation. The resultant parameters: 1) age at activity initiation, 2) calculated rate of daily increase (7–9% for soybeans and 7–10% for peanuts), 3) age at end of logarithmic phase (about 80 days for soybeans), and 4) total N2 fixed (about 250 mg per soybean plant) are useful bases for evaluation of environmental, bacterial and host effects on N2 fixation. Various N fertilizers applied at planting and flowering inhibited N2 fixation of soybeans by decreasing the rate of daily increase. 5. Physical and chemical characteristics of nitrogenase, including those of crystalline Mo-Fe protein, reactions of nitrogenase, and model studies are consistent with a proposed mechanism. 6. Potential utilities of N2 fixation research include increased food protein production via initially enhanced N2 fixation of legumes such as soybeans and eventually extension of N2-fixing symbioses to non-legumes and new chemistry of N2, including the direct incorporation of aerial N2 into important organic compounds.
Necessary optimality criteria in mathematical programming in normed linear spaces

In this study, we develop optimality criteria for a mathematical programming problem. The constraints are defined by an arbitrary set as well as infinitely many equality and inequality constraints. Necessary conditions of the Kuhn-Tucker type are obtained.
PaperWeb: paper-triggered web interactions

While mobile phones have penetrated deep into tier 2 and 3 cities in India and similar emerging economies, adoption of mobile web content and web services is likely to require the creation of large numbers of relevant applications and services with usable interfaces and interaction paradigms. This paper describes PaperWeb, our effort to enable mobile phone users to use the web for day to day transactions such as paying bills, buying tickets, or fixing appointments, using familiar objects such as paper artifacts. We discuss (i) the creation of useful PaperWeb interactions -- without programming -- by moderately tech-savvy users, and (ii) the use of these interactions by tech-naive users, and briefly describe the underlying technology. We conclude the paper with a discussion of current status and next steps.
Preharvest sprouting tolerance in current soft red winter wheat cultivars.

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) results in unacceptable fl our quality for a portion of the midAtlantic soft red winter wheat (SRWW) (Triticum aestivum L.) crop annually. This research evaluates inherent dormancy in current mid-Atlantic wheat cultivars using grain falling number after delayed harvest and the weighted germination index (WGI) to predict PHS. Individual spikes from 15 wheat cultivars grown in Virginia in 2007 and 2008 were harvested at physiological maturity and seeds germinated under controlled conditions. A WGI was calculated that gave greater weight to cultivars with seeds that germinated more quickly. The WGI effectively identifi ed very high and low dormancy SRWW cultivars; however, the infl uence of environment during grain fi ll was important, especially for cultivars with moderate dormancy. To evaluate PHS tolerance by line under natural conditions, plots were left standing up to 6 wk after normal harvest date. Final harvest falling numbers were used to separate cultivars into PHS resistance groups. Strong relationships were found among PHS resistance groups, and WGI was determined at both 10 and 30°C. This indicates that PHS resistance groups were good predictors of dormancy and relative response of cultivars to delayed harvest. The morphological characteristics of head angle, glume tenacity, and awn length had no signifi cant effect on PHS. Artifi cial wetting resulted in a major loss of quality after just one event, emphasizing the need for timely wheat harvest.
Theoretical studies of Cd vacancies and vacancy-chlorine complexes in CdTe and Cd(1-x)Zn(x)Te

The electronic structures of Cd vacancy and vacancy-Cl pair in CdTe and Cd 1-x Zn x Te are studied with both an ab initio pseudopotential method and an empirical tight- binding method. Ad hoc model potentials were added to simulate the many-body self energy correction to the band structure in order to obtain the correct band gaps at high symmetry points. The local geometries of defects are first determined by the ab initio method with the use of an eight- atom supercell. The band structures of the supercell system are also calculated via an empirical tight-binding model with interaction parameters among atoms surrounding the defect site adjusted to fit the corresponding results obtained from the ab initio method. The tight-binding method is then used to calculate the defect levels for a much larger supercell consisting of CdTe or CdZnTe. The resulting defect levels are in fair agreement with available experimental data.
The Municipal Voter: Voting and Nonvoting in City Elections

The few case studies of participation in local elections display distinct patterns, but the measurements lack comparability with each other or with national election voting studies. By application of the methodology, variables, and categories of the presidential election studies to a Toledo city election, the composition of the electorate is compared with that in presidential elections and some sharp contrasts which appear to have significant implications are observed. Some data calculated from Merriam and Gosnell's classic Non-Voting reveal some developments since 1923. From two prominent characteristics of municipal elections, nonpartisan form and low turnout, a few hypotheses about participation in city elections are deduced and examined. The data support the general proposition that most of the psychological, demographic, and socioeconomic variables display comparable amplitudes in city and presidential elections, but their significance is much greater in city elections, because the low voting level makes their impact proportionately greater.
Stability and Performance Analysis of the Castillo-Grone Mimetic Operators in Conjunction with RK3 Time Discretization in Solving Advective Equations☆

Abstract In this paper, the performance of the second- and fourth-order accurate Castillo-Grone Mimetic (CGM) gradient and divergence operator for solving advection equations, in conjunction with the RK3 time discretization scheme, is investigated. In addition, the effect of different interpolation schemes on the CGM operator's stability is also studied numerically. It has been shown that, in all cases, the CGM operators were stable for Courant numbers higher than 1, and in some cases, up to a Courant number of 1.8. Furthermore, in the case of the fourth-order accurate CGM divergence operator and linear interpolation, the amplification factor is calculated analytically using the Von Neumann stability analysis method, and the accuracy and stability of the combined CGM and RK3 scheme is also discussed.
Aircraft D-C Circuit Breakers for 28 and 120 Volts

The electric systems of many modern airplanes, particularly the generator circuits of multiengined airplanes, are being operated without adequate electrical operation. This practice is quite different from that usually followed in other electric systems. To provide the necessary protection, new aircraft circuit breakers have been developed with ratings of 300 and 600 amperes at 28 volts and 250 amperes at 120 volts. The interrupting ratings, over a range of altitude from sea level to 50,000 feet, are 12,000 amperes and 5,000 amperes for the 28-and 120-volt circuit breakers respectively. A compact and efficient interrupter makes the 120-volt rating possible. For generator circuit applications, an inverse time-delay reverse-current trip device has been designed for the circuit breakers. For other applications, nondirectional time delay and directional and nondirectional instantaneous trip devices have been designed. Trip-free mechanisms for both the manually and electrically closed circuit breakers and antipump control for the closing solenoid add to the protection provided by these circuit breakers. The operation of these circuit breakers is satisfactory under conditions of vibration, shock, sand and dust, and extremes of temperature and humidity, incident to aircraft.
Selective Feeding within Snap Bean Pods by Larvae of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) fifth instars tend to enter hanging snap bean pods the from either the upper or lower end rather than from near the middle, giving them option of burrowing along the length of the pod and eating all or most of the seeds in addition to some of the pulpy pod wall. Larvae that feed on deseeded pods complete development but take significantly longer to do so than those that feed on pods with seeds, and they make more holes, make longer tunnels, and attack more pods before they complete the stadium than do larvae on pods with seeds. Although seeds are clearly more nutrient-rich than the pulpy portion of the pod wall, the larvae eat, rather than discard, the pulp through which they burrow. They do, however, tend to maximize their intake of seeds and thus reduce the number of pods that they must find and enter. It is argued that feeding on the pulp serves in part as ‘exploration’ for the more nutritious seeds. It is suggested that feeding on both seeds and pulp, thus reducing the number of pods that must be discovered, decreases the number of foraging trips and thus exposure to predators and other mortality factors.
Wide-temperature high-resolution integrated data acquisition for spectroscopy in space

High resolution data acquisition is the essential part of instrumentation used in space missions such as imagers, mass spectrometers, and magnetometers. An integrated solution for data acquisition facilitates spacecraft telemetry and is well suited for applications such as Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) used in Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs). This paper summarizes the design of a very high resolution 20-bit 1ksps sigma-delta Analog-to-Digital-Converter (ADC). Novel circuit design techniques are used so that the performance is maintained across a wide range of temperature (more than 300°C variation in temperature). The design of the essential building blocks is verified using the new PSP compact models of CMOS for low temperature developed at Arizona State University. The sigma-delta modulator consumes 1.5 mW from a 2.6V supply while provides 20 bits of resolution for a 1ksps signal. The figure-of-merit of 0.8pJ/conversion is competitive with the state-of-the-art design which only supports the military temperature-range. 1 2
STUDYING CHILDREN: PHENOMENOLOGICAL INSIGHTS*

The ideas to be presented in this paper emerge from a phenomenological approach to the sociological enterprise. In particular they derive from Husserl's directive to respect "the originary right of all data." Such respect entails setting aside belief and doubt in ontological and epistemological matters. There are some important advantages to be gained from adopting such a stance towards children and there is a serious practical problem. First, the advantages: Seeing children as "nothing special" but simply as actors in the social world makes it possible to draw on social science resources not usually applied to children. Routinely, in seeking to understand children, traditional sociology has either turned to psychological theorists (especially Freud, Erikson, and Piaget) or elaborated on sociological theories of socialization. As a consequence, the sociological study of children has neither benefited from nor contributed to sociological understanding in general but has for the most part been an independent sphere of study. I contend that taking children seriously as sociological subjects encourages the application of a wide range of sociological concepts and theories to children's activities and experiences (see, for example, my study of deviance in a kindergarten classroom, 1987, and Ardener's idea of muted voices, 1977) and the application of concepts developed in studying children to adult activities (consider, for example, adult instances of the Opies' notion of half-belief, 1959). In this way sociological knowledge about children and sociological understanding in general can be enhanced. Second, the disadvantage: To take children's ideas, beliefs, activities, and experiences seriously, as real and as embodying knowledge, is to risk being taken for a fool. When I as a sociologist
Heat, but not mechanical hyperalgesia, following adrenergic injections in normal human skin.

Abstract The development of adrenergic sensitivity in nociceptors has been suggested as a mechanism of neuropathic pain. We sought to determine if nociceptors in the skin of normal subjects exhibit adrenergic sensitivity. We investigated the effects of intradermal administration of norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and brimonidine on heat pain sensitivity. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine (in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM by factors of 10), brimonidine (at 0.01–1 μM), and saline were injected (30 μl volume) in a random, double-blind manner to different sites on the volar surface of the forearm in ten subjects. Before and after the injections, heat testing was performed with a non-contact laser thermal stimulator. Heat pain threshold was measured by means of a ‘Marstock’ technique in which subjects pressed a reaction time key when they perceived that a slowly increasing heat stimulus (1°C/s ramp from a 36°C base) was painful. In addition, the subjects used magnitude estimation techniques to rate the intensity of pain to a suprathreshold heat stimulus (47°C, 2 s). Mechanical testing was done using 200-μm diameter probes attached to calibrated weights that provided forces over the range of 16–512 mN. The intradermal injections of norepinephrine, phenylephrine and brimonidine produced little evoked pain. However, a dose-dependant decrease in heat pain threshold, but not mechanical pain threshold, was observed. At the highest drug dose injected, all three adrenergic compounds produced a significant decrease in heat pain threshold compared to the saline injection. A significant increase in response to the suprathreshold heat stimulus was also found. One possible explanation for this apparent heat hyperalgesia is that the decrease in perfusion due to the localized vasoconstriction may alter the heat response. However, in control studies we found that the non-adrenergic vasoconstrictors, angiotensin II and vasopressin did not produce heat hyperalgesia at doses that produced comparable decreases in blood flow. In addition, occlusion of blood flow with a blood pressure cuff did not lead to heat hyperalgesia. Thus, the heat hyperalgesia observed with the adrenergic agonists is not due to a decrease in perfusion associated with the injection. These results indicate that α 1 - and α 2 -adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms may play a role in sensitization of nociceptors to heat stimuli in normal skin.
The electron density dependence of polar mesospheric summer echoes

Abstract Many of the expressions for the reflectivity of polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) predict that the echo strength is controlled by the electron density. We present several observations made using the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar which are difficult to explain based on those expressions, including observations at night with no detectable incoherent scatter below 90 km and during aurora where the reflectivity shows no response to abrupt changes in ionization. We derive a new expression for the reflectivity and are still able to explain all of these observations as scatter from free electrons. When the electron density is much smaller than the ice density the reflectivity is a strong function of electron density. In the opposite limit the reflectivity is solely controlled by the ice density because only a fraction of the electron density variance generated at the largest scales can get convected to sufficiently small scales.
The Absorption of Dyes by Cellulose Acetate from Nonaqueous Media

Results are given for the absorption of three disperse dyes by secondary cellulose acetate from solutions n benzene at 25° C. and 35° C. Additional results are given on the absorption of one of the...
Reply to Comments

The 13 responses to my article are of high quality and suggest many fascinating directions for further research in the economics of organizations. I will not try to reply to all of them, in view of their number, but omissions should not be taken as criticism or that I think the response is not a contribution. I shall strive for brevity.
Proton radiography in three dimensions: A proof of principle of a new technique

Purpose: Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate a range of phantom configurations to establish enabling three-dimensional proton radiographic techniques. Methods: A large parameter space of stacked phantom geometries composed of tissue inhomogeneity materials such as lung, bone, and cartilage inserted within water background were simulated using a purposefully modified version ofTOPAS, an application running on top of the GEANT4 Monte Carlo code. The phantoms were grouped in two classes, one with the inhomogeneity inserted only half-way in the lateral direction and another with complete inhomogeneity insertion. The former class was used to calculate the track count and the energy fluence of the protons as they exit the phantoms either having traversed the inhomogeneity or not. The latter class was used to calculate one yield value accounting for loss of protons due to physical processes only and another yield value accounting for deliberately discarded protons due to large scattering angles. A graphical fingerprinting method was developed to determine the inhomogeneity thickness and location within the phantom based on track count and energy fluence information. Two additional yield values extended this method to the general case which also determines the inhomogeneity material and the phantom thickness. Results: The graphical fingerprinting method was manually validated for two, and automatically tested for all, tissue materials using an exhaustive set of inhomogeneity geometries for 16 cm thick phantoms. Unique recognition of test phantom configurations was achieved in the large majority of cases. The method in the general case was further tested using an exhaustive set of inhomogeneity and phantom tissues and geometries where the phantom thicknesses ranged between 8 and 24 cm. Unique recognition of the test phantom configurations was achieved only for part of the phantom parameter space. The correlations between the remaining false positive recognitions were analyzed. Conclusions: The concept of 3D proton radiography for tissue inhomogeneities of simple geometries was established with the current work. In contrast to conventional 2D proton radiography, the main objective of the demonstrated 3D technique is not proton range. Rather, it is to measure the depth and thickness of an inhomogeneity located in an imaged geometry. Further work is needed to extend and apply the method to more complex geometries.
The Physical Anthropology and Genetics of Marginal People of the Southeastern United States1

Admixture of White, Negro, and Indian peoples of the Southeastern United States from colonial days on has led to some unique populations isolated by social status. In time they formed distinctive gene pools. On the basis of physical traits and serological factors, it has been possible to reconstruct the approximate genetic contribution of parental populations to the hybrid ones. Some inherited diseases have also been concentrated in these isolates. Both differential fertility and changing social factors may affect the future of these populations.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 177

Evaluated spectroscopic data for all nuclei with mass number A = 177 and corresponding level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented. Most of the new information since the previous evaluation of this mass chain consists of the decay of the recently discovered isotope [sup 177]Tm, and the level structure of [sup 177]Ir, [sup 177]Os, and [sup 177]Pt. The present evaluation supersedes the earlier one by Y. A. Ellis and B. Harmatz (75E107) published in Nuclear Data Sheets 16, 135 (1975).
An assessment of several acoustic parameters in children's speech production development: longitudinal data

To gain as comprehensive an understanding of children’s speech production development as possible, it is important to investigate this phenomenon from a variety of complementary perspectives. The present study approached the acoustic analysis of children’s speech production from two perspectives that have been less-commonly utilized in studying speech production development. First, this study was longitudinal in nature (across a period of about three years), and as such, facilitated consideration of certain questions that cannot be otherwise addressed, e.g., regarding changes across time in the speech production of individual children. Second, in order to investigate the relationships among a number of aspects of speech production development, the study assessed several di⁄erent acoustic parameters in children’s speech, including fundamental frequency, the first three formant frequencies of the vowel [>], and syllable duration. Seven girls were each studied at about 8.5, 10, and 11.5 years of age. The data provide information about speech production development that supplements findings previously obtained largely from cross-sectional studies. One important observation was that although the various acoustic parameters that were considered all became more adultlike across the 3 years of the study for most of the subjects, they did not all develop at the same rate or in the same fashion among the individual children. In addition, it was also observed that subjects who were most adultlike for one acoustic parameter often were not so for others, indicating that not all speech production characteristics ‘‘mature’’ on the same schedule for a given child. ( 1998 Academic Press Limited
Effect of Non-normality on Inferences About Variance Components

Bayesian methods are utilized to analyse the one-way random effect model yij = μ + ai + eij in which eij are assumed normal, N(0, σ2 e ), and ai are assumed to have a mixture of two normals, .95N(−.05o(k – 1)σ, σ2) + .05N(.95o(k – l)σ, k 2o2). It is shown by a moderately sized sample that inferences regarding σ2 e = var (eij ) are insensitive but those of σ2 e = var (ai ) are very sensitive to changes of the two non-normality parameters (k, o). The data are also used to illustrate what inferences can be made about (k, o). Further, for σ = 0 it is found in general that extreme observations have less importance in comparison to others in the posterior expectation of σ2 e 2. Finally, the ways of assessing the contributions from ai and eii to the variation of yij are considered.
1146 LITHIUM: PLACENTAL TRANSFER, BREAST MILK EXCRETION, AND SERUM ELECTROLYTE CHANGES

Five pregnant rabbits weighing approximately 3 kg each were used to determine lithium disposition following oral administration of lithium to the mothers. All of the animals received 25 mg/kg lithium carbonate orally prior to delivery, and lithium, furosemide (2 mg/kg), or a combination of the two drugs after parturition. This dose of lithium resulted in maternal serum levels of 0.50 ± 0.10 mEq/l. On the day of delivery, maternal values decreased to 0.38 ± 0.06 mEq/l, offspring serum levels were 0.46 ± 0.13 mEq/l, and breast milk concentrations were 0.13 ± 0.06 mEq/l. Maternal serum Na and K were decreased during administration of lithium, furosemide, and the combination as compared to control values. The combination treatment resulted in a change in serum Na from 147.7 ± 6.9 mEq/l to 129.0 ± 17.1 mEq/l and a change in serum K from 3.89 ± 0.77 mEq/1 to 3.33 ± 0.79 mEq/l. Lithium alone depressed sodium levels more than furosemide while the converse was observed for potassium concentration.
BALD-FACED LIES! LYING WITHOUT THE INTENT TO DECEIVE

Abstract: Surprisingly, the fact that the speaker is lying is sometimes common knowledge between everyone involved (the addressee, the general audience, bystanders, etc.). Strangely, we condemn these bald-faced lies more severely than disguised lies. The wrongness of lying springs from the intent to deceive – just the feature missing in the case of bald-faced lies. These puzzling lies arise systematically when assertions are forced. Intellectual duress helps to explain another type of non-deceptive false assertion: lying to yourself. In the end, I conclude that the apparent intensity of our disapproval of non-deceptive lies is a rhetorical illusion.
Fundamental and overtone bands of isotopic species of carbon monoxide

Abstract The infrared absorption spectra of several isotopic species of the carbon monoxide molecule have been studied by using a high resolution vacuum infrared spectrograph. The molecular constants evaluated have been presented and the extent to which the theoretical isotopic relations are valid has been examined.
On the pairing rules for recognition in the minor groove of DNA by pyrrole-imidazole polyamides

Background: Cell-permeable small molecules that target predetermined DNA sequences with high affinity and specificity have the potential to control gene expression. A binary code has been developed to correlate DNA sequence with side-by-side pairings between N-methylpyrrole (Py) and N-methylimidazole (lm) carboxamides in the DNA minor groove. We set out to determine the relative energetics of pairings of Im/Py, Py/Im, Im/Im, and Py/Py for targeting G·C and A·T base pairs. A key specificity issue, which has not been previously addressed, is whether an Im/Im pair is energetically equivalent to an Im/Py pair for targeting G·C base pairs. Results: Equilibrium association constants were determined at two five-base-pair sites for a series of four six-ring hairpin polyamides, in order to test the relative energetics of the four aromatic amino-acid pairings opposite G·C and A·T base pairs in the central position. We observed that a G·C base pair was effectively targeted with Im/Py but not Py/Im, Py/Py, or Im/Im. The A·T base pair was effectively targeted with Py/Py but not Im/Py, Py/Im, or Im/Im. Conclusions: An Im/Im pairing is energetically disfavored for the recognition of both A·T and G·C. This specificity will create important limitations on undesirable slipped motifs that are available for unlinked dimers in the minor groove. Baseline energetic parameters will thus be created which, using the predictability of the current pairing rules for specific molecular recognition of double-helical DNA, will guide further second-generation polyamide design for DNA recognition.
Method for reducing the ambiguity of comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography retention times.

Abstract Comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography generates a two-dimensional chromatogram from a one-dimensional signal array. This process can only be done unambiguously when the range of secondary retention times is less than the modulation period. However, complex samples often produce wider ranges of secondary retention times. Peaks with retention times that exceed the modulation period are said to be “wrapped-around”. A simple algorithm has been developed that determines absolute retention times when wrap-around occurs. A sample is first analyzed under standard modulation conditions and then re-analyzed with a modulation period that is increased by an integer fraction of the original modulation period. Retention shifts along the secondary axis are used to determine absolute retention times. A theoretical analysis has been performed to optimize the implementation conditions and characterize the technique limitations. The efficacy of this algorithm has been tested through a series of isothermal GC × GC separations. This method has been found to be particularly useful during the initial stages of method development.
A special technique to retrieve images from a dark cephalogram

A high-density, unreadable cephalogram was made readable by duplicating it at 7 to 10 times the usual ultraviolet light exposure. Soft tissue images were retrieved from a readable cephalogram of normal density by duplicating it at 12 to 20 times the usual ultraviolet light exposure. However, the hard tissue images disappeared in the duplicating process. A correctly made duplicate radiograph had a higher image resolution than the image resolution of the original corresponding high-density radiograph. The difference was not significant clinically.
Field production of potatoes from true seed and its use in a breeding programme

Potato crops, grown from true potato seed (TPS) sown directly into fields, required a long growing season and the yield, tuber size and quality were inferior to tuber-propagated crops. Some plants produced excellent yields of high-quality tubers and some lines had earliness, high yield capacity, uniform tuber type and high solids. Field sowing of TPS has good potential, both as a breeding tool and for potato production in long-season, underdeveloped countries where healthy seed tubers are not readily available. Correlation analyses showed positive relationships between seedling vigour, mature plant size, and number and yield of tubers but these growth parameters were not significantly related to tuber size and they had a strong negative relationship to density (specific gravity).
Resonant scattering and charm showers in ultrahigh-energy neutrino interactions.

Electron antineutrinos with energy of about 7 x 10 to the 6th GeV have much-enhanced cross sections due to W-boson production off electrons. Possible signals due to cosmic-ray sources are estimated. Higher-energy antineutrinos can efficiently produce a W accompanied by radiation. Another possibility, which could lead to shadowing at modest depths, is resonant production of a charged Higgs particle. The importance of muon production by charm showers in rock is pointed out.
Measurements of the kinetic constants of protein adsorption onto silica particles

Abstract The early events pertaining to protein (human serum albumin: HSA) adsorption and desorption onto silica particles were studied employing real time, in situ measurements. The experimental method involved continuous measurements of the outflowing concentration of HSA with a fluorimeter, based on the natural fluorescence of the protein molecules. The adsorption (desorption) took place inside a well-stirred compartment, where particles were brought into contact by injection into a stream of a protein solution of known concentration. Intense mixing and sufficient protein supply rate allowed the process to take place solely under kinetic control. The acquired data were interpreted, according to a kinetic model, in terms of protein binding rates. From the latter, the kinetic association ( k a ) and dissociation ( k d ) constants were determined. To avoid the influence of steric hindrance, only data points obtained within the first 0.5 s of the initialization of the experiments were used. The experiments were performed at different protein concentrations, ranging from 7.25 nM to 14.5 μM. The real kinetic constants were determined by extrapolating the data obtained to zero protein concentration. Protein concentration effects were found to be pronounced in the determination of the kinetic association constant, producing values underestimated by as much as 30-fold for a 14.5 μM concentration. The concentration effect on the kinetic dissociation constant was not very significant: it was only of the order of a factor 2. The ratio of favorable to unfavorable protein orientations, also known as von Smoluchowski’s factor ( f ), was found to be 0.064 for the system of silica and HSA. For HSA adsorbing onto silica particles, the following values were found: k a =4.529×10 6 l mol −1 s −1 ; k d =0.21 s −1 . To convert from stirred to stationary conditions, both kinetic constants should be reduced by a factor 62.5, decreasing von Smoluchowski’s f factor to 0.001.
Ultrasound GLCM texture analysis of radiation-induced parotid-gland injury in head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy: an in vivo study of late toxicity.

Results: The authors observed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all sonographic features between the normal and postradiotherapy parotid glands. The sonographic findings were consistent with the clinical observations of the ultrasound images: normal parotid glands exhibited homogeneous texture, while the postradiotherapy parotid glands exhibited heterogeneous echotexture (e.g., hyperechoic lines and spots), which likely represents fibrosis. Conclusions: The authors have demonstrated the feasibility of ultrasonic texture evaluation of parotid glands; and the sonographic features may serve as imaging signatures to assess radiation-induced parotid injury. © 2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4747526]
Modeling and analyzing complex biological networks incooperating experimental information on both network topology and stable states

Motivation: Linking the topology of a complex network to its long-term behavior is a basic problem in network theory, which has been on the focus of many recent research publications. To obtain a suitable Boolean model for a biological system, one must analyze the initial model and compare it with other experimental evidence, and if necessary, make adjustments by changing the topology of the wiring diagram. However, our knowledge on how to link the topology of a network to its long-term behavior is very limited due to the complexity of the problem. Since the need to consider complex biological networks has become ever greater, develop both theoretical foundation and algorithms for model selection and analysis has been brought to the forefront of biological network study. Results: This article proposes a novel method to study intrinsically the relationship between experimental data and the possible Boolean networks, which can be used to model the underlying system. Simple and easy to use criteria for a Boolean network to have both a given network topology and a given set of stable states are derived. These criteria can be used to guide the selection of a Boolean network model for the system, as well as to gain information on the intrinsic properties, such as the robustness and the evolvability, of the system. A Boolean model for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is used to explain the method. Contact: [email protected]
Clinical use of atracurium in myasthenia gravis: a case report

A patient with myasthenia gravis was anaesthetized for thymectomy utilizing atracurium for maintenance of muscle relaxation. The patient was not taking anticholin-esterase medications before surgery. Neuromuscular function was monitored by recording the train-of-four response to supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with isoflurane and N2O in oxygen. Following complete recovery from a succinylcholine block for intubation, the patient developed complete neuromuscular block within two minutes after atracurium (5 mg) was administered. Evidence of recovery commenced 12 minutes later and was complete at 72 minutes. This rate of recovery is consistent with the recovery rate from atracurium during isoflurane anaesthesia in normal patients. Atracurium appears to offer an advantage over other nondepolarizing muscle relaxants in patients with myasthenia gravis due to its shorter duration and less cumulative effect at the neuromuscular junction.
Addition of passive acoustic telemetry mitigates lost data from satellite-tracked manatees

Satellite-tracked manatees routinely lose satellite tags or tag functionality, resulting in the loss of valuable data on migration and habitat use patterns. Fortunately, some movement data from these animals remain salvageable because manatees typically retain a peduncle belt containing an acoustic transmitter that can be detected with a submersible hydrophone. We deployed an array of moored datalogging hydrophones at key locations in our study area to detect manatee belt-embedded acoustic transmitters, a technique not typically used to track manatees. Our array was successful in detecting five tagged manatees, and concurrently detected compatible acoustic tags of other estuarine fauna (e.g. Bull Sharks) tagged by local researchers. Moored datalogging hydrophones, therefore, provided a method to mitigate the loss of satellite tags from estuarine megafauna, and enhanced collaborative opportunities with researchers who tagged other species using compatible equipment.
Light Suppresses 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Gene Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) coenzyme A reductase mRNA accumulates preferentially in dark-grown Arabidopsis plants. As one step toward understanding the role that light plays in the regulation of the mevalonate pathway in plants, we characterized the suppression of HMG1 gene expression in response to illumination wavelength, duration, and fluence rate. The accumulation of HMG1 mRNA by dark treatment is suppressed by continuous exposure to white light and is dependent on the amount of light perceived during the period of illumination. By using promoter/reporter gene fusions we also demonstrate that this reaction is mediated by cis-acting elements that reside in the Arabidopsis HMG1 promoter and, therefore, is likely to be controlled at the transcriptional level. HMG1 expression is differentially responsive to continuous blue and red light but not to far-red light. In contrast, changes in HMG1 mRNA levels were not observed in response to brief light pulses of any spectrum, suggesting that continuous illumination is required for sustained and maximal suppression of HMG coenzyme A reductase expression. Taken together, these data indicate that light-mediated control of the HMG1 gene is mediated by a regulatory circuit that monitors aspects of both spectral quality and fluence and involves either multiple photoreceptors or a single photoreceptor that is differentially sensitive to both blue and red light.