cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific and Nonspecific Physicochemical Interactions of Glucocorticoids and Related Steroids with Rat Thymus Cells in Vitro

Binding of glucocorticoids and related steroids to rat thymus cells in vitro has been measured by equilibrium and kinetic methods. Results are interpreted in terms of the previously established specific and nonspecific metabolic activities of glucocorticoids. Equilibrium binding, which is proportional to nonspecific activity, is largely accounted for kinetically by a fraction which at 37° dissociates with a time constant under 15 sec. A minor fraction, with a time constant of about 3 min, appears to consist of molecules responsible for specific glucocorticoid activity. This slowly dissociating or specific fraction becomes bound rapidly enough to account for the fastest glucocorticoid effects so far observed. In contrast to the rapidly dissociating or nonspecific fraction it becomes saturated at physiological concentrations, it depends on cellular ATP levels, and it is competed for by all steroids tested in rough proportion to glucocorticoid activity. Chromatographic analysis indicated that the specific fraction probably consists entirely of unaltered cortisol, adding to the evidence that the hormonally active form of cortisol is cortisol itself. The 9α-fluoro group increases specific binding, and possibly intrinsic activity. The 11β-hydroxyl, 17α-hydroxyl, and 4-ene-3-ketone groups also increase binding whereas the 11-ketone and 11α-hydroxyl groups decrease binding. Certain steroids that lack glucocorticoid activity nevertheless compete for specific binding. Antiglucocorticoid activity on glucose uptake in vitro has been shown with cortexolone.
Use of fiber-optics for real-time control and data acquisition

The practical use of commercially available fiber-optic components for high-speed control of and readout from a small prototype of an electronics data acquisition system for a high-energy physics detector has been demonstrated. This is the SVX microvertex detector system being readied for CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab). The fiber-optic components include the AMD TAXI parallel/serial transmitter and receiver sets and Hewlett-Packard HFBR 1414 optical transmitters and HFBR 2416 receivers. The SVX chip is controlled by a 12-b field, which is updated via the optical fiber every clock cycle. Digital data are generated by the SVX every cycle and returned to the host system via a separate fiber. In this demonstration, the cycle time was set to approximately 200 ns; extension to 100 ns is planned. The prototype test system set up at the Lawrence Berkeley laboratory is described, and performance results are given. The expansion of this prototype system to the operation of a full-scale microvertex physics detector front-end system is also discussed. >
Differences Between Graduates of 4-Year and 5-Year Teacher Preparation Programs

A 10-year comparison of graduates from 4- and 5-year teacher education programs at the same institution revealed significant differences between graduates of the two programs. Significantly more 5-year graduates entered and stayed in teaching than graduates of the 4-year program. Graduates of the 5-year program were more satisfied with their career and perceived the quality of their program to be higher than the 4-year graduates did. Limitations of the study and alter native explanations for these differences are discussed.
Model-based estimation of vaccine effects from community vaccine trials

Community vaccine trials are becoming increasingly important to assess both the direct and indirect community level effects of vaccination. In this paper, we present statistical methods to analyse such trials, using a design with several matched pairs of communities. The communities are matched on similarities in infection transmission as reflected through the basic reproduction number. Two methods of analysis are presented and compared. The first is simple empirical estimation of vaccine effects. Summary measures of these effects are constructed by reciprocal variance weighted averages across the community pairs. The second is likelihood-based where we derive a mixed effects epidemic model. This model takes the intercommunity variability into account through a random effect on the basic reproduction number. With this model, we derive a distribution-free estimator for the variance of the random effect. We use simulated epidemics to explore the performance of the two estimation methods for different numbers of community pairs and different levels of inter-pair variability. Both methods provide acceptable estimates in terms of bias and precision under reasonable conditions. Although the empirical approach involves fewer assumptions than the model-based approach, the resulting vaccine effectiveness estimates are only applicable to the vaccination fraction tested in the trial. In contrast, the model-based approach can be used to predict the vaccine effectiveness at vaccination fractions other than those used in the trial. Thus, it can be used as a public health policy tool for predicting the community level effects of vaccination. We demonstrate such use by predicting total vaccine effectiveness for the whole range of vaccination fractions.
Construct validity of an objective assessment method for laparoscopic intracorporeal suturing and knot tying

Abstract Background The ideal objective assessment method for laparoscopic technical skills is difficult to achieve in the operating room. Recent “VR2OR” studies have used a blinded, 2-reviewer error-based video tape analysis for intraoperative performance assessment. This study examines the validity of this methodology applied to laparoscopic intracorporeal suturing and knot tying. Methods Four groups of subjects—experts (EX), surgery residents trained to expert criterion levels using simulation (TR), surgery residents receiving no supplemental training (NR), and medical students receiving simulation-based training (MS)—performed the fundal suturing portion of a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and were video-recorded for analysis. Two separate groups of surgeon reviewers (K.V.S. + M.B.; I.-P.H. + A.G.) were trained to evaluate laparoscopic suturing and knot tying performance using specific metrics. Subjects' operative performance was assessed by reviewers blinded to their training status and scored using an error-based, step specific scoring system to an inter-rater agreement of 80% or greater. Three primary performance measures were assessed: time, errors, and needle manipulations and comparisons between groups were made using a 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-test. Results A total of 40 fundal sutures (10 in each group) were scored by 2 separate rater groups with inter-rater agreement consistently greater than 80%. Inter-rater agreement was highest with the EX group (91%, range 76%–100%) and lowest with the NR group (85%, range 81%–98%). On average, the EX group significantly outperformed the other groups with regards to time ( P P P P = not significant [NS]), and outperformed the NR and MS groups with regards to time ( P P Conclusions This assessment method demonstrates discriminative validity. Time appears to be the most sensitive indicator of skill level, as significant differences between EX, TR, and NR/MS groups were seen. The methodology is transferable across different reviewers and is acceptable for high-stakes assessment.
Biology of the southern Lyctus beetle, Lyctus planicollis.

New techniques, described here, permitted more detailed studies of the biology of this powder-post beetle than were possible previously. Among these was one using wood shavings as an oviposition site from which large numbers of eggs could easily be collected. In several tests egg production averaged 51 per female; these were, deposited over periods ranging up to 16 or 17 days, and more than 90% were viable. Incubation required about 8 days. Technical difficulties prevented determining the duration of larval life. A prepupal stage, previously unreported, preceded the pupal stage, which required about 8 days. An estimated period of 14 to 18 days elapsed after eclosion before adults constructed exits from the wood, and usually several more days passed before they actually emerged. The total duration of adult life averaged 33 days for males, 35 days for females. The sex ratio of 3,408 beetles maturing in a stock culture was 1,723 males to 1,685 females.
Seeing Is Believing

Seeing Is Believing: 700 Years of Scientific and Medical Illustration. New York Public Library, New York, October 1999–February 19,2000.
A Portfolio Theory of Policy Subsystems

During the Reagan period4 the resilience and adaptability of domestic policy subsystems were subjected to the most severe test in recent history. Our explanation for the resilience and durability of these subsystems is based on the argument that the key actors in the subsystem adopt strategies that are mutually supportive of each other's needs and provide protection for the entire subsystem during periods of retrenchment. The thesis developed in this article focuses in particular on the role that agencies play in building and maintaining strong subsystem relationships. We argue that agencies pursue two main objectives to help reinforce subsystem relationships: (1) the maximization of the number of congressional districts that are benefited by the portfolio of programs administered by the agency and (2) the minimization of the collective action problems of the interest groups whose members benefit from their programs. Preliminary data relating to these arguments are presented for the 1983-1989 period. We f...
Epithelial fusion during early semicircular canal formation in the embryonic zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio

The developing inner ear of the teleost, Brachydanio rerio, provides an opportunity for observing an epithelial fusion between the apical surfaces of apposed epithelia in a vertebrate embryo in vivo. The developing otocyst was filmed for periods up to 4 days in unanesthetized embryos, and specimens were fixed at intervals and processed for light microscopy, TEM, and SEM. The semicircular canals are formed as a consequence of the union between the tips of three cylindrical projections from the wall of the otocyst, which grow toward corresponding bulges of a projection from the lateral wall. The epithelial cells covering the projections contain extensive rough endopasmic reticulum, exhibit apical junctional complexes, and are not underlain by a basal lamina. The core of each projection contains large amounts of flocculent and fibrillar extracellular material. After a period of growth and elongation, the tip of each projection contacts, and adheres to, the appropriate bulge to create a circular, flattened, bilayered, epithelial plate. Small, focal junctions form between the apposed apical cell surfaces within the plate during this period, but they are not numerous. Junctional complexes do develop, however, between apposed cells at the periphery of the plate. After 1-2 hours, the basal surface of the plate exhibit considerable alteration in contour. Adjacent cells within the plate then separate to allow continuity of the connective tissue components of the two structures. The observations of this study indicate that following an initial period of contact and adhesion, cellular reorientation and changes in junctional contacts between adjacent cells within the epithelial plate, rather than cell degeneration, are responsible for perforation of the plate.
Detection performance limits of channel impaired distributed sensor networks

Traditional parallel distributed detection systems assume perfect channels between local sensors and a fusion center. However, for the emerging wireless sensor networks with inexpensive sensors and stringent power/delay constraints, error-free transmission is not guaranteed. In this paper, we study the performance degradation due to imperfect channels between the sensors and the fusion center under both asymptotic and non-asymptotic regimes. For asymptotic analysis, we compute the error exponents of the underlying hypothesis testing problem in the presence of discrete transmission channels; while for cases with a finite number of sensors, we determine channel conditions under which the distributed detection systems become useless observing the channel output might not help in reducing the error probability performance at the fusion center. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the concepts.
Interaction of maternal blood volume and uterine blood flow with porcine fetal development.

The relationships of maternal nutrition, blood volume and uterine blood flow to porcine fetal development were investigated in domesticated pigs that normally experience 40% fetal loss. Yorkshire pigs were subjected to prolonged inanition (40 days; 0 kcal/day; water only) from Days 50 to 90 of pregnancy and either hysterectomized on Day 90 or realimented to a full diet and allowed to advance to parturition; controls received a full diet (7028 kcal/day) until hysterectomy at Day 90 or throughout gestation. Although a marked decline in body weight (-31 kg) occurred in gilts subjected to inanition, fetal survival rates, litter weight, as well as the number of live Day 90 fetuses or number of live piglets born were similar in starved and full-fed animals. Blood hemoglobin, packed cell volume, plasma protein, erythrocyte and leukocyte populations during inanition were maintained at levels similar to those of controls with the exception of shifts in concentration caused by plasma volume changes. Plasma volume (r=0.65) and blood volume (r’�0.58) were highly correlated with body weight in inanition and control dams throughout the period of inanition and realimentation. Uterine blood flow during late pregnancy was similar in all experimental and control dams, and remained constant with time in spite of a 13-fold increase in fetal weight and regardless of marked fluctuations in plasma and blood volumes. Uterine blood flow was highly correlated with Day 90 litter size (r=0.82) and fetal weight (r=0.86). Severe nutrient deprivation during late pregnancy in the pig results in a marked decline in maternal body weight, plasma volume and blood volume; however, maternal uterine blood flow is maintained at a level similar to full-fed controls. Maintenance of uterine blood flow suggests that selective distribution of cardiac output, coincident with adequate blood constituent levels, may allow normal porcine fetal development during prolonged starvation.
Investigation of the performance of the General Electric Advance positron emission tomograph in 3D mode

Performance measurements of the General Electric Advance Positron Emission Tomograph operating with the septa retracted (3D mode) have been made. All reconstructions were done with the GE Advance 3D package. Performance tests were carried out with: the NEMA phantoms; a 3D Hoffman phantom; a Data Spectrum torso phantom with lung and cardiac inserts; and the "Utah" 3D evaluation phantom. Data collected included: transaxial and axial resolution, uniformity, recovery coefficients, count rate performance, dead time accuracy, and effect of scatter correction.
Epidemiology and Spatial Relationships of Bacteria Associated with Periplaneta americana (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Central Texas

Abstract Identifying cockroach (Order: Blattodea) populations is important to understanding the ability of surrogate species indirectly affecting humans by their ability to vector disease-causing organisms including bacteria. These interactions may have potentially deleterious health consequences on animal and/or human populations. In this study, American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana were sampled from 12 locations throughout College Station, Texas from January through May 2008. Cockroach distribution was examined as well as prevalence of Escherichia coli including the O157:H7 strain and Campylobacter spp. on their external surfaces. Bacteria isolated from total populations collected indicated a high prevalence (92.3%) of microbes carried on the exoskeleton of P. americana. Gram-negative bacteria acquisition and dissemination of organisms such as E. coli was prevalent throughout the campus. Screening for E. coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter spp. resulted in no positive colony growth. The lack of Campylo...
Cognitive contributions to differences in learning after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury

Introduction: Deficits in learning and memory are commonly observed after traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the mechanisms underlying such deficits are poorly understood. This study examines the contribution of other cognitive processes in verbal learning after moderate to severe TBI. Adults with TBI who have verbal learning deficits were predicted to perform worse on executive measures than adults who are able to learn. Method: Participants were 51 community-dwelling adult volunteers (age 18–59) with moderate to severe TBI. Injury severity was determined by Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤12 and corroborating information from medical records. Group membership (TBI-learners or TBI-nonlearners) was determined by a learning criterion of perfect recall on 2 consecutive trials within 15 trials on the open-trial Selective Reminding Test. All participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Group differences were examined using independent-samples t tests, and logistic regression was used ...
GPU-accelerated string matching for database applications

Implementations of relational operators on GPU processors have resulted in order of magnitude speedups compared to their multicore CPU counterparts. Here we focus on the efficient implementation of string matching operators common in SQL queries. Due to different architectural features the optimal algorithm for CPUs might be suboptimal for GPUs. GPUs achieve high memory bandwidth by running thousands of threads, so it is not feasible to keep the working set of all threads in the cache in a naive implementation. In GPUs the unit of execution is a group of threads and in the presence of loops and branches, threads in a group have to follow the same execution path; if some threads diverge, then different paths are serialized. We study the cache memory efficiency of single- and multi-pattern string matching algorithms for conventional and pivoted string layouts in the GPU memory. We evaluate the memory efficiency in terms of memory access pattern and achieved memory bandwidth for different parallelization methods. To reduce thread divergence, we split string matching into multiple steps. We evaluate the different matching algorithms in terms of average- and worst-case performance and compare them against state-of-the-art CPU and GPU libraries. Our experimental evaluation shows that thread and memory efficiency affect performance significantly and that our proposed methods outperform previous CPU and GPU algorithms in terms of raw performance and power efficiency. The Knuth---Morris---Pratt algorithm is a good choice for GPUs because its regular memory access pattern makes it amenable to several GPU optimizations.
Practical Motion Planning in Unknown and Unpredictable Environments

Motion planners for robots in unknown and dynamic environments often assume known obstacle geometry and use that to predict unknown motions of obstacles through tracking, but such an assumption may not be realistic. In [1], we introduced a collision-free perceiver (CFP) that can detect guaranteed collision-free trajectory segments in the unknown configuration-time (CT) space of a robot without assuming known obstacle geometry or motion. However, such a guarantee by the CFP is at the expense of a finite period for perception and processing of each collision-free CT point. In this paper, we address how to incorporate the CFP, taking into account its finite processing time, into real-time motion planning to enable a robot of high degree of freedom to plan and move at the same time in an unknown and unpredictable environment while minimizing unsafe stops when the robot may collide with an obstacle. The approach was implemented and tested in experiments with a real 7-DOF robot arm and a stereo-vision sensor, indicating the potential of the approach.
Thermal and Pressure Characterization of a Wind Tunnel Force Balance Using the Single Vector System

Wind tunnel research at NASA Langley Research Center s 31-inch Mach 10 hypersonic facility utilized a 5-component force balance, which provided a pressurized flow-thru capability to the test article. The goal of the research was to determine the interaction effects between the free-stream flow and the exit flow from the reaction control system on the Mars Science Laboratory aeroshell during planetary entry. In the wind tunnel, the balance was exposed to aerodynamic forces and moments, steady-state and transient thermal gradients, and various internal balance cavity pressures. Historically, these effects on force measurement accuracy have not been fully characterized due to limitations in the calibration apparatus. A statistically designed experiment was developed to adequately characterize the behavior of the balance over the expected wind tunnel operating ranges (forces/moments, temperatures, and pressures). The experimental design was based on a Taylor-series expansion in the seven factors for the mathematical models. Model inversion was required to calculate the aerodynamic forces and moments as a function of the strain-gage readings. Details regarding transducer on-board compensation techniques, experimental design development, mathematical modeling, and wind tunnel data reduction are included in this paper.
The String Stability of a Trajectory-Based Interval Management Algorithm in the Midterm Airspace

NASA's first Air Traffic Management (ATM) Technology Demonstration (ATD-1) was created to facilitate the transition of mature ATM technologies from the laboratory to operational use. The technologies selected for demonstration are the Traffic Management Advisor with Terminal Metering (TMA-TM), which provides precise time-based scheduling in the terminal airspace; Controller Managed Spacing (CMS), which provides terminal controllers with decision support tools enabling precise schedule conformance; and Interval Management (IM), which consists of flight deck automation that enables aircraft to achieve or maintain a precise spacing interval behind a target aircraft. As the percentage of IM equipped aircraft increases, controllers may provide IM clearances to sequences, or strings, of IM-equipped aircraft. It is important for these strings to maintain stable performance. This paper describes an analytic analysis of the string stability of the latest version of NASA's IM algorithm and a fast-time simulation designed to characterize the string performance of the IM algorithm. The analytic analysis showed that the spacing algorithm has stable poles, indicating that a spacing error perturbation will be reduced as a function of string position. The fast-time simulation investigated IM operations at two airports using constraints associated with the midterm airspace, including limited information of the target aircraft's intended speed profile and limited information of the wind forecast on the target aircraft's route. The results of the fast-time simulation demonstrated that the performance of the spacing algorithm is acceptable for strings of moderate length; however, there is some degradation in IM performance as a function of string position.
Abstract 891: The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in folate metabolism genes with hypermethylation patterns in smokers at high risk for lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Hypermethylation of promoter regions serve as potential biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer. Because folate metabolism is necessary for nucleotide synthesis and DNA methylation reactions, that when perturbed, may both contribute to the development of cancer, hypermethylation of promoter regions in folate metabolism genes may be particularly important to explore. Dietary folate was recently found to protect against gene promoter hypermethylation patterns. This study investigated the association of functional and haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in folate metabolism genes with promoter hypermethylation in sputum cell DNA from a cohort of current and former smokers (n=937). This cohort was a subset of the Lovelace Smokers’ Cohort of approximately 2000 high risk current and former smokers who were non-Hispanic white and for whom a complete methylation panel was obtained. Methylation panel status from a 12 gene panel was dichotomized into high and low methylation based on a cutoff of the number of genes methylated (> = 3 genes for women and > = 4 genes for men were categorized as high). Lymphocyte DNA was interrogated on a 96 SNP Illumina Goldengate platform. A SNP in the cystathionine-beta synthase gene (CBS), that converts homocysteine to cystathionine, was found to be significantly associated with gene promoter hypermethylation. Analyses used logistic regression and adjusted for multiple comparisons. There was an interaction between gender and CBS (p<0.0001), so we conducted a stratified analysis by gender. Males with the variant allele had an increased risk of methylation (OR = 3.61; 95% CI: 1.71, 7.64); p<0.001) and females with the variant allele had a decreased risk for methylation (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.40, 1.00; p=0.05). A 20% reduction in CBS gene transcription was seen in bronchial epithelial cells heterozygous for the CBS variant allele compared to cells without the variant allele but was not statistically significant. Epidemiological studies have shown that men have higher levels of homocysteine compared to women but the mechanisms regulating this difference are not known. This study shows that a SNP in the CBS gene is associated with methylation patterns in smokers at high risk to develop lung cancer and differs by gender. This work may further help to elucidate the differences in lung cancer risk by gender. Grant Support: This work is supported by K01CA128823 NCI and R01CA097356 NCI Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 891. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-891
Syphilis, foundlings, and wetnurses in nineteenth-century Italy.

I, the undersigned mayor of the Town of Camugnano, certify that the married couple Gaetano Cesarini and Domenica Puccetti find themselves in such penurious condition that they do not know how they are going to live. I further certify that the only cause that has reduced them to this condition is having contracted the venereal disease years ago as a result of the nursing, on the part ofthe above-mentioned Domenica Puccetti, of a foundling from the Foundling Home of Bologna. The couple used to work plots of land owned by others, but because of the long illness they contracted they have had to abandon this work in the fields and live on public charity.1
Erratum for Keele, Linn, and Webb (2016)

The originally published version of Keele, Linn, and Webb (2016) that appeared in Political Analysis 24(1) was an early version of the manuscript that was mistakenly submitted as the final version. The below version is the correct version of the authors’ article. The mistake is the authors’ and should not in any way be attributed to Political Analysis or Oxford University Press. Political Analysis (2016) 24:291–306 doi:10.1093/pan/mpw011
Mining spatiotemporal co-occurrence patterns in non-relational databases

Spatiotemporal co-occurrence patterns (STCOPs) represent the subsets of feature types whose instances are frequently co-occurring both in space and time. Spatiotemporal co-occurrences reflect the spatiotemporal overlap relationships among two or more spatiotemporal instances both in spatial and temporal dimensions. STCOPs can be potentially used to predict and understand the generation and evolution of different types of interacting phenomena in various scientific fields such as astronomy, meteorology, biology, geosciences. Meaningful and statistically significant data analysis for these scientific fields requires processing sufficiently large datasets. Due to the computationally expensive nature of spatiotemporal operations required for mining spatiotemporal co-occurrences, it is increasingly difficult to identify spatiotemporal co-occurrences and discover STCOPs in centralized system settings. As a solution, we developed a cloud-based distributed mining system for discovering STCOPs. Our system uses Accumulo, a column-oriented non-relational database management system as its backbone. In order to efficiently mine the STCOPs, we propose three data models for managing trajectory-based spatiotemporal data in Accumulo. We introduce an in-memory join-index structure and a join algorithm for effectively performing spatiotemporal join operations on spatiotemporal trajectories in non-relational databases. Lastly, with the experiments with artificial and real life datasets, we evaluate the performance of the proposed models for STCOP mining.
Design of Observational Studies

Observational studies are part of the rich and diverse toolbox of study designs used in epidemiology. They can be used as part of the hypothesis generating process or they may be the only design which is feasible or ethical, such as when studying the effects of obesity or smoking on health. In many cases we use data from observational studies as the basis for or to justify interventional or experimental studies. Observational studies range in size and detail; we may observe single patients at the bedside or conduct a population-wide, national or international-basis census. Studies may or may not have a planned control group. While at times debated, it is generally accepted that observational studies can distinguish associations between events but cannot conclude that one event causes another. A point that is forgotten at times, however, is even “unobtrusive” observation can still have a significant impact on those being observed and the world as a whole.
On the Perspective of Economic Analysis of International Law and Its Value Orientation

The perspective of Economic Analysis of Private International Law(EAPIL)should include the individual perspective,the law judge and arbitral institutions' perspective,national perspective and international perspective,the traditional dichotomy "personal \ state" is incomplete.The value standards of EAPIL should not be limited to efficiency,but also include justice,order and freedom,at the same time,the four value standards have different contents and forms under the four different perspectives.
Automatic Control of Governor Oil Pressure Device at Small and Medium-sized Hydropower Stations

The governor oil pressure device is one of the most important electric auxiliary equipment at a hydropower station,and it is normally controlled by programmable logic controller (PLC) at small and medium-sized hydropower stations in the field of data acquisition. This paper discusses the control principles,major functions and the running mode of two typical kinds of PLC control manners widely used at present. The generator set LCU direct control mode is economical and adaptable to ordinary applications,and the electric auxiliary machinery LCU control mode has advanced control functions and reliable structures. Several points that need to be paid attention to in practical application are also pointed out.
An overview of water reallocation and the barriers to its implementation

The growing number of areas facing water scarcity necessitates adaptive water management strategies beyond traditional water supply and demand management methods, which are becoming increasingly difficult in many regions. Water reallocation offers a flexible water management approach to mitigate water scarcity under changing socioeconomic, climatic, and environmental conditions. In spite of the numerous benefits of reallocating water between users, examples of successful water transfers are relatively sparse and the expected benefits are rarely met in full due to several complex impediments. This study overviews the current body of water reallocation literature, with a particular focus on the key barriers to wider implementation of water reallocation. We argue that to overcome these obstacles a more interdisciplinary approach to water reallocation should be advanced that couples developments in the natural sciences and engineering disciplines with current water reallocation scholarship, which is predominately rooted in the social sciences. Many examples of water transfers from around the world are used to illustrate both the benefits and challenges associated with reallocation, as well as to identify measures to overcome some of the major difficulties. We conclude by calling for an integrated research platform that focuses on supporting both voluntary and nonvoluntary forms of water reallocation; however, a greater emphasis should be on nonmarket means of water transfer since it is more feasible for many regions where water rights are not well defined and institutional capacity is insufficient. WIREs Water 2016, 3:658–677. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1159 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Does Training of Cognitive and Metacognitive Regulatory Processes Enhance Learning and Deployment of Processes with Hypermedia

In this study we examined the effectiveness of self-regulated learning (SRL) training in facilitating college students’ science learning with hypermedia. Sixty (N = 60) undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either a training condition or a control condition and used a hypermedia environment to learn about the circulatory system. On Day 1, all participants were administered a pretest and a self-report measure of SRL. On Days 2–4, participants in the experimental group underwent 3-day training on the use of specific, empirically based cognitive and metacognitive SRL processes (e.g., judgment of learning, making inferences) designed to foster their conceptual understanding; control students received no training. Three weeks later (on Day 5), all participants were administered a pretest on the science topic and a self-report measure of SRL, and then used a different version of the system to learn about another science topic (i.e., the central nervous system). Verbal protocol data were collected from both groups on Days 2–5. Overall, there were no significant differences on several learning outcome measures between conditions. However, those in the training condition remembered significantly more declarative knowledge of cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Lastly, think-aloud protocol data showed significant differences in the use of the SRL processes immediately following training, but not following a 3-week interval on a hypermedia transfer task.
Introducing Implicit Reasoning Through Use of the See Signal

The key to teaching first-year legal writing and analysis effectively is to give students the right conceptual “tool” at the right time, and to pace the learning over a two semester arc. Careful syllabus planning is key to helping students develop research and writing skills gradually and allowing them to build confidence as legal thinkers and writers. Implicit reasoning is a great example of a concept that needs to be introduced at the right time and in the right manner. Introducing the concept in conjunction with teaching citation signals, in particular the See signal, meets both criteria.
Cryo-electron Microscopy Reconstruction and Stability Studies of the Wild Type and the R432A Variant of Adeno-associated Virus Type 2 Reveal that Capsid Structural Stability Is a Major Factor in Genome Packaging

ABSTRACT The adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are promising therapeutic gene delivery vectors and better understanding of their capsid assembly and genome packaging mechanism is needed for improved vector production. Empty AAV capsids assemble in the nucleus prior to genome packaging by virally encoded Rep proteins. To elucidate the capsid determinants of this process, structural differences between wild-type (wt) AAV2 and a packaging deficient variant, AAV2-R432A, were examined using cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction both at an ∼5.0-A resolution (medium) and also at 3.8- and 3.7-A resolutions (high), respectively. The high resolution structures showed that removal of the arginine side chain in AAV2-R432A eliminated hydrogen bonding interactions, resulting in altered intramolecular and intermolecular interactions propagated from under the 3-fold axis toward the 5-fold channel. Consistent with these observations, differential scanning calorimetry showed an ∼10°C decrease in thermal stability for AAV2-R432A compared to wt-AAV2. In addition, the medium resolution structures revealed differences in the juxtaposition of the less ordered, N-terminal region of their capsid proteins, VP1/2/3. A structural rearrangement in AAV2-R432A repositioned the βA strand region under the icosahedral 2-fold axis rather than antiparallel to the βB strand, eliminating many intramolecular interactions. Thus, a single amino acid substitution can significantly alter the AAV capsid integrity to the extent of reducing its stability and possibly rendering it unable to tolerate the stress of genome packaging. Furthermore, the data show that the 2-, 3-, and 5-fold regions of the capsid contributed to producing the packaging defect and highlight a tight connection between the entire capsid in maintaining packaging efficiency. IMPORTANCE The mechanism of AAV genome packaging is still poorly understood, particularly with respect to the capsid determinants of the required capsid-Rep interaction. Understanding this mechanism may aid in the improvement of AAV packaging efficiency, which is currently ∼1:10 (10%) genome packaged to empty capsid in vector preparations. This report identifies regions of the AAV capsid that play roles in genome packaging and that may be important for Rep recognition. It also demonstrates the need to maintain capsid stability for the success of this process. This information is important for efforts to improve AAV genome packaging and will also inform the engineering of AAV capsid variants for improved tropism, specific tissue targeting, and host antibody escape by defining amino acids that cannot be altered without detriment to infectious vector production.
Confronting Myths About Sexual Assault: A Feminist Analysis of the False Report Literature

Inaccurate beliefs that women commonly lie about sexual assault and target innocent men are pervasive in the United States, particularly on college and university campuses. Research consistently demonstrates that false reports of sexual assault account for less than 10% of reported cases and that individuals are unlikely to be wrongly accused of sexual assault. Thus, to pursue justice on campuses and beyond, family scholars must challenge misinformation about false reports in their teaching and scholarship to shift the narrative away from these prevalent and harmful rape myths. Doing so will allow for a more comprehensive and informed dialogue about how to address sexual assault on university campuses. This article offers a feminist analysis of the issue, clearly delineates the definition of a false report, critically reviews the false report literature, and presents suggestions for educational efforts by family professionals.
Quantifying the Interaction between EGFR Dimers and Grb2 in Live Cells

Adaptor proteins are a class of cytoplasmic proteins that bind to phosphorylated residues in receptor tyrosine kinases and trigger signaling cascades that control critically important cellular processes, such as cell survival, growth, differentiation, and motility. Here, we seek to characterize the interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the cytoplasmic adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) in a cellular context. To do so, we explore the utility of a highly biologically relevant model system, mammalian cells under reversible osmotic stress, and a recently introduced Forster resonance energy transfer microscopy method, fully quantified spectral imaging. We present a method that allows us to quantify the stoichiometry and the association constant of the EGFR-Grb2 binding interaction in the plasma membrane, in the presence and absence of activating ligand. The method that we introduce can have broad utility in membrane protein research, as it can be applied to different membrane protein-cytoplasmic protein pairs.
Demo: UIWear: Easily Adapting User Interfaces for Wearable Devices

Wearable devices such as smartwatches offer exciting new opportunities for users to interact with their applications. However, the current wearable programming model requires the developer to write a custom companion app for each wearable form factor; the companion app extends the smartphone display onto the wearable, relays user interactions from the wearable to the phone, and updates the wearable display as needed. The development effort required to write a companion app is significant and will not scale to an increasing diversity of form factors. This paper argues for a different programming model for wearable devices. The developer writes an application for the smartphone, but only specifies a UI design for the wearable. Our UIWear system abstracts a logical model of the smartphone GUI, re-tailors the GUI for the wearable device based on the specified UI design, and compiles it into a companion app that we call the UICompanion app. We implemented UIWear on Android smartphones, AndroidWear smartwatches, and Sony SmartEyeGlasses. We evaluate 20 developer-written companion apps from the AndroidWear category on Google Play against the UIWear-created UICompanion apps. The lines-of-code required for the developer to specify the UI design in UIWear is an order-of-magnitude smaller compared to the companion app lines-of-code. Further, in most cases, the UICompanion app performed comparably or better than the corresponding companion app both in terms of qualitative metrics, including latency and energy, and quantitative metrics, including look-and-feel.
Apoptosis-induced CXCL5 accelerates inflammation and growth of prostate tumor metastases in bone

During tumor progression, immune system phagocytes continually clear apoptotic cancer cells in a process known as efferocytosis. However, the impact of efferocytosis in metastatic tumor growth is unknown. In this study, we observed that macrophage-driven efferocytosis of prostate cancer cells in vitro induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as CXCL5 by activating Stat3 and NF-κB(p65) signaling. Administration of a dimerizer ligand (AP20187) triggered apoptosis in 2 in vivo syngeneic models of bone tumor growth in which apoptosis-inducible prostate cancer cells were either coimplanted with vertebral bodies, or inoculated in the tibiae of immunocompetent mice. Induction of 2 pulses of apoptosis correlated with increased infiltration of inflammatory cells and accelerated tumor growth in the bone. Apoptosis-induced tumors displayed elevated expression of the proinflammatory cytokine CXCL5. Likewise, CXCL5-deficient mice had reduced tumor progression. Peripheral blood monocytes isolated from patients with bone metastasis of prostate cancer were more efferocytic compared with normal controls, and CXCL5 serum levels were higher in metastatic prostate cancer patients relative to patients with localized prostate cancer or controls. Altogether, these findings suggest that the myeloid phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cancer cells accelerates CXCL5-mediated inflammation and tumor growth in bone, pointing to CXCL5 as a potential target for cancer therapeutics.
Older adults in churches: Differences in perceptions of clergy and older members

ABSTRACTAs individuals age, their spiritual and religious needs may change. What are churches doing for their senior members? What do seniors feel they should do? In this study we asked both older church members and their clergy leaders about programs directed toward seniors in their congregations. The sample consisted of ministers, priests, and rabbis (n = 25) who then gave us names of senior members of their congregations for interview (n = 45, average age 78.5). Data, collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, showed that many congregations had provisions for older members, but most were focused on frail elders and their transportation needs. A majority of seniors, however, wanted more programs and groups tailored to their more active interests and needs. A number of the priests, rabbis, and pastors also saw the need for such programs but didn’t know how to go about forming them. Many churches appeared to equate being older with frailty and there appeared to be suggestions of ageism on the ...
Local earthquake tomography of the Jalisco, Mexico region

Abstract The states of Jalisco, Colima, and Michoacan in western Mexico overlie the boundary of the subducting Rivera and Cocos plates, presenting an ideal target for seismological inquiry to better understand the resulting mantle flow and regional volcanism. The different dips between the two subducting plates are thought to provide a mantle conduit that has contributed to the Colima Volcanic Complex (CVC), but there is considerable debate on the depth of the Rivera plate and width of the resulting conduit. With data from the Mapping the Rivera Subduction Zone (MARS) and Colima Deep Seismic Experiment (CODEX) networks, two temporary broadband arrays deployed in the region between 2006 and 2008, we inverted for three-dimensional P- and S-wave velocity as well as Vp/Vs structure of the upper ~ 70 km of the crust and mantle in the Jalisco region. Using a newly-developed automatic P- and S-wave picker, we increased P picks by ~ 74% and S picks by more than a factor of four compared to a database of manual picks for the 803 earthquakes used in the inversion. Additional relocated earthquakes extending to the trench are consistent with previous interpretations of the Rivera and Cocos plate interfaces. Areas of high Vp/Vs above both subducting slabs suggest the presence of fluids resulting from dehydration of subducted material. Extensive crustal seismicity occurs near these anomalies. A zone of high Vp/Vs is also present under the CVC. We also compare the results of different methods for obtaining Vp/Vs: a direct inversion for Vp/Vs from S minus P times versus simply dividing the Vp model by the Vs model. We find direct inversions of S minus P times to be more reliable.
Religious and Spiritual Salience, Well-Being, and Psychosocial Functioning Among Psychotherapy Clients: Moderator Effects for Humility

A number of studies have examined the mediating factors in the relationship between religion and spirituality (R/S) and psychological health. Humility is a virtue that has been positively correlated with R/S variables, measures of well-being, and indicators of psychosocial functioning. In this study, we investigate dispositional humility as a potential moderator in the relationship between religious and spiritual salience and (1) well-being and (2) psychosocial functioning outcomes in a clinical sample. Results indicated that dispositional humility significantly moderated the relationships tested. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.