cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sociodrama: an innovative program engaging college students to learn and self-reflect about alcohol use.

TOPIC: A sociodrama addressing college drinking. PURPOSE: This article reports on the development, production, and evaluation of an innovative sociodrama addressing college drinking mental health professionals caring for students who drink at levels that cause negative consequences can use techniques addressed in the sociodrama to help students self-reflect on their alcohol use. The goal is to help students make healthy choices to decrease the negative consequences as a result of drinking. A script for the sociodrama was developed and five students acted out the sociodrama. A facilitator engaged the audience of college students, at scripted pauses, during the production to reflect on the scenes presented. The purpose of the sociodrama is to foster a discussion, to aid in student understanding concerning college drinking, to have students consider and commit to use harm reduction techniques, to access resources, and to correct misperceptions about drinking. The sociodrama format can help address communication challenges, problem solving, and self-awareness. METHODS: Pre- and post-surveys were administered to test commitment to use harm reduction techniques, assess the perception of a student's own drinking pattern to the perception of their fellow student colleague drinking, assess the student use of resources, and assess the effectiveness of the sociodrama as a means of learning. This research was Institutional Review Board approved. FINDINGS: Over 41% of students reported not consuming alcohol the last time they partied or socialized yet reported only 3.8% of their students colleagues did not consume alcohol. Most students (94%) reported that drinking five or more drinks would place them at risk as opposed to estimating that the same amount would put fewer students at risk (75%). Students significantly increased their commitment to use harm reduction techniques. CONCLUSION: A sociodrama is an effective method of involving students in discussions about college drinking and engaging them in conversation and self-reflection. Language: en
Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis at a community teaching hospital, 1980 to 1991. An analysis of 106 cases.

Background: The clinical diagnosis of infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus can be difficult, and many patients with this disease are only diagnosed post mortem. There are few published reports of large series of patients with S aureus endocarditis and none from a community hospital. I reviewed the clinical and laboratory findings of a large number of patients with S aureus endocarditis in a community hospital. Methods: I reviewed medical records identified through consultation records, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition codes, and autopsy records of patients who fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of S aureus endocarditis during 1980 to 1991. Results: During the 12-year period, there were 106 cases, for a prevalence of 0.34 per 1000 admissions. Ninety-three (87.7%) of these patients were seen by me. The patients' ages ranged from 12 to 83 years (median, 61 years). Eighteen cases were nosocomial (15 were associated with intravascular catheters). Twenty-one patients were injecting drug users. Severe back pain was the chief complaint in nine patients. Twenty-seven patients had no heart murmur at the time of diagnosis. The overall mortality was 25.5%. Conclusions: Age 60 years or older, female gender, community-acquired infection, absence of heart murmur, presence of congestive heart failure, or central nervous system involvement was associated with higher mortality. Tricuspid valve endocarditis alone was associated with lower mortality. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2330-2335)
Folinic Acid (Leucovorin) as an Adjunctive Treatment for SSRI-Refractory Depression

Low folate is associated with poorer response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in major depressive disorder (MDD). Folate supplementation in MDD has been studied in other settings with promising results. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of methylfolate as an adjunctive treatment among adults with MDD and inadequate response to an SSRI. Twenty-two adults (59% female; mean age 45.2 +/- 11.0 years) with DSM-IV MDD, partial or nonresponse to an SSRI after at least 4 weeks of treatment, and a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) score > or = 12 were enrolled in this 8-week prospective open trial. Exclusion criteria included current use of anticonvulsants or psychotropics other than an SSRI, or B12 deficiency. Leucovorin (folinic acid), which is metabolized to methylfolate, was added to SSRIs at 15-30 mg/day. Folate levels rose from 28 +/- 19 ng/mL to 301 +/- 203 ng/mL (p or = 50% reduction in HAM-D-17 scores), and only 19% of completers and 18% of the ITT sample achieved remission (HAM-D-17 < or = 7). Leucovorin appears to be modestly effective as an adjunct among SSRI-refractory depressed individuals with normal folate levels. The application of leucovorin as an adjunct in the setting of refractory depression deserves further study.
The numerical simulation of heat conduction in irregularly‐shaped materials of thermally‐dependent properties

The numerical simulation of conduction heat transfer in arbitrarily-shaped regions is relevant to many engineering applications including the casting of plastics and metals, cold region problems and latent heat storage. This class of problem offers its particular challenges. The accurate computational simulation of conduction with thermally-dependent properties requires a solution technique with good conservation properties. The boundary-fitted co-ordinates of an arbitrary solution domain typically yield grids which are non-orthogonal and which, consequently, make energy conservation difficult to model. In the current article, a technique is described to simulate accurately the conduction heat transfer in materials of thermally-dependent properties in irregular domains. The method combines boundary-fitted co-ordinates with the finite volume method, FVM, to produce a numerical technique which will accurately solve this non-linear conduction problem using a grid which may be highly skewed. This capability is achieved through a unique treatment of the cross-derivative terms that arise when the heat conduction equation is transformed to a non-orthogonal grid. The cross-derivative terms represent the non-normal components of the heat fluxes into the skewed control volume. The tangent components of the heat fluxes are interpreted in a special way to produce finite difference expressions which accurately model the cross-derivative partial. The numerical procedure is validated by comparing it against a purely analytical mathematical method. Although the numerical results have been obtained using a highly skewed grid, they exhibit close agreement with the analytically-derived solution.
Lipopolysaccharide increases fibronectin production and release from cultured lung fibroblasts partially through proteolytic activity.

Fibronectin is a major product of fibroblasts and can mediate diverse functions including wound healing. Chronic bacterial infections are generally associated with a marked decrease in the ability to repair. We therefore hypothesized that bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), might alter fibroblast fibronectin production. LPS augmented fibronectin production by fibroblasts and also stimulated the release of fibronectin from cell layers. An increase in new protein synthesis appeared to account for part of the increased fibronectin, because the inhibitor of protein synthesis, cycloheximide, inhibited the increase in total production of fibronectin. Cycloheximide did not attenuate the increased release of fibronectin into the culture medium. This increased release appeared to be caused, at least in part, by fragmentation of fibronectin by proteases contained in LPS preparations. In this regard all preparations of LPS tested were found to cleave fibronectin. Finally, zymograms indicated that LPS could also cleave gelatin with at least two bands of proteolytic activity but that it did not cleave bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin. These results indicate that the ability of bacterial products to alter fibronectin production and to degrade this macromolecule may account for altered wound repair that occurs with chronic bacterial infection.
Clutter and target signature statistics from the DARPA background clutter experiment

Clutter is the largest factor contributing to the poor detection rates and high false-alarm rates for mine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) detection systems. The source of this clutter can be either naturally occurring or anthropic. Because the standard detector technologies are anomaly-based systems, few features within the sensor data permit mitigation of false alarms or provide an avenue to enhance detection rates. To achieve operational detection performance, a better understanding of clutter statistics is required at the single pixel level and at the feature level. This paper presents an in-depth assessment of the statistical properties of clutter and target signatures for a specific test site. This assessment uses data collected during the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Background Clutter Data Collection Experiment. Pixel-level statistics for electromagnetic induction detection systems are discussed. The resulting statistical distribution functions for clutter and targets exhibit poor separation. Improved separation of the distribution functions is achieved if features are employed. For example, by measuring the particular size and shape features of target signatures, the false-alarm rate can be reduced with minimal decrease in the detection rate. By using feature-level information, improved system performance can be achieved. This improved performance is dependent on the feature-level statistics of a specific site and is always limited by the overlap between the distribution functions of the clutter and target signatures. The resulting performance enhancement -- although significant -- is still far below the level required for very high detection rates and low false- alarm rates.
Alternate deletion and potentiation as the cause of pulsus alternans

Abstract We have tested the hypothesis that pulsus alternans could be explained by heterometric autoregulation. Dogs were aseptically prepared one week in advance with ultrasonic flow probes, pressure cannulae, dimension transducers (mutual inductance and sonar methods), and atrial stimulation electrodes. Under light morphine-nembutal anesthesia, rapid pacing usually produced alternation. The aortic back pressure had a consistently high negative correlation with left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV). The correlations of end-diastolic pressure and diameter with LVSV varied widely and were frequently negative. Modeling of the linear effects of ventricular diastolic volume and aortic back pressure on LVSV demonstrated prompt restoration of equilibrium after a transient disturbance rather than a sustained alternation. We agree with early theories of alternate deletion of contraction of some myocardial cells, but present evidence that potentiation is also inherent in pulsus alternans. All cells recover excitability in the interval available, but only a fraction may be restored to normal contractility. This population of cells are then excited but do not contract, allowing the energy from excitation to remain unutilized until the next beat, which will then have twice the amount of energy of excitation, and the alternate beat will be potentiated, similar to the mechanism of paired pulse stimulation.
Amygdala norepinephrine involved in two separate long-term memory retrieval processes

Noradrenergic manipulation of the rodent amygdala results in time-dependent disruption of long-term memory for a one-trial aversive experience. Findings using both state-dependent and consolidation experimental procedures suggest that the norepinephrine system of the amygdala underlies not only consolidation-like mechanisms. There appear to be specific noradrenergic substrates for two or more memory retrieval processes which may be physiologically similar to either acquisition or later memory development involving aversive information.
Zen’s Four Mottos and the Poetic Language

This paper attempts to delve into the heart of Zen Buddhism by discussing the four Zen mottos, which provide the philosophical and spiritual pillars of Zen. The four Zen mottos, “special transmission outside doctrine,” “not to establish language,” “direct point to the mind,” and “seeing into one’s nature and attaining the Buddhahood,” address the fundamental questions about language in its role of the expression and transmission of the spirituality. The mottos indicate that enlightenment is nothing but breakthroughs in an individual’s searching for meanings and a new level of consciousness in their life practice. The experiences of enlightenment as new horizons of consciousness cannot be fixed in conceptual language and reduced to doctrinal principles. Enlightenment, as concrete experiences in the “flux” of the mind, can be most directly expressed and effectively transmitted in poetic language. Poetry can metaphorically capture, articulate, and evoke the spiritual experiences that are often viewed as mystical or ineffable in an abstract paradigm. Poetry can capture the living experiences of life without making judgments and fixation based on doctrines and conceptual frameworks; therefore it is “a special transmission outside the doctrine.” Poetry can deliver spiritual messages without directly asserting and delimiting them; therefore, it “does not establish language.” Poetry can “directly point to the mind” by freeing the speaker from any fixed positions, frameworks, and logical rules, so it can directly appeal to people’s minds and respond to concrete situations. The poetics of Zen renders a contrast to the traditional approach to Buddhism that seeks the abstract representation of enlightenment based on exegeses and interpretations of the established words given by the founders and predecessors.
Rate-force relationship and calcium overload in canine purkinje fibers

The relationship between driving rate and contractile force was studied in calcium-overloaded canine cardiac Purkinje fibers perfused in vitro . The following results were obtained. (1) In Tyrode solution (2.7 m m Ca), increasing the drive rate (‘overdrive’) induced an initial decrease followed by a progressive increase in force; (2) the initial decrease was more pronounced and the subsequent increase slower when the driving rate was faster; (3) returning to the basal slow rate caused a transient increase in force above control and this increase was greater when overdrive was faster; (4) a stepwise increase and decrease in rate led to an initial decrease in force with each increment in rate and an initial increase with each decrement in rate; (5) increasing [ Ca ] 0 up to 16.2 m m reversed both the initial fall during and the transient increase in force after overdrive; (6) these changes in force were associated with oscillatory potentials, a sign of calcium overload; (7) similar results were obtained by inducing calcium overload with a low [ Na ] 0 solution or strophanthidin; (8) the altered force patterns and the oscillatory potentials were reduced or eliminated if calcium load was reduced by decreasing the basal rate or [ Ca ] 0 , by increasing [ K ] 0 or by administering tetrodotoxin. It is concluded that in Purkinje fibers the force-frequency relationship is markedly altered in the presence of calcium overload because overdrive further increases the calcium load and this results in a reversal of the relation between calcium and force.
The Effects of Independent Expenditures in Senate Elections

Independent expenditures are designed to influence the preferences and behavior of the electorate. Like candidate expenditures, the money is generally spent trying to persuade voters to act a certa...
CELL ARREST IN Gl AND G2 OF THE MITOTIC CYCLE OF VICIA FABA ROOT MERISTEMS

A B S T R A C T Experiments were performed with cultured excised primary root tips of Vicia faba 'Longpod' to determine: (1) the proportion of meristematic cells arrested in Gl and in G2 during carbohydrate starvation, and to determine if the proportion is fixed or can be varied experimentally; (2) the effect of increased starvation on the ability of arrested cells in Gl and G2 to initiate DNA synthesis and mitosis, respectively, when exogenous sucrose was supplied; and (3) whether puromycin, cycloheximide, or actinomycin D prevented the initiation of DNA synthesis and the onset of mitosis. Microspectrophotometry of nuclear DNA and autoradiographic measurements of incorporated 3H-thymidine showed that 72 hr of starvation immediately after excision produced tissue with more than 70 % of the cells arrested in G2 and less than 30 % in GI. If cultured for three days and then starved for 72 hr, the tissue had nearly equal numbers of cells arrested in G1 and G2. As the duration of starvation increased, the time required to initiate DNA synthesis and to divide when carbohydrate was replenished also increased. Inhibition of protein synthesis by puromycin and cycloheximide prevented the initiation of DNA synthesis and mitosis, but actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, did not prevent division of cells from G2 nor DNA synthesis by cells from Gl. The experiments demonstrated that the mitotic cycle of Vicia has two major controls, one in G1 and another in G2, and that other factors determine how many cells are affected by either of these cycle controls.
Acute (“malignant”) myelosclerosis

This study is based upon an analysis of the hematologic and pathologic material from seven patients with acute myelosclerosis, as well as a review of the literature of 49 cases reported under this designation, or one of its synonyms. Patients with this disease characteristically present with pancytopenia, minimal or absent anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, and a fibrotic bone marrow showing hyperplasia and immaturity of all three cell lines, with particular prominence of megakaryocytes and their precursors. In addition, clinical splenomegaly is almost always absent, and the disease has a rapidly fatal course. We consider only one-fourth of the cases reported in the literature to have the clinical and hematologic features consistent with the diagnosis of acute myelosclerosis; the remainder represent a variety of myeloproliferative disorders, including chronic myelosclerosis with an accelerated terminal phase, acute myeloblastic leukemia with bone marrow fibrosis, myeloproliferative diseases that cannot be subclassified, and cases in which the data are insufficient for analysis. Using strict clinical and hematological criteria, acute myelosclerosis can be separated from other myeloproliferative disorders as a distinct clinicopathologic entity.
Recovery After - Exercise in the Heat - Factors Influencing Fluid Intake

The restoration of body fluid balance following dehydration induced by exercise will occur through regulatory responses which stimulate ingestion of water and sodium ions. A number of different afferent signalling systems are necessary to generate appropriate thirst or sodium appetite. The primary sensory information of naturally occurring thirst is derived from receptors sensing cell volume and the volume of the extracellular fluid compartment. Sensory information from the oropharyngeal region is also an important determinant of thirst. The interaction of these various afferent signalling systems within the central nervous system determines the extent of fluid replacement following dehydration.
On minmax theorems for multiplayer games

We prove a generalization of von Neumann's minmax theorem to the class of separable multiplayer zero-sum games, introduced in [Bregman and Fokin 1998]. These games are polymatrix---that is, graphical games in which every edge is a two-player game between its endpoints---in which every outcome has zero total sum of players' payoffs. Our generalization of the minmax theorem implies convexity of equilibria, polynomial-time tractability, and convergence of no-regret learning algorithms to Nash equilibria. Given that Nash equilibria in 3-player zero-sum games are already PPAD-complete, this class of games, i.e. with pairwise separable utility functions, defines essentially the broadest class of multi-player constant-sum games to which we can hope to push tractability results. Our result is obtained by establishing a certain game-class collapse, showing that separable constant-sum games are payoff equivalent to pairwise constant-sum polymatrix games---polymatrix games in which all edges are constant-sum games, and invoking a recent result of [Daskalakis, Papadimitriou 2009] for these games.We also explore generalizations to classes of non-constant-sum multi-player games. A natural candidate is polymatrix games with strictly competitive games on their edges. In the two player setting, such games are minmax solvable and recent work has shown that they are merely affine transformations of zero-sum games [Adler, Daskalakis, Papadimitriou 2009]. Surprisingly we show that a polymatrix game comprising of strictly competitive games on its edges is PPAD-complete to solve, proving a striking difference in the complexity of networks of zero-sum and strictly competitive games. Finally, we look at the role of coordination in networked interactions, studying the complexity of polymatrix games with a mixture of coordination and zero-sum games. We show that finding a pure Nash equilibrium in coordination-only polymatrix games is PLS-complete; hence, computing a mixed Nash equilibrium is in PLS ∩ PPAD, but it remains open whether the problem is in P. If, on the other hand, coordination and zero-sum games are combined, we show that the problem becomes PPAD-complete, establishing that coordination and zero-sum games achieve the full generality of PPAD.
Influence of exposure assessment and parameterization on exposure response. Aspects of epidemiologic cohort analysis using the Libby Amphibole asbestos worker cohort

Recent meta-analyses of occupational epidemiology studies identified two important exposure data quality factors in predicting summary effect measures for asbestos-associated lung cancer mortality risk: sufficiency of job history data and percent coverage of work history by measured exposures. The objective was to evaluate different exposure parameterizations suggested in the asbestos literature using the Libby, MT asbestos worker cohort and to evaluate influences of exposure measurement error caused by historically estimated exposure data on lung cancer risks. Focusing on workers hired after 1959, when job histories were well-known and occupational exposures were predominantly based on measured exposures (85% coverage), we found that cumulative exposure alone, and with allowance of exponential decay, fit lung cancer mortality data similarly. Residence-time-weighted metrics did not fit well. Compared with previous analyses based on the whole cohort of Libby workers hired after 1935, when job histories were less well-known and exposures less frequently measured (47% coverage), our analyses based on higher quality exposure data yielded an effect size as much as 3.6 times higher. Future occupational cohort studies should continue to refine retrospective exposure assessment methods, consider multiple exposure metrics, and explore new methods of maintaining statistical power while minimizing exposure measurement error.
Differentiation of Insoluble Fibers and Fiber Mixtures using High Resolution Scanning Absorption Microspectrophotometry

Microspectrophotometry was used to differentiate and characterize several common insoluble fibers used in bakery and dietary products. Thirteen fiber samples were analyzed: oat (7), cottonseed (1), soy (2), pea (1), alpha-cellulose (1), and raw ground oat hulls. A computer-controlled microspectrophotometer with high pressure xenon lamp and a grating monochromator was used to measure absorbance spectra at 230-350 nm. Each fiber type had a distinctive absorption spectrum, and showed characteristic spectra that could be used to distinguish one fiber from another. Alpha-cellulose, soy, cottonseed, and pea fibers spectra were distinctly different from oat fibers and hulls.
The clastic flow of 1932 At Fuego in Guatemala

The 1932 eruption of Fuego was accompanied by a flow of hot clastic material which poured over the rim of the Crater. No fresh lava was ejected; the eruption apparently confined itself to clearing out the rock that had plugged up the Volcano; the rock had, however, been exposed to thermal activity.
Metabolism of 3H-estradiol-17β by cultures of isolated rat sertoli cells and the effect of fsh: presence of 16α-hydroxylase

Abstract The ability of Sertoli cells to metabolize 3H-estradiol-17β was investigated utilizing Sertoli cell cultures isolated from 18d rat testes. The Sertoli cells converted estradiol-17β to estriol as shown by recrystallization of estriol from samples containing cells and media but not from cell-free control media. The effect of FSH treatment on such metabolism was investigated and was shown to be similar to nontreated samples. This is the first demonstration that 16α-hydroxylase is present in Sertoli cells and that this enzyme activity is not under the influence of FSH.
Distribution and Stochastic Generation of Annual and Monthly Precipitation on a Mountainous Watershed in Southwest Idaho

: The 18-year precipitation record from the dense gage network on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed located in southwest Idaho was used to determine the spatial distribution of annual and monthly precipitation on a mountainous watershed. Analyses of these data showed a linear relationship between annual amounts and elevation. This relationship was best when the gages were grouped into downwind and upwind sites. This grouping was appropriate because most of the winter storms moved over the watershed from the west and southwest, and the heaviest precipitation was on the west (downwind) side of the watershed. Gage sites along the western and southern watershed borders were most representative of the upwind gages on the east side, because they measured the precipitation from the air moving upwind onto the watershed. The maximum annual precipitation on the watershed was just leeward of the western watershed boundary. The monthly precipitation and elevation relationship was also best represented by grouping the gage sites into upwind and downwind sites. However, during the summer when there are only small amounts of pre cipitation and thunderstorms are the source of most precipitation, one equation can be used to represent the elevation relationship. This study also showed that the log-normal distribution could be used to generate the annual synthetic series, and the cube-root-normal distribution could be used to generate monthly synthetic series for all locations on the watershed.
Sexism in Current ESL Textbooks

This article examines the problem of sexism in ESL materials-how sexism is manifested in ESL textbooks and with what consequences. Following a review of research on the relationship between language and sexism, a recent content analysis of the 15 currently most widely used ESL textbooks (according to a compilation of textbook lists from 27 ESL centers) is described. The study focused on the categories of omission in text and illustrations, firstness, occupational visibility in text and illustrations, nouns, masculine generic constructions, and adjectives. The findings are then summarized and analyzed, and the two least sexist textbooks and the main problem areas in the others are discussed. The term sexism, which has been with us now for more than a decade, has become a household word (Graham 1975). It is probably most readily associated with economic issues, such as equal pay for equal work. The role played by language in maintaining and strengthening sexist values, however, is less widely understood or acknowledged. This is probably because linguistic sexism is much more deeply rooted and far more subtle than other forms of sexism. Indeed, language is such an involuntary function and so intimately intertwined with culture that it is often quite difficult to stand back and take an objective look at one's own language. Language itself is essentially a neutral vehicle of communication which can be used to convey a wide range of attitudes and values. However, all speakers tend to use and create language which is flattering and useful to themselves. Those with enough power, authority, and influence can standardize usage. The creation of dictionaries helped to speed up the process of standardization. Since dictionary writers were male and the social system was a patriarchy preceding, as well as during, the time of standardization, English received a strong infusion of male-as-norm elements (Miller and Swift 1976). Thus, certain sexist usages of English, which are by no means obligatory, were accepted as normal and standard. What are some of the specific ways in which sexist attitudes are conveyed through the language in textbooks? A review of the
The Hidden Life of Tirol

The Hidden Life of Tirol. MARTHA C. WARD. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1993. x + 222 pp., maps, black-and-white plates, bibliography, appendixes.
Riluzole Partially Rescues Age-Associated, but not LPS-Induced, Loss of Glutamate Transporters and Spatial Memory

Impaired memory may result from synaptic glutamatergic dysregulation related to chronic neuroinflammation. GLT1 is the primary excitatory amino acid transporter responsible for regulating extracellular glutamate levels in the hippocampus. We tested the hypothesis that if impaired spatial memory results from increased extracellular glutamate due to age or experimentally induced chronic neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, then pharmacological augmentation of the glutamate transporter GLT1 will attenuate deficits in a hippocampal-dependent spatial memory task. The profile of inflammation-related genes and proteins associated with normal aging, or chronic neuroinflammation experimentally-induced via a four-week LPS infusion into the IVth ventricle, were correlated with performance in the Morris water maze following treatment with Riluzole, a drug that can enhance glutamate clearance by increasing GLT1 expression. Age-associated inflammation was qualitatively different from LPS-induced neuro-inflammation in young rats. LPS produced a pro-inflammatory phenotype characterized by increased IL-1s expression in the hippocampus, whereas aging was not associated with a strong central pro-inflammatory response but with a mixed peripheral immune phenotype. Riluzole attenuated the spatial memory impairment, the elevation of serum cytokines and the decrease in GLT1 gene expression in Aged rats, but had no effect on young rats infused with LPS. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of reducing glutamatergic function upon memory impairment in neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging.
Genetic structure of the indigenous populations of Siberia

This study explores the genetic structure of Siberian indigenous populations on the basis of standard blood group and protein markers and DNA variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) variation. Four analytical methods were utilized in this study: Harpending and Jenkin's R-matrix; Harpending and Ward's method of correlating genetic heterozygosity (H) to the distance from the centroid of the gene frequency array (rii); spatial autocorrelation, and Mantel tests. Because of the underlying assumptions of the various methods, the numbers of populations used in the analyses varied from 15 to 62. Since spatial autocorrelation is based upon separate correlations between alleles, a larger number of standard blood markers and populations were used. Fewest Siberian populations have been sampled for VNTRs, thus, only a limited comparison was possible. The four analytical procedures employed in this study yielded complementary results suggestive of the effects of unique historical events, evolutionary forces, and geography on the distribution of alleles in Siberian indigenous populations. The principal components analysis of the R-matrix demonstrated the presence of populational clusters that reflect their phylogenetic relationship. Mantel comparisons of matrices indicate that an intimate relationship exists between geography, languages, and genetics of Siberian populations. Spatial autocorrelation patterns reflect the isolation-by-distance model of Malecot and the possible effects of long-distance migration.
Werther and the epistolary novel

This article posits that Werther substantially revises the epistolary form made standard by the last quarter of the eighteenth century. Acts of miscommunication dominate the novel: letters are sent but never received. Such misdirections create inadequate models of exchange and fractured communities of people, which in turn produce isolation and despair great enough to influence Werther's suicide. Of course Werther does not kill himself because he is a bad letter writer, yet the novel's, and Werther's, departures from the conventions of epistolarity deserve attention for the ways in which they transform the genre. By examining the metaphors and literalizations of writing and exchange in the novel, I reveal a failed postal system governing the characters and text.
Differentiation of outer membrane proteins from Salmonellaenterica serotypes using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics.

Aims: To differentiate between outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from six Salmonellaenterica serotypes using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method and chemometrics. Methods and Results: The OMPs from Salmonella serotypes (Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Thomasville, Hadar, Seftenberg and Brandenburg) were isolated using a sarcosyl extraction method. OMP profiles on SDS-PAGE exhibited two or three bands between 48 and 54 kDa. Spectra of 10 μl of OMP preparations (5 mg ml−1) dried on a gold reflective slide were collected using 128 scans at 4 cm−1 resolution and units of log (1/R) and analyzed using canonical variate analysis (CVA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The CVA of Salmonella OMP spectra in the 1800–1500 cm−1 region separated the serotypes and LDA provided a 100% correct classification. Conclusions: The use of a FTIR method combined with chemometrics provided better differentiation of Salmonella OMPs than the OMP pattern analysis by SDS-PAGE. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study to demonstrate that spectra of OMP extracts from Salmonella serotypes can be used for 100% correct classification of the serotypes studied.
Three-meson model for p-p scattering

The p-p interaction over the 0 to 320 Mev energy range is analyzed in terms of one-boson-exchange potentials. It is found that not unreasonable fits to the P and D state phase shift data can be obtained using one-boson-exchange potentials due to the p and omega J = 1/sup -/ mesons, the pion and a postulated J = 0/sup +/ meson. The fit to the /sup 1/S/sub o/ data is only qualitative, but this is not unexpected from the standpoint of meson theory. The possible existence of the scalar meson is discussed in the light of present experimental evidence. (auth)
Trends in office-based mental health care provided by psychiatrists and primary care physicians.

Objective To assess recent national trends in mental health care provided by office-based psychiatrists and primary care physicians. Method Trends in mental health-related visits to psychiatrists and primary care physicians are evaluated with the 1995-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys. Rates and percentages of visits with mental health complaints, mental disorder diagnoses, psychotropic medications, and psychotherapy or mental health counseling were calculated for 1995-1998, 1999-2002, 2003-2006, and 2007-2010 by dividing the number of visits of a given type by intercensal population estimates. Results Between 1995-1998 and 2007-2010, a significant increase occurred in the rate per 100 population of primary care visits with mental health complaints (5.96 to 8.49) (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33-0.62, mental disorders (8.75 to 13.23) (OR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.26-1.56), and psychotropic medications (11.08 to 26.74) (OR=3.43; 95% CI, 2.16-2.71). Significant corresponding increases occurred in psychiatrist visits with psychotropic medications (5.28 to 7.85) (OR = 2.25; 95% CI, 1.49-3.41), but not mental disorders (7.60 to 8.95) (OR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.34-2.23), and the rate with mental health complaints significantly declined (5.87 to 5.20) (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33-0.62). During this period, the percentages of visits to primary care physicians that included prescriptions for antidepressants (interaction P = .0001), antipsychotics (interaction P = .03), and anxiolytics/hypnotics (interaction P = .0009) increased significantly faster than the corresponding percentages of visits to psychiatrists. A similar pattern occurred for visits that resulted in a bipolar disorder diagnosis (interaction P = .01). Conclusions In recent years, office-based primary care physicians have significantly increased their involvement in providing mental health care. These trends underscore the importance of collaboration between primary care physicians and psychiatrists to help ensure provision of high quality outpatient mental health care.
Accelerated lymphocyte reconstitution and long-term recovery after transplantation of lentiviral-transduced rhesus CD34+ cells mobilized by G-CSF and plerixafor.

Objective Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in combination with plerixafor produces significant mobilization of CD34 + cells in rhesus macaques. We sought to evaluate whether these CD34 + cells can stably reconstitute blood cells with lentiviral gene marking. Materials and Methods We performed hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using G-CSF and plerixafor-mobilized rhesus CD34 + cells transduced with a lentiviral vector, and these data were compared with those of G-CSF and stem cell factor mobilization. Results G-CSF and plerixafor mobilization resulted in CD34 + cell yields that were twofold higher than yields with G-CSF and stem cell factor. CD123 (interleukin-3 receptor) expression was greater in G-CSF and plerixafor-mobilized CD34 + cells when compared to G-CSF alone. Animals transplanted with G-CSF and plerixafor-mobilized cells showed engraftment of all lineages, similar to animals who received G-CSF and stem cell factor−mobilized grafts. Lymphocyte engraftment was accelerated in animals receiving the G-CSF and plerixafor-mobilized CD34 + cells. One animal in the G-CSF and plerixafor group developed cold agglutinin-associated skin rash during the first 3 months of rapid lymphocyte recovery. One year after transplantation, all animals had 2% to 10% transgene expression in all blood cell lineages. Conclusions G-CSF and plerixafor-mobilized CD34 + cells accelerate lymphocyte engraftment and contain hematopoietic stem cell capable of reconstituting multilineage blood cells. These findings indicate important differences to consider in plerixafor-based hematopoietic stem cell mobilization protocols in rhesus macaques.
Geographic IR and visualization in time and space

This demonstration will show how graphical geospatial query specifications can be used to obtain sets of georeferenced data ranked by probability of relevance, and displayed geographically and temporally in a geospatial browser with temporal support.
Magnetic characteristics of R2(Fe, Co)14B systems (R = Y, Nd and Gd)

Abstract R 2 (Fe, Co) 14 B compounds (R = Y, Nd and Gd) were prepared in high purity. The magnetic behavior of R 2 (Fe, Co) 14 B compounds is reported over the temperature range 4 to 300 K. The effects of Fe substitution by Co on the saturation magnetization, Curie temperature and anisotropy are presented. The spin-reorientation temperature is lowered as Co replaces Fe. This also results in a reduced cone angle. The R 2 Fe 14− x Co x B alloys crystallize in the tetragonal structure over the entire concentration range of 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 14. When Fe is substituted by Co, the Curie temperature increases significantly, the saturation magnetization increases to a maximum value around x = 2, and the anisotropy becomes planar for R = Y and Gd. The Nd 2 (Fe, Co) 14 B systems all exhibit uniaxial anisotropy at room temperature and Nd 2 Co 14 B is strongly uniaxial at 77 K. The Nd 2 (Fe, Co) 14 B systems are conical at 77 K.
Val193 and Phe195 of the γ134.5 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Are Required for Viral Resistance to Interferon-α/β

Abstract Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are resistant to the antiviral action of interferon. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this report, we show that unlike that of wild-type HSV-1, replication of the γ 1 34.5 null mutants was significantly inhibited by exogenous interferon-α in cells devoid of interferon-α/β genes. Using a series of γ 1 34.5 deletion mutants, the domain required for interferon resistance was mapped to the region containing amino acids 146 to 263 in the γ 1 34.5 protein. Interestingly, Val 193 Glu and Phe 195 Leu substitutions in the protein phosphatase 1 interacting motif of the γ 1 34.5 protein rendered HSV-1 sensitive to interferon-α. Furthermore, γ 1 34.5 null mutants were sensitive to interferon-α/β in PKR+/+ but not in PKR−/− mouse embryo fibroblasts. These findings provide evidence that the γ 1 34.5 protein contributes to HSV-1 resistance to interferon-α/β by inhibiting PKR function.
The cycle time distribution of exponential cyclic queues with multiple servers

Abstract The cycle time distribution of a cyclic system with one exponential single-server queue and one exponential multiple-server queue is derived.
An Orthotopic Model of Lung Cancer to Analyze Primary and Metastatic NSCLC Growth in Integrin α1-Null Mice

The role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 in lung cancer progression is controversial. MMP9 promotes local tumor progression and distant metastasis in mouse models by enhancing extracellular matrix degradation, releasing VEGF from extracellular matrix and promoting vascular pericyte recruitment. Furthermore, increased plasma MMP9 expression levels in human subjects with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) inversely correlates with survival. In contrast, MMP9 can benefit the host by generating inhibitors of endothelial cell proliferation such as angiostatin and NC1 domains of collagen IV. To better understand the role of host MMP9 on the primary growth and metastatic potential of NSCLC, we performed an orthotopic model of NSLC in integrin α1-null mice (a genetic model for increased MMP9). In these mice we observed decreased number, size and vascularization of primary NSCLC tumors when compared to wild type controls. In addition, decreased number and size of NSCLC-derived metastases were evident in the α1-null mice. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of MMPs in the α1-null mice at the time of tumor cell injection resulted in an increase in the number of both primary and metastatic lung cancer as compared to untreated mice, suggesting that primary growth and metastases of NSCLC are worsened by the early inhibition of MMPs. In conclusion, although MMP9 may potentially promote tumor growth and metastasis, production of MMP-dependent anti-angiogenic factors seems to override these effects and protects the host from NSCL growth and progression.
TRIP CHAINING IN A LINEAR CITY

Abstract Properties of trip chaining in a hypothetical linear city are examined using the concept of intervening opportunities together with utilitarian assumptions of travel decision. The acceptance probability of the opportunities model is interpreted as a parameter that represents the trip maker's selectivity in opportunity choice. The trip maker is assumed to establish his selectivity level such that the expected net utility of a trip chain will be maximized, and also to minimize the distance traveled to visit a given set of opportunities. Using this framework, characteristics of trip chaining, including the mean distance traveled, optimal level of selectivity and tendency of chaining trips, are related to parameters characterizing the linear city. The analysis points out the critical effect the distribution of utilities of opportunities has on the tendency to chain trips.
Criteria for tenure and promotion in doctoral degree programs in psychology: Perceptions of department chairs and heads

Chairs and heads of PhD-granting programs in psychology were surveyed regarding their perceptions of the minimal criteria for tenure and promotion from assistant to associate professor in their department. The respondents indicated that research was weighted more heavily than either teaching or service activities. The respondents also indicated the minimal number of various activities (e.g., publications) within domains required for tenure and promotion.
Mother-reported sleep, accelerometer-estimated sleep and weight status in Mexican American children: sleep duration is associated with increased adiposity and risk for overweight/obese status.

We know of no studies comparing parent-reported sleep with accelerometer-estimated sleep in their relation to pediatric adiposity. We examined: 1) the reliability of mother-reported sleep compared with accelerometer-estimated sleep, and 2) the relationship between both sleep measures and child adiposity. The current cross-sectional study included 304 Mexican American mother-child pairs recruited from Kaiser Permanente Northern California. We measured sleep duration, using maternal report and accelerometry, and child anthropometrics. Concordance between sleep measures was evaluated using the Bland-Altman method. We conducted zero-ordered correlations between mother-reported sleep, accelerometer-estimated sleep and child BMI z-scores (BMIz). Using linear regression, we examined three models to assess child BMIz with mother-reported sleep (model 1), accelerometer-estimated sleep (model 2), and both sleep measures (model 3). Children had an average age of 8.86 years (SD= .82). Mothers reported that their child slept 9.81 ± 0.74 (95% CI: 9.72, 9.89) hours, compared to 9.58 ± 0.71 (95% CI: 9.50, 9.66) hours based on accelerometry. Mother-reported sleep and accelerometer-estimated sleep were correlated (r = 0.33, p < 0.001). BMIz outcomes were negatively associated with mother-reported sleep duration (model 1: β = −0.13; P = .02) and accelerometer-estimated sleep duration (model 2: β = −0.17; P < .01). Accounting for both sleep measures, only accelerometer-measured sleep was related to BMIz (model 3: β = −0.14, P = .02). Each sleep measure was significantly related to adiposity, independent of covariates. Accelerometry appeared to be a more reliable measure of children’s sleep than maternal report, yet maternal report may be sufficient to examine the sleep-adiposity relationship when resources are limited.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HETEROPHILE ANTIGEN AND SOMATIC POLYSACCHARIDE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1. The lipocarbohydrate or F polysaccharide derived from a rough variant of Type I pneumococcus (I R) is antigenic in rabbits and gives rise to precipitins and sheep cell hemolysins. The somatic or C carbohydrate on the other hand is not antigenic. 2. Antisera for the rough variant of Type 1 pneumococcus contain also bacterial agglutinins immunologically unrelated to the C and F precipitins and the heterophile antibody. 3. A study has been made of the quantitative precipitin reaction of the C and F polysaccharides in the serum of rabbits immunized with the IR pneumococcus clarifying certain of these relationships.
Bromination of Fluoresceins by the Dogfish, Squalus acanthias

THE natural occurrence of bromo-compounds in the coral fan Gorgonia verrucosa and in certain species of shellfish, especially Murex brandaris and M. tranculus, is well known1,2. Bromination of phenol red by an enzyme system isolated from the mould Caldariomyces fumago has been observed3. In vitro bromination of phenol red by uterine slices and bromination of phenol red, chloro-phenol red, metacresol purple and fluorescein after intra-uterine administration of these dyes to the pregnant spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, have been reported4,5. The work recorded here is an extension of the latter observations.