cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards Style Transformation from Written-Style to Audio-Style

In this paper, we address the problem of optimizing the style of textual content to make it more suitable to being listened to by a user as opposed to being read. We study the differences between the written style and the audio style by consulting the linguistics and journalism literatures. Guided by this study, we suggest a number of linguistic features to distinguish between the two styles. We show the correctness of our features and the impact of style transformation on the user experience through statistical analysis, a style classification task, and a user study.
The Genetics of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops over a period of years through a defined progression from a single aberrant crypt to a benign adenoma and ultimately to an invasive malignancy. These phenotypic steps parallel a series of underlying changes at the DNA level. Many of the critical tumor suppressor loci have been identified through cytogenetic or genetic linkage studies of inherited disorders that predispose affected family members to the development of benign or malignant lesions in the colorectal epithelium. Inactivating mutations in the APC gene not only were first identified in the germline of individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis coli but also are present in most sporadic CRCs. Germline mutations in MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, or PMS2 predispose individuals with Lynch syndrome to CRCs with DNA mismatch repair defects; these genes can be mutated or silenced in sporadic CRCs as well. Other inherited mutations are responsible for benign colorectal lesions that rarely progress to malignancy, including those found in the SMAD4, BMPR1A, and PTEN genes. Sporadic changes in these genes are found in malignant rather than premalignant lesions, suggesting that these mutations promote rather than initiate tumorigenesis. Genetic analysis of CRCs will permit stratification for improved prognosis and treatment.
Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates the G-protein-coupled receptor EDG-1 as a low affinity agonist

Abstract EDG-1, an inducible G-protein-coupled receptor from vascular endothelial cells, is a high affinity receptor for sphingosine 1-phosphate (SPP) (Lee, M-J., van Brocklyn, J. R., Thangada, S., Liu, C. H., Hand, A. R., Menzeleev, R., Spiegel, S., and Hla, T. (1998) Science 279, 1552–1555). In this study, we show that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a platelet-derived bioactive lipid structurally related to SPP, is an agonist for EDG-1. LPA binds to EDG-1 receptor with an apparentK d of 2.3 μm. In addition, LPA binding to EDG-1 induces receptor phosphorylation, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, as well as Rho-dependent morphogenesis and P-cadherin expression. These data suggest that LPA is a low-affinity agonist for EDG-1. Activation of the endothelial receptor EDG-1 by platelet-derived lipids LPA and SPP may be important in thrombosis and angiogenesis, conditions in which critical platelet-endothelial interactions occur.
U.S. Army reliability standardization improvement policy and its impact

Mr. Decker, the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development and Acquisition, recently outlined a performance-based approach to reliability in Request for Proposals (RFP), based on two primary objectives: to outline a performance-based approach to reliability for RFPs, and to preclude the use of Mil-Hdbk-217 (Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment) in Army RFP's.
Autophagy: Basic Principles and Relevance to Disease

Autophagy is a process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in double membrane vesicles and degraded upon fusion with lysosomal compartments. In yeast, autophagy is activated in response to changes in the extracellular milieu. Depending upon the stimulus, autophagy can degrade cytoplasmic contents nonspecifically or can target the degradation of specific cellular components. Both of these have been adopted in higher eukaryotes and account for the expanding role of autophagy in various cellular processes, as well as contribute to the variation in cellular outcomes after induction of autophagy. In some cases, autophagy appears to be an adaptive response, whereas under other circumstances it is involved in cell death. In mammals, autophagy has been implicated in either the pathogenesis or response to a wide variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, chronic bacterial and viral infections, atherosclerosis, and cancer. As the basic molecular pathways that regulate autophagy are elucidated, the relationship of autophagy to the pathogenesis of various disease states emerges.
Nuclear positioning: the means is at the ends

The nucleus, like other smaller organelles in the cell, is dynamic and can move about in the cytoplasm. In some cells, nuclear movements are concerned with mitosis or meiosis; in others, they are concerned with orienting nuclear divisions; and in still others, they deal with distributing nuclei through the cytoplasm. Recent interest in nuclear positioning has shown that nuclear movements are often mediated by the interactions of dynein and other proteins at the plus ends of astral microtubules with the cell cortex. How the microtubule minus ends interact with the nucleus also affects nuclear movements.
Experimental pathology of Aspergillus terreus-flavipes group species

The aleuriospore, a secondary submerged spore type found in the Aspergillus terreus-flavipes group, was recently shown to have taxonomic significance as well as a unique morphology. Aleuriospores were demonstrated in pathological material from a pulmonary aspergilloma. In a series of experiments, mice were inoculated intravenously with A. carneus, A. flanipes, A. niveus and A. terreus. Although there was species and strain variation in virulence, all species caused lateral and truncal ataxia which was frequently correlated with multiple acute aspergillomas of the cerebellum and cerebrum. All 4 species produced aleuriospores in brain tissue, which was diagnostic for the group, in contrast to other Aspergillus spp. which did not. The aleuriospores were identical in morphology to those produced in vitro and represent a rare example of exogenous sporulation by fungi in non-necrosed tissues.
Integrated Palliative Care and Oncologic Care in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Palliative care integrated into standard medical oncologic care will transform the way we approach and practice oncologic care. Integration of appropriate components of palliative care into oncologic treatment using a pathway-based approach will be described in this review. Care pathways build on disease status (early, locally advanced, advanced) as well as patient and family needs. This allows for an individualized approach to care and is the best means for proactive screening, assessment, and intervention, to ensure that all palliative care needs are met throughout the continuum of care. Components of palliative care that will be discussed include assessment of physical symptoms, psychosocial distress, and spiritual distress. Specific components of these should be integrated based on disease trajectory, as well as clinical assessment. Palliative care should also include family and caregiver education, training, and support, from diagnosis through survivorship and end of life. Effective integration of palliative care interventions have the potential to impact quality of life and longevity for patients, as well as improve caregiver outcomes.
Feedback Linearization of the Lorenz System: Stabilization and Tracking Control

This paper presents a control study of the Lorenz system by using feedback linearization. The effects of the state transformation on the dynamics of the Lorenz system are studied first. Then, composite controllers are developed for both stabilization and tracking of the system. The controls are designed to overcome the barrier in controllability imposed by the state transformation. The transition through the manifold defined by such a singularity is achieved by inducing the chaotic response within a boundary layer that contains the singularity. Outside this region, a conventional feedback nonlinear control is applied. In this fashion, the authority of the control is enlarged to the whole state space and the need for high control efforts is substantially mitigated. Tracking problems that involve single and cooperative objectives are studied by using the differential flatness property of the system. A good understanding of the system dynamics proves to be invaluable in the design of better controls. In all numerical examples, the proposed approach led to excellent control performances.© 2002 ASME
The creation of a mapuche sorcerer : Sexual ambivalence, the commodification of knowledge, and the coveting of wealth

I analyze Jorge's case as paradigmatic of Mapuche sorcery in Chile because he epitomizes many of the contradictory ways in which Mapuche perceive and categorize people they believe embody evil and threaten sociality. Capitalist consumption and individual success are both desired by Mapuche and criticized as antithetical to spirituality, morality, and community values. Mapuche see sorcerers as people who (a) draw on older Mapuche notions of ambivalent shamanic powers rather than on Catholic moralities; (b) challenge local sociopolitical hierarchies and communal egalitarian ideals; (c) accumulate wealth and prestige through engagement with modern beliefs and practices, self-proclaimed political and religious roles, capitalism, and foreign influences; (d) are excessively poor or wealthy; (e) challenge dominant Chilean gender norms and are suspected of being sexually "deviant"; (f) challenge Mapuche norms of sociality through aggression, individualism, and amorality; and (g) commodify indigenous knowledge for...
Using hydrazine to link ferrocene with Re(CO)3: A modular approach

Acetyl ferrocene and diacetyl ferrocene both readily react with an excess of hydrazine to afford the corresponding hydrazone compounds. These compounds can then be linked to Re(CO)3 via a metal-mediated Schiff base reaction, resulting in a series of ferrocene-Re(CO)3 conjugates with different stoichiometries. Conjugates with 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 ferrocene: Re(CO)3 ratios can be produced via this "modular" type synthesis approach. Several examples of these conjugates were structurally characterized, and their spectroscopic, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical behaviors were investigated. The electronic structures of these compounds were also probed using DFT and TDDFT calculations.
Influence of Target Parameters on Fixation Stability in Normal and Strabismic Monkeys.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of fixation target parameters on fixation instability in strabismic monkeys. Methods One normal and three exotropic monkeys were presented with four differently shaped fixation targets, with three diameters, during monocular or binocular viewing. Fixation targets were white on a black background or vice versa. Binocular eye movements were recorded using the magnetic search coil technique and fixation stability quantified by calculating the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA). Results Fixation instability was greater in all the strabismic monkeys compared with the normal monkey. During monocular viewing, strabismic monkeys showed significantly greater instability in the covered eye compared to the fixating eye. Multifactorial ANOVA suggested statistically significant target parameter influences, although effect sizes were small. Thus, a disk-shaped target resulted in greater instability than other target shapes in the viewing eyes of the normal monkey and two of three strabismic monkeys. A similar target-shape effect was also observed in the covered eye. Least instability was elicited with a 0.5° target in the normal monkey and a 1.0° target in the strabismic monkeys, both in the viewing and the covered eye. Target/background polarity effects were idiosyncratic. In strabismic monkeys, stability of the fixating eye during binocular viewing was not different from the stability of the same eye during monocular viewing. Conclusions Abnormal drifts and nystagmus contribute to increased fixation instability in strabismic monkeys. Target parameters (shape and size) that influence fixation stability in a normal animal also affected fixation stability in our sample of strabismic monkeys.
The effects of prolactin on human sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction

Objective To study the effects of human prolactin (PRL) on human sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. Design Acrosome reactions were induced by the addition of follicular fluid (FF) and progesterone (P). Experiments were performed to determine time and dose-dependent effects of PRL on sperm capacitation, potentiation of the acrosome reaction, decapacitating effects, and potential for PRL to induce an acrosome reaction. Results An average of 31.5% of spermatozoa underwent acrosome reaction with addition of FF and P. No time- or dose-dependent PRL effects on sperm capacitation or acrosome reaction were found ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Prolactin does not play an important role in human sperm capacitation or acrosome reaction.
Application of Statistical Methods to Weather Forecasting

It must seem very odd to the layman and to the scientist who is not connected with the field of meteorology that so little practical progress has been made during the last decade in the all-important problem of weather forecasting. This defect is particularly conspicuous when such phenomenal advances have been made in the field of nuclear physics and thermodynamics. However, it is necessary to spend only a moderate amount of time examining observational data of the meteorological elements to understand that the problem is much more difficult in many of its aspects than those considered in most allied fields. If we regard the atmosphere as a dynamic model, it soon becomes apparent that the whole process behaves as a complicated mechanism in which past and present values do not determine the future as in most linear processes, but they themselves have an effect upon the system which in turn produces nonlinearity of a very peculiar type. It is with this phenomenon that the meteorologists must contend.
Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships: The Role of the International Maritime Organization

Three international regimes are relevant to the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport: (1) the UN climate change regime; (2) the International Maritime Organization; and (3) the UN Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS). This essays surveys the three regimes and their interactions, focusing on the International Maritime Organization and, in particular, the 2011 amendments to MARPOL Annex VI. Although the MARPOL Annex VI amendments constitute the only binding sectoral agreement adopted to date to limit greenhouse gases, IMO action falls well short of what is needed to combat climate change, and it is unclear whether and when the IMO might adopt additional measures, such as a market-based mechanism.
Monte Carlo Methods for Multi-Modal Distributions

This paper explores auxiliary variable strategies for designing Monte Carlo algorithms to sample from multi-modal distributions. Naive importance sampling and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods perform poorly in such situations, motivating the development of alternative methods?in particular, those based on a multi-scale representation of the target distribution. Here we present a novel multi-scale algorithm for sampling from products of Gaussian mixtures, a canonical example in which multi-modality arises frequently in practice. This algorithm is based on a fusion of importance sampling and Markov chain Monte Carlo steps through the recently proposed framework of sequential Monte Carlo samplers. Simulation results indicate that in comparison to either form of sampling technique alone, the resulting algorithm performs more robustly in multi-modal cases than those previously reported in the literature.
Girls Get Free Drinks: Undergraduates’ Misunderstandings of Heterosexual Privilege

ABSTRACTHeterosexual privilege is a challenging concept to teach in undergraduate courses. Using data from self-reflection essays on the first and last days of the semester, we present students’ learning and growth in their understanding of heterosexual privilege and their ability to distinguish it from cisgender privilege. The majority of students accurately identified an instance of heterosexual privilege in their lives and discussed the counterpart to privilege: the marginalization and/or disenfranchisement experienced by individuals who hold other sexual identities. This article highlights the two most common misunderstandings of heterosexual privilege that emerged in students’ writing. On the first day of class, 18.2% outright denied that heterosexual privilege exists, and 17.6% conflated gender with sexuality. It reduced to 11.9% and 11.3%, respectively, on the last day of class. We saw growth in students’ sophistication of perspective even for some students who demonstrated these misunderstandings ...
Draft Genome Sequence of Cryptococcus terricola JCM 24523, an Oleaginous Yeast Capable of Expressing Exogenous DNA

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus terricola JCM 24523 has recently been identified as an oleaginous yeast capable of converting starch into fatty acids. This draft genome sequence provides a platform for elucidating its fatty acid production potential and supporting comparisons with other oleaginous species.
Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Delivery via Microfluidic Cell-Deformation Chip for Human T-Cell Genome Editing and Immunotherapy

This study reports a microfluidic cell deformation-based method to deliver the Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes to different cell types for efficient genome editing, including hard-to-transfect human primary CD4+ T cells. The RNP based CRISPR-Cas9 system has great advantage in shortening reaction time and reducing off-target problems, which holds great potential in future gene therapy applications.
Thoracic Radiculopathy following Spinal Cord Stimulator Implantation Treated with Corticosteroids

Introduction Spinal cord stimulation has been used since 1967 to manage chronic neuropathic pain. Although effective, the literature describes the complication rate to be as high as 35%. One rare complication following spinal cord stimulator (SCS) implantation is the development of radicular pain. We present a case series of 2 patients implanted with SCSs who developed thoracic radiculopathy following implantation that resolved with corticosteroids. Case Details Although this complication was previously thought to require surgical intervention, this case series describes the use of corticosteroids to resolve postimplantation thoracic radiculopathy. Two patients were studied in this case series who received permanent thoracic implantation of a paddle lead SCS. Several days later, both developed back pain radiating toward the umbilicus in a dermatomal pattern consistent with thoracic radiculopathy. Corticosteroids were administered to relieve this pain. One received 6 mg dexamethasone intravenously every 6 hours followed by an oral dexamethasone taper for 1 week. The other was treated with an oral methylprednisolone taper for 2 weeks. Results Upon follow-up, both patients no longer complained of the thoracic radiculopathy and were satisfied with the pain relief the stimulators provided. Conclusion In conclusion, postsurgical radicular pain is a rare but troubling complication of SCS implantation. In order to avoid further surgical complications or the need to explant a device that provides satisfactory paresthesia coverage, pharmacologic management is desirable. This case series has demonstrated that the use of corticosteroids can effectively resolve postimplantation thoracic radicular pain in a specific subgroup of patients.
Religion and Sexual Identity Fluidity in a National Three-Wave Panel of U.S. Adults.

Research has shown that cross-sectional estimates of sexual identities overlook fluidity in those identities. Research has also shown that social factors, such as competing identities, can influence sexual identity fluidity. We contributed to this literature in two ways. First, we utilized a representative panel of US adults (N = 1034) surveyed in 2010, 2012, and 2014 by the General Social Survey. The addition of a third observation allowed us to examine more complexity in sexual identity fluidity. We found that 2.40% of US adults reported at least one change in sexual identity across the 4 years, with 1.59% reporting one change and 0.81% reporting two changes. Our second contribution came from examining the role of religion, as past research has suggested that religion can destabilize and prolong sexual identity development. We found that lesbian or gay individuals (N = 17), bisexuals (N = 15), and females (N = 585) showed more sexual identity fluidity compared to heterosexuals (N = 1003) and males (N = 450), respectively. Marital status, age, race, and education did not have significant associations with sexual identity fluidity. Regarding the role of religion, we found that participants identifying as more religious in Wave 1 showed more fluidity in sexual identity across later observations. Further analysis showed that higher levels of religiosity make it more likely that lesbian or gay individuals will be fluid in sexual identity, but this is not the case for heterosexual individuals. This finding reinforces past qualitative research that has suggested that religion can extend or complicate sexual minorities’ identity development.
The Personal Side of Relationship Banking

This paper documents a widely overlooked dimension of relationship lending: the personal interaction between the borrower and the lender reduces the willingness of the borrower to engage in moral hazard and default on the loan officer. We conduct a randomized experiment with small business borrowers of the largest commercial bank in India to test the impact of three different levels of interactions between the borrower and the bank. Borrowers who are regularly called either by a single assigned relationship manager or by one manager randomly selected from a small team of managers show much better repayment behavior and greater satisfaction with the bank services than borrowers who either receive no follow up or only receive follow up calls from the bank when they are delinquent. The results are economically and statistically significant: borrowers who receive the more intensive treatment see a large reduction in the number of late payment spells and delinquencies.
Fan labor, speculative fiction, and video game lore in the "Bloodborne" community

This essay engages fans of the PlayStation 4 video game Bloodborne (FromSoftware, 2015), focusing on the ways in which fans of the game craft its abstract lore into new threads of narrative via online texts and videos, and a related controversy pertaining to the originality and authorship of those media texts that fans share as records of their lore hunts.
Security challenges and methods for protecting critical infrastructure cyber-physical systems

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) represent a fundamental link between information technology (IT) systems and the devices that control industrial production and maintain critical infrastructure services that support our modern world. Increasingly, the interconnections among CPS and IT systems have created exploitable security vulnerabilities due to a number of factors, including a legacy of weak information security applications on CPS and the tendency of CPS operators to prioritize operational availability at the expense of integrity and confidentiality. As a result, CPS are subject to a number of threats from cyber attackers and cyber-physical attackers, including denial of service and even attacks against the integrity of the data in the system. The effects of these attacks extend beyond mere loss of data or the inability to access information system services. Attacks against CPS can cause physical damage in the real world. This paper reviews the challenges of providing information assurance services for CPS that operate critical infrastructure systems and industrial control systems. These methods are thorough measures to close integrity and confidentiality gaps in CPS and processes to highlight the security risks that remain. This paper also outlines approaches to reduce the overhead and complexity for security methods, as well as examine novel approaches, including covert communications channels, to increase CPS security.
The distal tibial classic metaphyseal lesion: medial versus lateral cortical injury

The distal tibia is a common location for the classic metaphyseal lesion (CML). Prior radiologic-pathologic studies have suggested a tendency for medial, as opposed to lateral, cortical injury with the CML, but there has been no formal study of the geographic distribution of this strong indicator of abuse. This study compares medial versus lateral cortical involvement of distal tibial CMLs in a clinical cohort of infants with suspected abuse. Reports of 1,020 skeletal surveys performed for suspected abuse (July 2005-June 2016) were reviewed. Twenty-six distal tibial CMLs (14 unilateral, 6 bilateral) with anteroposterior (AP) and lateral projections on the initial skeletal survey and at least an AP view on the follow-up survey were identified in 20 infants. Two blinded pediatric radiologists determined if the medial and/or lateral margins of the distal tibial metaphysis were involved by the CML. Average interreader absolute agreement and kappa scores were 0.69-0.90 and 0.45-0.72, respectively. Average intrareader absolute agreement and kappa scores were 0.65-0.88 and 0.44-0.57, respectively. Analyses showed that the distal tibial CML almost always involved the medial cortical margin (reader 1=89%, reader 2=88%, pooled=89%) and the fracture infrequently involved the lateral cortical margin (reader 1=12%, reader 2=38%, pooled=26%). The percentage point difference between fracture involvement in medial and lateral margins was statistically significant from zero (P<0.001). The distal tibial CML is most often encountered medially; lateral involvement is uncommon. This observation should help guide the radiologic diagnosis and could have implications for understanding the biomechanics of this distinctive injury.
Rapid flame doping of Co to WS2 for efficient hydrogen evolution

Transition metal sulfides have been widely studied as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Though elemental doping is an effective way to enhance sulfide activity for the HER, most studies have only focused on the effect of doping sulfide edge sites. Few studies have investigated the effect of doping the basal plane or the effect of doping concentration on basal plane activity. Probing the dopant concentration dependence of HER activity is challenging due to experimental difficulties in controlling dopant incorporation. Here, we overcome this challenge by first synthesizing doped transition metal oxides and then sulfurizing the oxides to sulfides, yielding core/shell Co-doped WS2/W18O49 nanotubes with a tunable amount of Co. Our combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments demonstrate that the HER activity of basal plane WS2 changes non-monotonically with the concentration of Co due to local changes in the binding energy of H and the formation energy of S-vacancies. At an optimal Co doping concentration, the overpotential to reach −10 mA cm−2 is reduced by 210 mV, and the Tafel slope is reduced from 122 to 49 mV per decade (mV dec−1) compared to undoped WS2 nanotubes.
Dead Souls: Or Why the Neurobehavioral Science of Emotion Should Pay Attention to Cognitive Science

The broad purpose of this chapter is to show how a reevaluation of our notions of cognitive processes can lead to a more useful definition of emotional states, and how this working definition may facilitate research in the behavioral and neurosciences. We take as a working axiom the supposition of psychologies of experience that states of emotion exist, representing organizations of memories, current behavioral dispositions, and anticipated outcomes. However, we will raise the question: Is human subjectivity a valid guide to this terrain? Our main purpose is to provide (a) the basis for an explanation of emotional phenomena which is predicated on events that can be observed and measured by the community of scientists and (b) a theory that has no other constraint than the usual scientific requirements of data accountability, parsimony, and a potential statement of quantitative relationships in the logic of mathematics.
Taming Structured Perceptrons on Wild Feature Vectors

Structured perceptrons are attractive due to their simplicity and speed, and have been used successfully for tuning the weights of binary features in a machine translation system. In attempting to apply them to tuning the weights of real-valued features with highly skewed distributions, we found that they did not work well. This paper describes a modification to the update step and compares the performance of the resulting algorithm to standard minimum error-rate training (MERT). In addition, preliminary results for combining MERT or structured-perceptron tuning of the log-linear feature weights with coordinate ascent of other translation system parameters are presented.
Reoperative thyroid surgery.

Background Patients with thyroid cancer are sometimes denied repeat thyroid operations for fear of an increased risk of complications. Methods We therefore reviewed our experience in 114 patients with benign or malignant thyroid tumors who underwent 116 thyroid reoperations with or without other procedures. All patients had undergone at least one prior thyroid operation and 16 patients had undergone from two to four thyroid operations before referral. The initial histologic diagnosis before reoperation was thyroid carcinoma in 79 patients, papillary carcinoma in 47 patients, follicular carcinoma in 17 patients, medullary carcinoma in 9 patients, and Hurthle cell carcinoma in 6 patients. Benign disease was present in 35 patients. In 62 patients with cancer, reoperations were performed because of suspected persistent or recurrent disease; one of these patients underwent two reoperations by us. In 17 patients reoperation was to complete total thyroidectomy, primarily so that radioactive iodine could be used to scan for and treat metastatic disease. Results Among the 116 reoperations, 102 were completion total thyroidectomy, 8 were near-total or subtotal thyroidectomy, and 6 were completion lobectomy. Histologic examination at reoperation revealed thyroid carcinoma in 51 cases (64%) among the 79 patients who had undergone 80 operations for previous thyroid cancer. Recurrent or persistent cancer was present in 49 of 63 (78%) reoperations for patients with papillary, medullary, and Hurthle cell cancer but in only 2 of 17 (12%) patients with follicular cancer. Cancer also occurred in 8 cases (22%) of the 36 reoperations in 35 patients who initially had benign lesions. Complications included one permanent and one transient palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve; both occurred on the side of a previous partial or subtotal lobectomy. Other complications included temporary hypoparathyroidism in four patients, seromas in two patients, and a keloid in one patient. Conclusions This study documents that reoperations can be performed with minimal morbidity. Thus patients should not be denied the chance to undergo removal of a persistent tumor or the remnant normal thyroid tissue because of the fear of complications.
Photon scattering from few-nucleon systems

In this contribution we discuss an experimental program that is planned at I l l ino is to investigate elastic photon scattering on few-nucleon systems at energies between about 40 MeV and the pion threshold. These energies are large compared with typical energies of collective nuclear excitations but small compared with energies of nucleon excitations. In this regime we expect the photon scattering amplitude to be dominated by the coherent superposition of scattering amplitudes from the individual charges and magnetic moments that make up the nuclear system. Neglecting the lat ter contribution, the photon scatters primarily from individual protons and from interacting neutron-proton pairs, as shown schematically in Figure 1. These we Call (a) the one-body and (b) the two-body contributions to the scattering amplitude, respectively.
CHAPTER 10 – Algebraic Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on algebraic equations. The imaginary component converges more rapidly than the real component. The chapter explains differing convergence for the real and imaginary components of complex roots. The convergence for algebraic operators with complex coefficients is to the complex root of smallest modulus. The chapter discusses cubic equations. The treatment of algebraic equations by the decomposition method suggests further generalization to random algebraic equations. Such equations, with random coefficients, arise in engineering, physics, and statistics whenever random errors are involved. Random matrices are found in finite-dimensional approximation models for random Hamiltonian operators and various engineering applications concerned with systems of linear random equations.
Peripheral Administration of Human Adrenomedullin and Its Binding Protein Attenuates Stroke-Induced Apoptosis and Brain Injury in Rats

Stroke is a leading cause of death and the primary medical cause of acquired adult disability worldwide. The progressive brain injury after acute stroke is partly mediated by ischemia-elicited inflammatory responses. The vasoactive hormone adrenomedullin (AM), upregulated under various inflammatory conditions, counterbalances inflammatory responses. However, regulation of AM activity in ischemic stroke remains largely unknown. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of a specific AM binding protein (that is, AMBP-1) in mammalian blood. AMBP-1 potentiates AM biological activities. Using a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we found that plasma levels of AM increased significantly, whereas plasma levels of AMBP-1 decreased significantly after stroke. When given peripherally early after MCAO, exogenous human AM in combination with human AMBP-1 reduced brain infarct volume 24 and 72 h after MCAO, an effect not observed after the treatment by human AM or human AMBP-1 alone. Furthermore, treatment of human AM/AMBP-1 reduced neuron apoptosis and morphological damage, inhibited neutrophil infiltration in the brain and decreased serum levels of S100B and lactate. Thus, human AM/AMBP-1 has the ability to reduce stroke-induced brain injury in rats. AM/AMBP-1 can be developed as a novel therapeutic agent for patients with ischemic stroke.
MSE And FEM Modeling of Thrusts to Elastic Joints of Long Vertical Pipe In 3-D Nonlinear Motions

In applying external forces or thrust vectors to the elastic joints along an 18,000-ft-long vertical deep-ocean pipe, the joints are modeled by finite elements (FEM) as well as mass-spring elements (MSE). When the mass and mass moment of inertia of the joints made with nonrigid transverse (x) stiffness are accounted for, there are noticeable differences between predicted pipe responses and eigenvalues by the MSE and FEM modeling. The differences are pronounced in dynamic biaxial bending (y) and torsional (qz) responses, even though both models predict nearly identical static responses. The effects of the thrust vector on pipe responses are more obvious in dynamic than static responses. The thrust activation can change the bending (x) response periods, and reduce the amplitudes of the axial stress and combined axial and bending stresses. The MSE is simpler and more precise than the FEM in the modeling accuracy of the elastic joint. The accuracy of the MSE response predictions over FEM can be more pronounced for complex pipe systems with larger size and mass of joints. *ISOPE Member. †Presently with Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Received: March 3, 1998. Revised July 3, 1998. Submitted directly to the editors. Unit conversion: 1 m = 3.182 ft.
Communication through Air Water Interface Using Multiple Light Sources

Underwater wireless networks (UWNs) conventionally have been interfaced to remote control centers through floating nodes that serve as gateways. A gateway will have an acoustic transceiver to communicate with underwater nodes and interact with command nodes over radio airwaves. This paper presents a novel approach that avoids the need for surface gateways and enables effective communication through the air water interface using free space optics. We first analyze the effect of optical transmission angle on the underwater signal range. Based on such analysis we determine the optical beam angle and underwater node position for best signal strength. We further develop a scheme for extending the coverage by beamforming of multiple light sources to mitigate the effect of water current on the receiver position and enable the establishment of robust communication links between underwater nodes and an air-borne base-station.
Copper-Promoted Functionalization of Organic Molecules: from Biologically Relevant Cu/O2 Model Systems to Organometallic Transformations

Copper is one of the most abundant and less toxic transition metals. Nature takes advantage of the bioavailability and rich redox chemistry of Cu to carry out oxygenase and oxidase organic transformations using O2 (or H2O2) as oxidant. Inspired by the reactivity of these Cu-dependent metalloenzymes, chemists have developed synthetic protocols to functionalize organic molecules under enviormentally benign conditions. Copper also promotes other transformations usually catalyzed by 4d and 5d transition metals (Pd, Pt, Rh, etc.) such as nitrene insertions or C-C and C-heteroatom coupling reactions. In this review, we summarized the most relevant research in which copper promotes or catalyzes the functionalization of organic molecules, including biological catalysis, bioinspired model systems, and organometallic reactivity. The reaction mechanisms by which these processes take place are discussed in detail.
Low incidence of radionecrosis in children treated with conventional radiation therapy and intrathecal radioimmunotherapy

Radionecrosis is a potentially devastating complication of external beam radiotherapy (XRT). Intraventricular compartmental radioimmunotherapy (cRIT) using 131I-3F8 or 131I-8H9 can eradicate malignant cells in the CSF. The incidence of radionecrosis using cRIT 131I based intraventricular radioimmunotherapy, when used alone or in combination with conventional craniospinal CSI-XRT is unknown. We retrospectively analyzed the incidence of radionecrosis in two cohorts of pediatric patients treated with both CSI-XRT and cRIT at MSKCC since 2003: patients with metastatic CNS neuroblastoma (NB) and medulloblastoma (MB). 94 patients received both CSI-XRT and cRIT, two received cRIT alone, median follow up 41.5 months (6.5–124.8 months). Mean CSI-XRT dose was 28 Gy (boost to the primary tumor site up to 54 Gy) in the MB cohort, and CSI XRT dose 18–21 Gy (boost to 30 Gy for focal parenchymal mass) in the NB cohort. For MB patients, 20 % had focal re-irradiation for a second or more subsequent relapse, mean repeat-XRT dose was 27.5 Gy; seven patients with NB had additional focal XRT. Median CSF cRIT dose was 18.6 Gy in the MB cohort and 32.1 in the NB cohort. One asymptomatic patient underwent resection of 0.6-cm hemorrhagic periventricular white-matter lesion confirmed to be necrosis and granulation tissue, 2.5 years after XRT. The risk of radionecrosis in children treated with XRT and cRIT appears minimal (~1 %). No neurologic deficits secondary to radionecrosis have been observed in long-term survivors treated with both modalities, including patients who underwent re-XRT. Administration of cRIT may safely proceed in patients treated with conventional radiotherapy without appearing to increase the risk of radionecrosis.
Survival outcomes by hormone receptor expression in early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer.

e12050Background: The clinical heterogeneity seen in HER 2 positive breast cancer (BC), mostly related to hormone receptor (HR) expression has been suggested to underlie the variability of response...
Metaphors of Place-Conscious Leadership in the Multidistrict Superintendency: Negotiating Tensions of Place-Consciousness and District-Wide Goal Attainment.

The purpose of this ethnographic case study is to provide a rich picture of the ways in which the multidistrict superintendent (MDS) engages in contextually responsive and place-conscious leadershi...
Commonly Confused Conditions

There are a large number of common conditions which can be confused with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Clouding the diagnosis, however, is the fact that LPR can also cause or exacerbate a large number of conditions. For example, postnasal drip due to rhinitis or sinusitis can be confused with LPR; however, concomitant LPR can worsen chronic sinusitis. Hoarseness can be caused by a multitude of laryngeal disorders including functional voice disorders, chronic laryngitis, habitual throat clearing, and excessive voice use; but LPR can also worsen laryngitis and muscle tension dysphonia. Swallowing disorders can also produce symptoms of globus (foreign body) sensation and chronic throat clearing, and many causes of dysphagia are worsened by irritation from LPR. Neoplasms impacting the aerodigestive tract, such as pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, or thyroid neoplasms, can lead to stenosis or compression that can be misdiagnosed as LPR, but LPR may be a factor in the development of laryngeal carcinoma. Finally, environmental irritants such as tobacco, alcohol, and occupational or toxic exposures also cause inflammation, mimicking symptoms caused by exposure to gastric contents. Yet, tobacco and alcohol can also exacerbate or cause LPR. In cases of chronic rhinosinusitis, laryngitis, or dysphagia unresponsive to medical or surgical management, patients should also be tested for coexistent LPR or empirically treated because response to any therapy will be suboptimal if LPR is not also adequately addressed.
H. A. McKee and J. E. Porter: Professional Communication and Network Interaction: A Rhetorical and Ethical Approach [Book Review]

Digital media abound, so technical communicators must continually invent new ways to communicate in these new technologies. They must understand new media and find the most effective ways to use them. Using rhetorical and ethical theory, the authors of this book analyze the changes to professional communication provoked by technological advancement. The book offers case studies and analysis to demonstrate approaches to network interactions such as phatic communication, rhetorical interaction, social listening, and artificial-intelligence (AI) agents. This book is divided into two sections. The first details rhetorical and ethical approaches in communication; the second examines four “Cases of Network Interaction.” The first half of the book explains how rhetoric and ethics can be used to help create successful networked communication. The second half recommends how to apply rhetoric and ethics in specific workplace settings. Each chapter contains detailed subheadings and a helpful conclusion summarizing its main points, a feature sure to help students and novices digest the theoretical concepts presented. The summaries will also help readers who must quickly read and understand a specific topic without having to read the book in its entirety. This book provides a fairly general overview of the main issues influencing communication using digital media and new technology. It offers case studies and key concepts that could be applied to a variety of fields. This book could be used as an introduction to corporate communication across industries. It focuses on a few key rhetorical concepts; therefore, other theories such as postcritical approaches are not considered. This book introduces rhetorical theory applied to realworld cases. Doing so might help a wider range of readers see practical applications for it, even though the book does not offer rules, checklists, or guidelines to follow in networked communication. Nevertheless, the book clearly offers a comprehensible introduction to cases and considerations for professional communication and network interaction.
Words matter: instructions dictate "self-selected" walking speed in young adults.

Abstract Background Variability in gait speed is influenced by age and health status. However, no study has investigated the effects of different instructions on gait speed. Research question This study investigated how walking prompts contributed to variability in gait speed. Methods Participants walked on a pressurized walkway. Gait speed variability was assessed using multilevel modeling. Results 61% of the variance in gait speed was due to instruction, while 14% was due to individual differences. Significance Reference values for gait speed across a number of prompts will be highly useful for assessing gait performance in young adults. Further, the instruction given produces a large amount of variability in selected walking speed. This finding urges researchers to maintain consistency when delivering walking instructions.
Slow Light Imaging Spectroscopy

Disclosed is a process and device that enables ultra-high resolution one- and two-dimensional spatial imaging of Rayleigh, Raman and Thomson spectral features without the need for a spectrometer. The disclosed approach provides the capability for imaging of a single spectral feature such as a single rotational Raman line and the simultaneous elimination of background scattering, or for separating the rotational Raman image from the Rayleigh scattering. High collection efficiency provides the opportunity for single pulse time frozen images to be acquired.
1994 Experimental test of the role of natural selection in the process of character displacement

Abstract Patterns of divergence consistent with character displacement ( Chapter 15 ) are readily seen in nature. What is more difficult is to document that in sympatry competition between species has fitness consequences that can drive this differentiation. Schluter (1994) carried out experiments with threespine sticklebacks that provided direct evidence of these competitive effects.
The History of Shareholder Primacy, from Adam Smith through the Rise of Financialism

Standing in the way of sustainable business efforts is the belief that corporate fiduciaries must work to maximize shareholder wealth at all costs. American corporate law in fact imposes no such obligation, yet shareholder wealth maximization remains a powerful social norm. This chapter explores the history of the shareholder primacy norm, tracing the idea from its inception, to its famous articulation in the classic case of Dodge v. Ford, through the influence of the law and economics movement and the rise of financialism at the end of the last century. The chapter then examines the current debate over shareholder primacy, sustainability, and corporate social responsibility, arguing that shareholder primacy has peaked in the United States and is meeting resistance internationally. A new norm of enlightened stakeholderism, I argue, is on the rise, pursuant to which firms aim to be not just profitable but environmentally and socially responsible, as well.