cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cain, a novel physiologic protein inhibitor of calcineurin.

Abstract Calcineurin is a widely distributed protein phosphatase regulated by calcium and calmodulin. It mediates the immunosuppressive actions of drugs such as cyclosporin and FK506, and has been implicated in a number of calcium-sensitive pathways in the nervous system, including regulation of neurotransmitter release and modulation of long-term changes in synaptic plasticity. Calcineurin associates physiologically with other proteins, including calmodulin, FKBP12 (FK506-binding protein), the ryanodine receptor, and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. We now report the identification, molecular cloning, and functional characterization of a novel protein, cain (calcineurininhibitor), that interacts with and inhibits calcineurin. The full-length cain cDNA predicts a 240-kDa protein with no significant homology to any known protein. Cain associates with calcineurin both in vitro and in vivo, leading to a non-competitive inhibition of calcineurin activity. The putative calcineurin-binding domain of cain, a 38-amino acid region defined by mutational analysis, is highly basic. Like calcineurin, cain has a prominent neuronal expression and a wide tissue distribution. Cain’s expression pattern in the brain closely resembles that of calcineurin, indicating a physiologic association between the two proteins.
Benchmarking Private Cloud Performance with User-Centric Metrics

Cloud computing is a new paradigm for the delivery of IT services. It has enabled many promising opportunities for features that cannot be easily implemented in traditional IT environments, such as elastic scalability, self-service deployment, resiliency and recovery, and so forth. Benchmarking the cloud requires a well-defined set of cloud performance metrics that should be able to sensitively distinguish the capabilities of cloud systems that enable those features. One way of defining benchmark metrics is based on observations of the internal mechanisms in a cloud. For example, an elasticity evaluation may be based on measuring a resource provisioning interval in the cloud. However, a more meaningful evaluation should be based on user-centric metrics. In this article, we will introduce a set of performance metrics that can be directly measured, calculated and compared by the cloud users, including workload consumers and the users who deploy and manage the workload life cycles. We will also discuss ways to organize the user-centric metrics, with different emphasis, into a benchmark that represents different use cases.
Ecué's Atlantic: An essay in methodology

Arguing from an exposition of the principal epistemological and methodological problems that have plagued African-Americanist research since its inception as a properly disciplined anthropological pursuit, this essay focuses on an ostensibly 'clear' case of 'transatlantic continuities' to question linear construction of historical relations between 'African' and 'African-American' cultural forms. Detailing the social history of an African male initiatory sodality and its supposed Cuban equivalent within their wider political economic contexts, I argue that the apparent dispersion of Cross-River-type secret societies ought not to be seen as a pattern of diffusion from a (temporally prior) point of inception to (temporally later) sites of recreation, but as a total pattern of simultaneous 'Atlantic' eventuation and cultural production.
Mitogen-activation of spleen cells in aged animals is potentiated by dietary restriction: a preliminary report.

Abstract Dietary restriction has been reported to be associated with increased life span and increased DNA repair capacity in both male and female rats and mice. We examnined dietary restriction effects on immune system function and prolongation of life span in specific pathogen free rats and mice. In this preliminary report the authors show that dietary restriction is correlated with a dramatic increase in the lifespan of both male and female rats and mice in a pathogen free environment, and in the capacity of cultured splenocytes from those animals to initiate blastogenesis in response to antigenic stimulation.
Detailed end use load modeling for distribution system analysis

The field of distribution system analysis has made significant advances in the past ten years. It is now standard practice when performing a power flow simulation to use an algorithm that is capable of unbalanced per-phase analysis. Recent work has also focused on examining the need for time-series simulations instead of examining a single time period, i.e., peak loading. One area that still requires a significant amount of work is the proper modeling of end use loads. Currently it is common practice to use a simple load model consisting of a combination of constant power, constant impedance, and constant current elements. While this simple form of end use load modeling is sufficient for a single point in time, the exact model values are difficult to determine and it is inadequate for some time-series simulations. This paper will examine how to improve simple time invariant load models as well as develop multi-state time variant models.
Becoming Her Man: Transcoding in Medieval Marian Literature

AbstractThis essay argues that the Middle English miracles and lyrics of the Virgin Mary borrow the language of chivalry and courtly love in their depiction of the intercessory powers of the Mother of God. Because both chivalry and courtly love bear evidence of signifying contestation during the late Middle Ages, Marian texts that use the language of both or either can themselves be seen as complex and potentially anxiogenic. Understood through the theories of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, the miracles themselves can be defined as documents of signifying alliance or as evidence of what Deleuze and Guattari call “becoming.” Thus, the miracles and lyrics of the Virgin that use such fraught codes present us with an image of Mary that is unstable. An examination of such signifying alliances helps us better understand both the signifying networks at play in the later Middle Ages and the language work produced by them.
The syntax and semantics of correlatives

This paper argues against the view that Hindi has a single strategy of relativization, traditionally referred to as the correlative construction, which is typologically distinct from relativization in languages like English. It is shown that Hindi, in fact, has two types of relative clauses which are syntactically and semantically distinct. Hindi embedded and right-adjoined relative clauses are generated inside NP and function like noun modifiers. They are similar in essential respects to restrictive relative clauses in English. Hindi left-adjoined relative clauses, on the other hand, are adjoined to IP at D-structure. They do not function like noun modifiers but are quantificational expressions binding variables inside their scope domain. It is suggested that left-adjoined relatives belong typologically with free relatives in English and internally-headed relatives in Quechua, since they have certain significant properties in common with these constructions.
Speech characteristics of children after otitis media.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to obtain preliminary descriptions of the speech characteristics of children with histories of otitis media. Speech samples were collected from 20 children between the ages of 3 years, 6 months and 5 years, 5 months who had had at least three episodes of otitis media. Results indicated that most of the children performed below age norms on at least two of the speech characteristics studied. Identification of such deficient speech patterns may aid the practitioner in recognizing and referring children who require evaluation of their speech and language development. Implications for further research with this population were suggested.
Ionospheric imaging using merged ultraviolet airglow and radio occultation data

The Limb-imaging Ionospheric and Thermospheric Extreme-ultraviolet Spectrograph (LITES) and GPS Radio Occultation and Ultraviolet Photometry-Colocated (GROUP-C) experiments are being considered for flight aboard the Space Test Program Houston 5 (STP-H5) experiment pallet to the International Space Station (ISS). LITES is a compact imaging spectrograph that makes one-dimensional images of atmospheric and ionospheric ultraviolet (60-140 nm) airglow above the limb of the Earth. The LITES optical design is advantageous in that it uses a toroidal grating as its lone optical surface to create these high-sensitivity images without the need for any moving parts. GROUP-C consists of two instruments: a nadir-viewing ultraviolet photometer that measures nighttime ionospheric airglow at 135.6 nm with unprecedented sensitivity, and a GPS receiver that measures ionospheric electron content and scintillation with the assistance of a novel antenna array designed for multipath mitigation. By flying together, these two experiments form an ionospheric observatory aboard the ISS that will provide new capability to study low- and mid-latitude ionospheric structures on a global scale. This paper presents the design and implementation of the LITES and GROUP-C experiments on the STP-H5 payload that will combine for the first time high-sensitivity in-track photometry with vertical spectrographic imagery of ionospheric airglow to create high-fidelity images of ionospheric structures. The addition of the GPS radio occultation measurement provides the unique opportunity to constrain, as well as cross-validate, the merged airglow measurements.
Long-term follow up of enteric augmentations; the risk for malignancy

Purpose To define the risk of malignant tumours developing in enteric bladder augmentation during long-term follow up. Material and methodsS We reviewed all patients who had undergone an enteric bladder augmentation. To be included in the study, a minimum of 10 years of follow-up with a history of annual or biennial urologic follow-up evaluations were required. The patients were specifically reviewed for the development of a bladder malignancy. Results 153 patients met the study criteria; indications for bladder augmentation were neurogenic bladder in 97, exstrophy-epispadias in 38 and posterior urethral valves in 18. Median follow-up interval of 27 years range 10–53 years. A total of 7 cases of malignancy occurred. Two patients with a neurogenic bladder developed multifocal transitional cell carcinoma; both were heavy smokers (> 50 pack year history). Two patients with a history of posterior urethral valves that subsequently required renal transplantation developed invasive adenocarcinoma of the enteric augment portion of the bladder. Three patients with bladder exstrophy developed multifocal adenocarcinoma of the bladder and enteric segment. Median time to development of the tumour was 32 years range 22 – 52 years. Radical cystectomy was performed in 6/7(85%) of the patients. (One patient with wide spread metastasis at diagnosis.) Three patients remain alive, median length of time from surgery 5 yrs., range 2–6 yrs. Four patients died from their malignancy. Conclusions Malignancy following enteric augmentation frequently arose due to coexisting biologic stimuli; tobacco usage, immunosuppression or the possible inherent risk of malignancy from the native exstrophic bladder. Median lag time to tumour development was 3 decades.
Determining Thermal Test Requirements for Automotive Components

Component thermal response is dependent upon numerous factors including the atmospheric temperature, heat sinks and sources, vehicle use time, etc. The number of significant thermal cycles and time at temperature for many components will be related to the number of times the engine is started. This paper provides a methodology to determine the number of significant thermal cycles and time at temperature a product will experience in 10 years which will depend upon engine starts. These calculations provide the basis for an accelerated test requirement to qualify the product based upon customer usage measurements. Because of the trace ability and linkage, the methodology is more marketable to internal and external customers, and less likely to be questioned or arbitrarily overruled. It also enables relative severity assessments for historical customer requirements compared with field needs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stapled colonic J-pouch-anal anastomosis without a diverting colostomy for rectal carcinoma

PURPOSE: Colonic J-pouch reconstruction is designed to improve functional outcome of coloanal anastomosis. Most surgeons use a diverting colostomy to avoid severe pelvic sepsis caused by anastomotic breakdown. METHODS: We report the outcome of 30 consecutive patients with colonic J-pouch-anal anastomosis without a diverting colostomy performed between November 1992 and October 1993. All patients had carcinoma of the lower two-thirds of the rectum. Patients were seen every three months. Functional results were compared with those of 21 rectal cancer patients with straight coloanal anastomosis who underwent surgery in the same period and 20 normal patients. RESULTS: There were two anastomotic leakages and one postoperative death. After one year, patients with pouch anastomosis had significantly less frequency of defecation and rectal urgency compared with those with straight anastomosis (P <0.01); 48 percent of patients with straight anastomosis had more than five bowel movements per day, whereas all patients with pouch anastomosis had five or less bowel movements per day. Manometric studies showed maximum tolerable volume was significantly higher in patients with pouch anastomosis (81 vs. 152 ml;P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Stapled colonic J-pouch-anal anastomosis without a diverting colostomy is a reliable procedure that provides good, long-term functional results.
The Cohomology of the Variational Bicomplex Invariant under the Symmetry Algebra of the Potential Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equation

The variational bicomplex of forms invariant under the symmetry algebra of the potential Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation is described and the cohomology of the associated Euler-Lagrange complex is computed. The results are applied to a characterization problem of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation by its symmetry algebra originally posed by David, Levi, and Winternitz.
A method to synthesize multiblock copolymers of methyl methacrylate and styrene regardless of monomer sequence

Multiblock copolymers of methyl methacrylate and styrene were created using atom transfer radical polymerization. The syntheses of poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate-b-styrene) (S-M-S) and poly(methyl methacrylate-b-styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (M-S-M) triblock copolymers and poly(methyl methacrylate-b-styrene-b-methyl methacrylate-b-styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (M-S-M-S-M) and poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate-b-styrene-b-methyl methacrylate-b-styrene) (S-M-S-M-S) pentablock copolymers are reported. This method is novel in that the resultant copolymers are very blocky in nature and yet can be synthesized regardless of the direction of cross-propagation; a styrene end can initiate the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate ends can initiate the polymerization of styrene. This is contrary to anionic polymerization, which is commonly used to prepare block copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate. SEC analysis shows the kinetics of the homopolymerizations and the copolymeriz...
Quality measures in design: finding problems before coding

Structure Charts are the third major deliverable of a structured design, following the logical model and the physical model. Code is usually written immediately after the Structure Charts are approved. Many metrics are available for measuring code complexity and some forms of data coupling. Applying similar metrics to the design might be used to find problems in complexity and coupling before interfaces are formalized and code is written. This paper reviews complexity and coupling code measures which could be applied to structure charts. Since there has been little analysis and data collected in this area, it is proposed that relative figures of merit can be derived from structure charts. It is also proposed that in large systems, structure charts with out of normal figures of merit are candidates for detailed review. The general outline of an Automated Auditor is also defined as a tool to assist designers and reviewers in design analysis.
Long-term patterns of gill cleaning, ventilation and swimming inLimulus

1. The gill appendages ofLimulus are utilized for several different activities, all of which commonly occur in long-term patterns. These patterns consist of bouts of one type of activity alternating with bouts of another, in the following combinations (listed in order of prevalence): ventilation and gill cleaning, swimming and ventilation, swimming and apnea, ventilation and apnea, swimming and gill cleaning. 2. The long-term patterns are fairly stable, although there may be some variability in the duration of bouts within a pattern. These alterations in the bout duration do not appear to influence the length of the succeeding bout. 3. The patterns are susceptible to changes in ambient oxygen concentration. 4. It is suggested that the underlying neural mechanism responsible for generating these long-term patterns consists of bout generators for each fixed action pattern which reciprocally inhibit each other.
The equivalence theorem.

The equivalence theorem states that, at an energy $E$ much larger than the vector-boson mass $M$, the leading order of the amplitude with longitudinally polarized vector bosons on mass shell is given by the amplitude in which these vector bosons are replaced by the corresponding Higgs ghosts. We prove the equivalence theorem and show its validity in every order in perturbation theory. We first derive the renormalized Ward identities by using the diagrammatic method. Only the Feynman-'t Hooft gauge is discussed. The last step of the proof includes the power-counting method evaluated in the large-Higgs-boson-mass limit, needed to estimate the leading energy behavior of the amplitudes involved. We derive expressions for the amplitudes involving longitudinally polarized vector bosons for all orders in perturbation theory. The fermion mass has not been neglected and everything is evaluated in the region ${m}_{f}\ensuremath{\approx}MllEll{m}_{\mathrm{Higgs}}$.
A direct role of dopamine in the rat subthalamic nucleus and an adjacent intrapeduncular area

The subthalamic nucleus, a clinically important component of the extrapyramidal motor system, and a lateral area extending into the peduncle contain catecholamine terminals and dopamine receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase. In addition, dopamine agonists administered in vivo enhance glucose utilization in the region. Thus, neuronal function in this region is directly affected by dopamine and dopaminergic drugs.
Animals in Art: Some Trends Across Three Millennia

Abstract A survey of nearly 1,700 paintings from 17 major museums in Europe and America disclosed a steady decline in the appearance of animals, but not of humans. Nearly 60% of the works from ancient Egypt and Persia contained animal representations, whereas only 15% of the 20th century paintings showed animals as either a central or peripheral part of the compositions. These results were essentially replicated in a survey of major art history texts, the illustrations for which were selected for pedagogical reasons rather than popular appeal. In order to see whether these results applied to a more universal art form, 1,798 coin sides dating back to 500 b.c. were examined for their animal, human, and non-living content. Although animals virtually disappeared from coins between the fall of Rome and a.d. 1000, there has been a steady increase since then in the appearance of animals on Western coins.
Redox recipes. III. Use of various sugars at 0° and 30°C. in a cumene hydroperoxide–iron–sugar recipe†

The cumene hydroperoxide–iron–sugar recipe which gave attractive rates of conversion at 30°C. has been studied with several variations at 0°, using several sugars or sugarlike products. Dihydroxyacetone appears to be the most suitable reducing agent at 0°.
Maximal Processing, or, Archivist on a Pale Horse

With the promise of greater economy in handling an ever-increasing volume of material, minimal processing has quickly become a new orthodoxy for the archival profession despite a raft of unintended consequences for service and discovery. Taking a long-term view of the costs and benefits entailed in the process of processing, the three-stage maximal processing alternative suggests instead that archivists focus on maximizing the intellectual care of collections while acknowledging the realities of strained resources. Beginning with a comprehensive collection survey and making use of our full professional judgment, the maximal approach privileges values and aspirations over barriers and limitations.
Intracellular Loop 2 Peptides of the Human 5HT1a Receptor are Differential Activators of Gi

Peptide mimics of intracellular loop 2 (ic2) of the human 5HT1a receptor have been studied with respect to their ability to inhibit agonist binding via interference with receptor-G-protein coupling. These peptides give shallow concentration-effect relationships. Additionally, these peptides have been studied with respect to their ability to trigger the signal transduction system of this Gi-coupled receptor. Two signaling parameters have been quantified: concentration of intracellular cAMP and changes in incorporation into the G protein of a stable analog of GTP. In both cases, peptide mimics near midloop of ic2 actually show agonist activity with efficacy falling off toward both loop termini near TM 3 and TM 4. Previous results have suggested that the loop region near the TM3/ic2 interface is primarily responsible for receptor-G-protein coupling, while the current result emphasizes the mid-ic2 loop region's ability to activate the G protein following initial coupling. A limited number of peptides from the receptor's TM5/ic3 loop vicinity were also studied regarding agonist inhibition and G-protein activation. These peptides provide additional evidence that the human 5HT1a receptor, TM5/ic3 loop region, is involved in both coupling and activation actions. Overall, these results provide further information about potential pharmacological intervention and drug development with respect to the human 5HT1a receptor/G-protein system. Finally, the structural evidence generated here provides testable models pending crystallization and X-ray analysis of the receptor.
Management model for controlling nitrate contamination in the New Jersey Pine Barrens aquifer.

: Land use planning in rapidly developing areas can serve as an effective tool for minimizing water quality impacts on ground water supplies. A land use management model applied to Jackson Township of the New Jersey Pine Barrens was developed. The management model consisted of a simulation model for the transport of nitrates from septic tank systems through the aquifer and a multiobjective, goal programming optimization model to determine population density restrictions using 208 areawide planning population projections. Results showed that growth may have to be curtailed in several areas of Jackson Township and that current population projections over the next 30 years may result in unacceptably high nitrate concentrations downgradient of Jackson Township. The management framework provides a flexible approach to land use planning.
The development of miniplex primer sets for the analysis of degraded DNA

In this project, a new set of multiplexed PCR reactions has been developed for the analysis of degraded DNA. These DNA markers, known as Miniplexes, utilize primers that have shorter amplicons for use in short tandem repeat (STR) analysis of degraded DNA. In our work we have defined six of these new STR multiplexes, each of which consists of 3 to 4 reduced size STR loci, and each labeled with a different fluorescent dye. When compared to commercially available STR systems, reductions in size of up to 300 basepairs are possible. In addition, these newly designed amplicons consist of loci that are fully compatible with the the national computer DNA database known as CODIS. To demonstrate compatibility with commercial STR kits, a concordance study of 532 DNA samples of Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic origin was undertaken There was 99.77% concordance between allele calls with the two methods. Of these 532 samples, only 15 samples showed discrepancies at one of 12 loci. These occurred predominantly at 2 loci, vWA and D13S317. DNA sequencing revealed that these locations had deletions between the two primer binding sites. Uncommon deletions like these can be expected in certain samples and will not affect the utility of the Miniplexes as tools for degraded DNA analysis. The Miniplexes were also applied to enzymatically digested DNA to assess their potential in degraded DNA analysis. The results demonstrated a greatly improved efficiency in the analysis of degraded DNA when compared to commercial STR genotyping kits. A series of human skeletal remains that had been exposed to a variety of environmental conditions were also examined. Sixty-four percent of the samples generated full profiles when amplified with the Miniplexes, while only sixteen percent of the samples tested generated full profiles with a commercial kit. In addition, complete profiles were obtained for eleven of the twelve Miniplex loci which had amplicon size ranges less than 200 base pairs. These data clearly demonstrate that smaller PCR amplicons provide an attractive alternative to mitochondrial DNA for forensic analysis of degraded DNA.
A knowledge-based system for centrifugal fan blade design

Abstract The objective of this study is to design the optimal centrifugal fan with specific given conditions, by using a knowledge-based system. In this study, the significant factors for the centrifugal fan such as input variables, output variables and constraints are conceptualized. These conceptualized factors are translated into mathematical forms by centrifugal fan theory. A knowledge data base is developed using the expertise of fan design experts, and a corresponding rule set is developed and applied using an inference engine. A simulation study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Laser-directed deposition of silver nanostructures

Controlled deposition of metal nanostructures on various substrates is highly desirable for electronics, photonics, sensing and catalysis. A laser focused beam has been used to deposit metal nanoparticles and nanostructures based on optical forces with diffraction-limited spatial resolution. We demonstrate fabrication of nanostructured silver wires, spots and wire arrays by using a confocal microscope setup, offering highly reproducible nanostructured silver growth and pattern writing. Particularly, laser-deposited silver micro-wires show adjustable electronic conductivities. Taking into accounts the superior spatial resolution and versatile pattern design, this technique is promising for a variety of applications such as microelectronics and bio-chips.
Operationalizing Land Use Diversity at Varying Geographic Scales and Its Connection to Mode Choice: Evidence from Portland, Oregon

Although substantial consideration has been given to analyzing the relationship between land use diversity and travel behavior, the selection of the most suitable geographic scale for operationalizing these measures has received considerably less attention in the research. General consensus favors an examination of the complex relationship between travel behavior and such built environment measures explained at a finer spatial scale. The reasons for supporting a more disaggregate neighborhood scale include statistical advantages, such as a minimization of the modifiable areal unit problem, and more applied intentions, such as a preference for site-specific design measures seen as responsive to urban policy. Complementing this decision about how best to define the geographic extent of the built environment is the determination of which built environment measures are significantly related to travel mode choice. Of these measures, an increased diversity of land uses has often been linked with an individual's...
The computer simulation of RNA folding involving pseudoknot formation

The algorithm and the program for the prediction of RNA secondary structure with pseudoknot formation have been proposed. The algorithm simulates stepwise folding by generating random structures using Monte Carlo method, followed by the selection of helices to final structure on the basis of both their probabilities of occurrence in a random structure and free energy parameters. The program versions have been tested on ribosomal RNA structures and on RNAs with pseudoknots evidenced by experimental data. It is shown that the simulation of folding during RNA synthesis improves the results. The introduction of pseudoknot formation permits to predict the pseudoknotted structures and to improve the prediction of long-range interactions. The computer program is rather fast and allows to predict the structures for long RNAs without using large memory volumes in usual personal computer.
The state of the art of the science of drug discovery—an opinion

The discovery of drugs (and their subsequent development) is a difficult subspeciality in pharmacology that, in conjunction with clinical medicine, generates the vitality underlying the entire pharmacologic-therapeutic enterprise. The drug discovery process is unique among biomedical sciences in that it takes place almost solely in industrial research institutions rather than in nonindustrial institutions—i.e., academic and government laboratories. The conventional view of drug discovery is that, since it is mission-oriented and pharmacological, it is derivative on the basic pharmacological research carried out in nonindustrial research institutions. It is argued by the author that this model is oversimplistic and is not applicable to pharmaceutical research: It is very frequently the case that drugs are developed first and thus precede “basic” knowledge and in fact are the source of new academic findings, especially in pharmacology. In addition, new drugs are useful tools in physiology and biochemistry. Thus, the discovery of an innovative drug is per se a basic contribution. A more reasonable model of the relationship between drug discovery (and development) and nonindustrial research—physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological—is that of symbiosis with each segment nurturing the other to mutual benefit. The problems of pharmacologists involved in drug development are more complex than those of nonindustrial pharmacologists in that the end points of their work—successful clinical trial and marketing—demand more than an interesting pharmacological action; the action must be of therapeutic significance and be resident in a molecule which has been determined to be nontoxic, bioavailable, patentable, and commercially viable. The differences in goals between academic (non-mission-oriented) and industrial (mission-oriented) pharmacological research and the consequent demands in the latter for specified kinds of results often leads to differing patterns of research and research judgments that can be a source of misunderstandings and confusion between industrial and nonindustrial pharmacologists.
A unifying framework for the theory of iterative arrays of machines

A mathematical framework is defined in which many questions concerning uniform arrays of finite-state machines can be formulated and studied. An outline is then presented that informally describes some research areas that have been under investigation. Some of the results uncovered to date are described and many open problems are stated.
Social Work with Homeless Mothers: A Strength-Based Solution-Focused Model

Social workers are increasingly called upon to provide services to homeless families, the vast majority of which arc mother-headed. Drawing on empirical findings from the literature on homeless families and the practice literature on solution-focused and strength-based practice, this article describes and illustrates how principles and techniques of these two approaches to practice can be used to empower homeless mothers to resolve their housing crisis and restabilize their families after an episode of homelessness. Examples are given for how social workers can use these principles and techniques in various stages of the helping process.
Analysis of data from interferometric gravitational-wave detectors

The advent of kilometer-scale interferometers, such as those in LIGO, makes detection of gravitational waves from astrophysical sources a realistic goal in the near-term. Data collected simultaneously from the LIGO and GEO interferometers has started to flow during dedicated engineering runs and is being analyzed by working groups of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration. This paper presents a short review of the data analysis techniques that have been developed and are now being used in the effort to detect gravitational waves. In particular, enhancements of the basic methods to improve efficiency and to handle non-Gaussian noise are emphasized.
The power and limitations of proportional cutbacks in common-pool resources

Abstract This paper examines the success and limitations of proportional cutbacks as an allocation rule for improving the performance of common-pool resources (CPRs). Two field cases, one success and one failure, motivate the analysis. For symmetric CPRs, we establish the existence of efficiency-enhancing proportional cutbacks. We then introduce complications that arise in the presence of asymmetries, which induce a continuum of proportional cutbacks that raise efficiency above Nash equilibrium. Calibrating a linear–quadratic CPR model to global carbon dioxide emissions, the efficiency and distributional consequences of proportional cutbacks like those embodied in the Kyoto Protocol are derived.
β-TrCP Mediates the Signal-induced Ubiquitination of IκBβ

We have examined the role of β-TrCP (β-transducin repeat-containing protein) in the ubiquitination and degradation of IκBβ, one of the two major IκB isoforms in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that β-TrCP interacts specifically with IκBβ, and such interaction is dependent on prior phosphorylation of IκBβ on serines 19 and 23. Interaction with β-TrCP is also necessary for ubiquitination of IκBβ upon stimulation of cells, and deletion of the F-box in β-TrCP abolishes its ability to ubiquitinate IκBβ. Therefore, these results indicate that β-TrCP plays a critical role in the activation of NF-κB by assembling the ubiquitin ligase complex for both phosphorylated IκBα and IκBβ.
Atypical presumed CMV retinitis

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a common and one of the most serious ophthalmic manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Early recognition is essential in the proper management of this necrotizing and progressive infection. We discuss an unusual presentation of CMV retinitis which appeared initially only in the foveal region.
Proton Transport Pathway in the ClC Cl−/H+ Antiporter

A fundamental question concerning the ClC Cl−/H+ antiporters is the nature of their proton transport (PT) pathway. We addressed this issue by using a novel computational methodology capable of describing the explicit PT dynamics in the ClC-ec1 protein. The main result is that the Glu203 residue delivers a proton from the intracellular solution to the core of ClC-ec1 via a rotation of its side chain and subsequent acid dissociation. After reorientation of the Glu203 side chain, a transient water-mediated PT pathway between Glu203 and Glu148 is established that is able to receive and translocate the proton via Grotthuss shuttling after deprotonation of Glu203. A molecular-dynamics simulation of an explicit hydrated excess proton in this pathway suggests that a negatively charged Glu148 and the central Cl− ion act together to drive H+ to the extracellular side of the membrane. This finding is consistent with the experimental result that Cl− binding to the central site facilitates the proton movement. A calculation of the PT free-energy barrier for the ClC-ec1 E203V mutant also supports the proposal that a dissociable residue is required at this position for efficient delivery of H+ to the protein interior, in agreement with recent experimental results.
A differential game model of the marketing-operations interface

In the development of their dynamic strategies, the marketing and operations functions within a firm have differing objectives, and conflict between the two functions is common. The strategic interdependence involving marketing and operations decisions is modeled as a noncooperative differential game. Demand is assumed to be a function of price and advertising goodwill, and marketing controls price and advertising to maximize its discounted stream of revenue net of advertising costs. Backlogging is allowed, and operations controls production to minimize its discounted stream of production and backlog costs. A feedback Nash equilibrium is derived for the game, which allows a solution of the system of differential equations for goodwill and backlog, and is analyzed to study the nature of the dynamic strategies for price, advertising, and production.
Weak locally homogeneous turbulence in idealized flow through a cone

On analyse la turbulence d'un ecoulement idealise a travers un cone, au moyen des equations de correlation generalisees a deux points, basees sur les equations de Navier-Stokes et de continuite. La viscosite et les effets de deformation moyenne sont retenus dans l'analyse, mais on suppose que la turbulence est assez faible pour qu'on puisse negliger, dans les equations, les termes de correlation triples par rapport aux autres termes. On calcule les composantes des variations de vitesse de tourbillon et de formation de tourbillon, ainsi que les spectres de ces grandeurs. On considere egalement, dans l'equation du spectre, un terme de transport d'energie de deformation moyenne qui transfere des composantes d'energie entre les caracteristiques d'onde. On utilise l'analogie du transfert energetique de chaleur pour relier les resultats obtenus au transfert de chaleur entre le fluide et la paroi du cone.
Restoring (dis)order: Sanctions, resolutions, and "social control" in anarchist communities

This essay explores the restorative implications of anarchist communities through an analysis of processes such as norm formation, sanctioning, conflict resolution, and economic exchange. The study explores ways in which anarchist communities employ various restorative measures to maintain group cohesion and achieve a modicum of social control through the application of natural phenomena such as diffuse power, fluid authority, community consensus and mutual aid. Drawing upon studies of communities manifesting anarchist tendencies--Aincluding utopian experiments, indigenous cultures, and the unique case of the Rainbow Family of Living Light--a picture begins to emerge wherein conceptions of property and the social dynamics that inhere within a community are inextricably linked, suggesting the propensity of anarchist communities to promote an organic synthesis of self, society, and nature. In the end, by exploring tenets associated with the nascent restorative justice paradigm, it is observed that anarchist...
Infrastructure for a lunar base

Abstract Exploration of the Moon is the most crucial and decisive step toward human expansion into the vast reaches of space. The Moon is the natural and ideal testbed for determining human capability to survive, function, expand and settle into the space environment. Scientific studies, astronomic observations, and exploitation and utilization of space resources culminating in the establishment of a self-sufficient permanently human-tended lunar base are the goals of lunar exploration. Four development stages in the evolutionary exploration of the Moon are suggested: (1) exploratory; (2) pioneering; (3) outpost; and (4) base. Overall goals and specific objectives, functional requirements, construction conditions, and life support systems requirements needed in each stage are identified.
Incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Trend over 6 decades.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that the incidence and mortality rates for multiple myeloma have increased in the United States. The authors reported on the incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between 1991 and 2001 and on trends in multiple myeloma incidence over the last 56 years. METHODS Using the files of the Mayo Clinic and the Olmsted Medical Center (Rochester, MN), the authors identified all residents of Olmsted County who had multiple myeloma, suspected myeloma, or a related disorder. Reports of all laboratory determinations, in addition to autopsy findings and death certificates, were obtained. The criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma have not changed during the last 6 decades. RESULTS All but 1 of the 47 residents with multiple myeloma first diagnosed between 1991 and 2001 were recognized antemortem. Fifty-five percent had a previous monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering multiple myeloma, or solitary plasmacytoma before multiple myeloma was diagnosed. From 1991 to 2001, the overall annual incidence rate, age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. population, was 4.3 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval, 3.0–5.5 per 100,000). Poisson regression analysis showed no statistically significant trend in Olmsted County incidence rates over 56 years. In similar fashion, the authors adjusted multiple myeloma incidence rates from nine other studies worldwide for which adequate data were available and documented similar findings in each case, except for one study that included patients with smoldering multiple myeloma. CONCLUSIONS The overall incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, has not changed in almost 6 decades. The apparent increase in incidence elsewhere is unexplained but probably is attributable to improvements in diagnostic techniques, particularly in older patients. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Bureaucracy, managerial disorganization, and administrative breakdown in criminal justice agencies

Abstract This article presents a novel way to explain managerial collapse in criminal justice agencies by analyzing traditional organizational perspectives. While recognizing the advances of human relations and contingency management theories, most criminal justice agencies in the twenty-first century remain hierarchical Weberian organizations characterized by mechanistic and formalistic operations, with specialized tasks and division of labor that create a narrow range of duties. Along with Weber, Fayol, and more recently, DiIulio and Wilson have argued that managerial quality determines organizational performance. This article extends that focus by using the theoretical perspective called managerial disorganization and administrative breakdown, hypothesizing that management is responsible for well-functioning and/or dysfunctional organizations. Through a series of examples from case studies where criminal justice agencies have failed, the article concludes that agencies experiencing administrative breakdown and managerial disorganization are not implementing their basic mission and inappropriately utilizing the organizational principles of division of labor, unity of command, span of control, accountability, hierarchy of authority, and communication.
Trapping particles in microfluidics by positive dielectrophoresis

Experiments were performed on dilute suspensions of polarized particles in microfluidics with electrodes of different sizes arranged parallel and perpendicular to the flow. Using experiments and simulations, we considered the kinetics of the heterogeneous aggregation of positively polarized particles flowing through a dielectrophoretic micro-device. We identified the conditions under which the interparticle electric interactions do not affect the particle trapping in the high-field strength regions and demonstrated that, under these conditions, the predictions of a single-particle model for the particle accumulation on the electrodes are in a reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental data.
Smoking in Schizophrenia: Diagnostic Specificity, Symptom Correlates, and Illness Severity

Background: Cigarette smoking was consistently found to be more prevalent in individuals with schizophrenia than in other psychiatric groups and the general population. These findings have been interpreted as evidence of a specific association between schizophrenia and smoking. However, the supporting data come primarily from cross-sectional studies, which are susceptible to confounding. Our aim was to test specificity of this link longitudinally in an epidemiologic sample. Methods: A cohort of 542 inpatients with psychosis was followed for 10 years after first hospitalization, completing 5 face-to-face interviews. Assessments included ratings of specific symptoms (psychotic, negative, disorganized, and depressive), Global Assessment of Functioning, and a categorical measure of cigarette consumption. All participants were assigned longitudinal consensus diagnoses by study psychiatrists, and 229 were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SZ). Results: At baseline, 52.4% of participants were current smokers and 69.3% were lifetime smokers. Smoking rates did not differ among the diagnostic groups (schizophrenia spectrum, major depressive, bipolar, or other psychotic disorder) at any assessment point. Smokers were more severely ill than nonsmokers but did not differ in specific symptoms either cross-sectionally or longitudinally. Among smokers, changes in cigarette consumption were linked only with changes in depression (b = .16, P < .001). Conclusions: Rates of smoking were elevated in subjects with schizophrenia but were just as high with other psychotic disorders. Smoking was not associated with psychotic symptoms, but cigarette consumption covaried with depression over time. Given the devastating health consequences of cigarette use, smoking cessation interventions are urgently needed in this population and should specifically address depression.
Meta-heuristic cross-layer protocol for UWB emergency responder sensor network

In this paper, an ultra-wideband based sensor network for an emergency responder system is analyzed. Due to multiple objectives such as adaptive data rate, power control and quality-of-service the message transmission can be framed as a non-deterministic polynomial computation time hard problem. Thus a meta-heuristic algorithm is applied to obtain a reliable and optimal solution. The designed cross layer protocol incorporates the signalpsilas physical properties. thus balancing the throughput while reducing latency, sensor resources thus longevity of network is attained.
Soil molecular microbial ecology at age 20: methodological challenges for the future

The year 2000 marks the twentieth anniversary of the publication in Soil Biology & Biochemistry by Vigdis L. Torsvik (University of Bergen) of the first procedure for isolation of bacterial DNA from soil (Torsvik, 1980), arguably initiating the subdiscipline of soil molecular microbial ecology. Since 1980, great strides have been made in the development of methods and in the application of genetic tools to analysis of soil microbial communities, and many soil microbiology laboratories routinely incorporate these tools in their research. It is likely that the concept of soil molecular ecology will soon disappear as a subdiscipline of microbial ecology, and that these tools will become as routine and indispensable as are genetic tools in microbial physiology. However, even though increasing numbers of soil microbiologists use molecular biology in their research, some fundamental obstacles must be overcome before these tools become as routine as are, for example, many soil chemical methods. This anniversary provides an opportunity for retrospection on the applicability of genetic tools to soil microbial ecology, and of methodological needs for the immediate future. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.