cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instatement of Stuttering in Normally Fluent Individuals through Operant Procedures

Normally fluent subjects were required to read from printed pages, and a recording was made of nonfluencies until a stable rate was established. A persistent shock was then introduced. Its cessation for a limited period was made contingent upon nonfluency. Chronic stuttering was instated and eliminated as a function of the change in stimulus.
Inter-manual transfer of tactual learning as a function of stimulus meaningfulness.

32 Ss were initially exposed to wooden shapes of both high and low meaningfulness. Two shapes were presented to the left hand and 2 were presented to the right hand, each for 5 sec. Each shape was ...
Nonparametric estimation of utility function in first-price sealed-bid auctions

I propose a simple method to nonparametrically estimate the utility function in first-price, sealed-bid auctions when bidders’ participation is exogenous. Using a pair of bid densities, each for a different number of bidders, I establish a contraction mapping that converges to the true utility function. The method employs nonparametric estimates in place of the true bid densities to construct the contraction mapping and computes the utility function by iterating the contraction operator. A Monte Carlo study shows that the method approximates the true utility function and valuation density.
Genistein inhibits calcium release by platelet-derived growth factor but not bradykinin or cadmium in human fibroblasts.

Cd2+ provokes inositol trisphosphateproduction and releases stored Ca2+, apparently by binding to a zinc site in the external domain of an orphan receptor. One pM Cd2+ evokes an immediate spike in cytosolic free Ca2+, which is similar to that evoked by bradykinin. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) also increases free Ca2+ in human dermalfibroblasts, but there is a distinct lag before free Ca2+ rises in response to PDGF. Genistein, which selectively inhibits tyrosine kinases, markedly inhibited Ca2+ mobilization evoked by PDGF. Calcium mobilization triggered by cadmium or bradykinin was relatively insensitive to genistein. The PDGF receptor is known to be a tyrosine kinase, whichphosphorylates and thereby activatesphospholipase Cψ, whereas a G protein couples the bradykinin receptor to anotherphospholipase C isoform. These findings support the hypothesis that the orphan receptor triggered by cadmium is coupled to phospholipase C via a G protein.
Effects of hospital staffing and organizational climate on needlestick injuries to nurses.

Objectives. This study determined the effects of nurse staffing and nursing organization on the likelihood of needlestick injuries in hospital nurses. Methods. We analyzed retrospective data from 732 and prospective data from 960 nurses on needlestick exposures and near misses over different 1-month periods in 1990 and 1991. Staffing levels and survey data about working climate and risk factors for needlestick injuries were collected on 40 units in 20 hospitals. Results. Nurses from units with low staffing and poor organizational climates were generally twice as likely as nurses on well-staffed and better-organized units to report risk factors, needlestick injuries, and near misses. Conclusions. Staffing and organizational climate influence hospital nurses' likelihood of sustaining needlestick injuries. Remedying problems with understaffing, inadequate administrative support, and poor morale could reduce needlestick injuries.
Lexicographic ordinal OWA aggregation of multiple criteria

We consider a special case of multi-criteria decision making. Here the information provided by the decision maker about an alternative's satisfaction to the criteria by provided in terms of values that only have an ordinal nature. Linguistic terms such as high, medium and low are examples of this type of valuation. In addition we consider the situation in which there exists a lexicographic based priority ordering among the criteria. This type of lexicographic order can arise in situations in which we want to limit the ability of the low priority criteria to compensate for lack of satisfaction to higher priority criteria. For example in selecting an automobile where safety and cost are our criteria a lexicographic ordering arises when we do not want to allow the fact that a car is extremely inexpensive to compensate for the fact that it may not be safe. To help in the construction of multi-criteria aggregation functions we introduce the concept of criteria organization to indicate the body of knowledge that guides how we combine an alternative's satisfactions to the individual criteria to obtain its overall satisfaction.
Distribution of earthworms in Madras

Distribution of earthworms has been studied in four locations comprising of two sandy loam and two clay loam soils of Madras, and correlated with the physical and chemical parameters of the soil.L. mauritii andO. serrata are the dominant earthworm species in the sandy loams and clay loams respectively. Each location has limiting factors like temperature, moisture and/or soil texture which strongly govern the density and diversity of earthworm populations in that region.
Aphid biology: expressed genes from alate Toxoptera citricida, the brown citrus aphid.

The brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), is considered the primary vector of citrus tristeza virus, a severe pathogen which causes losses to citrus industries worldwide. The alate (winged) form of this aphid can readily fly long distances with the wind, thus spreading citrus tristeza virus in citrus growing regions. To better understand the biology of the brown citrus aphid and the emergence of genes expressed during wing development, we undertook a large-scale 5' end sequencing project of cDNA clones from alate aphids. Similar large-scale expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing projects from other insects have provided a vehicle for answering biological questions relating to development and physiology. Although there is a growing database in GenBank of ESTs from insects, most are from Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, with relatively few specifically derived from aphids. However, important morphogenetic processes are exclusively associated with piercing-sucking insect development and sap feeding insect metabolism. In this paper, we describe the first public data set of ESTs from the brown citrus aphid, T. citricida. The cDNA library was derived from alate adults due to their significance in spreading viruses (e.g., citrus tristeza virus). Over 5180 cDNA clones were sequenced, resulting in 4263 high-quality ESTs. Contig alignment of these ESTs resulted in 2124 total assembled sequences, including both contiguous sequences and singlets. Approximately 33% of the ESTs currently have no significant match in either the non-redundant protein or nucleic acid databases. Sequences returning matches with an E-value of < or = -10 using BLASTX, BLASTN, or TBLASTX were annotated based on their putative molecular function and biological process using the Gene Ontology classification system. These data will aid research efforts in the identification of important genes within insects, specifically aphids and other sap feeding insects within the Order Hemiptera.
First Example of Intramolecular [2π+2π] Alkene-Arene Photocyclization in the Chromone Series and its Synthetic Utility

Abstract Diels–Alder adducts of chromones are shown to undergo an intramolecular [2π+2π] alkene–arene photocyclization, leading to a versatile polycyclic diene, which is capable of dimerization or can be introduced into a high-yielding photoprotolytic oxametathetic sequence. This allows for an expeditious growth of molecular complexity over a few experimentally simple steps with stereochemistry being defined and locked at the very first Diels–Alder step. The overall reaction can potentially be utilized in diversity-oriented synthesis as it allows for three or more diversity inputs furnishing novel unique polycyclic scaffolds, which can readily be decorated with a variety of functionalities and aromatic/heterocyclic pendants.
PMH17 Utilization Patterns of Antidepressant Medications in a Patient Population Served by a Primary Care Medical Group

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess utilization patterns of different antidepressants in patients served by a medical group using pharmacy claims data from two third-party insurers. METHODS: Patients must have been 18 to 65 years of age, receiving a new prescription of anti-depressant between the period of 1994–1996. Definition of adequate dose and duration of anti-depressant therapy were based on 1993 AHCPR guidelines. Switching of therapy was defined when the patient discontinued the original antidepressant after addition of a second antidepressant, whereas augmentation was defined when the patient continued to purchase the original antidepressant at least once after addition of the second antidepressant. A dosage was considered titrated if the average daily dose for any of the first three prescriptions was different from any of the other two. All the analyses were performed based on the initial therapy. RESULTS: The patient sample included 177 (18.8%) patients who received fluoxetine as initial therapy, 98 (10.4%) sertraline, 175 (18.6%) paroxetine, 373 (39.6%) tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and 119 (12.3%) other antidepressants. The treatment completion rate was: fluoxetine 18.6%, sertraline 14.3%, paroxetine 6.9%, TCAs 3%, and other antidepressants 7.6%. All of the pairwise comparisons vs. fluoxetine were statistically significant, except for the one with sertraline. The switch rate ranged from 5.6% for, TCAs to 13.7% for paroxetine. No difference in augmentation rate was found among SSRIs (fluoxetine, 6.8%; sertraline, 4.1%; paroxetine, 5.7%), while the augmentation rate for fluoxetine was statistically significantly higher than TCAs (6.8% vs. 1.9%). The titration rate was 20.3% for fluoxetine, 28.1% for sertraline, 21.9% for paroxetine, 40.2% for TCAs, and 33.3% for other antidepressants (significant difference between TCAs and fluoxetine). CONCLUSION: Our data have demonstrated that there were significant differences in utilization patterns among antidepressants. Much more attention must be paid to ensuring that newly treated patients achieve treatment completion.
Splat-quench solidification of freely falling liquid-metal drops by impact on a planar substrate

Results are presented of a study of the splat-quench solidification of small, freely falling liquid drops of the alloy Nitronic 40W, which were allowed to impact on a solid, planar, horizontal substrate. The principal variable was the substrate material, with substrates of copper, alumina and fused quartz being used. The shapes of the solidified splats were correlated with a simplified model for the energetics of the splatting process and with the thermal conductivity of the substrate. The measured results are qualitatively in agreement with theoretical predictions, and suggestions are offered for a more comprehensive model of splat-quench solidification. A relationship between sessile droplet diameter and parent wire diameter is also presented and discussed.
Multifocal atrial tachycardia: Mechanisms, clinical correlates, and treatment

MAT is an uncommon arrhythmia most often seen in elderly patients with chronic pulmonary disease who are critically ill due to acute respiratory or cardiac decompensation. Its importance lies in the fact that it is commonly mistaken for AF, since both disorders are characterized by narrow ventricular complexes, irregular rates, and (depending on the ECG lead observed in MAT) by an apparent lack of P wave activity. This may lead to treatment with digoxin, a drug known to be ineffective in the therapy of MAT, with the potential for producing toxicity in patients who are predisposed. The incidence of MAT in hospitalized patients in various studies ranges from 0.13% to 0.40%. The mechanism of the arrhythmia is thought to be triggered activity arising from increased intracellular calcium stores that may be produced by hypokalemia, hypoxia, acidemia, and increased catecholamines, characteristics commonly found in patients with MAT. COPD, coronary artery disease, CHF, and infection (both pulmonary and nonpulmonary) are the most common clinical settings of MAT. Mortality is very high in all patients studied, ranging from 38% to 62%, and is due to their underlying disease processes and not to the arrhythmia. The need for intubation and mechanically assisted ventilation portends a particularly poor prognosis for survival. Treatment should initially consist of correction of the precipitating causes, as it is common for patients to convert to sinus rhythm both spontaneously and after these measures are taken.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
After farming: emotional health trajectories of farm, nonfarm, and displaced farm couples.

This study links macro social change to emotional health through continuity and change in farming. Families were divided into four groups, depending on whether they were full-time farmers, part-time farmers, displaced farm families who had left farming during the 1980s, or nonfarm families. Using four waves of panel data, we estimated initial levels and subsequent changes in per capita family income, stressful life events, and depressive symptoms of wives and husbands. Between 1989 and 1992, full-time farm families' incomes decreased dramatically, while displaced farm families started 1989 with the lowest average per capita family income but saw the largest average increases in subsequent years. Farm status and changes in income predicted changes in stressful life events; changes in stressful life events, in turn, predicted changes in wives' and husbands' reports of depressive symptoms.
Electrochemical oxidation of nickel(II) tetraphenylporphyrin in benzonitrile

Abstract Earlier, nickel(II)tetraphenylporphyrin [Ni(II)TPP] was reported to undergo stepwise one-electron oxidation to Ni(III)TPP + and Ni(III)TPP 2⨥ in benzonitrile and to Ni(II)TPP ⨥ and Ni(II)TPP 2+ , and Ni(II)TPP ⨥ and Ni(III)TPP 2⨥ in dichloromethane. We report here the results of our study which indicates that Ni(II)TPP ⨥ and Ni(II)TPP 2+ are the oxidation products in both solvents.
Sex Differences in Evaluations of Female and Male Victims' Responses to Assault

In an investigation of perceptions of victim response to assult, 84 female and 70 male subjects read a narrative in which either a female or a male victim was roughly assaulted by a male stranger. The victim was described as either offering no resistance, resisting in a verbally aggressive manner, or resisting in a physically aggressive manner. Results of 3 × 2 × 2 ANOVA's revealed that women and men expected different outcomes for aggressive victim resistance. Women anticipated a worse outcome than did men, especially for victims who resisted. Men expected the most favorable outcome for the victim when he or she fought with the assailant; women expected the most positive outcome with nonresistance, especially for female victims. Female victims were seen as much more likely than male victims to be raped by the assailant. Women rated rape as a more likely outcome for physically aggressive victims while men considered rape least likely when the victim fought back. Sex differences in evaluations of victim resistance are discussed in terms of identification and empathy with the victim, goals of the victim's response strategy, and the expected effectiveness of aggressive and nonaggressive reactions to attack.
Overprinting of natural magnetic remanence in lake sediments by a subsequent high-intensity field

THERE has been considerable debate recently on how well sedimentary rocks record transitional field directions during a polarity reversal1–5. This has not been an easy question to answer because the input geomagnetic signal for a given sedimentary record is not known independently, and because the process by which remanent magnetization is acquired by sediments is difficult to duplicate in the laboratory. The geomagnetic excursion recorded by sediments outcropping around the shores of Mono Lake, California6–8, offers an unusually good opportunity to examine this question. We report here a study of the Mono Lake Excursion (MLE) at a new locality on the southeast shore where, although the records satisfy usually applied standards of palaeomagnetic quality, it is clear from comparison with records from other localities that the field directions during a time of low field intensity have not been faithfully preserved. The distinctive directions of natural remanence in the discrepant part of the record show that the southeast shore sediments were overprinted by the ensuing higher-intensity field acting on the still unconsolidated sediment, apparently by realigning some magnetic grains that had previously been locked in.
Varieties of completely decomposable forms and their secants

Abstract This paper is devoted to the study of higher secant varieties of varieties of completely decomposable forms. The main goal is to develop methods to inductively verify the non-defectivity of such secant varieties. As an application of these methods, we will establish the existence of large families of non-defective secant varieties of “small” varieties of completely decomposable forms.
Prevention of mental disorder among Hmong refugees in the U.S.: lessons from the period 1976-1986.

Abstract Scientifically valid, well controlled studies on the prevention of mental disorders are sparse. Nonetheless, much quasi-experimental and descriptive work does exist. Published findings permit an evaluation of the mental health effects of policies, procedures and programs designed for refugees. The federal government assigns legal status to refugees and is paramount in matters of refugee relocation and readjustment within its borders. In matters of social adjustment and prevention of mental disorder, agents of the federal government must consider the accumulation and distribution of knowledge, skills and expertise on refugee social and mental health issues; policies and procedures for relocation; premigration education, training, assessment, and orientation; postmigration support and acculturation; and the development of treatment resources to meet the mental health needs. Once refugees arrive in the United States of America, much of the actual implementation of policy and procedures has been left to state governments. At this level there have been neither the resources nor the expertise to develop programs for the mental health of refugees. Limited resources have been wasted and the mental health of refugees has been neglected or made worse by some state initiated programs.
Correspondence between the dopamine islands and striosomes of the mammalian striatum.

During the development of the mammalian striatum, the early-forming dopamine innervation is broken up into macroscopic patches called "dopamine islands". These express high tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and are also rich in acetylcholinesterase activity. The mature striatum has prominent macroscopic compartments called "striosomes" that were first characterized by their low acetylcholinesterase activity and since have been related to heterogeneities in striatal input-output organizations. This report describes two sets of experiments designed to determine the relationship between the dopamine islands and the striosomes. The distributions of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity were first compared in a series of kittens and young cats ranging in age from 1-228 postnatal days. During this time, the pattern of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity changed from islandic (patchy) to diffuse, and the pattern of acetylcholinesterase staining changed from one of acetylcholinesterase-rich patches to one of acetylcholinesterase-poor striosomes. The dopamine islands were in register with the acetylcholinesterase-poor patches at early developmental stages and at later stages the islands matched striosomes. These observations establish a correspondence between the dopamine islands and striosomes and demonstrate that the acetylcholinesterase-rich patches of the immature caudate nucleus become the acetylcholinesterase-poor striosomes of the adult. In a second set of experiments, cat fetuses were exposed to [3H]thymidine at embryonic days 22-29 in order to label the clustered subpopulations of striatal neurons known from previous experiments to lie in striosomes [Graybiel and Hickey (1982) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 198-202]. The [3H]thymidine-labeled brains were examined at late fetal (embryonic days 50-52), early postnatal (days 1-21) and later postnatal (days 62-199) ages. The clusters of [3H]thymidine-labeled neurons were aligned with tyrosine hydroxylase-rich, acetylcholinesterase-rich patches early in development, and with acetylcholinesterase-poor striosomes at later stages. There were marked dorsoventral differences in the intensity of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in the dopamine islands and this was confirmed in neonatal rats. A "dorsal islandic system" was defined as having crisp, highly immunoreactive islands; ventrally, regions of low and medium tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity formed a mosaic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Effect of Coworker Instruction on the Integration of Youth in Transition in Competitive Employment

We examined the effectiveness of coworker instruction, a natural support strategy, in improving the integration of youth with disabilities in transition in a competitive employment setting. The intervention consisted of two phases: (a) teaching coworkers without disabilities instructional skills, and (b) having them then teach the students with disabilities a new job task. Coworkers without disabilities were taught the instructional procedures of verbal instructions, modeling, practicing the step with corrective feedback, praise, and quality control checking. Integration data were collected using direct observation, social validation, and global measures. The results demonstrate that the intervention strategy increased the social integration of the students with disabilities.
Phase digitizing sharpens timing measurements

Oscilloscopes and other instruments that so precisely measure voltage are ill-suited to handling time-based communications signals, for their preoccupation with amplitude compromises timing accuracy, wastes memory, and complicates timing analysis. A measurement technique is presented, called phase digitizing, that remedies the situation by continuously counting a signal's zero-crossings and recording exactly when they occur. The deficiencies of previous approaches are examined for the case of spread-spectrum measurements. The principles and characteristics of the approach are described. >
Self-Consistent Vacuum for Misner Space and the Chronology Protection Conjecture

In this paper we find a self-consistent vacuum for Misner space. For this ``adapted'' Rindler vacuum the renormalized stress-energy tensor is zero throughout the Misner space (except on the Cauchy horizon itself, a set of measure zero on which it remains formally ill-defined). A pointlike particle detector traveling on a timelike geodesic in a Misner space with this vacuum detects nothing, but a time traveler may pose a danger to himself and to the space-time.
‘Losing an arm’: schooling as a site of black suffering

Drawing on data from a historical-ethnographic study of the cultural politics of school desegregation in Seattle, USA, the author explores suffering as a recurring theme in the narratives of four black leaders, educators and activists involved in the struggle for black educational opportunity in that city during the post-Civil Rights Era. As these black subjects reflect on the historical trajectory of racial desegregation policies and practices, they offer us a unique view of the confluence of racial melancholia, a heavy, deeply-felt awareness of the history and persistence of racial disregard and subjugation, and school malaise, a form of what Pierre Bourdieu has called la petite misere, or ordinary suffering. The author’s analysis of these narratives highlights how these school and community leaders reflect on the meaning of black suffering in schools, what they understand as the source of that suffering, and how they imagine that suffering might be alleviated. The article concludes with recommendations...
Precursor control of crystal structure and stoichiometry in twin metal oxide nanocrystals

Nanocrystals of solid-solution twin metal oxides HfxZr1−xO2 have been prepared by the non-hydrolytic sol–gel condensation of a metal alkoxide with a metal halide. We demonstrate that the alkoxide group can be used to tune the stoichiometry and crystal structure of the obtained nanocrystals. Increased branching of the alkyl group in the metal alkoxide results in the formation of monoclinic rather than tetragonal nanocrystals, whereas longer alkyl chains favor the increased incorporation of Zr in the HfxZr1−xO2nanocrystals regardless of whether a hafnium or zirconium alkoxide is used as the precursor. Remarkably, the monoclinic phase has been stabilized for a Zr-rich species, pointing to the significant role of the alkoxide precursors in influencing the growth and phase transformation of nanocrystalline materials in hot colloidal synthesis. Considerable control can thus be established over the phase diagram of nanocrystalline Hf/Zr oxides by appropriate choice of precursors.
Physical Punishment by Parent Figures as a Model of Aggressive Behavior in Children

Summary This project investigated the effect of a filmed, physically punitive parent model on the behavior of 60 elementary-age boys. It was hypothesized that a filmed sequence of a parent physically punishing a child would stimulate significantly more aggressive behavior in a group of observing boys than would be stimulated in a group who viewed a nonpunitive film. The total percentage of aggressive responses emitted in doll play was significantly higher for the punitive group than for the nonpunitive (p < .05).
Some chemical and physical properties of a bacterial reaction center particle and its primary photochemical reactants.

— A photochemically active protein-chlorophyll complex (i.e. reaction center particle) has been isolated from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides R-26. The isolation and purification procedure is outlined and some of the chemical and physical properties of the complex (e.g. amino acid composition, metal content, molecular weight) are presented. Two distinct ESR signals have been observed. They are attributed to the primary oxidation-reduction couple. The experimental evidence which shows that the narrow (g= 2.0026) signal is due to a bacterio-chlorophyll free radical is reviewed. The possibility that the broad ESR signal is due to iron is discussed.
Prehospital blood transfusion versus crystalloid alone in the air medical transport of trauma patients

Abstract Introduction: Differences in prehospital resuscitation measures and outcomes of trauma patients transported by two air medical programs were assessed comparing the prehospital administration of crystalloid only (Group A) with the administration of 2 liters of crystalloid followed by blood (Group B). Methods: A 1-year retrospective review of flight and hospital records of patients taken to Level I trauma centers by two separate air medical programs was completed. Physiologic variables, total fluids infused, and flight times were compared. Results: Thirty-one patients (Group A) received crystalloids in flight, and 17 patients received in-flight blood (Group B). No statistical differences were found between the two groups when comparing age, ISS, PS, RTS, GCS, survival, and total fluid volume. Group B had statistically greater mean flight times compared with Group A ( P 3 measurements ( P Conclusion: Patients with lengthy flight times, despite the administration of blood products, presented to the trauma center more acidotic than trauma patients receiving only crystalloid. The true impact of blood products on outcome could not be demonstrated because of statistical differences in flight times between the groups. A multicenter study matching flight times, head injury status, and flight type to assess benefit of prehospital utilization of blood products is warranted.
CARDIAC OUTPUT AS A FUNCTION OF VENTRICULAR RATE IN A PATIENT WITH COMPLETE HEART BLOCK.

Hemodynamic effects of varying heart rate and activity have been studied in a young woman in good health except for complete heart block. As cardiac rate was increased from 50 to 110 beats per minute by means of an external cardiac pacemaker, cardiac output and stroke volume were found to reach maximum values at a rate of 75. Stroke volume increased 43 per cent with exercise when heart rate was fixed at 68 beats per minute. The ability of this patient to increase stroke volume with exercise, in contrast to average normal subjects, may be related to her past experience with chronically increased volume loads on the heart secondary to heart block.
Rate equation modeling of current injection efficiency in 1.3-μm InAs-InGaAs quantum dot lasers

Cavity length vs. inverse of slope efficiency technique is most widely used to extract the injection efficiency in semiconductor lasers which assumes that all the carriers occupy single energy level in the laser active region. However, QD lasers contain multiple higher lying energy levels in addition to the ground level and have significant carrier capture times which results in the occupation of these higher energy levels. In addition to the multiple energy levels, the density of states of each energy level is inhomogeneously broadened, which leads to the broadening of the gain spectrum as a whole. Inhomogeneous broadening is a result of the random size distribution of QDs grown by the self-assembled growth technique. In this work, we present the results of an above threshold multi-level rate equation model developed to understand the effect of inhomogeneous broadening on the measured low injection efficiencies of InAs-InGaAs based quantum-dot (QD) lasers operating at 1.3 μm.
El despertar de los gigantes: presente y futuro de los sistemas de educación superior en China e India

China and India are now the largest and third largest academic systems in the world—the United States is second. They are growing rapidly—much of the global enrolment expansion between now and 2050 will be in just these two countries. China enrolls around 22 percent of the age cohort and India only 10 percent—thus there is much room for growth. Both India and China continue to the largest “exporters” of students—mainly to the large English-speaking academic systems. Each country has had a different approach to higher education development. India has failed to build top quality universities—only the Indian Institutes of Technology are recognized as “world class” institutions—and these are small and specialized. Most of India’s energy has gone into provide access to students. China, on the other hand, has in the past two decades devoted much effort and funding to building a top tier of research universities and now has a dozen or more successful institutions that are beginning to compete successfully globally. Both countries have growing private higher education sectors, and both face considerable challenges as they try to serve a growing demand for access.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BI-DIRECTIONAL ULTRASOUND SYSTEM FOR BASE OF TONGUE IMAGING

The use of conventional ultrasound systems to image the upper airway has been limited because ultrasound energy is attenuated by the air column. In an attempt to study upper airway geometry, we developed a computer controlled bi-directional ultrasound system which combines two conventional ultrasound devices with computer image processing to yield images of upper airway structures. Human studies and cadaver studies were performed to evaluate the system. Images acquired by the bi-directional ultrasound system were comparable to images from 3D volume rendered CT scans. This system may provide valuable data in the study of upper airway physiology and pathology.
Hostility themes in the family TAT.

Abstract Three TAT stories based on three cards each were produced conjointly by 126 three-member families. These stories were scored for the relative amount of weighted hostility and the percentage of overt hostility in the themes, based on the Hafner-Kaplan system. There were 50 families with normal children, 44 with emotionally maladjusted, 16 with schizophrenic and 16 with delinquent children. Analysis of the results revealed that the normal and schizophrenic groups produced stories which were low both in weighted hostility and overt hostility, whereas the stories of the families with emotionally maladjusted children were high in both variables. The delinquent-child families scored high in weighted hostility, but close to the normals in overt hostility. The last two sets of TAT cards given were the most effective.
Self-referred paediatric patients with abnormal vital signs only seen by an emergency physician, are we missing severe ill patients?

METHODS During fi ve months we performed data collections of children who presented with most prevalent paediatric, non-surgical complaints at the Emergency Department (ED) of the Academic Medical Centre (AMC). In this study we analysed the self-referred patients who have been seen only by an EP, in spite of abnormal vital signs; oxygen saturation (SaO2 2) sec and temperature (> 39 C).
Cell Means Analyses for ANCOVA Designs

Procedures extending the cell means model approach to analysis of covariance designs with one or more covariates are described. Computational procedures are presented for the following designs: randomized block analysis of covariance design, completely randomized factorial analysis of covariance design, completely randomized analysis of covariance design with multiple covariates, and randomized block analysis of covariance design with multiple covariates. Modifications of the computational procedures for a non-orthogonal randomized block analysis of covariance design also are presented.
Sampling Turbulent Dissipation

Abstract Recently it has been argued that in many regions of the ocean the Osborn–Cox model accurately determines the total long-term diapycnal flux of a tracer θ if the mean gradient and dissipation in the model are long-time averages. The mean gradient is easily determined, but averaging the scalar dissipation χ = 2κ|∇θ′|2 is notoriously difficult because of its highly intermittent distribution. The distribution of χ has long been known to be approximately lognormal, and Baker and Gibson suggest estimating (χ) by fitting observations to a lognormal probability distribution. There are four reasons why this does not apply to the observations needed to find long-term averages of χ. First, the theoretical arguments for the lognormal distribution apply to dissipation under a single set of local macroscopic factors (shear, stability, etc.) and low-frequency modulation of macroscopic factors is likely to cause slow changes of the parameters of the local lognormal distribution, leading to a different distributi...
A broadcasting strategy to win media wars

How does one win media wars? A member of the Broadcasting Board of Governors since its inception proposes seven pillars of a strategy to make international broadcasting, a previously overlooked dimension of foreign conflict resolution, more effective.
MULTIPLE CHANGE-POINT DETECTION VIA A SCREENING AND RANKING ALGORITHM

Let Y1, …, Yn be a sequence whose underlying mean is a step function with an unknown number of the steps and unknown change points. The detection of the change points, namely the positions where the mean changes, is an important problem in such fields as engineering, economics, climatology and bioscience. This problem has attracted a lot of attention in statistics, and a variety of solutions have been proposed and implemented. However, there is scant literature on the theoretical properties of those algorithms. Here, we investigate a recently developed algorithm called the Screening and Ranking Algorithm (SaRa). We characterize the theoretical properties of SaRa and show its superiority over other commonly used algorithms. In particular, we develop a false discovery rate approach to the multiple change-point problem and show a strong sure coverage property for the SaRa.
Ash1, a daughter cell-specific protein, is required for pseudohyphal growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ash1 (for asymmetric synthesis of HO) was first uncovered in genetic screens that revealed its role in mating-type switching. Ash1 prevents HO expression in daughter cells. Because Ash1 has a zinc finger-like domain related to that of the GATA family of transcription factors, it presumably acts by repressing HO transcription. Nonswitching diploid cells also express Ash1, suggesting it could have functions in addition to regulation of HO expression. We show here that Ash1 has an essential function for pseudohyphal growth. Our epistasis analyses are consistent with the deduction that Ash1 acts separately from the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and Ste12. Similarly to the case in yeast form cells, Ash1 is asymmetrically localized to the nuclei of daughter cells during pseudohyphal growth. This asymmetric localization reveals that there is a previously unsuspected daughter cell-specific function necessary for pseudohyphal growth.
Coexistence of Tonic Spiking Oscillations in a Leech Neuron Model

The leech neuron model studied here has a remarkable dynamical plasticity. It exhibits a wide range of activities including various types of tonic spiking and bursting. In this study we apply methods of the qualitative theory of dynamical systems and the bifurcation theory to analyze the dynamics of the leech neuron model with emphasis on tonic spiking regimes. We show that the model can demonstrate bi-stability, such that two modes of tonic spiking coexist. Under a certain parameter regime, both tonic spiking modes are represented by the periodic attractors. As a bifurcation parameter is varied, one of the attractors becomes chaotic through a cascade of period-doubling bifurcations, while the other remains periodic. Thus, the system can demonstrate co-existence of a periodic tonic spiking with either periodic or chaotic tonic spiking. Pontryagin’s averaging technique is used to locate the periodic orbits in the phase space.
Finite-Volume-Particle Methods for Models of Transport of Pollutant in Shallow Water

We present a new hybrid numerical method for computing the transport of a passive pollutant by a flow. The flow is modeled by the Saint-Venant system of shallow water equations and the pollutant propagation is described by a transport equation. The idea behind the new finite-volume-particle (FVP) method is to use different schemes for the flow and the pollution computations: the shallow water equations are numerically integrated using a finite-volume scheme, while the transport equation is solved by a particle method. This way the specific advantages of each scheme are utilized at the right place. This results in a significantly enhanced resolution of the computed solution
Multiprocessor file system interfaces

The difficulties faced when using the conventional (UNIX-like) interface in parallel applications are described. Ways to extend the conventional interface to provide convenient access to the file for parallel programs, while retaining the traditional interface for programs that have no need to explicitly parallel file access, are described. The interface includes a single naming scheme, a multiopen operation, local and global file pointers, mapped file pointers, logical records, multifiles, and logical coercion for backward compatibility. >
CHOICE WITH CERTAIN AND UNCERTAIN REINFORCERS IN AN ADJUSTING‐DELAY PROCEDURE

A discrete-trials adjusting-delay procedure was used to investigate the conditions under which pigeons might show a preference for partial reinforcement over 100% reinforcement, an effect reported in a number of previous experiments. A peck on a red key always led to a delay with red houselights and then food. In each condition, the duration of the red-houselight delay was adjusted to estimate an indifference point. In 100% reinforcement conditions, a peck on a green key always led to a delay with green houselights and then food. In partial-reinforcement conditions, a peck on the green key led either to the green houselights and food or to white houselights and no food. In some phases of the experiment, statistically significant preference for partial reinforcement over 100% reinforcement was found, but this effect was observed in only about half of the pigeons. The effect was largely eliminated when variability in the delay stimulus colors was equated for 50% reinforcement conditions and 100% reinforcement conditions. Idiosyncratic preferences for certain colors or for stimulus variability may be at least partially responsible for the effect.
Single-Point-Attachment Wind Damper for Launch Vehicle On-Pad Motion

A single-point-attachment wind-damper device is proposed to reduce on-pad motion of a cylindrical launch vehicle. The device is uniquely designed to attach at only one location along the vehicle and capable of damping out wind gusts from any lateral direction. The only source of damping is from two viscous dampers in the device. The effectiveness of the damper design in reducing vehicle displacements is determined from transient analysis results using an Ares I-X launch vehicle. Combinations of different spring stiffnesses and damping are used to show how the vehicle’s displacement response is significantly reduced during a wind gust.
Monstrous Motherhood: 18th-century culture and the ideology of domesticityMARILYN FRANCUS

Marilyn Francus's new study provides much-needed engagement with previous critical accounts of the rise of the domestic woman. Francus's analysis of literary and historical examples of monstrous mo...
Effects of Isometric and Isotonic Exercises on Elbow Flexor Muscle Groups

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of isometric type exercises. One hundred and twenty Springfield College male students were tested, half exercising isometrically and the other half isotonically. The 60 subjects in the Isotonic Unit exercised to exhaustion on the Kelso-Hellebrandt ergometer with a weight load equal to 3/16 of their maximum strength. The subjects in the Isometric Unit exercised by exerting maximum effort in three consecutive six-second pulls on a strap. The two exercise units were divided into four groups, each containing 15 subjects. The respective groups exercised two, three, four, and five times a week over a period of four weeks. The following results were obtained: 1. No common regression line was found in the eight groups, indicating the strength changes were peculiar to the individual, regardless of exercise frequency; 2. The isometric type exercise caused a greater number of subjects to significantly gain in strength; and 3. The five-day-a-week exe...
Field demonstration of Bi-directional millimeter wave RoF systems inter-operable with 60 GHz multi-gigabit CMOS transceivers for in-building HD video and data delivery

We demonstrate, for the first time, a bi-directional in-building radio-over-fiber access network to deliver multi-gigabit, high-definition video and data services using all-optical conversion at the head-end and single-chip, 60GHz CMOS radio transceiver at the end-terminals.
A novel cell-based high-throughput screen for inhibitors of HIV-1 gene expression and budding identifies the cardiac glycosides

Objectives: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the mainstay of treatment for HIV-1 infection. While current HAART regimens have been extremely effective, issues of associated toxicity, cost and resistance remain and there is a need for novel antiretroviral compounds to complement the existing therapy. We sought to develop a novel high-throughput method for identifying compounds that block later steps in the life cycle not targeted by current therapy. Methods: We designed a high-throughput screen to identify inhibitors of post-integration steps in the HIV-1 life cycle. The screening method was applied to a library of compounds that included numerous FDA-approved small molecules. Results: Among the small molecules that inhibited late stages in HIV-1 replication were members of the cardiac glycoside family. We demonstrate that cardiac glycosides potently inhibit HIV-1 gene expression, thereby reducing the production of infectious HIV-1. We demonstrate that this inhibition is dependent upon the human Na + /K + ATPase, but independent of cardiac glycoside-induced increases in intracellular Ca 2+ . Conclusions: We have validated a novel high-throughput screen to identify small molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 gene expression, virion assembly and budding. Using this screen, we have demonstrated that a number of FDA-approved compounds developed for other purposes potently inhibit HIV-1 replication, including the cardiac glycosides. Our work indicates that the entire cardiac glycoside family of drugs shows potential for antiretroviral drug development.
Implicit learning for explicit discount targeting in Online Social networks

Online Social networks are increasingly being seen as a means of obtaining awareness of user preferences. Such awareness could be used to target goods and services at them. We consider a general user model, wherein users could buy different numbers of goods at a marked and at a discounted price. Our first objective is to learn which users would be interested in a particular good. Second, we would like to know how much to discount these users such that the entire demand is realized, but not so much that profits are decreased. We develop algorithms for multihop forwarding of discount coupons over an online social network, in which users forward such coupons to each other in return for a reward. Coupling this idea with the implicit learning associated with backpressure routing (originally developed for multihop wireless networks), we show how to realize optimal revenue. Using simulations, we illustrate its superior performance as compared to random coupon forwarding on different social network topologies. We then propose a simpler heuristic algorithm and using simulations, and show that its performance approaches that of backpressure routing.
Assessment of House Fly Dispersal between Rural and Urban Habitats in Kansas, USA

Abstract House flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), are of medical and veterinary importance due to their capacity to act as mechanical vectors of microorganisms originating in animal manure and other decaying organic substrates. House flies that disperse from rural to urban areas may also transport antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. To assess the potential of house flies to disperse from rural to urban areas and distribute antibiotic-resistant bacteria, we undertook a two part study: (i) we quantified the dispersal rate of house flies from farms (rural areas) into a city (urban area) using multilocus DNA fingerprinting and (ii) we profiled the antibiotic resistance patterns of enterococci harbored by house flies collected in rural and urban environments. The population genetic analysis indicated that there was considerable dispersal between rural and urban habitats. Although there was a significant difference in allele frequency between the urban and rural samples, genetic divergence was l...
Conditioning and intervening

We consider the dispute between causal decision theorists and evidential decision theorists over Newcomb-like problems. We introduce a framework relating causation and directed graphs developed by Spirtes et al. (1993) and evaluate several arguments in this context. We argue that much of the debate between the two camps is misplaced; the disputes turn on the distinction between conditioning on an event E as against conditioning on an event I which is an action to bring about E. We give the essential machinery for calculating the effect of an intervention and consider recent work which extends the basic account given here to the case where causal knowledge is incomplete. 1 The Markov condition 2 Intervening and conditioning 3 Inquiry and decision