cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining Molecular Cornerstones during Fibroblast to iPS Cell Reprogramming in Mouse

Ectopic expression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 in fibroblasts generates induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Little is known about the nature and sequence of molecular events accompanying nuclear reprogramming. Using doxycycline-inducible vectors, we have shown that exogenous factors are required for about 10 days, after which cells enter a self-sustaining pluripotent state. We have identified markers that define cell populations prior to and during this transition period. While downregulation of Thy1 and subsequent upregulation of SSEA-1 occur at early time points, reactivation of endogenous Oct4, Sox2, telomerase, and the silent X chromosome mark late events in the reprogramming process. Cell sorting with these markers allows for a significant enrichment of cells with the potential to become iPS cells. Our results suggest that factor-induced reprogramming is a gradual process with defined intermediate cell populations that contain the majority of cells poised to become iPS cells.
Prevention of Kidney Injury Following Rhabdomyolysis: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVETo conduct a systematic literature review to evaluate evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of rhabdomyolysis-associated acute renal failure (ARF).DATA SOURCESPubMed (1966-December 2012), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Science Citation Index, and Cochrane databases (1970-December 2012) were searched. There were no language restrictions.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONStudies selected dealt with treatment of rhabdomyolysis (crush syndrome) or prevention of ARF in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Articles excluded did not present original data or described only the management of ARF after it developed. Single case reports were excluded. Extracted data included study type; population; definitions of rhabdomyolysis and ARF; fluid, sodium bicarbonate, and mannitol dosages; and study findings.DATA SYNTHESISTwenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. No controlled trials compared intravenous fluid administration plus sodium bicarbonate to fluid administration alone. Three concl...
A procedure for software synthesis from VHDL models

Addresses the problem of software generation from a hardware description language (HDL). In particular, we examine the issues involved in translating VHDL into C or C++ for use in system simulation and cosynthesis. Because of the concurrency supported by VHDL, and a notion of timing behavior, care must be taken to ensure behavioral correctness of the generated software. The issues involved are shown to be different in each of the application areas. The ideas set forth in this paper have been used in an efficient VHDL simulator designed to execute on multiprocessor systems. Results are presented for simulation on uniprocessor as well as multiprocessor systems.
Introducing vision research and biomedical engineering to pre-college 8th grade girls

The complex yet interesting field of vision research has been evolving in the past few decades within the Biomedical Engineering curricula. As more pre-college students are exposed to vision research, it can be anticipated that this field will bring in a new generation that will take part in the various studies of the visual and ocular system. NJIT's pre-college program FEMME, allows pre-college girls to have summer workshops studying many engineering majors. Our goal was to introduce and expose vision research to girls to stimulate their research interest.
Investigating a physically-based signal power model for robust low power wireless link simulation

We propose deriving wireless simulation models from experimental traces of radio signal strength. Because experimental traces have holes due to packet losses, we explore two algorithms for filling the gaps in lossy experimental traces. Using completed traces, we apply the closest-fit pattern matching (CPM) algorithm, originally designed for modeling external interference, to model signal strength.We compare the observed link behavior using our models with that of the experimental packet trace. Our approach results in more accurate packet reception ratios than current simulation methods, reducing the absolute error in PRR by up to about 30%. We also find that using CPM for signal strength improves simulation of packet burstiness, reducing the Kantorovich-Wasserstein (KW) distance of conditional packet delivery functions (CPDFs) by a factor of about 3 for intermediate links.These improvements give TOSSIM, a standard sensor network simulator, a better capability to capture real-world dynamics and edge conditions that protocol designers typically must wait until deployment to detect.
Antibodies to viral and synthetic double-stranded RNA in discoid lupus erythematosus.

Antibodies to reovirus double-stranded RNA (3H-reovirus RNA) were demonstrated in 23 of 54 sera (42%) of patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and 35 of 50 sera (70%) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using a cellulose ester filter radioimmunoassay. The incidence of antibodies to 3H-reovirus RNA was 10% in psoriasis, 14% in rheumatoid arthritis, 19% in Sjogren's syndrome and 4% in normal controls. Inhibition studies performed on SLE and DLE sera showed that the anti-RNA antibodies had similar specificities. These results suggest that DLE may be part of the SLE spectrum.
Topical becocalcidiol for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre study

Summary Background Becocalcidiol is a vitamin D3 analogue which has not caused hypercalcaemia or significant irritation in preclinical trials. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of becocalcidiol ointment (low dose = 75 μg g−1 once daily for 8 weeks; high dose = 75 μg g−1 twice daily for 8 weeks) in the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis. Methods One hundred and eighty-five subjects with chronic plaque-type psoriasis affecting 2–10% of their body surface area took part in a multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled, randomized controlled trial comparing topical application of placebo, becocalcidiol 75 μg g−1 once daily (low dose) or becocalcidiol twice daily (high dose) for 8 weeks. Main outcomes included Physician’s Static Global Assessment of Overall Lesion Severity (PGA) score; Psoriasis Symptom Severity (PSS) score; adverse events; and laboratory assessment. Results In the intent-to-treat population at week 8, high-dose becocalcidiol was statistically superior to vehicle [P = 0·002; 95% confidence interval (CI) 6·7–32·2], with 16 of 61 (26%) subjects achieving a PGA score of clear or almost clear. Greater improvement in PSS score was seen with high-dose becocalcidiol than with vehicle, but this result did not quite achieve statistical significance (P = 0·052; 95% CI –16·2 to 0·1). In all groups, therapy was safe and well tolerated, with fewer subjects experiencing irritation than is reported in studies using calcipotriol. Conclusions Treatment with high-dose topical becocalcidiol for 8 weeks led to almost or complete clearing of moderate plaque-type psoriasis in over a quarter of patients. Therapy was safe and well tolerated.
The reproductive cycle and size at maturity observed in the velvet swimming crab, Necora puber, in the Shetland Islands, Scotland

Seasonality of the reproductive cycle for Necora puber was determined using three biological indicators: extruding sperm plugs (mating period), extrusion of eggs (spawning period) and presence of empty egg capsules (hatching period). Sperm plugs were found only in recently moulted females, indicating that mating coincides with moulting periods. Necora puber mating indicators were observed during the summer months and into autumn; spawning was observed year-round but peaked in the summer; hatching was observed throughout the summer into late autumn. Size at maturity was assessed using a variety of reproductive and morphometric criteria; estimates from reproductive criteria are generally larger than those from morphometric criteria and these differences are often indicative of ‘functional’ vs ‘behavioural’ maturity. Size at maturity estimates for N. puber in Shetland ranged from 40.0–49.9 mm CW in males and 51.8–59.5 mm CW in females; sizes at functional maturity were larger than sizes derived from morphometric indicators.
What can time-resolved diffraction tell us about transient species?: excited-state structure determination at atomic resolution

The author describes his work for which he coined the word ‘photocrystallography’, a technique which consists of using a laser to pump, or excite, a molecular crystal while the X-ray diffractometer probes its structure at the atomic level. The technique is being used to study highly reactive excited molecules that exist for just millionths or even billionths of a second using very intense light sources at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory.
The sexually mistreated child: Diagnostic evaluation

Abstract Ten children, ages five through eleven, who had been sexually abused, were seen for diagnostic evaluations. The children represented a wide spectrum of sexual abuse. Nine of the children had numerous behavioral symptoms, the most frequent of which were sleep disturbances and school problems. Nine of the families were viewed as dysfunctional. The children displayed similar psychodynamic themes and were preoccupied in obtaining adequate parental care and affection of which they were deprived. The presence of unmet affectional needs in the child cut across all types of sexual abuse giving rise to the conclusion that a child with unmet affectional needs is at high risk for sexual abuse. Evaluations of sexually mistreated children should focus on family dynamics. The Kinetic Family Drawing test and the Conger Sentence Completion test are effective diagnostic tools. All children who have been sexually abused should be carefully evaluated and provided with appropriate treatment in their own right.
Active estimation of distance in a robotic system that replicates human eye movement

In a moving agent, the different apparent motion of objects located at various distances provides an important source of depth information. While motion parallax is evident for large translations of the agent, a small parallax also occurs in most head/eye systems during rotations of the cameras. A similar parallax is also present in the human eye, so that a redirection of gaze shifts the projection of an object on the retina by an amount that depends not only on the amplitude of the rotation, but also on the distance of the object with respect to the observer. This study examines the accuracy of distance estimation on the basis of the parallax produced by camera rotations. Sequences of human eye movements were used to control the motion of a pan/tilt system specifically designed to reproduce the oculomotor parallax present in the human eye. We show that the oculomotor strategies by which humans scan visual scenes produce parallaxes that provide accurate estimation of distance. This information simplifies challenging visual tasks such as image segmentation and figure/ground segregation.
The concordance of directly and indirectly measured built environment attributes and physical activity adoption

Physical activity (PA) adoption is essential for obesity prevention and control, yet ethnic minority women report lower levels of PA and are at higher risk for obesity and its comorbidities compared to Caucasians. Epidemiological studies and ecologic models of health behavior suggest that built environmental factors are associated with health behaviors like PA, but few studies have examined the association between built environment attribute concordance and PA, and no known studies have examined attribute concordance and PA adoption. The purpose of this study was to associate the degree of concordance between directly and indirectly measured built environment attributes with changes in PA over time among African American and Hispanic Latina women participating in a PA intervention. Women (N = 410) completed measures of PA at Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2); environmental data collected at T1 were used to compute concordance between directly and indirectly measured built environment attributes. The association between changes in PA and the degree of concordance between each directly and indirectly measured environmental attribute was assessed using repeated measures analyses. There were no significant associations between built environment attribute concordance values and change in self-reported or objectively measured PA. Self-reported PA significantly increased over time (F(1,184) = 7.82, p = .006), but this increase did not vary by ethnicity or any built environment attribute concordance variable. Built environment attribute concordance may not be associated with PA changes over time among minority women. In an effort to promote PA, investigators should clarify specific built environment attributes that are important for PA adoption and whether accurate perceptions of these attributes are necessary, particularly among the vulnerable population of minority women.
Effect of material inhomogeneity on the open-circuit voltage of string ribbon Si solar cells

The effect of material inhomogeneity on open-circuit voltage (V/sub OC/) of string ribbon Si solar cells is investigated by a combination of experimental results and a simple analytical model. Light beam-induced current (LBIC) measurements showed that a cell with no detectable defective region gave an efficiency of 15.9% with a V/sub OC/ of 616 mV. However, a neighboring cell with highly defective regions covering 38% of its area, as determined by LBIC measurements, gave an efficiency of 14.1% with V/sub OC/ of 578 mV. Another cell with 19% highly defective regions gave an efficiency of 15.0% with V/sub OC/ of 592 mV. A simple and approximate analytical model was developed to quantify the loss in V/sub OC/ on the basis of recombination intensity and the area fraction of defective regions. This model showed that the majority of the loss in V/sub OC/ is associated with the most defective region, even if its area fraction is relatively small.
FLIP: a flexible protocol for efficient communication between heterogeneous devices

Interconnecting heterogeneous devices, that is, devices with varying capabilities, has raised new challenges in the design of network protocols. This paper describes the design of the Flexible Interconnecting Protocol, or FLIP, whose goal is to interconnect heterogeneous devices. FLIP is a flexible protocol that addresses the needs of heterogeneous networks: it incurs little overhead when run by simple devices, while still providing a range of functions that can be performed by more sophisticated devices. We describe a simplified implementation of FLIP under Linux. We also conducted a preliminary evaluation of FLIP's overhead and functionality in the context of IP (IPv4 and IPv6) and sensor network environments. FLIP incurs reasonably low overhead when providing IPv4 and IPv6 functionality (1 and 3 bytes respectively), yet it does particularly well in the case of small payloads. When compared to a sensor-specific protocol, FLIP incurs a small overhead increase while still providing full protocol functionality.
Calprotectin Expression Inhibits Bacterial Binding to Mucosal Epithelial Cells

Squamous mucosal epithelial cells constitutively express calprotectin in the cytoplasm. To study how this antimicrobial protein complex confers epithelial resistance to invading bacteria, an epithelial cell line was stably transfected to express the calprotectin complex. Cells expressing calprotectin resist invasion by Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Calprotectin expression was accompanied by altered actin organization, increased α3 integrin expression, and spreading cell morphology. In this study, we assessed whether calprotectin expression affects bacterial binding and uptake. Threefold-fewer Listeria organisms bound to the surfaces of calprotectin-expressing cells, and 10-fold fewer were localized intracellularly by immunofluorescence. Similarly, fewer Salmonella organisms bound to cells expressing calprotectin. Calprotectin-expressing and sham-transfected cells showed similar levels of expression of surface E-cadherin and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) by flow cytometry. Calprotectin-expressing transfectants expressed calprotectin on the cell surface as well as in the cytosol. In conclusion, two bacterial pathogens showed reduced binding to calprotectin-expressing epithelial cells. Calprotectin-expressing cells appeared to have internalized disproportionately fewer Listeria organisms, suggesting that reduced binding and translocation supplemented direct antimicrobial effects in calprotectin-expressing cells.
OTX2 Represses Myogenic and Neuronal Differentiation in Medulloblastoma Cells

The brain development transcription factor OTX2 is overexpressed and/or genomically amplified in most medulloblastomas, but the mechanistic basis for its contributions in this setting are not understood. In this study, we identified OTX2 as a transcriptional repressor and a gatekeeper of myogenic and neuronal differentiation in medulloblastoma cells. OTX2 binds to the MyoD1 core enhancer through its homeobox domain, and the remarkable repressor activity exhibited by the homeobox domain renders OTX2 transcriptionally repressive. RNA interference-mediated attenuation of OTX2 expression triggered myogenic and neuronal differentiation in vitro and prolonged the survival in an orthotopic medulloblastoma mouse model. Conversely, inducing myogenic conversion of medulloblastoma cells led to the loss of OTX2 expression. In medullomyoblastoma, a medulloblastoma subtype containing muscle elements, myogenic cells share cytogenetic signatures with the primitive tumor cells and OTX2 expression was lost in the differentiated myogenic cells. Thus, OTX2 functions via its homeobox domain as a suppressor of differentiation, and the loss of OTX2 expression is linked to the myogenesis in medullomyoblastoma. Together, our findings illustrate the origin of muscle cells in medullomyoblastomas and the oncogenic mechanism of OTX2 as a repressor of diverse differentiating potential.
Reunion: Complexity-Effective Multicore Redundancy

To protect processor logic from soft errors, multicore redundant architectures execute two copies of a program on separate cores of a chip multiprocessor (CMP). Maintaining identical instruction streams is challenging because redundant cores operate independently, yet must still receive the same inputs (e.g., load values and shared-memory invalidations). Past proposals strictly replicate load values across two cores, requiring significant changes to the highly-optimized core. We make the key observation that, in the common case, both cores load identical values without special hardware. When the cores do receive different load values (e.g., due to a data race), the same mechanisms employed for soft error detection and recovery can correct the difference. This observation permits designs that relax input replication, while still providing correct redundant execution. In this paper, we present Reunion, an execution model that provides relaxed input replication and preserves the existing memory interface, coherence protocols, and consistency models. We evaluate a CMP-based implementation of the Reunion execution model with full-system, cycle-accurate simulation. We show that the performance overhead of relaxed input replication is only 5% and 6% for commercial and scientific workloads, respectively.
Pharmacokinetics of the transdermal fentanyl patch in a feline ovariohysterectomy model

This prospective laboratory trial investigated the pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl patches (TFP) in cats undergoing anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy (OHE). Twenty-four female, purpose-bred cats (weight 3.0 ± 1.3 kg) were randomly assigned to three groups (G1, G2, and G3; 8/group), and later re-assigned to groups 4 and 5 (G4 and G5; 12/group). Group 1 received a 25-µg h−1 patch, G2 received the patch and anesthesia, G3 received anesthesia only, G4 received the patch, anesthesia, and an OHE, and G5 received anesthesia and an OHE. Pharmacokinetics were investigated in G1, G2 and G4. A concurrent study evaluated analgesia and behavior in all groups of cats (G1-G5). Cats were anesthetized with acepromazine, atropine, ketamine and halothane. Patches were applied 12 hours prior to anesthesia and remained in place for 72 hours. Plasma was sampled via a previously placed venous catheter and fentanyl concentrations (PFC) were measured over an 81-hour period in G1, G2 and G4. Samples were taken at: 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13.5, 15, 17, 25, 37, 49, 61 and 73 hours (times are from patch placement) and at 74, 75, 77, 81 hours (after patch removal at 72 hours). Time (hours) to first detectable PFC was 3.5 ± 1.4 (G1), 3.8 ± 1.7 (G2), and 6.0 ± 3.5 (G4). Time (hours) to PFC > 1 ng mL−1 was 7.3 ± 2.6 (G1), 7.5 ± 5.4 (G2), and 8.4 ± 3.3 (G4). Time (hours) to peak PFC was 14.0 ± 1.9 (G1), 19.0 ± 5.0 (G2), and 20.5 ± 10.0 (G4). Mean PFC (ng mL−1) from 8 hours after patch placement until patch removal was 3.4 ± 1.4 (G1), 3.0 ± 1.0 (G2), and 2.2 ± 1.0 (G4). The apparent elimination half-life (hours) was 4.6 ± 2.2 (G1), 7.2 ± 6.6 (G2), and 5.6 ± 3.1 (G4). The total area under the curve from 0 to infinity (ng h−1 mL−1) was 222.3 ± 92.1 (G1), 204.0 ± 45.5 (G2), and 157.1 ± 54.0 (G4). There was no significant difference between groups for any of these parameters. There was a high degree of individual variability in PFC in all groups. Cats achieve significant PFC by approximately 8 hours and levels declined rapidly after patch removal. Anesthesia and surgery did not significantly alter PFC achieved. No serious side-effects were noted and the patches were well tolerated.
Establishing Amyloid PET Imaging Biomarkers: Ongoing Efforts

The concept of imaging biomarkers was conceived in the late 1990s. The process of deduction from “complex” imaging data to a few simpler indices is often required for biomarkers to be quantitative and reproducible. Widespread examples in the field of PET imaging include the standard uptake value
The Merger of Hewlett-Packard and Compaq (A): Strategy and Valuation

In 2002, a money manager is considering how to vote her shares in Hewlett-Packard on the proposal to merge with Compaq. The A case presents information about the strategic and financial motivations of the merger. Included are completed valuations of both HP and Compaq and detailed summaries of the leading advocate (Carly Fiorina) and critic (Walter Hewlett). The tasks for the student are to value the prospective synergies in the deal and critically assess the strategic arguments (pro and con). The B case (UVA-F-1451) affords a detailed examination of the terms of the proposed merger. The tasks for the student are to critically assess the specific design of the deal and its impact on shareholders. Of particular interest are the impact on earnings per share (i.e., EPS dilution), the governance of the new firm, and whether this is, indeed, a merger of equals. The C case (UVA-F-1452) describes the outcome of the proxy contest. The task for the student is to evaluate the strategies of each side in communicating with shareholders and presenting arguments. The objectives of the case module are to expose students to the mechanics of proxy contests, exercise skills in valuation and strategic analysis, and critically evaluate deal terms. The A and B cases can be taught in sequential classes or in one class. The C case is typically distributed at the end, followed by a brief discussion.
The Place of Purpose in Life in Women’s Positive Aging

Purpose in life is an orientation associated with energy, effectiveness, and optimism. A general trend is for purpose to decline in the later years, with unclear implications for positive aging. This article, however, takes a new approach to exploring the role of purpose. Using data from the Mills Study, a 55-year study of women’s adult development, we examine four sharp patterns of change in purpose on Ryff’s scale (1995) between ages 61 and 70: high at both times, low at both times, and changes from high to low or low to high. Guiding ideas are advanced about each kind of change and findings examined for each group. Looking at individual women's lives since childhood provides illustrative examples of each pattern. These lives show the impact of depression, inner resources, personality traits (especially Conscientiousness), attachment (secure and avoidant/dismissive styles), life situations (e.g., retirement), and events (e.g., early parental loss or widowhood), and of a motivation in one's 60s to grow o...
Effects of strength training on mobility in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review

Abstract Background Many adults with cerebral palsy report experiencing early-onset decline in mobility and independence. The role of strength training to combat this is not well understood. Objective/hypothesis To examine the effects of strength-training interventions on muscle strength and functional outcomes for adults with CP using the ICF framework. Methods A systematic review was conducted following standardized guidelines and using key words including: adults, cerebral palsy in combination with resistance or strength training, and ambulation and function related key words. Selection criteria included: (a) adults (mean age 18+ years) with CP, (b) strength training intervention, and (c) at least one activity or participation outcome measure. 26 retrieved articles were retained for full review. Data on strength training protocols were extracted and compared to national guidelines. Outcome measures were classified within ICF domains. Results Six articles met the inclusion criteria. These articles were of high research quality and consistent with recommended training protocols for adults with CP. Positive gains in muscle strength were reported across studies. Changes within the activity ICF dimension were inconsistent, with 2 of the 6 studies observing increases in self-selected walking speed. Conclusions Findings indicate training benefits for adults with CP. However, a small sample (n = 111 across all included studies) and the absence of extended training regimens and follow-up hindered conclusive results. High consistency in training protocols and outcome measures allowed for critical discussion on key research questions regarding the impact of strength training and subsequent gains in function within ICF domains.
Clinical and pathological analysis of Henoch-Schnlein purpura nephritis in 55 children

Objective To explore clinical,pathological features of Henoch-Schnlein purpura nephritis(HSPN) and their relationship in children.To provide references for the treatment and improve the life quality of the patients.Methods A total of 55 patients with HSPN were admitted to hospital from January 2000 to October 2008.The clinical and pathological data were retrospectively collected,grouped according to different conditions and analyzed.Results Hematuria and proteinuria was the most common clinical type with 22 cases(40.0%),followed by nephrotic syndrome with 16 cases(29.1%),while simple hematuria or proteinuria,acute glome rulonephritis and rapidly progressive glomerulone phritis were 6 cases(10.9%),4 cases(7.3%) and 1 case(1.8%) respectively.The percentage of nephrotic level porteinuia in cases with gastrointestinal symptoms was higher than that in cases without gastrointestinal symptoms(P 0.05).The percentage of nephrotic syndrome in cases with gross hemaururia was higher than that in cases with microscopic hemaururia(P 0.05).According to the standard of ISKDC,the majority of pathological changes of HSPN were grade Ⅱ with 27 cases(49.1%) and grade Ⅲ with 17 cases(29.1%).The percentage of deposition of IgA + IgG + IgM was 32 cases(58.2%) while 41 cases(74.6%) had C3 deposition;their pathological changes were mainly above Grade Ⅲ.Immune complex deposition and C3 deposition were associated with pathologic classification(P 0.05).Simple hematuria or peoteinuria had mild pathological changes with 7 cases(58.3%) of Grade Ⅱ.The pathological changes of hematuria and proteinuria type were mainly Grade II and Ⅲ with 12 cases(54.5%) and Grade Ⅲ with 5 cases(22.7%).The majority of the pathological changes of nephrotic syndrome type were above Grade Ⅲ with 6 cases(37.5%).Conclusions The HSPN patients mainly show the type of hematuria and proteinuria and the type of nephrotic syndrome.The majority of pathological changes of HSPN are grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ.Immune complex deposition and C3 deposition are associated with pathologic classification.In children with HSPN,clinical manifestation was consistent with pathological classification.Proteinuria is tending to become more severe when the gastrointestinal symptoms were prevalent and the extent of damage is severe.Gross hematuria has close relationship with the extent of renal injury.
EROS: Extensible Routing Software Platform for Distributed Network Processor Unit Based Systems

Since Network Processor Unit (NPU)combines the high performance of ASIC with the flexibility of a tradi- tional RISC, researchers widely construct high-capacity network devices via distributed NPU architecture. But the dif- ferent implementing approaches and versatile APIs NPUs provide may cause tremendous troubles for system software designers. Moreover, there is a trend towards ading new set of services to modem IP routers at an increasingly rapid pace. Our response to this situation is to define and implement a hardware and Operation System independent, distribu- ted and extensible routing software platform called EROS (Extensible Routing Operation System). EROS is a modular- ized and layered system. It comprises of five logical layers: System Management Layer, Control Signal Layer, OS Adaptation Layer, Forwarding Processing Layer and Data Forwarding Adaptation Layer. EROS innovatively utilizes Data Forwarding Adaptation Layer to hide concrete hardware forwarding details and thus can be used in different NPU systems. This paper presents the architecture design of EROS and introduces some of the implementing issues, espe- cially the implementation of Data Forwarding Abstraction Layer. This paper also demonstrates how EROS is implemen- ted on a 128Gbps NPU-based high performance router, which has been approved by China' s Ministry of Information Industry. The experiments show EROS could deliver excellent performance without any impacts on the protocol con- formability.
The way to ultimate meaning in Meister Eckhart's mysticism

L'A. s'interesse a la mystique de Maitre Eckhart qui affirme une voie d'union de l'intellect humain avec la deite, fondement et but ultimes. L'A. montre l'importance de sa pensee pour les recherches sur la signification ultime, avant de presenter sa vie et son enseignement dont il rappelle egalement la posterite
A hybrid self-diagnosis mechanism with defective nodes locating and attack detection for parallel computing systems

In recent years parallel computing has been widely employed for both science research and commercial applications. For parallel systems such as many-core or computer clusters, it is inevitable to have one or more computing node failures due to random errors or injected attacks. Usually a diagnosis mechanism is able to locate several defective nodes through a number of tests and the analysis of those test signatures (syndromes). Although this covers the cases caused by random errors, sophisticated attacks are still able to manipulate the outputs of each node, so that they will be masked and pass the diagnosis. Therefore in this paper we propose a hybrid self-diagnosis mechanism. We adopt a new type of analysis with the linear syndromes, which are able to locate up to a certain number of defective nodes caused by random errors. In addition to this, we introduce a new type of robust analysis of the non-linear syndromes, which is capable of detecting the attacks undetectable by the linear syndromes at a probability close to one. Moreover, since this hybrid self-diagnosis mechanism is on the data level which makes little distinction among different operating systems and programming languages, it can be migrated onto any other platforms conveniently.
Sensing thorough obscurants — using fluctuations in stochastic coherent scattering

We exploit the enhanced fluctuations of scattering from random potentials illuminated sequentially by non-stationary speckle fields and obscured by turbid media, to determine both the characteristic length and the motion of potential's center of mass.
College Students and Fixed Technology

The immobile nature of fixed digital technology—including personal computers, printers, photocopiers, and scanners—defines opportunities for students to use it for their coursework, especially commuter and nontraditional undergraduates. Students need and appreciate full-featured computing and printing, though not all students have access to this technology in their homes or other off-campus locations, or the broadband internet access required for its optimal use. While campus computer labs require institutional investment, these labs facilitate students’ academic work, and students use them heavily. However, most commuter and nontraditional students must use fixed technology in shared spaces for their academic work. The distractions and lack of privacy that using fixed technology in computer labs entails is a challenge for students.
A 3.3 MJ, Rb +1 driver design based on an integrated systems analysis

Abstract A computer model for systems analysis of heavy ion drivers has been developed and used to evaluate driver designs for inertial fusion energy. The present work examines a driver for a close-coupled target design that requires less total beam energy but also smaller beam spots sizes than previous target designs. Design parameters and a cost estimate for a 160 beam, 3.3 MJ driver using rubidium ions ( A =85) are reported, and the sensitivity of the results to variations in selected design parameters is given.
Stem cell-derived neurons in the development of targeted treatment for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

The recent advent of induced pluripotent stem cells has enabled the study of patient-specific and disease-related neurons in vitro and has facilitated new directions of inquiry into disease mechanisms. With these approaches, we now have the possibility of correlating ex vivo cellular phenotypes with individual patient response to treatment and/or side effects, which makes targeted treatments for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder a distinct prospect in the coming years. Here, we briefly review the current state of stem cell-based models and explore studies that are providing new insights into the disease biology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, which are laying the foundations for the development of novel targeted therapies.
Silica particles contribute to the procoagulant activity of DNA and polyphosphate isolated using commercial kits

To the editor: Recent advances in understanding the contributions of the contact pathway to thrombosis, inflammation, and innate immunity[1][1] have renewed interest in identifying (patho)physiologic activators of this pathway. Candidates include collagen,[2][2] misfolded proteins,[3][3] DNA,[4][4
Using S3D to analyze ship system alternatives for a 100 MW 10,000 ton surface combatant

The Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium (ESRDC) conducted an extensive design exercise using the Smart Ship Systems Design (S3D) tool with the goal of exercising and improving the functionality of the S3D design environment currently under development by the ESRDC. S3D is a design environment that enables concurrent, multi-disciplinary collaboration and that introduces simulation capability in early-stage ship design [1]. This work examines the S3D design environment's capabilities in a realistic design exercise. To this end, a baseline ship and several variants were designed with a 10,000 ton displacement and a 100 MW integrated power system to explore the effects of new technologies and to determine the capability of S3D in elucidating differences between design variants. Key features and performance effects of each design and an analysis of S3D capabilities are presented.
Resistivity scaling due to electron surface scattering in thin metal layers

The effect of electron surface scattering on the thickness-dependent electrical resistivity \ensuremath{\rho} of thin metal layers is investigated using nonequilibrium Green's function density functional transport simulations. Cu(001) thin films with thickness $d=1\ensuremath{-}2$ nm are used as a model system, employing a random one-monolayer-high surface roughness and frozen phonons to cause surface and bulk scattering, respectively. The zero-temperature resistivity increases from $9.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ at $d=1.99$ nm to $18.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.6\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ at $d=0.90$ nm, contradicting the asymptotic $T=0$ prediction from the classical Fuchs-Sondheimer model. At $T=900$ K, $\ensuremath{\rho}=5.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ for bulk Cu and $\ensuremath{\rho}=13.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1$ and $22.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.4\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ for layers with $d=1.99$ and 0.90 nm, respectively, indicating an approximately additive phonon contribution which, however, is smaller than for bulk Cu or atomically smooth layers. The overall data indicate that the resistivity contribution from surface scattering is temperature-independent and proportional to $1/d$, suggesting that it can be described using a surface-scattering mean-free path ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{s}$ for 2D transport which is channel-independent and proportional to $d$. Data fitting indicates ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{s}=4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}d$ for the particular simulated Cu(001) surfaces with a one-monolayer-high surface roughness. The $1/d$ dependence deviates considerably from previous $1/{d}^{2}$ predictions from quantum models, indicating that the small-roughness approximation in these models is not applicable to very thin ($l2$ nm) layers, where the surface roughness is a considerable fraction of $d$.
Surgical Advances in the Fetus and Neonate: Esophageal Atresia

This article focuses on selected topics in the diagnosis and management of patients with esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula. The current status of prenatal diagnosis and recent advances in surgical techniques, including thoracoscopic repair for short-gap EA and tension-induced esophageal growth for long-gap EA, are reviewed. Although no consensus exists among pediatric surgeons regarding the role of these procedures in the treatment of EA, one can reasonably expect that, as they evolve, their application will become more widespread in this challenging patient population.
On the Role of Ergonomics at the Interface Between Research and Practice

Ergonomics is comprised of a scientific discipline and professional practice. Broadly speaking, these two components are often referred to as research and practice, and the individual members sometimes identify as researchers or practitioners. Some subset of ergonomists conduct both research and practice. Since the early days of the field, there has been a certain amount of tension between research and practice. Although such tension is not specific to the ergonomics field, ergonomics is uniquely positioned to analyze the interface between researchers and practitioners to optimize the interaction between these two groups of stakeholders. Ergonomists have varied experience and education, and perhaps too little attention has been focused on understanding both the capabilities and limitations of ergonomists. More specific attention to understanding the needs of users of ergonomics research is proposed as another avenue to reduce the research-practice tension. Similarly, the organizational needs and expectations of consumers of ergonomics services will lead to research being better able to result in tools and assessments that will help ergonomists fulfill the needs of their customers. An example from the U.S. mining industry will be used in this paper to illustrate how understanding the eventual application context of ergonomics and its end users can create relevant and easy-to-use ergonomics tools.
Numerical evaluation of the effects of fire on steel connections; Part 2: Model results

Abstract The resistance of beam-to-column connections to fire is an important consideration for the design of steel moment frames. The authors seek to study the effect of fire on such connections using finite element modeling in ABAQUS. The previously published first part of this paper detailed and validated the simulation technique by comparing model results to experimental results reported elsewhere in the literature. This, the second part of the paper, seeks to demonstrate the performance of four types of connections exposed to thermal loading: (1) bolted end plate, (2) bolted cover plate, (3) bolted tee, and (4) welded cover plate. A numerical study was performed to quantify the effects of thermal loading on beam buckling, displacement, rotation, connection stiffness, and moment-rotation behavior at temperatures between 20 and 900 °C. The bolted end plate connection exhibited the highest resistance to thermal loading with a significantly lower degree of degradation in connection performance compared to the other three connection types.
Studies on the chemistry of the fatty acids VIII the reaction of thiocyanogen with linoleic and linolenic acids

The thiocyanogen reagent may be stabilized by storage at temperatures of 3° or less. The reaction of thiocyanogen with highly purified linoleic and linolenic acids has been studied under many variations of experimental conditions. Reaction rates of thiocyanogen with oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids at 3°, 16° and 25° and with variable excess of reagent are described. Oleic acid gives a maximum thiocyanogen absorption which is apparently equal to the iodine number, within 3–6 hours. The reaction with linoleic acid is rapid up to 3 hours and shows a slow constant increase thereafter. A modified procedure of analysis, similar to the official method, employs a 0.2 N thiocyanogen reagent, containing 10 percent carbon tetrachloride and a reaction temperature of 16°. Results of analysis of several specimens of acids by several preparations of reagent shows an average thiocyanogen value of 96.6 for linoleic acid and 166.3 for linolenic. Simultaneous equations, derived from these values, were used in the analysis of five mixtures of known composition with excellent results.
The Visual Experience of Accessing Captioned Television and Digital Videos

The increase in video-based communication has made different caption styles more apparent to audiences, including hearing viewers who watch social media videos with colorful open captions. To explo...
Are Black Consumers a Bellwether for the Nation? How Research on Blacks Can Foreground Our Understanding of Race in the Marketplace

Research on Blacks’ experiences and engagement in the market has the potential to serve as a bellwether for patterns of future market change, given demographic shifts that will radically alter the racial landscape in the USA. However, a content analysis of top marketing journals indicates a pattern in which Black consumers are peripheral subjects in the discipline’s leading peer-reviewed research outlets. This has important implications for what we know about Black consumers, but also it reflects racial hierarchies within the discipline. The results of the content analysis also reveal areas where the literature can be improved. Drawing on research emerging out of the sociology of consumption and economic sociology, I suggest directions for a more expansive research agenda that focuses on Black consumers and their marketplace experiences. Conceptualizations of race, racism, and the market advanced in sociology offer useful tools when examining the ways that the market is both liberating and constraining for racial minorities. This chapter also calls our attention to the concepts of cognition, social networks, and social institutions, emerging out of economic sociology, in an effort comprehend the diverse drivers and determinants of Black consumers’ engagement and experiences in the market.
Affective components of perceived risk mediate the relation between cognitively-based perceived risk and colonoscopy screening

Perceived risk is a common component of health decision making theory. When affective components of risk are assessed as predictors of a behavior, they are usually examined separately from cognitive components. Less frequently examined are more complex interplays between affect and cognition. We hypothesized that cognitive and affective risk components would both have direct effects on colonoscopy behavior/intentions and that affective components would mediate the relationship of cognitively-based perceived risk to colonoscopy screening. In two secondary analyses, participants reported their cognitive and affective perceived risk for colorectal cancer, past colonoscopy behavior, and future screening intentions. In both studies, cognitive and affective risk components were associated with increased screening behavior/intentions and cognitive risk components were mediated through affective risk. Given the impact of early detection on colorectal cancer prevention, educational strategies highlighting both components of risk may be important to increase screening rates.
Tertiary Pediatric Academic Institution's Experience With Intraoperative Neuromonitoring for Nonspinal Surgery in Children With Mucopolysaccharidosis, Based on a Novel Evidence-Based Care Algorithm.

BACKGROUND:Musculoskeletal deformities in mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) patients pose unique challenges when patients present for surgery, especially nonspinal surgery. MPS patients have developed postsurgical neurological deficits after nonspinal surgery. While the incidence of neurological deficits
Backreaction on an infinite helical cosmic string

To understand the properties of a possible cosmic string network requires knowledge of the structures on long strings, which control the breaking off of smaller loops. These structures are influenced by backreaction due to gravitational wave emission. To gain an understanding of this process, we calculate the effect of gravitational backreaction on the ``helical breather,'' an infinite cosmic string with a helical standing wave. We do the calculation analytically to first order in the amplitude of the oscillation. Our results for the rate of loss of length agree with the total power emitted from this system as calculated by Sakellariadou. We also find a rotation of the generators of the string that leads to an advancement of the phase of the oscillation in addition to that produced by the loss of length.