cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of personality decay on collective movements

In natural systems, many animals organize into groups without a designated leader and still perform complex collective behaviors. Although individuals in the group may be considered equal, all the individuals differ in the traits each of them possess. Of particular interest is the idea of an individual's personality as it often plays a role in determining which individuals lead collective behaviors. Personality is, in part, developed and maintained by an individual's experiences. However, neither an individual, nor its environment remains unchanged. Therefore, there is a need for an individual to continue to gain new experiences to ensure that its information about itself and its environment are current. Since observations have shown that the effects of experience on personality can decay over time, we investigate the effects of this decay on the emergence of leaders and followers and the resulting success of a group's collective movement attempts. Results show that personality decay has a negative effect on the overall success of the group in collective movements as it prevents the emergence of distinct personalities, a necessary requirement for individuals to assume distinct leader and follower roles.
Calcareous Pericarditis in Mice of Several Genetically Related Strains

SummaryCalcium was found in the hearts of mice of related strains, including DBA and C strains. The distribution of calcium foci in the pericardium and myocardium of the related strains differs from the distribution in Swiss mice. It is proposed that these related mice have a genetic susceptibility to this lesion.
Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid bed.

BACKGROUND Ultrasound (US) has been shown to be a sensitive technique for monitoring patients for recurrent thyroid carcinoma in the thyroid bed after total thyroidectomy. However, the role of US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in the confirmation of sonographically indeterminate or suspicious masses has not been adequately addressed. The purposes of this study were to determine the sensitivity and specificity of US-guided FNAB of the thyroid bed for diagnosing recurrent carcinoma after total thyroidectomy and to highlight potential diagnostic pitfalls. METHODS Twenty-one patients with a history of total thyroidectomy and histologically confirmed thyroid carcinoma who had undergone US-guided FNAB of hypoechoic lesions in the thyroid bed were included in this retrospective study. Fifteen of the 21 had papillary carcinoma (PC), 5 had medullary carcinoma (MC), and 1 had Hurthle cell carcinoma (HTC). The cytologic features of the aspirates were compared with histopathologic findings of pre- and post-FNA surgery. Immunohistochemical staining for thyroglobulin, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone was performed in four cases. RESULTS The cytologic diagnosis from the US-guided FNABs was conclusive in 20 of 21 cases. Fifteen cases were diagnosed as recurrent tumor (12 PC, 2 MC, and 1 HTC), and 13 of the 15 were confirmed subsequently by histology. Five cases were diagnosed as benign (two residual benign thyroid tissue, one parathyroid gland [PG] tissue, and two reparative changes) and hence were not resected. There was one false-positive diagnosis in which PG was misdiagnosed as PC. Immunohistochemical studies helped to confirm the diagnosis of PG tissue in two cases and of MC in two cases. The sensitivity of US-guided FNA for diagnosing recurrent carcinoma in the thyroid bed after total thyroidectomy was 100% and the specificity was 85.7%. CONCLUSIONS US-guided FNAB was found to be a sensitive and specific test for diagnosing sonographically indeterminate lesions in the thyroid bed. One potential diagnostic pitfall was the misdiagnosis of normal residual thyroid or PG tissue as recurrent tumor. Careful attention to cytologic details and the use of selected immunohistochemical staining may help to prevent these misdiagnoses. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2001;93:199–205. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
GB/SA-Based Continuum Solvation Model for Octanol

A continuum solvation model has been developed for octanol on the basis of the generalized Born/surface area (GB/SA) formalism. This model was parameterized to fit experimental octanol free energies of solvation for a training set of 66 diverse organic solutes. The resulting model is able to reproduce experimental octanol free energies of solution with an unsigned average error of 0.50 kcal/mol when using the recently developed Merck molecular force field (MMFF). Results are poorer when the model is applied to other force fields such as OPLS, where the atomic charges vary significantly from MMFF. The GB/SA octanol model can be used in conjunction with computed or experimental aqueous free energies of solvation to calculate log Pow directly. The average unsigned error in calculated log Pow values for the same set of compounds is 0.37.
Simple numerical method to find the interest of an annuity

One of the most important formulas in the theory of compound interest is where A is the present value, R is one periodic payment of an ordinary simple annuity, n is the number of conversion periods...
Is the distribution of coherence a test of the model

Does the Wright & Liley model predict: (1) that subdural and hippocampal EEGs coherence tend to rise and fall in parallel for many frequencies, (2) that it is locally high or low within 10mm and falls steeply on average or, (3) that it is in constant flux, mostly rising and falling within 5–15 sec?
Political Violence and Time in ower

With this article we hope to add something new to explanations for violence within polities. We examine the consequences of time in power for political violence. We are interested in the length of time a leader is in power and the time when political violence occurs. We start with a simple hypothesis: the longer a leader is in power, the less likely it is that there will be occurrences of large-scale political violence. We are not aware of any theories of violence that have taken account of leadership duration. We do not argue below that leadership duration and the timing of violence explain all variation in violent political outcomes. Rather, it is our assertion that theories of violence have ignored an important factor: the length of time that a leader has been in power. Throughout the analyses presented in this article we have found a relationship between the number of years a leader has been in power and the probability and volume of political violence that the nation that they are governing is likely to experience. As the length of a leader's time in power increases, the probability of political violence declines. This relationship has been demonstrated to be significant in both statistical and substantive terms in a number of different statistical settings that make a variety of assumptions about the quality of the data we are working with and the underlying relationships we are investigating. Language: en
Predator-mediated habitat use: some consequences for species interactions

Behavioral responses to predators can have a major impact on a fishes' diet and habitat choice. Studies with the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, demonstrate that bluegills undergo pronounced shifts in diet and habitat use as they grow in response to changes in their vulnerability to predators. Other species of fish exhibit similar habitat shifts with body size, presumably also in response to changing predation risks and/or foraging gains. An important but little appreciated consequence of this type of predator-mediated habitat use is that predation risk, by structuring size and/or age-specific resource use, may also indirectly affect species interactions. This paper discusses some of the ways in which behavioral responses to predators may affect intra- and interspecific competition in fish. Observational and experimental studies with sunfish (Centrarchidae) provide most of the examples. These studies suggest that the ‘nonlethal’ effects of predators may be as important as the actual killing of prey.
Ordered phases in Langmuir monolayers of an azobenzene derivative

We have performed grazing incidence X-ray diffraction studies of Langmuir monolayers of an azobenzene derivative. There are only two phases over a range of temperatures and pressures in which at least seven phases exist in monolayers of simpler molecules (0−30 °C, 0−40 dyn/cm). The low-pressure phase has tilt toward a nearest neighbor, while the high-pressure phase has tilt toward a next-nearest neighbor. Within each phase the tilt angle does not change significantly with pressure. This behavior is very different from that of monolayers with saturated hydrocarbon tails and implies that the azobenzene groups ‘lock' and prevent the molecules from sliding against each other. However, the lattice parameters change with pressure; this suggests that the molecular conformation changes. The structure of the low-pressure phase is similar to one observed in azo-derivative bilayer membranes and crystals, while the high-pressure phase has a structure not seen before in such systems.
Discriminant Validity of the Leisure Activity Questionnaire and the Paragraphs about Leisure.

The Leisure Activity Questionnaire (LAQ) was administered to a developmental sample of 418 undergraduate college students and to a cross-validation sample of 209 students. The Paragraphs About Leisure (PAL) questionnaire, an alternative form of the LAQ, was administered to a second cross-validation sample of 215 students. Subsequent to the completion of a discriminant function analysis, the hit rates obtained in the two cross-validation samples were determined. It was concluded that the use of the PAL with results reported in terms of factor scores is the most valid and parsimonious measurement strategy of those investigated.
A simplified model of heat generation during the uniaxial tensile test

The temperature rise in a sheet tensile specimen has been calculated by the finite difference method for a plain-carbon steel at various strain rates and in several environments. Prior to necking, a uniform heat generation function is used with the governing flow equation while during the post-uniform strain, an empirical heat generation function is used. The empirical function is based on a strain distribution equation generated by curve fitting of experimental data. The effect of heat transfer conditions on the temperature increase has been discussed. The maximum temperature rise in air may reach 42 K at the center of an I.F. steel specimen at a strain rate of 10-2/s. The instability strain during tensile testing has been predicted by taking into account strain hardening, strain-rate hardening, and deformationinduced heating. The results show that significant deformation heating can occur during tensile testing in air at “normal” strain rates near 10-2/s, and that the uniform elongation can be affected markedly. Predictions for other alloys based on tabulated data are also presented.
Pretreatment assessment and predictors of hepatitis C virus treatment in US veterans coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus.

Summary. The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) cares for many human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV)-coinfected patients. VA treatment recommendations indicate that all HIV/HCV-coinfected patients undergo evaluation for HCV treatment and list pretreatment assessment tests. We compared clinical practice with these recommendations. We identified 377 HIV/HCV-coinfected veterans who began HCV therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin and 4135 HIV/HCV-coinfected veterans who did not but were in VA care at the same facilities during the same period. We compared laboratory and clinical characteristics of the two groups and estimated multivariate logistic regression models of receipt of HCV treatment. Overall, patients had high rates of receipt of tests necessary for HCV pretreatment assessment. Patients starting HCV treatment had higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lower creatinine, higher CD4 counts and lower HIV viral loads than patients not starting HCV treatment. In the multivariate model, positive predictors of starting HCV treatment included being non-Hispanic whites, having higher ALTs, lower creatinines, higher HCV viral loads, higher CD4 counts, undetectable HIV viral loads and receiving HIV antiretrovirals. A history of chronic mental illness and a history of hard drug use were negative predictors. Most HIV/HCV-coinfected patients received the necessary HCV pretreatment assessments, although rates of screening for hepatitis A and B immunity can be improved. Having well-controlled HIV disease is by far the most important modifiable factor affecting the receipt of HCV treatment. More research is needed to determine if the observed racial differences in starting HCV treatment reflect biological differences, provider behaviour or patient preference.
Why earthquakes correlate weakly with the solid Earth tides: Effects of periodic stress on the rate and probability of earthquake occurrence

[1] We provide an explanation why earthquake occurrence does not correlate well with the daily solid Earth tides. The explanation is derived from analysis of laboratory experiments in which faults are loaded to quasiperiodic failure by the combined action of a constant stressing rate, intended to simulate tectonic loading, and a small sinusoidal stress, analogous to the Earth tides. Event populations whose failure times correlate with the oscillating stress show two modes of response; the response mode depends on the stressing frequency. Correlation that is consistent with stress threshold failure models, e.g., Coulomb failure, results when the period of stress oscillation exceeds a characteristic time t n ; the degree of correlation between failure time and the phase of the driving stress depends on the amplitude and frequency of the stress oscillation and on the stressing rate. When the period of the oscillating stress is less than t n , the correlation is not consistent with threshold failure models, and much higher stress amplitudes are required to induce detectable correlation with the oscillating stress. The physical interpretation of t n is the duration of failure nucleation. Behavior at the higher frequencies is consistent with a second-order dependence of the fault strength on sliding rate which determines the duration of nucleation and damps the response to stress change at frequencies greater than 1/t n . Simple extrapolation of these results to the Earth suggests a very weak correlation of earthquakes with the daily Earth tides, one that would require >13,000 earthquakes to detect. On the basis of our experiments and analysis, the absence of definitive daily triggering of earthquakes by the Earth tides requires that for earthquakes, t n exceeds the daily tidal period. The experiments suggest that the minimum typical duration of earthquake nucleation on the San Andreas fault system is ∼1 year.
Correlations between observed dispersal capabilities and patterns of genetic differentiation in populations of four aquatic insect species from the Arizona White Mountains, U.S.A.

SUMMARY 1. Dispersal ability is an important ecological factor that can influence population structure. In an attempt to determine the extent that the pattern of genetic differentiation is correlated with dispersal ability in stream-dwelling aquatic insects, we used the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique to characterise genetic variation in four aquatic insect species: Gumaga griseola (Trichoptera: Sericostomatidae), Helicopsyche mexicana (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae), Psephenus montanus (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) and Ambrysus thermarum (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). Individuals were sampled from several sites within two adjacent catchments in the Arizona White Mountains. In addition to the genetic analyses, a 20-week-long trapping study was used to determine the relative dispersal ability of adults of the four species examined. 2. We obtained hierarchical indicators of genetic differentiation for catchments, sites within catchments and sites across the region examined. Overall, average estimators of genetic differentiation (F-statistics) were consistent with direct observations of organismal movement, although it was our direct observations on adult insect flight that permitted us to interpret our results correctly. This was because of the fact that a lack of genetic differentiation across watersheds can be interpreted in two ways. 3. In contrast to F-statistics, patterns of genetic isolation by distance for each species more clearly reflected dispersal ability, suggesting that such analytical approaches provide less ambiguous information about the importance of gene flow in the hierarchical partitioning of genetic variation in stream organisms.
An interactive system for finding complementary literatures: a stimulus to scientific discovery

Abstract An unintended consequence of specialization in science is poor communication across specialties. Information developed in one area of research may be of value in another without anyone becoming aware of the fact. We describe and evaluate interactive software and database search strategies that facilitate the discovery of previously unknown cross specialty information of scientific interest. The user begins by searching MEDLINE for article titles that identify a problem or topic of interest. From downloaded titles the software constructs input for additional database searches and produces a series of heuristic aids that help the user select a second set of articles complementary to the first set and from a different area of research. The two sets are complementary if together they can reveal new useful information that cannot be inferred from either set alone. The software output further helps the user identify the new information and derive from it a novel testable hypothesis. We report several successful tests and applications of the system.
African American Couples’ Coparenting Satisfaction and Marital Characteristics in the First Two Decades of Marriage

This study charted the trajectory of coparenting satisfaction during the first and second decades of marriage and examined links between marital characteristics and coparenting satisfaction. Data came from a 3-year study of 145 African American mother-father dyads with pre-to late- adolescent-age offspring. Multi-level growth curves revealed an inverted U-shaped pattern of change in coparenting satisfaction; this effect was qualified by youth age such that the quadratic pattern was evident in families with older but not younger offspring. Controlling for cross-time averages of marital characteristics, changes in marital love were positively related, and changes in marital conflict were negatively related to changes in coparenting satisfaction, with stronger links for fathers than mothers. Inter-parental incongruence in childrearing attitudes moderated the effects of love, such that parents with more incongruent attitudes and lower levels of love reported the lowest levels of coparenting satisfaction.
Aminotransferase activities in mouse, Mus domesticus, erythrocytes separated according to age

Abstract Erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities are often used as indices of vitamin B-6 nutritional status; however, results using a mixed population of erythrocytes can be qulte variable. Erythrocytes from two strains of mice ( Mus domesticus ), A/Ibg and DBA/Ibg, were separated according to age by centrifugation through discontinuous Percoll density gradients into three fractions: top (least dense, youngest), middle and bottom (most dense, oldest). A sufiicient yield of age-fractionated erythrocytes was obtained from a single mouse for all of the enzyme measurements. The activities of AST, ALT and three age-marker enzymes, pyruvate kinase, acetylcholinesterase and hexokinase, were found to be significantly higher in the youngest cell fractions, and declined in the older, more dense fractions. A mice had significantly lower AST and ALT activities in the age separated fractions than did DBA mice. The measurement of enzyme activities in low density, young cells may be especially useful in studies involving conditions in which the proportion of young erythrocytes may be elevated with respect to the entire erythrocyte mass.
Analysis of clustered data: A combined estimating equations approach

SUMMARY Examples of clustered data include data from longitudinal studies and data sampled within groups. This paper proposes a regression analysis method for clustered data that optimally weights and combines contrasts of the data through a combination of estimating equations. Examples of combining between-cluster, within-cluster and longitudinal data contrasts are presented. The method results in increased estimation efficiency relative to generalised estimating equations with standard working correlation structures. The proposed method also simplifies modelling decisions regarding the true correlation structure of the data and avoids correlation parameter estimation.
Adiabatic regularization in closed Robertson-Walker universes

Adiabatic regularization is a particularly efficient method of regularization for numerical studies of the dynamics of quantum scalar fields in homogeneous cosmological spacetimes. We show that of the possible ways to apply adiabatic regularization in a closed Robertson-Walker universe, only one yields the accepted trace anomaly and vacuum energy for a conformal scalar field. The method is to use the continuum measure appropriate to a flat space, while otherwise retaining the form of the subtractions appropriate to a closed space. We also show that this procedure is equivalent to point splitting, although technically much simpler.
Thermal response of a periodic boundary layer near an axisymmetric stagnation point on a circular cylinder

Abstract Boundary layer solutions are provided to study the time-mean heat transfer characteristics in a laminar flow in the vicinity of an axisymmetric stagnation point. The velocity of the oncoming flow is assumed to oscillate relative to the body. Different solutions are constructed for the small and high values of the reduced frequency parameter. Numerical solutions for the temperature functions are presented, and the wall values of the thermal gradients are tabulated.
Equation of state of the one-component plasma derived from precision Monte Carlo calculations

Analytical fits to the one-component plasma (OCP) equation of state have been derived for internal energies that have reduced all {ital N}-dependent effects to within the statistical uncertainties introduced by the Monte Carlo computational process, which themselves are very small. Values of {ital N}{approx gt}500 adequately represent the thermodynamic limit. Using the fluid internal energies for only {ital N}=686, various analytical fits are generated, compared, and discussed. The thermal energy is accurately represented by a simple power-series fit with the leading term given by {Gamma}{sup 1/3}, but also requires a small correction to the bcc Madelung term that brings that coefficient down to nearly {minus}0.9, the value derived for hypernetted-chain theory. The fluid thermal energy data are reproduced to better than 0.2% over all {Gamma} by our fit(s). The solid phase requires {ital both} anharmonic terms to be included in the fit, implying that the previous justification for dropping the first anharmonic correction is unwarranted. The location of the fluid-solid phase transition utilizing these new fits yields {Gamma}{sub bcc}=178 and {Gamma}{sub fcc}=192.
Associations of Lifetime Depression with Trauma Exposure, Other Environmental Adversities, and Impairment in Adolescents with ADHD

Depression is a common, potentially devastating comorbidity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). Various environmental adversities are well-described as correlates of depression in general pediatric populations, but not in youth with ADHD. In 104 adolescents with ADHD, we examined potential environmental correlates of lifetime depression, including trauma exposure, recent negative life events and current parent-child conflict, along with current and past ADHD severity and current impairment. Controlling for demographic variables, comorbid disorders, and ADHD severity, we noted significant associations between lifetime depression and environmental adversities, including victimization trauma, parent-child conflict, and behaviorally-independent negative life events. Current impairment but not ADHD severity was also highly associated with lifetime depression, controlling for the same covariates. Findings from this preliminary, cross-sectional study suggest that environmental adversities and impairment in youth with ADHD should also be targeted along with the ADHD when contemplating strategies to treat or prevent comorbid depression.
Severe sensory neuropathy associated with long-term linezolid use

Linezolid is an antibiotic used for treatment of drug-resistant gram-positive micro-organisms. It is recommended to treat patients with linezolid for up to 28 days,1 but sometimes it is used for a longer period of time in the treatment of bone infections. It is usually well tolerated, and few patients develop myelosuppression, diarrhea, or nausea.1 However, recent reports indicate a risk of a potentially irreversible neuropathy following prolonged use.2–5 We report an additional patient with severe sensory polyneuropathy following a 6-month course of linezolid. A 42-year-old, otherwise healthy woman sustained left ankle, tibia, femur, pelvic, and rib fractures in a motor vehicle accident in December 1999. Subsequently, she underwent multiple orthopedic surgeries, complicated by treatment-resistant staphylococcal osteomyelitis. In May 2001, she was treated with linezolid 600 mg bid orally. This …
Multi-family group therapy with dually diagnosed adolescents

This paper describes the use of multi-family group therapy with dually diagnosed adolescents. It includes a brief review of the concept of dual diagnosis, and describes the authors' experience in working with multi-family group therapy in a dual diagnosis day treatment program.
Tannic acid inhibition of amino acid and sugar absorption by mouse and vole intestine: Tests following acute and subchronic exposure.

The acute effects of tannin (tannic acid; TA) on nutrient absorption were studied by measuring sugar and amino acid uptake across the brash border (luminal membrane) of intact intestine in the presence and absence of TA. Incubation of tissue for 4–9 min in TA solution (1 mg/ml) caused a reduction in passive influx ofl-glucose in voles and mice and a reduction in carrier-mediated influx ofd-glucose and total influx ofl-proline in mice, but not voles. In subchronic experiments, mice and voles were fed for 7–14 days a diet with 4% TA, but there was no significant effect on intestinal brush border uptake ofl-glucose,d-glucose, orl-proline (or three other amino acids tested in voles). In a synthesis of our study with others in the literature, three inferences are made from the patterns of effects across solutes, time scales of exposure, and species. First, the transport inhibitory effects following acute exposure are probably mediated by two processes: increased resistance to passive flux across an effective unstirred layer juxtaposed to the brush border membrane, perhaps due to tannin-mucin binding, and reduced Na+-coupled nutrient uptake across the intestinal brush border. Second, there is a species sensitivity difference in TA's effect on the second process. Third, the negative effects observed at the acute time scale in vitro do not necessarily occur in animals eating TA subchronically because little TA reaches the luminal membrane, or if it does its effects are quickly reversed when the tissue is removed and washed with solution free of TA.
An Analysis of Resource Allocation in Public School Districts

This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the process of resource allocation in public school districts including the determination of the demand for school inputs, the salaries o...
Relationship of margin status and radiation dose to recurrence in post-operative vulvar carcinoma.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of margin status and radiation dose in patients treated with radiation therapy (RT) for vulvar cancer. Clinical outcomes included vulvar recurrence (VR), relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 300 patients with Stage I–IVA vulvar cancer treated between 1988 and 2009. Slides were reviewed and margin status was scored as negative (≥1cm), close ( Results Of 205 eligible patients, 69 (34%) had negative surgical margins, 116 (56%) had close margins and 20 (10%) had positive margins. Median follow-up time was 49months. The 4-year RFS rate was 53% and OS was 73%. Of 78 recurrences, 62 had the vulva as the first site of recurrence. The 4-year rates of freedom from vulvar recurrence were 82%, 63% and 37% for those with negative, close and positive margins, respectively (p for trend=0.005). On multivariate analysis, close margins (HR=3.03, 95% CI 1.46–6.26) and positive margins (HR=7.02, 95% CI 2.66–18.54) were associated with a significantly increased risk of vulvar relapse. Those who received a dose ≥56Gy had a lower risk of relapse than those who received ≤50.4Gy (p Conclusions Close or positive margins were associated with a significantly increased risk of vulvar recurrence. Radiation with a dose ≥56Gy may decrease the risk of vulvar recurrence.
Action Spectrum for Phototherapy of Psoriasis

Using a monochromator the action spectrum for ultraviolet phototherapy of psoriasis was determined for radiation between 254 and 313 nm and compared to the action spectrum for erythema of uninvolved adjacent skin. Daily exposures of different doses of 254, 280, 290, 296, 300, 304 and 313 nm radiation were observed. Wavelengths of 254, 280, 290 nm were erythemogenic but not therapeutic even at 10 to 50 times the minimal erythema dose. At the other wavelengths studied, the 2 action spectra were similar. In general, fixed daily doses cleared at lower cumulative dose than did incrementally increased daily doses. The small number of suberythemogenic exposure doses required suggests that monochromatic radiation may have advantages over broadband sources.
Substrate Dependent Mitochondrial pH Changes During Oxidative Phosphorylation

Introduction: Several processes influence mitochondrial matrix pH such as the state of respiration (states 2,3,4), uncouplers, proton leak, flux of other ions, and substrate utilized. We compared changes in matrix pH during phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (state 3) in the presence of NADH-linked substrate pyruvate (10 mM) or FADH2-linked substrate succinate (10 mM+rotenone). Methods: Guinea pig heart mitochondria were isolated through differential centrifugation and loaded with BCECF-AM to measure matrix pH by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Respiration, NADH, and Δψm were also measured. Results: Addition of either substrate caused matrix alkalinization. Addition of ADP (250 μM) to initiate state 3 respiration caused a marked decrease in matrix pH, which was larger (% max ΔpH with CCCP) and longer in succinate/rotenone (46±1%, 55±4 s) vs. pyruvate (20±3%, 28±2 s). Decreases in NADH and Δψm during state 3 were also larger and longer with succinate/rotenone than pyruvate. On conversion of all ADP to ATP (state 4), all variables returned to state 2 levels. Corresponding values for O2 consumption (states 2,3,4 in μmol/hr/mg) for succinate/rotenone and pyruvate, respectively, were: 3.4±0.1, 12.7±0.4, 4.4±0.2, and 0.9±0.04, 12.8±0.6, 1.2±0.06. Conclusion: The degree and extent of matrix acidity is dependent on ADP phosphorylation rate, TCA turnover rate, and the number of reducing equivalents produced (proton pumping). Per electron pair, there are 10 H+ pumped per NADH and 6 H+ pumped per FADH2. The substrate -induced differences in pH during state 3 may be due to the differences in number of protons pumped by pyruvate vs. succinate (+rotenone). A mechanistic model of mitochondrial bioenergetics and pH handling may help to characterize these differences.
A Progressive Supervised-learning Approach to Generating Rich Civil Strife Data

“Big data” in the form of unstructured text pose challenges and opportunities to social scientists committed to advancing research frontiers. Because machine-based and human-centric approaches to c...
Polymer Micelles: An Example of Self-Assembling Polymers

Diblock and graft copolymers for which the blocks are sufficiently different in their solvation properties often self-assemble into micelle structures. In this feature article we emphasize only diblock polymers. We discuss various aspects of this field including the synthesis of diblock polymers containing fluorescent probes placed at precise points in the polymer chain and the preparation and characterization of polymer micelles. These chromophores may undergo photoredox chemistry or be utilized as probes of the local micelle environment. We also discuss our studies of the rate of release of absorbed small molecules (e.g., phenanthrene, pyrene) using fluorescence techniques. Last we describe our approach to the modification of surfaces by either adsorption or chemical attachment of polymer micelles.
Prognosis of positive allergy skin tests in an asymptomatic population. A three year follow-up of college students.

Abstract Histories of allergy were obtained from 1,836 freshmen college students, and 1,243 of these students were also scratch tested with 15 allergens. Three years later, 1,352 of these students participated in a follow-up study designed to determine new allergies which had developed since their entrance into college as freshmen. Sixty-four new cases of hay fever, nonseasonal allergic rhinitis, and/or bronchial asthma were identified in the population. The frequency of new hay fever that developed among 614 senior students who had no clinical manifestation of allergy as freshmen is over ten times higher in students with initially positive pollen scratch tests (18.2 per cent) than in students with negative pollen scratch tests (1.7 per cent). Students with a 2+ or greater pollen scratch test reaction subsequently developed hay fever significantly more frequently than students with no positive pollen scratch tests. The data also suggest that the positive pollen scratch test reaction precedes the onset of clinical symptoms of hay fever. Cumulative prevalence rates of asthma, nonseasonal allergic rhinitis, and seasonal hay fever by age of onset of each condition are given. Of the students who first had onset of hay fever and were at risk to develop asthma, only 5.3 per cent have subsequently developed asthma.
4.1.3 Selection Process for System Design Using Field Programmable Gate Arrays

Implementing image extraction algorithms for MODIS has shown the advantage of using Field Programmable Devices to implement CPU intensive functionality very clearly. The technology is not without its disadvantages. The task of translating the processing algorithm into VHDL code for synthesizing the design is complex. Very fast devices led to the belief that the disadvantages are well worth the minor disadvantages of labor-intensive translation phase. However, this is not so. Analysis of the prototype effort in the implementation of FPGAs to perform image extraction showed a ten-fold improvement in the actual process and extract function. However, the total labor effort to develop and provide the process, system and hardware to perform the processing took almost as long and cost just as much. Albeit, the replication and reuse of the system was two magnitudes lower in cost. The idea pursued in this paper investigates the use of FPGAs in the postprocessing of telemetry data (or other) data by selectively optimizing the design solution. The criteria for system selection are based on complexity, design time and data availability. The paper will describe the process by which the criteria are selected, rank ordered and evaluated for comparison. A simple design exercise will be illustrated as a demonstration.
MEPE expression in osteocytes during orthodontic tooth movement

Abstract MEPE and DMP1 may play a role in mineralisation and demineralisation within the osteocyte microenvironment. Our earlier studies showed that DMP1 is mechanically responsive [Gluhak-Heinrich J, Ye L, Bonewald LF, Feng JQ, MacDougall M, Harris SE, et al. Mechanical loading stimulates dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) in osteocytes in vivo . J Bone Min Res 2003; 18 (5):807–17] . Objectives : To examine the effect of mechanical loading on the expression of MEPE using mouse tooth movement model, and compare this effect to that on DMP1. Methods : In situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry was performed on 38 treated and 38 control bone sites loaded 6–72 h. ImageJ was used for quantification of mRNA expression in osteocytes. Results : Alveolar osteocytes showed high basal level of MEPE that decreased during the first day of loading, followed by 2.8-fold stimulation at day 3, and returning to a control level by day 7. Conclusion : The osteocyte specific mechanical stimulation of MEPE was delayed and different, compared to that of DMP1. This suggests a distinct role of MEPE and DMP1 in the response of osteocytes to mechanical loading in vivo .
Radioimmunotherapy of human lymphoma in athymic, nude mice as monitored by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.

Abstract Human B cell lymphoma (Raji) growing in athymic, nude mice has been successfully treated with a single pulse dose of 131I-labeled monoclonal antibody (Lym-1) specific for this tumor. Sequential in vivo measurements of phosphate metabolites in the tumors by 31P surface coil nuclear magnetic resonance showed a significant initial decrease of phosphocreatine following radioimmunotherapy. Diminution of relative ATP to Pi peak area ratio suggesting tissue damage occurred within 3–4 days. The contribution from metabolites resonating at ca 3.8 ppm (putative sugar phosphate region) increased. There was no significant change in pH either as a function of tumor volume or treatment. The sequence of alterations of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra from tumors of treated mice were strikingly different from sequential nuclear magnetic resonance spectra obtained from tumors of control mice. These observations lead us to conclude that 31P surface coil nuclear magnetic resonance is a promising non-invasive method for assessing and predicting the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy. Further spatial discrimination of the region of tissue observed by the surface coil nuclear magnetic resonance experiment is under exploration in an effort to increase the utility of these methods.
Productive Hemifusion Intermediates in Fast Vesicle Fusion Driven by Neuronal SNAREs

An in vitro fusion assay uses fluorescence microscopy of labeled lipids to monitor single v-SNARE vesicle docking and fusion events on a planar lipid bilayer containing t-SNAREs. For vesicles and bilayer comprising phosphatidylcholine (POPC, 84–85% by mol) and phosphatidylserine (DOPS, 15% by mol), previous work demonstrated prompt, full fusion (τfus = 25 ms). Substitution of 20–60% phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) for phosphatidylcholine in the v-SNARE vesicle with either 0 or 20% DOPE included in the t-SNARE bilayer gives rise to hemifusion events. Labeled lipids diffuse into the planar bilayer as two temporally distinct waves, presumably hemifusion of the outer leaflet followed by inner leaflet (core) fusion. The fusion kinetics with DOPE is markedly heterogeneous. Some vesicle/docking site pairs exhibit prompt, full fusion while others exhibit hemifusion. Hemifusion events are roughly half productive (leading to subsequent core fusion within 20 s) and half dead-end. In qualitative accord with expectations from studies of protein-free vesicle-vesicle fusion, the hemifusion rate khemi is 15–20 times faster than the core fusion rate kcore, and the fraction of hemifusion events increases with increasing percentage of DOPE. This suggests similar underlying molecular pathways for protein-free and neuronal SNARE-driven fusion. Removal of phosphatidylserine from the v-SNARE vesicle has no effect on docking or fusion.
Gender and Race in the Theory of Deviant Type-Scripts*

The theory of deviant type-scripts predicts that when historical and cross-cultural levels of male dominance are high, the ratio of female to male involvement in deviance will be low. Best and Luckenbill recently claim (1990) to have tested this prediction using 1980 data from the United States. Their findings did not support the theory, but rather, contradicted it. In this analysis, serious problems in Best and Luckenbill's use of aggregate statewide measures of male dominance, homicide, and imprisonment are identified, as well as some weaknesses in the original theory. Using a superset of the same data, I extend and re-evaluate the test. The current findings rebut Best and Luckenbill's conclusions and offer some unexpected support for the theory. New issues for the theory of deviant type-scripts–as for any theory involving gender and race–are discussed vis-a-vis the emergence in America of a matrifocal black underclass.
Natural interaction in intelligent spaces: Designing for architecture and entertainment

The rapid evolution of computers' processing power, progress in projection and display technology, and their low cost, accompanied by recent advances in mathematical modeling, make available to space designers today sophisticated technologies which were once accessible only to research institutions or large companies. Thanks to wireless sensing techniques it is possible to endow a space with perceptual intelligence, and make it aware of how people use it, move in it, or react to it. Intelligent Spaces are relevant for several applications or tasks which range from surveillance to entertainment, from medical rehabilitation to artistic performance, from museum exhibit design to commerce. The author's work focuses on Narrative Spaces which are storytellers, able to articulate an informative or entertaining audio-visual narration for people interactively. Narrative Spaces communicate by use of large scale coordinated projections, sounds and displays whose contents are choreographed by the natural body movements or physical gestures of the people in them. This paper describes the guiding principles and modeling approaches that, according to the author, enable a robust modeling of user input and communication strategies for digital content presentation in Intelligent Narrative Spaces. It then provides examples of applications built according to the specified criteria.
Heterotopic gastric mucosa of the tongue

Abstract A cyst of the tongue lined by gastric mucosa is described, and eight previously reported cases are reviewed. All the patients with heterotopic gastric mucosa of the tongue have been males whose ages range from 2 months to 31 years, the sole exception being our case in a newborn infant. Six lesions were cystic and three were solid. Five were located on the anterior one-third of the tongue, three at the base, and one at the tip. Conservative excision is the procedure of choice, and of the patients reviewed, only our patient required a second excision. No additional abnormalities have been reported in these patients, except for one patient 8 who had a double upper lip.
LRRK2 directing ER‐to‐Golgi transport? (ER)yES!

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) represent the most frequent genetic lesions associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). LRRK2 function and the pathogenic mechanisms of LRRK2 genetic mutations remain poorly understood. Cho et al report in this issue of The EMBO Journal a new interaction between LRRK2 and the ER exit site (ERES) protein Sec16A, important for anterograde transport of secretory proteins. Moreover, a disease-associated mutation disrupts LRRK2–Sec16A interaction and ERES function.
Equivalence between positive real and norm-bounded uncertainty

This paper focuses on a linear time-invariant system with positive real uncertainty and shows an equivalence between positive real and norm-bounded uncertainty resulting in transformation of a proper transfer function with positive real uncertainty directly to a strictly proper transfer function with norm-bounded uncertainty which is different from the result obtained by using bilinear transform. This paper also shows a secondary result, relations between the quadratic and robust stability of a system with positive real uncertainty.
Automatic cropping of MRI rat brain volumes using pulse coupled neural networks.

Abstract The Pulse Coupled Neural Network (PCNN) was developed by Eckhorn to model the observed synchronization of neural assemblies in the visual cortex of small mammals such as a cat. In this paper we show the use of the PCNN as an image segmentation strategy to crop MR images of rat brain volumes. We then show the use of the associated PCNN image ‘signature’ to automate the brain cropping process with a trained artificial neural network. We tested this novel algorithm on three T2 weighted acquisition configurations comprising a total of 42 rat brain volumes. The datasets included 40 ms, 48 ms and 53 ms effective TEs, acquisition field strengths of 4.7 T and 9.4 T, image resolutions from 64 × 64 to 256 × 256, slice locations ranging from + 6 mm to − 11 mm AP, two different surface coil manufacturers and imaging protocols. The results were compared against manually segmented gold standards and Brain Extraction Tool (BET) V2.1 results. The Jaccard similarity index was used for numerical evaluation of the proposed algorithm. Our novel PCNN cropping system averaged 0.93 compared to BET scores circa 0.84.
Magnetic and gravity evidence for a subsurface connection between the Palisades sill and the Ladentown basalts

Total-field magnetic and gravity data were collected between the northwestern tip of the earliest Jurassic age Palisades sill, near Mount Ivy, New York, and the Ladentown basalts, 1.3 km to the west, to determine if a subsurface connection exists between the two bodies. The magnetics measurements show a large, negative, total-field anomaly, suggesting that a subsurface body trends from the sill to the basalts. Gravity measurements also indicate that a dense subsurface body connects the flows and the sill. Two-dimensional magnetic modeling of the gravity and magnetic data suggest that the northern edge of a magnetic, dense slab cuts east-west across the field area. The base of the slab dips ∼ 10° to 15° to the south in the eastern part of the study area and is nearly horizontal in the western part. The existence of this connecting body suggests convincingly that the Ladentown basalts were formed by the eruption of Palisades magma onto the surface of the Newark Basin. The geometry of the body derived from the modeling may also indicate that the connecting body has been vertically offset 150 to 200 m from the Palisades sill to the east by a north-south-trending normal fault at the western tip of the Palisades sill. A fifth magnetics line trending east-west along the southern margin of the field area has a very small magnetic positive, suggesting that if an igneous connection exists between the Ladentown basalts and the New City Park magnetic anomaly, it is a minor feature.
Color changes induced by certain indole alkaloids in the fiddler crab, Uca.

Abstract 1. 1. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) evokes distal retinal pigment light adaptation and erythrophoric pigment concentration. 2. 2. The erythrophoric responses to LSD are not dependent on the amount of light striking the rhabdoms in the eyes. 3. 3. Isolysergic acid amide and psilocin evoke erythrophoric pigment concentration in intact fiddler crabs but not in eyestalkless crabs nor in vitro in isolated legs. It was already known that LSD evokes such pigment concentration in intact crabs only. 4. 4. Of the three alkaloids used, LSD was the most potent while psilocin was the least potent in evoking the observed effects on the erythrophores. 5. 5. These indole alkaloids do not stimulate the erythrophores directly. Their actions appear to be mediated by the neuroendocrine system.