cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Critical Role of Information Processing in Creating an Effective Knowledge Organization

This article provides a conceptual framework and an architecture for an effective knowledge organization (EKO) that emphasizes the important role of information processing in facilitating the creation of a dynamic knowledge capability, which is the essence of an EKO. The architecture links core knowledge management, intellectual property management, organizational learning, and innovation modules with information processing as the hub, or linchpin. The organizationâ€™s need to distinguish among these components of an EKO is argued by comparing and contrasting the conceptual bases, objectives, processes, systems, performance measures, and culture of each module. This EKO viewpoint integrates many concepts and applications from various literatures, but it is somewhat contrary to the conventional wisdom that has tended to de-emphasize the significance of information technology in knowledge management.
Potential impacts of 316(B) regulatory controls on economics, electricity reliability, and the environment.

Abstract Nearly half of the utility-owned steam electric generating capacity in the United States is cooled by once-through cooling systems. These plants withdraw cooling water primarily from surface water bodies. Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act requires that the location, design, construction, and capacity of cooling water intake structures reflect the best technology available (BTA) for minimizing adverse environmental impacts. At present, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not yet promulgated implementing regulations governing intake structures; however, the agency is required by a Consent Decree to develop such regulations. EPA has introduced several draft tiered regulatory framework approaches that, depending on site-specific factors, may impose various regulatory burdens on affected utilities. Potential new requirements could range from compiling and submitting existing data to demonstrate that existing conditions at each unit represent BTA to retrofitting plants with closed-cycle cooling systems (primarily cooling towers). If the final regulations require installation of cooling towers or implementation of other costly plant modifications, utilities may elect to close some generating units rather than invest the funds necessary to upgrade them to meet the Section 316(b) requirements. Potentially, some regions of the country may then have a higher proportion of closed units than others. This may raise concerns over the reliability of electricity supply in those regions. If a significant number of plants are converted from once-through cooling systems to cooling towers, the environment will face secondary adverse impacts, such as additional fuel usage, air emissions, and water evaporation, and utilities will need to construct additional generating capacity. This paper describes a study that Argonne National Laboratory had proposed to conduct for the US Department of Energy to explore some of the potential outcomes of EPA’s Section 316(b) regulatory process and associated effects on economics, electricity supply reliability, and the environment.
ESTIMATING MULTIPLE BREAKS ONE AT A TIME

Sequential (one-by-one) rather than simultaneous estimation of multiple breaks is investigated in this paper. The advantage of this method lies in its compu- tational savings and its robustness to misspecification in the number of breaks. The number of least-squares regressions required to compute all of the break points is of order T, the sample size. Each estimated break point is shown to be consistent for one of the true ones despite underspecification of the num- ber of breaks. More interestingly and somewhat surprisingly, the estimated break points are shown to be T-consistent, the same rate as the simultaneous estimation. Limiting distributions are also derived. Unlike simultaneous esti- mation, the limiting distributions are generally not symmetric and are influenced by regression parameters of all regimes. A simple method is introduced to obtain break point estimators that have the same limiting distributions as those obtained via simultaneous estimation. Finally, a procedure is proposed to con- sistently estimate the number of breaks. Multiple breaks may exist in the trend function of many economic time series, as suggested by the studies of Burdekin and Siklos (1995), Cooper (1995), Garcia and Perron (1996), Lumsdaine and Papell (1995), and others. This paper presents some theory and methods for making inferences in the presence of multiple breaks with unknown break dates. The focus is the sequential method, which identifies break points one by one as opposed to all simultaneously. A number of issues arise in the presence of multiple breaks. These include the determination of the number of breaks, estimation of the break points given the number, and statistical analysis of the resulting estimators. These issues were examined by Bai and Perron (1994) when a different approach of estimation is used. The major results of Bai and Perron (1994) assume simultaneous estimation, which estimates all of the breaks at the same time. In this paper, we study an alternative method, which sequentially identifies the break points. The procedure estimates one break point even if multiple breaks exist. The number of least-squares regressions required to compute
Progress toward biologically produced biodegradable thermoplastics

Genetically-engineered bacteria which produce biodegradable polymers and copolymers with structures which depend oil the culture in which they are kept are receiving increasing attention. Up to 90% of the dry weight of the bacteria can be intracellular granules of the plastic (see Figure), and the properties of the polymers can be controlled by varying the carbon-based nutrition of the bacteria. Recent advances are reviewed, including the use of plants instead of bacteria.
A two-step ball milling method synthesizes and purifies α,β-unsaturated esters

Over the last decade, solvent-free methods have been gaining interest as replacements for traditional organic chemistry techniques. While solvent-free methods are well known for many processes, a simple, solvent-free purification procedure that supplements them does not exist. We report the solvent-free synthesis of α,β-unsaturated esters using a solvent-free Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction using high-speed ball milling (HSBM). We were able to perform the HWE reaction on a variety of aldehydes, and isolate their respective a,b-unsaturated esters in high yields, purities, and diastereoselectivities.
On traveling-wave solutions of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation

Abstract Previous numerical results indicate that the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation admits three classes of non-periodic traveling-wave solutions, namely regular shocks, oscillatory shocks, and solitary waves. However, it has been shown that regular (monotonic) shocks cease to exist in the weak-shock limit, due to the radiation of oscillatory waves of exponentially small (with respect to the shock strength) but growing (in space) amplitude. Here, oscillatory shocks and solitary waves are constructed by asymptotic analysis. It thus transpires that, in the weak-shock limit, oscillatory shocks can only be antisymmetric, otherwise oscillatory and monotonic waves of exponentially small but growing (in space) amplitude would inevitably be excited. Under certain conditions, however, the growing waves can link a nearly antisymmetric oscillatory shock with a radiating regular shock to form a solitary wave. The predictions of the asymptotic theory are supported by numerical results.
An Accurate Method for Determining the Pre-Change Run Length Distribution of the Generalized Shiryaev-Roberts Detection Procedure

Abstract Change-of-measure is a powerful technique in wide use across statistics, probability, and analysis. Particularly known as Wald's likelihood ratio identity, the technique enabled the proof of a number of exact and asymptotic optimality results pertaining to the problem of quickest change-point detection. Within the latter problem's context we apply the technique to develop a numerical method to compute the generalized Shiryaev–Roberts (GSR) detection procedure's pre-change run length distribution. Specifically, the method is based on the integral equations approach and uses the collocation framework with the basis functions chosen to exploit a certain change-of-measure identity and a specific martingale property of the GSR procedure's detection statistic. As a result, the method's accuracy and robustness improve substantially, even though the method's theoretical rate of convergence is shown to be merely quadratic. A tight upper bound on the method's error is supplied as well. The method is not re...
Refusing to budge: a confirmatory bias in decision making?

Confirmatory bias, defined as the tendency to misinterpret new pieces of evidence as confirming previously held hypotheses, can lead to implacable, even incorrect decision making. It is one of the biases, along with anchoring, framing, and other judgment heuristic errors, that may lead to non-optimal behavior. This paper tests for the existence of confirmatory bias behavior in a uniquely economic setting (tax policy) and in a context relatively lacking in ambiguity. It also tests whether the confirmatory bias phenomenon can be prevalent enough to affect aggregate outcomes, a characteristic important in economic models in particular. The results indicate not only that confirmatory bias exists, but that the confirmatory bias effect may be stronger for evidence relating to losses than for comparable evidence relating to gains.
tert-Butyldiphenylsilylamines: A useful protecting group for primary amines☆

Abstract The utility of the tert -butyldiphenylsilyl group for protecting primary amines is explored. These derivatives are notably stable to chromatography, basic and hydrolytic reagents, as well as alkylating and acylating reagents. They are smoothly cleaved by mild acid and pyridine-HF.
Facile conversion of tetracycline antibiotics to 4,11a-bridged derivatives via oxidative mannich cyclization

Treatment of a variety of tetracyclines (tigecycline, minocycline, tetracycline and doxycycline) with Ag(2)CO(3)/EDTA or Hg(OAc)(2) cleanly gave the 4,11a-bridged derivatives in high yields. The reactions proceeded through a novel, intramolecular Mannich cyclization of an iminium species generated by oxidation of the tertiary dimethylamino group at C(4) by Ag(I) or Hg(II). Tetracyclines without 5-OH-substitution (tigecycline, tetracycline and minocycline) gave the 4-OH-substituted, 4,11a-bridged compound, whereas doxycycline gave the 4-dimethylamino-substituted, 4,11a-bridged product. In the case of tetracycline, the 4,11a-bridged compound can equilibrate further to a 4,6-bridged hemiketal. Some of the bridged compounds underwent a novel decarboxylation--rearrangement sequence under acidic conditions to give tricyclic, open chain 1,4-quinoid compounds.
Bis(imino)pyridine iron complexes for aldehyde and ketone hydrosilylation.

Bis(imino)pyridine iron dinitrogen and dialkyl complexes are well-defined precatalysts for the chemo- and regioselective reduction of aldehydes and ketones. Efficient carbonyl hydrosilylation is observed at low (0.1−1.0 mol %) catalyst loadings and with 2 equiv of either PhSiH3 or Ph2SiH2, representing one of the most active iron-catalyzed carbonyl reductions reported to date.
Dust around First-Ascent Red Giants

We examine models for the physical conditions in the dust envelopes around the closest and most conspicuous examples of luminosity class III red giants with infrared excesses such as δ And. (1) It has been previously suggested that the dust is sporadically ejected from the stars, but for most such stars, this model seems unlikely. (2) Another possibility is that in some cases we might be witnessing emission from interstellar dust that happens to be near the star, a "cirrus hot spot." Since 70% of the red giants with infrared excesses lie within 100 pc of the Galactic plane where this phenomenon must sometimes occur, many of the excesses might be explained by this effect. However, a difficulty with this model for at least a few bright sources is that if the clouds have a uniform density, we expect sizes at 60 μm that are about a factor of 10 larger than found for the best studied examples. It seems likely that some class III giants do possess circumstellar dust. (3) The inferred mass of dust around some class III red giants is larger than 1026 g, more matter than would be expected when a Vega-type star evolves off the main sequence. Because the dust is inferred to be more than 100 AU from the star, we hypothesize that the large inferred dust masses is the result of the disintegration of comets. This model can be tested by using the Space Infrared Telescope Facility to measure the 60 μm sizes.
Phase variation in free electron laser amplifiers

Abstract The evolution of the phase of the output radiation of free electron laser amplifiers is investigated by means of a three-dimensional simulation code. The configuration employed consists of the propagation of a relativistic electron beam through a loss-free cylindrical waveguide in the presence of a helically symmetric wiggler and a uniform axial guide magnetic field. The output phase is found to depend sensitively on the wave frequency within the unstable bandwidth. In addition, the phase stability of the output radiation is discussed as a function of beam energy. In particular, the output phase is found to be an extremely sensitive function of beam energy.
Oligosaccharide–Peptide Ligation of Glycosyl Thiolates with Dehydropeptides: Synthesis of S‐Linked Mucin‐Related Glycopeptide Conjugates

A chemoselective strategy for oligosaccharide-peptide ligation is described in which alpha-thio analogues of mucin-related glycoconjugates can be readily accessed through site-selective conjugate addition of complex oligosaccharide thiolates to dehydroalanine-containing peptides. The efficiency of the ligation is highlighted by the rapid convergent assembly of thio-isosteres of the four tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, T(N), T, ST(N), and 2,6-ST, as a pair of diastereoisomers at the newly formed cysteine stereocenter. The process proceeds in high yield and with complete retention of the alpha-anomeric configuration.
Sum formulas for local Gromov-Witten invariants of spin curves

Holomorphic 2-forms on Kahler surfaces lead to “Local Gromov-Witten invariants” of spin curves. This paper shows how to derive sum formulas for such local GW invariants from the sum formula for GW invariants of certain ruled surfaces. These sum formulas also verify the Maulik-Pandharipande formulas that were recently proved by Kiem and Li. Let X be a Kahler surface with a holomorphic 2-form α. The real part of α, also denoted by α, then induces an almost complex structure on X : Jα = (Id+ JKα) −1J(Id+ JKα). (0.1) Here J is the Kahler structure on X and Kα is the endomorphism of TX defined by the formula 〈u,Kαv〉 = α(u, v) where 〈 , 〉 is the Kahler metric on X. The almost complex structure Jα satisfies a remarkable Image Localization Property : • if f is a Jα-holomorphic map into X that represents a non-zero (1,1) class then the image of f lies in the zero set D of the holomorphic 2-form α For simplicity, assume X is a (minimal) surface of general type and D is smooth. The normal bundle N to D is then a theta characteristic on D, i.e., N is a square root of the canonical bundle of D. The pair (D,N) is called a spin curve of genus h where h is the genus of D. The total space ND of N has a tautological holomorphic 2-form α that induces, by the same manner as in (0.1), an almost complex structure Jα on ND satisfying the image localization property, namely Mg,n(ND, d[D], Jα) = Mg,n(D, d). Consequently, the moduli space of Jα-holomorphic maps is compact, so it represents a (virtual) fundamental class that defines local GW invariants of the spin curve (D,N). These local GW invariants depend only on the genus h and the parity p ≡ h0(N) (mod 2) and GW invariants of Kahler surfaces with pg > 0 are the sum of local GW invariants associated to spin curves [LP1]. GW invariants count maps from connected domains, while Gromov-Taubes invariants count maps from not necessarily connected domains. These GT invariants can be obtained from GW
Synthetic generation of IRST observations for tracker performance studies

This paper describes an analytic model which generates a synthetic list of detection observations from an IRST. The observation list contains both false detects and target detections. The false detects are generated from a statistical model of the clutter and noise. The user is able to select from a menu of clutter types. This selection determines the values of the statistical parameters. The target type and trajectory are user specified. The target type is selected from a menu and determines the signature of the target. Both the target signature and clutter are propagated through the atmosphere and the sensor. The sensor is modeled as the cascade of transfer functions. The sensor model includes optics, detectors, electronics and noise sources. The signal processing which is part of the sensor model assumes a matched filter is used to increase the S(C + N)R prior to detection. The detection threshold is set to provide the user specified probability of false alarm. Each entry in the observation list includes the observation list includes the observation time, the angular position of the observation, the estimated S(C + N)R of the observation and the number of degrees of freedom which is a measure of clutter severity in the region of the observation. The model is intended to be used as part of a larger simulation for example in a sensor fusion study or to provide tracker test sequences for performance comparison and evaluation.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The convergence of functions to fixedpoints of recursive definitions

The classical method for constructing the least fixedpoint of a recursive definition is to generate a sequence of functions whose initial element is the totally undefined function and which converges to the desired least fixedpoint. This method, due to Kleene, cannot be generalized to allow the construction of other fixedpoints. In this paper we present an alternate definition of convergence and a new fixedpoint access method of generating sequences of functions for a given recursive definition. The initial function of the sequence can be an arbitrary function, and the sequence will always converge to a fixedpoint that is “close” to the initial function. This defines a monotonic mapping from the set of partial functions onto the set of all fixedpoints of the given recursive definition.
Status of concentrator collector and high-efficiency concentrator cell development

Abstract Photovoltaic concentrator collectors are an attractive option for utility-scale photovoltaic power plants. This paper reviews the current status of photovoltaic concentrator collector and cell development. Included in the review is a discussion of the economic motivation for concentrators, a summary of recent concentrator collector and cell development, and a description of a major new program to accelerate development and commercial introduction of concentrator collectors.
Continuum Radiation from Partially Ionized Argon

Experimental measurements of the total thermal radiation from an argon plasma arc of the wall-stabilized type with Poiseuille flow are compared with theoretical predictions. The magnitude of radiation is of importance both for re-entry calculations and use in the HellerElenbaas energy balance equation when transport properties are to be determined. The experimentally measured radiation (utilizing a carefully calibrated novel radiation meter) has been compared with predictions from semiclassical quantum theory (cum-experimental constants) based on recombination and bremsstrahlung. A simple equation for the total radiated power (in watts per cubic centimeter) as a function of temperature has been developed and corroborated by experiment. Spectrographically determined temperature distributions from a similar arc in the same laboratory were utilized in-making the comparisons. The plasma arc was operated at 1 atm over a range of argon flow rates from 0.02 to 0.415 g/sec and currents from 35 to 500 amp for three different column lengths. Steady-state total radiation as high as 5500 w/cm of column length, representing over 30% of the power input to the arc, was measured.
Fermionic Formulas for Level-Restricted Generalized Kostka Polynomials and Coset Branching Functions

Level-restricted paths play an important role in crystal theory. They correspond to certain highest weight vectors of modules of quantum affine algebras. We show that the recently established bijection between Littlewood–Richardson tableaux and rigged configurations is well-behaved with respect to level-restriction and give an explicit characterization of level-restricted rigged configurations. As a consequence a new general fermionic formula for the level-restricted generalized Kostka polynomial is obtained. Some coset branching functions of type A are computed by taking limits of these fermionic formulas.
PRIMORDIAL NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES

Primordial nucleosynthesis provides a probe of the Universe during its early evolution. Given the progress exploring the constituents, structure, and recent evolution of the Universe, it is timely to review the status of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) and to confront its predictions, and the constraints which emerge from them, with those derived from independent observations of the Universe at much later epochs in its evolution. Following an overview of the key physics controlling element synthesis in the early Universe, the predictions of the standard models of cosmology and particle physics (SBBN) are presented, along with those from some non-standard models. The observational data used to infer the primordial abundances are described, with an emphasis on the distinction between precision and accuracy. These relic abundances are compared with predictions, testing the internal consistency of BBN and enabling a comparison of the BBN constraints with those derived from the WMAP Cosmic Background Radiation ...
Ca2Mn2O5 as Oxygen-Deficient Perovskite Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

This paper presents the use of Ca2Mn2O5 as an oxygen-deficient perovskite electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. Phase-pure Ca2Mn2O5 was made under mild reaction temperatures through a reductive annealing method. This oxygen deficient perovskite can catalyze the generation of oxygen at ∼1.50 V versus (vs) reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) electrochemically, and reach an OER mass activity of 30.1 A/g at 1.70 V (vs RHE). In comparison to the perovskite CaMnO3, Ca2Mn2O5 shows higher OER activities. The molecular level oxygen vacancies and high spin electron configuration on manganese in the crystal structures are likely the contributing factors for the enhanced performance. This work demonstrates that oxygen-deficient perovskite, A2B2O5, is a new class of high performance electrocatalyst for those reactions that involve active oxygen intermediates, such as reduction of oxygen and OER in water splitting.
Compact Kac Algebras and Commuting Squares

Abstract We consider commuting squares of finite dimensional von Neumann algebras having the algebra of complex numbers in the lower left corner. Examples include the vertex models, the spin models (in the sense of subfactor theory), and the commuting squares associated to finite dimensional Kac algebras. To any such commuting square we associate a compact Kac algebra and we compute the corresponding subfactor and its standard invariant in terms of it.
A digital approach for automatic tuning of continuous-time high-Q filters

A digital scheme for automatic tuning of continuous-time high-Q filters is proposed. The tuning scheme uses the phase information for both frequency and Q-factor tuning, therefore, the relationship between the filter's passband magnitude and Q is immaterial. Due to the digital control of the tuning loops, only one loop is active at a given time interval, which eliminates the need for a slow Q tuning loop, improves stability and reduces tuning time. Experimental breadboard tests verify the operation where approximately 1% tuning error is accomplished using the offline tuning algorithm.
Anomaly induced QCD potential and Quark Decoupling

Abstract We explore the anomaly induced effective QCD meson potential in the framework of the effective Lagrangian approach. We suggest a decoupling procedure, when a flavored quark becomes massive, which mimics the one employed by Seiberg for supersymmetric gauge theories. It is seen that, after decoupling, the QCD potential naturally converts to the one with one less flavor. We study the N c and N f dependence of the η ′ mass.
A high-performance lattice Boltzmann implementation to model flow in porous media

Abstract We examine the problem of simulating single and multiphase flow in porous medium systems at the pore scale using the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method. The LB method is a powerful approach, but one which is also computationally demanding; the resolution needed to resolve fundamental phenomena at the pore scale leads to very large lattice sizes, and hence substantial computational and memory requirements that necessitate the use of massively parallel computing approaches. Common LB implementations for simulating flow in porous media store the full lattice, making parallelization straightforward but wasteful. We investigate a two-stage implementation consisting of a sparse domain decomposition stage and a simulation stage that avoids the need to store and operate on lattice points located within a solid phase. A set of five domain decomposition approaches are investigated for single and multiphase flow through both homogeneous and heterogeneous porous medium systems on different parallel computing platforms. An orthogonal recursive bisection method yields the best performance of the methods investigated, showing near linear scaling and substantially less storage and computational time than the traditional approach.
The party of Lincoln and the politics of state fair employment practices legislation in the north, 1945-1964

From 1945 to 1964, more than a score of northern states passed laws mandating nondiscrimination in employment. Why did some states pass such fair employment practice (FEP) laws much more slowly than other states? This article presents archival and statistical evidence that partisan control of policy‐making institutions—namely, Republican control of “veto points” in the legislative process—is associated with a substantial reduction in the likelihood that a state would pass FEP legislation, even when controlling for potentially confounding variables. This finding casts doubt on the leading account of the electoral realignment that began in the mid‐1960s and culminated in the Reagan‐Bush years. Well before the advent of affirmative action, key numbers of GOP officeholders—allied with organized business and motivated by a free‐market, antiregulatory ideology—worked successfully to block the adoption of color‐blind laws mandating formal racial equality.
Preparation of 2-lithiotetrahydropyrans: Kinetic and thermodynamic generation of alkyllithium reagents

Abstract Both axial and equatorial 2-lithiotetrahydropyrans are readily prepared from 2-(phenylthio)-tetrahydropyrans. Axial 2-lithiotetrahydropyrans are formed selectively on reducing 2-(phenylthio)-tetrahydropyrans with lithium di- tert -butylbiphenylide, and equatorial 2-lithiotetrahydropyrans are formed selectively by thermal equilibration of the axial isomers.
Mutation and gauge theory I: Yang-Mills invariants

Mutation of 3-manifolds (cutting and regluing along a genus 2 surface using a central involution) is shown to preserve the instanton Floer homology of homology 3-spheres. A related operation on 4-manifolds is shown to preserve the Donaldson polynomial invariant.
Quantum theory of cyclotron resonance lineshape for an electron-impurity system in two dimensions

Abstract Based on Kubo's current correlation function formula and Fujita's proper connected diagram technique, a quantum theory of cyclotron resonance lineshape for a two-dimensional electron-impurity system is developed. Equations for the cyclotron resonance linewidths ΓN and the frequency shifts ΔN, associated with the electron transitions between Landau states N and N + 1, are derived by making use of very high resonant-magnetic-field approximation. Equations for ΓN are solved and calculated for the gaussian, Coulomb and screened Coulomb interactions. In the limit of short range interaction our results are in complete agreement with the theory of Ando and Uemura. For an unscreened Coulomb interaction finite results for the widths Γ N = 1 N+1 Z e 2 κ φ 1 2 h n 1 2 1 are obtained. Frequency shifts from the present theory vanish for any form of the electron-impurity potentials. For a short range interaction Γ N ∞ n 1 2 1 B 1 2 , n1 and B being the impurity concentration and the magnetic field, respectively. These results (Δ N = 0 and Γ N ∞ n 1 2 1 B 1 2 ) are in good agreement with the experimental data on the inversion layer electrons of the MOS.
Multi-step-ahead prediction using dynamic recurrent neural networks

A method for the development of empirical predictive models for complex processes is presented. The models are capable of performing accurate multi-step-ahead (MS) predictions, while maintaining acceptable single-step-ahead (SS) prediction accuracy. Such predictors find applications in model predictive controllers and in fault diagnosis systems. The proposed method makes use of dynamic recurrent neural networks in the form of a nonlinear infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. A learning algorithm is presented, which is based on a dynamic gradient descent approach. The effectiveness of the method for accurate MS prediction is tested on an artificial problem and on a complex, open-loop unstable process. Comparative results are presented with polynomial Nonlinear AutoRegressive with eXogeneous (NARX) predictors, and with recurrent networks trained using teacher forcing. Validation studies indicate that excellent generalization is obtained for the range of operational dynamics studied. The research demonstrates that the proposed network architecture and the associated learning algorithm are quite effective in modeling the dynamics of complex processes and performing accurate MS predictions.
Simulations of supercollider physics

Abstract The Standard Model of particle physics makes it possible to simulate complete events for physics signatures and their backgrounds in high-energy collisions. A knowledge of how the produced particles interact with the materials in a detector makes it possible to simulate the response of any particular detector design of these events and so determine whether the detector could observe the signal. The combination of these techniques has played an important role in the design of new detectors, particularly those for hadron supercolliders where the high rates and small signal cross sections make the experiments difficult. The technique is reviewed here and illustrated using the simulation of the GEM detector proposed for the Superconducting Super Collider. Although the simulations and results described here are somewhat detector-specific, we believe that they can serve as a useful model for this component of detector design for future hadron supercolliders.
Constraints on Cool Gas in Rich Clusters of Galaxies

Cool gas should be present in galaxy clusters due to stripping of galactic gas, in-fall onto the cluster, and from cooling flows. We have searched for this gas through metal resonance absorption lines from low-ionization gas toward six background quasars. Both cooling-flow and non-cooling-flow clusters were observed, with lines of sight ranging from the inner to outer parts of the cluster (0.32 Mpc ≤ rproj ≤ 1.40 Mpc). The HST Faint Object Spectrograph observations failed to detect Fe II or Mg II absorption at the cluster redshift, with 1 σ upper limits on the ion column densities of N ≤ 1012-1013 cm-2. From existing X-ray data, we estimate that ram-pressure stripping of galactic gas by the intracluster medium should produce cool gas along these sight lines. The failure to detect absorption lines implies that any gas stripped in such a way has a low covering fraction, possibly due to a short lifetime in this low-ionization state.
Molecular dynamics simulation of hydration in myoglobin

This study was carried out to evaluate the stability of the 89 bound water molecules that were observed in the neutron diffraction study of CO myoglobin. The myoglobin structure derived from the neutron analysis was used as the starting point in the molecular dynamics simulation using the software package CHARMM. After salvation of the protein, energy minimization and equilibration of the system, 50 pico seconds of Newtonian dynamics was performed. This data showed that only 4 water molecules are continously bound during the length of this simulation while the other solvent molecules exhibit considerable mobility and are breaking and reforming hydrogen bonds with the protein. At any instant during the simulation, 73 of the hydration sites observed in the neutron structure are occupied by water.
Why Not Environmental Injustice

Turner and Feldman address an important environmental justice (EJ) issue: ‘Under conditions of social and economic inequality, only some people…will have the clout and the funding to get the powers...
HI 21cm probes of reionization, and beyond

Abstract I review the potential for observing cosmic reionization using the HI 21 cm line of neutral hydrogen. Studies include observations of the evolution of large scale structure of the IGM (density, excitation temperature, and neutral fraction), through HI 21 cm emission, as well as observations of small to intermediate scale structure through absorption toward the first discrete radio sources. I summarize predictions for the HI signals, then consider capabilities of facilities being built, or planned, to detect these signals. I also discuss the significant observational challenges.
Does Female Representation on Boards of Directors Associate with Increased Transparency and Ethical Behavior

ABSTRACT: This study examined the association between corporate transparency and ethical orientation of Fortune 500 companies and the number of females represented on the board of directors from the Fortune (2010) annual report data. Our basis for this judgment was whether the firm was listed on either (both) Ethisphere Magazine's “2010 World's Most Ethical Companies” (Ethisphere Magazine 2011) or (and) Corporate Responsibility Magazine's “100 Best Corporate Citizens 2010” (Corporate Responsibility Magazine 2011) list(s). Our results indicated that, as the number of women directors increased, the probability of a corporation appearing on these lists increased. We also found that a “critical mass” of women directors was indicated by the data for Ethisphere Magazine's but not Corporate Responsibility Magazine's list.
Synthesis and identification of 4-methyl-N-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-2-benzothiazolamine, an impurity in the synthesis of tricyclazole

The synthesis of 4-methyl-N-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-2-benzothiazolamine, 4, a by-product in the synthesis of tricyclazole, 1, by oxidative cyclization of the corresponding thiourea, 12, with thionyl chloride, is described.
Design Of Teafel, A Recirculating 3-12 MeV Electron Beam System For FELs

The design of a 6 and 12 MeV electrostatic-accelerator FEL is presented. The system will use recirculation of the electron beam in order to obtain ampere level currents. Energy variability, coupled with the use of short-period undulators, will allow continuous tunability of the system over wavelengths between 8 and 120 /spl mu/m.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Desulfinylative Cross‐Coupling of Heteroaromatic Sulfinates

Beauty lies in simplicity: An efficient and environmentally benign palladium-catalyzed protocol has been developed using a sulfinate as a nucleophilic coupling partner. The sulfinate position is arylated chemoselectively in very good yields. The bench-stable, non-hygroscopic heteroaromatic sulfinate salts rapidly undergo cross-coupling without the need of a co-catalyst, base, or additives (see scheme; mw = microwave).
The Competitive Impact of Hypermarket Retailers on Gasoline Prices

AbstractHypermarkets are large retail suppliers of general merchandise or grocery items that also sell gasoline, often at very low margins. This paper estimates the impact of hypermarkets on average state-level retail gasoline prices and margins. The empirical results indicate an economically and statistically significant price-decreasing effect of increased hypermarket competition. The estimations also suggest that refiners lower the delivered wholesale prices charged to their affiliated lessee-dealer and open-dealer stations in response to increased hypermarket competition, which in turn translates to lower retail (street) prices. The adoption of sales-below-cost laws may lessen the price-reducing effects from hypermarket competition.
The Disk and Dark Halo Mass of the Barred Galaxy NGC 4123. II. Fluid-Dynamical Models

We report a dynamical determination of the separate contributions of disk and dark halo masses to the rotation curve of a spiral galaxy. We use fluid-dynamical models of gas flow in the barred galaxy NGC 4123 to constrain the dynamical properties of the galaxy: disk M/L, bar pattern speed, and the central density and scale radius of the dark halo. We derive a realistic barred potential directly from the light distribution. For each model we assume a value of the stellar M/L and a bar pattern speed Ωp and add a dark halo to fit the rotation curve. We then compute the gas flow velocities with a two-dimensional gasdynamical code and compare the model flow patterns to a two-dimensional velocity field derived from Fabry-Perot observations. The strong shocks and noncircular motions in the observed gas flow require a high stellar M/L and a fast-rotating bar. Models with I-band disk M/L of 2.0-2.5 h75, or 80%-100% of the maximum disk value, are highly favored. The corotation radius of the bar must be ≤1.5 times the bar semimajor axis. These results contradict some recent claimed "universal" galaxy disk/halo relations, since NGC 4123 is of modest size (rotation curve maximum 145 km s-1 and Vflat = 130 km s-1) yet quite disk-dominated. The dark halo of NGC 4123 is less concentrated than favored by current models of dark halos based on cosmological simulations. Since some 30% of bright disk galaxies are strongly barred and have dust lanes indicating shock morphology similar to that of NGC 4123, it is likely that they also have high stellar M/L and low-density halos. We suggest that luminous matter dominates inside the optical radius R25 of high surface brightness disk galaxies.
Advanced Plasma and Advanced Gate Dielectric—A Charging Damage Prospective

Current status of plasma charging damage is assessed. The impact of wide adaptation of high density plasma in IC processing to charging damage is examined for advanced CMOS technology where ultrathin gate oxide is used. The issue of measurement is high-lighted. The resulting misconception of plasma charging damage is no longer a problem when gate oxide is ultrathin is explained as a result of measurement difficulty as well as previously unexpected longer oxide lifetime.
Interconversions of simple monodentate nitrogen donor ligands bound to Tp′ tungsten fragments

Abstract The dramatic effect of an ancillary alkyne ligand on the regioselectivity of nucleophile and electrophile additions to monodentate nitrogen ligands is illustrated by comparison of ligand based reactions characteristic of nitrogen donor ligands incorporated into [Tp ′ (CO) 2 W] + and [Tp ′ (CO)(PhCCMe)W] + coordination spheres. Nitrogen ligands accessible from free nitriles and amines, including nitrile, azavinylidene, imido, imine, amido, amine, and nitrido, can be interconverted by addition of nucleophiles or electrophiles as well as by hydride abstraction or proton removal. Structural details that reveal important π-bonding interactions for multiply bonded nitrogen ligands are also discussed.
Surface collective excitations in ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy of metal nanoparticles

Abstract The role of surface collective excitations in the electron relaxation in small metal particles is studied. It is shown that the dynamically screened electron–electron interaction in a nanoparticle contains a size-dependent correction induced by the surface. This leads to new channels of quasiparticle scattering accompanied by the emission of surface collective excitations. In noble-metal particles, the dipole collective excitations (surface plasmons) mediate a resonant scattering of d -holes to the conduction band. The role of this effect in the ultrafast optical dynamics of small nanoparticles is studied. With decreasing nanoparticle size, it leads to a drastic change in the differential absorption lineshape and a strong frequency dependence of the relaxation near the surface plasmon resonance. The experimental implications of these results in ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy are addressed. We also discuss the size-dependence of conduction electron scattering rates.
Improving the aircraft design process using Web-based modeling and simulation

Designing and developing new aircraft systems is time-consuming and expensive. Computational simulation is a promising means for reducing design cycle times, but requires a flexible software environment capable of integrating advanced multidisciplinary and multifidelity analysis methods, dynamically managing data across heterogeneous computing platforms, and distributing computationally complex tasks. Web-based simulation, with its emphasis on collaborative composition of simulation models, distributed heterogeneous execution, and dynamic multimedia documentation, has the potential to meet these requirements. This paper outlines the current aircraft design process, highlighting its problems and complexities, and presents our vision of an aircraft design process using Web-based modeling and simulation.
Design and simulation of a high-frequency high-power RF extraction device using a dielectric-loaded waveguide ☆

Abstract We consider the use of a dielectric-loaded structure to extract RF energy from a high-current electron drive beam as a power source for a high-energy two-beam accelerator. This represents an alternative technique which we show to have some significant advantages over the use of the currently proposed corrugated metal structures as power extraction devices. We discuss a particular design that will extract high-power RF (0.1–1 GW) from a high-current drive beam. RF generation and transport in this class of devices have already been demonstrated at lower frequencies. We discuss the design parameters for 15 and 30 GHz dielectric transfer structures and some possible experiments.
Nanometer-Sized ZrO2 Particles Prepared by a Sol–Emulsion–Gel Method

ZrO{sub 2} powder was prepared by a sol-emulsion-gel method at temperatures below 140{degrees}C from ZrO(NO{sub 3}){sub 2} {center dot} nH{sub 2}O. The asprepared powder was amorphous, but crystallized into the tetragonal structure by 600{degrees}C. The metastable tetragonal powder (600{degrees}C) was comprised of ultrafine 4- to 6-nm size particles. On heat treatment, the tetragonal form completely transformed into the monoclinic state at 1100{degrees}C. Preliminary studies indicate good sinterability with densities greater than 94% at 1100{degrees}C and with a grain size of 0.25 {mu}m.
Sustainable Consumption and Worktime Reduction

Summary This article argues that in the global North a successful path to sustainability will entail a stabilization of consumption through reductions in hours of work, a solution that neither ecologists nor economists have addressed seriously. The article presents data on the slowdown of hours reductions in many countries and discusses the need for policy intervention to counter firm-level disincentives to reducing hours of work. It then discusses the potential popularity of work-hour reductions with consumers. It ends with an argument that technological changes will be insufficient to achieve sustainable consumption patterns and that averting continued increases in the scale of consumption through trading income for time is imperative.
Mass screening in modified gravity

Models of modified gravity introduce extra degrees of freedom, which for a consistency with the data, should be suppressed at observable scales. In the models that share properties of massive gravity such a suppression is due to nonlinear interactions: an isolated massive astrophysical object creates a halo of a nonzero curvature around it, shielding its vicinity from the influence of the extra degrees of freedom. We emphasize that the very same halo leads to a screening of the gravitational mass of the object, as seen by an observer beyond the halo. We discuss the case when the screening could be very significant and may rule out, or render the models observationally interesting.
Modeling country risk ratings using partial orders

Abstract In order to evaluate the creditworthiness of various countries, a learning model is induced from the 1998 Standard and Poor’s country risk ratings, using the 1998 values of nine economic and three political indicators. This learning model allows the construction of a partially ordered set describing the relative superiority of countries on the basis of their creditworthiness, and it is shown that the Condorcet linear extensions of this poset match closely the S&P ratings. Moreover, the ratings derived from the model correlate highly with those of other rating agencies. The model is shown to provide excellent ratings even when applied to the following years’ data or to the ratings of previously unrated countries. Rating changes implemented by S&P in subsequent years resolved most of the (few) discrepancies between the constructed poset and S&P’s initial ratings.
Learning sparse gradients for variable selection and dimension reduction

Variable selection and dimension reduction are two commonly adopted approaches for high-dimensional data analysis, but have traditionally been treated separately. Here we propose an integrated approach, called sparse gradient learning (SGL), for variable selection and dimension reduction via learning the gradients of the prediction function directly from samples. By imposing a sparsity constraint on the gradients, variable selection is achieved by selecting variables corresponding to non-zero partial derivatives, and effective dimensions are extracted based on the eigenvectors of the derived sparse empirical gradient covariance matrix. An error analysis is given for the convergence of the estimated gradients to the true ones in both the Euclidean and the manifold setting. We also develop an efficient forward-backward splitting algorithm to solve the SGL problem, making the framework practically scalable for medium or large datasets. The utility of SGL for variable selection and feature extraction is explicitly given and illustrated on artificial data as well as real-world examples. The main advantages of our method include variable selection for both linear and nonlinear predictions, effective dimension reduction with sparse loadings, and an efficient algorithm for large p, small n problems.