cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a Thermal Barrier Coating Life Model

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are widely used on the first stage turbine buckets and vanes of land-based (F and G class) gas turbine machines. These coatings normally fail by spallation due to delamination of the ceramic layer along the vicinity of the thermally grown oxide (TGO)/TBC interface. The failure processes involve several mechanisms including oxidation of the bond coat, thermomechanical fatigue, sintering, and spallation of the TBC. This paper describes the development of an analytical tool for predicting the useful life of TBCs for land-based gas turbine applications. The analytical model, called TBCLIFE, has been developed to treat bond coat oxidation, sintering and spallation of the TBC, as well as effects of coating thickness and substrate curvature on TBC spallation. In addition, a parallel experimental program has also been initiated to evaluate the durability of a plasma-sprayed TBC under isothermal and thermal cycling exposures. These results will be used to determine the kinetics of TGO scale growth and the material constants for the TBC life model. The TBC life model will be applied to predicting TBC life as a function of cycle time and the results will be presented as coating life diagrams. The utility of a coating life diagram for estimating the remaining life of TBC will be illustrated and discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
GENRES: An extension of Brooks Algorithm for project scheduling with resource constraints

Abstract In project scheduling by network analysis, traditional critical path methods fail to include resource considerations. Other methods must be used to allow for resource considerations. This article explores one area of resource considerations: project scheduling under resource constraints. The specific case investigated is the single resource, single project schedule. A model, entitled the GENRES search model, is developed. The model utilizes Brooks Algorithm (BAG) to generate the project schedule. The criteria used are various weighted combinations of ACTIM and ACTRES (Bedworth, Industrial Systems ). The best project schedule is that which gives the least project duration. The GENRES model was found effective in finding project durations equal to or less than that of ACTIM, ACTRES or TIMRES (the combination of ACTIM and ACTRES with each given equal weight). The research also found that when the project completion time found by the algorithm approaches the critical path duration, resource leveling may be preferred.
Soils and Geomorphology, Third Edition

In accepting the Kirk Bryan Award in 1988 from the Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology Division of the Geological Society of America, Pete Birkeland commented that he was passing the soil geomorphology baton on to the next generation. Fortunately for us, the hand-off is still incomplete, as evidenced by the publication of a new third edition of his award winning book, Soils and Geomorphology. Birkeland's book is notable for being a survey of soil science from a geological perspective. Thus the focus is on field aspects of soil science, particularly on pedology the study of soil genesis. The book is studded with field examples, drawn from the literature and from his own nearly forty years of fieldwork in the American West and around the world. The issues he addresses are often geological in nature: dating landforms, reading past climates from information in soils, and using soils as stratigraphic markers. His philosophy is that the principles of soil genesis must be learned and understood before one can interpret the geological record in soils.
Laboratory produced P/M aluminum 2XXX + Zr sheet

Laboratory procedures were established to produce advanced aluminum 2XXX+ Zr alloy powder metallurgy sheet in the T8X temper. The sheet was tested for tensile and Kahn Tear properties in the longitudinal and long transverse directions. The results from the laboratory-produced sheet were compared to the results of a pilot-scale NASA contractual study which used the same alloy powders, leading to the conclusion that laboratory-scale sheet properties are good to excellent predictors of the pilot-scale tensile properties and tear notch toughness values. Tear resistance toughness at pilot scale was not satisfactorily predicted by the laboratory results.
Fabrication of Isolated Nanoparticle Circuitry Via Lensless Optical Tweezing (“L. O. T. s”)

We propose a novel method for trapping a nanometer-scale particle into a stable structure useful for a variety of interesting electrical measurements. The particle to be trapped can be dielectric or metallic, magnetic or non-magnetic. Our methodology was developed, in part, to ensure the absence of extraneous nanoparticles in the region of the device under test; it also allows a possible feedback mechanism to indicate when a nanoparticle has been successfully trapped. In particular, we irradiate a substrate containing a tiny etch-pit hole. On the transmission side of the substrate, the diffracted or evanescent optical fields should contain large enough gradients to localize a nanoparticle to the region of the hole.
Molecular addresses in blood vessels as targets for therapy.

Abstract We have isolated several organ- and tumor-homing peptides by using in vivo phage display. This technology involves the screening of peptide libraries in a living animal. The peptides that result from such a selection home to specific organs or tissues because they recognize molecular ‘addresses’, receptors that are differentially expressed in vascular beds. Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics, pro-apoptotic peptides and cytokines to tumors using these peptides improved therapeutic efficacy in animal models. Translation of this technology into clinical applications will form the basis for targeting therapeutic and imaging agents in the context of cancer and other diseases.
Holocene summer temperature reconstruction from sedimentary chlorophyll content, with treatment of age uncertainties, Kurupa Lake, Arctic Alaska

Quantitative records of pre-industrial temperature changes are fundamental for understanding long-term natural climate variability. We used visible reflectance spectroscopy to measure chlorophyll c...
Structural evolution of the Thor-Odin gneiss dome

Abstract The Thor-Odin dome is a large structural culmination along the eastern margin of the Shuswap terrain. Previous workers have presented divergent models for the origin of the dome. Some have proposed that it is a product of diapiric uprise of material from the lower crust; alternatively, the dome is interpreted to have formed from the interference of later folding. This study presents the results of a detailed analysis of new data on the structure, pattern of strain variation and metamorphic fabric of the dome. These data together with new geochronological and metamorphic phase assemblage information provide the basis for a revised interpretation of the evolution of the Thor-Odin gneiss dome. The pre-doming evolution of the Thor-Odin gneiss dome was characterized by the formation of large-scale nappe structures and the imbrication of Archean basement rocks with the Cambrian and younger cover rock sequence. The first period of deformation (Phase One) consisted of large-scale infolding of the cover rock sequence into the basement rocks. The Pingston fold in the core of the dome is a product of this event. The second period of deformation (Phase Two) was marked by the forcing of wedges of basement into the cores of northerly-directed nappes. These structures had no observable effect on the central core zone, which is here termed the Autochthonous Core Gneiss Domain. The third period of deformation (Phase Three) was co-axial with Phase Two and consisted of imbrication and refolding of the upper levels of the stack of Phase Two nappes. The actual domal shape was formed by fold interference of Phases Four, Five and Six, which were upright, chevron-style, flexural-slip folds with northwest, southwest and northerly-trending axial planes. The “doming” events occurred at upper crustal levels, probably during the Tertiary. Analysis of the strain pattern suggests that little of the total deformational strain is related to these dome-forming deformations. This outline of the events that formed the dome is consistent with the new geochronological results and interpretation of metamorphic phase assemblages. Cordierite-gedrite-sillimanite assemblages, previously interpreted as indicating 1000 MPa pressure, probably formed under reduced water fugacities and 500–700 MPa total pressure. The Thor-Odin gneiss dome thus provides no evidence for lower crustal upwelling related either to dome formation or to the formation of the Rocky Mountain thrust belt.
The psychology of forecasting

Abstract This article reviews research on the elicitation of consistent, coherent and valid probability forecasts. From this a general model of the judgemental forecasting process is developed showing the interdependence of consistency, coherence and validity. The authors describe a forecasting aid which elicits consistent and coherent forecasts and argue that research should now focus on the validity of judgemental forecasting by attempting to identify the characteristics of those individuals who can produce valid judgements.
Gallaway and Vedder on Stabilization Policy

In an article in this journal, “The Fraud of Macroeconomic Stabilization Policy,” Gallaway and Vedder (2000; hence G&V) state that their: “arguments can be summarized with the following propositions" (pp. 31–32) (1.) All major macroeconomic paradigms have as their centerpiece the productivity- adjusted real wage rate. (2.) The productivity - adjusted real wage rate has the property of being a trendless stationary time series. (3.) Variations in the productivity - adjusted real wage are of two broad types: (a) Exogenous shocks and (b) an endogenous recoordinating mechanism. (4.) The exogenous shocks are random in character and generate cycles in the productivity - adjusted real wage rate (and unemployment and economic growth) in the fashion suggested by Slutsky (1927 and 1937). (5.) The endogenous recoordinating dampens the amplitude of these cycles, reducing the variance in the productivity - adjusted real wage rate in the United States by 42 percent over the period 1959 through 1996.(6.) Consequently, short-term economic forecasting is a rather dubious proposition. (7.) Ex post attempts at implementing stabilization policy are destabilizing, not stabilizing. (8.) Therefore, the notion of short-run contracyclical macroeconomic policymaking is an exercise in futility.” Certainly, their propositions 1, properly understood, and 6–8 do not come as a surprise to Austrian economists. However, what sets Austrians apart from mainstream economists is methodology and consequent analyses. The first section contains an analysis of their methods, which are found wanting. Although G&V “tip their hats” to Austrian economics, in section two, “Incompatibility with Austrian Economics,” we challenge their claim that their analysis is compatible there with. In the conclusion we make some final statements.
Family-focused treatment of bipolar disorder: 1-year effects of a psychoeducational program in conjunction with pharmacotherapy.

Abstract Background: Few studies have examined the combined effects of psychosocial treatment and pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder. This study used a randomized, controlled design to examine a 9-month, manual-based program of family-focused psychoeducational treatment (FFT). Methods: Bipolar patients ( N = 101) were recruited shortly after an illness episode and randomly assigned to 21 sessions of FFT ( n = 31) or to a comparison treatment involving two family education sessions and follow-up crisis management (CM; n = 70). Both treatments were delivered over 9 months; patients were simultaneously maintained on mood stabilizing medications. Patients were evaluated every 3 months for 1 year as to relapse status, symptom severity, and medication compliance. Results: Patients assigned to FFT had fewer relapses and longer delays before relapses during the study year than did patients in CM. Patients in FFT also showed greater improvements in depressive (but not manic) symptoms. The most dramatic improvements were among FFT patients whose families were high in expressed emotion. The efficacy of FFT could not be explained by differences among patients in medication regimes or compliance. Conclusions: Family-focused psychoeducational treatment appears to be an efficacious adjunct to pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder. Future studies should evaluate family treatment against other forms of psychotherapy matched in amount of therapist–patient contact.
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: Determining Durability of Endourological Intervention

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the durability of endourological intervention for ureteropelvic junction obstruction and established guidelines for postoperative surveillance.Materials and Methods: Since 1989, 150 patients have undergone endourological intervention for ureteropelvic junction obstruction, of whom 127 (53 men and 74 women) 13 to 79 years old (mean age 40.4) underwent postoperative evaluation at our center. These 127 patients are the study group reported. Endourological management consisted of hot wire balloon endopyelotomy in 25 patients, percutaneous endopyelotomy in 67 and ureteroscopic laser endopyelotomy in 35. Success in this study was strictly defined as symptomatic relief plus radiographic resolution on excretory urogram and/or diuretic renogram. Statistical analysis was performed to assess mean time to failure and develop Kaplan-Meier re-stenosis-free survival estimates.Results: Followup was 1 to 128 months (mean 22). Time to failure was 0.9 to 32.4 months (mean ± SD 10.3 ± 9.4). Kapl...
Genetic mapping of Pyrenophora teres f. teres genes conferring avirulence on barley

Abstract A Pyrenophora teres f. teres cross between isolates 0–1 and 15A was used to evaluate the genetics of avirulence associated with barley lines Canadian Lake Shore (CLS), Tifang, and Prato. 15A is avirulent on Tifang and CLS, but virulent on Prato. Conversely, 0–1 is avirulent on Prato, but virulent on Tifang and CLS. Avirulence:virulence on Tifang and CLS segregated 1:1, whereas avirulence:virulence on Prato segregated 3:1. An AFLP-based linkage map was constructed and used to identify a single locus derived from 15A ( AvrHar ) conferring avirulence to Tifang and CLS. Virulence on Prato was conferred by two epistatic genes ( AvrPra1 and AvrPra2 ). AvrPra2 co-segregated with AvrHar , but the two genes from opposite parents conferred opposite reactions. This work provides the foundation for the isolation of these avirulence genes.
Folate Antagonists: Toward Improving the Therapeutic Index and Development of New Analogs

The folate antagonists are an important class of therapeutic compounds use as antiinfective, antineoplastic, and antiinflammatory drugs. In order to utilize new strategies or to develop new drugs targeted to preventing or to eradicating drug resistance, a detailed understanding of resistant mechanisms in tumor cells from patients is necessary.
Biochemical characteristics of primary and passaged cultures of primate brain microvessel endothelial cells.

Rhesus macaque monkey brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMECs) were isolated and grown in culture in an effort to establish an appropriate primate in vitro model of the endothelial component of the blood-brain barrier. The presence of Factor VIII antigen, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenanse, total protein, and the passive permeability properties was documented for both primary and passaged cultures. Primate BMECs were shown to exhibit similar morphological and biochemical properties described for other BMEC culture systems derived from other species. In addition, the passaged primate BMECs were particularly notable for the changes in enzyme activities and total protein that parallel age-dependent changes in brain capillary endothelia. This study provides further support for the possible application of BMEC culture systems in investigations of blood-brain barrier functions under normal, aging, and diseased conditions.
Occurrence of methane in the near-surface waters of the western subtropical North-Atlantic

Abstract Methane observations from the western subtropical North Atlantic show maxima at about 100 m in a zone of sharp density contrast immediately above the regional salinity maximum. Open ocean surface waters have methane concentrations 48 to 67% higher than predicted from equilibrium with the atmosphere, while concentrations at the maxima reach 1.9 to 2.5 times the equilibrium solubility. A physical model shows that transport processes cannot supply sufficient methane from nearshore reducing environments to account for the observed mixed layer excesses in offshore waters. Instead, several observations suggest that in situ biological production in the oxygenated water column is important in determining the methane distribution. All known methane bacteria are obligate and strict anaerobes; thus some new mode of methane production must be postulated.
Movie piracy and sales displacement in two samples of Chinese consumers

Abstract Intellectual property piracy is widely believed, by authorities in both US industry and government, to be rampant in China. Because we lack evidence on the rate at which unpaid consumption displaces paid consumption, we know little about the size of the effect of pirate consumption on the volume of paid consumption. We provide direct evidence on both the volume of unpaid consumption and the rate of sales displacement for movies in China using two surveys administered in late 2008 and mid-2009. First, using a survey of Chinese college students’ movie consumption and an empirical approach parallel to a similar recent study of US college students, we find that three quarters of movie consumption is unpaid and that each instance of unpaid consumption displaces 0.14 paid consumption instances. Second, a survey of online Chinese consumers reveals similar patterns of paid and unpaid movie consumption but a displacement rate of roughly zero. We speculate on the small displacement rate finding relative to most of the piracy literature.
Flow past Bench-Scale Vertical Ground-Water Cutoff Walls

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate factors affecting flow rates past soil-bentonite (SB), geomembrane (GM), and composite geomembrane-soil (CGS) vertical cutoff walls. Intact walls and walls containing defects (inadequate keys, windows, and poor joint seals) were studied. For intact cutoff walls, CGS walls had the lowest flow rate, followed by SB and GM walls. CGS walls typically had flow rates as much as 100 times lower than comparable GM walls. Flow rates increased by a factor of 2--160 when the GM walls contained defective joints or the SB walls contained permeable windows. For all wall types, an effective key was required to achieve low flow rate past the wall. For GM walls, under seepage was not effectively controlled when the GM was placed in direct contact with the aquitard. Flow rates for GM walls placed in direct contact with the aquitard were nearly equal to the aquifer flow rate without a wall. Better control of underseepage was possible with SB and CGS walls placed in direct contact with the aquitard because the soft bentonitic backfill conformed to the surface of the aquitard. Hydraulic conductivity of unsealed joints in GM walls was estimated from flow rates past GM walls wheremore » a portion of the joint was unsealed. These hydraulic conductivities ranged between 1.8 x 10{sup {minus}4} and 5.6 x 10{sup {minus}3} cm/s.« less
On testing isomorphism of permutation networks

The problem of constructing equivalence maps between two multistage permutation networks is considered. A branch-and-bound algorithm is given to test whether two such networks are equivalent in polynomial time. Whenever they are, the algorithm also determines a map that conjugates one network onto the other.
Politics drawn from the very words of holy scripture

(1993). Politics drawn from the very words of holy scripture. History of European Ideas: Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 681-682.
The N-terminal Region of Neuregulin Isoforms Determines the Accumulation of Cell Surface and Released Neuregulin Ectodomain

Two neuregulin-1 isoforms highly expressed in the nervous system are the type III neuregulin III-beta1a and the type I neuregulin I-beta1a. The sequence of these two isoforms differs only in the region that is N-terminal of the bioactive epidermal growth factor-like domain. While the biosynthetic processing of the I-beta1a isoform has been well characterized, the processing of III-beta1a has not been reported. In this study, we compared III-beta1a and I-beta1a processing. Both III-beta1a and I-beta1a were synthesized as transmembrane proproteins that were proteolytically cleaved to produce an N-terminal fragment containing the bioactive epidermal growth factor-like domain. For I-beta1a, this product was released into the medium. However, for III-beta1a, this product was a transmembrane protein. In cultures of cells expressing III-beta1a, the amount of neuregulin at the cell surface was much greater, and the amount in the medium was much less than in cultures expressing I-beta1a. Phorbol ester treatment and truncation of the cytoplasmic tail had markedly different effects on III-beta1a and I-beta1a processing. These results demonstrate an important role for the N-terminal region in determining neuregulin biosynthetic processing and show that a major product of III-beta1a processing is a tethered ligand that may act as a cell surface signaling molecule.
Posterior interosseous nerve injuriesin the athlete

Abstract Pain on the lateral side of the elbow is a very common complaint in sporting injuries. The most common cause of thispain is lateral epicondylitis, also known by its common name, “tennis elbow.” It is usually due to inflammation of the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. However, the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) is commonly entrapped on the lateral side of the elbow and may give rise to similar symptoms making the diagnosis difficult. This report will discuss the anatomy of, symptoms of, diagnosis of, and treatment for this condition.
Development of a VX2 pancreatic cancer model in rabbits: a pilot study.

Purpose An animal model of pancreatic cancer that is large enough to permit imaging and catheterization would be desirable for interventional radiologists to develop novel therapies for pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the VX2 rabbit model of pancreatic cancer could be developed as a suitable platform to test future interventional therapies. Materials and Methods The authors implanted and grew three pancreatic VX2 tumors per rabbit in six rabbits. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed at 2 weeks to confirm tumor growth. At 3 weeks, the authors selectively catheterized the gastroduodenal artery under guidance of x-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA). T2-weighted anatomic imaging, diffusion-weighted MR imaging, and transcatheter intraarterial perfusion (TRIP) MR imaging were then performed. After imaging, tumors were confirmed at necropsy and histopathologically. Tumor sizes at 2 and 3 weeks were compared with a paired t test ( P = .05). Results VX2 pancreatic tumors were grown in all six rabbits. The difference between tumor sizes at 2 and 3 weeks (1.29 cm ± 0.39 vs 1.91 cm ± 0.50, respectively) was significant ( P Conclusions The VX2 rabbit model of pancreatic cancer is feasible, as verified by imaging and pathologic correlation, and may be a suitable platform to test future interventional therapies.
A model of the methane cycle, permafrost, and hydrology of the Siberian continental margin

Abstract. A two-dimensional model of a sediment column, with Darcy fluid flow, biological and thermal methane production, and permafrost and methane hydrate formation, is subjected to glacial–interglacial cycles in sea level, alternately exposing the continental shelf to the cold atmosphere during glacial times and immersing it in the ocean in interglacial times. The glacial cycles are followed by a "long-tail" 100 kyr warming due to fossil fuel combustion. The salinity of the sediment column in the interior of the shelf can be decreased by hydrological forcing to depths well below sea level when the sediment is exposed to the atmosphere. There is no analogous advective seawater-injecting mechanism upon resubmergence, only slower diffusive mechanisms. This hydrological ratchet is consistent with the existence of freshwater beneath the sea floor on continental shelves around the world, left over from the last glacial period. The salt content of the sediment column affects the relative proportions of the solid and fluid H2O-containing phases, but in the permafrost zone the salinity in the pore fluid brine is a function of temperature only, controlled by equilibrium with ice. Ice can tolerate a higher salinity in the pore fluid than methane hydrate can at low pressure and temperature, excluding methane hydrate from thermodynamic stability in the permafrost zone. The implication is that any methane hydrate existing today will be insulated from anthropogenic climate change by hundreds of meters of sediment, resulting in a response time of thousands of years. The strongest impact of the glacial–interglacial cycles on the atmospheric methane flux is due to bubbles dissolving in the ocean when sea level is high. When sea level is low and the sediment surface is exposed to the atmosphere, the atmospheric flux is sensitive to whether permafrost inhibits bubble migration in the model. If it does, the atmospheric flux is highest during the glaciating, sea level regression (soil-freezing) part of the cycle rather than during deglacial transgression (warming and thawing). The atmospheric flux response to a warming climate is small, relative to the rest of the methane sources to the atmosphere in the global budget, because of the ongoing flooding of the continental shelf. The increased methane flux due to ocean warming could be completely counteracted by a sea level rise of tens of meters on millennial timescales due to the loss of ice sheets, decreasing the efficiency of bubble transit through the water column. The model results give no indication of a mechanism by which methane emissions from the Siberian continental shelf could have a significant impact on the near-term evolution of Earth's climate, but on millennial timescales the release of carbon from hydrate and permafrost could contribute significantly to the fossil fuel carbon burden in the atmosphere–ocean–terrestrial carbon cycle.
IT Software Development Offshoring: A Multi-Level Theoretical Framework and Research Agenda

The offshoring of IT development is a significant global economic phenomenon. It influences the lives and fortunes of individuals, organizations, and nations/regions. However, because offshoring so broadly affects different stakeholders, a multi-level theory is required so that influences that may positively affect one set of stakeholders while negatively affecting another are not misinterpreted by an overly narrow analysis. This article discusses how IT development is differentiated from other global labor sourcing and argues that it is worthy of investigation as an offshoring domain. The article proposes that the study of IT development offshoring needs to recognize precursors and results as they affect individuals, organizations, and nation/regions, and presents examples and discussion in each of these areas. The article further argues that the domain of IT development offshoring is incomplete without consideration of interactions between the individual and nation/region as well as between the organization and nation/region. The article concludes by considering the complexity of presenting a complete picture in this domain and suggesting some areas for future research.
Recognition-Mediated Assembly of Nanoparticle-Diblock Copolymer Micelles with Controlled Size

Random polystyrene-based diblock copolymers with strongly interacting hydrogen-bonding units, diaminotriazine (triaz) functionality, on one of the blocks (PS/S-triaz) were used to assemble complementary thymine (Thy)-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Thy−Au) into micellar aggregates. The role of each of these blocks on the aggregate size was investigated by synthesizing two different series of diblock copolymers: in the first series unfunctionalized block (polystyrene block) length was kept constant and the recognition element functionalized block (triaz block) length increased; in the second series, triaz block length was kept constant and polystyrene block length increased. The size of these self-assembled aggregates was determined in solution by using dynamic light scattering and in thin films by using transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering.
Quantifying Deep-Soil and Coarse-Soil Fractions

Forest soils are often deep andlor coarse-textured, which does not always lend itself to easy unbiased sampling. Two important Pacific Northwest (PNW) forest soil series that are deep and coarse-textured were studied to evaluate methods of estimating soil C: (i) a loamy sand glacial outwash soil (Indianola series, mixed, mesic Dystric Xeropsamments) and (ii) a very gravelly sandy loam glacial outwash soil (Everett series, sandy-skeletal, isotic, mesic Vitrandic Dystroxerepts). Four methods were compared for estimating soil C, including: (i) large pit (0.5 m 2 ) excavation, (ii) dug pit with 54-mm hammer-core bulk-density sampling, (iii) 31-mm soil push sampler, and (iv) clod method. Coarse (>2 mm) fragments were also collected, processed, and analyzed for soil C. Extending soil sampling deeper than 15 cm increased soil C estimates by as much as 120%. The pit excavation method with sand-displacement volume measurements, which is by far the most labor-intensive and time-consuming, was considered the standard by which other methods were compared, as it didn't contain any obvious biases. Soil core methods overestimated the 50%) of the Everett soil. Including C analysis of the >2-mm soil fraction increased soil C estimates by 170% for the Everett series soil (due to organic C contained in the rocks; there were no carbonates) but did not substantially increase the estimate in the Indianola series soil.
Relaxation of damped debye lattices: Poly(methyl methacrylate)

The damped Debye lattice model has been helpful in structuring molecular interpretations of viscoelastic relaxation in the primary transition region. Here, this model has been applied to the viscoelastic behavior of plasticized poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA samples in the primary transition region. More than 25 samples using 11 different plasticizer systems were studied. The steepness indices of these samples remain experimentally indistinguishable from 1.0 inspite of the fact that substantial changes in characteristic temperatures were observed. These results on diluted PMMA lead to the conclusion that intermolecular interactions are dominant in these systems. If this is true, the model clearly predicts that further plasticization will be accompanied by a very distinctive variation of steepness index with plasticizer concentration.
Effects of a tristearate-containing lipid and canola oil on plasma and tissue lipids in rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed semipurified diets containing 12% fat and 0.4% cholesterol for 4 wk. The fats were palm oil, a high-stearate fat and canola oil; each of the latter two fat sources was substituted for palm oil in 4% (w/w) increments (i.e, 4, 8 and 12%) thus yielding 3 stearate-containing, 3 canola-containing, and a 12% palm oil diet. Stearate-fed animals exhibited significantly decreased food efficiency ratios, plasma total cholesterol, and liver cholesterol whereas the substitution of canola for palm oil did not consistently alter these parameters. Liver fatty acids generally reflected the composition of the dietary fat sources with the exception of significantly higher arachidonate observed in the stearate-fed rats.
The Effects of Faculty Demographic Characteristics and Disciplinary Context on Dimensions of Job Satisfaction

This study applies Kalleberg’s framework to better understand the effects of diverse demographic faculty characteristics on dimensions of job satisfaction. We also extend his work and the work of others to explore the contextual effects of academic disciplines on faculty job satisfaction. We find that women are consistently less satisfied than their male colleagues and that the effect of being female varies by discipline on levels of job satisfaction. We also find race/ethnicity has mixed effects on dimensions of job satisfaction but the effects of race/ethnicity tend to be constant across discipline. Our findings hold important implications for those seeking to understand the experiences of college faculty from diverse demographic backgrounds.
Socioeconomic and ethnic determinants of age-grade distortion in Bolivian and Guatemalan primary schools

Abstract In this paper, after reviewing the literature on school progress — particularly age-grade distortion (over-age) and grade repetition — in developing countries, a series of factors that relate to age-grade distortion are examined using household survey data from Bolivia and Guatemala. A model is developed to estimate the incidence and determinants of age-grade distortion. Multivariate logistic regression analysis is used to estimate the determinants of age-grade distortion, the results of which are used to obtain probabilities through simulations. The empirical analysis reveals that certain populations are more likely to be over-aged in primary school: children from less wealthy households and children of indigenous origins. This suggests that any targeting activities should be directed at the poor and should have an indigenous component, such as bilingual education.
Improved survival in heart transplant patients living at high altitude

Objective Higher altitudes are associated with chronic hypoxia and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, both potentially detrimental to patients requiring heart transplantation. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether altitude negatively affects survival among patients undergoing heart transplantation. Methods The United Network of Organ Sharing database for adult patients undergoing heart transplantation from 1990 to 2008 (n = 36,529) was analyzed, and each patient was assigned an altitude according to their home ZIP code. Survival was compared between patients at less than 2000 ft, 2000 or more to less than 4000 ft, and 4000 ft or more. Adjusted survival was calculated using Cox proportional hazards analysis with propensity-matched stratification. Results Patients living at above 2000 ft had a 16% reduction in the risk of death at 1 year after transplant ( P = .006) compared with those at lower altitudes. At 5 and 10 years, the risk reduction was 6% ( P = .21) and 6% ( P = .114), respectively. Among patients living above 4000 ft, the 1-, 5-, and 10-year reduction in the risk of death was 20% ( P = .022), 12% ( P = .057), and 15% ( P = .0052) compared with those living below 2000 ft, respectively. Patients at high altitude had a lower incidence of diabetes, used tobacco less often, and accounted for the greatest proportion of status 2 heart transplants. Comparing the factors predicting survival at high and low altitudes, patients with a status 1A listing had improved outcomes at higher altitudes. Conclusions Patients living above 2000 ft have improved survival after heart transplantation, an advantage even more pronounced at 4000 ft. Although the mechanism of protection remains unclear, the findings might reflect differences in pre-2006 organ allocation.
Dori: O Thou Seer, Go, Flee Thee

One way to view the relation between mind and politics is to see society as oppressive. But here the author also understands discourse, including interpellation, as facilitative: subjects of ourselves and subjects to social forces, we can have the social context we need only if we find ourselves through it. In relating his work with Dori, like him an Israeli immigrant, Eyal Rozmarin wants to connect the idea of discourse in critical theory to a notion of the collective unconscious. He reflects on the way, separately and together, he and Dori relate to the Third of discourse in the room: how to live out their shared cultural mission to realize their potential for the nation and to realize themselves, an enterprise in which they may lose themselves as well.
Kangaroo Care modifies preterm infant heart rate variability in response to heel stick pain: pilot study.

Background Heel stick is the most common painful procedure for preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units. Resultant pain causes adverse physiological effects in major organ systems. Kangaroo Care (KC), involving mother-infant skin-to-skin contact is a promising analgesic for infant pain; however, the effect of KC on the autonomic nervous system's response to pain is unknown.
Determinants of Treasury-LIBOR Swap Spreads

Using data from the Treasury versus London Interbank Offer Swap Rates (LIBOR) for October 1987 to June 1998, this paper examines the determinants of swap spreads in the Treasury-LIBOR interest rate swap market. This study hypothesizes Treasury-LIBOR swap spreads as a function of the Treasury rate of comparable maturity, the slope of the yield curve, the volatility of short-term interest rates, a proxy for default risk, and liquidity in the swap market. The study finds that, in the long-run, swap spreads are negatively related to the yield curve slope and liquidity in the swap market. We also find that swap spreads are positively related to the short-term interest rate volatility. In the short-run, swap market's response to higher default risk seems to be higher spread between the bid and offer rates.
The utility of transposable elements as tools for the isolation of plant genes

Transposable elements are segments of DNA which have the unique capability of being able to excise from one site in the genome and reintegrate into new, different sites elsewhere in the genome. When transposition takes place and integration occurs within a gene locus, mutations are frequently generated producing variegated or recessive phenotypes. This ability of transposable elements to act as mutagenic agents through their association with particular gene sequences has lead to the development of the procedure of transposon tagging or gene tagging in higher plants. Through this technique, transposable elements can be used to clone and isolate genes of interest for which little or nothing is known about the final product (i.e., polypeptide). This offers tremendous potential for the isolation of a variety of agronomically important genes, which are virtually impossible to recover by other currently available gene cloning methodologies. To date, the technique has been used successfully to isolate genes from corn and snapdragon. Using gene transfer technologies, the potential now exists to extend this approach to clone genes from other plant species. Advantages and limitations of transposon tagging for isolating plant genes will be discussed.
K-Ar dates and 40Ar/39Ar age spectra for Mesozoic basalt flows of the Hartford Basin, Connecticut, and the Newark Basin, New Jersey

Conventional K-Ar dates and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectra were obtained for the basalt flows of the Triassic-Jurassic Hartford Basin in Connecticut and the Newark Basin in New Jersey. Conventional K-Ar dates for plagioclase separates from the bottommost Talcott, the middle Holyoke, and the topmost Hampden Flows of the Hartford Basin are 186 ± 8, 189 ± 6, and 230 ± 12 m.y. B.P., respectively, whereas those from the First, Second, and Third Watchung Flows (proceeding from bottom to top) are 191 ± 8,194 ± 4, and 185 ± 4 m.y. B.P., respectively. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectrum for the Talcott Flow, after a minor initial increment of gas yielding a date of 166 ± 11 m.y. B.P., exhibits a well-defined plateau at 187 ± 10 m.y. The well-defined plateau obtained suggests that the date represents a reliable estimate of the cooling age of the Talcott Flow. In contrast, the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectrum for the Hampden Flow yields a pattern of dates that decrease from an initial value of 284 ± 34 m.y. B.P., for gas released at the lowest temperature, to a small plateau at ∼ 202 m.y. B.P. for gas released at the highest temperatures. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar release pattern obtained for the Hampden Flow suggests that the conventional K-Ar date of 230 ± 12 m.y. B.P. obtained for the plagioclase separate from this flow reflects the presence of excess radiogenic 40 Ar. Conventional whole-rock K-Ar dates obtained for samples taken from a variety of locations within the Hampden Flow range from 171 ± 6 to 279 ± 14 m.y. B.P. Hydrothermally altered coarse- and medium-grained samples from the flow interior exhibit higher dates than those for finer-grained samples from the base of the flow. This suggests that the addition of excess radiogenic 40 Ar is associated with hydrothermal alteration of the emplaced basalt rather than trapping as the result of rapid cooling at the time of emplacement. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar release pattern obtained for the Hampden Flow may be typical of samples to which excess 40 Ar has been added by hydrothermal alteration. Excluding the date for the Hampden Flow, the dates for the flows of the Hartford and Newark Basins range from 185 ± 4 to 194 ± 4 m.y. B.P. This range is consistent with paleontologic information that restricts the age of the basalts to older Early Jurassic.
Inclusion of localized forces due to turbulent boundary layer convected pressure at junctions of coplanar structural sections.

Previous researchers showed that the concept of turbulent boundary layer (TBL) “edge forces,” which are related to the convection peak of the TBL pressure wave number spectral density, is useful and important when using a finite element model to compute the bending response to TBL excitation of a plate that has a free edge. This paper examines the applicability of more general localized forces to the junction of two distinct coplanar sections that are joined along a line transverse to the flow. A formalism is developed for introducing these forces and applying them to a structure. The approach is made plausible by using two string sections as a simple structural model and showing that the sum of the localized force response and that due to the low wave number excitation matches the separately computed response corresponding to the full wave number spectral density. These localized forces can have a noticeable effect when the connection between sections is resilient.
Subjective Probabilistic Tornado Forecasts: Some Experimental Results

Abstract An experiment was conducted at the National Severe Storms Forecast Center during 1976 and 1977 in which National Weather Service forecasters formulated probabilistic forecasts of several tornado events in conjunction with both severe weather outlooks and severe thunderstorm and tornado watches. The results indicate that the probabilistic forecasts associated with the outlooks were quite reliable and exhibited positive skill, relative to forecasts based on sample climatological probabilities. The probabilistic forecasts associated with the watches, however, were less reliable and skillful. In view of the lack of prior experience at making probabilistic tornado forecasts, as well as the absence of feedback, comparable objective probabilistic guidance, and even appropriate past data on which to base climatological probabilities, the results of the experiment are quite encouraging. Some suggestions for further work in probabilistic tornado forecasting are provided.
Facilitating Stepfamily Education for Latinos

Relationship education programs can serve as a resource to families in developing and maintaining strong familial relationships, particularly for underserved populations. This qualitative study focuses on effective strategies, used by 14 facilitators, to teach Latino participants attending Smart Steps: Embrace the Journey stepfamily education courses in a western state. Results indicated two major themes regarding culturally appropriate strategies. The first dealt with classroom management and the approach of the facilitators, which included three subthemes: encouraging class discussion and sharing, applying cultural understanding, and recognizing the importance of the parent–child relationship. The second major theme addressed modifications to the program curriculum.
Moving clocks and bending space: a learning/interactive museum environment (LIME)

The process of creating a successful exhibition at the American Museum of Natural History involves a dialogue between those who research the science, those who create the content's presentation and the audience. This panel explores creation and evaluation of two non-traditional exhibits (Moving Clocks and You Bend Space-Time) created for the current Einstein exhibition. The panel describes the scientific and philosophical ideas that fueled their conception, explains the design and technological choices, and examines how educational media experiences are evaluated.
Is the wind wave frequency spectrum outdated

This paper presents a detailed examination of the practice of using the frequency spectrum to characterize wind waves. In particular, the issue of stationarity and Gaussian random process in connection with wind wave studies is addressed. We describe a test for nonstationarity based on the wavelet spectrum. When this test is applied to wind wave time series, the results significantly diverge from those expected for a Gaussian random process, thus casting critical doubts on the conventional concept of the wind wave frequency spectrum.
Putting on a play in an underworld courtroom: The “mingpan” (infernal judgment) scene in Tang Xianzu’s Mudan ting (peony pavilion)

This article is an attempt to present a new way of thinking about courtroom trials in traditional Chinese theater. I look at how one playwright, Tang Xianzu 湯顯祖 (1550–1616), used meta-theatrical de...
Clinical kidney transplants

Abstract From the first 15 years of clinical kidney transplantation, the principal single “truth” to emerge is that the HLA chromosome is the major factor influencing outcome of transplantation and that there is a marked difference between matching for two HLA chromosomes (HLA-identical sibs), one HLA chromosome (parental donors), and zero HLA chromosomes (cadaver donor transplants). Aside from the use of imuran and prednisone, which were introduced in 1962, there have been no new major factors and therefore the outcome of transplantation has not changed for the last 15 years, despite massive efforts to improve immunosuppression and histocompatibility matching methods. However, now with the retrospective identification of transfusion as being a major factor, it is expected that a major change in the outcome of transplantation will occur in the coming years. Together with the new emerging ability to account for multiple factors using computers and new developments in immunosuppression and HLA-DR matching, higher transplant survival rates in the immediate future are almost assured.