cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Independent regulation of tumor cell migration by matrix stiffness and confinement

Tumor invasion and metastasis are strongly regulated by biophysical interactions between tumor cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). While the influence of ECM stiffness on cell migration, adhesion, and contractility has been extensively studied in 2D culture, extension of this concept to 3D cultures that more closely resemble tissue has proven challenging, because perturbations that change matrix stiffness often concurrently change cellular confinement. This coupling is particularly problematic given that matrix-imposed steric barriers can regulate invasion speed independent of mechanics. Here we introduce a matrix platform based on microfabrication of channels of defined wall stiffness and geometry that allows independent variation of ECM stiffness and channel width. For a given ECM stiffness, cells confined to narrow channels surprisingly migrate faster than cells in wide channels or on unconstrained 2D surfaces, which we attribute to increased polarization of cell-ECM traction forces. Confinement also enables cells to migrate increasingly rapidly as ECM stiffness rises, in contrast with the biphasic relationship observed on unconfined ECMs. Inhibition of nonmuscle myosin II dissipates this traction polarization and renders the relationship between migration speed and ECM stiffness comparatively insensitive to matrix confinement. We test these hypotheses in silico by devising a multiscale mathematical model that relates cellular force generation to ECM stiffness and geometry, which we show is capable of recapitulating key experimental trends. These studies represent a paradigm for investigating matrix regulation of invasion and demonstrate that matrix confinement alters the relationship between cell migration speed and ECM stiffness.
RedesignIT—A Model-Based Tool for Managing Design Changes

RedesignIT is a computer program that uses model-based reasoning to generate and evaluate proposals of redesign plans for engineered devices. These proposals describe how the design parameters could be changed to achieve a specified performance goal. Equally important, the program proposes complementary modifications that may be necessary to counteract the undesirable side effects of the primary changes. RedesignIT is intended for use during the first stages of a redesign project, when engineers need to make a quick, yet accurate assessment of the overall effects of a particular design change. The program uses qualitative device models, which allow it to compute redesign plans efficiently. With its ability to predict the collateral, and probably undesirable, effects of a design change, the program is well suited to aid product designers in deciding on the feasibility of introducing design changes to a product.
Ventricular Tachycardia After Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Placement

Although implantation of an endocardial implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is meant to protect against ventricular arrhythmias, in some cases it can be paradoxically pro-arrhythmic. Recognition of this device complication, while rare, is important because it is potentially reversible and can be treated by managing the device, in lieu of, or in addition to, antiarrhythmics and catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT). This case describes VT caused by right ventricular pacing after ICD implantation.
Bread quality of wheat flour by near-infrared spectrophotometry : feasibility of modeling

Commercial bakeries need a means to measure the dough-handling and bread-making functionalitv of wheat flour during processing. The feasibility of using near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectrophotometry for such measurement was examined. Flour from hard red spring and hard red winter wheat were tested for: water absorption, dough mixing time, dough mixing tolerance, loaf height, internal grain appearance, and overall bake score. The ability of NIR to measure protein level, and/ or starch damage, as well as positive relationships between the two and water absorption, probably made it successful for modeling water absorption. Models for the remaining five indices were less accurate due to the complexity of interactions between protein, starch, and lipids, and inadequate instrument sensitivity.
Dominant frequency of pressure drop signal as a novel diagnostic tool for the water removal in proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow channel

Abstract In this work, a transparent assembly was self-designed and manufactured to perform ex situ experimental study on the liquid water removal characteristics in PEM fuel cell parallel flow channels. It was found that the dominant frequency of the pressure drop across the flow channels may be utilized as an effective diagnostic tool for water removal. Peaks higher than 1 Hz in dominant frequency profile indicated water droplet removals at the outlet, whereas relatively lower peaks (between 0.3 and 0.8 Hz) corresponded to water stream removals. The pressure drop signal, although correlated with the water removal at the outlet, was readily influenced by the two phase flow transport in channel, particularly at high air flow rates. The real-time visualization images were presented to show a typical water droplet removal process. The findings suggest that dominant frequency of pressure drop signal may substitute pressure drop as a more effective and reliable diagnostic tool for water removal in PEM fuel cell flow channels.
Modeling the depthwise gradient in curing and skin formation in wrinkling coatings

A theoretical model of solidification of a thermoset coating was constructed to examine the effects of a depthwise gradient in curing and skin formation on the coating's wrinkling behavior. The effects of coating thickness and catalyst concentration on the wrinkle wavelength of an acrylic−melamine coating were investigated with the model and mechanical profilometry. The model predicted that thin coatings with low and high catalyst concentrations gel quickly from top downward. Such coatings therefore have little time for the liquid below to diffuse into the already gelled skin to produce enough compressive stress to wrinkle the skin. The predicted time for complete gelation, as well as measured wrinkle wavelength in thicker coatings, rose as coating thickness was increased and showed an optimum as catalyst concentration was raised. Although time for complete gelation does not directly correlate with the wrinkle wavelength, the match of the trends of experimentally observed and theoretically predicted behav...
Pharmacokinetic Genes Do Not Influence Response or Tolerance to Citalopram in the STAR*D Sample

BACKGROUND We sought to determine whether clinical response or tolerance to the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram is associated with genetic polymorphisms in potentially relevant pharmacokinetic enzymes. METHODOLOGY We used a two-stage case-control study design in which we split the sample of 1,953 subjects from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial into a discovery (n = 831) and validation set (n = 1,046). Fifteen polymorphisms from five (CYP2D6, ABCB1, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5) pharmacokinetic genes were genotyped. We examined the associations between these polymorphisms and citalopram response and tolerance. Significant associations were validated in the second stage for those polymorphism found to be statistically significant in the first stage. CONCLUSIONS No genetic polymorphism in the pharmacokinetic genes examined was significantly associated with our response or tolerance phenotypes in both stages. For managing pharmacological treatment with citalopram, routine screening of the common pharmacokinetic DNA variants that we examined appears to be of limited clinical utility.
Dual programming approach to software testing

The testing phase of the software development process consumes about one-half of the development time and resources. This paper addresses the automation of the analysis stage of testing. Dual programming is introduced as one approach to implement this automation. It uses a higher level language to duplicate the functionality of the software under test. We contend that a higher level language (HLL) uses fewer lines of code than a lower level language (LLL) to achieve the same functionality, so testing the HLL program will require less effort than testing the LLL equivalent. The HLL program becomes the oracle for the LLL version. This paper describes experiments carried out using different categories of applications, and it identifies those most likely to profit from this approach. A metric is used to quantify savings realized. The results of the research are: (a) that dual programming can be used to automate the analysis stage of software testing; (b) that substantial savings of the cost of this testing phase can be realized when the appropriate pairing of primal and dual languages is made, and (c) that it is now possible to build a totally automated testing system. Recommendations are made regarding the applicability of the method to specific classes of applications.
Ultrastructural identification of synaptic terminals from cortical axons and from collateral axons of geniculo-cortical relay cells in the perigeniculate nucleus of the cat.

Electron microscopic analysis of sections of the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) of the cat processed with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry after massive injections of this enzyme in the visual cortex showed two types of synaptic terminals labeled with HRP reaction products. One type (RLD terminals) is characterized by round synaptic vesicles, large size, dark mitochondria and asymmetrical synaptic contacts with somata and dendrites. The second type (RSD terminals) is characterized by round synaptic vesicles, small size, dark mitochondria and asymmetrical synaptic contacts with dendrites. The HRP + RSD terminals, which were also found in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), are interpreted as terminals of cortical origin both in the PGN and LGN, since previous studies have identified cortical terminals as being of RSD type in the LGN and in other thalamic nuclei. The HRP + RLD terminals are interpreted as synaptic terminals of collaterals axons of geniculo-cortical relay cells in the PGN labeled by retrograde transport of HRP from the cortex. In addition, in semithin and ultrathin sections somata in the PGN were never found labeled with HRP products indicating the absence of a PGN projection to the visual cortex.
On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials

The often-used method for decomposing wage differentials into human capital and discrimination components is reformulated so that both t he disadvantage, or "cost," discrimination it imposes on a black or minority wage earner and the advantage, or "benefit," it bestows on a white or majority wage earner can be estimated. Copyright 1988 by MIT Press.
The Indian struggle, 1920-1942.

This volume narrates the political upheavals of the inter-war period, further enriched by Netaji's reflections on the key themes of Indian history and a finely etched assessment of Mahatma Gandhi's role in it
Hemorrhage in murine fetuses exposed to pulsed ultrasound.

In the late-gestation fetal mouse, exposure to piezoelectric lithotripter fields at amplitudes < 1 MPa produced hemorrhages in tissues near developing bone, such as the head and limbs. This study was undertaken to determine if exposure to pulsed ultrasound at diagnostic frequencies produces similar hemorrhages in the late-gestation fetal mouse. On the 18th day of gestation, fetal mice were exposed in utero to pulsed ultrasound with a 10-μs pulse duration and 100-Hz pulse repetition frequency for a total exposure duration of 3 min. Hemorrhages occurred most often to the developing fetal head. At 1.2 MHz, a threshold for hemorrhage to the fetal head was determined at positive exposure pressures of ∼ 4 MPa and corresponding negative pressures of ∼2.5 MPa. The threshold increased with at least the first power of frequency.
Distant metastasis in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary origin

background Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive, often indolent tumor, with a high incidence of distant metastasis (DM). Relatively little has been written about the factors that influence distant spread and subsequent survival because it is uncommon and more than a decade of observation may be required to appreciate the prolonged clinical course in some patients. methods We have retrospectively studied 196 determinate patients who received definitive treatment in our hospital between 1939 and 1986 for ACC in all salivary sites. Inclusion criteria were no prior treatment elsewhere other than excisional biopsy and eligibility for follow-up of at least 10 years. Variables assessed for their impact on distant metastasis included age, gender, site, size, node status, stage, grade, and locoregional treatment failure. results Treatment failure occurred in a total of 122 of 196 determinate patients (62%), 74 of whom had DM (38%). This was usually associated with locoregional recurrence (51 patients), but DM was the only indication of failure in 23 whose primary tumor was controlled. Of the 74 patients with known DM, the lung was recorded as the only involved site in 50 patients, lung was involved in addition to other sites in 17, bone metastases alone occured in 5, and the remaining 2 developed disseminated disease. Disease-free intervals varied from 1 month to 19 years (median 36 months) and exceeded 10 years in 9 of 113 patients (8%) with adequate information about treatment failure. Survival with DM was less than 3 years in 54%, but more than 10 yrs in 10% (maximum 16 years). The only significant factors influencing survival were the size of the primary tumor ( P P = 0.0006), and the presence of nodal involvement ( P = 0.02). conclusions The high incidence of DM with locoregional failure confirms the importance of aggressive initial surgery, combined with irradiation, for high-stage tumors or involved surgical margins. Large tumor size and lymph node involvement, rather than microscopic appearance, were predictive of DM. Considering that lung metastases are usually multiple, and prolonged survival without treatment is not unusual, resection of pulmonary metastases may be hard to justify in ACC patients based on the limited experience thus far reported. Chemotherapy for metastatic ACC is probably best withheld until symptoms appear.
Nanoscale graphite-supported Pt catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions in fuel cells

The nanoscale graphite particles were prepared and the Pt catalysts supported on such graphites were developed for oxygen reduction in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Catalytic activity and carbon corrosion of the developed catalysts were evaluated using rotating disc electrode techniques and results were compared with those of a state-of-the-art commercial E-TEK Pt catalyst supported on carbon black Vulcan XC72. The results showed that the particle distribution and the structure of the developed Pt nanoparticles supported on the nanoscale graphite were similar to those of the commercial catalyst. The accelerated degradation testing results showed that the electrochemical active surface area losses after 1500 cycles were 46.92% and 62.2% for the developed catalyst and the commercial catalyst, respectively, while mass activity losses were 45.3% and 84.2%, respectively. The temperature-programmed oxidation results suggest that the developed catalysts had better corrosion resistance than the commercial catalyst. The developed Pt catalysts had similar catalytic performance to the commercial catalyst; however, the developed catalysts had much better corrosion resistance than the commercial catalyst. Overall, nanoscale graphite can be a promising electrocatalyst support to replace the currently used Vulcan XC72 carbon black.
The influence of sex of experimenter on modeling in the reduction of fear

The effects of social expectancy on efficacy of modeling to change avoidance behavior toward snakes were examined. Following a pre-test, subjects were randomly assigned to one of eight groups. The groups were formed to reflect all possible combinations of sex of subject, sex of observer, and appropriateness or inappropriateness of modeling condition. Results indicated sex of observer had no effect on the effectiveness of modeling but sex of subject interacted with sex of modeler. That is, only males in the relevant modeling condition approached the snake significantly more on a behavioral avoidance post-test. Females did not change as a function of observing a male model interacting with a live snake. Results were interpreted as supporting a discrimination learning hypothesis of modeling.
Portable system to monitor astronaut ocular health and the development of the VIIP Syndrome

We propose to utilize a previously developed, deployed, and clinically tested comprehensive visual field test and diagnosis system to investigate the relationship between intracranial pressure (ICP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations that occur during long-term space travel and visual field loss. Recent data describing this phenomenon, now called the Visual Impairment/Intracranial Pressure (VIIP) Syndrome raise concerns that it could impact the visual health of astronauts both during long-duration space travel, potentially causing an impact to the mission, and after flight, causing significant morbidity. A non-invasive, easily-deployable, user-friendly visual field test system can provide early detection of changes in vision in flight as well as a screening and research tool to help develop countermeasures to prevent/alleviate this problem and to identify at-risk astronauts.
The ZnxCd1−xS/Cu2S heterojunction: Review and recent measurements

Abstract Development of the Zn x Cd 1−x S Cu 2 S thin film solar cell is reviewed. The properties and limiting mechanisms of the junction are discussed and compared with those of the CdS/Cu2S cell. Composition measurements of the Zn x Cd 1−x S Cu 2 S interfacial region are realted to a modified model that can account for some of the properties of the junction that are not well understood.
The Change Process in Organizations: An Applied Anthropology Analysis

Unfortunately, the subject of change in organizations (or of community or culture) is typically dealt with as a distinct, separate process, apart from the normal functioning of the system. Change is apparently viewed as something that is imposed on an unwilling, unresponsive audience or consumer. The problem of change, therefore, is usually one of gaining consent or acceptance through cajoling, force, participation, spotting the most likely sources of resistance and, occasionally, identifying gatekeepers or possible allies.
Cognitive impairments in depression

Depressed patients perform poorly on memory tests. This may reflect a failure to employ encoding strategies that facilitate recall or a generalized inability to allocate cognitive effort to more difficult tasks. Inpatients with major depression or personality disorders and age- and IQ-matched normal controls were administered an automatic frequency of occurrence test and verbal paired associate recall and recognition memory tests. There was no difference in frequency judgments among the subject groups. Both depressed and personality disordered groups recalled and recognized fewer words than normal subjects, with the depressed subjects tending to recall and recognize the fewest words. There was a strong effect of task difficulty on memory performance but this effect was consistent across subject groups. These findings suggest that the poorer performance of depressed patients on memory tests reflect basic memory impairments rather than a general inability to allocate cognitive effort to more demanding tasks. However, these impairments may not be specific to depression but may reflect general effects of psychopathology on memory.
Measurement of muon-neutrino-electron elastic scattering in the Fermilab 15-foot bubble chamber.

A total of 22 muon-neutrino-electron elastic-scattering events (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}e\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}e$) have been observed in an exposure of the Fermilab 15-foot bubble chamber filled with a heavy neon-hydrogen mixture to a wide-band neutrino beam. The elastic-scattering cross section is measured to be $1.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.44\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}42}{E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The value of the weak mixing angle (${{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}}_{W}$) determined from this cross section, which is consistent with other measurements of this angle, is ${0.20}_{\ensuremath{-}0.05}^{+0.06}$.
Protein Splicing: Regulation by Temperature and Oxidation State of Non-Canonical Inteins

Protein splicing is the post-translational process by which an intein, or intervening protein, catalyzes its own excision from the flanking polypeptides, or exteins, concomitant with extein ligation. We have shown that protein splicing can be regulated by the oxidation state of a disulfide bond between two Cys residues involved in the splicing reaction, and that this link of oxidation state to activity can serve as a biosensor. The unusual stability of a pair of related inteins from thermophilic archaebacteria has allowed for structural study and analysis of the kinetics of each step of splicing in vitro. An NMR solution structure of a thermophilic intein reveals a particularly rigid structure, a disordered loop that influences activity and is absent in a highly similar intein, and a β-hairpin specific to inteins from archaebacteria.This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant MCB-1244089 and by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation.
Radiation therapy for renal transplant rejection refractory to pulse steroids and OKT3

Purpose : To determine the response rate and kidney graft survival following local irradiation to the transplanted renal graft undergoing persistent rejection after medical management including pulse steroids and OKT3. The role of radiation for renal transplant rejection after failure of OKT3 has not been previously reported. Methods and Materials : From July 1, 1988 to July 1, 1994, 72 consecutive patients with kidney graft rejection were treated with local irradiation to the transplanted renal graft following failure of medical management. All patients received pulse steroids and OKT3, an anti-CD3 immunosuppressant. Patients who failed to respond to methylprednisolone and OKT3 therapy were referred for radiation therapy. The median time from the diagnosis of rejection to irradiation was 8 days. All kidney grafts received local graft irradiation to a total of 8 Gy delivered in four daily fractions. Results : Sixty (83% ) patients initially responded to radiotherapy at 7 days after completion of radiotherapy, as defined by a decrease in serum creatinine. Thirty-five responding patients have not experienced a second episode of graft rejection. Overall, 43 (60%) patients have renal graft survival, with a median follow-up of 16 months (range of 6-73 months). Conclusion : It is concluded that there is a subgroup of kidney graft patients undergoing graft rejection who are refractory to pulse steroids and OKT3 therapy where irradiation may be an effective modality with high rates of response and a moderate rate of graft survival. However, a prospective, randomized trial in these medically refractory patients is needed to ascertain whether these results are clinically significant.
Malignant melanoma of the perineum

We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of 18 patients diagnosed at the University of Colorado with perineal melanoma. Clinical characteristics including Clark's level, recurrence, and survival were studied. Ten patients (55.6%) had vulvar melanoma, 2 patients (11.1%) had vaginal disease, and the remaining 6 patients (33.3%) had primary rectal melanoma. All patients were treated surgically at the time of diagnosis. At a median follow-up of 32.7 months, 15 patients had evidence of recurrence. Nine of these patients are dead and six are alive with disease. The average time to recurrence was 14 months and the most common site was the regional lymph nodes in 10 of the 14 patients (71.4%). This study confirms the poor prognosis in perineal melanoma and the only effective treatment to date is early diagnosis and complete resection. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
What were you thinking?: filling in missing dataflow through inference in learning from demonstration

Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in programming by demonstration. As end users have become increasingly sophisticated, computer and artificial intelligence technology has also matured, making it feasible for end users to teach long, complex procedures. This paper addresses the problem of learning from demonstrations involving unobservable (e.g., mental) actions. We explore the use of knowledge base inference to complete missing dataflow and investigate the approach in the context of the CALO cognitive personal desktop assistant. We experiment with the Pathfinder utility, which efficiently finds all the relationships between any two objects in the CALO knowledge base. Pathfinder often returns too many paths to present to the user and its default shortest path heuristic sometimes fails to identify the correct path. We develop a set of filtering techniques for narrowing down the results returned by Pathfinder and present experimental results showing that these techniques effectively reduce the alternative paths to a small, meaningful set suitable for presentation to a user.
Influence of propeller shaft bending vibration on drivetrain gear dynamics

A new multi-coordinate dynamic model of a hypoid geared rotor system considering the propeller shaft bending effect is formulated. The bending flexibility of propeller shaft is modeled as a lumped parameter set applying the component mode synthesis. The pinion and gear are modeled as flexibly coupled rigid bodies with backlash nonlinearity and time-varying mesh coupling. The kinematic transmission error is assumed to be the main excitation. The solution is obtained by employing the explicit Runge-Kutta integration method with adaptive time step, which yields the dynamic mesh force and also the vibratory response of the gear bodies in time domain. The frequency response functions are then determined by computing the root-mean-square of the time domain solutions at each frequency point. The analyses show that the effect of propeller shaft bending flexibility and damping on the geared rotor system dynamics are found to be mode shape dependent. It is further observed that increasing the damping of propeller shaft can effectively reduce the dynamic mesh force. This indicates that the damping treatment on propeller shaft can be a potential application to reduce the gearbox vibration and noise response.
The Emergence of RF-Powered Computing

Over the past decade, personal computers have been transformed into small, often mobile devices that are rapidly multiplying. Aside from the ever-present smartphone, a growing set of computing devices has become part of our everyday world, from thermostats and wristwatches, to picture frames, personal activity monitors, and even implantable devices such as pacemakers. All of these devices bring us closer to an “Internet of Things,” but supplying power to sustain this future is a growing burden. Technological advances have so far largely failed to improve power delivery to these machines. Power cords tie devices down, prohibiting their free movement, while batteries add weight, bulk, cost, the need for maintenance, and an undesirable environmental footprint. Fortunately, running small computing devices using only incident RF signals as the power source is increasingly possible. We call such devices RF-powered computers. As might be expected, the amount of power that can be harvested from typical RF signals is small. However, the energy efficiency of the computers themselves has improved exponentially for decades-a lesser-known consequence of Moore's law. This relentless improvement has recently brought the power requirements of small computational workloads into the microwatt realm, roughly equal to the power available from RF sources in practical settings.
Provocative discography as predictor of discogenic pain and therapeutic outcome

The use of provocative discography (discography) in diagnosing degenerative disk disease and predicting surgical outcomes is a subject of ongoing debate. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are the preferred methods for visualizing disk morphology. While these advanced imaging studies produce a superior anatomical assessment and can identify surgically correctable lesions, discography is the only available method to determine whether an abnormally appearing disk is also painful. Discography is a subjective test, relying entirely on the patient's description of pain during the procedure. Therefore, controversies and concerns for its diagnostic accuracy and validity have been abundant since the technique was first described. Due to the perplexing problem of evaluating and treating chronic low back pain, discography is still considered by many to provide useful information in planning the surgical management of spinal pain from discogenic disease. This article presents a general overview of lumbar discography and the current state of evidence for its use in predicting treatment outcomes.
The Structural Origin of Nonplanar Heme Distortions in Tetraheme Ferricytochromes c3

Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy, molecular mechanics (MM) calculations, and normal-coordinate structural decomposition (NSD) have been used to investigate the conformational differences in the hemes in ferricytochromes c3. NSD analyses of heme structures obtained from X-ray crystallography and MM calculations of heme-peptide fragments of the cytochromes c3 indicate that the nonplanarity of the hemes is largely controlled by a fingerprint peptide segment consisting of two heme-linked cysteines, the amino acids between the cysteines, and the proximal histidine ligand. Additional interactions between the heme and the distal histidine ligand and between the heme propionates and the protein also influence the heme conformation, but to a lesser extent than the fingerprint peptide segment. In addition, factors that influence the folding pattern of the fingerprint peptide segment may have an effect on the heme conformation. Large heme structural differences between the baculatum cytochromes c3 and the other proteins are uncovered by the NSD procedure [Jentzen, W., Ma, J.-G., and Shelnutt, J. A. (1998) Biophys. J. 74, 753-763]. These heme differences are mainly associated with the deletion of two residues in the covalently linked segment of hemes 4 for the baculatum proteins. Furthermore, some of these structural differences are reflected in the RR spectra. For example, the frequencies of the structure-sensitive lines (nu4, nu3, and nu2) in the high-frequency region of the RR spectra are lower for the Desulfomicrobium baculatum cytochromes c3 (Norway 4 and 9974) than for the Desulfovibrio (D.) gigas, D. vulgaris, and D. desulfuricans strains, consistent with a more ruffled heme. Spectral decompositions of the nu3 and nu10 lines allow the assignment of the sublines to individual hemes and show that ruffling, not saddling, is the dominant factor influencing the frequencies of the structure-sensitive Raman lines. The distinctive spectra of the baculatum strains investigated are a consequence of hemes 2 and 4 being more ruffled than is typical of the other proteins.
The Biology of a Newly Isolated Strain of Plasmodium berghei in a Rodent Host and in Experimental Mosquito Vectors.

Abstract 1. 1) A strain of Plasmodium berghei , Kasapa S.P. 7307, recently isolated from the Belgian Congo, has been cyclically transmitted through Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Anopheles aztecus , and young white rats three successive times. Sporozoites from crushed oocysts of heavily infected mosquitoes were used as inoculum. 2. 2) The newly isolated “passage” strains were designated as N.Y.U. 1 , N.Y.U. 2 , and N.Y.U. 3 Strains of P. berghei (New York University Strains). 3. 3) The pre-patent period in four sporozoite infected young rats were: 71 hours, 96 hours, 8 days, and 10 days. 4. 4) Parasites found in the peripheral blood at the early “flooding” period of 71 hours after sporozoite inoculation are described in detail. 5. 5) A description is given of the different developmental stages of the sporozonic cycle as observed in the newly isolated strains, under experimental conditions.
The connected components of the set of R0-matrices

Abstract A matrix M is an R0-matrix if it satisfies a nondegeneracy property that is often assumed for the linear complementarity problem. This property can be verified from the incidence structure of a polytope defined by M. It is shown that a 3 X 3 matrix in R0 can be perturbed within R0 so that the associated polytope is one of seven types, each corresponding to a different component of R0.
Diagnosis as Part of a Large Social Emotional System

This article examines the diagnosis of mental illness as part of a process that can be more clearly understood if envisioned as part of a larger system that goes on in most social encounters. These encounters can go in three directions: Labeling, Enabling, and Normalization. Labeling is equivalent to stigmatization, the awarding of a shameful status. Enabling awards a prideful status: “There is nothing wrong with you.” Normalization takes a middle ground: you have a problem, but it's not shameful. These ideas are discussed as depicted in the film Lars and the Real Girl (2007). The film teaches a powerful lesson: how a community might manage mental illness without the social side-effects.
Transcription factor TFIIB and the vitamin D receptor cooperatively activate ligand-dependent transcription.

Abstract The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], regulates gene transcription through binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Sequence-specific transcription factors, including nuclear hormone receptors, are thought to interact with the basal transcription complex to regulate transcription. In glutathione S-transferase fusion-based protein-protein binding assays we found that VDR specifically binds to TFIIB, a component of the basal complex, and that the interaction requires select domains of each protein. To assess the functional significance of this interaction, transfection assays were performed with a 1,25(OH)2D3-responsive reporter construct. In P19 embryonal carcinoma cells cotransfection of VDR and TFIIB cooperatively activated reporter transcription, while each factor alone gave very low to no activation. This activation was dependent on 1,25(OH)2D3 and the dose of TFIIB and VDR transfected, demonstrating that a nuclear hormone receptor functionally interacts with TFIIB in vivo. In contrast, transfection of NIH 3T3 cells generated strong reporter activation by 1,25(OH)2D3 in the presence of VDR alone, and cotransfection of TFIIB led to specific dose-dependent repression of reporter activity. Taken together, these results indicate that TFIIB-nuclear hormone receptor interaction plays a critical role in ligand-dependent transcription, which is apparently modulated by a cell-type-specific accessory factor.
The Inverse Gröbner Basis Problem in Codimension Two

Generic linkage is used to compute a prime ideal such that the radical of the initial ideal of the prime ideal is equal to the radical of a given codimension two monomial ideal that has Cohen?Macaulay quotient ring.
Designing a sketch recognition front-end: user perception of interface elements

Programs that can recognize students' hand-drawn diagrams have the potential to revolutionize education by breaking down the barriers between diagram creation and simulation. Much recent work focuses on building robust recognition engines, but understanding how to support this new interaction paradigm from a user's perspective is an equally important and less well understood problem. We present a user study that investigates four critical sketch recognition user interface issues: how users integrate the process of triggering recognition into their work, when users prefer to indicate which portions of the diagram should be recognized, how users prefer to receive recognition feedback, and how users perceive recognition errors. We find that user preferences emphasize the importance of system reliability, the minimization of distractions, and the maximization of predictability.
Effects of signal presentation level and word duration on gated word-recognition performance.

This study examined the effects of signal presentation level and word duration on time-gated isolated monosyllabic word-recognition performance. Measures of listener confidence, word identification...
Formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons from the reaction of chlorine atoms and activated carbon

The reactions of chlorine atoms and activated carbon have been studied over the temperature range of 200-400 degrees C using an isothermal flow reactor in conjunction with 337 nm laser photolysis of Cl2. These studies have shown that carbon tetrachloride is the major product, with chloroform, methylene chloride, and methyl chloride being formed in progressively decreasing yields. Trace quantities of methane, ethane, and dichloroethylenes were also observed. Mechanisms of carbon fragmentation by successive addition of chlorine atoms are proposed. The formation of small chlorinated hydrocarbons by the direct reaction of chlorine with carbon may be a key link in both the de novo and precursor pathways of formation of PCDD/F.
Use of a visual stimulus fading procedure to teach color naming to an autistic child

Abstract An eight-year-old autistic boy was taught color naming skills using a visual stimulus fading procedure. During a pretest assessment, he was unable to name any of five colored blocks correctly. Training consisted of teaching the child to sight read the name of each color which was superimposed over a card of the respective color. In a series of graduated steps, the color word was then faded out until independent naming was achieved. Discrimination training was accomplished by systematically introducing each color until all five colors could be named on random presentation. During post-test assessments conducted one day, ten days, and seven months after the termination of training, correct responding was maintained and generalization of color naming observed.
Hsp72 expression enhances survival in adenosine triphosphate–depleted renal epithelial cells

Although prior heat stress (HS) inhibits apoptosis in adenosine phosphate (ATP)-depleted renal epithelial cells (REC), the specific stress protein(s) responsible for cytoprotection have not been identified. The present study evaluated the hypothesis that Hsp72, the major inducible member of the Hsp70 family, protects REC against ATP depletion injury. In the presence of isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG), a stable line of transfected opossum kidney cells was induced to overexpress human Hsp72 tagged with the flag epitope. Transfected cells from 2 clones that expressed Hsp72 at a level comparable with wild-type cells were subjected to transient heat stress (43°C for 1 hour). To assess the cytoprotective effect of Hsp72, transfected cells were subjected to transient ATP depletion followed by recovery in the presence vs the absence of IPTG. ATP depletion resulted in nuclear chromatin condensation without cell membrane injury (ie, minimal leak of lactate dehydrogenase) and activation of caspase-3, confirming that apoptosis is the major cause of cell death. In both clones cell survival 1–3 days after ATP depletion was significantly improved in the presence of IPTG. Selective overexpression of Hsp72 reproduced nearly 60% of the protective effect on the survival afforded by prior heat stress. In transfected cells subjected to ATP depletion, Hsp72 overexpression significantly inhibited caspase activation. In native renal cells brief ATP depletion markedly induced the expression of native Hsp72, a finding identical to that observed after renal ischemia in vivo. These studies are the first to directly show that Hsp72 per se mediates acquired resistance to ischemic injury in REC.
Specialized ependymal ridges in the cerebral aqueduct of the rat

Abstract Novel paired ependymal ridges (EPRS) have been identified in the ventrolateral wall of the cerebral aqueduct of the rat. Scanning electron microscopic techniques revealed that the dorsolateral and ventromedial ridges differ from each other in surface morphology. Using the PAP immunohistochemical technique, the EPRS demonstrate a dense innervation of both serotonin and LH-RH fibers when compared to the surrounding midbrain periaqueductal gray and the ‘non-ridge’ ependyma of the aqueduct. Each ridge is composed of a single layer of ependymal cells with a central core of subependymal cells and numerous blood vessels. Ependymal cells resembling tanycytes extend between the lumen of the aqueduct and the subependymal capillaries. It is suggested that the EPRS may serve as sites for the release of neurochemicals into the cerebrospinal fluid.
Charge localization in the retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation of tetralins

The electron-impact induced retro-Diels-Alder reaction of 5- and 6-substituted tetralins has been examined. Most electron-donating groups at C-5 retard the fragmentation relative to tetralin; whereas, electron-withdrawing groups slightly increase the fragmentation.
Mulheres budistas como líderes e professoras

In Buddhism, the role of the dharma (religious) teacher is the most prestigious role, and dharma teachers have more authority that any other leaders. Though the Buddhist teachings contain no doctrines that limit this role to men, in practice throughout Buddhist history, very few women have been publicly acknowledged as dharma teachers. Some people claim that this practice does not harm women because women can, nevertheless, receive teachings, do advanced practices, and attain high states of spiritual realization. However, I claim that the practice of not recognizing women as dharma teachers has been very harmful both to Buddhist women and to Buddhism itself. It has lead to the demise of the nuns' community in many parts of the Buddhist world, to lower standards of education for women, to lower prestige for women practitioners, to the lack of role models for women, and to the loss of women's wisdom from the heritage of Buddhist thought. Until women dharma teachers are widely recognized and honored, Buddhism will continue to be haunted by its patriarchal past, to the loss of everyone concerned.
Theoretical calculation of the circular dichroism of unordered polypeptide chains

Synopsis A calculation has been done of the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of an unordered polypeptide chain. This has been based on a Boltzmann averaging over a dipeptide conformational CD map. This is shown to be valid by comparing the CD spectra of 28-mer oligopeptides with those generated by summing dipeptide CD spectra. The calculated CD spectrum of an unordered polypeptide chain is found to agree with the assignment proposed by Tiff any and Krimm from experimental studies.
Patterned polymer multilayer fabrication by controlled adhesion of polyelectrolytes to plasma-modified fluoropolymer surfaces

The adhesion of polyelectrolytes such as poly(aniline) (PANI), poly(pyrrole) (PPY), and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) to modified fluoropolymer and self-assembled monolayer film surfaces is investigated. Radio frequency glow discharge (RFGD) H2CH3OH plasma modification of poly(tetra-fluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) produces surfaces of tunable chemical functionality, charge, and surface energy. The level of adhesion of the polycations to RFGD modified FEP surfaces is directly correlated with production of anionic sites by controlled defluorination of FEP; complete adhesion (withstands ultrasonication and tape peel testing) is achieved on surfaces with F:O ratios of ~4:1 or less. FEP substrates, modified by the RFGD plasma in selected regions, are used as templates for fabricating patterned electrically conductive PANI or PPY films, or patterned multilayer films constructed of alternating layers of PANI and PSS.
A somatic cell mutant with a kinetically altered 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase

A somatic cell mutant has been isolated which is resistant to killing and growth inhibition by mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. The resistance phenotype is dominant with respect to the wild-type cell and can largely be ascribed to a 6–7-fold lowering of the KM for HMG-CoA. We thus conclude that mevinolin resistance can be utilized to obtain a genetic marker for the structural gene encoding HMH-CoA reductase.
Vitronectin is a substrate for transglutaminases.

Summary Vitronectin (VN) was found to be a substrate for both plasma transglutaminase (Factor XIIIa) and guinea pig liver transglutaminase (TG). Incorporation of [3H]-putrescine indicated the presence of reactive glutaminyl residues in VN. When VN was incubated with TG or Factor XIIIa, in the absence of putrescine, multimeric covalent complexes were identified, indicating that VN can also contribute lysyl residues to the bond catalyzed by transglutaminases. Cross-linking of VN by TG and Factor XIIIa may modulate the effects of VN on the complement and coagulation systems in hemostatic plugs and extracellular matrix.
Instrumentation of LOTIS--Livermore Optical Transient Imaging System: a fully automated wide-field-of-view telescope system searching for simultaneous optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts

LOTIS is a rapidly slewing wide-field-of-view telescope which was designed and constructed to search for simultaneous gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical counterparts. This experiment requires a rapidly slewing ({lt} 10 sec), wide-field-of-view ({gt} 15{degrees}), automatic and dedicated telescope. LOTIS utilizes commercial tele-photo lenses and custom 2048 x 2048 CCD cameras to view a 17.6 x 17.6{degrees} field of view. It can point to any part of the sky within 5 sec and is fully automated. It is connected via Internet socket to the GRB coordinate distribution network which analyzes telemetry from the satellite and delivers GRB coordinate information in real-time. LOTIS started routine operation in Oct. 1996. In the idle time between GRB triggers, LOTIS systematically surveys the entire available sky every night for new optical transients. This paper will describe the system design and performance.
Enols and Enolates of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. A G2(MP2) ab Initio Study

The effect of substituents on the stability of enols and enolates relative to their oxo (CO) forms is explored using the G2(MP2) ab initio method for CH3COX (14 substituents). Calculated enthalpies...