cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N-methylformamide-mediated enhancement of in vitro tumor cell chemosensitivity.

The effects of the differentiation-inducing polar solvent N-methylformamide (NMF) on the in vitro response of murine hepatocarcinoma (HCa-1) cells to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), and melphalan were investigated using the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell survival assays. When cells were exposed to 1.25% NMF, cell culture doubling time increased from 12 to 43 h and cell volume increased from 940 μm3 to 1440 μm3. Growth of HCa-1 cells in NMF for 96 h before drug treatment enhanced the SCEs induced by each of the three chemotherapeutic agents. For each drug, maximum enhancement occurred after 72 h of NMF pretreatment, and the enhancement was eliminated 48 h after NMF was removed. Pretreatment with 1.25% NMF for 96 h also enhanced the cell kill induced by each drug. NMF exposure modified primarily the low-dose shoulder region of each drug cell survival curve. The data indicate that NMF is an effective chemosensitizing agent for HCa-1 cells in vito and suggest that NMF may provide clinical benefits when administered in combination with antineoplastic drugs.
Utilization of Alfalfa Hay and Alfalfa Silage. 1. Protein Sources in Corn Silage-Based Diets

Abstract Different amounts of alfalfa as hay or silage were compared with soybean meal or urea as protein sources for steers fed corn silage-based diets. Source of alfalfa and source by amount interactions were not significant when alfalfa was fed as hay or silage at 32, 63, or 100% of dry matter in trial 1. A highly significant linear response in average daily gain and gain to feed ratio was observed to alfalfa amounts. Daily gain (.90 vs. .87kg) and gain to feed ratio (.139 vs. .136) were very similar when diets were formulated to meet protein requirements with 32% alfalfa as either hay or silage. In trial 2, supplemental protein for steers fed corn silage was provided by alfalfa hay or silage at 12 or 50% of diet dry matter or by soybean meal or urea. The 12% alfalfa diet contained equal parts of supplemental protein from alfalfa and from urea. Regression analyses indicated that supplementation of either alfalfa hay or silage with urea did not improve utilization of corn silage. Differences in fiber and protein fractions resulting from harvesting and storage of alfalfa as hay or silage do not change the value of alfalfa as a protein source when used in corn silage-based diets.
Establishing the Relative Merits of Interior and Spoke-Type Permanent-Magnet Machines With Ferrite or NdFeB Through Systematic Design Optimization

In this paper, a multiobjective design optimization method combining design-of-experiments techniques and differential-evolution algorithms is presented. The method was implemented and utilized in order to provide practical engineering insights for the optimal design of interior and spoke-type permanent-magnet machines. Two combinations with 12 slots and 8 poles and 12 slots and 10 poles, respectively, have been studied in conjunction with rare-earth neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) and ferrites. As part of the optimization process, a computationally efficient finite-element electromagnetic analysis was employed for estimating the performance of thousands of candidate designs. Three optimization objectives were concurrently considered for minimum total material cost, power losses, and torque ripple, respectively. Independent variables were considered for both the stator and rotor geometries. A discussion based on a systematic comparison is included, showing, among other things and despite common misconception, that comparable cost versus loss Paretos can be achieved with any of the rotor topologies studied.
Surgical reconstruction of the extracranial vertebral artery: management and outcome

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the risk and outcome of reconstruction of the extracranial vertebral artery (ECVA). Method: The study was conducted as a retrospective review of 369 consecutive ECVA reconstructions. Results: The clinical presentations consisted of hemispheric symptoms alone in 4% of the cases, hemispheric and vertebrobasilar symptoms in 30%, and vertebrobasilar symptoms alone in 60%. The cause of the lesion was atherosclerosis (n = 300), extrinsic compression (n = 42), dissection (n = 7), radiation arteritis (n = 5), intimal hyperplasia (n = 3), fibromuscular dysplasia (n = 2), previous surgical ligation (n = 3), aneurysm (n = 2), and other (n = 5). All the patients underwent preoperative arteriography. There were 252 proximal ECVA reconstructions (218 transpositions, 42 bypass grafting procedures, and two other) and 117 distal ECVA reconstructions (85 bypass grafting procedures, 25 transpositions, and seven other). In 83 patients, the ECVA operation was performed concomitant with a carotid or supraaortic trunk reconstruction. This series was analyzed in two separate sets: before 1991 (n = 215), when changes in indications and management were occurring; and after 1991 (n = 154), when we acquired a dedicated anesthesia team and digital arteriography in the operating room and established uniform protocols for the management of ECVA disease. The stroke, death, and stroke/death rates for the period before 1991 were, respectively, 4.1%, 3.2% and 5.1%. The stroke, death, and stroke/death rates for the period after 1991 were, respectively, 1.9%, 0.6% and 1.9%. The patency rate at 5 years was 80%. The survival rate at 5 years was 70%. Most of the deaths during the follow-up period were caused by cardiac disease. Among the survivors, the protection rate from stroke was 97%. Conclusion: The changes in operative selection and management have improved the results of ECVA reconstruction. The data reported for ECVA reconstruction in patients who underwent operation since 1991 reflect the outcome of ECVA reconstruction today. In our experience, a reconstruction of the ECVA is less risky than a carotid reconstruction. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:9-18.)
Characterization of ornithine and glutamine lipids extracted from cell membranes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

The identification and structural characterization of a series of ornithine lipids extracted from the cell membranes of wild-type Rhodobacter sphaeroides, as well as from a glycerophosphocholine-deficient strain, have been achieved by multistage tandem mass spectrometry of their protonated and deprotonated precursor ions in a linear quadrupole ion trap. Systematic examination of the multistage gas-phase fragmentation reactions of these ions, combined with the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange, has enabled the pathways responsible for sequential losses of the 3-hydroxy linked fatty acyl chain and the amide linked 3-OH fatty acyl chain from these lipids, as well as for formation of the previously reported ornithine specific positively charged “fingerprint” ion at m/z 115, to be determined. Additionally, the fragmentation pathways responsible for formation of a previously unreported ornithine lipid head group-specific product ion at m/z 131 in negative ion mode have been examined. Based on these results, and by comparison with the fragmentation behavior of model lipoamino acid standard compounds, a series of novel glutamine containing lipids have also been identified, with analogous structures but with masses 14 Da higher than those of several of the ornithine lipids observed in this study. Characteristic “fingerprint” ions indicative of these glutamine lipids were found at m/z 147, 130, and 129 in positive ion mode and at m/z 145 and 127 in negative ion mode. The results from this study establish an experimental basis for future efforts aimed at the sensitive identification, characterization, and quantitative analysis of ornithine and glutamine lipids in complex unfractionated cellular extracts.
A late-differentiation antigen associated with the helper inducer function of human T cells.

T lymphocytes possessing helper function produce soluble factors that greatly augment B-cell proliferation and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells1. In humans the subset of T lymphocytes bearing the T4 surface antigen comprises most of the cells that display helper activity and recognize class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), while the subset bearing the T8 antigen comprises T cells recognizing class I MHC antigens and exhibiting cytotoxic or suppressor function1–3. Monoclonal antibodies to T4 or T8 greatly inhibit the cognitive and effector function of cells with the corresponding phenotype1–4. This function/phenotype correlation is not absolute, however, for there are many examples of T8-positive clones that recognize MHC class II antigens and have helper activity, as well as of T4-positive clones with suppressor or cytotoxic function5–9. Recently a family of cell-surface neoantigens, which might be relevant to T-cell function and which are present on activated but not on resting T lymphocytes, has been identified in mouse and humans using monoclonal antibodies10. Some of these antibodies block the cytolytic activity of alloreactive T-cell clones, suggesting the possible involvement of such molecules in the activation of cytotoxic T-cell clones or in the lytic process itself10–13. We now describe a similar late-differentiation antigen (LDA1) that is expressed by human T lymphocytes only following activation and is recognized by a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the antibody-inducing helper function of T lymphocytes.
Gender Equity in Management Education: A Content Analysis of Test Bank Questions.

Abstract This article evaluates the content of test banks that accompany management education texts for gender equity. Findings from a content analysis of 17 books indicate that test questions refer to males in the examples nearly two thirds of the time. In addition, female managers were referred to significantly more often by their first names only than were male managers. Suggestions for management instructors are provided.
Error vector choice in direct inversion in the iterative subspace method

Based on Banach's principle, we formally obtain possible choices for an error vector in the direct inversion in the iterative subspace (DIIS) method. These choices not only include all previously proposed error vectors, but also a new type of error vector which is computationally efficient and applicable to much wider range of problems. The error vector analysis also reveals a strong connection between DIIS and damping, thus adding to understanding of the reasons behind DIIS's effect on convergence. We illustrate our conclusions with several examples. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Guard rings : Structures, design methodology, integration, experimental results, and analysis for RF CMOS and RF mixed signal BiCMOS silicon germanium technology

Abstract This paper will first focus on the guard ring structures, design methodology, integration, experimental results and analysis. In this paper, the focus will be on test structure design issues, electrical characterization, and computer aided design (CAD) methodologies for advanced digital design, and mixed signal applications. The integration of “parameterized cell” guard ring structures concept into a Cadence™ based design methodology for the construction of electrostatic discharge (ESD) structures, I/O design, and latchup for radio frequency (RF) CMOS and Silicon Germanium technology will be discussed. The importance of the guard ring p-cell allows for evaluation of internal and external latchup, and the ability to verify the presence of the guard ring for whole chip design checking, verification and synthesis will be addressed. Additionally, this independent guard ring concept opens the door for a new methodology for RF design of primitive and hierarchical implementations.
Field evaluation of natural enemies of Tamarix spp. in southern France.

During 1993, potted plants of Tamarix ramosissima C. F. Ledebour (saltcedar) from the United States of America and T. gallica L. from France were placed under Tamarix gallica trees at Sete and Vendemian, southern France, and the natural enemies that at- tacked these plants were recorded. The most promis- ing natural enemies found were three species of Psectrosema (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae); Hypophyes pal- lidulus (Gravenhorst), Corimalia tamarisci (Gyllen- hal), and Coniatus tamarisci F. (Coleoptera: Curculioni- dae); Stylosomus prob. tamaricis (Herrich-Schaffer) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae); and Agdistis tamaricis (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae). The host speci- ficity of these insects was studied in a field test during 1994. Of the 11 plant species tested, none of the economi- cally important plants and neither Tamarix aphylla (L.) nor any of the nine genera of plants outside the family Tamaricaceae were attacked. The above men- tioned natural enemies seem to be specific feeders on saltcedar and are recommended as prospective agents for biological control of T. ramosissima in the United States. r 1998 Academic Press
Autonomic pathways regulating pancreatic exocrine secretion

The parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) and nervous systems densely innervate the exocrine pancreas. Efferent PNS pathways, consisting of central dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and peripheral pancreatic neurons, stimulate exocrine secretion. The DMV integrates cortical (olfactory, gustatory) and gastric, and intestinal vagal afferent input to determine central PNS outflow during cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases of exocrine secretion. Pancreatic neurons integrate DMV input with peripheral enteric, sympathetic, and, possibly, afferent axon reflexes to determine final PNS input to all exocrine effectors. Gut and islet hormones appear to modulate both central and peripheral PNS pathways. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the intermediolateral (IML) column of the spinal cord receive inputs from brain centers, some shared with the PNS, and innervate postganglionic neurons, mainly in prevertebral ganglia. Sympathetic innervation of the exocrine pancreas is primarily indirect, and inhibits secretion by decreasing blood flow and inhibiting transmission in pancreatic ganglia. Interactions between SNS and PNS pathways appear to occur in brain, spinal cord, pancreatic and prevertebral ganglia, and at neuroeffector synapses. Thus, the PNS and SNS pathways regulating the exocrine pancreas are directly or indirectly antagonistic at multiple sites: the state of exocrine secretion reflects the balance of these influences. Despite over a century of study, much remains to be understood about the connections of specific neurons forming pancreatic pathways, their processes of neurotransmission, and how disruption of these pathways contributes to pancreatic disease.
Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary artery disease.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the number one cause of death and disability in women and men in the United States. In women, CAD typically develops after menopause, and, therefore, it has been hypothesized that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) may have a role in preventing and treating CAD. Indeed, a body of epidemiologic data suggests that estrogen does protect against CAD. Much information is also available on the mechanisms by which estrogen may confer protection versus CAD. For example, ERT has been shown to have an overall beneficial effect on cardiac risk factors such as hyper-lipidemia in postmenopausal women, but the degree to which ERT affects the lipid profile and other risk factors is relatively modest and does not seem to account for all of the benefits of estrogen. Thus, this review focuses not only on the effects of ERT on cardiac risk factors but also on other aspects of CAD, such as atherogenesis, lipid oxidation, vasomotor tone, and thrombosis and thrombolysis. The recent literature on the effect of ERT on secondary prevention of cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary interventions or coronary artery bypass surgery is also reviewed.
Covalent and noncovalent interactions for [metal(dien)nucleobase](2+) complexes with L-tryptophan derivatives: formation of palladium-tryptophan species by nucleobase substitution under biologically relevant conditions.

The interaction of the complexes [Pd(dien)(1-MeCyt)]2+ (2) and [Pd(dien)(9-EtGH)]2+ (3) with the amino acids l-tryptophan (Trp) and N-acetyltryptophan (N-AcTrp) was studied and compared with the pr...
Mental preparation for the 2014 Winter Paralympic Games.

Objective The purpose of this review is to describe how Paralympians can prepare for the 2014 Paralympic Games through mental skill use. Data sources A search of adapted physical activity, sport psychology, and disability-specific journals was conducted along with electronic databases (eg, ArticleFirst) using the terms sport psychology, Olympics, Paralympics, psychological and mental preparation and skills, imagery, visualization, self-talk, anxiety, confidence, and performance enhancement. Reference lists from relevant articles were then used to continue the search. No constraining dates were used. Results A review of the results from both qualitative and quantitative research on Paralympians, Olympians, and elite-level athletes suggests that mental preparation and mental skill development can help Paralympians enhance their performances. Conclusions Sport psychologists can help Paralympians develop mental skills to manage the unique stressors of the Paralympics to increase the odds of having superior performances.
Model for perception of pulsed fluoroscopy image sequences

Pulsed fluoroscopy at reduced frame rates can be used to lower x-ray dose with equivalent detection (hereafter called equivalent perception) of low-contrast, stationary objects. Experimentally average dose savings of 22%, 38%, and 49%, for pulsed fluoroscopy at 15, 10, and 7.5 acquisitions per second, respectively, are documented. Dose savings depend on object size, with fewer savings for smaller objects. To explain these data, we extend the framework of an ideal observer with three models for the spatiotemporal response of the human visual system (HVS). They are model 1, separable; model 2, nonseparable; and model 3, nonseparable with internal observer noise. With no free parameters, model 1 predicts the average dose savings within a 3% difference but does not describe the effect of object size. Models 2 and 3 explain the influence of size, and model 3, with a single free parameter, fits the measurements best. Perception of pulsed fluoroscopy is thus well described in terms of spatiotemporal processing by the HVS.
Virucidal activity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide below the critical micelle concentration

The virucidal activity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was investigated against a variety of different lipid-containing and non-lipid-containing bacterial viruses and 2 mammalian viruses. In all cases, the maximum virucidal effectiveness was obtained under conditions of low ionic strength and moderately basic pH. The virucidal effect is present well below the critical micelle concentration of CTAB, indicating that the initial interaction with viral surfaces is by monomers of CTAB and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) exhibited no virucidal activity.
Anomeric forms of 9-(2-amino-2-deoxy-d-xylofuranosyl)adenine

Abstract The ethyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-thio-α- d -xylofuranoside ( 1a ) previously reported was further acetylated to the 3,5-diacetate ( 1b ), and this was completely deacetylated by successive treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide and methanolic ammonia. After introduction of the N -(2,4-dinitrophenyl) group, replacement of the ethylthio group by chlorine yielded the glycosyl chloride derivative 6 , which gave, on treatment with N -acetyl(chloromercuri)adenine and removal of all protecting groups, a crystalline mixture ( 9a ) of the anomers of 9-(2-amino-2-deoxy- d -xylofuranosyl)adenine. Separation of the anomers on an ion-exchange column gave the pure, crystalline anomers ( 9b and 9c ). Evidence is presented that the anomeric mixture 9a is a 1:1 molecular compound. Anomeric assignments were made on the basis of n.m.r. spectroscopic and polarimetric data, including circular dichroism.
Variety is the splice of life.

The circulatory system is the first functioning organ system to develop in vertebrate embryos, and for mammalian embryos its function is critical for early embryo survival (1). Coordinated development of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood requires close communication among the cells making up the different components (2), with nuclear events constituting the final common pathway of the networks that determine cell function and phenotype. During development in particular, the precise control of spatial and temporal expression of mRNAs and their protein products is required for successful system formation.
Teaching Parents of Preschoolers at High Risk Strategies to Support Language and Positive Behavior

An AB single-subject design replicated across five participants was used to assess the effects of an intervention that taught parents to support their preschool children's communication skills and manage their behavior. Children with language delays and emergent behavior problems and their parents from low-SES backgrounds participated. Parents attended 30 individual sessions and were taught to be responsive to their children's communication and to provide contingent consequences for their children's behavior. Generalization to interactions at home and maintenance of intervention efforts were assessed. Parents learned the strategies, generalized these strategies to interactions at home, and maintained positive changes 6 months after the intervention. Children showed positive changes in language and behavior during the intervention, but maintenance and generalization of these effects were more variable.
Microwave Processing of Sol-Gel Derived Potassium Niobate

Microwave energy has been used in a novel processing method. The relationship between processing, structure and properties of sol-gel-derived potassium niobate sol as well as thin films has been investigated. A comparison has been established between microwave and conventional heating for drying, calcining and crystallizing sol-gel-derived samples. Structural and phase changes were monitored by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD).
The groupF4 and its generators

The representations ofF4 are discussed and the decompositions of some representations in the reductionsSO26 →F4 →SO9 are tabulated. The decompositions of some inner products ofF4 are also tabulated. A general method of constructing operator bases for representations of larger groups is given. Using this method, operators corresponding to the generators ofF4 acting on the representation (1000) are constructed. This method also generates relations between 6-j symbols and some examples are given.
Middle knowledge: The “foreknowledge defense”

A recent article in this journal by Richard Otte, as well as brief passages in a couple of books by Jonathan Kvanvig and William Lane Craig, have set forth a distinctive strategy for defending middle knowledge from its critics.1 The approach in question not only differs significantly from other defenses of middle knowledge that have been put forward, but also captures well one of the main reasons why middle knowledge has come to possess whatever plausibility it now enjoys in philosophical circles. I happen to think that this defense is not ultimately successful; but since it does represent a central strand in the case for middle knowledge, its failure is instructive in a way that makes it amply worth re-examining. In undertaking such a re-examination, I will focus my comments on the more extensive discussion to be found in Otte's article.
LATTICE DYNAMICS OF ISOLATED NITROGEN IN SYNTHETIC DIAMOND

The effects of isolated nitrogen impurities on the bulk phonon spectrum of synthetic diamond are investigated using a model in which the nitrogen atom is part of an eight-atom impurity cluster in the lattice. Good agreement with experimental results is obtained. The physical basis for the unusual isotope-dependent behavior of two prominent impurity modes is determined.
VLASIC: A Catastrophic Fault Yield Simulator for Integrated Circuits

This paper describes the yield simulator VLASIC (VLSI Layout Simulation for Integrated Circuits). VLASIC is a Monte Carlo simulator that uses defect models and statistics to place random catastrophic point defects on a chip layout and determine what circuit faults, if any, have occurred. The defect models are described in tables, and so are readily extended to new processes or defect types. The defect statistical model is based on actual fabrication line data, and has not appeared before in the literature. The circuit fault information generated by VLASIC can be used to predict yield, optimize design rules, generate test vectors, evaluate redundancy, etc. A redundancy analysis system which uses these data is described, and an example of its use given.
Burkholderia bacteria infectiously induce the proto-farming symbiosis of Dictyostelium amoebae and food bacteria

Symbiotic associations can allow an organism to acquire novel traits by accessing the genetic repertoire of its partner. In the Dictyostelium discoideum farming symbiosis, certain amoebas (termed "farmers") stably associate with bacterial partners. Farmers can suffer a reproductive cost but also gain beneficial capabilities, such as carriage of bacterial food (proto-farming) and defense against competitors. Farming status previously has been attributed to amoeba genotype, but the role of bacterial partners in its induction has not been examined. Here, we explore the role of bacterial associates in the initiation, maintenance, and phenotypic effects of the farming symbiosis. We demonstrate that two clades of farmer-associated Burkholderia isolates colonize D. discoideum nonfarmers and infectiously endow them with farmer-like characteristics, indicating that Burkholderia symbionts are a major driver of the farming phenomenon. Under food-rich conditions, Burkholderia-colonized amoebas produce fewer spores than uncolonized counterparts, with the severity of this reduction being dependent on the Burkholderia colonizer. However, the induction of food carriage by Burkholderia colonization may be considered a conditionally adaptive trait because it can confer an advantage to the amoeba host when grown in food-limiting conditions. We observed Burkholderia inside and outside colonized D. discoideum spores after fruiting body formation; this observation, together with the ability of Burkholderia to colonize new amoebas, suggests a mixed mode of symbiont transmission. These results change our understanding of the D. discoideum farming symbiosis by establishing that the bacterial partner, Burkholderia, is an important causative agent of the farming phenomenon.
Treatment following a near fatal suicide attempt.

This series of discussions is about a patient we call David who made a near lethal suicide attempt. Fortuitously he was found alive and entered the mental health system, where his treatment and recovery began. Parts of this discussion were initially presented at the AAS conference in Boston in 2007. Five senior clinicians take up various aspects of the patient’s presentation and treatment and elaborate various points of view. Obviously, one therapist cannot be all things to every patient, and one patient’s therapy cannot describe all there is to treating such complicated problems. We present here a sampling of interesting and appealing thoughts on the curative process. We start the discussion of this case with Terry Maltsberger’s description of the patient seen as a self in crisis. He recognizes the self as the psychic holder of inner stability. When challenged by loss and depression the self cannot function to provide life sustaining energy and a suicidal crisis results. Elsa Ronningstam discusses the importance of shame as a suicide driving affect. Mark Schechter takes up the patient’s coping abilities and underscores the therapeutic benefits of validation. Mark Goldblatt describes the treatment in light of the patient’s ego defense mechanisms combating internal and external hostility. Roberto Olivardia describes a cognitive behavioral approach to treatment. Through this range of therapeutic options we hope to present some of the complexity involved in dealing with seriously lethal patients and stimulate discussion of effective treatment interventions.
MANAGEMENT OF DIAPHRAGMATIC INJURY DURING LAPAROSCOPIC NEPHRECTOMY

To the Editor. The authors describe a rare, potentially life threatening complication of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, and propose a technique to repair the diaphragmatic injury and relieve the pneumothorax. This report is important as this complication may occur more frequently with the increasing popularity of laparoscopic techniques. This technique to treat the pneumothorax involves a “blind” procedure with new potential risks to the patient. We offer a different approach using similar techniques. Instead of inserting the catheter at the end of the operation through the intercostal space, we insert the needle through the abdominal wall using laparoscopic vision before tying the sutures used to repair the diaphragmatic tear. The catheter is then inserted through the tear and the pneumothorax is aspirated under a deep inspiratory breath provided by the anesthesiologist, as reported by the authors. Once the pneumothorax has resolved, the sutures are tied and the catheter is withdrawn. The good results of this procedure are confirmed intraoperatively by normalization of the respiratory parameters, namely end inspiratory pressure and tidal carbon dioxide levels. Although our technique to treat this complication constitutes a minor change of the technique described previously, we believe it is safer because it is performed under direct vision and may help urologists to manage this injury better.
Determining the Heat-Set Temperature for Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Carpet Yarn with Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy can be used effectively to predict the heat- set temperature of poly(ethylene terephthalate) carpet yams in the Suessen process with customized calibration. Reflectance at three wavelengths used with a linear regression model is sufficient to predict the desired property (heat-set temperature) accurately. The coefficients of fit found in these sets are approximately 0.978. The justification for the wavelengths selected is explained on the basis of previous work and the experimental data.
A Theoretical Framework of the Relationship between Public Accounting Firms and Their Auditors

The behavior of auditors in the context of their employment by public accounting firms has received significant attention in the accounting literature. The current article extends this literature by providing a framework that identifies what auditing professionals contribute and receive as a result of their work efforts, as well as related influences. Using agency theory modified with fundamental ideas from the sociology of professions literature, we develop a model of the auditor‐public accounting firm employment relationship. This framework is grounded in a timely, contextually rich description of the public accounting work environment, and the pressures and incentives faced by auditors. Propositions for future research are suggested that arise from understanding the auditor‐firm relationship.
SUBSTRATE TARGETING OF THE YEAST CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE PHO85P BY THE CYCLIN PCL10P

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PHO85 encodes a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk) catalytic subunit with multiple regulatory roles thought to be specified by association with different cyclin partners (Pcls). Pcl10p is one of four Pcls with little sequence similarity to cyclins involved in cell cycle control. It has been implicated in specifying the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase (Gsy2p). We report that recombinant Pho85p and Pcl10p produced in Escherichia coli reconstitute an active Gsy2p kinase in vitro. Gsy2p phosphorylation required Pcl10p, occurred at physiologically relevant sites, and resulted in inactivation of Gsy2p. The activity of the reconstituted enzyme was even greater than Pho85p-Pcl10p isolated from yeast, and we conclude that, unlike many Cdks, Pho85p does not require phosphorylation for activity. Pcl10p formed complexes with Gsy2p, as judged by (i) gel filtration of recombinant Pcl10p and Gsy2p, (ii) coimmunoprecipitation from yeast cell lysates, and (iii) enzyme kinetic behavior consistent with Pcl10p binding the substrate. Synthetic peptides modeled on the sequences of known Pho85p sites were poor substrates with high Km values, and we propose that Pcl10p-Gsy2p interaction is important for substrate selection. Gel filtration of yeast cell lysates demonstrated that most Pho85p was present as a monomer, although a portion coeluted in high-molecular-weight fractions with Pcl10p and Gsy2p. Overexpression of Pcl10p sequestered most of the Pho85p into association with Pcl10p. We suggest a model for Pho85p function in the cell whereby cyclins like Pcl10p recruit Pho85p from a pool of monomers, both activating the kinase and targeting it to substrate.
Nasal polyposis in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Among 742 patients with cystic fibrosis studied during the past 4 years, 50 (or 6.7%) were found to have nasal polyposis. Polyps were noted in patients of all ages, the youngest being 2½ years of age. Roentgenograms of the sinuses showed evidence of paranasal sinusitis in each case studied. An allergic investigation was conducted in each of the 50 patients with nasal polyposis. Twenty-four patients presented no evidence of allergy. The clinical severity of the basic disease (cystic fibrosis) was the same in both the allergic and nonallergic group. A brief description of the clinical course of the patient with nasal polyps is presented. The polyps are often multiple, may cause complete nasal obstruction, and tend to regrow. Their course is beneficially influenced by the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics or systemic steroids. However, polyps did appear in many patients while on constant broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. Conservative management is suggested. Simple polypectomy is carried out when nasal obstruction is complete. In a small number of patients, repeated polypectomies have been necessary over a number of years. The severity of the pulmonary lesion is not reflected by the degree of alteration of the mucosal linings of the paranasal sinuses. Patients with nasal polyposis, regardless of the presence or absence of allergy, should be examined for evidence of cystic fibrosis, including family history, pulmonary evaluation, and appropriate laboratory tests.
Escaping the Resource Curse

Escaping the Resource Curse , Macartan Humphreys, Jeffrey D. Sachs and Joseph E. Stiglitz, eds., Foreword by George Soros; New York: Columbia University Press, 2007, pp. xviii, 408. Escaping the Resource Curse provides economic and political analysis of resource curse theories as well as practical policy advice to governments on managing oil and gas developments. Twelve chapters by natural resource specialists from multiple disciplines discuss a broad range of oil and gas development issues in three sections, “Dealing with Oil Corporations,” “Managing the Macroeconomy,” and “Handling the Politics.” Beyond the specific policy advice elaborated in detail throughout (relating primarily to transparency), the book succeeds in its accessible analysis of resource curse theories and state-industry tensions as well as its reinterpretation of oil wealth.
Generalized minimum distance iterative decoding of Tanner codes

In this letter, we present a linear-time decoding algorithm for Tanner codes that can correct errors up to close to half the minimum distance of the code. The algorithm is a simple generalization to the iterative decoding algorithm of expander codes proposed by Skachek and Roth (2003).
Aseptic loosening of total joint replacements: mechanisms underlying osteolysis and potential therapies

Total joint replacement, although considered an excellent surgical procedure, can be complicated by osteolysis induced by implant particles and subsequent aseptic loosening of the implant. The pathogenesis of implant-associated osteolysis includes inflammatory and osteolytic processes. The sustained chronic inflammatory response initiated by particulate debris at the implant-bone interface is manifested by recruitment of a wide array of cell types. These cells include macrophages, fibroblasts, giant cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and – most importantly – osteoclasts, which are the principal bone resorbing cells. The 'cellular response' entails secretion of osteoclastogenic and inflammatory cytokines that favor exacerbated osteoclast activity and enhanced osteolysis. An appreciation of the complex network that leads to these cellular and inflammatory responses will form a foundation on which to develop therapeutic interventions to combat inflammatory periprosthetic bone loss.
Structure of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 with the essential Mg2+ cofactor

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) mediates the repair of abasic sites and other DNA lesions and is essential for base-excision repair and strand-break repair pathways. APE1 hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond at abasic sites, producing 5′-deoxyribose phosphate and the 3′-OH primer needed for repair synthesis. It also has additional repair activities, including the removal of 3′-blocking groups. APE1 is a powerful enzyme that absolutely requires Mg2+, but the stoichiometry and catalytic function of the divalent cation remain unresolved for APE1 and for other enzymes in the DNase I superfamily. Previously reported structures of DNA-free APE1 contained either Sm3+ or Pb2+ in the active site. However, these are poor surrogates for Mg2+ because Sm3+ is not a cofactor and Pb2+ inhibits APE1, and their coordination geometry is expected to differ from that of Mg2+. A crystal structure of human APE1 was solved at 1.92 A resolution with a single Mg2+ ion in the active site. The structure reveals ideal octahedral coordination of Mg2+ via two carboxylate groups and four water molecules. One residue that coordinates Mg2+ directly and two that bind inner-sphere water molecules are strictly conserved in the DNase I superfamily. This structure, together with a recent structure of the enzyme–product complex, inform on the stoichiometry and the role of Mg2+ in APE1-catalyzed reactions.
Promoter and Riboswitch Control of the Mg2+ Transporter MgtA from Salmonella enterica

The MgtA protein from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mediates Mg2+ uptake from the periplasm into the cytoplasm. Here we report that the PhoP/PhoQ two-component regulatory system, which responds to periplasmic Mg2+, governs mgtA transcription initiation at all investigated Mg2+ concentrations and that the Mg2+-sensing 5′ leader region of the mgtA gene controls transcription elongation into the mgtA coding region when Salmonella is grown in media with <50 μM Mg2+. Overexpression of the Mg2+ transporter CorA, which is believed to increase cytoplasmic Mg2+ levels, decreased mgtA transcription in a manner dependent on a functional mgtA 5′ leader.
Evaluation of a medical interviewing course. Use of the helping relationship inventory.

Changes in beginning medical students' preferred interview responses appear attributable to a course that emphasizes communication techniques for developing patient rapport. For each offive successive classes, pre /postcourse preferences were obtained for alternative response modes (categorized as understanding, probing, interpretive, supportive, and evaluative. Analysis indicated significant increases in students' preferences for understanding responses and decreases in preferences for evaluative responses (p < .001). Changes are in the desired direction with respect to course goals, since rapport is generally enhanced by conveying understanding and refraining from premature evaluation. Effects on response preferences of some instructor characteristics are analyzed. Implications for health professions education and research are discussed.
An unbiased explicit adaptive gain and time-delay estimation algorithm

An unbiased explicit adaptive gain and time-delay estimation algorithm is presented. An earlier algorithm for explicit estimation of gain and time-delay proposed in [1] is known to yield a biased estimate of the gain. By observing that the bias is due to the dependence of the power of the noise component of the error on the estimated gain, a normalization is introduced which ensures that the power of the noise component is not affected by the gain estimate. By using a stochastic averaging approach to analyze the convergence of the adaptive algorithm, it is shown that the modified algorithm is unbiased. Simulations are presented which confirm the theoretical analysis.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form

A confirmatory factor analysis of the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF) was performed using data derived from 542 male medium-security federal prison inmates. The results demonstrate the ...
Federal Executives Initial Reactions to Change

In 1978, before the passage of the 1978 Civil Service Reform Act, a questionnaire was mailed to federal executives to determine their attitude toward the proposed reforms. Included in the questionn...
SELFER MUTANTS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

The name selfer has been given to a mutant strain of bacteria in which transduction with homologous phage gives rise to a significantly larger number of wild-type variants than occurs by spontaneous reversion in uninfected control bacteria. Experiments with 201 auxotrophic mutants of Salmonella typhimurium representing 22 gene loci carried in 12 transucing fragments showed that about 40% of these mutants are selfers. In similar experiments with 32 auxotrophs representing four histidine loci, one selfer has been detected. A statistical analysis has revealed that selfer mutations are not distributed at random either within or among the loci where they are known to occur. The frequency of wild- type variants in selfing is evidently connected in some way with the transduction process. The excess variants cannot be transductants, however, since they appear also in crosses between selfer recipients and donors that carry a deletion covering the selfer gene. It is proposed that they are revertants: that the presence of a transducing fragment in the proximity of a selfer gene, when the fragment synapses with the homologous region of the bacterial chromosome, stimulates the gene's mutability. (auth)
Molecular bioelectricity in developmental biology: new tools and recent discoveries: control of cell behavior and pattern formation by transmembrane potential gradients.

Significant progress in the molecular investigation of endogenous bioelectric signals during pattern formation in growing tissues have been enabled by recently-developed techniques. Ion flows and transmembrane gradients produced by ion channels and pumps are key regulators of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Now, instructive roles for bioelectrical gradients in embryogenesis, regeneration, and neoplasm are being revealed through the use of fluorescent voltage reporters and functional experiments using well-characterized channel mutants. Transmembrane voltage gradients (Vmem) determine anatomical polarity and function as master regulators during appendage regeneration and embryonic left-right patterning. A state-of-the-art recent study reveals that they can also serve as prepatterns for gene expression domains during craniofacial patterning. Continued development of novel tools and better ways to think about physical controls of cell:cell interactions will lead to mastery of the morphogenetic information stored in physiological networks. This will enable fundamental advances in basic understanding of growth and form, as well as transformative biomedical applications in regenerative medicine.
Plastic quad flat pack

A description is given of the plastic quad flat pack (PQFP), which is a high-density surface-mount solution to the cost pressure on component manufacturers and users. This family of fine-pitch plastic-leaded chip carriers has small size, low cost, good performance, and the manufacturability required for the coming generation of electronic devices. The package design has unique features such as corner bumpers for protection against lead damage. The authors discuss some of the technical issues addressed in the development of this packaging technology. The surface-mount techniques as well as the packages' key attributes are included in the discussion. A look-ahead at some of the performance enhancement techniques is provided. The industry support infrastructure is also summarized. >
Technology/strategy management issues for semiconductor technology

For more than forty years continuous improvements in semiconductor technology have driven major performance and value for money improvements into a broad range of industries. In particular both sold state memory and microprocessors have been major benefactors from design and process improvements and contributors to this widespread success and penetration of microelectronics into our lives. The resulting smaller device dimensions and larger semiconductor wafers have produced the performance benefits. The rate of device dimension reduction seems to be decreasing as we approach the 0.10 to 0.25 micron range, with capital investments approaching $1 billion dollars per facility for the 200 mm wafers increasingly coming into use. Some industry leaders forecast a $2 billion dollar next generation manufacturing facility cost as we approach the year 2000. These challenges threaten the continued expectation of device cost reduction and may herald the maturation (end) of the optical lithography technology based S-curve "family" progress, or change the size and/or scope of the wafer manufacturing facility need to achieve good economics. This summary paper highlights issues, trends, industry activities and needs.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, NOS, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), with the exception of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), have a very poor prognosis. Although current first line chemotherapy continues to be a CHOP-like (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) regimen there is now data suggesting that the addition of etoposide in younger patients improves outcomes. Even for those patients who do have a response to therapy, the risk of relapse remains quite high. Although autologous transplant in first remission is often used, its role as consolidation therapy in first remission remains unclear and may preferentially benefit low-risk patients. In the relapsed setting, major advances have occurred with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of 4 new agents (pralatrexate, romidepsin, belinostat, brentuximab vedotin) for relapsed/refractory PTCL since 2009. These 4 drugs represent the first agents ever approved specifically for this indication. Unfortunately, with the exception of ALCL for which brentuximab vedotin will likely substantially change our approach to treatment, there are still many patients for whom available drugs will not be effective, and it is for these patients that further advances are urgently needed.
Sensory protection to enhance functional recovery following proximal nerve injuries: current trends

Proximal nerve injury can lead to devastating functional impairment. Because axonal regeneration is slow, timely reinnervation of denervated muscle does not occur. These denervated muscles atrophy and lose function. Sensory protection is a surgical technique thought to prevent denervated muscle impairment using local sensory nerves to provide trophic support to the muscle until motor nerves can regenerate, and neuromuscular junctions are reestablished. We performed a comprehensive literature search using multiple databases to find primary articles reporting on the outcomes and treatment of sensory protection. This paper reviews the three main approaches to sensory protection: (1) end-to-end neurorrhaphy, (2) end-to-side neurorrhaphy, and (3) direct muscle neurotization. It discusses the evidence supporting each technique and outlines goals for future investigations.