cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-J-247: A Simulation of X-Ray Emission with Gold Nanoparticle Irradiated by Energetic Proton Beam

Purpose: To investigate the proton induced X-ray emissions in gold-water mixture materials. Methods: In this study a Monte Carlo simulation was created using the GEANT4 toolkit (version 4.9.6). The geometry in this setup includes a 2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm target, a scoring sphere (radius = 10 cm) and a 65 MeV planar proton source (2 cm × 2 cm). Four concentrations of a gold-water solution were irradiated with 5×105 incident protons at a distance of 0.5 cm perpendicular to the surface of the target. The solutions of gold-water mixture had 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.5% of gold by mass, respectively. The number of photon emitting for the target was counted in the scoring sphere for the energy range of 0-86.0 keV in 0.1 keV bins. For this study the reference physics list PhysListEmStandard was used together with the x-ray fluorescence, Auger electron and PIXE (particle induced xray emission) options enabled. The range cuts for photons and electrons were set at 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm, respectively. Results: In the energy spectra of emitting X-ray fluorescence, peaks from gold K shell characteristic x-rays (68.8 and 66.9 keV) were observed. The number of counts under the peaks of Ka1 and Ka2 was found to increase with the increasing of the gold concentrations in the mixture materials. The X-ray yields (for both Ka1 and Ka2) when fitted with least-square method as a function of gold concentration demonstrate a linear dependency with R2 > 0.96. The Ka1yield per incident proton was found to be 0.0016 for 10% gold-water mixture solutions. Conclusion: This preliminary study with PIXE technique with gold nanoparticle has demonstrated potentials for its utilization in the development of range and dose verification methodology that is currently of great interest in the field of proton radiation therapy.
Corn Growth Responses to Composted and Fresh Solid Swine Manures

Swine (Sus scrofa L.) production in deep-bedded hoop structures is a relatively new swine finishing system in which manure can be applied to fields fresh or after composting. We conducted field-plot trials near Boone, IA, during two growing seasons to determine the effects of fresh and composted swine hoop manures on corn (Zea mays L.) growth and yield. Both fresh and composted manures were applied at a total N rate of 336 kg ha -1 in the spring before planting corn, and a functional growth analysis approach with frequent plant harvests was used to assess total aerial dry matter (DM) production and leaf area development of the crop. Phytotoxicity bioassays utilizing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seedlings as test species produced inconsistent responses to manures. During the two seasons in which this experiment was conducted, corn in the composted manure treatment produced 10% more grain than did corn in the fresh manure treatment. Corn treated with composted manure produced 12% greater aboveground DM in 2000 and 15% greater DM in 2001 than did corn treated with fresh manure. In 2000, DM differences were evident early in the season, whereas in 2001, DM differences became evident near flowering. The time of treatment separation in both years coincided with the driest soil conditions of the season. As compared with the fresh manure treatment, composted manure increased corn crop growth rate (CGR), leaf N concentration, leaf area index (LAI), and, in one of two years, net assimilation rate (NAR). Harvest index and leaf area ratio (LAR) were unaffected by manure treatments. Composting swine hoop manure before field application appears to be an effective alternative to fresh-manure application for corn production.
A Semiotic Perspective on the Technical and Professional Writing Assignment.

One of the reasons students in technical and professional writing classes are often unable to make judgments about the ethical worth of a piece of writing is that they lack an understanding of how ...
Modification of metallic corrosion by ion implantation

Abstract This review will consider some of the properties of surface alloys, formed by ion implantation, which are effective in modifying corrosion behavior. Examples will be given of the modification of the corrosion behavior of pure metals, steels and other engineering alloys, resulting from implantation with metals and metalloids. Emphasis will be given to the modification of anodic processes produced by ion implantation since a review will be given elsewhere in the proceedings concerning the modification of cathodic processes.
Properties of Phase-Separated, Super-Oxygenated La2−xSrxCuO4+y

We review a series of experiments that have established that super-oxygenated La2−xSrxCuO4+y phase-separates at low temperature into large magnetic and superconducting regions, driven by the physics of the doped holes themselves. Magnetization studies of trapped flux indicate that the large phase-separated magnetic and superconducting regions develop from nanoscale regions of charge inhomogeneity present in Sr-doped La2CuO4 and other more commonly studied cuprates. Neutron studies of the elastic magnetic diffraction show that the peak intensity grows with applied field as in La2−xSrxCuO4. However, the magnitude of the increase varies widely and is not well accounted for by current theory.
Thermal proton flow in the plasmasphere: The morning sector

Vertical profiles of electron density obtained in the vicinity of the plasmapause using the Alouette-2 topside sounder have been analyzed to assess the presence of H(+) flow in the topside ionosphere. The observations in the midnight sector show clearly the presence of the plasmapause - i.e., there is a sharp boundary separating the poleward regions of polar wind H(+) flow and the more gentle conditions of the plasmasphere where light ions are present in abundance. In contrast, in the sunlit morning sector upward H(+) flow is deduced to be present to invariant latitudes as low as 48 deg (L = 2.2) in the regions normally known to be well inside the plasmasphere. The upward H(+) flux is so large 300,000,00 ions per sq cm per sec that the plasmapause cannot be seen in the latitudinal electron density contours of the topside ionosphere.
Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with Acetone. 1. Kinetics of the Reactions of OH, OD, and 18OH with Acetone and Acetone-d6

The rate coefficient for the reaction of OH with acetone, k1, was measured by producing OH via pulsed laser photolysis and detecting it via laser-induced fluorescence to be k1(T) = 1.38 × 10-13 + 3...
Graphical Estimation of Interfacial Capacitance of PEM Fuel Cells from Impedance Measurements

Graphical methods were used to extract values of constant-phase element CPE parameters and interfacial capacitance from the high-frequency part of impedance data collected on a polymer electrolyte membrane PEM fuel cell. The impedance data were recorded as a function of current density, time, temperature, backpressure, and flow channel and gas diffusion layer design. The effective capacitance was estimated under the assumption that the CPE behavior could be attributed to two-dimensional 2D potential and current distributions. The value of the interfacial capacitance was reduced when the cell was operated under dry or flooded conditions. The interfacial capacitance decreased with time over a time scale consistent with the approach to a steady state. In addition to providing insight into physical processes, the parameters obtained from graphical methods can be used for model reduction when regressing impedance data. The methodology presented can be applied to electrochemical systems for which the high-frequency data reveal CPE behavior caused by 2D potential and current distributions. © 2008 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/1.3033382 All rights reserved.
Development and validation of a tool for assessing understanding of brain death.

Background: Death by neurological criteria is often misunderstood by laypersons even though they make decisions about withdrawal of care and organ donation. No validated questionnaire for determining laypersons' understanding of brain death exists. Such a tool could be useful in clinical, educational, and research settings. Methods: Brain death experts and a focus group of laypersons were used to develop a 5-item questionnaire with face validity. The questionnaire explores 3 concepts: apnea, irreversibility, and differentiation between cardiac death, brain death, and persistent vegetative state. The questionnaire was administered to separate groups of laypersons and experts and was readministered 7 to 10 days later. Test-retest reliability for individual items and overall score was measured by using Spearman rank correlation. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was measured by using Cronbach α. Utility of the questionnaire in discriminating between scores of laypersons and experts was evaluated by using a t test. Results: Twelve laypersons and 13 experts participated. The test-retest correlation was significant for all questions (Spearman ρ range, 0.43-0.94) and raw score (Spearman ρ =0.91 , P< .001). Internal consistency was fair (Cronbach α =0.64). The questionnaire enabled discrimination of laypersons from experts, with mean (SD) raw scores of 3.0 (1.1) vs 4.8 (0.6), respectively (t test, P< .001). Removal of 1 item improved internal consistency (Cronbach a =0.70), but with a corresponding decrease in discriminatory ability. Conclusions: This simple 5-item questionnaire for evaluating understanding of brain death has test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and can be used to discriminate between persons who do and do not understand brain death
Attending to issues of access in contemporary times: centring a significant side issue

Although methodological discussions abound in qualitative research, little time is devoted to access, arguably one of the most important methodological components of social research. Access has often been treated as a side issue by scholarly sources, receiving only cursory attention, generally in a way that reduces it to a mere strategy and severs it from the ‘real’ methodological work of a study. We argue herein that access to all research sites, particularly to elite research sites, is a neglected and under-appreciated, topic that deserves greater scholarly attention, both in academic literature and in the classroom. This inquiry-based article aims to initiate dialogue around the concept of access and the conditions that act to constrain it. In highlighting issues of access, we hope to demonstrate that access is an enduring methodological concern and is a topic in need of greater scholarly attention.
Spin relaxation for laser-pumped hyperpolarized spins

In this work it has been found that the conventional spin relaxation equations are not valid for the hyperpolarized spins. New longitudinal relaxation equations for the dipole- dipole coupled hyperpolarized spins have been derived. These new equations predict that the longitudinal magnetization relaxation for hyperpolarized spins is, in general, bi- exponential instead single exponential. They also predict that for dipole-dipole coupled hyperpolarized spins the steady state longitudinal magnetization is larger than the thermal equilibrium magnetization. These findings are useful as the base-line information for accurate analysis of the effects of the paramagnetic sources on relaxation of hyperpolarized spins in living body.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Real-time segmentation and tracking of brain metabolic state in ICU EEG recordings of burst suppression

We provide a method for estimating brain metabolic state based on a reduced-order model of EEG burst suppression. The model, derived from previously suggested biophysical mechanisms of burst suppression, describes important electrophysiological features and provides a direct link to cerebral metabolic rate. We design and fit the estimation method from EEG recordings of burst suppression from a neurological intensive care unit and test it on real and synthetic data.
Abstract families of relations

Abstract Word relations associated with machines or devices with multiple inputs and outputs are studied. The basic model of machines utilized in this paper is the machine with standard input/output first presented by Scott [5]. Several interesting results are obtained, including various characterizations of acceptable and generable families of n-ary relations.
Functions and Integrals

Chapter 2 is devoted to the definition and basic properties of the Lebesgue integral. functions, the functions that are simple enough that the integral can be defined for them, if their values are not too large (Section 2.1). After a brief look in Section 2.2 at properties that hold almost everywhere (that is, that may fail on some set of measure zero, as long as they hold everywhere else), we turn to the definition of the Lebesgue integral and to its basic properties (Sections 2.3 and 2.4). The chapter ends with a sketch of how the Lebesgue integral relates to the Riemann integral (Section 2.5) and then with a few more details about measurable functions (Section 2.6).
A rapid, sensitive method for the determination of 3-methylhistidine levels in urine and plasma using high-pressure liquid chromatography

Abstract A method is presented for the precolumn derivatization and subsequent high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of 3-methylhistidine from urine and plasma. The solvent system is 10 m m sodium phosphate (pH 7.5) and acetonitrile. The elution can be performed isocratically and requires less than 10 min. Both fluorescent and ultraviolet detection may be utilized. This method is at least 10 3 times more sensitive than conventional ion-exchange chromatography using ninhydrin. 3-Methylhistidine determinations performed on plasma and urine samples from normal volunteers correlated well with published literature values.
Copper Ion Complexes with Derivatized Chelating Pterin Ligands

Pterin−copper ion interactions are of interest for possible modeling of enzyme active site chemistry or in coupling reactions of a redox-active metal ion with a redox-active ligand cofactor, Here, we describe the synthesis of derivatized chelating pterins, provided with enhanced organic solubility by introduction of a pivalolyl group at the pterin C2 position and supplied with a good copper ion chelator, through reaction of the 6-(bromomethyl)pterin with a 2-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)pyridine (to give L‘) or bis(2-pyrid-2-ylethyl)amine (to give L). Copper(I) and copper(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized. The X-ray structure of [L‘Cu(Cl)(CH3CN)](PF6) (3-PF6) is described [space group P21/c; a = 10.606(3) A, b = 21.683(3) A, c = 12.188(3) A; β = 96.67(2)°; Z = 4; V = 2784(1) A3] and compared with the previously reported structure of [LCu(Cl)](PF6)(NaPF6) (1-PF6·NaPF6). In 3-PF6, the Cu(II) is pentacoordinate, including equatorial ligation to the pterin N5 atom, achieving one of the goals of t...
A new technique for measuring retrograde vitrification in polymer–gas systems and for making ultramicrocellular foams from the retrograde phase

A stepwise temperature- and pressure-scanning thermal analysis method was developed to measure glass-transition temperature Tg in the two-phase polymer–gas systems as a function of gas pressure p, and was used to confirm recent theoretical predictions that certain polymer–gas systems exhibit retrograde vitrification, that is, they undergo rubber-to-glass transition on heating. A complete Tg-p profile delineating the glass–rubber phase envelope was established for the PMMA-CO2 system. The retrograde vitrification behavior observed, where at certain gas pressures the polymer exists in the rubbery state at low and high temperatures and in the glassy state at intermediate temperatures, was similar to that reported previously based on the creep-compliance measurements. The existence of the rubbery state at low temperatures was used to generate foams by saturating the polymer with CO2 at 34 atm and at temperatures in the range −0.2 to 24 °C followed by foaming at temperatures in the range 24 to 90 °C. Foams with very fine cell structure never reported before could be prepared by this technique. For example, PMMA foams with average cell size of 0.35 μm and cell density of 4.4 × 1013 cells/g were prepared by processing the low temperature rubbery phase. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 716–725, 2000
Mindfulness-based stress reduction effects on moral reasoning and decision making

Previous research has demonstrated that mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) improves psychological functioning in multiple domains. However, to date, no studies have examined the effects of MBSR on moral reasoning and decision making. This single group design study examined the effect of MBSR on moral reasoning and ethical decision making, mindfulness, emotion, and well-being. Additionally, we investigated whether there was an association between the amount of meditation practice during MBSR and changes in moral reasoning and ethical decision making, emotions, mindfulness, and well-being. Results indicated that MBSR was associated with improvements in mindful attention, emotion and well-being. Further, amount of meditation practice was associated with greater improvement in mindful attention. Two-month follow-up results showed that, MBSR resulted in improvements in moral reasoning and ethical decision making, mindful attention, emotion, and well-being. This study provides preliminary evidence that M...
Analysis of a CS1 approach for attracting diverse and inexperienced students to computing majors

An effective CS1 approach has been developed for encouraging diverse students without prior computer science experiences to select computing majors. Separation of CS1 sections by prior experience level concentrates diverse students in the inexperienced section. Within that section we use several techniques to increase student comprehension and participation, including an integrated lecture/lab, many small examples and assignments, student participation, etc. We discuss the approach and evaluate its performance over a four-year time period.
Intentional Hyperventilation as a Self-Stimulating Addiction

Mr. A's hyperventilation represents the potentially maladaptive ways in which patients obtain gratification. The danger associated with the behavior is seemingly less than that of the drug use it replaced. This trade-off underscores the complexity of the clinician's risk-benefit analysis in determining whether a behavior requires treatment. Although the patient appeared to have suffered no physiological damage as a result of hyperventilating, his mental status changes and the potential for other changes warranted close observation of this behavior. Electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and electrolyte changes, hypoxemia, apnea, and injury from loss of consciousness and falling are all possible sequelae (3,4,6). In addition, like other self-stimulating behaviors performed excessively, voluntary hyperventilation can foster social isolation and alienation, particularly if performed to the exclusion of ordinary daily routines.
Assessment of composite global sampling: Sea surface wind speed

[1] Research and forecasts of the weather-ocean-climate system demand increasingly higher resolution forcing data. Here we assess the improvement in composite global observations and the feasibility of producing high resolution blended sea winds. The number of the long-term US sea surface wind speed observing satellites has increased from one in July 1987 to five or more since 2000. Global 0.25° gridded, blended products with temporal resolutions of 6-hours, 12-hours and daily have become feasible since mid 2002, mid 1995 and January 1991, respectively (with ≥75% time coverage and ≥90% spatial coverage between 65°S–65°N). If the coverage is relaxed, the feasible times can be extended to earlier periods. These statistics provide practical guidance to produce reliable blended products for different applications, and serve as guidance on the design of future global observing systems.
Social interactions and scent marking in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Abstract Scent marking is common for many species, and affords olfactory cues for a variety of social reactions. The Mongolian gerbil ( Meriones unguiculatus ) marks objects with a ventral sebaceous scent gland. In both paired and triplet male encounters, animals marking most frequently generally become dominant. Grouping, however, can have the additional effect of depressing marking and morphological indices of androgen activity. In related studies it was demonstrated that males are attracted to the sebum coming from the scent glands of other males but not to sebum from females. Females show no obvious reference. These studies add support to the notion that gerbil marking has territorial significance and serves recognition functions.
Dialysis fermentation. II. Kinetic analysis of salicylic acid production via cell growth and maintenance

A kinetic analysis was made of the relationship between salicylate production from naphthalene and growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens in semicontinuous dialysis culture. The specific rates both of product formation and growth initially were increased by the diffusional withdrawal of salicylate, but subsequently were reduced to low levels despite continued salicylate removal. Productivity and growth were correlated by the Luedeking-Piret equation in an initial nondialysis period and in the early stages of dialysis fermentation, when specific growth rates exceeded. 005 hr−1. Below this level of growth at later stages of dialysis fermentation, the specific production rate was correlated only with total cell mass by a proportionality constant of .035 hr−1, which was attributed to maintenance metabolism. Maintenance accounted for about 84% of the total salicylate produced, while growth-associated metabolism accounted for the remainder.
EXCHANGE ANISOTROPY IN EPITAXIAL AND POLYCRYSTALLINE NIO/NIFE BILAYERS

(001)-oriented NiO/NiFe bilayers were grown on single crystal MgO (001) substrates by ion beam sputtering in order to determine the effect that the crystalline orientation of the NiO antiferromagnetic layer has on the magnetization curve of the NiFe ferromagnetic layer. The simplest model predicts no exchange anisotropy for the (001)-oriented NiO surface, which in its bulk termination is magnetically compensated. Nonetheless exchange anisotropy is present in the epitaxial films, although it is approximately half as large as in polycrystalline films that were grown simultaneously. The surface anisotropy in the epitaxial films is found to contain cubic and unidirectional components, while that in the polycrystalline film is best described by a uniaxial plus unidirectional anisotropy. Experiments indicate that differences in exchange field and coercivity between polycrystalline and epitaxial NiFe/NiO bilayers couples arise due to variations in induced surface anisotropy. Implications of these observations for models of induced exchange anisotropy in NiO/NiFe bilayer couples will be discussed.
Theoretical investigation of the effect of graphite interlayer spacing on hydrogen absorption

This study investigates the absorption of hydrogen molecules between graphite layers using both first principles calculations and classical grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. While a recent theoretical study showed that graphite layers have high storage capacity at room temperature, previous simulation results on hydrogen-graphite systems showed otherwise. Our first-principles calculations suggest that it is possible to store hydrogen molecules between the graphene layers if the energetically unfavorable initial absorption stage could be overcome. The barrier to the initial absorption originates from the large lattice strain required for H2 absorption: small amounts of initial absorption cause an interlayer expansion of more than 60%. To determine if significant storage is indeed possible at finite temperature (and pressure), we performed grand canonical Monte Carlo H2-absorption simulations with variable graphite interlayer spacing. Using two different potentials for the H2-C interaction, we found low H2 mass uptake at room temperature and moderate pressures (e.g., close to 2 wt-% at 298 K and 5 2 MPa.). Our results suggest that a graphite pore width or interlayer spacing around 6 has the optimum absorption capacity. PACS numbers: 68.43.-h, 81.05.Uw, 82.20.Wt, 83.10.-y
Crystallization of BeO, Be2SiO4, and SiO2 from Li2MoO4-MoO3

Single crystals of phenacite (Be2SiO4), bromellite (BeO), and tridymite (SiO2) were grown from an Li2MoO4-MoO3 flux. Phenacite, with rhombohedral symmetry, grew in three distinct shapes with aspect ratios (length/width) as follows: needles (>3), rods (>1.1 to 1.5), and rhombohedral-faced crystals (=1). The latter grew as single crystals; the others were twinned on the . For most experiments the temperature was held constant at 1165°C and the Li2MoO4/MoO3 ratio at 1/16. The growth mechanism for crystallization was the evaporation of MoO3. The system produced one to three phases, depending on the BeO/SiO2 ratio. Bromellite grew until a BeO/SiO2 ratio of 0.8 was attained. It grew as a hemipyramidal crystal having a short prism with a curved top or as a hexagonal plate. The pyramid- and prism-shaped crystals were twinned, although a few hexagonal plates were single. Tridymite grew in small hexagonal plates when the BeO/SiO2 ratio was less than 1.5. The effect of temperature, nucleation, and flux composition on crystal shape, twinning, and occurrence is discussed.
Dynamics of Stretch-Induced Stress Fiber Remodeling in 3D Cell Culture

The responses of living cells to mechanical stimuli are believed to underlie diseases such as fibrotic cardiomyopathy [1] and asthma [2]. Emerging evidence suggests that mechanical signals transduced through the actin cytoskeleton and its connections to the extracellular matrix (ECM) have important effects on cell physiology and tissue development [13]. Understanding the responses of cells in realistic mechanical environments to mechanical stimuli is therefore of great importance to understanding development and disease.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effective functional form of Regge trajectories

We present theoretical arguments and strong phenomenological evidence that hadronic Regge trajectories are essentially nonlinear and can be well approximated, for phenomenological purposes, by a specific square-root form. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Baclofen-Induced Dyskinesia

Baclofen (Lioresal) is a derivative of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is used to treat spasticity particularly for the relief of flexor spasms, pain, clonus, and muscular rigidity. There have been many rare neurologic side effects reported with its use. These side effects, in particular, hallucinations and seizures, have been observed predominantly following precipitous withdrawal of the drug. We present a case demonstrating a muscular dyskinetic side effect when baclofen treatment was first initiated. The mechanism by which baclofen affects spasticity and how the resulting side effect of dyskinesia developed in our patient is not known. They are, however, most probably related to dopamine receptor hypersensitivity and the resulting imbalance of the dopaminergic/cholinergic systems. Clinicians should be aware of this additional adverse effect of muscular dyskinesia, with the use of baclofen, and its reversibility when baclofen is discontinued.
Using Leader-Member Exchange Theory to Explain Students' Motives to Communicate

The purpose of this investigation was to apply Leader-Member Exchange theory to the student-instructor relationship and explore if students' perceptions of their relational quality with their instructors are reflected in their motives to communicate with their instructors. Participants were 139 undergraduate students who completed the Leader-Member Exchange 7 scale and the Student Communication Motives scale. It was found that students who perceive in-group relationships with their instructors report using the relational, functional, participatory, and sycophantic motives at a higher rate than students who perceive out-group relationships with their instructors. Future researchers should explore the ramifications of student-instructor in-group relationships on classroom climate.
Factors Affecting the Use of Outside, Intermittent Resources during NPD

Information technology, globalization, and digital design have all contributed to the changing composition of new product development (NPD). These developments have led to a paradigm shift where continuous resources can be replaced by outsourced resources that are used intermittently throughout the entire innovation process. These resources can be plugged into the project at opportune times thereby lowering fixed costs and speeding commercialization. However, this intermittent use of resources requires appropriate management actions. This study reports on longitudinal, ethnographic case research performed over the span of the product development cycle of two projects. We look at multiple factors that can influence the effective coordination of outside, intermittent resources on the project. We explore critical characteristics of intermittent resources employed by new ventures, focusing on project management, the product development process, and the role of technology enablers such as IT collaboration. We ...
Photorespiration-deficient Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana Lacking Mitochondrial Serine Transhydroxymethylase Activity

Three allelic mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana which lack mitochondrial serine transhydroxymethylase activity due to a recessive nuclear mutation have been characterized. The mutants were shown to be deficient both in glycine decarboxylation and in the conversion of glycine to serine. Glycine accumulated as an end product of photosynthesis in the mutants, largely at the expense of serine, starch, and sucrose formation. The mutants photorespired CO(2) at low rates in the light, but this evolution of photorespiratory CO(2) was abolished by provision of exogenous NH(3). Exogenous NH(3) was required by the mutants for continued synthesis of glycine under photorespiratory conditions. These and related results with wild-type Arabidopsis suggested that glycine decarboxylation is the sole site of photorespiratory CO(2) release in wild-type plants but that depletion of the amino donors required for glyoxylate amination may lead to CO(2) release from direct decarboxylation of glyoxylate. Photosynthetic CO(2) fixation was inhibited in the mutants under atmospheric conditions which promote photorespiration but could be partially restored by exogenous NH(3). The magnitude of the NH(3) stimulation of photosynthesis indicated that the increase was due to the suppression of glyoxylate decarboxylation. The normal growth of the mutants under nonphotorespiratory atmospheric conditions indicates that mitochondrial serine transhydroxymethylase is not required in C(3) plants for any function unrelated to photorespiration.
Angiotensin-induced release of prostacyclin (PGI2) into circulation of anaesthetized cats

Summary Intravenous injection of angiotensin II into anaesthetized cats induces release of a PGI 2 -like substance into circulation, as detected by bioassay. This release is abolished by the pretreatment of animals with aspirin (50 mg/kg) or saralasin (10 μg/kg). The PGI 2 -releasing activity of angiotensin I is blocked by SQ 14225 (200 μg/kg). It is concluded, that there may exists an interrelationship between the level of activation of renin-angiotensin system and the concentration of circulating prostacyclin. Prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) is claimed to be a circulating hormone (1,2). Presently, we show that angiotensin I and angiotensin II, when injected intravenously, both increase blood levels of circulating PGI 2 . Our findings support the recently reported observation on the stimulatory effect of angiotensin II on the release of a PGI 2 -like activity from perfused organs (3,4) and the finding on the appearance of a circulating deaggregatory substance during infusion of angiotensin II into the dog renal artery (5).
Use of pyridine N-oxide and pyridinium ion synthons in the preparation of oligopyridines. Two new unsymmetrical quaterpyridines with 2,2′-bipyridine units

Abstract Isomeric quaterpyridines 1 and 2 were prepared. They formally represent the coupling of two 2,2′-bipyridine units at their 4′ and 5′ positions of the B ring to the 2″ position of the C ring. N-Oxidized and N-methylated bipyridine synthons served to introduce halogen regiospecificially prior to Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling with a 2-pyridylstannane.
Electrical transport and superconductivity in a Au-YBa2Cu3O7 percolation system.

Percolation behaviors of normal-state conductivity and superconductivity have been studied in a Au-Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ granular system. The normal-state conductivity shows a percolation threshold at a Au volume fraction ${p}_{\mathrm{Au}}$ of 23%, whereas the superconducting network shows a threshold at ${p}_{\mathrm{Au}}\ensuremath{\sim}60%$. The presence of Au has negligible effect on the superconducting Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ phase. In the dilute limit, the ratio of the Meissner signal to the diamagnetic-shielding signal approaches unity.
Flushing Out Antibodies to Make AAV Gene Therapy Available to More Patients

Six men with hemophilia recently underwent intravenous infusion of a vector based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 8 that expressed factor IX (FIX), which is deficient in such patients. Gene transfer led to levels of expression of FIX that were between 1% and 6% of that in normal individuals for more than two years, and to conversion from severe hemophilia B to mild or moderate disease.1,2 However, these patients had been carefully selected to exclude those with preexisting natural immunity against AAV in the form of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Such antibodies markedly impair gene expression in macaques and redirect vector DNA to the spleen.3 Of tested human serum samples, 75% have NAb titers of less than 1:10, a level that predicts successful gene transfer following systemic gene delivery.4 Unfortunately, one in four potential hemophilia gene therapy candidates will be excluded from treatment on the basis of excessive titers of NAb. It is this cohort of patients that Mimuro and colleagues set out to help in a study reported in this issue.5 They show that accessing the portal vein and purging the liver of venous blood with saline so as to minimize contact of the gene transfer vectors with NAbs can enhance the efficiency of vector transfer.
THE STORY OF TRANSGENIC CEREALS: THE CHALLENGE, THE DEBATE, AND THE SOLUTION – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Cereal grains have arguably been the most important source of food and nutrition for humans since the beginning of agriculture nearly 10 000 yr ago. Through much of this time only modest improvements in their quality and yield were attained through natural variation aided by human selection. Significant increases in productivity were made possible only after the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws of heredity at the beginning of the 20th century. These culminated with the exploitation of heterosis and the commercial production of hybrid maize in 1935, followed by the introduction of high-yielding Green Revolution varieties of wheat and rice in the mid-1960s. It is these new varieties that have made cereals the centerpiece of international agriculture, and are widely credited with saving hundreds of millions of human lives, and for spurring economic growth and food sufficiency in many countries, including China and India. Grain production increased 2–3% annually from the mid-1960s to about 1990, staying slightly ahead of the rate of human population growth. Since then annual increases in cereal productivity have declined to about 1%, lower than the rate of population increase. This has become a matter of serious concern for future food security. Many causes are attributed to this plateau in increasing productivity, including adverse soil, water, and environmental factors and the belief that cereals, like most other important food crops, may have reached the physiological limits of their productivity. There has been much discussion and argument, therefore, about finding new and more rapid means to improve crop productivity. Indra K. Vasil – born 1932 ( photo by M. Radlinski).
ArtsIN: Arts Integration and Infusion Framework

Teaching to meet the diverse learning needs of twenty-first century, global learners can be challenging, yet a growing body of research points to the proved successes of arts-infused and integrated curricula, especially for building capacity for learning and motivation. This article presents the ArtsIN: Arts Integration and Infusion framework, a both/and approach to arts-based learning. This means that it incorporates both arts infused learning essential for process and skill development in an art form, such as art disciplines of visual arts, dance, drama, music and media arts and integrated learning experiences embedded in children’s daily experience to generate rich meaningful cognitive connections to other disciplines into the classroom. Section “WHY ARTS? Key Concepts to Support an ArtsIN Framework” details four key concepts of the framework: global universality, embodiment, arts as multi-literacies and language, and the value of arts for advancing development. The mind–body connection of the arts to understand human interactions is explained through the capacities of five aesthetic operations—repetition, formalization, dynamic variation, and surprise. Section “ HOW ARTS? Implementing an ArtsIN Framework” provides examples and explains how arts infusion and integration can be implemented in early childhood settings through dynamic teacher roles as artist, researcher, designer, co-constructor, and advocate to meet students’ learning needs while connecting and collaborating with diverse cultural contexts that include families, artists, and community.
Discovery of drifting high‐frequency quasi‐periodic oscillations in global simulations of magnetic boundary layers

We report on the numerical discovery of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) associated with accretion through a non-axisymmetric magnetic boundary layer in the unstable regime, when two ordered equatorial streams form and rotate synchronously at approximately the angular velocity of the inner disc. The streams hit the star's surface producing hotspots. Rotation of the spots leads to high-frequency QPOs. We performed a number of simulation runs for different magnetospheric sizes from small to tiny, and observed a definite correlation between the inner disc radius and the QPO frequency: the frequency is higher when the magnetosphere is smaller. In the stable regime, a small magnetosphere forms and accretion through the usual funnel streams is observed, and the frequency of the star is expected to dominate the light curve. We performed exploratory investigations of the case in which the magnetosphere becomes negligibly small and the disc interacts with the star through an equatorial belt. We also performed investigation of somewhat larger magnetospheres where one or two ordered tongues may dominate over other chaotic tongues. In application to millisecond pulsars, we obtain QPO frequencies in the range of 350-990 Hz for one spot. The frequency associated with rotation of one spot may dominate if spots are not identical or antipodal. If the spots are similar and antipodal, then the frequencies are twice as high. We show that variation of the accretion rate leads to drift of the QPO peak.
Trends in Military Allocations Since 1816 What Goes Up Does Not Always Come Down

This study, which analyzes trends in major-power military allocations since the early 1800s, finds that while the base size of national armies has increased, new population resources have been chan...
Two-Dimensional Wind Tunnel and Computational Investigation of a Microtab Modified Airfoil

*† ‡ A computational and wind tunnel investigation into the effectiveness of a microtab-based aerodynamic load control system is presented. The microtab-based load control concept consists of a small tab, with a deployment height on the order of 1% of chord, which emerges approximately perpendicular to a lifting surface in the vicinity of the trailing edge. Lift mitigation is achieved by deploying the tabs on the upper (suction) surface of a lifting surface. Similarly, lift enhancement can be attained by tab deployment on the lower (pressure) surface of a lifting surface. A sensitivity analysis using Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes methods was conducted to determine optimal sizing and positioning of the tabs for active load control at a chord Reynolds number of 1.0 million for the S809 baseline airfoil. These numerical simulations provide insight into the flow phenomena that govern this promising load control system and guided tab placement during the wind tunnel study of the S809 airfoil. The numerical and experimental results are largely in agreement and demonstrate that load control through microtabs is viable. Future efforts will include a study of the unsteady load variations that occur during tab deployment and retraction, and three-dimensional issues involving spanwise tab placement and tab gaps.
Banana Justice: Field Notes on Philippine Crime and Custom

Preface Introduction Community Atmospheres Islands and Barangays Peacemaking Filipino Style Unexpected Dimensions of Social Control Special Themes Muslim-Christian Disputes The Impact of Terrorism Vigilante Activity Bribery and Extortion Toward Interpretations Considering Youth Marching as to Anarchy Summing Up Glossary References Index
A first generation cytogenetic ideogram for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) based on multiple chromosome banding techniques

Detailed chromosome studies were conducted for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) utilizing primary chromosome banding techniques (G- and Q-banding). Digital microscopic imaging methods were employed and a standard G-banded karyotype was constructed for both sexes. Based on chromosome banding patterns and measurements obtained in these studies, a standard karyotype and ideogram are proposed. Characterization of additional cytogenetic features of this species by supplemental chromosome banding techniques, C-banding (constitutive heterochromatin), Ag-NOR staining (nucleolar organizer regions), and DA/DAPI staining, was also performed. These studies provide detailed cytogenetic data for T. manatus latirostris, which could enhance future genetic mapping projects and interspecific and intraspecific genomic comparisons by techniques such as zoo–FISH.
Anthracyclines and their C-13 alcohol metabolites: growth inhibition and DNA damage following incubation with human tumor cells in culture.

Anthracyclines are important antitumor agents used in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphomas, and acute lymphoblastic as well as myelocytic leukemias. The clinical utility of agents such as doxorubicin and daunorubicin and their well-characterized cardiotoxicity have prompted many efforts to develop analogs that retain the desired spectrum of activity but are less cardiotoxic. One such analog is idarubicin (4-demethoxydaunorubicin), which is currently under study in the treatment of adult and pediatric leukemias. The major circulating metabolite of idarubicin is the alcohol product of ketoreductase biotransformation, idarubicinol. Following the administration of idarubicin to adult or pediatric patients, systemic exposure to idarubicinol is greater than that to idarubicin. Moreover, we have also documented the presence of idarubicinol in the cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric patients who have received idarubicin. Idarubicinol has been reported to have greater cytotoxic activity than other anthracycline alcohol metabolites, which are regarded as much less active products of metabolism. We therefore evaluated the growth-inhibitory and DNA-damaging activities of idarubicin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, and their alcohol metabolites against three relevant (CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic leukemia, K562 myelogenous leukemia, and U87-MG glioblastoma) human tumor cell lines. We found that whereas idarubicin was 2–5 times more potent than the other three anthracycline analogs against these tumor cell lines, idarubicinol was 16–122 times more active than the other alcohol metabolites against the same three cell lines. In addition, idarubicinol and the parent drug idarubicin were equipotent, unlike the other anthracycline alcohol metabolites, which were much less cytotoxic than the corresponding parent drugs. We also assessed the ability of the four parent drugs and their alcohol metabolites to induce DNA single-strand breaks. Idarubicin was more potent than the other three anthracycline analogs and idarubicinol was much more effective than the other alcohol metabolites in inducing DNA damage. These studies in human leukemia and human glioblastoma cell lines support the hypothesis that idarubicinol plays an important role in the antitumor activity of idarubicin and that the activities of idarubicin and idarubicinol are related to their ability to damage DNA.
Mapped discretization strategies for curvilinear adaptively redistributed grids in semiconductor device modeling

Abstract We develop numerical solution schemes for semiconductor device models based on mapped discretization strategies and curvilinear, nonuniform grids. Such grids typically arise in adaptive redistribution schemes, and they offer several advantages when gridding irregular domain shapes or resolving complex solution profiles. We consider the hydrodynamic class of equations as a representative model for carrier transport. A mathematical transformation of variables is used to map the device equations from the physical coordinate system to a reference system in which the numerical discretization is performed. We develop a Scharfetter–Gummel type of discretization, formulated in the mapped reference domain, for the current density and energy flux terms in the transport model. The solution of the mapped discrete system is carried out in a fully-coupled, implicit form, and nonsymmetric gradient-type iterative strategies are used for solving the algebraic systems. Numerical results demonstrating the performance of the scheme with and without mesh adaptation are presented for test problems.