cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adult head‐banging and stereotypic movement disorders

Stereotypic movement disorders (SMD) such as head-banging, which are common among children with mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorders, may also occur in intellectually normal adults. We report a 27-year history of daily head-banging with self-injury in a 49-year-old man with normal cognition. The patient had no personal or family history of Tourette's syndrome, tic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or mental retardation. The frequency of his stereotypical head-banging increased with anxiety, loud noises with startle, and boredom. He reported a sense of pleasure from his head-banging, and the frequency of this behavior decreased when he was treated with the opioid antagonist naltrexone. Although not diagnostic, the self-stimulatory or pleasurable component of head-banging, body-rocking, thumb-sucking, and other SMD may help distinguish them from tics, Tourette's syndrome, OCD, and deliberate self-harming behavior. This report reviews the disorders associated with SMD and discusses the potential mechanisms for these behaviors. The treatment of SMD includes drugs that work through opioid, serotonergic, or dopaminergic systems.
Complete recovery of acute monocular visual loss following endoscopic resection of anterior clinoid mucocele: Case report and review of the literature

Mucoceles are chronic non-neoplastic cystic lesions lined by mucus-secreting respiratory epithelium in the paranasal sinuses. Mucocele of the anterior clinoid process is a particularly rare entity most often presenting with rapidly progressive monocular blindness. The authors describe the case of a 32 year-old man who presented with acute painless visual loss in the left eye. Workup revealed an expansile lesion of the left anterior clinoid process with associated optic nerve compression. The patient underwent emergent endoscopic-assisted transnasal decompression of the optic nerve with full recovery of visual function. Early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention optimizes the chances of functional regain of visual acuity.
A dynamic model of a water treatment unit

For support of field medical units, the U.S. army is developing a self-contained waste water treatment system to produce portable water for use within the unit. To aid in developing the control strategy and the fault detection/fault isolation logic, a dynamic model of the system is being developed. The first phase of the effort is to develop models of the system's components, such a ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, ozonation, etc. These models are then combined to obtain a model for the complete system. To the greatest extent possible, fundamental equations form the basis of the models. In determining coefficients for the models, the the data was obtained from the experiments that formed the basis of the design of a pilot plant version of the unit. To refine the model, this data is then supplemented by operational data from the pilot plant.
Developmental changes in the expression of iron regulatory proteins and iron transport proteins in the perinatal rat brain.

The perinatal brain requires a tightly regulated iron transport system. Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) 1 and 2 are cytosolic proteins that regulate the stability of mRNA for the two major cellular iron transporters, transferrin receptor (TfR) and divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1). We studied the localization of IRPs, their change in expression during perinatal development, and their relationship to TfR and DMT-1 in rat brain between postnatal days (PND) 5 and 15. Twelve-micron frozen coronal sections of fixed brain tissue were obtained from iron-sufficient Sprague-Dawley rat pups on PND 5, 10, and 15, and were visualized at 20 to 1,000× light microscopy for diaminobenzidine activity after incubation with specific primary IRP-1, IRP-2, DMT-1, and TfR antibodies and a universal biotinylated secondary and tertiary antibody system. IRP and transport protein expression increased in parallel over time. IRP1, IRP2, and DMT-1 were partially expressed in the choroid plexus epithelial cells at PND 5 and 10, and fully expressed at PND 15. The cerebral blood vessels and ependymal cells strongly expressed IRP1, IRP2, and DMT-1 as early as PND 5. Substantive TfR staining was not seen in the choroid plexus or ependyma until PND 15. Glial and neuronal expression of IRP1, IRP2, DMT-1, and TfR in cortex, hippocampal subareas and striatum increased over time, but showed variability in cell number and intensity of expression based on brain region, cell type, and age. These developmental changes in IRP and transporter expression suggest potentially different time periods of brain structure vulnerability to iron deficiency or iron overload. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Saline‐Water Development Poses Problems in Metal Corrosiona

Saline waters usually are more corrosive to metals than ordinary fresh waters. To predict whether saline ground water will be corrosive to steel, it is necessary to understand the effect of such factors as: (1) the salt content, (2) the dissolved gases, (3) the pH, (4) the temperature, and (5) the tendency to form mineral scale. If the water contains several thousand parts per million of sodium and other chlorides, it is likely to attack many metals, particularly steel and low-alloy steels. Stainless steels, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and some nickel-base alloys also may be attacked, depending on conditions. Of the dissolved gases, oxygen is most important. The higher the oxygen content the more corrosive the saline water, particularly to steel. On the other hand, high-oxygen content tends to promote passivation of aluminum and stainless steels. If the saline water is acid (with a pH well below 5), direct attack of the metal accompanied by hydrogen evolution may be expected. Under these conditions, the rate of attack often is very rapid and oxygen is not needed for the corrosion reaction. As the temperature is increased, the corrosion rate usually is accelerated. However, if one considers a saline water at atmospheric pressure, an increase in temperature will reduce the oxygen solubility. It has been observed that high-temperature brines from anaerobic wells usually do not corrode steel. Also metastable waters, containing calcium and magnesium salts, may form mineral scale upon being heated. This scale, if it forms a tight coating, slows down or stops corrosion. Galvanic couples in equipment such as valves, pumps, screens, and well fittings in general, often are a serious corrosion problem in practice. It is recommended that pilot corrosion studies be made of candidate designs in a specific ground water at the pressure and temperature which exists in service. Many saline waters, particularly those containing oxygen, are found corrosive to common metals. Some of the factors which influence corrosion are described.
Labor mobilization, ethnohistory, and the archaeology of community in Hawai'i

Hawaiian ethnohistory has long been used to generate archaeological models of the past. However, continued reliance on the direct historical method has molded our view of ancient Hawaiian society into one of an unchanging and “timeless” instituion. This paper develops a more heuristic approach to studying the past by critically analyzing both ethnohistoric and archaeological data. A descriptive model of labor mobilization is presented that identifies a three-tiered continuum of labor organization. This model then is used as a springboard to examine the ethnohistoric and archaeological landscapes of Waiohuli, a traditional Hawaiian community. A temporal analysis of Waiohuli architectural energetics illustrates how certain social relationships were enhanced and emphasized by the construction and manipulation of the community's abuilt landscape over time. Results demonstrate that Waiohuli's pattern of social organization was not timeless at all, but shifted from a period of regional centralization and control over labor to one of community independence.
Microscopic pulmonary embolization by adenocarcinoma of prostate

Abstract Microscopic tumor embolization is an uncommon cause of respiratory insuffciency. This finding has been reported preciously in only 2 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The diagnosis should be suspected in a patient with cancer of the prostate who has unexplained dyspnea or respiratory failure. Treatment consists of either bilateral orchiectomy or hormonal therapy. A case is reported of adenocarcinoma of the prostate with widespread microscopic pulmonary embolization causing respiratory failure.
Family communication standards: What counts as excellent family communication and how are such standards associated with family satisfaction?

Despite a burgeoning literature about relational standards (i.e., individuals' ideals for what relationships should be like), little is known about the standards by which people judge communication in families. The 3 studies described in this article address several aspects of this gap in our understanding. First, through analytical induction of participants' descriptions of family communication standards, 15 different communication standards emerged. Two factor analyses based on these standards suggested that 10 distinct underlying dimensions describe participants' family communication standards. Second, individuals' endorsements of the various standards were compared with reports of their family's communication behaviors in order to determine whether the standards themselves (i.e., distressful ideals) or discrepancies between the standards and perceptions of behaviors (i.e., unmet ideals) were associated with individuals' satisfaction with their family. The findings suggested that both distressful ideals and unmet ideals are associated with family satisfaction. Third, certain family communication standards moderated the connection between perceptions of family behaviors and individuals' family satisfaction. The results were consistent with the notion that family communication standards are related to, but distinct from, general family communication schemata
Recent developments towards commercialization of solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are receiving an increasing level of attention for both small- and large-scale applications due their high fuel flexibility compared to other types of fuel cells. This article reviews recent work in SOFC materials research, with an emphasis on anodes that can directly utilize hydrocarbon fuels. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Unsaturated water flow around obstructions simulated by two-dimensional Rankine bodies

Unsaturated flow systems were studied which consisted of two-dimensional doublets embedded in a porous medium. The isolated flow regions formed around the doublets (source-sink combinations) were called Rankine bodies as a generalization of the classical geometries used in fluid mechanics for solutions to Laplace's equation. The motivation was to simulate unsaturated flow around subterranean objects, such as cavities and rock inclusions. The results were generally successful and patterns for single inclusions qualitatively matched more elaborate solutions based on scattering theory. A complex system (of five inclusions) was presented to simulate a layered case of rock inclusions within a profile.
Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis W23 genome by sedimentation.

Abstract Sedimentation measurements of DNA gently extracted from stationary-phase cells of Bacillus subtilis demonstrated molecules large enough to account for the total genome. The observed sedimentation coefficient of the putative genome showed a strong dependence on centrifuge speed and was, therefore, measured at very low speeds. The value for the sedimentation coefficient extrapolated to zero speed was 159 ± 19 s, from which was calculated molecular weights of (2.5 ± 1.2 0.8 ) × 10 9 a.m.u. for linear molecules and (1.8± 0.8 0.7 ) × 10 9 a.m.u. for circular molecules (relative to the following values for T2 DNA: 57 s and 132±12 × 10 daltons; Leighton & Rubenstein, 1969). The genome also showed extreme shear sensitivity.
Survival in bilateral breast cancer

The presence of bilateral invasive breast cancer places the patient in a state of double jeopardy. At Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the overall 10-year recurrence rate for unilateral Stage I breast cancer was 16%, whereas the recurrence rate for simultaneous, bilateral Stage I breast carcinoma was 29%: almost twice as high. The average 10-year survival of all patients with negative axillary nodes was 57%. In this retrospective analysis of 403 patients with bilateral primary operable breast cancer treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, significant differences were noted in the disease-free survival between patients with bilateral noninvasive cancer, bilateral invasive cancer, and the combination of invasive and in situ cancers. Bilateral intraductal cancer and lobular carcinoma in situ offered an excellent prognosis. The combination of preinvasive cancer on one side and infiltrating carcinoma on the other had the next best survival. The in situ lesion, when treated by mastectomy, did not alter the patients' life expectancy from that of the general population with unilateral breast cancer, thus indicating that surgeons should strive to detect breast cancer in its preinvasive form. The 5- and 10-year relapse-free survival of patients with bilateral invasive disease, regardless of axillary nodal status and tumor size, was 60% and 51%, respectively, for patients with a bilateral presentation and 54% and 38%, respectively, for carcinomas presenting metachronously. More important in determining prognosis, however, was the number of axillary nodes involved and the level of involvement. Invasion of bilateral axillary nodes at all levels predicted a poor prognosis. Because of this shortened survival, systemic adjuvant therapy should be considered for patients with bilateral invasive disease. The most common preinvasive breast cancer was lobular carcinoma in situ and the most frequently invasive tumor was infiltrating duct cancer. Since a contralateral breast cancer at the time of definitive treatment of the first side does not always present as a mass or with positive mammography, a random biopsy of the second breast is recommended. This should be done in the upper, outer quadrant and should include the subareolar area. With prompt adequate treatment, it is expected that survival from bilateral breast cancer should improve.
UGV acceptance testing

With over 100 models of unmanned vehicles now available for military and civilian safety, security or rescue applications, it is important to for agencies to establish acceptance testing. However, there appears to be no general guidelines for what constitutes a reasonable acceptance test. This paper describes i) a preliminary method for acceptance testing by a customer of the mechanical and electrical components of an unmanned ground vehicle system, ii) how it has been applied to a man-packable micro-robot, and iii) discusses the value of testing both to ensure that the customer has a workable system and to improve design. The test method automated the operation of the robot to repeatedly exercise all aspects and combinations of components on the robot for 6 hours. The acceptance testing process uncovered many failures consistent with those shown to occur in the field, showing that testing by the user does predict failures. The process also demonstrated that the testing by the manufacturer can provide important design data that can be used to identify, diagnose, and prevent long-term problems. Also, the structured testing environment showed that sensor systems can be used to predict errors and changes in performance, as well as uncovering unmodeled behavior in subsystems.
The use of glial data in human health assessments of environmental contaminants.

Abstract Central nervous system (CNS) glia (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) are essential for maintaining neuronal homeostasis, and they orchestrate an organized cellular response to CNS injury. In addition to their beneficial roles, studies have demonstrated that disrupted glial function can have disastrous consequences on neuronal health. While effects on neuron-supportive glia are important to consider when evaluating neurotoxicity risk, interpreting glial changes is not always straightforward, particularly when attempting to discern pro-neurotoxic phenotypes from homeostatic processes or adaptive responses. To better understand how glia have been characterized and used in human health assessments of environmental contaminants (e.g., chemicals), an evaluation of all finalized assessments conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s influential Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) program between 1987 and 2013 was performed. Human health assessments to date have placed a clear emphasis on the neuronal cell response to potential toxicants, although more recent assessments increasingly include descriptions of glial changes. However, these descriptions are generally brief and non-specific, and they primarily consist of documenting gliosis following overt neuronal injury. As research interest in this topic continues to increase, methods for evaluating changes in glia continue to be expanded and refined, and assessors’ confidence in the reliability of these data is likely to rise. Thus, glial data are anticipated to have an increasingly influential impact on the interpretation of neurotoxicity risk and underlying mechanisms. As our understanding of the complex roles these cells play grows, this knowledge is expected to support the inclusion of more extensive and specific descriptions of glial changes, including informed interpretations of the potential impact on CNS health, in future human health assessments.
Outer membrane permeability in Pseudomonas cepacia: diminished porin content in a beta-lactam-resistant mutant and in resistant cystic fibrosis isolates.

Since beta-lactam resistance is a feature of Pseudomonas cepacia isolates causing pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis (CF), this study was undertaken to determine whether alterations in beta-lactam permeability mediate drug resistance in this species. A beta-lactam-susceptible non-CF isolate (strain 75-26), a resistant mutant derived from 75-26 by selection for cross-resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime, and two resistant CF isolates of P. cepacia were used. Permeability constants were calculated from the rate of nitrocefin hydrolysis in intact bacterial cells. Qualitative changes in outer membrane proteins were determined electrophoretically. The permeability constants of the mutant and the resistant CF isolates were lower than the value for the reference strain, 75-26. Whereas the lipopolysaccharide side chains were present in the test and reference strains, the resistant mutant and the CF isolates contained reduced amounts of the 36-kilodalton (kDa) outer membrane protein and failed to express the 27-kDa outer membrane protein. These observations suggest that the 27-kDa outer membrane protein may be a major porin or a major protein component of the porin complex in P. cepacia and that decreased expression of the 36-kDa outer membrane and loss of the 27-kDa porin are associated with high-level beta-lactam resistance in some CF isolates of P. cepacia. Images
Tungstic acid gel as a focal epileptogenic agent

Abstract The use of tungstic acid gel as an epileptogenic agent is reviewed and the results of its application in 54 cats is described. It is a highly effective compound for producing acute, focal, recurring, electrographic seizures. It is particularly useful in studies in which there is a need to follow the spread of afterdischarge from a cortical focus without the necessity of introducing exogenous drugs to produce sustained afterdischarge.
Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and salmonella infection in BALB/c mice by sialyloligosaccharides and their derivatives from chicken egg yolk.

The effects of an egg-yolk-derived sialyloligosaccharide (YDS), asialo-YDS, and a sialylglycopeptide of YDS (SGP) on bacterial adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells and on Salmonella infection in BALB/c mice were examined. YDS, its derivative asialo-YDS, and SGP strongly inhibited the binding of Salmonella enteritidis but not E. coli K-88 to a human epithelial cell line, Caco-2. In a Salmonella infection experiment using BALB/c mice, oral administration of these reagents effectively prevented the bacteria from proliferating in spleen, as well as preventing lethality. An experiment using radioactive SGP orally administered to mice revealed that the compound was absorbed from the intestine into blood and eliminated via urine within 8 h. However, these reagents did not influence the production of TNF-α or NO· in culture macrophages. The results suggest that they inhibit Salmonella infection not by activating macrophages but by inhibiting the entry of bacteria through the gut, suggesting that YDS and its de...
Compound tectonic fabrics in singly folded rocks from southwest Virginia U.S.A.

Abstract A compound tectonic fabric is associated with folded and faulted calcareous mudrock in the foreland fold-and thrust-belt of the Appalachian orogen. Two approximately coplanar spaced cleavages evolved during one episode of folding. An earlier close-spaced (40 μ spacing) domainal microfabric is overprinted by, and transitional with a wider spaced (2–3 cm spacing), spaced-disjunctive cleavage. Development of the spaced cleavage from the domainal microfabric is considered due to a change in dominant deformation-mode from controlled grain-boundary sliding to pressure-solution. Factors which determine whether single or compound cleavage fabrics develop in singly folded rocks may relate to the timing of cleavage-forming deformation increments relative to metamorphic dehydration-reactions. At low metamorphic grade (anchimetamorphism to low greenschist facies) it is proposed that grain-alignment cleavage will develop when reactions are concomitant with deformation, whereas a spaced cleavage will develop when reactions are inhibited or have gone to completion. Compound tectonic fabrics result when reactions either undergo completion or are initiated during the period of cleavage formation. There are three distinct geometrical associations of compound fabrics and folds. These associations are determined by the relative timing of formation of the various cleavages with respect to the folding.
Evolutionary Dynamics of the Accessory Genome of Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne bacterial pathogen, is comprised of four phylogenetic lineages that vary with regard to their serotypes and distribution among sources. In order to characterize lineage-specific genomic diversity within L. monocytogenes, we sequenced the genomes of eight strains from several lineages and serotypes, and characterized the accessory genome, which was hypothesized to contribute to phenotypic differences across lineages. The eight L. monocytogenes genomes sequenced range in size from 2.85-3.14 Mb, encode 2,822-3,187 genes, and include the first publicly available sequenced representatives of serotypes 1/2c, 3a and 4c. Mapping of the distribution of accessory genes revealed two distinct regions of the L. monocytogenes chromosome: an accessory-rich region in the first 65° adjacent to the origin of replication and a more stable region in the remaining 295°. This pattern of genome organization is distinct from that of related bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The accessory genome of all lineages is enriched for cell surface-related genes and phosphotransferase systems, and transcriptional regulators, highlighting the selective pressures faced by contemporary strains from their hosts, other microbes, and their environment. Phylogenetic analysis of O-antigen genes and gene clusters predicts that serotype 4 was ancestral in L. monocytogenes and serotype 1/2 associated gene clusters were putatively introduced through horizontal gene transfer in the ancestral population of L. monocytogenes lineage I and II.
Changes in passive mechanical stiffness of myocardial tissue with aneurysm formation.

BACKGROUND Myocardium undergoes complex cellular and histochemical alterations after acute myocardial infarction. These structural changes directly affect the mechanical stiffness of infarcted and remote myocardia. Previous investigations of infarct stiffness have been limited to uniaxial testing, which does not provide a unique description of the tissue9s three-dimensional material properties. This study describes the first serial measurements of biaxial mechanical properties of sheep myocardium after anteroapical infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS Anteroapical infarctions of 23.7 +/- 2.5% of the left ventricular mass were produced by coronary arterial ligation in sheep. Biaxial force-extension measurements were made on freshly excised squares (6.45 cm2) of remote, noninfarcted, and infarcted myocardia before and 4 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks after ligation. Adjacent myocardial samples were assayed for hydroxyproline content. Force-extension data and a derived constitutive equation were used to describe stresses and strains and material properties of each sample. In sheep, anteroapical infarctions evolve into thin left ventricular aneurysms that consist of predominantly fibrous tissue with disrupted groups of muscle cells encased in scar. In the infarct, Cauchy stresses at 15% extensions (control stresses: circumferential, sigma C, 19.4 +/- 3.3 g/cm2; longitudinal, sigma L, 54.8 +/- 34.8 g/cm2) increase within 4 hours, peak at 1 to 2 weeks (sigma C, 338.5 +/- 143.6 g/cm2; sigma L, 310.7 +/- 45.9 g/cm2), and then decrease 6 weeks after infarction (sigma C, 115 +/- 47.2 g/cm2; sigma L, 53.2 +/-28.9 g/cm2). Stresses in the remote myocardium follow a similar time course but to a lesser extent than the infarcted region. Hydroxyproline content, a measure of collagen content, does not correlate with infarct stiffness but progressively increases to 69.7 +/- 7.6 micrograms/mg after 6 weeks. Stress-extension curves demonstrate directional anisotropy of both infarcted and remote myocardia. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that infarcted myocardium becomes more stiff during the first 1 to 2 weeks after anteroapical infarction and then more compliant. The infarct also exhibits directional anisotropy. These observations underscore the importance of ventricular material properties during the remodeling process after acute myocardial infarction and may partially explain the progressive left ventricular dilatation and functional deterioration that occur in some patients after anteroapical infarction.
Proposal for a precision measurement of |Vub|.

A new method for a precision measurement of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element $|{V}_{ub}|$ is discussed, which combines good theoretical control with high efficiency and a powerful discrimination against charm background. The resulting combined theoretical uncertainty on $|{V}_{ub}|$ is estimated to be 10%.
The status of small mpa programs: A commitment to quality, diversity, and uniqueness

Smaller graduate programs in public administration and public affairs represent a significant portion of NASPAA member programs. As a result, decisions by leaders of the profession concerning these small programs must be guided by a comprehensive assessment of their needs as is done with larger MPA programs. The purpose of this research effort is to identify the needs of the small MPA program constituency. A survey of 84 directors of small MPA programs was conducted to define small programs, review NASPAA guidelines and standards and their application to smaller programs, and to address small program involvement in NASPAA governance. The results show a commitment to quality, from these directors, for all programs regardless of size or reputation, and the findings indicate diversity and uniqueness among small MPA programs.
Increased severity of foliar diseases of sweet corn infected with maize dwarf mosaic and sugarcane mosaic viruses.

Maize dwarf mosaic (MDM), caused by Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), is an economically important viral disease of sweet corn (Zea mays). MDM is known to increase the severity of fungal root rots and southern corn leaf blight (SCLB). The effect of infection with MDMV-A and SCMV on eight foliar diseases was evaluated on 32 sweet corn hybrids (27 MDM-susceptible hybrids and five MDM-resistant hybrids) in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Virus infection substantially increased the severity of five diseases, including: SCLB, northern corn leaf spot (NCLS), gray leaf spot (GLS), Diplodia leaf streak (DLS), and eyespot. Among MDM-susceptible hybrids, mean severity of SCLB, NCLS, GLS, DLS, and eyespot on virus-infected plants was typically double that of plants that were asymptomatic of viral infection. Three diseases were not substantially increased by MDM, including: common rust, northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), and Stewart's wilt. Virus infection appeared to affect the severity of diseases caused by necrotrophic foliar fungi that colonize mesophyll tissue. MDM did not appear to substantially affect the severity of diseases caused by pathogens that form haustoria or invade the vascular system. The extent to which SCLB severity is increased by MDM in terms of changes in level of host resistance also was determined. For MDM-susceptible hybrids, reactions to SCLB ranged from resistant to moderately susceptible in MDM-free treatments, but each of these hybrids was classified as moderately susceptible to susceptible when infected with MDMV-A and/or SCMV. The results of this experiment demonstrate the importance of breeding for MDM resistance, not only to control this important viral disease of sweet corn, but also to lower the potential for detrimental effects from several other foliar diseases that often are of minor importance on sweet corn in the absence of MDM.
Triple oxygen isotopes in biogenic and sedimentary carbonates

Abstract The 17 O anomaly ( Δ 17 O) of natural waters has been shown to be sensitive to evaporation in a way analogous to deuterium excess, with evaporated bodies of water (e.g., leaf waters, lake waters, animal body waters) tending to have lower Δ 17 O than primary meteoric waters. In animal body water, Δ 17 O relates to the intake of evaporated waters, evaporative effluxes of water, and the Δ 17 O value of atmospheric O 2 , which itself carries signatures of global carbon cycling and photochemical reactions in the stratosphere. Carbonates have the potential to record the triple oxygen isotope compositions of parent waters, allowing reconstruction of past water compositions, but such investigations have awaited development of methods for high-precision measurement of Δ 17 O of carbonate. We describe optimized methods based on a sequential acid digestion/reduction/fluorination approach that yield Δ 17 O data with the high precision (∼0.010‰, 1 σ ) needed to resolve subtle environmental signals. We report the first high-precision Δ 17 O dataset for terrestrial carbonates, focusing on vertebrate biogenic carbonates and soil carbonates, but also including marine invertebrates and high-temperature carbonates. We determine apparent three-isotope fractionation factors between the O 2 analyte derived from carbonate and the parent waters of the carbonate. These in combination with appropriate temperature estimates (from clumped isotope thermometry, or known or estimated body temperatures) are used to calculate the δ 18 O and Δ 17 O of parent waters. The clearest pattern to emerge is the strong 17 O-depletion in avian, dinosaurian, and mammalian body water (from analyses of eggshell and tooth enamel) relative to meteoric waters, following expected influences of evaporated water (e.g., leaf water) and atmospheric O 2 on vertebrate body water. Parent waters of the soil carbonates studied here have Δ 17 O values that are similar to or slightly lower than global precipitation. Our results suggest that Δ 17 O will have useful application to paleoenvironmental studies of continental environments where the effects of evaporation are important, and where vertebrate body water may record an isotopic signal of evaporated water sources and atmospheric oxygen.
Supporting Feature-Level Software Maintenance

The proposed research defines data fusion approaches to support software maintenance tasks at the feature level. Static, dynamic, and textual sources of information are combined to locate the implementation of features in source code. Structural and textual source code information is used to define feature coupling metrics to aid feature-level impact analysis. This paper provides details on the proposed approaches and evaluation strategies as well as some preliminary results.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Vocational Rehabilitation for People With Psychiatric Disabilities

In this study, the researchers examined the effectiveness of two vocational rehabilitation interventions in improving employment, educational, clinical, and quality-of-life outcomes for people with...
Most Humble Servants: The Advisory Role of Early Judges

It has long been assumed that throughout the history of the United States, the role of judges was limited to adjudicating cases and did not include performing other official functions for the executive and legislative branches of government. This book challenges that assumption, investigating the variety of duties judges performed until the end of the eighteenth century and exploring why a new separation of powers developed only after 1793. Stewart Jay shows that early judges in both the United States and Great Britain provided extrajudicial advisory opinions to the executive, took administrative assignments, assisted in legislative drafting, and even held offices in other branches of government. In 1793, however, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to answer the Washington administration's request for legal advice on American treaty relations with France. Jay argues that if we take into consideration late eighteenth-century theories of separation of powers and the probable intent of the Framers of the Constitution, no significant constitutional barriers prevented the Court from answering Washington's questions. The actual reasons for the Court's refusal were related to the practical consequences that would result if the Justices issued a formal advisory opinion during a foreign policy crisis. Similarly, says Jay, British judges of the same period also abandoned advisory opinions owing to pragmatic concerns. Jay thus offers a revisionary account of the 1793 political-legal crisis, a landmark event in the formation of the American judiciary and the doctrine of separation of powers.
Automated artifact-free seafloor surface reconstruction with two-step ODETLAP

We present an updated artifact-free seafloor surface reconstruction scheme which preserves more terrain features than our previous attempt using overdetermined Laplacian Partial Differential Equation (ODETLAP) and automates the adjustment of smoothing parameter. The high resolution version of such a surface fitting problem remains a challenge since we are still confined to extremely unevenly distributed depth samples collected along and near the ships, in which case numerous generic reconstruction algorithms generate unacceptable surfaces featuring abnormal depth fluctuations which are correlated with the trackline locations. Previously we reported the use a modified ODETLAP scheme, which integrates data-density-dependent smoothing into the reconstruction process, to generate surfaces which are free from such acquisition footprint. However, that scheme still suffers from terrain feature loss due to smoothing, and the reliance of human to decide appropriate smoothing factor. This paper aims to fix these two problems with a two-step ODETLAP procedure. The procedure first applies an accuracy-biased ODETLAP to complete the missing depth data from the given samples. After that, the vigorous depth fluctuations along the tracklines are removed by applying a smoothing-biased ODETLAP on the completed depth grid. To decide the optimal smoothing factor automatically, the procedure computes the areas of the individual bumps on the reconstructed surface. A surface suffering heavily from the artifacts has many small bumps but few big ones. Smoothing reduces such skewness. We find that for many datasets, the artifact is mostly gone when the coefficient of variation of the areas drops to around 1.3. Using that value to gauge the smoothing factor, the automated scheme successfully generates artifact-free seafloor surfaces within a limited error budget.
Solid State Pulse Adding System for Transient Plasma Ignition

Summary form only given. This pulse generator was developed to provide a compact, cost effective method for transient plasma ignition ref , and provided means for comparisons between the effects of 20 ns and 75ns pulses for ignition applications. A pulse adding method is outlined, wherein a fast pulse (20 ns) is added to a slow pulse (10's mus) to induce streamer formation under conditions where breakdown will not normally occur. With this topology, about half of the energy is delivered through the slow pulse, which relaxed the requirement for ultra fast switch and simplified the fast high voltage system design. The fast pulse generator based on magnetic reactor driven diode opening switch produces a 20 ns, 60 kV pulse, which at ambient atmosphere conditions will not break down gaps over frac14". 1 This fast pulse is then added to a slow rising pulse produced via flyback rapid charger, providing a 30 kV, 30 mus pulse. 2 At same peak output voltage level, the dual pulse system in a smaller gap (0.6") was able to achieve similar results as the pseudospark switched pulse generator (~60 kV, 50 ns) in a CH4-air, Phi=l, 1 atm, in a largergap (1.3"). The latest dual pulse system is able to deliver higher peak voltage than the pseudospark generator. The ignition performance at higher peak voltage is under investigation. Additionally an alternate pulse generator design is outlined that is based solely on magnetic compression.
The direct observation of secondary radical chain chemistry in the heterogeneous reaction of chlorine atoms with submicron squalane droplets.

The reaction of Cl atoms, in the presence of Cl2 and O2, with sub-micron squalane particles is used as a model system to explore how surface hydrogen abstraction reactions initiate chain reactions that rapidly transform the chemical composition of an organic particle. The heterogeneous reaction is measured in a photochemical flow tube reactor in which chlorine atoms are produced by the photolysis of Cl2 at 365 nm. By monitoring the heterogeneous reaction, using a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol mass spectrometer, the effective reactive uptake coefficient and the distributions of both oxygenated and chlorinated reaction products are measured and found to depend sensitively upon O2, Cl2, and Cl concentrations in the flow reactor. In the absence of O2, the effective reactive uptake coefficient monotonically increases with Cl2 concentration to a value of ∼3, clearly indicating the presence of secondary chain chemistry occurring in the condensed phase. The effective uptake coefficient decreases with increasing O2 approaching a diffusion corrected value of 0.65 ± 0.07, when 20% of the total nitrogen flow rate in the reactor is replaced with O2. Using a kinetic model it is found that the amount of secondary chemistry and the product distributions in the aerosol phase are controlled by the competitive reaction rates of O2 and Cl2 with alkyl radicals. The role that a heterogeneous pathway might play in the reaction of alkyl radicals with O2 and Cl2 is investigated within a reasonable range of reaction parameters. These results show, more generally, that for heterogeneous reactions involving secondary chain chemistry, time and radical concentration are not interchangeable kinetic quantities, but rather the observed reaction rate and product formation chemistry depends sensitively upon the concentrations and time evolution of radical initiators and those species that propagate or terminate free radical chain reactions.
A study of inertial effects in granular bed filtration

The filtration efficiency of a granular bed filter was investigated in the domain where inertial effects are dominant. A filtration model predicting single sphere and total bed efficiencies based on trajectory calculations of dust particles in the voids of the granular bed was developed. The model uses the flow field in a bed of spheres arranged in a body-centered cubic array for which the filtration efficiency was found to be a function of a modified Stokes number defined by St' = St X F where the function F depends only on the Reynolds number. The value of the function F can be found experimentally or predicted from the Ergun correlation to be F = 1 + 0.0157 Re. The filtration efficiency calculated using the model agrees well with experimental results obtained in beds of dense cubic packing of spheres especially at relatively low Reynolds numbers (Re 0.01). The prediction of the theoretical model also agrees well with experimental data for randomly packed beds at low porosities and low Reynolds numbers.
Effects of somatostatin and urotensin II on tilapia pituitary prolactin release and interactions between somatostatin, osmotic pressure Ca++, and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in prolactin release in vitro.

Both somatostatin (SRIF) and urotensin II, a dodecapeptide from the teleost caudal neurosecretory system, inhibit PRL release from the organ-cultured rostral pars distalis of the tilapia, Sarotherodon mossambicus, in a dose-related manner. The inhibitory action of SRIF on PRL release was completely prevented by the presence of the calcium ionophore A 23187. PRL release was also blocked when Ca++ was excluded from the incubation medium, even in the presence of the ionophore. Both dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine, alone or in combination, stimulated PRL release during incubation in high osmotic pressure medium. The effect of dbcAMP appeared to be dose related. Together, dbcAMP and 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine were also effective in preventing the inhibition of PRL release by SRIF. These results are consistent with the notion that Ca++, and possibly cAMP, may be important mediators of PRL secretion, and it is likely that SRIF may inhibit PRL release by bl...
Topical nitroglycerin and lidocaine locally vasodilate the radial artery without affecting systemic blood pressure: a dose-finding phase I study.

Abstract Purpose Small radial artery diameter (RAD) and vasospasm are barriers to radial artery cannulation. We performed this study to determine if topical nitroglycerin and/or nitroglycerin plus topical lidocaine increases RAD without affecting systemic blood pressure. Materials and Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. In the first visit, to determine the optimal dose of nitroglycerin, subjects were randomized to either 15 or 30 mg nitroglycerin on one wrist and placebo on the other. In visit 2, to assess for any effect of lidocaine on the vasodilator function of nitroglycerin, the same subjects were randomized to 20 mg lidocaine + 30 mg nitroglycerin vs 20 mg lidocaine + placebo, or 40 mg lidocaine + 30 mg nitroglycerin vs 40 mg lidocaine + placebo. In both visits, blood pressure and RAD using ultrasonography were measured for 2 hours. Results In visit 1, both nitroglycerin groups significantly increased RAD, with greater increases with 30 mg nitroglycerin ( P P P Conclusions Topical nitroglycerin and lidocaine significantly increase RAD within 30 to 60 minutes with no effect on contralateral radial artery or blood pressure, indicating a direct, local effect on the radial artery. ( Clinicaltrials.gov number NCT00686231 )
RFI/EMI automated measurement system (REAMS)

The Department of Defense (DoD) has directed the implementation of an electromagnetic compatibility program (EMCP). This directive addresses the need to measure, monitor, and characterize the effects of man-made and naturally occurring electromagnetic noise or interference. To fill this need, the DoD Electromagnetic Compatibility Technical Center (ECTC) developed the RFI/EMI automated measurement system (REAMS). REAMS is a scientific, yet practical system for performing electromagnetic (EM) site surveys, with frequency coverage from 100 Hz to 18 GHz, instead of the usual 10 KHz to 10 GHz. REAMS uses deployable field subsystems to collect first-order noise statistics and spectrum occupancy data, and a minicomputer-based noise data analysis subsystem (NDAS) for extraction of higher-order noise statistics and database management. REAMS deployments have resulted in the collection of high-precision, real-time amplitude probability distribution curves of electromagnetic interference (EMI) disturbances commonly observed at DoD communication sites. >
Investigation of mb and MS formulas for the Western United States and their impact on the MS/mb discriminant

The impact of regional mb and MS formulas on regional MS / mb discrimination is investigated using a large number of Western United States earthquakes and explosions. Comparison of NEIS mb values with regional mb values shows a systematic error of 1.2. Additionally, a simple analysis of variance shows that the variance of the magnitude estimate is reduced when log( A ) replaces log( A / T ). These changes, along with a refinement of the distance correction, yield a new regional mb for the Western United States given by mb = log( A ) + 2.4 log(Δ) − 3.95 + cj , where A = 0 to peak amplitude in nanometers, Δ is the distance in kilometers, and ci is a station correction. Usage of this formula improves the performance of regional MS / mb discrimination by a factor of 2 to 6.
Multi-screen Micro-computer Text Display Device

A previously developed micro-computer system has been expanded to allow rapid display of text on three CRTs. A flexible software system allows workers with minimal computer expertise to create experimental text displays for studies of eye movements and head movements in simple reading tasks. Words or groups of words can be flashed in the center of any of the CRT screens at pre-determined rates and for pre-determined durations. All aspects of the display timing and control are determined by a disk file containing commands and text. This file is easy to create with standard word processing software. A simple hardware interface allows the computer's parallel pi-inter port to control text display on any combination of the three screens. Expansion to more screens is possible. The use of progressive lenses such as VARILUX II (R) is thought to require adaptation of the patient's head movements for effective reading ability. The system has been used in preliminary experiments to test these effects.
Direct correlation functions for three-site and four-site water models

ABSTRACTDirect correlation functions (DCFs) play a pivotal role in modern liquid-state theories and are virtually indispensable for non-mean-field implementation of the classical density functional theory (cDFT). Whereas analytical expressions have been derived for the DCFs of simple fluids and electrolytes, DCFs for molecular systems are attainable only through numerical solution of the integral-equation theories in combination with molecular simulation or an approximate closure. Unlike radial distribution functions, DCFs reflect the variational of the local chemical potential of individual atoms/interaction sites with the density-profile fluctuations, which are difficult to be sampled from the simulation trajectory. This article presents an improved numerical procedure to calculate the DCFs of three-site (SPC/E and TIP3P) and four-site (TIP4P-Ew) water models based on the reference interaction site model and molecular dynamics simulations. In combination with the modified fundamental measure theory for ...