cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ionophore feeding and anthelmintic administration on age and weight at puberty in spring-born beef heifers.

Two hundred eighty-eight heifer calves in two 1-yr replications were used to test the hypothesis that ionophore (ION) feeding, anthelmintic (ANT) administration, or the combination (COMB) would cause heifers to express pubertal estrus at a younger age than control (CONT) heifers. Heifers were assigned randomly within three weight blocks in a randomized complete block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. A high-fiber diet was fed for 172 d during yr 1 (Y1) and 199 d during yr 2 (Y2). Monensin sodium (200mg.animal-1.d-1) was fed to ION and COMB treatments and ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of BW) was given to ANT and COMB groups at weaning and 84 d later. Rate of gain was monitored every 21 d and diet intake was adjusted to obtain equal rates of gain across treatments. Fecal samples were collected from one-third of the heifers in each group and analyzed for internal parasite egg counts every 21 d. Serum progesterone samples taken twice weekly were used to estimate onset of puberty. There was no treatment x year interaction in any parameter measured and the data were pooled across both years. Total weight gain was similar (P > .10) for all treatments. Fecal egg output decreased (P .10) in age and weight at puberty between COMB, ION, or ANT heifers. During Y1, but not Y2, there were a greater (P .10).
Flying and Handling Qualities

This chapter explores the flying and handling qualities of an aeroplane. These qualities are those properties that govern the ease and precision with which the aeroplane responds to pilot commands in the execution of the flight task. Although these rather intangible properties are described qualitatively and are formulated in terms of pilot opinion, it becomes necessary to find alternative quantitative descriptions for more formal analytical purposes. The flying and handling qualities of an aeroplane are, in part, intimately dependent on its stability and control characteristics. This includes the effects of a flight control system when one is installed. The stability and control parameters of an aeroplane are commonly used as indicators and measures of the flying and handling qualities. So, the object of the chapter is to introduce, at an introductory level, the way in which stability and control parameters are used to quantify the flying and handling qualities of an aeroplane. Various examples have been explained throughout the text for better illustration of the subject. The chapter classifies the aeroplane and defines its flight phase. It emphasizes on the importance of the design of an aeroplane and thus a designer designs to achieve the highest level of flying qualities whereas, an evaluator confirms that this gets accomplished.
Sensor-based estimation of BTEX concentrations in water samples using recursive least squares and Kalman filter techniques

This work investigates sensor signal processing approaches that can be used with a sensor system for direct on-site monitoring of groundwater, enabling detection and quantification of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) compounds at μg/L (ppb) concentrations in the presence of interferents commonly found in groundwater. A model for the sensor response to water samples containing multiple analytes was first formulated based on experimental results. The first signal processing approach utilizes only RLSE (recursive least squares estimation) whereas the second, a two-step processing technique, utilizes both RLSE and bank of Kalman filters for the estimation process. The estimation techniques were tested using actual sensor responses to contaminated groundwater samples. Results indicate that relatively accurate concentration estimates (within ±15–23% for benzene) can be obtained in near-real time using these techniques. The two-step processing technique gave more accurate results. This approach allows the use of a single sensor, even for multiple analyte detection and quantification.
Vagant cryptogams in a paramo of the high Venezuelan Andes.

Summary Five types of vagant cryptogams are found in the high-elevation areas of the Paramo de Piedras Blancas, in the northern (Venezuelan) Andes. Unattached, free-growing specimens of the lichens Thamnolia vermicularis (S w .) A ch . ex S chaerer and Xanthoparmelia vagans (N ylander ) H ale are blown about by the wind. T. vermicularis is the most common vagant plant of this paramo, where it is nearly ubiquitous. Populations of X. vagans are more restricted, and have been found only above 4375 m. Small spheroidal masses of soil covered by the lichen Catapyrenium lachneum (A ch .) R. S antesson or the moss Grimmia longirostris H ook . are disturbed and transported by soil-frost activity (needle ice) aided by gravitational descent. Only one sizable population of C. lachneum globoids was located at 4540 m, while several populations of moss balls of G. longirostris were found between 4290 and 4570 m. Small soil buds and nubbins, common on the ground surface of the high paramo, are often covered by an unidentified species of Marsupella (Hepaticae ). A few vagant globular specimens of this liverwort containing soil inclusions were found at 4540 m; these were probably detached from the ground surface by frost activity. This diverse community of erratic cryptogams is the first to be ever described for the Andean cordillera.
Difficult Cases and Complications from the Catheterization Laboratory: A Case of Nitinol Intolerance

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) affects up to 20 % of the adult population and has been linked with several clinical conditions including migraines, obstructive sleep apnea, and recurrent transient neurologic deficits [1]. PFOs have been observed in up to 40 % of patients presenting with cryptogenic stroke, which represents a particular clinical challenge [2]. To date, three randomized clinical trials have been published evaluating the efficacy of percutaneous PFO closure [3–5]. As ongoing trials continue to define the role of percutaneous PFO closure, an estimated 8000 closure procedures are performed annually in the United States. The overall safety of PFO closure has been demonstrated in several observational studies; however, complications do arise. A retrospective analysis involving 13,736 device implantations over 18 institutions showed a 0.28 % rate of device explantation [7]. While the overall rate of explantation is low, the necessity for open heart surgery makes this a particularly worrisome outcome.
Hematologic manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency in swine.

In an effort to produce a deficiency of vitamin B12 a total of 70 pigs were fed a purified diet containing soybean alpha protein in place of casein. One group of animals was started on the diet at 2 to 7 days of age. A second group began at 21 to 28 days of age. Methionine, iodinate casein, desiccated thyroid and pteroylglutamic acid were added to the diet of certain animals and! omitted from the diet of other pigs. In addition, 9 pigs were gastrectomized. Forty-three of the animals survived for a sufficiently long period of time for adequate evaluation of the results of the experiment. Severe liver damage was observed in 24 of the 25 animals autopsied. The only animal not showing liver damage received vitamin B12 from the beginning of the experiment. Necrosis of the liver cells, fatty infiltration, or both, occurred in the presence of a high fat diet containing apparently adequate amounts of protein, choline, vitamin E and methionine. These pathologic changes were apparently prevented but not reversed by the administration of vitamin B12. Growth of the animals on the above diets without added vitamin B12 was retarded as compared with the growth of animals on the same diet supplemented with this vitamin. The administration of vitamin B12 to the deficient animals resulted in rapid growth. Of the 39 animals not receiving vitamin B12 13 failed to develop anemia, 16 developed a mild anemia and in 10 a moderately severe anemia was present. When present the anemia was normocytic and in 24 pigs was accompanied by a moderately severe neutropenia. Differential cell counts on the sternal marrow were normal except for a slight increase in the proportion of normoblasts. These hematologic alterations were neither consistently or completely corrected by the administration of vitamin B12 in spite of the fact that definite and sometimes marked reticulocyte increases followed. When methionine deficiency was associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia appeared to be more severe. The administration of aureomycin, an "animal protein factor," did not stimulate growth and failed to induce a hemopoietic response. There was no macrocytic anemia, the bone marrow was not megaloblastic, and neurologic disturbances or morphologic alterations in the neutrophils were not observed. These results are in contrast to those obtained in pigs with an experimentally produced deficiency of pteroylglutamic acid. Such animals develop macrocytic anemia, leukopenia and a macronormoblastic type of bone marrow. It is not possible to give with any assurance the reason why megaloblastic anemia was not produced in the "B12-deficient" animals. This may have been due to the fact that (1) the deficiency was not sufficiently severe to result in such a change in the hemopoietic system; or (2) because pteroylglutamic acid prevents the development of megaloblastic anemia even in the absence of vitamin B12.
Homology Modeling of Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large superfamily of membrane bound signaling proteins that hold great pharmaceutical interest. Since experimentally elucidated structures are available only for a very limited number of receptors, homology modeling has become a widespread technique for the construction of GPCR models intended to study the structure-function relationships of the receptors and aid the discovery and development of ligands capable of modulating their activity. Through this chapter, various aspects involved in the constructions of homology models of the serpentine domain of the largest class of GPCRs, known as class A or rhodopsin family, are illustrated. In particular, the chapter provides suggestions, guidelines and critical thoughts on some of the most crucial aspect of GPCR modeling, including: collection of candidate templates and a structure-based alignment of their sequences; identification and alignment of the transmembrane helices of the query receptor to the corresponding domains of the candidate templates; selection of one or more templates receptor; election of homology or de novo modeling for the construction of specific extracellular and intracellular domains; construction of the three-dimensional models, with special consideration to extracellular regions, disulfide bridges, and interhelical cavity; validation of the models through controlled virtual screening experiments.
Severe refractory bilateral shoulder dystocia released with digital hooking (Bourgeois-Siegemundin) manoeuvre.

Bilateral shoulder dystocia (BSD) is an extremely rare cause of labour obstruction in which foetal shoulders are impacted on the maternal symphysis and sacral promontory (Habek 2002; O’Leary 2009)....
Organizational Activities and Property-Crime Victimization

Research utilizing routine activities theory has focused on the victimization of individuals and not organizations. Organizations vary in the activities that they engage in, and these activities pr...
Some novel S-mono- and S,S'-unsymmetrical di-substituted derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazoledithione

Preparations of S-mono- and unsymmetrical S,S-di-substituted derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-dithione are described.
Introduction to systems medicine

Abstract Health and disease are the phenotypic manifestations of complex relationships molecules, cells, tissues, and organs. Although influenced by a range of “omics,” the historical reductionist approach to understanding pathogenesis and druggable interactions neglects the intricacies of multiply occurring activities which change over time. Systems biology and medicine, by comprehensively assessing connectivity in a dynamic way, provide opportunities to understand disease processes in ways that are holistic and clinically relevant and actionable.
Friction stir extrusion of thin sheet stock

Abstract A novel approach for applying Friction Stir Extrusion to thin sheet is tested to join AA6061 and steel. A dovetail geometry is formed in the steel through press dies, and aluminum is extruded to form an interlocking joint. Two transverse rates are tested, 50.8 mm/min and 76.2 mm/min, as well as two steel alloys, A36 and 4130. Sectioned into 6.35 mm samples, the welds failed through deformation between 280 N and 748 N. However, the 50.8 mm/min, A36 samples expressed an additional metal-to-metal bonding mechanism, increasing the strength to 1485 N. This research suggests unique geometries could improve the process.
Circadian Rhythms and School Start Times: The Indivisible Link Between Medicine and Education

The misalignment between the circadian rhythms of adolescents and the starting time of secondary schools has been a concern for nearly 40 years. Medical research in the 1980s and 1990s revealed that the circadian phase delay during puberty was in direct conflict with most secondary school schedules. Then, as now, the majority of secondary schools in the United States have start times before 8 a.m. Teens who get less than the recommended amount of 8½ to 9¼ hours of sleep nightly are therefore viewed as a high-risk group for problematic sleepiness. Sleep-deprived adolescents are at significant risk for negative outcomes, including drug and alcohol use, depression and suicidal ideation, poor impulse control, reduced academic performance, and drowsy driving. This chapter provides an overview of the research history for how the later school start time movement began, the associated knowledge base to date, and a discussion as to the lack of combined medical and educational research. It concludes with emerging medical research into adolescent sleep and highlights the educational policy issues and later start time research that remain unresolved.
Confined Crystal Melting in Edgeless Poly(l-lactic acid) Crystalsomes

Polymer single crystals tend to be quasi two-dimensional (2D) lamellae and their small lateral surfaces are the starting points of lamella melting and thickening. However, the recently discovered c...
Interrelationship of Seasons with Inflammation, Red Meat, Fruit, and Vegetable Intakes, Cardio-Metabolic Health, and Smoking Status among Breast Cancer Survivors

Seasons can affect human inflammatory status and the occurrence of diseases, and foods may also have differential impacts on inflammation across seasons; however, few studies have investigated whether there are independent and joint impacts of seasons and red meat, fruit and vegetable intakes on inflammation in breast cancer survivors. We conducted a cross-sectional study by leveraging a large cohort, the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) study. The WHEL study comprised primarily early stage breast cancer survivors and collected blood samples, dietary intake, demographic, and health status information at baseline. We selected 2919 participants who provided baseline dietary information and had measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), a general marker of inflammation. In our multivariable-adjusted analyses, we found that red meat intakes were positively associated, while fruit and vegetable intakes were inversely associated with CRP; blood collected in the winter season was associated with lower CRP when compared to summer; and increased smoking intensity and body mass index (BMI) as well as having cardio-metabolic conditions (such as heart disease or diabetes) were positively associated with CRP. Furthermore, we examined the joint associations of food intakes and the season of blood draw with CRP in different subgroups. We found that moderate intakes of red meat were associated with a reduction of CRP in winter but not in other seasons; increased intakes of fruit and vegetables were associated with reduced inflammation in most seasons except winter. These associations were observed in most subgroups except past smokers with pack-years ≥ 15, in whom we observed no benefit of red meat intakes in winter. Our study provides valuable evidence for considering seasonal impacts on inflammation and seasonal food impacts in different subgroups among breast cancer survivors. The results of our study are in line with one of the emphases of the current NIH 2020-2030 nutrition strategy plan-namely, pay attention to what, when, and who should eat.
Biography and Background

This chapter presents a fuller background of Laurence Oliphant’s life and his early religious experiences. Special attention is focused on his time spent at a spiritualist Christian commune called The Brotherhood of the New Life and the influence of its leader Thomas Lake Harris (1823–1906). Harris’ doctrine of the counterparts is explained with an emphasis on its practice which provides a solid foundation that Oliphant would later build upon through his founding of the Household.
Comparison and analysis of distributed power flow controller technology

Abstract Distributed power flow controller (DPFC) can improve the power flow distribution of the power grid, overcome the power flow section excess, and enhance the carrying capacity of the power system. This paper firstly introduces three kinds of DPFCs: distributed series reactor (DSR), distributed unified power flow controller (DUPFC), and distributed static synchronous series compensator (DSSSC). According to multifaceted analysis, DSSSC is the most competitive solution in DPFCs. Then, based on the engineering application, the main wiring form, unit quantity configuration, installation method and control strategy of the DSSSC system are discussed. Finally, a simulation model with the DSSSC device is built in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the DSSSC.
Hopping Transport in Disordered Systems

We present a study of transport in various disordered systems based on three different formalisms. We focus on the questions of diffusion of excitations and charge carriers in homogeneously disordered systems and on the conductivity in inhomogeneous (granular) systems. We derive first the generalized master equation as the basic equation for transport in a disordered system and then relate it to the continuous time random walk formalism and to the effective medium approximation approach. In the inhomogeneous case we use the critical path method to calculate the temperature dependence of the d.c. conductivity.
Microbial Evaluation of the Calamus Heated Gutta-Percha Delivery System

MICROBIAL EVALUATION OF THE CALAMUSTM HEATED GUTTAPERCHA DELIVERY SYSTEM By Christopher J. Smart, DDS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013. Director: Karan J. Replogle, DDS, MS Program Director, Department of Endodontics If gutta-percha cartridges are contaminated with bacteria prior to obturation then contamination of the root canal system may result. Successful treatment not only depends on bacterial elimination but also depends on prevention of recontamination. This study was motivated by the observation that endodontists frequently use single use gutta-percha cartridges on multiple patients. The goal of this study was to determine if cross contamination occurred when a single gutta-percha cartridge in the CalamusTM Flow System was used on multiple patients. An effective recovery method was established during a pilot study using Enterococcus faecalis as a sample bacterium. Microbial recovery was obtained using standard media. The CalamusTM heated gutta-percha delivery system was evaluated to determine the percentage of cartridges with recoverable microorganism under four conditions. Results showed that for cartridges tested immediately after removal from manufacturer’s packaging, the observed negative outcome was 0/10 (0%). For cartridges used on a single patient with an alcohol wipe after use, the negative outcome was 0/20 (0%). For cartridges used on a single patient with no alcohol wipe after use, the negative outcome was 1/20 (5%). For cartridges used on three patients with an alcohol wipe after each use, the number of observed negative outcomes was 0/20 (0%). Using 95% score confidence intervals, the results indicate that the percentage of cartridges with recoverable microorganism under the four conditions is below 27.8% for cartridges sampled from manufacturer’s packaging, 16.1% for cartridges used on a single patient with a alcohol wipe after use, 23.6% for cartridges used on a single patient with no alcohol wipe after use, and 16.1% for cartridges used on three patients with an alcohol wipe after each use. Evidence from this study indicates using CalamusTM flow cartridges on multiple patients vs. single patient does not lead to an increased contamination risk.
Interactive Speech Translation in the Diplomat Project

The Diplomat rapid-deployment speech-translation system is intended to allow nai ve users to communicate across a language barrier, without strong domain restrictions, despite the error-prone nature of current speech and translation technologies. In addition, it should be deployable for new languages an order of magnitude more quickly than traditional technologies. Achieving this ambitious set of goals depends in large part on allowing the users to correct recognition and translation errors interactively. We present the Multi-Engine Machine Translation (MEMT) architecture, describing how it is well suited for such an application. We then discuss our approaches to rapid-deployment speech recognition and synthesis. Finally we describe our incorporation of interactive error correction throughout the system design. We have already developed working bidirectional Croatian l English and Spanish l English systems, and have Haitian Creole l English and Korean l English versions under development.
In-Flight Suppressant Deployment Temperatures

Abstract : This report describes review of DoD military fixed-wing and rotary aircraft fire mishap/incident data applicable to assess temperatures at which aircraft fire suppressants have been deployed in engine nacelle and APU compartment fires. Another model is also described, which was constructed to assess predicted nacelle compartment air temperatures at altitude, also taking into consideration aircraft airspeed, average nacelle airflow velocity, average engine case surface temperature, and average nacelle physical characteristics. An assessment is made of the model output versus some aircraft measurement data, fire suppressant boiling point criterion, as well as the history of altitude/temperature at which fire suppressants have been deployed. Additional analysis is also described that assessed aircraft operation in cold conditions, where the limiting temperature for fire suppressant release during take-off may be close to the (low) ground temperature. Risk assessments are also presented to quantify rate of occurrence of nacelle/ APU fires and rates in which suppressants have been deployed taking into consideration altitude thresholds.
Incomplete factorial search for conditions leading to high quality crystals of Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase complexed to a transition state analog inhibitor.

Abstract We have used an incomplete factorial design (Carter, C. W., and Carter, C. W., Jr. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 12219-12223) to find conditions for growing high quality crystals of Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5). Crystals grow at pH 6.0 in hanging or sitting drops with either 1.6 M ammonium sulfate or 2.4-2.5 M sodium phosphate as precipitant. Both conditions produce crystals with identical morphologies and unit cell constants. The space group is P3(1)21 (or its enantiomorph P3(2)21), and the unit cell constants are a = b = 120.3 A, c = 78.4 A. The asymmetric unit is most reasonably one dimer of 66,000 Mr. The crystal size is very dependent on the supersaturation ratio, S = [initial protein concentration]/[equilibrium protein concentration], exhibiting a maximum at S = 7.7. The largest crystals diffract to at least 2.5 A and have a lifetime of 4 to 5 days in the x-ray beam at room temperature. The enzyme in these crystals is complexed with the transition state analog inhibitor 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoropyrimidin-2-one (5-fluoropyrimidin-2-one riboside). We have collected data from parent crystals and from a heavy atom derivative in which the transition state analog is replaced by the active site directed inhibitor 5-(chloromercuri)cytidine.
Comparison of the nutrient content of children’s menu items at US restaurant chains, 2010–2014

Objective: To determine changes in the nutritional content of children’s menu items at U.S. restaurant chains between 2010 and 2014. Methods: The sample consisted of 13 sit down and 16 fast-food restaurant chains ranked within the top 50 US chains in 2009. Nutritional information was accessed in June-July 2010 and 2014. Descriptive statistics were calculated for nutrient content of main dishes and side dishes, as well as for those items that were added, removed, or unchanged during the study period. Results: Nutrient content of main dishes did not change significantly between 2010 and 2014. Approximately one-third of main dishes at fast-food restaurant chains and half of main dishes at sit down restaurant chains exceeded the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommended levels for sodium, fat, and saturated fat in 2014. Improvements in nutrient content were observed for side dishes. At sit down restaurant chains, added side dishes contained over 50 % less calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium, and were more likely to contain fruits/vegetables compared to removed sides (p< 0.05 for all comparisons). Added side dishes at fast-food restaurant chains contained less saturated fat (p<0.05). Conclusions: The majority of menu items, especially main dishes, available to children still contain high amounts of calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium. Efforts must be made by the restaurant industry and policy makers to improve the nutritional content of children’s menu items at restaurant chains to align with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Additional efforts are necessary to help parents and children make informed choices when ordering at restaurant chains.
Gore-Tex medialization laryngoplasty for treatment of dysphagia:

Abstract Objective Gore-Tex medialization laryngoplasty is a well described procedure for the management of glottal incompetence with associated phonatory disturbance. Limited literature exists describing the use of this procedure in the management of dysphagia. We describe our experience with Gore-Tex medialization laryngoplasty and the treatment of dysphagia. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary referral center. Subjects and Methods Between April 2000 and September 2008, 189 Gore-Tex medialization laryngoplasties were performed on 180 patients by the senior author. Complete records and analysis were available for and performed on 121 procedures for 113 patients. The main outcome measures were discontinuation of gastrostomy tube (g-tube) use or avoidance of g-tube, as well as clinical subjective improvement in swallowing function. Results Fifty-seven of 113 (50%) patients had complaints of dysphagia at presentation, with 47 of 57 (82%) having an objective swallowing evaluation. Thirty-two of 47 (68%) had documented penetration and/or aspiration. Twenty of 57 (35%) patients with dysphagia required g-tubes for alimentation. Eleven of 20 (55%) patients were able to discontinue g-tube use after Gore-Tex medialization laryngoplasty, and an additional five patients with aspiration were able to avoid need for g-tubes with Gore-Tex medialization laryngoplasty and swallowing therapy. Conclusions Gore-Tex medialization laryngoplasty is a well tolerated and well described treatment for the management of glottal incompetence. The procedure is an appropriate adjunct in dysphagia management for the appropriate patient population.
Giant surface electroclinic effect in a chiral smectic A liquid crystal

We report the observation of a very large surface electroclinic effect in the smectic A* phase of a chiral liquid crystal. In planar-aligned cells of enantiomerically pure W415, the smectic A* phase grows in from the isotropic state with the layer normal rotated ψ = - 24° from the rubbing direction, a consequence of the surface electroclinic tilt θs of the director. The sign of θs depends on the molecular handedness, with θs ≡ 0 in the racemate, and increasing linearly with moderate enantiomeric excess before saturating as ee → 1. A uniform layer structure can be achieved using cross-rubbed alignment layers, in which case thin cells of W415 in the smectic C* phase display V-shaped (analogue) electro-optic switching.
Localization of procollagen I in the lysosome/endosome system of human fibroblasts.

Abstract A significant amount of newly synthesized collagen is degraded intracellularly rather than secreted, but there is controversy about whether this process occurs in the lysosomes. We addressed this problem using confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence imaging to study the distribution of procollagen I in the Golgi and the lysosome/endosome system of cultured human fibroblasts. Cells were incubated under basal conditions and then permeabilized and exposed to fluorescently tagged probes for procollagen, Golgi markers (Helix pomatiabinding protein or β-coatamer protein), and lysosome/endosome markers (cathepsin B or LAMP-2). Strong signals for procollagen codistributed with the Golgi and lysosome/endosome markers. Of note, many structures were positive for procollagen and lysosome/endosome markers but not for Golgi markers. When cells were incubated with the proline analogcis-hydroxyproline, which inhibits correct triple helix formation and increases intracellular degradation, the amount of procollagen codistributing with the lysosome/endosome markers increased greatly. Similar results were obtained in I-cells, which do not have functioning lysosomal hydrolases. These findings strongly indicate that the lysosome/endosome system participates in the intracellular degradation of newly synthesized procollagen and that trafficking of procollagen to the lysosome/endosome system does not depend on the cells having active lysosomal hydrolases. We present a model that integrates our findings with other work and resolves inconsistencies in the literature. This model postulates the existence of three separate degradation paths for newly synthesized procollagen. In addition to the endosome/lysosome system, degradation also takes place in the proximal region of the secretory pathway such as the endoplasmic reticulum,cis-Golgi network, orcis-Golgi and in a distal region of the secretory pathway such as thetrans-Golgi ortrans-Golgi network.
To a Young Medical Geographer

Editor's Note: The views and opinions expressed in the following paper have been written in the form of a letter or conversation between a dissertation advisor and an advanced graduate student in medical geography. It emphasizes the pervasive qualities of the health component of human behavior, and hopefully transmits aspects of human behavior that are taking hold in medical-ecological research. It attempts to suggest what at least one practicing medical geographer thinks a major facet of the field will be like as it matures. The holistic perspective that it envisages seems to be taking hold in neighboring disciplines—or perhaps “interdisciplines”as they might someday be called. The speculative quality of the presentation is intended to serve as a possible springboard for professional interaction.
A higher order temperature theory for coupled thermo-piezoelectric-mechanical modeling of smart composites

A higher order temperature field that satisfies the thermal surface boundary conditions, necessary for accurate modeling of temperature distribution through the thickness of laminated structures, is developed. The theory is implemented in the coupled thermo-piezoelectric-mechanical analysis of composite laminates with surface bonded piezoelectric actuators. A higher order displacement theory is used to define the mechanical displacement field. Therefore, transverse shear effects are modeled accurately and the developed procedure is applicable to both thin and moderately thick laminates. The mathematical model is implemented using finite element technique. Numerical results are presented for a composite laminated plate, with one edge fixed, subjected to thermal loading. Correlations with ANSYS, for both the temperature field and the displacement field, are presented to validate the higher order temperature theory. Composite laminates of various stacking sequences are studied to investigate the effects on temperature field and displacement field. The results obtained using the coupled theory are compared with those obtained using the standard uncoupled theory. It is shown that thermal coupling affects plate deflection and control authority due to actuation.
HIV-1 infected women and prenatal care utilization: barriers and facilitators.

In an effort to understand issues affecting prenatal care access and utilization from the perspectives of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women who receive inadequate prenatal care, we conducted three in-depth qualitative and quantitative interviews. From a thematic analysis of the narrative interviews, four broad areas emerged as pertinent to these women's prenatal care experiences. These were issues related to pregnancy, HIV, psychosocial conditions, and the health care system. For these women, the barriers to prenatal care utilization included the unexpected and unplanned nature of the pregnancy and mental health issues related to HIV infection. Poverty, periodic homelessness, addiction to illicit substances, and lack of social support were also important barriers. Furthermore, perceptions of the health care system as threatening, including fears related to consequences of disclosing illicit activities, discrimination, and breach of confidentiality emerged as salient barriers. Facilitating ...
Repression of Ah receptor and induction of transforming growth factor-β genes in DEN-induced mouse liver tumors

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the biologic and toxic effects of its xenobiotic ligands. In recent years it has become evident that in the absence of ligand the AHR promotes cell cycle progression and that its activation by high-affinity ligands results in interactions with the retinoblastoma protein (RB) that lead to perturbation of the cell cycle, G0/G1 arrest, diminished capacity for DNA replication and inhibition of cell proliferation. Hence, the AHR has diametrically opposed pro-proliferative and anti-proliferative functions that have yet to be reconciled at the molecular level. Work from our own and from other laboratories suggests that the AHR may function as a tumor suppressor gene that becomes silenced in the process of tumor formation. To develop preliminary support for a more thorough examination of this hypothesis we characterized the expression levels of various tumor suppressor genes, transforming growth factor-β (Tgfb) genes and the Ahr gene in liver tumor samples from mice with a liver-specific RB ablation and their wild-type littermates. In tumors arising in RB-positive livers, Cdkn2d and Tgfb1 were repressed and Cdkn2c, Tgfb2, Tgfb3 and Pai1 were induced, whereas in RB-negative tumors, only Cdkn2c and Tgfb3 were induced. Ahr was significantly repressed in tumors from both sets of mice, supporting the concept that Ahr silencing may be associated with cancer progression.
Ground-based observations of time variability in multiple active volcanoes on Io

Abstract Since before the beginning of the Galileo spacecraft’s Jupiter orbital tour, we have observed Io from the ground using NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). We obtained images of Io in reflected sunlight and in-eclipse at 2.3, 3.5, and 4.8 μm. In addition, we have measured the 3.5 μm brightness of an eclipsed Io as it is occulted by Jupiter. These lightcurves enable us to measure the brightness and one-dimensional location of active volcanoes on the surface. During the Galileo era, two volcanoes were observed to be regularly active: Loki and either Kanehekili and/or Janus. At least 12 other active volcanoes were observed for shorter periods of time, including one distinguishable in images that include reflected sunlight. These data can be used to compare volcano types and test volcano eruption models, such as the lava lake model for Loki.
The Logics of Management

This paper defines and articulates two contrasting logics underlying the intellectual structure of management. The implications of these logics for the development of management knowledge and for managing are presented. Integration of the logics yields a prescriptive framework aimed at defining the characteristics of an instrumental organization.
Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on platelets in patients with coronary artery disease.

Platelet activation is critical in the development of catastrophic events in patients with coronary artery disease. It has been established that serotonin not only has a role in the neuropathophysiology of depression, 1 but also participates in hemostasis by affecting platelet aggregation. 2 It has been reported that depressed patients exhibit .40% higher platelet activation and enhanced procoagulant properties than healthy controls. 3 The modulation of platelet activity has been suggested as a potential mechanism responsible for the reduction of cardiovascular mortality in major depression after therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). 4‐6 How SSRI therapy affects platelet characteristics in patients undergoing coronary interventions has never been explored. Indeed, the potential mortality benefits of SSRIs could be related to the antidepressant properties, per se, and improved quality of life, rather than to the direct antiplatelet effect. The present study compares the differences in platelets dependent on SSRI using a variety of techniques including conventional aggregometry in plasma and whole blood, expression of major surface receptors by flow cytometry, and quantitatively by platelet function analyzers. ••• The study was approved by the investigational review board of Sinai hospital. The study population consisted of 126 patients undergoing elective coronary artery stenting. Patients were excluded with a history of bleeding diathesis, acute myocardial infarction within 48 hours, stroke within 3 months, drug or alcohol abuse, prothrombin time .1.5 times control, platelet count ,100,000/mm 3 , hematocrit ,25%, or
Temperature dependence of implantation damage in strained-layer superlattices

We have characterized damage production in both (InGa)As/GaAs and Ga(AsP)/GaP strained-layer superlattices for silicon implants at 80 K, 300 K or 673 K at fluences sufficient to induce compositional disordering of the superlattice layers. Implants at low temperatures (80 K for the (InGa)As/GaAs system, 300 K and below in the Ca(AsP)/GaP system) are characterized by well-defined amorphous layers at depths consistent with the predictions of ion range codes. Implants at higher temperatures are characterized by greatly reduced damage levels with substantial densities of extended defects located near the mean ion range. Point defect clusters are preferentially located in the ternary layers in the (InGa)As/GaAs SLS at the deepest part of the implanted zone. Despite the absence of amorphous layer formation, precipitous stress relief still occurs for the Si-implanted (InGa)As/GaAs SLS.
THE EQUATION OF STATE OF SOLID HELIUM

The method used to derive the equation of state and the results obtained using the equation are presented. Data given include iseehores, lattice energies, Debye temperatures, and Gruneisen gamma and melting temperatures. (D.E.B.)
The Los Pijiguaos bauxite deposit (Venezuela): A compilation of field data and implications for the bauxitization process

Abstract Chemical, mineralogical, and petrographic data from the Los Pijiguaos bauxite deposit, together with the water chemistry of the streams draining the area, were used to study the problem of lateritic bauxite formation at this location. The Los Pijiguaos bauxite, located at the northwestern edge of the Guayana Shield in Venezuela, is a lateritic bauxite developed on a Precambrian Rapakivi Granite Batholith, the Parguaza Granite. This deposit is situated on a planation surface at elevations between 600 and 700 m; it is believed to have originated during an erosional event that took place during Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary times. The weathering profile is composed of an upper bauxite zone, followed by a saprolite, and merging gradually to the fresh granite. The upper bauxitic zone contains gibbsite, quartz, hematite, and goethite. The saprolite contains kaolinite, quartz, and goethite and is characterized by a relict granitic texture that indicates little bulk volume change associated with the weathering process. The upper bauxitic zone has lost any textural resemblance with the parent granite, consistent with extensive volume loss. Bauxite and saprolite are separated by a transition zone where gibbsite and kaolinite coexist. Textures indicating the replacement of kaolinite by gibbsite point to the dynamic nature of the weathering profile, characterized by advancing reaction fronts. The chemical composition of the deposit defines trends that can be traced back to the composition of the parent granite and shows enrichment of Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and TiO 2 , and depletion of SiO 2 , relative to the parent granite. The uppermost part of the profile is characterized by a further enrichment of Fe 2 O 3 with respect to the other components of the bauxite. Important volume and mass losses in the bauxite have also been calculated, based on chemical composition and density measurements. The calculated losses are consistent with the textural observations in the bauxite. The chemical composition of the waters of streams draining the area shows strong seasonal patterns, consistent with the seasonal nature of the local climate (one dry and one rainy season per year, both about six months long). The balance between dissolved and suspended loads in these streams indicates that the magnitudes of chemical and physical denudation are similar, leading to approximately constant thicknesses of the weathering profiles. These observations are consistent with model calculations based on current climatic conditions and suggest that the bauxitization process is still active.
Erratum to: Sobolev estimates for the complex Green operator on CR submanifolds of hypersurface type

[6] Boas, H.P., Straube, E.J.: Sobolev estimates for the ∂-Neumann operator on domains in Cn admitting a defining function that is plurisubharmonic on the boundary. Math. Z. 206, 81–88 (1991) [7] Boas, H.P., Straube, E.J.: Sobolev estimates for the complexGreen operator on a class of weakly pseudoconvex boundaries. Commun. Partial Diff. Equ. 16(10), 1573–1582 (1991) [8] Boas, H.P., Straube, E.J.: The Bergman projection on Hartogs domains in
Online consumer search strategies for smoking-cessation information.

Background For many Americans, the Internet has become a primary mechanism for locating information on healthcare and treatment options, including tobacco addiction. Detailed information on this behavior could inform design decisions for next-generation cessation interventions, but very little is known about how consumers search or what resources they locate. Methods A subset of a publicly available, anonymized record of the search behavior of 650,000 individuals over 3 months in 2006 was analyzed. Smoking cessation–related queries were extracted and coded via manual identification of terms and by back-identifying terms by matching them to the websites ultimately visited. Destination sites were coded as to whether or not they originated from a professional source based on the literature and known healthcare organizations. Results A total of 628 individuals (0.10%) made 1106 cessation-related searches during the observation period. Of these, 76% resulted in the individual reaching a website; professional sites were reached by only 34% of searchers. Complementary or alternative therapies were popular, with 10% of individuals searching for “laser” therapy. Conclusions A concerning disconnect exists between consumer demand (as demonstrated by search behavior) and the sites produced by researchers and health professionals. This “demand gap” may contribute to low overall participation rates and hamper the potential impact of such systems. Further research is needed to link online consumer preferences to intervention design decisions.
The effects of deep brain stimulation on sleep in Parkinson's disease.

Sleep dysfunction is a common nonmotor symptom experienced by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Symptoms, including excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep fragmentation, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder and others, can significantly affect quality of life and daytime functioning in these patients. Recent studies have evaluated the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets on sleep in patients with advanced PD. Several of these studies have provided evidence that subthalamic nucleus DBS improves subjective and objective measures of sleep, including sleep efficiency, nocturnal mobility, and wake after sleep onset (minutes spent awake after initial sleep onset). Although fewer studies have investigated the effects of bilateral internal globus pallidus and thalamic ventral intermedius DBS on sleep, pallidal stimulation does appear to improve subjective sleep quality. Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus has recently been proposed for selected patients with advanced PD to treat severe gait and postural dysfunction. Owing to the role of the pedunculopontine nucleus in modulating behavioral state, the impact of stimulation at this target on sleep has also been evaluated in a small number of patients, showing that pedunculopontine nucleus DBS increases REM sleep. In this review, we discuss the effects of stimulation at these various targets on sleep in patients with PD. Studying the effects of DBS on sleep can enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep disorders, provide strategies for optimizing clinical benefit from DBS, and may eventually guide novel therapies for sleep dysfunction.
RELATION OF OXYGEN AND YOLK TO RETINAL PIGMENTATION IN CHICK EMBRYOS SUBJECTED TO YOLK-SAC PERFUSION.

SummaryConstant perfusion of a salts-glucose solution through the yolk sacs of 3-or 4-day chick embryos resulted in poor survival and abnormally pale eyes. Incubation in a 40% oxygen atmosphere in the presence of a yolk-supplemented medium permitted virtually normal pigmentation, and greatly enhanced survival. It is concluded that both yolk and oxygen must be present for normal development of retinal pigmentation.
Host specificity of Ascochyta spp. Infecting legumes of the viciae and cicerae tribes and pathogenicity of an interspecific hybrid

ABSTRACT Ascochyta spp. (teleomorphs: Didymella spp.) infect a number of legumes, including many economically important species, and the diseases they cause represent serious limitations of legume production worldwide. Ascochyta rabiei, A. fabae, A. pisi, A. lentis, and A. viciae-villosae are pathogens of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), faba bean (Vicia faba), pea (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), and hairy vetch (V. villosa), respectively. Inoculations in the greenhouse and in growth chambers demonstrated that A. fabae, A. lentis, A. pisi, A. rabiei, and A. viciae-villosae were host specific. Isolates caused no visible disease symptoms on “nonhost” plants (plants other than the hosts they were originally isolated from) but were recovered consistently from inoculated, surface-disinfested, nonhost tissues. Interspecific crosses of A. pisi × A. fabae and A. viciae-villosae × A. lentis produced pseudothecia with viable ascospores, and the hybrid status of the ascospore progeny was verified by the segrega...