cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding code smells in Android applications

Code smells are associated with poor coding practices that cause long-term maintainability problems and mask bugs. Despite mobile being a fast growing software sector, code smells in mobile applications have been understudied. We do not know how code smells in mobile applications compare to those in desktop applications, and how code smells are affecting the design of mobile applications. Without such knowledge, application developers, tool builders, and researchers cannot improve the practice and state of the art of mobile development.We first reviewed the literature on code smells in Android applications and found that there is a significant gap between the most studied code smells in literature and most frequently occurring code smells in real world applications. Inspired by this finding, we conducted a large scale empirical study to compare the type, density, and distribution of code smells in mobile vs. desktop applications. We analyze an open-source corpus of 500 Android applications (total of 6.7M LOC) and 750 desktop Java applications (total of 16M LOC), and compare 14,553 instances of code smells in Android applications to 117,557 instances of code smells in desktop applications. We find that, despite mobile applications having different structure and workflow than desktop applications, the variety and density of code smells is similar. However, the distribution of code smells is different – some code smells occur more frequently in mobile applications. We also found that different categories of Android applications have different code smell distributions. We highlight several implications of our study for application developers, tool builders, and researchers.
CHILDREN'S WARFARIN CLINIC-AN AUDIT OF THE NEW PHARMACIST-LED TELEPHONE SERVICE BASED ON A UNIQUE COMPUTERISED SYSTEM COMPARED TO THE WARD BASED PAPER SYSTEM

Aims To audit the new pharmacist-led telephone service for warfarin dosing and monitoring of INR, and compare it to the previous system. The previous system was based on the paediatric cardiology ward, dosing by junior medical staff to dose and documented on a paper system. Also to audit the parent satisfaction of the new system. Methods Search the computerised system to reveal 73 patients on warfarin with a total of 1547 INRs, and looked for any complications or out of range results. This to be compared to a previous audit of the original system of 44 patients on warfarin with a total of 1289 INRs. For parent/carer satisfaction, a questionnaire was sent to parents/carers of all patients who were under the care of the pharmacist-led children9s warfarin clinic. Results The pharmacist-led children9s warfarin service was fully compliant for NPSA safety standards for warfarin dosing. There was no significant difference in the safety indicators from the original service and the pharmacist-led service. 11 patients (25%) were lost to follow up from the original service, compared to none in the pharmacist-led service. No patients from either service had an inappropriate target INR and every patient had been given the correct information. 38 out of 53 (72%) parents/carers returned the satisfaction survey. 28 (78%) reported that their overall experience of the clinic was excellent and the rest found it satisfactory. Discussion Changing to the pharmacist-led service has meant that it is now compliant with NPSA standards and the safety indicators are comparable to the original service. The service has generally been very well received, with all parents/carers finding the service at least satisfactory and 78% found it excellent. The pharmacist-led service is unique, as it uses a computerised system for documentation, with the aim to produce a paediatric dosing algorithm.
El cuerpo sufriente como lugar de memoria en Fe en disfraz, de Mayra Santos-Febres

Este articulo propone una lectura detenida de la novela Fe en disfraz (2009), de Mayra Santos-Febres con el proposito de examinar el reciclaje de un pasado esclavista que denuncia tanto el proceso de erotizacion de las relaciones de dominacion y sumision, como la reproduccion de estas dinamicas en las sociedades poscoloniales. En este contexto, el articulo explora las posibles subversiones de las dinamicas tradicionales de poder en las relaciones interraciales.
Reliability of the electrocortical response to gains and losses in the doors task

The ability to differentiate between rewards and losses is critical for motivated action, and aberrant reward and loss processing has been associated with psychopathology. The reward positivity (RewP) and feedback negativity (FN) are ERPs elicited by monetary gains and losses, respectively, and are promising individual difference measures. However, few studies have reported on the psychometric properties of the RewP and FN—crucial characteristics necessary for valid individual difference measures. The current study examined the internal consistency and 1-week test-retest reliability of the RewP and FN as elicited by the doors task among 59 young adults. The RewP, FN, and their difference score (ΔRewP) all showed significant correlations between Time 1 and Time 2. The RewP and FN also achieved acceptable internal consistency at both time points within 20 trials using both Cronbach's α and a generalizability theory-derived dependability measure. Internal consistency for ΔRewP was notably weaker at both time points, which is expected from two highly intercorrelated constituent scores. In conclusion, the RewP and FN have strong psychometric properties in a healthy adult sample. Future research is needed to assess the psychometric properties of these ERPs in different age cohorts and in clinical populations.
The Smart Grid and its Eects on Utilities, Consumers and Energy Storage

U.S. electrical utilities have started a major renovation of the electrical grid infrastructure tointegrate IT technology to the existing grid, creating a Smart Grid. Until this recent conversion, theelectric grid has remained relatively unchanged for over 100 years.As the Smart Grid is installed,there will be benets such as higher reliability, increased system eciency and the integration of newgreener technology. Energy storage technology could have the opportunity to provide relief on thegrid, especially during peaks of demand. However, the smart grid is not without its opponents due toconcerns of public health, cost and privacy.The purpose of this paper is to explore the conversion ofthe existing grid infrastructure to a Smart Grid and how it will aect electricity consumers, utilitiesand the integration of energy storage technology on the grid.
Volume plasmon polaritons in semiconductor hyperbolic metamaterials

Layered hyperbolic metamaterials are able to support bulk modes with wavevectors much larger than light in free space. These modes are the foundation of many proposed metamaterial devices. In this paper, we present experimental data measuring the dispersion relationship of these modes in infrared semiconductor hyperbolic metamaterials. The metamaterial optical properties are modeled by taking into account the functional form of the carrier density in the sample due to conduction band bending and the non-parabolicity of the effective mass. In two different samples, we observe multiple volume plasmon polariton modes, and the mode dispersion is traced out by using grating couplers with multiple periodicities. We close by discussing ways to improve these materials.
The role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in the regulation of cell junctions

Maintenance of cell junctions plays a crucial role in the regulation of cellular functions including cell proliferation, permeability, and cell death. Disruption of cell junctions is implicated in a variety of human disorders, such as inflammatory diseases and cancers. Understanding molecular regulation of cell junctions is important for development of therapeutic strategies for intervention of human diseases. Ubiquitination is an important type of post-translational modification that primarily regulates endogenous protein stability, receptor internalization, enzyme activity, and protein-protein interactions. Ubiquitination is tightly regulated by ubiquitin E3 ligases and can be reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes. Recent studies have been focusing on investigating the effect of protein stability in the regulation of cell-cell junctions. Ubiquitination and degradation of cadherins, claudins, and their interacting proteins are implicated in epithelial and endothelial barrier disruption. Recent studies have revealed that ubiquitination is involved in regulation of Rho GTPases’ biological activities. Taken together these studies, ubiquitination plays a critical role in modulating cell junctions and motility. In this review, we will discuss the effects of ubiquitination and deubiquitination on protein stability and expression of key proteins in the cell-cell junctions, including junction proteins, their interacting proteins, and small Rho GTPases. We provide an overview of protein stability in modulation of epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity and introduce potential future search directions to better understand the effects of ubiquitination on human disorders caused by dysfunction of cell junctions.
Hopeful + Hoping = Hope: unique experiential features in the measurement of emotion

AbstractDistinct differences have been found between hope and optimism based on retrospective stories. This study sought to replicate those findings when anticipating outcomes in real-time and examine whether they are affected by different lexical formulations of the word hope. One-hundred and two participants read two first-person, chronological vignettes. They rated their hope, optimism, fear, and worry about the anticipated outcome following each part of the story; they also rated their appraisals of importance, likelihood, and perceived control. Half of the participants read adjective forms of the states (e.g. hopeful) and half read verb forms (e.g. hoping). Differences in ratings for the adjective and verb forms were found for hope but not the other anticipatory states, and both forms of hope were found to differ from optimism. Implications of these lexical differences for understanding and measuring the experience of hope are discussed.
Comments on the failure of intensive self-regulatory treatment with chronic daily headache.

Nonpharmacological therapy of primary headache conditions including chronic daily headache (CDH) is not well-studied. Barton and Blanchard report on their experience with intensive self-regulatory treatment in a cohort of patients with CDH. This negative trial provides preliminary observations that need further investigations in controlled, adequately powered clinical study.
Modeling and experimental demonstration of high-throughput flow-through spatial atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 coatings on textiles at atmospheric pressure

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) shows promise for forming thin films on temperature-sensitive materials, such as polymers, for applications in filtration, sensing, etc. However, traditional batch ALD generally proceeds slowly and requires controlled, low-pressure equipment. One approach to combat this limitation is spatial ALD, which uses moving substrates through zones of reactant exposure. To date, studies of spatial ALD have primarily explored growth on planar and nonporous substrates. Here, the authors demonstrate a proof-of-concept atmospheric pressure flow-through spatial ALD reactor specifically designed for through-porous substrates, such as fiber webs. This paper describes detailed gas flow modeling and experimental analysis of their prototype reactor. Model results identify precursor gas flow rates, channel spacing, and the distance between the substrate and reactor surfaces as key factors to achieve uniform deposition. Using a previously developed surface wetting protocol, the authors experimentally verify operating conditions for uniform ALD alumina on polypropylene as a model fiber substrate. Under good ALD conditions, the spatial ALD reactor can complete ∼60 cycles/min over a large substrate area, which is 60 times faster than batch ALD. The authors quantify growth saturation conditions and find that under reduced gas flow rates or slow fiber translation speeds, a transition from ALD to chemical vapor deposition-like growth can be induced. Additionally, the authors demonstrate that fiber mat properties such as mat density and air permeability play important roles in the penetration depth of the precursors and, therefore, the conditions needed to achieve ALD. Overall, this work demonstrates a proof-of-concept reactor for high throughput ALD on porous substrates, and identifies important design challenges and considerations for future high-throughput ALD.
An Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation Approach to Cognitive Diagnosis Models

In this study, a simulation-based method for computing joint maximum likelihood estimates of cognitive diagnosis model parameters is proposed. The central theme of the approach is to reduce the complexity of models to focus on their most critical elements. In particular, an approach analogous to joint maximum likelihood estimation is taken, and the latent attribute vectors are regarded as structural parameters, not parameters to be removed by integration with this approach, the joint distribution of the latent attributes does not have to be specified, which reduces the number of parameters in the model. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm is used to simultaneously evaluate and optimize the likelihood function. This streamlined approach performed as well as more traditional methods for models such as the DINA, and affords the opportunity to fit more complicated models in which other methods may not be feasible.
Substantiated Reports of Sexual Abuse among Latinx Children: Multilevel Models of National Data

Despite a rapidly growing U.S. Latinx child population and this group’s representation in the child welfare system (CWS), limited research exists on Latinx children reported to the CWS for child sexual abuse (CSA). This study examined how the intersection of race/ethnicity, age, and biological sex impact case substantiation among Latinx, Black, and White children reported for CSA. We analyzed 2012 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System Child File data using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to examine a sample of children reported to the CWS for CSA (n = 179,199). GLMMs indicated that among children reported for CSA, Black (AOR = 1.12) and White (AOR = 1.17) children had significantly higher odds of case substantiation compared to Latinx children, controlling for other factors. Main effects indicate older children (in mean-centered years; OR = 1.09) and female children (OR = 2.52) had higher odds of substantiation. Out of the states included in the post-hoc analysis, 16 (84%) had female to male substantiation ratios that were higher for Latinx children compared to White children. In these same states, only 9 (56%) had ratios for Black children that were higher than the rate for White children. Results indicate it is critical to continue examining how child sex, race/ethnicity, age, and state differences may affect CSA case substantiation rates. These findings underscore the importance of providing accessible culturally and linguistically appropriate CWS services that are also responsive to sex and developmental stage.
Southeast Alaska economics: A resource-abundant region competing in a global marketplace

Abstract Questions related to economics figured prominently in the priority information needs identified in the 1997 Tongass Land Management Plan. Follow-on studies in economics were designed to improve understanding of aspects of the competitiveness of the Alaska forest sector, links between Alaska timber markets and other markets as evident in prices, and the relationship between resource allocation decisions and economic conditions in communities and the region. Analysis of the role of recreation and tourism in the regional economy was added to the topics addressed, based on early results of work to describe economic dynamics. Comparisons are undertaken to evaluate the economic changes taking place in southeast Alaska, to analyze the sources of these changes, and to determine if and why they differ from the changes taking place at larger scales and those occurring in a similar rural and resource-abundant region. Divergent views regarding the current role of the Tongass in the regional economy are summarized and assessed by using contemporary evidence. A variety of factors contribute to comparative and competitive disadvantages for the forest products sector in southeast Alaska. Alaska product and log markets are effectively integrated with other markets supplied by producers in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Empirical evidence suggests the need to re-examine assumptions regarding the relation between changes in “basic” sector activities and employment (such as timber harvesting and wood products manufacturing) and “nonbasic” (or support sector) employment in the rural communities of southeast Alaska. Many of the changes occurring in the economy of rural southeast Alaska are driven by changes in the international markets in which Alaskan products compete, and are largely independent of Tongass forest management. Unearned income and tourism have replaced resource-extractive industries as the principal sources of income growth in the region. The contribution of the Tongass National Forest to the regional economy has become more complex and difficult to quantify. Forest management policies that enhance the comparative advantages the region enjoys in providing both tourism opportunities and quality of life attributes will aid communities in maintaining and expanding their economic opportunities.
Jammer’s Concepts of Mass in Classical and Modern Physics (1963)

This booklet, to which a prize has been awarded, succeeds two others, Concepts of Space and Concepts of Force. The titles suggest that a reader of all three would understand all there is in the science of mechanics. More likely, however, he will end by deciding that mechanics is not understandable. While a physicist writing on the history of physics usually tells us what he thinks the old scientists must have thought, and a historian tells us whom they knew and what books they read, Professor Jammer tells us mainly what they said they did. He tells it to us, moreover, in the jargon of the philosophy classroom today. For example, theological reasoning and scholastic cogitation had a decisive impact on concept formation (page 40)....... [R]eviewing... the various phases of Leibniz’s concept of mass in their formulations corresponding to the different aspects of his philosophical system and its evolution from extensionless atomism to energetic dynamism, it is not difficult to understand that for the philosopher it is a matter of great originality and for the scientist a matter of methodological deficiency (page 80).... If, however, the “metaxiomatic” requirement of correspondence between primitive notions (at the formal axiomatized level) and observables (at the operational, empirical level) is stipulated—a requirement that naturally has no analogue in the axiomatization of purely mathematical theories—then the concept of mass becomes necessarily a definiendum in the formalized system (page 112).
Paraneoplastic Disorders of the Central Nervous System

Paraneoplastic disorders of the central nervous system are inflammatory disorders affecting various parts of the brain and spinal cord in the setting of a peripheral cancer. Ganglia, the peripheral nervous system, retina, and neuromuscular junction may also be involved. These syndromes appear to represent a group of auto-immune disorders in which antibodies mounted against peripheral cancers target antigens normally expressed within cells (particularly neurons) of the nervous system (i.e., onconeural antibodies).
Exercise as a buffer against difficulties with emotion regulation: A pathway to emotional wellbeing

Abstract Though exercise is associated with emotional health, it remains unclear what psychological processes account for this relationship. The present study explores emotional recovery from and responses to stress as links. It extends prior research by exploring whether poor response tendencies, such as a ruminative response style, could mediate the relationship between regular exercise and clinical symptoms, and whether acute exercise facilitates emotional recovery from a stressor in a heterogeneous sample comprising sedentary as well as active individuals and those reporting mood and anxiety symptoms. Participants completed questionnaires, performed 30 min of cycling or stretching, and underwent a stressful speech task. State affect and difficulties with emotion regulation and rumination were measured at various time points. Minimal regular exercise predicted more depression, anxiety, and stress, and cross-sectional data suggest that poor stress response tendencies (more habitual rumination and low coping self-efficacy) could partially mediate these relationships. Relative to stretching, prior exercise did not affect initial reactions to the stressor or reports of struggling to regulate one's emotions. However, it attenuated the effects that rumination and difficulties with emotion regulation had on delaying emotional recovery. Results suggest that enhanced emotional resilience to the prolonged effects of stress accounts, at least in part, for the emotional benefits of regular exercise. There appear to be benefits afforded by even single sessions of exercise and cumulative benefits from regular activity for coping with stress.
To the Bridge and Back: Risks, Rewards, and Rookie Mistakes in a Study of Postwar Bosnia

In this chapter I detail the circuitous path that led to my development of a cross-national study of postwar adaptation and behavior among Bosnian refugees and nationals. By sharing both the motivation and inspiration behind this study, as well as the series of steps (and missteps) along the way, I hope to offer students a “behind-the-scenes” look at the messy, at times risky, but ultimately rewarding ethnographic journey, as well as the unique insights one can gain from such an undertaking.
Teaching Digital Divides

Digital divides—uneven patterns of access—are a major feature of cyberspace. This article opens by noting that most students are digital natives who grew up with the Internet. Second, it summarizes...
Public policy case studies in reactionary politics: why US Cultural Studies needs political economy

Melinda Cooper's Family Values could be a wakeup call to Cultural Studies as it has been practiced in the United States since the mid-1990s. In this book Cooper offers a descriptive critique of how...
Temporoparietal frey syndrome: An uncommon variant of a common syndrome.

Objectives/hypothesis To describe a previously unreported variant of Frey syndrome. Gustatory sweating is a common complication of parotidectomy and typically directly overlies the surgical site or parotid bed. In some instances, the sweating may occur beyond the parotid bed or involve tissue that was undisturbed during the procedure. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods All cases of temporoparietal Frey syndrome in a single surgeon's experience were reviewed. Results Seven patients were found to have temporoparietal Frey syndrome. Three patients had concomitant first bite syndrome. Three patients had some form of reconstruction at time of surgery. The mean time to onset of symptoms was 11.5 months, with a range of 7 to 21 months. Four patients did not require any treatment for their symptoms, but two patients required intradermal Botox injections for symptomatic relief. Discussion This study describes a previously unreported variant of Frey syndrome with symptoms occurring distal to the parotid gland. This likely develops either by regeneration of severed postganglionic fibers into sympathetic targets distally along the course of the auriculotemporal nerve or by regeneration into fibers of the sympathetic plexus traveling along the superficial temporal artery. Level of evidence Laryngoscope, 129:2071-2075, 2019.
Correlates of reading comprehension and word-problem solving skills of Spanish-speaking dual language learners

Abstract The purposes of this study were to evaluate the within- and cross-language relations of components of the simple view of reading and to evaluate correlates of reading comprehension and word-problem solving skills in a sample of Spanish-speaking dual language learners (DLLs). Seventy-two Spanish-speaking DLLs in first and second grade completed measures of decoding, vocabulary knowledge, reading comprehension, and word-problem solving skills in Spanish and English. Results indicated that decoding skills and expressive vocabulary knowledge significantly predicted reading comprehension outcomes within-languages. Additionally, there was a significant direct effect of Spanish expressive vocabulary on English reading comprehension, suggesting the possibility for interdependence of literacy-related skills across languages. Results of analysis of word-problem solving outcomes indicated that decoding and expressive vocabulary knowledge were equally predictive of reading comprehension and word-problem solving skills. These findings have important implications for assessment and intervention of reading and mathematics skills of DLLs.
A Space for Every Student: Assessing the Utility of a Family Friendly Study Room in a University Library

Students currently in and returning to college are increasingly likely to have children. The demands of academic and family life can conflict, making it difficult for student-parents to navigate bo...
Syntheses of the Marine Metabolites Verongamine, Hemibastadin-2, and Aerothionin Using the Cyano Ylide Coupling Methodology

Syntheses of the marine metabolites verongamine, hemibastadin-2, and aerothionin have been accomplished by a methodology involving the conversion of a carboxylic acid to an acyl cyano phosphorane which may be oxidized to an α,β-diketo nitrile. This strongly electrophilic intermediate is rapidly converted by amines to α-keto amides.
Synthesis of macrobicycuc polyethers with nitrogen atom bridgeheads

Abstract Macrobicyclic polyethers containing two 14-diaza-crown compounds condensed at the diaza nitrogen atoms (the di-ptychands) have been prepared using a simple and inexpensive procedure of treating the bis(2-hydroxyethyl)diaza-derivatives of 12-crown-4 (12C4) 15-crown-5 (15C5) and 18-crown-6 (18C6) macrocycles with the ditosylate derivatives of di-tri- tetra- or pentaethylene glycol. Eleven di-ptychands were prepared as follows: 12C4-15C5 12C4-18C6 12C4-21-crown-7 (21C7) 12C4-24-crown-8 (24C8) 15C5-15C5 15C5-18C6 (or 18C6-15C5) 15C5-21C7 15C5-24C8 18C6-18C6 18C6-21C7 and 18C6-24C8. The starting bis(2- hydroxyethyl) diaza-crowns were prepared in good yields by reacting inexpensive NN'-bis(2- hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine with l2-bis(2-iodoethoxy)ethane (to give bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl) diaza-12-crown-4) diethylene glycol bis(2-chloroethyl)ether (to give bis(2-hydroxyethyl) diaza-15-crown-5) and the ditosylate derivative of pentaethylene glycol (to give bis(2-hydroxyethyl)diaza-18-crown-6). Log K values for di-ptychand 15C5-18C6 interactions with sodium and potassium ions were large with a selectivity factor of 6.17 [K (K+)/K (Na+)].
Conformational Transition Pathways in Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporters

Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters consist of three subclasses: symporters, uniporters, and antiporters. We have performed a variety of equilibrium and non-equilibrium all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on bacterial proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter GkPOT, glucose transporter 1 (GluT1), and glycerol-3-phosphate transporter (GlpT) to compare the similarities and differences of the conformational dynamics of three different classes of the MFS superfamily in an explicit membrane environment. Our results of GkPOT reveal, with the aid of non-equilibrium pulling simulations and string method with swarms of trajectories, that the transition from the inward-facing (IF) to the outward-facing (OF) conformation whilst leaving the key inter-bundle salt-bridge of E310-R43 intact. Admittedly in comparison to previous GlpT simulations, the key salt-bridge must break to allow for the conformation to be explored. In spite of this, GluT1, transitions from the IF to the OF state spontaneously and then transitions to an OF-occluded conformation. All simulations are performed in the apo state of protein and reveal that despite their similarities, they use very different mechanisms to transition between the IF and OF states and they do so on very different timescales.
How to Teach Laboratory Stewardship in the Undergraduate Medical Curriculum

Objectives Promotion of high-quality care at a lower cost requires educational initiatives across the continuum of medical education. A needs assessment was performed to inform the design of an educational tool with the goal of teaching laboratory stewardship to medical students. Methods The needs assessment consisted of semistructured interviews with core clerkship directors and residency program directors at our institution, a national survey to the Undergraduate Medical Educators Section (UMEDS) of the Association of Pathology Chairs, and a review of existing online resources that teach high-value care. Results Two major themes emerged regarding opportunities to enhance laboratory stewardship education: appropriate ordering (knowledge of test indications, pretest/posttest probability, appropriateness criteria, recognition of unnecessary testing) and correct interpretation (understanding test specifications, factors that affect the test result, recognizing inaccurate results). Conclusions The online educational tool will focus on the curricular needs identified, using a multidisciplinary approach for development and implementation.
NANOG is required to form the epiblast and maintain pluripotency in the bovine embryo

During preimplantation development, the embryo undergoes two consecutive lineages specifications. The first cell fate decision determines which cells give rise to the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). Subsequently, the ICM differentiates into hypoblast and epiblast, the latter giving rise to the embryo proper. The transcription factors that govern these cell fate decisions have been extensively studied in the mouse, but are still poorly understood in other mammalian species. In the present study, the role of NANOG in the formation of the epiblast and maintenance of pluripotency in the bovine embryo was investigated. Using a CRISPR-Cas9 approach, guide RNAs were designed to target exon 2, resulting in a functional deletion of bovine NANOG at the zygote stage. Disruption of NANOG resulted in the embryos that form a blastocoel and an ICM composed of hypoblast cells. Furthermore, NANOG-null embryos showed lower expression of epiblast cell markers SOX2 and HA2AFZ, and hypoblast marker GATA6; without affecting the expression of TE markers CDX2 and KRT8. Results indicate that NANOG, has no apparent role in segregation or maintenance of the TE, but it is required to derive and maintain the pluripotent epiblast and during the second lineage commitment in the bovine embryo.
Know When to Hold ‘Em, Know When to Run: The Ballad of Billy Walters

Billy Walters went from rags to riches, to prison. It is the stuff songs are made of, and the story of Billy Walters’ path from rural Kentucky to Las Vegas to federal prison includes numerous movements. The first movement is a melancholy tune, filled with childhood deprivation and intermittent failure and success. The second movement is upbeat, in the electronic genre, with algorithms that transformed sports betting forever. The third movement gets very serious, entering the realm of securities trading, but with lighter elements including the theme from Batman. An eclectic collection of musical themes running through the life of “the most feared man in the history of sports betting.”
Chapter 7 – Networks

This chapter addresses the importance of developing and utilizing networks to find out about and obtain job opportunities in international humanitarian aid work. It begins with practical suggestions for starting your humanitarian network, including reaching out to existing networks, using social media, and seizing opportunities to meet practitioners. It provides key tips for humanitarian networking including how to reach out effectively to people and how to maintain your network. The chapter includes a brief discussion about the importance of mentors. The chapter concludes with an exercise intended to help the reader begin to build their network.
Monet: An open-source Python package for analyzing and integrating scRNA-Seq data using PCA-based latent spaces

Abstract Single-cell RNA-Seq is a powerful technology that enables the transcriptomic profiling of the different cell populations that make up complex tissues. However, the noisy and high-dimensional nature of the generated data poses significant challenges for its analysis and integration. Here, I describe Monet, an open-source Python package designed to provide effective and computationally efficient solutions to some of the most common challenges encountered in scRNA-Seq data analysis, and to serve as a toolkit for scRNA-Seq method development. At its core, Monet implements algorithms to infer the dimensionality and construct a PCA-based latent space from a given dataset. This latent space, represented by a MonetModel object, then forms the basis for data analysis and integration. In addition to validating these core algorithms, I provide demonstrations of some more advanced analysis tasks currently supported, such as batch correction and label transfer, which are useful when analyzing multiple datasets from the same tissue. Monet is available at https://github.com/flo-compbio/monet. Ongoing work is focused on providing electronic notebooks with tutorials for individual analysis tasks, and on developing interoperability with other Python scRNA-Seq software. The author welcomes suggestions for future improvements.
Health promotion and preventive health care service guidelines for the care of people with spina bifida

Individuals with Spina Bifida (SB) have unique lifelong medical and social needs. Thus, when considering how to promote health and offer preventive care, providers must adapt general healthcare screening and counseling recommendations to their patients' physical and cognitive impairments along with discerning how to monitor secondary or chronic conditions common to the population. This article provides an update on the health promotion and preventive health care guidelines developed as part of the Spina Bifida Association's fourth edition of the Guidelines for the Care of People with Spina Bifida. The guidelines highlight accommodations needed to promote general preventive health, common secondary/chronic conditions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, musculoskeletal pain, and considerations for preventing acute care utilization for the SB population throughout the lifespan. Further research is needed to understand the effectiveness of preventive care interventions in promoting positive health outcomes and mitigating potentially preventable acute care utilization.
Pedestrian crossing volume estimation at signalized intersections using Bayesian additive regression trees

Pedestrian crossing volume is one of the most important variables used to retime and optimize the signal timing plans for traffic delay migration and traffic safety improvement at signalized inters...
Methods to quantify the velocity dependence of common gait measurements from automated rodent gait analysis devices

Abstract Background Walking slowly is a different biomechanical task than walking quickly, thus measures of gait will be different at different velocities, such as pre/post injury. It is necessary to determine if the difference in gait measures are from the experimental changes, or simply from traveling at different speeds. New method Instead of limiting this effect, we have developed techniques to embrace the velocity dependence of gait measures. By translating the pawprints into a body coordinate frame we are able to measure location of paw placement in addition to the standard gait measures. Results At higher velocities rats have greater consistency of steps, place their forelimb initial contact more medially and anteriorly, and place their hindlimb toe off more medially and posteriorly. Interlimb phasing also becomes more consistent at higher velocities. Following a cervical spinal cord injury consistency is reduced and the velocity dependent behaviors are significantly different. Comparison with existing method Translating the coordinate frame improves the ability to measure changes in base of support following spinal cord injury. Employing a treadmill, or limiting analysis to a narrow velocity window does address the effects of velocity. We feel that measuring across all velocities is more appropriate than dictating that the animals match speeds. Conclusions Quantifying locomotion with automated gait analysis devices is a great way to evaluate the changes that experimental treatments provide. These new methods allow for a more appropriate way to address the confound of many gait measures being velocity dependent.
System for Inoculation of Blood in the Laboratory

A system is described that provides for the collection of blood in Vacutainer tubes containing Liquoid (sodium polyanethol sulfonate) and for the transport of such blood to the laboratory for inoculation. The procedure is compared to one utilizing open flasks of media, and the advantages of the closed system are discussed.
Workstation Video Playback Performance with Competitive Process Load

While many researchers believe that multimedia applications are best managed with hard, real-time scheduling mechanisms, models based on application-level adaptation with relaxed scheduling constraints are gaining acceptance. We analyze an existing video conferencing application that was designed without explicit support for CPU resource management, and propose modifications to its architecture to support CPU load adaptation. We show that this display jitter can be significantly reduced by gracefully adapting the application's load requirements to match the available CPU resources.
MIMO transmit weights for equal-rate data streams and joint detection receivers

Transmit weight designs have been proposed when the MIMO transmitter has channel knowledge and each data stream has the same modulation and coding type. However these existing transmit weights are designed for linear MMSE or successive cancellation receivers. In this paper, a novel technique for designing the transmit weights for equal-data rate MIMO streams is proposed assuming that the receiver performs joint detection (i.e., maximum likelihood symbol estimation). These weights can be designed so that the maximum theoretical capacity is still achievable. Simulation results show a BER performance improvement over previous transmit weight strategies for equal-rate data streams.
Market power, industrial organization and tradeable quotas

Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) wereintroduced into the Mid-Atlantic Surf Clam and OceanQuahog fishery to reduce over-capitalization whileconserving clam populations. Because the number ofoperators in the fishery declined drastically sincethe introduction of this policy, there is concernabout its effect on competitiveness. This paperutilizes Bertrand Pricing Models to show thatmonopoly power is absent from the surf clam andocean quahog markets. Concentration ratios, Lorenzcurves and Gini Coefficients estimated for thefishery for periods before and after ITQintroduction support the results of the Bertrand model.
Direct and Propagated Effects of Small Molecules on Protein–Protein Interaction Networks

Networks of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) link all aspects of cellular biology. Dysfunction in the assembly or dynamics of PPI networks is a hallmark of human disease, and as such, there is growing interest in the discovery of small molecules that either promote or inhibit PPIs. PPIs were once considered undruggable because of their relatively large buried surface areas and difficult topologies. Despite these challenges, recent advances in chemical screening methodologies, combined with improvements in structural and computational biology have made some of these targets more tractable. In this review, we highlight developments that have opened the door to potent chemical modulators. We focus on how allostery is being used to produce surprisingly robust changes in PPIs, even for the most challenging targets. We also discuss how interfering with one PPI can propagate changes through the broader web of interactions. Through this analysis, it is becoming clear that a combination of direct and propagated effects on PPI networks is ultimately how small molecules re-shape biology.
Where the Sidewalk Ends: The Limits of Social Constructionism

The sociology of knowledge is a heterogeneous set of theories which generally focuses on the social origins of meaning. Strong arguments, epitomized by Durkheim's late work, have hypothesized that the very concepts our minds use to structure experience are constructed through social processes. This view has come under attack from theorists influenced by recent work in developmental psychology that has demonstrated some awareness of these categories in pre-socialized infants. However, further studies have shown that the innate abilities infants display differ in systematic and theoretically significant ways from adults' explicit knowledge. This paper moves beyond the constructionist/nativist dichotomy by outlining the complex relationships between innate intelligence and explicit knowledge. I end by suggesting that there are four, distinct ways the social world influences thought- facilitation, division, specification, and construction.
A systematic review of the efficacy of venlafaxine for the treatment of fibromyalgia

Summary What is known and objective Fibromyalgia is a painful disease affecting 1–2% of the United States population. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as duloxetine and milnacipran, are well studied and frequently used for treating this disorder. However, efficacy data are limited for the SNRI venlafaxine despite its use in nearly a quarter of patients with fibromyalgia. Accordingly, we systematically reviewed the efficacy of venlafaxine for treatment of fibromyalgia. Methods PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Database were searched using the terms ‘venlafaxine’ and ‘fibromyalgia’. Results were classified as primary studies or review articles based on abstract review. References of review articles were evaluated to ensure no primary studies evaluating venlafaxine were overlooked. All clinical studies that investigated venlafaxine for the treatment of fibromyalgia were included and graded on strength of evidence. Results and discussion Five studies met the inclusion criteria, including 4 open-label cohort studies and 1 randomized, controlled trial. Study durations ranged from 6 weeks to 6 months, and study sizes ranged from 11 to 102 participants. Four of the five published studies reported improvement in at least one outcome. Generally consistent improvements were observed in pain-related outcome measures, including the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (range, 26–29% reduction; n = 2 studies), Visual Analog Scale (range, 36–45% reduction; n = 2 studies), McGill Pain Questionnaire (48% reduction; n = 1 study) and Clinical Global Impression scale (51% had significant score change; n = 1 study). However, the few studies identified were limited by small sample size, inconsistent use of outcomes and methodological concerns. What is new and conclusion Studies assessing the efficacy of venlafaxine in the treatment of fibromyalgia to date have been limited by small sample size, inconsistent venlafaxine dosing, lack of placebo control and lack of blinding. In the context of these limitations, venlafaxine appears to be at least modestly effective in treating fibromyalgia. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to further elucidate the full benefit of venlafaxine.
A case study of a reusable component collection in the information retrieval domain

Abstract This paper reports on practical issues in the development, distribution, use, and evolution of a reusable component collection in the domain of information retrieval.
Effect of hypochlorhydria due to omeprazole treatment or atrophic gastritis on protein-bound vitamin B12 absorption.

To investigate the effects of hypochlorhydria and acidic drink ingestion on protein-bound vitamin B12 absorption in elderly subjects.Absorption of protein-bound vitamin B12 was examined in elderly normal subjects (n = 8), and in hypochlorhydric subjects due to omeprazole treatment (n = 8) or with atrophic gastritis (n = 3). Subjects underwent absorption tests of protein-bound vitamin B12 ingested with water, cranberry juice and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid.Protein-bound vitamin B12 absorption was lower in the omeprazole-treated group (0.50%) compared to the normal group (1.21%; p < 0.001). With cranberry juice ingestion, the omeprazole-treated group showed an increase in absorbed protein-bound vitamin B12 (p = 0.025). With dilute hydrochloric acid ingestion, there was a further increase in vitamin B12 absorption (p < 0.001).Omeprazole causes protein-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption, and ingestion of an acidic drink improves protein-bound vitamin B12 absorption.
Is it the Busing or the Blacks

This study compares racial factors and the policy costs of school desegregation in influencing white student withdrawal in two large school districts-Los Angeles, California, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Mandatory reassignments produce predictably large school-loss rates that can be used to estimate the interracial exposure of proposed alternative desegregation plans. On average, 55% of the white students reassigned to schools above 90% minority will not enroll. The results of multiple regression analysis indicate, however, that the real costs of school desegregation-reassignment, the busing distance, a decline in average achievement and social class-are at least as important as the percentage minority of the student body in predicting white withdrawal.
Multilaver Mirrors For 182Å

Multilayer coatings have been designed for peak reflectivity at 182.2A and 45° angle of incidence. An optimizing computer code was used to find the best layer thicknesses and total number of layers in the structure. Silicon was chosen as the spacer material and molybdenum for the absorber. Mirrors were produced both by sputtering and by electron-beam evaporation in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The mirrors fabricated by sputtering were made from high-purity source materials by moving a substrate table over the sources. The UHV evaporated samples were produced in a silicon/metals MBE system with a base pressure of 5X10-11 torr. The layers were formed by alternately opening shutters over the two electron-beam evaporators. The deposition rates were feedback stabilized and the shutter timing was computer controlled. The substrate was rotated to produce uniform layers and heated to 200°C for one sample. Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning tunneling. microscopy (STM) were used for characterization. Synchrotron radiation from SURF-II was used to measure the reflectivity as a function of wavelength in the design region. All of the mirrors have amorphous Si layers and polycrystalline Mo layers. The measured reflectivity at 45°, scaled for 10096 S-polarized light, ranges from 29% for a sputter-deposited mirror to 47% for the mirror produced in the MBE system at a substrate temperature of 200°C.