cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Current State of Nonprofit Director Liability

The nonprofit world is in a state of transition. The glut of organizations establishing themselves as nonprofit charitable entities has forced funders and the communities being served to reassess how these groups benefit society and just what privileges they should be afforded. Board of Director scandals, both nationally and locally, have littered newspapers over the past decade, threatening to undermine the trust and goodwill necessary for the nonprofit sector to operate successfully. Yet, there remains a strong belief that the function these organizations perform is valid and extremely important to the business and moral fabric of the nation. In the United States, three traditions and concepts, the Judea-Christian “tzedaka,” the Greek notion of philanthropy, and the notion of fiduciary responsibility, or “trustworthiness,” are strongly ingrained in the legal treatment afforded charitable organizations. A number of external variables are causing nonprofit organizations to defend and redefine their role and purpose. These variables include competition from secular organizations operating as for-profits; mandates from funding agencies to merge, consolidate, or form consortiums to compete for limited resources; changing community expectations; and the ever-increasing demand on board members to be knowledgeable and accountable for their actions are but a few such variables. This article examines the role and responsibilities of nonprofit directors in the nonprofit arena. It first reviews the current state of the law and standard of accountability among board members while acknowledging the need for more serious oversight by the agencies empowered to monitor these organizations. Although this article emphasizes the need for director accountability, it also examines the protections from liability that are afforded board members and considers whether these safeguards are sufficient to attract able persons. If directors, who are typically busy individuals acting in a volunteer capacity, are discouraged from serving on nonprofit boards because of a fear of growing exposure to liability, the nonprofit world will suffer and the community at large will encounter huge gaps in services once provided by organizations gone extinct because of a lack of commitment to serve on their boards.
A Garden of Integrals

The derivative and the integral are the fundamental notions of calculus. Though there is essentially only one derivative, there are a variety of integrals, developed over the years for a variety of purposes, and this book describes them. No other single source treats all of the integrals of Cauchy, Riemann, Riemann-Stieltjes, Lebesgue, Lebesgue-Steiltjes, Henstock-Kurzweil, Weiner, and Feynman. The basic properties of each are proved, their similarities and differences are pointed out, and the reason for their existence and their uses are given. Historical information is plentiful. Advanced undergraduate mathematics majors, graduate students, and faculty members are the audience for the book. Even experienced faculty members are unlikely to be aware of all of the integrals in the Garden of Integrals and the book provides an opportunity to see them and appreciate the richness of the idea of integral. Professor Burke's clear and well-motivated exposition makes this book a joy to read.
Plane Crashing over Boston

bottles of shaving lotion sailing through the sky 20,000 feet down breaking like eggs against rocks a woman s slip dangling by one strap from a treebranch like a deflated parachute like satin slipcovers like the loosed pages of a magazine fluttering slowly to the ground like leaves a red-haired stewardess trips and falls against you as the plane veers there is an instant of pleasure a bundle of fragrant hair passes along your cheek one breast beneath a sheer white blouse brushes your shoulder and then the
Circumventing the Manley-Rowe quantum efficiency limit in an optically pumped terahertz quantum-cascade amplifier.

Using a microscopic theory based on the Maxwell-semiconductor Bloch equations, we investigate the feasibility of an optically pumped electrically driven terahertz (THz) quantum-cascade laser as a pathway to room-temperature THz generation. In optical conversion schemes the power conversion efficiency is limited by the Manley-Rowe relation. We circumvent this constraint by incorporating an electrical bias in a four level intersubband scheme, thereby allowing coherent recovery of the optical pump energy. The observed THz radiation is generated through both stimulated emission and automatically phase-matched quantum coherence contributions---making the proposed approach both a promising source for THz radiation and a model system for quantum coherence effects such as lasing without inversion and electromagnetically induced transparency.
Long-term effects of crude oil on microbial processes in subarctic marine sediments

Abstract Subarctic marine sediments amended with various organic compounds were exposed to fresh Cook Inlet crude oil at a concentration of 50 ppt for either 6 or 8 months. After the sediments were initially treated, they were returned to the approximate location where they were collected and left to be exposed to natural environmental conditions until they were retrieved for analysis. As a result of crude oil treatment, the activities of the enzymes that hydrolyse structural polysaccharides were reduced and the activities of the enzymes that hydrolyse storage polysaccharides were stimulated. In addition to these changes, we observed changes in phosphatase activity, nitrogen fixation rates, potential denitrification rates, methane concentrations, CO 2 production rates, and the glucose uptake and mineralization rates. The effect of the crude oil perturbation was different depending on the organic compound used in the amended sediments. Many of these differences could be explained by the effect of crude oil on the hydrolases which were responsible for degrading the compound in question. The results of this study suggest the effect of crude oil on microbial processes may be affected by the type of organic material present in the impacted marine sediment. This study also illustrates the value of measuring hydrolase activity in studies designed to determine the effects of this or any other pollutant on microbial processes in marine sediments.
Automated Control of Arterial Pressure and Cardiac Output with Nitroprusside and Dobutamine in Anesthetized Dogs

The Control Advance Moving Average Controller, a modification of the Minimum Variance Self-Tuning Controller, Was used to simultaneously control Mean Arterial Pressure and Cardiac Output in anesthetized dogs. By varying the infusion of sodium nitroprusside and dobutamine the controller successfully lowered the mean arterial pressure and raised the cardiac output to preset setpoints.
Requirement of alveolar bone formation for eruption of rat molars

Tooth eruption is a localized event that requires a dental follicle (DF) to regulate the resorption of alveolar bone to form an eruption pathway. During the intra-osseous phase of eruption, the tooth moves through this pathway. The mechanism or motive force that propels the tooth through this pathway is controversial but many studies have shown that alveolar bone growth at the base of the crypt occurs during eruption. To determine if this bone growth (osteogenesis) was causal, experiments were designed in which the expression of an osteogenic gene in the DF, bone morphogenetic protein-6 (Bmp6), was inhibited by injection of the first mandibular molar of the rat with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted against Bmp6. The injection was followed by electroporation to promote uptake of the siRNA. In 45 first molars injected, eruption was either delayed or completely inhibited (seven molars). In the impacted molars, an eruption pathway formed but bone growth at the base of the crypt was greatly reduced compared with the erupted first-molar controls. These studies show that alveolar bone growth at the base of the crypt is required for tooth eruption and that Bmp6 may be essential for promoting this growth.
Conditions for identifiability in sparse spatial spectrum sensing

Spatial Spectrum estimation is a key technique used in a wide variety of problems arising in signal processing and communication, particularly those employing multiple antennas. In many scenarios such as direction finding using antenna arrays, it is crucial to estimate which directions in space contribute to active sources (indicated by a non zero power). It has been recently shown that if the sources from different directions are statistically uncorrelated, it is possible to identify as many as O(M2) active sources using only M physical antennas. A sparse representation for the spatial spectrum was further exploited to reconstruct the spectrum using convex optimization techniques. In this paper, we consider the situation when there is non zero cross correlation between the sources impinging from different directions. We investigate if, fundamentally, it still possible to identify more sources than the number of physical sensors and what role the cross correlation terms play. Recovery guarantees are developed to ensure uniqueness of the sparse representation for spectrum sensing. They are further extended to establish conditions under which a greedy heuristic, namely the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithm will successfully recover the sparse spectrum. It is shown that in both cases, it is possible to recover support of larger size provided the correlation terms are small compared to the power of the impinging signals.
Basic pressures of voiding in the adult female

Abstract Basic extravesical and intravesical pressure changes involved in voiding were discriminated by simultaneously electronically recording intravesical, intraurethral, and intrarectal pressures in 65 adult females. Voiding was initiated by Valsalva stress in 39 per cent, by detrusor contraction in 33 per cent, and by mixed pressures in 28 per cent. Once voiding was established, the pressure of Valsalva stress frequently dropped out, leaving the evacuation phase of voiding to detrusor contraction. After-voiding contractions occurred as frequently from Valsalva stress as from detrusor contraction. Four patients with chronic partial urinary retention presented evidence which suggested that the etiology might have been due to intense psychic trauma incidental to vaginal plastic surgery. A precise mechanism of voiding for the adult female could not be established. Willful control over detrusor function was confirmed.
Trajectory following control of robotic manipulators using neural networks

A novel learning control architecture utilizing nonlinear computational properties of neural networks is presented. The nonlinear dynamics of the manipulator is assumed to be unknown, and the control scheme efficiently learns the required feedforward torques for a specified trajectory after a repeated number of trials. Simulation tests give promising results for real-time implementation of the algorithm. >
Individual differences in sensitivity to nicotine in mice: response to six generations of selective breeding.

Abstract Four hundred seventeen heterogeneous stock mice were tested for their relative sensitivity to a low dose of nicotine (0.75 mg/kg) using activity in an automated Y-maze and body temperature as response measures. A wide spectrum of individual responsiveness to nicotine, ranging from complete suppression of activity to stimulation above baseline activity, was found. Replicate measures taken 1 week later on the same animals showed the responses to nicotine to be reliable and reproducible. Activity levels and body temperatures following nicotine administration were highly correlated (r = 0.60, df = 415). From analysis of between-litter proportions of variance, the heritability of nicotine-influenced activity was estimated to be 0.12, indicating that selective breeding for differential responsiveness to nictone would be possible. The 10 most activated and 10 most depressed male and female mice were chosen as breeders for replicate nicotine activated (NA) and nicotine depressed (ND) lines, respectively. The selection criterion was nicotine-induced activity corrected for baseline activity using regression residuals. After six generations of selective breeding a good response to selection was obtained, although the response was better for the ND than for the NA lines. Realized heritability for responsiveness to nicotine calculated from the six selected generations was found to be 0.20, or slightly greater than that estimated from the foundation population. There were no significant differences in response to selection between the replicate NA or ND lines. Nicotine-induced body temperature was measured as a correlated response to selection, and was found to remain highly correlated with nicotine-induced locomotor activity. The response was more robust for the ND lines than it was for the NA lines. In contrast to the large differences between the ND and NA lines in locomotor activity and body temperatures following nicotine administration, mean baseline activities and body temperatures remained nearly identical throughout. This indicates that selection acted specifically on nicotine-induced responses, and not on baseline measurements, as predicted for response to a selection criterion based on regression residuals.
Norovirus P Particle Efficiently Elicits Innate, Humoral and Cellular Immunity

Norovirus (NoV) P domain complexes, the 24 mer P particles and the P dimers, induced effective humoral immunity, but their role in the cellular immune responses remained unclear. We reported here a study on cellular immune responses of the two P domain complexes in comparison with the virus-like particle (VLP) of a GII.4 NoV (VA387) in mice. The P domain complexes induced significant central memory CD4+ T cell phenotypes (CD4+ CD44+ CD62L+ CCR7+) and activated polyclonal CD4+ T cells as shown by production of Interleukin (IL)-2, Interferon (IFN)-γ, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α. Most importantly, VA387-specific CD4+ T cell epitope induced a production of IFN-γ, indicating an antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response in P domain complex-immunized mice. Furthermore, P domain complexes efficiently induced bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) maturation, evidenced by up-regulation of co-stimulatory and MHC class II molecules, as well as production of IL-12 and IL-1β. Finally, P domain complex-induced mature dendritic cells (DCs) elicited proliferation of specific CD4+ T cells targeting VA387 P domain. Overall, we conclude that the NoV P domain complexes are efficiently presented by DCs to elicit not only humoral but also cellular immune responses against NoVs. Since the P particle is highly effective for both humoral and cellular immune responses and easily produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli), it is a good choice of vaccine against NoVs and a vaccine platform against other diseases.
Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DRP-2) gene and association to deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia.

A previous study has shown an association between the *2236T > C allele polymorphism of the dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DRP-2) gene and schizophrenia in a Japanese sample [Nakata et al. (2003); Biological Psychiatry 53:571–576]. DRP-2 is an important molecule in guiding neuronal development and its gene is located in 8p21, a chromosomal region that was previously shown to have significant linkage to schizophrenia and to several deficit symptoms of schizophrenia. We compared the frequency of the DRP-2 *2236T > C polymorphism between subjects with (n = 117) and without (n = 72) schizophrenia, and then further evaluated whether the association was specific for the deficit (n = 24) and nondeficit (n = 93) forms of schizophrenia. In both Caucasians and African-Americans, the C allele occurred more frequently in schizophrenia cases than controls, with this difference achieving statistical significance in Caucasians (C allele frequency: 42.0% in cases vs. 25.0% in controls, P = 0.014) but not African Americans (52.6% in cases vs. 50.0% in controls, P = 0.93). In Caucasians, the frequency of the C allele was significantly higher in both the deficit (allele frequency 53.3%, P = 0.009) and nondeficit (39.2%, P =0.050) forms of schizophrenia compared to controls (allele frequency 25.0%). We conclude that the DRP-2 *2236 C allele may mark another polymorphism in DRP-2, or in a nearby gene, that may influence susceptibility to schizophrenia. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Elementary School Teachers’ Attitudes toward Instructional Television

A 32-item instrument was developed to measure the attitudes of elementary school teachers toward instructional television. The instrument was administered to a stratified sample of 142 teachers in Tennessee. Correlations of responses to the thirty-two items with years of teaching experience were computed. Twenty-five items correlated significantly and were subjected to factor analysis. Four factors appeared to be the best solution to the problem and have been titled 1.) The Teaching Process, 2.) Threat of Instructional Television, 3.) Use of Instructional Television, and 4.) The Learning Process. Items of threat nature were rejected and the attitudes of the teachers were highly positive toward instructional television. The instrument appeared to be an effective tool to measure attitudes of elementary teachers toward instructional television.
Evaluation of the surgical treatment of vulvar vestibulitis.

Objective: To assess the efficacy of perineoplasty in the management of vulvar vestibulitis. Study design: Forty-two women who had undergone operative perineoplasty for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis completed a questionnaire, a mean of 4.8 years postoperatively. Results: Vulvodynia was constant or daily in 29 (69%) before surgery and in eight (19%) of respondents after surgery. In all, 27 (80%) of 34 women who had preoperative vulvar discomfort reported that the discomfort was much better or absent following surgery. Before surgery, 26 (70%) of 37 women who were not celibate for reasons other than vulvar vestibulitis, were celibate because of vulvar vestibulitis or always had pain during coitus and sometimes had to discontinue coitus because of pain. In contrast, only two (5.7%) of 35 women had this degree of dyspareunia following surgery. Similarly, 28 (85%) of 33 sexually active women who had dyspareunia before surgery reported that intercourse was much less painful or pain-free following surgery. Conclusion: Perineoplasty has a role in the management of vulvar vestibulitis for women who do not achieve satisfactory relief of vulvodynia and/or dyspareunia with nonoperative treatments.
Chick Growth Response to Condensed Fish Solubles and Varying Levels of Terramycin

Abstract THE use of antibiotics to promote increased growth rates in poultry is well established. Coates et al. (1951, 1952) have shown that rearing of chicks in new quarters replaced the need for antibiotics in the diet. This finding was confirmed by Hill et al. (1953) and Lillie et al. (1953). Starting with new batteries in previously unused quarters, Hill and Kelly (1953) were unable to demonstrate a growth response in chicks from a low level of aureomycin in 3 successive trials but found that a high level significantly stimulated early growth. These authors (1954) later repeated their finding with penicillin and further showed that the growth response to a high level of the antibiotic did not occur on a vegetable-protein type diet in the absence of fish meal. Heretofore, the use of high levels of antibiotics has been accepted, chiefly, as therapeutic and preventative agents to combat chronic respiratory disease …
Health Psychology: Where Are We And Where Do We Go From Here?

Human behaviour plays a significant role in most of the leading causes of death. Psychological science has the potential to enhance health outcomes through a better understanding of health promoting and health damaging behaviours. Health psychology and the related field of behavioural medicine focus on the interplay among biological dispositions, behaviour, and social context. The field might advance by building better collaboration with other fields of medicine, sharing expertise on technical aspects of psychometric outcomes assessment, identifying behavioural interventions to reduce health disparities, and creating an infrastructure that fosters multidisciplinary research.
Bence Jones Proteinuria Associated with a Transplantable Mouse Plasma-Cell Neoplasm

IN 1848 Bence Jones reported his unique findings in the urine of a grocer who had a malignant disease involving the bones, afterwards identified as multiple myeloma1. Bence Jones described a protein material which precipitated on heating of the acidified urine, became soluble on boiling and reprecipitated on cooling. Recent studies are in general agreement that proteins with these unusual solubility properties are present in the urine of about 50 per cent of patients with malignant plasmacytomas (multiple myeloma)2.
Photochemical activity and components of membrane preparations from blue-green algae. II. Low-temperature photooxidation of cytochrome b559.

Abstract In view of some conflicting reports we investigated the properties of cytochrome b 559 present in membrane fragments of Nostoc muscorum (Strain 7119) cells capable of high rates of photooxidation of water. We found that (i) the membrane-bound cytochrome b 559 exists in more than one form, the high-potential form being the predominant one, (ii) the high-potential form of cytochrome b 559 was photooxidized at cryogenic temperatures (−196°C), and (iii) the low-temperature photooxidation was accomplished by short-wavelength light characteristic of Photosystem II but not by long-wavelength ligh characteristic of Photosystem I. Since similar properties of cytochrome b 559 have also been found in chloroplasts, they appear to be general characteristics of the O 2 -evolving apparatus in photosynthesis.
Title IX and Retaliation: The Impact of Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education on Higher Education

In 2005, the United States Supreme Court rendered a closely divided opinion that extends the protections against discrimination provided by Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 to include a private cause of action for retaliation in Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education. Therefore, “whistleblowers,” or employees who report allegedly discriminatory practices, can file suit against employers who retaliate against them on the basis of their complaints under the auspices of Title IX, which prohibits discrimination “on the basis of sex” by recipients of federal education funds. Unlike other federal anti-discrimination laws such as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, retaliation is not expressly mentioned within the text of Title IX, and the Supreme Court reasoned that the broad language of the statute encompasses implied protections against retaliation, regardless of the gender of the employee who alleges retaliatory action. As a result of Jackson, the first generation of litigation against colleges and universities under this expanded standard has begun to navigate the federal courts. This article analyzes the Supreme Court’s opinion in Jackson and the related cases representing the first application of the retaliation standard articulated therein to colleges and universities. The article concludes with suggestions for insulation from liability associated with alleged retaliation claims against administrators and educational institutions.
New sensitivity analysis attack

The sensitivity analysis attacks by Kalker et al . constitute a known family of watermark removal attacks exploiting a vulnerability in some watermarking protocols: the attacker's unlimited access to the watermark detector. In this paper, a new attack on spread spectrum schemes is designed. We first examine one of Kalker's algorithms and prove its convergence using the law of large numbers, which gives more insight into the problem. Next, a new algorithm is presented and compared to existing ones. Various detection algorithms are considered including correlation detectors and normalized correlation detectors, as well as other, more complicated algorithms. Our algorithm is noniterative and requires at most n +1 operations, where n is the dimension of the signal. Moreover, the new approach directly estimates the watermark by exploiting the simple geometry of the detection boundary and the information leaked by the detector.
Thermoelectric power of superionic conductors

Abstract A technique for the calculation of the thermoelectric power in many-particle systems exhibiting hopping conduction is presented. It is shown that the combination of thermopower and conductivity data provides very useful information about the microscopic nature of the ion hopping process in solid electrolytes. There are two main qualitative features of the transport data. In most systems the heat of transport (determined from the thermopower) and the activation energy for conduction are nearly equal, and in systems exhibiting lattice gas order-disorder transitions, these parameters may change across the phase boundary. An extended polaron lattice gas model is presented which is consistent with these features of the data and which allows a determination of the relative strengths of static barrier and polaron effects on the hopping. The results of the model suggest that polaron coupling is relatively small in most materials except for those based on organic halides.
Modelling of heat transfer in non-adiabatic monolith reactors and experimental comparisons of metal monoliths with packed beds

Abstract Heat transfer in metal honeycomb monoliths, under non-adiabatic conditions, is considered in this work. Using a simple geometric simulation of the monolithic structure, steady-state heat balances are written separately for the solid and gas phases of the simulated monolith. In the absence of chemical reaction the model is solved analytically to give solid and gas temperature profiles radially and axially within the monolith. An experimental system is used to compare heat transfer in a honeycomb metal monolith to the model predictions. Also, heat transfer in a packed bed of ceramic pellets is studied experimentally and compared to the metal monolith under similar, non-adiabatic conditions. Results point out the different heat-transfer merits of each of these two bed configurations.
Sclerochronology: A tool for interpreting past environments

X-radiographs of stony coral slabs reveal two types of annual density bands. Detailed studies of these bands in relation to known variations in air temperatures indicate that sclerochronology is a valid tool for documenting time sequences and changing environmental conditions on a coral reef.
Fay: Extensible Distributed Tracing from Kernels to Clusters

Fay is a flexible platform for the efficient collection, processing, and analysis of software execution traces. Fay provides dynamic tracing through use of runtime instrumentation and distributed aggregation within machines and across clusters. At the lowest level, Fay can be safely extended with new tracing primitives, including even untrusted, fully optimized machine code, and Fay can be applied to running user-mode or kernel-mode software without compromising system stability. At the highest level, Fay provides a unified, declarative means of specifying what events to trace, as well as the aggregation, processing, and analysis of those events.We have implemented the Fay tracing platform for Windows and integrated it with two powerful, expressive systems for distributed programming. Our implementation is easy to use, can be applied to unmodified production systems, and provides primitives that allow the overhead of tracing to be greatly reduced, compared to previous dynamic tracing platforms. To show the generality of Fay tracing, we reimplement, in experiments, a range of tracing strategies and several custom mechanisms from existing tracing frameworks.Fay shows that modern techniques for high-level querying and data-parallel processing of disagreggated data streams are well suited to comprehensive monitoring of software execution in distributed systems. Revisiting a lesson from the late 1960s [Deutsch and Grant 1971], Fay also demonstrates the efficiency and extensibility benefits of using safe, statically verified machine code as the basis for low-level execution tracing. Finally, Fay establishes that, by automatically deriving optimized query plans and code for safe extensions, the expressiveness and performance of high-level tracing queries can equal or even surpass that of specialized monitoring tools.
Applications of Nano-Composite Piezoelectric Foam Sensors

This study develops highly flexible, adaptable, portable gauges that give real-time measurements in many applications where compression is of interest. They can be embedded into elastomeric foams, and preserve the desirable physical properties of the foams in dispersing impact energy. We anticipate that these novel and inexpensive sensors will enable real-time measurement of human impacts and athletic performance based on data collected in the field, rather than the current standard of trying to replicate these experiences in the lab. In previous work, we have validated the performance of tensile strain sensors based on a similar technology embedded in thin sheets of silicone. These sensors are capable of measuring up to 50% strains in real time with minimal interference in tissue motion. With the addition of the sensors described in the present work, it is possible to measure both tensile and compressive strains.© 2013 ASME
FRAMING SADDAM'S EXECUTION IN THE US PRESS

One of the major international events at the end of 2006 was the execution of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. The rushed execution sparked a controversy around the world and provided national media with an opportunity to frame the event in ways that resonate with their local audiences. This study focuses on the framing of the execution in the elite newspapers in the United States. Using a content analysis methodology, the study examines the news framing of the event in the US press. Of particular interest is the distributive and procedural justice frames used to describe Saddam's execution. In addition to dominant justice framing, the study also identifies the signature matrix of the coverage and the main interpretive packages comprising it.
Not Western: Race, Reading, and the South African Photocomic

Photocomics were widely popular in South Africa in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, yet they have received little critical attention. This article has two goals. First, it seeks to contextualise the production and consumption of photocomics during apartheid. Second, focusing on one popular form of the photocomic – the Western – I look at how narrative and aesthetic conventions of the form reinforced, yet simultaneously disturbed, the apartheid state's fantasy of total segregation. Reading practices fostered interracial contact in the imaginative and affective spheres even while apartheid doctrine attempted to prevent it. Conjoining text and photograph, sequence and still, mimesis, fantasy, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, the photocomic is not just an outmoded form of popular entertainment, but instead connects readings in popular culture with the formation of complex political subjectivities.
Chromosomal localization of human gene for histidyl-tRNA synthetase: clustering of genes encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases on human chromosome 5.

The gene encoding histidyl-tRNA synthetase was localized to human chromosome 5 using human-Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrids. Seven of the functionally related genes encoding the 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have now been mapped in humans and four are located on a single chromosome, number 5, which represents less than 7 % of the total genome. Thus, there appears to be significant clustering of this group of genes which may reflect their evolutionary relatedness or common factors involved in regulating their expression.
Risk stratification after myocardial infarction by stress 99m technetium tetrofosmin spect. Impact of scintigraphic extent of coronary artery disease

Abstract Background. To assess the incremental prognostic value the of stress 99m technetium tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with previous myocardial infarction. Methods. We studied 383 patients (age 60 ± 11 year, 280 men) >3 month after acute myocardial infarction by exercise bicycle or dobutamine (up to 40 μg/kg/min) stress 99m technetium tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion tomography. Stress images were acquired 1 hour after stress, and rest images were acquired 24 hours after stress test. An abnormal study was defined as reversible or fixed perfusion abnormality. Myocardial segments were assigned to corresponding coronary arteries as follows: the apex, anterior wall and anterior septum to the left anterior descending coronary artery, the posterolateral wall to the left circumflex, and the posterior septum and the inferior wall to the right coronary artery. Results. During a follow up of 4.3 ± 2.1 years, 48 cardiac events occurred (36 cardiac deaths and 12 non-fatal myocardial infarctions). Myocardial perfusion was normal in 51 patients, abnormal in single vessel distribution in 170 patients and abnormal in multivessel distribution in 162 patients. The annual cardiac event rates in these groups were 0.4%, 2.6%, and 4% respectively. Survival curves are shown in figure. In a multivariate analysis of clinical data, independent predictors of cardiac events were diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] 2.3, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.2–4.5), history of congestive heart failure (OR 2.7, CI 1.4–4) and smoking (2.7, CI 1.5–5). The extent of coronary artery disease on tetrofosmin scans was incremental to clinical data in the prediction of cardiac events (OR 4.8, CI 1.5–9). Model Chi2increased from 18 to 26 (p Conclusion. Stress 99m technetium tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging provides incremental prognostic information for the risk stratification of patients with previous myocardial infarction. Event rate is directly related to the scintigraphic extent of coronary artery disease. Patients with normal perfusion have excellent event free survival.
Induction accelerator for crystalline beams

Abstract A quadrupole ring trap and a betatron are combined to form a new type of induction accelerator (crystron) that allows stable acceleration of crystalline ion chains. We illustrate the working principle and the stability of the crystron by simulating numerically the acceleration of chains of up to 1000 crystallized 24Mg+ ions.
Synthesis and structural characterizations of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 thin films

We investigate the synthesis of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films using thermal evaporation from copper, zinc and tin pellets and post-annealing in sulfur atmosphere at 600 °C. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering results show that the films produced from a Cu/Sn/Cu/Zn precursor at 600°C for 4 hours are kesterite phase CZTS with traces of ZnS. Grain sizes of 1 um or above are obtained from SEM images. We explored the effect of the sulfurization temperature, sulfurization time and metal precursor evaporation sequence on the CZTS structure and film morphology. The beneficial effect of impurity diffusion in grain growth has also been observed in this work.
Conditioned saccharin aversions in rats as a result of cutaneous nicotine or intraperitoneal nicotine administered in divided doses

Nicotine base was used in a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm to avert male Sprague-Dawley rats to saccharin solution (0.1%, w/v). Experiments investigated different dose routes of nicotine administration and duration of action as determinants in nicotine-induced CTA. In Experiment 1 nicotine was injected intraperitoneally (IP) at doses of 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg 30 min after drinking saccharin solution. Using a two-bottle choice test, no CTA was observed, although all nicotine animals showed obvious symptoms of malaise including seizures in the highest dose group. Experiment 2 showed dose-related CTA when nicotine (10.0, 30.0, or 50.0 mg/kg) was cutaneously applied 30 min following saccharin drinking. Experiment 2B showed that the aversions were due to associative rather than nonassociative factors such as sensitization or enhanced neophobia. In Experiment 3, the following group treatments were begun 30 min after saccharin drinking to distribute identical total nicotine doses over an extended period of time: One IP injection of 2.0 mg/kg nicotine (in a saline vehicle) and four injections of saline solution, three injections of 0.67 mg/kg nicotine and two injections of saline, five injections of 0.40 mg/kg nicotine, or five injections of saline. All injections were spaced 30 min apart. Compared with saline-injected controls, CTA occurred in the rats receiving either three or five injections of nicotine but the group receiving one injection did not differ from the control group. There was no difference in CTA between the groups receiving three or five injections.
The Significance of Sarcopenia in Old Age

Our knowledge of the significance of sarcopenia in old age is limited by a lack of epidemiologic data, an incomplete assessment of the pathophysiologic consequences of age-related decrements in muscle mass and quality, and poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for these decrements. These gaps prevent us from fully appreciating the extent of the public health burden that sarcopenia poses, and present major obstacles to the elucidation of therapies to prevent or reverse sarcopenia in the elderly. The National Institute on Aging convened the Workshop on Sarcopenia to address these issues. The primary questions explored at the workshop included: (a) What research is needed to determine the clinical and functional significance of sarcopenia? (b) What research is needed to understand its etiology? and (c) What opportunities are there for determining the efficacy of current or potential interventions to prevent or retard the development of sarcopenia? The research recommendations from the workshop underscored the need for more dialogue between researchers in different fields (e.g., endocrinology, exercise physiology, bone biology) and for multidisciplinary approaches in order to gain greater insight into sarcopenia. The summary of the research directions which follows has been organized according to the primary questions of the workshop.
New melampolide sesquiterpene lactones from Melampodium leucanthum

Abstract The isolation of five germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones from Melampodium leucanthum Torrey and Gray (Compositae-Heliantheae) is reported. The structures of three new melampolides, melampodin-A acetate, leucanthin-A and leucanthin-B, have been determined by spectral methods and chemical correlations.
Denial of convenience attack to smartphones using a fake Wi-Fi access point

In this paper, we present a novel denial-of-service attack targeted at popular smartphones that are used by normal users who are not technology savvy. This type of attack, which we call a denial-of-convenience attack, prevents non-technical savvy victims from utilizing data services by exploiting the connectivity management protocol of smartphones when encountered with a Wi-Fi access point. By setting up a fake Wi-Fi access point without Internet access (using a simple device such as a laptop computer), an attacker can prompt a smartphone with enabled Wi-Fi features to automatically terminate a valid mobile broadband connection and connect to this fake Wi-Fi access point. This, as a result, prevents the targeted smartphone from having any type of Internet connection unless the victim is capable of identifying the attack and manually disabling the Wi-Fi features. We demonstrate that most popular smartphones, including iPhone and Android phones, are vulnerable to denial-of-convenience attacks. To address this attack, we propose implementing a novel Internet-access validation protocol that uses the cellular network to send a secret key phrase to an Internet validation server. Then, it attempts to retrieve this secret key phrase via the newly established Wi-Fi channel to validate the Wi-Fi access point. We have fully developed and evaluated the attacks as well as the defense prototypes that run on Android phones.
Spin-axis stabilization of symmetric spacecraft with two control torques

Abstract It is a well-known fact that a symmetric spacecraft with two control torques supplied by gas jet actuators is not controllable, if the two control torques are along axes that span the two-dimensional plane orthogonal to the axis of symmetry. However, feedback control laws can be derived for a restricted problem corresponding to attitude stabilization about the symmetry axis. In this configuration, the final state of the system is a uniform revolute motion about the symmetry axis. The purpose of this paper is to present a new methodology for constructing feedback control laws for this problem, based on a new formulation for the attitude kinematics.
Abundances and physiological properties of deep-water seaweeds from Carolina outer continental shelf

The morphology, physiology, and relative abundances of two deep-water seaweed assemblages off Cape Fear, North Carolina, were examined, one at 30 m and the other at 42 m depth. Both sites are subtropical areas of low physical disturbance. In situ O2-exchange rates for abundant species were measured. Species showed net photosynthesis at ≤ 40μE · m−2 · s−1 (≈ 0.01 I0). Thin flat species, such as Dictyopteris hoytii Tayl., Dictyota cervicornis Kutz., and D. Divaricata Lamour., had higher photosynthetic capacity (> 2 × ) and greater pigment content than species with other thallus forms (calcified, coarsely branched, leathery); however, thin flat species are not biomass-abundant year-round at the high-diversity 30-m site. Rather, perennial species with coarsely branched or thick leathery thalli predominated. The annual species, Dictyota divaricata, dominated (> 85% cover) at the low-diversity 42-m site. Low tissue-N levels and relatively high CN atom ratios suggested nutrient limitation. Macroalgae with calcified, coarsely branched, and leathery thalli, particularly Zonaria tournefortii (Lamour.) Mont., Galaxaura obtusata (Ellis et Soland.) Lamour., and Eucheuma isiforme (C. Ag.) J. Ag. had CN ratios of ≈ 25, well above the Redfield ratio of 6.6 for balanced growth. A measured intrusion of cooler nutrient-rich bottom water, presumably of continental-slope origin, resulted in an almost three-fold increase in ambient N, which was usually < 0.4 μM NO3− + NO2− during summer. This source and N flux out of surrounding sediments are undoubtedly a critical source of nutrients, particularly during the summer, the period of highest growth. This study suggests that opposing selective pressures have influenced abundances in these deep-water low-disturbance habitats. Species with thin flat thalli have high photosynthetic performance and, possibly, increased N-uptake ability, but show restricted seasonality; perhaps seaweeds with lower productivity maintain year-round abundances due to a large investment of photosynthate into supportive tissue, and concomitant abilities of perennation and vegetative spread.
Alien genetic resources for wheat leaf rust resistance, cytogenetic transfer, and molecular analysis

Wild relatives of wheat are useful sources of alien resistance genes for wheat breeding. The objective of this review is to document research on the evaluation, transfer, and molecular analysis of alien resistance to wheat leaf rust especially in Aegilops tauschii, the diploid D-genome donor of common wheat. Nine named resistance genes (Lr1, Lr2, Lr15, Lr21, Lr22, Lr32, Lr34, Lr39, and Lr42) occur in the D genome. Twelve new leaf rust resistance genes have been documented in Ae. tauschii. The south-west Caspian Sea region is the centre of genetic diversity for seedling resistance. Adult-plant resistance is widespread in all geographic regions and should be exploited more in the future. Lr1 and Lr21 have been cloned and are typical NBS-LRR genes. The recent documentation of cryptic introgressions of Lr57/Yr40 from Ae. geniculata and Lr58 from Ae. triuncialis offers exciting possibilities for transferring alien genes without linkage drag. Both Lr21 and Lr34 presumably arose during or following the origin of common wheat ~8000 years ago. Leaf rust resistance genes often are located towards the physical ends of wheat chromosomes. These regions are known to be high in recombination, and this may explain their rapid rate of evolution.
Secondary prevention trials in Alzheimer disease: the challenge of identifying a meaningful end point.

The chief difference between a primary prevention trial (PPT) and secondary prevention trial (SPT) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is related to the targeted participant group. As currently conceptualized, a PPT recruits asymptomatic individuals from the general population while an SPT recruits only asymptomatic (or preclinical) individuals who are biomarker-positive for AD1. Recent examples of the latter include the AD kindred trial in Antioquia, Colombia, which recruits only subjects who are E280A mutation carriers with a familial history of early onset disease, and the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease (A4) trial, which targets adults age 70 years and older with high brain amyloid levels as determined by a PET scan. The latter is the subject of the Donohue et al. manuscript2, which seeks to identify a primary endpoint for that SPT.
Status of Microbial Modeling in Food Process Models

ABSTRACT: Food process models are typically aimed at improving process design or operation by optimizing some physical or chemical outcome, such as maximizing processing yield, minimizing energy usage, or maximizing nutrient retention. However, in seeking to achieve these objectives, one of the critical constraints is usually microbiological. For example, growth of pathogens or spoilage organisms must be held below a certain level, or pathogen reduction for a kill step must achieve a certain target. Therefore, mathematical models for microbial populations subjected to food processing operations are essential elements of the broader field of food process modeling. However, the complexity of the underlying biological phenomena presents special challenges in formulating, validating, and applying microbial models to real-world applications. In that context, the narrow purpose of this article is to (1) outline the general terminology and constructs of microbial models, (2) evaluate the state of knowledge/state of the art in application of these models, and (3) offer observations about current limitations and future opportunities in the area of predictive microbiology for food process modeling.
Fine-needle aspirates of uveal melanomas and prognosis.

The computer-assisted measurement of the standard deviation of the nucleolar area from pathologic slides of uveal melanomas correlates strongly with prognosis, but the eye must be removed and examined histologically. Because it is possible to perform fine-needle aspiration biopsies of intraocular tumors, we designed a study to determine if a fine-needle aspiration biopsy sample yields the same prognostic information as the enucleation specimen. In comparing the standard deviation of the nucleolar area measured from a fine-needle aspiration biopsy sample obtained from 53 freshly enucleated eyes with the standard deviation of the nucleolar area measured from the matched enucleation specimen, we found only a modest correlation (r = 0.57) between the two measurements. A t -test of matched pairs indicated a significant difference between the two measurements (P