cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Stress-induced hyperglycemia is common and associated with markedly increased mortality rates in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction(AMI).Potential mechanisms,mediators(e.g,hormones,cytokines),and insulin resistance may play a key role in hyperglycemia during acute and prolonged phases of severe illness.Acute hyperglycemia is associated with numerous adverse effects that contribute to a poor outcome in AMI,such as increased oxidative stress,fibrinolysis inactivation,and endothelial dysfunction.So,stress hyperglycemia is an important,sensitive,and direct predictor for AMI in a 30-day prognosis.In this article we review the relationship between stress-induced hyperglycemia,and acute myocardial infarction.
Determination of lead in liqueur by constant temperature digestion-FAAS

Objective:To establish constant temperature digestion-FAAS for determination of lead in liqueur.Methods: Sample was constant temperature digested before the content of lead was determinated by FAAS.Results: The lead in liqueur was liner in the range of 0.00～4.00 μg/ml,the correlation coefficient was 0.9998,the detection limit was 0.039 μg/ml with the relative standard deviation 0.7%～2.5% and the recovery 92.0%～97.3%.Conclusion: The method is simple,sensitive and precise,it is suitable for the determination of lead in liqueur.
Determination of arsenic,lead and cadmium release of ceramic,stainless steel,glass tableware

Objective:To study on determination methods of arsenic,lead and cadmium release of ceramic,stainless steel,glass tableware.Methods:Using hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry to detect arsenic and lead release of tableware;using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to detect cadmium release of tableware.Results:The detection limits of arsenic,lead and cadmium were 0.0041,0.0023 and 0.0065 μg/L,respectively.The relative standard deviations were 5.14%,6.48% and 1.45%,and the recoveries are in the ranges of 90.0%～101.44%,92.77%～100.62 and 91.34%～100.48% for arsenic,lead and cadmium,respectively.Conclusion:The method of detecting arsenic,lead and cadmium release of ceramic,stainless steel,glass tableware is accurate,convenient,rapid.
Cognitive Representation of Treatment-Related Symptoms in Older Adults With Cancer

BACKGROUND Adults, 65 years or older, are the most common age group diagnosed with cancer. However, little is known about their beliefs (representations) regarding treatment-related symptoms or how they make decisions to manage those symptoms at home. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to explore symptom representation of treatment-related symptoms in older adults with cancer. METHODS A total of 100 older adults in treatment for cancer completed a standardized measure of symptom representation. Demographic and other patient variables were also collected. Analysis of variance, t tests, and Pearson correlations were used for analysis. RESULTS Fatigue was both the most common and most noted symptom; however, several most noted symptoms were not common. Overall, older adults believed symptoms were caused by either their cancer or treatment and were unsure if symptoms would last a long time. They were able to recognize symptom consequences but were unsure about their ability to control symptoms. Adults who reported more comorbid illnesses and a higher number of symptoms believed that treatment-related symptoms had higher consequences. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that older adults experience symptom-related consequences but question the impact that their actions will have on symptom severity. This may contribute to older adult's lack of active symptom self-management. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Patient education strategies need to address these representations and new interventions may need to be developed to reinforce symptom consequences and empower older adults to self-manage symptoms.
Development of a new prevention maintenance therapy for postmenopausal women.

In spring 1998, breast cancer prevention emerged from being a concept to being a reality. The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project prevention trial showed that tamoxifen reduced breast cancer by 45% in high risk women between the ages of 35 and 75. Additionally, an evaluation of 10550 patients randomized to osteoporosis trials of placebo versus raloxifene demonstrated a 50% reduction in the incidence of breast cancer in woman taking raloxifene. For the future, a Study of Tamoxifen Against Raloxifene (STAR) is ongoing in high-risk postmenopausal women. This chapter describes the biological rationale for the current clinical advances.
Market Definition Changes the Story: Competition and Price Dispersion in the Airline Industry Revisited

We analyze the effect of competition on price dispersion in the airline industry and show that the outcome hinges on redefining the extent of a market. Using panel data from 1993 to 2013, an increase in competition has a positive effect on price dispersion in one-way markets but a negative effect in round-trip markets. This is driven by a bigger (smaller) decrease in the 10th percentile of the price distribution in the one-way (round-trip) markets. We provide suggestive evidence that airlines compete more aggressively in the lower tail of the price distribution in one-way markets due to higher markups.
REDUCED DOSE ORAL GLUCOSE LOAD YIELDS EXCELLENT MYOCARDIAL PET VIABILITY IMAGES

Background: Patients typically undergoing myocardial viability assessment with positron emission tomography (PET) are given a 25-100G oral glucose load prior to radioisotope administration and metabolic imaging. Current guidelines do not have specific recommendations for glucose load dosing in
INSECTS AND FLOWERS.

The rapid growth of modem pollination biology prompted the author of Insects and Flowers to introduce, in his words, the "new" biology of plant-animal relations to students and nonspecialists. This is intentionally not a comprehensive summary of the field, omitting much that is new in plant evolutionary biology and insect foraging studies (Real, 1983; Jones and Little, 1983). However, these omissions are to some extent compensated for by the emphasis on certain aspects of insect behavior and neurobiology that are required knowledge for understanding plant-insect relations. In addition, the book has a welcome historical perspective and is beautifully illustrated with color plates and scanning electron micrographs. The references are largely from the work of Europeans, therefore providing access to foreign-language literature, but the lengthy time required for English language publication (3 years) means that recent work is not covered. A glance at the contents reveals the zoological bias: 22 chapters, more than two-thirds of the book, are concerned with insect morphology, behavior and sensory biology. Nevertheless, the author is interested in coevolution, devoting the first and last chapters to the topic. He sees coevolution as resulting from intense competition among plants for pollinators, and vice versa, but does not discuss the potential role of facilitation among plants in attracting pollinators (Rathcke, 1983). The first chapter presents the fig wasp story as a model ofcoevolved pollination, although, if Feinsinger's (1983) conclusions about the diffuse nature of most plantpollinator interactions are correct, the fig wasp is an unusual case, possibly evolving from parasitism and not characteristic of most systems. Indeed, much of the book emphasizes the complex sensory apparatus and behavioral flexibility that allow insects to maintain their diffuse interactions with plants. The detailed discussion of orchid bees also indicates that plant-animal relationships may not be as tight as is popularly believed. The second section consists of six chapters of rather basic biology of flowers and insects, including a brief summary of bee sociobiology. This is followed by four chapters discussing pollen, nectar, and the insect morphological adaptations for collecting them. The discussion of nectar is incomplete without mention of the Bakers' work. The review of the biomechanics of the lepidopteran proboscis does not include a description of Kingsolver's original model, now receiving empirical testing. Considering the evolution of lepidopteran mouthparts, Barth sees the flower as shaping the insect:
Striving Toward Equitable Biliteracy Assessments in Hegemonic School Contexts

American schools today display unprecedented levels of diversity in regard to the linguistic, socioeconomic, and cultural backgrounds of their student population. Increasingly, more American students are also emergent bilingual learners. Despite this fact, most of the standardized assessments used by schools have been designed and normed for English monolingual students. The lack of specific assessments created for emergent bilinguals provides teachers and other stakeholders with only a partial and often inaccurate view of the students’ literacy growth as they develop proficiency in two languages. In this theoretical article, the authors explore how three complex characteristics of emergent biliteracy development interact: bilingual language proficiency, domains of language use, and language dominance. Then, they describe how teachers and school district leaders can begin to create more equitable assessment practices that are more closely aligned with the unique characteristics of biliteracy development admist largely hegemonic, monolingual school systems.
Cardiac Derived Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor (NOURIN-1) Stimulates the Secretion of Adhesion Molecules by Neutrophils (LECAM-1) and Vascular Endothelial Cells (ELAM-1 and ICAM-2)

High levels of a neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) were detected in coronary sinus effluents (CSE) collected during cold cardioplegic arrest of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for myocardial revascularization. The factor, which is rapidly released (i. e., 5–10 minutes), was found to be associated with neutrophil accumulation in ischemic myocardium. It was recently purified from CSE and found to be a 3 KDa peptide with an apparent charge of neutral to negative and an isoelectric point of 7–8. This previously unidentified factor, unrelated to interleukin-8, leukotriene B4 and complement component C5a, is tentatively referred to as “Nourin-1”. The present study tests the hypothesis that cardiac-derived NCF will stimulate the secretion of the adhesion molecule LECAM-1 by neutrophils and ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 by vascular endothelial cells. Under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) free conditions, neutrophils (6.56 ± 0.72 × 106 cells/ml)) isolated from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers (n = 5) were incubated with culture medium (RPMI) or with RPMI plus cardioplegic solution (CS). Cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were also incubated with 300 ul concentrated CSE/ml endothelial growth media (EGM™), 100 ng LPS/ml media, or media for 6 hours, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The levels ofLECAM-1, ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 were measured in supernatant solutions using standard ELISA methods. As shown in Figure 1, high levels of LECAM-1 (mean ± S.E.M.) were secreted by neutrophils incubated with crude Nourin-1 for 4 hours, with partial reduction by 24 hours. Secretion of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 by vascular endothelial cells treated with crude Nourin-1, purified Nourin-1, or LPS was also observed (Figure 2 and 3).
Cytogenetics of fibroblastic colonies in Ph/sup 1/-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia

The cytogenetic status of bone marrow stromal elements obtained from six patients with Ph/sup 1/-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), two in blast crisis, was studied in vitro utilizing the potential of marrow to form surface-adherent colonies morphologically compatible with mesenchymal elements. We demonstrated the absence of both the market chromosome and other chromosomal abnormalities in all the fibroblastic colonies studied, indicating that the progenitors of such colonies (plaque-forming units in culture, PFU-C) are not closely related to hematopoietic elements including macrophages. This supports previous reports suggesting that the stromal elements in myelofibrosis associated with CML are not derived from the primary Ph/sup 1/-positive malignant clone but represent a stromal reactive component of benign or independent malignant potential.
SAPS/SAID revisited: A causal relation to the substorm current wedge

We present multispacecraft observations of enhanced flow/electric field channels in the inner magnetosphere and conjugate subauroral ionosphere, i.e., subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) near dusk and subauroral ion drifts (SAID) near midnight. The channels collocate with ring current (RC) injections lagging the onset of substorms by a few to ∼20 min, i.e., significantly shorter than the gradient-curvature drift time of tens of keV ions. The time lag is of the order of the propagation time of reconnection-injected hot plasma jets to the premidnight plasmasphere and the substorm current wedge (SCW) to dusk. The observations confirm and expand on the previous results on the SAID features that negate the paradigm of voltage and current generators. Fast-time duskside SAPS/RC injections appear intimately related to a two-loop circuit of the substorm current wedge (SCW2L). We suggest that the poleward electric field inherent in the SCW2L circuit, which demands closure of the Region 1 and Region 2 sense field-aligned currents via meridional currents, is the ultimate cause of fast RC injections and SAPS on the duskside.
Relationship between Device Size and Body Weight in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus Undergoing Amplatz Canine Duct Occluder Deployment

Background Deployment of the Amplatz Canine Duct Occluder (ACDO) is the preferred method for minimally invasive occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in dogs, with appropriate device sizing crucial to successful closure. Dogs of any body weight can be affected by PDA. Objectives To describe the range of ACDO sizes deployed in dogs of various body weights for improved procedural planning and inventory selection and to investigate for correlation between minimal ductal diameter (MDD) and body weight. Animals A total of 152 dogs undergoing ACDO deployment between 2008 and 2016. Methods Body weight, age, breed, sex, and MDD obtained by angiography (MDD-A), MDD obtained by transesophageal echocardiography (MDD-TEE), and ACDO size deployed were retrospectively evaluated. Results Correlation between body weight and ACDO size, MDD-A and MDD-TEE was poor, with R-squared values of 0.4, 0.36, and 0.3, respectively. Femoral artery diameter in the smallest population of dogs placed inherent limitations on the use of larger device sizes, with no limitations on the wide range of device sizes required as patient size increased. The most commonly used ACDO devices were size 3 through 6, representing 57% of the devices deployed within the entire study population. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Patent ductus arteriosus anatomy varies on an individual basis, with poor correlation between MDD and body weight. Weight-based assumptions about expected ACDO device size for a given patient are not recommended.
NONCLASSICAL ANTIMETABOLITES. XII. BRIDGE PRINCIPLE OF SPECIFICITY WITH EXO-ALKYLATING IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITORS. V. DIFFERENCES IN SPECIFICITY OF ENZYMIC NUCLEOPHILIC SITES AS DETECTED BY THE CARBOPHENOXY GROUP.

Investigation of four carbophenoxyamino derivatives of salicylic acid and oxanilic acid has shown that all four reversibly bind to lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH). Three of these compounds showed irreversible inhibition of GDH with no irreversible effect on LDH. Since 4-(iodoacetamido)-salicylic acid had previously been shown to inhibit both enzymes irreversibly, the specificity shown by the carbophenoxyamino group is attributed to its specificity for reaction only with a primary amino group in the nucleophilic site of an enzyme.
Advances in the Understanding of the Genetic Determinants of Congenital Heart Disease and Their Impact on Clinical Outcomes.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common type of birth defect occurring in ≈1% of live births[1][1] and, if minor cardiac abnormalities such as bicuspid aortic valve are included, then the prevalence may be as high as 2% to 3%.[2][2] Advances in surgical and perioperative care and
Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation with bipolar radiofrequency ablation: mid-term results in one hundred consecutive patients.

AIM The Cox-Maze procedure was introduced nearly two decades ago for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Recently, our group has replaced most of the incisions of the Cox-Maze procedure with bipolar radiofrequency (RF) ablations (Cox-Maze IV procedure). The purpose of this study was to examine our midterm results with the Cox-Maze procedure using bipolar RF ablation. METHODS From January 2002 to October 2005, 100 consecutive patients underwent a modified Cox-Maze procedure with bipolar RF ablation for AF; 32 were lone operations, and 68 were concomitant procedures. Follow-up was performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, and then annually thereafter. Heart rhythm was confirmed by electrocardiography. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 62+/-13 years; 57% were male. Duration of AF was 6.3+/-7.6 years (0.1 to 40 years), 59% had paroxysmal AF, and 34% had permanent AF. Follow-up was complete for all patients with a mean follow-up of 13+/-10 months. At 12-month follow-up, 91% (49/54) of patients were free of AF. Cross-clamp time in the lone Cox-Maze IV procedure patients was 42+/-15 minutes, while it was 101+/-29 minutes for the Cox-Maze IV with a concomitant procedure (compared to 93+/-34 minutes and 122+/-37 minutes for the traditional procedure, P<0.05). There were four operative deaths. CONCLUSIONS The Cox-Maze IV procedure had good mid-term efficacy. The use of bipolar RF energy significantly decreased operative time and simplified the procedure compared to the traditional Cox-Maze procedure, potentially increasing utilization of the procedure among cardiac surgeons.
Pac Learning, Noise, and Geometry

This paper describes the probably approximately correct model of concept learning, paying special attention to the case where instances are points in Euclidean n-space. The problem of learning from noisy training data is also studied.
Initial Analysis of Multivariate Factors for Prediction of Shark Presence and Attacks on the Coast of North Carolina

Classification, association rules and clustering are used in the study to improve understanding of the presence of sharks in near shore waters during tourist seasons in middle Atlantic coastal waters, specifically North Carolina. The Global Shark Attack File combined with data on environmental, biotic and meteorological factors is prepared for analysis using the CRISP-DM process. In future work, combined inputs including a standardized hashtag for twitter mining, real time weather and water information, and data on crab and turtle presence will provide real-time input to an app or a dashboard providing early warning of shark presence.
Remembering a Bad Taste.

The phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is generated after ingestion of a specific food is associated with an adverse outcome, i.e., sickness. In this issue of Neuron, Chen et al. (2018) interrogate the pivotal role of PBNCGRP neurons in both the acquisition and the expression of CTA.
625. Metabolic Interactions Drive Staphylococcus aureus Adaptation to the Skin

Background Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen causing skin and soft-tissue infection and poses a particular problem to patients with atopic dermatitis who have increased colonization and infection rates. S. aureus is a versatile pathogen that adapts to the relatively hypoxic environment of the skin, although the underlying mechanisms of adaptation remain unclear. We hypothesized that adaptation to the skin is largely driven by metabolic interactions between S. aureus and keratinocytes.
Translating Developmental Neuroscience to Understand Risk for Psychiatric Disorders

The transition from childhood to adulthood represents the developmental time frame in which the majority of psychiatric disorders emerge. Recent efforts to identify risk factors mediating the susceptibility to psychopathology have led to a heightened focus on both typical and atypical trajectories of neural circuit maturation. Mounting evidence has highlighted the immense neural plasticity apparent in the developing brain. Although in many cases adaptive, the capacity for neural circuit alteration also induces a state of vulnerability to environmental perturbations, such that early-life experiences have long-lasting implications for cognitive and emotional functioning in adulthood. The authors outline preclinical and neuroimaging studies of normative human brain circuit development, as well as parallel efforts covered in this issue of the Journal, to identify brain circuit alterations in psychiatric disorders that frequently emerge in developing populations. Continued translational research into the interactive effects of neurobiological development and external factors will be crucial for identifying early-life risk factors that may contribute to the emergence of psychiatric illness and provide the key to optimizing treatments.
Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and venous thrombus-Trends and effect on overall survival.

Abstract Purpose Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) commonly present with tumor thrombi in the renal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC). The benefit of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in this population is unclear and the effect on overall survival (OS) has been incompletely evaluated. Materials and Methods We queried the National Cancer Database from 2010 to 2013 for patients diagnosed with mRCC and tumor thrombi, which was defined as renal vein, infradiaphragmatic IVC, or supradiaphragmatic IVC. Descriptive statistics were performed and associations between clinicopathologic variables and utilization of CN were analyzed. Patients were matched on the receipt of CN and Kaplan-Meier analyses and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate survival. Results In total, 8,629 patients were found to have mRCC during the study period. Approximately 27% (n = 2,376) had tumor thrombus. Tumor thrombus was associated with increased rates of CN utilization, however rates decreased as thrombus level increased. In a matched Kaplan-Meier analysis, CN was associated with improved OS in patients without thrombus, and with renal vein or infradiaphragmatic thrombus (all P Conclusions Tumor thrombus is common in patients with mRCC. OS is poor, and patient and tumor specific factors influence the use of CN. Despite discrepancies in utilization, CN is associated with improved OS, although this effect appears to be limited to those with mRCC and tumor thrombus limited to the renal vein and infradiaphragmatic IVC.
Critical Thinking and the Process of Evidence-Based Practice

In relation to interventions in the helping professions (e.g., medications or talk therapies in mental health), how do we decide what works and what fails to work? As Eileen Gambrill suggests in he...
RALP術中に使用したHem-o-Lokクリップの膀胱内迷入症例の検討

Recently, robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) has become a widely accepted surgical alternative for the treatment of prostate cancer. The intravesical migration of clips is a rare surgical complication of RALP. From March2013 to July 2018, 320 patients underwent RALP at our hospital. Migration of a Hem-o-Lok clip into the urinary bladder occurred in 4 of the 320 patients (1.3%). We analyzed these 4 patients in terms of subjective symptoms, intra- and post-operative findings, site of the migrated clip, and its treatment. The mean duration from RALP to the diagnosis was 13.8 months (2-26 months). The main symptoms due to migrated clips were : narrowed urinary stream, perineal pain, gross hematuria, and painful urination. In all cases, the size of the migrated clip was medium-large, and the events developed on the side contralateral to the first assistant. The clips were transurethrally removed using a Holmium-laser in 2 patients, and spontaneous excretion was observed in 1. The remaining patient has been asymptomatic and is being conservatively observed. In order to prevent the migration of clips used during RALP, the size of the clips and direction of the clip tail may be important. The first assistant should place the clips carefully, especially on the contralateral side.
Balancing education opportunities with sustainable travel and development

Abstract Schools are an important influence on household location decisions and daily travel throughout the world. In the United States, respondents to neighborhood preference and priority surveys rank “high quality public schools” among their top concerns. This is in accord with substantial research in the United States and other countries that associates school quality with housing location decisions and housing costs. Decades of household moves to be near better schools have contributed to disinvestments near lower-performing schools, and in the United States, school-induced sprawl development patterns. Numerous public school reforms have not been enough to consistently improve public schools where student socioeconomics has a significant influence on overall school performance. As two-thirds of the difference in the student achievement gap is explained by out-of-school factors, community and social investments are essential to improve student performance in disadvantaged areas. Countries are also experimenting with school choice so that parents and students are not restricted to their neighborhood school boundaries. Theoretically, parents could choose a better school without moving, but choice programs have not consistently improved schools or allowed greater opportunities for less-advantaged students. Instead, school-choice programs have generated additional school travel, created unplanned land uses, and increased school segregation by race and income. This chapter reviews the evidence on school-induced relocations, travel, and sprawl, as well as the research on factors relevant to planners that affect student outcomes and school quality. Planners have a role in improving school quality by providing resources and support for parents, students, and schools that foster high-quality learning environments in and out of school. To make school-related travel more sustainable and reduce school-induced household relocations, sprawl, and urban disinvestment, there is a need for greater coordination among land use, transportation, community, and school district planners.
End-Binding E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Enable Protease Signaling

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) direct the assembly of protein complexes. In this context, proteolysis is a unique PTM because it is irreversible; the hydrolysis of the peptide backbone gen...
Cavity-based flameholding for chemically-reacting supersonic flows

Abstract Recesses in the walls of supersonic combustion chambers – cavities – have emerged as a preferred flameholding device since they are non-intrusive, hence resulting in reduced drag, lower total pressure losses and minimal aerodynamic heating when compared with other means of piloting core combustion such as, for example, struts. The flowfield within and in the vicinity of a cavity is complex involving a strong coupling between hydrodynamics and acoustics. When employed as a flameholding device both fuel injection and heat release – which is closely coupled to local mixing processes – alter the flowfield and further complicate the interaction between the cavity and the core supersonic flow. The complexity of this flowfield makes the identification of the dominant flameholding mechanisms and prediction of flame stability limits substantially more difficult than in the case of premixed systems. The following sections review the current knowledge of the mechanics of cavity-based flameholding in supersonic flows. Aspects of the non-reacting and reacting cavity flowfield are discussed with particular emphasis on the impact of fuel injection location relative to the flameholder. Results obtained to date in the attempt to describe the operability of cavity flameholders in terms of experimentally determined flame stability limits are also presented.
Type 8: Child Molestation

The sample of on-duty police child molesters presented is not all that was found in the research for this book. They represent Illustrative Examples of the most disturbing cases.
Relationship of public health with continued shifting of party voting in the United States

Abstract Background In the U.S. presidential election of 2016, communities with poorer public health shifted votes to the Republican party. Whether this trend has persisted beyond 2016 is unclear. Methods We created a county-level measure of public health (the “unhealthy” component) by performing principal component analysis on 9 health statistics. We then estimated shifting of votes by defining “net vote shift” as the percentage of Republican votes in the 2018 U.S. House of Representatives election minus the percentage of Republican votes in the same election in 2016. Finally, we performed linear regression to assess the independent, county-level association of the unhealthy component with net vote shift after adjusting for county-level demographic factors. Results The mean county-level net vote shift was −6.4 percentage points (SD 12.6 percentage points), consistent with a mean net vote shift toward the Democratic party. After adjustment for demographic covariates, the unhealthy score was associated with higher net vote shift (17.7 percentage points shift toward Republican per unit unhealthy, p = .0323). Conclusions In the 2018 congressional elections, despite an overall shift toward the Democratic Party there is evidence of ongoing shifting of community voting in unhealthy communities toward the Republican party.
Belgium and global surgery: quo vadis?

Dear Editor,Five billion people lack access to safe, timely, and affordable surgical care when needed [1]. As a result, nearly 18 million people die from surgically treatable conditions every year ...
Tamaššā: To Walk for Pleasure in an Altered (or Othered) Beirut

To approach the Other in conversation is to welcome his expression, in which at each instant he overflows the idea a thought would carry away from it. It is therefore to receive from the Other beyo...
The Bureaucratic Burden of Identifying your Rapist and Remaining “Cooperative”: What the Sexual Assault Kit Initiative Tells us about Sexual Assault Case Attrition and Outcomes

We analyzed a large sample of sexual assaults over almost two decades in one urban U.S. jurisdiction with previously untested sexual assault kits that were initially not successfully adjudicated (n = 717). We explored patterns of attrition through descriptive statistics and predictors of attrition through continuation-ratio modeling. Findings provide a more comprehensive framework for examining attrition, exploring the bureaucratic burden placed on victims to identify who sexually assaulted them and to remain engaged in an often harmful process and system. Implications suggest this burden could be eased via increased trauma-informed victim support and protocols and increased use of forensic evidence.
Is this a bridge too far

Maeda et al. present what may be the second reported case of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) followed by staged open surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in a high-risk patient. The authors propose that TAVR may serve as a bridge procedure before SAVR for aortic stenosis in selected younger patients with high surgical risk. Further experience may clarify how long to wait after TAVR to perform SAVR. Timing will be a balance between improving surgical risk versus increasing difficulty removing the prosthesis. Knowledge of TAVR durability will ultimately be needed to decide between "destination" TAVR versus bridging to SAVR with a more durable device.
“Greener” chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystals via oxa-Michael addition with N-Benzylmaleimide

Abstract Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was conducted by an oxa-Michael addition of primary hydroxyl groups on the CNC surface with N-Benzylmaleimide (BnM). Six principles of green chemistry were used to obtain the hydrophobized CNC. Two catalytic approaches were used, a self-catalyzed reaction where alkyl sulfuric acid on the surface of the CNC was the catalyst, and a base-catalyzed approach using triethylamine (TEA). DMSO was chosen as reaction solvent due to its low cost, low toxicity and ability to disperse native CNC compared to other polar diprotic solvents. NMR and FTIR studies confirmed the successful modification of CNCs in both reaction routes. The TEA-catalyzed reaction showed a higher BnM conversion at 70 ​°C after 72 ​h (46 ​± ​2%) compared to the self-catalyzed reaction at 100 ​°C (24 ​± ​2%). Since BnM was added at a two-fold excess compared to superficial primary –OH groups, these had estimated conversions of 92% and 48%, for the base catalyzed and acid catalyzed routes, respectively. Zeta potential measurements suggest, the sulfate groups were retained after the modification reaction. AFM demonstrated no change in particle morphology after modification. Modified CNCs degraded at a higher temperature (390 ​± ​8 ​°C) when the reaction was catalyzed by TEA compared to native CNCs and the self-catalyzed product (220 ​± ​10 ​°C). Contact angle measurements demonstrated the increased hydrophobicity of the modified nanoparticles. Visual inspection and UV–vis spectroscopy demonstrated the modified CNCs had an increased affinity towards organic solvents like acetone, acetonitrile and toluene.
Remotely delivered incentives to promote buprenorphine treatment engagement in out-of-treatment adults with opioid use disorder

Abstract Background Opioid overdose remains a leading cause of death. Office-based buprenorphine could expand access to treatment to the many opioid users who are not in treatment and who are at risk for opioid overdose. However, many people in need of buprenorphine treatment do not enroll in treatment. This randomized pilot trial evaluated efficacy of a remotely delivered incentive intervention in promoting engagement in buprenorphine treatment in out-of-treatment adults with opioid use disorder. Methods Participants (N = 41) were offered referrals to buprenorphine treatment and randomly assigned to Control or Incentive groups for 6 months. Incentive participants were offered incentives for enrolling in buprenorphine treatment, verified by providing documentation showing that they received a buprenorphine prescription, and providing videos taking daily buprenorphine doses. Participants used a smartphone application to record and submit a video of their buprenorphine prescription and daily buprenorphine administration. Incentive earnings were added remotely to reloadable credit cards. Results Incentive participants were significantly more likely to enroll in treatment compared to control participants (71.4 % versus 30.0 % of participants; OR [95 % CI]: 6.24 [1.46−26.72], p = .014). Few participants in either group adhered to buprenorphine treatment, and the two groups continued to use opioids, including fentanyl at high and comparable rates. The two groups did not differ in the percentage of urine samples that were positive for buprenorphine, opiates, fentanyl, or methadone at monthly assessments conducted during the 6-month intervention. Conclusions Remotely delivered incentives can connect out-of-treatment adults with opioid use disorder to treatment, but additional supports are needed to promote buprenorphine adherence.
Optical Modulator Based on Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)

We show that semiconductor monolayers exhibit strong electro-refractive properties at transparency wavelengths, with their |∆n/∆k| response outperforming that of graphene and conventional bulk materials such as silicon, rendering them ideal for large-scale photonic applications.
Adaptive Retrieval and Presentation of Information in Preference-Influenced Collaborative Design Environments

The design and development of large-scale engineering projects involve participants with various interests and expertise collaborating to produce an artifact. Such diversity may cause conflicts during the decision making process due to misrepresentation and miscommunication of information between peers with dissimilar preferences. This paper presents an approach to decrease the problem of misrepresentation and miscommunication by using a framework: 1) for capturing knowledge about users, their preferences and the problems they tackle; and 2) for adapting the presentation of relevant information to those users. Based on the functional observations from this framework, a methodology, a model and a system called ANGELO were built. ANGELO achieves user modeling by pro-actively observing user interactions with distinct project information. It then uses this model to adapt the presentation of relevant information according to its interpretation of the user’s interests. Finally, the system act as a support tool for collaborative meeting environments where users need relevant presentation and recommendation of information, in order to avoid or resolve conflicts.
Band offsets for strained InxGa1-xAs/AlyGa1-yAs heterointerfaces.

Valence-band offsets for pseudomorphically strained ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$As ternary-on-ternary heterointerfaces have been calculated as a function of both indium and aluminum content. The unstrained valence-band offsets were considered within the virtual-crystal approximation, accounting for band parabolicity and alloy mixing. Strain was introduced as a perturbation with composition-dependent material parameters, and is shown to strongly influence the valence-band offsets. Equivalent conduction-band-offset ratios are shown to be nonconstant and extremely variable as a function of both In and Al content and are compared to recent experimental data. Various formalisms to calculate the partitioning coefficient for hydrostatic band-gap deformation are presented and discussed, and our analysis indicates that a significant portion of the band-gap variation induced by hydrostatic strain resides in the valence band. Investigation of the spin-split light-hole band level under strain indicates that both type-I and type-II heterointerfaces are achievable with an appropriate choice of compositions.
Chapter 9A Inhibitors: antithrombin III and heparin

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biochemistry of antithrombin III and heparin, with an emphasis on the structural and functional properties of both, which appear to be important in terms of the rate of protease inhibition in purified component reaction systems. Antithrombin III appears to be the primary plasma inhibitor of thrombin. The correlation between thrombotic disorders and a deficiency in functional plasma antithrombin III levels suggests that antithrombin III is intimately involved in the regulation of hemostasis in vivo . Heparin is an effective plasma anticoagulant; an activity of heparin which can be attributed, at least in part, to a rate-enhancing effect on blood coagulation protease inhibition by antithrombin III. The isolation of antithrombin III from human plasma is associated with relatively low yields of the purified protein. Both the yield of purified protein and the ease with which the purification procedure is performed have been greatly improved by the use of heparin-agarose affinity chromatography.
RF tomography for Ground Penetrating Radar: Simulation and experimentation

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is used for below ground imaging of shallow buried objects. In this paper, a new radio frequency (RF) tomography approach to signal processing is presented. Reconstructed 2D and 3D images of shallowly buried objects are computed via numerical discretization and inversion. Results from simulation analysis and experimentation are used to validate this method.
Discovery of the aquaporins and development of the field

The study of water transport began long before the molecular identification of water channels with studies of water-permeable tissues. The discovery of the first aquaporin, AQP1, occurred during experiments focused on the identity of the Rh blood group antigens. Since then the field has expanded dramatically to study aquaporins in all types of organisms. In mammals, some of the aquaporins transport only water. However, there are some family members that collectively transport a diverse set of solutes. The aquaporins can be regulated by factors that affect channel permeability or subcellular localization. An extensive set of studies examines the physiological role of many of the mammalian aquaporins. However, much is still to be discovered about the physiological role of this membrane protein family.
Deduction of Coronal Magnetic Fields Using Microwave Spectroscopy

Gyroresonance opacity renders the solar corona optically thick at frequencies which are low integral multiples of the local gyrofrequency. This causes the microwave spectrum of sunspots to be sensitive to the strength of coronal magnetic fields. The concept is illustrated by high spectral resolution observations of a sunspot acquired with the Owens Valley frequency-agile interferometer. The observed spectrum is compared to the results of three-dimensional atmospheric model calculations in which the sunspot field is represented by the potential field of a dipole located beneath the photosphere. The comparison enables the depth, orientation and magnetic moment of the dipole that best fits the observations to be determined. Since such observations require that the microwave emission be resolved spectrally, not spatially, the technique may be applicable to the study of stellar coronal fields.
Schedule-carrying code

We introduce the paradigm of schedule-carrying code (SCC). A hard real-time program can be executed on a given platform only if there exists a feasible schedule for the real-time tasks of the program. Traditionally, a scheduler determines the existence of a feasible schedule according to some scheduling strategy. With SCC, a compiler proves the existence of a feasible schedule by generating executable code that is attached to the program and represents its schedule. An SCC executable is a real-time program that carries its schedule as code, which is produced once and can be revalidated and executed with each use. We evaluate SCC both in theory and practice. In theory, we give two scenarios, of nonpreemptive and distributed scheduling for Giotto programs, where the generation of a feasible schedule is hard, while the validation of scheduling instructions that are attached to the programs is easy. In practice, we implement SCC and show that explicit scheduling instructions can reduce the scheduling overhead up to 35% and can provide an efficient, flexible, and verifiable means for compiling Giotto programs on complex architectures, such as the TTA.
Intelligent power management in a vehicular system with multiple power sources

Abstract This paper presents an optimal online power management strategy applied to a vehicular power system that contains multiple power sources and deals with largely fluctuated load requests. The optimal online power management strategy is developed using machine learning and fuzzy logic. A machine learning algorithm has been developed to learn the knowledge about minimizing power loss in a Multiple Power Sources and Loads (M_PS&LD) system. The algorithm exploits the fact that different power sources used to deliver a load request have different power losses under different vehicle states. The machine learning algorithm is developed to train an intelligent power controller, an online fuzzy power controller, FPC_MPS, that has the capability of finding combinations of power sources that minimize power losses while satisfying a given set of system and component constraints during a drive cycle. The FPC_MPS was implemented in two simulated systems, a power system of four power sources, and a vehicle system of three power sources. Experimental results show that the proposed machine learning approach combined with fuzzy control is a promising technology for intelligent vehicle power management in a M_PS&LD power system.
Inflammatory bowel disease and African Americans: a systematic review.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). There are conflicting reports on whether African Americans have a more severe disease course, presentation, and more frequent extraintestinal manifestations (EIM). We examined the precise nature of this relationship by conducting a systematic review. Methods: Using predefined inclusion criteria we searched multiple healthcare databases and Grey literature. Eight reports met the inclusion criteria. Using the parameters as defined in the Montreal classification and the presence or absence of EIM, we compared IBD in African Americans and Caucasians. Results: Over 2000 IBD cases were pooled from 8 reports with African Americans comprising 17%. African Americans and Caucasians had similar distribution of types of IBD, with CD being more common than UC in both groups (CD 76% versus 68% and UC 24% versus 32%, respectively). With respect to CD, both groups presented with nonstricturing and nonpenetrating disease behavior (55% versus 41%) more frequently and had similar rates of ileocolonic disease location (42% versus 38%), and presence of perianal disease (26% versus 29%). In UC patients, proctitis was the most frequent initial presentation in both races. Joint complications were the most frequent EIM in both African Americans (52%) and Caucasians (60%). Conclusions: This study dispels the commonly held views that African Americans with IBD generally have more colonic disease, more severe disease behavior, and more perianal disease than Caucasians. African Americans also have similar variety and frequency of EIMs as compared to Caucasians. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008)
Effects of Xylose and Soybean Meal Additions to Deep-Stacked Broiler Litter on Nutritive Characteristics for Ruminants

Abstract Park, K.K., Goetsch, A.L., Patil, A.R., Kouakou, B., Forster, L. A., Jr., Galloway, D.L., Sr. and Johnson, Z.B. 1995. Effects of xylose and soybean meal additions to deep-stacked broiler litter on nutritive characteristics for ruminants. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 7: 1–26. Broiler litter was mixed with xylose (X;l. 7% dry matter) and (or) soybean (S; 20% dry matter) and deep-stacked at 21, 26 or 31% moisture for 7, 21 or 63 d, with a 2x2x3x3 factorial arrangement of treatments, to determine changes in composition and ruminal degradability of organic matter and nitrogen (N). Nitrogen concentration was increased (P<0.05) by S (5.04 vs 4.18%) and decreased (P<0.05) by X (4.57 vs 4.65%). Xylose decreased (P<0.05) NH3-N concentration without but not with S (43.6, 37.5, 28.3 and 28.3% total N for Control, X, S and XS, respectively). At 7 d of incubation, soluble N (0.15 M NaCl) was not affected by X without S, although with S, X decreased (P<0.05) soluble N (68.5, 66.4, 60.2 and 53.8% total N for Control, X ...
Hirsutism in a fifty-eight-year-old woman

Abstract: Hirsutism is the presence of excess terminal hair in females in a male-like pattern. Although there are several causes of hirsutism, androgen-secreting ovarian tumors are presumed to be a rare cause of hirsutism. Here we submit the case report of a female who presented with hirsutism and was eventually found to have an ovarian tumor secreting androgen.