cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of modeling wake vortices in ground effect in a water tunnel

An experiment is performed to investigate the feasibility of using a water tunnel to study the aircraft wake vortex behavior in ground effect. Two blades are used to generate the vortices, simulating an aircraft wake. The ground plane is modeled with a splitter plate. Vortex mean positions are determined using an optical technique. The results show all the critical properties of an aircraft wake in the vicinity of the ground. The vortices are shown to descend monotonically until they start interacting with the ground plane. The minimum height to which the filaments sink is shown to compare favorably with that predicted by numerical methods and the operational data obtained from lidar. The vortex span is shown to increase at the same rate as that estimated from an empirical model based on lidar data as well. Vortex rebound is observed with maximum heights comparing well with other predictions. Partial comparison is also presented with a numerical scheme developed for AVOSS application. These observation all seem to favor a water tunnel as an appropriate means of investigating this type of flow field.
Weighted convolutions associated with probability functions and Bernstein polynomials

The weighted convolution inequalities for power series and their consequences are presented in terms of various probability functions. The complete description of the related extreme cases is given. It culminates with a limit binomial theorem involving Bernstein's polynomial sequences. Some probabilistic interpretation and examples are discussed.
Structures of eukaryotic ribonucleotide reductase I provide insights into dNTP regulation.

Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes a crucial step in de novo DNA synthesis and is allosterically controlled by relative levels of dNTPs to maintain a balanced pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates in the cell. In eukaryotes, the enzyme comprises a heterooligomer of α2 and β2 subunits. The α subunit, Rnr1, contains catalytic and regulatory sites. Here, we report the only x-ray structures of the eukaryotic α subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The structures of the apo-, AMPPNP only-, AMPPNP–CDP-, AMPPNP–UDP-, dGTP–ADP- and TTP–GDP-bound complexes give insight into substrate and effector binding and specificity cross-talk. These are Class I structures with the only fully ordered catalytic sites, including loop 2, a stretch of polypeptide that spans specificity and catalytic sites, conferring specificity. Binding of specificity effector rearranges loop 2; in our structures, this rearrangement moves P294, a residue unique to eukaryotes, out of the catalytic site, accommodating substrate binding. Substrate binding further rearranges loop 2. Cross-talk, by which effector binding regulates substrate preference, occurs largely through R293 and Q288 of loop 2, which are analogous to residues in Thermotoga maritima that mediate cross-talk. However loop-2 conformations and residue–substrate interactions differ substantially between yeast and T. maritima. In most effector–substrate complexes, water molecules help mediate substrate–loop 2 interactions. Finally, the substrate ribose binds with its 3′ hydroxyl closer than its 2′ hydroxyl to C218 of the catalytic redox pair. We also see a conserved water molecule at the catalytic site in all our structures, near the ribose 2′ hydroxyl.
Heat Transfer Coefficient in Ducts With Constant Wall Temperature

An analytical method for the numerical calculation of the heat transfer coefficient in arbitrarily shaped ducts with constant wall temperature at the boundary is presented. The flow is considered to be laminar and fully developed, both thermally and hydrodynamically. The method presented herein makes use of Galerkin-type functions for computation of the Nusselt number. This method is applied to circular pipes and ducts with rectangular, isosceles triangular, and right triangular cross sections. A three-term or even a two-term solution yields accurate solutions for circular ducts. The situation is similar for right triangular ducts with two equal sides. However, for narrower ducts, a larger number of terms must be used.
Individual Differences in Emotional Complexity: Their Psychological Implications

Two studies explored the nature and psychological implications of individual differences in emotional complexity, defined as having emotional experiences that are broad in range and well differentiated. Emotional complexity was predicted to be associated with private self-consciousness, openness to experience, empathic tendencies, cognitive complexity, ability to differentiate among named emotions, range of emotions experienced daily, and interpersonal adaptability. The Range and Differentiation of Emotional Experience Scale (RDEES) was developed to test these hypotheses. In Study 1 (N=1,129) students completed questionnaire packets containing the RDEES and various outcome measures. Study 2 (N=95) included the RDEES and non-self-report measures such as peer reports, complexity of representations of the emotion domain, and level of ego development measured by a sentence completion test. Results supported all of the hypotheses, providing extensive evidence for the RDEES's construct validity. Findings were discussed in terms of the role of emotional complexity in ego maturity and interpersonal adaptability.
Obstructive voiding symptoms following stereotactic body radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Obstructive voiding symptoms (OVS) are common following prostate cancer treatment with radiation therapy. The risk of urinary retention (UR) following hypofractionated radiotherapy has yet to be fully elucidated. This study sought to evaluate OVS and UR requiring catheterization following SBRT for prostate cancer. Patients treated with SBRT for localized prostate cancer from February 2008 to July 2011 at Georgetown University were included in this study. Treatment was delivered using the CyberKnife® with doses of 35 Gy-36.25 Gy in 5 fractions. UR was prospectively scored using the CTCAE v.3. Patient-reported OVS were assessed using the IPSS-obstructive subdomain at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months. Associated bother was evaluated via the EPIC-26. 269 patients at a median age of 69 years received SBRT with a median follow-up of 3 years. The mean prostate volume was 39 cc. Prior to treatment, 50.6% of patients reported moderate to severe lower urinary track symptoms per the IPSS and 6.7% felt that weak urine stream and/or incomplete emptying were a moderate to big problem. The 2-year actuarial incidence rates of acute and late UR ≥ grade 2 were 39.5% and 41.4%. Alpha-antagonist utilization rose at one month (58%) and 18 months (48%) post-treatment. However, Grade 3 UR was low with only 4 men (1.5%) requiring catheterization and/or TURP. A mean baseline IPSS-obstructive score of 3.6 significantly increased to 5.0 at 1 month (p 90% of patients within a median time of three months. Transient Late increases in OVS were common. However, less than 10% of patients felt that OVS were a moderate to big problem at two years post-SBRT.
Complexes of the highly preorganized ligand PDALC (2,9-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,10-phenanthroline) with trivalent lanthanides. A thermodynamic and crystallographic study

Abstract Metal ion complexing properties of the highly preorganized tetradentate ligand PDALC (2,9-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,10-phenanthroline) are presented. The structure of [Gd(PDALC)(NO3)3]·H2O (1) is reported: triclinic, P 1 ¯ , a = 7.545(12), b = 10.811(17), c = 11.909(18) A, α = 97.71(2)°, β = 91.56(2)°, γ = 109.06(2)°, V = 907(2) A3, Z = 2, R = 0.0354. The Gd is 10-coordinate, with the coordination sphere comprising the four donor atoms of the PDALC plus the six O-donors of three chelated nitrates. Comparison with structures in the literature suggests that the Gd–L (L = ligand) bond lengths, particularly those to the alcoholic O-donors of PDALC, are a little short. It was suggested that the short Gd–L bond lengths in 1 were due to the efficiency of packing of the nitrates around the Gd, with the short ‘bite’ distances of the nitrate ligand. Formation constants (log K1) were measured spectroscopically in 0.1 M NaClO4 at 25 °C by monitoring the variation of the π–π∗ transitions of 2 × 10−5 M PDALC in the range 200–350 nm as a function of pH, in the presence of 1:1 concentrations of the lanthanide(III) (Ln(III)) metal ion. The measured log K1 values varied from 5.34 (La(III)) to 6.40 (Lu(III), which is an unusually small variation across the series of Ln(III) ions. Values of log K1 with PDALC were also measured for Y(III) (5.85) and Sc(III) (6.02). The small amount of variation in log K1 for PDALC across the series of Ln(III) ions was rationalised in terms of the effect of neutral oxygen donors on complex stability, which promotes selectivity for larger metal ions such as La(III). It was discussed how the small amount of variation in log K1 across the Ln(III) series might lead to optimal selectivity for the Am(III) ion relative to the Ln(III) ions as a group.
On the Magnetic Field of a Rotating Molecule

The space distribution and magnitude of electronic currents in a rotating molecule with a $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ ground state are re-examined. An evaluation of the magnetic field set up by the rotation is attempted, and the results are used to interpret the width of radiofrequency resonance lines of some alkali halides.
Dimensionality in High School Student Participants' Perceptions of the Meaning of Choral Singing Experience:

The purpose of the present study was to investigate high school participants' views of the meaning of high school choral singing experience. For the purposes of this study, meaning is defined as a ...
The garden of Ediacara

The faunal change across the Proterozoic-Cambrian transition can be interpreted as a shift from marine communities composed largely of soft-bodied, possibly photoautotrophic animals to communities dominated by heterotrophic Metazoa. Convincing evidence for macrophagous predation (damaged prey, actual fossils of predators, and antipredatory prey morphologies) first appears in the fossil record during the Lower Cambrian. The enigmatic Cambrian fossil, Xenusion, may be a relict member of the Ediacaran biota that developed spines to deter predators. Defensive prey morphologies such as punctae in mickwitziid brachiopods and spines on wiwaxiids appear at or just before the base of the Cambrian, and strongly suggest that predators played an important role in these earliest shelly communities. The fossil record is biased against preservation of these early predators, however, because most were soft bodied or lightly skeletonized. Abundant late Proterozoic-Early Cambrian phosphorites suggest increased photic-zone nutrient supplies during the Proterozoic-Cambrian transition, possibly as a result of paleoceanographic conditions favoring equatorial upwelling or increased nutrient runoff from the continents. By favoring heterotrophy over photoautotrophy in marine animals, increased shallow-marine nutrient supplies may be the proximal cause for the Cambrian radiation of predators and the loss of the unique Ediacaran biota.
Materials for magnetic refrigeration between 2 K and 20 K

Abstract As part of a research and development programme on magnetic refrigeration, paramagnetic materials suitable for magnetic refrigeration in the 2 to 20 K range have been studied. The bestgadolinium materials with known properties, as derived from a literature survey, are plotted. For one of those materials, gadolinium gallium garnet, we present the results of our field-dependent heat capacity measurements. Preparation and fabrication of gadolinium compounds are discussed briefly as well as the scope for further work for selecting and studying working materials for magnetic refrigeration.
Toward a Theory of Motivational Interviewing

The widely disseminated clinical method of motivational interviewing (MI) arose through a convergence of science and practice. Beyond a large base of clinical trials, advances have been made toward "looking under the hood" of MI to understand the underlying mechanisms by which it affects behavior change. Such specification of outcome-relevant aspects of practice is vital to theory development and can inform both treatment delivery and clinical training. An emergent theory of MI is proposed that emphasizes two specific active components: a relational component focused on empathy and the interpersonal spirit of MI, and a technical component involving the differential evocation and reinforcement of client change talk. A resulting causal chain model links therapist training, therapist and client responses during treatment sessions, and posttreatment outcomes.
Convergent algorithms for collaborative filtering

A collaborative filtering system analyzes data on the past behavior of its users so as to make recommendations --- a canonical example is the recommending of books based on prior purchases. The full potential of collaborative filtering implicitly rests on the premise that, as an increasing amount of data is collected, it should be possible to make increasingly high-quality recommendations. Despite the prevalence of this notion at an informal level, the theoretical study of such convergent algorithms has been quite limited.To investigate such algorithms, we generalize a model of collaborative filtering proposed by Kumar et al., in which the recommendations made by an algorithm are compared to those of an omniscient algorithm that knows the hidden preferences of users. Within our generalized model, we develop a recommendation algorithm with a strong convergence property --- as the amount of data increases, the quality of its recommendations approach those of the optimal omniscient algorithm. We also consider a further generalization, a mixture model proposed by Hofmann and Puzichaomt; here we prove that, in a natural sense, no recommendation algorithm can achieve convergent behavior with respect to the optimum.
Nanoscale Robust Architecture of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials Comprising Different Forms of Nanostructured Carbon

We describe here the nanoscale hybrid architecture of polyethylene crystals directly nucleated on three different forms of nanostructured carbon, namely, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and single-walled carbon nanohorns. The hybrid architecture exhibits structural stability such that they act as potential nucleants for subsequent nucleation and growth of polymer crystals. It is intriguing that the structural morphology of polyethylene crystals vary on the three forms of nanostructured carbon even though they are structurally similar. The underlying differences in structural morphology and the mechanism of crystallization are discussed. The intriguing observations open the gateway for effective utilization of different nanostructured carbon in a polymer matrix, without influencing their inherent properties.
Chickenpox in adult presenting as acute severe genital infection.

Abstract A case report of an acute severe genital infection simulating Fournier's gangrene was subsequently found to be caused by chickenpox.
Chronically elevated glucose-induced apoptosis is mediated by inactivation of Akt in cultured Müller cells.

Abstract Hyperglycemia induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of cell types in diabetes, and the mechanism remains unclear. We report here that culture of rat retinal glial Muller cells in 25 mM glucose for 72 h significantly inactivated Akt and induced apoptosis. Likewise, hyperglycemia caused a significant dephosphorylation of Akt at serine-473 in Muller cells in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Inactivation of Akt was associated with dephosphorylation of BAD, increased cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Upregulation of Akt activity by overexpression of constitutively active Akt inhibited elevated glucose-induced apoptosis, whereas downregulation of Akt activity by overexpression of dominant negative Akt exacerbated elevated glucose-induced apoptosis, as assessed by caspase activity and nucleic acid staining. These data suggest that apoptosis induced by chronically elevated glucose is at least in part mediated by downregulation of Akt survival pathway in cultured Muller cells. It has been reported that antiapoptotic effect of Akt requires glucose in growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that although acutely elevated glucose may be beneficial to the cell survival, chronically elevated glucose can cause apoptosis via downregulation of Akt survival signaling.
Quantitative and qualitative determination of estrogen sulfates in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using 96-well technology.

A sensitive and robust method to determine five estrogen sulfates in human urine has been developed employing high-throughput solid-phase extraction with 96-well technology, and HPLC coupled with negative turbo ion spray tandem mass spectrometry in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The five estrogen sulfates determined include three major endogenous estrogen sulfates in the human, estrone 3-sulfate (E1-3S), estriol 3-sulfate (E3-3S), and 17β-estradiol 3-sulfate (E2-3S), and two biochemical synthetic estrogen sulfates, 17β-estradiol 17-sulfate (E2-17S) and 17β-estradiol 3,17-disulfate (E2-3,17S). For E2-3,17S, E3-3S, and E2-17S, external standard calibration was used for quantitation, and for the remaining two compounds, internal standard calibration using a stable isotopic labeled internal standard was employed. A total of 96 samples may be prepared with 96-well C18 extraction disk plate techniques performed by a robot within 25 min including the time for evaporation of solvent. The lower level of qu...
Gluteal compartment syndrome: a case report

Gluteal compartment syndrome is a rare, often unrecognized syndrome that may manifest as renal failure, sepsis, and death. Delay in diagnosis can result in significant morbidity and possible mortality. We report a case of occult gluteal compartment syndrome causing unresolving rhabdomyolysis. A 50-year-old Caucasian American man with history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was admitted status post fall and loss of consciousness for an unknown duration. Initial work-up revealed severe rhabdomyolysis, opioid abuse and acute renal failure. Inspite of three days of intensive therapy his condition did not improve and his renal failure worsened. On improvement of his condition three days later, he indicated some discomfort in his right hip. Physical examination was significant for swelling of the right gluteal region, which was tender and firm on palpation. A non-contrast CT scan showed evidence of gluteal compartment syndrome and emergent surgery resulted in significant improvement of his condition. Gluteal compartment syndrome most commonly occurs in individuals with altered mental status due to drugs or alcohol, who remain in one position for an extended period of time. This prolonged compression leads to muscle damage, edema, and a full-blown compartment syndrome. Due to its anatomic location and rarity, diagnosis is often missed or delayed, resulting in significant morbidity and possible mortality. The mainstay of treatment is fasciotomy.
Surface protrusion based mechanisms of augmenting energy extraction from vibrating cylinders at Reynolds number 3 × 103–3 × 104

The objective of the current experimental work is to investigate the effectiveness of surface protrusion type modifications to a circular cylinder in augmenting fluid induced motions at 3 × 103 < Re < 3 × 104 and falls within the TrSL2 (Transition in Shear Layer) Reynolds number regime. The current experiments build on the previous successful efforts to intentionally enhance oscillations by Bernitsas and group at the University of Michigan, for use in their Fluid Induced Motion based energy harvester Vortex induced vibration for aquatic clean energy (VIVACE) at higher Reynolds number (2–4 × 104 < Re < 1–2 × 105) that falls in the TrSL3 regime. Surface protrusions tested in the current work include three different sandpaper strips of widely varying roughness; and smooth strips that only had a thickness with no embedded roughness. Amplified vortex induced vibrations and galloping oscillations were observed while using cylinder configurations with all strips. The grit size of the sandpapers used also seemed to have an effect on the vibration amplitudes. Different positions of the strip (with respect to the frontal stagnation point) were tested and proved to be of crucial importance as the response showed a drastic variation depending on the position. The variation in response of the cylinder to roughness and strip-position that were observed in the current experiments are different from the experiments performed at TrSL3 regime; thereby suggesting a strong Reynolds number effect. The power harnessing potential of VIV based devices with different surface-protrusion configurations was evaluated based on the experimental results. There appears to be a very conspicuous difference in potential of the energy available especially while executing galloping oscillations. Experiments were also repeated with springs of different stiffnesses which proved to have an effect on the incited galloping oscillations depending on the type of strip employed.
Quality of Life After Spinal Cord Injury: Developmental Issues in Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood

This study used a cross-sectional design to examine overall quality of life (QOL) and specific age-related tasks (e.g., dating, paid employment) among young adults with traumatic-onset spinal cord injury separated into four groups based on age (ages 18-22 years, 23-27 years) and injury duration (1-2 years, 5 or more years). The groups did not differ on demographic and medical characteristics. Overall QOL was primarily determined by injury duration such that those with longer time since injury reported higher levels of QOL. Analysis of specific tasks showed a combination of injury duration, age, and interaction effects.
Deleting Ku70 is milder than deleting Ku80 in p53-mutant mice and cells

Ku70 forms a heterodimer with Ku80, called Ku that is well known for repairing DNA double-strand breaks through non-homologous end joining. As a result, deletion of either causes a very similar phenotype in mice that includes hypersensitivity to clastogens and early aging. In addition, deletion of Ku80 along with the cell cycle checkpoint protein, p53, dramatically increases the incidence of pro-B-cell lymphoma. Even though Ku70- p53-mutant mice have not been analysed, a logical assumption is they would exhibit the same cancer phenotype. Here, we test this assumption by comparing p53-mutant littermates deleted for either Ku70 or Ku80 or both. We find this assumption to be incorrect as p53-mutants live significantly longer when deleted for Ku70 rather than Ku80 or Ku70+Ku80. We also find the former cohort displays much lower levels of pro-B-cell lymphoma than the latter two cohorts. As pro-B-cell lymphoma is caused by a translocation between chromosomes 12 and 15, we tested fibroblasts for DNA repair capacity, and found that p53-mutant fibroblasts are more sensitive to streptonigrin and paraquat when deleted for Ku80 as compared with Ku70. Thus, Ku80 may function outside the Ku heterodimer to influence DNA damage repair presenting the possibility that Ku80 influenced the open coding ends in a manner that suppressed a cancer-causing translocation.
Highly Manufacturable and Reliable CZT Detectors

Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) based radiation detectors have been developed over the past decade and are, increasingly, being used in security and healthcare applications. Improvements in radiation detector performance, size, and cost have been achieved; however, the manufacturability and reliability of the individual CZT detector package continues to limit widespread use and new applications.To date, most CZT detector packages are designed, manufactured, and tested to requirements defined by manufacturers, rather than military, commercial, or industry standards, as is common for semiconductor packages. The lack of test standards has led to use restrictions and/or complex detector system design, as required to mitigate unknown or low detector package reliability. CZT detector packaging, as was the case for semiconductor packaging, has reached the point in technology maturation where a focus on optimizing detector design for manufacturability and reliability is appropriate and necessary.This paper reviews the systematic approach, including design, process development, and testing, utilized in the development and demonstration of a highly manufacturable and reliable (95% reliability at 1000 cycles) CZT detector package. Finite Element Model (FEM) based design and material trade-off studies, development of highly manufacturable and reliable commercial electronic assembly processes, failure mode identification and mitigation, selection and use of reliability test standards, and analyses are detailed for a flip-chip-CZT-on-ceramic substrate, detector package targeted for field deployment. As well, the next steps in package and system design, manufacturing, and reliability testing are proposed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Religion, Race, Rights: Landmarks in the History of Modern Anglo-American Law. By Eve Darian-Smith. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2010. 332 pp. $38.00 paper.

Religion, Race, Rights: Landmarks in the History of Modern Anglo-American Law. By Eve Darian-Smith. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2010. 332 pp. $38.00 paper.The English explorer Sir Francis Drake arrived in the San Francisco bay on June 5, 1579 bearing characteristic, eventually parodic markers of modern European civilization. Ignoring the names given to the region by its Miwok Indian inhabitants, Drake declared it Nova Albion ("New England") because the bay's chalk-white cliffs reminded him of the famous white cliffs of Dover. After less than a day spent communicating "by signs" with the local people, Drake was self-satisfied on multiple fronts. He had clothed their naked, "savage" bodies; offered to them the sacred word of his Christian God (by which they were "greatly affected"); and, most importantly, secured from the Miwok king the "right and title of the whole land," turning the Miwok people themselves into subjects of the British Crown. Drake memorialized his triumphant day by planting in the California soil a "plate, nailed upon a fair great post, whereupon was engraved her Majesty's name, the day and year of our arrival there, with the free giving up of the province and people into her Majesty's hands." He then set sail, leaving behind, we can imagine with the benefit of hindsight, a bemused Miwok people (Gunn 1994: 75-77). True: the seamless weaving of the modern discourses of religion, race, and rights according to which Drake's conquest was consecrated was, as the contemporary British comedian Eddie Izzard has it, unrelentingly absurd and even selfparodic. But, as Eve-Darian Smith's Religion, Race, and Rights persuasively argues, that weaving was neither unprecedented nor has it been played with any regularity for comic effect: the prerogatives of modern European civilization, well entrenched in colonial practice a century before Drake's arrival in California and always partially legal in character, have transformed the world in frequently brutal ways.Darian-Smith's book canvasses the entire span of modern times and is organized chronologically, in three parts, around rich and provocative examinations of eight "legal landmarks"-broadly legal events, sometimes court cases, that illustrate prominent moments in the tangled history of religion, race, and rights. Darian-Smith presents the first of these legal landmarks-Martin Luther's 1517 posting of the "95 Theses" of protest against the Vatican on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany-in a manner representative of the book's method: Luther's protestation amounts to a historical condensation point in which key transformations in matters spiritual, racial, and legal coalesce and become apparent. Luther's intellectual revolution yoked anti-hierarchical Christianity to ethical citizenship and, eventually, to a new, protodemocratic vision of the proper relations between governments and citizens in which reigned the new logic of natural and individual rights. …
Pyrolysis of polycyclic perhydroarenes. 2. 1-n-Undecylperhydronaphthalene

1-n-Undecylperhydronaphthalene (UPN), a prototypical long-chain n-alkylperhydroarene, was pyrolyzed both neat and in benzene in batch microreactors at temperatures between 375 and 475 °C. The global reaction order for UPN disappearance was 1.00 ± 0.08, so UPN pyrolysis followed first-order kinetics. The Arrhenius parameters for the first-order rate constant were A (s -1 ) = 10 10.9 ± 2.6 and E = 46.5 ± 8.4 kcal/mol. All of the reported uncertainties are the 95% confidence intervals. An empirical structure-reactivity correlation in the literature, which was developed for the pyrolysis of saturated cyclic compounds with short n-alkyl chains, did not accurately predict the pyrolysis kinetics of UPN and other long-chain n-alkylperhydroarenes. UPN neat pyrolysis generated numerous primary products, and the primary products with the highest initial selectivities were octahydronaphthalene plus n-undecane, methyleneperhydronaphthalene plus n-decane, and trans-decalin plus 1-undecene. These three product pairs accounted for about 40% of the primary product spectrum from UPN. The remaining 60% was apportioned in roughly equal selectivities among 18 other primary product pairs that consisted of either an n-alkane plus an alkenylperhydronaphthalene or a 1-alkene plus an n-alkylperhydronaphthalene. Secondary reactions included dehydrogenation of decalin and octahydronaphthalene, to form tetralin and eventually naphthalene, and thermal cracking of paraffins, olefins, and other primary products. This product spectrum is consistent with a free radical chain reaction mechanism for UPN neat pyrolysis.
Characterization of self-complementary symmetric digraphs

Abstract The class of self-complementary symmetric digraphs is characterized and it is shown that the number of vertices of such a digraph is an odd prime power.
Field-deployed underwater mass spectrometers for investigations of transient chemical systems

Abstract The mass spectrometer developments and underwater deployments described in this work are directed toward observations of important reactive and influential inorganic and organic chemicals. Mass spectrometer systems for measurement of dissolved gases and volatile hydrocarbons were created by coupling a membrane analyte-introduction system with linear quadrupole and ion trap mass analyzers. For molecular masses up to 100 amu, the in situ quadrupole system has detection limits on the order of 1–5 ppb. For masses up to approximately 300 amu, the underwater ion trap system detects many volatile hydrocarbons at concentrations below 1 ppb. Both instruments can function autonomously or via interactive communications from a remote control site. Continuous operations can be sustained for up to approximately 12 days. Deployments have initially involved shallow water proof-of-concept operations at depths less than 30 m. Future modifications are planned that will allow operational depths to 200 m.
Germylene Reactions with Quinones Shed Light on Germylene Phenone Equilibria

Ge[CH(SiMe3)2]2 (1) and Ge[N(SiMe3)2]2 (2) react with anthraquinone and naphthoquinone in a 2:1 ratio to form five-membered rings with the carbonyl oxygens and the ortho carbons of the adjacent aromatic ring. The reaction with 1,4-diacetylbenzene proceeds in a similar fashion with 1; however no reaction is observed with 2. Compounds 1 and 2 react with 1,2-diacetylbenzene to yield a novel bicyclo species. In a previous report describing equilibria between 1 and phenones, it appeared that 2 did not undergo reaction to generate the five-membered ring with the accompanying formation of a conjugated triene. However, these quinone results indicate that an equilibrium can exist between 2 and a phenone moiety. In the reaction with quinones, a second equivalent of germylene effectively traps the conjugated triene by undergoing a 1,4-addition reaction. Unlike the initial triene formation, this second insertion is irreversible.
Burrowing avoidance assays of contaminated Detroit River sediments, using the freshwater Oligochaete Stylodrilus heringianus (Lumbriculidae)

The burrowing behavior ofStylodrilus heringianus (Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta) was examined in bioassays, using sediments from suspected areas of contamination in the Detroit River, Michigan (U.S.A.). In assays with control sediments and sediments from a clean Detroit River site, all worms quickly burrowed (<1 hr) and appeared to feed normally over a 96-hr period. In sediments with suspected sediment-bound contaminants,Stylodrilus initially burrowed but returned to the surface after a few hours, the time of return apparently dependent on the degree of contamination and length of exposure. The presence of volatile contaminants reduced the initial burrowing response. These observations enhance the possibility of using aStylodrilus burrowing behavior assay to aid in examining suspected areas of sediment contamination in the Great Lakes.
URL: A unified reinforcement learning approach for autonomic cloud management

Cloud computing is emerging as an increasingly important service-oriented computing paradigm. Management is a key to providing accurate service availability and performance data, as well as enabling real-time provisioning that automatically provides the capacity needed to meet service demands. In this paper, we present a unified reinforcement learning approach, namely URL, to automate the configuration processes of virtualized machines and appliances running in the virtual machines. The approach lends itself to the application of real-time autoconfiguration of clouds. It also makes it possible to adapt the VM resource budget and appliance parameter settings to the cloud dynamics and the changing workload to provide service quality assurance. In particular, the approach has the flexibility to make a good trade-off between system-wide utilization objectives and appliance-specific SLA optimization goals. Experimental results on Xen VMs with various workloads demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. It can drive the system into an optimal or near-optimal configuration setting in a few trial-and-error iterations.
Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies of X Inactivation in a Patient with 46, X, del(X)(q22)

We report on a phenotypically normal girl with a deletion of the distal long arm of one X chromosome at Xq22, and spontaneous pubertal development including menarche. This suggests that the distal long arm of the X chromosome is not crucial for ovarian development. Cytogenetic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification methods both showed preferential inactivation of the deleted X chromosome. The PCR-based assay has the additional advantage of identifying the paternal origin of the deleted X chromosome.
Relationship between temperature-programmed reduction profile and activity of modified ferrite-based catalysts for WGS reaction

Abstract A series of modified ferrites were prepared by doping iron oxide with various transition/non-transition/inner-transition metal ions [M = Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ce] in situ during synthesis. All the modified ferrites thus obtained exhibit remarkably high surface areas, greater than that of pure iron oxide (Fe2O3) sample. The efficacy of the dopant ions in modifying the resultant specific surface area, could be directly related to variations in the rate of crystal growth. The nature and concentration of the foreign cations present in the system govern this variation. Interestingly all the modified ferrites, exhibit a narrow pore size distribution in the range of 4.9–25 nm. XRD analysis revealed the existence of hematite (Fe2O3) phase in all the as-prepared samples. The X-ray diffraction experiments performed on activated catalysts, confirmed the existence of magnetite (Fe3O4) phase with a nominal composition of Fe2.73M0.27O4. These inverse or mixed spinels with general formula A(1−δ)Bδ[AδB(2−δ)]O4, possess highly facile Fe3+ ⇔ Fe2+ redox couple, the degree of facileness depends on the extent of synergistic interaction between iron and the other substitutent metal ion. The rapid electron hopping between Fe3+ ⇔ Fe2+ in the Fe3O4 lattice system is essential to catalyze WGS reaction. From TPR it was observed that, incorporation of metal cations into the hematite (α-Fe2O3) crystal structure alters the reducibility of the hematite particles, which in turn depends on the nature of the incorporated metal cation. A plausible explanation for the WGS activity over various modified ferrites has been attempted with the help of TPR analysis.
Placing the Risk of Seizures with Pediatric Vaccines in a Clinical Context

In this review we discuss the relationship between commonly administered childhood vaccines such as diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis (DTP) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), and the risk of nonfebrile and febrile seizure. We summarize data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink Study and other studies that suggest that DTP and MMR vaccine are associated with a transiently increased risk of febrile seizures, and cause between 5–9 and 25–34 additional extra febrile seizures per 100 000 immunized children, respectively. DTP and MMR do not appear to increase the risk of nonfebrile seizures.
Online bibliographic searching and the deprofessionalization of librarianship

The interaction of technological change and a professionalization movement is considered within the context of librarianship and online. In sharp contrast to the theories of Daniel Bell predicting a professionalized post‐industrial society, a number of sociologists suggest a future deprofessionalized society in which many professions lose status, deferential prestige, or other traits commonly associated with established professions. Among these sociologists, Nina Toren has hypothesized that technological advance, notably computerization, may lead to the deprofessionalization of an occupation because the occupation can no longer hold a controlling monopoly over its hitherto esoteric knowledge base. The technology of online bibliographic searching is examined in the light of the Toren theory, and it is argued that in some respects the technology can be seen to threaten deprofessionalization of librarianship. Such a view is in sharp contrast to the more common perception in the library/information science community that online is a professionalizing force for librarianship. Drawing upon interview data, as well as previously published data from two national surveys, it is shown that the status‐enhancing view of online has some credence. Trends in the development of the technology, however, suggest that such status‐enhancement for librarianship may be short lived. A conflict view of occupations and technology is suggested to clarify the forces at work with librarianship.
Demineralized bone-fibrin sandwich for genioplasty.

Osseous genioplasty is a versatile technique to improve chin and facial aesthetics. It carries several benefits compared to an alloplastic implant, but the downsides of an intersegmental gap and lateral stepoffs must be weighed. These areas are typically left open, despite being subject to unpredictable resorption or incomplete osseous healing. We describe the strategy of using a combination of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and fibrin glue to promote bone fill while smoothing contours and transitions along the genioplasty. Our retrospective study included 32 patients who underwent genioplasty with the DBM-fibrin sandwich. There were no genioplasty-related complications at the 6 months follow-up. Our results indicate that this technique is safe and is a valuable addition to possible graft material for genioplasty. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors at www.springer.com/00266 .
Light Scattering By Spheroidal Particles With High Aspect Ratio

With the corrections and developments on the theory of light scattering by spheroidal particles, we have computed the scattering parameters of both prolate and oblate spheroids with high aspect ratio 7:1 in dielectric and metallic cases. The theoretical results come out to be satisfactory if compared with our microwave measurements in P-Q plot form.
The future of reference and information services in a virtual world

Over the past few years, reference and information services have increasingly moved away from library reference desks and away from libraries’ print collections out into the virtual world. A number of studies have examined virtual reference services, focusing on issues such as collaboration during the research process (e.g. Aldrich, 2008; Pomerantz, 2006; Stover, 2004; Summey & Akers, 2006), question answering success (e.g. Hyde & Tucker-Raymond, 2006; Kwon, 2007; Radford, 2006), and teaching practices surrounding virtual reference services (e.g. Adkins, 2006; Mon et al., 2008). Fewer studies have looked more broadly at the general state of virtual reference and information services, or at likely future directions. This study addressed two research questions related to these issues:
Muscle-tendon units provide limited contributions to the passive stiffness of the index finger metacarpophalangeal joint

Abstract The passive stiffness at the MCP joint is a result of the elasticity of muscle-tendon units (MTUs) and capsule ligament complex (CLC), however, the relative contributions of these two components are unknown. We hypothesize that the MTUs provide the majority of the contributions to the joint stiffness by generating resistive forces when the MCP joint is flexed or extended. We used the work done by passive moments as a measure for the determination of the contributions to the joint stiffness. We conducted experiments with ten human subjects and collected joint angle and finger tip force data. The total passive moment and joint angle data were fitted with a double exponential model, and the passive moments due to the MTUs were determined by developing subject-specific models of the passive force–length change relationships. Our results show that for all the subjects, the work done by the passive moments from the MTUs is less than 50% of the total work done, and the CLC provides dominant contributions to the joint stiffness throughout the flexion-extension range of the joint angle. Therefore, the hypothesis that the MTUs provide the majority of the contributions to the MCP joint stiffness is not supported. We also determined that the majority of the MTUs passive moment was generated by the extrinsic MTUs and the contributions of the intrinsic MTUs was negligible.
Characteristics of a peroxidase from the fresh-water crayfish Cambarus bartoni

Abstract 1. 1. A peroxidase was partially purified from the soluble fraction of crayfish hepatopancreas. 2. 2. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 80,000, catalyzes the oxidation of many (but not all) substrates of horseradish peroxidase and displays a mechanism of action similar to that of horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase.
Prostate cancer screening.

Prostate cancer is the leading noncutaneous cancer in men of the Western world. Because of its prevalence and ability to cause morbidity and mortality, prostate cancer screening continues to be an important area of focus in health care. This article covers the sensitivity and specificity of prostate-specific antigen and current techniques used to improve the test’s validity, the importance of detecting clinically important cancers with screening, as well as the downward stage migration, decreased disease-specific mortality, and decreased metastases rate seen in patients screened and treated for prostate cancer.
Assessing the impact of global price interdependencies.

Documented launch delays and the ensuing debate over their underlying causes have focused on assessment from the individual country’s perspective. Seen in a larger game theoretical framework this may cause problems, because although the countries see an individual game, the pharmaceutical firm sees a repeated linked game. The links are due to external reference pricing and parallel trade. Behaviours that are optimal in the single, individual game (for either the country or the pharmaceutical firm) may no longer be optimal when considering the global repeated game. A theoretical mixed integer linear model of the firm’s launch and pricing decisions is presented along with examples wherein international price dependencies most likely played a role. This model can help countries understand the implication of their external reference pricing policies on the global repeated pricing game. Understanding the behaviour of the pharmaceutical firm in this global context aids countries in designing policies to maximize the welfare of their citizens.
Predictors of early care withdrawal following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Abstract Aims To identify factors that associated with early care withdrawal in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Methods Data was collected from 189 survivors to hospital admission. Patients were classified by survival status upon hospital discharge, and those who died were categorized into withdrawal vs. no withdrawal of care. Those who had care withdrawn were further subdivided into early care withdrawal i.e. ≤72h vs. late withdrawal >72h. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios were used to assess factors associated with early care withdrawal. Results Of 189 patients with cardiac arrest, only 36 had advanced directives (19%) and 99 (52%) had care withdrawn. Most patients whose care was withdrawn died in hospital (94/99, 95%), and the remainder died in hospice. Care was withdrawn early ≤72h in the majority of patients (59/94, 63%). Median time to early care withdrawal was 2 days IQR (1–3). Factors associated with early care withdrawal were age ≥75 years, poor initial neurologic exam, multiple co morbidities, multi-organ failure, lactic acid ≥10mmolL −1 , Caucasian race and absence of bystander CPR. Advance directives did not appear to determine early care withdrawal. Conclusions Although most cardiac arrest patients do not have advance directives, care is often withdrawn in more than 50% and in many before the accepted time for neurological awakening (72h). The decision to withdraw care is influenced by older age, race, preexisting co morbidities, multi-organ failure, and a poor initial neurological exam. Further studies are needed to better understand this phenomenon and other sociological factors that guide such decisions.
Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty: A Surgeon’s View

How can surgeons and radiologists collaborate most effectively in furthering percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)?
Laser-induced microstructuring of photonic materials : Semiconductors

The laser has become an increasingly important tool, which helps to overcome the limitations of conventional microfabrication technologies, delivering devices capable of performing new and increased numbers of operations within an ever shrinking volume. In addition to classical applications of lasers such as via hold drilling, trimming or pulsed laser deposition of thin films, there have been new developments in laser-based technologies for the fabrication of advanced micro- and nano-devices. Of particular interest for optoelectronic and photonic applications is the potential for commercial processing of semiconductors and the fabrication of integrated and monolithically integrated photonic devices and circuits.