cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying distortions of the Lagrangian dark-matter mesh in cosmology

We examine the Lagrangian divergence of the displacement field, arguably a more natural object than the density in a Lagrangian description of cosmological large-scale structure. This quantity, which we denote \psi, quantifies the stretching and distortion of the initially homogeneous lattice of dark-matter particles in the universe. \psi\ encodes similar information as the density, but the correspondence has subtleties. It corresponds better to the log-density A than the overdensity \delta. A Gaussian distribution in \psi\ produces a distribution in A with slight skewness; in \delta, we find that in many cases the skewness is further increased by 3. A local spherical-collapse-based (SC) fit found by Bernardeau gives a formula for \psi's particle-by-particle behavior that works quite well, better than applying Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) at first or second (2LPT) order. In 2LPT, there is a roughly parabolic relation between initial and final \psi\ that can give overdensities in deep voids, so low-redshift, high-resolution 2LPT realizations should be used with caution. The SC fit excels at predicting \psi\ until streams cross; then, for particles forming haloes, \psi\ plummets as in a waterfall to -3. This gives a new method for producing N-particle realizations. Compared to LPT realizations, such SC realizations give reduced stream-crossing, and better visual and 1-point-PDF correspondence to the results of full gravity. LPT, on the other hand, predicts large-scale flows and the large-scale power-spectrum amplitude better, unless an empirical correction is added to the SC formula.
Differentially-private learning and information theory

Using results from PAC-Bayesian bounds in learning theory, we formulate differentially-private learning in an information theoretic framework. This, to our knowledge, is the first such treatment of this increasingly popular notion of data privacy. We examine differential privacy in the PAC-Bayesian framework and through such a treatment examine the relation between differentially-private learning and learning in a scenario where we seek to minimize the expected risk under mutual information constraints. We establish a connection between the exponential mechanism, which is the most general differentially private mechanism and the Gibbs estimator encountered in PAC-Bayesian bounds. We discover that the goal of finding a probability distribution that minimizes the so-called PAC-Bayesian bounds (under certain assumptions), leads to the Gibbs estimator which is differentially-private.
Lipid changes in human male parotid saliva by stimulation.

Abstract Parotid saliva was collected with and without stimulation from 58 fasting young men. The lipid content averaged 6.9 mg/100ml. This lipid contained also cellular and blood contributions. On the basis of the average DNA and iron content and assuming that all of the iron present was derived from haemoglobin, the maximum lipid contribution from these sources would be in the range of 130 μg/100ml of parotid saliva; less than 2per cent of the total lipid content. Of the total lipids, about 2 3 are neutral lipids and 1 3 polar lipids. The lipid class compositions and the fatty acid content were determined. While stimulation greatly affected the flow of parotid saliva it did not significantly change the percentage of lipid content or its composition. The largest effects were noticed in the protein and RNA content. Based on the observed results, it is suggested that the parotid gland may secrete one or more lipoproteins.
In situ study of dynamic conformational transitions of a water-soluble poly(3-hexylthiophene) derivative by surfactant complexation.

Transitions in the backbone conformation of polythiophenes (PTs) in organic solvents, measurable spectroscopically, have been widely observed to influence thin-film morphology; however, such conformational transitions of water-soluble PT derivatives, with respect to their intramolecular versus intermolecular origin, remain largely obscure. Here, we report on dynamic conformational transitions of poly(3-potassium hexanoate thiophene) in aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. As-prepared complexes exist as stable hydrogels. Upon dilution, a significant time-dependent chromism occurs spontaneously. A coil-to-rod conformational transition is identified in this mechanism. Study into the corresponding kinetics demonstrates an inverse first-order rate law. It is found that the conformational transition is thermally re...
Best of the Web in Economics

Abstract The economics chapter covers key resources from government, international, and working papers sites. There are also sections on reference sites and collections of economics links.
Maternal, environmental, and temperamental characteristics of toddlers with and toddlers without sleep problems

Sleep problems of young children are a common behavioral concern of parents. Thirty parents of toddlers with sleep problems (SP) and 30 parents of toddlers without sleep problems (WSP) were studied to ascertain differences in maternal, environmental, and temperamental characteristics. The Sleep Behavior Inventory and The Toddler Temperament Scale provided data identifying certain environmental and temperamental characteristics that may influence the development and/or maintenance of sleep problems. Implications of these findings for anticipatory guidance and counseling are discussed.
Effect of sampling site and collection method on variations in baseline clinical pathology parameters in Fischer-344 rats. II. Clinical hematology.

An analysis of the influence of blood sampling site and collection method on clinical chemistry parameters was conducted in male Fischer-344 rats. Sampling sites compared included the right ventricle, aorta, vena cava, retroorbital sinus, and tail. Methods of collection included Vacutainer (3 ml sample), syringe (exsanguination), and capillary tube. Nineteen frequently measured clinical chemistry procedures were determined, including serum enzymes, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Significant differences were noted for almost every parameter as a function of sampling site. Samples collected from the right ventricle with a Vacutainer produced the most representative results for most but not all procedures when compared to the overall mean (for all methods). The largest differences were encountered in samples obtained from tail and retroorbital plexus. Exanguination also resulted in significant differences for some parameters when compared to smaller sample volumes obtained from the same site. It was concluded that sampling site and collection method can be a major source of variation in clinical chemistry measurements, and in selection of an appropriate method, one should consider which parameters are likely to be of major interest.
Active Site Mutants Implicate Key Residues for Control of Color and Light Cycle Kinetics of Photoactive Yellow Protein

To understand how the protein and chromophore components of a light-sensing protein interact to create a light cycle, we performed time-resolved spectroscopy on site-directed mutants of photoactive yellow protein (PYP). Recently determined crystallographic structures of PYP in the ground and colorless I2 states allowed us to design mutants and to study their photosensing properties at the atomic level. We developed a system for rapid mutagenesis and heterologous bacterial expression for PYP apoprotein and generated holoprotein through formation of a covalent thioester linkage with the p-hydroxycinnamic acid chromophore as found in the native protein. Glu46, replaced by Gln, is buried in the active site and hydrogen bonds to the chromophore's phenolate oxygen in the ground state. The Glu46Gln mutation shifted the ground state absorption maximum from 446 to 462 nm, indicating that the color of PYP can be fine-tuned by the alteration of hydrogen bonds. Arg52, which separates the active site from solvent in the ground state, was substituted by Ala. The smaller red shift (to 452 nm) of the Arg52Ala mutant suggests that electrostatic interactions with Arg52 are not important for charge stabilization on the chromophore. Both mutations cause interesting changes in light cycle kinetics. The most dramatic effect is a 700-fold increase in the rate of recovery to the ground state of Glu46Gln PYP in response to a change in pH from pH 5 to 10 (pKa = 8). Prompted by this large effect, we conducted a careful reexamination of pH effects on the wild-type PYP light cycle. The rate of color loss decreased about 3-fold with increasing pH from pH 5 to 10. The rate of recovery to the colored ground state showed a bell-shaped pH dependence, controlled by two pKa values (6.4 and 9.4). The maximum recovery rate at pH 7.9 is about 16 times faster than at pH 5. The effect of pH on Arg52Ala is like that on wild type except for faster loss of color and slower recovery. These kinetic effects of the mutations and the changes with pH demonstrate that both phases in PYP's light cycle are actively controlled by the protein component.
Lead and Calcium Produce Rod Photoreceptor Cell Apoptosis by Opening the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore

Calcium overload is suggested to play a fundamental role in the process of rod apoptosis in chemical-induced and inherited retinal degenerations. However, this hypothesis has not been tested directly. We developed an in vitro model utilizing isolated rat retinas to determine the mechanisms underlying Ca(2+)- and/or Pb(2+)-induced retinal degeneration. Confocal microscopy, histological, and biochemical studies established that the elevated [Ca(2+)] and/or [Pb(2+)] were localized to photoreceptors and produced rod-selective apoptosis. Ca(2+) and/or Pb(2+) induced mitochondrial depolarization, swelling, and cytochrome c release. Subsequently caspase-9 and caspase-3 were sequentially activated. Caspase-7 and caspase-8 were not activated. The effects of Ca(2+) and Pb(2+) were additive and blocked completely by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) inhibitor cyclosporin A, whereas the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 had no effect. The caspase inhibitors carbobenzoxy-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-CH(2)F and carbobenzoxy-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CH(2)F, but not carbobenzoxy-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-CH(2)F, differentially blocked post-mitochondrial events. The levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione and pyridine nucleotides in rods were unchanged. Our results demonstrate that rod mitochondria are the target site for Ca(2+) and Pb(2+). Moreover, they suggest that Ca(2+) and Pb(2+) bind to the internal metal (Me(2+)) binding site of the PTP and subsequently open the PTP, which initiates the cytochrome c-caspase cascade of apoptosis in rods.
Effect of Bimatoprost, Latanoprost, and Unoprostone on Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Ciliary Body Smooth Muscle Cells

Purpose Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) affects outflow resistance in the uveoscleral pathway. The balance of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) governs the rate of ECM turnover in many tissues. The hypothesis was that a differential effect on MMPs and TIMPs in ciliary body smooth muscle (CBSM) cells would relate to the relative intraocular pressure-lowering effectiveness of the prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) bimatoprost, latanoprost, and unoprostone. Methods Human CBSM cells isolated from donor corneoscleral rims were incubated for 24 hours with control (0.015% ethanol in DMEM) or the free acid forms of bimatoprost (0.01 or 0.1 microg/mL), latanoprost (0.03 or 0.3 microg/mL), or unoprostone (0.145 or 1.45 microg/mL). Western blot analysis determined the relative protein concentrations of MMP-1, -2, -3. -9, and -24 as well as TIMP-1 through -4. Zymography measured the relative activity levels of MMP-1, -2, -3, and -9. Results All PGAs increased MMP-1, -3, and -9. Bimatoprost and latanoprost did not change MMP-2. Unoprostone decreased MMP-2 (21% +/- 3%). On zymography, MMP-1 and -2 did not change. Bimatoprost and latanoprost increased MMP-9 activity by 75% +/- 27% and 75% +/- 24%, respectively. MMP-3 activity was not detected on zymography. All PGAs increased TIMP-3, but only unoprostone increased TIMPs1 and -4 by 100% +/- 20% and 61% +/- 11%, respectively. TIMP-2 was unchanged by bimatoprost and latanoprost, but decreased by unoprostone (35% +/- 8%). Conclusions Decreased MMP-2 with concurrent increases of TIMP-1 and -4 by unoprostone may explain the lower clinical efficacy of unoprostone. The MMP/TIMP balance relates to the observed intraocular pressure-lowering effectiveness in clinical studies with PGAs.
SetA*: an efficient BDD-based heuristic search algorithm

In this paper we combine the goal directed search of A* with the ability of BDDs to traverse an exponential number of states in polynomial time. We introduce a new algorithm, SetA*, that generalizes A* to expand sets of states in each iteration. SetA* has substantial advantages over BDDA*, the only previous BDD-based A* implementation we are aware of. Our experimental evaluation proves SetA* to be a powerful search paradigm. For some of the studied problems it outperforms BDDA*, A*, and BDD-based breadth-first search by several orders of magnitude. We believe exploring sets of states to be essential when the heuristic function is weak. For problems with strong heuristics, SetA* efficiently specializes to single-state search and consequently challenges single-state heuristic search in general.
Paradigm for shape-based image analysis

Traditional image segmentation techniques typically divide an image into separate regions based on gray-scale characteristics. Most real-world image-segmentation problems, however, require some subse- quent shape-based processing to yield acceptable results. Unfortu- nately, choosing an appropriate sequence of image-processing opera- tors (a process) for this purpose can be a time-consuming, tedious procedure that requires considerable image-processing expertise. We describe a semiautomatic paradigm for selecting shape-based opera- tions for an image-analysis process. Desired shape information for im- age regions is provided by the user in the form of easily specified cues. The cues are then automatically interpreted to select suitable image- processing operators and operator parameters; the operators can be morphological, topological, and image-manipulation functions. The para- digm, hence, enables easy prototyping of image-analysis processes for different problems. The user is not required to be an image-processing expert to apply this strategy—he or she need only be able to specify the desired shape properties of the regions in the image. We demonstrate our approach for both 2-D and 3-D image analysis problems. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(98)02902-X)
The characteristics of interface misfit dislocations for epitaxial α-Fe2O3 on α-Al2O3(0001)

Abstract α-Fe2O3(0001) films of thickness equal to ∼7 nm and ∼70 nm were epitaxially grown on α-Al2O3(0001) by oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The interfaces were characterized using high resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The interface exhibited coherent regions separated by equally-spaced misfit dislocations. When imaged from the [2110] direction, the dislocation spacing is 7.0±1.1 nm for the 70-nm-thick specimen, and 7.2±0.1 nm for the 7-nm-thick specimen. When imaged from the [0110] direction, the dislocation spacing is 4.5±0.1 nm for the 7-nm-thick specimen. The experimentally observed dislocation spacings are approximately consistent with those calculated from the lattice mismatch between α-Al2O3 and α-Fe2O3, implying that the lattice mismatch is accommodated mainly by interface misfit dislocations above the critical thickness, which is less than 7 nm. This conclusion is also corroborated by the measured residual strain of ∼0.5% determined from X-ray diffraction for the 70 nm film. Electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy analysis reveals that the Fe L2,3-edge shows no measurable chemical shift relative to the L2,3-edge of structural Fe+3, indicating complete oxidation of Fe in the as-grown film.
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR RADIATING HYPERVELOCITY BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW ON A FLAT PLATE

Abstract : The effects of thermal radiation on laminar, flat plate boundary layer flow have been investigated. Non-similar velocity and temperature profiles were obtained as numerical solutions of an appropriate set of finite difference equations. Simplified expressions for the thermodynamic and transport properties were used together with a mean radiation absorption coefficient approximating that of air. On the basis of the results of a previous approximate analysis, it was assumed that the boundary layer would be optically thin; for the velocity range considered (10 to 40 km/s) the numerical results confirmed this hypothesis. It was found that the maximum temperatures in the radiating boundary layers were much lower than in the corresponding non-radiating cases and that the radiating boundary layers were much thinner. Changing the exponent in the temperature-viscosity relationship mu proportional to T to the omega power from 1.0 to .75 had a negligible effect on the maximum temperature in the boundary layer but caused a significant reduction in its thickness and thus in the radiative heat flux to the wall. The predictions of the approximate analysis were compared with the numerical results and found to give useful engineering estimates of the properties of radiating boundary layers. (Author)
Beyond Einstein: Exploring the Extreme Universe

This paper will give an overview of the NASA Universe Division Beyond Einstein program. The Beyond Einstein program consists of a series of exploratory missions to investigate some of the most important and pressing problems in modern-day astrophysics - including searches for Dark Energy and studies of the earliest times in the universe, during the inflationary period after the Big Bang. A variety of new technologies are being developed both in the science instrumentation these missions will carry and in the spacecraft that will carry those instruments.
Effects of wave rollers and bottom stress on wave setup

[1] Setup, the increase in the mean water level associated with breaking waves, observed between the shoreline and about 6-m water depth on an ocean beach is predicted well by a model that includes the effects of wave rollers and the bottom stress owing to the mean flow. Over the 90-day observational period, the measured and modeled setups are correlated (squared correlation above 0.59) and agree within about 30%. Although rollers may affect setup significantly on beaches with large-amplitude (several meters high) sandbars and may be important in predicting the details of the cross-shore profile of setup, for the data discussed here, rollers have only a small effect on the amount of setup. Conversely, bottom stress (calculated using eddy viscosity and undertow formulations based on the surface dissipation, and assuming that the eddy viscosity is uniform throughout the water column) significantly affects setup predictions. Neglecting bottom stress results in underprediction of the observed setup in all water depths, with maximum underprediction near the shoreline where the observed setup is largest.
High-definition occupational therapy: HD OT.

This article was taken from Dr. Florence Clark�s address given at the AOTA Annual Conference & Expo, held in Orlando, Florida, April 29�May 2, 2010.
What is hierarchical selection

It has been proposed that natural selection occurs on a hierarchy of levels, of which the organismic level is neither the top nor the bottom. This hypothesis leads to the following practical problem: in general, how does one tell if a given phenomenon is a result of selection on level X or level Y. How does one tell what the units of selection actually are? It is convenient to assume that a unit of selection may be defined as a type of entity for which there exists, among all entities on the same “level” as that entity, an additive component of variance for some specific component F of fitness which does not appear as an additive component of variance in any decomposition of this F among entities at any lower level. But such a definition implicitly assumes that if f(x, y) depends nonadditively on its arguments, there must be interaction between the quantities which x and y represent. This assumption is incorrect. And one cannot avoid this error by speaking of “transformability to additivity” instead of merely “additivity”. A general mathematical formulation of the concepts of interaction and non-interaction is proposed, followed by a correspondingly modified approach to the definition of a unit of selection. The practical difficulty of verifying the presence of hierarchical selection is discussed.
Fibronectin distribution on the surfaces of young and old human fibroblasts

Indirect immunofluorescence was used to examine the distribution of fibronectin fibrils on young and old cultures of human fibroblasts. In young cultures, the pattern of fibronectin fibril pattern was generally parallel to the long axis of spread cells. In contrast, the pattern on old cells displayed extensive, interconnecting networks of randomly oriented fibrils. The differences observed in the two cultures were independent of both cell density and substrate composition.
Routine ultrasound surveillance of the pregnant uterus

The routine ultrasound examination of the pregnant uterus is presented in this article. The approach is based on published guidelines, dividing the examination into studies of the first trimester and studies of the second and third trimesters. The discussion emphasizes the standard anatomical views and describes the normal sonographic appearances. The methods of obtaining important measurements are described, and tables are provided to analyze these measurements. A systematic approach to obstetric ultrasound is important in ensuring completeness and in maximizing the detection of fetal abnormality.
The distinction of bronchogenic cyst from metastatic testicular teratoma: A light microscopic and immunohistochemical study

Bronchogenic cyst (BC), a rare developmental abnormality of the primitive foregut and usually found above the diaphragm, can occur in the retroperitoneum and other unusual locations where distinction from metastatic teratoma is essential. We studied 22 BCs and 34 teratomas metastatic to the retroperitoneum in men. Of 22 BCs, 17 (77%) showed well or moderate architectural differentiation toward normal tracheobronchial structures, whereas none of the teratomas did. In addition, 20 (91%) of the BCs had respiratory-type epithelium and none had enteric-type epithelium. Immature elements, atypia, and tumor necrosis were absent in BCs. All BCs expressed cytokeratin (CK) 7, and none expressed CDX-2 in immunohistochemical analysis. Teratomas had mixed enteric and respiratory-type epithelium. The majority of the glands were positive for CK7 (33 [97%]), CK20 (34 [100%]), CDX-2 (34 [100%]), and thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1 (17 [50%]). Coexpression of CDX-2 and TTF-1 was found in 11 teratomas (32%) but none of the BCs. BCs can be reliably distinguished from teratomas based on the gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical features.
Fast pulsed UV light source and calibration of non-linear photomultiplier response

A novel ultraviolet pulsed-light source with a digitally controlled amplitude has been developed and used to determine the response of the BURLE 8850 photomultiplier tube for light intensities close to that corresponding to single photoelectrons to those well beyond the linear response region.
Structure/function Correlations in P. aeruginosa DNA Ligase LigD

The ATP-dependent DNA ligase D (LigD) performs a major role in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LigD (PaeLigD) contains a N-terminal phosphoesterase domain (PE) domain followed by a ligase domain and a C-terminal polymerase domain. The PE domain (187 residues) possesses manganese dependent phosphodiesterase and phosphomonoesterase activities as it sequentially removes the 3′-ribonucleoside from the primer strand of the RNA primer-DNA template duplex and subsequently hydrolyzes the 3′-PO4 to a 3′-OH group (1).PaeLigD-PE belongs to a class of unique 3′- end-processing enzymes as it cleaves the primer strand to a point at which a single ligatable ribonucleotide remains (2).Extensive mutagenesis studies have identified critical residues required for ribonuclease and 3′-phosphatase activities (1). Multiple active sites present in the enzyme lead to the belief that this enzyme possesses some unique motifs. However, in the absence of atomic level structural information clear structure/function correlations are lacking. We are currently working towards obtaining a high-resolution structure of PaeLigD-PE using solution NMR methods.Reference:1) Zhu, H., and Shuman, S. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 13873-13881.2) Zhu, H., and Shuman, S. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283, 8331-8339.
Size, Age, and Population Dynamics in an R-Selected Population of Orconectes Neglectus Chaenodactyl Us Williams (Decapoda, Cambaridae)

[Les disjonctions dans les frequences de taille ont montre que les individus d'Orconectes neglectus chaenodactylus vivaient 4 a 5 ans, la duree de vie normale etant de 3 ans environ. Pendant la saison de reproduction 58,5% de la population etait agee de pres d'un an. Les individus dans leur seconde annee representaient 26,3%, ceux dans leur troisieme annee 12,3%, ceux de 4 et 5 ans respectivement 2,2 et 0,8% de la population. Les taux de sex-ratios et de survivance etaient sensiblement egaux pendant les trois premieres annees de vie, mais la survivance des mâles etait plus elevee au cours des quatrieme et cinquieme annees. Les courbes de survivance etaient typiques de celles des autres invertebres. La densite de population atteignait 8,9 adultes ← m2 dans certains "riffles", habitat prefere de cette espece dans North Sylamore Creek. Pour la protection de cette espece et des especes non pechees, nous recommandons que la plus grande partie de leur habitat soit preservee de toute manipulation., Les disjonctions dans les frequences de taille ont montre que les individus d'Orconectes neglectus chaenodactylus vivaient 4 a 5 ans, la duree de vie normale etant de 3 ans environ. Pendant la saison de reproduction 58,5% de la population etait agee de pres d'un an. Les individus dans leur seconde annee representaient 26,3%, ceux dans leur troisieme annee 12,3%, ceux de 4 et 5 ans respectivement 2,2 et 0,8% de la population. Les taux de sex-ratios et de survivance etaient sensiblement egaux pendant les trois premieres annees de vie, mais la survivance des mâles etait plus elevee au cours des quatrieme et cinquieme annees. Les courbes de survivance etaient typiques de celles des autres invertebres. La densite de population atteignait 8,9 adultes ← m2 dans certains "riffles", habitat prefere de cette espece dans North Sylamore Creek. Pour la protection de cette espece et des especes non pechees, nous recommandons que la plus grande partie de leur habitat soit preservee de toute manipulation.]
Microscale Polymer−Nanotube Composites

Polymer colloids with an interfacial coating of purified single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are synthesized from length- and type-sorted SWCNTs. Aqueous nanotube suspensions sorted through density-gradient ultracentrifugation are used to emulsify spherical polymer colloids of microscale dimensions that are characterized through a combination of optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. The SWCNT−polymer composite particles exhibit electrical conductivities comparable to or better than those of bulk SWCNT−polymer composites at nanotube loadings of more than 1 order of magnitude lower. The composite particles retain the unique electronic and optical characteristics of the parent SWCNT solution with potential applications as microelectronic and microoptical components.
A New Startup Range Neutron Monitor

In the early 1960' s General Electric began producing a line of radiation monitoring equipment known as Integrated Nuclear Measurement and Control (INMAC). Recent advances in technology, especially in the area of microprocessors, now allows improved performance in the same physical package size. This paper describes a new family of radiation monitoring equipment known as Nuclear Measurement Analysis and Control (NUMAC). In these instruments all essential logic and timing are implemented through the use of Microcomputer cards. In order to provide a high assurance of operability, an optional microprocessor controlled Self Test System may be incorporated. The Self Test system continuously checks operability of all safety related functions. Other design features include highly modularized construction, an enhanced operator interface and upwards compatibility with present and future General Electric instrumentation and control products. Delivery of the NUMAC line of instruments is scheduled for the third quarter of 1984. This paper describes the requirements and design of the NUMAC line with emphasis on the Source Range Monitor (SRM).
Optimal Taxes and Tariffs with Private Information

The implications of private information regarding a worker’s skills for optimal tax policy in an open economy are explored. Two cases are considered. In one general skills are private information and in the other sector-specific skills are private information. It is shown that for a small open economy tariffs and other equivalent trade distortions are not part of the optimal tax policy in either case. In both cases the optimal policy distorts the labor–leisure choice but only in the case of sector-specific skills as private information are labor allocation decisions distorted. For a large country, distortions that are equivalent to the standard optimal tariff formula characterize the optimal tax policy.
De novo synthesis of stable tetrahydroporphyrinic macrocycles: bacteriochlorins and a tetradehydrocorrin.

Bacteriochlorins (tetrahydroporphyrins) are attractive for diverse photochemical applications owing to their strong absorption in the near-infrared spectral region, as exemplified by the bacterial photosynthetic pigment bacteriochlorophyll a, yet often are labile toward dehydrogenation to give the chlorin. Tetradehydrocorrins (ring-contracted tetrahydroporphyrins) are attractive for studies of catalysis analogous to that of vitamin B12. An eight-step synthesis toward such tetrahydroporphyrinic macrocycles begins with p-tolualdehyde and proceeds to a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (1) bearing a geminal dimethyl group and a p-tolyl substituent. Self-condensation of 1 in CH3CN containing BF3·OEt2 at room temperature afforded a readily separable mixture of two free base bacteriochlorins and a free base B,D-tetradehydrocorrin. Each bacteriochlorin contains two geminal dimethyl groups to lock-in the bacteriochlorin hydrogenation level, p-tolyl substituents at opposing (2,12) β-positions, and the absence (H−BC) or prese...
Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. VII. Inhibition of internal methylation of mRNA late in infection.

Abstract In a previous report from this laboratory ( M. Bartkoski and B. Roizman, 1976 , J. Virol. 20, 583–588) we reported that herpes simplex virus RNA entering the cytoplasm has a terminal oligonucleotide structure consistent with 7mG(5′)ppp-(5′)XmpYmpNp and that, whereas the viral RNA made early in infection contained methylated mononucleotides, the RNA made late did not. In this paper we report the following: (i) Viral and host adenylated RNA made early in infection were methylated at both the 5′ terminus and internally (6mAp); (ii) in contrast to the RNA made before the onset of synthesis of viral DNA, viral and host adenylated RNA entering the cytoplasm late in infection during the synthesis of γ (structural) polypeptides were methylated at the 5′ terminus but not internally; (iii) the cessation of methylation of internal nucleotides was not due to rapid turnover of the enzyme(s) responsible for this function; (iv) addition of canavanine at any time after infection and until shortly after onset of β-polypeptide synthesis precluded this cessation of internal methylation of host and viral RNA; (v) inhibition of viral DNA synthesis had no effect on the methylation pattern. The role of viral proteins in this inhibition of internal methylation and the significance of the inhibition are discussed.
Phonatory and Related Changes with Advanced Age

The performances of younger adult (under age 40) and geriatric (over age 65) subjects were assessed on the following tasks: (a) maximum pitch range, (b) diado-chokinesis, (c) maximum vowel intensit...
Slip correction measurements of spherical solid aerosol particles in an improved Millikan apparatus

A slip correction factor is used to correct Stokes' law for the fact that the no-slip boundary condition is violated for small aerosol particles moving with respect to the gaseous medium. The Knuds...
A model theory of induction

Abstract Theories of induction in psychology and artificial intelligence assume that the process leads from observation and knowledge to the formulation of linguistic conjectures. This paper proposes instead that the process yields mental models of phenomena. It uses this hypothesis to distinguish between deduction, induction, and creative forms of thought. It shows how models could underlie inductions about specific matters. In the domain of linguistic conjectures, there are many possible inductive generalizations of a conjecture. In the domain of models, however, generalization calls for only a single operation: the addition of information to a model. If the information to be added is inconsistent with the model, then it eliminates the model as false: this operation suffices for all generalizations in a Boolean domain. Otherwise, the information that is added may have effects equivalent (a) to the replacement of an existential quantifier by a universal quantifier, or (b) to the promotion of an existenti...
Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Pituitary Weight during Stress

40 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to stress by crowding and water immersion for five days. Three groups of animals were compared: controls (n = 20), stressed animals dosed with ascorbic acid (n = 20), and stressed animals not dosed with ascorbic acid (n = 20). Ascorbic acid prevented both adrenal and pituitary hypertrophy in stressed animals. Ascorbic acid appears to act as a potentiating factor for ACTH when there is an increased demand for ACTH during stress.
First principles methods for elpasolite halide crystal structure prediction at finite temperatures

Abstract Computational methods able to identify elpasolite halides that crystallize with cubic symmetry are desirable since the isotropic properties of these materials have attractive manufacturing and optical properties. We compare the performance of three levels of theory for four elpasolite halides, Cs 2 NaGdBr 6 , Cs 2 NaLaBr 6 , Cs 2 LiLaI 6 , and Cs 2 LiScI 6, in order to determine the minimum level of theory required to accurately predict the equilibrium crystal structures at finite temperatures. We evaluate ground state, simple harmonic, and quasiharmonic free energies for each material in the common cubic, tetragonal, and trigonal symmetries using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and phonon calculations. The highest level of theory based on a quasiharmonic model accounting for thermal expansion reproduces available experimental phase information for the studied materials and outperforms the simple harmonic model. As expected, ground state energies alone do not provide unambiguous information regarding expected finite temperature crystal structures and fail to identify interesting materials that crystallize with cubic symmetry. The methods we demonstrate will be useful for considering the large number of elpasolite halides that exist to identify desirable crystal structures.
The Kinetic Deuterium Isotope Effect as a Probe of a Proton Coupled Electron Transfer Mechanism in the Oxidation of Guanine by 2-Aminopurine Radicals

Photoexcitation of 2-aminopurine riboside (2APr, 2-amino-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine) and 2-aminopurine (2AP) in oxygenated aqueous buffer solutions (pH 7.0) with 308 nm XeCl excimer laser pulses (fwhm = 12 ns, ca. 70 mJ/pulse/cm2) results in the consecutive two-photon ionization of the aromatic 2APr (or 2AP) residues. In neutral solutions, the 2APr (or 2AP) radical cations rapidly deprotonate (<100 ns). The 2APr(−H)• (or 2AP(−H)• neutral radicals thus formed reversibly oxidize 2-deoxyguanosine 5‘-monophosphate (dGMP) on μs time scales, resulting in the formation of dGMP(−H)• neutral radicals. Transient absorption measurements show that a remarkable solvent isotope effect is observed on the kinetics of oxidation of dGMP by 2APr(−H)• (or 2AP(−H)•) radicals in H2O and D2O solutions. In H2O, the rate constants of dGMP(−H)• formation, as well as the rate constants of the reverse reaction of the 2APr (or 2AP) oxidation by dGMP(−H)• is larger than in D2O by a factor of 1.5−2. This kinetic isotope effect indicates...
Computation of fluid flows in non-inertial contracting, expanding, and rotating reference frames

We present the method for computation of fluid flows that are characterized by the large degree of expansion/contraction and in which the fluid velocity is dominated by the bulk component associated with the expansion/contraction and/or rotation of the flow. We consider the formulation of Euler equations of fluid dynamics in a homologously expanding/contracting and/or rotating reference frame. The frame motion is adjusted to minimize local fluid velocities. Such approach allows to accommodate very efficiently large degrees of change in the flow extent. Moreover, by excluding the contribution of the bulk flow to the total energy the method eliminates the high Mach number problem in the flows of interest. An important practical advantage of the method is that it can be easily implemented with virtually any Eulerian hydrodynamic scheme and adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) strategy. We also consider in detail equation invariance and existence of conservative formulation of equations for special classes of expanding/contracting reference frames. Special emphasis is placed on extensive numerical testing of the method for a variety of reference frame motions, which are representative of the realistic applications of the method. We study accuracy, conservativity, and convergence properties of the method both in problems which are not its optimal applications as well as in systems in which the use of this method is maximally beneficial. Such detailed investigation of the numerical solution behavior is used to define the requirements that need to be considered in devising problem-specific fluid motion feedback mechanisms.
Computer tomography for venous thromboembolic disease.

Venous thromboembolic disease is composed of two disease entities: pulmonary thromboembolism/pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis. Clinical signs and symptoms of venous thromboembolic disease often are nonspecific and, as a result, the diagnosis may be difficult. If left untreated, pulmonary embolism can lead to a potentially fatal outcome. This article focuses on CT angiography as the diagnostic modality for thromboembolic pulmonary embolism and briefly discusses nonthromembolic pulmonary embolism.
Sensory Quality and Lipid Oxidation of Maize Porridge as Affected by Iron Amino Acid Chelates and EDTA

Iron fortification could reduce the high prevalence of iron deficiency In countries where diets are cereal-based. The sensory quality and storage stability of iron-fortified maize were evaluated by descriptive analysis and hexanal production. Porridge was prepared from maize either unfortified or fortified with 30 or 60 mg iron/kg as ferrous sulfate, bisglycinate, trlsglycinate, or NaFeEDTA, then stored at 30, 40 or 50°C for 20 days. Fifteen judges, trained in descriptive analysis rated the intensity of 20 sensory attributes of 28 samples. Hexanal production was measured by static headspace gas chromatography. Bisglycinate produced the most rancidity. Iron fortification with bisglycinate lowered the sensory quality and storage stability of maize.
On solving composite power polynomial equations

It is well known that a system of power polynomial equations can be reduced to a single-variable polynomial equation by exploiting the so-called Newton's identities. In this work, by further exploring Newton's identities, we discover a binomial decomposition rule for composite elementary symmetric polynomials. Utilizing this decomposition rule, we solve three types of systems of composite power polynomial equations by converting each type to single-variable polynomial equations that can be solved easily. For each type of system, we discuss potential applications and characterize the number of nontrivial solutions (up to permutations) and the complexity of our proposed algorithmic solution.
The House That Story Built: The Place of Slavery in Plantation Museum Narratives

This article examines the characteristics and opinions of tourists visiting Laura Plantation Museum in southern Louisiana, paying close attention to their interest in slavery relative to other narrative themes presented at the site. Laura is noted for its “big house” as well as its remaining slave quarters, but museums are built as much around narratives as they are around artifacts. Museums tell a story that they hope audiences will want to consume. Envisioned as an audience study, this research examines data gathered from surveys and interviews conducted at Laura and uses the conceptual framework of “narrativized worlds” to gain an understanding of how visitors, especially African Americans, interpret and react to the representation of antebellum life offered by the museum's managers and docents.
High-power hybrid two-dimensional surface-emitting AlGaAs diode laser arrays

Two-dimensional surface-emitting AlGaAs diode laser array modules, each containing two 1 sq cm hybrid arrays, have been fabricated and tested. For quasi-CW operation, peak output powers greater than 300 W/sq cm appear to be easily achievable at repetition rates up to 500 Hz. The measurements also indicate that CW output powers of 100-150 W/sq cm can be achieved from these arrays.
Maternal diet supplemented with methyl-donors protects against atherosclerosis in F1 ApoE(-/-) mice.

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory condition of the arterial wall mediated by cells of both innate and adaptive immunity. T lymphocytes play an important role in orchestrating the pathogenic immune response involved in the acceleration of atherosclerosis. Previously, we have shown that a prenatal methyl-donor supplementation diet (MS), when fed to dams during pregnancy and lactation, decreased the T cell-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response in F1 mice. In the current study, we report feeding Apolipoprotein E (ApoE−/−) deficient dams with the MS diet during pregnancy reduces atherosclerotic plaques in F1 mice that were fed high fat diet (HFD) after weaning. F1 mice from dams on the MS diet exhibited increased global T cell DNA methylation. T-cell chemokines and their receptors (in particular CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3) play important roles in the inflammatory cell recruitment to vascular lesions. MS diet significantly reduced Ccr2 mRNA and protein expression in CD3+ T cells but not in CD11b+ monocytes in MS F1 mice relative to controls. F1 litter size, HFD consumption, body weight, and body fat were similar between control and MS diet groups. Moreover, serum thiol metabolite levels were similar between the two groups. However, MS diet is associated with significantly higher serum HDL and lower LDL+VLDL levels in comparison to F1 mice from dams on the control diet. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-17, TNF-α, IL-6) were also lower in MS F1 mice serum and conditioned media from T-cell culture. Altogether, these data suggest that the MS diet ameliorates development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting the T-cell Ccr2 expression, reducing inflammatory cytokines production and increasing serum HDL:LDL ratio.
The Direct Effects on Some Plants and Animals of Pollution in the Great Lakes

The subject of water pollution is summarized in a general manner in the first part of the paper. The second part of the paper sets forth examples of the effects of pollution on plants and animals in specific places in the Great Lakes. The findings of research and the need for further research are discussed. 37 references.
Exercise as Punishment: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Abstract Background: Lack of exercise and physical inactivity have been implicated as contributors to obesity and overweight in America. At a time where experts point to the need for increased exercise, many youth have experienced exercise as a form of punishment, which appears to be imbedded in physical education and sport culture. Purpose: This study uses the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine and predict the use of exercise as punishment (EAP) by coaches and physical education teachers. Methods: Surveys based on the TPB were completed by 189 physical education teachers and coaches. Results: More than 60% of respondents indicated that they had used EAP; the theory's constructs were able to explain 68% of the variance in participants' intentions to use EAP, with attitude and subjective norm being significant predictors. Discussion: The use of exercise as punishment by many teachers and coaches may contribute to lack of enjoyment and lack of participation in exercise and sport. Further research n...
Percentage of Occurrence of Response Members: Acquisition, Persistence, and Retention in Paired-Associate Learning:

Paired-associate learning has been regarded as an instance of conditioning by Goss, Morgan, and Golin (1959), who conceived of the stimulus member as the CS, the response member as the UCS, and verbalization of the response member as the UCR. After repeated presentations of the CS followed by the UCS, the CS elicits verbalization of the response term $ ~ i o r to its appearance. This verbalization is the CR. The relationship berween the CS and the CR is considered a paradigm equivalent co the classical conditioning situation. Goss, et al. (1959) had Ss learn 8-pair lists of nonsense syllables of intermediate association value and low similarity, presented at either a 2-sec. or a 3-sec. rate. They found (Fig. 1, p. 99) thac, with greater percentages of occurrence of response members (ORM), fewer trials and fewer correct responses were needed to attain a 7/8 criterion of learning, but that more response occurrences were required. Their results were confirmed by Schulz and Runquist (1960) with paired adjectives presented at a 2-sec. rate, who also found that percentage of ORM had no effects on retention over a 24-hr. period. If ORM is regarded as cost and acquisition performance as production, the above results indicate thac increasing ORM quickens learning at the price of lowered efficiency. The present experiment was conducted to extend knowledge of the effects of ORM to the retention and persistence of the response learned in paired-associate learning.