cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the variable cost for high-volume and long-haul transportation of densified biomass and biofuel

Abstract This article analyzes rail transportation costs of products that have similar physical properties as densified biomass and biofuel. The results of this cost analysis are useful to understand the relationship and quantify the impact of a number of factors on rail transportation costs of denisfied biomass and biofuel. These results will be beneficial and help evaluate the economic feasibility of high-volume and long-haul transportation of biomass and biofuel. High-volume and long-haul rail transportation of biomass is a viable transportation option for biofuel plants, and for coal plants which consider biomass co-firing. Using rail optimizes costs, and optimizes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to transportation. Increasing bioenergy production would consequently result in lower GHG emissions due to displacing fossil fuels. To estimate rail transportation costs we use the carload waybill data, provided by Department of Transportation’s Surface Transportation Board for products such as grain and liquid type commodities for 2009 and 2011. We used regression analysis to quantify the relationship between variable transportation unit cost ($/ton) and car type, shipment size, rail movement type, commodity type, etc. The results indicate that: (a) transportation costs for liquid is $2.26/ton–$5.45/ton higher than grain type commodity; (b) transportation costs in 2011 were $1.68/ton–$5.59/ton higher than 2009; (c) transportation costs for single car shipments are $3.6/ton–$6.68/ton higher than transportation costs for multiple car shipments of grains; (d) transportation costs for multiple car shipments are $8.9/ton and $17.15/ton higher than transportation costs for unit train shipments of grains.
High-accuracy overlay measurements

The reduced critical dimensions of semiconductor devices place more stringent requirements on the uncertainty (including precision and accuracy) of overlay metrology tools used to monitor stepper feature placement. The use of mix and match technologies of phase shift with 1x and 5x stepper techniques and step and scan exposure tools further stresses the need for accuracy in overlay metrology tools. In addition to these pressures it is widely recognized that overlay measurement accuracy can be compromised by misalignments and measurement errors in the optical measurement tool, referred to as a tool-induced-shift. Further errors in the measurement process result from asymmetries of the specimen creating an erroneous overlay shift, referred to as wafer-induced-shift. Our optical overlay metrology program at NIST is currently addressing these measurement concerns with the development of a high-accuracy overlay measurement system. This system will be used for overlay measurement research and the calibration of standard reference artifacts designed to improve standard optical alignment procedures as well as artifacts specifically designed for overlay instrument calibration. We first discuss the design features of our new instrument: the optical measurement system, sample-stage dynamics, the metrology reference frame, and position-measurement systems. We then discuss the fundamental differences between measurement tool errors and wafer- induced errors and the phase-dependent nature of the interactions of the electric fields in the image which result from these errors. Next, difficulties encountered in trying to separate these effects by a simple rotation of the sample followed by analysis of the sum and difference components of the intensity image are investigated. We then briefly describe our design and development approach of two artifacts, one for alignment and scale calibration and the other a conventional box-in-box overlay-specific test structure. This approach is taken to best separate and reduce the error contribution from tool-induced-shift.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The feasibility of using document management software in the scholar's workstation

Abstract A study of the time to locate, acquire, and process articles for storage in a personal collection from conventional paper or electronic sources was conducted. Traditional paper methods of acquiring, indexing, and storing documents, it was found, take twice as long as electronic methods.
Changes in Observed Daily Precipitation over the United States between 1950–79 and 1980–2009

AbstractChanges in observed daily precipitation over the conterminous United States between two 30-yr periods (1950–79 and 1980–2009) are examined using a 60-yr daily precipitation analysis obtained from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Unified Raingauge Database. Several simple measures are used to characterize the changes, including mean, frequency, intensity, and return period. Seasonality is accounted for by examining each measure for four nonoverlapping seasons. The possible role of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle as an explanation for differences between the two periods is also examined. There have been more light (1 mm ≤ P < 10 mm), moderate (10 mm ≤ P < 25 mm), and heavy (P ≥ 25 mm) daily precipitation events (P) in many regions of the country during the more recent 30-yr period with some of the largest and most spatially coherent increases over the Great Plains and lower Mississippi Valley during autumn and winter. Some regions, such as portions of the Southeast and the Pacific N...
Computations of Lifshitz–van der Waals interaction energies between irregular particles and surfaces at all separations for resuspension modelling

The phenomenon of particle resuspension plays a vital role in numerous fields. Among many aspects of particle resuspension dynamics, a dominant concern is the accurate description and formulation of the van der Waals (vdW) interactions between the particle and substrate. Current models treat adhesion by incorporating a material-dependent Hamaker's constant which relies on the heuristic Hamaker's two-body interactions. However, this assumption of pairwise summation of interaction energies can lead to significant errors in condensed matter as it does not take into account the many-body interaction and retardation effects. To address these issues, an approach based on Lifshitz continuum theory of vdW interactions has been developed to calculate the principal many-body interactions between arbitrary geometries at all separation distances to a high degree of accuracy through Lifshitz's theory. We have applied this numerical implementation to calculate the many-body vdW interactions between spherical particles and surfaces with sinusoidally varying roughness profile and also to non-spherical particles (cubes, cylinders, tetrahedron etc) orientated differently with respect to the surface. Our calculations revealed that increasing the surface roughness amplitude decreases the adhesion force and non-spherical particles adhere to the surfaces more strongly when their flatter sides are oriented towards the surface. Such practical shapes and structures of particle–surface systems have not been previously considered in resuspension models and this rigorous treatment of vdW interactions provides more realistic adhesion forces between the particle and the surface which can then be coupled with computational fluid dynamics models to improve the predictive capabilities of particle resuspension dynamics.
Conference summary. Conflict of interest and its significance in science and medicine. Warsaw, Poland, 5-6 April, 2002.

This article summarizes the April 5–6, 2002 conference on Conflict of Interest and Its Significance in Science and Medicine. Several themes are identified and addressed, including the globalization of science, the widespread presence of conflicts, the increased interest and involvement in conflict of interest by a number of organizations, the difference between academic research and research conducted by industry, and the tension between science and medicine. At the heart of the matter lies objectivity in research and the need for transparency to ensure objectivity. Several future activities were discussed, including the need to share specific examples of how conflict has been managed, and the need for behavioral research to provide a sound empirical understanding of the best ways to provide informed consent for research subjects.
Does Alcohol Use Predict Violent Behaviors? The Relationship Between Alcohol Use and Violence in a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Sample

The current study examined the relationship between alcohol and violence using a longitudinal survey of adolescents ages 11-26. Data were derived from 10,828 adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Waves I-III. Survey logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between alcohol use and violence. Even after adjustment for baseline, consistent alcohol use predicted violence in young adulthood (OR =1.41; 95% CI [1.03, 1.91]); however, violence was not predictive of problematic alcohol use. Overall, consistent alcohol use appears to be a predictor of serious physical violence, whereas physical violence does not predict problematic alcohol use.
Liver acetyl coa carboxylase: the dissociation-reassociation process and its relation to catalytic activity.

In a previous paper' we reported that acetyl CoA carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.2) isolated in homogeneous form from chicken liver is an unusually large and asymmetric protein structure. The enzyme (in phosphate buffer, pH 7) has a molecular weight of about 8 million and a sedimentation coefficient of 53-58S. Its characteristic filamentous structure, revealed by electron microscopy, was easily dissociated into subunits with concomitant loss of enzymatic activity. Active filaments (70-100 A X up to 4000 A) were rapidly reconstituted by addition of isocitrate or other triand dicarboxylic acid anions. The present paper provides a more complete physicalchemical characterization of the protomeric and polymeric forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase, as well as an insight into the reversible dissociation-reassociation process and its relation to catalytic activity.
Skeletal rearrangement of allyl acetates after protonation by chemical ionization

In the methane chemical ionization mass spectra of allyl phenylacetate and allyl phenoxyacetate the major reaction paths (>40%σ) involve skeletal rearrangements, which have no analogy in the corresponding, simpler electron-impact spectra. Substituent and deuterium labeling studies suggest a mechanism involving intramolecular substitution of the phenyl ring by the allyl group. Abstraction of hydrogen from the ortho position of the phenyl ring or from the rearranged allyl group is followed by expulsion of water and carbon monoxide.
Dealkylation of alkylcobalt complexes by the mercury(II) electrophile

Abstract The dealkylation of a variety of RCo(BDMBg)+ complexes by Hg2+ is discussed. (The ligand BDMBg- is formed by the condensation of two moles of 2,3-butanedionemonoxime with one mole of 1,3-propanediamine or 1,2-ethanediamine.) The products of the dealkylation reaction are CoIII(BDMBg)(H2O)2+2 and RHg+. All reactions are first order in the [Hg2+]. The second order rate constants (k2) vary from 5.9 M-1 sec-1 (R = CH3) to 5.7 x 10-3 M-1 sec-1 (R = n-C3H7). The relative rates for R are: CH3 ⪢ C2H5 τ C6H5CH2 τ n-C4H9 ⋍ n-C3H7. This order and other evidence are indicative of an SE2 mechanism with an attack by Hg2+ on the carbon bonded to the cobalt.
QUANTITATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACIDS, GLYCOLALDEHYDE, AND GLYOXYLIC ACID BY A REACTION INVOLVING PYROGALLOL IN SULFURIC ACID.

Abstract The characteristics of a reaction involving pyrogallol and compounds related to glyceric acid in concentrated sulfuric acid were investigated. The reaction yielded a violet chromogen which exhibited an absorption maximum at 570 mμ. Among compounds reacting to form the chromogen, the following relative rates were observed: glycolaldehyde > glyceric acid > tartaric acid > 2-phosphoglyceric acid = 3-phosphoglyceric acid > 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Optimal conditions for determination of monophosphoglycerates and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid are described. Specificity is increased by preheating the glycerates in sulfuric acid before addition of pyrogallol; contributions from the more rapidly reacting nonphosphorylated compounds are thereby reduced. Glyoxylic acid reacted with pyrogallol to produce a blue chromogen with an absorption maximum near 600 mμ. The colorimetric tests could be used for determinations of from 0.05 to 0.5 μmole of the acids under the conditions described.
Joe DiMaggio: A Bio-Bibliography

This is the book for the serious DiMaggio and sports-as-culture buff. Moore ...has sifted through most of what has been written and rumored about the Yankee Clipper in newspapers, magazines, books and even songs. The narrative portion--there's also a bibliography and DiMaggio's baseball stats--is divided into two sections: DiMaggio's life on and off the field, and his evolving stature as a mythic figure. All rendered in sensitive, but refreshingly unsentimental, prose. USA Today Anyone serious about building an excellent baseball library or interested in the role of sports in American society should get a copy of this book...All in all, an excellent and well-researched book. The Sporting News
ASPIRATIE VERGT ALERTHEID

Een hoogbejaarde man in een verzorgingshuis is zijn achtdelige brug kwijt. Ondanks intensief zoeken van het personeel wordt het voorwerp niet gevonden. Enige tijd later klaagt de familie dat Pa zo blijft kuchen, een droge rauwe kuch waarbij alle tot dat ogenblik toegepaste middeltjes niet helpen. Een rontgenfoto brengt de oplossing (afbeelding 1)*.
A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals.

Objective To study the association of cigarette smoking with risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), among 377,481 female health professionals in the Women's Health Cohort Study. Methods Subjects completed mailed questionnaires regarding demographics, health habits, including cigarette smoking history, and medical history, including RA diagnosis made by a physician and date of diagnosis. Of 7,697 women who self-reported RA, 3,416 reported seropositive RA. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to retrospectively assess the associations of smoking intensity and duration with the risk of developing RA or seropositive RA. Cigarette smoking status was treated as a time-varying exposure in these regression models. Results In multivariate analyses controlling for age, race, education, age at menarche, pregnancy history, menopausal status, and postmenopausal hormone use, duration of smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of both RA and seropositive RA (both P < 0.01 for trend), after adjusting for smoking intensity. Women who smoked ≥25 cigarettes/day for more than 20 years experienced a 39% increased risk of RA and 49% increased risk of seropositive RA. However, smoking intensity (number of cigarettes/day) was unrelated to risk of RA or seropositive RA (both P = 0.3 for trend), after adjusting for duration of smoking. Conclusion Duration, but not intensity, of cigarette smoking is associated with a modest increased risk of RA in women.
The atomic cascade of negative particles in liquid helium

Abstract The measured atomic cascade times of π−, K− and Σ− in helium are compared with several models of the cascade process. We conclude that the most likely explanation of the results is that some mesons are trapped in metastable atomic orbits from which they decay.
Humor and the Theology of Hope: Isaac as a Humorous Figure

The Isaac narratives contain many rarely noticed elements of humor. While enhancing the reader's enjoyment, humor is also an integral component of a theology of hope in Genesis.
Studying physiochemical changes in a new pasta product containing beef heart by vibrational spectroscopy

A new pasta product was developed by partially replacing durum wheat flour with beef heart to enhance its nutritional value. Physiochemical changes of the pasta were investigated by vibrational spectroscopy, namely Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. Relationships between pasta texture and the intensity of vibrational spectra were established. Lipid-protein complex formation, β-sheet arrangement, degree of polysaccharide polymerization, and cysteine thiol group were related to hardness and chewiness of pasta. The lipid portion and β-sheet structure were two significant parameters for explaining pasta adhesiveness, while pasta firmness might be related to β-sheet alignment and the polysaccharide network. Pasta cohesiveness might involve the α-helical structures and hydrogen bonding formation in the gluten network. However, no variable met the p < 0.1 significance level for inclusion into the model to explain pasta springiness. These results reveal that FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy could be employed to evaluate the physical chemistry of pasta and showed a potential use for quality assessment in pasta products.
The Politics of Design and Development in the Postmodern Downtown

As cities cope with new economic realities their downtown spaces are changing. Downtowns have become consumption–based places that are designed more like amusement parks for tourists than as urban places for residents. The increasing privatization of design and oversight of downtown spaces raises questions about democratic access and in whose interests public development policy is made. The case cities examined here suggest that cities are struggling to find ways to make their need for development success match their desire to make downtowns accessible. Despite citizen participation and political rhetoric about public access, cities make compromises. They are willing to give private control over formerly public space in exchange for a productive economic return. Such behavior produces a positive cultural reference but allows little room for diversity.
Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy: Value of Echocardiography

Cardiovascular disease in women during pregnancy poses particular challenges. It continues to be a leading cause of maternal mortality and contributes to significant morbidity. Echocardiography is essential in characterizing the extent and effects of heart disease prior to, during, and after pregnancy. By understanding the physiologic adaptation in pregnancy with increases in heart rate, blood volume, and cardiac output, and decrease in vascular resistance, one can anticipate and recognize the effects of these changes on various cardiac lesions. Cardiomyopathy, severe, obstructive valvular disease, aortic dilation due to Marfan’s disease, and cyanotic congenital heart disease are poorly tolerated in pregnancy. These disorders can be readily distinguished from normal structural changes of pregnancy and their severity assessed by echocardiography. Cardiovascular disease in women of reproductive age requires careful, multidisciplinary management by obstetric and medical teams ideally beginning preconception and continuing through the postpartum period.
Sunscreens block the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase by ultraviolet-B radiation: a new way of evaluating sunscreen efficacy in vivo.

SUMMARY Two proprietary sunscreen preparations containing para-aminobenzoic acid and sulisobenzone, respectively, were tested for their ability to block the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by medium wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) in the epidermis of the hairless mouse. Both preparations were effective, the sunscreen treated animals requiring more radiation for ornithine decarboxylase induction. The UV dose-response gradients were reduced by a mean factor of 7–35 (sulisobenzone) and 15 (PABA). These figures correlate well with other in vivo sunscreen assays. This new method provides a simple and reproducible way of evaluating sunscreens in vivo.
HOUSEHOLD ENERGY, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION, AND HEALTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: Knowledge Base for Effective Interventions

▪ Abstract Globally, almost three billion people rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and dung) and coal as their primary source of domestic energy. Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels is an important cause of disease and mortality in developing countries. Despite recent advances in estimating the health impacts of indoor smoke, there are limited studies targeted toward the design and implementation of effective intervention programs. We review the current knowledge of the relationship between indoor air pollution and disease, and of the assessment of interventions for reducing exposure and disease. This review takes an environmental health perspective and considers the details of both exposure and health effects that are needed for successful intervention strategies. In particular, we summarize the emerging understanding of the central role of household energy technology and day-to-day household activities in determining exposure to indoor smoke. We also identif...
Effector site labelling of the lac repressor.

SPECIFIC labelling of the effector site of the lac repressor is necessary for further understanding of the mechanism of its action1. I describe here the molecule used for this purpose.
Penetrating trauma to the chest.

a t i r. David Peak: Today’s case is that of a 23-year-old ale who was brought to the Emergency Department ED) by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) after being tabbed repeatedly by an assailant who broke into his partment. Paramedics found him seated with multiple tab wounds to his anterior chest and abdomen. The atient was awake, alert and agitated. Vital signs were: eart rate (HR) 120 beats per minute, systolic blood ressure (BP) 110 mm Hg, and respiratory rate (RR) 18 reaths per minute. Breath sounds were reportedly symetrical. He was placed on oxygen by non-rebreather ace mask, two large-bore antecubital intravenous (i.v.) ines were inserted, and boluses of normal saline were dministered. During the brief transport to the hospital, is mental status deteriorated from agitation to lethargy. Dr. Eric Nadel: Are there any questions about the nitial presentation? Dr. Tracy Wimbush: Was there any other informaion about the patient or the weapon used? Dr. Peak: The patient was an otherwise healthy male ith no past medical or surgical history, allergies or edications. There was no evidence of drug parapheralia at the scene. Details on the knife were unavailable. The patient arrived in the ED at 6:55 a.m., approxiately 20 minutes after being stabbed. Vital signs were P 90/50 mm Hg, HR 130 beats/minute, RR 30 breaths/ inute, and oxygen saturation 92% on the non-rereather oxygen mask. The primary survey revealed that e was somnolent, verbalizing only with physical stim-
Direct Determination of Grain Boundary Atomic Structure in SrTiO3

In the electroceramic SrTiO{sub 3} the grain boundary atomic structure governs a variety of electrical properties such as non-linear I-V characteristics. An understanding of this atomic structure-property relationship for individual grain boundaries requires a technique which probes both composition and chemical bonding on an atomic scale. Atomic structure models for tilt boundaries in SrTiO{sub 3} bicrystals have been determined directly from experimental data, by combining high-resolution Z-contrast imagine to locate the cation columns at the boundary, with simultaneous electron energy loss spectroscopy to examine light element coordination at atomic resolution. In this paper we compare and contrast the grain boundary structure models of symmetric and asymmetric boundaries in SrTiO{sub 3}.
Adaptation of a Planar Microbiaxial Optomechanical Device for the Tubular Biaxial Microstructural and Macroscopic Characterization of Small Vascular Tissues

Murine models of disease are a powerful tool for researchers to gain insight into disease formation, progression, and therapies. The biomechanical indicators of diseased tissue provide a unique insight into some of these murine models, since the biomechanical properties in scenarios such as aneurysm and Marfan syndrome can dictate tissue failure and mortality. Understanding the properties of the tissue on the macroscopic scale has been shown to be important, as one can then understand the tissue's ability to withstand the high stresses seen in the cardiac pulsatile cycle. Alterations in the biomechanical response can foreshadow prospective mechanical failure of the tissue. These alterations are often seen on the microstructural level, and obtaining detailed information on such changes can offer a better understanding of the phenomena seen on the macroscopic level. Unfortunately, mouse models present problems due to the size and delicate features in the mechanical testing of such tissues. In addition, some smaller arteries in large-animal studies (e.g., coronary and cerebral arteries) can present the same issues, and are sometimes unsuitable for planar biaxial testing. The purpose of this paper is to present a robust method for the investigation of the mechanical properties of small arteries and the classification of the microstructural orientation and degree of fiber alignment. This occurs through the cost-efficient modification of a planar biaxial tester that works in conjunction with a two-photon nonlinear microscope. This system provides a means to further investigate how microstructure and mechanical properties are modified in diseased transgenic animals where the tissue is in small tube form. Several other hard-to-test tubular specimens such as cerebral aneurysm arteries and atherosclerotic coronary arteries can also be tested using the described modular device.
Anxiety and Depression Screening for Youth in a Primary Care Population

Objective Prior studies have shown a low rate of accurate identification by primary care physicians of mental health disorders in youth. This study tested the psychometric properties of 2 brief mental health screening questionnaires, the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, short form, (MFQ-SF) and Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), in a large sample of youth. Methods In a sample of 1375 youth aged 11 to 17 (779 with asthma, 596 randomly selected controls) enrolled in a health maintenance organization, the psychometric properties (optimum cutoffs on receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values) of 2 brief anxiety and depression screens were compared with a gold standard–structured psychiatric interview. Results Both the MFQ-SF and ASI performed well on ROC analysis for screening youth for 1 or more Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) anxiety or depressive disorders. The MFQ-SF performed better on ROC analysis than the ASI for youth with major depression (area under the curve of 0.84 vs 0.77). For screening youth with anxiety disorders, ROC curves showed that both the MFQ-SF and ASI only performed in the fair range (area under the curve of 0.76). Conclusion The MFQ-SF and ASI are 2 relatively brief questionnaires that performed well for screening youth for 1 or more DSM-IV anxiety or depressive disorders. The MFQ-SF performed better than the ASI for screening youth with major depression. Use of these instruments could increase the accuracy of identification of mental health disorders in youth by primary care physicians.
Pitfalls in the use of HbA 1c as a diagnostic test: the ethnic conundrum

The purpose of a diagnostic test is to identify individuals who have a disorder and reassure those who do not. An HbA₁(c)-based diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or prediabetes fails to meet that purpose. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose, not HbA₁(c), metabolism. Microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus are driven by chronic hyperglycemia. The correlation of these complications with HbA₁(c) levels is convenient; however, unlike the direct information provided by glucose, HbA₁(c) values reflect glycemic and nonglycemic factors. The latter include modulators of glucose transport across the erythrocyte membrane, intracellular protein glycation and deglycation, erythrocyte turnover, systemic illness and hematological and medical disorders, among others. Genetic rather than glycemic factors explain most of the variance in HbA₁(c) levels. Finally, HbA₁(c) values are misleading as a measure of average blood glucose among persons of African, Asian, Hispanic and other non-European ancestry. Given the numerous pitfalls, the use of HbA₁(c) levels for diagnosing diabetes mellitus or prediabetes is ill-advised.
Toward a Unified Structure Theory of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons - The Aufbau Principle

Series of strongly subspectral molecular graphs (having a preponderance of common eigenvalues) corresponding to conjugated hydrocarbons are presented and their structural properties studied.
Construction of topological W3 gravity

Topological W_3 gravity is constructed in detail from its definition as topological Yang-Mills theory in two dimensions with the gauge group being a contraction of SL(3, R). The gauge transformation of the Yang-Mills gauge field can be rewritten to resemble that of the spin-2 and -3 gauge fields describing W_3 gravity. This fact provides a local parametrization of the moduli space of the flat connections in terms of spin-2 and -3 Beltrami differentials on Riemann surfaces. The variations of the action with respect to the moduli give the stress tensor and the spin-3 W current, and the BRST charge can be expressed in terms of these currents in a way similar to that of W_3 gravity. The physical content of the model is briefly discussed.
Homogeneous catalysis in supercritical carbon dioxide with rhodium catalysts tethering fluoroacrylate polymer ligands

Abstract Rhodium(I) complexes for homogeneous catalysis in supercritical carbon dioxide, scCO2, have been prepared from the reaction of phosphine containing fluoroacrylate polymeric ligands with [Rh(μ-Cl)(COD)]2. The fluoroacrylate polymer used was prepared via a free radical initiator polymerization reaction from 1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate monomer and N-acryloxysuccinimide, NASI. Diphenylphosphinopropylamine, DPPA, was attached to the copolymer as it replaces the NASI group, thus providing the copolymer a phosphine ligand for coordination. 31P NMR and UV–Vis spectra were used to confirm the coordination of phosphine in the polymer to Rh(I). The synthesized catalysts possess excellent solubility in scCO2. Hydrogenation of 1-octene in scCO2 resulted in conversion (70%) to n-octane within 12 h (reaction conditions 70°C, 172 bar, 1:4000 catalyst/substrate mole ratio).
724 Fetal metabolism of progesterone: effect of proposed metabolites on uterine contractility

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), as well as long term neurologic impairment, cerebral palsy, substantial gross motor dysfunction or death as assessed by trained examiners at 2 years corrected age. RESULTS: Maternal ethnicity/race, parity, educational level and exposure to MgSO4 were similar. Infants from the early group were born to older women, more likely by cesarean delivery, and had lower birthweight (Table). Infants born early had a higher risk of developing the composite outcome (OR 5.41, 95% CI 2.18-13.4, p<0.001) and RDS (OR 4.88, 95% CI 1.77-13.5, p¼0.002) compared with those born late. There were no differences in maternal morbidities including abruption, chorioamnionitis, or endometritis. Infant hospital stay was shorter for those born late by more than half (Table), and long term neurodevelopmental outcomes were not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Delaying delivery beyond 34 weeks of pregnancy after PPROM reduces risk of short term neonatal morbidity without any increase in maternal complications or long-term neurologic impairment in children. Our findings support a re-evaluation of the policy of inducing delivery at 34 weeks in women with PPROM.
Creation, Co-operation, and Causality: A Reply to Gregersen

Niels H. Gregersen seeks to illuminate the nature of continuing divine action in the world and to show that the classical theistic doctrine of continuous creation is consonant with some recent scientific theories of self-productive (“autopoietic”) systems. Central to these theories is the concept of co-operation; central to Gregersen's theological appropriation of these theories is also the notion of structuring causality developed by philosopher Fred Dretske. While supportive of Gregersen's overall aims and emphases, we find significant disanalogies between co-operation as a theological construct and as an evolutionary strategy. We also doubt the utility of Dretske's notion for his project.
Variations in dietary triacylglycerol saturation alter the lipid composition and fluidity of rat intestinal plasma membranes.

Rats were maintained on nutritionally complete diets enriched in unsaturated (corn oil) or saturated (butter fat) triacylglycerols. After 6 weeks, significant differences in the lipid composition and fluidity of a number of intestinal membranes were observed. The corn oil diet (enriched mainly in linoleic acid) increased the overall unsaturation of the acyl chains and enhanced the lipid fluidity, as assessed by the fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, of enterocyte microvillus and basolateral membranes and of colonocyte basolateral membranes. Concomitantly, the cholesterol content and the cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio were increased in the microvillus but not in the basolateral membranes. The increased cholesterol in ileal microvillus membranes can result from enhanced cellular biosynthesis, since ileal slices from rats fed the unsaturated diet incorporated [14C]octanoate more rapidly into digitonin-precipitable sterol. Increased fluidity of the enterocyte microvillus and basolateral membranes, respectively, enhanced the enzyme specific activities of p-nitrophenylphosphatase and (Na++K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase. The results indicate that the lipid composition, fluidity and enzyme activities of intestinal plasma membranes can be altered by dietary means. Moreover, rat enterocytes possess regulatory mechanisms which modulate the cholesterol content of the microvillus membranes so as to mitigate changes in lipid fluidity.
Acute Bacterial Inflammation of the Mouse Prostate

BACKGROUND Prostatic inflammation is gaining increasing attention as a potential etiologic factor in prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, lower urinary tract symptoms, and CPPS. This study was performed to address the need for a well characterized model of acute prostatic inflammation that may be used to study the effect of acute inflammation on epithelial and stromal cell proliferation, voiding behavior, and neurovascular physiology.
Multiple transections of the thoracic aorta secondary to blunt trauma.

Abstract A patient is described who underwent the first successful repair of multiple traumatic aortic transections. Reported postmortem series reveal multiple tears occurring in 19 to 25% of all patients with blunt aortic rupture, and a review of the literature shows 3 patients who survived long enough to receive medical attention but died prior to or during operation. An unrecognized massive hemorrhage from a concomitant tear in the abdominal aorta caused 1 of these 3 patients to exsanguinate during repair of his thoracic aorta. These experiences point up the need for thoracic and abdominal aortography to rule out multiple tears.
Comparison of radon in soil over faulted crystalline terranes: Glaciated versus unglaciated

Radon in soil correlates directly with the bedrock geology in unglaciated terranes. In the Hylas shear zone, Virginia, the rock units exhibit a marked contrast in uranium concentration which is reflected in soil radon. The soils are clay-rich and are derived directly from the underlying bedrock. Even small geologic features such as pegmatite veins and thin shear zones are discernable by differences in soil radon concentrations. This bedrock/soil radon correlation is obscured in areas with thick glacial covers. The Reservoir fault area, New Jersey, is proximal to a terminal moraine. Although the bedrock units exhibit a strong contrast in radioactivity and uranium concentration, soil radon concentrations in the overlying tills reflect the local chemical and physical properties of the till rather than the bedrock.
The Effects of Vegetation on Longitudinal Dispersion

The influence of vegetation on longitudinal dispersion was studied in a laboratory flume for three flow velocities and three plant population densities. Rhodamine was injected continuously upstream of the dowel array and sampled at two positions downstream. The dispersion coefficient was estimated by fitting the concentration time series at the final downstream station. Enhanced turbulence as well as diminished vertical shear resulted in a lower dispersion coefficient when the plants were present. In addition, recirculation zones behind each stem trapped and delayed a fraction of the mass, enhancing the longitudinal dispersion and creating significant frontal delay.
Some Measures of Electrical-Brush Disintegration

So far as can be determined, the development of the concepts of wear resistance, wear resistivity, wear susceptance, and wear susceptibility as given in this paper is thoroughly new and original. These concepts are believed to be significant and useful tools that may further an understanding of the basic problems of sliding electrical contacts. For example, they offer means for making a valid comparison of brushes and brush materials insofar as wearing qualities are concerned. Moreover, they provide a clue to the proper consideration and evaluation of the large number of variables that are at work as brush disintegration takes place.
A Generalized Model for Crimp Analysis of Multi-Component Fibers Part I : Theoretical Development

The present status of bicomponent fiber crimp frequency analysis is briefly reviewed. In order to develop a generalized model for the prediction of radius of curvature (or crimp frequency) of multi- (or bi-) component fiber, with an arbitrary shape of the cross-section and interfacial curves, the background of compound bars in the literature of classical theory of elasticity is also reviewed. Employing the semi-inverse method of St. Venant, the radius of curvature in the generalized case is derived through the use of the principle of minimum potential energy (see Appendix A). Both the limitations and the usefulness of the results are discussed.
Automorphism groups of tree actions and of graphs of groups

Let Γ be a group. The minimal non-abelian Γ-actions on real trees can be parametrized by the projective space of the associated length functions. The outer automorphism group of Γ, Out(Γ) = Aut(Γ)ad(Γ), acts on this space. Our objective is to calculate the stabilizer Out(Γ)l = {α ∈ Aut(Γ) > l ∘ α = l}/ad(Γ), where l is the length function of a minimal non-abelian action (without inversion) on a simplicial tree. In this case, stabilizing l up to a scalar factor is equivalent to stabilizing l. The simplicial tree action is encoded by a quotient graph of groups U. We produce an exact sequence 1 → In Aut(U) → Aut(U) → Out(Γ)l → 1. A six-step filtration on Out(Γ)l is obtained, where successive quotients are explicitly described in terms of the data defining U. In the process we obtain similar information about the structure of Aut(U). We also draw the consequences in the case of amalgams and HNN-extensions.
When Is The Economic Lot Scheduling Problem Easy

Abstract The Economic Lot Scheduling Problem, common in industry and the literature as well, is NP-hard and remains unsolved in general. We show 'that the very simple Rotation Cycle scheduling rule produces optimal or nearly optimal schedules in very many realistic situations and we give upper bounds for the maximum percentage deviation of the Rotation Cycle's schedule fro m optimality. An implication for Group Technology is discussed.
Instrumental variable meta-analysis of individual patient data: application to adjust for treatment non-compliance

Intention-to-treat (ITT) is the standard data analysis method which includes all patients regardless of receiving treatment. Although the aim of ITT analysis is to prevent bias due to prognostic dissimilarity, it is also a counter-intuitive type of analysis as it counts patients who did not receive treatment, and may lead to "bias toward the null." As treated (AT) method analyzes patients according to the treatment actually received rather than intended, but is affected by the selection bias. Both ITT and AT analyses can produce biased estimates of treatment effect, so instrumental variable (IV) analysis has been proposed as a technique to control for bias when using AT data. Our objective is to correct for bias in non-experimental data from previously published individual patient data meta-analysis by applying IV methods Center prescribing preference was used as an IV to assess the effects of methotrexate (MTX) in preventing debilitating complications of chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGVHD) in patients who received peripheral blood stem cell (PBSCT) or bone marrow transplant (BMT) in nine randomized controlled trials (1107 patients). IV methods are applied using 2-stage logistic, 2-stage probit and generalized method of moments models. ITT analysis showed a statistically significant detrimental effect with the use of day 11 MTX, resulting in cGVHD odds ratio (OR) of 1.34 (95% CI 1.02-1.76). AT results showed no difference in the odds of cGVHD with the use of MTX [OR 1.31 (95%CI 0.99-1.73)]. IV analysis further corrected the results toward no difference in the odds of cGVHD between PBSCT vs. BMT, allowing for a possibility of beneficial effects of MTX in preventing cGVHD in PBSCT recipients (OR 1.14; 95%CI 0.83-1.56). All instrumental variable models produce similar results. IV estimates correct for bias and do not exclude the possibility that MTX may be beneficial, contradicting the ITT analysis.
Exposures to Thoracic Particulate Matter, Endotoxin, and Glucan During Post-Hurricane Katrina Restoration Work, New Orleans 2005–2012

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the city of New Orleans in August 2005, restoration workers were at risk for respiratory illness from exposure to airborne particles and microbial agents. In support of an epidemiologic investigation of this risk, an exposure assessment for restoration work activities (demolition, trash & debris management, landscape restoration, sewer/waterline repair, and mold remediation) was performed from 2005 to 2012. For 2005 and 2006, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) data (n = 730) for personal and area monitoring of total and respirable dust exposures of restoration workers were accessed and analyzed. The most significant exposures were for demolition work, with average respirable dust exposures in 2005 above the action level of 2.5 mg/m3 and 17.6% of exposures exceeding the permissible exposure limit (PEL) (5 mg/m3). Additional personal and area monitoring for thoracic particulate matter was performed from 2007 to 2012 (n = 774) and samp...
Super-Resolution Imaging in Plant Cells

In the past few years, the emergence of super-resolution microscopy techniques enabled diffraction unlimited imaging using the same diffraction-limited far-field optics as in conventional fluorescence microscopy. One approach, implemented in stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and fluorescence photoactivation microscopy (FPALM), relies on the stochastic nature of single-molecule switching. High spatial resolution in these techniques can only be realized when single fluorophores are detected with sufficiently high signal to noise ratios to allow localization with nanometer accuracy. Though researchers have started new journey of understanding the biological process in mammalian cells, yet very few reports exist of studying biological process in plant cells or tissues with such high spatial resolution. The primary reasons are the high autofluorescence of endogenous components and the presence of thick cell walls. We have conducted careful assessment of existing imaging techniques for single molecule imaging in plant cells and tissues, which is the fundamental aspect of super-resolution imaging. To improve single-molecule detection sensitivity, we are developing new microscopy techniques based on the concept of light sheet illumination. Using these new microscopes, we are trying to resolve nanoscale cellular structures in plant seedlings.
Iron-induced peroxidative injury to isolated rat hepatic mitochondria**

Peroxidative injury to the mitochondrial inner membrane with resultant defects in oxidative metabolism may be partially responsible for hepatocellular injury in iron overload. We examined the effects of iron-induced lipid peroxidation in vitro on hepatic mitochondrial morphology and function and determined if various inhibitors of free-radical-mediated injury could be protective. Normal rat liver mitochondria were prepared by differential centrifugation and were incubated with 1, 2, and 3 μM Fe2+, NADPH, and with and without oxygen radical scavengers, iron chelators, and antioxidants. There was a direct linear relationship between the concentration of added iron and the degree of lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) production (r =.85). With 3 μM Fe2+ there was a decrease in the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for all four substrates tested; this decrease in RCR was due to a decrease in the state 3 respiratory rate for all substrates, with no changes in the state 4 respiratory rate for glutamate, β-hydroxybutyrate, or succinate. Oxygen radical scavengers failed to prevent iron-induced lipid peroxidation or to protect against associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Iron chelators and antioxidants prevented MDA formation and mitochondrial function was maintained. Iron-induced lipid peroxidation in vitro produces an irreversible inhibitory defect in mitochondrial electron transport that may be specific at complex IV (cytochrome oxidase).
Lessons from the past.

Summary This article considers errors of care in neonatology. In the 19th century errors that resulted in high infant mortality were shaped by the social environment, and in this setting the development of the incubator failed. In the early 20th century, with the emergence of the modern hospital as a technological, science-driven system, physicians had more control of patients' environments, and thus medical errors could occur from systematic care and affected larger numbers. Later in the 20th century, the development of randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews began to improve care and to decrease the risks associated with new treatment methods. Large variations in practice still exist between physicians as individuals and institutions. Considering these variations as risks has led to the use of institutional databases, benchmarking and clinical care guidelines. The efficacy and safety of these methods is unproven. Risks will never disappear from medicine. The question of what risks are ‘acceptable' is, in general, unanswerable.
Augmenting/reducing assessed by evoked potentials and the Vando scale

Abstract College students selected for extreme evoked potential (EP) augmenting and reducing completed the Vando Reducing-Augmenting Scale (RAS). No significant correlation was found between the EP measure and the Vando RAS, although the RAS was related to sensation-seeking. Researchers are advised that the EP and RAS measures are not comparable.