cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of Oreochromis niloticus fry for hormonal sex reversal in relation to water temperature

Summary Recently hatched tilapia fry 9 to 11 mm total length (TL) are preferred for hormonal sex reversal because they are most likely to be sexually undifferentiated. Thirty-three trials were conducted in Honduras between September 1988 and March 1990 to quantify the effect of water temperature on Oreochromis niloticus fry production in earthen ponds for hormonal sex reversal. Two 0.05-ha ponds were simultaneously stocked with brood fish in each trial; generally, one pond was harvested after 17 days, the other after 20 days (range 16 to 21 days). Fry production was evaluated in relation to degree-days from the threshold temperature of 15°C. Harvests averaged 86,000 fry/0.05 ha. A total of 4,897,000 fry were produced, of which 4,363,000 fry were of appropriate size for hormone treatment. No fry production occurred at less than 140 degree-days; fry production increased significantly with increased degree-days above this level. Above 195 degree-days percent of the population retained by a 3.2-mm vexar-mesh grader (too large for androgen treatment) increased significantly with increased degree-days. Fry retained by the grader averaged 14.2 mm TL, while fry not retained averaged 9.5 mm TL. No significant linear relationship between degree-days and number of fry not retained b the grader was observed between 140 to 280 degree-days. However, production appeared to peak at agout 210 degree-days.
Lessons from animal models of vasculitis.

Vasculitis can occur as a primary disease or as a secondary manifestation of either another illness or a type-III hypersensitivity response to a foreign antigen. Over the past four decades, a number of animal models of vasculitis have been described. These models have served as important tools for enhancing our understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of vasculitis. In addition, animal models have made possible the preclinical testing of new therapeutic agents. Animal models of vasculitis can be broadly classified into two types—those that are experimentally induced and those that occur spontaneously. Vasculitis can be experimentally induced in animals through the stimulation of a type-III hypersensitivity response to a variety of foreign antigens, by viral or bacterial infection of vascular cells and the immune response to that infection, or by the in-vivo administration of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, estrogen, or mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Systemic vasculitis spontaneously develops in several strains of mice and rats. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge of several animal models of vasculitis and the lessons that have been learned from them.
Prophecies of childhood: how children's social environments and biological propensities affect the health of populations.

During the past decade, important steps have been taken globally to improve the status of children. Concurrently, significant advances have been made toward understanding how child development is shaped by transactions between biological and environmental influences. Despite such advances, ongoing adversities in the lives of children worldwide undermine the development of individuals and thus the health of nations. The primary tenets of this paper are that: children continue to suffer a disproportionate share of the world’s adversities; exposure to early adversities is not only associated with increased morbidity during childhood, but also across the lifespan; and recent advances in understanding the operation and ontogeny of stress-response systems can help explain how adversity is translated into lifelong effects on health. Acknowledging the long-lasting sequelae of childhood adversity has important implications for public health and society.
Interleukin-21: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential

Interleukin-21 is a cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions that affect the differentiation and function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Since its discovery in 2000, a tremendous amount has been learned about its biological actions and the molecular mechanisms controlling IL-21-mediated cellular responses. IL-21 regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses, and it not only has key roles in antitumour and antiviral responses but also exerts major effects on inflammatory responses that promote the development of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders. Numerous studies have shown that enhancing or inhibiting the action of IL-21 has therapeutic effects in animal models of a wide range of diseases, and various clinical trials are underway. The current challenge is to understand how to specifically modulate the actions of IL-21 in the context of each specific immune response or pathological situation. In this Review, we provide an overview of the basic biology of IL-21 and discuss how this information has been - and can be - exploited therapeutically.
Influencing Receptor−Ligand Binding Mechanisms with Multivalent Ligand Architecture

Multivalent ligands can function as inhibitors or effectors of biological processes. Potent inhibitory activity can arise from the high functional affinities of multivalent ligand-receptor interactions. Effector functions, however, are influenced not only by apparent affinities but also by alternate factors, including the ability of a ligand to cluster receptors. Little is known about the molecular features of a multivalent ligand that determine whether it will function as an inhibitor or effector. We envisioned that, by altering multivalent ligand architecture, ligands with preferences for different binding mechanisms would be generated. To this end, a series of 28 ligands possessing structural diversity was synthesized. This series provides the means to explore the effects of ligand architecture on the inhibition and clustering of a model protein, the lectin concanavalin A (Con A). The structural parameters that were varied include scaffold shape, size, valency, and density of binding elements. We found that ligands with certain architectures are effective inhibitors, but others mediate receptor clustering. Specifically, high molecular weight, polydisperse polyvalent ligands are effective inhibitors of Con A binding, whereas linear oligomeric ligands generated by the ring-opening metathesis polymerization have structural properties that favor clustering. The shape of a multivalent ligand also influences specific aspects of receptor clustering. These include the rate at which the receptor is clustered, the number of receptors in the clusters, and the average interreceptor distance. Our results indicate that the architecture of a multivalent ligand is a key parameter in determining its activity as an inhibitor or effector. Diversity-oriented syntheses of multivalent ligands coupled with effective assays that can be used to compare the contributions of different binding parameters may afford ligands that function by specific mechanisms.
A new proof for the stability of equation-error models

Some previous works have shown that under an autoregressive constraint on the input signal, least-squares equation-error methods provide stable models of the estimated transfer function. We present an alternative proof of this fact which allows one to increase the order of the autoregressive input by one, for both the monic and unit-norm approaches.
Identification of technological discontinuities across industries and time periods: expected vs. unexpected change

How can researchers identify technological discontinuities across multiple industries without intensive data gathering that relies on subjective interpretation of performance and product data? This empirical difficulty has long hampered research on technological change. Here we provide a methodology to identify discontinuous changes in industries that does not rely on informed guesses. Does the type of innovation activity change after the arrival of a technological discontinuity? To identify the timing and magnitude of technological discontinuities, we assume that the volume of industry activity is simultaneously determined by the level of technological discontinuity and by the opportunity cost of capital, none of which we observe. Rather than identifying technological discontinuities as binary events, we identify them as the residual or unexpected component in the volume trajectory. We assess the external validity of the measure with a detailed analysis of railroad, wireless, and computer industries, and find that the residuals that identify our discontinuities also anticipate future jumps in product performance.
Uric acid diabetes in the rat.

SummaryUric acid was non-diabetogenic in methionine and sodium deficient rats. Methionine deficiencies induced by 9% casein, α-protein and oxidized casein rations lowered the liver glutathione but did not lower the blood glutathione. The superimposing of a methionine deficiency on a sodium deficiency (low blood glutathione) did not cause a simultaneous decrease in the blood and liver glutathione of the rat.
Control of Sertoli Cell Response to FSH: Regulation by Homologous Hormone Exposure

The effect of in vitro exposure to FSH on subsequent FSH binding and stimulation of shortterm rat Sertoli cell cultures was investigated. Cultures were exposed 6 h to FSH (0.05, 0.1, 1.0, or 5.0 pg/mI), washed, and incubated for an additional 1, 2, 4, or 6 days at which times FSH binding, FSH-stimulated cAMP generation, and FSH-stimulated aromatization of testosterone (T) to cstradiol (E2 ) were determined. The initial effect of exposure to high concentrations of FSH (1.0-5.0 pg/mI) was a dose-related decrease in both hormone binding and cAMP response. In contrast, a dose-related increase in T aromatization occurred. By 4-6 days after FSH exposure, hormone binding had started to increase, and cAMP response had either returned to or was significantly increased above control values while T aromatization remained elevated without any additional increase. The initial effect after exposure to low concentrations of FSH (0.05-0.1 pg/mI) was an intermediate decrease in hormone binding with no significant change in either cAMP generation or T aromatization. By 4-6 days after FSH exposure, hormone binding and cAMP response were significantly increased above control values. T aromatization did not change. These findings suggest that FSH regulates Sertohi cell response to subsequent FSH stimulation apparently at two independent levels: one related to hormone binding and cAMP response, and the second related to the aromatization of T.
Sequence dependence of methylation rate enhancement in meta-phenyleneethynylene foldamers

The methylation rates of a meta-phenyleneethynylene (mPE) oligomer with a terminally-attached 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) residue are reported for a series of linear and branched methyl sulfonates; these data show that selective methylation is enhanced by locating the DMAP unit at the midpoint of the sequence, allowing the foldamer cavity to function as a reactive sieve.
Reducing blurring-effect in high resolution mosaic generation

The mosaic generation methods benefit from global motion estimation (GME) methods, which yield almost accurate estimation of motion parameters. However, the generated mosaics are usually more blurred than the original frames due to the image warping stage and errors in motion estimation. The transformed coordinates resulting from GME are generally real numbers whereas images are sampled into integer values. Although GME methods generate proper motion parameters, a slight error in motion estimation may propagate to subsequent mosaic generation steps. We propose a method to generate clearer mosaics from video. The temporal integration of images is performed using the histemporal filter based on the histogram of values within an interval. The initial frame in the video sequence is registered at a higher resolution to generate a high resolution mosaic. Instead of warping of each frame, the frames are warped into the mosaic at intervals. This reduces the blurring in the mosaic.
Modeling the interfacial thermal resistance of diamond nanorod composites and related materials

In this paper, the effect on the interfacial thermal resistance between a composite system composed of a carbon nanotube or diamond nanorod and an octane matrix by the functionalization of those nanostructures with alkyl chains has been examined using molecular dynamics simulations. The effect of functionalization was studied by varying the percent functionalization from 0.00% to 2.00% using octyl as the functional group. As the percent functionalization increased, both systems showed a decrease in the interfacial thermal resistance. At 1.00% functionalization, as the alkyl chain length was increased from one to eight atoms, the interfacial thermal resistance of the carbon nanotube systems decreased to a minimum, while in the diamond nanorod system the interfacial thermal resistance remained constant.
Comparison of Macrocomplement and Microcomplement Fixation Techniques Used in Fungus Serology

A comparative evaluation was performed on the micro- and macrocomplement fixation (CF) tests that are used as standard procedures in the serodiagnosis of blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis. Tests with 937 sera from suspected and culturally proven cases of these diseases against yeast-form antigens of Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum and against the soluble antigens, coccidioidin and histoplasmin, revealed that the microtiters were within +/- 1 dilution of the macrotiters in 83 to 93% of the sera. Tests on randomly coded quality control sera revealed the microform of the CF test to be highly reproducible. Our studies indicate that the results obtained by the two tests have similar diagnostic and prognostic interpretations. Because of the sensitivity, reproducibility, economy, and ease of performance, the microtest is highly recommended for use in fungus serology.
Properties of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase immobilized on porous glass

Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase from spinach has been bound to arylamine porous glass with a diazo linkage and to alklamine porous glass with glutaraldehyde. Stability at elevated temperatures and responses to changes of pH and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate, Mg(2+), and dithiothreitol concentrations were not significantly different from the soluble enzyme, though stability at 4 C was somewhat improved.
Quantum Mechanics and Electromagnetics of Weak Magnetic Field Sensing, Storage and Retrieval in Biosystems and Engineered Systems

We study phenomena and effects which can be utilized to sense weak magnetic fields by engineered systems. Possible mechanisms and phenomena utilized by living systems are outlined and discussed. Assuming the macroscopic device physics, it is found that only fluidic engineered devices can typify a magnetoreception premise believed be utilized by some living systems. It is found that the mechanical properties of silicon-technology solid devices may not coherently utilize possible behavioral transitions and functionality exhibited by natural systems. Hybrid microdevices is an alternative solution which we examine in details. Fundamental, applied, experimental and technological findings are reported.
Degradation of Methyl Isothiocyanate and Chloropicrin in Forest Nursery Soils

Recent studies have observed enhanced degradation of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) from repeated fumigation in agricultural soils. Little is known about fumigant degradation in forest and nursery soils. This study was conducted to determine degradation rates of MITC and chloropicrin (CP) in two forest soils and the impacts of nursery management on degradation of MITC and CP. The half-life values of MITC and CP were evaluated in the laboratory under isothermal conditions (22 +/- 2 degrees C). Three rates representing 0.5x, 1x, and 2x field application rates for each fumigant were used in laboratory incubations. Effect of microbial degradation was determined by conducting incubations with both fresh and sterilized soils. Soil moisture effects were also studied. There was no difference in MITC or CP degradation between fumigated and nonfumigated forest nursery soils. Soil sterilization and high soil moisture content (15% by wt.) reduced MITC and CP degradation. The degradation rates of MITC and CP varied with factors such as nursery history, fumigant application rates, and freshness of tested soils.
Supporting Live Development of SOAP and CORBA Servers

We present middleware for a server development environment that facilitates live development of SOAP and CORBA servers. As the underlying implementation platform, we use JPie, a tightly integrated programming environment for live software construction of Java applications. JPie provides dynamic classes whose signature and implementation can be modified at run time, with changes taking effect immediately upon existing instances of the class. We extend this model by automating the server deployment process, allowing developers to devote their full attention to the implementation of server logic. Moreover, the live development model enables the construction of server applications while they are running, connected, and communicating with test clients. Combined with our client development environment, these features facilitate the live, simultaneous construction of both the client and server applications
Position Taking and Position Avoidance in the U.S. Senate

Why do some legislators take fewer positions on roll-call votes than others? Do these omissions occur by chance, or is it possible that certain legislators avoid taking positions intentionally? This study analyzes whether differential electoral considerations affect the level of position taking among legislators. In particular, it examines whether electoral considerations may actually lead some legislators to avoid taking positions on roll-call votes in an effort to conceal their issue preferences from constituents. Based on U.S. Senate data from the years 1979 to 1996, the results suggest that unwillingness to take positions on roll-call votes is not random. Instead, it is significantly related to factors such as diversity of constituents' opinions, pursuit of higher office, electoral marginality, retirement decisions, and visibility within the institution.
Rectal tone, distensibility, and perception: reproducibility and response to different distensions

Increasing interest is focusing on the role of intestinal tone, distensibility, and mechanosensation in the genesis of abdominal symptoms. Experimental approaches usually feature balloon distension...
Elevated temperature and humidity effects on urea-formaldehyde foam insulations observed by scanning electron microscopy

Exposure of urea-formaldehyde foam insulation to elevated temperature and relative humidities may result in its deterioration, as evidenced by shrinkage, mass loss, and, under severe conditions, disintegration. This paper describes the results of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) study undertaken to determine the effect on the cellular microstructure of urea-formaldehyde foam insulations from exposure to elevated temperature and relative humidity conditions. Recommendations for a temperature humidity exposure test for these insulations are given. Four commercially available foam samples, typical of those installed in residences, were prepared in wooden boxes. The percent linear shrinkage in the boxes was determined at various time intervals after filling. Specimens of each foam sample (after drying) were exposed to a variety of elevated temperature and humidity conditions. Changes in mass and volume of the specimens were periodically recorded during exposure. Three foam samples showed slight changes in volume under all exposure conditions. One sample was more susceptible to the exposures at the elevated conditions. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate changes in cellular structure upon exposure. Results indicated that samples which underwent slight changes in volume during exposure had cellular structures which were not apparently altered. Conversely, SEM photomicrographs indicated cellular degradation in themore » sample which was affected by the elevated exposure conditions.« less
Measuring gene expression divergence: the distance to keep

Background Gene expression divergence is a phenotypic trait reflecting evolution of gene regulation and characterizing dissimilarity between species and between cells and tissues within the same species. Several distance measures, such as Euclidean and correlation-based distances have been proposed for measuring expression divergence.
Evolving SP-100 powerplants via electric propulsion to GEO and lunar orbit

As they contemplate sending personnel on long-term missions to the Moon and Mars, technologists and mission planners are responsible for delineating the costs and risks involved, and for formulating program plans reducing these costs and risks. In this planning, a crucial aspect is program continuity, i.e., the continuing application of a given technology over a long period so that experience will accumulate from extended testing here on Earth and from a diversity of application in space. An integrated view is needed of the missions to be carried out under the space exploration initiative (SEI), near-term as well as far-term, and of the ways in which these missions can mutually support one another. Near-term programs should be constituted to provide both the enabling technologies and the accumulation of experience needed for long-term missions. In achieving this, nuclear-electric propulsion (NEP) missions in Earth orbit should both evolve and demonstrate the technologies crucial to permanent residence on the lunar surface, and the program for the lunar laboratories should evolve and demonstrate the enabling technologies for both exploring the surface of Mars and for flights of human beings to Mars and back.
Integrated multilayer RF passives in silicon technology

The integration of RF systems on silicon requires that, besides the high-frequency active devices, high-quality passive components be provided by the fabrication process. This requirement stresses particularly the availability of low-resistive multilayer interconnects for the integration of inductors, transformers, and MIM-capacitors. This paper shows how such components can be engineered either based on commercially available processes or by introducing new structures and materials to silicon technology.
Extensive metabolic activation of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in smokers

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 1892 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK) is a potent lung carcinogen present in both unburned tobacco and cigarette smoke. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanol (NNAL), a metabolite of NNK, is also a pulmonary carcinogen. The sum of NNAL and its glucuronides (NNAL-Glucs), referred to as total NNAL, is an established urinary biomarker of human NNK uptake and is often measured. Metabolic activation of NNK and NNAL to DNA adducts proceeds via α-hydroxylation pathways, and 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid (keto acid) and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid (hydroxy acid) are the principle end products of these pathways in rodents and primates. The purpose of this study was to determine NNK metabolic activation in smokers, as measured by the sum of keto acid and hydroxy acid, relative to total NNAL. To specifically identify NNK-derived keto acid and hydroxy acid, which are also formed extensively from nicotine, we added [pyridine-D4]NNK to cigarettes that were originally low in NNK, and measured the deuterium-labeled metabolites in the urine of people who smoked these cigarettes. Twenty subjects were recruited for the study. The sum of the products of [pyridine-D4]NNK α-hydroxylation pathways was the prevalent biomarker in all subjects and all urine samples analyzed. The total amount of [pyridine-D4]keto acid plus [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid averaged 4.00 ± 2.49 nmol/24 h, while the average amount of total [pyridine-D4]NNAL was 0.511 ± 0.368 nmol/24 h. Separate analysis of [pyridine-D4]keto acid and [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid in 3 randomly selected subjects demonstrated that [pyridine-D4]keto acid accounted for an average of 28.2 % of the total amount of the deuterated products of α-hydroxylation pathways. The ratio of the sum of [pyridine-D4]keto acid plus [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid to total [pyridine-D4]NNAL ranged from 0.99 to 33.4, averaging 10.9 ± 9.16. The ratio of the sum of deuterated α-hydroxylation biomarkers to the product of [pyridine-D4]NNK detoxification, [pyridine-D4]NNAL-Gluc, varied from 1.35 to 62.8, averaging 18.8 ± 16.8. The results of this study demonstrate for the first time that NNK metabolic activation is a quantitatively significant pathway in smokers, accounting for about 86% of total urinary excretion of NNK metabolites. The large interindividual variation in the excreted [pyridine-D4]keto acid and [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid among 20 smokers strongly support our hypothesis that some smokers activate NNK more extensively than others, and that the ratio between biomarkers of metabolic activation and detoxification at a given dose of NNK could be a potential indicator of cancer risk. In the future, [pyridine-D4]NNK could be used as a biomarker to identify smokers who activate NNK more efficiently, and therefore might be at an increased risk of developing lung cancer.
Professional culture models of science and data types for computerized health records.

This paper will discuss aspects of professional culture known to address clinical decision making [1] and aspects of science that impact on the practice of professionals [2] in order to examine how these elements can be combined and addressed in the Computerized Health Record (CHR). The overall goal of this process is to better understand how professional decisions utilize data. This will allow the designers of the CHR to optimize the displaying, indexing, and storage of data to enhance the decision making of the various professionals who will utilize the CHR.
Thermal Effects of Colloidal Suspensions of Au Nanoparticles

The thermo-optical properties of gold nanoparticles suspended in liquid water droplets have been explored. A water droplet containing suspended gold nanoparticles was irradiated with a laser beam and the efficiency of light-to-heat conversion (η) was determined. Heat generated by the optically stimulated nanoparticles was found to dissipate through several mechanisms. Convection currents were observed visually inside the droplet by the addition of silica beads (˜3-10 micrometers). This was determined to be the dominant mechanism of stirring within the droplet.
Mapping the genome.

At the outset it is important to restate why we want to map the human genome and what such maps will tell us. There are many different types of genomic maps. A map is basically a sketch of the genome. Like a geographical map, it lets one find things. In particular, maps of the human genome will probably let us locate most, if not all, of the genes that are important in a variety of human diseases. Using the technology available today, we can locate easy genes, but it is more difficult to find genes involved in complex disorders like schizophrenia, where many genes may be involved. It is reasonable to guess that with much more detailed maps, we will have more success in attacking more complex diseases.
Abstract 4287: M13-stabilized single-walled carbon nanotubes as nanoprobes for second near-infrared window fluorescent imaging of targeted tumors

Second near-infrared (NIR) window light (950-1,400 nm) is attractive for in vivo fluorescence imaging due to its deep penetration depth in tissues and low tissue autofluorescence. Here we show genetically engineered multifunctional M13 phage can assemble fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and ligands for targeted fluorescence imaging of tumors. M13-SWNT probe is detectable in deep tissues even at a low dosage of 2 μg/mL and up to 2.5 cm in tissue-like phantoms. Moreover, targeted probes show specific and four-fold improved uptake in prostate specific membrane antigen positive prostate tumors compared to control non-targeted probes. This M13 phage-based second NIR window fluorescence imaging probe has great potential for specific detection and therapy monitoring of hard-to-detect areas. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4287. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4287
Postmodernist Fictions: A Review Essay

Postmodernist Fiction. By Brian McHale. New York: Methuen, 1987. Xiii + 264 pp. $39.95; pb $13.95.
Partial Scaphoidectomy for Unsalvageable Scaphoid Nonunion

The patient is a 26 year old male presenting with a history of a right wrist injury secondary to a skateboard fall 5 years previously. He complained of radial sided wrist pain at rest that was exacerbated by radial deviation and by wrist extension or with rotation and torque. He was also an aspiring professional surfer. X-rays revealed a hypertrophic nonunion of the distal 1/3 of the scaphoid, along with a scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC) stage 1. The patient did not wish to be immobilized for 3 or more months , mostly due to his competitive surfing schedule and therefore elected to proceed with a minimally invasive salvage procedure consisting of an arthroscopic resection of the distal fragment of the scaphoid. The patient was splinted for 1 week then started on a wrist range of motion program followed by progressive strengthening. He returned to competitive surfing at 6 weeks and unrestricted duty as a carpenter at 8 weeks. At 1 year follow up, the patient stated that he was able to work as a carpenter with occasional use of a wrist splint. In summary, resection of the distal scaphoid pole whether by open or arthroscopic methods, is a viable treatment option as a primary palliative procedure for a chronic waist or distal pole scaphoid non-union.
Metastatic potential to regional lymph nodes with Gleason score ≤7, including tertiary pattern 5, at radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES To determine the risk of pelvic lymph node (LN) metastases at radical prostatectomy (RP) for Gleason score (GS) ≤7: 3 + 3 = 6 (grade group [GG]1); 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2); 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2) with tertiary pattern 5 (T5); 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3); 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3) with T5, using the 2014 modified Gleason grading system and the novel GG system. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched our RP database to indentify cases of GS ≤7 prostate cancer with simultaneous pelvic LN dissection (PLND) in the period between 2005 and 2014. Since 2005, we have graded all glomeruloid and cribriform cancer as Gleason pattern 4 and have graded mucinous adenocarcinoma based on the underlying architectural pattern, consistent with the 2014 modified Gleason grading system. All RPs were embedded in entirety, including the PLND. A total of 7 442 cases were identified, of which 73 had at least one positive LN (+LN). RESULTS The incidence rates for regional LN metastases at RP for 3 + 3 = 6 (GG1), 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2), 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2) with T5, 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3) and 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3) with T5 were 0, 0.6, 0.4, 4.3 and 6.3%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in risk of +LNs at RP between the grade groups, as defined by the novel GG system. There was no statistically significant difference in risk of +LNs at RP for men with 3 + 4 (GG2) vs 3 + 4 (GG2) with T5 and for men with 4 + 3 (GG3) vs 4 + 3 (GG3) with T5. Non-pelvic LN involvement was identified in 0.2% of all RP cases. Two patients with GS 3 + 4 = 7 with <5% pattern 4 experienced LN metastases. CONCLUSION This study supports our previous finding that men with GS 6 (GG1) at RP have no risk of LN metastases. These findings also support the 2014 revisions to the Gleason grading system where 3 + 3 with T4 (2005 modified grading system) is now considered 3 + 4 (GG2), with a comment on percent pattern 4, because <5% pattern 4 increases the risk of LN metastases. It also supports keeping 3 + 4 (GG2) with T5 (<5% pattern 5) and 4 + 3 (GG3) with T5 with their respective grade groups, with a notation of T5 because the <5% higher grade component did not increase the risk of LN metastases within a given GG. Our findings highlight that 3 + 4 (GG2) and 4 + 3 (GG3), even with a 5% higher grade component, are distinct groups with respect to LN metastases and should not be combined under the umbrella designation of GS 7 as is often the case in the literature with the Gleason grading system.
Conclusions and Outlook on Templated Electrochemical Synthesis Using Coaxial Lithography

Existing templated nanowire syntheses and lithography methods (including On-Wire Lithography) can be used to prepare nanowires, but only with precise control over the axial dimension (i.e., 1D-control). Control over shell thickness and composition are necessary since they are fundamental parameters in core-shell nanowires influencing chemical stability, light absorption, and exciton recombination. With the introduction of COAL, we overcome this limitation and go well beyond current synthetic capabilities as explained in this chapter.
Pain, Management of

Most pain occurs when a peripheral tissue such as skin receives strong stimulation. Special nerve cells, termed nociceptors, transduce and transmit information about these stimuli to the central nervous system. This information allows a person to experience the individual and highly subjective perception of pain. Several sites in the nervous system allow modulation of this information. These four mechanisms: transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception, provide the targets of pain management. Thus treatments are aimed at interrupting pain information as it is transduced to nerve impulses; transmitted towards the spinal cord; modulated within the cord; or by modifying the neural impulses as they enter the brain where perception occurs. Workers in the field of pain management divide pain into three separate categories: acute (e.g., trauma), chronic-non-malignant (e.g., low back pain), and cancer pain (e.g., pancreatic cancer pain). The specific treatments used for these different pain types vary considerably. For each category of pain however, there are situations where present treatments are not sufficient. Thus, scientists are researching new methods of treating pain. One of the most promising methods involves transplantation of living adrenomedullary chromaffin cells onto the spinal cord to provide an additional source of analgesic substances. Another method involves the insertion of genes that encode analgesic molecules into the nociceptors themselves. Both of these methods show substantial promise in the treatment of pain.
Using endoscopy to minimize the extent of resection in the management of giant GISTs of the stomach.

Abstract Introduction The stomach is the most common site for GISTs. Wide local resection to achieve negative margins is the standard of care. Giants GISTs requiring extensive resection are usually managed with neo-adjuvant therapy followed by partial or total gastrectomy. Presentation of case We present a case report of a giant GIST on the lesser curvature of the stomach. Neo-adjuvant therapy was administered. Intra-operative endoscopy was used to reduce the extent of gastric resection. Discussion Simultaneous intra-operative endoscopy demonstrated a 2 mm fistula on the lesser curvature of the stomach. A stapler was used to encompass the mass and the fistulous opening. A frozen-section showed clear margins and the endoscope was used to perform an air-leak test. The patient recovered without complications. Conclusion Intra-operative endoscopy can reduce the extent of gastric resection for large GISTs while maintaining the oncologic principles of negative margins and minimal tissue handling.
Leptomeningeal metastases in high-grade glioma: A series of 41 cases.

e13024 Background: No treatment guidelines currently exist for management of leptomeningeal spread (LMD) from glial tumors.This is the largest case series to date addressing this topic. In cases wh...
Catastrophic Epilepsies of Childhood

The tragedy of epilepsy emerges from the combination of its high prevalence, impact upon sufferers and their families, and unpredictability. Childhood epilepsies are frequently severe, presenting in infancy with pharmaco-resistant seizures; are often accompanied by debilitating neuropsychiatric and systemic comorbidities; and carry a grave risk of mortality. Here, we review the most current basic science and translational research findings on several of the most catastrophic forms of pediatric epilepsy. We focus largely on genetic epilepsies and the research that is discovering the mechanisms linking disease genes to epilepsy syndromes. We also describe the strides made toward developing novel pharmacological and interventional treatment strategies to treat these disorders. The research reviewed provides hope for a complete understanding of, and eventual cure for, these childhood epilepsy syndromes.
Examination of participation and performance of dancing movement in individuals with Down syndrome

Purpose: Many observations and anecdotes have suggested that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) love music, specifically moving to music. The purpose of this study, with the assumption that the music makes people with DS dance showing more movement than general public’s, is to observe the change in movement patterns of people with DS while they dance.Methods: The present study videotaped 10 individuals with DS and 10 mental age-matched (MA) participants dancing in response to five different types of music (e.g. rock fast, rock slow, classical, jazz, pop).Results: Our preliminary results suggest that individuals with DS had significantly more body sway than MA participants. In addition, individuals with DS were more active to the music than MA participants. However, no motor timing deficit was evident.Conclusions: This suggests that individuals with DS actively maintain their posture position in the challenging condition. Furthermore, they clearly enjoyed listening to the music and dancing. Based on our r...
Collaborative voice: Examining the role of voice in interdisciplinary collaboration

The present study examined the role of voice in facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration. According to the group-value model of procedural justice, voice relates to interpersonal relationships among coworkers because it facilitates a greater interest in helping the group (e.g. group-serving behavior). We argue that because of the relationship between voice and one type of group-serving behavior--advice sharing--that greater perceptions of voice would also predict more collaboration. In a field study examining collaborative social networks among university researchers, we found that greater perceptions of voice positively related to both degree of advice sharing and collaboration. Moreover, the extent to which individuals shared advice fully mediated the relationship between perceived voice and collaboration. Implications for voice and collaboration are discussed.
Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C screening and treatment linkage intervention in US methadone maintenance treatment programs.

Abstract Background We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a hepatitis C (HCV) screening and active linkage to care intervention in US methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients using data from a randomized trial conducted in New York City and San Francisco. Methods We used a decision analytic model to compare 1) no intervention; 2) HCV screening and education (control); and 3) HCV screening, education, and care coordination (active linkage intervention). We also explored an alternative strategy wherein HCV/HIV co-infected participants linked elsewhere. Trial data include population characteristics (67% male, mean age 48, 58% HCV infected) and linkage rates. Data from published sources include treatment efficacy and HCV re-infection risk. We projected quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and lifetime medical costs using an established model of HCV (HEP-CE). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) are in 2015 US$/QALY discounted 3% annually. Results The control strategy resulted in a projected 35% linking to care within 6 months and 31% achieving sustained virologic response (SVR). The intervention resulted in 60% linking and 54% achieving SVR with an ICER of $24,600/QALY compared to no intervention from the healthcare sector perspective and was a more efficient use of resources than the control strategy. The intervention had an ICER of $76,500/QALY compared to the alternative strategy. From a societal perspective, the intervention had a net monetary benefit of $511,000–$975,600. Conclusions HCV care coordination interventions that include screening, education and active linkage to care in MMT settings are likely cost-effective at a conventional $100,000/QALY threshold for both HCV mono-infected and HIV co-infected patients.
Instrumentation, Platforms, and Basic Principles of Robotics

Improvements in robotic surgical technology have refined the surgical devices and instrumentation, revolutionizing the approach to gynecologic surgery by overcoming the limitations of conventional laparoscopy. The advantages of robotic surgery over conventional laparoscopy have resulted in a more commonly adopted procedure by which gynecologic surgeons can treat patients. Advantages include three-dimensional optics, increased precision and dexterity, and ergonomic advantages for the surgeon that result in less muscle fatigue. The imitations of robotic surgery include the cost, training requirements, and lack of data supporting its efficacy. To increase the success of a robotic procedure, a variety of factors must be taken into account that include the platform being utilized, the appropriate selection and availability of instrumentation, and patient and procedural considerations. This chapter discusses these factors and the basic principles of robotic surgery.
Measurement of Vascular Reactivity in Head Injured Patients

It is has been demonstrated that clinical outcome following head injury is correlated with the reactivity of the cerebrovasculature to carbon dioxide changes. Since CBF measurements are difficult to perform in these patients, a new technique is proposed utilizing the ICP response to capnic stimuli.
Third Interlude Language Evolution

After writing up the examples of Parts Five and Six, we set out to complete the language design. The chief issues in the design completion were the rules for strong typing, the semantics for sharing, scope rules, ways to do pointers and addressing, storage allocation – and making a complete, consistent definition. The summer of 1977 was spent on these issues, and the report was written in the fall and winter of 1977–78. The preliminary language report appeared as a Carnegie-Mellon University technical report. No final report was issued; the reasons are discussed in the Postlude.
Display of CD47 protein on pancreatic islet grafts improves engraftment following intraportal transplantation

Intraportal islet transplantation is a curative therapy for type 1 diabetes. However, early islet engraftment is hampered by a thrombotic and inflammatory reaction defined as an instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR). The CD47 molecule is an important regulator of IBMIR, by blocking phagocytosis. We hypothesized that the transient display of the CD47 protein on the surface of islet grafts may prevent early islet destruction by IBMIR following intraportal transplantation. We generated a chimeric CD47 fused with a modified streptavidin (SA-CD47). SA-CD47 was transiently displayed on the surface of rat splenocytes that had been modified with biotin taking advantage of the strong affinity between biotin and streptavidin (SA). SA-CD47 protein was also effectively displayed on the surface of biotinylated islets. Importantly, in a syngeneic marginal mass intraportal islet transplantation model, 7/8 streptozotocin-diabetic C57BL/6 mice transplanted with 125 SA-CD47 engineered islets established euglycemia long term (>80 days). In marked contrast, only 1/7 mice achieved euglycemia when transplanted with SA-engineered islet grafts. The engrafted islets in the SA-CD47 group had a comparable response to naive mice in the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Flow cytometric and qRT-PCR analyses of liver tissues did not reveal significant changes in cellular and molecular immune responses between SA-CD47 and SA-engineered control groups, suggesting that inhibition of islet phagocytosis as underlying mechanism of islet engraftment and survival. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of SA-CD47 as a regulator of IBMIR for prevention of early islet graft loss following intraportal transplantation
Semi-Supervised Community Detection Using Structure and Size

In recent years there have been a few semi-supervised community detection approaches that use community membership information, or node metadata to improve their performance. However, communities have always been thought of as clique-like structures, while the idea of finding and leveraging other patterns in communities is relatively unexplored. Online social networks provide a corpus of real communities in large graphs which can be used to understand dataset specific community patterns. In this paper, we design a way to represent communities concisely in an easy to compute feature space. We design an efficient community detection algorithm that uses size and structural information of communities from a training set to find communities in the rest of the graph. We show that our approach achieves 10% higher F1 scores on average compared to several other methods on large real-world graph datasets, even when the training set is small.
Next-generation sequencing in carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) and novel combinatorial strategies in a heterogeneous mutational landscape: Implications for personalized medicine.

e22154 Background: Patients with advanced carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) have limited effective therapeutic options given the challenges of phenotypic and genotypic diversity. To identify futur...
Immunosensor-based label-free and multiplex detection of influenza viruses: State of the art

The ability of influenza viruses to rapidly evolve has caused significant challenges in viral surveillance, diagnosis, and therapeutic development. Molecular sequencing methods, though powerful tools for monitoring influenza evolution at the genetic level, are not able to fully characterize the antigenic properties of influenza viruses. Understanding influenza virus antigenicity is critical to vaccine development and disease prevention. Traditional immunoassays which have been widely used for evaluating influenza antigenicity have limited throughput. To alleviate these problems, new bioanalytical tools to investigate influenza antigenicity by measuring antibody-antigen binding are an active area of research. Herein, we review immunosensor technologies from the aspects of various sensing principles, while highlighting recent developments in multiplex, label-free detection strategies. Highlighted technologies include electrochemical immunosensors relying on impedimetric detection; these demonstrate simple design and cost effectiveness for mass production. Antibody arrays implemented on an optical interferometric sensor system allow systematic characterization of influenza antigenicity. Quartz microbalance immunosensors are highly sensitive but have yet to be explored for multiplex sensing. Immunosensors made on lateral flow strips have shown promise in rapid diagnosis of influenza subtypes. We anticipate that these and other technologies discussed in the review will facilitate advances in the study of influenza, and other viral pathogens.
Public Interest Law: The United States and Beyond

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C. Halpern, volume 18, pp. 12549–12553, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.