cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated Pressure-Flow-Temperature Sensor for Hydraulic Systems

The design of a miniature low-cost MEMS (Micro-Electronic Mechanical Systems) based sensor for sensing pressure, flow and temperature in fluid power systems is presented. The sensor is small enough to be incorporated into hydraulic components such as pumps, motor and cylinders. Considerable literature exists on the development of MEMS-based pressure and temperature sensors; therefore the primary challenge addressed in this paper is a low cost flow sensing method that does not impose extra energy dissipation into the system. The flow sensing principle adopted for use with the sensor utilizes the small pressure differences that develop as fluid flows through any geometry. As an example to prove the validity of this principle, pressure-flow relationships are determined for an elbow geometry. Specifically, the pressure differences arising from the momentum change of the fluid as it passes through the elbow are correlated to the flow rate of the fluid through the bend. The pressure-flow correlations derived from theoretical modeling, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation, and experimental measurement using the flow bend geometry are compared and a calibration scheme determined. The first generation MEMS sensor incorporates pressure, flow and temperature measurement capability on a single sensor die. Pressure sensing is accomplished with piezoresistive strain elements, and temperature sensing is done with a thermister.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Effects of thermomechanical processing on strength and toughness of Fe - 12Ni reactive metal alloys at 77 K

Abstract Thermomechanical processing (TMP) was evaluated as a method of strengthening normally tough iron-12 nickel-reactive metal alloys at cryogenic temperatures. Five iron-12 nickel alloys with reactive metal additions of aluminium, niobium, titanium, vanadium, and aluminium plus niobium were investigated. The primary evaluation was based on the yield strength and fracture toughness at 77 K. At 77 K, a yield strength of 1.3 GPa (187 ksi) with a corresponding K Icd toughness of 243 MPa m 1 2 (221 ksi in 1 2 ) was achieved with an iron-12 nickel-0.5 aluminium alloy which had undergone a 300 K rolling followed by annealing at 800 to 900 K. This represents the highest combination of cryogenic strength and toughness observed in iron-nickel alloys.
Avian Paramyxoviruses from Migrating and Resident Ducks in Coastal Louisiana

Cloacal and tracheal swabs were collected from 1,409 hunter-killed ducks in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, during the 1986 and 1987 waterfowl seasons. Thirty avian paramyxoviruses (PMV's) were isolated from 605 blue-winged teal (Anas discors), 75 mottled ducks (A. fulvigula), 375 gad walls (A. strepera), 334 green-winged teal (A. crecca), and 20 mallards (A. platyrhynchos). Prevalence of PMV decreased (P =0.042) from September (4%) through November (2%) to December and January (1%). Juveniles had a higher prevalence of PMV (P < 0.0001) than adults. An isolate from resident mottled ducks documents transmission of PMV's on the coastal wintering areas of Louisiana. The four serotypes isolated, PMV-1, PMV-4, PMV-6, and PMV-8, were typical of PMV's commonly associated with free-living waterfowl.
Entropy, aging and death

Increasing entropy is a measure of disorder in an aging system, where death is the ultimate or maximum disorder. Excess Entropy and Excess Entropy Production characterize the entropic distance from and the rate of approach to maximum disorder. Excess Entropy and Excess Entropy Production were calculated from the thermodynamics of irreversible processes for 39 human subjects now dead. Longevity tracks were calculated, based on these concepts. Comparisons of lifespan projections from these entropy tracks against actual longevity were: Within one year (16% of the subjects); within 4 years (48%); within 7 years (74%). These Excess Entropy tracks can be useful as diagnostic tools, such as when medical stresses drive the subject off the normal decreasing (type I) track onto a rising (type II) track. Recovery from the medical stress yields a resumption of decreasing (type III) track.
BACTERIURIA IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE FEBRILE ILLNESSES.

The urine of 82 acutely ill febrile children was examined microscopically and by quantitative urine culture for evidence of infection. The clinical diagnosis of urinary tract infection was confirmed in one patient; no unsuspected infections were discovered. The presence of some bacteria in a large proportion of the urine specimens obtained by catheterization confirms the necessity for quantitative evaluation of all positive urine cultures in order to determine the significance of bacteriuria.
Measures of Flow Variability and a New Flow-Based Classification of Great Lakes Tributaries

Abstract In tributaries impacted by non-point source pollution, flux rates often are proportional to flow. Since adequate pollutant concentration data are lacking for many river systems, but flow data are often available, measures of flow variability may be the only source of information for planning monitoring programs or evaluating the behavior of tributaries on a basin-wide scale. Seven measures of flow variability were developed, and their characteristics were examined using flow data from Great Lakes tributaries. Classifications of the tributaries based on flow variability were compared with an event-responsiveness classification of earlier investigators. Lack of agreement is conspicuous, and can be attributed in part to an inadequate chemical data base for many rivers when the earlier classification was established. Cluster analysis was used to reveal the natural groupings of 118 U.S. and Canadian Great Lakes tributaries, based on measures of flow variability. The resulting classification of the tributaries is geographically coherent, and demonstrates that large areas of high flow variability are found in the western and central Lake Erie drainage basin, probably as a result of intense agricultural land use in association with heavy soils. Tributaries draining urban areas also tend to have high flow variability. Most of the tributaries which drain the northern Great Lakes watershed have low flow variability.
Integrating Aac instruction into regular education settings: Response to Gregory (March, 1992)

(1992). Integrating AAC instruction into regular education settings: Response to Gregory (March, 1992) Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 75-76.
Twenty five years of experience using digitally enhanced processing for on site partial discharge measurements

The introduction of extruded cable systems at 11 kV began in CEGB power stations in the mid 1960s. By the end of the decade, there had been several failures associated with damage and there was a need to be able to audit remaining circuits. These cables were installed in relatively short runs (<1 km) and linked station switchgear with auxiliary equipment. As such, a conventional sample earthed partial discharge circuit could be used-i.e., a coupling capacitor, measuring impedance, detector and a test transformer. However high levels of interference, mainly broadband radio reception, prevented a conventional detector from being used with a sensitivity much better than 100pC. The solution adopted was to apply correlation analysis to extract the data from noise. The added bonus was that the output was a printout particularly suited to contractual testing. Later applications took the technique into areas of phase related analysis and used to provide insight into processes occurring. Whilst the technologies used have long been superseded, this paper is presented as a historical footprint and a description of practical advances which have been made using digital techniques. (7 pages)
Benzamide synthesis by direct electrophilic aromatic substitution with cyanoguanidine

Cyanoguanidine is an inexpensive commodity chemical and it is found to be a useful reagent for the direct Friedel-Crafts carboxamidation of arenes. The reaction works best in an excess of Bronsted superacid, an observation suggesting the involvement of a superelectrophilic intermediate. Theoretical calculations indicate that the most stable diprotonated species involves protonation at the guanidine and cyano nitrogen atoms.
Precision and recall of ranking information-filtering systems

An information-filtering system collects incoming data of specific interests described in a server profile. These systems can export their collections by submitting their profiles to a directory server, where users can query for relevant systems to answer their requests. We develop a new similarity measure to rank information-filtering systems for Boolean queries. Users can send queries to the top-ranked systems and obtain most of the relevant information. In contrast to an existing method developed by Radecki, our method requires less time and space complexity and has better recall and precision for higher-ranked systems.
“You Are Hereby Commanded to Appear”: Pediatrician Subpoena and Court Appearance in Child Maltreatment

Objective. To determine the frequency of court appearance by pediatricians evaluating child abuse and neglect cases and to identify case characteristics associated with actual court appearance or case adjournment. Design. Retrospective review of subpoenas received between 1995 and 1999 for child maltreatment cases personally evaluated by 2 pediatricians during the years 1995 to 1998. Information was collected regarding patient age, gender, race/ethnicity, type of suspected maltreatment, date of evaluation, date of subpoena, type of court hearing, whether the pediatrician actually testified in court, and legal outcomes. Case characteristics were compared between pediatricians and were used to predict physician appearance and case continuance or adjournment in logistic regression models. Results. Four hundred forty-five subpoenas concerning 260 patients were received. Although significant differences were noted between the pediatricians in type of abuse, no differences were found in patient age, gender, ethnicity or legal outcomes. The pediatricians received subpoenas in Conclusions. Although pediatricians are sometimes subpoenaed to appear in court to explain the medical evaluation and the needs of the child in cases of child abuse and neglect, most court cases were continued, adjourned, or settled before physician testimony. Most subpoenas did not result in the pediatrician going to court, and it is unclear which child factors may predict court involvement. Pediatricians can take steps to minimize (but not eliminate) the potential dissatisfaction and inconvenience associated with receiving and responding to subpoenas in child maltreatment cases.
Nickel Sulfide and Copper Sulfide Nanocrystal Synthesis and Polymorphism

Nickel sulfide and copper sulfide nanocrystals were synthesized by adding elemental sulfur to either dichlorobenzene-solvated (copper sulfide) or oleylamine-solvated metal(II) precursors (nickel sulfide) at relatively high temperature to produce the metal sulfide. Nickel sulfide nanocrystals are cubic Ni3S4 (polydymite) with irregular prismatic shapes, forming by a two-step reduction−sulfidation mechanism where Ni(II) reduces to Ni metal before sulfidation to Ni3S4. Despite extensive efforts to optimize the Ni3S4 nanocrystal size and shape distributions, polydisperse nanocrystals are produced. In contrast, copper sulfide nanocrystals can be obtained with narrow size and shape distributions. The copper sulfide stoichiometry depended on the Cu:S mole ratio used in the reaction: Cu:S mole ratios of 1:2 and 2:1 gave CuS (covellite) and Cu1.8S (digenite), respectively. CuS nanocrystals formed as hexagonal disks that assemble into stacked ribbons when cast from solution onto a substrate. CuS, Cu1.8S, and Ni3S4...
Time-resolved spectra of bulk titanium combustion

Some preliminary spectroscopic results of an investigation of the radiation from bulk specimens of burning titanium are presented. The use of larger stationary specimens is shown to have considerably eased some of the experimental difficulties associated with metal combustion research and to approximate more closely the conditions prevailing in large-scale accidental metal fires.
Quantification of interconnected microstructures by FIM

Quand la matrice contient des precipites isoles, la microstructure peut etre entierement definie par la taille, la forme et la densite des precipites. Dans le cas ou les deux phases sont interconnectees, la morphologie est beaucoup plus difficile a decrire quantitativement. On fait le point sur quelques approches possibles permettant d'obtenir, par microscopie ionique a emission de champ, les parametres quantitatifs de description des morphologies plus complexes
Sublittoral attached epifaunal development in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts

Sixteen epifaunal species are identified encrusting dead valves of Mercenaria mercenaria, Mya arenaria, and Aequipecten irradians exposed for one year on the bottom of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The three most common cheilostomatous bryozoans are Schizoporella unicormis, S. biaperta, and Parasmittina trispinosa. Balanus (Balanus) amphitrite neveus demonstrates a preferred orientation of the rostro-carinal axis parallel to the growth lines of Mercenaria mercenaria, Mya arenaria and Aequipecten irradians. No preference for difference bivalve shells is apparent in any of the epifauna examined. The lesser abundance of most species on Mercenaria mercenaria valves may be due to the more rapid burial of these heavier valves in shifting sediments of the study area.
Total Vapor Pressure Measurements for 2-Ethoxyethanol with Carbon Tetrachloride, Chloroform, and Dichloromethane at 303.15 K

Total pressure measurements are reported for the binary mixtures of 2-ethoxyethanol with carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and dichloromethane at 303.15 K. The data were obtained using a Van Ness type apparatus and were fitted with a modified Margules equation using Barker's method. The total pressure data are represented by the model to within an average absolute deviation of approximately 0.06 kPa. Solutions of 2-ethoxyethanol with carbon tetrachloride show positive deviations from ideality, while those of 2-ethoxyethanol with chloroform and with dichloromethane show negative deviations at low chloroalkane mole fraction and positive deviations at high chloroalkane concentration.
Possible cardinalities of irredundant bases for finite closure structures

We indicate certain connections between the rank and cardinality of a finite closure structure, and the relative sizes of its irredundant bases. A class of examples is described which shows that in general our theorem can not be strengthened.
Application of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor May Reverse Diabetic Wound Healing Impairment

This study examines the effect of application of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the wound healing impairment seen in streptozotocin-induced diabetic (SD) rats compared with control nondiabetic (NL) animals. Under general anesthesia, a 6-cm dorsal incision was made through the skin and panniculus carnosus. Both the NL and SD wounds were injected with 0.1 ml of one of the following three solutions: saline, vehicle, and 10 micrograms of bFGF. The wounds were closed with interrupted sutures of 4-0 nylon. The animals were returned to their cages and sacrificed at 7, 10, 14, or 21 days later. Breaking strength of the wound was analyzed by using an Instron Tensiometer 4201 to assay for relative collagen maturation. Data among groups were compared using an analysis of variance. At 7 and 10 days, all NL wounds were stronger than all SD wounds. By 14 days there was no statistically significant difference in breaking strength between the bFGF-SD wounds and all subgroups of NL wounds. The bFGF-SD subgroup was statistically significantly stronger than the saline-SD (p < 0.02) and vehicle-SD (p < 0.01) wounds. At 21 days the bFGF-SD wounds were statistically significantly stronger than the vehicle-SD wounds to a confidence level of p < 0.001. These findings indicate that application of bFGF may reverse the impairment seen in diabetic wound healing.
A method for titrating oxygen-sensitive organic redox systems with reducing agents in solution.

A long-term need has existed in the study of complex redox systems, such as the electron-transferring enzymes found in biological systems, for an accurate method of titrating a system through its various oxidation states using small increments of a reducing agent in solution (1). The methods to be described in this and the accompanying paper (2) were developed concurrently to perform this task. The method to be described in this paper makes adequate provision for flushing and exclusion of molecular oxygen, for addition of accurately measured increments of a standardized reducing agent, and for spectrophotometric observation of the solution being titrated. The general method, however, might easily be adapted for electrochemical measurements, paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, or some other method of observation.
Effects of gibberellin A-3 on the dimorphic branch system of Theobroma cacao

Abstract The influence of gibberellin A-3 (GA 3 ) on the orthotropic and plagiotropic shoots of T. cacao was studied in order to determined if and how the morphogenesis of this unusual branch system is affected. Elongation of both types of shoots was promoted but elongation of the plagiotropic shoots, which exhibit marked growth/dormancy cycles, was promoted only after the dormancy of the terminal bud was broken. Elongation of the orthotropic shoots was inhibited by (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis. There was no effect on phyllotaxis or no geotropic orientation of the shoots.
Usefulness of Cystatin C and Prognosis Following Admission for Acute Heart Failure

Cystatin C is a novel marker of renal function that has been found to predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in ambulatory patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this biomarker predicts the length of hospitalization and adverse outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure. Two hundred forty consecutive patients aged > or =25 admitted to Johns Hopkins Hospital with exacerbations of heart failure were prospectively enrolled. Cystatin C levels were measured on admission. Patients were followed for 1 year. The primary outcome measure was the length of hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality and readmission for heart failure. Cystatin C showed no significant association with the length of hospitalization. Patients in the highest quartile (quartile 4) of cystatin C level were at increased risk for death (hazard ratio 2.07 for quartile 4 vs quartiles 1 to 3, p = 0.01) and death or rehospitalization (hazard ratio 1.61 for quartile 4 vs quartiles 1 to 3, p = 0.01). The association between cystatin C and the combined end point of death or rehospitalization during 1-year follow-up remained significant after adjusting for age, race, gender, co-morbidities, and creatinine. Cystatin C was more predictive of these end points than creatinine, and the combination of cystatin C and creatinine was more predictive than either variable alone. In conclusion, cystatin C may be useful in addition to creatinine for predicting outcomes after admission for acute heart failure exacerbations.
Clinical spectrum and molecular pathophysiology of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Shwachman Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an inherited bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition syndrome that affects multiple organ systems. Mutations in the SBDS gene are found in the majority of patients, but the molecular function of the SBDS protein product remains unclear. Here, we review recent progress in the clinical and molecular characterization of SDS.
On Movement: The Matter of US Soldiers’ Being After Combat

Using ethnographic vignettes of three American soldiers who served in Iraq and Afghanistan, this article proposes an analytics of movement through which to apprehend experiences of ontological transformation brought about by the many violences of service in a combat zone. I juxtapose a range of experiences of movement to explore the subjective experience of certain kinds of bodies as they move, see, and are seen to move in certain kinds of spaces. In the case of American soldiers who have been marked by their experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan, this approach is a displacement of post-traumatic stress disorder, the dominant frame for understanding soldiers’ post-combat transformations. In its stead, the analytics of movement offers a sense of the vertiginous new worlds soldiers inhabit, which suggests ontology, rather than pathology, as the ground for understanding the matter of US soldiers’ being after combat.
Formation Kinetics of Small Gold Crystallites in Photoresponsive Polymer Gels

AuCl4- ions are transformed into Au crystallites via two consecutive photoreactions inside cross-linked polymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride swollen with methanol. The photoreactions are markedly influenced by the gel matrix, which facilitates pathways not observed in homogeneous solutions and controls the direction of propagation. Initially, the reactions are repressed by air, but at longer times they are aided by products from the O2-reduction. The first process is an efficient monophotonic chain reduction of AuCl4- with chain lengths in excess of 80 and an atypical pseudofirst-order termination. Kinetic data from fully swollen gels is understood in terms of a mechanism involving solution reactions of ·CH2OH radical chain carriers. Light-absorbing products of the first photoreaction, believed to be gold clusters, initiate the second process that yields metal particles. Several common kinetic features are displayed by both photoreactions. However, generation of Au crystallites takes place via an ...
The exposure models of library and integrated model evaluation system: A modeling information system on a cd-rom with world-wide web links

We developed the Exposure Models Library and Integrated Model Evaluation System (EML/IMES) to distribute models and information about models used for exposure assessments and other fate/transport studies. The library includes models and their documentation, a model selection system, and a model validation information system (IMES) containing information about these computer models. We published the latest version of the EML/IMES on a hybrid CD-ROM with World-Wide Web (WWW) links to allow the model codes and documentation to be more easily and efficiently distributed and updated. The disc contains over 100 models which may be used for exposure assessments and fate/transport modeling. The model subdirectories contain source code, sample input and output files, and in some cases, model documentation in electronic formats. All models contained in this CD-ROM are in the public domain. The disc also contains the IMES with information and assistance on selecting an appropriate model and information on validation of models from field applications. The IMES software is available as MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows applications and can be used on a PC-compatible system. An MS-DOS and HTML interface is included to provide easy access to the IMES and to the model directories. WWW links to sources of many of the models are also provided.
Choosing a profile length in the SCAP method of source code authorship attribution

Source code authorship attribution is the task of determining the author of source code whose author is not explicitly known. One specific method of source code authorship attribution that has been shown to be extremely effective is the SCAP method. This method, however, relies on a parameter L that has heretofore been quite nebulous. In the SCAP method, each candidate author's known work is represented as a profile of that author, where the parameter L defines the profile's maximum length. In this study, alternative approaches for selecting a value for L were investigated. Several alternative approaches were found to perform better than the baseline approach used in the SCAP method. The approach that performed the best was empirically shown to improve the performance from 91.0% to 97.2% measured as a percentage of documents correctly attributed using a data set consisting of 7,231 programs written in Java and C++.
A uniform Sobolev inequality for Ricci flow with surgeries and applications

Abstract We prove a uniform Sobolev inequality for Ricci flow, which is independent of the number of surgeries. As an application, under less assumptions, a noncollapsing result stronger than Perelman's κ noncollapsing with surgery is derived. The proof is much shorter and seems more accessible. The result also improves some earlier ones where the Sobolev inequality depended on the number of surgeries. To cite this article: Q.S. Zhang, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 346 (2008).
The chromosomal cycle in Parascaris equorum (Ascaris megalocephala); oogenesis and diminution.

The enumeration of the main results at the beginning of the discussion on pages 195–196 may also serve as a summary.
Robotic total station for microtopographic mapping: an example from the Northern Great Plains

Past human activities in cultural landscapes are often expressed by subtle variations in surface topography that reflect buried archaeological features. When seen from the air under low sunlight angles, resultant ‘shadow marks’ form a cornerstone of site detection in aerial archaeology. Past attempts to quantify and map such variations across large archaeological landscapes have resorted to aerial photogrammetry, electronic total stations, air- and ground-based lidar, and kinematic global positioning systems. The most commonly used surveying instrument is the total station, but its slow rate of data acquisition makes it poorly suited for collecting vast amounts of elevation data over large areas, although it is often used for that task. A robotic total station, examined here, is a relatively new technology that provides a rapid survey solution. It requires only a single person to operate the total station by radio linkage from a control pad affixed to a wheeled reflector rod. As the rod is rolled over the landscape it is automatically tracked, and measurements of surface topography may be acquired to subcentimetre accuracy continuously, at a rate of one measurement per second. A case study from the Double Ditch State Historic Site in the Great Plains of North Dakota, a fortified earthlodge village with culturally significant surface expressions, exemplifies this potential. The loci of prehistoric houses, borrow pits, fortification ditches, middens and defensive mounds are clearly revealed in the topographic mapping. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unifying scene registration and trajectory optimization for learning from demonstrations with application to manipulation of deformable objects.

Recent work [1], [2] has shown promising results in enabling robotic manipulation of deformable objects through learning from demonstrations. Their method computes a registration from training scene to test scene, and then applies an extrapolation of this registration to the training scene gripper motion to obtain the gripper motion for the test scene. The warping cost of scene-to-scene registrations is used to determine the nearest neighbor from a set of training demonstrations. Then once the gripper motion has been generalized to the test situation, they apply trajectory optimization [3] to plan for the robot motions that will track the predicted gripper motions. In many situations, however, the predicted gripper motions cannot be followed perfectly due to, for example, joint limits or obstacles. In this case the past work finds a path that minimizes deviation from the predicted gripper trajectory as measured by its Euclidean distance for position and angular distance for orientation. Measuring the error this way during the motion planning phase, however, ignores the underlying structure of the problem—namely the idea that rigid registrations are preferred to generalize from training scene to test scene. Deviating from the gripper trajectory predicted by the extrapolated registration effectively changes the warp induced by the registration in the part of the space where the gripper trajectories are. The main contribution of this paper is an algorithm that considers this effective final warp as the criterion to optimize for in a unified optimization that simultaneously considers the scene-to-scene warping and the robot trajectory (which were separated into two sequential steps by the past work). This results in an approach that adjusts to infeasibility in a way that adapts directly to the geometry of the scene and minimizes the introduction of additional warping cost. In addition, this paper proposes to learn the motion of the gripper pads, whereas past work considered the motion of a coordinate frame attached to the gripper as a whole. This enables learning more precise grasping motions. Our experiments, which consider the task of knot tying, show that both unified optimization and explicit consideration of gripper pad motion result in improved performance.
Pseudophakic Hat Anterior Chamber Following Retinal Detachment Repair

Flat anterior chambers were caused by varying mechanisms in 10 of 70 consecutive pseudophakic eyes operated on for retinal detachment. With iris or capsular implant fixation, three of 46 (7%) developed flat anterior chambers, and with anterior chamber lenses, the occurrence was seven of 24 (29%). Events initiating flat chambers included wound leak, pupillary block, and choroidal detachment. In eyes with flat anterior chambers, the retina could not be reattached in one case, extensive peripheral anterior synechia with persistent intraocular pressure elevation occurred in another case, and bullous keratopathy remained in two additional instances. Endothelial cell densities were obtained in eight eyes and were low on an age-related basis.
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS OF BORON AND INDOLEACETIC ACID IN HEAD LETTUCE

Lettuce, which is being grown in ever increasing quantities, suffers from a number of nutritional disorders which have been the subject of considerable speculation and study. Much of the difficulty with lettuce is evidently the result of the type of forcing culture which is used to obtain the most firm and succulent heads. Among the micro-nutrient elements, boron has been given considerable attention in recent years since it is now known to be more widely deficient in the soils of the country than was believed earlier. For lettuce it has been shown that boron deficient plants show necrotic tissue near the leaf margins and over the growing point. Such plants have been photographed and described by McHargue and Calfee (2) and others. Some have maintained that the symptoms are the same as those of the socalled tip-burn which has been the most serious disease of head lettuce in many localities. Perhaps that which the grower includes under the designation of tip-burn is in reality more than one physiological disorder. McHargue and Calfee found that 0.5-1.0 p.p.m. of boron in the culture medium was optimum for the production of lettuce leaf tissue dry matter, although they noted that quantities of boron which were toxic for young plants, might give favorable results with older plants. The function of boron in the plant is unknown but several hypotheses as to its possible activities have been proposed. McMurtrey (3), in his review of nutritional deficiency symptoms, points out the importance of boron for proper functioning of the growing points. Schropp and Arenz (5) found that a deficiency of boron was associated with greater uptake of nitrogen. Severe deficiency symptoms resemble those of ammonia poisoning. These authors also suggested an indirect function of boron, that of preventing swelling of the plasma colloids which might interfere with sap rise in the stem. Minarik and Shive (4) found that, lacking an optimum boron supply, there was a subnormal quantity of calcium in the tissues of soybeans. Shive (6) has also reported a direct relationship between the soluble boron in plants and quantity of soluble calcium in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Minarik and Shive found that within the range of boron concentrations used, the percentage of water in the tissues of soybean leaves decreased with increasing concentrations of boron in the nutrient solution. A possible function of boron was suggested by Eaton (1) as being a necessary element for the formation of an auxin, such as indoleacetic acid. He was of the opinion that those plants in his tests which were grown with a limited supply of boron showed an increased growth rate when indoleacetic acid was sprayed on the leaves. Similarly Skoog (7) found an inter-rela-
Designing Nonlinear Torsional Vibration Absorbers

We consider issues related to the design of mechanical systems that feature nonlinear vibratory behavior. Designs that account for, and also exploit, nonlinear dynamics are considered. The chapter provides a brief overview of general considerations related to these issues, and then considers in detail the case of vibration absorbers that are used to reduce torsional vibrations in rotating systems. These absorbers, which are being developed for use in automotive engines, consist of centrifugally driven masses that ride on user-specified paths relative to a rotor that is being driven by a fluctuating torque. The absorbers are used to reduce the torsional vibrations of the rotor by providing a torque on the rotor that counteracts, at least partially, the applied torque. The mathematical model of this system represents, under assumptions on the system parameters consist with practical applications, a system of N identical nonlinear oscillators with weak damping, weak global coupling, and weak near-resonant excitation. The nonlinearity in the oscillators depends on the path, and the goal of this nonlinear dynamic design problem is to select a path that provides good vibration reduction over a specified range of torque amplitudes. The desired response has all N absorbers behaving identically, that is, in a synchronous manner. However, the structure of this system leads to two distinct types of dynamic instabilities, and both must be avoided for a given design to be feasible. In this work we examine the synchronous absorber response in terms of vibration reduction, torque range, and stability. It is shown that a particular epicycloidal path provides good performance, and can be made stable. These results are a summary of previous work described in (30).
Why We Need More Judicial Activism

Too much of a good thing can be bad, and democracy is no exception. In the United States, the antidote to what the drafters of the Constitution called “the excess of democracy” is judicial review. Lately, however, judicial review has come under fire. Many on both sides of the political aisle accuse the Supreme Court of being overly activist and insufficiently deferential to the elected representatives of the people. I argue in this essay that criticizing the Court for its activism is exactly backwards: We need more judicial activism, not less. Courts engaging in judicial review are bound to err on one side or the other from time to time. It is much better for the health of our constitutional democracy if they err on the side of activism, striking down too many laws rather than too few. An examination of both constitutional theory and our own judicial history shows that too little activism produces worse consequences than does too much. If we cannot assure that the judges tread the perfect middle ground (and we cannot), it is better to have an overly aggressive judiciary than an overly restrained one.
Neural Activation of the Heart of the Lobster Homarus Americanus

1. Glass microelectrodes were used to record intracellular activity from the striated muscle fibres of the heart of the lobster Homarus americanus . 2. In spontaneously beating hearts bursts of impulses are generated at regular intervals by neurones in the cardiac ganglion. These bursts produce depolarizations of the muscle fibres. Each depolarization is associated with a contraction of the heart. The depolarizations consist of many depolarizing steps; each step is related in a one-to-one manner to a nerve impulse and is believed to be an excitatory junction potential (EJP). The depolarizations (400-700 ms duration in different preparations) exhibit a fast rise to a peak (35-40 mV) followed by a plateau (20-25 mV) which decays to the resting level (51.5 ± 3.2 mV, n = 148). 3. Current-voltage curves indicate that the EJPs do not give rise to regenerative membrane responses. 4. Small, spontaneously produced potentials were recorded in the presence of TTX. Autocovariance tests show that the potentials occur independently and are likely to be miniature junction potentials. 5. Polyneuronal innervation of the muscle fibres was demonstrated by applying stimuli of gradually increasing intensity to the distal ends of cut nerves while recording the responses of a muscle fibre. 6. When a train of stimuli is applied at an intensity to evoke activity from a single axon, the first response of a muscle fibre is usually greater than the second; facilitation of the second and subsequent responses takes place. The degree of facilitation developed depends on the frequency of stimulation. Facilitation decays exponentially with a time constant of a few seconds. 7. In two-pulse experiments the second response was depressed when the interpulse intervals were ≤ 0.5 s. 8. Examples of combined facilitation and depression are presented. Present address: Laboratory of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00905. Present address: Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Cellulaire du C.N.R.S., 4 Avenue Gordon-Bennett, Paris i6e, France.
An achievable rate region for distributed source coding and dispersive information routing

This paper considers the problem of optimal multi-hop routing of correlated sources over a network with multiple sinks and arbitrary network demands. We recently introduced a new routing paradigm in [10] called ‘dispersive information routing’ (DIR), wherein the intermediate nodes are allowed to split a packet and forward a subset of the received bits on each forward path. DIR ensures that each sink receives just the information it requires to decode the sources it intends to reconstruct, and thereby outperforms conventional routing techniques in the literature. We proposed an encoding scheme called ‘power binning’ which achieves complete rate region and the minimum cost under this paradigm when each sink is allowed to receive packets only from the sources it wants to reconstruct. This paper considers the optimum encoding scheme when every source can (possibly) communicate with every sink irrespective of what the sinks reconstruct. This generalization happens to be considerably more complex and we derive an achievable rate region and an associated achievable cost using principles from distributed source coding and multiple descriptions encoding.
Influence of terrain on scaling laws for river networks

[1] The upper Cheat River network departs from scaling laws describing a large number of river networks in North America. This departure is traced to its corrugated terrain. The more typical random terrain of the lower Cheat River network obeys the standard scaling laws. We modify the random network model of Scheidegger to include the effects of topography, reproducing the behavior observed in the Cheat River basin.
Moving Beyond Gender to Discover Differences in Sensitivity to Disempowering Acts: An Examination of the Role of Social Context

The purpose of this study is to examine levels of perceived offensiveness based on observations of disempowering acts and to identify any differences in perceptions based on gender, ethnicity, and a social context in which respondents held majority versus minority status. Gender emerged as a strong determinant of differences in levels of perceived offensiveness, with women reporting higher levels of perceived offensiveness when viewing disempowering acts than did men. However, when comparing groups of the same ethnicity (i.e., African American) on differences in perceived offensiveness based on social context, social context had a significant effect on perceptions, and men, not women, reported higher levels of perceived offensiveness.
Transport of Atmospheric Aerosol by Gap Winds in the Columbia River Gorge

Abstract Typical diurnal wind patterns and their relationship to transport of atmospheric aerosol in the Columbia River gorge of Oregon and Washington are addressed in this paper. The measurement program included measurements of light scattering by particles (bsp) with nephelometers, and wind speed and direction, temperature, and relative humidity at seven locations in the gorge. Winds are shown to respond to along-gorge pressure gradients, and five common patterns were identified: strong, moderate, and light westerly (west to east), light easterly, and winter easterly. The strong westerly and winter easterly patterns were the most common summer and winter patterns, respectively, and represented strong gap flow. The light westerly and light easterly patterns occurred most frequently in spring and autumn transition periods. Winter easterly had the highest light scattering and indicated sources east of the gorge mainly responsible for haze. During summer, as westerly winds increased diurnally, a pulse of ha...
Effectiveness and safety of vagus nerve stimulation for severe treatment-resistant major depression in clinical practice after FDA approval: Outcomes at 1 year

OBJECTIVE To describe the outcomes of a consecutive series of depressed patients treated with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) following US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of this intervention. METHOD We implanted a VNS device in 15 consecutive outpatients with treatment-resistant major depressive episodes, including 10 with major depressive disorder and 5 with bipolar disorder (DSM-IV criteria), between November 2005 and August 2006. Existing antidepressant treatment remained fixed as far as clinically possible. The primary outcome was change from baseline in the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score. Outcomes were assessed at 6 and 12 months postimplant and compared to those of the VNS pivotal efficacy trial that led to FDA approval of VNS. RESULTS The BDI score decreased significantly compared to baseline at 6 months (P < .05) and 12 months (P < .01), from a mean of 37.8 (SD = 7.8) before VNS activation to a mean of 24.6 (SD = 11.4) at 12 months. By 1 year, 28.6% (n = 4) of the sample responded to VNS and 7.1% (n = 1) remitted according to the BDI. Secondary outcomes on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 24-Item showed similar improvement at 1 year, with a 43% response rate (n = 6) and 14.3% remission rate (n = 2). No obvious predictors of response were detected. Side effects of VNS included hoarseness (73%), dyspnea (47%), nausea (40%), pain (33%), and anxiety (20%); no patient terminated treatment due to intolerable side effects. CONCLUSIONS We found that a substantial minority of patients with extremely difficult-to-treat depressive disorders benefited from VNS in an ambulatory clinical practice, with outcomes comparable to those observed in previous VNS efficacy studies and with a similar side effect profile.
Molecular/clinical correlations in females with fragile X.

Females who are affected by fragile X syndrome (FXS) can have significant physical, neuropsychological and emotional involvement. This study was designed to explore the relationships between these three domains and to learn how the degree of involvement in each of these phenotypic areas relates to molecular parameters including CGG repeat length and activation ratio (the proportion of normal FMR1 alleles on the active X chromosome). Three groups of females were studied: 35 women who grew up in a fragile X family but do not carry an FMR1 mutation, 92 women with a premutation, and 29 women with a full mutation. Correlations between neurocognitive, physical and emotional traits were calculated for each of the three groups. Within the full mutation group significant correlations were seen between schizotypal traits and full scale IQ. The Lie scale was significantly correlated with the physical findings index. The activation ratio correlated significantly with the measure of executive function (r = .50, P = .01). There was a trend toward correlations of activation ratio with the physical index score, outer ear prominence and IQ. CGG repeat number significantly correlated only with the physical index (r = .44, P = .01). Thus, activation ratio may be the more pertinent molecular parameter in full mutation women in determining the degree of cognitive and physical phenotypic involvement.
Essential Elements of Software Engineering Education Revisited

A basis for software engineering education proposed in 1976 is reviewed and found to still be valid today, although needing more emphasis on design and better delivery mechanisms. Specific recommendations are made.
Sound velocities of polycrystalline MgSiO3-orthopyroxene to 10 GPa at room temperature

A polycrystalline sample of MgSiO 3 -orthopyroxene was hot pressed at a pressure of 4 GPa and temperature of 975 degrees C in a multi-anvil apparatus. The recovered specimen has a bulk density within 1% of the X-ray density and compressional and shear wave velocities within 1% of the Hashin-Shtrikman averages of the isotropic velocities calculated from the single-crystal elastic moduli. Compressional and shear wave travel times were measured at pressures up to 10 GPa at room temperature using the phase comparison method of ultrasonic interferometry in a 1000 ton uniaxial split-cylinder apparatus (USCA-1000). The velocities and elastic moduli monotonically increase with pressure; discontinuous behavior is not observed. Both the compressional velocity and bulk modulus, however, exhibit pronounced non-linear dependence on pressure. Fitting a fourth-order Eulerian finite-strain equation of state yield values of the bulk modulus and its first and second pressure derivatives, K = 104(2) GPa, K = 10.9(5), and K = -1.6(2) GPa (super -1) . In contrast, the shear velocity and modulus are linear with pressure, yielding values of G = 74.9(1.5) GPa and G' = 1.6(1), when fit to a third-order finite-strain equation of state. A P-V trajectory calculated from these continuous measurements of K vs. P to 8 GPa is in agreement with extant static compression data for this material, without requiring a discontinuous change in K at 4 GPa. The velocities of MgSiO 3 -orthopyroxene increase more rapidly with pressure than those for Mg 2 SiO 4 -olivine (especially for P-waves), such that these two mineral phases are virtually indistinguishable in their velocities at 200 km depth, unless the velocity-temperature dependence of the two phases is dramatically different.
Response of tanks to vertical seismic excitations

A method for analyzing the earthquake response of elastic, cylindrical liquid storage tanks under vertical excitations is presented. The method is based on superposition of the free axisymmetrical vibrational modes obtained numerically by the finite element method. The validity of these modes has been checked analytically and the formulation of the load vector has been confirmed by a static analysis. Two forms of ground excitations have been used: step functions and recorded seismic components. The radial and axial displacements are computed and the corresponding stresses are presented. Both fixed and partly fixed tanks are considered to evaluate the effect of base fixation on tank behaviour. Finally, tank response under the simultaneous action of both vertical and lateral excitations is calculated to evaluate the relative importance of the vertical component of ground acceleration on the overall seismic behaviour of liquid storage tanks.