cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heparan sulfate of skin fibroblasts grown in culture.

Primary cultures of normal human skin fibroblasts were examined for glycosaminoglycan content. Heparan sulfate was found in the growth medium of these cells, in fractions obtained by sequential collagenase and trypsin treatments, and in the remaining intact cells. Heparan sulfate was found to be the major sulfated glycosaminoglycan of the trypsin fraction but appeared as a smaller proportion of the collagenase fraction. The heparan sulfate of the growth medium, the collagenase fraction, and the trypsin fraction appeared to be proteoglycan while intracellular material appeared to be mainly free polysaccharide. The collagenase fraction is thought to be representative of “matrix” material produced by the cells, while the trypsin fraction may represent external cell surface material. The trypsin fraction heparan sulfate polysaccharide was relatively homogeneous in size with an average molecular weight of approximately 40,000 relative to a chondroitin sulfate standard. It was also relatively homogeneous in sul...
A New Approach to Direct Current Integration

A new all-solid state direct-current integrator integrates currents as low as 10-11 ampere with an accuracy of 1%. The operating principle is similar to that of more conventional current integrators in that the voltage across a storage capacitor in the input circuit is monitored by an electrometer type operational amplifier, the output of which triggers a discriminator at a given voltage level. The discriminator generates a reset pulse which removes a fixed charge from the integrating capacitor. This is where the similarity ends. The diode pump circuit, which has long been recognized as an ideal circuit for removing precise quantities of charge from the integrating capacitor, has been replaced by complementary silicon planar transistors that operate in the inverted-mode and serve as current switches. These transistors normally have both their base-emitter and base-collector junctions reverse biased and look like open switches with leakage currents of about 10-13 ampere. Reset pulses switch these transistors from the reverse-biased state to the active state for a precise time during which a constant current flows to or from the integrating capacitor. Therefore, each reset pulse removes from the integrating capacitor a precise charge that is the product of the current and the period of the active state. By the employment of sufficient gain in the operational amplifier to maintain small voltage excursions at the input, the total effective leakage may be kept as low as 10-14 ampere.
The role of large predators in maintaining riparian plant communities and river morphology

article i nfo Studies assessing the potential for large predators to affect, via trophic cascades, the dynamics of riparian plant communities and the morphology of river channels have been largely absent in the scientific literature. Herein, we consider the results of recent studies involving three national parks in the western United States: Yellowstone, Olympic, and Zion. Within each park, key large predators were extirpated or displaced in the early 1900s and subsequent browsing pressure by native ungulates initiated long-term declines in recruitment (i.e., growth of seedlings/sprouts into tall saplings and trees) of palatable woody species and impairment of other resources. Channel responses to browsing-suppressed riparian vegetation included increased widths of active channels via accelerated bank erosion, erosion of floodplains and erraces, increased area of unvegetated alluvium, channel incision, and increased braiding. A reduced frequency of overbank flows indicated these rivers have become increasingly disconnected from historical floodplains because of channel widening/incision. Results from Zion National Park also identified major biodiversity affects (e.g., reduced abundance of plant and animal species). Although these studies were conducted in national parks, results may have implications concerning riparian plant communities, biodiversity, and channel morphology for streams and rivers draining other public lands in the western US. It is on these lands that native and introduced ungulates have often heavily utilized riparian areas, largely in the absence of key predators, with significant consequences to plant communities and channels.
The intrinsic partition of unity method

A method is presented which enables the global enrichment of the approximation space without introducing additional unknowns. Only one shape function per node is used. The shape functions are constructed by means of the moving least-squares method with an intrinsic basis vector and weight functions based on finite element shape functions. The enrichment is achieved through the intrinsic basis. By using polynomials in the intrinsic basis, optimal rates of convergence can be achieved even on distorted elements. Special enrichment functions can be chosen to enhance accuracy for solutions that are not polynomial in character. Results are presented which show optimal convergence on randomly distorted elements and improved accuracy for the oscillatory solution of the Helmholtz equation.
Omeprazole and Vitamin B12 Deficiency

The mainstay for cobalamin deficiency is correction of the underlying disorder and replacement therapy. Because the defect is often one of absorption, parenteral or intranasal routes are recommended. In most cases, replacement therapy is all that is needed. The vitamin preparation most commonly used is cyanocobalamin (also called vitamin B12), which has no known physiologic role but instead is converted to a biologically active form before it can be used by tissues. The studies reviewed in this article clearly show that omeprazole therapy will decrease the absorption of vitamin B12 by preventing its cleavage from dietary proteins. However, these data are insufficient to infer that clinically significant deficiency will occur over time. In fact, some of the studies suggest that the simple addition of juices or other acidic drinks into the diet may dramatically increase cobalamin absorption. Clearly, well-designed clinical trials are needed to evaluate this theory over an extended follow-up period to determine the clinical significance of omeprazole-associated vitamin B12 deficiency and possibly identify patients at risk for deficiency. In conclusion, the possibility of dietary vitamin B12 malabsorption should be considered in patients receiving chronic omeprazole treatment and presenting with signs and symptoms of deficiency. All healthcare workers should be made aware of the potential clinical complications of omeprazole-associated vitamin B12 deficiency since it may go unrecognized and is easily corrected. This is particularly relevant for elderly patients with poor dietary intake of vitamin B12, impaired vitamin B12 stores, and certain gastrointestinal disorders.
The unsteady flow within a spinning cylinder

A theoretical analysis is given of the unsteady flow of a liquid within a cylinder of finite length started suddenly so as to spin about its axis. It is found that a secondary flow, caused by the end walls of the cylindrical container, has a strong effect on the generation of spin in the liquid. In the vicinity of the end walls the fluid motion is characterized by a boundary-layer flow, which can be either laminar or turbulent. The fluid within the boundary layers rotates faster than that at a large distance from the end walls, and therefore is thrown, by centrifugal forces, radially outwards. The radial outflow in the boundary layer creates a slow secondary motion within the spinning liquid. Due to the secondary flow, the transport of angular momentum from the walls to the interior is accomplished by convection rather than diffusion. A treatment is given for both laminar and turbulent end-wall boundary layers. The theoretical results are compared with experimental observations and good agreement is found.
Personalizing blood pressure management in septic shock.

This review examines the available evidence for targeting a specific mean arterial pressure (MAP) in sepsis resuscitation. The clinical data suggest that targeting an MAP of 65–70 mmHg in patients with septic shock who do not have chronic hypertension is a reasonable first approximation. Whereas in patients with chronic hypertension, targeting a higher MAP of 80–85 mmHg minimizes renal injury, but it comes with increased risk of arrhythmias. Importantly, MAP alone should not be used as a surrogate of organ perfusion pressure, especially under conditions in which intracranial, intra-abdominal or tissue pressures may be elevated. Organ-specific perfusion pressure targets include 50–70 mmHg for the brain based on trauma brain injury as a surrogate for sepsis, 65 mmHg for renal perfusion and >50 mmHg for hepato-splanchnic flow. Even at the same MAP, organs and regions within organs may have different perfusion pressure and pressure–flow relationships. Thus, once this initial MAP target is achieved, MAP should be titrated up or down based on the measures of organ function and tissue perfusion.
Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) Oils

Abstract Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) is one of the most popular and healthy culinary herbs in the world. Essential oil derived from basil (basil oil) through steam distillation has traditionally been used for a wide range of applications such as cooking spices, aromatherapy, perfumery, medicinal treatments, pesticides, and food preservatives. This chapter is focused on applications of basil oil in food science, especially in food flavoring, preservation, and production.
Pathology of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Features and Diagnostic Challenges

The chapter summarizes the histological forms of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) that are encountered in breast biopsy material, including open surgical excisions and needle core biopsies. It discusses the current grading system and it is focused particularly on lesions that are challenging to diagnose in daily pathology practice and that imply different treatment approaches. These topics include atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ (pLCIS), and microinvasive carcinoma. The text is heavily focused on providing key definitional characteristics and providing specific microscopic criteria that are useful in distinguishing between problematic examples. Level of future breast cancer risk attributable to various entities is described. Finally, biomarkers and molecular features of DCIS are reviewed.
P/E Movements: Some New Results

The P/E ratio is often used as a metric to compare individual stocks and the market as whole relative to historical valuations. We examine the factors that affect changes in the inverse of the P/E ratio (E/P) over time in the broad market (S&P500 Index). We use a limited number of variables that can be justified on theoretical grounds, and include variables that measure investor beliefs and changes in tax rates. We show that tax rates and investor optimism are important factors that affect the P/E ratio.
Polymeric materials for embolic and chemoembolic applications

Percutaneous transcatheter embolization procedures involve the selective occlusion of blood vessels. Occlusive agents, referred to as embolics, vary in material characteristics including chemical composition, mechanical properties, and the ability to concurrently deliver drugs. Commercially available polymeric embolics range from gelatin foam to synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol). Current systems under investigation include tunable, bioresorbable microspheres composed of chitosan or poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives, in situ gelling liquid embolics with improved safety profiles, and radiopaque embolics that are trackable in vivo. This article reviews commercially available materials used for embolization as well as polymeric materials that are under investigation.
A User-Centered Experiment and Logging Framework for Interactive Information Retrieval †

This paper describes an experiment system framework that enables researchers to design and conduct task-based ex- periments for Interactive Information Retrieval (IIR). The primary focus is on multidimensional logging to obtain rich behavioral data from participants. We summarize initial experiences and highlight the benefits of multidimensional data logging within the system framework.
Reflections on the History and Development of ALE and JOLE

The Association of Leadership Educators (ALE) grew out of a need for professional development for persons who work with leadership programs in a variety of contexts. The idea of a professional association developed over the course of three annual leadership development seminars in the late 1980s; ALE was formalized at the third seminar held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1990. The first official conference and annual meeting of the Association of Leadership Educators was held in Denver, Colorado in September 1991. Membership was open to any individual with an interest in leadership education, although the targeted individuals were “career professionals.” The association celebrated ten years of success at its 2001 conference in St. Paul, Minnesota.
Countermovement vigilantism and human rights

Vigilante groups designed to counter dissident movements are common across the world. Although these groups systematically violate the rights of citizens, little theoretical work has examined the phenomenon. The paper develops a theory and set of corresponding propositions on the origins, behaviors, and consequences of counter-dissident vigilantism. The implications for promoting international human rights are then discussed.
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in recurrent herpes simplex virus infections in man.

SummaryCell-mediated cytotoxic activity in circulating mononuclear cells from patients with recurrent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections with types 1 and 2 was examined employing target cells acutely infected with HSV in a 51Cr-release assay. Cytotoxicity was determined both when lesions were present and when lesions were absent in otherwise normal patients and was compared to levels of cytotoxicity in sero-positive individuals without histories of recurrences. When lesions were present, patients with recurrences had significantly higher levels of cytotoxicity than when lesions were absent. In the absence of lesions, cytotoxicity in patients with recurrences was not significantly different from levels in sero-positive individuals without recurrences. These patterns of cytotoxicity were observed in patients with both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. These studies indicate that patients with recurrent HSV infections have intact cell-mediated immune responses, as measured by this assay; and that although the l...
Dopaminergic control of angiotensin II-induced vasopressin secretion in vitro

Because dopamine influences arginine vasopressin (AVP) release, the present studies were designed to ascertain the dopamine receptor subtype that potentiates angiotensin II-induced AVP secretion in...
A Note on Point Stabilizers in Sharp Permutation Groups of Type {0, k}

We study sharp permutation groups of type {0, k} and observe that, once the isomorphism type of a point stabilizer is fixed, there are only finitely many possibilities for such a permutation group. We then show that a sharp permutation group of type {0, k} in which a point stabilizer is isomorphic to the alternating group on 5 letters must be a geometric group. There is, up to permutation isomorphism, one such permutation group.
Survey on Knowledge,Attitudes and Behavior towards AIDS among Migrant Workers in A Enterprise of Jianshan District of Shanghai City

[Objective]To understand the basic information about AIDS among migrant workers in enterprises of Jianshan District of Shanghai City,to investigate the awareness of AIDS and STD among migrant workers and their behavior characteristics,and provide evidence for further implementation of AIDS prevention education,related services and behavior intervention.[Methods]Totally 310 migrant workers in a enterprise were selected for investigation of AIDS knowledge and detection of serum markers.[Results]The cultural level of migrant workers was low(68.4% had education background of junior middle school at most),they were lack of understanding of AIDS knowledge.Only 9.4% could correctly answer the definition of AIDS,38.7% and 31.0% could correctly answer the main route of AIDS transmission and the behavior induced AIDS transmission respectively.[Conclusion]It is necessary to strengthen the health education about AIDS knowledge on migrant workers,and provide related services and behavior intervention.
The Birth of Homo Colossus: Energy Consumption and Pre-Familiarization in Joel Barlow’s Vision of Columbus

Although Raymond De Young points out the current response to energy descent he terms localization “is not globalization in reverse”, the writers of modernity’s energy ramp-up used many of the same techniques De Young proposes for adapting to the downslope of M. King Hubbert’s fossil-fuels peak. Among these is pre-familiarization, the construction of mental models that “help people to feel at home in a place they have not yet inhabited.” Long before William Catton’s depiction of the West’s outsized energy user as Homo colossus, for example, Joel Barlow provided early national Americans with a reflection of themselves as gigantic consumers of the continent’s bounty in his 1787 Vision of Columbus. In the epic poem, Barlow puts in place foundational elements of the myth of progress that will develop with an increasingly extravagant energy consumption: a refutation of the classical republican model of history as cyclical; a conflation of the process of resource extraction with that of production; a characterization of this “production” as the natural trait of the knowledgeable, moral Western subject; the pairing of this characterization with a racialized discourse; and an assertion of climate melioration that anticipates by two centuries the counter-arguments of anthropogenic climate-change denialists. The poem invites its reader to inhabit the skin of a lofty and distanced observer of natural life, drawing on the earlier century’s infatuation with the prospect view, to help the reader become “pre-familiarized” with an idea of him- or herself fitting an economic model of endless growth. In the work, therefore, might be found not only the blueprints for an as-yet inchoate Anthropocene, but also the design of a new humanity to go along with it.
Management of Central Nervous System Metastases in Patients with Disseminated Germ Cell Tumours

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on central nervous system (CNS) metastases, which are uncommon presenting features of metastatic germ cell cancers. Even in patients presenting with advanced disseminated disease, CNS involvement occurs in only about 4–5% of patients. In patients with advanced hematogenous metastasis or large volume choriocarcinoma, clinical suspicion should be heightened and a careful evaluation of even minor symptoms should be performed. Patients with established CNS metastases should be approached with curative intent. The role of intrathecal chemotherapy is limited and does not represent the mainstay of treatment. Patients relapsing with limited CNS involvement should have consideration of resection followed by CNS radiotherapy and abbreviated cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Measurements of diffraction in p-p collisions in CMS

We present measurements of soft and hard diffraction at the LHC, including new measurements of inclusive singleand doublediffractive cross sections, as well as forward rapidity gap cross section, and measurements of diffractive dijets at 7 TeV. We also show the first candidates for central dijet production with both leading protons tagged at the LHC, using the combined CMS and TOTEM detectors.
Effects of preanalytical factors on hemoglobin measurement: A comparison of two HemoCue® point-of-care analyzers

Abstract Background In field studies, hemoglobin (Hb) is often measured using a battery-operated, portable HemoCue® hemoglobinometer. Methods We compared the performance of 2 HemoCue® models (Hb-201+ and Hb-301) and investigated effects of preanalytical factors on Hb results by simulating unfavorable field conditions. Results The Hb-301 produced 2.6% higher results compared to the Hb-201+. Hb had to be measured within 1 min of filling the Hb-301 cuvette to avoid artificially elevated concentrations (1.3% per min). The Hb-301 cuvettes withstood elevated temperature (37 °C) and humidity (72%) for 3 weeks, while the Hb-201+ cuvettes degraded within 10 min under those conditions. Both cuvette types withstood elevated temperature for 3 weeks. Properly-collected venous and capillary blood produced comparable results. Pooled capillary blood produced comparable results to the second and third but not the fourth drop of blood (3.3% lower). Blood could be stored for ≤ 4 days at 10–30 °C before Hb-201+ measurement, but only for 1 day at 10–23 °C before Hb-301 measurement (≤ 1% change in Hb). Conclusions Higher Hb results obtained with the Hb-301 may influence the interpretation of anemia prevalence in health surveys. While the Hb-301 performed better in high humidity conditions, the Hb-201+ provided more user flexibility regarding delayed Hb reading.
The Causes and Consequences of Job-Related Stress among Prosecutors

Despite a growing body of literature documenting work stress among employees in various fields, there is a dearth of research that explicitly assesses the impact of different aspects of prosecutors’ working conditions on individual prosecutors and their organizations. Drawing on a sample of prosecutors in a southern state in the U.S., we first used OLS regression to examine which work-related stressors are important in predicting their levels of work stress, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. Using path analysis, we then explored the links between these stressors and a set of proposed mediating and outcome variables. We also conducted unstructured in-depth interviews with a subset of the sample to supplement and further illustrate the observed patterns. While job demands and organizational support play the most important roles in explaining the work stress of prosecutors, they do not have direct impact on the prosecutor’s commitment to the job. The roles played by psychological and emotional stressors are found to be negligible. Job-related stressors do not lead to turnover intention directly but indirectly through work stress and job satisfaction with a notable exception of the public/media stressor. This study provides a scientifically-based perspective regarding which working conditions should be addressed to maintain healthy and productive working environments among prosecutors.
Patient Presenting with Major, Life-Threatening Bleeding

Initial management of anticoagulation-related major bleeding should involve stopping the anticoagulant, starting general supportive measures, measuring coagulation status, and locating and treating the source of bleeding if possible. Anticoagulation reversal strategies are specific to anticoagulation therapy type (warfarin vs. DOACs). The default strategy for most patients should be to resume anticoagulation therapy following resolution of bleeding.
Taste buds: cells, signals and synapses

The past decade has witnessed a consolidation and refinement of the extraordinary progress made in taste research. This Review describes recent advances in our understanding of taste receptors, taste buds, and the connections between taste buds and sensory afferent fibres. The article discusses new findings regarding the cellular mechanisms for detecting tastes, new data on the transmitters involved in taste processing and new studies that address longstanding arguments about taste coding.
Adapting Cognitive Processing Therapy to Treat Co-Occurring Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Study

Abstract This case study aims to provide evidence for the effectiveness of adapting a particular manualized cognitive behavioral therapy intervention to treat co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This study presents the treatment of a woman who experienced co-occurring mTBI and PTSD following a motor vehicle accident, a dual diagnosis that was established through a flexible assessment approach involving interviews as well as standardized psychological, neuropsychological, and neurobehavioral testing. Treatment planning led to a-priori adaptation of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) to treat both her PTSD symptoms and the sequelae associated with her mTBI. The therapist maintained fidelity to the manualized structure and content of CPT protocol, adapting portions of the treatment to add specific emphasis on issues of identity confusion and role loss in service of addressing these common functional impairments that can accompany mTBI. Discussion focuses on application of CPT for future treatment of comorbid PTSD and TBI amidst complicating factors, including role losses and medical and safety issues. This case study is especially relevant due to the prevalence of co-occurring PTSD and TBI across a variety of populations.
Managing classroom transgressions: Use of directives in a reading practice

Abstract This discourse analysis of classroom interactions examines management of transgressions during reading practice in a religious Russian heritage language school located in California. The detailed analysis of classroom talk-in situ focuses on directive sequences utilized in attempts to divert students’ attention away from transgressions and toward the reading activity. The paper contributes to our understanding of activity organization and management, and the process of “positioning” ( Davies & Harre, 1990 ) of actors as “transgressors” and “victims” that takes place during classroom interactions. The analysis demonstrates that at the level of elementary literacy skills development, reading practice, management of the activity, and positioning of actors vis-a-vis each other are multi-party achievements that often consist of multiple sub-projects (including disciplining actions) which become consequential for the activity's progression and successful execution.
Poster: Vehicle Routing with Pickup and Delivery: A Greedy Approach

Recently, bicycles have become popular in large cities and many bicycle sharing companies have established their own bike sharing systems. Extra vehicles are used to transport bikes among different bike stations, such that the number of bikes in each bike station can be balanced. This paper studies a bike rebalancing schedule that minimizes the total vehicle shipping distances. Starting with a minimum length path covering all bike stations, the proposed algorithm iteratively updates its configuration, whenever the vehicle capacity constraint is violated. Finally, experiments demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Neuroplasticity and the logic of cognitive neuropsychology

More than thirty years ago, Alfonso Caramazza laid out assumptions for drawing inferences about the undamaged cognitive system from individuals with brain damage. Since then, these assumptions have been challenged including the transparency or subtractivity assumption, that the cognitive system does not reorganize following brain damage. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that brains are highly plastic. However, there is no clear connection between brain plasticity and cognitive reorganization. Brain plasticity research does not require a rethinking of the core logic of cognitive neuropsychology. Differences in task-based activation between damaged and undamaged brains provide little insight into the cognitive architectures of brain-damaged patients. Theory and methods are needed to understand cognitive neuroplasticity, or how neural reorganization that follows brain damage relates to reorganization of functions. We discuss alternative types of cognitive neuroplasticity that may occur in damaged brains and consider how they impact the basic logic of cognitive neuropsychology.
Pathways to Ambidexterity In Exploration–Exploitation

Management scholars offered extolling descriptions of ambidextrous managers, those who can balance exploration and exploitation, and sought contextual and personal factors that distinguish them. Ye...
The Association of Severe Hypoglycemia With Incident Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE There is suggestive evidence linking hypoglycemia with cardiovascular disease, but few data have been collected in a community-based setting. Information is lacking on individual cardiovascular outcomes and cause-specific mortality. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of 1,209 participants with diagnosed diabetes from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (analytic baseline, 1996–1998). Severe hypoglycemic episodes were identified using first position ICD-9 codes from hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and ambulance calls through 2013. Cardiovascular events and deaths were captured through 2013. We used adjusted Cox regression models with hypoglycemia as a time-varying exposure. RESULTS There were 195 participants with at least one severe hypoglycemic episode during a median fellow-up of 15.3 years. After severe hypoglycemia, the 3-year cumulative incidence of coronary heart disease was 10.8% and of mortality was 28.3%. After adjustment, severe hypoglycemia was associated with coronary heart disease (hazard ratio [HR] 2.02, 95% CI 1.27–3.20), all-cause mortality (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.38–2.17), cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.15–2.34), and cancer mortality (HR 2.49, 95% CI 1.46–4.24). Hypoglycemia was not associated with stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or noncardiovascular and noncancer death. Results were robust within subgroups defined by age, sex, race, diabetes duration, and baseline cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS Severe hypoglycemia is clearly indicative of declining health and is a potent marker of high absolute risk of cardiovascular events and mortality.
A Survey of Patient Attitudes Toward Participation in Biopsy-Based Kidney Research.

Introduction As part of the precision medicine initiative, the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases has proposed collecting human kidney tissue to discover novel therapeutic targets from patients with kidney diseases. Patient attitudes on participating in kidney biopsy−based research are largely unknown. Methods We evaluated attitudes toward donating kidney tissue to research among participants who had experienced a clinically indicated kidney biopsy, through a survey conducted 9 months (interquartile range, 5−13 months) after their biopsy. Results Of the 177 participants contacted, 117 (66%) participated in the survey. A total of 85 participants (73%) reported that they would allow additional needle passes during a clinically indicated biopsy to donate kidney tissue for research. As reasons for participating in such a study, the participants reported the desire to help others and to contribute to science, and the lack of additional burden while participating in such a study. In a multivariable logistic model, older and African American participants had lower odds of allowing an additional pass for research (odds ratio: age ≥65 years [vs. ≤40], 0.15 [95% confidence interval, 0.03−0.73]; African Americans (vs. all others), 0.15 [95% confidence interval, 0.05−0.44]). However, participants’ self-reported biopsy complications such as pain, anxiety, and hematuria did not affect their willingness to allow additional passes. A total of 23 participants (20%) stated that they would agree to undergo a biopsy for research even if it was not clinically indicated. Conclusion Among patients who had experienced a kidney biopsy, a majority were amenable to additional needle passes to donate kidney tissue for research during a future, clinically indicated biopsy, whereas a minority would undergo a biopsy for research purpose only.
Ultrafast Diffractive X-Ray Optics

A class of x-ray optical elements is proposed that use effects of dynamical x-ray diffraction under conditions of rapidly changing structure factors to manipulate x-rays.
Oxabicyclic Building Blocks as Key Intermediates in the Synthesis of the Natural Products (−)-Platensimycin and (+)-Frondosin A

Abstract For over 10 years, our research group has been interested in the application of an older but underutilized reaction, the direct cycloaddition of furans and perhalocyclopropenes, for the synthesis of polycyclic natural products and their analogs. This high-complexity-building reaction proceeds through an initial Diels–Alder reaction followed by a spontaneous rearrangement to yield an oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene system with ample functionality for further synthetic elaboration. We have worked to make this reaction a central feature in the synthesis of a variety of natural product targets. Herein, we detail the asymmetric syntheses of two terpenoid natural products, platensimycin and frondosin A, where this formal cycloaddition process was employed to prepare an integral cycloheptane ring system embedded in the polycyclic frameworks.
El uso del tiempo en espacios próximos. Una caracterización de la ciudad de Barcelona (2006)

The city offers many opportunities to interact with people and activities. The duo proximity-attractivity is relevant to study, under the approach of the time that citizens spend in such activities. This is the aim of the study, the methodology applied time geography and activity chain approach. The novelty of the method is the more realistically view of the behavior of the use of time and spaces in the city. The method was applied to household travel survey of Barcelona. The results show that the nearby activity durations are smaller than the no nearby. The proximity generates more activities in the daily activity chain, changing the paradigm of trade-off between access time and duration, with the trade-off between access time and number of activities. The final conclusion is that proximity has a relative value, from a clear environmental sustainability, to a probable de-socialization of activities.
Sex-differences in post-discharge outcomes among patients hospitalized for atrial fibrillation.

Background Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are at risk for both thromboembolic and bleeding complications. While the risk for thromboembolism is higher among women with AF than men, the sex-related differences in post-discharge outcomes after hospitalization is not clearly understood. Hypothesis Compared to men, women hospitalized for AF are at a higher risk of both thromboembolic and bleeding complications. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the 2013 to 2014 Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD), to compare outcomes among men and women, ≥50 years of age after hospitalization for AF. The primary patient outcome was all-cause rehospitalization at 90-days after initial hospitalization. Survey-weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for bleeding events at 30, 60, 90, and 270 days after hospitalization. Results From the 28 million patients in the NRD, we identified 522 521 individuals with an index hospitalization for AF. Compared to men, women hospitalized for AF accounted for 53.3% of the cohort and had higher rates of thrombotic (1.7%, 1.4%) and bleeding complications (1.4%, 1.1%). After adjustment, the 90-day risk among women vs men was significantly greater; all-cause rehospitalization (24.2%, 17.0%; HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.05-1.09), rehospitalization related to ischemic stroke (0.6%, 0.3%; HR 1.31, 95% CI = 1.14-1.51), pulmonary embolism (0.4%, 0.2%; HR 1.21, 95% CI = 1.01-1.45), and any thrombotic event (1.3%, 0.7%; HR 1.20, 95% CI = 1.09-1.32). Conclusions Hospitalization for AF is common and frequently associated with both in-hospital complications and readmission, which were more commonly observed among women with AF. Further research into epidemiological factors and treatment differences between men and women with AF is warranted.
Current Approach to Undifferentiated Headache Management in the Emergency Department

To discuss pharmacological interventions in the emergency department (ED) setting for the management of acute primary headache. Acute headache treatment in the ED has seen an expansion in terms of possible pharmacological interventions in recent years. After a thorough evaluation ruling out dangerous causes of headache, providers should take the patient’s history, comorbidities, and prior therapy into consideration. Antidopaminergics have an established role in the management of acute, severe, headache with manageable side-effect profiles. However, recent studies suggest anesthetic and anti-epileptic drugs may play roles in headache treatment in the ED. Current literature also suggest steroids as a promising tool for emergency department clinicians combating the readmission of patients with recurrent headaches. Emergency medicine providers must be cognizant of these traditional and emerging therapies in order to optimize the care of headache patients.
Postoperative complications are main reason for noncompliance with enhanced recovery after surgery program in patients undergoing hepatectomy and pancreatectomy

Background and aim Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are reported to improve postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing a routine protocol and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing hepatic and pancreatic resections at our institution. Methods A total of 99 consecutive patients at a single institution managed with a similar ERAS protocol were divided into the "early" (50 patients) and "late" (49 patients) cohorts. Both cohorts were statistically identical in demographics and range of surgical procedures performed. Postoperative complications, readmission, reoperation rates, and length of stay were analyzed. Categorical variables were statistically compared using Fisher's exact test and continuous variables using t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test when appropriate. Results There were 32 hepatectomies/18 pancreatectomies in the "early" cohort and 22 hepatectomies/29 pancreatectomies in the "late" cohort. The overall complication rate was 38.8%, with a 30-day readmission rate and reoperation rate of 16.1 and 5%, respectively. There was one mortality (1%). Group-specific overall complication rate (40 vs 38.7%, P = 0.8), readmission rate (20 vs 12.2%, P = 0.4), reoperation rate (6 vs 4%, P = 1.0), and mortality (2 vs 0%, P = 1.0) were not statistically significant between both groups. Conclusions Despite similar rates of adherence to the established ERAS 24 protocol, there was no improvement in median length of stay (7 days) between the "early" and "late" groups. The only reason for noncompliance with the ERAS protocol was development of surgery-related complications.
Movement Design of Virtual Aerial Robots with Distinct Affective Labels

As robots are progressively introduced in public spaces, it is crucial to develop systems that move appropriately to convey variable internal state and context responsiveness. In this paper, we present six variations of a virtual robot designed after characters from pop-culture. The motion of each character is examined using movement analysis techniques, and the appropriate features are designed for an aerial robot platform in virtual reality. This work is meant to be a foundation for future user studies that investigates how these robot movements are perceived by humans and if varying context changes that perception.
Approaches to Studying the microRNAome in Skeletal Muscle

Muscle is a highly plastic tissue that needs to rapidly undergo dramatic changes in gene expression patterns in order to maintain homeostasis. This requires a delicate balance between satellite cell proliferation, myotube formation and differentiation, and muscle degeneration/regeneration. The disruption of these pathways drives muscle disorders and diseases; this includes dystrophies, inflammatory myopathies, sarcopenia, and cachexia. Thus, identifying factors that regulate muscle gene expression programs is essential to understanding muscle health and function and may uncover new therapeutic targets. Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), it has become well established that they are key regulatory factors which fine-tune gene expression patterns in all cell and tissue types. As we gain new insight into the function of miRNAs, their essential role as posttranscriptional regulatory elements that drive proper muscle function becomes increasingly apparent. As has been observed in the X-linked genetic diseases Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD and BMD, respectively), the chronic dysregulation of miRNAs can exacerbate disease. In this chapter we will explore the role of miRNAs in skeletal muscle and the importance of harnessing the power of miRNA profiling to understand how different perturbations to muscle (i.e. exercise, injury, or genetic defects) affect the muscle miRNAome and how the miRNAome, in turn, can yield valuable information about the overall health of muscle.
Analysis of the Prognostic Significance of Circulating Tumor DNA in Metastatic Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer

110Background: Given the technical limitations of obtaining tissue next-generation sequencing, there has been interest in blood ctDNA to assess genomic alterations in mCRPC. We examined the genomic...
A Case Study of the Implementation of Restorative Justice in a Middle School.

Restorative justice is an alternative disciplinary approach to the traditional, punitive approach to discipline. This case study focused on exploring the implementation of restorative justice disci...
Density-based Stochastic Reachability Computation for Occupancy Prediction in Automated Driving

We propose a stochastic reachability computation framework for occupancy prediction in automated driving by directly solving the underlying transport partial differential equation governing the advection of the closed-loop joint density functions. The resulting nonparametric gridless computation is based on integration along the characteristic curves, and allows online computation of the time-varying collision probabilities. Numerical simulations highlight the scope the proposed method.
Curricular Models and Learning Objectives for Undergraduate Minors in Global Health.

Background: A growing number of institutions of higher education offer undergraduate educational programs in global health. Objective: To identify all undergraduate minors in global health being offered in the United States during the 2019–20 academic year, categorize the curricula being used by secondary programs of study, evaluate the content of required foundational courses, and examine the types of experiential learning opportunities that are offered. Methods: A working group of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) conducted a systematic review of the websites of all accredited 4-year colleges and universities, identifying 84 institutions offering general global health minors. Findings: A typical global health minor consists of one introduction to global health course, one epidemiology or health research methods course, several additional required or selective courses, and one applied learning experience. Within this general structure, five curricular models are currently being used for global health minors: (1) intensive minors composed of specialty global health courses, (2) global public health minors built on a core set of public health courses, (3) multidisciplinary minors requiring courses in the sciences and social sciences, (4) anthropology centric minors, and (5) flexible minors. Conclusions: CUGH recommends ten undergraduate student learning objectives in global health that encompass the history and functions of global health; globalization and health; social determinants of health; environmental health; health and human rights; comparative health systems; global health agencies and organizations; the global burden of disease; global health interventions; and interdisciplinary and interprofessional perspectives.
On variance of the treatment effect in the treated using inverse probability weighting

In the analysis of observational studies, inverse probability weighting (IPW) is commonly used to consistently estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) or the average treatment effect in the treated (ATT). The variance of the IPW ATE estimator is often estimated by assuming the weights are known and then using the so-called "robust" (Huber-White) sandwich estimator, which results in conservative standard error (SE) estimation. Here it is shown that using such an approach when estimating the variance of the IPW ATT estimator does not necessarily result in conservative SE estimates. That is, assuming the weights are known, the robust sandwich estimator may be conservative or anti-conservative. Thus confidence intervals of the ATT using the robust SE estimate will not be valid in general. Instead, stacked estimating equations which account for the weight estimation can be used to compute a consistent, closed-form variance estimator for the IPW ATT estimator. The two variance estimators are compared via simulation studies and in a data analysis of the effect of smoking on gene expression.
Biceps tenodesis versus tenotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of level I randomized controlled trials.

Background Biceps tenodesis and tenotomy are 2 surgical treatment options for relief of long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) pathology and superior labrum anterior-to-posterior (SLAP) tears. The purpose of this systematic review was to compare the clinical outcomes and complications of biceps tenodesis and tenotomy for the treatment of LHBT or SLAP pathology during shoulder arthroscopy. Methods We performed a systematic review by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase to identify level I randomized controlled trials that compared the clinical outcomes of biceps tenodesis vs. tenotomy. The search phrase used was as follows: biceps tenodesis tenotomy randomized. Patients were assessed based on the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, visual analog scale score for pain, and Constant-Murley score, as well as postoperative range of motion, strength, and cosmetic deformity. Results Five studies (all level I) met the inclusion criteria, including 236 patients undergoing biceps tenodesis (mean age, 60.3 years) and 232 patients undergoing biceps tenotomy (mean age, 59.7 years). The mean follow-up period was 23.0 months. Overall, 6.8% of tenodesis patients experienced cosmetic deformity at latest follow-up compared with 23.3% of tenotomy patients (P Conclusion Patients undergoing treatment for LHBT or SLAP pathology with either biceps tenodesis or tenotomy can be expected to experience similar improvements in patient-reported and functional outcomes. There is an increased rate of cosmetic deformity in patients undergoing biceps tenotomy compared with tenodesis.
Tailoring the Negligence Standard and a New Model of Injurer Skill

The conventional law and economics method of modeling greater “capacity” in potential injurers – that especially capable individuals have lower marginal precaution costs – may be wrongheaded and misleading in many common accident scenarios. This Article formulates an alternative model, where precaution costs do not vary with injurer capacity, but where accident costs at a given level of care are lower for especially “capable” individuals. In particular, this model may better reflect reality and doctrine where 1) courts assess “due care” by examining discrete actions or precautions indicative of care; and 2) the relevant precautions are nondurable, such that the primary cost imposed is the opportunity cost of time or attention (which is unlikely to be lower for “skilled” injurers). The alternative model suggests that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, more capable injurers should be held to a lower standard of care whenever possible, and that the failure to do so serves as an impediment to innovation and development of skill. Finally, the new model also suggests a novel method of providing incentives to invest in innovation and skill.