cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a General Theory of Neural Computation Based on Prediction by Single Neurons

Although there has been tremendous progress in understanding the mechanics of the nervous system, there has not been a general theory of its computational function. Here I present a theory that relates the established biophysical properties of single generic neurons to principles of Bayesian probability theory, reinforcement learning and efficient coding. I suggest that this theory addresses the general computational problem facing the nervous system. Each neuron is proposed to mirror the function of the whole system in learning to predict aspects of the world related to future reward. According to the model, a typical neuron receives current information about the state of the world from a subset of its excitatory synaptic inputs, and prior information from its other inputs. Prior information would be contributed by synaptic inputs representing distinct regions of space, and by different types of non-synaptic, voltage-regulated channels representing distinct periods of the past. The neuron's membrane voltage is proposed to signal the difference between current and prior information (“prediction error” or “surprise”). A neuron would apply a Hebbian plasticity rule to select those excitatory inputs that are the most closely correlated with reward but are the least predictable, since unpredictable inputs provide the neuron with the most “new” information about future reward. To minimize the error in its predictions and to respond only when excitation is “new and surprising,” the neuron selects amongst its prior information sources through an anti-Hebbian rule. The unique inputs of a mature neuron would therefore result from learning about spatial and temporal patterns in its local environment, and by extension, the external world. Thus the theory describes how the structure of the mature nervous system could reflect the structure of the external world, and how the complexity and intelligence of the system might develop from a population of undifferentiated neurons, each implementing similar learning algorithms.
The effect of microcomputed tomography scanning and reconstruction voxel size on the accuracy of stereological measurements in human cancellous bone

Stereological parameters have been used as an approximation for the architecture of trabecular bone. Structural indices such as bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), bone surface-to-volume ratio (BS/BV), degree of anisotropy (MIL1/MIL3), and connectivity density (-Euler/Vol) have been widely studied to investigate pathological conditions in bone. Due to its high resolution and nondestructiveness, microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) has been utilized to take precise three-dimensional (3D) images of trabecular microstructures. However, spatial limitations for applying micro-CT-based analyses to large specimens, such as whole vertebral bodies, require using larger scanning and reconstruction voxel sizes. In this study, combinations of three different scanning and reconstruction voxel size were used to represent best possible voxel size (21 microm; best in our scanner for the specimen size used) relative to other voxel sizes used in this study, commonly used intermediate voxel sizes (50 microm), and those applicable to scans of whole human vertebral bodies (110 microm) in order to examine the effect of scanning and reconstruction voxel size on stereological measures for human cancellous bone. The error in stereological parameters calculated using combinations of large voxel sizes compared to the gold standard (best possible case) ranged from 0.1% to 102%. The signed magnitude of the error in other cases relative to the gold standard was a function of either scanning or reconstruction voxel size or both (r2=0.55-0.95). For most of the structural indices, the results from analysis of images with larger voxel sizes were correlated with those from the gold standard (r2=0.55-0.99) except for Tb.N at 110/110 microm, MIL1/MIL3 at larger than 110 microm reconstruction voxel size, and -Euler/Vol at any combination of voxel sizes. Overall, it was observed that resampling a high resolution image at lower resolutions (corresponding to increasing reconstruction voxel size in this study) had different effects on the calculated parameters than scanning at the same low resolution (corresponding to increasing scanning voxel size in this study). Our results show that investigations of image resolution should include actual scans at the resolution of interest rather than simply coarsening of high-resolution images as is customarily done.
Hydrogen complexes in hydrogenated silicon

Abstract In this paper the calculated energies of H bonding in various configurations using supercells within the local density approximation (LDA) are discussed. From these calculations, H complexes consisting of extended 2D platelet structures are proposed to account for the clustered phase of H, the H structure, and H diffusion in a-Si:H. Diatomic H pairs may be involved in metastability.
Mobile usage patterns and privacy implications

Privacy is an important concern for mobile computing. Users might not understand the privacy implications of their actions and therefore not alter their behavior depending on where they move, when they do so, and who is in their surroundings. Since empirical data about the privacy behavior of users in mobile environments is limited, we conducted a survey study of ∼600 users recruited from Florida State University and Craigslist. Major findings include: (1) People often exercise little caution preserving privacy in mobile computing environments; they perform similar computing tasks in public and private. (2) Privacy is orthogonal to trust; people tend to change their computing behavior more around people they know than strangers. (3) People underestimate the privacy threats of mobile apps, and comply with permission requests from apps more often than operating systems. (4) Users' understanding of privacy is different from that of the security community, suggesting opportunities for additional privacy studies.
The Tetrahedron as a Unit of Volumetric Measurement

Universities have departments of various subjects. But nature is not departmentalized. It is one. Therefore, a congress such as the present is of great significance, since scientists are coming together here to discuss one common aspect of nature, namely structure.
Statistical Analysis and Single-Subject Designs

In the beginning there were no statistical analyses of operant experiments. It was like a breath of fresh air for many psychologists when, many years ago, Skinner (1963) said: Statistical methods are unnecessary....When a variable is changed and the effect on performance observed, it is for most purposes idle to prove statistically that a change has indeed occurred.... rate of responding and changes in rate can be directly observed... The effect is similar to increasing the resolving power of a microscope: A new subject matter is suddenly open to direct inspection, (p. 508)
The Flats of a Carding Machine

Flats were made, which have wire fillet card clothings with wire-sets of 31mm adhered to flat bars of 33.3mm in width.With these flats, the relation between the sliver quality and the inclination of flats and the relation between the sliver qualit yand the flat acting angle were examined respectively.Besides, these newly made flats and ordinary flats with wire-sets of 22mm were compared.1) These newly made flats with the inclination of 1/37.5 are almost the same as ordinary flats in the amount of neps in the sliver.In newly made flats, the amount of neps decrease as the inclination of flats is made smaller than 1/37.5.This tendency is more remarkable in thecase of 90°of the flath acting angle than in the case of 75°.2) In these newly made flats, the amout of neps in the sliver is smaller in case of 90°than in case of 75°.3) In these newly made flats, the mean length of the fiber in the sliver remains same, regardless of the inclination of flats and the flat acting angle.
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) suppresses prostate cancer cell invasion epigenetically through regulating microRNA-194.

Scope Tumor metastasis greatly contributes to the mortality of prostate cancer. The glucosinolate-derived phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) has been widely documented to reduce the risk of prostate cancer by modulating multiple biologically relevant processes. Emerging evidence suggests that PEITC may exert its anti-cancer effects through epigenetic mechanisms including microRNAs. Altered levels of miRNA have been linked to tumor malignancy due to their capacity to regulate functional gene expression in carcinogenesis. Here, we assessed the effects of PEITC on miRNA expression which is related to PCa cell invasiveness. Methods and results Utilizing oligonucleotide microarray first identified the most affected miRNAs in LNCaP cells after PEITC treatment. Several top altered miRNAs were further validated using quantitative PCR. Interestingly, overexpression of miR-194 suppressed PC3 cell invasion in matrigel-coated Transwell chambers. Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) was shown to be a direct target of miR-194. Downregulation of BMP1 by miR-194 or PEITC led to decreased expression of key oncogenic matrix metalloproteinases, MMP2 and MMP9. This in turn resulted in the suppression of tumor invasion. Conclusion Our results indicate that miR-194 downregulates the expression of oncogenic MMP2 and MMP9 by targeting BMP1, which suggests a potential new mechanistic target by which PEITC suppresses prostate cancer cell invasiveness.
VOLT: A Provenance-Producing, Transparent SPARQL Proxy for the On-Demand Computation of Linked Data and its Application to Spatiotemporally Dependent Data

Powered by Semantic Web technologies, the Linked Data paradigm aims at weaving a globally interconnected graph of raw data that transforms the ways we publish, retrieve, share, reuse, and integrate data from a variety of distributed and heterogeneous sources. In practice, however, this vision faces substantial challenges with respect to data quality, coverage, and longevity, the amount of background knowledge required to query distant data, the reproducibility of query results and their derived scientific findings, and the lack of computational capabilities required for many tasks. One key issue underlying these challenges is the trade-off between storing data and computing them. Intuitively, data that is derived from already stored data, changes frequently in space and time, or is the result of some workflow or procedure, should be computed. However, this functionality is not readily available on the Linked Data cloud with its current technology stack. In this work, we introduce a proxy that can transparently run on top of arbitrary SPARQL endpoints to enable the on-demand computation of Linked Data together with the provenance information required to understand how they were derived. While our work can be generalized to multiple domains, we focus on two geographic use cases to showcase the proxy's capabilities.
Identification of interchangeable cross-species function of elongation factor-1 alpha promoters in Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis.

Tick-borne Babesia bigemina is responsible for acute and potentially lethal hemolytic disease in cattle. The development of genetic manipulation tools necessary to the better understanding of parasite biology is currently limited by the lack of a complete parasite genome and experimental tools such as transfection. Effective promoters, required to regulate expression of transgenes, such as the elongation factor-1 alpha (ef-1α), have been identified in other apicomplexans such as Babesia bovis and Plasmodium falciparum. The B. bigemina ef-1a locus was defined by searching a partial genome library of B. bigemina (Sanger Institute). Presence of an intron in the 5’ untranslated region was determined by 5’ Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) analysis. Promoter activity was determined by measurement of luciferase expression at several time points after electroporation, efficiency of transfections and normalization of data was determined by quantitative PCR and by the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes. The ef-1α locus contains two identical head to head ef-1α genes separated by a 1.425 kb intergenic (IG) region. Significant sequence divergence in the regions upstream of the inverted repeats on each side of the B. bigemina IG region suggest independent regulation mechanisms for controlling expression of each of the two ef-1α genes. Plasmid constructs containing the 5’ and 3’ halves of the IG regions controlling the expression of the luciferase gene containing a 3’ region of a B. bigemina rap-1a gene, were generated for the testing of luciferase activity in transiently transfected parasites. Both halves of the ef-1α IG region tested showed the ability to promote high level production of luciferase. Moreover, both B. bigemina ef-1α promoters are also active in transiently transfected B. bovis and conversely, a B. bovis ef-1α promoter is active in transiently transfected B. bigemina. Collectively these data demonstrate the existence of two distinct promoters with homologous and heterologous promoter function in B. bigemina and B. bovis which is described for the first time in Babesia species. This study is of significance for development of interspecies stable transfection systems for B. bigemina and for B. bovis.
Faith-Based Popular Resistance to the Naval Base in Gangjeong of Jeju: Transforming Militarized US–Korea Relations for Peace and Justice

The modern history of Jeju, an island located south of the Korean Peninsula, shows how the US military’s hegemonic presence in Asia has militarized ordinary people’s lives by constructing military bases in geopolitically important locations, and by censoring people’s political ideologies and movements. However, ordinary people have consistently resisted US-led militarization of their homelands, and religion often inspires their political activism for peace and justice. Exploring religiously mobilized people’s popular resistance to the construction of a naval base in Gangjeong village in Jeju, this chapter examines the roles of religion in popular resistance. More specifically, the author contemplates how to transform militarized US–Korea relations through people’s day-to-day activities and religious rituals such as the Eucharist. The Eucharist is suggested as the site where the participants actively remember history’s victims in the present, and where they embody Jesus’ peace and justice through transforming militarized US–Korea relations into those of peace and justice.
Model-based redatuming of seismic data: An inverse-filter approach

Standard model-based redatuming techniques allow focusing of the direct waves at the new datum, but the focus can be degraded because of surface multiples and internal multiples in the overburden. We show that if the medium above the redatuming level is known, these multiples can be correctly handled. We compute exact focusing functions, free of multiples, using an inverse-filter approach. These focusing functions create downward-radiating and upward-radiating virtual sources at the new datum. The surface responses to these virtual sources are then used to compute the objective redatumed data set through multi-dimensional deconvolution. The redatumed data set corresponds to a virtual acquisition made at the new datum and for which the imprint of the overburden is completely removed. We demonstrate the technique on 2D acoustic synthetic examples corresponding to a seismic context and an acoustic nondestructive-testing context.
Quantitative estimation of phenytoin sodium disproportionation in the formulations using vibration spectroscopies and multivariate methodologies

Phenytoin sodium (PS) has a tendency to convert to its base form; phenytoin base (PHT) during manufacturing, packaging, shelf life and in-use conditions that can influence its clinical performance. The objective of the present work was to develop a non-destructive, quick and easy analytical method for quantification of PHT in the drug product. A formulation was prepared to contain the excipients of commercial capsule formulation of PS. The formulation containing either 100% PHT or PS was prepared and these formulations were mixed in different proportion to achieve 0-100% PHT matrices. FTIR, NIR and Raman spectra of samples were collected. Data were truncated and mathematically pretreated before development of partial least squares (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCA) regressions model. The models were assessed by slope, intercept, R, R2, root mean square error (RMSE) and standard error (SEP). The models exhibited good linearity over the selected range of PHT in the formulations with low error as indicated by slope that was close to one and small values of intercept, RMSE and SE. The models of NIR based data were more accurate and precise than Raman data based models as indicated by the low values of RMSE and SE. Prediction accuracy of independent samples containing 25% PHT using NIR models were similar to Raman models. On the other hand, the prediction was more precise for the independent sample containing 5% PHT using NIR data based models compared to Raman data based models as indicated by standard deviation. In conclusion, chemometric models based on NIR and Raman spectroscopies provides a fast and easy way to monitor the disproportionation of PS in the drug products.
How Community Organizing Promotes Health Equity, And How Health Equity Affects Organizing.

Public health scholarship increasingly recognizes community organizing as a vehicle for unleashing the collective power necessary to uproot socioeconomic inequities at the core of health disparities. In this article we reverse the analytical focus from how organizing can affect health equity, and we consider how the frame of health equity has shaped grassroots organizing. Using evidence from a range of cases in California, we suggest that the health equity frame can guide and justify grassroots groups’ efforts to improve the health outcomes of marginalized populations; connect issues such as housing and school discipline to health; and provide a rationale for community organizing groups to directly address the trauma experienced by their own members and staff, who often come from communities at risk for poor health outcomes.
Control of the Host Response to Histoplasma Capsulatum

The mammalian host response to fungal pathogens is complex and varies with the different species in part as a result of differences in biochemical and genetic composition, portals of entry, and morphology. Among the fungal pathogens, Histoplasma capsulatum is one of the few that behaves both as a primary pathogen and as an opportunist, i.e., causes serious life-threatening infection in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. This fungus is found in the soil in many continents but does manifest a geographic restriction. The highly endemic areas are the midwestern and southeastern regions of the United States and large segments of Central and South America. The portal of entry for this fungus is the lungs. Infection of mammals is coincidental with the disruption of the soil. Most infections resolve spontaneously although the organism establishes a dormant state. Numerous mediators and cell populations must cooperate to effect a successful resolution of ­infection. Primary among them are T cells, macrophages, tumor necrosis factor-α and ­interferon-γ. However, these constituents constitute only a fraction of the mediators and cells that contribute to host regulation of invasion. The chapter herein will explore the elements of the immune response and how each contributes to regulation­. We also will endeavor to define intersections among cell populations and soluble mediators.
Creation and evaluation of a maternal mental health course

Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders (PMADs) engender significant and increasing personal, social, developmental, and economic burdens to women, children, families, and global public health. In the...
Automated Affect Detection in Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Pilot Study

Automated measurement of affective behavior in psychopathology has been limited primarily to screening and diagnosis. While useful, clinicians more often are concerned with whether patients are improving in response to treatment. Are symptoms abating, is affect becoming more positive, are unanticipated side effects emerging? When treatment includes neural implants, need for objective, repeatable biometrics tied to neurophysiology becomes especially pressing. We used automated face analysis to assess treatment response to deep brain stimulation (DBS) in two patients with intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). One was assessed intraoperatively following implantation and activation of the DBS device. The other was assessed three months post-implantation. Both were assessed during DBS on and off conditions. Positive and negative valence were quantified using a CNN trained on normative data of 160 non-OCD participants. Thus, a secondary goal was domain transfer of the classifiers. In both contexts, DBS-on resulted in marked positive affect. In response to DBS-off, affect flattened in both contexts and alternated with increased negative affect in the outpatient setting. Mean AUC for domain transfer was 0.87. These findings suggest that parametric variation of DBS is strongly related to affective behavior and may introduce vulnerability for negative affect in the event that DBS is discontinued.
Predicting aspiration risk in patients with dysphagia: Evidence from fluoroscopy.

Objective To investigate the potential of timing and displacement measures from fluoroscopic swallow studies for predicting aspiration in dysphagic patients. Methods Timing and displacement variables for a 20-ml liquid bolus were extracted from fluoroscopic swallow studies of 5923 patients reflecting a variety of dysphagia etiologies. Patients were divided into aspirators and non-aspirators, and variables were compared between groups, and to a group of 148 normal control subjects. The relationship of each variable to aspiration was determined. Odds ratios for aspiration were calculated for measures deviating more than two standard deviations from normal. Associations of variables with time of aspiration relative to airway closure were also examined. Results Regression analyses revealed that the pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR) was the measure most predictive of aspiration (74.6%), with percentage of accuracy improving to 76.5% when all measures were considered. Odds Ratios ranging from two times to more than five times were identified for variables deviating more than two standard deviations from normal. Aspiration relative to maximum airway closure, ie, before, during, and after, was also investigated. In the current study, 53% of aspiration events occurred after maximum airway closure, on residue that remained after swallow. Some mechanical impairments appeared specific to timing of aspiration and provide further evidence of the utility of mechanical analysis. Conclusions Results of the review provide substantial support for the value of quantitative assessment of swallow mechanics, and for the role of such data in predicting aspiration risk in dysphagic patients. Level of evidence 3b (retrospective, individual case-control).
On-call and On-demand Work in the USA: Adversarial Regulation in a Context of Unilateral Control

On-call and on-demand work is more common in the USA than official statistics suggest. Conventional measures treat on-call work and irregular schedules as forms of employment that are categorically distinct from standard employment with regular hours. But this categorical approach confounds multiple dimensions of working time and fails to provide clear criteria for classification. A categorical approach is particularly inadequate in the US case, where the line between standard and non-standard employment is blurred by fragmented labour market institutions and unilateral employer control over working time. This chapter presents an alternative approach that analyses schedules as constellations of control, advance notice, and consistency with distinct functions for employers and effects on employees. Within the broader constellation of unstable schedules—defined by a lack of employee control over variable hours or timing—on-call work is characterised by very short notice and on-demand work by considerable volatility in the number of hours. Using data from several recent national surveys, the authors show that at least 6% of employees work on-call and as many as 23% work on-demand. On-call work and on-demand work are most prevalent among employees with non-standard arrangements such as part-time, temporary agency, or shift work. However, employees with full-time, day shift, and other standard arrangements account for a substantial share of on-demand and on-call workers. This analysis helps explain the targeted nature of recent responses to on-demand and on-call work, highlighting the strengths and limitations of predictive scheduling legislation.
Feasibility of the Stroll Safe Outdoor Fall Prevention Program.

OBJECTIVE. Although half of falls occur outdoors, existing prevention programs focus primarily on risk factors for indoor falls. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the Stroll Safe outdoor fall prevention program and to obtain feedback to refine the program and research methods to plan a larger scale study. METHOD. A quasi-experimental design (N = 24) was used. A fidelity checklist, attendance records, a focus group, and a reflective log were used to conduct a process, resource, and project management assessment. Preliminary outcomes were examined using fall calendars and standardized measures of fall prevention strategy use. RESULTS. Needed modifications were determined. Preliminary outcomes reveal increased use of fall prevention strategies and decreased stumbles, trips, slips, and falls outdoors among program participants. CONCLUSION. The Stroll Safe program is an innovative new program that is feasible to implement among community-dwelling older adults. Further study is warranted.
AMA Code of Medical Ethics' Opinions Related to Unrepresented Patients.

The AMA Code of Medical Ethics offers guidance on decision making for unrepresented patients in Opinion 5.2
Heterogeneity of human platelets. VII. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in normals and patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura and reactive thrombocytosis: its relationship to platelet protein density

The level of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been used as a genetic marker for certain mental disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of several nongenetic factors on platelet MAO activity. Platelet MAO, platelet count, mean platelet volume, per cent megathrombocytes, platelet protein, and platelet protein density were determined in 19 normal subjects and in patients with two clinical conditions associated with extremes in platelet count and mean platelet volume: 6 patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP), characterized by low platelet count and increased mean platelet volume; and 6 patients with reactive thrombocytosis (RT), characterized by high platelet count and decreased mean platelet volume. Platelet protein density was expressed as total platelet protein/total platelet volume. Patients with ATP, when compared to normal subjects, had 2.3-fold lower platelet protein density and 2.1-fold lower specific activity of MAO. Patients with RT, when compared to normal subjects, had 1.9-fold higher platelet protein density and 1.5-fold higher specific activity of MAO. Platelets from RT patients, when compared to ATP patients, had 4.3-fold greater protein density and 3.2-fold higher specific activity of MAO. Platelets from normal subjects were separated into five different platelet density fractions. Platelet MAO and protein content were found to be heterogeneously dispersed. The extreme heavy platelet fraction had 15-fold greater specific activity of MAO and 18-fold greater protein content, compared to the extreme light platelet fraction. We conclude that high specific activity of MAO is associated with platelets densely packed with protein. Accordingly, nongenetic factors such as changes in platelet number, volume, and protein content, which could be induced by stress, blood loss, iron deficiency, or other conditions, could contribute to changes in protein density, and consequently affect the specific activity of platelet MAO.
Don't Call It a Comeback: Autocratic Ruling Parties After Democratization

When autocratic ruling parties accede to democratization, they do not always fade away into history. Following forty-one transitions since 1940, including those in Mexico, Taiwan, Bulgaria and Ghana, the ruling party survived and won power after democratization. Why do some former autocratic parties prosper under democracy while others quickly dissolve? What effect does this have on democratic survival? This article uses original data to predict the post-transition fates of eighty-four autocratic ruling parties through 2015. Whereas extant theories emphasize radical reinvention and outsider struggle, the author argues that success is instead about maintaining ruling-party advantages into the democratic period. Parties succeed when they have authoritarian legacies that easily translate to democratic competition, such as broad programmatic experience, strong organization and policy success. In addition, democratic institutions that disadvantage new parties and actors benefit autocratic parties. Lastly, an instrumental variables design shows that autocratic party success negatively impacts democratic survival and quality.
Developing a Taxonomy for Success in Commercial Pilot Behaviors

Human error has been well studied in aviation. However, less is known about the ways in which human performance maintains and contributes to aviation safety. The lack of data on positive human performance prevents consideration of the full range of human behaviors when making safety and risk management decisions. The concept of resilient performance provides a framework to understand and classify positive human behaviors. Through interviews with commercial airline pilots, this study examined routine airline operations to evaluate the concept of resilient performance and to develop a taxonomy for success. The four enablers of resilient performance, anticipation, learning, responding, and monitoring, were found to be exhaustive but not mutually exclusive. The tenets of resilience theory apply in airline pilot behavior, but operationalizing a taxonomy will require more work.
Applying Stress Management Techniques in Augmented Reality: Stress Induction and Reduction in Healthcare Providers During Virtual Triage Simulation

Exposure to realistic stressful situations during an educational program may help mitigate the effects of stress on performance. We explored how virtual humans in an augmented reality environment induce stress. We also explored if users can effectively utilize stress management techniques taught during a simulation. We conducted a within-subjects pilot experiment (n=12) using an exploratory mixedmethod design with a series of virtual patients using the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) system. This work proposes a need to explore how realistic scenarios using virtual humans can induce stress, and which techniques are most effective in reducing user stress in virtual simulations.
Nose and Ear Reconstruction Following Tumor Extirpation

The nose and the ear are two of the most common sites for both non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and cutaneous melanoma (CM). The treatment in these two anatomic entities includes early and complete eradication of the cancer, preservation and/or restoration of function, and cosmesis. A systematic defect analysis includes evaluation of immobile surrounding landmarks, vectors of tension, area of recruitment, and preexisting lines and resultant scars. The reconstructive modality of choice will depend largely on the location, size, and depth of the surgical defect. The success of the reconstruction is based on selection of the indicated surgical treatment and the execution of the appropriate tissue manipulations. The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (1) to briefly review epidemiology and surgical management of both NMSC and CM and (2) to analyze principles and planning of reconstruction of nose and ear defects.
Copper-catalyzed enantioselective direct α-C-H amination of β-dicarbonyl derivatives with aryl hydroxylamines and mechanistic insights

Abstract We report a novel and efficient Cu-catalyzed direct asymmetric amination of tertiary β-carbonyl compounds using aryl hydroxylamine as electrophilic nitrogen donor. The process facilitates the convenient and direct synthesis of chiral α-amino carbonyl derivatives, without the need for any post-reaction manipulation. This method reveals an effective strategy for the synthesis of enantioenriched α-C H aminated derivatives which is hitherto challenging. The choice of the robust chiral indabox ligand was ascertained to be very crucial for the desired enantioselectivity in the contemporary transformation. The reaction mechanism is fully supported by ab initio electronic structure calculations. The reaction is facile, efficient and performs well at room temperature with an enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 93 %.
State Section 11 Litigation in the Post-Cyan Environment (Despite Sciabacucchi)

In Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver County Employees Retirement Fund, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 (“SLUSA”) preserved state courts’ jurisdiction to adjudicate cases brought under the Securities Act of 1933, with defendants having no right to remove a case to federal court. The result of this decision has been a dramatic increase in section 11 cases litigated in state court, often with a parallel case brought in federal court against the same defendants based on the same alleged misstatements. Just weeks ago, in Salzberg v. Sciabacucchi, the Delaware Supreme Court mitigated the impact of Cyan by upholding the facial validity of charter provisions requiring section 11 cases to be brought in federal court. That case provides some relief for Delaware corporations that have recently issued securities, or that plan to do so, if they have federal-forum charter provisions in place. The reach of Sciabacucchi, and the extent to which section 11 cases continue to be litigated in state court, will depend on a number of factors, most importantly the extent to which states in which these cases are litigated treat federal-form provisions as valid. Federal legislation, therefore, remains the most effective means of stemming the inefficiencies that this article documents empirically.
Key Positions in the Contemporary Scientific Realism/Antirealism Debate

In this chapter, I survey key positions in the scientific realism/antirealism debate in contemporary philosophy of science. The first is a selective realist position, which is known as Explanationist Realism, according to which we should believe only in the indispensable parts of our best scientific theories. Those parts that are considered indispensable, the so-called “working posits” (Kitcher, The advancement of science: Science without legend, objectivity without illusions. Oxford University Press, New York, 1993), are the ones that are responsible for, or best explain, the predictive success of our best scientific theories (Psillos, Scientific realism: how science tracks truth. Routledge, London, 1999). The second is an antirealist position with a long history in philosophy of science (see, for example, Duhem, The aim and structure of physical theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Translated from the French by Philip P. Wiener, 1954/1982), known as Instrumentalism, according to which scientific theories are mere instruments or tools of prediction (Rowbottom, The instrument of science: scientific anti-realism revitalised. Routledge, London, 2019). The third is an influential antirealist position, which is known as Constructive Empiricism and is due to Bas van Fraassen (The scientific image. Oxford University Press, New York, 1980), according to which science aims at empirical adequacy, not truth or approximate truth. The fourth is another influential realist position, which is known as Entity Realism and is due to Ian Hacking (Representing and intervening: introductory topics in the philosophy of natural science. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1983), according to which one is justified in taking a realist stance with respect to entities that can be manipulated and that facilitate interventions in nature (Sankey, Howard, Scientific realism and the rationality of science. Ashgate, Hampshire, 2008). The fifth is another selective realist position, which is known as Structural Realism, according to which we should be realists, not about theoretical entities or processes, but rather about structures (Worrall, Dialectica 43(1–2):99–124, 1989; Ladyman, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. A 29(3):409–424, 1998; French, The structure of the world: metaphysics and representation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014).
Unified Mechanics Theory

The term unified is used to describe the unification of universal laws of motion of Newton and laws of thermodynamics in single equations. As we discussed in earlier chapters, Newton’s laws do not account for energy loss and degradation. They only govern what happens to a system in initial moment a load is applied. For example, if a ball is given an initial acceleration, that acceleration continues to infinity according to F = ma. However, the laws of thermodynamics control what happens after the initial reaction. The ball will come to a stop according to the laws of thermodynamics. Traditional continuum mechanics is based on the laws of Newton only and phenomenological test data fit empirical models are utilized to introduce energy loss, degradation into continuum mechanics equations. Thermodynamic consistency is satisfied indirectly by empirical potentials. However, in unified mechanics theory displacement and entropy are linearly independent variables that are included in the universal laws of unified mechanics directly. Most importantly unified mechanics theory introduces an additional axis, called Thermodynamic State Index (TSI) axis, Fig. Fig. 4.4, axis, in addition to x, y, z and time. As a result, the derivative of displacement with respect to entropy is not zero, as in Newtonian mechanics, which is based on Newtonian space-time.
RIS-Assisted mmWave Channel Estimation Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has recently been proposed as a smart reflector that significantly provides an energy and spectrum efficient solution for beyond 5G communications. The RIS is a planar surface made of a large number of reflecting elements. More specifically, an array of phase shifters. RIS provides an additional degree of freedom (DoF) by smartly reconfiguring the wireless environment. However, channel estimation (CE) is a challenging issue to benefit from RIS. To obtain the accurate channel state information (CSI) at the base station (BS), the number of channel coefficients is proportional to the number of reflecting elements and the number of users. Therefore, the training overhead prohibitively increases as the number of reflecting elements and/or users increases. In this paper, we propose a two-stage CE approach in mmWave communications to address this issue. In the first stage, we reduce the number of active users in the training period. Then we exploit the sparsity of the mmWave channel of the active users to divide the estimation process into three simple subproblems. In the second stage, we use the partial CSI collected in the first stage, exploit the spatial-temporal correlation between the channels for nearby users to estimate the channels for the remaining users. We deploy the spatial-temporal-spectral (STS) framework based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to estimate the channel coefficients for inactive users in the training period. Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed approach outperforms a benchmark scheme.
Node-Level Differentially Private Graph Neural Networks

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a popular technique for modelling graph-structured data that compute node-level representations via aggregation of information from the local neighborhood of each node. However, this aggregation implies increased risk of revealing sensitive information, as a node can participate in the inference for multiple nodes. This implies that standard privacy preserving machine learning techniques, such as differentially private stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD) - which are designed for situations where each data point participates in the inference for one point only - either do not apply, or lead to inaccurate solutions. In this work, we formally define the problem of learning 1-layer GNNs with node-level privacy, and provide an algorithmic solution with a strong differential privacy guarantee. Even though each node can be involved in the inference for multiple nodes, by employing a careful sensitivity analysis anda non-trivial extension of the privacy-by-amplification technique, our method is able to provide accurate solutions with solid privacy parameters. Empirical evaluation on standard benchmarks demonstrates that our method is indeed able to learn accurate privacy preserving GNNs, while still outperforming standard non-private methods that completely ignore graph information.
Jackson Lake Archaelogical Project

The Jackson Lake Archaeological Project completed its 5th and final field season in late October, 1988. While the current drought caused many problems, the lowered water levels in Jackson Lake allowed more archaeological work to be accomplished than imagined at the inception of the project in 1984. Funded by the Bureau of Reclamation, the work was completed by crews from the Midwest Archaeological Center of the National Park Service. During the project, 109 archaeological sites were recorded. This is the highest density of sites in any area in the Grand Teton-Yellowstone area and is presently reshaping the thinking of archaeologists about the importance of this area in prehistoric times. The materials found range in time from Paleo-Indian materials (ca. 11,000 - 9,000 years before present) to a historic trapper/hunter cabin (ca. A.D. 1875-1910). Much of the prehistoric material is badly disturbed by wave action due to the reservoir. However, survey, testing, and excavation by the Park Service crews, study of the landforms by U.S. Geological Survey geologist Dr. Ken Pierce, and backhoe trenching by the University of Wyoming succeeded in defining a significant amount of information.
Differential Responses to Hormone Therapy Among ER+/PR+/HER2- Breast Cancers That Differentially Express the Estrogen Response Signature

ER+/PR+/HER2- breast cancers are frequently associated with good outcomes, but some patients experience disease progression/recurrence. We examined responses to hormone therapy (HT) in 182 ER+/PR+/HER2- breast cancers (with known molecular subtype) that differentially express a 583-gene estrogen response signature (ERS). Overall, 13/33 (39%) patients treated with HT relapsed versus 77/149 (52%) untreated patients. 142 ER+/PR+/HER2- breast cancers are ERS+ (27% relapse with HT, 48% untreated relapse), and 40 ER+/PR+/HER2- breast cancers are ERS- (100% relapse with HT, 62% untreated relapse). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant improvement in relapse-free survival among ERS+ ER+/PR+/HER2- breast cancers that received HT versus untreated (P=0.0489). ERS+ ER+/PR+/HER2- Luminal A breast cancers benefit from HT – 5/19 (26%) treated relapsed versus 36/75 (48%) untreated relapsed. ERS+ ER+/PR+/HER2- Luminal B (LumB) breast cancers show less benefit from HT – 1/3 (33%) treated relapse versus 12/29 (41%) u...
Effect of Desferroxamine Infusion on Cerebral Autoregulation in Elderly Individuals: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial

Objective: Cerebrovascular disease results from chronic hypoxia induced by reduced perfusion. Animal studies have shown iron chelators such as desferroxamine (DFO) reduce brain damage and promote f...
Using the mach communication primitives in X11

We have modified the X11 windowing system to use the native communication facilities of the ach 3.0 microkernel. Our new implementation can rely on ach's low-overhead IPC facility as a direct replacement for sockets, or it can use shared memory as a transport between X11 clients and the server. On conventional BSD Unix systems. X11 communication is done through sockets. Because a user-level process implements Unix functionality on top of ach 3.0, a socket-based version of X11 performs substantially worse than when running on a monolithic Unix kernel. Using ach IPC as the transport between X11 clients and the server. X11 performance is slightly better than that of a monolithic system in which sockets are implemented inside the kernel as opposed to within a user level process. Using ach's shared memory facilities as the transport, we have measured performance improvements of over 40%.
Evidence Based Treatments for Eating Disorders: Children, Adolescents and Adults

The treatment of eating disorders has long been a daunting topic, a cause of much frustration and debate for clinicians and researchers alike. Even the best and most accepted empirically based trea...
Immunochemical studies on blood groups: Heterogeneity of oligosaccharides liberated by degradation with alkaline borohydride of two human ovarian cyst fractions differing in B, I, and i activities and in reactivity toward concanavalin A

Abstract Two fractions obtained by phenol-ethanol fractionation of blood group substance from fluid of a human ovarian cyst and differing in immunological activities and in composition, Tij phenol insoluble, with high B and I-Ma activity and very weak reactivities toward anti-I Step, anti-i Den, and concanavalin (Con A), and Tij 20% 2X, with lower fucose and galactose and with weaker B and I-Ma activity and high reactivity toward anti-I Step, anti-i Den, and Con A, were subjected to degradation with alkaline borohydride under conditions which release carbohydrate from the protein backbone without further peeling from the reducing end. Destruction of serine, threonine and d GalNAc and production of alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, and N-acetyl- d -galactosaminitol occurred. The products of the alkaline degradation were dialyzed. The proportion of cleaved chains remaining undialyzable was much larger for Tij phenol insoluble, in accord with its higher proportion of larger carbohydrate chains. The dialysates of both fractions were chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-2. More fucose was seen in the phenolinsoluble peaks, and dextrorotatory peaks were present in the 20% 2X. Amino acid composition of the undegraded fractions was similar to that of other blood group substances, with serine, threonine, proline, and alanine making up about two-thirds of the total amino acids.
A study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection

We review accuracy estimation methods and compare the two most common methods crossvalidation and bootstrap. Recent experimental results on artificial data and theoretical re cults in restricted settings have shown that for selecting a good classifier from a set of classifiers (model selection), ten-fold cross-validation may be better than the more expensive leaveone-out cross-validation. We report on a largescale experiment--over half a million runs of C4.5 and a Naive-Bayes algorithm--to estimate the effects of different parameters on these algrithms on real-world datasets. For crossvalidation we vary the number of folds and whether the folds are stratified or not, for bootstrap, we vary the number of bootstrap samples. Our results indicate that for real-word datasets similar to ours, The best method to use for model selection is ten fold stratified cross validation even if computation power allows using more folds.