cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enabling the objective force: concepts, technologies, and challenges

This paper addresses some of the key technological needs that will enable the transformation of the army to the objective force. The objective force operates as a cohesive, mobile, lethal, survivable, and sustainable land combat force capable of rapid deployment and immediate employment upon arrival, as a unit. This is achieved through network-centric operations wherein the force is realized through the network. The communications architecture of the objective force employs a variety of communications techniques and protocols to enable the mission. Key enabling technologies include adaptive communications techniques, mobile ad-hoc networking, quality of service based networking, seamless internetworking, and seamless network management across disparate networks.
Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas

Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas. An online exhibition of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Smithsonian Institution.KRISTYFELDHOUSEN
Human fat cell adenylate cyclase. Enzyme characterization and guanine nucleotide effects on epinephrine responsiveness in cell membranes.

Abstract Human adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1) has been studied in preparations of fat cell membranes (“ghosts”). As reported earlier, under ordinary assay conditions (1.0 mM ATP, 5 mM Mg2+, 30°C, 10 min incubation) the enzyme was activated 6-fold by epinephrine in the presence of the GTP analog, 5′-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate [GMP-P(NH)P] (Cooper, B. et al. (1975) J. Clin. Invest. 56, 1350–1353). Basal activity was highest during the first 2 min of incubation then slowed and was linear for at least the next 18 min. Epinephrine, added alone, was often without effect, but sometimes maintained the initial high rate of basal activity. GMP-P(NH)P alone produced inhibition (“lag”) of basal enzyme early in the incubation periods. Augmentation of epinephrine effect by GMP-P(NH)P, which also proceeded after a brief (2 min) lag period, was noted over a wide range of substrate (ATP) concentrations. GTP inhibited basal levels of the enzyme by about 50%. GTP also allowed expression of an epinephrine effect, but only in the sense that the hormone abolished the inhibition by GTP. Occasionally a slight stimulatory effect on epinephrine action was seen with GTP. At high Mg2+ concentration (>10 mM) or elevated temperatures (>30°C) GMP-P(NH)P alone activated the enzyme. Maximal activity of human fat cell adenylate cyclase was seen at 50 mM Mg2+, 1.0 mM ATP, pH 8.2, and 37°C in the presence of 10−4 M GMP-P(NH)P; under these conditions addition of epinephrine did not further enhance activity. Human fat cell adenylate cyclase of adults was insensitive to ACTH and glucagon even in the presence of GMP-P(NH)P.
Rational expectations and the econometric modeling of markets subject to uncertainty: A Bayesian approach

Abstract Rational expectations theory is synthesized with Bayesian econometric theory to yield econometrically relevant models of competitive markets subject to uncertainty. The theory is used to derive both optimal estimators of the parameters of a Cobb-Douglas production function from time series data, and the equilibrium predictor of a future price. It is shown that a rational expectations price predictor is always an unbiased predictor, but that the converse is not true. It is also shown that the rational expectations equilibrium is a natural extension of the usual notion of a competitive equilibrium.
Thermal shock hemolysis in human red cells: I. The effects of temperature, time, and osmotic stress

Thermal shock is a form of hemolysis which occurs in human red cells exposed to greater than a critical level of osmotic stress of 1.4 Osm and subsequently cooled from above about 12 degrees C to below that temperature. Higher concentrations and higher cooling rates each increase the amount of hemolysis, within limits. Incubation for varying periods in hypertonic solutions and varying temperatures of incubation affect the amount of thermal shock. The effect of cooling rate on thermal shock is independent of the period of exposure to hypertonic solutions. Thermal shock is not the cause of freezing injury in human red cells, at least above -10 degrees C.
Exhausting Error-Prone Patterns in LDPC Codes

It is proved in this work that exhaustively de- termining bad patterns in arbitrary, finite low-density par ity- check (LDPC) codes, including stopping sets for binary era- sure channels (BECs) and trapping sets (also known as near- codewords) for general memoryless symmetric channels, is an NP-complete problem, and efficient algorithms are provided for codes of practical short lengths n ≈ 500. By exploiting the sparse connectivity of LDPC codes, the stopping sets of size ≤ 13 and the trapping sets of size ≤ 11 can be efficiently exhaustively determined for the first time, and the resulting exhaustive l ist is of great importance for code analysis and finite code optimiz ation. The featured tree-based narrowing search distinguishes this algorithm from existing ones for which inexhaustive methods are employed. One important byproduct is a pair of upper bounds on the bit-error rate (BER) & frame-error rate (FER) iterative decoding performance of arbitrary codes over BECs that can be evaluated for any value of the erasure probability, including both the waterfall and the error floor regions. The tightness of these upper bounds and the exhaustion capability of the proposed algorithm are proved when combining an optimal leaf-finding module with the tree-based search. These upper bounds also provide a worst-case-performance guarantee which is crucial to optimizing LDPC codes for extremely low error rate applications, e.g., optical/satellite communicatio ns. Extensive numerical experiments are conducted that include both randomly and algebraically constructed LDPC codes, the results of which demonstrate the superior efficiency of the exhaustion algor ithm and its significant value for finite length code optimization .
Risk Assessment in the Research Laboratory

Risk assessment is a term that is applied to a process that we all use every day to make decisions. Conducting risk assessments while working in the laboratory should be integrated into the research culture. Reagents and equipment used in research laboratories can be hazardous if used improperly or without appropriate precautions. The first step in limiting risk is identifying the materials that can be hazardous. The second step is to assess the risk that they present during the experiments that will take place—a process called risk assessment. Once the hazards are identified and the risks assessed, a risk management strategy can be put in place to reduce the risks to an acceptable level. This process (hazard identification, risk assessment, risk management) must be repeated as often as new materials, new procedures, and new people are introduced into the laboratory. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 1:A.1B.1-A.1B.11. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: risk assessment; hazards; risk; laboratory safety
The adsorption and reaction of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol on Pd(111): A TPD and HREELS study

Abstract The reactions of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol have been studied on Pd(111) using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Both molecules initially decompose through O–H activation, forming ethylenedioxy (–OCH2CH2O–) and 1,2-propanedioxy (–OCH2CH(CH3)O–) surface intermediates. For ethylene glycol, increases in thermal energy lead to dehydrogenation and formation of carbonyl species at both oxygen atoms. The resulting glyoxal (O═CHCH═O) either desorbs molecularly or reacts through one of two competing pathways. The favored pathway proceeds via C–C bond scission, dehydrogenation, and decarbonylation to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In a minor pathway, small amounts of glyoxal undergo C–O bond scission and recombination with surface hydrogen to form ethylene and water. The same reaction mechanism occurs for 1,2-propanediol after methyl elimination and formation of glyoxal. However, this is accompanied by a minor pathway involving a methylglyoxal (O=CHC(CH3)=O) intermediate. The prevalence of the dehydrogenation/decarbonylation pathway in the current work is consistent with the high selectivity for C–C scission in the aqueous phase reforming of polyols on supported Pd catalysts.
Chemical urolithiasis 2. Thermodynamic aspects of bladder stone induction by terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate in weanling fischer-344 rats

The induction of calcium terephthalate (CaTPA) calculi in the urinary tract of rats ingesting terephthalic acid (TPA) or dimethyl terephthalate is a result of supersaturation with respect to the stone components. The solubility product of CaTPA was determined in water at 37 degrees C, and its value in urine of exposed weanling Fischer-344 rats was calculated based on the electrolyte concentrations of freshly-collected, microliter urine samples. The value of the solubility product in urine is equal to the minimum concentration product of free Ca2+ and TPA2- at which crystallization can occur; hence, the urinary solubility product is a parameter that is useful for risk assessment. Estimates of the TPA concentrations required to induce crystals or stones in normal human urine are presented.
Getting Straight on Monopoly and Rent: A Dissent from Wellington and Gallo

We should be grateful to Professor Wellington and Professor Gallo for directing our attention to a persisting and embarrassing ambiguity at the very center of microeconomics: the absence of any agreed-upon meanings for the key terms, economic rent, monopoly profit, monopoly rent, and welfare loss. I have, however, some reservations about the way that they have tried to resolve this ambiguity. I believe, though not with total certainty, that our differences involve more than terminology. My most serious reservation concerns their proposition that, when a monopolist owns resources that command economic rent, such "economic rent may decline with monopolization because the total of 'economic rent' rent must be less under monopolization than under competition". In the simplest of cases - one where no externalities are present - this cannot be true. Consider a Cournot model with n > 1 mineral springs and zero marginal costs of production. The total net revenue (income) obtainable from the operation of the set of mineral springs is maximized if, and only if, it is operated as a perfectly discriminating monopoly. (Let us note but pass over Paul Samuelson's jest that the perfectly discriminating monopolist is another name for God.) Any other arrangement - imperfectly discriminating monopoly, oligopoly, perfect or imperfect competition - reduces the total income (and hence the capitalized value) of the set of n mineral springs. In this simplest of cases, the introduction of competition (or, if the reader prefers, the introduction of a non-cooperative game) will increase output and welfare compared to a monopoly that does not practice perfect price discrimination. But such a substitution will not increase the total income obtainable by selling mineral water. Nor are these conclusions changed if we posit that the n mineral springs are individually owned but must sell through an agent - the monopolist - who has secured from the sovereign the exclusive right to market mineral water. Here we get a bargaining game. If the n producers were numerous and ill-organized before the monopolist took over marketing, then some part of their income may be appropriated by him. At
Subperitoneal adenomucinosis following proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis

Adenomucinosis is a rare condition characterized by accumulation of large volumes of mucin, typically related to mucinous neoplasms of the appendix within the peritoneal space. Extraperitoneal adenomucinosis is an uncommon variant where mucin accumulates outside the peritoneal space and usually arises following surgery for mucinous appendiceal neoplasms. This is a case of subperitoneal adenomucinosis resulting from retention of a small fragment of rectal mucosa following proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis 16 years prior. The patient presented with a slow-growing boggy perineal mass. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the mass to be localized to the pelvis, without solid enhancing components, and correctly facilitated local surgical excision without the risk of peritoneal dissemination and accurately predicted benignity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Research Note: The Effects of Post-Mortem Wing Restraint (Muscle Tensioning) on Tenderness of Early-Harvested Broiler Breast Meat

Abstract In each of two trials, 80 broilers were slaughtered by conventional methods. Forty carcasses served as unrestrained controls. The wings of the other carcasses were bound tightly together at the elbow above the dorsal surface of the carcass prior to chilling. All carcasses were chilled in agitated 13 C water for 15 min followed by an additional 45 min in ice slush (1C). Breast fillets were removed from the carcasses immediately after chilling, aged 24 h, cooked, and evaluated for shear value. Wing restraint significantly decreased shear values of cooked fillets (8.3 kg/g of meat) compared with shear values for cooked fillets obtained from unrestrained, conventionally chilled carcasses (9.4 kg/g of meat). Shear value means for both treatments were above the accepted sensory panelist toughness threshold shear value of 8 kg/g of meat.
TU-C-BRB-05: Proton Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) Determined Using Monte Carlo DNA Damage Simulations

Purpose Determine tissue‐specific proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE) as a function of fraction size, dose‐rate and position within the spread out Bragg peak (SOBP). Methods A general formula derived from the linear‐quadratic (LQ) model is developed to determine a dose‐weighted RBE for mixed radiation fields, including position‐dependent mixtures of protons in the SOBP. Biologically motivated formulas with just two biological parameters (q and q/k) are used to link trends in a and a/b to double strand break (DSB) induction. DSB induction for protons is determined using the Monte Carlo Damage Simulation (MCDS). Because q and q/k are independent or a weak function of radiation quality, cell‐ and tissue‐specific estimates of a and a/b for a reference radiation (e.g., x‐rays or 6 MV photons) can be used to determine cell and tissue‐specific radiosensitivity parameters for protons.Results For constant fraction size, proton RBE increases as a/b decreases. The approach predicts that the RBE for cell survival is always greater than or equal to the RBE for DSB induction. For very low energy protons (0.1 MeV), the proton RBE ranges from 3.2 for DSB induction to 12.3 for cell survival (a/b = 1.5 Gy). Near the proximal edge of the SOBP, the predicted RBE is close to unity. In the center of the SOBP, the dose‐weighted RBE ranges from about 1.13 (a/b = 10 Gy) to 1.15 (a/b = 1.5 Gy). The estimated RBE 5 mm from the Bragg peak ranges from 1.5 (a/b = 10 Gy) to 1.9 (a/b = 1.5 Gy). Conclusion The biologically motivated approach provides a convenient and useful formalism to help incorporate tissue‐, fraction‐size and position‐dependent RBE information into proton therapytreatment planning..
Immunologic approaches to the treatment of human cancer based on a guinea pig model

Local immunotherapy is a form of cancer treatment where exogenous antigen is introduced into the area of the tumor. Under favorable circumstances, the perfused tumor regresses, systemic tumor-specific transplantation immunity is augmented, and distant microscopic metastases regress. Successful local immunotherapy requires an immunologically competent host, small tumor burden, and tumor located usually in the skin. A wide variety of biologic agents are capable of promoting local immunotherapy. BCG has been most widely studied. The antitumor activity of two different preparations of the Tice substrain of BCG were compared. No significant differences in antitumor activity were found. Alternative approaches to intralesional injection were sought. Intradermal injection of BCG adjacent to dermal tumors, prior to surgery, led to eradication of axillary metastases and to the development of tumor-specific transplantation immunity.
Strength Gains, Locus of Control, and Self-Description of College Football Players:

Summary.-The present study investigated strength gains and change in selfconcept and locus of control related to participation in a weight-training program. 37 coUege football players were administered Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List prior to and immediately following their participation in a 14-wk. weight-training program. While participants who scored high on the Femininity scale and high on externality on the I-E scale achieved greater gains on some of the strength measures, for the most part I-E and Adjective Check List scores d Greist, Klein, Eischens, Faris, Gurman, & Morgan, 1979; McCann & Holmes, 1984) and deviating anxiety (Morgan, 1979). While studies of the beneficial psychological effects of exercise have often been conducted with clinical populations, there is evidence to indicate that exercise can be effective in producing enhanced mood, greater feelings of relaxation, increased self-esteem, and a general over-all increase in feelings of psychological well-being in nonclinical populations as well (Hayes & Ross, 1986; Lichtman & Poser, 1983; Tucker, 1982, 1983a, 1987). The majority of such studies have utilized aerobic forms of exercise, most often running or walking. As Tucker (1987) points out, however, few forms of exercise are as effective as weight-training, an anerobic activity, in providing the participant with regular feedback on the results of the exercise. Regular weight-training has been shown to produce increases in strength and muscle size (Mathews & Fox, 1976). This change in physical appearance and increase in the weight lifted can easily be observed by the individual and can serve as sources of regular positive reinforcement.
Histological Analysis and 3D Reconstruction of Winter Cereal Crowns Recovering from Freezing: A Unique Response in Oat (Avena sativa L.)

The crown is the below ground portion of the stem of a grass which contains meristematic cells that give rise to new shoots and roots following winter. To better understand mechanisms of survival from freezing, a histological analysis was performed on rye, wheat, barley and oat plants that had been frozen, thawed and allowed to resume growth under controlled conditions. Extensive tissue disruption and abnormal cell structure was noticed in the center of the crown of all 4 species with relatively normal cells on the outside edge of the crown. A unique visual response was found in oat in the shape of a ring of cells that stained red with Safranin. A tetrazolium analysis indicated that tissues immediately inside this ring were dead and those outside were alive. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the barrier fluoresced with excitation between 405 and 445 nm. Three dimensional reconstruction of a cross sectional series of images indicated that the red staining cells took on a somewhat spherical shape with regions of no staining where roots entered the crown. Characterizing changes in plants recovering from freezing will help determine the genetic basis for mechanisms involved in this important aspect of winter hardiness.
The kinetics of reactions of nickel clusters with hydrogen and deuterium

The kinetics of reactions of nickel clusters with hydrogen and deuterium are studied in a laser-vaporization cluster source coupled to a continuous-flow reactor. The abslute rate constants for the addition of the first H2 (D2) molecule to nickel clusters Ni n (n=7→36 for H2 andn=7→60 for D2) have been measured. Rate constants are found to be only weakly dependent onn forn≧14, showing a gradual increase with size that scales approximately withn (2/3), i.e., the cluster geometrical cross section. Reaction probabilities for clusters in this size range are approximately 0.6 for H2 and 0.3 for D2. Belown=14, there is a stronger dependence of reactivity on size, with Ni9 being far less reactive than any other cluster studied. These results are compared to bulk nickel studies, and a discussion of possible correlation of reactivity to cluster structure is presented.
High-field Righi-Leduc effect and lattice thermal conductivity of potassium

We report measurements of the high-field Righi-Leduc coefficient of polycrystalline specimens of potassium. The measurements were made between 2 and 9 K for magnetic fields up to 9 T on specimens having residual-resistance ratios ranging from 2100 to 7300. We find that the lattice thermal conductivity causes the low-temperature Righi-Leduc coefficient to be field dependent. Using simple theoretical ideas, we are able to determine the magnitude and temperature dependence of the lattice conductivity and demonstrate that it is not large enough to be responsible for the previously observed field dependence in the transverse thermal magnetoconductivity of potassium. After correcting the measured Righi-Leduc coefficient for the lattice contribution, we find it close to the theoretical predictions. When compared to the Hall coefficient, we find a substantial deviation from the Wiedemann-Franz law, in direct contrast to the theoretical predictions. By combining measurements of the thermal gradients in both directions perpendicular to the magnetic field we are able to operationally define an average thermal scattering time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{th}}$. We find our values of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{th}}$ are consistent with theoretical predictions.
Cointegration and models of exchange rate determination

Abstract The application of new techniques in testing for cointegration indicate the inappropriate- ness of the pure monetary model to explain movements in the nominal exchange rate. In general the fundamental variables are found to be integrated of different orders and there is a lack of cointegration between the exchange rate variables in the monetary model and relative prices. Estimation of other dynamic models are found to give rise to parameter estimates which do not support the monetary model. The results are broadly consistent across five countries. These results imply that it is not worthwhile to forecast from the monetary model and its main variants.
Simulating hydrodynamics: A pedestrian model

A Hele Shaw cell contains two fluids seperated by an interface. Because the fluids are held in a narrow regions between two plates the cell can be described by a set of two-dimensional hydrodynamic equations, which determine the velocity fields in the fluids as well as the motion of the interface between them. A discretized version of these equations can be implemented in terms of the motion of random walkers. The walkers have the effect of carrying pieces of the fluid from one place to another. They simulate a discrete version of the Laplace equation and obey the appropriate boundary conditions for the fluid. The walker-hydrodynamic connection is explored in the limiting situation in which the viscosity of one of the fluids vanishes. An algorithm is constructed and a few exemplary simulations are shown.
In Vitro Tryptophan Catabolism by Leishmania donovani donovani Promastigotes

Metabolism of tryptophan by promastigotes of Leishmania donovani donovani was investigated in cells suspended in a simple buffer solution supplemented with glucose. Metabolites from supernatant and lysed cell pellets were analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, with structural confirmation by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tryptophan does not appear to serve as a carbon energy source for L. d. donovani promastigotes since parasites could survive for only short periods in buffer containing tryptophan without glucose, levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates remained unchanged in the presence of added tryptophan and label from [13C]tryptophan was not detected in any of the intermediates. Leishmania d. donovani catabolized L-tryptophan via aminotransferase and aromatic lactate dehydrogenase reactions to form one major end product, indole-3-lactic acid. The activity of aromatic lactate dehydrogenase required manganese and was NADH-dependent in these organisms that lack lactate dehydrogenase. Promastigotes taken from the mid-log stage of growth produced higher concentrations of indole-3-lactic acid than those from the stationary stage. Conservation of a similar tryptophan catabolic pathway among four Leishmania species suggests the pathway is physiologically important to the parasites themselves.
A possible function of intracellular ribonucleases.

MANY theories have been put forward concerning the mechanism of protein synthesis, and most of them have suggested that ribonucleic acid acts as a template upon, or alongside which, peptide chains are synthesized. The arrangement of the amino-acids in the peptide chain is supposedly regulated by the highly specific arrangement of the nucleotides which, it has been suggested1,2, may contain high-energy phosphate at the proper intervals to effect peptide bond synthesis. A recent detailed account of this theory and some evidence for the phosphorylation of ribonucleic acid has been offered by Dounce1,3.
Fatigue limit prediction of notched components using short crack growth theory and an asymptotic interpolation method

Abstract Mechanical components have stress risers, such as notchs, corners, welding toes and holes. These geometries cause stress concentrations in the component and reduce the fatigue strength and life of the structure. Fatigue crack usually initiates at and propagates from these locations. Traditional fatigue analysis of notched specimens is done using an empirical formula and a fitted fatigue notch factor, which is experimentally expensive and lacks physical meaning. A general methodology for fatigue limit prediction of notched specimens is proposed in this paper. First, an asymptotic interpolation method is proposed to estimate the stress intensity factor (SIF) for cracks at the notch root. Both edge notched and center notched components with finite dimension correction are included into the proposed method. The small crack correction is included in the proposed asymptotic solution using El Haddad’s fictitious crack length. Fatigue limit of the notched specimen is estimated using the proposed stress intensity factor solution when the realistic crack length is approaching zero. A wide range of experimental data are collected and used to validate the proposed methodology. The relationship between the proposed methodology and the traditionally used fatigue notch factor approach is discussed.
The effect of endotoxin and prostaglandin E2 on the proliferation of keratinocytes in vitro.

Since the rate of epidermal basal cell proliferation appears to be a crucial factor in the development of acquired cholesteatoma, we studied the effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and endotoxin on the growth of keratinocytes. PGE2 and endotoxins are inflammatory mediators in chronic otitis media. Various concentrations of endotoxin and PGE2 were added to keratinocytes derived from newborn rats. The synthesis of DNA was then studied by incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the keratinocytes. We found that either endotoxin or PGE2 alone inhibited DNA synthesis by keratinocytes, while endotoxin (10 μg/ml) and PGE2 (10 ng/ml) together stimulated DNA synthesis by keratinocytes. These findings suggest that inflammatory mediators, such as endotoxin plus PGE2, in chronic otitis media stimulate the growth of epidermal basal cells of cholesteatoma.
Microevolution of Type 3 Sabin Strain of Poliovirus in Cell Cultures and Its Implications for Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Quality Control

Abstract Screening for sequence heterogeneities in Sabin Type 3 strains of attenuated poliovirus demonstrated mutations that consistently accumulate to significant levels following 10 passages in cultures of primary African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells or continuous cultures of Vero cells. Fourteen newly identified mutations were quantified by mutant analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage in passages and in batches of commercial vaccines made in AGMK and Vero cells from the Sabin original (SO) seed virus and from a seed virus rederived by RNA plaque purification (RSO or "Pfizer" seed). Nine of the 14 mutations were reproducibly observed in more than one series of passages. Although 5 other mutations were observed in only one set of passages each, their content gradually increased to a high percentage, suggesting that all the mutations that we found accumulated consistently, SO-derived samples accumulated more mutations than did RSO derived ones, and the number of mutations and the rates of their accumulation were higher in Vero than in AGMK cells. While the rates of accumulation of most mutations were higher when passaging was performed at 37°, a U → C transition at nucleotide 5832 occurred faster at 34°, the temperature used for vaccine production. Analysis of Type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) monopools made by six manufacturers found only 5 of these newly identified mutations in vaccine batches (nucleotides 3956, 4935, 5357, 5786, and 5832). Some of the mutations were found in trace amounts (less than 0.1%) while others were present at up to 1.8% levels. The pattern of these mutations was characteristic for the type of seed virus and the cell substrate but demonstrated no correlation with results of the monkey neurovirulence test. Therefore the only mutation occurring in Type 3 OPV which contributed to neurovirulence in monkeys was the previously described reversion at nucleotide 472. Quantitation of reversion at nucleotide 472 can be utilized for assessment of acceptability of vaccine lots, while other mutations can be used for monitoring the consistency of vaccine production.
Submillimetre Wave Absorption Anomalies in the Lower Atmosphere and the Existence of Water Dimers

THERE is growing evidence1–6 that the presence of a finite concentration of vapour phase dimers of water has to be considered if atmospheric absorption in the submillimetre region is to be satisfactorily explained. So far all the observations of the open atmosphere in this wavelength region, where there are features attributable to dimers, have been made with radiation from the Sun coming through the whole atmosphere in a slant path.
Live attenuated influenza virus vaccines: new options for the prevention of influenza.

Abstract Live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines present new possibilities for the prevention and control of influenza. Administered intranasally, LAIV vaccines offer a needle-free route of administration. These investigational vaccines have also been shown to be safe and effective in children and healthy working adults. A 2-year placebo-controlled trial among young children (1996–1997 and 1997–1998 influenza seasons) demonstrated that LAIV vaccine was associated with a 92% reduction in laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza. Vaccination also significantly reduced episodes of otitis media and antibiotic use. In a placebo-controlled trial among healthy working adults during the 1997–1998 season, LAIV vaccine significantly reduced episodes of febrile upper respiratory tract illness and illness-associated work loss, health-care use, and antibiotic use. Seventy percent of study participants self-administered the vaccine. An economic analysis of the benefits of LAIV vaccine in this population suggests that the break-even cost for LAIV vaccine and its administration for healthy working adults would be about $39. For both children and healthy adults, LAIV vaccine provided substantial protection during the 1997–1998 season when the predominant circulating virus, the A/Sydney variant, was not contained in the vaccine. Studies are still underway to evaluate the potential incremental benefits of LAIV vaccine in addition to inactivated vaccine in high-risk populations. LAIV vaccines will be an important addition to the armamentarium for fighting influenza.
A NEW EUCRYPTODIRAN TURTLE FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF NORTH AMERICA (DINOSAUR PROVINCIAL PARK, ALBERTA, CANADA)

Abstract The holotype of Judithemys sukhanovi gen et. sp. nov. from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada, has been included in four cladistic analyses. New material allows for a more complete description of this taxon. Judithemys sukhanovi is represented by 65 specimens (most very fragmentary) including one virtually complete skeleton (the holotype) and several partial shells. It differs from all other “macrobaenids” in the combination of wide vertebral scales, absence of central plastral fontanelles, and lack of strongly upturned peripherals. The morphology of Judithemys reiterates a suite of characters (large size, well-differentiated neurals reduced to eight, and greater overlap of the twelfth marginal scales onto the second suprapygal) common to Late Cretaceous–Paleocene “macrobaenids” and distinct from Early Cretaceous members. Judithemys and “Clemmys” backmani are close in morphology, geography, and stratigraphic position and are possibly closely related phyloge...
A New Route to Organoboron Polymers via Highly Selective Polymer Modification Reactions

We have developed a highly efficient new method for the introduction of Lewis acidic boron centers into the side chains of organic polymers. Our methodology involves three steps: (i) the controlled polymerization of the functional monomer 4-trimethylsilylstyrene (S−Si), (ii) the exchange of the silyl groups in poly(4-trimethylsilylstyrene) (PS−Si) with BBr3 to give the reactive polymer poly(4-dibromoborylstyrene) (PS−BBr), and (iii) the fine-tuning of the Lewis acidity of the individual boron centers through substituent exchange reactions with nucleophiles. Treatment of PS−BBr with ethoxytrimethylsilane and THF respectively yields the moderately Lewis acidic poly(arylboronate)s PS−BOR (R = Et, 4-bromobutyl). The alkoxy groups in PS−BOR have been exchanged with pinacol to form the air-stable polymer PS−BPin (Pin = pinacolato). Treatment of PS−BBr with 2-thienyltrimethyltin and pentafluorophenylcopper respectively gives the well-defined highly Lewis acidic triarylborane polymers PS−BTh and PS−BPf (Th = 2-t...
Effects of acute and repeated systemic administration of ketamine on prefrontal acetylcholine release and sustained attention performance in rats.

Rationale: The effects of non-competitive N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists model aspects of schizophrenic symptomatology. Because ef- fects on both cortical cholinergic transmission and atten- tional processes have been hypothesized to represent components of the properties of psychotogenic drugs, the present study investigated the effects of ketamine on the activity of cortical cholinergic inputs and attentional per- formance. Objective: To determine the effects of acute and repeated ketamine administration on cortical acetyl- choline release and performance of rats in an operant task designed to assess sustained attention performance. Methods: Experiment 1 assessed the effects of ketamine (2.0-20.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on medial prefrontal acetylcholine release using in vivo microdialysis. In experiment 2, ani- mals were pretreated with 2.0 mg/kg or 25.0 mg/kg ket- amine for 7 days. Cortical acetylcholine release was as- sessed in these rats following the subsequent administra- tion of a 'challenge' dose of 2.0 mg/kg on days 1, 8, and 15 following completion of the pretreatment regimen. Experiment 3 assessed the effects of acute ketamine ad- ministration (2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on sustained attention performance. In experiment 4, animals trained in the sustained attention task were pretreated with 25.0 mg/kg ketamine or vehicle for 7 days. In these ani- mals, the performance effects of 2.0 mg/kg ketamine ad- ministered 1, 8, or 15 days after completion of the pre- treatment regimen were assessed. Results: The acute ad- ministration of ketamine dose dependently increased cor- tical acetylcholine release by up to 250% above baseline and for over 40 min following the highest dose of ket- amine. Pretreatment with 2.0 mg or 25.0 mg/kg did not robustly alter the effects of subsequent ketamine admin- istration on cortical acetylcholine release. In animals performing the sustained attention task, administration of the highest dose of ketamine resulted in high levels of errors of omission, while the administration of the two smaller doses did not affect performance. Pretreatment with 25.0 mg/kg disrupted the attentional performance during the pretreatment period, but it did not affect the baseline performance thereafter. Furthermore, ketamine pretreatment did not systematically alter the performance effects of subsequent ketamine administration. Conclu- sions: The robust stimulation of cortical acetylcholine re- lease represents a potent component of the pharmacolog- ical effects of ketamine. The effects of acute ketamine on attentional performance were limited to high rates of omissions. Repeated ketamine administration 'sensi- tized' neither cortical acetylcholine release nor attention- al performance. These effects of repeated ketamine differ substantially from those of another major psychotogenic drug, amphetamine, and thus support the view that ket- amine and amphetamine model fundamentally different aspects of schizophrenia.
RELATIONSHIP OF GERMINAL CENTERS IN LYMPHOID TISSUE TO IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY II. THE DETECTION OF PRIMED CELLS AND THEIR PROLIFERATION UPON CELL TRANSFER TO LETHALLY IRRADIATED SYNGENEIC MICE

White-pulp cells and whole spleen from donor mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes were transferred intravenously to heavily irradiated mice. The numbers of plaque-forming cells and the amount of hemagglutinating antibody produced after reexposure to antigen were measured. When reexposure to sheep erythrocytes was delayed, a much greater response occurred in the transferred cells. Peak responsiveness was reached at 24 hr after transfer. This "lag effect" was greatly reduced by repeated injections of 5-bromodeoxyuridine into the recipient mice prior to challenge with antigen. It was therefore concluded that much of the increase in responsiveness was due to a proliferation of "primed" cells after cell transfer. The fact that a significant response was given by the transferred cells in spite of 5-bromodeoxyuridine treatment suggested that some of the primed cells were nondividing. White pulp was a much richer source of responsive cells than was whole spleen.
Fluorescence depolarization study on non-bilayer phases of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine lipid mixtures

The orientational order and rotational dynamics of 1-palmitoyl-2-[[2-[4-(6-phenyl-trans-1,3,5- hexatrienyl)phenyl]ethyl] carbon yl]-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DPH-PC) in dilinoleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DLPE) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) binary lipid mixtures were investigated. A previous study (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 731 (1983) 177) indicated that the empirical phase diagram of POPC/DLPE can roughly be divided into three zones. They are the lamellar (15% PC and higher), intermediate (5-15% PC) and inverted hexagonal (0-5% PC) phases. As the lipids changed from the lamellar to intermediate phase, the order parameter increased at all temperatures (1-50 degrees C). On the contrary, the rotational diffusion decreased at high temperatures (20-50 degrees C) but increased at low temperatures (1-10 degrees C). These results indicate that the intermediate phase is in a stressed state at high temperatures but in a highly mobile amorphous state at low temperatures. As the lipid progressed from the intermediate toward hexagonal phase, the order parameter decreased abruptly at all temperatures. The ratio of order parameter in the intermediate phase to that in the hexagonal phase was calculated. This ratio was found to increase linearly with temperature, indicating that a distinct change in the packing symmetry of lipids occurred as temperature increased. From the intermediate to hexagonal phase, the rotational diffusion increased slightly at high temperatures but declined abruptly at low temperatures. These results further agreed with the stressed and amorphous natures of the intermediate phases as described above.
Spin phase diagrams for R2Fe14−xCoxB systems (R = Y,Gd,Pr,Nd,Tb,Er,Tm)

Abstract Magnetization versus temperature measurements and x-ray measurements for magnetically oriented samples have been performed for a series of R 2 Fe 14-x Co x B systems (R = Y,Gd,Pr,Nd,Tb,Er and Tm). Based on these measurements, the temperature-composition diagrams of different spin arrangements appearing in R 2 Fe 14-x Co x B systems have been established. Three distinct types of spin phase diagrams have been found, depending on the sign of the Stevens factor of the rare earth ion involved.
Effect of aflatoxin B1 on viability, growth, fertility, and crossing over in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera).

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster eggs obtained by crossing “wild-type” Oregon-R males with females carrying four mutant sex-linked recessive genes were allowed to hatch and develop into adults on medium containing 674 ppb of pure aflatoxin B 1 , a toxic carcinogen. Such toxigenic treatment resulted in significant reduction in egg to adult viability for both sexes, with males being more adversely affected than females, a significant reduction in body size of eclosing females, and a significant reduction in fertility of females raised on medium containing aflatoxin. The amount of genetic crossing over in aflatoxin-raised females was not affected by the concentration of toxin used nor was the sex ratio of the offspring of such females.
Growth and magnetic properties of Co x Ni 1 − x and Fe x Ni 1 − x ultrathin films on Cu(100)

We have grown ultrathin Co${}_{x}$Ni${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ and Fe${}_{x}$Ni${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ films on Cu(100) with varying stochiometry $x$. We find that these alloy films grow in a fcc phase on Cu(100). With the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect we measured the variation of the Curie temperature ${T}_{C}$ as a function of the film thickness $n$ in monolayers. Fitting an empirical scaling curve to our results we are able to extrapolate the value ${T}_{C}(n=\ensuremath{\infty})$ for samples with different stochiometry. We use this framework in order to determine ${T}_{C}(n=\ensuremath{\infty})$ for Fe${}_{x}$Ni${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ alloy films, in particular for concentrations close to 65% Fe content. Bulk Fe${}_{65}$Ni${}_{35}$ shows a collapse of magnetic long-range order and a fcc-to-bcc structural transition, which is the so-called Invar effect. In ultrathin Fe${}_{65}$Ni${}_{35}$ films, we observe a ``quenching'' of the Invar effect, because growth on a Cu(100) substrate forces the film to adopt the Cu lattice spacing thereby suppressing the structural relaxation.
An orthodenticle-related protein from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Orthodenticle-related proteins function as regulators of head formation and other developmental events in flies and mice. Here, we characterize a cDNA clone encoding an orthodenticle-related protein from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The cDNA, termed SpOtx, has a highly conserved orthodenticle homeobox but otherwise diverges in sequence from its fly and mouse counterparts. Orthodenticle-related proteins bind with high affinity to DNA containing the sequence motif TAATCC/T. The S. purpuratus aboral ectoderm-specific Spec2a gene has several TAATCC/T sites in its control region, and we provide evidence, using bandshift analysis, that Spec2a may be target gene for SpOtx. Two SpOtx transcripts accumulate during embryogenesis, an early transcript whose level peaks at blastula stage and a late transcript accumulating to highest concentrations at gastrula stage. SpOtx transcripts were found initially in all cells of the cleaving embryo, but they gradually became restricted to oral ectoderm and endoderm cells. In contrast, SpOtx protein was found in nuclei of all cells at both blastula and pluteus stages. Our results suggest that SpOtx plays a role in the activation of the Spec2a gene and most likely has additional functions in the developing sea urchin embryo.
New functional formulae for lattice φ44

Abstract We derive a new functional formula for the Schwinger functions of euclidean lattice φ 4 4 which is equivalent to the standard Feynman-Kac formula. However, our formula is well defined for all complex values of the coupling g 0 , excluding the negative real axis. Although the theory is unstable for negative g 0 , we obtain an explicit formula for the instability. We also obtain a functional definition of the Borel-transform in g 0 , and its analyticity in the cut-plane of the Borel variable is manifest. Renormalization, based on our results will be treated in a second paper.
Representation of Particle States in Quantum Field Theory

The usual axioms of quantum field theory are modified to allow a uniform treatment of stable and unstable particles without making explicit use of asymptotic conditions. A definition is proposed for the physical state of a single, neutral, scalar (or pseudoscalar) boson. The consistency of this definition requires the corresponding one-particle amplitude to satisfy an integral equation whose solutions depend on the mass spectrum and the preparation mechanism of the particle. The unstable particle decay law is obtained from the one-particle amplitude and at very long times appears likely to depend on the details of the preparation. For stable particles, the formulation given in this paper is shown to coincide in an asymptotic sense with the well-known Lehmann, Symanzik, and Zimmermann formulation. The generalizations to many-particle states and to particles with spin \textonehalf{} are indicated briefly.
Size and performance of anoxic limestone drains to neutralize acidic mine drainage.

Acidic mine drainage (AMD) can be neutralized effectively in underground, anoxic limestone drains (ALDs). Owing to reaction between the AMD and limestone (CaCO 3 ), the pH and concentrations of alkalinity and calcium increase asymptotically with detention time in the ALD, while concentrations of sulfate, ferrous iron, and manganese typically are unaffected. This paper introduces a method to predict the alkalinity produced within an ALD and to estimate the mass of limestone required for its construction on the basis of data from short-term, closed-container (cubitainer) tests. The cubitainer tests, which used an initial mass of 4 kg crushed limestone completely inundated with 2.8 L AMD, were conducted for 11 to 16 d and provided estimates for the initial and maximum alkalinities and corresponding rates of alkalinity production and limestone dissolution. Long-term (5-11 yr) data for alkalinity and CaCO 3 flux at the Howe Bridge, Morrison, and Buck Mountain ALDs in Pennsylvania, USA, indicate that rates of alkalinity production and limestone dissolution under field conditions were comparable with those in cubitainers filled with limestone and AMD from each site. The alkalinity of effluent and intermediate samples along the flow path through the ALDs and long-term trends in the residual mass of limestone and the effluent alkalinity were estimated as a function of the computed detention time within the ALD and second-order dissolution rate models for cubitainer tests. Thus, cubitainer tests can be a useful tool for designing ALDs and predicting their performance.