cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary Team Training Simulation in Interventional Radiology

Efficient teamwork and communication is critical for the delivery of safe and high quality patient care. Studies have shown that medical errors can occur as a result of poor communication. Simulation scenarios can help improve communication and teamwork, therefore decreasing errors and improving team morale. Simulation is best employed through a multidisciplinary approach, including all members of the team involved in the patient's care. Team simulation can be difficult to plan and execute, therefore we will review the steps to planning an effective multidisciplinary team simulation, as well as the barriers to overcome when implementing these programs. In addition, the structure and value of debriefing sessions will be discussed. Debriefing has been shown to help participants identify latent errors and voice concerns in a safe, confidential setting. Lastly, we will review the value of multidisciplinary team simulation, focusing on the current literature among multiple medical disciplines. There has been a push for implementation of team simulation in healthcare in recent years, yet there is still a need for future research on this subject to demonstrate the direct effect of team simulation on patient care, especially in the dynamic field of Interventional Radiology.
Confusing the Modern Breakthrough: Naïve Bayes Classification of Authors and Works

The Modern Breakthrough is widely considered to be one of the most important turning points in late nineteenth century Nordic literature, ushering in a period of literary experimentation predicated on a pivot toward naturalism. Georg Brandes’s iconic work, Det moderne gennembruds maend (1883), provides a literary historical framework for the consideration of the movement, outlining in broad strokes the contours of this shift in literature and, in the portraits of a series of featured male authors, offering a touchstone for broader understanding of this movement. In 1983, Pil Dahlerup offered a corrective to Brandes’s work with Det moderne gennembruds kvinder. Here, Dahlerup surfaced the numerous female authors who were writing groundbreaking work in the shadows of the male-dominated literary world. A great deal of scholarship on the Modern Breakthrough considers the rich network of literary cross influence that characterized the period. Influence, however, is a complex phenomenon and one that is hard to formalize. In the following work, we propose to explore the related phenomenon of similarity, predicated on the notion that the most sincere form of flattery is imitation. To what extent do writers from this period share aspects of language? Can we capture this sharing in a useful manner computationally?
Latinx students’ transition to college: When readiness meets barriers

Considering the particular and situated relationship between college readiness and college barriers in the context of college transitions amongst Latinx students, this article uses an academic lite...
On the loss and recovery of second-order accuracy with U-MUSCL

Abstract It is shown that U-MUSCL, an unstructured-grid extension of Van Leer's κ-scheme as proposed by Burg for the edge-based discretization [AIAA Paper 2005-4999], will not be exact for linear functions and thus will not be second-order accurate with a nonzero parameter χ if the flux quadrature point is not exactly halfway between two adjacent solution points as typical in a cell-centered finite-volume discretization on general unstructured grids, and moreover that it results, contrary to expectations, in less accurate solutions with χ = 1 / 3 than with χ = 0 on irregular triangular grids. To resolve the problem while keeping the flexibility of the original κ-scheme, we propose a simple technique to guarantee the linear exactness of U-MUSCL for any parameter value on arbitrary grids. Numerical results show that the improved scheme preserves second-order accuracy on irregular grids, successfully resolves the accuracy problem on irregular grids, and produces superior solutions with χ = 1 / 3 , as expected, even on unstructured grids.
The health of college students on the autism spectrum as compared to their neurotypical peers.

Data from an online survey of undergraduate students at 14 colleges and universities were used to estimate the association of autism with six physical and mental health outcomes, accounting for com...
A Flexible and Secure Evaluation Platform for Overvoltage Protection in Power Electronics Systems

This paper summarizes the fault mechanisms specifically for the overvoltage protection schemes in power electronic converters and the resulted power electronics enabled systems. A flexible and secure evaluation platform for overvoltage protection, has also been presented based on this conceptual mechanism. The proposed platform aims at testing the protection performance of distinctive overvoltage protection schemes. It would be applied to verify the effectiveness, identify potential strengths and weaknesses, and obtain the most critical protection response time to provide sufficient engineering insights for the designer. The operation principle and detailed design guideline have been presented first. The comprehensive component stress has been analyzed. An intensive set of LTSpice simulations have been conducted to show the validity of the proposed assessment approach.
Palmitic acid methyl ester inhibits cardiac arrest-induced neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Abstract We previously discovered that palmitic acid methyl ester (PAME) is a potent vasodilator released from the sympathetic ganglion with vasoactive properties. Post-treatment with PAME can enhance cortical cerebral blood flow and functional learning and memory, while inhibiting neuronal cell death in the CA1 region of the hippocampus under pathological conditions (i.e. cerebral ischemia). Since mechanisms underlying PAME-mediated neuroprotection remain unclear, we investigated the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of PAME after 6 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA, an animal model of global cerebral ischemia). Our results from capillary-based immunoassay (for the detection of proteins) and cytokine array suggest that PAME (0.02 mg/kg) can decrease neuroinflammatory markers, such as ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1, a specific marker for microglia/macrophage activation) and inflammatory cytokines after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Additionally, the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and respiratory function in the hippocampal slices were restored following ACA (via Seahorse XF24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer) suggesting that PAME can ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, hippocampal protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) and PRMT8 are enhanced in the presence of PAME to suggest a possible pathway of methylated fatty acids to modulate arginine-based enzymatic methylation. Altogether, our findings suggest that PAME can provide neuroprotection in the presence of ACA to alleviate neuroinflammation and ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction.
Single Cell Omics for Musculoskeletal Research.

The ability to analyze the molecular events occurring within individual cells as opposed to populations of cells is revolutionizing our understanding of musculoskeletal tissue development and disease. Single cell studies have the great potential of identifying cellular subpopulations that work in a synchronized fashion to regenerate and repair damaged tissues during normal homeostasis. In addition, such studies can elucidate how these processes break down in disease as well as identify cellular subpopulations that drive the disease. This review highlights three emerging technologies: single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), and Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight (CyTOF) mass cytometry. Technological and bioinformatic tools to analyze the transcriptome, epigenome, and proteome at the individual cell level have advanced rapidly making data collection relatively easy; however, understanding how to access and interpret the data remains a challenge for many scientists. It is, therefore, of paramount significance to educate the musculoskeletal community on how single cell technologies can be used to answer research questions and advance translation. This article summarizes talks given during a workshop on “Single Cell Omics” at the 2020 annual meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society. Studies that applied scRNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and CyTOF mass cytometry to cartilage development and osteoarthritis are reviewed. This body of work shows how these cutting-edge tools can advance our understanding of the cellular heterogeneity and trajectories of lineage specification during development and disease.
“Why be Moral?” a Philosophical Taxonomy of Moral Motivation

In the following pages I will try to clarify the concept of moral motivation by laying out a “philosophical taxonomy” of the concept that takes into account the classical and contemporary literature of philosophical ethics as well as psychological accounts of human motivation and moral judgment.
Detecting over/under-translation errors for determining adequacy in human translations.

We present a novel approach to detecting over and under translations (OT/UT) as part of adequacy error checks in translation evaluation. We do not restrict ourselves to machine translation (MT) outputs and specifically target applications with human generated translation pipeline. The goal of our system is to identify OT/UT errors from human translated video subtitles with high error recall. We achieve this without reference translations by learning a model on synthesized training data. We compare various classification networks that we trained on embeddings from pre-trained language model with our best hybrid network of GRU + CNN achieving 89.3% accuracy on high-quality human-annotated evaluation data in 8 languages.
Otitis Media

Otitis media with effusion is a common disorder in children and occurs more frequently in adults than has been generally appreciated. Laboratory tools have permitted a more specific characterization of this disorder by objective means. These laboratory tests include specific ear tests (pneumatic otoscopy, pure tone, and impedance audiometry), nasal tests (inflammatory cytology), functional tests for obstruction (airway resistance measurements), and anatomic tests of obstruction and inflammation (radiographic of nose and paranasal sinuses). Immunologic tests define the presence of hypersensitivity (skin testing, RAST) and immunodeficiency in this disorder.
On the Brauer Group and the Cup Product Map

This article is concerned with the cup product map μ:H1 (X, Z/n)⊗H1 (X, Z/n) → nB(X). Under certain conditions we describe the image and kernel of μ for the spectrum of k[s1, …, x v , f−1] and for a fiber product space.
MHCI Immune Molecules Are Required For Developmental Synapse Elimination Of The Neuromuscular Junction (P2.337)

OBJECTIVE: Developmental synapse elimination in the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is required to establish the adult pattern of 1:1 nerve-muscle connectivity necessary to sequentially recruit muscles and vary the magnitude and speed of movements. However, the molecular events essential for this process remain elusive. Recent studies implicate a large family of immune proteins (>50 genes), members of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI), as a requirement for synapse elimination in the visual system. Furthermore, these proteins are highly expressed in populations of motor neurons (MNs) that are vulnerable in MN diseases. This study suggests that MHCI proteins are molecular mediators in synapse elimination at the developing NMJ. METHODS/RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that in mice lacking cell-surface expression of most MHCI proteins (MHCI-deficient), synapse elimination is disrupted in a subset of diaphragm NMJs at postnatal day 15 (P15), a period of development during which synapse elimination is normally complete. Multiply-innervated NMJs are still apparent in adulthood (P29-60) and aging (P365) MHCI-deficient animals, suggesting that the loss of MHCI may persistently disrupt synapse elimination. Subsequent studies have used mice with targeted genetic deletions of MHCI proteins H2-Kb and H2-Db, both previously recognized for their involvement in synapse remodeling of the visual system. At the diaphragm NMJ, a similar disruption in synapse elimination was observed in these mice compared to the MHCI-deficient mice used in initial studies, albeit at a lower percentage. This could indicate that H2-Kb and H2-Db work in concert with other MHCI family members to contribute to synapse elimination at the NMJ. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a novel role for MHCI in developmental synapse elimination of the NMJ. Ongoing research is focused on identifying the specific members of the MHCI family expressed at the NMJ, and required during synapse elimination. Understanding the role of MHCI in NMJ development may shed light on the underlying mechanisms of neuromuscular disorders. Study Supported by: Princeton Department of Molecular Biology. Disclosure: Dr. Tetruashvily has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boulanger has nothing to disclose.
Further studies on the submicrosomal distribution of drug-metabolizing components in liver. Localization in fractions of smooth microsomes.

Abstract Hepatic microsomes from male guinea pigs were fractionated into three populations—rough, smooth I (S-I) and smooth II (S-II)—by centrifugation in discontinuous sucrose gradients in the presence of Cs + and Mg 2+ The specific activities of several components of the microsomal drug-metabolizing system were unevenly distributed among the three fractions. Activities in smooth membranes were two to three times higher than in rough membranes. Comparison of the two smooth membrane fractions revealed a statistically significant concentration of drug-metabolizing components in S-II microsomes. Thus, ethylmorphine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome P-450, all expressed per milligram of protein, were 20–30 per cent higher in S-II than in S-I membranes. Morphologic differences between the two smooth membrane fractions were revealed by electron microscopy. Pretreatment of guinea pigs with phenobarbital for 4 days increased the specific activities of ethylmorphine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome P-450. The increase for each parameter was of approximately the same magnitude in each of the three microsomal fractions, but the four parameters increased disproportionately. Phenobarbital treatment produced significant increases in protein and phospholipid (per gram of liver) in S-I microsomes without accompanying changes in S-II or rough microsomes.
Dynamic Control of the Turning Process Using Direct Drive Linear Motor Actuators

Active control of the metal turning process using a direct drive linear motor actuator is is investigated. A general open loop system model and closed loop control scheme is formulated for both circular and noncircular turning. A theoretical stability analysis and simulated circular cutting results for PID regulation is presented. Stability improvements were achieved while controlling tool position only despite the presence of workpiece flexibilities.
Beyond basic region caching: specializing cache structures for high performance and energy conservation

Increasingly tight energy design goals require processor architects to rethink the organizational structure of microarchitectural resources. In this paper, we examine a new multilateral cache organization that replaces a conventional data cache with a set of smaller region caches that significantly reduces energy consumption with little performance impact. This is achieved by tailoring the cache resources to the specific reference characteristics of each application.
Selection for High Adult Body Weight in Drosophila Populations with Different Structures

Selection for high adult body weight in Drosophila melanogaster was practiced for 18 generations in three selection lines. These lines were genetically similar and of equal size but different in population structure. One line represented a large mass-selected, random-mating population, while the other two lines simulated large populations that had been subdivided into partial isolates or demes. Mass selection and random mating occurred within each deme. These two subdivided lines were different only in the rate of effective migration among the demes (5% and 10%). Selection intensities of approximately 20% were applied to these populations. A fourth line served as a random mating control. Heritability of adult body weight in the base population was estimated to be 0.58± 0.22. The results indicate that significantly greater responses were achieved in the subdivided lines than in the large mass-selected line, in spite of the fact that larger selection differentials were applied to the latter. No significant differences in response were observed between the two subdivided lines. Wright (1930, 1931) postulated that selection would be most efficient in subdivided populations with limited interdeme migration. The present findings appear to support this theory.
International Symposium on Measles Immunization: summary and recommendations.

The passage of 20 years since the first International Conference on Measles Immunization in November 1961 has been accompanied by very significant advances in our understanding of the impact of measles among different groups, in the development and the utilization of measles vaccines, and in the control of the disease. Throughout all these considerations, there remains great variability. This is manifest in the surveillance data on morbidity and mortality, the extent of vaccine utilization, and the attitudes about measles as a serious public health problem. Because of these variations it is obvious that any recommendations must be evaluated carefully and adapted appropriately to meet the needs of a given nation, a population group, a geographic locale, or an environmental setting.
Uptake and Binding of 14C-Ethambutol by Tubercle Bacilli and the Relation of Binding to Growth Inhibition

Abstract Studies were designed to characterize ethambutol uptake by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra) and to relate uptake to the time-dependent, concentration-independent nature of growth inhibition by ethambutol. When cells grown aerated at 37 C in Sauton medium were exposed for 7 hr to 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 μg of 14C-ethambutol per ml, uptake increased with time and was a linear function of concentration. The process was inhibited at 22 C. Studies with chloramphenicol, sodium azide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol indicated that uptake is independent of requirements for protein synthesis and energy. The organism did not accumulate ethambutol against a concentration gradient. It can be concluded that ethambutol enters the cells in a passive manner. Kinetic studies of 14C loss from tubercle bacilli pretreated with labeled drug suggested the existence of two ethambutol fractions within the cell: a highly variable labile pool and a second fraction that is small and quite firmly bound. Levels of cell-bound drug may be independent of total uptake, but this possibility was not established unequivocally. Definitive evidence showing identity in the concentrations of bound drug regardless of total uptake could explain the apparent discrepancy between concentration-dependent uptake and concentration-independent growth inhibition.
Electron-impact-induced ion fragmentation of polyfunctional N-cyclohexylcarbamates

Mass spectra at 70, 15 and 10 eV are reported for methyl N-cyclohexylcarbamate, methyl N-trans-2-iodocyclohexylcarbamate, allyl N-cyclohexylcarbamate and allyl N-trans-2-iodocyclo-hexylcarbamate. Principal modes of ion fragmentation including hydrogen and skeletal rearrangements are discussed in terms of individual functional groups and their interaction, and are consistent in many cases with mechanisms previously proposed for other compounds. The effects of the iodo and the allyl groups, when present, predominate in the spectra. The application of McLafferty's ‘active site’ concept to these polyfunctional compounds is found to be useful.
Parametric study of diethyl phthalate biodegradation

The effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and other environmental parameters under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions were investigated using one aerobic and one facultative strain isolated from wastewater treatment plant sludge. Among other results, we found that low dissolved oxygen levels and low temperatures decreased the rate of DEP degradation and the growth rate, and that the facultative strain was much less affected by the lower DO concentrations than the aerobic strain.
The σ70 Subunit of RNA Polymerase Is Contacted by the λQ Antiterminator during Early Elongation

Abstract The Q protein of bacteriophage λ is a transcription antiterminator that modifies the elongation properties of E. coli RNA polymerase (RNAP). To do this, DNA-bound λQ must first engage a paused elongation complex. Here we show that this engagement of λQ with RNAP involves an interaction between λQ and σ 70 , demonstrating that σ 70 can be a target of regulation during elongation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that this interaction between λQ and σ 70 stabilizes a conformation of RNAP that requires the disengagement of a segment of σ 70 from the core enzyme. Recent structure-based models posit that the transition from the initiation to the elongation phase of transcription involves the staged displacement of σ 70 from the RNAP core. Our findings provide support for this proposal.
Laser Doppler Velocimetry Velocity Bias in Turbulent Open Channel Flow

The performance of several velocity bias correction methods is evaluated by applying them to a data set obtained with three-component LDV in a fully developed, smooth-walled, open-channel turbulent water flow
Savanna in central Wisconsin, U.S.A.

A black oak savanna in central Wisconsin was analyzed in detail, including canopy trees, understory and tree seedlings. Although many authors have held that savanna in this region is a subclimax maintained by fire, this stand, unburned for many years, shows a high degree of stability and very little trend toward the postulated increase in trees. Of the 25 most frequent understory species, 80% have higher affinity for prairie or other very open habitats than for forest. Although oak seedlings had 72% frequency in 1 m2 quadrats, their growth is exceedingly slow, while dieback and mortality are very high; few survive to 1 m in height and saplings are nearly absent. The tree canopy at 40% is low in relation to B. A., probably due to frequent wind and lightning damage. The inhibition of oak seedlings which prevents succession toward forest appears to be caused by a combination of frost, drouth, sandy soil of low water retaining capacity, interspecific competition and allelopathy; seedlings in an adjacent old field grow approximately 3 times faster, with little injury or mortality. Light grazing in early years of settlement may have allowed a temporary increase in tree establishment, since over 2/3 of the present canopy trees appear to be in one age group of 105–110 years. On the basis of this evidence we propose that at least some savanna sites in this region are naturally stable communities maintained by a complex interaction of the local climate, edaphic factors, and the existing community; fire is not an essential factor.
Realistic effective interactions for the sd shell: Global and discrete nuclear properties

Comparisons of the Kuo and Vary-Yang sd shell realistic effective shell-model interactions are presented through studies of the resulting global and discrete nuclear properties. The methods of spectral distributions are used to obtain energy moments for /sup 21/Ne and spin cutoff factors for /sup 28/Si for each interaction. Shell-model spectra are presented for some mass A = 18 to A = 21 sd shell nuclei. In each case we show for comparison the results using the Chung-Wildenthal empirical interaction. In addition to demonstrating the role of various approximations through resulting global and discrete properties, we show that certain conclusions drawn from global properties are consistent with those based upon discrete properties.
Imaging of the solar interior: possibilities and limitations

Helioseismic tomography is a promising new method for probing 3-D structures and flows beneath the solar surface. It is based on observation of solar acoustic waves, and provides great possibilities for studying the birth of active regions in the Sun's interior and for understanding the relation between the internal dynamics of active regions and chromospheric and coronal activity. We discuss observational requirements, challenges and limitations of this technique for investigating physical processes in the solar interior on their intrinsic spatial and temporal scales.
The effects of sequential introduction of brand extensions

A laboratory experiment examines factors affecting evaluations of proposed extensions from a core brand that has or has not already been extended into other product categories. Specifically, the pe...
Common genetic variants in proinflammatory and other immunoregulatory genes and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Profound disruption of immune function is an established risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We report here a large-scale evaluation of common genetic variants in immune genes and their role in lymphoma. We genotyped 57 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 36 candidate immune genes in 1,172 non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases and 982 population-based controls from a US multicenter study. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between individual SNP and haplotypes with non-Hodgkin lymphoma overall and five well-defined subtypes. A haplotype comprising SNPs in two proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and lymphotoxin-α (rs1800629, rs361525, rs1799724, rs909253, and rs2239704), increased non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk overall (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.06-1.63; P = 0.01) and notably for diffuse large B cell (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.23-2.19; P = 0.0007). A functional nonsynonymous SNP in the innate immune gene Fcγ receptor 2A (FCGR2A; rs1801274) was also associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma; AG and AA genotypes were associated with a 1.26-fold (95% CI, 1.01-1.56) and 1.41-fold (95% CI, 1.10-1.81) increased risk, respectively (Ptrend = 0.006). Among non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes, the association with FCGR2A was pronounced for follicular and small lymphocytic lymphomas. In conclusion, common variants in genes influencing proinflammatory and innate immune responses were associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk overall and their effects could vary by subtype. Our results require replication but potentially provide important clues for investigating common genetic variants as susceptibility factors and in disease outcomes, treatment responses, and immunotherapy targets. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9771-80)
The human health implication of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal feeds.

Summary Antimicrobials given in subtherapeutic levels in feed are credited with having contributed to lower cost of meat, milk and eggs. The practice often is associated with the acquisition of resistant enteric flora by the involved animals, and this may in turn contribute to the human reservoir of antimicrobial resistant coliforms and salmonellae. Associated farm workers may transiently acquire resistant flora and on rare occasions develop salmonellosis. Although irrefutable evidence of growth promotant properties of antibiotics in animal feed was provided 30 to 40 years ago, additional studies on mechanisms of the effect are presently needed. It may be possible to identify factors effective in promoting growth without deleterious effects on flora. A national surveillance programme of antimicrobial utilisation (both subtherapeutic and therapeutic) among food producing animals should be established. Molecular epidemiologic research efforts will need to be undertaken to establish whether genetic informati...
Synthesis of a C3-symmetric phospha[2.2.2]cyclophane

Abstract The preparation of the C3-symmetric monophosphine 17-phospha[2.2.2](1,3,5)-benzeno(3,3′,3″)triphenylmethanophane ( 2 ) is described. Its ability to coordinate to transition metals and its conformational mobility are examined.
Identification of abnormal neuronal metabolism outside the seizure focus in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Purpose The aim of this study was to identify metabolically abnormal extrahippocampal brain regions in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with (TLE-MTS) and without (TLE-no) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence for mesial-temporal sclerosis (MTS) and to assess their value for focus lateralization by using multislice 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Methods MRSI in combination with tissue segmentation was performed on 14 TLE-MTS and seven TLE-no and 12 age-matched controls. In controls, N-acetylaspartate/(creatine + choline) [NAA/(Cr+Cho)] of all voxels of a given lobe was expressed as a function of white matter content to determine the 95% prediction interval for any additional voxel of a given tissue composition. Voxels with NAA/(Cr+Cho) below the lower limit of the 95% prediction interval were defined as "pathological" in patients and controls. Z-scores were used to identify regions with a higher percentage of pathological voxels than those in controls. Results Reduced NAA/(Cr+Cho) was found in ipsilateral temporal and parietal lobes and bilaterally in insula and frontal lobes. Temporal abnormalities identified the epileptogenic focus in 70% in TLE-MTS and 83% of TLE-no. Extratemporal abnormalities identified the epileptogenic focus in 78% of TLE-MTS but in only 17% of TLE-no. Conclusions TLE is associated with extrahippocampal reductions of NAA/(Cr+Cho) in several lobes consistent with those brain areas involved in seizure spread. Temporal and extratemporal NAA/(Cr+Cho) reductions might be helpful for focus lateralization.
VII. Studies on the mechanism of action of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)

Explants of embryonic rat substantia nigra in organotypic culture are sensitive to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) at concentrations approximating the doses given in vivo to monkeys. Fluorescence microscopy and 3H-dopamine uptake measurements reveal that the toxicity is selective for dopamine neurons, whereas other neurons and cells in the culture appear normal by phase contrast microscopy. Reduced MPTP (piperidine analog) is inactive in the tissue culture model, while fully oxidized MPTP (pyridinium analog) destroys dopamine neurons. Pargyline and deprenyl, two monoamine oxidase inhibitors, inhibit the neurotoxic action of MPTP. Pargyline and deprenyl also protect monkeys in vivo. The results implicate monoamine oxidase in the mechanism of action of MPTP. Two possible mechanisms for protection by monoamine oxidase are discussed.
Single- and five-worm infections of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) in the golden hamster.

Abstract Fried B. , Huffman J. E. and Franco J. 1988. Single- and five-worm infections of Echinostomu revolutum (Trematoda) in the golden hamster. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 179–181. Six of 12 hamsters fed a single metacercarial cyst of Echinostoma revolutum were infected at necropsy 9 or 18 days post-infection; all of six hamsters each fed five cysts were infected with a total of 24 worms at necropsy 14 or 18 days post-infection. Histologic studies confirmed the occurrence of self-fertilization in single worms under conditions that precluded cross-fertilization. Worms in multiple infections were paired or clustered, but neither cirri protrusion nor cross-copulation was observed. There were no significant differences in body weight, body length and percentage of hatched eggs in worms from single versus multiple infections. Miracidia derived from single worms were as capable of infecting laboratory-reared Helisoma trivolvis snails and producing patent rediae as were those from multiple infections. Single worms localized in the small intestine 15 to 22 cm anterior to the ileo-caecal valve, whereas multiple worms were more widely distributed (2 to 30.5 cm). Unlike a previous study on E. revolutum in the domestic chick, there were no reproductive advantages in multiple- versus single-worm infections of this parasite in the hamster.
A genetic locus affecting the developmental expression of an enzyme in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract We have discovered and characterized strains of Drosophila melanogaster showing a genetically controlled modification of the developmental program for accumulation of aldehyde oxidase. Most strains show a sharp increase in specific activity just before pupation. The variant class, represented by several strains, does not show the increase at this stage even though changes in specific activity at other stages are comparable in the two classes. This developmental difference is controlled by a single gene or a small chromosome segment closely linked to the structural gene and apparently exercising cis-dominant control over its expression. It is hoped that this and other similar mutations currently under study will provide some insight into the organization of regulatory loci in the eukaryotic genome.
Detection of small scale structure in metal lines at the extreme solar limb

We describe a tangential limb spectrum at 5870 A which geometrically probes the high photosphere through the low chromosphere. Velocity and brightness structures with sizes ranging from 500 to 1500 km are present in the stronger emission lines. Such structure is consistent between the Fe i and Ba ii lines, and emission knots in these lines coincide with continuum bright streaks. But no correlation is evident between structure in the He i D3 line, emission in the Na i D2 line, and emission in the Fe i and Ba ii lines as a group. Two classes of near-horizontal velocity structure are seen in the height range from 0 to 500 km above the limb: υ ⪝ 1 km s−1 for the weaker metals and υ ∼ 7–10 km s−1 for the Na i line. Differences in line opacity are suggested as the cause of the low correlation between the fine structure in the various lines.
Evolution of insect pollination and angiosperm diversification.

Insect pollination is a prominent type of plant-insect mutualism that can provide clues to the nature of diffuse coevolution. A long-standing question in this field is to what extent the emergence of insect polination caused rapid diversification in the interacting organisms. Recent progress in systematics and paleontology is providing much of the information needed to address this issue.
Psychosocial Adjustment Among Returnees to Judaism

Two groups of returnees to Orthodox Judaism who were among Lubavitcher Hasidim attending an outpatient mental health center were studied to investigate a relief effect upon returning. One group manifested lifelong serious psychopathology, and the members of the comparison group, who had undergone similar religious transition, had sought help for adjustment-type problems. The psychopathology manifested prior to religious change persisted for those who had exhibited a lifelong history of pathology, even after the radical transition. The lack of a relief effect and the lifestyles possibly unique to Lubavitcher Hasidim are discussed.
Performance improvement with decoder output smoothing in differential predictive coding

We provide a theoretical analysis of the performance of differential predictive coding using fixed-lag smoothing of the standard decoder output. This performance is compared to related results for coding using latency at the encoder, and causal encoding with delayed decoding, as well as with some prior theoretical analyses of these methods. Surprisingly, it is shown that fixed-lag smoothing of the standard decoder output with causal encoding achieves the asymptotic and finite lag performance promised by a completely reoptimized decoder.
Effects of Weight Reduction Interventions by Community Pharmacists

Objective: To compare a meal replacement (MR) program with a conventional reduced-calorie diet (RCD) for weight management using the pharmacy as the setting and the pharmacist as the point of contact for dietary advice. Design: Randomized, controlled, open- label trial. Setting: Travis Pharmacy in Shenandoah, Iowa. Patients: Ninety-five patients from southwestern Iowa and southeastern Nebraska were enrolled, of whom 88 were considered eligible for comparison (by continuing through week 2 of the study). Intervention: Patients were randomized to an MR plan or a traditional RCD plan. Patients were followed for a 3-month period of active weight loss and a 10-week period of weight maintenance. Patients returned every 3 weeks for follow-up with the pharmacist, for a total of 13 visits. Main Outcome Measure: Weight changes. Results: During the active weight loss phase, the MR (n = 45) and RCD (n = 43) groups lost a significant amount of weight, although no significant difference was found between the groups (mean ± standard error = 4.90 ± 0.30 kg MR versus 4.30 ± 0.30 kg RCD; P = .16). In the weight maintenance phase, the MR group lost 0.70 ± 0.40 kg and the RCD group lost 0.90 ± 0.40 kg (P = .60). Significant improvements were observed in waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and triglyceride levels. No significant changes were seen in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in either group. Conclusion: Successful weight management can be achieved in a pharmacy setting. Both MR and RCD programs were effective.
Role of ITGAE in the development of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice

There is compelling evidence that autoreactive CD8(+)T cells play a central role in precipitating the development of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Given that ITGAE (CD103) recognizes an islet-restricted ligand (E-cadherin), we postulated that its expression is required for initiation of disease. We herein use a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes (NOD/ShiLt mice) to test this hypothesis. We demonstrate that ITGAE is expressed by a discrete subset of CD8(+)T cells that infiltrate pancreatic islets before the development of diabetes. Moreover, we demonstrate that development of diabetes in Itgae-deficient NOD mice is significantly delayed at early but not late time points, indicating that ITGAE is preferentially involved in early diabetes development. To rule out a potential contribution by closely linked loci to this delay, we treated WT NOD mice beginning at 2 weeks of age through 5 weeks of age with a depleting anti-ITGAE mAb and found a decreased incidence of diabetes following anti-ITGAE mAb treatment compared with mice that received isotype control mAbs or non-depleting mAbs to ITGAE. Moreover, a histological examination of the pancreas of treated mice revealed that NOD mice treated with a depleting mAb were resistant to immune destruction. These results indicate that ITGAE(+) cells play a key role in the development of autoimmune diabetes and are consistent with the hypothesis that ITGAE(+)CD8(+)T effectors initiate the disease process.
Habituation and motion sickness

The vestibular, cerebellar, and reticular systems are central in importance, in motion sickness and habituation, to the effects of motion. Nuclear medicine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies of cerebral blood flow and power spectral electroencephalographic recordings during motion sickness were used to determine alterations in the central nervous system. The rotating chair with and without visual stimulation was used to study the rate of habituation and the effect of antimotion sickness medications on this rate. An increase of theta waves over the frontal cortex indicated a decreased activation of the higher centers during motion sickness. Motion sickness also produces an increase of blood flow in the central cerebellum that has connections to the reticular system. This increase in cerebellar activity is relayed to the reticular system whereby neural recruitment builds up to trigger the vomiting center, producing motion sickness. Habituation may be a conditioned compensatory activation of the reticular neurons that prevents this disruption of normal activation. The rate of habituation when motion sickness was prevented by scopolamine was slowed, indicating that, if the central nervous system is not challenged by disruption of normal activation, it does not produce the compensatory reactions that result in habituation.
Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in primary breast cancer: indications and use as a research tool

Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy has been increasingly employed in clinical practice to improve surgical options for postmenopausal women with bulky hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Recent studies indicate that tumour response in this setting may predict long-term outcome of patients on adjuvant endocrine therapy, which argues for its broader application in treating hormone receptor-positive disease. From the research perspective, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy provides a unique opportunity for studies of endocrine responsiveness and the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Effect Size in Single-Case Research: A Review of Nine Nonoverlap Techniques

With rapid advances in the analysis of data from single-case research designs, the various behavior-change indices, that is, effect sizes, can be confusing. To reduce this confusion, nine effect-size indices are described and compared. Each of these indices examines data nonoverlap between phases. Similarities and differences, both conceptual and computational, are highlighted. Seven of the nine indices are applied to a sample of 200 published time series data sets, to examine their distributions. A generic meta-analytic method is presented for combining nonoverlap indices across multiple data series within complex designs.
Solution of viscously damped linear systems using a set of load‐dependent vectors

This paper considers a solution method for viscously damped linear structural systems which are subjected to transient loading. The equations of motion of such systems are written in a first-order form. A solution subspace is generated using the damped dynamic matrix and the static deflection from the first-order form of the equations of motion. Two convenient bases, Lanczos vectors and Ritz vectors, are constructed from this subspace. An approximate solution is then obtained by superposition of the Lanczos vectors or the Ritz vectors. In contrast to the traditional mode superposition method using complex eigenvectors, the Lanczos vectors or the Ritz vectors are less expensive to generate than the complex eigenvectors, yet yield comparable accuracy. In addition, there is no need for a static correction since the static deflection is already contained in our solution subspace. Numerical examples are presented to show the potential of using the Ritz vectors to compute responses of damped dynamic systems.
Facebook, the Third-Person Effect, and the Differential Impact Hypothesis

This study examined the effects of embedding and framing online news stories in social media contexts on perceived message influence and third-person effects 3PE. 88 undergraduates at a Northeastern U.S. university participated in an online experiment in which they evaluated news stories posted on Facebook. A 4 x 2 mixed experimental design was used with the between-subject variables of viewing condition no Facebook frame, neutral Facebook, positive Facebook evaluation, and negative Facebook evaluation and the within-subjects factor of story relevance Low, High. Results indicate that perceptions of personal influence increase in social media contexts for more personally relevant stories. These results are consistent with the Differential Impact Hypothesis.
Caregiver/resident relationships: surrogate family bonds and surrogate grieving in a skilled nursing facility

The study investigated the occurrence of surrogate family bonds and surrogate grieving by staff members (n = 25) at a rural skilled nursing facility. Staff members were educated on both concepts then given a structured interview to test for occurrence and identification with these concepts. Public opinion, as well as the literature, describes the caregiver/resident relationship as a historical, lacking close emotional bonds. However, staff members are often observed to report close emotional bonds and grieving over the death of residents. This study tested the hypotheses that self-reported caregiver surrogate family bonds and self-reported caregiver surrogate grieving would exist at a significantly higher rate than the literature would predict. Chi-square analysis supported the hypothesis for surrogate family bonds, chi 2 (1, n = 25) = 17.64, P < 0.001. Surrogate family bonds were found to occur in 92% of the present sample. However, surrogate grieving was not supported and was found to occur in only 52% of the sample.
Dynamical model of selective versus nonselective laser-stimulated surface processes☆

Abstract The selective and nonselective excitations of laser-stimulated surface processes are quantitatively discussed by the population dynamics of multi-photon-multi-phonon processes. The multi-level system is reduced to a few-level system in the Heisenberg-Markovian picture and the level populations of different normal modes of the adspecies/surface system are solved numerically. It is shown that specific normal modes of the system may be selectively excited without appreciably heating the system as a whole when the pumping rate is faster than the energy relaxation rate. In contrast to a homogeneous gas-phase system (governed by picosecond phenomena), much longer time scales of the relaxation dynamics are discussed for the present heterogeneous system.
Characterization of single heat-activated Bacillus spores using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy

Heat activation of dormant bacterial spores is a short treatment at a sublethal temperature that potentiates and synchronizes spore germination. In this paper, laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) was used to study the heat activation of single spores of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis. We measured the Raman spectra of single spores without treatment, during heat activation at 65 °C (B. cereus) or 70 °C (B. subtilis), and following heat activation and cooling to 25 °C. Principle component analysis (PCA) was applied to discriminate among the three groups of spores based on their Raman spectra. The results indicated that: (1) there are large changes in the Raman bands of Ca-DPA and protein for both B. cereus and B. subtilis spores during heat activation, indicative of changes in spore core state and partial protein denaturation at the heat activation temperatures; (2) these spectral changes become smaller once the heated spores are cooled, consistent with heat activation being reversible; (3) minor spectral differences between untreated and heat-activated and cooled spores can be discriminated by PCA based on non-polarized and polarized Raman spectra; and (4) analysis based on polarized Raman spectra reveals that partial denaturation of protein during heat activation is mainly observed in the vertically polarized component.
Severe Pulmonic Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum and Right Aortic Arch

Three cases with pulmonary stenosis, intact ventricular septum, and right aortic arch are presented, along with physiologic data. Two cases had infundibular stenosis and, in addition, an aberrant left subclavian artery. The third case was thought to have valvular stenosis. All three patients have been successfully operated upon and show good clinical results.