cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-order super-grid-scale absorbing layer and its application to linear hyperbolic systems

We continue the development of the super-grid-scale model initiated in [T. Colonius, H. Ran, A super-grid-scale model for simulating compressible flow on unbounded domains, J. Comput. Phys. 182 (1) (2002) 191-212] and consider its application to linear hyperbolic systems. The super-grid-scale model consists of two parts: reduction of an unbounded to a bounded domain by a smooth coordinate transformation and a damping of those scales. For linear problems the super-grid scales are analogous to spurious numerical waves. We damp these waves by high-order undivided differences. We compute reflection coefficients for different orders of the damping and find that significant improvements are obtained when high-order damping is used. In numerical experiments with Maxwell's equations, we show that when the damping is of high order, the error from the boundary condition converges at the order of the interior scheme. We also demonstrate that the new method achieves perfectly matched layer-like accuracy. When applied to linear hyperbolic systems the stability of the super-grid-scale method follows from its construction. This makes our method particularly suitable for problems for which perfectly matched layers are unstable. We present results for two such problems: elastic waves in anisotropic media and isotropic elastic waves in wave guides with traction-free surfaces.
Chapter 7 – Periodontal Innate Immune Mechanisms Relevant to Atherosclerosis

Periodontal disease presents with a wide range of clinical variability and severity. More than 80% of the population harbors at least one of the causative organism(s) of periodontal disease; many are able to limit its progression or clear the organism(s) if infected. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that long-term effects of periodontal disease can be linked to more serious systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and pregnancy complications. This chapter focuses on the role of periodontitis in aggravating atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is now considered a manifestation of a state of disordered immunity in which there is dynamic interactions between endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and repeated cycles of “wound healing” responses. Novel mechanisms associated with deregulated inflammation and its consequences in the vasculature have emerged recently and are discussed in the context of periodontal disease and development of pharmacotherapeutics interventions to address these chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collaboration and Co-Teaching: Strategies for English Learners

by Andrea Honigsfeld and Maria G. Dove. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. © 2010. 225 pages. ISBN: 978-1-4129-7650-3. In a time when teachers are asked to do more with less, finding practical approaches t...
A scheduler for actions with iterated durations

A wide range of robotic missions contain actions that exhibit looping behavior. Examples of these actions include picking fruit in agriculture, pick-and-place tasks in manufacturing and search patterns in robotic search or survey missions. These looping actions often have a range of acceptable values for the number of loops and a preference function over them. For example, during robotic survey missions, the information gain is expected to increase with the number of loops in a search pattern. Since these looping actions also take time, which is typically bounded, there is a challenge of maximizing utility while respecting time constraints. In this paper, we introduce the Looping Temporal Problem with Preference (LTPP) as a simple parameterized extension of a simple temporal problem. In addition, we introduce a scheduling algorithm for LTPPs which leverages the structure of the problem to find the optimal solution efficiently. We show more than an order of magnitude improvement in run-time over current scheduling techniques and framing a LTPP as a MINLP.
Implications for universal grammar of object-creating rules in Luyia and Mashi

The purpose of this paper is to examine on the basis of comparative data from several Bantu languages hypotheses made in prior papers by Gary [1975] and Gary and Keenan [1976, 1977] concerning the Relational Hierarchy (RH) in universal grammar:
Hrem Study of Fracture and Deformation Behavior of Nanostructured Thin Films

Nanocrystalline gold and nickel thin films were prepared by both ion beam sputter deposition and electron beam evaporation techniques. The grain sizes were between 8–60 nm, depending on the processing. The deformation and fracture behavior of these nanostructural thin films were then investigated in a high resolution electron microscope (HREM) with atomic resolution. The behavior was a strong function of grain size. During slow strain rate deformation of small grain size materials ( 25 nm), the cracks propagated in a mixed mode which was partially intergranular and partially transgranular. The transgranular propagation was crystallographic in nature, showing very fine, distinct crystallographic facets on the crack faces. It is suggested that a transition from intergranular propagation to a “cleavage-like” mechanism of propagation occurs with the increase of grain size.
Development of the beet armyworm and its parasite Chelonus texanus in relation to temperature.

Individual beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), were reared on lima bean-agar medium in temperature cabinets. Regression equations are: for the number of days for the egg stage, ŷ = -0.3472 + 0.0083 X; from the first-instar larva to the prepupal stage, ŷ = -0.0921 + 0.00203 X; to the pupal stage,) ŷ = -0.1032 + 0.00214 X; and to the adult stage, ŷ = -0.0716 + 0.00147 X, where ŷ is the reciprocal of days and X is the temperature (°F). The rate of development was the same at constant as at fluctuating temperatures. Comparisons indicated a rate of development similar to published life-history records of beet armyworms in Florida asparagus ferneries during 1932–33. Chelonus texanus Cresson developed at a similar rate to that of S. exigua . The regression equation for the number of days to the death cell from the hatching of the S. exigua egg is ŷ= -0.1385 + 0.00283 X, and to the adult stage is ŷ = -0.0841 + 0.00164 X.
Structure, Caregiver–Child Interactions, and Children’s General Physical and Behavioral Development in Three Central American Institutions

This article describes structural characteristics and caregiver–child interactions (N = 34) in three Central American institutions for infants and young children (N = 79) and relates differences in...
Employing Iraqi War to Peruse the Application of Sun Tzu Thinking to Media War

Iraqi War is a local war with high informationization.Media war exerts great influence as the second battle field for both the USA and Iraq.Through the analysis of Iraqi War,this article expounds that psychological attack and buffeting the enemy's momentum are the direct purposes of media war,the concept that warfare depends on deception is tactical principle of media war,and that seeking the disposition and creating the posture are the basic approaches of media war.Media war reflects the brilliance of Sun Tzu thinking.
Caplike double-horned double-outlet right ventricle: Report of two cases

Two patients with a rare form of double-chambered, double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) are described. Both patients had associated pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and a large tricuspid valve whose chordal attachments crossed the right ventricular outflow tract. The angiocardiographic, echocardiographic, and operative findings were distinctive. The right ventricle was positioned as a “cap” sitting atop the ventricular septal defect at the cephalad end of the left ventricle. The right ventricle, with its two “horns,” was likened to a rider straddling a saddle. Tricuspid chordal attachments extended into each of the two right ventricular “horns.” No repair was performed in the asymptomatic patient. The other repair involved closure of the tricuspid orifice and insertion of a valved extracardiac conduit from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery.
Fertility in cryptorchidism: improved timing of fixation and treatment in an experimental model.

AbstractModifications were made in an experimental model in the rat to make it more analogous to human cryptorchidism and more useful in evaluating treatment. The age of experimental bilateral cryptorchidism was changed from 3 days to 11 days. Neither group was able to father offspring. The age at orchiopexy also was modified from the range of 21 to 28 days to exactly 21 days. The ability to father offspring improved significantly (72 versus 30 per cent) and it was not significantly different from previously reported sham operated rats (84 per cent). The current experimental model demonstrates that early surgical treatment can restore fertility to mechanically cryptorchid animals. The model can be used to evaluate the effects of varying types and timing of treatment.
Transforming Lepidopteran Insect Cells for Improved Protein Processing and Expression

The lepidopteran insect cells used with the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) are capable of synthesizing and accurately processing foreign proteins. However, proteins expressed in baculovirus-infected cells often fail to be completely processed, or are not processed in a manner that meets a researcher's needs. This chapter discusses a metabolic engineering approach that addresses this problem. Basically, this approach involves the addition of new or enhancement of existing protein processing functions in established lepidopteran insect cell lines. In addition to improvements in protein processing, this approach has also been used to improve protein expression levels obtained with the BEVS. Methods for engineering cell lines and assessing their properties as improved hosts for the BEVS are detailed. Examples of lepidopteran insect cell lines engineered for improved protein N-glycosylation, folding/trafficking, and expression are described in detail.
The Place for Neuroscience in Criminal Law

The last thirty years have seen an explosion of neuroscience research on how the mind functions. This research paints a revised image of what constitutes human nature and behavior and how the criminal law can handle those extremes of it that endanger individuals and their society. The revision is important to the criminal law because key criminal law concepts of culpability depend on the internal workings of individuals’ minds. Research into intentionality, consciousness, and brain plasticity are just some examples of areas where new discoveries could help enhance validity and reliability within the criminal justice system. Not surprisingly, lawyers have increasingly introduced neuroscience evidence into the courtroom, a trend suggesting that the complexity of the legal issues raised will only expand as the science progresses. On a more fundamental level, neuroscience is also an excellent resource to revitalize the Model Penal Code’s original focus on subjective determinations of an individual defendant’s blameworthiness, based on that particular defendant’s mental state. Over the last sixty years, the American criminal justice system has become far more punitive, and the subjective inquiry has been overshadowed by a more objective standard that downplays the need to assess individual culpability. The incorporation of modern neuroscience research into the criminal law would bring back a system of justice that more accurately reflects a given defendant’s mental state as well more effectively protects the rest of society. But to benefit from neuroscience in this way, we must first penetrate the mystique that often surrounds the meaning and applicability of the science. We must move on from misconceptions, fears, and misguided debates. And we must realize that although neuroscience brings unique insight to the law, there is nothing about neuroscience that merits unique treatment by the law.
Overexpression of blueberry FLOWERING LOCUS T is associated with changes in the expression of phytohormone-related genes in blueberry plants

Flowering locus T (FT) is a primary integrator in the regulation of plant flowering. Overexpressing a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) FT gene (VcFT) (herein VcFT-OX) resulted in early flowering and dwarfing in 'Aurora' plants (herein 'VcFT-Aurora'). In this study, we found that VcFT-OX reduced shoot regeneration from leaf explants. To investigate the potential roles of the phytohormone pathway genes associated with VcFT-OX, differentially expressed (DE) genes in leaf tissues of 'VcFT-Aurora' plants were annotated and analyzed using non-transgenic 'Aurora' plants as a control. Three DE floral genes, including the blueberry SUPPRESSOR of Overexpression of constans 1 (VcSOC1) (gibberellin related), Abscisic acid responsive elements-binding factor 2 (VcABF2) and protein related to ABI3/VP1 (VcABI3/VP1) (ethylene-related), are present under both the phytohormone-responsive and the dwarfing-related Gene Ontology terms. The gene networks of the DE genes overall showed the molecular basis of the multifunctional aspects of VcFT overexpression beyond flowering promotion and suggested that phytohormone changes could be signaling molecules with important roles in the phenotypic changes driven by VcFT-OX.
Active hyperbolic metasurfaces at telecommunication frequencies

Hyperbolic metasurfaces (HMS) combine the potential for chip-scale integration of optical metasurfaces with the properties of hyperbolic dispersion. In the ideal, lossless effective medium limit, HMS have an unbound optical density of states (DOS). The unbound DOS enables infinite mode densities in waveguides and cavities, and, in principal, an infinitely confined modal energy. The finite periodicity of real HMS, however, places an upper momentum limit on the optical DOS. Additionally, dissipation losses in real HMS limit the utility of high momentum states. To assess the possibility of reducing propagation losses in hyperbolic metamaterials, various studies have analyzed the effect of incorporating gain media. While early studies focused on using dye molecules for visible gain, more recently, indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP) multiple quantum wells (MQW) has emerged as a viable candidate for gain at telecommunication frequencies. Herein, we report on the demonstration of active hyperbolic metasurfaces (HMS) at telecommunication frequencies. Built from nanostructured silver and InGaAsP MQW, the HMS exhibit hyperbolic dispersion across the near-infrared part of the spectrum. When driven by an external optical pump at 1064 nm, the HMS emit broadband radiation in the 1200 nm–1600nm spectral range. Extreme anisotropy of total emission with respect to the pump polarization is observed, with peak PL differing by more than an order of magnitude for orthogonal pump polarization states. Additionally, we measure degree-of-linear-polarization of the emission as high as 0.9. Experimental results are understood through analytical and numerical modeling, which illustrate the efficacy of the effective medium approximation. Finally, we report on device- and circuit-level applications of the active HMS.
Combining STEREO SECCHI COR2 and HI1 images for automatic CME front edge tracking

COR2 coronagraph images are the most commonly used data for coronal mass ejection (CME) analysis among the various types of data provided by the STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) SECCHI (Sun-Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation) suite of instruments. The field of view (FOV) in COR2 images covers 2–15 solar radii (Rs) that allow for tracking the front edge of a CME in its initial stage to forecast the lead-time of a CME and its chances of reaching the Earth. However, estimating the lead-time of a CME using COR2 images gives a larger lead-time, which may be associated with greater uncertainty. To reduce this uncertainty, CME front edge tracking should be continued beyond the FOV of COR2 images. Therefore, heliospheric imager (HI1) data that covers 15–90 Rs FOV must be included. In this paper, we propose a novel automatic method that takes both COR2 and HI1 images into account and combine the results to track the front edges of a CME continuously. The method consists of two modules: pre-processing and tracking. The pre-processing module produces a set of segmented images, which contain the signature of a CME, for both COR2 and HI1 separately. In addition, the HI1 images are resized and padded, so that the center of the Sun is the central coordinate of the resized HI1 images. The resulting COR2 and HI1 image set is then fed into the tracking module to estimate the position angle (PA) and track the front edge of a CME. The detected front edge is then used to produce a height-time profile that is used to estimate the speed of a CME. The method was validated using 15 CME events observed in the period from January 1, 2008 to August 31, 2009. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for CME front edge tracking in both COR2 and HI1 images. Using this method, the CME front edge can now be tracked automatically and continuously in a much larger range, i.e., from 2 to 90 Rs, for the first time. These improvements can greatly help in making the quantitative CME analysis more accurate and have the potential to assist in space weather forecasting.
Development and implementation of an advanced model predictive control system into continuous pharmaceutical tablet compaction process

In the context of continuous pharmaceutical oral dosage manufacturing, a control system is essential to ensure that the critical quality attributes (CQAs) are maintained within the regulatory constraints by mitigating variations generated in upstream operations. Such a system is essential to the Quality by Design (QbD) paradigm shift, which can ensure that predefined end quality attributes are achieved within an optimal economic and time bracket. In this work, an advanced model predictive control (MPC) architecture integrated with a novel real-time tablet weight measurement method has been development and implemented into a continuous direct compaction tablet manufacturing pilot-plant. The proposed control architecture has the potential to control tablet weight and tablet breaking force simultaneously by systematically decoupling and cascading the control loops. The model predictive control algorithm was experimentally found to be superior to the PID (proportional, integral and derivative) controller and thus, can be utilized for a wide range of applications to improve the quality of pharmaceutical products in continuous manufacturing. The MPC was used to control main compression force and pre compression force using main compression height and fill depth respectively as the actuators. The introduction of this methodology leads to new ways of developing MPC models, tablet weight measurement methods and control strategies that enhance the manufacturability and quality of pharmaceutical tablets.
A fast training method for memristor crossbar based multi-layer neural networks

Memristor crossbar arrays carry out multiply–add operations in parallel in the analog domain which is the dominant operation in a neural network application. On-chip training of memristor neural network systems have the significant advantage of being able to get around device variability and faults. This paper presents a novel technique for on-chip training of multi-layer neural networks implemented using a single crossbar per layer and two memristors per synapse. Using two memristors per synapse provides double the synaptic weight precision when compared to a design that uses only one memristor per synapse. Proposed system utilizes a novel variant of the back-propagation (BP) algorithm to reduce both circuit area and training time. During training, all the memristors in a crossbar are updated in four steps in parallel. We evaluated the training of the proposed system with some nonlinearly separable datasets through detailed SPICE simulations which take crossbar wire resistance and sneak-paths into consideration. The proposed training algorithm trained the nonlinearly separable functions with a slight loss in accuracy compared to training with the traditional BP algorithm.
Effect of high-fat diet on secreted milk transcriptome in midlactation mice

High-fat diet (HFD) during lactation alters milk composition and is associated with development of metabolic diseases in the offspring. We hypothesized that HFD affects milk microRNA (miRNA) and mR...
moDNN: Memory optimal DNN training on GPUs

Graphics processing units (GPUs) are widely adopted to accelerate the training of deep neural networks (DNNs). However, the limited GPU memory size restricts the maximum scale of DNNs that can be trained on GPUs, which presents serious challenges. This paper proposes an moDNN framework to optimize the memory usage in DNN training. moDNN supports automatic tuning of DNN training code to match any given memory budget (not smaller than the theoretical lower bound). By taking full advantage of overlapping computations and data transfers, we have developed heuristics to judiciously schedule data offloading and prefetching, together with training algorithm selection, to optimize the memory usage. We further introduce a new sub-batch size selection method which also greatly reduces the memory usage. moDNN can save the memory usage up to 50 χ, compared with the ideal case which assumes that the GPU memory is sufficient to hold all data. When executing moDNN on a GPU with 12GB memory, the performance loss is only 8%, which is much lower than that caused by the best known existing approach, vDNN. moDNN is also applicable to multiple GPUs and attains 1.84 χ average speedup on two GPUs.
Catholic medical education emphasizes service, human flourishing and personal growth.

A physician who is a Roman Catholic priest and dean of Loyola University's Stritch School of Medicine in Chicago discusses the benefits of receiving a Catholic medical education. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
In and Of the World? Christian Theological Anthropology and Environmental Ethics

Mainstream currents within Christianity havelong insisted that humans, among all creatures, areneither fully identified with their physical bodiesnor fully at home on earth. This essay outlines theparticular characteristics of Christian notions ofhuman nature and the implications of this separationfor environmental ethics. It then examines recentefforts to correct some damaging aspects oftraditional Christian understandings of humanity'splace in nature, especially the notions of physicalembodiment and human embeddedment in earth. Theprimary goal of the essay is not to offer acomprehensive evaluation of Christian thinking aboutnature but rather to identify theological anthropologyas a crucial dimension of, and problem for, Christianenvironmental ethics.
Anisotropic Expansion of Finite Temperature Bose Gases — Emergence of Interaction Effects Between Condensed and Non-Condensed Atoms

We present calculations that reveal an anisotropic expansion of the non-condensed component in Na clouds cooled below the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation and subsequently released from the asymmetric magnetic trapping potential. Each atomic cloud is composed of a central condensate and a more extended distribution of non-condensed “thermal” atoms. The interaction between the condensed and non-condensed components of the cloud is found to influence their rates of expansion. The noncondensed component is accelerated and the condensed component is decelerated due to the repulsive interaction between the atoms, with the largest effects occuring in the tightly confined direction of the asymmetric trap.
Modulation of In Vitro and In Vivo T-cell Responses by Transferrin- Gallium and Gallium Nitrate

Gallium is a group IIIa metal that has efficacy in the therapy of malignant disorders such as lymphoma and urothelial tract tumors. Preclinical studies also indicate a role for gallium in autoimmune disorders, suggesting that gallium is able to modulate T-cell immune reactivity. The purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory action of gallium on T-cell function. Since gallium binds to transferrin in vivo, in vitro studies evaluated the effect of transferrin-gallium (Tf-Ga) on human T cells. Tf-Ga inhibited the mitogen-induced proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a dose-dependent fashion. Alloantigen-induced proliferation was also potently suppressed when evaluated in a mixed lymphocyte culture assay. Tf-Ga affected a significant reduction in the density of IL-2 receptors on activated T cells and a slight reduction in the number of CD3+/CD25+ T cells in PHA-stimulated cultures. Neither secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) nor the induction of IL-2-stimulated lymphokine-activated killer activity, however, was inhibited by Tf-Ga. Tf-Ga produced significant upregulation of the transferrin receptor (CD71) in T cells as determined by flow cytometric analysis and northern blot assay, but did not affect the percentage of CD3+/ CD71+ T cells after mitogen stimulation. To assess the in vivo effects of gallium on alloreactive T cells, we evaluated the immunosuppressive effect of gallium in a murine model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Administration of gallium significantly prolonged survival in mice undergoing severe GVHD, suggesting that gallium can ameliorate GVH reactivity. Collectively, these data demonstrate that, at clinically achievable concentrations, Tf-Ga potently inhibits T-cell activation and that this immunosuppressive property of gallium may be of adjunctive therapeutic value in the management of disorders characterized by the presence of autoreactive or alloreactive T-cell populations.
A variability reduction method for the operating room scheduling problem under uncertainty using CVaR

Abstract Uncertain surgery durations in Operating Rooms (OR) can cause a large deviation from the expected completion time of all surgery cases scheduled for each day. When the deviation is significantly large, it causes an extended overtime for the surgical team to complete the scheduled cases, and it often creates unnecessarily excessive idle times. As a result, the hospital will lose revenue opportunities. To address this issue, this paper presents a risk-based solution approach using the concept of Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) to reduce variability on overtime, idle time, and associated costs in a daily OR scheduling problem. The OR scheduling problem is formulated as a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (SMILP) model, where a surgery duration follows a probability distribution function. The objective of the SMILP model is to minimize the CVaR of overtime and idle time costs. Numerical experiments are conducted on real-life benchmark instances, and showed that CVaR outperformed the widely used expected value (EV) approach in reducing variance of the total cost. As compared to the EV in terms of the total cost, the CVaR reduced the variance by 37%, produced a 25% lower interquartile range, and 24% lower median absolute deviation at a slight increase (4%) in the expected value.
Effective Hamiltonians and dilution effects in kagome and related antiferromagnets

What is the zero-temperature ordering pattern of a Heisenberg antiferromagnet with large spin length $S$ (and possibly small dilution), on the kagome lattice, or others built from corner-sharing triangles and tetrahedra? First, I summarize the uses of effective Hamiltonians to resolve the large ground-state degeneracy, leading to long-range order of the usual kind. Secondly, I discuss the effects of dilution, in particular to {\it non}-frustration of classical ground states, in that every simplex of spins is optimally satisfied. Of three explanations for this, the most complete is Moessner-Chalker constraint-counting. Quantum zero-point energy may compete with classical exchange energy in a diluted system, creating frustration and enabling a spin-glass state. I suggest that the regime of over 97% occupation is qualitatively different from the more strongly diluted regime.
Specification, Construction, and Exact Reduction of Finite State Transition System Models of Biochemical Processes

Biochemical reactions may be viewed as discrete event processes characterized by a finite number of states and transitions. These processes may be modeled as finite state transition systems where state transitions represent individual reaction events. The time-evolution of the state occupancy probabilities of such systems is described by the master equation. Since these systems often involve a large number of interactions, it can be difficult to construct the master equation for a model describing a system, and since the resulting models can involve a huge number of states, solving the associated master equation can be difficult or impossible. Here, we describe a method for the specification, construction, and reduction of finite state transition system models of biochemical processes using the symmetry and invariant manifold reduction techniques. The method allows a user to specify transition rules using an intuitive graphical representation, and to automatically construct the transition matrix of a differential equation characterizing exactly the dynamics of a model, with a potentially significant reduction in dimension when compared to the full master equation of the model. The application of the method to a biological process is illustrated by models describing a hypothetical ion-channel at several levels of complexity.
Relationship of IFN-γ inducible protein 10 with dermatoses

Chemokines and their receptors play an important role in the development of many dermatoses.For example,IFN-γ inducible protein 10(IP-10)is a newly identified chemokine in CXC subfamily which has been studied by numerous researches in recent years.It is secreted by more than 30 activated cells,such as fibroblasts,mononuclear macrophages,endothelial cells and iymphocytes.Functionally,IP-10 can attract neutrophils,facilitate the release ofvarious inflammatory factors and induce Th1 inflammation as a chemokine.This paper describes the structure and expression of IP-10 and its receptors,as well as their relationship with skin disorders. Key words: Interferon type II; Chemokines,CXC; Skin diseases
Scarce-Resource Allocation and Patient Triage During the COVID-19 Pandemic: JACC Review Topic of the Week

The COVID-19 pandemic and its sequelae have created scenarios of scarce medical resources, leading to the prospect that health care systems have faced or will face difficult decisions about triage, allocation, and reallocation. These decisions should be guided by ethical principles and values, should not be made before crisis standards have been declared by authorities, and, in most cases, will not be made by bedside clinicians. Do not attempt resuscitation and withholding and withdrawing decisions should be made according to standard determination of medical appropriateness and futility, but there are unique considerations during a pandemic. Transparent and clear communication is crucial, coupled with dedication to provide the best possible care to patients, including palliative care. As medical knowledge about COVID-19 grows, more will be known about prognostic factors that can guide these difficult decisions.
Reversing the Eutrophication of the Chesapeake Bay and Its People

Eutrophication overtook the Chesapeake Bay beginning in the mid twentieth century, and continues to be a major problem. The human food system produces excess inorganic nutrients and oxygen-demanding pollution that are primary drivers in the eutrophication of the Chesapeake Bay. The bulk of that pollution emanates from an agricultural system designed to produce the elements of the Standard American Diet (SAD), including meat and highly refined carbohydrates. Inputs of N and P from modern agriculture’s artificial fertilizers and animal manure, overwhelm the natural, high-fiber inputs of detritus that used to predominate. This results in frequent algal blooms and attendant periods of hypoxia in the bottom waters of the Bay during seasonal stratification. Humans respond to the SAD in a fashion similar to how the Bay responds to the agricultural system that produces the foods for that diet. The excessive biomass of algal blooms is equivalent to the unnecessary and dangerous deposits of adipose that create obesity in people. Hypoxia in the bottom waters of the Bay is analogous to that in the brain and adipose tissues of obese and over-weight people (75% of the Bay’s human population), causing various health problems. Hypoxic bottom waters promote populations of benthic bacteria that release toxic H2S. The high animal component of the SAD produces dysbiosis of the human biome, including bacterial production of disease-promoting H2S in the lower intestines. Both the Bay and humans living there suffer from a lack of fiber-rich organic matter. Reversing eutrophication of the bay and its people requires a shift away from the SAD to a whole food plant based diet.
Changes in otoacoustic emissions during selective auditory and visual attention.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) measured during behavioral tasks can have different magnitudes when subjects are attending selectively or not attending. The implication is that the cognitive and perceptual demands of a task can affect the first neural stage of auditory processing—the sensory receptors themselves. However, the directions of the reported attentional effects have been inconsistent, the magnitudes of the observed differences typically have been small, and comparisons across studies have been made difficult by significant procedural differences. In this study, a nonlinear version of the stimulus-frequency OAE (SFOAE), called the nSFOAE, was used to measure cochlear responses from human subjects while they simultaneously performed behavioral tasks requiring selective auditory attention (dichotic or diotic listening), selective visual attention, or relative inattention. Within subjects, the differences in nSFOAE magnitude between inattention and attention...
Feshbach Resonances in p -Wave Three-Body Recombination within Fermi-Fermi Mixtures of Open-Shell Li 6 and Closed-Shell Yb 173 Atoms

We report on the observation of magnetic Feshbach resonances in a Fermi-Fermi mixture of ultracold atoms with extreme mass imbalance and on their unique p-wave dominated three-body recombination processes. Our system consists of open-shell alkali-metal 6Li and closed-shell 173Yb atoms, both spin polarized and held at various temperatures between 1 and 20 μK. We confirm that Feshbach resonances in this system are solely the result of a weak separation-dependent hyperfine coupling between the electronic spin of 6Li and the nuclear spin of 173Yb. Our analysis also shows that three-body recombination rates are controlled by the identical fermion nature of the mixture, even in the presence of s-wave collisions between the two species and with recombination rate coefficients outside the Wigner threshold regime at our lowest temperature. Specifically, a comparison of experimental and theoretical line shapes of the recombination process indicates that the characteristic asymmetric line shape as a function of applied magnetic field and a maximum recombination rate coefficient that is independent of temperature can only be explained by triatomic collisions with nonzero, p-wave total orbital angular momentum. The resonances can be used to form ultracold doublet ground-state molecules and to simulate quantum superfluidity in mass-imbalanced mixtures.
The Effects of Contact and Labeling on Attitudes Towards Individuals with Autism

Typically developing young adults perceive their peers with autism more negatively than those without autism, but less so when they have experience with individuals with autism. Study 1 examined whether typically developing university students’ (n = 70) judgments of their peers would differ as a function of interpersonal contact and being labeled as autistic. Perceptions of peers with autism were consistent with stereotypes about autism and were associated with contact. In Study 2, typically developing university students (n = 130) imagined interacting with a student with manipulations of perseverative behavior and the label of autism. Attitudes towards individuals with autism were more positive following an imagined contact scenario with a peer demonstrating perseverative behavior with a label of autism.
Robotic-Assisted Versus Conventional Posterior Lumbar Fusion-An Analysis of 90-Day Complications and Readmissions.

Objective To evaluate medical and surgical complication rates between robotic-assisted versus conventional elective posterior lumbar fusions. Methods The Symphony Integrated DataVerse was queried using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification procedure codes to identify patients undergoing elective posterior lumbar fusions for degenerative spine pathologies between 2015 and 2018. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification procedure codes (8E0W4CZ, 8E0W0CZ, 8E0W3CZ) were used to identify patients undergoing a robotic-assisted spinal fusion. Outcome measures were 90-day medical and surgical complications, 1-year pseudarthrosis, and 1-year revision surgery rates. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess whether undergoing a robotic-assisted fusion (vs. conventional fusion) was associated with differences in wound complications, medical complications, pseudarthrosis, revision surgery, and readmissions within 90 days of surgery. Results A total of 39,387 patients undergoing elective posterior lumbar fusions were included in the cohort—of whom 245 (0.62%) patients underwent a robotic-assisted fusion. Multivariate analysis showed that robotic-assisted fusion (vs. conventional fusion) was not associated with significant differences in 90-day rates of wound complications (P = 0.299), urinary tract infections (P = 0.648), acute myocardial infarctions (P = 0.209), acute renal failure (P = 0.461), pneumonia (P = 0.214), stroke (P = 0.917), deep venous thrombosis (P = 0.562), pulmonary embolism (P = 0.401), and readmissions (P = 0.985). In addition, there were no significant differences in the 1-year rates of revision fusions (P = 0.316) and pseudarthrosis (P = 0.695). Conclusions Patients who underwent a robotic-assisted fusion had similar rates of surgical and medical complications compared with those who underwent a conventional fusion. Further studies are warranted to better understand the future role of robots in spine surgery.
Intravascular Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma of the Femoral Vein: A Case Report.

Case A 30-year-old man presented with progressive lower right extremity pain and swelling, initially diagnosed as a deep venous thrombosis. He returned 18 months later after 2 episodes of gross hemoptysis, with chest computed tomography angiography findings concerning for tumor thrombus in the left pulmonary artery. Subsequent advanced imaging showed a lesion arising from his right femoral vein, which open biopsy revealed to be a primary intravascular mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. He underwent medical therapy, with improvement of pain and swelling and successful return to work. Conclusion Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare pathology, and its intravascular origin makes this case extraordinarily uncommon.
Megan Rapinoe’s Power Pose: Informing and Influencing Fan Performances

US Women’s National Team forward and 2019 Golden Boot winner Megan Rapinoe used the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup as her personal stage for both soccer and political performances. This chapter examines how women fans of the USWNT understood, interpreted, and assigned meaning to star forward Megan Rapinoe’s iconic power pose in light of their fandom. Further, it explores how women fans interpreted the pose—and Rapinoe herself—as a condensation symbol. An analysis of fandom, identity, and politics, soccer fans—through extensive interviews—scored high on the scale of performative fandom of both Rapinoe the player and Rapinoe the activist.
Pathophysiologie des Katabolismus bei unterernährten alten Patienten

Malnutrition is a common finding amongst our elders. The causes of malnutrition are multifactorial and although they have been extensively studied, they are not entirely understood. Both physiological and pathological processes of aging put this population at a higher risk of being undernourished. These may be related to social, financial, psychological and/or physiological changes directly or indirectly associated to growing old. Age associated changes increase the risk of malnutrition in older individuals. These alterations range from problems in taste and smell perception, which were previously thought to be the main cause of anorexia in this population, to alterations in either the concentration or efficacy of the previously mentioned feeding modulators. Increased intestinal malabsorption together with an altered pancreatic exocrine response to different diets, further contributing to subclinical malabsorption in the elderly population aged and may account in part for the malnutrition observed in this group. Although not directly caused by the aging process, several conditions such as anorexia nervosa, cancer, infectious conditions, and inflammatory processes are associated with decreased food intake and weight loss. These conditions present with elevated levels of immunoregulatory substances known as cytokines. Each of these cytokines has multiple effects and play a leading role in the pathophysiology and maintainance of malnutrition in these situations.
Involvement of Nucleic Acids and Microtubules in Ciliogenesis: Implications for Cytoplasmic Inheritance

The ciliated protozoan, Stentor coeruleus, undergoes a process of oral development which occurs when cells prepare to divide or when the oral area is artificially removed. This process involves the production of thousands of new cilia and basal bodies in an eight hour period. A location on the cell cortex, the stripe contrast zone, defines the site of ciliogenesis. The data indicate that DNA synthesis is not required. RNA and protein synthesis are required during early stages of regeneration. At late stages a limiting factor is assembly of microtubule protein as demonstrated by sensitivity to the drugs colchicine and podophyllotoxin. A regulatory model based on the polymerization-depolymerization equilibrium of microtubule protein is offered which explains both these results and classic experiments involving grafts between two cells at different stages of regeneration. Such grafts regenerate synchronously (the older cell is retarded and the younger accelerated until they reach the same stage). This result may be expected if cells at different stages have unequal pools of cilia percursors and if these pools mix when cells are grafted together. The polarity of proteins in the cell cortex is thought to determine cortical patterns and basal body location. Assembly of proteins on these basal bodies would be determined by the cilia precursor protein pool. This model does not require involvement of the cell cortex, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, or specific cortical nucleic acids in the regulation of morphogenesis. (Supported by USPHS Grant CA5060 from NCl).
Fluorescence Upconversion Properties of Er3+-Doped TiO2 and BaTiO3 Nanocrystallites

The effects of the erbium concentration, crystal size, crystal phase, and different processing temperatures on the upconverted emission of Er3+ in BaTiO3 and TiO2 nanocrystals are reported. A cw diode laser at 975 nm was used as a pump source for resonant sequential excitation of the 4I11/2 and 4F7/2 levels. Green and red upconversion emission at 550 and 670 nm were observed from these oxide nanocrystals with 975 nm excitation. With the same Er3+ concentration, the upconversion emission intensity from BaTiO3 was higher than that observed in the TiO2 host. In the TiO2 matrix, the maximum upconversion emission intensity of Er3+ was found for samples calcined at 800 °C where both the anatase and the rutile phases were present. The observed emission characteristics and the pump intensity dependence of the luminescence intensity confirm that the upconverted emission in these materials is produced by two-photon excited-state absorption (ESA) processes.
Saying No: A Brief Compendium and Sometimes a Workbook with Blank Spaces

There is an art to writing in the negative just as writing affirmatively is an art. Once in a while a poet builds his style on his use of denials. W. S. Merwin is one of these poets. "The Owl" is about "You who are never there" There is frustra tion: "that is the sound of my ruiming/ the plea/ plea that it makes/ which you will never hear" ("Words from a Totem Animal"). And from that same poem these: "I might have been right/ not who I am/ but alright/ among the walls among the reasons/ not even waiting/ not seen"; "there are no names for the rivers"; "Caught again and held again/ again I am not a blessing"; "There are no stars/ there is no grief/ I will never arrive"; "I can turn myself toward the other joys and their lights / but not find them/ I can put my words into the mouths/ of spirits/ but they will not say them"; "I dreamed I had no nails/ no hair/ I had lost one of the senses/ not sure which"; and more. Hardly a poem passes in which Merwin does not make use of a negative image: "riderless horses no messages" ("Inscription Facing Western Sea") ; "every minute is one of the doors/ that never opened" ("Sunset after Rain"). He is researching the erasures of the universe but I have to admit my first thought was that he took the easy way out by trying to make a dead end into something profound. I felt he chose vague words to describe the vague, mysterious phrases to evoke the mysterious. The negatives still do not add to my enjoyment of the poems, but they do provide the enjoyable game of pursuing the negative aesthetic.
The role of motor experience in understanding action function: the case of the precision grasp.

Recent evidence suggests adults and infants selectively attend to features of action, such as how a hand contacts an object. The current research investigated whether this bias stems from infants’ processing of the functional consequences of grasps: understanding that different grasps afford different future actions. A habituation paradigm assessed 10-month-old infants’ (N = 62) understanding of the functional consequences of precision and whole-hand grasps in others’ actions, and infants’ own precision grasping abilities were also assessed. The results indicate infants understood the functional consequences of another’s grasp only if they could perform precision grasps themselves. These results highlight a previously unknown aspect of early action understanding, and deepen our understanding of the relation between motor experience and cognition.