cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualizing and segmenting large volumetric data sets

Current systems for segmenting and visualizing volumetric data sets characteristically require the user to possess a technical sophistication in volume visualization techniques, thus restricting the potential audience of users. As large volumetric data sets become more common, segmentation and visualization tools need to deemphasize the technical aspects of visualization and let users exploit their content knowledge of the data set. This proves especially critical in an educational setting. In anatomical education, data sets such as the Visible Human Project provide significant learning opportunities, but students must have tools that let them apply, refine, and build on their anatomical knowledge without technical obstacles. I describe a software environment that uses immersive virtual reality technology to let users immediately apply their expert knowledge to exploring and visualizing volumetric data sets.
FDA Guidance for ABSSSI Trials: Implications for Conducting and Interpreting Clinical Trials

Recent guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the conduct of clinical trials for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (ABSSSI) has changed the framework for clinical trial design and conduct. Notable changes included new disease state definitions, new primary endpoint definitions and the timing of assessments at these endpoints, and updated guidance on patient inclusion/exclusion criteria. Supportive evidence and statistical justification for the proposed noninferiority margins were described in detail. Although the updated guidelines are still considered drafts and have been adopted in some trials, they serve as the basis for study protocol discussions between pharmaceutical companies and the FDA in advancing the development of promising new agents. Not only will the new trial designs impact researchers and sponsors responsible for drug development programs, but they will also affect healthcare providers participating in clinical trials and the ways in which clinicians develop patient treatment plans based on the results of those trials. This review provides a summary of key changes that will impact future clinical trial design and outcomes.
Conserving coastal habitats one partner at a time

The Coastal Program and the National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grant Program are two programs within the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that support coastal habitat conservation. The Coastal Program is a voluntary stewardship program dedicated to building partnerships and helping coastal communities protect and restore coastal habitat. The Coastal Program staff in 21 locations works closely with partners to improve the health of watersheds by assessment and mapping habitat resources, restoring degraded habitat, and providing technical assistance for coastal conservation. Partners include Federal and State agencies, local and tribal governments, businesses, industry, organizations, and individuals. Program accomplishments include restoring tidal flows to marshes and estuaries for migratory waterfowl and shorebirds, re-planting submerged seagrass beds to improve fin fish and shell fish habitat, identifying and working collaboratively to protect seabird nesting inlands, improving fish passage, and replanting coastal forests and dune systems. The National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grant Program provides financial support for States interested in conserving their coastal wetlands resources. The grants are used to acquire, restore or enhance coastal wetlands for the benefit of wildlife and habitat.
Cache-oblivious data structures for orthogonal range searching

We develop cache-oblivious data structures for orthogonal range searching, the problem of finding all T points in a set of N points in IRd lying in a query hyper-rectangle. Cache-oblivious data structures are designed to be efficient in arbitrary memory hierarchies.We describe a dynamic linear-size data structure that answers d-dimensional queries in O((N/B)1-1/d+T/B) memory transfers, where B is the block size of any two levels of a multilevel memory hierarchy. A point can be inserted into or deleted from this data structure in O(log2B N) memory transfers. We also develop a static structure for the two-dimensional case that answers queries in O(logB N+T/B) memory transfers using O(N log22 N) space. The analysis of the latter structure requires that B=22c for some non-negative integer constant c.
EcoCAR 3: Architecture selection validation through vehicle modeling and simulation for the Colorado State University Vehicle Innovation Team

Abstract The Colorado State University's Vehicle Innovation Team (CSU VIT) is one of 16 universities competing in the EcoCAR 3 competition. This competition is the latest in the Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition (AVTC) series and tasks the competing universities with the production of a 2016 hybrid electric Chevrolet Camaro. This is done with the goal of increasing vehicle fuel economy and decrease emissions while maintaining stock vehicle performance and safety. A major component of this year's work was the design and selection of a vehicle architecture that will be built in the coming years. The CSU VIT has developed a suite of detailed fuel economy and performance models of its proposed hybrid vehicle that can be used to represent the vehicle throughout the design process. These models serve several purposes: they provide decision support for the powertrain architecture choices; they allow for control strategy comparison and development; and they provide a framework for future software-in-the-loop (SIL) and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation and development. This paper presents on the development and use of these modeling tools.
INVESTIGATION OF A COMBINED PHOTOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTER- SIMULATION TECHNIQUE FOR USE IN THE STUDY OF ISOLATED INTERSECTIONS

THE FIRST OBJECTIVE WAS TO DEVELOP A PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA-COLLECTION SYSTEM CAPABLE OF RECORDING CONTINUOUS INTERSECTION TRAFFIC DATA, INCLUDING INFORMATION REGARDING STOPPED-TIME-DELAY OF LEFT-TURN VEHICLES AND LEFT-TURN GAP-ACCEPATANCE CHARACTERISTICS. THIS OBJECTIVE WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW CAMERA AND MIRROR SYSTEM THAT USES A 35-MM ROBOT CAMERA WITH A MAGAZINE CAPABLE OF RECORDING DATA FOR 30 MIN AT A RATE OF ONE FRAME/SEC. THE UNIQUE DATA-COLLECTION SYSTEM WAS TESTED IN THE FIELD AND WAS SHOWN TO BE AN ADEQUATE MEANS FOR COLLECTING VARIOUS TRAFFIC DATA. COUPLED WITH PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED DATA REDUCTION EQUIPMENT, THIS SYSTEM PROVIDED THE DATA NECESSARY FOR THIS STUDY. THE SECOND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO DEVELOP A COMPUTER-SIMULATION MODEL CAPABLE OF SIMULATING THE INTERSECTION OF TWO- AND FOUR- LANE ROADWAYS WITH AND WITHOUT LEFT-TURN CHANNELS. THE TEC MODEL, WHICH CAN SIMULATE THESE FOUR TYPES OF INTERSECTIONS, WAS WRITTEN IN THE SIMULATION LANGUAGE GPSS/360. THE FINAL OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO VALIDATE THE SIMULATION MODEL, AND THIS WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY USING VARIOUS DATA COLLECTED IN THE FIELD, PARTICULARLY DELAY DATA. /AUTHOR/
Coverage of the Stanford Prison Experiment in Introductory Psychology Courses: A Survey of Introductory Psychology Instructors

The present study examined the coverage of Stanford prison experiment (SPE), including criticisms of the study, in introductory psychology courses through an online survey of introductory psycholog...
(5Z,9Z)-3-alkyl-5-methylindolizidines fromSolenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) species.

The alkaloidal venom components of two species of thief ants,Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) species AA andS. (Diplorhoptrum)conjurata have been found to contain (5Z,9Z)-3-hexyl-5-methylindolizidine and a mixture of (5Z,9Z)-3-ethyl-5-methylindolizidine andcis-2-methyl-6-nonyl-piperidine,trans-2-methyl-6-nonylpiperidine,cis-2-methyl-6-undecylpiperidine, and hexadecanoic acid.Monomorium pharaonis was similarly investigated and found to contain the indolizidine and pyrrolidines previously described (Ritter et al., 1977b). Both indolizidines were synthesized along with their stereoisomers and separated by preparative gas chromatography. Spectral studies revealed the stereochemistry to be 5Z,9Z in both cases. The stereochemistry of 2-butyl-5-pentylpyrrolidine inM. phaeronis has also been established. Biosynthetic relationships are discussed.
Septic arthritis, the unexpected complication.

Fourteen patients with septic arthritis superimposed on a variety of conditions have been reported. Physical examination of joints produces diagnostic suspicion, and joint paracentesis produces dia...
Abstract 17499: ETC-1002 Incrementally Lowers Low Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia Receiving Stable Statin Therapy

Background: ETC-1002 is an oral investigational drug that modulates hepatic adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase to reduce cholesterol biosynthesis and may be beneficial in treating patients with e...
Implementation of Reliable Interruption of 50 kA Direct Current Circuit Breakers Based on High Parameters Thyristors

Introduction was made to the application of the current hedge method in the reliable interruption of direct current(DC) circuit breakers, and analysis was made to the operating principle of the current hedge method and the technical problems in the test process. Through the co-use of the thyristor devices with high parameters, saturated reactors and synchronous operating mechanism, the reliable and accurate interruption of DC circuit breakers were achieved. The result shows that the key point is how to accurately seize the hedge point of two circuits in the interruption process by controlling the synchronous operating mechanism and trigger thyristor devices. The current hedge method takes full advantage of the thyristor devices, ensuring the accuracy of the whole interruption process. The di/dt of hedge current at current zero and the rising amplitude of peak reverse voltage have been suppressed effectively by saturated reactors, and the thyristor devices have also been protected. The whole circuit costs economically and largely make up for the shortcomings of the traditional methods.
Experimental study on frozen soil-liquefiable soil-single pile interaction during earthquakes

Liquefaction-induced lateral gound spreading can result in excessive lateral displacement,even failure of piles,nevertheless the situation may be somewhat different in frozen ground.Shaking table tests are conducted with the purpose of investigating the corresponding influence.The soil profile,contained in a large flexible box,consists of a horizontally saturated sand layer overlaid with a simulated frozen soil layer.The simulated steel-pipe pile is embeded in these two soil layers,with a supplemental lumped mass at the top.The device is excited through several amplitude-scaled seismic waves with different levels.During the tests the strain of the pile,the displacements of the pile and the frozen-soil layer,and the pore water pressure in the sand are recorded.Some important conclusions can be drawn.When liquefaction occurs,the frozen-soil layer can suppress the pore water drains from the saturated sand soils and make the pore water pressure increase continuously.Hence,the liquefaction has the tendency to accelerate and the lateral displacement of the pile may increase significantly.With the increasing levels of seismic excitation,the position on the frozen crust corresponding to the contact surface of the frozen-soil layer and the pile may be damaged because of squeezing,and thus the contact surface cannot be maintained effectively any longer.The sudden changes in the lateral deformation of the pile occour at the positions corresponding to the bottom and the top surface of the frozen crust,and consequently these positions on the pile can be easily damaged.
The effect of glucose feeding on fatty acid synthesis in human platelets.

Abstract Platelets were isolated from volunteers who had fasted for 15 hours and again 1 hour after these subjects had ingested glucose. After feeding, incorporation of (C 14 ) acetate into fatty acids of washed platelets was increased 68 per cent. Ingestion of fructose produced a comparable stimulation of fatty acid synthesis, but ingestion of galactose had no effect. Pre-incubation of the whole blood from fasting donors with glucose prior to incubation of the platelets did not increase the subsequent incorporation of (C 14 ) acetate by washed cells. Ingestion of glucose did not alter the level of glycogen or of lactate in platelets, nor did it alter their rate of glycogenolysis or of lactate production. Similarly, evolution of 14 CO 2 from [1- 14 C] or [6- 14 C] glucose or from [1- 14 C] acetate was unchanged by feeding. The results suggest that the stimulatory effect of feeding glucose or fructose on fatty acid synthesis in platelets is not due to increased availability of these sugars to the cell. It is conceivable that a humoral factor is released by ingestion of glucose or fructose which stimulates lipogenesis in platelets.
Finite-element modeling of soft solids with liquid inclusions

Abstract Surface tension is an important factor in the behavior of fluids but typically has a minimal or negligible effect in solids. However, when a solid is soft and its characteristic dimension is small, forces due to surface tension can become important and significantly affect elastic deformation, leading to interesting elasto-capillary phenomena. We have developed a finite-element formulation accounting for surface tension and large deformations in three-dimensional settings and demonstrate the simulation capability by examining a class of problems involving fluid-filled droplet inclusions in a soft solid matrix. Specifically, we (1) consider the response of isolated droplets under far-field loading and (2) micromechanically model composite materials made up of a finite volume fraction of fluid-filled inclusions in a soft solid matrix. In the latter case, recent experimental work in the literature has shown that when the matrix material is sufficiently compliant, the presence of droplets leads to stiffening–counter to the intuitive notion of the presence of fluid-filled inclusions leading to a more compliant composite material. We show that our numerical simulation capability predicts all experimentally observed phenomena related to fluid-filled inclusions in soft solids. Furthermore, we consider the large-deformation response of composite materials with fluid-filled inclusions–a situation difficult to address using analytical methods.
Ventricular pacing attenuates but does not reverse cardiac atrophy and an isomyosin shift in the rat heart

The heterotopically transplanted rat heart (TH) undergoes rapid muscle atrophy and a concurrent shift from alpha- to beta-myosin heavy chain (MHC) by 1 wk after surgery. In the current experiments, TH were continuously paced (420 beats/min) for 1 wk beginning 24 h after surgery or for 1 wk beginning 14 days after surgery to determine the role of increased heart rate in preventing or reversing cardiac atrophy. Left ventricular (LV) wet weight (283 vs. 256 mg paced vs. nonpaced) and protein content (32 vs. 23 mg paced vs. nonpaced, P < 0.05) were significantly elevated in TH paced 1 wk after surgery but were unchanged (211 vs. 198 mg and 24 vs. 23 mg LV wet wt and protein content, respectively) in TH paced 2 wk after surgery. Total cardiac protein synthesis in the TH paced immediately after surgery was increased compared with the corresponding nonpaced hearts (5.6 vs. 4.0 mg.mg LV wet wt-1.day-1, P < 0.05), while in the TH, where pacing was initiated 2 wk after surgery, it was unchanged (3.6 vs. 3.7 mg.mg LV wet wt-1.day-1). Fractional synthesis rate was elevated in TH and was not altered by pacing. Pacing the TH also attenuated the shift in alpha-MHC in the first 7 days after surgery but did not reverse the shift 2 wk later. The increase in protein synthesis combined with an unchanged fractional synthesis rate suggests that pacing attenuates cardiac mass by decreasing protein degradation and that once the atrophic process is established, neither synthesis rate nor isomyosin shift can be altered by continuous pacing.
Palytoxin-induced acute respiratory failure.

Abstract Palytoxin is one of the most potent toxins known to mankind and poses a high risk to humans through ingestion, inhalation and dermal routes [1,2]. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown it is postulated that palytoxin binds to the Na+/K + ATPase pump resulting in K+ efflux, Ca2+ influx and membrane depolarization leading to widespread secondary pharmacological actions [2]. Palytoxin is highly toxic and can affect multiple organs causing severe symptoms including death. Palytoxin poisoning is mainly developed after ingesting seafood. We are reporting a case of suspected inhalational palytoxin poisoning in a healthy healthcare provider from who developed severe respiratory distress within 12 hours of exposure to vapors. We have highlighted diagnostic clues and clinical features in the patients' history that may help intensivists to diagnose a case of ARDS secondary to palytoxin poisoning.
coalition politics and foreign-policy decision-making in anocratic regimes

This contribution extends research on coalition politics and foreign-policy decision-making to non-democratic settings and, in particular, anocratic regimes. Anocracies have a complex mixture of authoritarian and democratic elements that fragments authority across politically autonomous actors. As in multi-party cabinets in parliamentary democracies, coalition politics thus potentially pervades foreign-policy decision-making. To illustrate this argument, several prominent historical cases of anocracies resorting to war are examined. These well-documented cases provide conceptual and theoretical insights into how coalition decision units and related political considerations can drive and/or distort crisis diplomacy, even at the height of international crisis.
Massively parallel architectures for AI: netl, thistle, and boltzmann machines

It is becoming increasingly apparent that some aspects of intelligent behavior require enormous computational power and that some sort of massively parallel computing architecture is the most plausible way to deliver such power. Parallelism, rather than raw speed of the computing elements, seems to be the way that the brain gets such jobs done. But even if die need for massive parallelism is admitted, there is still the question of what kind of parallel architecture best fits the needs of various AI tasks. In this paper we will attempt to isolate a number of basic computational tasks that an intelligent system must perform. We will describe several families of massively parallel computing architectures, and we will see which of diese computational tasks can be handled by each of these families. In particular, we will describe a new architecture, which we call the Boltzmann machine, whose abilities appear to include a number of tasks that are inefficient or impossible on the other architectures.
Chinese Student Teachers' Perspectives on Becoming a Teacher in the Practicum: Emotional and Ethical Dimensions of Identity Shaping.

AbstractThis research examines the emotional and ethical dimensions of identity shaping in student teachers’ teaching practicum. By interviewing seven Chinese student teachers who had just finished their student teaching practice, the research examines the participants’ emotional experiences and the ethical dilemmas they encountered in their practicum. Specifically, for the emotional aspect of professional identity formation, the student teachers experienced eagerness and anxiety at the beginning of the teaching practicum, shock and embarrassment once teaching, and guilt and regret towards the end of the practicum. Alongside the influx of emotional experiences in the practicum, the researcher identified four paired ethical dilemmas that the participants were trapped within: (1) tensions between classroom authority and the ethic of caring; (2) acting as a community member or an ‘outsider’; (3) working as an office assistant or a ‘real teacher’; (4) conflicting pedagogies regarding teaching different tracks...
Gendered market subjectivity: autonomy, privilege, and emotional subjectivity in normalizing post-socialist neoliberal ideology

Most prior studies of marketplace ideology foreground consumer agency as identity co-creation or opposition to ideology. In this research, I consider how the logics of the dwindling state and globa...
Absolute measurement of the Hugoniot and sound velocity of liquid copper at multimegabar pressures

Measurement of the Hugoniot and sound velocity provides information on the bulk modulus and Gr\"uneisen parameter of a material at extreme conditions. The capability to launch multilayered (copper/aluminum) flyer plates at velocities in excess of 20 km/s with the Sandia Z accelerator has enabled high-precision sound-velocity measurements at previously inaccessible pressures. For these experiments, the sound velocity of the copper flyer must be accurately known in the multi-Mbar regime. Here we describe the development of copper as an absolutely calibrated sound-velocity standard for high-precision measurements at pressures in excess of 400 GPa. Using multilayered flyer plates, we performed absolute measurements of the Hugoniot and sound velocity of copper for pressures from 500 to 1200 GPa. These measurements enabled the determination of the Gr\"uneisen parameter for dense liquid copper, clearly showing a density dependence above the melt transition. Combined with earlier data at lower pressures, these results constrain the sound velocity as a function of pressure, enabling the use of copper as a Hugoniot and sound-velocity standard for pressures up to 1200 GPa.
Content analysis of homeless smokers' perspectives on established and alternative smoking interventions.

Abstract Background Cigarette smoking is 5 times more prevalent among homeless individuals than in the general population, and homeless individuals are disproportionately affected by smoking-related morbidity and mortality. Homeless smokers report interest in changing their smoking behavior; however, established smoking cessation interventions are neither desirable to nor highly effective for most members of this population. The aim of this study was to document homeless smokers' perceptions of established smoking interventions as well as self-generated, alternative smoking interventions to elucidate points for intervention enhancement. Methods Participants ( N =25) were homeless smokers who responded to semistructured interviews regarding smoking and nicotine use as well as experiences with established and alternative smoking interventions. Conventional content analysis was used to organize data and identify themes. Results Participants appreciated providers' initiation of conversations about smoking. They did not, however, feel simple advice to quit was a helpful approach. Instead, they suggested providers use a nonjudgmental, compassionate style, offer more support, and discuss a broader menu of options, including nonabstinence-based ways to reduce smoking-related harm and improve health-related quality of life. Most participants preferred engaging in their own self-defined, alternative smoking interventions, including obtaining nicotine more safely (e.g., vaping, using smokeless tobacco) and using behavioral (e.g., engaging in creative activities and hobbies) and cognitive strategies (e.g., reminding themselves about the positive aspects of not smoking and the negative consequences of smoking). Abrupt, unaided quit attempts were largely unsuccessful. Conclusions The vast majority of participants with the lived experience of homelessness and smoking were uninterested in established smoking cessation approaches. They did, however, have creative ideas about alternative smoking interventions that providers may support to reduce smoking-related harm and enhance quality of life. These ideas included providing information about the relative risks of smoking and the relative benefits of alternative strategies to obtaining nicotine and avoiding smoking.
A competitive multiperiod supply chain network model with freight carriers and green technology investment option

Abstract This paper presents a multiperiod supply chain with freight carriers network model. In this model manufacturers, retailers, and carriers maximize the net present value (NPV) of their investments in ecologically friendly technology. Future production, inventory, transaction, and transportation costs savings are used to help fund investments. The environmental impact of production, inventory, transportation, and consumption of products in the supply chain network are all integrated. The tradeoff between the initial technology investment and its ecological footprint effect is considered for the supply chain planning period. We provide variational inequality formulations of the equilibrium conditions and then propose the modified projection method, along with conditions for convergence. Numerical examples are examined with an analysis of the effects of ecologically friendly technology investments on supply chain network production, transportation, and sales.
Generalized Theory for the Timescale of Molecular Electronic Decoherence in the Condensed Phase

We introduce a general theory of electronic decoherence for molecules in the condensed phase that captures contributions coming from pure dephasing effects, electronic transitions among diabatic states, and their interference. The theory is constructed by taking advantage of a recently developed [J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 4289−4294] general expression for decoherence times that is based on an early time expansion of the purity dynamics and extends early electronic decoherence models based on pure dephasing ideas. Using this theory, we construct the decoherence time for the displaced harmonic oscillator model amended with constant and linear diabatic couplings, which is a widely used model of the photoexcited dynamics of molecules. The validity of the short-time expansion is demonstrated by the quantitative agreement of the theory with exact numerical computations of the decoherence dynamics obtained using the hierarchical equation of motion method. These developments offer a rigorous understanding of ...
The Identification of Hot Electron Rings in Spindle Cusp Using a Magnetic Dipole Analyzer

This paper reports on a magnetic dipole analyzer that has been built and used to measure fundamental parameters on the M4X, an experimental mirror machine with a spindle cusp and simple mirror modes of operation. A result using the M4X is the direct observation of the dimagnetic effect during the formation of hot electron rings in the spindle cusp configuration using electron cyclotron resonance heating.
Retrograde trafficking from the vacuole/lysosome membrane

Membrane protein recycling is a fundamental process from yeast to humans. The lysosome (or vacuole in yeast) receives membrane proteins from the secretory, endocytic, and macroautophagy/autophagy pathways. Although some of these membrane proteins appear to be recycled, the molecular mechanisms underlying this retrograde trafficking are poorly understood. Our recent study revealed that the transmembrane autophagy protein Atg27 is recycled from the vacuole membrane using a 2-step recycling process. First, the Snx4 complex recycles Atg27 from the vacuole to the endosome. Then, the retromer complex mediates endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport. Thus, 2 distinct protein complexes facilitate the sequential retrograde trafficking for Atg27. As far as we know, Atg27 is the first physiological substrate for the vacuole-to-endosome retrograde trafficking pathway.
Genetic complexity of Drosophila oogenesis: Mutations affecting the establishment or maintenance of cell fate

A complex array of genetic functions are necessary for production of properly functioning eggs. Utilizing genetic approaches, we have identified the major classes of developmental functions occurring during oogenesis and we have studied the interaction of this maternal information with zygotic genetic function. Three major groups of genetic loci are discussed: maternal effect genes whose only activity is during oogenesis; maternal effect genes whose function can be supplied also during embryonic development; essential genes which are required during oogenesis and/or embryogenesis. Both the overall properties and specific examples of genes belonging to each class are presented.
Theories for the Metal in the Metal-Electrolyte Interface

Since the electrochemical interface is usually the interface between a metal and an electrolyte, all properties of the interface may be expected to involve contributions of the metal and of the electrolyte. However, most theories of the electrochemical interface are theories of the electrolyte phase, with no reference to the contributions of the metal. Here, we discuss more recent theoretical work which attempts to redress this inequity. As we shall see, it is not, in general, possible to separate, experimentally, the metal contribution from the electrolyte contribution.
Longitudinal Magnetoresistance of Copper

As pointed out by Pippard1 in his les Houches lecture, a complete explanation of galvanomagnetic properties depends on a quantitative analysis of the experiments and a detailed knowledge of the shape of the Fermi surface and of the electronic velocities and mean free paths on that surface. Because the theoretical guidelines are not at all clear (in fact the basic assumption that a mean free path is uniquely definable is in doubt), the metals to be studied in detail must have simple, single-sheet, well-known Fermi surfaces, and must be available with sufficient purity to allow magnetic field saturation. These criteria practically eliminate all metals but copper and silver. At the suggestion of Professor Pippard, research was begun on the longitudinal magnetoresistance of copper in an attempt to obtain detailed information on the variation of electronic mean free path over the Fermi surface.
Poster: Symbolic Path Cost Analysis for Side-Channel Detection

We present a static, scalable analysis technique for detecting side channels in software systems. Our method is motivated by the observation that a sizable class of side-channel vulnerabilities occur when the value of private data results in multiple distinct control flow paths with differentiable observables. Given a set of secret variables, a type of side channel, and a program, our goal is to detect the set of branch conditions responsible for potential side channels of the given type in the program, and generate a pair of witness paths in the control flow graph for the detected side channel. Our technique achieves this by analyzing the control flow graph of the program with respect to a cost model (such as time or memory usage), and identifies if a change in the secret value can cause a detectable change in the observed cost of the program behavior. It also generates a pair of witness paths in the control flow graph, differing only on the branch conditions influenced by the secret, and whose observable output under the given side channel differs by more than some user defined threshold. We implemented our approach in a prototype tool, CoCo-Channel (Compositional Constraint-based side Channel analyzer), for analyzing Java programs.
Abstract P309: The High Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Black Americans

Background: Reports suggest a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Black persons compared to Whites. The major clinical presentations of VTE, pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous throm...
The Relationship between Alcohol Craving and Insomnia Symptoms in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals.

Aim This preliminary investigation evaluated the link between alcohol craving and insomnia in actively drinking patients with alcohol dependence (AD). Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial of treatment-seeking patients with AD who drank heavily (N = 61). The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) evaluated alcohol craving, and the Short Sleep Index (SSI) assessed insomnia symptoms. We used linear regression models for baseline cross-sectional assessments. Linear mixed effects regression models evaluated craving scores longitudinally across insomnia groups (+/-), and insomnia scores longitudinally across craving groups(high/low). These longitudinal analyses were conducted separately in those treated with placebo (N = 32) and quetiapine (N = 29). Results The mean (standard deviation) for PACS total score was 15.9 (8.5) and for SSI was 2.1 (2.3). Alcohol craving was associated with the insomnia symptom of difficulty falling asleep (P = 0.03; effect size = -0.7) and with the SSI total score (P = 0.04, effect size = -0.7). In the longitudinal analysis, insomnia+ subjects had consistently higher PACS total scores, relative to the insomnia- group. The PACS score demonstrated significant group × time interactions in both treatment groups. Insomnia+ individuals demonstrated a relatively steeper rate of decline in the craving with quetiapine treatment (P = 0.03). Insomnia- individuals in the placebo group demonstrated a transient reduction in craving until week 8, followed by an increase in scores(P = 0.004). The SSI score did not demonstrate any interactive effect over time across the craving groups in either treatment arm. Conclusion Insomnia was associated with higher alcohol craving and quetiapine differentially reduced craving in those with insomnia.
Japanese management and the climate of the time

Management practices and orientation need to change when the climate of the time in which firms operate change. In the 1980s–early 1990s when the world enjoyed a broad economic growth on a global scale, Japanese management practices were once admired in awe around the world. Since the Japanese economy began to slip into a decade-long recessionary environment in the late 1990s, many Japanese firms experienced profit losses and the world’s admiration of Japanese management began to wane. This article explores how and why, and offers broader implications to management practices in general.
How Management Practices Within a Poultry House During Successive Flock Rotations Change the Structure of the Soil Microbiome

The microbiome within a poultry production house influences the attainment of physiologically strong birds and thus food safety and public health. Yet little is known about the microbial communities within the house and the effects on the soil microbes onto which the houses are placed; nor the effects of management practices on their equilibrium. This study looked at the soil bacterial microbiome before a broiler house was constructed, then through 11 flock rotations (2.5 years) that included a partial clean-out and a total clean-out within the management regimen. Major shifts were observed, occurring at the taxonomic class level, related to the introduction of bedding and birds on top of the soil. The partial clean-out of litter did not change the soil bacterial community in any substantial way, only prompting a temporary increase in some genera; however, the total litter clean-out caused a major increase in a cohort of Actinobacteria. The underlying soil contained bacteria beneficial for poultry metabolism, such as Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Bacteriodes, and Ruminococcus. Additionally, management practices affected the class structure of the soil bacterial community beneath the poultry house. The scheduling of these practices should be leveraged to exploit maintenance of beneficial bacteria that maximize microbiome contributions to bird production processes, while minimizing possible antibiotic-resistant bacteria and environmental effects.
The Freedom Caucus and Factionalism in the Trump Era

This chapter shifts focus to the disequilibrium of the Trump era, and studies ways that modern factions have become even more empowered by an insurgency presidency. Far-right conservatives with deeply held social values have challenged family planning provisions in foreign aid legislation, and the Freedom Caucus employed traditional and nontraditional means to help end U.S. engagement in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (the Iran nuclear deal). These cases highlight important connections between factional struggle and foreign policy outcomes.
Cómo la ficción consume la ficción serializada: Radionovelas, telenovelas y la narrativa latinoamericana contemporánea

El articulo examina la curiosa relacion reciproca entre las soap operas y la literatura latinoamericana. El exito de las telenovelas latinoamericanas, tanto domesticamente como en el extranjero, conduce a los escritores de ficcion a tomarlas como competencia en el genero narrativo. Para la teoria critica, este genero desafia asimismo los paradigmas teoricos. El articulo comienza resumiendo las teorias criticas universales y particulares sobre el melodrama, del cual se considera deriva la redaccion de las telenovelas. El articulo muestra ejemplos de la interpretacion de la telenovela hecha por escritores contemporaneos de ficcion en America Latina, y destaca como descubrieron una manera de transformar a su competidor en una herramienta experimental.
Sex effects in pyelonephritis

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are generally considered a disease of women. However, UTIs affect females throughout the lifespan, and certain male populations (including infants and elderly men) are also susceptible. Epidemiologically, pyelonephritis is more common in women but carries increased morbidity when it does occur in men. Among children, high-grade vesicoureteral reflux is a primary risk factor for upper-tract UTI in both sexes. However, among young infants with UTI, girls are outnumbered by boys; risk factors include posterior urethral valves and lack of circumcision. Recent advances in mouse models of UTI reveal sex differences in innate responses to UTI, which vary somewhat depending on the system used. Moreover, male mice and androgenized female mice suffer worse outcomes in experimental pyelonephritis; evidence suggests that androgen exposure may suppress innate control of infection in the urinary tract, but additional androgen effects, as well as non-hormonal sex effects, may yet be specified. Among other intriguing directions, recent experiments raise the hypothesis that the postnatal testosterone surge that occurs in male infants may represent an additional factor driving the higher incidence of UTI in males under 6 months of age. Ongoing work in contemporary models will further illuminate sex- and sex-hormone-specific effects on UTI pathogenesis and immune responses.
Connecting Neural Reconstruction Integrity (NRI) to Graph Metrics and Biological Priors

We previously introduced the Neural Reconstruction Integrity (NRI) metric as a measure of how well the connectivity of the brain is measured in a neural circuit reconstruction, which can be represented as a graph or network. While powerful, NRI requires ground truth data for evaluation, which is conventionally obtained through time-intensive human annotation. NRI is a proxy for graph-based metrics since it focuses on the pre- and post-synaptic connections (or in and out edges) at a single neuron or vertex rather than overall graph structure in order to satisfy the format of available ground truth and provide rapid assessments. In this paper, we study the relationship between the NRI and graph theoretic metrics in order to understand the relationship of NRI to small world properties, centrality measures, and cost of information flow, as well as minimize our dependence on ground truth. The common errors under evaluation are synapse insertions and deletions and neuron splits and merges. We also elucidate the connection between graph metrics and biological priors for more meaningful interpretation of our results. We identified the most useful local metric to be local clustering coefficient, while the most useful global metrics are characteristic path length, rich-club coefficient, and density due to their strong correlations with NRI and perturbation errors.
The 3-Acetylpyridine Model of Parkinsonism: Use of Cytochrome Oxidase Gene Expression as an Index of Alterations in Basal Ganglia Function

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the 3-acetyl pyridine model of Parkinsonism. The degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons is the primary morphological substrate of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). The administration of 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) results in the near complete degeneration of the climbing fiber innervation of the cerebellum with a concomitant loss of the inferior olivary (IO) neurons that give rise to the climbing fibers. The 3-AP also induces the degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) neurons. The 3-acetylpyridine administration to susceptible species results in the slow degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Thus, 3-AP-induced neurotoxicity may be a useful animal model in studies of Parkinsonism. In particular, this pyridine toxin provides a means whereby the orderly progression of compensatory mechanisms that result from partial striatal DA depletion can be studied. Alterations in mitochondrial transcription may be one of these compensatory responses, and thereby contribute to the sustained function of the system under duress, yet paradoxically herald the ultimate degeneration of the nigrostriatal neurons.
Shifting Barriers to the Acceptance of Evolution in an Underrepresented Student Group.

Threshold concepts can lead to higher discipline comprehension but may also lead to the formation of educational barriers. The acceptance of evolutionary theory, a threshold concept, may be impacte...
Systematic CMA of the U-slot Patch with FEKO

Since its introduction 25 years ago, the probe-fed U-slot patch antenna has remained popular. Recently, Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA) revealed these devices are governed by Coupled Mode Theory (CMT). Although this principle is conceptually simple, achieving this understanding is only possible through a systematic analysis using CMA. This paper uses the U-slot patch to illustrate a general process for analyzing electrically small antennas using CMA with the software package FEKO.
Nanoplasmonic imaging of extracellular exosomes on undercut arrayed gold nanodisks

We present nanoplasmonic imaging of exosome using antibody-functionalized undercut arrayed gold nanodisks. We show a nanoplasmonic shift map that allows the detection and quantitation of exosome binding.
Inventory Rationing on a One-for-One Inventory Model with Backorders and Lost Sales

In this study, we are primarily motivated by the research problem of recognizing heterogeneous customer behavior towards waiting for order fulfillment under the 'threshold rationing policy' (also known as the 'critical level policy'), and aim to find its effect on system stock levels and performance measures. We assume a continuous review one-for-one ordering policy with generally distributed lead times. In the first model, we consider the case in which low-priority customer class exhibits zero patience for waiting if the demand is not satisfied immediately (a lost sale), while the demand of high-priority customer class can be backordered. This is the first study in the literature to consider this model. We provide an exact analysis for the derivation of the steady-state probability distribution and the average infinite horizon cost per unit time. We then develop an efficient procedure to minimize the average expected cost rate by deriving bounds on the optimal cost, which reduces the enumeration space considerably. In the numerical study, we show the relative savings achieved by implementing the proposed threshold rationing policy over some of the traditional industry practices. In the second model, we study the opposite case in which the high-priority customer class exhibits zero patience for waiting. The existing study in the literature uses simulation to demonstrate that the performance of the critical level policy is robust with respect to the form and variability of the lead time distribution provided the mean lead times are identical. Then it proposes using the Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC) equivalent of the model as an approximation. In this study, we establish a theoretical basis for the rationale of using the CTMC approach as an approximation. We show that under certain assumptions the steady-state probabilities of the system with generally distributed lead times are identical to the steady-state probabilities of the CTMC system with the same mean. This result enables us to link the dynamics of the studied model to the CTMC model, which then allows us to provide a theoretical explanation to the empirically observed phenomenon that why the steady-state probabilities and performance measures are near-insensitive to the form and variability of the lead time distribution as long as mean lead times are identical.
Two-Way Human-Agent Trust Relationships in Adaptive Cognitive Agent, Adaptive Tasking Scenarios: Literature Metadata Analysis

Rapid development of autonomous systems, that act independently and are deeply integrated with humans, necessitates trust-based cooperation and collaboration between these agents and the humans they interact with. A greater understanding of two-way trust between humans and artificial agents is a topic of interest for situations when the human makes mistakes or an anomalous situation such as an enemy combatant taking control of friendly AI. The purpose of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art regarding two-way trust research in Human-Adaptive Agent teams. A systematic review of academic and technical literature from the last ten years (2010–2020) was performed to collect metadata for analysis and discussion. Details of the literature review to include search databases, search terms, and inclusion-exclusion filtering is provided. A metadata analysis is discussed comparing measurements of human trust and agent trust; adaptive-scenario and adaptive-agent mechanisms; type of collaborative human-agent tasking; and level of automation and embodiment of the agent.
Essentials of Artificial Intelligence

Since its publication, Essentials of Artificial Intelligence has been adopted at numerous universities and colleges offering introductory AI courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Based on the author's course at Stanford University, the book is an integrated, cohesive introduction to the field. The author has a fresh, entertaining writing style that combines clear presentations with humor and AI anecdotes. At the same time, as an active AI researcher, he presents the material authoritatively and with insight that reflects a contemporary, first hand understanding of the field. Pedagogically designed, this book offers a range of exercises and examples. Table of Contents 1 Introduction: What is AI? 2 Overview 3 Blind Search 4 Heuristic Search 5 Adversary Search 6 Introduction to Knowledge Representation 7 Predicate Logic 8 First-Order Logic 9 Putting Logic to Work: Control of Reasoning 10 Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance 11 Nonmonotonic Reasoning 12 Probability 13 Putting Knowledge to Work: Frames and Semantic Nets 14 Planning 15 Learning 16 Vision 17 Nature Language 18 Expert Systems 19 Concluding Remarks