cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orton-Gillingham and Orton-Gillingham—Based Reading Instruction A Review of the Literature

In the early part of the 20th century, the field of learning dis- abilities was still in its infancy. At that time, Dr. Samuel Orton, a child neurologist, estimated that approximately 10% of the school population had reading disabilities and speculated that reading problems were caused by neurological deficits. Orton's early conclusions formed two major tenets of the characteristics of dyslexia: (a) reading problems were caused by strephosym- bolia (or twisted symbols), and (b) a lack of brain hemisphere dominance caused information to be processed in both hemi- spheres, resulting in mirror images (e.g., reversals of the let- ters b and d). Orton-Gillingham (OG) and Orton-Gillingham-based reading instructional programs are commonly implemented reading programs in the United States. Twelve studies that employed quasi-experimental or experimental designs are reviewed. These studies included elementary students, adolescents, and college students. Of the 12 studies, 5 reported that the OG instruction was more effective than were comparison or control interventions for all measured outcomes, 4 reported that the OG instruction was more effective for at least 1 (but not all) outcomes in comparison to other intervention(s), 2 reported that the alternate instruction was more effective than the OG instruction, and 1 reported no significant differences once covariates were included. The largest effects were reported for word attack and non- word reading outcomes, with mean effect size of .82, and comprehension outcomes, with a mean effect size of .76. Following a summary of each study, limitations of the current review and implications for future research and practice are described. Given the small number of studies, the lack of method- ological rigor of the existing studies, and the inconclusive findings of the effectiveness of OG pro- grams, additional research is needed before the scientific basis can be established.
Age, Subjective Life Expectancy, and the Sense of Control: The Horizon Hypothesis

This article reports a test of the horizon hypothesis, which states that greater subjective life expectancy increases the sense of control over one's own life and in part accounts for the negative association between age and the sense of control. Results of a U.S. survey of 2,029 respondents aged 18 and older (934 aged 50 and older) support the hypothesis. Subjective life expectancy has a significant positive association with the sense of control that does not vanish with adjustment for race, sex, education, income, widowhood, inability to work because of a disability, physical impairment, and physical fitness. Adjustment for subjective life expectancy explains the part of the negative association between age and the sense of control that remains after adjustment for education and physical impairment. Adjusting the three factors together explains 93.1 percent of the total association between age and the sense of control, and renders the remaining association insignificant.
Activated 5'flanking region of NANOGP8 in a self-renewal environment is associated with increased sphere formation and tumor growth of prostate cancer cells.

INTRODUCTION NANOGP8 is a retrogene which encodes a full-length protein similar to the NANOG1 gene. The expression of NANOGP8 has been documented in several cancers and is related to cell proliferation and tumor development. However, the regulation of NANOGP8 expression has not been investigated. Therefore, the role of NANOGP8 in cell proliferation has not been completely understood. METHODS We evaluate the expression of NANOG1 and NANOGP8 in prostate cancer cell lines and primary cultures of prostate tissues. We investigate clonogenicity, sphere formation, and xenograft tumor growth of prostate cancer cells with an activated 5′flanking region of NANOGP8. We examine the role of NANOGP8 in cell cycle progression. RESULTS In the prostate cells the NANOG RNA was transcribed from NANOGP8 and not from NANOG1. Cells with the activated 5′flanking region of NANOGP8 exhibited enhanced clonogenicity, sphere formation, and xenograft tumor growth. The sphere culture and tumor initiation mouse mode promoted the activation of the 5′flanking region of NANOGP8. Forced expression of NANOGP8 increased the entry into the cell cycle. DISCUSSION In prostate cells NANOGP8 is a predominant molecule of NANOG. The activation of 5′flanking sequence of NANOGP8 could play a role in the regulation of the stem-like properties of cancer stem cells and prostate tumor initiation and development. The microenvironment favoring cancer stem cells could promote the activation of the 5′flanking region of NANOGP8. Prostate 74:381–394, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptation to a Motion-Based and Non-Motion-Based Simulator

Summary: This study (N=129, including 59 males and 61 females) examined the issue of realism and motion sickness between motion-based and non-motionbased simulators. Specifically, this research address whether enhancing a driving simulator with motion capabilities increases the realism of the simulator and, if so, does this increase in subjective realism increase participants’ vulnerability to motion sickness. Approximately half of the participants drove a motion-based simulator while the other half drove a non-motion-based simulator on four independent drives within an experimental session. Results showed that the motion-based simulator was rated more realistic than the non-motion-based simulator. However, it was also found that participants in the motion-based simulator had higher negative physical health ratings than participants in the nonmotion-based simulator. Our results suggest that training programs need to consider the trade-off between realism and motion sickness.
Molecular Mechanism of Hepatic Injury in Coinfection with Hepatitis C Virus and HIV

We have previously shown that hepatocytes exposed to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope proteins undergo apoptosis. In this article, we further elucidate the signaling mechanisms that mediate this effect. We found that, in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, HCV E2 protein and HIV glycoprotein (gp) 120 significantly up-regulated the Fas ligand (FasL) and enhanced the formation of the Fas death-inducing signaling complex downstream of Fas receptor activation. Moreover, after stimulation with HCV E2 and HIV gp120, enhanced expression of caspases 2 and 7 and increased caspase 3 activity were observed. In addition, we showed up-regulation of the proapoptotic molecule Bid and its association with caspase 8 after treatment with these envelope proteins. We also found that HCV E2 and HIV gp120 induced a partial translocation of Bid to the mitochondria, which resulted in the release of cytochrome C and the apoptosis-inducing factor. Thus, the results of this study suggest that FasL and Bid play an important role in HCV and HIV envelope protein-induced apoptosis.
Stereotypes of Cantonese English, apparent native/non-native status, and their effect on non-native English speakers’ perception

Abstract This study examined the effect of information about native/non-native speaker status on non-native listeners’ perception of English words with word-final stops. A survey study conducted with 38 Chinese learners of English in Guangzhou, China examined their stereotypes about Cantonese English. They described it negatively and named features including flat intonation and deleted/incomplete word-final sounds. Fifty-two learners from the same university participated in the listening study. These participants listened to recordings by a native American-English speaker. Half of the participants were told that the speaker was American, whereas the other half were told that she was Cantonese. When the speaker was said to be American, listeners tended to hear words as produced with a fully released stop, including aspiration and/or an epenthetic vowel, although aspiration/an epenthetic vowel was often not present. When the speaker was said to be Cantonese, listeners tended to hear stops as actually produc...
SALIKOKO MUFWENE , The ecology of language evolution . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xviii, 255. Hb. $65.00, pb. $22.00.

In this book, author Salikoko Mufwene offers a chronology of his views on language evolution as they have developed over the past 12 years. Mufwene understands the linguistic evolutionary process in terms of a language's external ecology – that is, its position relative to other languages with which it moves in and out of contact, the power relations among groups of different language varieties in the setting, and so on – as well as its internal ecology, or the coexistence in a given setting of the linguistic features, and their relative weight. Although Mufwene uses creole languages as a starting point, his purpose is to highlight general characteristics of language evolution; he argues that, in the essentials of language change, varieties such as pidgins and creoles differ little if at all from non-pidgins and non-creoles. To build his case, Mufwene draws from population genetics, seeing any given language not as an organism but rather as its own “species.”
Ultra-selective cycloaddition of dimethylfuran for renewable p-xylene with H-BEA

p-Xylene, the precursor for PET bottles, was synthesized at 90% yield by [4 + 2] cycloaddition of biomass-derived ethylene and dimethylfuran followed by subsequent dehydration with Beta zeolite.
Adrenergic stimulation of rat resistance arteries affects Ca2+ sparks, Ca2+ waves, and Ca2+oscillations

Confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluo 4 were used to visualize local and whole cell Ca2+ transients within individual smooth muscle cells (SMC) of intact, pressurized rat mesenteric small art...
The Journal of Advertising and the Development of Advertising Theory: Reflections and Directions for Future Research

In this article, I provide some thoughts that guided my decision making while I was editor of the Journal of Advertising (2003–2006). Specifically, I reflect on the definition of theory and how it has been and should be used in the advertising discipline. In particular, I attempt to distinguish between weaker (contextual) and stronger (universal) theories and present my views on how future research in advertising can proceed in developing useful theories within this domain.
Intoxicated Speech Detection by Fusion of Speaker Normalized Hierarchical Features and GMM Supervectors

Speaker state recognition is a challenging problem due to speaker and context variability. Intoxication detection is an important area of paralinguistic speech research with potential real-world applications. In this work, we build upon a base set of various static acoustic features by proposing the combination of several different methods for this learning task. The methods include extracting hierarchical acoustic features, performing iterative speaker normalization, and using a set of GMM supervectors. We obtain an optimal unweighted recall for intoxication recognition using score-level fusion of these subsystems. Unweighted average recall performance is 70.54% on the test set, an improvement of 4.64% absolute (7.04% relative) over the baseline model accuracy of 65.9%. Index Terms: intoxication detection, speaker state, hierarchical features, speaker normalization, GMM supervectors
A study on the economic growth, population migration and consumer welfare maximization

Abstract The population migration promoted the modern economy development. Economy growth rate of an area depends on the quantity of the migration population. Population projections refer to the observations of the past and present development of demographic components. Quantitative or qualitative statements about future population changes are based on these observations. Nevertheless, population projections still have to be seen as an insecure matter, especially for a longer time period. Neglecting catastrophes and significant fluctuations in migration flows, populations forecasts on national level are relatively plausible for periods of about 20 to 30 years, as the majority of the people, which will live 20 years in an area, is already born at the time-point of projection. This paper discovers that immigration that carries human capital is one of the key factors to promote the growth of economy. It suggests that the population migration economical growth model could interpret regional economical growth ...
Randomized Control Study of Yimaxin Progesterone Capsules in Treatment of Threatened Abortion

Objective To verify the efficacy and safety of yimaxin progesterone capsule in the treatment of threatened abortion. Methods The pregnant women of threatened abortion when they were pregnancy for 8～10 weeks were randomly divided into study and control groups. The study group was given progesterone capsules,by 2 pills in morning,2 pills at night,and a total of 10 days. The control group was given duolima by 5 mg,three times a day,and a total of 10 days. Abdominal pain and bleeding were observed. Results The tocolysis success rate of the study group and control group were 83.3% and 86.7% respectively and there was no statistical significance. The time of study the group was less than that of the control group,but without statistical significance. There was no significant difference of symptoms and signs after treatment between the two groups. Conclusion There was no significant difference for the efficacy to early pregnancy between yimaxin progesterone capsules and duolima.
The function of SH2B3 (LNK) in the kidney

Recent evidence indicates the adaptor protein SH2B3 has a major role in the progression of renal diseases. SH2B3 is highly expressed by hematopoietic cells and regulates cytokine signaling, inducing cell-specific effects. Additionally, its expression in other cell types suggests that SH2B3 may have a more extensive role within the kidney. Ex vivo studies have determined targets of SH2B3 cell-specific signaling, while in vivo studies have observed the SH2B3 overall affects in the progression of renal diseases. This mini-review covers the function of SH2B3-expressing cell types that contribute to renal pathologies and their regulation by SH2B3.
Perceived Competence and Physical Activity in Older Adults

The association between older adults’ self-perceived physical competence and continued involvement in physical activity (PA) was examined. Seventy-two older adults (60–79 years) completed the Physical Self Perception Profile (PSPP; Fox and Corbin, 1989) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess the relationship between physical self-perception and various dose responses in PA participation (vigorous, moderate, walking, inactive/sitting levels). Results indicated a positive correlation between all subscales of the PSPP and both moderate exercise and vigorous exercise. In addition, Sport, Body, and Strength were positively correlated with walking. Age (60–69 vs. 70–79 years) and gender, however, were found to modify those relationships. Mann Whitney University tests revealed that participants in the younger grouping were significantly more likely to spend a greater amount of time walking than those in the older adult grouping. Moreover, males were significantly more likely to participate i...
Talking Hyoids and Talking Neanderthals

Yoel Rak and others published the first known Neanderthal hyoid bone in 1989. Contrary to expectations, the ~60 ka Kebara hyoid was completely within modern human variation and led them to conclude, “the assumed speech limitations of Neanderthals… would seem to require revision.” Subsequently two more fragmentary hyoid bones from Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca), dating to over 400,000 years ago were determined to be not different from anatomically modern morphology. Most recently, the hyoid of the Dikika child (Au. afarensis), dated much earlier at ~3.3 Ma, was found to clearly resemble that of an ape. The time span represented by these three sites shows that at least part of the anatomy surrounding the vocal tract was of a modern morphology in Neanderthals and their likely ancestors, but not in the much earlier Australopithecus. It was the Kebara hyoid which marks the beginning of a modern understanding of Neanderthal speech capability. This paper reviews the controversy surrounding the interpretation of the Kebara hyoid and other evidence from fossil anatomy, archaeology and paleogenetic data accumulated since 1989, which convincingly shows that Neanderthals possessed the ability to speak like us.
Comprehensive Predictions of Tourists' Next Visit Location Based on Call Detail Records Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods

Recent developments in data mining and machine learning have helped to solve many issues in prediction and recommendation. In this project, we run a comprehensive study on individual behavior patterns from call detail records (CDR) data to predict tourists' future stops. Multiple classification algorithms are employed, including Decision Tree, Random Forest, Neural Network, Naive Bayes and SVM. In addition, a Recurrent Neural Network-Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) that is ordinarily applied to language inference problems is tested. Surprisingly, we find that LSTM provides us with the best prediction (94.8%), while Random Forest/Neural Network give the second best (85%). Our investigation suggests that the memory-dependence property of LSTM architecture gives it great expressive power to model our time-series location data, making it an outstanding classifier.
Masitinib in treatment of pancreatic cancer

Introduction: Pancreatic cancer continues to have high mortality despite the development of many chemotherapeutic agents. The 5-year relative survival for stage IV patients is less than 3%. This ur...
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in the Elderly

Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) are much more common in older adults than among middle-aged adults, with up to 20% of older adults having an AHI ≥ 15 events per hour. Changes in upper airway anatomy and muscle function with aging may play a role. Traditional risk factors such as body mass index and history of snoring can help increase the pretest probability for SRBD, but are not as strongly associated with SRBD in older adults as they are in younger subjects. Patients with cognitive impairment have higher rates of SRBD. Evaluation of SRBD relies on polysomnography (PSG) in older adults, with portable PSG representing a potentially useful tool especially in older adults with caregiving responsibilities or functional impairments. Treatment pathways for older adults should take into account possible upper extremity weakness that may limit their ability to apply positive airway pressure masks, assessment of cognitive capacity, and caregiver/social support networks. Weight loss is generally not recommended for mildly overweight patients, but may be appropriate in obese patients. Data on the efficacy of surgical therapies is limited in older adults.
Polynomial Arithmetic Analogue of Hickernell Sequences

Recently, Hickernell introduced a new class of low-discrepancy sequences which is an infinite version of good lattice points. His sequences are constructed from multiplying the van der Corput sequence by an integer vector. In this paper, we define the polynomial arithmetic analogue of Hickernell sequences by using polynomials over finite fields GF(b), and show that this new type of sequences constitute a class of digital (t, s)-sequences. Then, we give two versions of matrix representation for their generator matrices, and prove that for the first version, there do not exist (0, s)-sequences for any base b ≥ 2 and any dimension s ≥ 2, and that for the second version, there do not exist (0, s)-sequences in base b = 2 for any s ≥ 2.
A Tear-Drop Bifilar Sample Holder for Full Excitation and Stability Studies of HTS Cables at 4.2 K Using a Superconducting Transformer

HTS cables proposed for next-generation main, hybrid, and insert magnets will have very high I c (>10 kA) at 14 T and above. Determining the quench, current-sharing, and other properties of these cables will require measurement systems, which will likely incorporate a superconducting transformer. The utilization of high-field persistent mode solenoids will make size and cost less prohibitive, allowing a higher frequency of measurements within a larger number of research facilities. Additionally, a system designed for use with solenoids will allow for experiments at higher maximum fields than those achievable using dipoles and split coils. Proposed in this document is a bifilar sample probe, which fits within a 77-mm bore solenoid capable of measuring up to a 6-mm outer diameter conductor-on-round-core REBCO cables or wires up to 20 kA in transverse fields at 12 T and 4.2 K. Splices and mechanical considerations will be discussed.
Small business owner persistence: Do personal characteristics matter?

Recent research suggests that (1) business failure rates are lower than previously thought and (2) business owners exit businesses for myriad reasons besides performance. Despite these findings, relatively little is known about whether personal characteristics (i.e. expectations, competencies, education) of small firm owners influence their likelihood to persist with business ownership. Given this gap, the present study investigates the relationship between owner characteristics and persistence intentions. Framed by threshold theory, we theorize and test whether owner growth expectations, satisfaction, education, competencies, and financial investment influence their persistence intentions. Results indicate that owner future growth expectations for the business, their opportunity recognition abilities, and their satisfaction with the business significantly impact persistence intentions. Implications of study findings are discussed.
Enabling High-Dimensional Bayesian Optimization for Efficient Failure Detection of Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuits

With increasing design complexity and stringent robustness requirements in application such as automotive electronics, analog and mixed-signal (AMS) verification becomes a key bottleneck. Rare failure detection in a high-dimensional parameter space using minimal expensive simulation data is a major challenge. We address this challenge under a Bayesian learning framework using Bayesian optimization (BO). We formulate the failure detection as a BO problem where a chosen acquisition function is optimized to select the next (set of) optimal simulation sampling point(s) such that rare failures may be detected using a small amount of data. While providing an attractive black-box solution to design verification, in practice BO is limited in its ability in dealing with high-dimensional problems. We propose to use random embedding to effectively reduce the dimensionality of a given verification problem to improve both the quality of BO-based optimal sampling and computational efficiency. We demonstrate the success of the proposed approach on detecting rare design failures under high-dimensional process variations which are completely missed by competitive smart sampling and BO techniques without dimension reduction.
Evaluating the spatiotemporal variability of water recovery ratios of shale gas wells and their effects on shale gas development

Abstract Unconventional shale gas production in the United States has been largely improved due to the development of hydraulic fracturing technology and is projected to rapidly grow in the coming years. However, the acquisition of freshwater and management of flowback and produced (FP) water associated with hydraulic fracturing operation are two of the greatest challenges in shale gas development, especially in arid regions. For efficient and sustainable water management, a better understanding of freshwater consumption and FP water production for shale gas wells is necessary to appropriately expand and upgrade the existing water network and shale gas network. To achieve this, we first collected water-use volume and monthly FP water production volume data for shale gas wells drilled in the Eagle Ford and Marcellus shale regions. Next, after integrating the data from multiple database sources, the water recovery ratio was calculated as the ratio of cumulative FP water volume to water-use volume and used as a metric to characterize the wells in these two shale regions. Then, we analyzed the obtained water recovery ratio data according to the location and production history to study the spatiotemporal variations across multiple counties and time periods. It shows that around 30% of the collected wells drilled in the Eagle Ford region have the water recovery ratio greater than 1; however, only 1% of the collected wells drilled in the Marcellus region have the water recovery ratio greater than 1. Besides, the water recovery ratios vary significantly across the counties in each shale region. To demonstrate how different water recovery ratio may affect shale gas development, a shale gas supply chain network (SGSCN) optimization model from the literature was utilized to perform two case studies in the Marcellus region. The optimal results suggest that different configurations of SGSCN are required for economically desirable and practically feasible management of shale gas wells with different water recovery ratios.
Fault Analysis of The Distance Protection Overreach Caused by The Power Transmission Lines Ring Closing with A Wrong Phase Sequence

A power transmission lines ring closing with a wrong phase sequence occurred in a regional power grid, which led to an overreach of the line distance protection. Through theoretical analysis, it is found that when the lines ring closing is operated with a wrong phase sequence, the protection shows the similar electrical characteristics as the phase-to-phase short circuit, and there is an equivalent phase-to-phase fault point in the system, which is the midpoint of all equivalent impedances between the power supply on both sides. As a result, the equivalent measured impedance may fall into the action range of the distance protection somewhere, which will lead to the exceeding of distance protection. The actual fault data also confirm the analysis conclusion.
A preliminary study on the relationship between sleep, depression and cardiovascular dysfunction in a 4 sample population.

Abstract Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has been linked in the literature to poorer prognosis in patients with cardiovascular dysfunction, although the mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear. Underlying Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) serves as a potential candidate to explain this effect due to its downstream effects on inflammatory activation and decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, both of which have been shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of both MDD and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods This study utilizes overnight polysomnography and an inflammation panel to examine the links between cardiovascular dysfunction and sleep difficulties in control participants and patients diagnosed with SDB only, MDD only, and both SDB and MDD. Results Results demonstrate a strong positive relationship between sleep dysfunction and the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor Symmetric Dimethyl Arginine (SDMA) in the MDD-only cohort, suggesting a link between SDMA-mediated NO dysregulation and CVD pathogenesis in individuals with MDD. Additionally, hypopneas, a form of sleep impairment characterized by partial reduction of airflow, were found to play a significant role in the relationship between SDB and cardiovascular dysfunction in MDD-only patients. Conclusions Results of this study demonstrate the need for widespread screening for SDB in MDD populations to detect predisposition to CVD, and also offer SDMA as a new potential target for CVD treatment in individuals with MDD.
Thermal conductivity of magnesium telluride (MgTe) - A first principles study

Abstract In this work, we report thermal conductivity(k) of magnesium telluride (MgTe) with various crystallographic phases such as rocksalt, zincblende, wurtzite and nickel arsenic (NiAs) using density functional theory and Boltzmann transport equation. Our first principles calculations result shows the low thermal conductivity of MgTe with kNiAs
Taminglish: A Study in Social Psychology of the Tamils

Taminglish is a reality now. English teachers in Tamil society are made to feel guilty about what they are being accused of doing as a profession — the teaching of English as “a neo- imperialistic language(!)” to Tamil learners of English at different levels. Politicians and Tamil activists alike raise a lot of hue and cry against the mixing of English in the daily Tamil discourses. They often fail to understand a linguistic fact that changes on account of language contact do not amount to corruption but enrichment of the languages involved and that change is natural and inevitable in the history and development of any language. Changes happen neither for worse nor for better. They come from inside and from outside the language. However, ‘Tamil lovers’ would like to artificially maintain the classical status of Tamil even now when Tamil society has irretrievably become a bilingual and bi-cultural community. One of the psychological impacts of such a political project of preserving the purity of Tamil on English teaching community is that they refuse to accept the bilingual method of teaching English without any professional basis. The process of language development has always been independent of human intervention and therefore, Tamil is firmly entering a new phase of its development, which in this article, is termed as “Taminglish.” Through a recent order, the government of India has instructed all its employees to follow ‘Hinglish’ in the Devanagiri script for official communication. Tamil has already permitted hundreds of English words and set expressions both in oral and written discourses. This paper interrogates diachronically and longitudinally the history behind the evolution of the phenomenon called ‘Taminglish,’ a process of code-mixing/switching in Tamil/English discourse, and establishes that English teachers need not feel guilty about this linguistic hybridity.
Morphological alternations at the intonational phrase edge

This article develops an analysis of a pair of morphological alternations in K’ichee’ (Mayan) that are conditioned at the right edge of intonational phrase boundaries. I propose a syntax-prosody mapping algorithm that derives intonational phrase boundaries from the surface syntax, and then argue that each alternation can be understood in terms of output optimization (Mascaro 2007; Mester 1994). The important fact is that K’ichee’ requires a prominence peak rightmost in the intonational phrase, and so the morphological alternations occur in order to ensure an optimal host for this prominence peak. Finally, I consider the wider implications of the analysis for the architecture of the syntax-phonology interface, especially as it concerns late-insertion theories of morphology (Anderson 1982, 1992; Embick and Noyer 2001; Halle and Marantz 1993; Hayes 1990, among others). The primary result is that late lexical insertion must occur at least as late as the construction of intonational phrases.
Persistent activation of NF-κB by the Tax transforming protein involves chronic phosphorylation of IκB kinase subunits IKKβ and IKKγ

The Tax transforming protein encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV1) persistently activates transcription factor NF-κB and deregulates the expression of downstream genes that mediate cell cycle entry. We recently found that Tax binds to and chronically stimulates the catalytic function of IκB kinase (IKK), a cellular enzyme complex that phosphorylates and inactivates the IκB inhibitory subunit of NF-κB. We now demonstrate that the IKKβ catalytic subunit and IKKγ regulatory subunit of IKK are chronically phosphorylated in HTLV1-infected and Tax-transfected cells. Alanine substitutions at Ser-177 and Ser-181 in the T loop of IKKβ protect both of these IKK subunits from Tax-directed phosphorylation and prevent the induction of IκB kinase activity. Each of these inhibitory effects is recapitulated in Tax transfectants expressing the bacterial protein YopJ, a potent in vivo agonist of T loop phosphorylation. Moreover, ectopically expressed forms of IKKβ that contain glutamic acid substitutions at Ser-177 and Ser-181 have the capacity to phosphorylate a recombinant IKKγ substrate in vitro. We conclude that Tax-induced phosphorylation of IKKβ is required for IKKβ activation, phosphoryl group transfer to IKKγ, and acquisition of the deregulated IKK phenotype.
Analysis of drain-to-body band-to-band tunneling in double gate MOSFET

An analytical model is proposed for drain-to-body band-to-band tunneling leakage in nanoscale symmetric and asymmetric double-gate MOS devices. The model is used to analyze the impact of technology and circuit parameters, and suggest ways of minimizing this leakage.
Marriage Equality for Same-Sex Couples: Where We Are and Where We Are Going

The legal landscape for same-sex couples seeking to marry has shifted dramatically over the last five years. On October 10, 2008, the Connecticut Supreme Court became the third state high court to rule that its state constitution could not sustain a statutory framework that excludes same-sex couples from marrying, following the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on November 18, 2003, and the California Supreme Court on May 15, 2008. Same-sex couples throughout the country have gotten married in Connecticut, Massachusetts, California, and in other countries throughout the world that provide full marriage equality, including in Canada. The Author discusses the developments in same-sex marriage in various jurisdictions.
Materials recovery from shredder residues

Each year, about five (5) million ton of shredder residues are landfilled in the US. Similar quantities are landfilled in Europe and the Pacific Rim. Landfilling of these residues results in a cost to the existing recycling industry and also represents a loss of material resources that are otherwise recyclable. In this paper, the authors outline the resources recoverable from typical shredder residues and describe technology that they have developed to recover these resources.
Should the Pericardium Be Closed after an Open-Heart Operation?

A controlled clinical study was carried out to decide whether the pericardium should be left open or closed after open-heart operations. One hundred patients had the pericardium closed with interrupted silk, another 100 had the pericardium left open. Complications were alike except for the more frequent occurrence of a pericardial rub in the closed group (14 vs 3 patients), though the incidence of post-pericardiotomy syndrome was equal. There was no late tamponade. Two early reexplorations for bleeding were done in the open group, none in the closed. There were no postoperative deaths. In the patients who consented to postoperative angiography following revascularization procedures, the incidence of graft failure was equal in both groups. The pericardium should be closed after an open-heart operation. Morbidity and mortality are unchanged, and repeat cardiac exploration is safer.
Effects of deforestation on seed banks in a tropical deciduous forest of western Mexico.

Seed density and seed bank species composition were determined by germination trials on soils collected during the initial phase of deforestation in a Mexican tropical deciduous forest. The reference forest, pre-burn, 1-d post-burn, and l-y post-burn soils contained 700, 1000, 70 and 3500 germinating seeds m-2, of 30, 30, 8 and 13 species, respectively. A total of 43 dicotyledonous species were identified. Percentages of herbs, vines, shrubs and small trees/shrubs were similar in reference forest, pre-burn, and 1-d post-burn soils; herbs were the most common growth form. Pasture conversion greatly altered seed bank species composition; 81% of the species that germinated from the seed bank before burning were absent from the seed bank 1 d after the fires. One-year post-burn soil was dominated by monocots; only 3% of the seedlings were herbs; no vines, small trees/shrubs or trees germinated. The reference forest and the pre-burn soils had 18 dicot species in common and the highest similarity index, 0.43; six of the shared species were herbs. One-day and 1-y post-burn soils had the lowest similarity index, 0.05. Burn- ing the slashed forest and conversion to cattle pasture depleted the original seed bank, replacing it by one dominated by pasture grasses.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Representation and Processing Really Are Stuck with Each Other

INPUT AND EVIDENCE: THE RAW MATERIAL OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. Susanne E. Carroll. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2001. Pp. xviii + 462. $114.00 cloth.The ambitious goal of this book is the exposition of “a truly explanatory theory of SLA” (back cover). Such a theory is bound to be multifaceted and complex, and indeed, Carroll draws from a variety of theoretical frameworks in exploring the relationship between input—or more precisely, the nature of the mechanisms brought to bear in processing language stimuli—and the nature of the language knowledge that (adult) second language (L2) learners ultimately acquire. In other words, a theory of acquisition must be integrated with a theory of speech processing to explain how language stimuli are transformed into abstract mental representations; this book represents Carroll's attempt to construct just such a model.
Optimization-Based Domain Adaptation towards Person-Adaptive Classification Models

The emergence of inexpensive and unobtrusive physiological sensors has widened their application to newer and innovative areas including proactive health monitoring, smart environments and novel human-computer interfaces. The inherent variability in physiological signals across subjects poses a great challenge to traditional machine learning algorithms which are used to develop generalized classification frameworks. In this paper, we propose an optimization-based domain adaptation (ODA) methodology which can provide reliable classification on a given test subject, using the available data from other subjects. The proposed ODA method selects instances from the source domain (data available from other subjects) based on a novel optimization formulation, to ensure that the selected instances are similar in distribution to the target domain (test subject data) in both marginal and conditional probability distributions. We validated the proposed framework on Surface Electromyogram (SEMG) signals collected from 8 people during a fatigue-causing repetitive gripping activity, to detect different stages of fatigue. Comprehensive experiments on our SEMG data set demonstrated that the proposed method improves the classification accuracy by 19% to 21% over traditional classification models, and by 12% to 18% over existing state-of-the-art domain adaptation methodologies.
Evidence against a stable dibaryon from lattice QCD.

We have used standard numerical techniques of lattice quantum chromodynamics to look for evidence of the proposed doubly strange spin-zero dibaryon (the $H$ particle), and to determine the splitting between the mass of the $H$ and the mass of two $\ensuremath{\Lambda}'\mathrm{s}$, its lightest possible strong-decay channel. We find that the dibaryon is above the two-$\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ threshold, making it unstable to strong decay.
Brain epinephrine and norepinephrine in the neonate chick: Phylogenetic implications

Abstract 1. 1. Average norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in whole brain of 112 neonate chicks, Gallus domesticus, were found to be 0·522 and 0·277 μg. per g. respectively, a ratio of 2 : 1. 2. 2. In contrast, norepinephrine greatly predominates over epinephrine in fish and mammalian brain, whereas the reverse is true for amphibians. 3. 3. The ratio of catecholamines in chick brain most resembles that of reptiles and this is consistent with the established phylogenetic position of Aves.
Subsidies in Interdependent Security With Heterogeneous Discount Rates

Optimizing resource allocation in interdependent security problems is a serious challenge for homeland security. In this article, we present the equilibrium strategies for multiple interdependent defenders in a model where threats occur over time. We show that the existence of myopic agents can make it undesirable for non-myopic agents to invest in security when it would otherwise be in their interests to do so. The phenomena of tipping and cascading are discussed, and we explore how to target subsidies for security investment in order to achieve the best results from tipping. The above findings are illustrated in numerical examples, and their policy implications are discussed.
Exploiting Sparse Dynamics For Bandwidth Reduction In Cooperative Sensing Systems

Recently, there has been a significant interest in developing cooperative sensing systems for certain types of wireless applications. In such systems, a group of sensing nodes periodically collects measurements about the signals being observed in the given geographical region and transmits these measurements to a central node, which in turn processes this information to recover the signals. For example, in cognitive radio networks, the signals of interest are those generated by the primary transmitters and the sensing nodes are the secondary users. In such networks, it is critically important to be able to reliably determine the presence or absence of primary transmitters in order to avoid causing interference. The standard approach to transmitting these measurements from the sensor nodes to the fusion center has been to use orthogonal channels. Such an approach quickly places a burden on the control-channel-capacity of the network that would scale linearly in the number of cooperating sensing nodes. In this paper, we show that as long as one condition is satisfied: the dynamics of the observed signals are sparse, i.e., the observed signals do not change their values very rapidly in relation to the time-scale at which the measurements are collected, we can significantly reduce the control bandwidth of the system while achieving near full (linear) bandwidth performance.
Photometric Observations of Jupiter at 2400 Angstroms

The photopolarimeter instrument on Voyager 2 was used to obtain a map of Jupiter at an effective wavelength of 2400 angstroms. Analysis of a typical north-south swath used to make this map shows strong absorption at high latitudes by a molecular or particulate constituent in the Jovian atmosphere. At 65 deg north latitude, the absorbing constituent extends to altitudes above the 50-millibar pressure level
From Mantra to Mataráa: opacity and transparency in the language of Tobelo magic and medicine (Halmahera Island, Indonesia).

This paper presents a definition of the Tobelo concept of ‘magic/medicine’, and examines the role of mataraa (‘magical formulae’) within Tobelo magical/medical activities. The curative use of opaque, esoteric formulae is widely reported; Tobelo also have a specialized speech I call ‘neo-Ternatese’ used for this purpose. Several explanations for the opacity of magical formulae are examined; some apply to the Tobelo case and some do not. Examining the full range of registers in which neo-Ternatese is used, with sample texts, we find a continuum from transparent to opaque, paralleling a continuum of contexts from public to private (or esoteric), and we can identify the techniques used to produce (or increase) a text's opacity. Magical formulae, at the opaque end of that continuum, represent a secret, prestigious, and relatively liquid asset whose high value is maintained by several cultural conventions.
A low-profile, vertically-polarized, compact, ultra-wideband antenna with a 10∶1 bandwidth

A compact, very low-profile ultra-wideband antenna is presented. The antenna has consistent monopole-like, radiation characteristics over a 10:1 bandwidth. This antenna consists of two main radiators where one radiator is a smaller scaled version of the other one. Each radiator has two parallel loops in the shape of a bent diamond connected to the ground plane at their ends. A properly designed feed network is used to feed the larger antenna at lower frequencies while feeding the smaller one at higher frequencies to improve the consistency of the radiation characteristics of the system over a very broad bandwidth. The proposed antenna has electrical dimensions of 0.24λ min ×0.24λ min ×0.042λ min at its lowest frequency of operation and demonstrates monopole-like radiation characteristics over roughly a 10:1 bandwidth.
The relationship between moments of truncated and original distributions plus some other simple structural properties of weighted distributions

A simple relationship between expectations of positive functions of random variables from truncated and original distributions is pointed out. This is a special case of a relationship between moments of weighted and original distributions which is also discussed. Another topic is that of expressing weighted mixture distributions as mixtures of weighted distributions and vice versa. Finally, an error in some structural properties of weighted distributions given in the literature is identified and corrected.
Timely Execution: Evidence From Physicals Futures Markets

Although there are several passive indexes available that track the CTA markets, little evidence exists on the impact of timeliness of trades and consequent gains and losses. Passive indexes in general follow fixed rules for placing trades and may be heavily susceptible to slippage. However, empirical studies on slippage in futures markets have been scarce. In this article, we will examine the gains and losses from executing trades based on a passive index. The passive index was originally constructed by Spurgin [1999] and was known as the MSFB (Managed Futures Securities Based) indices. The results show that active management does help stem the losses that can be caused by slippage in a passive index. When the trades were examined by contract the passive indices were able to outperform a long only index in at least four of the ten worst days. Future research can focus on not only physicals futures but also currency, interest rate and equity futures. Given that research in this area is scarce, this research would be highly beneficial to investors and managers alike.
Stability and Surface Topography Evolution in Nanoimprinted Polymer Patterns under a Thermal Gradient

Nanostructures created in polymer films by nanoimprint lithography are subject to large stresses, both those from the imprinting processes as well as stresses arising from the intrinsic thermodynam...
A macro-level decision analysis of wind power as a solution for sustainable energy in the USA

This study aims to quantify the socio-economic and environmental impacts of producing electricity by wind power plants for the US electricity mix. To accomplish this goal, all direct and supply chain-related impacts of different onshore and offshore wind turbines are quantified using a hybrid economic input-output-based triple bottom line (TBL) life cycle assessment model. Furthermore, considering TBL sustainability implications of each onshore and offshore wind energy technology, a multi-criteria decision-making tool which is coupled with Monte Carlo simulation is utilised to find the optimal choice of onshore and offshore wind energy. The analysis results indicate that V90-3.0 MW wind turbines have lower impacts than V80-3.0 MW for both socio-economic and environmental indicators. The Monte Carlo simulation results reveal that when environmental issues are more important than socio-economic impacts, V90-3.0 MW offshore is selected among the alternatives.