cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of cell types in rat hippocampal slices maintained in organotypic cultures.

Abstract We have cultured transverse slices of the hippocampal formation from neonatal rats and have identified the cell types which appear in the outgrowth with cell type specific markers. Tetanus toxin and anti-tetanus toxoid, as well as antisera to neurofilaments and 14-3-2 protein, were used to identify neurons. Astrocytes were identified with antisera to glial fibrillary acidic protein and were the predominant non-neural cell type. Fibroblastic cells were labeled with antisera to fibronectin and to myosin and oligodendroglia were identified with antisera to galactocerebroside. The hippocampal neurons could be classified as 1 of the 3 types present in vivo (pyramidal cells, granule cells, or GABAergic interneurons) on the basis of their size, shape, location, or reaction with antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase. Outgrowth of glial cells and neurites occurred within hours of explantation. Within a few days granule cell neurons migrated onto the glial cell layer from the explant. Their movement is probably related to their migration during in vivo development of the granule cell layer. Synapse formation was observed by electron microscopic analysis beginning about 3–5 days in vitro and areas of neuropil containing many synapses were observed after 3–4 weeks. This culture system should be useful for further studies on the cellular processes which occur during hippocampal development and plasticity.
Evidence on the Intergenerational Persistence of Residential Segregation by Race

Despite the substantial literature devoted to examining the causes of US Black-White residential segregation by race, there is little evidence on the persistence of residential segregation outcomes across generations. This paper examines the following two questions: Do households reside in neighbourhoods with racial compositions that resemble the household head's childhood neighbourhood? Do residential segregation outcomes persist across generations, controlling for household-level determinants of residential location choice? The empirical work relies on household-level data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) matched to the racial composition of the household's census tract of residence to estimate regression models where the dependent variable is a measure of own-race residential segregation in 1980 and 1990 for each household head in the sample. The independent variables include various contemporaneous household characteristics, characteristics of each household head's parents in 1968 and...
The action of relaxin on mammary gland growth in the rat.

SMALL doses of progesterone injected simultaneously with estrogens produce optimal lobulo-alveolar growth in the mammary glands in the mouse (Mixner and Turner, 1940) or rabbit (Lyons and McGinty, 1941), while in the rat relatively larger doses of progesterone are required to elicit a comparable reaction (Curtiss, 1949). Hamolsky and Sparrow (1943) first showed that relaxin, injected simultaneously with small doses of estradiol and progesterone, resulted in good lobulo-alveolar growth in immature, estradiol- primed, ovariectomized rats. Administration of a combination of any two of these hormones in the dosage used yields negative results. There was little or no mammary response to any combination in the ovariectomized, hypophysectomized rat. This paper is a further investigation into the effects of relaxin on the mammary glands of the rat. MATERIAL AND METHODS Relaxin made up in normal saline was injected subcutaneously twice daily. The steroids were also injected subcutaneously every day using a concent...
Adaptation to climate change in the Northeast United States: opportunities, processes, constraints

Scientific evidence accumulating over the past decade documents that climate change impacts are already being experienced in the US Northeast. Policy-makers and resource managers must now prepare for the impacts from climate change and support implementing such plans on the ground. In this paper we argue that climate change challenges the region to maintain its economic viability, but also holds some opportunities that may enhance economic development, human well-being, and social justice. To face these challenges and seize these opportunities effectively we must better understand adaptation capacities, opportunities and constraints, the social processes of adaptation, approaches for engaging critical players and the broader public in informed debate, decision-making, and conscious interventions in the adaptation process. This paper offers a preliminary qualitative assessment, in which we emphasize the need for (1) assessing the feasibility and side effects of technological adaptation options, (2) increasing available resources and improving equitable access to them, (3) increasing institutional flexibility, fit, cooperation and decision-making authority, (4) using and enhancing human and social capital, (5) improving access to insurance and other risk-spreading mechanisms, and (6) linking scientific information more effectively to decision-makers while engaging the public. Throughout, we explore these issues through illustrative sectoral examples. We conclude with a number of principles that may guide the preparation of future adaptation plans for the Northeast.
View-based approach to constructing reliable Home Appliance Control System

Often times we may find ourselves in a situation where we are miles away and recall that we haven't closed our garage door or haven't switched off the stove, and using our internet-enabled wireless mobile device we send a command to our Home Appliance Control System (HACS) to either close the garage door or switch the stove off. However, how can we be sure that the command was executed and that the desired situation, for example, the closed garage door or the switched-off stove, was reached? This paper proposes a technique for constructing reliable HACS's (or RHACS) using the concept of forward view and reverse view, where a view includes not only the physical path but also the control intelligence for that path. RHACS will not only help people remotely control devices at home but also increase confidence that their commands were effective with no unanticipated side-effects. A brief definition of reliability is the probability of good working of a system - however, our survey of the literature indicated that there is no consensus on this definition. Our analysis of a typical HACS indicated that its reliability depended on three major factors - reliability of software, reliability of hardware, and reliability of the network. As a case-study we considered a HACS configuration that included a washer, dryer, garage door opener, stove and a camera, and explored how the reliability of this system could be improved using the view-based approach. Concentrating on the network reliability aspect we explored three different techniques to improve the overall system reliability: standard protocol (X10) for the forward and reverse views, standard protocol (X10) for the forward view and the wired Ethernet for the reverse view, standard protocol (X10) for the forward view and the wireless Bluetooth for the reverse view. We used the NFR Framework to systematically analyze and evaluate reliability of HACS while at the same time accommodating the varying definitions of reliability, and we validated these evaluations using simulations. While further work needs to be done to determine the effectiveness of this approach to other reliability factors, we believe that this study demonstrates the practicality of the view-based approach to methodically analyze and construct reliable HACS with almost negligible overhead.
Global left ventricular relaxation: A novel tissue Doppler index of acute rejection in pediatric heart transplantation

Background Serial invasive cardiac catheterization with endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) is the current standard of reference for evaluation after orthotopic heart transplant (OHTx). We developed a novel, non-invasive echocardiographic index of global left ventricular relaxation (LVRI) and assessed its sensitivity, specificity and predictive value for detecting rejection compared with EMB results in a prospective study conducted from September 2012 through May 2014. Methods LVRI was calculated as the sum of diastolic tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) velocities (E′) of the left ventricular lateral, septal and posterior walls divided by the percentage of left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) thinning by M-mode. LVRI was measured in 47 OHTx patients and 50 patients with normal hearts. Of the 33 patients who underwent clinically indicated EMB, 22 patients had Grade 0R EMB, 6 had Grade 1R and 5 had Grade 2R to 3R biopsy results. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of LVRI for discriminating Grade 1R to 3R EMB were calculated. The LVRI was compared before and after OHTx rejection treatment and during the early and late post-transplant period. To characterize LVRI, 1-way analysis of variance was used to compare all groups, including non-OHTx patients. Results LVRI was lower in patients with Grade 0R EMBs compared with non-OHTx patients. Patients with Grade 1R to 3R EMBs had lower LVRI than those with Grade 0R EMBs. LVRI recovered after treatment for rejection. LVRI appeared to normalize between 40 and 90 days post-transplantation. After 90 days, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 90.9% for detecting patients with Grade 1R to 3R EMBs using an LVRI of 0.8. Conclusion LVRI, a novel, non-invasive TDI index of global left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, appears to be useful for detecting rejection in children beyond 3 months post-OHTx.
Physical layer algorithm and hardware verification of MIMO relays using cooperative partial detection

Cooperative communication with multi-antenna relays can significantly increase the reliability and speed. However, cooperative MIMO detection would impose considerable complexity overhead onto the relay if a full detect-and-forward (FDF) strategy is employed. In order to address this challenge, we propose a novel cooperative partial detection (CPD) strategy to partition the detection task between the relay and the destination. CPD utilizes the inherent structure of the tree-based sphere detectors, and modifies the tree traversal so that instead of visiting all the levels of the tree, only a subset of the levels, thus a subset of the transmitted streams, are visited. Based on this methodology, the destination combines the source signal and the partial relay signal to perform the detection step. We show, in both simulation and hardware verification on the WARP platform, that using the CPD approach, the relay can avoid the considerable overhead of MIMO detection while helping the source-destination link to improve its performance.
The Huitlacoche Project: A tale of smut and gold

This is a tale, over 500 years in the making, of how a university–community farm collaborative research project turned corn smut into gold.
An analysis of the association between cancer-related information seeking and adherence to breast cancer surveillance procedures.

Background: Breast cancer surveillance is important for women with a known history of breast cancer. However, relatively little is known about the prevalence and determinants of adherence to surveillance procedures, including associations with seeking of cancer-related information from medical and nonmedical sources. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of breast cancer patients diagnosed in Pennsylvania in 2005. Our main analyses included 352 women who were eligible for surveillance and participated in both baseline (approximately one year after cancer diagnosis) and follow-up surveys. Outcomes were self-reported doctor visits and physical examination, mammography, and breast self-examination (BSE) at one-year follow-up. Results: Most women underwent two or more physical examinations according to recommended guidelines (85%). For mammography, 56% of women were adherent (one mammogram in a year) while 39% reported possible over-utilization (two or more mammograms). About 60% of respondents reported regular BSE (five or more times in a year). Controlling for potential confounders, higher levels of cancer-related information seeking from nonmedical sources at baseline was associated with regular BSE (OR=1.52, 95% CI=1.01 to 2.29, p=0.046). There was no significant association between information seeking behaviors from medical or nonmedical sources and surveillance with physical examination or mammography. Conclusions: Seeking cancer related information from nonmedical sources is associated with regular BSE, a surveillance behavior that is not consistently recommended by professional organizations. Impact: Findings from this study will inform clinicians on the contribution of active information seeking toward breast cancer survivors' adherence to different surveillance behaviors.
Theoretical Note: On Students' Experiences Across the Grade Levels

This article explores several issues related to the study of students' “academic” careers and the cumulative impact of their learning experiences across grade levels. Building upon recent work in cognitive psychology, the paper develops a conception of academic “tasks” for the study of inter-grade connections. Areas for future research are identified.
Optical Fiber Communication Technology And System Overview

Basic elements of an optical fiber communication system include the transmitter (laser or LED), fiber (multimode, single mode, dispersion-shifted) and the receiver (PIN and APD detectors, coherent detectors, optical preamplifiers, receiver electronics). Receiver sensitivities of digital systems are compared on the basis of the number of photons-perbit required to achieve a given bit-error-probability, and eye-degradation and error-floor phenomena are described. Laser relative-intensity-noise and nonlinearities are shown to limit the performance of analog systems. Networking applications of optical amplifiers and wavelength division multiplexing are considered, and future directions discussed.
Optimal Packet Scheduling in WDM Optical Switches With Output Buffer and Limited Wavelength Conversion

All-optical packet switching is a promising candidate for future high-speed switching. However, due to the absence of optical random access memory, the traditional Virtual Output Queue (VOQ) based input-queued switches are difficult to implement in the optical domain. In this paper we consider output-buffered optical packet switches. We focus on packet scheduling in an output-buffered optical packet switch with limited-range wavelength conversion, aiming at maximizing throughput and minimizing average queuing delay simultaneously. We show that this problem can be converted to a minimum cost maximum network flow problem. To cope with the high complexity of general network flow algorithms, we present an algorithm that can efficiently find an optimal schedule in O(min{NW,BW}) time, where N is the switch size, W is the number of wavelength channels per fiber and B is the length of the longest FDL at the output of the switch. The complexity of the new algorithm asymptotically matches the lower bound of the scheduling problem. We also conduct extensive simulations to test the performance of the proposed scheduling algorithm under different traffic models.
Automatic heap sizing: taking real memory into account

Heap size has a huge impact on the performance of garbage collected applications. A heap that barely meets the application's needs causes excessive GC overhead, while a heap that exceeds physical memory induces paging. Choosing the best heap size a priori is impossible in multiprogrammed environments, where physical memory allocations to processes change constantly. We present an automatic heap-sizing algorithm applicable to different garbage collectors with only modest changes. It relies on an analytical model and on detailed information from the virtual memory manager. The model characterizes the relation between collection algorithm, heap size, and footprint. The virtual memory manager tracks recent reference behavior, reporting the current footprint and allocation to the collector. The collector uses those values as inputs to its model to compute a heap size that maximizes throughput while minimizing paging. We show that our adaptive heap sizing algorithm can substantially reduce running time over fixed-sized heaps.
Tetrad analysis of short chromosome regions of Neurospora crassa.

HE information concerning chromatid and chiasma interference which is Tnow available from tetrads of a number of organisms shows many conflicting results and variable situations. An excess of %strand double exchanges has been found in Neurospora crassa (LINDEGREN and LINDEGREN 1%2) and in yeast ( DESBOROUGH, SHULT, YOSHIDA and LINDEGREN 1960). MALING (1959) found a deficiency of 3-strand double exchanges in N. crmsa after treatment with 5bromouracil, but other treatments produced no evidence of chromatid interference. HAWTHORNE and MORTIMER (1960) obtained a deficiency of 3-strand double exchanges in yeast. The same type of deficiency was also found for one pair of intervals in Chlamydomonas reinhmdi, but no chromatid interference was found in two other pairs of intervals of the same cross ( EBERSOLD and LEVINE 1959). No chromatid interference has been found in N. crassa (HOWE 1956; PERKINS 1956; STADLER 1956), in Aspergillus nidulans ( STRICKLAND 1958) or in Sphaerocarpus (KNAPP 1960). In general, no chromatid interference has been found in Drosophila, but there was an almost significant excess of 2-strand double exchanges when only short intervals were considered (for review see WELSHONS 1955). Chiasma interference cannot be determined from random strands without prior knowledge of the presence or absence of chromatid interference. Assuming chromatid interference to be absent, chiasma interference has been shown to be positive within the chromosome arms of Drosophila (ANDERSON and RHOADES 1931; MORGAN, BRIDGES and SHULTZ 1935) and absent across the centromeres. From tetrad data chiasma interference has been shown to be positive within the chromosome arms of Neurospora (PERKINS 1955,1958 and unpublished; STADLER 1956; HOWE 1956), Chlamydomonas (EBERSOLD and LEVINE 1959) and Sphaerocarpus (KNAPP and MOLLER 1955), but absent in Aspergillus nidulans (STRICKLAND 1958) and in yeast (SHULT and LJNDEGREN 1959; DESBOROUGH, SHULT, YOSHIDA and LINDEGREN 1960). On the contrary, positive chiasma interference is reported in yeast by HAWTHORNE and MORTIMER (1960). The extent to which chromatid and chiasma interference can be distinguished. and separated has been discussed recently by SHULT and LINDEGREN (1959), while some errors of experimental design which may obscure chromatid inter
Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Atlantic

Maps of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) in the Atlantic, and on a global isopycnal which intersects the AAIW in the south, show the location and properties of the salinity and oxygen extrema associated with the AAIW, and the likely sources of AAIW. These are primarily the surface waters in the southeastern Pacific, which produce the South Pacific AAIW, and surface waters in northern Drake Passage and the Falkland Current loop, which produce the South Atlantic AAIW. This latter source is the primary one for AAIW of the Indian Ocean as well. Winter surface properties and annual-averaged Ekman pumping and S verdrup transport for the southern hemisphere suggest that the formation density of the AAIW is the highest density which can be subducted in the South Pacific. The higher density of AAIW in the South Atlantic may result from more complex processes. The connection between the subtropical gyres of the Atlantic and Indian and between the Indian and Pacific Oceans contributes to modification of AAIW as it spreads tortuously northward around the subtropical gyres. Potential vorticity and AAIW salinity and oxygen illustrate the near barrier between the subtropical and tropical regimes, at about 20°to 25°north and south of the equator. Communication between the regimes is primarily through the western boundary currents.
Status of Rare and Endangered Freshwater Mussels in Southeastern Oklahoma

We reviewed the conservation status of rare and endangered species of mussels in southeastern Oklahoma by completing surveys of 10 long-term monitoring sites on the Kiamichi River and five sites in the Little River. We found extant populations of the Ouachita rock pocketbook, Arkansia wheeleri, scaleshell, Leptodea leptodon, winged mapleleaf, Quadrula fragosa, and rabbitsfoot, Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica. This is the first reported documentation of Q. fragosa in the Little River. When our data are compared to historic records, populations, particularl yo fA. wheeleri and Q. cylindrica, appear to be declining. RESUMEN—Revisamos el estado de conservacion de las especies raras de mejillones y en peligro de extincion en 10 sitios de muestreo a largo plazo en el ro ´o Kiamichi y 5 sitios en el ro ´o Little en el sureste de Oklahoma. Encontramos poblaciones existentes de Arkansia wheeleri, Leptodea leptodon, Quadrula fragosa y Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica. Reportamos por primera vez a Q. fragosa en el ro ´o Little. Cuando los resultados son comparados con registros historicos, las poblaciones, particularmente de A. wheeleri y Q. cylindrica, parecen estar disminuyendo.
Chaaracteristics of passive UHF RFID tags on liquids

The characterization of radio frequency (RF) propagation for passive UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) systems has previously garnered much interest in the industry, predominantly due to its efficient utilization in the supply chain environment. The passive tags utilized in this system do not contain a power source, and typically harnesses energy from the reader system, which is an interrogator module. Due to the passivity, and backscatter communication technique used for communication with the reader, the passive UHF RFID tag has been often discussed in the context of metallic, as well as liquid environments [1–3]. These discussions have often resulted in the need for metrics, which would help alleviate the complexities that exist in the tagging of objects in various industries and application, not limited to the supply chain [4]. However, the point that has been often times neglected is the fact that different types of liquid present varying types of issues to the readability of the passive tag. The varying effect can be described due the changes in fundamental dielectric constant parameters, such as the relative permittivity (ɛ r ), relative permeability (μ r ), conductivity (σ), magnetic loss factor (tan δ μ ), and mass density (ϱ), as well as other more fundamental physical characters, such as dimensional constrains and volume.
Scenario-Driven Computer-Based Regional Incident Management Training

Incident management is one of the most important functions of a transportation management center (TMC). To efficiently and effectively manage complex regional incidents that affect transportation facilities under the jurisdiction of multiple agencies, TMC operators must be trained appropriately. Recently, a team of universities including the University of Maryland, University of Virginia, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute developed a computer-based training tool for regional incident management to be used by the I-95 Corridor Coalition. In its role on the team, the University of Virginia conducted research to support the development of detailed regional incident scenarios to provide content for the computer-based simulation tool. The method created to develop the incident scenarios is presented, with clear examples. Major findings from the research effort include the benefits of rapid prototyping and the usefulness of extensible markup language (XML) for structured content development.
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Spt16p N-terminal Domain Reveals Overlapping Roles of yFACT Subunits

yFACT (heterodimers of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spt16-Pob3 combined with Nhp6) binds to and alters the properties of nucleosomes. The essential function of yFACT is not disrupted by deletion of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of Spt16 or by mutation of the middle domain of Pob3, but either alteration makes yeast cells sensitive to DNA replication stress. We have determined the structure of the Spt16 NTD and find evidence for a conserved potential peptide-binding site. Pob3-M also contains a putative binding site, and we show that these two sites perform an overlapping essential function. We find that yFACT can bind the N-terminal tails of some histones and that this interaction is important for yFACT-nucleosome binding. However, neither the Spt16 NTD nor a key residue in the putative Pob3-M-binding site was required for interactions with histone N termini or for yFACT-mediated nucleosome reorganization in vitro. Instead, both potential binding sites interact functionally with the C-terminal docking domain of the histone H2A. yFACT therefore appears to make multiple contacts with different sites within nucleosomes, and these interactions are partially redundant with one another. The docking domain of H2A is identified as an important participant in maintaining stability during yFACT-mediated nucleosome reorganization, suggesting new models for the mechanism of this activity.
Sealing Technology for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

A variety of seals such as metal–metal, metal–ceramic, and ceramic–ceramic are required for a functioning solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). These seals must function at high temperatures between 600 and 900°C and in oxidizing and reducing environments of the fuels and air. Among the different type of seals, the metal–ceramic and ceramic–ceramic seals require significant attention, research, and development because the brittle nature of ceramics and glasses can lead to fracture and loss of seal integrity and functionality. This paper addresses the needs and possible approaches for high-temperature ceramic–metal seals for SOFC and seals fabricated using some of these approaches. A new concept of self-healing glass seals is proposed, developed, and used for making metal—glass–ceramic seals for potential application in SOFC in order to enhance the reliability and life of a cell. In this study, glasses displaying self-healing behavior are investigated and used to fabricate seals. The performance of these seals under long-term exposure at higher temperatures coupled with thermal cycling is characterized by leak tests. The self-healing ability of these glass seals is also demonstrated by leak tests along with the long-term performance.
Radioiodination of polymer‐supported organotrifluoroborates

To simplify the purification of radiolabeled compounds, a novel strategy that combines the advantages of polymer chemistry and organotrifluoroborate chemistry was examined. It was discovered that the no-carrier-added radioiodination of readily prepared Dowex-supported organotrifluoroborates can be successfully achieved using a variety of oxidants, including a polymer-supported oxidant. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mifepristone versus laminaria: a randomized controlled trial of cervical ripening in midtrimester termination.

Abstract Background Mifepristone was compared with laminaria for cervical ripening in second-trimester induction of labor (IOL). Study Design We performed a randomized, controlled, open-label study of women undergoing second-trimester IOL for fetal demise, aneuploidy or anomalies at a single tertiary care center from January 2004 to May 2006. Main outcome measures were induction-to-delivery time and pain with cervical ripening. Results Of 50 eligible women, 37 were enrolled in the study, of whom 33 completed the study: 16 were randomized to laminaria and 17 to mifepristone. Induction-to-delivery time was significantly shorter in the mifepristone arm (mean=10 h vs. 16 h, p=.01; median=7.5 h vs. 13.4 h, p=.01). Pain with cervical ripening was also significantly less in the mifepristone group than in the laminaria group (median=1 vs. 6 on an 11-point visual analogue scale, p Conclusion Mifepristone shortens the induction-to-delivery time and decreases pain with cervical ripening when compared with laminaria for second-trimester induction.
How Much Insurance in Bewley Models

The standard life-cycle incomplete-markets model, where households face idiosyncratic earnings shocks and trade a non-contingent asset, is a workhorse of quantitative macroeconomics. In this paper, we assess the degree of consumption insurance implicit in a plausibly calibrated version of the model, and we compare it to the data. On both actual and simulated data, we apply a technique recently developed by Blundell, Pistaferri and Preston (2006, BPP thereafter). We flnd that households in Bewley models have access to less consumption smoothing against permanent shocksthanwhatismeasuredinthedata. BPPestimatethat36%ofpermanentearningsshocks are insurable (i.e., do not translate into consumption growth), while in the model this insurance coe‐cient is only 17%. The life-cycle proflle of insurance coe‐cients is sharply increasing and convexinthemodel,whileBPPdocumentthatitisroughly∞atinthedata. Takenatfacevalue, these results would suggest that macroeconomists should develop models with more avenues of insurance than a risk-free asset. Allowing for \advance information" about earnings changes in the model does not afiect this conclusion. However, we also flnd that if earnings shocks are not modelled to be permanent, as assumed by BPP, but they display an autocorrelation coe‐cient between0:90and0:95,thenthedegreeofconsumptionsmoothinginthemodellargelyagreeswith the empirical estimate. Finally, we uncover that the BPP estimator of the insurance coe‐cient has, in general, a small asymptotic downward bias. This downward bias becomes sizeable when borrowing limits bind frequently. However, in the presence of advance information about future earnings growth, the BPPinsurance coe‐cientcan beupward biased.
Community Preventive Services- Do We Know What We Need to Know to Improve Health and Reduce Disparities?

Healthy People 2010,1 which lays out goals for the health of the U.S. population in the next decade, establishes two overarching aims: (1) to increase the quality and years of healthy life, and (2) to eliminate health disparities. Unfortunately, these aims are often in conflict. Many improvements in health care, including preventive care, that increase quality and years of healthy life will increase, not decrease, disparities. New technologies and information about prevention are more available to those with more education, income, and other resources. This differential access allows the more advantaged to enjoy the benefits more rapidly compared to the rest of the population. Thus, while improved health care and prevention have contributed to dramatic drops in mortality over time, these benefits have not been equally conferred, and larger gradients in mortality exist now than did earlier.
Differences in brain structure related to laterality of cleft lip.

Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Effects of Unilateral Clefts on Brain Structure Ellen van der Plas, MPhil; Amy Conrad, PhD; John Canady, MD; Lynn Richman, PhD; Peg Nopoulos, MD Objective: To evaluate potential abnormalities in brain structure of children and adolescents with unilateral clefts. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Tertiary care center. Participants: Boys aged 7 to 17 years with right (n = 14) and left (n = 19) clefts were compared with healthy age-matched boys (n = 57). Main Exposures: Structural brain measures were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging. Outcome Measure: It was explored whether laterality of clefts had a significant effect on brain structure. To this end, volumes of tissue types and various brain regions were evaluated. Results: Total white matter was significantly lower in boys with right clefts compared with boys with left clefts and healthy boys. Gross regional analyses demonstrated that reductions in white matter were evident in both the cerebellum and the cerebrum in boys with right clefts. Furthermore, within the cerebrum, white matter volumes were particularly low in the frontal lobes and the occipital lobes. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that right clefts may be associated with more abnormalities in brain structure. More generally, laterality of a birth defect may have a significant effect on a developing organism. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(8):763-768..
Collection and analysis of social media datasets

Twitter, Flickr and other social media entities are changing the dynamics of the world and empowering people in different fashions. It is important that we advantage of the data they provide to recognize potential events of social unrest and take appropriate action. This is a part of the on-going research where we propose a model and an implementation that can be used to collect, parse, and store social media datasets coming from diverse sources such as Twitter, Flickr, Instagram, and Facebook. Among the various sources mentioned, Twitter has become a very popular source where people are easily able to tweet or post briefly about what is going in the environment around them. As a result, we have started with building a system for retrieving and storing the tweets. The gathering of the data is done using a java application that utilizes open source libraries. The application provides us with access to 36 levels of metadata for each tweet, and images directly from Flickr.
Benign synovioma causing internal derangement of the knee. A report of nine cases

Nine pedunculated benign synoviomata causing mechanical symptoms similar to those of a torn meniscus are described. The average age of the patients was 34.4 years. During the period of study, 2254 meniscal lesions causing mechanical symptoms were identified, giving an incidence of one benign synovioma for every 250 meniscal lesions. All the lesions were removed arthroscopically with relief of symptoms.
A single dose of alcohol does not meaningfully alter circadian phase advances and phase delays to light in humans

Central circadian timing influences mental and physical health. Research in nocturnal rodents has demonstrated that when alcohol is consumed, it reaches the central hypothalamic circadian pacemaker...
Aplastic bone: a nondisease of medical progress.

Aplastic bone is characterized by a low bone formation rate, usually with no other histological abnormalities. Initially, it was thought to be caused by aluminum and was associated with a substantial morbidity. In the current milieu of dialysis, it is usually (
PP9. Clinical and radiological features of Down’s arthropathy

Introduction The ‘Arthropathy of Down syndrome’ was first described in 1984. Three decades on we still have limited literature on the clinical and radiological features of this arthritis, despite the fact that it is thought to be 3-6 times more common than JIA in the general paediatric population. Down’s Arthropathy (DA) is rarely recognised at onset, and remains under-diagnosed and largely under-reported in this population group. Ireland has one of the highest Trisomy 21 birth rates in Europe (1/547), & therefore provides an ideal setting for such a study. Research Q’s 1. What are the clinical & radiological features of DA? 2. Is DA missed, leading to a delay in dx?
Considerations for vaccine administration in the emergency department

Routine vaccination has helped prevent many diseases, decreased the number of severe outbreaks, and lowered death rates from vaccine-preventable diseases.[1][1] Despite these successes, vaccination rates are still below the targets set forth in the Healthy People 2020 Initiative.[2][2] Reasons
Tunable Microwave Electrothermal Thruster Performance on Water

Thrust, specific impulse, thrust efficiency, and microwave coupling efficiency were measured for a microwave electrothermal thruster (MET) operating on water in a non-tunable configuration, and on helium and water in a tunable configuration. In the nontunable configuration, attempts to improve water performance by repositioning the nozzle to counteract buoyancy and by changes in nozzle geometry were unsuccessful. In the tunable configuration, microwave coupling efficiencies near 100% were achieved for both helium and water at all operating conditions. With helium, improved coupling at constant specific energy resulted in increased specific impulse and thrust efficiency, however water displayed no performance improvement. Measurements with a residual gas analyzer indicate that the plume of the water MET may be 50 to 70% dissociated, and that the observed lack of dependence of specific impulse on specific energy may be the result of a trade-off between power loss to dissociation at low specific energy and to heating of the thruster body at high specific energy.
Density Fitting and Cholesky Decomposition of the Two-Electron Integrals in Local Multireference Configuration Interaction Theory

To treat large molecules with accurate ab initio quantum chemistry, reduced scaling correlated wave function methods are now commonly employed. Optimization of these wave functions in practice requires some approximation of the two-electron integrals. Both Cholesky decomposition (CD) and density fitting (DF) are widely used approaches to approximate these integrals. Here, we compare CD and DF for use in local multireference singles and doubles configuration interaction (LMRSDCI). DF-LMRSDCI provides less accurate total energies than CD-LMRSDCI, but both methods are accurate for energy differences. However, DF-LMRSDCI is significantly less computationally expensive than CD-LMRSDCI on the molecules tested, suggesting that DF-LMRSDCI is an efficient, often sufficiently accurate alternative to our previously reported CD-LMRSDCI method.
Host Receptors in Malaria Merozoite Invasion

The clinical manifestations of Plasmodium falciparum malaria are directly linked to the blood stage of the parasite life cycle. At the blood stage, the circulating merozoites invade erythrocytes via a specific invasion pathway often identified with its dependence or independence on sialic acid residues of the host receptor. The invasion process involves multiple receptor-ligand interactions that mediate a complex series of events in a period of approximately 1 min. Although the mechanism by which merozoites invade erythrocytes is not fully understood, recent advances have put a new perspective on the importance of developing a multivalent blood stage-malaria vaccine. In this review, we highlight the role of currently identified host invasion receptors in blood-stage malaria. cr]2005|Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Biomarkers in Oncology and Nephrology

The use of biomarkers has remarkably changed the practice of oncology. Biomarkers have been developed in several cancers that define the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and metastases, predict prognosis and response to therapy, and guide drug development. On the other hand, nephrology has long relied on non-specific biomarkers such as serum creatinine levels and urinary protein excretion. Although still in its infancy, novel biomarkers are now being explored as a means to better understand the pathogenesis and prognosis of kidney disease and lead to new therapeutic regimens. In this chapter we review the field of biomarkers in both specialties.
Grounding the research phenomenon

ABSTRACTAs the guest editors state, ‘Phenomenon-driven research is problem-oriented research that focuses on capturing, documenting, and conceptualizing organizational and managerial phenomena of interest in order to facilitate knowledge creation and advancement’ (Schwarz & Stensaker, 2015). A research phenomenon can be any problem, issue, or topic that is chosen as the subject of an investigation. The phenomenon may originate in either the practical world of affairs, a theoretical discipline, or a personal experience or insight. It may be perceived to represent an unsatisfying circumstance, a promising opportunity, a breakdown or anomaly in expected arrangements, or simply a topic of interest. However, one construes the phenomenon, researchers tend to encounter four common difficulties in grounding and diagnosing phenomena. After reviewing these common difficulties, this essay suggests some ways for addressing these difficulties.
The impact of nonlinear amplification on the performance of CDMA systems

An analytical formulation, separating the correlated and uncorrelated distortion spectrum when a wireless communication signal is processed by a nonlinear amplifier, is presented. The correlated distortion spectrum relates directly to gain compression or expansion while the uncorrelated distortion spectrum contributes to degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The uncorrelated distortion spectrum is used to calculate the bit error rate (BER) when a nonlinear amplifier is followed by an AWGN channel. BER performance, predicted from the uncorrelated distortion spectrum, is in excellent agreement with simulated BER.
Ki-67 expression in pulmonary tumors.

Ki-67 was introduced more than two decades ago as a measure of the tumor proliferative fraction , in the need for a useful marker that might help clinicians to guide therapy and predict the prognosis of patients with cancer (1). Although several methods have been used to determine the tumor proliferative fraction in the research setting, the only practical methods used in the pathology laboratory were Ki-67 and mitotic count (2).
An opportunity to address modifiable breast cancer risks: Mammography screening and physical activity readiness to change

Breast cancer risk is significantly reduced by improvements in lifestyle factors such as physical activity. Previous work suggests personal experiences such as false positive mammography or family history of breast cancer may influence these health behaviors. Surveys were distributed to women aged 40-75 who had received a negative mammogram from an academic hospital in Virginia in 2015. Measures assessed breast cancer worry and perceived risk, awareness of cancer risk factors, family history of breast cancer, false positive mammography experience, and readiness to change physical activity. Surveys were collected from 106 women. The regression for readiness to change physical activity was significant, F(7, 91) = 3.7, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.22. Physical activity readiness to change was positively associated with income (p = 0.034) and receipt of a false positive mammogram (p = 0.045). African American women (p = 0.031) and women with family history of breast cancer (p = 0.027) reported lower readiness to change physical activity. Results support previous qualitative work suggesting the receipt of a false positive mammogram may stimulate motivation to increase physical activity. Mammography screening may serve as a strategic opportunity to target modifiable breast cancer risk factors at a time when women are highly receptive to a lifestyle change intervention.
Intermediate filaments in nervous tissue.

The recent surge of interest in cytoskeletal 10-nm filaments is attributable to the discovery of the cell specificity of their protein subunits. In immature skeletal muscle, 10-nm filaments were first called “intermediate” because their diameter was between that of thin actin and thick myosin filaments (Ishikawa et al., 1968). The term is now applied to all 10-nm filaments regardless of their location. In nonmuscle cells, “intermediate” stands for a diameter between that of actin microfilaments and microtubules.
Longitudinal growth of post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms following a child maltreatment allegation: An examination of violence exposure, family risk and placement type

Abstract Few longitudinal studies have analyzed how traumatic experiences (e.g. home removal, violence exposure) influence both depressive and Post-Traumatic Stress (PTS) symptoms in children involved with Child Protective Services (CPS). This study investigated the change trajectories of both depressive and PTS symptomatology as well as their associations over time, focusing on the effect of complex trauma. Data were obtained from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (1999–2007), a nationally representative study of children and adolescents who were referred to child protective services for alleged maltreatment. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) scale measured depressive symptoms and the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder section of a version of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) provided the measure of current trauma-related symptoms or distress. Analyses were conducted using a parallel process growth curve model. The participants' initial levels of depressive and PTS symptomatology were significantly and positively related; furthermore, any changes in these two outcomes were also correlated longitudinally. The initial assessment of PTS symptoms significantly contributed to the advancement of more severe depressive symptoms over time. No significant differences were found between youth who remained in the home and those removed from the home. However, violence exposure, sexual abuse, gender and age were significant predictors of level and rate of change in both PTS and depressive symptoms. PTS growth factors mediated the longitudinal relationship between witnessing severe violence and depressive symptoms. The findings suggest a complex developmental association between depressive and PTS symptomatology among CPS-involved youth that is rooted in early childhood experiences with complex trauma.
Response of a land-terminating sector of the western Greenland Ice Sheet to early Holocene climate change: Evidence from 10Be dating in the Søndre Isortoq region

Abstract The prevalence of land-terminating Greenland Ice Sheet margins is expected to increase as tidewater glaciers retreat onto land, yet few studies have characterized the sensitivity of these slow-moving margins to climatic variability. The response of land-terminating ice sheet sectors to climate forcing can be assessed by examining records of paleo-ice margin positions preserved in ice sheet moraine systems. In western Greenland, the extensive Fjord Stade moraine system was deposited by minor readvances or stillstands of the Greenland Ice Sheet margin during early Holocene net recession. Here, we combine new moraine mapping and cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating to constrain the timing of Fjord Stade moraine deposition in the Sondre Isortoq region. We find that the Fjord Stade moraines are composed of a western stage and an eastern stage, which we constrain to 9.7 ± 0.7 ka (n = 7; 1 SD) and 9.0 ± 0.3 ka (n = 7; 1 SD), respectively. Synchronous deposition of the Fjord Stade moraine complex across at least 350 km of western Greenland implies a widespread response of the western Greenland Ice Sheet to the 9.3 ka event. Furthermore, these new moraine ages may correlate with Laurentide Ice Sheet-sourced freshwater pulses into the North Atlantic Ocean. We also show that the response of the western Greenland Ice Sheet to early Holocene freshwater forcing was not restricted to fast-flowing, marine-terminating outlet glaciers; the land-terminating margin in the Sondre Isortoq region halted or reversed its pattern of retreat in response to climatic change.
A Practical Account of Kantian Freedom

Altman examines and evaluates competing interpretations of Kant’s theory of freedom and concludes that the only way for us to be free as noumena and causally determined as phenomena is to conceive of our actions in two different ways, either from the practical standpoint or the theoretical standpoint. That is, we can commit ourselves to causal determinism with regard to objective claims about the world, but in acting we must conceive of ourselves as free agents. This “practical account” of Kantian freedom has several explanatory advantages over both the compatibilist and the libertarian interpretations of Kant’s theory, and it is more consistent with the epistemic limitations that Kant establishes in the Critique of Pure Reason.