cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformal deposition of Ti-C:H coatings over high-aspect-ratio micro-scale structures and tribological characteristics

Results on conformal deposition of Ti-containing hydrocarbon (Ti-C:H) coatings over Ni high-aspect-ratio micro-scale structures (HARMs) fabricated by the lithography, electroplating and molding (LIGA) technique are reported. Using a high-density plasma assisted hybrid chemical vapor deposition/physical vapor deposition technique, it is demonstrated that conformal Ti-C:H deposition can be achieved over HARMs with ∼1000 μm in height and ∼220 μm in mutual spacing. Surface roughness and tribological characteristics of Ti-C:H coatings during unlubricated sliding contact with 52100 steel balls are studied with atomic force microscopy, micro-Raman scattering, and optical microscopy on macro-scale samples. It is shown that unlubricated sliding between Ti-C:H and 52100 steel is significantly influenced by the composition of the Ti-C:H coating.
Nef-mediated disruption of HLA-A2 transport to the cell surface in T cells

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef is a key pathogenic factor necessary for the development of AIDS. One important function of Nef is to reduce cell surface levels of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, thereby protecting HIV-infected cells from recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The mechanism of MHC-I downmodulation by Nef has not been clearly elucidated, and its reported effect on MHC-I steady-state levels ranges widely, from 2-fold in HeLa cells to 200-fold in HIV-infected primary T cells. Here, we directly compared downmodulation of HLA-A2 in HIV-infected HeLa cells to that in T cells. We found that similar amounts of Nef protein resulted in a much more dramatic downmodulation of HLA-A2 in T cells than in HeLa cells. A comparison of Nef's effects on HLA-A2 endocytosis, recycling, and transport rates indicated that the most prominent effect of Nef on HLA-A2 in T cells was to inhibit transport to the cell surface. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, previously reported to inhibit Nef-mediated MHC-I downmodulation in astrocytic cells, did not directly affect Nef's ability to block transport of MHC-I to the cell surface in T cells.
Utilization, Diagnosis, Treatment and Cost of Migraine Treatment in the Emergency Department

Objective.— To determine the percentages of patients receiving migraine-specific therapy and to estimate the rate of unnecessary neuroimaging studies in the emergency department (ED). Methods.— A retrospective study was conducted analyzing medical records and hospital charge data of ED visits for migraine during 2005 in 2 university-affiliated hospitals. Following a preliminary review of 23 randomly selected ED charts selected to determine the reliability of the coding process, 172 other charts were selected to include 1 visit per patient with a primary discharge diagnosis code of 346.0, 346.1, or 346.9. The diagnosis of migraine was confirmed using predefined criteria. Demographic information, treatment strategies, laboratory and neuroimaging tests, response to therapy, discharge planning, and charge data were evaluated. Results.— Of 156 patients with completed visits, neuroimaging studies were performed in 36 patients (23%), and only 4 patients had no documented justification for obtaining imaging studies. Seventy-eight patients (50%) had a potential contraindication to receiving migraine-specific therapy. Nine patients (11.5% of eligible patients) received migraine-specific therapy. Most patients were treated with a combination of parenteral antiemetics, narcotics, or ketorolac. Conclusion.— This analysis supports previous studies indicating the underutilization of migraine-specific treatment in the ED, and suggests that the ED is generally used as a “last resort” when the patient's home medication fails. Because of various contraindications, migraine-specific medications may not be a treatment option in up to 50% of patients seen in the ED. Although almost all of the neuroimaging studies were justified, the radiology charges were a major contributing factor to the overall financial burden of emergency migraine care.
M-Squared and ranking issues for risky assets

Adjusting returns for risk is essential and the methodology employed should be universally representative. M-Squared is an attempt to provide a risk-adjusted measure of performance, but it has two serious shortcomings: the absence of a benchmark return and the use of leverage. Analytical and empirical observations highlight these issues. Jensen’s alpha does not contain these problems.
A(u)tuando o Rio: a lei1, o desejo e a produção da cidade em Tropa de elite, de José Padilha

Nosso engajamento com o filme Tropa de elite, de 2007, do diretor Jose Padilha, e pertinente a discussoes mais amplas acerca do papel do desejo e da lei nas formacoes de geografias do lugar. Em Tropa de elite, e a exploracao das potencialidades transformadoras da lei, no mundo rotineiro e cotidiano, por intermedio de seu personagem principal, Capitao Roberto Nascimento (Wagner Moura), que evoca a verdadeira significacao social e cultural do filme. Contextualizar a paisagem do Rio de Janeiro como uma ordem economica singular, atraves da qual suas personagens literal e metaforicamente tiveram lucro e perderam, descortina Tropa de elite como um exemplo poderoso do que Deleuze descreveu como paisagens como estados mentais e estados mentais como cartografias, "ambos cristalizados um no outro, geometrizados, mineralizados". Por intermedio das conexoes e das dobras entre estados mentais, paisagens e cartografias, nos podemos ver como, por meio da transformacao das paisagens e dos espacos urbanos em Tropa de elite, Padilha realiza uma tarefa qualitativa de expor forcas, muitas vezes marginalizadoras e exploratorias, coladas ao espaco, a organizacao social, as politicas de lugar, ao consumo e a producao capitalistas.
On the isolation of a prolactin inhibiting factor (hormone).

A preparation of ca. < 100 ng of a prolactin inhibiting factor was isolated which could be essentially pure, because of symmetrical single peaks by high pressure liquid chromatography. The in vitro activity was at ca. < 5 ng which is the highest potency reported by anyone. The paucity of ca. < 100 ng/80,000 hypothalami necessitates patience for definitive data on more product from ca. 240,000 to 450,000 hypothalami. Weight was estimated by comparing UV absorption at 220 nm with that of synthetic peptides. This preparation is not a catecholamine by chromatography, and gives new and timely credence to the concept that prolactin secretion is mediated by complex mechanisms including a peptide inhibiting factor and a catecholamine.
Insights from neuropsychology: pinpointing the role of the posterior parietal cortex in episodic and working memory

The role of posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in various forms of memory is a current topic of interest in the broader field of cognitive neuroscience. This large cortical region has been linked with a wide range of mnemonic functions affecting each stage of memory processing: encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. Yet, the precise role of the PPC in memory remains mysterious and controversial. Progress in understanding PPC function will require researchers to incorporate findings in a convergent manner from multiple experimental techniques rather than emphasizing a particular type of data. To facilitate this process, here, we review findings from the human neuropsychological research and examine the consequences to memory following PPC damage. Recent patient-based research findings have investigated two typically disconnected fields: working memory (WM) and episodic memory. The findings from patient participants with unilateral and bilateral PPC lesions performing diverse experimental paradigms are summarized. These findings are then related to findings from other techniques including neurostimulation (TMS and tDCS) and the influential and more abundant functional neuroimaging literature. We then review the strengths and weaknesses of hypotheses proposed to account for PPC function in these forms of memory. Finally, we address what missing evidence is needed to clarify the role(s) of the PPC in memory.
The effects of rational stage directed imagery on self-concept and reduction of psychological stress in adolescent delinquent females.

This study examined the effect of four treatment conditions on self-concept and reduction of psychological stress in adolescent delinquent females. The treatments were Rational Stage Directed Imagery, a cognitive behavioral approach that utilized intensive muscle relaxation and vivid-emotive-imagery, a rational (cognitive) restructuring treatment, a placebo condition, and a no treatment control. Ss were assigned randomly to one of these treatment groups, which met 1 hour per week for 6 consecutive weeks, with in-vivo homework assignments also utilized. Statistically significnt treatment effects on six self-concept scales and on a depression scale were noted for the RSDI group at the posttest and at a 2-month follow-up, which supports the therapeutic efficacy of this treatment. Support was found for the effectiveness of the rational (cognitive) restructuring approach immediately posttreatment; however these effects disappeared at the 2-month follow-up. The placebo and control groups showed no significant effects at either posttreatment or the follow-up. These results suggest that RSDI has potential for use as a short-term psychotherapeutic approach when self-concept modification is a primary goal.
Organic Synthesis in Water/Carbon Dioxide Microemulsions

Nucleophilic substitution reactions were performed in H2O/CO2 (w/c) microemulsions formed with an anionic perfluoropolyether ammonium carboxylate (PFPE COO-NH4+) surfactant. These reactions between hydrophilic nucleophiles and hydrophobic substrates were accomplished in an environmentally benign microemulsion without requiring toxic organic solvents or phase transfer catalysts. For the synthesis of benzyl bromide from benzyl chloride and KBr, the yield was an order of magnitude higher in w/c microemulsions versus conventional water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions. Benzoyl chloride and p-nitrophenyl chloroformate were hydrolyzed in w/c microemulsions with rate constants an order of magnitude faster than those in w/o microemulsions.
A COURTLY LOVER AND AN EARTHLY KNIGHT TURNED SOLDIERS OF CHRIST IN MACHAUT'S MOTET 5

The tenor occupies a special role in vernacular motets of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: not only does it underpin the melodies of the upper voices contrapuntally, it also provides intellectual and interpretative undergirding for the texts of these pieces. The biblical or liturgical context of a tenor, drawing on well-understood exegetical and literary traditions, often facilitates an allegorical reading of the upper voices, and vice versa. Because of the foundational nature of the tenor within the Ars nova motet in particular, the identification of the exact musico-liturgical sources of this voice, where possible, is of special significance. While the origins of most of Machaut's twenty-one Latin tenors have been identified, the tenor of one work, Motet 5 ( Aucune gent/Qui plus aimme/ T. Fiat voluntas tua , hereafter M5), is alleged to have a most unusual source. I offer new observations about the tenor of M5 that emphasise certain compositional procedures congruent with Machaut's practice in writing his motets and may tie together the various secular and sacred references in the piece.
The effect of salinity on the osmotic, sodium and chloride concentrations in the hemolymph of euryhaline shrimp of the genus Penaeus

Abstract 1. 1. The hemolymph is isosmotic to seawater at 745 mOs/kg in P. aztecus, 768 mOs/kg in P. duorarum, 680 mOs/kg in P. setiferus, 699 mOs/kg in P. stylirostris, and 718 mOs/kg in P. vannamei. 2. 2. The hemolymph is hyperosmotic to seawater at salinities below the isosmotic concentrations and hypoosmotic to those above. 3. 3. With respect to sodium and chloride, the hemolymph is hyperionic to seawater at low salinities and hypoionic to seawater at high salinities. 4. 4. P. aztecus and P. duorarum are weaker osmotic and ionic regulators at low salinities than P. setiferus, P. stylirostris, and P. vannamei. 5. 5. There are no significant differences in the osmotic and ionic regulatory capabilities of all five species at high salinities.
Cords, channels, corridors and conduits: critical architectural elements facilitating cell interactions in the lymph node cortex

The lymph node cortex is a critical site for encounter between recirculating T cells and their specific antigens. Due to its extreme plasticity, little is understood of the underlying functional unit of the lymph node cortex, the paracortical cord. The idealized paracortical cord (approximately 100 microns by 1000 microns) stretches from a medullary cord to the base of a B-cell follicle. In cross-section, a cord can be visualized as a set of nested cylinders consisting of spaces bounded by cells. The spaces are: i) the lumen of the high endothelial venule (HEV), ii) perivenular channels-narrow potential spaces (0.1 micron) tightly encircling the HEV, iii) corridors-broad spaces (10-15 microns) constituting the majority of the parenchyma, and iv) the cortical sinus. In addition to these spaces for cell traffic, the conduit (fifth space) is a special delivery system for the transit of soluble factors to the HEV and emigrating lymphocytes. The cellular barriers between these spaces are high endothelium, fibroblastic reticular cells, or sinus-lining cells. This review describes the spaces of the paracortical cord and their cellular boundaries, outlines the movement of cells and fluids through these spaces, and discusses how this anatomy affects the efficiency of surveillance by T cells.
Modeling of thermal injury produced by laser ablation of biological tissue

A thermal model to predict the effects of laser parameters on the zone of thermal injury produced by laser ablation of biological tissue is presented. A dimensionless parameter based on the ablation velocity and the optical and thermal properties of the target is key in determining the resulting zone of thermal injury. The zone of thermal injury is minimized when this parameter, known as the Peclet number (Pe), is much larger than one. This occurs because the rapid movement of the ablation front prevents the diffusion of energy beyond the laser that absorbs the laser radiation. For Pe less than one, the slow movement of the ablation front allows for diffusion of energy away from the region of energy deposition and leads to larger zones of thermal injury. The model predictions are compared with data available in the literature. Deviations between the model predictions and published data are discussed and potential effects of pyrolysis, temporally varying pulse shapes and pulse repetition rates are explored.
Radiation sensitivity enhancement in cells using high-Z nanoparticles

Cerium-doped lanthanum fluoride colloidal nanocrystals offer a way to improve radiation therapy through the enhanced absorption of high-energy photons. Lanthanum fluoride nanocrystals doped with 10% cerium and capped with oleic acid were synthesized in anhydrous methanol as platelets 3-6 nm in diameter and 1-3 nm thick. The nanocrystals were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Previously synthesized lanthanum fluoride nanocrystals doped with 10% cerium and capped with hydroxyl were used in radiation dose enhancement experiments that involved an incoming gamma flux from a 137Cs source and a FOX assay to measure absorbed energy. Possibility for lanthanide ions to be released into solution under gamma irradiation and to interfere with the assay was shown after the results were compared with the outcome of a similar previous experiment with the Fricke dosimeter solution. Finally, increased cell mortality of S. cerevisiae under gamma irradiation was observed in the presence of hydroxyl-capped lanthanum fluoride nanocrystals in the solution.
Personal Computer Based Controller For Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

Th9, switched reluctance motor (SRM) has recently gained considerable attention in the variable speed drive market. Two important factors that have contributed to this are, the simplicity of construction and the possibility of developing low cost con-trollers with minimum number of switching devices in the drive circuits. This is mainly due to the state-of-art of the present digital circuits technology and the low cost of switching devices. The control of this motor drive is under research. Optimized performance of the SRM motor drive is very dependent on the integration of the controller, converter and the motor. This research on system integration involves considerable changes in the control algorithms and their implementation. A Personal computer (PC) based controller is very appropriate for this purpose. Accordingly, the present paper is concerned with the design of a PC based controller for a SRM. The PC allows for real-time microprocessor control with the possibility of on-line system parameter modifications. Software reconfiguration of this controller is easier than a hardware based controller. User friendliness is a natural consequence of such a system. Considering the low cost of PCs, this controller will offer an excellent cost-effective means of studying the control strategies for the SRM drive intop greater detail than in the past.
Vibrational spectra and normal mode analysis of aceheptylene and 3,5,8,10-tetramethylaceheptylene

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of aceheptylene and 3,5,8,10-tetramethylaceheptylene have been recorded, and the normal mode analyses have been performed with a force field which has been modified for nonbenzenoid aromatic molecules. On this basis, the fundamental frequencies have been assigned. Comparison of the vibrational spectra for the two molecules has served as an internal method of making assignments. The agreement between calculated and observed values for both molecules is satisfactory.
Lactational transfer of mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls in polar bears

Abstract We examined concentrations of total mercury (tHg, inorganic and methylated forms) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood and milk from free-ranging Southern Beaufort–Chukchi Sea polar bears (Ursus maritimus) to assess maternal transfer of contaminants during lactation and the potential health risk to nursing young. Concentrations of contaminants in the blood of dependent and juvenile animals (ages 1–5 years) ranged from 35.9 to 52.2 μg kg−1 ww for tHg and 13.9 to 52.2 μg kg−1 ww (3255.81–11067.79 μg kg−1 lw) for ΣPCB7s, similar to those of adult females, but greater than adult males. Contaminant concentrations in milk ranged from 5.7 to 71.8 μg tHg kg−1 ww and 160 to 690 μg ΣPCB11s kg−1 ww (547–5190 μg kg−1 lw). The daily intake levels for tHg by milk consumption estimated for dependent young were below the tolerable daily intake level (TDIL) of tHg established for adult humans. Although the daily intake levels of PCBs through milk consumption for cubs of the year exceeded the TDIL thresholds, calculated dioxin equivalents for PCBs in milk were below adverse physiological thresholds for aquatic mammals. Relatively high concentrations of non-dioxin like PCBs in polar bear milk and blood could impact endocrine function of Southern Beaufort–Chukchi Sea polar bears, but this is uncertain. Transfer of contaminants during mid to late lactation likely limits bioaccumulation of dietary contaminants in female polar bears during spring. As polar bears respond to changes in their arctic sea ice habitat, the adverse health impacts associated with nutritional stress may be exacerbated by tHg and PCBs exposure, especially in ecologically and toxicologically sensitive polar bear cohorts such as reproductive females and young.
The antecedents and consequences of manufacturer–distributor cooperation: an empirical test in the U.S. and Japan

We develop a conceptual model for studying the antecedents and consequences of achieved and optimal levels of manufacturer–distributor (M–D) cooperation. We hypothesized that levels of market turbulence, competitive intensity, and the manufacturing firm’s strategic type (i.e., prospector, analyzer, or defender) affected the optimal level of M–D cooperation. We also hypothesized that the level of under- and overachieving the optimal levels of cooperation negatively affects firm performance. The conceptual model is tested using empirical data collected from 295 manufacturing firms in the U.S. and validated using data collected from 104 distributors in the U.S. We also collect data from 255 Japanese manufacturing firms and 98 Japanese distributors. The empirical results support the model’s hypotheses with only one unexpected finding: in the Japanese sample, overachieving the optimal level of cooperation has a greater negative effect on performance than underachieving. We conclude by discussing theoretical and managerial implications.
Dielectric and conductivity spectra of polyethylene oxide complexes of sodium salt

Abstract Dynamics of PEO·NaSCN (a solid electrolyte) and PEO·NaBH 4 (an insulator) have been studied by dielectric loss measurements in the radio and microwave frequency regions. Above 10 GHz, the response is principally attributed to contributions from vibrational motions of the polymer itself. The mid frequency dielectric response of the NaSCN complex indicates a coupling between motions of the sodium ion and the polymer chain. The absence of extra low frequency polarization in the NaBH 4 complex suggest that the sodium ion is held tightly to the polymer backbone,,possibly due to ion-pairing with the anion.
Endovascular repair of extent I thoracoabdominal aneurysms with landing zone extension into the aortic arch and mesenteric portion of the abdominal aorta

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has emerged as an alternative for patients at prohibitive risk for open thoracic or thoracoabdominal surgery, decreasing perioperative morbidity and mortality. Aneurysms that involve both the left subclavian artery (LSA) proximally and the celiac artery (CA) distally present a unique challenge to the use of TEVAR. We report a series of six high-risk patients presenting with extent I thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms who were successfully treated with TEVAR including coverage of the LSA and the CA.
Differential Accumulation of Proteinase Inhibitor I in Normal and Crown Gall Tissue of Tobacco, Tomato, and Potato

A proteinase inhibitor (inhibitor I) is induced in crown gall tumors of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) initiated through infection with the tumorinducing bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strains B6 or CG-14. Uninfected tissues do not contain immunologically detectable quantities of inhibitor I. Inhibitor I synthesis in tobacco crown gall tumors paralleled tumor growth at the average rate of about 4.5 mug of inhibitor I per 200 mg of fresh tissue per day. Infection of variegated tobacco mutant Dp-I with A. tumefaciens strain CG-14 produced tumors with 25% more inhibitor than tumors induced with strain B6. Unlike tobacco, tumors induced by either bacterial strain on potato (Solanum tuberosum) and on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) did not accumulate inhibitor I. Consequently, inhibitor I accumulation is modulated by the type of plant host used in spite of familial relatedness (Solanaceae) and the strain of A. tumefaciens used for infection.Immunological and electrophoretic properties of inhibitor I from tobacco crown gall tumor, callus, etiolated, and variegated tissues were compared. Agar immunodiffusion assays showed no apparent differences among precipitin reaction lines between inhibitor I of tumor, callus, variegated, and etiolated tissues. The immunoelectrophoretic mobilities of inhibitor I of tumor, variegated, and etiolated tissues were the same, but differed from that of either normal or crown gall callus tissues. These results suggest that different isoinhibitors of inhibitor I could account for the observed differences in electrophoretic mobilities, or that modification of the inhibitor has occurred sometime during, or after, its synthesis.
New Light on Religious Studies?: A Response to Dutton

Professor Dutton's most general goal is to open a debate about the adequacy of the training that undergraduate students receive in religious studies in the United Kingdom and, largely by implicatio...
Patterns of slow transport in sensory nerves.

An examination of the pattern of outflow of radioactivity in sciatic nerves was made at times from 1 to 82 days in the rat and up to 132 days in the cat after injecting the L5 and L7 dorsal root ganglia, respectively, with 3H-leucine. Slow waves moving at a rate of 1-2 mm/day were looked for on the basis of their reported presence in the motor fibers of the rat. A consistent pattern of slow waves was not seen in the cat or rat sensory fibers of the sciatic nerves nor was evidence of a slow wave found in the cat dorsal columns. Irregularities in the pattern of outflow which at times appeared as waves did so in an irregular fashion, a pattern inconsistent with a steady progression of slow waves in the fibers. The decrease of radioactivity appearing first near the ganglia helps create the impression of a wave along with irregular decreases in the overall levels of radio-activity with time. The results were explained on the basis of the unitary hypothesis. The labeled components are considered to be moved down the fiber by the fast transport mechanism, those components dropping off locally in the fibers early on, constitutingmore » the slow wave. As those components turn over locally in the various organelles of fiber and are further redistributed, they may at times give rise to what appears as waves.« less
DNA Cleavage by the Photolysis of Cyclopentadienyl Metal Complexes: Mechanistic Studies and Sequence Selectivity of Strand Scission by CpW(CO)3CH3

The photolysis of CpW(CO)3Me has been shown to produce methyl radicals and to cleave DNA in a single-stranded manner, and preliminary evidence implicated a carbon-centered radical in this process. In this work, the mechanism of strand scission in this reaction was determined to occur by hydrogen atom abstraction from the 4‘- and 5‘-positions of the deoxyribose moiety of the backbone of DNA. Additionally, in a side reaction that does not lead to frank strand scission, all four bases of DNA are methylated under these conditions; however, none of these base or backbone modifications lead to the formation of abasic sites.
Large-scale identification in yeast of conserved ageing genes

Abstract Recent advances have suggested the existence of phylogenetically conserved pathways regulating ageing in eukaryotes. At least two of these “public” longevity-determining pathways appear to have been evolutionarily conserved from yeast through mammals. We have developed a high-throughput, genome-wide approach to identify a large fraction of the non-essential, single-gene deletion mutations that confer increased longevity in yeast. The identification and characterization of conserved genes that regulate the ageing process across eukaryotic species is likely to result in an improved understanding of the causes of human ageing and provide potential therapeutic targets for drug discovery.
Isaiah Berlin: The history of ideas as psychodrama

The essay is a ‘personal impression’ of Isaiah Berlin and his liberalism, beginning with some intellectual biography, and turning to the question of how the way Berlin wrote about political ideas illuminates the liberalism he espoused. The essay discounts Berlin’s self-description as a historian of ideas who had abandoned philosophy, and follows Bernard Williams in arguing that the historicity of our political values demands a dialogical approach to their analysis in which we engage with our forebears and contemporaries in an essentially conversational mode. The claim is illustrated with Berlin’s engagement with Alexander Herzen and Romanticism.
Flexibility and Specificity in Coral-Algal Symbiosis: Diversity, Ecology, and Biogeography of Symbiodinium

▪ Abstract Reef corals (and other marine invertebrates and protists) are hosts to a group of exceptionally diverse dinoflagellate symbionts in the genus Symbiodinium. These symbionts are critical components of coral reef ecosystems whose loss during stress-related “bleaching” events can lead to mass mortality of coral hosts and associated collapse of reef ecosystems. Molecular studies have shown these partnerships to be more flexible than previously thought, with different hosts and symbionts showing varying degrees of specificity in their associations. Further studies are beginning to reveal the systematic, ecological, and biogeographic underpinnings of this flexibility. Unusual symbionts normally found only in larval stages, marginal environments, uncommon host taxa, or at latitudinal extremes may prove critical in understanding the long-term resilience of coral reef ecosystems to environmental perturbation. The persistence of bleaching-resistant symbiont types in affected ecosystems, and the possibilit...
Individual and intra-household positionality in Vietnam

Abstract We contribute new individual and intra-household findings to the literature on positionality – the degree to which an individual's perceptions of well-being are influenced by his or her income or consumption relative to others – using primary data from Vietnam. In addition to a rich field setting for testing social preferences, we interviewed male and female spouses separately providing novel gender disaggregated data and intra-household measures. We find that income is positional for two-thirds of the respondents, with a fifth willing to continue foregoing absolute income to maintain their relative position. Unlike earlier results, we find that women are more positional on average than men. Our results suggest that one's sensitivity to positionality is related to changes in one's relative position over time; respondents reporting a higher standard of living at the time of marriage were associated with a higher degree of positionality. We find an association between accord in a couple's positionality and the degree to which wives exercise decision making authority in the household.
Synthesis, isolation, and thermal behavior of polybutadiene grafted with poly(2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorostyrene)

2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorostyrene (PFS) was copolymerized with polybutadiene (PB) in tetrahydrofuran using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator at 50, 60, and 80 °C. The copolymerizations follow typical radical polymerization kinetics and behavior. The grafting parameters were evaluated as a function of monomer conversion, initiator concentration, and/or temperature by gel permeation chromatography of directly injected copolymerization mixtures. The grafting efficiencies and grafting ratios are most consistent with a system that terminates by combination and whose graft sites are generated by hydrogen abstraction of allylic radicals by primary initiator radicals. Pure graft copolymers were isolated by extracting unreacted PB into hexanes and PPFS homopolymer into acetone. The similarity of the glass transition temperatures of the PPFS grafts and the corresponding extracted PPFS homopolymers confirms that their lengths are approximately equal. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2874–2891, 2005
Understanding and minimizing ground bounce during mode transition of power gating structures

We introduce and analyze the ground bounce due to power mode transition in power gating structures. To reduce the ground bounce, we propose novel power gating structures in which sleep transistors are turned on in a non-uniform stepwise manner. Our power gating structures reduce the magnitude of peak current and voltage glitches in the power distribution network as well as the minimum time required to stabilize power and ground. Experimental simulation results with PowerSpice fixtured in a package model demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power gate switching noise reduction techniques.
Effects of intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses with equine metabolic syndrome.

Objective—To test the hypothesis that glucose and insulin dynamics during endotoxemia differ between healthy horses and horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). Animals—6 healthy adult mares and 6 horses with EMS. Procedures—Each horse randomly received an IV infusion of lipopolysaccharide (20 ng/kg [in 60 mL of sterile saline {0.9% NaCl} solution]) or saline solution, followed by the other treatment after a 7-day washout period. Baseline insulin-modified frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance tests were performed 27 hours before and then repeated at 0.5 and 21 hours after infusion. Results were assessed via minimal model analysis and area under the curve values for plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations. Results—Lipopolysaccharide infusion decreased insulin sensitivity and increased area under the serum insulin concentration curve (treatment × time) in both healthy and EMS-affected horses, compared with findings following saline solution administration. The magnitude of increase in area und...
Electromagnetic cavity effects from transmitters inside a launch vehicle fairing

This paper provides insight into the complicated issue of launch vehicle resonate cavity effects that has applicability outside of the space industry. Radiation from spacecraft or launch vehicle antennas located within the enclosures of a launch vehicle generates an electromagnetic environment that is difficult to predict accurately. This paper discusses the test results of power levels produced by a transmitter within a representative scaled vehicle fairing model and provides preliminary modeling results at critical frequencies using a commercial tool. Initially, fairing walls are aluminum and are then layered with materials to simulate acoustic blanketing structures that are typical in payload fairings. The effects of these blanketing materials on the power levels within the fairing are examined. Industry data is also reviewed for comparison purposes.
Blanket and Local Crystallographic Texture Determination in Layered Al Metallization

The effect of microstructure, including average grain size, grain size distribution, precipitate distribution and crystallographic texture, on the reliability of Al and Al-alloys is well documented. In this paper, the various x-ray methods available for measuring preferred orientation in blanket films are compared and contrasted in an effort to find the fastest, most accurate method to acquire crystallographic texture information. I(111)/I(200) ratios from Bragg-Brentano scans (θ/2θ), rocking curves, and complete pole figures (fiber plots) were compared for four Ti/AICu films having greatly different crystallographic texture components. The results show that it matters how texture is measured in a thin film; only pole figures (fiber plots) are unambiguous. In addition, the local texture in a series of stress-voided 0.48 μm wide Ti/AICuSi/TiN lines was measured using Backscattered Kikuchi Diffraction (BKD). Samples were chosen from two sets of identically prepared wafers (processed at different times) showing large differences in stress-voiding driven resistance versus time behavior. The more strongly textured (111) films had decreased stress-voiding lifetimes and tended to have smaller average grain sizes with slightly larger grain size distributions. This is in apparent contradiction with previous results in Al films, where improved stress-voiding and electromigration behavior were found in those films with the strongest (111) texture.
Energy-efficient routing in hierarchical wireless sensor networks using differential-evolution-based memetic algorithm

Optimal routing in hierarchical wireless sensor networks is an NP-complete problem of immense practical importance for which exact solutions exist for very small problem sizes. This paper presents a new memetic algorithm, based on differential evolution, that solves routing problems of more than a thousand relay nodes; in comparison, the best-known approach in the literature handles up to 312 nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed method consistently produces better-quality solutions than three competing approaches.
A Mylagaulus (Mammalia, Rodentia) with nasal horns from the Miocene (Clarendonian) of western Oklahoma

ABSTRACT A partial skeleton of an adult mylagaulid rodent was collected in 1959 near Durham, Roger Mills County, Oklahoma, but the specimen was not prepared until 2010–2011. The specimen is a part of the Durham local fauna, of late Clarendonian (late Miocene) age. Several other isolated premolars previously published from the same locality give some indication of dental and morphological variation in the population sample. The new skeleton includes a complete cranium with two large horns on the nasals, associated dentaries, and some of the postcranial skeleton. The only mylagaulids previously reported to have nasal horns are Ceratogaulus rhinocerus, C. hatcheri, C. anecdotus, and Ceratogaulus (or Mylagaulus) minor (Hibbard and Phillis). There is discord about the classification of horned mylagaulines; problematically, an abundance of isolated teeth and paucity of skulls are found as fossils and sometimes were named as new taxa. Some authors place all horned mylagaulines in Ceratogaulus, whereas others pla...
Regional Economic Cooperation

Free trade agreements are an essential segment of the global economy. Regional economic cooperation is the fuel firing the push towards a global economy. Nations will need to belong to some type of regional economic cooperation unit to compete with other regionally aligned nations. This article provides three factors (1) an overview of the qualifications that exist regarding FTAs, (2) comparison of the four largest FTAs (EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and ASEAN), and (3) FTAs effect on global foreign policy. These factors demonstrate the vitality of a regional future.
Materials by design: Using architecture in material design to reach new property spaces

Mimicking the resilience offered by hard biomaterials, such as mollusk shells and beaks, has been among the most sought-after engineering pursuits. Technological advances in fabrication methods have provided pathways for using different materials to create architected structural metamaterials with hierarchy and length scales similar to those found in nature. Inspiration from nature has led to the creation of structural metamaterials, or nanolattices, with enhanced mechanical properties caused by hierarchical ordering at various length scales, ranging from angstroms and nanometers for the material microstructure to microns and millimeters for the macroscale architecture. The inherent periodicity and high surface-area-to-volume ratios of nanolattices make them useful for a variety of applications, including photonics, photovoltaics, phononics, and electrochemical systems. This article provides an overview of current three-dimensional architected metamaterials, including their fabrication methods, properties, applications, and limitations.
Examining the Roles of Rule Following, Reinforcement, and Preexperimental Histories on Risk-Taking Behavior

The purpose of the present study was to examine the participation of a variety of variables in gambling behavior. Forty-five subjects were exposed to an experimental roulette game played for course extra-credit points. In Phase 1, subjects played a fair game (i.e., completely random outcomes) without any instructions regarding the programmed contingencies for 75 trials. During Phase 2, subjects were exposed to an adjusted game with payback percentages of either p =.2, p =.8, or continued at p = fair and instructions related to play. Lastly, during Phase 3 all subjects were exposed to an adjusted game with a payback percentage of.2 and an option for escape. Results show that subjects exposed to inaccurate rules regarding play took higher levels of risk, made larger bets, and chose the escape option later than subjects exposed to accurate or no rules related to play. Although reinforcement density varied across subjects exposed to the same rule condition, there was no significant effect of that manipulation on subsequent gambles.
Catenation through a Combination of Radical Templation and Ring-Closing Metathesis

Synthesis of an electrochemically addressable [2]catenane has been achieved following formation by templation of a [2]pseudorotaxane employing radically enhanced molecular recognition between the bisradical dication obtained on reduction of the tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), and the radical cation generated on reduction of a viologen disubstituted with p-xylylene units, both carrying tetraethylene glycol chains terminated by allyl groups. This inclusion complex was subjected to olefin ring-closing metathesis, which was observed to proceed under reduced conditions, to mechanically interlock the two components. Upon oxidation, Coulombic repulsion between the positively charged and mechanically interlocked components results in the adoption of a co-conformation where the newly formed alkene resides inside the cavity of the tetracationic cyclophane. 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of this hexacationic [2]catenane shows a dramatic upfield shift of the resonances associated with the ole...
Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral aneurysm.

(1950). Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysm. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 416-424.
137)Cs Dating and Sedimentary Environment Evolution of a Residual Swamp in Fuzhou Basin

A 540 cm long sediment core was collected from a residual swamp in Fuzhou basin.Element geochemical,137Cs and14C isotopic dating techniques were applied to determine recent sedimentation rates.The results indicated that there were two sedimentary environments for the core.The sedimentary environment of the lower part was proluvial-alluvial and the upper part was swamp.However,both of them were very stable.The three concentrations of137Cs from swamp sediment were in excellent agreement with the137Cs fallout activities of the northern hemisphere.The interpolated age of the core bottom was 1950,agreeing with the dating result of14C,suggesting the137Cs dating result of this core was reliable.The sedimentation rates showed that the proluvial-alluvial sediment was very rapid in the subsiding area of Fuzhou Basin from early 1950s to middle 1960s which was about 20.9 cm/a.With the change of the basins and plains and the development of Channel Bars in the lower reaches of the Minjiang River,the broad channel changed to the swamp,and the sedimentation rate was decreasing: from middle 1960s to middle 1970s,it was about 9.9 cm/a;and from middle 1970s to middle 1980s,it was about 7.1 cm/a;and later,it was about 3.1 cm/a.The extremely large sedimentation rates in the study area were closely related to the different activities of fault blocks in Fuzhou Basin.
Weight gain associated with psychotropic drugs.

ABSTRACTThe weight increase that is an often reported side effect of psychotropic drug use has implications for health risks as well as medication noncompliance. In this article I review the literature on the association between the use of several classes of psychotropic drugs and weight gain, discu
Transradial Versus Transfemoral Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Re-Evaluation of the Current Body of Evidence

Recent literature has argued the superiority of radial access compared with femoral access for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Three particular trials—RIVAL (Radial Versus Femoral Access for Coronary Intervention), RIFLE-STEACS (Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome), and STEMI-RADIAL (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated by Radial or Femoral Approach–Randomized Multicenter Study Comparing Radial Versus Femoral Approach in Primary PCI)—demonstrated lower rates of bleeding and vascular complications with the transradial approach. Bleeding is a major independent predictor of negative long-term outcomes including death, predisposes patients to transfusions, and attenuates the ability to administer cardioprotective post-procedural anticoagulation. These trials, however, employed suboptimal antithrombotic practices. Namely, the dose of heparin and percent of patients on glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were unnecessarily high, and a paucity of patients were on bivalirudin, which decreases bleeding and improves outcomes compared with heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The use of larger gauge catheters in femoral access patients predisposed them to major bleeding and its subsequent complications. In addition, these trials were carried forth in high-volume transradial centers, further limiting the ability to generalize the findings to most PCI centers. These are important considerations especially for high-risk and ACS patients, in whom the negative implications of major bleeding are even greater. Without an optimized design, the applications of the trial findings are uncertain. Ultimately, a trial comparing femoral versus radial access in patients on bivalirudin, potent oral antiplatelet medication, and without adjunctive glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors is needed to assess outcomes based on access site alone.
Undergraduates as environmental educators: The Pedal and Paddle Pollution Tour experience

ABSTRACTUndergraduates can become effective agents of environmental outreach when challenged to produce evidence-based messages to inform the public about local environmental issues. We recount our experience partnering our undergraduate students with community organizations dedicated to water stewardship to create a “Pedal and Paddle Pollution Tour” of our local watershed, the Lower Chippewa River. Students produced summaries of significant pollution issues affecting the Lower Chippewa River State Natural Area both as short films and on a paper map. The tour provides a hands-on resource to encourage local residents to enjoy and steward our watershed while integrating scientific literacy and civic engagement into the undergraduate classroom.
The Stratified Legitimacy of Abortions.

Roe v. Wade was heralded as an end to unequal access to abortion care in the United States. However, today, despite being common and safe, abortion is performed only selectively in hospitals and pr...
Evolving practice of demand-side management

The concept of demand-side management (DSM) was invented in the late 1970s along with the development of many of the frameworks in use to plan and implement it in the years immediately following. It was originally referred to as demand-side load management. It is generally defined as the planning and implementation of those activities designed to influence consumer use of electricity in ways that will result in changes in the utility’s load shape—i.e., changes in the time pattern and magnitude of a utility’s load. This paper describes the evolution it has undergone since its invention and some likely changes ahead. DSM largely originated in the U.S., but is practiced in various forms through the world today. This paper uses U.S. data as examples.
Purtscher's retinopathy as the presenting manifestation of immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Abstract Purpose To report the case of a 52-year-old man with Purtscher's retinopathy as the presenting manifestation of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Observations Treatment with corticosteroids led to the resolution of hematologic findings within 1 week, and normal visual acuity was achieved after 2 months with no additional treatment. Conclusions and importance This is the first reported association between Purtscher's retinopathy and ITP. Complement activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both ITP and Purtscher's retinopathy, and we suggest that the patient's systemic process accounted for the retinal findings.