cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical detachment of nanometer particles strongly adhering to a substrate: An application of corrosive tribology

The tip of a scanning probe microscope was used to detach nanometer-scale, single crystal NaCl particles grown on soda lime glass substrates. After imaging a particle at low contact forces, a single line scan at high contact force was used to detach the particle from the substrate. The peak lateral force at detachment is a strong function of particle contact area and humidity. As the relative humidity is raised from low to high values, the strength of the particle-substrate bond decreases dramatically. We interpret these results in terms of detachment by chemically-assisted crack growth along the NaCl-glass interface. Numerical estimates of the electrostatic and dispersive contributions to the work of adhesion are also discussed.
The Relationship of Unipolar Chest Leads to the Electrical Field of the Heart

Using a method for measuring the electrical forces of the human heart in three dimensional space, studies of the precordial leads are reported which were designed to determine whether these deflections are principally measurements of the electrical field of the heart as a whole or are dominated by the forces from the region of the heart immediately beneath the electrode. It was found that the former was the case, which leads to a simpler and more rational method for interpreting the electrocardiogram than has been available heretofore.
Endothelin-1 Regulates Volume-Sensitive Chloride Current in Rabbit Atrial Myocytes via Reactive Oxygen Species from Mitochondria and NADPH Oxidase

Angiotensin II (AngII) signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase (NOX) are implicated in the activation of volume-sensitive Cl current (ICl,swell) by both beta1-integrin stretch and osmotic swelling. Because endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potential downstream mediator of AngII and ET-1 blockade abrogates AngII-induced ROS generation, we studied how ET-1 signaling regulates ICl,swell. Under isosmotic conditions, ET-1 (10 nM) elicited an outwardly rectifying Cl current that was fully blocked by the highly selective ICl,swell inhibitor DCPIB (10 μM) and by osmotic shrinkage. Selective ETA (BQ-123, 1 μM) but not ETB blockade (BQ-788, 100 nM) fully suppressed ET-1-induced current. ET-1-induced ICl,swell also was abolished by inhibitors of EGFR kinase (AG1478, 10 μM) and PI-3K (LY294002, 20 μM; wortmannin, 500 nM), which also suppress stretch- and swelling-induced ICl,swell. ERK inhibitors (PD 98059, 10 μM; U0216, 1 μM) partially and fully blocked ET-1- and EGF- induced currents, respectively, but did not effect ICl,swell elicited by H2O2. ET-1 acts downstream from AngII. ETA blockade (BQ-123) abolished ICl,swell elicited by both AngII and osmotic swelling, whereas AT1 blockade (losartan, 5 μM) did not effect ET-1-induced ICl,swell. Both NOX and mitochondria are important sources of ROS in cardiomyocytes. Blocking NOX with apocynin (500 μM) or mitochondrial complex I with rotenone (10 μM) both completely suppressed ET-1-induced ICl,swell. In contrast, ICl,swell elicited by antimycin A (10 μM), which stimulates superoxide production by mitochondrial complex III, was insensitive to apocynin and the NOX fusion peptide inhibitor gp91ds-tat (500 nM). These data suggest that ET-1 and ETA receptors are required intermediates in AngII-, swelling-, and stretch-induced activation of ICl,swell. Moreover, enhancement of mitochondrial ROS production by ROS from NOX is likely to contribute to activation of ICl,swell by ET-1.
Moderate alcohol intake and cancer: the role of underreporting

There is compelling evidence that heavy alcohol drinking is related to increased risk of several cancer types, but the relationship of light–moderate drinking is less clear. We explored the role of inferred underreporting among light–moderate drinkers on the association between alcohol intake and cancer risk. In a cohort of 127,176 persons, we studied risk of any cancer, a composite of five alcohol-associated cancer types, and female breast cancer. Alcohol intake was reported at baseline health examinations, and 14,880 persons were subsequently diagnosed with cancer. Cox proportional hazard models were controlled for seven covariates. Based on other computer-stored information about alcohol habits, we stratified subjects into 18.4 % (23,363) suspected of underreporting, 46.5 % (59,173) not suspected of underreporting, and 35.1 % (44,640) of unsure underreporting status. Persons reporting light–moderate drinking had increased cancer risk in this cohort. For example, the hazard ratios (95 % confidence intervals) for risk of any cancer were 1.10 (1.04–1.17) at <1 drink per day and 1.15 (1.08–1.23) at 1–2 drinks per day. Increased risk of cancer was concentrated in the stratum suspected of underreporting. For example, among persons reporting 1–2 drinks per day risk of any cancer was 1.33 (1.21–1.45) among those suspected of underreporting, 0.98 (0.87–1.09) among those not suspected, and 1.20 (1.10–1.31) among those of unsure status. These disparities were similar for the alcohol-related composite and for breast cancer. We conclude that the apparent increased risk of cancer among light–moderate drinkers may be substantially due to underreporting of intake.
A model of subretinal neovascularization in the pigmented rat.

We produced krypton laser photocoagulation lesions of mild to moderate whiteness in the posterior retinas of one eye of 23 pigmented rats, and identical appearing argon laser burns in the fellow eyes. We observed foci of subretinal neovascularization, c markedly similar to that which occurs in several human retinal diseases, in the krypton laser treated eyes of 6 of the 14 rats that were followed for one to three months after photocoagulation. No such lesions were observed in the argon laser treated fellow eyes, nor in krypton or argon laser treated eyes examined earlier than one month after photo-coagulation. The photocoagulation damaged only the choriocapillaris, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the photoreceptor layer. In the acute lesions, we did not observe ruptures in Bruch's membrane. me neovascularization was surrounded by multiple layers of RPE cells, a histopathologic finding that has also been reported in some human eyes with subretinal neovascularization in age-related macular degener...
On convolutions on configuration spaces. II. spaces of locally finite configurations

We consider the convolution of probability measures on spaces of locally finite configurations (subsets of a phase space) and their connection with the convolution of the corresponding correlation measures and functionals. In particular, the convolution of Gibbs measures is studied. We also describe a relationship between invariant measures with respect to some operator and properties of the corresponding image of this operator on correlation functions.
How to Avoid Science Anxiety Among Science Librarians

Science librarians not educated in the sciences can be effective in reference, collection development, bibliographic instruction, and database searching if they understand issues in science and technology that affect the general public and are trained properly on the job. Since library school education in science/technology librarianship can not completely prepare one for a career, chief science librarians must train new employees in all phases of their jobs. In the interviewing process the library manager must ascertain that the candidate is interested in science, willing to learn necessary skills, and not afraid to handle difficult reference questions. Science anxiety among science librarians can be avoided.
Threat-strategy technique - A system safety tool for advanced design

Although definitions of system safety analysis techniques are relatively mature, several innovations were found to provide a significant enhancement to space station safety. There are a finite number of threats to which a project or program can be exposed (in the case of the space station, a total of 23 were identified). Threats may be grouped as simple or complex according to the physics of their causative factors. Threats may also be grouped as natural, configuration-oriented, and operationally induced. Fire and its causative factors are examined in some detail with proposed countermeasures for each factor. The countermeasures taken to mitigate each threat should be planned early in the development cycle. The aggregate of these countermeasures is termed "the strategy" for each threat. In addition, since solutions or strategies may be simple or complex, based on the causative factors, optimum solutions depend on selecting those strategies that have synergistic properties which minimize the risks associated with the strategy chosen. The strategy for the threat of fire also minimizes the threat of explosion and toxic contamination of the space station atmosphere.
Public opinion on the killing of Trayvon Martin: A test of the racial gradient thesis

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of race in explaining perceived criminal injustice through an examination of the Trayvon Martin shooting. The study was grounded in the racial gradient thesis. We utilized the 2012 USA Today/Gallup Poll data of a nationally representative sample of more than 2000 respondents. The sample included African-Americans, Hispanics, and Whites. African-Americans were the racial group most likely to believe that criminal injustice surrounded the Trayvon Martin shooting. Hispanics generally perceived more criminal injustice than Whites regarding the shooting, though this difference was not always statistically significant. Past mistreatment of minorities likely explained much of the differences in perceptions.
Impact of Technological Innovation Capabilities on the Market Value of Firms

In the era of globalisation and with the advent of knowledge economies, organisational innovation has assumed a critical role in enhancing economic performance ofrms. Pro- ponents of the Resource Based View of therm and its more recent extensions such as the Knowledge Based View and Dynamic Capabilities Theory have suggested that generation, di®usion and application of organisational knowledge could be the source of sustained competitive advantage and superior performance ofrms. While there is near unanimity in accepting the vital role of innovation in arm's performance, consensus on what constitutes organisational innovation and how to measure it has proven to be elusive so far. Most previous research in this area has conceptualised innovation through one or more dimensions of arm's innovative capability using R&D of arm only. The measurement of the construct has thus re°ected this narrow conceptualisation with a single measure of R&D expen- diture being the most often used proxy. This study utilises a broader denition of organisational innovation capabilities that includes the generation, dissemination and strength of innova- tive activity in arm. The unique features of this study is that it uses multiple indicators of arm's innovation prole along with lagged measures of market value usingxed e®ects panel data analysis.
p Value Adjustments for Multiple Tests in Multivariate Binomial Models

Abstract Data from rodent carcinogenicity (preclinical) and clinical studies involving new drugs may be modeled as having come from multivariate binomial distributions. In two-year rodent carcinogenicity studies, there are typically 20–50 tissues examined for occurrence of any of several possible lesions. For a particular treatment group, the number of occurrences of a particular lesion at a particular tissue may be modeled as binomial, and the vector of such frequencies may be considered multivariate binomial with unspecified dependence structure. The same model may also apply to clinical side-effects data; in this case the marginal frequencies may represent occurrences of events ranging from headaches to ingrown toenails. Frequently, the goal of such studies is to isolate site-specific significant differences between treatment and control groups. For example, in rodent carcinogenicity analyses it is generally not sufficient to claim that a new compound causes an increase in tumors at some unspecified si...
Gas-source molecular beam epitaxial growth and thermal annealing of GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells

Abstract In this paper, we report the growth of GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy with a radio-frequency (RF) nitrogen radical beam source. The influence of growth temperature and N 2 flow rate on GaInNAs/GaAs QWs is examined. At the optimal growth condition, room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) at 1.3 μm is obtained for an as-grown Ga 0.7 In 0.3 N 0.02 As 0.98 /GaAs QW. The satellite peaks of the X-ray rocking curves are broader for Ga 0.7 In 0.3 N 0.03 As 0.97 /GaAs QWs than for N-free samples, presumably due to composition fluctuations and rougher interfaces, as confirmed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) images. Power-dependent PL measurements show that a higher incident laser power causes a larger PL peak blue shift for Ga 0.7 In 0.3 N 0.03 As 0.97 /GaAs QWs than Ga 0.7 In 0.3 As/GaAs QWs. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) improves interface morphology and PL intensity, reduces the PL peak width, but causes a blue shift in PL peak energy. The optimal annealing temperature is higher for GaInNAs/GaAs QWs than GaInAs/GaAs QWs, indicating the former is thermally more stable. By using RTA, an improved 1.3 μm RT PL emission of a GaInNAs/GaAs QW with stronger intensity and narrower linewidth is obtained successfully.
Optimal coordinates for three-dimensional incompressible laminar boundary layers

This paper summarizes the basic theory of optimal coordinates for the three-dimensional incompressible boundary layers. Though in essence the results obtained in this paper form an extension of Kaplun's work in two dimensions, the additional considerations due to three-dimensionality have extended the scope and applicability of the theory of optimal coordinates to more complicated situations.
DETERMINATION OF |Vub| FROM TAGGED AND UNTAGGED $B \overline{B}$ EVENTS WITH THE BABAR DETECTOR

Measurements of charmless semileptonic B-meson decays and the CKM matrix element |Vub| are reported based on a sample of 88 million events recorded with the BABAR detector. Decays B → Xulν are selected from both tagged and untagged events and separated from the dominant charm background, B → Xclν, using different kinematic variables: the lepton momentum El, the squared four-momentum transfer q2, and the hadronic mass mX. The extrapolation to the total decay rate to determine |Vub| is performed for different theoretical models. We have also measured branching ratios for the exclusive semileptonic decays B → π(ρ,ω,η,η′,a0)lν, where a high signal purity is reached by fully or partially reconstructing the second B meson.
The clonal origin of two cell populations in Richter's syndrome

Abstract A case of Richter's syndrome was studied by morphology, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. Flow cytometric study clearly demonstrated two monoclonal populations. The use of double staining with CD 5/ CD 19 antibodies accompanied by two-color flow cytometric analysis clearly defined the chronic lymphocytic leukemia population and separated it from the lymphoma population. Immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene analysis of blood and lymph node specimens revealed nonidentical as well as identical nongermline bands in these two populations. However, light-chain gene analysis demonstrated that both populations shared a common clonal origin. This result underscores the unreliability of using heavy chain genotype alone to identify clonal origin. Since post-rearrangement deletion, point mutation, and heavy chain switching occur in heavy chain genes, but are seldom seen in light chain genes, it is important to analyze both heavy and light chain genes to conclusively determine clonal origin.
Bovine renal mitochondrial vitamin D3 hydroxylases: regulation of in vitro activities by inhibitors and antioxidants.

The regulation of bovine renal lα- and 24-hydroxylase activities was examined in primary bovine proximal tubule cell cultures. Maximal lα- and 24-hydroxylase activities in primary bovine proximal tubule cultures ranged from 1.5-1.8 and 2.0-2.7 pmol/min·106 cells, respectively. The apparent Km was 795 nm for la-hydroxylase activity and 1130 nm for 24-hydroxylase activity, lα- and 24-hydroxylase activities decreased in primary culture after cell plating. Activities decreased both as a function of cell number and as a function of the culture dish. lα-Hydroxylase activity decayed with a tw of 37 h, while 24-hydroxylase activity decayed with a t½ of 45 h. Decreasing cell densities, at which cells were plated, increased the W for the decay of both activities [t½ = 21 h at 5,000 cells/cm vs. t½ = 37 h at 25,000 cells/cm for lα-hydroxylase (P > 0.001); t½ = 33 h at 5,000 cells/cm vs. t½ = 45 h at 25,000 cells/cm for 24- hydroxylase, (P > 0.0001)]. Direct addition of 0.25 mM metyrapone inhibited lα-hydroxylase act...
Performance of Particle Dampers Under Random Excitation

An experimental and analytical study is made of the performance of particle dampers under wide-band random excitation. A small model, provided with a nonlinear auxiliary mass damper, was used to investigate the major system parameters that influence the performance of particle dampers: total auxiliary mass ratio, particle size, container dimension, and the intensity and direction of the excitation. It is shown that properly designed particle dampers, even with a relatively small mass ratio, can considerably reduce the response of lightly damped structures. An approximate analytical solution, which is based on the concept of an equivalent single unit-impact damper, is presented. It is shown that the approximate solution can provide an adequate estimate of the root-mean-square response of the randomly excited primary system when provided with a particle damper that is operating in the vicinity of its optimum range of parameters.
The partial reinforcement effect as a function of surgical anosmia

Two groups of surgically anosmic rats received continuous or partial reinforcement, respectively, during the first phase (60 trials) of a two-phase experiment. During the second phase, all subjects received 40 extinction trials. No significant diffferences between the continuous and partial reinforcement groups were found during Phase I. However, significant PREs were shown during extinction in start, run, and goal measures.
On the reduction of the rotational equations of rigid body dynamics

Necessary and sufficient conditions are investigated for reduction of the rotational equations of rigid body dynamics to simplified vectorial forms.
The band of solar wind variability at low heliographic latitudes near solar activity minimum: Plasma results from the Ulysses rapid latitude scan

Near solar activity minimum large variations in the quiescent solar wind flow are confined to a narrow latitude band centered near the heliographic equator. During Ulysses' recent rapid latitude scan this band was ∼43° wide. Flow parameters poleward of the band in the opposite solar hemispheres werenearly the same. Main entry into the band of variable solar wind was via a shock disturbance most likely associated with over-expansion of a coronal mass ejection event. Wind variability within the band was associated primarily with longitudinal structure in the solar corona and solar rotation ; high-speed streams observed there were associated with locations where the polar coronal holes extended equatorward toward the Ulysses orbit. Observations indicate that the polar coronal holes at this time occupied only ∼13% of the low corona, yet a nearly uniform high-speed wind (average speed ∼750 km s −1 ) filled ∼63% of the heliosphere. This indicates the holes expanded by a factor of ∼4.8 from the low corona to interplanetary space. Much of this lateral expansion occurred beyond 1.74 solar radii from Sun center.
Synthesis and characterization of new styrene main-chain polymer with pendant lactose moiety through urea linkage

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of lactose-based homopolymers from N-lactosyl-N‘-(4-vinylbenzyl)urea or N‘-lactosyl-N,N-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)urea (5a, 5b) is described. Free radical...
Kinetic analysis of the dehydration of potassium bis(oxalato)cuprate(II) dihydrate

Abstract The dehydration of potassium bis(oxalato)cuprate(II) dihydrate, K2([Cu(C2O4)2] · 2H2O, has been studied isothermally and nonisothermally using TG. To determine the rate law for this reaction, the data from isothermal studies were analyzed according to 17 different rate laws. The data from nonisothermal experiments were analyzed by the procedure of Reich and Stivala. It was found that while an Avrami (nucleation) rate law with n = 2 gives the best fit most frequently, considerable run to run variation exists for both types of experiments. There is general agreement on the most likely mechanism from isothermal and nonisothermal experiments, but the two methods were not consistent with respect to the next most likely mechanism.
Results of a policy with arm veins used as the first alternative to an unavailable ipsilateral greater saphenous vein for infrainguinal bypass

Purpose: Aggressive policies for distal bypass and coronary revascularization increase the need to identify alternatives to autologous saphenous vein grafts. We examined the performance of arm vein as the primary alternative to contralateral saphenous vein when the ipsilateral saphenous vein was not available. Methods: A total of 250 arm vein grafts were studied retrospectively in 224 patients (143 men, 81 women, 82.6% with diabetes, mean age 68.3 years) from February 1989 to April 1994. Intraoperative angioscopy was carried out to observe valve lysis, remove abnormalities, and select optimal vein segments. Results: A total of 85 primary, 103 repeat, and 62 graft revision procedures were done for limb salvage in 99.2% of the patients. A total of 41 femoropopliteal, 114 femorotibialpedal, 33 popliteodistal, and 62 jump or interposition grafts were constructed. A total of 199 grafts were single vein, and 51 were composite vein. The source was cephalic vein alone in 50.4%, cephalic and basilic vein in 35.6%, and basilic vein only in 14%. The contralateral saphenous vein as an alternative conduit was available in 97 (38.8%) instances. Interventions guided by angioscopy to "upgrade" the graft were necessary in 51.6%. Overall early patency (≤30 days) was 94.8% (n=13 occlusions). The cumulative primary patency rate at 1 year was 70.6%, the secondary patency rate was 76.9%, and the limb salvage rate was 88.2%. The 3-year patency rate (limb salvage) was 51.9% (92.4%) for primary grafts, 56.7% (67.1%) in revision grafts, and 42.4% (79.9%) in repeat grafts. In 22.7% (22 of 97) the available contralateral saphenous vein was used for distal revascularization within the follow-up period. Conclusions: Arm veins are an easily accessible autologous conduit of sufficient length to reach the midtibial level. Excellent patency rates allow durable limb salvage in otherwise difficult circumstances. Vein configuration and splicing do not affect patency rates, but vein quality and repeat operations do. Angioscopy is a valuable adjunct to upgrade graft quality. The contralateral saphenous should be saved for subsequent contralateral revascularization or coronary artery bypass grafting.
Molecular orbital studies involving sulfur and selenium

Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations have been used to investigate the properties of certain sulfur and selenium analogs of pharmacologically active agents. Calculations have been performed for acetylthiocholine and acetylselenocholine with and without extravalent d orbitals. The study reveals that octet expansion in the ester fragment of the acetylcholine congeners is not necessary to explain the bonding. Calculations were extended to model compounds where the ether and acyl oxygen are sequentially replaced by sulfur and selenium in an attempt to obtain structure-activity relationships for similar benzoylcholine congeners.
An evaluation of kinetic effects in the DIII-D divertor

Abstract Under certain conditions, high temperature electrons diffusing across the separatrix near the midplane can propagate to the divertor without collision and produce a high energy tail in the electron distribution function near the separatrix. We evaluate a kinetic criterion along the field using measurements from divertor Thomson scattering and compare temperature measurements from target plate Langmuir probes to estimate the magnitude of the high energy tail. A Fokker–Planck kinetic model [O. Batishchev, Phys. Plasmas 4 (1998) 1672], which includes electron–electron, electron-ion, electron-neutral, and charge exchange interactions is used to estimate the size of the high energy tail. For the cases considered, we found less than 1% of non-thermal particles near the target plate at typical densities and power levels for the DIII-D scrape-off layer plasma. ELMs violate our kinetic criterion.
Estimation bias of different design and analytical strategies in dual-frame telephone surveys: an empirical evaluation

Dual-frame survey designs have become increasingly popular in large-scale telephone surveys. This is due to the lack of coverage of the traditional landline survey design and the escalating use of cell phones in recent years. Several estimation strategies have been proposed and their properties have been discussed under ideal scenarios, including pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimation, single-frame estimation, and simple composite estimation [C.J. Skinner and J.N.K. Rao, Estimation in dual frame surveys with complex designs, J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 91 (1996), pp. 349–356; S.L. Lohr and J.N.K. Rao, Inference from dual frame surveys, J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 95 (2000), pp. 271–280]. In practice, estimation in dual-frame telephone surveys is vulnerable to biases and errors (e.g. inaccessibility, topic/mode salience, and measurement error). The investigation of the performance of popular dual-frame estimation methods is scarce in real and less ideal scenarios. Through an innovatively designed simulation study, we ...
Characterization of a Trichoderma atroviride strain isolated from switchgrass bales and its use to saccharify ammonia-pretreated switchgrass for biobutanol production

The feedstock-specific enzyme systems for saccharification of biofuel feedstocks like switchgrass may potentially provide better enzymatic systems for production of second-generation biofuels. One strategy to develop these enzyme systems could be to harness the microorganisms growing naturally on specific feedstocks. This study presents the isolation and screening of fungal cultures from switchgrass bales for saccharification of ammonia-pretreated switchgrass for subsequent biobutanol production. The best performing fungal isolate during screening was identified through Sanger sequencing of its ITS region to be a unique strain of Trichoderma atroviride and further characterized for production of an enzyme system for saccharification of ammonia pretreated switchgrass. The maximum FPase, CMCase and xylanase activity produced by T. atroviride CUA1 were 0.25 fpu/mL, 0.18 IU/mL and 5.8 IU/mL, respectively. T. atroviride CUA1 also produced considerable amount of β-glucosidase activity. This isolate was used to produce an enzyme system to convert switchgrass to soluble sugars that were then fermented to butanol, ethanol, acetate and butyrate. Glucose was the major product of hydrolysis of ammonia-pretreated switchgrass performed using the enzyme system produced by the isolate. This fungus may be useful for the hydrolysis for the bioenergy crop of switchgrass to overcome this rate-limiting step in the overall conversion of biomass to biofuels.
Elite Polarization Meets Mass Moderation in Mexico's 2006 Elections

Even before the 2006 presidential election dissolved into a nasty street battle, it was widely perceived as strongly polarized. The two leading candidates, Felipe Calderon of the conservative National Action Party (PAN) and Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador of the leftwing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), staked out starkly different positions on key economic issues. Calderon promised continuity with Mexico's free-market reforms, focusing on investment as the engine of growth. Lopez Obrador, in contrast, argued that the neoliberal strategy would benefit only a few and he instead promised to alleviate poverty through state spending on infrastructure and social welfare. Unlike in prior presidential elections where the PAN and PRD candidates downplayed their differences to challenge the authoritarian dominant PRI with broad pro-democracy appeals, in this first post-transition election, the candidates made their differences clear.
Freshman Overconfidence and Library Research Skills: A Troubling Relationship?

This study focuses on the relationship between freshman college students’ self-reported confidence level in library research and their actual library research skills. A demographic survey and skills test were administered to 377 freshmen at East Carolina University in their first-semester English composition classes. The article addresses two research questions: What is the correlation between freshman students’ self-reported confidence level and tested skills? Do other factors such as age, gender, high school grades, or previous library instruction have an impact on students’ confidence level or skills? Results examine implications for library instruction.
Comparison of four staining methods for evaluating acrosome status and viability of ejaculated and cauda epididymal bull spermatozoa

Abstract Four staining procedures for simultaneously assessing viability and acrosomal integrity of bovine, ejaculated and cauda epididymal spermatozoa (CES) were evaluated. Fast green FCF/eosin B (FG/EB), eosin B-aniline blue (E-Ab), trypan blue/Giemsa (TB/G), and propidium iodide/Pisum sativum agglutinin (PI/PSA) were compared with naphthol yellow and erythrosin B (NY/EB) and E-Ab as standards for acrosomal integrity and viability, respectively. Both ejaculated and CES samples were incubated with heparin (10 μg/ml; 5 % CO 2 /air; 39 °C) for 4 h. Lysophosphatidylcholine was added to spermatozoa to induce the acrosome reaction in capacitated spermatozoa. The sperm cells were then stained by the different methods and evaluated as either intact live, intact dead, acrosome-reacted live, or acrosome-reacted dead. The results indicated that FG/EB, E-Ab and PI/PSA stains provided an accurate assessment of both viability and acrosomal integrity for ejaculated spermatozoa. Although PI/PSA was a reliable method of determining viability and acrosomal integrity of ejaculated and cauda epididymal sperm cells, it was not suitable for use with spermatozoa capacitated with heparin due to sperm agglutination. The E-Ab stain, which was originally used to determine viability only, was also found to be suitable for determining acrosomal integrity of both ejaculated and CES, when differential interference contrast microscopy was used.
Gnathostomulida from Hawaii

As thc second in a series on Gnathostomulida from the Pacific Ocean this paper describes an additional eight species from Hawaii of which four are new to science. All are accommodated within existing genera: Haplognathia asymmetrica sp.n., Haplognathia ruberrima (Sterrer, 1966), Haplognathia rufa sp.n., Cosmognathia arcus Sterrer, 1991, Cosmognathia manubrium sp.n., Pterognathia ctenifera Sterrer, 1970, Pterognathia hawaiiensis sp.n., and Austrognathia novaeze landiae Sterrer, 1991.
Analysis of radiation patterns of interaction tones generated by inlet rods in the JT15D engine

Interaction tones were intentionally generated by circumferential arrays of equally spaced rods that protrude radially from the inlet wall near the face of the 28-blade fan. Arrays of 28 and 41 rods, selected to give specific far field radiation properties, were tested. The expected properties were readily apparent in the measured radiation patterns. A more detailed analysis of the test data showed both the precision and limitations of the applied acoustic theory. Rods protruding 23 percent of the radius predominantly generated only lowest radial order modes, as expected. Measured and predicted radiation patterns were generally in good agreement. The agreement, however, depended on a significant degree of implied refraction due to inlet velocity gradients. Refraction, if present, would impact static-flight noise comparisons.
Silodosin: an orally active selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist for benign prostatic hyperplasia

α1-adrenoceptor antagonists play a central role in the treatment of uncomplicated symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia, frequently in combination with the 5-α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride and dutasteride. Clinically useful examples include alfuzosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin and terazosin. These can be subdivided into nonselective (doxazosin and terazosin) and uroselective (alfuzosin and tamsulosin) agents. In general, these agents appear to be equieffective. However, they can be distinguished on the basis of their adverse event profiles. Such adverse events include those due to their vasodilatory effects (dizziness, orthostatic hypotension and rhinitis), genitourinary effects (ejaculatory dysfunction) and nonspecific effects (e.g., asthenia, malaise and gastrointestinal upset). A new α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist, silodosin, has recently been approved. In most ways, it is similar to tamsulosin in its pharmacodynamic effects in vitro and in vivo (in both animals and humans). Limited clinical tr...
P01-177 Severely mood-disordered youth respond less well to treatment in a community clinic than youth with bipolar disorder

Introduction Bipolar disorder diagnoses in youth have significantly increased in the past decade. To help establish proper diagnostic practices, four different phenotypes have been proposed, ranging from meeting full DSM-IV criteria to “severely mood disordered” conditions (Leibenluft et al, 2003). So far, not much is known about these phenotypes and their response to treatment in the community. Objective To identify youth diagnosed with bipolar disorder versus mood disorder NOS and evaluate their response to treatment in a community clinic. Methods A retrospective chart review identified 19 children with bipolar disorder and 22 with mood disorder NOS and “followed back” these patients for eight months. Pre- and post-treatment Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) scales were collected. Results There were no differences between the two groups in terms of gender, number of diagnoses, family history of bipolar disorder, initial GAF, level of care needed, or number of medications needed. Youth with bipolar disorder were older, had more risk factors for suicidality, more past medication trials, and more hospitalizations. Severely mood disordered patients had more ADHD. After eight months, bipolar disorder youth improved significantly more than severely mood disordered patients: Change in GAF (+10.4 vs +5.3), endpoint GAF (56.9 vs 50.3), and CGI (2.6 vs 3.1). Conclusion Even though bipolar disorder youth look more like adults with bipolar disorder (older age, more suicidality, more hospitalizations), severely mood disordered youth respond much less to treatment in a community clinic.
Electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of bundle branch block

Autopsy and echocardiographic studies indicate that ECG criteria for LVH tend to maintain their sensitivity in the presence of LBBB, with the exception of left precordial lead criteria alone. With RBBB, ECG criteria for LVH using right precordial S waves and combination criteria of right precordial S waves and left precordial R waves have a marked reduction in sensitivity, whereas left precordial R wave criteria have modestly reduced sensitivity. Limb lead criteria for LVH have increased sensitivity in the presence of RBBB and, to a lesser extent, in the presence of LBBB. Acceptable sensitivity for the diagnosis of LVH in patients with bundle branch block requires a combination of limb and precordial lead voltage criteria and/or other nonvoltage ECG criteria, since the prevalence of LVH in the presence of RBBB or LBBB appears higher than the sensitivity of individual criteria.
Protocol for the thermodynamic analysis of some proteins using an H/D exchange- and mass spectrometry-based technique.

SUPREX (stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H/D exchange) is a new H/D exchange- and mass spectrometry-based technique for the measurement of protein folding free energies (i.e., ΔG values) and protein folding m values (i.e., δΔG/δ[denaturant]). Robust protocols for the acquisition and analysis of SUPREX data have been established and shown to be useful for the analysis of a number of different protein systems. Here we report on the SUPREX behavior of a special class of proteins that are not amenable to conventional SUPREX analyses using previously established protocols. This class of proteins includes protein systems that require an extended time to reach a folding/unfolding equilibrium in chemical denaturant-induced equilibrium unfolding experiments. As part of this work we use ubiquitin as a model system to highlight the complications that can arise in the conventional SUPREX analysis of such protein systems, and we describe a modified SUPREX protocol that can be used to eliminate these comp...
Development and characterization of a porous poly(methyl methacrylate) scaffold with controllable modulus and permeability

Functional restoration following extensive bone injury often requires bone grafting. The primary source of graft material is either autograft or allograft. The use of both material sources is well established, however both suffer limitations. In response, grafting alternatives are being investigated. This manuscript presents the development of a highly porous scaffold with controllable elastic modulus and permeability for use in tissue grafting and tissue engineering applications that is manufactured from FDA approved poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Fifteen protocol variations based on the commonly used porogen leaching technique for porous scaffold fabrication were employed to control scaffold pore size, pore interconnectivity, and structural strength. Scaffolds were tested for porosity, permeability, elastic modulus, cell culture compatibility, and fatigue tested in compression. Scaffold permeability ranged from 6.6 × 10−16 m2 to 1.4 × 10−10 m2, and elastic modulus was adjustable between 14 and 322 MPa; data similar to cancellous bone specimens from a variety of species and anatomic locations. Fatigue evaluations revealed 65% strength maintenance after 80,000 loading cycles, and in vitro culture with marrow-derived stromal cells show no cytotoxic effects based on Live/Dead assay. The scaffolds detailed herein will help broaden the spectrum of available orthopaedic tissue scaffolds for research in this evolving field. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Generalizing Fisher's “reproductive value”: Nonlinear, homogeneous, biparental systems

Abstract Biparental demographic models violate linearity. However, in their early “dilute” stages before limited environment resources bring need for competitive selection, first-degree-homogeneous relations obtain. For them, a reproductive-value function of the initial coordinates is defined to recapitulate their contribution to the asymptotically dominating mode of exponential growth: now the generalized Fisher reproductive value of one sex is altered by relative numbers of the other sex. The new reproductive-value function is also derived for general systems of homogeneous-first-degree differential and difference equations, and is shown to grow from the start at the asymptotic growth rate.
Abstract 4569: Digitizing single-cell expression patterns in urine for prostate cancer detection

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Gene expression profiles of microdissected tissue are frequently used to stratify cancer subtypes and to predict patients' clinical outcome. This type of analysis usually operates under the assumption that uniform gene expression is present in a cancer cell population. However, high fluctuation of gene expression in single cells stemming from intra-clonal heterogeneity within a cancer cell population can lead to misinterpretation of the data. An important challenge then lies in developing approaches to decipher this expression chaos for cancer diagnostic and/or prognostic strategies. We have developed a novel digitizing approach to analyze single-cell gene expression in exfoliated prostate cells isolated from urine sediment. In analyzing 1220 single cells, we observed a panel of genes with dichotomous expression patterns (DEP) and further digitized their expression levels to either 1 for high or 0 for low expression. Of 35 androgen-responsive genes examined, 6 genes exhibited DEP characteristics. When aligning the dichotomous numbers of these genes in the order of CXCL6-TGFBR2-GSK3B-CDKN1C-GATA3-EIF4EBP1, we identified 64 (26) types of code; e.g., 1-0-1-0-1-0. With the conversion from original expression levels to a series of dichotomous numbers, these new codes not only reduced the complexity associated with single cell expression, they also enabled us to decipher expression heterogeneity in the samples by considering multiple gene expression codes simultaneously. Importantly, these digitized codes identified distinct clonal prostate cell populations in the urine samples. At the single-cell level, high volumes of cells with the same code (common codes) in a collection of cells suggested the presence of a large clonal cell population. By examining the types of code and the size of clonal populations, we found that increasing clonal size of cells carrying common codes was associated with high-grade cancers. Certain common codes were also found in cells from patients diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. On the other hand, digitized code types appeared to be highly diverse in normal cell populations. Our data suggest that digitizing single-cell expression can stratify benign, low grade and high grade prostate cancer. This analysis pipeline has a wider application for disease diagnosis/prognosis using cancer cells isolated by non-invasive means from biological fluids or washes from biopsy needles and surgical blades. Citation Format: Chun-Lin Lin, Chun-Liang Chen, Chiou-Miin Wang, Joseph Liu, Susan Huang, Tim Huang. Digitizing single-cell expression patterns in urine for prostate cancer detection. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4569. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4569
Quantum field theoretical methods in chemically bonded systems

Many-body perturbation theory is derived for chemical bonds. Paired quasiparticles represent the bonds. Products of the paired quasiparticles define a model Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer function. The pairing force is added as a model interaction to the self-consistent problem. The starting model is based on valency and adiabatic symmetry correlation. Symmetries are enforced by the model Hamiltonian. Perturbative corrections are expressed as ordinary Feynman diagrams. The number of diagrams needed is the same as for particle-hole theory.
Quantitative Measurement of Local Cerebral Blood Flow in Humans by Positron Computed Tomography and 15O-Water

A noninvasive method that employs /sup 15/O-water and positron-computed tomography (PCT) was used to measure quantitative local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) in man. /sup 15/O-Water (about 30-50 mCi) was introduced through a single-breath inhalation of /sup 15/O-carbon dioxide or through an intravenous bolus injection of /sup 15/O-water. A sequence of five 2-min PCT scans was initiated at the time of tracer administration. A series of 15-20 blood samples (1 ml each) was withdrawn from the radial artery of the subject over a period of 10 min. Oxygen-15 radioactivities in the blood samples were immediately counted in a well counter to give an input function, which together with the projection data collected by PCT were processed to provide images of 1CBF and local water distribution volume. The method was found to be convenient to use and gave good-quality images of 1CBF. Quantitative values of 1CBF in images were 59 +/- 11 and 20 +/- 4 ml/min/100 g for gray and white matter, respectively, with a gray-to-white matter ratio of 2.93 and a global flow value of 42 +/- 8 ml/min/100 g. Distribution volume of water was 0.85 +/- 0.03, 0.76 +/- 0.03, and 0.81 +/- 0.02 ml/g respectively, for gray matter,more » white matter, and whole brain.« less
The effect of gonadectomy and aromatase inhibition on the excretion of 19-nordeoxycorticosterone in rats.

Abstract 19-Nordeoxycorticosterone (19-norDOC) is a powerful mineralocorticoid, which has been postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of some forms of hypertension. The urinary excretion of 19-norDOC by female rats is up to 20 times that of males. To demonstrate the influence of the gonads on the excretion of 19-norDOC, we measured the excretion of 19-norDOC in intact and gonadectomized male and female rats with and without replacement with testosterone (40 mg testosterone enanthate s.c.) or estrogen (4 mg estradiol valerate s.c.) and in intact animals receiving the aromatase inhibitor, 10-propargyl androstenedione (10-pA) (10 mg s.c.). Orchiectomy produced a significant increase in the urinary excretion of 19-norDOC in males. Testosterone treatment decreased 19-norDOC excretion by castrated males to below intact values, while estrogen administration increased its secretion. Oophorectomy had no consistent effect on 19-norDOC excretion. In oophorectomized females, testosterone administration significantly suppressed 19-norDOC excretion and estrogen replacement increased excretion slightly. 10-pA had little effect on the excretion of 19-norDOC in intact rats of either sex. In conclusion, it appears that 19-norDOC production is inhibited by testosterone, but is affected only slightly by estrogens.
Violence and Biology: A Review of the Literature

Experts agree that the origns of violence are multifactorial, involving the complex interactions of macro-, meso-, and micro-system factors. The rolls of cultural, economic, and family factors have been noted extensively in the social work literature, but the contributions of biological factors to violence have been overlooked. The author reviews evidence pertaining to the roll of biology in interaction with the myriad other forces that converge in acts of violence. Social work administrators as well as direct practitioners need such knowledge to make informed judgments about the role of social work in violent situations. Implications for practice are discussed.
Evidence factors in observational studies

Some experiments involve more than one random assignment of treatments to units. An analogous situation arises in certain observational studies, although randomization is not used, so each assignment may be biased. If each assignment is suspect, it is natural to ask whether there are separate pieces of information, dependent upon different assumptions, and perhaps whether conclusions about treatment effects are not critically dependent upon one or another suspect assumption. The design of an observational study contains evidence factors if it permits several statistically independent tests of the same null hypothesis about treatment effects, where these tests rely on different assumptions about treatment assignments at several levels of assignment. Two designs and two empirical examples are considered, one example of each design. In the dose-control design, there are matched pairs of a treated subject and an untreated control, and doses of treatment vary between pairs for treated subjects; this yields two evidence factors. In the varied intensity design, there are matched sets with two treated subjects and one or more untreated controls, where the two treated subjects within the same matched set receive different doses of treatment, and in a technically different way, the design yields two evidence factors.