cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOX Homeobox Genes Exhibit Spatial and Temporal Changes in Expression During Human Skin Development

The spatial and temporal deployment of HOX homeobox genes along the spinal axis and in limb buds during fetal development is a key program in embryonic pattern formation. Although we have previously reported that several of the HOX homeobox genes are expressed during murine skin development, there is no information about developmental expression of HOX genes in human skin. We have now used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, in conjunction with a set of degenerate oligonucleotide primers, to identify a subset of HOX genes that are expressed during human fetal skin development. In situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that there were temporal and spatial shifts in expression of these genes. Strong HOXA4 expression was detected in the basal cell layers of 10 wk fetal epidermis and throughout the epidermis and dermis of 17 wk skin, whereas weak signal was present in the granular layer of newborn and adult skin. The expression patterns of HOXA5 and HOXA7 were similar, but their expression was weaker. In situ hybridization analysis also revealed strong HOXC4 and weaker HOXB7 expression throughout fetal development, whereas HOXB4 was expressed at barely detectable levels. Differential HOX gene expression was also observed in developing hair follicles, and sebaceous and sweat glands. None of the HOX genes examined were detected in the adult dermis.
Implementing i-state configuration models for population dynamics: an object-oriented programming approach

Abstract Demographic models describe population dynamics in terms of the distribution of individuals among categories (e.g., age or size classes); such models are called i-state distribution models . In contrast, i-state configuration models describe population dynamics by simulating the birth, development, and eventual death of each individual in the population. Such models (also referred to, less precisely, as individual-based models ) are necessary when interactions among individuals make the assumptions of i -state distribution models untenable. The basic components of an i -state configuration model are a set of individuals (each characterized by its i -state), an interaction structure, and an environment. Each of these components changes dynamically as a function of the others. The implementation of i -state distribution models is familiar; here we present a general framework, based on object-oriented programming (OOP), for the numerical implementation of i -state configuration models. The individuals, interaction structure, and environment are all defined as objects. A special object called the simulator transfers information among these objects as needed. The properties of OOP (data protection, inheritance, polymophism, modularity) lend themselves naturally to i -state configuration simulations.
Characterizing and Controlling the Motion of ssDNA in a Solid-State Nanopore

Sequencing DNA in a synthetic solid-state nanopore is potentially a low-cost and high-throughput method. Essential to the nanopore-based DNA sequencing method is the ability to control the motion of a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecule at single-base resolution. Experimental studies showed that the average translocation speed of DNA driven by a biasing electric field can be affected by ionic concentration, solvent viscosity, or temperature. Even though it is possible to slow down the average translocation speed, instantaneous motion of DNA is too diffusive to allow each DNA base to stay in front of a sensor site for its measurement. Using extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we study the diffusion constant, friction coefficient, electrophoretic mobility, and effective charge of ssDNA in a solid-state nanopore. Simulation results show that the spatial fluctuation of ssDNA in 1 ns is comparable to the spacing between neighboring nucleotides in ssDNA, which makes the sensing of a DNA base very difficult. We demonstrate that the recently proposed DNA transistor could potentially solve this problem by electrically trapping ssDNA inside the DNA transistor and ratcheting ssDNA base-by-base in a biasing electric field. When increasing the biasing electric field, we observed that the translocation of ssDNA changes from ratcheting to steady-sliding. The simulated translocation of ssDNA in the DNA transistor was theoretically characterized using Fokker-Planck analysis.
A Decentralized Approach for Controlled Sharing of Resources in Virtual Communities

A Virtual Community is a composition of heterogeneous and independently designed subsystems, focusing on large-scale resource sharing, innovative applications and in some cases high performance computation. The sharing that we refer to is the direct access to computers, software, and data emerging in fields like science, industry and engineering. Several open issues need to be addressed in order to make possible these dynamic environments, such as how to manage access policies to coordinate resource sharing, how to establish a community, how to ensure that member communities respect community policies and so on. Protocols to define how to establish sharing relationships between participants must also be enforced: each member entering in a community has to agree on what it is permitted to do and also what it is obliged to do. Resource sharing must be carefully controlled, with resource providers and controllers defining clearly and carefully what is shared, who is allowed to share and the conditions under which the sharing occurs. Resource sharing is therefore conditional, each provider has to define and publish the conditions under which it makes its resources available. Such conditions (or policies) must always be consistent with the community policies, regulating the entire organization. Furthermore, once resource sharing is defined, the members are obliged to give access to its services according to the stated rules.
Sentence Disparity and the Judge-Jury Sentencing Debate: An Analysis of Robbery Sentences in Six Southern States:

Concern over sentence disparity has prompted several states in recent years to alter their sentencing strategy by removing sanctioning authority from juries and investing judges with this power. Li...
Thermophysical Property Variations Across Dione and Rhea

Maps of the variation in bolometric Bond albedo and thermal inertia across Rhea and Dione have been produced using various day and nighttime observations, taken by Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS). The albedo maps show the same trend that has been previously observed on these satellites from reflected sunlight and thermal observations: a higher albedo on their leading hemispheres. The thermal inertia maps show two previously unknown anomalous high thermal inertia regions: low latitudes on Dione's leading hemisphere and the bright ejecta blanket of Rhea's Inktomi crater. The thermal inertia on Dione increases modestly from a background value of 8 J m(exp -2) K(exp -1) s(exp -1/2) to 11 J m(exp -)2 K(exp -1) s(exp -1/2) in a region preferentially bombarded by high-energy electrons. We believe that this region on Dione is probably analogous to the thermally anomalous regions recently discovered at equivalent locations on Mimas and Tethys, dubbed Pac-Man features. The smaller magnitude of Dione's thermal anomaly, compared to that of Mimas and Tethys, provides additional evidence that surface alteration by high-energy electrons produces these anomalies, as the high-energy electron flux decreases with increasing distance from Saturn. However, unlike on Mimas and Tethys, the thermally anomalous region on Dione does not display a spatially correlated decrease in the IR/UV (0.930 micrometers/0.338 micrometers) color ratio, implying that the minimum electron energy threshold of the IR/UV ice surface darkening mechanism is not met on Dione. The average of the mapped bolometric Bond albedos on the leading and trailing hemispheres of Dione are 0.49 +/- 0.11 and 0.44 +/- 0.13 respectively. On Rhea the thermal inertia increases from a background value of 10 J m(exp -2) K (exp -1) s(exp -1/2) to 19 J m(exp -2) K(exp -1) s(exp -1/2) on the ejecta blanket of Inktomi crater, probably due to a mixture of high and low thermal inertia material in this region, such as a fine- and large-grain ice mixture. This is the first time a thermal inertia anomaly has been associated with an impact crater on an icy saturnian satellite. On Rhea the average of the mapped bolometric Bond albedos on the leading and trailing hemispheres are 0.59 +/- 0.11 and 0.56 +/- 0.13 respectively.
Effect of nutrient kinetics and cytoarchitecture on bacterioplankter size

Expanded specific affinity theory specifies the advantages of small dry mass and dilute cytoarchitecture in impoverished systems. For marine samples, bacterioplankton mean dry mass, according to flow cytometry, was near 24.5 fg cell -1 . Conversion to volume with buoyant density gave a cell volume of 0.124 μm 3 . Total DNA was 2.9 fg cell -1 . This compared with the size of a single genome of a small extinction-culture isolate, Sphingomonas sp. RB2256, of 3.96 fg or 3.6 Mb. The genome size of such isolates and other cultures decreased with metabolic simplicity. It was found that bacterioplankton could be exposed to radiolabeled amino acids and then sorted for size and that the specific affinities of the fraction of small organisms were as great as the fraction of large cells. Size, DNA, and metabolic-complexity distributions were concordant with the concepts that cell volume approaches a minimum set by sufficient space for the smallest genome that can provide sufficient information for competitive dissolved-nutrient acquisition, and that space requirements are further alleviated by the expression of few cytoplasmic-enzyme molecules in each of the various pathways and a dilute cytoplasm. Bacterioplankton approached a minimum genome size of 1.7 Mb with a minimum cell volume of about 0.06 μm 3 and a DNA content of 16% dry weight. The property of small dry mass with a low DNA content was common in in situ bacteria but absent from cultivated representatives, which led to speculation that failure to grow in the laboratory is related to missing regulatory information.
Admissibility criteria and admissible weak solutions of Riemann problems for conservation laws of mixed type: a summary

Consider the model system $$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{v_t} + p{{(u)}_x} = 0} \\ {{u_t} - {v_x} = 0} \\ \end{array} } \right. $$ (1.1) which describes the one-dimensional isothermal motion of a compressible elastic fluid or solid in Lagrangian coordinate system. Here v denotes the velocity, u the specific volume for a fluid or displacement gradient for a solid, and -p is the stress which is determined through a constitutive relation.
Intercultural Assessment of Performance Feedback

A field study was conducted in the United States (n = 269) and England (n = 254) to identify key characteristics of feedback and culture in determining an individual's performance. Relevant hypothe...
Song-type matching between neighbouring song sparrows.

Abstract In our study population, neighbouring song sparrows typically share two or more of their 6–10 song types. In an earlier experiment, we found that established neighbours typically reply to playback of neighbour-shared song with a different song they share with that neighbour (‘repertoire matching’), rather than with the same song (‘type matching’) or with a nonshared song. In the present experiment, we considered the hypothesis that type matching is a threat or warning signal (Krebs et al. 1981, Animal Behaviour, 29, 918–923). We tested the specific prediction that a bird is more likely to type-match early in the breeding season when territory boundaries are new and still unstable, and more likely to repertoire-match later in the season, once those boundaries have become well established. Birds were played a shared song of a new neighbour once early (April) and again late (June) in the breeding season. As predicted, early in the season birds usually type-matched the playback (73% of the trials) but late in the season they type-matched only rarely (18%); birds never replied (early or late) with a nonshared song type.
Progress in vaccination

During the lifetime of the author, vaccination has evolved in the complexity of its targets and the technologies used to overcome that complexity. This point is illustrated using the development of several vaccines. Rubella was, and in some countries still is, a major cause of birth defects when infection occurs during pregnancy. In order to prevent infection by a wild virus, a strain was isolated from a congenital infection and attenuated by passage in human fibroblasts at low temperature. The resultant virus was attenuated and could immunize mothers and thus prevent congenital infection and abnormalities. Although rabies vaccines had been developed in the nineteenth century, the available vaccines were poorly immunogenic and sometimes failed to protect. The virus was adapted to cell culture and inactivated with beta-propiolactone. This resulted in highly immunogenic vaccines that can protect after three or four doses only. Infantile gastroenteritis is a problem throughout the world and its major cause is the rotaviruses. In order to prevent infection, a bovine rotavirus was combined with antigens from human strains by the technique of reassortment of segmented RNA. The resulting vaccine was attenuated but could infect infants and generate protective responses at the intestinal level. Finally, cytomegalovirus is now the number one infectious cause of congenital abnormalities. To prevent this virus from infecting pregnant women, a variety of approaches are being taken to develop a vaccine, including using glycoproteins from the virus, developing vaccine replication-defective strains and DNA plasmids.
MISR aerosol optical depth retrievals over southern Africa during the SAFARI-2000 dry season campaign

This paper presents, for the first time, retrievals of aerosol optical depths from Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) observations over land. Application of the MISR operational algorithm to data taken over southern Africa during the SAFARI-2000 dry season campaign yields results that compare favorably with coincident surface-based measurements taken by the AERONET radiometer network.
Fast Construction of SAH BVHs on the Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) Architecture

We investigate how to efficiently build bounding volume hierarchies (BVHs) with surface area heuristic (SAH) on the Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) Architecture. To achieve maximum performance, we use four key concepts: progressive 10-bit quantization to reduce cache footprint with negligible loss in BVH quality; an AoSoA data layout that allows efficient streaming and SIMD processing; high-performance SIMD kernels for binning and partitioning; and a parallelization framework with several build-specific optimizations. The resulting system is more than an order of magnitude faster than today's high-end GPU builders for comparable BVHs; it is usually faster even than spatial median builders; it can build SAH BVHs almost as fast as existing GPUs and CPUs- and CPU-based approaches can build regular grids; and in aggregate "build+render” performance is significantly faster than the best published numbers for either of these systems, be it CPU or GPU, BVH, kd-tree, or grid.
Precision and Accuracy of Divergence Time Estimates from STR and SNPSTR Variation

Inference of intraspecific population divergence patterns typically requires genetic data for molecular markers with relatively high mutation rates. Microsatellites, or short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms, have proven informative in many such investigations. These markers are characterized, however, by high levels of homoplasy and varying mutational properties, often leading to inaccurate inference of population divergence. A SNPSTR is a genetic system that consists of an STR polymorphism closely linked (typically < 500 bp) to one or more single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPSTR systems are characterized by lower levels of homoplasy than are STR loci. Divergence time estimates based on STR variation (on the derived SNP allele background) should, therefore, be more accurate and precise. We use coalescent-based simulations in the context of several models of demographic history to compare divergence time estimates based on SNPSTR haplotype frequencies and STR allele frequencies. We demonstrate that estimates of divergence time based on STR variation on the background of a derived SNP allele are more accurate (3% to 7% bias for SNPSTR versus 11% to 20% bias for STR) and more precise than STR-based estimates, conditional on a recent SNP mutation. These results hold even for models involving complex demographic scenarios with gene flow, population expansion, and population bottlenecks. Varying the timing of the mutation event generating the SNP revealed that estimates of divergence time are sensitive to SNP age, with more recent SNPs giving more accurate and precise estimates of divergence time. However, varying both mutational properties of STR loci and SNP age demonstrated that multiple independent SNPSTR systems provide less biased estimates of divergence time. Furthermore, the combination of estimates based separately on STR and SNPSTR variation provides insight into the age of the derived SNP alleles. In light of our simulations, we interpret estimates from data for human populations.
Comprehensive Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion Defects, Regional Wall Motion, and Left Ventricular Function by Using 64-Section Multidetector CT

Sixty-four–section multidetector CT can accurately assess global and regional left ventricular function and resting myocardial perfusion defects in patients with and without acute myocardial infarction (MI). Comprehensive assessment of these functional parameters by using multidetector CT allows accurate detection of acute MI and may have prognostic implications.
Higher order, mixed cyanocuprates derived from n-lithio-imidazole and pyrrole: New “dummy” ligand alternatives in organocopper chemistry

Abstract Treatment of N-lithioimidazole or N-lithiopyrrole with CuCN followed by an organolithium leads to cuprates R(Imid)Cu(CN)Li 2 and R(Pyrr)Cu(CN)Li 2 which show “higher order” reactivity relative to RCu(CN)Li.
Network topological reordering revealing systemic patterns in yeast protein interaction networks

Identifying candidate genes/proteins involved in human disease specific molecular pathways or networks has been a primary focus of biomedical research. Although node ranking and graph clustering methods can help identify localized topological properties in a network, it remains unclear how the results should be interpreted in biological functional context in systems-level. In complex biomolecular interaction networks, biomolecular entities may not have absolute ranks or clear cluster boundary among them. We presented Ant Colony Optimization Reordering (ACOR) method to examine emerging network properties. The task of reordering nodes is represented as the problem of finding optimal density distribution of “ant colony” on all nodes of the network. We applied ACOR method to re-analyze a yeast protein-protein interaction (PPI) network annotated with functional information (i.e., lethality), which revealed intriguing systems-level functional features.
Motor disabilities in the rett syndrome and physical therapy strategies

A chart review of 23 girls diagnosed with the Rett syndrome (RS), seen at Oregon Health Sciences University-Child Development and Rehabilitation Center was conducted to identify specific motor problems. Hypotonia, loss of transitional movements, ataxia, motor apraxia, spasticity, kyphoscoliosis, and foot deformities proved to be characteristics of this syndrome. Clinical experience of the author and other therapists involved in the treatment of girls with RS suggests that physical therapy is useful in the management of these patients to maintain or increase motor skills and control deformities. Therapy techniques the author has found useful are presented and responses unique to RS patients are described.
Regional blood flow supply and demand in heart failure

Heart failure results not only in a fall in cardiac output but also in a redistribution of blood flow favoring some regional beds (the brain and the heart) at the expense of others (the kidney and working skeletal muscle). The chronic resting hypoperfusion of striated muscle is further compromised with exercise. Maladaptive vasoconstrictor control mechanisms prevent the redirection of blood flow from nonworking muscle and liver to working muscle. This inappropriate preservation of nonworking organ perfusion further compromises the functional capacity of working muscle and is associated with evidence for metabolic deconditioning with reduced oxygen extraction and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. It is becoming increasingly clear that the clinical response to the inotropic and vasodilator therapy used in heart failure is in part dependent on the differing regional blood flow profiles of the various agents studied. The ability of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to redirect blood flow away from nonworking regional beds to exercising muscle, and thereby to reestablish an appropriate physiologic response to changing metabolic needs, may be the overriding reason for their long-term efficacy. Certainly in the future the comprehensive therapy of heart failure will have to take into consideration not only central hemodynamic but also regional blood flow/supply and demand issues.
Bisphosphonates and risk of cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis.

Background and Objectives Some evidence suggests that bisphosphonates may reduce atherosclerosis, while concerns have been raised about atrial fibrillation. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effects of bisphosphonates on total adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and CV death in adults with or at risk for low bone mass. Methods A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE through July 2014 identified 58 randomized controlled trials with longer than 6 months in duration that reported CV events. Absolute risks and the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of total CV events, atrial fibrillation, MI, stroke, and CV death were estimated. Subgroup analyses by follow-up duration, population characteristics, bisphosphonate types, and route were performed. Results Absolute risks over 25–36 months in bisphosphonate-treated versus control patients were 6.5% versus 6.2% for total CV events; 1.4% versus 1.5% for atrial fibrillation; 1.0% versus 1.2% for MI; 1.6% versus 1.9% for stroke; and 1.5% versus 1.4% for CV death. Bisphosphonate treatment up to 36 months did not have any significant effects on total CV events (14 trials; ORs [95% CI]: 0.98 [0.84–1.14]; I2 = 0.0%), atrial fibrillation (41 trials; 1.08 [0.92–1.25]; I2 = 0.0%), MI (10 trials; 0.96 [0.69–1.34]; I2 = 0.0%), stroke (10 trials; 0.99 [0.82–1.19]; I2 = 5.8%), and CV death (14 trials; 0.88 [0.72–1.07]; I2 = 0.0%) with little between-study heterogeneity. The risk of atrial fibrillation appears to be modestly elevated for zoledronic acid (6 trials; 1.24 [0.96–1.61]; I2 = 0.0%), not for oral bisphosphonates (26 trials; 1.02 [0.83–1.24]; I2 = 0.0%). The CV effects did not vary by subgroups or study quality. Conclusions Bisphosphonates do not have beneficial or harmful effects on atherosclerotic CV events, but zoledronic acid may modestly increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. Given the large reduction in fractures with bisphosphonates, changes in osteoporosis treatment decision due to CV risk are not justified.
[Tdotu]ūsī and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context

A passage in Copernicus's De Revolutionibus regarding the rotation of the Earth provides evidence that he was aware, whether directly or indirectly, of an Islamic tradition dealing with this problem that goes back to Na[sdotu]īr al-Dīn al-[Tdotu]ūsī (1201–1274). The most striking similarity is the use of comets by both astronomers to discredit Ptolemy's “proofs” in the Almagest that depended upon observational evidence. The manner in which this question was dealt with by Copernicus, as an astronomical rather than natural philosophical matter, also argues for his being within the tradition of late medieval Islamic astronomy, more so than that of medieval Latin scholasticism. This of course is bolstered by his use of non-Ptolemaic models, such as the [Tdotu]ūsī couple, that have a long history in Islam but virtually none in medieval Europe. Finally, al-Qūshjī, who was in Istanbul just before Copernicus was born, entertained the possibility of the Earth's rotation; this also opens up the possibility of non-textual transmission.
Experimental study on water entry of model catamaran sections

Marine vehicles may experience significant slamming loads due to water entry of hull sections in some unsteady regimes. This study focuses on a basic configuration consisting of two V-hulls connected with a flat-bottom platform. Drop tests on water of two-dimensional catamaran model sections with variable platform position and entry velocity have been carried out. Time-dependent acceleration signals and high-speed video records of the body falling into water were obtained. The acceleration peaks were identified and related to the chine wetting, spray hitting the platform bottom, and wetdeck slamming. The obtained results can be applied for validating mathematical models of water impacts and designing catamaran hulls.
High-resolution IR studies of hydrogen bonded clusters: large amplitude dynamics in (HCl)n.

Structural and dynamical information on small hydrogen-bonded systems is revealed by high-resolution IR spectroscopy of HCl dimer, trimer and tetramer. In (HCl)2, four combination bands tentatively assigned to the Van der Waals stretch ν4 and geared band ν5 vibrations are observed. The study focuses on two unexpected results: (i) all of the observed bands are built only on the bound HCl stretch ν2, and (ii) the bands predominantly originate from the 9-fold less populated upper tunneling level of the ground state. Model 3D quantum calculations are presented to show that both these surprising trends originate from the large amplitude tunneling dynamics in the dimer. The (HCl)3 spectra are assigned and analyzed for multiple isotopomeric contributions. The spectral fit reveals large homogeneous line broadening indicating the excited state lifetime of ∽1.6 ns and tentatively associated with dynamics of intramolecular vibrational energy distribution (IVR) induced trimer ring opening. Finally, first high-resolution data on the HCl stretch fundamental spectrum of (HCl)4 are presented.
Some bioaccumulation factors and biota-sediment accumulation factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lake trout

Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene/triphenylene were calculated using the tissue data of Zabik et al. for Salvelinus namaycush siscowet with a 20.5% lipid content, the water data of Baker and Eisenreich, and the sediment data of Baker and Eisenreich for the Lake Superior ecosystem. Log BAFs, both lipid normalized and based on the freely dissolved concentration of the chemical in the water, of 1.95, 3.22, 4.72, 4.73, and 3.61 were calculated for phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene/triphenylene, respectively. The BSAFs for phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene/triphen-ylene were 0.00011, 0.00016, 0.0071, 0.0054, and 0.00033, respectively.
An escalator phobia overcome in one session of flooding in vivo

A case of escalator phobia of seven years' duration was successfully treated with one session of flooding in vivo. A 6-month follow-up indicated that the approach behavior had been maintained, and that the patient no longer experienced any debilitating anxiety on approaching or riding escalators.
The History and Current Status and Distribution of Beavers in Yellowstone National Park

Despite Yellowstone National Park's (YNP) long history and well studied large mammals and vegetation, beavers (Castor canadensis), an important ecosystem driver, have received relatively little study. We summarize population surveys of beavers that began in 1921 and continued up to the present. The first surveys (1921 and 1923) were from the ground and conducted in a limited area in the northern portion (northern range; NR) of the park. Twenty-five colonies were found and beavers were considered abundant and using aspen (Populus tremuloides) and willow (Salix spp.) as a food source and building material. A follow up survey in 1953 found 6 NR sites, but none of the earlier sites from the 1920s were active and no aspen use was reported. Some locations were reported from the park interior. A limited ground survey was conducted in 1979–80. In 1988–89 and 1994 two incomplete, mostly ground surveys were conducted and estimated 71 and 44 colonies, respectively, in YNP. In 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2009 complete, park-wide aerial surveys were conducted and active colonies ranged from 44 (1996) to 127 (2007) with an increasing trend. Therefore, in a period of about 90 years (1920s—2000s) the beaver population in the northern portion of the park appears to have declined then increased probably because of a willow recovery.
Gene-environment interaction of genome-wide association study-identified susceptibility loci and meat-cooking mutagens in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Meat-cooking mutagens may be associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. In the current study, the authors examined associations between meat-cooking mutagens, genetic susceptibility variants, and risk of RCC. METHODS The authors used 659 newly diagnosed RCC cases and 699 healthy controls to investigate the association between dietary intake of meat-cooking mutagens and RCC. They examined whether associations varied by risk factors for RCC and genetic susceptibility variants previously identified from genome-wide association studies. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using tertiles of intake of dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/heterocyclic amines. RESULTS Dietary intake of the mutagenic compounds 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo-(4,5-f) quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-1 methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP) were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of RCC (odds ratios across tertiles: 1.00 [referent], 1.28 [95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.74], and 1.95 [95% confidence interval, 1.43-2.66] [P for trend <.001], respectively; and 1.00 [referent], 1.41 [95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.90], and 1.54 [95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.07] [P for trend =.02], respectively). The authors observed evidence of interactions between PhIP and RCC susceptibility variants in 2 genes: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 2 (ITPR2) (rs718314; multiplicative P for interaction = .03 and additive P for interaction =.002) and endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1) (rs7579899; additive P for interaction =.06). CONCLUSIONS The intake of meat may increase the risk of RCC through mechanisms related to the cooking compounds MeIQx and PhIP. These associations may be modified by genetic susceptibility to RCC. Further research is necessary to understand the biological mechanisms underlying these interactions. Cancer 2016;122:108–115. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Spontaneous number representation in semi–free–ranging rhesus monkeys

Previous research has shown that animals possess considerable numerical abilities. However, this work was based on experiments involving extensive training, a small number of captive subjects and relatively artificial testing procedures. We present the results of experiments on over 200 semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys using a task which involves no training and mimics a natural foraging problem. The subjects observed two experimenters place pieces of apple, one at a time, into each of two opaque containers. The experimenters then walked away so that the subjects could approach. The monkeys chose the container with the greater number of apple slices when the comparisons were one versus two, two versus three, three versus four and three versus five slices. They failed at four versus five, four versus six, four versus eight and three versus eight slices. Controls established that it was the representation of number which underlay their successful choices rather than the amount of time spent placing apple pieces into the box or the volume of apple placed in the box. The failures at values greater than three slices stand in striking contrast to other animal studies where training was involved and in which far superior numerical abilities were demonstrated. The range of success achieved by rhesus monkeys in this spontaneous-number task matches the range achieved by human infants and corresponds to the range encoded in the syntax of natural languages.
Long-term safety and efficacy follow-up of prophylactic higher fluence collagen cross-linking in high myopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultraviolet A irradiation cross-linking on completion for cases of high myopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).
To overprovision or to share via QoS-aware resource management?

With the rapid progress in processor speeds and large network bandwidth availability, it is legitimate to ask the following question: Do we still need quality of service (QoS) mechanisms and policies for shared high-performance distributed computing when timely guarantees are required for their applications? Many researchers believe that through overprovisioning each application will get its QoS without any specific mechanisms and policies. This paper argues that even with overprovisioning we do not achieve always QoS guarantees, especially in the timing domain. By discussing and analyzing currently evolving QoS-aware resource management in a shared computing and communication environment, we show the necessity of QoS provision and its role in high-performance distributed computing environments.
Bianisotropic negative-index metamaterial embedded in a symmetric medium

In order to more clearly observe the bianisotropic effects due to fabrication-induced structural asymmetries in negative-index metamaterials based on a fishnet structure, it is necessary to measure the optical properties with symmetric substrate and superstrate bounding layers. This is accomplished in this report using an index-matching fluid and identical substrate and superstrate glass materials.
Age Invariance in Feeling of Knowing During Implicit Interference Effects

Objectives. Prior research found age invariance in accuracy of delayed judgments of learning accuracy (Eakin, D. K., & Hertzog, C. [2006]. Release from implicit interference in memory and metamemory: Older adults know that they can’t let go. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 61, 340 – 347). We tested whether aging affects accuracy of feeling of knowing (FOK) predictions under implicit interference. Discrepancies in the literature suggest that FOKs sometimes are and sometimes are not affected by aging. In addition, because the effects of implicit interference are different on recognition than on recall, older adults may have diffi culty ignoring the impact of interference on recall in order to accurately predict the lack of interference effects on recognition. Method. Younger and older adults studied cue-target pairs and cue set size varied. After a cued recall test, they made FOKs about future recognition of the target given the cue and then took a recognition test. Results. Neither younger nor older adults were able to predict recognition of unrecalled items. FOKs were more correlated with recall than with recognition for both age groups. Although both recall and recognition varied with age, no age differences were obtained in FOK accuracy. Discussion. FOK accuracy was not impaired with age, even when memory was. FOKs of both younger and older adults refl ected implicit interference effects in recall, not recognition.
Reducing the Delay Between Stroke Onset and Hospital Arrival: Is It an Achievable Goal?

In this issue of the Journal of the American Heart Association ( JAHA), Addo and colleagues[1][1] report on prehospital delay by using data from the South London Stroke Registry, a high-quality population-based acute stroke registry that collected data on more than 2000 first-time stroke events over
The views of Bangladeshi immigrants on the police in New York City

Public perceptions of the police have important implications for both scholars and police administrators. While a growing body of research deals with perceptions of the police, including immigrants' perceptions, there is a need to explore the factors associated with different immigrant groups' perceptions of the police. One group that has not been previously studied is Bangladeshi immigrants, a relatively new but rapidly growing group in the USA. Relying on a purposive convenience sample of 202 Bangladeshi immigrants from six areas in the New York City, this study examined factors that affected Bangladeshi immigrants' positive view on the police. Bangladeshi women held greater positive views, as did participants who had a friend or family member who worked in law enforcement. Increases in educational level were associated with more positive views on the police, while recent contact with the police was linked with less favorable views. Finally, feeling that contact with the police would place a person in d...
Unbound by Law: Keith Aoki as Our Avatar

Introducing the memorial symposium in the Oregon Law Review for the late Professor Keith Aoki, who taught at Oregon from 1993 to 2006, we frame the contributions of invited scholars who address Keith’s impact on the law and legal academy through his prolific work on diverse areas of law — intellectual property, local government, critical geography, Asian American jurisprudence, immigration and critical Latina/o jurisprudence. Collectively, the pieces evidence a scholar armed with an unwavering commitment to critical analysis and social justice, while wielding a vast array of cultural and intellectual influences from his career as an artist. Given Keith’s legacy as a beloved mentor to scholars junior and senior and his record as selfless, abundantly generous, courageous, tireless, and creative, we pose the question in this introduction of whether it is possible for someone with all these values and virtues to even exist in academia.
Experiences with active learning in CS 3

We report on our experiences with transforming CS 3 to an active-learning format. We have now had three separate instructors at our institution begin to integrate active learning into the course. Their approaches to integrating active learning and their experiences with it were quite different. We describe the various approaches of the instructors to the transition, provide synopses of the most effective active-learning exercises that were used, and summarize the lessons learned from these experiences. We expect that this information will be useful to anyone that desires to incorporate active learning into his or her CS 3 or similar course.
Relation of Fall Moult of Leghorn Pullets to Month of Hatch

Abstract Part I. On many farms, eggs are hatched in February in order to get pullets for early fall egg production. On other farms they are hatched in April and May in order to avoid a fall moult in pullets. From the records kept for three years of Leghorn pullets at Purdue University the indications are that the month of hatch is not necessarily the limiting factor for fall moult of pullets. Beginning October 1, 1916 for the first year and continuing every two weeks until all the pullets had finished their moult, observations were made of fifty-four pullets. Thirty-three, or 61 per cent went through a partial or complete moult. Twenty-seven of the thrty-three were March hatched. The balance, or six, were April hatched. Considering the twenty-one birds which did not moult, thirteen were March hatched and eight April hatched. On the basis of the total, fifty-four birds, 67½ per …
Fibroblast growth factor 23 in acute kidney injury.

Purpose of reviewTo review the emerging literature on changes in fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels in the setting of acute kidney injury (AKI).Recent findingsStudies suggest that FGF23 levels are elevated in patients with AKI and correlate with increased risk of death or need for dialysis i
Measuring Counterargument: A Review and Critique of the most Popular Techniques

The manuscript offers a review and critique of the most popular techniques (the thought listing process; the recognition check-off procedure; the closed-ended question measures; and the mechanical testing measures) currently used to assess the concept of counterarguing in the cross-disciplinary literature of the social sciences. The advantages and drawbacks of each technique are summarized. Subsequently, recent empirical findings comparing the differential effectiveness of some of the above techniques in different domains are reviewed and discussed. Furthermore, empirical evidence is examined pertaining to the effectiveness and importance of using multi-technique strategies when attempting to capture the concept of counterarguing. Finally, implications are drawn and recommendations are proposed for how to more effectively measure the concept of counterarguing.
Electrophysiology of the Mitochondrial Apoptosis-Induced Channel, MAC

MAC is distinct from typical ion channels in its huge pore diameter of 4–6 nm and poor ion selectivity. Although it has been identified during intracellular recordings, MAC is typically studied by patch-clamping mitochondria isolated from apoptotic cells. This mega-channel assembles in the outer membrane of mitochondria containing the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and/or Bak in response to apoptotic signals. Typically, MAC formation requires assembly of 8–10 molecules of Bax and/or Bak within the outer membrane to achieve a pore size sufficient to release folded 3 nm cytochrome c from the space between the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes. Several compounds have been identified as MAC activators, e.g., BH3-only mimetics, and MAC inhibitors, e.g. iMAC2, and these small molecules are being used to further dissect the apoptotic process. MAC is a novel therapeutic target for a variety of diseases including cancer, infarcts, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Ion beam divergence characteristics of three-grid accelerator systems

A comprehensive experimental investigation of the geometrical and operating conditions which affect most strongly the ion beam divergence of three-grid accelerator systems is presented. Three-grid accelerator systems are shown to offer significant improvements in ion beam focusing over two-grid accelerator systems. These improvements are greatest for low, but limited, net-to-total accelerating voltage ratio ranges and small screen-to-accelerator grid separation ratios (i.e., high perveance grid sets). Ion beam focusing gains are negligible at a net-to-total accelerating voltage ratio near unity. Low decelerator grid impingement currents and low ion beam divergence angles require that the decelerator hole diameter be about twenty five percent larger than the accelerator hole diameter, also that the decelerator grid be spaced as close as is practically possible to the accelerator grid.
The effect on blood coagulation of the exclusive use of transfusions of frozen red cells during and after cardiopulmonary bypass.

The essentially indefinite storage life of previously frozen erythrocytes (PFE), combined with the virtual freedom from hepatitis, high 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) content, and low level of HL-A antigens, should make its use in open-heart surgery attractive. However, since the suspension medium for PFE is usually saline, the potential exists for creating a hemorrhagic diathesis by accentuating the dilution of plasma procoagulants by the pump prime. To test this possibility, we used PFE exclusively in transfusing a group of 13 open-heart surgery patients; they were given no plasma or platelets. A control group of 12 open-heart surgery patients were transfused with only shelf blood. Determinations of prothrombin times (PT), partial thromboplastin times (PTT), platelets, and fibrinogen were done at various intervals. No clinically significant differences between the two groups were seen in any of these parameters at any interval, and there was no significant difference between the groups in amount of chest tube drainage or transfusions in the first 24 hours. It is concluded that most open-heart surgery can be safely performed exclusively with frozen blood.
Fermi surface of ferromagnetic EuB 6

We have determined the Fermi surface and effective masses of electronic carriers in ferromagnetic EuB{sub 6} from pulsed field magnetization and steady field torque Landau quantum oscillatory measurements. To aid in the interpretation of the measurements, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer measurements of the overall magnetization were made on the same samples. The results are consistent with recent electronic structure calculations and show both an electron and a hole pocket located at the {ital X} point in the Brillouin zone. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Intraoperative Neurophysiology and Methodologies Used to Monitor the Functional Integrity of the Motor System

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the intraoperative neurophysiology and methodologies used to monitor the functional integrity of the motor system. Spinal cord to spinal cord is a technique that operates with nonselective electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and with nonselective recordings of elicited potentials from the spinal cord. It is used to record signals from the spinal cord regardless of the direction of propagation of the action potentials. The evoked potentials recorded from the spinal cord using this technique are the electrical sum of the activity from multiple pathways. Spinal cord to peripheral nerve is a technique that operates with nonselective stimulation of the spinal cord and selective recordings from the peripheral nerves or muscles. A single-pulse stimulating technique involves a single electrical stimulus applied transcranially or over the uncovered motor cortex while the descending volley of the corticospinal tract (CT) is recorded over the spinal cord as a direct wave. A multipulse stimulating technique involves a short train of five to seven electrical stimuli applied transcranially.