cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMR structural characterization from one-bond 13C ? 13C couplings: Complete assignment of a hydrogen-poor depsidone

The connectivity, conformation, tautomeric form, and dynamics of a new depsidone (perisalazinic acid) were characterized using one-bond 13 C13 C NMR scalar couplings (1 JCC ) obtained from the INADEQUATE experiment. Characterization of perisalazinic acid using more conventional NMR techniques is problematic due to the extremely limited number of CH protons present. In the present study, 81 candidate structures were considered and a best fit structure was selected by comparing computed 1 JCC values for each candidate to 15 experimental values. Of the six flexible moieties in perisalazinic acid, three are adequately represented by a single orientation stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The three remaining groups are present as mixtures of conformers with two sites consisting of a pair of conformations and another disordered over six orientations. This study demonstrates the feasibility of complete three-dimensional structural characterization of an unknown using only theoretical and experimental 1 JCC values.
The Face of Medicine Is Not My Face…But, It Should Be.

The “face of medicine” is a term commonly used to describe the leaders and decision-makers of medicine. Medical ethics often discuss past historical atrocities committed by the “face of medicine,” such as the American eugenics movement and medical experimentation. However, a great irony persists: the “faces of medicine” do not resemble the faces of the oppressed populations. Nevertheless, the discussion of white supremacy and systemic racism, structures which fueled historical medical atrocities, is often omitted. This reflection discusses the need for education, conversation, and action surrounding these topics to adequately combat racial and ethnic health disparities. We also argue that the decision-makers of medicine should be a diverse group of stakeholders, thereby representative of and personally invested in a diverse group of populations.
#jesuisparis?: An Appeal to Hypocrisy and Justifications for Mass Casualty Violence

We draw from Sykes and Matza’s techniques of neutralization theory to interpret how Islamic State and the Levant (ISIL) soft-sympathizers justify violence perpetrated by ISIL. Data come from Tweets associated with ISIL-affiliated accounts that occurred within 24 hours of three high-profile ISIL-attributed attacks: Paris, Nice, and Orlando. Our findings suggest that condemnation of the condemners was a particularly salient neutralization technique used to point out the perverse motives and inconsistent behaviors of Western armed forces, media, and the public. More specifically, we found that the condemnation of the condemners was underlined by three specific claims: (1) comparable violence, (2) selective silence, and (3) differential humanity. Together, these claims intended to display the perceived hypocrisy of ISIL condemners, to undermine the moral credibility of the West, and to serve as the foundation for justifying ISIL-attributed violence. We conclude with theoretical implications and suggestions for policy and practice.
Listening to the Body: Interoception through Gaga Movement Language

As an embodied species, the basis of human emotion lies within the physiological body. The internal state of the body, determined by activity from the viscera, must be perceived by the bidirectional communication between the mind and the body through a process known as interoception. As an emerging area of research, interoception suggests that the perception and awareness of internal organ function contributes to empathy and emotional-regulation. Improving interoceptive awareness presents clinical opportunities in the treatment of diagnoses that involve emotional dysregulation such as anxiety and depression. Due to the introspective nature of Gaga movement language, a movement style within the field of dance, Gaga classes can provide potential therapeutic mechanisms for improving interoceptive awareness. Dance intrinsically utilizes interoception by using the body as an outward expression of inward sensations. However Gaga classes, offered for both dancers and non-dancers, elicits movement from an attention to the body on a molecular level. Through the lens of Gaga language and its particular emphasis on deep listening to the body, this paper demonstrates that Gaga movement language stimulates the development of interoceptive awareness and can expand the current literature on interoception and its clinical roles in emotional regulation.
Nanotechnology for virus treatment

The continued emergence of novel viruses poses a significant threat to global health. Uncontrolled outbreaks can result in pandemics that have the potential to overburden our healthcare and economic systems. While vaccination is a conventional modality that can be employed to promote herd immunity, antiviral vaccines can only be applied prophylactically and do little to help patients who have already contracted viral infections. During the early stages of a disease outbreak when vaccines are unavailable, therapeutic antiviral drugs can be used as a stopgap solution. However, these treatments do not always work against emerging viral strains and can be accompanied by adverse effects that sometimes outweigh the benefits. Nanotechnology has the potential to overcome many of the challenges facing current antiviral therapies. For example, nanodelivery vehicles can be employed to drastically improve the pharmacokinetic profile of antiviral drugs while reducing their systemic toxicity. Other unique nanomaterials can be leveraged for their virucidal or virus-neutralizing properties. In this review, we discuss recent developments in antiviral nanotherapeutics and provide a perspective on the application of nanotechnology to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and future virus pandemics.
Concepts, Practices, and Interactive Tutorial for Allosteric Network Analysis of Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Over the past decade, concepts of network theory in combination with dynamical information from conformational ensembles have been widely applied to gain insights in understanding allosteric regulation in biomolecules. In this chapter, we introduce the basic theories and protocols used in protein dynamics network analysis through a series of interactive python Jupyter notebook scripts. While various network analysis methods exist in the literature, here we focus on the two popular methods based on correlated atomic motions and pairwise interaction energies. While the tutorial is based on a small prototypic protein, the workflow and protocol introduced here are optimized to handle large membrane proteins.
Maximal Expression of Foxl2 in Pituitary Gonadotropes Requires Ovarian Hormones

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and activin regulate synthesis of FSH and ultimately fertility. Recent in vivo studies cast SMAD4 and FOXL2 as master transcriptional mediators of activin signaling that act together and independently of GnRH to regulate Fshb gene expression and female fertility. Ovarian hormones regulate GnRH and its receptor (GNRHR) through negative and positive feedback loops. In contrast, the role of ovarian hormones in regulating activin, activin receptors, and components of the activin signaling pathway, including SMAD4 and FOXL2, remains understudied. The widespread distribution of activin and many of its signaling intermediates complicates analysis of the effects of ovarian hormones on their synthesis in gonadotropes, one of five pituitary cell types. We circumvented this complication by using a transgenic model that allows isolation of polyribosomes selectively from gonadotropes of intact females and ovariectomized females treated with or without a GnRH antagonist. This paradigm allows assessment of ovarian hormonal feedback and distinguishes responses that are either independent or dependent on GnRH. Surprisingly, our results indicate that Foxl2 levels in gonadotropes decline significantly in the absence of ovarian input and independently of GnRH. Expression of the genes encoding other members of the activin signaling pathway are unaffected by loss of ovarian hormonal feedback, highlighting their selective effect on Foxl2. Expression of Gnrhr, a known target of FOXL2, also declines upon ovariectomy consistent with reduced expression of Foxl2 and loss of ovarian hormones. In contrast, Fshb mRNA increases dramatically post-ovariectomy due to increased compensatory input from GnRH. Together these data suggest that ovarian hormones regulate expression of Foxl2 thereby expanding the number of genes controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis that ultimately dictate reproductive fitness.
RNA Polymerase and Transcription Factors

Gene expression in bacteria is regulated primarily at the level of transcription. Transcription and its regulation have been studied extensively in several gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, but mostly neglected in gram-positive bacteria. The major exception is Bacillus subtilis, which because of its amenability to genetic analysis has served as a paradigm for understanding transcription in gram-positive bacteria. This chapter attempts to provide an overview of the roles of the major families of proteins required for transcription and its regulation in B. subtilis. Emphasis is placed on comparing the roles of these factors in B. subtilis and gram-negative bacteria. The nusA product from E. coli, associates with RNA polymerase after initiation of transcription and remains associated with the elongation complex. The sigma subunit of RNA polymerase determines the specificity of promoter utilization. There are at least 10 different sigma factors in B. subtilis, each of which directs RNA polymerase to a different set of promoters. Two regions in most sigma factors in bacteria probably determine the specificity of promoter utilization by making sequence-specific contacts at two regions of promoters located approximately 10 and 35 bp upstream from the start point of transcription. Examples of the use of altered specificity mutations in sigma factors to determine the role of these factors during sporulation are also described.
Detection of Schistosome Ova by Dark Field Fluorescence Microscopy

Summary Dark field fluorescence microscopy with specific filter combinations provides a simple means for rapid detection of schistosome ova and egg fragments in infected tissue.
Measuring Sexual Relationship Power in HIV/STD Research

This article introduces a theoretically based and validated measure of relationship power dynamics: the Sexual Relationship Power Scale (SRPS). Focus groups were conducted to generate items for Spanish- and English-language scales. The SRPS was administered to a census of women (N = 388) at a community health clinic. All respondents had a primary male partner; they were mostly Latina (89%), with mean age 27 years. The 23-item SRPS possesses good internal reliability (coefficient alpha = .84 for English version, .88 for Spanish version) and predictive and construct validity. Factor analyses support two subscales: Relationship Control and Decision-Making Dominance. As hypothesized, the SRPS was inversely associated with physical violence and directly associated with education and consistent condom use (p < .05).
Epigenetic susceptibility factors for prostate cancer with aging

BACKGROUND Increasing age is a significant risk factor for prostate cancer. The prostate is exposed to environmental and endogenous stress that may underlie this remarkable incidence. DNA methylation, genomic imprinting, and histone modifications are examples of epigenetic factors known to undergo change in the aging and cancerous prostate. In this review we examine the data linking epigenetic alterations in the prostate with aging to cancer development. METHODS An online search of current and past peer reviewed literature on epigenetic changes with cancer and aging was performed. Relevant articles were analyzed. RESULTS Epigenetic changes are responsible for modifying expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Several of these changes may represent a field defect that predisposes to cancer development. Focal hypermethylation occurs at CpG islands in the promoters of certain genes including GSTP1, RARβ2, and RASSF1A with both age and cancer, while global hypomethylation is seen in prostate cancer and known to occur in the colon and other organs. A loss of genomic imprinting is responsible for biallelic expression of the well-known Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) gene. Loss of imprinting (LOI) at IGF2 has been documented in cancer and is also known to occur in benign aging prostate tissue marking the presence of cancer. Histone modifications have the ability to dictate chromatin structure and direct gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic changes with aging represent molecular mechanisms to explain the increased susceptibly of the prostate to develop cancer in older men. These changes may provide an opportunity for diagnostic and chemopreventive strategies given the epigenome can be modified. Prostate 73:1721–1730, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Negligible effect of hydrogen content on plate strength in East Africa

Continental rifting is thought to occur in particularly hydrous plates. Magnetotelluric images of the East African Rift, however, reveal that the rift is anhydrous, implying that hydrogen content is not a primary control on plate strength.
A Critical Review of the Empirical Literature: Identifying Correlates of Child Neglect

More than half the children in the United States who were victims of maltreatment in 2000 were victims of neglect (USDHHS, 2002). The majority of all child maltreatment related fatalities in 2000 were the result of neglect (USDHHS, 2002), and 27.8% of these fatalities were associated with both physical abuse and neglect (USDHH, 2002). Neglected children are more likely to be younger children (USDHHS, 2000), and the highest rate of child fatality due to maltreatment is between the ages of zero and five (Petit & Curtis, 1997; Gustavsson & Segal, 1994; USDHHS, 1999). The purpose of this article is to present the findings of a systematic review of the research on child neglect from 1990 to 2002. The review critiques method and synthesizes of the current body of knowledge on child neglect.
Willingness to engage in casual sex

Sexually dimorphic mate selection strategies were examined in 200 university students reporting their willingness to engage in casual sexual encounters with hypothetical individuals of the opposite sex. Using a questionnaire format, the possibility of forming a long-term relationship was manipulated, while risk of disease, pregnancy, and detection was eliminated across all conditions. In addition, potential partners varied in level of attractiveness, and in personality and behavioral characteristics. As expected, men reported a greater anticipated willingness to engage in sexual intercourse across all conditions compared with women. The possibility of forming a long-term relationship elevated women’s, but not men’s, willingness for sexual intercourse. While a potential partner’s attractiveness had a significant positive overall effect on responses, reducing their relative attractiveness had a greater negative impact on men’s responses. Reference to the parental qualities of a potential partner significantly increased women’s, but not men’s, anticipated willingness for sexual intercourse. Describing a hypothetical partner as non-aggressive (safe) marginally increased women’s willingness (p<.09) and did not affect men’s responses. The wording of items relevant to this condition may have resulted in the potential partner sounding "wimpy" rather than nonaggressive, and this may have reduced the expected effect of this manipulation. The possibility that women may trade off personality and behavioral characteristics with attractiveness to a greater degree than men when assessing potential mates is considered.
Role of conserved gp41 cysteine residues in the processing of human immunodeficiency virus envelope precursor and viral infectivity.

Abstract All animal retroviruses whose nucleotide sequences have been determined contain two or three closely spaced cysteine residues in the extracellular domain of the env-encoded transmembrane protein. Using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 as a working model, the functional significance of these highly conserved cysteines was investigated. We report here that substituting the two conserved cysteine residues in this domain of gp41 with glycine residues resulted in the loss of viral infectivity, which could be attributed to severe impairment in the processing of gp160 precursor to gp120.
Metabolites of monoamines in urine and cerebrospinal fluid, after large dose amphetamine administration.

Four physically healthy non-schizophrenic amphetamine abusers volunteered to ingest amphetamine in large doses and to cooperate with behavioral assessments, urine collections and to undergo lumbar punctures before and after dong so. The effects of administered amphetamine on behavior and on urine and cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl glycol (MHPG) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) are presented and discussed with regard to the findings of other investigators.
Student performance and subsequent effort increment investment: do students behave like producers?

We developed three hypotheses and a case study involving a sample of 203 students enrolled in four introductory microeconomics classes during the spring semesters of 2007 and 2009 to examine the effects of prior exam performance on increments for current in- and out-of-classroom efforts toward future exams. We found that students’ prior exam performance is an important and significant signal of students’ decisions to invest more or fewer in-/out-of-classroom efforts on the next exam. These findings also indirectly imply that many students may behave like producers in evaluating their previous production outcome and then deciding on a level of effort to invest in current production. In addition, we found that weaker students relative to stronger students could invest fewer efforts when they received poor exam grades. Comparing weaker students with stronger students, weaker students would be more likely to behave like producers.
Increasing Safety Belt Use: Effects of Modeling and Trip Length1

Effects of modeling on car safety belt use were investigated in a field experiment. Modeling, anticipated trip length, and gender of the model were manipulated in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Sixty-four female college students were told that they were to participate in an experiment that would take place in another location, requiring a drive either of less than one mile or of several miles. The driver either used or did not use a safety belt. Subjects' belt use was significantly related to the model's behavior. When the driver used a safety belt, 77.4% of the subjects used one; when the driver did not use a safety belt, only 313% of the subjects used one. A significant effect for trip length was also found. In the long trip condition, 71.9% of the subjects used a belt; in the short trip condition, 35.5% used one. Results are interpreted as support for a social learning theory approach to increasing voluntary safety belt use.
Lithium and Hematopoietic Toxicity

Studies are described that demonstrate the ability of lithium (Li) to enhance total peripheral blood neutrophil, platelet and stem cell (CFU-S, CFU-MIX, CFU-GM and CFU-MEG) populations from mice admin
The diffusion of heavy interstitial atoms in the absence of a particle density gradient

The diffusivity D of interstitial atoms in the absence of a particle density gradient has been calculated by a method combining the results of Absolute Rate Theory and cumulant expansion techniques. The results have been shown to be in accord with measurements of D on C-diffusion in austenite.
A Modified Doolittle Approach for Multiple and Partial Correlation and Regression

Abstract A method for obtaining multiple and partial correlation and regression coefficients on desk calculators is presented that is efficient and highly flexible. Insofar as possible, the computations parallel those used when fitting interrelated systems of equations by the limited information approach. This method is easier for beginners to understand than the usual Doolittle approach because no back solution is required. Efficient methods for (1) coding the data, (2) interchanging, adding or eliminating variables, and (3) obtaining standard errors of the function or of forecasts are included. * This paper was prepared while the author was on the staff of the Agricultural Marketing Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Glycerol metabolism in the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis

1. When adult Dirofilaria immitis were incubated up to 60 min in a medium containing physiological concentrations of glycerol and glucose, the mean amount of free glycerol present did not change significantly. 2. [14C]2-glycerol disappeared from media in which 1 g heartworms were incubated at a linear rate of about 0.7 mumol/hr/g during the first hour. 3. 85-95% of the radioactivity in the Folch extract remained in the aqueous phase. 4. Phosphoglycerides and diacylglycerols accounted for better than 90% of the 14C in the lipids. 5. The rate of glycerol conversion to lactate was only about 0.02% of the rate of glucose conversion under experimental conditions. 6. The data indicate that, although dog heartworms do utilize glycerol as a substrate in glycolysis, it is probably of more importance in lipid synthesis.
Vibrational and quasiharmonic thermal properties of CaO under pressure

We have investigated by first principles the phonon dispersions of CaO across its pressure induced phase transformation from the B1 ~NaCl structure! to the B2 ~CsCl structure! phase. Beyond their stability fields we have uncovered phonon instabilities that should be associated with this phase transition. We have also used these dispersions in conjunction with the quasiharmonic approximation ~QHA! to calculate several thermodynamic properties in both phases. Comparisons between the predicted properties with experimental measurements and with similar properties of MgO indicate that the QHA is quite unsatisfactory for CaO. Despite this, the calculated transition pressure at room temperature falls within the range of measurements. This transition is shown to have a negative Clapeyron slope.
Increased risk of breast cancer in splenectomized patients undergoing radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease

Abstract Purpose: Second malignancies have been reported among patients who were treated by radiation therapy or chemotherapy alone or in combination. Studies have implied an increased risk of breast cancer in women who received radiotherapy as part of their treatment for Hodgkin's disease. This review was performed to determine if there is an association between splenectomy and subsequent cancer. Methods and Materials: One hundred and thirthy-six females patients with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease were seen in the Division of Radiation Oncology between 1962 and 1985. All patients received mantle or mediastinal irradiation as part of their therapy. The risk of breast cancer was assessed and multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the following variables: patient age, stage, dose and extent of radiation field, time after completing radiation therapy, splenectomy, and chemotherapy. Results: Breast cancer was observed in 11 of 74 splenectomized patients and in none of 62 patients not splenectomized. The mean follow-up was 13 years in splenectomized patients and 16 years, 7 months in nonsplenectomized patients. Nine patients developed invasive breast cancer and two developed ductal carcinoma in situ . Splenectomy was the only variable independently associated with an increased risk of breast cancer ( p p Conclusion: Our data show an increased risk of breast cancer in splenectomized patients who had treatment for Hodgkin's disease. A multiinstitutional survey may better define the influence of splenectomy relative to developing breast cancer in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. The risk of breast cancer should be considered when recommending staging laparotomy, and we recommend close follow-up examination including routine mammograms for female patients successfully treated for Hodgkin's disease.
Short-term travel time prediction

Abstract Effective prediction of travel times is central to many advanced traveler information and transportation management systems. In this paper we propose a method to predict freeway travel times using a linear model in which the coefficients vary as smooth functions of the departure time. The method is straightforward to implement, computationally efficient and applicable to widely available freeway sensor data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by applying the method to two real-life loop detector data sets. The first data set––on I-880––is relatively small in scale, but very high in quality, containing information from probe vehicles and double loop detectors. On this data set the prediction error ranges from 5% for a trip leaving immediately to 10% for a trip leaving 30 min or more in the future. Having obtained encouraging results from the small data set, we move on to apply the method to a data set on a much larger spatial scale, from Caltrans District 12 in Los Angeles. On this data set, our errors range from about 8% at zero lag to 13% at a time lag of 30 min or more. We also investigate several extensions to the original method in the context of this larger data set.
Fast multiresolution motion vector estimation for video coding by using spatial correlation

In this paper, we propose a new fast algorithm for motion vector (MV) estimation based on the correlation of MVs existing in spatially adjacent and hierarchically related blocks. We select a set of MV candidates from the MV information obtained at coarser resolution level and its spatially neighboring blocks in the same level, and then perform further local search to refine the MV result. Experiments are performed for several test video sequences to demonstrate its excellent performance. The proposed algorithm achieves a speed-up factor ranging from 140 to 200 with only 2-8% MSE increase in comparison with the full search block matching algorithm.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The dilemma of whether to inject the navicular bursa

PALMAR foot pain represents an important condition in horses, frequently requiring a broad therapeutic approach, as summarised in a paper by Manfredi and others (2012) on p 643 of this issue of Veterinary Record . Management options range from supportive treatments, in the form of corrective trimming and remedial shoeing, to systemic and local administration of anti-inflammatories, tiludronate, extracorporeal shock wave therapy or, in the most refractory cases, palmar digital neurectomies (Rijkenhuizen 2006). The key to successful long-term management is knowledge of the exact nature of the condition; palmar foot pain is a clinical sign and not a diagnosis. Often defined by the response of the palmar digital nerves (PDN) to analgesia, many different conditions may fall into this category such that this blocking pattern would more aptly be regarded as an indicator of foot pain instead (Schumacher and others 2004, Dyson and others 2005, Murray and others 2006). To name only a few conditions, horses with lameness due to solar bruises, osteoarthritis/synovitis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, deep digital flexor (DDF) tendinopathy, navicular bone disease or navicular bursitis typically improve greatly when this nerve block is applied, while a partial response might be achieved in horses with collateral ligament desmitis of the DIP joint and more extensive DDF tendon injuries. Advanced diagnostics (with the gold standard being MRI) are …
FINDMOL: automated identification of macromolecules in electron-density maps.

Automating the determination of novel macromolecular structures via X-ray crystallographic methods involves building a model into an electron-density map. Unfortunately, the conventional crystallographic asymmetric unit volumes are usually not well matched to the biological molecular units. In most cases, the facets of the asymmetric unit cut the molecules into a number of disconnected fragments, rendering interpretation by the crystallographer significantly more difficult. The FINDMOL algorithm is designed to quickly parse the arrangement of trace points (pseudo-atoms) derived from a skeletonized electron-density map without requiring higher level prior information such as sequence information or number of molecules in the asymmetric unit. The algorithm was tested with a variety of density-modified maps computed with medium- to low-resolution data. Typically, the resulting volume resembles the biological unit. In the remaining cases the number of disconnected fragments is very small. In all examples, secondary-structural elements such as α-helices or β-sheets are easily identifiable in the defragmented arrangement. FINDMOL can greatly assist a crystallographer during manual model building or in cases where automatic model building can only build partial models owing to limitations of the data such as low resolution and/or poor phases.
Lattice calculation of nucleon axial form factors

Abstract Preliminary results on the isovector and isoscalar axial-vector form factors of the proton from a lattice QCD calculation are presented and discussed. The results are based on a quenched 16 3 × 24 lattice at β = 6.0 with Wilson fermions at κ = 0.152. Results from the smeared source are compared with those from the point source. It is found that the smeared source gives somewhat better results at zero momentum transfer but worse results at high momentum transfers. Our results also suggest that the quark loop contribution to the flavor-singlet axial-vector current may play an important role in understanding the quark-spin content of the proton as determined from the recent EMC experiment.
The feminization of the Canadian pharmacy workforce: A gender analysis of graduates from a Canadian school of pharmacy

Background: There is limited information available regarding the impact of the feminization of the pharmacy workforce in Canada. Methods: Using data from a cross-sectional mailed survey, we examined gender differences among 289 pharmacists who graduated between 1990 and 2007 from pharmacy school in Newfoundland and Labrador. Results: Of the 114 male and 175 female respondents, a larger proportion of females than males graduated after 2000 (21.1% vs 13.3%), worked part-time (8.6% vs 1.8%), were staff pharmacists (66.3% vs 47.4%), earned $70,000 or less per year (28.0% vs 17.7%) and rated opportunities for job advancement as not important in choosing their current job (22.5% vs 12.3%). Female pharmacists also worked fewer hours than their male counterparts (mean 37.6 vs 41.3 hours). These differences were more pronounced among older female pharmacists (graduated in the 1990s). Conclusion: Gender and age should be considered when predicting an effective supply of pharmacists to meet current and future workforce demands.
Influence of Diet-Mediated Maternal Thyroid Alterations on Hatchability and Metabolism of Turkey Embryos

Abstract Large White turkey breeder hens from a strain exhibiting poor hatchability were fed thyroid-altering diets. The following dietary treatments were fed to randomized groups of hens for 15 wk of egg laying: 1) 16.5% protein turkey breeder diet (control), 2) the control diet containing 2.1 ppm supplemental iodine, 3) the control diet containing .1% thiouracil, and 4) the control diet containing .5 ppm triiodothyronine (T3). Blood samples were taken from hatching embryos from hens fed each diet. Embryonic hearts and livers were weighed prior to and during pipping as well as after hatching. Blood plasma was analyzed for thyroxine (T4), T3, and glucose. Livers were assayed for glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Supplemental maternal dietary iodine elevated embryonic T4 concentrations prior to pipping. Dietary T3 and iodine increased hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity and blood plasma glucose concentration prior to pipping. Feeding thiouracil increased embryonic liver weights but decreased heart and body weights. Blood plasma T4 was elevated in embryos from hens fed thiouracil but blood glucose levels were depressed because of a lack of increased glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Feeding iodine decreased the enzyme activity at internal pipping. It is suggested from the data that maternal thyroid metabolism may influence hatchability via embryonic thyroid and carbohydrate metabolism during hatching.
Intentional Informationists: Re-envisioning Information Literacy and Re-designing Instructional Programs Around Faculty Librarians' Strengths as Campus Connectors, Information Professionals, and Course Designers

Abstract This article adds to the recent literature that questions, and hopes to redefine, the information literacy notions and practices in academic libraries and their institutions. The authors draw on research in the area of social justice to express the need for academic libraries to explore new avenues to insure their institution's graduates are not merely competent consumers of information. The authors put forward the notion of the intentional informationist, who they define as having the contextual, reflective and informational skills to identify information opportunities, tackle complex information problems and pitfalls, and provide solutions or considerations that do not just meet her individual needs. In addition, they pose questions and detail opportunities, partnerships, and examples of curricular and co-curricular integration to engage students beyond the library, instruction sessions, a single course, or graduation requirement.
Hidden Markov model based classification of structural damage

The ability to detect and classify damages in complex materials and structures is an important problem from both safety and economical perspectives. This paper develops a novel approach based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for the classification of structural damage. Our approach here is based on using HMMs for modeling the time-frequency features extracted from time-varying structural data. Unlike conventional deterministic methods, the HMM is a stochastic approach which better accounts for the uncertainties encountered in the structural problem and leads to a more robust health monitoring system. The utility of the proposed approach is demonstrated via example results for the classification of fastener damage in an aluminum plate.
The use of transgenic mice in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies

Transgenic technology has made it possible to alter the genetic make-up of a laboratory mouse through the removal or insertion of selected genes. The resulting transgenic mouse provides a means for determining the developmental and functional contributions of selected genes and the proteins they encode. The current article reviews examples of the use of transgenic mice in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. In addition to examining current applications of transgenic technology in the areas of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the potential for future advancements as well as limitations of the technology are discussed.
Knockdown of NPY Expression in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Promotes Development of Brown Adipocytes and Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in control of energy balance, but the physiological importance of NPY in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) remains unclear. Here we report that knockdown of NPY expression in the DMH by adeno-associated virus-mediated RNAi reduced fat depots in rats fed regular chow and ameliorated high-fat diet-induced hyperphagia and obesity. DMH NPY knockdown resulted in development of brown adipocytes in inguinal white adipose tissue through the sympathetic nervous system. This knockdown increased uncoupling protein 1 expression in both inguinal fat and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT). Consistent with the activation of BAT, DMH NPY knockdown increased energy expenditure and enhanced the thermogenic response to a cold environment. This knockdown also increased locomotor activity, improved glucose homeostasis, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Together, these results demonstrate critical roles of DMH NPY in body weight regulation through affecting food intake, body adiposity, thermogenesis, energy expenditure, and physical activity.
Psychiatry and religion circa 1978: Analysis of a decade, part II

Prior tensions between science and religion have dissolved and coalesced into new alliances based on ideology and philosophy. This general cultural pattern is reflected in the realignment of interests and interactions between paychiatry and religion. There are increasing numbers of mental health professionals with devout religious commitments and involvement in religiously oriented mental health activities; while clergy have developed new organizational structures to reflect many diverse mental health interests, including pastoral counseling, community mental health chaplains, hospitals chaplains, and expanded parish ministries. Clinical and research literature has continued to rapidly proliferate, while a unique genre of pastoral care and counseling literature has emerged. A decade ago there was hope for an amicable alliance between specialists in psychiatry and in religion. That irenic quest has shifted into overlapping goals and roles, with tensions between those engaged in universalistic norms and those seeking to develop particularistic norms.
Rare cause of light failure in two Macintosh blades within 2 weeks.

To the Editor: I report two instances of light failure in a Macintosh blade during direct laryngoscopy within 2 weeks. Laryngoscope malfunction is a frequently encountered equipment failure in the operating room [1]. The usual causes of laryngoscope malfunction encountered are a failing light source, defective bulb, or faulty contact between the blade and the handle or in the socket [2]. In another case, the blade separated at the weld line, causing the laryngoscope to fracture [3]. The operating rooms had been prepared by a first-year anesthesia resident. The laryngoscope (Welch Allyn fiberoptic Macintosh 4; Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA) was engaged to illuminate the light and found to be functional. The patients were brought to the operating room, and general anesthesia was induced. Bag ventilation was easy, and after adequate relaxation, direct laryngoscopy was performed. Upon insertion of the laryngoscope into the patient’s mouth, no pharyngeal illumination was obtained, and no anatomical landmarks could be seen. The laryngoscopes were removed and found to have a functioning light source present. A second insertion again showed darkness of the hypopharynx. An additional laryngoscope blade (Welch Allyn fiberoptic Miller 2) was inserted in both cases, and successful intubation was performed. Further analysis of the Macintosh blades revealed that the fiberoptic light guide had been misplaced on the wrong side of the flange (Fig. 1). Upon questioning of the anesthesia technician, it was noted that the individual frequently removes the fiberoptic channel for cleaning purposes and screwed the fiberoptic bundles back on the blade incorrectly. The fiberoptic bundles were not passed through the sidewall to the right side of the blade. The light source was misplaced on the left side of the flange, which is used to sweep the tongue to the left during direct laryngoscopy. Therefore, the light only shone onto the patient’s tongue and did not illuminate the airway. A thorough analysis of all laryngoscopes needs to be performed before use. It was also beneficial to have an additional laryngoscope blade and handle available if failure were to occur.
Constant stress elongation of soft polymers: Time and temperature studies☆

Abstract The constant-stress method recently described by Dahlquist et al. is well-suited for the study of the time and temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties. Creep data are given for polyisobutylene and GR-S rubber in the time range of 0.01 to 10 min. and the temperature range of 40 to −50°C. The data were transferred into master curves of log reduced modulus vs. log reduced time. The polyisobutylene data superposed satisfactorily using either ( a ) a time reduction method based on a constant apparent activation energy for elastic deformation, or ( b ) a time reduction method based on steady-flow viscosities. The two master curves coincide except in the short time range. In contrast to polyisobutylene, GR-S showed a considerable variation in activation energy with modulus. Three master curves are presented, the first calculated on the basis of a constant average activation energy, the second obtained by shifting individual modulus curves along the log time axis, and the third derived by assuming a linear dependence of activation energy on modulus. The scattering of the data decreases in order from the first to the third. The first and second curves coincide completely within experimental error. The third curve coincides with the first and second in the time range of 10 −2 to 10 1.5 min. but diverges considerably at time intervals less than 10 −2 min. As yet the concept of a modulus-dependent activation energy must be considered of doubtful theoretical significance.
What biological purpose is served by superoxide reductase

The recent discovery that oxygen-sensitive microbes contain superoxide reductase (SOR) activity was unexpected, but it conforms with the idea that all organisms periodically encounter oxygen and must defend themselves against reactive oxygen species. While it remains formally possible that the SOR activity of these enzymes is adventitious, most physical, distributional, and genetic data suggest that their role is indeed to scavenge superoxide. An interesting challenge, then, is to identify the presumptive advantage that superoxide reduction provides to these organisms relative to superoxide dismutation. Some potential benefits of superoxide reduction have been proposed; these and several others are considered here.
Upwelling of hydrothermal solutions through ridge flank sediments shown by pore water profiles.

High calcium ion and low magnesium ion concentrations in sediment pore waters in cores from the Galapagos Mounds Hydrothermal Field on the flank of the Galapagos Spreading Center are believed to be due to a calcium-magnesium exchange reaction between circulating seawater and basement basalt. The nonlinearity of the calcium ion and magnesium ion gradients indicates that these discharging hydrothermal solutions on the ridge flank are upwelling at the rate of about 1 centimeter per year through the pelagic sediments of the Mounds Field and at about 20 centimeters per year through the hydrothermal mounds themselves.
Hypophysectomy and growth hormone replacement effects on multiple immune responses in rats

Male Fischer 344 rats were hypophysectomized at 8 weeks of age. At 10 weeks of age, one group of these animals was treated with 40 micrograms of bovine somatotropin given daily sc for 13 days. A third group was sham-operated and injected daily with saline. All animals were sacrificed on Day 14 and multiple immune responses were assessed in each rat. Immune responses assayed included specific antibody production and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to antigen, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, and production of interleukin 2 (IL2). Body and lymphoid organ weights, hematologic parameters, and spleen cell numbers were also recorded. Hypophysectomized (Hx) rats had reduced antibody synthesis, DTH reactions, NK cytotoxicity, IL2 (or IL4) production, body and organ weights, rbc counts, packed cell volumes, and hematocrits compared to sham-operated controls. White blood cell counts were elevated. Treatment of Hx animals with GH restored antibody and IL2 production and thymic weights and partially restored DTH reactions. These data indicate the pituitary is important in maintaining normal immune functions, and part of this effect may be via production of GH. It is postulated that GH may act through stimulation of IL2 (or IL4).
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): Distribution in the brain, blood and urine of the rat

Abstract Measurement of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the rat by a radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 6 pg is described. TRH was found in high concentration in the hypothalamus, especially in the stalk median eminence (SME). Small but significant concentrations were also detected hroughout the extrahypothalmic brain. Quantitatively, these levels are substantial, and suggest that this tripeptide may have an extrathyroidal brain function. TRH was measurable in the blood only in low concentrations, but large amounts were excreted in the urine (18.4ng/day).
Nitric oxide decreases [Ca2+]i in vascular smooth muscle by inhibition of the calcium current

Endothelium derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide, or NO) activates cytoplasmic guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle and decreases vascular tone through cGMP-dependent mechanisms that are not yet understood fully. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (A7r5 cell line) sodium nitroprusside (NP), a vasodilator that decomposes into nitric oxide, lowered [Ca2+]i in cells in which [Ca2+]i was elevated after depolarization. NP decreased current through voltage-gated calcium channels, but did not affect release of calcium from intracellular stores. Hemoglobin, a scavenger of NO, reversed the effect of NP on [Ca2+]i and 8-Br-cGMP, a membrane permeant form of cGMP, mimicked the effect of NP on [Ca2+]i and on calcium currents. Thus, the signal transduction mechanism of endothelium dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle involves a decrease in [Ca2+]i by inhibition of Ca2+ entry. Relaxation or vasodilation would then result from decreased activity of myosin light chain kinase, in addition to myosin light chain dephosphorylation.
Willow pond: A decentralized low-carbon future scenario

Abstract This paper describes Willow Pond, a future residential community that is moving toward self-sufficiency. Driven by volatile food prices and supplies, volatile energy prices and supplies, economic globalization, frustration with politics, and technological convergence, the residents of Willow Pond introduced a self-sufficient structure. Home systems feature photovoltaic skins, fuel cells, and artificially intelligent home management. Local manufacturing systems feature only recyclable, reusable, and renewable materials; additive manufacturing; and sprawl farms. Willow Pond also boasts electric vehicles, immersive telecommunications, largely closed-loop water systems, redesigned community spaces, and central energy storage. Residential self-sufficiency challenges include shifting from a cash- to collaboration-based economy; managing community size to maximize efficiency; balancing technological versus human capital; and dealing with self-sufficiency versus traditional jobs, among others.
Quine on Cognitive Meaning and Normative Ethics

Rejetant la these d'O. Flanagan selon laquelle la philosophie de Quine defend une conception cognitiviste et realiste de l'ethique normative, l'A. montre que, selon Quine, les jugements moraux ne sont pas des phrases d'observation (observation sentences), c'est-a-dire qu'ils n'ont pas de signification cognitive et qu'ils ne sont ni vrais ni faux
Expression of TFAP2β and TFAP2γ genes in Xenopus laevis

The embryonic expression patterns of two additional members of the transcription factor TFAP2 family in Xenopus laevis, TFAP2beta and TFAP2gamma, are described. Both genes share overlapping expression domains with the previously characterized TFAP2alpha in this species, although differences exist. All three genes are expressed in the neural crest (NC) region at late gastrula to early neurula stages. TFAP2alpha and TFAP2gamma are also expressed in outer, epidermal cells, while TFAP2beta is essentially NC-specific. All three are induced by Wnt/beta-catenin -- BMP signals and all bind to a consensus TFAP2 recognition site from an epidermal keratin gene.