cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 4-Year Profile of Game Demands in Elite Women's Division I College Basketball.

Workload for a Division I women's collegiate basketball team (0.817 win percentage) was examined by: (a) season, (b) player position, and (c) game outcome (wins vs. losses). Female athletes (n = 6, mean 19.7 +/- 1.5 years, at beginning of study) wore Catapult S5 units during 91.8% of games over a 4-year period. Average PlayerLoad, PlayerLoad per minute (PL[middle dot]min-1), high inertial movement analysis (high-IMA), and jumps were quantified using Catapult Openfield software (version 1.14.1+). Data were checked for normality and log- or square-root-transformed when they were non-normal. A series of linear mixed model analyses were conducted to detect differences in PlayerLoad, PL[middle dot]min-1, high-IMA, and jumps by season, position, and game outcome. PL[middle dot]min-1 and jumps data were not normal, so they were transformed, analyses were run; because there were no differences in findings, data are reported in original units to allow for comparisons with other studies. Cohen's d and confidence intervals were provided as additional information about the strength of reported differences. The 3 most consistent findings were that across a 4-year period, jumps increased, PL[middle dot]min-1 was higher in guards compared with posts, and high-IMA was higher in losses compared with wins. Other workload patterns were inconsistent, and inappropriate for making conclusive statements. Therefore, comparing jumps across multiple seasons, PL[middle dot]min-1 by player position and high-IMA in losses are important; in addition, all data can be used to profile National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's basketball players and set game workload expectations.
The Dialectics of English Dominance

The Hegemony of English across the world cannot be overstated (Macedo, Dendrinos & Gounari 2016). More and more nations are encouraging, if not mandating through compulsory education requirements, that their citizens learn English (Xue & Zuo 2013). This demand for English is rising even among countries who have few native speakers of English. Importantly, making any language learning a national project carries a critical message about that language and its power. Robert Philipson (2011) points out that this growing demand and compulsory establishment of English (through schooling) can be nothing less than linguistic imperialism, with the World Bank re-introducing the historical colonial order. Nations are clamoring to learn English as quickly as possible in the hopes that doing so will boost their competitive edge on the global market (McCormick 2013). Indeed, there is evidence that English proficiency elevates the status and power of specific nations and provides individuals greater access to jobs and resources, but as Anna Odrowaz-Coates shows, in the case of Portugal and Poland, this will not happen without a significant cost to the national identity and to the identities of the people and their families and communities.
Self-regulated learning: Overview and potential future directions in geoscience

Self-regulated learning (SRL) models provide a framework for understanding the observed variance of student performance in geoscience learning contexts. Instructors can potentially use a SRL framew...
EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ON γ-RAY PULSAR GAP MODELS AND THE PULSAR GeV TO PULSAR WIND NEBULA TeV CONNECTION

The pulsar emission mechanism in the gamma ray energy band is poorly understood. Currently, there are several models under discussion in the pulsar community. These models can be constrained by studying the collective properties of a sample of pulsars, which became possible with the large sample of gamma ray pulsars discovered by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. In this paper we develop a new experimental multi-wavelength technique to determine the beaming factor dependance on spin-down luminosity of a set of GeV pulsars. This technique requires three input parameters: pulsar spin-down luminosity, pulsar phase-averaged GeV flux, and TeV or X-ray flux from the associated pulsar wind nebula (PWN). The analysis presented in this paper uses the PWN TeV flux measurements to study the correlation between and . The measured correlation has some features that favor the Outer Gap model over the Polar Cap, Slot Gap, and One Pole Caustic models for pulsar emission in the energy range of 0.1?100 GeV, but one must keep in mind that these simulated models failed to explain many of the most important pulsar population characteristics. A tight correlation between the pulsar GeV emission and PWN TeV emission was also observed, which suggests the possibility of a linear relationship between the two emission mechanisms. In this paper we also discuss a possible mechanism to explain this correlation.
Falling on One’s Sword for Truth: Deception by Ethicist Should Be Narrow

Clinical ethics consultants should show bold moral courage in discharging their duties to patients, families, and healthcare providers. Given the corrosive impact on trust, and on the appropriate d...
Sustaining or Declining Physical Activity: Reports from an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Older Adults

Over 80% of adults in the US fail to meet the ≥150 min weekly physical activity guideline; 40% age ≥ 75 are entirely inactive. The study purpose was to understand the reasons why community-dwelling older adults (age ≥ 60) from diverse backgrounds increase, sustain, or decline in their physical activity levels over time. Sixty-two older adults were interviewed. Two-thirds of the African Americans, 57% of the Afro-Caribbeans, and 50% of the European Americans reported being less active than 2–3 years ago. Reasons for activity decline included health issues (e.g., pain, shortness of breath), lack of time, interest, or motivation. Reasons for sustaining or increasing activity levels included meeting personal goals, having a purpose for remaining active, or feeling better when active (e.g., it is important to keep moving, good for the joints, going on a cruise). Themes identified were pride in maintaining activity, goal-driven activity, pushing oneself to get past pain or fatigue, and some confusion between social and physical activity in participant reports. The results indicate widespread acceptance that activity is beneficial, but that knowledge alone was insufficient to maintain activity levels over time unless individuals had a goal or purpose (“means to an end”) and could overcome their physical and psychological barriers to physical activity.
Single-shot Measurement of Infrared Laser Waveforms using Multiphoton Photoconductivity in an Image Sensor

Perturbative nonlinear optics has long been leveraged to characterize the duration of femtosecond pulses in a single shot. We show that multiphoton photoconductivity in an image sensor allows single-shot measurement of few-cycle optical waveforms.
Approximate initialization of camera sensor networks

Camera sensor networks--wireless networks of low-power imaging sensors-have become popular recently for monitoring applications. In this paper, we argue that traditional vision-based techniques for calibrating cameras are not directly suitable for low-power sensors deployed in remote locations. We propose approximate techniques to determine the relative locations and orientations of camera sensors without any use of landmarks or positioning technologies. Our techniques determine the degree and range of overlap for each camera and show this information can be exploited for duty cycling and triggered wakeups. We implement our techniques on a Mote testbed and conduct a detailed experimental evaluation. Our results show that our approximate techniques can estimate the degree and region of overlaps to within 10% of their actual values and this error is tolerable at the application-level for effective duty-cycling and wakeups.
The Computational Complexity of Iterative Methods for Systems of Nonlinear Equations

Suppose that an iterative method M generates successive approximations \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}\to {X} _0 ,\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}\to {X} _1 , \ldots\) to a solution \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}\to {X} *\) of the system $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}\to {f} \left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}\to {x} } \right) = Q$$ (1.1) of n nonlinear equations in n unknowns.
Liminality in Love: Reading Ritualized Institutional Practice as Civil Society in Alina Rudnitskaya's Civil Status

This paper uses Victor Turner's notion of liminal ceremonial spaces and Pierre Bourdieu's Theory of Practice to examine Anna Rudnitskaya's documentary film Civil Status (2005). The 29 minute film follows the working lives of civil servants in the Saint Petersburg civil registry office, where couples "come to make their love official." How do individuals use the apparatus of civil society to enact social transformation, and what do practices of citizenship look like in post-Soviet Petersburg? How do individuals evaluate and respond to the social status of strangers through embodied practice? How does the presence of the camera serve to further ceremonialize the civil transactions captured in the film? I engage with Rudnitskaya's film as ethnographic data to address these questions. Keywords: civil society, marriage, citizenship, habitus, ritual
External Galaxies II: Other Molecular Lines, Recombination Lines, and Continuum

Although CO is useful for tracing the distribution and bulk mass of molecular gets in galaxies, it does not trace the densest gas where stars form. Instead, one must use high dipole moment species to probe this gas directly. I review recent observations of HCN, CS, and HCO+ in starburst galaxies. I compare the properties of the dense gas in other galaxies to those in the Milky Way’s Galactic Center. To round out the discussion of millimeter wave observations of galaxies, I discuss mm wave recombination line and continuum observations for nearby starburst galaxies.
Monte Carlo simulations of small water clusters: Effective surface tension

Small water clusters (containing n = 2, 6, 13, 18, 24, 40 and 60 water molecules) are simulated at T = 263 K using Stillinger-Rahman effective pair potentials for the (rigid body) water-water interactions. In this Monte Carlo simulation a special (Bennett) technique is used to calculate the configurational free energy difference, C(n), between the n and (n-1) molecule water clusters. When this quantity is plotted versus n−1/3, the slope gives Ω where Ω is the excess surface entropy per molecule (which to first order is T independent). From Ω, one can obtain an effective surface tension for small water clusters over a useful range of temperatures.
Triage VADs: TandemHeart, Impella, and CentriMag

Considerable progress has been made in recent years for the treatment of acute heart failure. The first goal of therapy for cardiogenic shock is to restore circulation to avoid development of multiple organ failure, which may be accomplished with mechanical circulatory support devices that are designed for rapid implantation and short-term use. The intra-aortic balloon pump is the mainstay device for rapid support, but recently developed systems can provide higher levels of support. The TandemHeart (CardiacAssist Inc., Pittsburgh, PA) and the Impella (ABIOMED Inc., Danvers, MA) are percutaneously inserted for left ventricular assist. The inflow for the TandemHeart is via a transseptally placed cannula in the right atrium, and outflow is in the femoral artery. The Impella is inserted through a peripheral artery and is passed retrograde into the left ventricle. During support with the Impella blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the ascending aorta. The CentriMag ventricular assist device utilizes an extracorporeal blood pump and surgically implanted cannulas for univentricular or biventricular assist. These versatile devices can be applied in various hospital settings and may be applied in a broad population of heart failure patients. Continued clinical research will better define clinical applications for these devices.
Comparison of Sidelobes of Limited Diffraction Beams and Localized Waves

Limited diffraction beams are a class of non-spreading solutions to the isotropic/homogeneous scalar wave equation. The first limited diffraction beam, called Bessel beam, was discovered by Durnin in 1987.1 Later, Lu and Greenleaf discovered families of limited diffraction beams2,3 that include all the limited diffraction beams known previously, in addition to an infinity of new beams. One family of limited diffraction beams has an X-like shape along the beam axis and was termed X wave. X waves are different from the Bessel beam because they have multiple frequencies.2
Recommenders for commerce, content, and community

Recommender systems are ubiquitous on the Internet for helping sell products - everything from automobiles to zebras (stuffed, anyway). Novel applications are emerging that use recommenders for non-Internet applications and that apply them to the problems of distributing content on the Internet and to developing online communities. Community-building is proving one of the most successful ways to create "stickiness" among customers. A vibrant community of practice around a company's products creates a powerful barrier to competition and enables consumers to help sell and support your products. We briefly survey eight principles of recommender systems, illuminated by examples from research and commerce. We use the principles to investigate the algorithms that underlie recommender systems, the interfaces for presenting the recommendations, the best practices for deploying them - and the easiest ways to get a recommender system badly wrong. Along the way, we consider issues of how to build a recommender community from scratch, group recommendations, and consumer privacy. We conclude with a look at some of the most important active research areas in recommender systems.
Interaction between the Noncatalytic Region of Sid1p Kinase and Cdc14p Is Required for Full Catalytic Activity and Localization of Sid1p

Sid1p is a group II p21-activated kinase/germinal center kinase family member that is part of a signaling network required for cytokinesis in fission yeast. Germinal center kinases are characterized by well conserved amino-terminal catalytic domains followed by less conserved carboxyl termini. The carboxyl termini among group I germinal center kinases are moderately conserved and thought to be regulatory regions. Little is known about the carboxyl termini of group II family members. Sid1p has been shown to bind the novel protein Cdc14p; however, the functional significance of this interaction is unknown. Here we report that the carboxyl terminus of Sid1p is an essential regulatory region. Our results indicate that this region contains the binding domain for Cdc14p, and this association is required for full Sid1p catalytic activity as well as intracellular localization. Furthermore, overexpression of the carboxyl terminus of Sid1p alone compromises the signaling of cytokinesis. We conclude that Cdc14p positively regulates the Sid1p kinase by binding the noncatalytic carboxyl-terminal region of the protein.
Optimal design of elastic structures for multipurpose loading

The optimal design of elastic beams subjected to two alternative loading systems is considered for compliance constraints and a minimum-cross-section constraint. Sufficient conditions for optimality are established, and a technique for determining the optimal design is presented. Two examples are given. Generalizations to more than two loading systems and more complex structures are straightforward.
Formation of N2O from NO adsorbed on silver layers on ruthenium, studied by MQS and TDS

Abstract NO adsorption on monolayer and multilayer Ag/Ru(0001), and on a Ag(111) single crystal, was studied by metastable quenching spectroscopy (MQS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). We find that NO adsorbs and dissociates at 90 K, forming N2O. TDS shows that somewhat more N2O is formed on unannealed Ag/Ru surfaces, but the N2O is much more visible by MQS on the annealed surface. The chemical behavior of NO adsorbed on annealed monolayer and multilayer Ag/Ru(0001) and on an annealed Ag(111) crystal surface is the same. However, two layers of Ag on Ru(0001) are necessary for the surface to approach the properties of the multilayer limit
The set and mechanical behaviour of partially processed leather dried under strain

The stress-strain behaviour of partially processed leather which has been dried under a range of uni-axial strains has been investigated. It has been found that the dependence of the tensile modulus on the strain applied during drying is non-linear, increasing slowly at first then more rapidly later on. A two-dimensional microstructural model based on an idealised fibre network can describe this non-linear relationship and account for differences between samples. High values of set are produced by drying under strain and some of this set is retained even after soaking in water. It is suggested that this is due to the formation of stable crosslinks between the chemically modified collagen fibres that comprise leather.
A Laboratory Impact Study of Simulated Edgeworth–Kuiper Belt Objects

Abstract This paper reports on a series of laboratory impact experiments designed to provide basic data on how simulated Edgeworth–Kuiper belt objects (EKOs) fragment in an impact event. In September–October 1997 we carried out 20 low-velocity airgun shots at the Ames Vertical Gun Range into porous and homogeneous ice spheres using aluminum, fractured ice, and solid ice projectiles. We found that the porous ice targets behaved as strongly as solid ice in collision. Energy is apparently well dissipated by the void spaces within the target, such that these fragile ice structures respond as if they were strong in impacts. Therefore, it would appear that if EKOs are porous, they are not collisionally weak. Also, our data show that collisional outcomes for low-velocity impacts into ice targets depend on the type of projectile used as well as the properties of the target. We observed that the degree of fragmentation for a given type of target increases as the strength of the projectile increases. Aluminum projectiles are far more damaging to the target at the same collisional energy than are solid ice projectiles, which, in turn, are more damaging than fractured ice projectiles. One possible explanation for this behavior is the variable depth of penetration of the projectile for the different cases—stronger projectiles penetrate more deeply and couple more energy into the target than do weak projectiles. Based on this, if we assume that there has not been significant heating or differentiation in the Edgeworth–Kuiper (E–K) belt, the most applicable impact strength for the low-velocity E–K belt collisions is likely to be that derived from similar target/projectile materials impacting each other. The laboratory data from this analysis indicate that a value for impact strength>5×10 5 erg/cm 3 is appropriate for porous ice targets impacted with solid/porous ice projectiles.
The Distribution of Eigenvalues of Covariance Matrices of Residuals in Analysis of Variance

A rigorous definition is given for the concept of an interaction matrix (Z* lij*s) where i=1 to m and j=1 to n, in terms of two idempotent matrices A*lr*s and B*ls*s of rank r and s, respectively. It is then shown that the frequency distribution of the eigenvalues of (Z)(Z)' depends only on r and s. Applications are given to matrices of residuals arising from two-way data, either by removing row and/or column-means, or by applying any number of sweeps of the vacuum cleaner. The theorems are important in the theory of the analysis of two-way tables of nonadditive data.
Eliminating the memory blocking effect

Six experiments investigated the memory blocking effect (MBE) in which exposure to orthographically similar words (e.g., BALLOON) impairs one's ability to complete a similar fragment (e.g., BAL_ON_, solution is BALCONY). Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that blocking is not observed after a 72-hour delay; however, repetition priming was observed after the same delay. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that presenting unrelated semantic information during the fragment completion test eliminates blocking. Experiment 5 demonstrated that the MBE persists despite directed-forgetting instructions, and Experiments 5 and 6 demonstrated that activating both the solutions and blocking words for a particular fragment at study eliminates blocking. Collectively, the data demonstrate that reading orthographically similar primes automatically triggers retrieval of the blocking word and an executive control process works to manage this interference. A working framework that describes how an executive control mechanism could govern memory retrieval in the memory-blocking paradigm is presented to stimulate development of more advanced theoretical models that can explain blocking.
The effect of sand surface treatment on sand-filled composites

Sand/unsaturated polyester composites, 50/50 composition by weight, were prepared from sand treated with different silane solutions. N-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxy silane (A0700) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (A0750) were used. Water and styrene solutions were employed to treat the sand. It was found that A0750 in styrene produced better composites than other surface treatments. As the interfacial bond was improved, the tensile strength and the tensile modulus increased whereas the strain to failure decreased. The acoustic emission data was a function of the sand surface treatment where a better interfacial bond resulted in more acoustic activity. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the interfacial bond affects the dynamic shear modulus, the loss shear modulus, and the damping of the sand-filled composites. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composite was also affected by the surface treatment. The thermogravimetric analysis did not show a well-defined trend between the decomposition temperature and the surface treatment.
Chemical structural models for coalified wood (vitrinite) in low rank coal

Abstract Examination of a series of coalified gymnospermous woods ranging in rank from brown coal to subbituminous coal by solid-state 13 C NMR and analytical pyrolysis has provided sufficient information to construct structural models depicting the changes that occur to lignin, the primary precursor of vitrinite, during coalification. Progressive changes in the chemistry of coalified wood suggest the following series of reactions: (1) demethylation to form catechol-like structures that are dominant components of brown coal and lignite A; (2) cleavage of aryl ether linkages to form phenols and reactive carbocations that alkylate the catechol rings; (3) dehydration of the catechol rings; (3) dehydration of the catechol-like structures to form the structures of subbituminous coal dominated by alkylphenols; and (4) reduction of the 3-carbon alkyl side chain derived from lignin to form propyl substituents. The models developed for each stage of coalification are derived from chemical modifications of the structure of lignin.
General Relations Regarding Graph Theory and the Passivity of Binary Alloys

The passivity of a binary alloy is considered in terms of a network of -M-O-M- bridges in the oxide film, where M is the component of the binary alloy which produces passivity. The structure of the oxide is represented by a mathematical graph, and graph theory is used to calculate the connectivity of the oxide, given by the product of the number of edges in the graph and the Randic index. A stochastic calculation is employed to insert ions of the second metal into the oxide film so as to disrupt the connectivity of the -M-O-M- network. This disruption occurs at a critical ionic concentration of the oxide film. Mathematical relationships are developed for the introduction of a general ion B +n into oxides where passivity is due to the existence of continuous networks of -Cr-O-Cr-, -Si-O-Si-, or -Mo-O-Mo-. Thus, critical ionic compositions are calculated for oxide films on the binary alloys B-Cr, B-Si, or B-Mo where passivity is provided in turn by the presence of Cr, Si, or Mo, respectively, in the binary alloy. In each case, B refers to any metal B which produces B +n ions in the oxide film, where +n is the oxidation number of the ion.
Trends in black/white differences in current smoking among 18- to 24-year-olds in the United States, 1983–1993

Abstract Objectives: A study was undertaken to analyze the independent relationship between race (black/white) and cigarette smoking among 18- to 24-year-olds in the United States, 1983–1993. Methods: An 11-year analysis of cross-sectional national surveys was used in the study. Odds ratio for current smoking among black-surveyed subjects (vs. whites) was determined. Results: The multiple logistic regression-derived odds ratio (OR) for current smoking for blacks aged 18 to 24 years, vs. whites, decreased from 0.69 (95% CI 0.53, 0.89) in 1983 to 0.26 (95% CI 0.17, 0.42) in 1993. The combined-years model predicted a decrease in OR for blacks from 0.82 in 1983 to 0.30 in 1993, adjusted for sex, age, education, poverty status, and geographic region. Conclusion: From 1983 to 1993, blacks aged 18 to 24 years became decreasingly at risk to be smokers, compared to whites, even after adjustment for confounding factors. Young blacks have been more resistant than young whites to begin smoking in recent years. Understanding reasons behind this widening black/white difference could lead to better prevention strategies.
Controlling the coarsening stability of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) single crystals by the use of water

The surface area of the secondary explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) affects its initiation and performance. A decrease in the surface area, as well as morphology changes, in PETN has been observed during aging. Commercially, water is used in the production of PETN which suggests an uninvestigated stability control factor. In this article, single crystals of PETN were grown by solvent evaporation method from acetone at room temperature in absence and presence of different weight ratios of de-ionized water. The effect of presence of water in the starting solution of PETN on its thermodynamic properties was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning Calorimetry. The TGA study suggests an important role for water in manipulating thermodynamic parameters of PETN via the expected hydrogen bonding. The DSC results suggest the presence of bound water molecules as impurity in PETN single crystals. The data could be used to form PETN crystals with desired physical properties optimal for either storage or initiation. This study suggests that, in the equilibrium conditions, water could be used in a cheap, tunable, and precise manner to control the stability of PETN crystals against coarsening.
Carcinoma in-situ and “Micro Invasive” Adenocarcinoma of Colon

Summary A case of in-situ and “micro invasive” carcinoma of the colon is reported in a patient who was neither a member of familial polyposis nor had suffered from ulcerative colitis. The in-situ and “micro-invasive” areas were seen in the flat otherwise non-raised mucosa of the colon remote from a large fungating carcinoma. Similar foci were also observed in random sections distal to the large mass. This is the first report of an in-situ and “micro-invasive“ carcinoma of colon in a “non-ulcerative colitis” individual.
Delivery rate using cryopreserved oocytes is comparable to conventional in vitro fertilization using fresh oocytes: potential fertility preservation for female cancer patients.

Objective To explore the use of oocyte cryopreservation as a fertility-conserving option. Cancer treatments administered during the reproductive and adolescent years can result in sterility. Previous fertility preservation efforts focused on embryo rather than oocyte storage because the latter was deemed inefficient. Recently, several large reports of healthy births resulting from the transfer of embryos derived from frozen/thawed oocytes have been published. We sought to establish an oocyte cryopreservation program at our center. Design Twenty-three oocyte cryopreservation cycles were performed. Collected oocytes were cryopreserved by either the slow or the vitrification method. Approximately 1–4 months later, a programmed cycle of thawing/warming, fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and ET was performed; cycle and pregnancy outcomes were assessed. Setting University-based fertility center. Patient(s) Twenty-two infertile women. Intervention(s) Oocyte cryopreservation. Main Outcome Measure(s) Oocyte survival, embryo development, pregnancy outcomes. Result(s) Oocyte survival, 2-pronuclei fertilization, and blastocyst formation rates were 92%, 79%, and 43%, respectively. Fourteen women became pregnant; one miscarried; 10 have delivered 13 viable infants, and three pregnancies are ongoing for an ongoing/delivered pregnancy rate of 57%. This result was not statistically different from cycles performed consecutively in age-matched controls using fresh, nonfrozen autologous or donor oocytes during a similar time period. Conclusion(s) Oocyte cryopreservation appears to be a viable option for fertility preservation in some centers.
Interval estimation of population means under unknown but bounded probabilities of sample selection

Applying concepts from partial identification to the domain of finite population sampling, we propose a method for interval estimation of a population mean when the probabilities of sample selection lie within a posited interval. The interval estimate is derived from sharp bounds on the Hajek (1971) estimator of the population mean. We demonstrate the method's utility for sensitivity analysis by applying it to a sample of needles collected as part of a syringe tracking and testing programme in New Haven, Connecticut. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.
Mousepox in inbred mice innately resistant or susceptible to lethal infection with ectromelia virus. V. Genetics of resistance to the Moscow strain.

The genetics of resistance to the Moscow strain of ectromelia virus was examined in crosses derived from resistant C57BL/6 (B6) and susceptible DBA/2 (D2) mice. Infection with 101 to 105 PFU of virus resulted in mortalities of 90 to 100% of D2, 0% of B6 and 0 to 3% of (B6 × D2) F1 mice by day 21. Among F1 × D2 backcross progeny, 49% of male and 18% of female mice died. Reciprocal backcrossing did not alter male or female mortality rates. These data are consistent with a single autosomal dominant gene controlling resistance to ectromelia in male mice and at least one additional dominant sex-limited gene controlling resistance in female mice. Fewer male F2 mice died than were predicted based on single-locus control and 32% of recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from B6 and D2 progenitors expressed non-parental phenotypes. Therefore, additional resistance genes, not expressed in backcross mice, were apparently expressed in F2 mice and RI strains.
Relationship of Human and Bovine Strains of Myxovirus Para-Influenza 3:

SummaryGuinea pigs infected intra-nasally with human(HA-1) and bovine(SF-4) strains of para-influenza 3 virus produced 4-fold or greater HI, N and CF antibodies to the homologous strain than to the heterologous strain. Children and cattle showed similar species-linked responses following infection with para-influenza 3 viruses. Human and bovine strains of the virus originating from various states and foreign countries and isolated in different years were shown to react in the same manner as the HA-1 and SF-4 prototype strains.
Chemical analysis and significance of heterocyclic aromatic amines

Levels of known heterocyclic amines vary from undetectable in many meats sold in fast food restaurants, to over 10 ng/g for meats prepared in restaurants that cook food to order, to hundreds of nanograms per gram for some meats cooked under certain home or laboratory conditions. To simulate the dry reactions that seem to occur at the meat surface we developed a model system to mimic these processes. Mixtures of free amino acids, creatinine and glucose, simulating the composition of beef or chicken, heated at 200 °C, form eight heterocyclic amines. Besides the commonly found 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 2-amino-1,6-dimethylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 2-amino-1,5,6-trimethylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and 2-amino-1,6-dimethylfuro[3,2-e]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine were also found. The calculated risk of consumption of heterocyclic amines is determined by the dietary dose, the extrapolation of carcinogenic potencies from rodents to humans, and the extrapolation of high rodent doses to low human exposures. Results suggest that DNA binding is linear with dose, but that the human DNA forms more adducts per unit dose than that of the rat. Altogether, the risk appears to be equivalent to that for many carcinogens that are regulated.
Characteristics of vapor–liquid–solid grown silicon nanowire solar cells

We report fabrication and characterization of solar cells based on vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) grown silicon nanowires (NWs) that form core–shell radial p–n junction structures. We observe efficiency enhancement due to the presence of the NWs that increase the light trapping within the device, while the use of gold as VLS catalyst results in increased carrier recombination within the wires. From the spectral efficiency data, we identify that the surface recombination effect becomes more significant in the large surface area NW cells. To remedy this issue we demonstrate the efficacy of a highly conformal Al2O3 film grown by atomic layer deposition to serve as surface passivation layer. This work highlights the key issues confronted by NW-based solar cells grown by VLS technique.
Application of generalized standard additions method to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy with an echelle spectrometer and segmented-array charge-coupled detectors

Abstract Simultaneous correction for both spectral interferences and matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry can be accomplished by using the generalized standard additions method (GSAM). Results obtained with the application of the GSAM to the Perkin-Elmer Optima 3000 ICP atomic emission spectrometer are presented. The echelle-based polychromator with segmented-array charge-coupled device detectors enables the direct, visual examination of the overlapping lines Cd(I) 228.802 nm and As(I)228.812 nm. The slit translation capability allows a large number of data points to be sampled; therefore, the advantage of noise averaging is gained. Pure spectra of each of the spectrally active components in the sample can be extracted through the GSAM calculation.
A quantum theory of higher virial coefficients

Abstract Recently a theory of time-delay phenomena in few particle scattering has been developed. The results of this theory are used to investigate the quantum virial coefficient problem in the case of Boltzmann statistics. Working within the frame work of Faddeev's time-dependent scattering theory we find explicit formulas for the higher virial coefficients. One aim of statistical mechanics is to derive all the equilibrium properties of a macroscopic system from the dynamical laws of the constituent particles. Our solutions for the higher virial coefficients prove that the macroscopic properties of a quantum gas are sensitive only to the time-delay aspect of the collision process. The analysis does not restrict the type of interactions between the constituents with the one exception of long-range Coulomb forces. In particular, the interaction may be attractive and strong enough to form stable few-particle clusters. Thus our solution describes the equilibrium in a quantum gas where the interactions are responsible for creating different species types.
Case history: the professional job search

The media scream about layoffs and unemployment, and most of it is accurate. However, they do not trumpet the many companies that are hiring in order to grow or maintain their engineering capability. As a result of this, one can quickly develop a sort of "trench" mentality. That is, one might begin to think, "There is no job out there, so why should I try! Why should I stick my head up and get it shot off." The answer to these questions is that the jobs are out there for qualified people and those who work hard at finding employment. The author discusses the following aspects to job searching: answering the question "who are you?"; the resume; attitude/mental state; network with other professionals; writing letters; record keeping of contacts; costs of getting a job; interviews; and telephone manner.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: surgical considerations required to repair a 46,XX patient raised as a boy

21-hydroxylase deficiency (P450 CYP21) accounts for 90% of cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which is associated with abnormally low cortisol and high production of androgen precursors and is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia. Increased androgen causes in utero virilization of the fetus, consisting of clitoral enlargement, an urogenital sinus, and labioscrotal enlargement and fusion. This is the first case in an experience covering more than 30 years, of a 46,XX patient raised as a boy. The authors report a case of a Pakistani patient born of a consanguineous union, who came to medical attention at age 3 because of severe genital ambiguity; genetic analyses showed that the child was a compound heterozygote for CAH. The surgical management of this patient consisted of (1) staged hypospadias repairs preceded by testosterone therapy, (2) creation of a bladder graft neourethra, (3) removal of mullerian structures, (4) correction of bifid prepenile scrotum, and (5) insertion of testicular prostheses. The commitment to raise a 46,XX child as a boy is a very rare event. With a series of staged complex surgical procedures and careful steroid replacement, normal secondary sexual characteristics can be achieved in these children.
(Carboxyalkyl)pyrroles in human plasma and oxidized low-density lipoproteins

Free-radical oxidation of human plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) produces (carboxyalkyl)pyrrole (CAP) epitopes that were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using antibodies raised against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-bound 2-(omega-carboxyheptyl)-pyrrole (CHP) and 2-(omega-carboxypropyl)pyrrole (CPP). These antibodies exhibit high structural selectivity (< 0.5% cross-reactivity) in competitive binding inhibition assays with the corresponding human serum albumin (HSA)-bound pyrroles. No cross-reactivity was detected for HSA-bound 2-pentylpyrrole, an epitope that is generated by a reaction of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) with protein lysyl residues. Oxidation of either arachidonic or linoleic acid in the presence of HSA produced an HNE-derived 2-pentylpyrrole epitope. However, only oxidation of linoleic acid formed HSA-bound CHP, while only oxidation of arachidonic acid generated HSA-bound CPP. Since ester hydrolysis with KOH markedly elevated levels of immunoreactive epitopes detected in oxidized LDL, the CAPs are presumably generated by reactions of oxidized cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, and phospholipids with LDL protein, and only some of these oxidized esters are hydrolyzed, e.g., by phospholipase activity associated with LDL. Protein-bound CHP immunoreactivity was detected in human plasma, and levels are significantly elevated in renal failure and atherosclerosis patients compared with healthy volunteers. This provides the first evidence for the biological occurrence of protein-bound CAPs in vivo and further suggests that free-radical oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids produces hydroxyalkenal carboxylate esters whose gamma-hydroxy-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde functionality and reactivity resemble that of HNE.
(Im)perishable Pleasure, (In)destructible Desire: Sexual Themes in U.S. and English News Coverage of Male Circumcision and Female Genital Cutting.

Under what conditions do sexual pleasure and desire get addressed in news coverage of sexual health issues like female genital cutting (FGC) and male circumcision (MC)? In this study we employed an embodied ethnosexuality approach to analyze sexual themes in 1,902 items published from 1985 to 2009 in 13 U.S. and 8 English newspapers and news magazines. Journalists' discussions of sexual pleasure, desire, control, problems, and practices differed in quantity and quality depending on the practice and nation to which they pertained. News coverage in both nations presented FGC as impeding female sexual pleasure, desire, and activity in ways that reinforce (hetero)sexist understandings of sexuality. The English press depicted MC as diminishing male sexuality, whereas U.S. papers showed it as enhancing male sexuality. These patterns are influenced by, and serve to reinforce, cultural norms of embodiment and ethnosexual boundaries based on gender, race, and nationality. They may, in turn, shape public understand...
5'-terminus of influenza virus RNA.

Each of the RNA molecules of influenza virus seems to have adenosine triphosphate as its 5′-terminus.
Long-term follow-up of acute retinal necrosis.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to report long-term visual outcome of acute retinal necrosis.Methods:Medical records of patients with acute retinal necrosis were reviewed.Results:Thirty-two patients were diagnosed with acute retinal necrosis from 1998 to 2007. Twenty patients (25 eyes) had at
Prospective tissue-mimicking materials for use in NMR imaging phantoms

Abstract Water-based proteinaceous gels, which—with appropriate additives—are stable with time and possess a high melting point, have been used as base materials in ultrasonically tissue-mimicking materials. In the present work, versions of these gels having various concentrations of glycerol and graphite particles were studied regarding their NMR T 1 and T 2 dependencies at a proton Larmor frequency of 10.7 MHz. It has been found that T 1 depends primarily on the concentration of glycerol and T 2 depends primarily on the graphite particle concentration. Also, the ranges of T 1 and T 2 likely span those which exist for soft tissue parenchymae. Thus, these materials are good candidates for use as NMR tissue-mimicking materials. T 1 and T 2 also vary with gelatin concentration. The latter fact, together with the strong dependence of T 2 on graphite concentration, mean that effective contrast-resolution phantoms and anthropomorphic phantoms with stable T 1 and T 2 distributions can be produced.
Analgesic and Antiemetic Requirements After Minimally Invasive Surgery for Early Cervical Cancer: A Comparison Between Laparoscopy and Robotic Surgery

Background Women with early cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy via minimally invasive surgery (MIS) have decreased blood loss and a shorter hospital stay compared with laparotomy. It remains unclear whether there is a difference in benefit to the patient between robotic surgery and traditional laparoscopy. We sought to compare postoperative analgesic and antiemetic requirements between the two approaches.
WILLMAN 1—A PROBABLE DWARF GALAXY WITH AN IRREGULAR KINEMATIC DISTRIBUTION

We investigate the kinematic properties and stellar population of the Galactic satellite Willman 1 (Wil 1) by combining Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy with Kitt Peak National Observatory mosaic camera imaging. Wil 1, also known as SDSS J1049+5103, is a nearby, ultra-low luminosity Milky Way companion. This object lies in a region of size-luminosity space (M_V ~ –2 mag, d ~ 38 kpc, r_(half) ~ 20 pc) also occupied by the Galactic satellites Bootes II and Segue 1 and 2, but no other known old stellar system. We use kinematic and color-magnitude criteria to identify 45 stars as possible members of Wil 1. With a systemic velocity of v_(helio) = –12.8 ± 1.0 km s^(–1), Wil 1 stars have velocities similar to those of foreground Milky Way stars. Informed by Monte Carlo simulations, we identify 5 of the 45 candidate member stars as likely foreground contaminants, with a small number possibly remaining at faint apparent magnitudes. These contaminants could have mimicked a large velocity dispersion and abundance spread in previous work. The significant spread in the [Fe/H] of the highly likely Wil 1 red giant branch members ([Fe/H] = –1.73 ± 0.12 and –2.65 ± 0.12) supports the scenario that Wil 1 is an ultra-low luminosity dwarf galaxy, or the remnants thereof, rather than a star cluster. However, Wil 1's innermost stars move with radial velocities offset by 8 km s^(–1) from its outer stars and have a velocity dispersion consistent with 0 km s^(–1), suggesting that Wil 1 may not be in dynamical equilibrium. The combination of the foreground contamination and unusual kinematic distribution make it difficult to robustly determine the dark matter mass of Wil 1. As a result, X-ray or gamma-ray observations of Wil 1 that attempt to constrain models of particle dark matter using an equilibrium mass model are strongly affected by the systematics in the observations presented here. We conclude that, despite the unusual features in the Wil 1 kinematic distribution, evidence indicates that this object is, or at least once was, a dwarf galaxy.
Chlamydia vaccines: recent developments and the role of adjuvants in future formulations

Bacteria of the genus Chlamydia cause a plethora of ocular, genital and respiratory diseases that continue to pose a considerable public health challenge worldwide. The major diseases are conjunctivitis and blinding trachoma, non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility and interstitial pneumonia. The rampart asymptomatic infections prevent timely and effective antibiotic treatments, and quite often clinical presentation of sequelae is the first evidence of an infection. Besides, significant broad coverage in population screening and treatment is economically and logistically impractical, and mass education for public awareness has been ineffective. The current medical opinion is that an efficacious prophylactic vaccine is the best approach to protect humans from chlamydial infections. Unfortunately, a human vaccine has yet to be realized despite successful veterinary vaccines. Fortunately, recent advances in chlamydial immunobiology, cell biology, molecular pathogenesis, genomics, antigen discovery and animal models of infections are hastening progress toward an efficacious vaccine. Thus, it is established that Chlamydia immunity is mediated by T cells and a complementary antibody response, and several potential vaccine candidates have been identified. However, further advances are needed in effective vaccine delivery systems and safe potent adjuvants to boost and sustain immune responses for long-lasting protective immunity. This article focuses on the current status of human chlamydial vaccine research, specifically how application of new delivery systems and human compatible adjuvants could lead to a timely achievement of efficacious Chlamydia vaccines. The ranking of the candidate vaccine antigens for human vaccine development will await the availability of results from studies in which the antigens are tested by comparable experimental standards, such as antigen-adjuvant combination, route of delivery and possible toxicity.
Crystal structure of yeast acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase in complex with AMP

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) belongs to the family of AMP-forming enzymes that also includes acyl-CoA synthetases, firefly luciferase, and nonribosomal peptide synthetases. ACS catalyzes the ...