cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NGOs as Arrival Infrastructures: Pathways to Inclusion for Immigrants in the U.S. and Canada

This chapter compares how NGOs operate as elements of arrival infrastructures in cities across national contexts. It explores how NGOs create pathways to inclusion, as they mediate between migrants and formal government. In the United States, laissez-faire integration coupled with criminalizing enforcement led grassroots NGOs to emerge in Newark. Formal, relatively generous integration policies in Canada formed a professionalized, coherent integration sector in Ottawa, with NGOs serving key roles. The path to inclusion differs across the cases. In Ottawa, immigrants working through NGOs find voice through bureaucratic inclusion, whereas in Newark, they seek impact through electoral politics. As nodes within broader infrastructures, NGOs are sites of contestation, shaping immigrant experiences and being shaped by immigrants, since waves of immigrants transform the NGOs.
The Fourth Amendment Fetches Fido: New Approaches to Dog Sniffs

Dogs’ relationship to man as hunters, finders, protectors, and friends has existed for thousands of years. Today dogs serve very important law enforcement functions as sniffers in the investigation of crimes and other threats to society. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution is of comparatively more recent vintage and seeks to protect the individual’s privacy from infringement by the government. This Article deals with the Fourth Amendment implications when the government infringement is a dog sniff.In the Supreme Court’s latest decision on dogs Florida v. Jardines, Franky, a drug-detection dog, walked onto the porch of Mr. Jardines’ home, sniffed around and alerted his handler that drugs were inside the house. From this alert, the police obtained a search warrant for the home where they discovered a marijuana growing operation. The issue before the Court was whether Franky’s sojourn to the porch constituted a Fourth Amendment search requiring justification and a warrant.Justice Scalia wrote for the Court in Florida v. Jardines and utilized a property based analysis in his desire to keep "easy cases easy." He held that uninvited sniffs of the home from the porch implicated the Fourth Amendment. This so called easy approach left several questions unanswered. This Article attempts to examine some of these questions, including what would happen if the dog sniff had occurred on a public sidewalk or if the dog sniff was of a person in a public place. Additionally, this Article explores the rationale for classifying dog sniffs as sui generis, thereby not implicating the Fourth Amendment. It debunks this rationale and suggests a more effective way to deal with dog sniffs in the future.
Genetic and Developmental Approaches to Understanding Determination in Early Development

In this paper we review experimental evidence relating to the stage of determination of blastoderm cells of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo. Cellular ablation studies and clonal analysis reveal that the ectodermal precursors of both the larva and adult are determined for segmental identity at blastoderm. The adult ectodermal precursors, however, are not determined for specific structures within segments. This situation is not clear with respect to larval epidermal precursors. In contrast, cellular transplantation studies indicate that mesodermal and endodermal precursors of both the larva and adult are undetermined with respect to segmental identity or tissue specificity at blastoderm. We also review the maternal influence on cellular determination as revealed by maternal effect mutations. Many of these mutations exert an effect on the developmental fate of most or all of the blastoderm cells. These global effects may be produced through a disruption of gradients of maternal determinative gene products. Observations from a developmental analysis of a maternal effect mutation disrupting dorsal-ventral polarity reveals that maternal information may also be involved in the cell interactions required for gastrulation. Other maternal effect mutations appear to affect the developmental fate of a more limited portion of the blastoderm surface. Maternal effect mutations of either class can exhibit a strict maternal effect or a varying degree of rescuability by the paternal genome.
Chinese NGOs: Thriving Amidst Adversity

Notwithstanding media reports about how the authoritarian state in China has repressed its civil society, China’s NGO sector has grown significantly in number over the past two decades. In fact, the state has played a decisive role in the emergence of the NGO sector in China, which is also highly diverse. It includes both organizations that are officially registered as nonprofit organizations and those that do not possess this status; it also includes organizations that should be more properly viewed as state institutions and those organizations that meet the conventional criteria for NGOs. However, despite the state’s positive contributions to the development of China’s NGO sector, it continues to view NGOs with suspicion and has adopted legal, political, and practical measures to control China’s NGOs. A significant consequence of these control measures is that many Chinese NGOs are unable to attain official nonprofit registration status, thereby negatively impacting their social and political legitimacy. This fact, in combination with the state’s overwhelming legitimacy, makes it all the more important for individual Chinese NGOs to reach out to the state, thereby affirming the value of state linkages. In recent years, the rising demand for rural migrant workers to contribute to China’s modernization and urbanization has highlighted the institutionalized discrimination against this population group. Consequently, migrant NGOs have emerged to advocate on behalf of migrant workers and their dependents as well as to serve their needs. These NGOs are keenly aware of the value of state linkages. Some of these organizations have also been quite effective. Therefore, a close look at these organizations can help us understand how China’s NGOs have been able to achieve their goals while allowing us to gain an in-depth understanding of migrant NGOs in contemporary China.
A Novel Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Hysteroscopic Adhesiolysis in High-Risk Patients

Hysteroscopy is a common gynecologic surgical procedure. Certain diagnoses, notably intrauterine adhesions and cervical stenosis, make hysteroscopy more complicated because of an increased likelihood of complications. Three patients, 1 with cervical stenosis and 2 with Asherman syndrome, underwent ultrasound (US)-guided adhesiolysis. Access to the uterine cavity was obtained by either direct balloon-aided dilation or the US-guided Seldinger technique, followed by balloon-aided dilation to enter the endometrial cavity and disrupt intrauterine/intracervical adhesions. In this case series, we describe a novel approach of using US-guided balloon dilation to safely and effectively treat intrauterine adhesions and to decrease the risk of perforation.
Increased utilization of external beam radiotherapy relative to cystectomy for localized, muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a SEER analysis.

Objective: To assess recent utilization patterns of radiotherapy (RT) relative to cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and evaluate survival trends over time in patients receiving RT. Materials and Methods: The surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program (SEER) was used to identify patients diagnosed between 1992 and 2013 with localized MIBC. Patients with a prior history of non-bladder malignancy, who received no treatment, or did not have available treatment information, were excluded. Treatment utilization patterns were assessed using Cochran-Armitage tests for trend, and patient characteristics were compared using chi-square tests. Overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. All-cause (ACM) and cause-specific mortality (CSM) were evaluated with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Of 16175 patients analyzed, 11917 (74%) underwent cystectomy, and 4258 (26%) were treated with RT. Patients who received RT were older (median age 79 vs . 68, P < 0.01). Over time, the proportion of patients receiving RT relative to cystectomy increased (24% 1992–2002 vs . 28% 2003–2013, P < 0.01), despite median patient age throughout the study period remaining unchanged (71 for each 1992–2002 and 2003–2013, P = 0.41). For RT, compared with patients diagnosed earlier, those diagnosed from 2010–2013 showed improved OS (64% vs . 60% at 1 year, P < 0.01; 38% vs . 29% at 3 years, P < 0.01) and CSS (71% vs . 67% at 1 year, P = 0.01; 51% vs . 40% at 3 years, P < 0.01). On multivariable analysis, diagnosis from 2010–2013 was associated with a lower estimated risk of ACM (hazard ratio 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.66–0.89, P < 0.001) and CSM (hazard ratio 0.81; 95% confidence interval 0.67–0.97, P = 0.02). Conclusion: Utilization of RT for localized MIBC increased relative to cystectomy from 1992 to 2013, despite the median age of treated patients remaining unchanged. More recent survival outcomes for patients receiving RT were improved, supporting continued use of bladder preservation strategies utilizing RT.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: Will This Be the Greatest Challenge for Employment Discrimination Law?

This article examines the issues surrounding the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Recently, medical research has shown that ADHD, which had formerly been thought to be a childhood impairment, in many cases persists into adulthood. Because of the projected prevalence and severity of the disorder, ADHD has the potential to be a critical employment issue as well. This article begins with an examination of the current state of knowledge regarding ADHD. Then, attention is turned to the intersection of ADHD and the ADA. Three central questions are then addressed. These include whether ADHD is a covered condition under the ADA and how ADHD might enter into the employment selection process, and finally, the question of how employers can and should provide “reasonable accommodation” to ADHD-affected employees. A concluding discussion addresses how the convergence of ADHD and the ADA could become the health issue of the 1990s and beyond for both individual employers and employment law in general.
GDoF of the MISO BC: Bridging the gap between finite precision CSIT and perfect CSIT

This work bridges the gap between sharply contrasting results on the degrees of freedom of the K user broadcast channel where the transmitter is equipped with K transmit antennas and each of the K receivers is equipped with a single antenna. This channel has K DoF when channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is perfect, but as shown recently, it has only 1 DoF when the CSIT is limited to finite precision. By considering the full range of partial CSIT assumptions parameterized by β ∈ [0,1], such that the strength of the channel estimation error terms scales as ∼ SNR−β relative to the channel strengths which scale as ∼ SNR, it is shown that this channel has 1 − β + Kβ DoF. For K = 2 users with arbitrary β ij parameters, the DoF are shown to be 1 + min i,j β ij . To explore diversity of channel strengths, the results are further extended to the symmetric Generalized Degrees of Freedom setting where the direct channel strengths scale as ∼ SNR and the cross channel strengths scale as ∼ SNRα, α ∈ [0,1], β ∈ [0,α]. Here, the roles of α and β are shown to counter each other on equal terms, so that the sum GDoF value in the K user setting is (α − β) + K(1 − (α-β )) and for the 2 user setting with arbitrary β ij , is 2 − α + min i,j β ij .
Machine learning in M4: What makes a good unstructured model?

Abstract The Makridakis Competitions seek to identify the most accurate forecasting methods for different types of predictions. The M4 competition was the first in which a model of the type commonly described as “machine learning” has outperformed the more traditional statistical approaches, winning the competition. However, many approaches that were self-labeled as “machine learning” failed to produce accurate results, which generated discussion about the respective benefits and drawbacks of “statistical” and “machine learning” approaches. Both terms have remained ill-defined in the context of forecasting. This paper introduces the terms “structured” and “unstructured” models to better define what is intended by the use of the terms “statistical” and “machine learning” in the context of forecasting based on the model’s data generating process. The mechanisms that underlie specific challenges to unstructured modeling are examined in the context of forecasting, along with common solutions. Finally, the innovations in the winning model that allowed it to overcome these challenges and produce highly accurate results are highlighted.
Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Characteristics and Outcomes of 2014 and 2016 Cases at a Single Center

Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare condition associated with spinal cord gray matter abnormalities and frequent persistent motor deficits in the limbs. We present our experience with the diagnosis, management, and outcomes of affected children in 2014 and 2016, emphasizing features that should trigger early consideration of AFM. Early viral testing may increase the rate of detecting associated viruses.
Observing individual children in early childhood classrooms using Optimizing Learning Opportunities for Students (OLOS): A feasibility study

In this study, we present a newly developed observational system, Optimizing Learning Opportunities for Students (OLOS). OLOS is designed to elucidate the learning opportunities afforded to individual children within early childhood classrooms and as they transition to formal schooling (kindergarten through third grade). OLOS records the time spent in different types of learning opportunities (e.g., play, literacy, math) and the frequency of specific discourse moves children and teachers use (child talk and teacher talk). Importantly, it is being designed to be used validly and reliably by practitioners. Using OLOS, we explored individual children's experiences (n = 68 children in 12 classrooms) in four different types of early childhood programs; state-funded, state-funded PK serving children with disabilities, Head Start, and a tuition-based (non-profit) preschool. Results of our feasibility study revealed that we could feasibly and reliably use OLOS in these very different kinds of pre-kindergarten programs with some changes. OLOS provided data that aligned with our hypotheses and that our practitioner partners found useful. In analysing the observations, we found that individual children's learning opportunities varied significantly both within and between classrooms. In general, we observed that most of the PK day (or half day) was spent in language and literacy activities and non-instructional activities (e.g., transitions). Very little time in math and science was observed yet children were generally more likely to actively participate (i.e., more child talk) during academic learning opportunities (literacy, math, and science). The frequency of teacher talk also varied widely between classrooms and across programs. Plus, the more teacher talk we observed, the more likely we were to observe child talk. Our long-term aim is that OLOS can inform policy and provide information that supports practitioners in meeting the learning and social-behavioral needs of the children they serve.
Applications of Simulation-Based Interprofessional Education in Critical Care Settings and Situations: Emergency Room, Trauma, Critical Care, Rapid Response, and Disasters

Advances in healthcare have enabled clinicians to help increasingly sicker patients recover from illness and disease. As a result, the timely identification and treatment of critically ill individuals by specialized interprofessional teams within acute care hospitals and settings is now an essential feature of care. From rapid response teams intervening in the treatment of a deteriorating patient before the development of cardiopulmonary arrest to trauma teams treating accident and assault victims with serious physiologic disturbances, these interprofessional teams must function as cohesive units in order to adapt to the dynamic changes seen in these dire situations. Simulation-based training (SBT) is an ideal modality for honing the team interactions and function of such specialized interprofessional squads. This chapter will examine the role of interprofessional SBT in preparing healthcare providers in their treatment of critically ill patients and for mass casualty situations. In doing so, it will briefly discuss key interprofessional competencies needed by modern healthcare acute care teams. It will then review applications of interprofessional SBT currently used in such settings. It will close with a discussion of potential obstacles to conducting such training and strategies to overcome them.
Unimaginable Community: The Failure of Nubian Nationalism in Idris Ali's Dongola

The Egyptian Nubian author Idris Ali was a pioneer among modern writers depicting the marginal position of the Nubian community and the role of Egyptian nationalist policies in that marginalization. This article applies Benedict Anderson’s theory of postcolonial nationalism, in particular, its emphasis on the role of colonial institutions in shaping the grammar of nationalism in emerging states, to Idris Ali’s Dongola: A Nubian Novel to illustrate how the assertion of a distinctly Egyptian national identity necessarily involved the ostracism of the Nubian minority. The tragedy of the novel, however, is embodied in the semi-autobiographical protagonist’s failed attempts to lead his countrymen in forging their own “imagined community.” This article will examine the gap that renders the protagonist, an example of the twentieth-century “protean man” identified by Robert Jay Lifton, incapable of speaking for his fellow Nubians, who remain voiceless subalterns of the type described by Gayatri Spivak.
HEMINASAL APLASIA IN A PATIENT WITH CLEFT LIP: A CASE REPORT

Background Heminasal aplasia is a rare congenital unilateral malformation of the facial region caused by the failure of embryologic development of a nasal placode. To date, less than 100 cases have been reported globally. Objective We report here a case of a 13-year-old female presented for evaluation of a supernumerary tooth with no history of consanguinity or comparable family history of reported findings. The patient had a history of cleft lip repair and cannulation of the right tear duct. The patient exhibited right heminasal aplasia untreated by surgery. Materials and Methods Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed complete aplasia of the right maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses. Results The right nasal cavity, corresponding nostril, and nasal septum were absent and the right lacrimal duct was only partially formed. Facial asymmetry was noted on an axial view as a depression in the right maxilla. No orbital involvement was noted. Discussion The absence of both external and internal ipsilateral structures is inherent to heminasal aplasia. According to Mazzola’s classification of frontonasal malformations, this case is classified as an “upper face, half nose” nasal aplasia.
An aquatic-eye inspired miniature camera

A monocentric lens and a sensitive hemispherical imager can be combined to create a miniaturized camera that offers a field of view of 120°, deep depth of field and minimal optical aberration.
Radiation of scalar modes and the classical double copy

The double copy procedure relates gauge and gravity theories through color-kinematics replacements, and holds for both scattering amplitudes and in classical contexts. Moreover, it has been shown that there is a web of theories whose scattering amplitudes are related through operations that exchange color and kinematic factors. In this paper, we generalize and extend this procedure by showing that the classical perturbative double copy of pions corresponds to special Galileons. We consider point-particles coupled to the relevant scalar fields, and find the leading and next to leading order radiation amplitudes. By considering couplings motivated by those that would arise from extracting the longitudinal modes of the gauge and gravity theories, we are able to map the non-linear sigma model radiation to that of the special Galileon. We also construct the single copy by mapping the bi-adjoint scalar radiation to the non-linear sigma model radiation through generalized color-kinematics replacements.
Examining the Type of Legal Representation and Its Influence on Disaggregated Dispositions in Juvenile Court

While prior studies of juvenile court outcomes have examined the impact of legal representation on out-of-home placement versus community sanctions, previous research has not fully explored the var...
Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review.

Loneliness is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Deeper understanding of neurobiological mechanisms underlying loneliness is needed to identify potential intervention targets. We did not find any systematic review of neurobiology of loneliness. Using MEDLINE and PsycINFO online databases, we conducted a search for peer-reviewed publications examining loneliness and neurobiology. We identified 41 studies (n = 16,771 participants) that had employed various methods including computer tomography (CT), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and post-mortem brain tissue RNA analysis or pathological analysis. Our synthesis of the published findings shows abnormal structure (gray matter volume or white matter integrity) and/or activity (response to pleasant versus stressful images in social versus nonsocial contexts) in the prefrontal cortex (especially medial and dorsolateral), insula (particularly anterior), amygdala, hippocampus, and posterior superior temporal cortex. The findings related to ventral striatum and cerebellum were mixed. fMRI studies reported links between loneliness and differential activation of attentional networks, visual networks, and default mode network. Loneliness was also related to biological markers associated with Alzheimer's disease (e.g., amyloid and tau burden). Although the published investigations have limitations, this review suggests relationships of loneliness with altered structure and function in specific brain regions and networks. We found a notable overlap in the regions involved in loneliness and compassion, the two personality traits that are inversely correlated in previous studies. We have offered recommendations for future research studies of neurobiology of loneliness.
Novel Murine Pancreatic Tumor Model Demonstrates Immunotherapeutic Control of Tumor Progression by a Toxoplasma gondii Protein.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, with few effective treatments available and only 10% of those diagnosed surviving 5 years. Although immunotherapeutics is a growing field of study in cancer biology, there has been little progress in its use for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is considered a nonimmunogenic tumor because the tumor microenvironment does not easily allow for the immune system, even when stimulated, to attack the cancer. Infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to enhance the immune response to clear cancer tumors. A subset of T. gondii proteins called soluble Toxoplasma antigen (STAg) contains an immunodominant protein called profilin. Both STAg and profilin have been shown to stimulate an immune response that reduces viral, bacterial, and parasitic burdens. Here, we use STAg and profilin to treat pancreatic cancer in a KPC mouse-derived allograft murine model. These mice exhibit pancreatic cancer with both Kras and P53 mutations as subcutaneous tumors. Pancreatic cancer tumors in C57BL/6J mice with a wild-type background showed a significant response to treatment with either profilin or STAg, exhibiting a decrease in tumor volume accompanied by an influx of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the tumors. Both IFN-γ-/- mice and Batf3-/- mice, which lack conventional dendritic cells, failed to show significant decreases in tumor volumes when treated. These results indicate that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and dendritic cells may play critical roles in the immune response necessary to treat pancreatic cancer.
Nonlinear Reduced DNN Models for State Estimation.

We propose in this paper a data driven state estimation scheme for generating nonlinear reduced models for parametric families of PDEs, directly providing data-to-state maps, represented in terms of Deep Neural Networks. A major constituent is a sensor-induced decomposition of a model-compliant Hilbert space warranting approximation in problem relevant metrics. It plays a similar role as in a Parametric Background Data Weak framework for state estimators based on Reduced Basis concepts. Extensive numerical tests shed light on several optimization strategies that are to improve robustness and performance of such estimators.
All-inorganic halide perovskites as candidates for efficient solar cells

Summary Hybrid perovskites currently exhibit higher efficiencies than their all-inorganic counterparts in photovoltaic applications, which has led to a common belief that the organic cation somehow suppresses defect-assisted nonradiative recombination. Using first-principles calculations, here we show that the dominant nonradiative recombination center in CsPbI3 is the iodine interstitial, which causes similar nonradiative capture rates as in MAPbI3 (MA = CH3NH3). However, the MA cation can give rise to additional strong nonradiative recombination centers such as hydrogen vacancies, which are absent from CsPbI3. One major advantage of MA+ over Cs+ is a better stability of the perovskite phase. Our study suggests that all-inorganic halide perovskites, if they can be stabilized, hold great promise for high-efficiency optoelectronic applications. These critical insights may prevent all-inorganic halide perovskites from being disregarded as potentially strong candidates for solar cell materials.
A Method for Generating All Nondominated Solutions of X

We have described some techniques for calculating all nondominated extreme points of X, Nex. The problem which remains to be solved is concerned with generating a complete set N from N ex .
A Note on the Monomial Conjecture

Several cases of the monomial conjecture are proved. An equivalent form of the direct summand conjecture is discussed. Let (A, m, k) be a noetherian local ring of dimension n, m its maximal ideal and k = A/rn. The Monomial Conjecture (henceforth MC) of Hochster asserts that, given any system of parameters (henceforth s.o.p.) xI, .. ., xn of A, (XIX2 ... Xn) ? Xv***)Xn)bt>O Hochster proved the conjecture in the equicharacteristic case [HI], [H2]. He also established the fact that in the mixed and the positive characteristic cases the Direct Summand Conjecture (henceforth DSC) and hence MC is equivalent to the Canonical Element Conjecture [H12] (henceforth CEC). Thus MC occupies a central position in the study of several homological conjectures. In [I1l] Hochster pointed out that, given any s.o.p. xl,...,xn of A, xt, ... , xt satisfies MC for t sufficiently large. Next Goto [G] proved MC for Buchsbaum rings and Koh proved DSC for degree p extensions [K]. Several special cases of CEC were proved in [DI] when depthA = dimA 1. In [D2], the following result was established: If Ji AnnH;-j(A) and J JiJ2 ... Jr where r dimA depthA > 0, then Xl,... ,xn satisfies MC if J ? (xl,... , xn). This in turn implies that, given any s.o.p. xl, . . , xn in a complete local normal domain A, XI, X2, X3) ... , xt satisfies MC for t > 0. We will have several more applications of this result in Section 2. We recall that there is no loss of generality in assuming A to be a complete local normal domain. In our most recent work we established the validity of CEC over i) A/xA when A is a complete local normal domain and x E mJ1 [D3], ii) any almost complete intersection domain A or any almost complete intersection ring A over which p (= the mixed characteristic) is a non-zero-divisor [D4], iii) rings of the form R/Q, where R is a complete Gorenstein ring such that the complete local normal domain A is a homomorphic image of R, dimR = dimA, and Q is the canonical module of A [D4], and iv) complete local normal domains A for which Q is S3. Thus MC holds in all the above cases. The main results of this paper are arranged in the following way. In Section 1, first we reduce the study of MC to almost complete intersection rings. Recall that, due to the results mentioned earlier, the problem boils down to almost complete intersection rings of depth 0. Next we prove the following: Received by the editors July 20, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 13D02; Secondary 13H1.0. This work was partially supported by an NSA grant and an NSF grant. (?)1998 American Mathematical Society
Project sonology: an experimental project exploring the possibilities of sound and audio as the primary element of interactive entertainment

The goal of the project is to show that audio can successfully be the primary element of interactive entertainment by delivering pure audio experiences that demonstrate both the creative potential and emotional power of an audio experience. We develop two proofs of concept with the technical foundation supported by prototypes. The core technology is a combination of a 3D game engine and an audio engine used to build sound environments. The interactions are based on 3D trackers and surround sound headphones.
Strain measurements in a rotary engine housing

The development of structural design tools for Rotary Combustion Engines (RCE) using Finite Element Modeling (FEM) requires knowledge about the response of engine materials to various service conditions. This paper describes experimental work that studied housing deformation as a result of thermal, pressure and mechanical loads. The measurement of thermal loads, clamping pressure, and deformation was accomplished by use of high-temperature strain gauges, thermocouples, and a high speed data acquisition system. FEM models for heat transfer stress analysis of the rotor housing will be verified and refined based on these experimental results.
Francis A. Allen--An Appreciation

Francis Allen and I overlapped as members of the Michigan Law faculty in the 1962-63 academic year. It was much too short a colleagueship. But Frank hadn't gotten Chicago out of his system at that time, and I, a year after his departure, decided to follow the sun. (It took Frank a bit longer, apparently.) At all events, that year together at Michigan was the start of a friendship which has survived the separation of the intervening years. I became and remain a total and enthusiastic admirer of Frank Allen as a person and as a scholar, and of all that he stands for. To the shameless partisanship I bring to the task of penning these comments I offer these two pleas in abatement: one, that such is the inevitable fate of those who come to know him, and two, what I say here about him and his work has the redeeming virtue of being demonstrably true. I will not try to say all that deserves to be said about Professor Allen's many achievements. I rely on others to speak from firsthand experience to such facets of his excellence as his talents as a teacher, his contributions as dean of the Michigan Law School during some trying years, his success in leading a revision of the Illinois Penal Code. I will confine my observations to what I know firsthand his contributions to legal scholarship. Frank Allen is a towering figure in criminal law scholarship. The bulk and range of his bibliography and the close attention paid his work by those who labor in these fields are sure indicators of his power and influence. Precisely because of his stature some comment is called for on the style of his work and the qualities of mind and heart which it reveals; on the nature of his intellectual contributions and how they came to have the impact they did. Allen is a master of the essay form. He has done some work in the classic law review article mode, in chronicling the Supreme Court's development of the constitutional law of criminal procedure.1 But the
Implementing MPI on windows: comparison with common approaches on Unix

Commercial HPC applications are often run on clusters that use the Microsoft Windows operating system and need an MPI implementation that runs efficiently in the Windows environment. The MPI developer community, however, is more familiar with the issues involved in implementing MPI in a Unix environment. In this paper, we discuss some of the differences in implementing MPI on Windows and Unix, particularly with respect to issues such as asynchronous progress, process management, shared-memory access, and threads. We describe how we implement MPICH2 on Windows and exploit these Windows-specific features while still maintaining large parts of the code common with the Unix version. We also present performance results comparing the performance of MPICH2 on Unix and Windows on the same hardware. For zero-byte MPI messages, we measured excellent shared-memory latencies of 240 and 275 nanoseconds on Unix and Windows, respectively.
Focus on . . . Qualified Replacement Plans

Overfunded pension plans can cause hidden problems at termination. Plan terminations that result in reversion to the sponsor frequently trigger extreme confiscatory taxation - as much as 90 percent. This article presents several techniques available to plan sponsors to help mitigate such problems.
Media access protocols for a scalable optical interconnection network

Hierarchical optical interconnection networks have the potential of solving the communication bottleneck that has evolved in parallel processing systems due to big increases in processor speeds. Hierarchical Optical Ring Interconnection Network (HORN) is one network architecture that was proposed to provide scalability to a larger number of processing nodes (PNs) with low latency and high bandwidth. In HORN PNs are arranged in rings and those rings are grouped together hierarchically in higher level rings. While collisions of data from multiple sources in hierarchical networks like HORN are reduced by separating nodes spatially and by wavelength, they can't be prevented completely and a media access (MAC) protocols must be used to that end. An in depth analysis of five collision-free, single hop protocols is performed in terms of average delay and system throughput. The protocols analyzed are: time division multiple access (TDMA), TDMA with arbitration, FatMAC, DMON, and token hierarchical optical ring network (THORN). The first four protocols are documented in the literature but the fifth, THORN, was developed expressly for HORN. While all the protocols support the scalability objectives of HORN, THORN is shown to have the lowest delay and a throughput comparable to the other four protocols.
Description of a Psychosocial Assessment Instrument and Risk Criteria to Support Social Work Recommendations for Kidney Transplant Candidates

Developing uniform criteria and a risk assessment clinical intervention plan to identify, assess, and assign psychosocial risk levels may help guide transplant social workers' interventions and justify their listing recommendation. This article describes a kidney pre-transplant psychosocial assessment instrument that is supported by psychosocial risk criteria and a risk assessment clinical intervention plan.
Characterization of the three zebrafish orthologs of the mitochondrial GTPase Miro/Rhot

Mitochondria exhibit dynamic locomotion and spatial rearrangement. This movement is necessary for a cell to maintain basic metabolic functions, and disruption of motility often results in cell death. Miro is a mitochondrial outer membrane Rho GTPase essential for mitochondrial movement and distribution in diverse systems, including yeast, animals, and plants. We sought to study the previously uncharacterized Miro protein family in zebrafish. We confirmed that, like human Miro, the zebrafish Miro proteins (Rhot1a, Rhot1b, and Rhot2) localize to mitochondria in mammalian tissue culture cells by both biochemical fractionation and immunofluorescent colocalization. In addition, using whole mount in situ hybridization, we observed ubiquitous expression of all three mRNAs throughout development. By microinjecting three antisense morpholino oligonucleotides targeted to each of the rhot genes, we knocked down all three proteins simultaneously in developing zebrafish embryos. The triple morphants demonstrated a dose-dependent defect in posterior body-axis elongation, while a single knockdown of each protein at the same dose produced no effect. This phenotype could be rescued with human Miro1 mRNA and is most likely due to increased cell death. Taken altogether, this research demonstrates the importance of the Rhot proteins during vertebrate development.
Arginine residues in the D2 polypeptide may stabilize bicarbonate binding in photosystem II of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Bicarbonate (HCO3−) causes a significant and reversible stimulation of anion-inhibited electron flow in photosystem II of higher plants and cyanobacteria. To test if selected arginine (Arg) residues are involved in the binding of HCO3−, we utilized oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to construct Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 mutants carrying mutations in Arg residues in the D2 protein. Measurements of oxygen evolution showed that the D2 mutants R233Q (arginine-233 → glutamine) and R251S (arginine-251 → serine) were 10-fold more sensitive to formate than the wild type. The formate concentration giving half-maximal inhibition of the steady-state oxygen evolution rate was 48 mM, 4.5 mM and 4 mM for the wild type, R233Q and R251S, respectively. Measurements of oxygen evolution in single-turnover flashes confirm that the mutants are more sensitive to formate than the wild type. Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence decay kinetics after the second saturating actinic flash indicated that, after formate treatment, the halftime of QA− oxidation was decreased by approximately a factor of 2, 4 and 6 in the wild type, R251S and R233Q, respectively. The recombination rate between QA− and S2 was approx. 2-fold slower in R251S and R233Q than in the wild type. In the presence of 100 mM sodium formate, reactivation of the Hill reaction by bicarbonate showed that the wild type had an apparent Km for bicarbonate of 0.5 mM, while the Km values for R233Q and R251S were 1.4 and 1.5 mM, respectively. We suggest that Arg-233 and Arg-251 in the D2 polypeptide contribute to stabilization of HCO3− binding in Photosystem II.
Activation of hydrogen by cationic cyclopentadienyl molybdenum dimers with sulfido ligands. 4. A cationic complex with an allyl thiolate ligand

A mixture of cis,trans-1-bromo-2-butene was reacted with (CpMoS)2S2CH2 (Cp=C5H5) to form the cationic sulfur-alkylated product [(CpMo)2(S2CH2)(μ-S)(μ-SCH2CH=C(H)Me]Br, (1), which was characterized by spectroscopic methods. The reactivity of the allyl thiolate complex was compared with that of [(CpMo)2(S2CH2)(μ-S)(μ-SCMe=CHMe)]Br, (2), an isomer with a vinyl thiolate ligand. Complex 1 does not undergo detectable isomerization in chloroform solution while a complex rearrangement process was observed for 2. The reaction of 1–2 atm of hydrogen with 1 resulted in the formation of 2-bromobutane and a previously characterized molybdenum complex [CpMoS2CH2]2. [(CpMo)2(S2CH2)(μ-S)(μ-SCHMe( Et))]Br was an intermediate in this reaction with hydrogen. It was detected by NMR and synthesized by an independent route. The reaction of methyl lithium with 1 led to the formation of a neutral complex (CpMo)2(S2CH2)(μ-SMe)(μ-SCH2CH=CHMe), (3). Complex 3 reacted under 1–2 atm of hydrogen to form an isomeric mixture of butenes....
The Role of Methionine 156 in Cross-subunit Nucleotide Interactions in the Iron Protein of Nitrogenase

A variant Fe protein has been created at the completely conserved residue methionine 156 by changing it to cysteine. The Azotobacter vinelandii strain expressing M156C is unable to grow under nitrogen-fixing conditions, and the purified protein cannot support substrate reduction in vitro. This mutation has an effect on the Fe protein's ability to undergo the MgATP-induced conformational change as evidenced by the fact that M156C is chelated in the presence of MgATP with a lower observed rate than wild-type. While the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of this protein are similar to those of the wild-type Fe protein, the circular dichroism spectrum is markedly different in the presence of MgATP, showing that the conformation adopted by M156C following nucleotide binding is different from the wild-type conformation. Although competition activity and chelation assays show that this Fe protein can still form a complex with the MoFe protein, this altered conformation only supports MgATP hydrolysis at 1% the rate of wild-type Fe protein. A model based on x-ray crystallographic information is presented to explain the importance of Met-156 in stabilization of the correct conformation of the Fe protein via critical interactions of the residue with Asp-43 and nucleotide in the other subunit.
AGM: a dataflow database machine

In recent years, a number of database machines consisting of large numbers of parallel processing elements have been proposed. Unfortunately, there are two main limitations in database processing that prevent a high degree of parallelism; these are the available I/O bandwidth of the underlying storage devices and the concurrency control mechanisms necessary to guarantee data integrity. The main problem with conventional approaches is the lack of a computational model capable of utilizing the potential of any significant number of processing elements and storage devices and, at the same time, preserving the integrity of the database.This paper presents a database model and its associated architecture, which is based on the principles of data-driven computation. According to this model, the database is represented as a network in which each node is conceptually an independent, asynchronous processing element, capable of communicating with other nodes by exchanging messages along the network arcs. To answer a query, one or more such messages, called tokens, are created and injected into the network. These then propagate asynchronously through the network in search of results satisfying the given query.The asynchronous nature of processing permits the model to be mapped onto a computer architecture consisting of large numbers of independent disk units and processing elements. This increases both the available I/O bandwidth as well as the processing potential of the machine. At the same time, new concurrency control and error recovery mechanisms are necessary to cope with the resulting parallelism.
Unredistributable corporate moral responsibility

Certain cases of corporate action seem especially resistant to a shared moral evaluation. Conservatives may argue that if bad intentions cannot be demonstrated, corporations and their managers are not blame-worthy, while liberals may insist that the results of corporate actions were predictable and so somebody must be to blame. Against this background, the theory that sometimes a corporation's moral responsibility cannot be redistributed, even in principle, to the individuals involved, seems quite attractive. This doctrine of unredistributable corporate moral responsibility (UCMR) is, however, ultimately indefensible. I show this in several steps. After first locating UCMR in the context of the evolving debate about corporate moral agency, the paper reexamines cases cited in defense of UCMR and takes up the attempt to defend it by identifying corporate moral agency with corporate practices. A further section explores the claim that UCMR is a convention distinct from, yet compatible with, traditional “natural” notions of responsibility. The final section develops a notion of combined akratic agency to provide an alternate explanation, compatible with rejection of UCMR, of the phenomena which make the doctrine attractive.
The flowing‐afterglow technique, and approach to the study of polymer thermal degradation

We describe here a relatively new analytical method1–3 for following the thermal reaction history of polymers by quantitatively detecting the evolution of gases and some volatiles by flowing-afterglow spectroscopy. The thermal and oxidative stability of common plastics in many industrial and defense applications is of wide interest. We have studied the evolution of moisture and carbon dioxide from Li2CO3/Orlon-filled diallyl phthalate (DAP) composites and have briefly examined the thermal stability of Estane 5703, a polyester-based thermoplastic polyurethane. The results of these preliminary studies have shown the utility of FLAG spectroscopy as a means toward our understanding polymer stability and lifetimes in specified environments. FLAG data, combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data, have extended our knowledge of Li2CO3/Orlon/DAP and Estane aging processes. The DAP composites evolve H2O and CO2 at near ambient temperatures, and we have described the kinetics of gas evolution and have attempted to describe the mechanism of thermal degradation. In the 25–120°C temperature range Estane 5703 evolves CO2 as a decomposition product and some adsorbed moisture.
Supporting coordination in surgical suites: physical aspects of common information spaces

To accommodate frequent emergencies, interruptions, and delays, hospital staff continually make and coordinate changes to the surgery schedule. The technical and social aspects of coordination in surgical suites have been described by prior studies. This paper addresses an understudied aspect of coordination: the physical environment. Based on a field study of four surgical suites in two large academic centers, we show how the physical layout of hallways and rooms, and barriers and spaces around displays and key coordinators, support or fail to support the common information spaces used for coordination. We use the concept "information hotspots" to represent how physical places and their characteristics facilitate coordination. We developed design principles based on the concept of information hotspots that should guide architectural considerations for coordination in dynamic environments such as hospitals.