cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotating convective disturbances in the trades

Observations of rotating convective disturbances in the trade-wind region just east of Hawaii are presented. Rotation results from stretching of vertical ambient vorticity in the convective regions. Surface friction is shown to play a significant dissipative role in these disturbances. Ekman pumping associated with the rotation is probably only of secondary importance. Convection is found to be associated with weak local maxima in the boundary-layer equivalent potential temperature. This suggests that convection occurs where such anomalies make the buoyancy of surface parcels larger than average. Convective available potential energies are found to be small, which means that such equivalent-potential-temperature anomalies are important in determining parcel buoyancy. It is hypothesized that mesoscale circulations induced by the ascending motion of convection reinforce the anomalies, resulting in the intensification of the circulations. The equivalent potential temperature of the boundary layer results from a balance between surface fluxes and entrainment from above. Ascending motion apparently reduces entrainmcnt, thus allowing the equivalent potential temperature to rise, whereas subsidence has the opposite effect.
A psychodynamic view of psychosomatic medicine.

Objective The objective of this article is to assess the relevance of psychodynamic observations and theory for psychosomatic medicine. Methods The evolution of the psychodynamic formulation of psychosomatic symptom formation is described in a brief historical review. Results There are two distinctly different pathways along which stress-induced psychological arousal is transformed into somatic symptoms. Conclusions Psychodynamic observations and theory have important implications for psychosomatic research and treatment.
Engineering a beta-carotene ketolase for astaxanthin production.

Abstract A new β-carotene ketolase gene (crtW) was cloned from an environmental isolate Sphingomonas sp. DC18. A robust and reliable color screen was developed for protein engineering to improve its activity on hydroxylated carotenoids for astaxanthin production. Localized random mutagenesis was performed on the crtW gene including the upstream ribosomal binding site (RBS). Six mutations (H96L, R203W, A205 V, A208 V, F213L and A215 T) in the crtW gene were isolated multiple times that showed improved astaxanthin production. These mutations were localized near the conserved histidine motifs, which were proposed for binding iron required for enzymatic activity. Combination of two of the mutations (R203W/F213L) further improved astaxanthin production. One mutation at the RBS (a438t) was shown to have additional effect on improving astaxanthin production. Most of the mutants still retained high activity on β-carotene, however, the F213L single mutant and the R203W/F213L double mutant that yielded the highest improvement for astaxanthin production showed decreased activity for canthaxanthin production.
Pharmaceutical Industry Gifts to Physicians: Patient Beliefs and Trust in Physicians and the Health Care System

BACKGROUND Pharmaceutical industry gifts to physicians are common and influence physician behavior. Little is known about patient beliefs about the prevalence of these gifts and how these beliefs may influence trust in physicians and the health care system.
Spindle pole centrosomes of sea urchin embryos are partially composed of material recruited from maternal stores

The spindle poles of fertilized sea urchin eggs have commonly been modeled as being derived from the centrosomes of the fertilizing spermatozoon. Boveri's theory of fertilization, proposed at the turn of the century, states that the maternal centrosome is suppressed or inactivated during oogenesis and that the sperm centrosome is functionally dominant. In support of this proposal, more recent studies have shown that the sperm imports a determinant that is involved in centrosomal replication. Examination of sea urchin zygotes immunofluorescently labeled with a new anti-centrosomal antibody by quantitative confocal laser-scanning microscopy shows, however, that spindle pole centrosomes are not exclusively paternal structures, but additionally contain material derived from maternal pools. Furthermore, this maternal centrosomal material is divided among daughter blastomeres during cleavage. It therefore appears that although the sperm centrosome plays a dominant role in organizing the spindle poles, much of the centrosomal material within the spindle poles of the zygote is actually recruited from preexisting egg cytoplasmic stores. These data indicate that centrosomes of sea urchin embryos are biparentally derived, composite organelles.
Coordination sphere flexibility of active-site models for Fe-only hydrogenase: studies in intra- and intermolecular diatomic ligand exchange.

A series of dinuclear complexes, (μ-SRS)Fe2(CO)6 (R = −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2−C6H4−CH2−; edt, pdt, and o-xyldt, respectively) has been examined for specific characteristics that might relate to structural similarity with the active site of Fe-only hydrogenases. Variable-temperature proton NMR studies display the fluxionality of the iron−dithiocyclohexane unit in (μ-pdt)Fe2(CO)6 while in the (μ-o-xyldt)Fe2(CO)6 compound, the bridge is fixed. Temperature-dependent 13C NMR spectral studies establish intramolecular CO site exchange localized on discrete Fe(CO)3 units in all complexes, which is influenced by steric effects of the μ-SRS unit. Kinetic studies of intermolecular CO/CN- ligand-exchange reactions establish associative or Ia mechanisms in sequential steps to form the dicyano dianion, (μ-SRS)[Fe(CO)2(CN)]2= with 100% selectivity. Theoretical calculations (DFT) of transition states in the intramolecular site-exchange processes lead to a rationale for the interesting cooperativity in the CN-/CO inte...
Decreased duration of pentobarbital anesthesia and increased pentobarbital metabolism in immature rats perinatally exposed to cimetidine.

Cfmetldlne, a h I stam I ne H2-receptor antagon i st, lnhiblts cytochrane P-450-mediated metabolism of most drugs and prolongs the duration of their actions as an untoward effect in adult humans and experimental animals Ll-41. The antlhlstamlne is used In neonates for the prophyiaxis of stress ulceration and management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage [lo]; however, Its effect on cytochrane P-450-mediated metabol Ism of drugs in the neonatal population has not been reported. In general, the duration of the effects of drugs Is age-dependent and is usually longer In the immature of most species than In adults, In part because of the low levels and actfvlties of cytochranes P-450 characterlsflc of the immature [5-7_]. Qualitative differences In the hemoproteins may also exist between adults and the Immature L7-91. It is concelvabie, therefore, that the effects of clmetidlne on drug metabolism may differ qualitatively and quantltatlvely as a function of age. It is necessary to understand the drug Interactions caused by clmetidine In the immature because newborns are subject to inadvertent as well as Intentional exposure to multiple drugs. The present studies were undertaken to assess the effect of perlnatal exposure to clmetldine on a pharmacodynam ic response. The resu I ts show that the response var lab1 e duratlon of pentobarbltal-Induced anesthesia (DPA) was shortened in rats exposed neonata I I y to clmetidlne. This effect is In contrast with a prolongation of the parameter In animals exposed to the ant 1 h I stam I ne I ater 1 n I Ife.
Rorschach Comprehensive System Data for a Sample of 283 Adult Nonpatients From the United States

This article presents an update on adult nonpatients living in central California previously described by Shaffer, Erdberg, and Haroian (1999). In this study an additional 160 nonpatients were administered the Rorschach for a total sample size of 283. Graduate students enrolled in a 2-year Rorschach research seminar administered the Rorschach (Exner, 1995), WAIS-R (Weschler, 1981), and MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989), and were provided with extensive supervision and ongoing quality control. All protocols were recoded by the first two authors and a psychologist with extensive Rorschach experience. Exclusion criteria are described. Interrater reliability statistics at the response level are presented along with scores for Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS), WAIS-R, and MMPI-2 variables.
A latent variable approach to the simple view of reading

The present study utilized a latent variable modeling approach to examine the Simple View of Reading in a sample of students from 3rd, 7th, and 10th grades (N = 215, 188, and 180, respectively). Latent interaction modeling and other latent variable models were employed to investigate (a) the functional form of the relationship between decoding and linguistic comprehension in third grade, (b) the contribution of these predictors as children progress through school, and (c) the contribution of passage fluency, working memory, and performance IQ to a model of reading for all grades. Results did not support the Simple View of Reading for students in grades 3, 7 and 10. Additionally, it was found that passage fluency significantly predicted reading comprehension after controlling for decoding and linguistic comprehension for students in grades 7 and 10. Likewise performance IQ was found to be a significant predictor of reading comprehension for students in third grade.
Examining the relationship between teacher evaluation and student assessment results in washoe county

In this article, we describe findings from an analysis of the relationship between scores on a standards-based teacher evaluation system modeled on the Framework for Teaching (Danielson, 1996) and student achievement measures in a large Western school district. We apply multilevel statistical modeling to study the relationship between the evaluation scores and state and district tests of reading, mathematics, and a composite measure of reading and mathematics. Using a value-added framework, the teacher evaluation scores were included at the 2nd level, or teacher level, of the model when other student and teacher-level characteristics were controlled. This study provided some initial evidence of a positive association between teacher performance, as measured by the evaluation system, and student achievement. The coefficients representing the effects of teacher performance on student achievement were positive and were statistically significant in 4 of 9 grade-test combinations studied.
Anterior dentition and relationships of the early eocene omomyids Arapahovius advena and Teilhardina demissa, sp. nov.

Abstract Two dentaries from the Wasatchian Willwood Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, constitute the first evidence of the anterior teeth of the omomyid Arapahovius advena . Another specimen, preserving intact crowns of nearly all the lower teeth, represents a derived new species of Teilhardina . The two species appear to be closely related and provide evidence on the interrelationships of diminutive omomyids. Arapahovius and Anemorhysis are sister taxa that probably evolved from a derived species of Teilhardina .
Epigenetic modifications and long noncoding RNAs influence pancreas development and function

Insulin-producing β cells within the pancreatic islet of Langerhans are responsible for maintaining glucose homeostasis; the loss or malfunction of β cells results in diabetes mellitus. Recent advances in cell purification strategies and sequencing technologies as well as novel molecular tools have revealed that epigenetic modifications and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent an integral part of the transcriptional mechanisms regulating pancreas development and β cell function. Importantly, these findings have uncovered a new layer of gene regulation in the pancreas that can be exploited to enhance the restoration and/or repair of β cells to treat diabetes.
Numerical solutions of a perturbed Chandrasekhar H-equation

Abstract Numerical solutions of perturbed Chandrasekhar H type integral equations are analysed. Convergence criteria in the sense of the maximum norm and the C α norm are studied. Several numerical methods are compared.
Neutrophils Play an Important Role in Host Resistance to Respiratory Infection with Acinetobacter baumannii in Mice

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major cause of both community-associated and nosocomial pneumonia, but little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of host defense against respiratory infection with this bacterial pathogen. In this study, we examined the role of neutrophils in host resistance to pulmonary A. baumannii infection in a mouse model of intranasal (i.n.) infection. We found that neutrophils were rapidly recruited to the lungs following i.n. inoculation of the pathogen and declined to baseline level upon clearance of the infection. Depletion of neutrophils using monoclonal antibody RB6-8C5 prior to infection resulted in an acute lethal infection that was associated with enhanced bacterial burdens in the lung (P < 0.05) and extrapulmonary dissemination to the spleen. The increased susceptibility to A. baumannii in neutropenic mice was associated with a delay in the mRNA expression and production of early proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) in the lungs and development of severe bronchopneumonia and lymphoid tissue destruction in the spleen. Moreover, i.n. administration of the neutrophil-inducing chemokine MIP-2 to normal mice induced a pulmonary influx of neutrophils and significantly enhanced the clearance of A. baumannii from the lungs (P < 0.01). These results imply that neutrophils play a critical role in host resistance to respiratory A. baumannii infection.
A density functional theory study of the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde over vanadia supported on silica, titania, and zirconia

Density functional theory was used to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of methanol oxidation to formaldehyde over vanadia supported on silica, titania, and zirconia. The catalytically active site was modeled as an isolated VO4 unit attached to the support. The calculated geometry and vibrational frequencies of the active site are in good agreement with experimental measurements both for model compounds and oxide-supported vanadia. Methanol adsorption is found to occur preferentially with the rupture of a V−O-M bond (M = Si, Ti, Zr) and with preferential attachment of a methoxy group to V. The vibrational frequencies of the methoxy group are in good agreement with those observed experimentally as are the calculated isobars. The formation of formaldehyde is assumed to occur via the transfer of an H atom of a methoxy group to the O atom of the VO group. The activation energy for this process is found to be in the range of 199−214 kJ/mol, and apparent activation energies for the overall oxidation of met...
Electroabsorption Studies of Intervalence Charge Transfer in (NC)5FeCNOs(NH3)5-: Experimental Assessment of Charge-Transfer Distance, Solvent Reorganization, and Electronic Coupling Parameters

Electroabsorption studies of (NC)5FeCNOs(NH3)5- show that light-induced metal-to-metal charge transfer is accompanied by a dipole moment change of −12.5 ± 1.5 D along the charge-transfer axis. This change corresponds to an effective one-electron transfer distance of 2.5 ± 0.3 A, i.e., less than half the geometric distance from iron to osmium. The charge-transfer distance revision has profound effects upon estimates for solvent reorganization and nonadiabatic electronic coupling energies. The distance revision decreases the former from 7000 to 2200 cm-1 and increases the latter from 1260 to 2600 cm-1. Reliable estimates for both, of course, are required in order to understand light-induced electron-transfer kinetics.
Particulate Iron in Offshore Waters of the Panama Bight and in the Gulf of Panama

Particulate iron is reported from replicate samples taken at two depths at several locations in the Panama Bight during November 1955, and in replicate samples taken at two depths at a single inshore location in the Gulf of Panama at bimonthly intervals from December 1954 through December 1955. In addition, a few samples were taken at other locations in the Gulf of Panama and from a river flowing into the Gulf. The content of particulate iron, both in the Panama Bight and in the Gulf, shows highly contagious distributions, necessitating a logarithmic transformation to make the data amenable to statistical analysis. All samples from the Panama Bight could have arisen from a single log-normal distribution with a mean of 12.2 µg/L. In the Gulf of Panama, there is significantly higher iron in the surface (115.2 µg/L) than at 30 meters (62.1 µg/L) during the early part of the year when the standing crops of plankton organisms are high. Particulate iron content is higher inshore in the Gulf of Panama than offshore in the Panama Bight, and two samples from the Rio Escota, containing 692 and 863 µg/L, were much higher than in the Gulf, indicating that possibly the iron is being brought in by runoff. From comparison of iron content in inshore and offshore waters, in both of which biological production is high, it is inferred that particulate iron cannot be a limiting factor on phytoplankton growth in the inshore waters.
Breaking the Code of Amyloid-β Oligomers.

Departing from the original postulates that defined various neurodegenerative disorders, accumulating evidence supports a major role for soluble forms of amyloid proteins as initiator toxins in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementias, and prion diseases. Soluble multimeric assemblies of amyloid-β, tau, α-synuclein, and the prion protein are generally englobed under the term oligomers. Due to their biophysical properties, soluble amyloid oligomers can adopt multiple conformations and sizes that potentially confer differential biological activities. Therein lies the problem: with sporadic knowledge and limited tools to identify, characterize, and study amyloid oligomers, how can we solve the enigma of their respective role(s) in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders? To further our understanding of these devastating diseases, the code of the amyloid oligomers must be broken.
Designing Reliable Architecture for Stateful Fault Tolerance

Performance and fault tolerance are two major issues that need to be addressed while designing highly available and reliable systems. The network topology or the notion of connectedness among the network nodes defines the system communication architecture and is an important design consideration for fault tolerant systems. A number of fault tolerant designs for specific multi-processor architecture exists in the literature, but none of them discriminates between stateless and stateful failover. In this paper, we propose a reliable network topology and a high availability framework which is tolerant up to a maximum of k node faults in a network and is designed specifically to meet the needs of stateful failover. Assuming the nodes in the network are capable of handling multiple processes, through our design we have been able to prove that in the event of k node failures the load can be uniformly distributed across the network - ensuring load balance. We also provide an useful characterization for the network, which under the proposed framework ensures one hop communication between the required nodes
Isolation and use of specific nephron segments and their cells in biochemical studies

Micropuncture and microperfusion of defined isolated nephron segments have provided important information on the localization of different transport systems along the mammalian nephron. As these studies have progressed, an increasingly specialized series of ever smaller nephron segments has become apparent, At present, the nephron is divided into at least 10 to 12 different parts. This heterogenity within a single nephron is even further complicated by the existence of functionally distinct superficial and deep nephrons. Furthermore, any nephron segment may contain multiple cell types, each of which may subserve different and specific functions within that nephron segment. In addition to the various tubular epithelial cells, the kidney contains cells of the renal vasculature, the interstitium and the lymphatics. Overall then, the kidney is composed of at least 30 different cell types. Most likely this still represents an oversimplication. The enormous problem of isolating a defined cell population from such a heterogenous organ can easily be envisioned. The present paper will provide a brief overview about isolation methods for individual nephron segments and individual cells and some of their applications.
Member Learning in Analytic Self-Study Groups

Summary Member learning in an analytically oriented self-study group conference based on the Tavistock model was studied by a six-week follow-up questionnaire. Conference members were 25 graduate students in clinical, counselling, and school psychology, social work, and psychiatry (10 men, 15 women; 22 white, three minority). Factor analysis of the questionnaire showed that members reported learning on three orthogonal factors: 1) general endorsement of the conference, 2) learning about personal relationships and small group behavior, and 3) learning about group dynamics and large group behavior. Content analysis of open-ended statements about member learning revealed approximately equal reports of learning about personal dynamics and group dynamics. Clinical psychologists reported more learning on factor 3 (p < .02), more group dynamics learning and less personal learning (x 2 = 9.00, p < .01) than school psychologists. It is concluded that the conference was a useful learning environment, and that membe...
Molecular determinants of skeletal muscle mass: Getting the "AKT" together

Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the human body and its normal physiology plays a fundamental role in health and disease. During many disease states, a dramatic loss of skeletal muscle mass (atrophy) is observed. In contrast, physical exercise is capable of producing significant increases in muscle mass (hypertrophy). Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is often viewed as the net result of the balance between two separate processes, namely protein synthesis and protein degradation. However, these two biochemical processes are not occurring independent of each other but they rather appear to be finely coordinated by a web of intricate signaling networks. Such signaling networks are in charge of executing environmental and cellular cues that will ultimate determine whether muscle proteins are synthesized or degraded. In this review, recent findings are discussed demonstrating that the AKT1/FOXOs/Atrogin-1(MAFbx)/MuRF1 signaling network plays an important role in the progression of skeletal muscle atrophy. These novel findings highlight an important mechanism that coordinates the activation of the protein synthesis machinery with the activation of a genetic program responsible for the degradation of muscle proteins during skeletal muscle atrophy.
Medical professionalism in society.

Today, at the dawn of a new century, genuine medical professionalism is in peril. Increasing-ly, physicians encounter perverse financial incentives, fierce market competition, and the erosion of pa...
Structure and hydrogen adsorption properties of low density nanoporous carbons from simulations

Abstract We systematically model the hydrogen adsorption in nanoporous carbons over a wide range of carbon bulk densities (0.6–2.4 g/cm3) by using tight binding molecular dynamics simulations for the carbon structures and thermodynamics calculations of the hydrogen adsorption. The resulting structures are in good agreement with the experimental data of ultra-microporous carbon (UMC), a wood-based activated carbon, as indicated by comparisons of the microstructure at atomic level, pair distribution function, and pore size distribution. The hydrogen adsorption calculations in carbon structures demonstrate both a promising hydrogen storage capacity (excess uptake of 1.33 wt.% at 298 K and 5 MPa, for carbon structures at the lower range of densities) and a reasonable heat of adsorption (12–22 kJ/mol). This work demonstrates that increasing the heat of adsorption does not necessarily increase the hydrogen uptake. In fact, the available adsorption volume is as important as the isosteric heat of adsorption for hydrogen storage in nanoporous carbons.
Tolerance limitations of etched film resistors

Abstract Miniature thin film resistors have been made by depositing CrSiO and suitable contact metals on oxide-coated silicon wafers without breaking vacuum. Resistors of 0.5–10 mil dimensions were formed by subsequent photoresist etching. The resistor values on a group of 25 substrates deviated systematically and randomly from their design values. The combined variations were of the order of ±10% and depended on the resistor sizes. Measurements of resistor dimensions revealed that standard deviations from ±20 to 80 μin. were responsible for the greater part of the resistance variations. These errors are not associated with the particular resistor material investigated but with the mask fabrication and photoresist exposure processes. These processes impose a limitation on the tolerance to which small dimensions can be etched.
Examining how the 11th September, 2001 terrorist attacks precipitated a paradigm shift advancing communications and public relations into a more significant role in corporate America

This paper explores how corporate communications and public relations were affected by the 11th September, 2001 terrorism attacks on the USA.
Heuristic design of property maps

The Property Map is a specialized multidimensional indexing technique that precomputes attribute expressions for selected data items and stores the results as bit strings. Property Maps effectively index multi-attribute queries and high cardinality attributes. Designing properties for a Property Map, however, is not a trivial task. The solution space has exponential complexity; thus we develop heuristic algorithms to reduce the number of solutions to consider while still producing a Property Map index with good performance. In this paper, the algorithms comprising the design framework for Property Maps are discussed and illustrated.
Control and monitoring of a parallel processed neural network via the World Wide Web

Abstract Training an artificial neural network (ANN) can be a time-consuming process. The training time can be decreased by implementing the network on a parallel processing platform; however, training our network can still take many hours or even days. Given the long training times and the need for periodic human supervision the author decided to use web-based technologies to implement a secure remote interface. The web-based interface permits one to control the training/operation of the neural network from anywhere an adequate internet connection is available.
Effects of cholinergic depletion on evoked activity inthe cortex of young and aged rats

Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain is a neural marker of Alzheimer's disease and is associated with perceptual and cognitive deficits. An idea that has attracted scientific scutiny is that aging makes the brain more susceptible to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the loss of cholinergic input from nucleus basalis of Meynert on evoked activity in the posteromedial barrel subfield of the somatosensory cortex in young (2-2.5 months) and aged (28-30 months) male Fisher hybrid rats. The mean firing rate and receptive fields of single neurons in the posteromedial barrel subfield of the somatosensory cortex were examined after selective lesions of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert with an immunotoxin. IgG 192-saporin. Functional properties of single neurons in young animals were affected much more significantly by cholinergic depletion than those in aged animals. In cholinergic-depleted young animals, the mean firing rate of evoked activity and receptive field of posteromedial barrel subfield neurons were significantly decreased. Cholinergic depletion caused a 14% decrease in evoked activity and a 33% increase in receptive field size in young animals. The mean firing rate and receptive field of single neurons were not affected by cholinergic depletion in aged animals. It is concluded that functional properties of cortical sensory neurons in young animals are more vulnerable to cholinergic depletion than are those of aged animals and that cholinergic depletion does not further impact the properties of neurons exposed to the processes of aging.
REPORTING AN URBAN ‘BOX SCORE:’ THE JOURNALISTIC ‘SPORTS’ RECORD TO MEASURE LOCAL URBAN PERFORMANCE

For the press to “keep score” on the performance of urban games and players, it should recognize and apply the use of both sports reporting techniques and social indicators in coverage of urban affairs. It should also make a stronger and more reasoned commitment to the local community by re-organization of newsrooms, new definitions of news to fit urban reality, an intelligent check on the urban experts, a provision for “distant-early-warning” news, and abandonment of its journalistic myopia that politics is “bad.”
Oxygen Measurement via Phosphorescence: Reaction of Sodium Dithionite with Dissolved Oxygen

A homemade instrument for the measurement of oxygen concentration in aqueous solutions measures the decay rate of the phosphorescence of a Pd-porphyrin complex (phosphor) dissolved in the solution, which is flashed every 0.1 s with 630 nm light. The concentration of O2 is a linear function of the decay rate. The instrument is used to study the reaction of dithionite (S2O42-) with O2 at 25 °C and 37 °C. It is found that the ratio of dithionite to oxygen consumed in the reaction is 1.2 ± 0.2 at 25 °C and 1.7 ± 0.1 at 37 °C, suggesting a temperature-dependent stoichiometry. At both temperatures, the initial rate of O2 consumption, −d[O2]/dt, is found to be 1/2 order in S2O42- and first order in O2. This finding is consistent with a previously proposed mechanism: S2O42- ↔ 2SO2- comes to a rapid equilibrium, and SO2- reacts with O2 in the rate-determining step.
Vaporization Kinetics During Pulsed Laser Heating of Liquid Hg

There is a growing body of experimental evidence showing that the kinetics of nascent vapor produced during pulsed laser heating of metals cannot always be ascribed to the surface thermal conditions. Some investigators have proposed that the discharge of energetic (nonthermal) atoms from metals can involve light coupling to surface plasmons. This requires that surface roughness facilitate wavevector matching of laser light with surface electromagnetic excitation modes. If true, superthermal vaporization kinetics should disappear from time-of-flight measurements when an optically smooth surface is used. Unfortunately, maintaining such an ideal surface is infeasible on a solid target because each laser pulse introduces nanometer sized roughness through the process of melting and resolidification. The authors have investigated the nature of vaporization from a liquid Hg surface using a nanosecond laser emitting 5 eV photons. Surface tension of the liquid provides an optically smooth surface for this experiment. Nevertheless, they observe superthermal vaporization kinetics from liquid Hg. The shape of the energy distribution is Boltzmann (the thermal expectation), however, and the energy distribution does not demonstrate any quanta characteristic of vaporization mediated by an electronic excitation.
Interannual differences in prey taken by capelin, herring, and red salmon relative to zooplankton abundance during the spring bloom in a southeast Alaskan embayment

Capelin, herring, and red salmon diets were examined in relation to zooplankton abundance and biomass in the water column and surface layer of Auke Bay, Alaska, during the spring bloom period, 1987 and 1988 (April through mid-June). Euphausiid eggs were the dominant prey of capelin in mid-May 1987. Pseu-docalanus spp. and barnacle nauplii dominated during the rest of the season. Capelin consumed Calanus spp. and Metridia spp. in April and Pseudocaknus and Cen-tropages abdominalis in May and June 1988. During May and June 1987, herring were eating primarily barnacle larvae and Oikopleura spp. During April 1988, herring consumed primarily Calanus spp. and barnacle nauplii. In late April and early May they shifted to Pseudocalanus and Thysanoessa raschii, and in late May and June they consumed Centropages abdominalis and barnacle cyprids. Outmigrating red salmon fry consumed primarily Oikopleura during both years, along with substantial quantities of barnacle larvae. These dietary changes roughly correspond with variations in the abundance of prey taxa in the plankton samples. Likelihood measures of niche breadth indicated that capelin sometimes consume prey in approximately equal proportions to its abundance. Niche overlap between the herring and capelin was greatest in April and early May. Niche overlap was also high between herring and red salmon during June, when herring were in shallow water to breed.
Molluscan biogeography and biostratigraphy of the Tertiary of southeastern Australia

A zonation based on Mollusca for the Tertiary of southeastern Australia (Murray, Otway, Bass and Gippsland Basins) is proposed, consisting of a sequence of 18 informal assemblage zones ranging in age from Middle Paleocene to Late Pliocene. The assemblages are defined using the molluscan fauna of a typical locality which gives the name to the assemblage. Factors such as larval dispersal, molluscan distribution, provincial differences, facies variation and the nature of the Tertiary sequence, which affect correlation by means of molluscs, are discussed and have been taken into account when formulating the zones. Composition of the molluscan fauna of the southeastern Australian Province has been analysed under four headings, Australian-New Zealand element, Tethyan Indo-Pacific element, Endemic element, and Cosmopolitan element. The relative proportions of each element fluctuated with time and it is concluded that the Tethyan Indo-Pacific and Endemic elements increased with time at the expense of the Australi...
Mineralocorticoid receptor expression in late-gestation ovine fetal lung.

Changes in adrenal corticosteroid secretion result in changes in lung liquid production in the late-gestation fetus. To test for the presence of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in fetal pulmonary epithelium, lungs from fetal sheep of 120 to 130 days’ gestation (term about 148 days) were collected and frozen for identification of mRNA for MR in homogenates by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or for determination of H-cortisol binding at MR. Other samples of fetal lungs were fixed for localization of MR and Na+, K+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) a by immunohistochemistry. MR mRNA was identified in lung tissue from fetuses and newborn lambs, but not from pregnant ewes; MR-regulated genes, including SGK1 and ENaCα were also expressed in fetal and newborn lungs. Immunoreactive MR was found in pulmonary epithelial cells and to be colocalized with Na+, K+ ATPase α in many sites. These results indicate that the molecular apparatus for mineralocorticoid-stimulated lung liquid reabsorption is present in epithelium by 120 days’ gestation.
Generation of Telomeric G Strand Overhangs Involves Both G and C Strand Cleavage.

Processing of telomeric DNA is required to generate the 3' G strand overhangs necessary for capping chromosome ends. We have investigated the steps involved in telomere processing by examining G overhang structure in Tetrahymena cells that lack telomerase or have altered telomeric sequences. We show that overhangs are generated by two precise cleavage steps involving nucleases that are robust but lack sequence specificity. Our data suggest that a G overhang binding protein delineates the boundaries for G and C strand cleavage. We also show that telomerase is not the nuclease responsible for G strand cleavage, although telomerase depletion alters the precision of processing. This change in processing indicates that telomerase affects multiple transactions at the telomere and provides a physical footprint for the continued association of telomerase with the telomere after repeat addition is complete.
The Relationship between Theory and Research: a Study in the Sociology of Sociology*

While the importance of the relationship between theory and research is given credence in sociology, little has been done in delineating the specific nature of such a relationship. In order to do so, the present article examines data concerning the theoretical orientation and methodological procedures employed by the authors of 1,434 articles (in five substantive areas) which have appeaied in nine major sociological journals over the period 1950 to 1970. Analysis of these data reveals the presence of a strong affinity between the utilization of a realist theoretical perspective, centering upon the study of group properties, and the employment of less empirical research techniques. Conversely, those authors shown to employ a nominalist theoretical approach, and hence those focusing upon individual properties, were found to use more empirical techniques and procedures in their research. Further analysis of the relationship between the theoretical and methodological orientations utilized by the authors surveyed appears to indicate some tendency for one's mode of data analysis to be as much a reason for, as a function of, one's theoretical perspective. NUMmEROUS SOCOLOGISTS have referred to Merton's (1957: 85-117) essays on the interrelationship of theory and research. In the first of these essays, theory, acting as the prime mover with respect to research, is seen as, among other things: suggesting fruitful areas for research, guiding ongoing research, and in general, making sense out of various hitherto isolated empirical generalizations. In the second essay, which emphasizes research, Merton noted the reformulating, refocusing, clarifying, and general serendipity services performed by research relative to theory. Upon closer examination, however, Merton's views concerning the relations
PDGF-C and -D induced proliferation/migration of human RPE is abolished by inflammatory cytokines.

PURPOSE The role of growth factors and inflammation in regulating retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) function is complex and still poorly understood. The present study investigated human RPE cell proliferation and migration mediated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Human fetal RPE (hfRPE) cells were obtained as previously described. Gene expressions of PDGF isoforms and their receptors were detected using real-time PCR. Protein expression, activity, and localization of PDGFR-alpha and -beta were analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. BrdU incorporation and wound healing assays were used to test the effects of different PDGF isoforms and inflammatory cytokines on hfRPE proliferation and migration. Annexin-V and phalloidin staining were used to detect apoptosis and the actin cytoskeleton, respectively. RESULTS PDGF-C and PDGF-D proteins are expressed in native human adult RPE, and mRNA levels are up to 100-fold higher than PDGF-A and -B. PDGFR-alpha and -beta proteins are expressed in native adult RPE and hfRPE (mainly localized to the apical membrane). In hfRPE, these receptors can be activated by PDGF-CC and -DD. PDGF-CC, -DD, and -BB significantly increased hfRPE proliferation, whereas PDGF-DD, -BB, and -AB significantly increased cell migration. An inflammatory cytokine mixture (TNF-alpha/IL-1beta/IFN-gamma) completely inhibited the stimulatory effect of PDGF-BB, -CC, and -DD; in contrast, this mixture stimulated the proliferation of choroidal cells. This inflammatory cytokine mixture also induced apoptosis, significant disruption of actin filaments and zonula occludens (ZO-1), and a decrease in transepithelial resistance. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that proinflammatory cytokines in vivo can inhibit the proliferative effect of PDGF on human RPE and, at the same time, stimulate the proliferation of choroidal cells. They also suggest an important role of proinflammatory cytokines in overcoming local proliferative/wound-healing responses, thereby controlling the development of disease processes at the retina/RPE/choroid interface.
Sensory integration and praxis patterns in children with autism.

OBJECTIVE. We sought to characterize sensory integration (SI) and praxis patterns of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and discern whether these patterns relate to social participation. METHOD. We extracted Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) and Sensory Processing Measure (SPM) scores from clinical records of children with ASD ages 4–11 yr (N 5 89) and used SIPT and SPM standard scores to describe SI and praxis patterns. Correlation coefficients were generated to discern relationships among SI and praxis scores and these scores’ associations with SPM Social Participation scores. RESULTS.Children withASD showed relative strengths in visual praxis. Marked difficulties were evidentin imitation praxis, vestibular bilateral integration, somatosensory perception, and sensory reactivity. SPM Social Participation scores were inversely associated with areas of deficit on SIPT measures. CONCLUSION. Children with ASD characteristically display strengths in visuopraxis and difficulties with somatopraxis and vestibular functions, which appear to greatly affect participation.
Nitric Acid Vapor Above 19 km in the Earth's Atmosphere.

Nitric acid vapor in atmosphere as function of altitude from spectrograph, predicting downward diffusion
Two-quasiparticle states in 164Ho

Abstract Thirty-one levels in 164 Ho have been observed up to an excitation energy of 994 keV utilizing 12 MeV deuterons and the reaction 165 Ho(d, t) 164 Ho. The ground state Q -value was determined to be −1730±15 keV. The spectrum has been interpreted in terms of the coupling of the [523↑] Nilsson proton orbital with the neutron orbitals prominent in the (d, t) spectrum of 163 Dy. Based on this interpretation, the singlet-triplet splitting energies for the [523↓], [642↑], [521↑], [402↓] and [400↑] neutron orbitals coupled to the [523↑] proton orbital were determined to be −144, +67, +171, −85 and +102 keV, respectively. Theoretical calculations of these energies made for a zero-range spin-dependent central potential gave values of −248, +74, +160, −82 and +73 keV, respectively.
Silver staining of cerebrospinal fluid IgG in isoelectric focusing gels

A silver staining technique to be used on isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal IgG bands is described. The technique provides a sensitivity for detection of greater than 0.17 μg of IgG. The additional use of immunofixation with anti-human IgG antiserum rather than chemical fixation improves the sensitivity two-fold and permits identification of the oligoclonal bands as IgG. The technique enables one to focus small volumes of unconcentrated CSF (< 40 μl) and provides a powerful research tool.
A novel double-base heterojunction bipolar transistor for low-temperature bipolar logic

Summary form only given. The authors report a novel double-base heterojunction bipolar transistor (DB-HBT) in the Si/SiGe material system which can operate with high gain in a single-transistor NAND gate at 77 K. The device structure is similar to that of a Si/SiGe/Si HBT, except for an intrinsic Si layer inserted into the p-SiGe base. The intrinsic Si layer is used to electrically isolate the two SiGe base layers of an n-Si/p-SiGe/i-Si/p-SiGe/n-Si DB-HBT, because the valence-band discontinuity at the SiGe/Si heterojunction acts as a barrier for holes. A key point is that the Si layer introduces only a very small barrier in the conduction band because most of the bandgap difference between unstrained Si and strained SiGe occurs at a valence band offset Delta E/sub V/. >
Early Steps of Polyomavirus Entry into Cells

The mechanism by which murine polyomavirus penetrates cells and arrives at the nucleus, the site of viral replication, is not well understood. Simian virus 40 and JC virus, two closely related members of the polyomavirus subfamily, use caveola- and clathrin-mediated uptake pathways for entry, respectively. The data presented here indicate that compounds that block endocytosis of both caveola- and clathrin-derived vesicles have no effect on polyomavirus infectivity. Polyomavirus does not appear to colocalize with either clathrin light chain or caveolin-1 by immunofluorescence microscopy. Additionally, expression of a dominant-negative form of dynamin I has no effect on polyomavirus uptake and infectivity. Therefore, polyomavirus uptake occurs through a class of uncoated vesicles in a clathrin-, caveolin-1-, and dynamin I-independent manner.
Liquid phase mass transfer with concurrent flow through packed towers

Liquid phase mass transfer coefficients were measured for the absorption of carbon dioxide into water in concurrent flow. Liquid flow rates ranged up to 300 kg-mol/min. m2 or about 60,000 lb./hr. ft.2. In comparison with countercurrent flow, the coefficients were lower by as much as a factor of 3 with significant gas rate effect. Correlations for concurrent coefficients with liquid and gas flow rates were obtained in the form kxa = CLrGs for 19.0-mm Berl saddles and 6.35-mm and 12.7-mm Rashig rings.
Tidal evolution of Dysnomia, satellite of the dwarf planet Eris

The past tidal evolution of the satellite Dysnomia of the dwarf planet Eris can be inferred from the current physical and orbital properties of the system. Preliminary considerations, which assumed a circular orbit for the satellite, suggested that the satellite formed close to the planet, perhaps as a result of a giant impact, and that it is thus unlikely that smaller satellites lie further out. However, if the satellite's orbit is eccentric, even if the eccentricity is very small, a qualitatively different past tidal evolution may be indicated. Early in the Solar System's history, the satellite may have been on a highly eccentric orbit much farther from the planet than it is now, suggestive of a capture origin. Additional satellites farther out cannot be ruled out.
Classification of Leafy Spurge With Earth Observing-1 Advanced Land Imager

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is an invasive exotic plant that can completely displace native plant communities. Automated techniques for monitoring the location and extent of leafy spurge, especially if available on a seasonal basis, could add greatly to the effectiveness of control measures. As part of a larger study including multiple sensors, this study examines the utility of mapping the location and extent of leafy spurge in Theodore Roosevelt National Park using Earth Observing-1 satellite Advanced Land Imager (ALI) scanner data. An unsupervised classification methodology was used producing accuracies in the range of 59% to 66%. Existing field studies, with their associated limitations, were used for identifying class membership and accuracy assessment. This sensor could be useful for broad landscape scale mapping of leafy spurge, from which control measures could be based.