cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mere Categorization and the Frog‐Pond Effect

Zell and Alicke (2009) have shown that comparisons with a few people have a stronger influence on self-evaluations than comparisons with larger samples. One explanation for this effect is that people readily categorize their standing in small groups as “good” or “bad,” which supersedes large-sample data. To test this explanation, we created a situation in which students learned that their performance ranked 5th or 6th out of 10 persons on a task. In each experimental session, two groups, each containing 5 people, were created by random assignment. Some students learned that their performance placed them last in one group of 5, and some learned that they were first in the other group of 5. In the other conditions, participants learned only that that they were 5th or 6th in the group of 10. Results showed that being last in the superior group led to lower self-evaluations than being first in the inferior group.
Association, agreement, and equity

The paper attempts to make a clear distinction between three broad families of statistical indices: association, agreement, and what one may call equity. The need for this distinction arises in social research, for example, where reliability (accuracy, reproducibility, and stability) is assessed by measures of association rather than agreement. In this application, the assumptions built into an association measure conflict with the reality that gives rise to reliability data. A second motivation for this distinction is that association measures tend to express chance as the product of two potentially very different frequency distributions, agreement as the product of two identical distributions, and equity ignores such distributions altogether. A third motivation for this distinction is that the probability distribution of such measures does not depend on whether they are linear or non-linear, symmetrical or asymmetrical, or whether they express predictability or the extremality of a frequency distribution, but on their family membership. Notions of association, agreement, and equity have inherently nothing to do with the (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) ordering in data. The 2-by-2 case is therefore chosen as the basis of the proposed distinction. All statistical indices, whether they are designed to characterise multivariate data or to identify complex orderings, ought to be applicable to this most reduced case of two variables, making one distinction in each. To test a coefficient's membership in one of the three families, nothing more complex is needed.
Some criteria for the Gorenstein property

Abstract This paper gives criteria for a Cohen–Macaulay local ring to be Gorenstein, in terms of the vanishing of Ext modules. The main results extend earlier work of Ulrich.
Variation of the critical order-parameter phase difference with temperature from 0.4 to 1.9 K in the flow of superfluid 4He through a tiny orifice.

The temperature dependence of the order-parameter phase difference at the critical rate of flow of superfluid /sup 4/He through a tiny orifice has been studied between 0.4 and 1.9 K. Use was made of a low-frequency two-chamber acoustic resonator at frequencies between 400 and 2900 Hz. The orifice consisted of a hole --170 nm in diameter in a free-standing foil --100 nm thick. The critical phase difference was found in four runs to equal 31 x 2..pi.. rad and in two later runs to equal 16 x 2..pi.. rad at 0.95 K. In all cases the critical phase difference decreased linearly with increasing temperature between 0.4 and 1.9 K. The lines which fit the data extrapolate to zero at 2.45 +- 0.1 K.
Acute toxicity from baking soda ingestion

Sodium bicarbonate is an extremely well-known agent that historically has been used for a variety of medical conditions. Despite the widespread use of oral bicarbonate, little documented toxicity has occurred, and the emergency medicine literature contains no reports of toxicity caused by the ingestion of baking soda. Risks of acute and chronic oral bicarbonate ingestion include metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypertension, gastric rupture, hyporeninemia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, intravascular volume depletion, and urinary alkalinization. Abrupt cessation of chronic excessive bicarbonate ingestion may result in hyperkalemia, hypoaldosteronism, volume contraction, and disruption of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The case of a patient with three hospital admissions in 4 months, all the result of excessive oral intake of bicarbonate for symptomatic relief of dyspepsia is reported. Evaluation and treatment of patients with acute bicarbonate ingestion is discussed.
Satisfaction and dysphotopsia in the pseudophakic patient

Abstract Objective: To examine factors that influence satisfaction after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Design: Retrospective case review and examination of patients. Participants: Sixty-one consecutive patients, seen at the John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, who had uncomplicated cataract surgery from 1 practice and 40 consecutive control patients who met the inclusion criteria and were willing to participate. Methods: Inclusion criteria were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of at least 20/20, without any ocular disease that might affect vision. Patients were given a complete ophthalmic examination, had photos of the intraocular lens (IOL) and capsule taken, and were asked questions about dysphotopsia and satisfaction. A group of patients >65 years old with 20/20 BCVA and without other ophthalmic diagnoses were recruited, asked the same questions, and compared. Results: The only significant correlation with dissatisfaction was dysphotopsia ( r = 0.602, CI 0.42–0.74, p p p p = 0.0002), but not for halos. Conclusions: While satisfaction with cataract removal and IOL placement is high, dysphotopsia is the most important contributor to dissatisfaction and is relatively common. Furthermore, these symptoms are much worse than in age-matched controls. Research seeking to ameliorate dysphotopsia is clinically important.
Some characterization theorems on lattice-valued induced spaces

Abstract In this paper, we systematically discuss topological and algebraic characteristics on induced spaces and the related weakly induced spaces and fully stratified spaces.
Hexagonal dislocation networks in titanium

Hexagonal dislocation networks which occurred in as-annealed commercial Ti-A 50 rod and following partial extrusion under hydrostatic pressure at room temperature were studied using transmission electron microscopy. For the as-annealed condition networks were observed on the prism, basal and {2•1•1x} planes, while for the extrusion networks were only observed on the basal plane. The various stages in the development of the networks are presented and mechanisms by which they form are proposed. The self energies of the dislocation hexagons constituting the various networks are calculated using the equations proposed by de Wit and Ruff. They increase in the order: a) networks on the basal plane in the as-annealed condition, b) networks on the prism plane in the asannealed condition and c) networks on the basal plane in the partially extruded condition.
No One Home: Brazilian Selves Remade in Japan

Preface Note on terminology and names Part I. Orientations: 1. Global, local, personal 2. The blue hemisphere Part II. Scenes: 3. Postmodern times 4. Middle-school days 5. Eating Brazil Part III. Persons: 6. Eduardo Mori: 'One day I'm going home' 7. Elena Queiroz de Assis Takeda: 'I defeated them all' 8. Bernardo Kinjoh: 'All the doors would open' 9. Miriam Moreira: 'I lived there, I was born there, I grew up there!' 10. Catarina Noriko Iemura: 'If it was up to me, I'd never leave Japan' 11. Elisa Aoshima: 'To be Brazilian is to be clever' 12. Rosa Kitagawa: 'Send me a blond wig!' 13. Eriko Miyagi: 'Even I don't know how I feel' 14. Naomi Mizutake: 'The eighth wonder of the world' Part IV. The Nation in the Mind: 15. National banners 16. Human warmth 17. Discontinuities Glossary References Index.
Overview of the lasercom program at Lincoln Laboratory

Lincoln Laboratory has been pursuing the development of Space Laser communication technology for the U.S. Air Force for the past 14 years. Starting around 1980, the Laboratory, already a pioneer in advanced RF Satcom technology, embarked on an effort to systematically develop, demonstrate and space qualify the necessary components and subsystems to enable efficient space lasercom systems.
APOBEC3 proteins expressed in mammary epithelial cells are packaged into retroviruses and can restrict transmission of milk-borne virions

Viruses, including retroviruses like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), are transmitted from mother to infants through milk. Lymphoid cells and antibodies are thought to provide mammary gland and milk-borne immunity. In contrast, little is known about the role of mammary epithelial cells (MECs). The APOBEC3 family of retroviral restriction factors is highly expressed in macrophages and lymphoid and dendritic cells. We now show that APOBEC3 proteins are also expressed in mouse and human MECs. Lymphoid cell-expressed APOBEC3 restricts in vivo spread of MMTV to lymphoid and mammary tissue. In contrast, mammary gland-expressed APOBEC3 is packaged into MMTV virions and decreases the infectivity of milk-borne viruses. Moreover, APOBEC3G and other APOBEC3 genes are expressed in human mammary cells and have the potential to restrict viruses produced in this cell type. These data point to a role for APOBEC3 proteins in limiting infectivity of milk-transmitted viruses.
Proliferative potential of cells from normal human colon epithelium, adenomas, and carcinomas of the large bowel

The proliferative potential of nonmalignant and malignant cells obtained from the human large bowel was assessed with a soft agar culture colony-forming technique and by flow cytometry to analyze cell cycle kinetics. No colony formation occurred with samples of normal human adult colon mucosa. The absence of colony formation in all but 1 of 24 evaluable colorectal adenomas suggested that malignancy of tissue in vivo is generally necessary for colony formation to occur in soft agar cultures. A high proliferative index (S + G2/M), as assessed by flow cytometry, was significantly associated with higher soft agar culture counts in a series of 25 colorectal carcinomas.
Molecular imaging of cardiovascular gene products.

In 1953 Watson and Crick elucidated the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in a 2-page letter published in the journal Nature. Over the next 50 years, advances in genomic science and molecular medicine have resulted in a better understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Recently, another revolution has been taking place. A new set of technologies, as part of a new field termed molecular imaging, is now being developed to noninvasively examine the integrative functions of molecules, gene, and cells in intact whole-body systems. This review is intended as a brief overview on the subject of molecular imaging. The basic science of gene therapy will be reviewed first, followed by application in clinical cardiology and concluding with other applications for molecular imaging. In-depth reviews articles on the principles of molecular and cellular biology have previously been published in the “Topics in Molecular Biology” section of the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology.
On the coefficients of multiple Fourier series in L_p-spaces

In this paper we use new function spaces and interpolation methods to study the dependence of the properties of summable multiple Fourier series on their coefficients. We obtain theorems for multiple orthogonal series that reinforce the Hardy-Littlewood theorem for trigonometric series. We prove inequalities of Hardy-Littlewood-Paley type for multiple orthogonal series that refine certain well-known inequalities of this kind.
High frequency and low noise C-doped GaInP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor grown by MOCVD using TBA and TBP

A C-doped GaInP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) grown by MOCVD using TBP and TBA is demonstrated. A current gain of 60, a cutoff frequency of 59 GHz, and a maximum oscillation frequency of 68 GHz were obtained for a 5 × 15 µm2 self-aligned HBT. A minimum noise figure of 1.4–2.6 was measured in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz. The results show that TBA and TBP are suitable MOCVD sources for growing high quality HBT materials.
Developmental Evidence for the Convergence of Sassafras (Laurales) and Heliconia (Zingiberales) Pollen

Abstract Sassafras, a dicotyledon, and Heliconia, a monocotyledon, both have inaperturate pollen grains with a highly reduced exine and thick channeled intine. This general pollen type has apparently evolved independently in at least 18 orders of angiosperms. The ontogenetic basis for this widespread convergence in pollen structure is simply a reduction or deletion of exine and a correlated elaboration of intine deposition. In Sassafras and Heliconia several developmental differences are superimposed on the overall ontogenetic similarities. The ektexine, which stains with auramine O and fluoresces under UV, is limited to the formation of spinules in both genera, but the details of spinule development differ. Spinule development is initiated in the tetrad stage, but not completed until the early free spore stage in Sassafras, whereas Heliconia spinules do not change appreciably from the form taken in the tetrad stage. The presence of gemmae in Sassafras and their absence in Heliconia is another distinctive...
Helium escape from the Earth's atmosphere - The charge exchange mechanism revisited

We have studied the escape of neutral helium from the terrestrial atmosphere through exothermic charge exchange reactions between He(+) ions and the major atmospheric constituents N2, O2 and O. Elastic collisions with the neutral background particles were treated quantitatively using a recently developed kinetic theory approach. An interhemispheric plasma transport model was employed to provide a global distribution of He(+) ions as a function of altitude, latitude and local solar time and for different levels of solar ionization. Combining these ion densities with neutral densities from an MSIS model and best estimates for the reaction rate coefficients of the charge exchange reactions, we computed the global distribution of the neutral He escape flux. The escape rates show large diurnal and latitudinal variations, while the global average does not vary by more than a factor of three over a solar cycle. We find that this escape mechanism is potentially important for the overall balance of helium in the Earth's atmosphere. However, more accurate values for the reaction rate coefficients of the charge exchange reactions are required to make a definitive assessment of its importance.
Paleontological evidence of variations in length of synodic month since late Cambrian.

The values of length of synodic month, obtained from tidally controlled periodical growth patterns in mollusks and stromatolites for several geologic periods, indicate that the deceleration rate of the earth's rotation has not been constant. Two breaks in slope, in the Pennsylvanian and Cretaceous, may be related to changes in distribution of continents, oceans, and adjacent shallow seas.
Phosphor plate computed radiography: Response to variation in mAs at fixed kVp in an animal model. Potential role in neonatal imaging

Computed digital radiography offers a number of potential advantages over conventional filmscreen imaging. To determine the applicability of these to portable neonatal examinations we performed a controlled prospective study comparing conventional 200 speed film-screen with a computed radiography unit in an animal model. Images acceptable for diagnostic purposes were obtained on the digital system over an exposure range many orders of magnitude greater than was possible on the film-screen system. Digital imaging offers potential for elimination of repeat examinations due to suboptimal exposure factors, and for reduction in radiation dose to the patient. We believe that computed digital radiography should be particularly suited to portable neonatal imaging.
Rod sensitivity during Xenopus development.

We have measured the sensitivity of rod photoreceptors from overnight-dark–adapted Xenopus laevis through developmental stages 46–66 into adulthood by using suction-pipette recording. The dark current increased gradually from ∼5 pA at stage 46 to ∼20 pA at stage 57, compared with an adult (metamorphosed) current of ∼35 pA. This increase in dark current largely paralleled the progressive increase in length and diameter of the rod outer segment (ROS). Throughout stages 46–66, the dark current increased approximately linearly with ROS surface area. At stage 53, there was a steep (∼10-fold) increase in the rod flash sensitivity, accompanied by a steep increase in the time-to-peak of the half-saturated flash response. This covariance of sensitivity and time-to-peak suggested a change in the state of adaptation of rods at stage 53 and thereafter. When the isolated retina was preincubated with 11-cis-retinal, the flash sensitivity and the response time-to-peak of rods before stage 53 became similar to those at or after stage 53, suggesting that the presence of free opsin (i.e., visual pigment without chromophore) in rods before stage 53 was responsible for the adapted state (low sensitivity and short time-to-peak). By comparing the response sensitivity before stage 53 to the sensitivity at/after stage 53 measured from rods that had been subjected to various known bleaches, we estimated that 22–28% of rod opsin in stage 50–52 tadpoles (i.e., before stage 53) was devoid of chromophore despite overnight dark-adaptation. When continuously dark adapted for 7 d or longer, however, even tadpoles before stage 53 yielded rods with similar flash sensitivity and response time-to-peak as those of later-stage animals. In conclusion, it appears that chromophore regeneration is very slow in tadpoles before stage 53, but this regeneration becomes much more efficient at stage 53. A similar delay in the maturity of chromophore regeneration may partially underlie the low sensitivity of rods observed in newborn mammals, including human infants.
Foot Problems in Diabetes: An Overview

Diabetes is the leading cause of nontraumatic lower-extremity amputations in the United States. Most amputations are preceded by an ulcer, and ulcers are costly in their own right. Most ulcers are neuropathic in etiology and plantar in location. They occur typically at sites of high mechanical loading because of repetitive trauma in people with loss of pain sensation. In an adequately perfused limb, such ulcers are not difficult to heal. When they are properly mechanically off-loaded, approximately 90% of these wounds heal in approximately 6 weeks. The reference standard off-loading device is the total contact cast, but other reasonably efficacious methods exist. Screening and implementation of preventive measures in the high-risk patient are highly recommended and can reduce the incidence of ulceration. All patients with diabetes should be screened annually for loss of protective sensation, with the 10-g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament being the easiest tool to use. Education to prevent complications should be implemented for all patients with loss of protective sensation.
Disproportionate Representation in Placements of Preschoolers With Disabilities in Five Southern States

Special education placements for more than 69,000 preschoolers with disabilities were examined within and across five southern states. Data were gathered from the 2007 December 1st Child Count repo...
The Influence of Dubbing on Various Production Characteristics

Abstract REMOVAL of the comb and wattles from female chickens (dubbing) is gaining popularity in various sections of the United States. Experimental results concerning the influence of the removal of these appendages on production characteristics are conflicting. Increased egg production as a result of dubbing has been reported by Anonymous (1942), Temperton and Dudley (1944), Davis et al. (1953) and McCluskey (1959). Bice (1942), however, reported a small increase in egg production in favor of undubbed birds, while no differences were observed between dubbed and non-dubbed chickens for this trait by Temperton and Dudley (1945), Jones and Kohlmeyer (1950) and Cole and Hutt (1954). In the latter 2 investigations dubbed birds laid at a higher rate during the colder months, while undubbed females were superior layers during the warmer months. Contrariwise, Laurent and Carmon (1959) found that the egg production of dubbed chickens was higher than or equal to that of …
Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with whole-body cooling

Objective Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is specific to astrocytes in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that serum GFAP would be increased in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with whole-body cooling. Study Design We measured GFAP at birth and daily for up to 7 days for neonates in the intensive care unit. We compared neonates with HIE treated with whole-body cooling to gestational age–matched controls without neurological injury and neonates with HIE by brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Neonates with HIE had increased GFAP levels compared with controls. Neonates with HIE and abnormal brain imaging had elevated GFAP levels compared with neonates with HIE and normal imaging. Conclusion Serum GFAP levels during the first week of life were increased in neonates with HIE and were predictive of brain injury on MRI. Biomarkers such as GFAP could help triage neonates with HIE to treatment, measure treatment efficacy, and provide prognostic information.
Crystal Growth and Structure Determination of the New Neodymium Germanate, Na 2 NdGeO 4 (OH)

Single crystals of Na5Nd4Ge4O16(OH) were grown out of a molten sodium hydroxide flux and the crystal structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Na5Nd4Ge4O16(OH) crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I-4 with a = 12.0778(4) A, c = 5.7092(2) A, V = 832.82(5) A3, and Z = 2. The compound exhibits a complex three-dimensional crystal structure consisting of corner-, edge-, and face-shared NdO8, GeO4, NaO5 and NaO7 polyhedra. The Nd4O21 tetrameric building blocks resulted in a three-dimensional framework, creating propeller-like channels. The synthesis and crystal structure of a new neodymium germanate, Na5Nd4Ge4O16(OH) is reported.
Pharmacological alterations in the clotting mechanism: Use in microvascular surgery

At the present time there is confusion as to what pharmacological adjuncts are helpful toward increasing patency rates of microvascular repairs. To select a drug rationally, an understanding of the clotting mechanism in small vessels is essential so that agents may be selected that alone or in combination will react with the elements of the blood and will allow for continued perfusion without risk of hemorrhage or toxicity. Drugs which are Federal Drug Administration approved and currently available are drugs having nonspecific effects involving more than one aspect of the clotting mechanism; they often result in undesirable as well as desirable effects. Further development will result in the use of more selective and sophisticated agents. Presently it would appear desirable to employ agents to (1) increase blood flow and decrease blood viscosity, such as dextran 70; (2) decrease platelet functions, such as aspirin-type drugs; (3) mitigate against the actions of thrombin on platelets and fibrinogen using low-dose heparin; (4) reduce anxiety and vasospasm using chlorpromazine or Thorazine.
Novel insights into TRPV4 function in the kidney

Kidneys are complex highly organized paired organs of nearly one million nephrons each. They rigorously process about 180 l of plasma daily to keep whole body homeostasis. To effectively perform such a titanic work, kidneys rely on mechanisms able to sense dynamic changes in composition and flow rates of protourine along the renal tubule. It is envisioned that Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, and specifically mechanosensitive TRPV4, can serve to interpret these external mechanical cues in the form of elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration. This, in turn, initiates multiple cellular responses and adaptation mechanisms. The current review summarizes up-to-date knowledge about the sites of TRPV4 expression in renal tissue as well as discusses the functional role of the channel in cellular responses to hypotonicity and tubular flow. We will also provide insights as to how TRPV4 fits into classical polycystin mechanosensory complex in cilia and will speculate about previously underappreciated clinical implication of pharmacological TRPV4 targeting in treatment of polycystic kidney disease.
Ultra-low noise miniaturized neural amplifier with hardware averaging.

Objective. Peripheral nerves carry neural signals that could be used to control hybrid bionic systems. Cuff electrodes provide a robust and stable interface but the recorded signal amplitude is small (<3 μVrms 700 Hz–7 kHz), thereby requiring a baseline noise of less than 1 μVrms for a useful signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) contacts alone generate thermal noise of at least 0.5 μVrms therefore the amplifier should add as little noise as possible. Since mainstream neural amplifiers have a baseline noise of 2 μVrms or higher, novel designs are required. Approach. Here we apply the concept of hardware averaging to nerve recordings obtained with cuff electrodes. An optimization procedure is developed to minimize noise and power simultaneously. The novel design was based on existing neural amplifiers (Intan Technologies, LLC) and is validated with signals obtained from the FINE in chronic dog experiments. Main results. We showed that hardware averaging leads to a reduction in the total recording noise by a factor of 1/√N or less depending on the source resistance. Chronic recording of physiological activity with FINE using the presented design showed significant improvement on the recorded baseline noise with at least two parallel operation transconductance amplifiers leading to a 46.1% reduction at N = 8. The functionality of these recordings was quantified by the SNR improvement and shown to be significant for N = 3 or more. The present design was shown to be capable of generating <1.5 μVrms total recording baseline noise when connected to a FINE placed on the sciatic nerve of an awake animal. An algorithm was introduced to find the value of N that can minimize both the power consumption and the noise in order to design a miniaturized ultralow-noise neural amplifier. Significance. These results demonstrate the efficacy of hardware averaging on noise improvement for neural recording with cuff electrodes, and can accommodate the presence of high source impedances that are associated with the miniaturized contacts and the high channel count in electrode arrays. This technique can be adopted for other applications where miniaturized and implantable multichannel acquisition systems with ultra-low noise and low power are required.
Nondestructive optical assay method for nanoscale biological particles in solution

In this paper, we present an optical system for non-destructive assay of nanoscale biological particles (viruses) in fluids. This method is part of the design of a novel lab-on-chip device[1] that enables microbiologists to purify, isolate and assay mixtures of viruses without the use of destructive labeling techniques or direct observations using electron microscopy. Our approach is based on the fabrication of large (103 scale) and very dense (100nm scale) electrode arrays using the semiconductor layers of a lab-on-chip die. This array, see Figure 1, is the platform for dielectrophoresis (DEP) based methods for sorting the mixtures of bioparticles and arranging the particles by type into groups at various regions of the electrode array. Based on the DEP field configuration, each group of particles organizes into a set of lines between specific pairs of electrodes with the lines repeated in a spatially periodic pattern. These lines of particles, shown in Figure 2, along with the electrodes themselves, form a diffraction grating, where the efficiency of the grating is directly related to the density of the particles captured between the electrodes. By measuring the optical power in the 1st order diffraction mode of the grating before and after a separation (with and without particles) we can make an indirect measurement of the density of particles trapped in that region of the electrode array. The method works in both reflective mode, for CMOS 3D-IC chip stacks (Figure 1) or transmissive mode for SoS-based transparent substrate devices (Figure 3a).
Radiative transfer effects in primordial hydrogen recombination

The calculation of a highly accurate cosmological recombination history has been the object of particular attention recently, as it constitutes the major theoretical uncertainty when predicting the angular power spectrum of cosmic microwave background anisotropies. Lyman transitions, in particular the Lyman-α line, have long been recognized as one of the bottlenecks of recombination, due to their very low escape probabilities. The Sobolev approximation does not describe radiative transfer in the vicinity of Lyman lines to a sufficient degree of accuracy, and several corrections have already been computed in other works. In this paper, we compute the impact of some radiative transfer effects that were previously ignored, or for which previous treatments were incomplete. First, the effect of Thomson scattering in the vicinity of the Lyman-α line is evaluated, using a full redistribution kernel incorporated into a radiative transfer code. The effect of feedback of distortions generated by the optically thick deuterium Lyman-α line blueward of the hydrogen line is investigated with an analytic approximation. It is shown that both effects are negligible during cosmological hydrogen recombination. Second, the importance of high-lying, nonoverlapping Lyman transitions is assessed. It is shown that escape from lines above Lyγ and frequency diffusion in Lyβ and higher lines can be neglected without loss of accuracy. Third, a formalism generalizing the Sobolev approximation is developed to account for the overlap of the high-lying Lyman lines, which is shown to lead to negligible changes to the recombination history. Finally, the possibility of a cosmological hydrogen recombination maser is investigated. It is shown that there is no such maser in the purely radiative treatment presented here.
Genetic predispositions to childhood leukemia

While the majority of leukemia cases occur in the absence of any known predisposing factor, there are germline mutations that significantly increase the risk of developing hematopoietic malignancies in childhood. In this review article, we describe a number of these mutations and their clinical features. These predispositions can be broadly classified as those leading to bone marrow failure, those involving tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair defects, immunodeficiencies or other congenital syndromes associated with transient myeloid disorders. While leukemia can develop as a secondary event in the aforementioned syndromes, there are also several syndromes that specifically lead to the development of leukemia as their primary phenotype. Many of the genes discussed in this review can also be somatically mutated in other cancers, highlighting the importance of understanding shared alterations and mechanisms underpinning syndromic and sporadic leukemia.
Simulation and Analysis of Tornado Development and Decay within a Three-Dimensional Supercell Thunderstorm

Abstract A three-dimensional numerical simulation using a two-way interactive nested grid is to study tornado-genesis within a supercell. During a 40-minute period, two tornadoes grow and decay within the storm's mesocyclone. The tornadoes have life spans of approximately 10 minutes. Maximum ground-relative surface wind speeds exceed 60 m s−1 during both tornadoes, and horizontal pressure gradients reach 18 hPa km−1 during the second tornado. Comparison of the simulated storm evolution with Doppler and field observations of supercells and tornadoes shows many similar features. Vertical vorticity in the mesocyclone and the tornado vortex at low levels is initially created by the tilting of the environmental vorticity and baroclinically generated vorticity along the forward gland gust front of the storm. Tornadogenesis is initiated when mesocyclone rotation increase above cloud base. The increased rotation generates lower pressure in the mesocyclone, increasing the upward pressure gradient forces. The upwar...
Four new species of coral crabs belonging to the genus Tetralia Dana, 1851 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Tetraliidae)

Four new species of Tetralia Dana, 1851, are described from the west Pacific. Like the six previously described sister species, the new species ( Tetralia aurantistellata , T. brengelae , T. brunalineata, and T. ocucaerulea) are obligate symbionts of scleractinian corals belonging to the genus Acropora . The new species are described herein, placing particular emphasis on live color patterns.
Reciprocal feedback inhibition of the androgen receptor and PI3K as a novel therapy for castrate-sensitive and -resistant prostate cancer

Gain-of-function of the androgen receptor (AR) and activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway have been demonstrated to correlate with progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, inhibition of AR or PI3K/mTOR alone results in a reciprocal feedback activation. Therefore, we hypothesized that dual inhibition of the AR and PI3K/mTOR pathway might lead to a synergistic inhibition of cell growth and overcome drug resistance in CRPC. Here, we reported that androgen-depletion increased AR protein level and Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and Thr308 in LNCaP cells. Moreover, we developed resistance cell lines of LNCaP to Enzalutamide (or MDV3100), an AR inhibitor (named as LNCaP 'MDV-R') and PF-04691502, a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (named as LNCaP 'PF-R'). MTS analysis showed that LNCaP 'PF-R' was strongly resistant to Enzalutamide treatment, and on the other hand, LNCaP 'MDV-R' was 6-fold resistant to PF-04691502 treatment. Mechanistically, LNCaP 'MDV-R' cells had significantly reduced AR, loss of PSA and increase Akt activity in contrast with LNCaP 'PF-R' cells. Combined inhibition of PI3K/mTOR and AR pathways with a variety of small molecular inhibitors led to a synergistic suppression of cell proliferation and a profound increase of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in both androgen-dependent LNCaP and independent CRPC 22Rv1 cell lines. In conclusion, this study provides preclinical proof-of-concept that the combination of a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor with an AR inhibitor results in a synergistic anti-tumor response in non-CRPC and CRPC models.
Amicus Brief of the Louis Stein Center for Law and Ethics in Glossip v. Gross

Over the past decade the Louis Stein Center for Law and Ethics and affiliated Fordham Law School faculty have examined the ethical dimensions of the administration of criminal justice, including the ethical and historical dimensions of the death penalty and execution methods. Implementation of lethal injection as a method of execution implicates ethical questions important to the Stein Center.The landscape of the implementation of lethal injection has changed greatly in the seven years since the Supreme Court’s decision in Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35 (2008). During this time, States have moved away from the three-drug protocol synonymous with lethal injection since its adoption — a protocol to which States adhered for decades. Such changes have been implemented not by state legislatures, but by prison officials charged with carrying out lethal injection executions. This brief analyzes how the history of execution methods informs the Court’s analysis of Petitioners’ challenge to Oklahoma’s most recent revision to its lethal injection protocol.When States adopted lethal injection as an execution method, the great majority of States left statutes purposely vague as to the lethal injection procedure. Oklahoma developed a three-drug lethal injection protocol in 1977. That protocol, which nearly every lethal injection State and the federal government subsequently copied, lacked adequate medical or scientific basis. Notwithstanding the Court’s decision in Baze approving the three-drug protocol, States have moved away from the original three-drug protocol in recent years. Such changes resulted not from deliberate evaluation of the merits of modified protocols or from legislative enactment, but from court decree or practical considerations.Because states delegate the details of lethal injection executions to prison officials, protocols are not subject to public scrutiny and oversight. On the one hand, this system leaves departments of corrections with the ability to create and implement alternatives to existing procedures. On the other hand, prison officials have continued to adopt protocols lacking sufficient scientific or medical basis. The responsibility for ensuring that executions do not risk unnecessary cruelty or lingering death thus lies with the courts. Judicial review of such protocols is necessary to ensure that administration of lethal injection comports with the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause.
Accelerating massive MIMO uplink detection on GPU for SDR systems

We present a reconfigurable GPU-based uplink detector for massive MIMO software-defined radio (SDR) systems. To enable high throughput, we implement a configurable linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) soft-output detector and reduce the complexity without sacrificing its error-rate performance. To take full advantage of the GPU computing resources, we exploit the algorithm's inherent parallelism and make use of efficient CUDA libraries and the GPU's hierarchical memory resources. We furthermore use multi-stream scheduling and multi-GPU workload deployment strategies to pipeline streaming-detection tasks with little host-device memory copy overhead. Our flexible design is able to switch between a high accuracy Cholesky-based detection mode and a high throughput conjugate gradient (CG)-based detection mode, and supports various antenna configurations. Our GPU implementation exceeds 250 Mb/s detection throughput for a 128×16 antenna system.
The development of upper-tropospheric geopotential height anomaly in the Western Hemisphere during MJO convective initiations

This study uses geopotential height budget and composite analysis of reanalysis data to examine the driving dynamics and structural evolution of intraseasonal upper-tropospheric circulation over the Western Hemisphere (WH) prior to and during the convective initiation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) over the Indian basin. Previous studies by the authors showed that, during most of MJO convective initiation events over the Indian basin, upper-tropospheric equatorial easterly wind anomaly initially develops in association with subtropical and midlatitude Rossby ridges over the east Pacific basin. As the easterly wind continues to amplify and propagate farther eastward, a negative upper-tropospheric geopotential height anomaly develops over tropical South America and couples with the easterly wind anomaly, forming a structure consistent with theoretical Kelvin waves. This study shows that the development of the negative geopotential height anomaly over South America is driven by net tropospheric adiabatic cooling induced by updrafts. The convection associated with the updrafts is triggered by the intrusion of a midlatitude wave train from the Southern Hemisphere, suggesting that the interaction with midlatitude circulation is a part of the dynamics driving the formation of upper-tropospheric Kelvin wave structure over the WH. During some MJO convective initiation events, the upper-tropospheric zonal wind anomaly is positive over the east Pacific basin and the formation of Kelvin wave structure is weak or absent over South America. Those events subsequently develop weaker MJO convective envelopes over the Indian basin, apparently due to the absence of upper-tropospheric divergence induced by the incoming Kelvin wave circulation that enhances convective updrafts over the region of initiating convection. The results suggest that the formation of the upper-tropospheric Kelvin wave over the WH partly determines the subsequent development of MJO convection over the Indian basin.
Chemically Bonded TiO2–Bronze Nanosheet/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid for High-Power Lithium Ion Batteries

Although Li-ion batteries have attracted significant interest due to their higher energy density, lack of high rate performance electrode materials and intrinsic safety issues challenge their commercial applications. Herein, we demonstrate a simple photocatalytic reduction method that simultaneously reduces graphene oxide (GO) and anchors (010)-faceted mesoporous bronze-phase titania (TiO2–B) nanosheets to reduced graphene oxide (RGO) through Ti3+–C bonds. Formation of Ti3+–C bonds during the photocatalytic reduction process was identified using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. When cycled between 1–3 V (vs Li+/0), these chemically bonded TiO2–B/RGO hybrid nanostructures show significantly higher Li-ion storage capacities and rate capability compared to bare TiO2–B nanosheets and a physically mixed TiO2–B/RGO composite. In addition, 80% of the initial specific (gravimetric) capacity was retained even after 1000 charge–discharge cycles at a high r...
Native Defects in Diamond, Sic, and Si: Energetics and Self-Diffusion

We have investigated, via first principles total energy calculations, the energetics of elementary native defects in group IV semiconductors. Its implications on the relative abundance of these defects and self-diffusion phenomena are analyzed. The results show that in diamond the self-diffusion is dominated by vacancies, because the interstitial and direct exchange mechanisms have much greater activation energy. In SiC stoichiometry plays an important role. For Si-rich compound, Sic-antisite is the dominant defect in the intrinsic and p-type material, while the carbon vacancy is dominant in the n-type material. For C-rich material, the Csi-antisite is dominant regardless the position of the Fermi level. In Si, it well-known that the vacancy, interstitial and direct exchange mechanisms have very similar activation energies. Our results suggest that self-diffusion experiments carried out at various pressures can determine the relative contribution of each of these mechanisms.
Multi-Purpose Cockpit Display of Traffic Information: Overview and Development of Performance Requirements

This paper describes a Multi-Purpose Cockpit Display of Trac Information (MPCDTI), which integrates core functional capabilities that can be combined in various ways to perform ADS-B In applications in the NextGen environment. The MPCDTI is dierent from other CDTIs in that it packages the capability to manage multiple applications within a single piece of equipment. Four key elements of the MPCDTI have been dened: elemental functions, simultaneous enablement, automatic algorithm selection, and output arbitration. These elements allow compatible functions to be enabled and prevent the MPCDTI from outputting infeasible or conicting guidance to the ight crew. The objectives of this paper are to present the key features of the MPCDTI and also to suggest a functional approach for developing MPCDTI and future application performance requirements.
An Update on the Use of Mesh in Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery

By 2008, the use of vaginal mesh in gynecologic surgery was at its peak. Unfortunately, the rise in transvaginal mesh use was accompanied by a significant rise in mesh-related complications. Over the last 5 years, the FDA has been very proactive in regulating the use of transvaginal mesh, and its use has declined substantially since FDA sanctions were placed. Mesh for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence and transabdominal repair of pelvic organ prolapse is still supported by the FDA as well as the gynecologic and urologic societies. Surgeons should exercise caution when using any type of surgical mesh for the treatment of pelvic floor disorders, and its use should remain in the hands of experienced pelvic floor surgeons in patients who meet strict criteria and are well informed about its potential risks and benefits.
Insensitivity to cytochalasin B of surface contractions keyed to cleavage in the Xenopus egg.

In fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis a marked flattening of the pigmented animal hemisphere has been observed. The flattening begins 15–20 minutes before the appearance of the cleavage furrow. As the furrow develops, the pigmented surface relaxes and rounds up. The initial appearance of the furrow is thus shown to be a combination of furrow deepening and rounding up of adjacent pigmented surfaces. It is demonstrated that the flattening is not caused by gravity or osmotic mechanisms and that internal pressure is increased during the flattening. The flattening is interpreted to be an isodiametric contraction of the pigmented surface. The contraction is not inhibited by injected cytochalasin B in sufficient concentrations to completely inhibit cleavage furrow formation. These results are discussed with respect to the presence of two surface contractile systems, distinguishable on the basis of their differing sensitivity to cytochalasin B .
RNA Microarray Analysis of Macroscopically Normal Articular Cartilage from Knees Undergoing Partial Medial Meniscectomy: Potential Prediction of the Risk for Developing Osteoarthritis

Objectives (i) To provide baseline knowledge of gene expression in macroscopically normal articular cartilage, (ii) to test the hypothesis that age, body-mass-index (BMI), and sex are associated with cartilage RNA transcriptome, and (iii) to predict individuals at potential risk for developing “pre-osteoarthritis” (OA) based on screening of genetic risk-alleles associated with OA and gene transcripts differentially expressed between normal and OA cartilage.
DNA double-strand repair by nonhomologous end joining and its clinical relevance

Abstract Emerging evidence indicates that nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is comprised primarily of canonical NHEJ and alternative NHEJ (or noncanonical NHEJ) pathways. The former pathway results in minimal processing of the DSB ends, whereas the latter process typically results in insertions and deletions, with or without local sequence microhomology. Canonical NHEJ is considered the major pathway for the repair of DSBs induced by ionizing radiation in human cells. Noncanonical NHEJ was initially thought of as a “backup” pathway, since it first was discovered in cNHEJ-deficient cells. More recent studies, however, suggest that it may actively compete with both canonical NHEJ and homologous recombination (HR). In this chapter we review the current understanding of the basic mechanisms and regulation of the NHEJ subpathways, highlighting those insights with clinical implications. We also present potential opportunities in which NHEJ inhibition may be utilized for selective tumor cell targeting.
Disrupting the Past to Disrupt the Future: An Antenarrative of Technical Communication

ABSTRACTThis article presents an antenarrative of the field of technical and professional communication. Part methodology and part practice, an antenarrative allows the work of the field to be reseen, forges new paths forward, and emboldens the field’s objectives to unabashedly embrace social justice and inclusivity as part of its core narrative. The authors present a heuristic that can usefully extend the pursuit of inclusivity in technical and professional communication.