cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Th2 Cells Are Required for the Schistosoma mansoni Egg-Induced Granulomatous Response

The development of Schistosoma mansoni ova-induced granulomas is regulated by cytokines secreted by distinct Th cell subsets. To determine the importance of Th1 and Th2 cells in granuloma formation, we have studied the immune response to S. mansoni ova in Stat4- and Stat6-deficient mice, which lack Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. Lymphocytes from both naive and infected Stat6-deficient mice produced minimal levels of Th2 cell cytokines and Ag-specific IgG1 and IgE, but showed enhanced production of IFN-gamma and Ag-specific IgG2a and IgG2b following schistosome egg injection. This shift away from a Th2 cell-mediated immune response was coupled with the development of pulmonary and hepatic granulomas that were greatly decreased in size compared with those in control littermates. Hepatic granulomas in Stat6-deficient mice were composed of predominantly mononuclear cells with very sparse appearance of eosinophils, and their diminished size was accompanied by decreased amounts of liver hydroxyproline content as a measure of collagen deposition. In contrast, lymphocytes from infected Stat4-deficient mice produced Th2 cell cytokines in amounts comparable to those produced by control littermates, but low levels of IFN-gamma. While infected Stat4-deficient mice developed pulmonary granulomas following schistosome egg injection that were modestly impaired in size, the granuloma size and amount of collagen deposition in the liver were equivalent to those seen in control littermates. These studies demonstrate that Th2 cells are required for the full development of the granulomas and tissue-destructive fibrotic pathology associated with the immune response to S. mansoni ova.
An efficient approach to assessing the risk of zero-day vulnerabilities

Computer systems are vulnerable to both known and zero-day attacks. Although known attack patterns can be easily modeled, thus enabling the development of suitable hardening strategies, handling zero-day vulnerabilities is inherently difficult due to their unpredictable nature. Previous research has attempted to assess the risk associated with unknown attack patterns, and a suitable metric to quantify such risk, the k-zero-day safety metric, has been defined. However, existing algorithms for computing this metric are not scalable, and assume that complete zero-day attack graphs have been generated, which may be unfeasible in practice for large networks. In this paper, we propose a set of polynomial algorithms for estimating the k-zero-day safety of possibly large networks efficiently, without pre-computing the entire attack graph. We validate our approach through experiments, and show that the proposed algorithms are computationally efficient and accurate.
Circuit dynamics of the superior colliculus revealed by in vitro voltage imaging.

The superior colliculus (SC) is well known for its involvement in the conversion of sensory stimuli into motor commands. This sensorimotor integration is made possible by the collective activity of multiple neuronal connections throughout the SC. Still, the majority of SC research focuses on in vivo extracellular recordings of behaving monkeys or in vitro patch-clamp recordings from lower mammals. Here, we discuss the results of an in vitro voltage imaging technique in which population activity across the rodent SC circuitry was visualized to bridge the gap between single-cell recordings and whole-animal behavior.1 The high temporal and spatial resolution of the voltage imaging technique allowed us to visualize of patterns of activity following stimulation at discrete laminae. Stimulation within either the superficial or intermediate layer showed recruitment of disparate SC circuitry. These results provide insight into the circuit dynamics and neuronal populations that underlie behavior.
On Models for Portfolio Selection with Short-Term Forecasting

We discuss the problems of strategy selection in the framework of mathematical finance, stochastic control, and risk management in finance and economics. A problem setting that takes in to account a possibility of short term forecasting for market parameters is suggested. In this setting, optimal portfolio selection problem is reduced to a stochastic control problem with a delay in the plant equation. The boundaries for the use of optimal myopic strategies are discussed.
A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical SystemsI. Description and Discussion of the Calculus

The effect of a plate of anisotropic material, such as a crystal, on a collimated beam of polarized light may always be represented mathematically as a linear transformation of the components of the electric vector of the light. The effect of a retardation plate, of an anisotropic absorber (plate of tourmaline; Polaroid sheeting), or of a crystal or solution possessing optical activity, may therefore be represented as a matrix which operates on the electric vector of the incident light. Since a plane wave of light is characterized by the phases and amplitudes of the two transverse components of the electric vector, the matrices involved are two-by-two matrices, with matrix elements which are in general complex. A general theory of optical systems containing plates of the type mentioned is developed from this point of view.
Element and sediment accumulation rates in the Florida Everglades.

Sediment and element accumulationrates were determined in cores taken from two borrowcanals and a rockpit lake of known age in the FloridaEverglades. Bulk accumulation of ∼1 kg m-2 yr-1 is dominated by precipitatedcarbonate and lesser amounts of organic material. Acid-insoluble clastic input is 0.5–2% of the totalaccumulation except in a borrow canal close to alevee. The accumulation rate of Ca tracks bulkaccumulation of carbonate while Al and Fe track bulkaccumulation of fines. Trace elements Cu, Hg, Mn, andV accumulated at rates 2 to 10 times greater thanpublished airborne fluxes while Ni and Zn accumulationrates were similar to airborne fluxes.
Force contribution of the LFA-1/ICAM-1 complex to T cell adhesion.

Little is known in quantitative terms about forces between cells generated during adhesion and recognition, or about the contribution of any one set of molecular associations to the development of these forces. To determine the forces involved in adhesion dependent on lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), we have measured the junctional avidity between single cell pairs consisting of a cloned T cell that expresses LFA-1 and a fibroblast cell that expresses MHC class II molecules and ICAM-1 after transfection. Micromanipulation was used to induce conjugation of cell pairs and to determine the force required to separate the conjugate. T cell adhesion to three related fibroblast cell lines was compared: the parent line that does not express ICAM-1 or other LFA-1 counter-receptors, and two transfectants that have high and moderate levels of surface ICAM-1 expression. The force needed to separate the conjugates varied with the fibroblast ICAM-1 expression levels. The T cell adhesion to ICAM-1-expressing fibroblasts was strong, and the critical separation stresses measured for the three cell lines were 1.4 × 10(3) dyn/cm2 (1 dyn=10(−5) N) for the ICAM-1-negative fibroblast, 4.98 × 10(3) dyn/cm2 for the fibroblast with a moderate level of ICAM-1 expression, and 6.25 × 10(3) dyn/cm2 for the fibroblast line with the highest ICAM-1 expression. The dependence of adhesion strength on the LFA-1/ICAM-1 complex was confirmed by the use of blocking antibodies, which showed the contribution from the interaction of CD4/MHC class II to be negligible.
Do Buy-Side Analysts Out-Perform the Sell-Side?

We examine the performance of buy-side analysts relative to that of the sell-side. Our tests show that buy-side analysts at a large investment firm make less optimistic stock recommendations than sell-side analysts, consistent with their facing fewer conflicts of interest. However, their earnings forecasts are relatively optimistic and inaccurate and returns to their buy recommendations under-perform sell-side recommendations. Large sample tests that compare the performance of sell-side analyst recommendations and portfolio managers who rely exclusively on buy-side research confirm the sell-side's superiority. These performance differences appear to be partially explained by the buy-side's higher retention of poor-performing analysts and by differences in performance benchmarks used to evaluate buy- and sell-side analysts.
Kinetics of the "on-off" change in regulatory state of the muscle thin filament.

Abstract The excimer fluorescence of pyrene iodoacetamide-labeled tropomyosin bound to actin is a probe of the regulatory state change of the muscle thin filament associated with the cooperative binding of myosin subfragment 1 (S1) (Y. Ishii and S. S. Lehrer, Biochemistry 29, 1160, 1990). Tn this study, the excimer fluorescence was used to monitor the kinetics of the "on-off" state change due to the ATP-induced dissociation of S1 from actin-tropomyosin. A lag in the fluorescence change indicated that the thin filament was maintained in the "on-state" until more than half of the S1s dissociate. The on-off transition rate was slower than the dissociation of the remaining S1s. These delays in relaxation to the "off-state" may explain some observed kinetic and cooperative effects during tension measurements.
Scalable expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells in the defined xeno-free E8 medium under adherent and suspension culture conditions.

Large-scale production of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by robust and economic methods has been one of the major challenges for translational realization of hiPSC technology. Here we demonstrate a scalable culture system for hiPSC expansion using the E8 chemically defined and xeno-free medium under either adherent or suspension conditions. To optimize suspension conditions guided by a computational simulation, we developed a method to efficiently expand hiPSCs as undifferentiated aggregates in spinner flasks. Serial passaging of two different hiPSC lines in the spinner flasks using the E8 medium preserved their normal karyotype and expression of undifferentiated state markers of TRA-1–60, SSEA4, OCT4, and NANOG. The hiPSCs cultured in spinner flasks for more than 10 passages not only could be remained pluripotent as indicated by in vitro and in vivo assays, but also could be efficiently induced toward mesodermal and hematopoietic differentiation. Furthermore, we established a xeno-free protocol of single-cell cryopreservation and recovery for the scalable production of hiPSCs in spinner flasks. This system is the first to enable an efficient scale-up bioprocess in completely xeno-free condition for the expansion and cryopreservation of hiPSCs with the quantity and quality compliant for clinical applications.
Magnetic hyperfine fields at Fe surface and interfaces

Abstract Magnetic hyperfine field and isomer shifts have been measured at the surface of flat, epitaxially grown (110) Fe films of approximately 50-layer thickness. In all cases the film surface was covered with different non-diffusing, non-alloying interface materials such as Ag, MgO, MgF 2 and MnF 2 . These results can be interpreted in light of recent calculations.
Collaborating together: The stories of TPC, UA1, CDF, and CLAS

L'auteur analyse la realite d'une collaboration entre chercheurs issus de laboratoires differents au CERN et au Departement de l'Energie americain. Le developpement des projets presentes ici impliqua des chercheurs appartenant a un grand nombre d'institutions. A travers l'examen des dynamiques de ces collaborations, l'auteur explore de quelle maniere la taille, le contexte national, et le degre de centralisation du pouvoir dans le cadre de ces collaborations ont influence leur evolution...
Prism Adaptation in Strabismus

Prisms have both diagnostic and therapeutic uses in strabismus. Many clinicians have popularized the use of prisms preoperatively to determine the target angle for surgery in esotropic patients. A review of the literature shows that preoperative prism adaptation, and the prism adaptation test is effective in predicting postoperative sensory and motor fusion in patients with acquired esotropia. Other patients may also benefit from prism adaptation.
Crystallization of quasicrystals

Abstract We present an overview of our work on the crystallization of the icosahedral phase in Al100−xMnx, Ti100−xMnx, and Pd58.8U20.6Si20.6 alloys and compare our results with those of others. Evidence presented suggests that the icosahedral phase in Ti60Mn37Si3 may be stable below 1100 K. The origin of arcs of diffuse scattering in TEM diffraction patterns is discussed in light of new experimental data in i-phase Ti-Mn. A model that simulates directly the i-phase transformation under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions is presented and used to analyze kinetic data for Al86Mn14 alloys to obtain the first estimate for the interfacial energy between the i-phase and the crystal: σi-c = 0.03 J/m2. This is similar to the interfacial energies between crystalline metals and their liquids at the interfacial melting temperature.
The edge of creationism

Michael Behe is the leading advocate of ‘intelligent design’ (ID), which has been on the ropes since the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover trial. There, Behe's effort to show that ID is science and not creationism failed [1–3]. The Edge of Evolution is Behe's rather scattered comeback attempt. The title refers to his thesis: that is, that anything as complex as a three-protein complex is beyond the reach of random mutation aided by natural selection.
Spatial variability of soils developing on basalt flows in the Potrillo volcanic field, southern New Mexico: prelude to a chronosequence study

If the systematic spatial variability of soils in a chronosequence is identified and accounted for, the accuracy of quantitative data derived from soil chronosequence studies will be increased. A sample design using landscape positions with minimal variability could result in more accurate chronofunctions from these studies. Four basalt flows in the Potrillo volcanic field, southern New Mexico, with ages ranging between 20 ka and 260 ka (40Ar/39Ar and/or cosmogenic 3He methods) provide a sound basis for a soil chronosequence study. Basalt flow surface relief in the Potrillos reduces with time as depressions fill with basalt rubble and aeolian dust. Soil variability is primarily a function of landscape position with respect to ridges and swales in the original basalt flow topography. Soils developing over original topographic lows (swale soils) form primarily in aeolian dust, have larger amounts of total carbonate and soluble salts, and display greater variability than soils developing over original topographic highs (ridge soils). It is thus concluded that ridge soils, which have minimal variability, should be employed for a soil chronosequence study of basalt surfaces in the Potrillo volcanic field. The spatial variability of swale soils results in part from the significant hydrologic variability of low-lying landscape positions. Depth profiles of chloride concentrations suggest that hydrologic variability systematically correlates with the size and shape of depressions in which soils are forming. The infilling of depressions with aeolian material results in increasingly arid hydrologic conditions both by increasing the volume of aeolian material that is being drained and by reducing the catchment area for runoff into the depression. Depressions fill at different rates, however, depending on their size, shape and catchment area. Small, narrow depressions fill quickly, and their associated soils form under more arid conditions and have stronger development than soils in large depressions. Therefore, a number of geomorphic surfaces of varying age may develop on a single isochronous basalt flow. Each of these surfaces will have unique hydrologic characteristics and consequently different degrees of soil development. The pre-burial high water flux evident in depressions suggests that basalt flows may play an important role in aquifer recharge in this area of New Mexico. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical modulation of osteochondroprogenitor cell fate

Mesenchymal cells are natural tissue builders. They exhibit an extraordinary capacity to metamorphize into differentiated cells, using extrinsic spatial and temporal inputs and intrinsic algorithms, as well as to build and adapt their own habitat. In addition to providing a habitat for osteoprogenitor cells, tissues of the skeletal system provide mechanical support and protection for the multiple organs of vertebrate organisms. This review examines the role of mechanics on determination of cell fate during pre-, peri- and postnatal development of the skeleton as well as during tissue genesis and repair in postnatal life. The role of cell mechanics is examined and brought into context of intrinsic cues during mesenchymal condensation. Remarkable new insights regarding structure function relationships in mesenchymal stem cells, and their influence on determination of cell fate are integrated in the context of de novo tissue generation and postnatal repair. Key differences in the formation of osteogenic and chondrogenic condensations are discussed in relation to direct intramembranous and indirect endochondral ossification. New approaches are discussed to elucidate and exploit extrinsic cues to generate tissues in the laboratory and in the clinic.
Multi-physics analysis of double stator switched reluctance machines

This paper presents a multi-physics analysis of a double-stator switched reluctance machine (DSSRM). A three dimensional finite element (FE) model is used to calculate the magnetic field within the machine. The magnetic model of the machine is then used to calculate the required current at various operating points. Effects of current chopping, which are not considered in most of previous structural studies, are taken into account as well. The computed currents are then used in a two dimensional electromagnetic FE to calculate force density in the entirety of the machine. Using a three dimensional structural FE analysis the force densities from the previous step are used to calculate the deformation of the stator frame. Vibration characteristics at different points of machine are obtained and used to formulate a boundary element model for computing acoustic power generator by machine's outer surface. A conventional switched reluctance machine with the same outer diameter, yoke thickness and output power is also modeled and compared to the doublestator switched reluctance machine. Effects of soft switching method is also investigated and the results in terms of emitted acoustic noise are demonstrated.
Ultrasensitive Label Free Biosensors Enables Seeing Protein Monolayers with The Naked Eye

By exploiting plasmonic sub-radiant dark modes, we demonstrate ultrasensitive biosensors with record high figure of merits (FOM=162). We also show direct detection of single monolayers of proteins with naked eye using associated Fano resonances.
de Haas-van Alphen effect, magnetic transitions, and specific heat in the heavy-fermion system UCd 11

We have used high pulsed magnetic fields to 50 T to observe de Haas\char21{}van Alphen oscillations in the heavy fermion antiferromagnet ${\mathrm{UCd}}_{11},$ which has a stongly enhanced value of the electronic specific-heat coefficient $(\ensuremath{\gamma}=803 {\mathrm{m}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{}\mathrm{K}}^{2})$. The low-temperature magnetization shows the existence of two magnetic phase transitions. The presence of quantum oscillations above the first transition indicates that ${\mathrm{UCd}}_{11}$ has a coherent Fermi liquid, although there is little or no change in the Fermi-surface topology on passing through the second transition.
The RIM/NIM family of neuronal C2 domain proteins. Interactions with Rab3 and a new class of Src homology 3 domain proteins.

RIM1 is a putative effector protein for Rab3s, synaptic GTP-binding proteins. RIM1 is localized close to the active zone at the synapse, where it interacts in a GTP-dependent manner with Rab3 located on synaptic vesicles. We now describe a second RIM protein, called RIM2, that is highly homologous to RIM1 and also expressed primarily in brain. Like RIM1, RIM2 contains an N-terminal zinc finger domain that binds to Rab3 as a function of GTP, a central PDZ domain, and two C-terminal C2 domains that are separated by long alternatively spliced sequences. Unexpectedly, the 3′-end of the RIM2 gene produces an independent mRNA that encodes a smaller protein referred as NIM2. NIM2 is composed of a unique N-terminal sequence followed by the C-terminal part of RIM2. Data bank searches identified a third RIM/NIM-related gene, which encodes a NIM isoform referred to as NIM3; no RIM transcript from this gene was detected. To test if NIMs, like RIMs, may function in secretion, we investigated the effect of NIM3 on calcium-triggered exocytosis in PC12 cells. NIM3 induced a dramatic increase in calcium-evoked exocytosis (50%), with no significant effect on base-line release, suggesting that NIMs, like RIMs, regulate exocytosis The combination of conserved and variable sequences in RIMs and NIMs indicates that the individual domains of these proteins provide binding sites for interacting molecules during exocytosis, as shown for the zinc finger domain of RIM, which binds to GTP-bound Rab3s. To search for additional interacting proteins for RIMs, we employed yeast two-hybrid screens with the C-terminal half of RIM1. Two members of a new family of homologous brain proteins, referred to as RIM-binding proteins (RIM-BPs), were identified. RIM-BPs bind to RIM in yeast two-hybrid and GST pull-down assays, suggesting a specific interaction. In RIMs, the binding site for RIM-BPs consists of a conserved proline-rich sequence between the two C2domains, N-terminal to the beginning of NIMs. RIM-BPs are composed of multiple domains, including three fibronectin type III-domains and three Src homology 3 domains, of which the second Src homology 3 domain binds to RIMs. With the RIM-BPs, we have identified a partner for RIMs that may bind to RIMs at the synapse in addition to Rab3.
From Program to Network: The Evaluator's Role in Today's Public Problem-Solving Environment.

Today’s public policy discussions increasingly focus on how networks of public and private actors collaborate across organizational, sectoral, and geographical boundaries to solve increasingly complex problems. Yet, many of evaluation’s key concepts, including the evaluator’s role, assume an evaluand that is programmatically or organizationally defined and bounded. This article explores the implications of this changing public policy environment for the evaluator’s role by examining one case: an evaluand that was a loose collaboration of four individuals in dispersed organizations working to reframe public policy and to change professional practice in early care and education. We describe this evaluand and the dimensions of it that challenged our evaluative role. We conclude by suggesting an alternative conception of the evaluator’s role that can serve evaluators in this changing policy environment.
Orbicular Rocks: A Review

Orbicular rocks, which are worldwide in occurrence, have been described in more than one hundred localities. Orbicules are found in igneous, metamorphic, and migmatitic terrains and are not restricted to unusual or limited compositions. Concentric shells of contrasted texture and mineralogy about a central core compose orbicule structure, which is often characterized by radially and/or tangentially oriented minerals. Hypotheses of orbicule genesis include both magmatic and metamorphic origins for these rocks; however, no single hypothesis provides a general explanation. Orbicules are compared with other natural and artificial rhythmically layered structures (Liese-gang rings and layered igneous rocks). Spacing of orbicule shells reflects stability of the formational environment. Some orbicule shells result from exchange of material between core and matrix. Conditions that cause rhythmic layering in igneous rocks may result in orbicule formation if crystallization is localized about scattered centers. Cores of such orbicules serve as crystallization centers and need not have specific or limited compositions. No correlation has been demonstrated between orbicule structure, chemical composition, or gross geologic setting. Standard orbicule terminology is suggested: orbicular rocks, orbicules, cores, shells, matrix, and country rock. Descriptive classification of occurrences of orbicular rocks is made according to composition (country rock type), structure (proto-, single-shell, and multi shelled [regular or irregular]), texture (granular, tangential, and radial), and core type (cores similar and dissimilar to matrix).
A Minimal Candidate for the Existence of a Weakly-Ruinous Set

We show that Richard Thompson's group F is nonamenable if and only if the three element set A 2 = {x 0 x 0 x 0, x 0 x 0 x 1, x 0 x 0 x 2} is weakly-ruinous. We then show that no two element set is weakly-ruinous, thereby showing that A 2 is minimal in both the number of elements that a weakly-ruinous set must contain and also in the number of carets that each tree in a weakly-ruinous set must have.
Mixed Chloride/Amine Complexes of Dimolybdenum(II,II). 5. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Rotation Conformational Preferences of Mo2Cl4(R-py)4 (R-py = Substituted Pyridine) Molecules

The relative stabilities of rotation conformational isomers of Mo2Cl4(R-py)4 molecules in solution have been studied. R-py represents a substituted pyridine, 4-tert-butylpyridine, 4-picoline, or 3,...
Monte Carlo estimates of specific absorbed fractions for an I‐125 point source in water

Monte Carlo estimates of eight specific absorbed fractions associated with an I‐125 point source in water are presented for distances ranging from 1–10 cm.
Career Assessment of Ethnic Minority Women

The authors suggest that the career assessment of ethnic minority women presents some special challenges for the career counselor. We contend that multicultural counseling should become a part of the career counseling process. The authors present a Career Counseling Decision Tree, a Multicultural Career Counseling Checklist for Counselors and a Career Checklist for Clients. It is hoped that these assessment instruments will facilitate the career assessment of ethnic minority women.
An overview of message passing environments

Abstract A majority of the MPP systems designed to date have been MIMD distributed memory systems. For almost all of these systems, message passing environments have provided the primary mechanism for programming multiprocessor applications. In this paper we provide an introduction to MPP systems in general. We then introduce current MPP message passing interfaces, by tracing their historical development over the last 10 years. In addition to their use within a single MPP architecture, we discuss the use of message passing systems to interconnect more loosely coupled processors in heterogeneous environments. Finally we review the development of ‘portability platforms’ — message passing systems that have been devised solely to allow portability of message passing programs between different systems.
Confusion, Diffusion, and Innovation.

The apparent fact that interactive effects are more common in policy innovations taking a long time to diffuse among the states, contrary to the presumed effects of interaction, suggests the existence of alternate diffusion mechanisms. Some policies diffuse directly from a federal model, while others diffuse among states via a segmented pattern of emulations. The order of state adoption of fair employment practices legislation is compared with the adoption order for three labor policies and two civil rights policies. Fair employment practice, by this test, is identified as a civil rights policy and not as a labor policy. State minimum wage legislation is discussed as a case of federal influence in the diffusion process. A first wave of diffusion was followed by a period of federally inspired court rescission. Federal legislation in 1938 began another wave of diffusion. In a third wave of innovations, states with existing laws amended those laws by emulating the new federal legislation.
A phase II study of first-line biweekly capecitabine and bevacizumab in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

Abstract Purpose This phase II study was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of capecitabine and bevacizumab in untreated elderly metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Methods Patients received 1500 mg/m 2 /dose of capecitabine twice daily × 7 days and bevacizumab at 5 mg/kg on day 1, in 2 week-cycles. Results The study was closed early, due to poor accrual, after a total of 16 patients enrolled. Four patients had an objective response and 11 patients had stable disease. The median time to progression and overall survival were 9.5 and 21.2 months, respectively. The most common grade ≥ 3 toxicities included diarrhea (13%) and hand and foot syndrome (25%). Three patients had an arterial thrombotic event and one patient developed a bowel perforation. Conclusions In this underpowered phase II study in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, capecitabine plus bevacizumab was associated with considerable clinical activity but at an increased risk of hand and foot syndrome and arterial thrombotic events.
Studies on lysosomes—IX. Localization of bacteriophages and thorotrast and their inflammatory properties

Abstract After injection into rabbits, bacteriophages T 2 , φX 174, and F 2 became localized to lysosome-rich fractions of liver homogenates. By use of discontinuous sucrose density gradients (1·4−1·8 M) these fractions, rich in arylsulfatase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid phosphatase, could be separated from mitochondrial fractions which were rich in cytochrome oxidase and malate dehydrogenase. Bacteriphages φX 174 and T 2 sedimented together with hydrolase-rich fractions after the phages had been injected in vivo . However, when the phages were admixed with liver homogenates in vitro , they displayed different sedimentation properties. Intraveneous injection of colloidal thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) resulted in the appearance of granules which were rich in acid hydrolases, were denser than the original hydrolase-rich granules, and could be separated from other large granules. When injections of Thorotrast were followed by injections of bacteriophages, the phages became localized not only to the original lysosome-rich fractions of sucrose gradients but also to the densest fractions induced by Thorotrost administration. Therefore, these experiments demonstrated that bacteriophages became localized to lysosomes that had already participated in endocytosis as well as to other lysosomes. Formation of dense granules after injection of Thorotrast was associated with decreases in total hydrolase content of large-granule fractions and increases in beta-glucuronidase activity of unsedimentable fractions and of serum. Isolated hydrolase-rich particles, separated by means of sucrose gradients, were injected into the knee of rabbits, where they induced an acute arthritis with onset 8–10 hr after injection. Appropriate control samples of fractions from gradients poor in acid hydrolases did not induce significant inflammation. Thus, inflammation could be induced in joints by lysosomes which were characterized not only by their content of hydrolases but also by their capacity to participate in endocytosis.
Approximating dominant singular triplets of large sparse matrices via modified moments

A procedure for determining a few of the largest singular values and corresponding singular vectors of large sparse matrices is presented. Equivalent eigensystems are solved using a technique originally proposed by Golub and Kent based on the computation of modified moments. The asynchronicity in the computations of moments and eigenvalues makes this method attractive for parallel implementations on a network of workstations. Although no obvious relationship between modified moments and the corresponding eigenvectors is known to exist, a scheme to approximate both eigenvalues and eigenvectors (and subsequently singular values and singular vectors) has been produced. This scheme exploits both modified moments in conjunction with the Chebyshev semi-iterative method and deflation techniques to produce approximate eigenpairs of the equivalent sparse eigensystems. The performance of an ANSI-C implementation of this scheme on a network of UNIX workstations and a 256-processor Cray T3D is presented.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE URBAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE CHINESE HSIEN CAPITAL1

(1961). SOME ASPECTS OF THE URBAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE CHINESE HSIEN CAPITAL. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 23-45.
Mathematical Modeling of Various Amines in the Ion-paired Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Bilirubin

Abstract The use of amines as ion-paired agents for bilirubin is explored. The effect of amine type, amine concentration, hydrogen ion concentration, and methanol concentration are determined and modeled by equations. The ability to adjust the capacity factor using multiple variations of the mobile phase should be useful in optimizing the separation of bilirubin from other components in various biological and theoretical studies of this interesting bile pigment.
Defects in the HSD11 gene encoding 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are not found in patients with apparent mineralocorticoid excess or 11-oxoreductase deficiency.

The syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) is a form of low renin hypertension that is thought to be caused by congenital deficiency of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11HSD) activity. This enzyme converts cortisol to cortisone and apparently prevents cortisol from acting as a ligand for the mineralocorticoid (type I) receptor. It also catalyzes the reverse oxoreductase (cortisone to cortisol) reaction. Four patients with AME and the parents of the first patient described (now decreased) were analyzed for mutations in the cloned HSD11 gene encoding an 11HSD enzyme. A patient with suspected cortisone reductase deficiency was also studied. No gross deletions or rearrangements in the HSD11 gene were apparent on hybridizations of blots of genomic DNA. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified fragments corresponding to the coding sequences, intronexon junctions, and proximal untranslated regions of this gene revealed no mutations. AME may involve mutations in a gene for anoth...
Brain regional angiogenic potential at the neurovascular unit during normal aging

Given strong regional specialization of the brain, cerebral angiogenesis may be regionally modified during normal aging. To test this hypothesis, expression of a broad cadre of angiogenesis-associated genes was assayed at the neurovascular unit (NVU) in discrete brain regions of young versus aged mice by laser capture microdissection coupled to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Complementary quantitative capillary density/branching studies were performed as well. Effects of physical exercise were also assayed to determine if age-related trends could be reversed. Additionally, gene response to hypoxia was probed to highlight age-associated weaknesses in adapting to this angiogenic stress. Aging impacted resting expression of angiogenesis-associated genes at the NVU in a region-dependent manner. Physical exercise reversed some of these age-associated gene trends, as well as positively influenced cerebral capillary density/branching in a region-dependent way. Lastly, hypoxia revealed a weaker angiogenic response in aged brain. These results suggest heterogeneous changes in angiogenic capacity of the brain during normal aging, and imply a therapeutic benefit of physical exercise that acts at the level of the NVU.
Religion and the American Celebrity

In American culture, is the celebrity a divine figure, or just another commodity in the marketplace? The author maps a series of strategies for the study of celebrities within the study of religion and America, focusing on the concomitant production of Britney Spears as a religious figure, a religious sacrifice, and a consumer product.
Improved method to bridge mouse and man

The understanding of human stem cell biology has undergone explosive growth in the past decade, due largely to improvements in immunodeficient mouse xenotransplantation models. Aspects of human stem cell biology such as homing after intravenous infusion and the subsequent differentiation of
Electroflotation Combined with Flotation Deinking of Flexographic Newsprint

A semicontinuous flotation cell, which incorporates an electrolytic cell, was used to collect inks from newsprint pulp slurry. In general, longer pulping time has an adverse impact on deinking of 100% flexographic old newspaper or newsprint (flexo-ONP) while temperature has a positive impact on deinking. However, the use of electric field improved deinking efficiency—measured by the percent reduction in effective residual ink concentration (ERIC)—by as much as 5% at longer pulping time (25 min compared to 5 min). Higher temperature (40 °C compared to 25 °C) combined with the use of electric field further improved deinking efficiency by 5%. Furthermore, the impact of electric field assisted flotation is discussed in the context of the following variables: alkali charge (sodium hydroxide), float consistency (percent solids in the pulp suspension), surfactant and soap concentration, and the amount of flexo newsprint in a mixture of newspaper (or furnish)−newsprint. Unlike 100% flexo-ONP, the mixture of 48% f...
Pressure coefficient of the ZnO band-to-band transition

Abstract The dichroic bandgap of ZnO shifts for E ⊥ c by 2.67 and for E∥c by 2.78 × 10−6 eV/bar linearly toward higher energies with hydrostatic pressure (up to 10 kbar at 77°K). It is suggested that the symmetry of the transitions in ZnO is not completely analogous to that in related II-VI compounds.
A Subspace Pursuit-based Iterative Greedy Hierarchical solution to the neuromagnetic inverse problem ☆

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an important non-invasive method for studying activity within the human brain. Source localization methods can be used to estimate spatiotemporal activity from MEG measurements with high temporal resolution, but the spatial resolution of these estimates is poor due to the ill-posed nature of the MEG inverse problem. Recent developments in source localization methodology have emphasized temporal as well as spatial constraints to improve source localization accuracy, but these methods can be computationally intense. Solutions emphasizing spatial sparsity hold tremendous promise, since the underlying neurophysiological processes generating MEG signals are often sparse in nature, whether in the form of focal sources, or distributed sources representing large-scale functional networks. Recent developments in the theory of compressed sensing (CS) provide a rigorous framework to estimate signals with sparse structure. In particular, a class of CS algorithms referred to as greedy pursuit algorithms can provide both high recovery accuracy and low computational complexity. Greedy pursuit algorithms are difficult to apply directly to the MEG inverse problem because of the high-dimensional structure of the MEG source space and the high spatial correlation in MEG measurements. In this paper, we develop a novel greedy pursuit algorithm for sparse MEG source localization that overcomes these fundamental problems. This algorithm, which we refer to as the Subspace Pursuit-based Iterative Greedy Hierarchical (SPIGH) inverse solution, exhibits very low computational complexity while achieving very high localization accuracy. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm using comprehensive simulations, as well as the analysis of human MEG data during spontaneous brain activity and somatosensory stimuli. These studies reveal substantial performance gains provided by the SPIGH algorithm in terms of computational complexity, localization accuracy, and robustness.
Model analysis of the temporal and geographical origin of the CO distribution during the TOPSE campaign

[1] The origin of carbon monoxide within the region covered by the Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) measurement campaign during the winter and spring of 2000 is examined using a chemical transport model. The origin relates to the location (United States of America, Europe, Southeast Asia, and rest of the world) and time (June 1999 to May 2000) at which the CO was emitted from the surface. The model tracks CO from each source and from hydrocarbon oxidation, where each tagged CO reacts with OH. The analysis focuses on the relative distribution of each tagged CO. Changes in the transport and the photochemistry during the transition from the winter to spring months are particularly emphasized. In the high latitude lower troposphere, CO is strongly influenced by fresh emissions from Europe during the winter months. Otherwise, the analysis indicates the importance of the buildup of aged emissions during the winter season. The contribution from hydrocarbon oxidation is a significant fraction of the total CO, although the bulk of this oxidation occurs well away from the region of interest. During the spring months the transport of episodic emissions from Europe decreases in the lower troposphere and the age of CO generally decreases elsewhere.
Meditation Painting and Pain Management: A Self Study

This article chronicles an art therapistâ€™s experience of having osteoarthritis in both right and left trapeziometacarpal joints and subsequent surgery which provided the opportunity to use art making to manage pain during the recovery period. Meditative painting was used whenever pain was experienced post-surgery, and two series of twelve seven-inch paintings were created. Simple criteria were set and followed for at least three weeks post-surgery, and the questions asked were: Will meditative painting relieve post-surgery pain? Can meditative painting be used to reduce or eliminate the need for pain medication? Are there patterns in the artwork that can be seen in the healing process? It was found that meditative painting minimized pain to the extent that pain medication was unnecessary. Patterns were seen in both series that may illustrate aspects of the healing process.
The polymerization mechanism and kinetics of DGEBA with BF3‐MEA

The diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and boron trifluoride monoethylamine (BF3-MEA) were used in a model system to investigate the chemical and physical changes that occur during polymerization. Experiments using 19F and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that BF3-MEA breaks down rapidly into HBF4 and an amine salt at 85°C and above. The HBF4 complexes with the epoxy groups, producing an activated monomer that reacts with epoxy in an etherification reaction. A mechanism is proposed whereby activated epoxy sites (complexes) continuously add epoxy throughout the reaction, but where unactivated epoxies (monomer molecules) are unable to react with each other. The reaction rate and mode (kinetic vs. diffusion control) therefore are strongly influenced by the BF3-MEA concentration and the reaction temperature. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Response of rocks to impact loading by bars with pointed ends

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the response of three rocks — shale, limestone and diorite — to dynamic loading modelling hammer drilling. A long transmission rod subjected to pendulum impact at its distal end transmitted stress waves to six different heads whose tips consisted of 60°, 90°, and 120° cones or wedges in initial contact with the rock surface. Force and linear penetration histories monitored near the interface were found to be in good agreement with predicted values based on strain measurements at the center and distal end of the transmission bar and use of a one-dimensional theory of elastic wave propagation. The dynamic indentation measurements were also found to be in good agreement witha posteriori determination of the crater depth. Effects of multiple wave reflections and repeated impact on the contact force and rock deformation were determined as a function of the input energy. It was found that an optimum value of this energy exists for most efficient penetration for each of the heads utilized. Dynamic force-penetration curves were compared with corresponding static values obtained from an Instron testing machine. The force history resulting from the impact of a commercial pick-ax suspended in a pendulum arrangement was measured for both the conical and wedge-shaped tips of the device.
Failure of Quantitative Phenotypic Characteristics to Distinguish Black Crappie, White Crappie, and Their First-Generation Hybrid

Abstract Commonly used quantitative phenotypic characteristics, including dorsal hard spine count and a nape measure (the ratio of the dorsal fin base length to the distance of the fin origin to the eye) failed to consistently distinguish between black crappie Ponioxis nigromaculatus and white crappie P. annularis in Alabama reservoirs. A high percentage (67%) of first-generation (F1) hybrid crappies were correctly identified with an alternate combination of these two characteristics, but this combination could not discriminate F1 hybrids from parentals. Correct identification of crappie parentals and their F1 hybrids was verified by examination of allozymes. In Lake Weiss, 43% of the crappies were misidentified when both characteristics were used. In Jones Bluff and Gainesville lakes, 13 and 11%, respectively, were misidentified by dorsal spine counts. Our results suggested that spine counts and nape measures are not entirely reliable for distinguishing crappie species or their hybrids in Alabama reservo...
CD20-negative relapse of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma after anti-cd20 monoclonal antibody therapy

Abstract Despite cutaneous B-cell lymphoma often having a relatively indolent course and low mortality, it is often resistant to conventional therapy and frequently relapses. We describe a patient with widespread cutaneous B-cell lymphoma who was treated successfully with a recently approved chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen (rituximab) and the CD20-negative relapse that resulted. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:441-3.)