cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth phenomena in the surface layer and step generation from the crystal edges

A possible mechanism of growth-step generation from the edges of faceted crystals obtained from experimental observations with KDP crystals is described. It suggests that growth from the crystal edges is initiated by the deviation of the edges from their crystallographic orientation and formation of incomplete shapes of singular facets. The conditions for formation of the incomplete faceted shapes during dislocation growth are considered. It is shown that the process of step generation from the edges can be determined by the mutual positions of the vicinal slopes on the adjacent faces.
Observer Bias in Hand Hygiene Compliance Reporting

Differences in reported hand hygiene compliance rates were assessed on the basis of the unit affiliation of observers. In 2 hospitals, unit-based observers more often reported higher compliance rates than did non-unit-based observers (79% vs 58.6%; difference, 20.4%; P<.001). Nonstandardized data collection methods contribute to the variability in hand hygiene compliance rates.
Transient electron spin resonance spectroscopy of the carotenoid triplet state in Rhodopseudomonas Sphaeroides wild type

Abstract We have determined the triplet state spin sublevel dynamics of spheroidene contained within the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudonionas sphaeroides wild type. The triplet state decay dynamics were measured using direct-detection, rapid-transient, high-field, electron spin resonance spectroscopy on chromatophores isolated from the bacterium. The transient signals were analyzed as a function of microwave power to obtain the individual triplet state spin sublevel decay rate constants and the spin—lattice relaxation time. The individual triplet state spin sublevel decay constants yielded a value of 4.2±0.3 μs for the overall triplet state lifetime, which agrees with the lifetime measured previously by other workers using optical spectroscopic methods.
Free Energy for Protonation Reaction in Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Calculations are performed of free energies for proton-for-lithium-ion exchange reactions in lithium-ion battery cathode materials. First-principles calculations are employed for the solid phases and tabulated ionization potential and hydration energy data for aqueous ions. Layered structures, spinel LiMn2 O4, and olivine LiFePO4 are considered. Protonation is most favorable energetically in layered systems, such as Li2 MnO3 and LiCoO2. Less favorable are ion-exchange in spinel LiMn2 O4 and LiV3 O8. Unfavorable is the substitution of protons for Li in olivine LiFePO4, because of the large distortion of the Fe and P coordination polyhedra. The reaction free energy scales roughly linearly with the volume change in the reaction.
Persistently recurrent infantile esotropia.

Introduction Children with infantile esotropia often require more than one surgery to align the eyes horizontally, for either recurrent esotropia or consecutive exotropia. We report an unusual subset of patients who had persistently recurrent esotropia despite multiple surgeries. Methods The records of 11 patients who presented before age one year with infantile esotropia and who had three or more surgeries for recurrent esotropia were reviewed. The number of surgeries, outcomes, and associated systemic conditions were recorded. Results These 11 patients represented 4% of children who were operated upon for infantile esotropia during the time of the study. The number of surgeries per patient ranged from 3-9 (mean 5). All of the horizontal surgeries in eight patients were for esotropia, while three patients developed exotropia after three or more surgeries for esotropia. Three children were otherwise normal, three had mild nonspecific developmental delay, one was premature, one had Trisomy 21, and one had spina bifida and high myopia. Following their most recent surgery, eight children had deviations of 8delta or less, and three had deviations between 8delta and 16delta. Seven patients demonstrated fusion. Age at last follow-up ranged from 2-13 years (mean 6.7 years). Conclusion Persistently recurrent esotropia is an unusual occurrence in children with infantile esotropia. Developmental delay is common in these patients, although none were markedly delayed. Satisfactory ocular alignment can be achieved in most patients, but several surgeries may be necessary to achieve this.
Carbon budget and seasonal carbon dioxide emission from a central Ohio Luvisol as influenced by wheat residue amendment

Enhancement of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through mulching has been proposed, and although this practice can alter several soil properties, its impact on the temporal variability of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission from soils has not been widely investigated. To that end, we monitored CO 2 fluxes from a central Ohio Luvisol (fine, mixed, mesic Aeric Ochraqualf) amended with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw applied at rates of 0 (M0), 8 (M8) and 16 (M16) Mg dry matter ha -1 per year and supplemented with fertilizer (244 kg N ha -1 per year) or without. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The intensity of CO 2 emission was higher in the late winter (mean: 2.79 g CO 2 -C m -2 per day) and summer seasons (2.45 g CO2-C m -2 per day) and lowest in the autumn (1.34 g C O 2-C m -2 per day). While no significant effect of N fertilization on CO 2 emission was detected, soil mulching had a significant effect on the seasonal variation of CO 2 fluxes. The percentage of annual CO 2 emitted during the winter and spring was similar across treatments (17-22%); however, 43% of the annual CO 2 loss in the M0 plots occurred during the summer as opposed to 26% in the mulch treatments. A close relationship (F = 0.47X + 4.45, R 2 = 0.97, P < 0.001) was found between annual CO 2 flux (F, Mg CO 2 -C ha -1 ) and residue-C input (X, Mg C ha -1 ). Litter and undecomposed residue amounted to 0.32 and 0.67 Mg C ha -1 per year in the M8 and M16 plots, respectively. After 4 years of straw application, SOC stocks (0-10 cm) were 19.6, 25.6 and 26.5 Mg C ha -1 in the M0, M8 and M16 treatments, respectively. The results show that soil mulching has beneficial effect on SOC sequestration and strongly influence the temporal pattern of CO 2 emission from soils.
Non-automotive sources of carbon monoxide in urban areas

Abstract Measurements of carbon monoxide were taken for two years at several locations in Portland, Oregon. There is a residual CO that is not accounted for by automobile emissions and the background concentrations. The ratio of excess CH 4 (above background) to the residual CO is close to direct measurements of the emission factor of CH 4 /CO from biomass burning which supports the idea that the residual CO, observed in our study, is from biomass burning. Biomass burning sources consist of agricultural burning in the surrounding areas and wood burning for heat. The diurnal and seasonal timing of the residual CO is consistent with our knowledge of these sources. We found that in Portland, during Fall and Winter, biomass burning contributes 20–40% of the carbon monoxide excess over background levels.
Chemical carcinogenesis in methyl-deficient rats

Abstract In summary, dietary deficiency of lipotropic nutrients or labile methyl supply enhances “spontaneous” and chemical carcinogenesis in the liver of rats. The deficiency also enhances DMH carcinogenesis in the rat colon and PCZ carcinogenesis in the rat mammary gland. In the PCZ model, parallel studies using MTX to induce biochemical changes analogous in some characteristics to the lipotrope-deficient model also showed evidence suggestive of enhancement of carcinogenesis, although the results were not statistically significant. PCZ interfered with hepatic choline metabolism, particularly in lipotrope-deficient and MTX-treated rats. This effect may be related to the enhanced carcinogenicity of PCZ in the mammary gland.
Matching behavior: Some methodological problems

Two classes of problems associated with specifying the controlling stimuli in matching experiments were discussed. The first class-control of matching behavior by cues other than the standard stimuli-was demonstrated by the results of a pseudomatching experiment. The second class related to the “effective” sample or standard stimulus set and to changes in the S’s matching strategy that may occur in a matching experiment.
Increasing dialysis access options in lower extremity: Retroperitoneal approach for external iliac artery-vein arteriovenous graft

Background Exhaustion of upper extremity dialysis access options is becoming more prevalent due to the longer survival of this patient population. In addition, central venous occlusive disease (CVOD) increases the risk of losing access viability in the ipsilateral extremity. Purpose We describe a novel technique of lower extremity arteriovenous graft (AVG) placement in which the external iliac artery and vein are utilized, as illustrated in 2 selected cases. Methods Two dialysis patients presented with exhausted upper extremity access options and bilateral intrathoracic CVOD. In patient 1, a venogram demonstrated complete occlusion of the left common iliac vein and severe stenosis of the right common femoral vein, rendering these unsuitable for access creation. In patient 2, with a history of peripheral arterial disease, an arteriogram revealed that the common and superficial femoral arteries were inadequate for access creation bilaterally. A retroperitoneal approach was utilized for a right external iliac artery and vein arteriovenous graft tunneled under the inguinal ligament to the anterior thigh. Results Adequate thrill and uneventful postoperative course were observed in both cases. At 10 months, patient 1 has done well on hemodialysis without the need for further intervention. Patient 2 has only recently had the procedure and is not yet using her graft. Conclusions As the number of patients requiring lower extremity vascular access increases, new surgical techniques will become available to handle the clinical and anatomic challenges encountered in this population.
Calcium content of frog rod outer segments and discs.

Abstract To test the “Ca2+ hypothesis of visual excitation”, we measured the total Ca2+ content of freshly isolated bullforg rod outer segments, and have compared the total Ca2+ contents of fully dark-adapted discs with discs exposed to small amounts of light. Discs were prepared by hypotonically lysing outer segments under conditions expected to remove Ca2+ from the cytoplasm but not from the discs. Ca2+ was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We find that both discs and outer segments contain a total of about 0.1–0.2 Ca2+ per rhodopsin molecule. Thus, each frog disc retains about 2 · 10 5 Ca 2+ . If most of this Ca2+ were free in the aqueous space inside the intact discs, the Ca2+ activity would be a few mM. Since the light-regulated Na+ channels have been reported to be highly sensitive to cytoplasmic Ca2+, this store of Ca2+ in the discs is far more than required by the Ca2+ hypothesis. However, despite several variations in experimental conditions, we did not observe any light-activated release of Ca2+ from discs in response to stimuli that photoactivated a small fraction of the rhodopsin, as required by the Ca2+ hypothesis. In the 26 experiments reported here we could have detected a release as small as 20–30% of the Ca2+ content of the disc.
Beyond the usual strategies for blood pressure reduction: therapeutic considerations and combination therapies.

Rapidly accumulating clinical data have repeatedly demonstrated not only the critical importance of even small increases in blood pressure as a pathophysiologic factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus, but also the therapeutic necessity of more aggressive blood pressure reduction and the achievement of progressively lower blood pressure targets in reducing cardiovascular event rates. JNC VI has defined optimal blood pressure as ≤120/80 mm Hg, and Stage 1 hypertension as ≥140/80 mm Hg. Target blood pressures are now ≤130/80 mm Hg in patients with diabetes and 1 gm/24 hours. Achieving such target pressures is increasingly difficult, particularly in diabetic patients with chronic renal disease, who require complex multidrug antihypertensive regimens. This review attempts to provide some suggestions for constructing such antihypertensive regimens, and provides considerations for the appropriate use of diuretics and the most effective drug combinations. Factors potentially contributing to drug resistant hypertension include such problems as failure to maximize drug dosing, suboptimal diuretic use, noncompliance, and possible confounding effects of such concomitant medications as nonsteroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs or decongestants. The issues underlying drug-resistant hypertension are listed, together with strategies for overcoming this problem.
Secondary access policies with imperfect sensing in dynamic spectrum access networks

We consider secondary access policies with imperfect sensing in sensing-based dynamic spectrum access networks. Interference caused by both missed detections as well as the primary user's return to the channel during the secondary transmission are explored. We allow arbitrary distributions for the primary ON / OFF intervals and expand each interval into multiple sub-intervals to create a time-varying Markov model. From this perspective, efficient and well-developed trellis-based algorithms can be applied to obtain the secondary access policies. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed policies achieve significant improvements in the system performance tradeoff relative to existing access policies that assume the sensing is perfect.
Elongation factor Tu localized on the exterior surface of the small ribosomal subunit.

Protein synthesis elongation factor Tu has been mapped on the surface of the ribosome by immunoelectron microscopy. The EF-Tu binding site is located near the concave portion of the small subunit at the level of the neck and extends 60 to 70 A above and below the neck. The binding site is present on the side of the subunit opposite the platform, i.e. on the exterior subunit surface. This EF-Tu site differs from that found for elongation factor G in that the EF-Tu site is significantly more exposed to the cytoplasm.
Cost-effectiveness of statin therapy for vascular event prevention in adults with elevated C-reactive protein: implications of JUPITER.

AbstractObjectives:High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been explored for use in predicting cardiovascular risk. The recent Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) study found that statin therapy reduced cardiovascular events in those with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below current treatment thresholds (≤130 mg/dL, 3.4 mmol/L), but with elevated hs-CRP levels (≥2.0 mg/L). This study examines the cost-effectiveness of statin treatment for individuals with elevated hs-CRP but normal LDL cholesterol.Methods:A Markov decision-analytic model was conducted from the U.S. societal perspective. Data from JUPITER were used to estimate rates of myocardial infarction, angina and stroke. Statin costs were based on generic simvastatin 80 mg, equipotent to the rosuvastatin 20 mg dose used in JUPITER. Primary prevention was the focus and secondary prevention was not modeled explicitly. Quality-adjusted life-years (...
Interpreting a Study on Bladder Cancer Screening

Conducting clinical trials is a difficult task that usually requires years of work to design, fund, and execute a particular study. From this standpoint, Bangma et al. are to be congratulated for their clinical trial that enrolled 1747 men into a home urine screening program to detect bladder cancer (BCa) [1]. Although the study is laudable for its size and scope, we believe that its design has some significant shortcomings that merit mention. Fundamental to understanding the clinical value of any new screening test (or program) is an analysis of its performance characteristics (Table 1) [2]. The new screening test studied by Bangma et al. was actually a sequence of urine tests with the first tier consisting of 14 consecutive daily home hematuria dipsticks and, if any of these were positive, a second-tier four-marker molecular urine test followed [1,3]. If any of the four molecular urine tests were positive, then the subject underwent gold standard testing to determine the presence or absence of BCa. In the current case, the gold standard diagnostic test consisted of cystoscopy if the screening test sequence was positive and computed tomography urography if lateralizing hematuria was seen at cystoscopy or if a second screening test was positive 6 mo later in patients with a negative initial cystoscopy. Note that only patients that screened positive underwent gold standard testing in the study, implying that quantities C and D from Table 1 were not measured precisely.
Some Semimetallic Characteristics of the Photoelectric Emission from As, Sb, and Bi

Spectral and energy distributions were determined for photoelectrons from crystalline evaporated layers of As, Sb, and Bi. The relative numbers of electrons ejected from states near the Fermi level were obtained by the method of interchangeable emitters. In each case, the result was several times smaller than that expected for a simple metal. Structure was observed in the energy distribution function $N(\ensuremath{\nu},E)$ for Sb. These effects were attributed qualitatively to an overlapping of energy bands like that assumed in the conventional model for semimetals. Data could be analyzed conveniently with the aid of the function $\frac{N(\ensuremath{\nu},E)}{E}$ previously applied to semiconductors. Spectral distributions, relatively insensitive in form to deviations from metallic behavior, could be fitted by Fowler plots. Work functions so determined differed by less than 0.1 ev from the following values derived from energy measurements: As, 4.72 ev; Sb, 4.60; Bi, 4.34.
Dopamine/adenosine interactions involved in effort-related aspects of food motivation.

Nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) is involved in effort-related aspects of food motivation. Accumbens DA depletions reduce the tendency of rats to work for food, and alter effort-related choice, but leave other aspects of food motivation and appetite intact. DA and adenosine receptors interact to regulate effort-related processes. Adenosine A2A antagonists can reverse the effects of DA D2 antagonists on effort-related choice, and intra-accumbens injections of a adenosine A2A agonist produce effects that are similar to those produced by accumbens DA depletion or antagonism. These studies have implications for understanding the neurochemical interactions that underlie activational aspects of motivation.
Problems With Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST): What Do the Textbooks Say?

The first of 3 objectives in this study was to address the major problem with Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) and 2 common misconceptions related to NHST that cause confusion for students and researchers. The misconcep- tions are (a) a smaller p indicates a stronger relationship and (b) statistical signifi- cance indicates practical importance. The second objective was to determine how this problem and the misconceptions were treated in 12 recent textbooks used in edu- cation research methods and statistics classes. The third objective was to examine how the textbooks' presentations relate to current best practices and how much help they provide for students. The results show that almost all of the textbooks fail to acknowledge that there is controversy surrounding NHST. Most of the textbooks dealt, at least minimally, with the alleged misconceptions of interest, but they pro- vided relatively little help for students.
Targeting of neuronal subsets mediated by their sequentially expressed carbohydrate markers

The targeting of sensory afferent neurons in the leech CNS occurs in two discrete steps that are mediated via different carbohydrate recognitions, as shown by molecular perturbations of cultured embryos. A constitutive carbohydrate marker that is generic to all of these neurons mediates their initial defasciculation and arborization across the entire target region via mannose-specific recognition. Subsequently, two subsets of these same neurons can be differentiated by their expression of other markers that are located on hybrid or complex type carbohydrate chains. These developmentally regulated carbohydrate markers then mediate the target assembly of their respective neuronal subsets into discrete subregions. Thus, by performing opposing functions in a temporal sequence, constitutive and developmentally regulated carbohydrate markers collaborate in the targeting of neuronal subsets in the CNS.
Educational Levels in Patients with Stargardt Disease

Purpose To assess the highest educational level attained by patients with Stargardt disease and clinically significant visual impairment. Design Cross-sectional assessment. Methods Patients with Stargardt disease and clinically significant visual impairment (documented best-corrected visual acuity of 20/70 or worse in each eye either before or up to the age of 22 years) were included in the study. Information concerning the highest level of education attained was obtained for all participants by an interview. Results Of the 33 participants, 32 completed high school. Either an associate's or bachelor's degree was attained by 21 patients (63.6%), whereas 3 patients (9.1%) were enrolled in college at the time of the interview. Further, a postgraduate degree (master's or doctorate) was attained by 7 patients (21.2%). Conclusions Our findings document that the potential for attaining a higher degree of academic education beyond high school does not seem to be precluded by clinically significant visual impairment in Stargardt patients. This information can be useful for visual practitioners when counseling these patients and their families.
Initial stages of bacterial fouling during dead-end microfiltration.

Constant pressure experiments were performed using track-etched polycarbonate membranes and rod-shaped bacteria (viz., Brevundimonas diminuta and Serratia marcescens) to study flux decline and backwashing during the early stages of microfiltration. The intermediate blocking law originally derived for spherical particles was modified to account for the approximate cylindrical shape of the selected bacteria. A deposition factor was introduced to empirically account for the morphology of bacterial deposits. The initial stages of flux decline prior to the secretion of new extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was quantitatively described by the intermediate blocking law before transitioning to cake filtration at later times. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided additional visual evidence that bacteria simultaneously deposited directly on the membrane and on each other during early stages of filtration as assumed by the intermediate blocking law. Empirical deposition factors decreased with initial pe...
Inguinal node dissection for melanoma in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy

Background With the introduction of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for melanoma, inguinal lymph node dissections (ILND) are more commonly performed for microscopic disease than for clinically palpable disease. We sought to examine the effect this change has on the morbidity of the operation. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent an ILND for melanoma between October 1997 and April, 2006. Clinical and pathologic data were collected and correlated by multivariate analysis with the incidence of a major wound complication. Results We identified 212 patients, 132 who underwent an ILND for a positive SLN and 80 for clinically palpable disease. Age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were similar in both groups. Patients with clinically palpable disease had a significantly greater number of involved nodes (3.0 vs 1.96, P = .0013), more often had ≥4 involved nodes (29% vs 9%, P P P = .02). Only BMI (odds ratio of 1.1) and the indication for the procedure (odds ratio of 2.2) were independent predictors of a major wound complication. Lymphedema occurred in 30% of the patients and was only significantly associated with clinical disease (41% vs 24%, P = .025). With a median follow-up of 2 years, regional recurrence was not significantly greater in patients with clinically palpable disease (13% vs 9%, P = not significant [ns]), although this result was possibly due to the significantly greater rate of distant recurrence (49% vs 18%, P Conclusions Patients undergoing an ILND for a positive SLN have a significantly lower risk of postoperative complication or lymphedema than do patients undergoing ILND for clinically palpable disease. There is a benefit in regard to the morbidity of treatment in surgically staging melanoma patients by SLN biopsy and preventing ILND for palpable disease.
Winter Stream Conditions and Use of Habitat by Brook Trout in High-Elevation Wyoming Streams

Abstract Winter stream conditions at elevations between 2,280 and 3,205 m above mean sea level and the use of winter habitat by adult brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis above 2,990 m were evaluated in 1983–1984 and 1984–1985. Little surface ice was observed at elevations above 2,900 m, which was associated with high snow accumulation; moderate surface ice and anchor ice formation were observed at elevations from 2,550 to 2,900 m; extensive surface ice formation occurred at 2,550 m. Little snow accumulated at 2,550 m and surface ice physically excluded substantial brook trout habitat. In late fall, brook trout at elevations above 2,990 m tended to move into low-gradient areas where they remained active throughout the winter. During winter, brook trout appeared to select for areas with maximum velocities of 15 cm/s or less, measured during summer low flow, and for deeper water, but not for substrate type.
Origin of pseudospin symmetry.

A many-particle operator that affects a transformation to the pseudospin basis in heavy nuclei is identified. Both mean-field and many-particle estimates demonstrate that in the helicity-transformed representation the nucleons move in a finite-depth nonlocal potential with a reduced spin-orbit strength. Because of the close relation between the helicity and chirality operations, the results suggest that the pseudospin symmetry in heavy nuclei yields to the chiral symmetry of massless hadrons in the high energy region.
The Changing Flora of the Southwest

The statement is made that for a proper explanation of the floral divisions of the Southwest an enumeration of the geological deposits must be given as the floral areas correspond more definitely to geological deposits than soil areas. An outline is given of the floral areas and distinctive plants. This gives the ideal picture of the Southwest before it was broken up for agricultural purposes. The present condition brought about by the inroads of agriculture and of overgrazing are reviewed. The conclusion is drawn that the native honey flora has almost disappeared. It is then shown that in certain sections sweet clover, alfalfa and cotton have replaced the -original honey flora. It is predicted that in much of the Southwest country much of the land now under cultivation or in overstocked ranges will return to pasture land but under the supervision of farmers who will recognize the fact that pastures require attention. This will mean the return of mesquite and other well known honey bearing shrubs and trees. Strains of sweet clover will develop which will maintain themselves throughout this district. The native horsemints which are aggressive will occupy the land now depleted by the plow and over-grazing. It is predicted that this combination will bring the Southwest back as a heavily producing honey area and that the honey produced will be sufficiently light in color to go into competition of the honey from the North.
Valid or Vacuous? A Definition and Assessment of New Paradigm Research in Management

As research and writing on the new paradigm expands into management, the question of whether this research is valid or vacuous becomes more crucial. In this article, a definition of the new paradigm is offered, then its premises and assumptions are carefully analyzed using current philosophy of science. Rather than taking the more common Kuhnian approach, this analysis is based on Taylor's (1992) model of paradigm transitions. The analysis shows that some management research does validly generate a new paradigm. However, much of what is being written under the new paradigm banner does not satisfy criteria that are implied by the notion of a new paradigm. In the conclusion, implications for this assessment are described and a series of questions that can increase the validity and transformative power of new paradigm research in management are offered.
Cross-link patterns of collagens synthesised by cultures of 3T6 and 3T3 fibroblasts and by fibroblasts of various granulation tissues

Abstract A study has been made of the pattern of reducible cross-links in collagens synthesised by 3T6 and 3T3 fibroblasts in culture and by fibroblasts in three different types of granulation tissue in guinea pigs: scar, silica granuloma and carrageenin granuloma. All the granulation tissue collagens have hydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine as the major cross-link after reduction. This may be due to excess hydroxylation of lysine residues some of which are involved in the cross-linking process. In contrast, the 3T6 and 3T3 fibroblasts produce collagens which have a cross-linking pattern quite different from and more complex than the granulation collagen pattern.
Linearly compact modules over Noetherian rings

Let R be a commutative topological ring, M a topological R-module. The topology on M is linear if it is Hausdorff and has a local neighborhood base consisting of submodules of M. An R-module with a linear topology is called a linearly topological R-module. A linearly topological R-module is linearly compact, if each filter {xi + Nil (i E I) o cosets of closed submodules has f nonvoid intersection. The structure of linearly compact abelian groups (modules over the discrete ring Z) has been completely determined by Fuchs [2]. These are products of groups of the form Z( p”) (1 < n < oo), 2, and Q, for various primes p. In this paper we prove (see below for definitions)
Functionalized Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Bioassay Surface Chemistry That Facilitates Bio-Immobilization and Inhibits Nonspecific Protein, Bacterial, and Mammalian Cell Adhesion

This paper describes a new bioassay surface chemistry that effectively inhibits nonspecific biomolecular and cell binding interactions, while providing a capacity for specific immobilization of desired biomolecules. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the primary component in nonfouling film chemistry is well-established, but the multicomponent formulation described here is unique in that it (1) is applied in a single, reproducible, solution-based coating step; (2) can be applied to diverse substrate materials without the use of special primers; and (3) is readily functionalized to provide specific attachment chemistries. Surface analysis data are presented, detailing surface roughness, polymer film thickness, and film chemistry. Protein nonspecific binding assays demonstrate significant inhibition of serum, fibrinogen, and lysozyme adsorption to coated glass, indium tin oxide, and tissue culture polystyrene dishes. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae microbial adhesion in a microflui...
Theoretical and methodological issues in studying children's capacities in legal contexts

Understanding children's capacities in legal contexts is an urgent priority for psychology and the law. The distinction between capacity and performance is discussed in light of two research goals: (a) identifying children's capacities relevant to law; and (b) identifying the circumstances under which their performance varies. This discussion leads to three fundamental research issues that are explored. First, in addition to general capacity, the effect of specific legal contexts on performance requires investigation. Second, capacities research must take a developmental approach using appropriate, ecologically valid target and comparison samples. Third, legal standards and their inherent developmental assumptions about children's capacities must be operationalized and investigated from both legal and psychological perspectives.
Reciprocal changes in the levels of functionally related folate enzymes during the culture cycle in human fibroblasts

Abstract The activities of 6 folate enzymes were measured in extracts of human diploid skin fibroblasts during the lag, log and stationary phases of the culture cycle. The levels of 4 folate enzymes involved in nucleic acid biosynthesis, viz. , folate reductase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, thymidylate synthetase and 10-formyl-THF synthetase, increased from 2–20 fold during the log phase of growth. In contrast, the levels of 2 enzymes, viz. , methylene-THF reductase and 5-methyl-THF: homocysteine methyltransferase, involved in regulating the levels of 5-methyl-THF, the major tissue and serum folate compound, decreased 3–4 fold during log growth, returning to high levels again only after the cells had been in the stationary phase for 5 and 20 days respectively. This reciprocal pattern of change is consistent with the known or postulated functions of these folate enzymes.
Effect of lung volume and intrathoracic pressure on airway mucosal blood flow in man

We have recently described an inert soluble gas uptake technique (using dimethyl-ether, DME) for the non-invasive measurement of airway mucosal blood flow Qaw, in humans. In the present study, we assessed the effects of lung volume and intrathoracic pressure on Qaw, in healthy non-smokers (age range 19–52 years). Qaw was calculated from the steady-uptake of DME from a 50 ml segment of the antomic dead space. The mean (± SD) Qaw of three consecutive measurement at a lung volume of FRC + 300 ml was 8.3 ± 2.3, 8.6±2.6 and 8.3 ± 2.7 ml · min−1 (n = 13; coefficient of variation 14 ± 7%). At zero airway pressure, there was an inverse relationship between apparent Qaw on the one hand and lung volume and anatomic dead space (DS) on the other: mean Qaw was 12.2 ± 5.3, 8.2 ± 2.5 and 5.3 ± 2.2. ml · min−1 at RV + 300 ml(DS = 131 ± 11 ml), FRC + 300 ml (DS = 153 ± 12 ml) and TCL (DS = 206 ± 22 ml) positions, respectively (n = 11; P < 0.05 among all three). At a lung volume of FRC + 300 ml, an increase in intrathoracic pressure to +25 cmH2O (modified Valsalva maneuver) decreased mean Qaw to 3.3 ± 2.8 ml · min−1 while a decrease in intrathoracic pressure to −35 cmH2O (modified Muller maneuver) increased mean Qaw to 17.1 ± 7.4ml · min−1 from a control value of 7.2 ± 2.2 ml · min · min− (n = 7; P < 0.05 among all three). These results indicate that lung volume has an effect on apparent Qaw, presumably by influencing the depth to which the analyzed anatomical dead space segment extends into the bronchial tree. The results alos show that changes in intrathoracic pressure alter Qaw possibly reflecting concomitant changes in left ventricular output and its distribution to intrathoracic and extrathoracic vascular beds.
Cell-free synthesis of tubulin 1 and tubulin 2 on polysomes isolated from embryonic chick brain

Abstract Embryonic chick brain polysomes incubated in a cell-free, amino acid-in-corporating system synthesize both tubulin subunits (tubulin 1 and tubulin 2) in nearly equal amounts.
Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of Secretin and gastrin.

Radioimmunoassay techniques for the measurement of gastrointestinal hormones have been modified to allow simultaneous assay of both secretin and gastrin in the same plasma samples. The system employs antibodies with high specificity for these two hormones and both /sup 125/I-labeled secretin and /sup 131/I-labeled gastrin as markers. Separation of the free from the bound form of the hormones was achieved by plasma- and dextran-coated charcoal. The unique separation method has been found to be independent of the uniformity of plasma samples. The sensitivity and the reliability of the simultaneous assays were comparable to those of the single assays. The fasting levels of human plasma secretin and gastrin obtained by the simultaneous assay were 62.9 +- 3.6 and 43.5 +- 2.8 pg/ml, respectively.
The Stream of Consciousness: VIII. James's Ejective Consciousness (First Part):

The present series concerning the stream of consciousness continues with two articles that examine James's conception of “ejective” consciousness in The Principles. During certain altered states, and perhaps at other times as well, mental-occurrence instances take place that are not part of the individual's original stream of consciousness. Usually, if not always, such “split-off” mental-occurrence instances comprise a second stream, which, according to James, is no less conscious and personal than the original stream is. However, the durational components of the second stream are distinct from nonconscious mental occurrences. Whereas James argues against the existence of nonconscious mental occurrences, of which there can be no inner awareness by definition, James does countenance a second stream of consciousness, of which the first stream can have only inferential knowledge, and vice versa. Both streams include inner awareness of their own basic durational components.
Mass fraction profiling based on x-ray tomography and its application to characterizing porous silica boules.

Mass fraction profiling is a specialized tomographic technique designed to allow one to measure the concentration profiles of the component species of a synthetic composite material. While developed for the express purpose of determining the dopant, density, and porosity profiles of unsintered soot boules, the method should also be useful in analyzing other types of ceramic such as dried gels. Mass fraction profiling amounts to a three-step process consisting of scanning the object of interest with well-collimated beams of x rays, reconstructing the attenuation coefficient profiles for several x-ray energies, and generating the density and concentration or mass fraction profiles. The method for determining these profiles is outlined, and some measurement results obtained for soot boules are presented.
Molecular Mechanics (MM4) and ab Initio Study of Amide−Amide and Amide−Water Dimers

As an extension of earlier amide work, hydrogen bonding parameters in amides have been developed for the molecular mechanics force field MM4. These parameters were obtained from studies on several configurations for each of the following complexes: formamide dimer, formamide−water, N-methylacetamide dimer, and N-methylacetamide−water. MM4 hydrogen bonding distances and binding energies were compared and fit to ab initio calculations on these systems reported by previous authors, preferably those done at the MP2 level of theory using double- or triple-ζ basis sets, in addition to calculations carried out in the present study at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level. The MM4 optimized structures for the lowest energy configurations of the formamide−water complex were also compared to the existing results from microwave studies on these systems.
Distribution of 4-iodoantipyrine after intravenous injection in the rat.

The distribution of 4-iodoantipyrine does not parallel that of body water, as evidenced by its overaccumulation in some organs and underaccumulation in others. These disparities occur largely because I131 is lost from the iodoantipyrine molecule, is converted to iodide, and is distributed and excreted as such. Any similarity between the distribution volume of iodoantipyrine and total body water is, therefore, happenstance.
Some properties of binormamin

Three properties of the binormamin criterion for analytic transformation in factor analysis are discussed. Particular reference is made to Carroll's oblimin class of criteria.
THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO NOVELTY IS ALTERED IN RATS NEONATALLY EXPOSED TO COCAINE

It has recently been suggested that the effects of in utero cocaine exposure may result in subtle deficits related to a challenging environment, including exposure to novelty or stress. This study used a neonatal drug-exposure model to examine the behavioral response to a novel environment in rodents. Subjects were artificially reared (AR) from postnatal Days 4-10. There were four treatment groups; AR 40 mg/kg/day cocaine, AR 20 mg/kg/day cocaine, AR control group receiving no drug, and a normally reared control. In Experiment 1, subjects were tested for their preference of maternal home-cage or clean wood-chip odors in a T-maze on postnatal Day 15. Subjects from all treatment groups preferred the maternal odor. In Experiment 2, subjects were habituated to four familiar odors and tested with a novel odor in an open field (postnatal Days 16-21). Neonatal exposure to 20 mg/kg/day cocaine led to an overall increase in exploratory behavior during testing, whereas 40 mg/kg/day did not, supporting the hypothesis that developmental exposure to cocaine at some doses may alter the offspring's response to a changing environment.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Massive Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) could modify the effects of massive lethal thromboembolism and prevent death. Twenty anesthetized dogs were prepared for venoarterial perfusion with a demand pump and membrane lung and were perfused slowly for 1 1/2 hours to lessen homologous blood shock; 1 ml per kilogram of 24-hour-old tantalum-impregnated thrombus was injected intravenously. The dogs had profound systemic hypotension with an elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (62.9 ± 4.5 mm Hg) immediately after embolization. Control animals generally died within 15 minutes. Four of the 10 ECMO-supported animals lived for six days, at which time they were restudied and killed. Not only can ECMO maintain an animal that would otherwise die quickly of massive pulmonary thromboembolism, but such support, even though temporary, can greatly improve the chances of survival.
Personal Profile Assessment Summary: Creating Windows Into the Worlds of Children with Special Needs

Multiple variables have combined to create a need for alternative assessment procedures for students with moderate and severe disabilities. These forces include the highly specialized needs of these students; the move toward inclusion, which necessitates changes in the composition and interaction of teams; and advances in assessment practices in this and related areas. In this article, we present a rationale and explanation of a particular type of alternative assessment, that of a personal profile assessment summary, which is a means of gathering, synthesizing, and conveying critical information about students with moderate and severe disabilities. This personal profile summary provides a brief but in-depth view of a child in terms of the abilities he or she is proud of, interests, challenges, optimal learning conditions, and family life. We conclude with a summary of information from a preliminary study on the use of personal profile summaries.
MANAGING FOR RESULTS THROUGH TEAMS

Although teams have received great attention in theory and in practice in the last few years, they are venerable in organizational history. In keeping with Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI), teams have become the norm at Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland, Ohio. The basic principles for team effectiveness and the. varying team structures are scrutinized in this article. Special emphasis has been placed upon the enculturation of the organization in CQI methods and activities. Case studies have been provided to enable the reader to travel the quality road with the authors. Tangible implementation strategies are outlined for the reader's consideration. In addition to classic team approaches toward service improvements, CQI found unique applications in contract management, campus beautification, and faculty development in‐service days. Faculty participate as team facilitators and team members; exclusive training for classroom instruction has been provided. The introduction of group dynamics has reshap...
Lanthanum-Mediated C–H Bond Activation of Propyne and Identification of La(C3H2) Isomers

η2-Propadienylidenelanthanum [La(η2-CCCH2)] and deprotiolanthanacyclobutadiene [La(HCCCH)] of La(C3H2) are identified from the reaction mixture of neutral La atom activation of propyne in the gas phase. The two isomers are characterized with mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy combined with electronic structure calculations and spectral simulations. La(η2-CCCH2) and La(HCCCH) are formed by concerted 1,3- and 3,3-dehydrogenation, respectively. Both isomers prefer a doublet ground state with a La 6s-based unpaired electron, and La(η2-CCCH2) is slightly more stable than La(HCCCH). Ionization of the neutral doublet state of either isomer produces a singlet ion state by removing the La-based electron. The geometry change upon ionization results in the excitation of a symmetric metal–hydrocarbon stretching mode in the ionic state, whereas thermal excitation leads to the observation of the same stretching mode in the neutral state. Although the La atom is in a formal oxidation state of +2, the ioniza...
Tensile Stress Rupture of SiCf/SiCmMinicomposites with Carbon and Boron Nitride Interphases at Elevated Temperatures in Air

The stress-rupture properties of precracked minicomposites were determined in air at temperatures in the range of 700--1,200 C. The minicomposite systems consisted of a single tow of Nicalon or Hi-Nicalon fibers with carbon or boron nitride (BN) interphases and a chemical-vapor-infiltrated silicon carbide (CVI-SiC) matrix. The stress-rupture results were compared to single-fiber stress-rupture data and composite data in the literature. Severe embrittlement occurred for carbon interphase minicomposites. However, BN interphase minicomposites showed only mild degradation in the rupture properties. This was true even though the BN interphase reacted and vaporized because of water vapor in the atmosphere at intermediate temperatures (700--950 C) and glass formation occurred at higher temperatures (950--1,200 C). The severe degradation in rupture properties that occurred for carbon interphase composites at intermediate temperatures was due to degradation of the Nicalon-fiber properties from the environment. The rupture properties of the BN-interphase minicomposites were controlled by the fiber rupture properties at temperatures of less than {approximately}900 C and greater than {approximately}1,100 C. In the range of {approximately}900--1,100 C, most fibers fused to the matrix because of a glass layer that formed between the fiber and matrix, resulting in fiber stress concentrations that led to the mild embrittlement of themore » BN-interphase minicomposites.« less
The role of secondary growth factor production in thrombin-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells

Alpha-thrombin is a multifunctional serine proteinase that is concentrated at sites of vascular injury and has been implicated in vascular healing responses following balloon injury. In addition to its well-known hemostatic effects, thrombin stimulates smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation via binding of protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a seven transmembrane, G-protein-coupled cell surface receptor. Following activation of this receptor, SMC produce and secrete various autocrine growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta). The role that autocrine growth factors play in alpha-thrombin-induced proliferation will be discussed in this review.