cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cushing's Disease and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Case Report and Review of Underlying Pathophysiological Mechanisms

Context: Several studies have reported an association between idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and deficits of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Case Illustration: A 33-yr-old woman with Cushing’s disease underwent successful surgical resection of a pituitary adenoma and developed IIH 11 months later after inadvertent withdrawal of oral glucocorticoids. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted to identify previous studies pertaining to IIH in association with neuroendocrine disease, focusing on reports related to HPA axis dysfunction. Results: A number of patients developing IIH due to a relative deficiency in glucocorticoids, after surgical or medical management for Cushing’s disease, withdrawal from glucocorticoid replacement, or as an initial presentation of Addison’s disease, have been reported. Hypotheses regarding the underlying pathophysiology of IIH in this context and, in particular, the role of cortisol and its relationship to other neuroendocrine and inflammatory...
Robust network codes for unicast connections: a case study

We consider the problem of establishing reliable unicast connections across a communication network with nonuniform edge capacities. Our goal is to provide instantaneous recovery from single edge failures. With instantaneous recovery, the destination node can decode the packets sent by the source node even if one of the network edges fails, without the need of retransmission or rerouting. It has been recognized that the network coding technique offers significant advantages for this problem over standard solutions such as disjoint path routing and diversity coding. We focus on two cases of practical interest: 1) backup protection of a single flow that can be split into two subflows; and 2) shared backup protection of two unicast flows. We present an efficient network coding algorithm that operates over a small finite field (GF(2)). The small size of the underlying field results in a significant reduction in the computational and communication overhead associated with the practical implementation of the network coding technique. Our algorithm exploits the unique structure of minimum coding networks, i.e., networks that do not contain redundant edges. We also consider the related capacity reservation problem and present an approximation algorithm that finds a solution whose cost is at most two times more than the optimum.
Nonlinear Photovoltaic Effect

The theory of nonlinear photovoltaic effect is developed and compared with experiments. By harvesting the optical energy lost to two-photon absorption, this new photovoltaic effect offers an energy-efficient solution in nonlinear silicon photonics.
High robustness requirements in a Common Criteria protection profile

The development of a Common Criteria Protection Profile for high robustness separation kernels requires explicit modifications of several common criteria requirements as well as extrapolation from existing (e.g., medium robustness) guidance and decisions. The draft U.S. Government Protection Profile for Separation Kernels in Environments Requiring High Robustness (SKPP) is intended to be applicable to a class of products (the target of evaluation, or TOE) that includes, but is not limited to, real time and embedded systems. This paper describes certain SKPP concepts and requirements and provides underlying motivations and rationale for their inclusion in the SKPP. Primary areas of focus are the security requirements regarding information flow, dynamic configuration, and the application of the principle of least privilege to restrict actions of active entities.
Signal Transmission Between Subunits in the Hemoglobin T-state

To study allosteric mechanism in hemoglobin, a hydrogen-exchange method was used to measure ligand-dependent changes in structural free energy at defined allosterically sensitive positions. When the two a-subunits are CN-met liganded, effects can be measured locally, within the a-subunit, and also remotely, within the b-subunit, even though the quaternary structure remains in the T conformation. When the two b-subunits are liganded, effects occur at the same positions. The effects seen are the same, independently of whether ligands occupy the a-chain hemes or the b-chain hemes. Control experiments rule out modes of energy transfer other than programmed cross-subunit interaction within the T-state. Cross-subunit transfer may depend on pulling the heme trigger (moving the heme iron into the heme plane) rather than on liganding alone. # 1998 Academic Press
The Mechanism of Diatom Locomotion. II: Identification of Actin

Nitrobenzooxadiazole-phallacidin binds specifically to the microfilamentous bundles associated with the raphe of a motile diatom, providing evidence for the actin-like nature of the filaments. Since the raphe is implicated in cell locomotion the locomotive force may be generated by the associated microfilaments. Alternatively, the microfilaments may be involved in the translocation of vesicles containing mucilage secreted during movement.
Antioxidant Responses and NRF2 in Synergistic Developmental Toxicity of PAHs in Zebrafish

Early piscine life stages are sensitive to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, which can cause pericardial effusion and craniofacial malformations. We previously reported that certain combinations of PAHs cause synergistic developmental toxicity, as observed with coexposure to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist b-naphthoflavone (BNF) and cytochrome P4501A inhibitor a-naphthoflavone (ANF). Herein, we hypothesized that oxidative stress is a component of this toxicity. We examined induction of antioxidant genes in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) exposed to BNF or ANF individually, a BNF 1 ANF combination, and a prooxidant positive control, tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH). We measured total glutathione (GSH) and attempted to modulate deformities using the GSH synthesis inhibitor L-buthionine (S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) and increase GSH pools with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). In addition, we used a morpholino to knockdown expression of the antioxidant response element transcription factor NRF2 to determine if this would alter gene expression or increase deformity severity. BNF 1 ANF coexposure significantly increased expressions of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, glutathione peroxidase 1, pi class glutathione-s-transferase, and glutamate cysteine-ligase to a greater extent than tBOOH, BNF, or ANF alone. BSO pretreatment decreased some GSH levels, but did not worsen deformities, nor did NAC diminish toxicity. Knockdown of NRF2 increased mortality following tBOOH challenge, prevented significant upregulation of antioxidant genes following both tBOOH and BNF 1 ANF exposures, and exacerbated BNF 1 ANF‐related deformities. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that antioxidant responses are a component of PAH synergistic developmentaltoxicityandthatNRF2isprotectiveagainstprooxidant and PAH challenges during development.
Lexical knowledge without a lexicon

Although for many years a sharp distinction has been made in language research between rules and words — with primary interest on rules — this distinction is now blurred in many theories. If anything, the focus of attention has shifted in recent years in favor of words. Results from many different areas of language research suggest that the lexicon is representationally rich, that it is the source of much productive behavior, and that lexically specific information plays a critical and early role in the interpretation of grammatical structure. But how much information can or should be placed in the lexicon? This is the question I address here. I review a set of studies whose results indicate that event knowledge plays a significant role in early stages of sentence processing and structural analysis. This poses a conundrum for traditional views of the lexicon. Either the lexicon must be expanded to include factors that do not plausibly seem to belong there; or else virtually all information about word meaning is removed, leaving the lexicon impoverished. I suggest a third alternative, which provides a way to account for lexical knowledge without a mental lexicon.
Reducing Download Times in Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Systems with Stochastic Service Capacities

The main problem for an individual user peer in a peer-to-peer network with heterogeneous source peers is the peer selection problem, namely, switching among source peers and finally settling on one, while keeping the total time of probing and downloading to a minimum. There has been little investigation on selecting source peers with stochastic service capacities. The main contribution of this paper is to address the problem of reducing download times in peer-to-peer file sharing systems with stochastic service capacities. A precise analysis of the expected download time is given when the service capacity of a source peer is a random variable. A chunk-based switching and peer selection algorithm using the method of probing high-capacity peers is proposed and the expected download time of the algorithm is analyzed. Two sub problems of the optimal choice of the threshold of high-capacity source peers and the optimal order of probing are also solved. The performance of the algorithm is compared with the random chunk-based switching method. It is shown that noticeable performance improvement can be obtained.
Adhalin mRNA and cDNA sequence are normal in the cardiomyopathic hamster

Adhalin is deficient in two forms of human muscular dystrophy, one due to mutations in the adhalin gene and one linked to an unidentified gene on chromosome 13. Because adhalin is deficient in skeletal and cardiac muscles of BIO 14.6 hamsters, which experience both myopathy and cardiomyopathy, cDNA encoding adhalin from BIO 14.6 hamster skeletal muscle was cloned and sequenced. Adhalin mRNA was expressed at normal levels in BIO 14.6 hamster cardiac muscle, and no mutation in adhalin coding sequence was found, indicating that the inherited myopathy and cardiomyopathy of the BIO 14.6 hamster are most likely not due to mutations in the adhalin gene.
Boundary element strategies and discretized Green's functions: applications in composite materials and wave mechanics

With the rapid development of advanced composite materials and the wide application of such materials in engineering, it is desirable to model problems involving these materials by computer and to use powerful numerical methods like the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Boundary Element Method (BEM) for analysis. In this paper, a BEM is developed to analyze 2D micromechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced composites based on models for both perfectly-bonded and imperfectly-bonded materials in a unit cell. For composites with perfect bond between matrix and fibers, it is shown that our predictions coincide well with comparable quantities obtained in physical experiments and by FEM analysis. For imperfectlybonded composites, it is found that variation of the interphase parameters (thickness, stiffness) causes pronounced changes in the overall effective moduli and also in the state of stress in the
“Better to Be Hot than Caught”: Excavating the Conflicting Roles of Migrant Material Culture

ABSTRACT Since the mid-1990s, heightened U.S. border security in unauthorized crossing areas near urban ports of entry has shifted undocumented migration toward remote regions such as the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, where security is more penetrable but crossing conditions are more difficult. Subsequently, a complex smuggling industry has developed in Northern Mexico that profits from helping migrants cross the desert on foot to enter the United States undetected. Desert crossing is now a well-established social process whereby items such as dark clothes and water bottles have been adopted as tools used for subterfuge and survival by migrants. This article highlights ethnographic data on the experiences of migrants and archaeological data collected along the migrant trails that cross the Arizona desert to illustrate the routinized techniques and tools associated with the violent process of border crossing, as well as the dialectical and often oppressive relationship that exists between migrants and objects. [material culture, undocumented migration, border crossing, U.S.–Mexico, archaeology of the contemporary]
Pumice‐pumice collisions and the effect of the impact angle

[3] In nature, particles have irregular shapes and their collisions are not necessarily normal to surfaces. Thus, we present here the studies of oblique collisions of pumice cylinders on flat pumice surfaces (cylinders were used to increase the complexity of the particle shape compared to that of a sphere). The purpose of these experiments is to understand the effect of the impact angle on the rebound features and provide an example of their variability that can be useful in modelling pumice-pumice collisions in geophysical flows. The rebound features are the rebound angles, the ratios of the components of velocities and the energy losses. Our results reveal a complexity which suggests that the description of pumice-pumice impacts using a constant coefficient of restitution is an oversimplification. [4] Here, we do not refer to the coefficient of restitution also because it applies to collisions where the energy losses are only due to plastic deformations and vibrations. In geophysical flows, the collisions are more complex because of, for example, erosion, shattering and comminution of the rock fragments. The coefficient of restitution e purports to describe the degree of plasticity in collisions of two bodies and is generally defined as the ratio of the final to initial components of the relative velocities normal to the contact surface [Goldsmith, 2001]. This coefficient can be measured by dropping a non-rotating particle onto the horizontal surface of a large rigid body. If the particle has been dropped from the height h1 and rebounds to the height h2, then e is equal to ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The relative importance of religion and education on university students’ views of evolution in the Deep South and state science standards across the United States

There is a negative relationship between education and religiosity and a positive relationship between education and acceptance of evolution, but how this manifests in college students who differ in degree of religiosity and prior educational experiences is unclear. We focused our study on the relative importance of education and religion on evolution understanding for college students at a large, public university in the Deep South. We used a structural equation model incorporating both acceptance and knowledge of evolution to evaluate the relative influence of religion and education on evolution understanding of 2,999 surveyed students. We further focused on acceptance of evolution and academic level, college major, high school experience, religion, and religiosity. We conducted pre and post course evaluations in three biology classes, and finally we tested the relationships between the quality of K-12 state science standards and states’ religiosity and educational attainment. We found that the degree of religiosity mattered significantly more than education when predicting students’ understanding of evolution. When we focused on acceptance of evolution only, students taught evolution or neither evolution nor creationism in high school had significantly higher acceptance than those taught both evolution and creationism or just creationism. Science majors always outscored non-science majors, and not religious students significantly outperformed religious students. Highly religious students were more likely to reject evolution even though they understood that the scientific community accepted the theory of evolution. Overall, students in two of three biology classes increased their acceptance of evolution, but only those students that seldom/never attended religious services improved. K-12 state science standard grades were significantly and negatively correlated with measures of state religiosity and significantly and positively correlated with measures of state educational attainment. Religiosity, rather than education, best explains views on evolution. In areas of the country where the vast majority of residents believe in God and the literal truth of the Bible, students may be hampered as they enter and progress through college. These same states tend to have lower state science standards and lower levels of educational attainment.
PNPs as catalysts in child care policymaking.

Abstract Dramatic socioeconomic changes in American family life, along with welfare reform, school readiness initiatives, and research on the relationship between child development and child care, have generated new interest in child care policy. Pediatric nurse practitioners and other pediatric nurses have much to contribute to the formulation of national, state, and local child care policies, especially if they are knowledgeable of key policies and regulatory issues. This article outlines these concepts with an eye toward promoting how pediatric nurses might reclaim their role as catalysts for promoting high-quality child care. J Pediatr Health Care. (2001). 15 , 49-57.
Response Essay: Hollowed-Out Democracy

Professors Joseph Fishkin and Heather Gerken argue, in The Two Trends That Matter for Party Politics, that the Supreme Court’s recent deregulation of the campaign-finance system is fueling a troubling shift toward "shadow parties," away from formal parties populated by party activists. This response essay commends Fishkin’s and Gerken’s focus on the relationship between campaign finance law and the structure of political parties but raises two concerns about their argument. First, the formal parties, at least on the national level, departed from the "party faithful" model well before the Court’s most recent campaign finance decisions, raising the need to think more broadly about the causes for the shift. Second, while Fishkin and Gerken are correct to worry about the dominance of the elite in our democratic organizations, for that conversation to have real impact on the vitality of our democracy, it must be expanded beyond political parties to civil society more generally. This essay was written for the 2014 Brennan Center Convening, Money in Politics 2030: Toward a New Jurisprudence.
Handling Big Cases in Law School Clinics, or Lessons from My Clinic Sabbatical

This essay explores some of the benefits as well as a few of the drawbacks of handling big cases in law school clinics. Big cases – those involving long-term lawyer/client relationships and litigation of complex legal issues – offer some of the best learning opportunities for both faculty and students. They teach us about the complex nature of the law, client decision-making, problem solving and collaboration. They prepare students for practice. Big cases also take up a great deal of clinic faculty time, especially over summers and breaks, and sometimes during sabbaticals. Using two clinic cases as models for discussion, the author describes the educational benefits she and successive teams of students gained from working on these cases over a period of several years. A few proposals are offered from supporting clinic faculty and making efficient use of faculty and student time so that clinics can take on the big cases.
Postnatal Development of Spike Generation in Rat Medial Vestibular Nucleus Neurons

Image stability during self motion depends on the combined actions of the vestibuloocular and optokinetic reflexes (VOR and OKR, respectively). Neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) partic...
Representing teachers as criminals in the news: a multimodal critical discourse analysis of the Atlanta schools’ “Cheating Scandal”

ABSTRACTOn 1 April 2015, 11 Atlanta teachers accused of changing answers on their students’ standardized tests were convicted of racketeering and sentenced to 5–20 years in prison. Despite ample news coverage, few sources investigated teachers’ motivations for altering students’ responses or explored what the consequences would have been if student scores had not been changed to passing. Moreover, the fact that the teachers’ actions resulted from systemic problems associated with working within a high-stakes testing environment is glossed over and all but lost in the reporting of the “Cheating Scandal” events. The authors conduct a critical multimodal analysis of how semiotic resources were used to represent teachers in the Atlanta “Cheating Scandal” and show how the media's framing of teachers both reflects and conceals specific interests of the powerful educational reform movement and the corporations that benefit from it, such as Pearson, Inc. Data sources included four online news sources from April 2...
Problems Of Selecting Experts For Delphi Exercises

The article reports on the use of the Delphi method in long-range technological forecasting. The author's opinions regarding the recruitment of professionals for Delphi experimentation are presente...
Seriation Method and Its Evaluation

Seriation as a scaling technique produces a formal arrangement of units, the significance of which must be inferred. Arrangement per se is a statistical matter, while the inference of significance is archaeological method. Here seriation as an archaeological method for inferring relative chronology is reviewed in terms of its assumptions and the conditions under which it is applicable. From this examination it is concluded that seriations may be inferred to be chronologies when and only when: (1) the comparisons are conducted using historical classes; (2) the units ordered are of comparable duration; (3) the units ordered are from the same cultural tradition; and (4) when the order is repeated through several independent seriations. The means of assessing whether or not a given seriation meets these conditions is considered in detail. Within specifiable limits seriations can be inferred to be chronologies, but these limits are more restricted than generally appreciated.
CFD Investigation of Human Tidal Breathing through Human Airway Geometry

Abstract This study compares the effect of the extra-thoracic airways on the flow through the lower airways by carrying out computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the airflow through the human respiratory tract. In order to facilitate this comparison, two geometries were utilized. The first was a realistic nine-generation lower airway geometry derived from computed tomography (CT) images, while the second included an additional component, i.e., an idealized extra-thoracic airway (ETA) coupled with the same nine-generation CT model. Another aspect of this study focused on the impact of breathing transience on the flow field. Consequently, simulations were carried out for transient breathing in addition to peak inspiration and expiration. Physiologically-appropriate regional ventilation for two different flow rates was induced at the distal boundaries by imposing appropriate lobar specific flow rates. The scope of these simulations was limited to the modeling of tidal breathing at rest. The typical breathing rates for these cases range from 7.5 to 15 breaths per minute with a tidal volume of 0.5 Liter (L). For comparison, the flow rates for constant inspiration/expiration were selected to be identical to the peak flow rates during the transient breathing. Significant differences were observed from comparing the peak inspiration and expiration with transient breathing in the entire airway geometry. Differences were also observed for the lower airway geometry. These differences point to the fact that simulations that utilize constant inspiration or expiration may not be an appropriate approach to gain better insight into the flow patterns present in the human respiratory system. Consequently, particle trajectories derived from these flow fields might be misleading in their applicability to the human respiratory system.
Effects of oxygen partial pressure, deposition temperature, and annealing on the optical response of CdS:O thin films as studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Ex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements are made on radio frequency magnetron sputtered oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O) thin films. Films are deposited onto glass substrates at room temperature and at 270 °C with varying oxygen to total gas flow ratios in the sputtering ambient. Ellipsometric spectra from 0.74 to 5.89 eV are collected before and after annealing at 607 °C to simulate the thermal processes during close-space sublimation of overlying cadmium telluride in that solar cell configuration. Complex dielectric function (e = e1 + ie2) spectra are extracted for films as a function of oxygen gas flow ratio, deposition temperature, and post-deposition annealing using a parametric model accounting for critical point transitions and an Urbach tail for sub-band gap absorption. The results suggest an inverse relationship between degree of crystallinity and oxygen gas flow ratio, whereas annealing is shown to increase crystallinity in all samples. Direct band gap energies are determined from the ...
Conceptualisation of English teachers’ professional identity and comprehension of its dynamics

AbstractThis study attempts to conceptualise English teachers’ professional identity based on an understanding of identity in a socio-psychological framework, and thereby reveal the attributes and dynamics of professional identity by investigating Korean English teachers’ cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses to their national English curriculum and related policies. Based on a narrative approach within the qualitative research framework, three modes of narrative were used for data gathering and analysis. Two in-depth interviews were conducted and responses to descriptive questionnaires and metaphor production of a teacher-self required of five academic high school English teachers. Examination of those data disclosed that seven different identities constitute their professional identity, and these identities and their meaning systems interplay within a self, as well as interact with an English language teaching environment. Conceptualisation of English teachers’ professional identity and compreh...
Neurophysiology of Birdsong Learning

Oscine songbirds use auditory feedback to learn and, in some species, to maintain their courtship songs. Song learning is restricted to a juvenile sensitive period characterized by a remarkable capacity for memorization and subsequent accurate imitation of tutor songs. The songbird’s brain contains a constellation of interconnected brain nuclei, known as the song system, which plays an important role in singing and song learning. This chapter covers our current understanding of the ecological function of song, the peripheral and central mechanisms of song production and the neural mechanisms of song learning.
Image Reconstruction in Optical Interferometry: An Up-to-Date Overview

Optical interferometry is now routinely used to image stars and their environments with sub-milliarcsecond resolution. We present here a brief review of model-independent interferometric imaging, discussing the most recent advances in regularisation , optimisation algorithms , and imaging procedures with minimal formalism.
Summarizing Source Code using a Neural Attention Model

High quality source code is often paired with high level summaries of the computation it performs, for example in code documentation or in descriptions posted in online forums. Such summaries are extremely useful for applications such as code search but are expensive to manually author, hence only done for a small fraction of all code that is produced. In this paper, we present the first completely datadriven approach for generating high level summaries of source code. Our model, CODE-NN , uses Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks with attention to produce sentences that describe C# code snippets and SQL queries. CODE-NN is trained on a new corpus that is automatically collected from StackOverflow, which we release. Experiments demonstrate strong performance on two tasks: (1) code summarization, where we establish the first end-to-end learning results and outperform strong baselines, and (2) code retrieval, where our learned model improves the state of the art on a recently introduced C# benchmark by a large margin.
New York/New Jersey Nearshore Waters—A Case Study in NY/NJ

The study area is the New York/New Jersey estuarine and nearshore waters. These waters are enriched by increased nutrient loading from point, non-point sources such as agricultural and urban run-off causing eutrophication and pollution. Eutrophication disrupts the pre-existing natural balance of the system, resulting in phytoplankton blooms of both increased frequency and intensity in response to the over-enrichment. Dense and accelerated phytoplankton blooms ultimately increase oxygen demand on the system leading to episodes of hypoxia. To improve the quality of water and control the problem of excessive fertilization, regular monitoring of water quality is required.
Quantitative analysis of exposed grain surface area for multiphase particles using X-ray microtomography

Abstract Direct determination of exposed grain surface area is a difficult task to achieve since the exposed surface area of grains in multiphase particles can only be accurately analyzed in three dimensions. Now, due to advances in high resolution X-ray microtomography (HRXMT), with a voxel resolution of ~1 μm it is possible to identify dispersed grains as small as 5 μm in multiphase particles and quantify their surface area exposure in 3D. In this paper, the development of procedures for detailed analysis to quantify the extent of grain surface area exposure using HRXMT is described. Image analysis procedures, including preprocessing of the 3D tomographic images, correction for the partial volume effect (PVE), and the use of a new algorithm for determination of exposed grain surface area measurement, are discussed. Application of the procedure is illustrated with the analysis of flotation products from HydroFloat (HF) experiments for an auriferous pyrite ore. The results demonstrate that two levels of analysis are appropriate for understanding the flotation of locked particles. First, the particle distribution with respect to exposed grain surface area, expressed as a percentage of the total particle surface area, should be considered. Second, the grain distribution with respect to actual exposed surface area should be considered in order to account for the stability of attached bubbles and recovery of such multiphase particles in the concentrate.
Chemically exfoliating large sheets of phosphorene via choline chloride urea viscosity-tuning.

Exfoliation of two-dimensional phosphorene from bulk black phosphorous through chemical means is demonstrated where the solvent system of choice (choline chloride urea diluted with ethanol) has the ability to successfully exfoliate large-area multi-layer phosphorene sheets and further protect the flakes from ambient degradation. The intercalant solvent molecules, aided by low-powered sonication, diffuse between the layers of the bulk black phosphorus, allowing for the exfoliation of the multi-layer phosphorene through breaking of the interlayer van der Waals bonds. Through viscosity tuning, the optimal parameters (1:1 ratio between the intercalant and the diluting solvent) at which the exfoliation takes place is determined. Our exfoliation technique is shown to produce multi-layer phosphorene flakes with surface areas greater than 3 μm2 (a factor of three larger than what has previously been reported for a similar exfoliation method) while limiting exposure to the ambient environment, thereby protecting the flakes from degradation. Characterization techniques such as optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy are used to investigate the quality, quantity, and thickness of the exfoliated flakes.
Inspection, analysis and loading test of a slab bridge strengthened with FRP laminates

The advantages of FRP as a strengthening material have been widely recognized in recent years. Typical applications of FRP have extended from repairing of cracked columns, beams, bridge decks to enhancing the load capacity of critical structural components. As a demonstration of application of FRP laminates in concrete bridge decks with no transverse reinforcement, the Rolla Bridge in Missouri is selected for this study, which is a two-span simply supported reinforced concrete slab with no transverse steel reinforcement. The original construction combined with the presence of very rigid parapets caused the formation of a wide longitudinal crack which resulted in the slab to behave as two separate elements. The strengthening scheme was designed to avoid further cracking and such that the transverse flexural capacity be higher than the cracking moment. An initial load test, to evaluate the structural behavior, was performed prior the strengthening. The retrofitting of the structure was employed after the major cracks were injected to allow continuity in the cross section. Once the repair work was completed, another load test, identical in procedure to the previous one, was performed to evaluate the efficiency of the strengthening. No additional cracking was observed in the concrete decks as a result of the strengthening program.
Flow regimes during condensation in superheated zone

Abstract Heat transfer experiments with flow visualization were performed with R134a in a smooth horizontal tube in order to verify that condensation occurs outside the two-phase region. The visualization performed for this work is unusual in that a diabatic visualization section was used, more closely approximating the behavior of the fluid in an actual condenser than typical adiabatic visualization experiments. In addition to the flow visualization, liquid film thickness measurements were taken and used to determine the cumulative latent heat transferred from the refrigerant. The measured film thicknesses and recorded videos confirm the presence of liquid in the bulk superheated region. Condensate appeared first as droplets and rivulets on the tube wall and then formed a thin film. The flow later passed through misty annular and wavy flow regimes as the refrigerant transitioned to the two-phase region.
Indices of Effectiveness of Treatment

Evidence of clinical improvement after the institution of effective antibiotic treatment is usually not dramatic. Patients may have prompt normalization of temperature, in which case they might feel very much better quickly. On the other hand, although fever usually does subside within 2–4 days, this subsidence is gradual, and dramatic response is not the rule. Persistence of fever may indicate ineffective antibiotic therapy or a drug reaction. In some patients, persistent low-grade fever will continue as long as the patient receives antibiotics. Reappearance of fever after an afebrile interval may indicate embolization (pulmonary or arterial), infectious complications of prolonged intravenous therapy, reseeding of the bloodstream from a peripheral abscess, or drug reaction. Rarely, persistence of fever may be an indication of the presence of concomitant underlying disease such as lymphoma or myxoma.
Sobre la crisis de la modernidad. Una lectura desde la perspectiva del arte

In this article I propose a reflection on art as an expression of the redefinition of modern culture. Art, in effect, expresses the lines that define the world, but at the same time produces a different form of truth. That is why a discourse on art cannot ignore an analysis of the world in which it originates and that somehow it tries to express. In this direction, three readings of the question of modernity are considered: the Dialectic of Enlightenment by Horkheimer and Adorno, Barbarism by Henry, and The End of Modernity by Vattimo. In the second part, the discourse focuses on the manifestation of the crisis in art, trying to offer other meanings, from different philosophical approaches, to the transition from modernity to postmodernity.
Epigenetic switch turns on genetic behavioral variations.

What roles do environmental factors, genes, and heredity play in shaping the behaviors of individuals? In his 1963 article entitled “Behavior genetics and individuality understood,” the pioneering behavioral geneticist Jerry Hirsch (1) eloquently articulated that “Individual differences are no accident. They are generated by properties of organisms as fundamental to behavioral science and biology as thermodynamic properties are to physical science.” In the era of molecular genetics and genomics, understanding neuronal activity and organismal behavior at the cellular and molecular levels has rapidly progressed, primarily via studies of behavior in genetically tractable organisms, such as the fruit fly, the worm, the laboratory mouse, and others. Nonetheless, over 50 y after Hirsch’s seminal article, and despite the aforementioned scientific advances in cellular and molecular neurobiology, understanding the specific contributions of natural genetic variations to phenotypic diversity between individuals and across populations remains a major research challenge. The reasons for why identifying the actual genetic elements that underlie natural behavioral variations between individuals is difficult are deeply embedded in the polygenic nature of the majority of complex phenotypes, including behavior (2, 3), and the often complex, nonlinear relationship between plastic primary gene products, RNAs and proteins, and the organismal phenotypes they influence. Now in PNAS, Anreiter et al. (4) elegantly demonstrate that the previously identified (5), naturally occurring allele-specific effects of foraging ( for ) on individual behavioral foraging decisions of larval and adult Drosophila depends on the epigenetic action of the dG9a gene (4). The polymorphic for locus, first discovered by Marla Sokolowski when she was still an undergraduate student (6), represents a classic example of … [↵][1]1Email: benshahary{at}wustl.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Familial psychosocial risk classes and preschooler body mass index: The moderating effect of caregiver feeding style

Abstract Background Early child weight gain predicts adolescent and adult obesity, underscoring the need to determine early risk factors affecting weight status and how risk factors might be mitigated. Socioeconomic status, food insecurity, caregiver depressive symptomology, single parenthood, and dysfunctional parenting each have been linked to early childhood weight status. However, the associations between these risk factors and children's weight status may be moderated by caregiver feeding styles (CFS). Examining modifiable factors buffering risk could provide key information to guide early obesity intervention efforts. Methods This analysis used baseline data from the Growing Healthy project that recruited caregivers/child dyads (N = 626) from Michigan Head Start programs. Caregivers were primarily non-Hispanic white (62%) and African American (30%). After using latent class analysis to identify classes of familial psychosocial risk, CFS was tested as a moderator of the association between familial psychosocial risk class and child body mass index (BMI) z-score. Results Latent class analysis identified three familial psychosocial risk classes: (1) poor, food insecure and depressed families; (2) poor, single parent families; and (3) low risk families. Interactive effects for uninvolved feeding styles and risk group indicated that children in poor, food insecure, and depressed families had higher BMI z-scores compared to children in the low risk group. Authoritative feeding styles in low risk and poor, food insecure, and depressed families showed lower child BMI z-scores relative to poor, single parent families with authoritative feeding styles. Conclusions Uninvolved feeding styles intensified the risk and an authoritative feeding style muted the risk conferred by living in a poor, food-insecure, and depressed family. Interventions that promote responsive feeding practices could help decrease the associations of familial psychosocial risks with early child weight outcomes.
Testicular seminoma: clinical and pathological ,features that may predict para-aortic lymph node metastases

AbstractPatients with clinical stage I testicular seminoma usually receive elective para-aortic lymph node radiation after orchiectomy, which is effective in controlling subclinical microscopic disease. However, the majority of patients with clinical stage I seminoma do not harbor occult metastases and, therefore, do not require elective nodal treatment. Vascular space invasion by the primary testis tumor recently has been shown to be an important predictor of metastases in nonseminomatous tumors but no such information exists to date in pure seminoma. Therefore, patients with clinical stage I testicular seminoma were compared to clinical stage II to IV cancer patients with respect to the presence of several features of the primary tumor. Vascular space invasion was identified significantly less frequently in stage I cancer patients (17%, 5 of 29) than in those with stage II or greater disease (39%, 11 of 28, p equals 0.03, 1-tailed t test). Microscopic invasion of the tunica and rete testis, and necrosis...
Effect of embryonic thermal manipulation on heat shock protein 70 expression and immune system development in Pekin duck embryos

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of thermal manipulation on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) transcription and immune cell characteristics’ in Pekin duck embryos. In experiments I and II, fertile duck eggs were incubated at either a standard (S; 37°C) or high (H; 38.0°C) temperature from embryonic day (ED) 1 to 10. At ED11, half the eggs incubated at 37.5°C or 38.0°C were either kept at 37.5°C (SS) or 38.0°C (HH) respectively, or moved to the opposite incubator/temperature of either 38.0°C (SH) or 37.5°C (HS). Beginning on ED 21, all eggs (embryos) were incubated at 37.5°C. In experiments I and II, the mean egg shell temperature (EST) of eggs incubated at 38.0°C was higher than that from 37.5°C at ED10 (P
SP0056 Sustainable healthcare – it takes a village

Healthcare delivery is at a crossroads for potential paradigm change due to budget constraints, complexity of care, increasing performance measures and implementation of electronic health records. Additionally, recent reports of high levels of stress and burnout amongst healthcare providers has been linked to decreased patient safety and medical errors. Complicating matters for rheumatology, is shrinking of the available workforce. The model of interprofessional healthcare delivery holds promise as a means to improve both patient outcomes and provider wellbeing. This presentation addresses implementation of interprofessional teams in rheumatology and provides a review of successful models and guidelines for implementation. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Die „künstliche Niere“

Mit der kunstlichen Niere wurde die moderne Medizin mit einem Apparat bereichert, „which might tide over a dangerous crisis“ (Abel). Sie kann jedoch keinesfalls als vollwertiger Ersatz fur ein menschliches Organ angesehen werden. Obwohl die Moglichkeiten der kunstlichen Niere sowie auch ihre Grenzen allgemein bekannt sind, blieben viele Gebiete ihrer Anwendung unerforscht. Hier bietet sie ein lohnendes Betatigungsfeld fur den klinischen Wissenschaftler. Erfahrungen in der gesamten Welt, besonders in Amerika, Schweden und Frankreich haben den hohen Wert der „kunstlichen Niere“ in der modernen Therapie bestatigt. Ihre Anwendung ist fur viele Menschen lebensrettend. Ihre Entwicklung last das Problem besonders der akuten Niereninsuffizienz in einem neuen, hoffnungsvolleren Licht erscheinen.
Fluid and electrolyte requirements in the newborn infant.

This article reviews water and electrolyte balance in intrauterine and extrauterine life, including mechanisms of water loss, endocrine control of fluids, and clinical assessment of hydration in sick neonates.
Critical Review of Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Glycosyltransferase Activities Verified by Heterologous Protein Expression

The life cycle and development of plants requires the biosynthesis, deposition, and degradation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides. The structures of the diverse cell wall matrix polysaccharides influence commercially important properties of plant cells, including growth, biomass recalcitrance, organ abscission, and the shelf life of fruits. This review is a comprehensive summary of the matrix polysaccharide glycosyltransferase (GT) activities that have been verified using in vitro assays following heterologous GT protein expression. Plant cell wall (PCW) biosynthetic GTs are primarily integral transmembrane proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi of the plant secretory system. The low abundance of these enzymes in plant tissues makes them particularly difficult to purify from native plant membranes in quantities sufficient for enzymatic characterization, which is essential to study the functions of the different GTs. Numerous activities in the synthesis of the major cell wall matrix glycans, including pectins, xylans, xyloglucan, mannans, mixed-linkage glucans (MLGs), and arabinogalactan components of AGP proteoglycans have been mapped to specific genes and multi-gene families. Cell wall GTs include those that synthesize the polymer backbones, those that elongate side branches with extended glycosyl chains, and those that add single monosaccharide linkages onto polysaccharide backbones and/or side branches. Three main strategies have been used to identify genes encoding GTs that synthesize cell wall linkages: analysis of membrane fractions enriched for cell wall biosynthetic activities, mutational genetics approaches investigating cell wall compositional phenotypes, and omics-directed identification of putative GTs from sequenced plant genomes. Here we compare the heterologous expression systems used to produce, purify, and study the enzyme activities of PCW GTs, with an emphasis on the eukaryotic systems Nicotiana benthamiana, Pichia pastoris, and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We discuss the enzymatic properties of GTs including kinetic rates, the chain lengths of polysaccharide products, acceptor oligosaccharide preferences, elongation mechanisms for the synthesis of long-chain polymers, and the formation of GT complexes. Future directions in the study of matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis are proposed.
Epitaxial Graphene on SiC(0001): More than Just Honeycombs

Using scanning tunneling microscopy with Fe-coated W tips and first-principles calculations, we show that the interface of epitaxial graphene/SiC(0001) is a warped graphene layer with hexagon-pentagon-heptagon (H(5,6,7)) defects that break the honeycomb symmetry, thereby inducing a gap and states below E(F near the K point. Although the next graphene layer assumes the perfect honeycomb lattice, its interaction with the warped layer modifies )the dispersion about the Dirac point. These results explain recent angle-resolved photoemission and carbon core-level shift data and solve the long-standing problem of the interfacial structure of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001).
Band alignment of III-N, ZnO and II-IV-N 2 semiconductors from the electron affinity rule

The natural band alignment between various II-IV-N2 and III-N and ZnO semiconductors are determined by means of first-principles surface calculations of their electron affinities. While these ignore specific interface dipole formation and strain effects, they provide a first guidance to the construction of heterojunction devices involving this family of materials.