cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate modified phenol-formaldehyde resins

Abstract For adhesive self-sufficiency, the wood industry needs new adhesive systems in which all or part of the petroleum-derived phenolic component is replaced by a renewable material without sacrificing high durability or ease of bonding. We tested the bonding of wood veneers, using phenolic resins in which part of the phenol-formaldehyde was replaced with carbohydrates. Our experiments show that the addition of non-reducing carbohydrates and various polyols to phenol-formaldehyde resol-resins does not adversely affect the dry- or wet-shear strength of 2-ply Douglas-fir panels bonded with the modified resins. Reducing carbohydrates, however, cannot be used as the modifier. In general, addition of about 0.6–1.0 mole of modifier per mole of phenol is optimal in the formulation of carbohydrate-or polyol-modified resin. Preliminary results show that part but not all of the modifier is chemically bound into the resin, apparently through an ether linkage. The water prehydrolysate of southern red oak wood, wh...
Florence Nightingale gets no respect: as a statistician that is

Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) can be seen looking demure on a British bank note—a most respectable place to have one’s portrait displayed. She is known today as the founder of modern nursing, but is ignored as a healthcare research methodologist of the highest skill. She was a “passionate statistician”, responsible for the most remarkable hospital quality improvement project ever carried out and, as shown by her careful quantitative documentation, of both the process and outcomes of care. The central event of her life was her care improvements at Scutari Hospital in Turkey during the Crimean War of 1854–6. In this unnecessary but popular war the British, with their French and Turkish allies, fought the Russians to a standstill on the Crimean peninsula on the north shore of the Black Sea. The incompetence of the British generals is remembered today through the bravery and folly of the “The charge of the Light Brigade”. Leo Tolstoy wrote of even worse muddle on the Russian side. British soldiers wounded on the Crimean battlefields were put on transport ships and taken across the Black Sea primarily to Scutari Hospital near Constantinople/Istanbul. When they landed there they were still in the uniforms …
Wake development in staggered short cylinder arrays within a channel

Staggered arrays of short cylinders, known as pin–fins, are commonly used as a heat exchange method in many applications such as cooling electronic equipment and cooling the trailing edge of gas turbine airfoils. This study investigates the near wake flow as it develops through arrays of staggered pin fins. The height-to-diameter ratio was unity while the transverse spacing was kept constant at two cylinder diameters. The streamwise spacing was varied between 3.46 and 1.73 cylinder diameters. For each geometric arrangement, experiments were conducted at Reynolds numbers of 3.0e3 and 2.0e4 based on cylinder diameter and velocity through the minimum flow area of the array. Time-resolved flowfield measurements provided insight into the dependence of row position, Reynolds number, and streamwise spacing. Decreasing streamwise spacing resulted in increased Strouhal number as the near wake length scales were confined. In the first row of the bundle, low Reynolds number flows were mainly shear-layer-driven while high Reynolds number flows were dominated by periodic vortex shedding. The level of velocity fluctuations increased for cases having stronger vortex shedding. The effect of streamwise spacing was most apparent in the reduction of velocity fluctuations in the wake when the spacing between rows was reduced from 2.60 diameters to 2.16 diameters.
Real-time communication in autonomous robot systems

Designing control and robotic systems as autonomous decentralized systems introduces a new degree of flexibility in the manufacturing and in the application of such systems. This flexibility is required for the systems to work in environments that are not totally predictable and that can change dynamically. In this paper, we present a new concept for real-time communication that supports this flexibility while still preserving real-time guarantees for hard real-time communication. The concept is designed to work on multiple-access busses. In particular we consider its application on wireless local area networks and field-busses. The concept addresses requirements of hard-real time, soft real-time and non real-time communication. For this, we extend the TDMA (time-division multiple-access) approach for time-triggered hard-real time communication by the concept of shared channels that support event-triggered communication and coexist with hard real-time channels. A first implementation of concept has been carried out in the context of the CAN-bus.
Asian Medicine in America: The Ayurvedic Case

Ayurveda, the classical South Asian medical tradition, was first introduced to American audiences in the mid-1980s as a holistic alternative to biomedical orthodoxy. This article argues that transplanted Ayurveda is shaped not only by aspects of American medical culture, but by millennial, heterodox elements of American religious culture, such as the loose cluster of beliefs and practices known as the New Age. Because New Age Ayurvedic practices occupy the ideological and statutory middle ground between medicine and metaphysics, they face a unique professionalizing dilemma: whether to present themselves as healing religions or as practicing branches of medicine. Drawing on an ethnographic study of this professionalizing dilemma in legal, clinical and popular arenas, this article shows that New Age Ayurveda--far from being a monolith--reveals a wide-ranging plurality of sub-traditions in practice. Taken together, they suggest multiple modes of reinvention and a variety of professionalizing routes that Ayur...
Overexpression of CALNUC (nucleobindin) increases agonist and thapsigargin releasable Ca2+ storage in the Golgi.

We previously demonstrated that CALNUC, a Ca2+-binding protein with two EF-hands, is the major Ca2+-binding protein in the Golgi by 45Ca2+ overlay (Lin, P., H. Le-Niculescu, R. Hofmeister, J.M. McCaffery, M. Jin, H. Henneman, T. McQuistan, L. De Vries, and M. Farquhar. 1998. J. Cell Biol. 141:1515-1527). In this study we investigated CALNUC's properties and the Golgi Ca2+ storage pool in vivo. CALNUC was found to be a highly abundant Golgi protein (3.8 microg CALNUC/mg Golgi protein, 2.5 x 10(5) CALNUC molecules/NRK cell) and to have a single high affinity, low capacity Ca2+-binding site (Kd = 6.6 microM, binding capacity = 1.1 micromol Ca2+/micromol CALNUC). 45Ca2+ storage was increased by 2.5- and 3-fold, respectively, in HeLa cells transiently overexpressing CALNUC-GFP and in EcR-CHO cells stably overexpressing CALNUC. Deletion of the first EF-hand alpha helix from CALNUC completely abolished its Ca2+-binding capability. CALNUC was correctly targeted to the Golgi in transfected cells as it colocalized and cosedimented with the Golgi marker, alpha-mannosidase II (Man II). Approximately 70% of the 45Ca2+ taken up by HeLa and CHO cells overexpressing CALNUC was released by treatment with thapsigargin, a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) (Ca2+ pump) blocker. Stimulation of transfected cells with the agonist ATP or IP3 alone (permeabilized cells) also resulted in a significant increase in Ca2+ release from Golgi stores. By immunofluorescence, the IP3 receptor type 1 (IP3R-1) was distributed over the endoplasmic reticulum and codistributed with CALNUC in the Golgi. These results provide direct evidence that CALNUC binds Ca2+ in vivo and together with SERCA and IP3R is involved in establishment of the agonist-mobilizable Golgi Ca2+ store.
Partition testing in dose-response studies with multiple endpoints.

Dose–response studies with multiple endpoints can be formulated as closed testing or partition testing problems. When the endpoints are primary and secondary, whether the order in which the doses are to be tested is pre-determined or sample determined lead to different partitioning of the parameter space corresponding to the null hypotheses to be tested. We use the case of two doses and two endpoints to illustrate how to apply the partitioning principle to construct multiple tests that control the appropriate error rate. Graphical representation can be useful in visualizing the decision process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction: Origins and History of the CNS Meetings

Since their official inception in 1992, the annual Computational Neuroscience (CNS) meetings have served as a format for the presentation and discussion of a broad range of research employing theoretical and experimental methods to study the functional organization and operation of an equally broad range of nervous systems. As the CNS meetings have now entered their third decade, this volume as a whole considers how the understanding of several of the subjects consistently highlighted in those meetings has advanced and changed over the last 20 years. Given the influence of the CNS meetings on many of this volume’s authors, as well as the field of CNS as a whole, we thought it might be appropriate to provide a brief historical perspective and “back story” on the meeting’s origins now more than 20 years ago. This chapter is therefore a narrative and combined personal recollection from the two scientists who worked together to conceive the CNS meetings.
Planarized self-aligned double-polysilicon bipolar technology

The combination of self-aligned double-polysilicon bipolar technology with the trench isolation technique and planarized field oxide and polysilicon regions results in a high-performance bipolar VLSI process, planarized at all mask levels. The planarization approach simplifies photolithography. It also eliminates deformation and discontinuities of polysilicon lines over severe topography and problems with polysilicon residue after RIE steps. A SWAMI process is used to define and isolate both polysilicon layers. >
Sexual dimorphisms in habitat-specific morphology and behavior in the green anole lizard

Species that occur in variable environments often exhibit morphological and behavioral traits that are specific to local habitats. Because the ability to move effectively is closely associated with structural habitat, locomotor traits may be particularly sensitive to fine-scale habitat differences. Anolis lizards provide an excellent opportunity to study the relationship between locomotion and natural perch use in the field, as laboratory studies have demonstrated that lizards that use broader perches develop longer limbs and have higher sprint speeds. We examined Anolis carolinensis (the green anole) in three habitats in close proximity. Our goals were to determine whether habitat-specific differences in hindlimb and toe morphologies occurred in a population in which perch size was variable but not manipulated, whether locomotor behaviors were associated with these morphologies, and whether habitat-specific traits differed between the sexes. We found that while juveniles in the three habitats did not differ in limb or toe morphology, adult females using broader perches had relatively longer limbs than females using narrower perches. Females also differed in toe length across habitats, but not in relation to perch diameter. Males, in contrast, exhibited differing growth patterns (allometry) in these traits, and marginal differences in locomotor behavior. Together, these results suggest that sex-specific responses in morphology and behavior, consistent with experimental observations of phenotypic plasticity, provide a mechanism for refining local habitat use.
Developing an Ad-Reporting Typology A Network Analysis Approach to Newspaper and Fact-Checker Coverage of the 2008 Presidential Election

In a media environment where political ads influence U.S. news coverage, does the press hold politicians accountable for their ad claims? Using semantic network analysis, four types of reporting st...
Network-wide blocking probability in sparse limited wavelength convertible WDM networks

We develop an analytical model to evaluate the network-wide blocking probability with sparse limited wavelength conversion in an arbitrary network topology, given the traffic loads and locations of limited wavelength converters with various degrees of conversion ability. The analytical model is applied to network examples such as the irregular NSFNET and the regular mesh-torus with uniform and nonuniform Poisson traffic. Our analytical and simulation results show that the analytical model is efficient and accurate. We also demonstrate how the analytical techniques can be used for studying wavelength converter placement in wavelength-routed optical networks.
Quinary protein structure and the consequences of crowding in living cells: leaving the test-tube behind.

Although the importance of weak protein-protein interactions has been understood since the 1980s, scant attention has been paid to this “quinary structure”. The transient nature of quinary structure facilitates dynamic sub-cellular organization through loose grouping of proteins with multiple binding partners. Despite our growing appreciation of the quinary structure paradigm in cell biology, we do not yet understand how the many forces inside the cell – the excluded volume effect, the “stickiness” of the cytoplasm, and hydrodynamic interactions – perturb the weakest functional protein interactions. We discuss the unresolved problem of how the forces in the cell modulate quinary structure, and to what extent the cell has evolved to exert control over the weakest biomolecular interactions. We conclude by highlighting the new experimental and computational tools coming on-line for in vivo studies, which are a critical next step if we are to understand quinary structure in its native environment.
Digit mechanics in relation to endpoint compliance during precision pinch

This study investigates the mechanics of the thumb and index finger in relation to compliant endpoint forces during precision pinch. The objective was to gain insight into how individuals modulate motor output at the digit endpoints and joints according to compliance-related sensory feedback across the digits. Thirteen able-bodied subjects performed precision pinch upon elastic resistance bands of a customized apparatus instrumented with six degree-of-freedom load-cells. Compliance levels were discretely adjusted according to the number of bands connected. Subjects were provided visual feedback to control the rate of force application. Fifteen repetitions of low-to-moderate force (<20 N) pinches were analyzed at each of five compliance levels, during which force and motion data were collected. Joint angles and moments normalized by pinch force magnitude were computed. Second-order polynomials were used to characterize joint mechanics as a function of compliance. The joint degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) at the finger showed greater dependence on compliance for angular position while the thumb joint DOFs demonstrated greater dependence for normalized joint moment. The digits also adjusted coordination of their endpoint forces according to compliance. Overall, the finger may be altering its position to increase load to the joints of the thumb with changing compliance. These findings describe naturally emergent changes in digit mechanics for compliant precision pinch, which involves motor execution in response to endpoint sensory feedback. Identifying and understanding these motor patterns may provide theoretical basis for restoring and rehabilitating sensorimotor pathologies of the hand.
Stem Cell-Based Cell Carrier for Targeted Oncolytic Virotherapy: Translational Opportunity and Open Questions

Oncolytic virotherapy for cancer is an innovative therapeutic option where the ability of a virus to promote cell lysis is harnessed and reprogrammed to selectively destroy cancer cells. Such treatment modalities exhibited antitumor activity in preclinical and clinical settings and appear to be well tolerated when tested in clinical trials. However, the clinical success of oncolytic virotherapy has been significantly hampered due to the inability to target systematic metastasis. This is partly due to the inability of the therapeutic virus to survive in the patient circulation, in order to target tumors at distant sites. An early study from various laboratories demonstrated that cells infected with oncolytic virus can protect the therapeutic payload form the host immune system as well as function as factories for virus production and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic virus. While a variety of cell lineages possessed potential as cell carriers, copious investigation has established stem cells as a very attractive cell carrier system in oncolytic virotherapy. The ideal cell carrier desire to be susceptible to viral infection as well as support viral infection, maintain immunosuppressive properties to shield the loaded viruses from the host immune system, and most importantly possess an intrinsic tumor homing ability to deliver loaded viruses directly to the site of the metastasis—all qualities stem cells exhibit. In this review, we summarize the recent work in the development of stem cell-based carrier for oncolytic virotherapy, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of cell carriers, especially focusing on why stem cells have emerged as the leading candidate, and finally propose a future direction for stem cell-based targeted oncolytic virotherapy that involves its establishment as a viable treatment option for cancer patients in the clinical setting.
Efficient computation of dispersion curves for multilayered waveguides and half-spaces

Abstract Motivated by the need to compute dispersion curves for layered media in the contexts of geophysical inversion and nondestructive testing, a novel discretization approach, termed complex-length finite element method (CFEM), is developed and shown to be more efficient than the existing finite element approaches. The new approach is exponentially convergent based on two key features: unconventional stretching of the mesh into complex space and midpoint integration for evaluating the contribution matrices. For modeling the layered half-spaces of infinite depth, we couple CFEM with the method of perfectly matched discrete layers (PMDL) to minimize the errors due to mesh truncation. A number of numerical examples are used to investigate the efficiency of the proposed methods. It is shown that the suggested combination of CFEM and PMDL drastically reduces the number of elements, while requiring minor modifications to the existing finite element codes. It is concluded that the methods’ exponential convergence and sparse computation associated with linear finite elements, result in significant reduction in the overall computational cost.
Spider leg flexure as an indicator for estimating salinity in lacustrine paleoenvironments

Abstract Spider fossils are rare outside of amber but do occur in lacustrine Fossil-Lagerstatten. In general, spiders preserved in lacustrine beds show splayed legs; however, those in the Crato Formation of Brazil are commonly curled up. It is hypothesized that the post-mortem flexure of spider legs is related to the salinity of the lake water. To investigate this, we measured the flexure (at the two main leg joints: femur–patella and tibia–metatarsus) of spider legs in three Fossil-Lagerstatten: the Crato Formation of Brazil (Cretaceous), the Green River Formation of the western USA (Eocene), and the Florissant Formation of Colorado (Eocene). In addition, we drowned living spiders in water of three salinities: fresh (
Interpretation of oxygen disappearance curves measured in blood perfused tissues.

We have developed a two compartment (tissue and blood) lumped parameter model to interpret oxygen disappearance curves (O2 DCs) measured in vivo with PO2 microelectrodes in tissues which are perfused with blood. To include the properties of the oxyhemoglobin equilibrium curve (HEC), we used an algorithm we have recently developed for both standard and nonstandard conditions. The new blood and tissue model is more useful than a previous analysis using the Hill equation for blood and constant oxygen consumption (\( \mathop {\text{V}}\limits^ \bullet\ \)O2). The model can be adapted for constant (zero-order) consumption, Michelis-Menten kinetics, or for double cytochrome systems. Examples for the former include brain, and for the latter, carotid body. The models are discussed in relationship to experimental microelectrode measurements in gerbil brain and in cat carotid body after blood flow occlusion.
Novel approach to cancer biomarker detection using multiplex gene expression profiling

C250 The expression patterns of genes involved in cancer can be used to differentiate between normal and tumor cells. Expression patterns from small gene sets can be highly effective in the detection and prognosis of cancers. A current goal of cancer gene expression profiling is to identify specific tumor biomarkers that might have potential for therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate multiplex gene expression profiling analysis as a biomarker detection method. Two novel multiplex gene expression assays have been developed for the study of human cancer. The GenomeLab™ GeXP Human MetastasisPlex Kit contains primers for 16 genes that are involved in tumor progression including cell cycle, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA repair, angiogenesis and modulation of extracellular matrix. The GenomeLab™ GeXP Human Breast CancerPlex Kit contains primers for 21 genes related to cell cycle, DNA-damage response, cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Both assays also contain primers for 3 reference genes plus an internal control gene. RNA extracted from normal breast tissue and invasive ductal carcinoma tumor samples was analyzed using these kits with separation by capillary electrophoresis. The gene expression profile results demonstrate the capability of these multiplex assays to differentiate normal from tumor samples. A subset of the genes, including WISP1, IGFBP5 and COL4α2 were identified as potential biomarkers of ductal carcinoma tumors. Multiplex gene expression profiling is a powerful new tool that can be used for disease research, pathway study and biomarker evaluation.
Tragedy Or Romance? A Reading Of The Paolo And Francesca Episode In Dante'S Inferno

As every schoolboy knows, Dante classified the sins punished in the Inferno in descending order, going from transgressions caused by the abuse of our normal instincts down to the graver violations involving perfidy and malice, which both deface the nobility of the human soul and sever us from our fellow men. So, even before crossing the passage from the first to the second circle, we know that there we shall find damned souls worthy still of tears of pity. The damned of the second circle, carnal sinners, are men and women who have subjected their nobler impulses to the animal urges of the flesh. Foremost in the ranks of these stand Paolo and Francesca, and their story is in a certain sense the first truly infernal episode.
Ethical Decision Making in Goal-Directed Influence: The “Target Effect”

Behavioral ethics scholarship to date has largely focused on the thought processes of individuals facing discrete ethical dilemmas where the influence of other people (e.g., peer or leader influenc...
Evaluation of Antihemagglutinin and Antineuraminidase Antibodies as Correlates of Protection in an Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Healthy Human Challenge Model

ABSTRACT Despite long-term investment, influenza continues to be a significant worldwide problem. The cornerstone of protection remains vaccination, and approved vaccines seek to elicit a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer of ≥1:40 as the primary correlate of protection. However, recent poor vaccine performance raises questions regarding the protection afforded and whether other correlates of protection should be targeted. A healthy volunteer challenge study was performed with a wild-type 2009 A(H1N1)pdm influenza A challenge virus at the NIH Clinical Center to evaluate two groups of participants with HAI titers of ≥1:40 and IMPORTANCE This study represents the first time the current gold standard for evaluating influenza vaccines as set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, a “protective” hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer of ≥1:40, has been evaluated in a well-controlled healthy volunteer challenge study since the cutoff was established. We used our established wild-type influenza A healthy volunteer human challenge model to evaluate how well this antibody titer predicts a reduction in influenza virus-induced disease. We demonstrate that although higher HAI titer is predictive of some protection, there is stronger evidence to suggest that neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) titer is more predictive of protection and reduced disease. This is the first time NAI titer has been clearly identified in a controlled trial of this type to be an independent predictor of a reduction in all aspects of influenza.
Normalization of sympathetic nervous system function after orthotopic cardiac transplant in man.

Plasma norepinephrine (PNE) levels are significantly elevated in patients with endstage congestive heart failure. To assess whether this abnormality is reversible, 32 patients were studied before and 3 to 9 months after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. PNE decreased after the transplant procedure form 739 +/- 363 to 301 +/- 161 pg/ml (p less than .05). In 13 patients, PNE was measured sequentially during the first 3 months after the transplant procedure. PNE decreased from 590 +/- 293 to 321 +/- 208 pg/ml at 2 weeks and remained stable at 1 month (308 +/- 239 pg/ml), 2 months (307 +/- 196 pg/ml), and 3 months (331 +/- 131 pg/ml), even while arterial hypertension developed. No correlation was found between PNE, systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure and cyclosporine A blood levels. These data demonstrate that normalization of plasma levels of norepinephrine occurs shortly after cardiac transplantation in man. This decrease in PNE is probably independent of immunosuppression therapy. Finally, the development of arterial hypertension in cyclosporine A-treated cardiac transplant patients is not due to activation or persistent activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
A Novel Digital Control Technique for Brushless DC Motor Drives: Steady State and Dynamics

This paper introduces a novel digital control for trapezoidal back-emf brush-less dc (BLDC) motor drives. First, the over all concept is outlined followed by the steady state analysis and design procedure that is derived from Newton's 2nd Law of motion. Second, transient operation is presented, which makes use of a state observer. The state observer is used to estimate the load torque, which is necessary for the digital controller to calculate the appropriate control parameters. The design equations for the state observer are derived. Finally, a BLDC motor drive model is created in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to validate the developed control algorithm. The simulation results will show that the proposed controller is able to accurately track a commanded speed despite time varying torque disturbances.
An analytical three-dimensional solution for free vibration of a magneto-electro-elastic plate considering the nonlocal effect:

An exact closed-form solution for the three-dimensional free vibrational response of a simply-supported and multilayered magneto-electro-elastic plate considering the nonlocal effect is presented. The solution is derived using the pseudo-Stroh formulation and propagator matrix method. Various numerical examples are presented for a homogeneous elastic plate, piezoelectric plate, magnetostrictive plate, and sandwich plates made of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials. The natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of the multilayered plates show the influence of stacking sequence and the important role that the nonlocal effect plays in dynamic analysis of nanostructures. This exact solution is useful for it provides benchmark results to assess the accuracy of nonlocal thin plate models and finite element formulations.
Warfarin utilisation and anticoagulation control in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease.

Objective To evaluate warfarin prescription, quality of international normalised ratio (INR) monitoring and of INR control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed AF in the Veterans Administration (VA) healthcare system. We evaluated anticoagulation prescription, INR monitoring intensity and time in and outside INR therapeutic range (TTR) stratified by CKD. Results Of 123 188 patients with newly diagnosed AF, use of warfarin decreased with increasing severity of CKD (57.2%–46.4%), although it was higher among patients on dialysis (62.3%). Although INR monitoring intensity was similar across CKD strata, the proportion with TTR≥60% decreased with CKD severity, with only 21% of patients on dialysis achieving TTR≥60%. After multivariate adjustment, the magnitude of TTR reduction increased with CKD severity. Patients on dialysis had the highest time markedly out of range with INR 3.5 (30%); 12% of INR time was >3.5, and low TTR persisted for up to 3 years. Conclusions There is a wide variation in anticoagulation prescription based on CKD severity. Patients with moderate-to-severe CKD, including dialysis, have substantially reduced TTR, despite comparable INR monitoring intensity. These findings have implications for more intensive warfarin management strategies in CKD or alternative therapies such as direct oral anticoagulants.
Subsurface volatile content of martian double-layer ejecta (DLE) craters

Abstract Excess ice is widespread throughout the martian mid-latitudes, particularly in Arcadia Planitia, where double-layer ejecta (DLE) craters also tend to be abundant. In this region, we observe the presence of thermokarstically-expanded secondary craters that likely form from impacts that destabilize a subsurface layer of excess ice, which subsequently sublimates. The presence of these expanded craters shows that excess ice is still preserved within the adjacent terrain. Here, we focus on a 15-km DLE crater that contains abundant superposed expanded craters in order to study the distribution of subsurface volatiles both at the time when the secondary craters formed and, by extension, remaining today. To do this, we measure the size distribution of the superposed expanded craters and use topographic data to calculate crater volumes as a proxy for the volumes of ice lost to sublimation during the expansion process. The inner ejecta layer contains craters that appear to have undergone more expansion, suggesting that excess ice was most abundant in that region. However, both of the ejecta layers had more expanded craters than the surrounding terrain. We extrapolate that the total volume of ice remaining within the entire ejecta deposit is as much as 74 km 3 or more. The variation in ice content between the ejecta layers could be the result of (1) volatile preservation from the formation of the DLE crater, (2) post-impact deposition in the form of ice lenses; or (3) preferential accumulation or preservation of subsequent snowfall. We have ruled out (2) as the primary mode for ice deposition in this location based on inconsistencies with our observations, though it may operate in concert with other processes. Although none of the existing DLE formation hypotheses are completely consistent with our observations, which may merit a new or modified mechanism, we can conclude that DLE craters contain a significant quantity of excess ice today.
Participation of Rural Students with Disabilities and Rural Gifted Students in Open Enrollment.

Minnesota has an open enrollment program which allows students the opportunity to attend a school in any school district of their choice. The authors examined the survey responses on open enrollmen...
A mechanistic force model for simulating haptics of hand-held bone burring operations

This paper presents a mechanistic model to predict the forces experienced during bone burring with application to haptic feedback for virtual reality surgical simulations. Bone burring is a hand-held operation where the force perceived by the surgeon depends on the cutting tool orientation and motion. The model of this study adapted the concept of specific cutting energy and material removal rate based on machining theory to calculate force distribution on the spherical tool surface in a three-dimensional setting. A design of experiments with three tool cutting angles and three feed motions was performed to calibrate and validate the model. Despite some variance in the results, model predictions showed similar trends to experimental force patterns. While the actual force profile also exhibits significant oscillation, the dominant frequencies of this oscillating force component were found to be independent of cutting and non-cutting instances, and hence could be imposed as a uniform background signal. Though the presented model is primarily applicable to abrasive burrs, it has far-reaching applications within other types of surgical simulations as well.
The Tock Embedded Operating System

Low-power microcontrollers lack some of the hardware features and most of the memory resources that usually enable multiprogrammable systems. Accordingly, operating system software for these platforms has not provided important features like memory isolation, dynamic memory allocation, and flexible concurrency. However, an emerging class of embedded applications are software platforms, rather than single purpose devices. Tock, a new operating system for low-power platforms, takes advantage of the limited hardware-protection mechanisms available on recent microcontrollers and the type-safety features of the Rust programming language to provide a multiprogramming environment that offers isolation of software faults, memory protection, and efficient memory management for dynamic application workloads written in any language while retaining the dependability requirements of long-running devices.
A Proposal to Merge Humanist and Behaviorist Perspectives

Any theory of therapy or image of human nature must proceed from the assumption that man, whatever else he is, importantly is the creator of meaning
Cops, Docs, and Code: A Dialogue between Big Data in Health Care and Predictive Policing

“Big data” has become the ubiquitous watchword of this decade. Predictive analytics, which is something we want to do with big data -- to use of electronic algorithms to forecast future events in real time. Predictive analytics is interfacing with the law in a myriad of settings: how votes are counted and voter rolls revised, the targeting of taxpayers for auditing, the selection of travelers for more intensive searching, pharmacovigilance, the creation of new drugs and diagnostics, etc. In this paper, written for the symposium “Future Proofing the Law,” we want to engage in a bit of legal arbitrage; that is, we want to examine which insights from legal analysis of predictive analytics in better-trodden ground — predictive policing — can be useful for understanding relatively newer ground for legal scholars — the use of predictive analytics in health care. To the degree lessons can be learned from this dialogue, we think they go in both directions.
Catholic Schools and Multicultural Education: A Good Match

This article reflects on the place of multicultural education in Catholic schools. The authors review the history and development of Catholic schools in order to set a context for examination of the appropriateness of multicultural education.
U.S. Policy on Intellectual Property in R&D: Emerging Political and Moral Issues

In the 1960s, as science in the United States entered a time of expansion, one principal concern of policymakers was the amount of scientific and technical information (STI) being produced and disseminated via print and electronic communications systems. There was fear that overwhelmed researchers would suffer from “intellectual indigestion” (Weisner 1965, 154). No one proposed reduced consumption, however; most government actions instead focused on short term solutions of organization, storage, and resource-sharing. As a result, the United States still lacks any coordinated national policymaking process for scientific communication, major policy issues of ownership and control of intellectual property in science have remained unresolved, and the dilemmas have magnified, as scientific institutions and agencies merge data-processing, research, archival, library, and personal communication systems into ever larger cooperative electronic networks.
Estimating the Ecological Condition of the Estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico

Monitoring of estuaries in the Louisianian Province was performed annually from 1991–1994 to assess ecological conditions on a regional scale. We found over the four years of monitoring, 25±6% of Gulf of Mexico estuarine sediments in the Louisianian Province displayed poor biological conditions, as measured by benthic community structure, and 14±7% of the area was characterized by poor water clarity, the presence of marine debris, and elevated levels of fish tissue contaminants. Using statistical associations to discern relationships between ecological condition and exposure or stressor data has shown that much of this ’degraded' condition co-occurs with sediment contamination.
Modeling Reactive Transport of Polydisperse Nanoparticles: Assessment of the Representative Particle Approach

Objective: our goal was to characterize the uncertainty in the estimates of the mobility and reactivity of polydisperse nanocolloids introduced into computations when a distribution of particle sizes is replaced with a representative particle diameter through ensemble averaging. Methods: an existing colloid and solute transport simulator was modified to account for size distribution of injected particles and was used to model the elution of dissolving silver nanoparticles in 1D porous media in both simplified (ensemble averaging) and more realistic (polydisperse) simulations. Laboratory data on nano-silver dissolution, transport, and size distribution were incorporated from the existing literature. Results: the representative particle approach (RPA) systematically underestimated silver ion speciation and elution (∼10–15% error in all RPA simulations that incorporated experimental size distribution data). RPA resulted in an underestimation of particulate silver elution in some simulated case scenarios but yielded overestimates in other cases. At a reduced interstitial velocity of 0.7 m d−1, RPA underestimated silver elution in both particulate and ionic forms (an overall −6% error in total silver elution estimate). The magnitude of RPA errors was found to correlate positively with the skewness of size distribution, but exhibited a non-monotonic and less sensitive functional dependence on distribution mean. Conclusions: our analysis suggests the absolute RPA error in the particulate and total silver mobility estimates to be less than 5% under the conditions of laboratory column experiments and limited to 10% under the flow conditions of shallow sandy aquifers. For generic highly skewed and bimodal size distributions, RPA estimates fell outside a 10% error margin, demonstrating the importance of incorporating size distribution data in simulations of polydisperse nanoparticles exhibiting highly skewed and/or multi-modal size distributions for an accurate assessment of mobility and reactivity, especially under slow flow conditions typical of field-scale problems.
High-speed STT MRAM incorporating antiferromagnetic layer

A previous theoretical study has shown that spin-polarized current can excite ultra-high frequency spin precessions in collinear antiferromagnetic (AF) films due to the strong antiferromagnetic coupling with the frequency spanning over a wide spectrum from giga-hertz to tera-hertz. In this paper, we present a design to incorporate the AF-based spin torque oscillator into a conventional spin transfer torque magnetic random-access memory. The AF-based oscillator consists of a perpendicular spin polarization layer and an AF layer, separated by a normal metallic interlayer. The AF layer is then exchange-coupled to the free layer on the side that is opposite to the tunnel barrier of the magnetic tunnel junction. Magnetization of the perpendicular spin polarization layer always orients in the opposite direction to that of the reference layer on the other side of the tunnel barrier. When the AF layer thickness and materials are adequately designed, the lateral spin precession in the AF layer excited by the write current provides significant assistance to the magnetization switching of the free layer, resulting in substantial reduction of the switching current threshold and the switching time.
FriendGuard: A Friend Search Engine with Guaranteed Friend Exposure Degree

With the prevalence of online social networking, a large amount of studies have focused on online users' privacy. Existing work has heavily focused on preventing unauthorized access of one's personal information (e.g. locations, posts and photos). Very little research has been devoted into protecting the friend search engine, a service that allows people to explore others' friend lists. Although most friend search engines only disclose a partial view of one's friend list (e.g., k friends) or offer the ability to show all or no friends, attackers may leverage the combined knowledge from views obtained from different queries to gain a much larger social network of a targeted victim, potentially revealing sensitive information of a victim. In this paper, we propose a new friend search engine, namely FriendGuard, which guarantees the degree of friend exposure as set by users. If a user only allows k of his/her friends to be disclosed, our search engine will ensure that any attempts of discovering more friends of this user through querying the user's other friends will be a failure. The key idea underlying our search engine is the construction of a unique sub social network that is capable of satisfying query needs as well as controlling the degree of friend exposure. We have carried out an extensive experimental study and the results demonstrate both efficiency and effectiveness in our approach.
1402-P: Functional Data Analysis Reveals Differences in Temporal Glucose Profiles Hidden by Standard Continuous Glucose Monitoring Analysis: A Secondary Analysis of the CONCEPTT Trial

Background: The CONCEPTT randomized trial of CGM in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes showed significant improvement in pregnancy outcomes, but no difference in mean CGM glucose between those allocated to CGM vs. capillary glucose monitoring. Whilst summary statistics are recommended for the reporting of CGM data, they do not give dynamic information about the glucose profile across 24 hours. Aim: To determine, using novel functional data analysis (FDA), if differences in the temporal glucose profile occurred in women randomized to CGM. Methods: CGM data was available from 200 pregnant women (100 CGM intervention; 100 control) in the CONCEPTT study, at baseline, 24 and 34 weeks gestation. FDA was applied to the glucose data to generate functional glucose curves and multivariable statistical analysis applied. Results: Despite having the same mean CGM glucose as those on capillary glucose monitoring alone 121 vs. 126 mg/dL; 6.7 vs. 7.0 mmol/l p=0.14, FDA revealed that pregnant CGM users were in fact running a significantly lower glucose (by 9-14mg/dL; 0.5-0.8 mmol/l) for a total of 8 hours a day (08.30-12.30 and 15.00-19.00). Conclusion: Analysis of temporal glucose profiles gives key information about glucose control, missed by commonly reported CGM metrics. The women allocated to CGM ran a significantly lower glucose for 33% of the day. Disclosure E.M. Scott: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Abbott, Eli Lilly and Company. H.R. Murphy: Advisory Panel; Self; Medtronic MiniMed, Inc. D. Feig: Advisory Panel; Self; Medtronic. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Medtronic. G. Law: None. Funding JDRF; Canadian Clinical Trials Network; National Institute for Health Research
The Theorists’ Gambit: Kenneth Thompson’s Cultivation of Theoretical Knowledge About Politics During the Early Cold War

Kenneth Thompson was at the beginning of his professional life as a Rockefeller Foundation official at the time of the 1953–1954 Council on Foreign Relations-sponsored meetings on theories of inter...
Combined effects of policies to increase energy efficiency and distributed solar generation: A case study of the Carolinas

Abstract This paper estimates changes in the cost of electricity, reliability, and atmospheric emissions resulting from large penetration of residential roof-top Photovoltaic (PV) and end-use energy efficiency (EE) within the service areas of Duke Energy in the Carolinas, where nuclear power plants account for almost 50% of electricity generation. Results show that 8.7–10.2% of 2015 electricity consumption could have been avoided by upgrading all residential units to comply with Energy Star standards. The range for this estimate stems from uncertainty on whether, under business-as-usual conditions, most buildings comply with the 1978 or the 1996 energy building codes. These energy savings would have implied a reduction of 3–4% in the costs of running the current power generation fleet and a 9–11% reduction in CO2 emissions. If this level of EE had been paired with the installation of roof-top PV providing 6.1–6.4% of the total electricity generated, the costs of operating the system would have been reduced by 8.6–9.6% and CO2 emissions would have been 24–26% lower. This level of roof-top PV penetration is the maximum permissible under this EE scenario due to the reductions it causes to daily peak electricity consumption and the limited operational flexibility of the nuclear plants.
Sclerotic hands with fissuring and thickening of palms

A 72-year-old taxi cab driver from Nogales, Mexico presented with a 10-year history of a slowly progressive problem involving his hands. Over time, he was less able to hold onto the steering wheel of his taxi, so he would turn the wheel with the palms of his hands.
Detecting and Monitoring Informal Trails in an Urban Mountain Preserve Using Small Unmanned Aerial Systems

Informal trails represent a serious threat to open spaces, parks, wilderness areas, and protected natural areas in many different locations and contexts. From vegetation loss, the displacement of wildlife, and alteration of habitats to soil degradation and erosion, landscape fragmentation, and the spread of invasive species, significant and continual effort to detect, monitor, and interdict informal trails is required. The purpose of this chapter is to detail the ways in which small unmanned aerial systems can contribute to efforts for detecting the presence of informal trails. A case study of the Phoenix Mountains Preserves in Phoenix, Arizona helps to illustrate how basic spatial analytics combined with sUAS imagery can identify landscape fragmentation and potential interdiction points for minimizing the use of informal trails for enhancing landscape recovery.