cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dermatotoxicologic clinical solutions: textile dye dermatitis patch testing.

AbstractThe authors provide a framework for working up and counseling a patient with suspected textile dermatitis, focusing on identifying which textile materials are most likely to be the cause of the eczematous lesions, the current clinical guidelines, the utility and appropriateness of patch testing, the limitations of these guidelines, and our pro tempore recommendations. While there are many challenges to correctly identify and counsel patients on how to avoid the offending textile products in a patient with suspected textile dye dermatitis, there is value in following the guidelines set forth to help identify the causative textile(s). Although patch tests can be useful, dermatologists should understand the limitations of standardized patch testing for patients with suspected textile dye-induced dermatitis. These guidelines are expected to increase the likelihood of identifying the causative textile(s), so that patch testing can be supplemented with swatch testing and chemical dye extraction to help ...
Space Station Freedom space to ground subsystem baseband signal processor architecture

The Space Station Freedom, to be launched by NASA in the mid to late 1990s, will contain a space-to-ground link with protocols consistent with the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) requirements. The space-to-ground baseband signal processing hardware is responsible for multiplexing information from multiple users within the space station and formatting according to the above standard for the return link at 300 Mb/s. The processing hardware also supports the demultiplexing function on the forward link, distributing data from the ground to multiple space station subsystems at 25 MB/s. >
Staged computation with names and necessity

Staging is a programming technique for dividing the computation in order to exploit the early availability of some arguments. In the early stages the program uses the available arguments to generate, at run time, the code for the late stages. A type system for staging should ensure that only well-typed expressions are generated, and that only expressions with no free variables are permitted for evaluation. In this paper, we present a calculus for staged computation in which code from the late stages is composed by splicing smaller code fragments into a larger context, possibly incurring capture of free variables. The type system ensures safety by tracking the names of free variables for each code fragment. The type system is based on the necessity operator s from constructive modal logic, which we index with a set of names C. Our type sCA classifies expressions of type A that belong to the late stage, and whose free names are in the set C.
Biomechanical Variation of Silk Links Spinning Plasticity to Spider Web Function

Spider silk is renowned for its high tensile strength, extensibility and toughness. However, the variability of these material properties has largely been ignored, especially at the intra-specific level. Yet, this variation could help us understand the function of spider webs. It may also point to the mechanisms used by spiders to control their silk production, which could be exploited to expand the potential range of applications for silk. In this study, we focus on variation of silk properties within different regions of cobwebs spun by the common house spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum. The cobweb is composed of supporting threads that function to maintain the web shape and hold spiders and prey, and of sticky gumfooted threads that adhere to insects during prey capture. Overall, structural properties, especially thread diameter, are more variable than intrinsic material properties, which may reflect past directional selection on certain silk performance. Supporting threads are thicker and able to bear higher loads, both before deforming permanently and before breaking, compared with sticky gumfooted threads. This may facilitate the function of supporting threads through sustained periods of time. In contrast, sticky gumfooted threads are more elastic, which may reduce the forces that prey apply to webs and allow them to contact multiple sticky capture threads. Therefore, our study suggests that spiders actively modify silk material properties during spinning in ways that enhance web function.
The Effects Of Group Leadership Style on Counselor Trainees' Personal Functioning

This study examines the effects of three group leadership styles on the personal and interpersonal functioning of 67 counselor trainees who participated in a required group experience in conjunction with a group experience course. Theparticipants were randomly assigned to one of three group conditions: (1) structured T-group, (2) rotating leadership, and (3) Rogerian. Each of the nine groups met approximately 20 hours over the course of the semester. Each subject completed the following instruments: Edward's Personal Preference Schedule, Money Problem Checklist, Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank, and Reaction to Group Situation Test. Results from the pretest, posttest, and 6- to 8-weekfollow-up suggest that differences among the groups could in part be attributed to group leadership styles. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
The Structure of Nursing Diagnosis from Orem's Theory:

Nursing diagnosis is generally accepted as a legitimate part of the nursing process; however, there is no consensus on the form, structure, or meaning of diagnosis within the discipline. Some nursing theories and models provide the basis for deriving a structural model for nursing diagnoses. A general structural model for a classification schema for the perspective of Orem's general theory, the self-care deficit theory of nursing has been developed and described. Sample diagnostic statements for various levels within the schema are presented. The language of nursing diagnosis which is appropriate to the theoretical perspective is also described and examples are provided. Diagnostic statement models are identified. This work is the beginning of a formal classification system for nursing diagnosis from one nursing theoretical perspective.
The physiologic advantage of oxygen during exercise in patients with coronary artery insufficiency.

SUMMARY 1.The inhalation of oxygen at rest produced electrocardiographic changes in 14 of 22 patients with clinical coronary artery insufficiency. Elevation of the T wave occurred in seven. 2.The inhalation of oxygen during a standard Master two-step test inhibited some or all of the electrocardiographic abnormalities which occurred when the same exercise was performed breathing air, in 11 of 12 cases. In nine, there was decrease of ST segment depression when the exercise was performed with the aid of oxygen. 3.The use of oxygen during periods of exercise producing myocardial hypoxia in patients with coronary insufficiency appears to be a new approach that deserves additional physiologic study and clinical use.
On vector Karhunen-Loeve transforms and optimal vector transforms

We first prove that the vector Karhunen-Loeve (VKL) transform for any finite many vector-valued signal, x/sub 1/,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/,x/sub L/, exists. The VKL transform is equivalent to the scalar KL transform for the scalar-valued signal X=(x/sub 1//sup T/,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/,x/sub L//sup T/)/sup T/. Based on VKL transforms, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the optimal vector transforms (unitary). With the condition, one can see that the optimal unitary vector transforms do not exist in most cases, and therefore needs to use suboptimal unitary vector transforms. We then prove that the optimal nonunitary vector transform for x/sub 1/,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/,x/sub L/ exists when all eigenvalues of the correlation matrix of the signal X are nonzero. We formulate the optimal vector transforms via the VKL transforms. >
An inverse method for subcritical flows

The inverse problem in the tangent gas approximation is considered. An exact method for designing airfoils is presented. Constraints on the speed distribution are easily implemented. A simple numerical algorithm which is fast and accurate is presented. Comparison of designed airfoils using the tangent gas method with exact Euler results is found to be excellent for subcritical flows.
A Fuzzy Analysis of Consensus in Small Groups

This paper examines a new measure of consensus in small groups based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other fuzzy consensus measures. The method involves the construction of α-Consensus measures from fuzzy relations. These measures are integrated over a to produce a measure of small group consensus. This procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. Results of an experimental application of this fuzzy analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
Landslides caused by earthquakes

Data from 40 historical world-wide earthquakes were studied to determine the characteristics, geologic environments, and hazards of landslides caused by seismic events. This sample of 40 events was supplemented with intensity data from several hundred United States earthquakes to study relations between landslide distribution and seismic parameters. Fourteen types of landslides were identified in the earthquakes studied. The most abundant of these were rock falls, disrupted soil slides, and rock slides. The greatest losses of human life were due to rock avalanches, rapid soil flows, and rock falls. Correlations between magnitude (M) and landslide distribution show that the maximum area likely to be affected by landslides in a seismic event increases from approximately 0 at M ≅ 4.0 to 500,000 km2 at M = 9.2. Threshold magnitudes, minimum shaking intensities, and relations between M and distance from epicenter or fault rupture were used to define relative levels of shaking that trigger landslides in susceptible materials. Four types of internally disrupted landslides—rock falls, rock slides, soil falls, and disrupted soil slides—are initiated by the weakest shaking. More coherent, deeper-seated slides require stronger shaking; lateral spreads and flows require shaking that is stronger still; and the strongest shaking is probably required for very highly disrupted rock avalanches and soil avalanches. Each type of earthquake-induced landslide occurs in a particular suite of geologic environments. These range from overhanging slopes of well-indurated rock to slopes of less than 1° underlain by soft, unconsolidated sediments. Materials most susceptible to earthquake-induced landslides include weakly cemented rocks, more-indurated rocks with prominent or pervasive discontinuities, residual and colluvial sand, volcanic soils containing sensitive clay, loess, cemented soils, granular alluvium, granular deltaic deposits, and granular man-made fill. Few earthquake-induced landslides reactivate older landslides; most are in materials that have not previously failed.
Comment on: Time-varying failure rates in the availability and reliability analysis of repairable systems

The author suggests that some of the results in the paper by T.F. Hassett et al. (see ibid., vol.44, p.155-60, 1995) can be more easily obtained using alternative probability arguments. Such arguments avoid considerable algebraic manipulation, provide some additional insight, and can be extended readily to deal with larger systems.
The Power of Perception: Children's Appearance as a Factor in Adults' Predictions of Gender-Typical Behavior.

We examined the influence of 3-year-olds’ facial characteristics on adults’ predictions of children's gender-typical behaviors. Eighty-nine adults viewed 12 photographs of children's faces differing in masculinity/femininity but matched for attractiveness. Half of the adults were told the sex of each child; half were not. Adults reported that masculine-looking girls would be more likely to engage in masculine gender-typical behavior and less likely to engage in feminine gender-typical behavior compared with feminine-looking girls. Adults also indicated that feminine-looking boys would be more likely to engage in feminine gender-typical behavior and less likely to engage in masculine gender-typical behavior compared with masculine-looking boys. When presented with both gender information and appearance cues, adults relied more heavily on the perceptual cue of appearance when predicting gender-typical behaviors for both boys and girls.
Producing Evaluative Knowledge: The Interactional Bases of Social Science Findings*

This paper examines the interactional underpinnings of social scientific research. Based on a detailed examination of a two-hour research interview, it describes aspects of the conversational practices through which social scientific knowledge is generated. Past critiques of interview research have been somewhat unilateral in their focus, typically examining how researchers impose understandings on their subjects' reports. This paper moves beyond the unilateral focus to describe how researcher and subjects interact to mutually develop procedures for doing the actual research and collaboratively assemble their product. The analysis treats evaluative knowledge as a locally managed, interactional achievement. It stresses the practical, in situ character of how knowledge is co-produced.
Characterization of Incidentally Identified Minute Clonal B-Lymphocyte Populations in Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow

We describe 69 patients in whom small clonal B-cell populations were detected incidentally in blood and bone marrow samples by flow cytometric studies. In 20 patients (29%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subsequently was diagnosed 0 to 40 months (median, 0.1 month) from initial flow cytometric studies. In 49 patients (71%), there was no evidence of NHL after 0.5 to 72 months (median, 16 months). Patients without overt NHL had a higher absolute WBC count than patients with NHL (2,260/microL vs 1,470/microL [2.26 vs 1.47 x 10(9)/L]; P < .01). Otherwise, there were no clinical or hematologic differences between the 2 groups. We identified 70 clonal populations in the 69 patients, ranging from 0.05% to 4.5% (median, 1.28%) of events. The mean percentage of clonal B cells was similar for the 2 groups. The populations were CD5-/CD10- in 34 cases; CD5+, chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like in 19; CD5+, indeterminate in 9; CD10+ in 3; hairy cell leukemia-like in 3; and CD5+, mantle cell lymphoma-like in 2. There were no immunophenotypic differences in patients with and without overt NHL.
Effects of alum adjuvant or a booster dose on immunogenicity during clinical trials of group B streptococcal type III conjugate vaccines.

Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of group B streptococcal (GBS) capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-protein conjugate vaccines in healthy adults have demonstrated their safety and improved immunogenicity compared with uncoupled CPSs. Two recent trials sought to determine (i) whether adsorption of conjugate vaccine to aluminum hydroxide would improve immunogenicity and (ii) whether the CPS-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) response could be boosted by administration of a second dose. Adsorption of GBS type III CPS-tetanus toxoid (III-TT) conjugate vaccine to alum did not improve the immune response to a 12.5-μg dose in healthy adult recipients. Four weeks after vaccination, the geometric mean antibody concentrations (GMCs) for the 15 recipients of III-TT with or without alum were 3.3 and 3.6 μg/ml, respectively. In the second trial, 36 healthy adults vaccinated previously with GBS III-TT conjugate were given a second 12.5-μg dose 21 months later. At 4 weeks after the second dose, the GMCs of type III CPS-specific IgG were similar to those measured 4 weeks after the primary vaccination, suggesting a lack of a booster response. However, 8 (22%) of the 36 participants who had undetectable III CPS-specific IgG (<0.05 μg/ml) before the first dose of III-TT conjugate exhibited a booster response to the second dose, with a fourfold-greater GMC of type III CPS-specific IgG than after the initial immunization. These results suggest that prior natural exposure to type III GBS or a related antigen may be responsible for the brisk IgG response to CPS noted in most adults after vaccination. However, a second dose of GBS III-TT conjugate vaccine may be required for adults whose initial CPS-specific IgG concentrations are very low and would also restore the initial peak-specific III CPS-IgG in responders to previous vaccination.
The Structure of Electoral Politics in Unreformed England

Discussions of the unreformed English electoral system usually revolve around its three major flaws: the control of borough seats in the Commons by individual patrons, the general lack of opportunities for popular participation, and electoral corruption. The standard examples of Old Sarum (for patronage), the election of 1761 (for the lack of participation), and the Oxfordshire election of 1754 (for corruption) have been cited so often that certain bits of disparaging information, such as the 20,000-pound Tory expenditure in Oxfordshire in 1754, are permanently imbedded in the secondary literature and have resulted in dismissals of eighteenth-century popular politics as unworthy of serious consideration. Instead of using such extreme examples to illustrate the depths to which electoral politics could sink, this more systematic inquiry into the nature of electoral politics enumerates both electoral patronage and electoral participation over the entire eighteenth century, and considers electoral corruption in a necessarily more speculative fashion. From this broader perspective, it is clear that the dismissals of popular politics in England before the Reform Act are unwarranted. Electoral politics played an increasingly important role in the political system during the reign of George III, and to neglect its importance is to misinterpret the political environment of unreformed England.
Bend Strength of Arc-Melted TiC-C Alloys

Abstract : The bend strengths of arc-melted TiC-C alloys were determined in 3-point loading as a function of carbon content and compared with the bend strengths of ZrC-C alloys. Their nearly identical behavior when compared on a microstructural basis allowed interpretation based on similar microstructural features. By analogy to features found in more conventional ceramics, it was postulated that the arc-melted alloys may provide an insight into the behavior of a more general class of ceramic materials. (Author)
Comparison of Different Extraction Sites Used During Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy

Purpose: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is commonly performed for renal tumors that are not amenable to nephron sparing treatment. A number of techniques for intact specimen extraction are used. The development of incisional hernias from the extraction site is a known but infrequent delayed complication. We analyzed different extraction sites and risk factors for such hernias.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with intact specimen extraction through 3 sites. Patients and operation specific parameters were included with particular attention to factors predisposing patients to incisional hernia, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic steroid use and a high body mass index.Results: A total of 181 nephrectomies were performed in 175 patients and 175 kidneys (96.7%) had malignancy. Mean tumor size was 4.9 cm. Mean followup was 28.8 months. Extraction was done from a lower quadrant site in 55 ...
$${\mathcal{N}}\overline {\mathcal{N}}$$ annihilation at rest in the statistical bootstrap modelannihilation at rest in the statistical bootstrap model

Fermi's statistical model of high-energy hadron collisions is modified to take full account of resonance production, using the statistical bootstrap model of Hagedorn and Frautschi. Comparisons are made with experiments on\({\mathcal{N}}\overline {\mathcal{N}}\) annihilations at rest, the most favorable testing ground available. After adjustment of the single parameterR (the «interaction radius»), it is found that the multiplicity distributions and branching ratios are generally well fitted, except that events in which\({\mathcal{N}}\overline {\mathcal{N}}\) pairs are emitted occur less frequently than predicted, indicating that these channels are dynamically suppressed. The expected size of statistical fluctuations is discussed, as a basis for judging the results. The best fit is obtained withR=(1.6±0.25) fm, a little bigger than expected, but much more reasonable than the very large radii which were required in previous models. The maximum temperatureT0=(110±20) MeV corresponding to the fitted value ofR is lower than the figure usually quoted in fits to high-energy transverse-momentum distributions, but still matches reasonably well with these distributions when the full chain of secondary decays is properly included in the analysis. Some general features of resonance decay which follow from the model are discussed: in particular, the linear dependence of the multiplicity of decay products on the mass of the resonance.
Challenging Convergences in Lay Thought and STS Practice: A Reply to My Critics

David Hess and Sujatha Raman have penned what might seem to be fairly damning critiques of my proposal to view technological determinism and permissionless innovation as psychocultural barriers to the democratization of technology. They quickly chop down my suggestion to look to fields like communications and social psychology for help in developing oppositional rhetorical strategies. Some of their concerns are quite reasonable, though I will contend that they are not as damaging to my proposal as they suggest. Other criticisms, however, appear to be rooted in pretty extreme interpretations of my argument. Whatever the cause of the miscommunication, I relish the chance to challenge the more unfortunate renderings of my position. Furthermore, I will turn a critical eye back toward the commentators. Not only do they neglect the technological or material concerns that I raised in my paper, but also fail to seriously engage with the potential incremental benefits of developing and prudently deploying the communicative tools that I describe. A fairly typical defensive response to any claim that some gap exists in the existing literature or that some practice is missing from current scholarly activity is “Where have you been?” Just such a response is one of the main thrusts of Raman’s (2015) critique: “Battles over some abstraction called ‘technological determinism’ seem a distant memory.” She cites her own work within a rich research community—including responsible innovation, engagement with technoscientific policy regimes, and laboratory interventions—in order to depict my assertion that a preoccupation with nomological forms of technological determinism has continued to infect STS scholarship as out-of-touch with more recent academic realities. Contrary to Raman’s (2015) interpretation of my fairly minor extension of claims already made by other science and technology studies (STS) scholars (see Wyatt 2008; Dafoe 2015), I did not intend to imply that absolutely nothing was being done in the field regarding normative
Performance of high-efficiency AlGalnP-based red VCSELs

Advances in growth techniques and heterostructure design of AlGaInP-based materials have led to the recent development of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers emitting in the 660-690-nm spectral range.1 Key applications for these VCSELs include plastic-fiber-based communications, laser printing and scanning, and optical data storage. In this paper, we report on AlGaInP VCSELs employing a one-wave cavity that demonstrate substantial improvements in peak power, single-mode power, wall-plug efficiency, and elevated-temperature performance relative to all previously reported red VCSEL devices.
The importance of non-HLA antibodies in transplantation

The development of post-transplantation antibodies against non-HLA autoantigens is associated with rejection and decreased long-term graft survival. Although our knowledge of non-HLA antibodies is incomplete, compelling experimental and clinical findings demonstrate that antibodies directed against autoantigens such as angiotensin type 1 receptor, perlecan and collagen, contribute to the process of antibody-mediated acute and chronic rejection. The mechanisms that underlie the production of autoantibodies in the setting of organ transplantation is an important area of ongoing investigation. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury, surgical trauma and/or alloimmune responses can result in the release of organ-derived autoantigens (such as soluble antigens, extracellular vesicles or apoptotic bodies) that are presented to B cells in the context of the transplant recipient's antigen presenting cells and stimulate autoantibody production. Type 17 T helper cells orchestrate autoantibody production by supporting the proliferation and maturation of autoreactive B cells within ectopic tertiary lymphoid tissue. Conversely, autoantibody-mediated graft damage can trigger alloimmunity and the development of donor-specific HLA antibodies that can act in synergy to promote allograft rejection. Identification of the immunologic phenotypes of transplant recipients at risk of non-HLA antibody-mediated rejection, and the development of targeted therapies to treat such rejection, are sorely needed to improve both graft and patient survival.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immune Cell Receptors, Coreceptors, and Cofactors: Implications for Prevention and Treatment

Abstract In the last three decades, extensive research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has highlighted its capability to exploit a variety of strategies to enter and infect immune cells. Although CD4+ T cells are well known as the major HIV target, with infection occurring through the canonical combination of the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) receptor and either the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) or C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) coreceptors, HIV has also been found to enter other important immune cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, B cells, and granulocytes. Interestingly, the expression of distinct cellular cofactors partially regulates the rate in which HIV infects each distinct cell type. Furthermore, HIV can benefit from the acquisition of new proteins incorporated into its envelope during budding events. While several publications have investigated details of how HIV manipulates particular cell types or subtypes, an up-to-date comprehensive re...
RedOx-controlled sorption of iodine anions by hydrotalcite composites

The radioactive contaminant iodine-129 (I-129) is one of the top risk drivers at radiological waste disposal and contaminated groundwater sites where nuclear material fabrication or reprocessing has occurred. However, currently there are very few options available to treat I-129 in the groundwater, partially related to the complex biogeochemical behavior of iodine in the subsurface and occurrence of I-129 in the multiple chemical forms. We hypothesize that layered hydrotalcite materials containing redox active transition metal ions offer a potential solution, benefiting from the simultaneous adsorption of iodate (IO3−), and iodide (I−) anions, which exhibit different electronic and structural properties and therefore may require dissimilar hosts. To test this hypothesis, Cr3+-based materials were selected based on the rationale that Cr3+ readily reduces IO3− in solution. It was combined with either redox-active Co2+ or redox-inactive Ni2+ so that two model materials were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis including Co2+–Cr3+ or Ni2+–Cr3+ (M–Cr). Obtained M–Cr materials composed of Co2+–Cr3+ or Ni2+–Cr3+ layered hydrotalcite and small fractions of Co3O4 spinel or Ni(OH)2 theophrastite phases were structurally characterized before and after uptake of periodate (IO4−), IO3−, and I− anions. It was found that the IO3− uptake is driven by its chemical reduction to I2 and I−. Interestingly, in the Co2+–Cr3+ hydrotalcite, Co2+ and not Cr3+ serves as a reductant while in the Ni2+–Cr3+ hydrotalcite Cr3+ is responsible for the reduction of IO3−. A different uptake mechanism was identified for the IO4− anion. The Co2+–Cr3+ hydrotalcite phase efficiently uptakes IO4− by a diffusion-limited ion exchange mechanism and is not accompanied by the redox process, while Cr3+ in the Ni2+–Cr3+ hydrotalcite reduces IO4− to IO3−, I2 and I−. Iodide exhibited high affinity only to the Co–Cr material. The Co–Cr material performed remarkably well for the removal of IO3−, I− and total iodine from the groundwater collected from the US DOE Hanford site, WA, USA, outperforming non-redox active hydrotalcites (e.g., Mg2+–Al3+) reported previously. This work demonstrates that redox-controlled sorption can be a highly effective method for the treatment of anions based on elements with mobile oxidation states. Further, multiple anions of interest could be simultaneously removed through a combination of approaches.
“Measuring” Civil Society: The Scope and Vitality of the New Associational Milieu

In the space opened by the favorable conjuncture defined in the previous chapter, a new generation of voluntary associations emerged as the cornerstone of what Victor Perez Diaz famously labeled the “return of civil society”.2 However, Perez Diaz’ book was more suggestive than definitive, and scholars have been debating ever since about the vibrancy of the emerging civil society under the Franco regime and thus, implicitly, its contribution to the democratic transition. On the one side are social movement theorists and practitioners who have both argued and tried to demonstrate the vitality of civil society activity,3 while on the other are those who speak of Spain’s participatory deficit.4 A related but separate debate about the “thin” civil society of the post-Francoist democracy also sometimes refers back to the presumed weak civil society inherited from the Franco regime.5 Fueling the lack of consensus is the fact that there are no absolute criteria for measuring the strength of civil society, except at the extreme margins.6 Before the remainder of the book takes up the question of what a strong civil society contributes to the democratization process, the goal of this chapter is to make a new case for the vitality and scope of the civil society revival during the latter part of the regime, as demonstrated by the strength and size of the new milieu of voluntary community associations.
Chicken γδ T Cells

Functional and genetic studies of the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) have progressed in reverse order compared to the study of αβ T cells (reviewed by Raulet 1989). A wealth of information about the αβ T cell population and its function was available before the genes for the αβ TCR were cloned. Studies of the αβ TCR repertoire and gene expression then helped elucidate molecular mechanisms for generating diversity of the αβ T cell repertoire and the nature of antigen recognition by αβ T cells. However, the identification of a third TCR locus (γ), and the subsequent discovery that a fourth TCR chain (δ) was encoded by genes embedded within the TCR-α locus, led to the description of the γδ TCR expressed by a T cell subpopulation with no known function. Over the last 10 years, laboratories around the world have been trying to assign functional roles for T cells expressing the γδ TCR. Studies of mouse and human γδ T cells have revealed many interesting differences in the biology of γδ vs. αβ T cells, such as tissue distribution, repertoire restrictions, requirement for a thymus for their development, and lack of classical MHC restriction (for reviews see Allison 1993; Haas et al. 1993; Kronenberg 1994; Lefrancois and Puddington 1995).
Open Access and Authors’ Rights Management: A Possibility for Theology?

Several academic disciplines have begun to understand the benefits of open access to scholarship, both for scholars and for the general public. Scientific disciplines have led the way, partially due to the nature of scholarship in those areas and partially because they have felt the crisis in serials pricing more acutely than others. Theological studies, however, have largely been insulated from the push for open access; considering the reasons for that is the first task of this article. It is also the case, however, that the missionary impulse that stands behind much theological scholarship is a strong incentive to embrace the opportunities afforded by digital, online dissemination of research and writing. After discussing this imperative for global distribution, the bulk of the article focuses on how theological institutions, and especially their libraries, can encourage and support scholars in making their work freely accessible. Copyright issues, including the elements of a successful copyright management program, are discussed, as are some of the technological elements necessary for an efficient and discoverable open access repository. Options for licensing, both at ingestion of content and at dissemination to users are also considered. Finally, it is argued that the role of consortia and professional organizations in supporting these initiatives is especially important because of the relatively small size of so many theological institutions.
Modification of the Solution Behavior of Pd12L24 Metal–Organic Nanocages via PEGylation

The dilute solutions behaviors of Pd12 L24 metal-organic nanocage and its two PEGylated derivatives are explored. The basic nanocages can self-assemble into vesicle-like blackberry structures in polar solvents via counterion-mediated attraction, whereas the PEGylated nanocages always stay as discrete ions under the same conditions, demonstrating that the PEGylation can improve the stability of the single nanocages. In addition, larger nanocages are found to self-assemble in less polar solvents.
High Resolution Epigenomic Mapping of Myelodysplastic Syndrome Reveals a High Level of Functionally Important Methylation.

Abstract The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are collections of heterogeneous hematologic diseases characterized by clonal hematopoietic defects. Even though gene expression studies have tried to differentiate between prognostic subgroups, there are concerns with standardization and validity of these studies. Decitabine and 5-azacytidine have shown activity in MDS, but it is unclear if hypomethylation can explain their efficacy. To address these issues we have developed a novel platform that uses a combination of gene expression analysis, high density array based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and genome wide methylation analysis to perform an integrated high throughput epigenomic analysis of MDS. Using this approach, we conducted a pilot study in 5 patients with MDS. Gene expression analysis was performed using 37K oligo maskless arrays and high density aCGH was performed at 6Kb resolution using the Nimblegen platform. Whole genome methylation was analyzed by a recently described novel method ( Khulan et al, Genome Res. 2006 Aug;16(8)) that uses differential methylation specific digestion by HpaII and MspI followed by pcr amplification, two color labeling and hybridization to quantitatively determine individual promoter CpG island methylation. aCGH revealed a very high number of deletions (range 515–2722, mean 1073±937) and amplifications (range 614–1247, mean 843±254) not visualized by conventional cytogenetic analysis. These were also seen on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and correlated with those seen in the bone marrow. 22 common regions were found to amplified and 15 regions commonly deleted in 80% of the samples and contained genes involved in transcription and signaling. A custom human oligo array was used to determine methylation by calculating HpaII/MspI cut fragment intensity ratio. MDS samples demonstrated a very high level of methylation (range 70–84%). Expression was found to be significantly decreased for the genes that were methylated (p
Optimizing variance-bias trade-off in the TWANG package for estimation of propensity scores

While propensity score weighting has been shown to reduce bias in treatment effect estimation when selection bias is present, it has also been shown that such weighting can perform poorly if the estimated propensity score weights are highly variable. Various approaches have been proposed which can reduce the variability of the weights and the risk of poor performance, particularly those based on machine learning methods. In this study, we closely examine approaches to fine-tune one machine learning technique (generalized boosted models [GBM]) to select propensity scores that seek to optimize the variance-bias trade-off that is inherent in most propensity score analyses. Specifically, we propose and evaluate three approaches for selecting the optimal number of trees for the GBM in the twang package in R. Normally, the twang package in R iteratively selects the optimal number of trees as that which maximizes balance between the treatment groups being considered. Because the selected number of trees may lead to highly variable propensity score weights, we examine alternative ways to tune the number of trees used in the estimation of propensity score weights such that we sacrifice some balance on the pre-treatment covariates in exchange for less variable weights. We use simulation studies to illustrate these methods and to describe the potential advantages and disadvantages of each method. We apply these methods to two case studies: one examining the effect of dog ownership on the owner's general health using data from a large, population-based survey in California, and a second investigating the relationship between abstinence and a long-term economic outcome among a sample of high-risk youth.
Myelopathy Due to Tourette’s Syndrome

According to Lin et al., Tourette’s syndrome is manifested in a broad spectrum of motor, vocal and behavioral disturbances. Movement disorders, such as tics, may contribute to the development of cervical myelopathy owning to the effects of involuntary movements on the neck. According to the dictionary of medical syndromes: “it is a psychological disorder characterized by chorea, coprolalia, echolalia, and tic.” It affects children usually boys between 5 and 10 years of age. It is manifested by tics of the hands, arms, or face and then it spreads to the rest of the body. Eventually, combined movements with variable frequencies. The tics are sometimes accompanied by uncontrollable noises and utterances, as well as features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), poor impulse control, and other misbehaviors. Common motor tics include eye blinking, head jerking, eye movements, and different facial expressions, such as grimacing and noise twitching, grunting and hiccupping may become more frequent.
Effect of edge-functionalization on the ease of graphene nanoribbon aggregation in solvent

Abstract Edge-terminating oligomers are frequently used to aid in the dispersion of solution-processed, “bottom-up” graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). However, the choice of edge-termination is typically made in a trial-and-error process. In this study, Molecular Dynamics was used to contrast the aggregational tendencies of GNRs with a simple hydrogen edge-termination to those with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and n-alkoxy chains substituted along the GNR edges. Unlike similar previous work on graphene sheets, this study focuses the effects on aggregation of adding chains to the side of the GNR that are commonly used in bottom-up synthesis routes. We used Thermodynamic Integration to determine energetic barriers to face-to-face and sliding pre-determined aggregational paths. In contrast, Steered Molecular Dynamics simulations offered an unbiased window into GNR aggregation, allowing us to assess to what extent the real aggregational mechanism might be a combination of those two paths. We found that the sensitivity of the potential of mean force to different edge-terminations was highly dependent on the aggregational path chosen. Along the lowest energy barrier path (GNRs sliding together), PEG edge-terminations increased the barrier to aggregation, whereas n-alkoxy chains not only decreased the energy barrier significantly, but also increased the range at which GNRs begin to attract each other.
Aggressive And Loving Men: Gender Hegemony in Christian Hardcore Punk

This research uses Christian Hardcore punk to show how evangelical Christian men respond to changes in gender relations that threaten hegemonic masculinity through a music subculture. Drawing on in...
Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of collision tumor in a lymph node: Lymphoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma

Diagnosis of two distinct malignancies in a single sample is rare. Here we report a case of lung adenocarcinoma metastasized to a supraclavicular lymph node which was concomitantly diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) using ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNA) sample. A 62-year-old Caucasian male presented with cough and bloody sputum. US-FNA of a supraclavicular lymph node showed two distinct cell populations and, based on morphological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the FNA cell block slides, diagnosed with CLL/SLL and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood supported the diagnosis of CLL/SLL. To our knowledge, this is a rarely reported cytology case in which metastatic lung adenocarcinoma is concurrently diagnosed with CLL/SLL in a single lymph node and can be diagnosed based an FNA sample.
e‐Health and new moms: Contextual factors associated with sources of health information

OBJECTIVE Guided by the Uses and Gratifications approach, to examine mothers' use and preference of e-Health media, and associated contextual factors. DESIGN AND SAMPLE Cross-sectional survey of 165 mothers (White, African-American, and Hispanic) from a stratified random sample. MEASURES Use of online media about mother-baby care; favorite websites about motherhood and best-liked features of Web sites; channel preferences (Web site, postal mail, text) for receiving three types of health information; and contextual factors, e.g., education. RESULTS Media use ranged from 96% for health information searches about babies to 46% for YouTube viewing about mother-baby topics. Contextual factors, such as education, were associated with media use. Babycenter was the most frequently reported favorite Web site and rich, relevant information was the best-liked feature. Across three health topics (weight, stress/depression, parenting) mothers preferred receiving information by Web site, followed by postal mail and least by text messaging (χ2 statistics, p < .001). Stress and race/ethnicity were among factors associated with preferences. CONCLUSIONS Mothers widely used e-Health related media, but use was associated with contextual factors. In public health efforts to reach new mothers, partnering with mother-favored Web sites, focusing on audience-relevant media, and adopting attributes of successful sites are recommended strategies.
INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENTIAL FACTORS FOR BICYCLE CRASHES USING A SPATIOTEMPORAL MODEL

Abstract. Despite the numerous potential advantages of indulging in bicycling, such as elevation of health and environment along with mitigation of congestion, the cyclists are a vulnerable group of commuters which is exposed to safety risks. This study aims to investigate the explanatory variables at transportation planning level which have a significant impact on the bicycle crashes. To account for the serial changes around the built environment, the linear time trend as well as time-varying coefficients are utilized for the covariates. These model modifications help account for the variations in the environment which may escape the incorporated variables due to lack of robustness in data. Also, to incorporate the interaction of roadway, demographic, and socioeconomic features within a Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ), with the bicycle crashes of that area, a spatial correlation is integrated. This spatial correlation accounts for the spatially structured random effects which capture the unobserved heterogeneity and add towards building more comprehensive model with relatively precise estimates. Two different age groups, the student population in the TAZs, the presence of arterial roads and bike lanes, were observed to be statistically significant variables related with bicycle crashes. These observations will guide the transportation planning organizations which focus on the entity of TAZ while developing policies. The results of the current study establish a quantifies relationship between the significant factors and the crash count which will enable the planners to choose the most cost-efficient, yet most productive, factors which needs to be addressed for mitigation of crashes.
Distinct bioenergetic signatures in particulate versus mineral-associated soil organic matter

Abstract Physical and chemical stabilization, environmental conditions, and organic matter composition all play vital roles in determining the persistence of soil organic matter (SOM). Fundamentally, SOM stability depends on the balance of microbial bioenergetics between the input of energy needed to decompose it (i.e., activation energy; Ea) and the net energy gained (i.e., energy density; ED) from its decomposition. This relationship is complicated in soils by chemical and physical protection mechanisms, which require additional energies to overcome for decomposition to occur. In this study, we analyze the bioenergetics of soil density fractions, which vary in their degrees of organic matter-mineral association, and show that the relationship of ED and Ea has the ability to provide information about relative differences in SOM chemical composition and stability. Our results demonstrate distinct bioenergetic signatures between particulate, light (free and occluded) fractions versus mineral-associated, heavy fractions isolated from soil samples collected at two depths from a climosequence along an elevation gradient in the Sierra Nevada, California. While there were no significant differences in ED and Ea within each fraction across climates, the light fractions (LF) were characterized by larger ED and Ea values, whereas the heavy fractions (HF) were characterized by smaller ED and Ea values. Combined with CHN analyses, we conclude that SOM in HF pools is likely comprised of relatively simple organic compounds that have long turnover rates because of chemical association with soil minerals, whereas the LF pools are comprised of more chemically complex molecules with low chemical reactivity and high Ea.
Harmonische Schwingungen von Systemen mit einem Freiheitsgrad

Unterwirft man ein elastisches System, beispielsweise einen belasteten Balken, oder einen tordierten Stab, oder eine deformierte Feder, einer Storung des Gleichgewichtes, in dem es sich vorher befand, sei es durch Stoswirkungen oder durch Anwendung plotzlich auftretender und wieder verschwindender zusatzlicher Krafte, so konnen die elastischen Krafte des Systems in ausgelenktem Zustand mit der Belastung nicht mehr im Gleichgewicht stehen; hierdurch werden Schwingungen hervorgerufen. Im allgemeinen kann ein elastisches System Schwingungen verschiedener Art ausfuhren. So ist eine Saite oder ein Stab verschiedener Schwingungsformen fahig je nach der Anzahl der Knoten, die die schwingende Lange des betreffenden Korpers unterteilen. In den einfachsten Fallen kann die Gestalt des schwingenden Systems durch eine einzige Grose dargestellt werden. In solchen Fallen spricht man von einem System mit einem Freiheitsgrad.