cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal Protective Parenting Accounts for the Relationship Between Pain Behaviors and Functional Disability in Adolescents.

INTRODUCTION A variety of factors influence parent responses to pain behaviors they observe in their adolescents with chronic pain. Certain parental responses to pain, such as attention or overprotection, can adversely impact adolescent adaptive functioning and correspond to poor clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVES It was hypothesized that the relationship between adolescent pain behaviors and functional disability was mediated by maladaptive parenting (protective, monitoring, solicitousness) responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were 303 adolescents and their mothers presenting to a pain clinic. Adolescents completed measures of functional disability and pain intensity; mothers completed measures assessing adolescent pain behaviors, their own catastrophizing about their adolescent's pain, and responses to pain. A path model tested the direct and indirect associations between pain behaviors and disability via 3 parenting responses, controlling for average pain intensity and parent pain catastrophizing. RESULTS Greater pain behavior was associated with increased protective responses (α path, P<0.001); greater protective behavior was associated with increased disability (β path, P=0.002). Including parenting responses in the model, the path between pain behaviors and disability remained significant (c' path, P<0.001). The indirect path between pain behaviors and disability via parenting responses was significant for protective responses (P<0.02), controlling for pain intensity and parent pain catastrophizing. The indirect effect of protective responses explained 18% of the variance between pain behaviors and disability. DISCUSSION Observing adolescent pain behaviors may prompt parents to engage in increased protective behavior that negatively impacts adolescents' functioning, even after controlling for the effects of parental pain catastrophizing.
Aggressive histologic features do not predict biologic behavior in melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy

While generally benign, occasional aggressive histologic features in the melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) have been used to justify a diagnosis of malignancy; this could lead to overtreatment. We report a case with presumed aggressive histologic features that did not recur following conservative treatment. This adds evidence that histologic features are not predictive of clinical behavior in MNTI.
A refractive-index and position-independent single-particle detector for large, nonabsorbing, spherical particles

Citation: Mir Seliman Waez, Steve J. Eckels & Christopher M. Sorensen (2018) A refractive-index and position-independent single-particle detector for large, nonabsorbing, spherical particles, Aerosol Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2018.1524133
Smooth Muscle Contact Drives Endothelial Regeneration by BMPR2-Notch1–Mediated Metabolic and Epigenetic Changes

Rationale: Maintaining endothelial cells (EC) as a monolayer in the vessel wall depends on their metabolic state and gene expression profile, features influenced by contact with neighboring cells s...
Federal agency biodefense funding, FY2010-FY2011.

In this annual update and analysis of federal biodefense spending, formerly called “Billions for Biodefense,” the authors report the budgeted levels of spending for FY2011. The article also includes an updated assessment of the proportion of biodefense funding provided for programs that address multiple public health, healthcare, national security, and international security issues in addition to biodefense.
The Impact of Changes in the Reporting Environment on the Disposition of Proposed Audit Adjustments

We present evidence on the resolution of proposed audit adjustments during a unique period of time immediately following several US financial scandals and surrounding the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). During this period auditors and clients both faced increased scrutiny from investors and regulators. In addition, auditors had to contend with changed incentives, annual inspections and a new external regulator (i.e., the PCAOB). In comparison with prior studies we also consider a broader range of factors potentially impacting the resolution of proposed adjustments including the affect of client tenure, strength of internal controls, and repeat adjustments. Data on 458 proposed adjustments are obtained from the working papers of a sample of 163 audit engagements conducted during 2002 by a Big 4 firm. We find a dramatic reduction in the proportion of waived audit adjustments when compared to prior studies, suggesting calls for greater auditor and client responsibilities increased conservatism. Results indicate audit adjustments are more likely to be waived for clients with whom the audit firm has had a longer relationship, although there is no pattern of favoring such clients. We also find that adjustments are more likely to be waived for clients with stronger internal controls, especially larger clients, and for repeat adjustments. Overall, the results suggest that there is increased conservatism in the resolution of proposed adjustments.
Pruning Responses of Tissue-Cultured Plantlets of Rhododendrons

Abstract Plantlets of Rhododendron ‘Molly Ann’, R. ‘Paprika Spiced’, and R. ‘Travis L.’, recently rooted from tissue culture, were grown in a greenhouse in individual containers. Plants pruned by p...
Greatest surprise reduction semantics: an information theoretic solution to misrepresentation and disjunction

Causal theories of content, a popular family of approaches to defining the content of mental states, commonly run afoul of two related and serious problems that prevent them from providing an adequate theory of mental content—the misrepresentation problem and the disjunction problem. In this paper, I present a causal theory of content, built on information theoretic tools, that solves these problems and provides a viable model of mental content. This is the greatest surprise reduction theory of content, which identifies the content of a signal as the event the surprisal of which is most reduced by that signal. Conceptually, this amounts to the claim that the content of a signal is the event the probability of which has increased by the largest proportion, or the event that the signal makes the most less surprising to us. I develop the greatest surprise reduction theory of content in four stages. First, I introduce the general project of causal theories of content, and the challenges presented to this project by the misrepresentation and disjunction problems. Next, I review two recent and prominent causal theories of content and demonstrate the serious challenges faced by these approaches, both clarifying the need for a solution to the misrepresentation and disjunction problems and providing a conceptual background for the greatest surprise reduction theory. Then, I develop the greatest surprise reduction theory of content, demonstrate its ability to resolve the misrepresentation and disjunction problems, and explore some additional applications it may have. Finally, I conclude with a discussion of a particularly difficult challenge that remains to be addressed—the partition problem—and sketch a path to a potential solution.
Wnt signaling and bone cell activity

Abstract The first two decades of the 21st century have witnessed a literal explosion in our understanding of fundamental biological processes, catalyzed in large part by the human genome project and the vast repertoire of technologies that are now available to identify genes and study gene function. The field of bone biology has certainly benefited from these advances as illustrated by many of the chapters in this book. Not surprisingly perhaps, the genetic dissection of single-gene human disorders that present with skeletal abnormalities has led to advances in our understanding of bone biology, oftentimes in directions that could not have been anticipated by the current state of knowledge.
Prevalence of Screening High Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Among Urogynecology Patients.

Objectives There is limited knowledge on the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among urogynecology patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of screening high risk of OSA (HR-OSA) in an ambulatory urogynecology clinic. Methods Women presenting for a new patient visit to a single outpatient urogynecology clinic for any indication were screened for eligibility. Patients were included if they were 18 years or older, English speaking, nonpregnant, and not using treatment for OSA. Participants completed the STOP-BANG questionnaire to screen for OSA and additional questionnaires to assess the presence and classification of nocturia and urinary incontinence. Results Among 130 participants, the prevalence of screening HR-OSA was 38.5%. Characteristics associated with screening HR-OSA included hypertension (P 50 years (P 50 years (odds ratio [OR], 7.54), hypertension (OR, 4.04), body mass index ≥30 kg/m (OR, 3.98), and nocturial enuresis (OR, 2.26) remained significantly associated with screening HR-OSA. Average time to complete the STOP-BANG was 1.2 minutes. Conclusions The prevalence of OSA among urogynecology patients is high, and screening is not time prohibitive. Patients who screen HR-OSA have more bothersome bladder symptoms. Providers should consider screening urogynecology patients for OSA, especially patients who are 50 years or older, are obese, and have nocturnal enuresis.
Treatment of atrophic acne scars with combination therapy of chemical reconstruction of skin scars method and fractionated nonablative laser: A retrospective analysis.

Background Patients with acne scarring often have several types of acne scars, and combination therapies have demonstrated superior success to single treatment modalities. Chemical reconstruction of skin scars (CROSS) has gained popularity as the treatment for ice-pick scars and fractionated laser therapy for rolling and boxcar scars. However, no study has looked at combination therapy with CROSS and fractionated nonablative laser for the treatment of atrophic acne scars. Aims We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with CROSS and fractionated nonablative laser for atrophic acne scars. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients treated with CROSS followed by fractionated nonablative laser treatment in the same visit for acne scars from 2016 to 2020. Treatment efficacy, defined as the percentage improvement in the appearance of acne scars, was assessed using a 5-point scale: score 0 (worsening or 0% improvement), 1 (1% - 25%), 2 (26% - 50%), 3 (51%-75%), and 4 (76%-100%). Results Twenty-five patients (14 females and 11 males, Fitzpatrick Skin Type II -V) were enrolled. The average improvement score was 2.07 after 3 sessions and 2.78 after 5 sessions. All subjects reported satisfaction, while 24% were very satisfied. There were no permanent adverse effects, and only one patient developed a temporary hypertrophic scar. Conclusion We concluded that combination therapy with CROSS and fractionated nonablative laser in the same visit is an effective and safe treatment option for atrophic acne scars in patients with various skin types, including skin of color.
A Preliminary Review on EMG Signals for Assessment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Disorder

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) disorder is a neuromuscular disorder most commonly detected in type 2 diabetic patients. DPN is associated with extremely high blood sugar levels that cause nerve damage resulting in sensation loss beginning in the feet and eventually progressing upwards towards the knee and beyond. In this paper, we explore if the resulting muscle weakness can be detected through examination of electromyography (EMG) data recorded from leg muscles. DPN induced motor disability provides motivation for our work to understand the neuromuscular behavior and identify factors that could contribute towards treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Fifteen features that are extensively used for EMG signal classification were used in this study. We analyzed the features extracted from the recorded EMG signals and successfully detected abnormal contractions of muscles in the lower extremity during normal walking trials. Preliminary results of our research are presented in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented methodology.
Rethinking strategies for blood transfusion in hip fracture patients.

Objectives Most patients can tolerate a hemoglobin (Hgb) > 8 g per deciliter. In some cases, however, transfusion will delay physical therapy and hospital discharge. This study aims to review Hgb and transfusion data for a large volume of recent hip fracture patients in order to identify new opportunities for decreasing the length of hospital stay. Our hypotheses are that in some cases, earlier transfusion of more blood will be associated with shorter hospital stays, and that Hgb levels consistently decrease for more than 3 days postoperatively. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Two academic medical centers with Geriatric Fracture Programs. Patients Data was collected from patients 50 years and older with hip fractures April 2015 and October 2017. Intervention Operative stabilization of the hip fractures according to standard of care for the fracture type and patient characteristics. Transfusion according to established standards. Main outcome measurements Electronic records were retrospectively reviewed for demographic information, Hgb levels, and transfusion events. Results One thousand fifteen patients with femoral neck or intertrochanteric hip fractures were identified. Eight hundred sixty met the inclusion criteria. The average length of hospital stay was 6.7 days. The mean patient age was 82 years. The average American Society of Anesthesiologists score was 2.9. The average Hgb level consistently decreased for 5 days postoperatively before beginning to increase on day 6. There was poor consistency between intraoperative Hgb levels and preoperative or postoperative Hgb levels. Three hundred sixty-eight (42.8%) patients were transfused an average of 1.9 (range 1-6) units. One hundred five patients required a transfusion on postoperative day (POD) 1: 72 received only 1 unit of blood: 36 (50%) of the 72 required a second transfusion in the following days, compared to 9 of 33 (27%) who received 2 units on POD 1 (χ2 = 3.8898; P 2.5 days longer than those who received a transfusion earlier (P = 0.005). Conclusions Our findings do not support earlier transfusion of more blood. Although in some cases, there is an association between earlier transfusion of more blood and shorter hospital stay, routine transfusion of more blood would incur higher transfusion risks in some patients who would not otherwise meet criteria for transfusion. After hip fracture surgery, the Hgb usually decreases for 5 days and does not begin to increase until POD 6. This information will provide utility in the population health management of hip fracture patients. Level of evidence Level III, Retrospective Cohort Study.
The impact of public health interventions on critical illness in the pediatric emergency department during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Study objective The impact of public health interventions during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic on critical illness in children has not been studied. We seek to determine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 related public health interventions on emergency healthcare utilization and frequency of critical illness in children. Methods This was an interrupted time series analysis conducted at a single tertiary pediatric emergency department (PED). All patients evaluated by a provider from December 31 through May 14 of 6 consecutive years (2015-2020) were included. Total patient visits (ED and urgent care), shock trauma suite (STS) volume, and measures of critical illness were compared between the SARS-CoV-2 period (December 31, 2019 to May 14, 2020) and the same period for the previous 5 years combined. A segmented regression model was used to explore differences in the 3 outcomes between the study and control period. Results Total visits, STS volume, and volume of critical illness were all significantly lower during the SARS-CoV-2 period. During the height of public health interventions, per day there were 151 fewer total visits and 7 fewer patients evaluated in the STS. The odds of having a 24-hour period without a single critical patient were >5 times higher. Trends appeared to start before the statewide shelter-in-place order and lasted for at least 8 weeks. Conclusions In a metropolitan area without significant SARS-CoV-2 seeding, the pandemic was associated with a marked reduction in PED visits for critical pediatric illness.
Quadrature by two expansions: Evaluating Laplace layer potentials using complex polynomial and plane wave expansions

Abstract The recently developed quadrature by expansion (QBX) technique [24] accurately evaluates the layer potentials with singular, weakly or nearly singular, or even hyper singular kernels in the integral equation reformulations of partial differential equations. The idea is to form a local complex polynomial or partial wave expansion centered at a point away from the boundary to avoid the singularity in the integrand, and then extrapolate the expansion at points near or even exactly on the boundary. In this paper, in addition to the local complex Taylor polynomial expansion, we derive new representations of the Laplace layer potentials using both the local complex polynomial and plane wave type expansions. Unlike in the QBX, the local complex polynomial expansion in the new quadrature by two expansions (QB2X) method only collects the far-field contributions and its number of expansion terms can be analyzed using tools from the classical fast multipole method (FMM). The plane wave type expansion in the QB2X method is derived by first applying the Fourier extension technique to the density and polynomial approximation of the boundary geometry, and then analytically evaluating the integral using the Residue Theorem with properly chosen complex contour. The plane wave type expansion accurately captures the high frequency properties of the layer potential that are determined (up to a prescribed accuracy) only by the local features of the density function and boundary geometry, and the nonlinear impact of the boundary on the layer potential becomes explicit. The QB2X technique allows high order numerical discretizations and can be adopted easily in existing FMM based fast integral equation solvers. We present preliminary numerical results to validate our analysis and demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the QB2X representations when compared with the classical QBX method.
Changes in Affective Perceptions with Changes in Academic Achievement: A Preliminary Study of Three Twelve-Year-Old Boys

At Drexel University in 1967, the Self-Controlled Interactive Learning System (SCILS) Program was started to implement a unique approach developed for teaching basic reading and other academic skills. The SCILS Program revolves around a learner, a monitor, courseware, and equipment. The monitor supervises the SCILS experience, observes the learner while he or she is working with the equipment, and plans the appropriate sequence of learning activities based on the learner’s specific requirements.
Creatine in Health and Disease

Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. This is because creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, particularly during metabolically stressed states, and limitations in the ability to transport and/or store creatine can impair metabolism. Moreover, increasing availability of creatine in tissue may enhance cellular metabolism and thereby lessen the severity of injury and/or disease conditions, particularly when oxygen availability is compromised. This systematic review assesses the peer-reviewed scientific and medical evidence related to creatine’s role in promoting general health as we age and how creatine supplementation has been used as a nutritional strategy to help individuals recover from injury and/or manage chronic disease. Additionally, it provides reasonable conclusions about the role of creatine on health and disease based on current scientific evidence. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that creatine supplementation has several health and therapeutic benefits throughout the lifespan.
Review of Student Wellness and Academic Libraries: Case Studies and Activities for Promoting Health and Success

Review of Holder, S. & Lannon, A. (Eds.). (2020). Student wellness and academic libraries: Case studies and activities for promoting health and success. Association of College and Research Libraries.
The New Department of Radiation Oncology 1970–1975

The Department of Radiation Oncology was established effective June 1, 1970, with separation of radiology into imaging radiology and therapeutic radiology. Accordingly, the Chief of Radiation Oncology would report directly to the General Director of the hospital, John Knowles, and serve as a member of the General Executive Committee. An interesting point is that then and for many years, the Chief of Radiation Oncology was the only oncologist on the General Executive Committee.
Quantile Spacings: A Simple Method for the Joint Estimation of Multiple Quantiles Without Crossing

We propose a simple but flexible parametric method for estimating multiple conditional quantiles. By construction, the estimated quantiles will satisfy the monotonicity requirement which must hold for any distribution, so, in contrast to many benchmark methods, they are not susceptible to the well-known quantile crossing problem. Rather than directly modeling the level of each individual quantile, we begin with a single quantile (usually the median), and then add or subtract sums of nonnegative functions (quantile spacings) to obtain the other quantiles. Our approach is thus a natural extension of the location-scale paradigm that also permits higher order moments (e.g., skewness and kurtosis) to vary. We propose two estimation methods and characterize the limiting behavior of each, establishing consistency, asymptotic normality, and the validity of bootstrap inference. The latter method, under an additional "linear index" assumption, respects monotonicity but preserves the computational tractability of standard linear quantile regression. We propose a simple interpolation method which generates a mapping from a finite number of quantiles to a probability density function. Simulation exercises demonstrate that the estimators perform well in finite samples. Finally, three applications demonstrate the utility of the method in time-series (forecasting), cross-sectional, and panel settings.
Studies on uricase. III. The oxidation of uric acid by model copper complexes.

Abstract 1. 1. The catalytic oxidation of uric acid by copper has been studied and the results suggest that more than one copper atom, complexed with a buffer anion is involved in the electron transferring complex. 2. 2. Cooper cannot be replaced in this system by divalent iron, nickel, manganese, zinc or cobalt. 3. 3. Copper complexes containing only one copper atom did not oxidize uric acid under the conditions studied. 4. 4. In the presence of cyanide ions the oxidation of uric acid by copper is greatly stimulated and can be extended to pH values within the range of enzymic activity, although only with 10 −4 times the turnover number of the enzyme per copper atom. A mechanism is suggested for this stimulation. 5. 5. The reaction with copper cyanide is stoichiometric but becomes catalytic in the presence of excess copper. 6. 6. The specificity of the model systems is discussed and shown to be consistent with inhibition data for uricase.
Transport of folate compounds by leukemic cells. Evidence for a single influx carrier for methotrexate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and folate in CCRF-CEM human lymphoblasts.

Abstract Influx kinetics and inhibitor specificity have been compared for the transport of methotrexate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and folate in CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastoid cells. Influx of each folate compound proceeded with approximately the same V max , fluctuated in the same fashion with the ionic composition of the medium, and was blocked by low concentrations of an N -hydroxysuccinimide ester of methotrexate in both an anion-deficient buffer and in a buffered saline medium containing physiological concentrations of glucose and bicarbonate. Moreover, methotrexate influx was inhibited by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folate, and the inhibition constants ( K i ) of the latter compounds were equivalent to their K t values for half-maximal influx. Folate influx was likewise inhibited by methotrexate. The K i for methotrexate was equivalent to its K t for influx, and o -phthalate and phosphate each inhibited folate and methotrexate with the same degree of effectiveness. Various reversible and irreversible inhibitors reduced the influx of each folate substrate by >90%, and the progression of inhibition in each case was indicative of a single uptake component. Folate influx exhibited the same high sensitivity to inhibitors of methotrexate influx when measurements were performed at folate concentrations near the K t for influx (10–50 μM) or at concentrations approximating physiological conditions (5–20 nM). These results indicate that CCRF-CEM cells possess a single shared transport system for the uptake of methotrexate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and folate and that other high- or low-affinity uptake processes are not present in these cells.
Influence of Confinement and Cementation Level on the Behavior of Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitated Sands under Monotonic Drained Loading

AbstractMicrobial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a novel ground improvement method to increase strength and stiffness of sand using natural biogeochemical processes. Cementation level and confining pressure are two important factors that control the behavior of MICP sand. The monotonic mechanical response of MICP cemented sand is systematically investigated using four cementation levels (untreated, lightly treated, moderately treated, and heavily treated) and three levels of effective confining pressure (100, 200, and 400 kPa). The results indicate that the stiffness, peak shear strength, and dilation increases with an increase in calcite content at a given effective confining pressure and the dilation is suppressed with an increase in effective confining pressure. This behavior is consistent with soil-like behavior; therefore, all the MICP soils presented herein are evaluated using critical-state soil mechanics and not an analogous fracture-mechanics framework. The experimental results also indi...
Dynamics of Government revenues and expenditures in industrial economies

The sources of growth in government revenues and expenditures in 22 OECD countries is addressed. The question of whether the revenue constraint is binding on the growth of government expenditures, or whether the ‘displacement’ effect of expenditure growth is binding is considered. Controls for the effects of the output gap and inflation rate on government revenues and expenditures in each of the 22 countries are presented. A major conclusion is that reductions in spending are essential to reducing budget deficits and controlling government size.
Hyperoxia Induction of Human Heme Oxygenase 1 is a Transcriptional Response and is Dependent Upon Free Iron • 1971

Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is well known for its function as the rate limiting step in heme degradation, and is induced by a variety of stimuli such as heavy metals, inflammatory mediators, and oxidants. Recently HO-1 has been identified to have antioxidant properties and its induction is thought to be a protective mechanism. We and others have identified HO-1 as a hyperoxia inducible protein, and in human pulmonary cells this induction is dramatically enhanced by increasing cellular free iron. In this study, we further characterized the response of human HO-1 gene expression in isolated human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC) to hyperoxia, FeSO4, and the free iron chelator, desferoximine (DFO). Total RNA was isolated following treatments with the above and HO-1 mRNA levels evaluated by Northern analysis utilizing a radiolabeled human HO-1 cDNA. The 3 fold induction by hyperoxia and potentiated by iron (15 fold induction) was completely inhibited by DFO. In addition, DFO exposure resulted in HO-1 mRNA levels below basal expression. To determine if DFO's inhibitory effect was on the HO-1 promoter, transient transfection experiments were performed using a construct containing 4.5 kb of the human HO-1 promoter in a promoterless human growth hormone (hGH) plasmid. DFO exposure resulted in a decrease in the reporter gene expression, hGH mRNA and levels, as compared to control cells. To determine if hyperoxia induction was transcriptionally dependent, nuclear run-on experiments were performed on HPAEC exposed to room air or hyperoxia plus iron. We observed a 7.3 fold increase in newly synthesized HO-1 transcripts in response to hyperoxia plus iron. Studies using the -4.5 kb human HO-1/hGH plasmid showed no promoter activity for hyperoxia with or without iron. However, there was an increase in the reporter gene expression in response to heme or cadmium indicating that this was a functional promoter. These studies indicate that free cellular iron, chelatable iron, is a mediator of HO-1 expression, and this response is transcriptionally dependent. Previous studies of the mouse HO-1 gene have identified the same regulatory region for heme, cadmium, and hyperoxia stimulation. The response of the human HO-1 gene to hyperoxia is also transcriptionally dependent, however, unlike the mouse gene, hyperoxia dependent regulation of the human HO-1 gene is unique from heme and cadmiun. Therefore the molecular mechanisms involved in hyperoxia dependent induction for the human HO-1 gene can not be extrapolated by studies of the mouse gene.
Extratropical large-scale air-sea interaction in a coupled and uncoupled ocean-atmosphere model

Spatial patterns of mid-latitude large-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction on monthly to seasonal time scales have been observed to exhibit a similar structure in both the North Pacific and North Atlantic basins. These patterns have been interpreted as a generic oceanic response to surface wind anomalies, whereby the anomalous winds give rise to corresponding anomalous regions of surface heat flux and consequent oceanic cooling. This mechanistic concept is investigated in this study using numerical models of a global atmosphere and a mid-latitude ocean basin (nominally the Atlantic). The models were run in both coupled and uncoupled mode. Model output was used to generate multi-year time series of monthly mean fields. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses were then used to obtain the principal patterns of variability in heat flux, air temperature, wind speed, and sea surface temperature (SST), and to determine the relationships among these variables. SVD analysis indicates that the turbulent heat flux from the ocean to the atmosphere is primarily controlled by the surface scalar wind speed, and to a lesser extent by air temperature and SST. The principal patterns of air-sea interaction are closely analogous to those found in observational data. In the atmosphere, the pattern consists of a simultaneous strengthening (or weakening) of the mid-latitude westerlies and the easterly trades. In the ocean there is cooling (warming) under the anomalously strong (weak) westerlies and trade winds, with a weaker warming (cooling) in the region separating the westerly and easterly wind regimes. These patterns occur in both coupled and uncoupled models and the primary influence of the coupling is in localizing the interaction patterns. The oceanic patterns can be explained by the principal patterns of surface heat flux and the attendant warming or cooling of the ocean mixed layer.
The role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in surgical planning for limbal dermoids.

Purpose Limbal dermoids usually involve corneal stroma and more rarely might extend into the anterior chamber. Depending on the size and amount of penetration of the lesion, different therapeutic approaches are indicated. Depth information is difficult to obtain by slit-lamp examination because the structure is opaque. We investigated the use of ultrasound biomicroscopic (UBM) examination for surgical planning in limbal dermoids. Methods The UBM (Zeiss Humphrey) with its 50-MHz probe was used for preoperative evaluation of the depth of penetration in two cases of infantile limbal dermoid. Histology specimens of the lesion corresponding to the UBM images were obtained. Results UBM was able to distinguish normal cornea from the more sonolucent lesion. Presence or absence of Descemet's membrane could be identified. Depth of involvement of limbal dermoids could be assessed. Conclusion UBM is able to assess depth involvement of opaque corneal lesions such as limbal dermoids. Because planning of the surgical approach in these cases is facilitated by preoperative knowledge about the depth of penetration of these opaque lesions, UBM can be regarded as a helpful tool in the clinical management.
College Coursework on Children’s Play and Future Early Childhood Educators’ Intended Practices: The Mediating Influence of Perceptions of Play

Research on the role of play coursework in future professionals’ integration of play in education is essential in the colleges where future professionals are trained. However, the literature on this topic is very thin. It remains unclear whether college coursework on children’s play is related to students’ intentions to integrate play in early childhood education settings and, further, what the mechanism is in the relationships. To better understand the role of play coursework and the way future professionals are educated while in college, we examined whether links existed between future professionals’ play coursework, perceptions of play, and intention to integrate play in their future classrooms. The results revealed a complete mediating role of students’ perceptions of play in association between play-related coursework and intention to integrate play. It confirms play coursework in college has a significant role in these future professionals’ intentions to use play; at the same time, the association needs to be understood when coupled with their perceptions of play. Based on these findings, this paper discusses recommendations when designing college curriculum and play-related coursework to support future professionals in constructing positive perceptions about play and enhancing intentions of play integration. Practical implications for teacher education and child and family studies educators, and future research implications are also discussed.
Decreased functional brain connectivity in individuals with early-treated phenylketonuria: evidence from resting state fMRI

Previous histological and neuroimaging studies have documented structural abnormalities in the white matter of the brain in individuals with early-treated phenylketonuria (ETPKU). It remains unclear, however, the extent to which the function of the brain’s interconnections are impacted by this condition. Presently, we utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate the synchronization of neural signals (i.e., functional connectivity) among brain regions comprising the default mode network (DMN) in a sample of 11 individuals with ETPKU and 11 age- and gender-matched neurologically intact controls. The DMN is a group of interconnected brain regions that are known to be generally more active during rest than during task performance. Data analysis revealed decreased functional connectivity among DMN regions for the ETPKU group compared with the control group. Within the PKU group, we also found a significant relationship between blood phenylalanine (phe) levels and the functional connectivity between select regions of the DMN. In conjunction with findings from another recent fMRI study (Christ, Moffitt et al. 2010), the present results suggest that ETPKU-related deficiencies in functional connectivity are pervasive. The current findings also provide initial evidence that the extent of such impairment may be moderated in part by blood phe levels.
Calculation of the point-by-point error in protein crystallographic electron-density functions

In protein crystallographic studies, the mean-square error at each point in the electron-density function is given, in space group P1, by [formula: see text] Here, Fo is the observed structure-factor amplitude; m(h) exp [i alpha B(h)] = P[alpha(h)] exp (i alpha) d alpha is the weighted phase factor in the 'best' Fourier coefficient of Blow & Crick; m2(h) exp (i alpha 2) = P[alpha(h)] exp (2i alpha) d alpha is similar to a traditional second moment. P[alpha(h)] d alpha is the probability that the phase angle for a given reflection has value between alpha and alpha + d alpha.
Prophet sharing: strategic interaction between Muslim clerics and Middle Eastern regimes 1

Muslim clerics can legitimate regimes or move the faithful against them. The article presents a theory of regime–clerical interaction and tests its predictions in Egypt and Iran. It shows that both the regime's need for legitimation and the clerics' desire to oppose are functions of the strength of regime opponents and the extent to which their agenda overlaps with that of clerics. Clerical rebellion is rare because its causes also pressure regimes to co‐opt clerics. Likewise, clerics' needs to follow “constituent opinion” often exceed their ability to shape it. The article shows that regime–clerical relations are more predictable than previous scholarship suggests. 1I am grateful for comments and suggestions from Gehad Auda, Hossam Bahgat, Leonard Binder, Fotini Chistia, Michael Cook, Jodi Finkel, Jeffrey Frieden, Barbara Geddes, Anthony Gill, David Karol, Marisa Kellam, Monica Duffy Toft, Jessica Trounstine, Steven Walt and all of the participants in the 2005–06 Olin Seminar. The manuscript benefited tr...
A new golden standard for residency training.

In what might be described as the golden age of American medicine, 1900 through 1920, American hospitals served patients who were primarily poor, transient, or who otherwise could not arrange private nursing accommodations for home care. Doctors and their young apprentices attended to the care of these charity patients who represented the entire spectrum of medical problems. The patient would present with acute or chronic symptoms and be kept in the hospital until he or she was able to resume daily living outside the hospital setting. "Private" patients were admitted into the hospital primarily for surgical procedures or when the personal circumstances of the patient required, in the doctor's opinion, a respite from the home setting. The lack of technical sophistication coupled with the presence of a large number of nonacute cases afforded the practicing physician and his apprentices considerable time to get to know each patient personally and to
Miniature magnetic stirring motor for use in teaching and analytical control laboratories

Abstract A magnetic stirrer is described which may be powered by water, air or vacuum, and which can be used for a variety of stirring operations, more satisfactorily than the electrically driven stirrers.
Prenatal and Postpartum Depression in Fathers and Its Association With Maternal Depression: A Meta-analysis

Context It is well established that maternal prenatal and postpartum depression is prevalent and has negative personal, family, and child developmental outcomes. Paternal depression during this period may have similar characteristics, but data are based on an emerging and currently inconsistent literature. Objective To describe point estimates and variability in rates of paternal prenatal and postpartum depression over time and its association with maternal depression. Data Sources Studies that documented depression in fathers between the first trimester and the first postpartum year were identified through MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Google Scholar, dissertation abstracts, and reference lists for the period between January 1980 and October 2009. Study Selection Studies that reported identified cases within the selected time frame were included, yielding a total of 43 studies involving 28 004 participants after duplicate reports and data were excluded. Data Extraction Information on rates of paternal and maternal depression, as well as reported paternal-maternal depressive correlations, was extracted independently by 2 raters. Effect sizes were calculated using logits, which were back-transformed and reported as proportions. Random-effects models of event rates were used because of significant heterogeneity. Moderator analyses included timing, measurement method, and study location. Study quality ratings were calculated and used for sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was evaluated with funnel plots and the Egger method. Data Synthesis Substantial heterogeneity was observed among rates of paternal depression, with a meta-estimate of 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5%-12.7%). Higher rates of depression were reported during the 3- to 6-month postpartum period (25.6%; 95% CI, 17.3%-36.1%). The correlation between paternal and maternal depression was positive and moderate in size (r = 0.308; 95% CI, 0.228-0.384). No evidence of significant publication bias was detected. Conclusions Prenatal and postpartum depression was evident in about 10% of men in the reviewed studies and was relatively higher in the 3- to 6-month postpartum period. Paternal depression also showed a moderate positive correlation with maternal depression.
The effect of aluminum as an alloying addition or as an implant on the high-temperature oxidation of Ni-25Cr

The oxidation behavior of aluminum-implanted Ni-25Cr and Ni-25Cr containing 1 wt.% Al has been studied at 1000°C and 1100°C in oxygen. As did Y alloying addition or Y-implantation, 1 wt.% Al added to Ni-25Cr prevented nodular formation of Ni-containing oxides, improved spalling resistance of the scale upon cooling to a similar degree, and eliminated the formation of large voids between the alloy and the scale at the oxidation temperature. However, the Al addition did not alter the rate of growth of the Cr2O3 scale, nor did it change the growth direction. Al-implantation produced no effect even when the maximum concentration and depth of penetration were adjusted to be identical with those of the yttrium in the Y-implanted alloy. The implications of these results concerning the reactive element effect are discussed.
EGG INCUBATION IN THE NOBLE CRAYFISH (ASTACUS ASTACUS L.): THE EFFECT OF CONTROLLED LABORATORY AND OUTDOOR AMBIENT CONDITION ON HATCHING SUCCESS, GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF JUVENILES

The incubation of eggs on pleopods of 13 female noble crayfish was controlled by means of water temperature after CUKERZIS et al. (1978). Out-door incubation of eggs on pleopods of 15 females was monitored at ambient temperature in an earthen storage pond. With controlled incubation of eggs, the duration of incubation period was shortened and earlier hatching resulted in so-called advanced juveniles. They hatched 88 days earlier than those normally hatched during out-door egg incubation. These 88 days prolonged the rearing period of advanced juvenile crayfish in the 1st growing season. When the advanced juvenile crayfish were isolated, there resulted a significantly lower number of stage 2 juveniles per female kept under controlled conditions (47 ± 25.0 individuals of stage 2 juveniles per female) compared to those females placed under out-door conditions (90.1 ± 46.9 individuals of stage 2 juveniles per female). Two females lost all eggs during controlled egg incubation, while no females lost all eggs during out-door egg incubation.After hatching, both groups (advanced and normally hatched juveniles) were provided with identical rearing conditions. Growth and survival rate were checked regularly. The advanced juvenile crayfish always reached significantly higher size in the given period than those normally hatched because they were 88 days older. At the end of rearing period (beginning of October), the advanced juveniles reached 26.0 ± 3.06 mm mean body length and 0.585 ± 0.197 g mean weight. In contrast, normally hatched juveniles reached 21.3 ± 2.25 mm mean body length and 0.305 ± 0.101 g mean weight. Comparing the growth of juveniles at a given age, the advance juveniles showed slower growth rate than those hatched normally. The advanced juveniles at 90 days of age (20.2 ± 1.83 mm mean body length, 0.207 ± 0.058 g mean weight) had significantly slower growth than those hatched normally (21.3 ± 2.25 mm mean body length, 0.305 ± 0.101 g mean weight). Apart from slower growth, the advanced juveniles also had a lower survival rate in the rearing period. In 90 days of age, the advanced juveniles showed 21% less survival rate than the normally hatched juveniles.
Distinct requirements for zebrafish angiogenesis revealed by a VEGF-A morphant.

Angiogenesis is a fundamental vertebrate developmental process that requires signalling by the secreted protein vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). VEGF-A functions in the development of embryonic structures, during tissue remodelling and for the growth of tumour-induced vasculature. The study of the role of VEGF-A during normal development has been significantly complicated by the dominant, haplo-insufficient nature of VEGF-A-targeted mutations in mice. We have used morpholino-based targeted gene knock-down technology to generate a zebrafish VEGF-A morphant loss of function model. Zebrafish VEGF-A morphant embryos develop with an enlarged pericardium and with major blood vessel deficiencies. Morphological assessment at 2 days of development indicates a nearly complete absence of both axial and intersegmental vasculature, with no or reduced numbers of circulating red blood cells. Molecular analysis using the endothelial markers fli-1 and flk-1 at 1 day of development demonstrates a fundamental distinction between VEGF-A requirements for axial and intersegmental vascular structure specification. VEGF-A is not required for the initial establishment of axial vasculature patterning, whereas all development of intersegmental vasculature is dependent on VEGF-A signalling. The zebrafish thus serves as a quality model for the study of conserved vertebrate angiogenesis processes during embryonic development.
Thermodynamic properties of aqueous polyatomic ions at extreme temperatures and pressures.

Recently a theoretical treatment (J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 2398−2404) was developed for predicting the standard state thermodynamic properties of electrolytes up to and beyond the critical tempe...
High-gain small-signal modes of the free-electron laser. II. Effect of electron energy spread

Abstract The small-signal gain of the fundamental exponentially growing mode of the high-gain free-electron laser is calculated, taking both diffraction and electron energy spread into account. As the electron beam radius is reduced, the gain bandwidth increases by a large amount. However, the tolerance of the gain to energy spread shows only a small increase.
Parasitic mites of Surinam XXXV: Two new Ophthalmodex spp. (O. Carolliae, O. Molossi: Demodicidae) from the bats Carollia perspicillata and Molossus molossus

ABSTRACT Ophfhalmodex carolliae from Carollia perspicillata and O. molossi from Molossus molossus, both mites obtained from the ocular cavities? are described. As in O. artibei Lukoschus and Nutting, both new species are markedly modified for survival as free-ranging demodicids in eyelid fornices or upon the cornea. Pathogenesis due to O. carolliae is limited to moderate roughening (by claws?) of the corneal epithelium, derangement (in feeding?) of conjunctival cells to the dermis, and apparent loosening and loss of epithelial-conjunctival cells. Ophthalmodex spp. appear host species specific: the two of phyllostomatids seem more closely related than either to that which parasitizes the molossid bat.