cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Radicalism Does Not Equal Ethnonationalism: Why Some Ethnic Minority Movements are Ethnonatinoalists While Others are Not

This paper compares ethnic minority movements that use radical mobilization strategies yet have inclusive nationalisms to those with moderate mobilization strategies yet ethnonationalist goals. Movements of these types present a puzzle because their willingness to identify with the state in which they live and their expectations of proper behavior by that state do not correspond to their willingness to work with formal political forces. To explain this puzzle, this paper focuses on the Zapatista Movement of Chiapas, Mexico, and the Chilean Mapuche Movement as primary cases. The Zapatistas consider themselves to be Mexican nationalists and patriots in addition to oppressed indigenous people yet tend toward more radical actions and a greater degree of local separatism than even the most radical segments of the more ethno-nationalist Chilean Mapuche movement. This paper uses an in-depth analysis of the actions of these movements and the documents they have generated to trace the causes of their different degrees of radicalism and types of nationalism. Based on these cases, I argue that exclusionary versus incorporative patterns of nation-building created a lasting legacy that influences the modern-day nationalisms of ethnic minorities in a given society. Ethnic minorities who were on the receiving end of historically inclusionary national projects are less likely to be ethnonationalists than those that experienced historically ethno-exclusionary states. In contrast, I argue that political actions tend to be strategically motivated and, therefore, more flexible than the type of nationalism a movement pursues. This greater path dependence of ideas in comparison to political strategies provides insights into ethnic politics that extend beyond the primary cases of this paper.
A construção do outro nas edições e traduções da obra de Carolina Maria de Jesus

This article investigates how translations and different editions of the Afro-Brazilian writer Carolina Maria de Jesus’ journals were used to construct a specific image of 1960s Brazil for a foreign audience. This article debates the power of representation not only by authors but also by editors, publishers, and translators, that is to say the entire publication process, which often limits authors’ decision-making powers. I compare the edition and translation strategies used by Audalio Dantas in the publication of Quarto de despejo (1960) and by David St. Clair in the translation Child of the dark (1962) to the strategies used in Meu estranho diario (1996), translated as The unedited diaries of Carolina Maria de Jesus (1998) by Nancy P.S. Naro e Cristina Mehrtens. In this analysis, intersections of race, gender, and class are fundamental to the international portrayal of De Jesus. I discuss translation as the tool for making these constructions possible, as well as their political reach.
Extended persistence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) DNA in Huanglongbing-affected citrus tissue after bacterial death

Abstract Objective We aimed to determine the rate of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) DNA disappearance from Huanglongbing (citrus greening disease)-affected citrus trees after bacterial death from heat treatment. Results Using the leaf disc sampling method, we followed CLas qPCR Ct values in leaves of potted ‘Valencia’ orange trees after a heat-treatment that eliminated viable CLas. Although titer declined, CLas remained detectable 5 months after treatment. These results warn caution in interpreting experiments that use CLas titer to assess effects therapeutic treatments on diseased plants. Residual DNA may be detectable for 6 months, but the time to decay depends on pretreatment titer.
Identifying Medication Management Confidence and Gaps in Training Among Community Health Workers in the United States.

Community Health Workers (CHWs) are a group of trained health professionals who advocate for members within their communities on social and health care issues. CHWs are increasingly utilized due to their affordability, accessibility, and ability to relate to patients. Evaluating CHW medication management practices, confidence, and training gaps may provide a better understanding of medication management training needs. The purpose of this cross-sectional survey was to assess CHW confidence in medication management, describe medication management services, and identify areas of focus to improve CHW medication management training. A 32-item survey was administered to CHWs in Idaho, Indiana, Nevada, and Oregon through their state’s CHW email listservs. The survey content covered four domains: (1) demographic information, (2) work history, (3) experience with medication management and (4) CHW training including specific questions regarding medication management training. Two free-response questions assessed whether medication management training was beneficial and gathered suggestions for medication management-specific training. A total of 77 CHWs completed the survey of which, 90.9% were female, 38.9% worked as CHWs between 1 and 3 years, and 89.6% received instate CHW training. Over three-fourths of respondents (79.2%) provide medication management-related services and 57.1% rate their confidence in medication management as ‘poor’ or ‘fair.’ CHWs reported a need for additional medication management training within CHW certificate and continuing education programs. CHWs provide medication management services but have low confidence in their ability to provide such services. A greater emphasis on medication management training should be included in CHW certificate and continuing education programs.
Management of Pediatric and Adolescent Varicocele

Management of the pediatric or adolescent varicocele remains one of the most debated topics in pediatric urology. As the majority of boys present with an asymptomatic varicocele and unknown future fertility, it is challenging to determine who would benefit most from surgical intervention and who can safely be managed with continued observation. Various techniques and modalities may be utilized in the evaluation of the adolescent varicocele. These include direct measurement with physical exam or orchidometry, ultrasound measurement of testicular asymmetry and peak retrograde flow, hormonal evaluation, and semen analysis. As not all adolescents with a varicocele experience testicular growth arrest or subfertility, active surveillance has emerged as a useful strategy. The decision to proceed to surgical intervention is based on documented testicular dysfunction over time. Surgical approaches include open surgery (high retroperitoneal, inguinal, or subinguinal), microsurgical techniques, laparoscopy, and endovascular techniques. Herein, we review the operative procedure, complication rate, and recurrence rate for each approach. Additionally, outcome success rates are assessed from the perspective of semen parameters, testicular volume measurements, hormone production, and paternity. Finally, specific conundrums, such as the pre-adolescent varicocele and the ethics of semen analysis in the adolescent population, are discussed.
Epistemic beliefs about the value of integrating information across multiple documents in history

Abstract Individual differences in epistemic dispositions may affect learning from multiple-document inquiry tasks by prompting different students to have different task and activity models. Students with epistemic beliefs that are more appropriate for the required activities may view a multiple-document inquiry task as an exercise in corroboration, seeking coherence, and looking for evidence to support claims, whereas students with less-appropriate epistemic beliefs may see the goal as simply finding the “right” answer verbatim within the documents. This paper describes attempts to develop an assessment for this subset of epistemic beliefs about the value of engaging in integration of evidence when learning from multiple documents in history. Across three experiments, the measure was shown to be reliable and valid. It also uniquely predicted multiple-document comprehension in history above and beyond beliefs about the simplicity and certainty of knowledge, and accounted for differences in prior instruction and experience with document-based questions.
Structure, Culture, and Agency: Examining Succession Planning in California State University (CSU) Libraries

AbstractThe Library and Information Science (LIS) literature in the last few decades has made clear that academic libraries have experienced deep budget cuts, hiring freezes, and an aging workforce...
Establishing an investigational drugs and research residency at an academic medical center.

Purpose The development, structure, and implementation of an innovative residency program designed to help meet a growing need for pharmacists with specialized expertise in investigational drug use and clinical research are described. Summary Clinical research has become an increasingly complex field, but prior to 2017 there were no U.S. specialty residency training programs focused on pharmacists' role in drug development and the care of patients enrolled in clinical trials. In 2016 Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) launched an initiative to develop residency training standards specific to the areas of investigational drug use and clinical research. The residency development process consisted of creation of a residency development committee; a needs assessment, including formation of a diverse panel of internal and external experts to guide identification of key competency areas and development of residency goals and objectives; design of the program's structure, including a framework for required and elective rotations; submission of an application for pre-candidate status to the ASHP Commission on Credentialing; and recruitment efforts. Conclusion The JHH investigational drugs and research residency, a combined PGY1 and PGY2 program with 5 competency areas, 14 goals, and 49 objectives, was granted pre-candidate status by ASHP in November 2016. The first resident began the program in June 2017.
Risk factors that predict longitudinal patterns of substantiated and unsubstantiated maltreatment reports

Abstract Background Substantiated and unsubstantiated reports of maltreatment are associated with similar risk of emotional and behavioral problems. However, substantiation status often determines service provision. Objective We examined substantiated and unsubstantiated reports to identify patterns of recurrence over a five-year period and identified family risk factors that predicted recurrence patterns. Participants and Setting We studied a subsample (N = 246,021) of the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System from 2011–2015. Methods Measures included child, caregiver, and child protective services case characteristics obtained in 2011. We used latent class analysis to identify heterogeneous classes, then entered class membership as the outcome variable in a multinomial logistic regression to identify risk factors. Results Four latent classes emerged: (1) initial unsubstantiation and moderate recurrence, (2) initial unsubstantiation and low recurrence, (3) initial substantiation and moderate recurrence, and (4) initial substantiation and low recurrence. Domestic violence (relative risk ratio (RRR) = 2.56, β = 0.94, SE = .02, p Conclusions Similar recurrence patterns between substantiated and unsubstantiated reports emphasize the importance of providing services regardless of substantiation status. Integrating administrative databases may reveal more variables that predict long-term recurrence.
Optimizing Dryland Crop Management to Regional Climate. Part II: U.S. Southern High Plains Grain Sorghum Production

Sorghum’s heat and drought tolerance make it, together with upland cotton, one of two crops produced profitably under dryland conditions in the U.S. Southern High Plains (SHP). Here, a simulation-based method evaluates management options that increase median SHP dryland sorghum yields and estimates those practice’s yield risk effects. This method generates climate-representative distributions of grain yields via a crop model driven by weather inputs from 21 SHP weather stations during 2005-2016. Optimal management practices for current SHP climate conditions were sought by generating yield distributions under 32 management options defined by 4 planting dates, 4 plant densities, and applied or no applied N. The highest median grain yields resulted from management options with the latest planting date (July 5) and the lowest plant density (24.7 K plants ha-1), while applied N had essentially no yield effect. Increased yields with later planting dates are consistent with sorghum’s growth cycle and SHP summer rainfall climatology. Confirming the low plant density yield effect may require additional field studies, as supporting evidence of higher yields at lower densities from other SHP field and modelling studies is inconclusive. These crop simulations, however, suggest late June to early July planting as part of management practices that maximize yields in dryland SHP sorghum production.
Right Heart Failure After Cardiac Transplantation

The right ventricle (RV) is vulnerable during and after heart transplantation. The donor heart goes through a series of events during procurement and implantation which can contribute to right heart failure (RHF). The four main physiologic insults are brainstem death of the donor, hypothermic ischemia during transportation, warm ischemia during surgery and reperfusion injury upon release of the cross-clamp. Recipients with pre-existing pulmonary hypertension are at highest risk of postoperative RHF. RHF typically occurs due to decreased contractility, increased preload or increased afterload during transplantation. The RV is susceptible to periprocedural myocardial strain, ischemia, cardioplegia and surgical trauma as well as hyperacute rejection and pulmonary emboli. In order to detect RHF and determine the etiology, invasive hemodynamic monitoring is required as well as advanced echocardiographic imaging. The management of acute RHF involves preload optimization, hemodynamic stabilization, maintenance of sinus rhythm and atrioventricular synchrony, and ventilatory support. Mechanical support is important in the setting of refractory RHF and needs to be instituted early on if there is poor response to medical therapy.
Depressive Disorders in HIV/AIDS: A Clinically Focused Narrative Review.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Assess strategies for diagnosing depressive disorders in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)• Identify factors that contribute to the development of depressive disorders in HIV/AIDS• Evaluate strategies for managing depressive disorders in HIV/AIDS ABSTRACT: Depressive disorders and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are associated with major socioeconomic burdens. The negative impact of depressive disorders on HIV/AIDS is well known, including on treatment outcomes. Unfortunately, depressive disorders are underdiagnosed and undertreated in seropositive persons. This review summarizes clinically useful information on depressive disorders in HIV/AIDS. More specifically, we address assessment, differential diagnosis, contributing factors, management, and common challenges in the treatment of depressive disorders in seropositive individuals. Assessment and diagnosis of depression may be challenging in seropositive persons because of several biopsychosocial particularities associated with HIV/AIDS. One of the difficulties is the overlap between depression and HIV/AIDS symptoms, particularly in individuals with advanced AIDS, requiring consideration of a broad differential diagnosis. Several factors related to HIV/AIDS status contribute to the higher rates of depressive disorders, including infectious-immunological, psychosocial, and exogenous factors. The treatment of depressive disorders in HIV/AIDS involves three groups of interventions: (1) pharmacological interventions, (2) psychotherapeutic interventions, and (3) management of other contributing factors. Challenges in management include poor adherence to treatment and the risk of suicide. We provide evidence-based recommendations to improve assessment and management of depressive disorders in seropositive persons.
La frontera en la visión literaria de Roberto Bolaño

I analyze the frontier and how the crossing of it affects the characters in 2666 and The Salvages Detectives of Roberto Bolano. The rise of feminicides in the cities of the border between Mexico and USA happened at the same time of the implementation of the NAFTA that attracted a lot of assembly plants. The coexistence of the violence represented by the military and political forces of the Mexican state and the drug dealers are examples of a fundamental failure of Mexico as a democratic state. Another phenomenon that affects the borders is the big migration of people to the development countries. The Salvages Detectives and 2666 are Bolano’s novels that work as tools that amplify –from a literary, sociological and political perspective- the complex reality of the border, where nomads that have lost their moral center are centrifuged by a dehumanizing modernity.
Regulation of luteal function and prolactin secretion in the pig: effects of orally and intracerebroventricularly applied RU 486 and relaxin

Porcine corpora lutea produce progesterone and relaxin during pregnancy and after hysterectomy. Peak amounts of relaxin are released into periph­ eral blood in both pregnant and hysterectomized animals on about day 113 (estrus = day 0 and term = 114), and this release coincides with an abrupt decrease in the progesterone concentration. RU 486, a progesterone receptor antagonist, was used to investigate the effects of interruption of progesterone binding to its receptor on luteal function and gonadotropin secretion of pigs with aging corpora lutea. RU 486 was administered orally to hysterectomized gilts (surgery on day 8) once a day (0800 h) on days 111-115 at two dosages (group 1, 2 mg/kg BW; group 2, 4 mg/kg BW). During 5 days of RU 486 treatment, plasma progesterone concentrations in both treated groups were markedly elevated (32 and 37 ng/ml for groups 1 and 2) compared with 22 ng/ml in the controls (group 3; f <0.01). PRL concentrations increased in both groups (9 and 13 ng/ml) and differed significantly from those of the controls (3 ng/ml) (f <0.04). RU 486 treatment delayed the time of relaxin peak to days 116.1 and 117.0 in groups 1 and 2 compared with day 114.1 in the controls (f <0.01). Pi-egnant gilts received RU 486 orally once a day (0800 h) at 4 mg/kg BW beginning on day 111 until parturition occurred. Parturition was induced on day 112.7 after only two RU 486 treatments compared with day 114.7 in the control group (f <0.01). Progesterone decreased abruptly from a pretreatment mean of 11 to < 0.6 ng/ml during the 2 days that RU 486 was given compared with a shift from 12 to 6 ng/hil during the same period in the controls (f <0.01). The time of the relaxin peak was advanced to day 112.1
Heritability of Structural Patterning in the Human Cerebral Cortex

Genetic influences that govern the spatial patterning of the human cortex and its structural variability are still incompletely known. We analyzed structural MR images in twins, siblings, and pairs of unrelated subjects. A comprehensive set of methods was employed to quantify properties of cortical features at different spatial scales. Measures were used to assess the influence of genetic similarity on structural patterning. Results indicated that: (1) Genetic effects significantly influence all structural features assessed here at all spatial resolutions, albeit at different strengths. (2) While strong genetic effects were found at the whole-brain and hemisphere level, effects were weaker at the regional and vertex level, depending on the measure under study. (3) Besides cortical thickness, sulcal (geodesic) depth was found to be under strong genetic control. The local pattern indicated that two axes along (a) the anterior-posterior direction (insula to parieto-occipital sulcus), and (b) superior-inferior direction (central sulcus to callosal sulcus) presumably determine the segregation of four quadrants in each hemisphere early in development. (4) While strong structural asymmetries were found at the regional level, genetic influences on laterality were relatively minor.
Racialization and gender in Tumblr: Beyoncé as a raciolinguistic semiotic resource

Combining raciolinguistics and social semiotics, I explore a snapshot of socio-politically and historically contextualized multimodal digital activity in social networking site Tumblr involving American entertainer Beyonce. I examine a set of 41 Tumblr posts, gathered in 2016 during Beyonce’s heightened social and political salience, in which users expressed counterhegemonic stances. I first demonstrate how Tumblr users employ images and references of Beyonce in ways that resist visual and linguistic hegemonic discourses and realize and index issues of race and gender. I show how Tumblr users resemiotize and reentextualize Beyonce in decolonizing stances, including those that challenge White gazes, prioritize non-White subjectivity, and destabilize Whiteness. I conclude that Beyonce’s use as a semiotic resource adds to her indexicalities as she is deployed in various stances. I assert that a raciolinguistic perspective elucidates intersectionally racialized and gendered ideological changes to Beyonce’s multimodal indexical field and that attention to digital semiotics increases the multimodal and intersectional perspectives of raciolinguistic analyses.
N-Glycan Modification in Covid-19 Pathophysiology: In vitro Structural Changes with Limited Functional Effects

In 2014, we reported two siblings with a rare congenital disorder of glycosylation due to mutations in mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase (MOGS). The glycan alteration derived from this disease resulted in an in vitro infection resistance to particular enveloped, N-glycosylation-dependent viruses as influenza and HIV. As part of the global effort to find safe and effective antiviral therapies for Covid-19, we assessed the in vitro activity of the FDA-approved α-glucosidase inhibitor miglustat against SARS-CoV-2. Expression plasmids encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and human ACE2 glycoproteins (GP) were tested to evaluate N-glycan modifications induced by α-glucosidase inhibition. Immunoprecipitation was used to assess binding between these two GP. Cell-to-cell fusion was assessed by immunofluorescence of cocultures of SARS-CoV-2 S and ACE2-expressing cells. Miglustat effect on immune response was tested by measuring cytokine release from PBMC exposed to purified SARS-CoV-2 S. In our overexpression system, miglustat successfully and specifically modified N-glycans in both SARS-CoV-2 S and its main receptor ACE2. Binding between these two GP was not affected by glycan modifications. A surrogate marker for viral cytopathic effect, measured as receptor-dependent SARS-CoV-2 S-driven cell-to-cell fusion, was not disrupted by miglustat treatment. This observation was further confirmed in MOGS-null transfected cells. Miglustat produced no statistically significant effects on cytokine production following SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein stimulation of PBMC. Our work shows that despite clear N-glycan alteration in the presence of miglustat, the functions of the Covid-19-related glycoproteins studied were not affected, making it unlikely that miglustat can change the natural course of the disease.
Mergers, Spin-Offs, and Employee Incentives

This paper studies mergers between competing firms and shows that while such mergers reduce the level of product market competition, they may have an adverse effect on employee incentives to innovate. In industries where value creation depends on innovation and development of new products, mergers are likely to be inefficient even though they increase the market power of the post-merger firm. In such industries, a stand-alone structure where independent firms compete both in the product market and in the market for employee human capital leads to a greater profitability. Furthermore, our analysis shows that multidivisional firms can improve employee incentives and increase firm value by reducing firm size through a spin-off transaction although doing so eliminates the economies of scale advantage of being a larger firm and the benefits of operating an internal capital market within the firm. Finally, our paper suggests that established firms can benefit from creating their own competition in the product and labor markets by accommodating new firm entry, and the desire to do so is greater at the intermediate stages of industry/product development.
Immune memory from SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters provides variant-independent protection but still allows virus transmission.

SARS-CoV-2 has caused significant morbidity and mortality across the globe. As the virus spreads, new variants are arising that show enhanced capacity to bypass pre-existing immunity. To understand...
Structure and Mechanism of the Siderophore-Interacting Protein from the Fuscachelin Gene Cluster of Thermobifida fusca

Microbial iron acquisition is a complex process and frequently a key and necessary step for survival. Among the several paths for iron assimilation, small molecule siderophore-mediated transport is a commonly employed strategy of many microorganisms. The chemistry and biology of the extraordinary tight and specific binding of siderophores to metal is also exploited in therapeutic treatments for microbial virulence and metal toxicity. The intracellular fate of iron acquired via the siderophore pathway is one of the least understood steps in the complex process at the molecular level. A common route to cellular incorporation is the single-electron reduction of ferric to ferrous iron catalyzed by specific and/or nonspecific reducing agents. The biosynthetic gene clusters for siderophores often contain representatives of one or two families of redox-active enzymes: the flavin-containing "siderophore-interacting protein" and iron-sulfur ferric siderophore reductases. Here we present the structure and characterization of the siderophore-interacting protein, FscN, from the fuscachelin siderophore gene cluster of Thermobifida fusca. The structure shows a flavoreductase fold with a noncovalently bound FAD cofactor along with an unexpected metal bound adjacent to the flavin site. We demonstrated that FscN is redox-active and measured the binding and reduction of ferric fuscachelin. This work provides a structural basis for the activity of a siderophore-interacting protein and further insight into the complex and important process of iron acquisition and utilization.
Rhetorical Tools for Communicating Strategic Change: Dana's Definitional Statement

What rhetorical tools are critical for managers seeking to communicate strategy? What textual features matter when developing a language of change? To explore these questions we compare Dana Corporation's 1987 strategic definitional statement, The Philosophy and Policies of Dana, with its 2004 revision, our framework being Eccles and Nohria's triadic of rhetoric, action, and identity. In a newly competitive environment, Dana evolved from recognition as an exemplary company into reorganization under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Concurrently, their 2004 statement marks a significant rhetorical shift. Dana's example suggests the usefulness of thematic rearrangement, language adjustments, and opening sentence subjects to articulate revisions in purpose, values, and behavioral expectations and illustrates the usefulness of Eccles and Nohria's framework for understanding rhetoric as a strategic organizational activity.
Both type I and type II interferons down-regulate human tumor necrosis factor receptors in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep G2 / role of protein kinase C

It is well known that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma; type II) potentiates various responses of human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in a wide variety of cells and that this potentiation is accompanied by the up-regulation of TNF receptor synthesis. In the present studies we examined the regulation of TNF receptors by type I and type II IFNs in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HEP G2. Exposure of these cells to IFN-gamma led to a decrease in TNF receptor number (4029 vs. 2719 sites/cell) without any change in the receptor affinity (0.96 nM vs. 1.1 nM). The effect was time and dose-dependent. Like IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta (type I) down-modulated the TNF receptors on these cells. The effect of IFNs on the TNF receptors was inhibited by staurosporin, a protein kinase C (PK-C) inhibitor. Furthermore, by the use of receptor-specific antibodies, we found that the IFN-dependent decrease was primarily due to the p60 form of the TNF receptor. Our results presented are the first to demonstrate that IFNs can also down-modulate TNF receptors in certain cells and that this effect is mediated through PK-C.
Using HYPER to teach datapath design techniques in an ASIC design course

HYPER is a high level synthesis tool available from UC Berkeley for real-time, datapath intensive architectures such as those found in digital signal processing and video imaging applications. We have used HYPER as an adjunct tool in our ASIC design course for illustrating area versus time versus power tradeoffs in datapath design. These design tradeoffs can be explored via HYPER's wide range of transformation capabilities which include pipelining, retiming, constant multiplication expansion, time-loop unrolling and various algebraic law transformations. >
Hydrogen and defects in laser annealed amorphous silicon

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon was crystallized by pulsed laser annealing to yield hydrogenated crystalline silicon. Nuclear reaction analysis was used to measure hydrogen concentrations and depth distributions. Infrared absorption measurements were used to study the chemically bonded hydrogen. Their measurements also reveal that divacancies may remain in the lightly-damaged underlying crystalline region after annealing with laser energies sufficient to produce recrystallization. Divacancies anneal out by 350°C and defect structures in the vicinity of the bonded hydrogen change between 200 to 500°C. No evidence for point defects or chemically bonded hydrogen was found after anneals above 500°C.
Translation of nutritional sciences into medical education: the Nutrition Academic Award Program

For the past 40 y the scientific community has decried the inadequacy of the training of physicians and other health professionals in the subject of human nutrition. In 1997 the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute developed the Nutrition Academic Award (NAA) Program, an initiative to improve nutrition training across a network of US medical schools. The purpose of this funding, which began in 1998, is to support the development and enhancement of nutrition curricula for medical students, residents, and practicing physicians to learn principles and practice skills in nutrition. The NAA recipients developed the Nutrition Curricular Guide for Training Physicians, a plan to incorporate clinical guidelines into physician practice skills, create educational and assessment practice tools, and evaluate curricula, materials, and teaching tools. Dissemination of NAA activities and materials will be facilitated by a national website, presentations and publications, and consultants and advisors from the NAA nutrition education programs. The NAA Program constitutes a major new effort to enhance nutrition knowledge and skills among health care providers and to effectively apply the science of human nutrition to clinical medicine. This article describes the purpose and aims of the NAA Program, the organizational structure of the network of recipients, a profile of the recipients and individual programs at 21 medical schools, the various strategies to overcome barriers in training physicians in human nutrition, and collaborative and dissemination efforts.
TNF-α impairs insulin signaling and insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in C2C12muscle cells

Physiological stressors such as sepsis and tissue damage initiate an acute immune response and cause transient systemic insulin resistance. This study was conducted to determine whether tumor necro...
NMR spectroscopic investigation of inclusion complexes between cyclodextrins and the neurotoxin tetramethylenedisulfotetramine.

The binding stoichiometry, strength and structure of inclusion complexes formed between the neurotoxin tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) and both native and modified cyclodextrins (CyDs) were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Of all six examined cases, native β-cyclodextrin (β-CyD) and its chemically modified counterpart heptakis-(2,3,6-tris-(2-hydroxypropyl))-β-cyclodextrin (2HP-β-CyD) were found to associate most strongly with TETS as reflected in the magnitude of their binding constants (K = 537 ± 26 M−1 for β-CyD and K = 514 ± 49 M−1 for 2HP-β-CyD). Two-dimensional rotating-frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR experiments confirm close proximity of the TETS molecule to both β-CyD and 2HP-β-CyD as intermolecular, through-space interactions between the H3 and H5 protons located in the interior of the CyD cavity and the methylene protons of TETS were identified. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fluorescence in situ hybridization screen for E26 transformation-specific aberrations: Identification of DDX5-ETV4 fusion protein in prostate cancer

Recurrent gene fusions involving E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors ERG, ETV1, ETV4, or ETV5 have been identified in 40% to 70% of prostate cancers. Here, we used a comprehensive fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) split probe strategy interrogating all 27 ETS family members and their five known 5' fusion partners in a cohort of 110 clinically localized prostate cancer patients. Gene rearrangements were only identified in ETS genes that were previously implicated in prostate cancer gene fusions including ERG, ETV1, and ETV4 (43%, 5%, and 5%, respectively), suggesting that a substantial fraction of prostate cancers (estimated at 30-60%) cannot be attributed to an ETS gene fusion. Among the known 5' gene fusion partners, TMPRSS2 was rearranged in 47% of cases followed by SLC45A3, HNRPA2B1, and C15ORF21 in 2%, 1%, and 1% of cases, respectively. Based on this comprehensive FISH screen, we have made four noteworthy observations. First, by screening the entire ETS transcription factor family for rearrangements, we found that a large fraction of prostate cancers (44%) cannot be ascribed to an ETS gene fusion, an observation which will stimulate research into identifying recurrent non-ETS aberrations in prostate cancers. Second, we identified SLC45A3 as a novel 5' fusion partner of ERG; previously, TMPRSS2 was the only described 5' partner of ERG. Third, we identified two prostate-specific, androgen-induced genes, FLJ35294 and CANT1, as 5' partners to ETV1 and ETV4. Fourth, we identified a ubiquitously expressed, androgen-insensitive gene, DDX5, fused in frame with ETV4, leading to the expression of a DDX5-ETV4 fusion protein.
Ultrastructureofthe human intervertebral disc. I. Changes in notochordal cells with age

We examined nucleus pulposus notochordal cells of individuals ranging in age from the eighth week of fetal life to 32 years of age. With increasing age, notochordal cell structure changed, as did the cell-to-cell relationships and the cell-to-chordal relationships. All notochordal cells contained normal organelles, including well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, but, in addition, fetal notochordal cells demonstrated an unusual relationship between rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria: elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum encircled almost every mitochondrion. Fetal notochordal cells contained large amounts of glycogen, while older cells had much smaller glycogen deposits. Cytoplasmic filaments were observed in cells of all ages. The cells formed tightly packed clusters in the fetus with little, if any, extracellular matrix between individual cells. Cells separated from each other with age and by the twenty-first week of fetal life, only slender strands of cytoplasm connected them. Previous light microscopic studies described notochordal cells as 'physaliphorus' cells since they appeared to contain large cytoplasmic vacuoles. However, electron microscopy showed that these apparent vacuoles consist of extracellular matrix surrounded by cells or cell processes. The structure of notochordal cells and their persistence in the nucleus pulposus after fetal life suggest that they may have a significant role in the formation and maintenance of the nucleus pulposus.
Molecular-like hierarchical self-assembly of monolayers of mixtures of particles

We present a technique that uses an externally applied electric field to self-assemble monolayers of mixtures of particles into molecular-like hierarchical arrangements on fluid-liquid interfaces. The arrangements consist of composite particles (analogous to molecules) which are arranged in a pattern. The structure of a composite particle depends on factors such as the relative sizes of the particles and their polarizabilities, and the electric field intensity. If the particles sizes differ by a factor of two or more, the composite particle has a larger particle at its core and several smaller particles form a ring around it. The number of particles in the ring and the spacing between the composite particles depend on their polarizabilities and the electric field intensity. Approximately same sized particles form chains (analogous to polymeric molecules) in which positively and negatively polarized particles alternate.
Effectiveness of a coordinated community effort to promote early literacy behaviors.

The purpose of this study is to report on the effectiveness of a coordinated, community–wide intervention to promote early literacy behaviors with low-income parents, especially parents with limited English language proficiency. The interventions include book distribution programs that were based in clinical settings, childcare centers and home visitation programs. The intent of these interventions was to communicate a message that reading to infants and young children and accessing services at the public library are beneficial. The methodology involved in the administration of a Community Based Parental Survey (CBPS) included questions related to early literacy behaviors in order to evaluate the effectiveness of these efforts. Two independent samples collected in 2001 and 2003 were compared. The data comparison between the two time periods showed a 77% increase in parents reporting that they showed books to their infants on a daily basis. There was also a 71% increase in parents reading books aloud to their children on a daily basis. Other indicators also improved. Establishing an early reading ritual encourages infants to have an association to books, helps in language acquisition and supports the social and emotional connection between a parent and his or her young child. The act of holding an infant and reading to him/her on a consistent basis can improve health literacy and hopefully improve student reading achievements. Early interventions like these are relatively low cost and can yield considerable long term results. We conclude that multi-level community based interventions show positive trends in promoting early literacy behaviors.
Collisional effect on the quasilinear process associated with the ion-wave instability☆

Abstract Using a simple model we show that the quasilinear feedback effect of enhanced ion-wave fluctuations on the average electron distribution in a current-carrying plasma is negligible as far as collisions can effectively prevent oscillation of trapped electrons.
Using multi-angle WorldView-2 imagery to determine bathymetry near Oahu, Hawaii

Multispectral imaging (MSI) data collected at multiple angles over shallow water provide analysts with a unique perspective of bathymetry in coastal areas. Observations taken by DigitalGlobe’s WorldView-2 (WV-2) sensor acquired at 39 different view angles on 30 July 2011 were used to determine the effect of acquisition angle on bathymetry derivation. The site used for this study was Kailua Bay (on the windward side of the island of Oahu). Satellite azimuth and elevation for these data ranged from 18.8 to 185.8 degrees and 24.9 (forward-looking) to 24.5 (backward-looking) degrees (respectively) with 90 degrees representing a nadir view. Bathymetry were derived directly from the WV-2 radiance data using a band ratio approach. Comparison of results to LiDAR-derived bathymetry showed that varying view angle impact the quality of the inferred bathymetry. Derived and reference bathymetry have a higher correlation as images are acquired closer to nadir. The band combination utilized for depth derivation also has an effect on derived bathymetry. Four band combinations were compared, and the Blue and Green combination provided the best results.
Regulation of growth, PSA/PAP and androgen receptor expression by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells

The involvement of vitamin D in prostate carcinogenesis was investigated using the human prostatic LNCaP cells. Incubation of the LNCaP with 100 nM 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for 2 days resulted in a 30-40% suppression of cell growth, which was accompanied by a greater than 70% down-regulated expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The intracellular and secreted forms of PSA showed a 2-fold increase following a 48 h culture in the presence of vitamin D3. The vitamin D3-elicited PSA increases were preceded by an induction of androgen receptor (AR) expression, as measured by Western blot analysis and by binding assays using [3H]R1881 as the ligand. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the growth inhibitory effects of vitamin D3 is partially mediated through its ability to modulate PCNA expression. Moreover, vitamin D3 may effect increases in PSA expression indirectly by up-regulating androgen receptors.
Targeting the Hospitalized Elderly for Geriatric Consultation

This empirical study reports the proportion of hospitalized elderly patients who were identified as frail. As a part of a randomized controlled trial, standardized criteria were developed to target the frail hospitalized elderly for geriatric consultation. Twelve-hundred patients aged 65 years and older admitted to the medical and surgical services at the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center were screened. Because of administrative exclusions of the randomized controlled trial (eg, short stay, lived too far away), 749 (62%) were excluded from the clinical screening process. The remaining 451 patients received clinical screening. Of these patients, almost two thirds (64%) were considered "too independent" to benefit from geriatric consultation (ie, independent in activities of daily living with short term illness), while 12% were judged "too impaired" to benefit (ie, had severe dementia or terminal cancer). Only 24% of those clinically screened (9% of the entire sample) were considered appropriate for geriatric consultation. Strikingly, over 42% of those patients aged 76 or older, were judged "too independent." These data suggest that a large majority of the hospitalized elderly may be too well to benefit from geriatric consultation, thus making targeting by age alone inefficient. A realistic estimate of the percentage of hospitalized patients appropriate for geriatric intervention lies somewhere between 18% (the combined percentage of those found appropriate and those already enrolled in geriatric programs) and 24% (the proportion of the clinically evaluated group found appropriate). Targeting of subjects may be accomplished inexpensively using the authors' explicit criteria. Such targeting may help focus the use of interdisciplinary geriatric expertise on those most in need.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimal dietary therapy of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Current dietary therapy for long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) or trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiency consists of fasting avoidance, and limiting long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) intake. This study reports the relationship of dietary intake and metabolic control as measured by plasma acylcarnitine and organic acid profiles in 10 children with LCHAD or TFP deficiency followed for 1 year. Subjects consumed an average of 11% of caloric intake as dietary LCFA, 11% as MCT, 12% as protein, and 66% as carbohydrate. Plasma levels of hydroxypalmitoleic acid, hydroxyoleic, and hydroxylinoleic carnitine esters positively correlated with total LCFA intake and negatively correlated with MCT intake suggesting that as dietary intake of LCFA decreases and MCT intake increases, there is a corresponding decrease in plasma hydroxyacylcarnitines. There was no correlation between plasma acylcarnitines and level of carnitine supplementation. Dietary intake of fat-soluble vitamins E and K was deficient. Dietary intake and plasma levels of essential fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acid, were deficient. On this dietary regimen, the majority of subjects were healthy with no episodes of metabolic decompensation. Our data suggest that an LCHAD or TFP-deficient patient should adhere to a diet providing age-appropriate protein and limited LCFA intake (10% of total energy) while providing 10–20% of energy as MCT and a daily multi-vitamin and mineral (MVM) supplement that includes all of the fat-soluble vitamins. The diet should be supplemented with vegetable oils as part of the 10% total LCFA intake to provide essential fatty acids.
Discrete-time timescale analysis via a new separation ratio and unified approach

In this paper, we first propose a modified definition for timescale separation ratio for the discrete-time system. Then, based on this new timescale separation ratio, a timescale analysis is presented to decompose the system into fast and slow subsystems. Next, using the difference (delta) operator, a timescale analysis is presented using a unified formulation (applicable to both continuous-time and discrete-time systems). Furthermore, it is shown that by using simple transformations, one can obtain the discrete-time results we developed earlier, and by similarly setting the sampling interval to zero, we obtain the continuous-time result developed previously by others. Thus, with this unified approach to a timescale system, a single technique is sufficient to develop the techniques for the continuous-time and discrete-time systems. Having a pair of routines for each task emphasizes the differences between discrete-time and continuous-time theory rather than the similarities. An F-8 fighter aircraft is giv...