cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-throughput screening for identifying acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Insights on novel inhibitors and the use of liver microsomes

Abstract Rapid, higher throughput, and predictive toxicological methods are needed to assess vast numbers of chemicals with unknown safety profiles. A current effort towards this goal is Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21), a United States government consortium using a battery of in vitro assays to screen a library of 10,000 compounds relevant to food, drug, and environmental safety. Recently, we implemented in vitro assays for measuring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, a mechanism of toxicity, into Tox21’s high-throughput screening campaign (Li S., et al. Environ Health Persp 2021;129:047008, doi:10.1289/EHP6993). In this Commentary, we provide detailed insights on two topics related to our article: (1) prioritizing recently discovered AChE inhibitors from our screening based upon physiological relevance and (2) incorporating human liver microsomes into the AChE inhibition assay to identify metabolically active AChE inhibitors.
Predicting the Superconducting Transition Temperature and Relative Resistance Ratio in YBa2Cu3O7 Films

Abstract The increase in critical temperature, T c , of high-temperature superconductors fulfills the needs of practical applications with liquid-helium-free refrigeration and a delay in magnet failure. The YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (YBCO) superconductor exhibits T c of greater than 90 K and an upper critical field of greater than 100 T, which is a promising candidate in high-field magnet design. Due to their large anisotropy in current transportation, YBCO superconductors are usually processed as thin films by pulsed-laser deposition. But the research requires significant manpower for materials synthesis, analysis, and quench detection, as well as costly equipment and facilities. In this work, we develop the multiple linear regression model to shed light on the relationship between pulsed laser deposition parameters and the superconducting transition temperature ( T c ) and relative resistance ratio ( r R ) in the laser deposition of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 films. The model is straightforward and simple and demonstrates a high degree of accuracy and stability, contributing to fast low-cost estimations of T c and r R .
Surgical Interventions and Reproductive Function in Obese Women

Surgical treatment options for obesity offer effective means for weight loss with meaningful reductions in obesity-related complications. For women who are morbidly obese with a body mass index ≥40 kg/m2, surgical weight loss intervention is the most reliable method for achievable and sustainable weight loss (Ann Intern Med. 142:532–46, 2005; Ann Intern Med. 142:547–59, 2005). As more and more women of childbearing age elect to undergo surgical intervention for obesity, information regarding the potential impact of bariatric surgery on fertility and pregnancy outcomes is important. Particularly since despite the benefits of bariatric surgery, it does have associated surgical and nutritional complications that may impact pregnancy. Furthermore, observations of fertility in women who have undergone bariatric procedures provide insight as to how obesity and weight loss impact reproductive physiology. This chapter seeks to elucidate and summarize the existing body of literature on the effect of surgical weight loss intervention on fertility and overall reproductive function in obese women.
Use of the autopsy to study ontogeny and expression of the estrogen receptor gene in human breast.

Historically, autopsies have been a valuable resource for morphologic studies of the human breast, and have been used in conjunction with radiologic evaluation and epidemiology to provide information about population prevalence of pre-malignant and malignant disease. More recently, well-preserved post-mortem breast tissue has also been used to evaluate the status of genes and their expression. Using molecular techniques and immunohistochemistry, quantitation of gene expression and localization of proteins of hormone receptors, growth factor receptors, growth factors, cell-proliferation related antigens and proto-oncogenes can be evaluated in autopsy-derived breast tissue. Expression of the estrogen receptor (ER)3 gene at the mRNA and protein product levels has been evaluate d in breast tissue from infants, children, adolescent girls, and adult women in various phases of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and post-menopausal. The results of these studies support a role for the ER gene in early as well as pubescent breast development, and also in normal cyclical and abnormal cell proliferation in the terminal-duct-lobular-units (TDLU) of adult women.
Detection of Plasma Protease Activity Using Microsphere-Cytometry Assays with E. coli Derived Substrates: VWF Proteolysis by ADAMTS13

Protease levels in human blood are often prognostic indicators of inflammatory, thrombotic or oncogenic disorders. The measurement of such enzyme activities in substrate-based assays is complicated due to the low prevalence of these enzymes and steric hindrance of the substrates by the more abundant blood proteins. To address these limitations, we developed a molecular construct that is suitable for microsphere-cytometer based assays in the milieu of human blood plasma. In this proof of principle study, we demonstrate the utility of this substrate to measure metalloprotease ADAMTS13 activity. The substrate, expressed in E. coli as a fusion protein, contains the partial A2-domain of von Willebrand factor (VWF amino acids 1594–1670) that is mutated to include a single primary amine at the N-terminus and free cysteines at the C-terminus. N-terminus fluorescence conjugation was possible using NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) chemistry. Maleimide-PEG(Polyethylene glycol)n-biotin coupling at the C-terminus allowed biotinylation with variable PEG spacer lengths. Once bound to streptavidin-bearing microspheres, the substrate fluorescence signal decreased in proportion with ADAMTS13 concentration. Whereas recombinant ADAMTS13 activity could be quantified using substrates with all PEG repeat-lengths, only the construct with the longer 77 PEG-unit could quantify proteolysis in blood plasma. Using this longer substrate, plasma ADAMTS13 down to 5% of normal levels could be detected within 30 min. Such measurements could also be readily performed under conditions resembling hyperbilirubinemia. Enzyme catalytic activity was tuned by varying buffer calcium, with lower divalent ion concentrations enhancing cleavage. Overall, the study highlights the substrate design features important for the creation of efficient proteolysis assays in the setting of human plasma. In particular, it emphasizes the need to introduce PEG spacers in plasma-based experiments, a design attribute commonly ignored in immobilized peptide-substrate assays.
High-order accurate methods in time-domain computational electromagnetics: A review

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the Maxwell's equations in the time domain and discusses boundary conditions, various simplifications, and standard normalizations. The chapter provides an overview of the classical phase-error analysis as a way of motivating the need to consider high-order accurate methods in time-domain electromagnetics, particularly as problems increase in size and complexity. The extensions of the Yee scheme and other more complex finite difference schemes are discussed. Higher-order schemes allow a significant reduction of the degrees of freedom with accuracy. For some applications it may be natural to consider the ultimate limit, leading to global or spectral methods. The chapter discusses the elements of spectral multidomain methods, which combine the accuracy of global methods with the geometric flexibility of a multielement formulation. The recent efforts on the development of high-order finite volume methods for the solution of Maxwell's equations are reviewed. The issues related to high-order time stepping and discrete stability are also discussed.
Viewing art through information visualization: A case study of bob ross's the joy of painting

This poster examines data about 403 images that appeared on Bob Ross's PBS series, The Joy of Painting. We analyzed a set of 3324 tags that described his artistic output - . Looking at this set of data suggests more complex themes-emotion, memory, and the act of painting itself- underlie Ross's landscapes. It presents a model for considering other artists with large oeuvre and large image sets. With digitization, information professionals have often considered how to construct metadata, tags, and controlled vocabularies to make images searchable. Less frequently have they considered how researchers might use those classification systems, quantitative data derived from them, and visualizations of them to assess an artist or historical period's visual culture. Using Bob Ross as a case study, we utilized information visualization techniques to analyze the contents of artwork through the trajectory of artistic creation.
A visual salience map in the primate frontal eye field

Models of attention and saccade target selection propose that within the brain there is a topographic map of visual salience that combines bottom-up and top-down influences to identify locations for further processing. The results of a series of experiments with monkeys performing visual search tasks have identified a population of frontal eye field (FEF) visually responsive neurons that exhibit all of the characteristics of a visual salience map. The activity of these FEF neurons is not sensitive to specific features of visual stimuli; but instead, their activity evolves over time to select the target of the search array. This selective activation reflects both the bottom-up intrinsic conspicuousness of the stimuli and the top-down knowledge and goals of the viewer. The peak response within FEF specifies the target for the overt gaze shift. However, the selective activity in FEF is not in itself a motor command because the magnitude of activation reflects the relative behavioral significance of the different stimuli in the visual scene and occurs even when no saccade is made. Identifying a visual salience map in FEF validates the theoretical concept of a salience map in many models of attention. In addition, it strengthens the emerging view that FEF is not only involved in producing overt gaze shifts, but is also important for directing covert spatial attention.
Early Events of TCR Signaling Are Distinct in Human Th1 and Th2 Cells

To study the requirements for activation of human Th1 and Th2 cells, soluble peptide/DR1 complexes were prepared from naturally expressed DR1 protein. When immobilized, this material induced T cell activation, as revealed by CD25 up-regulation. Unexpectedly, Th2 cells required a higher density of peptide/DR1 complexes than Th1 cells to initiate CD25 up-regulation. Similar findings were obtained with immobilized or soluble and cross-linked anti-CD3 mAb. In contrast, peptide/DR1 complexes displayed on the surface of nonprofessional APC similarly induced CD25 up-regulation in Th1 and Th2 cells. Signaling events distinguishing human Th1 and Th2 cells following TCR engagement by anti-CD3 mAb were then studied. It was observed that upon TCR triggering, the overall tyrosine phosphorylation profiles were fainter in Th2 than in Th1 clones. Similar results were obtained with Th1- and Th2-polarized polyclonal lines. Varying the dose of anti-CD3 mAb, the kinetics of activation, and coengagement of CD3 and CD28 failed to increase tyrosine phosphorylation in Th2 cells to levels reached in Th1 cells. In contrast, treatment with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide resulted in similar tyrosine phosphorylation levels in Th2 and Th1 cells. These findings indicated that Th2 cells had an intrinsically lower TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation capacity than Th1 cells, which might be controlled by Th1- and Th2-specific phosphatase profiles. Finally, a weaker association was found between ZAP-70 and CD3ζ in Th2 than in Th1 cells after TCR engagement. Taken together, these results constituted evidence that early events in the TCR signaling cascades are distinct in human Th1 and Th2 cells.
Two-column gas-liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters

Fatty acid methyl esters were separated into fractions according to chain length on a nonpolar gas-liquid chromatographic column. These fractions were collected and rechromatographed on a polar column. Temperature programming was used in both cases. Data are given for the accuracy of the double procedure applied to a synthetic mixture.
Die Gewinnung des Westens

Die durch den Black-Hawk-Krieg veranlasten militarischen Feldzuge erschlossen den Staat Wisconsin 1832 der Besiedlung. Der Reichtum an Mineralien, die Fruchtbarkeit des Bodens und das gute Klima wurden durch die an diesen Feldzugen beteiligte Landwehr zum ersten Mal bekannt. Ihre gunstigen Berichte drangen weiter nach Osten und hinuber uber den Ozean. Im Jahre 1830 betrug die Bevolkerung Wisconsins 3635, und bis 1836 gehorte die bewohnte Gegend zum Territorium Michigan. Bald nahm die Besiedlung des neuen Gebiets mit erstaunlicher Schnelligkeit zu; 1840 hatte Wisconsin 30 945 Einwohner, 1850 bereits 305 391 und 1860 waren es 775 881. Jedes weitere Jahrzehnt brachte eine Zunahme von etwa 300 000, bis der Staat bei der Volkszahlung von 1900 eine Einwohnerschaft von 2 069 042 Seelen aufwies. Aus der gleichen Volkszahlung geht hervor, das 709 969 der Einwohner deutschen Gebluts waren, das heist, sie waren entweder selbst in Deutschland geboren oder Kinder in Deutschland geborener Eltern oder wenigstens eines deutschen Vaters oder einer deutschen Mutter.’ Zu der grosartigen Bevolkerungszunahme haben denn auch die Deutschen mehr beigetragen als irgend ein anderer Volksstamm. Die hochsten Zahlen erreichte ihre Einwanderung wahrend der Jahrzehnte 1840 bis 1850, 1850 bis 1860 und 1880 bis 1890. Genauer ausgedruckt sind es die Zeitabschnitte 1846 bis 1854 und 1881 his 1884, in denen auch die Gesamteinwanderung aus Deutschland nach den Vereinigten Staaten ihre hochsten Flutstande erreichte. Wahrscheinlich siedelten sich wahrend dieser beiden Perioden in Wisconsin mehr Deutsche an, als in irgend einem anderen Staate. Im Jahre 1900 betrug die Bevolkerung deutschen Gebluts 34,3 Prozent der Gesamtbevolkerung Wisconsins und fast 50 Prozent der im Lande geborenen Kinder eingewanderter Eltern. Diese umfasten volle 71,1 Prozent der Gesamtbevolkerung des Staates.
Automatic Recovery of the Left Ventricular Blood Pool in Cardiac Cine MR Images

We present a method for automatic localization and rough segmentation of the left ventricle blood pool in cardiac cine magnetic resonance images. The method first detects the whole heart using time-based Fourier analysis. It then segments the left ventricle blood pool by grouping connected components across slices using isoperimetric clustering. The system was tested on 253 datasets and failed in only 2 cases.
Infrasound and the avian navigational map

Birds can navigate accurately over hundreds to thousands of kilometres, and this ability of homing pigeons is the basis for a worldwide sport. Compass senses orient avian flight, but how birds determine their location in order to select the correct homeward bearing (map sense) remains a mystery. Also mysterious are rare disruptions of pigeon races in which most birds are substantially delayed and large numbers are lost. Here, it is shown that in four recent pigeon races in Europe and the northeastern USA the birds encountered infrasonic (low-frequency acoustic) shock waves from the Concorde supersonic transport. An acoustic avian map is proposed that consists of infrasonic cues radiated from steep-sided topographic features; the source of these signals is microseisms continuously generated by interfering oceanic waves. Atmospheric processes affecting these infrasonic map cues can explain perplexing experimental results from pigeon releases.
Electrophilic tetraalkylammonium nitrate nitration. I. Convenient new anhydrous nitronium triflate synthesis and in-situ heterocyclic N-nitration

Abstract Reaction of tetra-n-butylammonium nitrate and triflic anhydride, CF3SO2OSO2CF3 (Tf2O), in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) solvent at 0 degrees C, produces anhydrous nitronium nitrate, NO2OSO2CF3 (NO2OTf). Subsequent introduction of various heterocycles and their N-acetylated analogs yield N-nitrated products in 20–76% yield with an overall one-pot procedure.
Siblings of autistic children: their adjustment and performance at home and in school.

The research examined the adjustment of siblings of autistic children. The relationship between sex and family size of the siblings and the sibling's performance on achievement, self-concept, home behavior, and school behavior was examined. Six 2×2 analyses of variance were completed. Results indicated that there was little variance as a function of sex or family size. Overall the sibling's performance was not suggestive of needing special intervention. These results are discussed in terms of how they relate to previous findings and implications for clinical intervention and future research.
Bone flap fixation with titanium clamps: a new technique

Abstract BACKGROUND Craniotomy bone flaps are replaced for both cosmetic and protective purposes. The purpose of this study was to determine the facility, strength, timing, and cost effectiveness of an alternative system for securing bone flaps. The system consists of titanium discs that clamp the bone flap to the skull edge. METHODS AND RESULTS Ten cadaver craniotomy flaps each were reattached with either 24-gauge wire, miniplates, or titanium clamps. The titanium clamp system required significantly less time to fix than either wire or miniplates. The clamps were stronger than wire and cost less than miniplates. CONCLUSION The titanium clamp system is a reasonable alternative to present craniotomy fixation methods with respect to ease of use, time consumption, strength, and relative cost.
Reactions of cyclononatetraenyl dianion with electrophiles: geometry and conformation of 1,3,6-cyclononatrienes

Abstract Carbonation of the parent cyclononatetraene dianion gives a mixture of (a) the minor products, 1,3,6-cyclononatriene-5,9- and 5,8-dicarboxylic acids, and (b) the major product, bis(5-carboxy-1,3,6-cyclononatrien-9-yl). In contrast, the 9,9-dimethyl dianion affords almost entirely a mixture of the two monocyclic diacids. Similar results are obtained on trimethylsilylation. Conformations of the products are discussed.
Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation Using Externally Ionized, Cold, Supersonic Air as Working Fluid

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power extraction from cold air has been demonstrated using short-duration, high-repetition rate, high-voltage pulses (2 ns, 100 kHz, 5 kV/cm) to ionize a Mach 3 (600 m/s), 0.04 kg/m 3 flow. Because the power used to ionize the flow using such a method was less than 1% of the total flow enthalpy, the flow was not heated significantly. A few tens of milliwatts were extracted from the 3-cm cube region of ionization, which scales to hundreds of kilowatts of power in higher velocity, larger-scale devices that would be appropriate for flight applications. Peak electron number densities between 5 × 10 11 and 10 12 cm -3 are reported from complementary measurements using microwave absorption in a variable magnetic field. The Hall parameter was estimated from the electrical properties of the MHD channel. Modeling predictions were found to be in agreement with experimentally extracted Faraday current measured between the high-voltage pulses. Modeling also confirmed that the electrons have low energy between the pulses and that the resultant cathode and anode voltage falls are quite low, on the order of 1 V.
Service-based architectures for the network-centric battlefield

Information Technologies are transforming the modern battlefield. Advances in networking and communications technologies have made it possible to communicate with virtually anyone, anywhere, at any time. As the network foundation grows, so does the need for a set of technologies to enable interoperability amongst elements on this network. Service-based architectures are the next evolutionary step in system and software architectures and are particularly applicable to the challenges faced in Network Centric Warfare. This paper explores how service-based technologies apply to the various levels of architecture within a Network-Centric battlefield.
Prediction and Measurement of Temperature Fields in Silicon-on-Insulator Electronic Circuits

Field-effect transistors (FETs) in conventional electronic circuits are in contact with the high-thermal-conductivity substrate. In contrast, FETs in novel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) circuits are separated from the substrate by a thermally resistive silicon-dioxide layer. The layer improves the electrical performance of SOI circuits. But it impedes conduction cooling of transistors and interconnects, degrading circuit reliability. This work develops a technique for measuring the channel temperature of SOI FETs. Data agree well with the predictions of an analytical thermal model. The channel and interconnect temperatures depend strongly on the device and silicon-dioxide layer thicknesses and the channel-interconnect separation. This research facilitates the thermal design of SOI FETs to improve circuit figures of merit, e.g., the median time to failure (MTF) of FET-interconnect contacts.
Phospholipid methyltransferase activity in pancreatic islets: activation by calcium.

Abstract Pancreatic islet homogenates contain a Mg2+-requiring phospholipid methyltransferase activity, the activity of which was doubled by calcium (K0.5 m ). Chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, and dibucaine inhibited the calcium-stimulatable activity without affecting the activity in the absence of calcium. Phosphatidylserine stimulated, and arachidonic acid and palmitic acid inhibited, the basal enzyme activity. The methylated products were found to be primarily mono- and dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine (30%) and phosphatidylcholine (43%) and an, as yet unidentified, nonpolar lipid fraction (27%), as judged by thin-layer chromatography. In the presence of calcium, incorporation of methyl groups into phosphatidylcholine, mono-and dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine, and nonpolar lipids was increased by 131, 60, and 46%, respectively. Based on the localization of the enzyme activity in the insulin secretory granule fraction, it is proposed that phospholipid methylation plays a role in coupling the stimulus to the initial events in insulin secretion, leading to the exocytosis of insulin.
Reversible Chemical Modification of the Scrapie Agent

The scrapie agent causes a degenerative nervous system disease in sheep and goats. Studies with extensively purified preparations demonstrated that the agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. Chemical modification of the scrapie agent by diethyl pyrocarbonate reduced the titer 1000-fold. Exposure of the inactivated agent to hydroxylamine, a strong nucleophile, resulted in complete restoration of infectivity. Presumably, nucleophilic residues within a scrapie agent protein undergo carbethoxylation on reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate, and subsequent addition of hydroxylamine displaces these carbethoxy groups.
CAI: Goals and perspectives: Computer users’ group panel discussion

This report of the users’ group meeting contains a condensed version of a panel discussion of general issues involving computer-assisted instruction (CAI) systems. The discussants were asked to comment on the goals of the CAI efforts and the past accomplishments and future of computer systems in education.
An Integral Solution for Skin Friction in Turbulent Flow Over Aerodynamically Rough Surfaces With an Arbitrary Pressure Gradient

The combined law of the wall and wake, with the inclusion of the “roughness depression function” for the inner law in the “Log” region, is used as the inner coordinates' velocity profile in the integral form of the x momentum equation to solve for the local skin friction coefficient. The “equivalent sand grain roughness” concept is employed in the roughness depression function in the solution. Calculations are started at the beginning of roughness on a surface, as opposed to starting them using the measured experimental values at the first data point, when making comparisons of predictions with data sets. The dependence of the velocity wake strength on both pressure gradient and momentum thickness Reynolds number are taken into account. Comparisons of the prediction with experimental skin friction data, from the literature, have been made for some adverse, zero, and favorable (accelerating flows) pressure gradients. Predictions of the shape factor, roughness Reynolds number, and momentum thickness Reynolds number and comparisons with data are also made for some cases. In addition, some comparisons with the predictions of earlier investigators have also been made.
Multiple inhibition of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.

Abstract Multiple inhibition of the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol was investigated; four different inhibitors were used that were known to function competitively with respect to NAD + in these reactions. The inhibitors, adenosine diphosphate ribose, adenosine diphosphate, N 1 -methylnicotinamide chloride, and 1,10-phenanthroline, were studied in pairs to determine the extent to which interactions between inhibitors occur on the enzyme. The inhibitor pairs showing a maximum interaction or mutual exclusion were adenosine diphosphate riboseadenosine diphosphate, N 1 -methylnicotinamide chloride-1,10-phenanthroline, adenosine diphosphate ribose-1,10-phenanthroline, adenosine diphosphate-1,10-phenanthroline, and N 1 -methylnicotinamide chloride-adenosine diphosphate. A slight interaction was observed when the pair, adenosine diphosphate ribose- N 1 -methylnicotinamide chloride was studied. Multiple inhibition studies with 1,10-phenanthroline were consistent with the binding of this inhibitor through interactions with the pyridinium site and the hydrophobic region of the enzyme.
Vapor transport and digm in the Ni-Fe system

of the same P level but without rare earths is -0.2 monolayer, most of which is in a chemisorbed state. The P concentration at the few grain boundary areas of the rare earth steel is somewhat less, perhaps by 20 to 25 pct. The composition of precipitates observed on the fracture surfaces varies from one precipitate to another as shown by the Auger analysis of four precipitates, indicated (a to d) in the micrographs. The low energy Auger peak at -80 eV is due to Ce (82 eV) or La (78 eV) or both; the position of the main high energy peaks for Ce (661 eW) and La (625 eV) are also given in the Figure. Precipitates (a) and (d) likely comprise primarily Ce and P; this was confirmed by EDX which also showed that little La was present. Precipitates (b) and (c) which have a different morphology comprise N, S, La, as well as P, various amounts of Fe, and little Ce as again confirmed by EDX. Of 18 precipitates analyzed by both Auger and EDX, 16 were high in Ce and contained little La [as (a) and (d)] and only 2, (b) and (c), were high in La. Thus, (a) and (d) are typical of the majority of precipitates which comprise P and Ce together with a little La and Fe. High-resolution Auger spectra for P are shown in spectrum (f). P present at grain boundaries [spectrum (e)] exhibits a peak shape similar to that for P in an amorphous alloy. 3 P from precipitates high in Ce [e.g., spectrum (a)] has a singlet peak characteristic of metal phosphides, and is probably due to the formation of Ce phosphide (containing a little La and Fe). Thus, in this steel which has twice as much added Ce as La, the former is quite effective in tying up P as phosphide, thereby reducing the susceptibility to embrittlement.
An Intrusion Tolerance Approach to Enhance Single Sign on Server Protection

Modern IT systems have evolved into complex distributed systems that support thousands of users, with each user requiring access to several applications. Single sign on (SSO) provides a convenient facility for managing user authentication such that a user only logs into a system once in order to gain access to many protected applications. For this reason it becomes vitally important to secure the SSO server. If an SSO server is compromised, it could potentially put many applications at risk at the same time. The current Intrusion Detection and Prevention systems have proven to be inadequate because the “bad guys” are always one step ahead. In this paper we present a new and innovative approach to SSO server security called “Self-Cleansing Intrusion Tolerance SSO” (SCIT). SCIT shifts the focus from detection and prevention to containing losses, by reducing the exposure time of the servers. Specifically, we present the results of an evaluation of the performance of a SCIT-ized SSO server. In this way we increase the dependability of the server and provide a new way to balance the trade-off between security and availability. We will show that SCIT provides increased security with little degradation in overall response time of the system.
Upregulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinomas Correlates With Accumulation of CTNNB1

Abstract Introduction: Mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene or the CTNNB1 proto-oncogene have been implicated in the initiation of most human colorectal epithelial neoplasms. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3B) serves a critical role in regulating their functions by phosphorylating both APC and CTNNB1 to facilitate CTNNB1 degradation. The current studies were performed to investigate whether GSK3B itself is regulated during the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. Patients and Methods We examined the expression of GSK3B and CTNNB1 in tissue samples from 24 human colorectal adenocarcinomas by Western immunoblotting analysis, kinase activity assays and immunohistochemistry. Normal colonic mucosa from the same colectomy specimens were used as a reference for comparison. Results We demonstrated that GSK3B expression levels and kinase activities were markedly and significantly increased in colorectal adenocarcinomas in all 24 cases compared with paired adjacent normal-appearing colonic mucosa. These increases correlated with significantly increased expression of CTNNB1 in the same tumors. Similar results were obtained in several cultured human colon cancer cell lines, demonstrating GSK3B levels correlated with CTNNB1 expression. Conclusion Though APC and CTNNB1 regulation by GSK3B are frequently disrupted by mutations in colon cancers, our observations suggest that increased functional GSK3B might drive other growth-promoting signals in colorectal tumorigenesis.
The oxygen cost of breathing following anesthesia and cardiac surgery.

The amount of oxygen consumed by respiratory muscles during spontaneous respiration was measured in ten patients immediately following mitral valve replacement. The cost of breathing was calculated as the difference (Δ02) between mean 02‘s measured during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation. In e
Stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in myocytes by phosphodiesterase inhibitors and adenosine analogues.

Abstract The effect of various phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and adenosine analogues on palmitate oxidation, were studied in isolated rat myocytes. Enoximone, milrinone, and dipyridamole, at a concentration of 250 μM, stimulated palmitate oxidation by 78%, 40%, and 43%, respectively. The specific A1-agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine, increased palmitate oxidation by 56%, at a concentration of 250 μM. Moreover, the nucleoside transport inhibitor, S-(P-Nitrobenzyl-)6-thioinosine, increased palmitate oxidation by 40%, at a concentration of 100 μM. These data suggest that the stimulation of palmitate oxidation by enoximone and adenosine analogues may be mediated via the inhibition of the uptake and/or the oxidation of glucose in myocytes.
Analyzing Household Food Expenditure Patterns On Trips and Vacations: a Tobit Model

Based on the theory of consumer behavior, a tobit modeling procedure is applied to investi gate the relationship between vacation food expenditures and household sociodemo graphic characteristics. The resulting model identifies numerous determinants of spending variations of households, including earned and unearned income, education, occupation, number of children, age, marital status, ethnicity, employment status, and seasonality. The important and unique finding of the study is the decomposition of total effects on vacation food spending into current demand and potential market participation. This study also dif ferentiates itself from previous food consumption research in that it uses national survey data and examines travel-related food spending patterns of households on vacation trips. The implications of the results are discussed in the context of hospitality and tourism re search and marketing.
CO/sub 2/ capture cost estimates from a state perspective: part II electricity price/demand impact on Indiana

Part II of the joint papers analyzes CO/sub 2/ capture cost to the state of Indiana through scenario-based technique. An optimization modeling system is used for scheduling and dispatching the generation units to minimize the production costs. The new power plants, with and without CO/sub 2/ capture are used for deriving the costs, and the extra costs associated with CO/sub 2/ capture are used to measure the "burden" to the state. If the CO/sub 2/ release is frozen at the 2010 levels in the state, the cost of CO/sub 2/ capture would cause the price of electricity in the state to gradually increase to around 9% more than the case without CO/sub 2/ capture by 2023, without considering CO/sub 2/ transport and storage cost.
Detailed analyses of grain–scale plastic deformation in columnar polycrystalline aluminium using orientation image mapping and crystal plasticity models

Deformation studies at grain level have been performed in order to model how individual crystals in a polycrystalline material deform. The experiment was carried out by plane–strain compression of a high–purity polycrystalline aluminium with columnar grain structure with near 〈100〉 fibre texture parallel to the constrained direction in the channel die. This structure was chosen to allow a fully three–dimensional characterization of the grain structure. The grain orientations were mapped by orientation image microscopy, as the directionally solidified material was deformed in steps of 10% to a total height reduction of 40%. The grains were found either to show nearly uniform rotations or to split into two types of deformation bands, either with repeating orientation fields or with non–repeating orientation fields. The Taylor model and the finite–element method (FEM) were, as usual, quite successful in predicting the average deformation texture, but the Taylor model failed totally to predict the rotation of individual grains. The FEM was more successful in predicting the individual grain rotations but did not, as in a previous study, predict the morphology of the deformation bands. The significant discovery, made here, was that it appeared possible to model the local deformation at a grain scale, from the observed individual deviations of the grain rotations from those predicted if each grain underwent just the plane–strain conditions imposed on the sample. Plastic work rates were computed allowing four shears (two shears in each of the two contact planes) that are compatible with the channel–die geometry. It was found that in all the ‘hard’ grains (those with high Taylor factors), the additional shears (in type and magnitude) that minimized the plastic energy dissipation rate were the same shears that were needed to match the observed grain rotations. Adjacent Taylor ‘soft’ grains were found to have been subjected to the additional shears imposed by their neighbouring hard grains. This was true even when these shears raised the plastic work of the soft grains. This effect was most marked when the soft grains were small in size. These additional shears found by this plastic work analysis were consistent with the observed additional shear seen in the overall shape change of the sample. The grains forming non–repeating orientation fields had low initial Taylor factors and were surrounded by high–Taylor–factor grains, usually of larger size, but which had adopted somewhat different extra shears. The grains showing repeating orientation fields were found to have an orientation, near ‘cube’, (001) 〈100〉, which was initially unstable, leading to a break–up into different orientation fields when deformed. These differing deformation bands in the cube grains followed different strain paths, which also minimized their plastic work.
The general Stone-Weierstrass problem and extremal completely positive maps

Let A be a C*-algebra with identity e and let B be a C*-subalgebra of A that contains e. We show that if B separates the pure states of A, then, for each n, B also separates the set ECP(A,ℂn;I) of extremal completely positive unital maps of A into ℂn, thus giving another equivalent condition for the general Stone-Weierstrass conjecture for C*-algebras.
Effect of Frozen Storage on Dynamic Tensile Properties of Human Placenta

Dynamic mechanical properties of placenta tissue are needed to develop computational models of pregnant occupants for use in designing restraint systems that protect the fetus and mother. Tests were performed on 21 samples obtained from five human placentas at a rate of 1200 %/s using a set of custom designed thermoelectrically cooled clamps. Approximately half of the samples from all five subjects were tested within 48 h of delivery. The remaining samples were frozen for 5-7 days and then thawed before testing. True failure stresses and strains were not significantly different between fresh and frozen samples (p-value = 0.858 and 0.551, respectively), suggesting that soft tissue may be stored frozen up to a week without adversely affecting dynamic material response.
Voltage-gated chloride currents in cultured canine tracheal epithelial cells

Chloride ions (Cl−) are concentrated in airway epithelial cells and subsequently secreted into the tracheal lumen by downhill flux through apical Cl− channels. We have studied Cl− currents in cultured canine tracheal cells using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. Ultrastructural techniques demonstrated that the cells used in the electrophysiological experiments possessed apical membrane specializations known to be present in the intact, transporting cell type. Cultured cells 2–6 days old were characterized by an input resistance of 3.4±0.8 GΩ (n=11) and a capacitance of 63.8±10.8 pF (n=26). A comparison of 3 and 4 day-old cells with 5 and 6 day-old cells showed that the input resistance decreased almost 50%, and the cell capacitance and the inward and outward currents increased concomitantly approximately 200%. Cultured cells 3–4 days old held at −40 mV produced currents of 196±22 pA at 50 mV and −246±27 pA at −90 mV (n=212) with pipette and bath solutions containing primarily 140 KCl and 140 NaCl, respectively. The chloride channel blocker diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC, 100 μm) suppressed whole-cell currents by 76.8% at 60 mV; however, currents were unaffected by the stilbenes SITS (1mm) and DNDS (1–30 μm). Replacement of K+ with Cs+ in the pipette solution did not affect the outward current, the current reversal potential, or the input resistance of the cells, indicating that the current was not significantly K+ dependent when the intrapipette solution was buffered to a Ca2+ concentration of 20nm. The Cl−/Na+ permeability ratio was estimated to be greater than 11 as calculated from reversal potential measurements in the presence of an internal to external NaCl concentration ratio of 1∶2. Current equilibrium permeabilities, relative to Cl− were: I− (2.9)≫NO 3 − (1.1)≥Br− (1.1)≥Cl− (1.0)≥F− (0.93)≫MeSO 4 − (0.19)≥gluconate (0.18)≥aspartate (0.14). Depolarizations to potentials greater than 20 mV elicited a time-dependent component in the outward current in 71% of the cells studied. Currents inactivated with a double exponential time course at the most depolarized voltages. Recovery from inactivation was fast, holding potential-dependent, and followed a double exponential time course. Current amplitude was increased via a cAMP-dependent pathway as has been demonstrated for single Cl-selective channels in cell-attached patches from cultured canine and human tracheal epithelial cells. Forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, produced a 260% increase in the outward current at +50 mV. In summary, cultured canine tracheal cells have a single resting conductance that is Cl− selective, voltage-dependent, and modulated by a cAMP-dependent mechanism. This preparation appears to be appropriate for analysis of cellular modulation of airway Cl− channels and Cl− secretion.
Cystathionine-β-synthase deficiency: Detection of heterozygotes by the ratios of homocystein to cysteine and folate☆

Abstract Elevated total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) is recognized as an independent risk factor for occlusive vascular disease. However, it is not known how much of the observed hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with vascular disease is due to heterozygosity for cystathionine-β-synthase (CβS) deficiency, because a clinically useful screening method is unavailable. To determine this, parents of children who are homozygous for CβS deficiency (affected with homocystinuria) and a control population were compared for tHcy, total plasma cysteine (tCys), plasma folate, and plasma vitamin B 12 . The group of obligate heterozygotes had increased tHcy ( P ≤ .01), decreased tCys ( P ≤ .01), and decreased plasma folate ( P ≤ .01). The calculated ratios of tHcy/tCys ( P = .01) and tHcy/plasma folate ( P = .003) were the best metabolic discriminants for genotype. These ratios are likely to prove useful in heterozygote screening for CβS deficiency and in the development of rational treatment strategies for patients with increased tHcy.
Proton Spectroscopic Imaging in the Solid-State by TREV-CRAMPS

Abstract A spatial-spectral 1 H NMR imaging approach, based on line narrowing by TREV-CRAMPS, is presented for samples rotating under magic-angle spinning (MAS). Phase encoding of spatial information along one axis (the MAS rotor axis in the present case) is achieved by suitable application of gradients during specific segments of the TREV-8 pulse sequence applied during an evolution period. Chemical-shift information is frequency encoded during data acquisition under the TREV-8-CRAMPS sequence. Examples are shown for solid phantoms.
The response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin: determination of cell numbers.

Abstract Optimization and definition of conditions for studying lymphocyte function in vitro resulted in exponential proliferation of lymphocytes from day 2 to day 5 with an average doubling time of 20 hr. The number of cells in culture on day 5 was 5–10 times as great as the number initially planted and 10–20 times as great as the number surviving in culture on day 2. An improved pronase-cetrimide technique was used to determine the number of viable lymphocytes as a function of time after addition of PHA. The volume changes in nuclei, obtained after cetrimide treatment, were quantitated using a curve-fitting computer program. The response could be described in terms of an induction phase (0–2 days) characterized by a decrease in cellularity and an increase in nuclear volume, a proliferation phase (2–5 days) characterized by an exponential proliferation and a continued increase in the number of cells having a large nuclear volume, and a lysis phase (5–14 days) characterized by a decrease in cellularity and a decrease in nuclear volume. The results reported here suggest that the ratio of the number of cells cultured to the volume of culture medium was crucial for optimal transformation and proliferation, 105 cells/ml producing far better responses than 106 cells/ml.
Evaporative sea-level drawdown in the Silurian Michigan basin

Evaporites deposited within the Michigan basin during late Wenlockian time appear to record a significant drop in sea level, whereas coeval carbonates deposited on the topographically higher Wabash platform of Indiana do not. The conflicting evidence from basin and platform can be resolved by a hypothesis of isolated evaporative drawdown within the basin. This hypothesis postulates that high evaporation rates and constriction of ocean inlets between the Michigan basin and North American epeiric seas caused sea levels inside the basin to drop significantly white external sea levels remained nearly constant. During drawdown, supratidal Silurian carbonates on the basin margin acted as a rim separating normal and hypersaline seas allowing recharge of seawater and discharge of brine through restricted inlets and through restricted inlets and through the subsurface. Geologic evidence for sea-level drawdown includes subaerial exposure of preevaporitic carbonates within the basin , extensive dolomitization of carbonates at the basin margin, and reduced deposition of sulfate and magnesium salts in the basin center.
Drug release from hydrogel devices with ratecontrolling barriers

Abstract Zero order release of a drug from monolithic polymer devices fails because the drug concentration gradient within the matrix falls with time. In principle, it should be possible to maintain this concentration gradient constant via the introduction of a ratelimiting barrier to solute diffusion at the surface of the device. In this study, progesterone-dispersed monolithic devices were prepared from either polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) or a copolymer of HEMA and methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate (MEEMA). These monolithic devices were soaked in an ethanol solution of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) followed by exposure to UV light to create a crosslinked zone at the outer edge. The cross-linked zone has a much lower permeability to solute than the central region of the device and therefore serves as a rate-limiting barrier. Progesterone release studies demonstrated a zero order release from devices with the crosslinked outer layer. Drug release rates were dependent upon the UV treatment time, the EGDMA concentration, and the device soaking time in the EGDMA solution.
Portable radiography using linear accelerators

There are numerous instances where the availability of a portable high-energy radiography machine that could be transported to the inspection site with relative ease would save time, money, and make radiography of permanent installations, such as bridges, possible. One such machine, the Minac built by Schoenberg Radiation Inc., is commercially available. It operates at 9.3 GHz, has an electron energy on target of 3.5 MeV, and an output dose rate of 100 R/min. A second portable accelerator, recently completed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, operates at 2.998 GHz, has electron energies on target of 6, 8, and 10 MeV, and an output dose rate of 800 R/min at 8 MeV. This paper discusses the need for and applications of portable accelerators for radiography. Physical characteristics and beam parameters of both machines are examined in detail. Problems of operating at higher frequencies to further minimize size and weight are discussed.
Effects of carbon and nitrogen on the elastic constants of AISI type 304 stainless steel

Abstract Nine AISI type 304 stainless steel alloys were studied at room temperature. The carbon-plus-nitrogen contents of these alloys ranged from 0.067 to 0.325 wt.% (from 0.3 to 1.3 at.%). Five elastic constants (the longitudinal modulus, Young's modulus, the shear modulus, the bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio) were determined by a pulse echo ultrasonic method. All the elastic stiffnesses decrease 0.5%–0.9% per atomic per cent of solute. Poisson's ratio remains unaffected by carbon and nitrogen alloying. Existing theory predicts decreases in elastic stiffness. A model proposed by Eshelby relates the elastic stiffness decrease to the volume increase.