cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Description directed control: its implications for natural language generation

Abstract We propose a very specifically constrained virtual machine design for goal-directed natural language generation based on a refinement of the technique of data-directed control that we have termed “description-directed control”. Important psycholinguistic properties of generation follow inescapably from the use of this control technique, including: efficient runtimes, bounded lookahead, indelible decisions, incremental production of the text, and inescapable adherence to grammatically. The technique also provides a possible explanation for some well known universal constraints, though this cannot be confirmed without further empirical investigation. In description-directed control the controlling data structure is the surface-level linguistic description of the very text being generated. This constituent structure tree is itself generated depth first by the incremental realization of a hierarchical description of the speaker's communicative goals (neutrally termed a “realization specification”) organized according to the scope and importance of its components. The process of traversing the surface structure gates and constrains the realization process; all realizations are thus subject to the grammatical constraints that accrue to the surface structure at which they occur, as defined by the grammatical annotation of the surface structure tree.
Region of Interest Detection in Fundus Images Using Deep Learning and Blood Vessel Information

Ophthalmologists use the optic disc to cup ratio as one of the factors to diagnose glaucoma. The region of interest (ROI) for glaucoma in fundus images is the area that locates optic disc and cup in the center. Therefore, ROI detection is used as a preprocessing step for automatic detection of optic disc and cup areas. This paper proposes an automated method to detect ROI using deep learning. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are used to classify ROI and non-ROI images. The structure of our CNNs is composed of two convolutional layers, two Max Pooling layers, two fully connected layers, and one output layer. We train two CNNs using fundus images from the MESSIDOR dataset, a public dataset containing 1,200 fundus images. In addition, we estimate blood vessels from the images and use the images embedded with the blood vessels to train two other CNNs. The proposed method moves a window in the horizontal and vertical directions in each fundus image, estimates a probability of each window using the CNNs, and selects the window with the highest probability as ROI. The experimental results are promising. The best-performing CNN from the first CNN group shows over 0.99 accuracy for the MESSIDOR dataset and over 0.93 accuracy for five other public fundus image datasets. The best CNN from the second CNN group shows more robust results: over 0.99 accuracy for the MESSIDOR dataset and over 0.97 accuracy for the five other image datasets.
Predicting future mental illness from social media: A big-data approach

In the present research, we investigated whether people’s everyday language contains sufficient signal to predict the future occurrence of mental illness. Language samples were collected from the social media website Reddit, drawing on posts to discussion groups focusing on different kinds of mental illness (clinical subreddits), as well as on posts to discussion groups focusing on nonmental health topics (nonclinical subreddits). As expected, words drawn from the clinical subreddits could be used to distinguish several kinds of mental illness (ADHD, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and depression). Interestingly, words drawn from the nonclinical subreddits (e.g., travel, cooking, cars) could also be used to distinguish different categories of mental illness, implying that the impact of mental illness spills over into topics unrelated to mental illness. Most importantly, words derived from the nonclinical subreddits predicted future postings to clinical subreddits, implying that everyday language contains signal about the likelihood of future mental illness, possibly before people are aware of their mental health condition. Finally, whereas models trained on clinical subreddits learned to focus on words indicating disorder-specific symptoms, models trained to predict future mental illness learned to focus on words indicating life stress, suggesting that kinds of features that are predictive of mental illness may change over time. Implications for the underlying causes of mental illness are discussed.
City-Level Agent-Based Multi-modal Modeling of Transportation Networks: Model Development and Preliminary Testing

Digital cities have the potential to produce major improvements in the transportation system with the eminent availability of data and the use of advanced modeling techniques. This modeling entails a number of challenges, namely: the network scale that covers large urban multi-modal transportation networks and the trade-off between model scalability and accuracy. This paper introduces a novel simulation framework that efficiently supports large-scale agent-based multimodal transportation system modeling. We call this framework “INTEGRATION Ver. 3.0”, or “INTGRAT3” for short. The INTGRAT3 framework utilizes both microscopic and mesoscopic modeling techniques to take advantage of the strengths of each modeling approach. In order to increase the model scalability, decrease the model complexity, and achieve a reasonable simulation speed, the INTGRAT3 framework utilizes parallel simulation through two partitioning techniques: spatial partitioning by separating the network geographically and vertical partitioning by separating the network by transportation mode for odes that interact minimally. The INTGRAT3 framework creates multimodal plans for a portion of the trips (controlled trips) and tracks the traveler’s trips on a second-by-second basis across the different modes. We instantiate this framework in a system model of Los Angeles (LA) supporting our study of the impact on transportation decisions over a 6 h period of the morning commute (6am–12pm). The results show that by modifying travel choices of only 5% of the trips, large reductions in traffic congestion (ranging from 3.8 to 17.2% reductions in vehicle delay) are achievable with marginal reductions in vehicle fuel consumption levels (ranging from 1.4 to 3.5%).
Offshoring and skill overlap: An empirical investigation

Conventional international trade theory predicts that bilateral offshoring flows will be highest when two countries have very different relative factor endowments. In contrast, the new trade theory contends that offshoring is more likely to exist when countries’ relative factor endowments are similar. This paper empirically tests the relationship between offshoring and relative factor endowments, measured by the skill overlap index between two countries and finds evidence that there is an inverted U‐shape relationship. Our empirical results predict that the rise in educational attainment in China will motivate U.S. multinationals to send their tasks to China in the short run; over the long run, however, U.S. multinationals will have fewer incentives to send their tasks to China. This finding sheds new light on the current trade tensions between the United States and China and has implications for trade policy.
Coordinated postnatal maturation of striatal cholinergic interneurons and dopamine release dynamics in mice.

Dynamic changes in motor abilities and motivated behaviors occur during the juvenile and adolescent periods. The striatum is a subcortical nucleus critical for action selection, motor learning and reward processing. Its tonically active cholinergic interneuron (ChI) is an integral regulator of the synaptic activity of other striatal neurons, as well as afferent axonal projections of midbrain dopamine neurons. Thalamic and dopaminergic inputs initiate pauses in ChI firing following salient sensory cues that are extended for several hundred milliseconds by intrinsic regenerative currents. Here, we characterize the electrophysiological and morphological features of ChIs during mouse postnatal development. We demonstrate that ChI spontaneous activity increases with age while the duration of the pause in firing induced by depolarizing inputs decreases during postnatal development. Maturation of ChI activity is driven by two distinct physiological changes: decreased amplitude of the afterhypolarization between P14 and P18 and and increased Ih conductance between the late postnatal period and adulthood. Finally, we uncover postnatal changes in dopamine release properties that are mediated by cholinergic signalling. At P10, striatal dopamine release is diminished compared to the adult, but our data show efficient summation of dopamine relase evoked by multiple grouped stimuli that subsides by P28. Blockade of nictonic acetylcholine receptors enhances release summation in mice older than P28 but has little effect at P10. These data demonstrate a physiological maturation of ChI activity and indicate a reciprocal interaction between the postnatal maturation of striatal ChI and dopamine neurotransmission.
Elevated hemoglobin A1c is associated with the presence of pancreatic cysts in a high-risk pancreatic surveillance program

Emerging evidence demonstrates that surveillance of individuals at high-risk (HRIs) of developing pancreatic adenocarcinoma allows for identification and treatment of resectable tumors with improved survival. Population-based data suggest that hyperglycemia may be present up to three years before the development of pancreatic cancer. We investigated whether elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is associated with the development of pancreatic cysts in a pancreatic surveillance program. We performed a retrospective study of HRIs who underwent pancreatic surveillance at a single institution between May 2013 and March 2019, according to published criteria. We collected demographic information, clinical data including HbA1c, and imaging results. We compared data using univariable and multivariable analyses. Our primary outcome was the presence of pancreatic cysts on initial surveillance in patients with elevated HbA1c. Ninety-eight patients underwent surveillance imaging via EUS or MRCP and seventy-four patients met inclusion criteria. Thirty patients were found to have cysts on initial imaging. Older age (p 5.7% (aOR 5.82, 95% CI 1.50–22.54) remained associated with presence of cysts and solid lesions in HRIs. In patients with cysts or solid lesions there was a strong association between increased age and elevated HbA1c (p < 0.01). HRIs with elevated HbA1c were more likely to have pancreatic cysts compared to individuals with lower HbA1c on initial imaging in a pancreatic surveillance program. These findings may help tailor the surveillance protocols for those at increased risk of developing pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Country effects on teacher turnover intention: a multilevel, cross-national analysis

This study provides in-depth analyses of how country contexts along with working conditions might relate to teachers’ turnover intentions. Using a large sample of teachers and schools from 32 OECD countries, the study estimates a set of three-level HLM models of turnover intention. The findings reveal that teacher turnover intentions vary significantly across countries and across schools within countries. This variation is a function of teacher-, school-, and country-level factors. The analysis of cross-level interactions indicates that the country contexts might have moderated the nature or strength of the relationships between working conditions and teacher turnover intention.
Heavy Metals Exposure and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias lack effective treatment or cures and are major public health challenges. Risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is partially attributable to environmental factors. The heavy metals lead, cadmium, and manganese are widespread and persistent in our environments. Once persons are exposed to these metals, they are adept at entering cells and reaching the brain. Lead and cadmium are associated with numerous health outcomes even at low levels of exposure. Although manganese is an essential metal, deficiency or environmental exposure or high levels of the metal can be toxic. In cell and animal model systems, lead, cadmium, and manganese are well documented neurotoxicants that contribute to canonical Alzheimer's disease pathologies. Adult human epidemiologic studies have consistently shown lead, cadmium, and manganese are associated with impaired cognitive function and cognitive decline. No longitudinal human epidemiology study has assessed lead or manganese exposure on Alzheimer's disease specifically though two studies have reported a link between cadmium and Alzheimer's disease mortality. More longitudinal epidemiologic studies with high-quality time course exposure data and incident cases of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias are warranted to confirm and estimate the proportion of risk attributable to these exposures. Given the widespread and global exposure to lead, cadmium, and manganese, even small increases in the risks of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias would have a major population impact on the burden on disease. This article reviews the experimental and epidemiologic literature of the associations between lead, cadmium, and manganese on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and makes recommendations of critical areas of future investment.
Environment characterization and genomic prediction for end-use quality traits in soft white winter wheat.

End-use quality phenotyping is laborious and expensive, thus, testing may not occur until later generations in wheat breeding programs. We investigated the pattern of genotype × environment (G × E) interaction for end-use quality traits in soft white wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tested the effectiveness of implementing genomic selection to optimize breeding for these traits. We used a multi-environment unbalanced dataset comprised of 672 breeding lines and cultivars adapted to the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, which were evaluated for 14 end-use quality traits. Genetic correlations between environments based on factor analytic models showed low-to-moderate G × E interaction for most traits but high G × E interaction for grain and flour protein. A total of 40,518 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers were used for genomic prediction. Genomic prediction accuracies were high for most traits thereby justifying the use of genomic selection to assist breeding for superior end-use quality in soft white wheat. Excluding outlier environments based on genetic correlations between environments was more effective in increasing genomic prediction accuracies compared with that based on environment clustering analysis. For kernel size, kernel weight, milling score, ash, and flour swelling volume, excluding outlier environments increased prediction accuracies by 1-11%. However, for grain and flour protein, flour yield, and cookie diameter, excluding outlier environments did not improve genomic prediction performance.
Treatment of infections occurring in total hip surgery.

The chronology of infections after total hip arthroplasty has been categorized and described. Occurring at various time intervals after operation, the three phases of the infected total hip arthroplasty are as follows: (1) the acute complications with either a fulminating infection or a hematoma with potential or actual infection; (2) low-grade, creeping infection that is recognized early and treated with antibiotics alone, treated by debridement, with components left in place, or treated by debridement with removal of the components; (3) reimplantation of components after a previous hip infection. The methods for treating each of these phases are presented together with rationale for such treatment.
Multi-mode SCTP in battlefield networks and analytic modeling

Military applications in battlefield networks may have dramatically different requirements in terms of transmission reliability and throughput. To make stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) better suit for those applications, we propose multi-mode SCTP, which includes reliability enhancement mode (REM), normal transmission mode (NTM) and throughput enhancement mode (TEM). Transmission schemes of these 3 modes including benefits and shortcomings are explained in details. We also develop analytic models for each mode. Simulation results demonstrate that our analytic models can accurately predict throughput of SCTP in NTM and TEM.
Diets Enriched With N-3 Fatty Acids Ameliorate Lactic Acidosis by Improving Endotoxin-Induced Tissue Hypoperfusion in Guinea Pigs J.J. POMPOSELLI, E.A. FLORES, G.L. BLACKBURN, S.H. ZEISEL, B.R. BISTRIAN Ann Surg 213:166–176, 1991

The authors compared the effects of 6 weeks of dietary supplementation with either N-3 fatty acids (fish oil) or N-6 fatty acids (safflower oil) on the acute physiologic response to continuous endotoxin infusion in guinea pigs. Substantial evidence has accumulated to suggest that arachidonic acid metabolites may act as a common efferent signal in the pathogenesis of septic shock. Studies attempting to elucidate the physiologic effects of diets rich in N-3 fatty acids have centered on the altered formation and metabolism of prostanoids. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been shown to be the metabolically active fatty acid in fish oil because of its structural similarity to the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid (AA). Controlled dietary intake of selected fish oils rich in EPA and N-3 fatty acids have been shown to down-regulate eicosanoid metabolism leading to a more vasodilatory platelet and neutrophil antiaggregatory state compared with diets enriched with N-6 fatty acids. In previous studies, the a...
The demand revealing process: To distribute the surplus

Contrary to established, frequently repeated proposition that its budget surplus cannot be distributed to taxpayers without disturbing the incentive compatibility of the demand revealing process (DRP), the surplus can be distributed by reapplying the key concept of the DRP. There will remain an aggregate refund error that in a Bayesian sense is random with zero mean, and which vanishes O(1/N)2 as the economy becomes large through replication. To dela with income effects. when one does not restrict the domain of the mechanism to separable utility functions, I suggest a variation of the DRP that preserves its incentive compatibility wgeb N is finite.
Resonator-free realization of effective magnetic field for photons

We propose to create an effective magnetic field for photons in a two-dimensional waveguide network with strong scattering at waveguide junctions. The effective magnetic field is realized by imposing a direction-dependent phase along each waveguide link. Such a direction-dependent phase can be produced by dynamic modulation or by the magneto-optical effect. Compared to previous proposals for creating an effective magnetic field for photons, this scheme is resonator-free, thus potentially reduces the experimental complexity. We also show that such a waveguide network can be used to explore photonic analogue of integer quantum Hall effect for massless particles.
Left ventricular diastolic collapse in regional left heart cardiac tamponade. An experimental echocardiographic and hemodynamic study

Abstract Objectives. This study was designed to describe the hemodynamic abnormalities associated with the appearance of left ventricular diastolic collapse in the setting of regional left heart cardiac tamponade. Background. Cardiac tamponade after heart surgery is frequently associated with localized pericardial effusion. Although right ventricular diastolic collapse and right atrial collapse are reliable echocardiographic findings in patients with circumferential pericardial effusion and tamponade, they are often not present in postoperative patients with localized pericardial effusion and regional left heart tamponade. Left ventricular diastolic collapse has been described in such patients, but the degree of hemodynamic alteration that exists with this finding is not known. Methods. Acute regional left heart tamponade was produced 14 times in seven spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs by infusing fluid into an isolated compartment created in the pericardial space adjacent to the left ventricular free wall. Continuous echocardiographic imaging and hemodynamic monitoring of left ventricular, systemic arterial, right atrial, pulmonary capillary wedge and pericardial pressures were performed. Measurements at baseline were compared with those made at the onset of left ventricular diastolic collapse and at decompensated tamponade. Results. Left ventricular diastolic collapse was noted in all 14 episodes of regional tamponade. It occurred when pressure in the left pericardial compartment exceeded left ventricular diastolic pressure by 3.0 ± 1.9 mm Hg. At the onset of left ventricular diastolic collapse, cardiac output and mean arterial pressure were significantly reduced from the control value (p 10 mm Hg only once. The appearance of this sign was also associated with elevated left heart filling pressures. Conclusions. Left ventricular diastolic collapse is a reliable sign of regional left ventricular tamponade and is associated with a reduction in cardiac output. This echocardiographic finding usually occurs before the development of arterial hypotension and pulsus paradoxus. Thus, left ventricular diastolic collapse is potentially more reliable than hypotension or pulsus paradoxus in the diagnosis of regional left ventricular tamponade.
Visualization of cardiac action potential wave propagation by fluorescent imaging

Although implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is a well-established therapy for treating patients with sudden cardiac disease, ways to optimize this therapy has been basically empirical. Fluorescent optical mapping system offers ways to visualize the cardiac electric activity during electric shocking. Software applications were developed with Matlab/Labview to facilitate people with limited computer knowledge to analyze the cardiac action potential wave propagation data.
The Role of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis XVI. THE PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID POLYMERASE FROM YEAST: PREFERENTIAL UTILIZATION OF DENATURED DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AS TEMPLATE

Abstract 1. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been isolated and purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast enzyme resembles the polymerase from Escherichia coli and other sources in its absolute requirements for a DNA primer, a divalent cation, and all four nucleoside triphosphates. 2. Yeast RNA polymerase differs fundamentally from other RNA polymerases in its marked preference for a denatured template. With a wide variety of DNA preparations, the extent of RNA synthesis is more than 10-fold greater with a denatured than with a native template. 3. In contrast to E. coli polymerase, RNA chains formed with yeast polymerase from denatured calf thymus and T2 DNA have long average chain lengths of 1500 to 2000 nucleotides. 4. The effects of yeast and E. coli polymerases on the retention of native DNA by nitrocellulose membranes, on the partitioning of DNA by polyethylene glycol-dextran, and on the rate of RNA synthesis from dAT copolymer at various temperatures have been compared. These studies suggest that the yeast enzyme has a decreased ability to cause localized denaturation of native DNA compared to the E. coli enzyme.
Journal of hematology & oncology: a journal open to all.

Journal of Hematology & Oncology aims not to specialize, rather to broaden and provide a platform for information exchange for all studies related to blood and cancer. It aims to include, not to exclude, all studies from basic research, translational research, case reports, and clinical trials. This journal allows the authors to keep the copyright so they can freely use and disseminate their articles as they please. All articles published in this journal are also archived in PubMed, PubMed Central, and other repositories. Therefore, this journal aims not to restrict, rather to make all published articles free and open to all.
Immunochemical-based zilpaterol measurement and validation in urine and tissues

Because of abuse potential of the feed-additive zilpaterol, a need exists for rapid, sensitive and specific analyses. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed and their usefulness for agricultural applications explored. Immunobiosensor formats were developed for both monoclonal and polyclonal zilpaterol antibodies. Zilpaterol ELISA and immunobiosensor were tested by measuring tissue and urinary concentrations from sheep treated with zilpaterol for 10 days. The study demonstrated that sheep eliminated zilpaterol rapidly. A zilpaterol study in horses demonstrated that urinary zilpaterol in horses was initially much higher than in other species and that urinary zilpaterol depleted in a biphasic manner. Zilpaterol was detectable using either ELISA or ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TQ-MS/MS) after 21 days of withdrawal in horses. These studies demonstrated that the ELISA procedure was rapi...
The contribution of sialic acids to the surface charge of human tooth particles.

Abstract The amounts of sialic acids in tooth particles were assayed by chemical methods, and the contribution of these ionized moieties to the surface charge of the particles were studied by electrokinetic methods. Using chemical analysis, sialic acid was demonstrated in dentine and cementum, but not in enamel. The reduction in electrophoretic mobility following incubation with low concentrations ( 5 units 12 ml ) of active neuraminidase was used as evidence for the presence of sialic acid moieties at the electrokinetic surface of cementum and enamel particles. Dentine particles could not be analyzed as their electrophoretic mobilities were too low to yield reliable data. It was also demonstrated that active and inactive neuraminidase in high concentrations ( 250 units 12 ml ) readily adsorbed to enamel, cementum, calculus and hydroxyapatite, as shown by the decrease of electrophoretic mobility of these particles.
Quantitative analysis by resonant laser ablation with optical emission detection: Resonant laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Resonant laser ablation (RLA) is a solid sampling technique that makes use of radiation trapping, and desorption induced by electronic transitions (DIET), to produce enhanced numbers of analyte atoms in the laser-induced plasma (LIP). This is achieved by tuning the laser ablation wavelength to a gas-phase resonant transition of the analyte. In this paper, RLA was coupled with detection of optical emission in the LIP to perform resonant laser-induced breakdown spectroscopic (RLIBS) experiments with a miniature, portable spectrometer. The experiments were designed to continue an examination of the proposed mechanism of RLA, and to perform an initial assessment of the applicability of RLIBS for quantitative analysis. The study indicated that for a multi-component sample, such as steel, the signal of the wavelength-targeted atom was enhanced the most compared to other constituents, and this supported the hypothesis that the DIET phenomenon is involved. Also, RLIBS experiments indicated that ablation yields of other components were enhanced by resonant ablation of the major component, which supported the contribution of radiation trapping to the RLA phenomenon. A linear, positive slope of the RLA induced atom yield as a function of concentration suggested that the RLA mechanism allows for quantitative analysis of solid samples. Calibration graphs were created for tungsten in spectrographic steels using RLIBS. A limit of detection of 4% was calculated for tungsten in steel.
The impact of paleogeography, pCO2, poleward ocean heat transport and sea level change on global cooling during the Late Ordovician

Abstract We performed sensitivity experiments with the global climate model GENESIS on two stages of the Upper Ordovician (Caradocian, ∼454 Ma; Ashgillian, ∼446 Ma) under a range of atmospheric p CO 2 values (8–18× PAL; Pre-industrial Atmospheric Level), high and low sea level, and two values of poleward ocean heat transport in order to determine the importance of these variables on global cooling. We then coupled a three-dimensional ice sheet model to the global climate model in order to investigate the necessary boundary conditions for ice sheet formation. All simulations with a high sea level and normal heat transport remain free of ice sheets, even with p CO 2 levels as low as 8× PAL. In the Caradocian simulations, ice sheets form in three scenarios: (1) with p CO 2 of 8× PAL and a low sea level and normal poleward ocean heat transport, (2) with p CO 2 of 8× PAL and a high sea level and reduced (50% of normal) poleward ocean heat transport, and (3) with p CO 2 of 15× PAL and a low sea level and reduced poleward ocean heat transport. In the Ashgillian simulations, ice sheets form in only two scenarios: (1) with p CO 2 of 8× PAL and a low sea level and normal poleward ocean heat transport, or (2) with p CO 2 of 8× PAL and a high sea level and reduced poleward ocean heat transport. The ice sheets in the Ashgillian experiments are larger and thicker than the ice sheets in the Caradocian simulations because the southward movement of Gondwana increased land area in the higher southern latitudes where ice sheets could grow. The threshold for glaciation under Ashgillian paleogeography is 8× PAL and either a low sea level (exposed shelves) or a reduced poleward ocean heat transport. While the paleogeographic evolution and a drop in p CO 2 during the Late Ordovician cooled the global climate, changes in additional factors were required to initiate ice sheet formation, such as a drop in sea level, a reduction in poleward ocean heat transport, or a combination of both.
Field enhancement and gap-dependent resonance in a system of two opposing tip-to-tip Au nanotriangles

The enhancement of the electromagnetic field is described for nanoscale metallic ``bowtie'' antennas, consisting of two opposing tip-to-tip Au nanotriangles separated by a gap, through simulation and experiment. Currents, field distributions, and scattering efficiencies in the antennas at optical wavelengths are obtained from finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations using realistic wavelength-dependent dielectric constants. The experimentally measured resonant wavelengths and intensity enhancements from individual bowtie antennas are in excellent agreement with the FDTD simulations. A simple physical model based on current distribution in the antennas is presented to understand the variation in resonant wavelength with gap and explain the basis for the field enhancement.
Cross protection studies with Eimeria maxima strains.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in fecundity of Eimeria maxima isolates were related to their abilities to elicit cross-protective immunity. Immunizations were initiated by low-dose gavages of sporulated oocysts to day-old broiler chicks under conditions that allowed parasite recycling, and chickens were challenged with homologous and heterologous strains. Immunization efficacies were measured using a protective index calculated from weight gain, gross lesion score, plasma carotenoid, and NO 2 − + NO 3 − data. A 4×4 cross- immunization study of four E. maxima strains (designated A–D) showed that strain A, which displayed the lower fecundity, provided no cross-protection against the other three strains. Following several maintenance passages, the fecundity of strain A was increased to that of strain C, and infection with strain A oocysts was able to provide cross-immune protection against challenge with strain C. This study indicates that parasite fecundity is important in providing good immune stimulation, and should be carefully monitored when characterization of the unique immune potentials of Eimeria strains is undertaken.
Imidazolytic processes. VI. Enzymic formation of benzimidazole and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole containing dinucleotides.

Abstract The biosynthesis of benzimidazole and of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole dinucleotides from the corresponding free bases and diphosphopyridine nucleotide in the presence of a soluble, purified beef-spleen diphosphopyridine nucleotidase is reported. The properties of the new dinucleotides and of the benzimidazole mononucleotide are described. Problems connected with the configuration and the resistance to acid hydrolysis of the base-ribose bond in these dinucleotides are discussed.
A Meta‐analysis of the Relationship between Science Instruction and Student Engagement

Abstract A meta‐analysis of the relationship between science instruction and student engagement was performed. A total of 16 studies in science education was coded which yielded 39 instructional variables totalling 102 correlation coefficients, the mean coefficient 0#lb48, the SD 0#lb35. The 16 studies represented a total of 4518 students and 376 teachers from the United States and Australia. The meta‐analysis found no significant differences across the instructional variables with respect to student engagement. Similarly the instruction‐engagement relationship did not show significant differences across range of grade levels, year of publication, sample size and the instruments to measure student engagement, except for the instruments to measure instruction.
TOTAL OSSICULAR REPLACEMENT PROSTHESES: MATERIALS AND DESIGNS

Surgeons and patients are demanding improved replacements for dysfunctional ossicular bones. Replacement of the entire ossicular chain and positioning the prosthesis between the stapes footplate and the tympanic membrane are of particular challenges. Many materials have been used since the first ossicular replacement; at the present time, the two most widely used materials are titanium and hydroxyapatite. Studies have indicated little difference between these two materials. A variety of novel additions have been added to total ossicular replacement prostheses to overcome limitations associated with conventional prostheses. Testing of novel prosthesis materials and designs over long time intervals is needed in order to validate and expand their usage.
Sonography of epididymal leiomyoma

Abstract A case report of leiomyoma of the epididymis is presented with a review of appropriate differential diagnosis of a mass in the epididymis, and leiomyomatous tumors and their occurrence in the scrotum.
Systemic deficits in transporter for antigen presentation (TAP)-1 or proteasome subunit LMP2 have little or no effect on tumor incidence.

Some tumor cells have deficits in class I MHC antigen processing, suggesting that T cells exert selective pressure on tumor cells. Previous studies have not revealed increased tumor incidence in mice with deficits in T-cell immunity, including mice lacking TAP1 (a subunit of the transporter for antigen presentation) or LMP2 (a regulated subunit of the 20S proteasome). The incidence of spontaneous tumors in these mice, however, is too low to assess differences in host resistance to tumors. To increase tumor incidence and better assess the role of systemic expression of TAP1 and LMP2 in responses to tumors, TAP1–/– and LMP2–/– mice were bred with p53–/– mice to create TAP1–/–p53–/– and LMP2–/–p53–/– double knockout mice. Lymphomas and sarcomas (malignant fibrous histiocytoma and angiosarcoma) occurred with high incidence in all p53-deficient populations. Tumor incidence and death rate were similar in TAP1–/–p53–/– mice and closely matched control TAP1+/+p53–/– mice. Tumor incidence and death rate were slightly accelerated in LMP2–/–p53–/– mice relative to control LMP2+/+p53–/– mice, but the biological significance of this difference was unclear. The relative incidence of lymphomas vs. sarcomas was not significantly altered by variation in TAP1 or LMP2. In conclusion, systemic absence of TAP1 did not alter tumor incidence, while absence of LMP2 was associated with only a slight acceleration of tumor incidence of uncertain significance. These observations are consistent with other evidence that normal T-cell responses do not effectively limit tumorigenesis. Even though T cells can attack some tumor cells, the ability of tumors to alter their immunogenicity and evade T-cell surveillance may render the native immune system ineffective at providing a rate-limiting barrier to tumorigenesis and preventing cancer. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
'Flower of the lily': late-medieval religious and heraldic symbolism in Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France, MS francais 146

Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France, MS francais 146 (fr. 146), a manuscript well known for its inclusion of the Roman de Fauvel, also provides an important, albeit understudied, contribution to the history surrounding the allegorical ‘flower of the lily’, or fleur-de-lis – a floral symbol central to fourteenth-century theology and French royal heraldry. In medieval France, the fleur-de-lis emerges through text and music as a symbol capable of invoking, and being invoked by, the Holy Trinity, the Virgin Mary and the Virtues, all in the interest of supporting the religious and monarchical well-being of France. This study argues that the persistent return to the fleur-de-lis throughout the dits, the Chronique metrique and most especially the music and text of Fauvel in fr. 146 offers a necessary link between sacred and heraldic symbology both within the manuscript as well as within the larger historical development of this allegorical flower.
Copper metabolism of cultured fibroblasts from the brindled mouse (gene symbol Mobr).

AbstractThe metabolism of copper by cultured fibroblasts from brindled male (Mobr/Y) and normal male (+/Y) mice was studied using radioactive copper (64Cu). Brindled fibroblasts accumulated more 64Cu than normal fibroblasts. The accumulation of 64Cu by both brindled and normal fibroblasts was enhanced if the cells were preincubated in a copper-supplemented medium or if fetal calf serum was omitted from the medium. Brindled fibroblasts also retained more 64Cu on continued incubation. The greater accumulation might, therefore, represent an effect of reduced copper efflux. The demonstrated expression of the inherited defect in copper metabolism of brindled mice in cultured fibroblasts emphasizes the value of this model for further study of copper metabolism and its genetic control.
The regulation of neutral amino acid transport by amino acid availability in animal cells

Animal cells regulate the activities of neutral amino acid transport Systems A and L to keep the intracellular supply of amino acids relatively constant. Transport System A activity increases dramatically in response to starvation of all the amino acids. Transport System L activity increases in response to starvation of a single substrate such as leucine. The mechanism of regulation appears to be different for Systems A and L.
Effects of acarbose on food intake, body weight and fat depots in lean and obese rats.

Abstract Effects of dietary acarbose at 0, 5, 15 and 50 mg per 100 g diet on food intake and body weight were studied for two months in female rats. The relationships between diet composition, the drug dose and the type of obesity were examined. In lean rats receiving the drug in a high carbohydrate diet (70 Cal.%), mean food intake was similar to control at 5 and 15 mg dietary levels, but was significantly increased at 50 mg. Body weight was significantly reduced only at the 15 mg level. In VMH obese rats receiving the drug in a high carbohydrate diet, it resulted in significant reductions in food intake at the 15 and 50 mg drug levels and in significant reductions in body weight at all three drug levels. In dietary obese rats receiving the drug in a high carbohydrate diet and also in a 32% sucrose drinking solution, food intake and body weight were significantly reduced at each of the drug levels. In dietary obese rats receiving the drug in a high fat diet (70 Cal.%), acarbose at all levels resulted in only small and usually not significant changes in either food intake or body weight. Weight of fat depots were significantly reduced at the 50 mg dietary level in all instances where a high carbohydrate diet was used while at the 5 mg level, fat depots were reduced only in the VMH obese, with the sucrose obese showing a trend for reduced depots. Acarbose in the high fat diet resulted in no significant changes in weight of fat depots. These data indicate that acarbose in a high carbohydrate diet is effective in reducing weight of rats, and that obese usually show a greater reduction in food intake and body weight than lean rats.
The use of dual channel circular-polarization radar observations for remotely sensing storm electrification

Observations of thunderstorms with a dual channel circularpolarization radar have provided dramatic indications of the buildup of the electric field inside the storms and of the sudden collapse of the field at the time of lightning. The indications are obtained by coherently correlating the simultaneous returns in the right- and left-hand circular polarization channels of the radar, and follow up on the pioneering observations of this type by Hendry and McCormick (1976). The correlation is estimated and displayed in real time and the results enable one to predict when a storm has the potential for producing a lightning discharge, and often to anticipate the occurrence of individual discharges. The observations detect the presence of electrically aligned particles, believed to be small ice crystals, which are aligned by the electrostatic field of the storm. The aligned particles cause the radar signal to become progressively depolarized as it propagates through an alignment region, giving rise to correlated right- and left-circular polarization echoes. The alignment direction can be determined from the phase of the correlation and is found to be predominantly vertical, indicating a similar electric field orientation. Weaker horizontal alignment is often observed immediately following lightning discharges, consistent with the idea that the aligned particles are ice platelets which fall with horizontal orientation due to aerodynamic forces. The observations have been found to reveal the onset of strong electrification in developing storms and to indicate when decaying storms no longer have the potential to produce lightning. By compensating for signal-to-noise effects, the variation of the depolarization with range can be determined. This provides detailed pictures of the alignment regions which could be used as tracers of ice crystal populations in storms. The pictures also show the spatial variation of the alignment directions, raising the possibility of remotely mapping the storm electric field structure. Finally, the depolarization rate results readily enable one to distinguish between liquid and solid precipitation in the storms.
A new model for calculating infrared background radiance at all altitudes including atmospheric clutter and clouds

A new correlated-k algorithm has recently been incorporated into SAMM-2, the Air Force Research Laboratory background radiance and transmission code. SAMM-2 incorporates all of the major components necessary for background scene generation at all altitudes: atmospheric characterization, solar irradiance, molecular chemical kinetics and molecular spectroscopic data. The underlying physical models are applicable for both low-altitude local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions as well as high-altitude non-LTE (NLTE) conditions. Comprehensive coverage in the .4 to 40 micron (250 to 25,000 wavenumber) wavelength region for arbitrary lines-of-sight (LOS) in the 0 to 300 kilometer altitude regime is provided. A novel 1 cm-1 resolution correlated-k algorithm has been developed in order to provide the orders-of-magnitude increase in computational efficiency when compared to the existing SAMM-2 line-by-line (LBL) algorithm and applicable to both LTE and NLTE atmospheric conditions. The SAMM-2 correlated-k algorithm processes molecular lines at runtime by reading line center information from the HITRAN 2000 database and computing statistical cumulative probability distributions within a spectral interval under the presumption of a Voigt line shape profile. This algorithm is useful for treating atmospheric phenomena at all altitudes requiring a spectrally monochromatic treatment of the atmospheric transmission and/or radiance, including multiple scattering or atmospheric structure.
Epizootiology and pathology of juvenile oyster disease in the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.

Juvenile Oyster Disease (JOD) causes mortalities of small cultured oysters, Crassostrea virginica. The present study was an intensive epizootiological and pathological investigation of JOD in eight sequentially deployed cohorts at sites on Long Island, New York. JOD symptoms and mortalities began in all groups at about the same time. Lesions on the mantle were detected histologically about 1 week before the principal symptom, a conchiolin deposit on the inner shell, appeared. Mortality began about 1 week later and reached 60–90% in oysters <25 mm. Mantle lesions were highly correlated with subsequent conchiolin-deposit prevalence and with total mortality. Larger juveniles (25–40 mm) were affected by the disease and produced conchiolin deposits, but mortalities did not exceed 30%. Mortalities were consistently related to size, but not necessarily to age or length of “exposure” in the field. There was no indication that JOD was linked to a particular broodstock or hatchery. Wild spat deployed at experimental sites showed JOD symptoms before the hatchery-produced groups did and cohorts maintained inside a hatchery experienced essentially no JOD. Histological examination of cohorts experiencing high mortalities failed to reveal an obvious etiological agent, but showed a disease pattern similar to that described for other bivalve diseases with a bacterial etiology. Similarities and differences between this and other studies of JOD suggest that one or more bacterial species is responsible for JOD, but that a trigger, probably temperature, is also involved and may vary from site to site.
Strength and duration of word-completion priming as a function of word repetition and spacing

We assessed the effects of stimulus repetition and spacing on the strength and duration of word-completion priming. Subjects studied words presented 4, 16, or 32 times and were then given tests of word-stem completion and recognition memory. The words were presented in one session with an immediate, 2-h, or 24-h test; or in four sessions spaced 2 h apart with a test 24 h after the final session. Other subjects were presented the same set of words 1, 2, or 4 times and were tested immediately after word-list presentation. The subjects tested in the immediate conditions exhibited priming, but the subjects in the delay or spaced conditions did not. The subjects exhibited stronger priming effects after four repetitions of the list words than after only one or two repetitions; however, priming effects were not further increased by 16 or 32 repetitions. In contrast, recognition memory performance declined only slightly across 24 h and improved as the number of repetitions increased from 1 to 32. Word-completion priming following presentation of single words appears to be short-lived and may reach a maximum after a few presentations.
On the constitutive relations for δ→α and α→δ martensitic transformation plasticity in plutonium alloys

Abstract A constitutive model for transformation plasticity based on isothermal martensitic kinetics is applied to δ → α and α → δ transformation in Pu alloys. The model is in good agreement with available data for the α → α transformation plasticity behavior of PuGa alloys in uniaxial compression as a function of composition, temperature and strain rate. Application to α → δ transformation in uniaxial tension and crack-tip stress states indicates that general transformation in uniaxial tension is precluded by premature brittle fracture of the α phase, but localized transformation will occur at crack tips as supported by metallographic observations.