cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MANAGING CHANGE IN SUPPLY CHAINS: A PROCESS COMPARISON

Research is necessary to improve our understanding of change processes necessary to successfully implement SCM. One aspect of such inquiry should seek to improve our grasp of how SCM change differs from other types of change. The complex, multifunctional nature of supply chains suggests that processes used to implement SCM changes may differ from those employed for implementing non-supply chain management (NSCM) changes (Lambert, Cooper, and Pagh 1998). Because broader change initiatives are often more difficult to implement (Nadler and Tushman 1989), degree of success realized from implementing SCM changes might differ as well. Understanding the process for implementing SCM is critical because its success drives organizational performance, efficiency and competitive position (Chen and Paulraj 2004). Such an understanding can be found in the change management literature. Research on strategy implementation suggests that it is inextricably connected to change management (Pryor et al. 2007). Successful change embraces both the inner shift in the individual’s values, aspirations and behaviors and the outer shift in process, strategy, practices and systems (Karp 2005). Change management provides insight on changing the organizational structure and staffing to address new changes and insight on adjustment to the administrative system, such as revising systems for planning, performance measurement, and incentive compensation to aid the organization in achieving its strategic goal (Bourgeois and Brodwin 1983). Recent research has indicated relationships between various change process activities and change achievement (Ford and Greer 2005). This study explores differences between SCM and NSCM change using an empirical approach. We seek to determine if there are differences in the change process when organizations implement SCM change as oppose to NSCM change. We define SCM change as planned change that is SCM related. Subsequently, NSCM change is planned change that is not SCM related. Planned changes are premeditated, agent-facilitated interventions that are intended to improve the function of the organization (Lippit, Watson, and Westley 1958). Using concepts from the literature, we first hypothesize about differences in change processes used to implement SCM and NSCM change, and about differences in implementation success realized from them. We then test the hypotheses using data from a sample of managers involved in change implementation. The results and knowledge generated from this study can assist managers with understanding the process for SCM change implementation and what process factors are necessary for SCM change achievement.
Suppression of undesired inputs of linear systems by eigenspace assignment

In this paper, a method using output feedback is proposed to suppress the response of linear systems to undesired inputs and, in particular, to reduce the vibration response of flexible structures to these inputs. This method does not need to measure undesired inputs (or external forces). The analysis assumes that the location of the undesired inputs are known, although the general time dependency is unknown. The feedback gain matrix is calculated to assign the eigenvalues and left-hand eigenvectors of the closed-loop system to specified values. The effect of the undesired inputs on a closed-loop system can be altered or significantly reduced by properly choosing the left-hand eigenvectors of the system. The stability of the control system is guaranteed by properly choosing the output matrix, which can decouple the controlled modes from the uncontrolled modes. An example of forced vibration of a simple flexible structure is presented to demonstrate the proposed method.
Enzyme reactions in the presence of cyclodextrins: biosensors and enzyme assays.

Cyclodextrins, macrocyclic carbohydrates with apolar internal cavities, can form complexes with, and solubilize many normally water-insoluble compounds. Ferrocene and its derivaties, tetrathiafulvalene and tetramethylbenzidine, can function as redox mediators, but are insoluble in water; when they are complexed with cyclodextrins, they can be used in enzymatic assays and in the construction of mediated biosensors. In addition, the solubilization of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including the potent carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene, by cyclodextrins has enabled the detection of these important environmental contaminants.
Evaluation of Public Participation: The Practices of Certified Planners

Public participation has become a central element of planning activity over the last decades. The planning literature has given considerable attention to participation in theory and practice, discu...
The membrane localization of the G protein αs subunit is not dependent on its tenir sequence or effector domain

Abstract The G s protein subunit ( α s ) sequences conserved in non-myristoylated α subunits (TENIR, residues 369–373) or critical for adenylyl cyclase interaction were investigated as possible sites required for membrane localization. Substitutions were created by site-directed mutagenesis in which the TENIR residues were deleted from α s or added to the soluble, non-myristoylated α il . After transfection, COS cells were separated by centrifugation into particulate and soluble fractions. Immunoblots showed that these substitutions did not change the localization: α s ± TENIR in the particulate fraction, non-myristoylated α il ± TENIR in the soluble fraction. The constitutively active α i / α s chimera (CH4A), containing four regions of α s sufficient for adenylyl cyclase activation, was mutated to prevent myristoylation (GA-CH4A). Immunoblots of transfected COS cell fractions showed CH4A in the particulate and GA-CH4A in the soluble fraction. While these regions did not lead to memebrane localization, the soluble GA-CH4A could activate adenylyl cyclase in the intact cell and after reconstitution with cyc- membranes.
Effects of phase noise from lasers and other sources on photonic RF phased-arrays

The beam pattern of a linear phased-array antenna system employing a photonic feed network is analyzed using a model for the individual feed element noise including both additive and multiplicative equivalent noise generators. It is shown that uncorrelated multiplicative noise power of the individual feeds is reduced by a factor of N in the output of an N-element linear array. However, the uncorrelated additive noise of the individual feed paths is not mitigated, and therefore will determine the minimum noise floor of a large phased-array antenna.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Health care providers' subjective understandings of old age: Implications for threatened status in late life

Abstract The ways in which health care providers subjectively define patients as being old are unexamined and taken-for-granted. Based upon interviews with 42 physicians and nurses, this article identifies three conceptual domains (chronology, poor health status and “old” behaviors) that underlie their subjective definitions of old age. It also examines the meanings and relative importance of these domains. Ultimately, physicians and nurses understand old age as issues of poor health status and physical and mental inactivity. Their understandings of old age as sickness and inactivity can undermine adult status in late life in two ways: (I) they contribute to some providers' erroneous and potentially devastating expectations about the health and behavior of people in late life; and (2) they reinforce some providers' perceptions that the patient role is the appropriate behavioral model for older adults.
Gas‐gas equilibrium: High pressure limits

Recent experimental studies of phase behavior in mixtures of light gases, at pressures up to ten thousand atmospheres, provide information about high pressure boundaries to regions of gas-gas equilibrium. It is shown that these regions are generally bounded on the high pressure side by a three-phase region of the type solid-gas-gas, which results from the solidification of the less volatile component. In some cases the gas-gas phase separation terminates at a critical end point formed by an intersection of the critical line with the three-phase region. However, the available evidence suggests that in other cases gas-gas phase separations may persist to very high temperatures at very high pressures, perhaps even to the limits at which atomic and molecular structure begin to break down. Dans des etudes experimentales recentes du comportement des phases dans des melanges de gaz legers, lorsque les pressions s'elevaient jusqu'a 10,000 atmospheres, on a obtenu des renseignements sur la delimitations des pressions elevees aua regions d'equilibre entre deux gaz. On voit que lesdites regions sont generalement limitees du cǒte des pressions elevees par une region a trois phases du genre solide-gaz-gaz, laquelle resulte de la solidification du composant le moins volatil. Dans certains cas, le separation des phases gazeuses cesse a un point final critique, lequel est forme par l'intersection de la ligne critique avec la region des trois phases. Toutefois, les constatations indiquent que, dans d'autres cas, la separation des phases gaz-gaz pourrait persister a des temperatures tres elevees, lorsque les pressions sont tres fortes, et ce, měme aux limites auxquelles les structures atomique et moleculaire commencent a se desagreger.
Probing exchange kinetics and atomic resolution dynamics in high-molecular-weight complexes using dark-state exchange saturation transfer NMR spectroscopy

We present the protocol for the measurement and analysis of dark-state exchange saturation transfer (DEST), a novel solution NMR method for characterizing, at atomic resolution, the interaction between an NMR-'visible' free species and an NMR-'invisible' species transiently bound to a very high-molecular-weight (>1 MDa) macromolecular entity. The reduced rate of reorientational motion in the bound state that precludes characterization by traditional NMR methods permits the observation of DEST. (15)N-DEST profiles are measured on a sample comprising the dark state in exchange with an NMR-visible species; in addition, the difference (ΔR(2)) in (15)N transverse relaxation rates between this sample and a control sample comprising only the NMR-visible species is also obtained. The (15)N-DEST and ΔR(2) data for all residues are then fitted simultaneously to the McConnell equations for various exchange models describing the residue-specific dynamics in the bound state(s) and the interconversion rate constants. Although the length of the experiments depends strongly on sample conditions, approximately 1 week of NMR spectrometer time was sufficient for full characterization of samples of amyloid-β (Aβ) at concentrations of ~100 μM.
Effects of metronidazole on hepatic CYP3A4 activity.

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of a short course of oral metronidazole, commonly used for bowel-preparation regimens, on hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity, as measured by the [ 14 C N-methyl]-erythromycin breath test (ERMBT) in healthy volunteers. Design. Prospective, nonrandomized, interventional study. Setting. University-affiliated, community, teaching hospital. Subjects. Five healthy male volunteers. Intervention. Subjects underwent a baseline ERMBT in the morning before receiving three oral doses of metronidazole 500 mg administered at 3 PM., 7 P.M., and 11 PM. Repeat ERMBTs were performed at 24, 72, and 96 hours after the initial ERMBT. Changes in ERMBT values were compared with baseline results using Freidman's repeated-measures analysis of variance on ranks. Measurements and Main Results. The ERMBT values did not change significantly compared with baseline (p=0.82). Median (range) ERMBT values expressed as a percentage of baseline at 24, 72, and 96 hours were 110.3 (96.2-136.9), 101.3 (99.3-115.0), and 101.8 (95.5-116.3), respectively Conclusion. A short course of oral metronidazole does not result in a significant change in hepatic CYP3A4 activity as measured by the ERMBT.
Misonidazole chemosensitization of EMT6 spheroids to melphalan.

Abstract Nitroaromatic radiosensitizers are effective chemosensitizers in vitro and in vivo. We have used EMT6 tumour cells grown as multicellular spheroids to try and further understand the role that hypoxia plays in this process. Our results show that the cell killing produced in whole spheroids following a 1-h exposure to melphalan (L-PAM) was enhanced by a 3-h pre-exposure to 5 mM misonidazole (MI SO), an enhancement ratio of 1.3-1.7 being obtained. Sequentially disaggregating spheroids we also found that both L-PAM toxicity and MISO chemosensitization were relatively constant as a function of depth within the spheroid. The binding of 14 C-MISO to spheroid cells, measured by scintillation counting of disaggregated cells and by autoradiography analysis of sectioned spheroids, demonstrated that binding increased with depth. However, cells in the outer layers of the spheroid bound more 14 C-MISO than expected with fully aerobic cells, while in the innermost viable cells the binding was less than that measured in cells which were fully radiobiologically hypoxic. This suggests that the majority of viable spheroid cells were at oxygen tensions intermediate between those found in either fully aerobic or radiobiologically hypoxic cells, yet their levels of oxygenation were sufficiently low for MISO chemosensitization to occur.
Polyadenylate metabolism in Achlya ambisexualis

The polyadenylate sequences of the polyadenylated RNA of Achlya ambisexualis were found to be heterogeneous in size. Under steady-state labeling conditions, three classes of polyadenylate were identified having modal sizes of approximately 50, 30, and 15 nucleotides and representing about 30, 50, and 20% of the radioactivity, respectively. However, polyadenylate sequences, isolated after pulse-labeling for 10 min with [ 3 H]adenosine, contained most of the label in the 50-nucleotide size class. With increasing labeling intervals, the proportion of the isotope in the large sized class decreased, while that in the two smaller sized classes increased. In experiments in which a 10-minute pulse was followed by an unlabeled adenosine chase, the amount of label in the 50-nucleotide component was rapidly reduced. However, most of the label lost from the large sized class could not be accounted for by appearance in the small sized classes. Cell fractionation following labeling with [ 3 H]adenosine showed that the polyadenylate size classes are differentially distributed within the cell. Poly-adenylate sequences within the nucleus are predominantly in the 50-nucleotide size class. On the other hand, those present in mRNA active in translation are predominantly in the small sized classes. Thus, in Achlya , there exist classes of polyadenylate, linked to nuclear pre-messenger RNA and polysomal messenger RNA, which differ in size and in rates of synthesis and turnover.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Survival in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Findings From CALGB 80303 (Alliance)

The biologically active form of vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25[OH]2D), is a pleiotropic steroid hormone. In addition to its role in calcium homeostasis, it affects proliferation and differentiation of many cell types, including breast, prostate, and colon cancers (1–4). Its effects on pancreatic cancer cells are less well understood, although studies have reported growth arrest in pancreatic cell lines in response to 1,25(OH)2D. In vitro, 1,25(OH)2D analogues inhibit pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, induce differentiation, and promote apoptosis (5–9). In vivo, they inhibit growth of pancreatic tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice (8,10). Scientific observations from animal and cell-line models on pancreatic cancer pathogenesis support the hypothesis that vitamin D metabolism is also important in tumor maintenance and may contribute in part to this tumor’s chemoresistance. Specifically, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is known to mediate the activity of vitamin D and has been identified in pancreatic cancer cells (8,11). In one study of VDR expression in human pancreatic cancer cell lines, it was established that VDR expression was increased more than threefold compared with that in normal pancreatic cells (12). Both normal and malignant pancreatic cells express 1-α-hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts plasma 25(OH)D into its bioactive form 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25[OH]2D) (11,13,14). Recent data from two genome-wide analysis studies (GWAS) point to the role of the VDR and vitamin D pathway in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. GWAS performed on a cohort of patients enrolled on Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 80303 and on patients included in the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan) identified one VDR single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that associates with better overall survival (OS) (15). To our knowledge, no study has previously investigated whether vitamin D concentration is predictive of survival following a diagnosis with pancreatic cancer. We examined the cohort of participants in CALGB 80303 who had advanced pancreatic cancer and received systemic chemotherapy in the context of this randomized clinical trial. We aimed to describe the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency at baseline and to examine the association of vitamin D status with outcomes.
Effects of propranolol and timolol on left ventricular volumes during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease

The hemodynamic effects of beta-receptor blocking agents on the ejection fraction of patients with coronary artery disease during exercise have been studied previously using radionuclide techniques. Left ventricular volume measurements and the peak systolic pressure/end-systolic volume (PSP/ESV) index have been shown to be variables of left ventricular function that are less influenced by preload and afterload than is ejection fraction. Left ventricular volumes and PSP/ESV were therefore measured in 18 patients with proven coronary artery disease in the control state and after 2 weeks of daily maintenance therapy with either 240 mg propranolol or 60 mg timolol. Values at rest and during symptom-limited upright exercise were compared using the first pass technique and a multicrystal scintillation camera. Left ventricular volumes were measured by the area-length method. Because there was no difference between the propranolol and timolol groups, the results for both groups were combined. The ejection fraction at rest after beta-receptor blocker treatment was not significantly different from pretreat-ment measurements because of an increase in both enddiastolic and end-systolic volumes (p These data suggest that beta-receptor blockers improve global left ventricular function slightly by reversing the ischemic response, but at the same time, blunt the inotropic response of the normal exercising heart muscle to sympathetic stimulation.
Role of interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor-β in anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss and abnormalities of the neuroendocrine and immune systems. To determine the potential role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in anorexia nervosa, serum concentrations of these cytokines were measured in patients with anorexia nervosa during starvation and after weight gain. Serum IL-6 and TGF-beta concentrations were both significantly elevated during starvation and returned to levels comparable to those of normal-weight controls by the end of therapy. In contrast, serum TNF-alpha levels were undetectable in all patients and controls. Cytokines may play previously unsuspected roles in anorexia nervosa and its complications.
The shadow response of the cockroach periplaneta americana

We show that the "escape response" (running) of the cockroach Periplaneta americana is interrupted when the insect runs through a shadow. Shadows were cast by holding an opaque plastic sheet so that the cockroach ran beneath it. In control experiments, a similarly positioned clear plastic sheet was ineffective. Removal of the shadow stimulus allowed running to continue. The likelihood that cockroaches would resume running after removal of the shadow stimulus decreased with the time they were allowed to remain in shadow.
An expert system approach for fault diagnosis to cope with spurious sensor signals and process state uncertainty

Abstract In recent years, there is an increasing interest in using expert systems to assist plant operators in fault diagnosis and decision making during and after accidents or trips. Since uncertainties in the knowledge base exist in most practical cases, how to deal with uncertainties, including spurious sensor signals, is an important issue that distinguishes different expert system approaches. This paper presents an approach that involves the derivation of the evidence-specific hypothesis space from the evidence (usually the sensor signals) collected on-line at a point in time. The knowledge base is constructed based on either fault trees or logic flowgraphs. Special attention is paid to the statistically independent initiating events. Spurious signals are treated by specifically including sensor failures and design defects. Based on a frequency-based calculation, the updated probability distribution over the hypothesis space is calculated. The approach is illustrated by a simple example. The practicality of application to very large systems remains to be explored.
Anti-tumor immunity and autoimmunity: a balancing act of regulatory T cells

Regulatory T (Treg) cell activity has been observed in anti-tumor and autoimmunity since the 1970s. Functional and molecular characterization of Treg cells has been made possible by the recent association of cell markers, such as CD25, CTLA-4, GITR, and Foxp3 gene product, with immunoregulatory activity. Here the influence of Treg cells in both anti-tumor immunity and autoimmunity was measured in BALB/c mice. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells with CD25 mAb resulted in mammary tumor regression and increased susceptibility to thyroiditis. This in vivo priming to both tumor-associated antigens and self-thyroglobulin attests to the presence of otherwise undetectable immune effectors which are under negative regulation. Modulation of Treg cells is a powerful strategy in cancer therapy, but may potentiate autoimmune complications. Murine models exhibiting breakable tolerance to tumor-associated antigens, such as ErbB-2 (HER-2/neu), and increased susceptibility to autoimmunity following Treg-cell depletion are being established to test new vaccination or therapeutic strategies involving Treg-cell modulation.
Genetics in Pulmonary Fibrosis—Familial Cases Provide Clues to the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and remains a disease with a poor prognosis. Familial interstitial pneumonia (FIP) occurs when 2 or more individuals from a given family have an idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. FIP cases have been linked to mutations in surfactant protein C, surfactant protein A2, telomerase reverse transcriptase and telomerase RNA component. Together, mutations in these 4 genes likely explain only 15% to 20% of FIP cases and are even less frequent in sporadic IPF. However, dysfunctional aspects of the pathways that are involved with these genes are present in sporadic forms of IPF even in the absence of mutations, suggesting common underlying disease mechanisms. By serving as a resource for identifying the current and future genetic links to disease, FIP families hold great promise in defining IPF pathogenesis, potentially suggesting targets for the development of future therapies.
Carpal tunnel volume determination by magnetic resonance imaging three-dimensional reconstruction

Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of ten cadaveric specimens was used to determine carpal tunnel volume and carpal arch width. Magnetic resonance images-acquired data were compared with direct measurement of cadaveric carpal canal volume by means of a silicone-injection technique. Mean MRI three-dimensional reconstruction volume was 5.84 ml ± 1.24 ml. Mean silicone-mold volume was 4.73 ± 1.01 ml. A correction factor of 0.8161 was used to accurately calculate carpal tunnel volume from MRI-acquired data. There was no significant difference between calculated carpal tunnel volumes and silicone-mold volumes ( p = 0.623), and there was a linear relationship between MRI-acquired volumes and silicone-mold volumes (correlation coefficient r = 0.97). Differences in MRI-volume determinations between observers were not significant (0.25 ≥ p >0.1). MRI three-dimensional reconstruction, a valid and reproducible technique for measuring carpal tunnel volume and dimensions, has considerable research potential for the evaluation of the relationship between the carpal canal and its contents before and after carpal tunnel release.
Young Two-Year-Olds’ Tendency to Map Novel Verbs onto Novel Actions

Abstract Children tend to select novel objects over familiar ones as the likely referents of novel nouns. This finding is of central importance to several accounts of early word learning. In the current studies, 2-year-olds were shown pairs of videotaped actions, one familiar and one novel, and were asked to select the referents of novel verbs. For actions that did not involve objects, children tended to select the novel action over the familiar one in each of four experiments. For example, they chose the woman who was turning in circles while leaning backwards as “the one who is glarving” more often than the woman who was running. For actions involving objects, novel actions (e.g., shuffling balls) were chosen more often than familiar ones (e.g., kicking balls) in only two of the four experiments. An object-name-blocking mechanism was proposed to account for this last result. The preference for novel actions was also found to be strengthened by preexposing both actions from a test pair, but to be unaffected by preexposing just the novel actions.
Somatotropic and gonadotropic axes linkages in infancy, childhood, and the puberty-adult transition

Integrative neuroendocrine control of the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in childhood, puberty, and young adulthood proceeds via multiple convergent and divergent pathways in the human and experimental animal. Emerging ensemble concepts are required to embody independent, parallel, and interacting mechanisms that subserve physiological adaptations and pathological disruption of reproduction and growth. Significant advances in systems biology will be needed to address these challenges.
Fuzzy ranking: theory and applications

Abstract The rank ordering of samples is widely used in robust signal processing. Recent advances have combined the rank ordering of samples with the natural time or spatial ordering of the observations through fuzzy set theory. This has lead to a novel set of signal processing tools, namely fuzzy time–rank (TR) relations, fuzzy time and rank ordered samples, and fuzzy time and rank indices. This paper reviews the fundamentals in this emerging area and presents two new algorithms: the fuzzy rank conditioned median filter, which is a generalization of the rank conditioned median filter, and the fuzzy rank order detector, which may be viewed as an extension of the maximum rank sum receiver. The superior performance of both algorithms is demonstrated in image processing and communications applications.
Nonlinear design for command generation

The design structure of the command following control systems developed by Meyer and Cicolani can best be illustrated with the following problem (see Figure 1). Consider a plant P with input u, load disturbance d, and output y. A command signal r, which may not be known at design stage, is to be followed by the output y. The task is to design a control system which admits signals r and y and generates signal u as its output, such that the plant output y follows r within certain design requirements and constraints.
Damage tolerance and durability of selectively stitched stiffened composite structures

Through-the-thickness stitching is one of the promising approaches to improve the impact damage tolerance of stiffened composite structures. In this research, the effect of selective stitching on impact damage tolerance and fatigue durability of stiffened composite panels was extensively investigated and compared with unstitched stiffened composite panels. Two-blade stiffened composite panels were fabricated by resin film infiltration technique. Impact damage was inflicted on the stiffened panels using a drop-weight with the impact energy of 30 J from the skin-side over the stiffener and the flange. The experimental results indicate that selective stitching is an effective way to improve the compressive failure strength and fatigue strength of stiffened panels with both clearly visible flange damage (CVFD) and clearly visible stiffener damage (CVSD). The bulking and post-buckling finite element analyses were performed to predict the static compressive strength of the selectively stitched stiffened panels. A good agreement was obtained between analytical and experimental results. The failure behaviors of the undamaged, CVFD and CVSD panels were also investigated.
Triphenylmethane dye activation of beta-arrestin

β-Arrestins regulate G protein-coupled receptor signaling as competitive inhibitors and protein adaptors. Low molecular weight biased ligands that bind receptors and discriminate between the G protein dependent arm and β-arrestin, clathrin-associated arm of receptor signaling are considered therapeutically valuable as a result of this distinctive pharmacological behavior. Other than receptor agonists, compounds that activate β-arrestins are not available. We show that within minutes of exposure to the cationic triphenylmethane dyes malachite green and brilliant green, tissue culture cells recruit β-arrestins to clathrin scaffolds in a receptor-activation independent manner. In the presence of these compounds, G protein signaling is inhibited, ERK and GSK3β signaling are preserved, and the recruitment of the beta2-adaptin, AP2 adaptor complex to clathrin as well as transferrin internalization is reduced. Moreover, malachite green binds β-arrestin2-GFP coated immunotrap beads relative to GFP only coated beads. Triphenylmethane dyes are FDA approved for topical use on newborns as components of triple-dye preparations and are not approved but used effectively as aqueous antibiotics in fish husbandry. As possible carcinogens, their chronic ingestion in food preparations, particularly through farmed fish, is discouraged in the U.S. and Europe. Our results indicate triphenylmethane dyes as a result of novel pharmacology may have additional roles as β-arrestin/clathrin pathway signaling modulators in both pharmacology research and clinical therapy.
Radiation-induced fibrosis: mechanisms and implications for therapy.

Purpose Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a long-term side effect of external beam radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer. It results in a multitude of symptoms that significantly impact quality of life. Understanding the mechanisms of RIF-induced changes is essential to developing effective strategies to prevent long-term disability and discomfort following radiation therapy. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the etiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, treatment, and directions of future therapy for this condition.
Psychology as a Profession: An Effective Career Exploration and Orientation Course for Undergraduate Psychology Majors

The authors describe an undergraduate psychology course that covers academic advising and career planning. Lectures included choosing a major, job opportunities with a bachelor's degree, applying to graduate school, and guest lectures from professionals in psychology-related careers. Students completed a plan of study, a resume, and a career exploration paper. Students evaluated the course and assignments as being moderately high in value and recommended that the course continue to be required for psychology majors. Nearly all students (93%) either changed their career plans or felt more confident about their plans after taking the course. Recommendations for implementing a similar course are provided.
Basis for formulating biosurfactant mixtures to achieve ultra low interfacial tension values against hydrocarbons

Biosurfactants could potentially replace or be used in conjunction with synthetic surfactants to provide for more cost-effective subsurface remediation. The design of surfactant formulations that are effective in lowering interfacial tension (IFT), which is necessary to mobilize entrapped hydrocarbons, requires information about the surface-active agent (surfactant) and the targeted non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). We hypothesized that biosurfactant and synthetic surfactant mixtures can be formulated to provide the appropriate hydrophobic/hydrophilic conditions necessary to produce low IFT against NAPLs, and that such mixtures will produce synergism that make them more effective than individual biosurfactants or synthetic surfactants. Our work tested the interfacial activity of biosurfactants from individual strains and mixtures of biosurfactants from different strains with and without a synthetic surfactant. Multiple regression analysis showed that, for lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by various Bacillus species, the interfacial activity against toluene depended on the relative proportions of 3-OH-C14, C15, C16, and C18 in the fatty acid tail. As the fatty acid composition became more heterogeneous the system produced lower IFT against toluene. In mixtures of lipopeptide biosurfactants with the more hydrophilic, rhamnolipid biosurfactant, the IFT against toluene decreased as the percentage of the 3-OH C14 fatty acid increased in the lipopeptide. Mixtures of lipopeptide biosurfactants with the more hydrophobic synthetic surfactant, C12, C13-8PO SO4Na, were able to produce low IFT against hexane and decane. In general, we found that lipopeptide biosurfactants with a heterogeneous fatty acid composition or mixtures of lipopeptide and rhamnolipid biosurfactants lowered the IFT against hydrophilic NAPLs. Conversely, mixtures of lipopeptide biosurfactants with a more hydrophobic synthetic surfactant lowered the IFT against hydrophobic NAPLs.
A technique for cutting or accessing nerves and connectives in Aplysia californica

Abstract 1. 1. Specific nerves and connectives in Aplysia californica can be cut, and most of the operated animals will recover. 2. 2. The animals are very robust to surgery in late winter and spring, making this the preferred time to do operations. 3. 3. A record of the weight changes in individuals will help to predict post-operative longevity, and thereby reduce losses in the summer, when the success rate is poorer.
Panic disorder: Genetic considerations

Panic disorder is a common illness that can have serious consequences, including increased long-term mortality. Family and twin studies suggest that it is a genetic disorder and transmission patterns within families are compatible with a hypothesis of a disease gene predisposing to the condition. Recently, it has become possible to locate disease genes causing familial disorders through linkage analysis. A preliminary linkage analysis of panic disorder at the University of Iowa found suggestive but inconclusive evidence of linkage to the alpha-haptoglobin locus on chromosome 16q22. Future strategies for identifying disease genes in anxiety disorders are described.
The Phantom Wahhabi: Liberalism and the Muslim fanatic in mid-Victorian India*

In the late 1860s and early 1870s the British colonial government in India suppressed an imagined Wahhabi conspiracy, which it portrayed as a profound threat to imperial security. The detention and trial of Amir and Hashmadad Khan—popularly known as the Great Wahhabi Case—was the most controversial of a series of public trials of suspected Wahhabis. The government justified extra-judicial arrests and detentions as being crucial to protect the empire from anti-colonial rebels inspired by fanatical religious beliefs. The government's case against the Khan brothers, however, was exceptionally weak. Their ongoing detention sparked a sustained public debate about the balance between executive authority and the rule of law. In newspapers and pamphlets published in India and Britain, Indian journalists and Anglo-Indian lawyers argued that arbitrary police powers posed a greater threat to public security than religious fanatics. In doing so, they embraced a language of liberalism which emphasized the rule of law and asserted the role of public opinion as a check on government despotism. Debates about the Great Wahhabi Case demonstrate the ongoing contest between authoritarian and liberal strands of imperial ideology, even at the height of the panic over the intertwined threat of Indian sedition and fanatical Islam.
Indocyanine green dye angiography accurately predicts survival in the zone of ischemia in a burn comb model

Abstract Introduction Surgical evaluation of burn depth is performed via clinical observation, with only moderate reliability. While perfusion analysis has been proposed to enhance accuracy, no perfusion study has attempted to predict burn extension into the area of ischemia surrounding the original insult. We examined whether laser Doppler imaging (LDI) and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography predicted survival in the zone of ischemia in a porcine hot comb burn model. Methodology Six full-thickness wounds were created on 5 female Yorkshire swine using a validated porcine hot comb burn model. 4 full-thickness burns were created separated by 3 unburned interspaces that represent the zone of ischemia. The interspaces between each comb burn were monitored using LDI and ICG Angiography at 1, 4, 24, and 48 h after burn. Interspace survival was assessed via gross observation and blinded histological readings 7 days after injury. Results ICG Angiographic assessments of burn perfusion were significantly different in viable vs. non-viable interspace perfusion at 1 h, 4 h, and 48 h. Temporal plotting of a trend-line derived from quantitative perfusion measurements rendered two distinct graphs, allowing for the derivation of a predictive algorithm to separate viable and non-viable interspaces. LDI revealed no such prognostic trend. Conclusion Results from a validated porcine burn comb model suggest that ICG angiography has significant potential in the prediction of burn progression early after burn. However, the full potential of this technology cannot be determined until completion of clinical trials.
Fast-Converging Blind Adaptive Channel-Shortening and Frequency-Domain Equalization

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular transmission format for emerging wireless communication systems, including satellite radio, various wireless local area network (LAN) standards, and digital broadcast television. Single-carrier cyclic-prefixed (SCCP) modulation is similar to OFDM, but with all frequency-domain operations performed at the receiver. Systems employing OFDM and SCCP perform well in the presence of multipath provided that the channel delay spread is shorter than the guard interval between transmitted blocks. If this condition is not met, a channel-shortening equalizer can be used to shorten the channel to the desired length. In modestly time-varying environments, an adaptive channel shortener is of interest. All existing adaptive channel shorteners require renormalization to restrain the channel shortener away from zero. In this paper, we study the use of a unit-tap constraint rather than a unit-norm constraint on the adaptive channel shortener. We use this constraint to manipulate existing algorithms into a framework analogous to the recursive least squares algorithm, and we develop adaptation rules for blind and semiblind frequency domain equalizers for SCCP receivers. Simulations of the proposed algorithms show an order of magnitude improvement in convergence speed, as well as a reduced asymptotic bit error rate
Intelligent haptic sensor system for robotic manipulation

The paper discusses an intelligent sensor system developed for the haptic-control of the robotic manipulation of 3D objects. Based on a 16 /spl times/ 16 array of force sensing resistor (FSR) elements, the sensor system is able to provide an estimate of the object's surface orientation along with a fine description of features located within the sensing area.
Modeling of shallow and inefficient convection in the outer layers of the Sun using realistic physics

In an attempt to understand the properties of convective energy transport in the solar convective zone, a numerical model has been constructed for turbulent flows in a compressible, radiation-coupled, nonmagnetic, gravitationally stratified medium using a realistic equation of state and realistic opacities. The time-dependent, three-dimensional hydrodynamic equations are solved with minimal simplifications. The statistical information obtained from the present simulation provides an improved undserstanding of solar photospheric convection. The characteristics of solar convection in shallow regions is parameterized and compared with the results of Chan & Sofia's (1989) simulations of deep and efficient convection. We assess the importance of the zones of partial ionization in the simulation and confirm that the radiative energy transfer is negliglble throughout the region except in the uppermost scale heights of the convection zone, a region of very high superadiabaticity. When the effects of partial ionization are included, the dynamics of flows are altered significantly. However, we confirm the Chan & Sofia result that kinetic energy flux is nonnegligible and can have a negative value in the convection zone.
Heat exchange between water and ice in the Arctic Ocean

The heat balance equation for the bottom surface of floating sea ice is evaluated on the basis of observations of ice temperature, water temperature, current velocity, and ablation or accretion of ice. Assuming equality of the eddy diffusivities for momentum, heat, and salt (average 24 cm2 sec−1) it is shown that the temperature gradient in the oceanic boundary layer is extremely small (averages between 2.10−5 and 4.10−4°C/meter) and difficult to measure directly. It is suggested that a large part of the heat transfer from the relatively warm Atlantic water to the arctic atmosphere may occur through open leads in the ice cover.
Training maltreating parents in elaborative and emotion-rich reminiscing with their preschool-aged children

Objective In the current study, the effects of training maltreating parents and their preschool-aged children in elaborative and emotion-rich reminiscing were examined.
The Chemistry of Corona Degradation of Organic Insulating Materials in High-Voltage Fields and under Mechanical Strain

Organic materials used as high-voltage electrical insulation are altered chemically and physically by corona discharges. The basic behavior of polyolefin and fluorocarbon resins were investigated under conditions of high electrical stress. The presence of corona subjects a material to ozone, acid, ultraviolet light, and bombardment by electrons and ions. Degradation under these conditions is usually confined to the surface rather than the bulk of the material. The surface may be the outer surface of the material or the inside face of voids within the material. The present study includes the identification of by-products such as, for example, oxalic acid, which is found on the surface of polyethylene subjected to corona in the presence of humidity. The kinds of failure, cracking or erosion, and the effects of a number of variables including mechanical strain and humidity are presented. Also included is a discussion of electrical failures between the points of sharp needles imbedded opposite each other in a solid. Dendritic channels initiated by corona bombardment at the interface between the tip of one of the needles and the solid polymer slowly progress across the gap. The rate of dendrite growth is related to the gas pressure generated within the dendrite.
Genomic organization and localization of the human CRMP-1 gene.

The Collapsin Response Mediator Protein-1 (CRMP-1) is a brain specific protein considered to be involved in the collapsin-induced growth cone collapse during neural development. CRMP-1 belongs to the Unc-33 gene family. Here we report the genomic structure and the localization of the human CRMP-1 gene to chromosome 4pl6.1. Sequence analysis revealed that the human CRMP-1 gene consists of 14 exons. We have also established sequencing assays for all its coding exons. This should permit the rapid screening for mutations to assess CRMP-1 role in genetic disorders mapped in the 4pl6.1 region.
Teaching NeuroImages: EEG pattern associated with a skull osteolytic lesion in breast cancer.

An 84-year-old woman had recurrent spells of right upper limb weakness and numbness. There were prior left parietal and right occipital strokes and metastatic breast cancer with skull involvement (figures 1 and 2). The diagnosis was focal epilepsy.
Measurement techniques for characterizing platform interference issues

This paper describes several techniques for measuring and characterizing the interference potentials of notebooks and other handheld devices that incorporate wireless subsystems. The first technique uses a broadband TEM cell to measure the emissions of integrated circuits. The second measures the electric and magnetic fields at the surface of integrated circuits and helps in localizing the regions of highest emissions. The third technique involves the use of a wideband horn antenna with an aperture similar to the size of a notebook. This method can be used in a normal lab environment and does not require an expensive shielded room. This measurement approach allows for rapid comparison testing of platform radiated emissions due to either hardware or software variations.
Cryosar Memory Design

The compensated cryosar is a negative-resistance two-terminal device utilizing a bulk effect in germanium at liquid helium temperatures. Its bistable nature, and the ease with which it can be fabricated in large arrays recommend it for application to computer memory systems. However, careful consideration of device and circuit parameters is necessary if a successful large memory is to be achieved.
Welcome to Mobile DNA

We are pleased to launch a new journal, Mobile DNA, at a time rich with opportunity for the study of mobile genetic elements. For more than a decade, our discipline has been well fed by data from the various genome sequencing efforts - data that continues to be generated at accelerating rates. Genome sequences have revealed novel element lineages that move by yet unknown mechanisms, providing subject matter for study by molecular biologists, biochemists and structural biologists. In species throughout the tree of life, genome sequences make evident the significant impact mobile elements have on genome organization, by creating genome rearrangements, mobilizing gene fragments, and reshaping the epigenetic landscape. At a mechanistic level, we continue to gain an appreciation for the intimate relationship between mobile elements and their hosts, and how mobile elements have adapted and responded to their hosts' cellular environment and regulatory pathways. Our research also has impact beyond our community, due to the many uses mobile elements provide as vectors for gene delivery and as mutagens that enable gene discovery.