cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Strategy of Next Generation of Search Engine

The ideal search engine should not only be able to find the information but also should be able to provide personalized service.Furthermore,it should act like as a domain expert to help the user to make decision and finish the task efficiently.We believe that there is an unprecedented opportunity for internet search engine.The big number of internet users has provided enormous space for the advance of internet search engines.People realize that the rapid development of social network and mobile internet will certainly change the structure of search engine.The capability of NLP for the understanding of user intent and document will continually improve the search quality.However,the success of a new search engine is the result of multiple factors including both advanced technology and an effective strategy.This paper analyzes the technical trends of search engine,discusses the important areas that we should put more efforts and presents the strategy of developing the next generation of search engine.
ALGEBRAIC METHOD USED FOR DISCRETE EVENT SYSTEM STUDY

Dioid theory(max algebra et al)is an important method of studing discrete event system.It has laid a founda-tion for further study,because not only it can describe the operational processes in detail but also a set of the“Linear” Discrete-Event Dynamic System theory has been developed.This paper emphasizes the introduction tothe theoretic basis of corresponding algebraic method and its new developments.
Complications of transurethral resection of bladder tumors: prevention, recognition and treatment.

Abstract Between 1931 and 1971, 373 patients underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors for cure or for control of the neoplasms. Complications included perforation of the bladder wall (5 per cent), hemorrhage requiring transfusion (13 per cent), infection (24 per cent) and postoperative mortality (1.3 per cent). Patients in whom perforations occurred had approximately twice as many infections and twice as much hemorrhage as the entire group but there were no postoperative deaths of those with perforations. Morbidity and mortality can be reduced in patients with perforations by 1) using isotonic irrigating fluid, 2) avoiding over-distension of the bladder, 3) maintaining postoperative free drainage through the catheter and 4) diagnosing and treating hyponatremia.
Milton’s Imperial Maske : Staging Romance on the Border of Wales

The Trinity Manuscript version of John Milton’s 1634 Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle (commonly known as Comus) includes a passage in which the Attendant Spirit describes the location of his “mansion” (Sprott 46) in strikingly cosmographical terms: Amidst the Hespian gardens, Bedew’d wth nectar & celestiall songs Aeternall roses & hyacinth & fruits of golden rind, on whose faire tree the scalie-harnest dragon ever keeps his uninchanted eye, & round the verge & sacred limits of this Isle blissfull the jealous ocean that old river winds his farre-extended armes till wth steepe fall halfe his wast flood ye wide Atlantique fills (Sprott 46)
Education for the 21st Century

The challenge of contemporary higher education is in its changing role, its involvement in the affairs and problems of the community, the nation and the world. Education must be involved with personal and social development and services, while maintaining its classical role, the cultivation of the mind, and the promotion of fundamental research in natural and social sciences and the arts. Confronted by serious social, economic, and political issues, a university cannot remain an ivory tower. It must become an “intellectual powerhouse for development and an instrument for social transformation” (Narayanan, 1988, 14). While we need to pursue the material advantages of science and technology, we need also a value-based society with human beings who are not insensitive automotons. We need well-rounded, integrated individuals who combine “the qualities of the heart and soul with those of the head and stomach” (16).
What Fictive Narrative Philosophy Can Tell Us: Stories, Cases, and Thought Experiments

This essay will discuss some of the ways that narrative works to promote philosophy, called fictive narrative philosophy. The strategy is to discuss the ways that direct and indirect discourse work and to show why indirect discourse fills an important void that direct discourse cannot fulfill. In the course of this examination several famous narrative-based philosophers are examined such as Plato, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, Murdoch, Johnson, and Camus. These practitioners used the indirect method to make plausible to readers the vision that they were presenting. This article also offers some constraints in this process.
IGF-1 receptor and estrogen receptor expression in colon from mice fed estrone

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 3907 Colon cancer risk may be influenced by estrogen. Women treated with estrogen plus progesterone in the Women ’s Health Initiative study had lower colon cancer incidence than untreated women. Use of contraceptives has been correlated with lower cancer incidence in population groups. Furthermore, we recently reported a protective effect of dietary estrone in mice treated with a colon-specific carcinogen. Female, ovariectomized mice were fed a soy protein based diet with or without estrone from weaning and tumors were induced with azoxymethane. Tumor incidence was 73% in mice fed the control diet compared to 43% in mice fed estrone. To determine the cellular response to dietary estrone, we used real time reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction analysis to quantify estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) in normal colon and tumors from these mice. Colon tissue was removed at necropsy, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. RNA was extracted and analyzed by Taqman chemistry. The quantities of the specific gene transcripts (ERα, ERβ or IGF-1R) were determined relative to the housekeeping gene, acidic ribosomal binding protein (ARBP). Each sample was analyzed in triplicate and differences determined by t-test. No differences in ERα or ERβ expression were observed in normal tissue obtained from mice fed estrone compared to the control diet. However, mice fed estrone had a slight (50%) increase in IGF-1R expression compared to mice fed the control diet (p = 0.04). Furthermore, the relative concentration of ERb transcripts in colon tumors was decreased to16% of that in normal colon tissue (p < 0.0001). These results suggest estrone plays an important role in colon cell proliferation and the ER’s may influence the carcinogenic pathway in the colon. Funded by the AICR, USDA and NIEHS.
Mother and child narrative elaborations during booksharing in low‐income Mexican‐American dyads

Caregivers' narrative elaborations have been consistently shown to relate to language, literacy, and cognitive skills in children. However, research with Latinos yields mixed findings in terms of how much caregivers elaborate and the benefits of elaborations for Latino children's development, especially within booksharing contexts. Moreover, little research has investigated whether and how children elaborate, and whether individual differences among children's narrative elaborations are related to changes in maternal elaborations over time. The current longitudinal study describes specific types of elaborations used by children and mothers and examines reciprocal relations between children's and mothers' elaborations over 1 year (at child age 3 and child age 4), in a sample of 45 Mexican immigrant mothers and their preschool-aged children. Maternal elaborations positively related to children's narrative development only when subtypes of elaborations were considered, but not when considering the frequency of elaborations more broadly. Moreover, children's elaborations at age 3 were differentially associated with specific maternal elaborations a year later. Findings underscore the need to examine narrative elaborations at a nuanced level in Latino populations. Highlights This paper examines the specific ways in which Latino dyads elaborate during booksharing interactions Dyads were video recorded sharing a wordless picture book at two time points over 1 year. Findings suggest that specific elaboration types, namely, dyadic forms of responses and requests, are most important for the development of concurrent narrative skills, even though they are the least frequently used in this context We conclude that the investigation of narrative elaborations needs to be approached at a more nuanced level when studying Latino populations, as there are various roles taken and behaviors expected when changing the narrative context. These findings have implications for the development of culturally appropriate interventions targeted at enhancing booksharing practices with Latino groups
Aerosol Delivery Through Adult High Flow Nasal Cannula With Heliox and Oxygen

BACKGROUND: Heliox (helium-oxygen mixture) has been shown to reduce turbulence and improve aerosol delivery in a range of clinical settings. We questioned whether heliox as compared with oxygen via high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) would affect aerosol delivery. We hypothesized that heliox would have a significant effect on aerosol delivery as compared with oxygen with both quiet and distressed breathing patterns. METHODS: A vibrating mesh nebulizer was placed at the inlet of a humidifier via HFNC with small adult cannula distal to the heated-wire circuit with prongs placed into simulated nares with a T-shaped trap and absolute filter connected to a breath simulator set to adult quiet and distressed breathing parameters. Albuterol sulfate (0.083% 2.5 mg/3 mL) was aerosolized with heliox (80:20) and oxygen (100%) at 10, 30, and 50 L/min. Drug eluted from the filter was assayed with UV spectrophotometry (276 nm). Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used for data analysis. P RESULTS: Increasing flows with heliox and oxygen significantly decreased percentage inhaled dose (inhaled dose) of aerosol with a quiet breathing pattern (P = .02 and P = .030, respectively). In contrast, with a distressed breathing pattern, inhaled dose at 10 L/min was lower than at 30 and 50 L/min (P = .009 and P = .01, respectively) with both oxygen and heliox (P = .009 and P = .009, respectively). Despite a trend to higher aerosol deposition with heliox versus oxygen, the differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: With a distressed breathing pattern, aerosol delivery was greater at 30 and 50 L/min than with a quiet breathing pattern. Trends toward higher inhaled dose with heliox during HFNC were not significant.
Decentering: A Characteristic of Effective Student–Student Discourse in Inquiry-Oriented Physical Chemistry Classrooms

Recent science reform documents have called for incorporating authentic scientific discourse into science classes as engaging in discourse has shown to result in numerous benefits. Whether these benefits are observed in students depends upon the quality of the discourse in which they engage. However, characterizing the quality of student–student discourse can be an ambiguous task. In this work, we introduce decentering as one feature of effective student–student interactions that can be used to evaluate the quality of discourse. Decentering refers to the process of differentiating between one’s own perspective and another’s. Arguments from two process-oriented guided inquiry learning physical chemistry classes are presented to illustrate this concept. Decentering manifests itself in these arguments through careful consideration of alternative arguments. Practitioners and researchers can use the results of this study to facilitate and analyze student–student discourse.
Discrete-time dynamic modeling and calibration of differential-drive mobile robots with friction

Fast and high-fidelity dynamic model is very useful for planning, control, and estimation. Here, we present a fixed-time-step, discrete-time dynamic model of differential-drive vehicle with friction for reliable velocity prediction, which is fast, stable, and easy to calibrate. Unlike existing methods which are predominantly formulated in the continuous-time domain (very often ignoring dry friction) that require numerical solver for digital implementation, our model is formulated directly in a fixed-time-step discrete-time setting, which greatly simplifies the implementation and minimizes computational cost. We also explicitly take into account friction, using the stable formulation developed by Kikuuwe [1]. Friction model, while non-trivial to implement, is necessary for predicting wheel locks and velocity steady-states which occur in real physical systems. In this paper, we present our dynamic model and evaluate it on a physical platform, a commercially-available electric powered wheelchair. We show that our model, which can run over 105 times faster than real-time on a typical laptop, can accurately predict linear and angular velocities without drift. The calibration of our model requires only a time-series of wheel speed measurements (via encoders) and command inputs, making it readily deployable to physical mobile robots.
CRKL Mediates p110β-Dependent PI3K Signaling in PTEN-Deficient Cancer Cells.

The p110β isoform of PI3K is preferentially activated in many tumors deficient in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). However, the mechanism(s) linking PTEN loss to p110β activation remain(s) mysterious. Here, we identify CRKL as a member of the class of PI3Kβ-interacting proteins. Silencing CRKL expression in PTEN-null human cancer cells leads to a decrease in p110β-dependent PI3K signaling and cell proliferation. In contrast, CRKL depletion does not impair p110α-mediated signaling. Further study showed that CRKL binds to tyrosine-phosphorylated p130Cas in PTEN-null cancer cells. Since Src family kinases are known both to be regulated by PTEN and to phosphorylate and activate p130Cas, we tested and found that Src inhibition cooperated with p110β inhibition to suppress the growth of PTEN-null cells. These data suggest both a potential mechanism linking PTEN loss to p110β activation and the possible benefit of dual inhibition of Src and PI3K for PTEN-null tumors.
RING-Between-RING E3 Ligases: Emerging Themes amid the Variations

Abstract Covalent, reversible, post-translational modification of cellular proteins with the small modifier, ubiquitin (Ub), regulates virtually every known cellular process in eukaryotes. The process is carried out by a trio of enzymes: a Ub-activating (E1) enzyme, a Ub-conjugating (E2) enzyme, and a Ub ligase (E3) enzyme. RING-in-Between-RING (RBR) E3s constitute one of three classes of E3 ligases and are defined by a RING-HECT-hybrid mechanism that utilizes a E2-binding RING domain and a second domain (called RING2) that contains an active site Cys required for the formation of an obligatory E3~Ub intermediate. Albeit a small class, RBR E3s in humans regulate diverse cellular process. This review focuses on non-Parkin members such as HOIP/HOIL-1L (the only E3s known to generate linear Ub chains), HHARI and TRIAD1, both of which have been recently demonstrated to work together with Cullin RING E3 ligases. We provide a brief historical background and highlight, summarize, and discuss recent developments in the young field of RBR E3s. Insights reviewed here include new understandings of the RBR Ub-transfer mechanism, specifically the role of RING1 and various Ub-binding sites, brief structural comparisons among members, and different modes of auto-inhibition and activation.
Eating Behavior and Its Determinants: From Gene to Environment

Publisher Summary The control of food intake is a complex phenomenon involving a myriad of physiological and environmental variables that independently and interactively influence it. Classically, genes have been viewed as primarily determining anatomical structure. It appears that inheritance has much more subtle and complex effects and can influence the environments that an individual chooses to occupy and the impact of these environments on intake. This observation is quite remarkable and clearly muddies the distinction between inheritance and environment. Genes appear to not only affect physiology but also the kinds of environments that people choose to occupy. The genetic influence, however, extends beyond simply impacting the choice of environments. It also appears to impact the magnitude of the effect of these environments on intake. The twin data showed that heredity affected the extent to which intake was increased by the presence of other people. The correlation between the number of people present and the amount eaten was significantly heritable. More significant, however, was that the slope of the regression between the number of people present and meal size was also considerably affected by inheritance. The slope of the regression can be viewed as a measure of the responsiveness of the individual to social effects. These data indicate that genetic factors affect not only the number and types of people at meals, but also the impact of these companions on intake. This is a remarkable intrusion of genes into environmental influences on intake.
Detecting Adversarial Examples Through Image Transformation

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in a diverse range of applications. Along with the prevalence of deep learning, it has been revealed that DNNs are vulnerable to attacks. By deliberately crafting adversarial examples, an adversary can manipulate a DNN to generate incorrect outputs, which may lead catastrophic consequences in applications such as disease diagnosis and self-driving cars. In this paper, we propose an effective method to detect adversarial examples in image classification. Our key insight is that adversarial examples are usually sensitive to certain image transformation operations such as rotation and shifting. In contrast, a normal image is generally immune to such operations. We implement this idea of image transformation and evaluate its performance in oblivious attacks. Our experiments with two datasets show that our technique can detect nearly 99% of adversarial examples generated by the state-of-the-art algorithm. In addition to oblivious attacks, we consider the case of white-box attacks. We propose to introduce randomness in the process of image transformation, which can achieve a detection ratio of around 70%.
A deep-learning classifier identifies patients with clinical heart failure using whole-slide images of H&E tissue

Over 26 million people worldwide suffer from heart failure annually. When the cause of heart failure cannot be identified, endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) represents the gold-standard for the evaluation of disease. However, manual EMB interpretation has high inter-rater variability. Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully applied to detect cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and dermatologic lesions from images. In this study, we develop a CNN classifier to detect clinical heart failure from H&E stained whole-slide images from a total of 209 patients, 104 patients were used for training and the remaining 105 patients for independent testing. The CNN was able to identify patients with heart failure or severe pathology with a 99% sensitivity and 94% specificity on the test set, outperforming conventional feature-engineering approaches. Importantly, the CNN outperformed two expert pathologists by nearly 20%. Our results suggest that deep learning analytics of EMB can be used to predict cardiac outcome.
Surface tension effects for particle settling and resuspension in viscous thin films

We consider flow of a thin film on an incline with negatively buoyant particles. We derive a one-dimensional lubrication model, including the effect of surface tension, which is a nontrivial extension of a previous model (Murisic et al 2013 J. Fluid Mech. 717 203–31). We show that the surface tension, in the form of high order derivatives, not only regularizes the previous model as a high order diffusion, but also modifies the fluxes. As a result, it leads to a different stratification in the particle concentration along the direction perpendicular to the motion of the fluid mixture. The resulting equations are of mixed hyperbolic-parabolic type and different from the well-known lubrication theory for a clear fluid or fluid with surfactant. To study the system numerically, we formulate a semi-implicit scheme that is able to preserve the particle maximum packing fraction. We show extensive numerical results for this model including a qualitative comparison with two-dimensional laboratory experiments.
Optimal Nutrient Application Strategies for the Bioremediation of Tidally-Influenced Beaches

Bioremediation of oil spills on tidally-influenced beaches commonly involves the addition of a nutrient solution to the contaminated region of the beach to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading bacteria. Maximizing the residence time of nutrients in the bioremediation zone (the top portion of the beach) is a main goal for successful bioremediation. Our previous investigations revealed that the predominant flow during rising tides is downward into the beach. In other words, the tide fills the beach from above. Our studies also showed that the predominant flow during falling tides is seaward. This means that the rising tide “flushes” the nutrients from the nutrient zone, and that the falling tide carries them to sea. It became obvious to us that the best application strategy for dissolved nutrients should occur during falling tide and not rising tides. In this work, we applied the nutrients in dissolved form at the high tide line during a falling tide at a high flow that caused the runoff of the applied solution seaward covering therefore the entirety of the intertidal zone by the time the tide reaches the low tide line. Simulation of the results in the MARUN model (a finite element model for beach hydraulics and hydrodynamics) provided the needed flow rate. For example, for a beach slope of 10%, a tidal range of 2 m, a hydraulic conductivity of l0−3m/s (sand), and a diurnal tidal period, the applied flow rate of the nutrients’ solution should be 0.3 L/s resulting in a volume of solution of approximately 3 m.3 The results are generalized to other beaches using a novel dimensionless formulation.
The Nursing Wellness Center: A Win-Win Situation for Faculty

This article discusses the community-based wellness center as a solution to faculty needs for community-based student clinical practice sites, faculty practice and the mission of service to the community. The development of the concept at our school is traced, and the benefits of such a program to faculty, students, and the University are explored.
A logic representation of manufacturing control

This paper explores some of the typical problems in manufacturing systems planning and control, particularly those pertinent to automatic operation, and describes how artificial intelligence methods can be applied. We demonstrate how predicate logic and theorem-proving techniques using resolution can be used in a manufacturing environment. Assertions of fact and axioms representing the knowledge required are given in an underlying data base. Illustrative examples demonstrate how user problems, such as assignment of Jobs to machines when conflicts occur, can be handled by a decision support system in the framework of resolution in a problem-reduction approach.
Depth-sensing time-dependent response of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Abstract Depth-sensing (instrumented) indentation testing technique is a robust, reliable, convenient and non-destructive characterization method to study small-scale mechanical properties and rate-dependent plastic deformation in metals and alloys at ambient and elevated temperatures. In the present paper, depth-sensing indentation creep behavior of an additively manufactured, via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) method, Ti-6Al-4V alloy is studied at ambient temperature. Indentation creep tests were performed through a dual-stage scheme (loading followed by a constant load-holding and unloading) at different peak loads of 250 mN, 350 mN, and 450 mN with holding time of 400 s. Creep parameters including creep rate, creep stress exponent, and indentation size effect were analyzed, according to the Oliver and Pharr method, at different additive manufacturing scan directions and scan sizes. To assess processing parameter/ microstructure/ creep property correlations in the additively manufacture Ti-6Al-4V alloy, microstructural quantitative analyses (i.e. optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) were performed as well. The findings of this study, according to stress exponent values, showed that the controlling mechanism of the creep at ambient temperature for the examined L-PBF Ti-6Al-4V is mainly glide-controlled dislocation creep. These findings were compared against traditionally processed Ti-6Al-4V as well.
Introduction to Special Issue—STEM Workforce: STEM Education and the Post-Scientific Society

An assumption is often made that STEM shortages can be remedied by either increasing the number of STEM graduates or enlarging STEM labor supply through immigration. Yet in some STEM fields, there are classic signs of adequate supply or even oversupply. The issue is further complicated by nonlinear career dynamics and rapidly evolving international pressures. The goals of this special issue are to summarize the research, and more importantly, to go beyond the current debate to identify critical policy issues in preparing individuals for STEM careers that are personally satisfying and meeting the needs of industry and the public sector. A common theme is that broader skill sets will be required that span STEM and non-STEM fields. However, political and other expedient considerations have continued to shape workforce policies.
The Living Archive in the Anthropocene

This paper presents the concept of the living archive as a system which reflects how social behavior and cultural production are part of the Anthropocene. The authors explore how dominant narratives of both the Anthropocene and the archive work to consolidate power and maintain cultural and disciplinary divisions. The authors refute conceptions of the Anthropocene as a purely biophysical phenomenon that is alienated from cultural practice and of the archive as a comprehensive and nostalgic space. They then introduce the living archive as an alternative representational, creative, and reactive space and illustrate how the living archive can intervene in ecological reality. Finally, the authors explore how the concept of the living archive is enacted and invoked by the practices of the Interference Archive, an independent community archive in Brooklyn, New York. Pre-print first published online 04/27/2019
Research Note on the History of Judicial Review of Congress and JRC Database

Over time, there has been a surprisingly diverse set of answers offered to the question of how often the U.S. Supreme Court has struck down an act of Congress as unconstitutional. At the request of Congress in the mid-twentieth century, Princeton constitutional scholar Edward Corwin assembled a now-canonical list of cases in which the Court struck down an act of Congress, and the Congressional Research Service has continued to update that list. Unfortunately, there is reason to doubt the accuracy of that list, and it does not even attempt to account for cases in which the Court has upheld statutory provisions against constitutional challenge. The new Judicial Review of Congress database tries to provide a comprehensive list of every instance in which the U.S. Supreme Court substantively reviewed the constitutionality of the application of a provision of a federal statute, identified the constitutional boundaries of the legislative power of Congress, and either upheld the statute against constitutional challenge or refused to apply the statute due to constitutional defect. The database includes a list of all the cases in which the Court has substantively reviewed the constitutionality of an act of Congress from 1789 through the spring of 2018 (the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy), as well as a variety of associated information such as identifying information about the statute that was reviewed, a measure of its importance, and the length of time between the passage of the statutory provision and its review by the Supreme Court. The database is now freely available. This paper briefly outlines the need for such a database and provides additional details about it.
White-tailed Deer Fecal Matter Distribution and Nutrient Contribution in Tallgrass Prairie

Herbivores can have nonconsumptive effects on ecosystems, including the redistribution of nutrients in their waste. In tallgrass prairie bison (Bison bison) historically increased soil nitrogen availability via labile waste deposits. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are now the dominant native large herbivore in prairie and have been shown to consume higher nutrient-content plants than those preferred by bison. Deer are also edge-dwelling species that reuse the trails they make as they move and browse throughout the prairie. Therefore, deer may differ from bison in their spatial patterns of nutrient content and redistribution of fecal matter. We examined the nutrient content and spatial distribution of deer pellets by measuring the number of deer pellet piles along deer trails and transects that were systematically placed at the forest border and in open prairie. We also measured the nitrogen content of deer pellets. White-tailed deer pellets had twofold greater nitrogen concentrations (3.43% N and 40.8% C) compared to values reported for bison fecal matter. Deer pellet piles were more concentrated on deer trails compared to the transects, resulting in fourfold greater N inputs on deer trails compared to areas off of trails. As a result, White-tailed deer have the potential to create patches of increased nutrient availability through their clumped distribution of nutrient rich fecal matter, with potential consequences for prairie plant communities.
175. Impact of Infectious Diseases Pharmacist Interventions on Appropriateness of Antibiotics Prescribed at Hospital Discharge

Background Hospital discharge is an important opportunity for antimicrobial stewardship. Despite inpatient stewardship efforts, antibiotics ordered at discharge are frequently prescribed inappropriately. Discharge antibiotic therapy may be too broad or narrow in spectrum, inappropriately dosed, or for an unnecessarily long duration. The purpose of this study was to assess the inappropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing on discharge and to measure the effect of infectious diseases pharmacist (IDP) intervention on antibiotics prescribed at discharge from the inpatient setting.
Tubular colonic duplication in an adult patient with long-standing history of constipation and tenesmus.

ABSTRACT Background Intestinal duplications are rare congenital developmental anomalies with an incidence of 0.005-0.025% of births. They are usually identified before 2 years of age and commonly affect the foregut or mid-/hindgut. However, it is very uncommon for these anomalies, to arise in the colon or present during adulthood. Case presentation Herein, we present a case of a 28-year-old woman with a long-standing history of constipation, tenesmus, and rectal prolapse. Colonoscopy results were normal. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a diffusely mildly dilated redundant colon, which was prominently stool-filled. The gastrografin enema showed ahaustral mucosal appearance of the sigmoid and descending colon with findings suggestive of tricompartmental pelvic floor prolapse, moderate-size anterior rectocele, and grade 2 sigmoidocele. A laparoscopic exploration was performed, revealing a tubular duplicated colon at the sigmoid level. A sigmoid resection rectopexy was performed. Pathologic examination supported the diagnosis. At 1-month follow-up, the patient was doing well without constipation or rectal prolapse. Conclusions Tubular colonic duplications are very rare in adults but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic constipation refractory to medical therapy. Due to the non-specific manifestations of this entity, it is rather challenging to make an accurate diagnosis pre-operatively. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. Some reports suggest that carcinomas are more prone to develop in colonic/rectal duplications than in other GI tract duplications.
Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment Processes in the Classroom

People can be greatly influenced by observing the behaviors of their peers. Indeed, psychological treatments based upon modeling capitalize on the behavior-change capacities of observing others. Carefully planned modeling experiences can be arranged in which clients observe others engaging in behaviors the clients wish to develop. Modeling has been effective in altering a variety of problems, including fears, social withdrawal, and aggressiveness, in both child and adult treatment (e. g., Kirkland & Thelen, 1977; Rosenthal & Bandura, 1978).
The One-Dimensional t-J Model with Long Range Interaction

This brief overview of the one-dimensional t-J model with 1/r 2 interaction is dedicated to the memory of D. F. Wang, who always had a fascination with such integrable systems.
Historical Trace Metal Accumulation in the Sediments of an Urbanized Region of the Lake Champlain Watershed, Burlington, Vermont

This study documents the history ofpollution inputs in the Burlington region of LakeChamplain, Vermont using measurements of anthropogenicmetals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ag) in four age-datedsediment cores. Sediments record a history ofcontamination in a region and can be used to assessthe changing threat to biota over time and to evaluatethe effectiveness of discharge regulations onanthropogenic inputs.Grain size, magnetic susceptibility, radiometricdating and pollen stratigraphy were combined withtrace metal data to provide an assessment of thehistory of contamination over the last 350 yr inthe Burlington region of Lake Champlain. Magneticsusceptibility was initially used to identify land-usehistory for each site because it is a proxy indicatorof soil erosion. Historical trends in metal inputs inthe Burlington region from the seventeenth through thetwentieth centuries are reflected in downcorevariations in metal concentrations and accumulationrates. Metal concentrations increase above backgroundvalues in the early to mid nineteenth century. Themetal input rate to the sediments increases around1920 and maximum concentrations and accumulation ratesare observed in the late 1960s. Decreases inconcentration and accumulation rate between 1970 andthe present are observed for most metals. Theobserved trends are primarily a function of variationsin anthropogenic inputs and not variations in sedimentgrain size. Grain size data were used to removetexture variations from the metal profiles and resultsshow trends in the anthropogenic metal signals remain. Radiometric dating and pollen stratigraphy providewell-constrained dates for the sediments therebyallowing the metal profiles to be interpreted in termsof land-use history.
Supersymmetry Structure and Phenomena

A fairly non-technical introduction to and survey of supersymmetry phenomenology with pedagogical emphasis, including exercises. Suitable for both theorists and experimentalists. The manuscript appeared as a Springer-Verlag monograph in physics. The body of the manuscript is provided here with the publisher`s permission.
Forensic Data Mining: Finding Intrusion Patterns in Evidentiary Data

In The extensive growth of computing networks and tools and tricks for intruding into and attacking networks has underscored the importance of intrusion detection in network security. Yet, contemporary intrusion detection systems (IDS) are limiting in that they typically employ a misuse detection strategy, with searches for patterns of program or user behavior that match known intrusion scenarios, or signatures. Accordingly, there is a need for more robust and adaptive methods for designing and updating intrusion detection systems. One promising approach is the use of data mining methods for discovering intrusion patterns. Discovered patterns and profiles can be translated into classifiers for detecting deviations from normal usage patterns. Among promising mining methods are association rules, link analysis, and rule-induction algorithms. Our particular contribution is a unique approach to combining association rules with link analysis and a rule-induction algorithm to augment intrusion detection systems.
Comparison of electromyographic (EMG) activity of selected forearm muscles during low grade resistance therapeutic exercises in individuals diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This was a descriptive and exploratory study of electromyographic (EMG) activity of wrist extensor musculature specific to the extensor digitorum (ED), extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) in individuals with a medical diagnosis of the common work associated complaint of lateral epicondylitis (LE). The purpose was to evaluate and compare the EMG activity of the selected forearm muscles during three different types of resistive (strengthening) therapeutic exercises (rubber ball, theraputty, and "make-it-disappear" (MID) sponge) in participants with LE. PARTICIPANTS Five individuals between the ages of 44 and 55 years of age diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis by a physician were recruited on a voluntary basis from a local outpatient clinic. METHODS The participants completed 1 min. of each of the resistive exercises, which were assigned randomly. Muscle activity was collected simultaneously by 3 surface electrodes (4/18/16 DE-2.3 silver surface EMG electrodes, Delsys Inc, Boston, MA) and recorded on an EMG Myomonitor-4 (Delsys Inc, Boston, MA) utilizing EmgCE software (Delsys Inc, Boston, MA). The raw EMG signal was converted to a root mean square (RMS) at each 0.0625 second interval during the full 60 second recording using EMGWorks, (Delsys, Inc, Boston, MA). The data were pooled, and the mean RMS was then determined as an overall measure of activity for each muscle during the 60 recording. RESULTS A 1-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-test was completed using Prizm Software (Graph Pad Software, Inc, San Diego, CA) for a comparison of the mean RMS values of each muscle during each activity. Statistically significant between group differences were noted for all muscles, among all exercises. Relative activity was noted to be greatest for ED and FCR during MID exercise, and for ECRB during putty exercise. CONCLUSION All three exercises represent different patterns of muscle activity, for the muscles observed. The possible differences in the recorded activity may be consequent to the specific positioning and movement requirements involved in the performance of the distinct exercises. Practitioners may find the evidence of this study helpful in designing rehabilitation programs for those affected with lateral epicondylitis.
Higgs and the cosmos

The Higgs field is a complex field that fills all space. Its phase dynamics on a cosmic scale makes the entire universe a superfluid. The energy of this cosmic superfluid can be identified with dark energy, and the fluctuations of the superfluid density lead to dark matter. This is a transcription of a talk as a series of slides, some of which have been combined for reading convenience.
Husbandry and reproduction of Whitetip reef sharks Triaenodon obesus at Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco

At Steinhart Aquarium between December 2001 and July 2003 four litters of Whitetip reef sharks Triaenodon obesus were born to two ♀♀ producing at least 13 pups. Mean gestation period, estimated from the first appearance of mating wounds on the ♀ to parturition, was 387 ± 33·7 days (mean ± SD; n= 3). On three occasions, ♀♀ were caught and transferred from the exhibit to an isolation tank for the safety of both the pregnant ♀♀ and neonates. Ultrasound examination was carried out and blood samples taken during two pregnancies: at day 272 and day 288 of gestation for ♀1 and ♀2, respectively. An underwater video-monitoring system recorded the birth of one litter of four pups. The total time from when the first pup's tail was observed emerging from the ♀'s cloaca to the full emergence of the final pup was 51 minutes: time between the full emergence of each pup was 10–13 minutes. Adult ♀♀ were returned to the exhibit on the day they gave birth and the mean time between parturition and next observed mating wounds was 95·7 ± 52·2 days (mean ± SD, range 57–155 days, n= 3).
Effect of Blood Pressure on Closing Dynamics of Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valves

Implantation of a bileaflet mechanical heart valve (BMHV) continues to be associated with a risk of thromboembolic complications despite anti-coagulation therapy1. This has been attributed to the structurally rigid design of the leaflets and valve mechanics combined with an intricate hinge mechanism for the rigid leaflets. The lack of a built in compliance within the valve mechanics presumably leads to sharp stress gradients within the flow as well as a violent closure of the valve often associated with the audible impact of the leaflets to the housing, and a potential for momentary cavitation of blood in the wake of leaflet impact.© 2012 ASME
Dietary whey protein stimulates mitochondrial activity and decreases oxidative stress in mouse female brain

In humans and experimental animals, protein-enriched diets are beneficial for weight management, muscle development, managing early stage insulin resistance and overall health. Previous studies have shown that in mice consuming a high fat diet, whey protein isolate (WPI) reduced hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance due in part to an increase in basal metabolic rate. In the current study, we examined the ability of WPI to increase energy metabolism in mouse brain. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal AIN-93M diet for 12 weeks, with (WPI group) or without (Control group) 100g WPI/L drinking water. In WPI mice compared to controls, the oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals were 40% lower in brain homogenates, and the production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide were 25-35% less in brain mitochondria. Brain mitochondria from WPI mice remained coupled, and exhibited higher rates of respiration with proportionately greater levels of cytochromes a+a3 and c+c1. These results suggested that WPI treatment increased the number or improved the function of brain mitochondria. qRT-PCR revealed that the gene encoding a master regulator of mitochondrial activity and biogenesis, Pgc-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha) was elevated 2.2-fold, as were the PGC-1alpha downstream genes, Tfam (mitochondrial transcription factor A), Gabpa/Nrf-2a (GA-binding protein alpha/nuclear respiratory factor-2a), and Cox-6a1 (cytochrome oxidase-6a1). Each of these genes had twice the levels of transcript in brain tissue from WPI mice, relative to controls. There was no change in the expression of the housekeeping gene B2mg (beta-2 microglobulin). We conclude that dietary whey protein decreases oxidative stress and increases mitochondrial activity in mouse brain. Dietary supplementation with WPI may be a useful clinical intervention to treat conditions associated with oxidative stress or diminished mitochondrial activity in the brain.
Improving performance of TIPS pentacene-based organic thin film transistors with small-molecule additives

Abstract This work demonstrates an effective approach to improve both charge transport and performance consistency in solution-processed organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) by blending 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS pentacene, or TP) with a series of small-molecule additives: 4-butylbenzoic acid (BBA), 4-hexylbenzoic acid (HBA), and 4-octylbenzoic acid (OBA). These three small molecules share a benzoic acid moiety, but have different length of hydrophobic tails. The self-assembled interfacial layer of small molecules on the gate oxide surface leads to uniform deposition of TP crystal seeds and facilitates TP to grow along the tilted orientation of substrate, which results in a film of enhanced crystal orientation and areal coverage. OTFTs based on TP/small molecule blends demonstrate greatly improved average hole mobility and performance consistency, which correlates with the length of hydrophobic tail of the small-molecule additives.
Luminescence Potency of the Cypridina System

Visible light is emitted on oxidation of 0.00001 , µg/ml (2 x 10-11M) of Cypridina luciferin with 0.01 mg/ml of luciferase protein, or with 1 µg/ml of luciferin with 0.0000001 µg/ml (2 x 10-15M) of luciferase. Data on yields indicate the average content of luciferin and luciferase to be, at best, about 1 µg of each in a single living organism.
Electronic transport properties of metallic CNTs in an axial magnetic field at nonzero temperatures: A model of an ultra-small digital magnetometer

Abstract We present a complete description of electronic current in metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes under the influence of axially oriented magnetic fields at nonzero temperatures. We include in our model the diameter of the carbon nanotube, the temperature and length of the nanotube. We find that the current in a zigzag carbon nanotube that is metallic at zero magnetic field is strongly modulated by varying the magnitude of an axially oriented magnetic field. We use this property, to propose a design of a carbon nanotube based directional magnetometer that could be designed to sense magnetic fields from 1 to 8 T and at temperatures from 0 up to 100 K.
Chemical (Knight) shift distortions of quadrupole-split deuteron powder spectra in solids

Abstract In strong magnetic fields (e.g., 8 Tesla) anisotropy of the shift tensor (chemical or Knight shift) can alter the spacings of the features of quadrupole-split deuteron spectra of polycrystalline samples. Analysis of powder spectra yields both correct quadrupole coupling and symmetry parameters and all the components of the shift tensor. Synthetic and experimental examples are given to illustrate such behavior.
Late components of average evoked potentials in children with different abilities to concentrate

Abstract Three matched groups, each of seven 11-year-old children with good, average and poor ability to concentrate were selected. Evoked potentials and EEG alpha amplitude changes after visual imperative stimuli were studied in warned reaction time experiments. The children with poor ability to concentrate (compared with the other groups) showed longer latencies of the P 2 component and reduced amplitudes of the P 2 -N 2 deflection at the vertex. Similar, although attenuated, effects were found in the F z derivation. No group effects could be established for O z . These findings are discussed in relation to group differences in pre-stimulus negativity and alpha attenuation, as reported in a previous paper (Grunewald-Zuberbier et al. 1978).
Statistical IC process and product simulation using STADIUM

The software program called STADIUM has been developed by researchers at Florida Institute of Technology (Florida Tech) through funding from SEMATECH. The purpose of STADIUM is to facilitate the statistical design and simulation of integrated circuit processes, devices and products. It is a software shell which uses existing simulators in a design of experiments statistical methodology and allows the estimation of the statistical response of the manufacturing environment. This paper presents some of the methodology and implementation details of STADIUM.
Seismic anisotropy above a subducting plate

Shear-wave splitting observed in northeastern Colombia has provided evidence of seismic anisotropy in a shear zone immediately above a subducting plate. In an upper mantle composed mainly of olivine (57%) and orthopyroxene (17%), the splitting can be interpreted by wave propagation in an anisotropic medium of orthorhombic symmetry that results from alignment of these intrinsically anisotropic minerals. The mechanism of alignment is most likely the shearing associated with the subduction, aided by fluids migrating from the subducting plate when the plate exceeds 100 km in depth.