cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of storage temperature on endogenous GHB levels in urine

Because gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an endogenous substance present in the body and is rapidly eliminated after ingestion, toxicologists investigating drug-facilitated sexual assault cases are often asked to differentiate between endogenous and exogenous levels of GHB in urine samples. This study was designed to determine the effects of storage temperature on endogenous GHB levels in urine. Specifically, it was designed to ascertain whether endogenous levels can be elevated to a range considered indicative of GHB ingestion. Urine specimens from two subjects that had not been administered exogenous GHB were collected during a 24h period and individually pooled. The pooled specimens were separated into standard sample cups and divided into three storage groups: room temperature ( approximately 25 degrees C), refrigerated (5 degrees C), and frozen (-10 degrees C). Additionally, some specimens were put through numerous freeze/thaw cycles to mimic situations that may occur if multiple laboratories analyze the same specimen. Periodic analysis of the samples revealed increases in the levels of endogenous GHB over a 6-month period. The greatest increase (up to 404%) was observed in the samples maintained at room temperature. The refrigerated specimens showed increases of 140-208%, while the frozen specimens showed smaller changes (88-116%). The specimens subjected to multiple freeze/thaw cycles mirrored specimens that had been thawed only once. None of the stored urine specimens demonstrated increases in GHB concentrations that would be consistent with exogenous GHB ingestion.
Identification of sodium chloride-regulated genes in Burkholderia cenocepacia

Previous studies have suggested that the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have elevated sodium chloride (NaCl) levels due to the malfunctioning of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator protein. For bacteria to survive in this high-salt environment, they must adjust by altering the regulation of gene expression. Among the different bacteria inhabiting the airways of CF patients is the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia. Previous studies have indicated that B. cenocepacia produces a toxin and cable pili under high osmolar conditions. We used transposon mutagenesis to identify NaCl-regulated genes in the clinical strain B. cenocepacia K56-2. Six transconjugants were induced with increasing NaCl concentration. The DNA flanking the transposon was sequenced and five distinct open reading frames were identified encoding the following putative proteins: an integrase, an NAD-dependent deacetylase, TolB, an oxidoreductase, and a novel hypothetical protein. The collective results of this study provide important information about the physiology of B. cenocepacia when faced with osmotic stress and suggest the identity of significant virulence mechanisms in this opportunistic pathogen.
Screening rhizosphere soil samples for the ability to mineralize elevated concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor

Abstract Rhizosphere soils from several plant species were tested for their ability to mineralize atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) or metolachlor (2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)acetamide) at concentrations typical of point‐source contamination (50 μg/g). Rhizosphere soils were collected from the root zone of plants in areas with previous herbicide exposure. Several rhizosphere soils tested positive for 14C‐atrazine mineralization (≥ 8.5%) including kochia (Kochia scoparia), lambsquarters (Chenopodium berlandieri), foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), witchgrass (Panicum capillare), catnip (Nepeta cataria), and musk thistle (Carduus nutans). None of the 15 rhizosphere samples tested was capable of significant (≥ 8.5%) 14C‐metolachlor mineralization. The results on atrazine mineralization suggest that certain plants at pesticide‐contaminated sites might be managed to facilitate microbial detoxication of unwanted organic compounds in soil.
Three‐dimensional crustal structure of eastern North America extracted from ambient noise

[1] Group velocity dispersion curves of surface waves extracted from ambient seismic noise are inverted to find 3-D shear wave structure of the crust beneath eastern North America. The 3-D model consists of one sediment layer and another six layers with fixed depths at 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 25, and 43 km. Velocities of the seven layers together with the thickness of the sediment layer are determined by the simulated annealing method. We found that almost all failed ancient rifting events (e.g., the Reelfoot rift, Ouachita triple junction, and the Midcontinent rift) and rifting related events (e.g., the Ozark uplift and the Nashville dome) are associated with high-velocity bodies in the middle and lower crust. Our results also suggest the existence of a triple junction-like high-velocity body centered around the New Madrid and the Wabash Valley seismic zones with the Reelfoot rift, the Ozark uplift, and the Nashville dome being on its southwestern, northwestern, and southeastern arms, respectively. We also found that the western limb of the Midcontinent rift (MCR) extends southwestward to western Oklahoma and Texas, and the eastern limb of the MCR extends southeastward into western Ohio. The Appalachian Mountains are characterized by high-velocity upper crust underlain with relatively low velocity middle and lower crust. All major seismic zones are associated with either divergent or convergent events. The New Madrid seismic zone and Wabash Valley seismic zone are clearly associated with the failed Reelfoot rift. Both the eastern Tennessee seismic zone and Ouachita Orogen seismic zone are located along convergent boundaries.
Virions from Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Rapid Serological Identification by Electron Microscopy

Virions were extracted directly from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). They were treated with antiserum to SV40, with rabbit antiserum to previous PML isolates, or with serum from another patient with the same disease and observed directly by electron microscopy. This procedure could be used for the rapid identification of the antigenic nature of virions in cases of PML.
Locus coeruleus modulation of dorsal horn unit responses to cutaneous stimulation

locus coeruleus -- dorsal horn cells -- noradrenaline Neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) and subcoeruleus area have axons which terminate in the spinal cord 1°,19'A5,2°,26. Terminals of at least some of these neurons contain noradrenalinel,11, is. The presence of dense CA terminal concentrations in the apex of the dorsal hornlZ, 19, alterations in dorsal horn interneuron responses to cutaneous stimulation following intravenous L-DOPA injection4,16 or iontophoretic application of noradrenaline (NA)la, 25, changes in pain response thresholds after des- tructive lesions of LC 7, and the apparent interaction of stimulation-produced and nar- cotic analgesic activity with functioning catecholaminergic systems 2,8° all suggest that noradrenergic brain stem nuclei are able to alter sensory transmission at the dorsal horn level. In the experiments briefly described here, the functional effects of the LC projec- tion to the lumbar spinal dorsal horn were directly evaluated by determining the chan- ges in dorsal horn cell responses, to noxious and innocuous cutaneous stimulation, caused by electrical stimulation in the region of LC. Eleven cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose (75 mg/kg) and paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide were used. Blood pressure, end-expiratory CO2 and core temperature were continuously monito- red and maintained within accepted limits 16. The lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord was surgically exposed and covered with warm saline. A suboccipital craniectomy was done and bipolar stimulation electrodes were placed in the area of caudal LC bila- terally. Target point coordinates used were: posterior 4.0, lateral 2.8, depth-2.86,22 . Extracellular recordings from 70 dorsal horn units were done with parylene-coated microelectrodes. Once isolated, the units' receptive fields and adequate stimuli were determined. Unit responses either to innocuous hair or skin displacement with a me- chanical stimulator or to heating the skin to noxious temperature levels 8 with a Peltier contact thermode were collected. A PDP-11/34 computer was used for data collection and analysis. The effect of stimulating the ipsilateral or contralateral LC was then de- termined. Stimulus trains were 250 msec to 10 sec in length. The stimuli were biphasic pulses lasting 200 Fsec with a frequency of 100-200 Hz and amplitude varying from 20 to 400/~A. The locations of 20 of the dorsal horn recording sites were marked with
Crosslinking of Apolipoprotein E by Products of Lipid Peroxidation

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and advancing aging are interacting ri sk factors in the expression of late onset and sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (AD). We tested the hypothesis that 2 products of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4 hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), covalently modify APOE and alter its metabolism. In vitro, both HNE and MDA crosslinked purified APOE3 and APOE4. HNE was a more potent crosslinker than MDA, and purified APO3 was more susceptible to crosslinking by HNE than was purified APOE4. In P19 neuroglial cultures, oxidative stress with lipid peroxidation led to increased intracellular accumulation of anti-HNE and anti-APOE immunoreactive proteins of approximately 50 kDa. Intercellular accumulation of the 50 kDa APOE-immunoreactive protein (APOE-50) was not prevented by cyclohexamide, suggesting formation by post-translational mechanisms. In CSF, a 50 kDa APOE-immunoreactive protein co-migrated with proteins most immunoreactive for HNE and MDA adducts, containing NaB3H4-reducible bonds. These proteins were in CSF from adult subjects (with or without dementia), and in AD patients homozygous for APOE3 or APOE4 alleles. These data suggest that HNE covalently crosslinks APOE in P19 neuroglial cultures to form a 50 kDa protein, and that similar modifications of APOE appear to occur in vivo.
Variables related to the effectiveness of response cost

Students in four second-grade classes exhibiting disruptive behavior were exposed to response cost programs with varying initial reinforcement and fine levels. Results indicated that all treatments were highly effective, as all groups underwent maximum behavioral change, with the target behaviors approaching a near-zero level. Thus, the degree of aversiveness of the procedure did not appear to be strongly related to effectiveness. Results are explained in terms of the discriminative properties of response cost.
Observations on orchid seed mycorrhizae

In the natural germination of orchid seeds, the fungus undoubtedly contributes sugars, auxins, and growth factors in stimulating the growth of the embryo. However, none of these factors alone are as successful in stimulating germination as they are when combined. No single factor can be identified as the specific germination agent in the mycorrhizal relationship. Seeds can germinate, although poorly and slowly, without added sugars or auxins. Rather, a combination of factors promoting vigorous aerobic respiration provides the cellular environment necessary for germination. Fungus infection in nature, or artificial media in the lab, can provide these conditions: either rapidly by providing exogenous substrates and growth factors for respiration; or slowly by stimulating the utilization of endogenous lipid seed reserves. In either case, cell division and synthesis of chlorophyll follow. A speculatory metabolic pathway is outlined.
Synthetic biology in mammalian cells: next generation research tools and therapeutics

Recent progress in DNA manipulation and gene circuit engineering has greatly improved our ability to programme and probe mammalian cell behaviour. These advances have led to a new generation of synthetic biology research tools and potential therapeutic applications. Programmable DNA-binding domains and RNA regulators are leading to unprecedented control of gene expression and elucidation of gene function. Rebuilding complex biological circuits such as T cell receptor signalling in isolation from their natural context has deepened our understanding of network motifs and signalling pathways. Synthetic biology is also leading to innovative therapeutic interventions based on cell-based therapies, protein drugs, vaccines and gene therapies.
Stimulus probability and same-different classification

Three experiments investigated the effect of stimulus probability on same-different classification time. In Experiments I and II, subjects made same responses on the basis of name matches of simultaneously presented letters. Half of the same trials involved letters that were also physically identical. Experiment I showed that the presentation probability of specific letters affected name matches and different responses, but not physical matches. Experiment II varied stimulus contrast as well as probability. Contrast had a main effect but did not interact with probability at any level of processing. In Experiment III, subjects were switched to the physical level of processing. Stimuli that now had the same name but differed in case were called different. In this condition, the probability effects obs(irved in Experiment II disappeared. These results are interpreted as demonstrating that stimulus probability has its effect during the process that derives the name of the stimulus from the visual representation. This process takes place before the name comparison is made, and the name comparison process precedes the determination of the different response.
Congenital Heart Disease in Pregnancy

Heart disease is a main cause of maternal mortality in the United States and the United Kingdom. Most deaths are from acquired conditions. However, due to the increased survival of children born with congenital heart disease (CHD) over the past 30 years, the population of adults with congenital heart disease in the U.S. now exceeds 1 million. Thus, there are now more adults with CHD than children with CHD. Many of these adult survivors of pediatric heart disease are of childbearing age and are considering pregnancy. This article reviews the literature concerning pregnancy and CHD.
Arthroscopically assisted coronoid fracture fixation: a preliminary report.

We investigated the feasibility of arthroscopically assisted reduction and fixation of small coronoid fractures and the anterior capsule for treatment of patients with Regan and Morrey Types I and II (O’Driscoll Types I and II) coronoid fractures with instability of the ulnohumeral joint. Four consecutive patients with this fracture type underwent arthroscopically assisted treatment and were evaluated at a minimum of 1 year (mean, 76 weeks; range, 58–92 weeks). All patients achieved a functional range of motion with an average flexion/extension arc of 2.5° to 140° and full pronation and supination. No patient had recurrent elbow instability. One patient had removal of a prominent suture over the subcutaneous border of the ulna. Arthroscopically assisted management of coronoid fractures can provide excellent observation, enabling anatomic repair without extensive soft tissue dissection. Preservation of the soft tissue attachments of small coronoid fragments and repair of the capsule are possible with this technique.
Development of Micro-Diesel Injector Nozzles via Microelectromechanical Systems Technology and Effects on Spray Characteristics

Micromachined planar orifice nozzles have been developed using MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) technology and tested with commercially produced diesel injection systems. Such a system, properly designed, may have the capability to improve the spray characteristics in DI diesel engines due to improved atomization and fuel-air mixing. To demonstrate this process, 14 microplanar orifice nozzles were fabricated with deep X-ray lithography and electroplating (LIGA) technology. The circular orifice diameters were varied from 40 to 260 microns and the number of orifices varied from one to 169. Three plates with noncircular orifices were also fabricated to examine the effect of orifice shape on spray characteristics. These nozzles were then attached to commercial diesel injectors and the associated injection systems were used in the study of drop sizes. The experiments were carried out at two different injection pressures (around 25 MPa and 80 MPa). Local drop sizes were measured by a laser diffraction technique, and the average drop sizes of the whole sprays were measured by a light extinction technique. The drop sizes were found to depend primarily on the total mass flow area. Coalescence droplet collisions among adjacent sprays were apparent for the multiple orifice nozzles. Nonplanar configurations are under development and may show improved performance.
Comments on “Correction” of Inertial Navigation with Loran C on NOAA's P-3 Aircraft”

Abstract A recent paper by Masters and Leise that addresses the problem of correcting inertial navigation data using Loran C describes another variation on the traditional approach that has been used by researchers in the airborne science community for many years. Somewhat disturbing are several inaccurate statements in their paper concerning possible problems in the use of modern Kalman filtering-smoothing techniques in this context. This correspondence attempts to clarify some of the misconceptions and errors expressed in their paper, based on the authors' own positive experiences with applying Kalman filter-smoother algorithms to correct inerfial navigation data being supplied by a modem strapdown navigation system.
Family history of alcoholism and response to amphetamine: sex differences in the effect of risk.

Background: Individuals at risk for alcoholism exhibit an enhanced stimulant response to alcohol. It is not known whether individuals at risk also exhibit a heightened sensitivity to other drugs with stimulant properties. Methods: Healthy young men and women each received, in separate sessions, placebo and 10 mg of d-amphetamine in counterbalanced order. Stimulant and sedative subjective effects were recorded before and three times after capsule administration using the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale. The sample comprised 19 family-history-positive (FHP; 58% women) and 53 family-history-negative (FHN; 51% women) participants. Results: As compared with placebo, amphetamine increased ratings of stimulation in the sample as a whole. In addition, the ratings revealed an enhanced, as well as a protracted, stimulant response to amphetamine among FHP men, as compared with FHN men: for FHP men, ratings of stimulation made 3 and 6 hr after amphetamine administration were greater than baseline ratings. Moreover, in FHP men, the effect of amphetamine, as compared with placebo, was most evident 6 hr after capsule administration. In contrast, despite a dose × hour interaction in FHN men, post hoc comparisons revealed no differences between the baseline and any of the postamphetamine measurements or between amphetamine and placebo ratings at any of the time points. Among women, the drug effect did not differentiate the family-history groups. Conclusions: Consistent with previous research on alcohol, high-risk men exhibited a heightened stimulant response to amphetamine. Thus, for men, sensitivity to the stimulant properties of drugs may be an endophenotype for alcoholism. Whereas the present results suggest that women at risk do not exhibit an enhanced stimulant response to amphetamine, further study is needed, including evaluation at various points in the menstrual cycle.
Empirical dead-time corrections for energy-resolving detectors at synchrotron sources

Abstract We examine the high count-rate performance of an energy-resolving detector in the three operating modes of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). Specifically, we present the optimal dead-time corrections for the SII Vortex silicon drift diode (SDD) detector using a digital pulse processor, highlighting the differences in operation between the 24-bunch, 324-bunch, and hybrid singlet modes of the APS. We analyze the input count rate (ICR), output count rate (OCR), and several regions of interest (ROIs). We find that the correct formula for dead-time correction can extend the use of the detector to significantly higher count rates.
Automatic Processes in Self-Regulation: Implications for Alcohol Interventions.

A number of learning-based interventions for problem drinking have emphasized the importance of behavioral self-control skills to help manage responses to high-risk cues. Self-management interventions typically have been based on the premise that effective self-regulation involves the use of conscious, controlled strategies to override habitual responses to high-risk cues. Recent developments in social cognition and health behavior research, however, have begun to expand our understanding of how automatic processes are involved in self-control. This research points to a number of ways that individuals may strategically use automatic processes to facilitate efforts to regulate problematic drinking behavior. Better understanding of these mechanisms holds the promise of advancing the development of assessment and self-management-based interventions for problem drinking.
Single Molecule FRET Studies of the DNA Mismatch Repair Protein MutSα using Specific Labeling with Unnatural Amino Acids

Mutations to proteins involved in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) have been linked to hereditary colorectal cancer. Understanding the mechanism by which these proteins participate in repair (and how these mutations inactivate the repair pathway) is key in furthering our understanding of cancer.We seek to understand the mechanism behind the initiation step of mismatch repair in eukaryotes: binding of MutSα (Msh2 - Msh6) to mismatched DNA. Following mismatch recognition, MutSα then starts a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to repair. Despite knowing that mismatch recognition by MutSα is responsible for initiating repair, the mechanistic steps remain a mystery.We are using single molecule FRET to study the protein:DNA interactions involved in MutSα initiation of MMR. FRET pairs attached to the DNA reveal dynamic bending of DNA by MutSα. In other experiments we want to use single molecule FRET between dyes attached to the damaged DNA and dyes on MutSα - which requires site-specific labeling of the protein. Towards that end, we report progress using unnatural amino acid labeling approaches.
Iterative solution of Maxwell's equations-a bridge between static and time-varying solutions

Iterative solutions are presented that bridge the gap between solutions of static fields and those of time-varying fields. It is shown that iterative methods of analysis are simple mathematically and avoid more complicated wave functions that occur in cylindrical and spherical coordinates. They apply to problems in which sources have spatial symmetry, and can produce results of sufficient accuracy to many practical engineering problems. These methods also provide better insight into the relationship of sources and their fields and the way one field acts as the source for another. Thus, presentation of such examples to students reinforces their knowledge of electromagnetics and leads to a better understanding of the relationship between sources and their fields. >
Spatial gradients and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds near roadways

Abstract Concentrations of 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (C2–C12) are reported near a highway in Raleigh, NC. Thirty-minute samples were collected at eight locations, ranging from approximately 10–100 m perpendicular from the roadway. The highest concentrations of VOCs were generally measured closest to the roadway, and concentrations decreased exponentially with increasing distance from the roadway. The highest mean concentration for individual VOCs were for ethylene (3.10 ppbv) (mean concentration at x = 13 m), propane (2.27 ppbv), ethane (1.91 ppbv), isopentane (1.54 ppbv), toluene (0.95 ppbv), and n-butane (0.89 ppbv). Concentrations at the nearest roadway location (x = 13 m) were generally between 2.0 and 1.5 times those from the farthest roadway location (x = 92 m). The data were apportioned into four source categories using the EPA Chemical Mass Balance Model (CMB8.2): motor vehicle exhaust, compressed natural gas, propane gas, and evaporative gasoline. The majority of the VOCs resulted from motor vehicle exhaust (67 ± 12%) (% of total VOC at x = 13 m ± S.D.). Compressed natural gas, propane gas, and evaporative gasoline accounted for approximately 15%, 7% and 1% of the total VOC emissions, respectively, at x = 13 m.
Surface soil hydraulic properties in four soil series under different land uses and their temporal changes

Abstract The concepts of “genoform” and “phenoform” distinguish the genetically-defined soil series and the variation of soil properties resulted from different land uses and management practices. With the repeated field measurements over time, we attempted to understand the difference of soil hydraulic properties among different land uses for a given soil series, and their temporal dynamics. Four soil series (Glenelg, Hagerstown, Joanna, and Morrison) in Pennsylvania with contrasting textures, structures, and parent materials were investigated. Within each soil series, four common land uses (woodland, cropland, pasture, and urban) were examined. At each site of soil series–land use combination, field-saturated and near-saturated hydraulic conductivities, K(ψ), were measured at the soil surface using standard tension infiltrometers at water supply potentials (ψ) of − 0.12, − .06, − 0.03, − 0.02, − 0.01, and 0 m. Surface infiltration measurements were repeated at each site in May and October from 2004 to 2006. The analysis of variance indicated that the measurement time (May or October) had the greatest impact on all measured hydraulic conductivities (p
Telling more than the truth: Implicature, speech acts, and ethics in professional communication

Ethicists have long observed that unethical communication may result from texts that contain no overt falsehoods but are nevertheless misleading. Less clear, however, has been the way that context and text work together to create misleading communication. Concepts from linguistics can be used to explain implicature and indirect speech acts, two patterns which, though in themselves not unethical, may allow misinterpretations and, therefore, create potentially unethical communication. Additionally, sociolinguistic theory provides insights into why writers in business and other professions are prone to use these patterns. An analysis of five cases shows that implicature and indirectness are sometimes used intentionally to deceive readers. However, their use may also reflect other motives such as the desire to mitigate negative information or to show deference to an unfamiliar or powerful reader. Although implicature and indirectness are not intended to deceive in these cases, they can lead to a loss of clarity and to subsequent ethical problems when readers misinterpret texts.
Serial sodium depletion and NaCl solution intake

Abstract Rapid sodium depletion was produced by intraperitoneal dialysis (IPD) in rats. This produced an increased intake of 3% NaCl solution during the following overnight fluid test period. Although more sodium was ingested than had been removed by IPD, a second dialysis (IPD 2 ) produced a much larger increase in NaCl solution ingestion. If the greater intake response to IPD 2 were a function of an intake adjustment learned after IPD 1 , then stomach loading the NaCl solution after IPD 1 , rather than making it available for ingestion, should eliminate the larger ingestion effect found after IPD 2 . This did not occur. IPD 2 produced the larger ingestion effect whether or not the opportunity for post-IPD 1 ingestion was given.
Does membership matter? Examining the relationship between alumni association membership and alumni giving

The author examined the relationship between alumni giving and membership in a dues-based alumni association. The researcher used the chi-square test of association to analyze population data derived from the database of a public doctoral-granting research university in the South. The study unveiled a relationship between membership and giving, with current alumni association members being 4.8 times more likely to be current university donors than non-members and 11.5 times more likely to be current donors with cumulative giving of at least US$10 000 as compared to non-members. Members were more likely to be donors and conversely, donors were also more likely to be alumni association members, but slightly more member donors became alumni association members before making their first gift to the university. Across membership type, life members were the best donor prospects. Alumni association life members were 1.4 times more likely than annual members to be current donors and 5.7 times more likely to be current donors compared to non-members. Life members were 4.3 times more likely than annual members and 19.8 times more likely than non-members to have cumulative university giving of at least $10 000.
Stimulator for the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation

A simple and inexpensive stimulator is described to deliver regular impulses of alternating characteristics suitable for direct and indirect stimulation of an isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation. Output impedances of 5 and 10 ω provide independence of pulse size and shape from load characteristics.
Vitamin C Retention in Orange Juice Imitation Orange Juice, and Orange Beverage from Frozen Concentrates

The susceptibility of ascorbic acid to aerobic oxidation and possible loss of vitamin activity prompted a study to (1) determine if the vitamin C content of reconstituted frozen orange juice prepared using an electric blender is different from that prepared by stirring, and (2) to ascer tain the stability of vitamin C in reconstituted frozen orange concentrates (both pure and syn thetic) stored in a refrigerator for up to one week. Two cans of three brands of frozen concentrated orange juice and one brand of frozen con centrated orange beverage were reconstituted, one using an electric blender and the other by stirring. One can of imitation orange juice was reconstituted by stirring only. The beverages were analyzed immediately after reconstituting, after 3 days, and after 7 days of storage in a refrigerator at 0 ± 1°C (30°–34°F). Method of preparation did not have a significant effect on vitamin C (ascorbic acid plus dehydro-ascorbic acid) levels. Both time and product affected vitamin C levels. The syn thetically derived orange concentrates were higher in vitamin C (62 mg/100 ml) compared with the orange juices (52 mg/100 ml). All reconstituted concentrates studied were similar in retention of vitamin C, retaining 94 percent or more after 3 days and 91 percent or more after 7 days.
A wild Cantor set as the limit set of a conformal group action on

We construct a conformal action of a free group of finite rank on S3 whose set of discontinuity A is a wild Cantor set.
Lotus Notes and collaboration: le plus c/spl cedil/a change

Work in organizations is becoming increasingly focused on collaborative work in groups. Groupware is widely touted as the information technology that can support this new mode of work by fostering collaboration. In a study of Lotus Notes, a popular groupware product, implemented throughout the professional staff of a large American insurance company, we found the impact of groupware to be somewhat different from what many might have expected. While almost everyone was quite pleased with the Notes implementation and its perceived impact, there was no evidence of a change in the degree of collaboration among organization members. Two key themes are explored as possible explanations for this result: the fit of the technology to the organization, and limited training in how best to use this new technology.
Crop Classification Using Airborne Radar and Landsat Data

Airborne radar data acquired with a 13.3-GHz scatterometer over a test site near Colby, KS, were used to investigate the statistical properties of the scattering coefficient of three types of vegetation cover and of bare soil. A statistical model for radar data was developed that incorporates signal fading and natural within-field variabilities. Estimates of the within-field and between-field coefficients of variation were obtained for each cover type and compared with similar quantities derived from Landsat images of the same fields. The second phase of this study consisted of evaluating the classification accuracy provided by Landsat alone, radar alone, and both sensors combined. The results indicate that the addition of radar to Landsat improves the classification accuracy by about 10 percentage points when the classification is performed on a pixel basis and by about 15 points when performed on a field-average basis. As with all crop-classification studies, these results pertain to the specific dates, geographic region, and crop categories.
Regiospecific, Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of the Alkoxy-Substituted Indole Bases, 16-epi-Na-Methylgardneral, 11-Methoxyaffinisine, and 11-Methoxymacroline as Well as the Indole Alkaloids Alstophylline and Macralstonine

A regiospecific, enantiospecific approach to the synthesis of ring-A-substituted indole alkaloids was developed via a doubly convergent strategy. The asymmetric Pictet−Spengler reaction and enolate-driven palladium cross-coupling processes were both executed in stereospecific fashion and served as the stereochemical basis of this approach. The synthesis of 16-epi-Na-methylgardneral (15), 11-methoxyaffinisine (16), and 11-methoxymacroline (22) has been accomplished in high yield and in enantiospecific fashion. Moreover, the key C-19 ketosarpagine system (borane adducts) 19a,b employed for the construction of 11-methoxymacroline (22) was also transformed into alstophylline 25, which resulted in completion of the total synthesis of the bisindole macralstonine (1).
Erythropoietin and cytokine levels in the anemia of severe alcoholic liver disease.

PURPOSE The anemia of chronic disease is mediated by the cytokines that modulate the immune response, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN), and is associated with a blunted serum erythropoietin (sEPO) response to anemia. Previous reports suggest that patients with liver disease (LD) also exhibit a blunted sEPO response to anemia, and that patients with alcoholic LD had altered cytokines, including elevated TNF levels. To investigate the pathogenesis of anemia in alcoholic LD, sEPO, TNF, and gamma-IFN levels were determined in patients who had participated in a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative study of alcoholic LD. METHODS sEPO, serum TNF-alpha, and serum gamma-IFN levels were evaluated in 40 patients with severe biopsy-proven alcoholic LD whose serum had been stored during the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study 275, and in 18 patients with iron deficiency (controls). RESULTS Mean hemoglobin (Hgb) was 11.2 +/- 0.3 g/dl for LD patients versus 11.4 +/- 0.4 g/dl for controls (p = 0.84). sEPO levels measured by ELISA were 29.6 +/- 4.1 units/liter in LD patients versus 25.4 +/- 5.4 units/liter in controls (p = 0.64). In both sets of patients, sEPO and Hgb were inversely related; the slopes of the two regression lines did not differ significantly (p = 0.92). TNF was detected in 3 of 40 LD patients and in 0 of 18 iron-deficient patients. Detection of TNF did not correlate with sEPO or Hgb, but did correlate strongly with severe caloric malnutrition (marasmus) and mortality at 6 months (p = 0.049 and 0.04, respectively). gamma-IFN was not detected. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the sEPO response is preserved in patients with severe alcoholic LD, and suggest that anemia in LD arises from different mechanisms than does the anemia of chronic disease. TNF production in severe alcoholic LD is strongly correlated with caloric malnutrition and mortality.
A methodology for determination of phospholipids

Abstract A simple method for the determination of phospholipids in an aqueous dispersion and in amniotic fluid was developed. The procedure is based on the observation that dispersed phospholipids promoted the solubilization of an insoluble dye-detergent complex. The solubilization of the complex between the negatively charged dye, Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB), and a positively charged detergent, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), produced a blue solution having a visible absorbance maximum above 600 nm. A linear increase in absorbance intensity occurs with an increase in phospholipid concentration. An assay using the CBB-CTAB reagent adsorbed on 3-mm glass beads is used to estimate total dispersed phospholipids between 2 and 25 μg/ml. Thereby, a two-phase water-methanol-chloroform system is formed. The products of zwitterionic phospholipids (such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine) partition to the organic phase while the dye complex solubilized in anionic phospholipids (such as phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol) partitions to the aqueous phase. This procedure results in a convenient, sensitive, and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of the total phospholipid, zwitterionic phospholipid, and anionic phospholipid concentrations. Application of the new assay for determination of phospholipids in amniotic fluid is described.
Toxicological implications op the mixed-function oxidase catalyzed metabolism of carbon disulfide

Summary The results of these studies have indicated that the decrease in the activity of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme system and the concentration of cytochrome P-450 seen on incubation of carbon disulfide (CS2) with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH is the result of the binding of the sulfur atom released in the mixed-function oxidase catalyzed metabolism of CS2 to carbonyl sulfide (COS). Moreover, it appears that COS is further metabolized by the mixed-function oxidase enzyme system to CO2 and that, analogous to the metabolism of CS2 to COS, the sulfur atom released in this reaction also binds to the microsomes and inhibits benzphetarnine metabolism and decreases the concentration of cytochrome P-450 detectable as its carbon monoxide complex. The results of these studies also suggest that the decrease in the concentration of cytochrome P-450 and the liver damage seen on in vivo administration of CS2 to phenobarbital pretreated rats, is due to the mixed-function oxidase catalyzed release and binding of the sulfur atoms of CS2. The decrease in the concentration of cytochrome P-450 seen on incubation of CS2 with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH does not appear to be the result of destruction of the heme group or its dissociation from the apoenzyme since the total amount of protoheme is unchanged in microsomes which have been incubated with CS2 and NADPH as compared to those not incubated with these compounds.
The Representative Mediator and the New Peasant1

A case study introduces a type of cultural mediator of different characteristics from the patron-Kijaji type. This representative mediator is an indigenous member of the peasant society, occupies a structural position on that level and aspires ardently to generate change in the external and internal affairs of his village. These conditions then pattern the processes by which he maintains his position, validates his actions, exerts his influence, and carries out his mediation functions. The concept of representative mediator reveals common trends in a variety of leaders reported in the anthropological literature, and calls for a revision of the anthropological notion of the “apathetic and quiescent” peasant.
Simulated Lyman-Alpha and Dielectronic Satellite Spectra, Z = 6-20

Abstract The dielectronic satellite transitions originating on the 2l2l′ and 2l3l′ doubly excited levels of the He-like ions with Z = 6–20 are tabulated in a useful format. The relative intensities of the satellite transitions are listed for the two cases of low electron density (corona equilibrium) and high electron density (Saha equilibrium). This compilation of wavelengths and relative intensities should facilitate the identification of dielectronic satellite lines in the x-ray spectra of hot plasmas. The Lyman-α and satellite intensity distributions are simulated by convolving the calculated intensities with Gaussian profiles. These calculated spectra illustrate the blending of the satellite lines and indicate the instrumental resolution necessary to resolve the satellite features in experimental data. Also included is a bibliography of published experimental spectra for the satellites of the Lyman-α line of moderate-Z ions in dense laboratory plasmas.
Glyphosate effects on shikimate pathway products in leaves and flowers of velvetleaf

Abstract The effects of sublethal treatments of the herbicide glyphosate [ N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine] on the accumulation of shikimate, hydroxybenzoic acids, and hydroxycinnamic acids in Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) were measured. In newly developing tissues (both leaf and flower), the concentrations of shikimate and protocatechuate were greatly increased by the herbicide, whereas hydroxybenzaldehyde and p -coumarate levels were decreased. During recovery from glyphosate treatment there was a rapid loss of protocatechuate and the levels of other phenolic acids rapidly returned to normal. These indicate that phenolic acid pools in higher plants are regulated and that simple phenolic acids do not accumulate as end products.
A Riverscape Analysis Tool Developed to Assist Wild Salmon Conservation Across the North Pacific Rim

ABSTRACT A major constraint for management and conservation of wild salmon is the large geographic area and diversity of rivers that provide critical freshwater habitats for salmon production and sustainability. These habitats span lengths of entire river systems, crossing international borders and management jurisdictions, while encompassing a range of climate and landscape conditions and human impacts. We developed the Riverscape Analysis Project (RAP) to provide a consistent and comprehensive geospatial database to document, assess, and compare the physical habitats of large salmon rivers of the North Pacific Rim (NPR). Here, we introduce and summarize a web-based GIS and decision support system (DSS) to assist salmon conservation around the NPR. The foundation of the RAP database is a seamless mosaic of moderate (30 m) resolution, multispectral satellite imagery from the Landsat TM instrument series, mapped with coincident 90-m resolution digital terrain Digital Evaluation Model (DEM) information to a...
Differential response to estriol and estradiol in the mouse uterus: correlation to an additional nuclear event.

We have recently demonstrated that a single injection of potent estrogenic compounds, such as 17β-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol, results in two increases in nuclear estrogen receptor in the ovariectomized or immature mouse uterus. These nuclear increases occur 1–2 and 7–8 h post injection. In this study, we have determined whether the weak estrogen estriol could produce both nuclear events and, if so, whether both events were necessary for a complete uterine response in the mouse. Estriol injection of 10 or 33 μg/kg indicated similar nuclear receptor translocation at 1 h, with levels returning near control by 4–5 h. Injections of 166 μg/kg estriol or 10 μg/kg estradiol produced similar patterns of nuclear receptor with comparable increases occurring at ∼1 and 7–8 h. A single 10 μg/kg injection of estradiol resulted in a biphasic increase in uterine wet weight. The first increase was at ∼4 h, with the second occurring at ∼9 h and staying elevated above control values for up to 48 h. Estriol, on the other...
Isolation and characterization of pectinaceous substances from soybean byproducts

A novel method was developed to extract pectinaceous materials from a commercial mixture of soy hulls and hypocotyls. Two ambient temperature water washings of the material improved the purity of the pectin. A water and acid soak at pH 2.4 significantly increased the yield of pectin by expanding the cellular matrix. Thepectinaceous materials were then extracted at pH 1.8 and 90C for 45 min. Laboratory extraction methods were scaled up using a solid-bowl, continuous centnfuge. Afier extraction and precipitation and washing in 2-propanol, a 3-6% yield of dry pectin was obtained. Chemical analysis revealed the pectinaceous substances were mainly a rhamnogalacturonic and xylogalacturonic backbone with -32% neutral sugars. These pectinaceous materials had an UA of 41%, a DE of 30%, a DA of 27% and a MW of 21 kD. These results demonstrate that a commercial mixture of soy hulls and hypocotyls are a potential source of pectin that has unique properties significantly diferent from citrus pectin.
National Research Council report cites radiation control for astronauts and International Space Station

The affiliated committees of the National Research Council (NRC)—the Committee on Solar and Space Physics (CSSP) and the Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Relations (CSTR)—conducted a study to assess the radiation hazard to astronauts engaged in extravehicular activities (EVAs) needed to construct the International Space Station (ISS). The committees' findings and recommendations appear in a just-released NRC report titled “Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk.” What motivated the study was the fact that while solar storms bearing intense radiation are rare, EVAs during ISS construction flights are frequent, and so the two might, by chance, coincide. Indeed, an analysis conducted for the study indicates that at least one and probably two ISS construction flights will be in progress when a highlatitude radiation event occurs. The report considers options to reduce radiation risk to astronauts and to minimize the impact radiation events might have on ISS construction.
Geologic history of the Mead impact basin, Venus

The geologic history of the Mead impact basin on Venus, a basin similar in size to Chicxulub (Mexico), may be a guide of what to expect from future exploration of Chicxulub. During the collapse phase of crater formation in the Mead basin, radar-bright impact melt material was deposited as a topographically flat surface within a large central area, burying the transient cavity rim and other underlying structures. The central area is not flat now and has been modified by viscous relaxation and thermal cooling effects. Substantial parts of the ejecta deposits have been covered by postimpact volcanic flows that are not obvious without the topographic data. Previous global surveys of Venusian impact craters, using only image data, may have underestimated the number of craters embayed by volcanism.
EVOLUTIONARY MOTIFS FOR THE AUTOMATED DISCOVERY OF SELF-ORGANIZING DIMER AUTOMATA

It is usually difficult to reverse engineer a simple rule that exhibits some desirable and interesting behavior. We approach this problem by searching for dimer automaton rules exhibiting a broadly defined behavior, self-organization. We expected the simple and asynchronous nature of dimer automata to hinder self-organization, but an exhaustive search quickly yielded three rules that do, in fact, exhibit properties of self-organization. Two of these rules are applicable to actual physical phenomena, motivating searching for additional, more complex rules. However, exhaustive searches scale poorly here because of the rarity of interesting rules combined with the fast growth rate of the search space. To address these challenges we developed the evolutionary motifs algorithm. This algorithm finds the building blocks of the previously found dimer automaton rules, and combines them to form new rules in an evolutionary manner. Our evolutionary algorithm was more effective than an exhaustive search, producing a diverse population of rules exhibiting self-organization.