cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Potential Impact of Social Talk on Prevention Through Social Networks: the Relationships Between Social Talk and Refusal Self-Efficacy and Norms.

Interpersonal communication among participants plays an important role in the impact and effectiveness of prevention programs (Southwell & Yzer, Communication Theory 19:1-8, 2009). This study focused on adolescents' informal conversations about a prevention program, referred to as social talk, from a social network perspective. We provide both a conceptualization of social talk in relation to prevention programs and an operationalization of it by examining adolescents' social networks. Participants (N = 185) were eighth-grade students attending a middle school substance-abuse prevention program called keepin' it REAL (kiR). Participants engaged in both positive and negative social talk about kiR. Students with higher friendship indegree centrality were more likely to have greater positive social talk indegree centrality (r = .23 p < .01). These results indicated that youth considered as friends by most of their classmates were also reported as being positive in their comments with respect to kiR. Youth who talked positively about kiR tended to report personal anti-substance injunctive norms (b = 0.71, p < .05). On the other hand, youth who were nominated as negative social talkers by their peers appeared to have less personal anti-substance injunctive norms (b = -0.92, p < .05). Furthermore, youth who were more likely to talk negatively about kiR were less likely to perceive that their best friends (b = -1.66, p < .05) or most youth in their age (b = -1.49, p < .05) disapprove of substance use.
Enabling Cross-ISA Offloading for COTS Binaries

Work offloading allows a mobile device, i.e., the client, to execute its computation-intensive code remotely on a more powerful server to improve its performance and to extend its battery life. However, the difference in instruction set architectures (ISAs) between the client and the server poses a great challenge to work offloading. Most of the existing solutions rely on language-level virtual machines to hide such differences. Therefore, they have to tie closely to the specific programming languages. Other approaches try to recompile the mobile applications to achieve the specific goal of offloading, so their applicability is limited to the availability of the source code. To overcome the above limitations, we propose to extend the capability of dynamic binary translation across clients and servers to offload the identified computation-intensive binary code regions automatically to the server at runtime. With this approach, the native binaries on the client can be offloaded to the server seamlessly without the limitations mentioned above. A prototype has been implemented using an existing retargetable dynamic binary translator. Experimental results show that our system achieves 1.93X speedup with 48.66% reduction in energy consumption for six real-world applications, and 1.62X speedup with 42.4% reduction in energy consumption for SPEC CINT2006 benchmarks.
Sensory Integration Therapy and DIR/Floortime

Many methods in widespread use as treatments for ASD have very limited research support. Among these treatments are sensory integration therapies and DIR/Floortime. These two treatments focus on adjusting individuals with ASD to various sensory stimuli in their environments and creating enjoyable social experiences to lower rates of social isolation, respectively. Although research on these interventions is somewhat limited and often inconclusive, these treatments are still being explored as possible supplements and/or alternatives to ABA therapy.
A shock tube study of ignition delay times in diluted methane, ethylene, propene and their blends at elevated pressures

Abstract Ignition delay times (IDT) of small hydrocarbons at elevated pressures provide a valuable constraint for the refinement of the core small-hydrocarbon sub-mechanisms used in all combustion kinetics. Current knowledge of these core mechanisms is based largely on low-pressure data, with only limited high-pressure data available. To remedy this, the present study focuses on ignition delay times in methane, ethylene, propene and their blends at elevated pressures. IDT measurements were performed in 4% O2, balance Ar mixtures, over the temperature range of 950–1800 K, at pressures of 14–60 atm and equivalence ratios of 1 and 2. IDT was determined from recorded sidewall pressure, OH∗ emission measurements and fuel time-histories measured using laser absorption at 3.39 μm. These measurements extend the test conditions of earlier studies, with the advantage that they have all been performed at similar conditions and with the same facility and should provide a uniform set of kinetics targets for the evaluation of core small-hydrocarbon mechanisms. This dataset also allowed the temperature variation of the pressure and equivalence ratio scaling for methane and ethylene IDT to be investigated.
A new technique for hepatic parenchymal transection using an articulating bipolar 5 cm radiofrequency device: results from the first 100 procedures.

Abstract Background Parenchymal transection(PT) still remains a challenge in liver resection. The outcomes of the first experience of a novel vessel-sealer for hepatic transection were assessed. Methods A bipolar articulating vessel-sealer (Caiman®, Aesculap Inc., Center Valley, PA) was used in 100 liver resections through both open (OLR) and laparoscopic (LLR) approaches. All data were prospectively collected into an IRB-approved department database, and clinical, surgical and perioperative parameters were analyzed. Results Fifty patients underwent OLR and 50 patients underwent LLR. Eighty hepatectomies were performed for malignancy. Median number of tumors was 1, with the largest focus measuring an average of 5.1 cm. Forty-nine of the procedures were major liver resections. Parenchymal transection time was 29.9 ± 3.1 min in OLR and 29.9 ± 3.6 min in LLR. Median estimated blood loss was 300 cc (Inter-quartile range (IQR) 100–575 cc). Median hospital stay was 6 days for open and 3 days for laparoscopic procedures. Ninety-day complication rate was 8% without any mortality. Bile leak rate was 4%. Staplers were used for parenchymal transection in 16 cases. Conclusion This study introduces a new multifunctional device into the armamentarium of the liver surgeon. In our experience, this device facilitated the parenchymal transection by adding speed and consolidating the amount of instrumentation used in liver resection without increasing complications.
Soldier safety and performance through wearable devices

Wearable technologies have the ability to change how we perceive, and make decisions about, our health and well-being. In the military, utilizing these emerging technologies in training or operations offers potential life-saving and performance enhancement benefits. Up until now, very limited physiological data collection has been performed due to the overall integration, form-factor, power limitations, and data feedback to the user from wearable monitoring devices. The explosion of the wearables sector in the commercial arena has pushed industry to solve a lot of these issues for the consumer market, allowing for new monitoring opportunities within the military as well. This manuscript discusses a couple of the use cases for wearable technologies within military environments, specifically heat stress injury prevention and performance monitoring during training. Additionally, some preliminary wearable device gold-standard testing is discussed. From the applications described, it can be seen how integration of these technologies has allowed for safer training environments, but also has improved training effectiveness and sustained performance enhancement.
Applications and Computations

In this chapter we establish further properties of (minimal) rotation sets for m d by exploiting the ideas and tools developed in the previous chapters, most notably the deployment theorem. We also study minimal rotation sets under doubling and tripling in some detail and carry out explicit computations. These computations will tie in with the dynamical study of quadratic and cubic polynomials in the next chapter.
Preface for: Gender Paradoxes of the Arab Spring

The paper is the editor's preface to a collected volume entitled "Women, Gender and the Arab Spring". It presents the main arguments made by the 10 contributors and outlines the general lines of investigation among the contributing researchers.
Neurobiological Antagonism of Cocaine by Lithium

Over the past several years our group has been examining the functional characteristics of the serotonergic biosynthetic system in the brain by subjecting it to a number of challenges including various drugs (Knapp, Mandell, 1972a, 1972b, 1973, 1975, in press; Knapp, Mandell, Geyer, 1974; Knapp, 1975; Knapp, Mandell, Bullard, 1975; Rogawski, Knapp, Mandell, 1974; Geyer, Dawsey, Mandell, 1975a; Geyer, Warbritton, Menkes, Zook, Mandell, 1975b; Geyer, Puerto, Dawsey, Knapp, Bullard, Mandell, in press, a) and environmental manipulations (Segal, Knapp, Kuczenski, Mandell, 1973; Geyer, Puerto, Menkes, Segal, Mandell, in press, b). A group of biochemical measures has evolved which appears to be useful in these explorations. As depicted in Fig. 1, they include: the high affinity uptake of tryptophan into serotonergic synaptosomes; the “amount” of soluble tryptophan hydroxylase activity in cell body and nerve ending regions (median raphe and striate cortex, respectively) after hypotonic lysis of the preparations; and the overall rate of conversion of tryptophan to serotonin (5-HT) by synaptosomes. Our experimental methods have been described in detail elsewhere (Knapp et al., 1974; Knapp, Mandell, 1975). The effects on these measures of cocaine in vitro and in vivo, alone and in combination with lithium chloride, will be described in this report.
The Practical Impacts of Karst Regulations on the Communities that Implement Them – a Pair of Case Studies

Urbanization and its related activities in karst landscapes often generate significant threats to karst aquifers. Industrial activities, street runoff, and waste disposal have the potential to deposit contaminants directly into the aquifer, particularly after a good rain. This chapter includes two case studies that examine how karst land use regulations work in a real-world context. The first looks at cities in Kentucky and Missouri in an effort to identify the ways, if any, in which mandatory setback ordinances affect density in the areas where they are applied. The second uses data from municipalities in Pennsylvania to explore what, if any, economic impact the act of implementing karst-aware land use regulations has within the municipalities that choose to do that. While the Pennsylvania case study finds no evidence of any economic impact brought about by implementing karst-related land use ordinances, the first case study suggests that the influence of setbacks on densities is ambiguous.
Does the Brain Have a Place in Educational Psychology

Byrnes and Fox (1998) present the case for the relevance of cognitive neuroscience in educational psychology, including both logical and empirical arguments. In this commentary, I begin by briefly reviewing the history of the case for including the brain in educational psychology: Early educational psychology—as reflected in Thorndike's (1926) educational psychology textbook—emphasized the neuronal basis of learning; contemporary educational psychology—as reflected in educational publications—tends to ignore the brain; and future educational psychology will need to overcome the pitfalls encountered in previous misuses of brain research. Next, I examine two logical arguments for Byrnes and Fox's case, namely, that including cognitive neuroscience research makes educational psychology more complete and more plausible. Then, I examine the empirical argument of Byrnes and Fox by focusing on the value of cognitive neuroscience research in attention and memory as well as in reading and arithmetic. Finally, I suggest criteria for evaluating the contributions of cognitive neuroscience research in educational psychology, including the need for research on educationally relevant tasks and issues.
Utilization of Interactive Clinical Video Telemedicine by Rural and Urban Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration Health Care System.

Purpose Interactive clinical video telemedicine (CVT) has the potential to benefit health care systems and patients by improving access, lowering costs, and more efficiently distributing providers. However, there is a gap in current knowledge around the demand for and potential uses of CVT in large integrated health care systems. Methods We conducted an observational study using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) administrative databases to analyze trends in CVT utilization, and types of care received, among 7.65 million veterans during fiscal years (FY) 2009-2015 (October 1, 2008-September 30, 2015). Trends were stratified by veteran rurality and analyzed using linear regression. Among 4.95 million veterans in FY2015, we used logistic regression to identify characteristics associated with CVT utilization for any care, mental health care, and major specialties. Findings Over 6 years, the annual CVT utilization grew from 30 to 124 encounters per 1,000 veterans (>300% increase), with faster growth among rural veterans than urban veterans. Over the study period, ≥50% of all CVT-delivered care was mental health care. In FY2015, 3.2% of urban and 7.2% of rural veterans utilized CVT for nearly 725,000 clinical encounters. Rural residence, younger age, longer driving distance to VHA facilities, one or more comorbidities, and higher rates of traditional, non-video utilization were independently associated with higher odds of CVT use. Conclusions CVT utilization in VHA has increased quickly and exceeds published rates in the private health care market. The availability of CVT has likely increased access to VHA care for rural veterans, especially for mental health care.
Visualisation Model Based on Phishing Features

The numbers of online purchases and electronic banking transactions have increased substantially in the era of electronic business and mobile commerce. These online financial activities have attrac...
In Cellulo Synthesis of Proteins Containing a Fluorescent Oxazole Amino Acid

Genetic code expansion has enabled many noncanonical amino acids to be incorporated into proteins in vitro and in cellulo. These have largely involved α-l-amino acids, reflecting the substrate specificity of natural aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and ribosomes. Recently, modified E. coli ribosomes, selected using a dipeptidylpuromycin analogue, were employed to incorporate dipeptides and dipeptidomimetics. Presently, we report the in cellulo incorporation of a strongly fluorescent oxazole amino acid (lacking an asymmetric center or α-amino group) by using modified ribosomes and pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS). Initially, a plasmid encoding the RRM1 domain of putative transcription factor hnRNP LL was cotransformed with plasmid pTECH-Pyl-OP in E. coli cells, having modified ribosomes able to incorporate dipeptides. Cell incubation in a medium containing oxazole 2 resulted in the elaboration of RRM1 containing the oxazole. Green fluorescent protein, previously expressed in vitro with several different oxazole amino acids at position 66, was also expressed in cellulo containing oxazole 2; the incorporation was verified by mass spectrometry. Finally, oxazole 2 was incorporated into position 13 of MreB, a bacterial homologue of eukaryotic cytoskeletal protein actin F. Modified MreB expressed in vitro and in cellulo comigrated with wild type. E. coli cells expressing the modified MreB were strongly fluorescent and retained the E. coli cell rod-like phenotype. For each protein studied, the incorporation of oxazole 2 strongly increased oxazole fluorescence, suggesting its potential utility as a protein tag. These findings also suggest the feasibility of dramatically increasing the repertoire of amino acids that can be genetically encoded for protein incorporation in cellulo.
Relativistic Lippmann-Schwinger equation as an integral equation

The relativistic Lippmann–Schwinger equation was earlier formulated in terms of the limit values of the corresponding resolvent. In the present paper, we write down the limit values of the resolven...
Incidence and Accidents: Regulation of Executive Compensation Through the Tax Code

Congress has enacted a number of tax provisions that aim to penalize companies and their executives when the executive is paid more than Congress thinks is desirable. Congress was motivated to enact these provisions by intense public sentiments regarding executive compensation levels during times of economic turmoil. This article demonstrates, however, that not only are these provisions ineffective at reducing executive compensation levels, but they penalize the wrong people. This article reveals that the penalties do not significantly fall on the executives that Congress was targeting with enactment of the penalties. Instead, these penalties impose costs on a variety of constituencies who are, generally speaking, ordinary Americans. Thus, the actual effect of the tax penalties is to harm the people who were the catalyst for enactment of the tax penalties in the first place.Who bears the financial burden and is penalized by tax penalties on executive compensation has received almost no attention in the legal literature. Consideration of this issue, however, is of contemporary relevance as Congress has been considering expanding the use of tax penalties in an effort to not only curtail executive compensation but also to raise federal revenue. The article concludes with suggestions for dealing with the underlying problems regarding executive compensation levels in place of enacting tax penalties aimed at the symptoms of these problems.
Embedding a Rydberg Atom-Based Sensor Into an Antenna for Phase and Amplitude Detection of Radio-Frequency Fields and Modulated Signals

We demonstrate a Rydberg atom-based sensor embedded in a parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG) for amplitude and phase detection of a radio-frequency (RF) electric field. This embedded atomic sensor is also capable of receiving modulated communications signals. In this configuration, the PPWG antenna serves two functions. First, the PPWG antenna acts as a source for a local oscillator (LO) field. The LO is required to use an atomic vapor cell (a glass cell containing a Rydberg atom vapor) as a Rydberg atom-based mixer, which detects the amplitude and phase of a second RF field incident from some remote location. The second function of the PPWG antenna is to capture the RF field arriving from a remote location and concentrate it at the location of the atomic vapor cell for detection. To demonstrate this, we show several examples of phase and amplitude measurements of an RF field with the embedded Rydberg-atom sensor. We also demonstrate the discrimination of the polarization of an RF field and the ability to receive phase-modulated carrier communications signals with this integrated atomic sensor. Embedding the atomic sensor in an antenna allows for the full characterization of a radio frequency field, in that the magnitude, phase, and polarization of an RF field can be measured with one compact integrated quantum-based sensor. Furthermore, the embedded sensor head allows one to easily vary the LO in order to maximize the ability to measure phase and amplitude of the field or modulated signal.
Distribution theory following blinded and unblinded sample size re-estimation under parametric models

Asymptotic distribution theory for maximum likelihood estimators under fixed alternative hypotheses is reported in the literature even though the power of any realistic test converges to one under ...
Associations of Nativity, Age at Migration, and Percent of Life in the U.S. with Midlife Body Mass Index and Waist Size in New York City Latinas.

Migration to the U.S. has been associated with increased body size and obesity risk in Latinas, but results for Caribbean immigrant women are limited and inconclusive. Emerging evidence also suggests that early-life environment associations with women’s midlife body mass index (BMI) may be different for larger and smaller women, but this has not been tested within migration life-course history. We examined the associations of nativity and migration timing with midlife body size in a sample of majority Caribbean Latinas and whether these associations varied across the body size distribution. We used interview data from 787 self-identified Latinas (ages 40–65 years) and assessed overall obesity using BMI (kg/m2) and central obesity based on waist circumference (WC, cm). We used linear and quantile regression to examine the association of migration history with BMI and WC and logistic regression for the probability of obesity. Foreign birthplace, later migration age, and lower percent of life in the U.S. were associated with lower BMI and WC means and lower odds of overall and central obesity. Quantile regression showed only inverse associations in the upper quantiles of BMI and WC. For example, relative to U.S.-born women, women living <50% of their lives in the U.S. had lower BMI in the 75th BMI percentile (β = −4.10, 95% CI: −6.75, −0.81), with minimal differences in the 25th (β = 0.04, 95% CI: −1.01, 0.96) and 50th BMI percentiles (β = −1.54, 95% CI: −2.90, 0.30). Our results support that migration to and increasing time in the U.S. are associated with greater body size in midlife Latina women, with stronger influences at higher body size distribution.
Exposure to COVID-19 pandemic stress: Associations with depression and anxiety in emerging adults in the United States.

Background Stressful events due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are likely to have profound effects on mental health, and validated methods for assessing these experiences and associations with psychopathology are needed. We developed the Pandemic Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and tested its psychometric properties, characterized experiences in emerging adults, and examined associations with internalizing symptoms. Methods Emerging adults (N = 450) completed the PSQ and measures of internalizing symptoms and perceived stress through an online platform in May 2020. One month later, 288 participants completed a follow-up questionnaire to assess reliability of the PSQ and longitudinal associations between stress and internalizing symptoms. Results Results supported the validity/reliability of PSQ total scores and indicated that stressful events were highly prevalent in May, particularly among younger, female, and Black emerging adults. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were high overall, but decreased at the follow-up assessment. Pandemic-related stress was moderately associated with both depression and anxiety at each assessment, but baseline stress did not predict change in symptoms when controlling for baseline symptoms. Conclusions Results provide empirical evidence that emerging adults are at high risk for depression and anxiety related to the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlight specific types of experiences associated with greatest risk. Further, this study provides support for a questionnaire measure of experiences related to the COVID-19 pandemic that can be applied in future work to advance understanding of risk and resilience in response to stressful events.
An assessment of race and gender-based biases among readmission predicting tools (HOSPITAL, LACE, and RAHF) in heart failure population.

The objective of our study is to retrospectively investigate if the HOSPITAL score, LACE index, and RAHF scale exhibit any bias based on gender and race in heart failure readmissions. This is a retrospective cohort study with all adult medical patients discharged with congestive heart failure from 2016 to 2018 from Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Hospitalist service. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed comparing prediction tools (HOSPITAL score, LACE index, and RAHF scale) performance based on gender and race by measuring the area under the curve (AUC). Absolute Between-ROC Area (ABROCA) values were calculated. All statistical analyses were performed using R version 3.6.2. The performance of the HOSPITAL score in the majority and minority population showed a statistically significant difference between AUCs (0.714 and 0.633, p = 0.029) and an ABROCA of 0.081 indicating superior performance in predicting hospital readmissions in the majority group vs. the minority. The performance of RAHF score in females and males showed statistically significant differences between AUCs (0.567 and 0.527, p = 0.04) and an ABROCA of 0.04 indicating the superior performance of the RAHF score in females compared with males. Our study demonstrated that the HOSPITAL score and the RAHF scale showed significant differences in predicting 30-day readmissions risk based on race and gender, respectively, in heart failure patients, whereas the LACE index did not show any significant difference.
A replication package for it takes two to tango: combining visual and textual information for detecting duplicate video-based bug reports

When a bug manifests in a user-facing application, it is likely to be exposed through the graphical user interface (GUI). Given the importance of visual information to the process of identifying and understanding such bugs, users are increasingly making use of screenshots and screen-recordings as a means to report issues to developers. Due to their graphical nature, screen-recordings present challenges for automated analysis that preclude the use of current duplicate bug report detection techniques. This paper describes in detail our reproduction package artifact for TANGO, a duplicate detection technique that operates purely on video-based bug reports by leveraging both visual and textual information to overcome these challenges and aid developers in this task. Specifically, this reproduction package contains the data and code that enables our TANGO’s empirical evaluation replication and future research in the area of duplicate video-based bug report detection.
Are the Federal Rules of Evidence Unconstitutional

This paper explores for the first time how the Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) rest on an unacceptably shaky constitutional foundation. Unlike other regimes of federal rulemaking – for Civil Procedure, for Criminal Procedure, and for Appellate Procedure – the FRE rulemaking process contemplated by the Rules Enabling Act is both formally and functionally defective because Congress enacted the FRE as a statute first but purports to permit the Supreme Court to revise, repeal, and amend those laws over time, operating as a kind of supercharged administrative agency with the authority to countermand congressional statutes. Formally, this system violates the constitutionally-delineated separation of powers as announced in Chadha, Clinton, and the non-delegation doctrine because it allows statutes of the United States to be effectively rewritten by the Supreme Court outside the constraints of bicameralism and presentment, requirements of Article I, Section 7. Especially in light of the Court’s signals in recent terms that it may be seeking to revivify the non-delegation doctrine soon, focusing on the FRE’s formal deficiencies is urgent. Yet functionalists about the separation of powers also need to condemn our current FRE rulemaking process. Functionally, the FRE rulemaking system is constitutionally suspect because it permits the Supreme Court – outside of its Article III authority to hear “cases and controversies” – to repeal and amend substantive statutes unilaterally, a power that can threaten bedrock commitments to our federalism and to our constitutional rights to the jury. The decisions about how and when to displace state law in favor of federal law and about how and when to grant powers to juries over judges cannot be vested in the Judicial Branch alone without the structural restraints of an Article III “case or controversy.” The paper concludes by offering some ways to fix our evidence law and to put it on firmer footing, permitting better power-sharing and dialogue between two branches of government – Congress and the Supreme Court – that both have reasonable claims to some authority in the area.
Tunable Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for Plasma Assisted Oxidative Coupling of Methane to C 2 Based Products

The oxidative coupling of methane is a process of converting methane to ethane and ethylene by dehydrogenation through oxygen atoms over the catalytic surface. The operation temperature of this experiment is generally close to 1000 K to achieve sufficient yield. It is estimated that for this process to be economically feasible the yield has to be greater than 30% with selectivity close to 95%. In order to operate at a lower temperature, increase the yield and make it more energy-efficient, the problem is approached using advance nanomaterial and plasma assistance. To study this we used a Tunable Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectroscopy to measure various species involved in the process. By tuning the laser over a particular wavenumber, the concentration of a particular species is found out using the absorption spectrum. Here, we explain the details of how the setup is designed, developed, and assembled with initial experiments to calibrate C 2 based species. A correlation between the experimental results and the calculated spectrum from the HITRAN database is achieved.
Computerized pattern cutting: Methods based on an isometric tree

Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of mapping a curved surface onto a plane, with special reference to shoe manufacture. A class of mappings based on an isometric tree is investigated and an optimal mapping is defined. A patented method of computerized pattern cutting is also discussed.
The Hamilton model with a general autoregressive component: estimation and comparison with other models of economic time series

Abstract This paper generalizes the Hamilton model to the important case in which the autoregressive component need not contain a unit root. Using U.S. quarterly real GNP data, the model is estimated and the results are compared to those of Hamilton. Some Monte Carlo evidence for the model is presented, and its in-sample forecasting performance is discussed and compared to the original Hamilton model, the ARIMA model, and the deterministic-time-trend model.
Pattern matching in fewer comparisons

The problem of finding the occurrences of a pattern in a body of text is discussed. Several algorithms exist to solve this problem. The authors provide an overview of the Boyer-Moore algorithm, including its performance characteristics. They explain the implementation of the Kurak algorithm and its performance characteristics and compare the two algorithms. The analysis shows the Kurak algorithm to be superior when counting comparisons and when timing the search. The Kurak algorithm requires preprocessing of the text and thus, for the initial search, more time is required than for the Boyer-Moore algorithm. However, after the text has been processed the Kurak algorithm always provides superior performance. >
Abort Options for Potential Mars Missions

Mars trajectory design options were examined that would accommodate a premature termination of a nominal manned opposition class mission for opportunities between 2010 and 2025. A successful abort must provide a safe return to Earth in the shortest possible time consistent with mission constraints. In this study, aborts that provided a minimum increase in the initial vehicle mass in low Earth orbit (IMLEO) were identified by locating direct transfer nominal missions and nominal missions including an outbound or inbound Venus swing-by that minimized IMLEO. The ease with which these missions could be aborted while meeting propulsion and time constraints was investigated by examining free return (unpowered) and powered aborts. Further reductions in trip time were made to some aborts by the addition or removal of an inbound Venus swing-by. The results show that, although few free return aborts met the specified constraints, 85% of each nominal mission could be aborted as a powered abort without an increase in propellant. Also, in many cases, the addition or removal of a Venus swing-by increased the number of abort opportunities or decreased the total trip time during an abort.
Drug Abuse: Social Interaction and Social Groups

This chapter presents drug misuse treatment from the perspective of social interaction processes and social group structure. There are many cessation strategies that make use of social processes. For example, sometimes a “motivational intervention” is implemented to confront the drug misuser with his or her detrimental effects on others. Once recognition of the problem behavior is understood or perhaps debated among the drug misuser and others, formal or informal treatment providers (e.g., a therapist, twelve-step sponsor or group) may be selected either by the drug misuser or by external agents. Next, therapeutic relationships are attempted. If a solid therapeutic alliance is created (i.e., a trusting and mutually respectful relationship is developed), progress toward solutions to problematic substance use will be achieved. The person in recovery may attempt to learn alternative social behaviors. Social skills training, such as assertiveness training and anger or other mood management, may be needed for some individuals to attempt reintegration into a drug-free social world. Additional social-level therapeutic modalities may need to be provided as well, including involvement in a recovery community. In this chapter, we include a brief discussion of the use of the Johnson Institute's motivational intervention. Next, we discuss the twelve-step group recovery model, selection of therapeutic agents, and establishing the therapeutic relationship. Use of motivational interviewing is mentioned as one tool for solidifying the therapeutic relationship.
Interleukin-10 production by myeloid-derived suppressor cells contributes to bacterial persistence during Staphylococcus aureus orthopedic biofilm infection

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is known to establish biofilms on medical devices. We recently demonstrated that Ly6G(high)Ly6C(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells are critical for allowing S. aureus biofilms to subvert immune-mediated clearance; however, the mechanisms whereby myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote biofilm persistence remain unknown. Interleukin-10 expression was significantly increased in a mouse model of S. aureus orthopedic implant biofilm infection with kinetics that mirrored myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment. Because myeloid-derived suppressor cells produce interleukin-10, we explored whether it was involved in orchestrating the nonproductive immune response that facilitates biofilm formation. Analysis of interleukin-10-green fluorescent protein reporter mice revealed that Ly6G(high)Ly6C(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells were the main source of interleukin-10 during the first 2 wk of biofilm infection, whereas monocytes had negligible interleukin-10 expression until day 14. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell influx into implant-associated tissues was significantly reduced in interleukin-10 knockout mice at day 14 postinfection, concomitant with increased monocyte and macrophage infiltrates that displayed enhanced proinflammatory gene expression. Reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment facilitated bacterial clearance, as revealed by significant decreases in S. aureus burdens in the knee joint, surrounding soft tissue, and femur of interleukin-10 knockout mice. Adoptive transfer of interleukin-10 wild-type myeloid-derived suppressor cells into S. aureus-infected interleukin-10 knockout mice restored the local biofilm-permissive environment, as evidenced by increased bacterial burdens and inhibition of monocyte proinflammatory activity. These effects were both interleukin-10-dependent and interleukin-10-independent because myeloid-derived suppressor cell-derived interleukin-10 was required for promoting biofilm growth and anti-inflammatory gene expression in monocytes but was not involved in monocyte recruitment to biofilm-infected tissues. These results demonstrate that interleukin-10 production by myeloid-derived suppressor cells contributes to the persistence of S. aureus orthopedic biofilm infections.
Enzymic synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamines by the CDP-ethanolamine:1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase from microsomal fraction of rat brain

The incorporation of radioactivity from cytidine-5'-phosphate-[(32)P]phosphorylethanolamine into 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamines and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamines was stimulated more than fourfold by 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols, respectively, with an ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.1) present in the microsomal fraction from brains of mature rats. The K(m) values, 0.28 mm for CDP-ethanolamine and 1.9 mm for 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols, were similar to those obtained by other investigators with other 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols. The formation of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamines from endogenous 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols was inhibited by 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols. These properties indicate that the ethanolaminephosphotransferase lacks specificity for the type of group at the 1-position of the lipid substrate. The synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamines from 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols and CDP-ethanolamine by an enzyme from rat brain supports the inclusion of this reaction in the metabolic pathway for the synthesis of 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamines.
Propagation and prolongation of mitotic activity in the formation of injury‐induced lentomas in Rana pipiens

Autoradiography following labeling with H-3-thymidine was used to study the pattern of growth of injury-induced lentomas in Rana pipiens. This reaction to injury was compared with the more controlled reaction in the rabbit lens, which has been extensively studied by others. These studies show that, unlike that of the rabbit, the entire lens epithelium of the frog reacts within a day to the injury stimulus by disarrangement of its normal architecture. H-3-thymidine is incorporated between 24 and 40 hours post-injury, followed subsequently by widespread mitotic activity. Peak thymidine incorporation occurs at three days and peak mitosis at five days post-injury. However, the stimulus to mitotic activity is propagated after the first week largely among the superficial cells of the enlarging lentoma and adjacent normal epithelium; DNA synthesis and mitosis in the deeper cells of the lentoma diminish at a week and cease by two weeks post-injury, and by three weeks in the superficial cells. It is concluded that the frog lentoma is formed by accretion from the surface as a result of extensive multiplication of cells throughout the injured epithelium. The reaction of frog and rabbit lenses to injury differs both in the extensiveness of the initial reaction and the duration of the stimulus to proliferation.
Kleitman and combinatorics

Daniel Kleitman's many research contributions are surveyed, with emphasis on extremal hypergraph theory, asymptotic enumeration, and discrete geometry.
Guaranteeing total balance in Metropolis algorithm Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract The condition of detailed balance has long been used as a proxy for the more difficult-to-prove condition of total balance, which along with ergodicity is required to guarantee convergence of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation to the correct probability distribution. However, some simple-to-program update schemes such as the sequential and checkerboard Metropolis algorithms are known not to satisfy detailed balance for such common systems as the Ising model. It has been an open question whether these update schemes satisfy the weaker condition of total balance. In this work, we show that under fairly broad conditions, a large class of update schemes for the Metropolis algorithm, including the sequential and checkerboard schemes, do indeed satisfy total balance for important distributions. We also show that detailed balance itself can be satisfied by straightforward modifications to these schemes.
Exploring the enigma of solar energetic particles

The Sun is the most powerful natural particle accelerator in our solar system, able to accelerate ions to energies of many gigaelectron volts and electrons to hundreds of megaelectron volts. This acceleration occurs as a consequence of transient releases of energy in solar flares and/or coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Solar flares are explosions occurring near sunspots, regions of strong, ∼103 Gauss, magnetic fields. Traditionally, flares have been detected by ground-based optical observatories as brightenings in the emission of the hydrogenalpha line. In the largest flares, as much as ∼1032 ergs is released in ∼103s. Energy is thought to be stored in the magnetic field and released through some type of instability. Because the number of sunspots waxes and wanes over an ∼11-year cycle, the frequency of occurrence of flares also varies with this solar activity cycle; the last solar maximum occurred from 1989 to 1990.
Survey for the Arthropod Vectors and Mammalian Hosts of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Plague at Fort Ord, California

The diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a soldier at Fort Ord, California, in March 1969, an area not previously known to be endemic for the disease, prompted field studies of the actual or potential tick and mammalian reservoirs. Studies for sylvatic plague were undertaken concurrently. Six hundred and fifty-three mammals (feral and domestic) were examined. Sera from a majority of the animals were tested for rickettsial group complement-fixing antibodies ( Rickettsia akari antigm) and for antibodies against Yersinia pestis (= Pasteurella pestis ) using the passive hemagglutination test. Tick and flea ectoparasites were identified, and attempts were made to isolate rickettsiae from tick pools. Five mammalian species, the brush rabbit ( Sylvilagus bachmani ), gray fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ), den mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ), ground squirrel ( Spermophilus beecheyi ), and a domestic sheep ( Ovis aries ), had Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) group CF antibodies. A known arthropod vector of RMSF, the dog tick ( Dermacentor variabilis ), was found in abundance; and numerous rabbit ticks ( Haemaphysalis leporispalutris ), known to be important in the maintenance of RMSF in other areas, were found on brush rabbits ( S. bachmani ) and jackrabbits ( Lepus californicus ). Evidence for the presence of rickettsiae in D. variabilis, H. leporispalustris , and perhaps other tick species was found by inoculation of tick poob into guinca pigs. Although the presence of sylvatic plague could not be demonstrated, several flea species potentially important in the transmission of sylvatic plague were found.
A monoamine oxidase inhibitor reverses the 'separation syndrome' in a new hamster separation model of depression

Abstract A broad spectrum monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tranylcypromine sulfate (Parnate) was tested in a new hamster separation model of depression. In this paradigm, male dwarf hamsters show increases in body weight, decreases in exploratory behaviors, and decreases in social interactions, when separated from female mates. Tranylcypromine (10 mg/kg s.c. daily for 14 days) effectively reduced body weight, increased exploration, and increased social interaction, in the separated males. Subsequent treatment with saline restored the separation-induced changes in body weight, exploratory behaviors, and other social behaviors. The ‘separation syndrome’ in dwarf hamsters appears to be completely reversed by at least one antidepressant treatment.
Towards high-yield production of pharmaceutical proteins with plant cell suspension cultures

"Molecular farming" in plants with significant advantages in cost and safety is touted as a promising platform for the production of complex pharmaceutical proteins. While whole-plant produced biopharmaceuticals account for a significant portion of the preclinical and clinical pipeline, plant cell suspension culture, which integrates the merits of whole-plant systems with those of microbial fermentation, is emerging as a more compliant alternative "factory". However, low protein productivity remains a major obstacle that limits extensive commercialization of plant cell bioproduction platform. This review highlights the advantages and recent progress in plant cell culture technology and outlines viable strategies at both the biological and process engineering levels for advancing the economic feasibility of plant cell-based protein production. Approaches to overcome and solve the associated challenges of this culture system that include non-mammalian glycosylation and genetic instability will also be discussed.
Relations between classroom context, physical disability and preschool children's inclusion decisions

Understanding typically developing children's decisions about including classmates with disabilities in play activities is critical to understanding the development of social relationships between children with disabilities and typically developing peers. We examined children's ideas about, and explanations for, inclusion as a function of play setting (e.g., outdoor play vs. drawing) and a child's physical disability. Children responded to multiple sources of information, including information about the activity and about the skills required to play, in making inclusion decisions. They were more likely to select a hypothetical peer with a physical disability when the disability interfered minimally with participation in the activity. Moreover, children were more likely to refer to issues of sharing and enjoyment to explain their inclusion of a child with a physical disability and to issues associated with ability to explain selection of a typically developing child. Results suggest that attending to issues of equity and fairness and providing appropriate adaptations that allow all children to participate may be valuable strategies for supporting interactions among young children with a range of different abilities in the same preschool classroom.
Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge

Keith Kahn‐Harris Oxford: Berg, 2007 ISBN 978‐1‐8452‐0398‐6 194 pp., $29.95 Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge by Keith Kahn‐Harris is a smart, meticulously detailed study of the undergro...
Antithrombogenic effect of a graphite, benzalkonium choride, and heparin coating on a flexible polyvinyl chloride plastic implant in the rabbit.

In vivo and in vitro experiments described herein have demonstrated that the GBH coating is antithrombogenic when placed on PVC, as tested in the blood system of rabbits for periods up to 2 weeks. In vitro clotting times cannot be correlated with the in vivo thrombogenicity of the same implants. For example, dog and man have very similar in vitro clotting times, but very dissimilar in vivo prosthetic thrombosis problems. In vivo and in vitro tests are for the most part not comparable in that they do not measure the same things. However, both in vivo and in vitro tests proved the GBH-treated vinyl to be antithrombogenic. It may be concluded from the available data that a flexible plastic can be treated with GBH and become antithrombogenic for a practicable period of time.