cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and influencing factors of hypertension among adults in Linhai city

Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of hypertension among adults in Linhai city,Zhejiang province,and to provide scientific basis for making strategies on prevention and control of hypertension. Methods A questionnaire survey and physical examination were conducted among 1 082 adult residents selected with stratified cluster random sampling from 4 towns in Linhai city. The influencing factors were explored with logistic regression analysis. Results The prevalence rate and standardized rate of hypertension in the residents were30. 87% and 20. 38%,respectively. The prevalence rate increased gradually with age,and the trend was more obvious for the participants of 50 years old and above,and the residents aged over 80 years had the highest odds ratio( OR) value( 35. 573). Risk factors associated with hypertension were elevated fasting glucose( OR =2. 072,95% confidence interval[95%CI]=1. 201-3. 575),overweight( OR =2. 252,95% CI = 1. 477- 3. 433),obesity( OR = 3. 231,95% CI = 1. 687- 6. 187),central obesity( OR = 1. 659,95% CI = 1. 099- 2. 504),and family history of hypertension( OR = 2. 134,95%CI = 1. 474- 3. 089). Conclusion The prevalence rate of hypertension in Linhai is quite high with the influencing factors of elevated fasting glucose,overweight,obesity,central obesity,and family history of hypertension.
Ewing's sarcoma. A critical analysis of 165 cases.

Ewing's sarcoma is an entity among the malignant neoplasms of bone. Death can result from this tumor after many years, although the lesion usually produces death within two years after diagnosis. Despite the usually lethal effect of Ewing's sarcoma, nearly 10 per cent of patients affected can be cured. Our data indicate that irradiation, ablative surgical treatment, or combinations of these can be curative. In the case of tumors of the extremities, amputation with or without preoperative irradiation appears to be the treatment of choice, but the evidence is not overwhelming. Patients who have metastatic processes sometimes can be cured by appropriate irradiation or surgical therapy.
Enabling method to design versatile biomaterial systems from colloidal building blocks

Development of materials with fine spatial control over topographical, mechanical, or chemical features has been investigated for a variety of applications. Here we present a method to fabricate an array of polyelectrolyte constructs including two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally patterned assemblies using both compressible and incompressible colloidal building blocks. This method eliminates prior constraints associated with specific chemistries, and can be used to develop modular, multi-component, patterned assemblies. In particular, development of constructs were investigated using microgels, which are colloidally stable hydrogel microparticles, polystyrene (PS) beads, and PS-microgel core–shell building blocks in conjunction with the polycation poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). The topography, mechanical properties, and microstructure of these materials were characterized via bright field microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and AFM nanoindentation. Cellular studies demonstrate that such patterned film constructs can be used as model systems to investigate and direct cellular adhesion and spreading. Finally, this fabrication method is expanded to develop bulk polyelectrolyte gels that can be used to develop cell-laden gels.
Paralleling Women as Presidents of AECT with Changes in U.S. Laws and Social Norms

The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) was founded in 1923 as the National Education Association’s (NEA) Division of Visual Instruction (DVI). Four years later, the association elected its first woman president Anna V. Dorris, a faculty member at the San Francisco State Teachers College. Although passage of the 19th Amendment shortly before the establishment of AECT encouraged conversations about increasing rights for women, it would be many years before additional laws would be passed and before the number of women serving as AECT president would equal that of men serving.
Utilizing Hardware Performance Counters to Model and Optimize the Energy and Performance of Large Scale Scientific Applications on Power-Aware Supercomputers

Hardware performance counters are used as effective proxies to estimate power consumption and runtime. In this paper we present a performance counter-based power and performance modeling and optimization method, and use the method to model four metrics: runtime, system power, CPU power and memory power. The performance counters that compose the models are used to explore some counter-guided optimizations with two large-scale scientific applications: an earthquake simulation and an aerospace application. We demonstrate the use of the method using two power-aware supercomputers, Mira at Argonne National Laboratory and SystemG at Virginia Tech. The counter-guided optimizations result in a reduction in energy by an average of 18.28% on up to 32,768 cores on Mira and 11.28% on up to 128 cores on SystemG for the aerospace application. For the earthquake simulation, the average energy reductions achieved are 48.65% on up to 4,096 cores on Mira and 30.67% on up to 256 cores on SystemG.
A study on the fabrication of plasticized polystyrene-carbon nanotube nanocomposites for foaming:

The impregnation of carbon nanotubes within fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is a sought after capability for the advancement of composite systems. This study evaluates the novel processing of a carbon nanotube nanocomposite that has been developed to incorporate varying carbon nanotube loadings within final composite foams. This material is manufactured through a melt mix process of carbon nanotubes and polystyrene at ∼2.0–13.0 wt.% that further underwent a plasticization process in an acetone solvent. The chemical foaming agent 2.2′-Azobi(isobutyronitrile) is used to facilitate foaming at a constant 3.0 wt.% concentration. The foamed nanocomposite results in a carbon nanotube-loaded micro-porous structure showing capabilities of delivering localized carbon nanotube placement within fiber composite laminate systems. This report’s aim is to illustrate the effects of plasticizing polystyrene-carbon nanotube nanocomposite and calendaring the softened material to form foams imbedded with carbon nanotubes (ca...
Hemophilia Activities List Questionnaire Detects Functional Limitations in Young Adults with Hemophilia A Prior to Physical Examination.

Abstract Abstract 1300 Poster Board I-322 Background Measurement of joint range of motion (ROM) identifies hemophilia patients with arthropathy, but may not reflect functional limitations. Methods to detect early functional decline have not been well-studied, but may be important in improving the care of patients with hemophilia. Methods Functional status was determined by Hemophilia Activities List (HAL), a self-assessment questionnaire. Normalized scores were calculated & included activities of upper extremities (UE), basic activities of lower extremities (LE), complex activities of LE, leisure activities & summary score. Scores range from 0-100, with 0 representing poor functional status & 100 the best functional status. Joint range of motion (ROM) was measured by goniometry by a single investigator. Overall joint index is calculated as previously described. (Soucie et al, Blood 2004; 103: 2467) Percent of overall joint ROM limitation is calculated as (patient joint index score/normal joint index score) X 100. T-test was performed to assess statistical significance. Results 45 adults with Hemophilia A were studied, 33 severe and 12 mild. Mean age was 41, range 21-65. ROM limitations & functional status differed based on disease severity and age. ROM limitations increased and functional status decreased with age among patients with severe hemophilia A ( Table ), but there was no change in these parameters with age in persons with mild hemophilia (data not shown). Patients with severe hemophilia had decreased functional score in all areas, with lowest score in complex LE activities. The ability to perform basic & complex tasks of LE is decreased in severe hemophilia patients in the 3rd-4th decade when compared to a cohort with mild hemophilia (p Table . Differences in ROM Limitations and Functional Score between Severe and Mild Hemophilia Patients Mild Age 20-65 n=12 Severe Age 20-39 n=15 Comparison to Mild p-value Severe Age 40-69 n=18 Comparison to Severe age 20-39 p-value Joint Bleeds/6 months 0 11 0.002 9 0.4 ROM Limitations Total ROM 12% 18% 0.01 31% 0.002 UE ROM 9% 16% 0.009 28% 0.004 LE ROM 15% 20% 0.21 40% 0.002 Functional Score (HAL) Summary 95 69 0.0005 55 0.047 Upper Extremities 97 78 0.009 70 0.21 Basic Lower Extremities 95 64 0.0004 48 0.05 Complex Lower Extremities 88 56 0.001 29 0.002 Leisure Activities 95 67 0.001 54 .14 Conclusions Self-reported functional limitations are common in severe hemophilia. Functional decline in tasks of the LE begins as early as the third decade of life, & occurs before significant limitations in joint ROM are detected. Therefore a self-reported questionnaire can be useful in detection of early disability in adults with hemophilia. Future studies should focus on early detection and treatment interventions to prevent further functional decline. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Engineering Geology of the Mississippi Valley

The increasing importance of geologic information to the design of engineering structures in the lower Mississippi River valley is described herein. The various environments of alluvial deposition ...
Restless Legs Syndrome: Detection and Management in Primary Care

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurologic movement disorder that is often associated with a sleep complaint. Patients with RLS have an irresistible urge to move their legs, which is usually due to disagreeable sensations that are worse during periods of inactivity and often interfere with sleep. It is estimated that between 2 and 15 percent of the population may experience symptoms of RLS. Primary RLS likely has a genetic origin. Secondary causes of RLS include iron deficiency, neurologic lesions, pregnancy and uremia. RLS also may occur secondarily to the use of certain medications. The diagnosis of RLS is based primarily on the patient's history. A list of questions that may be used as a basis to assess the likelihood of RLS is included in this article. Pharmacologic treatment of RLS includes dopaminergic agents, opioids, benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants. The primary care physician plays a central role in the diagnosis and management of RLS.
Abstract 114: AdipoRon, the First Orally Active Adiponectin Receptor Activator, Attenuates Post-ischemic Myocardial Apoptosis via AMPK Activation and Oxidative Stress Reduction

Adiponectin (APN) is a cardioprotective molecule. Its reduction in diabetes exacerbates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Although APN administration in animals attenuates MI/R injury, multiple factors limit its clinical application. The current study investigated whether AdipoRon, the first orally active molecule that binds APN receptors, may protect the heart against MI/R injury, and if so, to delineate the involved mechanisms. Wild type (WT) or gene manipulated mice were treated with vehicle or AdipoRon (50 mg/kg, 10 minutes prior to MI) and subjected to MI/R (30 minutes/3-24 hours). Oral administration of AdipoRon to WT mice significantly improved cardiac function (P<0.01) and reduced infarct size (P<0.01). At cellular level, AdipoRon attenuated post-ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis determined by DNA ladder formation, TUNEL staining, and caspase-3 activation (P<0.01). MI/R-induced apoptotic cell death was significantly enhanced in APN deficient mice (APNKO), and AdipoRon attenuated MI/R i...
Comparison of the coronal mass ejection shock acceleration of three widespread SEP events during solar cycle 24

We studied three solar energetic particle (SEP) events observed on 14 August 2010, 3 November 2011, and 5 March 2013 by Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) A, B, and near-Earth (L1) spacecraft with a longitudinal distribution of particles greater than 90 degrees. Using a forward modeling method combined with extreme ultraviolet and white-light images, we determined the angular extent of the shock, the time and location (cobpoint) of the shock intersection with the magnetic field line connecting to each spacecraft, and compute the shock speed at the cobpoint of each spacecraft. We then examine whether the observations of SEPs at each spacecraft were accelerated and injected by the spatially extended shocks or whether another mechanism such as cross-field transport is required for an alternative explanation. Our analyses results indicate that the SEPs observed at the three spacecraft on 3 November, STEREO B (STB) and L1 on 14 August, and the 5 March SEP event at STEREO A (STA) can be explained by the direct shock acceleration. This is consistent with the observed significant anisotropies, short time delays between particle release times and magnetic connection times, and sharp rises in the SEP time profiles. Cross-field diffusion is the likely cause for the 14 August SEP event observed by STA and the 5 March SEPs observed by STB and L1 spacecraft, as particle observations featured weak electron anisotropies and slow rising intensity profiles. Otherwise, the wide longitudinal spread of these SEP increases would require an existence of a circumsolar shock, which may not be a correct assumption in the corona and heliosphere.
Forests of Ohio, 2017

This resource update provides an overview of the forest resources in Ohio based on inventories conducted by the U.S. Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the Northern Research Station. Estimates are based on field data collected using the FIA annualized sample design and are updated yearly.1Information about the national and regional FIA program is available online at http://fia.fs.fed.us. Since 2001, FIA has implemented an annual inventory in Ohio. For the 2017 inventory, estimates for current variables such as area, volume, and biomass are based on 4,272 (1,646 forested) plot samples collected from 2011 to 2017. Change variables such as net growth, removals, and mortality are based on 4,125 (1,510 forested) samples collected from 2006–2011 and remeasuredfrom 2011–2017. Estimates from previous inventories are shown for comparison. See Bechtold and Patterson (2005), Gormanson et al. (2018), and O'Connell et al. (2017) for definitions and technical details. A complete set of inventory tables is available at https://doi.org/10.2737/FS-RU-171.
Hybrid Continuous-Discrete Repetitive Process Modeling of Meniscus Dynamics in Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing

Abstract Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-Jet) printing is a micro-/nano-manufacturing process in which a liquid ink is jetted from a micron-scale nozzle through the actuation of an electric field applied between the nozzle and a grounded substrate. Because the jetting behavior is driven by electrohydrodynamics and is capable of producing printed features with length scales ranging from nanometers to microns, E-Jet printing is a promising manufacturing tool for printed electronics and bioengineering applications. However, a significant hurdle in adoption of E-Jet printing for these applications is the lack of appropriate process modeling and control methodologies to improve printing performance and robustness to process disturbances. Here, a model describing the dynamics of the meniscus and the onset of jetting in E-Jet printing is given. The model is posed as a repetitive hybrid continuous-discrete process where the continuous meniscus dynamics are interrupted by the discrete jetting behavior and are dependent on previous trial information. The developed model is compared to a set of experimental results and the model exhibits good quantitative agreement with time-to-jetting from a step voltage input and good qualitative agreement in the dynamic response after jetting has ceased.
Numerical modelling of the transport and removal of inclusions in an industrial gas-stirred ladle

ABSTRACTA full-scale, three-dimensional, transient CFD modelling approach capable of predicting the three-phase fluid flow characteristics and the inclusion removal in a gas-stirred ladle was developed. The comparison with experimental data indicates that this model can accurately predict the multiphase fluid flow and slag eye behaviour. The transport and removal of the inclusions in the gas-stirred ladle were predicted by tracing the movement of individual inclusions through computing their particle trajectories and considering a fluctuant top slag layer. The effects of inclusion size, gas flow rates, and injected bubble diameters as well as various removal mechanisms including slag capture, bubble attachment, and ladle wall adhesion on the removal of inclusions were investigated. It is shown that the slag capture is the prevailing mechanism for inclusion removal and the gas flow rate is the most important parameter for enhancing the inclusion removal efficiency.
Confocal Shear Wave Acoustic Radiation Force Optical Coherence Elastography for Imaging and Quantification of the In Vivo Posterior Eye

Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population. Since no known cures are currently present, it is crucial to diagnose the condition in its early stages so that disease progression is monitored. Recent advances show that the mechanical elasticity of the posterior eye changes with the onset of AMD. In this paper, we present a quantitative method of mapping the mechanical elasticity of the posterior eye using confocal shear wave acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography. This technique has been developed and validated with both an ex-vivo porcine tissue model and a customized in vivo rabbit model, which both showed the quantified elasticity variations between different layers. This study verifies the feasibility of using this technology for the quantification and diagnosis of retinal diseases from the in vivo posterior eye.
Case Study: Caring for Urban, American Indian, Gay, or Lesbian Youth at Risk for Suicide

Larry, a newly graduated baccalaureate-prepared nurse, has just moved to the Midwest from the upper northern United States (US). Being part Lakota Indian, he is interested in working with tribes different from his own and knows Oklahoma has the largest American Indian (AI) population of any state in the United States. His career plan is to get as much experience as possible working for tribal clinics, learning about, and caring for AI suicide victims in urban settings. He is aware of several suicides on his reservation as he was growing up, but no one talked much about them, so neither did he. Larry then plans to go to graduate school to become a psych-mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) and return to the Dakotas to work with his people to help reduce psych-mental health disparities. For this reason, he has just accepted a new position with the Indian Health Service (IHS) at the Oklahoma City Tribal Clinic in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. This will be a new experience for Larry, not living on a reservation and working in an urban setting.
Public Education and Control

There is no guarantee that intelligent machines will be designed to promote the happiness of all humans rather than machines’ self-interests or the interests of small groups of people. That will only occur if the public understands the issues and asserts control over intelligent machine design.
In vitro stimulation of tadpole tail regression by cyclic AMP.

Abstract Treatment of Rana catesbeiana tail fin tissue in vitro with 0.1 mM or 0.5 mM cyclic AMP or with triiodothyronine induces an increase in the specific activity of hexosaminidase, a lysosomal marker enzyme, and a decrease in tissue area. Lithium chloride (8 mM), an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, inhibits these changes when initiated by triiodothyronine but not when initiated by cyclic AMP. The levels of cyclic AMP, determined by radioimmunoassay techniques, increased 110 ± 10% over matched discs in culture after only one day's exposure to triiodothyronine. These results indicate the effect of triiodothyronine on fin resorption may be mediated by cyclic AMP.
Epigenetics in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer

Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a therapeutic challenge despite recent therapeutic advances. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA (miRs), have been associated with the biology of CRPC and have been identified as potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Rapid development of inhibitors towards these epigenetic targets has given rise to promising novel therapeutic opportunities in cancer, including CRPC. The preclinical data on the role of histone deacetylases, methyltransferases, demethylases, and miRs in CRPC offer a scenario for potential clinical success of epigenetic therapies in rational combination strategies. The identification of predictors of response to agents targeting histone modifications will be critical to identify the CRPC patients who are most suitable for this therapeutic approach.
The Light Elements at High Pressure, in Layered Form, and in Combination

Neutral macroscopic assemblies of nuclei and electrons are expected to take up symmetric structures at sufficiently high pressures. On systematic reduction of pressure electronic bound states appear (ion formation) and with them, by a Jahn-eller argument, the onset of less symmetric structures including those with a layered character. Pauli exclusion of the remaining electrons can lead to valence states with quite non-uniform densities, examples from the alkalis being given. Electron-ion coupling can be strong, and combined with high electronic densities of states, the prospect of electron pairing arises, as it does in the light elements in combination (e.g., MgB 2) Pressure studies of superconductivity offer a quite general prospect for elucidating the relative roles of effective electron-electron and electron-phonon coupling in this pairing. Boron offers particular promise for further high pressure study, not only with respect to its superconductivity, but also in liquid phase at high pressure
Detection of changes in the mean function

In this chapter, we present a methodology for the detection of changes in the mean of functional observations. At its core is a significance test for testing the null hypothesis of a constant functional mean against the alternative of a changing mean. We also show how to locate the change points if the null hypothesis is rejected. Our methodology is readily implemented using the R package fda. The null distribution of the test statistic is asymptotically pivotal with a well-known asymptotic distribution going back to the work of Kiefer (1959).
The Generalized Johnson Quantile-Parameterized Distribution System

Johnson quantile-parameterized distributions (J-QPDs) are parameterized by any symmetric percentile triplet (SPT) (e.g., the 10th–50th–90th) and support bounds. J-QPDs are smooth, highly flexible, ...
Dissolution of lithium metal in poly(ethylene oxide)

We demonstrate that lithium metal is sparingly soluble in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). 7Li NMR shows that when a PEO sample is placed in contact with lithium metal at elevated temperatures, a lithium species dissolves and diffuses into the bulk polymer. A lithium/PEO/lithium electrochemical cell, containing no lithium salts, shows increasing conductivity over time when annealed at 120 °C. Chronoamperometry shows that the annealed cell obeys Ohm’s law, implying that conduction occurs without the development of concentration gradients. To explain the results, it is proposed that atomic lithium dissolves into PEO, where it exists as a lithium cation and free electron. The dissolution of lithium also affects the phase behavior of block copolymer electrolytes. These observations explain the strong adhesion between lithium metal and PEO and have important implications for lithium metal battery systems that contain PEO-based electrolytes.
CT radiomics associations with genotype and stromal content in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between CT imaging phenotypes and genetic and biological characteristics in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this retrospective study, consecutive patients between April 2015 and June 2016 who underwent PDAC resection were included if previously consented to a targeted sequencing protocol. Mutation status of known PDAC driver genes (KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4) in the primary tumor was determined by targeted DNA sequencing and results were validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Radiomic features of the tumor were extracted from the preoperative CT scan and used to predict genotype and stromal content. The cohort for analysis consisted of 35 patients. Genomic and IHC analysis revealed alterations in KRAS in 34 (97%) patients, and changes in expression of CDKN2A in 29 (83%), SMAD4 in 16 (46%), and in TP53 in 29 (83%) patients. Models created from radiomic features demonstrated associations with SMAD4 status and the number of genes altered. The number of genes altered was the only significant predictor of overall survival (p = 0.016). By linear regression analysis, a prediction model for stromal content achieved an R2 value of 0.731 with a root mean square error of 19.5. In this study, we demonstrate that in PDAC SMAD4 status and tumor stromal content can be predicted using radiomic analysis of preoperative CT imaging. These data show an association between resectable PDAC imaging features and underlying tumor biology and their potential for future precision medicine.
Revisiting viscosity from macroscopic to nanoscale regimes

The response of a fluid to deformation by shear stress is known as shear viscosity. This concept arises from a macroscopic view and was first introduced by Sir Isaac Newton. Nonetheless, a fluid is a series of moving molecules that are constrained by the shape of the container. Such a view begs the treatment of viscosity from a microscopic or molecular view, a task undertaken by both Einstein and Smoluchowski independently. Here we revisit the concept of viscosity and experimentally verify that the viscosity at a molecular level, which describes the drag force, is the same as the macroscopic shear viscosity; hence, bridging different length- and time-scales. For capturing the shear stress response of a fluid, we use classical rheometry; at a molecular level we use probe diffusion to determine the local viscosity from the translational and rotational motions. In these cases, we use Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Time Resolved Fluorescence, respectively. By increasing the osmolyte (Glucose-D) concentration, we change the viscosity and find that these methods provide a unified view of viscosity, bridging the gap between the macroscopic and nanoscale regimes. Moreover, Glucose’s viscosity follows a scaling factor more commonly associated to solutions of branched polymer because the probe dimensions are comparable to the dimensions of the osmolyte that exerts the drag.
Fast Magic-Angle Spinning Solid-State 1 H NMR Reveals StructuralRelationships in the High Explosive 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide(LLM-105)

1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were performed on the proposed insensitive high-explosive 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) at high-speed magic-angle spinning rates of up to 60 kHz. These rapid speeds produce well-resolved spectra that aid in the study of the chemical and structural properties of this material. Extraordinarily long 1H T1 values were observed for the main amine peaks from the LLM-105 explosive and can be used to differentiate between peaks from the main compound and those of impurities. Further, advanced NMR measurements and simulations reveal unique spectral properties due to the strong network of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding and provide insights in the structure of LLM-105.
Propriospinal Neurons of L3-L4 Segments Involved in Control of the Rat External Urethral Sphincter.

Abstract Coordination of activity of external urethral sphincter (EUS) striated muscle and bladder (BL) smooth muscle is essential for efficient voiding. In this study we examined the morphological and electrophysiological properties of neurons in the L3/L4 spinal cord (SC) that are likely to have an important role in EUS-BL coordination in rats. EUS-related SC neurons were identified by retrograde transsynaptic tracing following injection of pseudorabies virus (PRV) co-expressing fluorescent markers into the EUS of P18-P20 male rats. Tracing revealed not only EUS motoneurons in L6/S1 but also interneurons in lamina X of the L6/S1 and L3/L4 SC. Physiological properties of fluorescently labeled neurons were assessed during whole-cell recordings in SC slices followed by reconstruction of biocytin-filled neurons. Reconstructions of neuronal processes from transverse or longitudinal slices showed that some L3/L4 neurons have axons projecting toward and into the ventro-medial funiculus (VMf) where axons extended caudally. Other neurons had axons projecting within laminae X and VII. Dendrites of L3/L4 neurons were distributed within laminae X and VII. The majority of L3/L4 neurons exhibited tonic firing in response to depolarizing currents. In transverse slices focal electrical stimulation (FES) in the VMf or in laminae X and VII elicited antidromic axonal spikes and/or excitatory synaptic responses in L3/L4 neurons; while in longitudinal slices FES elicited excitatory synaptic inputs from sites up to 400 μm along the central canal. Inhibitory inputs were rarely observed. These data suggest that L3/L4 EUS-related circuitry consists of at least two neuronal populations: segmental interneurons and propriospinal neurons projecting to L6/S1.
Risk management or political micromanagement

A major healthcare issue of the 1990s is whether providers will create effective risk management programs to cope with government reform mandates or whether an increasingly costly and complex regulatory structure will force them to make changes. Compliance with the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) standards on patient care will become increasingly important to healthcare risk management in the 1990s. The JCAHO standards create a benchmark from which government entities set their present standards and assemble agendas for the future. Another healthcare risk management factor is compliance with the National Practitioner Data Bank. The data bank is intended to protect healthcare consumers from providers who have demonstrated a tendency to commit malpractice. However, the data bank could cause problems for healthcare providers: Inaccurate or misleading data could unfairly haunt them. Healthcare risk managers should be familiar with the prohibitions on patient dumping found in the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985. The amendments of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA '89) do not create strict liability, nor do they impose traditional tort standards that could guide courts in cases that will inevitably result from new rules, creating a "litigation time bomb." And OBRA '90 significantly revises the law. Other risk management issues include the manner in which facilities handle and dispose of medical waste and the manner in which they resolve disputes.
Phase I results of the phase I/II study of pembrolizumab in combination with binimetinib in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.

78Background: Previous study demonstrated that activation of RAS/MAPK pathway is associated with reduced tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple negat...
Non-recurrence, reconciliation, and transitional justice: situating accountability in Northern Ireland’s oral history archive

Guarantees of non-recurrence remain a complex component of transitional justice. Tasked with ensuring that past traumas are not re-enacted, post-conflict states typically focus on dismantling secur...
Mindfulness as a Foundation for Reflection: Applying Principles From Dialectical Behavior Therapy to Service-Learning Instruction

Service-learning is a high-impact practice through which students participate in service activities and reflect on those experiences to gain a deeper understanding of course content, as well as of their personal values and civic responsibilities. Critical reflection is crucial for service-learning, and many students require guidance in the process. In this essay, I explore mindfulness as the foundation for the meaningful reflection crucial for service-learning and its instruction. To guide the reflection process, I propose the six core mindfulness skills practiced in dialectical behavior therapy as a framework for service-learning activity prompts. I include examples of how the skills can be applied in the classroom, at service sites, and in postservice reflection assignments. I, additionally, share how mindfulness practice enhanced my development as a new instructor. Finally, I propose mindfulness as not only a foundation to service-learning reflection but also as the keystone of all philanthropic behavior. Subscribe to JNEL
A study on iodine nutritional status of school-age children in Anyang City of Henan Province, 2011-2015

Objective To investigate the iodine nutrition status of school-age children in Anyang, and analyze its related influencing factors. Method Monitoring data on urinary iodine of school-aged children and iodized salt were collected from 2011 to 2015, its general situation was described, and differences in age, sex, residential area type and year were compared. Results Totally 13 371 iodized salt samples were collected in Anyang City from 2011 to 2015, and 12 205 were qualified iodized salt. The median of iodized salt was 26.91 mg/kg. Totally 1 282 urinary iodine samples of school-age children were monitored in Anyang City, and its median of urinary iodine was 237.0 μg/L, the constituent ratio of urinary iodine of children under 100 μg/L and above 300 μg/L was 14.5% (186/1 282) and 35.3% (452/1 282) , respectively, the results of urinary iodine were different in different years, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2= 36.41, P 0.05). Conclusion The iodine-nutritional status of school-age children is more than adequate, the concentration of urinary iodine is high, and the differences of the residential area type, sex and age have no influence on the urinary iodine of school-age children. Key words: Child; Iodine; Nutritional status; Urine; Risk factors
Defining Crime, Delegating Authority – How Different are Administrative Crimes?

As the Supreme Court reconsiders whether Congress can so freely provide for criminal enforcement of agency rules, this Essay assesses the critique of administrative crimes though a Federal Criminal Law lens. And it explores the extent to which this critique carries over to other instances of mostly well-accepted, delegated federal criminal lawmaking - to courts, states, foreign governments, and international institutions. By considering these other delegations through the lens of the administrative crime critique, the Essay destabilizes that critique’s doctrinal foundations. It then suggests that if one really cares, not about the abstract “liberty” said to be protected by the separation of powers, but the lived “liberty” gained through careful and accountable criminal lawmaking, free from the pathologies that have bedeviled federal criminal law for more than a century, then administrative crimes are normatively quite attractive.
The Inevitable Demise of the Implied Employment Contract

This article examines the consequences of the courts' decision in the early 1980s to apply implied contract doctrine to employment relationships. Although courts did not use the rhetoric of "norms" popular in academic discourse today, their actions were in fact an attempt to enforce workplace norms, specifically the voluntary system of job protection policies employers devised in order to increase worker loyalty and productivity. What happened when courts began giving job security practices the force of law? The results were not what the courts intended. Employers immediately began restructuring their employment documents, policies and practices to avoid liability. Through a process of trial and error, employers eventually found a way to essentially avoid liability through careful drafting of personnel documents. Not only are implied contract claims now essentially impossible to win, many employees no longer have the benefits of the voluntary system of job protections that were previously in place. I argue that the failure of contract law was inevitable. Because the terms of the employment "contract" are typically controlled by employers, they can restructure the terms of the agreement to avoid obligations. If the contract is clear, courts must enforce it absent extraordinary circumstances, even if the terms are not fair to employees. As long as individual employers are able to define the scope of their own obligations, efforts to enforce workplace norms will be unsuccessful. Finally, this article builds on some existing proposals and suggests directions for future work. To successfully enforce workplace norms, we must remove employers' unilateral ability to restructure the employment relationship to avoid liability. I suggest looking beyond the relationship between the particular employee and employer to broader-based norms prevalent in the industry or applicable to the type of job position at issue. Essentially, I argue that employers should not be able to opt out of the norms followed by similarly-situated employers dealing with similarly-situated employees. This aggregate norm approach would allow greater flexibility for employers than contract obligations but still protect reasonable employee expectations.
Metamorphic Tunnel Junctions Grown Via MOCVD Designed for GaAs 0.75 P 0.25 /Si Tandem Solar Cells

A high-performance metamorphic Al0.2Ga0.8As0.75P0.25/GaAs0.75P0.25 heterojunction tunnel junction structure was developed for application to monolithic epitaxial GaAs0.75P0.25/Si 1.7 eV/1.1 eV bandgap tandem solar cells produced via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Doping optimization focused on both bulk doping concentrations and mitigating the transient incorporation effects that otherwise causes nonabrupt doping profiles in the Te doped layer. These efforts resulted in a fully relaxed metamorphic tunnel diode at the target lattice constant having a peak tunneling current density ( J P) of 279.1 A·cm−2 and a zero-bias resistance-area product (RA) of 3.0 × 10−4 Ω·cm2. After postgrowth annealing to emulate the thermal load of the GaAs0.75P0.25 top cell growth and elimination of the performance-enhancing carbon activation anneal, the device achieved J P = 13.1 A·cm−2 and RA = 1.5 × 10−3 Ω·cm2. These worst-case values are very promising as they enable the operation of GaAs0.75P0.25/Si tandems under one-sun AM1.5G illumination with negligible series resistance and at AM1.5D concentrations up to 240 suns with only 0.1% absolute efficiency loss.
Thermo-cycling fatigue of SiMo ductile iron using a modified thermo-mechanical test

Abstract Cast exhaust manifolds are made from silicon and molybdenum (SiMo) alloyed ductile iron. These complex-shaped, thin-walled cast components are subjected to heating and cooling cycles during service under mechanically constrained conditions. This type of load condition can induce multiaxial stress that can promote thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF). In addition, high temperature oxidation in combination with thermo-mechanical load can accelerate degradation of the thin wall cast component during extended service. In this article, a modified mechanically constrained thermal cycling test, which generates transient multi-axial stress, is presented. Finite Element Modeling (FEM) was performed to design a specimen geometry and simulate the stresses and deformation during sequential thermal cycles. The test system uses a heating unit that passes direct current through the sample (Joule heating) and monitors the loads generated by thermal expansion of the specimen. The measured loading profile during thermal cycling was similar to the profiles obtained from FEM simulations. Several tests were performed using SiMo ductile iron with multiple thermal cycle profiles to verify the effect of temperature and oxidation time on TMF fatigue. In addition, thermal diffusivity, differential scanning calorimetry, dilatometry, and oxidation tests were performed to analyze high temperature properties of SiMo cast iron in quasi-static condition. High resolution microscopy was used to analyze the thermo-cycled specimens and it was found that the oxidation and decarburization can significantly affect the resistance of SiMo ductile iron crack formation during thermal cycling. The suggested test method permits the use of a small test specimen directly extracted from a thin-walled casting with the original cast structure and can be used for verification of critical service temperature, alloy design, and ductile iron process optimization.
Experimental Trench in Armored Riverbed in Alaska

A trench through the armor layer of gravel and cobbles in a stream bed underlain with mostly sandy material might be expected to cause subsequent stream bed erosion. To test this, an experiment was performed at a channel site on Eagle River near Anchorage, Alaska. The experiment was no conclusive but provides reasonable evidence that a cross-channel trench through the armor layer will not cause erosion.
Intercellular antibodies in blood and epidermis. A histochemical study of IgG immunoglobulins in patients with late reactions to penicillins and their comparison with similar antibodies in patients with pemphigus vulgaris.

SUMMARY Antibodies directed against intercellular epithelial structures (ICE) have been important in the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris. Our study of thirty-seven patients with maculopapular eruptions following therapy with penicillins, clearly indicate that antibodies morphologically indistinguishable from those found by standard techniques in pemphigus vulgaris are also found here. Indirect staining by fluorescence and horse-radish peroxidase indicated localization against ICE identical to that seen in pemphigus, in about half the patients. Direct staining of skin from two penicillin-allergic patients revealed similar staining in the familiar pattern, which closely resembles the network of lines in giraffe skin. Detection of circulating antibody directed against a component of epithelium introduces new insight into the pathophysiology of maculopapular penicillin eruptions, although further work is required to show what the exact relationship is to pemphigus vulgaris, the potentially fatal skin disease.
Transient tribology in metal forming

Transient effects in the friction and lubrication of metal forming processes are reviewed. These occur in processes that are intrinsically unsteady, during the start-up of nominally steady processes or when self-induced vibration is present. They can have important implications on process economics and product quality. Some suggestions for future research are presented.
The impact of grandparental proximity on maternal childcare in China.

This paper investigates the impact of the proximity of grandparents' residence on mother's childcare involvement in contemporary China. Drawing on data from the 1991 China Health and Nutrition Survey, we find that the presence of grandparents in the household significantly reduces a mother's involvement in childcare. Nearby residence of grandparents also decreases mothers' childcare involvement, but only in the case of paternal grandparents not maternal grandparents. These findings suggest the importance of grandparents as childcare substitutes and the strong legacy of a patrilineal culture. Our results point to the importance of taking into account kinship ties that extend beyond the household boundary.
Proof of termination within a weak logic of programs

A weak logic of programs is a formal system in which statements that mean "the program halts" cannot be expressed. In order to prove termination, we would usually have to use a stronger logical system. In this paper we show how we can prove termination of both iterative and recursive programs within a weak logic by augmenting the programs with counters and adding bound assertions on the counters as loop invariants and entry conditions. Thus, most of the existing verifiers which are based on a weak logic of programs can be used to prove termination of programs without any modification. We give examples of proofs of termination and of upper bounds on computation time that were obtained using a Pascal program verifier. The use of the method to locate causes of non-termination is also illustrated.
Cosan: Thinking Outside the Barrel

The Cosan case introduces students and executive education participants to political economy and business strategy in the biofuels industry. Cosan, based in Brazil, is the largest grower and processor of sugarcane in the world, and the largest sugar and ethanol producer in Brazil; it is also the world's largest exporter of ethanol for vehicle fuels. Rubens Ometto, Cosan's CEO, has staked out a leading position in the Brazilian ethanol and sugar industries by virtue of his efficiencies in agricultural production and in downstream logistics. He now needs to consider whether, and how aggressively, to expand abroad, either with production facilities or by exporting Brazilian output. He also needs to decide the appropriate vertical structure for the firm: whether he should be involved more extensively in agriculture, processing, distribution, or retail. The answers to these questions depend on his views of the future of the industry, and on the governmental institutions that will affect the distribution of value along the value chain.Learning Objective: Students of the case should understand the politics and economics of biofuels production, and should learn to formulate business strategy in an environment with pervasive regulatory uncertainty.
Acceleration of Thermal Plasma in the Magnetosphere

Analytic theory and numerical simulations are used here to investigate the physics of two types of mixed plasmas. The transverse acceleration of ions on auroral field lines is considered in order to determine the effects of multiion species. In the auroral zone the components of a multiion plasma, including hydrogen and oxygen, interact with each other as well as with a two-component electron plasma composed of both a magnetospheric beam and background ionospheric components. This interaction occurs as a mixed ion-ion hybrid mode. How an electron plasma, with both hot and cold components as well as ion beams, affects the plasma sheet boundary layer is examined. It is found that in the presence of this mixed electron plasma, warm ion beams can drive the electron acoustic instability; this phenomenon may be responsible for broadband electrostatic noise in the boundary layer.