cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thatch and Mat Management in an Established Creeping Bentgrass Golf Green

Thatch is a layer of partially decomposed organic matter between green shoot tissue and the soil surface, and mat is thatch partially intermixed with topsoil. Excessive thatch-mat layering (>2.54 cm) is generally detrimental to turfgrass management, and numerous techniques including various mechanical and topdressing regimes, have been attempted to reduce its severity. This factorial experiment investigated the effectiveness of combining mechanical-biological and topdressing treatments for controlling thatch-mat levels in an established USGA-specified golf green planted with 'A -1 ' creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stoloniferous L. var. palustris (Huds.)]. Two levels of topdressing were used, and the mechanical-biological treatments included vertical mowing at two different depths and timings, core cultivation, grooming, a biological granular supplement (Thatch-X), and combinations of core cultivation with grooming and/or vertical mowing. Differences among the mechanical-biological treatments were detected following 2 consecutive yearly applications. Thatch-mat depth (mm) was 12 to 15% greater for Thatch-X and topdressing alone compared with other treatments. Organic matter content (g kg -1 ) increased 32% for the untreated and decreased 19% for core cultivation combined with vertical mowing and grooming, whereas all other treatments maintained pre-study levels. Compared with the untreated, surface hardness was reduced ∼9% for all treatments using core cultivation, while water infiltration rates increased 127 to 168%. Vertical mowing treatments improved water infiltration rates by 40 to 65%. Turfgrass quality was not greatly impacted by the mechanical-biological treatments as ratings ranged from 8.4 to 10.0. However, mower scalping and dry spots contributed to unacceptable or only marginally acceptable turfgrass quality (6.4-7.2) for the untreated by the end of the study. Compared with topdressing alone, ball roll distance was decreased 6% by vertical mowing 7 days after treatment (DAT) and 5 to 8% by core cultivation up to 14 DAT. Sand topdressing alone was insufficient for managing thatch-mat levels in an established creeping bentgrass golf green.
Experimental Disclosure and Its Moderators: A Meta-Analysis

Disclosing information, thoughts, and feelings about personal and meaningful topics (experimental disclosure) is purported to have various health and psychological consequences (e.g., J. W. Pennebaker, 1993). Although the results of 2 small meta-analyses (P. G. Frisina, J. C. Borod, & S. J. Lepore, 2004; J. M. Smyth, 1998) suggest that experimental disclosure has a positive and significant effect, both used a fixed effects approach, limiting generalizability. Also, a plethora of studies on experimental disclosure have been completed that were not included in the previous analyses. One hundred forty-six randomized studies of experimental disclosure were collected and included in the present meta-analysis. Results of random effects analyses indicate that experimental disclosure is effective, with a positive and significant average r-effect size of .075. In addition, a number of moderators were identified.
A Study of Thunderstorm Microphysics with Multiparameter Radar and Aircraft Observations

Abstract Excellent agreement was found between multiparameter radar signatures of hail, raindrops, and mixed-phase precipitation and in situ precipitation particle measurements made by aircraft in a northeastern Colorado hail-storm. Radar reflectivity estimates determined by remote measurement and from observed particle distributions generally agreed within 5 dB. Maximum values of differential reflectivity (ZDR) and the fractional contribution of liquid water to total reflectivity (frain) differed by less than 0.8 dB and a factor of 2, respectively. A positive ZDR column, which extended more than 2 km above the freezing level, was nearly coincident with the storm updraft. The column contained mixed-phase precipitation, but the ZDR measurement was dominated by a small number of very large raindrops (some exceeding 5 mm in diameter). Trajectories computed with a precipitation growth model suggest that many drops originated with partially or totally melted particles from a quasi-stationary feeder band within...
Determination of 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole in serum.

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using fluorescence detection to determine 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (AMT) levels in serum has been developed. Sample preparation involved treatment with tributylphosphine (TBP) to reduce disulfides formed during storage, precipitation of proteins with acetonitrile (ACN), and precolumn derivatization using the thiol reactive fluorescent probe monobromobimane (MBB). The conjugate (AMT-MBB) was resolved by gradient elution from a C 18 reversed-phase column. The assay method was linear over a concentration range of 0.78–50 μg/ml and had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 μg/ml AMT (10 μl injection). This method provides a sensitive and specific tool for the determination of AMT in serum and may have potential industrial hygiene application.
NEWS AND VIEWS OF THE NEW EDITOR: FEAR AND LOATHING IN PALEONTOLOGY, OR LOOKING ON THE BRIGHT SIDE OF THINGS

The success of micropaleontology, and the employment of most of its practitioners (namely, paleontologists and biostratigraphers), has always been based on its utility (Martin, 1995). Indeed, the fortunes of all of paleontology throughout much of the 20th century were tied to the utility of micropaleontology in petroleum exploration (Martin, 1991; Gastaldo and others, 1997). But one of the most important things that I realized while I worked in industry was that micropaleontology was viewed indifferently by most non-paleontologists. Why? Perhaps because generation after generation of geologists was taught about paleontology, but never how to use it, and paleontologists did little to make themselves indispensable to exploration efforts. Identifying taxa, making a general paleobathymetric assessment of samples, and picking “tops” were all essential in short-term, day-to-day operations but they weren’t enough in the long run to ensure the future success of the field. And by the time paleontologists started to shift toward integrating bio-stratigraphic data with sequence stratigraphic interpretations, the outcome was pre-ordained. Perhaps it would have been no different otherwise, but paleontologists’ attitudes toward their own profession did not help. Also, major oil companies have moved much of their exploration efforts outside the U.S., where giant untapped oil fields still loom and oil companies will get bigger and faster returns on their investments. Although oil prices have risen substantially in the last year or so, at the time of this writing (January, 2001) they have returned to near their previous levels. At the same time, micropaleontology has been confronting a paradigm shift to “environmental” geoscience, and our research and attitudes toward application of micropaleontology have been changing accordingly. Fortunately, microfossils are ideally suited to environmental studies because of the same traits that made them so well-suited to biostratigraphy and petroleum exploration: short generation times that allow quick responses …
Elucidating the Cloud Enterprise Architecture for Smarter Enterprises

IT advancements directly influence a business's agility and affordability. This survey of the transformations, disruptions, and innovations brought about by cloud concepts sheds light on the tremendous foundation in place for realizing and sustaining smarter enterprises. This article is part of a special issue on advancing cloud computing.
Developing A Learning Hierarchy for Clothing Construction: Phase I:

This study was designed to answer the question: Is there a sequence for presenting objectives in the area of clothing construction which will facilitaie the acquisition of new learnings and, thus, produce positive transfer of knowledge and skills? Two hundred seventy-one members of the Association of College Professors of Textiles and Clothing completed a questionnaire containing 159 objectives related to clothing construction. Seven factors emerged from the data. Items were listed by means within each factor, and factors were placed into difficulty levels by means. Data analysis revealed a pattern which has meaning for the ordering of objectives both within and between factors. Further study is needed to provide a basis for suggesting the prerequisite relationship that may exist within these relationships.
Oxadiazole containing conjugated-nonconjugated blue and blue-green light emitting copolymers

A series of segmented copolymers containing oxadiazole groups in the conjugated main chain have been synthesized with the objective of raising the electron transport ability. The present copolymers consist of alternating blocks of rigid chromophores containing oxadiazole units together with flexible spacer segments. The effects of chromophore substituents on the optical properties of the copolymers were investigated. Strong solvatochromic effects were observed, indicating intramolecular charge transfer in the excited states. The copolymers not only were used as blue-green electroluminescent materials but also were effective as electron transport/hole blocking layers in polymer light emitting diode architectures as a result of the introduction of electron transporting unit oxadiazole. The quantum efficiency of a single-layer device using PPV was greatly enhanced with the use of a thin film of the oxadiazole copolymer serving as an ETL layer. At 6.8 V, a brightness of 2400 cd/m 2 was achieved with an external quantum efficiency of 0.094%.
The Static and the Dynamic in Statistical Demand Curves

Introduction, 36. — I. Controversy concerning the nature of statistical demand curves, 37; Distinction between "time" and "dynamics," 39.— II. Different types of "demand" relationships, 42.— III. Statistical determination of demand curves, static conditions, 43; Simple dynamic conditions, 43; First and second order dynamics, 44; Trend-ratios, 45; Link relatives, 46; Different phenomena measured, 46; Distortion by link relatives, 47.— IV. The scatter-diagram — choice of curves, 49; Demand curves for individual years, and shifts, 53.— V. Correlated changes of demand and supply, 54; Dealers' and speculators' demands, 55; Pigou's method, 56; Douglas' method, 56; Leontief's method, 57; Mrs. Gilboy's method, 58; Multiple and partial correlation methods, 59.— Conclusions, 61.
An optical model of dipolar exciton band structure

Abstract A simple model of the structure of dipolar exciton bands is proposed. This model uses parameters of a molecular crystal determined at k = 0, such as Davydov splittings and oscillator strengths, to derive an approximate band structure for all k. For anthracene, a comparison of the results obtained with the published dispersion curves and density of states calculated from the exact dipole theory are in good agreement.
Segregation Development in Multiple Melt Vacuum Arc Remelting

A numerical model of the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process was used to study multistage VAR processes. The studies of low and high power 3XVAR confirmed the results of the single stage process studies for Ti-10-2-3: (1) high arc power results in strong electromagnetically driven flow and undesirably high macrosegregation; (2) low arc power does not generate significant Lorentz forces and the flow is dominated by weaker buoyancy forces, which cause less segregation; and (3) even short-lived changes in process conditions during the run may result in a switch of the flow regime in low power cases from buoyancy driven to electromagnetically driven. The switch of flow regime results in an increase in macrosegregation levels and a change in the pattern of solute redistribution. The most significant finding in the studies of 3XVAR processing of Ti-10-2-3 is the small effect of the electrode composition distribution on ingot segregation development. In both low and high power VAR cases, macrosegregation levels and patterns in the final ingots were similar to those demonstrated assuming a uniform electrode for that final case. However, for low power cases, nonuniformities in the electrode composition may strongly affect the final ingot macrosegregation. The nonuniformity in the composition of the electrode results in the formation of additional buoyancy forces within the liquid pool, which can cause a switch from buoyancy driven flow to the undesirable electromagnetically driven flow regime and a drastic change in segregation development.
Modeling polarization asymmetry.

I comment on the relation of the calculation of Fujita and Matsuyama to the polarization-asymmetry model of DeGrand and Miettinen.
Acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder: a pervasive developmental disorder variant.

A 5½-year-old boy with language delay and behavioral problems was evaluated. His symptoms were consistent with pervasive developmental disorder, and electroencephalography showed frequent generalized spike and polyspike activity. After therapeutic levels of anticonvulsant medication were achieved, improvement was noted in communication skills and behavior, as well as on the electroencephalogram. Although the response of language dysfunction to these drugs has been generally disappointing in previously reported cases of communication disorders associated with electroencephalographic abnormalities, a trial of anticonvulsant medication is probably warranted. (J Child Neurol 1990;5:327-328).
Respiratory Infection Complicating Long-term Tracheostomy: The Implication of Persistent Gram-negative Tracheobronchial Colonization

Colonization of the lower respiratory tract by enteric Gram-negative bacilli (EGNB) has been a frequent finding in patients with long-term tracheostomies; however, the association of hospitalization and certain features of serious illness with this phenomenon has not been clearly established. Because such factors can render the oropharynx more susceptible to EGNB colonization, we sought to discover whether they can also have this effect on the tracheobronchial tree and its microflora. Thus, we collected serial paired culture samples from these two mucosal sites in 15 subjects with long-term tracheostomies and examined patterns and rates of colonization and related these findings to clinical parameters. In 49 sets of cultures, we found that EGNB (especially Pseudomonas species) were present in significantly fewer upper-airway cultures (36.7 percent) than lower-airway cultures (75.5 percent) (p = 0.009). At the tracheobronchial site, seven subjects had persistent EGNB colonization, all with Pseudomonas species, while only one subject had this finding at the oropharyngeal site (p = 0.015). Patients with persistent tracheobronchial colonization were more ill than those without this finding. They were treated with higher doses of prednisone (p=0.06), received antibiotics more offen, and developed purulent tracheobronchitis more often (100 percent vs 25 percent) than patients without persistent colonization. In addition, in the month following the culture survey, four subjects developed pneumonia, and three of these had previous persistent tracheobronchial colonization. The findings suggest that in this population of patients, there was an enhanced susceptibility for more frequent and more persistent EGNB colonization of the lower respiratory tract than the upper respiratory tract and that these two mucosal sites became colonized independently of one another. Furthermore, persistent colonization was associated with greater clinical illness and may have predisposed patients to symptomatic infection.
Comparison of enriched palmitic acid and calcium salts of palm fatty acids distillate fat supplements on milk production and metabolic profiles of high-producing dairy cows.

Abstract A variable response to fat supplementation has been reported in dairy cows, which may be due to cow production level, environmental conditions, or diet characteristics. In the present experiment, the effect of a high palmitic acid supplement was investigated relative to a conventional Ca salts of palm fatty acids (Ca-FA) supplement in 16 high-producing Holstein cows (46.6±12.4kg of milk/d) arranged in a crossover design with 14-d periods. The experiment was conducted in a non-heat-stress season with 29.5% neutral detergent fiber diets. Treatments were (1) high palmitic acid (PA) supplement fed as free FA [1.9% of dry matter (DM); 84.8% C16:0] and (2) Ca-FA supplement (2.3% of DM; 47.7% C16:0, 35.9% C18:1, and 8.4% C18:2). The PA supplement tended to increase DM intake, and increased the yields of milk and energy-corrected milk. Additionally, PA increased the yields of milk fat, protein, and lactose, whereas milk concentrations of these components were not affected. The yields of milk de novo and 16-C FA were increased by PA compared with Ca-FA (7 and 20%, respectively), whereas the yield of preformed FA was higher in Ca-FA. A reduction in milk fat concentration of de novo and 16-C FA and a marginal elevation in trans -10 C18:1 in Ca-FA is indicative of altered ruminal biohydrogenation and increased risk of milk fat depression. No effect of treatment on plasma insulin was observed. A treatment by time interaction was detected for plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), which tended to be higher in Ca-FA than in PA before feeding. Overall, the palmitic acid supplement improved production performance in high-producing cows while posing a lower risk for milk fat depression compared with a supplement higher in unsaturated FA.
Knowledge of young African American adults about heart disease: a cross-sectional survey.

African Americans have higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality than other ethnic groups. Young adults are prime targets for intervention strategies to prevent and reduce disease risk. The study purpose was to determine the level of knowledge of lifestyle risk factors for CVD among young African American adults in Phoenix. The results will be used to guide the development of CVD outreach programs targeted to this population. The Health Belief Model was used as a conceptual framework. A convenience sample of 172 African American men and women aged 18-26 years completed a questionnaire adapted from the American Heart Association national surveys. Descriptive statistics were compared by age, gender, education level, and health status variables including BMI, smoking status, and physical activity. Some aspects of heart-disease were well known among young adult African Americans. Knowledge of certain other important risk factors (menopause) and preventive behaviors (eating fewer animal products), however, was more variable and inconsistent among the respondents. Differences in knowledge of individual variables was greater by education level than by gender overall. Predictors of a summary CVD knowledge score included higher education, female gender, and high self-efficacy (adjusted R2 = 0.158, p < .001). Predictors of self-efficacy in changing CVD risk were higher education and perceived low risk of CVD (adjusted R2 = 0.064, p < .001), but these characteristics explained only 6% of the variance. Evaluation of baseline knowledge of CVD is essential before designing and implementing health promotion programs. Existing strengths and weaknesses in knowledge can guide tailoring of programs to be more effective. Further research would help to identify the range of other characteristics that determine knowledge and risk perception.
Chaotic activity during iron-induced 'epileptiform' discharge in rat hippocampal slices

Low-dimensional chaotic dynamics have been suggested in the rat hippocampal slice during iron-induced epileptiform activity. The dimensionality of this chaotic activity has been found to be similar in slices bathed in the same ionic extracellular medium. Some slices also displayed a drop in dimensionality prior to the onset of seizure-like activity. It is suggested that techniques of nonlinear dynamical analysis are a useful reverse-engineering tool for studying the in-vitro brain slice. The authors further conclude that neuronal circuits capable of displaying activity could exist at the level of the in vitro brain slice. >
A parameterized VHDL library for on-line testing

We describe a library of parameterized VHDL models for various concurrent fault detection circuits and maintenance functions developed for simulation and synthesis of ASICs which support on-line testing and diagnostics in systems designed for high reliability and availability. Issues associated with the selection and modeling of the various online testing functions are also discussed.
Stress and Microstructure Evolution during the Deposition and Crystallization of DCMagnetron Sputter Deposited Amorphous ITO

The deposition of ITO onto glass substrates at room temperature results in a metastable amorphous phase that undergoes crystallization at remarkably low homologous temperatures (T/Tm<0.2). We have evaluated ITO film stress in the as-deposited condition and during crystallization of 200 nm thick films isothermally heated at 250°C. To explore the effect of stoichiometry on the amorphous structure, ITO films were deposited under low, optimum, and high (0, 0.1, and 2 vol %, respectively) oxygen partial pressures. In this report we have correlated changes in stress with changes in the electron transport characteristics (hall mobility and carrier density) and film microstructure.
Machine-learned contours to assist boundary tracing tasks

The authors' focus is to assist interactively in the initial segmentation of medical imagery. In near-real-time, from an initial set of pixels traced, the authors' system learns the characteristics of a contour being traced and projects ahead the trace. This paper provides an overview of their approach, presents promising results, and outlines their research directions.
An invitation to use craigslist ads to recruit respondents from stigmatized groups for qualitative interviews

Craigslist.org is a website devoted to classified advertisements as well as discussion forums with locations in more than 700 sites in 70 countries. At an estimated 30 billion page views per month and more than 50 million new classified ads posted monthly, craigslist ads have the ability to reach a wide audience. Although wildly popular, no studies to date have investigated the use of craigslist ads for qualitative research study recruitment. In this research note, I offer my own experiences from 2011 to 2012 using craigslist ads (N = 77) to recruit obese respondents (N = 38) for qualitative interviews in one major metro area in the southern United States. I also discuss some advantages and limitations of using craigslist as a recruitment tool. Overall, I invite social science researchers to consider craigslist as an innovative tool to recruit respondents for qualitative research.
Parents' socialization of children's injury prevention: description and some initial parameters

In a year-long participant observation study of remediative action following actual injury, 61 8- and 9-year-old children and their 27-46-year-old mothers wrote records and reported on more than 1,000 minor injuries in branching biweekly interviews. Mothers reported that 80.1% of injuries received no parent-initiated remediation, 14% received only a lecture, and less than 3% of injuries were followed by parental action. Children reported that 96.1% of their injuries were followed by no remediative action and recalled lectures after only 1.2% of injuries. Remediative action was related to type of child activity (e.g., unstructured play was followed by remediation more often than more purposive behavior) and to mother's affect (e.g., anger) and beliefs (e.g., that injury was the child's fault or due to rule violation). The parameters that influenced remediative consequences, and thus that may influence future injury, are discussed.
Atypical decondensation of the sperm nucleus, delayed replication of the male genome, and sex chromosome positioning following intracytoplasmic human sperm injection (ICSI) into golden hamster eggs: does ICSI itself introduce chromosomal anomalies?

Abstract Objective: To examine nuclear decondensation, positioning of sex chromosomes, and the S-phase in human sperm nuclei following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) into hamster eggs. Design: Prospective analysis of hamster eggs and human sperm following ICSI. Setting: Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon Health Sciences University and Oregon Regional Primate Research Center. Patient(s): Fertile donor sperm from a commercial source. Intervention(s): Human sperm were examined by immunofluorescence stain, bromodioxyuridine (BrdU) uptake assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization following ICSI into hamster eggs. Main Outcome Measure(s): Immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Result(s): Decondensation of human sperm nuclei occurred initially in the basal region, and perinuclear theca of sperm persisted around the condensed apical region. In some sperm nuclei, following ICSI the sex chromosomes were in the apical region, remaining condensed for longer than in the basal region. S-phase entry of human sperm nuclei following ICSI was delayed compared to the zona-free hamster egg penetration assay. Conclusion(s): These results force questions about the mechanism of male pronuclear formation after ICSI and suggest new strategies for understanding the basis of chromosomal anomalies leading to birth defects as well as continuing improvements in the safety and efficacy of infertility therapies.
Steady-state junction temperatures of semiconductor chips

The temperature drop between a transistor junction and the base of a silicon chip is dependent upon the power to be dissipated as well as the geometry of the device. This problem in three-dimensional heat conduction is analytically solved for boundary conditions which approximate a set of operating conditions. Nondimensional curves and examples summarizing typical solutions have been included to illustrate problem solving techniques.
Probabilistic inversion of a terrestrial ecosystem model: Analysis of uncertainty in parameter estimation and model prediction

[1] The Bayesian probability inversion and a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique were applied to a terrestrial ecosystem model to analyze uncertainties of estimated carbon (C) transfer coefficients and simulated C pool sizes. This study used six data sets of soil respiration, woody biomass, foliage biomass, litterfall, C content in the litter layers, and C content in mineral soil measured under both ambient CO2 (350 ppm) and elevated CO2 (550 ppm) plots from 1996 to 2000 at the Duke Forest Free-Air CO2 Experiment (FACE) site. A Metropolis-Hastings algorithm was employed to construct a posterior probability density function (PPDF) of C transfer coefficients on the basis of prior information of model parameters, model structure, and the six data sets. The constructed PPDFs indicated that the transfer coefficients from pools of nonwoody biomass, woody biomass, and structural litter were well constrained by the six data sets under both ambient and elevated CO2. The data sets also gave moderate information to the transfer coefficient from the slow soil C pool. However, the transfer coefficients from pools of metabolic litter, microbe, and passive soil C were poorly constrained. The poorly constrained parameters were attributable to either the lack of experimental data or the mismatch of timescales between the available data and the parameters to be estimated. Cumulative distribution functions were constructed for simulated C pool sizes on the basis of the six data sets, showing that on average the ecosystem would store 16,616 g C m−2 at elevated CO2 by the year 2010, significantly higher than 13,426 g C m−2 at ambient CO2 with 95% confidence. This study shows that the combination of a Bayesian approach and MCMC inversion technique is an effective method to synthesize information from various sources for assessment of ecosystem responses to elevated CO2.
A novel control strategy for DC-DC converters driving constant power loads

Tightly regulated power electronic converters act as Constant Power Loads (CPLs) to the converters driving them. A CPL has a negative input impedance which results in a destabilising effect on the loaded DC-DC converters. This paper introduces a novel control strategy to stably control a DC-DC converter loaded by a CPL similar in concept to that of Sliding-Mode Control (SMC). The control strategy developed inherits the benefits of sliding mode control without the variable switching frequency, nor the need to measure any circuit currents. The new control strategy is easily implementable using analog circuitry or common Integrated Circuit (IC) technology. It is shown that all the benefits of SMC are also present using the novel control strategy when driving both resistive or constant current loads.
The risk of a new retinal break or detachment following cataract surgery in eyes that had undergone repair of phakic break or detachment: a hypothesis of a causal relationship to cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To determine the risk of new retinal tear or detachment following cataract surgery in eyes that had undergone successful repair of phakic retinal tear or detachment. METHODS: A computerized search of records of patients evaluated at the Barnes Retina Institute from 1990 to 2000 for a diagnosis of phakic retinal tear or detachment was accomplished. The records of successfully treated patients were analyzed by type of tear or detachment, method of treatment, and development of sequential new tears or detachment. Eyes that subsequently underwent cataract surgery were classified by presence and location of intraocular lens as well as operative complications, including capsular rupture, vitreous loss, or retained lens fragments. The frequency of developing new tears or detachment was calculated. RESULTS: The 2,175 eyes identified were subdivided according to those that had undergone repair of retinal break (n = 1,415), subclinical retinal detachment (n = 396), or retinal detachment (n = 364). Of 371 eyes that underwent subsequent cataract surgery, 17 (4.6%) developed a new tear or detachment postoperatively. Factors indicative of higher postoperative risks included myopia, tear or detachment in the fellow eye, sequential onset of new breaks prior to cataract surgery, and complications of cataract surgery. CONCLUSION: In patients who had undergone prior repair of retinal breaks or detachment, cataract surgery was associated with a 4.6% incidence of new breaks or detachment. Cataract surgery appears to be an independent risk factor for retinal tears or detachments. Dilated retinal examination following cataract surgery is advisable in patients who have previously undergone repair of a phakic retinal tear or detachment.
Impurity effects in continuous‐flow mixed suspension crystallizers

The crystallization of NaCl in the presence of Pb+ + as an Impurity in a continuous, mixed suspension, mixed product removal (CMSMPR) crystallizer was investigated. The results indicated that nucleation and growth rates as well as the dominant crystal sizes can be correlated by simple power functions of impurity concentration. The exponents are constants independent of the impurity concentration, thus permitting the prediction of nucleation rates, growth rates and size distributions at various concentrations of that impurity. This model was shown to apply also to other crystallizing systems.
Copy Number Lability and Evolutionary Dynamics of the Adh Gene Family in Diploid and Tetraploid Cotton (Gossypium)

Nuclear-encoded genes exist in families of various sizes. To further our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of nuclear gene families we present a characterization of the structure and evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene family in diploid and tetraploid members of the cotton genus (Gossypium, Malvaceae). A PCR-based approach was employed to isolate and sequence multiple Adh gene family members, and Southern hybridization analyses were used to document variation in gene copy number. Adh gene copy number varies among Gossypium species, with diploids containing at least seven Adh loci in two primary gene lineages. Allotetraploid Gossypium species are inferred to contain at least 14 loci. Intron lengths vary markedly between loci, and one locus has lost two introns usually found in other plant Adh genes. Multiple examples of apparent gene duplication events were observed and at least one case of pseudogenization and one case of gene elimination were also found. Thus, Adh gene family structure is dynamic within this single plant genus. Evolutionary rate estimates differ between loci and in some cases between organismal lineages at the same locus. We suggest that dynamic fluctuation in copy number will prove common for nuclear genes, and we discuss the implications of this perspective for inferences of orthology and functional evolution.
Model Validation via Uncertainty Propagation Using Response Surface Models

Model validation has become a primary means to evaluate accuracy and reliability of computational simulations in engineering design. Mathematical models enable engineers to establish what the most likely response of a system is. However, despite the enormous power of computational models, uncertainty is inevitable in all model-based engineering design problems, due to the variation in the physical system itself, or lack of knowledge, and the use of assumptions by model builders. Therefore, realistic mathematical models should contemplate uncertainties. Due to the uncertainties, the assessment of the validity of a modeling approach must be conducted based on stochastic measurements to provide designers with the confidence of using a model. In this paper, a generic model validation methodology via uncertainty propagation is presented. The approach reduces the number of physical testing at each design setting to one by shifting the evaluation effort to uncertainty propagation of the computational model. Response surface methodology is used to create metamodels as less costly approximations of simulation models for uncertainty propagation. The methodology is illustrated with the examination of the validity of a finiteelement analysis model for predicting springback angles in a sample flanging process.
MEAT MASSAGING: EFFECTS OF SALT AND PHOSPHATE ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF BINDING JUNCTIONS IN SECTIONED AND FORMED HAMS

Samples of the binding junction were removed from cooked ham rolls which had been stuffed at intervals during 24 hr of massaging in the presence of varying levels of salt (0, 1, 2 and 3%) and phosphate (0 and 0.5%) and examined using a light microscope to determine the micro-structural characteristics of junctions exhibiting good and poor binding characteristics. Junctions in low salt rolls (< 2%) were filled with fat and cellular fragments. Junctions from rolls with adequate salt ( 2%) and phosphate (0.5%) exhibited good binding characteristics. These junctions were composed of aligned areas, and emulsion-like areas. Junctions from high salt and phosphate rolls showed a high degree of junction alignment and exhibited optimal binding characteristics.
Radiosensitivity of cervical cancer.

Methods for evaluating radiosensitivity of cervical carcinoma are described and experience in their application reported. Attempts made to predict biologic malignancy and degree of radiosensitivity from examination of pretreatment cervical biopsies showed that there is some correlation between histologic differentiation and malignancy of squamous carcinoma of the cervix. However, the available data are not sufficiently clear to establish correlation between histologic grade and either radiocurability or radiosensitivity. Histologic grading of cervical biopsies is of little or no value in predicting the prognosis of a patient with carcinoma of the cervix treated radiologically A previously reported correlation between the chromosomal population of cervical squamous carcinoma cells and radiosensitivity offers a new avenue of investigation which can be accomplished in the pretreatment stage. In most cases there was a correlation between higher ploidy (more than 60 chromosomes) of malignant cells and their radioresistant character, and between lower ploidy (less than 60 chromosomes) and radiosensitive behavior. Cervical biopsies obtained during the course of radiation therapy were examined in an attempt to correlate the histologic changes with the ultimate effect of radiation on the tumor and the survival of the patient. The presence or absence of tumor cells in vaginal smears during the monthmore » immediately following completion of radiation therapy was correlated with clinical outcome in 108 cases followed 2-4 1/2 yr. A cytological radiation response (RR) is more frequent in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women and increases with advancing age and supervoltage radiation. Gross characteristics of the tumor, stage of the lesion, and general health of the patient had no significant effect upon the frequency of or degree of RR. These data suggest that the cytological method of predicting RR is of limited value in those cases of very early or late cancer, the RR frequently being the converse of the expected and actual clinical outcome. The histological prognosis correlates well with the clinical outcome and is, generally, more reliable than cytological studies. Results of cytochemical technique were essentially the same as those with the histological technlque. The evaluation of biopsy specimens by the cytochemical method was, however, more difficult than with either of the other two techriques. The value of histological and cytochemical techniques combined appears greater than either technique alone, especially in predicting an unfavorable response. (TCO)« less
Stress Evolution During Growth of Sputtered Ni/Cu Multilayers

Results from in-situ measurements of stress during growth of (111)-textured Ni/Cu multilayers with small and large bilayer periods are presented. In multilayers with small bilayer periods, Ni is in uniform tension and Cu in uniform compression. This behavior is modeled as the growth of a coherent multilayer with alloying in the layers. In multilayers with large bilayer periods, stress relaxation is observed but the measured stresses are much lower than expected based on a Mathews-Blakeslee relaxation process. An alternative stress relaxation mechanism based on high defect densities is presented and discussed.
First occurrence of moskvinite-(Y) in the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland – implications for rare-earth element mobility

Moskvinite-(Y), Na2K(Y,REE)Si6O15, is a rare mineral, which until now has only been described from its type locality Dara-i-Pioz, Tajikistan. At Ilimaussaq moskvinite-(Y) was discovered in a drill core from Kvanefjeld, where it occurs as a replacement mineral associated with a mineral belonging to the britholite group. The composition was determined by a combination of electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses. The empirical formula based on 15 oxygens is Na1.94K0.99(Y0.94Yb0.03Er0.03 Dy0.03Ho0.01Gd0.01) ∑1.05Si5.98O15. The coexistence of an almost pure Y and a light rare-earth element (REE) mineral is interpreted as fractionation of REE and Y during the replacement of an earlier formed REE mineral. Theoretical calculations of the observed replacement of feldspathoids by natrolite show that the generated fluid would have pH > 8, which inhibits large scale mobility of REE. In addition, a K-Fe sulfide member of the chlorbartonite-bartonite group is for the first time observed in Ilimaussaq where it occurs where sodalite is replaced by natrolite and arfvedsonite by aegirine. The sulfide incorporates the S and some of the Cl generated by the alteration of sodalite, whereas the K and Fe originates from the replacement of arfvedsonite by aegirine.
Compact MMI-MZI-based optical polarizer

A compact Multimode Interference and Mach-Zehnder Interferometer-based optical polarizer, on InP-based deeply etched ridge waveguide, incorporating differential arms with a width difference, simulated by the finite element-based beam propagation approach, is presented.
Frequency of Borer Attacks as Related to Character of Aspen Sucker Stands:A Comparative Study of Oberea schaumii and Saperda inornata

Frequency of oviposition by Saperda inornata Say and Oberea schaumii LeConte was studied in relation to character of aspen sucker stands. Fieldwork took place during 1964, 1965, and 1966 in 5- to 6-year-old aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx., sucker stands situated in the western portion of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. For both species, oviposition frequency per 30-sucker sampling unit conformed satisfactorily to the negative binomial distribution as fitted by the method of maximum likelihood. The observed parameter values, 0.45 ≤ mean ≤ 3.11 and 0.62 ≤ k ≤ 1.66, reflect endemic populations with definite clumping. Of several factors studied, only stand density was consistently correlated with infestation. Populations of the insects were not limited by food supply and, as expected, the total number of S. inornata galls per acre at first increased with sucker density and then ceased to change. However, the situation was more complex with O. schaumii. Its infestations were greatest at sucker densities of 5000–6000/acre, declining with further increases in sucker density. Clear-cutting to achieve maximum density of sucker regeneration should minimize damage from these insects.
Study on performance of ice-coating OPGW

This paper introduces the simulation calculation on ice-coating OPGW by using catenary method. It analyses the influence of structural parameters, initial sag and tension and spans of OPGW on mechanical performance, and discusse the possible changes of electrical and transmission performance caused by ice-coating. The analysis results indicate that the structural parameters, initial sag, tension and spans of OPGW have a great influence on the mechanical and transmission performance, while the influence on electric performance is very small.
The impact of reimbursement policies on the viability of certified nurse midwifery practices

The article reports on a study of the effects of reimbursement policies on the ability of certified nurse midwives (CNMs) to maintain a viable practice. In particular the impact of reimbursement policies on the ability to maintain and seek a client base and the overall financial viability of the practice was explored. Neither type of reimbursement statute (private or Medicaid) had an effect on the ability of CNM practices to maintain an appropriate number of clients. Moreover, neither reimbursement statute had a relationship to how a CNM is paid, the type of benefits received, and whether or not a practice covered its expenses.
Anterior Cervical Decompression and Arthrodesis/Arthroplasty

Cervical spine degenerative pathologies remain one of the most common spinal conditions treated by spine surgeons worldwide. While a significant proportion of patients with degenerative changes are asymptomatic, these can often become symptomatic resulting in various symptom complexes. The initial process begins with disc degeneration that can progress to disc herniation, facet joint osteoarthrosis, and osteophytic spur formation. These changes can produce axial neck pain, radiculopathy, cervical myelopathy, deformity, or any combination of these. The pathophysiology of clinical symptoms is likely multifactorial and often involves static compression, congenitally stenotic canal, and dynamic factors which can result in inflammation, cellular apoptosis, and microvascular alterations. Considering the variable but often benign and slowly progressive natural history, nonoperative management is initially the preferred choice of treatment for patients with cervical radiculopathy and mild cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) except in cases with moderate to severe myelopathy.
The Dobell Site: Archaeological Salvage Near The Petrified Forest

ABSTRACTThe DoBell site is a small pit house village south of the Petrified Forest in east central Arizona. Excavations by the Arizona State Museum in 1968 determined the site to be a small agricultural village occupied sometime between A.D. 1150 and 1250. The site is apparently representative of contemporary sites located in similar situations in the immediate vicinity, but differs greatly from contemporary sites in the Vernon area to the south.
Failure to Launch: What the Rejection of Lumbar Total Disk Replacement Tells us About American Spine Surgery.

Study Design:Spine surgeon survey.Objective:The objective was to investigate the failure of widespread adoption of lumbar total disk replacement (L-TDR) in the United States.Summary of Background Data:L-TDR has been available for use in the United States since 2005. L-TDR has not gained wide accepta
Conditions That Can Promote Alzheimer’s

The pathogenic link between vascular risk factors and cognitive loss was first suspected from circumstantial animal research that tied insufficient blood supply to the brain with cognitive deterioration. Animal data prompted several large, population-based, prospective studies, including the Kungsholmen, Cache, Rotterdam, and Caerphilly studies.
Inference of dynamic biological networks based on perturbation data

Drugs that target-specific proteins are a major paradigm in cancer research. In this chapter, we extend the Target Inhibition Map modeling framework for drug sensitivity prediction and combination therapy design based on drug perturbation experiments to incorporate dynamical behavior. The Target Inhibition Map approach can infer stationary pathway models from drug perturbation experiments, but the method is limited to a steady-state snapshot of the underlying dynamical model. We consider the inverse problem of possible dynamic models that can generate the static Target Inhibition Map model. From a deterministic viewpoint, we analyze the inference of Boolean networks that can generate the observed binarized sensitivities under different target inhibition scenarios. From a stochastic perspective, we investigate the generation of Markov chain models that satisfy the observed target inhibition sensitivities.
Science Signaling Podcast for 16 May 2017: Vibrio rewires host cells

Abstract This Podcast features a conversation with Kim Orth and Nicole De Nisco, authors of a Research Resource that appears in the 16 May 2017 issue of Science Signaling , about how the marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus rewires host cell signaling networks. V. parahaemolyticus thrives in warm brackish waters and infects both shellfish and finfish. This bacterium causes gastroenteritis when humans consume contaminated seafood that is raw or undercooked. V. parahaemolyticus delivers virulence factors into host cells through two different type 3 secretion systems (T3SSes). Whereas T3SS2 mediates gastroenteritis, T3SS1 is required for the bacterium to survive in its natural environment and delivers virulence factors that target conserved cellular processes. De Nisco et al . examined transcriptional changes in human cells infected with a strain of V. parahaemolyticus that lacked T3SS2 but had an intact T3SS1. They found that the virulence factors delivered through T3SS1 initially induced transcriptional changes that promoted cell survival, then later repressed prosurvival signaling to induce cell death. Listen to Podcast