cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient beam dynamics in the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 2 MV injector

Abstract A driver-scale injector for the heavy ion fusion accelerator project has been built at LBL. This machine has exceeded the design goals of high voltage (above 2 MV), high current (more than 0.8 A of K + ) and low normalized emittance (less than 1 π mm mrad). The injector consists of a 750 keV gun pre-injector followed by an electrostatic quadrupole accelerator which provides strong (alternating gradient) focusing for the space-charge-dominated beam, and simultaneously accelerates the ions to 2 MeV. A matching section is being built to match the beam to the electrostatic accelerator ELISE. The gun pre-injector, designed to hold up to 1 MV with minimal breakdown risks, consists of a hot alumino-silicate source with a large curved emitting surface surrounded by a thick “extraction electrode”. During beam turn-on the voltage at the source is biased from a negative potential, enough to reverse the electric field on the emitting surface and to avoid emission, to a positive potential to start extracting the beam; it stays constant for about 1 μs, and is reversed to turn off the emission. Since the Marx voltage applied on the accelerating quadrupoles and the main pre-injector gap is a long, constant pulse (several microseconds), the transient behavior is dominated by the extraction pulser voltage time profile. The transient longitudinal dynamics of the beam in the injector was simulated by running the particle-in-cell codes gymnos and warp 3 d in a time-dependent mode. The generalization and its implementation is WARP3D of a method proposed by Lampel and Tiefenback to eliminate transient oscillations in a one-dimensional planar diode will be presented.
Essential elements of successful child abuse and neglect treatment

Not all child abuse is preventable. Society faces an ongoing need to support programs that treat the members of families in which abuse occurs. There is little systeamatically generated knowledge on the most efficient and effective ways to assist parents and children faced with abuse. The purpose of our 40-month study of eleven child abuse and neglect demonstration service programs in the United States was to expand the knowledge base in this area by determining, through evaluative research, the essential elements of successful treatment programs. This paper highlights our findings that pertain to more effective delivery of services to abusive and neglectful parents.
The evolution of forest yield determination and site classification

Abstract The historical development of forest site classification and yield determination in North America is traced from its roots in European forestry to the present. The discussion describes the evolution of both the philosophy and the technology of yield prediction and site classification, primarily over the last century. Ultimately, differences in approaches and emphasis between the Europeans and the North Americans may reflect the European foresters' abundance of long-term growth and management information in contrast to the American foresters' relative lack of information and management experience.
Rethinking “Ethnicity” as structural–cultural project(s): notes on the interface between cultural studies and intercultural communication

Abstract This essay contributes yet another perspective, both metatheoretical and methodological, to the dialogue about examining the relationship between ethnicity and communication. This essay argues for a reconsideration of ethnicity in terms of cultural studies and its emphasis on the interrelationship between structural and interactional aspects of identity. Our analyses of ethnicity should be framed as structural–cultural projects, each with its own nuances, terms, and politics. By discussing my own research as an example, I discuss metatheoretical issues and methodological questions that might lead us to deeper cultural analysis on ethnicity and identity formation. This writing represents a starting point from which more discussion about potential alliances between cultural studies and intercultural research can be drawn.
In vitro induction of microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases by phenobarbital in fat bodies of adult house fly, Musca domestica L.

Abstract An in vitro method for measuring phenobarbital (PB) induction of microsomal cytochrome P -450 monooxygenases ( P -450 monooxygenases) in fat bodies (FB) from 2- to 3-day-old adult house flies was developed. Adult house fly FB retain expression of total cytochrome P -450s, cytochrome P -450 lpr , cytochrome b 5 , P -450 reductase, and 7-ethoxycoumarin O -deethylation (ECOD) activity up to 36 h in culture. However, the basal level of P -450 monooxygenases was slightly lower in cultured FB compared to fresh FB. In vitro , PB dramatically induced the ECOD activity in a dose-dependent manner with an EC 50 of 0.07 or 0.1 mM on a per mg protein or per FB basis, respectively. The induction response was maximal at 36 h and decreased at later times. PB induced the levels of cytochrome P -450 lpr and total cytochrome P -450s, but caused only a slight increase in cytochrome b 5 or P -450 reductase levels. In vitro/in vivo differences in PB inducibility of P -450 monooxygenases existed. Lower level of ECOD activity and higher levels of total cytochrome P -450s, cytochrome b 5 and P -450 reductase activity were induced in vitro compared to in vivo . These results suggest that the house fly FB culture can be used as an in vitro model for study of induction in house flies.
The beast in Florida: a history of anti-black violence

The Beast of Florida surveys the history of anti-black violence in Florida from the immediate post-Civil War period of Reconstruction to the modern civil rights movement. It includes several new in...
Study of Rodlike Homopolypeptides by Gel Permeation Chromatography with Light Scattering Detection: Validity of Universal Calibration and Stiffness Assessment

Gel permeation chromatography with simultaneous light scattering measurements has been performed on poly(γ-benzyl-a-L-glutamate) and poly(γ-stearyl-a-L-glutamate) in N,N'-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran, respectively. Intrinsic viscosities were computed by combining the measured molecular weights with literature values for the Mark-Houwink parameters. The product of intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight for the rodlike polymers, when plotted against elution volume, overlaid the results for polystyrene, a random coil. In the excluded-volume limit, similar convergence was observed for the second virial coefficient of osmotic pressure as a function of polymer number density. In the case of poly(γ-benzyl-α-L-glutamate) the radius of gyration increased linearly with mass up to at least M = 100 000, corresponding to a contour length of 70 nm. Slight deviations from linear behavior at higher mass suggest a persistence length in the upper range of literature values based on measurements that did not have the advantage of chromatographic separation.
Investigation into the use of quinone compounds for battery cathodes

Abstract As organic cathode materials investigated in the past are reduced irreversibly and, therefore, can only be used in primary cells, we investigated quinones/hydroquinones, which are known to act as completely reversible redox couples. Most of the quinones are, however, slightly soluble and partly unstable in electrolyte solution. In order to test their stability electrochemically we mixed the quinones with carbon. The open-circuit potentials of the solid quinone/hydroquinone systems measured in 2 N H2SO4 are very close to the values of the redox potentials measured in alcoholic solutions. Diphenoquinones, which have a potential of about 950 mV (nhe) do not have the required stability. Only tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (chloranil) and tetramethyl-p-benzoquinone (duroquinone) have been found to be sufficiently insoluble and completely stable, the redox potentials being 668 and 478 mV, respectively. In the case of galvanostatic discharge the potential is almost constant. With chloranil the polarization is only 30 mV at a cd of 60 mA/cm2. Even at a current drain of 600 mA/cm2, 50 per cent of the active material is available for discharge at potentials exceeding 200 mV. In concentrated aqueous ammonium chloride solution the reduction takes place in two one-electron steps separated by approximately 70 mV. This does not happen in zinc chloride solution. The capacity (Ah/kg) of the quinones is in the same range as that of the inorganic depolarizers, but the hydroquinones can be reoxidized with oxygen using hydrophobic electrodes. Thus the quinone electrode is regenerated with air and its capacity is practically unlimited. Regeneration with hydrogen peroxide is also possible. Particular quinones are insoluble in organic solvents used for organic electrolyte solutions and are therefore superior to heavy metal salts as cathode materials in high-energy density secondary batteries.
Experimental Studies of the Physics of Laser Fusion

A discussion is given of selected topics relating to experimental studies of laser-matter interactions under conditions of interest to laser-fusion. The NRL laser system, PHAROS II, designed for such studies, is first described. Some of the more novel diagnostics (probing beam, ion, x-ray) are then described. Finally, a discussion is given of two experimental studies which yield information (B-field dependence and inhibition) about thermal transport.
Crystallization and phase behavior in nylon 6/aromatic polyimide triblock copolymers

Several series of new b-nylon 6-b-polyimide-b-nylon 6 triblock copolymers were synthesized via a condensation polymerization of polyimide segments and anionic polymerization of the nylon 6 components. Crystallization and phase behavior of these triblock copolymers have been studied with varying polyimide block molecular weights and copolymer compositions as well as chemical structures (and therefore, different solubility parameters) of the polyimide components. Furthermore, in-situ and solution blends have also been prepared in order to compare the phase behaviors of the triblock copolymers. Wide angle X-ray diffraction experiments indicate that in these triblock copolymers, only nylon 6 components crystallize and polyimides do not take part in the crystals. From isothermal crystallization kinetics studies carried out in differential scanning calorimetry experiments, the miscibility of the polyimide components with nylon 6 critically affects the crystallization rate of these triblock copolymers. When the polyimide composition is low and its solubility parameter is similar to that of the nylon 6 components, the polyimides mix with the amorphous part of the nylon 6 components and are located in the inter-lamellar region. This can be identified by monitoring the change of α-relaxation temperature and activation energy measured using a dynamic mechanical method and by examining the crystalline lamellar morphology under small angle X-ray scattering experiments. Microphase separation can also be recognized by transmission electron microscopy using an OsO 4 vapor staining technique. As the difference of solubility parameters between these two components as well as the block molecular weight of the polyimides increase, microphase separation between the two components in the triblock copolymers can be found.
Modulation of Aqueous Humor Outflow Facility by the Rho Kinase–Specific Inhibitor Y-27632

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to investigate the role of Rho kinase in the modulation of aqueous humor outflow facility. Rho kinase, a critical downstream effector of Rho GTPase is recognized to control the formation of actin stress fibers, focal adhesions, and cellular contraction. METHODS Expression of Rho GTPase, Rho kinase, and other downstream targets of Rho GTPase were determined in human trabecular meshwork (HTM) and Schlemm's canal (SC) primary cell cultures by Western blot analysis. The Rho kinase-specific inhibitor (Y-27632)-induced changes in actin stress fibers, focal adhesions, and protein phosphotyrosine status were evaluated by staining with rhodamine-phalloidin, anti-paxillin, and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies, respectively. Myosin light-chain phosphorylation was determined by Western blot analysis. Y-27632-induced changes in SC cell monolayer permeability were quantitated using a colorimetric assay to evaluate horseradish peroxidase diffusion through SC cell monolayers grown in transwell chambers. Aqueous humor outflow facility was measured using enucleated porcine eyes and a constant-pressure perfusion system. RESULTS Treatment of HTM and SC cells with Y-27632 (10 microM) led to significant but reversible changes in cell shape and decreases in actin stress fibers, focal adhesions, and protein phosphotyrosine staining. SC cell monolayer permeability increased (by 80%) in response to Y-27632 (10 microM) treatment, whereas myosin light-chain phosphorylation was decreased in both HTM and SC cells. Aqueous humor outflow facility increased (40%-80%) in enucleated porcine eyes perfused with Y-27632 (10-100 microM), and this effect was associated with widening of the extracellular spaces, particularly the optically empty area of the juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT). The integrity of inner wall of aqueous plexi, however, was observed to be intact. CONCLUSIONS Based on the Rho kinase inhibitor-induced changes in myosin light-chain phosphorylation and actomyosin organization, it is reasonable to conclude that cellular relaxation and loss of cell-substratum adhesions in HTM and SC cells could result in either increased paracellular fluid flow across Schlemm's canal or altered flow pathway through the JCT, thereby lowering resistance to outflow. This study also suggests Rho kinase as a potential therapeutic target for the development of drugs to modulate intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients.
Anthony Blunt and Guy Burgess, gay spies

Anthony Blunt and Guy Burgess were prominent figures in the Cambridge spy ring operating on behalf of the USSR from the 1930s into the 1960s. The essay describes the complex personalities of Blunt and Burgess, whose homosexuality and communism were related aspects of a rebellious, antibourgeois culture in 1930s leftist Britain. The focus is on male homosexuality, and the question is put whether, and in what sense, Blunt and Burgess served the left, and whether they can be role models for gays at the end of this century.
Overview of optical phase conjugation

In this tallk I will try to supplement what I learned in the field. Here are the topics to be touched on. The order is not historical, but serves a tutorial purpose. 1. Time reversibility (TR) of optical wave propagation. 2. Mathematical description of TR in terms of complex amplitudes and complex conjugate amplitudes. 3. Static holography by real and conjugate images. 4.Static holography: illumination by counterpropagating reference waves at the recording and reconstruction stages. 5. Dynamic holography/four-wave mixing for phase conjugation (R. Hellwarth, A. Yariv, Yariv-Pepper instability. 6. Delayed and hidden holograms, photon echoes, electro-acoustic echoes. 7. Two-photon coherence, fast nonlinearities and three-wave mixing via X(2) nonlinearity. 8. Yet unrealized: Bragg (periodic domain). Time-domain phase conjugation: reversal of chirp and compensation of the dispersion spread in fibers. 10. Why a laser may (and may not) oscillate at a single transverse mode: discrimination of gain/loss. 11. Phase conjugation via stimulated Brillouin scattering (V.V. Ragulsky; V.V. Shkunov). 12. Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing for phase conjugation, ten to the tenth power amplification of the image (G.A. Pasmanik). 13. Photorefractive crystals: nonlinear response at low intensity at a cost of long build-up time. 14. Double phase conjugation 15. Feinberg's cat and cat conjugator.
Influence of roadways on patterns of mortality and flight behavior of adult dragonflies near wetland areas

The relatively low population size and long adult lifespan of dragonflies (Odonata, Anisoptera) makes them one of the few non-vertebrate groups likely to be impacted by direct roadway mortality. We studied adult dragonfly mortality and behavior associated with roadways for a number of species. Daily mortality rates for dragonflies were estimated from standardized surveys along predetermined lengths of roads. Relative abundance and flight behavior around and across roadways, a potentially important mortality factor, was determined from timed roadside observations. Observed flight behavior provided no evidence that roads act as significant barriers to dispersal for adult dragonflies. Estimated mean number killed ranged from 2 to 35 dragonflies/km/day. Species varied greatly in their susceptibility to motor vehicles. Two species (Plathemis lydia and Libellula luctuosa) made up more than 70% of the dead dragonflies collected, but only represented 14% and 31% of live dragonflies observed, respectively. The relatively low flight heights of these two species over roads (typically under 2 m) may explain their susceptibility; however, another common species (Tramea lacerata) also exhibited low flight height but did not experience high mortality, possibly because of its increased flight agility. Large numbers of adult dragonflies were killed over the entire flight season by motor vehicle collisions, exhibiting the need for assessing the long-term impact of roadway mortality on dragonfly population dynamics.
Testing for endocrine disruption: How much is enough?

The article highlighted in this issue is "Comparison of the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Diethylstilbestrol Administered to Rats in Utero, Lactationally, Preweaning or from Weaning" by J. Odum, P. A. Lefevre, H. Tinwell, J. P. Van Miller, R. L. Joiner, R. E. Chapin, N. T. Wallis and J. Ashby (pp. 147-163).
Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 (TET2) Is a Master Regulator of Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity

Background—Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are remarkably plastic. Their reversible differentiation is required for growth and wound healing but also contributes to pathologies such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Although key regulators of the SMC phenotype, including myocardin (MYOCD) and KLF4, have been identified, a unifying epigenetic mechanism that confers reversible SMC differentiation has not been reported. Methods and Results—Using human SMCs, human arterial tissue, and mouse models, we report that SMC plasticity is governed by the DNA-modifying enzyme ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2). TET2 and its product, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), are enriched in contractile SMCs but reduced in dedifferentiated SMCs. TET2 knockdown inhibits expression of key procontractile genes, including MYOCD and SRF, with concomitant transcriptional upregulation of KLF4. TET2 knockdown prevents rapamycin-induced SMC differentiation, whereas TET2 overexpression is sufficient to induce a contractile phenotype. TET2 over...
The Israeli Army in Politics: The Persistence of the Civilian Over the Military

The 1967 lightning victory of Zahal, the Israel Defense Forces, was the result of a philosophy that had considered military effort as an instrument of nation-building from the very beginning of the Zionist movement in Palestine. In 1948, the Israeli War of Liberation thrust the army into prominence, and from then on army leaders have been influential in the governmental and economic elites committed to rapid modernization. The Sinai victory in 1956 and the third military success in Sinai, Jordan, and Syria in 1967 further enhanced Zahal's reputation. Although Israel's standing army is no larger than 80,000 men, one-seventh of the country's total Jewish population of 2.5 million is on active military reserve. Given these conditions, it is natural to wonder what impact the army has had on the political life of Israel.
The OOPSLA trivia show (TOOTS)

OOPSLA has a longstanding tradition of being a forum for discussing the cutting edge of technology in a fun and participatory environment. The type of events sponsored by OOPSLA sometimes border on the unconventional. This event represents an atypical panel that conforms to the concept of a game show that is focused on questions and answers related to OOPSLA themes. The goal of the panel is to provide an educational opportunity for OOPSLA attendees to learn about a broad range of topics in a style that encourages audience participation.
Terrain identification in grayscale images with recurrent neural networks

This paper presents an approach for terrain identification in grayscale images based on recurrent neural networks. The network in this work has 16 inputs that represent 16, horizontally contiguous pixels from the grayscale image. The network is trained as a binary classifier that classifies the input pixels while being scanned from the top to the bottom of the image. Experiments were performed on grayscale images of a road in natural surroundings of grass, some trees and falling tree leaves. The trained network classifier in generalization testing experiments has managed to classify pixels representing the road as they are being scanned with accuracy of ∼ 89 % and pixels representing falling tree leaves with accuracy of ∼ 88 %.
Corporate diversity and economic performance: The impact of market specialization

This papers introduces a market-based typology of corporate strategy, which builds on previous typologies (Rumelt 1974, 1982). We argue that, because different markets require different skills for success, firms which concentrate in one market area (consumer or industrial), at given levels of diversification, should achieve superior performance. Empirical tests with a sample of manufacturing firms support this proposed relationship between diversification strategy and financial performance.
Student Reports of Peer Threats of Violence: Prevalence and Outcomes

Authorities in education and law enforcement have recommended that schools use a threat-assessment approach to prevent violence, but there is relatively little research on characteristics and outcomes of threats among students. The current study examined student reports of threat experiences in a sample of 3,756 high school students. Approximately 12% of students reported being threatened at school in the past 30 days, but only 23% of threatened students regarded the threat as serious and just 26% reported the threat to school authorities. Only 9% of students who received a threat reported that it was carried out. Five reasons why students did not report threats were identified. Logistic regression analyses identified student and threat characteristics associated with threat reporting and outcome. These findings provide new information about the prevalence and nature of student threats that can inform a threat assessment approach to school violence prevention.
Analysis of the Cell Cycle Using Xenopus Egg Extracts

In this unit, Xenopus eggs are isolated from hormonally primed female frogs, and then the extract is treated with cyclohexamide so it remains in interphase of the cell cycle. In the presence of sperm chromatin and ATP, membrane vesicles in the extract fuse to assemble nuclei, making the extract suitable for studies of DNA replication and nuclear transport.
Anthropology and Multiculturalism: What is Anthropology That Multiculturalists Should Be Mindful of It?

Anthropologists have been doing a lot of complaining that they are being ignored by the new academic specializations in "culture," such as cultural studies, and by both academic and extra-academic manifestations of "multiculturalism." Few anthropologists, however, appear to have made the effort to comprehend the reasons for that indifference from the standpoint of what multiculturalists are trying to do, and fewer still have taken an active part in the discussions surrounding multiculturalism. Most of us have been sitting around like so many disconsolate intellectual wallflowers, waiting to be asked to impart our higher wisdom, and more than a little resentful that the invitations never come.
A novel electrocautery device to increase coagulation rate and reduce thermal damage

Bleeding results in all surgical procedures. Current methods of coagulation result in thermal damage due to lack of thermal control. Tissue sticking to device tips as well as operating room fires are also common problems in current electrocautery and electrosurgery devices. We proposed to reduce bleeding and decrease thermal damage by designing an electrocautery device that transmits heat via conduction. The novel designs of the device will overcome the problems associated with current cautery and electrosurgery devices. Using three tests: set point determination, comparision to Bovie Cautery Pen, and stimulated perfusion, it is expected that the newly designed electrocautery device will reduce bleeding at a faster rate than existing methods without conductory danger and decreased thermal damage.
Clinical characteristics of breast cancers in African-American women with benign breast disease: a comparison to the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program.

Benign breast disease (BBD) is a very common condition, diagnosed in approximately half of all American women at some point in their lives (1). Along with age, reproductive factors and family history, it is well established that BBD raises long-term breast cancer risk (2–7). Different types of BBD have been associated with differentially elevated risk: nonproliferative lesions confer a relatively low level of additional risk, while proliferative lesions with atypia confer a much greater risk (7,8). However, although lesions differentially elevate breast cancer risk, little is known about whether different lesions predict the development of specific types of breast cancer (9). There are known racial disparities between African-American and white women in the epidemiology of breast cancer. For example, African-American women develop breast cancer at a younger age and present with more advanced tumors (10–12). Despite these differences, recent research has suggested that the association between BBD and breast cancer first described in white women also applies to African-American women (8,13). BBD and breast cancer may even be more strongly associated in African-American women than they are in white women (14). Therefore, it is important to better characterize the association between BBD and breast cancer in African-American women. Although it is well known that BBD elevates risk of breast cancer, no studies have compared the breast cancer characteristics of women with a history of BBD to the breast cancer characteristics of the general population. Such a comparison is of interest because women with BBD are at elevated risk for breast cancer, so it is important to determine whether their tumors are clinically different from those of the general population. It is possible that because women who have been diagnosed with BBD have established access to medical care and some awareness of breast health, their cancers will be diagnosed earlier. In this study, we will compare the characteristics of breast cancers in women with a history of BBD to the characteristics of breast cancers in a large population-based sample of women.
Capillary interactions between anisotropic particles

Micro and nanoparticle adsorption to and assembly by capillarity at fluid–fluid interfaces are intriguing aspects of soft matter science with broad potential in the directed assembly of anisotropic media. The importance of the field stems from the ubiquitous presence of multiphase systems, the malleability of fluid interfaces, and the ability to tune the interactions of the particles adsorbed on them. While homogeneous spherical particles at interfaces have been well studied, the behavior of anisotropic particles – whether the anisotropy originates from shape or chemical heterogeneity – has been considered only very recently. We review recent advances in the field of anisotropic particles at fluid interfaces, by focusing on particles in the micron and submicron range. We discuss capillary adsorption, orientation, migration, and self-assembly, on planar and curved interfaces, and the rheology of particle-laden interfaces. Prospects for future work and outstanding challenges are also discussed.
The Sick Neonate With Cardiac Disease

The approach to the infant with a cardiac emergency begins with identification of the unstable or critically ill child and proceeds rapidly into stabilization and provision of immediate therapies. Support of oxygenation, ventilation, and circulation will precede identification of specific cardiac lesions. The emergency clinician can use clinical findings, chest x-ray, and electrocardiographic information to plan emergent intervention. Infants in the first days of life who present with circulatory collapse secondary to obstruction of pulmonary or systemic blood flow (ductus dependent) conditions can be stabilized with prostaglandin E infusion. The more common presentation of cardiac disease in the first month of life is congestive heart failure. Infants with congestive heart failure require respiratory support, careful fluid management, and inotropic support.
Immune parameters affecting adenoviral vector gene therapy in the brain

Gene therapy utilizing replication deficient adenoviral vectors represents a potentially promising approach to the treatment of brain tumors. Limited duration of systemic transgene expression and inefficient transduction following repeat systemic vector administration secondary to an effective anti-vector immune response limits the potential application of first generation adenoviral vectors. Whether host immune responses will significantly limit the use of these vectors within the immunopriviledged environment of the central nervous system remains to be elucidated. Following a single intravenous injection of a beta-galactosidase expressing adenoviral vector (Ad.CMV-betagal), we found maximal betagal transgene expression in systemic sites (i.e. liver) at day 4, with almost complete disappearance by day 7. In contrast, significant beta-galactosidase activity was seen for greater than 28 days following a single intracerebral inoculum of virus. Rechallenge experiments demonstrated complete protection against repeat systemic vector administration, whereas intracerebral transgene expression was not affected by prior systemic or intracerebral exposure to adenoviruses. These data suggest that systemic anti-adenoviral vector immune responses are attenuated within the central nervous system and may not pose as significant a problem for the treatment of brain tumors as for other systemic indications.
Nitrogen Intake and Tumorigenesis in Rats Injected with 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine1,2

Tumor incidence was studied in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) injected male rats assigned at weaning to isoenergetic casein- sucrose diets containing 7.5%, 15%, or 22.5% protein with or without 2.5% urea. Twenty rats fed each diet were given weekly intraperitoneal injections of DMH (15 mg/kg body weight/week) for the first 24 weeks and 20 were given saline. Of 96 DMH-injected rats necropsied after 28 weeks, 88 were necropsied during the 32nd or final week of the experiment. Adenocarcinomas of the small and large intestine were larger and signifi cantly more numerous in rats fed 15% and 22.5% dietary protein. Keratin producing papillomas of the sebaceous glands of the external ear were observed first at 21 weeks in DMH-injected rats fed 22.5% protein. These were subsequently observed in some rats from all DMH-treated groups. As time progressed, the ear tumors increased in size and number in all groups but the greatest incidence was in the group fed 22.5% protein. No tumors were observed in saline-injected rats. Urea feeding did not increase the number of tumors nor cause changes in pH, urease activity or ammonia concentration of contents of the colon or cecum, or blood cho lesterol. As dietary protein increased, cecal ammonia concentrations rose while both colon and cecal pH dropped. Portal blood urea and cholesterol rose as dietary protein was increased. DMH-treated rats had significantly higher concentrations of colon and cecal ammonia and lower blood cho lesterol. Although the rats fed 7.5% protein gained significantly less weight during 0 to 6 weeks of feeding, their weight gain was significantly higher during 6 to 26 weeks. No tumors were found in rats necropsied at 16 weeks. J. Nutr. 106: 1583-1590, 1976.
Abstract 429: HuR and microRNA-128 Competitively Regulate Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C to Modulate Inflammatory Lymphangiogenesis

Macrophages respond to acute and chronic tissue injuries such as infection, ischemia, atherosclerosis, and tumor expansion with the production of cytokines, growth factors, and matrix remodeling factors. Many of these factors are encoded by mRNAs that, through interactions with RNA binding proteins and noncoding RNAs, are subject to signal-dependent post-transcriptional regulation. Macrophage recruitment and adhesion-triggered signaling, specifically by β2 integrin engagement, promotes stabilization of some mRNAs by inducing the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of the RNA binding protein HuR. HuR binds and stabilizes mRNAs bearing AU-rich elements that, when unbound by HuR, confer short mRNA half-life and limit protein production. By promoting stability and translation, HuR functionally opposes RNA degradation and translational repression by microRNAs. Lymphangiogenesis, largely mediated by VEGF-C’s engagement of its lymphatic endothelial cell receptor VEGFR3, plays a role in tissue edema clearance, c...
The Decline In Matching And Earnings Ability To Forecast Operating Cash Flows

Recent research has documented the decline of matching in financial reporting during the last few decades. The FASB has argued that earnings should provide investors and creditors with an ability to assess the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows to the organization (1978). This research investigates whether the decline in matching has affected the ability of earnings to forecast operating cash flows. Results indicate that earnings from earlier periods in which matching was better can be used to make more accurate predictions of operating cash flows than can earnings from later periods with poorer matching. Additionally, the more frequent recognition of special items in later periods also damages the ability of earnings to predict operating cash flows.
On Multi-tier Sentiment Analysis Using Supervised Machine Learning

Document management and Information Retrieval tasks have rapidly increased due to the availability of digital documents anytime, any place. The need for automatic extraction of document information has become prominent in information organization and knowledge discovery. Text Classification is one such solution, where in the natural language text is assigned to one or more predefined categories based on the content. This work focuses on sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining. It is a way of automatically extracting and analyzing the emotions and opinions, and not facts, of messages and posts. A multi-tier classification architecture is proposed, which consists of major modules such as data cleaning and pre-processing, feature selection, and classifier training that includes a multi-tier prediction model. The architecture and its components are carefully described. Four classifiers (Naive Bayes, SVM, Random Forest, and SGD) are used in the experiments, which evaluate the performance of the proposed multi-tier architecture by analyzing the sentiments and opinions of 150,000 movie reviews. Results have shown that the multi-tier model is able to significantly improve prediction accuracy over the single-tier model by more than 10%, the improvement is significant when customized dictionary is used. We believe that the proposed multi-tier classification architecture, with the various feature selection techniques described and used, are significant, and are readily applicable to many other areas of sentiment analysis.
Sperm Precedence in the Indian Meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella

Alternate crosses between normal and melanic males and melanic females proved the existence of sperm precedence in Plodia interpunctella (Hubner). After a 2nd mating, the sperm utilized for subsequent fertilization were almost exclusively from the 2nd mating. The finding could change the release strategies utilized for the successful use of the sterile-male technique to control this species.
Study on Perceived Financial Adequacy among Older Adults in Urban China

It is very common to combine objective and subjective aspects to rate older adults' financial situation in the western research because the quality of the income data is difficult to assess.Perceived financial adequacy has frequently been found as a strong predictor of health,economic and psychological well-being.This paper examines factors affecting among older adults in urban China by using three-stage multiple regression models.Data came from the 2006 Sample Survey on Aged Population in Urban/Rural(SSAPUR,2009).The sample comprised 8,018 older adults aged 60 or over living in 64 cities in China.Based on the comparison with findings from the existing literature,we proposed some suggestions at both theoretical and practical levels.
An Approach To The Sliding Scale Conjecture Via Parallel Repetition For Low Degree Testing.

The Sliding Scale Conjecture in PCP states that there are PCP verifiers with a constant number of queries and soundness error that is exponentially small in the randomness of the verifier and the length of the prover’s answers. The Sliding Scale Conjecture is one of the oldest open problems in PCP, and it implies hardness of approximation up to polynomial factors for problems like Max-CSP (with polynomial-sized alphabet), Directed-Sparsest-Cut and Directed-Multi-Cut. In this work we prove: 1. The Sliding Scale Conjecture follows from a construction of a low degree test whose soundness error is exponential in the randomness of the verifier. 2. A parallel repetition theorem for low degree testing: Given a low degree test with error |F|, one can generate a repeated low degree test whose error is |F|. 3. Applying the parallel repetition theorem on a suitable low degree test, we get a low degree test with error |F| and randomness O(km log |F|). In particular, we get the first low degree test with error ≪ 1/ |F| and O(m log |F|) randomness. The missing piece for proving the Sliding Scale Conjecture is a derandomization of the parallel repetition theorem. This seems plausible given the algebraic structure of the low degree testing problem, which was utilized for derandomization in the past. The limitation on derandomizing parallel repetition by Feige and Kilian does not rule out this approach. Additional contributions in this work include an analysis of the sampling properties of the incidence graph of degree-k curves and k′-tuples of points in a finite space F, and a combinatorial composition lemma for PCP that abstracts the composition technique of Arora and Safra. ∗dmoshkov@csail.mit.edu. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 1218547.
Nonzero Temperature Variational Principle Applied to Low Temperature Liquid Sodium

A previously derived nonzero temperature variational principle is applied to liquid sodium at 630°K to test the idea of treating fluids as collections of nuclei and electrons. The effects of symmetrizing the wave functions are incorporated using an extension of Lado’s method. The remainder of the Slater sum is parameterized using two-body effective potentials containing the analytic large-r and small-r limits and four additional parameters. The minimum of the variational integral is found by evaluating the multidimensional integrals, using the biased-selection Monte Carlo method, for 48 sets of parameter values. The resulting nucleon-nucleon distribution is compared with experiment and the nucleon-electron distribution with the ground-state, single atom Hartree-Fock result.
A Commensal Bacterium Promotes Virulence of an Opportunistic Pathogen via Cross-Respiration

ABSTRACT Bacteria rarely inhabit infection sites alone, instead residing in diverse, multispecies communities. Despite this fact, bacterial pathogenesis studies primarily focus on monoculture infections, overlooking how community interactions influence the course of disease. In this study, we used global mutant fitness profiling (transposon sequencing [Tn-seq]) to determine the genetic requirements for the pathogenic bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to cause disease when coinfecting with the commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii. Our results show that S. gordonii extensively alters A. actinomycetemcomitans requirements for virulence factors and biosynthetic pathways during infection. In addition, we discovered that the presence of S. gordonii enhances the bioavailability of oxygen during infection, allowing A. actinomycetemcomitans to shift from a primarily fermentative to a respiratory metabolism that enhances its growth yields and persistence. Mechanistically, respiratory metabolism enhances the fitness of A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo by increasing ATP yields via central metabolism and creating a proton motive force. Our results reveal that, similar to cross-feeding, where one species provides another species with a nutrient, commensal bacteria can also provide electron acceptors that promote the respiratory growth and fitness of pathogens in vivo , an interaction that we term cross-respiration. IMPORTANCE Commensal bacteria can enhance the virulence of pathogens in mixed-species infections. However, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this clinically relevant phenomenon is lacking. To bridge this gap, we comprehensively determined the genes a pathogen needs to establish coinfection with a commensal. Our findings show that the metabolism of the pathogen is low-energy-yielding in monoinfection, but in coinfection, the commensal improves the fitness of the pathogen by increasing the bioavailability of oxygen, thereby shifting the pathogen toward a high-energy-yielding metabolism. Similar to cross-feeding, this interaction, which we term cross-respiration, illustrates that commensal bacteria can provide electron acceptors that enhance the virulence of pathogens during infection.
Are religion and spirituality barriers or facilitators to treatment for HIV: a systematic review of the literature.

ABSTRACTMuch attention has been given to the relationship between religion/spirituality (R/S) and HIV in recent years, but comparatively little has been explored in regard to R/S and HIV testing, retention in care, and adherence to medication. Religious views concerning HIV risk behavior pose challenges to communication and education about sexual health in religious communities and may serve as barriers to HIV treatment and care. Conversely, religious coping and spiritual well-being, as well as social support could serve as facilitators to HIV treatment and care. This study aims to fill a gap in the literature by addressing the following questions: (1) what dimensions of R/S have been found to be factors associated with HIV outcomes?; (2) which R/S factors function as barriers or facilitators to care among people living with HIV (PLWH)?; and (3) which R/S factors, if any, vary across socio-demographic groups? Thirty-three empirical articles were identified for systematic review. Of the 33 empirical studie...
A study of MHD-based chaotic advection to enhance mixing in microfluidics using transient three dimensional CFD simulations

Abstract Building on our previous work on transient, two dimensional simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations to investigate mixing enhancement by introducing the Lorentz force in MHD as a control parameter to create turbulent-like chaotic advection, this paper describes transient, three-dimensional simulations. Our approach differs from many previous analytical investigations by other workers based on potential flow and linearized stokes flow. A shallow disk-ring cylindrical microfluidic cell with gold electrodes deposited on the floor serves as a representative lab-on-a-chip. By applying a voltage across specific disk electrodes and a ring counter electrode, a current is established in the weak conductive solution. The current interacts with an externally applied magnetic field generating a Lorentz force that causes fluid motion. Velocity vectors, electric potential distributions and ionic current lines are presented. By switching on and off a pair of disk electrodes with a certain period T, a “blinking vortex” that induces chaotic advection is produced. Various particle trajectory-based analyses using extensive post-processing of the simulation results show that the period T plays an important role in generating chaotic advection. Large periods provide efficient stirring which improves mixing performance. Taking a step further, we show that by having two pairs of disk electrodes that were subjected to a different on/off switching scheme, more complex chaotic motion can be generated, and the mixing region can be extended to almost the entire fluid domain. This study establishes CFD simulation of MHD at the microscale as a robust tool to develop efficient strategies for mixing by chaotic advection. The techniques developed in the present work are also applicable in MHD-based flow control in microfluidics for other applications such as pumping and steering fluid to target locations.
A model-free localization method for sensor networks with sparse anchors

This paper considers the problem of sensor node localization, where a total of n anchor nodes are used to determine the locations of other nodes based on the received signal strengths. Challenges arise when anchor nodes are sparse and locations of them are not at grid positions. A range-based machine learning algorithm is developed to tackle the challenges. Instead of using samples to calibrate the parameters of a chosen signal model, we use machine learning to estimate the signal propagation function and its parameters at the same time. It overcomes the model dependency issue of existing range-based algorithms, and avoids the insufficient support issue of support vector machine methods. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has good adaptability to different signal characteristics, network deployment, and device variability. It significantly outperforms existing methods, especially when the anchor nodes are sparsely and irregularly deployed.
Analysis of electrical parameters of InGaN-based LED packages with aging

Abstract As the light-emitting diode (LED) becomes a mature technology in the general illumination space, there is a tendency to operate LEDs at high current densities and temperatures in order to gain higher light output at lower cost. Further, there is interest among intelligent-lighting platform developers to offer predictive maintenance capabilities to users. The existing useful life prediction model defines LED lifetime based on parametric failure; however, there is a need for a useful life prediction model based on catastrophic failure, which can occur with the degradation of components in an LED package. Electrical parameters, especially package series resistance, are good indicators of LED package health (i.e., remaining useful life) and could potentially be sensed real-time in an application. In this study, the series resistance variation pattern until catastrophic failure was measured at different current and temperature stress conditions. The degradation mechanisms at each phase of variation were explained and, using available models, activation energies and exponents were extracted. The experimental data suggest electromigration-induced metal migration from the contact metallization layer to the semiconductor is the cause of short circuit catastrophic failure of LED packages. The variation patterns of ideality factor and reverse leakage current support this hypothesis. The information presented can be used to develop a catastrophic life estimation model for LED packages under current and temperature stress.