cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition-Metal-Free Direct Arylation: Synthesis of Halogenated 2-Amino-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-biaryls and Mechanism by DFT Calculations

A transition-metal-free, regioselective direct aryl–aryl bond-forming process for the synthesis of halogenated 2-amino-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-biaryls that are currently either inaccessible or challenging to prepare using conventional methods is disclosed. The addition of ArMgX to an o-halonitrobenzene at low temperature generates a transient N,O-biarylhydroxylamine that rapidly undergoes either [3,3]- or [5,5]-sigmatropic rearrangement in one-pot to form a 2-amino-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-biaryl or 1-amino-1′-hydroxy-4,4′-biaryl, respectively. The periselectivity is controlled by the choice of solvent and temperature. This direct arylation process is also readily scalable (1–10 mmol). DFT calculations suggest that from the N,O-biarylhydroxylamine intermediate there is a low-energy stepwise pathway that involves initial Mg-mediated N–O bond cleavage followed by pathway branching toward either [3,3]- or [5,5]-rearrangement products via C–C bond formation and rearomatization.
NICE POLYNOMIALS FOR INTRODUCTORY GALOIS THEORY

Dick and Jane are students in an advanced undergraduate modern algebra course. They are studying Galois theory. To help them we write down a family of polynomials {ff(x): n > 1) where f,(x) has degree i. We then show them how to check, using standard methods that they have used before, that the polynomials f (x) for primes p have Galois group the symmetric group on p letters. Let's see how. Dick and Jane are fortunate to have had a good high school background in mathematics. They have learned about prime factorization of integers since grade school. They know that a polynomial f(x) = Enc xi of degree n with rational coefficients has a rational root a if and only if the polynomial (x a) is a factor of p(x); that is, f(a) = 0 -=*f(x) = (x a)g(x) for some polynomial g(x) with rational coefficients. They also know that if f(x) is a nonconstant polynomial with integer coefficients, then any rational root P of f(x), where p and q are relatively prime
PARTIES AND PARTISANSHIP: A Brief Introduction

the recount proceed. The reactions and interpretations of the vote in Florida were molded and shaped by one's partisanship. The influence of this force could be seen in all aspects of our political process, including the legal system. The Supreme Courts of Florida and the United States both showed their partisan stripes. The many battles that followed the closest election in modem times underscored the importance of partisanship and certainly provide the justification for closer inspection of this important political force. Of course, the horrible events of 9-11 made the memories of the 2000 presidential election seemed part of the distant past. Following the events of that horrific day, there was, in effect, a suspension of partisan feelings.' Nearly every Republican rallied to the side of President Bush, as one might expect. But so did Democrats and in record numbers-over 80% of Democrats approved of Bush's handling of U.S.'s response to the terrorist attacks.2 Democrats in Congress also offered their strong support to the president, avoiding any hint of criticism. It appears that in the shadow of the wreckage from New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C., people were less likely to think of themselves as Democrats or Republicans. Instead, we all were Americans. The upsurge in displays of the American flag on our cars and our homes underscored this shift. This wave of national unity helped President Bush chart a quick and powerful response to these terrorist attacks. At first, some observers thought that the tragic events of that September
Computer-assisted structure — Antileukemic activity analysis of purines and their aza and deaza analogs

The National Cancer Institute (NCI), in a continuing effort to discover novel anticancer leads, has screened more than 350,000 compounds. Thus, extensive chemical and biological database files have become available. The recent establishment of the chemistry-biology computer interlink offers the opportunity to undertake carefully planned structure-activity studies. Although a selective acquisition approach in the screening program is now adopted by the NCI [1] promising antitumor leads still have to be developed from the screening of large numbers of compounds in various tumor systems. These novel leads can then be optimized through both structure-activity analysis of the total NCI file and analog synthesis.
Clinical observation of effects of combination therapy of montelukast and azithromycin on treating mycoplasma pneumonia in children

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of combination therapy of montelukast and azithromycin on treating children mycoplasma pneumonia.Methods 68 children patients with mycoplasma pneumonia were randomly divided into the experimental and the control groups.The control group was treated with oral azithromycin and the experimental group was treated with oral montelukast on the basis of treatment in the control group.Results The course of both symptoms relieving and signs recovery was significantly shorter in the experimental group,compared with the control group.The recurrence rate of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group after six months follow-up.1 case of rash was observed in the experimental group,and the incidence of adverse reactions was 2.9%.Conclusion The combination therapy of montelukast and azithromycin is effective to treat mycoplasma pneumonia in children.The therapy can shorten the course of disease and reduce the rate of recurrence with low incidence of adverse reactions.The combination therapy of montelukast and azithromycin is worthy of being recommended for clinical application.
Presolar grains: a record of stellar nucleosynthesis and processes in interstellar space

Overview Presolar grains give us a direct window into stellar nucleosynthesis and provide probes of processes in interstellar space and in the solar nebula. Known types of presolar grains originated in the winds or ejecta of stars that lived and died before the solar system formed. After presenting a short history of how presolar grains came to be recognized, we describe how to identify presolar grains, the techniques used to study them, and the various types of grains currently available for study. We then review what presolar grains can tell us about stellar nucleosynthesis, the environments around evolved stars and in the interstellar medium, and how they can be used as probes of conditions in the early solar system. Grains that predate the solar system In recent years, a new source of information about stellar nucleosynthesis and the history of the elements between their ejection from stars and their incorporation into the solar system has become available. This source is the tiny dust grains that condensed from gas ejected from stars at the end of their lives and that survived unaltered to be incorporated into solar system materials. These presolar grains (Fig. 5.1) originated before the solar system formed and were part of the raw materials for the Sun, the planets, and other solar-system objects. They survived the collapse of the Sun's parent molecular cloud and the formation of the accretion disk and were incorporated essentially unchanged into the parent bodies of the chondritic meteorites.
The stabilization of partially-premixed jet flames in the presence of high potential electric fields

Abstract Numerous research efforts have focused on flame stabilization and emissions. Based on initial experiments, specific mechanisms resulting from DC electric fields were chosen to be investigated, namely the chemical, thermal, and ionization mechanisms. Numerical simulations were performed on premixed propane-ozone-air flames to characterize ozone effects on flame speed resulting from the formation of ozone in high potential electric fields. These results were compared against partially premixed flame experiments to observe the dominant influences within leading edge stabilization within high potential electric fields. It was found that the electromagnetic or ionization influences, serve as the dominant effect on the combustion zone.
Ultrafast absorption recovery in germanium/silicon-germanium quantum wells

We show ultrafast absorption changes in germanium-based quantum wells, attributing these to exciton bleaching, ultrafast intervalley scattering, carrier escape and transport, and field screening, and compare these experimental results to modeling.
Health Care and the Housing Crisis

We show that the percentage of people in a county without health insurance in 2005 is a strong and robust predictor of subsequent home value declines in that county during the housing crisis. Our preferred estimates indicate that a 10 percentage point increase in uninsured county residents in 2005 is associated with approximately 4 additional percentage points of home value decline between 2006 and 2010. We also provide evidence that this relationship was essentially nonexistent in Massachussets, where comprehensive health care reform was passed just before the housing crisis began. Our results contribute to the growing literature on the financial benefits of obtaining health insurance, but we are the first to show a link between health insurance and housing market outcomes. We also add to the literature on the household-level determinants of the recession; considering that uninsured households are likely to pay medical debt with consumer credit or home equity loans, our results shed light on one mechanism by which pre-recession household leverage may have exacerbated the recession. These results have important policy implications as the federal government considers a revision of the Affordable Care Act.
Development of an automated assessment tool for MedWatch reports in the FDA adverse event reporting system

Objective: As the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) receives over a million adverse event reports associated with medication use every year, a system is needed to aid FDA safety evaluators in identifying reports most likely to demonstrate causal relationships to the suspect medications. We combined text mining with machine learning to construct and evaluate such a system to identify medication-related adverse event reports. Methods: FDA safety evaluators assessed 326 reports for medication-related causality. We engineered features from these reports and constructed random forest, L1 regularized logistic regression, and support vector machine models. We evaluated model accuracy and further assessed utility by generating report rankings that represented a prioritized report review process. Results: Our random forest model showed the best performance in report ranking and accuracy, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.66. The generated report ordering assigns reports with a higher probability of medication-related causality a higher rank and is significantly correlated to a perfect report ordering, with a Kendall’s tau of 0.24 (P = .002). Conclusion: Our models produced prioritized report orderings that enable FDA safety evaluators to focus on reports that are more likely to contain valuable medication-related adverse event information. Applying our models to all FDA adverse event reports has the potential to streamline the manual review process and greatly reduce reviewer workload.
B Lab: Building a new sector of the economy

The founders of B Lab are on a mission to create a new sector of the economy, and are specifically focused on a three objectives: 1) building a community of Certified B Corporations (B=Benefit) that legally expand their corporate responsibilities to include consideration of diverse stakeholder interests, 2) advancing the public policies necessary to create a new corporate form called a Benefit Corporation, and 3) creating an investment rating system to help drive institutional investment to the emerging asset class of "impact investments." The case considers the challenges associated with achieving each one of these objectives, let alone all three at the same time. Is B Lab's tripartite strategy its secret sauce or its albatross? Learning Objective: To understand processes of institutional change and the challenges of balancing social benefit and business value.
Successful treatment of pure red cell aplasia because of ABO major mismatched stem cell transplant

Background Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a well-documented potential side effect of ABO major mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants. This side effect may be self-limiting, but is sometimes treated using modalities such as steroids, antithymocyte globulin, donor lymphocyte infusions, rituximab, or plasma exchanges. Another well-documented cause of pure red cell aplasia is a chronic parvovirus B19 infection, which may be seen in immunocompromised hosts. The treatment of this cause of PRCA includes removal of immunosuppression, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), or rituximab; however, this condition may also be self-limiting. Case Report We show a case of a patient with PRCA who had previously received an ABO major mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, but also had an identified source of parvovirus B19 in his marrow post-transplant. Results He underwent several various treatments for his PRCA, including rituximab, bortezomib, and then plasma exchange. Anti-A IgM and IgG titers were drawn throughout his treatment course, and fell from 512 (anti-A IgM) and 1024 (anti-A IgG) to 2 (anti-A IgM) and 8 (anti-A IgG). After his last plasma exchange procedure, the patient's hemoglobin and reticulocyte count rose from 6.6 g/dL and 12.5 × 109/L (respectively) at the onset of the PRCA diagnosis to 9.6 g/dL and 138.1 × 109/L after a series of 14 plasma exchanges. Conclusion This demonstrates a case of PRCA caused by an ABO major mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant that was potentially complicated by a parvovirus infection, which was treated with multiple therapeutic interventions including a series of therapeutic plasma exchanges, rituximab, and bortezomib. Successful resolution of the patient's PRCA was achieved.
The cultural powers of the gene — identity, destiny and the social meaning of heredity

The contemporary gene seems, in popular sources, to determine fate, identity and social place. In this paper, I explore how images of heredity and DNA facilitate institutional goals — for employers, schools and county — and how they define individuals as simply DNA writ large. I suggest that DNA functions as the contemporary equivalent of the Christian soul — containing the essence of the individual, and conferring genetic “immortality”.
The Rhetorical Power of Archival Description: Classifying Images of Gender Transgression

Furthering the field’s attention to the rhetoric of archives, this article offers an extended consideration of archival description as an information infrastructure that provides powerful, although...
The Chemistry and Growth of MOVPE-Based Selective Epitaxy

The expansion of device and materials concepts over the last decade was a result of the accurate and controlled growth of epitaxial materials whose composition can be modulated on the monolayer level in the growth direction. Selective area growth extends this dimensional control during growth from a typically planar conformal deposition to the achievement of an arbitrary lateral definition down to the sub-micron level. This structural control in three dimensions leads to new materials, physical structures, and devices. Selective epitaxy will form a key element in the development of advanced electric and opto-electronic devices and establishes the basis for an integrated materials technology for detector applications. The achievement of a selective epitaxy technology requires the determination of the surface chemistry important for selective deposition, the identification of alternative growth precursors, surface modification to enhance the selectivity and finally the development of useful models of the selective growth process incorporating chemically-based findings. The development of selective epitaxial techniques have centered on the use of conventional precursors such as trimethyl gallium in combination with AsH3. Halogen-based growth chemistries have offered an alternative growth chemistry for achieving selective epitaxy. Recently, the development of new precursors, such as diethyl gallium chloride, or the use of conventional precursors in conjunction with HC1 or AsCl3 have offered greater flexibility in the development of a selective area epitaxial process.
Aortic valve hemodynamics in atrial fibrillation: Should the highest Doppler signal be used to estimate severity of aortic stenosis?

Grading severity of AS in AF is complicated by varying stroke volumes associated with fluctuating maximum velocities and pressure gradients across the aortic valve. Current guidelines recommend averaging five continuous-wave peak velocity and mean gradient (MG) Doppler signals across the aortic valve when estimating severity of AS in AF. However, it is unknown when grading severity of AS how the average of multiple Doppler signals vs the highest Doppler signal in AF compares to the Doppler signals when the patient is in normal sinus rhythm. We present a series of patients with AS who had two echocardiograms performed within 2-4 months of each other, one when in normal sinus rhythm and one when in AF, and compare the aortic valve hemodynamics associated with the two rhythms.
Minimum path problems in normed spaces: reflection and refraction

The paper deals with the existence and characterization of minimum or extremum paths connecting two given points in a vector space, which is divided by a barrier (a curve C if the space is 2-dimensional) into two parts with different norms. The global problem of existence of polygonal paths of shortest length is dealt with in Section 2. An example shows that, for a curve with a point of inflection, such paths may not exist. However, the existence of such paths is proved for a more restricted class of curves (Theorem 2.3). The notion of permissible polygonal paths is introduced, and it is shown that, for a very general class of curves, such paths of shortest length do exist (Theorem 2.2). Sections 3 and 4 deal with the local conditions at the intersection of the extremal path with the curve C. Theorem 4.1 establishes a geometric characterization of the point of intersection, and Eqs. (13) and (15) are formulas for the angles that the segments of the extremal path make with a fixed axis or with the normal to C at the point of intersection. The case where the unit circles of the tax norms are Euclidean circles with different radii leads to the traditional Snell law. Section 6 deals with the law of reflection at the curve C, which in the case of the Euclidean norm asserts the equality of the angles of incidence and reflection. The n-dimensional case, where the curve C is replaced by a hypersurface, is considered briefly in Section 7.
Multidisciplinary Teaching: The Interaction of the Specialties

Although multidisciplinary education has been an evolving concept over the past 50 years, it has begun to gain more momentum in the last decade or so, especially in the healthcare industry. Multidisciplinary education is very appealing to many with one of the major thoughts driving the popularity being that healthcare providers need to interact as a team and one great way to achieve this teamwork is to train together. Multidisciplinary education is truly a continuum that varies from simply having a guest speaker from another specialty to actual group learning with multiple specialties in a classroom being taught by authorities from multiple specialties. Many administrators believe that there are traditional barriers that exist between healthcare providers, and these administrators feel that multidisciplinary education is a great way to break down traditional barriers, especially when the trainees are of different levels of education (i.e., nursing and physicians). There is now greater pressure than ever to develop multidisciplinary educational programs due to beliefs that such training will result in major improvements in the quality and cost-effectiveness of patient care.
PACKAGES AND PACKAGING

“We're dispelling the myths about canned foods, like, for example, that they're less nutritious than fresh or frozen. And… we have the research to support that”.
A Critique of Social Bonding and Control Theory of Delinquency Using the Principles of Psychology of Mind.

The present paper first describes the refined principles of Psychology of Mind (POM) and shows how their logical interaction can help explain the comparative amounts of both deviant and conforming behavior engaged in by youthful offenders. The logic of these principles is then used to examine the major assumptions of social bonding and control theory of delinquency focusing predominantly on the formulations of Walter Reckless (1956) and Travis Hirschi (1969).
Distribution and Density Functions

Distribution Functions — In Chapter 2, the distribution function (or cumulative distribution function) has been introduced both explicitly and implicitly. We repeat the definition.
Pulsed vibro-acoustic method for assessment of osteoporosis & osteopenia: A feasibility study on human subjects.

Abstract. In this paper we propose a new non-invasive ultrasound method, pulsed vibro-acoustic, for evaluating osteoporotic and osteopenic bone in humans. Vibro-acoustic method uses acoustic radiation force (ARF) to stimulate bone and the resulting acoustic signal can be used to characterize bone. The resulting acoustic signal is collected by a hydrophone at the skin surface. Wave velocity and numbers of intrinsic modes are used for analysis. Wave velocity is estimated using the received signal and maximum power mode of the decomposed signal is estimated using variational mode composition from different push points of ARF based on the cross-correlation method. A total of 27 adult volunteers, including healthy and those diagnosed with osteopenia and osteoporosis, were tested. Results of pulsed vibro-acoustic test on tibia of volunteers showed that healthy group could be differentiated from osteoporosis or osteopenia (p
Clinicopathologic profile and treatment outcomes of non-sensitizing EGFR and HER2 (ERBB2) activating mutations in NSCLC: Results from a single-center retrospective study.

9090Background: The clinicopathologic characteristics and optimal treatment strategies for non-sensitizing EGFR (ns-EGFR) and HER2 activating mutations in NSCLC remain unclear. Methods: Single-cent...
Development and Application of a Dual-Purpose Nanoparticle Platform for Delivery and Imaging of siRNA in Tumors

The vision of using a single therapeutic agent with sufficient generality to allow application to a wide variety of diseases, yet specific enough to permit intervention at single molecular stages of the pathology, is rapidly becoming a reality through the emergence of RNA interference. RNA interference can be used to inhibit the expression of virtually any gene and, at the same time, has single-nucleotide specificity. Major challenges in applying RNA interference in vivo are adequate delivery of the siRNA molecule to the tissue of interest and methods of monitoring this delivery in a noninvasive manner. With this in mind, we have developed an approach not only to deliver siRNA to tumors, but also to track the success of the delivery by noninvasive imaging. To accomplish this, we designed a dual-function probe, MN-NIRF-siRNA, which consists of magnetic nanoparticles (MN) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), labeled with Cy5.5 dye for near-infrared in vivo optical imaging (NIRF), conjugated to myristoylated polyarginine peptides (MPAPs) for translocation of the complex into the cytosol, and carrying siRNA targeting tumor-specific genes. Administration of MN-NIRF-siRNA to tumor-bearing mice allowed us to monitor the delivery of the agent to tumors by MRI and NIRF imaging and resulted in efficient silencing of the target genes. This approach can significantly advance the therapeutic potential of RNA interference by providing a way not only to effectively shuttle siRNA to target sites but also to noninvasively assess the bioavailability of the siRNA molecule.
Measurement of static pressure profiles of vortex flashing R134a flow expanded through convergent-divergent nozzles.

Abstract Vortex control is a novel two-phase convergent–divergent nozzle restrictiveness control mechanism which achieves flow control by adjustable nozzle inlet vortex strength. It can potentially provide flow control with less sacrifice of nozzle efficiency, which is important for two-phase ejector cooling cycle performance. It is also less vulnerable to clogging. However, the underlying mechanism behind vortex control is still unclear. In this study, static pressure profiles of vortex flashing R134a flow expanded through nozzles under various conditions have been measured. A 1D model for the estimation of vapor qualities in the initially subcooled flashing nozzle flow based on the measurement results was also developed. It was found that after the introduction of inlet vortex to the initially subcooled flashing nozzle flow, the pressure drop across the divergent part has been increased, which is caused by the increased vapor generation in the divergent part. The elevated nozzle throat pressure results in the nozzle behaving like being more restrictive. When the inlet vortex is applied to flashing nozzle flow with two-phase at the nozzle inlet or single-phase liquid nozzle flow, the influence of inlet vortex on the nozzle restrictiveness and the nozzle pressure profile is insignificant. The nozzle isentropic efficiency can be significantly increased by applying inlet vortex, which could be beneficial to ejector performance when the vortex nozzle is used in ejectors. In order to achieve satisfactory vortex control range and high nozzle isentropic efficiency, the vortex nozzle divergent part length as well as the divergent angle need to be appropriately sized.
Cardiovascular health decline in adolescent girls in the NGHS cohort, 1987-1997.

Abstract Adolescence is a critical time for the preservation or loss of cardiovascular health. We aimed to describe trajectories of cardiovascular health in adolescent girls and identify early adolescent factors associated with cardiovascular health in young adulthood. We used data from the National Growth and Health Study, a longitudinal cohort of 2,379 girls followed annually from ages 9-19 years. We classified participants as having ideal, intermediate, or poor levels of the seven cardiovascular health metrics at four developmental stages: early (ages 9-11), middle (ages 12-14), and late (ages 15-17) adolescence, and early young adulthood (ages ≥18). We calculated total cardiovascular health scores (range 0-14) at each stage and empirically identified patterns of cardiovascular health trajectories. We examined associations between trajectory group membership and various demographic, behavioral, and physiological factors. Mean cardiovascular health scores declined with age from 10.8 to 9.4 in white girls and 10.3 to 8.9 in black girls; 17% of white girls and 23% of black girls had low cardiovascular health (score
Network effects: the influence of structural capital on open source project success

What determines the success of open source projects? In this study, we investigate the impact of network social capital on open source project success. We define network social capital as the benefits open source developers secure from their membership in developer collaboration networks. We focus on one specific type of success as measured by the rate of knowledge creation in an open source project. Specific hypotheses are developed and tested using a longitudinal panel of 2,378 projects hosted at SourceForge. We find that network social capital is not equally accessible to or appropriated by all projects. Our main results are as follows. First, projects with greater internal cohesion (that is, cohesion among the project members) are more successful. Second, external cohesion (that is, cohesion among the external contacts of a project) has an inverse U-shaped relationship with the project's success; moderate levels of external cohesion are best for a project's success rather than very low or very high levels. Third, the technological diversity of the external network of a project also has the greatest benefit when it is neither too low nor too high. Fourth, the number of direct and indirect external contacts positively affects a project's success such that the effect of the number of direct contacts is moderated by the number of indirect contacts. These results are robust to several control variables and alternate model specifications. Several theoretical and managerial implications are provided.
It's Okay to Get Nervous

This article is designed to reassure law students and new lawyers that they aren't unfit for courtroom work simply because they feel pangs of nervousness before law-school competitions or court appearances. After noting that our nation's most accomplished advocates feel nerves before big events, the article uses commentary and data from veteran lawyers, psychologists, and scholars to show that it's normal -- and even a positive sign -- for advocates to feel butterflies. The article also shares tips for dealing with courtroom jitters. The author hopes that this article will be a helpful resource for Legal Skills professors, moot-court coaches, and lawyers mentoring new hires.
Adam Smith and the Educative Critique: A response to my commentators

This paper is both a response to the four reviewers in a special symposium on my book Adam Smith’s Pluralism and a substantive discussion of philosophy of education. In it, I introduce what I call “the educative critique,” a mode of analysis similar to Marxist, feminist, or postcolonial critiques, but focusing on the educative role of a text. I argue that choosing education as a theme is itself a solution to interpretive difficulties, not an add-on that only concerns pedagogues and policy-makers.
Bending of Curved Tubes

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes bending of curved tubes. In 1910, A. Bantlin found, experimentally, that a curved tube is much more flexible in bending than a straight tube of the same cross section. The following year Von Karman gave a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon. Briefly, for a curved tube, there is a tendency for the cross section to flatten because of the continual change of direction of the stresses, which are parallel to the center line of the tube and which balance the applied moment. When flattening takes place, the strain in the outermost fibers of the tube, for a given change of curvature of the center line of the tube, is less than it would be if there were no flattening of the cross sections. Consequently, a smaller bending moment is required to produce a given change of curvature. This chapter presents equations for bending of a tube with uniform circular cross section. Trigonometric series solution for the tube with uniform circular cross section is presented. The equations for bending of a tube with uniform elliptical cross section are also discussed.
Analysis and design of cognitive radio networks and distributed radio resource management algorithms

Cognitive radio is frequently touted as a platform for implementing dynamic distributed radio resource management algorithms. In the envisioned scenarios, radios react to measurements of the network state and change their operation according to some goal driven algorithm. Ideally this flexibility and reactivity yields tremendous gains in performance. However, when the adaptations of the radios also change the network state, an interactive decision process is spawned and once desirable algorithms can lead to catastrophic failures when deployed in a network. This document presents techniques for modeling and analyzing the interactions of cognitive radio for the purpose of improving the design of cognitive radio and distributed radio resource management algorithms with particular interest towards characterizing the algorithms' steady-state, convergence, and stability properties. This is accomplished by combining traditional engineering and nonlinear programming analysis techniques with techniques from game to create a powerful model based approach that permits rapid characterization of a cognitive radio algorithm's properties. Insights gleaned from these models are used to establish novel design guidelines for cognitive radio design and powerful low-complexity cognitive radio algorithms. This research led to the creation of a new model of cognitive radio network behavior, an extensive number of new results related to the convergence, stability, and identification of potential and supermodular games, numerous design guidelines, and several novel algorithms related to power control, dynamic frequency selection, interference avoidance, and network formation. It is believed that by applying the analysis techniques and the design guidelines presented in this document, any wireless engineer will be able to quickly develop cognitive radio and distributed radio resource management algorithms that will significantly improve spectral efficiency and network and device performance while removing the need for significant post-deployment site management.
Women in the Field: Critical Feminist Methodologies and Theoretical Perspectives*

Feminist scholars have traditionally emphasized the importance of incorporating “the everyday” worlds of women into the historically masculinist theoretical and empirical foundations of the social sciences. Such emphases have commonly resulted in smaller-scale research projects and more interactive kinds of research methods and methodologies. Feminist geographers have uniquely contributed to the body of feminist scholarship through drawing out the importance of place in everyday constructions of gender and, more recently, sexuality. Critical field-based research has therefore from the beginning been the mainstay of subdisciplinary research. Like the discipline as a whole, however, little explicit attention has been given in publications or pedagogically to the politics of fieldwork (including how a “field” is defined and the politics involved in choosing and working in a particular “field”) or the politics of representation (which includes considerations of the partiality of knowledge and how and to whom ...
Black liquor and the hangover effect: fish assemblage recovery dynamics following a pulse disturbance.

Anthropogenic perturbations impact aquatic systems causing wide-ranging responses, from assemblage restructuring to assemblage recovery. Previous studies indicate the duration and intensity of disturbances play a role in the dynamics of assemblage recovery. In August 2011, the Pearl River, United States, was subjected to a weak black liquor spill from a paper mill which resulted in substantial loss of fish in a large stretch of the main channel. We quantified resilience and recovery of fish assemblage structure in the impacted area following the event. We compared downstream (impacted) assemblages to upstream (unimpacted) assemblages to determine initial impacts on structure. Additionally, we incorporated historic fish collections (1988–2011) to examine impacts on assemblage structure across broad temporal scales. Based on NMDS, upstream and downstream sites generally showed similar assemblage structure across sample periods with the exception of the 2 months postdischarge, where upstream and downstream sites visually differed. Multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) indicated significant seasonal variation among samples, but found no significant interaction between impacted and unimpacted assemblages following the discharge event. However, multivariate dispersion (MVDISP) showed greater variance among assemblage structure following the discharge event. These results suggest that 2 months following the disturbance represent a time period of stochasticity in regard to assemblage structure dynamics, and this was followed by rapid recovery. We term this dynamic the “hangover effect” as it represents the time frame from the cessation of the perturbation to the assemblage's return to predisturbance conditions. The availability and proximity of tributaries and upstream refugia, which were not affected by the disturbance, as well as the rapid recovery of abiotic parameters likely played a substantial role in assemblage recovery. This study not only demonstrates rapid recovery in an aquatic system, but further demonstrates the value of continuous, long-term, data collections which enhance our understanding of assemblage dynamics.
Chapter 6 Extraretinal signals in visual orientation

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the relative contributions of oculomotor inflow and outflow to the perception of location and to visually guided behavior. It focuses on the properties of outflow. Coverage is limited to the translations of the visual array rather than rotations and is largely confined to the horizontal dimension and to the fixed head, where there is no role for gravity receptors, head acceleration receptors, and skeletal muscle proprioceptors. The concept of oculomotor efference copy has come a long way in the past few decades. From a simple assumption about monitoring of eye innervation, the concept has grown to a family of related signals with varying gains, dynamics, and access to perceptual and motor apparatus. A subdiscipline of the neurosciences has grown up around the concepts of feedforward monitoring of eye position, and it is tackling the many problems that the research to date has revealed.
SLAM based shape adaptive coverage control using autonomous vehicles

The complete coverage problem requires the full exploration of the entire area, with real-world applications like floor cleaning, lawn mowing, search and rescue, etc. These tasks often do not have the exact a priori knowledge of the target area (e.g., exact shape of the lawn or oil spill area). Thus it is essential that the autonomous vehicle uses on-board sensor feedbacks for exploration so as to: i) dynamically build the a priori unknown environment, and ii) adapt its path in situ. In this regard, it is desired that the autonomous vehicle not only adapts to the obstacles (e.g., landmarks) but also to the shape of the target area (e.g., the lawn) to save time and energy. Since, GPS may not be accessible in all environments, this paper presents a SLAM-based shape adaptive coverage algorithm which assumes that the exact a priori information of the desired workspace is either unknown or only partially known. This algorithm integrates the online information of obstacle and boundary detection with the navigation control. The algorithm is built upon a discrete event supervisory controller which utilizes the concept of multi-resolution navigation to prevent the autonomous vehicle from getting stuck into any local minimum. The efficacy of the algorithm has been validated in a lawn mowing example on the high-fidelity Player/Stage simulator.
A Kinetic Model of Coronal Heating and Acceleration by Ion-Cyclotron Waves: Preliminary Results

We present a kinetic model of the heating and acceleration of coronal protons by outward-propagating ion-cyclotron waves on open, radial magnetic flux tubes. In contrast to fluid models which typically insist on bi-Maxwellian distributions and which spread the wave energy and momentum over the entire proton population, this model follows the kinetic evolution of the collisionless proton distribution function in response to the combination of the resonant wave-particle interaction and external forces. The approximation is made that pitch-angle scattering by the waves is faster than all other processes, resulting in proton distributions which are uniform over the resonant surfaces in velocity space. We further assume, in this preliminary version, that the waves are dispersionless so these resonant surfaces are portions of spheres centered on the radial sum of the Alfven speed and the proton bulk speed. We incorporate the fact that only those protons with radial speeds less than the bulk speed will be resonant with outward-propagating waves, so this rapid interaction acts only on the sunward half of the distribution. Despite this limitation, we find that the strong perpendicular heating of the resonant particles, coupled with the mirror force, results in substantial outward acceleration of the entire distribution. The proton distribution evolves towards an incomplete shell in velocity space, and appears vastly different from the distributions assumed in fluid models. Evidence of these distinctive distributions should be observable by instruments on Solar Probe.
Engineering gene regulatory networks: a reductionist approach to systems biology

Many fundamental cellular processes are governed by genetic programs which employ protein-DNA interactions in regulating function. Owing to recent technological advances, it is now possible to design synthetic gene regulatory networks, and the stage is set for the notion of engineered cellular control at the DNA level. Theoretically, the biochemistry of the feedback loops associated with protein-DNA interactions often leads to nonlinear equations, and the tools of nonlinear analysis become invaluable. In this talk, we describe how techniques from nonlinear dynamics and molecular biology can be utilized to model, design and construct synthetic gene regulatory networks. We present examples in which we integrate the development of a theoretical model with the construction of an experimental system. We also discuss the implications of synthetic gene networks for gene therapy, biotechnology, biocomputing and nanotechnology. In particular, we describe how engineered gene networks can be used to reverse-engineer naturally occurring gene regulatory networks. Such methods may prove useful in identifying and validating specific drug targets and in deconvolving the effects of chemical compounds.
Critique of Racial Discrimination in Private Housing

D ISCRIMINATION in housing has been a particularly tough nut to crack. While visible progress has been made in overcoming exclusion of Negroes from public accommodations and employment opportunities, the barriers erected to preserve all-white residential areas have been almost impenetrable. Part of the reason, of course, is the close relation between place of residence and the volatile issue of school attendance, with discrimination as to the former used to perpetuate segregation in the latter. Although there has recently been some state legislative action, the pattern exists virtually undisturbed. Theodore Leskes's observation in 1961 that "residential housing ... appears to be the last of the major areas of discrimination that the states have been willing to attack"' remains true today. Mr. Horowitz's paper is a response to these facts. It is chiefly devoted to exploring the validity of a judicial remedy for housing discrimination based on the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment. It must be read in the wider context of alternative institutional solutions-legislative and executive action at both federal and state levels. Mr. Horowitz
A tribute to Philip Barnett Bucky (1899–1957)

The late Prof. Philip B. Bucky is recognized as a pioneer in centrifuge modeling (e.g., Cheney, Centrifuges in soil mechanics, Balkema: The Netherlands 1988). This tribute is prepared in his memorial for the technique that he proposed, which has now gone well beyond his imagination in the areas of application. A list containing Bucky’s major papers on centrifuge modeling is included in the references.
Prediction and characterization of heat-affected zone formation in tin-bismuth alloys due to nickel-aluminum multilayer foil reaction

Reactive multilayer foils have the potential to be used as local high intensity heat sources for a variety of applications. Most of the past research effort concerning these materials have focused on understanding the structure-property relationships of the foils that govern the energy released during a reaction. To improve the ability of researchers to more rapidly develop technologies based on reactive multilayer foils, a deeper and more predictive understanding of the relationship between the heat released from the foil and microstructural evolution in the neighboring materials is needed. This work describes the development of a numerical model for the purpose of predicting heat affected zone size in substrate materials. The model is experimentally validated using a commercially available Ni-Al multilayer foils and alloys from the Sn-Bi binary system. To accomplish this, phenomenological models for predicting the variation of physical properties (i.e., thermal conductivity, density, and heat capacity) with temperature and composition in the Sn-Bi system were utilized using literature data.
Effect of Serine Hydroxamate on Phospholipid Synthesis in Escherichia coli

Serine hydroxamate, which inhibits the charging of seryl-transfer ribonucleic acid, reduced the synthesis of phospholipid and nucleic acids in Escherichia coli. This effect was analogous to depriving amino acid auxotrophs of their nutritional requirement and appears to be a manifestation of the stringent response shown by rel(+) strains of E. coli. Amino acid starvation (serine or methionine) alone or serine hydroxamate treatment alone results in 60 to 80% inhibition of lipid accumulation, 90% inhibition of ribonucleic acid accumulation, and an increase in guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp). These three effects were reversed by addition of chloramphenicol (CM). A combination of serine starvation and serine hydroxamate treatment resulted in inhibition of lipid and RNA accumulation as well as an increase in ppGpp, but the consequences of the double block were not reversed by CM. We conclude that a strong interrelationship exists among these processes and that CM acts to relax a stringent response by mechanisms other than interference with ppGpp formation. All species of phospholipid were affected by a stringent response evoked by amino acid starvation or addition of serine hydroxamate, but in all cases the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine was most severely inhibited. Serine hydroxamate was not incorporated into lipid but specifically caused phosphatidylserine accumulation. Serine starvation produced a dramatic alteration of the distribution of isotope incorporated into phospholipid, which resulted from the stringent response compounded with the limitation of a substrate for phosphatidylserine synthesis.
A global increase in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels marks osteoarthritic chondrocytes.

Objective To investigate the role of the newly discovered epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and its regulators in altered gene expression in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Cartilage was obtained from OA patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty and from control patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Global levels of 5hmC and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) were investigated using immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and cellular staining. Gene expression changes were monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Levels of locus-specific 5hmC and 5mC at CpG sites in the matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-3, ADAMTS-5, and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT-1) promoters were quantified using a glucosylation and enzyme digestion–based method followed by quantitative PCR analysis. Global and locus-specific 5hmC levels and gene expression changes were monitored in normal chondrocytes stimulated with inflammatory cytokines to identify the effect of joint inflammation. Results A global 5–6-fold increase in 5hmC concomitant with a loss of TET1 was observed in human OA chondrocytes compared to normal chondrocytes. Enrichment of 5hmC was observed in promoters of enzymes critical to OA pathology, MMP-1 and MMP-3. Short-term treatment of normal chondrocytes with inflammatory cytokines induced a rapid decrease in TET1 expression but no global or locus-specific 5hmC enrichment. Conclusion This study provides the first evidence of an epigenetic imbalance of the 5hmC homeostasis in OA leading to TET1 down-regulation and 5hmC accumulation. Our experiments identify 5hmC and its regulators as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in OA.