cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scalar Implicature, Hurford's Constraint, Contrastiveness and How They All Come Together

Disjunction with two scalar items, such as some or all of the books, has been re- garded as evidence for the grammatical theory of scalar implicature (e.g., Chierchia, Fox and Spector 2012). Hurford's Constraint (Hurford 1974) provides that disjuncts are banned from having an entailing relation, and to make such a disjunction comply Hurford's Constraint, the meaning of some must be locally strengthened. Interestingly, however, the order of dis- joined scalar items is not free, as noted by Singh (2008). The order in which a weaker scalar item comes rst followed by its stronger scalar mate is better than the other order. I present an analysis of this ordering restriction based on the novel observation that the restriction is not only found in disjunction but in contrastive environments in general. I propose that contrasting a linguistic expression requires a 'contrast antecedent', which must elicit a set of mutually exclusive alternatives that includes the meaning of the contrasted expression. It will be demonstrated how the mutual exclusivity requirement presents a principled explana- tion for the ordering asymmetry. One of the indispensable ingredients in the proposal is the grammatical/conventional generation of scalar implicatures, as the strengthened meaning must be the basis of alternatives. The paper also provides a speculative analysis of only, in which I suggest that the process of exhausti cation in the grammatical theory of scalar implicature should not be characterized as the implicit only, as their semantic contributions are more different than commonly assumed
SIMILE enables alignment of fragmentation mass spectra with statistical significance

Abstract Interrelating compounds according to their aligned fragmentation spectra is central to tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. However, current alignment algorithms do not provide statistical significance and compounds that have multiple delocalized structural differences often fail to have their fragment ions aligned. Significant Interrelation of MS/MS Ions via Laplacian Embedding (SIMILE) is a new tool inspired by protein sequence alignment for aligning fragmentation spectra with statistical significance and allowance for multiple chemical differences. We found SIMILE yields 550% more pairs of structurally similar compounds than commonly used cosine-based scoring algorithms, and anticipate SIMILE will fill an important role by also providing p-values for fragmentation spectra alignments to explore structural relationships between compounds.
DMFT Exchange–Correlation Potentials for Static DFT

In this chapter, we summarize the progress made in building the DFT XC potentials for strongly correlated materials with DMFT. These potentials are very important since they will allow to study strongly correlated materials with very powerful ab initio tool and solve the problems not accessible to DMFT so far. Namely, we discuss two main approaches used for this purpose—calculations of the XC potential from the XC energy obtained with DMFT that gives an LDA-type of potential and deriving the XC potential from the many-body electron self-energy in the framework of the Sham–Schlueter equation. After the last approach is formulated, we propose several algorithms to find the solution for the XC potential.
Climate Effect, Globalization, and Ethics in Allergy

The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing rapidly and has already reached an epidemic level. Two major drivers of this development are climate change and globalization, which both induce an increase in allergens. Concomitant climate change fosters the spreading of the latter on a global scale. The increase in allergens not only aggravates the symptoms and the degree of suffering for patients who already are allergic, but also gives rise to new cases of allergies. The distribution of allergies in society follows a steep socioeconomic gradient worldwide. According to well-established theories of justice such a distribution of the allergy burden is unfair. This fact adds a major ethical dimension and challenge to the allergy epidemic. This chapter draws on the key points of policies for allergy prevention and treatment. It shows how related programs and measures can be conceptualized and prioritized according to the principles of distributional justice.
Improved modelling of soil NO x emissions in a high temperature agricultural region: role of background emissions on NO 2 trend over the US

EPA reports a steady decline of US anthropogenic NOx emissions in 2005-2019 summers, while NO2 Vertical Column Densities (VCDs) from the OMI satellite over large spatial domains have flattened since 2009. To better understand the contributing factors to a flattening of the OMI NO2 trends, we investigate the role of soil and lightning NOx emissions on this apparent disagreement. We improve soil NOx emissions estimates using a new observation-based temperature response, which increases the linear correlation coefficient between GEOS-Chem simulated and OMI NO2 VCDs by 0.05-0.2 over the Central US. Multivariate trend analysis reveals that soil and lightning NOx combined emissions trends change from -3.95% a-1 during 2005-2009 to 0.60% a-1 from 2009 to 2019, thereby rendering the abrupt slowdown of total NOx emissions reduction. Non-linear inter-annual variations explain 6.6% of the variance of total NOx emissions. As background emissions become relatively larger with uncertain inter-annual variations, the NO2 VCDs alone at the national scale, especially in the vast rural areas, will be insufficient to discern the trend of anthropogenic emissions.
Bounding the beta invariant of 3-connected matroids

Abstract The beta invariant is related to the Chromatic and Tutte Polynomials and has been studied by Crapo [4] , Brylawski [2] , Oxley [7] and others. Crapo [4] showed that a matroid with at least two elements is connected if and only if its beta invariant is greater than zero. Brylawski [2] showed that a connected matroid has beta invariant one if and only if M is isomorphic to a serial-parallel network. Oxley [7] characterized all matroids with beta invariant two, three and four. In this paper, we first give a best possible lower bound on the beta invariant of 3-connected matroids, then we characterize all 3-connected matroids attaining the lower bound. We also characterize all binary matroids with beta invariant 5, 6, and 7.
Ultrathin zwitterionic polymeric interphases for stable lithium metal anodes

Summary Lithium metal electrodeposits in the form of irregular morphological features, loosely termed dendrites, on planar anode substrates. The deposits may lead to rapid battery failure and safety concerns. Due to the highly reducing nature of Li (−3.04 V versus standard hydrogen electrode [SHE]), a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) inevitably forms at the electrode/electrolyte interface, which regulates the subsequent electrodeposition of Li. Rational design of the chemical, mechanical, and ion transport properties of SEI plays an important role in determining the morphology of electrodeposited metals. We report on using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) to create ultrathin conformal zwitterionic polymeric interphases with precise thicknesses in the range of 10–500 nm. It was found that zwitterionic moieties are able to tune the solvation environment of the lithium cation at the electrode/electrolyte interface, enabling compact, planar deposition of the lithium metal. These findings provide new directions for designing ionic polymeric interphases for metal anodes.
Wide-Awake Brachioplasty: A Safe and Effective Technique for Local Anesthesia:

Brachioplasty is a popular body contouring surgery which treats upper arm deformity related to both aging and massive weight loss. Demand for brachioplasty is growing, as the volume of bariatric su...
Electricity and H2 generation from hemicellulose by sequential fermentation and microbial fuel/electrolysis cell

Abstract Electricity and hydrogen generation by bacteria Geobacter sulfurreducens in a dual-chamber microbial fuel/electrolysis cell following the fermentation of hemicellulose by bacteria Moorella thermoacetica was investigated. Experimental results showed that 10 g l−1 xylose under 60 °C was appropriate for the fermentation of xylose by M. thermoacetica, yielding 0.87 g-acetic acid per gram of xylose consumed. Corncob hydrolysate could also be fermented to produce acetic acid, but with lower yield (0.74 g-acid per g-xylose). The broths of xylose and corncob hydrolysate fermented by M. thermoacetica containing acetic acid were fed to G. sulfurreducens in a dual-chamber microbial fuel/electrolysis cell for electricity and hydrogen generation. The highest open-circuit cell voltages generated were 802 and 745 mV, and hydrogen yields were 41.7 and 23.3 mmol per mol-acetate, in xylose and corncob hydrolysate fermentation broth media, respectively. The internal resistance of the microbial fuel/electrolysis cell fed with corncob hydrolysate fermentation broth (3472 Ω) was much higher than that with xylose fermentation broth (1993 Ω) or sodium acetate medium (467 Ω), which was believed to be the main cause of the variation in hydrogen yield of the three feeding media.
Herpes simplex infection of the female genital tract. I. Incidence of infection.

Abstract Two groups of female patients were examined for the presence of virus in the cervical area of the genital tract. The only agent isolated from a total of 2,393 specimens was herpes simplex virus. A rate of infection of 0.1 per cent was observed among women in cervical cytology clinics, and 1.6 per cent in those from the venereal disease clinics. No direct relationship of virus infection to the presence of abnormal cervical cytology was observed.
The effect of multiple-perspective thinking on problem solving

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between people's multiple-perspective (MP) thinking ability and their problem solving performance (defining problems and generating solutions). The reasons why people seek other perspectives were also investigated. The results showed that the number of perspectives used in defining problems was significantly correlated with the number of solutions generated later. Subjects with higher MP thinking scores were able to define problems from more perspectives and generate more solutions. Native English speakers wanted to hear other perspectives more because they wanted to confirm their thinking, while non-native English speakers wanted other perspectives more because they wanted to understand the scenarios better. The main implication is that there may be a culture difference in people's MP thinking ability and perception of multiple perspectives, and it might be possible to train people on their MP thinking to improve their problem solving performance.
Use of the HESI A2 Entrance Exam and GPA as Primary Admissions Criteria for Baccalaureate Nursing Education: A Secondary Analysis of Proposed and Existing Admissions Policies

Current employment opportunities for registered nurses are emphasizing the need for new graduates who are prepared to engage in critical thinking activities that demand on-the-spot decision-making. These market pressures have caught the attention of academic institutions to assess and refine their admissions policies to enroll the most qualified applicants for nursing educational programs. Schools of nursing also need to maximize existing resources for nursing education in a budget-tight economy. Selecting the best-qualified applicants and facilitating their retention presents one way to meet the demands of future employers and maximize dwindling resources. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate, compare, and contrast existing admissions criteria and selection policies from a pre-licensure baccalaureate nursing education program in the state of New Mexico with a proposed new state-wide admissions criteria. Existing selection criteria for the study institution and a proposed state-wide admissions policy both produce a rank-ordered, prioritized listing of students deemed best-suited for success in nursing education. The study compared and contrasted the results obtained using both methods from six consecutive cohorts of pre-licensure baccalaureate students enrolled in a four-year traditional program. Conclusions from the analysis support the use of the proposed state-wide model as an acceptable equivalent to the existing admissions process for the study institution. Further investigation is indicated to consider results from other institutions of similar size and location as well as comparisons with program exit exams and National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) NCLEX-RN first attempt pass rates.
Tungsten alloy fiber reinforced nickel base alloy composites for high temperature turbojet engine applications.

Tungsten alloy fiber reinforced Ni-base superalloy composites evaluated for high temperature turbojet engine applications, considering stress-rupture strength, oxidation and impact resistance
A comparison of five 16 kbps voice coding algorithms

The US Government's digital voice processor consortium measured the performance of five voice processors designed to produce high quality, high intelligibility speech at a digital transmission rate of 16 kbps. Performance was measured in terms of word intelligibility using the diagnostic rhyme test (DRT) and of voice quality using the diagnostic acceptability measure (DAM). Mean opinion scores (MOS) are also reported. The performance of the five 16 kbps voice processors is compared to the military standard at 16 kbps which is continuous variable slope delta modulations (CVSD) and the CCITT standard ADPCM at 32 kbps. Analysis of the data led the consortium to recommend that, subject to certain constraints, the adaptive predictive coder with hybrid quantization (APC-HQ) be established as the DOD standard for operation at 16 kbps. >
Work Design and Integration Glitches in Globally Distributed Technology Projects

In a technology project, project integration represents the pooling together of complete, interdependent task modules to form a physical product or software delivering a desired functionality. This study develops and tests a conceptual framework that examines the interrelationships between the elements of work design, project integration challenges, and project performance. We identify two distinct elements of work design in technology projects: (i) the type of project organization based on whether a technology project spans a firm boundary (Domestic-Outsourcing) or a country boundary (Offshore-Insourcing) or both boundaries (Offshore-Outsourcing) or no boundaries (Domestic-Insourcing), and (ii) the joint coordination practices among key stakeholders in a technology project—namely, Onsite Ratio and Joint-Task Ownership. Next, we measure the effectiveness of project integration using integration glitches that capture the incompatibility among interdependent task modules during project integration. Based on analysis of data from 830 technology projects, the results highlight the differential effects of distributed project organizations on integration glitches. Specifically, we find that project organizations that span both firm and country boundaries (Offshore-Outsourcing) experience significantly higher levels of integration glitches compared to domestic project organizations (Domestic-Outsourcing and Domestic-Insourcing). The results further indicate that the relationship between project organization type and integration glitches is moderated by the extent of joint coordination practices in a project. That is, managers can actively lower integration glitches by increasing the levels of onsite ratio and by promoting higher levels of joint-task ownership, particularly in project organization types that span both firm and country boundaries (Offshore-Outsourcing). Finally, the results demonstrate the practical significance of studying integration glitches by highlighting its significant negative effect on project performance.
Outcomes of surgery for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

Introduction. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare congenital heart disease and in some variants represents the only true surgical emergency in congenital heart surgery. Basic anatomical characteristic of this anomaly is an abnormal connection of pulmonary veins with systemic venous circulation. Although the results of TAPVC repair in infancy have been markedly improved in recent years, the recurrent pulmonary venous obstruction (RPVO) remains relatively frequent complication of surgical treatment. Objective. The aim of this study was a retrospective evaluation of TAPVC repair at a single institution, identifying the risk factors associated with the increased mortality and morbidity. Methods. Between January 2001 and January 2010, 43 consecutive patients underwent repair of TAPVC at the University Children’s Hospital, with median weight of 3.8 kg (1.8-13 kg). Median age at surgery varied from 5 days to 5 years. Distribution of TAPVC types was as follows: supracardiac 19 (44%), cardiac 12 (28%), infracardiac 9 (21%), and mixed 3 (7%). Eleven patients (26%) were emergencies due to obstructed drainage. Results. Early mortality was 9.30% (4/43). An average time of followup/survival for 95% interval of confidence was 101.6±6.7 months. Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival was 83.7±5.7%. Freedom from reintervention after 10 years was 87.2±0.5%. The principal reason for reintervention was RPVO. Conclusion. Preoperative obstruction is not a risk factor of early mortality and RPVO. Low body mass (below 2.5 kg) is the only identified risk factor of early mortality. Complex morphology of the confluens, particularly in a mixed type of TAPVR, is the main risk factor of RPVO development.
Ion implantation from the past and into the future

Abstract This paper is a view of the past, present and future of ion implantation equipment. From the discovery of charged particles in the last century, a set of apparatus has evolved for processing silicon by implanting several dopant species. The equipment is now standardized into two forms (serial medium, batch high) and produced by several major manufacturers. The technical requirements for device shrinkage in the next several generations of silicon products will focus technical ion beam efforts on lower energy implants with more stable high current beams. The fundamental change however lies in the market for silicon which is becoming totally dominated by consumer products (such as PCs); the relentless drive for lower cost memory and soon in microprocessors will force implanters to increase “ions to silicon”.
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: Application to Proof of Structure of Organic Ketones.

Many ketones containing an α-methylene group can be converted to α-diketone radical anions in dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The resulting radical anions can usually be unambiguously identified by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and the structure of the starting ketone may be deduced, often without reference to model compounds. The technique is also applicable to α-diketones, α-bromoketones, and α-hydroxyketones.
Excitonic gain and stimulated emission in ZnSe-based quantum wells up to room temperature

Abstract By employing both steady state and picosecond excitation spectroscopically, we show that the origin of gain and laser action in optically pumped (Zn, Cd)Se/ZnSe quantum wells in the blue-green is of excitonic nature. Among other observations we find that stimulated emission readily occurs when excitation takes place resonantly into the n = 1 HH exciton absorption line.
Experimental characterization of an angle-multiplexed holographic memory.

We demonstrate a simple angle-multiplexing holographic storage system, using a single acousto-optic deflector to achieve fast random access to the stored holograms. We used this system to store as many as 300 holograms in a 90°-geometry Fe:LiNbO3 crystal. To characterize the system performance, we analyzed the reconstructions in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio.
Photoreceptor sensitivity changes explain color appearance shifts induced by large uniform backgrounds in dichoptic matching

Photoreceptor sensitivity changes explained the effect of large uniform backgrounds on the color appearance of small targets in a dichoptic asymmetric color matching experiment. Subjects viewed in each eye a target superimposed on a large background. The backgrounds presented to the two eyes had different spectral compositions. Subjects adjusted the target seen by the right eye to match the appearance of the target seen by the left eye. Receptor sensitivity changes explained the effect of numerous adapting backgrounds on the color appearance of many targets with high precision. Post-receptoral sensitivity changes provided a poorer account of the data. The apparent sensitivity of each receptor class varied inversely with changes in background light absorbed by that receptor class, but did not depend on background light absorbed by the other two receptor classes.
The Wages of Day Labor: Homeless Workers in the Temporary Help Industry

ABSTRACT This paper develops two theoretical perspectives on the distribution of wages in formal day labor markets–an economic view of day labor as an undifferentiated “spot market,” and an organizational view that emphasizes “market-making” organizations. We assess the utility of these theories with original survey data on homeless men in the formal day labor industry in Tucson, Arizona, utilizing hierarchical linear models. Consistent with the spot market view, there is little differentiation in the market with respect to formal wage levels. However, once we take account of the hidden costs of employment, there is some variation in the “real wages” of day labor, which is explained by organizations' use of practices that externalize costs onto workers. These findings suggest the utility of an organizational approach to understanding the operation of seemingly “marketized” forms of employment.
Comparison of effects of decapitation and anesthesia on metabolic and hormonal parameters in Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract The modes of euthanasia by either anesthesia or by decapitation were compared by assesing several metabolic and hormonal parameters from plasma and hormone receptors from liver plasma membranes. Two different anesthetics were used. Compared to decapitation, euthanasia by anesthesia significantly increased plasma glucose and triglyceride levels but not plasma cholesterol. Plasma insulin was also significantly increased by anesthetics. No significant differences were observed in plasma glucagon levels or insulin and glucagon receptors from liver plasma membranes between rats euthasized by decapitation and anesthesia. Glucagon receptors were however, affected by diatery carbohydrates. It is concluded that in studies involving measurements of metabolic and hormonal parameters, the use of anesthesia is to be avoided for euthanasia and that decapitation should be the method of choice.
An algebraic method for constructing stable and consistent autoregressive filters

In this paper, we introduce an algebraic method to construct stable and consistent univariate autoregressive (AR) models of low order for filtering and predicting nonlinear turbulent signals with memory depth. By stable, we refer to the classical stability condition for the AR model. By consistent, we refer to the classical consistency constraints of Adams-Bashforth methods of order-two. One attractive feature of this algebraic method is that the model parameters can be obtained without directly knowing any training data set as opposed to many standard, regression-based parameterization methods. It takes only long-time average statistics as inputs. The proposed method provides a discretization time step interval which guarantees the existence of stable and consistent AR model and simultaneously produces the parameters for the AR models. In our numerical examples with two chaotic time series with different characteristics of decaying time scales, we find that the proposed AR models produce significantly more accurate short-term predictive skill and comparable filtering skill relative to the linear regression-based AR models. These encouraging results are robust across wide ranges of discretization times, observation times, and observation noise variances. Finally, we also find that the proposed model produces an improved short-time prediction relative to the linear regression-based AR-models in forecasting a data set that characterizes the variability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation, a dominant tropical atmospheric wave pattern.
Nonlinear output-feedback model predictive control with moving horizon estimation

We introduce an output-feedback approach to model predictive control that combines state estimation and control into a single min-max optimization. Under appropriate assumptions that ensure controllability and observability of the nonlinear process to be controlled, we prove that the state of the system remains bounded and establish bounds on the tracking error for trajectory tracking problems. The results apply both to infinite and finite-horizon optimizations, the latter requiring reversible dynamics and the use of a terminal cost that is an ISS-control Lyapunov function with respect to a disturbance input. A numerical example is presented that illustrates these results.
Some Effects of Turbulence on Photographic Resolution

Laboratory experiments have shown that the extent to which localized turbulence degrades photographic resolution is markedly dependent upon the location of the disturbance along the optical path. These experiments also indicate that the mean resolving power under such conditions increases with shutter speed. Comparable measurements made over outdoor ranges under average daytime conditions show that resolution increases with shutter speed at short distances, but becomes essentially independent of exposure time when the optical path is very long.
Adjustment to devaluation with money and nontraded goods

Abstract This paper analyzes the dynamics of adjustment to devaluation in a framework which highlights the role played by nontraded goods and money. We provide a specific analytical model of devaluation incorporating substitution effects in production and consumption as well as liquidity effects resulting from a stock-flow adjustment process. The analysis provides specific solutions for the time path of the balance of payments and the price of nontraded goods following devaluation.
Population control and the private sector.

Although most contraceptives in the world are manufactured distributed and sold in private sector institutions there is little existing literature on private distribution. Serious planning of population control programs would entail not only the study of attitudes knowledge and census data but also attention to the structure and extent of existing contraceptive distribution. The model of acceptance proposed here treats diffusion as a joint resultant of psychological acceptance variables (knowledge and motivation) and the accessibility variables (availability price information variety). Some pilot work has been done in Jamaica Trinidad Barbados and Puerto Rico in order to see how worthwhile it would be to research questions such as the availability of a contraceptive market and whom it serves and how distribution can be more widespread. Religious barriers and restricting laws are cited as impediments to larger distribution. The authors plan further studies employing techniques of marketing analysis.
Dispersive readout of a flux qubit at the single-photon level

A superconducting flux qubit is inductively coupled to a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, capacitively shunted to form a 1.294-GHz resonator. The qubit-state-dependent resonator frequency is weakly probed with a microwave signal and detected with a microstrip SQUID amplifier. At a mean resonator occupation $\overline{n}=1.5$ photons, the readout visibility is increased by a factor of 4.5 over that using a cryogenic semiconductor amplifier. As $\overline{n}$ is increased from 0.008 to 0.1, no reduction in ${T}_{1}$ is observed, potentially enabling continuous monitoring of the qubit state.
General office administration.

To manage his practice efficiently, the dentist should adopt and install a system of necessary records, to be supervised by himself or a competent business assistant. Good office administration will assure: (1) the prompt payment of accounts; (2) the recall of the patient at the correct time; (3) a steady, smooth flow of patients, and (4) a controlled inventory of supplies. It is advisable to retain the services of a tax expert to handle taxation problems.
A Note on Regime Classification in Disequilibrium Models

Recent applications of the disequilibrium econometric models of Fair-Jaffee (1972), (Amemiya (1974) and Maddala-Nelson (1974) give further details on maximum likelihood estimation), have reported estimate probabilities that each sample observation is from one regime or the other. Laffont and Garcia (1974) in their analysis of the market for business loans and Portes and Winter (1980) in their model of the consumption sector in centrally planned economies report for each sample point the probability that the point was from one of the regimes. Rosen and Quandt (1978) also try to identify periods of excess demand in a disequilibrium model of the US labour market. The purpose of this note is to point out that the classification method used to date, conditional on the estimated parameters, is not efficient and that the probabilities obtained by this method are not the appropriate probabilities to report. Looking at the disequilibrium model as giving a joint distribution of the dependent variable q and a binary variable D indicating the regime (see below), shows that reported probabilities have been based on the marginal distribution of D, which is appropriate for prediction rather than the distribution conditional on q, which is appropriate for classification. The latter takes a particularly simple form.
An idiotypic cross-reaction between two streptococcal antibodies from an individual rabbit.

A rabbit immunized with Group C streptococcal vaccine produced two antibodies with specificity for the Group C carbohydrate. Structural, idiotypic, and allotypic comparisons were made between these two antibodies. The use of recombinant molecules prepared from isolated H and L-chains showed the L-chains of the antibodies to be idiotypically identical while the H-chains were extensively cross-reactive, but distinct. The idiotypically identical L-chains differed in electrophoretic mobility in alkaline urea gels and in sequence at one position among the first 22 N-terminal residues. The H-chains could be differentiated not only idiotypically, but also by the subspecificities of their group a (a3) allotypic determinants.
Uncoupling of nucleotide flipping and DNA bending by the T4-pyrimidine dimer DNA glycosylase

Bacteriophage T4 pyrimidine dimer glycosylase (T4-Pdg) is a base excision repair protein that incises DNA at cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers that are formed as a consequence of exposure to ultraviolet light. Cocrystallization of T4-Pdg with substrate DNA has shown that the adenosine opposite the 5'-thymine of a thymine-thymine (TT) dimer is flipped into an extrahelical conformation and that the DNA backbone is kinked 60 degrees in the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. To examine the kinetic details of the precatalytic events in the T4-Pdg reaction mechanism, investigations were designed to separately assess nucleotide flipping and DNA bending. The fluorescent adenine base analogue, 2-aminopurine (2-AP), placed opposite an abasic site analogue, tetrahydrofuran, exhibited a 2.8-fold increase in emission intensity when flipped in the ES complex. Using the 2-AP fluorescence signal for nucleotide flipping, kon and koff pre-steady-state kinetic measurements were determined. DNA bending was assessed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer using fluorescent donor-acceptor pairs located at the 5'-ends of oligonucleotides in duplex DNA. The fluorescence intensity of the donor fluorophore was quenched by 15% in the ES complex as a result of an increased efficiency of energy transfer between the labeled ends of the DNA in the bent conformation. Kinetic analyses of the bending signal revealed an off rate that was 2.5-fold faster than the off rate for nucleotide flipping. These results demonstrate that the nucleotide flipping step can be uncoupled from the bending of DNA in the formation of an ES complex.
THE MITOTIC POTENTIAL OF FIXED PHAGOCYTES IN THE LIVER AS REVEALED DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY

Fixed macrophages in the liver of the mouse undergo mitosis in large numbers during an infection with Listeria monocytogenes. The macrophage mitotic response always precedes the expression of efficient host immunity to infection. It is suggested that macrophage proliferation is an important event in the development of host immunity to L. monocytogenes.
The Relationship of Play Activity and Gender to Parent and Child Sex-typed Communication

The influence of contextual factors on parent-child interactions, and the role of these factors in the incidence of gender differences in communication, was examined. Twelve daughters and twelve sons (mean age = 43 months) visited a university laboratory on separate occasions, once with their mothers and once with their fathers. During both visits, the parent-child pair played with a relatively masculine-stereotyped toy set, oriented toward construction play (a take-apart car), and a relatively feminine-stereotyped toy set, oriented toward social-dramatic play (props for a grocery store). Transcripts of the parent and child speech acts were coded while listening to audiotape recordings of the interactions. The results indicated that the play activity, and not the speaker's gender, significantly affected both parents' and children's use of different speech acts. Parent gender was an additional predictor of children's speech. All of the significant effects had large effect sizes. The findings support theore...
The optimality of myopic stocking policies for systems with decreasing purchasing prices

Abstract This paper studies the stocking/replenishment decisions for inventory systems where the purchasing price of an item decreases overtime. In a periodic review setting with stochastic demands, we model the purchasing prices of successive periods as a stochastic and decreasing sequence. To minimize the expected total discounted costs (purchasing, inventory holding and shortage penalty) for systems with backlogging and lost sales, we derive conditions, regarding the cost parameters, under which myopic stocking policies are optimal.
Computer pattern recognition: An automated method for evaluating motor activity and testing for neurotoxicity

An economical computer-based pattern recognition system, which has been designed to observe, classify, analyze, and record the spontaneous motor activity of the laboratory rat, is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the system are assessed in terms of characteristics generally held to be desirable for a motor activity screen of potentially neurotoxic chemicals. Data from rats exposed to 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine are compared with similar data previously taken with an earlier version of the system at another laboratory.
Use of the haematopoietic progenitor cell parameter in optimizing timing of peripheral blood stem cell harvest.

Background and objectives Timing of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) harvest is typically based on quantification of peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells. CD34 enumeration is expensive, requires expertise and takes a minimum of 1–2 h to perform. The Sysmex XE2100 is an automated haematology analyser that can rapidly and inexpensively identify haematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) populations in PB. The aim of this study was to examine if HPC can be used to optimize timing of PBSC harvest. Materials and methods White blood cell (WBC), HPC and CD34 counts were determined in a total of 60 mobilized donors. Data were analysed to examine the utility of WBC and HPC counts in predicting preharvest CD34+ counts. Results In adults presenting for autologous collection, a PB HPC threshold of > 30/µl predicts a preharvest CD34+ count of > 20/µl with sensitivity of 86% and positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%. Among paediatric patients with a diagnosis of neuroblastoma, an HPC threshold of > 16/µl yielded sensitivity and PPV of 100%, while in children with other diagnoses, an HPC cut-off of > 44/µl yielded sensitivity and PPV of 67% and 100%, respectively. Eighty per cent of adequately mobilized allogeneic donors were identified using an HPC threshold > 15/µl, with a PPV of 100%. PB WBC can also aid in predicting CD34 counts in most patient groups, albeit with lower sensitivity than HPC. Conclusion By virtue of being a sensitive and accurate predictor of preharvest CD34+ counts, our data support the use of the HPC parameter in optimizing the timing of PBSC harvest.
Utilization of thermal infrared thermometry for detection of water stress in spring barley

Abstract Spring barley was irrigated using a line source sprinkler system to impose an irrigation gradient at Las Cruces, NM, U.S.A. Canopy temperature ( T c ), air temperature ( T a ), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were measured along with leaf water potential of the flag leaves during the pre- and post-heading growth stages at three moisture levels located 0, 8 and 14 m from the sprinkler line. Canopy and air temperature and VPD measurements were also taken during the senescence stage. Aboveground biomass, grain yield and 1000-grain weight were determined at the three moisture levels at the end of the growing season. Seasonal evapotranspiration was determined at each moisture level using the water balance method. The crop water stress index (CWSI) was determined as the relative position between an upper and a loswer baseline relating T c − T a to VPD. The baselines were different for the pre- and post-heading stages. During the senescence stage, no relationship existed between T c − T a and VPD for any moisture level, and the average T c − T a was 5.2°C with a coefficient of variation of 28%. The CWSI was significantly ( P ≤0.05) related to measured evapotranspiration ( r 2 =0.99), leaf water potantial ( r 2 =0.75), aboveground biomass ( r 2 =0.93), grain yield ( r 2 =0.94) and 1000-grain weight ( r 2 =0.97).
Petroleomics: advanced molecular probe for petroleum heavy ends

To look into complex mixtures of petroleum heavy ends at the molecular level, ultra high-resolution mass spectrometry, i.e. resolving power > 50,000, is needed to resolve overlapping components for accurate determination of molecular composition of individual components. Recent progress in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) incorporated with soft ionization techniques adaptable to liquid chromatography enables analysis of petroleum high ends, i.e., heavy oils, residua and asphaltenes. FT-ICR MS at the Future Fuels Institute of Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) routinely provides 1,000,000 resolving power at 400 Da, with root mean square (rms) mass measurement accuracy between 30 and 500 ppb for 5000-30,000 identified species in a single mass spectrum. Phase correction of the detected ion signal increases resolving power 40-100%, improving mass accuracy up to twofold. Overlapping ionic species that differ in mass by as little as one electron mass (548 µDa) can be resolved. A database of more than 100,000 components of different elemental composition has been generated at NHMFL.
Design and Analysis of Simple Choice Surveys for Natural Resource Management

Abstract We used a simple yet powerful method for judging public support for management actions from randomized surveys. We asked respondents to rank choices (representing management regulations under consideration) according to their preference, and we then used discrete choice models to estimate probability of choosing among options (conditional on the set of options presented to respondents). Because choices may share similar unmodeled characteristics, the multinomial logit model, commonly applied to discrete choice data, may not be appropriate. We introduced the nested logit model, which offers a simple approach for incorporating correlation among choices. This forced choice survey approach provides a useful method of gathering public input; it is relatively easy to apply in practice, and the data are likely to be more informative than asking constituents to rate attractiveness of each option separately.
Whose Ox To Gore? a Comment On the Relationship Between Political Discontent and Political Violence

ACENTRAL assumption in the political behavior literature is that widespread popular discontent increases the potential for citizen mobilization and regime change (Easton 1975; Gamson 1968; Muller and Jukam 1977). Unfortunately, empirical studies have not always been able to demonstrate that there is a substantively significant relationship between various forms of discontent e.g., cynicism/mistrust, weak system support, policy dissatisfaction and individual-level measures of "aggressive" political participation. In the United States, for example, the spectacular erosion of public trust in government during the midto late-1960s prompted some scholars to speculate about the possibility of a "revolutionary alteration of the political and social system" (Miller 1974: 951). In spite of continued citizen dissatisfaction with the performance of our elected leaders and governmental institutions, however, the revolution has yet to materialize. For the vast majority of Americans, negative orientations toward the governing authorities do not appear to encourage participation in, or support for, acts of political protest and violence (cf. Citrin 1974). At the same time, we would be mistaken to conclude that there is no relationship whatever between feelings of discontent and the proclivity toward aggressive behavior; a substantial amount of research, conducted both in the United States and in other countries, suggests otherwise (e.g., Barnes et al. 1979; Marsh 1977; Muller 1977; Muller et al. 1982). Yet even the most productive analyses leave unexplained a great deal of variance in the dependent variable, and the following report is intended to explore one of the reasons why this might be the case. Using data from a non-random sample of 1500 college students, we will attempt to show that the willingness to engage in political violence depends on (a) an individual's attitudes concerning violence itself, and (b) the particular targets toward which one's violent acts would be directed. Most of our respondents are not prepared to employ violence under any circumstances but, among those who are, it is possible to identify three different behavioral types: students who endorse violent tactics only for the purpose of bringing about fundamental changes in the political system or its policies, those whose support is limited to action in defense of the status quo, and a third group which seems to regard violence as appropriate to either situation. The findings presented
Pathways from Adolescent Parent-Child Conflict to Substance Use Disorders in the Fourth Decade of Life

This 24-year community longitudinal study provides important information regarding parent-child conflict in adolescence (mean ages 14–16), vulnerable personality attributes and peer deviance in the twenties (mean age 22), and marital conflict and partner's illicit drug use in the late twenties and early thirties (mean ages 27–32) as related to a later diagnosis of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the thirties (mean ages 32–37). A community-based sample was interviewed between 1975 and 2007. Results based in structural equation modeling indicated that a weak parent-child bond was related to the development of drug-conducive personality traits, which was associated with the selection of drug-using peers and partners, which in turn, predicted SUDs. Both peer deviance and partner's illicit drug use had the greatest effects on SUDs. The findings should aid in formulating prevention and treatment programs targeting specific risk factors in adolescents, young adults, and adults.
A template for writing programs

Templates for writing programs in BASIC, FORTRAN, and Pascal are introduced and that for BASICA is described in full as an example. Reasons for using a template in program writing by students, instructors, and researchers are discussed and include increasing productivity, clarity, and communication between persons in an organization.
Metabolic interlock: Control of an interconvertible prephenate dehydratase by hydrophobic amino acids in Bacillus subtilis☆

Abstract The prephenate dehydratase of Bacillus subtilis exists as an equilibrium mixture of two interconvertible proteins, 55,000 daltons and 210,000 daltons, respectively. The properties of highly purified enzyme (600-fold) are the same as those observed in crude extracts, a finding that reinforces other indications that a single gene product is involved. Positive effectors ( l -methionine, l -leucine and prephenate) favor the 210,000 molecular weight species of enzyme, while negative effectors ( l -phenylalanine and l -tryptophan) favor dissociation of the enzyme to the 55,000 molecular weight species. The use of effector mixtures shows that l -phenylalanine-mediated dissociation is strongly dominant. In contrast, positive effectors can antagonize the otherwise potent dissociating effect of l -tryptophan. Activity in crude extracts is not proportional to enzyme concentration below 2.5 mg of protein per ml owing to the concentration-dependent nature of the interconversion. Positive effectors linearize the relation between reaction velocity and enzyme concentration, while negative effectors expand the range of enzyme concentration within which disproportionality is found. The multi-metabolite control of prephenate dehydratase provides an enzymological basis for interpathway relationships of regulation that is postulated to function as a metabolite balancing mechanism. A mechanism that preserves balanced levels of hydrophobic amino acids could contribute significantly to optimizing the process of protein synthesis.
Clause structure and grounding in Chinese written narrative discourse

This study examines the grounding functions of eight basic clause types in Chinese written narrative. It demonstrates that variations in constituent order and clause structure are a major means to designate events versus states at the clause level and ultimately a device to encode foregrounding versus backgrounding distinction. While perfective clauses in the canonical SV(O) word order typically designate major events and are signposts of foregrounding, deviations from this prototype tend to be interpreted as stative predications in the background. Variations in constituent order and clause structure even override the verb form in indicating situation types and grounding functions.
Inspiration and trust

Not every important problem can be solved through science and technology, but that doesn't mean they shouldn't be addressed.
Promises and pitfalls in the reconstitution of immunity in patients who have HIV-1 infection

Recent studies suggest that immunologic containment of HIV-1 is possible and the immune correlates of this control are being defined. There have been significant advances in our ability to elicit virus-specific immune responses, which have led to viral control in animal models. Although viral escape from the immune system is an important challenge, new strategies for therapeutic and preventative HIV-1 vaccination are being vigorously pursued in human trials.