cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific characteristics of the pain/depression association in the general population.

Objective: To evaluate how the presence of a chronic painful physical condition (CPPC) lasting 6 months or more influences the frequency and severity of depressive symptoms in subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD). Method: Random samples of 18,980 subjects aged between 15 and 100 years who were representative of the general population of 5 European countries (the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) were interviewed by telephone between 1994 and 1999. Subjects answered a series of questions that allowed positive and differential diagnosis of DSM-IV mental disorders. The questionnaire also included a series of questions about painful physical conditions, medical treatment, consultations, and hospitalizations for medical conditions and a list of diseases. Results: A total of 4% (95% CI = 3.7% to 4.3%) of the sample had MDD at the time of the interview. Nearly half of subjects with MDD (43.4%) also reported having a CPPC. Compared with MDD subjects without chronic pain, MDD subjects with a CPPC had a longer duration of depressive symptoms (7 months longer) and were more likely to report severe fatigue (OR = 5.4), insomnia nearly every night (OR = 3.3), severe psychomotor retardation (OR = 3.3), weight gain (OR = 2.3), severe difficulty concentrating (OR = 1.7), and severe feelings of sadness or depressed mood (OR = 1.8). Conclusion: A CPPC was present in nearly half of subjects with MDD. CPPCs increased the severity of physical symptoms of depression (fatigue, insomnia, psychomotor retardation, weight gain). Moreover, CPPCs affected the duration of depressive episodes and their recurrence. Physicians should consider CPPCs as a major factor in the expression and evolution of MDD. They must remember that MDD patients tend to amplify physical symptoms, to the detriment of their depressive symptomatology.
Hydration and Hydroxylation of MgO in Solution: NMR Identification of Proton-Containing Intermediate Phases

Magnesium oxide (MgO)-engineered barriers used in subsurface applications will be exposed to high concentration brine environments and may form stable intermediate phases that can alter the effectiveness of the barrier. To explore the formation of these secondary intermediate phases, MgO was aged in water and three different brine solutions and characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 1H magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. After aging, there is ∼4% molar equivalent of a hydrogen-containing species formed. The 1H MAS NMR spectra resolved multiple minor phases not visible in XRD, indicating that diverse disordered proton-containing environments are present in addition to crystalline Mg(OH)2 brucite. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations for the proposed Mg-O-H-, Mg-Cl-O-H-, and Na-O-H-containing phases were performed to index resonances observed in the experimental 1H MAS NMR spectra. Although the intermediate crystal structures exhibited overlapping 1H NMR resonances in the spectra, Mg-O-H intermediates were attributed to the growth of resonances in the δ +1.0 to 0.0 ppm region, and Mg-Cl-O-H structures produced the increasing contributions of the δ = +2.5 to 5.0 ppm resonances in the chloride-containing brines. Overall, 1H NMR analysis of aged MgO indicates the formation of a wide range of possible intermediate structures that cannot be observed or resolved in the XRD analysis.
Optimal Sensor Placement for Kalman Filtering in Stochastically Forced Consensus Networks

Given a linear dynamical system affected by noise, we consider the problem of optimally placing sensors (at design-time) subject to certain budget constraints to minimize the trace of the steady-state error covariance of the Kalman filter. Previous work has shown that this problem is NP-hard in general. In this paper, we impose additional structure by considering systems whose dynamics are given by a stochastic matrix corresponding to an underlying consensus network. In the case when there is a single input at one of the nodes in a tree network, we provide an optimal strategy (computed in polynomial-time) to place the sensors over the network. However, we show that when the network has multiple inputs, the optimal sensor placement problem becomes NP-hard.
Playing the long game wins the cohesion–adhesion rivalry

When a liquid meets a solid wall, the competition between cohesive fluid–fluid ( ff ) and adhesive fluid–wall ( fw ) interactions determines whether the liquid beads up into a droplet or spreads out over the surface. For typical liquids and moderate fw interactions, the surface is partially wet or partially dry. If the fw interactions decrease, the system will eventually undergo a surface phase transition to a state where the surface is dry—the liquid completely beads up into a spherical droplet, as is the case for ideal superhydrophobic water-repellant and self-cleaning surfaces. This is termed a drying transition. In contrast, if the fw interactions increase in strength, the system undergoes a surface phase transition to complete wetting—a wetting transition—in which the liquid completely spreads over the surface (1, 2). Our understanding of wetting and drying transitions stems from the seminal work of Nakanishi and Fisher (3, 4): a single class of surface phase transitions with wetting and drying becoming equivalent at the bulk critical point with temperature T C . In PNAS, Evans et al. (5) predict 3 additional classes of surface phase diagrams, with the differences in the 4 total classes arising from the ranges of the ff and fw interactions (5). A fundamental observable characterizing wetting/drying is the contact angle, θ , the angle of intersection between the solid wall ( w ) and the liquid–vapor ( l–v ) interface at the 3-phase contact line [see figure 1 of Evans et al. (5)]. The contact angle quantifies the balance of surface tensions, γ , where the 3 phases meet through Young’s equation, γ lv cos θ = γ wv − γ wl . Typical hydrophobic surfaces are characterized by θ > 90° and hydrophilic surfaces by θ < 90°, with complete drying and wetting occurring at θ → 180° and θ → … [↵][1]1Email: rick.remsing{at}rutgers.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Neonatal Inhibition of DNA Methylation Disrupts Testosterone-Dependent Masculinization of Neurochemical Phenotype.

Fil: Cisternas, Carla Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Investigacion Medica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Instituto de Investigacion Medica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra; Argentina
Multistation Simulations and Deliberate Practice to Reinforce Huddle Behaviors in Interprofessional Student Teams

Abstract Background Communication gaps in health care systems occur because of different care priorities of health care professionals. Such gaps contribute to errors, a significant cause of death in the United States. Method Framed by Ericsson's Expertise Theory, 20 teams of interprofessional health science students rotated through four scenarios with built-in medication errors after exposure to TeamSTEPPS® Essentials skills. Results Huddles improved in size and duration between rounds one and four. Huddle duration was inversely associated with care delays and patient harm. Attitudes toward teamwork improved significantly. Conclusions Multistation simulations facilitate deliberate practice of skills, enabling student improvement over time in critical competencies.
Isolation of an elusive phosphatetrahedrane.

This exploratory synthesis investigation was undertaken to determine the viability of replacing a single carbon vertex with another p-block element in a highly strained tetrahedrane molecule. Phosphorus was selected for this purpose because the stable molecular form of elemental phosphorus is tetrahedral. Our synthetic strategy was to generate an unsaturated phosphorus center bonded to a substituted cyclopropenyl group, a situation that could lead to closure to provide the desired phosphatetrahedrane framework. This was accomplished by dehydrofluorination of the in situ generated fluorophosphine H(F)P(CtBu)3. Tri-tert-butyl phosphatetrahedrane, P(CtBu)3, was then isolated in 19% yield as a low-melting, volatile, colorless solid and characterized spectroscopically and by a single-crystal x-ray diffraction study, confirming the tetrahedral nature of the molecule’s PC3 core. The molecule exhibits unexpected thermal stability.
Sex differences in driving under the influence of cannabis: The role of medical and recreational cannabis use.

Abstract Background Existing evidence suggest that cannabis may impair driving and is the most prevalent drug identified in drivers. Males exhibit an excess risk for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol compared to females. We assessed sex differences in the association between the reason for cannabis use (medical, recreational, or both) and driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC). Methods A sample of 17,405 past 12-month cannabis users (18 + years old) were analyzed from the 2016–17 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the interaction of sex and reason for cannabis use on DUIC using predicted probabilities. Results Among cannabis users in the sample, 88.1% used for recreational reasons, 7.8% used for medical reasons, and 4.1% used for medical and recreational reasons. The probability of DUIC was as low as 20% among female medical only users, and as high as 40% among male combined medical and recreational users. Females showed more similar probabilities of DUIC across reasons of use (range 20% to 25%s) than males (range 28% to 40%). The difference in the probability of DUIC between combined medical and recreational users and recreational only users was significantly greater among males than among females (Δ 0.1, p Conclusions The observed effects of sex and reasons for cannabis use on DUIC suggests a need for targeted educational interventions, particularly among males reporting combined medical and recreational marijuana use.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Hearing Loss Self-Management Patient Education Materials: Development of the Caja de Instrumentos de Pérdida Auditiva

Purpose The lack of culturally and linguistically appropriate interventions contributes to unsatisfactory hearing health care service delivery and outcomes for Spanish-speaking persons from Hispanic/Latino background. To address this issue, our objective was to cross-culturally adapt a "Hearing Loss Toolkit for Self-Management" for use with Spanish-speaking adults seen in a clinical setting. In this clinical focus article, we describe a process for translation and cross-cultural adaptation of patient education materials based on current best practices guidelines. Method We utilized guidelines from the International Society for Pharmoeconomics Outcomes Research Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation, the World Health Organization, and the International Collegium of Rehabilitative Audiology to complete a comprehensive, systematic, cross-cultural adaptation process of the source materials. The adaptation stages included forward translation and reconciliation, back translation and review, field testing with representative end users from the target population, and finalization. Results We successfully cross-culturally adapted the source materials following best practice guidelines. The Spanish-language adaptation was deemed understandable, actionable, aesthetically pleasing, and culturally appropriate by a group of native Spanish speakers. Conclusions There is an unmet need for the development of hearing loss self-management materials that incorporate cultural and linguistic competence with best health literacy practices. High-quality cross-cultural adaptations that consider the intersection of culture, language, and health literacy are a positive step toward reducing barriers to hearing health care related to language access for U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults with hearing loss.
A Plausible Pipeline to Diversifying Orthopaedics: Premedical Programming.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether premedical programming can address the interest level and perception of barriers to women in orthopaedics held by female high school and medical students. DESIGN A thirteen-question paper-based survey was distributed among the high school and medical school participants prior to the January 2020 Perry Outreach Program and Medical Student Outreach Program. After a day of participation in mock procedures and speaker sessions, participants subsequently completed another survey of seven-questions. SETTING The Perry Outreach Program and Medical Student Outreach Program were conducted at the University of Alabama at Birmingham campus. PARTICIPANTS Participants consisted of high school and medical school women hailing from the Birmingham metropolitan area, who had signed up for the Perry programs via email, outreach to local high schools, and social media interest pages. Participant sampling was stratified by race and level of education (high school vs. medical school). RESULTS A total of 36 women, 18 high school and 18 medical school, attended the Perry Initiative events and responded to the pre-event and post-event surveys. Before the Perry Initiative programs, all participants felt women faced more barriers than men in pursuing a career in orthopaedics. Participation in the Perry Initiative event increased average interest in orthopaedics by 28% among high school and 11% among medical school students. CONCLUSIONS Prior to the Perry Initiative, 31% percent of the total attendees reported knowing a female orthopaedist. The Perry Initiative improved perceptions of both high school and medical students regarding the ability of women to have a work/life balance, family life, and children during orthopaedics residency. Medical student participation in the events led to a decreased belief in barriers regarding schedule, family life, perceptions of an orthopaedic surgeon, and perceptions of peers within healthcare setting.
Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve: short-term outcomes of the "cone procedure" versus conventional surgery.

Objectives. We report our analysis of conventional surgery and the cone procedure for Ebstein's malformation (EM) of the tricuspid valve at a single institution. Previous conventional surgery for EM, including use of bioprosthetic valves, has inherent problems especially in pediatrics. The newer cone procedure aims to construct a funnel-like valve out of native leaflets, obviating problems with artificial valves. Methods. This is a retrospective cohort study to examine short-term outcomes of both surgeries for EM. Results. Nineteen patients (our initial cohort) had the cone procedure, and 13 had conventional tricuspid valve repair or replacement. No early deaths occurred in either group. Three cone and one conventional repair patients required reoperation. Two of 19 patients in the cone and one of 13 in the conventional group died suddenly >30 days after operation, assumed secondary to dysrhythmias. At discharge, by two-dimensional echocardiography, the cone group had 85% reduction in tricuspid valve regurgitation (TVR), and the conventional group had 56% reduction, P= .004. This decrease of TVR persisted to a greater extent in the cone group. Discussion. Short-term results for the cone procedure are similar to conventional surgery. The cone procedure uses autologous tissue; hypothetically, early favorable improvement in reduction of TVR should persist.
The membrane potential of human platelets

The membrane potential of the human platelet was investigated using the membrane potential probes 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine iodide and tritiated triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide. The membrane potential in physiologic buffer was estimated to be 52-60 mV inside negative. The membrane was depolarized when extracellular potassium or hydrogen ion concentrations were increased. Changes in extracellular sodium, chloride, or calcium ion concentration had no measurable effect on membrane potential. Elevated extracellular potassium has been shown to increase platelet sensitivity to the aggregating agent, adenosine diphosphate. Our results show that changes in extracellular ion concentrations that depolarize platelets increase platelet sensitivity to aggregating agents. These results suggest that membrane potential changes may play a role in modulating the response of platelets to aggregating agents.
An Ex-Ante Measure of the Probability of Informed Trading

The paper develops a new measure for the probability of informed trading, which can be estimated from the observed quotes and depths. This measure (PROBINF) represents the specialist's ex-ante estimate of the probability of informed trading. We find that PROBINF exhibits a strong and robust relationship with the observed level of insider trading and with measures of the price impact of trades. Moreover, the time series pattern of our measure in an intra-day analysis around earnings announcements is consistent with previous findings and with expectations regarding informed trading. An important advantage of PROBINF is that it can be estimated for each quote, and thus can be used to measure short term (e.g. intra-day, daily etc.) changes in informed trading and information asymmetry around events such as merger and acquisition announcements, share repurchases, stock splits, dividend announcements and index additions and deletions.
Universal quantification in a constraint-based planner

We present a general approach to planning with a restricted class of universally quantified constraints. These constraints stem from expressive action descriptions, coupled with large or infinite universes and incomplete information. The approach essentially consists of checking that the quantified constraint is satisfied for all members of the universe. We present a general algorithm for proving that quantified constraints are satisfied when the domains of all of the variables are finite. We then describe a class of quantified constraints for which we can efficiently prove satisfiability even when the domains are infinite. These form the basis of constraint reasoning systems that can be used by a variety of planners.
Many-body effects in the 4f x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the U5+ and U4+ free ions

This article discusses many-body effects in the 4f x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the U5+ and U4+ free ions.
Integrating Levels of Analysis in Systems and Cognitive Neurosciences Selective Attention as a Case Study

Neuroscience is inherently interdisciplinary, rapidly expanding beyond its roots in biological sciences to many areas of the social and physical sciences. This expansion has led to more sophisticated ways of thinking about the links between brains and behavior and has inspired the development of increasingly advanced tools to characterize the activity of large populations of neurons. However, along with these advances comes a heightened risk of fostering confusion unless efforts are made to better integrate findings across different model systems and to develop a better understanding about how different measurement techniques provide mutually constraining information. Here we use selective visuospatial attention as a case study to highlight the importance of these issues, and we suggest that exploiting multiple measures can better constrain models that relate neural activity to animal behavior.
Immunolocalization of cellular retinol-, retinaldehyde- and retinoic acid-binding proteins in rat retina during pre- and postnatal development.

Cellular retinol-, retinaldehyde- and retinoic acid-binding proteins were localized in rat retina during pre- and postnatal development by indirect immunofluorescence. Cryostat tissue sections were prepared daily from embryonic day 11 until the day of birth (E11–22) and from postnatal days 1–32 (P1–32). Cellular retinaldehyde- and retinol-binding proteins were first detected in retinal pigment epithelium on E13 and E18, respectively, and in Muller cells at P1 and P15. Parallel studies showed that in adult retina cellular retinoic acid-binding protein is present in a subpopulation of GABAergic amacrine cells. During retinal differentiation, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein was first detected at E18 in cells sclerad to the developing inner plexiform layer, suggesting that this binding protein is expressed in amacrine cells very early during differentiation. During early ocular morphogenesis, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein was present in mesenchymal cells enveloping the eye (E12–15), in the neuroblastic layer of the retina (E13–15), in the nerve fibre layer (E14–15), and the developing optic nerve (E15). Our results suggest that retinoic acid, the natural ligand of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein, may be involved in neuronal differentiation in the inner retina. The studies further support a role for cellular retinoic acid-binding protein in mediating the effects of retinoic acid on developing neural crest cells and raise new questions about the role of cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein in the visual cycle and during development.
Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming Framework for Fixed Path Coordination of Multiple Underwater Vehicles Under Acoustic Communication Constraints

Mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) techniques are increasingly used to address challenging problems in robotics, especially multivehicle motion planning (MVMP). The main contribution of this paper is a discrete time, distributed receding horizon mixed integer nonlinear programming (RH–MINLP) formulation of the underwater multivehicle path coordination problem with constraints on vehicle kinematics, dynamics, collision avoidance, and acoustic communication connectivity, and the application of state-of-the-art MINLP solution techniques. Each vehicle robot starts from a fixed start point and moves toward a goal point along a fixed path, so as to avoid collisions and remain in communication connectivity with other robots. Acoustic communication connectivity constraints account for the attenuation due to signal propagation and delays arising from multipath propagation in noisy communication environments, and specify intervehicle connectivity in terms of a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. Scenarios including up to four robots are simulated to demonstrate: 1) the effect of communication connectivity requirements on robot velocity profiles; and 2) the dependence of the solution computation time on the communication connectivity requirement. Typically the optimization improved connectivity at no appreciable cost in journey time (as measured by the arrival time of the last arriving robot). Results also demonstrate the responsive nature of robot trajectories to safety requirements with collision avoidance being achieved at all times despite overlapping and intersecting paths.
Sequential processing deficits in schizophrenia: Relationship to neuropsychology and genetics

Utilizing a combination of neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscience approaches may be essential for characterizing cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and eventually assessing cognitive outcomes. This study was designed to compare the stability of select exemplars for these approaches and their correlations in schizophrenia patients with stable treatment and clinical profiles. Reliability estimates for serial order processing were comparable to neuropsychological measures and indicate that experimental serial order processing measures may be less susceptible to practice effects than traditional neuropsychological measures. Correlations were moderate and consistent with a global cognitive factor. Exploratory analyses indicated a potentially critical role of the Met allele of the Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism in externally paced sequential recall. Experimental measures of serial order processing may reflect frontostriatal dysfunction and be a useful supplement to large neuropsychological batteries.
Behavioral and metabolic aspects of low temperature dormancy in the brown bullhead,Ictalurus nebulosus

1. Behavioral and physiological measurements were made during the winter at low temperatures to evaluate cold temperature dormancy in the brown bullhead. 2. At 17°C and when slowly cooled to 3°C the bullheads often buried themselves in the mud (Fig. 1). Animals buried at 3°C were not immobilized and would emerge from the mud following a disturbance. 3. No readjustment of the thermoregulatory mechanisms was seen when acclimatized bullheads were placed in a thermal gradient that was slowly cooled. At the end of 6–7 h, the bullheads always became quiescent in the warmest portion of the gradient available (11–13°C)-(Fig. 2). 4. Spontaneous activity and oxygen uptake were measured, at the acclimation temperature, for animals acclimated to 3–17°C at 2°C intervals. 5. Spontaneous activity in an annular tank showed a high degree of compensation between 5 and 17°C. At 3°C the bullheads showed much less spontaneous activity and an exceptionally low initial hyperactive period following placement in the tank (Fig. 3). 6. When oxygen uptake was measured with a closed system technique which involved a very slight disturbance, large increases in magnitude and variability of oxygen uptake occurred at higher acclimation temperatures. These large increases were not seen if oxygen uptake of sleeping fish was measured with an open system (Fig. 4). 7. Overwintering in this species may simply involve an increase in the time spent burrowed in the mud asleep.
The reputation of medical education research: quasi-experimentation and unresolved threats to validity.

Background: Medical education research is often criticized for its methodological flaws. This raises questions about the prospect of evidence-based medical education practice. Critics call for more rigorous research with randomization, greater control, and tight execution. But randomization and control are rarely achieved in applied field settings, the site of most medical education research. Consequently, research in medical education has relied on quasi-experimentation, which by definition is compromised methodologically. Summary: So is medical education research doomed to a reputation for flawed research that undermines the promise of evidence-based practice? We think not. We argue in this article that the problem is due to incomplete and uncritical use of quasi-experimentation. This practice ignores a critical step in the quasi-experimental process, a step that follows the design and execution of the research, that is, ruling out threats to validity posed by methodological flaws. Conclusion: Validity ...
Cultural and linguistic influence on neural bases of 'Theory of Mind': an fMRI study with Japanese bilinguals

Theory of mind (ToM)-our ability to predict behaviors of others in terms of their underlying intentions-has been thought to be universal and invariant across different cultures. However, several ToM studies conducted outside the Anglo-American cultural or linguistic boundaries have obtained mixed results. To examine the influence of culture/language on neural bases of ToM, we studied 16 American English-speaking monolinguals and 16 Japanese-English bilinguals with second-order false-belief story tasks, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Several neural correlates of ToM including medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were recruited by both cultural/linguistic groups. However, some other brain areas including inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were employed in a culture/language-specific manner, during the ToM tasks. These results suggest that the ways in which adults understand ToM are not entirely universal.
Integrating self-help into psychotherapy: 16 practical suggestions.

Psychologists routinely recom m end self-help to their patients b ut d esire guid ance on the optim al m ethod s and resources for d oing so. T his article prov id es 16 suggestions, culled from b oth the research literature and clinical ex perience, for integrating self-help into psychotherapy. Am ong the clinical recom m end ations are b road ening the d efinition of self-help, assessing clients’ self-help histories, offering tangib le support in link ing clients w ith self-help, tailoring the self-help resource to the person (not only the d isord er) , assisting clients w ith the ad m inistration of d ifficult self-help program s, using self-help d uring w aiting and m aintenance stages, and ad d ressing clients’ reserv ations ab out its use. Psychologists’ top-rated self-help b ook s, autob iographies, and film s are presented . B y their b ehav ior, psychologists can enhance the effectiv eness of self-help w ithin the contex t of psychotherapy.
Criteria for determining native distributions of biota: the case of the northern plains killifish in the Cheyenne River drainage, North America

1. Criteria exist to help determine native distributions of species, but they are seldom explicitly used. 2. As an example of their utility, nine revised and expanded criteria are applied to assess the status of northern plains killifish in the Cheyenne River drainage. Use of each criterion is demonstrated. The criteria are: (1) history, (2) detectibility, (3) biogeography, (4) life-history, (5) human affinity, (6) invasion path, (7) invasiveness, (8) phylogenetics, and (9) pre-history. 3. Upon review, only one criterion weakly supports non-native status, whereas five strongly support native status, one weakly supports native status, and two are equivocal. 4. Criteria to determine native distributions provide a rigorous method to assess available information, reveal knowledge gaps, and produce testable hypotheses. As demonstrated here, their consistent use as a cohesive set would greatly improve understanding of species distributions, benefiting conservation efforts and related meta-analyses. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attempts at modification of the radiation response of neoplasms by the administration of hematoporphyrin.

A solution of hematoporphyrin was admiaistered intravenously or locally to patients with advanced carcinoma. This was combined with treatment by ionizing radiation. There was no evidence of a potentiating effect when the hematoporphyrin was injected intravenously. In the group of 5 patients in whom the tumors were injected locally, there was an enhanced radiation effect in 1 patient. Aspects of the tumorlocalizing properties of hematoporphyrin are discussed. (auth)
Development of a pilot plant process for the preparation of a soy trypsin inhibitor concentrate

A pilot-plant procedure was developed to prepare a soy trypsin inhibitor (TI) concentrate in sufficient quantities to support a lifetime (2-yr) feeding trial in which diets containing varying amounts of TI would be fed to rats to assess the physiological effects on the pancreas and other organs. Starting with water dispersions of commercial defatted soy flour, separation of TI (MW<21,500) from non-TI protein (MW 180,000–350,000) by virtue of their MW difference was attempted using ultrafiltration techniques but was not successful. However, good separation was obtained when selective acid precipitation coupled with “salting in” of the TI with 0.1 N sodium chloride was employed. Low MW components were separated successfully by ultrafiltration using a 1,000 MW cutoff membrane. The final soy TI concentrate obtained by freeze drying exhibited a 9-fold increase in TI activity.
Frequency-pulling process in frequency-selective circuit

Frequency displacement of a reflex klystron oscillator, purposely placed in a frequency-selective circuit in a frequency-pulling process, is not monotonically proportional to the driving-power level. Final frequency separation between the oscillator and the driver, which precedes abrupt phase locking, exceeds initial separation.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Chemorepellent Receptor from Tetrahymena thermophila

Chemosensory transduction and adaptation are important aspects of signal transduction mechanisms in many cell types, ranging from prokaryotes to differentiated tissues such as neurons. The eukaryotic ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila, is capable of responding to both chemoattractants (O'Neill et al., 1985; Leick, 1992; Kohidai, Karsa & Csaba, 1994, 1995) and chemorepellents (Francis & Hennessey, 1995; Kuruvilla, Kim & Hennessey, 1997). An example of a nontoxic, depolarizing chemorepellent in Tetrahymena is extracellular lysozyme (Francis & Hennessey, 1995; Hennessey, Kim & Satir, 1995). Lysozyme is an effective chemorepellent at micromolar concentrations, binds to a single class of externally facing membrane receptors and prolonged exposure (10 min) produces specific chemosensory adaptation (Kuruvilla et al., 1997). We now show that this lysozyme response is initiated by a depolarizing chemoreceptor potential in Tetrahymena and we have purified the membrane lysozyme receptor by affinity chromatography of solubilized Tetrahymena membrane proteins. The solubilized, purified protein is 42 kD and it exhibits saturable, high affinity lysozyme binding. Polyclonal antibodies raised against this 42 kD receptor block the in vivo lysozyme chemoresponse. This is not only the first time that a chemoreceptor potential has been recorded from Tetrahymena but also the first time that a chemorepellent receptor has been purified from any unicellular eukaryote.
Urban containment policy and exposure to natural hazards: is there a connection?

Planners throughout much of the past century have advocated containment of urban sprawl through regulatory restrictions that include growth boundaries, green belts and limits to utility extensions. Containment is widely practised in Europe and is a key component of 'smart growth' being advocated by a number of interest groups in the USA. In fact, it has already been incorporated in growth management policies in use in 73 US metropolitan areas. In this paper, we argue that containment may have a serious side-effect. It can lead to increased exposure to natural hazards and higher losses in disasters. However, we also show that measures are available to counter this effect, if planners recognize the threat and take vigorous steps to contain hazards, adjust building techniques or limit the development of potentially hazardous areas.
Design of a Cost-effective Analysis of the Implementation of a Difficult Airway Curriculum

Introduction Difficult airway management continues to cause a significant amount of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Since the introduction of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Difficult Airway Algorithm, airway-related adverse outcomes account for 14% of malpractice litigation as noted in the Closed Claims Project. 1,2 The Closed Claims Project and other quality management reporting agencies (New York Patient Occurrence and Reporting Tracking Systems) evaluate adverse outcomes related to respiratory events like death and anoxic encephalopathy. Attempts were made to identify the significant contributory mechanisms to airway-related adverse outcomes such as esophageal intubations, inadequate ventilation and difficult tracheal intubation. However, there has been little research on the economic impact of airway-related adverse outcomes. This study will evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the introduction of a difficult airway curriculum. Practicing anesthesiologists were provided with an intensive difficult airway management curriculum to develop an individualized difficult airway algorithm, keeping in mind the level of comfort and skill of the practicing anesthesiologist. The economic impact of several outcome measures will be analyzed. This will help to establish the validity and utility of this curriculum.
FUN3D Analyses in Support of the First Aeroelastic Prediction Workshop

This paper presents the computational aeroelastic results generated in support of the first Aeroelastic Prediction Workshop for the Benchmark Supercritical Wing (BSCW) and the HIgh REynolds Number AeroStructural Dynamics (HIRENASD) configurations and compares them to the experimental data. The computational results are obtained using FUN3D, an unstructured grid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver developed at NASA Langley Research Center. The analysis results for both configurations include aerodynamic coefficients and surface pressures obtained for steady-state or static aeroelastic equilibrium (BSCW and HIRENASD, respectively) and for unsteady flow due to a pitching wing (BSCW) or modally-excited wing (HIRENASD). Frequency response functions of the pressure coefficients with respect to displacement are computed and compared with the experimental data. For the BSCW, the shock location is computed aft of the experimentally-located shock position. The pressure distribution upstream of this shock is in excellent agreement with the experimental data, but the pressure downstream of the shock in the separated flow region does not match as well. For HIRENASD, very good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data is observed at the mid-span wing locations.
The Stability of Regional Input—Output Multipliers:

Changes in regional input—output structures are studied by analyzing the temporal stability of income and output multipliers derived from the Washington State input—output tables for 1963, 1967, and 1972. One conclusion is that for impact analysis, as it is most commonly practiced, the instability of multipliers over time appears to be a minor problem. This judgment is based upon a comparison of forecasting errors in impact studies due to temporal changes in multipliers with forecasting errors arising from other aspects of the impact estimating procedure. The implication is that regional analysts should reassess the commonly felt need to update tables on a regular basis.
Analysis of the Double Scattering Scintillation of Waves in Random Media

High frequency waves propagating in highly oscillatory media are often modeled by radiative transfer equations that describes the propagation of the energy density of the waves. When the medium is statistically homogeneous, averaging effects occur in such a way that in the limit of vanishing wavelength, the wave energy density solves a deterministic radiative transfer equation. In this paper, we are interested in the remaining stochasticity of the energy density. More precisely, we wish to understand how such stochasticity depends on the statistics of the random medium and on the initial phase-space structure of the propagating wave packets. The analysis of stochasticity is a formidable task involving complicated analytical calculations. In this paper, we consider the propagation of waves modeled by a scalar Schrodinger equation and limit the interaction of the waves with the underlying structure to second order. We calculate the scintillation function (second statistical moment of the Wigner transform) f...
Regional activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase in rat brain.

ABSTRACT: The sp act of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl-transfense has been measured in individual regions of adult rat brain to see if site-specific differences in enzyme activity can aid in the understanding of brain abnormalities observed in well-treated galactosemic patients. The sp act in the cerebellum, brain stem, and midbrain were higher than in the cortex, hippocampus, and stratum. Activity in the cerebellum was 2-foW greater than that found in the cortex. Steady state levels of mRNA of the enzyme in the cerebellum were twice that of the cortex corresponding to the ratio of enzyme sp act in the two regions. Measurement of the kinetic parameters in tissue from the cerebellum and cortex revealed that the regional specificity in enzyme activity observed in the brain represents differences in the Vmax. Inhibition of the enzyme by undine and uridine triphosphate was essentially the same for all regions and was not influenced by the 2-fold differences observed in the levels of enzyme. Inhibition by uridine was significantly greater than that for uridine triphosphate.
Wall-Catalytic Fluorine Recombination in an HF Laser Nozzle

This paper discusses the adaptation of the detailed fluorine wall-recombination model into the fluid-dynamic equations governing the flow of dilute atomic fluorine in a tiny generic-type nozzle reminiscent to those found in HF (and DF) lasers. The wall-recombination model is briefly described, as are the fluid-dynamic equations making up the computational framework within which this study was made. Results are given for a range of nozzle wall temperatures form 450 to 650 K. These results are compared to those obtained when a noncatalytic wall and a fully catalytic wall are assumed.
After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Gender Differences in Health and Religiosity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

We examined health-related quality of life in adults in the Louisiana Health Aging Study (LHAS) after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (HK/R) that made landfall on the U.S. Gulf Coast region in 2005. Analyses of pre- and post-disaster SF-36 scores yielded changes in physical function and bodily pain. Mental health scores were lower for women than men. Gender differences were observed in religious beliefs and religious coping, favoring women. Religious beliefs and religious coping were negatively correlated with physical function, implying that stronger reliance on religiosity as a coping mechanism may be more likely among those who are less physically capable.
A Note on the Estimation of Amplitude Spectra for Stochastic Processes with Quasi-Linear Residuals

Abstract It is shown that when a deterministic signal is observed in quasi-linear noise (herein defined), the usual estimate of the signal amplitude spectrum for a finite time interval converges uniformly and exponentially fast in probability to this spectrum as the length of the time interval becomes infinite. When the limiting amplitude spectrum exists, the estimate tends to this function exponentially fast but no longer uniformly, in general.
Cytokine-induced expression of transforming growth factor-α and the epidermal growth factor receptor in neonatal skin explants

Hyperproliferative diseases of the epidermal keratinocytes, such as psoriasis vulgaris, are characterized by overexpression and altered distribution of the epidermal growth factor/transforming growth factor (EGF/TGF)-alpha receptor, and of TGF-alpha itself. It is believed that overexpression of this lignad/receptor system contributes to the hyperproliferative state of keratinocytes in an autocrine fashion. However, little is known about the factors that regulate expression of the EGF/TGF-alpha receptor, as well as expression of TGF-alpha in stratified epithelium. We examined modulation of the immunoreactive EGF/TGF-alpha receptor and TGF-alpha expression in normal neonatal foreskin explants by a variety of cytokines present in psoriatic lesions. Human (hu) recombinant (r) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma induced EGF/TGF-alpha receptor and TGF-alpha expression by keratinocytes as determined by immunohistochemistry. Neutralizing antibodies to TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma inhibited upregulation of EGF/TGF-alpha receptors and TGF-alpha by the respective cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-8 induced expression of TGF-alpha, but not of its receptor. Other cytokines (TNF-beta, IFN-beta, IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor) did not alter the expression patterns of EGF/TGF-alpha receptors or TGF-alpha in normal neonatal skin explants. These experiments demonstrate that specific cytokines known to be present in psoriatic lesions can induce normal epidermis to express TGF-alpha and its receptor in a pattern similar to that observed in psoriatic skin.
Frequency-dependent spatiotemporal tuning properties of non-eye movement related vestibular neurons to three-dimensional translations in squirrel monkeys

Responses of vestibular-only translation sensitive (VOTS) neurons in vestibular nuclei of two squirrel monkeys were studied at multiple frequencies to three-dimensional translations and rotations. ...
Early detection of plant stress by digital imaging within narrow stress-sensitive wavebands

Digital images of soybean canopies [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] were obtained within selected narrow wavebands (6–10 nm bandwidths) to determine their capability for early detection of plant stress. Images and physiological measurements of stress were acquired 2 days, 4 days, and 7 days following application of control, drought, and herbicide [(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, or DCMU] treatments. As a result of frequent rainfall, drought stress never occurred. However, exposure to herbicide rapidly induced plant stress. By day 4, the ratio of variable to maximum leaf fluorescence (Fv/Fm) decreased and leaf water potentials (ψw) increased in the herbicide treated soybean, indicating damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and stomatal closure. Also, Munsell leaf color had increased from approximately 5GY 4.6/5.7 to a lighter green-yellow value. Canopy reflectances at 670 nm, 694 nm, and in the 410–740 nm band (Rvis), as well as reflectance at 694 nm divided by reflectance at 760 nm (R694/R760), detected stress simultaneously with the physiological measurements and increased consistently with stress through day 7. Reflectances at 420 nm and 600 nm, together with R600/R760 and Rvis/R760, did not increase until leaves were yellow or brown and wilted and canopies had begun to collapse on day 7. None of the reflectance or reflectance ratio images detected stress prior to visible color changes. This was attributed primarily to the rapid inducement of chlorosis by the herbicide. Reflectance in narrow wavebands within the 690–700 nm region and its ratio with near-infrared reflectance should provide earlier detection of stress-induced chlorosis compared with broad band systems or narrow bands located at lesser wavelengths.
THE SCIENTIFIC NAMES IN THE GERMAN EDITION OF PARKINSON'S PLANTS OF USE FOR FOOD, MEDICINE ETC., IN OTAHEITE

Sydney Parkinson, aged 18, was Sir Joseph Banks' private assistant and artist on Captain Cook's first voyage around the world. Parkinson died on the voyage. Among his effects delivered to his brother Stanfield were drawings and notes which the latter published as a journal. Included in it is a chapter on the economic plants of Tahiti, and most of them are given scientific names, some of which were new. In 1941 Fosberg adopted two of them to form names which were new combinations under Artocarpus, and Inocarpus. The writer now indicates that Parkinson's names of 1773 were mononomials, hence invalid, but that in the German edition of 1774, edited by Herr “Z”, the names are valid binomials. For the two plants mentioned, the authorship of the combinations is revised.
Single electron tunneling in single junctions and multi-junction systems

Abstract Experimental dc I-V curves of single ultra-small (∼ 50 × 50nm 2 ) Al/AlO x /Al tunnel junctions were used to model characteristics of single-electron transistors using similar junctions, within the framework of the “orthodox” theory of correlated tunneling. We have found that results from the simulations are very similar to experimental I-V curves of the transistors measured over a wide range of temperature.