cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Likelihood inference for particle location in fluorescence microscopy

We introduce a procedure to automatically count and locate the fluorescent particles in a microscopy image. Our procedure employs an approximate likelihood estimator derived from a Poisson random field model for photon emission. Estimates of standard errors are generated for each image along with the parameter estimates, and the number of particles in the image is determined using an information criterion and likelihood ratio tests. Realistic simulations show that our procedure is robust and that it leads to accurate estimates, both of parameters and of standard errors. This approach improves on previous ad hoc least squares procedures by giving a more explicit stochastic model for certain fluorescence images and by employing a consistent framework for analysis.
Double stereodifferentiation in the Lewis acid promoted C-glycosidation of activated glycals with chiral (E)-crotylsilanes

Abstract Lewis acid promoted C-glycosidation reactions of activated glycals with chiral (E)-crotylsilanes were found to be highly regio- and diastereoselective. The reactions of chiral silane reagents proceed with the formation of a new CC bond at C6 of the pyran ring with concomitant migration of C5-C6 double bond to the C5-C4 position of the pyran ring. The reactions are highly diastereoface selective as the crotylsilane (carbon nucleophile) approaches the derived oxonium ion anti to the C2 substituent. The stereochemical relationship between the methyl bearing stereogenic center at the Cl′ position and the C6 position of the pyran is defined by the chirality of the silane reagent as the configuration of the CSi bond determines the stereochemistry of the Cl′-methyl group. Our experiments have shown that the pair wise combination of the glycals with the chiral silane reagents give high levels of selectivity resulting from the existence of strong stereochemical control elements within each reaction component. The topological bias is principally controlled by stereoelectronic effects of the pyran oxonium ion and by the facial bias of the silane reagent. Levels of diastereoselectivity ranged from 10 to 30 : 1 ( α β ratio) in the presence of BF3·OEt2 which was found to be with TMSOTf the most effective Lewis acids to promote the reactions. Consistent with the behavior of these silane reagents and an anti-SE′ mechanism, of the four possible diastereomers only the two isomers derived from the Cl′ stereochemical relationship are detectable.
Climatic Changes, Solar Activity, and the Cosmic-Ray Production Rate of Natural Radiocarbon

The level of the cosmic-ray-produced radiocarbon in atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuates due to changes in the cosmic-ray intensity. These changes can be explained by considering the modulation of the galactic cosmic-ray flux by the sun. There exists a second independent correlation of the fluctuations of the radiocarbon level with changes in the climate. This correlation can best be recognized from climatic data as given by Lamb for the time since the 10th century A.D. The two kinds of correlations promise to provide a key to the understanding of solar-climatic relationships in general. The carbon-14 measurements so far carried out show that prolonged high solar activity leads to warm winters, and periods of a quiet sun lead to cold winters in Europe and elsewhere. There is reason to believe that future determinations of carbon-14 variations during the past 6000–8000 yr may supply conclusive evidence regarding the causes for the great ice ages.
Complementarity Relations for Multi-Qubit Systems

We derive two complementarity relations that constrain the individual and bipartite properties that may simultaneously exist in a multi-qubit system. The first expression, valid for an arbitrary pure state of n qubits, demonstrates that the degree to which single particle properties are possessed by an individual member of the system is limited by the bipartite entanglement that exists between that qubit and the remainder of the system. This result implies that the phenomenon of entanglement sharing is one specific consequence of complementarity. The second expression, which holds for an arbitrary state of two qubits, pure or mixed, quantifies a tradeoff between the amounts of entanglement, separable uncertainty, and single particle properties that are encoded in the quantum state. The separable uncertainty is a natural measure of our ignorance about the properties possessed by individual subsystems, and may be used to completely characterize the relationship between entanglement and mixedness in two-qubit systems. The two-qubit complementarity relation yields a useful geometric picture in which the root mean square values of local subsystem properties act like coordinates in the space of density matrices, and suggests possible insights into the problem of interpreting quantum mechanics.
Elevated troponin level is not synonymous with myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background Elevated troponin I in the absence of angiographically visible coronary lesions is seen in up to 10–15% of those undergoing angiography for suspected coronary artery disease. This study aims to elucidate the etiology of elevated cardiac troponin I in patients with normal coronary arteries on angiography. Methods We identified 1551 (8.6%) patients with normal coronary arteries from our catheterization database of 17,950 patients from Jan 2000 to Jun 2004. Elevated troponin I levels were found in 217 (14%) of 1551 patients with normal coronary arteries. Of these 217 patients, 73 surgical patients were excluded, and the remaining 144 patients formed the study population. The study population was compared with age and gender matched patients with myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease (Group II). Results The patients with elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) with normal coronary arteries had significantly lower prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors and significantly higher left ventricular ejection fractions. The cTnI in patients with normal coronary arteries was elevated due to a number of causes including tachycardia, myocarditis, pericarditis, severe aortic stenosis, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis, left ventricular hypertrophy, severe congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, electrical trauma, myocardial contusion, hypertensive emergency, myocardial bridging, pulmonary embolism, diabetic ketoacidosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation and coronary spasm. Conclusions Cardiac troponin I could be elevated in a number of conditions, apart from acute myocardial infarction, and could reflect myonecrosis. Acute myocardial infarction is a clinical diagnosis as the laboratory is an aide to, not a replacement for, informed decision making.
Underwater Pipeline Inspection Using Guided Waves

Underwater pipeline inspections are conducted using ultrasonic cylindrical guided waves in the laboratory environment. Three different types of mechanical defects-gouge, removed metal, and dent-are fabricated in small-diameter, 22.22-mm, aluminum pipes and tested. To efficiently propagate the antisymmetric (flexural) cylindrical guided waves through the aluminum pipe in water, a new transducer holder device is designed. The device uses commercially available ultrasonic transducers that generate compressional ultrasonic waves in the water The device can change the striking angle of the incident beam from 0 to 51 deg. With the help of this device, the incident angle adjustment and frequency sweeping can be carried out. This is necessary for obtaining the time history of the received signals for various incident angles and signal frequencies; then these time histories are converted to V(f) curves, or received signal amplitude versus frequency curves. From the amplitude of these V(f) curves, the type and extent of the mechanical defects can be estimated. This investigation shows that the new coupler device can be effectively used for health monitoring of undenvater pipelines using guided waves.
Assessment of crack growth in a space shuttle main engine first-stage high-pressure fuel turbopump blade

A two-dimensional finite element fracture mechanics analysis of a space shuttle main engine (SSME) turbine blade firtree was performed using the MARC finite element code. The analysis was conducted under combined effects of thermal and mechanical loads at steady-state conditions. Data from a typical engine stand cycle of the SSME engine were used to run a heat transfer analysis and, subsequently, a thermal structral fracture mechanics analysis. Temperature and stress contours for the firtree under these operating conditions were generated. High stresses were found at the firtree lobes where crack initiation was triggered. A life assessment of the firtree was done by assuming an initial and a final crack size.
Cosmic shear results from the deep lens survey - I: Joint constraints on omega_m and sigma_8 with a two-dimensional analysis

We present a cosmic shear study from the Deep Lens Survey (DLS), a deep BVRz multi-band imaging survey of five 4 deg{sup 2} fields with two National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) 4 m telescopes at Kitt Peak and Cerro Tololo. For both telescopes, the change of the point-spread-function (PSF) shape across the focal plane is complicated, and the exposure-to-exposure variation of this position-dependent PSF change is significant. We overcome this challenge by modeling the PSF separately for individual exposures and CCDs with principal component analysis (PCA). We find that stacking these PSFs reproduces the final PSF pattern on the mosaic image with high fidelity, and the method successfully separates PSF-induced systematics from gravitational lensing effects. We calibrate our shears and estimate the errors, utilizing an image simulator, which generates sheared ground-based galaxy images from deep Hubble Space Telescope archival data with a realistic atmospheric turbulence model. For cosmological parameter constraints, we marginalize over shear calibration error, photometric redshift uncertainty, and the Hubble constant. We use cosmology-dependent covariances for the Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis and find that the role of this varying covariance is critical in our parameter estimation. Our current non-tomographic analysis alone constrains the {Omega} {sub M}-{sigma}{sub 8}more » likelihood contour tightly, providing a joint constraint of {Omega} {sub M} = 0.262 {+-} 0.051 and {sigma}{sub 8} = 0.868 {+-} 0.071. We expect that a future DLS weak-lensing tomographic study will further tighten these constraints because explicit treatment of the redshift dependence of cosmic shear more efficiently breaks the {Omega} {sub M}-{sigma}{sub 8} degeneracy. Combining the current results with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 7 year (WMAP7) likelihood data, we obtain {Omega} {sub M} = 0.278 {+-} 0.018 and {sigma}{sub 8} = 0.815 {+-} 0.020.« less
An Economic Analysis of Localized Pollution: Rendering Emissions in a Residential Setting

The contingent value method is employed to estimate economic damages to households resulting from rendering plant emissions in a small town. Household willingness to accept (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) are estimated individually and in aggregate. The influence of household characteristics on WTP and WTA is examined via regression models. The perception of health risk is an important determinant of household valuation, while income appears insignificant. Both WTA and WTP results indicate that a potential Pareto-improvement is possible with the incorporation of current abatement technology La methode des valeurs contingentes est utilisee pour evaluer les dommages economiques causes aux menages par les emissions d'une usine d'equarrissage dans une petite localite. Les valeurs WTA et WTP des menages sont estimees separement puis sous formes agregee. L'influence des caracteres du menage sur la WTP et la WTA est examinee au moyen de modeles de regression. La perception du risque pour la sante est un determinant important de la valeur accordee par le menage, alors que le niveau de revenu n'aurait qu'une influence negligeable. Les valeurs WTA et WTP obtenues laissent voir qu'un critere Pareto serait possible avec la mise en place des techniques modernes antipollution
A global analysis of urban reflectance

A comparative Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery for a collection of 28 urban areas worldwide provides a physical basis for a spectral characterization of urban reflectance properties. These urban areas have similar mixing space topologies and can be represented by three‐component linear mixture models in both scene‐specific and global composite mixing spaces. The results of the analysis indicate that the reflectance of these cities can be accurately described as linear combinations of High Albedo, Dark and Vegetation spectral endmembers within a two‐dimensional mixing space containing over 90% of the variance in the observed reflectance. Only two of the 28 cities had greater than 10% median RMS misfit to the three‐endmember linear model. The relative proportions of these endmembers vary considerably among different cities and within individual cities but in all cases the reflectance of the urban core lies near the dark end of a mixing line between the Hig...
Remittances and Vulnerability to Poverty in Rural Mexico

International remittances have been portrayed as the human face of globalization given their potential to alleviate poverty by directly increasing household income. Using a panel of rural households in Mexico from October 1998 to November 2000 this study assesses whether this is in fact the case. However, rather than examining whether transfers income would reduce future consumption poverty we asked if transfers are likely to reach people whose conditions are prone to worsen in the future. We used vulnerability to consumption poverty to quantify the extent to which risks and the more permanent disadvantages embedded in most rural livelihoods, can translate into future declines in well-being. We found, contrary to our expectations, a negative and statistically significant relationship between the remittance of transfers, including foreign remittances, and the threat to future poverty that rural households could experience.
Speculation and Equilibrium: Information, Risk, and Markets

I. Price risk versus quantity risk, 520. — II. Noninformative equilibrium: simple consumptive gamble, 525. — III. Informative equilibrium: prior-trading optimum and compound consumptive gamble, 529. — IV. Conclusion: determinants of speculative-hedging behavior, 538. — V. Limitations and generalizations, 540.
Backcalculation of Flexible Pavement Structural Properties Using a Restart Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy

AbstractMonitoring structural integrity of pavements is a central task of pavement management systems toward needs analysis and the subsequent design, prioritization, and optimization of pavement maintenance and rehabilitation projects. Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods, including falling weight deflectometer (FWD), are the most widely used monitoring approach. The FWD device creates an impulse load on the pavement surface, and the resulting pavement surface deflections are captured using geophones at a number of distances from the load. Various backcalculation methods have been proposed to calculate pavement structural properties from FWD surface deflection measurements. However, no unique technique has proved to yield a globally optimum solution to this complex, nondifferentiable problem. This study explores development of an effective and reliable backcalculation strategy with attention to variable layer thicknesses. A synthetic database of typical three-layer flexible pavement structures is created...
Analysis of ALTAIR 1998 meteor radar data

We describe a new analysis of a set of 32 UHF meteor radar traces recorded with the 422 MHz ALTAIR radar facility in November 1998. Emphasis is on the velocity measurements, and on inferences that can be drawn from them regarding the meteor masses and mass densities. We find that the velocity vs altitude data can be fitted as quadratic functions of the path integrals of the atmospheric densities vs distance, and deceleration rates derived from those fits all show the expected behavior of increasing with decreasing altitude. We also describe a computer model of the coupled processes of collisional heating, radiative cooling, evaporative cooling and ablation, and deceleration - for meteors composed of defined mixtures of mineral constituents. For each of the cases in the data set we ran the model starting with the measured initial velocity and trajectory inclination, and with various trial values of the quantity mPs 2 (the initial mass times the mass density squared), and then compared the computed deceleration vs altitude curves vs the measured ones. In this way we arrived at the best-fit values of the mPs 2 for each of the measured meteor traces. Then further, assuming various trial values of the density Ps, we compared the computed mass vs altitude curves with similar curves for the same set of meteors determined previously from the measured radar cross sections and an electrostatic scattering model. In this way we arrived at estimates of the best-fit mass densities Ps for each of the cases. Keywords meteor ALTAIR radar analysis 1 Introduction This paper describes a new analysis of a set of 422 MHz meteor scatter radar data recorded with the ALTAIR High-Power-Large-Aperture radar facility at Kwajalein Atoll on 18 November 1998. The exceptional accuracy/precision of the ALTAIR tracking data allow us to determine quite accurate meteor trajectories, velocities and deceleration rates. The measurements and velocity/deceleration data analysis are described in Sections II and III. The main point of this paper is to use these deceleration rate data, together with results from a computer model, to determine values of the quantities mPs 2 (the meteor mass times its material density squared); and further, by combining these m s 2 values with meteor mass estimates for the same set of meteors determined separately from measured radar scattering
Reactions of TeF5OCl with fluorocarbon iodides and synthesis of CF3OTeF5

Abstract The low temperature reaction of TeF 5 OCl with the fluorocarbon iodides, CF 3 I, C 2 F 5 I, n-C 3 F 7 I, and i-C 3 F 7 I results in the formation of R f I(OTeF 5 ) 2 adducts. Except for the trifluoromethyl derivative these are stable, colorless compounds. The trifluoromethyl adduct decomposes above −78°C to give the previously unknown CF 3 OTeF 5 . The perfluoroethyl and n-propyl adducts decompose at 120°C or under UV radiation giving C 2 F 5 OTeF 5 and n- C 3 F 7 OTeF 5 , respectively. These reactions constitute a new synthesis of primary R f OTef 5 compounds. Attempts to extend this synthesis to secondary fluorocarbon iodides were unsuccessful.
INFINITE EASIER WARING CONSTANTS FOR COMMUTATIVE RINGS

Abstract Suppose n ⩾ 2 . We show that there is no integer v ⩾ 1 such that for all commutative rings R with identity, every element of the subring J ( 2 n , R ) of R generated by 2 n -th powers can be written in the form ± f 1 2 n ± ⋯ ± f v 2 n for some f 1 , … , f v ∈ R and some choice of signs.
Implicit speech recognition: making speech a first class object on computers

This paper introduces implicit speech recognition, where we focus on extracting features such as speaker identities, speaking rate, emotion and transcriptions from utterance spoken between people. Such technologies can increase one's productivity, especially in enhancing the efficiency of meetings and education. We have incorporated this technology into Microsoft Outlook to assist the processing of voicemails.
Photoinduced charge separation in microporous and mesoporous materials

A review of photoinduced charge separation of organic molecules in microporous and mesoporous materials is presented. In particular, the photoionization of N-alkylphenothiazine (PCn), N,N,N′,N′-tet...
Vasoactive eicosanoids: Synthesis of 12,20-dihydroxyeicosa-5(Z),8(Z),10(E),14(Z)-tetraenoic acid via a novel chiral bis-lactol

Abstract The type IIB eicosanoids, 12(R),20- and 12(S),20-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (DiHETE), were conveniently synthesized utilizing a carbohydrate-derived bis-lactol as a differentiated 4-hydroxyhex-2(E)-enedial chiron. 12(S),20-DiHETE, but not the 12(R)-isomer, induced vasodilation in precontracted canine arteries.
Advanced high temperature instrumentation for hot section research applications

Programs to develop research instrumentation for use in turbine engine hot sections are described. These programs were initiated to provide improved measurements capability as support for a multidisciplinary effort to establish technology leading to improved hot section durability. Specific measurement systems described here include heat flux sensors, a dynamic gas temperature measuring system, laser anemometry for hot section applications, an optical system for viewing the interior of a combustor during operation, thin film sensors for surface temperature and strain measurements, and high temperature strain measuring systems. The paper will describe the state of development of these sensors and measuring systems and, in some cases, will show examples of measurements made with this instrumentation. The paper covers work done at the NASA Lewis Research Center and at various contract and grant facilities.
Coherent control of trapped bosons

We investigate the quantum behavior of a mesoscopic two-boson system produced by number-squeezing ultracold gases of alkali metal atoms. The quantum Poincare maps of the wavefunctions are affected by chaos in those regions of the phase space where the classical dynamics produces features that are comparable to hbar. We also investigate the possibility for quantum control in the dynamics of excitations in these systems. Controlled excitations are mediated by pulsed signals that cause Stimulated Raman Adiabatic passage (STIRAP) from the ground state to a state of higher energy. The dynamics of this transition is affected by chaos caused by the pulses in certain regions of the phase space. A transition to chaos can thus provide a method of controlling STIRAP.
Enhancing of solar still productivity using vacuum technology

Abstract In this study, the effect of applying vacuum inside the solar still on its productivity is presented. The effect of vacuum inside the still is to avoid any heat transfer due to convection in the still. So, the heat loss from the water in an insulated still is due to evaporation and radiation only. Hence, the air mass transfer is not included in the analysis. In the presence of vacuum, the effect of the non-condensable gas. which reduces the rate of condensation, is also avoided. The results show that applying vacuum inside the solar still increases the water productivity about 100%, i.e. enhancing the efficiency about 100%. This can be considered as the maximum increase in the productivity of the still up to now.
Partition sums and entropy bounds in weakly coupled CFT

We use the partition functions on S1 × Sn of various conformal field theories in four and six dimensions in the limit of vanishing coupling to study the high temperature thermodynamics. Certain modular properties exhibited by the partition functions help to determine the finite volume corrections, which play a role in the discussion of entropy bounds.
Combinatorics of link diagrams and volume

We show that the volumes of certain hyperbolic A-adequate links can be bounded (above and) below in terms of two diagrammatic quantities: the twist number and the number of certain alternating tangles in an A-adequate diagram. We then restrict our attention to plat closures of certain braids, a rich family of links whose volumes can be bounded in terms of the twist number alone. Furthermore, in the absence of special tangles, our volume bounds can be expressed in terms of a single stable coefficient of the colored Jones polynomial. Consequently, we are able to provide a new collection of links that satisfy a Coarse Volume Conjecture.
On the bound state problem in quantum field theory

A causal and invariant scalar field involving a stable bound state is investigated. A formula for theS-matrix is derived and it is shown that the bound state can be described by a local and invariant field operator. For simplicity only the case of spin zero particles and bound states is considered; however, the extension to other cases is possible.
Model for oxygen recombination on silicon-dioxide surfaces

This paper addresses the problem of modeling the catalytic recombination of oxygen on silicon dioxide, the principal material making up the Space Shuttle thermal protection tiles. A new mechanism involving the surface oxygen of the silicon-dioxide matrix itself is proposed. The detailed rate equations describing the proposed mechanism are written and solved at steady state. The predicted rates are shown to match catalytic data specifically collected for the silicon-dioxide/oxygen system.
Mercuric Nitrate‐Mediated Deprotection of Oximes, Hydrazones, and Semicarbazones

Mercuric nitrate in wet silica gel is found to be an excellent reagent for the regeneration of carbonyl compounds from oximes, hydrazones, and semicarbazones.
An adaptive sampling system for hybrid computation

The concept of sampling is central to the operation of all systems in which analog information is to be processed by a digital computer. In conventional hybrid computing and data-processing systems the continuous analog signal is represented by an amplitude-modulated pulse train in which the pulses occur at fixed intervals of time. Such synchronous sampling facilitates control by the digital computer clock and requires a minimum amount of equipment. In many applications, however, it is important to minimize the number of samples employed to represent the analog signal. For example in telemeter applications, it is important to economize transmitter power by limiting the number of samples transmitted over long communication links.
Some issues with Quasi-Steady State model in long-term stability

The Quasi Steady-State (QSS) model of long-term dynamics relies on the idea of time-scale decomposition. Assuming that the fast variables are infinitely fast and are stable in the long-term, the QSS model replaces the differential equations of transient dynamics by their equilibrium equations to reduce complexity and increase computation efficiency. Although the idea of QSS model is intuitive, its theoretical foundation has not yet been developed. In this paper, several counter examples in which the QSS model fails to provide a correct approximation of the complete dynamic model in power system are presented and the reasons of the failure are explained from the viewpoint of nonlinear analysis.
Oxidative ring opening and rearrangement of an anthroquinocyclopropene. Molecular structure of a novel spiro-3-furanone

Abstract Reaction of anthraquinone 1 with diethyl dithiophosphate led to oxidative ring opening with the formation of spiro-3-furanone 3; subsequent oxidation of 3 with alkaline potassium ferricyanide gave a 4,5-bis(quino)-3-furanone, 4, whose structure was established by x-ray crystallography.
The Hollowing‐Out Process in the Chicago Economy, 1975–2011

The metropolitan economy of Chicago has experienced a significant transformation in its economic structure over the past twenty years. Using a method for extraction of input-output tables that has been described elsewhere, it has been possible to produce an economic photograph of the changes in the Chicago region, annually, for the period 1975–2011. This paper explores the nature of these structural changes through examination of the changes in the composition of the Leontief multipliers and changes in the economic landscapes interpreted through application of the multiplier product matrix. The resulting picture, at the nine-sector level of detail, reveals a hollowing-out process, with intrametro-politan dependence replaced by dependence on sources of supply and demand outside the region. Furthermore, the analysis reveals a complex internal transformation, as dependence on locally sourced manufacturing inputs is replaced by dependence on local service activities.
Using artificial neural nets to identify the well-test interpretation model

In a pressure-transient test, a signal of pressure vs. time is recorded. When this signal is plotted with specialized plotting functions, diagnostic plots, such as derivative or Horner plots, are produced that often are used in the interpretation process. The signal on these plots is deformed and shaped by underlying mechanisms in the formation and wellbore. These mechanisms are the well-test interpretation model. The objective of this work is to identify these mechanisms from the signatures on the derivative plot. Identifying the well-test interpretation model is described in the literature as an inverse problem. The traditional way of solving an inverse problem is with inverse theory techniques (e.g., regression analysis). A serious disadvantage of such techniques is that one has to assume an interpretation model. The inverse theory provides estimates of the model parameters but not of the model itself. Because more than one interpretation model can produce the same signal, this approach can lead to misleading results. The authors seek the model itself instead of its parameters in this study. In this study, they trained a neural net simulator to identify the well-test interpretation model from the derivative plot. The neural net simulator can be part of a well-testmore » expert system or a computer-enhanced well-test interpretation.« less
Pd/C-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Arenediazonium Salts with Potassium Aryltrifluoroborates

A convenient protocol for the synthesis of biaryls from arenediazonium salts and potassium aryltrifluoroborates in refluxing methanol catalyzed by Pd/C is described. The protocol is simple to execute and gives moderate to high yields of cross-coupling products in most cases.
R&D and the Export Decision of New Firms

Recent literature on the firm-level decision to export has focused on identifying factors that influence the export decision by firms regardless of the number of years they have been in operation. This article, alternatively, examines the factors that influence new firms to export within the first four years of operation. The results support two key findings that have commonly emerged from entrepreneurial case studies: (1) There is a positive link between research and development (R&D) and early internationalization, and (2) international ties of managers, as is evidenced by the effect of foreign-born owners, positively impact the firm's decision to export. The former result is the emphasis of this article. In addition, we find that innovation spillovers from neighboring firms impact the export decision of new firms that
Excitation of Orbital Eccentricities of Extrasolar Planets by Repeated Resonance Crossings

Orbits of known extrasolar planets that are located outside the tidal circularization regions of their parent stars are often substantially eccentric. By contrast, planetary orbits in our solar system are approximately circular, reflecting planet formation within a nearly axisymmetric, circumsolar disk. We propose that orbital eccentricities may be generated by the divergent orbital migration of two planets in a viscously accreting circumstellar disk. The migration is divergent in the sense that the ratio of the orbital period of the outer planet to that of the inner planet grows. As the period ratio diverges, the planets traverse, but are not captured into, a series of mean motion resonances that amplify their orbital eccentricities in rough inverse proportion to their masses. Strong viscosity gradients in protoplanetary disks offer a way to reconcile the circular orbits of solar system gas giants with the eccentric orbits of currently known extrasolar planets.
Self-Selection and Heterogeneity in Firms’ Choice of Corporate Law

Firms’ choice of legal regime is not uniform. Despite Delaware’s signifiant advantages and success in attracting corporations, many fims still choose to incorporate in their home state, and some fims incorporate in a third state, most notably Nevada. Several factors — lawyers’ advice, political inflence in the home state, and relative costs of out of state incorporation — were identifid as contributing to these patterns. Yet none of these factors neither their combination, fully account for fims’ choices. This Article suggests that unidentifid heterogeneity, potentially in managers’ preferences for legal protection, might have contributed to, and could help in explaining, these patterns. Among other factors, this heterogeneity could result, for example, from variations in market forces and, in turn, private benefis that managers extract. Introducing heterogeneity in managers’ preferences, this Article suggests that managers that share a relatively strong preference for insider protection should be less inclined to incorporate in Delaware, and more inclined to incorporate in their home state where they have political clout, or in Nevada if their strong preference for protection is not satisfid in their home state. The analysis is too preliminary for normative implications to be derived, rather the Article suggests that more research into fims’ heterogeneity and their choice of law could prove valuable.
Partial oxidation of methane on mo/sn/p silica supported catalysts

Abstract In this paper the partial oxidation of methane on a series of silica supported Mo/Sn/P catalysts has been studied. It is shown that tin promotes the activity of a Mo/SiO2 catalyst, and phosphorus improves its selectivity. The results obtained for a Mo/2Sn/P catalysts were among the highest reported in the literature corresponding to a formaldehyde selectivity of 64.8% at a methane conversion of 7.2%. Characterization of the catalysts indicates that an interaction between molybdenum and tin is responsible for the high activity-selectivity found.
Sequential Logistic Principal Component Analysis (SLPCA): Dimensional Reduction in Streaming Multivariate Binary-State System

Sequential or online dimensional reduction is of interests due to the explosion of streaming data based applications and the requirement of adaptive statistical modeling, in many emerging fields, such as the modeling of energy end-use profile. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), is the classical way of dimensional reduction. However, traditional PCA coincides with maximum likelihood interpretation only when data follows Gaussian distribution. The Bregman Divergence was introduced to extend PCA with maximum likelihood in exponential family distribution. In this work, we study this generalized form PCA for Bernoulli variables, which is called Logistic PCA (LPCA). We extend the batch-mode LPCA to a sequential version (SLPCA). The convergence property of this algorithm is discussed compared to the batch version (BLPCA), as well as its performance in reducing the dimension for multivariate binary-state systems. Its application in building energy end-use profile modeling is also investigated.
Attempts to improve the bond between cement paste and aggregate

Because there are many coatings on the surface of coarse aggregate particles that reduce the concrete strengths through the reduction of the bond between cement paste and aggregate, a laboratory work is presented whose objective was to find such aggregate coating that improves the concrete strength. To achieve this, coarse aggregate particles were coated with a thin epoxy layer, with or without an adhesive promoter, in which either fine sand particles, or unhydrated Portland cement particles were embedded to make the surface rougher, or chemically more reactive, or both. After the hardening of the epoxy, concrete was made with the coated aggregate and concrete strengths were tested. The test results obtained show that the attempts to increase strength were unsuccessful because even the most effective coating, that with unhydrated Portland cement, produced only small increases in strength.
Particle-field duality and form factors from vertex operators

Using a duality between the space of particles and the space of fields, we show how one can compute form factors directly in the space of fields. This introduces the notion of vertex operators, and form factors are vacuum expectation values of such vertex operators in the space of fields. The vertex operators can be constructed explicitly in radial quantization. Furthermore, these vertex operators can be exactly bosonized in momentum space. We develop these ideas by studying the free-fermion point of the sine-Gordon theory, and use this scheme to compute some form-factors of some non-free fields in the sine-Gordon theory. This work further clarifies earlier work of one of the authors, and extends it to include the periodic sector.
The Relationship of Cognitive Effort, Information Acquisition Preferences and Risk to Simulated Auditor–Client Negotiation Outcomes

The auditor–client relationship is a legally-mandated relationship in which one party, the auditor, is hired and paid by the auditee (client) to inform third party stakeholders as to whether the client firm’s financial statements are presented in conformity with national financial accounting standards. When these statements do not meet the criteria for acceptable financial statements, a negotiation situation may arise in which the auditor is presumed to act in the best interests of shareholders and creditors who have no independent knowledge of the auditor’s findings. The client management may then feel forced to defend its numbers. The result is a negotiation between the auditor and client (e.g., Salterio in Account Financ 52:233–286, 2012; Brown and Wright in Account Horiz 22(1):91–109, 2008). This study examines cognitive factors and risk preference factors that may impact the negotiation both in the setting of each side’s negotiation position and on the outcomes of that negotiation using simulated auditor–client negotiations. Questionnaire and simulated auditor–client negotiations were used to generate the data, with MBA and MS in Accounting students playing the role of client CEOs and auditor partners. We further explore the use of a tool, Structural Equation Modeling, to test the data, in the process highlighting its usefulness in auditor–client negotiation research. We find that the cognitive characteristic of need for cognition is significantly and positively related to achievement of the negotiator’s desired income objectives and reported willingness to argue strongly for his/her position. Actively open-minded thinking, a second cognitive variable studied, was not significantly related to success in the negotiations, nor to a reported willingness to argue strongly for his/her position. Finally, we find that perceived aggressive tactics by the other party to the negotiation had a negative impact on the counterpart negotiator’s success in the negotiation, and satisfaction with it. As expected, risk assessment-related variables were not related to outcomes of interest.
Challenging evaluation to the cross-cultural test: Program evaluation in cross-cultural settings

Abstract The author cites the recent emergence of two new fields in education: evaluation and international education. Each has developed unique methodologies in its area of most concern. Evaluators judge the process and output of national programs; international educators plan for programs overseas. Although the author believes such developments should be complementary, the professions have remained relatively isolated from one another in two distinct regards: as practitioners in a single field, and in the manner in which they train students. Drawing upon personal experience, the author illustrates how current evaluation methods fail to provide adequate guidance in cross-cultural settings. The author further identifies issues, poses questions, and calls for increased cooperation between fields of evaluation and international education as well as across the social science disciplines.
Geochemical and isotopic study of a plutonic suite and related early volcanic sequences in the southern Mariana forearc

The forearc of the southern Mariana arc preserves igneous suites formed during the initiation of subduction between the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates about 50 Ma ago. We have studied rare suites of gabbroic to tonalitic plutonic rocks dredged from two locations in the Mariana forearc by cruise by University of Hawai'i cruise KK81-06-26. Comparison of the chemical and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf) characteristics of these rocks with well-studied volcanics from the forearc reveals that the plutonics from dredge RD63 and RD64 are chemically related to boninites erupted at 48–43 Ma. This is the first report of boninite-like plutonics in the southern Mariana trench. These suites have trace element characteristics consistent with island arc settings (U/Th: 0.58–1.44, Nb/La: 0.18–0.79) and other features uniquely connected with boninites: TiO2 25. RD63 plutonics resemble nearby boninite volcanics and were likely derived from differentiated boninite magma with 58% SiO2, forming gabbro by crystal accumulation, diorite and quartz diorite by crystallization, and tonalite by crystallization and/or partial melting. The RD64 suite (gabbro through tonalite) may have had a more depleted magma source and formed by accumulation and crystallization only. Although the physical dimensions of the plutonic body are unknown, the relationship with boninites indicates that felsic intrusives can form during early stages of island arc development. Such rocks could form part of midcrustal low-velocity layers detected in arc crust by seismic studies. Tonalites similar to those studied here are also found in some ophiolites.
Continuous tokamak operation with an internal transformer

A large improvement in efficiency of current drive in a tokamak can be obtained using neutral beam injection to drive the current in a plasma which has low density and high resistivity. The current established under such conditions acts as the primary of a transformer to drive current in an ignited high-density plasma. In the context of a model of plasma confinement and fusion reactor costs, it is shown that such transformer action has substantial advantages over strict steady-state current drive. It is also shown that cycling plasma density and fusion power is essential for effective operation of an internal transformer cycle. Fusion power loading must be periodically reduced for intervals whose duration is comparable to the maximum of the particle confinement and thermal inertia time scales for plasma fueling and heating. The design of neutron absorption blankets which can tolerate reduced power loading for such short intervals is identified as a critical problem in the design of fusion power reactors.
Reexamining the Term Structure of Interest Rates and the Interwar Demand for Money

This paper reexamines whether the term structure of interest rates, rather than merely a single interest rate, should be included in the demand for money of the interwar era. In contrast to earlier work, we use cointegration techniques to model the equilibrium/error correction process, and find that a sufficiently rich dynamic model using a single interest rate has considerable explanatory power. Nevertheless, we conclude that the inclusion of the term structure may help to explain the turbulent monetary dynamics of the Depression era.
Chlorine Recovery from Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride in a Molten Salt Electrolyte Membrane Cell

A novel electrochemical membrane process has been developed to recover chlorine from anhydrous HCI waste. The proposed method produces a pure chlorine product stream and a hydrogen-enriched stream from HCI waste in a single step. The electrochemical method requires only an external electric potential and no concentration gradient, and it produces chlorine with exceptional selectivity. The electrolyzer can be operated at high current densities and current efficiencies. Downstream separation is not necessary, and no exotic electrode materials are required. A single experimental cell was constructed and tested for HCl removal and chlorine production from concentrated HCl reactant streams at variable flow rate. Applied current densities exceeded 400 mA/cm 2 , and conversions over 94% were achieved. Ohmic resistance dominated cell potentials due to the formation of hydrogen and chlorine bubbles. The proposed process is found to be a viable option for the treatment of anhydrous HCl waste.
Enantioselective Organo-SOMO Cycloadditions: A Catalytic Approach to Complex Pyrrolidines from Olefins and Aldehydes

A new method to rapidly generate pyrrolidines via a SOMO-activated enantioselective (3 + 2) coupling of aldehydes and conjugated olefins has been accomplished. A radical-polar crossover mechanism is proposed wherein olefin addition to a transient enamine radical cation and oxidation of the resulting radical furnish a cationic intermediate which is vulnerable to nucleophilic addition of a tethered amine group. A range of olefins, including styrenes and dienes, are shown to provide stereochemically complex pyrrolidine products with high chemical efficiency and enantiocontrol.
Resolving the solar neutrino problem with KamLAND

Abstract We study how well KamLAND, the first terrestrial neutrino experiment capable of addressing the solar neutrino problem, will perform in ascertaining whether or not the large mixing angle MSW solution (with 10 −5 ≲Δm 21 2 ≲10 −4 eV 2 and oscillation amplitude sin22θ12>0.3) is correct. We find that in a year of operation KamLAND will provide unequivocal evidence for or against this solution. Furthermore, its sensitivity to the three-neutrino oscillation parameters in this region is sufficiently acute as to determine Δm212 to approximately ±10% (for sin22θ12>0.7) and to fix sin 2 2 θ 12 to within ±0.1 (at the 3σ level) with three years of accumulated data, independent of the value of θ13.
Still states of bistable lattices, compatibility, and phase transition

We study a two-dimensional triangular lattice made of bistable rods. Each rod has two equilibrium lengths, and thus its energy has two equal minima. A rod undergoes a phase transition when its elongation exceeds a critical value. The lattice is subject to a homogeneous strain and is periodic with a sufficiently large period. The effective strain of a periodic element is defined. After phase transitions, the lattice rods are in two different states and lattice strain is inhomogeneous, the Cauchy–Born rule is not applicable. We show that the lattice has a number of deformed still states that carry no stresses. These states densely cover a neutral region in the space of entries of effective strains. In this region, the minimal energy of the periodic lattice is asymptotically close to zero. When the period goes to infinity, the effective energy of such lattices has the “flat bottom” which we explicitly describe. The compatibility of the partially transited lattice is studied. We derive compatibility conditions for lattices and demonstrate a family of compatible lattices (strips) that densely covers the flat bottom region. Under an additional assumption of the small difference of two equilibrium lengths, we demonstrate that the still structures continuously vary with the effective strain and prove a linear dependence of the average strain on the concentration of transited rods.
Jet Fragmentation via Recombination of Parton Showers

We propose to model hadronization of parton showers in QCD jets through a hybrid approach involving quark recombination and string fragmentation. This is achieved by allowing gluons at the end of the perturbative shower evolution to undergo a non-perturbative splitting into quark and antiquark pairs, then applying a Monte-Carlo version of instantaneous quark recombination, and finally subjecting remnant quarks (those which have not found a recombination partner) to Lund string fragmentation. When applied to parton showers from the PYTHIA Monte Carlo event generator, the final hadron spectra from our calculation compare quite well to PYTHIA jets that have been hadronized with the default Lund string fragmentation. Our new approach opens up the possibility to generalize hadronization to jets embedded in a quark gluon plasma.