cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fodor and Pylyshyn on connectionism

Fodor and Pylyshyn (1988) have argued that the cognitive architecture is not Connectionist. Their argument takes the following form: (1) the cognitive architecture is Classical; (2) Classicalism and Connectionism are incompatible; (3) therefore the cognitive architecture is not Connectionist. In this essay I argue that Fodor and Pylyshyn's defenses of (1) and (2) are inadequate. Their argument for (1), based on their claim that Classicalism best explains the systematicity of cognitive capacities, is an invalid instance of inference to the best explanation. And their argument for (2) turns out to be question-begging. The upshot is that, while Fodor and Pylyshyn have presented Connectionists with the important empirical challenge of explaining systematicity, they have failed to provide sufficient reason for inferring that the cognitive architecture is Classical and not Connectionist.
Dot-Density Shading: A Technique for Mapping Continuous Climatic Data

Abstract Traditionally, spatial distributions of continuous climatological variables have been displayed using isolines. The placement of isolines involves an assumption about the gradient of the variable being mapped. Because of the numerical value associated with an isoline, a degree of precision is associated with this type of map that may not be justified. Dot-density shading offers an alternative technique for displaying these spatial distributions. The continuous nature of the dot-density display makes it an effective means of thematically depicting variations in the magnitudes of climatological variables. This is demonstrated by maps of various climatological variables for Colorado and from an experimental global climate model.
Computational extension of the dynamic range of TL and TSEE readers

Abstract In situations in which the measurability of thermoluminescence or exoelectron emission glow curves is limited by the characteristics of the readout instrument (e.g., saturation in proportional or gas counters), the peak can be “reconstructed” as if it were recorded in full by proper evaluation of the reliably recorded low- T and high- T segments of the peak. The results of two different methods have been compared, assuming (a) a Gaussian shape or (b) linear scaling of the glow curves, with a parabolic shape at the low- T and a linear shape at the high- T side. The procedures are simplified by using the combination of a digitizer and a programmable calculator. The usable dynamic range of various radiation dosimeters can thus be extended by about two orders of magnitude.
ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS ALONG THE RIO TARAISES, NORTHERN SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL, SONORA

The prehistory of the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico is poorly understood. This article reviews previous research in the region and describes the archaeology of the Rio Taraises (Lister 1958). My principal interest is the cliff-dwellings Cueva Bringas and Cueva el Aguaje, which were the subject of a recent archaeological project. Architectural data, particularly the size and shape of doorways, and the construction techniques used to build walls, is used to place these two sites and the peoples who built them in a broader regional context particularly in regard to social or ethnic group membership. Finally, I argue that these two cliff-dwellings are more representative of the majority of archaeological sites in northern Mexico, than the larger and more elaborate site of Paquime.
Plasmodium yoelii: A differential fluorescent technique using Acridine Orange to identify infected erythrocytes and reticulocytes in Duffy knockout mouse

Both human malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax and mouse malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii use Duffy protein as the receptor for invasion and they preferentially invade reticulocytes. Recently, it has been shown that P. yoelii invades mouse reticulocytes by a Duffy independent pathway. Parasite invasion is generally visualized by time consuming staining procedures with dyes like Giemsa or Wright-Giemsa. Fluorochromatic dye like Acridine Orange has been used for instantaneous detection of parasites in RBCs. Acridine Orange binds to both DNA and RNA but with different emission spectra; and the binding can be distinguished with a fluorescent microscope using a green or a red filter, respectively. We have used this differential emission of Acridine Orange to determine P. yoelii invasion into erythrocytes and reticulocytes of Duffy positive and Duffy knockout mice. Moreover, we show that this method can be used to determine the maturity of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood of anemic mice.
Seismic responses and resistance of age degraded structures and components

Nuclear power plants, as with many other structures, can experience aging degradation on a continuing basis. In some cases, the environmental or operating conditions, which they are subjected to, may be more severe than those affecting non-nuclear structures. This degradation needs to be understood and adequately managed for the continued safe operation of nuclear power plants. To date a limited number of nuclear power plants in the US have specific monitoring and inspection programs for structures. The evaluation for seismic loading is particularly important because the degraded structures or components could be more vulnerable to the seismic loads. From a seismic analysis point of view, the aging or degradation may affect dynamic properties, structural response, resistance or capacity, failure modes, and locations of failure initiation. Further, the NRC license renewal rule requires in part that the current licensing basis (CLB) be maintained throughout the period of extended operation. To meet this requirement, an assessment and timely maintenance of the degraded structures and components becomes necessary. An international cooperative program is being considered to pull together resources to tackle the issue of seismic effects on aged/degraded structures and components, and to augment existing databases by using experience of nuclear power plants worldwide. Based on the insights and lessons learned from this program, technical bases could be established for each participating country, as needed, to develop guidelines to address the seismic capability of aged/degraded structures and components for continued and extended service. The extent of the program will depend on the results of a scoping or bounding study to be performed in the initial phase.
Varying the duration of A23187 administration alters its effect on adrenal steroidogenesis

A variety of effects of A23187 have been reported as its actions on adrenocortical steroidogenesis. This diversity probably resulted because of differences in the protocol of applying the Ca++ ionophore. We continue to observe a dose-dependent potentiation by the ionophore on ACTH-stimulated corticosterone secretory activity of superfused rat adrenocortical slices. This effect was eliminated or reversed if the tissue was pretreated with A23187 for 30 min prior to secretagogue application. The quality of the ionophore effect also depends on the submaximal dose of ACTH employed.
Tissue-specific expression of a soybean hypersensitive-induced response (HIR) protein gene promoter

A Glycine max gene encoding a putative protein similar to hypersensitive-induced response proteins (HIR) was identified as a gene with preferred expressions in flowers and developing seeds by whole transcriptome gene expression profiling. Its promoter gm-hir1 was cloned and revealed to strongly express a fluorescence reporter gene primarily in integuments, anther tapetum, and seed coat with unique tissue-specificity. Expression in the inner integument was apparent prior to pollination, while expression in the outer integument started to develop from the micropylar end outward as the embryo matured. A 5′-deletion study showed that the promoter can be truncated to 600 bp long relative to the translation start site without affecting expression. A positive regulatory element was identified between 600 and 481 bp that controls expression in the inner integument, with no noticeable effect on expression in the outer integument or tapetum. Additionally, removal of the 5′UTR intron had no effect on levels or location of gm-hir1 expression while truncation to 370 bp resulted in a complete loss of expression suggesting that elements controlling both the outer integument and tapetum expression are located within the 481–370 bp region.
Abstract IA19: Small-molecule modulators of the Hedgehog signaling pathway

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays critical roles in embryonic patterning and tissue homeostasis, and its inappropriate activation can lead to basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, and other cancers. Small molecules that modulate Hh signaling proteins can therefore be valuable probes of Hh pathway-dependent physiology and targeted therapies for Hh pathway-related diseases. While high-throughput screening campaigns in academia and industry have yielded several Hh pathway modulators that potently and selectively target the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), there is a growing need for compounds that inhibit Hh target gene expression through other mechanisms. Such small molecules could provide new insights into the cellular processes that regulate Gli transcription factor function and possibly prevent or overcome the emergence of tumors that are resistant to Smo antagonists. Toward this goal, we have completed large-scale screens for Hh pathway inhibitors that act downstream of Smo, revealing several compounds that inhibit Gli-dependent transcription through distinct mechanisms of action. We have successfully determined the cellular target of one inhibitor from our screens, and mechanistic studies of other Gli antagonists are currently underway. Citation Format: James K. Chen. Small-molecule modulators of the Hedgehog signaling pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chemical Systems Biology: Assembling and Interrogating Computational Models of the Cancer Cell by Chemical Perturbations; 2012 Jun 27-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(13 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.
Disparities in Latino substance use, service use, and treatment: implications for culturally and evidence-based interventions under health care reform.

Abstract Background The goal of this systematic literature review was to enhance understanding of substance use, service use, and treatment among Latino subgroups to improve access to care and treatment outcomes in an era of health care reform. Methods The authors used 13 electronic databases and manually searched the literature from January 1, 1978, to May 30, 2013. One hundred (69%) of 145 primary research articles met the inclusion criteria. Two blinded, independent reviewers scored each article. Consensus discussions and a content expert reconciled discrepancies. Results Current rates of alcohol and substance abuse among Latinos are comparable to or surpass other U.S. ethnic groups. Disparities in access and quality of care are evident between Latinos and other ethnic groups. As a heterogeneous group, Latinos vary by geographic region in terms of substance of choice and their cultural identity takes precedence over general ethnic identity as a likely determinant of substance abuse behaviors. There is growing research interest in systems influencing treatment access and adherence among racial/ethnic and gender minority groups. However, studies on Latinos’ service use and immediate treatment outcomes have been both limited in number and inconsistent in findings. Conclusions This review identified human capital, quality of care, and access to culturally responsive care as key strategies to eliminate disparities in health and treatment quality. Implications are discussed, including the need for effectiveness studies on Latinos served by systems of care that, under health care reform, are seeking to maximize resources, improve outcomes, and reduce variation in quality of care.
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Abdominal Obesity and the Implications for Cardiovascular Risk

Several cardiometabolic factors present in obese and insulin-resistant individuals represent a continuum of increasing risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The impor
Effect of Low-Dose Dexamethasone (Dex) on Respiratory Compliance in Very Low Birth Weight Infants (≤1250g): Racial Responses

Effect of Low-Dose Dexamethasone (Dex) on Respiratory Compliance in Very Low Birth Weight Infants (≤1250g): Racial Responses
Effect of Trabecular Photocoagulation on the Aqueous Humor Dynamics of the Human Eye

A group of 17 patients (ten men and seven women, ranging in age from 56 to 79 years) who had either chronic simple glaucoma or open-angle glaucoma and the exfoliation syndrome (Pseudoexfoliation) underwent argon laser trabeculoplasty in one eye each. Shortly before and three months after this procedure, both eyes underwent a number of tests to determine the physiologic status of the aqueous circulation, the blood-ocular barrier, and the cornea. A therapeutically significant decrease in intraocular pressure was observed in nine of the 17 treated eyes (mean pretreatment value for the 17 eyes, 21 ± 5 mm Hg; mean posttreatment value, 14 ± 4 mm Hg). This decrease was associated with an improvement in the tonographic facility of outflow (mean pretreatment value, 0.11 ± 0.05 μl/min/mm Hg; mean posttreatment value, 0.18 ± 0.08 μl/min/mm Hg). Apparent resistance to aqueous outflow decreased from a mean pretreatment value of 14.2 ± 4.5 min·mm Hg/μl to mean posttreatment value of 9.2 ± 3.0 min·mm Hg/μl). The other variables showed only small, statistically insignificant changes.
The correlation of intestinal protozoa and enteric microorganisms of known and doubtful pathogenicity.

Specimens from 404 patients with amebic dysentery, 39 cases of salmonellosis and bacillary dysentery, 13 mixed infections, 830 persons suffering from diarrhea of unknown origin in which no microbial cause could be found and 237 healthy controls were examined by becteriologic and parasitologic methods. The mathematical evaluation of the statistics showed that not onlySalmonella, Shigella, E. histolytica andG. lamblia, but alsoD. fragilis andCh. mesnili should be included in the list of potential pathogens, while the pathogenic power ofE. nana, I. butschlii, Trichomonas, Embadomonas andEnteromonas was not revealed by the statistics. Because of the growing accumulation of proof for the pathogenicity of several types ofProtei and paracolon bacilli, it is imperative to examine diarrheic stools for all potential pathogens.
T6 Is Superior to Ia (HLA-DR) As a Marker for Langerhans Cells and Indeterminate Cells in Normal Epidermis: A Monoclonal Antibody Study

Previous studies in our laboratory using immunoelectron microscopy have shown that anti-T6 monoclonal antibody reacts with all epidermal Langerhans cells in normal skin, Comparison of the number of T6-positive (+) epidermal cells with la (HLA-DR) (+) cells, as defined by the monoclonal antibodies, anti-I1 and anti-I2, disclosed that these latter markers significantly underestimated Langerhans cell and indeterminate cell numbers ( p p
Early results in the irrational design of new bifunctional chelators

BACKGROUND. The development of a simple route for the synthesis of the N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester of S-acetyl-protected mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG 3 ) has opened the possibility of preparing novel bifunctional N 3 S chelators for technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) and other radionuclides. In particular, the synthesis may be applied to a vast number of tripeptides in place of triglycine, to provide a library of bifunctional N 3 S chelators, each with unique properties related to the particular amino acid residues within each tripeptide. METHODS. The authors have synthesized by this simple route the NHS esters of four N 3 S chelators by reacting NHS-S-acetylthioglycolic acid with ala-gly-gly, phegly-gly, pro-gly-gly, and ser-ser-ser, in addition to gly-gly-gly. Each bifunctional chelator was conjugated to biocytin as a model primary amine and radiolabeled with 99m Tc. The properties of the four chelators were compared with MAG 3 with respect to the stability of the label in saline and serum, the extent of serum protein binding, and the instability to cysteine challenge. RESULTS. A range of values was observed. Labeled mercaptoacetyltriserine showed stability towards transchelation to cysteine similar to that of MAG 3 as well as lower serum protein binding; labeled mercaptoacetylalanyldiglycine showed slightly higher serum protein binding than labeled MAG 3 but greater stability to cysteine challenge. CONCLUSIONS. The authors concluded that this simple synthesis and evaluation scheme may be used to prepare and screen a large library of bifunctional chelators for those with useful properties. Cancer 1997;80:2347-53.
Efficient Spectral Coefficient Calculation Using Circuit Output Probabilities

Abstract Many problems in the field of digital logic may he solved more efficiently in the spectral domain than in the Boolean domain. However, the primary drawback of spectral techniques is the large complexity associated with the calculation of the spectrum of a Boolean function. We present a new method for the computation of a spectral coefficient that has a complexity equal to O(|E|) where |E| is the number of edges in a binary decision diagram characterizing the circuit. This result is especially significant for techniques that require the calculation of only a few spectral coefficients since it allows the computations to be accomplished very efficiently and does not require storage resources for a large number of values. Furthermore, this method holds for any general spectral transform and does not require the transformation matrix to be recursively defined or sparse.
“We Now Control Our Evolution”: Circumventing Ethical and Logical Cul-de-Sacs of an Anticipated Engineering Revolution

Philosophers, scientists, and other researchers have increasingly characterized humanity as having reached an epistemic and technical stage at which “we can control our own evolution.” Moral–philosophical analysis of this outlook reveals some problems, beginning with the vagueness of “we.” At least four glosses on “we” in the proposition “we, humanity, control our evolution” can be made: “we” is the bundle of all living humans, a leader guiding the combined species, each individual acting severally, or some mixture of these three involving a market interpretation of future evolutionary processes. While all of these glosses have difficulties under philosophical analysis, how we as a species handle our fate via technical developments is all-important. I propose our role herein should be understood as other than controllers of our evolution.
Veteran Transfer Students and Concealed Weapons on Campus

This case details the challenges faced by various members of a 4-year university regarding Kathryn, a non-traditional transfer student and military veteran who recently returned from a traumatic de...
Atrioventricular block revisited

AV blocks, their definitions and significance, are discussed. Type II, second-degree AV block is infranodal, whereas 2/3 of Type I with BBB are infranodal. 2∶1 AV block is neither Type I nor II block. Infranodal blocks require pacing regardless of symptoms.
Evaluation of Research Training and Productivity Among Junior Pharmacy Practice Faculty in the United States

Objective: To evaluate the extent of research training and productivity among junior faculty in US schools of pharmacy. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted to characterize junior ...
Test Result Management in Global Health Settings

Across the globe, the ways in which patients' test results are managed are as varied as the many different types of healthcare systems that manage these data. The outcomes, however, are often not too dissimilar: too many clinically significant test results fall through the cracks. The consequences of not following up test results in a timely manner are serious and often devastating to patients: diagnoses are delayed, treatments are not initiated or altered in time, and diseases progress. In resource-poor settings, test results too commonly get filed away within the paper chart in ways that isolate them and prevent passage to future providers caring for a patient. To make matters worse, the onus to act upon these test results often rests on patients who need to return to the clinic within a specified timeframe in order to obtain their results but who may not have the means or are too ill to do so. Even in more developed healthcare settings that use electronic records, clinical data residing in the electronic medical record (EMR) are often stubbornly “static”—key pieces of clinical information are frequently not recognized, retrieved, or shared easily. In this way, EMRs are not unlike paper record systems, and therefore, EMRs alone will not solve this problem. To illustrate this problem, consider the case of a patient newly diagnosed with HIV in 3 different healthcare delivery settings.
The Treatment of Acute Combined Ruptures of the Anterior Cruciate and Medial Ligaments of the Knee

We performed a prospective study of 46 patients with ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament and medial ligamentous structures. All patients had anterior cruci ate ligament allograft reconstructions. Group I com prised 34 patients in whom all of the medial structures were ruptured (parallel and oblique fibers of the super ficial medial collateral ligament and the posteromedial capsule) and were treated operatively. In Group II (12 patients), the superficial medial ligament fibers only were ruptured and these were treated nonoperatively. All patients started an immediate motion and rehabili tation program. Forty-four patients returned for followup at a mean of 5.3 years (range, 2 to 8.9) postoperatively. The results were assessed using the Cincinnati Knee Rating System. At followup, 20 knees (59%) in Group I and 9 knees (73%) in Group II had less than 3 mm of increased displacement on KT-1000 arthrometer test ing (134 N). The overall rate of anterior cruciate liga ment graft failure was 15%: six (18%) i...
Report from Durham

It is generally very enjoyable and gratifying to be an editor of a journal. I count my blessings to be part of Prostate Cancerand Prostatic Diseases in this regard. However, occasionally the job is unpleasant. We recently faced a serious case of plagiarism which borrowed heavily from a 2005 paper published in Human Reproduction. Our aim in responding was to be fair and act immediately. We decided to: withdraw the offending article, admonish the authors in a letter, ban the authors from future publication in our journal, and we alerted other editors about this editorial misconduct. Despite what we thought was adequate peer review, this one slipped through the cracks and we apologize to our readership. Our experience is apparently not unique. A recent outstanding editorial by Qais Al-Awqati in Kidney International reports a remarkably similar case. Al-Awqati makes the key points that this business is built on trust, that we are not able to fully police this activity and that we are at the mercy of honesty of our authors.
RECENT BENCHAMRKINGS OF RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER WITHIN NONHOMOGENEOUS PARTICIPATING MEDIA AND THE IMPROVED YIX METHOD

A review of the recent benchmark efforts since the First Symposium on Solution Methods for Radiative Heat Transfer in Participating Media is presented. The Symposium was first held at 1992 28th National Heat Transfer Conference and then at 1994 6th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference. Also presented is the continuing effort to improve the solution accuracy of the YIX method for benchmarking. The latest work is focused on multi-dimensional, gray, and nonhomogeneous participating media. Three higher order interpolation schemes, i.e., piecewise linear, tri-linear, and tri-quadratic, are presented to improve solution accuracy in generating benchmarks with YIX method. Detail and systematic error analyses indicate that superconvergence exists for these interpolations. Significant saving in computational time and memory can be achieved with high order interpolation. This has important implications when coupling the RTE calculations with flow codes. Alongside the interpolation error, the integration errors of the YIX method, which include distance and angular quadratures, are also examined. The use of discrete ordinates sets in the angular quadrature is studied rigorously and compared with the use of Simpson rule. The use of high order distance quadrature is discussed. The main intent of these results is to provide a verified set of solutions which can be useful as benchmarks when developing other methods. NOMENCLATURE Cm function space where a function and its partial derivatives of order less than or equal to m are continuous within the definition domain e blackbody emissive power of the medium [W/m2] h grid spacing K kernel function of the radiation transport integral equations L characteristic length of the geometry [m] N order of the discrete ordinates (S-N) set Nw number of angular quadrature points n unit surface normal vector q radiative heat flux vector [W/m2] q (surface) radiative heat flux [W/m2] r position vector, (x, y, z) β coefficient of the linear anisotropic scattering phase function κ extinction coefficient [m-1] τ optical thickness, κL Φ scattering phase function Ω computational domain ω direction vector Subscripts g volume quantity s surface quantity x, y, z coordinate axes Superscript ' in-scattering direction, dummy argument
Characterization of the sulfur retained by soils exposed to hydrogen sulfide

Abstract We recently reported studies showing that air‐dry and moist soils have substantial capacities for sorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from air. Studies to characterize the S retained when air‐dry and moist soils were exposed to air containing 2% H2S showed that a large fraction (average 79%) of this S was in the form of elemental S (S°) and that very little (0.1% or less) was in the form of sulfide. The recovery of sorted S as sulfate averaged 5.9% with the air‐dry soils and 3.0% with the moist soils. The 42 soils used in this work were selected so that they differed markedly in physical and chemical properties. Statistical analyses of the relationships between these properties and the recovery of sorbed S as elemental S showed that this recovery was significantly correlated with the amount of soil Mn that was extractable by dithionite‐citrate buffer. This suggests that Mn compounds in soils catalyze oxidation of sulfide‐S to elemental‐S when soils are exposed to air containing H2S.
The geochemical environment

Abstract Much of the assessment of high-level radioactive waste repositories will be accomplished through the application of geochemical models. Such models will be used to understand geochemical processes in the repository and the surrounding environment. The purpose of this paper is to review the nature of the currently available geochemical models. The kinds of calculations that a number of these models perform include aqueous speciation, mineral solubility, and mass transfer reactions. Presently, there are limitations on the success of calculation of adsorption reactions and rate-limited reactions. Ongoing development of geochemical models requires that more work be done to compile thermodynamic and kinetic data, incorporate additional geochemical processes and parameters into existing codes, and assess the accuracy of all simulations through validation studies and sensitivity analyses.
Acute Pancreatitis as the Initial Presentation of Systematic Lupus Erythematosus

Systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disease, including the gastrointestinal system in about half of SLE patients. As a rare complication of SLE, acute pancreatitis presents as generalized flare-ups in most cases of patients previously diagnosed with SLE. Here we report a rare case of acute pancreatitis as the initial presentation with later diagnosis of SLE.
Emergency Physicians’ Attitudes and Preferences Regarding Computed Tomography, Radiation Exposure, and Imaging Decision Support

Objectives Although computerized decision support for imaging is often recommended for optimizing computed tomography (CT) use, no studies have evaluated emergency physicians’ (EPs’) preferences regarding computerized decision support in the emergency department (ED). In this needs assessment, the authors sought to determine if EPs view overutilization as a problem, if they want decision support, and if so, the kinds of support they prefer.
Signal transduction during C. elegans vulval induction

Nematode proteins related to the human epidermal growth factor receptor and Ras proteins act in a common pathway to control cell fates in response to an inductive signal. Analysis of these gene products during C. elegans vulval induction allows detailed study of their function in the context of a developing organism.
The ultraviolet spectra of some inorganic solids

Abstract The ultraviolet spectra of nine sulphates, three chromates, and two nitrates have been investigated in the solid state using the KBr disc technique. The sulphate samples show absorption in the 260 mμ and 300 mμ regions; the chromâtes at both 270 mμ. and 370 mμ; and the nitrates absorb slightly in the 290 mμ region. Qualitative identification of these ions in artificial samples has been demonstrated.
Functional interaction of lithocholic acid conjugates with M3 muscarinic receptors on a human colon cancer cell line

Lithocholic acid (LA) conjugates interact with M3 receptors, the muscarinic receptor subtype that modulates colon cancer cell proliferation. This observation prompted us to examine the action of bile acids on two human colon cancer cell lines: H508, which expresses M3 receptors, and SNU-C4, which does not. Cellular proliferation was determined using a colorimetric assay. Interaction with muscarinic receptors was determined by measuring inhibition of muscarinic radioligand binding and changes in cellular inositol phosphate (IP) formation. Lithocholyltaurine (LCT) caused a dose-dependent increase in H508 cell proliferation that was not observed in SNU-C4 cells. After a 6-day incubation with 300 μM LCT, H508 cell proliferation increased by 200% compared to control. Moreover, in H508 cells, LCT caused a dose-dependent inhibition of radioligand binding and an increase in IP formation. LCT did not alter the rate of apoptosis in H508 or SNU-C4 cells. These data indicate that, at concentrations achievable in the gut, LA derivatives interact with M3 muscarinic receptors on H508 human colon cancer cells, thereby causing an increase in IP formation and cell proliferation. This suggests a mechanism whereby alterations in intestinal bile acids may affect the growth of colon cancer cells.
June cloud cover over the Arctic Ocean

June cloud cover over the Beaufort Sea, west-ward to the East Siberian Sea and up to approximately 85°N, is manually charted using 12 years of satellite imagery.
On the collapse of circular confined rings under external pressure

Abstract The paper presents a study of the large deflection collapse of circular rings confined in a rigid cavity under external pressure. The ring is assumed to be inextensional and to have an initial localized imperfection which causes a small section of its circumference to be detached from the confining wall. The cavity formed is pressurized and its growth examined. The formulation is general enough to allow for large deflections of the ring as well as material nonlinearities. The pressure v 's change in volume response of the confined ring is found to be characterized by a limit load for both elastic and inelastic material behavior. The limit load is shown to be dependent on both the geometry of the initial imperfection as well as the yield and post yield characteristics of the ring material. The response beyond the limit load is unstable until the crown of the ring touches the opposite side after which it becomes stable again.
Methodology for a nullcline-based model from direct experiments: Applications to electrochemical reaction models

Abstract A method is proposed for the construction of simple yet accurate mathematical models for description of dynamics of nonlinear systems based on the concept of nullclines. The nullclines are functional relationships between the essential variables of a dynamical system where the rate of change of a species is constrained to zero. When the time scales of the essential variables are separated the dynamics can often be described by motion along nullclines of the fast variable. We propose a methodology with which the nullclines can be obtained from direct control experiments. The goal is achieved by a combination of an adaptive and proportional controller acting on the fast and the slow variables of the system. It is demonstrated in the numerical simulations of two- and three-variable electrochemical models that the nullclines can be extracted from control of experimentally feasible control parameters (circuit potential and rotation rate). As an extension of the methodology, we propose a nullcline based technique which is capable of reproducing the temporal behavior of the system’s variables (e.g., waveform of the oscillations). The numerical simulations indicate that the nullcline based model information from direct experiments can effectively predict the system’s dynamics and thus the technique holds promise for an alternative modeling route to traditional kinetics/mass transfer based approaches.
Using helium-oxygen mixtures in the emergency management of acute upper airway obstruction.

Helium (80%)-oxygen (20%) mixtures (He-O 2 ) are less dense and less viscous than room air. Respiratory work to overcome upper airway obstruction from a number of pathologic conditions may be reduced by inhaling He-O 2 instead of room air. We present the case of a 23-year-old woman with a history of asthma and tracheal angioedema refractory to conventional antiasthma and even immunosuppressive therapy. She had previously required frequent intubation and mechanical ventilatory support. During the most recent episode of respiratory distress, prior to intubation as access for mechanical ventilatory support, the patient was placed on He-O 2 by a nonrebreathing face mask. She improved clinically within minutes, and continuous pulse oximetry showed a rise in oxygen saturation from 91% to 98%. The patient's condition stabilized and intubation was not required during the subsequent hospitalization. He-O 2 may be beneficial in certain patients with acute upper airway obstruction as a noninvasive, temporizing therapy with minimal adverse effects. We recommend close monitoring of the clinical response and the use of continuous pulse oximetry, substantiated by arterial blood gases when feasible.
SEXUAL STERILIZATION OF SCREW-WORM FLIES BY THE BIOLOGICAL ALKYLATING AGENTS, TRETAMINE AND THIOTEPA.

Abstract Tretamine [2,4,6-tris(1-aziridinyl)-s-triazine] or thiotepa [tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide] induced sexual sterility in screw-worm flies [Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)] when adults were treated by oral or topical administrations and when immature stages were treated by immersion or injection. By oral administration to adults, thiotepa was the more effective chemosterilant, but by topical administration the two compounds were almost equally effective. The survival of screw-worm flies treated with tretamine was often greater than that with thiotepa. When tretamine-sterilized females were mated within a day or two of topical treatment with fertile males, chemosterilant was transferred to the males by bodily contact and reduced their fertility. With topical administration in two equal doses, together constituting a minimum effective dose, the toxicity was slightly reduced, but losses of sterilizing effectiveness occurred. Sterility induced by tretamine or thiotepa in male screw-worm flies, studied by the method of brood fractionation, was irreversible. However, the sexual vigor of males treated with sterilizing doses of these compounds was reduced, since they did not fully compete with untreated males. Chemosterilization of the secondary screw-worm fly [Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius)] is reported for the first time. With C. hominivorax prepupae, immersion in tretamine or thiotepa resulted in the sexual sterilization of the adults that subsequently emerged, but toxicity was very great. With C. hominivorax pupae, immersion or injection resulted in the production of all sterile adults only with thiotepa, but tretamine was not without antifertility activity.
Perforation of Composite Plates and Sandwich Panels under Quasi-static and Projectile Loading:

Analytical solutions for the deformation, penetration, and perforation of composite plates and sandwich panels subjected to quasi-static punch indentation and projectile impact are derived. Discrete spring-mass models are used to calculate the impact response of the composite plates and sandwich panels. Equivalent load resistance functions are obtained from the quasi-static analysis and adjusted for high strain rate. A generalized solution methodology for projectile impact of composite plates and sandwich panels are then proposed based on three key factors: (i) the contact load duration, (ii) the through-thickness transit time, and (iii) the lateral transit time. A two-dimensional wave propagation model is used to determine the ballistic limits of E-glass/polyester panels and GLARE fiber-metal laminates, and predicted values are found to be within 20 and 13% of the experimental results, respectively. A quasi-static impact model is used to predict the ballistic limit for E-glass/epoxy-aluminum honeycomb sa...
Anti-Judaism in the Gospels According to Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, and Mel

Mel Gibson’s film, The Passion of the Christ, has elicited great response, both positive and negative. The purpose of this article is to explore one controversial aspect of the movie, anti-Judaism. After addressing problems inherent in the term, anti-Judaism, the article highlights elements of the New Testament gospels that have been interpreted as anti-Jewish, offers an analysis of Gibson’s interpretation of the role of the Jews in the death of Jesus, and closes with a discussion of the implications of Gibson’s presentation of the Jews on contemporary Jewish/Christian relations.
Comparison of ultrasonic and indium-111-bleomycin scanning of gynecologic tumors.

Abstract Fifteen patients, 10 with ovarian carcinoma and 5 with endometrial carcinoma, were included in a prospective study of indium-111-bleomycin and ultrasound diagnostic scanning techniques between September 1975 and November 1976. Twenty-two scans were carried out with each imaging technique. With each of these diagnostic modalities, two studies were found to be inaccurate. However, the scanning procedures were found to be complementary and in no one patient were the indium-111-bleomycin and ultrasound studies both misleading. We propose that both techniques be used for the initial evaluation of patients with ovarian or endometrial malignancies and in subsequent follow-up examinations for indentification of response to treatment. When optimal ultrasound scanning cannot be achieved because of poor patient cooperation (i.e., consistently incomplete urinary bladder filling or excessive pain on abdominal compression), then the indium-111-bleomycin scan may supplant the former technique for follow-up of patients with known pelvic and abdominal disease.
Plasmid DNA transmission through charged ultrafiltration membranes

Ultrafiltration can potentially be used for the concentration and purification of plasmid DNA. The objective of this study was to determine the role of electrostatic interactions on the transmission of a supercoiled plasmid through negatively charged composite regenerated cellulose membranes produced by covalent attachment of sulphonic acid groups to the base cellulose. The plasmid sieving coefficient at any given flux decreased with increasing membrane charge. Plasmid transmission increased with increasing filtrate flux due to flow-induced plasmid elongation, with the critical flux for plasmid transmission increasing for the more negatively charged membranes. The intermolecular electrostatic interactions could be shielded by using high ionic strength solutions, with very similar plasmid transmission obtained with the unmodified and negatively charged membrane under these conditions. The experimental results were analyzed using a partitioning model that accounts for the flow-induced elongation of the plasmid DNA in the converging flow field above the membrane pore, providing new insights into the physical phenomena governing plasmid transmission in ultrafiltration.
The coordination of boundary tones and its interaction with prominence

This study investigates the coordination of boundary tones as a function of stress and pitch accent. Boundary tone coordination has not been experimentally investigated previously, and the effect of prominence on this coordination, and whether it is lexical (stress-driven) or phrasal (pitch accent-driven) in nature is unclear. We assess these issues using a variety of syntactic constructions to elicit different boundary tones in an Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) study of Greek. The results indicate that the onset of boundary tones co-occurs with the articulatory target of the final vowel. This timing is further modified by stress, but not by pitch accent: boundary tones are initiated earlier in words with non-final stress than in words with final stress regardless of accentual status. Visual data inspection reveals that phrase-final words are followed by acoustic pauses during which specific articulatory postures occur. Additional analyses show that these postures reach their achievement point at a stable temporal distance from boundary tone onsets regardless of stress position. Based on these results and parallel findings on boundary lengthening reported elsewhere, a novel approach to prosody is proposed within the context of Articulatory Phonology: rather than seeing prosodic (lexical and phrasal) events as independent entities, a set of coordination relations between them is suggested. The implications of this account for prosodic architecture are discussed.
The world of Program Budgeting

Abstract Program Budgeting, a formal planning system developed in the U.S. Department of Defense, is now being applied to all U.S. Federal agencies. In this article, Dr. Fisher explains the major characteristics of the Planning Program Budgeting System (P.P.B.S.) with examples taken from the Department of Defense, transportation, public utilities, education, etc. He describes the thorough analyses involved, the benefits and the limitations of the system.
Optimal controls with equality state constraints

In this paper, we derive necessary conditions for a measurable controlu with values in a compact convex subsetU ofRP to minimize the integral $$\int_a^b {b^0 (s,x(s),u(s))} ds$$ subject to equality and inequality state constraints. The general conditions take the form of a maximum principle which involves an integration with respect to a finitely additive set function, but conditions are given under which this reduces to the classical maximum principle. These results are similar to results derived in Ref. 1 for relaxed controls.
Some generalizations of p1: External constraints, interactions and non-binary relations

Abstract In 1977, Holland and Leinhardt introduced a new statistical approach to sociometric data analysis. The details of their approach, based on a model termed P 1 , were published in 1981 in papers by Holland and Leinhardt, and Fienberg and Wasserman. Since then, many researchers have adopted this model, addressing substantive questions that were unanswerable with existing methodology. The continuing methodological research of Fienberg and Wasserman has allowed this approach to be applied to many different types of sociometric data. We carry on this research by extending p 1 to three new situations: networks of such size that it is impossible for every actor to have contact or knowledge of the other actors; networks in which actor interaction can not be adequately modeled by the simple additive main effects of expansiveness and popularity; and networks in which we measure the strength of the relationship between actors using a non-binary or multivalued relational quantity.
Exploring the RNA folding energy landscape using scalable distributed cyberinfrastructure

The increasing significance of RNAs in transcriptional or post-transcriptional gene regulation processes has generated considerable interest towards the prediction of RNA folding and its sensitivity to environmental factors. We use Boltzmann-weighted sampling to generate RNA secondary structures, which are used to characterize the energy landscape, via the distributions of energies and base-pair distances. Depending upon the length of an RNA, the number of sequences investigated, and the sample size of generated structures --- generating and analyzing sufficient samples can be computationally challenging. We introduce and develop a lightweight and extensible runtime environment that is effective across a range of RNA sizes and other parameters, as well as over a range of infrastructure -- from traditional HPC grids to clouds, without requiring any changes at the application or user level. The Adaptive Distributed Application Management System (ADAMS) is built upon an extensbile and interoperable pilot-job and supports the concurrent execution of a broad range of task sizes across a range of infrastructure. We use ADAMS to investigate the folding energy landscape for two RNA systems of different sizes: a set of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) binding RNA sequences known as SAM-I riboswitches and the S gene of the Bovine Corona Virus (BCoV) RNA genome that comprises 4092 nucleotides. Results of the energy and base-pair distance distributions suggest different energy landscapes, implying different folding dynamics. With obtained results, we demonstrated the possibility of utilizing this protocol to explore microscopic origins for reported sequence-dependent variation of binding affinity and gene expression in the two RNA systems.
Familial desmoids in association with adrenal and ovarian masses and leiomyomas: report of three cases.

PURPOSE: Desmoid tumors are rare occurrences. However, they are more commonly seen in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. The purpose of this article is to review three cases of abdominal desmoids in association with adrenal, ovarian masses, leiomyoma, and neurologic involvement in three sisters with familial adenomatous polyposis. METHOD: A case study was done of these sisters, their siblings, and their parents. RESULTS: All three sisters had desmoid tumors and no evidence of familial adenomatous polyposis. All three sisters had ovarian pathology, two had adrenal masses, one had a fibroadenoma of the breast, one had a leiomyoma of the stomach, and two had neurologic involvement. Additionally, male siblings, parents, and grandparents had no evidence of desmoids or familial adenomatous polyposis. CONCLUSION: This constellation of symptoms in the affected sisters may reflect a separate gene defect predisposing to desmoid tumors or a varying expression of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene.
The VIC-20 computer and an interface system for controlling operant chambers

In this article, we describe the interfacing of the VIC-20 microcomputer with an operant chamber. An example of an experiment with its corresponding BASIC program is presented.