cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of promoter deposition order on platinum-, ruthenium-, or rhenium-promoted cobalt Fischer–Tropsch catalysts

Abstract The effect of noble metal (NM) promoter (Pt, Re, or Ru) deposition order was investigated for commercially-representative Co Fischer–Tropsch catalysts (nominally 25 wt% Co on a La stabilized alumina support). The effects of deposition sequence (co-deposition vs. sequential deposition) were studied in terms of NM retention and distribution, Co crystallite size, Co reducibility, and catalyst activity and selectivity. Ru retention was
Effect of Immersion Disinfection on Properties of Impression Materials

Purpose Dimensional change and wettability were determined for three addition silicones and a polyether impression material after disinfection by immersion for two 30-minute cycles in 2% acid-potentiated glutaraldehyde. Materials and Methods Contact angles of water on disks were measured on a goniometer. Dimensional change was determined by change in distance between two reference lines. Contact angle (degree) and dimensional change (percent) of five samples were measured after 0-, 30-, 60-, and 1,440-minute intervals of storage in air and disinfectant. Results The contact angle in air increased for two addition silicones and remained constant for the remaining materials. In disinfectant, the contact angle increased for all four materials, with the contact angle of the polyether increasing the least. In air, dimensional change decreased significantly for an addition silicone and a polyether. In disinfectant, the dimensional changes of the addition silicones were not significant, but the polyether increased in dimension after 1,440 minutes. Conclusions Two 30-minute cycles of disinfection in 2% acid-potentiated glutaraldehyde reduced wettability, but had little effect on the dimensional change of the addition silicones and polyethers tested.
Seismic Response of Linked Marginal Wharf Segments

The seismic response of marginal wharf segments is considered based on simple analytical relationships, and dynamic inelastic time-history analyses. Of particular interest was the amplification of transverse displacements caused by torsional response under longitudinal excitation, and the magnitude of shear key forces developed at movement joints between adjacent wharf segments. Different assumptions were made about pile stiffness, particularly recognising the differences resulting from unequal foundation stiffness and strength in the upslope and downslope directions. Simple design recommendations were verified or calibrated against the time-history results.
Isolation and characterization of sinus gland neuropeptides with both mandibular organ inhibiting and hyperglycemic effects from the spider crab Libinia emarginata

Using two-step reverse phase HPLC, we isolated and purified three peptides with mandibular organ inhibiting hormone (MO-IH) activity from the spider crab Libinia emarginata. One of the peptides, P22, gave a yield of 355 ng/SG. The others gave lower yields: P21, 9 ng/SG; P25, 67.5 ng/SG. The molecular weight was determined to be 8,439 for P25, 8,474 for P22, and 8,398 for P21 by mass spectrometry. All three peptides have similar amino acid compositions and contain 72–76 residues. We believe these peptides to be different isoforms of one family. The MO is more sensitive to the two minor isoforms, P21 and P25. All three isoforms can inhibit MO activity to a maximum inhibition of 70%. All three isoforms gave a significant hyperglycemic effect when injected into de-eyestalked fiddler crabs Uca pugilator. We believe the MO-IHs to be members of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) family, having similar amino acid compositions and both biological activities. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Outcome aware ranking in value creation networks

In this paper, we consider a natural ranking problem that arises in settings in which a community of people (or agents) are engaged in regular interactions with an end goal of creating value. Examples of such scenarios are academic collaboration networks, creative collaborations, and interactions between agents of a service delivery organization. For instance, consider a service delivery organization which essentially resolves a sequence of service requests from its customers by deploying its agents to resolve the requests. Typically, resolving a request requires interaction between multiple agents and results in an outcome (or value). The outcome could be success or failure of problem resolution or an index of customer satisfaction. For this scenario, the ranking of the agents of the network should take into account two aspects: importance of the agents in the network structure that arises as a result of interactions and the value generated by the interactions involving the respective agents. Such a ranking can be used for several purposes such as identifying influential agents of the interaction network, effective and efficient spreading of messages in the network. In this paper, we formally model the above ranking problem and develop a novel algorithm for computing the ranking. The key aspect of our approach is creating special nodes in the interaction network corresponding to the outcomes and endowing them independent, external status. The algorithm then iteratively spreads the external status of the outcomes to the agents based on their interactions and the outcome of those interactions. This results in an eigenvector like formulation, which results in a method requiring computing the inverse of a matrix rather than the eigenvector. We present several theoretical characterizations of our algorithmic approach. We present experimental results on the public domain real-life datasets from the Internet Movie Database and a dataset constructed by retrieving impact and citation ratings for papers listed in the DBLP database.
Martingales and Arbitrage in Securities Markets with Transaction Costs

Abstract We derive the implications from the absence of arbitrage in dynamic securities markets with bid-ask spreads. The absence of arbitrage is equivalent to the existence of at least an equivalent probability measure that transforms some process between the bid and the ask price processes of traded securities into a martingale. The martingale measures can be interpreted as possible linear pricing rules and can be used to determine the investment opportunities available in such an economy. The minimum cost at which a contingent claim can be obtained through securities trading is its largest expected value with respect to the martingale measures. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G11, G12, G13, D52, and D90.
Serotonin and tonic immobility in the rabbit

Wallnau and Gallup ( L. B. Wallnau and G. G. Gallup, 1977, Biobehav. Rev. 1 , 35–43 ) recently proposed a serotonergic midbrain raphe model of tonic immobility (TI), wherein there is an inverse relationship between raphe activity and the duration of TI. In part, this model was based on the results of central and peripheral injections of serotonin in chickens which increase and decrease TI, respectively. In rats, centrally administered serotonin depresses raphe firing ( G. K. Aghajanian, 1972, Fed. Proc. 31 , 91–96 ) while peripherally administered serotonin potentiates raphe firing ( S. Mosko and B. L. Jacobs, 1974, Brain Res. 79 , 315–320 ). The present investigation examined the effect of central and peripheral injections of serotonin on the duration of TI in rabbits. The results were not in agreement with Wallnau and Gallup's predictions. The data suggest that serotonergic influences on TI vary across species.
The ternary phase diagram, Fe-Ni-P

In order to provide the necessary phase equilibria data for understanding the development of the Widmanstatten pattern in iron meteorites, we have redetermined the Fe-Ni-P phase diagram from 0 to 100 pct Ni, 0 to 16.5 wt pct P, in the temperature range 1100° to 550°C. Long term heat treatments and 130 selected alloys were used. The electron microprobe was employed to measure the composition of the coexisting phases directly. We found that the fourphase reaction isotherm, where α+ liq ⇌ γ+ Ph, occurs at 1000° ± 5°C. Above this temperature the ternary fields α+ Ph + liq and α+ γ+ liq are stable and below 1000°C, the ternary fields ⇌+ γ + Ph and γ + Ph + liq are stable. Below 875°C a eutectic reaction, liq → γ + Ph, occurs at the Ni-P edge of the diagram. Altogether nineteen isotherms were determined in this study. The phase boundary compositions of the two-and three-phase fields are listed and are compared with the three binary diagrams. The α + γ + Ph field expands in area in each isotherm as the temperature decreases from 1000°C. Below 800°C the nickel content in all three phases increases with decreasing temperature. The phosphorus solubility in α and γ decreases from 2.7 and 1.4 wt pct at 1000°C to 0.25 and 0.08 wt pct at 550°C. The addition of phosphorus to binary Fe-Ni greatly affects the α/α + γ and γ/α + γ boundaries below 900°C. It stabilizes the α phase by increasing the solubility of nickel (α/α +γ boundary) and above 700°C, it decreases the stability field of the γ phase by decreasing the solubility of nickel(@#@ γ/α + γ boundary). However below 700°C, phosphorus reverses its role in γ and acts as a γ stabilizer, increasing the nickel solubility range. The addition of phosphorus to Fe-Ni caused significant changes in the nucleation and growth processes. Phosphorus contents of 0.1 wt pct or more allow the direct precipitation ofa from the parent γ phase by the reaction γ ⇌ α + γ. The growth rate of the α phase is substantially higher than that predicted from the binary diffusion coefficients.
Benefit of chondroitinase ABC on sensory axon regeneration in a laceration model of spinal cord injury in the rat.

Abstract Background Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are up-regulated in the spinal cord after SCI, creating a molecular barrier inhibitory to axon growth. Chondroitinase ABC degrades CSPGs in vitro and in vivo. Methods We studied whether IT ChABC promotes axonal regeneration in a laceration model of SCI. Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were used: control and rats treated with low-dose and high-dose IT ChABC. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan breakdown products were measured by 2-B-6 expression, and intact CSPGs by CS-56 expression. Sensory axonal regeneration was traced after CTB injection into the median, ulnar, and sciatic nerves. Results CS-56 expression was down-regulated and 2-B-6 expression was increased in the groups treated with IT ChABC but not in the control. Laminin and GFAP immunoreactivity was unaltered in the ChABC groups. The number of axons growing into the scar was 3.1 times greater (P Conclusions Intrathecal ChABC administration caused a slight decrease in CSPGs in the scar after a laceration SCI with a minimal increase in sensory axonal regeneration into and across the laceration gap.
Telomeres and their possible role in chromosome stabilization

The evidence to date generally supports the hypothesis that telomere capping makes chromosome fragments refractory to subsequent rejoining events, but this control may be somewhat relaxed after chromosome breakage. Cell survival requires that the fragments rejoin before metaphase. Unprotected ends such as those produced by DNA damage are subject to degradation, presumably by endogenous cellular exo- and endonucleases. Telomere repeat sequences may be added to broken chromosome ends to protect the ends from further degradation. That telomeric DNA does not always prevent rejoining raises interesting questions as to what constitutes capping, and how rapidly it occurs after DNA damage in relation to chromosome break rejoining. The prevention of degradation and control of rejoining may be mediated by telomere-specific binding proteins, especially the telomere terminal binding protein. Some of these proteins may be involved in scavenging telomeric DNA when the cell senses that chromosomal breaks have occurred. Although chromosome break rejoining is an efficient process in eukaryotic cells, some breaks are never rejoined and can result in terminal delections and chromatid and isochromatid deletions at metaphase. It is unclear why these breaks are not rejoined, but it may be due to one or more of the following: (1) chance: broken chromosomesmore » are separated, do not approach sufficiently close to one another, and are consequently physically unable to rejoin; (2) a large number of added telomere repeat sequences indicating to the cell that the chromosome has an authentic telomere; (3) some other DNA modification event that protects DNA ends from degradation, e.g., folding back of DNA ends to form a hairpin, as has been implicated in VDJ recombination.« less
A generalized restricted open-shell Fock operator

We reexamine the open shell restricted Hartree-Fock theory and develop Fock-like operators that are quite general and easy to implement on a computer. We present a table of ‘vector coupling coefficients’ that define this operator for most of the cases that commonly arise. We compare the form of this operator with that suggested by others, and discuss the orbitals obtained by this procedure with respect to the generalised Brillouin's theorem, and the orbital energies with respect to Koopmans' approximation.
Detecting Ultraviolet Radiation From And Through The Atmosphere

This paper is intended to give the non-specialist a brief overview of the problems addressed and the instrumentation used in space applications of ultraviolet (uv) spectroscopy. Emphasis is placed on those devices which to the author seem to have the most potential for use in the near future.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The contribution of temporal song cues to species recognition in the red-winged blackbird

Abstract The trill portion of red-winged blackbird ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) song is necessary and sufficient for species recognition. The present study demonstrates that trills of red-winged blackbird songs near Ithaca, New York contain 40–107 pulses/s. Playbacks of unpulsed sound matched in spectral structure to eastern red-winged blackbird trills, and of California blackbird trills with average pulse repetition rates of 32.5, 120 or 200 pulses/s, elicit little or no response from Ithaca red-winged blackbirds. These birds respond strongly, however, to presentation of a California red-winged blackbird trill with 50 pulses/s. Ithaca red-winged blackbirds thus discriminate against spectrally-appropriate signals with temporal structures not normally heard in the songs of this population. The upper and lower temporal limits to species recognition are sharply defined. Fine temporal intra-pulse structure was analysed in red-winged blackbird trills of varying pulse repetition rate, and in the trill portion of a northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos ) imitation of red-winged blackbird song, which evoked a northern response when played to blackbirds. Pulse duration remains relatively fixed even though pulse period changes widely in true red-winged blackbird trills. Red-winged blackbird trill pulses are much shorter in duration than mockingbird pulses. For a given trill rate, however, both signals share a common frequency emphasis. The equivalence of these two signals in playbacks with red-winged blackbirds suggests that pulse repetition rate and frequency composition are important in species recognition.
An examination of the effects of sub-Nyquist sampling on SNR

Traditional compression involves sampling a signal at the Nyquist rate, then reducing the signal to its essential components via some transformation. By taking advantage of any sparsity inherent in the signal, compressed sensing attempts to reduce the necessary sampling rate by combining these two steps. Currently, compressive sampling operators are based on random draws of Bernoulli or Gaussian distributed random processes. While this ensures that the conditions necessary for noise-free signal reconstruction (incoherence and RIP) are fulfilled, such operators can have poor SNR performance in their measurements. SNR degradation can lead to poor reconstruction despite using operators with good incoherence and RIP. Due to the effects of incoherence-related signal loss, SNR will degrade by M/K compared to the SNR of the fully sampled signal (where M is the dimensionality of the measurement operator and K is the dimensionality of the representation space). We model an RF compressive receiver where the sampling operator acts on noise as well as signal. The signal is modeled as a bandlimited pulse parameterized by random complex amplitude and time of arrival. Hence, the received signal is random with known prior distribution. This allows us to represent the signal via Karhunen-Loeve expansion and so investigate the SNR loss in terms of a random vector that exists in the deterministic KL basis. We are then able to show the SNR trade-off that exists between sampling operators based on random matrices and operators matched to the K-dimensional basis.
Alfred Adler und die Psychologie der kosmetischen Chirurgie in den USA

The quest for a psychological theory to explain the effects of aesthetic surgery reached its high point in the 1920s with the adoption of Alfred Adler's theory of the inferiority complex. The basis for this theory was Adler's early work in the psychological response of the body to disease and "degeneration". Aesthetic surgeons sought out the Adlerian model rather than a Freudian one as purely psychological while its roots, and their own theories, were clearly somatic in origin.
Probing the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase within quantum dot bioconjugates

Enzymes provide the critical means by which to catalyze almost all biological reactions in a controlled manner. Methods to harness and exploit their properties are of strong current interest to the growing field of biotechnology. In contrast to depending upon recombinant genetic approaches, a growing body of evidence suggests that apparent enzymatic activity can be enhanced when located at a nanoparticle interface. We use semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as a well-defined and easily bioconjugated nanoparticle along with Escherichia coli-derived alkaline phosphatase (AP) as a prototypical enzyme to seek evidence for this process in a de novo model system. We began by first assessing whether the relatively large dimeric AP protein (∼100 kDa) can be assembled onto two differentially sized green and red CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs in a ratiometric and structurally controlled manner; such assembly is necessary to minimize heterogeneity within the bioconjugate and provide intimate control over the experimental form...
Interaction of localized solutions for subcritical bifurcations.

We discuss the interaction of localized solutions as they arise for the subcritical bifurcation to traveling waves. We find that for a large parameter range the localized solutions can interact so that they emerge after the collision with a size and shape unchanged compared to that well before the collision. The mechanism for this behavior, which is unusual for a strongly dissipative system, is qualitatively different from that associated with solitons for completely integrable systems. In accord with this we find that for other parameter values counterpropagating localized solutions can annihilate.
Elastoplastic finite element model development and validation for low pressure uniaxial compaction of dry cohesive powders

A basic elastoplastic model (modified Cam-clay) was applied to wheat flour, a dry cohesive powder. Five constitutive parameters for the modified Cam-clay model have been previously determined for wheat flour using triaxial tests. To apply the elastoplastic constitutive model, a test cylinder was built that uniaxially compacted the wheat flour under constant axial displacement. Hoop and vertical strains in the cylinder wall were measured at three levels while the flour inside was compacted. Predicted vertical strains, using a finite element model (FEM), were within 25% (worst case error) of average measured values for all three levels up to 59.4 kPa axial pressure. Predicted hoop strains, at the cylinder bottom, were within 45% (worst case error) of average measured values up to 59.4 kPa. Along with predicting strains in the cylinder wall, the FEM also predicted stress distribution in the powder mass. Stress distribution proved useful in identifying potential regions of stress concentration and large shear stresses in the powder mass.
Von Willebrand Factor and Animal Models: Contributions to Gene Therapy, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, and Coronary Artery Thrombosis

Use of animal models of von Willebrand factor (vWF) deficiency, both inherited and induced, continues to advance the knowledge of vWF-related diseases. Three examples are reviewed in this article—von Willebrand's disease (vWD), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and coronary artery thrombosis. The success of gene transfer by liver and bone marrow transplantation in porcine vWD and canine hemophilia A, with a change in phenotype that establishes improved hemostasis, portends imminent testing of gene therapy in these models. With use of recombinant technology, the phenotype of hemophilia B fibroblasts has been transformed to normal, as evidenced by secretion of the normal hemostatically active protein. This result is a prelude to implantation in hemophilic animals. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is characterized by qualitative and quantitative alterations in vWF. A new animal model induced by the venom factor botrocetin, a cofactor of vWF, closely mimics the human syndrome. A proposed pathophysiologic mechanism for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is outlined. The third contribution is recognition that occlusive coronary thrombosis is a vWF-dependent condition. Without vWF, as in porcine vWD or normal pigs treated with a monoclonal anti-vWF antibody, occlusive thrombi do not develop, even with luminal stenosis. The thrombogenicity of coronary atheromas, including those with fissures of the fibrous cap, is also vWF-dependent.
Ovulatory shifts in female sexual desire.

Women's reproductive biology imposes heavy obligatory costs of parental investment, creating strong selective forces hypothesized to shape female mating psychology around critical decisions such as the choice of partner, the timing of sexual intercourse, and the timing of reproduction. We propose that female sexual desire has evolved as one adaptation among several designed to regulate these decisions. We hypothesize (a) an increase in desire as conception probability increases, but only among women who are in committed long‐term relationships; and (b) a shift in the desire for a primary partner as compared with extra‐pair partners as ovulation approaches, dependent upon a woman's evaluation of her primary partner's relative quality. We tested several predictions derived from these hypotheses in a study of 173 women who were not taking oral contraceptives. Results confirmed Hypothesis 1: An ovulatory peak in sexual desire was found only for mated women; for unmated women, conception probability and sexual...
A framework for comparing SDI systems

The process of comparing the many Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems numerically is a complicated task, requiring proper test procedures and the control of critical variables. The necessity for controlling for interest level as well as the number of documents disseminated when evaluating systems is discussed here. The process of SDI is described graphically in order to demonstrate the effect of these variables.
Communication About Serious Illness Care Goals: A Review and Synthesis of Best Practices

An understanding of patients’ care goals in the context of a serious illness is an essential element of high-quality care, allowing clinicians to align the care provided with what is most important to the patient. Early discussions about goals of care are associated with better quality of life, reduced use of nonbeneficial medical care near death, enhanced goal-consistent care, positive family outcomes, and reduced costs. Existing evidence does not support the commonly held belief that communication about end-of-life issues increases patient distress. However, conversations about care goals are often conducted by physicians who do not know the patient, do not routinely address patients’ nonmedical goals, and often fail to provide patients with sufficient information about prognosis to allow appropriate decisions; in addition, they tend to occur so late in the patient’s illness that their impact on care processes is reduced. This article (1) reviews the evidence and describes best practices in conversations about serious illness care goals and (2) offers practical advice for clinicians and health care systems about developing a systematic approach to quality and timing of such communication to assure that each patient has a personalized serious illness care plan. Best practices in discussing goals of care include the following: sharing prognostic information, eliciting decision-making preferences, understanding fears and goals, exploring views on trade-offs and impaired function, and wishes for family involvement. Several interventions hold promise in systematizing conversations with patients about serious illness care goals: better education of physicians; systems to identify and trigger early discussions for appropriate patients; patient and family education; structured formats to guide discussions; dedicated, structured sections in the electronic health record for recording information; and continuous measurement. We conclude that communication about serious illness care goals is an intervention that should be systematically integrated into our clinical care structures and processes.
Clustering based pruning for statistical criticality computation under process variations

We present a new linear time technique to compute criticality information in a timing graph by dividing it into "zones". Errors in using tightness probabilities for criticality computation are dealt with using a new clustering based pruning algorithm which greatly reduces the size of circuit-level cutsets. Our clustering algorithm gives a 150times speedup compared to a pairwise pruning strategy in addition to ordering edges in a cutset to reduce errors due to Clark's MAX formulation. The clustering based pruning strategy coupled with a localized sampling technique reduces errors to within 5% of Monte Carlo simulations with large speedups in runtime.
Synergetic use of millimeter- and centimeter-wavelength radars for retrievals of cloud and rainfall parameters

Abstract. A remote sensing approach for simultaneous retrievals of cloud and rainfall parameters in the vertical column above the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Climate Research Facility at the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Darwin site in Australia is described. This approach uses vertically pointing measurements from a DOE Ka-band radar and scanning measurements from a nearby C-band radar pointing toward the TWP Darwin site. Rainfall retrieval constraints are provided by data from a surface impact disdrometer. The approach is applicable to stratiform precipitating cloud systems when a separation between the liquid hydrometeor layer, which contains rainfall and liquid water clouds, and the ice hydrometeor layer is provided by the radar bright band. Absolute C-band reflectivities and Ka-band vertical reflectivity gradients in the liquid layer are used for retrievals of the mean layer rain rate and cloud liquid water path (CLWP). C-band radar reflectivities are also used to estimate ice water path (IWP) in regions above the melting layer. The retrieval uncertainties of CLWP and IWP for typical stratiform precipitation systems are about 500–800 g m−2 (for CLWP) and a factor of 2 (for IWP). The CLWP retrieval uncertainties increase with rain rate, so retrievals for higher rain rates may be impractical. The expected uncertainties of layer mean rain rate retrievals are around 20%, which, in part, is due to constraints available from the disdrometer data. The applicability of the suggested approach is illustrated for two characteristic events observed at the TWP Darwin site during the wet season of 2007. A future deployment of W-band radars at the DOE tropical Climate Research Facilities can improve CLWP estimation accuracies and provide retrievals for a wider range of stratiform precipitating cloud events.
Feasibility of real-time detection of abnormality in inter layer dielectric slurry during chemical mechanical planarization using frictional analysis

Abstract Material removal rate, coefficient of friction, shear force and variance of shear force of pure and contaminated slurries are studied using spectral analysis of the frictional force. Larger abrasive particles are introduced into commercially available inter layer dielectric chemical mechanical planarization slurry to explore this effect. Results show that trace amounts of larger abrasive particles are transported effectively to the pad–wafer region during polishing. With certain type of consumables investigated in this study, results indicate that contaminated slurry does not significantly change removal rate, however it induces significantly higher coefficient of friction, shear force and variance of shear force than pure slurry. Spectral analysis based on the raw shear force data is employed to elucidate the fundamental physical phenomena during inter layer dielectric chemical mechanical planarization. Fast Fourier Transformation is performed to convert the shear force data from time domain to frequency domain. The energy distribution of polishing using pure and contaminated slurry is quantified to elucidate the effect of trace amount of larger particles. This work also underscores the importance of real-time detection on chemical mechanical planarization process to detect slurries abnormality.
A Scale for the Measurement of Attitudes Toward Drugs

Recent studies of drug use and abuse have substantiated the need for construction of instruments that are specific to the drug problem itself. The- rapidly increasing incidence of addiction has necessitated treatment of drug abusers before a background of data on the etiology and dimensions of the problem has had time to accumulate. Certainly, the part that societal attitudes toward the drug user plays, both in determining public policies and in retarding understanding, has been overlooked to a great extent. Because the addict cannot be viewed apart from the context in which he is seen and treated, community attitudes must be considered.There have been several questionnaires, such as those by Greenwald and Luetgert (1971), Linn (1971), and Lombardi et al. (1968), primarily designed to collect descriptive data about the drug user. These questionnaires usually yield information about the user's background and history of drug taking. Few scales have focused specifically on attitudes toward drug use. Lorenz (...
Electron and Proton Transfer in Heme-Copper Oxidases

In eukaryotes, the process of energy transduction coupled to electron transfer occurs in mitochondria, where cytochrome c oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons derived from foodstuffs to oxygen, the final electron sink. The reduction of oxygen to water and the concomitant translocation of protons are carried out by a member of a family of enzymes: the heme-copper oxidases (Saraste, 1990; Garcia-Horsman et al., 1994). A number of these oxidases have now been identified in bacterial systems; all use a heme-copper center to carry out the oxygen chemistry, but not all have similar auxiliary metal centers. The eu karyotic and some prokaryotic enzymes contain an additional heme a, an additional bimetallic copper center, and a magnesium ion. These oxidases use cytochrome c as their immediate electron donor. Another group of oxidases in the family use quinol as a substrate and contain neither an extra copper center nor magnesium. Although the two groups are likely to have similar energy transduction mechanisms, this discussion will focus on the cytochrome c oxidases with the additional copper and magnesium and on our efforts to define the roles of these auxiliary metals in controlling electron input, proton output, and coupling efficiency.
On combining the eigenstructure-based and model-based approaches in direction of arrival estimation problems

The authors consider the problem of estimating direction-of-arrival (DOA) parameters from observations made by an array of sensors in a linear equispaced antenna array operating at narrowband. They propose an approach that involves application of model-based autoregressive methods to the signal-space eigenvectors found from a decomposition of the sample covariance matrix. The rationale for the approach is presented. Preliminary simulation results suggest that the method may have advantages over MUSIC at low (5 dB) SNR. >
Modelling tropospheric ducting effects on VHF/UHF propagation

The application of the parabolic equation method to range-independent and range-dependent tropospheric propagation modelling problems is demonstrated. The parabolic equation is an approximation to the Helmholtz wave equation which allows progressive calculation of the propagated electromagnetic field as solution is stepped out in range. The solution method described is derived from a technique developed by R.H. Hardin and F.D. Tappert (1973) for application to underwater acoustics problems. This split step Fourier solution involves the discretization of the field with respect to height and the use of the fast Fourier transform at successive range points. The solution is stable, with errors being dependent on wavenumber, range step size, and the gradients of refractive index with respect to height and range. Advantages of this method over other methods used to evaluate the effects of ducting layers on tropospheric propagation are discussed. >
Old dog, new trick: a direct role for leptin in regulating microbiota composition.

he intestinal tract is the first barrier from the externaltotheinternalenvironment.Assuch,itplaysakeyrolenotonlyinnutrientabsorptionbutalsoinprotectionfromtoxinsandimmunity.However,thegutisnotaloneinthisregulatory role. The mammalian intestinal tract is colo-nized by trillions of microorganisms collectively referredto as the microbiome. These bacteria have a symbioticrelationship with the host and contribute to many vitalintestinalfunctions(1,2).Thesefunctionsincludehomeo-stasis of the immune system, including protection againstpathogens, intestinal cell development and proliferation,xenobiotic metabolism, bone mineral density, behavior,and metabolism (1, 2).That the gut microbiota plays a critical role in main-taining not only intestinal but also host homeostasis as awhole has been well described (3). Its role in disease hasbecomemoreapparentoverthelastseveralyearscoincid-ing with advances in technology that allow for compre-hensive high-throughput sequencing analysis of the mi-crobiome. Data suggest that shifting of the microbiotapopulationsaltersthebalanceofthemicrobiome(dysbio-sis), and this increases the risk of intestinal infection (4)and intestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndromeandinflammatoryboweldisease(5).Moreover,dysbiosisis implicated in diseases thought to be unrelated to intes-tinal function, including cardiovascular disease (6), obe-sity (2, 7), diabetes (8), autism (9), and even cancer (5).Conversely,correctionofdysbiosisisalsothoughttobeamechanism for the drastic weight loss and metabolic im-provements seen with bariatric surgery (10).Given the wide-ranging implications for alterations inthe microbiota, determining what regulates their differ-entiation is critical but, at present, is not completely un-derstood.Variationofthemicrobiotaisinfluencedinformor function by the introduction of probiotics (11), antibi-otics(12),anddiet(13)aswellasdevelopmentandaging(5), altogether demonstrating the role of the environmentinregulatingmicrobiomecomposition.Althoughgeneticsdoes play a role (14), internal pressures dictated by hostphysiology also influence the local colonization. Panethcells, which are secretory epithelial cells, regulate devel-opment of the barrier between intestinal microbes andmucosalepithelialcellsandalsosecreteantimicrobialpep-tides (15), gene-encoded antibiotics (16). Antimicrobialpeptides, in turn, target intruding pathogens but also res-identmicrobiotaofthesmallintestine(17,18),thusshap-ingthecompositionofthemicrobiota.Understandingreg-ulationofPanethcellsand/orantimicrobialpeptidescouldprovideanewpipelinefortherapeutictargetingofawiderange of chronic diseases.Anewstudyinthisissueof
Tumor Resection by Stereotactic Craniotomy Using the Brown-Roberts-Wells System

Precise localization of subcortical targets contributes to the technical challenge of craniotomies. To address this challenge, the application of readily available stereotactic localization techniques to open craniotomies was investigated. Over a 2-year period, 62 consecutive stereotactic craniotomies were performed successfully using the CT-compatible Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) apparatus. Standard BRW hardware and software were employed. This series consists of craniotomies in 50 patients for resection of subcortical mass lesions. Targets were consistently and precisely localized by the stereotactic frame. Pathology revealed 32 metastases, 18 glial tumors, 5 nonglial tumors, and 7 nonneoplastic lesions. Histology differed from presumptive diagnoses by neurodiagnostic imaging studies in 30.6% of cases. The average volume of tumors resected was 55,903 mm3. Gross total resection of all solid tumor tissue was consistently confirmed by postoperative contrast-enhanced CT. Postoperatively, 38 patients with masse...
Floating gate memories: Moore's law continues

Floating gate memories are the mainstream of flash non volatile memories and have followed Moore's law scaling through multiple technology generations, representing one of the fastest growing memory segments. Looking forward, maintaining the pace of Moore's law scaling is increasingly difficult. The challenging areas include electrical, physical and reliability characteristics of the memory cell. However, through innovative device design, introduction of new materials and memory error management, we anticipate that floating gate flash memories are economically viable beyond 45 nm to 32 nm. In this paper, the physical and electrical scaling challenges as well as possible solutions are discussed. Further, more complex, structural innovations may be possible to maintain further scaling.
100G DWDM transport systems: Driving the technologies and deployment

This paper introduces a carrier's activity on 100G DWDM systems; driving the technologies to open the market, contributing to fair and timely deployment to carrier's field. First, we review carriers' requirements for 100G based DWDM systems, and indicate some of the key functions needed for coherent Digital Signal Processors (DSPs). A proof-of-concept DSP is fabricated and subjected to a technical feasibility study of its functions and real-time performance. This reasonably power efficient device will advance the maturity of 100G coherent DWDM systems. We also introduce interoperability testing result on 100G coherent optics. Multiple-sourced interoperable solution could accelerate the deployment of 100G DWDM systems.
Un nacionalismo internacional: Tinísima de Elena Poniatowska

Este ensayo se centra en la novela mas reciente de Elena Poniatowska, Tinisima . Su pregunta principal es: ?que quiere decir novelar a Tina Modotti, la fotografa italo-americana mas conocida en los anos veinte y treinta, ahora, desde Mexico? El analisis sugiere que, a traves de la relacion entre su protagonista y el pais, Poniatowska crea una vision alternativa de la relacion nacion-cultura, un tipo de "nacionalismo internacional". Propone que Poniatowska no resucita a Modotti solo como heroina feminista (ni estalinista), sino como participante activa en la historia, para reinscribirla en la imaginacion del pasado y para recrear el presente por ella. Asi muestra como Tinisima nos da una vision alternativa de Mexico, un intento de reparar la division entre dos polos autoritarios, intratables, por la historia de la cultura nacional e internacional de los veinte.
Forest disturbance in hurricane-related downbursts in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina

Abstract We characterized five 0.2–1.1 ha gaps created by downbursts during Hurricane Opal in xeric oak forest at the Bent Creek Experimental Forest, Asheville, NC. Direction of windthrow was nonrandom in four of the five gaps, but differed among gaps suggesting that each was caused by an independent downburst. Windthrows reduced tree density by 19–39% and basal area (BA) by 30–53% within gaps. Most windthrows were uprooted (17–38% of all trees) versus broken below 1.8 m height (0–3%). Most species were uprooted in proportion to their abundance regardless of canopy position. Red oaks (Quercus coccinea, Quercus rubra and Quercus velutina) were disproportionately uprooted, while Nyssa sylvatica and Acer rubrum were resistant to uprooting. As a group, Quercus lost 27–47% of individuals and 41–50% of BA. Q. coccinea lost ≥44% of trees and >55% of BA in sites where it occurred. Only minor shifts in canopy species dominance were evident. For several species, significantly more large-diameter individuals uprooted than their smaller counterparts. No relationship between dbh and number uprooted was detected for the red oaks, however. Canopy position appeared to have little bearing on this relationship. Uprooting disturbed 1.6–4.3% of the ground area and displaced 130–587 m3 of root–soil–rock masses (rootmasses) per gap. We suggest that episodic, high-intensity wind is not uncommon, and has a substantial influence on forest structure, species composition, regeneration and microtopography of the southern Appalachian mountains at variable scales.
Endogenous testosterone increases L-type Ca2+ channel expression in porcine coronary smooth muscle

Evidence indicates that gender and sex hormonal status influence cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. We recently demonstrated increased L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ current (ICa,L) in coron...
Can Maple Help in Teaching Calculus with Limited Time and Staff

This paper describes our experiences incorportating Maple into a calculus course with limited time and staff. Our approach to teaching the basics of Maple and its use in lectures and take-home projects are described. Student reactions are summarized and compared to those at another institution. We conclude that our low-key approach can have a positive impact onthe course without radical changes in the course format or substantial increases in contact hours or staffing.
Synergy in Spatial Models of Voting: How Critical Cases Show That Proximity, Direction and Discounting Are Friends, Not Foes

AbstractThe spatial theory of elections is widely used to examine how party policy is linked to voter preferences. Three classic models – proximity, direction and discounting – lay claim to the nature of this link, but their predictions of voting behavior are almost identical. I resolve the problem by decomposing 28 multi-party systems into about 1 million party triplets. This allows me to isolate “critical cases” where model predictions diverge. The combinatorial approach reveals a degree of collinearity between models that may surprise even longtime experts in the field. But while collinearity is a nuisance for scholars, it is a blessing for voters. I find disproportionately strong policy voting when all predictions agree, indicating that there is synergy between the three spatial logics. A selection effect can be excluded using propensity-score matching. These findings suggest that concurrence of proximity, directional and discounting elements in the vote function is inherent to electoral competition.
Preventing a Pharma Crash: A 30,000 Foot View.

Perspective. This is something that takes a long time and a rich, varied life to develop. In this issue of the PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , we are privileged to present a guest editorial from Mr. Norman Augustine. Mr. Augustine was raised in Colorado and attended Princeton
Considerations for Exempting Spacecraft Units from Thermal Vacuum Testing

For spacecraft whose missions are considered low risk, it is typical for units to be subjected to unit-level thermal cycle and thermal vacuum testing. In recent years, however, the desire to reduce program costs and shorten development schedules has the aerospace testing community questioning the value of thermal vacuum testing all units. There may be instances where unit-level thermal vacuum testing is unnecessary if it can be shown that the unit's design and performance is insensitive to the vacuum environment and that failures associated with the vacuum environment can be detected in other unit-level testing. The prescription of conditions under which unit thermal vacuum testing may be exempted should focus on establishing proven heritage, demonstrating design robustness through analysis and development testing, and reducing incurred risk. A general list of considerations by which vacuum-sensitivity may be assessed is provided herein.
Fascinating Fashion: Visual Pleasure in IL PORTIERE DI NOTTE

The theoretical, critical and popular responses to Liliana Cavani's 1974 film Il Portiere di Notte link the film's visual appeal to its alleged political and historical transgressions; according to many viewers, the film's attractiveness fuels its repulsiveness. This essay challenges this indictment of the film's beauty, analyzing the film's surfaces in order to reframe the relationship between the film's visual style and its political interventions. In Il Portiere di Notte, Cavani transforms the holocaust from an event into a mise-en-scene. For Cavani, costumes emerge as a mediating term between the surfaces of the mise-en-scene and the cinematic screen. A close reading of the role of costume and fashion in Il Portiere di Notte, particularly the role of the SS uniform, destabilizes the assumptions about spectacle and power that circulate in the film's reception and points to the possibility of recuperating Cavani's film as both an example of a feminist countercinema and a theorization of cinematic specta...
From Ignorance, to Indifference, to Limited Familiarity: An Analysis of the Relationship Between International Environmental Law & Multinational Corporations

Multinational corporations (MNCs), by definition, operate across borders and, in an increasingly globalized and interdependent economy, are crucial players in international economic affairs. Increasingly, MNCs have come under scrutiny for their operations’ impact on the environment, human rights, health and safety, labor standards, involvement in corruption and so on. This chapter focuses on the specialized field of international environmental law (IEL) and how the current framework relates to MNCs. Following a general overview of international environmental law, including key customary rules and principles, it first examines treaty obligations in the critical regimes on hazardous waste, biodiversity and climate change. Next, it discusses the use and impact of IEL in international and domestic litigation and its impact on MNCs. The chapter then turns to the examination of selected voluntary initiatives, followed by concluding observations on potential obligations and opportunities for MNCs to come.
Design and Application of Handle Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

The main equipment of cable fault automation monitoring system is optical time domain reflectometer(OTDR).This article introduces the working mechanism and key parameters of OTDR,designs the handle OTDR system based on FPGA,and illustrates the structural characteristics and design principle in detail.This system transmits data by PCI wire bus with the exist platform.Finally,through testing the dynamic range and blind area of OTDR,this paper analyzes the attenuation of event points and loss calculation.It has a reference value for the maintenance and repairing of electric power optical communication network.