cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle acceleration in a MHD simulation of magnetotail dynamics

Abstract The acceleration of protons in a dynamically evolving magnetotail is investigated on the basis of a three-dimensional resistive MHD simulation and the tracing of particles in the fields obtained from that simulation. The MHD simulation, representing plasmoid formation and ejection through a near-Earth reconnection process, generates cross-tail electric fields of up to about 4-mV/m, which lead to integrated potential differences across the tail of up to 200-kV. The large spatial extent of the increased electric field, which is largely associated with the plasma motion, together with the finite cross-tail extent suggest that acceleration might take place over a wide range of locations in x . This is confirmed by the particle tracing. An investigation of energized particles in the near-Earth region shows that these particles occupy a significant portion of the closed field line region inside of, but for moderate energies of tens of keV, not directly adjacent to, the separatrix.
Formation of the factory matrix is an important, though not a sufficient function of nonstructural protein μNS during reovirus infection

Genome replication of mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) occurs in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies called viral factories. Nonstructural protein microNS, encoded by genome segment M3, is a major constituent of these structures. When expressed without other viral proteins, microNS forms cytoplasmic inclusions morphologically similar to factories, suggesting a role for microNS as the factory framework or matrix. In addition, most other MRV proteins, including all five core proteins (lambda1, lambda2, lambda3, micro2, and sigma2) and nonstructural protein sigmaNS, can associate with microNS in these structures. In the current study, small interfering RNA targeting M3 was transfected in association with MRV infection and shown to cause a substantial reduction in microNS expression as well as, among other effects, a reduction in infectious yields by as much as 4 log(10) values. By also transfecting in vitro-transcribed M3 plus-strand RNA containing silent mutations that render it resistant to the small interfering RNA, we were able to complement microNS expression and to rescue infectious yields by ~100-fold. We next used microNS mutants specifically defective at forming factory-matrix structures to show that this function of microNS is important for MRV growth; point mutations in a C-proximal, putative zinc-hook motif as well as small deletions at the extreme C terminus of microNS prevented rescue of viral growth while causing microNS to be diffusely distributed in cells. We furthermore confirmed that an N-terminally truncated form of microNS, designed to represent microNSC and still able to form factory-matrix structures, is unable to rescue MRV growth, localizing one or more other important functions to an N-terminal region of microNS known to be involved in both micro2 and sigmaNS association. Thus, factory-matrix formation is an important, though not a sufficient function of microNS during MRV infection; microNS is multifunctional in the course of viral growth.
Determination of Gaseous Formic Acid and Acetic Acid by Pulsed Ultraviolet Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

The quantitative determination of gaseous formic acid and acetic acid by photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) using pulsed laser excitation in the ultraviolet is reported. Instrumentation utilizing continuously tunable laser excitation in the 220-nm wavelength region is used to record time-resolved PA signals from samples of each acid. Detection limits of 140 ppbv for formic acid and 120 ppbv for acetic acid in dry nitrogen at one atmosphere total pressure are attained. Considerable background signal originating from atmospheric oxygen is found to impose limitations on the detection sensitivity with air samples.
Theoretical study of the vibrational frequencies of carbon disulfide

A benchmark comparison for different computational methods and basis sets has been presented. In this study, five computational methods (Hartree–Fock (HF), MP2, B3LYP, MPW1MP91, and PBE1PBE) along with 18 basis sets have been applied to optimize the geometry of carbon disulfide (CS2), and further calculate the vibrational frequencies of the optimized geometries. The differences between the calculated frequencies and corresponding experimental data are used to evaluate the efficiency of each combination of computational method and basis set. The comparison of frequency difference indicates that B3LYP generally gives the best prediction of frequencies for CS2, whereas the other two density functional theory (DFT) methods, i.e., MPW1PW91 and PBE1PBE, often give parallel results. Although MP2 predicts the frequencies with accuracy almost as good as those from DFT methods, in a particular case, HF calculation outperforms MP2 as well as MPW1PW91 and PBE1PBE for prediction of the frequency of asymmetrical stretching for CS2. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electro-Magnetic-Acoustic Transducers for Automatic Monitoring and Health Assessment of Transmission Lines

This paper presents analysis, design, development, and experimental verification of a non-destructive monitoring system for diagnosis of mechanical integrity of electric conductors based on the concept of Electro-Magnetic-Acoustic Transducers (EMAT). Electric conductors, in general, are exposed to harsh environments. Such conductors include electric transmission lines, anchor rods, and ground mat risers. For automatic failure detection and assessment of mechanical integrity of these conductors, in addition to an effective transducer, feature extraction and pattern recognition techniques have to be employed. Details of the sensor design, neural-based signature analysis, feature extraction, and experimental results of fault detection techniques are presented.
An Assessment of the Performance and Requirements for "Adiabatic" Engines

A review of research on low heat rejection engines, on cooperative efforts in the United States and abroad to incorporate ceramics in intermittent combustion engines, and on the use of ceramics in these engines is presented. The reduction of heat loss from the combustion chamber of diesel engines improves fuel efficiency only 3 or 4 percent. Some other gains may be possible from a smaller cooling system, recovery of exhaust energy, and improvements in aerodynamics. It is judged that designs of low heat rejection engines will have the greatest initial impact on armored combat vehicles. Organization, coordination, planning, and cooperation on R&D for the use of ceramics in intermittent combustion engines appear to be greater abroad than in the United States.
Cultural Authentication of Hawaiian Quilting in the Early 19th Century

Hawaiian quilting is a form of material culture that developed through the interaction of Polynesian and American design traditions as westernization occurred in Hawaii in the early nineteenth cent...
Behavior of a transitional tubulovesicular compartment at the cis side of the Golgi apparatus in in vivo fusion studies of mammalian cells

We have investigated the behavior in in vivo cell fusion experiments of a transitional compartment lying between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus to determine if the compartment, as recognized by the antibody G1/93, might congregate in a similar manner to Golgi apparatus [W. C. Ho et al. (1990) Eur. J. Cell Biol. 52, 315–327]. The distributions of the transitional tubulovesicular compartment, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus in HeLa cells were assessed by immunofluorescent staining using mouse monoclonal antibody G1/93, mouse monoclonal antibody HP 24, and rabbit anti-galactosyltransferase, respectively. In agreement with previous results [W. C. Ho et al. (1990) Eur. J. Cell Biol. 52, 315–327], the Golgi apparatus was observed to congregate gradually over a 3- to 6-h period, forming a large, extended, central Golgi complex in uv-inactivated Sindbis virus-fused HeLa cells. Concomitant with this was a marked congregation of the transitional tubulovesicular compartment. Congregation of the tubulovesicular compartment was not affected by cycloheximide. The endoplasmic reticulum retained its web-like distribution throughout the syncytoplasm and rimmed the nuclear periphery. Treatment of HeLa cells with nocodazole prior to fusion followed by incubation of the syncytia in drug-containing media blocked congregation of the G1/93-positive compartment. With this long-term nocodazole treatment, Golgi apparatus was dispersed into scattered Golgi elements and the G1/93 distribution was endoplasmic reticulum-like. These results suggest that the transitional tubulovesicular compartment recognized by G1/93 is normally structured on microtubules and microtubule organizing centers and may be considered to be a subcompartment of a greater, perinuclear, Golgi complex.
The Mössbauer effect isomer shift of Fe impurities in CuZn alloys

Abstract The Mossbauer effect isomer shift has been measured for Fe in each room temperature phase of the CuZn alloy system. The isomer shift contribution in the α phase due to Zn electrons is deduced from pressure data.
ALPS: an autoimmune human lymphoproliferative syndrome associated with abnormal lymphocyte apoptosis

Abstract Apoptosis of activated lymphocytes is critical to immune homeostasis. The cell surface receptor Fas is an important mediator of lymphocyte apoptosis; defective Fas expression causes accumulation of lymphocytes and autoimmune disease in mice. Apoptosis defects due to mutations of Fas have also been found in a rare human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). Nine unrelated children with ALPS had lymphadenopathy, autoimmunity and expansion of a normally infrequent population of CD4−CD8−T cells. All nine exhibited impaired lymphocyte apoptosis in vitro, and eight had heterozygous Fas gene mutations. Thus genetic defects in apoptosis pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of at least one human autoimmune disorder.
DIABETES MELLITUS, ADDISON'S DISEASE AND MYXEDEMA--REPORT OF TWO CASES.

Two patients with diabetes mellitus are described in whom Addison's disease and myxedema developed, in one instance 3 and in the other 16 years after the onset of the diabetes. Evidence is presented that both the hypothyroidism and hypoadrenocorticism in these patients were primary failures of the end-organ. In a third case, a sibling of one of the others, adrenal insufficiency preceded diabetes mellitus by 15 years. In the 2 cases tested, antibodies against the adrenal were demonstrable. One also had antithyroid antibodies, and the other antibodies against the parathyroid, in spite of clinically normal parathyroid function.
Human plasma-derived BuChE as a stoichiometric bioscavenger for treatment of nerve agent poisoning.

Abstract Potent organophosphorous (OP) agents, such as VX, are hazardous by absorption through the skin and are resistant to conventional pharmacological antidotal treatments. The residence time of a stoichiometric bioscavenger, human butyrylcholinesterase (huBuChE), in the plasma more closely matches that of VX than do the residence times of conventional therapy drugs (oxime, anti-muscarinic, anticonvulsant). Intramuscular (i.m.) huBuChE afforded almost complete protection when administered prior to the onset of observable cholinergic signs of VX poisoning, but once signs of poisoning became evident the efficacy of i.m. huBuChE decreased. A combination of nerve agent therapy drugs (oxime, anti-muscarinic, anticonvulsant) with huBuChE (i.m.) protected 100% (8/8) of guinea-pigs from a lethal dose of VX (0.74 mg/kg) to 48 h, even when administered on signs of poisoning. Survival was presumed to be due to immediate alleviation of the cholinergic crisis by the conventional pharmacological treatment drugs, in conjunction with bioscavenger that prevented further absorbed agent reaching the AChE targets. Evidence to support this proposed mechanism of action was obtained from PKPD experiments in which multiple blood samples and microdialysate samples were collected from individual conscious ambulatory animals. Plasma concentrations of intramuscularly-administered atropine, diazepam and HI-6 reached a peak within 15 min and were eliminated rapidly within 4 h. Plasma concentrations of huBuChE administered by the i.m. route took approximately 24 h to reach a peak, but were well-maintained over the subsequent 7 days. Thus, the pharmacological therapy rapidly treated the initial signs of poisoning, whilst the bioscavenger provided prolonged protection by neutralising further nerve agent entering the bloodstream and preventing it from reaching the target organs.
Recruitment of individually (all-or-none) responding cells, rather than amplitude enhancement, is the single-cell mechanism subserving the dose-responsive activation of intracellular calcium second messenger signaling by the human lutinizing-hormone receptor

We have investigated at the single-cell level how the human LH receptor mediates a dose-responsive increase in intracellular free calcium-ion concentrations ([Ca2+]i). In human embryonic kidney cells (293 cells) stably transfected with the full-length human LH receptor cDNA. Intact dimeric LH, but not LH β- or α-subunits, evoked specific [Ca2+]i signals. High-resolution fluorescence (fura-2) video-microscopy demonstrated cell-to-cell variability in [Ca2+]i signaling responses in individual cells, viz., an all-or-none spike (9%), spike-and-plateau (25%), or plateau (52%) types of temporal signal. Oscillatory [Ca2+]i responses were observed in 12–14% of LH-stimulated cells unrelated to LH concentration. The LH dose-response originated by higher concentrations of LH recruiting more individually responding cells (rather than altering [Ca2+]i signal amplitude), and eliciting a [Ca2+]i rise more rapidly, i.e., at reduced latency. Cobalt did not abolish the LH-stimulated [Ca2+]i spike-and-lateau response, but decreased the percentage of cells with a plateau pattern. Quench experiments demonstrated influx of Mn2+ following the [Ca2+]i spike, thus directly documenting divalent cation inflow during the plateau phase. Adenylyl-cyclase activation with forskolin or treatment with a cAMP analog failed to elicit the biphasic [Ca2+]i resoonse, and pertussis toxin (PTX) did not alter LH-stimulated [Ca2+]i signaling. However, overnight preincubation with LH reduced the percentage of [Ca2+]i-responding cells following re-exposure to LH to 5.7% (vs 72% in control), suggesting LH-induced desensitization of the LH-receptor directed [Ca2+]i signal.
CSF GABA in Psychotic Disorders

CSF GABA levels were not significantly different in a group of drug-free psychotic patients compared to a group of psychotic patients at two points during haloperidol treatment or a neurological comparison group. In the untreated group, CSF GABA was significantly negatively correlated with clinical ratings of anxiety and agitation. Early in haloperidol treatment CSF GABA was significantly positively correlated with CSF HVA.
Least squares analysis of electron paramagnetic resonance spectra

Abstract Nonlinear statistical methods are employed to determined the least-squares fit between an observed electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum and that calculated on the basis of a particular physical model. A good fit between calculated and experimental spectra permits assignment or verification of the free radical site, whose structural environment determines the physical model, in various irradiated organic compounds.
Voltage limit: processor lives depend on it

The delicate nature of the transistors in modern processors mean that exceeding the rated voltage can take years off their lifetime. But there are regulation techniques that allow for better performance without forcing you to use too many components.
Numerical study of shock-wave/boundary layer interactions in premixed hydrogen-air hypersonic flows

A computational study of shock wave/boundary layer interactions involving premixed combustible gases, and the resulting combustion processes is presented. The analysis is carried out using a new fully implicit, total variation diminishing (TVD) code developed for solving the fully coupled Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and species continuity equations in an efficient manner. To accelerate the convergence of the basic iterative procedure, this code is combined with vector extrapolation methods. The chemical nonequilibrium processes are simulated by means of a finite-rate chemistry model for hydrogen-air combustion. Several validation test cases are presented and the results compared with experimental data or with other computational results. The code is then applied to study shock wave/boundary layer interactions in a ram accelerator configuration. Results indicate a new combustion mechanism in which a shock wave induces combustion in the boundary layer, which then propagates outwards and downstream. At higher Mach numbers, spontaneous ignition in part of the boundary layer is observed, which eventually extends along the entire boundary layer at still higher values of the Mach number.
TIME‐COURSE OF VISCOSITY, SWEETNESS AND FLAVOR IN CHOCOLATE DESSERTS

Using a strip-chart recorder to monitor time, intensities of oral viscosity, sweetness, and chocolate flavor were evaluated for two chocolate desserts — canned pudding and a canned creme — identical in formula except for the thickening agent. The time-intensity (T-I) curves provided four major sets of information for interpretation of findings: (1) maximum sensory intensity; (2) time required to reach maximum; (3) total duration of sensation, and (4) total area under the curve. Maximum oral viscosity was perceived 8.6 s after placement of the 5-g sample into the mouth, maximum sweetness after 11.1 s, and maximum chocolate flavor after 12.9 s. The pudding had significantly greater oral viscosity than the creme, but the two products had similar time patterns for flavor. Sweetness and flavor persisted long after viscosity was no longer detectable. Although there was considerable between-judge variation in the type of T-I curves generated, within-judge responses were reproducible as was the panel as a group. The usefulness of information on the time course of textural and flavor characteristics of foods and model systems during oral manipulation and swallowing is discussed.
Progress toward 100 GHz Logic in InP HBT IC Technology

Future wideband communications, mm-wave digital synthesis, and digital beam-steering will benefit from digital operation at clock frequencies between 50 and 100 GHz at reasonable power levels. HRL has developed InP-based HBT technology that is capable of supporting these needs. We have demonstrated InP HBTs with cutoff frequencies, ft, over 200 GHz and with fmax over 300 GHz as well as fully static dividers operating at 72.8 GHz.
Enzymatic isotopic assay for and presence of beta-phenylethylamine in brain.

— An enzymatic isotopic assay for the measurement of β-phenylethylamine in brain, with a sensitivity of 100-200 pg, has been developed. With this assay, the endogenous β-phenylethylamine content (1.5 ng/g) in the rat brain has been determined. Phenylalanine administration increases the brain levels of this amine; inhibition of monoamine oxidase causes a 40-fold increase in brain β-phenylethylamine. After a combined treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and phenylalanine, the β-phenylethylamine content in the brain increases to about 400-fold. This increase can be blocked by the central decarboxylase inhibitor NSD-1055. p-Chlorophenylalanine also increases β-phenylethylamipe concentration in the brain, and this effect is potentiated by a simultaneous administration of phenylalanine.
Generalized Poisson random variate generation

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThe generalized Poisson distribution has been used in many areas of study such as engineering, manufacturing, survival analysis, genetic, queuing and branching processes. This paper presents some methods of sampling from the generalized Poisson distribution. The inversion algorithm is compared with two distribution-specific methods. For low parameter values, the inversion method seems to be faster than both the distribution-specific methods. The paper also considers the use of normal approximation for the generalized Poisson distribution when parameter θ ≥ 10.
Homodimeric and Heterodimeric Aryl Sulfotransferases Catalyze the Sulfuric Acid Esterification of N-Hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene

Three aryl sulfotransferases (ASTs) isolated from rat liver catalyze the sulfuric acid esterification of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-2AAF). These three ASTs were separated by high resolution anion exchange chromatography and were designated Q1, Q2, and Q3. Q1 and Q2 had high N-OH-2AAF sulfonation activity, whereas Q3 showed low activity. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed Q1-Q3 to be comprised of 33,945- and 35,675-Da protein subunits. Q1 contained only the 35,675-Da protein subunit, Q2 contained equal quantities of 33,945- and 35,675-Da subunits, and Q3 contained only the 33,945-Da subunit. The subunit compositions of Q1-Q3 were confirmed by immunochemical analysis. Size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the active quaternary structure of the three isoenzymes was dimeric. Analysis of liver cytosols for the relative contributions of Q1-Q3 to total cytosolic N-OH-2AAF sulfotransferase activity indicated that Q1, Q2, and Q3 accounted for 44, 46, and 10% of the activity, respectively. These results demonstrate the existence of both homodimeric and heterodimeric aryl sulfotransferases and show that two ASTs, a homodimer of 35,675-Da subunits and a heterodimer of a 33,945- and a 35,675-Da subunit, are primarily responsible for hepatic N-OH-2AAF sulfotransferase activity.
Degenerative changes in epinephrine tonic vasomotor neurons in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract The C-1 region in the rostral ventral lateral medulla contains mainly epinephrine (Epi) neurons. These neurons are the tonic vasomotor center of the brain. We previously demonstrated changes in the enzymatic activity of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in axon terminals and cell bodies of Epi neurons from the medulla of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. In this study, we investigated the perikarya of C-1 neurons for the morphometric, immunohistochemical and histochemical changes that are seen in severely affected regions of Alzheimer brain. The mean areas and size distributionsof C-1 neurons from 6 AD and 6 neurologically normal patients were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov z tests respectively. Additional brain sections from the C-1 region of AD and control individuals were stained with cresyl violet or immunostained with antibodies to the lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin D, Tau-2, Alz-50 and β-amyloid protein. The average area of C-1 neurons in AD brains was decreased 18.3%(P
Impact of Specialist Consultations on Inpatient Admissions for Dermatology-Specific and Related DRGs

BACKGROUND Studies of dermatologic inpatients are important, given the rise in the number of admissions and of Medicare spending for dermatology-specific and dermatology-related diagnosis related groups (DRGs) in recent years. Yet inpatient studies of patients admitted for skin conditions have mainly focused on dermatology consults, which neglect the experiences of patients not seen by dermatology. Identifying patients based on DRG codes includes all patients admitted for skin conditions and therefore allows for a more comprehensive analysis of the dermatologic care delivered.
Adaptive sequential experiment methodology for response surface optimisation

Traditional response surface methodology (RSM) designs such as central composite design (CCD) use fixed factor settings to fit appropriate mathematical models. Despite their widespread applications, such approaches are not effective in terms of the number of required experiments and model precision. The number of required experiments shows its importance when economical aspects of each extra experiment are considered. Also, model precision reveals its significance when the problem deals with large factor space. Considering these facts, we introduce the methodology of adaptive sequential experiments on two-dimensional space which conducts fewer experiments on non-optimal region and more experiments on the optimal region. This methodology is based on a simple strategy: using previous experiments information for determining the factor setting of new experiments and shrinking the factor space to smaller region toward the optimal point. We show the effectiveness of these strategies by comparing the proposed approach with CCD on twelve numerical examples.
A multidimensional scaling of three sets of compliance‐gaining strategies

This article employed cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling techniques to develop a working typology of relevant compliance‐gaining message strategies. Subjects constructed and sorted strategies they reported to use in three compliance‐gaining situations. The resultant typology included “direct‐rational,” “manipulation,” “exchange” and “threat” strategies. A category of “expertise claims” strategies emerged in the solutions for a negotiating situation. Some of the obtained categories supported strategies used in Clark (1979) and Fitzpatrick and Winke (1979), providing independent support for the existence of some aspects of their taxonomies. It was concluded that future research on identifying factors influencing strategy preference strive to incorporate more relevant forms of strategy choices.
Entry of mRNA into Polyribosomes during Recovery from Starvation in Mouse Sarcoma 180 Cells

Starvation in mouse sarcoma 180 cells leads to a block in initiation of protein synthesis which results in the conversion of polysomes to 80-S ribosomes. The mRNA is released as nucleoprotein particles. Addition of nutrients to the starved cell causes the rapid uptake of the mRNA into large polysomal structures. The ribosomes enter these structures more gradually, without much effect on the sedimentation profile of the labeled mRNA. The results indicate that the stored mRNA in starved cells is readily available for uptake into polysomes. They also suggest that the mRNA may be binding to components other than ribosomes during the initial stages of polysome formation.
The Magnetospheric Plasma-driven Evolution of Satellite Atmospheres

Atmospheric loss induced by an incident plasma, often called atmospheric sputtering, can significantly alter the volatile inventories of solar system bodies. Based on the present atmospheric sputtering rate, the net loss of nitrogen from Titan in the last 4 Gyr was small, consistent with Titan retaining a component of its primordial atmosphere. However, atmospheric sputtering by the magnetospheric plasma ions and by pickup ions, even at present levels, would have caused the loss of a large, residual Titan-like atmosphere from Io and Europa and a significant fraction of such an atmosphere from Ganymede. At Callisto, higher magnetospheric plasma densities would have been required for the loss of such an atmosphere. Since higher plasma densities were probable in earlier epochs, the evolution of the volatile inventories of each of the Galilean satellites has been profoundly affected by the interaction of their atmospheres with the Jovian magnetospheric plasma.
Inhibitory influence of unstimulated rods in the human retina: evidence provided by examining cone flicker

In the parafoveal retina of human observers, cone-mediated sensitivity to flicker decreases as rods become progressively more dark-adapted. This effect is greatest when a rod response to flicker is precluded. These results indicate that rods tonically inhibit cone pathways in the dark.
Recovery of Organic Products from Ionic Liquids Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Ionic liquids (ILs) hold great potential as replacements for traditional volatile organic solvents and have been shown to be a viable medium for numerous types of reactions. This work investigates the feasibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide, another environmentally benign solvent, for the separation of organic solutes from an ionic liquid. Recovery rates of aromatic and aliphatic solutes from 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) are given. Supercritical fluid extraction is shown to be a viable separation technique with the additional benefits of environmental sustainability and pure product recovery.
Measurements of superoxide radical concentration and decay kinetics in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract Numerous laboratory studies have shown that superoxide radical ( O 2 − ) can have a profound influence on the redox speciation of dissolved metals, especially copper, manganese, and iron. We made direct measurements of O 2 − concentrations and decay kinetics in seawater samples collected from the Gulf of Alaska, using the recently developed method of methyl Cypridina luciferin analog (MCLA) chemiluminescence. Concentrations ranged from −1 , with higher concentrations typically observed in the upper 1–10 m of the water column. Pseudo-first-order decay rate coefficients ranged 0.002–0.02 s −1 , and confirm that even in the open ocean, uncatalyzed dismutation is not the major fate of O 2 − . Calculated O 2 − production rates varied from −1 h −1 and appear to be primarily of biological origin. These results represent the first direct measurements of O 2 − concentrations in a non-tropical region, and are broadly similar to recently published findings for the eastern equatorial Pacific, suggesting that biological production of O 2 − may be a common feature of the ocean’s surface waters. Our study was also the first to examine the reproducibility of measurements of in situ O 2 − concentrations and decay coefficients. Subsurface samples collected using GO-FLO bottles exhibited a systematic increase in concentration and decay rate coefficient with time, a possible artifact that should be considered in future studies. In contrast, measurements conducted using “fish” samples under low or no light conditions were found to be reliably reproducible, and demonstrated substantial rates of biological O 2 − production.
Transient thermal lens in a ZnGeP(2) crystal.

The first observations, to the authors’ knowledge, of transient thermal lensing in a ZnGeP2 crystal achieved with 2.09-μm laser excitation of 800-μs, 70-mJ pulses at 30 Hz and by burst-mode Q-switched pumping are presented. The laser power transmitted through an aperture was approximated by an adiabatic model with currently accepted values for the thermal properties of ZnGeP2 and corresponded to focal-length changes from infinity to 10 cm during each 800-μs pulse. Similar results were seen when the crystal was operated as an optical parametric oscillator. This transient thermal lens severely limits ZnGeP2 as a material for use in optical parametric oscillators for these modulated, high-power operating conditions.
Relocalization of the dorsal protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus correlates with its function

Abstract dorsal is one of the maternally active dorsal-ventral polarity genes of Drosophila and is homologous to the vertebrate proto-oncogene c- rel . In wild-type embryos, the dorsal protein is found in the cytoplasm during cleavage. After the nuclei migrate to the periphery of the embryo, a ventral-to-dorsla gradient of nuclear dorsal protein is established. The formation of the nuclear gradient is disrupted in mutant embryos from other maternally active dorsal-ventral polarity genes: in dorsalized embryos only cytoplasmic protein is observed, while in ventralized embryos the nuclear gradient is shifted dorsally. My findings suggest that nuclear localization is critical for dorsal to function as a morphogen and that the distribution of the dorsal protein determines cell fate along the dorsal-ventral axis.
An Improved Numerical Interconversion for Creep Compliance and Relaxation Modulus.

An improved method for the numerical evaluation of the convolution integral in the relationship between creep compliance and relaxation modulus is discussed. The better approximation is obtained by the assumption that both functions can be assumed to be linear within a series of increasing time intervals which do not change as the calculation progresses. The calculation is carried out on both hypothetical and real examples which substantiates its applicability and accuracy.
Deformation of the Eastern Franciscan Belt, northern California

Abstract The late Jurassic and Cretaceous Eastern Franciscan belt of the northern California Coast Range consists of two multiply deformed, blueschist-facies terranes; the Pickett Peak and Yolla Bolly terranes. Four deformations have been recognized in the Pickett Peak terrane, and three in the Yolla Bolly terrane. The earliest recognized penetrative fabric, D1, occurs only in the Pickett Peak terrane. The later penetrative fabrics, D2 and D3, occur in both the Yolla Bolly and Pickett Peak terranes. D1 and D2 apparently represent fabrics that formed during subduction and accretion of the terranes. Fabrics from both D1 and D2 are consistent with SW-NE movement directions with respect to their present geographic positions. D3 postdates blueschist-facies metamorphism of the terranes and may be related to emplacement of the terranes to higher structural levels. A broad regional warping, D4, is evident from the map pattern and folding of large metamorphosed thrust sheets. D4 folds may be related to deformation associated with oblique convergence along the continental margin in late Cretaceous and (or) early Tertiary time.
THE ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPY IN CANCER OF THE EXTRA-HEPATIC BILIARY SYSTEM: AN ANALYSIS OF THIRTEEN PATIENTS AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SURGERY, CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIOTHERAPY?

Abstract An analysis of the role of radiotherapy in the management of gallbladder (GB) and extra-hepatic bile duct (EHBD) cancer its based upon thirteen patients irradiated in our hospital and a review of the literature. These patients were treated as part of curative or palliative management in conjunction with surgery, after surgical failure or recurrence, and as the only palliative modality. Doses ranged from 3800 to 7225 rad. Significant palliation was obtained in 92% of the patients; average total bilirubin value decreased from 9.1 mg.% before to 1.7 mg.% after radiotherapy. The mean survival of all patients was 12.7 months after surgery (7.1 in GB, 16.1 in EHBD), and was 7.3 months after initiation of radiotherapy (6.3 in GB, 8.0 in EHBD). Two patients were alive and well with no evidence of disease 12 and 16 months after radiotherapy, and local tumor control was achieved in two. Complications included possible biliary fibrosis. Based upon a critical review of the surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiotherapeutic literature, it is concluded that present surgical therapy fails because of extensive regional disease in which local recurrences follow various simple and radical surgical maneuvers; palliative surgery often fails. Survival rates have been poor following any therapy at present, although encouraging results are seen with carefully planned megavoltage radiotherapy. A proposal its made to evaluate the role of radiotherapy systematically: as part of curative therapy post-operatively to decrease local recurrences and to increase the length and quality of survival; to treat incisional recurrences; as part of advanced disease management to increase the effectiveness and length of palliation; and in conjunction with chemotherapy to further consolidate therapeutic gains made with radiotherapy alone.
Two modes of lytic granule fusion during degranulation by natural killer cells

Lytic granules in cytotoxic lymphocytes, which include T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, are secretory lysosomes that release their content upon fusion with the plasma membrane (PM), a process known as degranulation. Although vesicle exocytosis has been extensively studied in endocrine and neuronal cells, much less is known about the fusion of lytic granules in cytotoxic lymphocytes. Here, we used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to examine lytic granules labeled with fluorescently tagged Fas ligand (FasL) in the NK cell line NKL stimulated with phorbol ester and ionomycin and in primary NK cells activated by physiological receptor–ligand interactions. Two fusion modes were observed: complete fusion, characterized by loss of granule content and rapid diffusion of FasL at the PM; and incomplete fusion, characterized by transient fusion pore opening and retention of FasL at the fusion site. The pH-sensitive green fluorescence protein (pHluorin) fused to the lumenal domain of FasL was used to visualize fusion pore opening with a time resolution of 30 ms. Upon incomplete fusion, pHluorin emission lasted several seconds in the absence of noticeable diffusion. Thus, we conclude that lytic granules in NK cells undergo both complete and incomplete fusion with the PM, and propose that incomplete fusion may promote efficient recycling of lytic granule membrane after the release of cytotoxic effector molecules.
Bile salt-induced calcium fluxes in artificial phospholipid vesicles

Abstract The ionic permeability of selected biological membranes is increased by bile salts. To examine changes in calcium permeability during the exposure of artificial membranes to bile salts, we investigated calcium uptake by unilamellar and multilamellar phospholipid vesicles. In the presence of 750 μM taurodeoxycholate, uptake of radiolabelled calcium by unilamellar vesicles increased 2.5-fold over control values. Calcium uptake by multilamellar vesicles as measured with a free calcium indicator, arsenazo III, increased 2.2- or 21-fold in the presence of 60 μM lithocholate or 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenoate, respectively. Results were directly influenced by experimental variables such as bile salt hydrophobicity, external calcium concentration, and the bile salt/lipid molar ratio. Observed membrane solubilization was minimal despite increased calcium permeability. Comparison of radiolabelled calcium uptake with radiolabelled sodium or radiolabelled rubidium uptake indicated that bile salt-dependent calcium uptake was 60–140-times greater than bile salt-dependent uptake of either monovalent cation. In an effort to delineate forces affecting calcium translocation, vesicles were exposed either to valinomycin, which induced an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, or to nigericin, which induced a proton gradient. Exposure to valinomycin minimally influenced bile salt-induced calcium uptake while exposure to nigericin significantly promoted uptake by 40–70%. The results suggest that bile salts promote calcium uptake by a mechanism which may be similar to those of other carboxylic ionophores.
Student Psychological Need Satisfaction and College Teacher-Course Evaluations

Two studies examined student psychological need satisfaction as a predictor of positive teacher-course evaluations. In Study 1, 268 undergraduates recalled and rated the quality of a recent important college course, then rated their feelings of autonomy, competence, and relatedness within that course. Consistent with self-determination theory, all three ratings predicted instructor and/or course ratings. Study 2 found the same pattern in a sample of 179 introductory journalism students nested within 12 sections of a single course. Study 2 also evaluated instructor characteristics as predictors of mean levels of student need satisfaction across the 12 classes. Although instructor age and overall teaching experience were unrelated to students' need satisfaction, greater experience teaching their particular class negatively predicted student autonomy and relatedness need satisfaction. Implications for pedagogical practice are discussed.
Sample sizes and power computation for clinical intervention trials.

The purpose of this article was to describe basic concepts of sample size and power estimation for planning nursing intervention trials and interpreting their results. Simple mathematical calculations, using the formulas presented here, can be used to estimate the number of subjects required to conduct a study with a designated effect size and level of power. These methods are of great importance, since most funding agencies require sample size and power estimations before a grant is awarded. In general, studies with power lower than .7 or .8 need careful consideration before they are implemented. In these situations, it may be wise to consider various alternatives for obtaining study subjects or deleting treatment groups for investigations involving more than two groups. The formulas presented here can also be useful in estimating the power of published research findings. Through a quick calculation, the consumer of nursing research can critically evaluate the meaning of a negative trial and draw appropriate conclusions for future research and practice.
Quantitative characterization of androgen receptor protein expression and cellular localization in circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Many current therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are aimed at AR signaling; however, resistance to these therapies is inevitable. To personalize CRPC therapy in an individual with clinical progression despite maximal AR signaling blockade, it is important to characterize the status of AR activity within their cancer. Biopsies of bone metastases are invasive and frequently fail to yield sufficient tissue for further study. Evaluation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offers an alternative, minimally invasive mechanism to characterize and study late-stage disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of CTC interrogation with respect to the AR as a potential novel therapeutic biomarker in patients with mCRPC. Fifteen mL of whole blood was collected from patients with progressive, metastatic mCRPC, the mononuclear cell portion was isolated, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to isolate and evaluate CTCs. A novel protocol was optimized to use ImageStreamX to quantitatively analyze AR expression and subcellular localization within CTCs. Co-expression of AR and the proliferation marker Ki67 was also determined using ImageStreamX. We found inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity in expression and localization of AR. Increased AR expression and nuclear localization are associated with elevated co-expression of Ki-67, consistent with the continued role for AR in castration-resistant disease. Despite intra-patient heterogeneity, CTCs from patients with prior exposure to abiraterone had increased AR expression compared to CTCs from patients who were abiraterone-naive. As our toolbox for targeting AR function expands, our ability to evaluate AR expression and function within tumor samples from patients with late-stage disease will likely be a critical component of the personalized management of advanced prostate cancer. AR expression and nuclear localization varies within patients and between patients; however it remains associated with markers of proliferation. This supports a molecularly diverse AR-centric pathobiology imparting castration-resistance.
Conjugate convex Lyapunov functions for dual linear differential inclusions

Tools from convex analysis are used to show how stability properties and Lyapunov inequalities translate when passing from a linear differential inclusion (LDI) to its dual. In particular, it is proved that a convex, positive definite function is a Lyapunov function for an LDI if and only if its convex conjugate is a Lyapunov function for the LDIs dual. Examples show how such duality effectively doubles the number of tools available for assessing stability of LDIs.
Solutions to the Problems of Chronic Disease Management in Rural Settings

Recent changes in disease patterns in the United States from acute to chronic disorders and the maldistribution of medical manpower have disproportionately affected rural residents. Programmatic attempts to alter the medical care system in rural areas have traditionally centered on increasing the number of primary providers. In central Mississippi, two innovative alternative models of chronic disease management have been evaluated. The disease focus was high blood pressure and the two management models emphasized: the use of local residents as health facilitators or health counselors, and the use of self-help groups in family and church settings. Eighteen months of outcome data indicated that the health facilitator model was controlling 80 percent of the hypertensives participating; the family-based self-help groups were controlling 90 percent; and, the church-based self-help groups were controlling 79.9 percent. These community-based models of chronic disease management have broad implications for other geographic areas and other chronic disorders.
How a small change in retinal leads to G‐protein activation: Initial events suggested by molecular dynamics calculations

Rhodopsin is the prototypical G-protein coupled receptor, coupling light activation with high efficiency to signaling molecules. The dark-state X-ray structures of the protein provide a starting point for consideration of the relaxation from initial light activation to conformational changes that may lead to signaling. In this study we create an energetically unstable retinal in the light activated state and then use molecular dynamics simulations to examine the types of compensation, relaxation, and conformational changes that occur following the cis–trans light activation. The results suggest that changes occur throughout the protein, with changes in the orientation of Helices 5 and 6, a closer interaction between Ala 169 on Helix 4 and retinal, and a shift in the Schiff base counterion that also reflects changes in sidechain interactions with the retinal. Taken together, the simulation is suggestive of the types of changes that lead from local conformational change to light-activated signaling in this prototypical system.
Mammalian colonocytes possess a carrier-mediated mechanism for uptake of vitamin B3 (niacin): studies utilizing human and mouse colonic preparations.

Niacin (vitamin B3; nicotinic acid) plays an important role in maintaining redox state of cells and is obtained from endogenous and exogenous sources. The latter source has generally been assumed t...
Large cerebral vessel occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

We systematically investigated clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and pathologic features, including treatment and prognosis, of stroke syndromes in 30 patients, six from our institution and 24 from the literature, with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and symptomatic large cerebral vessel occlusive disease, documented by angiography or autopsy. The average age at stroke onset was 35 years, and the diagnosis of SLE was made on average 4.4 years prior to that. At least 86% had active SLE at the time of their stroke. Headache was common at onset. We found major intracranial or extracranial vessel occlusive process by (1) thrombus, (2) dissection, (3) fibromuscular dysplasia or vasculitis, and (4) atherosclerosis. The presumed mechanisms were coagulopathy, cardiogenic embolism, large cerebral vessel vasculitis or occlusive vasculopathy, cervical arterial dissection, and premature atherosclerosis. The short-term death rate was 40% and the recurrent stroke rate was 13%. We conclude that symptomatic large cerebral vessel occlusive disease in SLE generally occurs several years after the diagnosis of SLE, usually during the active phase of the disease, is related to heterogeneous mechanisms, and carries a relatively poor short-term outcome.