cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast binary serialization for grid systems with XBS

The efficient serialization and deserialization of data is a fundamental operation in many grid systems. Some serializers are message-based, while others are stream-based with no inherent message boundaries. Streaming serializers can be more scalable and flexible than message-oriented serializers, by promoting free form conversations not fixed to any particular static structure. This paper presents the design and implementation of the XBS binary serializer, focusing on three important features: efficient serialization of large and small arrays, efficient pass-through of opaque data by grid intermediaries, and efficient representation of numbers with a large dynamic range. The first feature is important because such arrays dominate scientific computing. The second feature is useful for grid intermediaries such as gateways and proxies, which are becoming ever more important as grid systems become more complex, and focus support on legacy applications. The third feature is important for efficiently supporting systems without arbitrary size limits. XBS is a freely-available C++ library and provides an object-oriented API, based on generic programming techniques.
Wittgenstein as Exile: A Philosophical Topography

Exilic thought is a kind of uprooted thought developed away from ‘home’ under conditions of displacement and uncertainty, often in a different mother tongue, language tradition and culture. Exilic thought is sometimes the self-imposed discipline of the ‘stranger’ who develops his or her identity as an ‘alien’ or immigrant against the conventions of a host culture and from the perspective of an outsider. The motif OF? the exile-stranger in a foreign land finding his or her way about for the first time is fable-ized in ancient accounts of ‘first contacts' and early cultural exchanges. ‘Exile’ often marks a complex ambivalence to one's own home culture and, therefore, also to questions of one's own national, cultural and personal identity. Exile is one of the central and most powerful motifs of the intellectual in the twentieth century: it describes a profound existential condition of cultural estrangement, and sometimes alienation, that defines identity in terms of migration, movement, departure, homelessne...
Towards a Global Systems Steering Vision that is Simple Enough, But Not Too Simple: Symviability

The question addressed is as follows: How can we have pleasant long-term humane human survival on Earth, given our very potent globally impacting technologies, our huge population and our terrible propensity for solidarity to propagate our own ‘pure’ quasi-tribal genetic and cultural identities through ruthlessly devastating competition with and suppression of others' genes and cultures? What has been tried and why it is not good enough: We have tried religious visions of peace, love, caritas and asceticism. These have indeed appealed to vast numbers of people but have left them almost defenceless against those whose religious beliefs demand the conversion or extermination of unbelievers. We have also tried bread and circuses—economic growth with fair shares for all—but the ‘trickle down’ of benefits does not happen automatically. The human race's guiding visions have been workable for small populations with primitive technics, but these visions are proving to be much too simple to enable us to collaboratively steer the complex webs of coupled systems that constitute life on Earth today. Yet there is hope thanks to our continually developing knowledge-based empathy for one another. We propose a vision that is simple enough to evoke a worldwide concertation of efforts yet complex enough to ensure a requisite variety of ventures, strategies, tactics and tools. We propose a transformative educative value vision based on pragmatic philosophy and the systems sciences. We propose that this be implemented with discursive legitimation representing all stakeholders, carried out through a global communi-control technology. The vision is as follows: Both ecological–cultural symbioses and intercultural symbioses, where each cultural actor appreciates the need to allow and support other cultural actors to live and flourish, providing that they control themselves to do likewise. Such ecolo-co-cultural worldwide symbiosis can be named SYMVIABILITY. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modular Approach to Spintronics

There has been enormous progress in the last two decades, effectively combining spintronics and magnetics into a powerful force that is shaping the field of memory devices. New materials and phenomena continue to be discovered at an impressive rate, providing an ever-increasing set of building blocks that could be exploited in designing transistor-like functional devices of the future. The objective of this paper is to provide a quantitative foundation for this building block approach, so that new discoveries can be integrated into functional device concepts, quickly analyzed and critically evaluated. Through careful benchmarking against available theory and experiment we establish a set of elemental modules representing diverse materials and phenomena. These elemental modules can be integrated seamlessly to model composite devices involving both spintronic and nanomagnetic phenomena. We envision the library of modules to evolve both by incorporating new modules and by improving existing modules as the field progresses. The primary contribution of this paper is to establish the ground rules or protocols for a modular approach that can build a lasting bridge between materials scientists and circuit designers in the field of spintronics and nanomagnetics.
Making Yourself Attractive: Pre-marital Investments and the Returns to Education in the Marriage Market

This paper explores how a rise in a gender’s scarcity may impact educational investments using exogenous variation in the marriage market of second generation Americans in early 20th century. Theoretically, one may expect this to occur through two potential channels: a change in matching possibilities or in post-match bargaining. Empirically, I find that worse marriage market conditions spurs higher pre-marital investments: the effect for males is significant (0.2 years of education for one standard deviation in the sex ratio) while for females, it is only observed in highly endogamous groups. When faced with an exogenously larger number of males per females, males’ marriages appear to be less stable and more likely to involve natives and more educated spouses while women are less likely to work and, for those in high endogamous groups, marry more immigrants.
Biased agonism: An emerging paradigm in GPCR drug discovery.

Abstract G protein coupled receptors have historically been one of the most druggable classes of cellular proteins. The members of this large receptor gene family couple to primary effectors, G proteins, that have built in mechanisms for regeneration and amplification of signaling with each engagement of receptor and ligand, a kinetic event in itself. In recent years GPCRs, have been found to interact with arrestin proteins to initiate signal propagation in the absence of G protein interactions. This pinnacle observation has changed a previously held notion of the linear spectrum of GPCR efficacy and uncovered a new paradigm in GPCR research and drug discovery that relies on multidimensionality of GPCR signaling. Ligands were found that selectively confer activity in one pathway over another, and this phenomenon has been referred to as ‘biased agonism’ or ‘functional selectivity’. While great strides in the understanding of this phenomenon have been made in recent years, two critical questions still dominate the field: How can we rationally design biased GPCR ligands, and ultimately, which physiological responses are due to G protein versus arrestin interactions? This review will discuss the current understanding of some of the key aspects of biased signaling that are related to these questions, including mechanistic insights in the nature of biased signaling and methods for measuring ligand bias, as well as relevant examples of drug discovery applications and medicinal chemistry strategies that highlight the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.
Phosphoryl Transfer Enzymes and Hypervalent Phosphorus Chemistry

The coordination tendencies of phosphorus to form a hexacoordinated state from a pentacoordinated state, which might assist in describing the mechanistic action of phosphoryl transfer enzymes, are delineated. The factors discussed include substrate and transition or intermediate state anionicity, hydrogen bonding, packing effects, that is, van der Waals forces, the ease of formation of hexacoordinate phosphorus from lower coordinate states, and the pseudorotation problem common to nonrigid pentacoordinate phosphorus. In view of the work reported in this Account and recent work on enzyme promiscuity and moonlighting activities, it is suggested that donor action should play a role in determining active site interactions in phosphoryl transfer enzyme mechanisms.
Percolation phase diagrams for multi-phase models built on the overlapping sphere model

Abstract The overlapping sphere (OS) percolation model gives a two-phase microstructure (matrix plus inclusions) that is useful for testing composite material ideas and other applications, as well as serving as a paradigm of overlapping object percolation and phase transitions. Real materials often have more than two phases, so it is of interest to extend the applicability of the OS model. A flexible variant of the OS model can be constructed by randomly assigning the spheres different phase labels, according to a uniform probability distribution, as they are inserted one by one into the matrix. The resulting three or more phase models can have different amounts of percolating and non-percolating phases, depending on the volume fraction of each phase and the total OS volume fraction. A three-dimensional digital image approach is used to approximately map out the percolation phase diagram of such models, explicitly up to four phases (one matrix plus three spherical inclusion phases) and implicitly for N > 4 phases. For the three phase model, it was found that a single OS sub-phase has a percolation threshold that ranges from about a volume fraction of 0.16, when the matrix volume fraction is about 0.01, to about 0.30, at a matrix volume fraction of about 0.7. The approximate analytical dependence of this sub-phase percolation threshold on the defining model parameters serves to guide the building of the percolation phase diagram for the N -phase model, and is used to determine the maximum value of N ( N = 6 ) at which all N phases can be simultaneously percolated.
A graduate course in database management

Database management is a new and fast growing discipline within computer science. Curriculum 68 did not include database management in its recommended courses. With the advent of large direct access secondary storage devices to hold large volumes of information referred to as a database and with the need to manage that storage efficiently and conveniently, there has developed the computer science discipline of database management. This paper describes a course in database management, including a course catalog overview, course outline, and bibliography. This paper could serve as a guideline for future ACM Curriculum Committee on Computer Science recommendations in database management.
Is the effective Lagrangian for quantum chromodynamics a σ model

A fully interacting effective chiral Lagrangian obeying the anomalous axial-baryon-current conservation law is constructed. This Lagrangian is a generalization of one implied by the $\frac{1}{N}$ approximation. In a certain sense, the old $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model is recovered. Our Lagrangian displays the dependence of amplitudes on the quantum-chromodynamic vacuum angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$, gives soft ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ theorems, and hints at a possible complementarity between the instanton and $\frac{1}{N}$ approaches. We can rewrite our model in terms of a gauge-invariant gluon field.
The Projection of a Test Genome onto a Reference Population and Applications to Humans and Archaic Hominins

We introduce a method for comparing a test genome with numerous genomes from a reference population. Sites in the test genome are given a weight, w, that depends on the allele frequency, x, in the reference population. The projection of the test genome onto the reference population is the average weight for each x, w¯(x). The weight is assigned in such a way that, if the test genome is a random sample from the reference population, then w¯(x)=1. Using analytic theory, numerical analysis, and simulations, we show how the projection depends on the time of population splitting, the history of admixture, and changes in past population size. The projection is sensitive to small amounts of past admixture, the direction of admixture, and admixture from a population not sampled (a ghost population). We compute the projections of several human and two archaic genomes onto three reference populations from the 1000 Genomes project—Europeans, Han Chinese, and Yoruba—and discuss the consistency of our analysis with previously published results for European and Yoruba demographic history. Including higher amounts of admixture between Europeans and Yoruba soon after their separation and low amounts of admixture more recently can resolve discrepancies between the projections and demographic inferences from some previous studies.
Status of the Standard Model

The implications of recent precision Z-pole, W mass, and weak neutral current data for testing the standard electroweak model, constraining that t quark and Higgs masses, αs (MZ), and grand unification are discussed. A fit to all data yields sin(2)θw(MZ)= 0.2325 ± 0.0024 (on-shell), where the uncertainties are mainly from mt. In the standard model one predicts mt (+17+15) -23-17 GeV, where the central value assumes MH± 50 GeV (-) or 1 TeV (+). In the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model (MSSM) one predicts mt= 138(+20) -25± 5 GeV, where the difference is due the light Higgs scalar expected in the MSSM. There is no significant constraint on MH until mt is known independently. Including perturbative estimates of the O(ααsm(2) t) corrections, these values increase by ∼ 5 GeV.
Literacies in a participatory, multimodal world: the arts and aesthetics of Web 2.0

In this article, a multimodal framework of literacies is engaged to call attention to the aesthetic aspects of adolescents’ media making and identity explorations. Data from two studies are shared to offer complementary portraits of youth engaged with various technologies and media in two different out-ofschool settings. Both young men crafted forms of participation into their respective teaching and learning contexts through personal engagements with digital technologies that are becoming increasingly common features in adolescents’ communicative landscapes. Meaning is found, therefore, in the nature of the young men’s playful interactions with a variety of expressive modalities and not only in final compositions or texts.Recommendations to incorporate media play and personal explorations with technologies into language arts curricula are made in the conclusion.
Features and Values

The paper discusses the linguistic aspects of a new general purpose facility for computing with features. The program was developed in connection with the course I taught at the University of Texas in the fall of 1983. It is a generalized and expanded version of a system that Stuart Shieber originally designed for the PATR-II project at SRI in the spring of 1983 with later modifications by Fernando Pereira and me. Like its predecessors, the new Texas version of the "DG (directed graph)" package is primarily intended for representing morphological and syntactic information but it may turn out to be very useful for semantic representations too.
Erratum to: Melting the hydrous, subarc mantle: the origin of primitive andesites

An excel spreadsheet is included in online supplemental materials to aid with use of the model presented. The spreadsheet calculates the first three equations in Table 6 using two methods: it calculates (1) P (GPa) and T (°C) of last equilibration for known H2O contents of last equilibration or (2) H2O (wt%) and T (°C) of last equilibration when the pressure (GPa) of last equilibration is known. To use the spreadsheet, enter your compositions into the ‘Input’ sheet as well as your known H2O or pressure for each composition. The sheet goes through the following steps:
A Ruthenium Catalyst for Olefin Metathesis Featuring an Anti-Bredt N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand

A ruthenium complex bearing an “anti-Bredt” N-heterocyclic carbene was synthesized, characterized and evaluated as a catalyst for olefin metathesis. Good conversions were observed at room temperature for the formation of di- and tri-substituted olefins by ring-closing metathesis. It also allowed for the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclooctadiene, as well as for the cross-metathesis of cis-1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene with allylbenzene, with enhanced Z/E kinetic selectivity over classical NHC-based catalysts.
Cigarette Tax Pass-Through by Product Characteristics: Evidence from Nielsen ScanTrack Data

We use market-level scanner data collected from U.S. convenience stores in 2011 and 2012 to examine who bears the economic burden of cigarette taxes. We find cigarette taxes are fully passed through to consumer prices, suggesting consumers pay all the excess burden of these taxes. Tax incidence differs by class of cigarette; pass-through rates for premium packs and cartons are higher than those for discount packs and cartons, indicating possibilities of substitution in consumptions across tiers and brands.
Discovered Perspectives of Tacit Knowledge as Interpretive Frames

This paper is a description and analysis of found conceptualizations of tacit knowledge in the knowledge management (KM) literature. The essay’s argument is that there are several different ways of framing or understanding the nature, conceptualizations, of tacit knowledge. Because tacit knowledge is the most foundational idea and experience, in knowledge management literature, the purpose of this essay is to clarify the several perspectives discovered to be in use in the literature.
The right time to learn: mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning

For many types of learning, spaced training, which involves repeated long inter-trial intervals, leads to more robust memory formation than does massed training, which involves short or no intervals. Several cognitive theories have been proposed to explain this superiority, but only recently have data begun to delineate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of spaced training, and we review these theories and data here. Computational models of the implicated signalling cascades have predicted that spaced training with irregular inter-trial intervals can enhance learning. This strategy of using models to predict optimal spaced training protocols, combined with pharmacotherapy, suggests novel ways to rescue impaired synaptic plasticity and learning.
Full-turn symplectic map from a generator in a Fourier-spline basis

Given an arbitrary symplectic tracking code, one can construct a full-turn symplectic map that approximates the result of the code to high accuracy. The map is defined implicitly by a mixed-variable generating function. The generator is represented by a Fourier series in angle variables, with coefficients given as B-spline functions of action variables, It is constructed by using results of single-turn tracking from many initial conditions. The method has been applied to a realistic model of the SSC in three degrees of freedom. Orbits can be mapped symplectically for 10/sup 7/ turns on an IBM RS6000 model 320 workstation, in a run of about one day. >
K2: A Mobile Operating System for Heterogeneous Coherence Domains

Mobile System-on-Chips (SoC) that incorporate heterogeneous coherence domains promise high energy efficiency to a wide range of mobile applications, yet are difficult to program. To exploit the architecture, a desirable, yet missing capability is to replicate operating system (OS) services over multiple coherence domains with minimum inter-domain communication. In designing such an OS, we set three goals: to ease application development, to simplify OS engineering, and to preserve the current OS performance. To this end, we identify a shared-most OS model for multiple coherence domains: creating per-domain instances of core OS services with no shared state, while enabling other extended OS services to share state across domains. To test the model, we build K2, a prototype OS on the TI OMAP4 SoC, by reusing most of the Linux 3.4 source. K2 presents a single system image to applications with its two kernels running on top of the two coherence domains of OMAP4. The two kernels have independent instances of core OS services, such as page allocation and interrupt management, as coordinated by K2; the two kernels share most extended OS services, such as device drivers, whose state is kept coherent transparently by K2. Despite platform constraints and unoptimized code, K2 improves energy efficiency for light OS workloads by 8x-10x, while incurring less than 9p performance overhead for two device drivers shared between kernels. Our experiences with K2 show that the shared-most model is promising.
SIGNATURES OF ABSORPTION MECHANISMS FOR J/PSI AND PSI ' PRODUCTION IN HIGH-ENERGY HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS

Abstract J Ψ and Ψ′ produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions are absorbed by their collisions with nucleons and produced soft particles, leading to two distinct absorption mechanisms. The signature of absorption by produced soft particles, as revealed by Ψ′ production data, consists of a gap and a change of the slope in going from the pA line to the nucleus-nucleus line when we make a semi-log plot of the survival probability as a function of the path length. Using this signature, we find from the J Ψ production data in pA , OCu, OU, and SU collisions that the degree of J Ψ absorption by produced soft particles is small and cannot account for the J Ψ data in PbPb collisions. The anomalous suppression of J Ψ production in PbPb collisions can be explained as due to the occurrence of a new phase of strong J Ψ absorption, which sets in when the local energy density exceeds about 3.4 GeV/fm 3 . To probe the chemical content of the new phase, we propose to study the abundance of open-charm mesons and charm hyperons which depends sensitively on the quark chemical potential.
Term-Generic Logic

Term-generic logic (TGL) is a first-order logic parameterized with terms defined axiomatically (rather than constructively), by requiring them to only provide generic notions of free variable and substitution satisfying reasonable properties. TGL has a complete Gentzen system generalizing that of first-order logic. A certain fragment of TGL, called Horn 2, possesses a much simpler Gentzen system, similar to traditional typing derivation systems of ?-calculi. Horn 2 appears to be sufficient for defining a whole plethora of ?-calculi as theories inside the logic. Within intuitionistic TGL, a Horn 2 specification of a calculus is likely to be adequate by default. A bit of extra effort shows adequacy w.r.t. classic TGL as well, endowing the calculus with a complete loose semantics.
Commodity Markets and the Global Economy

1. Introduction: the revenge of the old economy 2. A twenty-first-century supercycle? Long-term trends in metal and energy prices 3. Volatility in global food markets 4. Financial speculation in commodities markets 5. The implications of oil prices for the US economy and lessons learned from the 2011 Strategic Petroleum Reserve release 6. The gold standard as an alternative money regime 7. Conclusion.
Great Depressions of the Twentieth Century

The papers in this volume study twelve great depressions—those in Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States in the interwar period; those in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Chile during the “lost decade” of the 1980s; those in New Zealand and Switzerland that began in the early 1970s; and another great depression in Argentina that began in 1998. It also studies three not-quite-great depressions—that in Italy in the interwar period and those in Finland and Japan in the 1990s. All of the papers rely on growth accounting to decompose changes in output into the portions due to changes in factor inputs and the portion due to the changes in efficiency with which these factors are used. All of the papers employ simple applied dynamic general equilibrium models. Collectively, these papers indicate that government policies that affect productivity and hours per working-age person are the crucial determinants of the great depressions of the twentieth century.
Helping spouses with chronic sorrow related to multiple sclerosis.

1. Chronic sorrow is defined as a pervasive sadness that is permanent, periodic, and progressive in nature. 2. Milestones or events which caused the sorrow to recur were major themes in this study. 3. The participants identified what was helpful and not helpful in coping with these feelings, grave practical advice for similar individuals, and offered suggestions for nurses and other caregivers.
Direct-Gap 2.1–2.2 eV AlInP Solar Cells on GaInAs/GaAs Metamorphic Buffers

AlInP offers the highest direct bandgap ( $E_{g}$ ) among nonnitride III–V materials, making it attractive for top cell applications in five-to-six-junction solar cells. We present novel 2.05–2.15 eV direct-gap AlInP solar cells, grown on GaInAs/GaAs-graded buffers by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Despite the high Al content of 36–39% in the active regions, secondary ion mass spectrometry results indicate oxygen concentrations less than 3.5 × 1016 cm−3. The AlInP devices we present here exhibit superior photovoltaic performance to GaP and similar performance to metamorphic GaInP solar cells, reaching a $E_{g}$ -voltage offset of 0.57 V. Design enhancements based on device and material characterization led to improvements of over ∼4× in short-circuit current density from our first-generation AlInP devices. Our results indicate that a p-i-n device design is necessary to account for low minority carrier diffusion lengths in AlInP solar cells; additionally, diffusion of Zn dopant atoms poses another challenge that must be accounted for in cell design. The effect of offcut on cell performance was also investigated, with improved solar cells on samples offcut toward the A plane. The promising results in this work provide an alternative path toward realizing high- $E_{g}$ top cells with possible applications in upright metamorphic multijunction solar cells.
The most general 4\( \mathcal{D} \)\( \mathcal{N} \) = 1 superconformal blocks for scalar operators

We compute the most general superconformal blocks for scalar operators in 4 $$ \mathcal{D} $$ $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 superconformal field theories. Specifically we employ the supershadow formalism to study the four-point correlator 〈Φ1Φ2Φ3Φ4〉, in which the four scalars, Φ i , have arbitrary scaling dimensions and R-charges. The only constraint on the R-charges is from R-symmetry invariance of the four-point correlator and the exchanged operators can have arbitrary R-charges. Our results extend previous studies on 4 $$ \mathcal{D} $$ $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 superconformal blocks to the most general case, which are the essential ingredient for bootstrapping mixed correlators of scalars with independent scaling dimensions and R-charges.
Romancing the home: emotions and the interactional creation of demand in the housing market

While recent research has stressed the importance of emotions in economic transactions, scholars have generally overlooked the role ofmarket intermediaries in creating and sustaining emotional connections between buyers and particular products. Previous research posits that consumers’ goals change as their feelings change, but the question of how these feelings change remains unanswered. Drawing on 27 months of fieldwork observing interactions between real estate agents and homebuyers, this article elaborates three processes by which market intermediaries evoke emotions from buyers: individualized matching, sequencing and highlighting market scarcity. These observations reveal how individual preference and consumption decisions are subject to situational structuring by market intermediaries. Furthermore, this article argues that sales transactions present scholars with untapped opportunities to understand how emotions impact economic transactions, as well as the crucial role that intermediaries play in creating and sustaining these emotions.
Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Pathologist

Advanced imaging refers to direct microscopic imaging of tissue, without the need for traditional hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) microscopy, including microscope slides or whole-slide images. A detailed example is presented of optical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging technique based on reflected light. Experience and example images are discussed in the larger context of the evolving relationship of surgical pathology to clinical patient care providers. Although these techniques are diagnostically promising, it is unlikely that they will directly supplant H&E histopathology. It is likely that OCT and related technologies will provide narrow, targeted diagnosis in a variety of in vivo (patient) and ex vivo (specimen) applications.
Tolerant locally testable codes

An error-correcting code is said to be locally testable if it has an efficient spot-checking procedure that can distinguish codewords from strings that are far from every codeword, looking at very few locations of the input in doing so. Locally testable codes (LTCs) have generated a lot of interest over the years, in large part due to their connection to Probabilistically checkable proofs (PCPs). The ability to correct errors that occur during transmission is one of the big advantages of using a code. Hence, from a coding-theoretic angle, local testing is potentially more useful if in addition to accepting codewords, it also accepts strings that are close to a codeword (in contrast, local testers can have arbitrary behavior on such strings, which potentially annuls the benefits of error-correction). This would imply that when the tester accepts, one can follow-up the testing with a (more expensive) decoding procedure to correct the errors and recover the transmitted codeword, while if the tester rejects, we can save the effort of running the more expensive decoding algorithm. In this work, we define such testers, which we call tolerant testers following some recent work in property testing [13]. We revisit some recent constructions of LTCs and show how one can make them locally testable in a tolerant sense. While we do not optimize the parameters, the main message from our work is that there are explicit tolerant LTCs with similar parameters to LTCs.
An Algorithmic Exploration of the Existence of High-Order Summation by Parts Operators with Diagonal Norm

This paper explores a common class of diagonal-norm summation by parts (SBP) operators found in the literature, which can be parameterized by an integer triple (s, t, r) representing the interior order of accuracy (2s), the boundary order of accuracy (t), and the dimension of the boundary closure (r). There is no simple formula for determining whether or not an SBP operator exists for a given triple of parameters. Instead, one must check that certain compatibility conditions are met: namely that a particular linear system of equations has a positive solution. Partly because of the complexity involved, not much is known about diagonal-norm SBP operators with $$2s>10$$2s>10. By utilizing a new algorithm for answering the question "Does an SBP operator exist for the parameters (s, t, r)?", it is possible to explore the existence of SBP operators with high order accuracy, and previously unknown SBP operators with interior order of accuracy as large as $$2s=30$$2s=30 are found. Additionally, a method for optimizing the spectral radius of the SBP derivative is introduced, and the effectiveness of this method is explored through numerical experiment.
Financial crises and the evolution of credit reallocation: Evidence from Korea

This paper examines the evolution of credit reallocation from a geographical location perspective using data from Korean non-financial firms 1984 to 2013. Employing a Bayesian dynamic latent factor model, I decompose local credit reallocation rates into national, region-specific, and idiosyncratic allocation components. This paper uncovers evidence that the national factor, which explains the movement of credit reallocation across 14 administrative districts, intensified after the 1997 financial crisis and played a major role in driving local credit reallocation rates. Furthermore, district-specific factors, which exhibit heterogeneous patterns across districts, also account for a significant portion of credit reallocation fluctuations, which is attributable to districts' heterogeneous geographical properties and dominant industries. Importantly, district-specific factors are the main driver for reallocation dynamics for small firms, suggesting that small firms' financing is more affected by local financial market conditions, whereas the national factor explains more of large firms' debt financing.
A Method for Preparing Rubber Latex Specimens for the Electron Microscope

A new method was developed for preparing natural and synthetic rubber specimens for examination with an electron microscope. The technique consisted of mixing latex with a water solution of polyvinyl alcohol and forming a film from the mixture. Electron micrographs of such specimens showed none of the flattening of particles characteristic of the collodion film method and the micrographs were suitable for direct particle‐size measurements.
SHARP SLOPE BOUNDS FOR SWEEPING FAMILIES OF TRIGONAL CURVES

We establish sharp bounds for the slopes of curves in Mg that sweep out the locus of trigonal curves, reproving Stankova-Frenkel's bound of 7+6=g for even g and obtaining the bound 7+20=(3g +1) for odd g. For even g, we nd an explicit expression of the so-called Maroni divisor in the Picard group of the space of admissible triple covers. For odd g, we describe the analogous extremal eective divisor and give a similar explicit expression.
Elucidating Molecular Motion through Structural and Dynamic Filters of Energy-Minimized Conformer Ensembles

Complex RNA structures are constructed from helical segments connected by flexible loops that move spontaneously and in response to binding of small molecule ligands and proteins. Understanding the conformational variability of RNA requires the characterization of the coupled time evolution of interconnected flexible domains. To elucidate the collective molecular motions and explore the conformational landscape of the HIV-1 TAR RNA, we describe a new methodology that utilizes energy-minimized structures generated by the program “Fragment Assembly of RNA with Full-Atom Refinement (FARFAR)”. We apply structural filters in the form of experimental residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) to select a subset of discrete energy-minimized conformers and carry out principal component analyses (PCA) to corroborate the choice of the filtered subset. We use this subset of structures to calculate solution T1 and T1ρ relaxation times for 13C spins in multiple residues in different domains of the molecule using two simulation...
High-density chemical intercalation of zero-valent copper into Bi2Se3 nanoribbons.

A major goal of intercalation chemistry is to intercalate high densities of guest species without disrupting the host lattice. Many intercalant concentrations, however, are limited by the charge of the guest species. Here we have developed a general solution-based chemical method for intercalating extraordinarily high densities of zero-valent copper metal into layered Bi2Se3 nanoribbons. Up to 60 atom % copper (Cu7.5Bi2Se3) can be intercalated with no disruption to the host lattice using a solution disproportionation redox reaction.
Stereoselective Synthesis of β-Alkylated α-Amino Acids via Palladium-Catalyzed Alkylation of Unactivated Methylene C(sp3)–H Bonds with Primary Alkyl Halides

We report a new set of reactions based on the Pd-catalyzed alkylation of methylene C(sp3)–H bonds of aliphatic quinolyl carboxamides with α-haloacetate and methyl iodide and applications in the stereoselective synthesis of various β-alkylated α-amino acids. These reactions represent the first generally applicable method for the catalytic alkylation of unconstrained and unactivated methylene C–H bonds with high synthetic relevance. When applied with simple isotope-enriched reagents, they also provide a convenient and powerful means to site-selectively incorporate isotopes into the carbon scaffolds of amino acid compounds.
Unprecedented conformational variability in main group inorganic chemistry: the tetraazidoarsenite and -antimonite salts A+ [M(N3)4]- (A = NMe4, PPh4, (Ph3P)2N; M = As, Sb), five similar salts, five different anion structures.

A unique example for conformational variability in inorganic main group chemistry has been discovered. The arrangement of the azido ligands in the pseudotrigonal bipyramidal [As(N3)4]− and [Sb(N3)4]− anions theoretically can give rise to seven different conformers which have identical MN4 skeletons but different azido ligand arrangements and very similar energies. We have now synthesized and structurally characterized five of these conformers by subtle variations in the nature of the counterion. Whereas conformational variability is common in organic chemistry, it is rare in inorganic main group chemistry and is usually limited to two. To our best knowledge, the experimental observation of five distinct single conformers for the same type of anion is unprecedented. Theoretical calculations at the M06-2X/cc-pwCVTZ-PP level for all seven possible basic conformers show that (1) the energy differences between the five experimentally observed conformers are about 1 kcal/mol or less, and (2) the free monomeric anions are the energetically favored species in the gas phase and also for [As(N3)4]− in the solid state, whereas for [Sb(N3)4]− associated anions are energetically favored in the solid state and possibly in solutions. Raman spectroscopy shows that in the azide antisymmetric stretching region, the solid-state spectra are distinct for the different conformers, and permits their identification. The spectra of solutions are solvent dependent and differ from those of the solids indicating the presence of rapidly exchanging equilibria of different conformers. The only compound for which a solid with a single well-ordered conformer could not be isolated was [N(CH3)4][As(N3)4] which formed a viscous, room-temperature ionic liquid. Its Raman spectrum was identical to that of its CH3CN solution indicating the presence of an equilibrium of multiple conformers.
Inverted organic photovoltaic cells

The advance in lifestyle, modern industrialization and future technological revolution are always at high expense of energy consumption. Unfortunately, there exist serious issues such as limited storage, high cost and toxic contamination in conventional fossil fuel energy sources. Instead, solar energy represents a renewable, economic and green alternative in the future energy market. Among the photovoltaic technologies, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) demonstrate a cheap, flexible, clean and easy-processing way to convert solar energy into electricity. However, OPVs with a conventional device structure are still far away from industrialization mainly because of their short lifetime and the energy-intensive deposition of top metal electrode. To address the stability and cost issue simultaneously, an inverted device structure has been introduced into OPVs, bridging laboratory research with practical application. In this review, recent progress in device structures, working mechanisms, functions and advances of each component layer as well their correlations with the efficiency and stability of inverted OPVs are reviewed and illustrated.
Prices for poverty analysis in Africa

Measuring poverty requires adjusting nominal consumption (or income) into a real value of consumption, across geographic areas and over time. To this end, data on consumer prices are used to construct a price index. There are a range of approaches to do this, from using the consumer price index, to survey-based unit values, which differ in the underlying sources of price data and methodologies for indexing. These different approaches can have large impacts on poverty measures and trends. Surprisingly little attention has been focused on this topic. This study reviews a range of issues and the evidence on how prices matter for measuring poverty, particularly in Africa. It draws on a wide literature, much from developed countries, and offers suggestions for future work in this area.
Multi-state extrapolation of UV/Vis absorption spectra with QM/QM hybrid methods

In this work, we present a simple approach to simulate absorption spectra from hybrid QM/QM calculations. The goal is to obtain reliable spectra for compounds that are too large to be treated efficiently at a high level of theory. The present approach is based on the extrapolation of the entire absorption spectrum obtained by individual subcalculations. Our program locates the main spectral features in each subcalculation, e.g., band peaks and shoulders, and fits them to Gaussian functions. Each Gaussian is then extrapolated with a formula similar to that of ONIOM (Our own N-layered Integrated molecular Orbital molecular Mechanics). However, information about individual excitations is not necessary so that difficult state-matching across subcalculations is avoided. This multi-state extrapolation thus requires relatively low implementation effort while affording maximum flexibility in the choice of methods to be combined in the hybrid approach. The test calculations show the efficacy and robustness of this methodology in reproducing the spectrum computed for the entire molecule at a high level of theory.
Antioxidant Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine

Previously, catalytic cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs, nanoceria, CeO2-x NPs) have been widely utilized for chemical mechanical planarization in the semiconductor industry and for reducing harmful emissions and improving fuel combustion efficiency in the automobile industry. Researchers are now harnessing the catalytic repertoire of CNPs to develop potential new treatment modalities for both oxidative- and nitrosative-stress induced disorders and diseases. In order to reach the point where our experimental understanding of the antioxidant activity of CNPs can be translated into useful therapeutics in the clinic, it is necessary to evaluate the most current evidence that supports CNP antioxidant activity in biological systems. Accordingly, the aims of this review are three-fold: (1) To describe the putative reaction mechanisms and physicochemical surface properties that enable CNPs to both scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to act as antioxidant enzyme-like mimetics in solution; (2) To provide an overview, with commentary, regarding the most robust design and synthesis pathways for preparing CNPs with catalytic antioxidant activity; (3) To provide the reader with the most up-to-date in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence supporting the ROS-scavenging potential of CNPs in biology and medicine.
Reassessing the Productivity Gains from Trade Liberalization

This paper reassesses the impact of trade liberalization on productivity. We build a new, unique database of effective tariff rates at the country‐industry level for a broad range of countries over the past two decades. We then explore both the direct effect of liberalization in the sector considered, as well as its indirect impact in downstream industries via input linkages. Our findings point to a dominant role of the indirect input market channel in fostering productivity gains. A 1 percentage point decline in input tariffs is estimated to increase total factor productivity by about 2 percent in the sector considered. For advanced economies, the implied potential productivity gains from fully eliminating remaining tariffs are estimated at around 1 percent, on average, which do not factor in the presumably larger gains from removing existing non‐tariff barriers. Finally, we find suggestive evidence of complementarities between trade and FDI liberalization in boosting productivity. This calls for a broad liberalization agenda that cuts across different areas.
Dentistry and ethics: a call for attention.

What are the criteria for ethical standards; who establishes them; how might they be better developed and applied?
Bargaining over Entry with a Compulsory License Deadline: Price Spillovers and Surplus Expansion

We analyze bargaining between a developing country (South) and a multinational firm over the local price of its patented product. We use an alternating offers bargaining game in which the South can resort to compulsory licensing (CL) if the two parties fail to reach agreement by a certain deadline. The presence of international price spillovers introduces two novel features into the standard bargaining problem: (i) the surplus from entry prior to the CL deadline may be negative and (ii) CL can yield higher surplus than entry. We establish conditions under which equilibrium may exhibit immediate entry, preemptive entry just prior to the CL deadline, or the occurrence of CL. The South necessarily gains from the threat of CL if the joint payoff under entry is higher relative to CL but can lose if it is lower.
Implicit Entity Linking in Tweets

Over the years, Twitter has become one of the largest communication platforms providing key data to various applications such as brand monitoring, trend detection, among others. Entity linking is one of the major tasks in natural language understanding from tweets and it associates entity mentions in text to corresponding entries in knowledge bases in order to provide unambiguous interpretation and additional context. State-of-the-art techniques have focused on linking explicitly mentioned entities in tweets with reasonable success. However, we argue that in addition to explicit mentions --- i.e. 'The movie Gravity was more expensive than the mars orbiter mission' --- entities movie Gravity can also be mentioned implicitly --- i.e. 'This new space movie is crazy. you must watch it!.' This paper introduces the problem of implicit entity linking in tweets. We propose an approach that models the entities by exploiting their factual and contextual knowledge. We demonstrate how to use these models to perform implicit entity linking on a ground truth dataset with 397 tweets from two domains, namely, Movie and Book. Specifically, we show: 1 the importance of linking implicit entities and its value addition to the standard entity linking task, and 2 the importance of exploiting contextual knowledge associated with an entity for linking their implicit mentions. We also make the ground truth dataset publicly available to foster the research in this new research areacity.
Group 5 chemistry supported by β-diketiminate ligands

β-Diketiminate (BDI) ligands are widely used supporting ligands in modern organometallic chemistry and are capable of stabilizing various metal complexes in multiple oxidation states and coordination environments. This review describes recent advances in the chemistry of group 5 metals, namely vanadium, niobium and tantalum supported by the BDI ligand framework. Special emphasis is put on the reactivity of low-valent complexes, as well as low-coordinate complexes containing reactive multiply bonded groups, such as alkylidene, imido and nitrido groups.