cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic functional modulation of CD4+ T cell recall responses is dependent on the inflammatory environment of the secondary stimulus.

The parameters that modulate the functional capacity of secondary Th1 effector cells are poorly understood. In this study, we employ a serial adoptive transfer model system to show that the functional differentiation and secondary memory potential of secondary CD4+ effector T cells are dependent on the inflammatory environment of the secondary challenge. Adoptive transfer of TCR transgenic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Glycoprotein-specific SMARTA memory cells into LCMV-immune hosts, followed by secondary challenge with Listeria monocytogenes recombinantly expressing a portion of the LCMV Glycoprotein (Lm-gp61), resulted in the rapid emergence of SMARTA secondary effector cells with heightened functional avidity (as measured by their ability to make IFNγ in response to ex vivo restimulation with decreasing concentrations of peptide), limited contraction after pathogen clearance and stable maintenance secondary memory T cell populations. In contrast, transfer of SMARTA memory cells into naive hosts prior to secondary Lm-gp61 challenge, which resulted in a more extended infectious period, resulted in poor functional avidity, increased death during the contraction phase and poor maintenance of secondary memory T cell populations. The modulation of functional avidity during the secondary Th1 response was independent of differences in antigen load or persistence. Instead, the inflammatory environment strongly influenced the function of the secondary Th1 response, as inhibition of IL-12 or IFN-I activity respectively reduced or increased the functional avidity of secondary SMARTA effector cells following rechallenge in a naive secondary hosts. Our findings demonstrate that secondary effector T cells exhibit inflammation-dependent differences in functional avidity and memory potential, and have direct bearing on the design of strategies aimed at boosting memory T cell responses.
The Automated Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator: Prophylaxis in Cardiac Sarcoidosis

A patient with cardiac sarcoidosis proved by biopsy specimen and no history of sudden death or clinical sustained ventricular tachycardia prophylactically received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) that later reversed an episode of near syncope. The patient was supported with the ICD until heart transplantation. The physiology and treatment of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis is described. Consideration for use of the ICD in asymptomatic patients and as bridge therapy until heart transplantation is discussed.
Protein-linked Ubiquitin Chain Structure Restricts Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzymes

The attachment of lysine 48 (Lys48)-linked polyubiquitin chains to proteins is a universal signal for degradation by the proteasome. Here, we report that long Lys48-linked chains are resistant to many deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Representative enzymes from this group, Ubp15 from yeast and its human ortholog USP7, rapidly remove mono- and diubiquitin from substrates but are slow to remove longer Lys48-linked chains. This resistance is lost if the structure of Lys48-linked chains is disrupted by mutation of ubiquitin or if chains are linked through Lys63. In contrast to Ubp15 and USP7, Ubp12 readily cleaves the ends of long chains, regardless of chain structure. We propose that the resistance to many DUBs of long, substrate-attached Lys48-linked chains helps ensure that proteins are maintained free from ubiquitin until a threshold of ubiquitin ligase activity enables degradation.
Thermomechanics of shape memory polymer nanocomposites

Abstract Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have the capacity to recover large strains when pre-deformed at an elevated temperature, cooled to a lower temperature, and reheated. The thermomechanical behavior of SMPs can be tailored by modifying the molecular structure of the polymer, or by using the polymer as a matrix for multiphase composites. Here we study the thermomechanics of a SMP polymer and its composites made by adding nano-scale SiC reinforcements. Our experimental study focuses on the thermomechanical behavior in three-point flexure. The results show that the SMP nanocomposites have a higher elastic modulus and are capable of generating higher recovery forces as compared to the SMP resin. When pre-deformed at a temperature well above the glass transition temperature, T g , the stress–strain response at the pre-deformation temperature governs the relationship between the recovery stress/strain and the corresponding constraining strain/stress. When pre-deformed at a temperature below T g , the recoverable stress/strain is not governed by the stress–strain response at the pre-deformation temperature. Rather, a peak recovery stress, which is less than the pre-deformation stress, appears at a temperature near T g . Ramifications of the results on future research efforts and emerging applications of SMPs and their composites are discussed.
Structural Alterations and Conformational Dynamics in Holliday Junctions Induced by Binding of a Site-Specific Recombinase

Binding of a cleavage-incompetent mutant of the Flp recombinase induces a roughly square-planar geometry in synthetic immobile Holliday junctions. The branch points, which are rigidly fixed in these junctions in their free forms, tend to be more flexible in their protein-bound forms. Our results (1) suggest a plausible mechanism for the switching of the recombination complex from the Holliday-forming mode to the Holliday-resolving mode, (2) provide a rationale for previous observations that Flp resolves preformed immobile Holliday structures in the parental or in the recombinant mode in a relatively unbiased manner, and (3) accommodate two modes of DNA cleavage by Flp (transhorizontal or transdiagonal) in Holliday substrates.
Information, value, and the internal marketplace

Abstract The potentials for increasing the productivity of information workers by the incorporation within organizations of internal information marketplaces for the creation, distribution and utilization of information are discussed. While speculative in nature, this paper is based upon a decade of development and evaluation of computer-based human communication systems. It is an attempt to extrapolate, from known impacts and consequences of this technology on individuals and groups, the opportunities presented by this technology for organizations and society.
Photodynamic cross-linking of polypeptides in intact rat lens.

During aging and particularly during cataractogenesis, crystallin polypeptides in the human lens become cross-linked by non-disulfide covalent bonds. Recently it has been hypothesized that singlet oxygen generated photodynamically within the lens oxidized certain amino acid residues in lens crystallins leading to cross-link formation. That singlet oxygen can produce cross-links in lens protein solutions has been established. In the present work we demonstrate by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate that photodynamic cross-linking of crystallins can occur within the intact rat lens in organ culture. The cross-linking was most pronounced in the urea insoluble fraction of the peripheral lens cortex. Urea insoluble protein was increased in the irradiated lenses relative to non-irradiated controls. The process can be supported by either the photosensitizing dye rose bengal or kynurenine, an oxidation product of tryptophan which is endogenous to human lens. Based on inhibition by scavengers we conclude that the cross-linking is mediated by singlet oxygen. Cross-linking within the intact lens appeared to have greater specificity with respect to the polypeptides involved than did cross-linking in protein solutions.
On the absence of positive eigenvalues of Schrödinger operators with rough potentials

We prove the absence of positive eigenvalues of Schrodinger operators $ H=-\Delta+V $ on Euclidean spaces $ \mathbb{R}^n $ for a certain class of rough potentials $V$. To describe our class of potentials fix an exponent $q\in[n/2,\infty]$ (or $q\in(1,\infty]$, if $n=2$) and let $\beta(q)=(2q-n)/(2q)$. For the potential $V$ we assume that $V\in L^{n/2}_{{\rm{loc}}}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ (or $V\in L^{r}_{{\rm{loc}}}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, $r>1$, if $n=2$) and $\begin{equation*}$ $\lim_{R\to\infty}R^{\beta(q)}||V||_{L^q(R\leq |x|\leq 2R)}=0\,.$ $\end{equation*}$ Under these assumptions we prove that the operator $H$ does not admit positive eigenvalues. The case $q=\infty$ was considered by Kato [K]. The absence of positive eigenvalues follows from a uniform Carleman inequality of the form $\begin{equation*}$ $||W_m u||_{l^a(L^{p’(q)})(\mathbb R^n)}\leq C_q||W_m|x|^{\beta(q)}(\Delta+1)u||_{l^a(L^{p(q)})(\mathbb{R}^n)}$ $\end{equation*}$ for all smooth compactly supported functions $u$ and a suitable sequence of weights $W_m$, where $p(q)$ and $p’(q)$ are dual exponents with the property that $1/p(q)-1/p’(q)=1/q$.
Exponential mapping of quantitative trait loci governing allometric relationships in organisms.

Allometric scaling relationships or quarter-power rules, as a universal biological law, can be viewed as having some genetic component, and the particular genes (or quantitative trait loci, QTL) underlying these allometric relationships can be mapped using molecular markers. We develop a mathematical and statistical model for mapping allometric QTL on the basis of nonlinear power functions using Taylor’s approximation theory. Simulation studies indicate that the QTL position and effect can be estimated using our model, but the estimation precision can be improved from the higher- over lower-order approximation when the sample size used and gene effects are small. The application of our approach in a real example from forest trees leads to successful detection of a QTL governing the allometric relationship between 3rd-year stem height and 3rd-year stem biomass. It is expected that our model will have broad implications for genetic, evolutionary, biomedical and breeding research.
Evaluation of the antithyroid activity of 5-iodo-2-thiouracil.

AMONG the known types of antithyroid agents, such as the thiocarbamides, anions such as thiocyanate or perchlorate, anilines and polyphenols, and iodide, only the last named fails to exhibit goitrogenic action. Recently it has been claimed by several investigators that 5-iodo-2-thiouracil (ITU) is a potent antithyroid drug and yet has little or no goitrogenic activity. Thus, Gassner et al. (1950) reported that while ITU effected a significant reduction in the oxygen consumption of rats and inhibited the thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine, the thyroid glands from these animals were but slightly hypertrophied and revealed little or no histological evidence of enhanced activity. Equimolar inorganic iodide administered with thiouracil (TU) failed to duplicate this apparently anomalous action of ITU. Furthermore, it was suggested that, perhaps, ITU per se inhibited thyrotrophic hormone (TSH). Studies by Barrett and Gassner (1951) and Barrett et al.
Design of a lane-tracking driver steering assist system and its interaction with a two-point visual driver model

In this paper we investigate the design of a lane-tracking driver-assist system and, in particular, its interaction with the well-known two-point visual perception driver model. We present two different driver-vehicle interconnections and two different control designs that assist the driver in the lane-tracking task; the first design is based on linear multivariable output regulator theory, and the second design is based on model predictive control (MPC) theory. In the first interconnection the controller is “blind” to the driver's actions, and an appropriate blending of the controller and driver actions is used in order to steer the vehicle. In the second interconnection the control design takes into consideration the driver model, and the control steering command is shared between the lane-tracking steering assist system and the driver. The performance of both controllers and interconnections is compared and evaluated using three different drivers and also against a unassisted driver-only scenario.
Nanotechnology platforms and physiological challenges for cancer therapeutics

Nanotechnology is considered to be an emerging, disruptive technology that will have significant impact in all industrial sectors and across-the-board applications in cancer research. There has been tremendous investment in this area and an explosion of research and development efforts in recent years, particularly in the area of cancer research. At the National Institutes of Health, nanomedicine is one of the priority areas under its Roadmap Initiatives. Moreover, in 2005 the National Cancer Institute alone committed $144.3 million over 5 years for its Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer program. Much research and development is progressing in the areas of cancer diagnostics, devices, biosensors, and microfluidics, but this review will focus on therapeutics. Current nanotechnology platforms for cancer therapeutics encompass a vast array of nanomaterials and nanodevices. This review will focus on six of the most prominent and most widely studied: nanoshells, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, and liposomes. All of these nanotechnology platforms can be multifunctional, so they are frequently touted as "smart" or "intelligent." This review will discuss the shared approaches in the design and development of these nanotechnology platforms that bestow such characteristics to the nanoparticles. Finally, the review will raise awareness of the physiological challenges for the application of these therapeutic nanotechnologies, in light of some recent advances in our understanding of tumor biology.
Opportunities and limits of the one gene approach: the ability of Atoh1 to differentiate and maintain hair cells depends on the molecular context

Atoh1 (Math1) was the first gene discovered in ear development that showed no hair cell (HC) differentiation when absent and could induce HC differentiation when misexpressed. These data implied that Atoh1 was both necessary and sufficient for hair cell development. However, other gene mutations also result in loss of initially forming HCs, notably null mutants for Pou4f3, Barhl1 and Gfi1. HC development and maintenance also depend on the expression of other genes (Sox2, Eya1, Gata3, Pax2) and several genes have been identified that can induce HCs when misexpressed (Jag1) or knocked out (Lmo4). In the ear Atoh1 is not only expressed in HCs but also in some supporting cells and neurons that do not differentiate into HCs. Simple removal of one gene, Neurod1, can de-repress Atoh1 and turns those neurons into HCs suggesting that Neurod1 blocks Atoh1 function in neurons. Atoh1 expression in inner pillar cells may also be blocked by too many Hes/Hey factors but conversion into HCs has only partially been achieved through Hes/Hey removal. Detailed analysis of cell cycle exit confirmed an apex to base cell cycle exit progression of HCs of the organ of Corti. In contrast, Atoh1 expression progresses from the base towards the apex with a variable delay relative to the cell cycle exit. Most HCs exit the cell cycle and are thus defined as precursors before Atoh1 is expressed. Atoh1 is a potent differentiation factor but can differentiate and maintain HCs only in the ear and when other factors are co-expressed. Upstream factors are essential to regulate Atoh1 level of expression duration while downstream, co-activated by other factors, will define the context of Atoh1 action. We suggest that these insights need to be taken into consideration and approaches beyond the simple Atoh1 expression need to be designed able to generate the radial and longitudinal variations in hair cell types for normal function of the organ of Corti.
A RATIONALE FOR FAMILY THERAPY SPECIALIZATION IN EARLY INTERVENTION

Over the past two decades, professionals providing intervention to families with children with disabilities have witnessed a philosophical shift from individually oriented care to family-centered care. Although the relevance of family therapy to these families has been formally acknowledged through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the integration of the fields of family therapy and developmental disabilities has not yet occurred to any significant degree. Awareness of critical issues associated with developmental disabilities and the potential impact on the family system is vital to the process of family-centered intervention. In this paper we address the need for family specialists to become knowledgeable about early intervention considerations relevant to young children with disabilities and their families.
Quick and Convenient Assessment of Hypnotic Depth: Self-report Scales

Abstract Hypnosis is not an all or none state, but a discrete altered state of consciousness that is sometimes subject to rapid variations in various intensity aspects, conventionally called the depth of hypnosis. Since the success or failure of a specific suggestion may often depend on whether a subject is beyond some minimum threshold depth for experiencing that suggestion, it is of practical value to have a quick and convenient way to assess depth. Various self-report scales of hypnotic depth are reviewed. Some of these scales not only show high correlations with measures of hypnotic susceptibility, but predict the level of success to specific hypnotic phenomena quite well. The best of these scales are recommended as standard operating procedure in both experimental and applied work with hypnosis.
Dynamic failure mechanisms in a 6061-T6 Al/Al2O3 metal-matrix composite

Abstract The dynamic failure of an alumina particle-reinforced 6061-T6 aluminum alloy composite has been studied using a tension Kolsky bar, and the process of fracture has been investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The failure of a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy was also studied for purposes of comparison. The composite was found to fail in a macroscopically brittle manner in tension, with a failure strain that increased with the nominal strain rate. Differences in hardening rate that are observed in dynamic tension and compression are ascribed to the development of internal damage within the composite in the form of particle cracking. Examination of the fracture surface of the monolithic alloy after dynamic failure shows a ductile failure through void nucleation, growth and coalescence, with substantial void sheet formation. Examination of the fracture surface of the composite after dynamic failure shows microscopically ductile failure in the matrix following brittle cracking of the particles. The dynamic failure process is hypothesized to consist of: (a) cracking of the reinforcing particles; (b) partial debonding at the particle—matrix interface resulting in the nucleation of voids within the matrix; and (c) the growth and coalescence of voids in the matrix to form the final failure surface. The failure process itself quickly localizes within the specimen, so that only a small part of the specimen is affected by all of the damage processes of particle cracking, interface failure and void growth.
Scattering of 7-GeV Muons in Nuclei

We have measured the inclusive scattering of muons of average energy 7.2 GeV from a variety of nuclear targets in the four-momentum-transfer range $0.6l{Q}^{2}l4.0$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. We find that the data can be well represented as an incoherent sum of muon-proton and muon-neutron scattering except in the region $x(\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\omega}}=\frac{{Q}^{2}}{2m\ensuremath{\nu}})l0.1$. A fit in this region by the form ${A}_{\mathrm{eff}}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{A}}{[(\frac{Z}{A}){\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}+(\frac{N}{A}){\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}]}={A}^{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ yields a value of the exponent $\ensuremath{\rho}$ of 0.963 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006.
Collaborative group-activity recommendation in location-based social networks

Location-based social networks (LBSNs) such as Foursquare, Google+ Local have become a popular platform for users to share their activities with family and friends. They provide rich information for us to study research issues of group recommendation services by exploiting the social and location characteristics of users and places. In this paper, we are interested in examining the effectiveness of modeling group dynamics for 'group recommendation' in LBSNs. We propose a novel hierarchical Bayesian model which jointly learns activities and group preferences by using topic models; and performs group recommendation using matrix factorization in a collaborative filtering framework. We show that our model allows for group preference learning by capturing location and user-group membership information and, it also handles data sparsity and cold start recommendation problems. A major advantage of our modeling framework is that we can interpret the learned group preferences using latent topics. Empirical experiments on a large LBSN dataset (Gowalla) shows that our model provides more effective group recommendation system than the state-of-the-art approaches. We show that the user preferences vary based on their groups, and users tend to exhibit a flair for novelty and exploration as part of a group. Our results reveal interesting insights into how the user and group preferences differ, and how the dominant user's behavior influences group's decisions.
Rapid kindling with recurrent hippocampal seizures

Abstract Kindling is a widely used model of epilepsy. While intriguing hypotheses have recently emerged about how kindling occurs, the mechanisms behind kindling remain to be elucidated. In order to test whether certain anatomical changes that have been detected in the brains of animals that have completed kindling are necessary for the expression of kindled seizures, means to achieve kindling over a time course too rapid for the anatomical changes to take place were sought. Stimulus trains of various durations (2 and 10 s) and frequencies (20, 50, and 100 Hz) were given every 30 min, 12 times a day for 4 consecutive days to rats through bipolar electrodes stereotactically positioned in the ventral hippocampus. Responses were monitored with conventional kindling behavioral seizure scores and afterdischarge durations. The frequencies studied were chosen to survey the range that has been previously used to determine the optimal frequency for eliciting maximal dentate activation. Maximal dentate activation is a paroxysmal process that has been postulated to play both a role in regulating epileptiform activity in the hippocampus and adjacent regions that are coupled in a functional hippocampalparahippocampal loop and a role in kindling. All types of trains resulted in rapid kindling in which kindled motor seizures emerged after several stimuli and then were consistently elicited with each stimulus; there was also retention of the kindled state after periods of 18 h of withholding the stimuli. Thus, the overall response profile of the rapid kindling demonstrated in this study was phenomenologically similar to the profile of traditional kindling. Yet rapid kindling developed more quickly than did mossy fiber sprouting, determined in prior work, thereby excluding the latter as a necessary factor in rapid kindling. Stimulus frequency significantly influenced the rate of rapid kindling. Trains of 20 Hz, the optimal frequency for eliciting maximal dentate activation, yielded the fastest kindling. This finding supports the proposed role of maximal dentate activation and the hippocampal-parahippocampal loop in kindling. Longer (10 s) trains consistently triggered shorter afterdischarge durations. We postulate that this may reflect a tighter linkage between seizure-terminating processes with the 10 s trains than with 2 s trains.
Courts complicate industry-academia ties.

The U.S. Supreme Court has thrown a wrench into the Innovation Toolkit described by R. S. Williams and S. Desmond-Hellmann in their Editorial about industry/academia partnerships (“Making translation work,” 17 June, p. [1359][1]). The authors encouraged new methods for sharing and profiting from intellectual property, and they suggested that “[c]onfidentiality provisions of industry/academia partnerships can be adjusted” for mutual benefit. The recent Court decision allowed an industry confidentiality agreement to trump a prior academic employment agreement ([ 1 ][2]). This decision was based on a dispute between the pharmaceutical and diagnostics company Roche and Stanford University over rights to the work of a Research Fellow who had been sent by Stanford to Roche (then Cetus) to learn the technique of PCR amplification. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit found that the Fellow's agreement with Stanford (“agrees to assign” to Stanford “right, title, and interest” in inventions resulting from his employment at the University) was a mere promise, whereas his Roche (then Cetus) agreement (“does hereby assign” to Cetus “his right, title, and interest in each of the ideas, inventions, and improvements” made “as a consequence of [his] access” to Cetus) was an actual assignment and superseded the Stanford agreement as a matter of contract law. This decision could lead to difficulties for the academic-industry relationships supported by Williams and Desmond-Hellmann. The employment contracts used by many academic institutions, including Stanford and the University of California—major biomedical patent holders—still contain the language deemed weak by the Court. Modifying existing contracts retroactively presents a formidable legal and practical task. Although many academics might agree to such modifications of existing contracts, some may not, especially those who have a substantial interest in a company. Furthermore, outside agreements by faculty are often contained in confidentiality agreements, which administrators may not see; requiring disclosure here could be challenging. In addition, companies who want to shed licensing and royalty arrangements with academia can now challenge the intellectual property rights of academic institutions. With the conclusion of this dispute, the patent court system's ability to navigate this issue as Williams and Desmond-Hellmann envisioned has been exhausted. Other agreement approaches are now needed for “delivering the promising results of academic research to industry.” 1. [↵][3] Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University v. Roche Molecular Systems (No. 09-1159, 6/06/11). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6036/1359.full [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text"
Therapeutic attunement: A transpersonal view of expressive arts therapy

Abstract Arts-based practices can help individuals to stay centered, aligned, present and alert to the moment. In therapies that utilize arts-based practices, the art making itself might be viewed as a vehicle to help create a therapeutic alliance or a therapeutic attunement. This article explores transpersonal aspects of arts-based therapy through the lens of theory and practice and the principles of play, improvisation, aesthetics, space, time, and mind/body connections. Other considerations explored here are aspects of experimentation, risk taking, discovery, and meaning making.
Prevention of memory loss following puromycin treatment

Female C57BL/6J mice were trained on a one trial passive avoidance response. Twenty-four hours later, they were treated with puromycin in combination with either 2.0 or 10.0 mg/kg of amphetamine, 0.3 mg/kg of strychnine, or 20.0 or 50.0 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazol. Tests one week after training revealed that treatment with these stimulant drugs prevented the memory loss characteristic of puromycin; an exception being those animals injected with the low dose of amphetamine. Biochemical determination of amino acid incorporation into protein revealed that none of the stimulant drugs used significantly altered the extent or the duration of protein synthesis inhibition induced by puromycin. These results are interpreted as showing that the amnesic effects of puromycin can be counteracted by a state of heightened nervous system excitation.
Endotoxin‐stimulated mononuclear phagocytes secrete soluble factors with boneresorbing activity

An in vitro co-culture system composed of bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes (obtained from endotoxin-responsive mice) and 45Ca-labeled calvaria (obtained from endotoxin-hyporesponsive mice) was established in order to examine the direct effect of bacterial endotoxin on bone resorption mediated by mononuclear phagocytes. Co-cultures treated with endotoxin exhibited a significant increase in bone resorption assessed in terms of the %45Ca released. This increase was observed in the absence of direct contact between the mononuclear phagocyte population and bone, indicating that enhanced resorption occurred as a function of soluble factors secreted by mononuclear phagocytes in response to endotoxin. Co-cultures which contained devitalized 45Ca-calvaria failed to exhibit an increase in the %45Ca released following endotoxin treatment. Consequently, the soluble factors secreted by endotoxin-stimulated mononuclear phagocytes appeared to modulate the activity of endogenous bone-resorbing cells. Two soluble factors with bone-resorbing activity were distinguished upon subsequent analysis. These results suggest that the interaction between plaque-associated bacterial endotoxin and mononuclear phagocytes may have important consequences relevant to the resorption of alveolar bone characteristic of chronic periodontal disease.
Atom trapping in deeply bound states of a far-off-resonance optical lattice

The ac Stark shift ~light shift! arising in laser interference patterns can be used to create stable periodic potentials for neutral atoms. Under appropriate conditions these ‘‘optical lattices’’ will laser cool and trap atoms in individual optical potential wells, with center-of-mass motion in the quantum regime. Experiments have explored a number of such lattice configurations in one, two, and three dimensions, and detailed insight into the dynamics of cooling and trapping has been gained through probe absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy @1#. The possibility of atomic confinement deep in the Lamb-Dicke regime suggests that it is worthwhile to pursue schemes for resolved-sideband Raman cooling @2# and quantum-state preparation @3#, as recently demonstrated for trapped ions. In a standard optical lattice formed by near-resonance light, control of the center-of-mass motion is limited by rapid laser cooling and heating processes that occur at a rate determined by photon scattering. These dissipative processes are readily avoided when the lattice is formed by intense light tuned far from atomic transition. Such far-off-resonance lattices have been used extensively in atom optics as diffraction gratings and lenses @4# and as model systems in which to study quantum chaos @5# and quantum transport @6#. When far-off-resonance optical lattices are used to trap atoms, however, the absence of built-in laser cooling makes it difficult to obtain vibrational excitation and confinement comparable to the near-resonance case. Accordingly, experiments on faroff-resonance lattices have so far achieved low vibrational excitation only by allowing the majority of vibrationally excited atoms to escape @7#. We demonstrate here a loading scheme, in which cesium atoms are first cooled and trapped in a near-resonance lattice, and then adiabatically transferred to a superimposed far-off resonance lattice. Immediately following transfer we achieve trapping parameters comparable to the near-resonance case, with a mean vibrational excitation as low as n ¯ ’0.3, and a typical rms position spread of Dz’l/20. Based on the lattice parameters we calculate an off-resonance photon scattering rate of order 10 3 s 21 .W e
Intraseasonal fluctuations in low-level meridional winds over the south China Sea and the western Pacific and monsoonal convection over Indonesia and northern Australia

Outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), objectively analyzed daily winds ( u , v ) and geopotential height data for 5 northern winters are used to study the relationship between low-level equatorward (meridional) winds and tropical convection on the 30–60 day time scale. The general tendency of equatorial 30–60 day OLR perturbations is to propagate eastward. Occasionally, these perturbations exhibit irregular movement. This study is limited to the periods when the eastward propagation is clearly defined. Correlation maps indicate that the low-frequency modes are of global-scale character with zonal wavenumber one. The low-level 30–60 day northerly wind along the eastern edge of the Siberian high (anomaly) does not contribute to convection and monsoon activity in the Indonesian-northern Australian region. However, 30–60 day northeasterly flows of subtropical Pacific origin play a significant role in monsoon activity. An active monsoon condition with strong upper-level southerly outflow from the monsoon region and an intense westerly jet near Japan, is observed approximately 10 days prior to the maximum low-level northerly currents from Siberia. Fluctuations with periods less than 30 days are considered as transient disturbances. The square of transient meridional winds shows pronounced spectral peaks in the 30–60 day period range. This is associated with an amplitude modulation of synoptic-scale transient disturbances, which is most pronounced in both the NH and SH extratropics. Perhaps, transient disturbances, as a group, can make a contribution toward the enhancement and/or maintenance of extratropical low-frequency perturbations. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1988.tb00342.x
Avoiding domain walls in SU(5) × SU(5)

Abstract We consider the problem of cosmological domain walls in the context of an SU(5) × SU(5) unified model. This model automatically solves the strong CP problem with an invisible axion, but avoids the domain wall problem found by Sikivie for models of this type.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpP1 and ClpP2 Function Together in Protein Degradation and Are Required for Viability in vitro and During Infection

In most bacteria, Clp protease is a conserved, non-essential serine protease that regulates the response to various stresses. Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium smegmatis, unlike most well studied prokaryotes, encode two ClpP homologs, ClpP1 and ClpP2, in a single operon. Here we demonstrate that the two proteins form a mixed complex (ClpP1P2) in mycobacteria. Using two different approaches, promoter replacement, and a novel system of inducible protein degradation, leading to inducible expression of clpP1 and clpP2, we demonstrate that both genes are essential for growth and that a marked depletion of either one results in rapid bacterial death. ClpP1P2 protease appears important in degrading missense and prematurely terminated peptides, as partial depletion of ClpP2 reduced growth specifically in the presence of antibiotics that increase errors in translation. We further show that the ClpP1P2 protease is required for the degradation of proteins tagged with the SsrA motif, a tag co-translationally added to incomplete protein products. Using active site mutants of ClpP1 and ClpP2, we show that the activity of each subunit is required for proteolysis, for normal growth of Mtb in vitro and during infection of mice. These observations suggest that the Clp protease plays an unusual and essential role in Mtb and may serve as an ideal target for antimycobacterial therapy.
The Race Discrimination System

To understand the persistence of racial disparities across multiple domains (e.g., residential location, schooling, employment, health, housing, credit, and justice) and to develop effective remedies, we must recognize that these domains are reciprocally related and comprise an integrated system. The limited long-run success of government social policies to advance racial justice is due in part to the ad hoc nature of policy responses to various forms of racial discrimination. Drawing on a systems perspective, I show that race discrimination is a system whose emergent properties reinforce the effects of their components. The emergent property of a system of race-linked disparities is uber discrimination—a meta-level phenomenon that shapes our culture, cognitions, and institutions, thereby distorting whether and how we perceive and make sense of racial disparities. Viewing within-domain disparities as part of a discrimination system requires better-specified analytic models. While the existence of an emerg...
Performance evaluation of distributed antenna system for 4 th generation broadband wireless system using radio over fiber

This paper presents the importance of distributed antenna system (DAS) in the upcoming years. DAS will be the key to the success of 4th generation (4G) wireless system and wireless local area network (WLAN). We have studied the different prospects to improve the indoor wireless coverage by using DAS. We have evaluated the use of optical fiber in the upcoming high speed wireless broadband services. Further, we have investigated the performance of WLAN using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in the presence of 4G wireless signals on a designed radio over fiber (ROF) system along with proposed pre-distortion method. The system performance is measured using the error vector magnitude (EVM) measurements and symbol error rate (SER).
Bypass of heterology during strand transfer by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 protein

During recombination-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks, strand transfer proteins must distinguish a homologous repair template from closely related genomic sequences. However, some tolerance by strand transfer proteins for sequence differences is also critical: too much stringency will prevent recombination between different alleles of the same gene, but too much tolerance will lead to illegitimate recombination. We characterized the heterology tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 by testing bypass of small heterologous inserts in either the single- or double-stranded substrate of an in vitro strand transfer reaction that models the early steps of homologous recombination. We found that the yeast protein is rather stringent, only tolerating heterologies up to 9 bases long. The efficiency of heterology bypass depends on whether the insert is in the single- or double-stranded substrate, as well as on the location of the insert relative to the end of the double-stranded linear substrate. Rad51 is distinct in that it can catalyze strand transfer in either the 3'-->5' or 5'-->3' direction. We found that bypass of heterology was independent of the polarity of strand transfer, suggesting that the mechanism of 5'-->3' transfer is the same as that of 3'-->5' transfer.
Bearing Parameter Optimization of a Compressor Rotor System Based on Orthogonal Experimental Design

A Low-pressure cylinder rotor of certain large centrifugal compressor units was studied by combing orthogonal experiments and finite element method. The effect of bearing parameters (length-diameter ratio, clearance ratio, dynamic viscosity of lubricating oil and preload) to bearing-rotor system stability and journal vibration was evaluated and optimum bearing parameters were determined. The significant and non-significant factors influencing on system stability and journal vibration were determined by variance analysis and F test. These conclusions will provide guidance to compressor rotor system design.
Complex coordinate system as a generalized absorbing boundary condition

We have demonstrated that the perfectly matched layer (PML) in Cartesian coordinates is equivalent to solving the wave equation or Maxwell's equations in a complex coordinate system. Therefore, closed form solutions that exist in the real coordinate system map to solutions in the complex coordinate system. In the complex coordinate system, the boundaries exist in a complex space, providing absorbing boundary conditions. Hence, this transformation provides a new view of PML in the Cartesian coordinates, clearly showing that a mapping to a complex coordinate system does not induce reflections, explaining why PML works near the corner of a simulation region, and when a dielectric interface, or a metallic surface, extends to the edge of a simulation region.
Superresolving signal and image restoration using a linear associative memory

The long-standing problem of the superresolving reconstruction (restoration) of an object of known finite spatial extent from a noisy linearly degraded image is considered. The resolution of two-point sources (objects) spaced less than one Rayleigh distance apart is an ill-posed problem. To determine a superresolving inverse of an ill-conditioned linear degradation operator with a known set of input/output training signals, a linear associative memory (LAM) technique is employed. By limiting the set of reconstructable signals, an exceptionally robust inverse filter has been obtained. This filter is based on a new constrained LAM matrix operator technique. Superresolving restoration of 1-D and 2-D two-point sources as well as some typical edge-type signals in the presence of considerable measurement noise is demonstrated.
The Use of In vivo Hepatic Initiation-Promotion Systems in Understanding the Hepatocarcinogenesis of Technical Grade Dinitrotoluene.

A 2 year bioassay sponsored by the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology demonstrated the potent hepatocarcinogenicity of technical grade dinitrotoluene (DNT) which contains 76% 2,4-DNT, 18% 2,6-DNT and less than 3% of each 2,3; 2,5; 3,4 and 3,5-DNT isomers. In contrast, a 2 year bioassay of 2,4-DNT sponsored by the National Cancer Institute did not result in the appearance of hepatic neoplasms above the spontaneous incidence. Using previously described in vivo hepatic initiation-promotion systems, an evaluation of the initiating and promoting activity of individual DNT isomers was undertaken to provide an understanding for the differences between the two bioassays. Weak hepatocyte initiating activity was identified in technical grade DNT and purified 2,6-DNT. In contrast, 2,3; 2,4; 2,5; 3,4 and 3,5 isomers had no detectable initiating activity. When fed following a diethylnitrosamine initiating regimen, technical grade DNT, purified 2,4 and 2,6-DNT isomers had demonstrable promoting activity. Therefo...
Biochemical synthesis of water soluble polyanilines: Poly(p-aminobenzoic acid)

This report describes the synthesis of a water soluble polyaniline through a biochemical synthetic route. The oxidative free radical coupling mechanism for the synthesis of poly(p-aminobenzoic acid) is catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The resulting polymer is electrochemically active and undergoes reversible redox reactions. The polymer as synthesized is self doped and undergoes undoping in alkaline or ammonia solutions.
Social networks and the elderly: Clinical techniques

The authors describe the application of social network analysis to an elderly population living in single occupancy hotel rooms in New York City. They report significant personal networks which may be mobilized to assist these elderly persons. However, a clinical experimental study of clinical social network intervention revealed substantial limitations.
Does survey format influence self-disclosure on sensitive question items?

Although there are advantages for use of internet based survey research over other formats, there remains in question whether survey mode influences the data measurement equivalency. While most research exploring survey format finds little or no difference in measurement equivalency, the interaction of sensitive topics and survey modality is not fully understood. Additionally, research suggests gender differences in item response on sensitive topics. The present study examined archival data from a college health survey using both online and paper-pencil survey formats. The interaction was evaluated between gender, survey format, and item sensitivity level. Results indicate that question topic sensitivity has a large effect on missing data, and survey format has a moderate effect. These findings have necessary implications for survey design and outcome interpretations.
American College of Medical Genetics guideline on the cytogenetic evaluation of the individual with developmental delay or mental retardation

American College of Medical Genetics guideline on the cytogenetic evaluation of the individual with developmental delay or mental retardation
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Use Distinct Mechanisms of Action to Modulate Endocrine System Function

The term endocrine-disrupting chemicals is used to define a structurally diverse class of synthetic and natural compounds that possess the ability to alter various components of the endocrine system and potentially induce adverse health effects in exposed individuals and populations. Research on these compounds has revealed that they use a variety of both nuclear receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated mechanisms to modulate different components of the endocrine system. This review will describe in vitro and in vivo studies that highlight the spectrum of unique mechanisms of action and biological effects of four endocrine-disrupting chemicals–diethylstilbestrol, genistein, di(n-butyl)phthalate, and methoxyacetic acid–to illustrate the diverse and complex nature of this class of compounds.
High-resolution radar imaging using 2-D linear prediction

An algorithm for radar imaging is described. The algorithm is based on two-dimensional (2-D) linear prediction of 2-D Cartesian frequency spectra. It is shown that the algorithm provides much better resolution than the ISAR image obtained using a 2-D inverse Fourier transform. The algorithm is especially useful for imaging targets using small-bandwidth RCS data over limited aspect angle regions. >
Gender differences in successful NIH grant funding in otolaryngology.

ObjectiveTo evaluate gender differences in NIH funding among faculty in otolaryngology departments and discuss potential reasons for these differences.Study Design and SettingAnalysis of NIH funding data available on the online NIH RePORTER system.MethodsFiscal year 2011 and 2012 NIH funding awards to principal investigators (PIs) in otolaryngology departments were obtained and used to examine faculty listings from otolaryngology departments for academic rank and gender. The Scopus database was used to determine publication range of these faculty members.ResultsIndividual mean NIH awards to men ($362,946 ± $21,247 standard error of mean) were higher than those to women ($287,188 ± $38,029). Male PIs were found to have higher mean NIH funding totals (aggregating grants for PIs with multiple awards) than female PIs ($498,593 vs $359,276). Upon organization by academic rank and years active, men had significantly higher funding levels at both the level of assistant professor and at 10 to 20 years of experien...
Public relations in a postmodern world

This article uses Holtzhausen’s dichotomy of public relation’s modernist principles and the public’s postmodern expectations as a means of framing a discussion of public relations in a postmodern world. The following questions are addressed: What does it mean to say that public relations is modernist and its public is postmodern? What are the implications of this dichotomy for the ways in which public relations practice and scholarship are spoken about and understood? Drawing upon the work of Jean-Francois Lyotard, Michel Foucault and Umberto Eco, it is argued that a postmodern perspective allows one to consider public relations as a narrative; that is, a way of talking about the world, the people in that world and public relations’ relationship with those people. The use of postmodernism here is intended to foreground the ways in which pubic relations is talked about, and the implications of these ways of talking.