cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurosteroid Biosynthesis Regulates Sexually Dimorphic Fear and Aggressive Behavior in Mice

The neurosteroid allopregnanolone is a potent positive allosteric modulator of GABA action at GABAA receptors. Allopregnanolone is synthesized in the brain from progesterone by the sequential action of 5α-reductase type I (5α-RI) and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD). 5α-RI and 3α-HSD are co-expressed in cortical, hippocampal, and olfactory bulb glutamatergic neurons and in output neurons of the amygdala, thalamus, cerebellum, and striatum. Neither 5α-RI nor 3α-HSD mRNAs is expressed in glial cells or in cortical or hippocampal GABAergic interneurons. It is likely that allopregnanolone synthesized in principal output neurons locally modulates GABAA receptor function by reaching GABAA receptor intracellular sites through lateral membrane diffusion. This review will focus on the behavioral effects of allopregnanolone on mouse models that are related to a sexually dimorphic regulation of brain allopregnanolone biosynthesis. Animal models of psychiatric disorders, including socially isolated male mice or mice that receive a long-term treatment with anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), show abnormal behaviors such as altered fear responses and aggression. In these animal models, the cortico-limbic mRNA expression of 5α-RI is regulated in a sexually dimorphic manner. Hence, in selected glutamatergic pyramidal neurons of the cortex, CA3, and basolateral amygdala and in granular cells of the dentate gyrus, mRNA expression of 5α-RI is decreased, which results in a downregulation of allopregnanolone content. In contrast, 5α-RI mRNA expression fails to change in the striatum medium spiny neurons and in the reticular thalamic nucleus neurons, which are GABAergic. By manipulating allopregnanolone levels in glutamatergic cortico-limbic neurons in opposite directions to improve [using the potent selective brain steroidogenic stimulant (SBSS) S-norfluoxetine] or induce (using the potent 5α-RI inhibitor SKF 105,111) behavioral deficits, respectively, we have established the fundamental role of cortico-limbic allopregnanolone levels in the sexually dimorphic regulation of aggression and fear. By selectively targeting allopregnanolone downregulation in glutamatergic cortico-limbic neurons, i.e., by improving the response of GABAA receptors to GABA, new therapeutics would offer appropriate and safe management of psychiatric conditions, including impulsive aggression, irritability, irrational fear, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorders, and depression.
Recent Advances in Anionic Polymerization

Abstract In summary, one can say that the versatility of living polymerization makes it a very useful and unique technique. Synthetic polymer chemists can utilize the lithium at the end of the chain to add polymer-like conjugated monomers, in order to tailor-make the polymer chain, or they can use chelating diamines to change the microstructure of the polymer chain. They can also run hydrogenation on anionically prepared polydienes to produce thermoplastic elastomers. They can transform anionically made polymer chain ends by adding ethylene oxide, carbon dioxide and halogens. This paper has emphasized recent advances in this field.
Hostile Behavior and Profit in Virtual Negotiation: a Meta-Analysis

Virtual negotiations are expected to differ from face-to-face negotiations in terms of both negotiator behavior and outcomes. Nonetheless, competing theories and mixed results characterize this literature. This paper meta-analytically reviews studies that compared face-to-face negotiation with virtual negotiation (e.g., audio, email/text, video-conferencing). Competing predictions from psychological distance theory and the barrier effect perspective were tested. Overall, results supported the psychological distance theory in that face-to-face negotiations were less hostile and resulted in higher profit than virtual negotiations. Three moderators (negotiation mode, anonymity in virtual negotiation, and further interaction within the experiment) were hypothesized to impact virtual negotiation. While some moderators were significant, they did not completely account for findings across all studies. Results and discussion provide a note of caution for individuals embracing e-business and conducting Internet negotiations as well as suggestions for future research.
Ab initio molecular dynamics investigation of the formyl cation in the superacid SbF5/HF

The formyl cation (HCO+) is an intermediate involved in electrophilic formylation reactions of aromatic compounds. We have employed ab initio molecular dynamics simulation to investigate free energ...
Exciton annihilation in photoexcited crystals containing divalent manganese

Abstract Luminescence decay curves from undoped crystals of CsMnCl 3 , RbMnCl 3 , Rb 2 MnCl 4 and CsMnBr 3 fit kinetics derived for processes with first- and second-order components. The second-order effects which depend directly on excitation intensity are attributed to exciton annihilation. In contrast, decay curves from crystals of(CH 3 ) 4 NMnCl 3 and (CH 3 ) 4 NMnBr 3 where exciton migration is one dimensional show no evidence for annihilation.
Allosteric inhibition of zinc-finger binding in the major groove of DNA by minor-groove binding ligands

In recent years, two methods have been developed that may eventually allow the targeted regulation of a broad repertoire of genes. The engineered protein strategy involves selecting Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger proteins that will recognize specific sites in the major groove of DNA. The small molecule approach utilizes pairing rules for pyrrole-imidazole polyamides that target specific sites in the minor groove. To understand how these two methods might complement each other, we have begun exploring how polyamides and zinc fingers interact when they bind the same site on opposite grooves of DNA. Although structural comparisons show no obvious source of van der Waals collisions, we have found a significant "negative cooperativity" when the two classes of compounds are directed to the overlapping sites. Examining available crystal structures suggests that this may reflect differences in the precise DNA conformation, especially with regard to width and depth of the grooves, that is preferred for binding. These results may give new insights into the structural requirements for zinc finger and polyamide binding and may eventually lead to the development of even more powerful and flexible schemes for regulating gene expression.
How Campuses Can Create Engaged Citizens: The Student View

On this imagined campus, respectful dialogue about public issues resonates through residence halls, public spaces, and classrooms. A sense of commitment and purpose is palpable among students, as well as among administrators, staff, and faculty. Students find ways to contribute to the public good that they enjoy and find fulfilling and that often intersect with their course of study. There is constant activity around campus as students and others work on service projects, advocacy campaigns, and community based research.
Foliar flavonoids of Ulmus in Eastern North America

Abstract A total of 33 compounds were isolated from the leaves of six North American members of the genus Ulmus L. The flavonoid data indicate that these taxa comprise two distinct groups, one which produces the two flavonols, kaempferol and quercetin Ulmus americana L., and U. rubra Muhl. and one which produces in addition myricetin U. alata Michx., U. crassifolia Nutt. , U. serotina Sarg., and U. thomasii Sarg. The latter group includes four winged- bark taxa indicating a chemical/morphological association
A power sensor with 80ns response time for power management in microprocessors

A real-time, on-chip power sensor that estimates load currents and on-chip temperatures concurrently is presented. It occupies an area of 0.01mm2 in 0.13μm CMOS technology. With a simplified 1-point calibration and a response time of 80ns, it shows improvements in input dynamic range by 10×, response time by 6× and sensitivity by 3× over previous such sensors. A current reference with a measured temperature coefficient 91ppm/°C (-20°C to 120°C) is presented. This reference is used for online calibration of the power sensor to enable greater tolerance to PVT variations and aging effects.
Global Trends in Testicular Cancer Incidence and Mortality

Abstract Background Epidemiologic studies on testicular cancer have focused primarily on European countries. Global incidence and mortality have been less thoroughly evaluated. Objective Our goal was to gain a better understanding of the most recent global age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for testicular cancer and to use these values to estimate a region's health care quality. Design, setting, and participants Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for testicular cancer were obtained for men of all ages in 172 countries by using the GLOBOCAN 2008 database, reflecting the annual rate of cancer incidence and mortality per 100 000 men. These data were evaluated on a regional level to compare incidence and mortality rates. Global plots of these values were constructed to better visualize geographic distributions. Finally, the ratio of ASIR to ASMR was calculated as a method to assess each region's proficiency in diagnosing and effectively treating testicular cancer. Measurements ASIR and ASMR were analyzed by region, and each region's ratio of ASIR to ASMR was calculated. Results and limitations Testicular cancer ASIR is highest in Western Europe (7.8%), Northern Europe (6.7%), and Australia (6.5%). Asia and Africa had the lowest incidence ( Conclusions Testicular cancer incidence remains highest in developed nations with primarily Caucasian populations. Variable ASIR–ASMR ratios suggest markedly different geographic-specific reporting mechanisms, access to care, and treatment capabilities.
Regulation of human colonic cell line proliferation and phenotype by sodium butyrate.

Colonic butyrate may maintain mucosal differentiation and oppose carcinogenesis. We characterized butyrate effects on differentiation, proliferation, and matrix interactions in Caco-2 and SW620 human colonic cells. Differentiation was assessed by brush border enzyme activity and doubling time by serial cell counts. Motility across matrix proteins was quantitated by monolayer expansion and correlated with adhesiveness to matrix. Integrin subunit surface pools were measured by immunoprecipitation. Butyrate-stimulated differentiation inhibited proliferation and was significantly more potent than acetate in this regard. Butyrate also inhibited motility across collagen I, collagen IV, and laminin, as well as decreasing adhesiveness to these matrices and β1, α1, and α2 integrin subunit surface expression. Butyrate acts in cultured cells at clinically relevant concentrations to oppose classical malignant behavior, inhibiting proliferation and motility while promoting differentiation. Since butyrate is derived from fermentation of dietary fiber, such mechanisms may contribute to the apparent protective action of fiber against colon carcinogenesis.
Recursive kinematic propagation for wheeled mobile robots

The problem of wheeled mobile robot kinematics is formulated using the transport theorem of vector algebra. Doing so postpones the introduction of coordinates until after the expressions for the relevant Jacobians have been derived. This approach simplifies the derivation while also providing the solution to the general case in 3D, including motion over rolling terrain. Angular velocity remains explicit rather than encoded as the time derivative of a rotation matrix. The equations are derived and can be implemented recursively using a single equation that applies to all cases. Acceleration kinematics are uniquely derivable in reasonable effort. The recursive formulation also leads to efficient computer implementations that reflect the modularity of real mechanisms.
Selective decrease of membrane-associated PKC-α and PKC-ε in response to elevated intracellular O-GlcNAc levels in transformed human glial cells

Increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) has been shown to affect the activity and translocation of certain protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. It has been suggested that this effect is due to increases in the beta-O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification. Herein, we demonstrate the effect of increasing the O-GlcNAc modification on the translocation of select PKC isozymes in a human astroglial cell line. Treating cells with either 8 mM d-glucosamine (GlcN), 5 mM streptozotocin (STZ), or 80 muM O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate (PUGNAc) produced a significant increase in the O-GlcNAc modification on both cytosolic and membrane proteins; however, both the level and rate of O-GlcNAc increase varied with the compound. GlcN treatment resulted in a rapid, transient translocation of PKC-betaII that was maximal after 3 h (73+/-8%) and also produced a 48+/-15% decrease in membrane-associated PKC-epsilon after 9 h of treatment. Similar to GlcN treatment, STZ and PUGNAc treatment also resulted in decreased levels of PKC-epsilon in the membrane fraction. Significant decreases were seen as early as 5 h and, by 9 h of treatment, had decreased by 87+/-6% with STZ and 73+/-7% with PUGNAc. Unlike GlcN, both STZ and PUGNAc produced a decrease in PKC-alpha membrane levels by 9 h posttreatment (78+/-10% with STZ and 66+/-8% with PUGNAc) while neither compound produced any changes in PKC-betaII translocation. In addition, none of the three compounds affected membrane levels of PKC-iota. Altogether, these results demonstrate a novel link between increased levels of the O-GlcNAc modification and the regulation of specific PKC isoforms.
Comparison of nitrendipine and hydrochlorothiazide for systemic hypertension

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy with associated LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction is frequently found in patients with systemic hypertension, and is multifactorial in origin. Although a reduction in blood pressure (BP) often results in regression of hypertrophy, the pharmacologic profiles of, the antihypertensive agents used may determine he probability of such regression despite similar levels of BP reduction. Thiazide diuretic drugs may actually result in increased LV hypertrophy; calcium channel antagonists may cause regression or no change. The effects of treatment with nitrendipine (20 mg/day) or hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg/day) were compared in an 8-week, double-blind study of 18 hypertensive subjects aged 50 years or older. BP was significantly reduced (p <0.05) by both nitrendipine (from 161 ± 29102 ± 4 to 145 ± 2492 ± 7 mm Hg; mean ± standard deviation) and hydrochlorothiazide (from 162 ± 15105 ± 6 to 143 ± 2095 ± 7 mm Hg). Plasma norepinephrine increased in the nitrendipine group, from 202 ± 110 to 332 ± 220 pg/ml at 8 weeks of therapy and in the hydrochlorothiazide group; from 147 ± 130 to 313 ± 277. Plasma renin activity changed from 3.2 ± 2.4 to 3.5 ± 2.1 during nitrendipine treatment, but from 2.1 ± 2.1 to 10.5 ± 10.8 ng angiotensin I/ml/90 min (p <0.05) during treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. Left ventricular mass index did not change significantly with either therapy. However, left atrial emptying index, a reflection of diastolic function, increased during nitrendipine (0.62 ± 0.15 to 0.71 ± 0.14, p <0.05) but not during hydrochlorothiazide treatment (0.68 ± 0.14 to 0.67 ± 0.14), indicating an increase in ventricular compliance. Both drugs reduce BP similarly; however, nitrendipine improves LV diastolic function and does not alter plasma renin activity during 8 weeks of treatment.
Taylor and Keynesian monetary policy rules

In this paper, the Taylor rule and the Keynesian monetary policy rules recently introduced by Atesoglu are empirically compared for the 1994:2-2007:4 period. The findings reveal that the Atesoglu rule and the inflation-augmented Atesoglu rule are able to provide a better explanation of the federal funds rate than the Taylor rule. Results suggest that the Atesoglu rules based on the neutral interest rate idea of Keynes are likely to provide better predictions of future developments in monetary policy.
Contributions of Antibody and T Cell Subsets to Protection Elicited by Immunization with a Replication-Defective Mutant of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Abstract Replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) elicit immune responses in mice that reduce acute and latent infection after corneal challenge and are protective against development of disease. To understand the basis for the protective immunity induced by this new form of immunization, we investigated the contribution of various components of the immune response to protection against corneal infection and disease. Passive transfer of sera from mice immunized with the replication-defective mutant virus, d 301, its parental HSV-1 strain, or uninfected cell lysate was used to examine the role of antibody. Despite posttransfer neutralizing antibody titers equivalent to those in control mice directly immunized with mutant virus, recipients of immune serum showed no reductions in primary replication in the eye, keratitis, or latent infection of the nervous system. However, immune serum protected mice from encephalitis and death. To examine the contribution of T cell subsets to protection, mice were immunized once with mutant virus and then were depleted in vivo of CD4 + or CD8 + T cells prior to corneal challenge. CD4 depletion resulted in higher titers of challenge virus in the eye at 3 to 4 days after challenge compared to control mice. Latent infection of the nervous system was increased by depletion of CD4 + T cells but not by depletion of CD8 + T cells. Keratitis developed only in a portion of the CD8 + T cell-depleted mice, suggesting that an immunopathologic potential of CD4 + T cells is held in check when immune CD8 + T cells are also present. Taken together, these data support a role for antibody induced by immunization with a replication-defective virus principally in protecting the central nervous system from disease, roles for CD4 + T cells in reducing primary replication in the eye and protecting against latent infection of the nervous system, and a role for CD8 + T cells in regulating the immunopathologic activity of CD4 + T cells.
How Well Do Multiple Testing Methods Scale Up when Both n and k Increase

With increasingly massive data sets in biopharmaceutical research, particularly in genomic and related applications, there is concern about how well multiple comparisons methods “scale up” with increasing number of tests (k). Familywise error rate-controlling methods do not scale up well, and false discovery rate-controlling methods do scale up well with increasing k. But neither method scales up well with increasing sample size (n) when testing point nulls. We develop a loss function approach to investigate scale-up properties of various methods; we find that while Efron's recent proposal scales up best when both sample size n and number of tests k increase, but its performance otherwise can be erratic.
Protocol verification using reachability analysis: the state space explosion problem and relief strategies

Reachability analysis has proved to be one of the most effective methods in verifying correctness of communication protocols based on the state transition model. Consequently, many protocol verification tools have been built based on the method of reachability analysis. Nevertheless, it is also well known that state space explosion is the most severe limitation to the applicability of this method. Although researchers in the field have proposed various strategies to relieve this intricate problem when building the tools, a survey and evaluation of these strategies has not been done in the literature. In searching for an appropriate approach to tackling such a problem for a grammar-based validation tool, we have collected and evaluated these relief strategies, and have decided to develop our own from yet another but more systematic approach. The results of our research are now reported in this paper. Essentially, the paper is to serve two purposes: first, to give a survey and evaluation of existing relief strategies; second, to propose a new strategy, called PROVAT (PROtocol VAlidation Testing), which is inspired by the heuristic search techniques in Artificial Intelligence. Preliminary results of incorporating the PROVAT strategy into our validation tool are reviewed in the paper. These results show the empirical evidence of the effectiveness of the PROVAT strategy.
Turbulent mass transfer from a rotating disk

Abstract A new model based on the surface renewal concept was proposed to discuss the turbulent mass transfer from a rotating disk. The proposed model, in which the proportionality constants are determined by using hydrodynamic data rather than mass transfer data and no adjustable parameters are included, was in excellent agreement with the available experimental data for Newtonian fluids. The mass transfer from a disk rotating in dilute polymer solutions and power-law fluids was also investigated using the proposed model. Good agreement was found between the model and the experimental data for dilute polymer solutions and power-law fluids.
THE STROOP PHENOMENON: SOME CRITICAL TESTS OF THE RESPONSE COMPETITION HYPOTHESIS

2 experiments were conducted, involving individual and serial list presentation of Stroop stimuli, to provide a critical test of the response competition hypothesis, and some response processes whi...
Vacuum ultraviolet resonance Raman studies of the excited electronic states of ethylene

A resonance Raman study of ethylene has been performed with the use of excitation wavelengths ranging from 200 to 141 nm. Excitation resonant with the V(ππ*) state results in Raman spectra exhibiting intensity in the C=C stretching vibration, the CH2 symmetric scissors vibration, the CH2 torsional vibration and the CH2 out‐of‐plane wagging vibrations. These spectra confirm that the V state is strongly twisted about the C–C bond. They also indicate that the C=CH2 groups are no longer planar in the V state. Resonance with the (π3s) and (π3p) Rydberg transitions results in spectra exhibiting much less intensity in the torsional vibration, the CH2 symmetric scissors vibration and the CH2 wagging vibrations. The spectrum obtained in resonance with the (π3d) Rydberg transitions once again exhibits activity in the CH2 symmetric scissors mode.
Optimal mapping of sequences of data parallel tasks

Many applications in a variety of domains including digital signal processing, image processing and computer vision are composed of a sequence of tasks that act on a stream of input data sets in a pipelined manner. Recent research has established that these applications are best mapped to a massively parallel machine by dividing the tasks into modules and assigning a subset of the available processors to each module. This paper addresses the problem of optimally mapping such applications onto a massively parallel machine. We formulate the problem of optimizing throughput in task pipelines and present two new solution algorithms. The formulation uses a general and realistic model for inter-task communication, takes memory constraints into account, and addresses the entire problem of mapping which includes clustering tasks into modules, assignment of processors to modules, and possible replication of modules. The first algorithm is based on dynamic programming and finds the optimal mapping of k tasks onto P processors in O(P4k2) time. We also present a heuristic algorithm that is linear in the number of processors and establish with theoretical and practical results that the solutions obtained are optimal in practical situations. The entire framework is implemented as an automatic mapping tool for the Fx parallelizing compiler for High Performance Fortran. We present experimental results that demonstrate the importance of choosing a good mapping and show that the methods presented yield efficient mappings and predict optimal performance accurately.
A comparison of avian communities and habitat characteristics in floodplain forests associated with valley plugs and unchannelized streams

Channelization of streams associated with floodplain forested wetlands has occurred extensively throughout the world and specifically in the southeastern United States. Channelization of fluvial systems alters the hydrologic and sedimentation processes that sustain these systems. In western Tennessee, channelization and past land-use practices have caused drastic geomorphic and hydrologic changes, resulting in altered habitat conditions that may affect avian communities. The objective of this study was to determine if there were differences in avian communities utilizing floodplain forests along unchannelized streams compared to channelized streams with valley plugs, areas where sediment has completely filled the channel. During point count surveys, 58 bird species were observed at unchannelized sites and 60 species were observed at valley plug sites. Species associated with baldcypress-tupelo (Taxodium-Nyssa) swamps (e.g. Great Egret (Ardea albus) and Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)) and mature hardwood forests with open midstories (e.g. Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens), Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons), Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) and Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)) were either only found at unchannelized sites or were more abundant at unchannelized sites. Conversely, species associated with open and early successional habitats (e.g. Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) and Blue Grosbeak (Passerina caerulea)) were either only found at valley plug sites or were more abundant at valley plug sites. Results of habitat modelling suggest that the habitat characteristics of floodplain forests at unchannelized sites are more suitable for Neotropical migrant bird species of conservation concern in the region than at valley plug sites. This study, in combination with previous research, demonstrates the ecological impacts of valley plugs span across abiotic and biotic processes and tropic levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on graphs which have upper irredundance equal to independence

Abstract In this paper we consider the following graph parameters: IR( G ), the upper irredundance number, Γ( G ), the upper domination number and β( G ), the independence number. It is well known that for any graph G , β ( G )≤ Γ ( G )≤ IR ( G ). We introduce the concept of a graph G being irredundant perfect if IR ( H )= β ( H ) for all induced subgraphs H of G . In this paper we characterize irredundant perfect graphs. This enables us to show that several classes of graphs are irredundant perfect, classes which include strongly perfect, bipartite and circular arc graphs.
The effect of structure on scanning strategies

Ss heard four-digit strings and saw a two-digit probe immediately after each. Every possible combination of two digits taken from the string, as well as each member of the string combined with some digit from the negative set was tested. Reaction times for verifying that both probe digits occurred in the string reveal that Ss grouped the members of the string into two ordered pairs. This result argues that the structure Ss might assign to so-called random strings must be considered when discussing scanning strategies. Structural explanations of two common patterns of reaction times are presented.
Uptake of serotonin into rat platelets and synaptosomes: comparative structure-activity relationships, energetics and evaluation of the effects of acute and chronic nortriptyline administration.

Abstract In order to establish whether the uptake systems in platelets and synaptosomes are equivalent, the structure-activity relationships for drug-induced inhibition of serotonin uptake were examined in vitro . The rank order for potency of inhibitors was the same in platelets as in synaptosomes, namely imipramine 〉 nortriptyline 〉 desmethylimipramine 〉〉〉 norepinephrine 〉 histamine; in addition, serotonin uptake was clearly distinguishable from the norepinephrine synaptic uptake mechanism, which displayed a different rank order. The synaptosomal uptake of serotonin was, however, much more dependent upon maintenance of Na + -K + -ATPase activity for its energy source than was the platelet uptake mechanism. Acute administration of nortriptyline produced substantial inhibition of platelet serotonin uptake and a smaller degree of inhibition of synaptosomal uptake; inhibition was detectable even after extensive washing of the platelet and synaptosome preparations and was associated with persistent binding of the drug to the organelles. Chronic infusion of nortriptyline (20 mg/kg for 21 days, followed by a 24 hr washout period to dissipate persistent binding) did not alter the uptake capacity of synaptosomal or platelet preparations, but did cause a shift in the drug specificity of inhibitors. The latter effect was in opposite directions in platelets vs. synaptosomes. These data indicate that the platelet uptake mechanism does bear some resemblance to that seen in serotonergic neurons, but that the energy source for transport differs and the two mechanisms respond differently to prolonged drug administration in vivo . The use of uptake as a marker during the course of antidepressant administration is likely to be confounded by persistent direct drug effects on these organelles.
Complications after limb salvage surgery

Orthopedic oncology patients gain a chance at an active, disease-free life through the use of limb salvage surgery. This goal is reached with meticulous technique, detailed operative planning, and the use of endoprosthetic replacements and/or bone grafting. This article will address the late complications of limb salvage surgery, including aseptic loosening, prosthetic fracture and dislocation, as well as graft fracture and nonunion.
Wampum, Tawagonshi, and the Two Row Belt

This essay outlines the early history of wampum, explaining its origin, its value to Native Americans, and its first observations by Europeans. It then considers how wampum, as it existed in the 1610s, fits the role of wampum as described in the Tawagonshi document and fits with its manifestation in the Two Row Belt. The essay argues that key elements in the Tawagonshi document and the Two Row Belt itself are inconsistent with wampum use as recorded in archaeological, documentary, and visual sources. This finding does not discount the possibility of a Dutch-Native agreement similar to the one recorded in the Tawagonshi document that included wampum rituals and the creation of a wampum belt such as the Two Row Belt.
Platelet and monocyte antigenic complexes in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an iatrogenic disorder that occurs in a small subset of patients receiving heparin. Twenty-five per cent (or higher) of affected patients develop limb or life-threatening thrombosis. The effectiveness of therapy is incomplete and may be complicated by bleeding. HIT is caused by antibodies that recognize the platelet chemokine, Platelet Factor 4 (PF4), complexed to heparin or to cellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, antibodies with the same apparent specificity are found in many more patients without clinical disease and the reason why so few develop HIT is uncertain. We propose that HIT antibodies recognize cell surface PF4/GAG complexes on intravascular cells, including platelets and monocytes that are dynamic and mutable. Heparin removes cell surface-bound PF4 in most individuals, but removal is incomplete in those with high pre-exposure surface-bound PF4 levels. Such individuals retain critically localized cellular antigenic complexes at the time antibodies develop and are at risk to develop HIT. This article reviews the scientific basis for this model and its clinical implications.
Speckle imaging with the MAMA detector: Preliminary results

We report on the first successful speckle imaging studies using the Stanford University speckle interferometry system, an instrument that uses a multianode microchannel array (MAMA) detector as the imaging device. The method of producing high-resolution images is based on the analysis of so-called 'near-axis' bispectral subplanes and follows the work of Lohmann et al. (1983). In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the bispectrum, the frame-oversampling technique of Nakajima et al. (1989) is also employed. We present speckle imaging results of binary stars and other objects from V magnitude 5.5 to 11, and the quality of these images is studied. While the Stanford system is capable of good speckle imaging results, it is limited by the overall quantum efficiency of the current MAMA detector (which is due to the response of the photocathode at visible wavelengths and other detector properties) and by channel saturation of the microchannel plate. Both affect the signal-to-noise ratio of the power spectrum and bispectrum.
Receding Horizon Control of type I diabetes based on a data-driven linear time-varying state-space model

In this paper, we consider the problem of blood glucose control for type 1 diabetic patients. In particular, we focus on developing control algorithms for an Artificial Pancreas which is a portable or implantable automated insulin delivery system composed of a continuous glucose monitor, an insulin pump, and a control law that links the measured blood glucose concentration and insulin delivery. We have designed Receding Horizon Control (RHC) (which is also known as the Model Predictive Control) for two specific patients, respectively, based on a data-driven linear time-varying state-space model developed in [12] for each patient using clinical data. The control parameters are tuned specifically for each patient. For patient 1, the RHC algorithm performs well with no information (e.g., amount and time) of meal intake, which results in the so-called feedback alone control. For patient 2, information of meal intake is necessary for the RHC algorithm to reach acceptable closed-loop performance, which results in the so-called feedback plus feedforward control. For both patients, we evaluate the performance of the RHC designs via simulation and compare the simulation results with clinical data. We also test the robustness of the RHC design with respect to estimation errors in the amount of carbohydrate content (CHO) of the meal.
Omphaloskepsis on current trends in optics

The laser opened two wide new channels for optics, one concerning development of more and better lasers, one concerning the laser as tools for new research and as components for new techniques. Two trends, one resulting from each channel, are examined. The reaction of the physics community to the importance of these events is pointed up by the recent APS-NYS meeting, which is reviewed briefly.
Metaman: system-wide metadata management

Understanding how programs are created and how they behave at run time is vital to building secure and efficient programs. Typically program information generated when building and linking a program is not available to run-time instrumentation tools that are used to better understand and improve program behavior. This paper presents the structure of Metaman, the metadata manager, a tool for building instrumented systems that spans the entire build and run-time system. Metaman collects available metadata about the program from build tools as well as run-time tools as XML, and then makes the metadata available to the rest of the tools in the toolchain. In order for Metaman to be practical, it must be easy for each tool to send and receive metadata from Metaman. This paper discusses: (1) the process of adapting of build-time tools such as compilers, assemblers and static analyzers for use with Metaman, (2) the process of adapting the build system to assist in correctly coordinating novel metadata, and finally (3) the process of integrating run-time development tools such as debuggers, instrumentation tools, and software dynamic translators (SDT) for use with Metaman.
Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Porous Nickel-Titanium

Porous equiatomic Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) is a strong candidate material for bone engineering applications because its mechanical properties are within the range of bone and its porosity allows for biologic interlock of the material to the surrounding tissue. Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is one method for producing porous NiTi. Nickel and titanium powders, -325 mesh, were mixed for 24 hours then pressed into cylindrical pellets (0.5 inch diameter, 0.5 inch height) to a theoretical green density of approximately 53%. The pellets were preheated in flowing argon for one hour then ignited using a tungsten coil. Scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) show localized differences of stoichiometry suggesting variations in the crystal structure where the Ni to Ti atomic ratio varied between 48.5:51.5 and 50.7:49.3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Philips X’Pert PRO) confirmed the presence crystalline equiatomic NiTi as well as other intermetallic compounds including NiTi2 and Ni4Ti3. Nanoindentation (MTS Nano Indenter XP) of this heterogeneous material indicates a mean range indentation modulus of 89.6 ± 9.4 GPa. This is on the same order of magnitude as bone, which has an elastic modulus range of 14-20 GPa.
The influence of infantile handling, age and strain on alcohol selection in mice

Abstract Male mice from three inbred strains (C57B1/10J, BALB/cJ and C3H/21bg) were assigned to infantile handling or control conditions. In a cross-sectional developmental design, handled and control mice were tested for two-choice selection of 10% (v/v) ethanol vs. tap water at 60, 90 or 120 days of age. The volume of fluid consumed from both tubes was recorded for fifteen days. In 60 day old mice, handling produced a trend toward increased total fluid consumption in the C57 mice and a trend toward increased ethanol selection in the BALBs. In 90 day old mice, there were trends noted toward handling-related decreased fluid consumption in BALBs. Also noted was a trend toward handling related increased ethanol selection in C57 mice. In 120 day old mice, a handling-related increase in alcohol selection was noted in the C3H strain.
Syndesmotic Screw Placement: A Biomechanical Analysis

At the present time, syndesmotic screw fixation is recommended when there is a tibiofibular diastasis, a Maisonneuve fracture, or syndesmotic instability after fixation of distal tibia-fibula fractures. The aim/purpose of this study was to demonstrate the optimal level of syndesmotic screw placement before creation of a Maisonneuve fracture. Legs of 17 embalmed cadavers underwent knee disarticulation. The legs were then dissected to expose the syndesmosis/interosseous membrane. The paired cadaver legs were tested in two groups. In group I (10 pairs), the left legs were tested without any syndesmotic fixation and the right legs were tested with the syndesmosis fixed at 2.0 cm above the tibiotalar joint. In group II (7 pairs), the syndesmosis in each left leg was fixed at 3.5 cm above the tibiotalar joint and the right leg syndesmosis was fixed at 2.0 cm above the tibiotalar joint. After ligament section and syndesmosis fixation, each leg was then jig mounted with transfixing wires through the proximal tibia and calcaneus. The ankle was placed in neutral with 15 degrees of pronation and a load of 150 pounds and a strain gauge anchored medially and laterally. The proximal tibia was internally rotated while the ankle was held fixed until syndesmotic, bony, or hardware failure occurred. Torsional force, the degree of rotation and the amount of syndesmotic widening were quantitated. Two-tailed t-test comparing no fixation with fixation at 2.0 cm indicated less syndesmotic widening with screw placed at 2.0 cm (P = 0.04). Two-tailed t-test comparing screw fixation at 2.0 cm and 3.5 cm indicated less syndesmotic widening with screw placed at 2.0 cm (P = 0.07). It would seem reasonable to place a syndesmotic screw at 2.0 cm above tibiotalar joint.
Methods for testing compounds for DNA adduct formation.

This article, based on a presentation on DNA adduct detection given at a Genetic Toxicology Association workshop, is an overview of methods used for testing compounds for DNA adduct formation. A DNA adduct study may be initiated on a case by case basis when there are conflicting results within the standard battery of genetic toxicology tests or when tumors are detected in the animal bioassay for nongenotoxic compounds. Methods for adduct detection include the 32P-postlabeling assay, the use of radioactive test chemicals, physicochemical methods, and immunoassays. Of these, the 32P-postlabeling assay and the use of radiochemicals are discussed in greater detail, since only these two methods are readily applicable to test a compound for the formation of uncharacterized DNA adducts. The other methods are applicable to those adducts that have been chemically characterized or that contain a fluorophore or electrochemically active groups. Evaluation of mutagenic and carcinogenic risk from DNA adducts would require the understanding of various parameters, including the chemical nature, quantity and stability of adducts, proliferation rates for target cells to fix adducts into mutations, mutagenic and repair efficiencies of adducts, and the extent of modifications in critical genes. Since such data cannot be readily obtainable, the toxicological risk from uncharacterized adducts is difficult to assess.
Effect of the laccase gene CNLAC1, on virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.

To assess the relationship between melanin production by Cryptococcus neoformans and virulence on a molecular basis, we asked: (a) is CNLAC1, the laccase structural gene of C. neoformans, expressed in vivo?; (b) can mouse virulence be restored to cnlac1 (Mel-) mutants by complementation with CNLAC1?; and (c) will targeted gene deletion of CNLAC1 decrease virulence for mice? Melanin is produced when cryptococcal laccase catalyzes the oxidation of certain aromatic compounds, including L-dopa, to quinones, which then polymerize to melanin. To assess CNLAC1 transcription, RNA was extracted from C. neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid of infected rabbits. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detected CNLAC1 transcript, indicating that laccase may be produced in the infected host. To assess the effect of CNLAC1 deletion on virulence, a Mel- mutant (10S) was obtained by disruption of the 5' end of the gene. After multiple backcrosses with a parental strain to remove unintended genetic defects introduced by the transformation process, a Mel- progeny was tested and found to be much less virulent for mice than a Mel+ progeny. Another Mel- strain (mel2), obtained from J.C. Edman (University of California at San Francisco, CA), produced CNLAC1 transcript but no detectable melanin. Characterization of this mutant revealed a base substitution in CNLAC1 that changed a histidine to tyrosine in a putative copper-binding site. When this base change was introduced into CNLAC1 by site-directed mutagenesis, it no longer transformed mel2 to Mel+, indicating the importance of this histidine in laccase activity. Complementation of a mel2-derived mutant with CNLAC1 restored the Mel+ phenotype and increased virulence. These results support the concept that the CNLAC1 gene product has a role in virulence.
Localization of a Time-Delayed, Monocular Virtual Object Superimposed on a Real Environment

Observers adjusted a pointer to match the depicted distance of a monocular virtual object viewed in a see-through, had-mounted display. Distance information was available through motion parallax produced as the observers rocked side to side. The apparent stability of the virtual object was impaired by a time delay between the observers' head motions and the corresponding change in the object position on the display. Localizations were made for four time delays (31 ms, 64 ms, 131 ms, and 197 ms) and three depicted distances (75 cm, 95 cm, and 113 cm). The errors in localizations increased systematically with time delay and depicted distance. A model of the results shows that the judgment error and lateral projected position of the virtual object are each linearly related to time delay.
Renal parenchymal malakoplakia an unusual cause of renal failure.

MALAKOPLAKIA, described in 1902,1 is an unusual chronic inflammatory disease generally confined to the collecting system of the urinary tract. Renal parenchymal involvement is rare and was bilatera...
Whole-Cell Immobilization Using Cell Surface-Exposed Cellulose-Binding Domain

Specific adhesion of Eshcherichia coli with surface-exposed cellulose-binding domain (CBD) to cellulosic materials was investigated. Whole-cell immobilization was very specific, forming essentially a monolayer of cells onto the different supports. Cells with surface-exposed CBD bound specifically and tightly to cellulose supports at a wide range of pH. In contrast to CBD, which shows the highest binding to cellulose at 4 degrees C, highest cell loading was observed at 37 degrees C. The extent of immobilization was dependent on the amount of surface-exposed CBD. Cells binding increased with increasing amount of CBD until binding was saturated. Even induction of very low level of CBD (0.05 mM IPTG) was sufficient to provide specific and tight binding to cellulose support. Because optimal binding can be obtained under physiological conditions such as pH 7 and 37 degrees C, the results demonstrate the general utility of surface-exposed CBD as an efficient means of whole-cell immobilization.
Assessing the Impact of Decision Frame and Existing Attitudes on Support for Wolf Restoration in the United States

This article examines (a) the effect of previous restoration success and communication vividness on support for future wolf restoration efforts, (b) differentiates between the effect of these const...
Well-being among older adults on different continents

Old age represents a new frontier. The number of older people is increasing throughout the world. This changing demography affects individuals, but also families, communities and societies. The focus of this issue is the well–being of older adults on different continents. Scientists from around the world address this issue using a wide array of research designs and methodologies to provide a broad perspective on aging. Five topics are considered: Well–Being Among Older Adults; Social Support; Functional Status, Well–Being and Successful Aging; Cross–Cultural Approaches to the Study of Aging; and Research Perspectives in Aging. This issue clearly demonstrates that scientists have much to contribute to the goal of optimizing the experience of aging and creating a society for all ages.
Two extremal problems for polynomials with an interior constraint

On etudie deux problemes extremaux poses pour le polynome (x-λ) s Σ i=0 m a i x i , −1<λ<1
Grain-size stabilization by impurities and effect on stress-coupled grain growth in nanocrystalline Al thin films

Room-temperature tensile experiments on sub-micrometer freestanding thin films deposited at varied base pressures reveal two distinct classes of mechanical response. Samples that contain sufficient impurity concentrations to stabilize the microstructure against an applied stress show strong but brittle response. However, films that were deposited at lower vacuum base pressures that still allow for thermally stable nanostructures show remarkably different deformation response; namely, moderate strength and over 15% plastic strain to failure. Post-mortem transmission electron microscopy of deformed samples with different levels of impurity pinning atmospheres reveals stress-driven discontinuous grain growth that facilitates a fundamental change in the deformation behavior of these thin films. The results indicate a critical impurity concentration to sufficiently pin or immobilize grain boundaries against the coupling of applied stresses.