cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of own mother's milk on bronchopulmonary dysplasia and costs.

Background Human milk from the infant9s mother (own mother9s milk; OMM) feedings reduces the risk of several morbidities in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants, but limited data exist regarding its impact on bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Objective To prospectively study the impact of OMM received in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on the risk of BPD and associated costs. Design/methods A 5-year prospective cohort study of the impact of OMM dose on growth, morbidity and NICU costs in VLBW infants. OMM dose was the proportion of enteral intake that consisted of OMM from birth to 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) or discharge, whichever occurred first. BPD was defined as the receipt of oxygen and/or positive pressure ventilation at 36 weeks PMA. NICU costs included hospital and physician costs. Results The cohort consisted of 254 VLBW infants with mean birth weight 1027±257 g and gestational age 27.8±2.5 weeks. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated a 9.5% reduction in the odds of BPD for every 10% increase in OMM dose (OR 0.905 (0.824 to 0.995)). After controlling for demographic and clinical factors, BPD was associated with an increase of US$41 929 in NICU costs. Conclusions Increased dose of OMM feedings from birth to 36 weeks PMA was associated with a reduction in the odds of BPD in VLBW infants. Thus, high-dose OMM feeding may be an inexpensive, effective strategy to help reduce the risk of this costly multifactorial morbidity.
Effect of Pork Belly-Type on the Microbiology of Bacon Cured with or without Potassium Sorbate.

Fat- and lean-grade hog bellies were used to evaluate the microbiology of bacon cured with either 40 ppm of nitrite +0.26% of potassium sorbate or 120 ppm of nitrite with no potassium sorbate. Bacon slices were inoculated to provide an initial representative flora of 105-106 organisms per g of meat. Bacon was packaged in high barrier film with high vacuum (28-29 in. of Hg), stored at 0 - 5 C, and analyzed at 0, 10,21 and 28 days after processing for enumeration and identification of mesophilic, psychrotrophic and lipolytic organisms. In general, the 40 ppm of nitrite + 0.26% of potassium sorbate cure provided greater bacterial inhibition (especially in fat bacon) than did the nitrite cure. Lactobacillus and Bacillus were the most common isolates characterized.
Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Knowledge Among Vietnamese Americans: A Population-Based Survey

Vietnamese Americans have high rates of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection but low rates of knowledge and screening. A population-based survey conducted in 2011 of Vietnamese Americans in two geographic areas (n = 1666) was analyzed. The outcome variables were having heard of HBV and a score summarizing knowledge of HBV transmission. Most respondents (86.0%) had heard of HBV. Correct knowledge of transmission ranged from 59.5% for sex, 68.1% for sharing toothbrushes, 78.6% for during birth, and 85.0% for sharing needles. In multivariable analyses, factors associated with having heard of HBV and higher knowledge included Northern California residence, longer U.S. residence, higher education, family history of HBV, and discussing HBV with family/friends. Higher income was associated with having heard of HBV. English fluency and being U.S.-born were associated with higher knowledge. Interventions to increase knowledge of HBV transmission are needed to decrease this health disparity among Vietnamese Americans.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Romaine Lettuce When Inoculated in a Fecal Slurry Matrix.

ABSTRACT A field trial was conducted in July 2011 to quantify the inactivation rate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 when mixed with fecal slurry and applied to romaine lettuce leaves. Lettuce was grown under commercial conditions in Salinas Valley, CA. One-half milliliter of rabbit fecal slurry, containing 6.3 × 107 CFU of E. coli O157:H7, was inoculated onto the upper (adaxial) surface of a lower leaf on 240 heads of lettuce within 30 min after a 2.5-h irrigation event. Forty-eight romaine lettuce heads were collected per event at 2.5 h (day 0.1), 19.75 h (day 0.8), 43.25 h (day 1.8), 67.25 h (day 2.8), and 91.75 h (day 3.8) postinoculation and were analyzed for the concentration of E. coli O157:H7 (Ct). E. coli O157:H7 was detected on 100% of collected heads in concentrations ranging from 340 to 3.40 × 1010 most probable number (MPN) per head. Enumeration data indicate substantial growth of E. coli O157:H7 postinoculation (2.5 h), leading to elevated concentrations, 1 to 3 log above the starting inoculum co...
A Systematic Review of the Impact of Physician Implicit Racial Bias on Clinical Decision Making.

Objectives Disparities in diagnosis and treatment of racial minorities exist in the emergency department (ED). A better understanding of how physician implicit (unconscious) bias contributes to these disparities may help identify ways to eliminate such racial disparities. The objective of this systematic review was to examine and summarize the evidence on the association between physician implicit racial bias and clinical decision making. Methods Based on PRISMA guidelines, a structured electronic literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases was conducted. Eligible studies were those that: 1) Included physicians; 2) Included the Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit bias; 3) Included an assessment of physician clinical decision making; and 4) Were published in peer reviewed journals between 1998 and 2016. Articles were reviewed for inclusion by two independent investigators. Data extraction was performed by one investigator and checked for accuracy by a second investigator. Two investigators independently scored the quality of articles using a modified version of the Downs and Black Checklist. Results Of the 1,154 unique articles identified in the initial search, 9 studies (n = 1,910) met inclusion criteria. Three of the 9 studies involved emergency providers including residents, attending physicians, and advanced practice providers. The majority of studies used clinical vignettes to examine clinical decision making. Studies that included EM providers had vignettes relating to treatment of acute myocardial infarction, pain, and pediatric asthma. An implicit preference favoring white people was common across providers, regardless of specialty. Two of the nine studies found evidence of a relationship between implicit bias and clinical decision making; one of these studies included EM providers. This one study found that EM and internal medicine residents who demonstrated an implicit preference for white individuals were more likely to treat white patients and not black patients with thrombolysis for myocardial infarction. Evidence from the two studies reporting a relationship between physician implicit racial bias and decision making was low in quality. Conclusions The current literature indicates that although many physicians, regardless of specialty, demonstrate an implicit preference for white people, this bias does not appear to impact their clinical decision making. Further studies on the impact of implicit racial bias on racial disparities in ED treatment are needed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Efficacy of Paraprofessional-Implemented Video Prompting to Teach Vocational Skills to Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder:

Researchers have previously shown that video prompting can promote vocational skill acquisition for students with autism, and in a prior study, we demonstrated a model to train a paraprofessional t...
Performance validity testing in a clinical sample of adults with sickle cell disease

AbstractObjective: Neuropsychologists utilize performance validity tests (PVTs) as objective means for drawing inferences about performance validity. The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is a well-validated, stand-alone PVT and the Reliable Digit Span (RDS) and Reliable Digit Span-Revised (RDS-R) from the Digit Span subtest of the WAIS-IV are commonly employed, embedded PVTs. While research has demonstrated the utility of these PVTs with various clinical samples, no research has investigated their use in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD), a condition associated with multiple neurological, physical, and psychiatric symptoms. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore PVT performance in adults with SCD. Method: Fifty-four adults with SCD (Mage = 40.61, SD = 12.35) were consecutively referred by their hematologist for a routine clinical outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. During the evaluation, participants were administered the TOMM (Trials 1 and 2), neuropsychological measures including the ...
Heart Failure Increases the Risk of Adverse Renal Outcomes in Patients with Normal Kidney Function

BackgroundHeart failure (HF) is associated with poor cardiac outcomes and mortality. It is not known whether HF leads to poor renal outcomes in patients with normal kidney function. We hypothesized...
Tighter lower bounds on the error variance of pole and residue estimates from impulse response data: An expository example

The estimation of nonrandom pole and residue parameters from impulse-response data is revisited. Specifically, for an expository example (a one-pole discrete-time system), the Hammersley-Chapman-Robbins lower bound (HCRB) on the estimation error variance is derived, and compared with the widely-used Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). The HCRB is found to be significantly tighter than the CRB over a range of parameter values. Simplifications of the HCRB which admit analytical expressions but are guaranteed to outperform the CRB are also derived. The results indicate that CRB-based confidence intervals for pole-residue estimates, which are being used in several mode monitoring applications, need to be examined with caution.
Ultra-thin alumina barrier magnetic tunnel junctions

Magnetic tunnel junctions have been fabricated by magnetron sputtering and patterned by deep ultraviolet photolithography. The tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) was 15%-22% and resistance times area product (RxA) 7-22 Qjjrn2 for junctions having 4.75-5.5 Â thick A1 layer oxidized naturally. Two types of breakdown were observed: abrupt dielectric breakdown at effective field 10 MV/cm determined by the thickness of tunnel barrier, and a gradual breakdown related to defects in the tunnel barrier. After the breakdown a metallic pinhole is created, the size of which depends on the maximum current applied to the junction. The current flowing through the pinhole creates a strong circular magnetic field that curls local magnetization in the free layer around the pinhole. The subsequent free layer reversal is very sensitive to the pinhole location. The electric properties after breakdown can be well described by an Ohmic resistor and a tunnel magneto­ resistor connected in parallel.
Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors

Volumetric planning in the form of proton therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and three-dimensional (3D) conformal therapy is the standard technique for definitive craniospinal irradiation (CSI) and boost radiation therapy for medulloblastoma. These volumetric methods each can be delivered using a number of techniques; however, accurate delineation of target volumes is universally required.
Electrochemical Power Sources for Vehicle Propulsion

In recent years considerable attention has been given to investigations leading to a possible alternative to the internal combustion engine as the primary power source for vehicle propulsion. Electric power plants, one of the possible alternatives, is the subject of this review.
NIGERIA’S FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

This paper examines Nigeria’s Freedom of Information Act, with special interest in the opportunities and challenges therein. It reiterates the fact that the law enables the public to access certain government information in order to ensure transparency and accountability. The Act enables citizens to hold the government accountable, especially, in an event of misappropriation of public funds. It also seeks to protect serving public officers against any adverse consequences from the unauthorized disclosure of official information. The paper contends that Freedom of Information is a fundamental indicator of economic development and progress, describing it as a promising start in ensuring good governance in Nigeria. It argues that its vigorous implementation is essential, if Nigeria must make significant breakthrough in the enthronement of good governance in the country. Anchored on the Social Responsibility and Libertarian theories of the press , the paper, in a discourse analysis, contends that a strengthened FOI regime will check abuse of public offices in Nigeria.
Nationwide shift to grass-fed beef requires larger cattle population

In the US, there is growing interest in producing more beef from cattle raised in exclusively pasture-based systems, rather than grain-finishing feedlot systems, due to the perception that it is more environmentally sustainable. Yet existing understanding of the environmental impacts of exclusively pasture-based systems is limited by a lack of clarity about cattle herd dynamics. We model a nationwide transition from grain- to grass-finishing systems using demographics of present-day beef cattle. In order to produce the same quantity of beef as the present-day system, we find that a nationwide shift to exclusively grass-fed beef would require increasing the national cattle herd from 77 to 100 million cattle, an increase of 30%. We also find that the current pastureland grass resource can support only 27% of the current beef supply (27 million cattle), an amount 30% smaller than prior estimates. If grass-fed systems include cropland-raised forage, a definition that conforms to typical grass-fed certifications, these supplemental feeds can support an additional 34 million cattle to produce up to 61% of the current beef supply. Given the potential of forage feed croplands to compete with human food crop production, more work is required to determine optimal agricultural land uses. Future US demand in an entirely grass-and forage-raised beef scenario can only be met domestically if beef consumption is reduced, due to higher prices or other factors. If beef consumption is not reduced and is instead satisfied by greater imports of grass-fed beef, a switch to purely grass-fed systems would likely result in higher environmental costs, including higher overall methane emissions. Thus, only reductions in beef consumption can guarantee reductions in the environmental impact of US food systems.
Ultra-Wideband, Polarimetric Radar Studies of Spilling Breakers

Until recently, experimental sea clutter research has utilized CW or narrowband radar systems. While such experiments can yield useful information on the statistical properties of electromagnetic backscatter from the sea surface at a particular radar frequency, it is difficult, if not impossible, to use such data to predict the characteristics of ultrawideband sea clutter. This paper describes an ultrawideband, Polarimetric radar system designed specifically for this task and presents data from recent investigations into the scattering properties of breaking waves in a wavetank. In addition to allowing the characterization of these scattering events, the system’s resolution, bandwidth, and Polarimetric capabilities can be used to infer the scattering mechanisms involved.
Use of Child-Pugh score to assess perioperative outcome in epithelial ovarian cancer patients

5571 Background: The Child-Pugh score was designed to predict surgical outcome for patients with liver cirrhosis. This score is comprised of five variables (ascites, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin...
Practitioner Insights into Weed Management on California's Rangelands and Natural Areas.

Working rangelands and natural areas span diverse ecosystems and face both ecological and economic threats from weed invasion. Restoration practitioners and land managers hold a voluminous cache of place-based weed management experience and knowledge that has largely been untapped by the research community. We surveyed 260 California rangeland managers and restoration practitioners to investigate invasive and weedy species of concern, land management goals, perceived effectiveness of existing practices (i.e., prescribed fire, grazing, herbicide use, and seeding), and barriers to practice implementation. Respondents identified 196 problematic plants, with yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) and medusahead (Elymus caput-medusae L.) most commonly listed. Reported adoption and effectiveness of weed management practices varied regionally, but the most highly rated practice in general was herbicide use; however, respondents identified considerable challenges including nontarget effects, cost, and public perception. Livestock forage production was the most commonly reported management goals (64% of respondents), and 25% of respondents were interested in additional information on using grazing to manage invasive and weedy species; however, 19% of respondents who had used grazing for weed management did not perceive it to be an effective tool. Across management practices, we also found common barriers to implementation, including operational barriers (e.g., permitting, water availability), potential adverse impacts, actual effectiveness, and public perception. Land manager and practitioner identified commonalities of primary weeds, management goals, perceived practice effectiveness, and implementation barriers across diverse bioregions highlight major needs that could be immediately addressed through management–science partnerships across the state’s expansive rangelands and natural areas.
Subradiance of multilevel fermionic atoms in arrays with filling n ≥ 2

We investigate the subradiance properties of $n\geq 2$ multilevel fermionic atoms loaded into the lowest motional level of a single trap (e.g.~a single optical lattice site or an optical tweezer). As pointed out in our previous work [arXiv:1907.05541], perfectly dark subradiant states emerge from the interplay between fermionic statistics and dipolar interactions. While in [arXiv:1907.05541] we focused on the $n=2$ case, here we provide an in-depth analysis of the single-site dark states for generic filling $n$, and show a tight connection between generic dark states and total angular momentum eigenstates. We show how the latter can also be used to understand the full eigenstate structure of the single-site problem, which we analyze numerically. Apart from this, we discuss two possible schemes to coherently prepare dark states using either a Raman transition or an external magnetic field to lift the Zeeman degeneracy. Although the analysis focuses on the single-site problem, we show that multi-site dark states can be trivially constructed in any geometry out of product states of single-site dark states. Finally, we discuss some possible implementations with alkaline-earth(-like) atoms such as $^{171}$Yb or $^{87}$Sr loaded into optical lattices, where they could be used for potential applications in quantum metrology and quantum information.
Introduction to Group Theory

When the axis of a homonuclear diatomic molecule is confined to a single direction in space, the molecule has a total of two degrees of freedom. These degrees of freedom are expressed using the coordinates x 1 and x 2 for each atom or combinations of these displacements, i.e., the normal modes. When the atomic components x 1 and x 2 are assigned positions 1 and 2, respectively, in a two-component vector, the normal modes for the molecule are $$ \left( {1,\,1} \right)$$ (11.1.1) $$ \left( {1,\, - 1} \right)$$ (11.1.2) The first vector describes a translation of the entire molecule while the second describes a vibration of the molecule. For the translation, both atoms move in phase. For the vibration, they move 180° out of phase.
Ni-Catalyzed Intermolecular Carboacylation of Internal Alkynes via Amide C–N Bond Activation

The Ni-catalyzed carboacylation of alkynes with amide electrophiles and triarylboroxines is presented. The reaction generates all-carbon tetrasubstituted alkene products in up to 62% yield. NiCl2·g...
Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant (Ozurdex) in Paediatric Patients with Non-infectious Intermediate Uveitis and Related Cystoid Macular Oedema: Evaluation of Macular Morphology and Function with Six-month Follow-up; a Deeper Role of MfERG?

To evaluate the efficacy of Ozurdex implant by analyzing macular morphology and function in pediatric uveitis and related cystoid macular edema (CMO). Main outcomes were visual acuity, mfERG and ph...
Absence of superconductivity in topological metal ScInAu2

Abstract The Heusler compound S c I n A u 2 was previously reported to have a superconducting ground state with a critical temperature of 3.0K. Recent high throughput calculations have also predicted that the material harbors a topologically non-trivial band structure similar to that reported for β - P d B i 2 . In an effort to explore the interplay between the superconducting and topological properties properties, electrical resistance, magnetization, and x-ray diffraction measurements were performed on polycrystalline S c I n A u 2 . The data reveal that high-quality polycrystalline samples lack the superconducting transition present samples that have not been annealed. These results indicate the earlier reported superconductivity is non-intrinsic. Several compounds in the Au-In-Sc ternary phase space ( S c A u 2 , S c I n 3 , and S c 2 I n A u 2 ) were explored in an attempt to identify the secondary phase responsible for the non-intrinsic superconductivity. The results suggest that elemental In is responsible for the reported superconductivity in S c I n A u 2 .
Chronic toxicity of three neonicotinoid insecticides and their mixture on two daphniid species: Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia

Neonicotinoid insecticides represent nearly a quarter of the global market and are widely used in agriculture but also for lawn, garden care, and pest control. They are highly water-soluble, persistent in soil, and may enter the aquatic compartment via spray drift, runoff, or leaching, and contribute to downstream aquatic toxicity. Although insects appear to be the most sensitive group to neonicotinoids, other groups, such as crustaceans and birds, may also be affected. Furthermore, most studies focus on single-insecticide exposure and very little is known concerning the impact of neonicotinoid mixtures on aquatic invertebrates. The present study was designed to test potential toxicological effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam on populations of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna under controlled conditions. Chronic toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory, and survival and reproduction were measured for both species under exposure to nominal concentrations of imidacloprid (0.256 {micro}g/L), clothianidin (3.11 {micro}g/L), thiamethoxam (1.49 {micro}g/L), and a mixture of the three compounds at the same concentrations of the individual compounds. The neonicotinoids did not affect the survival of C. dubia and D. magna founders. Reproduction of C. dubia was affected only by the mixture. All three individual insecticides as well as the mixture caused a significant reduction in the reproduction of D. magna. Our results highlight the complexity of pesticide toxicity and show that traditional toxicological approaches such as acute mortality studies, especially tests with single compounds, can underestimate negative impacts that occur in the environment. HighlightsO_LINeonicotinoids are currently the most frequently used insecticides worldwide. C_LIO_LIAn environmentally relevant mixture of three neonicotinoids was evaluated on two daphniid species. C_LIO_LIThe mixture negatively affected the reproduction of C. dubia and Daphnia magna. C_LIO_LITraditional toxicological approaches with single compounds may underestimate the effects occurring in the environment at low concentrations. C_LI
Symbiotic Expression of Cosmid-Borne Bradyrhizobium japonicum Hydrogenase Genes.

The expression of cosmid-borne Bradyrhizobium japonicum hydrogenase genes in alfalfa, clover, and soybean nodules harboring Rhizobium transconjugants was studied. Cosmid pHU52 conferred hydrogen uptake (Hup) activity in both free-living bacteria and in nodules on the different plant hosts, although in nodules the instability of the cosmid resulted in low levels of Hup activity. In contrast, cosmid pHU1, which does not confer Hup activity on free-living bacteria, gave a Hup+ phenotype in nodules on alfalfa and soybean. Nodules formed by B. japonicum USDA 123Spc(pHU1) recycled about 90% of nitrogenase-mediated hydrogen evolution. Both subunits of hydrogenase (30- and 60-kilodalton polypeptides) were detected in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of bacteroid preparations from nodules harboring B. japonicum strains with pHU1 or pHU52. Neither pHU53 nor pLAFR1 conferred detectable Hup activity in either nodules or free-living bacteria. Based on the physical maps of pHU1 and pHU52, it is suggested that a 5.5-kilobase EcoRI fragment unique to pHU52 contains a gene or part of a gene required for Hup activity in free-living bacteria but not in nodules. This conclusion is supported by the observation that two Tn5 insertions in the chromosome of B. japonicum USDA 122DES obtained by marker exchange with Tn5-mutagenized pHU1 abolished Hup activity in free-living bacteria but not in nodules.
Did TRIPS Spur Innovation? An Empirical Analysis of Patent Duration and Incentives to Innovate

How to structure IP laws in order to maximize social welfare by striking the right balance between incentives to innovate and access to innovation is an empirical question. It is a challenging one to answer, both because innovation is difficult to value and changes in IP protection are rare. The 1995 TRIPS agreement provides a unique opportunity to learn about this question for two reasons. First, the adoption of the agreement was uncertain until shortly before adoption, making it a plausibly exogenous change to patent duration. Second, the nature of the law change meant that the patent duration change was heterogeneous across patent classes. Using both patent counts and citation-weighted counts, I am able to take advantage of the TRIPS-induced law change to empirically estimate the impact of patent duration on innovation. I find evidence for an increase in innovation due to patent term extension following TRIPS. Both patent counts and citation-weighted counts increased more following TRIPS in those classes that received greater expected term extensions relative to classes receiving shorter extensions. While the precise calibration of innovation valuation is difficult, this paper provides the first attempt to empirically estimate its response to a major change to patent duration, from the TRIPS agreement.
hADIABATIC and u’MAX

In all electronics cooling situations, and many other practical situations, the surface temperature varies in the stream-wise direction. In these cases, defining the heat transfer coefficient using the adiabatic temperature of the surface instead of the mixed mean temperature of the coolant result in significant benefits. The resulting definition is hadiabatic . The theoretical and practical bases for hadiabatic are presented. Examples of its use in electronics cooling are described to show the operational advantages this approach offers. Turbulence strongly affects heat transfer. A simple, turbulence-based correlation is presented that yields an estimate of the heat transfer coefficient good enough for preliminary design estimates and often as accurate as can be relied upon from CFD calculations using present codes.© 2003 ASME
Psychoanalysis, culture, society and our biotic relations: Introducing an ongoing theme on environment and sustainability

This editorial introduces a new, ongoing theme-journal feature on environment and sustainability.
Advanced Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Screening and advances in the treatment of localized disease may help reduce the burden of this disease. Unfortunately, despite progress in these areas, a significant number of men continue to present with advanced disease or to develop advanced disease at some time after treatment for their local disease. The treatment of advanced or metastatic prostate cancer is systemic therapy. The mainstay of systemic therapy for prostate cancer has been hormonal therapy for many years. Orchiectomy and estrogens were the initial hormonal therapies used. Over the past several years a number of agents have been shown to produce similar rates of disease control with improved tolerability profiles. The luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists are the most frequently used hormonal agents in prostate cancer. Antiandrogens have also been used as single agents, or in combination with LHRH agonists. Soon LHRH antagonists may come into clinical practice. When hormone therapy fails to control this disease, chemotherapy is the next line of treatment. Over the past several years, several newer chemotherapy agents have renewed enthusiasm for this avenue of treatment in prostate cancer. Novel agents utilizing a variety of recently identified mechanisms of action are likely to become clinically relevant in the treatment of prostate cancer over the next few years. This review seeks to address the major issues relating to the pharmacological treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
Classical and quantum geometrodynamics of two-dimensional vacuum dilatonic black holes.

We perform a canonical analysis of the system of 2d vacuum dilatonic black holes. Our basic variables are closely tied to the spacetime geometry and we do not make the field redefinitions which have been made by other authors. We present a careful discssion of asymptotics in this canonical formalism. Canonical transformations are made to variables which (on shell) have a clear spacetime significance. We are able to deduce the location of the horizon on the spatial slice (on shell) from the vanishing of a combination of canonical data. The constraints dramatically simplify in terms of the new canonical variables and quantization is easy. The physical interpretation of the variable conjugate to the ADM mass is clarified. This work closely parallels that done by Kucha{\v r} for the vacuum Schwarzschild black holes and is a starting point for a similar analysis, now in progress, for the case of a massless scalar field conformally coupled to a 2d dilatonic black hole.
Mass Spectrometers Developed for Planetary Missions

Mass spectrometers have played a major role in the exploration of our planetary system by robotic spacecraft. The chemical and isotopic data from this technique provides constraints on models that address fundamental questions of Solar System formation and evolution. Applications have included probes into the atmospheres of Mars, Venus, and Jupiter, the search for organic molecules on Mars, the detection of complex molecules at Comet Halley, and a 14-year study of the upper atmosphere of Venus. Mass spectrometry is expected to continue to make a major contribution through a number of experiments presently on route to their destinations or under development for use at Mars, the Saturnian system, and several comets. These experiments will enable an even more detailed insitu study of various objects in the solar system. The range of gas densities and chemical conditions encountered in the studies described dictates the use of a variety of instrument types and sampling strategies We review the design of past and future experiments, the special configurations required for the unusual environments encountered, and the specialized laboratory test and calibration requirements. An overview of the results from several of these experiments is given and a more detailed description of the recent investigation by the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer Experiment of the atmosphere of Jupiter.
Flow of an oldroyd fluid in a circular pipe with time dependent pressure gradient

The problem of pulsating flow superimposed on the steady laminar flow in a circular tube is investigated for the fluid characterized by the Oldroyd's constitutive equations. The governing equations are solved in an exact manner and the solution is obtained in terms of two non-dimensional fluid parameters. Several interesting illustrations are provided comparing the behaviour of Newtonian fluid and Oldroyd fluids regarding the velocity field, sectional mean velocity, surface friction and balance of force. The flow for small and large frequencies of vibration are obtained as special cases. For Oldroyd fluids also the flow is basically parabolic for small frequencies while it possesses a boundary layer character at large frequencies. The solution for second order fluids and Maxwell fluids can be obtained by appropriately choosing the two fluid parameters.
In vitro and in vivo induction of heat shock (stress) protein (Hsp) gene expression by selected pesticides.

The chloroacetamide insecticide alachlor, polyhalogenated cyclic hydrocarbons endrin and chlordane and the organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and fenthion induce oxidative tissue damaging effects including lipid peroxidation and nuclear DNA-single strand breaks. The mechanism involved in the induction of oxidative stress by these xenobiotics is unknown. No information is available regarding whether these pesticides can induce the expression of heat shock (stress) protein (Hsp) genes as a common protective mechanism against tissue damage. The pesticides were administered p.o. individually to female Sprague-Dawley rats in two 0.25 LD50 doses at 0 h and 21 h. The animals were killed at 24 h, and liver, brain, heart and lung tissues were removed to examine the induction of Hsps by Western and Northern blot analysis. In a separate series of experiments, cultured neuroactive PC-12 cells were treated 24 h with 50, 100 or 200 nM concentrations of these pesticides. Alachlor, endrin, chlorpyrifos and fenthion induced Hsp89α and Hsp89β in hepatic and brain tissues, as well as in cultured PC-12 cells. Chlordane induced some expression of Hsp89α but not Hsp89β in the hepatic and brain tissues of treated rats. Some expression of Hsp89β was observed in lung tissues of endrin and alachlor treated animals. These findings were substantiated by Western blot analysis using Hsp90 antibody. Except chlordane all these pesticides induced enhanced synthesis of Hsp90 in cultured PC-12 cells. The results indicate striking tissue differences in the patterns of the Hsps induced by the pesticides which were used, and demonstrate that these pesticides can induce the expression of Hsp89α and Hsp89β genes in various target organs of rats. The results support the hypothesis that these genes may be mechanistically involved in protecting tissues against oxidative stress induced by structurally diverse pesticides.
Lipophilic chelator inhibition of mitochondrial membrane-bound ATPase activity and prevention of inhibition by uncouplers.

Abstract Oligomycin sensitive, membrane bound ATPase of beef heart mitochondria is strongly inhibited by the lipophilic chelator bathophenanthroline. The inhibition is reversed by uncouplers such as carbonyl-cyanide-3-chlorophenyl hydrazone but not by ionophores such as gramacidin. Oligomycin-insensitive soluble ATPase is not inhibited by bathophenanthroline. Since the inhibition effects parallel bathophenanthroline inhibition of electron transport associated with coupling sites and uncoupler reversal is similar we propose metalloproteins function at the juncture of the electron transport and energy coupling systems.
Acousto-Optic Techniques For Real Time SAR Imaging

Reference EPFL-ARTICLE-158554View record in Web of Science Record created on 2010-11-25, modified on 2017-05-10
Uridine uptake and its intracellular phosphorylation during the cell cycle

The rate of 5-3H uridine uptake into Chinese hamster V79 cells and the rate of its incorporation into RNA increase tenfold during the cell cycle. Both reactions exhibit the same apparent Km(1.7 × 10−5M). Chromatography of acid-soluble material from cells incubated with 5-3H uridine (0.25 μM) at different times of the cell cycle revealed that intracellular uridine was rapidly phosphorylated at all times, even though cells in late S and G2 take up roughly ten times as much uridine as cells in G1. Uridine kinase activity in synchronized cells increases about two and one-half-fold during the same time period, and in exponentially growing cells is not saturated until the external uridine concentration is raised above 200 μM. It is concluded that the change in uridine kinase activity during the cell cycle is not responsible for the tenfold increase in the rate of uridine transport, and that these two processes are independently regulated.
Model gives a 3‐month warning of Amazonian forest fires

[1] The widespread drought suffered by the Amazon rain forest in the summer of 2005 was heralded at the time as the drought of the century. Because of the dehydrated conditions, supplemented by slash and burn agricultural practices, the drought led to widespread forest fires throughout the western Amazon, a portion of the rain forest usually too lush to support spreading wildfires. Only 5 years later, the 2005 season was outdone by even more widespread drought, with fires decimating more than 3000 square kilometers of western Amazonian rain forest. Blame for the wildfires has been consistently laid on deforestation and agricultural practices, but a convincing climatological explanation exists as well. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL047392, 2011)
Life of Black Hawk: a Sauk and Mesquakie archive

Previous studies of The Life of Black Hawk have questioned the text's biographical value and its composite production because it is filtered through a US-employed translator and US newspaper editor. This essay demonstrates how Life's internal reliance on Sauk and Mesquakie oral history makes it always already an indigenous composite production. As such, I argue that Life is an archive of Sauk and Mesquakie responses to land dispossession and removal, containing competing indigenous perspectives on and responses to violent US settler colonialism. Turning to the ways that twentieth-century Sauk and Mesquakie peoples use the text as evidence of land rights during the Indian Claims Commission (ICC) hearings, I show how the court's inability to recognize Life as credible legal evidence highlights competing epistemologies, one in which evidence of a relationship to land/territory (rather than ownership) is communicated through collective oral histories; and the other, whereby land rights is based on written doc...
The role of test stimuli in matching to compound samples by pigeons

Two pigeons matched to sample in a three-key operant conditioning chamber. In Experiment I, two different kinds of samples were presented on the center key.Element samples were members of one of two sample sets — colors (a red or blue disk) or lines (a vertical or horizontal orientation of a set of white lines). These samples were followed by their respective sample sets on the side keys as comparison stimuli.Compound samples consisted of a set of lines superimposed on a colored disk. Following these samples, either sample set could appear as comparison stimuli. Matching to compound samples was less accurate than matching to element samples. One interpretation is that sharing of attention among elements of a compound sample weakened stimulus control by each element. A different interpretation is that an element sample controlled matching better because it was physically identical to a comparison stimulus whereas a compound sample was not. Experiments II–IV evaluated this “generalization decrement” alternative by testing element- vs. compound sample control with both element and compound comparison stimuli. Irrelevant elements were added to form compound comparison stimuli, some of which were physically identical to a preceding compound sample, but never identical to an element sample. In all experiments, the addition of irrelevant elements of comparison stimuli reduced sample control. However, the generalization decrement hypothesis failed to predict how differences in performance maintained by element and compound samples were affected by different tests of sample control. Matching accuracy appeared to be independently determined by the number of elements in a sample and whether irrelevant elements were present during tests of sample control.
Analysis of multichannel (2-60) intermodulation distortion in subcarrier-multiplexed systems

Previous theories of intermodulation distortion (IMD) in semiconductor lasers are based on the single-mode rate equation and small-signal analysis and are limited to frequencies above 2 GHz. These models do not adequately describe N-channel IMD. Recent measurements show that because of longitudinal-mode competition, low-frequency (≤2 GHz) third-order IMD can be substantially increased in Fabry-Perot lasers.1 This effect, which seriously degrades system performance at low frequencies, is very important in subcarrier-multiplexed (SCM) transmission systems.2 In this paper, for the first time to our knowledge, we adequately model the laser’s IMD over the frequency range from 50 MHz to 10 GHz by performing a large-signal analysis of the general multimode rate equations.3 This analysis explains the low-frequency enhancement of IMD, including all third- order IMD’s for 60-channel signals. Additionally, we show that fiber dispersion further increases third-order IMD.
Development of a NASICON-based amperometric carbon dioxide sensor

Abstract An alkaline silicate sol–gel approach has been established for the preparation of NASICON (sodium super ionic conductor). The prepared NASICON is characterized and used as the solid electrolyte and the base for an amperometric carbon dioxide sensor. An auxiliary electrolyte, a binary carbonate eutectic, is employed in this development. The fabrication and evaluation results of the sensor prototype are presented. Issues and future advancement of this sensor are also discussed.
Application of design of experiments methodology to optimization of classical molecular dynamics generation of amorphous SiO2 structure

We introduce a design of experiments (DOE) methodology to the optimization of a-SiO2 structures using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This approach produces defect-free systems in good agreement with experimental results of radial distribution functions and angular distribution functions. Application of DOE techniques allows systematic development of optimal MD simulation sequences of amorphous structures. A DOE approach allows control over the number of defects in the sample, as well as other properties, which may not be possible simply by maximizing annealing time and minimizing the cooling rate. In addition, DOE statistical analysis can give detailed insight into the dependences between preparation parameters and the properties of the samples so generated. For some response values, analytical forms have been fit, while for some other responses, accurate mapping on a space of affecting parameters has been performed. Although our investigation is restricted to the generation of a-SiO2 structures, the approach is very general and can be effectively used for development and optimization of arbitrary amorphous systems.
Topographically generated gravity waves in the Brooks Range, Alaska

Amplified wind events are identified over the Brooks Range in Alaska, with observed wind speed increasing from calm to 5 ms−1 over 24 to 36 hours. In simulations using an limited area climate system model, the wind events are captured consistently, although generally display greater strength than observed. Cooling associated with the wind events lead to an identification of the NE region of the North Slope of Alaska, below the inversion, as the source region for the air flow. Analysis of the wind event of 7th January 1992 supports the nonlinear hydraulic model of gravity waves.
Simultaneous total electron content and all‐sky camera measurements of an auroral arc

[1] We present an example of Global Positioning System (GPS) derived total electron content (TEC) and all-sky camera (ASC) images that show increases of TEC by ∼10 × 1016 electrons m−2 (10 TEC units) occurring simultaneously with auroral light in ASC images. The TEC example appears to be an E region density enhancement produced by two discrete auroral arcs occurring in the late morning auroral oval at 1000 LT. This suggests that GPS signal TEC measurements can be used to detect individual auroral arcs and that individual discrete auroral arcs are responsible for some high-latitude phase scintillations. The specific auroral feature detected was a poleward moving auroral form believed to occur in the polar cap where the ionosphere is convecting antisunward. The magnitude of the rate of change of TEC (dTEC/dt) is comparable to that previously reported. However, the timescales associated with the event, the order of 1 min, suggest that the data sampling technique commonly used by chain GPS TEC receivers (averaging and time decimation) will undersample E region TEC perturbations produced by active auroral displays. The localized nature of this example implies that L1 ranging errors of at least 1.6 m will be introduced by auroral arcs into systems relying on differential GPS for navigation or augmentation. Although the TEC and auroral arcs presented herein occurred in the late morning auroral oval, we expect that the effects of discrete auroral arcs on GPS TEC and subsequent ranging errors should occur at all local times. Furthermore, GPS receivers can be used to detect individual discrete arcs.
Analysis and evaluation of permeability techniques for characterizing fine particles Part I. Diffusion and flow through porous media

Abstract The specific surface area and particle size can be deduced with speed and simplicity from appropriate measurements and calculations of fluid flow and diffusion in porous media. The interdependence of these two processes is developed in a series of two articles. In Part I, models are presented for molecular and Knudsen diffusion during flow through aggregates of solid particles at both atmospheric and low pressure permeametric conditions. For a randomly packed bed of granular particles, a cell model is developed that takes into account the tortuosity and variations in the cross-sectional area. A new analytical expression for the Kozeny constant is derived in terms of the bed porosity and particle shape. The effect of porosity on surface area measurements using permeability methods is explained.
What's a screen mean in a video game?

Video games are not "screen based" activities in the sense in which television and movie watching are. In fact, for reasons I will discuss, players are actually, in a sense, both inside and outside the screen. This allows for the development of what I have called "projective identities", as well as a variety of other effects that cause video games to be interactive and to engage learning in different ways than do television, movies, or books, for that matter. In addition, these differences mean, as well, that narrative works differently in video games than it does in television, movies, and books. However, not all video games work in the way I will describe and, thus, there is not, as far as I am concerned, a general theory of video games, let alone screens.