cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ascending Aorta to Bilateral Common Femoral Artery Bypass Grafting for Thrombosis of the Aorta: Case Reports

Thrombosis of the abdominal aorta is a recognized entity most commonly due to embolic occlusion of the bifurcation, the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, or the presence of distal aortic occlusive disease. The approach to the embolic occlusion is generally under local anesthesia with balloon embolectomy. We have treated two patients with thrombosis of the aorta secondary to severe aorto-iliac disease, and a third patient with thrombosis of the aorta who had a prior aneurysmectomy and multiple abdominal procedures for pancreatic dis ease. These patients were referred late in the course of their aortic thrombosis and had established lines of demarcation at the abdominal level. To effect rapid establishment of lower extremity circulation and to avoid the intra-abdominal problems associated with re-operative procedures, we utilized the ascending aorta to bilateral common femoral bypass as an alternative mechanism to estab lish prompt vascular integrity. The procedure may be accomplished by the mid ste...
Polymer optical fiber sensors—a review

Polymer optical fibers (POFs) have significant advantages for many sensing applications, including high elastic strain limits, high fracture toughness, high flexibility in bending, high sensitivity to strain and potential negative thermo-optic coefficients. The recent emergence of single-mode POFs has enabled high precision, large deformation optical fiber sensors. This article describes recent advances in both multi-mode and single-mode POF based strain and temperature sensors. The mechanical and optical properties of POFs relevant to strain and temperature applications are first summarized. POFs considered include multi-mode POFs, solid core single-mode POFs and microstructured single-mode POFs. Practical methods for applying POF sensors, including connecting and embedding sensors in structural materials, are also described. Recent demonstrations of multi-mode POF sensors in structural applications based on new interrogation methods, including backscattering and time-of-flight measurements, are outlined. The phase‐displacement relation of a single-mode POF undergoing large deformation is presented to build a fundamental understanding of the response of single-mode POF sensors. Finally, this article highlights recent single-mode POF based sensors based on polymer fiber Bragg gratings and microstructured POFs. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Abnormal regulation of corticopetal cholinergic neurons and impaired information processing in neuropsychiatric disorders

Abstract Cholinergic neurons originating in the basal forebrain innervate all cortical areas and participate in the gating of cortical information processing. Aberrations in the excitability of cortical cholinergic inputs fundamentally alter the processing of sensory stimuli and higher processes, thereby advancing the development of major neuropsychiatric disorders. Cortical cholinergic deafferentation has been considered to be a major neuropathological variable that contributes to the development of age- and dementia-associated impairments in cognition. Conversely, it has been suggested that increases in the excitability of cortical cholinergic inputs mediate the abnormal cognitive processes that escalate into psychotic symptoms and contribute to addictive-drug-seeking behavior, anxiety and phobia. Abnormal regulation of the excitability of cortical cholinergic afferents represents a ‘final common pathway' that mediates the manifestation of major neuropsychiatric disorders.
Coherent and non-coherent change detection for through the wall sensing of moving targets

In this paper a novel change detection technique is introduced and used to process modeling and measurement data of a person walking inside a building. The proposed change detection technique is based on non-coherent change detection. The MT signature, back-wall shadow, front-wall response, and sidelobe-artifact suppression generated by the proposed algorithm are analyzed and compared with those generated by coherent change detection. It will be shown that the proposed algorithm greatly attenuates imaging artifacts while preserving the MT signature.
Transcript catalogs of human chromosome 21 and orthologous chimpanzee and mouse regions

A comprehensive representation of the gene content of the long arm of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21q) remains of interest for the study of Down syndrome, its associated phenotypic features, and mouse models. Here we compare transcript catalogs for Hsa21q, chimpanzee chromosome 21 (Ptr21q), and orthologous regions of mouse chromosomes 16, 17, and 10 for open reading frame (ORF) characteristics and conservation. The Hsa21q and mouse catalogs contain 552 and 444 gene models, respectively, of which only 162 are highly conserved. Hsa21q transcripts were used to identify orthologous exons in Ptr21q and assemble 533 putative transcripts. Transcript catalogs for all three organisms are searchable for nucleotide and amino acid sequence features of ORF length, repeat content, experimental support, gene structure, and conservation. For human and mouse comparisons, three additional summaries are provided: (1) the chromosomal distribution of novel ORF transcripts versus potential functional RNAs, (2) the distribution of species-specific transcripts within Hsa21q and mouse models of Down syndrome, and (3) the organization of sense–antisense and putative sense–antisense structures defining potential regulatory mechanisms. Catalogs, summaries, and nucleotide and amino acid sequences of all composite transcripts are available and searchable at http://gfuncpathdb.ucdenver.edu/iddrc/chr21/home.php. These data sets provide comprehensive information useful for evaluation of candidate genes and mouse models of Down syndrome and for identification of potential functional RNA genes and novel regulatory mechanisms involving Hsa21q genes. These catalogs and search tools complement and extend information available from other gene annotation projects.
Comparison of Responsiveness of Validated Outcome Measures After Surgery for Stress Urinary Incontinence

Purpose: We compared the responsiveness of several validated incontinence, pelvic floor and quality of life outcome measures in women undergoing surgery for stress urinary incontinence to assist investigators in selecting appropriate outcomes in future trials of stress urinary incontinence therapy.Materials and Methods: This is an ancillary analysis of data from a multicenter, randomized trial comparing tension-free vaginal tape and transobturator slings. All patients were asked to complete outcome measures at baseline and again 1 year postoperatively, including Incontinence Severity Index, Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-Short Form 20, Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-Short Form 7, Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire 12, SF-12® and a 3-day bladder diary. They also completed the Patient Global Index of Improvement at 1 year. We assessed the responsiveness of each outcome measure by calculating a standardized response mean and performing receiver operator characteristi...
Synopsis of some implications of sensitivity and perturbation methods for eigenvalue problems in free convection

Synthese d'etudes publiees sur la resolution des problemes de valeur propre en convection naturelle
Two-Step Resistance by ESCHERICHIA COLI B to Bacteriophage T2

Numerous authors have noted the difficulty in obtaining mutants of E. coli B that are resistant to bacteriophage T2 using standard procedures of plating large numbers of cells in the presence of excess phage. Yet, T2-resistant mutants appear in continuous culture at rates inconsistent with this difficulty. This paradoxical result derives from the fact that resistance to T2 usually arises as a consequence of two nonindependent mutations. Mutant bacteria resistant to phage T4 are very common and increase rapidly in continuous culture with phage T2 owing to an approximate halving of the rate at which T2 adsorbs to and kills these partially resistant mutants. The rate at which these partially resistant mutants then give rise to fully resistant mutants is approximately two orders of magnitude higher than the rate obtained by direct selection. These results are consistent with biochemical evidence that T2 adsorption to E. coli B involves both the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (to which phage T4 adsorbs) and a bacterial surface protein. However, this genetic evidence suggests that T2 can adsorb to either receptor type alone, whereas the biochemical evidence suggests that T2 requires a complex of the two receptors for adsorption to E. coli B. These results also indicate that the effects of genetic background can influence not only the selective advantage associated with particular mutations but also the rate at which certain selectively defined characteristics arise via mutation.
Multiple attractors, saddles, and population dynamics in periodic habitats

Mathematical models predict that a population which oscillates in the absence of time-dependent factors can develop multiple attracting final states in the advent of periodic forcing. A periodically-forced, stage-structured mathematical model predicted the transient and asymptotic behaviors of Tribolium (flour beetle) populations cultured in periodic habitats of fluctuating flour volume. Predictions included multiple (2-cycle) attractors, resonance and attenuation phenomena, and saddle influences. Stochasticity, combined with the deterministic effects of an unstable ’saddle cycle’ separating the two stable cycles, is used to explain the observed transients and final states of the experimental cultures. In experimental regimes containing multiple attractors, the presence of unstable invariant sets, as well as stochasticity and the nature, location, and size of basins of attraction, are all central to the interpretation of data.
Estimating Generalizability to a Latent Variable Common to All of a Scale's Indicators: A Comparison of Estimators for ωh

The extent to which a scale score generalizes to a latent variable common to all of the scale’s indicators is indexed by the scale’s general factor saturation. Seven techniques for estimating this parameter—omegahierarchical (ωh)—are compared in a series of simulated data sets. Primary comparisons were based on 160 artificial data sets simulating perfectly simple and symmetric structures that contained four group factors, and an additional 200 artificial data sets confirmed large standard deviations for two methods in these simulations when a general factor was absent. Major findings were replicated in a series of 40 additional artificial data sets based on the structure of a real scale widely believed to contain three group factors of unequal size and less than perfectly simple structure. The results suggest that alpha and methods based on either the first unrotated principal factor or component should be rejected as estimates of ωh. Index terms: generalizability, alpha, omega, factor analysis, measurement, reliability. Many scales are assumed by their developers and users to be primarily a measure of one latent variable. When it is also assumed that the scale conforms to the effect indicator model of measurement (as is almost always the case in psychological assessment), it is important to support such an interpretation with evidence regarding the internal structure of that scale (Bollen & Lennox, 1991). In particular, it is important to examine two related properties pertaining to the internal structure of such a scale. The first property relates to whether all the indicators forming the scale measure a latent variable in common. The second internal structural property pertains to the proportion of variance in the scale scores (derived from summing or averaging the indicators) accounted for by this latent variable that is common to all the indicators (Cronbach, 1951; McDonald, 1999; Revelle, 1979). That is, if an effect indicator scale is primarily a measure of one latent variable common to all the indicators forming the scale, then that latent variable should account for the majority of the variance in the scale scores. Put differently, this variance ratio provides important information about the sampling fluctuations when estimating individuals’ standing on a latent variable common to all the indicators arising from the sampling of indicators (i.e., when dealing with either Type 2 or
A new type of information display device: Switchable electrowetting retroreflectors

The University of Cincinnati presents a cost effective and highest optical performing switchable retroreflector. Retroreflection with contrast ratio >10X, wider field of view (+ 10deg), wide spectrum and low operational power has been demonstrated.
Ultraviolet imaging of globular clusters and galaxies

The techniques of UV imaging and its scientific potential are reviewed for studies of advanced stellar evolution, the star formation history and interstellar medium of galaxies, active nuclei, and the evolutionary state of systems observed at high redshift. Early Hubble Space Telescope imaging is expected to emphasize such programs since its image quality is excellent by earlier standards for the UV, despite the presence of spherical aberration.
A Proposal to the United Nations Regarding the International Discovery Programs of Near-Earth Asteroids

: The largest near-Earth asteroids are dangerous to all people. It seems appropriate that the United Nations undertake an administrative role in supporting the discovery programs. With a relatively small amount of support we can have the problem largely under control by the year 2020.
MR imaging probes: design and applications

This perspective outlines strategies towards the development of MR imaging probes that our lab has explored over the last 15 years. Namely, we discuss methods to enhance the signal generating capacity of MR probes and how to achieve tissue specificity through protein targeting or probe activation within the tissue microenvironment.
Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis With Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty Mechanisms and Results Compared With PTCA Alone

Background This study determined the clinical safety, mechanisms, and 6-month results of excimer laser angioplasty (ELCA)+adjunct PTCA for the treatment of in-stent restenosis and (via lesion matching) compared the results of ELCA+PTCA to PTCA alone. Methods and Results Using quantitative angiography (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), we studied 107 restenotic previously stented lesions in 98 patients before and after intervention. QCA measurements included minimum lumen diameter (MLD) and diameter stenosis (DS). IVUS measurements included stent, lumen, and intimal hyperplasia (IH=stent−lumen) cross-sectional areas (CSA) and volumes. In the 54 lesions treated with ELCA+PTCA, the MLD increased from 0.73±0.38 mm before ELCA to 2.10±0.47 mm after ELCA+PTCA (P<.0001); the DS decreased from 70±14% to 25±12% (P<.0001). By IVUS, the minimum lumen CSA increased from 1.58±0.78 mm2 before ELCA to 6.34±1.75 mm2 after ELCA+PTCA (P<.0001) as a result of an increase in minimum stent CSA from 7.70±2.41 to 9.10±2...
Introduction: The Social and Urban Scale of Heritage

One of the defining characteristics of cities is their spatial complexity. Whereas a monument can be cordoned off so that one passes through a defined entry to gain entrance, the thresholds of cities are inlaid in the very fabric of the city itself, the borders marking transitions without being separate from the very transition that they denote. We are usually conscious of passing from one zone to another – signaled by gates, bridges, or changes in architectural style – yet these elements are not separate from the neighborhood that they announce. In this way of understanding the space of the heritage city as porous and inhabited, the difference between the objectives of preservation and the objectives of heritage study is revealed. Both address a historic entity. But whereas preservation is specifically action oriented and focuses on a historic object usually defined as a monument or place, heritage study is less concerned with the act of preservation than its outcome with respect to social justice, triad of race/class/gender, economics of preservation management and tourism, and issues of identity and difference.
The Colorado River: Has it Run Out of Water?

This article focuses on the growing overuse of the water of the Colorado River basin and the challenges presented by that overuse.
The Structure of Processing Resources: Implications for Task Configuration and Workload:

The processing resources enabling dual task performance are modeled as a vector quantity, with dimensions defined by processing stages, processing codes, and processing modalities. This multidimens...
Psychiatrists’ Comfort Using Computers and Other Electronic Devices in Clinical Practice

This report highlights findings from the Study of Psychiatrists' Use of Informational Resources in Clinical Practice, a cross-sectional Web- and paper-based survey that examined psychiatrists' comfort using computers and other electronic devices in clinical practice. One-thousand psychiatrists were randomly selected from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile and asked to complete the survey between May and August, 2012. A total of 152 eligible psychiatrists completed the questionnaire (response rate 22.2 %). The majority of psychiatrists reported comfort using computers for educational and personal purposes. However, 26 % of psychiatrists reported not using or not being comfortable using computers for clinical functions. Psychiatrists under age 50 were more likely to report comfort using computers for all purposes than their older counterparts. Clinical tasks for which computers were reportedly used comfortably, specifically by psychiatrists younger than 50, included documenting clinical encounters, prescribing, ordering laboratory tests, accessing read-only patient information (e.g., test results), conducting internet searches for general clinical information, accessing online patient educational materials, and communicating with patients or other clinicians. Psychiatrists generally reported comfort using computers for personal and educational purposes. However, use of computers in clinical care was less common, particularly among psychiatrists 50 and older. Information and educational resources need to be available in a variety of accessible, user-friendly, computer and non-computer-based formats, to support use across all ages. Moreover, ongoing training and technical assistance with use of electronic and mobile device technologies in clinical practice is needed. Research on barriers to clinical use of computers is warranted.
The acute abdomen in the geriatric patient

Evaluating an elderly patient with an acute abdomen is a challenging clinical problem. THe diagnosis is more difficult to secure in this age group, because it is difficult to obtain an accurate history, and physical findings are more subtle. The major factors that increase mortality include associated medical diseases, emergent operations, and delay in recognition and treatment of the problem. Patients with widespread malignancy and generalized peritonitis fare poorly, but operative mortality in the geriatric group has improved significantly because of more prompt diagnosis, aggressive resuscitation, precise monitoring, and expedient but definitive procedures. As the proportion of elderly patients in the population continues to rise, it becomes increasingly important to evaluate and manage this problem expediently.
Staphylococcus aureus; drug-fastness studies with penicillin and sulfactin.

SummaryA strain of staphylococci in becoming resistant to penicillin did not show an increase in its resistance to sulfactin. A similar strain of staphylococci in becoming resistant to sulfactin di...
ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAID EXPANSIONS WITH ACCESS TO HEART TRANSPLANTATION AND VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE THERAPY

Several states expanded Medicaid eligibility in 2000-2002; a large number expanded in 2014 under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The impacts of these expansions on heart transplant (HT) candidates are unknown. In the UNOS database, we compared 4,705 adult HT listings in 2000-2002 expansion states (
Transition Toward Slavery: Changing Legal Practice Regarding Indians in Seventeenth-Century São Paulo *

A seventeenth-century inhabitant of Sao Paulo once remarked that Indians were “the most profitable property in this land.” Legally, however, Indians were not property at all, for the crown explicitly prohibited their enslavement. During most of the seventeenth century, the settlers of Sao Paulo complied with the letter of the law and did not officially give their Indian servants any monetary value, and though they often sold them, the sales were known to be illegal and were not usually recorded in public documents, such as the documents used for this study, inventarios , settlements of estates. By the end of the century, however, local judges were openly allowing the monetary appraisal of Indians and their subsequent sale was duly recorded in inventarios and other court processes.
Investigation on the edible iodine content of salt among residents in Shenzhen in 2013

[Objective]To understand the iodine content of salt among residents in Shenzhen,evaluate the nutritional status of iodine,provide basis for scientifically supplying iodine. [Methods]According to the"Protocol of National Iodized Salt Monitoring",1 740 samples of edible salt were selected by stratified random sampling method. The iodine content were tested by direct titration according to"GB /T 13025. 7-1 999",while the chuan salt,other enhanced salt and unqualified iodized salt were tested by arbitrator method. [Results]The median of iodine in salts was 25. 4 mg /kg in 2013,coverage rate of iodized salt was 96. 9%,qualified rate was 97. 3%,edible rate of qualified iodized salt was 94. 4%,and the non-iodized salt rate was 3. 1%.[Conclusion]All districts of Shenzhen in 2013 reach the requirements of national standards of iodine deficiency disorders elimination( GB 16006-2008).
Sebaceous Gland Atrophy in Psoriasis: An Explanation for Psoriatic Alopecia?

In a transcriptome study of lesional psoriatic skin (PP) versus normal skin, we found a coexpressed gene module (N5) enriched 11.5-fold for lipid biosynthetic genes. We also observed fewer visible hairs in PP skin, compared with uninvolved nonlesional psoriatic skin or normal skin (P 4, 54.1-fold). The intersection of PP-downregulated and sebaceous hyperplasia-upregulated gene lists generated a gene expression signature consisting solely of module N5 genes, whose expression in PP versus normal skin was inversely correlated with the signature of IL17-stimulated keratinocytes. Despite loss of visible hairs, morphometry identified elongated follicles in PP versus nonlesional psoriatic skin (average 1.7 vs. 1.2 μm, P = 0.020). These results document sebaceous gland atrophy in nonscalp psoriasis, identify a cytokine-regulated set of sebaceous gland signature genes, and suggest that loss of visible hair in PP skin may result from abnormal sebaceous gland function.
Metaphor Made Manifest: Taking Seriously Smith’s ‘Invisible Hand’

Is there any reason to devote time or effort to reading (or writing) an additional essay on Adam Smith’s ‘invisible hand’? Given the plethora of papers (as well as chapters, comments, and asides) dedicated to uncovering, interpreting, explaining, or contextualizing this notable expression, one could be pardoned for responding that, in fact, no such reason exists. Out of various analyses of this phrase1 two of the more recent reveal how patience has run thin: it has been argued that Smith’s phrase is deployed as a bit of irony or humor (Rothschild, 2001) and, more recently yet, that this unseen hand holds nothing at all — the phrase is ‘empty’ (Samuels, 2011, p. 135). However, these suggestions need not settle matters. One appropriate avenue of exploration concerns the rhetorical nature of Smith’s famous phrase.
The Knowledge and Practices of High School Science Teachers in Pursuit of Cultural Responsiveness

Scholars argue that bridging students’ backgrounds with canonical science is necessary for students of color by reducing incongruences between home and school and increasing the authenticity of science learning. However, science teachers often struggle with enacting culturally responsive pedagogies (CRP). This paper utilizes data from classroom observations, group interviews, and numerous program artifacts to describe four themes associated with the knowledge and practices of six high school life science teachers as they learned about and attempted to enact CRP while participating in a professional development program. These themes include views of students that changed from a focus on indirect experiences and emphasizing what students lacked to direct experiences and discussions of resources that they brought to the classroom; repositioning of students and teachers that was originally undetectable but moved to situating students as leaders with authoritative knowledge that constructed products together; community building that was done to promote interaction, learning, and give voice to students; and utilizing a CRP toolbox of responsive strategies and relevant topics to create bridges between students’ homes and school. At times, however, there was little connection to families’ funds of knowledge and sporadic critical consciousness raising. Implications for equitable science teacher development are discussed.
Statistical migration of API usages

To support code migration, we introduce JV2CS, a tool to generate a sequence of C# API elements and related control units that are needed to migrate a given Java code fragment. First, we mine the mappings between single APIs in Java and C#. To overcome the lexical mismatch between the names of Java and C# APIs, we represent an API by its usages instead of its name. To characterize an API with its context consisting of surrounding APIs in its usages, we take advantage of Word2Vec model to project the APIs of Java JDK and C# .NET into corresponding continuous vector spaces. The transformation matrix between the two vector spaces is learned from a small set of human-written pairs of mappings. We use the transformation matrix to derive other mappings, and then use the mappings to generate the corresponding API sequence in C# via a phrase-based translation model. The video demo for JV2CS can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjTfmr9AmR8&feature=youtu.be.
Inspiration for wing design: how forelimb specialization enables active flight in modern vertebrates

Harnessing flight strategies refined by millions of years of evolution can help expedite the design of more efficient, manoeuvrable and robust flying robots. This review synthesizes recent advances...
On Link Scheduling in Dual-Hop 60-GHz mmWave Networks

We tackle the problem of minimizing the maximum expected delivery time of all transmission pairs in 60 GHz mmWave networks. The network is dual-hop with multiple transmitter-receiver pairs, relays, and a centralized controller (termed PicoNet coordinator). We jointly optimize relay and link selection for the transmitter–receiver pairs to minimize delivery time, while the reflected non-line-of-sight transmission links are exploited to get around obstacles. To reduce computational complexity, we develop a decomposition principle to transform the joint-optimization problem into a link selection subproblem and a relay assignment subproblem when there are a sufficient amount of relays. A tight performance bound for the proposed algorithm is proved. We also develop a heuristic scheme to handle the case when there are no enough relays. The superior performance of our proposed algorithms is validated with extensive simulations and comparisons with benchmark schemes.
Evolution of Leukemic Retinal Hemorrhages Documented by Spectral-Domain OCT and Color Fundus Photography

Purpose Retinal hemorrhages are observed frequently in patients with leukemia. However, little is known about the impact and natural history of these hemorrhages. The purpose of this study was to describe leukemic retinal hemorrhages using multimodal imaging and to monitor their evolution longitudinally. Design Retrospective case series. Participants A total of 11 eyes of 7 symptomatic leukemic patients with posterior segment hemorrhages. Methods Single-center study performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Symptomatic leukemic patients with posterior segment hemorrhages underwent serial dilated fundus examinations. The hemorrhages were documented longitudinally with color fundus photographs and spectral-domain (SD) OCT. Main Outcomes Measures Microanatomic locations of leukemic retinal hemorrhages and their impact on vision and evolution over time. Results A total of 7 patients (71.4% men; 57.1% white, 28.6% black, and 14.3% Hispanic) were included, with 11 eyes showing posterior segment hemorrhages. The median age at presentation was 49.8 years. All patients had intraretinal hemorrhages; these involved the vitreous and sub–internal limiting membrane (ILM) space in 1 and 3 patients, respectively. The median total follow-up duration was 4.0 months. At the final follow-up visits, 4 of 6 patients showed complete resolution of hemorrhages on examination and color fundus photographs. The final SD-OCT images of all patients did not show any retinal thinning, disruption of the ellipsoid zone, disorganization of the retinal layers, intraretinal fluid, or subretinal fluid. Conclusions Symptomatic leukemic retinal hemorrhages are associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia. These hemorrhages, including visually significant central sub-ILM hemorrhages, tend to be self-limiting and resolve within a few months with treatment of the underlying disease.
Pulmonary toxicity and global gene expression changes in response to sub-chronic inhalation exposure to crystalline silica in rats.

Exposure to crystalline silica results in serious adverse health effects, most notably, silicosis. An understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying silica-induced pulmonary toxicity is critical for the intervention and/or prevention of its adverse health effects. Rats were exposed by inhalation to crystalline silica at a concentration of 15 mg/m3, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 3, 6 or 12 weeks. Pulmonary toxicity and global gene expression profiles were determined in lungs at the end of each exposure period. Crystalline silica was visible in lungs of rats especially in the 12-week group. Pulmonary toxicity, as evidenced by an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and albumin content and accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), was seen in animals depending upon silica exposure duration. The most severe histological changes, noted in the 12-week exposure group, consisted of chronic active inflammation, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, and fibrosis. Microarray analysis of lung gene expression profiles detected significant differential expression of 38, 77, and 99 genes in rats exposed to silica for 3-, 6-, or 12-weeks, respectively, compared to time-matched controls. Among the significantly differentially expressed genes (SDEG), 32 genes were common in all exposure groups. Bioinformatics analysis of the SDEG identified enrichment of functions, networks and canonical pathways related to inflammation, cancer, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and tissue remodeling in response to silica exposure. Collectively, these results provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying pulmonary toxicity following sub-chronic inhalation exposure to crystalline silica in rats.
Sampling to Minimize Nonresponse Bias

Response rates are a major concern for many researchers because of their link to data collection costs and, in some cases, data quality. This chapter overviews several of the methods that are commonly used to increase response rates and the logic behind setting “optimal” response rate targets. Many projects define “optimal” response rates with a goal of ensuring that the survey fielded should achieve a response rate at that minimum threshold level. This chapter outlines why that approach may be misguided and proposes that researchers instead focus on the response rate that minimizes nonresponse bias. Future directions for research on response rates and nonresponse bias are also proposed.
“A tie is a tie? Gender and network positioning in life science inventor collaboration”

Abstract Collaborative relationships are an important anchor of innovative activity, and rates of collaboration in science are on the rise. This research addresses differences in men’s and women’s collaborative positioning and collaborator characteristics in science, and whether network influences on scientists’ future productivity may be contingent on gender. Utilizing co-inventor network relations that span thirty years of global life science patenting across sectors, geographic locations, and technological background, I present trends of men’s and women’s involvement in patenting and their collaborative characteristics across time. Amidst some network similarities, women are less likely to connect otherwise unconnected inventors (brokerage) and have greater status-asymmetries between themselves and their co-inventors. In multivariate models that include past and future activity, I find that some network benefits are contingent on gender. Men receive greater returns from network positioning for brokerage ties, and when collaborating with men. Women benefit from collaborating with women, and are more likely to collaborate with women, but both men and women collaborate with mostly men. I discuss the implications of these results for innovative growth, as well as for policies that support men’s and women’s career development.
National Estimates of Recovery-Remission From Serious Mental Illness.

Objective:A broad range of estimates of recovery among previously institutionalized persons has been reported, but no current, community-based national estimate of recovery from serious mental illn...
ATP Metabolism and Ischemic Preconditioning

Two general facets of myocardial ischemia are the progressive loss of high energy phosphates and adenine nucleotides and the progressive accumulation of a variety of catabolites. The relative importance of ATP depletion vs. accumulation of potentially deleterious catabolites in the transition from reversible to irreversible (lethal) ischemic cell injury is uncertain. Interventions which delay the onset of lethal injury delay both facets of ischemic metabolism. Ischemic preconditioning (IP) induces tolerance to a subsequent lethal episode of myocardial ischemia which is manifest by a substantial limitation of myocardial infarct size. A key feature and the likely final pathway of ischemic preconditioning is a reduction in ischemic myocardial energy demand. This reduction in energy demand is manifest by a reduced rate of high energy phosphate utilization and reduced accumulation of products of anaerobic glycolysis. Studies to date have shown that the slower ischemic energy utilization of preconditioned myocardium is not due to earlier inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase, nor is it a feature of post-ischemic contractile dysfunction (stunning) that normally accompanies IP. Other proposed mechanisms include catecholamine-mediated effects, activation of adenosine A1 receptors, and earlier or more complete opening of ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP + ) channels. Which of these (or other) pathways mediate the energy sparing effects of ischemic preconditioning remains unknown.
Predicting the Mature Stature of Preadolescent Children

Recently, Bock and Thissen (1980) introduced a new statistical method for fitting non-linear growth models to measurements of the height of individual children taken at various times between one year and maturity. This method, called “Maximum A Posteriori” (MAP) estimation, in effect picks from among a parametric family of possible growth curves, that unique curve most probably describing the child’s growth, given one or more measurements in this range. The ordinate of this curve at some mature age (e. g., 22 years) then provides a prediction of the stature the child will attain at maturity. Bock and Thissen (1980) show an example of such a prediction, accurate to within 3 cm, based on a single measurement at 9 years of age for an especially tall girl in the Berkeley Guidance Study. They also suggest that this procedure could be improved by incorporating other information such as skeletal age and parental mid-stature into the prediction.
Identifying with metaphor: Metaphors of personal identification

Etude du processus d'identification d'une personne avec une autre par l'expression d'une metaphore de type A=B, representant l'extraordinaire accomplissement de l'homme comme pensee de soi en tant qu'autrui. A travers l'evaluation de l'action et des sentiments des personnages du roman de Conrad intitule «Heart of darkness», l'A. propose d'imaginer une troisieme personne, hybride, resultat d'une certaine interaction entre moi et l'autre. Examinant le processus de comprehension metaphorique, l'A. etudie l'identification artistique d'une personne A avec un personnage fictif, tire de la piece de E. Wharton «House of mirth», ou du film de R. Polanski «Chinatown». S'appuyant sur la capacite de saisir les metaphores, l'A. etablit un rapport d'analogie entre l'identification avec un personnage, avec l'artiste auteur de l'oeuvre, et l'echange moral en general
Non-Obligatory Anthropocentrism

David Sztybel has argued that defenders of the moralsignificance of animals have not made an effective case against theirenemy: anthropocentrism. He maintains that they have refuted only``straw'' versions of that view. Sztybel opposes anthropocentrism, butis convinced that it is a much more difficult view to defeat than hasbeen thought. He develops the strongest argument possible for``Obligatory Anthropocentrism'' (OA), defending it against manyobjections. He also holds that OA does not have unpalatable implicationsfor the treatment of average, below average, and mentally challengedhumans. While I agree that Sztybel has done an admirable job ofdefending anthropocentrism, indeed a better job than theanthropocentrists themselves, I argue that his case for OA is subtly butfatally flawed. I also argue that OA does not dodge two very seriouscriticisms concerning its implications for the treatment of certainhuman beings: the charge of invidious perfectionism and the argumentfrom marginal cases. I conclude that the strongest version ofanthropocentrism is, in fact, not strong enough.
A Remark on the Economics of Quantifier Raising

Quantifier Raising is often considered to be a relatively local operation, though it has been argued that nonlocal applications are licensed by generating new scope interpretations (Fox 2000, Reinh...
365 TELEMEDICINE IN PEDIATRIC SEXUAL ASSAULT.

Rates of child abuse are high in rural Northern California, where the hospitals have fewer resources and less experienced pediatric sexual assault examiners. Without access to a complete, accurate examination, child sexual abuse victims face unnecessary admission or transfer and may not receive the quality of care that they deserve, putting them at risk for inadequate protection and continued abuse. The goal of this research project is to use live telemedicine consultations to improve the quality of care provided to child sexual assault victims in rural areas. We hypothesize that telemedicine will increase the ability of the rural provider to perform a complete and accurate sexual assault examination. The University of California, Davis (UCD), Children9s Hospital, CAARE Center, and the UCD Center for Health and Technology joined forces to provide telemedicine consultations to clinicians in two rural hospitals. Child abuse experts from UCD provide 24-hour-a-day live, pediatric sexual assault consultations, assisting in both the examiantion and the interpretation of the findings. Rural provider education and training are included. We designed and implemented quality of care surveys to assess patient history, physical examination, colposcopic and manual manipulation techniques, interpretation of findings, and treatment plans for these children. Data from the first 25 cases of live, telemedicine consultation showed that the mean duration for completing the consults was 58.89 minutes; with a range of 25 to 90 minutes. These consultations also showed that the telemedicine intervention produced the following: 44% positive change in history and data gathering; 77% changed their examination to include the use of the multimethod examination technique; and 52% changed their methods to include the use of adjunct techniques. The use of the multimethod and adjunct techniques during sexual assault examination has been shown, in previous studies, to improve the accuracy and completeness of these examinations. There were four acute sexual assault examination consultations that required additional methods in the collection of forensically defensible evidence. In these cases, the telemedicine consultation resulted in the UCD child abuse experts assisting the rural providers in the use of the Woods lamp (instrument with ultraviolet light to illuminate bodily secretions), as well as the proper collection and packaging of secretions and hair for possible DNA analysis. In conclusion, the use of telemedicine in cases of pediatric sexual assault increases the quality of care offered by rural health care providers to young victims in isolated communities.
Usefulness of subjective ovine milk scores: I. Associations with range ewe characteristics and lamb production.

Range ewes are commonly evaluated for milking ability by producers to determine the ewe's ability to rear lamb(s). The U.S. Sheep Experiment Station has subjectively scored (low, average, high) a ewe's milking ability within 24 h of lambing for many years. The relationship of subjective milk scores with lamb production was investigated using lambing records of Columbia (n = 1,731), Polypay (n = 1,129), Rambouillet (n = 1,704), and Targhee (n = 1,638) ewes. The incidence of high milk scores increased from less than 10% at first parity to 29 to 40% at second and greater parities. At maturity, Columbia ewes (38%) had the highest percentage of high milk scores. A positive association existed between ewe BW and her milk score at third and later parities. Ewes with high milk scores gave birth to heavier lambs (P < 0.05), whereas ewes with low milk scores were associated with lighter (P < 0.05) lambs at birth. Ewes with low milk scores weaned less (P < 0.05) total weight than ewes with better milk scores across all age groups for all breeds. Lighter weaned litter weights from ewes with low milk scores were linked to lighter birth weights and fewer weaned lambs. Differences for litter weight weaned between ewes with average and high milk scores were generally observed at 2 and 3 yr of age, when litter weights were heavier among ewes with high milk scores (P < 0.05) for all breeds. Between the ages of 1 and 3 yr, Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee ewes with an average milk score weaned heavier (P < 0.05) litters (average differences of 10, 9, 13, and 12%, respectively) than ewes with low milk scores. For all breeds at all ages, individual lamb weaning weights were heavier (P < 0.05) when they were reared by ewes with high milk scores compared to lambs reared by ewes with low milk scores. Results suggest that milk score is an economically important trait in these four breeds and should be considered in management and breeding objectives; at a minimum, the incidence of low milk scores should be kept as small as possible.
Hybrid and Redo Strategies for Descending and Thoracoabdominal Aorta

Aortic aneurysm is the 13th leading cause of death in the United States. The prevalence of aortic aneurysms appears to be increasing, due in part to a higher level of awareness, advancement in imaging modalities, and an aging population. The incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms is estimated to be around 10.4 cases per 100,000 person-years. In the future, it is likely that hybrid repair will be replaced by total endovascular techniques in most centers. Future applications may be for patients who are high risk for open TAAA repair, those who fail total endovascular repair or in centers with no access or experience with fenestrated and branched endografts. Keys for successful outcomes include patient selection, case planning, and knowledge of the technical aspects of the procedure.
Folk Tales as Genre in Georgian and English Folklore

The article deals with the most popular and significant genre of Georgian and English folklore – a folk tale. It reviews first of all the definition of folk tales, the structure of Georgian and English folk tales as a genre of folklore. It discusses the anthropomorphic figures as a symbol of evil and kindness. The aim of our research is to consider the peculiarities of the Georgian and English folk tales, show differences of these folk tales through comparison.
Validation of Snow Multibands in the Comma Head of an Extratropical Cyclone Using a 40-Member Ensemble

AbstractThis paper investigates the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model in simulating multiple small-scale precipitation bands (multibands) within the extratropical cyclone ...
Empirische Untersuchung III: Diskussion

Die zentralen Fragestellungen dieses Untersuchungsteils lauteten, inwiefern Grunstreifen zwischen Gehwegen und Durchgangsstrasen in einer Landstadt die Asthetik durch Vegetation, die wahrgenommene Verkehrssicherheit sowie das subjektive und objektive Erholungsniveau von Menschen der Babyboomer Generation beeinflussen.
Investigating Factorial Invariance of Teacher Climate Factors Across School Organizational Levels

School climate and its importance to education and student learning have intrigued researchers for approximately 50 years (Anderson, 1982). A favorable school climate provides the structure within which students, teachers, administrators, and parents function cooperatively and constructively. Edmunds (1982) and Lezotte (1990) were prominent in linking climate directly to school effectiveness more than 20 years ago. School climate has been found to positively affect academic achievement (Greenberg, 2004; Lee & Burkham, 1996), and to influence a student’s decision to remain in school (Byrk & Thum, 1989; Rumberger, 1995).
3D-printable cell crowding device enables imaging of live cells in compression.

We designed and fabricated, using low-cost 3D printing technologies, a device that enables direct control of cell density in epithelial monolayers. The device operates by varying the tension of a s...
Phage and bacteria diversification through a prophage acquisition ratchet

Abstract Lysogeny is prevalent in the microbial-dense mammalian gut. This contrasts the classical view of lysogeny as a refuge used by phages under poor host growth conditions. Here we hypothesize that as carrying capacity increases, lysogens escape phage top-down control through superinfection exclusion, overcoming the canonical trade-off between competition and resistance. This hypothesis was tested by developing an ecological model that combined lytic and lysogenic communities and a diversification model that estimated the accumulation of prophages in bacterial genomes. The ecological model sampled phage-bacteria traits stochastically for communities ranging from 1 to 1000 phage-bacteria pairs, and it included a fraction of escaping lysogens proportional to the increase in carrying capacity. The diversification model introduced new prophages at each diversification step and estimated the distribution of prophages per bacteria using combinatorics. The ecological model recovered the range of abundances and sublinear relationship between phage and bacteria observed across eleven ecosystems. The diversification model predicted an increase in the number of prophages per genome as bacterial abundances increased, in agreement with the distribution of prophages on 833 genomes from marine and human-associated bacteria. The study of lysogeny presented here offers a framework to interpret viral and microbial abundances and reconciles the Kill-the-Winner and Piggyback-the-Winner paradigms in viral ecology.