cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical applications of 3D printing

Abstract 3D printing is an additive manufacturing method that can build objects directly from a computational model. Unlike traditional manufacturing methods such as milling and molding, 3D printing can construct models of arbitrary complexity in relatively fast time frames. It is a powerful tool for visualizing complex human or animal anatomies and can be used for surgical planning, physician and patient education, medical procedure training, medical device prototyping, and personalized medical device manufacturing. 3D printing technology is rapidly evolving with advances in materials, resolution, and speed thus enabling greater realism and higher accuracy; this in turn enables new medical applications. The objective of this chapter is to provide the reader with a background in what 3D printing could do for you, a brief description of how the majority of current 3D printers work, and how printing has been (and could be) used in various medical applications.
Comprehensive Nursing Management for Valvular Disease

Valvular heart dysfunction (VHD) affects up to 7% of adults up to age 44 year, whereas up to 13% of individuals older than 75 years are affected. The broad term of valvular heart disease includes dysfunction of one or more of the 4 heart valves, including the pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, or aortic valve. Specifically the more frequent anomalies, implication, assessment, and treatment that will be described more extensively include aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, or tricuspid regurgitation. The most prevalent cause of valvular heart disease stems from calcification and stiffening of the valve leaflets contributing to stenosis.
GaN HEMTs for 5G Base Station Applications

Many challenges have been overcome in developing highly reliable, cost effective and excellent performance GaN HEMTs. We have focused on GaN HEMT on SiC, and have been shipping commercial GaN HEMTs for the base station market since 2005. The state of the art GaN HEMT has penetrated into the 4G/LTE base station. The efficiency advantage, based on its material properties will also attract 5G power amplifier designers. This paper explains our development history, and overviews the GaN HEMT power amplifiers in the 5G era.
The oncoprotein Bcl-3 can facilitate NF-kappa B-mediated transactivation by removing inhibiting p50 homodimers from select kappa B sites

Previously we have proposed a role for Bcl-3 in facilitating transactivation through kappa B sites by counteracting the inhibitory effects of bound, non-transactivating homodimers of the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B. Such homodimers are abundant for example in nuclei of unstimulated primary T cells. Here we extend the model and provide new evidence which fulfills a number of predictions. (i) Bcl-3 preferentially targets p50 homodimers over NF-kappa B heterodimers since the homodimers are completely dissociated from kappa B sites at concentrations of Bcl-3 which do not affect NF-kappa B. (ii) Select kappa B sites associate very strongly and stably with p50 homodimers, completely preventing binding by NF-kappa B. Such kappa B sites are likely candidates for regulation by p50 homodimers and Bcl-3. (iii) Bcl-3 and p50 can be co-localized in the nucleus, a requirement for active removal of homodimers from their binding sites in vivo. (iv) The ankyrin repeat domain of Bcl-3 is sufficient for the reversal of p50 homodimer-mediated inhibition, correlating with the ability of this domain alone to inhibit p50 binding to kappa B sites in vitro. Our data support the model that induction of nuclear Bcl-3 may be required during cellular stimulation to actively remove stably bound p50 homodimers from certain kappa B sites in order to allow transactivating NF-kappa B complexes to engage. This exact mechanism is demonstrated with in vitro experiments.
STORM: Super-resolving Transients by OveRsampled Measurements

Image sensors that can measure the time of travel of photons are gaining importance in a myriad of applications such as LIDAR, non-line of sight imaging, light-in-flight imaging, and imaging through scattering media. While the price of these sensors is dramatically shrinking, there remains a trade-off between spatial resolution and temporal resolution. While single-pixel detectors using the single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) technology can achieve 10-30 ps time resolution, the current generation array detectors can only produce an order of magnitude lower temporal resolution due to space-related fabrication constraints. Moreover, this limit is due to bandwidth, read-out and circuit-area constraints on the detector array and therefore unlikely to dramatically change in the next few years.In this paper, we demonstrate a computational imaging approach that utilizes multiple measurements with calibrated sub-temporal resolution delays on the illumination pulse and super-resolution post-processing algorithms that together can achieve an order of magnitude improvement in the time resolution of the acquired transients. We build an experimental prototype, using a 32 × 32 SPAD detector array with 400ps time resolution and demonstrate recovery of transients with ≈ 50ps time resolution, an 8× improvement in time resolution resulting in a 5× improvement in depth reconstruction error.
The pharmacokinetics of oral carbamazepine in rats dosed using an automated drug delivery system.

Objective Pharmacokinetics (PK) of antiseizure drugs differ considerably between rats and humans. Rodents require larger and more frequent doses to maintain therapeutic drug levels. This study uses the antiseizure drug (ASD) carbamazepine (CBZ) to validate the application of a previously described automated drug delivery system for delivering chronic oral medication to rats. Methods Treatment-naive, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with oral CBZ, 75 mg/kg every 6 hours for 10 days, via the automated feeder. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (acute), day 2 (steady-state), and day 9 (chronic) and used to measure plasma CBZ and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) concentrations via high-performance liquid chromatography. The PK of CBZ and CBZ-E were modeled using Monolix v2018R1. The acute and chronic tolerability of CBZ was evaluated using the open field test. Results CBZ and CBZ-E concentrations were best described by a one-compartment parent-metabolite model with first-order absorption and elimination kinetics. Observed and predicted CBZ concentrations were maintained within the therapeutic window (4-12 μg/mL) for the duration of the study. There was no change in open-field test activity following acute or chronic oral dosing of 75 mg/kg CBZ compared to a pretreatment baseline (P > 0.4). Significance Oral administration of CBZ dosed q.i.d. in rats using an automated drug delivery system results in therapeutic concentrations of CBZ and its active metabolite. This study represents the first PK validation for this previously described preclinical drug delivery system.
Administration of the Draw-A-Person (D-A-P), House-Tree-Person (H-T-P), the Kinetic Family Drawing (K-F-D) Test, and the Tree Test

The fi rst task in assessment is to establish rapport between you and the client/ patient; it is diffi cult to obtain meaningful data unless rapport is established fi rst. Fischer (Fischer, 1985/1994) defi nes rapport this way: “I propose that rapport be regarded as a relationship in which client and assessor have found that they share certain understandings that serve as common ground for joint, give-and-take, exploration of the client’s situations and opinion ” (p. 300).
A taxonomic revision of the cosmopolitan leafhopper subfamily Coelidiinae Dohrn sensu lato with a historical review of attendant taxa and phylogeny (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae).

In this revision, 19 major characters with 149 attendant character states among a maximum of 324 exemplars (genera and species) of 11 tribes assigned in the leafhopper subfamily Coelidiinae sensu lato are described, assessed and collated. All taxa were evaluated for their delineating taxonomic features. Results of these assessments are provided for the following taxonomic groups: tribes, type-genera, type-species and numerous supplemental genera and species across six biogeographical regions. A history of nomenclature usages and classifications are given to document the unstable systematics that has been nearly continuous from the time of inception to the present. A historical review of phylogeny of the subfamily Coelidiinae sensu lato is also provided.A combined total of 74 character states delineated tribes in Coelidiinae sensu stricto from Macroceratogoniini sensu Dietrich and Equeefini sensu Theron and from each other. Twenty character states delineated Macroceratogoniini and tribes in Coelidiinae sensu stricto from each other. Twenty character states delineated Equeefini and tribes in Coelidiinae sensu stricto from each other. Twenty-one character states delineated Macroceratogoniini and Equeefini from each other. Thirteen character states delineated tribes in Coelidiinae sensu stricto from Macroceratogoniini + Equeefini and from each other. Tribes in Coelidiinae sensu stricto shared fewer diagnostic states with Macroceratogoniini (36%) than with Equeefini (76%), suggesting that tribes of Coelidiinae sensu stricto are collectively farther removed taxonomically and phylogenetically from Macroceratogoniini than they are from Equeefini.Nine tribes originally assigned in Coelidiinae by the author are retained. Reassignment of Equeefini to Deltocephalinae is proposed. Provisional reassignment of Macroceratogoniini to Evacanthinae (=Nirvaninae) is proposed in view of its explicit delineation from tribes of Coelidiinae, sensu stricto. Lesinda McKamey formerly assigned in tribe Equeefini in Coelidiinae sensu lato is relegated herein to tribe Equeefini in Deltocephalinae. Gariesa Theron 1986b: 153 is a junior synonym of Mgenia Theron 1984a: 313 in the tribe Equeefini. Thagria triuncula Nielson is a replacement name for Thagria bidentata Xu & Kuoh from China, nec Thagria bidentata Nielson from Malaysia. The identity of the type-species of Coelidia Germar, Coelidia venosa Germar, is clarified with photos and comments. The dorsal connective of the aedeagus, applied previously to Coelidiinae sensu stricto, is redefined and renamed dorsal preatrial aedeagal apodeme. The phylogeny of the family Cicadellidae and particularly the subfamily Coelidiinae sensu lato remains unclear. It is proposed that the number of exemplars (genera and species) and character states be substantially increased in future analyses. Moreover, only known, monophyletic exemplars (genera) are recommended to avoid problematic, inferred phylogenetic relationship among tested family-group taxa.
A ZigBee Based Architecture for Public Safety Communication in Hurricane Scenario

Communication failure due to a power outage and infrastructure breakdown is a common phenomenon during the hurricane scenario, which hampers the post-disaster rescue operation. For this, an alternative and effective communication infrastructure are needed which can be deployed instantly with limited resources. As such, this paper proposes a ZigBee based ad-hock communication infrastructure for hurricane and post-hurricane scenarios. In this architecture, ZigBee based hop-to-hop communication will be used to communicate among the rescue team and victims, which can be powered by energy sources such as car batteries. Since each message will contain a geo-tagging, the rescue team can track the location of victims along with the normal communication with them. In addition, the performance of the communication infrastructure is further evaluated during and after the hurricane scenarios as well. Since the ZigBee is a low power device and can use power from energy sources such as a car battery, the proposed communication architecture can be a potential solution for a hurricane scenario.
The Effect of Glucose and Emotional Arousal on Memory in College Students

This study investigated the effect of glucose administration and emotional arousal on memory. Participants were undergraduate college students randomly assigned to glucose (50 g glucose) and placebo groups (50.6 mg saccharine) and further divided into high and low emotional arousal groups. High and low emotional arousal groups were shown a slide show whose content was either emotionally arousing or emotionally neutral, respectively. Blood glucose measurements were taken, and memory recall and recognition tests were given at various intervals throughout the experiment. Glucose improved memory for immediate recall in females only, while emotional arousal resulted in enhanced immediate and delayed recall for all subjects. Furthermore, emotional arousal enhanced recognition memory for males only. While the present findings confirm the facilitatory effects of glucose and emotional arousal on memory, they simultaneously stimulate more questions on the differences in the effect of these two factors on memory in males versus females.
Spam and Educators’ Twitter Use: Methodological Challenges and Considerations

Twitter and other social media have assumed important places in many educators’ professional lives by hosting spaces where new kinds of collegial interactions can occur. However, such spaces can also attract unwelcome Twitter traffic that complicates researchers’ attempts to explore and understand educators’ professional social media experiences. In this article, we define various kinds of spam that we have identified in our research on educators’ uses of Twitter. After providing an overview of the concept of spam, we evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to addressing the presence of spam in educator-focused Twitter spaces. Then we suggest practical, holistic metrics that can be employed to help identify spam. Through secondary analyses of our past research, we describe the use of such metrics to identify and deal with spam in three specific cases. Finally, we discuss implications of spam and these suggested methods for teacher educators, instructional designers and educational technology researchers.
Hybrid Microgrid Load Distribution and DC Voltage Control

AC/DC hybrid microgrid is able to supply AC load and DC load. In order to distribute DC power evenly among interlinking converters and improve the DC power quality, a hierarchical control strategy for the interlinking converters is introduced. The first layer of the control strategy is to use the voltage-power droop control method, which can distribute load evenly. Because the droop control may cause DC voltage fall, the DC voltage reference value is compensated according to the second layer control method, which can recover the bus voltage , guarantee the voltage quality.Analyze this control strategy by root-locus method. A microgrid model is based on DIgSILENT. The control strategy is validated by simulation.
Analysis on the protective effects of varicella vaccination in varicella emergency in a district of Ningbo in Zhejiang province from 2010-2012

Objective To understand the protective effects of varicella vaccination among the students in varicella emergency.Methods The varicella epidemic reporting information of a certain district of Ningbo from 2010 to 2012 were collected,and the morbidity in children with varicella vaccine inoculation or not were compared,the protective rate and the vaccine efficacy index of vaccines were calculated.The antibody of varicella were detected by EL1SA in 109 students from schools without varicella emergency.Results There were 3 varicella outbreaks involving 40 cases (without death) occurred in primary schools and kindergartens in the District during 2010 to 2012.The incidence rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated children were significant difference (19.42％∶ 59.09％,x2=16.01,P＜0.01),the OR was 0.17 (95％ CI:0.07-0.43).The overall vaccine protection rate was 67.13％,vaccine effectiveness index was 3.05.Seventy-seven of 109 students who didn't infect were vaccinated,but results of ELISA showed that the IgG positive rate was only 40.26％ (31/77).Conclusions The varicella vaccination could protect against varicella effectively among students in kindergardens,primary schools.The quality and the actual effectiveness of varicella vaccine should be evaluated again. Key words: Chickenpox; Vaccination; Validation studies; Children
Implications for Enhancing Creativity

Although this certainly was not my initial aim, most of my research has uncovered methods for destroying creativity: making external evaluation salient, offering task— contingent rewards, imposing surveillance, making extrinsic motives salient. Other research on social— psychological factors, especially research using open— ended creativity tasks, has found similar effects. In this chapter, I will discuss the ways in which this research on the intrinsic motivation hypothesis and other social— psychological research on creativity can be used instead to maintain and enhance creativity.
Simultaneous Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Nitrate and its Reduced Metabolite, Nitrite, Following Ingestion of Inorganic Nitrate in a Mixed Patient Population.

The pharmacokinetic properties of plasma NO3− and its reduced metabolite, NO2−, have been separately described, but there has been no reported attempt to simultaneously model their pharmacokinetics following NO3− ingestion. This report describes development of such a model from retrospective analyses of concentrations largely obtained from primary endpoint efficacy trials. Linear and non-linear mixed effects analyses were used to statistically define concentration dependency on time, dose, as well as patient and study variables, and to integrate NO3− and NO2− concentrations from studies conducted at different times, locations, patient groups, and several studies in which sample range was limited to a few hours. Published pharmacokinetic studies for both substances were used to supplement model development. A population pharmacokinetic model relating NO3− and NO2− concentrations was developed. The model incorporated endogenous levels of the two entities, and determined these were not influenced by exogenous NO3− delivery. Covariate analysis revealed intersubject variability in NO3− exposure was partially described by body weight differences influencing volume of distribution. The model was applied to visualize exposure versus response (muscle contraction performance) in individual patients. Extension of the present first-generation model, to ultimately optimize NO3− dose versus pharmacological effects, is warranted.
Intra-individual variability in personality: A methodological review

Abstract For decades, the trait approach has dominated the field of personality. However, perspectives proposed by interactionist theorists, such as Mischel and Shoda’s (1999) cognitive-affect personality system and Fleeson and Jayawickreme’s (2015) whole trait theory, have begun to expand the concept of personality by differentiating between the concepts of state and trait personality. In this chapter we discuss the theoretical foundations that underline theory and research in intra-individual variability in personality (IIVP). As more sophisticated methods and analytic approaches to study IIVP have begun to emerge over the last two decades, we also take a look at how personality researchers have been studying this phenomenon. Specifically, we identified 82 studies which measured IIVP and coded key design and analytic features of the work. Based on our examinations of the theory, method, and analytic approaches to studying IIVP in personality, we offer some future directions for this interesting and important area of study.
CEO Power, Internal Control Quality, and Audit Committee Effectiveness in Substance Versus in Form.

During the past decade, new regulations have been adopted to improve audit committee effectiveness. Prior research has generally provided evidence in support of these regulations and suggests that a more independent and expert audit committee is more effective. We posit that CEO power reduces or even eliminates the improvements in audit committee effectiveness resulting from independent and financially expert committee members. Thus, CEO power may result in an audit committee that appears effective in form but is not in substance. We construct a composite index for CEO power by combining ten CEO characteristics and employ the incidence of internal control weaknesses as a proxy for audit committee monitoring quality. Since all the firms in our sample have completely independent audit committees, we use financial expertise to examine the impact of CEO power on audit committee effectiveness. We find that, when CEO power is low, audit committee financial expertise is negatively associated with the incidence of internal control weaknesses. However, as CEO power increases, this association monotonically weakens. When CEO power reaches a sufficiently high level, this association is no longer negative. The moderating effect of CEO power on audit committee effectiveness is more prominent when the CEO extracts more rents from the firm through insider trading. Our results are not driven by the CEO's involvement in director selection. Our paper suggests that more expert audit committees in form do not automatically translate into more effective monitoring. Rather, the substantive monitoring effectiveness of audit committees is contingent on CEO power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Inter-Observer Reproducibility of Axial Ocular Measurements with Non-contact HAAG-STRAIT Biometer: Doi: 10.36351/pjo.v37i3.1239

Purpose: To check inter observer reproducibility of axial ocular measurements i.e. central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), aqueous depth (AD), lens thickness (LT), anterior segment lens (ASL), vitreous length (VL) and axial length (AL) with non-contact HAAG-STRAIT biometer. Study Design: Comparative Reproducibility Analysis. Place and Duration of Study: College of ophthalmology and allied vision sciences (COAVS), Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Methods: This study included 66 healthy students (132 eyes). Data was collected through self-designed proforma by 2 operators independently. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis. Interclass correlation was applied for agreement between the two readings. Interclass coefficient (ICC) value greater than 0.7 was considered as excellent correlation. Results: The mean CCT, AD, ACD, LT, ASL, VL, and AL were 526.47 ± 35.72 µm and 526.47 ± 36.06 µm (ICC = 0.92); 2.93 ± 0.29 mm and 2.93 ± 0.29 mm (ICC = 0.81); 3.45 ± 0.30 mm and 3.46 ± 0.30 mm (ICC = 0.79); 3.58 ± 0.28 mm and 3.56 ± 0.22 mm (ICC = 0.76); 7.03 ± 0.30 mm and 7.02 ± 0.27 mm (ICC = 0.80); 16.56 ± 0.85 mm and 16.62 ± 0.81 mm (ICC = 0.72); and 23.59 ± 0.85 mm and 23.64 ± 0.87 mm (ICC: 0.76) of observer 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion: Non-contact Biometer (HAAG-STRAIT) has high inter-observer reproducibility with strong interclass coefficient of greater than 0.72. Key Words: Biometry, Axial Length, Central Corneal Thickness, Anterior Chamber Depth.
Measuring Emotion Dysregulation in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Revisiting the Factor Structure of the Emotion Regulation Checklist

Abstract Emotion dysregulation (ED) is prevalent among youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and significantly impacts functioning. Nuanced measurement of ED is central to understanding its role in this disorder and informing treatment approaches. The present study examined the factor structure of the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) among children with ADHD with and without Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) conducted in a sample of 328 youth (mean age = 6.08) with ADHD indicated a four-factor solution, comprised of the following factors: Negative Emotion Lability, Positive Emotion Lability, Socially Appropriate Affect, and Socially Incongruent Affect. The Negative and Positive Emotion Lability subscales assess the reactivity of negatively and positively valenced emotions, respectively. The Socially Appropriate and Socially Incongruent Affect subscales provide an assessment of social-emotional functioning. All subscales discriminated between children with ADHD only and ADHD with co-morbid ODD, such that children with ODD had greater emotional lability and social-emotional difficulties. This revised factor structure of the ERC facilitates a uniquely brief, yet multifaceted and specific, assessment of emotional difficulties in children with ADHD that can inform treatment planning and operationalize emotional reactivity and social-emotional functioning in future research efforts.
Individuals differ in muscle activation patterns during early adaptation to a powered ankle exoskeleton.

Abstract Exoskeletons have the potential to assist users and augment physical ability. To achieve these goals across users, individual variation in muscle activation patterns when using an exoskeleton need to be evaluated. This study examined individual muscle activation patterns during walking with a powered ankle exoskeleton. 60% of the participants were observed to reduce medial gastrocnemius activation with exoskeleton powered and increase with the exoskeleton unpowered during stance. 80% of the participants showed a significant increase in tibialis anterior activation upon power addition, with inconsistent changes upon power removal during swing. 60% of the participants that were able to adapt to the system, did not de-adapt after 5 min. Muscle activity patterns differ between individuals in response to the exoskeleton power state, and affected the antagonist muscle behavior during this early adaptation. It is important to understand these different individual behaviors to inform the design of exoskeleton controllers and training protocols.
Robust Image Models and Their Applications

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several robust image models and their applications. The robust methods in image models are also applied to some important image processing problems such as image segmentation by texture property and image restoration in the presence of impulse noise. There are several types of robust procedures including M-estimators, L-estimators, and R-estimators. Among these, M-estimators have an advantage over other procedures because they can be extended to the parameter estimation problems in image models. In contrast, either L-estimators or R-estimators are difficult to generalize well beyond one parameter location or scale problems. The robust M-estimators are applied to the parameter estimation problem of causal autoregressive models. Image models characterize image intensity surface with a small number of parameters. Image models can be divided into two groups, namely, descriptive and generative models. A descriptive model for an image summarizes the intensity distribution into a finite number of statistics. The generative model allows one to synthesize an image obeying the given model by using the model description and a set of random numbers.
HPLC assay for methylmalonyl–CoA epimerase

Methylmalonyl–CoA epimerase (MCE) is broadly distributed in nature and has diverse cellular roles. Many MCE homologues are represented in public databases, but the biochemical function and physiological roles of the majority of these putative proteins have not been investigated. Here, a simplified assay for MCE is described. In this assay, MCE converted (2S)-methylmalonyl–CoA to (2R)-methylmalonyl–CoA which in turn was converted to succinyl–CoA by methylmalonyl–CoA mutase, an enzyme specific for the 2R isomer. MCE activity was quantified by measuring the disappearance of methylmalonyl–CoA by HPLC. To obtain the methylmalonyl–CoA mutase which was required as a reagent for the assay, an Escherichia coli strain was constructed that expressed high levels of this enzyme as a fusion protein with an 8× histidine tag. This allowed purification of the mutase in a single affinity chromatography step. Previously reported MCE assays required radioactive substrates and/or multiple reagent enzymes that were difficult to obtain. The assay reported here overcomes these difficulties and hence will facilitate studies of MCEs. Such enzymes play important roles in the metabolism of both prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes including humans.
Electrical Properties of Materials

One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors. (The latter are often called insulators or dielectrics.) The conductivity, σ, of different materials at room temperature spans more than 25 orders of magnitude, as depicted in Figure 11.1. Moreover, if one takes the conductivity of superconductors, measured at low temperatures, into consideration, this span extends to 40 orders of magnitude (using an estimated conductivity for superconductors of about 1020 1/Ω cm). This is the largest known variation in a physical property and is only comparable to the ratio between the diameter of the universe (about 1026 m) and the radius of an electron (10-14 m).
Viscous Product from Activated Sludge by Methanol Fermentation

Aeration of activated sludge with 3 to 4% added methanol for 5 to 7 days yields an odorless, highly viscous (5,000 to 10,000 centipoise), black, pudding-like product containing glycan(s) linked other than α-1-4 or β-1-3. Backseeding gives maximum thickening in 3 to 4 days. Incomplete acid hydrolysis of the black product gives a 0.27% solution of reducing sugars (75% glucose) which is an 11.4% yield from the added methanol. Backseeding into either centrifuge supernatant or 0.1% yeast extract in tap water gives a light-colored polymer. Viscosity decreases during extended sterile cold storage. A 5% salt addition lowers viscosity one-half. From 6 to 12 colony types appear on plating backseeded media, but none of these isolates is a reliable polymer former.
Social Work Supervision: From Models toward Theory

Abstract Among the various models of supervision in social work, the learning-oriented model emphasizes supervision as a learning and teaching process. The major learning theories on which this model is based are reviewed. In seeing supervision as a process of change, it also builds on the principles of Kurt Lewin and uses a series of steps from the conceptual framework of Van Beugen's “agogic action” model. A phase theory of supervision is suggested that connects these steps with stages of learning and of interpersonal development.
Differing Responses in Growth and Spontaneous Mutation to Antibiotic Resistance in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis Cells Exposed to Simulated Microgravity

Bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus are frequent inhabitants of the International Space Station and represent possible opportunistic pathogens. The effect of simulated microgravity on growth and the frequency of mutation to antibiotic resistance in the model surrogate organisms B. subtilis and S. epidermidis were investigated. The test organisms were cultivated for six days in Rotating Wall Vessel clinostats either in the vertical (simulated microgravity) or horizontal (1 xg control) orientation. Parameters measured were: optical densities (ODs); viable counts; frequencies of resistance to rifampicin (RFM); and frequencies of double resistance to RFM and trimethoprim (TMP). The results indicated that the response to simulated microgravity differed in the two microorganisms. Both B. subtilis and S. epidermidis grew to higher ODs and cell numbers in simulated microgravity. However, the frequencies of mutation both to RFM resistance and to double RFM, TMP resistance were observed to increase significantly in simulated microgravity-grown B. subtilis, but not in S. epidermidis.
Intrapartum clinical assessment of fetal distress.

Abstract Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring and fetal scalp blood sampling were used to evaluate 76 fetuses with distress. Fetuses with moderate to severe heart rate patterns and/or meconium had significant acidosis at some point during labor. Fetuses passing light or heavy meconium were significantly acidotic and hypoxic early in labor while those with moderate to severe heart rate patterns became acidotic during the active phase of labor. The passage of meconium has been related to hypoxia which may result from cord compression occurring prior to or during early labor. Those fetuses passing heavy meconium have the greatest morbidity and mortality rates as a result of meconium aspiration. Fetuses with tachycardia do not have biochemical abnormalities during labor; however, they have a high neonatal morbidity. Fetuses with moderate-severe late deceleration heart rate patterns have relative low morbidity and mortality rates even though they are acidotic during labor and demonstrate low one-minute Apgar scores. The assessment of the biochemistry of the fetus by fetal scalp blood sampling has been an aid in predicting the condition of the fetus at birth.
Modelling spatial variations in dissolved oxygen in fine-grained streams under uncertainty

This paper presents a novel triple-layer model, called VART DO-3L, for simulation of spatial variations in dissolved oxygen (DO) in fine-grained streams, characterized by a fluid mud (fluff or flocculent) layer (an advection-dominated storage zone) as the interface between overlying stream water and relatively consolidated streambed sediment (a diffusion-dominated storage zone). A global sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the sensitivity of VART DO-3L model input parameters. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the most sensitive parameter is the relative size of the advection-dominated storage zones (As/A), followed by a lumped reaction term (R) for the flocculent layer, biological reaction rate (μo) in diffusive layer and biochemical oxygen demand concentration (L) in water column. In order to address uncertainty in model input parameters, Monte Carlo simulations are performed to sample parameter values and to produce various parameter combinations or cases. The VART DO-3L model is applied to the Lower Amite River in Louisiana, USA, to simulate vertical and longitudinal variations in DO under the cases. In terms of longitudinal variation, the DO level decreases from 7.9 mg l at the Denham Springs station to about 2.89 mg l−1 at the Port Vincent station. In terms of vertical variation, the DO level drops rapidly from the overlying water column to the advection-dominated storage zone and further to the diffusive layer. The DO level (CF) in the advective layer (flocculent layer) can reach as high as 40% of DO concentration (C) in the water column. The VART DO-3L model may be applied to similar rivers for simulation of spatial variations in DO level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community Mobilization and the Framing of Alcohol-Related Problems

The goal of this study was to describe how activists engaged in campaigns to change alcohol policies in inner city areas framed alcohol problems, and whether or not their frameworks reflected major models used in the field, such as the alcoholism as a disease model, an alcohol problems perspective, or a public health approach to alcohol problems. The findings showed that activists’ models shared some aspects with dominant approaches which tend to focus on individuals and to a lesser extent on regulating alcohol marketing and sales. However, activists’ models differed in significant ways by focusing on community level problems with alcohol; on problems with social norms regarding alcohol use; and on the relationship of alcohol use to illicit drugs.
Lanthanide Refractory Semiconductors Based on the Th3P4 Structure

The phase relationships and the important structural, electrical and thermal properties of the R3X4-R2X3 (where R = lanthanides and X = S, Se and Te) phases having the Th3P4 -type structure are reviewed. The room temperature electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient of these materials are independent of R and only slightly dependent on X, but critically dependent on the X:R ratio. The long term stability of these phases is also reviewed. Although these materials have good thermoelectric properties there are some problems which need to be solved before these phases can be utilized in thermoelectric devices. These problems include long term stability, higher than desirable thermal conductivities, and low electron mobilities.
Temporal sequencing of alcohol-related problems, problem recognition, and help-seeking episodes

Little is known about temporal relations between the development of alcohol-related problems, self-recognition of problems, and help seeking from professional and lay sources. The sequencing of these events was investigated retrospectively using a community sample of male and female problem drinkers (N=101) who varied in their help-seeking histories [no assistance, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-only, or treatment-plus-AA] and current drinking status (resolved abstinent or nonresolved). The rank-order of events was similar across groups and gender. Problem recognition typically occurred early with the onset of pathological drinking and related psychosocial problems. Health problems and help seeking were late developments, if they occurred at all. Although the sequence order was similar across groups, the latency to help seeking varied; help seeking was more rapid among women, resolved participants, and participants who had sought help from both treatment and AA. The findings question conventional views that denial deters help seeking and suggest opportunities for screening and early intervention.
Neutron Radiation Effects in Gold and Aluminum GaAs Schottky Diodes

The electrical characteristics of guarded Au- and Al-n GaAs Schottky diodes with free carrier concentration in the range of 3 x 1015 to 8 x 1016 cm -3 have been determined after neutron irradiation. Low neutron fluences producing carrier removal rates less than 20% cause a slight change in the C-V and the forward I-V characteristics but increase significantly the reverse current. Assuming Levine's model for a Schottky barrier, the slight changes in the I-V characteristics at forward bias and small reverse bias voltage have been attributed to a change in the distribution of interface states at the metal-semiconductor interface. The excess, non-thermionic reverse current observed after low fluence neutron irradiation is not due to surface leakage or classical generation-recombination but appears to be due to a high field process. Consideration of several high field effect mechanisms indicates that field emission from a deep level is the likely cause.
Neutron scattering lineshapes for nearly-incoherent] transport on non-bra vais lattices

Abstract A method for recovering results valid near the limit of incoherent transport from corresponding results at the limit of complete incoherence is applied to the calculation of the neutron scattering lineshape. Lineshape formulae due to Kutner and Sosnowska for master equation transport on general non-Bravais lattices are extended by means of this method to include the effects of small degrees of transport coherence. The resulting lineshape is a sum of non-Lortenzian components. The effect of coherence on the width functions of the multicomponent lineshape is illustrated.
Avulsion Of The Ring Finger Flexor Digitorum Profundus Tendon: An Experimental Study:

Summary The results of an experimental study of the breaking strength of the tendon-bone junction of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon in cadaver specimens indicates a significantly weaker insertion of the ring finger compared to the middle finger. This explains in part the more frequent occurrence of avulsion of the ring finger profundus tendon as observed clinically.
Ca2+-Dependent Protein Kinases and Stress Signal Transduction in Plants

Stress responses in plants involve changes in the transcription of specific genes. The constitutively active mutants of two related Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPK1 and CDPK1a) activate a stress-inducible promoter, bypassing stress signals. Six other plant protein kinases, including two distinct CDPKs, fail to mimic this stress signaling. The activation is abolished by a CDPK1 mutation in the kinase domain and diminished by a constitutively active protein phosphatase 2C that is capable of blocking responses to the stress hormone abscisic acid. A variety of functions are mediated by different CDPKs. CDPK1 and CDPK1a may be positive regulators controlling stress signal transduction in plants.
Cytosolic and membrane-bound cerebral nitric oxide synthase activity during hypoxia in cortical tissue of newborn piglets☆

To determine the role of nitric oxide production during hypoxia, the presence of two forms of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, cytosolic (cNOS) and membrane-bound (memNOS), in cortical tissue of newborn piglets and the effects of hypoxia on the activity of these enzymes were studied. Experiments were performed in 12 anesthetized and ventilated Yorkshire piglets, 2-4 days of age. Hypoxia was induced by decreasing the FiO2 to 0.07. The control group was ventilated maintaining normoxia. After 1 h of normoxic or hypoxic ventilation brain tissue was removed and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen. Tissue hypoxia was confirmed by analysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr): ATP was reduced to 52% and PCr to 28% of control values. cNOS activity was 35.3 +/- 13.7 pmol/mg protein per min in the control group and 28.3 +/- 7.0 in the hypoxia group; memNOS activity was 10.5 +/- 4.5 and 12.0 +/- 3.9 pmol/mg protein per min in the control and hypoxia groups, respectively. Differences in cNOS and memNOS activity between control and hypoxic animals were not significant. The results indicate that both cNOS and memNOS are present in cortical tissue of newborn piglets and that the activity is unaffected by 1 h of tissue hypoxia. We suggest that production of nitric oxide and its derivative peroxynitrite during hypoxia may therefore be a potential mechanism for hypoxia-induced brain cell membrane lipid peroxidation.
Size Distribution of Participates Emitted from a Horizontal Spike Soderberg Aluminum Reduction Cell

Aerosol size distributions were measured in the air exhausted from a horizontal spike Soderberg aluminum reduction cell at the Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation plant in Tacoma, Wash. The particle size distributions were measured with the University of Washington cascade impactor, developed specifically for source testing. The particle mass concentrations and size distributions were found to vary significantly with changes in the cell process operations. For a typical aerosol size distribution at the exit of the cell hood the mass mean particle diameter was 5.5 microns and the particle size standard geometric deviation was 25.
Pattern-based recognition for the rapid determination of identity, concentration, and enantiomeric excess of subtly different threo diols.

A pattern-based recognition approach for the rapid determination of the identity, concentration, and enantiomeric excess of chiral vicinal diols, specifically threo diols, has been developed. A diverse enantioselective sensor array was generated using three chiral boronic acid receptors and three pH indicators. The optical response produced by the sensor array was analyzed by two pattern-recognition algorithms: principal component analysis and artificial neural networks. Principal component analysis demonstrated good chemoselective and enantioselective separation of the analytes, and an artificial neural network was used to accurately determine the concentrations and enantiomeric excesses of five unknown samples with an average absolute error of ±0.08 mM in concentration and 3.6% in enantiomeric excess. The speed of the analysis was enhanced by using a 96-well plate format, portending applications in high-throughput screening for asymmetric-catalyst discovery. X-ray crystallography and 11B NMR spectroscop...
Near-field photodetection with high spatial resolution by nanocrystal quantum dots

We report a new demonstration of nanoscale solution-processed photodetectors by fabricating a nano-sized gap between two electrodes and drop-casting nanocrystal quantum dots (NCQDs) into the gap. We demonstrate a detection sensitivity of 62 pW with a max responsivity of 2.7 mA/W over a device with a nano-gap of 25 nm. Additionally, we characterize the dependence of signal-to-dark current ratio and responsivity on nano-gap size. Responsivity ranges from 1 - 90 mA/W for a nano-gap size range of 25 nm - 1.5 nm. Our results represent the first demonstration of how near-field optical detection for sub-diffraction nanophotonic integrated circuits can be achieved in principle using NCQDs.
Verification of precarious rock methodology using shake table tests of rock models

Precariously balanced rocks in seismically active regions are effectively upper-limit strong motion seismoscopes that have been in place for thousands of years. Thus, estimates of the dynamic toppling acceleration of these rocks (through rigid body rocking) can provide constraints on the peak ground accelerations experienced during past earthquakes. We have developed a methodology that uses a two-dimensional numerical code to calculate the dynamic rocking response of precarious rocks to realistic ground acceleration time histories. Statistical analyses of the dynamic response of these rocks to a range of synthetic seismograms, as well as strong motion records, can provide important information about the ground motion attenuation curves and seismic hazard maps. We use shake table tests to investigate the dynamic rocking response of 13 wooden rectangular blocks of various sizes and aspect ratios subjected to realistic seismograms and compare the results with those of numerical tests. Our results indicate good agreement between the shake table and numerical results.
Observations of Diffusional Ice Crystal Growth in Clouds

Abstract The observed size of ice crystals obtained by sampling in Formvar is compared to the theoretical size an ice crystal should attain when growing by diffusion. The variables which are not fixed by environmental conditions are adjusted for the best fit. For reasonable values of these parameters the agreement between observation and calculation is good, except in the case where phloroglucinol was the nucleating agent. The sizes of the ice crystals sampled after the same apparent time and under the same growth conditions varied over a range of 4 to 1; this range is discussed. The observations, all in natural cloud conditions, are not in complete accord with diffusional growth. The differences are discussed with respect to weather modification.
Can the corpus callosum predict gender, age, handedness, or cognitive differences?

Abstract There is increasing interest in finding anatomical correlates in the brain for presumed gender-related differences in cognitive functioning. Recent attention has been drawn to reported sex differences in the human corpus callosum as reflecting sex differences in hemispheric lateralization of visuospatial functions. The question is whether or not existing knowledge of the corpus callosum permits interpretations that relate differing cognitive functions to variations in size and shape of the callosum. The striking variations in callosal size and shape among individuals regardless of gender, when viewed in the context of a growing body of experimental findings, suggest that postnatal maturational processes of the corpus callosum are significantly affected by experience.
Designing digital phenomenaria: the bee dance

Third- and sixth-grade students used a graphical simulation of the honeybee dance presented on a plasma panel deployed for several weeks in the corner of their classrooms. Among third graders, acceptance was hindered by discrepancies between the representation of phenomena in the simulation and students' prior knowledge of those phenomena. Sixth graders were forgiving of fidelity limitations, but experienced delays in learning due to their imposition of a "video game" interpretation of the activity.