cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sociocultural Turn in Science Education and Its Transformative Potential

The sociocultural turn in science education was immersed in mainstream logics and practices that emphasized positivism and psychological models. I describe my evolution toward the use of sociocultural theory in science education in terms of dialectics, knowing as cultural enactment, culture being experienced as patterns having thin coherence and ever-present contradictions, the salience of agency and passivity, and the centrality of theoretical generalizability. The methodologies I present as part of a multilogical approach to research include interpretive inquiry, authentic inquiry, and event oriented inquiry. Breathing meditation and mindfulness heuristics are presented as examples of a longitudinal, multilevel research program on expressed emotions and mindfulness in science classrooms. Finally, through the use of Jin Shin Jyutsu (JSJ) I illustrate how new frameworks lead to new priorities for research and practice; in this case revealing how touches and holds on the body are used to address disharmonies that arise in the body during social interactions. I identify additional research possibilities using JSJ to address wellness and sustainability as priorities for a transformative agenda for research in science education.
Biological Applications of Time Domain ESR

Studies of biological materials by pulsed EPR techniques are generally regarded as exotic. Up to the present time, all pulsed EPR spectrometers have been homemade and represent an investment of $100,000 to $200,000. The demands upon time and financial resources have kept the total number of operating systems to less than thirty worldwide.* Moreover, to this point in time, the signal-to-noise obtainable with pulsed EPR techniques has been significantly less than that obtainable by conventional continuous wave (cw) EPR and is often marginal for the study of biological materials.
A survey of high school students׳ views of modern war and just war principles

Abstract This article describes findings from a survey of high school students in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Florida, regarding their views of war and wartime policy. The survey is drawn from, and correlated to, elements of the Just War doctrine, a philosophical framework which forms the basis of most international law, treaties, and conventions. The survey results indicate that students tend to adhere to traditional moral norms regarding the conditions for engaging in war, but have considerable divergences from internationally-held principles regarding how a war is waged. The findings indicate that social studies instructors face impediments in helping students acquire high-level, meaningful conceptions of war as a topic of study. The article describes the necessity of moral and critical inquiry in social studies education and the value of the Just War doctrine as pedagogical tool towards that end.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Anesthetic Management of a Parturient with Severe Aortic Stenosis

In order to optimize anesthetic management and avoid adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, a clear understanding of the changes in cardiovascular physiology that occur during pregnancy is paramount. The effects of normal gestation on the cardiovascular system are particularly significant in a parturient with cardiac valvular pathology. We present a case of a 27-year-old G2P0 at 37 weeks with a past medical history of diabetes, macrosomia, congenital bicuspid aortic valve with severe stenosis (valve area 0.7 cm2) who was scheduled for elective C-section. A multidisciplinary discussion involving cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, obstetric surgeons, neonatal intensivists, perfusion staff, anesthesiologists, and nursing staff was held to formulate a plan for the perioperative management of this parturient. Also, contingency plans were formulated and discussed with the care providers, in the event of acute decompensation of the mother and baby and possible need for emergency aortic valvuloplasty and/or aortic valve replacement.
The Role of Mammalian Circadian Proteins in Normal Physiology and Genotoxic Stress Responses

The last two decades have significantly advanced our understanding of the organization of the circadian system at all levels of regulation-molecular, cellular, tissue, and systemic. It has been recognized that the circadian system represents a complex temporal regulatory network, which plays an important role in synchronizing various biological processes within an organism and coordinating them with the environment. It is believed that deregulation of this synchronization may result in the development of various pathologies. However, recent studies using various circadian mutant mouse models have demonstrated that at least some of the components of the molecular oscillator are actively involved in physiological processes not directly related to their role in the circadian clock. The growing amount of evidence suggests that, in addition to their circadian function, circadian proteins are important in maintaining tissue homeostasis under normal and stress conditions. In this chapter, we will summarize recent data about the regulation of the mammalian molecular circadian oscillator and will focus on a new role of the circadian system and individual circadian proteins in the organism's physiology and response to genotoxic stress in connection with diseases treatment and prevention.
HPLC-Chip/MS Technology in Proteomic Profiling

HPLC-chip/MS is a novel nanoflow analytical technology conducted on a microfabricated chip that allows for highly efficient HPLC separation and superior sensitive MS detection of complex proteomic mixtures. This is possible through on-chip preconcentration and separation with fluidic connection made automatically in a leak-tight fashion. Minimum precolumn and postcolumn peak dispersion and uncompromised ease of use result in compounds eluting in bands of only a few nanoliters. The chip is fabricated out of bio-inert polyimide-containing channels and integrated chip structures, such as an electrospray emitter, columns, and frits manufactured by laser ablation technology. Meanwhile, a variety of HPLC-chips differing in design and stationary phase are commercially available, which provide a comprehensive solution for applications in proteomics, glycomics, biomarker, and pharmaceutical discovery. The HPLC-chip can also be easily integrated into a multidimensional separation workflow where different orthogonal separation techniques are combined to solve a highly complex separation problems. In this chapter, we describe in detail the methodological chip usage and functionality and its application in the elucidation of the protein profile of human nucleoli.
Biology of CD34+CD38- cells in lymphohematopoiesis.

Since the discovery of the CD34 stem/progenitor cell antigen, considerable progress has been made in further purifying human lymphohematopoietic stem cells (HSC). These studies have identified a number of antigens which can be targeted to subfractionate the CD34+ cell population. In particular, several lines of evidence suggest that the rare CD38- subpopulation of CD34+ cells may be enriched in HSC. This review briefly summarizes relevant knowledge concerning the CD38 molecule and the results of in vitro and in vivo studies of CD34+38- cells. Possible clinical uses for purified CD34+38” cells are outlined.
Inhibitio of Flagellar Coordination in Spirillum volutans

The motility of Spirillum volutans is caused by the rotation of each polar flagellar fascicle in a direction opposite to that of the more slowly rotating cell. Both flagella form cones of revolution oriented in the same direction. When the cell reverses its motion, both fascicles simultaneously reverse their rotation and also the orientation of their cones of revolution, with the tail fascicle becoming the head and vice versa. Chloral hydrate and phenol were found to cause uncoordination, with both fascicles becoming the head type; MgSO 4 , Mg(NO 3 ) 2 , NiSO 4 , NiCl 2 , CuSO 4 , and CuCl 2 also caused uncoordination, with both fascicles becoming the tail type. In all cases, the flagellar fascicles remained highly active but the cells were motionless because of the opposing propulsion; the rotation of the fascicles was in a constant direction without reversal. Uncoordinated states could be maintained for 30 to 60 min. Neutralization of the dual-tail flagellation caused by NiSO 4 could be accomplished with chloral hydrate. At the null point, the flagellar orientation was intermediate between head and tail; the fascicles continually reversed direction of rotation, and, now coordinated, caused the cells to move back and forth. Higher concentrations of chloral hydrate completely overcame the effect of NiSO 4 and caused dual-head flagellation. Optimal concentrations of test compounds were determined with the use of pure cultures and a reproducible growth medium. Images
NEONATAL VISUAL PATTERN FIXATION. A POSSIBLE PREDICTOR OF FUTURE MENTAL PERFORMANCE

Accurate assessment for subsequent mental performance is now especially needed in the neonatal period. To determine the prognostic value of visual fixation responses in the neonate, 14 infants born at 27-44 weeks gestation with worrisome problems including severe asphyxia (8), systemic herpes (2), suspected microcephaly (2), severe tremors (1), and abnormal skull calcification(1), were tested neurologically and visually at a post conceptional age of 35-46 weeks. The visual tests, based on techniques developed by Fantz, assessed fixation of a single pattern, discrimination between pattern over plain and between two patterned stimuli. These infants were subsequently followed and evaluated by Stanford-Binet or Bayley tests at an average age of 28 months (range 4-60 months). Prediction of development based on visual testing was accurate for 13 of 14 infants. The neurological exam was accurate for only 7 of 14 infants. Five rated normal by visual testing are normal on follow-up. Of 8 infants abnormal by visual testing, 5 are now retarded (I.Q. or D. Q. <70) and 3 died (hydrancephaly, microcephaly, severe retardation). One infant rated normal by both visual and neurological exam is retarded. This preliminary study suggests that neonatal visual testing may be a valuable tool for predicting future mental performance.
A collective transaction processing scheme for mobile environment

Technical advances in development of portable computers and wireless technology permit users to actively get advantage of mobile computing environment. Better and faster communication mechanisms provided the needed flexibility which is demanded by variety of applications with stringent requirements. However, there are certain major issues that need to be taken seriously in this environment, such as reliability, concurrency control and data recovery, as there may exist more than one user in any one time to access or execute a transaction. A transaction is expressed in centralized or distributed environment as an atomic activity, while in a mobile environment a transaction is a long-lived process and this process may have to be split into sets of operations executed some on mobile host and others on stationary host. Therefore, the task of ensuring consistency becomes more difficult in mobile environment. In this paper we study these issues and propose a reliable transaction model which combines the advantages of existing models to capture the data and mobility requirements in mobile environment.
Stability of interstitials in cubic boron nitride

Cubic boron nitride is of potential interest in a number of applications. We have carried out a series of ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations on clusters simulating the local environment of an interstitial in the two types of tetrahedral cavities in the zincblende-structure BN lattice. Neutral interstitial atoms of Li, Be, excess B, C, O, Si, and S have been considered, with relaxation of the first- and second-nearest-neighbor shells of atoms around the interstitials allowed. The results allow us to discuss the relative stability of these interstitials in the BN lattice.
Superconductor-insulator transition in disordered boson-superlattices

We calculate the transport properties of a disordered Bose condensate. A superlattice made from two-dimensional planes of bosons in the condensate phase is considered. The disorder is due to charged impurities. We consider a homogeneous distribution of impurities and also impurities randomly distributed in planes. The dispersion relation of the collective excitations (plasmons) for the clean boson superlattice is calculated. The disorder induced phase transiton from a superfluid phase to an insulator phase is discussed and the static conductivity (σc) at the transition point is expressed in terms of the microscopic parameters of the model. For strongly coupled planes we find thatσc is of ordere2/h. The relation of our theoretical results to experiments with high-temperature superconductors is discussed.
Noncomparability of research results that are related to psychiatric diagnoses.

Abstract The comparability and noncomparability of clinical research results that are reported in terms of diagnostic categories are examined. At present there are many competing diagnostic systems for the classification of mental disorders. A review of the literature on the comparison of these alternative diagnostic systems clearly establishes that the various systems often classify the same patient into different diagnostic categories. Thus, a diagnostic group obtained by one system is not comparable to a diagnostic group designated by an alternate diagnostic system. An analysis of several recent articles on schizophrenia and depression shows that the reported research results are impossible to compare because the authors use different diagnostic systems as well as combinations of diagnostic systems and use different levels of subcategorization within diagnostic systems. The inadequacies of an obvious solution, that of universally adopting a single diagnostic system, is discussed. Finally a solution to the problem is proposed and espoused.
Effect of metal ion substitutions in concanavalin A on the binding of carbohydrates and on thermal stability

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements were performed on the binding of alpha methyl-D-mannopyranoside, D-mannopyranose, alpha methyl-D-glucopyranoside, and D-glucopyranose (Glu) to cobalt, nickel, and cadmium substituted concanavalin A (Con A) derivatives at pH = 6.9 and at 25 degrees C. The metal substituted Con A derivatives consisted of Co2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+ substituted for the Mn2+ ion in the S1 site of Con A which is about 12.8 A away from the center of the carbohydrate binding site of Con A. The thermodynamic quantities determined from the ITC measurements were the same for most of the binding reactions indicating that the structure of the binding site in solution is the same for all the Con A derivatives in solution and that the presence of different 2+ metal ions in the S1 site has little effect on the binding reactions. Differential scanning calorimetry scans of solutions of the metal ion derivatives of Con A show that the thermodynamics of the unfolding transition for the cobalt and nickel substituted derivatives are the same as for Con A: they dissociate from tetramers into monomers as they unfold around 85 degrees C. The cadmium substituted Con A derivative, however, exhibits an additional transition around 93 degrees C which also appears following the addition of Cd2+ to the Con A solutions. This transition results from the unfolding of a species of Con A with Cd2+ substituted into a third binding site at the monomeric interface of the Con A tetramer. The higher stability of this species is not only exemplified by the higher thermal transition temperature but also by the lack of dissociation as it unfolds. Cd2+ is released from the S3 site upon decreasing the pH from 6.9 to 6.4. ITC measurements on the binding reaction of Cd2+ to Con A show that the binding enthalpy is 40.2 +/- 0.4 kJ mol-1 at 23.4 +/- 0.2 degrees C and the binding reaction exhibits a large heat capacity change of 1.43 +/- 0.41 kJ mol-1 K-1.
Protein construct storage: bayesian variable selection and prediction with mixtures

Determining optimal conditions for protein storage while maintaining a high level of protein activity is an important question in pharmaceutical research. A designed experiment based on a space-filling design was con- ducted to understand the effects of factors affecting protein storage and to establish optimal storage conditions. Different model-selection strategies to identify important factors may lead to very different answers about optimal conditions. Uncertainty about which factors are important, or model uncertainty, can be a critical issue in decision-making. We use Bayesian variable selection methods for linear models to identify important variables in the protein storage data, while accounting for model uncertainty. We also use the Bayesian framework to build predictions based on a large family of models, rather than an individual model, and to evaluate the probability that certain candidate storage conditions are optimal.
Intracellular sodium and lithium NMR relaxation times in the perfused frog heart

We have used a combination of a shift reagent and mathematical filtering or presaturation of the extracellular sodium resonance for the quantitative investigation of the intracellular sodium and lithium relaxation times in the perfused frog heart. While the T1 of the intracellular sodium was found to consist of a single-exponential time constant (approximately 23 ms), the T2, was better fit as a double-exponential decay with time constants of approximately 2 and 17 ms. However, the relative amplitudes of the two time constants in the T2 decay were found to be inconsistent with those which would be expected from a homogeneous pool of nuclei undergoing quadrupolar interactions. The relaxation times were not changed by a fivefold increase in the intracellular sodium level (due to perfusion with a ouabain-containing buffer). The T1 and T2, of the intracellular lithium (after perfusion with lithium-containing buffer) were both well fit by single exponentials (700- and 31-ms time constants, respectively). © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Systems overview of the application system/400

This paper describes IBM's recently available general-purpose midrange computers—the Application System/400™, the basic intentions of the product, the significant factors setting forth system requirements, the primary design themes incorporated in the implementation of those requirements, and a description of some of the key system components. However, the paper is not intended to provide a complete system description.
Split Liver Transplantation: An Overview

Liver transplantation (OLT) has become the only treatment modality for patients with end-stage liver diseases. Establishment of standard liver transplantation technique, development of better immunosuppressive medications and accumulated experience using them safely, and improvement of intensive care and anesthesia played major role to have current 88%-90% 1-year survival after liver transplantation. As liver transplantations became more successful with the growing experience and development in the field, the increased demand for liver allografts could not match the available supply of donor organs. As a result of this imbalance, each year nearly 3000 patients die in the United States awaiting liver transplantation on the national waiting list. Split liver transplantation (SLT) has been perceived as an important strategy to increase the supply of liver grafts by creating 2 transplants from 1 allograft. The bipartition of a whole liver also carries utmost importance by increasing the available grafts for the pediatric patients, where size-matched whole liver allografts are scarce, leading increased incidence of waiting list mortality in this group. In the common approach of the split liver procedure, liver is divided into a left lateral segment graft (LLS) to be transplanted to a child and a right extended liver lobe graft for an adult recipient. In a technically more challenging variant of this procedure, the principle is to split the liver into 2 hemigrafts and use the left side for a small adult or a teenager and the right for a medium-sized adult patient. Donor selection for splitting, technical expertise in both OLT and hepatobiliary surgery, logistics to decrease total ischemia time, and manpower of the transplantation team are important factors for successful outcomes after SLT. The liver can be split on the back table (ex situ) or in the donor hospital before the donor cross-clamp using in situ splitting technique, which was developed directly from living donor liver transplantation. The most important advantage of in situ splitting is to decrease the total ischemia time and increased the possibility of inter-center sharing. The in situ technique of splitting has other advantages, including evaluation of the viability of segment IV in case of LLS splitting and better control of bleeding from cut surface upon reperfusion on the recipient. Recipient selection for split liver grafts is also crucial for success after SLT. In this review, we aim to summarize the advances that have occurred in SLT. We also discuss anatomic and technical aspects, including both approaches to SLT, which is now considered by many centers to be a routine operation.
Hydrocarbon Residuals and Containment in Microfine Cement Grouted Sand

This study investigates the roles of contaminant-grout and contaminant-soil interactions on the effectiveness of grouting gasoline-contaminated soil for minimizing contaminant migration by substantially decreasing the permeability of the grouted mass and/or encapsulating contaminant residuals. Experiments were conducted to determine the bleed capacity, unconfined compressive strength, and microstructure of neat microfine grout at three water:cement ratios with up to 20% of gasoline contamination. The gasoline was found to significantly reduce sedimentation, lower the compressive strength, and become encapsulated in the grout matrix. To quantify the effects of various interactions in the contaminant-grout-soil system and the effectiveness of contaminant containment, microfine cement grouts were injected into three gradations of Ottawa sand subjected to six different pregrout scenarios to physically model different degrees of residual saturation. The contaminated sands were determined to have higher permeability and lower strength due to more porous interfacial zones and adsorbed contaminant layers on the sand surfaces. These microstructural features and encapsulated contaminant entities were documented by microscopy. A first approximation of the apparent mass of contaminant residual that may migrate from grouted sand was determined by leaching tests and gas chromatography; results were typically 50% greater in cases where gasoline saturated initially dry sand.
Organizational Support for Action Learning in South Korean Organizations.

The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the impact of organizational support on employee learning and performance and (2) to elaborate on the context of organizational support for action learning in South Korean organizations. For this inquiry, two central questions were posed: What are employee reactions to organizational support for action learning? And what are key elements of organizational support for action learning? Framed by organizational support theory (OST), this study involved a mixed methods research design, including (1) a survey involving 268 action learning participants and their supervisors from 28 participating companies asked to report their perceptions of their organizations' support of action learning and (2) one-on-one, semistructured interviews with 34 HR managers and executives aimed at elaborating on the nature of support for action learning in their organization. Study findings support OST and indicate that South Korean organizations support action learning in a variety of ways and that such support was a critical factor in the success of their action learning efforts.
Studies of the Statistical Exchange Approximation in First-Transition-Row Atoms and Ions: Mn + 2 Ion

A study of several statistical approximations to the Hartree-Fock (HF) one-electron effective exchange potential has been carried out through a series of restricted and spin-polarized Hartree-Fock-Slater (HFS) calculations on $3d$-transition-row atoms and ions. The results of this study for the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{+2}$ ion are reported in this paper and are compared with the corresponding HF results. Of the various approximations in which only the homogeneous part of the local exchange potential is kept, the simple $\mathrm{X}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ method is shown to give quite good results. This method amounts to multiplying the exchange potential $\ensuremath{-}6{[(\frac{3}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}){\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}(r)]}^{\frac{1}{3}}$, where $\ensuremath{\xi}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2}$, by a constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ which is usually determined by the requirement that the $\mathrm{X}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ orbitals correspond to a minimum in the HF energy. It is shown that the energy-dependent exchange schemes proposed earlier break down totally in the spin-polarized case. We examine the importance of including the inhomogeneous correction terms via the method recently proposed by Herman et al. and we discuss the possible importance of these terms in spin-polarized energy-band calculations. We conclude that the $\mathrm{X}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ method is both accurate and simple enough for practical use in carrying out energy-band calculations for magnetic solids.
Special collections and the new web: Using LibGuides to provide meaningful access

Librarians have long struggled to find user-friendly mediums to provide meaningful information to patrons using bibliographies, pathfinders, and subject guides with varying degrees of success. Content management systems, such as Springshare's LibGuides, have recently been developed to facilitate the creation of online subject guides. Special collections units also struggle with this issue. This article examines how special collections are presented on the Web, the use of LibGuides for special collections, and how the use of LibGuides is facilitating the goal to provide information in a meaningful way by Special and Digital Collections at the University of South Florida Tampa Library.
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SAT: A REVIEW OF SOME IMPLICATIONS

That the SAT has not changed fundamentally since its inception without diminishing its pragmatic utility suggests that the SAT is appropriate for its intended purpose. Nevertheless, the social and scientific milieu has certainly changed since the 1920s. This paper reviews the implications of scientific developments accompanying the revival of cognitive psychology. We distinguished early in the paper between a process-oriented or diagnostic test and an outcomes-oriented test such as the SAT. Since the SAT does not aim to be a diagnostic test the implications of cognitive theories for test construction that would otherwise be applicable were not emphasized. Nevertheless, an analysis was presented based on quantitative items that illustrates how tests with a diagnostic orientation could be based on cognitive principles. Most of the paper, however, is devoted to an explication of the linkage of cognitive principles with psychometric considerations for an outcomes-oriented test like the SAT. The essence of that linkage is an accounting of item difficulty, that is, an understanding of the differences in difficulty among items. This understanding, can be viewed as an additional requirement for construct validity, which until recently focused almost exclusively on an accounting of the covariation of test scores in terms of “abilities.” In other words, explaining covariation and item difficulty are now equally important aspects of validation. Although work from this enlarged validational perspective on SAT items is limited, there is work based on similar items, especially analogy and reading comprehension, which suggests that the SAT will fare well when relevant studies are conducted. Despite this positive outlook additional studies need to be conducted based on an enlarged validational framework. Even though the predictive power of the test is not likely to increase significantly because of this research, it is nevertheless essential as a means of realizing the programmatic implications discussed in the paper.
Cell tropism predicts long-term nucleotide substitution rates of mammalian RNA viruses

The high rates of RNA virus evolution are generally attributed to replication with error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. However, these long-term nucleotide substitution rates span three orders of magnitude and do not correlate well with mutation rates or selection pressures. This substitution rate variation may be explained by differences in virus ecology or intrinsic genomic properties. We generated nucleotide substitution rate estimates for mammalian RNA viruses and compiled comparable published rates, yielding a dataset of 118 substitution rates of structural genes from 51 different species, as well as 40 rates of non-structural genes from 28 species. Through ANCOVA analyses, we evaluated the relationships between these rates and four ecological factors: target cell, transmission route, host range, infection duration; and three genomic properties: genome length, genome sense, genome segmentation. Of these seven factors, we found target cells to be the only significant predictors of viral substitution rates, with tropisms for epithelial cells or neurons (P<0.0001) as the most significant predictors. Further, one-tailed t-tests showed that viruses primarily infecting epithelial cells evolve significantly faster than neurotropic viruses (P<0.0001 and P<0.001 for the structural genes and non-structural genes, respectively). These results provide strong evidence that the fastest evolving mammalian RNA viruses infect cells with the highest turnover rates: the highly proliferative epithelial cells. Estimated viral generation times suggest that epithelial-infecting viruses replicate more quickly than viruses with different cell tropisms. Our results indicate that cell tropism is a key factor in viral evolvability.
UCB: System Description for SemEval Task #4

The UC Berkeley team participated in the SemEval 2007 Task #4, with an approach that leverages the vast size of the Web in order to build lexically-specific features. The idea is to determine which verbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are used in sentences containing a target word pair, and to compare those to features extracted for other word pairs in order to determine which are most similar. By combining these Web features with words from the sentence context, our team was able to achieve the best results for systems of category C and third best for systems of category A.
Comparison of results obtained with various sensors used to measure fluctuating quantities in jets.

An experimental investigation has been conducted to compare the results obtained with six different instruments that sense fluctuating quantities in free jets. These sensors are typical of those that have recently been used by various investigators who are engaged in experimental studies of jet noise. Intensity distributions and two-point correlations with space separation and time delay were obtained. The static pressure, density, and velocity fluctuations are well correlated over the entire cross section of the jet and the cross-correlations persist for several jet diameters along the flow direction. The eddies appear to be flattened in the flow direction by a ratio of 0.4.
Material/Geometry Adaptive Shape Functions for Rayleigh-Ritz Vibration Analysis of Composite Plates

New shape functions, which are adapted to changes of aspect ratio and material properties of composite plates referred as material/geometry adaptive shape functions, have been developed to improve the accuracy of the Rayleigh-Ritz method for vibration analyses. The comparisons of free vibration analysis using these adaptive shape functions to the mode shapes from literature show suitability and accuracy of these adaptive shape functions. These shape functions and the frequency equations of composite plates are presented for five different cases of boundary conditions. To obtain accurate results, up to 13 modes are used in the Rayleigh-Ritz formulation. The effect of ply orientation angle on the vibration response using this method is investigated. The results of free vibration responses using new adaptive shape functions show excellent agreement with those of finite element analysis.
Are Two Hands (from Different People) Better than One? Transfer between Unimanual, Bimanual, and Intermanual Coordination Modes:

We report an experiment investigating transfer effects between unimanual (one-handed), bimanual (two-handed), and intermanual (different peoples’ hands) coordination modes. From an information-based perspective, coordination at the individual level should positively transfer to coordination at the interpersonal level, and vise versa. From a constraint-based perspective, simpler coordination tasks (e.g., at the individual level) should positively transfer to a more complex one (e.g., at the interpersonal level), but not vise versa. Participants drove a teleoperated rover using different manual coordination modes in a within-subjects design, and their speed was measured. The resulting pattern of transfer effects across coordination modes is better accounted for by a constraint-based explanation. However, those transfer effects disappear rapidly with practice. The current results lead us to conclude that team motor skills are not immediately transferable to individual motor skills.
Relationship between Nutrition Knowledge and Gender, Ethnic Background, and Year in School in varsity athletes

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the nutrition knowledge of varsity athletes with special consideration given to gender, ethnic background, and year in school. The level of knowledge about nutrition in varsity athletes has previously been investigated and has been recognized as being relatively poor despite a general understanding that nutrition is very important for exercise performance and physical activity. However, a dearth of information exists on how gender, race, or educational level might interact with knowledge about nutrition in the varsity athlete population. The aim of this study was to ascertain the level of nutritional knowledge of collegiate athletes with specific interest in the interaction between this variable and: 1. Gender, 2. Ethnic background and; 3. Year in school Athletes (n=262) completed a questionnaire which inducted biographical information, current nutritional practices, and fifty knowledge questions related to both general nutrition and specific nutrition supplements. All knowledge statements were evaluated on a tri-option scale (true, false, don't know). Dont know - classified as an incorrect response - was included to eliminate guessing by the respondents. The level of general nutritional knowledge of all athletes combined was quite poor (47.8%). Regarding gender differences, female athletes scored higher than male athletes (51.6% vs. 46.2%; p
Environmental Fatigue Test of CF8M With a Small Autoclave Simulating PWR Conditions

To develop a fatigue design curve of cast stainless steel CF8M used in primary piping material of nuclear power plants, low-cycle fatigue tests have been conducted by Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI). A small autoclave simulated the environment of a pressurized water reactor (PWR), 15 MPa and 315 °C. Fatigue life was measured in terms of the number of cycles with the variation of strain amplitudes at 0.04%/s strain rate. A small autoclave of 1 liter and cylindrical solid fatigue specimens were used for the strain-controlled low cycle environmental fatigue tests to make the experiments convenient. However, it was difficult to install displacement measuring instruments at the target length of the specimens inside the autoclave. To mitigate the difficulty displacement data measured at the shoulders of the specimen were calibrated based on the data relation of the target and shoulder length of the specimen during hot air test conditions. KEPRI developed a test procedure to perform low cycle environmental fatigue tests in the small autoclave. The procedure corrects the cyclic strain hardening effect by performing additional tests in high temperature air condition. KEPRI verified that the corrected test result agreed well with that of finite element method analysis. The process of correcting environmental fatigue data would be useful for producing reliable fatigue curves using a small autoclave simulating the operating conditions of a PWR.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Use of an Electrically Heated Catalyst to Reduce Cold-Start Emissions in a Bi-Fuel Spark Ignited Engine

Reduction of cold-start emissions using electrically-heated catalyst (EHC) technology was the focus of this work. Comprehensive emission measurements of CO, CO 2 , NO x , and total hydrocarbons (THC) are reported for a spark-ignited engine operated on baseline gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). Electric heating times of 0, 20, and 40 S with and without secondary air injection were investigated. The 40-second electric catalyst heating with secondary air injection scenario yielded the greatest catalyst system (EHC + OEM three-way catalyst) conversion efficiencies for THC, CO, and NO x for gasoline and natural gas fueling. Electric catalyst heating coupled with secondary air injection significantly improved THC and CO emissions for gasoline fueling. THC oxidation was difficult for CNG fueling due to the high content of nonreactive methane in the fuel. The independence of NO x emissions on heating time was demonstrated for all fueling cases.
The association between heart disease mortality and geographic access to hospitals: county level comparisons in Ohio, USA.

Abstract Greater distance to health care facilities is associated with poorer health care service utilization, yet little is known about how the ‘decay effect’ of distance influences the outcome of heart disease that requires frequent medical care. Heart disease has been a leading cause of death in the United States for a last few decades, even with significant improvements in treatment and management. In this study, we examined the association between physical distance to hospitals and heart disease mortality. The geographic information system (GIS) approach was taken to integrate, visualize and analyze data from multiple sources. Hospitals in the state of Ohio were geocoded and zonal statistics were computed to quantify geographical access to hospitals at the level of Ohio's 88 counties. Whereas the results of bivariate analysis showed a significant association between distance to hospitals and heart disease mortality, this relationship was not significant when accounting for socioeconomic and socio-demographic factors. This study demonstrates the usefulness of visualized health data and makes a case for further research on associations between disease outcomes and access to health care services.
Children's strategic compensation for size underconstancy: Dependence on distance and relation to reasoning ability

When asked to judge the size of a distant object, older children are more likely than younger ones to report deliberately inflating their judgements to compensate for size underconstancy (Granrud, in press). The current investigation examined whether use of this strategy depends on object distance and whether it is related to individual differences in reasoning, knowledge about size perception, or cognitive style. In two studies, children in Grades 1–3 estimated the size of a distant (61 m away) and near (6.1 m away) disc. In each, half of the children reported inflating their judgement of the distant disc to compensate for a tendency to underestimate its size, but only a few reported using this strategy for the near disc. Self-reported strategy users tended to either judge the distant disc accurately or to overestimate its size, whereas the other children tended to underestimate its size. Strategy reporters obtained higher scores on a test of verbal reasoning, but did not differ from the other children i...
Effects of feeding regimen on ethanol intake by guinea pigs

During daily two-hr sessions, guinea pigs licked a drinking tube filled with either 0 (tap water), 2,4 or 8% (v/v) ethanol solution under three feeding regimens. Consumption of each solution was highest when sufficient food to maintain subjects at 90% of free-feeding weight was provided during sessions, lower when the same food ration was provided after sessions, and lowest when ad lib access to food was provided within and between sessions. However, this decrease in consumption across feeding regimens was inversely related to ethanol concentration. Under all feeding regimens, volume of solution consumed decreased with increasing ethanol concentration while milligrams ethanol consumed increased with ethanol concentration. These results are similar in some respects to previous findings with rats and monkeys, suggesting that further studies of oral ethanol self-administration by guinea pigs may be merited.
Hyperhomocysteinemia Is Associated with Venous Thrombosis in Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome

Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with venous thrombosis and vitamin deficiency. Patients with short bowel syndrome have increased risk of venous thrombosis due to central catheters, and of vitamin deficiency due to malabsorption. The current investigation was designed to evaluate the relationship between history of venous thrombosis and current hyperhomocystinemia and vitamin deficiency in patients with short bowel syndrome. Methods: Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), serum vitamin B 12 , folate, B 6 , and methylmalonic acid (MMA) were measured. Venous thrombosis was documented by venogram or ultrasound. Results: Ten of 17 patients had venous thromboses, including 17 of 38 observed superior and 12 of 26 inferior veins. Total homocysteine was correlated with number of thromboses. The relative risk of multiple thromboses in the highest tHcy tertile was 3.6-fold that of the lowest tertile. Vitamin B 12 and folate levels were within normal limits, but B 12 deficiency by MMA or tHcy level was apparent in 7 patients. Vitamin-deficient patients had higher tHcy and MMA than those without deficiency. Conclusions: Venous thrombosis in patients with short bowel syndrome is related to hyperhomocystinemia, which is also related to vitamin B 12 deficiency, not detected by serum vitamin B 12 concentration. Whether treatment of vitamin deficiencies and associated reduction in tHcy will reduce recurrent venous thrombosis in these patients is not known.
Spotting infinite groups

We generalize a theorem of R. Thomas, which sometimes allows one to tell by inspection that a finitely presented group G is infinite. Groups to which his theorem applies have presentations with not too many more relators than generators, with at least some of the relators being proper powers. Our generalization provides lower bounds for the ranks of the abelianizations of certain normal subgroups of G in terms of their indices. We derive Thomas's theorem as a special case.
Global Research Integrity in Relation to the United States' Research-Integrity Infrastructure

Recent global attention to research integrity has led to international meetings and the development of international policies and guidelines. The United States's infrastructure for fostering research integrity (policy, instruction, oversight) has usefully supported these international initiatives. The United States cannot and should not, however, expect other national and global systems to match exactly its approach to research integrity.
Postprandial response of gastric pH in leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) and its use to study foraging ecology.

SUMMARY Changes in gastric pH of leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata were quantified as an indicator of feeding frequency and ration size. Continuous in situ measurements of gastric pH were made in captive adult leopard sharks using an autonomous pH/temperature probe for periods ranging from 5-16 days. Instrumented sharks were fed meals of squid at different ration sizes. Gastric fluid samples were also taken from non-instrumented juvenile leopard sharks at different time intervals after feeding, and the pH measured to quantify effects of the pH probe in the stomach. Continuous in situ measurements of pH show that empty stomachs have a low pH of 1.54±1.42 (mean ± s.d.) and that feeding causes a rapid increase in pH to 3.11±0.71, followed by a gradual decrease back down to baseline levels. There was a positive relationship between changes in pH and meal size (r2=0.72, P=0.001). There were no significant differences in pH between continuous in situ and laboratory serial sample measurements. Together these findings indicate that gastric acid secretion may be continuous in leopard sharks, and that changes in gastric pH may be used to estimate feeding chronology, frequency and ration size of leopard sharks in the field.
Studies Directed toward the Total Synthesis of Cerorubenic Acid-III. 5. A Radical Cyclization Route Leading to the Methyl Ester of the Natural Isomer1

The first total synthesis of cerorubenic acid-III methyl ester is detailed. Enantiopure 4, obtained by anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement of 3, was transformed via diol 11 into lactol 20. Following proper establishment of both side chains as in 25, a 6-exo radical cyclization was employed to set the configuration of the remaining stereogenic centers. This very useful process set the stage for construction of the pendant side chain. The complete route to 2 from 3-methylcyclohexenone required 30 steps (0.3% overall yield) confirmed the initial complex structural assignment and established the absolute configuration of the natural kairomone.
Multi-level grid algorithms for faster molecular energetics

Bio-molecules reach their stable configuration in solvent which is primarily water with a small concentration of salt ions. One approximation of the total free energy of a bio-molecule includes the classical molecular mechanical energy EMM (which is understood as the self intra-molecular energy in vacuum) and the solvation energy Gsol which is caused by the change of the environment of the molecule from vacuum to solvent (and hence also known as the molecule-solvent interaction energy). This total free energy is used to model and study the stability of bio-molecules in isolation or in their interactions with drugs. In this paper we present fast O (N log N) multi-level grid based approximation algorithms (where N is the number of atoms) for efficiently estimating the compute-intensive terms of EMM and Gsol. The fast octree-based algorithm for Gsol is additionally dependent on an O (N) size computation of the biomolecular surface and its spatial derivatives (normals). We also provide several examples with timing results, and speed/accuracy tradeoffs, demonstrating the efficiency and scalability of our fast free energy estimation of bio-molecules, potentially with millions of atoms.