cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Disruption Tolerant Networking across Lunar Optical Communications Links

The NASA Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD) was the first demonstration of high rate bi-directional optical communications from a lunar orbiting spacecraft to Earth. The LLCD terminal was integrated into the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft, arriving at the Moon in October 2013. Following successful communications between the optical space terminal and a multiaperture photon-counting ground terminal at downlink data rates of up to 622 Mbps and uplink data rates of up to 20 Mbps, experiment time was used to demonstrate DisruptionTolerant Networking (DTN) benefits for an optical communications system. The simulation of a lunar relay scenario demonstrated the DTN protocols providing data completeness, multiplexing and de-multiplexing of data between multiple sources and destinations, and automated store and forward operations for the first time over optical links with a spacecraft.
How Graduate Programs in Hospital Administration are Adapting to The Increasing Demand in The Hospital and Medical Care Profession

The article features the author's opinion regarding aspects of graduate programs for hospital administration. It is suggested that courses in hospital administration are adapting to account for dev...
A Generalized EOQ Model for Items with Weibull Distribution Deterioration

Abstract A generalized form of Covert and Philip's EOQ model with Weibull distribution deterioration is developed. Specifically, the 3-parameter Weibull distribution is used to represent the time to deterioration. It is shown that this model can be related to the previously developed simpler models. The solutions to two numerical examples are compared to Covert and Philip's solution.
Representation of Maenads on Archaic Red-Figure Vases

There have been two works of major importance dealing with the characteristics of Greek maenadism, separated by seventy years of rapid advance in the study of comparative religion. The first, which appeared in 1872, is Rapp's detailed study ‘Die Manade im griechischen Cultus, in der Kunst und Poesie’. This has remained valuable long after the contemporary theories of nature-symbolism have been abandoned, and the distinctions he drew between the ‘artificial’ maenads of poetry or art and the actual cult-practice of Dionysiac religion in historical Greece is still on the whole valid. The second work is E. R. Dodds' article ‘Maenadism in the Bacchae,’ published in 1940, which has supplemented, but not basically altered, Rapp's principles by showing that, although it may be doubted whether anything very much like the ecstatic possession depicted in the Bacchae took place in classical Greece, sufficiently strong parallels exist between the presentation of maenads on vases and in the Bacchae on the one hand, and historical and clinical descriptions of hysterical excitement on the other, to suggest that the maenad had been at some time more than an imaginary creature; and in fact Bacchic practices of some types, apparently traditional, can be proved to have occurred in Hellenistic times. Somehow, it seems, some practical knowledge of religious hysteria reached Euripides and the vase-painters of the late sixth century, either surviving from the past or brought in from other parts of the Greek world.
Immune and vascular dysfunction in diabetic wound healing.

The diminished capacity for wound healing in patients with diabetes contributes to morbidity through ulceration and recurrent infections, loss of function and decreased workplace productivity, increased hospitalisation rates, and rising health-care costs. These are due to diabetes' effects on signalling molecules, cellular cascades, different cell populations, and the vasculature. The function of multiple immune system components including cellular response, blood factors, and vascular tone are all negatively impacted by diabetes. The purpose of this paper is to review the current understanding of immune and vascular dysfunction contributing to impaired wound healing mechanisms in the diabetic population. Normal wound healing mechanisms are reviewed followed by diabetic aberrations to immune and inflammatory function and atherogenesis and angiopathy. Declaration of interest: The authors have no financial or personal relationships to people or organisations that could potentially and inappropriately influe...
Adjunction and Branchingness Effects in Syntax-Prosody Mapping

Match Theory (Selkirk 2011) and approaches to syntax-prosody mapping involving alignment and Wrap(XP) (Truckenbrodt 1995, 1999) insist that syntatic phrases at least partially map onto phonological phrases. Each approach specifies that certain XPs are visible for mapping, while others are not. Both Truckenbrodt (1999) and Selkirk (2011) suggest that when an XP hosts an adjunct, only the lower segment of that XP is visible at the interface. We undertake several case studies of these theories' predictions, drawing primarily on data from phrasing in the Bantu language Kinyambo (Bickmore 1990), in order to address the proper interpretation of syntactic adjunction structures at the syntax-phonology interface. To do so, we employ a new JavaScript application which we have developed, Syntax-Prosody in Optimality Theory (SPOT; Bellik, Bellik, & Kalivoda 2016) allowing us to automatically generate and evaluate prosodic tree structures of arbitrary length and depth. We conclude that high segments of XP in syntactic adjunction structures must be visible to Match (pace Selkirk 2011) in order to predict attested prosodic phrasings in Kinyambo, and that treatments of adjunction which ignore the highest segment of a maximal projection make surprising and possibly problematic predictions.
Acceleration Waves in Elastic Non-Conductors of Heat

Now, I shall examine the behaviour of acceleration waves in elastic bodies which do not conduct heat. For such a material body the values internal energy e, the stress T and the absolute temperature θ (strictly positive) are determined by the present values of the deformation gradient F and the entropy η.
Climate drives adaptive genetic responses associated with survival in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)

A genecological approach was used to explore genetic variation for survival in Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush). Artemisia tridentata is a widespread and foundational shrub species in western North America. This species has become extremely fragmented, to the detriment of dependent wildlife, and efforts to restore it are now a land management priority. Common-garden experiments were established at three sites with seedlings from 55 source-populations. Populations included each of the three predominant subspecies, and cytotype variations. Survival was monitored for 5 years to assess differences in survival between gardens and populations. We found evidence of adaptive genetic variation for survival. Survival within gardens differed by source-population and a substantial proportion of this variation was explained by seed climate of origin. Plants from areas with the coldest winters had the highest levels of survival, while populations from warmer and drier sites had the lowest levels of survival. Survival was lowest, 36%, in the garden that was prone to the lowest minimum temperatures. These results suggest the importance of climatic driven genetic differences and their effect on survival. Understanding how genetic variation is arrayed across the landscape, and its association with climate can greatly enhance the success of restoration and conservation.
Implantable micro-sized image sensor for data transmission with intra-vital optical communication

Interest in implantable microchips for medical sensors is increasing. To reduce the invasiveness of implantation, wireless data transmission in a living body is an important issue shared by all such sensors. Here, the authors report on a light-based wireless data transmission method for implantable biomedical sensor chips. An implantable micro-sized image sensor (400 × 1200 μm2) that was designed to modulate a small light-emitting diode (λ = 855 nm) with pulse-width modulation for intra-vital optical communication (IOC) was developed. Both a transmitter device and a receiver device for IOC were prepared, and optical image data transmission through biological tissue (a mouse skull bone) was successfully demonstrated.
Abstract A133: The DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B drives mutagenesis in breast cancer

A typical breast cancer accumulates hundreds to thousands of somatic mutations. Breast cancer mutation spectra are often dominated by C-to-T transition mutations, which occur in a mostly dispersed manner but can also occur in localized clusters called kataegis. Several lines of evidence indicate that the innate immune DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B is the primary cause of these mutations. First, APOBEC3B mRNA is up-regulated in the majority of primary breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines. Second, endogenous APOBEC3B protein is predominantly nuclear and the only detectable source of DNA C-to-U editing activity in breast cancer cell line extracts. Third, APOBEC3B knockdown causes a corresponding decrease in genomic uracil concentrations, mutation frequencies, and C-to-T mutation levels in breast cancer cell lines. Fourth, the biochemical signature of APOBEC3B is over-represented in breast cancer mutation spectra. Fifth, breast carcinomas that express high levels of APOBEC3B have twice as many mutations as those expressing low levels. Finally, high levels of APOBEC3B associate with more aggressive disease including shorter durations of survival. All of these data are consistent with a model in which APOBEC3B-catalyzed DNA cytosine deamination provides a chronic source of DNA damage and mutagenesis in breast carcinomas that may help to explain how some tumors evolve rapidly and manifest gross heterogeneity. Citation Format: Reuben Harris. The DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B drives mutagenesis in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research: Genetics, Biology, and Clinical Applications; Oct 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2013;11(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A133.
HYPERINSULINEMIC HYPOGLYCEMIA OF INFANCY: Recent Insights into ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels, Sulfonylurea Receptors, Molecular Mechanisms, and Treatment

In less than 5 years, an enigmatic syndrome formerly termed nesidioblastosis or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [OMIM] 256450) has been defined at the molecular, genetic, and clinical level, permitting a rational approach to classification, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis (Table 1)37 Two parallel lines of investigation rapidly converged to permit this remarkable progress. The first line of research concerned fundamental investigations into the regulation of insulin secretion by glucose, its metabolites, or other nutrients, including ions such as potassium or calcium, and the manner by which sulfonylureas 0elicit insulin secretion. The seminal event was the cloning of the sulfonylurea receptor gene (SUR1) on chromosome 11; the recognition that SUR1 is intimately linked functionally and genetically to an inward rectifying potassium channel (Kir6.2), which together form the adenosine trinucleotide phosphate–regulated potassium (KATP) channel; followed by the rapid discovery that mutations in these genes were responsible for familial forms of PHHI. The second line of research concerned a more precise clinical delineation of entities that seemed to be inherited in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. In turn, these patterns permitted the discovery of responsible genes that were involved in insulin secretion but were not themselves part of the KATP channel. This article reviews the genetic and molecular basis of these entities, describes their clinical manifestations, and discusses the rationale of available therapeutic options.
Investigation of alternative metrics to quantify PM mass emissions from light duty vehicles

Abstract We evaluated the performance of six alternative particulate matter (PM) metrics relative to the regulatory gravimetric method during chassis dynamometer testing of five light-duty vehicles over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and Supplemental FTP (US06) cycles. Alternative metrics included three mass-based metrics including black carbon (BC), two suspended PM mass using integrated particle size distribution (IPSD) method, and three number/surface-based metrics including total particle number (PN), solid particle number (SPN), and particle active surface area (PS). The results showed PM emissions over the FTP cycle were dominated by solid particles on a mass basis (BC to PM ratio = 0.6 ± 0.5), whereas over the US06 cycle were dominated by semi-volatile particles (BC to PM ratio = 0.2 ± 0.2). Moderate to strong correlations were reported between the gravimetric method and the six alternative metrics for FTP and US06 cycles separately (R2 = 0.69–0.91), i.e. the best-fit lines were strongly dependent upon the cycle. On the other hand, the six alternative PM mass and number metrics exhibited moderate to strong correlations regardless of the test cycle (R2 = 0.66–0.98). We attribute the observed cycle dependency between alternative metrics and the gravimetric mass method to the greater gravimetric sensitivity to organic and semi-volatile PM than for most alternative metrics.
A Needs Driven Model of Workplace Social Effectiveness in Adults With Disabilities

Social effectiveness is central to workplace success. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the factors that influence effectiveness in managing the social requirements of the workplace. This stu...
Plasmonic induced transparency in graphene oxide quantum dots

The absorption due to phonon vibrations in graphene oxide quantum dots (GO-QDs) has been modified by localized plasmons induced by Ag nanoparticles (NPS). The interference of phonons and plasmons results in coherent interaction that leads to the formation of "dark states" and "coherent population trapping" related to Fano like effect. The localized electric field effectively drives the phonons which in turn modifies the coherent interaction in exciton absorption states of graphene oxide. A quantum optical theory is used to qualitatively explain the differential absorption spectra measured using pump-probe spectroscopy demonstrating the formation of dark states.
Conversion of Teaching File Cases from Film to Digital Format: A Comparison between Use of a Diagnostic-Quality Digitizer and use of a Flatbed Scanner with Transparency Adapter

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors' institution had decided to convert its radiology teaching files from film to digital media. This study was performed to determine the simplest method for converting the analog film images to digital images without a subsequent loss in diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods Twenty chest radiographs that demonstrated interstitial lung disease were randomly selected from the departmental teaching files and matched with 20 control radiographs from healthy adults. Analog film images were converted with both a diagnostic-quality film image digitizer (digitized) and a flatbed scanner equipped with a transparency adapter (scanned). Three radiology faculty members reviewed a mixed set of corresponding analog film, digitized, and scanned images. Reviewers judged whether each image depicted interstitial lung disease, indicated their level of confidence in the diagnosis, and rated each image for quality. Image quality was assessed by each reviewer subjectively at the time of viewing the individual image, without regard to other images. A one-way analysis of variance was performed to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between the three image formats. Agreement in diagnosis between corresponding images in the three different formats was evaluated for each reviewer with the McNemar test. Results There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between analog film and scanned images, but there was such a difference between these two groups and digitized images. Accuracy was 97% for analog film, 94% for scanned, and 89% for digitized images. Results of the McNemar test showed no statistically significant difference in agreement between the analog film images and the scanned images for any of the reviewers ( P > .05). Conclusion A high-end flatbed scanner with transparency adapter provided accurate, simple, and inexpensive conversion of analog film teaching files to digital format, with no loss of the ability to detect or diagnose subtle abnormalities such as interstitial lung disease.
The Collagens and Their Urologic Implications

The bladder is designed to store urine at low pressure and expel it periodically. In order to accomplish this function, the wall of the bladder must have certain mechanical properties. The strength, elasticity and physiology of the wall is the result of the functional integration of substantial number of individual connective tissue proteins and nerve, muscle, epithelial and fibroblastic cells. Our laboratory is interested in the mechanical properties of the bladder wall and how various types of connective tissue components, and the cells which synthesize them, contribute to these properties.
A domain-dependent approach to determining file importance

In this paper, we demonstrate how significantly domain-dependent predictors contribute to determining file importance. A predictor is a piece of information associated with the file under consideration collected and used to determine file importance. Using the approach described in Rawlings (1988), domain-dependent predictors seem to contribute more significantly than those domain-independent predictors. This has been manifested by the observation that those predictors dominant in the canonical models (e.g. linear weighting model) may no longer be so once the domain-dependent predictors are included in the models. The observation suggests that the domain-dependent approach may be more favorably adopted by the subjects in this study than the canonical approach in determining file importance.
Racial profiling as a minority issue

On a recent airing of the Actor’s Studio (May 21, 2006), James Lipton interviewed Don Cheadle about the movie Crash and his personal experiences as a Black man in Beverly Hills, California. Mr. Cheadle related that the police stopped him as he was walking down the street. “Did they give you a reason for why you were stopped?” asked James Lipton. “Oh yea, I fit the profile. You always fit the profile,” replied Don Cheadle. This response brought a burst of laughter from the studio audience. Yet, the response and the laughter highlighted some noteworthy issues. First, the audience shared in the understanding that Black men in America can be stopped by police on any pretext, and this shared knowledge does not have to originate from direct experience with crime or with criminal suspects (Klein & Naccarato, 2003; Oliver, 1994; Prosise & Johnson, 2004; Weitzer & Tuch, 2005). We obtain the stereotyped link between race and crime from family, peers, media, film, and literature. Second, while we know racial profiling happens, we allow it to continue, and as a society, we may be motivated to do so (Wilson, Dunham, & Alpert, 2004). Racial profiling and its outcomes allows the dominant culture to maintain their status in the social hierarchy (Sidanius, Levin, & Pratto, 1998) and keeps minorities, mostly men of color, in a precarious psychological state. By racial profiling, I mean the term as it is used to “identify law enforcement practices that use race to make discretionary judgments” (Aguirre, 2004, p. 929). I refer to the use of racial profiling as a means for law enforcement to wield power against individuals of color with irrelevant or no evidence for doing so. Racial profiling has received increased attention in the legal community (Banks, 2003; Gross & Barnes, 2002; Hickman, 2005; Johnson, 2003; Traffic Stops Statistics Study Act, 2001; Totman & Steward, 2006), in part owing to the number of personal testimonies and studies indicating its prevalence for people of color at the
Molecular characterization of chromosomal genes affecting double-stranded RNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We cloned MAK11, MAK18, and MKT1 utilizing their genetic map positions. The MAK11 gene is close to CDC16 on chromosome XI. Both genes were cloned on a single 7-kb fragment, and both have now been sequenced. The MAK18 gene is located close to PET3 on chromosome VIII. A large plasmid carrying PET3 was obtained from R. Elder and R.E. Esposito and was found to also have the MAK18 gene. The MAK16 gene has been subcloned and sequenced starting with a clone provided by J. Crowley and D. Kaback. The MKT1 gene was mapped near the gene for topoisomerase II. The topoisomerase II clone was used as the starting point for chromosome-walking to isolate MKT1. A deletion-insertion mutation (disruption) of MKT1 results in an inability to maintain M2, but does not affect M1 or L-A maintenance.
Erosion of coastal drainages in the Mendocino Triple Junction region (MTJ), northern California

Abstract The Mendocino Triple Junction (MTJ) region in northern California is an archetype for studying landscape response to varying rock uplift rates as they increase toward the triple junction. Underpinning these studies lies the assumption that this landscape has reached a dynamic equilibrium in which rock uplift and erosion rates are equal; however, no study has shown that such an equilibrium actually exists around the MTJ region. Here, we report 10Be- and 26Al-derived erosion rates calculated from isotope concentrations in detrital, fluvial sediment from coastal drainage basins; we then compare these rates with uplift rates inferred from marine terraces that were formed and preserved by uplift during the last ∼305 ka. Erosion rates in the more slowly uplifting southern part of the region range from 0.21–0.32 mm/yr and are consistent with rock uplift rates since 305 ka. However, in the northern transition zone, where uplift rates apparently started to increase about ∼100 ka due to northward migration of the MTJ, erosion rates are higher, 0.43 to 0.69 mm/yr. These rates are similar to uplift rates from 96–305 ka, but substantially less than recent uplift rates of ∼3.5–4 mm/yr inferred for the past ∼72 ka. In the central part of the King Range, finite erosion rates cannot be determined due to (i) the presence of excess 10Be that does not appear to have originated from in-situ cosmic-ray production during erosion and transport of the sediment, and (ii) 26Al concentrations below detection limits. The difference between catchment-wide erosion and recent uplift rates in coastal catchments may be related to a lag in response of hillslopes and tributaries to changes in rates of tectonically-driven relative base-level fall or the uncertainties in rock uplift rates inferred from marine terraces. This study suggests that measurements of both erosion and uplift rates are crucial in assessing the equilibrium state of landscapes and in understanding the topographic features made by surface and tectonic processes.
Lingual extraction and non-extraction case reports

This paper presents two case reports illustrating extraction and non-extraction treatment using a custom lingual orthodontic appliance system (Incognito). The initial pretreatment records and treatment setups are presented. Treatment mechanics are described and illustrated. Pre-treatment and post-treatment cephalometric superimpositions are presented.
Pediatric Ventilator Management

This is the go-to guide for invasive and noninvasive ventilation for the non-intensivist. From the crashing asthmatic to the patient requiring titration of their ventilator, this chapter sets you up for success in the pre- and post-intubation period for the pediatric respiratory failure patient. The DOPES mnemonic is a quick hit that everyone must know when your ventilated patient acutely deteriorates in order to troubleshoot and quickly correct their decompensation.
X-linked Choroideremia.

Choroideremia (CHM) is the most common X-linked hereditary choroidal dystrophy, characterized by progressive degeneration of the choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and retina. Its prevalence is about 1 in 50,000–100,000 people.
Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair: Two-Year Results of a First-in-Human Study

Background:Bridge-enhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair (BEAR) combines suture repair of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with a specific extracellular matrix scaffold (the BEAR scaffold) ...
Working towards a standardized approach to reporting of sound measurements in wildlife studies

We present guidance we have developed and adapted through attempts to synthesize and distill the diverse literature documenting wildlife responses to noise into concise support for conservation planning. Our systematic review revealed significant inconsistencies in the use of—and specifications for—acoustic metrics. Studies typically report noise levels in decibels (dB), yet these values can arise from a diverse array of methods and processing procedures. Though some of this diversity reflects varied objectives and acoustical contexts, we believe that normative guidance and better awareness of standards would enhance the interpretation, repeatability of published studies, and incorporation of results into conservation planning. Nested within this larger issue is the vexing problem of calibration, especially in relation to consumer audio recorders or emerging products for bioacoustical monitoring. While it is possible to extract useful information about acoustic phenology or species presence from uncalibrated audio recordings, calibration can deliver a much broader range of information. We review the suite of calibration options presently available, and our experience with implementing and sharing solutions.We present guidance we have developed and adapted through attempts to synthesize and distill the diverse literature documenting wildlife responses to noise into concise support for conservation planning. Our systematic review revealed significant inconsistencies in the use of—and specifications for—acoustic metrics. Studies typically report noise levels in decibels (dB), yet these values can arise from a diverse array of methods and processing procedures. Though some of this diversity reflects varied objectives and acoustical contexts, we believe that normative guidance and better awareness of standards would enhance the interpretation, repeatability of published studies, and incorporation of results into conservation planning. Nested within this larger issue is the vexing problem of calibration, especially in relation to consumer audio recorders or emerging products for bioacoustical monitoring. While it is possible to extract useful information about acoustic phenology or species presence from uncalibra...
An Online Coverage Path Planning Algorithm for Curvature-Constrained AUVs

The paper presents an algorithm for online coverage path planning of unknown environments using curvature-constrained AUVs. Unlike point vehicles, which can make quick maneuvers in any direction towards any goal, curvature-constrained AUVs need significant time to accelerate, decelerate, or turn towards the goal. Therefore, finding a feasible collision-free path to the waypoint in the presence of obstacles is a nontrivial task for curvature-constrained AUVs. In order to overcome this challenge, we develop a new algorithm that dynamically selects the shortest Dubins path from its current state to a neighboring region in a locally optimal manner while providing efficient global coverage. The proposed new algorithm is an extension of our recently developed algorithm called $\epsilon^{\star}$ , which utilizes an Exploratory Turing Machine (ETM) as a supervisor to guide the vehicle with adaptive navigation decisions. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated on a high-fidelity underwater simulator called UWSim, where the collected terrain data is used offline for 3-D reconstruction of the seabed. The simulations show that the proposed algorithm generates feasible and safe coverage paths for curvature-constrained AUVs for accurate reconstruction of the underwater terrain.
A Data-Driven Approach to Prediction and Optimal Bucket-Filling Control for Autonomous Excavators

We develop a data-driven, statistical control method for autonomous excavators. Interactions between soil and an excavator bucket are highly complex and nonlinear, making traditional physical modeling difficult to use for real-time control. Here, we propose a data-driven method, exploiting data obtained from laboratory tests. We use the data to construct a nonlinear, non-parametric statistical model for predicting the behavior of soil scooped by an excavator bucket. The prediction model is built for controlling the amount of soil collected with a bucket. An excavator collects soil by dragging the bucket along the soil surface and scooping the soil by rotating the bucket. It is important to switch from the drag phase to the scoop phase with the correct timing to ensure an appropriate amount of soil has accumulated in front of the bucket. We model the process as a heteroscedastic Gaussian process (GP) based on the observation that the variance of the collected soil mass depends on the scooping trajectory, i.e., the input, as well as the shape of the soil surface immediately prior to scooping. We develop an optimal control algorithm for switching from the drag phase to the scoop phase at an appropriate time and for generating a scoop trajectory to capture a desired amount of soil with high confidence. We implement the method on a robotic excavator and collect experimental data. Experiments show promising results in terms of being able to achieve a desired bucket fill factor with low variance.
Sequential activation and lethal hit measured by [Ca2+]i in individual cytolytic T cells and targets.

Changes in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) have been continuously imaged during the interaction of the H-2Kb specific cytotoxic T cell lymphocyte (CTL) BM 3.3, with either the H-2Kb EL4.BU or the H-2Kk RDM4 cell lines. Activation of the CTLs by EL4.BU raises [Ca2+]i to several hundred nanomolar in the CTL. Frequently [Ca2+]i is preferentially elevated in the region of the CTL furthest from the site of target contact. These responses require external Ca2+ suggesting that they are generated by the plasma membrane and not internal stores. Inappropriate targets such as RDM4 evoke no changes in [Ca2+]i. Activation of the BM 3.3 CTL is followed by increases of [Ca2+]i to several micromolar or higher in the EL4.BU targets. This massive increase can be mimicked by direct application of cytolytic granules isolated from rat natural killer cells. The increase in plasma membrane permeability is ion-specific since external Mn2+ can also readily enter target cells that have been 'hit', as evidenced by the rapid selective quenching of fura-2 in those targets. The flood of Ca2+ into the target cell is followed by a leakage of the trapped fura-2. Since both processes continue after the CTL has disengaged, they provide a useful assay for the lethal hit. Furthermore, this technique can be used to follow complete cycles of CTL activation and lethal hit delivery, which under some circumstances can be as rapid as 6 min per cycle.
Light Interception and the Growth of Pastures under Ideal and Stressful Growing Conditions on the Allegheny Plateau

Pasture-based livestock production is impacted by management and weather. In pastures, there is conflict between leaf retention for plant growth and leaf harvest for animal nutrition. Defoliated pastures with low light interception (LI) may have a low forage growth rate (FGR), while excessive growth shades leaves, reducing FGR and resulting in an S-shaped regrowth curve. To optimize production, it is best to keep FGR linear. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of management and weather on FGR. Replicated pastures were used to measure FGR when grazed from 25 to 10 cm and allowed to regrow. The impact of alternative defoliation timings and intensities on FGR were studied using clipped treatments at three recovery intervals and two stubble heights. Variability in FGR was studied using a field validated plant growth model. Of the 24 growth periods studied, two displayed exponential, 12 linear and 10 linear-plateau growth. There was no effect of FM on growth curve form. In May and June, LI increased with canopy height, up to 0.93. Stubble height and days of growth impacted FGR with an interaction. There was no treatment impact on root density. Weather caused variation in FGR. A low FGR risk occurs at high elevations; greater risk occurs east of the plateau.
Coffin Commerce: How a Funerary Materiality Formed Ancient Egypt

This discussion will be centered on one ubiquitous and rather simple Egyptian object type – the wooden container for the human corpse. We will focus on the entire 'lifespan' of the coffin – how they were created, who bought them, how they were used in funerary rituals, where they were placed in a given tomb, and how they might have been used again for another dead person. Using evidence from Deir el Medina, we will move through time from the initial agreement between the craftsman and the seller, to the construction of the object by a carpenter, to the plastering and painting of the coffin by a draftsman, to the sale of the object, to its ritual use in funerary activities, to its deposit in a burial chamber, and, briefly, to its possible reuse.
Mice lacking endogenous TRPV1 express reduced levels of thermogenic proteins and are susceptible to diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel protein expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Although TRPV1 is implicated in thermogenesis and diet-induced obesity (DIO), its precise role remains controversial. TRPV1-/- mice are protected from DIO, while TRPV1 activation enhances thermogenesis to prevent obesity. To reconcile this, we fed wild-type and TRPV1-/- mice for 32 weeks with normal chow or a high-fat diet and analyzed the weight gain, metabolic activities, and thermogenic protein expression in white and brown fats. TRPV1-/- mice became obese, exhibited reduced locomotor activity, reduced energy expenditure, enhanced hepatic steatosis, and decreased thermogenic protein expression in adipose tissues. Our data reveal that lack of TRPV1 does not prevent obesity, but rather enhances metabolic dysfunction.
When threads meet events: efficient and precise static race detection with origins

Data races are among the worst bugs in software in that they exhibit non-deterministic symptoms and are notoriously difficult to detect. The problem is exacerbated by interactions between threads and events in real-world applications. We present a novel static analysis technique, O2, to detect data races in large complex multithreaded and event-driven software. O2 is powered by “origins”, an abstraction that unifies threads and events by treating them as entry points of code paths attributed with data pointers. Origins in most cases are inferred automatically, but can also be specified by developers. More importantly, origins provide an efficient way to precisely reason about shared memory and pointer aliases. Together with several important design choices for race detection, we have implemented O2 for both C/C++ and Java/Android applications and applied it to a wide range of open-source software. O2 has found new races in every single real-world code base we evaluated with, including Linux kernel, Redis, OVS, Memcached, Hadoop, Tomcat, ZooKeeper and Firefox Android. Moreover, O2 scales to millions of lines of code in a few minutes, on average 70x faster (up to 568x) compared to an existing static analysis tool from our prior work, and reduces false positives by 77%. We also compared O2 with the state-of-the-art static race detection tool, RacerD, showing highly promising results. At the time of writing, O2 has revealed more than 40 unique previously unknown races that have been confirmed or fixed by developers.
Sensors III: Spectral Sensing and Data Analysis

Spectral sensing of plant stressors and pertinent data analytics are keys to effectively monitor and manage crops throughout the production season. This chapter discusses basics of spectral sensing technologies, including various types of ground and aerial sensing platforms, and optical sensors that could be used during the crop stress sensing including multispectral and hyperspectral cameras. The chapter also discusses the key pre- and postprocessing steps and approaches for analyzing spectral data. Some of the important data analysis techniques discussed include spectral indices, principle component analysis, and pattern classification. The chapter also includes several example case studies to demonstrate the concepts discussed.
Vibration reduction in aerospace structures via an optimized modified positive velocity feedback control

Abstract In this paper, an optimized positive feedback based control approach is developed for unwanted resonant vibration attenuation of flexible lightweight aerospace structures. A modified form of the positive velocity feedback control (MPVF) is implemented, where the resonant compensator of each mode is enhanced with a parallel lossy integrator. For multi-mode control purpose and to control n-modes, n sets of parallel compensators are required. A focus of this paper is on development of effective gain optimization methods in order to improve the multi-mode suppression performance of the vibration controller. The optimization problem is addressed via the M-norm optimization method and the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). A flexible clamped-free beam is considered as a sample aerospace structure, and the controller verification is performed experimentally. Results show that vibration velocity is well reduced, which is important in preventing fatigue failures in aerospace structures. The LQR-optimized MPVF provides a compensated result between vibration amplitude reduction and the consumed control power. The M-norm approach, on the other hand, aims to directly suppress each mode based on the assigned weighting coefficients. Since an M-norm-optimized MPVF controller focuses on modes with higher amplitudes of velocity, it provides a higher level of vibration suppression than LQR-optimized method.
Recorded in Santa Barbara

Good to see you. I am sorry I am not able to be there for your birthday. Jackie and I really loved our visit last year, and I am sure we would have enormously enjoyed what I expect will be a great party, but at the moment we have a previous engagement somewhere in Thailand. I have known Claudio since he was a mere lad of 22, a young graduate student of Johnnie Wheeler when I first came to Princeton. He then stayed on as an Assistant Professor, so I have known him for more than half of his life. After Princeton he went to Texas and a few years later, much to my surprise, returned to Chile, first on a part time basis, and then full time. I must say that at the time I was surprised and amazed that he did this. I really admired him for his courage and dedication in going back to Chile to help build science at such a very difficult and dangerous time. I was delighted over the years to visit Claudio at the institute that he established in Santiago and later in Valdivia. I tried to do the little I could do to help him in his remarkable leadership in developing science in Chile and in healing the wounds of previous hard times.
How Learning Works : Seven Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching

List of Figures, Tables, and Exhibits. Foreword (Richard E. Mayer). Acknowledgments. About the Authors. Introduction Bridging Learning Research and Teaching Practice. 1 How Does Students' Prior Knowledge Affect Their Learning? 2 How Does the Way Students Organize Knowledge Affect Their Learning? 3 What Factors Motivate Students to Learn? 4 How Do Students Develop Mastery? 5 What Kinds of Practice and Feedback Enhance Learning? 6 Why Do Student Development and Course Climate Matter for Student Learning? 7 How Do Students Become Self-Directed Learners? Conclusion Applying the Seven Principles to Ourselves. Appendices. Appendix A What Is Student Self-Assessment and How Can We Use It? Appendix B What Are Concept Maps and How Can We Use Them? Appendix C What Are Rubrics and How Can We Use Them? Appendix D What Are Learning Objectives and How Can We Use Them? Appendix E What Are Ground Rules and How Can We Use Them? Appendix F What Are Exam Wrappers and How Can We Use Them? Appendix G What Are Checklists and How Can We Use Them? Appendix H What Is Reader Response/Peer Review and How Can We Use It? References. Name Index. Subject Index.
Hydrodynamics of wave forces on coastal-bridge decks: Calculations by Euler's equations versus nonlinear shallow-water wave equations

Wave forces on coastal-bridge decks are calculated by Euler's equations, and by nonlinear shallow-water wave equations. Euler's equations are solved by use of an open source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, namely OpenFOAM. In the numerical wave tank, Euler's equations are solved for both water and air above, and the free-surface is determined by a Volume of Fluid interface tracking method. The wave forces are also calculated by the Level I Green-Naghdi nonlinear shallow-water wave equations, specifically developed for the problem of wave interaction with submerged bridge decks. The two methods are used in calculating solitary and cnoidal wave forces on submerged bridge decks (model and prototype) and results are compared with one another, and with the existing laboratory experiments. Discussion on accuracy, applicability and computational cost of these methods, under different physical conditions, is provided.
Barriers to Political Participation of Puerto Ricans and Hispanics in Osceola County, Florida: 1991-2007

Resumen en: This paper examines Puerto Rican/Hispanic political participation in Osceola County, Florida, focusing on the attitudes Puerto Ricans/ Hispanics bring to...
Clinically viable magnetic poly(lactide-co-glycolide) particles for MRI-based cell tracking.

Purpose To design, fabricate, characterize, and in vivo assay clinically viable magnetic particles for MRI-based cell tracking. Methods Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) encapsulated magnetic nano and microparticles were fabricated. Multiple biologically relevant experiments were performed to assess cell viability, cellular performance, and stem cell differentiation. In vivo MRI experiments were performed to separately test cell transplantation and cell migration paradigms, as well as in vivo biodegradation. Results Highly magnetic nano (∼100 nm) and microparticles (∼1–2 µm) were fabricated. Magnetic cell labeling in culture occurred rapidly achieving 3–50 pg Fe/cell at 3 h for different particles types, and >100 pg Fe/cell after 10 h, without the requirement of a transfection agent, and with no effect on cell viability. The capability of magnetically labeled mesenchymal or neural stem cells to differentiate down multiple lineages, or for magnetically labeled immune cells to release cytokines following stimulation, was uncompromised. An in vivo biodegradation study revealed that NPs degraded ∼80% over the course of 12 weeks. MRI detected as few as 10 magnetically labeled cells, transplanted into the brains of rats. Also, these particles enabled the in vivo monitoring of endogenous neural progenitor cell migration in rat brains over 2 weeks. Conclusion The robust MRI properties and benign safety profile of these particles make them promising candidates for clinical translation for MRI-based cell tracking. Magn Reson Med 71:1238–1250, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postmodernism and the Discourse of Educational Criticism

Educational theory and practice has always been strongly wedded to the language and assumptions of modernism. Educators as diverse as John Dewey (1916), Ralph Tyler (1950), Herb Gintis (Bowles & Gintis, 1976), John Goodlad (1984), and Martin Carnoy (Carnoy & Levin, 1985) have shared a faith in those modernist ideals which stress the capacity of individuals to think critically, to exercise social responsibility, and to remake the world in the interest of the Enlightenment dream of reason and freedom. Central to this view of education and modernity has been an abiding faith in the ability of individuals to situate themselves as self-motivating subjects within the wider discourse of public life. For many educators, modernism is synonymous with "the continual progress of the sciences and of techniques, the rational division of industrial work, and the intensification of human labor and of human domination over nature" (Baudrillard, 1987, pp. 65-66). A faith in rationality, science, and technology buttresses the modernist belief in permanent change, and in the continual and progressive unfolding of history. Similarly, education provides the socializing processes and legitimating codes by which the grand narrative of progress and human development can be passed onto future generations. The moral, political, and social technologies that structure and drive the imperatives of public schooling are drawn from the modernist view of the individual student and educator as the guarantor of the delicate balance between private and public life, as the safeguard who can guarantee that the economy and the democratic state will function in a mutually determining manner. Within the discourse of modernism, knowledge draws its boundaries almost exclusively from a European model of culture and civilization. Civilization in this script is an extension of what Jean-Francois Lyotard (1984) calls
Improved Algorithms for Estimating the Effects of Pollution Impacts from Area and Open Pit Sources

The increasing environmental concern over hazardous emissions from landfills, landfarms, settling ponds, agricultural fields, surface mines, and surface impoundments has renewed interest in improving concentration estimates downwind from area sources. Simplistic and numerically efficient methods (for estimating area source impacts) are the virtual point source approach (Turner, 1970) as used in the models LONGZ (Bjorklund and Bowers, 1979) and VALLEY (Butt, 1977), and the finite line source approach as used in ISCST (Bowers et al., 1979). The virtual point source and finite line segment algorithms are most appropriate for estimating concentrations at downwind distances significantly larger than the side width of the area source (Hwang, 1986 and Weber, 1982). However, these constructs fail for concentration estimates within or near the area source. Thistle and Londergan (1989) showed that these algorithms behaved in a manner inconsistent with mathematical and physical principles. They demonstrated that models that use numerical techniques to approximate the Gaussian point source dispersion function over the area source are more realistic although computationally intensive. One of the models that they found to be mathematically and physically consistent was PAL (Petersen and Rumsey, 1987).