cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal performance of cold-formed steel structures in fire

Cold-formed steel (CFS) provides a novel and competent means to supply structurally efficient low- and midrise buildings. Increasingly used as primary members, CFS sections are required to satisfy design criteria, including fire demands. Fire resistance of CFS structures is currently ensured through adherence to prescriptive building codes and standardized assemblage tests; however, recent research is setting the stage for performance-based fire design of CFS structures grounded in engineering analysis. This chapter covers major advances in the research field pertaining to the fire behavior, analysis, and design of CFS structures at elevated temperatures. It aims to provide a general overview of current findings and offer technical guidance for the fire design of CFS structures.
On identification of parameterized switched linear systems

Motivated by applications in fault/attack detection of engineering systems, we formulate in this paper a parameterized switched linear systems identification problem. First, we show that the identifiability of parameterized switched linear systems is equivalent to the global identifiability of a parameterized linear time-invariant system. We propose a new necessary and sufficient condition to check the identifiability of a parameterized linear time-invariant system. Second, using the prior knowledge that the difference between the nominal system and the perturbed system is small (with only a small number of parameters that have been changed), we formulate the fault localization problem as a sparse linear regression problem. We investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm when there is a finite number of samples, and propose a necessary and sufficient condition to determine the number of samples required to achieve a “close-to-true” solution. Potential applications of this work can be: a) development of a sensor placement strategy as well as a real-time monitoring algorithm for the early detection of faults (e.g., material aging, line tripping) or attacks in power grids; b) understanding the functionality of genes, proteins and metabolites in disease dynamics, which could potentially lead to early disease detection and drug design.
A novel percutaneous double-lumen stent graft technique for treatment of chronic type B aortic dissection under local anesthesia

We present a novel endovascular technique for treatment of chronic dissection with abdominal aortic aneurysm whereby multiple overlapping stent grafts are placed in parallel in the true and false lumens in a 65-year-old woman. The use of multiple stent grafts within each lumen allowed total aneurysm exclusion and prevention of false lumen reperfusion while the parallel placement preserved flow in both lower extremities. Postoperative imaging showed complete exclusion of the aneurysm with patency of all aortic branches and no evidence of endoleak. The success of this novel procedure demonstrates feasibility of parallel stent graft implantation in both true and false lumens.
Best Clinical Practice: Controversies in Transient Ischemic Attack Evaluation and Disposition in the Emergency Department.

Abstract Background Transient ischemic attack (TIA) affects over 200,000 patients annually in the United States, and it precedes approximately 14% to 23% of strokes. Patients are typically admitted for evaluation and management. Objective This review investigates the controversies of emergency department (ED) evaluation of TIA, including imaging, clinical risk scores, rapid diagnostic protocols, and disposition. Discussion TIA is a common condition, with over 200,000 patients affected annually, and is associated with risk of stroke. TIA is defined as a brief episode of neurologic dysfunction with no permanent infarction. A great deal of literature has evaluated the use of imaging, clinical risk scores, and diagnostic protocols in the evaluation of TIA. Head computed tomography noncontrast is not reliable to diagnose acute infarction. Magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging displays greater diagnostic ability. Carotid imaging includes magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, and Doppler with ultrasound. Risk scores that predict future stroke are not reliable when utilized alone. With imaging, including magnetic resonance imaging, patients with low-risk scores can be discharged. The use of ED diagnostic protocols and observation units can reduce length of stay while improving patient treatment and reducing stroke rate. An algorithm is provided for evaluation and disposition in the ED. Conclusions TIA is a condition with high risk for stroke. Imaging is often not reliable, nor is the use of risk scores alone. The American College of Emergency Physicians provides a Level B Recommendation for the use of rapid diagnostic protocols to determine patient short-term risk for stroke while avoiding the reliance on stratification instruments to discharge patients from the ED.
Geodetic Monuments for Eccentric Property Corners

Problem areas in land information systems are identified and described and solutions are proposed. The main areas discussed include a method of equitable property taxation, replacement of an archaic land conveyance system and implementation of intelligent land use and resource planning. It is suggested that independent solutions to these problems are inadequate. A multipurpose cadastre, which would be a land conveyance system, a property taxation system, and a database for land use and resource planning, is proposed.
Convoy: Physical Context Verification for Vehicle Platoon Admission

Truck platooning is emerging as a promising solution with many economic incentives. However, securely admitting a new vehicle into a platoon is an extremely important yet difficult task. There is no adequate method today for verifying physical arrangements of vehicles within a platoon formation. Specifically, we address the problem of a platoon ghost attack wherein an attacker spoofs presence within a platoon to gain admission and subsequently execute malicious attacks. To address such concerns, we present Convoy, a novel autonomous platoon admission scheme which binds the vehicles' digital certificates to their physical context (i.e., locality). Convoy exploits the findings that vehicles traveling together experience similar context to prove to each other over time that they are co-present. Specifically, they experience similar road (e.g., bumps and cracks) and traffic (e.g., acceleration and steering) conditions. Our approach is based on the ability for vehicles to capture this context, generate fingerprints to establish shared keys, and later bind these symmetric keys to their public keys. We design and implement the Convoy protocol and evaluate it with real-world driving data. Our implementation demonstrates that vehicles traveling in adjacent lanes can be sufficiently distinguished by their context and this can be utilized to thwart platoon ghost attacks and similar misbehavior.
An Adaptive Averaging Low Noise Front-End for Central and Peripheral Nerve Recording

An adaptive averaging low noise analog front-end (AFE) is presented for central and peripheral nerve recording applications. The proposed topology allows users to trade off, on the fly, between input referred noise and the number of channels via averaging. The new low noise amplifier (LNA) utilizes a complementary doubled input transconductance ( ${g}_{m}$ ) topology to effectively increase the noise efficiency factor without chopping or use of a costly BiCMOS process. It addresses a disadvantage of the doubled- $ {g}_{m}$ technique by a high input impedance DC-coupled LNA and saves on-chip space for higher density by eliminating AC-coupling capacitors. The proposed technique is particularly suitable for ultra-low noise multichannel recording from the peripheral nervous system with a channel selection analog multiplexer, where the input signal is in tens of ${\mu }\text{V}$ . A 32-ch proof-of-concept-prototype AFE was fabricated in a 5M2P 130-nm standard CMOS process, occupying $2.4\,\,{ \times } \,\, 2.5$ mm $^{2}$ together with its control block. The prototype LNA consumes 11 ${\mu }\text{W}$ from a 1-V supply, providing 3.0- ${\mu }\text{V}_{\text {rms}}$ input referred noise with 61- $\text{M}{\Omega }$ input impedance, which are desirable for high SNR, to be further improved by the adaptive averaging technique.
Literature Review: Prediction Modeling of Emergency Department Disposition Decisions for Children with Acute Asthma Exacerbations

Abstract Emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalization are common, costly and the greatest disease burden to children with asthma. Admission rates for asthma vary substantially by site and ED provider. Disease heterogeneity and ED provider uncertainty surrounding likelihood of successful discharge contribute to potentially avoidable hospitalizations. New approaches to improve ED disposition decision-making could improve patient care and reduce waste associated with unnecessary hospitalizations. Several asthma severity scores and asthma prediction models have been evaluated for their ability to predict ED disposition for childhood asthma. Our objective is to review prior studies that modeled predictors of disposition outcomes for children treated in ED settings for acute asthma exacerbations.
Mechanisms of Depressant Drug Action/Interaction

Whereas the effects of individual psychotropic drugs depend upon drug type, route of administration, dose, and frequency of use, as well as unique subject (patient) variables, the actions achieved by two or more psychotropics taken concurrently are complicated by their influence upon each other. Interactions may be antagonistic, additive, or synergistic and are frequently predictable, given a basic understanding of the kinetic and dynamic characteristics for each drug. This knowledge should enable rational interpretation, therapeutic intervention, and possible prevention of polydrug toxicity.
Consequence as Inference: Mediaeval Proof Theory 1300–1350

The first half of the fourteenth century saw a remarkable flowering in accounts of consequences (consequentiae). Logicians began to write independent treatises on consequences, the most well-known being those by Walter Burley (De consequentiis) and Jean Buridan (Tractatus de consequentiis). Consequences also came to be treated systematically in comprehensive works on logic, such as those of Walter Burley (both versions of the De puritate artis logicae), William of Ockham (Summa logicae), and, to a lesser extent, Jean Buridan (Summulae de dialectica)—as well as in works written in their wake.1 The philosophical achievement realized in these various writings was no less than a formulation of a theory of inference: the rules for consequences given by these mediaeval authors spell out a natural deduction system in the sense of Jaskowski and Gentzen.2
Aligning Epistemology with Member Checks

Thoroughly conceptualized and designed member checks can strengthen credibility in qualitative research. Member checks can help researchers increase accuracy of their findings, reflect on their top...
Boiled or Filtered Coffee? Effects of Coffee and Caffeine on Cholesterol, Fibrinogen and C-reactive Protein

Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant drug in the world that mostly is consumed in the form of coffee. Whether caffeine and/or coffee consumption contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the single leading cause of death in the US, is unclear. This article examines the effects of caffeine intake, both alone and via coffee consumption, on key blood markers of CVD risk: lipoproteins (cholesterol, triglycerides), fibrinogen (a biomarker of blood clotting) and C-reactive protein (CRP; a biomarker of inflammation). These blood markers and their role in the development of CVD are reviewed first. Studies examining caffeine and coffee effects on each of these blood markers are then presented. Next, biobehavioural moderators of the relationship between caffeine and/or coffee consumption and CVD are discussed, including genetics, sex and tobacco smoking. The literature indicates a strong relationship between boiled, unfiltered coffee consumption and elevated cholesterol levels; however, there is a critical gap in the literature regarding the effects of coffee or caffeine consumption on fibrinogen or CRP, which is an independent predictor of CVD risk. Available studies are limited by small samples sizes, inclusion of only men (or few women) and unrepresented age or ethnic groups. Thiere is a critical need for controlled laboratory and epidemiological studies that include fibrinogen and CRP markers of CVD risk before conclusions can be drawn regarding the health effects of caffeine and/or coffee in a normal, healthy population of men and women.
Oral habits--studies in form, function, and therapy.

Abstract No Abstract Available. From the Department of Orthodontics, Eastman Dental Center, Rochester, New York. This paper was presented at the Fifth Annual Wendell L. Wylie Memorial Lecture, December, 1971. Research reported in this manuscript was supported by Grant DE-01837, United States Public Health Service.
Erratum for Sanders et al., "FusoPortal: an Interactive Repository of Hybrid MinION-Sequenced Fusobacterium Genomes Improves Gene Identification and Characterization".

Volume 3, no. 4, e00228-18, 2018, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00228-18][1]. Page 5 of the PDF, Table 1, last row, last column: “21,215” should be “2,125.” [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00228-18
Snowmelt detection from QuikSCAT and ASCAT satellite radar scatterometer data across the Alaskan North Slope

The timing of seasonal snowmelt in high-latitude tundra has implications ranging from local biological productivity to global atmospheric circulation, yet remains difficult to quantify, particularl...
An evaluation of the performance of Restricted Boltzmann Machines as a model for anomaly network intrusion detection

Abstract The continuous increase in the number of attacks on computer networks has raised serious concerns regarding the importance of establishing a methodology that can learn and adapt to new and novel attacks, such a model should be able to act or react to such threats within a timely manner, so that measures are undertaken to counter any potential breaches within the network. Training a model to distinguish between normal and anomalous network behavior is a difficult task due to the high dimensionality of the network traffic data. One of the key requirements of a successful Anomaly Network Intrusion Detection Systems (A-NIDS) is the ability to recognize new patterns of attacks that it has never before seen. This objective can be achieved through incorporating machine leaning techniques in the learning model of the A-NIDS. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a powerful machine learning technique called the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) to distinguish between normal and anomalous NetFlow traffic. We evaluate our approach through testing it on the newly renowned Information Security Center of Excellence (ISCX) dataset. Our results indicate that RBMs can be trained successfully to classify normal and anomalous NetFlow traffic. Unlike previous studies, we employ measures of true positives and negatives along with the accuracy to test the effectiveness of RBM as a classifier for A-NIDS. We also utilize the usage of a balanced set to reduce any biases that appear during the RBM training.
Computational challenges of evolving the language-ready brain: 1. From manual action to protosign

Abstract Computational modeling of the macaque brain grounds hypotheses on the brain of LCA-m (the last common ancestor of monkey and human). Elaborations thereof provide a brain model for LCA-c (c for chimpanzee). The Mirror System Hypothesis charts further steps via imitation and pantomime to protosign and protolanguage on the path to a "language-ready brain" in Homo sapiens, with the path to speech being indirect. The material poses new challenges for both experimentation and modeling.
A Latent Class Analytic Approach to Identifying Structures of Classist Ideology from World-View Orientations

This study identified clusterings of individuals based on worldview orientations including epistemological style, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance, and religious fundamentalism. The groups were compared on classist attitudes. U.S. participants (N = 272) completed a 2015 online survey. The latent class analysis’s fit indices supported a three-group solution, including moderates (40%), progressives (35.8%), and traditionalists (25.2%). Assessing differences between classes, an analysis of covariance indicated that progressives had the lowest levels of classism, followed by moderates, then traditionalists, after controlling for demographics. This study illuminates worldview ideologies associated with classism and represents a step in understanding the underlying structure of classism.
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use during the Initial Transition to College.

Objectives This study aimed to better examine substance use among college students during the acute period of transition between high school and college. Methods One week before coming to campus, participants completed an online survey assessing their alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use. Next, beginning on the first Friday of the semester, they completed a 10-day experience sampling (ES) protocol, receiving one app-based survey each morning assessing recent substance use. Results Among students who used any tobacco product prior to college, 70% or more reported alcohol use during ES. Among previous marijuana users, 85.7% reported alcohol use during ES. Baseline alcohol and tobacco use were not associated with subsequent marijuana use. Conclusions Substance use prevention should target the transition to college.
Assessing Complexity of Urban Spatial Networks

In the present chapter, we discuss the graph representations of urban spatial patterns (maps) and suggest a computationally feasible technique for understanding urban forms based on scale-dependent random walks that can be used in order to spot the relatively isolated locations and neighborhoods, to detect urban sprawl, and to illuminate the hidden community structures in complex urban textures. The approach may be implemented for the detailed expertise of any urban pattern and the associated transport networks that may include many transportation modes.
Parametrization of intensive global climate change indicators on a level of sovereign states and governments

This article will show that within well-defined error margins, carbon intensities and energy intensities are independent of the population and GDP of countries and thus can serve as a convenient parametrization of humanity on a sovereign level. The IPCC, in its fifth international report, states that the two leading contributions to changes in annual CO2 emissions by decade are the changes in population and changes in GDP/capita, which reflect changes in standard of living. This article will show that within well-defined error margins, carbon intensities, and energy intensities (both with respect to GDP) are independent of the population and GDP of countries and thus can serve as a convenient parametrization of humanity. With some imagination, these parameters can serve as input and output indicators that connect the physical environment with the human environment. The article will show that both indicators fit lognormal distribution well without any outliers. The data are based on the World Bank database. Comparing the global distribution with individual world-bank indicators of world-bank country grouping based on socioeconomic conditions quantifies the contributions of global income distribution.
What we can learn from five naturalistic field experiments that failed to shift commuter behaviour.

Across five field experiments with employees of a large organization (n = 68,915), we examined whether standard behavioural interventions (‘nudges’) successfully reduced single-occupancy vehicle commutes. In Studies 1 and 2, we sent letters and emails with nudges designed to increase carpooling. These interventions failed to increase carpool sign-up or usage. In Studies 3a and 4, we examined the efficacy of other well-established behavioural interventions: non-cash incentives and personalized travel plans. Again, we found no positive effect of these interventions. Across studies, effect sizes ranged from Cohen’s d = −0.01 to d = 0.05. Equivalence testing, using study-specific smallest effect sizes of interest, revealed that the treatment effects observed in four out of five of our experiments were statistically equivalent to zero (P < 0.04). The failure of these well-powered experiments designed to nudge commuting behaviour highlights both the difficulty of changing commuter behaviour and the importance of publishing null results to build cumulative knowledge about how to encourage sustainable travel. Kristal and Whillans conducted five field experiments (n = 68,915) designed to increase sustainable commuting using standard behavioural science tools. The interventions’ failures highlight the difficulty of changing commuter behaviour using this approach.
Have We Surrendered to Gun Violence in Urban America? Federal Neglect Stymies Efforts to Stop the Slaughter Among Young Black Men:

For the last three decades, young Black men in the United States have been killed in gun violence at rates more than double any other group, which threatens to wipe out an entire generation. The re...
Chemotherapy for malignancies in the post solid organ transplant (SOT) setting: A single institute experience.

TPS6646 Background: Management of advanced malignancies in SOT recipients is not well defined. These patients need immunosuppressive agents to avoid graft rejection. Simultaneous administration of ...
Landschaftsbild und Stimmung

Wie so viele Schriftsteller der klassischen Moderne steht auch Eduard von Keyserling im Bann der Bilder. Der Beitrag verfolgt die Auseinandersetzung mit dem visuellen Medium anhand der zahlreichen Kunstessays, Kritiken und Ausstellungsbesprechungen, in denen Keyserling die zeitgenossische Munchner Kunstszene wurdigt. Das kunstkritische Oeuvre, von dem viele Arbeit hier erstmals besprochen werden, steht in engem Austausch mit dem literarischen Schaffen. Angelehnt an die kunsthistorischen Studien Alois Riegls und die Asthetik Friedrich Theodor Vischers, konzentriert sich Keyserling auf den Zusammenhang von Landschaftsbild und Stimmung, der auch fur seine Erzahlungen und Romane konstitutiv ist. Zwischen den Polen des modernen Impressionismus und der hergebrachten gegenstandlichen Darstellungsweise entwickelt Keyserling dabei eine kritische Begrifflichkeit, die auch als poetologischer Kommentar zum literarischen Werk gelesen werden kann. Keyserlings Kunstkritik ist, kurz gesagt, auch Werkpoetik.
Dosimetric analysis of lymphopenia during chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer

Background Lymphopenia during chemoradiation (CRT) for esophageal cancer (EC) can adversely affect clinical outcomes. We sought to explore an association between lymphopenia and dosimetric parameters during CRT for EC. Methods After IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed 54 patients treated with either definitive or neoadjuvant CRT for EC. Absolute lymphocyte count was recorded weekly during CRT up and graded according to the common terminology of adverse events (CTCAE) version 4.0. Dose volume histograms (DVH) parameters were collected based on vertebral body, body dose, dose to peripheral lymphocytes, and spleen. Logistic regression correlated Grade 4 toxicity with DVH parameters and linear regression analysis correlated absolute lymphocyte nadir counts with DVH parameters. Receiver operator curves (ROC) were constructed to define dosimetric thresholds. Results There were a total of 21 Grade 4 events (38.8%) of lymphopenia. Increasing vertebral volume receiving ≥10 Gy (OR 1.1, P=0.04), ≥20 Gy (OR 1.1, P=0.03), ≥30 Gy (OR 1.1, P=0.012), or mean body dose (OR 1.04, P=0.032) were correlated with Grade 4 lymphopenia on multivariable logistic regression. The dosimetric parameters most predictive of Grade 4 toxicity via a ROC analysis included absolute vertebral volume receiving 10 Gy >289 cc, 20 Gy ≥270 cc, and vertebral volumes receiving 30 Gy ≥197 cc. On multivariable linear regression increasing volume receiving 20 Gy (Beta -0.004, P=0.001), 30 Gy (Beta -0.005, P=0.0046), and mean body dose (Beta -0.002, P=0.001) all correlated with absolute lymphocyte nadir. Conclusions Lymphopenia, a known negative prognostic factor in EC, is closely correlated with the volume of vertebral bodies receiving radiation during CRT for EC. Dosimetric sparing of the vertebral bodies may result in better outcomes.
Patient age affects expectations and outcomes in primary total shoulder arthroplasty for glenohumeral osteoarthritis

Abstract Purpose Younger and older patients alike are undergoing shoulder arthroplasty at increased rates. As payment models shift toward a focus on value, it is increasingly important to understand sources of suboptimal patient-reported outcomes and experience. We examined and compared expectations and mid-term functional outcomes between patients younger and older than 65 years undergoing primary anatomic TSA. Methods Preoperatively, 74 consecutive patients selected 3 main expectations for improvement and completed the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) questionnaire and the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). At a minimum follow-up of 3 years, 63 patients (85%) completed the ASES and SF-12 questionnaires and reported whether their preoperative expectations were met. Results Top expectations for both age groups were the ability to participate in sports and the ability to sleep painlessly. Younger patients more often expected to maintain employment (P = 0.046), whereas older patients expected to better participate in recreational activity (P = 0.02). Both cohorts reported similarly high rates of met expectations, although there was a marginal tendency towards increased dissatisfaction with the ability to participate in sports among younger patients (P = 0.21). The magnitude of improvement in function and pain was similar in both groups, but younger patients reported higher residual levels of pain (P = 0.03). Conclusions Patients older and younger than 65 years of age have similar expectations for TSA, but younger patients want to maintain employment at higher rates. While both age groups experience substantial improvements, we observed that younger patients report higher levels of residual pain and 1 in 5 are dissatisfied with the ability to exercise or play sports. Level of evidence Level III; Retrospective Cohort Study with Prospective Data
Drug-Nutrient Interactions

The causes of drug-nutrient interactions are often multifactorial but can be narrowed down into four general types of interactions: physical, chemical, physiologic, or pathophysiologic. As interactions between drugs and nutrients lead to alterations in the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters of either the drug or nutrient involved, it is important to understand the basic principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The term pharmacokinetics (often referred to simply as kinetics) refers to the methods of describing the disposition of a drug or nutrient in the body. The pharmacokinetics of a compound can be broken down into four basic principles: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Effect of delivery mode on neonate auditory brainstem responses to air- and bone-conducted stimuli.

Abstract Objectives The object of this study was to examine if caesarean section delivered neonates have different middle ear function relative to neonates with vaginal delivery. Methods Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were examined in caesarean section delivered (n = 23) and vaginally delivered (n = 29) neonates. ABRs were also evoked with air- and bone-conducted stimuli (i.e., clicks and CE-Chirps) and presented at a screening intensity level (i.e., 30 dB nHL). Wave V latencies and amplitudes were examined as a function of mode of delivery and stimuli. Results Statistically significant longer wave V latencies evoked with air-conducted stimuli were seen in caesarean section delivered neonates (p = .042). There was no statistically significant difference in wave V latencies with bone-conducted stimuli among the two groups of neonates (p = .42). There were no significant differences in wave V amplitude between neonates with caesarean section and vaginal delivery for air-conducted (p = .42) stimuli. Wave V amplitudes were not significantly different as a function of mode of delivery with CE-Chirp stimulus (p = .41). Wave V amplitudes were significantly larger for the caesarean section delivered neonates with the bone-conducted click stimulus (p = .036). Conclusions The ABR wave V latency disparity with air- and bone-conducted stimuli support the notion that differences in middle ear function exist between the two groups of newborns. It was speculated that delayed fluid resorption in the middle ear exists in neonates with caesarean section delivery compared to those with vaginal delivery.
Digital humanities for librarians: Emma Annette Wilson. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2020, xix + 227 pp., $47.50, ISBN 978-1-5381-1646-3

Digital Humanities for Librarians is a textbook on digital humanities work in academic libraries designed specifically for librarians and MLS students who are interested in getting involved in digi...
Learnings From Precision Clinical Trial Matching for Oncology Patients Who Received NGS Testing

PURPOSETumor next-generation sequencing reports typically generate trial recommendations for patients based on their diagnosis and genomic profile. However, these require additional refinement and ...
U M subshell X-ray emission spectroscopy of uranium dioxide: the effect of excitation energy

There are very great differences between the non-resonant U M subshell X-ray Emission Spectra of Uranium Dioxide generated with low and high-energy excitation. These different spectra are each supported by theoretical constructs. It will be shown that the differences between these experimental spectra can be reconciled and the utility of both theoretical approaches confirmed, including the use of FEFF in the low energy and high-energy regimes.
In Memoriam: Robert Lang

Robert (Rob) Lang passed away on June 21 of this year. Rob’s contributions to Housing Policy Debate (HPD) and the larger housing and urban policy debate are innumerable. Rob became Managing Editor ...
Influence of Disorder and State Filling on Charge-Transfer-State Absorption and Emission Spectra

Characterizing the energetic disorder of the charge-transfer (CT) state is crucial to understanding organic photovoltaic devices, but is complicated by the discrepancy between temperature-dependent absorption and emission spectra. The authors show that, unlike absorption measurements, electroluminescence measurements do $n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t$ reveal the full extent of the CT-state distribution at low temperatures. In a highly disordered blend, CT-state filling is incomplete, and injected carriers do not reach equilibrium sites before recombining. CT disorder $c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$ be reliably found from temperature-dependent measurements of external quantum efficiency, which can distinguish dynamic from static disorder.
Types of Radioactive Wastes and the Multibarrier System

In this chapter the various types of radioactive wastes are briefly described. Specifically, high-level waste (HLW), spent uranium rod fuel (SURF), cladding wastes (CW), transuranic wastes (TRU) and low-level wastes (LLW) are introduced in terms of their radioactive components, sites of generation, and some other features.
Image-Guided Palliation of Painful Skeletal Metastases

Painful skeletal metastases are a common problem in patients with cancer. Autopsy studies have shown up to 85% of patients who die from breast, prostate, and lung cancer have evidence of bone metastases at the time of death (1). Skeletal metastases often result in complications such as pain, fractures, and decreased mobility that adversely affect a patient’s quality of life, and ultimately reduce performance status. In addition, these complications can affect a patient’s mood and lead to associated depression and anxiety (1, 2). Current treatment for patients with bone metastases is primarily palliative and includes the following: localized therapies (radiation and surgery), systemic therapies (chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiopharmaceuticals, and bisphosphonates), and analgesics (opioids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs).
S-Like Excited States of the 78-meV Acceptor in GaAs

We report the first observation of s-like excited states of a double acceptor in a semiconductor. Measurements on two different liquid encapsulated Czochralski GaAs samples containing the 78-meV acceptor showed the first s-like excited state of this level to be split. We present a simple model which predicts the 1s12s1 excited state of a double acceptor in GaAs to be split by 4.0 meV, in good agreement with our observed value of 2.6 meV.
Teen-age Pregnancy: The Family Background

I read the statement of the Committee on Youth concerning teen-age pregnancy and the problem of abortion and I am concerned that they have overlooked or elected to omit comment on more basic problems preceding the pregnancy crisis of the unmarried teen-ager. Teen-agers of both sexes need advocates and adequate counseling for resolving this crisis. More importantly, I feel, they need an aware primary physician who recognizes the pregnancy as only that part of a larger problem that shows.
Rites of Remission

The texts of ancient liturgies of the Christian East repeatedly state that activities such as taking eucharist, baptizing, and anointing are for the remission of sin. But how could that be? What could the connection be between the performance of these actions, on the one hand, and the state of enjoying remission of sin, on the other? The first step toward providing a satisfactory answer to these questions is to note that, in the context of the liturgy, the phrase "remission of sin" is best understood to mean not forgiveness of sin but deliverance from the sin-disorder. With this meaning in mind, I present a model for how rites of certain kinds could be intelligibly understood to be for the remission of sin.
The null and non-null asymptotic distribution of the Cox test for multivariate nonlinear regression: Alternatives and a new distribution-free Cox test

Abstract The asymptotic distribution of the generalized Cox test for choosing between two multivariate, nonlinear regression models in implicit form is derived. The data is assumed to be generated by a model that need not be either the null or the non-null model. As the data-generating model is not subjected to a Pitman drift the analysis is global, not local, and provides a fairly complete qualitative description of the power characteristics of the generalized Cox test. Some investigations of these characteristics are included. A new test statistic is introduced that does not require an explicit specification of the error distribution of the null model. The idea is to replace an analytical computation of the expectation of the Cox difference with a bootstrap estimate. The null distribution of this new test is derived.
Agent Discretion, Adverse Selection, and the Risk-Incentive Trade-Off

A basic tenet of incentive theory states that there is a trade-off between risk and incentives. By implication, greater variation in firm profits leads to a reduction in the use of profit sharing. Surprisingly, there is little empirical evidence for this relationship. This paper reexamines the difference between the theoretical prediction and the empirical evidence, and shows that the key is agent discretion over task choice. A theoretical model represents agent discretion as an adverse selection problem. This model guides the empirical analysis of contracts given to employees in British manufacturing firms. For employees without discretion over the tasks they perform, there is a negative relationship between variation in firm profits and the use of profit sharing. For employees with discretion, there is a positive relationship.
Abstract W P147: Occupational and Risk of Stroke: A Population-Based Study in the United States

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on occupational exposure for risk of stroke have been limited in the range of occupations. There has not been a population-based study on a nationally representative sample that investigates the association between a comprehensive list of occupations and risk of stroke in the United States. Objective: To examine the relative risk for the occurrence of stroke between different occupations in the U.S. adult population. METHODS: Population-based complex survey study using the National Health Interview Survey, 2004 through 2012 which included randomly sampled non-institutionalized adults (n=186,539) in the United States.The main variables measured included self-reported stroke defined as ‘Have you ever been told you had a stroke in the past 12 month” by a physician; The predictor variable, occupation, was obtained using the census occupational codes, and regrouped according to North American Industrial Classification System. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculate...
SHERGOTTY METEORITE: MINERALOGY, PETROGRAPHY AND MINOR ELEMENTS

The unusual achondrite Shergotty resembles terrestrial diabases, and textural and chemical evidence indicates pre-settling and post-settling crystallization of zoned augite (En48Fs19Wo33-En25Fs47Wo28) and pigeonite (En61Fs26Wo13-En21Fs61Wo18) coupled with late crystallization of plagioclase (Ab43An56/Or1-Ab56An41Or3: now shocked to maskelynite), titanomagnetite-ilmenite composite grains, mesostasis (normative Qz34Ab21An5Or38Fs2, assuming Fe as ferrous), whitlockite, pyrrhotite (Fe0.94S), fayalite (Fo10), baddeleyite and chlorapatite. The oxide compositions (Usp62Mt38, Al2O3 2.4, Cr2O3 0.8 wt %; Ilm95Hm5) indicate ∼ 850 °C and log oxygen fugacity − 14, while the occurrence of fayalite rims on mesostasis next to ilmenite indicates 890 °C. Bearing in mind experimental uncertainties, these data are consistent with late-stage crystallization under relatively high oxygen fugacity, as indicated by coexistence of fayalite, Ti-magnetite and a silica glass. The high alkali content of the maskelynite and mesostasis, coupled with the redox state, indicates that the Shergotty meteorite resembles terrestrial basalts more than any other meteorites. Nevertheless the absence of H2O, as shown by the occurrence of phosphorus in whitlockite rather than in hydroxylapatite, distinguish the Shergotty achondrite from typical terrestrial diabases. Whereas the FeO/MnO ratios of pyroxenes from the Moon, Earth and several differentiated meteorites are independent of FeO, the ratio for Shergotty pyroxenes changes from 30 to 40 with increasing FeO, and the linear trend extrapolates to 0.2 MnO for zero iron. Hence caution is needed in using FeO/MnO as a planetary indicator. For pyroxenes, Na is almost independent of Fe/Mg while Ti increases and Cr decreases with increasing Fe/Mg. Maskelynite contains 0.5–0.25 wt % K2O, 0.6 wt % FeO, 0.04 TiO2, 0.04–0.07 MgO, ∼ 0.01 BaO and 0.02–0.03 P2O5. A bulk analysis calculated from the mode and compositions of the minerals matches quite well with two bulk chemical analyses but not with a third.
A Review of “Getting Teacher Evaluation Right: What Really Matters for Effectiveness and Improvement”

Although Arts Education Policy Review has been diligent in supporting conversations on issues related to evaluative arts education policy, the recent issues dedicated to arts teacher evaluation dem...
The cell biology of hearing

Mammals have an astonishing ability to sense and discriminate sounds of different frequencies and intensities. Fundamental for this process are mechanosensory hair cells in the inner ear that convert sound-induced vibrations into electrical signals. The study of genes that are linked to deafness has provided insights into the cell biological mechanisms that control hair cell development and their function as mechanosensors.
Expression of the mammalian x chromosome before and after fertilization.

The activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in unfertilized mouse ova and in mouse embryos at the two-cell stage is proportional to the number of X chromosomes present during oogenesis. This indicates that the enzyme is X-linked in the mouse and that inactivation of the X chromosome does not occur during oogenesis. However, the genetic dosage effect of the X chromosomes is not present after the increase in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in the late morula and the blastocyst stages. These results indicate that the X-linked enzyme lacuts is expressed sometimne after fertilization but before the morula stage.
A model of Martian surface chemistry

Alkaline earth and alkali metal superoxides and peroxides,γ-Fe2O3 and carbon suboxide polymer are proposed to be constituents of the Martian surface material. These reactive substances explain the water modified reactions and thermal behaviors of the Martian samples demonstrated by all of the Viking Biology Experiments. It is also proposed that the syntheses of these substances result mainly from electrical discharges between wind-mobilized particles at Martian pressures; plasmas are initiated and maintained by these discharges. Active species in the plasma either combine to form or react with inorganic surfaces to create the reactive constitutents.
Some Dispositional Correlates of Conformity Behavior

(1960). Some Dispositional Correlates of Conformity Behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 259-268.
Hydrogel microarray for monitoring of pH and dissolved oxygen in cell culture media

A combined dissolved oxygen and pH sensitive poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microarray was fabricated for use in monitoring cell culture media. The sensor was prepared by filling micro-channels with a hydrogel precursor solution containing pH or oxygen sensitive fluorophores. This solution was then cured by passing UV light through a mask placed to the channels, creating array with 100 μm elements. An imaging system with a monochrome CCD camera and appropriate interference filters was used to capture the fluorescence image induced by excitation of microstructure in transmission mode. The sensor performance was characterized in buffer solution (PBS) and cell culture media (MEM) across the biological range of pH (6-8) and dissolved oxygen (3-21%).
Expediting emergency throughput: kiosk-assisted care and telephone treatment protocols.

showing that a novel use of kiosk-assisted managementof women with uncomplicated cystitis can lead to areduction in emergency department (ED) length of stay.Better still, their sizable time savings was accomplishedwithout compromise to patient safety or satisfaction. Theauthors are to be commended for introducing to emer-gency medicine an assessment tool that may well helpaccelerate patient throughput, a welcome improvementin these days of increasing ED congestion and crowding.Published telephone treatment protocols for cystitisprovided the framework for the investigators’ eligibilitycriteria. And this makes sense.Low-risk ambulatory med-ical conditions that are diagnosed principally by historywithout dependence on physical examination and labora-tory analysis—that is, the conditions that health mainte-nance organization call center nurses treat over thephone—are the very ones that lend themselves to kiosk-assisted care. The interactive ED kiosk and the speciallytrained call center nurse provide a similar kind of patientassessment. Both guide the symptomatic patient througha structured, step-by-step interview to ascertain eligibil-ity for expedited management. Both rely on the strengthof their exclusion criteria to weed out patients with over-lapping symptoms but different diagnoses (e.g., vaginitis)as well as those with more complicated versions of uri-nary tract infection (UTI; e.g., early pyelonephritis). Boththen transfer their assessment to a prescribing physicianwho, if in agreement with the plan for expedited care, canselect the most appropriate treatment.It is understandable that a groundbreaking study likethis would err on the side of cautious safety by adopt-ing more conservative inclusion criteria. But now thattheir proof-of-concept is established, the authors couldexpand the breadth of their eligibility net. Considerthose over 64 years of age, who in this study were noteven referred for kiosk care.In 2010 our call center nurses and physicians treatedover the telephone 54,226 women with presumed cysti-tis, 6,452 (11.9%) of whom were at least 65 years old.
A role for endogenous estrogen in normal ovarian development in the neonatal rat.

Female rats were treated with a highly specific anti—estradiol serum (A/S) for 4–day periods in the immediate postnatal period. Maximum follicular diameter and the number of granulosa cells were significantly decreased by A/S as early as the 1st postnatal week. Normal ovarian and uterine wt gain were also inhibited by A/S. These data are consistent with a role for endogenous estrogen in early postnatal ovarian development.(Endocrinology 91: 1537, 1972)
The naturalistic history of Bulimia Nervosa : extraordinarily high rates of chronicity, relapse, recurrence, and psychosocial morbidity

This article extends our previous report on 30 women with bulimia nervosa by increasing the duration of follow-up to 35–42 months. We found surprisingly low rates of recovery and very high rates of chronicity, relapse, recurrence, and psychosocial morbidity. Almost one third of the subjects remained in the index episode 3 years after entry into the study. There was a 63% cumulative probability of relapse by 78 weeks after recovery. Fifty percent of subjects who recovered from the first prospective episode relapsed into another episode. Predictors of recovery included having less disturbed eating behaviors and self/body image at intake and having several good friends.
How widely is computer-aided detection used in screening and diagnostic mammography?

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine how widely computer-aided detection (CAD) is used in screening and diagnostic mammography and to see if there are differences between hospital facilities and private offices. Methods The nationwide Medicare Part B fee-for-service databases for 2004 to 2008 were used. The Current Procedural Terminology ® codes for screening and diagnostic mammography (both digital and screen film) and the CAD add-on codes were selected. Procedure volume was compared for screening vs diagnostic mammography and for hospital facilities vs private offices. Results From 2004 to 2008, Medicare screening mammography volume increased slightly from 5,728,419 to 5,827,326 (+2%), but the use of screening CAD increased from 2,257,434 to 4,305,595 (+91%). By 2008, CAD was used in 74% of all screening mammographic studies. During this same time period, the Medicare volume of diagnostic mammography declined slightly from 1,835,700 to 1,682,026 (−8%), but the use of diagnostic CAD increased from 360,483 to 845,461 (+135%). By 2008, CAD was used in 50% of all diagnostic mammographic studies. In hospital facilities in 2008, CAD was used in 70% of all screening mammographic studies, compared with 81% in private offices. For diagnostic mammography in 2008, CAD was used in 48% in hospitals, compared with 55% in private offices. Conclusion Despite some operational drawbacks to using CAD, radiologists have embraced it in an effort to improve cancer detection. Its use has grown rapidly, and in 2008, it was used in three-quarters of all screening mammographic studies and half of all diagnostic mammographic studies. Women undergoing either screening or diagnostic mammography are more likely to receive CAD if they go to a private office than if they go to a hospital facility, although the differences are not great.