cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of host fruit color in the behavior of the walnut fly Rhagoletis juglandis

Observations and sticky-trap tests were used to assess the effect of fruit color on the behavior of adult male and female Rhagoletis juglandis Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae), a tephritid that infests husks of Arizona walnut in southeastern Arizona. In the first experiment, during which flies were observed foraging among walnut models suspended from small walnut trees, models were painted green to appear ripe and uninfested or yellow with brown patches to appear ripe and infested. Flies used for this first experiment were also of two types: prior to observations, one group of flies had access to real walnuts for 1.5 days (prior experience) while the other group of flies was held without real walnut fruits (no prior experience). Regardless of prior experience with real walnut fruits, female flies landed on green models more than yellow/brown models. Experienced males also were more likely to land on green models than on yellow/brown models. More interactions also occurred on green models, because there were more landings. In the field behavioral assay, flies from a natural population given a choice of green, yellow, and yellow/brown models landed most often on green models, and all interactions and oviposition attempts occurred on green models. Flies also distinguished models by color in field sticky trap assays. These results suggest that female response to ripeness cues is innate, while males develop a preference for green based on their encounter rate with females.
Demonstration of fully spatially coherent soft X-ray high harmonic beams in the water window

We generate fully spatially coherent soft x-ray beams in the water window region of the spectrum using phase matched high harmonic upconversion of a 2 µm driving laser.
The scalability of FFT on parallel computers

The authors present the scalability analysis of a parallel fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm on mesh and hypercube connected multicomputers using the isoefficiency metric. The isoefficiency function of an algorithm architecture combination is defined as the rate at which the problem size should grow with the number of processors to maintain a fixed efficiency. It is shown that it is more cost-effective to implement the FFT algorithm on a hypercube rather than a mesh despite the fact that large scale meshes are cheaper to construct than large hypercubes. Although the scope of this work is limited to the Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm on a few classes of architectures, the methodology can be used to study the performance of various FFT algorithms on a variety of architectures such as SIMD hypercube and mesh architectures and shared memory architecture. >
The Hamiltonian structure associated to evolution-type Lagrangians

It is demonstrated that, for a certain class of Lagrangians, which includes those for the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) hierarchy, the Hamiltonian structure provided by the Hamilton-Cartan formalism is precisely the one discovered by Gardner for the KdV equation. A simple geometric relation between the Cartan 2-forms for this class of Lagrangians and the Cartan 1-forms for the associated stationary problems is given. This relation provides a new proof of the theorem of Bogoyavlenski-Novikov and Gel'fand-Dikii on the integrability of the stationary Korteweg-de Vries equations.
Mercury methylation at mercury mines in the Humboldt River Basin, Nevada, USA

Total Hg and methylmercury concentrations were measured in mine-waste calcines (retorted ore), sediment, and water samples collected in and around abandoned mercury mines in western Nevada to evaluate Hg methylation at the mines and in the Humboldt River Basin. Mine-waste calcines contain total Hg concentrations as high as 14 000 μg g −1 . Stream-sediment samples collected within 1 km of the mercury mines contain total Hg concentrations as high as 170 μg g −1 , whereas stream sediments collected at a distance >5 km from the mines, and those collected from the Humboldt River and regional baseline sites, contain total Hg concentrations −1 . Similarly, methylmercury concentrations in mine-waste calcines are locally as high as 96 ng g −1 , but methylmercury contents in stream sediments collected downstream from the mines and from the Humboldt River are lower, ranging from −1 . Stream-water samples collected downstream from two mines studied contain total Hg concentrations ranging from 6 to 2000 ng l −1 , whereas total Hg in Humboldt River water was generally lower, ranging from 2.1 to 9.0 ng l −1 . Methylmercury concentrations in the Humboldt River water were the lowest in this study ( −1 ). Although total Hg and methylmercury concentrations are locally high in mine-waste calcines, there is significant dilution of Hg and there is also lower Hg methylation down gradient from the mines, especially in the sediments and water collected from the Humboldt River, which is >8 km from the nearest mercury mines. Our data indicate little transference of Hg and methylmercury from the sediment to the water column due to the lack of mine runoff in this desert climate.
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of phytate

Abstract An improved method for the determination of phytate ( myo -inositol 1,2,3,5 4,6 hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate)) in plants is described. Phytate is extracted with 0.5 n HCl, purified and concentrated on an AG 1-X8 anion-exchange resin, taken to dryness in a vacuum desiccator, and analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography on a μBondapak C 18 column. The refractive index peak due to phytate is well separated from a minor salt peak, and the area under the peak is linearly proportional to the phytate concentration over a wide range. Unlike most conventional methods involving precipitation by FeCl 3 , the simpler and more reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic (hplc) assay avoids the numerous assumptions inherent in the iron precipitation, and accuracy is independent of the phytate content. As little as 0.003% phytate in plants may be quantitated with a coefficient of variation of less than 5%. When several cereal brans are analyzed by both the present method and a colorimetric method, excellent agreement is obtained between the values for phytate content at concentrations greater than 0.2%; lower concentrations can be detected only by the hplc method.
Chertification Phenomena in Antarctic and Pacific Deep-Sea Sediments--a Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray Diffraction Study: ABSTRACT

Diagenetic sequences leading to the formation of deep-sea chert have been studied in drill and piston core samples taken in the Antarctic and Pacific Oceans. A pure white chert cored at the base of a Neogene diatom-radiolarian ooze sequence on the Kergulean Plateau (Southern Ocean) contains no volcanic alteration products and was derived solely from the solution and reprecipitation of biogenous opaline silica. The chert consists entirely of alpha-cristobalite spherules (5-10 microns in diameter) with some strongly etched fragments of siliceous microfossils. Cristobalite spherules identical with those reported from the Antarctic, as well as the Atlantic and Caribbean Ocean basins, are present in Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary cherts and silicified limestones of the equatorial Pacific Ocean basin. Diagenetic sequences involving the replacement of carbonate microfossils and ooze matrix have been traced via scanning electron microscopy. A typical replacement sequence is: (1) cristobalite spherules are deposited within the interstices of coccolith oozes and chalks; (2) concomitantly, calcareous nannofossils begin to dissolve, thereby producing additional pore space (some calcite is lost to the rock, but some is reprecipitated within the interstices as euhedral crystals up to 10 microns in diameter); and (3) more cristobalite is precipitated wh le more calcite is dissolved. The process continues until the calcite matrix is completely replaced by cristobalite. Foraminifera tests in the calcareous ooze apparently recrystallize or are dissolved outright. Cristobalite spherules are deposited within molds or within the recrystallized test. Finally, the recrystallized tests are dissolved leaving a cast of cristobalite. In all samples studied, cristobalite was deposited as an authigenic mineral by means of inorganic chemical precipitation. In no place was a gel phase observed, and none is thought to exist in the formation of deep-sea chert. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1905------------
Effects of Instruction in Methodological Reasoning on Information Evaluation.

In this article we describe an instructional program that focuses on applying causal reasoning and related principles of the scientific method to problems faced in daily life. In a highly interactive classroom setting, the instructor gives students repeated opportunities to apply methodological reasoning to real-world scenarios for the purpose of making informed decisions. In addition to describing the program, we report the findings of a capstone exercise that examined changes in students' beliefs toward legalization of marijuana after reading persuasive communications. Students who experienced the instructional program exhibited less bias in evaluating information and less attitude polarization than students in a comparison group. We discuss the implications of these findings for developing and evaluating instructional programs in methodological reasoning in psychology.
Identification of technique variations among microvascular surgeons and cases using hierarchical task analysis

A hierarchical taxonomy was developed for identifying differences among microvascular surgeons and cases and for investigating the impact of those differences on case outcome. Hierarchical task analysis was performed on eight microvascular anastomosis cases. The analysis was simplified by redefining subtasks and elements to only describe actions and adding attributes to describe the work object, method, tool, material, conditions and ergonomics factors. The resulting taxonomy was applied to 64 cases. Differences were found among cases for the frequency and duration of subtask, elements, attributes and element sequences. Observed variations were used to formulate hypotheses about the relationship between different methods and outcomes that can be tested in future studies. The taxonomy provides a framework for comparing alternative methods, determining the best methods for given conditions and for surgical training and retraining.Practitioner Summary: A hierarchical taxonomy, created from a hierarchical tas...
Modular converters for space power systems

In an experimental satellite, power requirements can keep changing up to the launch date. Power converters with multiple outputs usually have only one output regulated; consequently varying loads will result in varying voltages. If the capability of one output is exceeded, the whole converter may have to be redesigned. One way to maintain flexibility as well as regulation is to use a separately adjustable converter for each required system voltage.
Commentary: Robotic Radical Prostatectomy is an Effective Approach for Treating Localized Prostate Cancer—is it Technique or Technician?

In this issue of The Journal Liss et al (page 2205) confirm that robotic prostatectomy is an oncologically safe and effective modality with 5-year biochemical recurrence-free survival outcome comparable to that of open radical prostatectomy.1 In their study, while biological variables such as Gleason grade and pathological stage were the major determinants of biochemical recurrence, an iatrogenic positive surgical margin also increased the risk for recurrence. In that regard, the masters of open radical prostatectomy taught us that attaining negative surgical margin while preserving continence and sexual recovery is a challenging task and that a continued learning process based on feedback can result in improved surgical technique.2 To compare and appreciate the differences in surgical techniques in attempting to reduce apical positive margin rates,3 we selected the video “Nerve-sparing retropubic radical retropubic prostatectomy with extracapsular dissection: quality of surgical excision” (2010 V0476) and the video “Anatomic retro-apical technique for synchronous posterior-anterior approach to apical transection during robotic radical prostatectomy” (2010 V0474). We wish to emphasize that clear understanding of surgical anatomy, delicate tissue handling and attention to details are the common factors for attaining optimal outcomes regardless of surgical approach.
Comparison of the Performance of College Students Classified as ADHD, LD, and LD/ ADHD in Foreign Language Courses

Richard L. SparksCollege of Mount St. JosephJames JavorskyOakland UniversityLois PhilipsMiami UniversityIn this study, college students classified as havingattention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) whohad fulfilled the foreign language (FL) requirementwere compared with students classified as learningdisabled (LD) or both LD and ADHD who had eithersubstituted courses for the college FL requirement(petition) or had passed FL courses (nonpetition) oncognitive and academic achievement measures and inFL course grades. Findings revealed few between-groupdifferences on the testing measures and also showed thatall 5 groups scored in the average to above-average rangeon all measures of cognitive ability and academicachievement and achieved primarily average to above-average grades in college FL courses. Results indicatedthat petition status and disability classification were notimportant in differentiating the 5 groups' cognitiveRichard Sparks, Department of Education; James Javorsky, HumanStudies and Child Studies Department; Lois Philips, College of Arts andSciences.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to RichardL. Sparks, College of Mt. St. Joseph, Cincinnati, OH 45233. Internet:richard_sparks@mail.msj.edu151
The arterial lesions underlying lacunes.

The arterial lesions causing lacunes have been investigated using serial sections of blocks of the basal ganglia and pons from four cases with a history of hypertension and small strokes. In 45 of 50 consecutive lacunes there was a total occlusion of the artery supplying the territory of the infarct. The associated vascular lesions were as follows: segmental arterial disorganization 40 (with enlargement 31, with hemorrhage 26, with fibrinoid deposit 14), thrombosis of a fusiform asymmetric microaneurysm, 2; plaque of foam cells (atherosclerosis) 3; complete absence of any lesion 1; suspected segmental disorganization 3; and miscellaneous 1. Segmental arterial disorganization has been discussed in some detail. Others have termed this condition hyalinosis, angionecrosis with aneurysm formation, plasmatic destruction, fibrinoid necrosis, fibrinoid arteritis, etc.
Two time-derivative Lorentz material (2TDLM) formulation of a Maxwellian absorbing layer matched to a lossy medium

A two time-derivative Lorentz material (2TDLM) is introduced to define polarization and magnetization fields that lead to an absorbing layer that can be matched to a lossy dielectric medium. The 2TDLM is a generalization of the successful uniaxial polarization and magnetization time-derivative Lorentz material (TDLM) which has been introduced as an absorbing boundary condition for simulation regions dealing with lossless materials. Expressions are derived to describe the propagation of an arbitrary plane wave in this 2TDLM Maxwellian absorbing material. They are used to study the scattering from a semi-infinite 2TDLM half-space of an arbitrary plane wave incident upon it from a lossy isotropic dielectric medium. Matching conditions are derived which produce reflectionless transmission through such an interface for any angle of incidence and frequency. Numerical tests are given which demonstrate the effectiveness of the resulting 2TDLM absorbing layer.
Beyond “Roaring Like Lions”: Comadrismo, Counternarratives, and the Construction of a Latin American Transnational Subjectivity of Feminism

This essay introduces comadrismo as a way to highlight the complex relationships between discursive and material counterhegemonic practices, and between voice, victimhood, and agency. Comadrismo explains how a transnational subjectivity of feminism, which I call comadre, enacts counterhegemonic agency in transnational communication systems through a relational framework. I argue that a Latin American comadre subjectivity emerges from a politicized comadre subject. The compadrazco system embeds this politicized comadre subject in a web of kinship and friendship relations, as well as oppressive asymmetrical global structures. Comadrismo frames the critical engagement with the testimonio about the Salvadoran human rights organization, CO-MADRES, attributed to Maria Teresa Tula. The analysis results in an amendment to, and extension of, transnational feminist theory in communication studies.
Behavior of mallard ducklings from adults exposed to selenium

Pairs of adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed a control diet or a diet containing 1, 2, 4 or 8 ppm selenium in the form of seleno-DL-methionine. Ducklings from these pairs were fed an untreated diet from hatching through 6 d of age, at which time their avoidance of a fright stimulus was tested. Selenium had no effect on the ducklings' response to the fright stimulus.
Effects of deoxycorticosterone acetate in unilaterally nephrectomized dogs with renal artery constriction.

The response to the chronic daily administration of 25 mg/day of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) was studied before and following renal artery constriction in unilaterally nephrectomized dogs. Both before and after constriction of the renal artery there was an initial period of Na retention which lasted 1–5 days but all animals escaped from the Na-retaining action of DC A. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) as measured in the postabsorptive state were reduced in 7 of the 8 dogs with renal artery constriction, and a subsequent rise in renal function was not detected during DCA injection. Also, the normal postprandial rise in GFR failed to occur during DCA administration to dogs with renal artery constriction. Fractional urine collections revealed a normal pattern of renal Na excretion during DCA administration to dogs with renal artery stenosis in that most of the Na ingested with the meal was excreted during the postprandial period. The present data demonstrate, therefore, that...
Identification of global gene expression differences between human lens epithelial and cortical fiber cells reveals specific genes and their associated pathways important for specialized lens cell functions.

Purpose In order to identify specific genes that may play important roles in maintaining the specialized functions of lens epithelial and fiber cells, we have analyzed the global gene expression profiles of these two cell types in the human lens. This analysis will also reveal those genes that are exclusively expressed in the epithelial and cortical fiber cells and those genes that may play important roles in the differentiation of epithelial cells to mature fiber cells. Methods Oligonucleotide microarray hybridization was used to analyze the expression profiles of 22,215 genes between adult (average age greater than 56 years) human lens epithelial and cortical fiber cells. The expression levels of selected genes were further compared by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and selected genes were functionally clustered into common categories using the EASE bioinformatics software package. Results Analysis of three separate microarray hybridizations revealed 1,196 transcripts that exhibit increased expression and 1,278 transcripts that exhibit decreased expression at the 2 fold or greater level between lens epithelial cells and cortical fiber cells on all three of the arrays analyzed. Of these, 222 transcripts exhibited increased expression and 135 transcripts exhibited decreased expression by an average of 5 fold or greater levels on all three arrays. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of 21 randomly selected genes revealed identical expression patterns as those detected by microarray hybridization indicating that the microarray data are accurate. Functional clustering of the identified gene expression patterns using the EASE program revealed a wide variety of biological pathways that exhibited altered expression patterns between the two cell types including mRNA processing, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, translation, protein folding, oxidative phosphorylation, and apoptosis, among others. Conclusions These data reveal novel and previously identified gene expression differences between lens epithelial and cortical fiber cells. The gene expression differences indicate distinct pathways and functions important for the specialization of lens epithelial and fiber cells and provide insight into potential mechanisms important for lens cell differentiation.
The Mechanics of Ventricular Contraction A Cinefluorographic Study

Linear and planimetric measurements have been made on tracings of the right and left ventricular chambers from successive motion picture frames, obtained by cinefluorographic angiocardiography in anesthetized dogs. At the end of systole, varying amounts of residual blood, some 35 per cent of the diastolic volume, remain in the chamber. Filling occurs more rapidly than ventricular ejection and is virtually completed in early diastole. The left ventricular chamber is reduced in size during systole primarily by a reduction in width rather than a shortening of the longitudinal axis. Increased stroke output was accomplished by three mechanisms: (1) increased emptying of the ventricle by progressive shortening of the ventricular chamber; (2) increased filling in early diastole; (3) increased filling in the presystolic period, persumably because the atrial contraction more effectively distended the ventricle. The mechanisms responsible for the systolic residual blood and the retardation of filling which occurs e...
Poster session: Simplifying business intelligence with a hybrid appliance: the IBM balanced warehouse

Business Intelligence systems require a complex configuration of robust components, including analytical and warehousing software, database systems, servers, and storage. These systems are consistently at the frontier of the most complex query reporting and analysis engines over very large data sets. As a result such systems typically present significant administrative challenges and therefore require simplified deployment and administration. A key consideration is the balance between system resources, which if poorly configured can easily waste time and money. Two fundamental strategies have been used in the past to architect database systems for these environments: traditional relational database servers, with their concomitant configuration and design flexibility and complexity, and data warehouse appliances at the other extreme, with their superb ease of use but well known limitations in flexibility, range of workload, access plan selection and concurrency. We introduce a hybrid approach known as the IBMreg Balanced Warehousetrade for data warehousing, which exploits the best attributes of both strategies to achieve a scalable, high performance and easy to deploy data warehouse building block with the best self managing attributes and reduced administrative requirements. Initial versions of this technology have been deployed with success by several customers.
Lipid and polymeric carrier-mediated nucleic acid delivery.

Importance of the field: Nucleic acids such as plasmid DNA, antisense oligonucleotide, and RNA interference (RNAi) molecules, have a great potential to be used as therapeutics for the treatment of various genetic and acquired diseases. To design a successful nucleic acid delivery system, the pharmacological effect of nucleic acids, the physiological condition of the subjects or sites, and the physicochemical properties of nucleic acid and carriers have to be thoroughly examined.Areas covered in this review: The commonly used lipids, polymers and corresponding delivery systems are reviewed in terms of their characteristics, applications, advantages and limitations.What the reader will gain: This article aims to provide an overview of biological barriers and strategies to overcome these barriers by properly designing effective synthetic carriers for nucleic acid delivery.Take home message: A thorough understanding of biological barriers and the structure–activity relationship of lipid and polymeric carriers...
Cement-based materials for stress sensing by dielectric measurement

The self-sensing of stress by measurement of the relative dielectric constant (k) has been shown in cement pastes containing steel fibers of 8 mm diameter and carbon filaments of 0.1 mm diameter. The k value increases nonlinearly and quite reversibly with compressive stress up to 6.4 MPa, although the reversibility is not complete. Inferior sensing performance was observed in cement paste with carbon fibers of 15 mm diameter, although the performance was still better than cement paste without admixture. D 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
From molecular mechanochemistry to stress-responsive materials

Current activity in, and future prospects for, the incorporation of mechanochemically active functional groups (“mechanophores”) into polymers is reviewed. This area of research is treated in the context of two categories. The first category is the development of new chemistry in the service of material science, through the design and synthesis of mechanophores to provide stress-sensing and/or stress-responsive elements in materials. The second category is the reverse—the development of new material architectures that efficiently transmit macroscopic forces to targeted molecules in order to generate chemical reactivity that is inaccessible by other means.
On the design of data hiding methods robust to lossy compression

The problem of efficient data hiding robust to lossy compression is divided into two subproblems. First is to maximize the resource-which is the permitted distortion of images. The second is the efficient use of the resource by means of sophisticated signaling techniques . We conclude that a good solution to the first problem is choosing magnitude discrete Fourier transform as the domain in which the message signal is embedded. For the signaling method we use a sophisticated signaling technique, using periodic functions to tile the space with signal constellations.
Development and Validation of the Fecal Incontinence and Constipation Quality of Life Measure in Children With Spina Bifida

Purpose: Fecal incontinence and constipation in children with spina bifida are recognized to impact quality of life. Most disease specific quality of life instruments on fecal incontinence target adults and/or children without neuropathic bowel. We developed an instrument to evaluate bowel function and its impact on quality of life in children with spina bifida and their caregivers.Materials and Methods: A 51-item questionnaire termed the FIC QOL (Fecal Incontinence and Constipation Quality of Life) survey was developed from expert opinion, patient interviews, and modification of previously published adult and pediatric studies for nonneuropathic bowel dysfunction. The items are divided into 7 quality of life factor groupings, including bowel program, dietary management, symptoms, travel and socialization, family relationships, caregiver emotional impact and financial impact. The questionnaire was given to caregivers of children with and without spina bifida. Discriminant validity was evaluated by compari...
Calcium Carbonate Is an Effective Phosphorus Binder in Children With Chronic Renal Failure

We evaluated the effectiveness of calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in 19 children with chronic renal failure; ten children were undergoing dialysis therapy (eight maintained by CAPD and two by hemodialysis). Twelve children had previously received aluminum hydroxide, while calcium carbonate was the primary phosphate binder used in seven children. Among all the children, the serum phosphorus level on no phosphate binder was 7.4 ± 0.9 mg/dL, which decreased significantly (P
Application of IEEE standard 1459-2000 for revenue meters

In the past few years the number of loads producing harmonic in the power system has grown. As a consequence new definitions for electrical quantities under nonsinusoidal conditions have been discussed particularly in view to apply a fairer distribution of the financial burden required to operate the electrical system and to maintain the quality of the service. It is important to know what impact the introduction of any new definition will have on the overall rate structures and billing charges, particularly those applied to the major industrial clients. This paper investigates the performance of revenue meters which are based on existing definitions in comparison with some of the measuring methods proposed in the new IEEE Standard 1459-2000, for test waveforms of field recorded data.
The Effects of Childhood Neighborhood Conditions on Self-reports of Adult Health

Studies have shown that neighborhood conditions and experiences may individually or collectively impact health. Using 38 years of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we clarify the relationship between child and adult neighborhood quality and self-reported adult health, using sibling fixed effects models. Overall, we find support for positive long-term health effects, both for growing up in affluent neighborhoods and for growing up in neighborhoods where one is surrounded by comparative advantage. Relative to childhood neighborhood factors, adult neighborhoods have little to no effect in almost every model specification. We find mixed evidence, as well, that these relationships are stronger for nonwhites than for whites. Our findings suggest that childhood is a critical point for intervention in the long-term health effects of residential conditions.
NGF and Alzheimer’s disease: a model for trophic factor therapy in neurodegeneration

A review on recent research progress in neurotrophic factors and their implication for experimental therapy of Alzheimer’s disease is given. The status of NGF mechanisms in AD is not fully understood, although NGF administration in animal studies is suggested to counter at cholinergic atrophy present in AD. Limited clinical trials have been performed with NGF in AD, and effective therapy in AD will require protection of vulnerable neuronal populations. The possibilities of NGF treatment of CNS diseases including AD are intracerebral infusion, slow-releasing implants, implantation of cells producing recombinant NGF or local injection of genetic material producing active fragments or small molecules that pass the blood-brain barrier. NGF administration is expected to improve functional performance of surviving cells, but larger clinical trials are needed to confirm preliminary encouraging results of neurotrophic factor therapy.
Colorectal cancer update. Prevention, screening, treatment, and surveillance for high-risk groups.

Colorectal cancer is the fourth most prevalent carcinoma in the United States and the second most common cancer killer. 48 In 1999, more than 140,000 new cases were diagnosed in the United States, and more than 56,000 people died from the disease. The average lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer in the United States is greater than 6%. Contrary to a common belief that the disease affects mainly men, it is the only major malignancy that afflicts men and women almost equally. In 1999, the 5-year survival from this cancer was about 55%. Although the incidence is about the same in all racial groups, survival is lower in African-Americans. The incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer have been decreasing slightly since 1988; however, in 2000, it still causes great suffering, death, and expenditure of health care resources. Colorectal cancer actually is highly curable or even largely avoidable if current preventive, screening, and surveillance recommendations discussed in this article are followed.
An Intrinsically Switchable, Monolithic BAW Filter Using Ferroelectric BST

This letter presents an intrinsically switchable monolithic filter based on laterally acoustically coupled bulk acoustic wave resonators. The filter is based on a barium strontium titanate-on-silicon (BST-on-Si) composite structure which can be turned on and off by the application of a dc bias. In its off state, the filter provides an isolation of 40 dB. In its on state, the filter exhibits an insertion loss of 7.1 dB and greater than 30 dB of out-of-band rejection. The center frequency and bandwidth of the filter are 748 MHz and 13.8 MHz, respectively. The mechanical quality factor of the coupled resonators is calculated to be 99.
Tissue equilibration and subcellular distribution of vitamin E relative to myoglobin and lipid oxidation in displayed beef.

Supplementary alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) was fed to provide none (E0), 2,000 IU/d (E2000), 5.8 IU/kg live weight (E5.8), or 8.6 IU/kg live weight (E8.6) to steers that were individually fed mainly a corn diet. Three steers were placed on each of 10 treatments: E0, E2000, E5.8, E5.8 to d 126 then E0 to d 266, E0 to d 126 then E5.8 to d 266, E8.6, grazing followed by either E0 or E8.6 all with Holstein steers; and E0 and E2000 with crossbred beef steers. During the last 100 d, vitamin E consumption (International Units/day) averaged 96 for E0, 1,840 for E2000, 2,520 for E5.8, and 3,610 for E8.6. Concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in plasma and in liver and longissimus lumborum biopsy samples obtained every 42 d were elevated (P .1) by vitamin E supplementation. Vitamin E supplementation for at least 44 d at 1,300 IU/d is expected to incorporate adequate amounts of alpha-tocopherol into muscle (3.3 micrograms/g for longissimus lumborum) to produce beef with extended color and lipid stability.
Persistence of F-Specific RNA Coliphages in Surface Waters from a Produce Production Region along the Central Coast of California.

F+ RNA coliphages (FRNA) are used to source-track fecal contamination and as surrogates for enteric pathogen persistence in the environment. However, the environmental persistence of FRNA is not clearly understood and necessitates the evaluation of the survival of prototype and environmental isolates of FRNA representing all four genogroups in surface waters from the central coast of California. Water temperature played a significant role in persistence–all prototype and environmental strains survived significantly longer at 10°C compared to 25°C. Similarly, the availability of host bacterium was found to be critical in FRNA survival. In the absence of E. coli Famp, all prototypes of FRNA disappeared rapidly with a D-value (days for one log reduction) of MS2>SP>GA and at 10°C it was QB = MS2>GA>SP. Significant differences in survival were observed between prototypes and environmental isolates of FRNA. While most environmental isolates disappeared rapidly at 25°C and in the absence of the host, members of genogroups GIII and GI persisted longer with the host compared to members of GII and GIV. Consequentially, FRNA based source tracking methods can be used to detect phages from recent fecal contamination along with those that persist longer in the environment as a result of cooler temperatures and increased host presence.
Body size and flight activity effects on male reproductive success in the pitcherplant mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae)

We investigated effects of body size and flight activity (cage size) on male reproductive success in the pitcherplant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett). Small males were more likely to experience reproductive failure than large males; but, among reproducing males, there was no significant difference in longevity, lifetime offspring sired, or cost of reproduction between small and large males. Regardless of size, individual males in large cages experienced decreased longevity, decreased lifetime offspring sired, and increased cost of reproduction compared with males in small cages, suggesting an energetic trade-off between flight and reproductive success. Size is a less important determinant of fitness in males than in females, and this difference may underlie size dimorphism.
Linkage and Selection Analysis of Biochemical Variants in Peromyscus maniculatus

During 1976 deermice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) were sampled from 12 populations along the front range of the Rocky Mountains in eastern Colorado. Tissue samples for field-captured males, nonpregnant females, pregnant females, and field -conceived, laboratory-reared offspring were analyzed for 19 protein systems (loci) using starch-gel electrophoresis. Nine loci (ADH, ALB, EST-4, GOT-1, IDH, PEPT-1, 6-PGD, SDH, TRF) provided adequate polymorphism for linkage study; five were used for selection analysis. Lod-score analyses for linkage determinations were generated by pairwise loci comparisons over recombination levels of 0 to 50%. Most pairings reflected evidence for nonlinkage. Maximum evidence for linkage, not statistically significant (P > 0.05), was between the ADH and 6-PGD loci at 30% recombination. If a significant trend was found through further testing, this linkage relationship would be one of weak segregational integrity, either syntenic or interchromosomal. Other pairings that showed some evidence of linkage were ADH-GOT-1, ADH-IDH, ALB-PEPT-1, ALB-SDH, and EST-4-SDH. Four of five loci tested showed significant gene frequency changes using the Christiansen and Frydenberg (1973) method of selection analysis. Seventy-one percent of the changes occurred during prezygotic selection analysis. However, significant changes due to selection were shown over different life-history components in different populations, possibly suggesting strong populational subdivision along the altitudinal cline.
Radiation therapy, cigarette smoking, and lung cancer risk among breast cancer patients in Connecticut

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1663 As cancer survival improves, patients face the long-term consequences of the disease, its causes, and its treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between radiation therapy (RT) for breast cancer, cigarette smoking, and second primary lung cancer. We conducted a population-based nested case-control study of women listed in the Connecticut Tumor Registry as having a first primary breast cancer diagnosed after 1964. Cases were women who developed a second primary cancer of the lung at least ten years after the first primary breast cancer diagnosis. Controls, matched to the cases on age at and year of breast cancer diagnosis, had survived at least as long as their case without being diagnosed with a second cancer. Medical records were abstracted for information on history of cigarette smoking and breast cancer therapy, including radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgery. Analyses focused on the independent and joint effects of cigarette smoking and RT on the risk of lung cancer. Our sample included 119 cases and 380 controls; 43% of cases and 37% of controls received RT for their breast cancer. At the time of breast cancer diagnosis, 68% of case patients had ever smoked cigarettes (48% were current smokers and 20% were former smokers), compared with 26% of control patients (18% current smokers, 8% former smokers). Smoking status was not available from the medical records of 25% of subjects. Radiation therapy alone did not significantly increase the risk of lung cancer. Smoking prior to the breast cancer diagnosis increased the risk of developing lung cancer. Smoking was a highly statistically significant modifier of the effect of radiation therapy on lung cancer risk. The results of our logistic regression analysis appear in the table below. The risk of lung cancer among cigarette smokers is high regardless of their breast cancer history. During the period covered by this study, the technology of RT advanced, reducing radiation exposure of normal tissue. However, given the striking interaction we observed between RT and smoking, radiation oncologists may want to ascertain the smoking status of their breast cancer patients and to discuss the potential risks with smokers prior to treatment.
Costly Screening, Self-Selection, Fraud, and the Organization of Credit Markets

This paper analyzes a credit market that includes a costly, universal and imperfect screening technology with both type I and type II errors and borrower self-selection. Universal screening is necessary because there are fraudulent borrowers. These characteristics, which have been omitted from other models, make it more representative of actual mortgage and consumer lending conditions. Contrary to the results in previous models with random screening, the combination of universal screening and type I screening error produces a pooling equilibrium as a non-trivial outcome. This result suggests that generalized lenders can sometimes compete with specialized lenders serving a single borrower type in credit markets that rely on costly lender screening. At other times pooling lenders will not be competitive and this, by itself, could lead to periodic waves of failure. These theoretical results appear to have implications for stability in markets for consumer credit.
Molecular basis for differential light responses in Arabidopsis stems and leaves.

Plants optimize their growth and development in response to changes in light quality, quantity, and direction. In dark conditions, Arabidopsis seedlings elongate their hypocotyls while suppressing the expansion and growth of their cotyledons. Fast stem elongation in the dark can ensure that seedlings quickly emerge from underneath the surface of soil to reach light. Once they perceive light, Arabidopsis seedlings expand their cotyledons and gain the capacity to start photosynthesis while greatly reducing the elongation of their hypocotyls. The differential growth rates between cotyledons and hypocotyls in both dark and light are important for plants to grow properly in different light environments, yet the molecular mechanisms by which light, or a lack thereof, can differentially regulate the growth of stems and leaves are not understood. In PNAS, Sun et al. (1) uncover the key roles of a group of Small Auxin Up RNA ( SAUR ) genes in determining the differential growth between stems and leaves (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Differential expression of lirSAUR s is a key determinant for the different growth rates of cotyledons and hypocotyls under various light conditions. ( A ) High lirSAUR levels stimulate growth, and low lirSAUR expression represses growth. Dark-grown plants have elevated lirSAUR expression in the elongated hypocotyls (red) and decreased expression of lirSAUR s in the closed cotyledons (light blue). In contrast, light-grown seedlings have expanded cotyledons and short hypocotyls, which correlate with high lirSAUR expression in cotyledons and low lirSAUR expression in hypocotyls. Plants grown under shade have long hypocotyls, extended petioles, and small cotyledons. It is not clear whether lirSAUR s also play a role in the differential growth of plants grown under shade. ( B ) Some SAUR genes are differentially expressed in plants grown under shade. A 1-h shade treatment is sufficient to induce the expression of many SAUR genes. Microarray data were previously … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: yundezhao{at}ucsd.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Epidemiological Characteristics of Mumps in Tai'an

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Tai'an city in the years 2006-2010,to lower its incidence and to provide evidence for developing stratagems for its prevention and control.Methods A descriptive epidemiological analysis was carried out on the data of mumps prevalence obtained from Tai'an national disease reporting information system during the 2006-2010 period.Results It is reported that 187,133,155,289 and 421 cases with mumps occurred each year during 2006-2010 in Tai'an.The average annual incidence rate is 4.23/105.Mumps cases occurred in all the six counties,in which Xintai,Feicheng and Taishan District had a higher incidence.The incidence was of visible seasonality,which peaked during the April-July and November-December period.The age of onset usually ranged from 4 to 19 years.Conclusions The surveillance of mumps should be further strengthened and the vaccination carried out in Tai'an.
THE EFFECTS OF WELL TRAJECTORY AND AZIMUTH ON SAND PRODUCTION OF BARE WELL COMPLETION FORMATION

The effects of well trajectory and azimuth on sand production of bare well completion formation have been studied quantitatively in this paper with a commercial finite element software and Equivalent Plastic Strain. The results show that both the maximal plastic strain and the plastic area increase with well angle that ranges from 0 o to 45° at given in-situ stress and formation. The sand production increases too. The maximal plastic strain decreases with well angle that ranges from 45° to 90°, and the sand production decreases too. The plastic zone changes with well azimuth, even though well angle is same. It is better for sand control that Well, especially horizontal well drilling should be along with in-situ horizontal stress.
Short day exposure suppresses water loss rate in the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum and blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)

ABSTRACTWe report that all non-fed stages of the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum and blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis have reduced water loss by exposure to short days. This reduction in water loss is more pronounced in larvae and nymphs than in adults. Impressive was the rapid response: all non-fed stages could transition quickly, losing water fast (long day), then slow (short day), and back to fast (long day), with only a single day exposure to short or long day conditions. Short days did not improve the tick’s dehydration tolerance limit. Ticks under short days were capable of absorbing water vapour, so their ability to rehydrate by water vapour absorption is not inhibited by change in photoperiod. Our conclusion is that a short-day-induced temporary quiescence helps to regulate water loss that applies to any non-fed stage for overwintering. The shallow nature of this quiescence implies that ticks could easily become active at any time and re-enter quiescence.
Intimate commodities: Intimate labor and the production and circulation of inequality

This article utilizes gay adult film as a means to understand the commodities generated through intimate labor. It offers a new concept, intimate commodities, in order to understand what, in addition to intimacy, is produced through intimate labor. Intimate commodities are material objects that are generated in conjunction with intimate labor, which are then traded or sold, and through their utilization generate intimate ties between individuals and themselves, other persons, or groups. Through ethnography and a survey of men who perform in the gay adult film industry, this study explores how the stratification of the conditions of production influence the commodities themselves, their use, and how, through their circulation, they may perpetuate inequalities. This conceptualization calls for increased attention to the illusory divide between productive and reproductive labor.