cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T-cell-receptor-dependent actin regulatory mechanisms

Following stimulation, T cells undergo marked changes in actin architecture that are required for productive immune responses. T-cell-receptor-dependent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is necessary for the formation of the immunological synapse at the T-cell-antigen-presenting-cell contact site and the distal pole complex at the opposite face of the T cell. Convergence of specific signaling molecules within these two plasma membrane domains facilitates downstream signaling events leading to full T-cell activation. Recent studies have identified many of the relevant actin-regulatory proteins, and significant progress has been made in our understanding of how these proteins choreograph molecular movements associated with T-cell activation. Proteins such as WASp, WAVE2, HS1 and cofilin direct the formation of a cortical actin scaffold at the immune synapse, while actin-binding proteins such as ezrin and moesin direct binding of signaling molecules to actin filaments within the distal pole complex.
Modules of continuity and analytic functions

For a function analytic in a compact domain and continuous in its closure, it is shown that the modules of continuity on the boundary of the domain and in its closure coincide.
A structural model of firm and industry evolution: Evidence from Chile

Abstract Although there are many models that yield a simple interpretation of the basic features of firm and industry evolution, they are too stylized to confront the micro-level data in a formal quantitative analysis. By introducing heterogeneity to a stylized industry evolution model, I explain several novel features of the data, such as the shape of the size distribution and the relationships between age, size, and the hazard rate of exit. In the model, heterogeneity arises through a combination of exogenous efficiency differences and accumulated innovations resulting from R&D investments. Integrating these forces allows the model to perform well quantitatively in fitting data on Chilean manufacturers.
A Hyalin-Fibrin Complex in the Bovine Mammary Gland,

Summary Microscopic examinations revealed the presence of intra-alveolar bodies in 15 of 25 udders. The bodies were composed of a hyalin-fibrin complex lying free in the alveolus and ducts. They generally occurred singly; however, in some instances there were as many as three per alveolus. When an udder contained these bodies, they were found in approximately equal numbers in each quarter.
Drying Kinetics of Distillers Wet Grains (DWG) Under Varying Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Temperature Levels

ABSTRACT Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a widely used animal feed. But transportation of DDGS is often troublesome because of its stickiness. DDGS is formed by combining condensed distillers solubles (CDS) with distillers wet grains (DWG) and then drying. As a first step toward understanding drying behavior, this study's objective was to investigate batch-drying kinetic behavior of DWG with three CDS addition levels (10, 15, and 20% wb) and three drying-temperature levels (100, 200, and 300°C). Multiple nonlinear mathematical models were used to fit experimental drying data for moisture content versus drying rate. A new comprehensive model was developed (R2 = 0.89, SEM = 18.60) from a modified Chen and Douglas model to incorporate CDS and drying-temperature terms. Drying temperature affected drying rate more significantly than did changes in CDS level; thus, drying temperature was the main effect and CDS was a subeffect. Increasing the drying temperature increased the drying rate signific...
Interstellar Grains and the Diffuse Galactic Light

PRESENT knowledge of the physical nature of the interstellar grains is based principally on interpretations of the observed extinction and polarization of starlight. Some scattering of the galactic radiation field by the interstellar grains must occur and it is recognized that a precise determination of the brightness of such a diffuse galactic light can also contribute to our knowledge of the grains. Since the first investigations of the diffuse light by Elvey and Roach1 in 1937 there have been further studies by Henyey and Greenstein2, van Houten3 (using the measurements of the brightness distribution in the Milky Way by Elsasser and Haug4) and Roach and Smith5. Unfortunately the results of these four investigations are in considerable disagreement. Two important sources of this disagreement arise from uncertainties in assessing (1) the contributions to the observed brightness of the airglow, zodiacal light and light scattered by the Earth's atmosphere; (2) the contributions from faint stars, the integrated starlight.
Influence of the Ah locus on the humoral immunotoxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: evidence for Ah-receptor-dependent and Ah-receptor-independent mechanisms of immunosuppression.

Abstract There are conflicting reports in the literature regarding the role of the Ah locus in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) immunotoxicity. The present studies have utilized two congenic strains of C57Bl 6 mice that differ only at this locus to assess its influence on TCDD-induced suppression of antibody responses. Mice were given a single oral dose of TCDD 2 days prior to challenge with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS). The subsequent dose-dependent effects of TCDD on the amount of antibody produced by splenic plasma cells were measured using the hemolytic antibody isotope release assay. In addition, the relative importance of the Ah genotype of lymphoid versus nonlymphoid tissue was examined in adoptive transfer experiments. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was significantly induced in Ah bb mice by a dose of 0.5 μg/kg TCDD and maximally induced by a dose of 2 μg/kg. Ah dd mice required 10-fold higher doses of TCDD to induce comparable levels of AHH. The degree of thymic involution and liver hypertrophy induced by TCDD was also influenced by the Ah genotype of the animals. Both Ah bb and Ah dd mice exhibited dose-dependent suppression of the anti-TNP response following TCDD exposure. The ID50 was 7.0 μg/kg in Ah bb mice and 30.8 μg/kg in Ah dd mice. Suppression of the antibody response to SRBC was also dependent on the Ah locus. The ID50 in Ah bb mice was 0.6 μg/kg TCDD. However, an apparent biphasic dose response for suppression of the anti-SRBC response in Ah dd mice suggested the involvement of an Ah-independent component of suppression as well. In adoptive transfer studies, lymphocytes were identified as an Ah-dependent component of the response. The Ah-independent component of the response was not identified, and could be either lymphoid or nonlymphoid in nature. The possibility that T helper cells represent the Ah-independent component is discussed.
Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus contribute to arterial baroreceptor reflexes in normotensive rats

Summary 1. Baroreceptor reflex influences on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were estimated with non-linear regression analysis (sigmoidal curve fitting) before and after transection of carotid sinus nerves (CSN) and aortic depressor nerves (ADN) in rats. 2. Transection of ADN reduced the gain of the reflex to 42% of basal levels with increases in arterial pressure (MAP) and RSNA. Subsequent transection of CSN eliminated the remaining sigmoidal correlation between MAP and RSNA without further changes in resting MAP and RSNA. 3. By comparison, the transection of CSN reduced the gain of the reflex to 53% of basal levels without affecting other variables. Additional transection of both ADN eliminated the remaining sigmoidal correlation between MAP and RSNA with further increases in resting MAP and RSNA. 4. These results indicate that carotid sinus baroreceptors exist in rats. They contribute to baroreceptor-mediated reflex changes in RSNA as do aortic baroreceptors, although the working range of MAP may increase with transection of the latter.
Epidemiology of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

Twelve distinct viruses associated with hemorrhagic fever in humans are classified among four families: Arenaviridae, which includes Lassa, Junin, and Machupo viruses; Bunyaviridae, which includes Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Hantaan viruses; Filoviridae, which includes Marburg and Ebola viruses; and Flaviviridae, which includes yellow fever, dengue, Kyasanur Forest disease, and Omsk viruses. Most hemorrhagic fever viruses are zoonoses, with the possible exception of the four dengue viruses, which may continually circulate among humans. Hemorrhagic fever viruses are found in both temperate and tropical habitats and generally infect both sexes and all ages, although the age and sex of those infected are frequently influenced by the possibility of occupational exposure. Transmission to humans is frequently by bite of an infected tick or mosquito or via aerosol from infected rodent hosts. Aerosol and nosocomial transmission are especially important with Lassa, Junin, Machupo, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Marburg, and Ebola viruses. Seasonality of hemorrhagic fever among humans is influenced for the most part by the dynamics of infected arthropod or vertebrate hosts. Mammals, especially rodents, appear to be important natural hosts for many hemorrhagic fever viruses. The transmission cycle for each hemorrhagic fever virus is distinct and is dependent upon the characteristics of the primary vector species and the possibility for its contact with humans.
The value of current nutrition information

To prevent or delay the occurrence of chronic diseases, scientific bodies from the cardiologic and oncologic disciplines have made recommendations regarding the daily dietary intake of certain macro- and micronutrients. This study assessed the knowledge of a random population of 2,305 individuals comprising members of the public, health care workers, university graduate students, and health club attendees. Segments of this population might be expected to have a greater understanding and ability to implement these dietary recommendations. We found that over 90% of the participants were unaware of the recommendations for calcium, salt, vitamin A, and fiber, and the fiber content in a high fiber cereal. Approximately 80% of the participants were unaware of the recommendations regarding fat intake and could not calculate the fat content of a food product. Almost half of the study population took a vitamin pill daily. Of the subjects who were aware of the correct unit measurement for vitamin A (IU), almost 25% of gave a response that exceeded the recommended daily intake. A majority of this study population were unaware of the dietary recommendations regarding the prevention of cardiovascular events and cancer. Subgroups of this study population that might be expected to have more information regarding these recommendations (i.e., having higher education or being a health care professional) did not display a satisfactory level of knowledge. To further compound the problems of adhering to the recommended guidelines, the labeling of many food products is misleading. The recommendations on dietary intake and the information on food product content must be transmitted to the public in a form that allows for ready application when purchasing and consuming food.
A phosphoramidite reagent for automated solid phase synthesis of 5′-biotinylated oligonucleotides

Abstract Biotin phosphoramidite 1 has been synthesized by a simple two-step procedure. With this reagent 5′-biotinylated oligonucleotides are easily prepared using an automated DNA synthesizer.
Negative diffusion in planetary rings with a nearby moon

Abstract This paper analyzes a process that has been observed in simulations of numerous systems where ring material is strongly perturbed by a nearby moon. If the ring particles can be imparted with a forced eccentricity on the order of 10 −5 in a single pass by the moon, particle orbits are observed to move towards regions of higher density as a result of the organized collisions that occur in the dense peaks of the satellite wake. The width of the ring can decrease by as much as 90% if the forced eccentricity is greater than 3 × 10 −5 and the unperturbed geometric optical depth is greater than 0.03. The fractional change in ring width is relatively insensitive to the particle size so long as the particle radius is much less than the product of the semimajor axis and the forced eccentricity. Including a power law particle size distribution with slope of −2.8 spanning a decade in particle radius reduces the fractional width change by about 10% compared to the uniform particle-size case. Adding gravitational interactions between ring particles only has a significant effect on ring confinement if the unperturbed geometric optical depth exceeds .03, but a 40% reduction in ring width is still achieved in a self-gravitating ring of geometric optical depth 0.3 if the forced eccentricity exceeds 3 × 10 −5 . This process does not require the material to be in resonance with the moon, nor does it have any minimum mass constraints because particle self-gravity is not required. The collisional damping of satellite wakes therefore provides a simple mechanism by which a single moon can reduce the radial extent of any ringlet that is close to it and has sufficient optical depth for collisions to be significant.
Confinement and chiral-symmetry breakdown: Estimates of F π and of effective quark masses

We illustrate how a field theory of confinement automatically leads to spontaneous breakdown of (flavor nonsinglet) chiral symmetry, with accompanying massless pions. This breakdown is described as a tunneling process involving a quark and virtual $q\overline{q}$ pairs (as in superconductivity), and is driven by the infrared singularities of the confinement mechanism. Effective quark masses (not to be confused with either current or constituent quark masses) are defined in terms of {${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}$, ${S}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(p)$} at zero momentum, where $S(p)$ is the effective quark propagator (an entire function in most gauges), and these masses yield values for ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$. Aside from messy numbers of $O(1)$ discussed in the text and leaving out short-distance corrections, ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ is essentially $2\sqrt{3}a{(2\ensuremath{\pi})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$, where $a\ensuremath{\simeq}400$ MeV appears in the linearly rising potential $V(r)={a}^{2}r$. We calculate chiral-breaking effects in four models, beginning with $d=2+1$ QED for massless electrons, to introduce techniques [using Ward identities and the full Dyson equation for $S(p)$] for dealing with confining field theories. Two other models are $d=3+1$ propagator models of confinement and the fourth explicitly exhibits the tunneling to a $q\overline{q}$ pair mentioned above, in a theory with area-law confinement.
Pathways of glucose metabolism in lymphatic cells of rabbit's appendix and Gardners's mouse lymphosarcoma

Abstract Cell-free extracts of lymphatic cells from rabbit appendix and cells from Gardner's mouse lymphosarcoma contained active enzymes for the metabolism of glucose via the glycolytic and the phosphorylated oxidation pathways. Utilization of glucose, lactate formation, and oxygen consumption were inhibited by iodoacetate to a closely parallel extent in the lymphatic cells; in lymphosarcoma cells inhibition was less complete. With the use of variously labeled glucose and lactate, and measurement of the activity of labeled lactate and C 14 O 2 , it was concluded that the pathway of glucose metabolism in lymphatic cells is almost exclusively via the glycolytic pathway, whereas in lymphosarcoma cells phosphorylated oxidation plays an important role. The ascitis fluid in Ehrlich ascitis tumor contained measurable amounts of ribose, and on incubation with glucose it produced ribose and fructose.
Problems and help seeking in high-risk adolescent patients of health clinics

In this study, 2787 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 years living in inner-city communities were interviewed about their mental and physical health and their clinic use. The patients used consolidated mental and physical health clinics located in neighborhoods, hospitals, or schools; or traditional neighborhood or hospital health clinics. Analyses of selected patient problems reveal that less than one third of adolescent patients with suicide ideation, conduct disorder, and substance abuse or dependency sought or received care for those problems. Only half of the adolescents with major depression sought or received care for depression, and only two thirds of the sexually active females sought or received help with birth control. A special effort needs to be made to attract troubled youth to clinics and to identify and treat their problems, particularly when those problems involve mental health concerns.
Role of Lipoxygenase Metabolites in Ischemic Preconditioning

Abstract Preconditioning with brief intermittent periods of ischemia before a sustained period of ischemia has been shown to reduce infarct size and improve recovery of function in rat hearts. The mediators of this protective response are unknown in rats. We tested the hypothesis that a lipoxygenase metabolite might be involved in preconditioning, since lipoxygenase metabolites such as 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid have been shown to increase K+ channel activity and to decrease Ca2+ channel activity, which could have a protective effect on ischemic injury. In support of this hypothesis, we report that the lipoxygenase inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA, 5 μmol/L) and eicosatetraynoic acid (7 μmol/L) added just before and during preconditioning blocked the protective effects of preconditioning on recovery of function during reflow after 30 minutes of global ischemia. In addition, these lipoxygenase inhibitors partially blocked the ability of preconditioning to attenuate the rise in cytosolic free calcium during sustained ischemia. We also investigated the effects of preconditioning on eicosanoid metabolism by using high-performance liquid chromatography and found that 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), the stable product of the lipoxygenase pathway, was made during the preconditioning protocol and that 12-HETE accumulation was blocked by NDGA. Thus, there is a correlation between functional recovery after ischemia and stimulation of the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism before the sustained period of ischemia; inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway eliminates the protective effect of preconditioning on recovery of function after ischemia.
Folding of peptide models of collagen and misfolding in disease

The misfolding of the triple helix has been shown to play a critical role in collagen diseases. Normal and mutated collagen triple helices can be modeled by short, synthetic peptides of varying design. NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism studies on the assembly of these peptide models have recently been used to isolate specific steps in the folding pathway and have provided information on the alterations resulting from mutations.
HDL metabolism and the role of HDL in the treatment of high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease.

Developing new therapeutic approaches to treating residual cardiovascular risk of recurrent clinical events in statin-treated patients has been a major challenge for the cardiovascular field. Data from epidemiological evidence, animal models, and initial clinical trials indicate that increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) may be an effective new target for treating residual cardiovascular risk. Over the past several years, major advances have occurred in our understanding of HDL metabolism and of the important roles of the ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters as well as the SR-Bl receptor in cholesterol transport. Current approaches to HDL therapy include acute HDL infusion therapy in acute coronary syndrome patients and chronic oral HDL therapy in stable patients with candiovascular disease. Definitive clinical trials will now be reguired to establish the safety and efficacy of memasing HDL in the treatment of patients with cardiova disease.
Using Geographic Information System (GIS) Technology to Integrate Research into the Field Practicum

SUMMARY This article reports on efforts to answer some basic questions arising in the introduction of technology into the social work curriculum. It involves an on-going project to integrate research into field instruction by training students to use Geographic Information System technology to identify and meet information needs of their field placement agency. Background on the project is given, with discussion of three concerns that shaped it. An explanation of how GIS works and how it can be used in the human service agency is provided, along with an account of the project's outcome. Preliminary conclusions regarding future efforts are offered.
Comparison of the Effects of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate and Sulforaphane on Gene Expression in Breast Cancer and Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SF) exhibit tumor preventive activity in lung, prostate, breast and colon cancers. Our objective was to examine the effect of these two isothiocyanates on estrogen receptor-related genes, and genes related to apoptosis and cell cycle in the estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell line MCF7 and in normal human epithelial breast (HME) cells. We treated cells with 0.3 μM or 3.0 μM concentrations of PEITC or SF. In HME cells, gene expression was significantly altered for 23 genes by PEITC at a concentration of 0.3 μM and 4 genes at 3.0 μM. SF altered the expression of 16 genes at a concentration of 0.3 μM and 2 genes at 3.0 μM. In HME cells, genes altered by both PEITC and SF exhibited changes in gene expression that were similar in extent as well as direction of change. In MCF-7 cells, PEITC did not produce any significant changes in the gene expression at both treatment levels. SF produced significant changes in 7 genes, but only at the higher treatment level of 3.0 μM. Normal mammary cells exhibited more changes in the expression of estrogen receptor related genes than did breast cancer cells, and significantly these changes occurred predominantly at the low concentration of 0.3 μM, a concentration achievable by dietary input of isothiocyanates. Novel findings were the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic gene BAD and estrogen receptor beta gene in normal human mammary cells. These gene alterations observed, along with upregulation of tumor suppressors p21 and p27, may provide a protective effect to mammary cells against breast cancer.
Hypnotic Hallucinations as “Unmonitored” Images: An Empirical Study

In studying waking images and hypnotic hallucinations, most psychologists have implicitly adopted Hume's sensory continuum theory: that perceived sensations and imaged sensations differ only inasmuch as the latter tend to be less vivid. The current research contrasts sensory continuum theory with an alternative theory: that the central innervation of waking images, especially vivid images, is neurally monitored and tacitly known. To the extent that vivid images demand a greater amount of central innervation, the image-monitoring process should register them more quickly than faint images, even though vivid images are closer to percepts on the sensory continuum. Consistent with image-monitoring theory and contrary to sensory continuum theory, waking subjects discriminated percepts more quickly from vivid images than from faint images. In contrast, deeply hypnotized subjects did not discriminate percepts most quickly from vivid images. The latter result suggests that deep hypnosis attenuates the monitoring ...
Comparison of Polyfluoroalkyl Compound Concentrations in Maternal Serum and Amniotic Fluid: A Pilot Study

The extent to which polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are detectable in amniotic fluid is unknown. Using paired samples from 28 women, we compared the concentration of 8 PFCs measured in serum, the standard matrix for assessing human exposure, amniotic fluid from routine amniocentesis, and urine. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were detected in all maternal serum samples. The number of amniotic fluid samples with detectable concentrations differed by PFC (PFOA n=24; PFNA n=10; PFOS n=9; PFHxS n=4). The correlation coefficient between maternal serum and amniotic PFC levels varied considerably by PFC (PFOA ρ=0.64, p<0.001; PFNA ρ=0.05, p=0.9; PFOS ρ=0.76, p=0.01; PFHxS ρ=0.80, p=0.2). Using linear regression, PFOA appeared to be commonly detected in amniotic fluid if the serum concentration exceeded approximately 1.5 ng/mL whereas PFOS was rarely detected in amniotic fluid until the serum concentration was about 5.5 ng/mL. No PFCs were detected in urine.
Bifurcation and localization instabilities in cylindrical shells under bending—I. Experiments

Abstract This two-part series of papers is concerned with the response and various instabilities which govern the behavior of circular cylindrical shells under pure bending. Part I describes the experimental part of the study and Part II presents the numerical simulation of the various phenomena observed experimentally. Experiments were conducted on long aluminum 6061-T6 shells with II different diameter-to-thickness ratios ranging from 60.5 to 19.5. For such geometries, the structural response and inherent instabilities are strongly influenced by the plastic characteristics of the material. Thinner shells were found to develop short wavelength periodic ripples on the compressed side of the shell. The shells buckled locally and collapsed soon after the appearance of the ripples. Thicker shells were found to exhibit a limit load instability as a direct consequence of the ovalization of the shell cross-section caused by bending. Following the limit load, the ovalization was found to localize, leading to the eventual collapse of the shells. For shells with intermediate D / t values, short wavelength ripples developed at the same time as localization of ovalization was recorded. The shells buckled locally and catastrophically following the development of a limit load.
Constitutive expression of the Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WT1) in renal cell carcinoma

The expression of the Wilms tumor suppressor gene WT1 is largely restricted to elements of the developing urogenital system. In the fetal kidney, WT1 transcripts are present at low levels in the condensing mesenchyme and at much higher levels in differentiating glomerular epithelium and are not detected in other mesenchymal-derived epithelial structures such as the proximal and distal tubules. However, WT1 expression is observed in tubule-like elements found in some Wilms tumors. As renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of the clear cell type is one of the most prevalent adult tumors of the kidney, and is thought to originate from the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules, we studied WT1 expression in RCCs. Despite the absence of WT1 in normal primary epithelial cells derived from proximal tubules, RCC tumors and tumor-derived cell lines expressed WT1 RNA. Immunocytochemical analyses of tumor cryosections showed widespread expression throughout the poorly differentiated epithelial components of the tumor. Immunoblots of RCC samples detected a normal size WT I protein and reciprocal antibody immunoprecipitations of RCC cell extracts indicated that WT I interacts with p53 as has been demonstrated for normal human fetal kidney. The aberrant expression of functional WT1 in RCC may represent a reversion to a more de-differentiated phenotype and may contribute to the tumorigenic phenotype by inappropriately activating or repressing genes involved in growth regulation.
Determination of volatile fatty acid turnover rates in organic-rich marine sediments

Abstract Volatile fatty acid (VFA) apparent turnover rates in organic-rich marine sediments were determined by measuring whole sediment VFA concentration and the corresponding first-order reaction rate constants. In order to measure VFA concentrations, bulk wet sediment samples were basified, freeze-dried, extracted with methanol, derivatized to form methyl esters of the VFAs, and analyzed by packed-column gas chromatography using hexanoic acid as an internal standard. The detection limits for acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate and butyrate were 1.0, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.2 μmol l −1 s , respectively, for 600 ml samples. Rate constants for acetate and propionate were determined by anaerobically incubating samples at in-situ temperatures with tracer levels of 14 C-labelled VFAs. Metabolized label was recovered as CO 2 , CH 4 , cellular material, water-soluble material, and VFA (ether-soluble) fractions. Apparent turnover rates measured during summer and winter in anoxic Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina (U.S.A.) sediments were in the range of 19–330 μmol l −1 s h −1 for acetate and 0.7–7.0 μmol l −1 s h −1 for propionate.
A consistency test for interpolators

The concept of “accuracy” is not satisfactory as a criterion for judging the quality of an interpolator. Accuracy in a given case is usually taken to mean proximity to a specific test function. However, infinitely many test functions could give rise to the same test data; proximity to one of these is not necessarily a sign of quality. We suggest that “consistency” is a more useful concept than accuracy in this context, and we demonstrate its usefulness.
Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda y el Republicanismo: un apunte sobre negociación y autonomía

This paper offers an analysis of the Republican and Americanist elements in Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda’s poetry. Instead of insisting on the author’s connections with the peninsular romanticism of the mid-nineteenth century, we seek to locate Avellaneda’s poetics and politics in the tradition of Spanish American republicanism.
Targeting of proteins into chloroplasts.

Cytoplasmically synthesized proteins are directed into chloroplasts by amino terminal transit sequences of the precursor proteins. For proteins of the thylakoid lumen, transit sequences are also important in directing proteins to the lumen.
Flexible Rotating Beam: Comparative Modelling Of Isotropic And Composite Material Including Geometric Non-linearity

Abstract A comparative modelling of a flexible rotating beam has been considered in this study. The dynamic model is based on a beam with either isotropic material or composite material. The composite beam is considered as orthotropic fiber-reinforced and symmetrically laminated. Both small linear as well as geometric non-linear deformations are studied. A continuous system is considered in the analytical approach. Both axial and transverse deformations are included, and they are represented by the mode shape functions of the beam. The coupled effect between the rigid body motion and the flexible motion is also considered. A forward dynamic numerical simulation is performed for a prescribed driving torque on a steel and graphite/epoxy beam. The influence of flexibility on the rigid body motion is presented and discussed. From the numerical results, the composite material has a lower energy consumption due to lower material density. It performs well in damping the vibration of the structure due to its higher stiffness-to-weight ratio.
ELM pacing using modulated non-axisymmetric magnetic fields on DIII-D

Edge localized mode (ELM) pacing using modulated n = 3 non-axisymmetric fields has been demonstrated on DIII-D over a wide range of conditions, including significant variations in temperature, βN, density and shape. At low collisionality, the pacing results in a clear reduction in the ELM size and peak heat flux to the divertor, up to a factor of 5–6 for short time windows, although only a factor of two for sustained periods with the present hardware capability. At higher collisionality, although similar increases in the ELM frequency have been demonstrated, no meaningful reduction in the heat flux is typically observed as a direct result of the pacing. However, it appears that the ELM size may be reduced indirectly via changes in the L–H power threshold as a result of density pumpout associated with the application of non-axisymmetric fields. At this stage, it remains unclear whether the failure to reduce the ELM size with modulated fields is a limitation associated with high collisionality, high density, or relative proximity to the L–H power threshold.
Etiology of unilateral hearing loss in a national hereditary deafness repository

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic, audiologic, and epidemiologic characteristics of unilateral hearing loss (HL) in a national hereditary deafness repository. Materials and Methods This is a prospective clinical study involving 34 subjects identified in a national hereditary deafness repository. Clinical data and family history of HL were obtained on enrollment. Candidate deafness genes were screened by single-stranded conformation polymorphism, and mutations were confirmed with sequencing. Results Thirty-four subjects (19 males, 15 females) with unilateral HL were identified, ranging in age from 2 months to 36 years. The mean age at diagnosis was 7 years, and the left ear was affected in 62% of the cases. The racial distribution of our sample was 62% white, 23% African American, and 15% Hispanic. Imaging results were available in 47%, and most (69%) were considered normal. Nineteen percent had enlarged vestibular aqueducts, 2 had ipsilateral Mondini dysplasia, and 1 had a common cavity deformity. Twenty subjects (59%) had a family history of HL, with 26% specifically reporting familial unilateral HL. Mutational screening revealed sequence variants in the GJB2 (connexin 26), GJB3 (connexin 31), TECTA , and COCH genes. Two novel mutations were detected in COCH and TECTA . Conclusions Sequence variants in known deafness genes were detected in more than one-third of our study population, suggesting that gene/gene or gene/environmental interactions may indeed play a role in the etiology of some cases of unilateral deafness. Further prospective studies including congenital cytomegalovirus screening at birth and molecular screening of deafness genes in children with congenital unilateral HL will be required to establish the etiology of unilateral deafness with certainty.
An Uncommon Type of Bacteriophage

IT has been the general experience of phage investigators1 that bacterial viruses reach their highest titres when preying on rapidly growing cultures, differing thereby from the large group of plant and animal viruses, which are able to multiply in host cells regardless of stage of development. Krueger et al.2 showed that staphylococci will support phage reproduction in the presence of penicillin which inhibits their own growth; but such organisms must first be ‘activated’, which means they must have entered the logarithmic phase of growth.
Water detection in the desert sand scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis (Scorpionida, Vaejovidae)

For the sand scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis, substrate moisture is a powerful and fast-acting stimulus of discrete behaviors related to localization and imbibitory uptake of water. These behaviors are readily observed in the field and quantified in the laboratory when free-roaming animals encounter sand substrates dampened by small amounts of water. Of 10 behaviors we monitored in laboratory tests, 5 (pedipalp-pull, rototiller-digging, prolonged stops, headstand, and backingup) occurred only after contact with a moistened substrate. These water-stimulated behaviors were selectively blocked when all 8 tarsal leg segments were coated with wax; coverings of the chemosensory pectine appendages had little to no effect. Electrophysiological recordings from chemoreceptor organs on the tarsi showed that neurons innervating the dorsal tarsal organ, were highly sensitive to humid air stimuli while the numerous, poretipped hairs on the ventral surface were responsive to aqueous solutions applied directly to their tips. Selective blocking of the 8 tarsal organs had no effect on water sensitive behavior indicating that the chemosensory hairs mediate detection of substrate moisture. Such localized, sensory triggering of a robust and directed behavior presents a useful model for further neuroethological studies.
A150: Control of Cell Proliferation in Lupus Nephritis: The Role of miRNAs and HER2

Background/Purpose: miRNAS are responsible for post-transcriptional gene silencing and typically regulate multiple targets. Our goal was to study the miRNA pattern of lupus nephritis (LN) in order to better understand its pathogenesis. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed on a large single-center cohort of children exposed to anti-Ro and/or anti-La antibodies on whom prospective data has been collected since 1984. Inclusion criteria were: 1) first child born from a woman positive for anti-Ro and/or anti-La antibodies with a diagnosis of cutaneous lupus, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, dermatomyositis or rheumatoid arthritis, 2) the mother underwent fetal echocardiography screening during pregnancy and/or the child had a postnatal ECG and 3) the child was ≥6 months old as of October 2013. We used Bayesian analysis for the association between prenatal use of AM and NLE. Results: A kidney LN miRNA signature was identified, which, according to Ingenuity pathway analysis, mainly reflected cell proliferation (p = 3.3E-23-0.049). miR-26a, miR-30b and miR-4286 were significantly decreased in LN (p = 0.002; p = 0.005; p = 0.002). The levels of miR-26a and miR-30b were also decreased in the urine of LN patients when compared to controls (p = 0.03; p = 0.02). The genes significantly up-regulated in the knockdowns of miR-26a, miR-30b and miR-4286 when compared to controls were related to mitosis (p = 1.06E-10). These results were validated by qRT-PCR, including the increase on the expression of genes associated with cell cycle (CCNE2, E2F8, MAD2L1, MYBL1 and POLQ). Based on these results, we examined HER2 expression, a protein that regulates miR-26a and miR-30b levels in breast cancer cell lines. We found that it was highly increased in the glomeruli and tubular compartment of LN patients and not in other mesangioproliferative diseases. Moreover, the average of HER2+ cells in the glomeruli of NZM2410 mice was higher than in B6 or Balb/c mice (p < 0.0001; p = 0.009) and it was associated with proteinuria (p = 0.001). Finally, HER2 expression was increased in mesangial cells by α Ninterferon exposure (p = 0.02) and IRF-1 transfection (p = 0.0009). Conclusion: The kidneys of LN patients have a miRNA pattern characterized by a significant decrease of miR-26a, miR-30b and miR-4286, which is predicted to be associated with increased proliferation. In addition, miR-26a and miR-30b are also decreased in the urine of LN patients, which makes them interesting candidates as biomarkers. It was previously shown that trastuzumab, an antibody against HER2, produces therapeutic actions by up-regulating miR-26a and miR-30b in breast cancer cell lines. Since we demonstrated that HER2 was highly increased in the kidneys of LN patients and NZM2410 mice, blocking HER2 may be a new promising pathway to decrease cell proliferation and damage in this disease.
Force-coupling method for flows with ellipsoidal particles

The force-coupling method, previously developed for spherical particles suspended in a liquid flow, is extended to ellipsoidal particles. In the limit of Stokes flow, there is an exact correspondence with known analytical results for isolated particles. More generally, the method is shown to provide good approximate results for the particle motion and the flow field both in viscous Stokes flow and at finite Reynolds number. This is demonstrated through comparison between fully resolved direct numerical simulations and results from the numerical implementation of the force-coupling method with a spectral/hp element scheme. The motion of settling ellipsoidal particles and neutrally buoyant particles in a Poiseuille flow are discussed.
Parallelization of the two-dimensional Ising Model on a cluster of IBM RISC System/6000 workstations

Abstract Using the PVM programming environment for parallel applications, we have parallelized a simulation of the two-dimensional Ising Model on a cluster of IBM RISC System/6000 workstations connected by a Token Ring (16Mb/sec) and by Serial Optical Channels (220 Mb/sec) via a NSC DX Router. The parallelization is done by dividing the lattice into sublattices, each sublattice being associated with one workstation. On each sublattice, a Metropolis algorithm using Multispin Coding techniques is used to generate new configurations. We provide numerical results concerning the number of spin updates per second, speedups, and efficiencies for various numbers of processors and lattice sizes.
Analysis of EHL Circular Contact Start Up: Comparison with Experimental Results

In this paper, the start up condition in elastohydrodynamic lubrication was studied on a steel ball on glass disc contact lubricated with a mineral oil, using a previously developed mixed phase lubrication contact model. The numerical simulation demonstrated the contact geometry change in the transition from initial solid contact to final fully lubricated contact, as well as the load sharing variation between lubricated and solid contacts during the start up. The numerical results of contact geometry was then compared with an experimental study of the same start up situation published by Glovnea and Spikes [1]. The film thickness variations and the propagation of the solid-lubricated contact interface during the start up were compared. Furthermore, an analytical result of the propagation of the solid-lubricated contact interface was also generated by assuming the dominance of the wedge and squeeze terms in the Reynolds Equation, and was also compared with the numerical and experimental results. Good agreement exists among the analytical, numerical and experimental results. The good agreement proves the numerical model as a valid tool in studying the start up condition in elastohydrodynamic lubrication as the transition from solid contact to lubricated contact is of great importance when investigating the start up process and its effects on the overall lubrication performance.© 2005 ASME
Design and Development of Passive and Active Force Feedback Systems Using Magnetorheological Fluids

Recently, haptic devices have been in use to increase the effectiveness of human-machine interfaces. On the forefront of this technology are passive, force-feedback controllers that resist or even limit motion. This motion control can be the result of a manipulator coming into contact with an object in either the virtual or physical world. Thus, an end-user can get both visual and tactile feedback on system operations. Furthermore, an active force-feedback controller can not only resist motion, but also create a reactive force that the user can sense. This active force-feedback is essential for delicate operations, such as telerobotic surgery, where a doctor needs to feel the difference between a spongy muscle and a hard bone. However, such haptic devices need to be simple and fast, so that they will not interfere with the existing system dynamics. A promising solution employs magnetorheological (MR) fluids in an active force-feedback controller. MR fluids feature a rheological change that is brought about when micron-sized particles within the fluid are exposed to a magnetic field. This change happens within milliseconds and can be used to create resistance quickly and easily. MR fluids can also be combined in a motor driven clutch mechanism to provide active resistance to the user with a force proportional to what the manipulator is experiencing. This paper will show the model development, design, construction, and control implementation of passive and active force-feedback devices.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Survivors of intimate partner violence speak out: trust in the patient-provider relationship.

OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristics that facilitate trust in the patient-provider relationship among survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV).
Quality and developing countries: the role of international and organizational factors

Purpose – This research examines the literature on quality management in developing countries and explores the influence of important international and organizational variables on quality in developing countries.Design/methodology/approach – By drawing from the literature and gaining input from industry panels, it formulates specific propositions depicting the influence of international (economic, political/legal, cultural/social) and organizational (goals/priorities, commitment/control, centralization/decentralization, networking) factors on quality.Findings – A number of gaps are identified in the literature on quality management in developing countries along with significant challenges including differing perceptions of quality, the legacy of colonization and protectionist policies, and tight governmental controls.Research limitations/implications – The framework of this research develops general relationships between quality and international and organizational variables. Based upon the propositions d...
On polynomial approximation to the shortest lattice vector length

We obtain a 2O(n/∈) time algorithm to approximate the length of the shortest vector in an n-dimensional lattice to within a factor of n3+∈.