cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a Rich Internet Application for Gas Turbine Engine Simulations

Modeling the performance and emissions characteristics of gas turbine engines can involve sequentially solving multiple thermodynamic states of a representative fluid flowing through the engine, evaluating cycle performance, and evaluating the chemical equilibrium of the fluid at select states. The states are defined by the combination of specified thermodynamic conditions, process assumptions derived from established theory of gas turbine engines, and thermodynamic properties of the representative fluid. Internet based applications such as TEST allow experienced analysts to structure and evaluate thermodynamic models of gas turbine engines and separately evaluate the chemical equilibrium of air-fuel mixtures to predict exhaust emissions. Although the TEST thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium data retrieval is automated, analysts are required to first structure the system model. The Internet based software described in this paper allows analysts to combine the modeling of performance and emissions characteristics of gas turbine engines without the need to first structure a model, broadening the range of potential analysts beyond the thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium communities. The software presented in this work combines a visually rich and Internet based interface to input specifications and display results, a communication mechanism to obtain Internet based thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium data, and a solution architecture to autonomously interpret user inputs and Web based data and model engine parameters. This software also allows analysts to modify the model complexity, accounting for irreversibilities and auxiliary devices such as regenerators, reheaters, and intercoolers as required. Data reduction features such as graphical representation of parametric studies and combustion product distribution are also available within the software.
Recursive reminding: Effects of repetition, printed frequency, connectivity, and set size on recognition and judgments of frequency.

In the present experiments, predictions of common path and recursive-reminding models of recognition (RG) and judgments of frequency (JOFs) were contrasted. The results indicated that each task is affected by study frequency, printed frequency, and associative connectivity. However, effect size analyses indicated that study frequency and item attributes show a double dissociation over tasks. Study frequency has a greater effect on JOFs than on RG, whereas printed frequency and associative connectivity have greater effects on RG than on JOFs. The recursive-reminding model predicts differential effects of study frequency, because it assumes that although both tasks are influenced by familiarity, JOF is more likely to be affected by recollective reminding as a procedure for encoding event frequency. Associative set size effects were absent in each task, suggesting that competitors play no role in either task.
Decreased DOC-2/DAB2 expression in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Purpose: DOC-2/DAB2 (differentially expressed in ovarian carcinoma-2/disabled-2), a potential tumor suppressor gene, is underexpressed in several cancers. Little is known about the expression of this gene in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). We profiled DOC-2/DAB2 expression in mouse and human normal and neoplastic urothelia. Experimental Design: Immunohistochemical staining for DOC-2/DAB2 was carried out on tissue specimens from two transgenic mouse models with urothelium-specific molecular alterations and on a tissue microarray containing cores from 9 normal controls, 44 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), 195 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for UCB, and 39 lymph nodes with metastatic UCB. Results: Normal mouse urothelium stained uniformly with DOC-2/DAB2. Weaker staining was observed in low-grade, superficial papillary bladder tumors from transgenic mice harboring constitutively active Ha-Ras , whereas carcinoma in situ –like lesions and high-grade bladder tumors from transgenic mice expressing a SV40 T antigen completely lacked DOC-2/DAB2 expression. In human tissues, DOC-2/DAB2 expression was decreased in 11% of normal bladder specimens, 59% of TURBT specimens, 65% of radical cystectomy specimens, and 77% of the metastatic lymph node specimens. Decreased DOC-2/DAB2 expression was associated with advanced pathologic stage ( P = 0.023), lymph node metastases ( P = 0.050), and lymphovascular invasion ( P P = 0.020) and bladder cancer–specific mortality (log-rank test, P = 0.023). Conclusions: Decreased DOC-2/DAB2 expression seems to occur early in bladder tumorigenesis and becomes more prominent in advanced stages of UCB.
Gallbladder Epithelium as a Niche for Chronic Salmonella Carriage

Although typhoid fever has been intensively studied, chronic typhoid carriage still represents a problem for the transmission and persistence of the disease in areas of endemicity. This chronic state is highly associated with the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder of infected carriers upon which Salmonella can form robust biofilms. However, we hypothesize that in addition to gallstones, the gallbladder epithelium aids in the establishment/maintenance of chronic carriage. In this work, we present evidence of the role of the gallbladder epithelium in chronic carriage by a mechanism involving invasion, intracellular persistence, and biofilm formation. Salmonella was able to adhere to and invade polarized gallbladder epithelial cells apically in the absence and presence of bile in a Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)-dependent manner. Intracellular replication of Salmonella was also evident at 12 and 24 h postinvasion. A flowthrough system revealed that Salmonella is able to adhere to and form extensive bacterial foci on gallbladder epithelial cells as early as 12 h postinoculation. In vivo experiments using a chronic mouse model of typhoid carriage showed invasion and damage of the gallbladder epithelium and lamina propria up to 2 months after Salmonella infection, with an abundant presence of macrophages, a relative absence of neutrophils, and extrusion of infected epithelial cells. Additionally, microcolonies of Salmonella cells were evident on the surface of the mouse gallbladder epithelia up to 21 days postinfection. These data reveal a second potential mechanism, intracellular persistence and/or bacterial aggregation in/on the gallbladder epithelium with luminal cell extrusion, for Salmonella maintenance in the gallbladder.
Connecting Students to Institutions: the Relationship Between Program Resources and Student Retention in Respiratory Care Education Programs

BACKGROUND: Respiratory care education programs are being held accountable for student retention. Increasing student retention is necessary for the respiratory therapy profession, which suffers from a shortage of qualified therapists needed to meet the increased demand. The present study investigated the relationship between student retention rate and program resources, in order to understand which and to what extent the different components of program resources predict student retention rate. METHODS: The target population of this study was baccalaureate of science degree respiratory care education programs. After utilizing a survey research method, Pearson correlations and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. RESULTS: With a 63% response rate (n 36), this study found a statistically significant relationship between program resources and student retention rate. Financial and personnel resources had a statistically significant positive relationship with student retention. The mean financial resources per student was responsible for 33% of the variance in student retention, while the mean personnel resources per student accounted for 12% of the variance in student retention. Program financial resources available to students was the single best predictor of program performance on student retention. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory care education programs spending more money per student and utilizing more personnel in the program have higher mean performance in student retention. Therefore, respiratory care education programs must devote sufficient resources to retaining students so that they can produce more respiratory therapists and thereby make the respiratory
Image analysis benchmarking methods for high-content screen design.

Summary The recent development of complex chemical and small interfering RNA (siRNA) collections has enabled large-scale cell-based phenotypic screening. High-content and high-throughput imaging are widely used methods to record phenotypic data after chemical and small interfering RNA treatment, and numerous image processing and analysis methods have been used to quantify these phenotypes. Currently, there are no standardized methods for evaluating the effectiveness of new and existing image processing and analysis tools for an arbitrary screening problem. We generated a series of benchmarking images that represent commonly encountered variation in high-throughput screening data and used these image standards to evaluate the robustness of five different image analysis methods to changes in signal-to-noise ratio, focal plane, cell density and phenotype strength. The analysis methods that were most reliable, in the presence of experimental variation, required few cells to accurately distinguish phenotypic changes between control and experimental data sets. We conclude that by applying these simple benchmarking principles an a priori estimate of the image acquisition requirements for phenotypic analysis can be made before initiating an image-based screen. Application of this benchmarking methodology provides a mechanism to significantly reduce data acquisition and analysis burdens and to improve data quality and information content.
The analysis of self-diffusion and migration of rough spheres in nonlinear shear flow using a traction-corrected boundary element method

The phenomena of self-diffusion and migration of rough spheres in nonlinear shear flows are investigated using a new traction-corrected boundary element method (TC-BEM) in which the near-field asymptotics for the traction solution in the interstitial region between two nearly touching spheres is seamlessly coupled with a traditional direct boundary element method. The TC-BEM is extremely accurate in predicting particle trajectories, and hence can be used to calculate both the particle self-diffusivity and a newly defined migration diffusivity for dilute suspensions. The migration diffusivity is a function of a nonlinearity parameter characterizing the shear flow and arises from the net displacement of the centre of gravity of particle pairs. This net displacement of the centre of gravity of particle pairs does not occur for smooth particles, nor for rough particles in a linear shear flow. An explanation is provided for why two-particle interactions of rough spheres in a nonlinear shear flow result in particle migration.
The search for life in our Solar System and the implications for science and society

The search for another type of life in the Solar System addresses the fundamental question of life in the Universe. To determine if life forms we discover represent a second genesis, we must find biological material that would allow us to compare that life to the Earth's phylogenetic tree of life. An organism would be alien if, and only if, it did not link to our tree of life. In our Solar System, the worlds of interest for a search for life are Mars, Europa, Enceladus and, for biochemistry based on a liquid other than water, Titan. If we find evidence for a second genesis of life, we will certainly learn from the comparative study of the biochemistry, organismal biology and ecology of the alien life. The discovery of alien life, if alive or revivable, will pose fundamentally new questions in environmental ethics. We should plan our exploration strategy such that we conduct biologically reversible exploration. In the long term we would do well, ethically and scientifically, to strive to support any alien life discovered as part of an overall commitment to enhancing the richness and diversity of life in the Universe.
Taking the solitary confinement debate out of isolation.

The use of solitary confinement, particularly with mentally ill prisoners, has become a central focus of prison reform efforts in recent years. Numerous articles in the scholarly literature and popular media have chronicled the experiences of prisoners placed in long-term isolation, shining a
Connectivity of the crossed cube

It was speculated that the connectivity of the n-dimensional crossed cube is n. In this paper we prove that the result is true.
Extended tables on an approximate test for outliers in linear models

Tables of normalized residual critical values for a single regression outlier prepared by Lund (1975) are extended from 100 to 500 data points for up to 24 independent variable terms.The same marginal density for an inverted student density function was used with a different numerical integration procedure.
Early stopping for non-parametric regression: An optimal data-dependent stopping rule

The goal of non-parametric regression is to estimate an unknown function f∗ based on n i.i.d. observations of the form y i = f∗(x i ) + w i , where {w i }n i=1 are additive noise variables. Simply choosing a function to minimize the least-squares loss 1/2n ∑n i=1 (y i − f(x i ))2 will lead to “overfitting”, so that various estimators are based on different types of regularization. The early stopping strategy is to run an iterative algorithm such as gradient descent for a fixed but finite number of iterations. Early stopping is known to yield estimates with better prediction accuracy than those obtained by running the algorithm for an infinite number of iterations. Although bounds on this prediction error are known for certain function classes and step size choices, the bias-variance tradeoffs for arbitrary reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHSs) and arbitrary choices of step-sizes have not been well-understood to date. In this paper, we derive upper bounds on both the L2(P n ) and L2(P) error for arbitrary RKHSs, and provide an explicit and easily computable data-dependent stopping rule. In particular, it depends only on the sum of step-sizes and the eigenvalues of the empirical kernel matrix for the RKHS. For Sobolev spaces and finite-rank kernel classes, we show that our stopping rule yields estimates that achieve the statistically optimal rates in a minimax sense.
Unified reliability estimation and management of NoC based chip multiprocessors

We present a new architecture level unified reliability evaluation methodology for chip multiprocessors (CMPs). The proposed reliability estimation (REST) is based on a Monte Carlo algorithm. What distinguishes REST from the previous work is that both the computational and communication components are considered in a unified manner to compute the reliability of the CMP. We utilize REST tool to develop a new dynamic reliability management (DRM) scheme to address time-dependent dielectric breakdown and negative-bias temperature instability aging mechanisms in network-on-chip (NoC) based CMPs. Designed as a control loop, the proposed DRM scheme uses an effective neural network based reliability estimation module. The neural-network predictor is trained using the REST tool. We investigate how system's lifetime changes when the NoC as the communication unit of the CMP is considered or not during the reliability evaluation process and find that differences can be as high as 60%. Full-system based simulations using a customized GEM5 simulator show that reliability can be improved by up to 52% using the proposed DRM scheme in a best-effort scenario with 2-9% performance penalty (using a user set target lifetime of 7years) over the case when no DRM is employed.
Comparative Morphology and Biology of Three Species of Eurycercus (Chydoridae, Cladocera) with a Description of Eurycercus macrocanthus sp. nov.

Comparative studies of the three known species of Eurycercus (including the new species macrocanthus from Eastern Siberia described herein) demonstrate that macrocanthus is much more closely related to lamellatus than to glacialis in many details of morphology, ontogeny, and biology. Its most distinctive character is a great enlargement of the middle clasping hook on the first trunk limb, with the front end of the animal being completely restructured to accomodate its function. Both macrocanthus and lamellatus become reproductive at a small size and have a high reproductive potential, enabling them to survive heavy predation, as by fish, selective for large individuals, which the size-frequency distributions of the populations suggest is occurring. On the other hand, glacialis does not become reproductive until a much larger size, and its reproductive potential is smaller than in the other species, making it extremely vulnerable to predation concentrated on large individuals. Significantly, where it occurs in the coastal North Sea region, Iceland, and Greenland it is virtually restricted to water bodies without fish. The taxon lamellatus sens. lat. appears to be a complex of closely related species.
The force-driven harmonic oscillator as a model for human locomotion

Abstract The study was conducted to determine whether the preferred frequency of locomotion was predictable as the least amount of energy required to drive a harmonic oscillator. Subjects were instructed to walk at a preferred rate under conditions where their ankles were unloaded and bilaterally loaded. These results were compared to the frequency which was predicted from the formula for a force-driven harmonic oscillator. The length of a simple pendulum equivalent of the lower extremity (thigh, shank, foot, and added mass) was used to approximate the length of the oscillator for prediction purposes. Results indicated that a constant of 2 applied to the gravitational constant of the period prediction formula provided a more accurate representation of the actual frequency. Similar results have been found in the walking gait of quadrupeds of widely varying sizes (Kugler and Turvey 1987).
Building test beds for AI with the Q3 Mode Base

We extend the open source Quake 3 Arena code base released by Id Software to include modification friendly code segments, art asset blueprints, external agent control and perception interfaces, game interaction logging, and a tool set that allows the creation of test beds for artificial agents. Our current modification work in the Urban Combat Testbed using the Q3 Mod Base is currently being used to study transfer learning in human and agent players and as an AI teaching tool.
Accumulation, storage and release of adrenergic neuron blocking agents and related drugs by human platelets.

Abstract Human platelets suspended in plasma or Krebs solution were incubated with radioactive guanethidine, debrisoquin, amiloride or guanidine and the plateletbound radioactivity was measured. Guanethidine and debrisoquin were taken up by a saturable energy-dependent process inhibited by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), desipramine, amphetamine, cocaine and quinidine. Amiloride and guanidine entered by a nonsaturable mechanism not affected by metabolic-inhibitors, 5-HT or drugs which interfere with the 5-HT transport process. Unlike guanethidine, amiloride released 5-HT from loaded platelets and accumulation was partly blocked by reserpine. We suggest that guanethidine and debrisoquin probably utilize the 5-HT transport mechanism while amiloride and guanidine enter the cells by diffusion. However, because amiloride released 5-HT from loaded cells some of the bound amiloride may be related to 5-HT binding sites. Evidence for intracellular binding was obtained in efflux experiments. When platelets loaded with amiloride or guanethidine were resuspended and incubated in drug-free plasma, most drug was retained and efflux was not affected by metabolic inhibitors. When the effects of 5-HT, reserpine and amphetamine were tested for their ability to enhance efflux of guanethidine and amiloride we found that only amphetamine was active. It released guanethidine but not amiloride, thus suggesting that a specific type of binding site may be involved. Clearly accumulation of these drugs by platelets is not by means of a continuous uptake and loss mechanism in the outer membrane.
Quantitative Literacy and the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics

How supportive of quantitative literacy (QL) are the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics (CCSSM)? The answer is tentative and conditional. There are some QL-supportive features including a strong probability and statistics strand in grade 6 through high school; a measurements and data strand in K-5; ratio and proportional reasoning standards in grades 6 and 7; and a comprehensive and coherent approach to algebraic reasoning and logical argument. However, the standards are weak in supporting reasoning and interpretation, and there are indications that the applications in CCSSM – mostly unspecified – will not include many QL contextual situations. Early indicators of assessment items follow a similar path. Except for statistics, most of the high school standards are aimed at development of algebra and precalculus topics, and there will likely be little room for more sophisticated applications of the QL-friendly mathematics of grades 6-8. The experience with CCSSM is limited at this point, leaving several crucial results uncertain, including assessments, emphases on statistics, and kinds of modeling and other applications.
Effect of mannan-endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase on the growth performance of turkeys fed diets containing 44 and 48% crude protein soybean meal

Abstract Soybean meal (SBM) contains heat-resistant mannans. Domesticated turkeys are sensitive to mannans because of the high inclusion rate of SBM in their diets, causing increased chyme viscosity, wet droppings, and reduced feed conversion. Three experiments of similar design were conducted to determine the effect of mannan-endo-1,4-f'-mannosidase supplementation of corn-SBM diets on market turkeys. Experiment 1 was conducted at North Carolina State University using Nicholas hens raised from 1 to 98 d of age. Experiments 2 and 3 were conducted at PARC Institute Inc. using Large White turkey toms raised from 1 to 126 d of age. In each experiment, birds were randomly assigned to litter floor pens. Each pen was assigned to one of four experimental treatments in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of two basal diets containing 44% CP and 48% CP SBM (SBM-44 and SBM-48, respectively) with or without 100 million units (MU) Hemicell/tonne (1 MU = 106 enzyme activity U). Birds fed SBM-44 had lower final BW (14.9 vs. 14.56 kg 18 wk BW / tom; 7.66 vs. 7.46 kg 14 wk BW/hen, P
Modelling thermal resistance of power modules having solder voids with finite elements

A general thermal model to calculate the thermal resistance of a power module having rectangular die and layers has been constructed. The model incorporates a finite element computer program to solve for three-dimensional heat conduction. Effects of voids in the solder regions are included. A sample case is analyzed, and a comparison is made to a recent study.
Protocol versus ad libitum feeds after laparoscopic pyloromyotomy: a prospective randomized trial.

Abstract Background We conducted a prospective, randomized trial comparing protocol to ad libitum (ad lib) feeding after laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. Methods Infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy were randomized to protocol versus ad lib feeding strategies. The protocol started with Pedialyte® two hours post-operative. This was repeated by another round of Pedialyte®, then two rounds of half-strength formula or breast milk, followed by two rounds of full strength formula or breast milk, followed by the home feeding regimen, at which time the patient was discharged if feeding well. The ad lib group was allowed formula or breast milk two hours after the operation and considered for discharge after tolerating three consecutive feeds. The primary outcome variable was the length of postoperative hospitalization. Results One hundred fifty infants were enrolled between January 2010 and December 2011. There were no differences in patient characteristics at presentation. While the ad lib group reached goal feeds sooner than the protocol group, this did not translate into a difference in duration of postoperative hospitalization. There were more patients with emesis in the ad lib group after goal feeding was reached, but no difference in readmissions. Conclusion Ad lib feeding allows patients to reach goal feeds more rapidly than protocol feeding following laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. However, this goal is usually reached beyond discharge hours, resulting in a similar duration of hospitalization.
Growth and nutrition of pansy as influenced by N-form ratio and temperature

Abstract Pansy (Viola xwittrockiana Gams.) producers often observe nutrient disorders among plants grown during warm periods (>18°C) of the growing season. These disorders typically are not seen when production temperatures are optimal (≥18°C) even though fertility regimes may remain the same. Our objectives were to assess the effects of temperature and nitrogen (N) fertility on growth and nutrition of pansy. Pansies cultivar ‘Crown White’ were grown until lateral branches had open flowers. Treatments consisted of two temperatures (12 and 22°C) and three NO3 −:NH4 + molar % ratios (100:0, 62:38, and 25:75) with a total concentration of 100 mg N L−1. A modified Hoagland's solution was used with NO3 −‐N supplied as Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 and with NH4 +‐N as (NH4)2SO4. Cumulative nutrient absorption and foliar nutrient content were determined when plant lateral branches flowered. Root and shoot growth were limited when NH4 + was present in solutions at high ambient air temperature (22°C), but not at low temperatu...
High mobility III–V channel MOSFETs for post-Si CMOS applications

III–V compound semiconductors have received renewed attention as the channel materials for future generation CMOS technology. High performance long-channel GaAs MOSFETs and short-channel InGaAs MOSFETs are demonstrated. High current of 960 µA/µm and transconductance of 793 µS/µm have been achieved. Scaling behavior has been investigated experimentally down to 80 nm for the first time in III–V MOSFETs. Good scaling behavior is observed for on-state current, transconductance, as well as the virtual source velocity.
Time-temperature superposition for hma with growing damage and permanent strain in confined tension and compression

The objective of this paper is to verify the time-temperature superposition (t-TS) principle for hot-mix asphalt (HMA) with growing damage and permanent strain at different confining pressures in both the tension and compression stress states. Dynamic modulus tests at various confining pressures were conducted both in tension compression and in compression. The results were investigated to evaluate the effects of confining pressure and stress on the thermorheological simplicity of HMA within the linear viscoelastic range. Constant crosshead rate tests, both in tension and in compression, and repetitive creep and recovery tests in compression were also performed to check the t-TS principle with growing damage and permanent strain level with regard to the effects of confining pressure and stress. The analysis results show that the HMA remains thermorheologically simple regardless of stress state, damage, and permanent strain level under the same confining pressure. However, confining pressure does have an effect on the dynamic modulus and shift factor, especially at a high temperature and/or low reduced frequency.
Current–voltage–temperature characteristics of DNA origami

The temperature dependences of the current?voltage characteristics of a sample of triangular DNA origami deposited in a 100?nm gap between platinum electrodes are measured using a probe station. Below 240?K, the sample shows high impedance, similar to that of the substrate. Near room temperature the current shows exponential behavior with respect to the inverse of temperature. Sweep times of 1?s do not yield a steady state; however sweep times of 450?s for the bias voltage secure a steady state. The thermionic emission and hopping conduction models yield similar barriers of ~0.7?eV at low voltages. For high voltages, the hopping conduction mechanism yields a barrier of 0.9?eV and the thermionic emission yields 1.1?eV. The experimental data set suggests that the dominant conduction mechanism is hopping in the range 280?320?K. The results are consistent with theoretical and experimental estimates of the barrier for related molecules.
Counseling Adolescents With LD

Counseling techniques can help adolescents with LD to cope with feelings of low self-esteem and other problems
Discovering word associations in news media via feature selection and sparse classification

We analyze the "image" of a given query word in a given corpus of text news by producing a short list of other words with which this query is strongly associated. We use a number of feature selection schemes for text classification to help in this task. We apply these classification techniques using indicators of the query word's appearance in each document used as the document "labels" and the indicators for all other words as document predictors/features. The features selected by any scheme is then considered the list of words comprising the query word's "image".To be easily understandable, a list should be extremely short with respect to the dictionary of terms present in the corpus. The approach thus requires aggressive feature (word) selection in order to single out at most a few tens of terms in a universe of hundreds of thousands or more. In addition, a word imaging scheme should scale well with the size of data (number and size of documents, size of dictionary).We produce one scheme for feature selection through a sparse classification model. A standard classification algorithm assigns one weight per term in the predictor dictionary, in order to maximize the capacity to successfully predict the labels of document units. By imposing a sparsity constraint on the weight vector, we single out the few words that are most able to predict the presence or absence of a query word in any document. This paper compares this and several other schemes that are potentially well suited to the task of word imaging, each method presenting a different manner of feature selection.We present two evaluations of these schemes. One evaluates the predictive classification performance of a logistic regression model trained over the corpus using only a scheme's selected features. The other is based on the judgement of human readers: a pair of word lists generated by different schemes operating on identical queries are presented to a human subject alongside a trio of document units (paragraphs) containing the query word. This subject then chooses the list which in his/her estimation is the best summary of the document units.We apply these schemes to study the images of frequently covered countries and regions in recent news articles from the International section of the New York Times. Our preliminary experiments indicate that, while most methods perform similarly well on our data in terms of predictive performance, human-based evaluations appear to favor features selected by training of sparse logistic regression, a penalized variant of logistic regression that encourages sparse classifiers. This indicates that classification metrics based on pure predictive performance, while useful as a indicator for pre-selecting algorithms, are not enough to predict human assessment of word association algorithms.
Notch and the Awesome Power of Genetics

Notch is a receptor that mediates cell–cell interactions in animal development, and aberrations in Notch signal transduction can cause cancer and other human diseases. Here, I describe the major advances in the Notch field from the identification of the first mutant in Drosophila almost a century ago through the elucidation of the unusual mechanism of signal transduction a little over a decade ago. As an essay for the GENETICS Perspectives series, it is my personal and critical commentary as well as an historical account of discovery.
A Statistical Change Point Model Approach for the Detection of DNA Copy Number Variations in Array CGH Data

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) provides a high-resolution and high-throughput technique for screening of copy number variations (CNVs) within the entire genome. This technique, compared to the conventional CGH, significantly improves the identification of chromosomal abnormalities. However, due to the random noise inherited in the imaging and hybridization process, identifying statistically significant DNA copy number changes in aCGH data is challenging. We propose a novel approach that uses the mean and variance change point model (MVCM) to detect CNVs or breakpoints in aCGH data sets. We derive an approximate p-value for the test statistic and also give the estimate of the locus of the DNA copy number change. We carry out simulation studies to evaluate the accuracy of the estimate and the p-value formulation. These simulation results show that the approach is effective in identifying copy number changes. The approach is also tested on fibroblast cancer cell line data, breast tumor cell line data, and breast cancer cell line aCGH data sets that are publicly available. Changes that have not been identified by the circular binary segmentation (CBS) method but are biologically verified are detected by our approach on these cell lines with higher sensitivity and specificity than CBS.
Prevalence of the Chloroflexi-Related SAR202 Bacterioplankton Cluster throughout the Mesopelagic Zone and Deep Ocean

Since their initial discovery in samples from the north Atlantic Ocean, 16S rRNA genes related to the environmental gene clone cluster known as SAR202 have been recovered from pelagic freshwater, marine sediment, soil, and deep subsurface terrestrial environments. Together, these clones form a major, monophyletic subgroup of the phylum Chloroflexi. While members of this diverse group are consistently identified in the marine environment, there are currently no cultured representatives, and very little is known about their distribution or abundance in the world's oceans. In this study, published and newly identified SAR202-related 16S rRNA gene sequences were used to further resolve the phylogeny of this cluster and to design taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization. Direct cell counts from the Bermuda Atlantic time series study site in the north Atlantic Ocean, the Hawaii ocean time series site in the central Pacific Ocean, and along the Newport hydroline in eastern Pacific coastal waters showed that SAR202 cluster cells were most abundant below the deep chlorophyll maximum and that they persisted to 3,600 m in the Atlantic Ocean and to 4,000 m in the Pacific Ocean, the deepest samples used in this study. On average, members of the SAR202 group accounted for 10.2% (±5.7%) of all DNA-containing bacterioplankton between 500 and 4,000 m.
COMPARATIVE ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT INDUCTION IN KENTUCKY COFFEETREE ROOT AND PETIOLE EXPLANTS TREATED WITH THIDIAZURON AND BENZYLAMINOPURINE

Abstract Adventitious shoot induction and elongation was compared between root and petiole explants of Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus L.) explants treated with a factorial combination of benzylaminopurine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ). Petiole explants initiated more adventitious shoots compared to root explants. Up to 83% of petiole explants initiated shoots compared to 67% of root explants. Maximal shoot induction was approximately 12 or five shoots per responding explant for petiole and root explants, respectively. For both explant types, TDZ was more effective than BA for shoot induction. There was an interaction between BA and TDZ on shoot induction in petiole explants, with the greatest percentage of explants forming shoots and the highest number of shoots initiated on the combination of 0.5 μM TDZ plus 10 μM BA and 1.0 μM TDZ plus 5 or 10 μM BA. In contrast, increasing concentrations of BA inhibited shoot initiation in root explants with and without TDZ. While BA inhibited shoot initiation i...
Atomic Layer Deposition Coating for Permeation Half-Life Control of GDP Ablator Capsules

The atomic layer deposition technique generates very thin Al2O3 films to control the hydrogen diffusion half-life of glow discharge polymer (GDP) inertial confinement fusion shells. The films gener...
Electromyographic Activity Recorded from an Unexercised Muscle During Maximal Isometric Exercise of the Contralateral Agonists and Antagonists

The purpose of this study was to determine if integrated electromyographic activity recorded from an unexercised muscle during contralateral exercise was dependent upon the contralateral muscle (agonist or antagonist) being exercised and upon the position of the unexercised limb. Twenty normal subjects participated in the study. Electromyographic activity was recorded, using surface electrodes, from the right rectus femoris and the right vastus lateralis muscles during four experimental conditions. Statistical analysis revealed that 1) integrated electromyographic activity recorded from the rectus femoris muscle during contralateral, isometric exercise was not significantly influenced by the position of the unexercised knee or the exercised contralateral muscle and 2) integrated electromyographic activity recorded from the vastus lateralis muscle during contralateral, isometric exercise was significantly greater when the unexercised knee was initially positioned in 10 degrees of flexion and the contralateral agonists were exercised. Integrated electromyographic activity recorded during contralateral exercise appeared to be related to the associated movement of the unexercised limb.
A Cortical Bridge Too Far: Commentary on an article by William D. Lack, MD, et al.: "Any Cortical Bridging Predicts Healing of Tibial Shaft Fractures".

Orthopaedic surgeons are faced every day with the question: “Will this fracture heal?” As clinicians, what criteria do we use to determine fracture-healing? Often this is a clinical gestalt involving symptoms such as pain at the fracture site, physical examination findings such as absence of tenderness to palpation at the fracture site, and a careful analysis of radiographs. Clinicians often use the presence of bridging callus as a radiographic sign of fracture-healing. However, there is ongoing controversy about how much callus and how many cortices with bridging callus, as well as the visibility of the fracture line, there should be to be interpreted as signs of fracture-healing. Currently, there is no one “gold standard” or commonly agreed to criterion to determine or even measure fracture-healing1-3. A variety of scoring systems have been developed over the years, but none have become common parts of the daily life of clinicians treating fractures4,5. Devices to …
Pre-Theory Design Frameworks and Design Theorizing

This paper advances the concept of pre-theory design frameworks as a notable means of justifying early design experiences that form preliminaries to design theories. Design work situated in complex design problem settings can field artifacts that shift the entropy in the setting (i.e., relocate work and noise). Such shifts can trigger a progressive transformation from a problem setting to a solution setting. Pre-theory design frameworks provide formative functional explanations that embody a starting point for theorizing in design science research. This progressive formulation and reformulation of concepts and constructs represents the progress of design science knowledge from lower to higher levels of abstraction. This explanation accounts for the apparent rationality of design theorizing in a messy, emergent design problem setting. The frameworks are elaborated in a dissipative structure model based on the varying level of entropy present in the design activities and the actions that cope with this entropy.
Impact of OBRA '90 on pharmacists' patient counseling practices.

Abstract Objective: To assess the impact of OBRA '90 regulations on the counseling practices of community pharmacists in Nebraska. Methods: A telephone survey was conducted of 80 randomly selected community pharmacies throughout Nebraska. A modified written survey was mailed to the 34 telephone nonrespondents and to another 86 randomly selected community pharmacists. A composite response rate (combining both survey methods) of 67.5% (112 of 166) was obtained, and responses were sorted into an independent community pharmacy group (n = 80) and a chain pharmacy group (n = 32). Results: Only 44.60/0 of respondents reported that t ime devoted to patient counseling had increased as a result of OBRA '90. Chain pharmacists generally devoted more time to counseling after OBRA '90 became effective than did independent community pharmacists. Conclusion: While more than three out of four pharmacists felt adequately prepared for mandated patient counseling, fewer than half reported that time devoted to counseling had increased. Although the profession is moving toward the standard of pharmaceutical care, many pharmacists are not yet counseling as the law requires.
Abstract 1395: GRP78 is induced and can be targeted after systemic therapy in breast cancer.

Purpose/Objectives: Currently, there is no effective treatment or drug delivery system to specifically target cancer metastasis. Our approach is to use a systemic agent to induce neoantigens in breast tumors and target these neoantigens using small peptides. The 78-kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) is a major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that suppresses stress-induced apoptosis. Recent studies from our group show that GRP78 is an important neoantigen that is upregulated in response to ionizing radiation. We tested the hypothesis that GRP78 is induced by systemic agents and use our GIRLRG targeting peptide to recognize this receptor on the surface of breast tumors after treatment with systemic agents. Methods: We used ex-vivo immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses to determine the levels of GRP78 in breast tumors. We used an in vivo imaging system to determine peptide binding on breast tumors in mice. Nude mice were injected with MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in both hind limbs. Mice were treated with vehicle control, sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib or 5-FU once daily for 5 consecutive days. The tumors on the left hind limb remained unirradiated. The tumors on the right hind limb received 3 Gy of radiation daily for 3 days. For the IHC analyses, the mice were sacrificed at 24 hours after the last treatment, and the tumors were processed using an anti-GRP78 antibody. For the imaging studies, the mice were analyzed immediately after the last therapy was applied. This novel 3-step imaging protocol involves injecting the peptide conjugated to biotin, a 12 hour delay, an intraperitoneal injection of the avidin chase, a 2 hour delay, and a tail-vein injection of streptavidin conjugated to Alexa Fluor 680. Results: IHC analyses revealed that GRP78 is induced in these breast tumors in response to sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib and 5-FU ± radiation, and not to untreated controls. We found that the GIRLRG peptide discriminately binds to breast tumors treated with sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, and 5-FU ± radiation. These findings were statistically significant (p Citation Format: Jose T. Thaiparambil, Jing Wen, Samuel K. Patton, Roberto Diaz. GRP78 is induced and can be targeted after systemic therapy in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1395. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1395
Multiplexed Activity of perAuxidase: DNA-Capped AuNPs Act as Adjustable Peroxidase

In this study, we have investigated the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of citrate-capped AuNPs (perAuxidase) and demonstrated that the nanozyme function can be multiplexed and tuned by integrating oligonucleotides on a nanoparticle surface. Systematic studies revealed that by controlling the reaction parameters, the mutiplexing effect can be delayed or advanced and further used for aptasensor applications.
Comparison of Binary and Multi-Level Logic Electronics for Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are dependent on low-power, miniaturized instrumentation. Comparator circuits are common elements in applications for digital threshold detection. A multi-level, memory-based logic approach is in development that offers potential benefits in power usage and size with respect to traditional binary logic systems. Basic 4-bit operations with CMOS gates and comparators are chosen to compare circuit implementations of binary structures and quaternary equivalents. Circuit layouts and functional operation are presented. In particular, power characteristics and transistor count are examined. The potential for improved embedded systems based on the multilevel, memory-based logic is discussed.
Electroacupuncture Preconditioning Attenuate Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through PI3K/Akt Signal Pathway in Rats

Objective: To investigate the role of PI3K/Akt signal pathway in electroacupuncture preconditioning against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods: Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion using the intraluminal filament technique in male rats.Brain ischemic injury was evaluated by neurologic scores,infarction volumes.What's more,the expression of pAkt were examined by Western blotting.Results: Electroacupuncture improved neurologic outcome,reduced infarct size as well as up-regulated the expression of pAkt at the early phase of reperfusion.Pretreatment with LY294002 completely reversed the protection of EA against cerebral reperfusion injury.Conclusion: Up regulation of pAkt expression induced by activation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway is involved in the protective effect of electroacupuncture preconditioning against focal cerebral I/R injury in rats.
Organic chemistry students' fragmented ideas about the structure and function of nucleophiles and electrophiles: a concept map analysis

Organic chemistry students struggle with multiple aspects of reaction mechanisms and the curved arrow notation used by organic chemists. Many faculty believe that an understanding of nucleophiles and electrophiles, among other concepts, is required before students can develop fluency with the electron-pushing formalism (EPF). An expert concept map was created to depict an understanding of nucleophiles and electrophiles ideally held by undergraduates. Second year organic chemistry students were interviewed and asked to give examples of nucleophiles and electrophiles and to identify them in reactions. A cognitive map was created to represent each student's understanding. The students' maps were compared to the expert map, revealing that students possess fragmented ideas about the structure and function of nucleophiles and electrophiles.