cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Archaeological Visions: Gender, Landscape and Optic Knowledge

It is argued here that the desire to make things visible that under-writes archaeological research is an effect of the Western split between subject and object. This conforms a matrix of `optic kno...
The Stigma of Public Dependency: A Comparison of Alternative Forms of Public Aid to the Poor

Beliefs about the stigma associated with 13 different programs and proposals to aid the poor are assessed for a sample of respondents in the Boston SMSA. Evidence is found supporting the following conclusions: (1) there are marked variations in the amount of stigma associated with the various components of the Public Assistance program; (2) the stigma that would be associated with a federal guaranteed income program would be less than that associated with AFDC; (3) the stigma associated with a guaranteed income program would be approximately equal to that which would be associated with a guaranteed job program; (4) the more universalistic programs tend to be less stigmatized than the more categorical programs; (5) those who are more liberal and those who are higher in socioeconomic status tend to rate programs higher in stigma than do those who are more conservative and those who are lower in socioeconomic status.
Circumferential waves for a cylindrical shell supported by a continuum

Dispersion relations are determined for circumferential waves propagating in a layered, circular cylinder by using shell equations to approximate the behavior of the outer layer. The cylinder consists of an elastic core bonded to a hollow, circular cylinder of distinctly different elastic properties. The approximate dispersion curves for the lowest mode are compared with curves obtained by employing elasticity equations for the layer. The shell equations of motion simplify the calculations necessary to produce dispersion curves. These equations include the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotatory intertia. Good agreement between the two theories is obtained when the ratio of layer thickness to wavelength is small. For small curvature, agreement is better when the layer is relatively stiff compared to the core than when the layer is relatively soft. As the curvature increases, the agreement between the two theories becomes progressively poorer.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell: vive le dilettante!

Comment on Schlecht et al, page [1808][1] Whether plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are effective in presenting antigens has been a matter of debate. Schlecht and colleagues provide evidence that pDCs can indeed prime CD8 T cells specific for viral antigens. P lasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs
WE-E-AUD A-03: Evaluation of Dosimetric Margins in Prostate IMRT Treatment Plans Generated with Pinnacle DMPO

Purpose: To quantify ‘dosimetric margins’ existing in prostate IMRT plans generated with Pinnacle Direct Machine Parameter Optimization (DMPO), due to imperfect conformance of the planned dose distribution to delineated targets. To demonstrate that when these margins are accounted for, the van Herk margin framework provides accurate target coverage estimates. Method and Materials: DMPO was performed on 27 prostate plans with 5mm PTV margins. Setup errors were simulated via fluence convolution and sampling from a systematic error distribution, and resulting dose volume histograms (DVHs) were used to generate van Herk style Dose Population Histograms (DPHs). The dosimetric margin distribution (DMD) is the 3D margin distribution between the clinical target volume (CTV) and the treated volume (TV). Consistent with ICRU guidelines, the TV was the volume enclosed by the planning target volume (PTV) minimum dose isodose surface. Due to imperfect conformance of the planned dose distribution, the DMD can extend beyond the PTV. This creates an additional ‘buffer zone’ around targets, which can absorb setup and other geometric errors. The DMD was measured by exporting CTV and TVs from Pinnacle as meshes, and measuring collision distances. Results: DPH analysis showed the DMPO plans could tolerate random plus systematic setup errors having standard deviations (SDs) up to 3mm. Naive application of the van Herk margin formula suggests that 5mm PTV margins should absorb errors with SDs up to only 1.6mm. Coverage calculations based on measured DMDs were in agreement with the DPH analysis: the presence of dosimetric margins allows the prostate plans to absorb larger errors than one would naively expect. Conclusion: These DMPO results agree with those previously obtained using an in‐house optimizer. Both optimizers create similarly large dosimetric margins. Accounting for these margins enables accurate coverage estimates, without the need for simulations. (Supported by NIH R01CA98524 and NIH P01CA116602).
Comparative Study of the Affinity and Metabolism of Type I and Type II Binding Quinoline Carboxamide Analogues by Cytochrome P450 3A4

Compounds that coordinate to the heme-iron of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are assumed to increase metabolic stability. However, recently we observed that the type II binding quinoline carboxamide (QCA) compounds were metabolically less stable. To test if the higher intrinsic clearance of type II binding compounds relative to type I binding compounds is general for other metabolic transformations, we synthesized a library of QCA compounds that could undergo N-dealkylation, O-dealkylation, benzylic hydroxylation, and aromatic hydroxylation. The results demonstrated that type II binding QCA analogues were metabolically less stable (2- to 12-fold) at subsaturating concentration compared to type I binding counterparts for all the transformations. When the rates of different metabolic transformations between type I and type II binding compounds were compared, they were found to be in the order of N-demethylation > benzylic hydroxylation> O-demethylation > aromatic hydroxylation. Finally, for the QCA analogues...
Surgical management of low‐stage nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer

The optimal treatment of low-stage nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer (NSGCT) is controversial. For clinical stage (CS) I NSGCT, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), two cycles of chemotherapy and surveillance are all accepted treatment options. For CS IIA-B, standard treatments include RPLND (± adjuvant chemotherapy) and induction chemotherapy (± RPLND). The long-term survival rate is >97% for CS I and 95% for CS IIA-B NSGCT, regardless of the treatment received. The risk of retroperitoneal metastasis varies by clinical stage (25–35% for CS I, 65–85% for CS IIA-B), and the presence of lymphovascular invasion and percentage of embryonal carcinoma in the primary tumour. Patients with elevated serum tumour markers (STMs) and adenopathy of >3 cm are at high risk of having occult systemic disease. Compared with chemotherapy, RPLND is associated with a considerably more favourable long-term morbidity profile and is the most effective method for controlling the retroperitoneum. Surveillance is associated with the lowest risk of long-term complications. As such, we favour surveillance for low-risk CS I, induction chemotherapy for those at high risk of systemic disease (elevated STM, adenopathy >3 cm), and RPLND for all others. Modified template dissections reduce the risk of ejaculatory dysfunction, but might increase the risk of local recurrence. Therefore, we favour a full-bilateral template dissection with nerve-sparing in patients with low-stage NSGCT. The therapeutic efficacy of laparoscopic RPLND is not proven and currently should be considered a staging procedure only. Adjuvant chemotherapy after RPLND is typically restricted to patients with pathological stage N2-3 disease.
Fifth metatarsal morphology does not predict presence or absence of fibularis tertius muscle in hominids.

The leg muscle fibularis tertius (formerly peroneus tertius) is occasionally absent in humans, but it is rarely found in other primates. Phylogenetically and functionally it appears to be linked to efficient terrestrial bipedalism. An osseous indicator of the muscle would therefore be useful for interpreting the locomotor behavior of fossil hominids. To determine whether the presence of fibularis tertius can be detected osteologically, we isolated 58 human fifth metatarsals, noting which came from cadavers lacking the muscle. The bones were then ranked according to two characters that have been said to suggest presence of fibularis tertius in australopithecines: (1) sharpness of the dorsal shaft edge and (2) size and prominence of the dorsal tubercle. Presence of the muscle showed little association with the ranked characters, and the two criteria were uncorrelated. For example, one individual lacking a fibularis tertius exhibited nearly maximal expression of both features, whereas another possessing the muscle showed the weakest development of both. Only one of the 58 bones had a line comparable to that seen on SK 33380, a robust australopithecine fifth metatarsal from Member 3 of Swartkrans, South Africa. We conclude that fifth metatarsal morphology offers little reliable information about the presence of fibularis tertius or the timing of its appearance in the human career.
Structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance—XV : Conformations and configurations of oximes

Abstract Conformations and configurations were assigned to oximes of several aldehydes and ketones from analysis of their 60-Mc. NMR spectra. Interpretation of the spin-spin coupling data from the cis isomers (hydroxy cis to hydrogen) of the aldoximes in terms of rotamers I and II, whereby a single bond eclipses the double bond, led to the following: For-α-monosubstituted acetaldoximes, when R was changed from methyl to t-butyl, ΔH° for I ⇄ II varied from + 500 to +4,500 cal/mol. The α,α-disubstituted acetaldoximes behaved similarly. Interpretation of the analogous data from the trans isomers led to the conclusion that, whereas the eclipsing conformation XII is the most stable conformation of the α,ga-disubstituted acetaldoximes, both eclipsing XIII and bisecting XIV conformations, or other conformations in-between the two, are important. From the chemical shift data, the s-cis conformation about the NO bond is excluded as the equilibrium conformation of the oximes.
Drift mobility of doped a-Si:H at high temperatures.

The traveling-wave drift mobility \ensuremath{\mu} was measured in two phosphorus-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) samples which showed at ${T}_{K}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}380 K an upward kink in their conductivity curves and below ${T}_{K}$ a metastable excess conductivity after rapid quenching. No abrupt change in \ensuremath{\mu} occurs at ${T}_{K}$ indicating that the transport process does not change. The quenched state has a somewhat higher \ensuremath{\mu} indicating less disorder. Above 400 K, \ensuremath{\mu} saturates because deep-lying defect states begin to limit the drift mobility.
Cellular concentrations of enzymes and their substrates

The activity of crude and pure enzyme preparations as well as the molecular weight of these enzymes were obtained from the literature for several organisms. From these data enzyme concentrations were calculated and compared to the concentration(s) of their substrates in the same organism. The data are expressed as molar ratios of metabolite concentration to enzyme site concentration. Of the 140 ratios calculated, 88% were one or greater, indicating that in general substrates exceed their cognate enzyme concentrations. Of the 17 cases where enzyme exceeds metabolite concentration, 16 were in glycolysis. The data in general justify the use of enzyme kinetic mechanisms determined in vitro in the construction of dynamic models which simulate in vivo metabolism.
Short-Duration Autoignition Temperature Measurements For Hydrocarbon Fuels Near Heated Metal Surfaces

Abstract An apparatus has been designed, built, and extensively tested for making short-duration autoignition temperature measurements of hydrocarbon fuels under atmospheric pressure conditions where the fuel/air stoichiometry, the nature of the hot metal surface, and the contact time between the fuel/air mixture and the heated surface are well controlled. This approach provides a much more reliable database to establish the importance of fuel structure and surface effects on measured autoignition temperatures than the current ASTM E659 procedure, which involves variable ignition delay times and unspecified stoichiometries for ignition in a heated glass flask. Two series of tests have been conducted: (1) over 1100 individual autoignition temperature determinations for the ignition of 15 hydrocarbon fuels containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms on heated nickel, stainless steel, and titanium surfaces for three different stoichiometries (φ = 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3); and (2)∽ 190 determinations for 10 linear and branched a...
ROMs to bubbles: non-volatile memories which-when-why?

An overview of the non-volatile memory market is presented with the advantages and limitations of the alternative technologies discussed, together with the application areas most suited to the different alternatives. Despite the development of new or modified technologies, each alternative can still offer the user a specific advantage for his application depending on his primary concern which may be cost, flexibility, reliability or environmental needs.
A statistically robust EEG re-referencing procedure to mitigate reference effect

Background The electroencephalogram (EEG) remains the primary tool for diagnosis of abnormal brain activity in clinical neurology and for in vivo recordings of human neurophysiology in neuroscience research. In EEG data acquisition, voltage is measured at positions on the scalp with respect to a reference electrode. When this reference electrode responds to electrical activity or artifact all electrodes are affected. Successful analysis of EEG data often involves re-referencing procedures that modify the recorded traces and seek to minimize the impact of reference electrode activity upon functions of the original EEG recordings.
Effects of prolactin (PRL) on gonadotropin release in mice with congenital PRL deficiency.

In prolactin (PRL)-deficient male dwarf mice, treatment with PRL stimulates the release of FSH without affecting plasma LH levels. We now report that this effect of PRL is not mediated by the testes and that PRL does not modify FSH or LH release in female dwarf mice.
Mexiletine in refractory ventricular arrhythmias

The antiarrhythmic efficacy of mexiletine was evaluated in 28 subjects with recurrent ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (22 subjects) or with symptomatic complex ventricular ectopy (six subjects). In all, either the arrhythmia was refractory to other drugs, or such therapy was not tolerated. Response to mexiletine was assessed by continuous ECGs, and in five cases by programmed electrical stimulation. Mexiletine abolished the arrhythmia in 12 cases, but was not tolerated long-term in four. Mexiletine was ineffective in 10 subjects. Seven subjects had significant adverse reactions during short-term dosing; in six, mexiletine was discontinued because of adverse effects after the first few doses so efficacy was not evaluated. The most common adverse effects were nausea, tremor, and generalized malaise. We conclude that mexiletine is an effective antiarrhythmic in some patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias refractory to conventional drugs. Adverse effects significantly limit its use.
Optimum operation of a small power production facility

Abstract To help reduce the U.S.A.'s dependence on imported oil for electrical power generation, the 1978 National Energy Act established regulations to promote construction and operation of cogeneration and small power production facilities. Many of these facilities are presently under construction, with a great number planned. This paper examines the operation of a small power production facility with on-site generation and storage, on-site use, and connection to an electric utility grid system for the purpose of both selling excess power and buying power. It is assumed that the buying and selling price of electricity varies frequently during the day and that the relevant price and demand data may be accurately projected into the near future. With this system description, a mathematical model is formulated and solved by linear programming to obtain a series of periodic buy and sell decisions so as to maximize the profit from operating the small power production facility. Results are presented to illustrate the methodology for determining potential profits.
Large-scale asymmetric synthesis of novel sterically constrained 2′,6′-dimethyl- and α,2′,6′-trimethyltyrosine and -phenylalanine derivatives via alkylation of chiral equivalents of nucleophilic glycine and alanine

Abstract Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-2′,6′-dimethyltyrosine (DMT), (S)-2′,6′-dimethylphenylalanine (DMP), (S)-α,2′,6′-trimethyltyrosine (α-TMT) and (S)-α,2′,6′-trimethylphenylalanine (α-TMP) via reactions of 4′-benzyloxy-2′,6′-dimethylbenzyl bromide or 2′,6′-dimethylbenzylbromide with Ni(II)-complexes of the chiral Schiff base of glycine or alanine with (S)-o-[N-(N-benzylprolyl)amino]benzophenone were developed. Inexpensive and readily available reagents and solvents, a recyclable chiral auxiliary, simplicity of the experimental procedures and high chemical yields make this method synthetically attractive for preparing the target amino acids on a multi-gram scale.
Ultrathin Triblock Copolymer Films on Tailored Polymer Brushes

We fabricated ultrathin poly[styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene] copolymer (SBS) films deposited on polystyrene brushes. The thickness of the films was kept constant, while the grafting density and molar mass of the grafted polymer layers were varied to reveal the influence of the brush interface on the structure of the films. We examined the surface morphology of the films formed and found a strong effect of the underlying brushes on the formation of the SBS films. The development of a zeroth layer (layer without internal microphase separated structure) of SBS on the top of the grafted layer was observed. Both polystyrene and polybutadiene blocks were present inside the zeroth layer. The first block copolymer layer formed on top of the zeroth layer possessed the surface microstructure typical for the block copolymer in the bulk state. The polymer brushes were actively involved in the formation of the zeroth layer, and the structure of the block copolymer films was influenced by the grafting density and degree...
Microvascular blood flow in the airway mucosa modulates bronchoconstriction

in this issue of the Journal of Applied Physiology , Mazzone et al. ([4][1]) demonstrate the role of α-adrenergic control of airway vasculature tone, which in turn regulates the magnitude of airway smooth muscle response to bronchoconstrictive challenges. They demonstrate by intravital microscopy
An examination of local similarity theory in the stably stratified boundary layer

A stable boundary layer is investigated in terms of local similarity theory. A study is based on a set of seven runs from the BAO tower (Colorado, U.S.A.). It is shown that a theoretical prediction of constant-with-height similarity functions applies only to ensemble-averaged quantities. Scatter of observational data is analysed.
Effects of the herbicide dithiopyr on cell division in wheat root tips

Abstract The effects of dithiopyr [ S,S -dimethyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(trifluoro-methyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarbothiate], the active ingredient in the Monsanto herbicide Dimension, were examined on wheat root tips. Dithiopyr caused a cessation of root elongation and swelling of the root tip. The mitotic index of root tips increased from 2.5 to 12% with mitotic cells arresting in late prometaphase within a 6-hr treatment period. These data suggested that dithiopyr did not alter processes regulating the entry of cells into mitosis. Micrographs of treated root tips confirmed the accumulation of cells in prometaphase. The spindle microtubules, common to cells in division in untreated root tips, were not present in dithiopyr-treated root tips. However, microtubule fragments, cortical microtubules, and spindle organizing centers could still be found. Cells in the zone of division became increasingly less isodiametric after 1 to 5 hr treatments, the result of abnormal cell wall orientation and deposition, whereas cells in the zone of elongation became more isodiametric. The application of dithiopyr elicited morphological changes similar to phytotoxic reactions to dinitroaniline herbicides and pronamide. Dithiopyr, however, binds a 68-kDa protein, thus removing from consideration a tubulin-binding protein. The mode of action of dithiopyr may be to alter microtubule polymerization and stability by interacting with microtubule associated proteins and/or microtubule organizing centers rather than interaction directly with tubulin.
Solid nonionic surface‐active agents

Methods have been described for converting liquid nonionic surface-active agents of the polyoxyethylene type to solid compositions by complexing with urea. It is shown how these solid products may be made in the form of free-flowing powders, flakes, bars, pellets, or tablets. The surface-active properties of two commercial detergents based on this discovery are reported. Besides showing the excellent detergency of these products in washing artificially soiled cotton, it has been shown that they enhance the detergency of alkalibuilt sodium alkylaryl sulfonates in hard water.
Evaluation of lime requirement methods for Delaware soils

Abstract Rapid, accurate identification of the lime required to attain a desired pH is essential for the coarse‐textured soils of the Atlantic coastal plain to avoid micronutrient deficiencies (Mn, Zn) in sensitive crops and to insure herbicide efficacy. The University of Delaware Soil Testing laboratory is one of only seven of the 25 states in the Northeastern and Southern regions that does not use a buffer solution to make lime requirement determinations. The present method bases lime recommendations on soil pH in water, combined with an estimate of buffering capacity obtained by hand texturing soils. This approach is time‐consuming and includes the potential for considerable operator variability in obtaining the textural estimate. A study was initiated to compare four buffer solutions (Adams‐Evans, Mehlich, SMP‐single buffer, SMP‐double buffer) with the current approach and the actual lime requirement as determined by incubation of 19 Delaware soils with six rates of CaCO3 for six months. Soil pH effec...
Synthesis of polycrystalline silicon thin films with ‘icosahedral’ symmetry by ceramics hot wire chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We report on synthesis and materials physics of polycrystalline silicon thin films deposited on glass with rarely observed ‘five-fold’ symmetry or ‘icosahedral’ symmetry. We invented these ‘novel form’ of polycrystalline silicon thin films by ceramics hot wire chemical vapor deposition (hot-wire CVD). A new physical effect in hot-wire CVD technology has been proposed that controls the nucleation and growth of silicon thin films on glass substrate.
Charge and current distributions in the Helm model

Abstract The convoluted forms of the transition charge and current distributions of the generalized Helm model make it particularly convenient for plane wave Born approximation calculations but difficult to compare with other models. We have derived explicit expressions for these distributions that can be compared with those used in distorted wave calculations. We also suggest more general forms for the transverse contributions.
Reactions of manganese carbonyls with quaternary ammonium halides

Abstract Photolysis of Mn2(CO)10 in CH2Cl2 in the presence of a quaternary ammonium halide results in formation of Mn(CO)−5 and Mn(CO)4X−2 (X = Cl or Br). Possible competing thermal reactions or reactions with solvent have been ruled out. The two anions are proposed to be formed as a result of cleavage of an intermediate, Mn2(CO)9C−. The binuclear anion has been shown, independently, to give the same photolysis products.
Famciclovir: review of clinical efficacy and safety

Famciclovir is the well-absorbed oral form of penciclovir, an antiviral agent with potent activity against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). After oral administration, famciclovir is rapidly converted to penciclovir with a bioavailability of 77%. penciclovir is efficiently phosphorylated to the active metabolite, penciclovir-triphosphate, and has a prolonged intracellular half-life of approximately 9-10 h in VZV-infected cells, and 10 and 20 h in cells infected with HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Two multicenter clinical trials have shown that famciclovir given during the acute zoster phase accelerated healing of cutaneous lesions. More importantly, in a placebo-controlled study, famciclovir reduced the duration of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), particularly in elderly patients. Famciclovir has also been proven effective in treating recurrent genital herpes, as demonstrated by a reduction in times to cessation of viral shedding, complete healing, and loss of all symptoms. One study showed that suppressive therapy with famciclovir was effective in reducing genital herpes episodes in patients with frequent recurrences. A promising new area of investigation for famciclovir is controlling virus replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or HBV reinfections after liver transplant. Results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study and several case reports have shown that famciclovir, alone or in combination with other agents, decreased HBV-DNA levels and was tolerated with long-term treatment. Available clinical data indicate that famciclovir is an effective agent for treating herpes and holds significant promise for the treatment of chronic HBV infection HBV reinfection after liver transplantation.
On different approximations to multilocus identity-by-descent calculations and the resulting power of variance component-based linkage analysis

An empirical comparison between three different methods for estimation of pair-wise identity-by-descent (IBD) sharing at marker loci was conducted in order to quantify the resulting differences in power and localization precision in variance components-based linkage analysis. On the examined simulated, error-free data set, it was found that an increase in accuracy of allele sharing calculation resulted in an increase in power to detect linkage. Linkage analysis based on approximate multi-marker IBD matrices computed by a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach was much more powerful than linkage analysis based on exact single-marker IBD probabilities. A "multiple two-point" approximation to true "multipoint" IBD computation was found to be roughly intermediate in power. Both multi-marker approaches were similar to each other in accuracy of localization of the quantitative trait locus and far superior to the single-marker approach. The overall conclusions of this study with respect to power are expected to also hold for different data structures and situations, even though the degree of superiority of one approach over another depends on the specific circumstances. It should be kept in mind, however, that an increase in computational accuracy is expected to go hand in hand with a decrease in robustness to various sources of errors.
Particle activation and droplet growth processes in condensation nucleus counter—II. Experimental study

Abstract An experimental study has been made of the performance of the continuous flow condensation nuclei counter with air, argon and helium serving as the carrier gas. The finite counting efficiency of the instrument has been found to be due to the non-uniform supersaturation in the condenser tube, rather than particle loss by diffusion. The final droplet size at the condenser outlet has been found to be a function of the initial size of the condensation nuclei. The final droplet size is significantly reduced when the initial nuclei size is smaller than 10 nm. For air as a carrier gas, the final droplet size ranges from approximately 10 to 13 μm. For argon, the final droplet size is about 5% smaller than that in air. In the case of helium, the final droplet size is about 15 μm and this does not depend strongly on the initial nuclei size. The activation efficiency of the condensation nucleus counter for argon is similar to that for air. However, for helium the activation efficiency is higher. The final droplet size and the activation efficiencies of the condensation nucleus counter predicted by theory are in good agreement with the experimental results in all cases.
Damage thresholds for terahertz radiation

Several international organizations establish minimum safety standards to ensure that workers and the general population are protected against adverse health effects associated with electromagnetic radiation. Suitable standards are typically defined using published experimental data. To date, few experimental studies have been conducted at Terahertz (THz) frequencies, and as a result, current THz standards have been defined using extrapolated estimates from neighboring spectral regions. In this study, we used computational modeling and experimental approaches to determine tissue-damage thresholds at THz frequencies. For the computational modeling efforts, we used the Arrhenius damage integral to predict damage-thresholds. We determined thresholds experimentally for both long (minutes) and short (seconds) THz exposures. For the long exposure studies, we used an in-house molecular gas THz laser (υ= 1.89 THz, 189.92 mW/cm2, 10 minutes) and excised porcine skin. For the short exposure studies, we used the Free Electron Laser (FEL) at Jefferson Laboratory (υ= 0.1-1.0 THz, 2.0-14.0 mW/cm2, 2 seconds) and wet chamois cloths. Thresholds were determined using conventional damage score determination and probit analysis techniques, and tissue temperatures were measured using infrared thermographic techniques. We found that the FEL was ideal for tissue damage studies, while our in-house THz source was not suitable to determine tissue damage thresholds. Using experimental data, the tissue damage threshold (ED50) was determined to be 7.16 W/cm2. This value was in well agreement with that predicted using our computational models. We hope that knowledge of tissue-damage thresholds at THz frequencies helps to ensure the safe use of THz radiation.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 57 Fe and 167 Er in erbium iron garnet

Abstract 57 Fe and 167 Er NMR have been studied at 4.2°K in polycrystalline ErIG powders with zero applied dc magnetic fields using the spin-echo technique.
Surfactant effect of Sb on GaN growth

Abstract Periodic, self-consistent, gradient-corrected (PW91-GGA), density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to investigate the role of Sb as surfactant during GaN growth. The adsorption and diffusion of Ga, Sb, and N on GaN(0 0 0 1) and GaN( 1 1 2 ¯ 0 ) single crystal surfaces is studied. We find that N has a much higher diffusion barrier than Ga and Sb on these surfaces. An approximate phase diagram for Sb-induced surface reconstructions of GaN(0 0 0 1) is constructed. Our findings suggest that N transport on GaN is facilitated by the formation of an SbN intermediate, which diffuses easier than N on the GaN surface. We show that this SbN formation-mediated surfactant action of Sb is much more pronounced on the Ga-terminated GaN(0 0 0 1) than on the GaN( 1 1 2 ¯ 0 ) facet. The insights derived from the DFT studies are used to explain the experimentally observed increased diffusion length of N, decreased surface roughness, and the change in the preferential sidewall facet from ( 1 1 ¯ 0 1 ) to ( 1 1 2 ¯ 0 ) during lateral epitaxial overgrowth in the presence of Sb.
An effective algorithm for string correction using generalized edit distances—I. Description of the algorithm and its optimality

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of estimating a transmitted string Xs from the corresponding received string Y, which is a noisy version of Xs. We assume that Y contains any number of substitution, insertion, and deletion errors, and that no two consecutive symbols of Xs were deleted in transmission. We have shown that for channels which cause independent errors, and whose error probabilities exceed those of noisy strings studied in the literature [12], at least 99.5% of the erroneous strings will not contain two consecutive deletion errors. The best estimate X+ of Xs is defined as that element of H which minimizes the generalized Levenshtein distance D( X Y ) between X and Y. Using dynamic programming principles, an algorithm is presented which yields X+ without computing individually the distances between every word of H and Y. Though this algorithm requires more memory, it can be shown that it is, in general, computationally less complex than all other existing algorithms which perform the same task.
Pulsed electrochemical detection at gold electrodes applied to monoamines and diamines following their chromatographic separation

Abstract Pulsed electrochemical detection (PED) is applied at Au electrodes for the determination of aliphatic amines in alkaline media. Here, this detection system is demonstrated for aliphatic monoamines separated from acidic media using a high-capacity cation-exchange column and aliphatic diamines separated from acidic media using a low-capacity cation-exchange column. Post-column addition of NaOH is used to provide the alkaline environment necessary for detection of the amines at Au electrodes. In 0.1 M NaOH, pulsed voltammetric data show that a waveform with a detection potential (EDET) of 0.2 V vs. SCE provides the best response for aliphatic amines. However, addition of acetonitrile to optimize chromatographic separations requires an increase in EDET to values ranging from 0.25 to 0.6 V for monoamines and from 0.4 to 0.6 V for diamines. Limits of detection for 25-μl injections of aqueous samples are ca. 100 nM (2.5 pmol) for monoamines and ca. 200 nM (5.0 pmol) for diamines. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for eight successive injections of 100 μM ethylamine is 0.3%.
Performance of algorithms for scheduling periodic jobs to avoid timing faults

The authors describe and evaluate a class of heuristic algorithms, called length-monotone algorithms, for scheduling periodic jobs on systems that support imprecise computations. The algorithms are designed to keep the cumulative error in the results produced over a number of consecutive periods below a threshold. The approach taken is to consider each task as consisting of a mandatory part followed by an optional part. The mandatory part must be completed before the deadline of the task for the task to produce an acceptable result. The optional part must be completed occasionally to keep the cumulative error from exceeding an upper limit. The rate-monotone algorithm is used to schedule the mandatory parts to meet all deadlines. Different algorithms are used to schedule the optional parts. The performance of these algorithms is evaluated, and the schedulability criteria for jobs with the same repetition period and simply periodic jobs are discussed. >
Reducing datapath energy through the isolation of short-lived operands

We present a technique for reducing the power dissipation in the course of writebacks and commitments in a datapath that uses a dedicated architectural register file (ARF) to hold committed values. Our mechanism capitalizes on the observation that most of the produced register values are short-lived, meaning that the destination registers targeted by these values are renamed by the time the results are written back. Our technique avoids unnecessary writebacks into the result repository (a slot within the reorder buffer or a physical register) as well as writes into the ARF by caching (and isolating) short-lived operands within a small dedicated register file. Operands are cached in this manner till they can be safely discarded without jeopardizing the recovery from possible branch mispredictions or reconstruction of the precise state in case of interrupts or exceptions. The power/energy savings are validated using SPICE measurements of actual layouts in a 0.18 micron CMOS process. The energy reduction in the ROB and the ARF is in the range of 20-25% and this is achieved with no increase in the cycle time, little additional complexity and no IPC drop.
Traffic flow stability induced by constant time headway policy for adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicles

This paper deals with the traffic flow stability/instability induced by a particular adaptive cruise control policy, known as the "constant time headway policy". The control policy is analyzed for a circular highway using three different traffic models, namely a microscopic model, a spatially discrete model, and a spatially continuous model. It is shown that the traffic dynamics will not be qualitatively consistent across the three modeling paradigms if a consistent biasing strategy is not used to adapt the constant time headway policy. The biasing strategy determines whether the feedback quantity for use in the control is taken colocatedly, downstream or upstream to the vehicle section/highway location. For ACC vehicles equipped with forward looking sensors, the downstream biasing strategy should be used. In this case, the constant time headway policy induces exponentially stable traffic flow on a circular highway in all three modeling frameworks.
Latency of Human Measles Virus in Hamster Cells

A latent system employing measles virus (Schwarz strain) was developed in hamster embryo fibroblasts (HEF). Measles virus-specific antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in 30 to 50% of HEF cells, and these cells released infectious virus when co-cultivated with a susceptible monkey cell line, BSC-1 cells. No infectious virus could be detected in the cells when measures were taken to exclude passage of viable latent cells onto the indicator BSC-1 cells. Infectious center assays demonstrated that about 1 in 10 of the latently infected cells in the population could release infectious virus. Infectious virus appeared within 6 hr after co-cultivation of the HEF cells with BSC-1 cells, as compared to 24 hr required for normal replication of measles virus in the BSC-1 cells. Furthermore, labeling of progeny virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) by using tritiated uridine, and inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis by 5-azacytidine or cycloheximide suggested that neither additional RNA nor protein synthesis is required after co-cultivation of the cells to effect early virus release. It can therefore be postulated that there is a block at a late step in virus replication in the latently infected hamster cells. The most obvious site would concern maturation of infectious virions at the cell membrane.
Cn 1-1 (= HD 330036): Planetary Nebula or Symbiotic Star?

Observations are reported for Cn 1-1 (=HD 330036). This object is one of many that have been classified both as a symbiotic star and a planetary nebula. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical properties and evolutionary status of Cn 1-1. It is concluded that Cn 1-1 is a dense planetary nebula in a binary system.
Circadian Clocks, Autonomic Rhythms, and Blood Pressure Dipping

Blood pressure does not fluctuate in random fashion but follows characteristic rhythmic patterns. A blood pressure rhythm of ≈0.1 Hz (≈6 cycles/min) is easily recognizable when blood pressure is monitored continuously and was first independently recognized in the late 1800s by Traube, Hering, and Mayer. This pattern can be analyzed using spectral analysis of the low-frequency range in the frequency domain. There is controversy about the genesis of this rhythm. Two theories have been proposed. The pacemaker theory suggests that the rhythm is generated from oscillators within the central nervous system, either located in discrete pacemaker neurons or originating in neuronal networks. Alternatively, this rhythm may result from a resonance phenomenon because the baroreflex inhibits sympathetic tone after every increase in blood pressure. There is some disagreement about the utility of using the power of the low-frequency blood pressure variability as a measurement of sympathetic modulation of vascular tone. However, there is little doubt that information modulating rhythmic blood pressure fluctuation is transmitted through efferent autonomic nerves because it is greatly reduced in patients with pure autonomic failure and is abolished by blockade of autonomic ganglia neurotransmission.1 It has been argued that rhythmic sympathetic discharge is beneficial because it provides a more effective mechanism to regulated cardiovascular tone.2 In this regard, it is important to note …
GridLAB-D: An open-source power systems modeling and simulation environment

GridLAB-D is a new power system modeling and simulation environment developed by the US Department of Energy. This paper describes its basic design concept, method of solution, and the initial suite of models that it supports.
Putting A Dollar Sign On The Muscle: Valuing Players

Valuing baseball players is something that professional baseball teams have been doing since their inception. Enterprising businessmen founded teams because they saw a profit opportunity: fans liked baseball and were willing to pay to see it. This caused owners to build fields, erect stands, and hire players to play games in order to attract paying customers. Owners soon learned that fans preferred winners to losers, which meant stocking rosters with better players to generate more revenue at the gate.
Multijurisdictional Industrial Parks and Revenue Sharing: An Application of Growth Pole Theory

Rural communities often lack the fiscal capacity to make the necessary investments to differentiate their industrial and technology parks in a crowded marketplace. This case study examines Triangle North, a multi-jurisdictional industrial/technology park in North Carolina. The study discusses the application of growth pole theory as the intellectual underpinnings of the joint park, its innovative financing and revenue sharing arrangement, and lessons learned from its implementation that can be applied to other locales.
The quantum-limited comb lineshape for a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser

We have calculated the quantum-limited lineshape of the comb lines from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser using experimentally-derived parameters for the linear response and quantum noise drivers from a generalized soliton perturbation theory. The detailed lineshape has small contributions from relaxation oscillations and frequency pulling. Our results are relevant in determining the fundamental limitation due to amplified spontaneous emission on the uncertainty of frequency measurements using femtosecond combs.
Geometric minimum spanning trees with GEOFILTERKRUSKAL

Let P be a set of points in ℝd. We propose GeoFilterKruskal, an algorithm that computes the minimum spanning tree of P using well separated pair decomposition in combination with a simple modification of Kruskal’s algorithm. When P is sampled from uniform random distribution, we show that our algorithm takes one parallel sort plus a linear number of additional steps, with high probability, to compute the minimum spanning tree. Experiments show that our algorithm works better in practice for most data distributions compared to the current state of the art [31]. Our algorithm is easy to parallelize and to our knowledge, is currently the best practical algorithm on multi-core machines for d>2.
Testing a High Performance, Random Access Priority Queue: A Case Study

This paper presents a case study of the functional verification of a custom implementation of a random access priority queue which was optimized for performance. Although data structures have been used for decades few studies have examined the effectiveness of different testing strategies applied to complex data structures. In this study, four different testing approaches were used to test a priority queue. The results showed that a state transition testing approach (13 faults discovered) was clearly superior with regards to the number of faults found than the alternatives of a manual testing approach (3 faults discovered), a unit testing approach (4 faults discovered), and a classical test harness approach (6 faults discovered). Because the state transition testing approach used was in essence a modified form of random input testing, the results of this study suggest that the notion that random input testing is typically less effective than other forms of testing may be an overly broad generalization.
Using Mutual Information to Identify New Features for Text documents of Various Domains

The task of identifying proper names, unknown words and new terms, is an important step in text processing systems. This paper describes a method of using mutual information to collect possible segments as candidates of these three feature types in a document scope. Then the construction and context of each possible feature is examined to determine its type, canonical form and meaning. Adding very little domain-specific knowledge, this method adapts to various domains easily.
Dependencies and Variation Components of Symbolic Interval-Valued Data

In 1987, Diday added a new dimension to data analysis with his fundamental paper introducing the notions of symbolic data and their analyses. He and his colleagues, among others, have developed innumerable techniques to analyse symbolic data; yet even more is waiting to be done. One area that has seen much activity in recent years involves the search for a measure of dependence between two symbolic random variables. This paper presents a covariance function for interval-valued data. It also discusses how the total, between interval, and within interval variations relate; and in particular, this relationship shows that a covariance function based only on interval midpoints does not capture all the variations in the data. While important in its own right, the covariance function plays a central role in many multivariate methods.
Achievement Scale Scores for Wartime Swimming

(1943). Achievement Scale Scores for Wartime Swimming. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 391-396.
Fibonacci Series Modulo m

(1960). Fibonacci Series Modulo m. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 525-532.
Redox-switchable surface for controlling peptide structure.

A general surface chemistry strategy is described for the development of a new switchable material. The method modulates a surface-immobilized-molecules structure by using two orthogonal “click” reactions based on Huisgen cycloaddition and oxime chemistry, where the oxime linkage is redox active and switchable. We demonstrate this strategy by developing a noninvasive, biocompatible, in situ surface chemistry that is able to modulate the affinity of a cell-adhesive peptide to cell integrin receptors to study dynamic cell adhesion and cell migration in real time and as a new hide-and-reveal strategy for application in new types of smart biofouling biomaterials.