cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Very high modulus high‐density polyethylene and high‐modulus polypropylene obtained by solid‐state roll drawing

This article describes results obtained with a process developed for rolling and drawing simultaneously polymer profiles in the solid state. Solid-state roll drawing has the advantage of being continuous, which allows relatively high production rates and the generation of high deformation ratios with some degree of biaxial orientation. The roll-drawing process allows the extent of biaxial orientation to be controlled by the adjustment of the tension and compression loads applied to the polymers, in particular semicrystalline thermoplastics. Some experimental results obtained with a four-station roll-drawing apparatus are presented, particularly on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene. The effect of process parameters, such as the gap between the rolls and tension, are discussed. Aspects discussed also include relaxation; structure development in terms of orientation and crystallinity as a function of draw ratio (λ); λ as a function of process parameters; and finally, mechanical and thermal properties as a function of λ. Moduli as high as 25 GPa in the longitudinal direction and about 4 GPa in the transverse direction were obtained with successively rolled, initially thick, HDPE profiles. © 2006 Government of Canada. Exclusive worldwide publication right in the article have been transferred to Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3391–3399, 2006
Gill Monogenea of deepwater and surface fish in southeastern Australia

The faunas of gill Monogenea of marine teleost fishes in deep and surface waters of southeastern Australia are compared, based on extensive surveys: 1563 fish (66 or 67 species, 35 families, 15 orders) in deepwater; 1862 fish (46 species, 26 families, 7 orders) in surface water. Relative species diversity (number of species of Monogenea/all fish species examined) is approximately five times greater in surface waters. There is a similarly low relative species diversity of Monogenea in the northwestern Pacific and northwestern Atlantic deepwater. Deepwater Monogenea in all seas belong mainly to the Diclidophoroidea (13 of 19 species in southeastern Australia, 14 of 17 species in the northwestern Pacific, at least 9 of 12 (?) species in the northwestern Atlantic) predominantly Diclidophoridae. Important groups of surface Monogenea in southeastern Australia are the Microcotylidae (34 of 83 species), Dactylogyridae Ancyrocephalinae (15 species) and Capsaloidea (12 species); only 10 species belong to the Diclidophoroidea and 2 of those to the Diclidophoridae. It is concluded that deepsea Monogenea in southeastern Australia show no or very little relationship with surface Monogenea of the same geographical area, but close relationship with Monogenea in the deepsea of other geographical areas. Some deepsea Monogenea have a wide geographical distribution in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Arctic and Antarctic Monogenea also are not related to deepwater forms. The main group of deepsea Monogenea is considered to be archaic.
Transition time paths for overlapping-generations models☆

Abstract This paper examines the transition stages between steady states for an overlapping-generations growth model. Our procedure is based on eigenvalues and eigenvectors. For marginal parameter changes, we can generate exact ‘multipliers’ for the responses of state variables in each time period. Our solution technique is direct (rather than iterative), it yields an intermediate-stage test of stability, and it clearly reveals the need to interpret initial conditions carefully. We work several illustrative examples numerically.
Serotonin turnover and supersensitivity after neonatal 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.

Adult awake rats which received neonatal pargyline and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine to severely reduce CNS serotonin terminals and perikarya have a reduced rate of accumulation of brain stem 5-hydroxytryptophan after Ro-44602. The rate of accumulation in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord were near normal when adult, even though serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were sharply reduced in these regions. The respiratory response to 5-methoxy N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine was much more pronounced in pargyline-5,7- dihydroxytryptamine treated rats than in controls. If supersensitivity in serotonin receptors only develops in areas with decreased transmitter turnover, the site of action of serotonin agonists to depress respiration would seem to reside in the brain stem region. The results also suggest that compensatory changes in turnover do not develop to a similar degree in all CNS areas with altered serotonin content.
An outbreak of acute respiratory disease in China caused by human adenovirus type B55 in a physical training facility.

Summary Objectives To investigate the cause of an acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) outbreak. Methods Thirty-eight clinical samples were collected from 19 patients in an ARTI outbreak that occurred in a physical training facility in January 2013; patient demographic information was also collected. In addition, 60 influenza virus-negative samples from febrile respiratory patients were collected from the same community at the same time to determine whether these were the same infections. Multiplex PCR (multi-PCR) was used to detect the possible pathogen in these samples. All human adenovirus (HAdV)-positive samples were inoculated onto Hep-2 cells for isolation. HAdV isolates were typed by hexon gene, fiber gene, and whole genome sequencing using primers designed in-house and compared to different type/serotype HAdVs downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine the type of the HAdV. Results Of the 38 samples, 34 from 17 cases were HAdV-positive; two of them were co-infected, one with respiratory syncytial virus A and the other with human rhinovirus. The hexon gene open reading frame (ORF; 2841 nucleotides (nt)) and fiber gene ORF (978 nt) were obtained from four HAdV strains (TJ-2013-92, TJ-2013-94, TJ-2013-100, TJ-2013-122) from three upper respiratory infection cases and one pneumonia case. They were all completely identical. One HAdV isolate, TJ-2013-90, was selected for whole genome sequencing; 34238 nt were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed the whole genome of TJ-2013-90 to be clustered together with HAdV-B55/HAdV-B11a. Three of 60 influenza virus-negative specimens were HAdV-positive, but hexon and fiber gene analysis showed that they were grouped in different branches to the HAdV isolates from this outbreak. Conclusions The cause of this ARTI outbreak was HAdV-B55. This was another outbreak caused by this re-emerging virus. Continuous surveillance of respiratory adenovirus is necessary for disease control.
Slavery and Freedom in the Rural North: African Americans in Monmouth County, New Jersey, 1665-1865

Chapter 1 Foreword Chapter 2 Acknowledgments Chapter 3 Introduction Chapter 4 The Creation of a Slave Society, 1664-1714 Chapter 5 Small-Farm Slavery, 1714-1775 Chapter 6 Black Revolution in Monmouth, 1775-1783 Chapter 7 From Revolution to Emancipation, 1783-1804 Chapter 8 Gradual Emancipation, 1804-1830 Chapter 9 The Creation of Freedom, 1830-1865 Chapter 10 Epilogue Chapter 11 Selected Bibliography Chapter 12 Index
Lipid composition, membrane structure relationships in lens and muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.

Membrane lipid composition varies in different tissues and species. Since a defined lipid composition is essential to the function of many membranes, the relation- ship between membrane lipid composition and structure was determined using infrared and Raman spectroscopy in four membranes containing a calcium pump: rabbit fast and slow twitch muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum and human and bovine lens fiber cell membranes. We found that membrane sphingolipid and phosphatidylcholine content were correlated to a decrease and increase, respectively, in the infrared lipid CH2 symmetric stretching band frequency. We interpret the change in frequency as a change in lipid hydrocarbon chain structural order. This was confirmed by Raman order parameters. The high degree of hydrocarbon chain saturation found in the variable amide chains of sphingolipids is likely to account for this correlation. Lipid phase transition temperature and cooperativity also correlated to sphingolipid and phosphati- dylcholine content, and are the forces defining the order in at physiological temperature in the samples studied. Ca 21 -ATPase caused an increase in the CH2 symmetric stretch- ing frequency in fast twitch muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (interpreted as an increase in hydrocarbon chain disorder), but had no effect on slow twitch muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum lipid hydrocarbon chain structure. In the natural systems studied, we find that it is the lipid hydrocarbon chain saturation that defines lipid hydrocarbon chain order. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 5: 151-167, 1999
Ammonium perchlorate decomposition: Neat and solution1

Abstract The thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) was examined over a broad temperature range (215°C to 385°C) in solution and condensed phase. Over the entire temperature range, the decomposition, as monitored by loss of ammonium ion, appeared first-order out to 70% decomposition. Up to about 350°C the decomposition of AP in methanol (5wt% AP) proceeded at a rate similar to neat AP, but the AP in aqueous solution (20wt%) decomposed considerably slower than the neat material. Activation energies and frequency factors were determined for each experimental condition. In addition, decomposition products, both gaseous and condensed phase, were identified and quantified. For neat AP decomposition, the following reaction stoichiometries were determined. At low temperatures, decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in methanol proceeded at a similar rate to that of neat AP. In contrast to decomposition of neat AP, the only nitrogen-containing decomposition product was nitrogen gas, while chlorine appe...
Malignant Precursor Cells Pre-Exist in Human Breast DCIS and Require Autophagy for Survival

Background While it is accepted that a majority of invasive breast cancer progresses from a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) precursor stage, very little is known about the factors that promote survival of DCIS neoplastic cells within the hypoxic, nutrient deprived intraductal microenvironment.
Enhanced Singular Wave Reactor for Surface Power

Abstract The “CANDLE” (Constant Axial shape of Neutron flux, nuclide densities and power shape During Life of Energy producing reactor) also known as singular wave reactor has many significant advantages related to elimination of the need for enrichment. The use of micro-hetero structured fuel, generically called “cer-liq-mesh” will further improve burnup up to 90%. In spite it has typically large dimensions, being heavy to be transported in space, in a single piece, but because it will deliver energy in hundreds MW level for about 100 years per charge using natural Uranium or Thorium as fuel available on the planet's surface, and because it can be assembled locally becomes a very attractive option for self sustainable power cycles. The “cer-liq-mesh” fuel based singular wave reactor is smaller, less than ¼ from the size of “Candle” reactor, and has a very high burnup reducing the fuel cycle drastically. It can be transported by parts, with extremely small probability of over-unity criticality accident and be assembled to run on the surface. This represents a better option for extraterrestrial applications; in spite it requires a more complicated fuel fabrication that pays back in a simplified fuel cycle and minimum waste.
Characterization of elliptical core fibers for sensing strain in composite materials

The scope of this research effort centers upon investigating the performance of few-mode, elliptical core (e-core) fibers as strain sensors in composite structures. Primary concerns for the development of such sensors depends upon the assured survivability of the fiber coating during composite cure and the efficient transfer of matrix stresses to the fiber. In previous work, high temperature polyimide coatings for embedded optical fiber strain sensors were examined in this regard. The objective of our current research effort is to characterize the performance of an e-core fiber for sensing strain within cured test coupons of commercially available composite prepreg materials. In these investigations, single, uncoated e-core fibers were placed into graphite/epoxy prepreg material. Test coupons were then processed via the standard protocols for cure. Embedded e-core/composite specimens were examined under controlled tensile and bend conditions. Changes in optical power output were correlated to the mechanically-induced strain on the sample. Memory effects upon optical power output related to strain sensing, indicative of possible matrix/optical fiber debonding, were also investigated.
Effects of saline water irrigation on soil salinity, Pecan tree growth and nut production

Irrigated cultivation of pecans (Carya illinoensis K.) has increased dramatically in the Southwestern USA, yet their tolerance to salinity remains largely unknown. The first part of this study was conducted to assess if stunted tree growth reported in clayey soils is related to salinity, and the second part was to evaluate changes in soil salinity and the performance of 11 year old ‘Western’ trees irrigated with water of 1.1 dSm−1 and 4.3 dSm−1 for 4 years. The first study, conducted at a commercial orchard (49 ha) in the El Paso valley (TX), showed a highly significant correlation between tree trunk size and salinity of the saturation extract (ECe) with r=−0.89. Soil salinity above which trunk size decreased in excess of the standard error was 2.0 dSm−1 in ECe from 0–30 cm depth, and 3.0 dSm−1 in 0 to 60 cm depth with corresponding Na concentrations of 14 and 21 mmol l−1. Excessive accumulation of salts and Na was found only in silty clay and silty clay loam soils. The second study, conducted at a small experimental field (1 ha), indicated that irrigation with waters of 1.1 and 4.3 dSm−1 increased ECe of the top 60 cm profile from 1.5 to 2.2 and 4.2 dSm−1 and Na concentration in the saturation extract to 17 and 33 mmol l−1, respectively. The leaching fractions were estimated at 13 and 37% when irrigated with waters of 1.1 and 4.3 dSm−1, respectively. Tree growth progressively slowed in the saline plots irrigated with water of 4.3 dSm−1, and became minimal during the 4th year. The cumulative shoot length over the 4 year period was reduced by 24% and trunk diameter by 18% in the saline plots relative to nonsaline plots. Irrigation with the saline water also reduced nut yields by 32%, nut size by 15% and leaflet area by 26% on the 4 year average, indicating that pecans are only moderately tolerant to salinity. The concentration of Na, Cl and Zn in the middle leaflet pair did not differ significantly between the two treatments. Soil salinity provided a more reliable measure for assessing salinity hazard than leaf analysis. However, soil salinity was found to be highly spatially variable following a normal distribution within a soil type. This high variability needs to be recognized in soil sampling as well as managing irrigation.
Current Injection Spiral-Shaped Chaotic Microcavity Quantum Cascade Lasers

We report room temperature operation of current-injection quantum cascade lasers with spiral-shaped chaotic microresonators, capable of directional, single mode emission, operating in pulsed mode with peak optical power in excess of 10 mW.
Modulation of CD8 and CD3 by HIV or HIV antigens.

To investigate whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-1 antigens modulate surface and cytoplasmic CD8 or CD3, as well as CD4, we used cell permeabilization reagents, surface/cytoplasmic fluorescent staining, multiparameter flow cytometric techniques and an in vitro culture system in which relatively few lymphocytes are actively infected with HIV. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were: not stimulated, not stimulated but HIV-inoculated, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated, PHA/HIV-inoculated (PHA/HIV), or placed into media with soluble gp120, Rev or Nef. HIV inoculation and Nef had striking modulatory effects on CD8. The cytoplasmic CD8 median fluorescent intensity (MFI) of positive lymphocytes was lower for cells in unstimulated/HIV-infected cultures than unstimulated cultures (44 versus 62% of ex vivo value, P = 0.032) and lower for cells in PHA/HIV cultures than in PHA cultures (56 versus 100% of ex vivo, P = 0.041). The surface CD8 MFI values for Nef were significantly lower than the ex vivo value (75% of ex vivo, P = 0.006). At days 2-7 of culture, Rev was associated with slight reductions in surface CD4 MFI (58% of ex vivo versus 78% of ex vivo for unstimulated cultures, P = 0.047) and greater effects on cytoplasmic CD3 MFI (131 versus 179% of ex vivo for unstimulated cultures, P = 0.035), and surface CD8 MFI (70% of ex vivo, P = 0.006 versus ex vivo value). The globality of Rev's effects suggests these are related to a shared processing pathway, i.e. not due to direct interaction with CD3, CD4 and CD8; the effects of HIV inoculation and Nef on CD8 expression appear to be more CD8 specific. Because CD8 is essential for cytotoxic T-cell function, its down-modulation could inhibit this activity, including anti-HIV cytotoxicity. Given the critical roles of CD3 and CD8 in T-lymphocyte signal transduction and antigen responsiveness, the effects of HIV, Rev and Nef on these molecules have clinically significant implications concerning the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV.
A link between mothers' disciplinary strategies and children's relational aggression.

This study examines the association between maternal disciplinary strategies and children's level of relational aggression, and then compares these associations with those found with overt aggression. Eighty-two 4th graders (aged 9-1 I years) completed peer nomination measures of relational and overt aggression, and their mothers completed a questionnaire designed to assess their use of disciplinary strategies (e.g. authoritarian, authoritative, permissive). Consistent with prior research, parental reliance on authoritarian strategies was positively associated with children's level of overt aggression, especially among boys. There was also a trend towards a positive association between authoritarianism and relational aggression among both boys and girls. In addition, this study is the first to show a positive association between maternal permissiveness and relational aggression. This association appears to be specific to relational, and not overt aggression, and emerge more strongly for girls than boys. The implications of these results for understanding the developmental underpinnings of relational aggression are discussed.
Relative-phase ambiguities in measurements of ultrashort pulses with well-separated multiple frequency components

Ultrashort-pulse characterization techniques, such as the numerous variants of frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) and spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction, fail to fully determine the relative phases of well-separated frequency components. If well-separated frequency components are also well separated in time, the cross-correlation variants (e.g., XFROG) succeed, but only if short, well-characterized gate pulses are used.
The p400 ATPase regulates nucleosome stability and chromatin ubiquitination during DNA repair

The complexity of chromatin architecture presents a significant barrier to the ability of the DNA repair machinery to access and repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Consequently, remodeling of the chromatin landscape adjacent to DSBs is vital for efficient DNA repair. Here, we demonstrate that DNA damage destabilizes nucleosomes within chromatin regions that correspond to the γ-H2AX domains surrounding DSBs. This nucleosome destabilization is an active process requiring the ATPase activity of the p400 SWI/SNF ATPase and histone acetylation by the Tip60 acetyltransferase. p400 is recruited to DSBs by a mechanism that is independent of ATM but requires mdc1. Further, the destabilization of nucleosomes by p400 is required for the RNF8-dependent ubiquitination of chromatin, and for the subsequent recruitment of brca1 and 53BP1 to DSBs. These results identify p400 as a novel DNA damage response protein and demonstrate that p400-mediated alterations in nucleosome and chromatin structure promote both chromatin ubiquitination and the accumulation of brca1 and 53BP1 at sites of DNA damage.
Direct radiation: Ratio between horizontal and tilted surfaces

Abstract The ratio between direct radiation on a tilted surface and direct radiation on a horizontal surface is examined on a daily and monthly average basis. This direct ratio factor, often called Rb, is shown to vary with beam intensity. The atmospheric weighting model, presented in a previous paper, is shown to accurately estimate the direct ratio factor. A comparison is made between Rb calculated from hourly beam data from the Pacific Northwest, and Rb predicted using the atmospheric weighting model and other direct ratio models.
Linkage of an alphavirus host-range restriction to the carbohydrate-processing phenotypes of the host cell

The Sindbis virus mutant NE2G216 retains PE2 in place of E2 in its virion structure. NE2G216 is a host-range mutant that replicates with near-normal kinetics in vertebrate cells, but displays severely restricted growth in cultured mosquito cells (C6/36) due to defects in the virus maturation process. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the host-range phenotype of NE2G216 was linked to the differences in carbohydrate-processing phenotypes between vertebrate and arthropod cells. Arthropod cell-derived glycoproteins are distinguishable from those synthesized in vertebrate cells by the absence of complex- and hybrid-type N-linked oligosaccharides. To test our hypothesis we compared the growth of the wild-type virus, TRSB, NE2G216 and three PE2-containing, C6/36 cell-adapted variants, in vertebrate cells treated with 1-deoxymannojirimycin (1-dMM). 1-dMM inhibits the Golgi α-mannosidase I enzyme and limits oligosaccharide processing to high-mannose forms (Man8–9GlcNAc2). The growth of TRSB was not restricted by the action of 1-dMM; however, NE2G216 was restricted in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the growth of each PE2-containing, C6/36 cell-adapted mutant was enhanced by low concentrations of 1-dMM (up to 1500%) and was only slightly affected by the higher concentrations. These results demonstrate that virion maturation functions of NE2G216 are sensitive to the structure of cis-linked oligosaccharides, and indicate that the carbohydrate-processing phenotypes of the host cell can influence viral host-range and function as a selective pressure in alphavirus evolution.
Psychological Sense of Community: Measurement and Application

The development and testing of an instrument designed to measure '"psy-chological sense of community" (PSC) is described. A discussion of the historical background of the PSC concept is presented and results of the use of the instrument in three U.S. and Israeli communities are described. Specific attention is given to the relationship of PSC and the variables of community satisfaction and competence as well as to applications of the PSC instrument. Since results suggest that certain manipulable variables may be associated with PSC, and that PSC itself may have the properties of a construct, suggestions for further research, and the potential im-portance of PSC for community development and maintenance are given.
Report of the Working Group on Carbon

It was clear to members of the group that carbon is important in the interpretation of several spectral regions of cosmic dust: the UV region, primarily because of the 2200 A interstellar band, the 3 to 15 µm IR region, because of various unidentified bands in this region (including those at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.8 and 11.3 µm), and the far infrared region because of the necessity of fitting emissivity observations in this region. Carbon may also be important in the visible for explaining diffuse interstellar bands (4430 A, etc.) following tentative suggestions for explanations based on clusters of carbon atoms in linear chains or in poly cyclic carbon molecules. It has became more and more clear, however, that carbon is an extremely complicated and variable material. The first part of this summary expresses our concern for evaluating and describing the nature of carbon used in experiments. Following this, three significant problems are summarized and in the final section a list of recommended work that is needed is given.
The relationship between the transformation kinetics and exchange field development in PTMNCR/NIFE bilayers

PtMnCr and other ordered tetragonal alloys used as antiferromagnetic pinning layers are in a nonmagnetic, disordered FCC phase upon deposition. In order to induce the FCT antiferromagnetic L10 ordered phase, a high temperature anneal must be performed. In PtMnCr, the ordered phase can nucleate and grow in either a [111] textured or random orientation. [111] textured growth of the FCT phase results in a shift in the PtMnCr [111] Bragg angle, while random growth results in a decrease in intensity of the peak. In addition, the random growth causes an increase in the intensity of the PtMnCr [111] peak detected off axis using low angle X-ray diffraction. Using this, the relationship between the transformation kinetics and development of the exchange field is studied in detail with X-ray and TEM. It is found that the development of exchange field depends on three stages of the ordering transformation: (1) a nucleation period in which no exchange field develops, (2) growth of the ordered phase, in which the exchange field develops in proportion to the FCT phase formed at the interface, and (3) a period in which the coercivity increases after the bulk transformation has completed. The mechanisms responsible for this behavior are discussed.
Non-human primate models for testing the efficacy and safety of periodontal regeneration procedures.

Experimentally-produced defects in the non-human primate are preferred for testing the efficacy and safety of periodontal regenerative therapies. These animals closely resemble the human in dental anatomy and periodontal wound healing physiology. Defects can be produced which do not display spontaneous regeneration and which are contralaterally identical. Thus, within animals, untreated controls can be obtained to indicate the level of supporting tissues prior to therapy. The use of non-human primate models is recommended for science transfer experiments involving invasive surgery and the testing of potentially harmful new devices and pharmaceuticals. J Periodontol 1994; 65:1143–1150.
Sample Selection Bias in Models of Commuting Time

This research conceptualises, measures and evaluates the effects of sample selection bias on models of commuting time. Data are drawn from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 1990 US Census for the Boston metropolitan area. The major finding of the analysis is that the process that determines entry into employment introduces sample selection bias into the estimates of commuting-time models. The degree of sample selection bias observed differs by race/ethnicity and gender on such key variables as marital and parental status and reliance on public transport, because the influence of these variables on employment differs by race/ethnicity and gender. These variables are important for evaluating both the spatial mismatch and the spatial entrapment hypotheses and therefore the contribution of previous analyses should be reconsidered.
Prostaglandins, hydroxy fatty acids, leukotrienes and inflammation of the skin.

Summary There is good evidence that prostaglandins E2, I2 and D2 are mediators of the vascular events of experimentally induced acute inflammation in human skin, but their role in inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic eczema remains to be determined. The relevance of arachidonic acid metabolites in inflammation has been expanded by the recent discovery of many biologically active arachidonate lipoxygenase products. These include monohydroxy fatty acids and a dihydroxy acid (leukotriene B4), which, especially in the latter case, are potent chemotactic agents. Other products include leukotriene C4 and D4, which are vasoactive and appear to be the functionally critical components of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Much work is needed to determine the role of these compounds in inflammatory skin diseases.
Utility of the Algase Wandering Scale in an outpatient Alzheimer's disease sample.

Background Wandering represents a major problem in the management of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study we examined the utility of the Algase Wandering Scale (AWS), a newly developed psychometric instrument that asks caregivers to assess the likelihood of wandering behavior. Methods The AWS was administered to the caregivers of 40 AD patients and total and subscale scores were examined in relation to measures of mental and functional status, depressive symptoms and medication usage. Results AWS scores were comparable, though slightly lower, than those normative values previously published. Higher scores were associated with more severe dementia. The Negative Outcome subscale showed a significant increase in reported falls or injuries in association with anti-depressant use. Conclusions These data provide some construct validation for the AWS as a potentially useful scale to assess wandering behaviors in AD. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Will I Ever Think I’m Thin Enough? A Moderated Mediation Study of Women’s Contingent Self-Esteem, Body Image Discrepancies, and Disordered Eating

Low levels of global self-esteem have been shown to be associated with disordered eating such that individuals who possess more negative attitudes about themselves tend to report more disordered ea...
Factors Affecting Clonal Diversity and Coexistence

SYNOPSIS. Recent genetic studies of asexually reproducing fishes in the genus Poeciliopsis (Poeciliidae) revealed abundant variation in the form of multiple sympatric clones. Recurrent hybridizations between sexual species provides the principal source of clonal variation. The hybrids are spontaneously endowed with a clonal reproductive mechanism that perpetuates a high level of heterozygosity. Migration within and between river systems, and mutations, also contribute to clonal diversity in" these fish. Coexistence among different clones and with the sexual ancestors depends in part upon specializations characteristic of individual clones. Clonal reproduction is an efficient mechanism for freezing a portion of the niche-width variation contained in the gene pool of the more broadly adapted, sexual ancestors. Multiclonal populations achieve significantly higher densities relative to the sexual forms than do monoclonal populations. This relationship is a function of the clonal variability upon which natural selection can act and upon the capacity of a multiclonal population to better exploit a heterogeneous environment through niche diversification. In all-female organisms such as Poeciliopsis, which are dependent upon sexual species for insemination, competitive abilities probably are at a premium in the densely populated pools and arroyos of the Sonoran Desert. Competitive abilities are probably less important for truly parthenogenetic clones which rely on colonization abilities to escape from their sexual ancestors and from other clones.
Melanistic Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, Observed in the Piedmont Region of North Georgia

Abstract A melanistic morph of Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin (Eastern Gray Squirrel or Gray Squirrel) was observed on 17 and 27 September 2008 in the Georgia Piedmont, Athens-Clarke County, GA. This is a rare observation because we have found no reports of Gray Squirrel melanism located south of Virginia in the southeastern United States.
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Cyclic Voltammetry Studies of Ni-rich Oxide Nanowires as Electrode Materials

A novel electrode material for Ni metal hydride batteries, composed of electrochemically synthesized, Ni-rich oxide nanowires, was investigated in this study. The nanowires, grown on Alloy 600 in a high-temperature, high-pressure aqueous electrolyte, are typically 25nm in diameter and 5-10um long. Cyclic voltammetry, with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) suggests that anodic polarization of the wires converts Ni2+ species to Ni3+, present as γ–-NiOOH, the chemical phase involved in the charge/discharge reaction in Ni-MH batteries. The reversibility of the reaction was confirmed via multiple polarization cycles and SEM imaging. In addition, the current density and polarization behavior of the nanowires in 0.01M KOH solution is compared to that of planar NiO and Alloy 600. Results suggest that the nanowires, due to their higher surface area, achieves at least 10 times the current density (for a given apparent area) of the non-nanowire samples.
Behavioural implications of alarm mistrust as a function of task workload

The research was conducted to investigate the effect of increasing primary task and alarm workload on alarm mistrust as reflected by alarm and primary task performances. A total of 126 undergraduate students performed a complex psychomotor task battery three times, with the number of concurrent tasks increasing each time. During their performance, the students were required to react to an alarm system (including visual and auditory components) of questionable reliability. Depending on the group to which participants were assigned, the alarm presentation rate constituted a low-, medium- or high-workload condition. Alarm response data (times, frequencies, accuracies) and primary task data (tracking error) were analyzed to assess performance differences as a function of primary and secondary task workload levels. Results generally supported the hypotheses: increasing primary task and alarm task workload degraded alarm response performance. Also, response frequencies supported earlier research suggesting that participants 'probability match' their response rates to alarm system reliability. The results are discussed with regard to the cry-wolf effect, attention theory and alarm system design.
The Finite Element Method for a Class of Improperly Posed Integral Equations

A large class of two-dimensional elliptic boundary value problems in acoustics, elasticity as well as hydrodynamics can be reduced to systems of boundary integral equations of the first kind with logarithmic singularities. This paper concerns in particular the stability analysis of the finite element method for treating such a class of integral equations. It is shown that an optimal choice of the mesh size can be made so that one may obtain an asymptotic optimal rate of convergence for the approximate solutions. The results here are in consistance with those obtained by the Tikhonov regularization procedure for improperly posed problems.
Simple Approach to Estimation of Pavement Structural Capacity

The use of the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) as a tool for investigating the structural strength of flexible and rigid pavements is now common. The backcalculation of layer moduli is the primary technique for data interpretation. This technique is cumbersome and expensive to apply to low-volume roads. A simple way of relating the FWD surface deflections to the performance of pavement structures, expressed by the structural number (SN), is presented. The technique is proposed as an alternative to existing methods in Louisiana using Dynaflect data. The relationship was deduced by statistical analysis, using the data collected at the Louisiana Transportation Research Center Pavement Research Facility. The study found that the correlation between the SN and the FWD deflections is satisfactory. Two different relationships are recommended for flexible and semirigid pavements. Both relationships can be applied in a pavement management environment because they allow evaluation of the required thickness for the asphalt overlay. It was found that the structural layer coefficients must be assigned functions of the laboratory moduli determined by the indirect tensile test, not functions of the backcalculated moduli.
Managing Unknown Risks: The Future of Global Reinsurance

It has been said that insurance is the last of the financial services to accept radical change (Denney [1995-1996]). Yet there has been a fundamental shift in the geographic location and in the organization of the reinsurance industry in the last six years (Chichilnisky [1996b]). Global environmental risks are partly responsible For this change; increased weather volatility and catastrophic risks are difficult to diversify using traditional insurance practices.
Enhancement of the lattice heat capacity due to low-frequency resonance modes in dilute Al-Ag alloy

The lattice properties of a solid are changed appreciably-due to the presence of impurities which differ from the host lattice in mass or in the nearest neighbor force constant.(1) The introduction of isolated heavy impurities into a relatively light host lattice causes a change in the phonon spectrum, which is characterized by the existence of low-frequency resonance modes localized at the impurity site. If we neglect the change in the force constant, the resonance frequency associated with a heavy impurity is given by using $$ {\omega _0} = \frac{{{\omega _D}}}{{{{\left( {3\frac{{M - M}}{M}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}} $$ (1) a Debye model. Here, ωD is the Debye frequency, M and M are the mass of the impurity and of the atoms of the host lattice, respectively. The presence of low-frequency resonance modes enhances the low temperature heat capacity of the lattice. This enhancement has been calculated recently by Kagan and Iosilevskii (2) and by Lehman and De Wames.(3) The theory of Kagan and Iosilevskii leads to the following expression for the enhancement ΔCL in the lattice heat capacity caused by low-frequency resonance modes: $$ \Delta {C_L} = \frac{{1.5}}{2}\eta {k_B}{\left( {\frac{\Theta }{T}} \right)^2}\int\limits_0^1 {dx\frac{{{x^{5/2}}\left( {\frac{{3{x_0}}}{x} - 1} \right)}}{{{{\left( {x - {x_0}} \right)}^2}\;\frac{{2.25{\pi ^2}}}{9}{x^3}}}\frac{{\exp \left( {\frac{\Theta }{T}\surd x} \right)}}{{{{\left\{ {\exp \left( {\frac{\Theta }{T}\surd x} \right) - 1} \right\}}^2}}}} $$ (2)
Treatment of adult‐onset obstructive hydrocephalus with low‐or medium‐pressure CSF shunts

Nine patients with nontumor obstructive hydrocephalus of adult onset underwent 13 shunt placements; low-pressure valves (closing pressure, 20 to 50 mm H2O) were employed for 5 placements, and medium-pressure valves (closing pressure, 55 to 85 (mm H2O) were employed for 8 placements. The use of a low-pressure valve was followed by objective improvement in all five instances, whereas the use of a medium-pressure valve was followed by objective improvement in only two of eight instances (p = 0.021). The treatment of adult-onset obstructive hydrocephalus may require low-pressure shunts because of the high outflow resistance that characterizes this condition.
AlGaN/GaN HEMT temperature-dependent large-signal model thermal circuit extraction with verification through advanced thermal imaging

Investigation has been done on procedure, development and verification of a large-signal, temperature-dependent model for Aluminum-Gallium-Nitride/Gallium-Nitride (AlGaN-GaN) High-Electron-Mobility Transistors (HEMTs). Procedural issues have been designed to investigate model selection based on application and operation over varying bias. Theoretical and experimental analysis has been completed on device operating point selection in measurement and modeling to account for thermal coefficient extraction and RF dispersion effects. The model has been optimized for use in power amplifier design applications that apply class AB operation. Advanced thermal imaging verification has been performed to validate thermal resistance modeling parameters.
Integration of orbit control with real-time feedback

The Advanced Photon Source uses two distinct control programs for orbit control and stability-a full-featured workstation-based program for orbit control (sddscontrollaw) and an EPICS-based system, the Real-Time Fast Feedback System (RTFS), to reduce orbit motion. The sddscontrollaw program has been ported to EPICS and moved from the UNIX environment to an EPICS IOC attached to the RTFS. This EPICS-based program uses the RTFS's reflective memory to gather beam position information and write corrector power supplies, thus avoiding variable network latencies. This allows the orbit control to run at a correction rate 50 times that of the workstation implementation, which virtually eliminates orbit motion caused by insertion device gap changes. Issues raised by the integration of orbit control into the real-time feedback system and performance improvements are discussed.
Effect of host-mobility dependent carrier scattering on thermoelectric power factors of polymer composites

Abstract The interfacial carrier scattering was thought to be ineffective in enhancing thermoelectric (TE) properties of polymer hybrids and there was also a lack of fundamental understanding of carrier scattering at polymer/polymer interfaces. Here we unravel the mechanism behind the role of polymer/polymer interfacial scattering on the TE properties through integration of computation and experiments. We discover that the effect of interfacial scattering at polymer/polymer interfaces on TE properties of polymer hybrids is strongly dependent on the carrier mobility of host polymers besides interfacial barriers. Only when the host carrier mobility is above a threshold, the effect of interfacial scattering on TE enhancement can be significant. Simulation suggests that the host mobility threshold is ~1 cm2 V−1 s−1 for PEDOT-based polymers. The polymer hybrid system of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanowires/PEDOT was successfully employed to verify the theoretical results. These findings offer groundbreaking knowledge on polymer/polymer interfacial carrier-transport and will advance the design and fabrication of high-efficiency organic thermoelectric materials.
Using Bayesian Population Viability Analysis to Define Relevant Conservation Objectives

Adaptive management provides a useful framework for managing natural resources in the face of uncertainty. An important component of adaptive management is identifying clear, measurable conservation objectives that reflect the desired outcomes of stakeholders. A common objective is to have a sustainable population, or metapopulation, but it can be difficult to quantify a threshold above which such a population is likely to persist. We performed a Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis (BMPVA) using a dynamic occupancy model to quantify the characteristics of two wood frog (Lithobates sylvatica) metapopulations resulting in sustainable populations, and we demonstrate how the results could be used to define meaningful objectives that serve as the basis of adaptive management. We explored scenarios involving metapopulations with different numbers of patches (pools) using estimates of breeding occurrence and successful metamorphosis from two study areas to estimate the probability of quasi-extinction and calculate the proportion of vernal pools producing metamorphs. Our results suggest that ≥50 pools are required to ensure long-term persistence with approximately 16% of pools producing metamorphs in stable metapopulations. We demonstrate one way to incorporate the BMPVA results into a utility function that balances the trade-offs between ecological and financial objectives, which can be used in an adaptive management framework to make optimal, transparent decisions. Our approach provides a framework for using a standard method (i.e., PVA) and available information to inform a formal decision process to determine optimal and timely management policies.
On Heat Conduction in a Rigid Body

In my paper “The Coldness, a Universal Function in Thermodynamics of Simple Heat Conducting Fluids” I have investigated the consequences of an entropy principle which may roughly be described as follows: In every body there exists a scalar additive quantity, the entropy, whose production density is non-negative for every thermodynamic process and whose density and flux are constitutive quantities.
Wildfire smoke health costs: a methods case study for a Southwestern US ‘mega-fire’

Exposure to wildfire smoke can increase morbidity in urban areas. Economists are increasingly calling for such health impacts to be included in wildfire damage assessments. However, collecting original health outcome data is costly and time-consuming. Benefits transfer is a more accessible alternative that is often employed. Yet several methodological issues remain unexplored regarding transfers of economic values and air quality concentration-response functions. Ignoring these issues may lead to misinformed wildfire policy based on inexact estimates of smoke-induced health costs. This research provides a case study illustration of a new air quality benefit transfer tool, the US EPA benefits mapping and analysis program-community edition (BenMAP-CE), which is used to estimate smoke damages of a Southwestern US ‘mega-fire’ event and investigate methodological issues surrounding the analyst's choice between transferring results from ‘wildfire-specific’ and ‘urban air’ (unrelated to wildfire) studies. Result...
Postoperative complications of spine surgery

A variety of surgical approaches are available for the treatment of spine diseases. Complications can arise intraoperatively, in the immediate postoperative period, or in a delayed fashion. These complications may lead to severe or even permanent morbidity if left unrecognized and untreated [1-4]. Here we review a range of complications in the early postoperative period from more benign complications such as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) to more feared complications leading to permanent loss of neurological function or death [5]. Perioperative pain management is covered in a separate review (Chapter 8).
Felis manul (Pallas’ cat)

These karyotypes were kindly donated by Dr. W. R. Centerwall, Loma Linda, California, USA and came from lymphocyte cultures in the female and fibroblast cultures in the male. They are laid out in a manner similar to those of other felids. The animals are at William Land Park Zoo at Sacramento, California, USA.
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND ANALOGICAL REMINDING IN THE DESIGN OF ARTIFACTS

In this article, we discuss two approaches to design currently prevalent in the field of human- computer interaction. Proponents of one approach advocate working from first principles of psychological science; practitioners of the second, engineering, approach find that successful design is often the result of analogical discovery. However, these approaches have not yet been evaluated for the usability of their methods. Can designers work in each of these ways? What are the difficulties? How can they be overcome? In this paper, we take a first step in addressing these questions. We analyze the form in which principle-based design poses its questions, thereby uncovering some of the difficulty that is encountered in this way of working. Furthermore, we analyze the form in which engineering problems are expressed and identify an advantage of this typically analogical way of working. We then suggest a way in which analogy-based design can supplement both principle-based and empirically driven design.
Shoelaces: An Autoethnographic Sketch

In this article, I use an autoethnographic sketch to explore the relationship between interpersonal bonds and identity construction.