cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent odds and subjective probability

A well-known Dutch book, due to de Finetti, shows how violations of the additivity law of probability theory (Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A)+ Pr(B)-Pr(A ∩ B)) open the door to a sequence of bets leading to a sure loss. In this paper we show that in a market environment, when bookies act strategically, it may well be optimal for them to post incoherent (nonadditive) odds. This is true even when the bookie's own preferences are expected utility, provided she plays against at least two nonexpected utility bettors.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Doped, Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors - a System with Two Length Scales

We describe a Monte Carlo simulation study of the magnetic phase diagram of diluted magnetic semiconductors doped with shallow impurities in the low concentration regime. We show that because of a wide distribution of interaction strengths, the system exhibits strong quantum effects in the magnetically ordered phase. A discrete spin model, found to closely approximate the quantum system, shows long relaxation times, and the need for specialized cluster algorithms for updating spin configurations. Results for a representative system are presented.
Photodynamic therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

Dear editor, I read the article by Mori et al [1] with interest. The article reports factors affecting the visual outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). I would like to comment about the disadvantages of PDT in PCV. PDT is associated with several disadvantages. First, PCV often presents as multiple widely distributed lesions, so it might be difficult to treat all lesions, including multiple polyps and interconnecting vessels, with a single beam of PDT. Treatment of leaking polypoidal dilations only, without treating the entire vascular complex, can result in persistence or worsening of exudation. Second, it can be difficult to treat nodules in the peripapillary area with a round PDT beam. Third, features commonly associated with PCV, such as a large pigment epithelium detachment or a large submacular hemorrhage, are not usually amenable to PDT treatment, which were excluded from this study. Fourth, PCV tends to recur repeatedly, so multiple PDT treatments are often necessary, which can increase the risk of long term choroidal atrophy. Cases of massive subretinal/suprachoroidal hemorrhage have been reported soon after PDT [2]. Even 50% reduced light fluence PDT can produce a retinal pigment epithelial tear in pigment epithelial detachment [3]. Anti-VEGF (vascular endothelium growth factor) drugs may have a limited role in complete regression of polyps; complete regression of polypoidal lesion on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) may not be the therapeutic target, but close follow-up is mandatory. Polyps showing the “washout phenomenon” on ICGA can be watched. Recently, Kokame et al. [4] reported stabilization of vision at 6 months, with monthly intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in PCV. Rudnisky et al. showed no improvement with addition of PDT with anti-VEGF treatment for CNV in age-related macular degeneration [5]. Considering the disadvantages and economic burden associated with PDT, anti-VEGF drugs alone could be the preferred treatment for symptomatic PCV.
Casimir force in compact noncommutative extra dimensions and radius stabilization

We compute the one loop Casimir energy of an interacting scalar field in a compact non-commutative space of 1,d × 2θ, where we have ordinary flat (1+d)-dimensional Minkowski space and two-dimensional non-commuative torus. We find that next order correction due to the noncommutativity still contributes an attractive force and thus will have a quantum instability. However, vector field with periodic boundary condition gives repulsive force for d>5 and we get a stabilized radius. This suggests a stabilization mechanism for a senario in Kaluza-Klein theory, where some of the extra dimensions are non commutative.
A sub-space method to detect multiple wireless microphone signals in TV band white space

The main hurdle in the realization of dynamic spectrum access systems from the physical layer perspective is the reliable sensing of low power licensed users. One such scenario shows up in the unlicensed use of the TV bands where the TV band devices are required to sense extremely low power wireless microphones (WMs). The lack of technical standards among various wireless manufacturers and the resemblance of certain WM signals to narrow-band interference signals, such as spurious emissions, further aggravate the problem. Due to these uncertainties, it is extremely difficult to abstract the features of WM signals and hence develop robust sensing algorithms. To partly counter these challenges, we develop a two-stage sub-space algorithm that detects multiple narrow-band analog frequency-modulated signals generated by WMs. The performance of the algorithm is verified by using the real WM signals experimentally captured under low SNR conditions. The problem of differentiating between the WM and other narrow-band signals is left as future work.
Searching for quark-gluon plasma (QGP) bubble effects at RHIC/LHC

Since the early eighties, we have shared with van Hove the following view: If a quark-gluon plasma were produced in high energy heavy ion colliders, then its hadronization products would likely come from small bubbles of plasma localized in phase space. We develop a model based on HIJING, to which we added a ring of adjoining multiple bubbles in the central rapidity region. Our simulations were designed to be tested by the forthcoming RHIC STAR detector data for 65 GeV/n Au colliding with 65 GeV/n Au. We took into account background and resonance effects to allow a direct comparison to be made with the data. Later 100 GeV/n Au colliding with 100 GeV/n Au and LHC data could also test these ideas. We used two charged particle correlations as a sensitive method to test for bubbles.
Sp(N) higher-derivative F-terms via singular superpotentials

We generalize the higher-derivative F-terms introduced by Beasley and Witten [1] for SU(2) superQCD to Sp(nc) gauge theories with fundamental matter. We generate these terms by integrating out massive modes at tree level from an effective superpotential on the chiral ring of the microscopic theory. Though this superpotential is singular, its singularities are mild enough to permit the unambiguous identification of its minima, and gives sensible answers upon integrating out massive modes near any given minimum.
The ambiguities of globalization

Abstract Current discussions of globalization are flawed by confusing two issues: (1) the economic competition among sovereign nation states—so-called “global competitiveness”—which is used as an excuse to reduce social support budgets; and (2) the value of worldwide international organizations set up on a non-state basis—humanitarian, environmental or human rights NGOs, professional, sporting, labor or whatever. Opposition to “globalization” in the first sense is no obstacle to support for the second (NGO) development: on the contrary, NGOs can be the best instrument for countering inhuman governmental policies. The cogency of these economic arguments rests, this paper argues, on confusing two interpretations of the terms “global” and “globalization”. In multinational businesses or other global enterprises, these terms imply that the economic role of governments will be reduced, and global competition will take place between corporations: Fuji vs Kodak, Boeing vs Airbus, Compaq vs Toshiba. In governments, by contrast, the same terms imply a continued—even, enhanced—economic role for governments, so that global competition takes place, rather, between countries: Britain vs Germany, Japan vs the United States, Europe vs America. Business and Government talk at cross-purposes. The steps that multinational corporations take to reduce other “non-wage” labor costs—notably, their taxes—are seen by politicians and journalists as unpatriotic. Rather than follow business onto the global stage, defenders of environmental and labour interests retreat to the domestic stage, and leave governments to bring the corporations into line. If tackled on this level alone, the economic arguments are, indeed, hard to undercut: addressed “one nation state at a time” (so to say) matters of “comparative advantage” tempt rival governments to engage in competitive cost cutting, and the costs of social services are an obvious target for cost cutting, e.g. in France or Sweden. Tackled on a wider (“global”) level, however, the same issues can be stated in terms less damaging to labour and environmental interests. A Global Labour Office capable of looking the World Trade Organization in the eye, for instance, could set standards protecting those interests as strongly as those insisted on by international agencies for “transparency” in accounting, “fair” competition and the like. Excessive cutbacks in social protections, indeed, can then be judged to be “unfair” competition, and penalized as such.
Thulium cross-relaxation in a low phonon energy crystalline host

We report on the cross-relaxation of ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ in a low phonon energy chloride host. The temperature and concentration dependence for ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ cross-relaxation in the host ${\mathrm{YCl}}_{3}$ was studied between 300 and 500 K, in crystals of ${\mathrm{YCl}}_{3}$ with concentrations ranging from 0.7 to $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}.$ Crystals were grown from melts of anhydrous ${\mathrm{YCl}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{TmCl}}_{3}$ powders under ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ atmosphere using a self-seeded vertical Bridgeman technique. Fluorescence spectra and lifetimes resulting from quasi-cw pumping with a 0.5-W, 811-nm diode were collected and analyzed for the spectral region 1100--2000 nm versus temperature for three crystals with varying ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ densities. Each of the fluorescence spectra contain three broad features centered at 1200, 1490, and 1800 nm that reflect the populations of the first three excited levels of ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}.$ Rates for multiphonon relaxation and cross-relaxation were determined from the fluorescence lifetime data. An increase in 1200-nm fluorescence as the temperature rises is evidence of an endothermic cross-relaxation process. This suggests a fundamentally new mechanism for optical cooling. A macroscopic rate equation model with its temperature and concentration dependence given by theories for phonon-assisted energy transfer is fit to the spectral data.
Review of the thermal contact conductance of junctions with metallic coatings and films

The reliability of standard electronic modules may be improved by decreasing overall module temperature. This may be accomplished by enhancing the thermal contact conductance at the interface between the module frame guide rib and the card rail to which the module is clamped. The surface irregularities resulting from the machining or extruding of the components cause the true contact area to be much less than the apparent contact area, increasing the contact resistance. Some metallic coatings deform easily under load and increase the contact area and associated conductance. This investigation evaluates possible coatings and determines those most suitable for enhancing contact conductance based upon predictions using existing theories for thermal contact conductance of coated junctions.
High-pressure synthesis of one-dimensional alkaline-earth palladates

Three novel one-dimensional alkaline-earth palladates were synthesized at high pressure. Ca4PdO6, Sr4PdO6, and Sr3(Sr0.75Pd0.25)PdO6 are all found to be of the K4CdCl6 (Sr4PtO6) structure in a trigonal cell of space group R-3c (No. 167). This structure consists of infinite chains of face-shared alternating PdO6 octahedra and distorted trigonal prisms along the c-axis. The chains are separated by alkaline-earth cations. All three palladates showed weak diamagnetism in preliminary measurement.
Taking names: the ethics of indirect recruitment in research on sexual networks.

One recruitment strategy to enlist participants in research on sexual networks uses private information solicited indirectly from acquaintances, medical records (where available), and increasingly available commercial data sets. The author argues that indirect recruitment breaches the basic ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy and justice.
Growth and Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic Adjustment and Beyond

We begin this paper by taking a look back at the adjustment growth and poverty debate. Our analysis suggests that while the poor do not bear the disproportionae costs of adjustment policies it is also the case that policy reforms have largely failed to contribute to the alleviation of poverty. We therefore explore the microeconomic structural and institutional constraints to growth and poverty reduction. The three areas that we concentrate on in terms of removing the structural and fundamentally microeconomic constraints that impede growth and poverty alleviation are human resource development vulnerability and risk management and fiscal management through decentralization. (authors)
Cobalt carbaporphyrin-catalyzed cyclopropanation

Cobalt complexes of N-confused porphyrins and benziphthalocyanine, which both feature organometallic bonds at the macrocycle cores, catalyze the cyclopropanation of styrene with a higher trans-selectivity than the corresponding porphyrin and phthalocyanine complexes.
Joint torque sensory feedback in the control of a PUMA manipulator

The design of a joint torque sensor for a PUMA 500 and its characteristics are described. Using this sensor, a joint torque servomechanism is designed and implemented. A model of the actuator-transmission-load system, including flexibility, is developed and verified using both time- and frequency-domain techniques. Compensators based on this model are designed and tested. Experimental results obtained from pure torque control and joint motion tracking are presented. These results demonstrate a significant reduction of the effective friction (97%) and a substantial improvement in fine motion control. >
On the connectivity preserving minimum cut problem

In this paper, we study a generalization of the classical minimum cut problem, called Connectivity Preserving Minimum Cut (CPMC) problem, which seeks a minimum cut to separate a pair (or pairs) of source and destination nodes and meanwhile ensure the connectivity between the source and its partner node(s). For this problem, we consider two variants, connectivity preserving minimum node cut (CPMNC) and connectivity preserving minimum edge cut (CPMEC). For CPMNC, we show that it cannot be approximated within αlogn for some constant α unless P = NP , and cannot be approximated within any poly ( logn ) unless NP has quasi-polynomial time algorithms. The hardness results hold even for graphs with unit weight and bipartite graphs. For CPMEC, we show that it is in P for planar graphs. We study an important generalization of the minimum cut problem (CPMC).We proved several important hardness results for the CPMC problem.We proved that planar CPMEC is in P.
A new exact method for dynamical fermion computations with non-local actions

Abstract We introduce a new algorithm which we call the Rational Hybrid Monte Carlo Algorithm (RHMC). This method uses a rational approximation to the fermionic kernel together with a noisy (Kennedy-Kuti [1]) acceptance step to give an efficient algorithm with no molecular dynamics integration step-size errors.
Complex-Induced Proximity Effects. Temperature-Dependent Regiochemical Diversity in Lithiation−Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of N-BOC-2-Azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane. 2,4- and 3,5-Methanoprolines

[reaction: see text] Azabicycle 4 and sec-butyllithium/TMEDA afford the C(1) bridgehead alpha-lithio anion at 0 degrees C. Anion quenching with carbon dioxide, methyl chloroformate, or DMF provide the bridgehead acid 8a (N-BOC-2,4-methanoproline), ester 8b, or aldehyde 8c, respectively. By contrast, at -78 degrees C these same reagents give a mixture of regioisomeric methylene and bridgehead anions whose quenching leads to mixtures of regioisomeric methylene and bridgehead acids 6a/8a, esters 6b/8b, or aldehydes 6c/8c, respectively. The previously unknown 3,5-methanoproline was prepared as its N-BOC methyl ester 6b.
Minimal primes of ideals arising from conditional independence statements

Abstract We study ideals whose primary decomposition specifies the relevant structural zeros of certain conditional independence models. The ideals we study generalize the class of ideals considered by Fink (2011) [5] in a way distinct from the generalizations of Herzog, Hibi, Hreinsdottir, Kahle, and Rauh (2010) [10] and Ay and Rauh (2011) [1] . We introduce switchable sets to give a combinatorial description of the minimal prime ideals, and for some classes we describe the minimal components. We discuss possible interpretations of the ideals we study, including as 2 × 2 minors of generic hypermatrices. We also introduce a definition of diagonal monomial orders on generic hypermatrices to compute some Grobner bases.
A life-cycle model of unemployment and disability insurance

Abstract A general equilibrium life-cycle model is developed, in which individuals choose a sequence of saving and labor supply faced with search frictions and uncertainty in longevity, health status and medical expenditures. Unemployed individuals decide whether to apply for disability insurance (DI) benefits if eligible. We investigate the effects of cash transfer and in-kind Medicare component of the DI system on the life-cycle employment. Without Medicare benefits, DI coverage could fall significantly. We also study how DI interacts with reforms of Social Security and Medicare and find that DI enrollment amplifies the effects of reforms.
Bayesian inference and the parametric bootstrap

The parametric bootstrap can be used for the efficient computation of Bayes posterior distributions. Importance sampling formulas take on an easy form relating to the deviance in exponential families, and are particularly simple starting from Jeffreys invariant prior. Because of the i.i.d. nature of bootstrap sampling, familiar formulas describe the computational accuracy of the Bayes estimates. Besides computational methods, the theory provides a connection between Bayesian and frequentist analysis. Efficient algorithms for the frequentist accuracy of Bayesian inferences are developed and demonstrated in a model selection example.
The Hausmann-Weinberger 4-manifold invariant of abelian groups

The Hausmann-Weinberger invariant of a group G is the minimal Euler characteristic of a closed orientable 4-manifold M with fundamental group G. We compute this invariant for finitely generated free abelian groups and estimate the invariant for all finitely generated abelian groups.
Structures of the K+ and NH4+ forms of Linde J

The aluminosilicate zeolite Linde J has a unique topology. The structures of the K{sup +} and NH{sub 4}{sup +} forms of Linde J ([X{sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)][Si{sub 2}Al{sub 2}O{sub 8}] where X = K or NH{sub 4}) are identical except for slight cell size and positional differences due to NH{sub 4}{sup +} being larger than K{sup +} cations. The space group is P2{sub 1}2{sub 1}2{sub 1}. Cell dimensions are: K{sup +} Linde J, a = 9.4577(2) {angstrom}, b = 9.5573(2) {angstrom}, c = 9.9429(2) {angstrom}; NH{sub 4}{sup +} Linde J, a = 9.6324(4) {angstrom}, b = 9.6423(3) {angstrom}, c = 10.0230(3) {angstrom}. Zigzag 8-ring channels intersect giving a 2-D pore system.
Can Managerial Discretion Explain Observed Leverage Ratios

This article analyzes the impact of managerial discretion and corporate control mechanisms on leverage and firm value within a contingent claims model where the manager derives perquisites from investment. Optimal capital structure reflects both the tax advantage of debt less bankruptcy costs and the agency costs of managerial discretion. Actual capital structure reflects the trade-off made by the manager between his empire-building desires and the need to ensure sufficient efficiency to prevent control challenges. The model shows that manager-shareholder conflicts can explain the low debt levels observed in practice. It also examines the impact of these conflicts on the cross-sectional variation in capital structures.
A study on grinding and energy input in stirred media mills

Grinding and energy input in stirred media mills are studied as functions of grinding time, stirring speed, media size and density, solid concentration, impeller and tank dimensions and design, and other relevant variables. Ground product size and surface area are determined with respect to the above variables. Changes in energy input and media/pulp rheological properties during grinding are described. The best conditions for grinding limestone in the laboratory stirred media mills have been identified. Equations for correlations involving power and modified Reynolds numbers have been established.
The Local Space Density of Optically Selected Clusters of Galaxies

We present here new results on the space density of rich, optically selected clusters of galaxies at low redshift (z 400 (Λcl > 80) systems. These three richness bands roughly correspond to Abell richness classes 0, 1, and ≥2, respectively. These new measurements of the local space density of clusters are in agreement with those found at higher redshift (0.2 < zest < 0.6) in the Palomar Distant Cluster Survey (PDCS) and therefore remove one of the major uncertainties associated with the PDCS as it had previously detected a factor of 5 ± 2 more clusters at high redshift than expected compared to the space density of low-redshift Abell clusters. This discrepancy is now lessened and, at worst, is only a factor of 4. This result illustrates the need to use the same cluster-finding algorithm at both high and low redshift to avoid such apparent discrepancies. We also confirm that the space density of clusters remains nearly constant out to z ~ 0.6 in agreement with previous optical and X-ray measurements of the space density of clusters. Finally, we have compared the EDCCII with the Abell catalog. We detect nearly 60% of all Abell clusters in the EDCCII area regardless of their Abell richness and distance classes. For clusters in common between the two surveys, we find no strong correlation between the two richness estimates. In comparison, ~90% of the EDCCII systems are new, although a majority of them have a richness lower than an Abell richness class of 0 and therefore would be below Abell's original selection criteria. However, we do detect 143 new clusters with Rm ≥ 100 (which corresponds to a richness class of greater than, or equal to, zero) that are not in the Abell catalog, i.e., 63% of the rich EDCCII systems. These numbers lend credence to the idea that the Abell catalog may be incomplete, especially at lower richnesses.
Observation of compressional Alfvén modes during neutral-beam heating on the national spherical torus experiment.

Neutral-beam-driven compressional Alfv\'en eigenmodes at frequencies below the ion cyclotron frequency have been observed and identified for the first time in the National Spherical Torus Experiment. The modes are observed as a broad spectrum of nearly equally spaced peaks in the frequency range from $\ensuremath{\approx}0.2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{ci}}$ to $\ensuremath{\approx}1.2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{ci}}$. The frequency has a scaling with toroidal field and plasma density consistent with Alfv\'en waves. The modes have been observed with high bandwidth magnetic pickup coils and with a reflectometer.
Fragmentation of Magnetically Subcritical Clouds into Multiple Supercritical Cores and the Formation of Small Stellar Groups

Isolated low-mass stars are formed in dense cores of molecular clouds. In the standard picture, the cores are envisioned to condense out of strongly magnetized clouds through ambipolar diffusion. Most previous calculations based on this scenario are limited to axisymmetric cloud evolution leading to a single core, which collapses to form an isolated star or stellar system at the center. These calculations are here extended to the nonaxisymmetric case under thin-disk approximation, which allows for a detailed investigation into the process of fragmentation, fundamental to binary, multiple system, and cluster formation. We have shown previously that initially axisymmetric, magnetically subcritical clouds with an m = 2 density perturbation of modest fractional amplitude (~5%) can develop highly elongated bars, which facilitate binary and multiple system formation. In this paper, we show that in the presence of higher order (m ≥ 3) perturbations of similar amplitude such clouds are capable of breaking up into a set of discrete dense cores. These multiple cores are magnetically supercritical. They are expected to collapse into single stars or stellar systems individually and, collectively, to form a small stellar group. Our calculations demonstrate that the standard scenario for single star formation involving magnetically subcritical clouds and ambipolar diffusion can readily produce more than one star, provided that the cloud mass is well above the Jeans limit and relatively uniformly distributed. The fragments develop in the central part of the cloud, after the region has become magnetically supercritical but before rapid collapse sets in. It is enhanced by the flattening of mass distribution along the field lines and by the magnetic tension force, which is strong enough during the subcritical-to-supercritical transition to balance out the gravity to a large extent and thus lengthen the time for perturbations to grow and fragments to separate out from the background.
Scalar transport and mixing in turbulent stratified shear flow

In this study, the evolution of the velocity field and scalar concentration fields in stably stratified shear flow is studied using direct numerical simulations. Two cases with vertical mean shear and horizontal mean shear are compared. In both cases, the growth of the turbulent kinetic energy weakens as the Richardson number is increased. However, the horizontal shear case shows a stronger growth of the turbulent kinetic energy than the vertical shear case for a given Richardson number. The ordering of the velocity components was found to change from streamwise > horizontal > vertical in the vertical shear case to streamwise > vertical > horizontal in the horizontal shear case. The fluctuation level of a passive species variable with a vertical mean gradient was observed to be stronger in the horizontal shear case. The ratio of the vertical turbulent eddy diffusivity to the horizontal turbulent eddy diffusivity was found to be larger in the horizontal shear case.
Observation and Quantum Objectivity

The paradox of Wigner’s friend challenges the objectivity of quantum theory. A pragmatist interpretation can meet this challenge by judicious appeal to decoherence. Quantum theory provides situated agents with resources for predicting and explaining what happens in the physical world—not conscious observations of it. Even in bizarre Wigner’s friend scenarios, differently situated agents agree on the objective content of physical magnitude statements while, normally, quantum Darwinism permits agents equal observational access to their truth. Quantum theory has nothing to say about conscious experiences. But it does prompt us to reexamine the significance of everyday claims about the physical world.
A Conjecture of Han on 3-Cores and Modular Forms

In his study of Nekrasov–Okounkov type formulas on “partition theoretic” expressions for families of infinite products, Han discovered seemingly unrelated q-series that are supported on precisely the same terms as these infinite products. In collaboration with Ono, Han proved one instance of this occurrence that exhibited a relation between the numbers a(n) that are given in terms of hook lengths of partitions, with the numbers b(n) that equal the number of 3-core partitions of n. Recently Han revisited the q-series with coefficients a(n) and b(n), and numerically found a third q-series whose coefficients appear to be supported on the same terms. Here we prove Han’s conjecture about this third series by proving a general theorem about this phenomenon.
Polarization-based wave-equation migration velocity analysis in acoustic media

ABSTRACTThe source extrapolation step in wave-equation prestack reverse-time migration gives wavefield polarization information, which can be used to generate angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) from seismic reflection data from acoustic media. Concatenation of P-wave polarization segments gives wavefield propagation paths (“wavepaths”), which are similar to the raypaths in ray-based velocity tomography. The ADCIGs provide residual depth moveout (RMO) information, from which a system of linear equations is constructed for tomography to solve for the velocity ratio used for velocity updating. An empirical relation between the RMO data and the velocity ratio updates reduces the amount of computation, and is stabilized by the feedback provided by the iterative loop through prestack migration, to RMO, to velocity update, to prestack migration. Correcting the RMOs to flatten the ADGIGs is the convergence condition. Synthetic data for a layered model with a fault successfully illustrates the method.
New Physics Search in Flavour Physics

With the running B, kaon and neutrino physics experiments, flavour physics takes centre stage within today's particle physics. We discuss the opportunities offered by these experiments in our search for new physics beyond the SM and discuss their complementarity to collider physics. We focus on rare B and kaon decays, highlighting specific observables in an exemplary mode. We also comment on the so-called B {yields} {pi}{pi} and B {yields} K{pi} puzzles. Moreover, we briefly discuss the restrictive role of long-distance strong interactions and some new tools such as QCD factorization and SCET to handle them.
Nonunion Wage Rates and the Threat of Unionization

I investigate how the threat of union organization affects the wage paid to nonunion workers. I start by outlining the standard model of wage determination by a nonunion employer when faced with the threat of union organization. The model suggests that the nonunion wage will be directly related and the union wage gap will be inversely related to the threat. I use repeated cross-section data from the CPS from 1977-2002 to develop a measure of the threat as the predicted probability of union membership. I use this measure to estimate earnings functions that use several sources of variation in the likelihood of union membership to identify the threat effect in a manner that reduces the likelihood of omitted variable bias. Finally, I investigate two cases where there has arguably been a change in the likelihood of union organization that is not correlated with changes in the demand for labor. These include the wage changes surrounding the introduction of rightto- work (RTW) laws in two states during the period studied and wage changes surrounding deregulation of key industries in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The results are mixed. The preferred estimates from the analysis using predicted probability of unionization as the threat measure, imply very little relationship between either nonunion wages or the union wage gap and the threat. The estimates that rely on the introduction of RTW laws show a significant relationship between nonunion wages and the introduction of RTW laws in one of the two states. Stronger evidence of threat effects is found in the experience of deregulated industries, where regulation was a central factor in union strength.
Rural Poor in Rich Rural Areas: Poverty in Rural Argentina

Rural poverty remains a crucial part of the poverty picture in Argentina. This paper used a rural dataset collected by the World Bank in 2003. Findings show that extreme income poverty in rural areas reached 39 percent of the people or 200,000-250,000 indigent families. These families tend to: be large, and young, and to escape from poverty as they mature and children leave the household (life cycle); live largely in dispersed areas where basic service provision is often weak and delivery is difficult (in particular school attendance beyond 11 years of age falls off very rapidly compared with grouped rural or urban areas); and be more likely to be small landholders than landless laborers. The structure of poverty in rural Argentina shows that larger households are poorer than smaller households, female-headed households are poorer than male-headed households, young households/household heads are poorer than older households/household heads, the poor tend to work more in the informal sector, and a greater share of those engaged in agriculture are poor. However, poverty is by no means strictly an agricultural problem. Furthermore, the deepest poverty is among the poorly educated and young household heads with children. Without interventions to improve their opportunities and assets, their plight is likely to worsen.
On finite subgroups of groups of type VF

For any finite group Q not of prime power order, we construct a group G that is virtually of type F , contains infinitely many conjugacy classes of subgroups isomorphic to Q, and contains only finitely many conjugacy classes of other finite subgroups.
Spaceborne imaging radar-C/X-band synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR): a look back on the tenth anniversary

The spaceborne imaging radar-C, X-band synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) missions have resulted in important scientific discoveries and provided new insights into Earth system processes. Analyses of SIR-C/X-SAR engineering-mode data have also led to new measurement and mission concepts. The multifrequency, multipolarisation capability provided by SIR-C/X-SAR is unsurpassed from a spaceborne system, making the data set valuable for algorithm development and assessment of optimal imaging parameters more than a decade after the missions were flown.
SO(3) monopoles, level-one Seiberg–Witten moduli spaces, and Witten's conjecture in low degrees

Abstract We prove Witten's formula relating the Donaldson and Seiberg–Witten series modulo powers of degree c+2, with c=− 1 4 (7χ+11σ) , for four-manifolds obeying some mild conditions, where χ and σ are their Euler characteristic and signature. We use the moduli space of SO(3) monopoles as a cobordism between a link of the Donaldson moduli space of anti-self-dual SO(3) connections and links of the moduli spaces of Seiberg–Witten monopoles. Gluing techniques allow us to compute contributions from Seiberg–Witten moduli spaces lying in the first (or ‘one-bubble’) level of the Uhlenbeck compactification of the moduli space of SO(3) monopoles.
The Close Binary Frequency of Wolf-Rayet Stars as a Function of Metallicity in M31 and M33

Massive star evolutionary models generally predict the correct ratio of WC-type and WN-type Wolf-Rayet stars at low metallicities, but underestimate the ratio at higher (solar and above) metallicities. One possible explanation for this failure is perhaps single-star models are not sufficient and Roche-lobe overflow in close binaries is necessary to produce the "extra" WC stars at higher metallicities. However, this would require the frequency of close massive binaries to be metallicity dependent. Here we test this hypothesis by searching for close Wolf-Rayet binaries in the high metallicity environments of M31 and the center of M33 as well as in the lower metallicity environments of the middle and outer regions of M33. After identifying ~100 Wolf-Rayet binaries based on radial velocity variations, we conclude that the close binary frequency of Wolf-Rayets is not metallicity dependent and thus other factors must be responsible for the overabundance of WC stars at high metallicities. However, our initial identifications and observations of these close binaries have already been put to good use as we are currently observing additional epochs for eventual orbit and mass determinations.
Detailed Uncertainty Analysis of the Ares I A106 Liftoff/Transition Database

The Ares I A106 Liftoff/Transition Force and Moment Aerodynamics Database describes the aerodynamics of the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle from the moment of liftoff through the transition from high to low total angles of attack at low subsonic Mach numbers. The database includes uncertainty estimates that were developed using a detailed uncertainty quantification procedure. The Ares I Aerodynamics Panel developed both the database and the uncertainties from wind tunnel test data acquired in the NASA Langley Research Center’s 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel Test 591 using a 1.75 percent scale model of the Ares I and the tower assembly. The uncertainty modeling contains three primary uncertainty sources: experimental uncertainty, database modeling uncertainty, and database query interpolation uncertainty. The final database and uncertainty model represent a significant improvement in the quality of the aerodynamic predictions for this regime of flight over the estimates previously used by the Ares Project. The maximum possible aerodynamic force pushing the vehicle towards the launch tower assembly in a dispersed case using this database saw a 40 percent reduction from the worst-case scenario in previously released data for Ares I.
Green protection of pyrazole, thermal isomerization and deprotection of tetrahydropyranylpyrazoles, and high-yield, one-pot synthesis of 3(5)-alkylpyrazoles

We report a new synthetic approach that opens up the possibility of large scale, one-pot pyrazole derivatization by a wide variety of functionalities, including alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, azido, carbonyl, and organo-element (e.g., B, Si, P) groups. The approach is illustrated by the highly efficient synthesis of fourteen 3(5)-alkylpyrazoles, including the novel isopentyl- and n-hexadecyl derivatives, as well as 1,6-bis(pyrazol-3(5)-yl)hexane. The value of the new approach lies in the discovery of a green (solvent- and catalyst-free, quantitative) protection of pyrazole, followed by a high-yield lithiation/alkylation/deprotection sequence in the same pot. For the first time, the corresponding N-tetrahydropyran-2-yl (THP) intermediates have been isolated and characterized. Thermal isomerization of the 5-alkyl-1-(THP) to the 3-alkyl-1-(THP) isomer is shown to be an advantageous, green alternative to the acid-catalyzed, sequential protecting-group switching methodology in pyrazole chemistry. The X-ray crystal structures of 1,6-bis(pyrazol-3(5)-yl)hexane and 5-n-hexadecyl-1-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)pyrazole reveal supramolecular architectures that shine light on the remarkable affinity for water and unexpected insolubility in organic solvents of alkylene-bridged bis(pyrazoles). 3(5)-Alkylpyrazoles are obtained in high yield from pyrazole by a one-pot procedure.
Ground state properties and energy parameters of the Anderson lattice system, CeAl2

Abstract. - Magnetostriction and thermal expansion measurements on CeAI, in and near the antiferroma- gnetic (AF) phase have established (1) the AF phase boundary in the H-T plane ; (2) the nature of the reorienta- tion of the AF domains in field, the evolution of the AF order parameter in field and the nature of the AF fluc- tuations above T, ; and (3) that the magnetic exchange between Ce atoms is ferromagnetic in large fields. Inelastic neutron scattering measurements reveal a new and yet unexplained feature at 17.5 meV. (*) Research supported in part by the Army Research Office The compound CeA1, is an Anderson lattice system in the local moment regime, which appears to display a competition between spin fluctuations and indirect 100- magnetic exchange. In this paper we summarize the results of an extensive study of the macroscopic thermodynamic properties of CeAI, and present 80- some preliminary results of an ongoing neutron scattering study.
Computation of signal threshold crossing times directly from higher order moments

This work introduces a simple method for calculating the times at which any signal crosses a pre-specified threshold voltage (e.g. 10%, 20%, 50%, etc.) directly from the moments. The method can use higher order moments to asymptotically improve the accuracy of the estimated crossing times. This technique bypasses the steps involved in calculating poles and residues to obtain time-domain information. Once q moments are calculated, only 2q multiplications and (q-I) additions are required to determine any threshold crossing time at a certain node. Moreover, this technique avoids other problems such as pole instability. Several orders of approximations are presented for different threshold crossing times depending on the number of moments involved. For example, the worst case error of a first to a seventh order (single to seven moments) approximation of 50% RC delay is 1650%, 192.26%, 11.31%, 3.37%, 2.57%, 2.56%, and 1.43%, respectively. If the whole waveform is required it can be easily determined by interpolation between different threshold crossing points. The presented technique works for RC circuits for both step and nonstep inputs, including piecewise linear waveforms.
High-density optical interconnect based on TIR and metal coated precise mirror attached waveguide

We present a high density optical interconnect based on the TIR type and the metal coated type precise mirror attached waveguide on a printed circuit board. The structure and performance of 12-channel transmitter and receiver operating at 8 – 10 Gbps are presented.
Poverty Reduction without Economic Growth? Explaining Brazil's Poverty Dynamics, 1985-2004

Brazil's slow pace of poverty reduction over the last two decades reflects both low growth and a low growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Using GDP data disaggregated by state and sector for a twenty-year period, this paper finds considerable variation in the poverty-reducing effectiveness of growth-across sectors, across space, and over time. Growth in the services sector was substantially more poverty-reducing than was growth in either agriculture or industry. Growth in industry had very different effects on poverty across different states and its impact varied with initial conditions related to human development and worker empowerment. The determinants of poverty reduction changed around 1994: positive growth rates and a greater (absolute) elasticity with respect to agricultural growth contributed to faster poverty reduction. But because there was so little of it, economic growth played a relatively small role in accounting for Brazil's poverty reduction between 1985 and 2004. The taming of hyperinflation (in 1994) and substantial expansions in social security and social assistance transfers, beginning in 1988, accounted for a larger share of the overall reduction in poverty.
Design and analysis of a replicated server architecture for supporting IP-Host mobility

Mobility support in IP networks requires servers to forward packets to mobile hosts and to maintain information pertaining to a mobile host's location in the network. In the mobile Internet Protocol (mobile-IP), location and packet forwarding functions are provided by servers referred to as home agents. These home agents may become the bottleneck when there are a large number of mobile hosts in the network. In this paper, we consider the design and analysis of a replicated server architecture in which multiple home agents are used to provide mobility support. In order to minimize the delay across the home agents, one of the key aspects is the design of load balancing schemes in which a home agent may transfer the control of a mobile host to another home agent in the same network. The methods for triggering the transfer and the policy for selecting the next home agent define various load balancing schemes which have different performance characteristics. In this paper, we design a protocol that forms the building block for implementing such load balancing schemes, and we then study the performance characteristics of random, round-robin, and join the shortest queue (JSQ) selection policies, and timer-, counter- and threshold-based transfer policies.
Magnetospheric electron‐velocity‐distribution function information from wave observations

[1] The electron-velocity-distribution function was determined to be highly non-Maxwellian and more appropriate to a kappa distribution, with κ ≈ 2.0, near magnetic midnight in the low-latitude magnetosphere just outside a stable plasmasphere during extremely quiet geomagnetic conditions. The kappa results were based on sounder-stimulated Qn plasma resonances using the Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on the IMAGE satellite; the state of the plasmasphere was determined from IMAGE/EUV observations. The Qn resonances correspond to the maximum frequencies of Bernstein-mode waves that are observed between the harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency in the frequency domain above the upper-hybrid frequency. Here we present the results of a parametric investigation that included suprathermal electrons in the electron-velocity-distribution function used in the plasma-wave dispersion equation to calculate the Qn frequencies for a range of kappa and fpe/fce values for Qn resonances from Q1 to Q9. The Qn frequencies were also calculated using a Maxwellian distribution, and they were found to be greater than those calculated using a kappa distribution with the frequency differences increasing with increasing n for a fixed κ and with decreasing κ for a fixed n. The calculated fQn values have been incorporated into the RPI BinBrowser software providing a powerful tool for rapidly obtaining information on the nature of the magnetospheric electron-velocity-distribution function and the electron number density Ne. This capability enabled accurate (within a few percent) in situ Ne determinations to be made along the outbound orbital track as IMAGE moved away from the plasmapause. The extremely quiet geomagnetic conditions allowed IMAGE/EUV-extracted counts to be compared with the RPI-determined orbital-track Ne profile. The comparisons revealed remarkably similar Ne structures.
The effects of insertion devices on beam dynamics in the ALS

It is shown that introducing undulators into the ALS (Advanced Light Source) causes a significant reduction in dynamic aperture. However, the effect is similar to that which is expected from the storage ring when realistic magnetic imperfections, magnet misalignments, and a corrected closed orbit are included. Moreover, when undulators are added into the imperfect machine there is little further degradation of the dynamic aperture. In all cases the machine acceptance will be determined by the physical (vacuum aperture), rather than the diminished, dynamic aperture. Thus, the insertion devices are not expected to impact the elastic gas scattering lifetime of the ALS. The momentum acceptance of the storage ring is seriously affected by the undulators; this will impact the Touschek lifetime of the ALS. However, at the levels predicted by the present study, the resulting overall beam lifetimes are still acceptable. >
Single Mothers, Social Capital, and Work–Family Conflict

The purpose of this article is to examine work–family conflict among low-income, unmarried mothers. Analyzing the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a national sample of nonmarital births, I examine how social capital affects work–family conflict and how both social capital and work–family conflict affect employment. Results show that social capital reduces unmarried mothers' reports of work–family conflict, especially for low-income women. In addition, mothers who report high levels of conflict are less likely to be employed; this pattern holds for women who are looking for work and those who are not. However, even at high levels of conflict, low-income women are more likely to be employed. The results suggest that work–family conflict has two consequences for unmarried women: It keeps them out of the labor force and makes it more difficult for women who want to work to maintain employment stability.