cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A PHARMACEUTICAL-BASED DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical-based drug information service (PBDIS). Four hundred ninety-five health care providers from all specialties throughout the United States and 1,000 Glaxo medical service representatives completed surveys designed to assess the effectiveness of the Drug Information Service (DIS) at Glaxo Inc. Health care practitioners and medical service representatives were satisfied with the services offered by Glaxo's PBDIS. Services offered were very useful, the DIS was reasonably accessible, and the responses provided appropriate information in an understandable and efficient manner. Nearly all respondents indicated they were likely to request information from the DIS in the future. The services offered by Glaxo's PBDIS are very useful to the individuals who use them. Health care providers should be aware of and use the services of Glaxo's PBDIS and familiarize themselves with the type of information a PBDIS can provide.
An Examination of Security in Campus Recreation Centers

Providing proper and adequate security is a critical element in comprehensive risk management for campus recreation facilities. However, little research has been done in this area to assess and ana...
Delayed Holocene Reappearance of G. menardii

The planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia menardii, absent in the Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period, reappeared during the Holocene. As it was present in the Indian Ocean during glacial time, its reappearance might be thought to have been connected to rejuvenation of conveyor circulation. But, as first shown by Glenn Jones and confirmed here, it was a significant contributor to the Atlantic's foraminifer population only after 7000 years ago.
Differential disease restriction of Moloney and Friend murine leukemia viruses by the mouse Rmcf gene is governed by the viral long terminal repeat.

Neonatal CxD2 (Rmcfr) and Balb/c (Rmcfs) mice inoculated with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) exhibited approximately equivalent time course and pathology for disease. CxD2 mice showed only slightly reduced presence of Moloney mink cell focus-forming virus (M-MCF) provirus as seen by Southern blot analysis compared to Balb/c mice. This lack of restriction for disease and spread of MCF was in sharp contrast to that seen for CxD2 mice inoculated with Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV), where incidence of disease and propagation of MCFs were severely restricted, as previously reported. Inoculation of CxD2 mice with FM-MuLV, a recombinant F-MuLV virus containing M-MuLV LTR sequences (U3 and R), resulted in T cell disease of time course equal to that seen in Balb/c mice; there also was little restriction for propagation of MCFs. This indicated that presence of the M-MuLV long terminal repeat (LTR) was sufficient for propagation of MCFs in CxD2 mice. Differing restriction for F-MuLV vs. M-MuLV in CxD2 mice was explained on the basis of different "MCF propagator cells" for the two viruses. It was suggested that cells propagating F-MCF (e.g., erythroid progenitors) are blocked by endogenous MCF-like gp70env protein, whereas cells propagating M-MCF (e.g., lymphoid) do not express this protein on their surface. F-MuLV disease in CxD2 mice was greatly accelerated when neonates were inoculated with a F-MuLV/F-MCF pseudotypic mixture. However, F-MCF provirus was not detectable or only barely detectable in F-MuLV/F-MCF-induced tumors, suggesting that F-MCF acted indirectly in induction of these tumors.
A recommendation system for meta-modeling

A meta-learning based recommendation system for meta-modeling is proposed.Novel meta-features for geometrical characterization on black-box problems are proposed.Model-based meta-learners generally outperforms instance-based meta-leaners.Singular value decomposition boosts the performance of the recommendation system.Experimental results indicate the proposed system significantly improves the modeling efficiency and facilitates model selection. Various meta-modeling techniques have been developed to replace computationally expensive simulation models. The performance of these meta-modeling techniques on different models is varied which makes existing model selection/recommendation approaches (e.g., trial-and-error, ensemble) problematic. To address these research gaps, we propose a general meta-modeling recommendation system using meta-learning which can automate the meta-modeling recommendation process by intelligently adapting the learning bias to problem characterizations. The proposed intelligent recommendation system includes four modules: (1) problem module, (2) meta-feature module which includes a comprehensive set of meta-features to characterize the geometrical properties of problems, (3) meta-learner module which compares the performance of instance-based and model-based learning approaches for optimal framework design, and (4) performance evaluation module which introduces two criteria, Spearman's ranking correlation coefficient and hit ratio, to evaluate the system on the accuracy of model ranking prediction and the precision of the best model recommendation, respectively. To further improve the performance of meta-learning for meta-modeling recommendation, different types of feature reduction techniques, including singular value decomposition, stepwise regression and ReliefF, are studied. Experiments show that our proposed framework is able to achieve 94% correlation on model rankings, and a 91% hit ratio on best model recommendation. Moreover, the computational cost of meta-modeling recommendation is significantly reduced from an order of minutes to seconds compared to traditional trial-and-error and ensemble process. The proposed framework can significantly advance the research in meta-modeling recommendation, and can be applied for data-driven system modeling.
Reporting of central airway obstruction on radiology reports and impact on bronchoscopic airway interventions and patient outcomes.

Background:Central airway obstruction (CAO) is a serious condition that affects patients with both benign and malignant diseases. Timely recognition of CAO is crucial for prompt intervention aimed at improving the symptoms and quality of life of these patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the formal radiology reporting of CAO and its impact on patients’ outcomes.Methods:The medical records of patients who underwent advanced therapeutic bronchoscopy for CAO from August 2013 to September 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Three researchers each reviewed 14 of the 42 formal radiology reports that were performed at 16 different medical and radiology centers.Patient characteristics were reported as means, medians, and standard deviations for continuous variables, and as frequencies and relative frequencies for categorical variables.Results:Out of 42 patients who underwent advanced bronchoscopy for planned therapeutic intervention, only 30 had radiology and pulmonology concordance about the airway fin...
What's a Doctor to Do? Balloon, Stents, Drugs, Drills, and Treadmills: Are We Closer to the Optimal Algorithm?

On the one hand, we may all be enthusiastic. For decades, physicians, regulators, reimbursement policymakers, and patients have hoped that the level of evidence guiding the treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD) would improve from single-center, retrospective, “this is how I do it” papers
The Demand for Immutable Contracts: Another Look at the Law and Economics of Contract Modifications

One of the most challenging questions in contract law is whether parties should be free to create contracts that limit their own freedom of contract and thereby, in effect, contract over the scope of freedom of contract itself. So far the debate has revolved around the enforceability of "anti-modification clauses," which state that subsequent modifications to the contract in which they are contained will be unenforceable. The courts appear reluctant to enforce anti-modification clauses. Some prominent law and economics scholars have argued that in certain circumstances parties would benefit from being able to make their contracts immutable and that courts therefore should enforce anti-modification clauses. This Article advances several claims that contradict the underlying premises of this argument. It begins by setting out a variety of reasons why the demand for immutable contracts, or at least those created by adopting anti-modification clauses, might be low. The central claim is that although anti-modification clauses may be unenforceable, contracting parties can duplicate their economic effects by using a technique labeled the "representative trustee technique." The essence of this technique is that the parties agree to turn over the benefits of any modification to a trust with a large number of beneficiaries. The conceptual building blocks of the representative trustee technique are all familiar, yet there is no indication of its use in practice. If valid, these observations are inconsistent with the idea that there is a significant demand for enforceable anti-modification clauses. It is, however, possible that, contrary to the primary argument in this Article, contracting parties are unaware of the possibility of adopting the representative trustee technique. In that case, the analysis here is still relevant because it suggests that once the technique is publicized it will satisfy at least some of the demand for enforceable anti-modification clauses. In any case, there seems to be no compelling reason to heed calls to enforce anti-modification clauses.
Improving the Performance of Integral Screw-Base Compact Fluorescent Lamps in a Base-Down Burning Position Using Thermal Bridge Systems

(1995). Improving the Performance of Integral Screw-Base Compact Fluorescent Lamps in a Base-Down Burning Position Using Thermal Bridge Systems. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 94-99.
Percutaneous Image-Guided Cryoablation for the Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain in Amputees: A Pilot Study

Abstract Purpose To prospectively evaluate percutaneous image-guided nerve cryoablation for treatment of refractory phantom limb pain (PLP) in a pilot cohort for purposes of deriving parameters to design a larger, randomized, parallel-armed, controlled trial. Materials and Methods From January 2015 to January 2016, 21 patients with refractory PLP underwent image-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis procedures. Visual analog scale scores were documented at baseline and 7, 45, and 180 days after the procedure. Responses to a modified Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire were documented at baseline and 7 and 45 days after the procedure. Results Technical success rate of the procedures was 100%. There were 6 (29%) minor procedure-related complications. Disability scores decreased from a baseline mean of 11.3 to 3.3 at 45-day follow-up (95% confidence interval 5.8, 10.3; P P Conclusions Image-guided percutaneous nerve cryoablation is feasible and safe and may represent a new efficacious therapeutic option for patients with phantom pains related to limb loss.
Abstract A14: Role of mitochondrial folate metabolism in cancer cell growth and proliferation

Introduction: Increased expression of mitochondrial folate enzymes, especially mitochondrial methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD2), is one of the most consistent gene expression changes in human tumors. Folate metabolism is a major consumer of serine, the primary donor of one-carbon units. One-carbon units generated from serine in the mitochondrion can be transferred into the cytosol as formate for use in cytosolic biosynthesis. Using genetics and quantitative metabolic methods, we examined the role of mitochondrial folate metabolism in cell growth in culture and in xenografted tumors. Methods: Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we created deletion mutant cell lines for enzymes in folate metabolism. Cells deleted for MTHFD2 were grown as xenografts in mice. Metabolites from cultured cells and xenografts were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: Mitochondrial folate metabolism is not required for growth in standard tissue culture media conditions. The reversal of the direction of cytosolic one-carbon flux enables rapid cell growth of MTHFD2 mutants albeit with metabolic hallmarks of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate deficiency. However, MTHFD2 deletion cells are, as previously shown, glycine auxotrophs and under those conditions show metabolic hallmarks of oxidative stress. Exogenous formate rescues the 10-formyltetrahydrofolate deficiency but not the glycine auxotrophy. Additionally, we find these cells are also growth impaired under low serine conditions. Importantly, compared to paired wild type tumors, growth of MTHFD2 mutant subcutaneous xenografts was markedly reduced. Conclusions: Mitochondrial folate metabolism is conditionally required for rapid cell growth. High expression of mitochondrial folate genes in cancer may function to meet requirements for one-carbon units, glycine, or redox homeostasis under nutrient stress. Citation Format: Gregory S. Ducker, Mark B. Esposito, Yibin Kang, Joshua D. Rabinowitz. Role of mitochondrial folate metabolism in cancer cell growth and proliferation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A14.
The beta globin 3' enhancer element confers regulated expression on the human gamma globin gene in the human embryonic-fetal erythroleukemia cell line K562.

We have constructed fusion genes comprised of gamma and beta globin elements and globin sequences linked to neomycin resistance (neoR) genes to define the cis acting sequences responsible for developmental stage-specific expression and induction of fetal globin genes in embryonic-fetal erythroleukemia K562 cells. The results indicate that the gamma promoter is required for proper initiation of transcription. However, the accumulation of gamma globin transcripts in response to hemin induction requires the additional presence of either gamma intervening sequence 2 or the 3′ enhancer element of the beta globin gene. Thus, the gamma promoter may provide the elements for developmental stage-specific gene expression during fetal life. By contrast, the beta 3′ enhancer is erythroid-specific but not developmental stage- or gene-specific.
The Worst Four-Letter Word in Higher Education Today? Uber.

Uber has become the worst four-letter word in higher education. It connotes the unbundling and deprofessionalization of faculty work. The only way to get over this worry is to realize Uber and similar technologies are just another four-letter word: a tool. This will allow us to rethink and recreate our role in this "age of disruption."
A searchable database for the genome of Phomopsis longicolla (isolate MSPL 10-6).

Phomopsis longicolla (syn. Diaporthe longicolla) is an important seed-borne fungal pathogen that primarily causes Phomopsis seed decay (PSD) in most soybean production areas worldwide. This disease severely decreases soybean seed quality by reducing seed viability and oil quality, altering seed composition, and increasing frequencies of moldy and/or split beans. To facilitate investigation of the genetic base of fungal virulence factors and understand the mechanism of disease development, we designed and developed a database for P. longicolla isolate MSPL 10-6 that contains information about the genome assemblies (contigs), gene models, gene descriptions and GO functional ontologies. A web-based front end to the database was built using ASP.NET, which allows researchers to search and mine the genome of this important fungus. This database represents the first reported genome database for a seed borne fungal pathogen in the Diaporthe- Phomopsis complex. The database will also be a valuable resource for research and agricultural communities. It will aid in the development of new control strategies for this pathogen. AVAILABILITY http://bioinformatics.towson.edu/Phomopsis_longicolla/HomePage.aspx.
Fertility in China 1982-1990: Gender equality as a complement to wealth flows theory

Some scholars claim there is little variation in Chinese fertility because of ‘coercive’ family planning policies. This research, however, demonstrates that other factors contribute to significant variation in fertility rates among China's 30 provinces/administrative divisions. Although family planning and socioeconomic development are found to explain significant amounts of variation in fertility for both the 1982 and 1990 census cross-sections, it was also found that gender equality in education had become significant by 1990. Path model results that lag the effects of 1982 socioeconomic development and gender equality in education also indicate that they both have sizable direct effects and moderate indirect effects through family planning behavior on 1990 fertility rates. Discussions include the possibility that the recent free market and institutional reforms, e.g., the decollectivization of agriculture, have contributed a social structure whereby many Chinese families have increased awareness of the opportunity costs associated with their reproductive decision making.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective tubulin inhibitors as anti-trypanosomal agents

African trypanosomiasis is still a threat to human health due to the severe side-effects of current drugs. We identified selective tubulin inhibitors that showed the promise to the treatment of this disease, which was based on the tubulin protein structural difference between mammalian and trypanosome cells. Further lead optimization was performed in the current study to improve the efficiency of the drug candidates. We used Trypanosoma brucei brucei cells as the parasite model, and human normal kidney cells and mouse macrophage cells as the host model to evaluate the compounds. One new analog showed great potency with an IC50 of 70nM to inhibit the growth of trypanosome cells and did not affect the viability of mammalian cells. Western blot analyses reveal that the compound decreased tubulin polymerization in T. brucei cells. A detailed structure activity relationship (SAR) was summarized that will be used to guide future lead optimization.
Molecular genetic analysis of 40 patients with glycogen storage disease type Ia: 100% mutation detection rate and 5 novel mutations.

Molecular genetic analysis of 40 patients with glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) revealed mutations on all 80 alleles and verified the diagnosis in all patients. At least 7 patients were diagnosed with GSD Ia solely on the basis of clinical findings prior to our analysis. Five mutations, Q20R, W50X, G81R, W156L, and G188D have not been reported so far. This study underscores that molecular genetic analysis is a reliable and convenient alternative to the enzyme assay in a fresh liver biopsy specimen to diagnose GSD Ia. Hum Mutat 15:115–116, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collusion Resistant Multi-Matrix Masking for Privacy-Preserving Data Collection

An integral part of any social or medical research is the availability of reliable data. For the integrity of participants'responses, a secure environment for collecting sensitive data is required. This paper introduces a novel privacy-preserving data collection method: collusion resistant multi-matrix masking (CRM3). The CRM3 method requires multiple masking service providers (MSP), each generating its own random masking matrices. The key step is that each participant's data is randomly decomposed into the sum of component vectors, and each component vector is sent to the MSPs for masking in a different order. The CRM3 method publicly releases two sets of masked data: one being right multiplied by random invertible matricesand the other being left multiplied by random orthogonalmatrices. Both MSPs and the released data may be hosted on cloud platforms. Our data collection and release procedure is designed so that MSPs and the data collector are not able to derive the original participants' data hence providing strong privacy protection. However, statistical inference on parameters of interest will produce exactly the same results from the masked data as from the original data, under commonly used statistical methods such as general linear model, contingency table analysis, logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazard regression.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: What are the Challenges?

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells targeting CD19 expressed by normal and malignant B cells is a unique therapy for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); recent results highlight the potential of this therapy for patients with relapsed CLL. Because adoptive transfer of CAR-modified T cells is a novel approach, there are issues for the medical oncologist to consider when evaluating current and future clinical trials for CLL patients. This article reviews the impact of CAR design, T-cell production, T-cell dose, conditioning regimens, and tumor burden at the time of CAR-modified T-cell infusion on the efficacy of this therapy.
Preclinical Data Supporting Antitumor Activity of PD-1 Blockade

Antibodies that block the PD-1 coinhibitory receptor on T cells or its primary ligand, PD-L1, have demonstrated unprecedented efficacy across a diverse array of both solid and hematologic malignancies in the clinic. These advances were built on a foundation of murine preclinical tumor model studies, which both demonstrated the therapeutic potential of PD-1/PD-L1 antibody blockade and also provided critical insights into the cellular and molecular processes underlying their capacity to elicit immune-mediated tumor regressions. As the field of immunotherapy moves toward higher-order combinations of agents, effective utilization of murine tumor models to optimize the composition of PD-1 antibody combination therapies, as well as their dosing and scheduling, will be essential for effective clinical translation. Novel murine models bearing human tumor xenografts and engrafted human immune systems may help close the gap between preclinical and clinical immunobiology.
Evaluating the Performance of Merger Simulation: Evidence from the Hospital Market in California

Antitrust enforcement in the hospital industry has been an area of sharp contention in recent years. Prior to the decision in the Evanston Northwestern case in 2005, the Federal Trade Commission and the United States Department of Justice had lost the last seven hospital cases. One of the reasons for the failure of the government to prevail in these court cases has been their inability to convince the courts to accept their definition of a geographic market. In reviewing mergers, the antitrust enforcement authorities seek to determine what effects the proposed merger would have on prices, quality, and other related aspects of the prospectively merging firms' services. Most commonly, the primary focus is on the effect of the prospective merger on prices. There are a number of different approaches to the evaluation of hospital mergers, and these approaches often lead to differing predictions about the effects of the merger on hospital prices. In this paper we propose a method of hospital merger analysis which relies, in part, on calculating an index of hospital competition called the Logit Competition Index (LOCI). LOCI is calculated using hospital discharge data. Using these data, discharges are organized into types, the market shares of the hospitals in the analysis are calculated within these types, and then these market shares are aggregated together into a numerical index. Changes in this index due to a merger are theorized to predict the price changes caused by the merger. Consequently, our methodology does not require the definition of a geographical market. We apply our method to simulate merger effects of consummated and hypothetical mergers using data of hospitals in the state of California from 1992 to 2004. We find that the wave mergers that happened in California in the 1990's led to substantial increase in price not only for merging firms but also non-merging firms. Finally, because of the long span of our data, we are able to compare our predicted price increase with actual price increase of consummated mergers. Our methodology predicts well actual changes in price due to merger. These results have important implications for merger analysis in hospital markets and also for antitrust enforcement. It presents antitrust authorities with a methodology does not rely on geographic market definition but predicts fairly well price increases due to mergers.
Communication-optimal parallel 2.5D matrix multiplication and LU factorization algorithms

Extra memory allows parallel matrix multiplication to be done with asymptotically less communication than Cannon's algorithm and be faster in practice. "3D" algorithms arrange the p processors in a 3D array, and store redundant copies of the matrices on each of p1/3 layers. "2D" algorithms such as Cannon's algorithm store a single copy of the matrices on a 2D array of processors. We generalize these 2D and 3D algorithms by introducing a new class of "2.5D algorithms". For matrix multiplication, we can take advantage of any amount of extra memory to store c copies of the data, for any c ∈ {1, 2,..., ⌊p1/3⌋}, to reduce the bandwidth cost of Cannon's algorithm by a factor of c1/2 and the latency cost by a factor c3/2. We also show that these costs reach the lower bounds, modulo polylog(p) factors. We introduce a novel algorithm for 2.5D LU decomposition. To the best of our knowledge, this LU algorithm is the first to minimize communication along the critical path of execution in the 3D case. Our 2.5D LU algorithm uses communicationavoiding pivoting, a stable alternative to partial-pivoting. We prove a novel lower bound on the latency cost of 2.5D and 3D LU factorization, showing that while c copies of the data can also reduce the bandwidth by a factor of c1/2, the latency must increase by a factor of c1/2, so that the 2D LU algorithm (c = 1) in fact minimizes latency. We provide implementations and performance results for 2D and 2.5D versions of all the new algorithms. Our results demonstrate that 2.5D matrix multiplication and LU algorithms strongly scale more efficiently than 2D algorithms. Each of our 2.5D algorithms performs over 2X faster than the corresponding 2D algorithm for certain problem sizes on 65,536 cores of a BG/P supercomputer.
Pathogenesis of mammary gland infection in the goat (Capra hircus) inoculated with Brucella abortus

Ferlpartum goats were Inoculated Intravenously with Brucella abortus » and tissues from mammary glands and supramammary lymph nodes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Brucella abortus was identified in tissues with immunoperoxidase staining and antibody-coated colloidal gold. Brucellae were first seen in macro­ phages and neutrophils throughout the mammary gland parenchyma, but most often in alveolar lumens. In subsequent samples, infected phago­ cytic leukocytes progressively increased in number, especially in duct and alveolar lumens, but also in adjacent epithelium, interstitium, and lymphatics. Brucella abortus was detected in phagosomes and phagolyso­ somes in macrophages and neutrophils. Extracellular brucellae were associated with degenerate and necrotic infected phagocytes. Organisms were infrequently seen in supramammary lymph nodes; when seen, they were in macrophages in subcapsular and cortical sinuses, afferent lymphatics, and throughout the parenchyma. There were no gross lesions in mammary glands. Microscopically, there was a lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic, lobular and periductal, interstitial mastitis. Supramammary lymph nodes were enlarged, and had lymphofolllcular hyperplasia, medullary plasmacytosls, and sinus histiocytosis. This study suggests that phagocytic leukocytes: (1) transport brucellae into mammary glands; (2) provide a site for intracellular replication in mammary secretions; and (3) transport brucellae from mammary glands to supramammary lymph nodes.
Biological and physical controls on the oxygen cycle in the Kuroshio Extension from an array of profiling floats

Abstract The Kuroshio Extension (KE) is a current associated with the largest CO 2 flux into the Pacific Ocean, a broad region of uptake that extends across the Pacific basin between the subarctic and subtropical regions. The relative importance of the biological and physical processes controlling this sink is uncertain. Because oxygen is stoichiometrically linked to changes in dissolved inorganic carbon due to photosynthesis and respiration and subject to many of the same physical drivers as the CO 2 flux, in situ oxygen measurements help to determine the processes driving this large CO 2 flux. We analyzed data from eight Argo profiling floats equipped with oxygen sensors to estimate oxygen fluxes in the upper ocean of the KE region (approximate bounds: 25°N to 45°N, 135°E to 155°E). In situ air calibrations of these sensors allowed us to accurately measure air-sea oxygen differences, which largely control the flux of oxygen to and from the atmosphere. To characterize distinct biogeographical regions in the Kuroshio Extension and to accommodate seasonal north-south shifts in the location of the regional boundaries, we averaged oxygen measurements from different floats along isopycnal surfaces into 3 regions based on temperature-salinity relationships: North KE, Central KE, and South KE. Using these regional concentration time series, we determined the physical fluxes using an upper ocean layered model and calculated the residual oxygen flux, a combination of column-integrated net community production and physical processes unexplained by the model. The annual oxygen budget is largely a balance of air-sea exchange and the residual oxygen term. Residual oxygen fluxes are -5.4 ± 1.1, -5.9 ± 0.1, and 2.1 ± 2.2 mol O 2 m -2 yr -1 (where negative is a loss from the upper ocean) for the North, Central, and South KE regions, respectively. The North and Central KE are regions of mode water formation, which balances the large air-sea fluxes into the ocean. The South KE oxygen residual indicates a biologically produced flux to the atmosphere in two out of three years that agrees with previous estimates of subtropical annual net community production (ANCP) but exhibits high interannual variability. This study suggests that physical processes are the primary drivers for the annual uptake of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Central KE region where the annual CO 2 uptake is strongest.
Extractable and Germinable Seedbank Methods Provide Different Quantifications of Weed Communities

Seedbank sampling and quantification methods vary in their ability to describe weed diversity and density, so proper method selection is critical for studying weed communities. The germinable seedbank (GSB) method is commonly preferred over extractable seedbank method (ESB), because the latter is more time-consuming. However, these two methods have only been compared using a few weed species and a relatively small number of samples. A total of 204 weed seedbank samples were used to compare both methods for weed density, richness, evenness, and Shannon-Weiner diversity using a split-sample approach. The two methods yielded dramatically different results. The ESB had 418% higher density and 35% more species per sample but 11% less evenness than the GSB. Diversity was estimated to be only 9% higher using the extractable compared with the germinable method. While the extractable method had higher density and richness overall, this was not true for every species, with only 7 of 14 common species detected in higher amounts by the extractable method. The results indicate the two methods are not strongly correlated, limiting the possibility of generating a conversion factor between methods. Nevertheless, evenness and Shannon-Weiner diversity might allow comparisons between both methods when the emphasis is on characterizing predominant weed species. The GSB is a practical approach to compare treatments or conditions; however, the ESB is more useful to accurately quantify weed species richness, diversity, and density.
Contemporary and historical effective population sizes of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) is an anadromous fish of considerable conservation concern, following its long history of overfishing and exposure to a variety of other anthropogenic stressors. Though reaching a large size, population abundances (Nc) of Atlantic sturgeon are not easily surveyed using traditional fishery methods because of their relative scarcity and their many age classes, often exhibiting extensive and differential movements that render them not readily amenable to traditional sampling efforts. A metric of their vulnerability to inbreeding and a possible alternative to Nc for abundance monitoring is effective population size (Ne). We surveyed 14 Atlantic sturgeon populations across their range using a suite of DNA microsatellite markers. Contemporary levels of Ne ranged from 1 in the St. Marys River, Florida–Georgia, to 156 in the Hudson River, New York. Historical Ne estimates averaged about 11.5 × higher than contemporary estimates, with a high of 927 for the Kennebec River population. Because of a mix of life history characteristics that make traditional Ne estimates based on imperfectly mixed year classes of juveniles questionable, we propose and provide results of a new, more robust and diagnostic approach based on sequential cohorts, termed Ne Max. Although contemporary Ne values obtained were at levels that might be considered troublesome, we suggest that the unique life history factors of this species may render it more resistant than other taxa to inbreeding effects. Because of the many differences among populations in size, age, and sex ratio and in harvest histories, we do not believe that a reliable extrapolation factor between Ne and Nc is yet possible. However, ongoing monitoring of Ne and Nc in populations might be sensitive to population changes and could form the basis of determining a relationship between Ne and Nc.
Repair or Observation of Resin Margin Defects: Clinical Trial After Five Years

Clinical Relevance Discoloration in composite restoration margins does not indicate the presence or predict the development of recurrent caries over five years in a low- to moderate-risk population...
Improvement of Rhododendron and Forsythia Growth with Buffered-Phosphorus Fertilizer

Abstract Rhododendron and forsythia plants were grown in a soilless medium containing one of four phosphorus treatments: soluble P, slow-release P, or 0.5% or 1% solid-phase alumina-buffered P (Al-P). Soluble phosphorus concentrations in the leachate were highest for soluble-P treatment and lowest for the Al-P treatments. Al-P supplied adequate P for plant growth throughout the season while substantially reducing P leaching. Forsythia plants produced more shoot dry mass when grown with 0.5% Al-P than with the other treatments, and larger rhododendron plants were produced when fertilized with 1% Al-P.
Thieme Chemistry Journal Awardees - Whereare They Now? Efforts towards the Total Synthesis of Vinigrol

A strategy for the total synthesis of vinigrol is detailed withtwo key steps - oxidative dearomatization and intramolecular Diels-Aldercycloaddition - providing the CIS-decalincore. A novel and mild means for the formation of ORTHO-quinonemethides is also described.
Low thermal expansion RBa(Co,M)4O7 cathode materials based on tetrahedral-site cobalt ions for solid oxide fuel cells

RBa(Co,M)4O7 (R = Y, Ca, In and M = Zn, Fe, Al) oxides with a hexagonal structure and corner-shared (Co,M)O4 tetrahedra have been synthesized and investigated as cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Among the various compositions investigated, YBaCo4−xZnxO7 (1 ≤ x ≤ 2) shows long-term stability at high temperatures. Thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) values of the RBa(Co,M)4O7 specimens were determined to be 6 × 10−6 to 13 × 10−6 oC−1 in the range of 80−900 °C, which provides good thermal expansion compatibility with the standard SOFC electrolyte materials. The low TEC is attributed to the absence of spin state transitions of tetrahedral-site Co2+/3+ ions and relatively small amount of oxygen loss with increasing temperature. The YBaCo3ZnO7 + GDC composite cathodes exhibit low polarization resistance and good fuel cell performance comparable to that of well-studied Co-based perovskite cathodes, but with the critical advantage of an ideal matching of the TEC value with those of standard el...
The role of plume-scale processes in long-term impacts of aircraft emissions

Abstract. Emissions from aircraft engines contribute to atmospheric NOx , driving changes in both the climate and in surface air quality. Existing atmospheric models typically assume instant dilution of emissions into large-scale grid cells, neglecting non-linear, small-scale processes occurring in aircraft wakes. They also do not explicitly simulate the formation of ice crystals, which could drive local chemical processing. This assumption may lead to errors in estimates of aircraft-attributable ozone production, and in turn to biased estimates of aviation's current impacts on the atmosphere and the effect of future changes in emissions. This includes black carbon emissions, on which contrail ice forms. These emissions are expected to reduce as biofuel usage increases, but their chemical effects are not well captured by existing models. To address this problem, we develop a Lagrangian model that explicitly models the chemical and microphysical evolution of an aircraft plume. It includes a unified tropospheric–stratospheric chemical mechanism that incorporates heterogeneous chemistry on background and aircraft-induced aerosols. Microphysical processes are also simulated, including the formation, persistence, and chemical influence of contrails. The plume model is used to quantify how the long-term (24 h) atmospheric chemical response to an aircraft plume varies in response to different environmental conditions, engine characteristics, and fuel properties. We find that an instant-dilution model consistently overestimates ozone production compared to the plume model, up to a maximum error of ∼200 % at cruise altitudes. Instant dilution of emissions also underestimates the fraction of remaining NOx , although the magnitude and sign of the error vary with season, altitude, and latitude. We also quantify how changes in black carbon emissions affect plume behavior. Our results suggest that a 50 % reduction in black carbon emissions, as may be possible through blending with certain biofuels, may lead to thinner, shorter-lived contrails. For the cases that we modeled, these contrails sublimate ∼5 % to 15 % sooner and are 10 % to 22 % optically thinner. The conversion of emitted NOx to HNO3 and N2O5 falls by 16 % and 33 %, respectively, resulting in chemical feedbacks that are not resolved by instant-dilution approaches. The persistent discrepancies between results from the instant-dilution approach and from the aircraft plume model demonstrate that a parameterization of effective emission indices should be incorporated into 3-D atmospheric chemistry transport models.
Understanding the adoption of climate-smart agriculture: A farm-level typology with empirical evidence from southern Malawi

Abstract Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is increasingly important for advancing rural development and environmental sustainability goals in developing countries. Over the past decade, the international community has committed billions of dollars to support various practices under the banner of CSA. Despite this effort, however, CSA adoption remains low in many contexts. Lack of conceptual clarity about the range of potential farm-level CSA practices across contexts impedes understanding of CSA adoption in developing countries. Here we review relevant literature to develop a typology of farm-level CSA practices to facilitate analyses of CSA adoption. The typology consists of six categories, organized from least to most resource intensive: (1) residue addition, (2) non-woody plant cultivation, (3) assisted regeneration, (4) woody plant cultivation, (5) physical infrastructure, and (6) mixed measures. We use the typology to generate and test hypotheses about CSA adoption using primary household survey data from a large aid-funded CSA intervention area in southern Malawi. We then use recursive bivariate probit regression (controlling for endogeneity and selection bias) to estimate the effect of program participation on adoption across CSA categories. We find positive and statistically significant effects of program participation on adoption of CSA practices generally with the strongest effects on resource-intensive CSA categories. Results demonstrate the potential for wider application of the typology to build knowledge of the effectiveness of CSA promotion efforts across different social and environmental contexts. Our findings also suggest the importance of external support for the adoption of more resource-intensive CSA practices among rural households and communities in Malawi and elsewhere in the developing world.
Tapegrass, Eelgrass, or Wild Celery (Vallisneria americana Michaux): A Native Aquatic and Wetland Plant

This 5-page document describes the main features of tapegrass and summarizes important habitat requirements for its growth and restoration. Written by Mohsen Tootoonchi, Lyn A. Gettys, and Jehangir H. Bhadha, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, September 2019. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag437
Analysis of Imported Malaria Cases in Leshan City From 2012 to 2018

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of reported malaria cases in Leshan City, so as to provide insights into malaria control. Methods The data pertaining to malaria cases and epidemiological individual information in Leshan City from 2012 to 2018 were captured from the National Notifiable Communicable Disease Reporting System and the Information System for Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, and a descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed. Results A total of 34 malaria cases were reported in Leshan City from 2012 to 2018, and all cases were confirmed as imported malaria cases by Sichuan provincial malaria diagnosis reference laboratory. Of all 34 cases, there were 14 vivax malaria cases, 18 falciparum malaria cases, a malariae malaria case and an ovale malaria case. The sites where malaria parasite infections occurred mainly included African areas (accounting for 58.82%) and Southeastern Asian areas (accounting for 29.41%), and the malaria cases were mainly reported in January, February, June and July, which accounted for 65.63% of all cases. The cases included 33 men and a woman, and had ages of 21 to 59 years. The cases'occupations mainly involved overseas peasants, technical workers and businessmen. The duration from onset of malaria to diagnosis ranged from 0 to 31 days, and the percentage of definitive diagnosis was 85.29% at initial diagnosis. Conclusions There are no local malaria cases in Leshan City; however, imported malaria cases are reported. The monitoring, management and health education of overseas returners should be further strengthened and malaria training should be improved to enhance the diagnostic and treatment capability in professionals, so as to consolidate malaria control achievements.
Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia

A significant minority of patients (about one quarter to one third) will have a poor response to first-line antipsychotics and be considered treatment-resistant. In this chapter, I outline a sequential approach to treatment-resistant schizophrenia. An important first step is to rule out “pseudo-refractoriness,” most commonly due to insufficient adherence. Therapeutic drug monitoring and a long-acting injectable trial are key tools to correctly establishing treatment resistance. The gold standard for treatment resistance is clozapine, and every treatment-resistant patient deserves a time-limited trial of clozapine in order to determine if he or she is a good clozapine responder. The chapter concludes with a discussion of clozapine augmentation and non-pharmacological interventions for patients who remain ill despite clozapine.
The Impact of Health Care Education on Utilization Among Adolescents Preparing for Emancipation From Foster Care

Abstract Purpose As teens in foster care prepare for emancipation, health care navigation is often overlooked, as caseworkers address other social needs. This study examined the impact of health care education materials designed for foster youth, called ICare2CHECK. It was hypothesized that ICare2CHECK would increase nonurgent ambulatory health care use and decrease emergency/urgent care use. Methods Adolescents (N = 151; aged 16–22 years) were enrolled in ICare2CHECK and received health education materials at their baseline study visit. Surveys were repeated every 3 months to assess health care utilization. After 12 months of enrollment, health care data for all eligible youth and matched comparison youth (N = 151) over the previous 24 months were extracted from the electronic health record (N = 302). Electronic health record data were coded as counts of completed nonurgent ambulatory care encounters (i.e., primary and preventative care and specialty care), completed urgent or emergency encounters (i.e., urgent and emergency department visits and hospitalizations), completed foster care clinic visits, and total completed visits. Results Health care use significantly decreased over time for both enrolled and comparison youth. Females, youth engaging in health risk behaviors, and those with a mental health or chronic condition diagnosis used significantly more health care. Receipt of educational materials was associated with a smaller decline in health care use and nonurgent ambulatory care use, controlling for covariates. Self-reported use of educational materials was associated with increased utilization in the enrolled condition. Conclusions Results suggest that ICare2CHECK is associated with increased engagement in health care generally and nonurgent ambulatory care specifically (e.g., outpatient primary and specialty care).
Predicting gas and shrinkage porosity in solidification microstructure: A coupled three-dimensional cellular automaton model

Abstract Porosity formation during solidification of aluminum-based alloys, due to hydrogen gas and alloy shrinkage, has been a major issue adversely affecting the performance of solidification products such as castings, welds or additively manufactured components. A three-dimensional cellular automaton (CA) model has been developed, for the first time, to couple the predictions of hydrogen-induced gas porosity and shrinkage porosity during solidification microstructure evolution of a binary Al-Si alloy. The CA simulation results are validated under various cooling rates by porosity measurements in an experimental wedge die casting using X-ray micro computed tomography (XMCT) technique. This validated porosity moel provides a critical link in integrated computation materials engineering (ICME) design and manufacturing of solidification products.