cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Identity Ownership: Symbolic Contests to Represent Members of the Public:

This study develops the concept of identity ownership to explain how, in the course of electioneering, candidates perform their own identities to align with groups whose support they seek. We frame...
Stereotactic Radiosurgery Versus Microsurgical Resection for the Initial Treatment of Metastatic Cancer to the Brain

The use of Stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of intracranial metastases from systemic cancer has grown considerably in the last few years. Review of the literature, however, reveals a paucity of well-controlled studies to substantiate this expansion. We conducted this study to address the issue of survival after treatment with either stereotactic radiosurgery or surgical resection. Whole brain radiation was instituted in both treatment arms. This was a retrospective, case-controlled study comparing patients whose only treatment for intracranial disease was either stereotactic radio-surgery or a single surgical resection. Controlling for age, histology, whole brain radiation, tumor size, number of intracranial lesions, and pre-procedural Karnofsky performance scores, we believe this study to be the most rigorous analysis to date. Patients in the radiosurgery group survived longer (median survival = 12.5 months) than those in the surgically resected group (median survival = 8 months). Statistical analysis of these curves did not show a significant difference. Considering only length of patient survival, there is no statistical difference between stereotactic radiosurgery and microsurgical resection for the treatment of new brain metastases from systemic cancer. This conclusion is based on strict criteria as outlined in the text. A larger, prospective, randomized investigation is needed to more definitively address the issue.
Interdisciplinary Scoring Tool for Placement of Tracheostomy in Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Patients to Optimize Best Outcomes

Background: The Comprehensive Center for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (CCBPD) is a referral center for term and post-term patients with severe BPD. The CCBPD strongly promotes family centered care. The focus of this population of patients has allowed for successful long term NCPAP. There is little data regarding the optimal timing for the decision of a tracheostomy in this patient population. To standardize decision making, the team identified key concepts that would be evaluated and scored. An objective scoring tool of important factors was created in 2015 that reflect three areas of concern: factors likely to prolong the need of ongoing positive pressure, exposure to negative metabolic influences to achieve respiratory stability, and direct restrictions of developmental progress or experiences. Infants are scored monthly from 44 weeks corrected gestational age onward. Scoring includes 16 factors for infants on mechanical ventilation and CPAP. The total score is evaluated by zones: green for low risk, yellow for caution, and red reflecting likely need unless progress occurs soon. Scores and concerns are shared with family of infants whom score in the yellow or caution zone, as well as progression to the red zone. Methods: The goals for this tool was to decrease variation in the decision making for tracheostomy and to aid parents in understanding the factors that are considered for this decision. Members of the CCBPD team from each discipline were asked to respond to a survey regarding this scoring tool. Results: 81.25% of the team agreed that the tracheostomy scoring tool is easy to calculate.87.50% agreed that the tracheostomy guidelines are helpful in presenting the concerns of needing and benefiting from tracheostomy placement as an interdisciplinary team.68.75% agreed that the guidelines make the decision making for family easier and less controversial.68.75% agreed that the guidelines have improved overall best outcomes. Conclusions: The interdisciplinary team developed a scoring tool to reflect the three major concerns for need of a tracheostomy. The team provides an objective assessment determining the best timing for the decision of tracheostomy placement that provides a standardized approach to help parents understand why a tracheostomy might be recommended. Utilization of this scoring tool has helped decrease variability of decision making, anticipate discussions with family, and follow our outcomes over time for the severe BPD population.
Inverting gas-surface interaction parameters from Fourier drag-coefficient estimates for a given atmospheric model

Abstract Satellite drag-coefficient is a highly dynamic parameter that captures the physics of the interactions between the atmosphere and the satellite surface. Physical models, known as Gas-Surface Interaction Models (GSIMs), can be used to compute the time variations in the drag-coefficient in orbit. But many input parameters to such models are not known accurately, that consequently introduce uncertainties in the drag-coefficient. This work outlines a framework to invert GSIM parameters from estimates of the drag-coefficient that are obtained during orbit determination, under the assumption of a known atmospheric density. The Fourier drag-coefficient models, developed previously by the authors, are used to model the drag-coefficient in the filtering methodology. These models allow estimation of higher-order frequencies in the drag-coefficient that are functions of the orbital and satellite attitudinal variations. In this work, it is demonstrated that information about the GSIM parameters can be obtained from estimated Fourier drag-coefficients. To that end, an extensive observability analysis of the Fourier drag-coefficient models is carried to determine the coefficients that can be estimated from tracking data.
Aerobic reserve capacity in multiple sclerosis-Preliminary evidence.

OBJECTIVES Aerobic reserve capacity reflects the available energy for performing everyday life tasks, and it has been studied in older adult populations. This preliminary study examined proof of concept and measurement of aerobic reserve capacity in multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIALS & METHODS Twenty-one fully ambulatory people with MS performed a maximal, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). We calculated aerobic reserve capacity based on the difference between peak aerobic power (VO2peak ) and first stage oxygen consumption (VO2 ). Participants completed assessments for disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS), cognition (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, SDMT), mood (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI), walking endurance (six-minute walk distance, 6MWD), walking speed (Timed Twenty-Foot Walk, T25FW), impact of MS (Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale, MSIS-29), and anthropometric measurements (height and weight). RESULTS Aerobic reserve capacity was 9.3 ± 3.7 ml/kg/min. Aerobic reserve capacity was positively associated with VO2peak (ρ = .67, p < .01), time to exhaustion (ρ = .63, p < .01), and SDMT (ρ = .51, p < .05). Aerobic reserve capacity was negatively associated with BMI (ρ = -.62, p < .01) and RHR (ρ = -0.47, p < .05). CONCLUSION We provide preliminary evidence that aerobic reserve capacity is a feasible outcome derived from maximal CPET (eg, modified Balke protocol) in MS. Aerobic reserve capacity was associated with clinically relevant outcomes and could become an important outcome for rehabilitation in future research.
Analysis of the 2D complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation using Singular Value Decomposition

The cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation (CQGLE) governs the dynamics of solitons in lasers and many optical systems. Using data obtained from the simulations of the CQGLE, we performed a singular value decomposition (SVD) to create a low dimensional model that qualitatively predicts the stability of the solitons as a function of the energy gain constant. It was found both in the full simulations and in the low dimensional model that the soliton becomes unstable when the gain exceeds a certain threshold value. Both the low dimensional model and the full simulation demonstrated the same qualitative behavior when the soliton loses stability.
Plasticity in the Absence of NOTCH Uncovers a RUNX2-Dependent Pathway in Small Cell Lung Cancer

Neuroendocrine to non-neuroendocrine plasticity supports small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumorigenesis and promotes immunogenicity. Approximately 20-25% of SCLCs harbor loss of function (LOF) NOTCH mutations. Previous studies demonstrated that NOTCH functions as a SCLC tumor suppressor, but can also drive non-neuroendocrine plasticity to support SCLC growth. Given the dual functionality of NOTCH, it's not understood why SCLCs select for LOF NOTCH mutations and how these mutations impact SCLC tumorigenesis. In a CRISPR-based genetically-engineered mouse model of SCLC, genetic loss of Notch1 or Notch2 modestly accelerated SCLC tumorigenesis. Interestingly, Notch-mutant SCLCs still formed non-neuroendocrine subpopulations, and these Notch-independent, non-neuroendocrine subpopulations were driven by Runx2-mediated regulation of Rest. Notch2-mutant non-neuroendocrine cells highly express innate immune signaling genes including STING and were sensitive to STING agonists. This work identifies a Notch-independent mechanism to promote non-neuroendocrine plasticity and suggests that therapeutic approaches to activate STING could be selectively beneficial for SCLCs with NOTCH2 mutations.
The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855: The city, the suburbs, and the Wall: the rise of a topographical institution

The second part of this study is animated by the central question, hitherto almost untouched, of what the Aurelian Wall “did” to Rome. In part, I want to consider the effects of the Wall on the fabric of the city, on the way it looked and the way it functioned, and thus on the activities of people living within and around it, whose lives it touched in a variety of ways. But I am equally concerned with the Wall's impact on the concept of Rome in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, and its place in the cognitive landscapes of Romans and outsiders, which in turn conditioned the representations of “Rome” exported abroad and vaunted at home. In what follows, we will consider some of the more salient results of the immuring of Rome, first in terms of topography and infrastructure, and then in the following chapter in relation to prevailing conceptions of urban space and the limits thereof, before turning in the final chapter to the place the Wall had come to occupy after a half-millennium spent seeping into the spirit and fabric of the city, when as the pre-eminent embodiment of “Rome” – as reality and as ideal – it became instrumental in the creation of a new papal capital that was simultaneously the regional hub of a nascent ecclesiastical state, and the quasi-mythical focal point of an immeasurably vaster spiritual empire.
Breathing Photography: Prosthetic Encounters in Research-Creation

In this article, I write performatively about an artistic practice known as carbon photo printing as a prosthetic space where embodied encounters of images, memory, personal reflection, poetic refrains, materials, creation, and research are brought together in contiguous relation. Drawing primarily from Charles Garoian’s theory of art and research prosthesis and from Brian Massumi’s theories of semblance and research-creation, I describe processes of carbon printmaking from the initial stages of digital negative creation to the final stages of photographic development in an effort to frame research as co-existent and co-emerging within a field of relations rather than as an external practice applied to a context. I conclude the article with a discussion of research as reconceived as a prosthetic encounter by drawing upon the concept of research-creation and its emphasis on expanded perception, experimentation, relationality, and transduction.
Ultrafast rainbow: efficient solid-state source of ultrashort pulses from mid-IR to UV

Summary form only given. Optical parametric amplification (OPA) of white light preserves the phase properties of the white-light continuum. A significant improvement of the OPA system is achieved by using type II phase matching in BBO. Up to 60 % quantum conversion efficiency is achieved in the whole range of tunability. Microjoule energies in 100 fs pulses are achieved in the mid-IR range, opening a new field of strong-field interactions in the spectral range of the vibrational frequencies of the molecules. By using various frequency-mixing schemes, tunable pulses can be achieved from 12 /spl mu/m to 250 nm at kHz repetition rate.
Archiving: Ethical Aspects

Archiving refers to the process of transferring records from the individual or organization who created the material, to a repository for appraising, cataloging, organizing, preserving, and providing access to others. Social and behavioral science research engenders by-products that are worthy of archiving for a variety of future uses, including the furthering of basic and applied research, policy making, and the development and replication of effective intervention programs. Examples of such archive-worthy by-products are research data, their associated data collection instruments (questionnaires, interview protocols), and, more recently, intervention programs shown to be effective by evaluation research. Ethical issues occasionally arise in the archiving process. These issues typically relate to protecting the integrity of the selection process; protecting respondents' confidentiality; censoring potentially controversial or offensive material; the timing of the release of information to an archive; assignment of due credit to both original producer and archivist; the tension between fidelity and usability in the archiving process; and the ownership of the research and development by-products contained in the archive. Approaches to handling and resolving these ethical challenges are discussed.
Mobile Internet Testing: An analysis of equivalence, individual differences, and reactions

Mobile internet testing (MIT) is the latest cost effective technological push in employment testing. The ability to access assessments via the internet using mobile devices provides increased speed and convenience for both administrators and respondents. In this article, we examine the equivalence of MIT compared with testing on personal computers (PCs) and whether attitudes and other individual differences influence responses and reactions to MIT. Results demonstrated equivalence for a supervisory situational judgment test across testing modes, but not for a cognitive ability test. Significant relationships were found between anxiety and both performance and reactions to mobile assessment. Respondents also reported significantly more positive reactions when tested on a PC versus a mobile device. Future research and practical implications are discussed.
Finding regulators associated with the expression of the long polar fimbriae in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are human pathogens that require initial adhesion to the intestine in order to cause disease. Multiple adhesion factors have been identified in E. coli strains and among them, the long polar fimbriae (Lpf), a colonization factor associated with intestinal adhesion. The conditions of Lpf expression are well understood in enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC); however, the expression of EPEC lpf has been found to be repressed under any in vitro condition tested. Therefore, we decided to identify those factors silencing expression of EPEC lpf . Because H-NS is a known repressor for EHEC lpf , we tested and found that H-NS is a repressor of EPEC lpf . We also found that the adhesion of the EPEC Δ hns was significantly enhanced as compared to the wild type strain. Because lpf expression was modestly increased in the hns mutant, a transposon mutagenesis was performed to find a strain displaying higher lpf expression compared to EPEC Δ hns . One Tn 5 insertion was identified within the yhjX gene and further in vitro characterization revealed increased lpf expression and adhesion to Caco-2 cells as compared with EPEC Δ hns . However, in a murine model of intestinal infection, the EPEC Δ hns and EPEC Δ hns /Tn 5 mutants only had a discreet change in colonization pattern as compared to the wild type strain. Our data showed that EPEC Lpf is transcribed but the role in EPEC intestinal colonization requires further analysis. Importance Data is presented demonstrating that the long polar fimbriae ( lpf ) operon in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is highly regulated; however de-repression occurs by mutagenizing two proteins associated with its control. This study demonstrates that the EPEC lpf operon can be expressed and; therefore, participates in the EPEC adherence phenotype.
Variability in United States Allopathic Medical School Tuition.

Abstract Background Over the course of the last generation, the cost of medical school attendance and medical student debt has increased drastically. Medical student debt has been reported as high as $350,000, and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) reports that medical school tuition continues to increase annually. The increasing cost of medical education and associated financial burden is now beginning to deter potential applicants from pursuing a career in medicine. In this study we aimed to assess medical school tuition across the US. We hypothesized that the cost of medical school attendance is variable across all regions of the US, and as a result, the financial burden on medical students is inconsistent. Methods All 123 allopathic medical schools accredited by the AAMC were assessed in this investigation. In-state and out-of-state tuitions for the year 2016 were obtained from U.S. News and World Report . Additionally, medical school size was collected. Regions were defined according to the US Census Bureau definition, with the US being divided into 4 regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. Results There was no difference in average medical school size among the 4 regions ( P > .05). Average in-state tuition was $38,291.56 ± $9801.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], $34,658.07-$41,513.46) in the Midwest, $45,923.04 ± $9178.87 (95% CI, $42,566.28-$49,216.78) in the Northeast, $32,287.78 ± $12,277.53 (95% CI, $28,581.90-$35,378.68) in the South, and $37,745.40 ± $11,414.37 (95% CI, $30,063.28-$40,458.99) in the West. In-state tuition in the South was significantly lower than in the Northeast, West, and Midwest ( P P P P > .05). Conclusion Despite no significant difference in medical school size among the 4 regions of the US that were assessed, there is significant regional variation in tuition, with higher tuition in private vs public schools. This study suggests that medical schools place a variable financial burden on the medical students based on region. The ongoing increases in medical school tuition are unsustainable, as future trainees will face substantial financial stress as they attempt to pay off their debt while initiating medical practice after residency and fellowship training.
Circadian Oscillations of Clock Genes, Cytolytic Factors, and Cytokines in Rat NK Cells

A growing body of knowledge is revealing the critical role of circadian physiology in the development of specific pathological entities such as cancer. NK cell function participates in the immune response against infection and malignancy. We have reported previously the existence of a physiological circadian rhythm of NK cell cytolytic activity in rats, suggesting the existence of circadian mechanisms subjacent to NK cell function. At the cellular level, circadian rhythms are originated by the sustained transcriptional-translational oscillation of clock genes that form the cellular clock apparatus. Our aim in this study was to investigate the presence of molecular clock mechanisms in NK cells as well as the circadian expression of critical factors involved in NK cell function. For that purpose, we measured the circadian changes in the expression of clock genes (Per1, Per2, Bmal1, Clock), Dbp (a clock-controlled output gene), CREB (involved in clock signaling), cytolytic factors (granzyme B and perforin), and cytokines (IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) in NK cells enriched from the rat spleen. The results obtained from this study demonstrate for the first time the existence of functional molecular clock mechanisms in NK cells. Moreover, the circadian expression of cytolytic factors and cytokines in NK cells reported in this study emphasizes the circadian nature of NK cell function.
Surrogate and clinical outcomes following ischemic postconditioning during primary percutaneous coronary intervention of ST--segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of 15 randomized trials.

Objectives To conduct a meta-analysis on surrogate and clinical outcomes with myocardial ischemic postconditioning (IPoC) following revascularization with primary percutaneous intervention (PPCI) for ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) compared with PPCI alone. Background Reperfusion injury remains an important problem following PPCI for STEMI. Trials of IPoC have mainly focused on cardiac biomarkers; the impact on clinical outcomes is unknown. Methods Clinical trials that randomized STEMI patients to IPoC as compared with conventional PPCI were included for analysis. Results A total of 15 randomized trials with 1,545 patients met our selection criteria (785 underwent IPoC + PPCI, 760 PPCI alone). Mean follow-up for clinical outcomes was 4.7 months. The mean ischemic time was 225 min. ST-segment resolution (Relative Risk [RR] = 0.98; 95% Confidence Intervals [CI] 0.85–1.13; P = 0.75) and infarct size (Weighted mean difference [WMD] = −2.53%, 95% CI −6.10 to 1.05; P = 0.17) were similar between the IPoC + PPCI vs. PPCI arms. Left ventricular ejection fraction at follow-up was marginally higher in the IPoC (WMD = 4.15%, 95% CI 0.19–8.12%, P = 0.04). No differences were noted in any of the clinical outcomes studied, including mortality (RR = 1.52; 95% CI 0.77–2.99; P = 0.23), recurrent MI (RR = 3.04; 95% CI 0.74–12.54; P = 0.12); stent thrombosis (RR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.51–3.04; P = 0.83) or the composite MACE outcome (RR = 1.53; 95% CI 0.89–2.63; P = 0.13). Conclusions: IPoC following PPCI is not associated with improvements in surrogate or clinical outcomes at 5 months as compared with PPCI alone. Our findings indicate no role for IPoC in the routine management of patients with STEMI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A total-continuous portal vein fistula in gastrointestinal and toxicology research

Abstract A method for the total collection of portal vein blood over extended periods has been developed. The method has been applied in gastrointestinal toxicology research involving rats. The method facilitated quantitative recovery of portal vein blood for 120 min for measurement and identification of absorbed radiolabeled components derived from a toxic lipphilic pesticide placed in the lumen of the small intestine. The method can be applied to any substance—nutrient, anutrient, xenobiotic chemical, or endocrine factor—absorbed into the portal vein from the gastrointestinal tract. The method (a) provides for collection of compounds absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before distribution to nondigestive tissues (i.e., liver), (b) allows measurement of the compounds absorbed without the need to monitor flow rate, and (c) facilitates accumulation of sufficient material from the total portal circulation for analyses when submicrogram quantities are absorbed. The latter two features are important but impossible to attain with small samples of portal blood and are crucial in research with minute quantities of substrate. These features become requirements in metabolism and toxicology research. The method involves replacement of the portal blood with a suspension of perfluorohydrocarbons to substitute for the major functions of natural blood. The total-continuous portal vein fistula makes it possible to investigate metabolic and transport phenomena in live animals which previously could be explored only by in vitro methods. The method may be applied to conscious animals with further refinements.
Regulated expression of estrogen receptor α and β mRNA in granule cells during development of the rat cerebellum

A semi-quantitative RT-PCR approach was used to characterize expression of the mRNA encoding estrogen receptors in developing cerebellar granule cells of the rat. Evidence is presented for expression of both ERalpha and ERbeta transcripts in granule cells throughout the first 15 postnatal days. While transcripts encoding both ERalpha and ERbeta were expressed in granule cells, the relative levels of expression varied significantly during the first two postnatal weeks of cerebellar development. The ERalpha mRNA was expressed at the lowest level on the first day following birth; whereas expression of ERbeta was highest on that day. On the fourth postnatal day the expression of ERalpha increased, while there was a significant decrease in ERbeta expression. Between postnatal day 4 and 15, the expression of the mRNA of each receptor varied in a similar fashion; expression decreased slightly between days 4 and 10 and then increased significantly on day 15. Alternative splicing of the ERbeta transcripts was also investigated and was likewise found to vary during granule cell development. Initially, the mRNA encoding the beta1 isoform was predominant, but by day 4, the beta2 isoform was the major isoform expressed. On postnatal days 7 and 10, there was not a significant difference between the level of beta1 and beta2 expressed. By day 15, beta1 was again the predominant ERbeta isoform accounting for nearly 90% of all ERbeta transcripts expressed.
Outcomes of trial of labor following previous cesarean beyond the estimated date of delivery

Abstract Objective: To compare outcomes of a trial of labor (TOL) after prior cesarean for women delivering at 40 weeks or less versus women delivering after the estimated date of delivery (EDD). Methods: Labor outcomes during a 12-year period at a single institution for all women with one prior cesarean and no other deliveries who had a TOL at term were reviewed. We analyzed the rates of symptomatic uterine rupture and cesarean delivery for term deliveries prior to the EDD and those after the EDD while stratifying for spontaneous and induced labor. The potential for confounding by birth weight was controlled using logistic regression. For analysis of cesarean rates, indication for prior cesarean delivery also was included in the model. Adjusted (adj) odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Of 2,775 women with one prior scar and no other deliveries, 1,504 were 40 weeks of gestation or less and 1,271 were beyond the EDD. For spontaneous labor, the rate of rupture for gravidas 40 weeks or less was 0.5% versus 1.0% in gravidas beyond the EDD (P = 0.2, adj OR = 2.1, 95% CI 0.7, 5.7). For induced labor, the rate of rupture for gravidas 40 weeks or less was 2.1% and 2.6% for those beyond the EDD (P = 0.7, adj OR = 1.1, 95% CI 0.4, 3.4). For spontaneous labor, the rate of cesarean for gravidas 40 weeks or less was 25% versus 34% in gravidas beyond the EDD (P = 0.001, adj OR 1.5, CI 1.2, 1.8). For induced labor, the rate of cesarean for gravidas 40 weeks or less was 34% versus 43% beyond the EDD (P = 0.03, adj OR= 1.5, 95% CI 1.1, 2.2). Conclusions: The risk of uterine rupture does not increase substantially after the EDD. Although spontaneous labor after the EDD was associated with a higher rate of cesarean, it remains lower than the rate of cesarean associated with induction of labor.
SELECTION, HISTORY AND CHEMISTRY : THE THREE FACES OF THE GENETIC CODE

Abstract The genetic code might be a historical accident that was fixed in the last common ancestor of modern organisms. ‘Adaptive', ‘historical' and ‘chemical' arguments, however, challenge such a ‘frozen accident' model. These arguments propose that the current code is somehow optimal, reflects the expansion of a more primitive code to include more amino acids, or is a consequence of direct chemical interactions between RNA and amino acids, respectively. Such models are not mutually exclusive, however. They can be reconciled by an evolutionary model whereby stereochemical interactions shaped the initial code, which subsequently expanded through biosynthetic modification of encoded amino acids and, finally, was optimized through codon reassignment. Alternatively, all three forces might have acted in concert to assign the 20 ‘natural' amino acids to their present positions in the genetic code.
College Students’ Racial Attitudes

Factor analyses of responses from white (N= 260) and black (N= 81) college students in two neighboring universities were utilized to develop contemporary measures of racial attitudes and of the degree of interracial contact experienced by blacks and by whites. Two sets of 112 attitudinal statements were utilized for the initial factor analyses, one set for black respondents and one for whites. About 60% of the items in the two sets were identical or the same except that the racial designations were reversed. Two 20-item racial attitude scales were derived from the factor analyses, one for blacks and one for whites. For students of each race, scores on the attitude measure showed a weak but significant relationship with a 16-item self-report scale of amount of interracial contact experienced, past and present. The relationship of these scales to earlier racial attitude measures (symbolic racism, modern racism, the MRAI, value rankings) were assessed. Second-order factor analyses suggested that the black students’ racial attitudes were more heterogeneous than were the white students’ racial attitudes. In general, black respondents tended to show more support than whites for programs designed to increase opportunities for, and recognition of, blacks. Black students also tended to endorse a greater degree of social distance between the races than white students did. The pattern of relationships between racial attitudes and sociopolitical issues differed for whites and blacks.
An integrated CMOS passive transmitter leakage suppression technique for FDD Radios

An integrated passive transmitter (TX) leakage suppression technique is proposed for FDD Radios. A Four Port Canceller (FPC) serves a dual function as a receiver (RX) input matching network, and provides an auxiliary path from TX to RX, used for leakage cancellation, without degrading the RX noise figure (NF). The FPC is integrated with a low noise amplifier (LNA) and an emulated power amplifier (PA) in 40nm CMOS process. A cancellation of 23dB is achieved with a negligible power consumption and noise penalty.
5.9 Haswell: A family of IA 22nm processors

The 4th Generation Intel® Core™ processor, codenamed Haswell, is a family of products implemented on Intel 22nm Tri-gate process technology [1]. The primary goals for the Haswell program are platform integration and low power to enable smaller form factors. Haswell incorporates several building blocks, including: platform controller hubs (PCHs), memory, CPU, graphics and media processing engines, thus creating a portfolio of product segments from fan-less Ultrabooks™ to high-performance desktop, as shown in Fig. 5.9.1. It also integrates a number of new technologies: a fully integrated voltage regulator (VR) consolidating 5 platform VRs down to 1, on-die eDRAM cache for improved graphics performance, lower-power states, optimized IO interfaces, an Intel AVX2 instruction set that supports floating-point multiply-add (FMA), and 256b SIMD integer achieving 2× the number of floating-point and integer operations over its predecessor. The 22nm process is optimized for Haswell and includes 11 metal layers (2 additional metal layers vs. Ivy Bridge [2]), high-density metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors, and is tuned for different leakage/speed targets based on the market segment. For example, in some low-power products, the process is optimized to reduce leakage by 75% at Vmin, while paying only 12% intrinsic device degradation at the high-voltage corner.
Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: therapies under development

Although the prognosis of adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has steadily improved over the past decade, less than 50% of patients maintain their remission at 5 years. Several approaches have been explored in the past few years including: monoclonal antibodies - either 'naked' (rituximab) or in combination with an immunotoxin (calicheamicin or maytansin), plant toxin (ricin), or bacterial toxin (Pseudomonas or diphtheria), and a novel bispecific T-cell-engaging antibody (blinatumomab); chimeric antigen therapy using autologous T cells that target CD19-expressing ALL; and novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors, liposomal vincristine, hypomethylating agents, nelarabine and NOTCH1 inhibitors. This review summarizes treatment approaches currently under investigation for the treatment of adult Philadelphia chromosome-negative ALL.
Land rents and transport improvements: Some urban parables

Define a transportation improvement's “impact zone” as the area within which resident households and business firms regularly utilize the improvement. Three simple parables suggest that the increases in impact-zone land rents that usually accompany improvements do not accurately reflect its benefits. Seemingly modest variations in the demand and supply relationships that characterize impact-zone residents can have major effects on the relationship between benefits received and the land-rent changes that are measured. Generally speaking, increases in impact-zone land rents substantially understate benefits unless these benefits are small either absolutely (because the improvement is modest) or relatively (because the impact zone is part of a homogeneous area of much larger size).
Nonadditive effects of mixing cottonwood genotypes on litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics

Plant species litter mixtures often result in nonadditive differences in ecosystem processes when compared to the average of their individual components. However, these studies are just beginning to be extended to the genotype level and to our knowledge have not incorporated the effects of herbivory or genotype-by-herbivore interactions. With a two-year field study, using genotypes that differed by as few as three restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) molecular markers, we found three major patterns when we mixed leaf litters from different genotypes both with and without previous herbivory. First, leaf litter genotype mixtures, regardless of herbivory, demonstrated nonadditive rates of decomposition and nutrient flux. Second, mixed genotype litter without herbivory decomposed faster than the same genotypes with herbivory. Third, in genotype mixtures, with and without herbivory, we found that net rates of immobilization of both nitrogen and phosphorus can differ from expected values (based on genotype means) by as much as 57%. These results show that mixing litter genotypes can alter rates of decay and nutrient flux and that the effects are reduced with herbivory. Nonadditive effects at the genotype level that we report here are nearly as large as what has been recorded for plant species mixtures and may have important, though under-appreciated, roles in ecosystems. These data further suggest that genetic diversity and genotype-by-herbivore interactions can affect fundamental ecosystem processes such as litter decomposition and nutrient flux.
Mechanism of Dissolution Behavior of the Secondary Alumina

The study on dissolution of alumina in aluminum electrolyte has never been suspended. The raw materials used in aluminum smelter are made up of primary alumina and secondary alumina. The latter is the by-product of a dry scrubbing system. The differences in dissolution behavior of these two kinds of alumina are studied in this article. A see-through cell was used for observing the dissolution behavior of alumina. It was found that the dissolution rate of the secondary alumina was significantly faster than that of the primary alumina. The effect of possible impurities in the secondary alumina on the dissolution behavior, including carbon dust, hydrogen fluoride (HF), and other fluorides (Na5Al3F14, Na3AlF6, AlF3), was investigated. The carbon dust played an important role in improving the dissolution behavior. However, fluorides and chemisorbed HF have little effect on the dissolution behavior of the secondary alumina.
Review: past makes future: Role of pfc in prediction

The pFC enables the essential human capacities for predicting future events and preadapting to them. These capacities rest on both the structure and dynamics of the human pFC. Structurally, pFC, together with posterior association cortex, is at the highest hierarchical level of cortical organization, harboring neural networks that represent complex goal-directed actions. Dynamically, pFC is at the highest level of the perception-action cycle, the circular processing loop through the cortex that interfaces the organism with the environment in the pursuit of goals. In its predictive and preadaptive roles, pFC supports cognitive functions that are critical for the temporal organization of future behavior, including planning, attentional set, working memory, decision-making, and error monitoring. These functions have a common future perspective and are dynamically intertwined in goal-directed action. They all utilize the same neural infrastructure: a vast array of widely distributed, overlapping, and interactive cortical networks of personal memory and semantic knowledge, named cognits, which are formed by synaptic reinforcement in learning and memory acquisition. From this cortex-wide reservoir of memory and knowledge, pFC generates purposeful, goal-directed actions that are preadapted to predicted future events.
Women in Athletic Training

(1992). Women in Athletic Training. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 42-44.
Combined resistance and temperature change measurement for the study of electromigration

Abstract A resistometric method has been developed to measure electromigration kinetic parameters under high current stress conditions in a short time. In this technique, the resistance R and the temperature increase ΔT of thin film stripes are measured simultaneously. A thin film thermocouple, which is formed adjacent to the thin film stripe, is used for temperature measurement. The resistance change due to electromigration, R EM , is calculated by using the following equation R EW = R − R 0 (1 + αΔT ). ( R 0 : initial resistance, α: temperature coefficient). In this manner one distinguishes between electromigration and the effect of joule heating. The activation energies derived from d R EM /d t vs T plots are 0.55 eV for pure Al and 0.82 eV for Al-2 wt% Cu. This. experiment can be done in a short period of time with no external heater needed, and thus allows for an easy evaluation of electromigration kinetic parameters.
Computed tomography and ultrasonography in the evaluation of mesonephric duct anomalies

Three cases involving developmental anomalies of mesonephric duct derivatives were examined by computed tomography and ultrasonography. Cases included an ectopic ureter inserting into a cystic seminal vesicle, an ectopic ureterocele, and agenesis of the seminal vesicle and vas deferens. Computed tomography and ultrasonography were valuable non-invasive methods, supplementing standard radiographic techniques, for evaluating these anomalies.
Orthogenesis of the hominids: an exploration using biorthogonal grids

In 1917, D'Arch Thompson suggested that one should study the change from one biological form to another by examining the unique mathematical object that maps between them in accord with biological homologies. Biorthogonal grids provide a particular coordinate system for visualizing such a map and lead to a quantitative syntax in which a change in shape is reduced to differential changes in size. Application of the method to hominid skull phylogeny has demonstrated three principal axes of evolutionary change anatomically homologous over a fossil sequence.
Interference effects in sampling particulate nitrate in ambient air

A laboratory and field study was conducted to evaluate artifact nitrate formation on filter media. The filter media evaluated included a cellulose acetate, a Teflon, a cellulose and five types of glass fiber filters covering a pH range from 4.6 to 9.4. Field studies employed simultaneous sampling using five high volume samplers and a low volume sampler system providing both a respirable (i.e. < 3.5 μm) fraction and a sample without size segregation. Laboratory studies evaluated interaction of clean filters with nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid as possible sources of artifact nitrate. The influences of temperature, relative humidity, sampling time, NH3, ozone and SO2 were determined. In 24-h field sampling in San Jose and Los Alamitos, California, mean nitrate values obtained with the filters studied differed by as much as a factor of 2.4. Of the filters studied only the Teflon filter (Fluoropore) provided collection of nitrate with negligible error due to interaction of the filter with the gaseous pollutants studied. A pH9.3 high volume glass fiber filter collected, on average, about 10 μg m−3 artifact nitrate compared with 8.5 μg m−3 of true particulate nitrate in 24h sampling. Laboratory studies suggest that collection of gaseous nitric acid is the dominant source of artifact nitrate. Nitrogen dioxide only became a substantial source of artifact nitrate in the presence of relatively high concentrations of ozone.
The Electrical Resistivity of Bismuth Single Crystals

Measurements were made in the temperature range from -185\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to +100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C on bismuth crystals containing Pb, Sn, Sb and Te. The effects were found to be complicated but the following generalizations may be made. Decreasing temperature results in greater effectiveness of the impurity present except when the impurity concentration is such that a separation of phases occurs at low temperatures. Extremely small amounts (less than 0.03 percent) of all impurities cause a sharp increase in the resistance. The effect of larger amounts depends on the nature of the impurity. Pb and Sn continue to increase the resistance, additional Te forces the resistance to fall to lower values than that of pure Bi, additional Sb causes the initial rise of resistance to fall off and then to be slowly reestablished. More than 0.03 percent Sn and more than 0.3 percent Pb result in a negative temperature coefficient for the resistance parallel to the principal axis. In other cases the coefficient remains positive. The results may be explained on a combined theoretical and empirical basis.
A Unique Case of Bilateral Hectocotylization in the North Pacific Giant Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)

Life-history information regarding most cephalopod species is somewhat scarce, and information relating anatomical anomalies of cephalopods is even more limited. For octopus species, the few anomalies that have been reported include: arm bifurcations (Smith, 1907; Okada, 1965; Gonzalez & Guerra, 2006), fourtharm hectocotylus (Robson, 1929), hexapody (Toll & Binger, 1991), septapody (Gleadall, 1989), decapody (Toll & Binger, 1991), and double hectocotylization (Robson, 1929; Palacio, 1973). Most male octopus have a modified third right arm or hectocotylus that is specialized for passing sperm packets to females. The tip of this specialized arm, known as a ligula, is spoon-shaped bearing a seminal groove ending in a rounded calamus. There are only three species of octopus that typically have the hectocotylized arm on the third left arm instead of the third right: Scaeurgus unicirrhus, Euaxoctopus panamensis and Pteroctopus tetracirrhus (Palacio, 1973). In over one hundred years of research, double hectocotylization has been reported in only six individual cases in six different species of octopus including: Eledone cirrhosa (by Appellof, 1892), Octopus briareus (by Robson, 1929), Octopus vulgaris (by Palacio, 1973), Octopus selene (by Palacio, 1973), Octopus chierchiae (by Roy Caldwell, personal communication) and Octopus minor (by Higashide et al., 2007). In each case, the third right arm was hectocotylized, along with an additional arm from the right side of the body (unilateral hectocotylization) or a left arm (bilateral hectocotylization). mentation of double hectocotylization for the Enteroctopus dofleini cephalopod having double hectocotylization not including either the third right or left arm. MALACOLOGIA, 2013, 56(1 2): 297 300
Protein kinase C inhibitors block the enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on endothelial cells activated by interleukin-1, lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor.

Abstract Interleukin 1 (IL-1), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) enhance the adherence properties of endothelial cells (EC) for neutrophils (PMN). This is mediated in part by the up-regulation of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on EC. Phorbol esters, which activate protein kinase c (PKC) and enhance the adherence properties of EC for PMN also up-regulate the ICAM-1 expression on EC. We investigated the effect of PKC inhibitors on ICAM-1 expression of human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC). Staurosporine (STS) and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) prevented inflammatory mediator-dependent stimulation of both ICAM-1 expression and PMN adherence by HUVEC (ID50 for STS = 2.7–2.9 μM; for H-7 = 7.6–8.8 μM). Inhibition was dose and time-dependent and was not due to HUVEC toxicity. The STS analog K252a and the H-7 analog W-7 were less potent inhibitors of ICAM-1 up-regulation and adherence promotion. Prolonged exposure of HUVEC to phorbol myristate acetate down-regulated PKC activity and inhibited subsequent ICAM-1 up-regulation by this agent and by IL-1. We conclude that inflammatory mediator induced stimulation of HUVEC expression of ICAM-1 and promotion of adherence properties are mediated in part by activation of PKC.
An approximate mean absorption coefficient for H2O

Abstract An approximate mean absorption coefficient was obtained for the rotation spectrum of H 2 O from the Fourier transform of the molecular dipole autocorrelation function. The correlation function was calculated using classical mechanics to describe the rotation of the molecule. The expression for the absorption coefficient was parameterized to facilitate the determination of the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient. A comparison was made between the classical and the quantum-mechanical calculations of the mean absorption coefficient for the pure rotation band of H 2 O at 250, 300 and 500°K. The agreement between the classical and quantum-mechanical calculations may be improved if corrections for quantum effects are introduced into the classical calculations. A method is given for generalizing the results for the pure rotation band to the vibration-rotation bands. The mean absorption coefficient of water vapor was used to compute the thermal radiative flux in a heavy pure water vapor atmosphere. The results of these calculations were compared with those of an existing calculation in which the absorption due to water vapor was given by a gray approximation.
Commensurate-incommensurate transition of solid krypton monolayers on graphite

Low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED) data for the commensurate-incommensurate transition in solid krypton monolayers on graphite are reanalyzed and compared to recent x-ray diffraction data. For the temperature range 52 to 89 K, the mean misfit versus chemical potential change for both sets of data can be expressed as a power law with an exponent of about $\frac{1}{3}$. The critical pressure at which the transition occurs is consistent with ${P}_{c}(T)=(4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{+9}\mathrm{Torr}) \mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}1990\frac{K}{T})$ for $52lTl123$ K. Analysis of the LEED photographs at 52 K indicates that the krypton monolayer starts to rotate in an apparently second-order transition when the mean misfit exceeds two percent.