cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mantle heterogeneity beneath oceanic islands: some inferences from isotopes

Radiogenic isotopes in oceanic basalts are extremely useful as tracers of long-lived heterogeneities in the Earth9s mantle. Helium isotopes provide unique information in that high 3 He / 4 He ratios are indicative of relatively undegassed mantle reservoirs (i.e. mantle with high time-integrated 3 He/(Th + U) ratios). An alternative hypothesis is that high 3 He / 4 He ratios may have been produced by ancient melting events, if the solid/melt partition coefficient (K d ) for He is greater than that for Th and U (i.e. yielding relatively high He/(Th + U) in the residue of melting). However, the distribution of helium within basaltic phenocrysts, and olivine/glass helium partitioning within mid-ocean ridge basalts, suggest that helium behaves as an incompatible element during melting (K d (olivine/glass) 3 He / 4 He ratios are derived from undegassed mantle reservoirs. Isotopic measurements of He, Sr, and Pb in Hawaiian volcanoes lavas demonstrate that the mantle sources have changed on extremely short timescales, between 100 and 10 000 years before present. The preferred explanation for these variations is that they represent heterogeneities within the Hawaiian mantle plume, combined with late stage melting in the lithosphere for post shield alkali basalts. Helium isotopic data from Kilauea, Hualalai and Mauna Loa suggest that the plume is presently located beneath Kilauea (and Loihi seamount), and constrain the melting zone of the Hawaiian plume to be less than 40 km in radius.
Modeling interfacial debonding and matrix cracking in fiber reinforced composites by the extended Voronoi cell FEM

This paper introduces an extended Voronoi cell finite element model (X-VCFEM) for modeling the initiation and propagation of interfacial debonding and matrix cracking in fiber reinforced composite materials. Bilinear and linear cohesive zone models are added for representing interfacial debonding and matrix crack propagation, respectively. A series of criteria based on cohesive zone models are proposed for assessing the direction of damage development, which includes the crack propagation in matrix and its deflection behavior at an interface. Comparisons of X-VCFEM simulations with reference results validate the effectiveness of this new model. The capability of predicting the development of microcracks in composites is of great importance to the design and evaluation of structure. Effect of stereographic features such as size and shape of heterogeneities on damage evolution is also discussed.
Polarization diversity for detecting targets in inhomogeneous clutter

Polarization diversity has proved to be a useful tool for radar detection, especially when discrimination by Doppler effect is not possible. In this paper, we address the problem of improving the performance of polarimetric detectors for targets in heavy inhomogeneous clutter. First, we develop a polarimetric detection test that is robust to inhomogeneous clutter. We run this polarimetric test against synthetic and real data to assess its performance in comparison with existing polarimetric detectors. Then, we propose a polarimetric waveform-design algorithm to further improve the target-detection performance. A numerical analysis is presented to demonstrate the potential performance improvement that can be achieved with this algorithm.
Comorbid clinical conditions in chronic fatigue

OBJECTIVES: Chronically fatiguing illness, defined as fatigue for at least 6 months, has been associated with various physical health conditions. Our objective was to determine whether there is a significant relationship between chronically fatiguing illness and 10 clinical conditions that frequently appear to be associated with fatigue, adjusting for the potentially confounding effects of psychiatric illness.
Transport in two dimensions. III self-diffusion coefficient at low densities☆

Abstract The low density form of the generalized frequency (s) and wavevector (k) dependent self-diffusion coefficient D(k, s) is calculated, from which the low density forms of related quantities, e.g. the velocity autocorrelation function, are derived. Agreement is obtained with the low density kinetic theory results. A closed form expression for D(k, s) valid over a wide range of densities and times is also given, showing consistency between the asymptotic long time results, obtained previously, and the low density kinetic theory results.
Supplier-Selected Referrals

In business-to-business markets, suppliers often ask an existing customer to provide a referral for them (i.e., a supplier-selected referral), in which the supplier selects a referrer to influence a specific potential customer favorably. The selection of the referrer is important because the right referrer providing the right message can generate business for the supplier. To study supplier-selected referrals, the authors extend the dyadic source– message–recipient communication framework to propose a framework that incorporates the supplier and the supplier’s management of the communication between the referrer and the potential customer. They label this framework the Managed Triadic Communication (MaTriC) framework. The authors conduct three experimental studies in which they apply the MaTriC framework to the domain of supplier-selected referrals and focus on the contingent role of supplier uncertainty. The authors find that the benefits of a supplier-selected referral are contingent on supplier uncerta...
Retail Regulation in England and Wales: The Results of a Survey

Debates on the Shops Act (1950), which regulates the hours and conditions of retail employment and operation in England and Wales, have largely occurred in ignorance of the realities of enforcement at local level. This paper, drawing upon a postal survey and official prosecution statistics, is an attempt to examine spatial, temporal, and sectoral variations in proceedings and offenders. The findings seem to reflect the breakdown in local compliance with the Act. This can be related to the major restructuring of some sectors of retail capital. It also seems that enforcement is locally specific. The Act, in other words, is not applied, but interpreted at local level in the light of place-specific conditions.
Application of Adaptive Grids to Fluid-Flow Problems with Asymptotic Solutions

Coordinate system selection is an important consideration in the asymptotic numerical solution of any fluid-flow or heat transfer problem. This paper uses a new technique that provides a simple way of moving the mesh points in physical space in order to reduce the error in the computed asymptotic solution relative to that obtained using a fixed mesh. Applications to fluid-flow problems are presented, including boundary layer flow and inviscid supersonic flow over cylinders, and wedges with associated detached shocks. The treatment of curved boundaries, stationary and nonstationary boundaries, and systems of PDE's is discussed. Significant error reductions are demonstrated.
Splenic white pulp and associated vascular channels in chicken spleen

We have studied the chicken spleen by light and transmission electron microscopy. Germinal centers are located at the beginning of the central artery which is surrounded by the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS). The central artery has no branch crossing the PALS, and there is no histologically identifiable marginal zone in the chicken spleen. The central artery continues as penicilliform capillaries. The mid-portion of the penicilliform capillary is surrounded by the ellipsoid or Schweigger-Seidel sheath. The endothelial lining of this part of the pencilliform capillary contains small channels, formed between neighboring endothelial cells, which enter the ellipsoid. These channels allow circulating substances to accumulate in the ellipsoid. The cells of the ellipsoid are reticular cells, round or ovoid in shape, exhibiting a limited number of cell junctions. At the surface of the ellipsoid are ellipsoid-associated cells (EAC) which have an affinity for toluidine blue. After perfusion fixation, the majority of the cells in the ellipsoid are lost; this suggests weak cellular connections between the ellipsoid cells. The ellipsoid-associated cells remain in loco. On the basis of their shape and cytological features, two stages of EACs can be distinguished. The round or ovoid EACs elaborate active Golgi zones surrounded by numerous small vesicles containing an electron-dense substance. Occasionally, mitotic figures can be seen among them which may suggest that they are immature forms. In the second or more mature stage, the EACs assume an elongated spindle shape. The spindle-shaped EACs reveal inactive Golgi cis-ternae and fewer but larger granules than the round or immature EACs. Unmyelinated nerve fibers and nerve ending were observed in the ellipsoid. Perfusion fixation reveals that the distal portions of the penicilliform capillaries extend into the red pulp and become the sinuses. Therefore, the circulation of the chicken spleen is anatomically closed except for the channels in the mid-portion of the penicilliform capillary. The periellipsoid white pulp (PWP) possesses a few small lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells with the majority of cells being young blastlike cells which may replenish the EACs and ellipsoidal cells. Carbon, injected intravenously, appears on the EAC membrane by 30 minutes, while Brucella abortus is completely phagocytized at this time. Binding the carbon triggers the EAC to detach from the ellipsoid and migrate to the periellipsoidal white pulp (PWP). The EACs phagocytize carbon by 2 hours, and by 5 and 8 days are present in the red pulp and surround the germinal centers at the border of the periarterial lymphatic sheath, respectively. Secretory cells which have been identified in germinal centers might originate from EACs.
Flavor of Recombined Milk

Abstract Anhydrous butteroil homogenized into reconstituted nonfat milk powder formed a recombined milk, the flavor score of which was relatively close to that of fresh pasteurized milk. When these milk components were packed in nitrogen and stored at -18C for six months no change in flavor of the recombined milk was noted. Higher storage temperatures caused changes in the butteroil which resulted in a stale flavor appearing in the recombined material. Recombined products made from butteroil stored at 27C for two months were judged definitely stale. Molecular distillation at 1 μ pressure at temperatures up to 200C removed from deteriorated butteroil some but not all of the components responsible for stale flavor. Under the packaging and storage conditions of the experiment, changes in the composition of the nonfat powder were not of sufficient magnitude to affect the flavor of the recombined milks.
The Marriage Problem

In a recent issue of this journal Weyl1 proved a combinatorial lemma which was apparently considered first by P. Hall2 Subsequently Everett and Whaples 3 published another proof and a generalization of the same lemma. Their proof of the generalization appears to duplicate the usual proof of Tychonoff’s theorem.4 The purpose of this note is to simplify the presentation by employing the statement rather than the proof of that result. At the same time we present a somewhat simpler proof of the original Hall lemma.
Parity nonconserving asymmetry in neutron-deuteron and proton-deuteron scattering

Parity nonconservation in nucleon ($N$)-deuteron$(d)$ scattering is examined at low energies (\ensuremath{\le}40 MeV), particularly at 15 MeV. A Faddeev treatment is employed. For the strong $N$- force a separable interaction, which fits scattering cross sections up to 60-100 MeV, is used; for the weak parity nonconserving $\mathrm{NN}$ force, an isoscalar short range term due to $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ exchanges and an isovector pion exchange contribution are included. Comparisons with parity nonconserving experimental asymmetries in $\mathrm{NN}$ scattering are made. For the parity nonconserving asymmetry in $N\ensuremath{-}d$ scattering the contributions of various terms are separated, so that the model dependence of our results can be discussed. It is found that multiple scattering effects are important. The energy dependence of the parity nonconserving asymmetry in $N\ensuremath{-}d$ scattering is found to differ qualitatively from that in $\mathrm{NN}$ scattering.
Prostaglandin E2, collagenase, and cell death responses depend on cyclical load magnitude in an explant model of tendinopathy

Tendinopathy is a significant clinical problem that can result from repetitive activity. While the precise etiology of this condition remains unclear, the cellular response to cyclical loading is believed to have a contributory role to the pathology of tendinopathy. This study examined the short-term biochemical response of avian flexor digitorum profundus tendon to repetitive cyclic loadings of varying magnitude. An in vitro tendon explant model was utilized to apply four levels of haversine tensile stress (peak stress of 0, 3, 12, and 18 MPa) at 1.0 Hz, 8 hr/day for 3 days. The 12 and 18 MPa levels were known to cause significant mechanical damage based on previous work. Tissue media was recovered and analyzed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, measure of cell death), and collagenase levels. Tissue samples were recovered and analyzed for cell viability, total collagen, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan content. Collagenase, LDH, and PGE2 levels were found to be influenced by loading m...
Hyaluronic acid enhances induction of the acrosome reaction of human sperm through interaction with the PH-20 protein

When capacitated human sperm were treated with hyaluronic acid (HA) for 30 min prior to the addition of progesterone or solubilised human zonae pellucidae, there was a significant increase in the percentage of acrosome reactions. Progesterone treatment alone increased acrosome reactions from 10.5% to 21.8% and pretreatment with 100 µg/ml HA resulted in 33.0% acrosome reactions. With zonae pellucidae treatment alone the increase was from 9.0% to 23.5% and with HA pretreatment it was 48.8%. HA treatment alone had no direct effect on acrosome reactions, and the enhancing effect of HA was not removed when sperm were washed prior to the addition of either acrosome reaction agonist. Experiments with sperm 5 min after HA treatment demonstrated that enhancement of acrosome reactions was apparent as early as 1 min after addition of zonae and within 5 min after addition of progesterone. When sperm were pretreated with Fab fragments of anti-PH-20 IgG, then with HA and then with progesterone or zonae pellucidae, there was no enhancement of the acrosome reaction. Fab treatment did not induce acrosome reactions and did not interfere with the action of either agonist in the absence of HA. Sperm that were treated with HA had significantly higher intracellular calcium levels, and pretreatment with Fab reduced this increase to 42.7%. Addition of progesterone to HA-treated sperm was followed by another large increase in intracellular calcium, which was lower when sperm were pretreated with Fab. These results suggest that HA interacts with the PH-20 protein to increase basal levels of intracellular calcium and thereby potentiates the acrosome reaction. The data support the hypothesis that HA in the cumulus matrix may act to prime the fertilising sperm for induction of the acrosome reaction by constituents of the cumulus and/or zona pellucida.
Creativity and intelligence.

Summary. A battery of thirteen tests, six ‘ convergent ’ and seven ‘ divergent,’ was administered to 320 Grade Seven children and the ‘ divergent’ tests scored for originality. Correlations were then subjected to principal axis factor analysis. The results indicated that the two largest factors were denned by ‘ convergent’ tests and ‘ divergent’ tests, respectively. These factors were subjected to both orthogonal and oblique rotations and it was found that, although the ‘ divergent’ tests indicated a separate factor, creativity, it showed a significant correlation with the factor denned by the more normal tests of intelligence, amounting in this study to .514.
Joint action perception to enable fluent human-robot teamwork

To be effective team members, it is important for robots to understand the high-level behaviors of collocated humans. This is a challenging perceptual task when both the robots and people are in motion. In this paper, we describe an event-based model for multiple robots to automatically measure synchronous joint action of a group while both the robots and co-present humans are moving. We validated our model through an experiment where two people marched both synchronously and asynchronously, while being followed by two mobile robots. Our results suggest that our model accurately identifies synchronous motion, which can enable more adept human-robot collaboration.
Inhibition of RIG-I mediated signaling by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded deubiquitinase ORF64

Virus infection triggers interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune defenses in part through viral nucleic acid interactions. However, the immune recognition mechanisms by which the host identifies incoming DNA viruses are still elusive. Here, we show that increased levels of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persistency are observed in retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-deficient cells and that KSHV ORF64, a tegument protein with deubiqutinase (DUB) activity, suppresses RIG-I-mediated IFN signaling by reducing the ubiquitination of RIG-I, crucial for its activation. This study suggests that RIG-I plays a potential role in sensing KSHV infection and that KSHV ORF64 DUB counteracts RIG-I signaling.
Use of correctness assertions in declarative diagnosis

We use assertions to reduce the quantity of queries in declarative diagnosis of logic programs. We first present a declarative diagnoser for normal logic programs. Given a bug symptom, the diagnoser first constructs a tree that models the execution of the bug symptom and then searches the tree for the bug that causes the bug symptom. We then incorporate into the diagnoser three tree transformations that prune the tree before it is searched. These transformations make use of two kinds of assertion about the correctness of the program and maintain the soundness and completeness of the diagnoser. These transformations reduce the size of the tree and thus reduce the quantity of queries imposed on the oracle.
Considerations of Sex Differences in Musculoskeletal Anatomy

The musculoskeletal anatomy of women and men is grossly similar yet individually distinctive. Sexual dimorphism in the human musculoskeletal system is apparent, but more subtle than in other species. Some musculoskeletal sex differences in humans are present at an early age, while others tend to appear later in life. Sex differences in gross skeletal geometry and specific tissue characteristics are common. Women tend to have different characteristics of specific bones and bony features than men which have been explained by both genetic and environmental factors. Women and men appear to have several differences in collagenous, cartilage, and bone tissues, which may predispose women to certain pathologies such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis later in life. Sexual dimorphism can manifest itself in specific differences in each joint throughout the body, possibly resulting in sex differences in clinical pathology and symptomology such as differences in shoulder impingement; laxity and idiopathic capsulitis; elbow tendinosis; carpal tunnel syndrome; hip fracture and labral tears; anterior cruciate ligament injuries; ankle sprains and Achilles tendinopathy; cervical spine macrotrauma; thoracolumbar postural changes including kyphosis, lordosis, and/or scoliosis; and sacroiliac joint conditions. Consideration of the sex differences in musculoskeletal anatomy is important for both the general public and health care professionals in order to provide a basis for understanding normal and abnormal conditions that may exist. Moreover, a thorough appreciation that men and women have differences in musculoskeletal anatomy may help in the understanding that they have distinctive health care needs.
SILICONE BREAST IMPLANTS : PATHOLOGY

Questions as to the bioreactivity of silicone breast implants (SBIs) have recently been intensely scrutinized, most notably by the media and legal system. Pathologists must be aware of the controversy and treat each SBI and associated tissue as a potential lawsuit. Grossly, silicone is a clear, viscous substance that may be observed either within or extruding from a silastic bag. By light microscopy, silicone is a nonstainable, nonpolarizable, refractile substance. Thicker sections, especially when viewed by non-Kohler illumination, phase-contrast, and darkfield microscopy will enhance visualization. Ultrastructurally, silicone is an electron-dense, amorphous substance often located within phagocytic vacuoles or extracellularly within the stroma. Correlating electron probe microanalysis allows for reliable identification. In most cases, a fibrous capsule surrounds the SBI, with the interface lining varying from a virtually acellular to a synovial-like lining composed of phagocytic and secretory cells. Silicone can often be identified within the fibrous capsule and also in distant tissues biopsied for suspected autoimmune disorders, such as synovium, skin, and lymph nodes, often without ultrastructural evidence of cytologic effects. This study has demonstrated that silicone accumulates at distant tissue sites due to preexisting inflammation acting as a stimulus. Thus, silicone is not a primary inducer of inflammatory disease processes. These findings are supported by various large epidemiologic studies.
Performance Measurement for Traffic Management Systems

Performance measurement refers to attempts to quantify some aspect of the performance of an organization. A study was conducted to analyze needs, opportunities, and techniques for measuring performance of transportation management centers (TMCs). Opportunities and needs were identified by analyzing the interrelationships among performance measurement objectives, objects, and study designs. This analysis suggests that before-and-after evaluation studies of traffic management actions and monitoring of traffic data to detect system changes are the most appropriate forms of performance measurement for TMCs. Important potential measures of effectiveness for traffic management systems include travel time and related measures, ramp delay, traffic volumes, accident rates, traffic information accuracy, incident duration, and equipment status. Techniques are available for quantifying these measures, although there are a number of concerns with data accuracy, especially where travel times are estimated from loop-detector data. Case studies of two California TMCs suggest that, although sophisticated data collection systems are available or planned, the institutional infrastructure to carry out performance measurement may be lacking.
Stimulation-induced mitochondrial [Ca2+] elevations in mouse motor terminals: comparison of wild-type with SOD1-G93A

Changes in mitochondrial matrix [Ca2+] evoked by trains of action potentials were studied in levator auris longus motor terminals using Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent indicator dyes (rhod-2, rhod-5F). During a 2500 impulse 50 Hz train, mitochondrial [Ca2+] in most wild-type terminals increased within 5–10 s to a plateau level that was sustained until stimulation ended. This plateau was not due to dye saturation, but rather reflects a powerful buffering system within the mitochondrial matrix. The amplitude of this plateau was similar for stimulation frequencies in the range 15–100 Hz. Plateau amplitude was sensitive to temperature, with no detectable stimulation-induced increase in fluorescence at temperatures below 17 °C, and increasing magnitudes as temperature was increased to near-physiological levels (38 °C). When stimulation ended, mitochondrial [Ca2+] decayed slowly back to prestimulation levels over a time course of hundreds of seconds. Similar measurements were also made in motor terminals of mice expressing the G93A mutation of human superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1-G93A). In mice > 100 days old, all of whom exhibited hindlimb paralysis, some terminals continued to show wild-type mitochondrial [Ca2+] responses, but in other terminals mitochondrial [Ca2+] did not plateau, but rather continued to increase throughout most of the stimulus train. Thus mechanism(s) that limit stimulation-induced increases in mitochondrial [Ca2+] may be compromised in some SOD1-G93A terminals.
Endogenous Superoxide Dismutase Levels Regulate Iron-Dependent Hydroxyl Radical Formation in Escherichia coli Exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide

Aerobic organisms contain antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, to protect them from both direct and indirect effects of reactive oxygen species, such as O2.- and H2O2. Previous work by others has shown that Escherichia coli mutants lacking SOD not only are more susceptible to DNA damage and killing by H2O2 but also contain larger pools of intracellular free iron. The present study investigated if SOD-deficient E. coli cells are exposed to increased levels of hydroxyl radical (.OH) as a consequence of the reaction of H2O2 with this increased iron pool. When the parental E. coli strain AB1157 was exposed to H2O2 in the presence of an alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (4-POBN)-ethanol spin-trapping system, the 4-POBN-.CH(CH3)OH spin adduct was detectable by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, indicating .OH production. When the isogenic E. coli mutant JI132, lacking both Fe- and Mn-containing SODs, was exposed to H2O2 in a similar manner, the magnitude of .OH spin trapped was significantly greater than with the control strain. Preincubation of the bacteria with the iron chelator deferoxamine markedly inhibited the magnitude of .OH spin trapped. Exogenous SOD failed to inhibit .OH formation, indicating the need for intracellular SOD. Redox-active iron, defined as EPR-detectable ascorbyl radical, was greater in the SOD-deficient strain than in the control strain. These studies (i) extend recent data from others demonstrating increased levels of iron in E. coli SOD mutants and (ii) support the hypothesis that a resulting increase in .OH formation generated by Fenton chemistry is responsible for the observed enhancement of DNA damage and the increased susceptibility to H2O2-mediated killing seen in these mutants lacking SOD.
V.—Notes on Asteroidea.—II

(1918). V.—Notes on Asteroidea.—II. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 103-111.
Nonlinear Wave–Wave Interactions in a Mistral Event

Abstract This study analyzes the detailed nonlinear wave–wave interactions during 6 hours of wave generation in a mistral event. Nonlinearity and phase coupling are computed using wavelet bicoherence, which is a new technique in analyzing wind–wave and wave–wave interactions. Computations of wavelet bicoherence are conducted for the 13 continuous records of measured wave data. The phase coupling and nonlinear wave–wave interactions are shown to occur at different bicoherence levels, and these levels are different from one record to another. Furthermore, the study shows that there is an increase in nonlinear wave–wave interaction with time.
New Project Staffing for Outsourced Call Centers with Global Service Level Agreements

We consider the issue of new project staffing in an outsourced call center required to meet a monthly Service Level Agreement (SLA). We present empirical analysis generated during a field study with a provider of outsourced call center services to illustrate the unique issues related to staffing a new project. Our work shows that during the start-up phase of a project agents experience significant improvements in productivity that reduce the staffing requirements over time. We also find that turnover, which is typically high in a call center environment, may be even higher for a project launch dominated by newly hired agents. These factors interact with the uncertainty of call volumes and talk time to create a difficult hiring challenge. We develop a model that finds the level of hiring with the lowest total expected cost of operation while meeting service level commitments. [Service Science, ISSN 2164-3962 (print), ISSN 2164-3970 (online), was published by Services Science Global (SSG) from 2009 to 2011 ...
Inhibition of cortisol metabolism by 17α,20β-P: mechanism mediating semelparity in salmon?

In vitro experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-prengnen-3-one (17,20-P) regulates cortisol metabolism in Pacific salmon. In both rainbow trout and coho salmon, cortisol metabolism was significantly higher in the kidney compared to the liver. The rainbow trout kidney converted cortisol primarily into an unidentified water-soluble metabolite with a molecular mass of 354. The coho salmon kidney converted cortisol primarily into cortisol-21-sulfate. High physiological concentrations of 17,20-P had no effect on cortisol metabolism by the rainbow trout kidney, but almost completely inhibited the production of cortisol-21-sulfate by the coho salmon kidney. This was accompanied by a coincident increase in the production several neutral cortisol metabolites, including cortisone. Cortisone was also found to inhibit renal sulfotransferase (SULT) activity suggesting that there could be a local positive feedback mechanism initiated by the rise in 17,20-P that quickly reduces SULT activity as follows: the pre-spawning rise in 17,20-P inhibits SULT, cortisol is metabolized to cortisone instead of cortisol-21-sulfate, cortisone further inhibits SULT, more cortisone is produced, and so on. If SULT normally acts as a gatekeeper enzyme to protect the cell from cortisol excess, this mechanism would rapidly remove enzymatic protection and expose tissues to high local concentrations of cortisol. In addition, the inhibition of peripheral cortisol metabolism by 17,20-P could increase circulating concentrations of the corticosteroid. These events could be a part of the mechanism that leads to the symptoms of cortisol excess associated with the post-spawning mortality of semelparous Pacific salmon.
A framework for research on creativity/innovation in IS organizations

Until 1990 there was a dearth of research on creativity/innovation in the field of IS. In that year, the HICSS mini track on Creativity/Innovation in IS Organizations was initiated. The mini track Call For Papers specified a framework for research that generated 32 papers, covering the full spectrum of IS activity. The paper proposes a second generation framework for research, to stimulate more in depth research and broader use of research methodologies. Resources and publication channels for research on the topic of creativity and innovation are also discussed.
Optical Router Control Architecture and Contention Resolution Algorithms Capable of Asynchronous, Variable-Length Packet Switching

This paper presents a new optical-label switching (OLS) router control plane controller for multihop asynchronous, variable-length packet switching incorporating fast, fair, and wavelength-aware arbitration. The proposed optical router controller implements efficient unicast/multicast packet contention resolution algorithms and channel scheduling schemes to resolve the data plane switch fabric contention. The paper evaluates the performance of proposed algorithms in a multihop OLS simulation network with self-similar traffic input under various traffic scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms effectively improve the multihop OLS network performance. The hardware-efficient design and implementation of the proposed router controller and major modules are evaluated in terms of the area and delay for various switch sizes on a Xilinx XCV1000E field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip. Finally, this paper experimentally demonstrates the combined unicast and multicast video streaming enabled by the proposed OLS router control techniques over a label switching testbed with edge routers and realistic Ethernet/IP traffic input.
Evidence suggests internal triggering of substorms

A basic question in substorm research is whether the initiation of substorm expansion is due to an internal process or merely a magnetospheric response to an external driver. The answer to this question is important for several reasons. It provides a useful criterion for evaluating proposed substorm models and an important clue for developing a substorm theory. If the external condition for substorm expansion onsets could be clearly identified, our community would be able to predict substorm expansion onsets for use in forecasting space weather. My opinion is that substorm expansion onsets arise from an internal instability. The state of the magnetosphere just before an onset is analogous to a ball on a hill top. The descent of the ball down the hill can be initiated by either the inherent small random fluctuation of the system or by a deliberate external jolt to the system.
The relationship between exploding wire expansion rates and wire material properties near the boiling temperature

The energy deposited by a submicrosecond, /spl sim/1-kA current pulse in a 25-/spl mu/m diameter metal wire prior to its explosion, correlates directly with the expansion rate of the wire after the explosion. Energy deposition by resistive heating is terminated by the formation of plasma around the wire and a collapse of the voltage along the wire, and is evidently facilitated by the desorption of gases from the wire and/or the evaporation of the wire material (or impurities within it) as it heats up. Data presented here implies that the relationship between materials with the lowest resistivities and high exploding wire expansion rates found in earlier work (D. B. Sinars et al. 2000) is a result of the reduced voltage delaying the gas breakdown along such wires. This, in turn, increases the energy deposited resistively in the wire before the current shifts to the surrounding plasma. If gas breakdown does not occur until close to the full vaporization energy is deposited in the wire, the expansion rate will be more rapid than if a small fraction of the vaporization energy is deposited before voltage collapse.
Active Parental Care in a Freshwater Amphipod (Crustacea: Gammarus pseudolimnaeus): Effects of Environmental Factors

Female amphipods carry their eggs and offspring in a ventral brood pouch. Previous research has demonstrated that females of species inhabiting harsh environmental conditions expend additional energy in active parental care such as ventilating eggs by beating their pleopods. This study investigated whether similar forms of care could be detected in amphipods collected from spring fed ponds and streams. Two behaviors reported to function in parental care in other species were observed in ovigerous females, but were absent in nonovigerous females and males. Ovigerous females were also shown to beat their pleopods significantly longer than males or nonovigerous females, suggesting that this is another form of active parental care. The duration of pleopod beating varied considerably depending on both the season and the habitat from which the amphipods were collected. Differences were most pronounced for ovigerous females. Similarly, the duration of pleopod beating was significantly longer, especially for ovigerous females, when amphipods were placed in water with experimentally reduced levels of oxygen. These results suggest that even in habitats with high water quality, amphipods can show active parental care and that females have a phenotypically plastic response to environmental conditions in determining the amount of care provided. The potential fitness effect of such response may have important implications for water quality management.
Morbidity and Mortality Conference in Emergency Medicine Residencies and the Culture of Safety

Author(s): Aaronson, Emily L.; Wittels, Kathleen A.; Nadel, Eric S.; Schuur, Jeremiah D. | Abstract: Introduction: Morbidity and mortality conferences (M+M) are a traditional part of residency training and mandated by the Accreditation Counsel of Graduate Medical Education. This study’s objective was to determine the goals, structure, and the prevalence of practices that foster strong safety cultures in the M+Ms of U.S. emergency medicine (EM) residency programs. Methods: The authors conducted a national survey of U.S. EM residency program directors. The survey instrument evaluated five domains of M+M (Organization and Infrastructure; Case Finding; Case Selection; Presentation; and Follow up) based on the validated Agency for Healthcare Research a Quality Safety Culture survey. Results: There was an 80% (151/188) response rate. The primary objectives of M+M were discussing adverse outcomes (53/151, 35%), identifying systems errors (47/151, 31%) and identifying cognitive errors (26/151, 17%). Fifty-six percent (84/151) of institutions have anonymous case submission, with 10% (15/151) maintaining complete anonymity during the presentation and 21% (31/151) maintaining partial anonymity. Forty-seven percent (71/151) of programs report a formal process to follow up on systems issues identified at M+M. Forty-four percent (67/151) of programs report regular debriefing with residents who have had their cases presented.Conclusion: The structure and goals of M+Ms in EM residencies vary widely. Many programs lack features of M+M that promote a non-punitive response to error, such as anonymity. Other programs lack features that support strong safety cultures, such as following up on systems issues or reporting back to residents on improvements. Further research is warranted to determine if M+M structure is related to patient safety culture in residency programs.
The relationship between intraperitoneal volume and solute transport in pediatric patients. Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Study Consortium.

A multicenter study was conducted to determine the relationship between intraperitoneal volume and solute (e.g., urea, creatinine) transport as determined by the dialysate to plasma (D/P) ratio and mass transfer area coefficient (MTAC). Two 4-h peritoneal equilibration tests were conducted on each of 12 pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients (mean age, 10.8 yr; range, 0.2 to 19.2 yr). One test exchange volume was 900 mL/m2 body surface area (BSA), and the other was 1,100 mL/m2 BSA. Dialysate samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min. Blood samples were drawn at 0 and 240 min. Solute equilibration was significantly more rapid with the 900 mL/m2 BSA exchange volume than with the 1,100 mL/m2 exchange volume when evaluated by the D/P ratio. In contrast, no differences in solute transport were noted with either exchange volume when assessed with the MTAC. In conclusion, solute D/P ratios vary with changes in the intraperitoneal volume, necessitating the use of a standardized exchange volume for the reliable interpretation of evaluations such as the peritoneal equilibration tests. In contrast, the use of the MTAC allows for an accurate assessment of solute transport over a wide range of exchange volumes.
Red Flour Beetle: Population Growth on Diets of Corn, Wheat, Rice or Shelled Peanuts Supplemented with Eggs or Adults of the Indian Meal Moth

Populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), in corn, wheat, rice, and shelled peanuts increased and mortality decreased when nonviable eggs or dead adults of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), were present in the commodity. Such supplementation of the beetle diet increased the populations of beetles in peanuts more than in any other commodity. Populations were highest in wheat and peanuts and lowest in rice. Body weight of the beetles was highest in peanuts; mortality was highest in rice. The population growth followed closely the sigmoid growth curve. It increased slowly initially and then rapidly (logarithmic phase) before leveling off when the environment reached its carrying capacity.
Host Species-Specific Antigenic Variation of a Mannosylated Surface Glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii

All Pneumocystis carinii, irrespective of their host of origin, express an abundant mannosylated surface glycoprotein. While this molecule is commonly referred to as gp120, some variation in the size of this molecule has been noted. Monoclonal antibodies produced to this molecule from ferret, mouse, rat, and human P. carinii made it possible to distinguish the glycoprotein from P. carinii of each host by immunoblot and indirect immunofluorescence assays. The glycoprotein varied in size (approximately 95-140 kDa) depending on the host and method of preparation. One shared epitope involving the mannose part of the glycoprotein was identified, suggesting that despite size and antigenic differences these are homologous molecules. These results indicate the existence of host species-specific serotypes of P. carinii. Referring to this molecule by its molecular mass may be confusing; therefore, it is suggested that this glycoprotein be called surface glycoprotein A, as this was the initial molecule of P. carinii to be isolated and partially characterized.
Raman Spectra of Liquid Water from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Vibrational Signatures of Charge Fluctuations in the Hydrogen Bond Network.

We report the first ab initio simulations of the Raman spectra of liquid water, obtained by combining first principles molecular dynamics and density functional perturbation theory. Our computed spectra are in good agreement with experiments, especially in the low frequency region. We also describe a systematic strategy to analyze the Raman intensities, which is of general applicability to molecular solids and liquids, and it is based on maximally localized Wannier functions and effective molecular polarizabilities. Our analysis revealed the presence of intermolecular charge fluctuations accompanying the hydrogen bond (HB) stretching modes at 270 cm–1, in spite of the absence of any Raman activity in the isotropic spectrum. We also found that charge fluctuations partly contribute to the 200 cm–1 peak in the anisotropic spectrum, thus providing insight into the controversial origin of such peak. Our results highlighted the importance of taking into account electronic effects in interpreting the Raman spect...
Cell growth and topoisomerase IIα inhibitory activity of the bacterial metabolites kinamycin C and kinamycin A

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2392 The antibiotics kinamycin C (KC) and kinamycin A (KA) are naturally occurring bacterial metabolites isolated from Streptomyces murayamaensis that contain an unusual and potentially reactive diazo side chain. Although the antimicrobial activity of the kinamycins has been described, the mechanism of inhibition of cell growth by these compounds is unknown. Our results show that KC and KA strongly inhibit the growth of the human erythroleukemic K562 cells ( IC 50 of 0.2 and 0.3 μM, respectively). A short drug treatment of the cells also resulted in strong growth inhibition indicating a rapid onset of action. KC rapidly induced apoptosis in K562 cells as measured by flow cytometry using annexin V-FITC staining and PI staining of DNA content. When synchronized CHO cells were treated with KA, the cells were able to exit G0 and traverse the first G2/M phase, but were not able to enter the second G2/M phase. KC and KA also inhibited the catalytic activity of purified human DNA topoisomerase IIα (topo II), but not that of topoisomerase I. Preincubation of KC with topo II reduced topo II activity, indicating that KC may have inhibited topo II through a direct reaction. The inhibitory activities of KC and KA were modulated by the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) in the assay mixture as an increase in the DTT concentration (from 0.1 to 250 μM) in the reaction mixture increased the IC 50 of KC from 9 to 108 μM, and of KA from 8 to 66 μM. Based on the ability of DTT to partially protect topo II from inhibition by these compounds, the possibility that these compounds inhibit by reacting with critical thiol groups on topo II is being explored. Neither KC nor KA were able to cross-link DNA, nor did they bind to DNA, which indicated that these compounds did not act directly on DNA. KA and KC were also examined for their ability to stabilize a DNA-topo II covalent complex and act as a topoisomerase IIα poison by measuring their ability to cleave pBR322 DNA to produce linear DNA. Neither KA nor KC induced DNA cleavage and, thus, it was concluded that they did not act as topo II poisons. Also the growth inhibitory effects of KC and KA on K562 and K/VP.5 cells (containing one-fifth the topo II content of the parental K562 cells) were not significantly different, a result that is also consistent with these compounds exerting their activity by mechanisms distinct from topo II poisoning. In summary these results indicate that even though KC and KA inhibited topo II catalytic activity, this may not be the mechanism by which they inhibited cell growth. Support: CIHR and a Canada Research Chair in Drug Development to BH, NSERC through a Discovery Grant to GID and ROI CA90787 to JCY.
Problem analysis on 750 kV boost substation debugging in Daba Power Plant

Aiming at the main problems appearing in 750 kV boost substation debugging in the third period of construction project in Daba Power Plant,makes a series of improvement on the secondary loop and system analysis and calculation,takes related measures,tries to improve the stability and reliability of the power system operation.
Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnosis of Congenital Diaphragm Hernia

Purpose:The sonographic features of congenital diaphragm hernia(CDH)was studied with prenatal ultrasound in order to verify their clinical value.Materials and Methods:Six cases of congenital diaphragm hernia fetus diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound were retrospectively analyzed.The prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of CDH was proved by either autopsy or newborn physical examination.Results: Five cases had CDH on the left side,and one case right.Two of them were associated with other complex abnormalities.The stomach,intes- tines and liver herniated into the chest,and peristaltic movement of the bowel could sometimes be observed,which couht be more obvious during fetal respiratory movement.CDH induced shift of fetal heart and mediastinal structures under pressure,especially the cardiac axis. Conclusion:The prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of congenital diaphragm hernia is of clinical value.
Grias angustipetala and G. ecuadorica, two new species of Lecythidaceae from western Ecuador

Grias angustipetala and G. ecuadorica, two new species from the wet forests of western Ecuador are described. Grias angustipetala occurs in the Awa Indigenous Territory and Reserva Ecologica Cotacachi-Cayapas in the Esmeraldas and adjacent Carchi Provinces between 50–1800 m elevation. Grias ecuadorica is found in the Los Rios and Bolivar Provinces between 70–600 m elevation. The new species are illustrated and their relationships with related species are discussed.