cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of feeding unlike forages, singly and in combination, on voluntary dry matter consumption and performance of lactating cows.

Abstract Three groups of six lactating dairy cows each were fed: a) grass-legume silage, ad libitum; b) succulent pasture, ad libitum; and c) silage, ad libitum plus 1 hr of pasture daily. Milk production, weight gains, and forage consumption of those fed the combination of forages were significantly greater than expected. Most of the beneficial interaction was attributed to an increase in forage consumption. Digestibility was not affected by the combination. However, some increase in efficiency of digested nutrients could not be excluded. In another study, 24 lactating cows were fed: Coastal Bermudagrass silage; Tift Sudangrass silage; or a combination of these silages in a double-reversal experiment. Cows fed Sudangrass silage produced more milk than those given the Bermudagrass. Dry matter consumption was significantly greater for the combination group. However, differences in milk production and weight gains were not significant. Thus, the nonadditive effects of the substances which cause low dry matter consumption of these two silages was not large under conditions of the experiment.
Effect of glucagon, adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate and theophylline on free fatty acid release by rat liver slices and on tissue levels of coenzyme A esters.

The existence of a hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue has been well established. To further investigate whether a similar lipase exists in hepatic tissue, free fatty acid release from rat liver slices was studied. Tissue levels of fatty acyl coenzyme A and acetyl coenzyme A were measured. Both glucagon and cyclic 3′,5′-AMP were found to stimulate free fatty acid release from rat liver slices and tissue concentrations of fatty acyl coenzyme A esters and acetyl coenzyme A were also increased by glucagon and cyclic 3′,5′-AMP as well as by theophylline. These studies support the hypothesis that the ketogenic effect of glucagon in liver is mediated by cyclic 3′,5′-AMP and is secondary to the stimulation of this hormone-sensitive hepatic lipase. (Endocrinology 84: 1179, 1969)
Drug sensitivity of individual rats determines degree of drug discrimination.

Rats were observed to learn to discriminate between the stimulus properties of intraperitoneal 0.16 mg/kg apomorphine and saline, in a two-lever operant task, at different rates. Half of the 12 rats reached criterion performance in a mean of 22.5 session, whereas the other half reached criterion in a mean of 44.2 sessions. These two groups, i.e., the early and later learners, were tested with a range of apomorphine doses and the former group had an ED50 of 0.01 mg/kg, whereas the later group generated an ED50 of 0.07 mg/kg apomorphine. These results suggest that the early learners were significantly more sensitive to apomorphine than the later learners and this may explain the discrepancies in the drug-discrimination literature regarding different ED50's generated at the same drug training dose.
Species-specific influence of group composition on collective behaviors in ants

The success of a social group is often driven by its collective characteristics and the traits of its individuals. Thus, understanding how collective behavior is influenced by the behavioral composition of group members is an important first step to understand the ecology of collective personalities. Here, we investigated how the efficiency of several group behaviors is influenced by the aggressiveness of its members in two species of Temnothorax ants. In our manipulation of group composition, we created two experimentally reconstituted groups in a split-colony design, i.e., each colony was split into an aggressive and a docile group of equal sizes. We found strong species-specific differences in how collective behaviors were influenced by its group members. In Temnothorax longispinosus, having more aggressive individuals improved colony defense and nest relocation efficiency. In addition, source colony identity strongly influenced group behavior in T. longispinosus, highlighting that manipulations of group compositions must control for the origin of the chosen individuals. In contrast, group composition and source colony did not influence collective behaviors in Temnothorax curvispinosus. This suggests that the mechanisms regulating collective behaviors via individual differences in behavior might differ among even closely related species.
Reliability of quantitative real-time PCR for bacterial detection in cystic fibrosis airway specimens.

The cystic fibrosis (CF) airway microbiome is complex; polymicrobial infections are common, and the presence of fastidious bacteria including anaerobes make culture-based diagnosis challenging. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) offers a culture-independent method for bacterial quantification that may improve diagnosis of CF airway infections; however, the reliability of qPCR applied to CF airway specimens is unknown. We sought to determine the reliability of nine specific bacterial qPCR assays (total bacteria, three typical CF pathogens, and five anaerobes) applied to CF airway specimens. Airway and salivary specimens from clinically stable pediatric CF subjects were collected. Quantitative PCR assay repeatability was determined using triplicate reactions. Split-sample measurements were performed to measure variability introduced by DNA extraction. Results from qPCR were compared to standard microbial culture for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae, common pathogens in CF. We obtained 84 sputa, 47 oropharyngeal and 27 salivary specimens from 16 pediatric subjects with CF. Quantitative PCR detected bacterial DNA in over 97% of specimens. All qPCR assays were highly reproducible at quantities ≥102 rRNA gene copies/reaction with coefficient of variation less than 20% for over 99% of samples. There was also excellent agreement between samples processed in duplicate. Anaerobic bacteria were highly prevalent and were detected in mean quantities similar to that of typical CF pathogens. Compared to a composite gold standard, qPCR and culture had variable sensitivities for detection of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and H. influenzae from CF airway samples. By reliably quantifying fastidious airway bacteria, qPCR may improve our understanding of polymicrobial CF lung infections, progression of lung disease and ultimately improve antimicrobial treatments.
Ultrasound evaluation of cervical shortening after loop excision of the transformation zone (LETZ)

Abstract Objectives: To assess cervical shortening after loop excision of the transformation zone (LETZ), and confirm the validity of ultrasound measurement of cervical length. Methods: Subjects (n = 29) were patients at the colposcopy clinic of Beth Israel Hospital who underwent vaginal ultrasound measurement of cervical length before and after LETZ. The pathologic specimen was measured by ruler. Mean cervical length (± S.D.), mean percentage (± S.D.) of cervical length removed, and correlation (r) between ultrasound and pathology specimen measurement were determined. Results: Mean (± S.D.) cervical length measurements prior to LETZ were 3.2 ± 0.9 cm and after LETZ were 2.6 ± 0.9 cm, with a difference of 0.7 ± 0.4 cm. The pathologic specimen (mean ± S.D.) was 0.6 ± 0.3 cm. The correlation between ultrasound and pathology measurement was r = 0.9 (p = 0.0001). Mean (± S.D.) cervical length was shortened by 22 ± 12%. Conclusions: There is excellent correlation between ultrasound and ruler measurement of the cervix. There is significant cervical length shortening after LETZ, but further study is needed to see whether this persists or leads to pregnancy complications.
The Responsibility of High Temperature Scientists

When I was first introduced to high temperature research on joining the Manhattan Project in January 1943, I was surprised by the novelty and unexpected complexity of high temperature systems. At room temperature, one expects a mixture of aluminum metal with an aluminum halide or aluminum oxide to be restricted to the zero and 3+ oxidation states. The predictions of chemical behavior upon heating, based on room temperature behavior, are grossly in error because of neglect of the additional oxidation states that become increasingly important as the temperature is increased. In high temperature aluminum—oxygen systems, for example, the trivalent gaseous species has not even been reported, but Al2O, AlO, Al2O2, and AlO2 gases have been established. For gaseous systems in equilibrium with condensed phases, one can demonstrate that the gaseous phase will become more and more complicated as the temperature is increased both with respect to the number of species and with respect to the complexity of the molecules.
Test of the Pluvinage wave function for the helium ground state

The accuracy of the Pluvinage wave function for the ground state of helium is investigated by considering a number of different physical processes including double ionization by photoabsorption, Compton scattering, and electron impact. In the high-energy limit of these processes, the accuracy of the initial ground state can be ascertained without reference to the final double-continuum state. In this limit, we find that a Hylleraas description is superior to the Pluvinage one. For intermediate energies, final-state correlation becomes important, so we employ a 3C description of the final state (the 3C wave function is the double-continuum analog of the Pluvinage wave function). In this case, however, better agreement with experiment is obtained with the Pluvinage initial state. A possible explanation for this seemingly paradoxical result is suggested.
Modestly faster histogram computations on GPUs

We present TRISH, a 256-bin histogram method for byte data that runs up to 50% faster than previous GPU methods for random data and 2–4× faster for image data. The performance gains come from reducing total cycle counts. Reducing cycles comes from improving 1) thread level parallelism (TLP), 2) instruction level parallelism (ILP) and 3) software vector parallelism (VP). TLP is improved by increasing occupancy from 2 to 3 thread blocks, achieved by compacting “per thread” histograms in shared memory, and by using register arrays. ILP is improved by increasing independent instructions via loop unrolling by a factor of k= [1‥63] and batching operations into groups of four. VP is supported by compacting bin counts into four 8-bit quads per 32-bit element and reducing binning & accumulating instructions by working with 32-bit elements as overlapping 16-bit pairs instead of 4 individual bytes. Note that TRISH is a deterministic algorithm that avoids atomic operations and gives performance that is data independent.
Metabolism of [U-14C]-4-hydroxybutyric acid to intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in extracts of rat liver and kidney mitochondria.

The metabolism of [U-C]-4-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) was investigated in sonicates of mitochondria of rat heart, kidney and liver. The conversion of this precursor to14C-organic acids was monitored and quantified by sequential liquid-partition chromatography on hydrated columns of silicic acid using a concave-upward gradient of 2-methylbutan-2-ol in chloroform. Sonicates of liver and kidney mitochondria, but not heart, readily converted [U-14C]-GHB to14C organic acids via a pathway of conversion to14C-succinic acid, followed by further metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This conversion was facilitated by exogenous NAD+ and NADP+. No evidence for the β-oxidation of GHB was obtained in any of the mitochondrial sonicates. Studies with exogenous non-labelled succinic semialdehyde indicated that this compound was an intermediate in the conversion of GHB to succinic acid.
Protein kinase D potentiates DNA synthesis and cell proliferation induced by bombesin, vasopressin, or phorbol esters in Swiss 3T3 cells.

We examined whether protein kinase D (PKD) overexpression in Swiss 3T3 cells potentiates the proliferative response to either the G protein-coupled receptor agonists bombesin and vasopressin or the biologically active phorbol ester phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). In order to generate Swiss 3T3 cells stably overexpressing PKD, cultures of these cells were infected with retrovirus encoding murine PKD and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed as two separate proteins translated from the same mRNA. GFP was used as a marker for selection of PKD-positive cells. PKD overexpressed in Swiss 3T3 cells was dramatically activated by cell treatment with bombesin or PDBu as judged by in vitrokinase autophosphorylation assays and exogenous substrate phosphorylation. Concomitantly, these stimuli induced PKD phosphorylation at Ser744, Ser748, and Ser916. PKD activation and phosphorylation were prevented by exposure of the cells to protein kinase C-specific inhibitors. Addition of bombesin, vasopressin, or PDBu to cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells overexpressing PKD induced a striking increase in DNA synthesis and cell number compared with cultures of Swiss 3T3-GFP cells. In contrast, stimulation of DNA synthesis in response to epidermal growth factor, which acts via protein kinase C/PKD-independent pathways, was not enhanced. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of PKD selectively potentiates mitogenesis induced by bombesin, vasopressin, or PDBu in Swiss 3T3 cells.
Sampling and processing for compressive holography [Invited]

Compressive holography applies sparsity priors to data acquired by digital holography to infer a small number of object features or basis vectors from a slightly larger number of discrete measurements. Compressive holography may be applied to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) images from two-dimensional (2D) measurements or to reconstruct 2D images from sparse apertures. This paper is a tutorial covering practical compressive holography procedures, including field propagation, reference filtering, and inverse problems in compressive holography. We present as examples 3D tomography from a 2D hologram, 2D image reconstruction from a sparse aperture, and diffuse object estimation from diverse speckle realizations.
Sedimentation rates determined by 137 Cs dating in a rapidly accreting salt marsh

SEA-LEVEL records indicate that the coast of Louisiana and other parts of the Gulf Coast are rapidly subsiding1. Louisiana is now losing approximately 16 square miles of land per year, primarily to subsidence2; the rates of subsidence vary with location. Vertical marsh accretion is the process which counteracts subsidence and eustatic sea-level rise and prevents marsh deterioration, but, as in Louisiana's salt marshes, the pattern, rate and variability are sufficiently complicated to defy simple prediction. Conditions of marsh development vary throughout the coast, from the modern and Atchafalaya deltas through the abandoned deltas to the Chenier Plain3. In recent years, much of the coastal area such as Barataria Basin has been deprived of river-borne sediment through natural stream diversion and the construction of water-control embankments. In addition, dredging from petroleum operations has altered water flow and sedimentation patterns. The survival and productivity of Gulf Coast marshes depend on the influx and accumulation of sediment that offsets the effect of subsidence and maintains the marsh surface within the tidal range. To predict long-range trends in marsh stability, accurate measurements are needed of both subsidence and sedimentation rates. Information on subsidence is available from tide gauge measurements but no measurements have been made of sedimentation rates in marshland developed on Recent Mississippi alluvium. 137Cs, a fallout product of nuclear testing, has become a useful tool for dating recent sedimentary sequency in lakes4–8. We report here its use in the measurement of sedimentation rates in a Louisiana coastal marsh, the first report of such use in coastal marshes.
The influence of top–down, bottom–up and abiotic factors on the moose (Alces alces) population of Isle Royale

Long–term, concurrent measurement of population dynamics and associated top–down and bottom–up processes are rare for unmanipulated, terrestrial systems. Here, we analyse populations of moose, their predators (wolves, Canis lupus ), their primary winter forage (balsam fir, Abies balsamea ) and several climatic variables that were monitored for 40 consecutive years in Isle Royale National Park (544 km 2 ), Lake Superior, USA. We judged the relative importance of top–down, bottom–up and abiotic factors on moose population growth rate by constructing multiple linear regression models, and calculating the proportion of interannual variation in moose population growth rate explained by each factor. Our analysis indicates that more variation in population growth rate is explained by bottom–up than top–down processes, and abiotic factors explain more variation than do bottom–up processes. Surprisingly, winter precipitation did not explain any significant variation in population growth rate. Like that detected for two Norwegian ungulate populations, the relationship between population growth rate and the North Atlantic Oscillation was nonlinear. Although this analysis provides significant insight, much remains unknown: of the models examined, the most parsimonious explain little more than half the variation in moose population growth rate.
Arguing with Regions

Agnew J. A. Arguing with regions, Regional Studies. An analytical survey of how regions have entered into the arguments of the social sciences serves to highlight the uses and limitations of different understandings of regions and their various theoretical biases. It also provides a way of introducing the articles in the rest of this special issue. It considers how regions have come to be used as a classificatory device across the social sciences, discusses the various meanings given to regions in empirical research, and examines the main philosophical and theoretical controversies that have been sparked by their use. Matching regions to purpose and avoiding a singular conception of ‘region’ that claims to fit all arguments are the main conclusions. 区域 分类 地域 关系性 Agnew J. A. 争论区域，区域研究。对于区域如何进入社会科学争论的分析性研究，得以强调不同理解区域方式的使用与限制，及其互异的理论偏见。该分析同时提供做为此一专题中其他文章的引文。它考虑区域如何成为社会科学中分类的机制、探讨经验研究中赋予区域的各种意涵，并检视此一使用在哲学上与理论上引发的主要争论。将区域与目的相互配对，并避免宣称适用于所有主张的单一概念化区域，是为本文的主要结论。 Regions Classement Territorial Relationnel Agnew J...
Surgery for Pulmonary Metastasis: A 20-Year Experience

During a recent 20-year period, 556 patients underwent operation for pulmonary metastasis at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston. The surgical mortality was 1.5% for 772 resections. A selection of 443 patients was made to evaluate the contribution of operative intervention as a primary treatment, with selective adjunctive therapy when applicable. The success of a surgical approach is dependent primarily on adherence to selection criteria; it is important that only patients in whom all known disease can be completely removed with the planned resection and who have full control of the primary site are treated. The overall survival for the group was 35%. For patients with carcinoma, survival ranged from 24% for those with primary uterine cervix tumors to approximately 54% for urinary tract, male genital tract, and corpus of uterus primary tumors. In the group with sarcoma, patients with skeletal tumors had a 46.4% survival rate (50.7% for those with osteogenic sarcoma), and 33% of the patients with soft tissue tumors had long-term survival. The outcome for patients with melanoma was poor; only 12.1% survived 5 years. If the original criteria apply, multiple and bilateral lesions can be successfully managed. Patients undergoing planned adjuvant treatment had a superior outcome compared with those not so treated. However, a significant survival advantage was shown only for patients with sarcoma. The failure to control all disease in patients in whom pulmonary metastasis is controlled surgically can only be improved on through the use of systemically active adjuvant treatment.
Designing an evaluation method for security user interfaces: lessons from studying secure wireless network configuration

: / 28 Ten or 20 years ago, evaluating security products was not as much of a problem as it is today. Systems were managed by people able—and willing—to master the complexities. However, with the proliferation of personal computing devices and network connectivity in the home, systems are now regularly managed by nonexperts. Each system needs to be secured by each user in each home. Therefore designing effective, unbiased evaluation methods for consumer products is one of the first steps in improving both users’ experiences and their security practices. Evaluating the usability of security is a challenge. A common question evaluators face is: “How do I test whether users will configure and use a product securely?” In this article, we outline problems we encountered in evaluating secure wireless network configuration and examine the assumptions many user study methods make, but which may not hold for security.
Storm System Database: A Big Data Approach to Moving Object Databases

Rainfall data is often collected by measuring the amount of precipitation collected in a physical container at a site. Such methods provide precise data for those sites, but are limited in granularity to the number and placement of collection devices. We use radar images of storm systems that are publicly available and provide rainfall estimates for large regions of the globe, but at the cost of loss of precision. We present a moving object database called Storm DB that stores decibel measurements of rain clouds as moving regions, i.e., we store a single rain cloud as a region that changes shape and position over time. Storm DB is a prototype system that answers rain amount queries over a user defined time duration for any point in the continental United States. In other words, a user can ask the database for the amount of rainfall that fell at any point in the US over a specified time window. Although this single query seems straightforward, it is complicated due to the expected size of the dataset: storm clouds are numerous, radar images are available in high resolution, and our system will collect data over a large timeframe, thus, we expect the number and size of moving regions representing storm clouds to be large. To implement our proposed query, we bring together the following concepts: (i) image processing to retrieve storm clouds from radar images, (ii) interpolation mechanisms to construct moving regions with infinite temporal resolution from region snapshots, (iii) transformations to compute exact point in moving polygon queries using 2-dimensional rather than 3-dimensional algorithms, (iv) GPU algorithms for massively parallel computation of the duration that a point lies inside a moving polygon, and (v) map/reduce algorithms to provide scalability. The resulting prototype lays the groundwork for building big data solutions for moving object databases.
Effect of Al2O3 Powder on Properties of Fumed Silica Thermal Insulating Composites Using Mechanofusion Technique

This study describes the manufacturing process of thermal insulating composites which made from fumed silica powder, reinforcing fibre and other additives using advanced mechanofusion technique. The research focuses on the effect and mechanism of Al2O3 powder on thermal insulating composites, which using as high temperature shrinkage inhibitors to restrain sintering in fumed silica compacts at high temperatures. The results show that nanosize Al2O3 powder can effectively improve the volume stability of the compacts above 800°C, but which has little influence on thermal conductivity at higher temperatures. The compacts prepared in this study exhibit fracture strength of 0.26 MPa at room temperature, thermal conductivity of 0.0336 W/(m•K) at 1000°C and tiny volume shrinkage about 1.1% at 1000°C for 12h.
Role of the Ephemeral in Recovery and Renewal

Installed during the Tohoku earthquake relief fundraising event, CONCERT FOR JAPAN, at Japan Society in New York City on April 2011, the Luminous Washi Lanterns was a meditation and celebration of renewal through light and impermanent materials. The paper examines the role of the ephemeral from the ancient to contemporary Japanese culture, collective experience during an ephemeral performance, and translation of traditional Japanese renewal rituals into a piece that engages a diverse range of people outside of Japan. How can designers instigate a process of renewal following a disaster in manners that engage people of all ages and backgrounds in a collective healing experience?
Parental prescription opioid abuse and the impact on children.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify which characteristics of opioid-abusing parents were associated with greater global impairment of their children. Methods: Data regarding participant demographics, drug use, and child demographics were collected from 14 patients in a chemical dependency unit who had at least one child between the ages of 4 and 17, inclusive. Child global impairment was measured by the parents’ report using the Brief Impairment Scale (BIS). Regression analyses were conducted to assess which parental characteristics were associated with child BIS scores. Results: The mean age of the 14 participants was approximately 40 years, 9 (64.3%) were women, and 12 (85.7%) were white. At the time of hospitalization, 12 (85.7%) had had prior substance abuse treatment, 9 (64.3%) had received prescription opioids through non-medical sources, and 9 (64.3%) had a criminal history. The mean BIS score of 24 children was 15.5, which is associated with moderate global impairment of function....
RESPONSES IN PREGNANT EWES FED FORAGES CONTAINING VARIOUS LEVELS OF NITRATE.

Abstract In 1961–62, 25 pregnant ewes, divided into groups of five, were individually fed pelleted alfalfa-timothy hay + 1.5% nitrate, or corn, oats, pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus ) or lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album ) forages containing 0.4 to 1.5% nitrate. Hemoglobin, methemoglobin, body weight and plasma vitamin A were not significantly affected by nitrate level. Liver vitamin A levels reflected carotene intake. No pathological changes could be attributed to nitrate. In 1962–63, 40 pregnant ewes divided among six groups were individually fed alfalfa-timothy hay with and without 3.4% added nitrate, or corn, oats, pigweed or lambsquarters containing 0.4, 2.6, 2.6, and 2.4% nitrate, respectively. The hay + 3.4% nitrate ration was unpalatable. Methemoglobinemia increased as feed consumption increased. Ewes fed oats, pigweed and lambsquarters developed higher hemoglobin and methemoglobin levels and higher blood volumes than ewes fed corn or hay. Two abortions associated with toxoplasmosis occurred in ewes fed hay. Three ewes fed hay + 3.4% nitrate aborted; nitrate was probably the cause, but E. coli was isolated in two instances. Two abortions associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two stillbirths due to dystocia occurred from ewes fed oats. A ewe fed oats and one fed pigweed died. Birth weight of lambs was not significantly different among groups. Liver and plasma vitamin A levels reflected the level of dietary carotene.
Do Market Efficiency Measures Yield Correct Inferences? A Comparison of Developed and Emerging Markets

Using data from 56 markets, we find that short-term reversal, post-earnings drift, and momentum strategies earn similar returns in emerging and developed markets. Variance ratios and market delay measures often show greater deviations from random walk pricing in developed markets. Conceptually, we show that commonly used efficiency tests can yield misleading inferences because they do not control for the information environment. Our evidence corrects misperceptions that emerging markets feature larger trading profits and higher return autocorrelation, highlights crucial limitations of weak and semi-strong form efficiency measures, and points to the importance of measuring informational aspects of efficiency. © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved.
The effect of DDT and its analogs on the fragility of human erythrocytes

Abstract The antihemolytic actions of DDT and eight analogs were examined with human erythrocytes. Apparent aqueous concentrations to produce 60% of control hemolysis ranged from 3.7 × 10 −4 to 2.4 × 10 −6 M , with DDT being one of the least active. No correlation was found between antihemolytic potency and neurotoxicity, and it was concluded that the findings did not illuminate the toxic or neural actions of these compounds.
Risk factors and demographics in patients with spasmodic dysphonia.

Objectives: Spasmodic dysphonia has been characterized as a functional, psychogenic, or movement disorder with no known etiology or cure. In the present study, risk factors associated with other movement disorders were evaluated in patients with spasmodic dysphonia. Study Design: Retrospective patient survey of 168 patients with a known diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia who completed questionnaires at the time of interval botulinum toxin injection. Methods: Patients completed questionnaires on demographics, education level, work history, significant life events, medical, social, and family history. The results were compared with those of first-degree relatives as a control group with similar demographics. Data were analyzed using percentages calculated on the total number of responses and distribution of frequency of each. Statistical significance was estimated on t tests of X 2 values. Results: In the series of 168 patients, there was a female predominance of 79%. Age range at onset was 13 to 71 years with an average of age of 45 years. Sixty-five percent of patients had previously had the measles or mumps compared with the national average of 15% in a similar age group (P =.0001). Thirty percent of patients directly associated onset of spasmodic dysphonia symptoms to an upper respiratory tract infection, and 21% to a major life stress. There was no significant incidence of any other medical or neurological condition or symptomatology. There was no family history of spasmodic dysphonia. Twenty-six percent of patients had an essential tremor compared with 4% of first-degree relatives (P =.0001), and 11% had associated writer's cramp compared with 2% of relatives (P =.02). Less than 1% of patients described a history of toxic exposure or electrical injury. Conclusions: The majority of patients with spasmodic dysphonia are girls and women. A significantly higher incidence of childhood viral illness was found in the patients with spasmodic dysphonia. Patients with spasmodic dysphonia had a significant incidence of both essential tremor and writer's cramp but no history of major illness or other neurological disorder. There appear to be no significant environmental or hereditary patterns in the etiology of spasmodic dysphonia. Stress or viral infection may induce the onset of symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia. Many features of the disorder are common to other movement disorders, and this knowledge may direct future research efforts.
Representational Abilities and the Hearing Status of Child/Mother Dyads

Two representational abilities, expressive and receptive language and symbolic play, were assessed in multiple formats in hearing and deaf 2-year-old children of hearing and deaf mothers. Based on maternal report, hearing children of hearing and deaf mothers produced more words than deaf children of hearing mothers, hearing children of hearing mothers more words than deaf children of deaf mothers, and deaf children of deaf mothers more words than deaf children of hearing mothers. Based on experimenter assessments, hearing children in both groups produced and comprehended more words than deaf children in both groups. By contrast, no differences emerged among these groups in child solitary symbolic play or in child-initiated or mother-initiated child collaborative symbolic play; all groups also increased equivalently in symbolic play between solitary and collaborative play. Representational language and symbolic play were unrelated in hearing children of hearing mothers and in deaf children of deaf mothers, but the 2 abilities were associated in children in the 2 child/mother mismatched hearing status groups. These findings are placed in the context of a proposed developing modularity of verbal and nonverbal symbol systems, and the implications of hearing status in communicative exchanges between children and their mothers in diverse hearing and deaf dyads are explored.
Force decay of elastomeric ligatures: influence on unloading force compared to self-ligation.

Abstract Objective: To compare elastomeric ligatures (EL) vs self-ligating (SL) brackets in terms of their effects on the unloading force of a 0.014-inch CuNiTi aligning wire. Materials and Methods: By simulating the alignment of a lingually malposed canine and using a full-arch design, three ligation methods—SL, EL, and “relaxed” elastomeric ligature (REL)— were tested with 30 wires per group. Each test was conducted in a dry field within a Plexiglas case at 35 ± 2°C. Eleven brackets were affixed from first molar to first molar site on a steel plate with a space created at the location of the left canine. The wire was deflected 3 mm then was unloaded at a speed of 2 mm per minute. Data were gathered from four points along the unloading plot generated during each test and then were compared by using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare combinations of groups. Results: Wires ligated with EL and REL produced an average unloading force equal to 56% and 88%,...
Fabrication and characterization of modulation-doped ZnSe/(Zn,Cd)Se (110) quantum wells: A new system for spin coherence studies

We describe the growth of modulation-doped ZnSe/(Zn,Cd)Se quantum wells on (110) GaAs substrates. Unlike the well-known protocol for the epitaxy of ZnSe-based quantum structures on (001) GaAs, we find that the fabrication of quantum well structures on (110) GaAs requires significantly different growth conditions and sample architecture. We use magnetotransport measurements to confirm the formation of a two-dimensional electron gas in these samples, and then measure transverse electron spin relaxation times using time-resolved Faraday rotation. In contrast to expectations based upon known spin relaxation mechanisms, we find surprisingly little difference between the spin lifetimes in these (110)-oriented samples in comparison with (100)-oriented control samples.
Glycolate metabolism by Pseudomonas sp., strain S227, isolated from a coastal marine sediment

Glycolate excreted by phytoplankton is a potentially important nutrient for bacteria in coastal and estuarine environments. The metabolism of glycolate by Pseudomonas sp., strain S227, originally isolated from the New York Bight Apex, has been studied. The specific growth rate for this strain on glycolate is 0.156 doublings h-1. The apparent Vmax and Km for glycolate uptake are 83.6 nmol min-1 mg cell protein-1 and 7.4x10-8 M, respectively. The preferential respiration of the carboxyl carbon (C-1) and the incroporation of the hydroxymethyl carbon (C-2) suggest that the glycerate pathway is used for growth on glycolate. Alternatively, another pathway can be utilized which results in the complete catabolism of glycolate. Glycolate and lactate metabolism are also closely linked either by a common metabolic pathway or a common transport system other than the monocarboxylate transport system. The magnesium ion concentration is also important in glycolate metabolism. The characteristics of glycolate metabolism observed in Pseudomonas sp., strain S227, are advantageous in coastal and estuarine environments where glycolate production is intermittent, and the concentrations are low.
NIST-CTCMS International Workshop on Optimal Design for Materials and Structures

This Preface gives a general description of the NIST-CTCMS International Workshop on Optimal Design of Materials and Structures.
Intake of blood by adult horn flies reared in the laboratory.

The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), a bloodsucking insect, causes considerable economic loss to the beef and dairy cattle industry in the United States. Marlatt (1910) suggested that the damage caused by the horn fly resulted chiefly from irritation of cattle, which prevented proper feeding and normal assimilation of food; he suggested also that the actual loss of blood might be considerable when these flies were abundant. The amount of blood consumed by the fly was estimated to be 1.71 mg/feeding in the report by Annand (1941). This report also stated that the flies fed twice daily, which would mean that they consumed 3.4 mg/day. Therefore, the loss of blood from a heavily infested herd of 500 animals was estimated to average 7 qt/day. However, the “heavy” infestation was not denned, and the manner of obtaining the data was not described. The present paper contains information we obtained concerning the amount of blood diet horn flies consumed in the laboratory and the effects of age and sex on the amount taken.
Cognitive architecture for perception-reaction intelligent computer agents (CAPRICA)

In this paper, we introduce a cognitive agent architecture that can be used in the study of Human-Robot Interaction. The Cognitive Architecture for Perception-Reaction Intelligent Computer Agents (CAPRICA) is an extensible agent library built around the ideas of theory of mind, episodic memory, and embodied cognition. Existing agent research in each of these areas was used to formulate design requirements. We provide an overview of the library's design and discuss future work in progress.
The demographic effects of legal abortion on the Hungarian labor force

On constate qu’il existe une correlation entre la pratique de l’avortement legal et la baisse des taux de natalite et des taux d’accroissement naturel de la population. Une nouvelle methode est presentee pour mesurer les effets demographiques de l’avortement legal.
cw laser annealing of Nb3Al and Nb3Si

cw laser annealing has been applied to synthesize the metastable A15 superconductors, Nb3Al and Nb3Si. Qualitative agreement with the equilibrium phase diagrams have been obtained for the Nb‐Al system. Laser annealing permits the high‐temperature A15 phase to be fast quenched to room temperature without decomposition. Subsequent use of multiple low‐temperature laser scans raises the superconducting transition temperature, probably by improving the atomic order. For the Nb‐Si system, a single‐phase nonstoichiometric A15 structure is formed from the amorphous phase upon laser annealing.
1546 LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN EXCEEDED KERNLUTE AND PRESENCE OF HANDICAP IN LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP

1546 LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN EXCEEDED KERNLUTE AND PRESENCE OF HANDICAP IN LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP
Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii in inflammatory macrophages in vivo is associated with diminished oxygen radical production in the host cell

While reactive oxygen species (ROS) can kill Toxoplasma gondii in vitro the role these molecules play in vivo is not known. We used a flow cytometry-based assay to investigate the relationship between intracellular infection and ROS production during acute peritoneal toxoplasmosis in mice. A distinct population of ROS+ inflammatory macrophages, detected by the oxidation of hydroethidine, was observed to increase progressively in frequency during the course of infection, and to be inversely correlated with the degree of cell parasitization. These data imply that either intracellular parasites inhibit ROS synthesis or, alternatively, ROS-producing cells contain anti-Toxoplasma activity. The latter interpretation was supported by the finding that uninfected ROS-producing inflammatory macrophages were resistant to infection in vivo. However, in the same animals, ROS-producing macrophages that had previously been parasitized could readily be infected with additional parasites, suggesting that the difference in ROS production between highly infected and less infected cells was not due to ROS-associated killing of parasites within these cells. In addition, macrophages infected with T. gondii in vitro and then briefly transferred to acutely infected mice upregulated ROS production in a manner that was again inversely correlated with the degree of intracellular parasitization. Taken together, these findings suggest that both ROS-associated anti-Toxoplasma activity and parasite-driven inhibition of ROS production underlie the observed pattern of ROS production. ROS function and parasite evasion of this function may contribute significantly to the balance between host defense and disease progression during acute infection.
Molecular cell biology and molecular genetics of Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic ascomycete which is capable of producing a broad spectrum of disease ranging from mild asymptomatic, pulmonary illness to severe, life-threatening systemic mycosis. Regulatory mechanisms that use temperature and other environmental cues are paramount to the successful adaptation of the organism as an effective intracellular pathogenic yeast. Although the biochemistry and phenomenology of reversible morphogenesis have been well examined in Histoplasma, the identification and functional characterization of genes and their products that are required for early establishment or maintenance of the parasitic yeast phase in intracellular host compartments have only recently been fruitful. Advances in the molecular biology of Histoplasma, including approaches to introduce telomeric plasmids, reporter fusion constructs, and gene disruption cassettes into the fungus are poised to solidify the pre-eminence of this fungus as a model system which can be applied to other dimorphic fungal pathogens that exhibit similar cellular and immunological complexities. This review centers on recent developments in the molecular cell biology and molecular genetics of Histoplasma capsulatum that provide important new avenues for examining the mold-to-yeast phase transition beyond the historical, binary view of dimorphism and the implications that these successful approaches may have on seminal issues in fungal pathogenesis.
Comparison of electronic and mechanical contrast in scanning tunneling microscopy images of semiconductor heterojunctions

Abstract The use of cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to study strain in semiconductor heterostructures is discussed. In particular, intermixing between constituent heterostructure layers leads to internal strains in the heterostructure, and these strained regions are evident by displacement of the cleavage surface formed in the STM study. A theoretical analysis is made of the magnitude of electronic compared to mechanical contributions to the contrast of STM images, from which it is found that the former are relatively small, on the order of 0.1A, for typical In x Ga 1− x As y P 1− y heterostructures imaged with sufficiently large, positive sample bias.
Environmental, trophic, and ecological factors influencing bone collagen δ2H

Abstract Organic deuterium/hydrogen stable isotope ratios (i.e., 2H/1H, expressed as δ2H value in ‰) in animal tissues are related to the 2H/1H in diet and ingested water. Bone collagen preserves the biochemical 2H/1H isotopic signal in the δ2H value of collagen’s non-exchangeable hydrogen. Therefore, δ2H preserved in bone collagen has the potential to constrain environmental and trophic conditions, which is of interest to researchers studying of both living and fossil vertebrates. Our data examine the relationship of δ2H values of collagen with geographic variation in δ2H of meteoric waters, with local variations in the ecology and trophic level of species, and with the transition from mother’s milk to adult diet. Based on 97 individuals from 22 marine and terrestrial vertebrates (predominately mammals), we found the relationships of collagen δ2H to both geographic variation in meteoric water δ2H (R2 = 0.55) and to δ15N in bone collagen (R2 = 0.17) statistically significant but weaker than previously reported. The second strongest control on collagen δ2H in our data is dietary, with nearly 50 percent of the variance in δ2H explained by trophic level (R2 = 0.47). Trophic level effects potentially confound the local meteoric signal if not held constant: herbivores tend to have the lowest δ2H values, omnivores have intermediate ones, and carnivores have the highest values. Body size (most likely related to mass-specific metabolic rates) has a strong influence on collagen δ2H (R2 = 0.30), by causing greater sensitivity in smaller animals to seasonal climate variations and/or high evapotranspiration leading to 2H-enrichment in tissues. In marine mammals weaning produces a dramatic effect on collagen δ2H with adult values being universally higher than pup values (R2 = 0.79). Interestingly, the shift in δ15N at weaning is downward, even though normally hydrogen and nitrogen isotope ratios are positively correlated with one another in respect to trophic level. Our findings suggest that in carnivores, which have an especially high variance in δ2H, large samples are needed to separate signals from precipitation, trophic level, body size, and age. For δ2H of fossil collagen to be useful as a proxy of environmental or dietary information, these confounding effects need to be understood, which means careful selection of a study species. Further, δ2H from a single fossil bone collagen is likely to be uninterpretable.
Differential Risk Exposure and Stochastic Poverty Traps Among East African Pastoralists

In the pastoraland agropastoralsystems of east Africa’s arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL), climatic shocks, price volatility, disease outbreaks, and widespread violence beget frequent disruption of already-fragile livelihoods. Last year’s drought dramatically demonstrates that intense suffering recurs regularly in the ASAL in spite of significant humanitarian aid flows. This article explores why that might be. We draw on preliminary results of an ongoing quarterly survey in six sites in northern Kenya, seventeen years’ herd history data collected from Boran pastoralists in southern Ethiopia (Desta), five years’ seasonaldata on land use and herd management decisions among Gabra pastoralists in northern Kenya (McPeak 2000a, b), and three years’ transactions-level data on livestock markets in northern Kenya (Barrett et al.). In the interest of brevity, we present only a synthesis of findings from these and related studies that suggest how differences in pastoralists’ ubiquitous risk exposure create and sustain structuralpoverty traps from which many ASAL pastoralists are having a difficult time escaping.