cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capturing 'in the moment' creativity through data triangulation

We present a first attempt at capturing 'in the moment' creativity (ITMC) through a triangulation self-report techniques, external judges, and physiological measures. In our study, participants were asked to sketch for 30 minutes while wearing GSR and EEG; then they retrospectively self-reported their creativity using a custom interface. External judges were also utilized to rate when participants were creative. Our initial results indicate high reliability for self-reporting ITMC, consensus between judges and participants, and that physiological measures trended according to the expectations from research. Our work sets the stage for more extensive research that makes use of temporal measures of creativity.
Determining the control circuitry of redox metabolism at the genome-scale.

Determining how facultative anaerobic organisms sense and direct cellular responses to electron acceptor availability has been a subject of intense study. However, even in the model organism Escherichia coli, established mechanisms only explain a small fraction of the hundreds of genes that are regulated during electron acceptor shifts. Here we propose a qualitative model that accounts for the full breadth of regulated genes by detailing how two global transcription factors (TFs), ArcA and Fnr of E. coli, sense key metabolic redox ratios and act on a genome-wide basis to regulate anabolic, catabolic, and energy generation pathways. We first fill gaps in our knowledge of this transcriptional regulatory network by carrying out ChIP-chip and gene expression experiments to identify 463 regulatory events. We then interfaced this reconstructed regulatory network with a highly curated genome-scale metabolic model to show that ArcA and Fnr regulate >80% of total metabolic flux and 96% of differential gene expression across fermentative and nitrate respiratory conditions. Based on the data, we propose a feedforward with feedback trim regulatory scheme, given the extensive repression of catabolic genes by ArcA and extensive activation of chemiosmotic genes by Fnr. We further corroborated this regulatory scheme by showing a 0.71 r2 (p<1e-6) correlation between changes in metabolic flux and changes in regulatory activity across fermentative and nitrate respiratory conditions. Finally, we are able to relate the proposed model to a wealth of previously generated data by contextualizing the existing transcriptional regulatory network.
Generalized linear complementarity problems

It has been shown by Lemke that if a matrix is copositive plus on ℝ n , then feasibility of the corresponding linear complementarity problem implies solvability. In this article we show, under suitable conditions, that feasibility of ageneralized linear complementarity problem (i.e., defined over a more general closed convex cone in a real Hilbert space) implies solvability whenever the operator is copositive plus on that cone. We show that among all closed convex cones in a finite dimensional real Hilbert Space, polyhedral cones are theonly ones with the property that every copositive plus, feasible GLCP is solvable. We also prove a perturbation result for generalized linear complementarity problems.
Suppression of Potential Pathogens by a Defined Colonic Microflora

Animals acquiring a microflora for the first time do so through the gradual process of ecologic succession. A defined microflora was derived by experimentally simulating this process in gnotobiotic mice. Diverse bacterial species were obtained from ex-germfree mice acquiring a microflora from a conventional mouse. All isolates were characterised to the genus level and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was performed on soluble proteins to differentiate isolates at the species or subspecies level. Selected isolates were fully identified. Only 21 per cent of taxa had been previously described. Organisms isolated early in succession tended to ferment more diverse carbohydrates (mean + SD = 10.2 + 8.6 carbohydrates per isolate) than organisms found in climax stage mouse flora (5.7 + 7.0). Bacterial species which predominated during ecologic succession, but which later comprised only a small part of the microflora, were important in simulating certain functions of the entire flora. The defined flora suppressed Escherichia coli to 10 6.6 colony forming units (CFU) per caecum, a degree of suppression similar to that caused by the entire caecal flora. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was suppressed less by the defined flora (10 4.4 ) than by the entire caecal flora (10 2.0 ). While Clostridium difficile was suppressed much less by the defined flora ( 10 6.6 ) than by the entire flora (undetectable), animals colonised with the defined flora were protected from colitis when challenged with a pathogenic strain of C. difficile . Keywords: Gnotobiotics; Colitis; Clostridium difficile ; Anaerobes: Colonisation resistance.
Flight response, body weight, and lipid content of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) as influenced by strain, season and phenotype

Effects of geographical origin of strain, season of field collection, genetic background, and number of generations of laboratory rearing on flight initiation, body weight, and lipid content of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, were studied. Significant differences in flight initiation, body weight, and total lipid content occurred among the four field strains collected from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mexico. Flight activity tended to be higher for strains with higher average body weight. Oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids accounted for about 95% of all fatty acids present in the strains tested. However, the percentage of lipids per fresh body weight was not significantly different among these four field strains. Beetles collected in summer tended to fly more and have a higher percentage of lipid content than beetles collected in spring and autumn. Results from crosses between strains with high and low flight responses suggested that the female contributes a higher proportion of additive genetic variance for flight initiation than the male. Rearing for 17 generations in laboratory conditions had no discernible effect on flight initiation of a strain of R. dominica collected from the field. Thus, flight behavior can persist for many generations of laboratory rearing.
Lagrangians of physics and the game of Fisher-information transfer

The Lagrangians of physics arise out of a mathematical game between a ``smart'' measurer and nature (personified by a demon). Each contestant wants to maximize his level of Fisher information I. The game is zero sum, by conservation of information in the closed system. The payoff of the game introduces a variational principle---extreme physical information (EPI)---which fixes both the Lagrangian and the physical constant of each scenario. The EPI approach provides an understanding of the relationship between measurement and physical law. EPI also defines a prescription for constructing Lagrangians. The prior knowledge required for this purpose is a rule of symmetry or conservation that implies a unitary transformation for which I remains invariant. As an example, when applied to the smart measurement of the space-time coordinate of a particle, the symmetry used is that between position-time space and momentum-energy space. Then the unitary transformation is the Fourier one, and EPI derives the following: the equivalence of energy, momentum, and mass; the constancy of Planck's parameter h; and the Lagrangian that implies both the Klein-Gordon equation and the Dirac equation of quantum mechanics.
Vortex rings and the superfluid λ-transition

A vortex-ring formulation of the4He λ-transition provides a clear physical picture of the superfluid transition. The thermally excited rings are dipoles which orient in an applied flow field, and their net backflow cancels part of the applied flow, reducing the superfluid density. At the λ-point rings of infinite size drive the superfluid density to zero as a power law of the reduced temperature, with an exponent of 0.672. By fitting to the experimental superfluid amplitude the core energy of the smallest rings is found to be 6.1K at Tλ and their diameter is 2.3 A. It is proposed that these can be identified as the roton excitations of the Landau model. The vortex theory also yields new insights into topics such as boundary effects at a wall, finite-size effects, and the dynamics of the transition.
Commentaries on “Embracing Complexity: A Consideration of Hypertension in the Very Old” and Author's Response Commentary

AT 40-month follow-up of 664 men, mean age 80 years, and at 48-month follow-up of 1488 women, mean age 82 years, hypertension significantly increased the relative risk of new coronary events 2.0 times in men (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–2.5) and 1.6 times in women (95% CI, 1.5–2.5) (1). In this study, hypertension significantly increased the incidence of new coronary events in men and in women younger and older than 80 years. At 42-month follow-up of 664 men, mean age 80 years, and at 48-month follow-up of 1488 women, mean age 82 years, hypertension significantly increased the relative risk of new atherothrombotic brain infarction 2.2 times in men (95% CI, 1.5–3.3) and 2.4 times in women (95% CI, 1.8– 3.2) (2). In this study, hypertension significantly increased the incidence of new atherothrombotic brain infarction in men and in women younger and older than 80 years. At 43-month follow-up of 926 men and 1976 women, mean age 81 years, hypertension significantly increased the risk ratio of new congestive heart failure 2.5 times (95% CI, 2.1–2.9) (3). In this study, hypertension significantly increased the risk ratio of new congestive heart failure in men and women younger and older than 80 years. This author concurs with Dr. Goodwin’s (4) agreement with Dr. Applegate (5) that ‘‘a physician prevents more strokes, heart attacks, episodes of heart failure, and deaths by treating 1000 men and women aged 65 years and older than one would by treating 1000 50 year olds with the same level of high blood pressure.’’ Data from 650 men and women, aged 80 years and older (mean age 83 years) in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program trial showed that, compared with placebo, antihypertensive drug therapy reduced the incidence of stroke 45%, of heart failure 64%, of coronary events 27%, of cardiovascular events 31%, of coronary plus cardiovascular deaths 17%, and of all-cause mortality 3% (6). Gueyffier and colleagues (7) collected data from all participants aged 80 years and older in randomized controlled trials of antihypertensive drug therapy through direct contact with other investigators. Their meta-analysis of data from 1670 persons aged 80 years and older (mean age 83 years) in 7 trials demonstrated that antihypertensive drug therapy significantly decreased stroke 34%, heart failure 39%, and major cardiovascular events 22%, and insignificantly increased all-cause mortality 6% (7). These data show that antihypertensive drug therapy improves quality of life in persons aged 80 years and older by reducing stroke, heart failure, and major cardiovascular events without significantly increasing all-cause mortality. Unless data from the ongoing Hypertension in the Very Elderly trial (8) show that antihypertensive drug therapy is not beneficial in very elderly hypertensive patients, this very elderly group should be treated (9). At this time, we cannot justify an age threshold beyond which hypertension (9) or hypercholesterolemia (10–14) should not be treated.
Cryptosporidium parvum induces an endoplasmic stress response in the intestinal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 cell line.

Invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells (HCT-8) by Cryptosporidium parvum resulted in a rapid induction of host cell spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (hSSAT-1) mRNA, causing a 4-fold increase in SSAT-1 enzyme activity after 24 h of infection. In contrast, host cell SSAT-2, spermine oxidase, and acetylpolyamine oxidase (hAPAO) remained unchanged during this period. Intracellular polyamine levels of C. parvum-infected human epithelial cells were determined, and it was found that spermidine remained unchanged and putrescine increased by 2.5-fold after 15 h and then decreased after 24 h, whereas spermine decreased by 3.9-fold after 15 h. Concomitant with these changes, N1-acetylspermine and N1-acetylspermidine both increased by 115- and 24-fold, respectively. Increased SSAT-1 has previously been shown to be involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response leading to apoptosis. Several stress response proteins were increased in HCT-8 cells infected with C. parvum, including calreticulin, a major calcium-binding chaperone in the ER; GRP78/BiP, a prosurvival ER chaperone; and Nrf2, a transcription factor that binds to antioxidant response elements, thus activating them. However, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a protein involved in DNA repair and programmed cell death, was decreased. Cumulatively, these results suggest that the invasion of HCT-8 cells by C. parvum results in an ER stress response by the host cell that culminates in overexpression of host cell SSAT-1 and elevated N1-acetylpolyamines, which can be used by a parasite that lacks ornithine decarboxylase. Background: Invasion of host cells by Cryptosporidium parvum results in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Results: Host cell calreticulin, GRP78/BiP, Nrf2, and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase increase, whereas poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase decreases. Conclusion: C. parvum causes an ER stress response culminating in the synthesis of N1-acetylspermine by infected cells. Significance: Host ER stress provides a source of polyamines for C. parvum, which lacks ornithine decarboxylase.
Efficient algorithms for sensor deployment and routing in sensor networks for network-structured environment monitoring

When monitoring environments with wireless sensor networks, optimal sensor deployment is a fundamental issue and an effective means to achieve desired performance. Selecting best sensor deployment has a dependence on the deployment environments. Existing works address sensor deployment within three types of environments including one dimensional line, 2-D field and 3-D space. However, in many applications the deployment environments usually have network structures, which cannot be simply classified as the three types. The deployed locations and communications of sensor nodes are limited onto the network edges, which make the deployment problem distinct from that in other types of environments. In this paper, we study sensor deployment in network-structured environments and aim to achieve k-coverage while minimizing the number of sensor nodes. Furthermore, we jointly consider the optimization of sink deployment and routing strategies with the goal to minimize the network communication cost of data collection. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first one to tackle sensor/sink deployment under the deployment constraints imposed by the network structure. The hardness of the problems is shown. Polynomial-time algorithms are proposed to determine optimal sensor/sink deployment and routing strategies in tree-topology network structure. Efficient approximation algorithms are proposed for the general graph network structure and their performances are analyzed. Theoretical results and extensive simulations show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
Short- and Long-Term Survival of Patients Transferred to a Tertiary Care Center on Temporary Extracorporeal Circulatory Support

Background Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) with temporary, extracorporeal assist devices restores hemodynamics in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. These devices are frequently used in community hospitals, with subsequent referral to tertiary care centers. We sought to determine the outcomes of such referrals and identify prognostic variables that may influence management decisions. Methods We performed a single-institution retrospective review of 59 consecutive patients transferred on temporary, extracorporeal MCS from 1997 to 2008. Demographics, medical history, laboratory data, and clinical status were obtained, with survival determined from the medical record and the Social Security Death Index. Univariable and multivariable analysis were performed and survival estimates were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Median age was 49.6 years (range, 14 to 77 years). Forty-five patients (76%) were supported for postcardiotomy failure, and 34 (58%) required biventricular support. Twenty-five (42%) survived to hospital discharge, 11 after cardiac recovery (44%), 9 with long-term implantable MCS devices (39%), and 5 after heart transplantation (22%). Eight patients discharged with implantable MCS devices underwent heart transplantation and 1 remains alive on long-term implantable MCS support. Survival was 42% ± 6% at 1 year and 38% ± 6% at 5 years. Age and renal function were independent predictors of death. Conclusions Nearly half of all patients transferred on temporary extracorporeal MCS survive to discharge. Most of the long-term survivors received a heart transplant. Age and renal function were independent predictors of death, suggesting that survival is maximized by considering eligibility for cardiac transplantation.
Curative resection of colorectal adenocarcinoma: multivariate analysis of 5-year follow-up.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of clinicopathologic factors on colorectal cancer, especially the age factor. From 1986 to 1992 a total of 2082 cases of colorectal cancers underwent operation in our institution. After exclusion of familial adenomatous polyposis, multiple cancer, Dukes' D stage, and nonadenocarcinoma patients, there were 1124 patients with single colorectal adenocarcinoma who had undergone curative operation; 1110 cases were included in the study after exclusion of surgical mortalities (14 cases, 1.2%). Age distribution ranged from 19 to 91 years (mean 58 years). The patients were divided into three age groups: < 40 years (grade 1), 40–69 years (grade 2), ≥ 70 years (grade 3); other clinicopathologic factors including gender, tumor gross type, location, pathology, and stage were also evaluated in the study. The colonic/rectal cancer ratio was 1.00:1.74, and that of the male/female distribution was 1.00:0.84. The overall 5-year cancer-free rate was 69.9% after curative resection. The young age (< 40 years) patients comprised more women (53.6%) and had a colon location in 41%. Although they had a higher percentage of scirrhous type lesions (1.8%), worse histology (17%), and more advanced stage (49.1%) than the older groups, their survival rate was only slightly lower than the other two groups (67% vs. 70% and 72%, respectively), which was not statistically significant (p= 0.83). By univariate analysis, the factors that influenced the 5-year cancer-free rate were gender (p= 0.031), tumor location (p= 0.003), gross type (p= 0.000), pathology (p= 0.000), and stage (p= 0.001). The independent factors determined for the 5-year cancer-free rate after multivariate analysis were similar to those assessed by univariate analysis. There 5-year survival of colorectal adenocarcinoma was not poorer in young patients. Poor survival factors were male gender, rectal location, scirrhous type, poor and mucinous histology, and advanced stage (Dukes' C) found at curative resection for colorectal adenocarcinoma.
Risk of emergency colectomy and colostomy in patients with diverticular disease.

Hypothesis Patients with diverticulitis are at a lifetime risk for emergency colectomy and colostomy. Age and recurrence characteristics can serve to predict the risk for these adverse outcomes. Design Time-to-event analysis and logistic regression were used to determine the risk of emergency colectomy/colostomy. Setting and Patients A retrospective cohort study using a statewide administrative database and identifying all patients hospitalized nonelectively for diverticulitis (1987-2001). Main Outcome Measure Emergency colectomy and/or colostomy in patients treated nonsurgically after a first episode of acute diverticulitis. Results A total of 25 058 patients (mean age [ ± SD], 69 [16] years, 60% female) were hospitalized for an initial episode of diverticulitis. Of the 20 136 patients treated without initial operation, 19% had recurrences, with younger patients ( P P Conclusions Age and number of recurrent events were associated with the risk of emergency colectomy/colostomy after successful nonoperative management in patients with diverticulitis. Individualization of recommendations regarding elective colectomy based on these factors may be more appropriate than the application of previously published strategies.
Geology and geochronology of the Tomochic caldera, Chihuahua, Mexico.

The Tomochic caldera, located in western Chihuahua, is one of perhaps 350 calderas in the Sierra Madre Occidental volcanic field. Its resurgent dome, sedimentary moat, ring-fracture zone rhyolitic flow domes, and remnants of its structural margin are strikingly well preserved. Four widespread ash-flow formations are exposed around the structural and topographic caldera walls. The caldera appears to have formed ∼31 Ma in response to the eruption of the Rio Verde tuff, the youngest of these formations. An older caldera complex, exposed along the northern rim of the Tomochic caldera, may be the source for both the Vista and Aeropista tuffs, which erupted 33.5 and 34.5 Ma respectively. The source of the remaining formation (San Felipe tuff) is not known. The structure of the Tomochic caldera is similar to that of the Valles caldera, except that the resurgent dome is composed of post-caldera intrusive and extrusive porphyritic quartz latite rather than intracaldera tuff. The Tomochic caldera displays a resurgent style intermediate between that of calderas that resurge by doming of the caldera-fill tuff and those that respond to resurgence by extrusion of copious amounts of lava. Field evidence indicates that the Rio Verde tuff is the result of as many as 15 ash-flow eruptions. The multiple episodes of collapse following these eruptions may have fractured the intracaldera tuff and underlying rocks so extensively that they could not contain the magmatic pressure imposed during resurgence.
Shallow rotating flow over an isolated obstacle

The deflection of flow around an isolated obstacle in a rotating homogeneous fluid is investigated. Criteria for the onset of closed streamlines over an isolated obstacle are reviewed. In the flow regime where no closed streamlines exist, steady solutions for the stream function are obtained for both quasigeostrophic and finite-Rossby-number flows. A measure is proposed to allow quantitative evaluation of the flow patterns, and the dependence of deflection on obstacle volume and aspect ratio is examined. In the regime where closed streamlines can exist, the presence of a trapped vortex to the right (looking downstream) of the obstacle is investigated by means of time integration of the shallow-water equations. The significance of the trapped vortex for a real fluid is then tested through the addition of the frictional effect of Eckman pumping.
Two-dimensional spectral analysis of mesospheric airglow image data.

A technique to analyze short-period (<1 hour) gravity wave structure in all-sky images of the airglow emissions is described. The technique involves spatial calibration, star removal, geographic projection, regridding, and flat fielding of the data prior to the determination of the horizontal wave parameters (wavelength, velocity, and period), by use of standard two-dimensional Fourier analysis techniques. The method was developed to exploit the information that is now available with wide-field solid state imaging systems. This technique permits interactive and quantitative investigations of large, complex data sets. Such studies are important for investigating gravity wave characteristics, their interaction with the airglow emissions, and their geographic and seasonal variability. We study one event of this type here and present possible evidence of a nonlinear wave–wave interaction in the upper atmosphere.
Filtered Multitensor Tractography

We describe a technique that uses tractography to drive the local fiber model estimation. Existing techniques use independent estimation at each voxel so there is no running knowledge of confidence in the estimated model fit. We formulate fiber tracking as recursive estimation: at each step of tracing the fiber, the current estimate is guided by those previous. To do this we perform tractography within a filter framework and use a discrete mixture of Gaussian tensors to model the signal. Starting from a seed point, each fiber is traced to its termination using an unscented Kalman filter to simultaneously fit the local model to the signal and propagate in the most consistent direction. Despite the presence of noise and uncertainty, this provides a causal estimate of the local structure at each point along the fiber. Using two- and three-fiber models we demonstrate in synthetic experiments that this approach significantly improves the angular resolution at crossings and branchings. In vivo experiments confirm the ability to trace through regions known to contain such crossing and branching while providing inherent path regularization.
Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels in Loin Muscle from Transgenic (fat-1 gene) Pigs and Effects on Lipid Oxidation During Storage

Studies suggest a diet rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn3) can promote visual, neural and vascular health. Pork muscle typically has small amounts of LCn3. A transgenic technology involving the fat-1 gene has been developed to increase LCn3 in various pig tissues; however, pork loin muscle has not been examined to date. We have determined that the LCn3 content in loin muscle (Longissimus) from fat-1 pigs was 1.59–2.24 g/100 g lipid compared to 0.34–0.38 g/100 g lipid in control samples. Lipid oxidation products were measured in ground and salted loin muscle from control and fat-1 pigs during storage at −4°C. There was no clear trend as to whether the fat-1 gene technology increased or decreased oxidative stability of the muscle during storage based on lipid peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values. There were a greater number of volatiles detected in stored loin from fat-1 pigs compared to control. Volatiles common to control and fat-1 pigs were elevated in stored loin...
Internalization of a Moral Norm and External Supports

A growing theoretical and empirical literature in recent years is concerned with the problems of conformity and deviance in modern society.' This literature supports the position that such loosely descriptive concepts as the folkways and the mores are in themselves inadequate as an approach to the study of social control; the normative structure of our society is simply too heterogeneous. Though we can demonstrate reliable differences in value systems among regions, classes, religions, educational levels, and what not, these may not reflect other theoretically meaningful differences in the complex system of normative references encountered by individuals in our society. A clear alternative to relating a given norm to all members of society is to relate each member to a set of norms.
Phase Change in Hedera helix: Induction of the Mature to Juvenile Phase Change by Gibberellin A3

A sensitive and reproducible method to obtain GA3 induced morphological reversion of mature Hedera helix to the juvenile form has been developed. Dose response experiments indicate that GA3 stimulates reversion over a 50–100 fold range with a half maximal response at approximately 0.5 μg GA3 per plant. The individual characteristics involved in phase change revert to the juvenile form in a sequential manner as GA3 dose is increased. Variations in light intensity from 1.2–3.6 × 104 lux and temperature from 15 to 26°C do not affect this hormonal response. Other growth regulators including indoleacetic acid, kinetin, abscisic acid and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (Ethephon) are inactive but other gibberellins (GA1 and a mixture of A4–A7) are active in stimulating reversion. Therefore, the response is specific for gibberellins as a class of hormones but non-specific for a particular form of gibberellin. The significance of this response in relation to juvenility in woody plants is discussed.
Cytokines, Plasma Immune Activation Markers, and Clinically Relevant Surrogate Markers in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Laboratory surrogate markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are needed to provide information about the stages and course of disease, especially in the years prior to the development of clinical signs and symptoms of immune disorder, e.g., opportunistic infections or neoplasia.
Application-dependent diagnosis of FPGAs

A new technique for diagnosis of faults in the interconnects and logic blocks of an arbitrary design implemented on an FPGA is presented. This work is complementary to application-dependent detection methods for FPGAs. This technique can uniquely identify any single bridging, open, or stuck-at fault in the interconnect as well as any single functional fault in the logic blocks. The number of test configurations for interconnect diagnosis is logarithmic to the size of the mapped design, whereas logic diagnosis is performed in only one test configuration.
Residue management for irrigated maize grain and silage production

Abstract Certain farming systems limit the opportunity to leave crop residue on the soil surface which could conserve soil and water. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of residue management, tillage, and irrigation regime on maize (Zea Mays L.) grain and silage yields and selected soil properties. The soil type was a Hiwassee clay loam (Rhodic Kanhapludults) and is representative of soils in the southern Piedmont region (USA). Two tillage treatments (no-tillage (NT) and conventional chisel plow/disk (CT)), in factorial combination with three sprinkler irrigation levels (none, full, and limited), were evaluated in 1988 and 1989. Each tillage/irrigation treatment was split to simulate maize stover removal (silage system) or maize stover left in place (grain system). Grain and silage yields for the 2 year period averaged 13% and 17% greater, respectively, for NT compared with CT. Residue removal decreased silage yield in 1989 from 18.9 to 17.5 Mg ha−1. Total and irrigation water use efficiencies were slightly greater in NT plots when residue remained on the soil surface. In general, both sorptivity and cumulative infiltration were greater for CT compared with NT. These same parameters were at least 200% greater in the non-trafficked interrow compared with the trafficked interrow position. Residual nitrate concentrations in the soil profile were less under NT compared with CT, reflecting the higher maize yields because of improved water availability under NT. While only small differences in yields and water use efficiencies were affected by residue management, the differences likely will increase with time under these management systems.
Potential latent effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on growth and the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in childhood

The literature strongly suggests that prenatal exposure to certain medications and substances does not cause major malformations in early childhood. However, these exposures may have far-reaching latent health effects, such as restricted growth, hypertension, and cardiovascular events in adulthood. We reviewed the literature to identify the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on growth and the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in late adolescence and early adulthood by examining studies that were published in peer-reviewed English-language journals from 1990 through 2009 and indexed in MEDLINE. We found that animal and clinical studies of the influence of prenatal cocaine exposure on child and adolescent growth and the subsequent development of myocardial and cardiometabolic disease risk factors are few and inconclusive. Studies support the hypothesis that vascular and hemodynamic functions are partially programmed in early life and thus substantially influence vascular aging and arterial stiffening in later life. Sub-optimal fetal nutrition and growth may increase blood pressure and the development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in late life. How prenatal cocaine and other drug exposure effects this relationship is currently unknown. Despite high rates of cocaine and other drug use during pregnancy (up to 18% in some studies), little is known about the health effects of prenatal cocaine exposure in adolescence and early adulthood. The few studies of early growth deficits persisting into adolescence are inconclusive. The literature provides little information on how exposed children grow into adulthood and about their subsequent risk of cardiometabolic and vascular disease.
Design and fabrication of a ferrite-lined HOM load for CESR-B

The beam tubes on the CESR-B cavity have been designed so that all of the higher order modes (HOM's) will propagate out of the cavity. To damp these modes to Q values of /spl sim/100, we have proposed the use of HOM loads that are an integral part of the beam tube, though located outside the cryostat. The absorbing medium is ferrite tiles which are bonded to the inside of a 304 series stainless steel water-cooled jacket. The bonding agent is an alloy which melts at /spl sim/220/spl deg/C. This alloy provides good thermal, as well as electrical, conductivity. Calculations indicate that these loads will provide the necessary damping and measurements using full-size models have verified this. It is anticipated that each HOM load for CESR-B will have to absorb 10-20 kW of beam induced power. High power tests of a scale model of the CESR-B load have been performed. The full-size load awaits final construction to be followed by testing. >
A New Generation of Oral Direct Anticoagulants

After more than 50 years of thrombosis treatment and prophylaxis being based on heparin and vitamin K antagonists, a new generation of oral, direct anticoagulants is now available. The past 5 years have brought a strikingly large number of trials that evaluated these new oral anticoagulants in a range of clinical trials, particularly nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, thrombosis prophylaxis after major joint replacement surgery, treatment of venous thromboembolic events, and, most recently, acute coronary syndrome. These studies have been notably similar in design between the drugs for specific indication. This review focuses on the 3 drugs that either have recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (dabigatran and rivaroxaban) or have the most mature phase III clinical data (apixaban).
An architecture for combining ways to think

Why have AI researchers not been able to give computers human-like 'common sense', the ability to think about ordinary things the way people can? In our view, the source of the difficulty is that they too often seek after types of cognitive architectures, kinds of representations, and methods of inference that are based on some single, simple process, theory, or principle. Despite their elegance, no single one of such techniques can capture the diversity of mechanisms needed to reason about the broad range of common sense domains for example, those that require reasoning about temporal, spatial, physical, psychological, social, and self-reflective matters. Here we describe aspects of an architecture that we are developing to support the construction of AI systems resourceful enough to combine the advantages of many different ways to think about things, by making use of many types of mechanisms for reasoning, representation, and reflection.
American Crystal Sugar Company: Making Ethanol from Sugar Beets?

The objective of the case is to have students analyze policy factors regarding the possibility of using sugar beets as an ethanol feedstock. Jim Horvath, CEO of American Crystal Sugar Company, is preparing a presentation for his cooperative's annual meeting. Students are asked to consider various economic factors that affect the supply and demand for ethanol and how sugar beet ethanol is produced. Copyright 2009 Agricultural and Applied Economics Association
STIMULUS CONTROL ACQUIRED BY COMPONENTS OF TWO COLOR-FORM COMPOUND STIMULI1

Four pigeons were trained to respond on one of two keys in the presence of one color-form display, and on the other key when a second color-form display was present. Both responses were maintained on a 2-min variable-internal schedule of reinforcement. Subsequently, stimulus control acquired by components of the compound stimuli was determined by brief test probes in which the colors and forms separately, and in novel combinations, appeared on the display screen. When either color component was present, both choice of response key and response rate were like responding to the training compound display containing that color. When the forms were presented separate from the colors, generally low and comparable rates of responding occurred on both keys.
A Computable Plug-In Estimator of Minimum Volume Sets for Novelty Detection

A minimum volume set of a probability density is a region of minimum size among the regions covering a given probability mass of the density. Effective methods for finding the minimum volume sets are very useful for detecting failures or anomalies in commercial and security applications---a problem known as novelty detection. One theoretical approach of estimating the minimum volume set is to use a density level set where a kernel density estimator is plugged into the optimization problem that yields the appropriate level. Such a plug-in estimator is not of practical use because solving the corresponding minimization problem is usually intractable. A modified plug-in estimator was proposed by Hyndman in 1996 to overcome the computation difficulty of the theoretical approach but is not well studied in the literature. In this paper, we provide theoretical support to this estimator by showing its asymptotic consistency. We also show that this estimator is very competitive to other existing novelty detection methods through an extensive empirical study.
An investigation of the effects of experimental parameters on the closed-loop control of photoionization/dissociation processes in acetophenone

Abstract The photodissociation channels of acetophenone (C 6 H 5 )CO(CH 3 ), can be controlled by the use of tailored strong-field laser pulses together with a feedback loop incorporating an adaptive algorithm. This optimal control strategy is used to selectively cleave either the OCCH 3 or OCC 6 H 5 bonds, monitored by detecting either mass 105 or 77, respectively. Varying the pulse chirp and duration prior to optimization is shown to affect the dynamic range of control. We show that it is possible to decrease the search space by limiting the retardance range of the spatial light modulator (SLM), or by decreasing the number of frequency elements manipulated by the SLM, and still achieve a certain degree of control over acetophenone dissociation. Performing consecutive experiments with identical experimental parameters and search criteria reveals that the learning algorithm may find solutions that have the same degree of control (various local solutions), with either similar SLM retardances or markedly different retardances. Comparison of the dynamic range of control between single-parameter optimizations (pulse energy and duration) with the tailored electric field profiles generated by the adaptive algorithm reveals an enhancement in the control of reaction product distributions in the latter scheme.
Modeling of Data Adaptable Reconfigurable Embedded Systems

Many applications require high flexibility, high configurability and high processing speeds. The physical constraints of a highly flexible system's hardware implementation preclude a hardware solution that satisfies all configuration options. Similarly for pure software implementations, even if configurability is satisfied, process efficiency will be sacrificed. Thus for applications of any significant size, there can be no single hardware or software configuration that can efficiently support all the configurability options of the applications. The Data-Adaptable Reconfigurable Embedded System (DARES) approach tackles this problem through combination of the hardware-software co-design and reconfigurable computing methodologies. Data-adaptability means that as data streams change, the system is reconfigured along the baselines defined within the system's specifications. In this project we use the concepts of Model-Integrated Computing to implement a domain-specific modeling language for the DARES approach. The language captures all the configurability options of the application task(s), performs design-space exploration, and provides a template for source code generation.
Impact Of Website Usability On Performance: A Heuristic Evaluation Of Community Bank Homepage Implementation

Many businesses are now using Internet websites as a competitive tool to attract new customers, improve service quality, and boost overall financial performance. Recent studies have identified a number of website development and evaluation guidelines required to enhance the effectiveness of these new technologies in achieving these goals. One of these guidelines relates to the importance of website usability in improving business performance. To achieve this goal, a unified measure of web usability is developed using a number of relevant guidelines, which were initially proposed by Nielsen and Tahir (2002), and then the estimated index is used to measure its impact on community bank performance. Results based on a multiple regression model show that banks with higher usability score perform significantly better than those with lower score.
Tradition as Benefit or Barrier? The Case of Christian Religion in the Formation of Environmental Ethics in the United States

The interaction between ecosystem science and religion should ideally operate as a two-way conversation. Religious tradition has historically served as reservoir for ecological information, and informed environmental regulation. For Christians, tradition, including sacred texts, can generate ethical focus, such as emphases on food, agriculture and land ethics. Christians, however, largely delayed response to climate change until it began to generate public scientific controversy. Although, since the release of the film An Inconvenient Truth, ultra-conservatives have acted as detractors, Christians have tackled climate change across a range of theological positions, from feminist and liberation-oriented to Evangelical. Churches have served as bases for grassroots programs extending from institutional green energy generation, to taking simple individual steps to mitigate greenhouse gas release. While able to motivate every-day people and generate “natural saints”, the Christian response to ecological issues is too dependent on conflict and media attention, restates common place strategies rather than exercising ethical or social imagination, and has frequently limited its vision to its traditional ethical strengths. Ecologists, in turn, confine religion to generating respect for nature rather than allowing it to mandate action, overlook the subtle interfaces between humanity, landscape and nature in religious myth, and too easily assume more conservative or tradition bound communities are less willing to accept ecological thinking. Religious ethicists can improve their response to global environmental issues by developing a better understanding of how ecologists discern regional and global biotic change. Ecologists can improve their communication with religion by understanding it more holistically and pursuing cooperative strategies.
ASSESSING CHANGES IN RISK FACTOR EFFECT OVER MULTIPLE LEVELS OF SEVERITY

Use of the logistic function has become standard for regression of proportions onto risk factors, but where multiple levels of response are recorded, several different techniques are common. For most purposes, the "inclusive" method is most appropriate. However, if investigation is focused directly on the pattern of risk factor effects over levels of severity, the inclusive method is too conservative, because its overlapping categories tend to minimize any real differences among risk factor effects at separate levels. Several alternative techniques maximize these estimated differences, but interpretation of their results is much more sensitive to the assumed model than is estimation of category frequencies. In most cases, it is not possible to know precisely what model actually generated the data at hand. Therefore, a procedure is recommended which combines the safety of the inclusive method with an adjuvant technique called the "continuation ratio" method which has greater power to disclose differences between risk factor effects at different levels of response.
Advertising, Modernity, and Consumer Culture in Colonial Vietnam

This chapter examines the ways in which advertising in the newly flourishing print media contributed to the creation of a new middle-class urban consumer culture in colonial Vietnam. It argues that advertising served to reinforce emerging ideas about individualism with a focus on the sale of products for the body. Thus, advertising contributed to a new kind of urban modernity, one marked by a break from the traditional collectivities that had defined Vietnamese society. At the same time, this new consumer culture helped create new urban societies that were defined along ethnic and national lines, and whose consumption patterns were at times shaped by such considerations.
The Progressivity Of The First Income Tax In The United Kingdom: Data From 1799/1800 And 1815/1816

William Pitt the Younger’s government introduced a national income tax in the United Kingdom in 1799 to help pay for the war against France. When the war ended, income tax was repealed. The tax was unpopular from the beginning and was regarded as being unfair. Progressivity is generally regarded as being a measure of equity. This research looks at the progressivity at the beginning and end of the first UK income tax. Both the Suits and Kakwani indices are used to measure the level of progressivity. It was found that at the beginning the tax was very progressive for taxpayers. However, by the time it was repealed it, the level of progressivity was much reduced.
Semi-parametric estimation of the area under the precision-recall curve

Precision and recall are two common metrics used in the evaluation of information retrieval systems. By changing the number of retrieved documents, one can obtain a precision-recall curve. The area under the precision-recall curve (AUCPR) has been suggested as a performance measure for information retrieval systems, in a manner similar to the use of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in binary classification. Limited work has been performed in the literature to investigate the bias and variance of AUCPR estimators. The goal of our study was to investigate the bias and variability of a semi-parametric binormal method for estimating the AUCPR, and to compare it to other techniques, such as average precision (AP) and lower trapezoid (LT) approximation. We show how AUCPR can be obtained given the binormal model parameters, and how its variance can be estimated using the delta method. We performed simulation experiments with normal and non-normal data, and investigated the effect of sample size and prevalence. Our results indicated that the semi-parametric binormal approach provided AUCPR estimates with small bias and confidence intervals with acceptable coverage when the sample size was large, and the performance of the binormal model was comparable to or better than alternative methods evaluated in this study when the sample size was small. We conclude that the semi-parametric binormal model can be used to accurately estimate the AUCPR, and that the confidence intervals derived from the model can be at least as accurate as from other alternatives, even for non-normal decision variable distributions.