cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of Polyoxometalate Water Oxidation Catalysts on Hematite by Atomic Layer Deposition

Fast and earth-abundant-element polyoxometalates (POMs) have been heavily studied recently as water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) in homogeneous solution. However, POM WOCs can be quite unstable when supported on electrode or photoelectrode surfaces under applied potential. This article reports for the first time that a nanoscale oxide coating (Al2O3) applied by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) aids immobilization and greatly stabilizes this now large family of molecular WOCs when on electrode surfaces. In this study, [{RuIV4(OH)2(H2O)4}(γ-SiW10O34)2]10– (Ru4Si2) is supported on hematite photoelectrodes and then protected by ALD Al2O3; this ternary system was characterized before and after photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and voltammetry. All these studies indicate that Ru4Si2 remains intact with Al2O3 ALD protection, but not without. The thickness of the Al2O3 layer significantly affects the catalytic performance...
Informing Online Doctoral Course Development Using Student Feedback

This paper describes the iterative development, evaluation, and improvement of DAV 715: Human Factors in Aviation, an online doctoral course in the Ph.D. in Aviation program at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. From 2013 through 2017, data were collected from students enrolled in the course using a learning experience survey and an end-of-course evaluation survey. Participation was completely voluntary and responses were anonymous to encourage students to provide honest and accurate feedback on the course design, workload, and relevance. Data generated from the surveys informed each course update, guided by the 3-Phase Design (3PD) model.
Two-Color and 3D Phase-Amplitude Modulation Holograms

We report a high-efficiency dielectric metasurface with continuous and arbitrary control of both amplitude and phase of one or two colors simultaneously. We numerically and experimentally demonstrate 2D and 3D holograms using such metasurfaces.
Social Equity and “Fracking”: Local Awareness and Responses:

Social equity is an important normative construct in public administration. However, its operationalization is vague and it is empirically underutilized. This article combines political economy, so...
Correction to: A systematic review of patient perspectives on surveillance after colorectal cancer treatment

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The online supplementary files are missing. The complete version of online supplementary materials are published with this erratum.
Interpretation of Equine Serum Biochemical Profile Results

A serum biochemical profile is a group of chemical assays that are used to analyze biochemical constituents of serum. Interpretation of the results requires an understanding of what is actually measured by an assay and knowledge of the pathophysiologic conditions that occur in animals. Interpretative information is presented for the following serum analytes: urea, creatinine, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulins, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, sodium, potassium, chloride, total carbon dioxide content, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, creatine kinase, amylase, and lipase.
A model for titanium suicide film growth

Suicides are used to make low resistivity contacts to important transistor components such as source, drain and gate of a transistor. Among the refractory metal silicides, titanium suicide (TiSi 2 ) has the lowest resistivity. On January 11, 1991 Leonard Borucki from Motorola Corporation has described the process which produces titanium suicide in transistors. He then discussed a modeling for the titanium suicide film growth; this is a joint work with R Mann, G. Miles, J. Slinkman and T. Sullivan from IBM (General Technology Division, Burlington, VT). This work was presented at the 1988 International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM). In the one-dimensional case, the model has been analyzed in detail; the 2-dimensional model poses interesting open problems.
Stroboscopic Parameters Reported as Voice Outcome Measures in Patients Treated for Laryngeal Cancer: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND A systematic review of the use of stroboscopy as a treatment outcome measure of vocal fold function in patients treated for laryngeal cancer is presented. METHODS Computerized literature searches were performed. Eligible articles were admitted when stroboscopy was used to measure vocal fold function before and after treatment in patients with laryngeal cancer. Data extracted included: tumor stage and location, treatment modality, stroboscopy parameters, parameter scale, number of raters, rater reliability, methodology, and level of evidence. RESULTS Of 520 articles retrieved, 11 studies met inclusion criteria. A total of twenty-four parameters were reported. Rating scales and rater reliability varied. DISCUSSION Major methodological differences exist in studies using stroboscopic findings as voice outcome measures in patients' post-cancer treatment. These differences lead to equivocal findings when assessing the utility of stroboscopy as an outcome measure. Standardized, reliable scoring and reporting systems for laryngeal stroboscopic examinations are needed.
Differential Control of Cyclooxygenase Catalysis in PGH Synthase Isoforms: Role of Hydroperoxide Initiator

Prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonate to PGG2, a key control step in prostanoid biosynthesis. Two isoforms of PGHS are known (Herschman, 1996). PGHS-1 is present at more or less constitutive levels in many cells, and has been assigned a housekeeping role. PGHS-2 is strongly induced by cytokines and mitogens in some cells, and is believed to play an important role in inflammatory processes. Induction of PGHS-2 in fibroblasts and macrophages is accompanied by large increases in arachidonate release and prostanoid synthesis (Reddy and Herschman, 1994). Inhibition of PGHS-2 expression blocked the mitogen-dependent increase in prostaglandin synthesis, but not the arachidonate release; the constitutive PGHS-1 remained in a latent form, unable to utilize the released arachidonate (Reddy and Herschman, 1994). Thus, cyclooxygenase catalysis by PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 is differentially controlled in these cells which have both isoforms.
Polymorphism in Plant Defense Against Herbivory: Constitutive and Induced Resistance in Cucumis sativus

Theory predicts that plant resistance to herbivores is determined by both genetic and environmentally induced components. In this study, we demonstrate that the phenotypic expression of plant resistance to spider mite herbivory in Cucumis sativus is determined by genetic and environmental factors and that there is an interaction between these factors. Previous feeding by spider mites induced systemic resistance to subsequent attack over several spatial scales within plants, reducing the population growth of mites compared to that on control plants. Effects of induction were effective locally over the short term, but resulted in local increased susceptibility to spider mite attack after several days. However, this local induced susceptibility on the damaged leaf was associated with induced resistance on newer leaves. Induced resistance was correlated with increases in cucurbitacin content of leaves, but was not associated with changes in the density of leaf trichomes. Induced resistance to herbivory was not detected in plants of a genotype lacking constitutive expression of cucurbitacins, which were in general highly susceptibile to mite attack. Allocation trade-offs between growth and defense are often invoked to explain the maintenance of variation in the levels of plant resistance. Contrary to current thinking, neither constitutive nor herbivore-induced plant resistance were associated with reductions in plant allocation to root and shoot growth. However, plants that had high levels of induced resistance to spider mites were the most susceptible to attack by a specialist beetle. Such ecological trade-offs between resistance to generalist herbivores and susceptibility to specialist herbivores may be important in the maintenance of variation of plant resistance traits. In summary, C. sativus exhibits strong genetic variation for constitutive and induced resistance to spider mites, and this variation in resistance is associated with ecological trade-offs.
Real-world cell phone radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposures.

Abstract In 2011 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) from cell phones as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The National Toxicology Program and the Ramazzini Institute have both reported that RF EMF exposures significantly increase gliomas and Schwannomas of the heart in rodent studies. Recent studies indicate that RF EMF exposures from cell phones have negative impacts on animal cells and cognitive and/or behavioral development in children. Case-control epidemiological studies have found evidence for cell phone use and increased risk for glioma and localization of the glioma associated with the consistent exposure site of regular cell phone use. Understanding the exposure level, or power density, from RF EMF emitted by cell phones under real-world usage and signal reception conditions, as distinct from the published measurements of maximum Specific Absorption Rate values, may help cell phone users decide whether to take behavioral steps to reduce RF EMF exposure. Exposure measurements were conducted on phone models from four major mobile network operators (MNOs) in the USA for calls received under strong and weak reception signal conditions, near the phone face and at several distances up to 48 cm. RF EMF exposure from all phones was found to be greater under weak (1–2 display bars) than under strong (4–5 display bars) reception signal conditions by up to four orders of magnitude. Notably, RF EMF exposure levels under weak reception signal conditions at a distance of 48 cm from the phone were similar to or greater than those detected under strong reception signal conditions at a distance of 4 cm. Under weak reception signal conditions, power density reductions of up to 90% occurred at 16 cm typical for speaker phone or texting over the 4 cm near-ear exposure. The results of this investigation of second-generation (2G) technology suggest that reduced and precautionary use of cell phones under weak signal conditions could lower a user's RF EMF exposure by up to several orders of magnitude. Bluetooth headset power density exposures were 10–400 times lower than those of the cell phones to which they were connected and dependent on the headset rather than the connected phone. The results of this study informed the development of public health guidance regarding cell phone use.
The Big Picture Revisited

We are now in a position to revisit the mysteries described in Chapter 1. Recall that these were not mysteries about the behavior of chemical reaction networks themselves but, rather, about the behavior of people.
Elimination of Fermentable Carbohydrates to Reduce Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Pediatric Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is classified as a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel function. Although the pathophysiology of IBS is incompletely understood, fermentable carbohydrates are implicated as a potential cause of symptoms. An elimination diet, such as a low-FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) diet, represents a potential intervention for reducing GI symptoms in patients with IBS. The role of fermentable carbohydrates in symptom onset is well studied in adult patients with IBS; however, less research exists in the pediatric population. This review sought to explore evidence for the role of dietary fermentable carbohydrate elimination to reduce GI symptoms (abdominal pain, stool changes, abdominal bloating) in children and adolescents (4-19 years of age) diagnosed with IBS based on Rome III or IV criteria. Five studies of neutral to positive quality rating were identified and analyzed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process. These studies demonstrate that dietary elimination of fermentable carbohydrates, such as through a low-FODMAP diet, reduces the severity of 1 or more GI symptoms in about one-quarter to one-half of pediatric patients with IBS. Patients without improvement are considered "nonresponders" and may require an alternative intervention. More research is needed to establish the best way to identify patients who would respond to elimination diets vs other IBS treatment strategies.
Dynamically orthogonal tensor methods for high-dimensional nonlinear PDEs

Abstract We develop new dynamically orthogonal tensor methods to approximate multivariate functions and the solution of high-dimensional time-dependent nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The key idea relies on a hierarchical decomposition of the approximation space obtained by splitting the independent variables of the problem into disjoint subsets. This process, which can be conveniently visualized in terms of binary trees, yields series expansions analogous to the classical Tensor-Train and Hierarchical Tucker tensor formats. By enforcing dynamic orthogonality conditions at each level of the binary tree, we obtain coupled evolution equations for the modes spanning each subspace within the hierarchical decomposition. This allows us to effectively compute the solution to high-dimensional time-dependent nonlinear PDEs on tensor manifolds of constant rank, with no need for rank reduction methods. We also propose new algorithms for dynamic addition and removal of modes within each subspace. Numerical examples are presented and discussed for high-dimensional hyperbolic and parabolic PDEs in bounded domains.
New anisotropic MnBi permanent magnets by field-annealing of compacted melt-spun alloys modified with Mg and Sb

Abstract A method has been developed for manufacturing rare-earth-free MnBi-based magnets capable of filling the existing “gap” between the ferrite and rare-earth permanent magnets. Whereas the earlier approaches relied on sintering of fine and easily degrading single-crystal MnBi particles, the new method achieves refinement of the key α-MnBi phase through melt-spinning combined with appropriate alloying. Modification of the MnBi alloys with Mg and Sb generates a high-coercivity nanostructure of the metastable β' phase. A subsequent compaction at 150 °C produces fully dense materials while converting the β' phase into the stable α phase. Finally, a short annealing at 265–300 °C in a magnetic field of 3 T increases the fraction of the α phase to 97–98% and aligns the c axes of the α crystallites. A maximum energy product (BH)max of 11.5 MGOe and an intrinsic coercivity Hc of 5.6 kOe have been obtained in a magnet with the nominal composition Mn50Bi46.5Mg3Sb0.5. Because the coercivity increases with temperature, the maximum energy product of this magnet is still as high as 8.9 MGOe at 175 °C. Increasing the Sb content to 1.5 at.% increases the Hc to 9.3 kOe, but at the same time inhibits the development of the texture thus decreasing the (BH)max. The addition of Mg was found to increase the c lattice parameter of the α phase resulting in an unusually large ratio c/a ≈ 1.432.
We talk to people, not contexts

According to a popular family of theories, assertions and other communicative acts should be understood as attempts to change the context of a conversation. Contexts, on this view, are publicly shared bodies of information that evolve over the course of a conversation and that play a range of semantic and pragmatic roles. I argue that this view is mistaken: performing a communicative act requires aiming to change the mind of one’s addressee, but not necessarily the context. Although changing the context may sometimes be among a speaker’s aims, this should be seen as an extra-communicative aim, rather than one that is necessary for the performance of a communicative act. Along the way, I also argue that contexts needn’t play a role in linking anaphora to their antecedents. On the view that I defend, theories that take publicly shared contexts to play an essential role in the nature of communicative acts or anaphoric dependence conflate an artifact introduced by idealized models of conversation with a feature of the phenomenon being modeled.
Use of Iodine Value to Predict Commercial Slicing Yield and Shelf-Life of Bacon

ObjectivesTypically, commercial slicing yield and shelf-life of bacon is thought to be reduced as the iodine value (IV) of fat increases, but little data exists to substantiate that hypothesis. Therefore, the objectives were to establish the relationship of IV with slicing yields and the development of lipid oxidation in bacon during 90 d of storage under food-service-style conditions. Materials and MethodsBellies (N = 84) were selected from 2 populations of pigs fed diets formulated to induce a large range of IV. Bellies were then allotted to 1 of 4 treatments based on IV: Low (IV 60 to 70, x = 66.11, n = 24), Med (71 to 80, x = 74.64, n = 24), Hi (81 to 90, x = 85.74, n = 16), VeryHi (91 to 100, x = 94.24, n = 20). Fresh bellies were evaluated for initial weight, length, width, thickness, and flop, and a sample of adipose tissue was excised from the belly to evaluate IV. Bellies were manufactured into bacon and sliced at a commercial processing facility. Sliced bacon was transported to the University of Illinois. Sliced bacon slabs were weighed to calculate slicing yield. Center slices from each slab were randomly allotted to storage times of 0, 30, 60, or 90 d. Sliced bacon was stored at –40°C without an atmosphere barrier to simulate food service storage conditions. Uncooked bacon slices were evaluated for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and cooked samples were rated by trained sensory panelists for oxidized odor and flavor at each time point. Shelf life data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA repeated in time; whereas, step-wise regression was used to predict bacon slicing yield based using non-invasive measures of belly quality. ResultsIodine value ranged from 61.7 to 98.6 in this population. Commercial bacon slicing yields decreased linearly (P 0.22), though Hi and VeryHi had greater (P 0.05) at any time, nor did Hi and VeryHi differ (P > 0.65). Oxidized flavor of Hi and VeryHi were greater (P 0.11) from each other. Med had greater (P < 0.04) oxidized flavor than Low at 60 d and 90 d. ConclusionNon-invasive measures of belly quality were able to predict 62.5% of variability in slicing yield and increasing IV resulted in discernable differences in lipid oxidation during 90 d of food-service-style storage. Overall, IV and fresh belly characteristics may be effective predictors of the shelf-life and slicing yield of commercially processed bacon.
Autoimmune Anemia in Malaria

Severe anemia is a major cause of death by malaria. The loss of uninfected erythrocytes is an important contributor to malarial anemia; however, the mechanisms underlying this pathology are not well understood. Malaria-induced anemia is related to autoimmune antibodies against the membrane lipid phosphatidylserine (PS). In mice, these antibodies induce the clearance of uninfected erythrocytes after binding to PS exposed in their membrane. In human malaria patients there is a strong correlation between anemia and anti-PS antibodies. During malaria, anti-PS antibodies are produced by atypical B cells, whose levels correlate with the development of anemia in patients. Autoimmune responses, which are documented frequently in different infections, contribute to the pathogenesis of malaria by inducing the clearance of uninfected erythrocytes.
A numerical integration-based Kalman filter for moderately nonlinear systems

This paper introduces a computationally efficient data assimilation scheme based on Gaussian quadrature filtering that potentially outperforms current methods in data assimilation for moderately no...
What counts as an “environmental” issue? Differences in issue conceptualization by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

Abstract Racial/ethnic minorities and lower-socioeconomic (SES) groups in the U.S. face disproportionate environmental risks, which may hold implications for how these groups construe environmental issues, relative to other segments of the public. We explored this possibility with a diverse sample of 1191 U.S. adults, hypothesizing that, relative to White and higher-SES respondents, non-White and lower-SES respondents would rate a greater number of pressing societal issues as also “environmental.” Across 18 issues, ranging from ecological issues more traditionally the focus of environmental advocacy and scholarship (e.g., pollution; eco-oriented issues) to issues that also constitute human social determinants and consequences of environmental risk (e.g., poverty; human-oriented issues), non-White and lower-income respondents rated human-oriented issues as more “environmental.” Environmental justice perceptions partially mediated group differences in issue conceptualization. Results hold implications for the measurement of environmental attitudes and efforts to broaden public engagement within racially and economically diverse communities.
Low-density patterned InAs quantum dot arrays

The authors present work on patterned InAs quantum dot (QD) arrays using periodicities between 0.25 and 10 μm, with tailored molecular beam epitaxy growth conditions to promote high QD occupancy in the 10 μm array for further device implementation. The gallium-deoxidation method was used to maintain the pattern integrity. At high growth temperatures and reduced arsenic overpressure conditions, the authors have shown increasing QD occupancy as the patterned spacing increases. The 10 μm array was found to have 89% single QD occupancy. A low density of QDs in known locations enables the QDs to be patterned singly into quantum device applications.
Four-dimensional aspects of tight contact 3-manifolds.

We conjecture a four-dimensional characterization of tightness: A contact structure on a 3-manifold Y is tight if and only if a slice-Bennequin inequality holds for smoothly embedded surfaces in [Formula: see text] An affirmative answer to our conjecture would imply an analogue of the Milnor conjecture for torus knots: If a fibered link L induces a tight contact structure on Y, then its fiber surface maximizes the Euler characteristic among all surfaces in [Formula: see text] with boundary L. We provide evidence for both conjectures by proving them for contact structures with nonvanishing Ozsvath-Szabo contact invariant.
Review ofArt as Revolt: Thinking Politics Through Immanent Aesthetics, edited by David Fancy and Hans Skott-Myhre (McGill-Queen’s University Press)

The entanglements of “the aesthetic” and the political-economic have long been addressed in the areas of philosophy, cultural studies, and media theory. In this edited volume, David Fancy and Hans Skott-Myhre have assembled a collection of essays aimed at examining a range of aesthetic approaches to political projects untethered to “capitalist assumptions,” while looking toward the possibilities of “post-capitalist futures.” Through their respective contributions, the authors offer their readers ways to envision the potential for running lines of flight away from capital’s apparatuses of capture by engaging in creative practice.
Alterations in Intracardiac Flow Patterns Affect Mitral Leaflets Dynamics in a Model of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation

This study was to evaluate the effects of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) on vortex formation and leaflet dynamics using an established porcine infarct model of IMR. Using direct coronary ligation, five animals were subjected to a posterolateral myocardial infarction (MI) followed by an MRI at 12-weeks post MI. MR imaging consisted of 4D time-resolved left ventricular (LV) flow, full coverage 2D LV cine, and high resolution 2D cine of mitral valve dynamics. Five additional naive animals underwent identical imaging protocols to serve as controls. Image analysis was performed to obtain mitral transvalvular flows as well as LV volumes throughout the cardiac cycle. In addition, anterior to posterior mid-leaflet tip distances were measured throughout the cardiac cycle for determination of temporal leaflet dynamics. It was found IMR caused asymmetric vortex ring formation with the anterior vortex having a lower vorticity relative to its posterior counterpart. In contrast, normal ventricles create symmetric and tightly curled vortices in the basal chamber just underneath the mitral leaflets which conserve kinetic energy and aid in effective ejection. IMR animals were also evaluated for leaflet separation and were found to have a greater leaflet opening and achieved peak vorticity and peak leaflet opening later than control animals. In conclusion, this study shows the effects that altered vortex formation, due to IMR, can have on ventricular filling and leaflet dynamics. These findings have important implications for understanding blood flow through the dilated heart and how ring annuloplasty and volume reduction interventions may influence mitral valve dynamics.
Professional Training and Recruitment

University and college courses in physiology, biology, and kindred subjects with physiological content have as their function the communication of scientific principles, the facts which underlie them, and the techniques and skills required for their investigation. They range in content from the highly specialized to the highly generalized; in level from those for the graduate or advanced professional student to the undergraduate freshman; and in purpose from helping prepare for a research career in physiological science or for work in such applied fields as clinical medicine, veterinary medicine, plant pathology, or bacteriology, to meeting the general education objectives of teaching biological and physiological principles or such applications as hygiene or personal health. This latter aspect, discussed more fully in Chapter XI, is an extension into the college years of the enculturation of youth into the community, and its objective is therefore non-vocational and non-technical. Yet, when students are preparing for semi-professional careers in school science teaching, in physical education or physical therapy, or in medical or biological technology, the objective is more technical and some grounding in physiology becomes important. The standards of courses in biology and physiology designed for these groups should be above average quality in scientific content, method, and outlook.
Enhancing operating system course using a comprehensive project: decades of experience outlined

This paper describes the characteristics and implementation of a Multiprogramming Batch Operating System (MOS) project. An earlier paper [1] has described problems encountered by student groups during the first decade of its offering, and also solutions designed to solve those problems. This paper outlines recent changes introduced in the administration of the project to overcome residual problems. While characteristics of the MOS project described in the previous and this paper are basically the same, the methodology of administration presented in the two papers are completely different.
Biochemistry of Inorganic Fluoride

The issues involved with the biochemistry of inorganic chloride (Cl−) differ considerably from those considered for the biochemistry of inorganic fluoride (F−). Whereas F− is present in trace amounts in the body, Cl− is a normal and substantial constituent of biological fluids. Whereas extracellular fluid—the composition of which resembles that of pre-Cambrian era seawater—has a high concentration of Na+ and Cl− and a low concentration of K+, intracellular fluid has a large quantity of K+ and phosphate, primarily organically bound, but little Cl−. The maintenance of proper compositions of these fluids, vital to the well-being of the cell, depends on the proper availability and identity of nutrients in the extracellular fluid, cellular metabolism, and transport properties of cellular membranes. Because of the position of chloride as the most abundant anion in the extracellular medium, membrane transport of chloride has assumed an important role in many processes, including absorption, secretion, and control of osmotic pressure, cell volume, fluid pH, and electrolyte balance. Cl− is also a common counterion in proteins, especially basic ones.
Buying National Ink

Abstract Advertorials are paid messages in the media sponsored by organized interests to create and sustain a favorable political environment to pursue their respective goals. Advertorials, a form of outside lobbying, take two broad forms: (1) image advertorials designed to create a positive impression of the sponsor and a favorable climate of opinion, and (2) advocacy advertorials intended to win support for an interest's viewpoints on controversial issues. We analyze the population of 3,375 advertorials placed from 1985 through 2000 by organized interests to reach the mass audience of TIME, the most widely circulated and read weekly newsmagazine in the United States. Typologies of advertorials (11 categories), organized interests (21 categories), corporate and non-corporate economic interests (29 categories), and policy content (28 categories) are used to document over time the placement of advertorials, what types of advertorials are being used, what interests avail themselves of advertorial campaigns,...
Coupled Γ-X electronic states in AlAsGaAs quantum well structures

Abstract Coupled Γ-X electronic states in AlAsGaAs quantum well structures are investigated theoretically. Although the coupling between Γ and X valleys in most quantum well and superlattice structures is weak, a strong coupling is expected when eigenenergies of Γ and X quantum confined states are close or degenerate. The coupling gives rise to a number of interesting physical effects. A model effective mass approximation is used, and recent experiments are discussed.
LEAP: Leadership in Engineering Advancing the Profession

LEAP is Cooper Union's new leadership and professional development program which is designed to offer engineering students a structured, yet flexible, selection of participatory leadership experiences, workshops and courses. LEAP's goal is to cultivate the professional and interpersonal skills of engineering students and to enhance their leadership potential in both the college and the workplace, thereby advancing the profession of engineering.
Physical Education: A Blueprint for Survival

hysical education (PE) is often viewed by educational leaders as a low priority subject in the school curriculum. In fact, nearly every state has reduced its PE requirements in recent years (Locke and Dodds 1984). The low prestige of PE is further illustrated by the fact that PE was not addressed in most of the recent major national reports on educational reform. The decline of PE has been viewed with increasing alarm by leaders within the profession. In determining how to best rejuvenate PE, three questions have been asked: (1) Why have requirements for K-12 PE been reduced in most states? (2) What constitutes an ideal PE program? (3) How can hiring practices be improved so that only those individuals with a clear understanding of the unique mission of PE are selected for PE positions?
Analysis of Bioaerosol Samples

Respiratory exposure to certain pathogenic or toxigenic microorganisms and/or elevated concentrations of environmental organisms could result in health effects, such as allergic reactions, irritant responses, toxicosis, and respiratory illness. This chapter presents an overview of available methods for the analysis of bioaerosols. In addition, the potential use of enhanced monitoring of bioaerosols with PCR, biochemical, and immunological assays is discussed. Several conditions, such as pH, temperature, water activity, nutrients, antibiotics, light, and aeration, can be manipulated to favor the growth of a selected group of organisms. In contrast with culture techniques, microscopic analysis allows enumeration of both culturable and nonculturable microorganisms. However, identification of microorganisms to the species level is usually not possible without the aid of a taxon-specific technique, such as immunospecific fluorescence staining. Flow cytometry offers an alternative to microscopic enumeration of total cells. In a different application of flow cytometry, researchers coupled sandwich immunoassay utilizing microsphere beads with flow cytometry for the detection of biothreat agents. Fluorescence immunoassay consists of staining samples with a fluorescently labeled antibody that binds specifically to the antigens on the surfaces of the target organisms and enumeration by epifluorescence microscopy. Hybrid technologies are being developed that combine more than one analysis method to maximize the accuracy of the results obtained. One such system utilizes immunoassay, flow cytometry, and PCR analysis in various combinations for the continuous monitoring of airborne biological threat agents.
Manipulation of endowments in replica economies: An example

Abstract In an example with two types of Cobb-Douglas consumers, the gains and losses due to downward misrepresentation of endowments can be explicitly calculated. Therefor, thefollowing results which are shown in the paper, appear extremely clearly: Existence of non-trivial Nash equilibria of the manipulation game; in increasing replica economies, convergence of the non-trivial equilibrium outcomes to the Walrasian equilibrium allocation.
KTP Mach-Zehnder modulator

Mach-Zehnder modulators using potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) as the electro-optic substrate were demonstrated. These devices use superior KTP optical and microwave properties to achieve high optical bandwidth at either visible or infrared wavelengths. >
Yearbook of Cross‐Cultural Medicine and Psychotherapy, 1990

Yearbook of Cross-Cultural Medicine and Psychotherapy, Volume 1, 1990. Walter Andritzky. ed. Verlag, Postfach 11 03 68, Markgrafenstrabe 67, Berlin. 1991. 201pp. ISBN 3-927408-60-3. $40 (paperback).
Congenital internal hernias: Rare cause of intestinal obstruction in newborns

Intestinal obstruction in newborns can be life threatening. Congenital internal hernias comprise a very rare cause of the blockage and are thought to arise from a defect in the formation of the mesentery of the small intestine. We describe two cases of neonatal internal hernias and review the current literature. Both infants had clinical signs of obstruction shortly after birth, but the cause of the obstruction was not found until surgical intervention took place. Intestinal necrosis due to segmental twisting of the intestine through a mesenteric defect was found requiring resection and temporary enterostomies. At outpatient follow-up, both children are doing well with normal intestinal function. Our two cases along with the current literature review, illustrate the rare nature of this condition, but one that should be considered in any neonate presenting with intestinal obstruction.
Measuring Radiology's Value in Time Saved

Because radiology has historically not measured its added value to patient care and thus not communicated it in easily understood terms to all stakeholders, the specialty must correct this to prepare for the eventual transition from the current fee-for-service payment schedule to new value-based reimbursement systems. Given the increasing risk for marginalization, radiologists need to engage clinicians and managers to map the processes and associated costs of episodes of patient care to identify areas for providing and improving integrated diagnostic information and to measure the value thereof. In such time-driven, activity-based costing practices, radiologists should highlight how proper investments in the information generated by imaging and how radiologists' associated consultative and coordination of services can save greater resources downstream, especially in the nonrenewable resource of physician time, an increasingly scarce health care resource. Using physician time in the most efficient way will be a key element for decreasing health care costs at the aggregate level. Therefore, expressing radiology's contribution in terms of downstream physician time saved is a metric that can be easily understood by all stakeholders. In a conceptual framework centered on value, the specialty of radiology must focus more on its most important product, actionable information, rather than on imaging technologies themselves. Information, unlike imaging technologies, does not depreciate with time but rather increases in value the more it is used.
Increased sister-chromatid exchanges accompany serial transplantation of murine S49.1 lymphoma

Although many neoplasms may have a unicellular origin and clonal growth pattern (Nowell, 1976), established tumors show a remarkable degree of phenotypic heterogeneity with respect to metastatic potential, chromosome markers, metabolic functions, and membrane receptors and antigens (Fidler et al., 1978), suggesting that numerous events may occur in the selection of variant tumor cells in neoplastic development. The generation of tumor heterogeneity may occur via genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms, in response to tumor-cell interactions within the host milieu (Chow and Greenberg, 1980), but these phenomena are currently poorly understood. In the present study, the incidence of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) was examined in control cultures of murine S49.1 lymphoma cells maintained in vitro, and in S49.1 cells serially propagated as tumors in syngeneic BALB/c mice. These experiments were performed in order to study the acquired genetic lability accompanying tumor progression, as reflected in the incidence of SCE.
An Experimental Scale of Social Competence for Adult Males.

Summary A 21-item, multiple choice questionnaire regarding social history was developed to measure the social competence level of adult males. The Life Experience Scale (LES) was evolved as an expansion of the process-reactive distinction so that this concept could be applied to nonschizophrenics. Scores were unrelated to age or to socio-economic status for three different samples. The test-retest reliability coefficient for a one month delay was .87 (df = 15, p < .001). The LES was related to the Ullmann and Giovannoni self-report measure r = .84 (df = 15, p <.001) and also related to VA ratings for psychiatric disability r = -.57 (df = 19, p < .01). A comparable range of LES scores was found for schizophrenic, alcoholic, and normal groups of 24 Ss each.
Concentric macro electromyography

Concentric EMG electrodes can record from a few (10 to 15) muscle fibers of a motor unit (MU). Macro EMG, is able to record from the majority of muscle fibers in the MU. The macro EMG electrode uses a single fiber action potential (SFAP) on one channel to trigger the time locked cannula (macro) response on the other channel. To study the concentric motor unit action potential (MUAP), alongside the macro potential, we built a needle electrode combining concentric and macro recording surfaces. The study of 240 motor units in 10 healthy subjects with the single fiber (SF macro) and concentric macro (conmac) electrodes revealed no significant differences between macro potentials areas and amplitudes obtained with either electrode. The ability to study a small and a large section of the motor unit simultaneously offers insights into the local or global nature of motor unit changes not otherwise available to the electromyographer. It also reveals which concentric parameters correlate best with the macro potential and, can even be of great help with the newer EMG signal decomposition techniques; by identifying each motor unit by its concentric and macro waveform simultaneously, it will allow for the "marking" of these motor units helping to reduce the risk of their misclassification when the concentric MUAP is used alone.
Low resistance alloyed NiGeAuAgAu ohmic contacts to modulation-doped Al0.48In0.52As/Ga0.47In0.53As

A low-resistance ohmic-contacts metallurgy has been developed for the modulation-doped Al0.48In0.52As/Ga0.47In0.53As structure for MODFET (HEMT) application. The metallurgy involves we sequentially evaporated NiGeAuAgAu layers followed by transient thermal alloy cycles. This resulted in low transfer resistance ∼ 0.20 ± 0.05 Ω mm to the two dimensional electron gas for alloying temperatures from 410° C to 500°C.
Effects of insulin on gluconeogenesis and cyclic AMP levels in perfused livers from diabetic rats

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of insulin treatment on hepatic metabolism in diabetic animals were studied using the isolated perfused rat liver preparation. 2. 2. Insulin treatment for 0.5 h in vivo significantly reduced total glucose production and gluconeogenesis from physiological or higher concentrations of lactate in the perfused diabetic liver, but treatment for 3 h was necessary to completely normalize hepatic glucose output and gluconeogenesis. The hormone also produced a small but significantly reduction in glucose output when added to the medium perfusing livers from diabetic rats. It also antagonized in vitro the stimulatory effects of glucagon on glucose production, gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis. 3. 3. Insulin injected in vivo significantly reduced the level of cyclic AMP in diabetic livers after 0.5 h and returned it to normal after 3 h. The time course of the decrease in cyclic AMP closely resembled that of the fall in hepatic gluconeogenesis or glucose output. 4. 4. Diabetes produced changes in the levels of gluconeogenic intermediates in livers perfused with lactate which were consistent with facilitation of reactions located in the gluconeogenic pathway between pyruvate and phosphopyruvate and between glucose-6- P and glucose. These changes were reversed by insulin treatment. Diabetes also increased AMP and ADP. 5. 5. Diabetes did not increase gluconeogenesis from fructose suggesting that the change(s) located between glucose-6- P and glucose in the gluconeogenic pathway is not primarily responsible for the increased rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate. Diabetes also did not alter the high rate of lactate production in livers perfused with fructose suggesting that alterations in pyruvate kinase activity are not responsible for the changes in gluconeogenesis. 6. 6. Diabetes increased the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in perfused or non-perfused livers several-fold. The increase was significantly reduced by treatment with insulin for 2 or 3 h in vivo . Diabetes also increased pyruvate carboxylase activity slightly, but insulin treatment for up to 6 h did not affect the enzyme. 7. 7. Diabetes increased the level of acetyl-CoA in livers sampled in vivo or perfused with lactase for 40 min. Insulin treatment for 0.5 h in vivo normalized the level of this intermediate in perfused livers and significantly reduced it in non-perfused livers. 8. 8. It is proposed that gluconeogenesis from lactate is increased in diabetic livers because of an increase in the hepatic levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and of acetyl-CoA, the latter promoting an activation of pyruvate carboxylase. The possibility is discussed that these changes may be due in turn to the increase in cyclic AMP in diabetic livers.
Transverse amplified spontaneous emission: The limiting factor for output energy of ultra-high power lasers

Abstract For the new generation of the ultra-high power lasers with tens of PW of output power, kJ-level energies have to be reached. Our modeling, applied to Ti:sapphire amplifiers, demonstrates for the first time, according our knowledge, that Transverse Amplified Spontaneous Emission (TASE) places an additional restriction on storing and extracting energy in larger gain apertures, even stronger than transverse parasitic generation (TPG). Nevertheless, we demonstrate that extracting during pumping (EDP) can significantly reduce parasitic losses due to both TASE and TPG.
Effect of reverse transcriptase inhibitors on LINE-1 and Ty1 reverse transcriptase activities and on LINE-1 retrotransposition

LINE-1s (L1, Long Interspersed Element-1) are the most abundant autonomous non-LTR retrotransposons in the human genome and replicate by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Full-length L1 encodes two open reading frames (ORF1, ORF2) and ORF2 has reverse transcriptase activity. Here we expressed human L1 RT in E. coli and the purified protein displayed the same RT activity as that of ORF2p expressed in insect cells. We tested the effect of different reverse transcriptase inhibitors on L1 RT and found that all four tested nucleoside inhibitors efficiently inhibited L1 RT activity competitively. The Ki values of NRTIs were calculated (AZTTP, 16.4 ± 4.21 nM; d4TTP, 0.73 ± 0.22 nM; ddCTP, 0.72 ± 0.16 nM; 3TCTP, 12.9 ± 2.07 nM). L1 RT was less sensitive to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, among these nevirapine had no effect, even at concentrations up to 500 μM. We also examined the effect of RT inhibitors on L1 retrotransposition efficiency in vivo using a cell-based retrotransposition assay. Similarly, all analog inhibitors decreased L1 retrotransposition frequency with different potencies whereas nevirapine had little or no effect on L1 retrotransposition. For comparison, we also tested the same inhibitors to highly purified RT of an LTR-retrotransposon (Ty1) and found it was less sensitive to NRTIs than L1 RT and has the same inhibition profile as L1 RT to NNRTIs. These data indicate that bacterially expressed L1 RT is an active reverse transcriptase sensitive to nucleoside RT inhibitors but not to non-nucleoside inhibitors.
Effects of diversity in cognitive restructuring skills on human-computer performance

The objective of this study was to determine if more efficient performance in hierarchical computer environments could be obtained from field-dependent (low technical aptitude) individuals by manipulating information structuring requirements. A three-dimensional (task complexity, quality of integration, and level of differentiation) conceptual model was proposed to explain differences in memory organization which were suggested to lead to computer performance differences. The model was tested with 36 subjects, 18 identified as field-dependent and 18 as field-independent. The subjects performed the information search task under three task conditions, two structured by the experimenter and one by the subjects. The results indicated that the effects of differences in the organization of task information on computer performance time can be controlled for by providing subjects with a period of time dedicated to the acquisition of a system's structure.
Recent Trends in the Importation of Malaria Caused by Plasmodium falciparum into the United States from Africa

National malaria surveillance data were reviewed in an analysis of the epidemiological impact of the transmission of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Africa on malaria in the United States. Between 1975 and 1983, P. falciparum infections acquired by U.S. citizens who visited East Africa, especially Kenya, increased 21-fold. Estimated attack rates for P. falciparum per 100,000 U.S. travelers to Kenya rose from 21.2 cases in 1977 to 83.3 cases in 1982, a rise suggesting that the increase in imported malaria was not due to increased travel. The percentage of reported cases in U.S. citizens with P. falciparum infections acquired in East Africa who indicated having used chloroquine prophylaxis increased from 22.2% in 1978 to 75.8% in 1983; in contrast, no change in the reported use of chloroquine prophylaxis was observed in those infected in West Africa during the same period. These results suggest that chloroquine can no longer be considered a highly effective drug for prevention of malaria caused by P. falciparum in U.S. travelers to East Africa.