cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonpeptide GPIIB/IIIA inhibitors. 16. Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene α-sulfonamides are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation

Abstract Centrally constrained thieno[2,3- b ]thiophene sulfonamides have provided a potent, selective, orally active series of platelet aggregation inhibitors. Compound 21 showed excellent activity in the dog after a single oral dose of 200 μg/kg.
Review article: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease as a functional gastrointestinal disorder

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease encompasses a family of disorders united by a common pathogenesis: the excessive reflux of gastric contents. The best defined disorder is oesophagitis, but it is now evident that proton pump inhibitor therapy can resolve oesophagitis in virtually every case. The same cannot be said for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms, however, thus moving the frontier to symptom control. Endoscopy-negative reflux disease is a heterogeneous group, no longer bound by the common denominator of endoscopic findings. In fact, three distinct patient subgroups emerge: (i) individuals who in essence have oesophagitis, but are either in remission or simply fail to meet the endoscopic criteria; (ii) patients with hypersensitivity to oesophageal stimuli; and (iii) patients with 'functional heartburn' whose symptoms are not related to reflux. Given this heterogeneity, it is not surprising that the efficacy of antisecretory drugs is less impressive. This has led to new therapeutic approaches beyond acid control: mucosal protective agents, either central nervous system or peripherally acting compounds aimed at normalizing hyperalgesia, and reflux inhibitors and serotonergic agents, such as tegaserod.
Propagation characteristics of waves upstream and downstream of quasi-parallel shocks

The propagation characteristics of waves upstream and downstream of quasi-parallel shocks are investigated by using 2D hybrid simulations. At low Alfven Mach numbers, M(A) below about 2, the shock is initially associated with upstream phase-standing whistlers. At later times, backstreaming ions excite longer-wavelength whistlers via the right-hand resonant ion/ion instability. These waves propagate along the magnetic field at a group velocity no smaller than the upstream flow speed, so that the waves remain in the upstream region. At higher MA (above about 3), these waves are convected back into the shock, causing its reformation and downstream perturbations. Shock transmitted waves mode-convert into Alfven/ion-cyclotron waves which have a wave vector along the shock normal (pointing upstream) and convect downstream. The 2D simulation results confirm our earlier suggestion that the upstream waves should be field aligned, and that their convection into the downstream is associated with linear mode conversion into the Alfven/ion-cyclotron branch.
Cancrincolidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) associated with land crabs: a semiterrestrial leaf of the ameirid tree.

Abstract Morphological evidence suggests harpacticoid copepods have recurrently entered into symbiosis with other crustaceans but only members of the family Cancrincolidae have successfully made the transition from marine habitats to semiterrestrial hosts. Cancrincolids are primarily amphi-Atlantic in distribution (with one outlier in the western Pacific) and typically inhabit the gill chambers of grapsoidean land crabs belonging to the families Grapsidae, Sesarmidae, Varunidae and Gecarcinidae. Morphologically, they are difficult to place because they exhibit unusual autapomorphies and the shared derived characters claimed to unite them with the primitively marine Ameiridae are equivocal. Both maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference solutions based on SSU rDNA gene sequences show topological congruence in placing the Cancrincolidae within the Ameiridae and in firmly resolving it as the sistergroup of taxa that have been reported as obligate or commensal associates of crayfish. This relationship is further supported by swimming leg sexual dimorphism and mandibular palp morphology. Morphological comparison with ameirid copepods revealed the majority of synapomorphies previously proposed in support of cancrincolid monophyly and familial distinctiveness can be attributed to heterochrony. The progressive evolution of cancrincolid associates appears to be largely concordant with the sequential adaptation to terrestriality by their grapsoidean hosts. The current amphi-Atlantic distribution of Cancrincola may suggest its possibly free-living ancestor had already assumed a virtually continuous distribution along the northern seaboard of Gondwana prior to the opening of the South Atlantic during the early Cretaceous, implying symbiotic relationships were established only much later when grapsoidean crabs started to emerge, radiate and diversify in the mid-Tertiary (15–35 mya). The adoption of semi-terrestriality in cancrincolid copepods can be viewed as yet another independent attempt (incursion) to colonize low-salinity environments by members of the family Ameiridae. The possible sistergroup relationships of the Ameiridae and the position of the genus Argestigens Willey are discussed.
Virtual enclaves: the influence of alumni email lists on the workspaces of transnational software engineers

At the turn of the twentieth century, ethnic enclaves helped immigrants to find jobs and to adjust to their surroundings. In the twenty-first century, transnational professionals also have other spaces of support: the ‘virtual’ enclaves made possible by new communication tools. Based on interviews with high-tech professionals over the course of an industry boom and downturn, in this article I trace the institutions that affected structures of online help with work. For some engineers from India and Taiwan, alumni ties, maintained by email lists, were important; these transnational workers had an allegiance to their ‘batch’ (university cohort) that the US-born workers lacked. Their far-flung, multi-tiered alumni lists combined the benefits of strong and weak ties: deep commitments and unique information. This study makes a contribution to theorization of immigrant adjustment, social capital and work technologies.
Optimizing Trade-Offs of Reliability vs Weight

The necessary mathematical conditions are derived for maximizing system reliability for a given system weight or minimizing system weight for a given reliability. Cost may also be introduced. Several efficient methods of calculation are reviewed for determining the optimized reliability-weight relations.
Facile RAFT Precipitation Polymerization for the Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Well-Defined, Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymers and Nanostructured Hydrogels

Water-soluble macromolecular chain transfer agents (Macro-CTAs) were developed for the microwave-assisted precipitation polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide. Two types of Macro-CTAs, amphiphilic (Macro-CTA1) and hydrophilic (Macro-CTA2), were investigated regarding their activity for the facile formation of nanoparticles and double hydrophilic block copolymers by RAFT processes. While both Macro-CTAs functioned as steric stabilization agents, the variation in their surface activity afforded different levels of control over the resulting nanoparticles in the presence of cross-linkers. The cross-linked nanoparticles produced using the amphiphilic Macro-CTA1 were less uniform than those produced using the fully hydrophilic Macro-CTA2. The nanoparticles spontaneously formed core−shell structures with surface functionalities derived from those of the Macro-CTAs. In the absence of cross-linkers, both types of Macro-CTAs showed excellent control over the RAFT precipitation polymerization process with well-def...
Development of x‐ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optical devices for diagnostics and instrumentation for various surface applications

New methods of surface-sensitive instrumentation for the diagnostics of extreme ultraviolet (EUV), soft x-ray (SXR) and x-ray radiation have been developed. In particular, these methods of instrumentation are of great importance for studies of the interaction of electron, ion and photon beams with matter (atoms, molecules, ions, clusters, surfaces, micro and submicron structures). Such collision studies are based on both glass capillary converters (GCCs) and multilayer mirrors (MLMs), gratings and crystals. The optical GCC device provides guiding, focusing and polarization analysis of short-wavelength radiation with a large bandwidth, and the MLM, grating and crystal optical elements are used for dispersing, focusing and polarization-sensitive studies of radiation within a more narrow bandwidth. In particular, we report here on the development of optical diagnostic devices, such as very compact EUV and SXR spectrometers, for measurements of polarization and spectral characteristics of short-wavelength radiation. Our high-throughput and high resolution compact spectrometers for the SXR range are based on grazing incidence spectrometers, MLMs and a sliced multi-layer grating (SMG) novel type of dispersion element. Furthermore, we will utilize a Schwarzschild objective with a spatial resolution of ∼0.1-0.3 pm for imaging surfaces following ion-surface interaction.
Fracture prediction of hole patterns with multiple cracks using the finite element method

This research develops new techniques for solving fracture problems involving multiple cracks. The hypothesis is that, for structures with interconnected load paths, fatigue loading does not have to result in failure. Each computer model consists of a plate with notches (flaws) subjected to biaxial tension, which creates a fracture hazard. The original prototype structure is a steel plate with a symmetrical diamond pattern of circular holes commonly used in pressure vessel design. The computer models simulate this plate exactly. Results from the literature corroborated the computer models. Prediction of stress intensity factors and flaw shape factors was within negligible error. In addition, test cases produced crack trajectories that were qualitatively correct.
High-precision early mission narrow-angle science with the Space Interferometry Mission

We have developed a technique that allows SIM to measure relative stellar positions with an accuracy of 1 micro-arcsecond at any time during its 5-yr mission. Unlike SIM's standard narrow-angle approach, Gridless Narrow Angle Astrometry (GNAA) does not rely on the global reference frame of grid stars that reaches full accuracy after 5 years. GNAA is simply the application of traditional single-telescope narrow angle techniques to SIM's narrow angle optical path delay measurements. In GNAA, a set of reference stars and a target star are observed at several baseline orientations. A linearized model uses delay measurements to solve for star positions and baseline orientations. A conformal transformation maps observations at different epochs to a common reference frame. The technique works on short period signals (P=days to months), allowing it to be applied to many of the known extra-solar planets, intriguing radio/X- ray binaries, and other periodic sources. The technique's accuracy is limited in the long-term by false acceleration due to a combination of reference star and target star proper motion. The science capability 1 micro-arcsecond astrometric precision - is unique to SIM.
Production of a cellulolytic enzyme system in mixed-culture solid-state fermentation of soybean hulls supplemented with wheat bran

Abstract Solid-state fermentation of soybean hulls supplemented with wheat bran using a co-culture of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus oryzae was performed. Three parameters — initial moisture content, incubation temperature, and initial pH — were optimized in culture flasks using response surface methodology. Parameter optimization was carried out with respect to filter paper activity and β-glucosidase activity in the culture. Temperature of 30 °C, pH of 5, and moisture content of 70% were found to be optimum. Optimized parameters were used for laboratory scale-up in static tray fermenters. The maximum filter paper activity of 10.7 FPU/g-ds and β-glucosidase of 10.7 IU/g-ds were obtained after 96-h incubation period in static tray fermenters in agreement with optimized activities at shake flask level. The results of static tray fermentation also highlighted the importance of mixed-culture fermentation. Both enzyme activities and volumetric productivities of enzyme produced were significantly higher in mixed-culture fermentation as compared to mono-culture static tray fermentation. Expression profile of cellulase system was characterized using SDS-PAGE and it indicated the presence of all the five major activities corresponding to β-glucosidase, CBH I, CBH II, EG I and xylanase. Enzyme broth was centrifuged and concentrated in an ultrafiltration cell. The concentrate was used for enzymatic saccharification of pretreated wheat straw and the potential of an indigenously developed enzyme concoction was reported in terms of saccharification efficiency. Pretreatment using both acid and alkali was carried out, and differences in sugar yield due to differences in composition as a result of pretreatment were reported. Results showed that alkali treatment generated higher sugars as compared to acid pretreatment. This was due to lignin removal and concentration of the cellulosic fraction. Present work showed that solid-state fermentation in a static tray bioreactor is a valuable technique for producing a system of enzymes with balanced activities that can efficiently saccharify lignocellulosic biomass like wheat straw.
Development of lightweight blazed transmission gratings and large-area soft x-ray spectrographs

Large area, high resolving power spectroscopy in the soft x-ray band can only be achieved with a state-of-the-art diffraction grating spectrometer, comprised of large collecting-area focusing optics with a narrow point spread function, large-area high-resolving power diffraction gratings, and small pixel, order sorting x-ray detectors. Recently developed critical-angle transmission (CAT) gratings combine the advantages of transmission gratings (low mass, relaxed figure and alignment tolerances) and blazed reflection gratings (high broad band diffraction efficiency, utilization of higher diffraction orders). Several new mission concepts containing CAT grating based spectrometers (AEGIS, AXSIO, SMART-X) promise to deliver unprecedented order-of-magnitude improvements in soft x-ray spectroscopy figures of merit related to the detection and characterization of emission and absorption lines, thereby addressing high-priority questions identified in the Astro2010 Decadal Survey “New Worlds New Horizons”. We review the current status of CAT grating fabrication, present recent fabrication results, and describe our plans and technology development roadmap for the coming year and beyond.
The use and outcomes of outpatient mastectomy in Florida.

Abstract Background: To identify patient characteristics associated with outpatient mastectomies and their outcomes. Methods: Patients diagnosed with breast cancer and treated with mastectomies in Florida in 1994 were identified from state discharge abstracts and the state tumor registry. The relationship between clinical/demographic characteristics and the odds of having an outpatient mastectomy was identified using multiple logistic regression. Outcomes were assessed by calculating the risk of being rehospitalized within 30 days of discharge. Results: Twenty percent of mastectomies were performed on an outpatient basis. Outpatient mastectomies were more likely to be performed on women who were older, who lived in higher income communities, or who were uninsured. Health insurance type was not associated with having an outpatient mastectomy. Women undergoing outpatient mastectomy were more likely to be readmitted within 30 days of discharge; however, the excess risk was very small (0.7%). Conclusions: The risks from outpatient mastectomy are small. Ongoing monitoring of outcomes and assessment of patient satisfaction are needed.
Behavioural thermoregulation and homing by spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), in the Yakima River

Temperature-sensitive radio transmitters were employed to study the patterns of behavioural thermoregulation, habitat preference and movement of 19 adult spring chinook salmon, Oncurhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), in the Yakima River. During the 4 months prior to spawning, fish maintained an average internal temperature 2.5°C below ambient river temperature. This represented a 12 to 20% decrease in basal metabolic demand or a saving of 17.3 to 29.9 calkg−1 h−1. Fish were most commonly associated with islands, pools, and rock out-croppings along stream banks. Homing behaviour appeared to be modified to optimize temperature regimes and energy conservation. As the time of spawning approached, fish left thermal refuges and migrated to spawning grounds upstream and downstream of refuge areas. Although spring chinook salmon residing within cool-water refuges may be capable of mitigating sub-lethal temperature effects, cool-water areas need to be abundant and available to the fish. The availability of suitable thermal refuges and appropriate holding habitat within mainstem rivers may affect long-term population survival.
The impact of the inclusion of endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging in a multivariate analysis to predict clinically unsuspected extraprostatic cancer

Background. The introduction of the endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique has improved the accuracy of preoperative staging for prostate cancer. This study quantifies the improvement in the ability to identify clinically unsuspected extraprostatic disease with the use of the endorectal coil MRI. Methods. A retrospective review of the pathologic findings of 347 patients with prostate cancer treated with a radical retropubic prostatectomy was performed. The preoperative clinical indicators including prostate specific antigen (PSA), clinical stage, Gleason score, and endorectal coil MRI data were employed in a multivariate analysis to identify patients who were at high risk for seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) or extracapsular extension (ECE). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for predicting SVI and ECE were calculated using the significant clinical indicators found on the multivariate analysis. Results. The clinical factors identified on multivariate analysis as significant predictors of SVI include the endorectal coil MRI data (P 10-20 ng/ml) and Gleason score of 5 to 7, the addition of the endorectal coil MRI data enabled an additional 71 and 27% of patients with SVI and ECE, respectively, to be correctly identified. These patients would have been missed based on the prediction obtained from the PSA and Gleason score alone. Conclusions. The use of the endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging data, in addition to prostate specific antigen and Gleason score, provides a more accurate prediction of the pathologic outcome of seminal vesicle invasion and extracapsular extension than the PSA and Gleason score alone for the patient subgroup with a PSA of greater than 10 to 20 ng/ml and Gleason score of 5 to 7.
Resveratrol potentiates rapamycin to prevent hyperinsulinemia and obesity in male mice on high fat diet

High doses of rapamycin, an antiaging agent, can prevent obesity in mice on high fat diet (HFD). Obesity is usually associated with hyperinsulinemia. Here, we showed that rapamycin given orally, at doses that did not affect weight gain in male mice on HFD, tended to decrease fasting insulin levels. Addition of resveratrol, which alone did not affect insulin levels, potentiated the effect of rapamycin, so that the combination decreased obesity and prevented hyperinsulinemia. Neither rapamycin nor resveratrol, and their combination affected fasting levels of glucose (despite lowering insulin levels), implying that the combination might prevent insulin resistance. We and others previously reported that resveratrol at high doses inhibited the mTOR (Target of Rapamycin) pathway in cell culture. Yet, as we confirmed here, this effect was observed only at super-pharmacological concentrations. At pharmacological concentrations, resveratrol did not exert ‘rapamycin-like effects' on cellular senescence and did not inhibit the mTOR pathway in vitro, indicating nonoverlapping therapeutic mechanisms of actions of rapamycin and resveratrol in vivo. Although, like rapamycin, resveratrol decreased insulin-induced HIF-1-dependent transcription in cell culture, resveratrol did not inhibit mTOR at the same concentrations. Given distinct mechanisms of action of rapamycin and resveratrol at clinically relevant doses, their combination warrants further investigation as a potential antiaging, antiobesity and antidiabetic modality.
Health Care Providers' Perspectives on Low HPV Vaccine Uptake and Adherence in Appalachian Kentucky

Objective Previous intervention research conducted in Appalachian Kentucky resulted in extremely low uptake and adherence to the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among women ages 18–26, despite provision of free vaccine. Because of these findings, the purpose of this qualitative, follow-up study was to elicit health care providers' perspectives on barriers and facilitators to HPV vaccination and suggested strategies for improving vaccination rates. Design and Sample Researchers conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of eight health care providers (seven nursing professionals, one physician) at the health clinic where the original HPV vaccination intervention took place. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed and authors used a constant-comparative method to analyze the data. Results Significant themes emerged from the interviews, centering around two primary issues: vaccine uptake and vaccine adherence. Related to uptake, health care providers identified perceived patient barriers and inadequate HPV vaccine education. They also identified the vaccine schedule and clinic-centered communication deficiencies as adherence-related barriers. Conclusion These Appalachian Kentucky health care providers provided important insights into barriers and facilitators to HPV vaccine uptake and adherence that need to be readily addressed in this community. As informed by these providers, several suggestions for improving HPV vaccination, such as more targeted education efforts and patient-centered reminder systems, may be applicable to other nursing professionals working in rural and medically underserved communities.
Production of nanoparticles by anti- solvent precipitation for use in food systems

An increasing number of different types of nanoparticles are being developed for utilization within the food industry in which these are used to encapsulate, protect, and release active food ingredients. They can also be used to overcome undesirable effects on food quality due to fat, sugar, or salt reduction, or to act as sensors to detect contaminants or microbial spoilage in food products. Several techniques have been developed to fabricate food-grade nanoparticles, which vary in their ease of use, cost, and robustness. In this review, we focus on the utilization of liquid anti-solvent precipitation as a means of producing food-grade nanoparticles.
Cloned yeast and mammalian transcription factor TFIID gene products support basal but not activated metallothionein gene transcription

Abstract Transcription factor IID (TFIID), the "TATA binding factor," is thought to play a key role in the regulation of eukaryotic transcriptional initiation. We have studied the role of TFIID in the transcription of the yeast metallothionein gene, which is regulated by the copper-dependent activator protein ACE1. Both basal and induced transcription of the metallothionein gene require TFIID and a functional TATA binding site. Crude human and mouse TFIID fractions, prepared from mammalian cells, respond to stimulation by ACE1. In contrast, human and yeast TFIID proteins expressed from the cloned genes do not respond to ACE1, except in the presence of wheat germ or yeast total cell extracts. These results indicate that the cloned TFIID gene products lack a component(s) or modification(s) that is required for regulated as compared to basal transcription.
Juvenile hormone action through a defined enhancer motif to modulate ecdysteroid-activation of natural core promoters.

We have established a model system of hormone action, in an Sf9 cell transfection system, using defined enhancer motifs and natural core promoters of metamorphosis-associated genes. The DR1 enhancer, that is an established DNA binding site for the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle heterodimer, was necessary for transcriptional activation by 20-OH ecdysone. For this activated transcription, a natural sequence closely 5′ to the TATA box is necessary. Cotreatment with juvenile hormone III strongly suppressed the steroid activation of transcription. However, in the absence of the sequence located closely 5′ to the TATA box, cotreatment with juvenile hormone instead increased transcription over that occurring due to 20-hydroxy-ecdysone alone. This sensitivity to activation by cotreatment with juvenile hormone could be transferred to a related, but otherwise unresponsive, hexamerin core promoter simply by transferring to the unresponsive promoter the five base transcription start site (ACAGT) from the responsive hexamerin gene. These are the first reports that the direction of JH action on 20-OH ecdysone-activated transcription can be reversed by removal of a sequence at the core promoter, and that modulatory action of juvenile hormone can be transferred to a different gene by transferring the transcription start site motif.
Longitudinal predictors of colorectal cancer screening among participants in a randomized controlled trial.

Objective Few studies use longitudinal data to identify predictors of colorectal cancer screening (CRCS). We examined predictors of (1) initial CRCS during the first year of a randomized trial, and (2) repeat CRCS during the second year of the trial among those that completed FOBT in Year 1.
Role of lipoxygenase in xenobiotic oxidation: Parathion metabolism catalyzed by highly purified soybean lipoxygenase

Abstract Earlier studies from this laboratory demonstrated that lipoxygenase catalyzes oxidation of a number of xenobiotics. This report presents data on the desulfuration and dearylation of parathion catalyzed by purified soybean lipoxygenase in the presence of linoleic acid. The formation of paraoxon was estimated from in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterse (electric eel) and further confirmed by using [ 14 C]parathion. The metabolites paraoxon and p -nitrophenol were separated on thin layer chromatography and quantified by radiometry. The maximal rate of parathion metabolism occurred in the presence of 1.0 m M linoleic acid, 25.0 μ M parathion, 20.0 n M enzyme at pH 8.0. The rate of desulfuration and dearylation reactions were dependent on incubation time, pH, linoleic acid, parathion, and enzyme concentration. Lipoxygenase inhibitors, like nor-dihydroguaiaretic acid and phenidone, significantly blocked the desulfuration and dearylation reactions. The turnover numbers (nmol product/min/nmol enzyme) were found to be 3.0 and 5.5 for paraoxon and p -nitrophenol, respectively. The rate of lipoxygenase-catalyzed parathion bioactivation was 3–20 times greater as compared to purified mammalian cytochrome P-450
Generating home energy footprint by assigning fixture usage to individuals in homes: poster abstract

Homes and buildings are major consumers of energy across the globe. Since energy consumption in homes is largely dependent on the residents occupying it, encouraging home residents to engage in energy saving behavior has the potential to conserve significant percentage of total energy usage. It has been suggested that providing fine-grained energy usage feedback to residents, allows them to discover and engage in energy saving behavior. Home Energy Footprint (HEF) displays energy usage information for every individual at a appliance level granularity. We propose fixture assignment - assigning individuals to each fixture usage event, as a method to determine HEF.
Coherence among climate signals, precipitation, and groundwater.

Climate signals may affect groundwater level at different time scales in different geographical regions, and those patterns or time scales can be estimated using coherence analysis. This study shows that the synthesis effort required to search for patterns at the physical geography scale is possible, and this approach should be applicable in other regions of the world. The relations between climate signals, Southern Oscillation Index, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, North Pacific Pattern (SOI, PDO, NAO, and NP), precipitation, and groundwater level in three geographical areas of Wisconsin are examined using a three-tiered coherence analysis. In the high frequency band ( 8(-1) to ≤23(-1) cycles/year), we found significant coherence between the SOI and NP signals and groundwater level in the forested area, characterized by shallow wells constructed in sand and gravel aquifers. In the high frequency band, there is significant coherence between the four climate signals and precipitation in all three areas. In the low frequency band, the four climate signals have effect on precipitation in the agricultural area, and SOI and NP have effect on precipitation in the forested and driftless areas. Precipitation affects groundwater level in all three areas, and in high, low and intermediate frequency bands. In the agricultural area, deeper aquifers and a more complex hydrostratigraphy and land use dilute the effect of precipitation on groundwater level for interdecadal frequencies.
Organizational correlates of implementation of colocation of mental health and primary care in the Veterans Health Administration.

This study explored the role of organizational factors in the ability of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) clinics to implement colocated mental health care in primary care settings (PC-MH). The study used data from the VHA Clinical Practice Organizational Survey collected in 2007 from 225 clinic administrators across the United States. Clinic degree of implementation of PC-MH was the dependent variable, whereas independent variables included policies and procedures, organizational context, and leaders’ perceptions of barriers to change. Pearson bivariate correlations and multivariable linear regression were used to test hypotheses. Results show that depression care training for primary care providers and clinics’ flexibility and participation were both positively correlated with implementation of PC-MH. However, after accounting for other factors, regressions show that only training primary care providers in depression care was marginally associated with degree of implementation of PC-MH (p = 0.051). Given the importance of this topic for implementing integrated care as part of health care reform, these null findings underscore the need to improve theory and testing of more proximal measures of colocation in future work.
Molecular beam epitaxy of pseudomorphic ZnTe/AlSb/GaSb

Abstract The difficulty in achieving the amphoteric doping of wide gap II–VI semiconductors for use in light emitting devices suggests the merits of heterojunction injection. This paper discusses the first epilayer/epilayer ZnTe/AlSb/GaSb heterojunctions grown by MBE. Pseudomorphic ZnTe layers were nucleated on pseudomorphic AlSb layers; the AlSb was grown on homoepitaxial GaSb buffer layers. Free exciton related features were observed in the photoluminescence of ZnTe; dominant features of the PL corresponded to near band-edge transitions. Microstructural quality was examined using TEM and X-ray rocking curves. Cross-sectional TEM images reveal atomically flat interfaces. X-ray rocking curve full width at half maximum values were close to the theoretically expected broadening due to the finite layer thickness.
Thirtieth Anniversary of Hypertension . Evolution of a Journal and a Progress Report

This year marks the 30th anniversary of Hypertension , the leading journal dedicated to research on blood pressure regulation and the pathophysiology, clinical treatment, and prevention of hypertension. Although the past 3 decades have brought remarkable changes in the technologies and science of high blood pressure research, the basic goals for Hypertension have remained remarkably constant–to publish the highest quality basic, clinical, and population science research and to promote better care of hypertensive patients. The 1970s was an exciting time for hypertension researchers, distinguished by the translation of many decades of research into effective, new approaches for treating high blood pressure. For example, the first peptide angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors became widely available to researchers in the early 1970s, and the first orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor was described in 1977. After decades of increasing death rates from cardiovascular disease, the 1970s heralded declining rates of cardiovascular mortality attributed, in large part, to the development and use of more effective drugs to treat patients with hypertension. Publications in the field of hypertension increased exponentially. Yet, establishing a journal devoted solely to hypertension had a difficult beginning. Lou Tobian, Chair of the American Heart Association (AHA) Council for High Blood Pressure from 1975 to 1977, reminisced in his editorial, “I was looking for a special project … the entire field of high blood pressure was expanding at a fast clip. The whole situation cried out for a new journal dedicated to the general area of hypertension. It would be the first in the world …. The idea was broached informally and met some stiff resistance.” The chair of the AHA Publications Committee was, according to Tobian, “… strongly opposed to the creation of this new journal.”1 Fortunately, the chair was absent when Tobian made his pitch …
Method for investigating intradriver heterogeneity using vehicle trajectory data: A Dynamic Time Warping approach

After first extending Newell’s car-following model to incorporate time-dependent parameters, this paper describes the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm and its application for calibrating this microscopic simulation model by synthesizing driver trajectory data. Using the unique capabilities of the DTW algorithm, this paper attempts to examine driver heterogeneity in car-following behavior, as well as the driver’s heterogeneous situation-dependent behavior within a trip, based on the calibrated time-varying response times and critical jam spacing. The standard DTW algorithm is enhanced to address a number of estimation challenges in this specific application, and a numerical experiment is presented with vehicle trajectory data extracted from the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) project for demonstration purposes. The DTW algorithm is shown to be a reasonable method for processing large vehicle trajectory datasets, but requires significant data reduction to produce reasonable results when working with high resolution vehicle trajectory data. Additionally, singularities present an interesting match solution set to potentially help identify changing driver behavior; however, they must be avoided to reduce analysis complexity.
Corticosteroid-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for prevention of corneal allograft rejection in rats.

Immunologic graft rejection is one of the main causes of short and long-term graft failure in corneal transplantation. Steroids are the most commonly used immunosuppressive agents for postoperative management and prevention of corneal graft rejection. However, steroids delivered in eye drops are rapidly cleared from the surface of the eye, so the required frequency of dosing for corneal graft rejection management can be as high as once every 2 h. Additionally, these eye drops are often prescribed for daily use for 1 year or longer, which can result in poor patient compliance and steroid-related side effects. Here, we report a biodegradable nanoparticle system composed of Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) materials that can provide sustained release of corticosteroids to prevent corneal graft rejection following subconjunctival injection provided initially during transplant surgery. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles containing dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) exhibited a size of 200 nm, 8 wt.% drug loading, and sustained drug release over 15 days in vitro under sink conditions. DSP-loaded nanoparticles provided sustained ocular drug levels for at least 7 days after subconjunctival administration in rats, and prevented corneal allograft rejection over the entire 9-week study when administered weekly. In contrast, control treatment groups that received weekly injections of either placebo nanoparticles, saline, or DSP in solution demonstrated corneal graft rejection accompanied by severe corneal edema, neovascularization and opacity that occurred in ≤ 4 weeks. Local controlled release of corticosteroids may reduce the rate of corneal graft rejection, perhaps especially in the days immediately following surgery when risk of rejection is highest and when typical steroid eye drop administration requirements are particularly onerous.
Human intestinal es nucleoside transporter: molecular characterization and nucleoside inhibitory profiles

Purpose: To clone and sequence the equilibrative nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR)-sensitive nucleoside transporter (es) from the human small intestine and to examine the capacities of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs to inhibit the uptake of uridine by this transporter. Methods: Using PCR, es was cloned from a cDNA library of the human small intestine. The uptake of 3H-uridine (10 μM) by the recombinant es, expressed in Xenopus oocytes, was measured in the presence (2 mM) and absence of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs. Results: The amino acid sequence of this es transporter was identical to that of the human placental es transporter. Uptake of 3H-uridine by this es transporter was inhibitable by 1 μM NBMPR. Removal of the oxygen from the 3′ position or from both the 2′ and 3′ positions, but not from 2′ or 5′ position, resulted in a partial or total loss of the capacity of the nucleosides to inhibit 3H-uridine uptake. No modifications of the adenosine base or of the uridine base (except for 3 and 6 positions on uracil) affected nucleoside inhibitory capacity. Conclusions: The es transporters of the human intestine and placenta are identical in their amino acid sequences. Moreover, the inhibitory profiles of various nucleoside analogs in inhibiting the uptake of uridine by the intestinal es transporter are similar to those obtained with the as-yet-uncloned human erythrocyte es transporter. Collectively, these findings suggest that the es transporter does not appear to be functionally variant in the human placenta, small intestine or erythrocytes.
Co2+ as a structural probe in acetate liquids and glasses

Abstract Compositions of lithium acetate and lead acetate form homogeneous liquids when heated above 100°C. When such liquids are doped with Co2+, the liquid/glass is colored blue at relatively high temperatures (100°C–150°C) and varying shades of red under ambient conditions. The color change is gradual, continuous, and reversible with temperature, even through the liquid-glass transition. This thermochromic property has been attributed to Co2+ changing coordination from tetrahedral to octahedral with decreasing temperature, due to the rotation of two acetate ligands that become bidentate. Additives to the glass composition can control the acetate glass structure, which preferentially stabilizes a specific coordination site of Co2+ and the resulting color of the liquid/glass. The color changes are not directly attributable to changes in the basicity or polymerization of the acetate liquid/glass network. Acetate liquids/glasses lack a covalently bonded network, and thus are not appropriate models for silicate structures.
Movement of the guide sequence during RNA catalysis by a group I ribozyme

Ribozymes derived from the self-splicing pre-ribosomal RNA of Tetrahymena act as sequence-specific endonucleases. The reaction involves binding an RNA or DNA substrate by base pairing to the internal guide sequence (IGS) to form helix P1. Site-specific photo-crosslinking localized the 5' end of the IGS in helix P1 to the vicinity of conserved bases between helices P4 and P5, supporting a major feature of the Michel-Westhof three-dimensional structure model. The crosslinked ribozyme retained catalytic activity. When not base-paired, the IGS was still specifically crosslinked, but the major site was 37 A distant from the reactive site in the experimentally supported three-dimensional model. The data indicate that a substantial induced-fit conformational change accompanies P1 formation, and they provide a physical basis for understanding the transport of oligonucleotides to the catalytic core of the ribozyme. The ability of RNA to orchestrate large-scale conformational changes may help explain why the ribosome and the spliceosome are RNA-based machines.
Overexpression of a bacterial branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex in Arabidopsis results in accumulation of branched-chain acyl-CoAs and alteration of free amino acid composition in seeds

Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) is a multienzyme complex that plays an important role in branched-chain amino acid catabolism. It occupies a key position in intermediary metabolism and provides metabolic precursors for secondary metabolism. Multigenes encoding a bacterial BCKDC were introduced and overexpressed in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plants expressed an over seven-fold increase of BCKDC activity than control plants and accumulated significant high levels of branched-chain acyl-CoAs in seeds. Overexpression of the BCKDC also resulted in alternation of free amino acid composition in seeds with enhanced levels of branched-chain amino acids.
Recent advances in MR imaging: FLAIR imaging

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging is a technique that increases the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging to detect central nervous system (CNS) diseases characterized by an increase in interstitial water content such as brain tumors, cerebral infarcts, and gliotic scars. A role for this technique in subarchnoid disease processes such as hemorrhage and epidermoid tumor is also being revealed.
Multitasking Web search on Vivisimo.com

A user's single session with a Web search engine may consist of seeking information on either single or multiple topics. Most Web search sessions consist of two queries of two words. We present findings from a study of sessions on the Vivisimo Web search engine to examine the degree of multitasking search by typical Web searchers. Findings show that 11.1% of search sessions were multitasking searches, and there are a broad variety of search topics in multitasking search sessions. The paper proposes that on various levels, Web search can be conceptualized at different levels as a multitasking activity. The implications of our findings for Web design and further research are discussed.
Iodide goiter with hypothyroidism in 2 newborn infants

Two infants are described with goiters and features of thyroid deficiency at birth. Both their mothers had received excessive iodide therapy during pregnancy, were taking thyroid extract for “hypometabolism” and “sluggishness”, and were clinically euthyroid. The infants' concentration of total serum iodide and PBI were elevated, whereas the BEI levels were normal. Thyroidal I131 uptake was normal in one infant and decreased in the other at the time of testing. Both infants improved spontaneously following birth and later studies showed normal thyroid indices. The findings are interpreted as compatible with goitrous cretinism secondary to the transplacental transfer of maternal iodide. The diagnosis and management of iodide-induced goiter with or without cretinism are discussed.
Metrics other than potency reveal systematic variation in responses to cancer drugs

Large-scale analysis of cellular response to anticancer drugs typically focuses on variation in potency (half-maximum inhibitory concentration, (IC50)), assuming that it is the most important difference between effective and ineffective drugs or sensitive and resistant cells. We took a multiparametric approach involving analysis of the slope of the dose-response curve, the area under the curve and the maximum effect (Emax). We found that some of these parameters vary systematically with cell line and others with drug class. For cell-cycle inhibitors, Emax often but not always correlated with cell proliferation rate. For drugs targeting the Akt/PI3K/mTOR pathway, dose-response curves were unusually shallow. Classical pharmacology has no ready explanation for this phenomenon, but single-cell analysis showed that it correlated with significant and heritable cell-to-cell variability in the extent of target inhibition. We conclude that parameters other than potency should be considered in the comparative analysis of drug response, particularly at clinically relevant concentrations near and above the IC50.
Sediment Distribution in the Oceans: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Three crossings of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge with the seismic profiler between Buenos Aires and Capetown; Buenos Aires and Dakar; and Dakar and Halifax have shown several important features of the sediment distribution. The total accumulation is remarkably small, averaging 100 – 200 m. On the northern and middle crossings, the sediments are mainly in pockets, and intervening areas are almost or entirely bare. A large percentage of the pockets have almost level surfaces. These facts suggest that the sediments deposited on the ridge flow easily after reaching bottom here. Where impounded, the ridge sediments apparently develop cohesiveness and will not flow easily if subsequently tilted. The sediments are unstratified and remarkably transparent acoustically. Certain areas, particularly on the lower flanks of the ridge, contain distorted sedimentary bodies that apparently indicate postdepositional tectonic activity. The basement surface on which the sediments rest is uniformly rough from the crest of the ridge out to the lower flanks and continues so underneath the basin sediments. It is the upper surface of the intermediate layer (seismic velocity about 5 km/sec) that constitutes the upper 1– 3 km of the oceanic crust. On the southern crossing the sediment layer tends toward uniform thickness across most of the section. This is evidence that the ridge sediments here are mainly pelagic and that the amount of sediment seen on the record represents the total deposited. Sediment cores and ocean-bottom photographs provide additional information about sediment composition and distribution where the sediment cover is too thin to be measured by the profiler. The photographs also provide information about the presence of currents capable of altering sediment distribution. The results suggest that the total accumulation in the oceans is small compared to that which would be inferred from any of the currently accepted estimates of Cenozoic rates of deposition, but that the relative amounts of carbonate and red clay conform to the accepted ratio of their respective rates.
Generalized Brownian configuration fields for Fokker–Planck equations including center-of-mass diffusion

Abstract An alternative argument is presented to show a connection between Fokker–Planck equations in non-homogeneous flows and the Brownian configuration fields (BCFs) pioneered by Hulsen et al. [M.A. Hulsen, B.H.A.A. van den Brule, A.P.G. van Heel, Simulation of viscoelastic flows using Brownian configuration fields, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 70 (1–2) (1997) 79–101]. The method is used to show how these BCFs can be generalized to include center-of-mass diffusion of the polymer chains.