cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catecholaminergic innervation of the rat adrenal cortex.

The zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal gland is innervated by catecholaminergic nerves. Using histofluorescence techniques, we observed catecholaminergic plexuses surrounding adrenal capsular and subcapsular blood vessels. Individual varicose nerve fibers that branched off these plexuses were distributed among adrenal glomerulosa cells. This innervation was permanently eliminated after neonatal sympathectomy with guanethidine or 6-hydroxydopamine, but was not affected by ligation of the splanchnic nerve or extirpation of the suprarenal ganglion. At the ultrastructural level, axonal varicosities were commonly observed in close proximity to glomerulosa cells and blood vessels. Nerve fibers and varicosities were found to contain small (30–60 nm) clear vesicles as well as large (60–110 nm) and small (30–60 nm) dense-cored vesicles. In tissue fixed for the dichromate reaction with or without pretreatment with the false transmitter 5-hydroxydopamine, many nerve terminals contained numerous small dense-cored vesicles which are thought to contain catecholamines. These results establish the anatomical substrate for the catecholaminergic innervation of the rat adrenal cortex.
Four-Field Anthropology: A Perfect Union or a Failed State?

Four-field anthropology departments are no longer in a ‘steady state’. Their integrity is threatened by a combination of internal and external developments. It remains to be seen whether they, in combination, are powerful enough to break the historic bonds that have united them for nearly a century.
Fate of trace element haps when applying mercury control technologies

During the past several years, and particularly since the Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) was promulgated in June of 2005, the electric utility industry, product vendors, and the research community have been working diligently to develop and test Hg control strategies for a variety of coal types and plant configurations. Some of these strategies include sorbent injection and chemical additives designed to increase mercury capture efficiency in particulate control devices. These strategies have the potential to impact the fate of other inorganic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which typically include As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sb. To evaluate this impact, flue gas samples using EPA Method 29, along with representative coal and ash samples, were collected during recent pilot-scale and field test projects that were evaluating Hg control technologies. These test programs included a range of fuel types with varying trace element concentrations, along with different combustion systems and particulate control devices. The results show that the majority of the trace element HAPs are associated with the particulate matter in the flue gas, except for Se. However, for five of the six projects, Se partitioning was shifted to the particulate phase and total emissions reduced when Hg control technologies were applied.
Using a Virtual Simulation Program to Teach Child Development

Interest in the use of technology in the classroom continues to grow. The current study included 100 students who registered for a 200 level child development class at a private university in Northern Virginia. Students were from 4 different sections taught by the same professor in different semesters. Two of the sections used a textbook. The other two used an online virtual simulation program. Results revealed that students using the simulation program had exam scores that were significantly higher than those for the sections that used a textbook. Students using the program reported that it helped them relate to class material, was more engaging and interactive than a textbook, and helped them connect class material to the real world.
An estimation of present and projected diesel particle evolution over Chigago

The impact of a potential increase in vehicular diesel emissions on atmospheric particle concentrations and size distributions in a large urban area (Chigago) is investigated numerically, for idealized meteorological conditions. Results indicate that the projected increase in diesel emissions would affect mainly the concentrations of particles with diameters smaller than 1 μm; larger particles would not be affected significantly. The particle concentrations in the accumulation mode (diameter near 0.2 μm) would be increased by about a factor of ten, while the concentration of particles of the Aitken nuclei mode (diameter near 0.02 μm) would be reduced significantly. The area in which the annual average air quality particulate standard is exceeded is quite small for the reference case based on emissions in 1983, but would increase to cover almost the entire urban area for the projected increase in diesel emissions in 2000.
Synthesis and Structures of Cationic Aluminum and Gallium Amidinate Complexes

Aluminum and gallium amidinate complexes, {RC(NR‘)2}MMe2 (R, R‘ = alkyl; M = Al, Ga), react with the “cationic activators” [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] and B(C6F5)3 to yield cationic Al and Ga alkyl species whose structures are strongly influenced by the steric properties of the amidinate ligand. The reaction of acetamidinate Al complexes {MeC(NR‘)2}AlMe2 (R‘ = iPr, 1a; R‘ = Cy, 3a) with 0.5 equiv of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] or B(C6F5)3 yields {MeC(NR‘)2}2Al2Me3+ (R‘ = iPr, 2a+; R‘ = Cy, 4a+) as the B(C6F5)4- or MeB(C6F5)3- salts. X-ray crystallographic analyses establish that 2a+ and 4a+ are double-amidinate-bridged dinuclear cations, in which the two metal centers are linked by μ-η1,η1 and μ-η1,η2 amidinate bridges. NMR studies show that 2a+ undergoes two dynamic processes in solution: (i) a μ-η1,η1/μ-η1,η2 amidinate exchange and (ii) Me exchange between the two metal centers. The reaction of {MeC(NiPr)2}GaMe2 (1b) with 0.5 equiv of B(C6F5)3 yields {MeC(NiPr)2}2Ga2Me3+ (2b+), whose structure and dynamic properties are sim...
The (Not So) New Aspects of Coming Out: A Review of Coming Out: The New Dynamics

Nicolas A. Guittar's (2014) new book, Coming Out: The New Dynamics, explores the current meaning(s) of coming out. Based on interviews with 30 participants, the author elucidates what he phrases as the “new dynamics” of coming out. Although some of these dynamics may indeed be newly based on empirical data, they are not all necessarily new social phenomena.
Effects of soil texture on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics after cessation of agriculture

Abstract Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important ecosystem carbon (C) pool that is often depleted by agriculture. SOM content tends to be positively correlated with soil clay concentration among sites, but it is unknown how clay concentration affects the rate of SOM accumulation over time after cessation of agriculture. I used a 40-year chronosequence of 62 former agricultural fields in western Minnesota to determine the influence of clay concentration on the accumulation of soil C pools following agricultural abandonment. As time since cessation of agriculture increased, total soil organic carbon (SOC), unhydrolyzable C, microbial biomass C, labile C calculated from a laboratory soil incubation ( C l ), and aggregate size all increased, while potential net nitrogen (N) mineralization and the decay constant of the labile C pool, k l , decreased. However, clay concentration had no effect on total soil C pool sizes or rate of accumulation. Clay concentration correlated positively with aggregate size and the rate of aggregate accumulation, and it correlated negatively with potential net N mineralization rates regardless of field age. These results indicate that on former agricultural fields converted to perennial grassland, soil texture may not be a significant factor influencing SOM accumulation rates on decadal time scales.
Microscopic Drop Profiles and the Origins of Line Tension

The line tension associated with the three-phase contact line of a liquid drop on a rigid substrate is calculated as the excess free energy per unit length of the contact line relative to the free energy of the drop/substrate system when the interaction between the free liquid interface and the substrate is turned off. To perform this calculation, the interaction energy is treated in the Derjaguin approximation and the microscopic drop profile determined accordingly. An explicit expression for the line tension as a function of the macroscopic contact angle for the case of an infinite drop is obtained as a quadrature over the interaction energy per unit area between planar half-spaces. The magnitude of the line tension is shown to be the product of the free liquid surface tension and the length scale associated with the interaction energy. For attractive interaction energies the line tension is negative but when the interaction has both an attractive component (which must dominate at small separations) and a repulsive component which dominates at larger separations, the line tension can be positive. Some simple physical models of the interaction are considered to illustrate these points. For the case of a finite drop, we show that the concept of line tension as a macroscopic quantity which may be added to the free energy balance, giving rise to deviation from Young's equation for the contact angle, is a valid one in the sense that a full treatment of the microscopic drop shape yields the same macroscopic picture of the drop near contact. The line tension for a finite drop is demonstrated to be the value calculated for the infinite drop to within terms of the order of the ratio of interaction energy range to drop radius. Hence, the treatment of line tension as a macroscopic concept is valid down to drop sizes of the order of the range of the interaction energy. Finally, by applying the Derjaguin approximation in a different (but equally valid) way and deriving an alternate expression for the line tension, we are able to elucidate the range of validity of the approximation itself. Line tensions calculated by these methods would appear to be accurate for contact angles up to ∼20°.
A preliminary ab initio study of rearrangements in C2B3H5

Abstract Isomerization barriers have been calculated for rearrangements on the C2B3H5 potential energy surface. Polarization and electron correlation effects have been estimated based on geometries calculated at the HF/3-21G level. The Diamond-Square-Diamond (DSD) mechanism relating the 1,5 and 2,3-isomers involves a HOMO-LUMO crossing approximately 80 kcal mol−1 above the energy of the 1,5-isomer. An alternative mechanism for the rearrangement is the rotation of two equatorial atoms about an axis in the equatorial plane. No HOMO-LUMO crossing is encountered, however, the barrier is approximately the same as in the DSD mechanism. A new structure on the C2B3H5 potential energy surface has been found which is 19.7 kcal mol−1 less stable than the 1,2-C2B3H5 isomer and lies in a minimum 7.8 kcal mol−1 deep. The cyclopentene-like structure contains a carbon-carbon double bond and three tricoordinate borons which could be stabilized by a Lewis base and presents aninteresting synthetic target.
Identification of a cis‐regulatory element required for 20‐hydroxyecdysone enhancement of antimicrobial peptide gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster

The antimicrobial peptide diptericin plays an important role in defence against microorganisms. Drosophila melanogaster diptericin mRNA levels showed an increase during the late final instar larval stage when the ecdysteroid titres increase to initiate metamorphosis. Deletion analysis in Drosophila melanogaster mbn2 (mbn2) cells identified a cis-regulatory element (AAGAAAGATCCCCTG) necessary for 20-hydroxyecdysone enhancement of peptidoglycan-induced expression of diptericin in the 3 kb diptericin promoter. Proteins extracted from mbn2 cells treated with peptidoglycan plus 20-hydroxyecdysone specifically bound to this element. 20-hydroxyecdysone also enhanced peptidoglycan-induced expression of four other antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes--drosomycin, attacin-A, metchnikowin and cecropin A1. Moreover, in silico promoter analysis using the meme program showed that an eight-nucleotide region of the identified cis-regulatory element is present in the promoters of these four AMP genes. These studies suggest that 20-hydroxyecdysone regulates the expression of AMP genes through a conserved cis-regulatory element.
Cloning higher plants from aseptically cultured tissues and cells

A review of aseptic culture methods for higher plants is presented, which focuses on the existing problems that limit or prevent the full realization of cloning plants from free cells. It is shown that substantial progress in clonal multiplication has been made with explanted stem tips or lateral buds which can be stimulated to produce numerous precocious axillary branches. These branches can then be separated or subdivided and induced to root in order to yield populations of genetically and phenotypically uniorm plantlets. Similarly, undifferentiated calluses can sometimes be induced to form shoots and/or roots adventitiously. Although the cell culture techniques required to produce somatic embryos are presently rudimentary, steady advances are being made in learning how to stimulate formation of somatic or adventive embryos from totipotent cells grown in suspension cultures. It is concluded that many problems exist in the producing and growing of totipotent or morphogenetically competent cell suspensions, but the potential benefits are great.
Understanding wayfinding for the elderly using VR

This study suggests that Virtual Reality (VR) technology can be used for the wayfinding study and design in the building industry with the special interest for the elderly people. Designers can benefit from this research's wayfinding study tools in their own designs for the aging population. This study focused on the way finding design in healthcare facilities. Wayfinding in healthcare facilities is particularly challenging for older adults who have limited physical and cognitive abilities. To test and compare wayfinding performances between the elderly group and the young-aged group, this study developed simulated VR environments: 1) series of VR environments with minimal design features for wayfinding and 2) series of VR environments with several design features that aid wayfinding. Participants viewed the walkthrough VR movies that lead from one location to the destination and were tested to find the route back to the original starting location. Tests were conducted at three decision making points.
The Dark Side of the Left: Illiberal Egalitarianism in America

Why do people who identify themselves as liberal or egalitarian sometimes embrace intolerance or even preach violence? Illiberalism has come to be expected of the right in this country; its occurrence on the left is more paradoxical but no less real. In this book, Richard J. Ellis examines the illiberal tendencies that have characterized egalitarian movements throughout American history, from the radical abolitionists of the 1850s to the New Left activists of the 1960s. He also takes on contemporary radical feminists like Catharine MacKinnon and radical environmental groups like Earth First to show that, even today, many of the American Left's sacred cows have cloven hooves. He explains how orthodoxy arises within a group from the need to maintain distance from a society it views as hopelessly corrupt, and how individuals committed to egalitarian causes are particularly susceptible to illiberalism -- even poets like Walt Whitman, who celebrated the common people but often expressed contempt for their mundane lives. Political correctness, idealizing the oppressed, and an affinity for authoritarian and charismatic leaders are all parts of what Ellis calls 'the dark side of the left.'
Assessment of cellular damage during cooling to −196 °C using radiochemical markers

Abstract The release of ten radiochemical markers from MRC-5 and CHO cells after cooling at various rates and thawing from temperatures in the range of 0 to −196 °C was measured. Many of these radiochemicals had specific sites of attachment on or within the cell and the aim was to determine the effect of freeze-thaw stresses on various parts of the cell. Cell death during cooling and thawing was, in most instances, accompanied by osmotic damage and loss of cytoplasmic constituents. Significant damage to the cell membrane occurred only after the cell was already dead and was related to the disruption of cells killed at higher temperatures and to osmotic stress during rewarming. The release of cations and other cytoplasmic markers was correlated to cell shrinkage and dehydration. The data were used to assess the relative effects of some of the proposed damaging factors in freeze-thaw injury (thermal shock, ice damage, dilution shock, etc.). CHO cells showed a much higher survival rate and release of cations after fast cooling than MRC-5 cells. This, and additional circumstantial information, indicated that CHO cells survived freeze-thaw cycles better than MRC-5 cells because they are able to dehydrate more readily, even at fast cooling rates.
Adaptation of biological membranes to temperature. The lack of homeoviscous adaptation in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Temperature adaptation of biological membranes was examined by comparing the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum preparation of goldfish acclimated to different temperatures. Membrane fluidity was estimated using the fluorescence polarization technique. There was considerable variation between preparations, but no consistent differences in fluidity were observed between 5- and 25 degrees C-acclimated goldfish, fish species adapted over an evolutionary period to arctic or desert temperatures, and rat. The fatty acid composition of the sarcoplamic reticulum preparations of differently acclimated goldfish showed differences in the proportion of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids while the proportion of saturated fatty acids remained relatively constant. However, the fatty acid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum phosphoglycerides became more unsaturated in the order rat, desert pupfish, arctic sculpin, which correlates with their respective environmental or body temperature. It is concluded that differences in membrane components other than fatty acids are important in determining membrane dynamic structure. The inability to demonstrate homeoviscous adaptation in sarcoplasmic reticulum is supported by other evidence suggesting that functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are measured in vitro are not affected by such modifications of their phosphoglyceride fatty acid composition as occur during thermal acclimation.
Fading memory in an incremental model for elastic fluids

Abstract A recently proposed incremental state variable model for non-Newtonian fluids is shown to exhibit “fading memory” under the imposition of an additional restriction on the state evolution equation and a limit on the “severity” of the imposed deformation program. This leads to the conclusion that the present model is a simple fluid with appropriate topological restrictions on the domain of deformation histories. The analysis depends on a reformulation of the original theory in terms of a finite log-strain tensor in place of a Green-type deformation tensor. A thorough exposition of the algebraic properties of the associated (log-strain to Green deformation) transformation operators is given in an Appendix.
Characterization of plasminogen activator in human cervical cells.

Abstract Plasminogen activator activity was detected in human gynecologic specimens using a synthetic fluoregenic peptide substrate assay and confirmed by an 125 I-labeled fibrin plate assay. Epithelial cells in these samples contain enzymatic activity that biochemically resembles both the well-characterized plasminogen activator, urokinase, and the less-specific plasminogen activator, trypsin. Inhibition of the cervical cell activity by diisopropylfluorophosphate and p -nitrophenyl- p ′-guanidinobenzoate demonstrates that, like urokinase and trypsin, this plasminogen activator is also a serine protease. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasminogen that had been incubated with cervical cells indicated the same mechanism of plasminogen activation as exhibited by urokinase. We attempted to correlate plasminogen activator activity of each sample with cytomorphologic diagnosis. Three of the four dysplastic samples analyzed showed higher plasminogen activator activity than did the normal samples.
High-power vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser under pulsed operation

We have investigated InGaAs multiple-quantum-wells vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) under high-power pulsed operation. The peak pulsed power of over 12.5 W has been achieved with the single VCSEL device which has five InGaAs quantum wells.
More Pharmacists in High-Risk Neighborhoods of New York City Support Selling Syringes to Injection Drug Users

Objective To document changes in pharmacists’ opinions and practices from the time of passage to implementation of a law permitting selling syringes without a prescription (the Expanded Syringe Access Demonstration Program [ESAP]). Design Two cross-sectional randomized telephone surveys. Setting High-risk neighborhoods of New York City. Subjects Pharmacists. Main Outcome Measure Support for selling syringes without a prescription to injection drug users (IDUs). Results We completed 130 surveys at baseline (BL) in August 2000, from neighborhoods with high numbers of injection-related acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases and 231 surveys at law change (LC) in January 2001. To correct for differences in sampling, we limited the analysis to pharmacies in ZIP Codes represented in both samples and weighted results to adjust for the median income level of those postal codes. From BL (n = 83) to LC (n = 84), law awareness increased (43% to 90%, P P Conclusions Support for ESAP among pharmacists increased in high-risk neighborhoods as the program was implemented. The finding that some pharmacists were ESAP registered but did not support selling syringes to IDUs and others were supportive, but not ESAP registered, may have program implications.
Amount or pattern? Grassland responses to the heterogeneity and availability of two key resources.

Patterns of resource availability and heterogeneity shape the composition, productivity, and dynamics of plant assemblages in a wide variety of terrestrial ecosystems. Despite this, the responses of plant assemblages to simultaneous changes in the availability and heterogeneity of more than a single resource are virtually unknown. To fill this gap, microcosms consisting of assemblages formed by Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, Anthoxantum odoratum, Holcus lanatus, and Trifolium repens were grown in a factorial experiment with the following treatments: nutrient availability (NA), water availability (WA), spatial nutrient heterogeneity (NH), and temporal water heterogeneity (WH). Assemblages exhibited precise root foraging patterns in response to nutrient heterogeneity, which were modified by NA and WA. A series of two- and three-way interactions involving the four factors evaluated determined biomass production, the belowground : aboveground biomass ratio, the patterns of root biomass allocation with depth, and the relative contribution to aboveground biomass of Lolium and Anthoxanthum. In all cases, these interactions explained significant amounts of the variation found in the data. Our study demonstrates that considering the interactions between resource availability and heterogeneity allows for a refinement of predictions that can detectably reduce the error associated with extrapolating from single factor analyses.
Spatial fidelity of photorefractive image correlators

The set of equations describing photorefractive four-wave mixing of image-bearing beams has been solved in the presence of diffraction using a perturbation analysis assuming a strong uniform backward pump and a weak conjugate. To first order, it was found that the conjugate image is bilinearly related to the forward-pump and probe images. By using a Green's function approach, an analytical expression for the bilinear kernel was derived. This kernel, which governs the bandwidth of the conjugation system, is a function of the material parameters, the beam angles, and the crystal length. When a conjugator is used to determine the correlation between two images, the result was found to be a distorted version of the correlation image. This distortion was reduced when the image with the smallest extent was chosen as the forward-pump image. >
Coming challenges in microarchitecture and architecture

In the past several decades, the world of computers and especially that of microprocessors has witnessed phenomenal advances. Computers have exhibited ever-increasing performance and decreasing costs, making them more affordable and in turn, accelerating additional software and hardware development that fueled this process even more. The technology that enabled this exponential growth is a combination of advancements in process technology, microarchitecture, architecture, and design and development tools. While the pace of this progress has been quite impressive over the last two decades, it has become harder and harder to keep up this pace. New process technology requires more expensive megafabs and new performance levels require larger die, higher power consumption, and enormous design and validation effort. Furthermore, as CMOS technology continues to advance, microprocessor design is exposed to a new set of challenges. In the near future, microarchitecture has to consider and explicitly manage the limits of semiconductor technology, such as wire delays, power dissipation, and soft errors. In this paper we describe the role of microarchitecture in the computer world present the challenges ahead of us, and highlight areas where microarchitecture can help address these challenges.
BOTH HUMAN AND PASSIVE WALKING ARE BOTH LOCALLY UNSTABLE AND ORBITALLY STABLE

Walking is strongly, but not exactly, periodic. Resistance to small perturbations is defined by Floquet multipliers for purely periodic (i.e., limit cycle) systems, or by Lyapunov (or “local divergence”) exponents for aperiodic systems. Since human walking lies between these two categories, it is not clear which approach is “correct” or if these two analyses will yield comparable results and/or interpretations. While others reported that human walking was orbitally stable [3], we found local instability in walking [4]. Theoretically, it is possible for some systems to exhibit both (Fig. 1; [5,6]). Here, we directly tested this hypothesis in human walking and in simulations of noisy passive bipedal walking.
Molecular annotation of integrative feeding neural circuits.

Summary The identity of higher-order neurons and circuits playing an associative role to control feeding is unknown. We injected pseudorabies virus, a retrograde tracer, into masseter muscle, salivary gland, and tongue of BAC-transgenic mice expressing GFP in specific neural populations and identified several CNS regions that project multisynaptically to the periphery. MCH and orexin neurons were identified in the lateral hypothalamus, and Nurr1 and Cnr1 in the amygdala and insular/rhinal cortices. Cholera toxin β tracing showed that insular Nurr1 + and Cnr1 + neurons project to the amygdala or lateral hypothalamus, respectively. Finally, we show that cortical Cnr1 + neurons show increased Cnr1 mRNA and c-Fos expression after fasting, consistent with a possible role for Cnr1 + neurons in feeding. Overall, these studies define a general approach for identifying specific molecular markers for neurons in complex neural circuits. These markers now provide a means for functional studies of specific neuronal populations in feeding or other complex behaviors.
Theory of the Excitonic Insulator in the Presence of Normal Impurities

Recently several papers have discussed the possibility of a new kind of insulating phase in semimetals or semiconductors with small band gap. This phase can be described as a condensate of electron-hole pairs (excitons) due to an effective interaction between valence and conduction electrons. This paper extends the analysis of the excitonic phase in the semimetallic region in the presence of randomly distributed normal (i.e., nonmagnetic) impurities. It is shown that the impurities have a pair-breaking effect similar to the case of magnetic impurities in superconductors. The Abrikosov-Gorkov theory developed for the latter case is applied with minor modifications to the excitonic phase. It is shown that beyond a critical impurity concentration the excitonic phase cannot exist. Changes in the transition temperature and in the order parameter are calculated, as well as the density of states. It is found that in a region close to the critical concentration the excitation spectrum of the system has no energy gap.
Entrepreneurial Innovation at Google

To fully realize its innovation potential, Google encourages all of its employees to think and act like entrepreneurs.
Short-arc analysis of intersatellite tracking data in a gravity mapping mission

A technique for the analysis of low-low intersatellite range-rate data in a gravity mapping mission is explored. The technique is based on standard tracking data analysis for orbit determination but uses a spherical coordinate representation of the 12 epoch state parameters describing the baseline between the two satellites. This representation of the state parameters is exploited to allow the intersatellite range-rate analysis to benefit from information provided by other tracking data types without large simultaneous multiple data type solutions. The technique appears especially valuable for estimating gravity from short arcs (e.g., less than 15 minutes) of data. Gravity recovery simulations which use short arcs are compared with those using arcs a day in length. For a high-inclination orbit, the short-arc analysis recovers low-order gravity coefficients remarkably well, although higher order terms, especially sectorial terms, are less accurate. Simulations suggest that either long or short arcs of GRACE data are likely to improve parts of the geopotential spectrum by orders of magnitude.
Performance of OFDM systems with space-time coding

Space-time coding is a promising channel coding technique for wireless communications. Combined with antenna diversity, space-time coding can provide improved performance while maintaining the same data transmission rate, which makes it an attractive candidate for high-data-rate transmission systems such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In this paper, we compare the performance of space-time coded OFDM systems with that of OFDM systems defined by IEEE 802.11a over AWGN channels and slow fading channels. Although space-time block coding does not have coding gain, it can be used as an inner coding method to obtain diversity gain. Space-time trellis coding obtains 1 dB coding gain and 9 dB diversity gain.
A BRIEF AND BIASED LOOK AT SPATIAL STRUCTURE IN ECOLOGICAL MODELS: A ROUTE TO INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODELS

The significance of spatial structure in ecological dynamics has been recognized for more than eighty years, but only in the last quarter century have substantial numbers of ecological models incorporated spatial dynamics. This paper provides a brief look at some early models that include spatial dynamics and traces their evolution through spatially explicit models and on to individual-based models. We conclude with a more detailed look at two of the most well developed individual-based models, inSTREAM and MORPH.
Nasal congestion and a rapidly enlarging mass at the nasofacial junction.

Afemale infantapproximatelyayearandahalfoldpresentedwith a 2-day history of nasal congestion and a rapidly enlarging mass at the nasofacial junction. Her parents denied any history of facial trauma and reported no associated fevers, pain, sore throat, nasal discharge, or epistaxis. Physical examination revealed a 2-cm firm bony lesion of the right medial maxilla inferior to the medial canthus without associated skin changes or fluctuance. There was no cervical lymphadenopathy, and the cranial nerves were grossly intact. Results from the remainder of the head andneck examination were within normal limits. Computed tomographic scans demonstrated a wellcircumscribed ovoid destructivemass with peripheral calcification centered at the right nasal process of themaxilla measuring 1.6 cm at the largest dimension (Figure, A). The child underwent an open biopsy followed by a right partial maxillectomy via a sublabial approach. Intraoperative findings revealedanerosive lesionof theright maxillary sinus destroying parts of the anterior, medial, and posterior walls of the sinus. Microscopic evaluation illustrated long spindle cells loosely arranged within a myxoid stroma (Figure, B) admixed with collagen fibers and fragments of reactive bone (Figure, C). No atypical cells or giant cells were identified. Of note, the spindle cells showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for vimentin (Figure, D), but immunostains for HHF-35, SMA, and myogenin were negative. Final pathologic results confirmed the histologic diagnosis, and all surgical margins were clear of disease. What is your diagnosis? A B
Building the mosaic: writing tips for content management

Open-source data exchange protocols and hosted applications have pushed user assistance closer than ever to a server-based model that depends on marked-up, database-managed content. Custom software on demand requires custom help to match, binding professional communicators within strict document structures and further blurring the distinction between reader and author. In the electronic writing space, the document is a vanishing concept, replaced by encapsulated textual objects that wait in databases until users assemble them. But writers can still find creative outlet in the crafting of textual "data." Adaptive help systems allow writers to engage more than ever in a collaborative effort with their readers to meet our ultimate goal: effective communication. We can still take pride in lean, vigorous prose that inspires its audience, and we can channel our narrative instincts into crafting content models that anticipate needs and allow users to customize and create. We can view our content "chunks" as individual tiles and give our readers the tools to build the mosaic. This paper discusses how we can write well within a content management system and how we can take a new approach to the reader-author relationship that more closely models the nature of automated publishing.
An Efficient Algorithm for Hydrodynamical Interaction of Many Deformable Drops

An efficient and accurate 3D algorithm for dynamical simulations of many deformable drops with strong hydrodynamical interactions at zero Reynolds numbers is developed. The drop-to-medium viscosity ratio, ?, and the Bond number are arbitrary, and the drops are subject to gravity with stationary triply periodic boundary conditions. The algorithm, at each step, is a hybrid of boundary-integral and economical multipole techniques, with extensive use of rotational transformations and economical truncation of multipole expansions to optimize near-field interactions. A significant part of the code is the new, “best paraboloid-spline” technique for calculating the normal vectors and curvatures on drop surfaces, which greatly improves the quality of long-time simulations. Examples show the phenomenon of clustering in a concentrated sedimenting emulsion for ?=0.25 and 1, which leads to an increase in the average sedimentation velocity with time. A high efficiency of the method is demonstrated, with two orders-of-magnitude gains over the standard O(N2N2?) boundary-integral technique for N~102 drops in a periodic cell with N?~103 triangular boundary elements per drop, so that typical long-time dynamical simulations can be performed in a few days or weeks on a standard workstation (as compared to the several years which would be required for the same simulations using standard boundary-integral techniques). The effects of drop triangulation and truncation of multipole expansions on dynamical simulations are assessed.
Detailed simulations of the transient hydrogen mixing, leakage and flammability in air in simple geometries

During an accidental release, hydrogen disperses very quickly in air due to a relatively high density difference. A comprehensive understanding of the transient behavior of hydrogen mixing and the associated flammability limits in air is essential to support the fire safety and prevention guidelines. In this study, a buoyancy diffusion computational model is developed to simultaneously solve for the complete set of equations governing the unsteady flow of hydrogen. A simple vertical cylinder is considered to investigate the transient behavior of hydrogen mixing, especially at relatively short times, for different release scenarios: (i) the sudden release of hydrogen at the cylinder bottom into air with open, partially open, and closed tops, and (ii) small hydrogen jet leaks at the bottom into a closed geometry. Other cases involving the hydrogen releases/leaks at the cylinder top are also explored to quantify the relative roles of buoyancy and diffusion in the mixing process. The numerical simulations display the spatial and temporal distributions of hydrogen for all the configurations studied. The complex flow patterns demonstrate the fast formation of flammable zones with implications in the safe and efficient use of hydrogen in various applications.
Automatically Building an Information-Security Vulnerability Database

Our goal was to collect data from the myriad computer vulnerability notices that exist on the World Wide Web and to mine it for interesting information and patterns. Surprisingly, no single database currently brings together all the various kinds of data from the vulnerability sites. Of particular interest to us was author and discoverer information since this provides valuable information about who is active in information security and occasionally might indicate the authors of exploits; current databases do not connect this to other relevant information. We found that the searchable parameters of the existing vulnerability databases were limited and inconsistent. Consequently, it is very difficult to get complete information about computer vulnerabilities by searching Web sites. Our approach was to bring together this information into a composite database. We did automated data collection from the existing Web vulnerability databases by creating Web bots that traversed Web sites and retrieved selected information from them, then imported the collected Web data into a relational database. A browser provides Web-based access to this database. (J. Steffan, et al., March 2002) and (R. Iyer, et al., Oct. 2003) shows how such information can be used to build models of attacks in the form of graphs, trees, and finite-state machines, and thereby develop methods for system protection
Context-dependent fluctuation of serotonin in the auditory midbrain: the influence of sex, reproductive state, and experience

In the face of changing behavioral situations, plasticity of sensory systems can be a valuable mechanism to facilitate appropriate behavioral responses. In the auditory system, the neurotransmitter serotonin is an important messenger for context-dependent regulation because it is sensitive to both external events and internal state, and it modulates neural activity. In male mice, serotonin increases in the auditory midbrain region, the inferior colliculus (IC), in response to changes in behavioral context such as restriction stress and social contact. Female mice have not been measured in similar contexts, although the serotonergic system is sexually dimorphic in many ways. In the present study, we investigated the effects of sex, experience and estrous state on the fluctuation of serotonin in the IC across contexts, as well as potential relationships between behavior and serotonin. Contrary to our expectation, there were no sex differences in increases of serotonin in response to a restriction stimulus. Both sexes had larger increases in second exposures, suggesting experience plays a role in serotonergic release in the IC. In females, serotonin increased during both restriction and interactions with males; however, the increase was more rapid during restriction. There was no effect of female estrous phase on the serotonergic change for either context, but serotonin was related to behavioral activity in females interacting with males. These results show that changes in behavioral context induce increases in serotonin in the IC by a mechanism that appears to be uninfluenced by sex or estrous state, but may depend on experience and behavioral activity.
Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3) regulates patterning in the mouse embryo through inhibition of Hedgehog signaling

Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3) is required for proper embryonic development in mice. Disruption of mouse Tulp3 results in morphological defects in the embryonic craniofacial regions, the spinal neural tube and the limbs. Here, we show that TULP3 functions as a novel negative regulator of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in the mouse. In Tulp3 mutants, ventral cell types in the lumbar neural tube, which acquire their identities in response to Shh signaling, are ectopically specified at the expense of dorsal cell types. Genetic epistasis experiments show that this ventralized phenotype occurs independently of Shh and the transmembrane protein Smoothened, but it is dependent on the transcription factor Gli2. The ventralized phenotype is also dependent on the kinesin II subunit Kif3A, which is required for intraflagellar transport and ciliogenesis. In addition, TULP3 is required for proper Shh-dependent limb patterning and for maintaining the correct balance between differentiation and proliferation in the neural tube. Finally, the localization of TULP3 to the tips of primary cilia raises the possibility that it regulates the Hedgehog pathway within this structure.
Joy and discovery are inseparable from academic commitment

Constantine A Stratakis Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, CRC Rm 1-3330, Building 10-CRC, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA Inter-Institute Pediatric Endocrinology Training Program, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Bending of Beams Resting on Isotropic Elastic Solid

Calculations show that, under concentrated load, ratio of pressures and deflections along beam are constant if beam has infinite length; when analysis of beams of infinite length, resting on elastic-isotropic half-space, is based on coefficient k of subgrade, reaction bending moments are overestimated, contact pressures and deflections underestimated; recommended analytical procedures for beams of various length.
A Case Study: Proton Therapy for Male Breast Cancer with Previous Irradiation

Abstract This is a case report of a male patient with previous radiation for a thymic carcinoma (20 years ago) who presented with a left breast cancer. He underwent a partial mastectomy followed by proton radiation therapy with a dose of 5040 cGy to the whole breast in 28 fractions with simultaneous boost to 5800 cGy to the lumpectomy cavity. Proton beam therapy was used instead of conventional photon radiation therapy to spare the heart and lung and to avoid any previously irradiated areas. This study describes the technique and comparative dosimetry for this case.
Evaluation of 201T1 SPECT for predicting early treatment response in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the extracranial head and neck treated with nonsurgical organ preservation therapy: initial results.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to prospectively determine the ability of 210 Tl single photon emission CT (SPECT) to monitor treatment response in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCA) treated with nonsurgical organ preservation. Method: Nine patients with HNSCCA underwent 201 Tl SPECT before and 6 weeks after completion of nonsurgical organ preservation therapy. All cases were evaluated for uptake at the primary site before and after treatment. All tumors had abnormal radiotracer uptake on the pretreatment study. The posttreatment thallium studies were evaluated for uptake and correlated with local control at the primary site in all cases. Results: All patients had abnormal thallium uptake on pretreatment studies. Of the nine patients, four cases were locally controlled by nonsurgical organ preservation therapy. All of these patients had no evidence of thallium uptake on posttreatment studies. Five cases failed treatment at the primary site. All five patients demonstrated abnormal radiotracer uptake at the primary site. Conclusion: Our initial results suggest that 201 Tl SPECT may be an accurate technique for monitoring HNSCCA treated with nonsurgical organ preservation therapy.
Non-degenerate multiphoton microscopy for deep brain imaging

We achieve non-degenerate 2-photon excitation (ND2PE) using a pair of IR and NIR beams and show that the emission intensity is proportional to the power of each beam. ND2PE provides an alternative to 3-photon excitation.
Abstract B98: Parity, breastfeeding and oral contraceptive use and risk of estrogen- and progesterone-negative breast cancer in the Breast Cancer Family Registry

Introduction: Estrogen receptor (ER) and Progesterone receptor (PR) negative breast cancer (ER-PR-) is associated with poor prognosis. Little is known about modifiable risk factors, such as oral contraceptive use or breastfeeding, that can reduce risk of this cancer type; however, emerging evidence suggests that increased parity without breastfeeding may increase the risk of ER-PR- breast cancer, and that breastfeeding specifically will reduce this increased risk. Using population-based ascertained breast cancer cases from the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), we examined reproductive risk factors in relation to ER-PR- breast cancer. Methods: Using data from 4,011 incident invasive breast cancer cases and 2,997 population-based controls from the BCFR, we evaluated the association between reproductive and hormonal risk factors with ER and PR status using unordered polytomous logistic regression, comparing two case groups, hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancers and ER-PR- breast cancer, to the control group. Results: High parity without breastfeeding was positively associated only with ER-PR- tumors (odds ratio [OR] =1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.24, for ≥3 live births vs. nulliparity). High parity, when coupled with breastfeeding, was no longer associated with ER-PR- breast cancer (OR=0.93, 95%CI 0.71-1.22), and was inversely associated with all other HR+ cancers (OR=0.82, 95%CI 0.68-0.98). Parity (≥1 live birth vs. nulliparity), regardless of breastfeeding history, was protective against HR+ cancers only among postmenopausal women (OR=0.69, 95%CI 0.50-0.94). Oral contraceptive (OC) use was inversely associated with HR+ cancer (OR=0.82, 95%CI 0.69-0.96), but not associated with ER-PR- cancer. However, we found that OC use that commenced prior to 1975 was associated with an increased risk of ER-PR- cancer (OR=1.32, 95%CI 1.04-1.67), whereas OC use remained inversely associated with HR+ cancer only among women who began use in 1975 or later (OR=0.59, 95% CI 0.48-0.72). Conclusion: As there are few modifiable factors for ER-PR- breast cancers, our findings lend further support to the potential that may be gained through greater promotion of breastfeeding to women at risk of ER-PR- breast cancers, and indicate that OC use is not a source of increased risk for these women. Citation Format: Meghan E. Work, Esther M. John, John L. Hopper, Irene L. Andrulis, Mary Beth Terry. Parity, breastfeeding, and oral contraceptive use and risk of estrogen- and progesterone-negative breast cancer in the Breast Cancer Family Registry. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B98.