cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelling rock strength in three dimensions

Abstract A general, three-dimensional failure criterion for rock is proposed. This criterion is formulated in terms of the first and third stress invariants of the stress tensor, and it involves only three independent material parameters. Although these parameters interact with one another, each parameter corresponds to one of the three failure characteristics of rock behaviour. These material parameters may be determined from simple tests such as uniaxial compression and triaxial compression tests. For the purpose of including reasonable values of tensile strengths in the failure criterion, it may be advantageous to include the uniaxial tensile strength in the parameter determination. A simple expression for evaluation of the uniaxial tensile strength on the basis of the uniaxial compressive strength is given. Thirty-six sets of good quality data for different types of rock have been included in this study, and comparisons between the proposed failure criterion and the experimental data are made in triaxial, biaxial and octahedral planes. The ability of this criterion to capture the characteristics of failure in rock appears to be quite good with accuracies within the range of the natural scatter of the test data.
Pressure effect on the valence transition of EuNi 2 ( Ge 1 − x Si x ) 2

The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ has been measured for ${\mathrm{EuNi}}_{2}({\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{x}{)}_{2}$ with $0.0l~xl~0.15$ at pressures to 15 kbar. At ambient pressure, all the compounds are antiferromagnetic with stable ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ moments, but compounds with $0.10l~xl~0.15$ show a pressure-induced valence transition. Just above a critical pressure, the compound undergoes a first-order valence transition. With further increase in pressure, the valence transition becomes continuous. The temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is discussed by regarding the system as a virtual alloy of ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{{p}_{2}}^{2+}{\mathrm{Eu}}_{{p}_{3}}^{3+},$ where ${p}_{2}$ and ${p}_{3}$ are the occupation probabilities of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ states, respectively. We argue that impurity scattering due to randomness in a virtual alloy is responsible for the temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ in this system. By combining the present results with previous determinations of the pressure dependence of the tetragonal unit-cell volume, a generalized pressure-temperature phase diagram of ${\mathrm{EuNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}$ is established which indicates that applying pressure is equivalent to Si doping in ${\mathrm{EuNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}.$
A potential role for microbial superantigens in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune disease

We have attempted herein to demonstrate how microbial superantigens could promote an abnormal form of "cognate" T helper-B cell interaction, analogous to that which may occur during GVH disease, leading to B cell activation and systemic autoimmunity. In vitro studies performed at our laboratory and others have demonstrated that resting human B cells bind microbial superantigens and present them to superantigen-reactive autologous T helper cells, resulting in T cell activation and polyclonal IgM and IgG production by the superantigen-bearing B cells. In vitro studies of microbial superantigen-mediated murine T helper-B cell interactions demonstrate preferential help for B cells that have encountered specific antigen. Both in humans and in mice, the cellular interactions involved and the B cell responses induced are highly analogous to those mediated by allospecific T helper-B cell interaction. Finally, the results of studies carried out on T cell-deficient (nude) mice suggest that microbial superantigens may trigger similar T helper cell-dependent polyclonal IgM and IgG responses in vivo. These mice will be studied over time and tested for the development of autoantibodies characteristic of SLE and of autoimmune organ system damage, the occurrence of which are predicted by our model.
Fat Staining in Carious Dentin

Adjacent ground and decalcified frozen sections of carious human teeth were stained with a variety of fat stains. Superficial localization was considered to be related to bacteria. The localization of stains found deeper in the lesion suggested a change in the peri tubular dentin. Fatty degeneration as previously described did not occur.
Comment les granzymes tuent leurs cibles

Perforine, granulysine et granzymes, effecteurs de la cytotoxicite Les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques (CTL) et les cellules natural killer (NK) sont essentiels a la reponse immunitaire anti-tumorale et a la defense contre les pathogenes intracellulaires. Des etudes chez la souris et chez l’homme ont montre que l’elimination des cellules cancereuses et des cellules infectees par des pathogenes intracellulaires tels que les mycobacteries et les virus implique l’exocytose des granules cytotoxiques de ces lymphocytes [12]. En revanche, l’extinction de la reponse immunitaire necessite l’activation de la voie Fas. Les granules cytotoxiques, des lysosomes de secretion specialises, contiennent la perforine (PFN) et la granulysine deux proteines capables de former des pores dans la membrane plasmique et d’alterer la paroi des bacteries ainsi qu’une famille de proteases a serine appelees granzymes. Parmi les cinq granzymes decrites chez l’homme et les dix identifiees chez la souris, les granzymes A (GzmA) et B (GzmB) sont les plus abondantes. Une fois les cellules cibles reconnues, les CTL ou les cellules NK secretent le contenu de leurs granules dans la synapse immunologique. PFN permet l’entree des Gzm dans la cellule cible, declenchant ainsi des cascades biochimiques multiples qui, bien que distinctes, conduisent toutes a la mort cellulaire [1, 2].
A New Way to Obtain the Initial Centroid Clusters in Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm

Data clustering is an important task in data mining, image processing and other pattern recognition problems. One of the most popular clustering algorithms is the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM). The performance of the FCM is strongly affected by the selection of the initial centroid clusters. Therefore, choosing a good set of initial centroid clusters is very important for the algorithm. However, it is difficult to select a good set of initial centroid clusters randomly. In this paper, we propose a method to obtain the initial centroid clusters in the FCM to accelerate the process of clustering and improve the quality of the clustering.
Acetylation of Drosha on the N-Terminus Inhibits Its Degradation by Ubiquitination

The RNase III enzyme Drosha initiates microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis in the nucleus by cleaving primary miRNA transcripts into shorter precursor molecules that are subsequently exported into the cytoplasm for further processing. While numerous disease states appear to be associated with aberrant expression of Drosha, the molecular mechanisms that regulate its protein levels are largely unknown. Here, we report that ubiquitination and acetylation regulate Drosha protein levels oppositely. Deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and nicotinamide (NIA) increase Drosha protein level as measured by western blot but have no effects on its mRNA level in HEK293T cells. TSA increases miRNA-143 production in a miRNA sensor assay and in a qPCR analysis in HEK293T cells. Treatment of AGS and HEK293T cells with proteasome inhibitors MG132 or Omuralide increases Drosha protein levels. Furthermore, the N-terminal, but not the C-terminal Drosha can be acetylated by multiple acetyl transferases including p300, CBP and GCN5. Acetylation of Drosha competes with its ubquitination, inhibiting the degradation induced by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thereby increasing Drosha protein levels. Infection of the gastric mucosa AGS cells by H. pylori, the gastric cancer associated carcinogen, leads to the ubiquitination and reduction of Drosha protein levels. H. pylori infection of AGS cells has no significant effects on Drosha mRNA levels. Our findings establish a central mechanism of protein homeostasis as playing a critical role in miRNA biogenesis.
Past Results and Future Prospects of the Far-Infrared Studies of Hydrogen Bonding

In the past five years the number of papers concerned with far-ir studies of hydrogen bonding has increased by an order of magnitude. The results of some of these papers are presented in this review. Most of this work is concerned with the assignment of low frequency hydrogen bond vibrations. Since the major problem is reliable assignments, we discuss techniques used in making the assignments and emphasize the past work in which attempts have been made to substantiate those assignments. These assignments are discussed in terms of the different hydrogen bond vibrations associated with various types of hydrogen bonds. The main needs for future far ir hydrogen bond studies are listed.
Transnationalism, Nationalism, Citizenship, and Property: Eastern Europe since 1989

The formerly socialist societies of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union offer an unusual point of departure for considering the mutual interaction of transnationalizing and localizing processes. In this essay I explore these processes with respect to two topics—citizenship and property—important in classic liberal paradigms, which writing on transnationalism often challenges. New citizenship provisions and privatization programs in the former socialist bloc have both transnational causes and nationalizing consequences, for reasons different from those encountered in literature on transnationalism elsewhere, [transnationalism, national identity, citizenship, property, socialism and postsocialism, Eastern Europe]
Numerical Simulation of Capillary Convection with Encapsulated Phase-Change Particles

This study presents preliminary numerical simulations of forced convection with encapsulated phase-change material (EPCM) particles suspended in water, flowing through a square cross-section duct with top and bottom isoflux surfaces. The EPCM particles fit snugly in the channel, mimicking the flow of red blood cells and plasma in alveolar capillaries. Results for particles of different diameters show the snug fitting to yield enhanced heat transfer. The numerical results also seem to indicate the existence of an optimum number of particles for maximum heat transfer coefficient, a result of the interplay of flow circulation and heat transfer competition as the number of particles is changed in the channel.
Status and Future of Geometry Modeling and Grid Generation for Design and Optimization

Geometry modeling and grid generation (GMGG) have played, and will continue to play, an important role in computational aerosciences. During the last two decades, tremendous progress has occurred in GMGG; however, GMGG is still the biggest bottleneck to routine applications for complicated computational fluid dynamics and computational structures mechanics models for analysis, design, and optimization. We are still far from incorporating GMGG tools in a design and optimization environment for complicated configurations. It is still a challenging task to parameterize an existing model in today's computer-aided design systems, and the models created are not always good enough for automatic grid generation tools. Despite many advances in grid generation, the process is still the most labor-intensive and time-consuming part of the computational aerosciences for analysis, design, and optimization. In an ideal design environment, a design engineer would use a parametric model to evaluate alternative designs effortlessly and optimize an existing design for a new set of design objectives and constraints. For this ideal environment to be realized, the GMGG tools must have the following characteristics: 1) be automated, 2) provide consistent geometry across all disciplines, 3) be parametric, 4) provide sensitivity derivatives, and 5) fit in the product development cycle times. This paper reviews the status of GMGG for analysis, design, and optimization processes, and it focuses on some emerging ideas that will advance the GMGG toward the ideal design environment.
Tainted recommendations: The social comparison bias.

The present analysis reveals the social comparison bias – a bias that emerges from the social comparison process and taints recommendations. We hypothesize that people who have high standing on a relevant dimension (e.g., quantity of publications) begin to protect their social comparison context by making recommendations that prevent others, who might surpass them on the relevant dimension, from entering their comparison context. Studies 1 and 2 instantiate this effect in both hypothetical and real decision situations, showing that people tend not to recommend individuals who surpass them on the relevant dimension on which they have high standing. Finally, Study 3, in a sample of real employees, links the effect to one’s concern for protecting self-esteem. Theoretical and organizational implications are discussed.
How does signal fade on photo-stimulable storage phosphor imaging plates when scanned with a delay and what is the effect on image quality?

Objective The goals of this in vitro study were to determine the effect of signal fading of DenOptix photo-stimulable storage phosphor imaging plates scanned with a delay and to determine the effect on the diagnostic quality of the image. In addition, we sought to correlate signal fading with image spatial resolution and average pixel intensity values. Study design Forty-eight images were obtained of a test specimen apparatus and scanned at 6 delayed time intervals: immediately scanned, 1 hour, 8 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, and 168 hours. Six general dentists using Vixwin2000 software performed a measuring task to determine the location of an endodontic file tip and root apex. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine the effect of signal fading (delayed scan time) on diagnostic image quality and average pixel intensity value. Results There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic image quality resulting from signal fading. No difference was observed in spatial resolution of the images. There was a statistically significant difference in the pixel intensity analysis of an 8-step aluminum wedge between immediate scanning and 24-hour delayed scan time. Conclusion There was an effect of delayed scanning on the average pixel intensity value. However, there was no effect on image quality and raters’ ability to perform a clinical identification task. Proprietary software of the DenOptix digital imaging system demonstrates an excellent ability to process a delayed scan time signal and create an image of diagnostic quality.
Marital psychological and physical aggression and children's mental and physical health: direct, mediated, and moderated effects

Relations between marital aggression (psychological and physical) and children's health were examined. Children's emotional insecurity was assessed as a mediator of these relations, with distinctions made between marital aggression against mothers and fathers and ethnicity (African American or European American), socioeconomic status, and child gender examined as moderators of effects. Participants were 251 community-recruited families, with multiple reporters of each construct. Aggression against either parent yielded similar effects for children. Children's emotional insecurity mediated the relation between marital aggression and children's internalizing, externalizing, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. No differences were found in these pathways for African American and European American families or as a function of socioeconomic status or child gender.
Pulmonary Nanoparticle Exposure Disrupts Systemic Microvascular Nitric Oxide Signaling

We have shown that pulmonary nanoparticle exposure impairs endothelium dependent dilation in systemic arterioles. However, the mechanism(s) through which this effect occurs is/are unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify alterations in the production of reactive species and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) after nanoparticle exposure, and determine the relative contribution of hemoproteins and oxidative enzymes in this process. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to fine TiO2 (primary particle diameter approximately 1 microm) and TiO2 nanoparticles (primary particle diameter approximately 21 nm) via aerosol inhalation at depositions of 4-90 microg per rat. As in previous intravital experiments in the spinotrapezius muscle, dose-dependent arteriolar dilations were produced by intraluminal infusions of the calcium ionophore A23187. Nanoparticle exposure robustly attenuated these endothelium-dependent responses. However, this attenuation was not due to altered microvascular smooth muscle NO sensitivity because nanoparticle exposure did not alter arteriolar dilations in response to local sodium nitroprusside iontophoresis. Nanoparticle exposure significantly increased microvascular oxidative stress by approximately 60%, and also elevated nitrosative stress fourfold. These reactive stresses coincided with a decreased NO production in a particle deposition dose-dependent manner. Radical scavenging, or inhibition of either myeloperoxidase or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (reduced) oxidase partially restored NO production as well as normal microvascular function. These results indicate that in conjunction with microvascular dysfunction, nanoparticle exposure also decreases NO bioavailability through at least two functionally distinct mechanisms that may mutually increase local reactive species.
Competition for BLyS-mediated signaling through Bcmd/BR3 regulates peripheral B lymphocyte numbers

Abstract Striking cell losses occur during late B lymphocyte maturation [1–3], reflecting BcR-mediated selection coupled with requisites for viability promoting signals [4–11]. How selection and survival cues are integrated remains unclear, but a key role for B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS TM ; trademark of Human Genome Sciences, Inc.) is suggested by its marked effects on B cell numbers and autoantibody formation [12–18] as well as the B lineage-specific expression of BLyS receptors [19–23]. Our analyses of the B cell-deficient A/WySnJ mouse have established Bcmd as a gene controlling follicular B cell life span [24–27], and recent reports show Bcmd encodes a novel BLyS receptor [23, 28, 29]. Here we show that A/WySnJ B cells are unresponsive to BLyS, affording interrogation of how Bcmd influences B cell homeostasis. Mixed marrow chimeras indicate A/WySnJ peripheral B cells compete poorly for peripheral survival. Moreover, in vivo BrdU labeling shows that (A/WySnJ × BALB/c)F 1 B cells have an intermediate but uniform life span, indicating viability requires continuous signaling via this pathway. Together, these findings establish the BLyS/Bcmd pathway as a dominant mediator of B cell survival, suggesting competition for BLyS/Bcmd signals regulates follicular B cell numbers.
Narrowcast technology, interactivity, and the economic relations of space: the case of horse race simulcasting

A shift in the horse racing industry toward the satellite simulcasting of races for wagering at off-track betting facilities has driven horse racing toward the use of interactive communication technologies. The result is a structure of economic, social, and policy relations that is intended to organize the public and private spaces of members of the industry’s target markets.
Application of the Polygraph Examination in the Assessment and Treatment of Internet Sex Offenders

Mental health and criminal justice professionals have been faced with the emergence of a new category of sex offender who utilizes the Internet to initiate or commit deviant sexual acts. Although the number of sex-related Internet crimes continues to increase, there is limited information pertaining to the characteristics and offense patterns of this specific subtype of sex offender. This lack of information poses challenges in the assessment and treatment of this population. The polygraph examination, which may result in the revelation of previously undisclosed offenses or risk factors for re-offending, may have particular utility with Internet sex offenders given that little is known about the nature of their offense patterns. Although use of the polygraph may hold special promise for this population, caution is advised, given the limitations of polygraph techniques.
Whither with Nelson and Trafalgar? A review article on the bicentenary scholarship of the Nelson era

(2007). Whither with Nelson and Trafalgar? A review article on the bicentenary scholarship of the Nelson era. Journal for Maritime Research: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 37-66.
Fatty acids and TxA2 generation, in the absence of platelet-COX-1 activity

Abstract Background and aims Omega-3 fatty acids suppress Thromboxane A 2 (TxA 2 ) generation via mechanisms independent to that of aspirin therapy. We sought to evaluate whether baseline omega-3 fatty acid levels influence arachidonic acid proven platelet-cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) independent TxA 2 generation (TxA 2 generation despite adequate aspirin use). Methods and results Subjects with acute myocardial infarction, stable CVD or at high risk for CVD, on adequate aspirin therapy were included in this study. Adequate aspirin action was defined as complete inhibition of platelet-COX-1 activity as assessed by 2 production was measured via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the stable TxA 2 metabolite 11-dehydro-thromboxane B 2 (UTxB 2 ) in urine. The relationship between baseline fatty acids, demographics and UTxB 2 were evaluated. Baseline omega-3 fatty acid levels were not associated with UTxB 2 concentration. However, smoking was associated with UTxB 2 in this study. Conclusion Baseline omega-3 fatty acid levels do not influence TxA 2 generation in patients with or at high risk for CVD receiving adequate aspirin therapy. The association of smoking and TxA 2 generation, in the absence of platelet COX-1 activity, among aspirin treated patients warrants further study.
Gender identity in a group of retarded children

The Michigan Gender Identity Test (MGIT) was administered to 52 retarded and 36 normal children to assess the acquisition of gender identity. This instrument required the ability to sort and categorize photographs of boys and girls wearing conventional clothing and with conventional hair-styles. As part of the test, each child was expected to recognize a self-photo and to be able to categorize it as a boy or a girl. In general, a significant correlation was found between MGIT performance and mental age for the retarded children. The performance of the normal children correlated significantly with both chronological age and mental age.
America’s Job Crisis and the Role of Regional Economic Development Policy

2013 Fellows Address: The biggest issue facing the United States in recent years is the poor economy, most dramatically illustrated by the lack of job creation. The lack of jobs is not a phenomenon that began with the 2007-2009 Great Recession and sluggish recovery, but has been a feature of the entire early 21st Century. There are federal fiscal and monetary policy responses that would help lift job creation. Yet, in lieu of federal efforts, state and local officials have aggressively promoted job creation by a host of schemes including cluster-based policies and tax incentives and subsidies. While data is hard to come by, anecdotal evidence suggests that state and local efforts to lure businesses with generous inducements have escalated to a feverous pitch. The distinctive feature of such efforts is that governments are increasingly more inclined to offer these inducements to individual firms or industries as opposed to general business tax cuts for all firms, in which the former is a case where officials are “picking winners,” while in the latter, markets and relative comparative advantage determine business location. State and local officials justify such “picking winners” as a way to fend off competition in neighboring jurisdictions and as a way to make their region more competitive. In this paper I examine whether these efforts have helped matters.
The Correction of EPI-induced Geometric Distortions and Their Evaluation

An algorithm for correcting the geometric distortions in the echo planar images and diffusion weighted images is described. In this method the geometric distortion in the echo planar imaging (EPI) data is corrected by non-rigid registration to conventional fast-spin echo (FSE) images. The registration is based on a variant of the Demon's algorithm [10] with consistency enforced by an improved bijectivity scheme. Quantitative metrics based on the forward similarity and inverse consistency measures, calculated from the closest point distances of the image contours, are used to evaluate the performance of nonlinear registration algorithms. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed nonlinear registration algorithm is able to correct large distortion in the EPI and diffusion weighted images (DWI) while preserving the topology of brain structure.
Centre volume and resource consumption in liver transplantation.

Background: Using SRTR/UNOS data, it has previously been shown that increased liver transplant centre volume improves graft and patient survival. In the current era of health care reform and pay for performance, the effects of centre volume on quality, utilization and cost are unknown. Methods: Using the UHC database (2009-2010), 63 liver transplant centres were identified that were organized into tertiles based on annual centre case volume and stratified by severity of illness (SOI). Utilization endpoints included hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), cost and in-hospital mortality. Results: In all, 5130 transplants were identified. Mortality was improved at high volume centres (HVC) vs. low volume centres (LVC), 2.9 vs. 3.4%, respectively. HVC had a lower median LOS than LVC (9 vs. 10 days, P < 0.0001), shorter median ICU stay than LVC and medium volume centres (MVC) (2 vs. 3 and 3 days, respectively, P < 0.0001) and lower direct costs than LVC and MVC ($90 946 vs. $98 055 and $101 014, respectively, P < 0.0001); this effect persisted when adjusted for severity of illness. Conclusions: This UHC-based cohort shows that increased centre volume results in improved long-term post-liver transplant outcomes and more efficient use of hospital resources thereby lowering the cost. A better understanding of these mechanisms can lead to informed decisions and optimization of the pay for performance model in liver transplantation. © 2012 International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association.
Estimation of the spatial and temporal frequencies of multiple sinusoids using a sparse linear array

In this paper, we extend our previous sparse linear prediction (SLP) method for two-dimensional (2-D) applications. The temporal and spatial frequencies of multiple sinusoids are simultaneously estimated in pairs, rather than separately, from the outputs of a sparse linear array. Possible ambiguities due to the large interelement spacings can be resolved by properly choosing the interelement spacings and by incorporating different SLP polynomials, the coefficients of which can be calculated in parallel. The temporal and spatial frequencies are simultaneously estimated from the minima of a 2-D objective function, which can be calculated using a 2-D DFT of the properly mapped 2-D SLP coefficient matrix. >
Non‐linear programming—gradient projection via orthogonalization

Large scale non-linear programming problems with non-linear constraints are of practical concern in the areas of process control and system design. Although advances in computer technology address these problems, more efficient algorithms are needed. An algorithm currently used is Rosen's Gradient Projection Method. This note presents an alternative technique of performing the steps for finding the projected gradient used in Rosen's method, a technique that gives equivalent results with fewer computations.
Specific Adsorption of Co(II) and [Co(III)EDTA]- Complexes on Hydrous Oxide Surfaces

The effect of complex formation on the adsorption behavior of heavy metals is studied by comparing the adsorption characteristics of Co(II) species, (uncomplexed), and [Co(III)EDTA]- complexes on two hydrous solids, namely SiO2 and Al2O3. The results demonstrate that for highly stable metal complexes such as [Co(III)EDTA]-, and particularly ones having three-dimensional structure, their adsorption behavior is influenced by the nature of their ligands. However, their adsorption characteristics do not necessarily copy that of the complex-forming agent. Furthermore, specific chemical interactions with the formation of hydrogen bondings play a very significant role in the adsorption of both the complexed and uncomplexed metal ions on hydrous solids. Adsorption reactions between metal ions, both complexed and uncomplexed, and hydrous solids can be readily described by a surface complex formation model in that the surface hydroxo groups function as the ligands.
A cross-sectional study examining shoulder pain and disability in Division I female swimmers.

Context: The prevalence of shoulder pain in the competitive swimming population has been reported to be as high as 91%. Female collegiate swimmers have a reported shoulder-injury rate 3 times greater than their male counterparts. There has been little information on how to best prevent shoulder pain in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine if differences exist in shoulder range of motion, upper-extremity strength, core endurance, and pectoralis minor length in NCAA Division I female swimmers with and without shoulder pain and disability. Methods: NCAA Division I females (N = 37) currently swimming completed a brief survey that included the pain subscale of the Penn Shoulder Score (PSS) and the sports/performing arts module of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Outcome Measure. Passive range of motion for shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) at 90° abduction was measured using a digital inclinometer. Strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer for scapular depression and adduction, scapular adduction, IR, and ER. Core endurance was assessed using the side-bridge and prone-bridge tests. Pectoralis minor muscle length was assessed in both a resting and a stretched position using the PALM palpation meter. All measures were taken on the dominant and nondominant arms. Results: Participants were classified as positive for pain and disability if the following 2 criteria were met: The DASH sports module score was >6/20 points and the PSS strenuous pain score was ≥4/10. If these criteria were not met, participants were classified as negative for pain and disability. Significant differences were found between the 2 groups on the dominant side for pectoralis muscle length at rest (P = .003) and stretch (P = .029). Conclusions: The results provide preliminary evidence regarding an association between a decrease in pectoralis minor length and shoulder pain and disability in Division I female swimmers.
An Experimental Investigation of the Unit Charge Model of Protein Polymorphism and Its Relation to the Esterase-5 Locus of DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA, DROSOPHILA PERSIMILIS, and DROSOPHILA MIRANDA.

The relationship between charge changes and electrophoretic mobility changes is investigated experimentally. The charge of several proteins is altered by reaction with small molecules of known structure and the change in electrophoretic mobility is measured. The method of Ferguson plots is used to separate charge and shape components of mobility differences. The average effect of an amino acid charge change on the mobility of the esterase-5 1.00 allele of Drosophila pseudoobscura is estimated to be 0.046. This estimate is then used to apply the step model of Ohta and Kimura (1973) to electrophoretic mobility data for the esterase-5 locus of D. pseudoobscura and D. miranda. The variation in electrophoretic mobility at this locus was found to be in agreement with the predictions of the step model.
Martian RHOVER Feasibility Study

A preliminary investigation into the feasibility of flying a rotary-powered aircraft on the surface of Mars is presented in this paper. The ability to fly provides a very different perspective and a wide flight range while the ability to hover allows us to focus on specific targets or complete prescribed tasks with ease. We explored the performance limitations on flight due to the availability of energy on Mars. Our design approach involved holding the Mach number at the tip, and the flight time constant. Using fundamental relations and basic helicopter theory, an optimal rotor radius could be extracted for a fixed vehicle mass. From the established rotor radius and vehicle mass, we were able to derive an adjustable mass budget. Through refinement of motor, battery, and airfoil choices, the team can now complete a blade-element analysis of possible rotor blade configurations in order to produce the optimal characteristics for rotary flight on Mars. The study concluded that a Martian helicopter is fully within reach of present power and flight technologies, allowing for several configurations that can carry scientific payload.
Abstract 1958: Signals activating mutant p53 in vivo

The p53 protein is activated in response to stress signals and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. As thus, missense mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor are common alterations in tumors. p53 activity is tightly regulated by murine double minute 2 (Mdm2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets wild type p53 for degradation. The Arf tumor suppressor also regulates p53 activity by binding Mdm2. Arf is activated by oncogenes, and the retinoblastoma (Rb) signaling pathway, connecting the p53 and Rb tumor suppressor pathways. Mice inheriting p53 missense mutations that mimic common hot spots in human cancers present with a gain-of-function metastatic phenotype. An analysis of tumors from these mice indicated that some but not all had stable mutant p53 implying that other alterations besides mutation in p53 are responsible for stabilization and the gain-of-function nature of the mutant protein. Additionally, mutant p53 in normal tissues and in some tumors of homozygous mutant mice is unstable. However mutant p53 was detected in normal tissues in mutant mice lacking Mdm2 showing an increased tumor incidence and decreased survival as compared to p53 mutant mice. Importantly, stabilization of p53 correlated with a metastatic phenotype. Disruption of the Rb pathway via p16 INK4a deletion, a common event in human tumors, also stabilized mutant p53 in vivo. These observations indicate that mutant protein is also regulated in the same way as wild-type p53. Here, we examined the effects of DNA damage and oncogene activation on mutant p53 stability. Mice with Ras or c-Myc activation have stable mutant p53 and show a decreased survival in vivo. Surprisingly, stable mutant protein is also detected in mice treated with sub-dose of chemotherapeutic agent or low-dose of radiation implying that the factors affecting wild-type p53 are also responsible for mutant protein stability. Treated mice also showed decreased survival as compared to p53 mutant mice. Characterization of the mechanism by which the mutant p53 protein is stabilized in tumors is important to our understanding of the gain-of-function phenotype in these mice. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1958.
Dietary management of patients with diabetes treated by hemodialysis.

Diet plays a critical role in the management of patients with end-stage renal failure plus diabetes. For insulin-dependent patients, suitable adjustments, as described here, must be made in their dietary treatment.
Revealing SRAM memory content using spontaneous photon emission

This paper presents a novel methodology that allows one to reveal SRAM memory content by observing the spontaneous photon emission collected from the backside of the chip. This method is based on our proposed tester-based optical methodology [1] that combines different test patterns, time-integrated and time-resolved emission measurements to localize gates, detect logic states, and identify functional block activity inside a chip in a non-invasive fashion. In this paper, the capability of the technique is demonstrated using a 64 Mb SRAM test chip fabricated in 14 nm SOI technology node. This technique has useful applications for chip debugging, reverse engineering, hardware and software security applications.
Using steganography to apply bitwise operators and file processing in C

The primary objective is to illustrate and practice the use of bitwise operators and binary file processing. A secondary objective is to introduce the idea of file structures and examine the structure of one version of the device-independent bitmap (DIB). The assignment is used in a 2nd programming course for CS majors and Engineering majors.
Importance of Early Season Conditions and Grazing on Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in Colorado Shortgrass Steppe

ABSTRACT Understanding the influence of grazing management and environmental drivers on net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) is essential for optimizing carbon (C) uptake in rangelands. Herein, using 15 treatment-years (two 3-yr experiments, one with three grazing treatments, the other two) and Bowen ratio flux towers, we evaluated the influence of grazing intensity, soil water content (SWC), and plant cover (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, or NDVI) on NEE in Colorado shortgrass steppe. Among several soil water and plant cover traits evaluated over 6-yr, early season (April, DOY 91–120) SWC and early season (DOY 130) NDVI weremost highly correlated with NEE (-0.96 and-0.98, respectively) during the second quarter (April to June) of the year and also over the entire growing season (April to September;-0.97 and-0.96). Due to the strong effect of early-season SWC, an average of 166 gm-2 CO2 were lost in 2 yr with dry spring weather, compared with an average annual uptake of 218 g m-2 CO2 in 4 yr with ...
Advanced Left Atrial Remodeling and Appendage Contractile Dysfunction in Women Than in Men Among the Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Potential Mechanism for Stroke

Background The risk of stroke imposed by atrial fibrillation (AF) is significantly greater in women than men; however, the mechanism remains elusive. We hypothesized that left atrial (LA) remodeling and poor contractile function of LA appendage (LAA) would be more predominant in women than men among AF patients. Methods and Results A total of 579 AF patients (216 women vs age‐, AF type–, and incidences of heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, and vascular disease–matched 363 men, 61.3±10.2 years old, 70.1% paroxysmal AF) who underwent AF catheter ablation were included. Sex differences in LA volume index (LAVI) and LAA emptying flow velocity (FV) were analyzed in risk factor 0, 1, and ≥2 groups, according to their CHA2DS2‐VASc scores beyond sex category. LAA‐FV was more significantly reduced in women with risk factor ≥2 than in men of the same risk group ( P =0.022). Women showed greater LAVI than their male counterparts in the risk factor ≥2 group ( P <0.001). The majority of female patients with a history of stroke had a large LAVI and low LAA‐FV ( P <0.001); however, no such distribution was observed in men ( P =0.596). LA volume index (odds ratio [OR], 1.038; 95% CI, 1.003–1.075, P =0.035) or LAA‐FV (OR, 0.976; 95% CI, 0.952–0.999; P =0.047) was significantly associated with a history of stroke in women. Conclusions More‐extensive LA remodeling and deterioration in LAA function were noted in women than in men with high calculated risk of stroke in AF.
The role of proteasome inhibition in the treatment of malignant and non-malignant hematologic disorders

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Proteasome inhibitors have garnered interest as novel chemotherapeutic agents based on their ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by altering the balance of intracellular proteins. Initial clinical trials of this drug class focused on bortezomib, a reversible inhibitor of the 20S proteasome, with promising results for the treatment of adult hematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Areas covered: This article will review the use of bortezomib and other proteasome inhibitors in both adult and pediatric populations, with a focus on their use in pediatrics.Expert commentary: Bortezomib moved into the pediatric oncology arena with encouraging results in multiple early phase trials for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. Bortezomib is also being studied in the treatment of non-malignant disorders, including antibody-mediated allograft rejection, graft-versus-host disease, and autoimmune cytopenias. The numerous app...
Behavior of UHV Systems

To achieve the limiting pressure in an ultrahigh vacuum system, it is necessary to reduce the rate of desorption of molecules from the stainless steel walls to the lowest possible limit. These surface impurities originate from exposure of the walls to impurities during opening and processing of the system. They also result from the diffusion of impurities in the bulk of the stainless steel to the wall surface, especially for the case of dissolved hydrogen (Redhead et al. in The physical basis of ultrahigh vacuum. AIP, New York, [1]).
BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INTEGRALS

This chapter discusses Bessel functions and their integrals. In the hypergeometric notation, Bessel functions of the first kind can be expressed in terms of a 0 F 1 or a 1 F 1 . The analytical material in this chapter is kept to a minimum. The principal emphases are on coefficients for expansions in infinite series of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind and rational approximations. The chapter presents analytical formulas for the expansion of Bessel functions in series of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. A comparison of the results affords some appreciation of the accuracy of the coefficients when compared with those for the expansion in an infinite series of Chebyshev polynomials.
Redivided Government and the Politics of the Budgetary Process in the Clinton Years: An Oral History Perspective

Paul Quirk and Bruce Nesmith argue that divided government may or may not be functional, depending mostly on the type of policy that dominates the legislative agenda. In this article, I draw on the University of Virginia Miller Center's oral history of Bill Clinton's tenure as president to review budgetary politics in the 1990s, during which divided government prevailed for all but two years. I conclude that in addition to type of policy, political circumstances help to determine whether divided government produces stalemate or compromise. Conflict between the parties led to budgetary stalemate in 1995–1996, cooperation in the form of the Balanced Budget Act in 1996–1997, and stalemate again beginning in January 1998.
The Draft Genome and Transcriptome of the Atlantic Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus

The horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, exhibits robust circadian and circatidal rhythms, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying those rhythms. In this study, horseshoe crabs were collected during the day and night as well as high and low tides, and their muscle and central nervous system tissues were processed for genome and transcriptome sequencing, respectively. The genome assembly resulted in contigs with N50 of 4,736, while the transcriptome assembly resulted in contigs and N50 of 3,497. Analysis of functional completeness by the identification of putative universal orthologs suggests that the transcriptome has three times more total expected orthologs than the genome. Interestingly, RNA-Seq analysis indicated no statistically significant changes in expression level for any circadian core or accessory gene, but there was significant cycling of several noncircadian transcripts. Overall, these assemblies provide a resource to investigate the Limulus clock systems and provide a large dataset for further exploration into the taxonomy and biology of the Atlantic horseshoe crab.
Identification of stable housekeeping genes in response to ionizing radiation in cancer research

Housekeeping genes (HKGs) are essential for basic maintenance of a variety of cellular processes. They ideally maintain uniform expression independent of experimental conditions. However, the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on HKG expression is unclear. Statistical algorithms, geNorm and Normfinder were used for estimating the stability of HKGs as raw quantification cycle (Cq) values were not a reliable factor for normalization. Head and neck, non-small lung and pancreas cells were exposed to 2, 4 and 6 Gy IR doses and expression of fourteen HKGs was measured at 5 min to 48 h post-irradiation within a given tissue. Paired and single cell line analyses under these experimental conditions identified TATA-Box Binding Protein (TBP) and Importin 8 (IPO8) to be stable in non-small cell lung cancer. In addition to these two genes, Ubiquitin C (UBC) in head and neck cancer and Transferrin receptor (TFRC) and β-Glucuronidase (GUSB) in pancreatic cancer were identified to be stable as well. In summary we present a resource for top ranked five stable HKGs and their transcriptional behavior in commonly used cancer model cell lines and suggest the use of multiple HKGs under radiation treatment conditions is a reliable metric for quantifying gene expression.
WiscKey: Separating Keys from Values in SSD-Conscious Storage

We present WiscKey, a persistent LSM-tree-based key-value store with a performance-oriented data layout that separates keys from values to minimize I/O amplification. The design of WiscKey is highly SSD optimized, leveraging both the sequential and random performance characteristics of the device. We demonstrate the advantages of WiscKey with both microbenchmarks and YCSB workloads. Microbenchmark results show that WiscKey is 2.5 × to 111 × faster than LevelDB for loading a database (with significantly better tail latencies) and 1.6 × to 14 × faster for random lookups. WiscKey is faster than both LevelDB and RocksDB in all six YCSB workloads.
Pin-resolved resonance self-shielding methods in LWR direct transport calculations

Abstract An essential component of deterministic reactor core analysis is the resonance self-shielding calculation, which is used to produce problem-specific multigroup cross sections. Equivalence theory and the subgroup method have been widely used to perform this task in the conventional two-step core analysis. However, recent progress with high-fidelity whole core direct transport methodology sets up new requirements for the associated self-shielding method, namely, being able to resolve within-pin effects such as multi-region depletion and non-uniform fuel temperature distribution. In the framework of whole core direct transport, the usability of existing self-shielding methods needs to be reexamined, and advanced self-shielding methods should be proposed to meet these new requirements. This paper reviews the important phenomena of resonance self-shielding that should be properly modeled in the direct transport calculation of light water reactor (LWR) applications. These phenomena include spatial self-shielding effects, resonance interference, non-uniform temperature effects and self-shielding of clad isotopes. We discuss the performance of four self-shielding methods, i.e., equivalence theory, the physical subgroup method, ESSM and ESSM-X, in addressing these basic and advanced requirements. The computational resources of these methods are also compared.