cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostate cancer epidemiology in the United States

Prostate cancer is a significant public health issue in the United States. It is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2011, 240,890 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 33,720 men died of it. A review of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted: American Cancer Society, National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results. Program data were assessed to describe trends in incidence, mortality, and survival rates and look at other predictors of risk of prostate cancer diagnosis and death. Since 1985, there have been significant changing trends in prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates, as well as changes in the age distribution of the population diagnosed and even in the distribution of pathologies at diagnosis. Major risk factors for diagnosis include age, family history, race, and screening behavior. While prostate cancer remains largely a disease diagnosed in older men (over age 65), screening has increased risk of diagnosis among men in their 40s and 50s. The incidence rates and 5-year survival rates are heavily influenced by the introduction of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and widespread screening. The effects of PSA usage and screening on mortality rates are less certain. Outcome studies among men treated with radical prostatectomy show that greater than 30% relapse rates are common. This suggests that many men who are diagnosed with “localized early stage disease” actually have “apparently localized early stage disease,” which is really low volume metastatic disease.
Stability of CrO2 at high pressures and temperatures in the “belt” apparatus

Abstract An investigation of the decomposition of CrO 2 to Cr 2 O 3 from 800° to 1580°C and 15 to 65 kb was made in the “belt” apparatus. CrO 2 can be held for at least 10 minutes without decomposition at temperatures to above 1500°C at pressures of 60 to 65 kb. These results indicate the feasibility of reacting other oxides with CrO 2 for the formation of new compounds.
Effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2α on neutrophil aggregation

Recently we have found that chemotactic factors stimulate neutrophils in suspension to aggregate. Because of an obvious analogy to platelet aggregation, we examined the influence of three prostaglandins on this process. Prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha alone did not cause aggregation of the neutrophils but were able to partially inhibit the aggregation response induced by the synthetic chemotactic tripeptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. The minimal inhibitory concentrations for prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha were 10(-7), 10(-6) and 10(-5)M, respectively. These results are similar to those found for the prostaglandin-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation. It may be, therefore, that neutrophil aggregation, like platelet aggregation, is modulated by intracellular prostaglandins and other products of arachidonic acid metabolism.
A prospective study on the lack of development of antisperm antibodies in women undergoing intrauterine insemination

To test the hypothesis that intrauterine insemination with washed spermatozoa induces antisperm antibody formation, we measured serum antisperm antibody levels by the Immunobead technique in a population of women receiving exogenous gonadotropins. Antibody levels were measured before therapy (baseline) and then serially during subsequent stimulation cycles, for a maximum of six cycles. Twenty-eight patients underwent intrauterine insemination; each patient served as her own control. An additional 25 patients were treated with exogenous gonadotropins but did not undergo intrauterine insemination; they served as external controls. Antisperm antibody levels in women who underwent concomitant intrauterine insemination were compared with levels in those who did not. Of the 53 enrolled patients, 18 completed six treatment cycles, and 35 achieved pregnancy before six cycles. Forty-five patients (85%) had 25% (28% and 42%, respectively). Mean binding was similar (
217 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC (2DE) FEATURES OF THE SINGLE VENTRICLE (SV)

A prospective study was undertaken in children with SV(7), straddling tricuspid valve(STV)(2), tricuspid atresia(TA)(3) and complete atrio-ventricular canal(CAVC)(5) to determine the reliability of 2DE to diagnose SV. Left parasternal long axis(LAV), short axis (SA), apical 4 chamber(A4C) and subcostal views were employed and the findings were compared to angiographic data. The 2DE features of SV are: 1)In LAV atrioventricular valve-semilunar valve(AVV-SLV) discontinuity was identified. No anterior outflow chamber(AOC) was imaged. 2)In the SA scan from the apex to base, the AOC in the levo position was imaged in those patients with L-TGA. No AOC was identified in 2 patients with dextrocardia, and one patient with bilateral conus. All patients had an irregularly shaped ventricular cavity due to multiple papillary muscles distributed circumferentially around the chamber. 3)The A4C view identified the number of AVV. The bulboventricular ridge, however, was not consistently imaged. In contrast those patients with TA and STV had: 1)AVV-SLV continuity in LA; 2)Two normally positioned papillary muscles in the left ventricular cavity in SA. A hypoplastic right ventricle and ventricular septal defect was seen in all patients with TA in the A4C view. The findings in CAVC were similar to those previously reported. The subcostal view was not helpful. The most optimal 2DE views to differentiate SV from similar congenital defects are the SA scan combined with the A4C view.
Abnormal flash visual evoked potentials in malnourished infants: an evaluation using principal component analysis.

Abstract Objective To characterize the morphology of flash visual evoked potentials (fVEPs) obtained from infants hospitalized with severe, chronic malnutrition (marasmus). Methods A covariance-based principal component analysis with Promax factor rotation was applied to fVEPs obtained from malnourished infants and age-matched control subjects. Results The analysis suggests the presence of a late positive complex in the fVEP, with at least one of its components being significantly diminished in marasmic infants. The N3 component was also diminished in marasmic infants. Following remediation, the marasmic group no longer differed with respect to these components. However, an abnormally large late, positive deflection was evident at discharge. Conclusions The fVEP morphology of infants hospitalized with severe malnutrition was found to be significantly different from age-matched controls. Moreover, although there was evidence of recovery following remediation, fVEPs continued to show abnormality at discharge, suggesting the possibility that nutritional rehabilitation did not fully eliminate the physiological deficit. Significance Malnourishment during early infancy results in altered neurophysiological functioning, possibly in cortical areas responsible for higher order visual processing.
Control of Asbestos Exposure during Brake Drum Service

Abstract An estimated 150,000 brake mechanics and garage workers in the U.S. are potentially exposed to asbestos, a known health hazard. Earlier studies of airborne asbestos exposures to mechanics during brake maintenance operations showed overexposure to asbestos fibers during brake servicing, especially brake assembly cleaning. Most brake service operations are performed by small businesses that lack resources to evaluate control devices. The results from the evaluation of five control methods for containing asbestos brake dust during brake maintenance are presented. These controls included two commercial enclosure devices with ventilation provided by high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter-equipped vacuums, a HEPA filter-equipped vacuum cleaner without an enclosure, a wet brush/recycle system which recirculated the cleaning solution, and an aerosol spray for wetting the brake assembly. Detailed surveys of the controls were conducted at five separate facilities during actual brake servicing operat...
Landing Site Selection using Fuzzy Rule-Based Reasoning

In this paper, multiple on-board sensors are used to assess the terrain safety in real-time during spacecraft descent. A linguistic, fuzzy rule-based reasoning engine is used to determine terrain safety from sensor measurements and, together with information about required fuel consumption and site science return, provide a figure-of-merit for all possible landing sites. Additional fuzzy rule-sets are used to address spatial and temporal dependence in the reasoning process in order to arrive at a final score for each potential landing site. This landing score is used to retarget the spacecraft if the original landing site is found to be hazardous. Simulation studies are presented for illustration.
CONVERGENCE OF DERIVATIVE AND INVERSE EFFECTIVE MASS EXPANSIONS FOR THE ONE LOOP EFFECTIVE ACTION

Numerical results for the one loop correction to (ϕ4)2 are compared to results obtained from a derivative expansion and an expansion in inverse powers of the effective mass. We vary the scalar background field to illustrate when and why these expansions succeed, and how they break down. It is shown that both expansions behave like asymptotic series, with the approximation improving until higher order corrections grow in magnitude.
Anaerobic meningitis in an infant associated with pilonidal cyst abscess.

Abstract A 5-month-old infant whose infected pilonidal sinus was surgically removed, developed meningitis due to Bacteroides fragilis. A similar organism was also recovered from the infected pilonidal cyst along with anaerobic Gram positive cocci. The patient was treated with intravenous chloramphenicol for 4 weeks and recovered without sequella. Attention should be paid to the possibility of meningitis due to anaerobes in children with an infected pilonidal sinus.
Analysis of Nd:YAG laser-mediated thermal damage in rabbit nasal septal cartilage.

Background and Objectives Laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) involves the use of photo-thermal heating to reshape cartilage. Its clinical relevance depends on the ability to minimize thermal injury in irradiated regions. The present study seeks to understand the safety of LCR by determining shape change and resultant tissue viability as a function of laser dosimetry. Study Design/Materials and Methods Rabbit nasal septal cartilage were irradiated using a Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1.32 µm, 5.4 mm spot diameter) with different exposure times of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 seconds and powers of 4, 6, and 8 W. Temperature on the cartilage surface in the laser-irradiated region was collected using infrared thermography, this data was then used to predict tissue damage via a rate process model. A Live/Dead viability assay combined with fluorescent confocal microscopy was used to measure the amount of thermal damage generated in the irradiated specimens. Results Considerable thermal injury occurred at and below the laser-reshaping parameters that produced clinically relevant shape change using the present Nd:YAG laser. Confocal microscopy identified dead cells spanning the entire cross-sectional thickness of the cartilage specimen (about 500 µm thick) at laser power density and exposure times above 4 W and 6 seconds; damage increased with time and irradiance. The damage predictions made by the rate process model compared favorably with measured data. Conclusions These results demonstrate that significant thermal damage is concurrent with clinically relevant shape change. This contradicts previous notions that there is a privileged laser dosimetry parameter where clinically relevant shape change and tissue viability coexist. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:451–457, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gordon: design, performance, and experiences deploying and supporting a data intensive supercomputer

The Gordon data intensive supercomputer entered service in 2012 as an allocable computing system in the NSF Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) program. Gordon has several innovative features that make it ideal for data intensive computing including: 1,024, compute nodes based on Intel's Sandy Bridge (Xeon E5) processor; 64 I/O nodes with an aggregate of 300 TB of high performance flash (SSD); large, virtual SMP "supernodes" of up to 2 TB DRAM; a dual-rail, QDR InfiniBand, 3D torus network based on commodity hardware and open source software; and a 100 GB/s Lustre based parallel file system, with over 4 PB of disk space. In this paper we present the motivation, design, and performance of Gordon. We provide: low level micro-benchmark results to demonstrate processor, memory, I/O, and network performance; standard HPC benchmarks; and performance on data intensive applications to demonstrate Gordon's performance on typical workloads. We highlight the inherent risks in, and describe mitigation strategies for, deploying a data intensive supercomputer like Gordon which embodies significant innovative technologies. Finally we present our experiences thus far in supporting users and managing Gordon.
Invariant ratios vs. Dimensionless ratios.

In their Report “The illusion of invariant quantities in life histories” (19 Aug., p. 1236), S. Nee et al. show that purely statistical methods may lead us to conclude that certain life-history ratios are invariant when, in fact, they are not invariant at all, but the statistical procedure—in which one regresses X + c on X —causes one to think so. Some confusion may have also occurred in this field because of the difference between a dimensionless ratio and an invariant one. A simple case, originally attributable to Beverton and Holt ([1][1]), can illustrate the point. If an organism grows according to the von Bertalanffy form L ( t ) = Lω (1 - e − kt ), where t is age, L ω is asymptotic size, k is the growth rate, survival to age t is e -Mt (where M is the rate of mortality), and fitness with maturity at age t is e -Mt L ( t ) b (where b is the allometric parameter connecting size and fecundity), then it is an exercise in introductory calculus to show that the optimal age of maturity is t * = (1/ k ) log [( M + bk )/ M ] and that the relative size at maturity is L ( t *)/ L ω = b /[ b + ( M / k )]. The ratio M / k is dimensionless but need not be invariant. However, for any two species in which this ratio is the same, the relative size at maturity will be the same. I suggest that it might be more productive for us to follow the example of fluid mechanics and replace the notion of invariants by explicit dimensionless numbers. Define, for example, the “Beverton number” ν B = M/k so that L ( t *)/ L ω = b /( b + ν B ). Then we conclude that for species in which ν B →, relative size at maturity will be very small, whereas for those species in which ν B → 0, relative size at maturity will be close to asymptotic size. Life-history invariants may be elusive, but dimensionless numbers and their life-history consequences are not. 1. 1.[↵][2]1. R.J. H. Beverton, 2. S. J. Holt , CIBA Found. Colloq. Ageing 54, 142 (1959). [OpenUrl][3] [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCIBA%2BFound.%2BColloq.%2BAgeing%26rft.volume%253D54%26rft.spage%253D142%26rft.atitle%253DCIBA%2BFOUND%2BCOLLOQ%2BAGEING%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
Impact of genotype-guided dosing on anticoagulation visits for adults starting warfarin: a randomized controlled trial

Aim: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin dosing. Patients & methods: A total of 109 adults were randomized to receive initial dosing as determined by an algorithm containing genetic (VKORC1 and CYP2C9) plus clinical information or only clinical information. Primary end points were the number of anticoagulation visits and the time in therapeutic range (TTR) over 90 days. Secondary end points included time to therapeutic dose, International Normalized Ratios of >4, emergency visits, hospitalizations, hemorrhagic events, thrombotic events and mortality. Results: Neither primary end point was significantly different between groups (anticoagulation visits: 6.96 vs 6.37, p = 0.51; TTR: 0.40 vs 0.43, p = 0.59). Fewer emergency visits, hospitalizations, major hemorrhagic events, thrombotic events and deaths occurred in the genetic plus clinical group than in the clinical only group, but these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Genotype-guided dosing di...
Using Pedestrian Choice Research to Facilitate Resource Engagement in a Midsized Academic Library

For a 1-year period, visitors to the Nelson Poynter Memorial Library, University of South Florida St. Petersburg were observed regarding how they negotiated through the first floor and interacted with the library resources and educational displays. Pedestrian choice research was applied to the library to better understand visitor movement and facilitate greater interaction and engagement. To encourage greater interaction, future library design needs to strategize the high demand services and resources along the natural pathways and to the immediate library entrance, while remote locations should be redesigned as desirable destinations that provide high benefits to students and library visitors.
Sensitive oil industry: users of advanced technology

The oil industry exemplifies mankind's search for resource sin a harsh environment here on the earth. Traditionally, the oil industry has created technological solutions to increasingly difficult exploration, drilling, and production activities as the need has arisen. The depths to which a well must be drilled to produce the finite hydrocarbon resources are increasing and the surface environments during oil and gas activities is the key to success, not information that is hours old or incomplete; but 'real-time' data that responds to the variable environment downhole and allows prediction and prevention. The difference that information makes can be the difference between a successfully drilled well and a blowout that causes permanent damage to the reservoir and may reduce the value of the reserves downhole. The difference that information makes can make the difference between recovering 22 percent of the hydrocarbon reserves in a profitable field and recovering none of the reserves because of an uneconomic bottom line. Sensors of every type are essential in the new oil and gas industry and they must be rugged, accurate, affordable, and long lived. It is not just for the sophisticated majors exploring the very deep waters of the world but for the thousands of independent producers who provide a lion's share of the oil and gas produced in the US domestic market. The Department of Energy has been instrumental in keeping reserves from being lost by funding advancements in sensor technology. Due to sponsorship by the Federal Government, the combined efforts of researchers in the National Laboratories, academic institutions, and industry research centers are producing increasingly accurate tools capable of functioning in extreme conditions with economics acceptable to the accountants of the industry. Three examples of such senors developed with Federal funding are given.
Numerical simulation of local scour with free surface and automatic mesh deformation

A numerical model for local scour with free surface and automatic mesh deformation is constructed and numerical simulation is carried out to compare with experimental results. The k2 model is used to simulate the turbulent flow field. Two interfaces (water and air, water and sediment) in the domain are captured with different approaches. The free surface of the flow is captured by Volume of Fluid (VOF) scheme which is a Eulerian approach. The water-sediment interface (bed) is captured with moving mesh method which is a Lagrangian approach. The flow field is coupled with sediment transport using a quasi-steady approach. Good results have been obtained using current model. The flow field is comparable with the experiment. Scour patterns are similar to the experimental data. INTRODUCTION In this paper, a new numerical model is proposed to simulate the scour process together with free surface and automatic mesh deformation. In scour problem, there are two sharp interfaces: water-air and water-sediment. The two interfaces are captured using different methods. The water-air interface is captured by Eulerian method, namely VOF method. The water-bottom interface is captured by Lagrangian method, namely moving mesh method. In numerical simulation of open channel flow, free water surface is usually replaced by a rigid lid. This is valid only if the free surface does not change too much along the channel. There are many surface tracking or capturing method available to simulate the free surface, e.g. marker and cell (MAC) method, volume of fluid method (VOF) method (Hirt and Nicholls 1981), level set method (Sethian 1996). In this paper, a high resolution VOF method proposed by Ubbink and Issa (1999) is chosen to track the free surface. The CICSAM (Compressive Interface Capturing Scheme for Arbitrary Meshes) scheme treat the whole domain as the mixture of two liquids. Volume fraction of each liquid is used as the weighting factor to get the mixture properties, such as density, viscosity.
Fundamentals of environmental engineering

The field of environmental engineering is rapidly emerging into a mainstream engineering discipline. For a long time, environmental engineering has suffered from the lack of a well-defined identity. At times, the problems faced by environmental engineers require knowledge in many engineering fields, including chemical, civil, sanitary, and mechanical engineering. Increased demand for undergraduate training in environmental engineering has led to growth in the number of undergraduate programs offered. Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering provides an introductory approach that focuses on the basics of this growing field.This informative reference provides an introduction to environmental pollutants, basic engineering principles, dimensional analysis, physical chemistry, mass, and energy and component balances. It also explains the applications of these ideas to the understanding of key problems in air, water, and soil pollution.
Inventory and investment in setup and quality operations under Return On Investment maximization

In this paper, we construct and analyze a Return On Investment (ROI) maximization model for inventory and capital investment in setup and quality operations under an investment budget constraint. Specifically, we show how such an ROI maximization model can be formulated and derive analytical results such as the conditions under which the inventory is reduced and for the determination of the unique global optimal solution. In addition, by applying the Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT), we show via numerical examples how this nonconvex optimization model can be solved effectively and how RLT may produce superior results to those from the conventional Cut Across the Board Rule (CABR). Various managerial insights are provided throughout the paper. For example, as the investment budget increases (or decreases), a fundamental shift of investment strategies (setup cost reduction vs. quality improvement) may be necessary so as to maximize ROI.
High Purity Germanium Radiation Detectors

The fabrication and characterization of high purity germanium radiation detectors are described. These detectors are n-i-p diodes with a shallow (1.5?) diffused junction and a noninjecting metal-semiconductor contact. The germanium has a net acceptor concentration of approximately 7 × 1011 cm-3 and contamination during processing was prevented by using clean procedures and a KCN treatment. Electrical measurements show that with 500 volts of bias these detectors are fully depleted and have a capacitance of approximately 4.5 pf. Detection characteristics are determined from measurements of ?-rays and x-rays over the energy range of 6 keV to 136 keV. A deviation from linearity of less than ± 0.2 percent was measured. The resolution of the detectors is characterized by an effective Fano factor of 0.12. The average energy expended per created pair was determined to be 2.95 ±0.02 eV at 90°K.
Effect of sputtering pressure on pulsed-DC sputtered iridium oxide films

Abstract This paper reports the influence of the sputtering pressure, ranging from 5 to 50 mTorr using a mixture of Ar and O 2 (1:1), on the properties of the IrO x films deposited by pulsed-DC reactive sputtering. The sputtered IrO x films were characterized by surface analysis methods (scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction), four-point probe method, and electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The optimal sputtering pressure was identified to be 5 mTorr at which the activated IrO x film showed highest charge storage capacity of 28.3 mC/cm 2 , which was almost three times higher than that of samples deposited at 50 mTorr. The IrO x films deposited at low pressure showed excellent mechanical electrical and electrochemical characteristics and hence can be recommended as an ideal stimulation electrode material for neuroprosthetic applications.
Selective Breeding of Chinook Salmon

Abstract Selective breeding of plants and animals has been carried on for hundreds of years. Few attempts, however, have been made to breed salmon that have characteristics which would better fit the fish for the needs of modern salmon management. Experiments started in 1949 at the University of Washington to develop a selected stock of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have shown progress in producing fish better adapted to the environment available to them. Selected stocks grow faster, are more resistant to high temperatures and disease, mature earlier, and have a higher survival rate than the non-selected stocks.
Fluid dynamics. Turbulence without inertia

Turbulence is normally driven by fluid inertia (or momentum). But turbulent patterns can be seen in fluids with no inertial forces, if there are high elastic forces. Such patterns may be dubbed ‘elastic turbulence’.
An Analytical Model for the Particulation of a Jet from a shaped charge liner

A new model is presented to predict the cumulative breakup time of the jet from a shaped charge liner. The model invokes a plastic instability criterion, kinematic considerations, and a material constitutive equation. Very good agreement of the cumulative breakup time and jet length with experimental data for several copper liner geometries is shown. The results are dependent on the initial strain rate and jet temperature distribution.
Radiation Effects in Ion-Implanted SOS Capacitors with Negative Charge

In B+ - implanted silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) capacitors, extended range MIS C(V) measurements have been used to characterize the interfacial charge as a function of Si epitaxial growth temperature (960° - 975°C) for slow growth rate (.3 - 168 m/min) films, before and after 1 Mrad (A1203) of Co4 gamma radiation, under a radiation-bias stress of 104 V/cm. Before radiation, it was found that, for a given temperature, the amount of negative charge in the SOS capacitors decreased with increasing epitaxial growth rate, and conversely, for a given slow growth rate, the amount of negative charge in the SOS capacitors increased with increasing growth temperature. After irradiation under bias, it was found that the radiation-induced positive charge linearly added to the negative interfacial charge. The implications of these results upon the radiation-induced backchannel problem in NMOS devices are discussed.
A multiscale region detector

Abstract A multiscale region detector is derived from properties of a ▿ 2 G (Laplacian-of-Gaussian) scalespace. The detector finds all image regions that have small gray-level variation relative to a neighborhood of their size. These regions may be nested. Since the region detector is designed as a coarse estimator of region size and shape, it is better suited for texture element extraction than for general image segmentation. Uniform gray level regions are represented by a configuration of best-fitting disks of appropriate sizes and locations contained within the regions. The sizes and locations of best disks are estimated from the observed response of the ▿ 2 G operator across the image and across scales, using an analytic expression for the response of ▿ 2 G to disks. Both positive-contrast and negative-contrast regions are detected, and an estimate of region contrast is computed. Results are shown for a variety of natural textures.
Rationale for Reducing the Spread of Human Papillomavirus in Adolescents: Strategies to Improve Outcomes (CME Multimedia Activity)

As detailed in this online CME activity (http://cmeaccess.com/cme/JAH_HPV_program/index.asp?link_id=2), human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of cervical cancer and neoplasias in women, and genital warts in men and women. In addition, 35%-85% of vaginal, vulvar, anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers are attributable to HPV. An estimated 80% of females and 50% of males in the United States will become infected at some point in their lives; however, the incidence of this highly prevalent infection peaks in adolescents and young adults. Owing to the importance of vaccination before this elevated risk of exposure, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends HPV vaccination for girls aged 11-12 years with either the bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine. Recently, the quadrivalent vaccine, which also protects against genital warts and anal neoplasias and cancer, was approved for use in boys as well. Although the coverage rate has increased steadily in the 5 years since the vaccine's introduction, it remains below 50%. To overcome barriers to vaccination, including lack of awareness about adolescents' HPV risk and challenges associated with preventive care in this age group in general, healthcare providers must be able to educate parents/patients about HPV and the vaccine, as well as maximize opportunities to vaccinate adolescents at every office visit.
On-Line Fault Diagnosis in a Nuclear Reactor by Sequential Testing

A sequential test technique for on-line fault diagnosis of sensor signals has been developed and successfully demonstrated in an operating nuclear reactor. The methodology provides a systematic procedure for detection and isolation of sensor failures by taking into account consistencies among all available measurements of a given process variable. Fault diagnosis is accomplished on the basis of the cumulative information derived from the measurement history that includes the past and current observations.
A comparison of rural and urban nonmedical prescription opioid users' lifetime and recent drug use.

Background: Nonmedical prescription opioid use has emerged as a major public health concern. The growing burden of nonmedical prescription opioid use in America may have unique manifestations and consequences in rural areas, which to a large extent have yet to be explored. Objectives: To describe rural–urban differences among drug users in recent and lifetime use and age of onset of use for alcohol, heroin, OxyContin®, oxycodone, hydrocodone, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, crack, methamphetamine, amphetamine, marijuana, hallucinogens, and inhalants. Methods: A purposive sample of 212 prescription drug users was recruited from a rural Appalachian county (n = 101) and a major metropolitan area (n = 111) in Kentucky. Consenting participants were given an interviewer-administered questionnaire examining sociodemographics, psychiatric characteristics, and self-reported drug use. Results: Rural drug users had significantly earlier ages of onset for use of oxycodone, hydrocodone, benzodiazepines, cocain...
Surgery for chronic lower extremity ischemia in patients eighty or more years of age: operative results and assessment of postoperative independence.

Abstract Purpose: Revascularization for chronic lower extremity ischemia (CLEI) in patients 80 or more years of age is controversial. High operative mortality, short remaining life span, and nonambulatory nursing home existence are cited as frequent outcomes in this patient group. Despite these considerations we have maintained an aggressive policy of lower extremity revascularization in functional and potentially functional patients 80 or more years of age with limb-threatening ischemia or claudication sufficient to threaten their independence. Methods: The records of all patients 80 or more years of age who underwent lower extremity revascularization for CLEI from 1981 through 1991 were reviewed. Patients were evaluated for surgical indication, perioperative mortality, late survival, graft patency, and limb salvage. In addition, the patient's preoperative and postoperative independence determined by living situation (home versus nursing home) and ambulatory status were examined. Results: During the period reviewed 88 patients 80 or more years of age underwent 95 arterial reconstructions for CLEI; 95% for limb salvage and 5% for short-distance claudication. There were 81 (85%) infrainguinal bypasses and 14 (15%) extraanatomic bypasses, 5 of which also included a simultaneously placed infrainguinal bypass. The perioperative mortality rate was 6%. Mean hospitalization was 18 days (range 6 to 62). The 1- and 3-year primary graft patency rates were 88% and 66%, limb salvage rates 94% and 91%, and patient survival rates 73% and 51%, respectively. One year after operation 88% of patients were ambulatory, 85% were living at home, and 80% were both living at home and ambulatory. At 3 years these results were 86%, 76%, and 71%, respectively. Of the patients living at home and ambulatory before operation, 100% and 84% of survivors were still living at home and ambulatory 1 and 3 years after operation. Of patients living at home who had late graft occlusions, 67% required amputation and subsequent nursing home placement. Conclusion: Although survival in this group is predictably lower than that of age-matched control subjects, octogenarians have satisfactory 1- and 3-year graft patency, limb salvage, and functional results. Revascularization for CLEI in patients 80 or more years of age is appropriate and results in maintenance of independent living in a large majority. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:618-26.)
C–H and C–O oxidative addition in reactions of aryl carboxylates with a PNP pincer-ligated Rh(I) fragment

Reactions of a series of phenyl esters with a (PNP)Rh fragment have been studied. PhO2CPh only underwent C–H oxidative addition (OA). PhO2CCF3 chiefly underwent acyl–oxygen OA. PhO2CBut and PhO2CNEt2 initially underwent OA of an ortho-C–H bond of the phenyl group but continued thermolysis led to the phenyl–oxygen OA products.
Oxidation of alcohols by “activated” dimethyl sulfoxide. a preparative, steric and mechanistic study

Abstract The oxidation of primary, secondary, allylic, benzylic, hindered and bicyclic alcohols with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) “activated” by numerous electrophiles was studied: yields of carbonyls, by-products and recovered alcohols were quantitatively determined. Pathways for carbonyl and by-product formation are presented. Generally, yields of carbonyls increase with increased steric hindrance in the alcohols. Steric effects of tertiary amines, used for basification, were also investigated, and the results are consistent with the suggested reaction pathways. Among previously unreported “activators,” oxalyl chloride is the most generally effective; yields of carbonyls are typically over 95%. Thionyl chloride is also a satisfactory “activator” although yields of carbonyls are not quite as high. An improved method of preparation of alkyl methylthiomethyl ethers, by-products of the oxidation process, is reported.
Stochastic Comparisons in Airline Revenue Management

Consider two markets of different sizes but similar costs and fare structure. All other things being equal, is an airline's expected revenue larger in the market with larger demand? If not, under what circumstances is it possible to compare expected revenues without carrying out a detailed analysis? In this article, we provide answers to these questions by studying the relationship between the optimal expected revenue and the demand distributions when the latter are comparable according to various stochastic orders. For the two-fare class problem with dependent demand we obtain three results. We show that airlines should prefer lesser positive dependence between fare classes when marginal demand distributions are the same. We also describe particular dependence structures under which stochastically larger marginal demand distributions improve optimal expected revenue. Finally, when the dependence between effective demands in the two fare classes arises due to “sell ups,” we show that stochastically larger marginal demand distributions should be preferred. (Sell ups occur when some lower-fare-class customers buy higher-fare tickets upon finding that the former tickets are sold out.) For a problem with an arbitrary number of fare classes and independent demands, we show that stochastically larger demand distributions should be preferred. Numerical examples demonstrating the effect of parameterized demand distributions (with appropriate stochastic ordering) and dependence structures are also presented.
Marc Bloch: The historian as patriot

(1992). Marc Bloch: The historian as patriot. History of European Ideas: Vol. 15, No. 4-6, pp. 839-844.
Comparison of the yale-brown-cornell eating disorders scale in recovered eating disorder patients, restrained dieters, and nondieting controls.

Objective Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorder Scale (YBC-EDS) scores were assessed in recovered eating disorder patients, restrained dieters, and unrestrained nondieters. Method YBC-EDS interviews were conducted with 53 recovered eating disorder patients who had no symptoms within at least 6 months, 29 restrained dieters, and 36 unrestrained controls. Results Unrestrained control subjects had no typical eating-disordered preoccupations or rituals. The majority (62%) of restrained dieters did have current eating-disordered preoccupations but only 5 had current eating-disordered rituals. Most recovered eating disorder subjects had no current eating-disordered preoccupations (66%) and 76% had no current eating-disordered rituals. Unrestrained eating controls had significantly lower Preoccupation, Total, and Motivation to Change scores on the YBC-EDS than the other groups and significantly lower Ritual scores than the recovered eating disorder group. There were no significant differences between the restrained dieters and the recovered eating disorder group. Discussion Recovered eating disorder patients who no longer meet any of the DSM-IV criteria for an eating disorder are similar in severity of eating concern to normal weight restrained eating dieters. Both of these groups have more eating and weight concerns as compared with the unrestrained eating, nondieting controls. The YBC-EDS effectively distinguishes the healthy eating controls from restrained eating dieters and recovered eating disorder patients. © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 28: 455–459, 2000.
Effect of Aggregate Degradation on Specimens Compacted by Superpave Gyratory Compactor

Aggregate degradation during gyratory compaction may cause changes in the original gradation of the aggregate, and it may also affect volumetric requirements for Superpave Level I mix design. The effect of aggregate degradation on the design gradation and final volumetric properties of the asphalt mix compacted by the Superpave gyratory and Astec vibratory compactors was evaluated. Because vibratory compaction is an alternative compaction method that simulates field compaction, a vibratory compactor developed by Astec Industries, Inc., was used for comparison with the Superpave gyratory compactor. Aggregates with high and low Los Angeles abrasion losses were used to evaluate the effect of aggregate toughness or abrasion resistance on gradation change and volumetric properties. The changes in the amount of material passing the 0.075-mm sieve due to aggregate degradation during compaction were not significant enough to prevent specimens from meeting dust proportion requirements, regardless of whether low-or...
Novel technique for characterizing prostate cancer utilizing MRI restriction spectrum imaging: proof of principle and initial clinical experience with extraprostatic extension

Novel technique for characterizing prostate cancer utilizing MRI restriction spectrum imaging: proof of principle and initial clinical experience with extraprostatic extension
WHY 3D MAY WORK OCCASIONALLY: CASE REOPENED

This scholarly essay is a rebuttal to Roger Ebert, who claims that “3D doesn't work and never will” and to James Cameron and Vince Pace, who claim that 3D is simply an extension of 2D whose techniques can be directly applied to 3D production. Even in the academic community, there seems to be some confusion about how we perceive depth and especially about the claim that 3D comes close to how we actually see the world around us. The framework for this study is a media-aesthetic examination of 3D, specifically how we see depth in 2D and 3D images; how the 3D illusion isachieved in film and TV; and what media-aesthetic principles are unique to 3D.
The Nucleus of Comet P/Arend-Rigaux

Simultaneous broadband visual and infrared photometry of comet P/Arend-Rigaux is reported. Its VJHK colors are similar to other periodic comets and the class D asteroids. The visual flux decreased by 0.5 mag within 2 hr, while the thermal flux at 10 microns continued to decrease by 0.7 mag over 3 hr. These observations are consistent with thermal models of a nucleus with a geometric albedo of 0.03 and equivalent radii of 5.1 and 3.8 km.
Performance of Stainless-Steel Condenser Tubes

A report of the evaluation and decision to replace copper-alloy condenser tubes with Type 304 stainless steel, and the performance during the two years since installation.
Parental Attachment, Family Communalism, and Racial Identity Among African American College Students

Parental attachment and familial communalism were examined as contributors to the racial identity of 165 African American college students. Students with secure attachments and high reports of communalism were in the later stage of their racial identity development, whereas students with insecure attachments and lacking communalism were in the earlier stages of their racial identity development. El apego parental y el comunalismo familiar se examinaron como contribuyentes a la identidad racial de 165 estudiantes universitarios afroamericanos. Los estudiantes con apegos seguros y alto indice de comunalismo se encontraban en la etapa avanzada del desarrollo de su identidad racial, mientras que los estudiantes con apegos inseguros y falta de comunalismo se encontraban en las etapas tempranas del desarrollo de su identidad racial.
Photoinduced absorption of conducting polymer-C60 composites

Experimental studies of photoinduced absorption, PA, have been carried out by several groups on composites of C 60 with conducting polymers such as poly[2-methoxy, 5-(ethyl hexyloxy) -p- phenylene vinylene], MEH-PPV, to understand the quenching of photoluminescence and increase of photoconductivity caused by the addition of small amounts of C 60 . To account for the observed PA it is first necessary to know where the C 60 molecules sit relative to the MEH-PPV chains. We found with the use of a Monte Carlo cooling algorithm that the most probable position of the C 60 is in a channel formed by the alkoxy side chains, its center approximately 10 angstrom from that of the MEH-PPV backbone. We identify the PA peak seen in MEH-PPV as the transition between the lower and upper levels of a polaron coupled to one of opposite sign on a neighboring chain. Calculations are carried out for the energy levels of neutral C 60 and C 60 - using a tight binding Hamiltonian with the parameters obtained by Harigaya. To determine the effect on the levels of the Coulomb interaction between C 60 - and a positively charged polaron, P + , on MEH-PPV we use coupled equations. Finally, we suggest that the peak of the PA in the composite is due to transitions between the two polaron levels of a free P + on MEH-PPV. Additional PA features in the composite can be identified as due to C 60 - and neutral C 60 .
O5-S1.04 Social media and chlamydia testing by university students: a pilot study

Background Facebook is the world9s largest social media site, and university students comprise one of the largest user groups. Sexually transmitted infections are also highly prevalent among university students in the USA. We evaluated a targeted Facebook advertisement for easy, inexpensive chlamydia testing at The Ohio State University (OSU), a public university with 55 000 students. Methods Over 2 weeks in May 2010, our advertisement for $25 chlamydia testing was displayed to Facebook users who had self-identified as OSU students between 19 and 28 years of age. Students provided a urine sample directly to the laboratory; a clinician visit was not required. To a separate convenience sample we administered a short survey capturing demographics, social media use and interest in future testing. Results The advertisement received 401 732 impressions” (displays of the advertisement to users). Nearly all 98%) impressions were to 19–24-year-olds. The daily impressions varied enormously, from 0 to more than 100 000. In the first week, although the advertisement received up to 2,900 daily impressions, no one clicked it. We gradually increased our “bid per click”—the amount we agreed to pay Facebook for each click—from $0.62 to $0.90. We also modified the advertisement format to depict a college student and to clearly specify the $25 cost of the test. Following these changes, both the number of impressions and “clicks” rose dramatically. Seventy-five individuals clicked the advertisement (25 women and 50 men), with an average cost per click of $0.84. Three students, all female, came for chlamydia testing; one tested positive. Among surveyed individuals (n=60), 75% reported using Facebook daily or more often. Few (10%) reported ever clicking on Facebook advertisements. Only one surveyed student noticed our Facebook advertisement. The direct-to-laboratory testing concept was popular, with 75% reporting willingness to use this service in the future. Conclusions In this short pilot study, 75 individuals clicked on a Facebook advertisement about chlamydia testing, three came for testing and one tested positive. Facebook advertisements are inexpensive, with high exposure to the target population. A small increase in bid per click can make a very large difference in total impressions. The format of the advertisement is critical for catching the attention of the target audience, because many students report never noticing or clicking Facebook advertisements.