cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete Microparts Production Using Through-Thickness Hot Embossing and Rubber-Assisted Ejection

The hot embossing process has so far been mainly developed for replication of surface structures on thermoplastic substrates. Because of the lack of a through-thickness action, fabrication of discrete microparts such as microgears is considered difficult. In this study, an embossing mold having 13 microcavities was used in a through-thickness embossing process with a rubber-assisted ejection mechanism. Microparts made of HDPE and ABS with each part weighing approximately 0.9 and 1.4 mg, respectively, were produced. When in the mold, embossed microparts were intermittently connected to each other through thin residual films of a thickness approximately 20–30 μm on one surface. The residual films were detached from the microparts during ejection. Because no resin delivery path, e.g., runner and gate, is needed for microcavities on the mold, this micropart fabrication process could replace micro injection molding in numerous applications.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Probabilistic Aeroelastic Analysis of Turbomachinery Components

A probabilistic approach is described for aeroelastic analysis of turbomachinery blade rows. Blade rows with subsonic flow and blade rows with supersonic flow with subsonic leading edge are considered. To demonstrate the probabilistic approach, the flutter frequency, damping and forced response of a blade row representing a compressor geometry is considered. The analysis accounts for uncertainties in structural and aerodynamic design variables. The results are presented in the form of probabilistic density function (PDF) and sensitivity factors. For subsonic flow cascade, comparisons are also made with different probabilistic distributions, probabilistic methods, and Monte-Carlo simulation. The approach shows that the probabilistic approach provides a more realistic and systematic way to assess the effect of uncertainties in design variables on the aeroelastic instabilities and response.
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer as an In Vivo Probe of Lipoprotein Metabolism

Numerous epidemiological studies over the past 20 years have taught us that there is a strong inverse correlation between the levels of serum HDL-C and the subsequent risk of atherosclerotic heart disease.1 2 3 However, despite a great deal of recent progress in understanding the biochemistry and genetics of HDL metabolism, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the apparent antiatherogenic effects of HDL remain unclear.4 The HDLs are heterogeneous, small (70 to 100 A) lipid-protein particles composed of a core of CE (with a small amount of TG) surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer containing a variety of lipoproteins and UC (Fig 1⇓).4 Apo A-I and apo A-II are the major protein components of HDL, constituting ≈70% and 20%, respectively, of the HDL protein. Some HDL particles contain only apo A-I, whereas others contain both apo A-1 and apo A-II. As described below, recent data suggest that these two classes of HDL particles may differ significantly in their antiatherogenic potential.5 6 HDL particles contain, in addition to apo A-I and apo A-II, smaller amounts of apo A-IV, apo E, apo C, and apo D. HDL can also associate with two important lipid transfer proteins: LCAT, which catalyzes the formation of CE and lysolecithin from UC and lecithin (phosphatidyl choline), and CETP, which promotes the transfer of CEs from HDL to LDL and VLDL in exchange for TG. In addition, HDL particles undergo modification of their core lipid composition after interaction with hepatic lipase. Figure 1. Schematic of the structure of a mature HDL particle. See text for a detailed description of the structure of HDL. PL indicates phospholipid. Nascent discoidal HDL particles containing predominantly phospholipid, UC, and apo A-I are secreted de novo from the intestine and liver and arise also in the plasma through the association …
Feasibility of identifying eating moments from first-person images leveraging human computation

There is widespread agreement in the medical research community that more effective mechanisms for dietary assessment and food journaling are needed to fight back against obesity and other nutrition-related diseases. However, it is presently not possible to automatically capture and objectively assess an individual's eating behavior. Currently used dietary assessment and journaling approaches have several limitations; they pose a significant burden on individuals and are often not detailed or accurate enough. In this paper, we describe an approach where we leverage human computation to identify eating moments in first-person point-of-view images taken with wearable cameras. Recognizing eating moments is a key first step both in terms of automating dietary assessment and building systems that help individuals reflect on their diet. In a feasibility study with 5 participants over 3 days, where 17,575 images were collected in total, our method was able to recognize eating moments with 89.68% accuracy.
The Effects of Uneven Fiber Spacing on Thermal Residual Stresses in a Unidirectional SCS-6/Ti-15-3 Laminate

High residual stresses develop in SCS-6/Ti-15-3 composites during cooldown from the fabrication temperature; these residual stresses can effect the mechanical and physical properties of the composite. Discrete fiber-matrix finite element models were used to study the residual stresses due to the temperature change during the fabrication process, including the effects of uneven fiber spacing, the free surface, and increased fiber volume fractions. To accurately model the effects of the free surface, it is only necessary to model one fiber through the thickness. Below the first ply, the analysis predicts stress distributions that are identical to the infinite array predictions. For uneven fiber space less then 0.042 mm in an interior ply, the maximum hoop stress was predicted to occur between fibers within a ply and to increase as the fiber spacing decreased. The maximum hoop stress correlated well with the observed radial cracking between fibers. For the case of touching fibers, the analysis predicted tensile radial stresses at the fiber-matrix debonding during the fabrication cooldown. Identical trends were predicted for uneven fiber spacing in surface plies with slightly greater values of maximum stresses. The analysis predicted matrix yielding to occur upon cooldown when the edge-to-edge fiber spacing was less than or equal to 0.022 mm. The stress distributions predicted for increasing fiber volume fractions were similar to those predicted for decreasing the fiber spacing for two adjacent fibers within a ply.
Dual-mode injection locking of two independent modelocked semiconductor lasers

A novel method of optical injection locking to obtain efficient synchronisation between independent sets of optical frequency combs from two modelocked semiconductor lasers is presented. Locking dynamics are experimentally observed and the performance of oscillator synchronisation is demonstrated by an optical heterodyne detection experiment.
Human papillomavirus in cervical and head-and-neck cancer.

Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality and is initiated by infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs). An improved understanding of the virologic basis for this disease will help with prevention and treatment. This Review summarizes the main events of the HPV life cycle, the functions of the viral proteins, and the implications of HPV infection on their hosts, with an emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms and disease outcomes in cervical and head-and-neck cancer. Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide and is initiated by infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs). High-risk HPVs, especially HPV-16, are associated with other anogenital cancers and a subgroup of head-and-neck cancers. Indeed, HPV infection could account for the development of head-and-neck cancer in certain individuals that lack the classical risk factors for this disease (tobacco and alcohol abuse). This Review summarizes the main events of the HPV life cycle, the functions of the viral proteins, and the implications of HPV infection on their hosts, with an emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms and disease outcomes in head-and-neck cancer. The demonstration that HPVs have a role in human carcinogenesis has allowed the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the incidence and mortality of HPV-associated cancers.
Cardiac surgery for octogenarians: is it an informed decision?

Abstract Background Cardiac surgery is frequently performed to palliate cardiovascular symptoms in patients who are octogenarians, without controlled clinical trials to support its benefits. We hypothesized that death or discharge to a nursing care facility after cardiac surgery is similar in patients who are octogenarians and younger patients. Methods We conducted an inception cohort study in a tertiary care teaching hospital in patiens who had undergone coronary grafting, valve surgery, or both over 36 months before. We collected data on preoperative disease, operation characteristics, postoperative complications, and outcome at hospital discharge. Results Of 783 patients who had cardiac surgery, 96 were octogenarians. Female sex, pulmonary hypertension, previous malignancy, cerebral vascular disease, valvular heart disease, and congestive heart failure were more frequent in patients who were octogenarians than in younger patients. Operative characteristics were similar in both age groups, except there were more frequent valve or combined with coronary grafts surgery and surgical re-exploration in octogenarians. The rate of postoperative complications including cardiovascular, neurological, renal, and nosocomial infections were higher in patients who were octogenarians than younger patients. Death or discharge to a nursing care facility was more frequent in patients who were octogenarians than younger patients (53% vs 14%, P Conclusions The rate of death or discharge to nursing care facility after cardiac surgery was high among patients who were octogenarians. Current operative outcome end points do not reflect such important differences between patients who are octogenarians and younger patients. Informed discussion of treatment options, potential for discharge to a nursing care facility, and quality of life expectations should precede a decision to undergo cardiac surgery in patients who are octogenarians. Randomized clinical trials of medical versus surgical palliation of cardiovascular symptoms in patients who are octogenarians are needed to justify cost-effectiveness and guide better use of relatively scarce Medicare resources.
Kinetic analysis of the decomposition of piperidinium hexathiocyanoatochromate(III)

The decomposition of piperidinium hexathiocyanatochromate(III), (pipH)3[Cr(NCS)6](s), into Cr(NCS)3(s) and pipHSCN(g) has been studied isothermally and nonisothermally using t.g.a. Data from isothermal studies were analysed according to 17 different kinetic models and the (α, T) data from nonisothermal experiments were analysed using 12 rate laws by the procedure of Reich and Stivala. It was found that while a first-order rate law gave the best fit to the data obtained from isothermal and nonisothermal experiments most frequently, considerable variation exists for both types of experiments. Using the first order model, the activation energy was found to be 77.2 ±4.4kJ mol−1.
The role of allergists in accountable care organizations

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are organized legal structures that allow health care professionals to track the cost and quality of care provided to defined populations of patients. Simply stated, the ACO is responsible for the overall care provided to patients who see primary care physicians who participate in the ACO. Since the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2010, several hundred ACOs have been launched that now affect millions of Americans throughout the nation. 1 As often occurs in health care, when new ideas receive widespread national attention, the response has been an exponential growth of these organizations. The establishment of additional Medicare ACOs are expected to increase during the next several years, and with commercial insurers following suit, large numbers of Americans will likely be covered under these arrangements. It is therefore important that allergists be aware of how these organizations work and how they will affect their practices and their patients. The structure of the ACO allows for groups of health care professionals to share infrastructure to provide medical management and care coordination, to collect and disseminate quality measures for populations of patients, and to distribute shared savings if these actions result in a reduction in the cost of care. The essential components of the ACO are the ability to track clinical and financial performance, have analytic capabilities to understand the way that care is being provided, engage patients in their care, and coordinate services across various settings of care. Specific management strategies include patient registries, health information exchanges, protocols for care management, and centers of excellence for the care of patients with the most complex conditions. The authorization of the ACOs in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act decreased many regulatory and legal barriers to being able to accomplish these objectives. Most of today’s ACOs operate within the context of the fee-forservice system. Allergists are paid according to their current fee schedules, with either Medicare or a participating commercial plan, yet in addition have the potential to receive additional funds for improvements achieved in cost and quality. The ACO virtually monitorstheclaimsforpaymentsandcalculatesthetotalcostofcare that is attributed to an individual patient. If the actual cost of a patient is less than the projected cost for that patient as projected from past years and expected cost trends, there may be savings returned to the ACO. If the actual costs are more than the expected costs, there may be downside risk for the ACO, depending on whether some level of risk was negotiated as part of the ACO
Solution of second order difference equations via the τ-method

Abstract Classically the solution of many functional equations is sought in the form of an infinite series of some kind. In practice, to get numerical results, the series must be truncated. In recent times, alternative finite series approximations have been sought as solutions of a functional equation slightly perturbed from the given one. This concept was first introduced by Lanczos who named it the τ-method. In previous studies the author has applied the τ-method to get polynomial and rational approximations for differential equations mostly of hypergeometric type. In the present paper, we apply the τ-method concept to get like approximations for solutions of difference equations. In particular we study the second order difference equation satisfied by the Bessel function of the first kind. Except for some recent work on the gamma function by the author, Wimp and Ting, the literature is void on use of the τ-method idea for solutions of difference equations.
Patterson Projection of the Skeletons of the Structure proposed for the Insulin Molecule

IN a communication in NATURE1, Riley and Fankuchen claim to have disproved the structure C2 predicted for the insulin molecule2 by means of a Patterson projection of the cyclol skeletons. Great weight has been given to this result3,4. My opinion was5, and is, that the claim to have produced from the (C–C–N)288 skeletons arranged at a tilt of 6°, a Patterson projection which has high intensities where they should be low (at A, points midway between pairs of adjacent molecules) and low intensities where they should be high (at B, points midway between trios of adjacent molecules) proves little in view of the fact that less than 27 per cent of the crystal has been considered6.
Origin of sympathetic efferent axons in the renal nerves of the cat

Abstract The origin of efferent axons in the renal nerves of the cat was examined using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Nerves on the surface of the left renal blood vessels were dissected 5–7 mm proximal to the medial margin of the kidney, transected and the central cut ends exposed to HRP. Labeled neurons were typically identified in three locations: (1) centrally along the renal nerve, (2) in the superior mesenteric ganglion, and (3) in the ipsilateral sympathetic chain ganglia (T12-L3). HRP was not detected in preganglionic neurons in the thoracolumbar spinal cord. Labeled cells ranged in size from 15 to 50 μm, with those in the renal nerve at the smaller end of the spectrum and those in the superior mesenteric ganglion at the larger end. In the superior mesenteric ganglion labeled cells were typically localized to a small region in the caudal pole of the ganglion around the origin of the renal nerve. The results show that the sympathetic efferent innervation of the kidney is derived from both paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia. In the latter (superior mesenteric ganglion), renal efferent neurons exhibited a topographic distribution.
Moon illusions redescribed.

The common report that the horizon moon looks “larger and closer” than the zenith moon means that the perceived visual angle (V′ rad) for its diameter is greater, the perceived distance (D′ m) to it is less, and the perceived linear size (S′ m) for its diameter is either greater or the same (size constancy), all in accord with the ruleS′/D′ =V′ rad. These majority moon illusions remain unexplained because published descriptions use only one “perceived size” variable, rather than bothV′ andS′; and some create paradoxes by using the standard rule,S′/D′ =V rad, which omitsV′. Complete paradox-free redescriptions are offered, and the oculomotor explanation is outlined.
Is it Necessary to Repeat Critical Values in the Laboratory? Today’s Technology May Have the Answers

Repeating a test for accuracy is a well-established practice in laboratories. In the early days of laboratory instrumentation, this was appropriate, since instruments had poor precision relative to today’s machines. Currently, however, laboratory information systems (LISs) and ultrasensitive level sensors and clot detectors on testing instruments have improved the accuracy of results. In this study, we address whether values that fall outside the reference range must be repeated or whether critical time and resources are wasted through this practice. We monitored early notification (EN) and critical value (CV) repeats that were performed on automated instruments in chemistry, coagulation, and hematology. We recorded the differences in results between the original and the repeated test results. Our goals were to maintain quality, improve efficiency, provide our clinicians with accurate results, and eliminate unnecessary repeat testing in the automated areas mentioned above. Analysis of the data helped us change our practices and improve efficiency and turnaround time (TAT) for critical values.
Neurophysiological criteria for intraoperative prediction of pure motor hemiplegia during aneurysm surgery: Case report

The value of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) as an intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring tool for detecting selective subcortical ischemia of the motor pathways during intracerebral aneurysm repair is described and the use of such measures to predict postoperative motor status is discussed. The authors present the case of a 64-year-old woman in whom there was an incidental finding of two right middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms. During the aneurysm clipping procedure, an intraoperative MEP loss in the left abductor pollicis brevis and tibial anterior muscles occurred during an attempt at permanent clip placement. There were no concurrent changes in somatosensory evoked potentials. Postoperatively, the patient demonstrated a left hemiplegia with intact sensation. A computerized tomography scan revealed an infarct in the anterior division of the MCA territory, including the posterior limb of the internal capsule. In this patient, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring with MEPs has been shown to be a sensitive tool for indicating subcortical ischemia affecting selective motor pathways in the internal capsule. Therefore, intraoperative loss of MEPs can be used to predict postoperative motor deficits.
Fossil Maize from Panama

Wild maize, agricultural maize, and associated Manihot fossil polleni indicative of early agriculture after about 7300 years ago have been discovered in the Gatun basin, Panama. The course of risinig sea level in the Canal Zone during the past 11,300 years is calculated.
Determination of Dirithromycin, LY281389 and Other Macrolide Antibiotics by HPLC with Electrochemical Detection

Abstract Sensitive and rapid assays have been developed for the determination of the macrolide antibotics dirithromycin, erythromycylamine, and LY281389 in plasma. The methods utilize dichloromethane extraction of alkalinized plasma and isocratic reverse phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. The lower limit of detection is 10 ng/ml. Calibration curves are linear and highly reproducible over the range of 20–500 ng/ml. Precision of the calibration curves is very good having relative standard deviations of 5% or less over the dynamic range. These methods can be used for other macrolide antibiotics with minor modifications to the mobile phase. The electrochemical response of various macrolides was found to be dependent upon the functionality at C-9 of the macrolide ring.
Reflection of Polarized Light from Multiply Overcoated Magneto-Optic Materials: A Simplified Analysis Method

The problem of reflection of polarized light at any angle of incidence by multilayer magnetic and dielectric films is solved in specific cases by summation of reflected components, and in general by recursive application of the specific solutions. The Jones matrix convention is used to describe individual interfaces where the elements of the Jones matrix are the Fresnel coefficients for the reflecting (or transmitting) media. An explicit model, in terms of material parameters of individual films and film thicknesses, is presented for a system of n films, any of which can be magnetic or nonmagnetic. Also, limiting cases of zero magnetization and vanishing layer thicknesses are examined.
The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home

Mitchell quotes extensively from original letters and diaries in this portrayal of the experiences of Northern soldiers on leaving their home communities for the Civil War.
Interaction between citrate synthase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase in the presence of polyethylene glycol

Abstract Pig heart citrate synthase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase interact in polyethylene glycol solutions as indicated by increased solution turbidity. A large percentage of both enzymes sediments when mixtures of the two in polyethylene glycol are centrifuged, whereas little if any of either enzyme sediments in the absence of the other. The observed interaction is highly specific in that neither cytosolic malate dehydrogenase nor nine other proteins showed evidence of specific interaction with either pig heart citrate synthase or mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Escherichia coli citrate synthase did not interact with pig heart citrate synthase, but did show evidence of interaction with pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. The relation between enzyme behavior in polyethylene glycol solution and in the mitochondrion and the significance of possible in vivo interactions between citrate synthase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase are discussed.
The use of DTPA diactivated ester in coupling DTPA to proteins

Abstract The use of DTPA bicyclic anhydride of DTPA(1–3) and N-hydroxy succinimide pentaester of DTPA(4) to attach DTPA to different proteins have been reported. However, there is indication in the literature that alternative methods are needed. † We have now synthesized N-hydroxy succinimide diester of DTPA for this purpose. The synthetic procedure is quite simple and this molecule has been shown to be stable. The maximum coupling efficiency occurs at pH = 7.0, reaction time is about 10 min, the intramolecular coupling is less, and in vivo stability is better than that found using the pentaester.
Explaining Costly International Institutions: Persuasion and Enforceable Human Rights Norms

Why do states create enforceable international human rights norms that empower third parties to prevent and sanction domestic human rights abuses? Recent theories suggest that international institutions are shaped not only by power and interests but also by the content of arguments during intensive communication and argumentation processes. Moving beyond the simple notion that “communication matters,” I argue that states are likely to be persuaded by arguments that draw on widespread taken-for-granted norms, in particular, prohibitions on bodily harm, the importance of precedent in decision making, and the link between cooperation and progress. This model extends previous theories by specifying mechanisms and scope conditions for international change through persuasion. I illustrate the argument by examining the convention against torture, a costly international institution that allows domestic courts to prosecute crimes that occur in the territory of other states (universal jurisdiction). Because of its enforcement mechanisms, the torture convention poses a difficult case for theories explaining international institutions. If persuasion models can explain even costly institutions, they should be more widely considered as explanations for all kinds of international institutions.
Responsiveness of hypoglossal neurons to testosterone in pre-pubertal rats.

Abstract We have shown previously that administration of testosterone propionate (TP) to adult rats accelerated regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve. This study was made to determine whether TP had a similar effect in pre-pubertal rats, in order to establish the ontogeny of the responsiveness of the hypoglossal neurons to androgenic stimulation. It was found that TP significantly shortened the time course of the regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve in the 4-weeks old but not in the 2- and 3-weeks old rats; and that males of 4-weeks of age responded to TP a few days earlier than females of the same age. The possible causes of the failure of the hypoglossal neurons of younger ages to respond to TP were discussed.
Politics and Care: A Study of Czech Americans Within Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality:

The domain of inquiry for this study was the influence of the American political environmental context on professional and generic care patterns, expressions, and meanings of Czech American immigrants. The purpose of the research was to document, describe, interpret, and analyze the diversities and universalities of professional and generic care for this cultural group, to provide culturally congruent care to Czech Americans, and to explicate the role of politics as an influence on care patterns, health, and well being. The researcher's former transcultural ethnonursing study in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1991 served as a stimulus for this in-depth study on politics and care. Twelve key and twenty general informants were interviewed. Five major themes were identified. The researcher discovered that the capitalist economic market structure of the United States influenced informant lifeways in all dimensions of Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, as depicted in the Sunrise Model. Specific care patterns discovered included care as choice, care as responsibility, and care as helping each other. Findings related to professional and generic care supported researcher predictions that generic culture care patterns would be important to immigrants. Provisions for culturally congruent nursing care were articulated based on research findings.
Political pamphlets, the society of thirty, and the failure to create a discourse of national reform during the French pre-revolution, 1788–1789

(1993). Political pamphlets, the society of thirty, and the failure to create a discourse of national reform during the French pre-revolution, 1788–1789. History of European Ideas: Vol. 17, No. 2-3, pp. 215-244.
k-out-of-n:G systems: some cost considerations

The authors provide a tool that an engineer designing a subsystem can use to decide between one subsystem and a more reliable but more costly one. The authors provide methods for selecting redundancy levels in k-out-of-n:G systems in order to minimize particular cost considerations where the k-out-of-n:G system is a subsystem of a major system. The n and k are chosen to minimize the total cost of the subsystem plus the average loss due to subsystem failure. A BASIC program is available to determine the n and k which find this minimum. Five loss functions are considered, and illustrations are given. >
India and Eastphalia

Much of the attention paid to the growth in the political, economic, and strategic importance of Asia focuses on East and Southeast Asia, with China's rise featuring most prominently in analyses. However, examination of the possible development of an international order influenced by Asian power and ideas must also include consideration of the other big, emerging Asian power—India. This article explores India's complex role in the potential dawning and functioning of an Eastphalian international system. First, we look at features of India's economic and political rise in the past ten to fifteen years in order to give the reader a sense of India's place in the shift of power and influence in international relations toward Asia. Second, we examine India's commitment to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as an ordering framework for India's worldview and foreign policy. Third, we argue that despite India's increasing geopolitical prominence, Indian leaders have failed to develop consistent and coherent strategies for India in relation to the shifts taking place in world politics and economics. Fourth, we argue that India's indecisiveness may combine with massive domestic problems the country faces, such as crippling levels of continuing poverty, to render Indian power and influence increasingly impotent in and irrelevant to the evolution of an Eastphalian world order. Fifth, we explore whether India could carve a path other than irrelevance, a path that would instead make India the indispensable nation in stabilizing the Eastphalian world. By "indispensable" we mean the country that could bridge East and West in the multipolar world this century will experience and, in the process, play a decisive role in melding the lingering promise of democracy with the stubborn imperative of sovereignty.
Decreased availability of hepatic nadph in stressed mice.

Summary Incorporation of 3 H-mevalonic acid into cholesterol is significantly impaired in liver homogenates from two inbred strains of mice when the livers are taken from mildly stressed animals. Addition of a NADPH-generating system to the homogenates reverses the stress effect almost completely in the C57BL/10 strain but only partially in the DBA/2 strain. The effect is temporally correlated with the adrenal response to the stress.
Nanocrystals as destructive absorbants for mimcs of chemical warfare agents

Abstract Hexafluoropropylene (HFP), is destructively adsorbed with specially prepared nanoscale magnesium oxide powders producing MgF 2 , CO, CO 2 and graphite. The reaction occurs best at 450 °C with a 2:1 surface oxide-to-HFP ratio. The reaction is monitored using pulsed U-tube reactors which shows the elution of large amounts of CO and CO 2 which steadily decreases as the surface oxides are depleted. The elution of small amounts of C 2 F 4 is also seen close to the breakthrough point of the reaction. The solid product is partially enclosed in graphite and has a 2:1 ratio of MgO to MgF 2 confirmed by elemental analysis. Powder XRD shows only the presence of MgF 2 in the solid, indicating the MgO has lost all crystallinity during the reaction. FT-IR of the solid during and after reaction indicates the presence of CF 2 and hexafluoropropylene epoxide as intermediates.
Nanofiltration membranes prepared by interfacial polymerization on thin-film nanofibrous composite scaffold

Abstract Nanofiltration (NF) membranes, consisting of a composite barrier layer prepared by interfacial polymerization of polyamide around the ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers (CN) layer in a thin-film nanofibrous composite (TFNC) scaffold, were demonstrated. Two interfacial polymerization pathways (termed IP and IP-R), regarding the arrangement of the aqueous and organic phases, were investigated. It was found that interfacial polymerization with the aqueous phase above the organic phase (IP-R) yielded better filtration performance, i.e., IP-R based membranes exhibited a higher MgCl2 rejection than IP based membranes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation indicated that the denser part of the barrier layer was on the CN layer surface of IP-R based membranes, whereas this portion was deeply immersed in the CN layer of IP based membranes. To investigate the structure and property relationship of the composite barrier layer, both IP and IP-R based membranes were treated with 1% trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in hexane. After treatment, the rejection of NaCl was found to increase from 74% to 91% for IP-R based membranes, while remained unchanged (∼75%) for IP based membranes. This behavior can be explained by the decrease in pore size due to the cross-linking of TMC and secondary amino groups in the barrier layer of IP-R based membranes, while the permeability in IP based membranes was probably mainly controlled by the water passage through channels formed at the interface between CN and polymer matrix in the barrier layer of IP based membranes, which is not dependent of the cross-linking reaction.
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Family Members Sensitize Nociceptors In Vitro and Produce Thermal Hyperalgesia In Vivo

Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been implicated as an effector of inflammatory pain because it sensitizes primary afferents to noxious thermal, mechanical, and chemical [e.g., capsaicin, a transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) agonist] stimuli and because NGF levels increase during inflammation. Here, we report the ability of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family members artemin, neurturin and GDNF to potentiate TRPV1 signaling and to induce behavioral hyperalgesia. Analysis of capsaicin-evoked Ca2+ transients in dissociated mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons revealed that a 7 min exposure to GDNF, neurturin, or artemin potentiated TRPV1 function at doses 10–100 times lower than NGF. Moreover, GDNF family members induced capsaicin responses in a subset of neurons that were previously insensitive to capsaicin. Using reverse transcriptase-PCR, we found that artemin mRNA was profoundly upregulated in response to inflammation induced by hindpaw injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA): artemin expression increased 10-fold 1 d after CFA injection, whereas NGF expression doubled by day 7. No increase was seen in neurturin or GDNF. A corresponding increase in mRNA for the artemin coreceptor GFRα3 (for GDNF family receptor α) was seen in DRG, and GFRα3 immunoreactivity was widely colocalized with TRPV1 in epidermal afferents. Finally, hindpaw injection of artemin, neurturin, GDNF, or NGF produced acute thermal hyperalgesia that lasted up to 4 h; combined injection of artemin and NGF produced hyperalgesia that lasted for 6 d. These results indicate that GDNF family members regulate the sensitivity of thermal nociceptors and implicate artemin in particular as an important effector in inflammatory hyperalgesia.
Early understanding of age- and environment-related noxiousness in biological kinds: Evidence for a naive theory

Abstract Four experiments evaluated whether children have a naive theory in which biological kinds, specifically foods, are distinguished by potential for decomposition. In the first two experiments, 4- through 6-year-olds judged that natural changes such as aging make biological natural kinds (BNK; e.g., apple) noxious, but do not have a comparable effect on nonbiological natural kinds (e.g., rock) or artifacts. In Experiment 3, few children were able to articulate specific biological mechanisms responsible for perceptible signs of noxiousness. But most children in Experiment 4 exhibited the more general understanding that the processes by which BNK become noxious are irreversible. In sum, young children seem to have a domain-specific theory of biological kinds, although they are unaware of the exact mechanisms operative in the domain. Children may thus develop a theory that picks out a domain of objects before the causal principles organizing this domain are fully understood.
Spin injection in metals: The bipolar spin transistor

Abstract Transport equations for spin transistor action, appropriate for realistic models of materials and interfaces, are developed from a detailed microscopic model. Experimental results from prototypes are summarized in the context of device applications. Using spin injection to study spin accumulation in superconducting films is discussed.
Stimulus-dependent deacylation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by dendritic cells.

We describe here a previously unrecognized property of dendritic cells (DCs), the ability to deacylate the lipid A moiety of gram-negative bacterial LPSs. Both immature DCs of the XS52 cell line and bone marrow–derived DCs produce acyloxyacyl hydrolase, an enzyme that detoxifies LPS by selectively removing the secondary acyl chains from lipid A. Acyloxyacyl hydrolase expression decreased when DCs were incubated with IL-4, IL-1β, TNFα, and an agonistic CD40 antibody (maturation cocktail), and increased after treatment with LPS, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, or a gram-positive bacterium (Micococcus luteus). Maturation cocktail treatment also diminished, whereas LPS treatment enhanced or maintained the cells' ability to kill Escherichia coli, deacylate LPS, and degrade bacterial protein. Enzymatic deacylation of LPS is an intrinsic, regulated mechanism by which DCs may modulate host responses to this potent bacterial agonist.
Ceramide Initiates NFκB-Mediated Caspase Activation in Neuronal Apoptosis

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of ceramide in mediating apoptosis of dorsal root ganglion neurons induced by either nerve growth factor withdrawal or treatment with the chemotherapeutic agents suramin and cisplatin. Measurement of ceramide accumulation by mass spectrometry and the diacylglycerol kinase assay revealed elevation of intracellular ceramide only in suramin treated cultures. Ceramide-mediated neuronal cell death was inhibited by the caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk. In these experimental models, ceramide accumulation mediated activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NFκB and cyclin D1 protein expression. Specific inhibition of NFκB using a molecular decoy strategy resulted in increased cell viability accompanied by diminished caspase activity and cyclin D1 expression. Inhibition of NFκB did not alter intracellular ceramide levels. Our study suggests that ceramide generation occurs upstream of NFκB activation, cell cycle reentry, and caspase activation in the neuronal death pathway.
Resolution of Closely Spaced Optical Targets Using MLE and MEM

The capabilities of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and the maximum entropy method (MEM) in resolving closely spaced optical point targets are compared using Monte Carlo simulation results for two different examples. It is found that the MEM is very sensitive to the noise and that the MLE performs better than the MEM in both examples.
Optical demultiplexing using semiconductor amplifiers

All optical demultiplexing of a 40 Gb/s signal into four channels at 10 Gb/s each and an 80 Gb/s signal into eight channels at 10 Gb/s each have been successfully demonstrated using four wave mixing and phase modulation in traveling wave semiconductor amplifiers. The latter is carried out with the amplifiers in a Mach-Zehnder configuration. Our calculations show that four wave mixing is expected to perform the demultiplexing function for signal speeds to 1 Tb/s.
Site Selection: Past and Present

Site selection has been going on since the earliest times. The process has evolved through the Industrial Revolution to the present period of exploding population and environmental awareness. Now the work must be done both with increasing sophistication and greater transparency. Modern techniques for site selection have been developed during the last two decades or so, utilizing a teachable body of knowledge and a growing literature. Many firms and individuals have contributed to this growing field. The driving force has been the need for such a process in siting and licensing of critical facilities such as nuclear power plants. A list of crucial, documented steps includes: Recognize need and identify affected population. Establish geographic service area. Conceptualize responsive project and establish project criteria (“Project Development Phase”). Describe ideal site by discipline and devise transparent ranking methods and values. Use exclusion, preference and avoidance criteria to select candidate areas and then candidate sites, always maintaining multiple sites, as diverse as possible. Investigate to establish confidence, using objective techniques to identify, evaluate and communicate uncertainties. Consult with affected population to deal with problems and reduce residual uncertainties. Select and announce site (to the surprise of no one). A recent innovation is the self-selection method developed by government. The Superconducting Supercollider serves as an example of this approach. Geological or geologically dependent factors often dominate the process. Our role as engineering and environmental geoscientists is to provide responsible leadership, consultation, and communication to the effort.
Growth factors in glomerulonephritis

A 63-year-old white male was admitted to the hospital because of renal insufficiency. He recently had been treated at another hospital for bleeding peptic ulcer disease. He had had two or three episodes of gross hematuria dating back to approximately 10 years prior to admission and had had a gradual decline in renal function over the previous 3 years, The medical history was remarkable for a previous episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to duodenal bulb ulcer, and hypertension for at least the previous 10 years that had been controlled intermittently with medication. The family history was negative for renal disease. Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 170/105 mm Hg; he was afebrile. Urinalysis showed 3+ protein; 20—30 red blood cells/highpower field, and rare white blood cells; the 24-hour urine protein was 1.6 g. Other laboratory values included blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 39 mg/dl; serum creatinine, 3.4 mg/dl; glucose, 82 mg/dl; sodium, 135 mEq/liter; potassium, 3.7 mEq/liter; chloride, 100 mEq/liter; bicarbonate, 25 mEq/liter; hematocrit, 32.5%; hemoglobin, 6.8 mg/dl; and platelet count, 340,000 mm3. The PT, PTT, and liver enzymes were normal. A repeat 24-hour urine collection revealed a creatinine clearance of 14.4 mI/mm and 2.3 g protein. The C3, C4, and CH5O were normal, and the sedimentation rate was 40 mm/hr. The rheumatoid factor and ANA were negative, as were the antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies. A renal biopsy specimen examined by light microscopy revealed 8 of 13 glomeruli to be scierosed. Three glomeruli showed mesangial hyperplasia, matrix expansion, and crescents with synechiae. Many glomerular capillaries were narrowed or obliterated. Immunofluorescent examination revealed 3+ granular IgA, 3+ LgG, and 2+ C3 deposits.
Inertial impaction of particles upon rectangular bodies

Abstract The inertial impaction theory of aerosol particles upon the upstream face of rectangular collectors is reviewed. Both the theoretically calculated and measured particle deposition concentrations across the rectangular face are variable for low values of the Stokes' number ( K K > 10). The particle collection efficiencies calculated for three potential flow models are compared with the experimental measurements. The effect of the various Reynolds' numbers (local particle, free-stream particle, and free-stream collector Reynolds numbers) on the particle collection efficiency is discussed. A unique technique for sampling and sizing atmospheric giant particles (diameter greater than 1 μ) is described.
Modeling sorption of soil organic matter on mineral surfaces: wood-derived polymers on mica

Abstract Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations were carried out on model organo–mineral composites typical of both paper products and soil. Sorption energy of neutral model linear chains of lignin, carbohydrate, and humic substances on muscovite mica depends on the mutual orientation of organic and mineral components, spatial organization and functionality of the organic chain, and the presence of metal cations. Carbohydrates are characterized by their higher affinity towards the mineral surface than the more flexible helical aromatic polymers. In the model calculations, sorption energies are twice as high. Oxidation of lignin into respective humic acids does not lead to better sorption. Unlike metal cations, water molecules interlacing between organic and mineral surfaces do not act as bridges and sharply decrease sorption energy. Flexible linear polymers may undergo drastic conformational changes when approaching the mineral surface, to ensure a gain in the interaction energy that more than compensates a loss in the conformational energy proper.
Preliminary studies of cytokine-induced functional effects on the visual pathways in the rabbit.

Abstract Epidural visual evoked potentials (VEP) were used to study the role of cytokines in the induction of pathophysiologic changes associated with inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rabbit. In normal rabbits, intraocular injection of human recombinant interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) increased the peak latency of the cortical VEP by more than 2 ms within 3 h of injection; equal volume injections of control subtances had no effect. Alterations in conduction induced by IFN-γ and TNF reversed within 24 h and could be reinduced by reinjection. Intraocular injection of recombinant human interleukin-1β (IL-1) induced a more progressive delay in conduction that peaked 24 h after intraocular challenge and reversed over the ensuing 48 h. Pathologic examination of the tissues indicated that the primary effect of these cytokines is on the vasculature and induces changes associated with inflammation. The results suggest that the acute reversible effects of cytokines on CNS function are associated with vascular events; further they support the sensitivity of the ‘rabbit eye model’ for studies on the pathophysiologic effect of inflammatory mediators on the CNS in vivo.
Renal electrolyte cycles and mechanism of nocturia in primary aldosteronism

Abstract In four patients with aldosterone-secreting adenoma the circadian cycles of Na and Cl excretion show an irregular pattern, poor day-to-day reproducibility, and are easily disrupted by postural variations. Nocturia is due to abolition of the day-time peak by upright posture; the peak is shifted to the time when the patients assume the recumbent position for the night rest. The cycles of urinary K show also an irregular contour and poor longitudinal reproducibility. Upright position, however, causes little or no decrease in K excretion in these patients, as in normal subjects. Renal hemodynamics do not correlate with the renal cycles of Na and Cl. Urinary catecholamines behave quantitatively and qualitatively as in the controls. Aldosterone excretion shows cyclical trends and no postural increase. The data do not favor a role of these hemodynamic and humoral factors in the mechanism of the cycles of Na, K and Cl excretion and of their postural changes in patients with primary aldosteronism.