cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of zero sound and the several low-temperature phases of liquid 3 He

Measurements of the attenuation of 10-MHz compressional waves in liquid3He along the melting curve reveal a sharp peak at the A transition (2.7 mK). In a magnetic field this feature splits into two attenuation peaks, separated by a temperature difference proportional to H. The shapes of these peaks, though changing markedly betweenH=0 and 1 kOe, are all consistent with the A phase being an anisotropic BCS-type superfluid and inconsistent with an isotropic gap model. Field-dependent time variations in the attenuation and various transient effects provide further clues to the nature of this phase. A third sharp attenuation peak—at the B transition (≲2 mK)—possibly represents scattering from a liquid-liquid interface. It is, in any event, consistent with an isotropic superfluid B phase. Velocity changes have been observed at both A and B transitions, indicating velocities in the B phase significantly less than that of first sound at the same pressure.
Developmental defects in Rb-deficient retinae

Abstract We recently found that the Rb protein is important for the regulation of retinal progenitor cell proliferation and rod photoreceptor development in the mouse retina. These two functions are separate for Rb and in this study we further characterize the role of Rb in retinal development. At postnatal day 12 in the retinae of Chx 10- Cre ; Rb Lox /− mice, immature cells are found in the outer nuclear layer where rods normally are differentiating. This results in alternating patches of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) that are lacking rod inputs. At this stage of development, horizontal cell processes at the outer plexiform layer do not mature appropriately and they extend into the outer nuclear layer. These disruptions in horizontal cell differentiation can persist for several weeks into the adult stage. While there are several secondary effects of the loss of Rb on retinal development including, limited cell death in the ONL, Muller glial cell activation, persistence of immature cells in the ONL, and altered nuclear morphology of cells in the ONL, we suggest that the defect in horizontal cell synapse formation at the OPL results from fewer rod inputs. Mice with other developmental defects in photoreceptor cell fate specification or glial cell activation do not exhibit a similar alteration in horizontal cell differentiation. Therefore, the retinae from Chx 10- Cre ; Rb Lox /− mice represent a unique model to study the role of rod photoreceptor inputs in horizontal cell differentiation and synapse formation.
Psychology of Mentoring: The Case of Talented College Students:

Mentoring is an important relationship that can transform talented students into elite performers. There has been limited empirical study on the psychology of the mentoring relationship. Most of the research focuses on mentee benefits, while the motivation and interests of the mentee have been relatively neglected. This study analyzed archival interview records (N = 128) from three cohorts of academically talented students who had participated in a faculty mentorship program for six semesters. A mixed-methods analysis, guided by a grounded theory approach, was used to quantitize the qualitative data. Two themes emerged from the qualitative analysis. First, 1 in 4 of the students did not feel mentored for one of three reasons. Some students were mentored by faculty outside the program. Other students did not see the need for a mentor. The rest of the unmentored students were either unable or unwilling to identify another faculty mentor. Second, selecting a profession was related to the quality of their men...
Joining the Club: A Suggestion about Genre in Early Jewish Texts

Biblical studies has traditionally worked with a classificatory or definitional approach to genre. Recent scholarship in genre studies, however, has pointed out the shortcomings of a classificatory system. Among the different theories about genre that are current in genre studies, prototype theory, derived from advances in cognitive science, offers the possibility for thinking differently about genre as a classificatory tool and about what questions we want considerations of genre to answer. Rather than listing necessary features, prototype theory focuses on the way that humans categorize through the use of prototypical exemplars that reflect an idealized cognitive model of a category. Within this approach, genres have indeterminate boundaries and can be extended to include marginal or atypical examples. This paper takes up the categories of apocalyptic and wisdom as examples of how prototype theory can be used to describe a genre, to provide a more effective way to accommodate what are usually thought of as problematic cases, and to think about the generic relations of texts to one another.
Mental disorders and subsequent educational attainment in a US national sample

As part of a larger investigation of the adverse effects of mental disorders on role functioning, we examined the associations of early-onset mental disorders with subsequent educational attainment in a large nationally representative survey of the US adult population. Diagnoses and age of onset for each of 17 DSM-IV disorders were assessed through retrospective self-report with the fully structured WHO Composite International Diagnostic Instrument (CIDI). Survival analysis was used to examine the associations between early-onset DSM-IV/CIDI disorders and subsequent termination of schooling with controls for socio-demographic characteristics and childhood adversities (i.e. childhood traumatic events, childhood neglect, parental mental illness, family disruption, and low parental educational attainment). Mental disorders were found to be significantly associated with termination of schooling prior to completion of each of four educational milestones (primary school graduation, high school graduation, college entry, college graduation), with odds ratios in the range of 1.3-7.0. The proportion of school terminations attributable to mental disorders was largest for high school graduation (10.2%) but also meaningful for primary school graduation (3.8%), college entry (4.4%) and college graduation (2.6%). These results add to a growing body of evidence documenting a wide variety of adverse life course effects of mental disorders.
A Sexual Selection Theory Longitudinal Analysis of Sexual Segregation and Integration in Early Adolescence.

The three objectives in this longitudinal study were motivated by sexual selection theory. The theory specifies the role of sexually segregated groups and the effects of dominance in male groups and relational/indirect aggression in female groups for heterosexual relationships. Using a multi-method, multi-informant, longitudinal design we studied youngsters (N=138) across their first two years of middle school. First, we examined the nature of change in segregation and dating popularity across two years during early adolescence. Second, a model derived from sexual selection theory is tested to explain the ways in which boys and girls are nominated for hypothetical dates (dating popularity). Third, we examined the role of “poke and push courtship” behavior in boys’ and girls’ dating popularity. Results indicate that although groups did not become more integrated with time, changes in peer group sexual integration co-varied dynamically with dating popularity. Secondly, dominance-related strategies were more important for boys than girls in dating popularity whereas indirect, or relational, aggression strategies were more important for girls than boys. Third, “poke and push courtship” behaviors did not influence peer group integration or dating.
Polymerization of acetylenes by zirconocene dichloride/ethylaluminum dichloride

The Cp2ZrCl2/C2H5AlCl2 system (Cp=π-cyclopentadienyl) was found to be an active catalyst for polymerization of alkynes. Both internal and terminal alkynes were polymerized by this homogeneous catalytic system. Spectroscopic observation of a zirconacyclopentadiene compound in the above reaction led to the investigation of zirconacyclopentadienes as possible reaction intermediates. The zirconacyclopentadiene on reaction with phenylacetylene produced larger zirconacycles and poly-(phenylacetylene). Apparently, the mechanism of polymerization of alkynes is by successive insertion of the alkyne into the zirconium-carbon bond, producing expanded zirconacycles, elimination of which results in the formation of a polyalkyne.
Behavioral and hormonal responses to social disruption and infant stimuli in female rhesus monkeys.

Abstract (1) Rhesus monkey mothers housed with their infants and with nonmothers (females without infants) displayed significant elevations in plasma cortisol at 3 hr after capture from their social group and rehousing in a novel isolated room. (2) Mothers showed a more rapid return to basal levels than nonmothers during a week-long adaptation period. (3) When mothers received auditory cues from their social groups, they showed only moderate initial elevations of cortisol in response to capture. (4) Infants housed with their mothers showed relatively low levels of cortisol throughout the period of adaptation to capture and rehousing. (5) Mothers separated for 2 wks from their infants showed a specificity of behavioral and pituitary-adrenal responses when their own infants and not other separated infants were subsequently presented. (6) Mothers housed with their own infants (nonseparated mothers) responded to the sight of any distressed infant upon presentation. (7) Nonmothers did not exhibit any change in cortisol levels when exposed to a separated infant. (8) Cortisol levels and behavior (except whoo calls) of separated infants did not discriminate the presence of their mothers when the infants were presented.
Neogene stratigraphy of the Avawatz Mountains between the Garlock and Death Valley fault zones, southern Death Valley, California: Implications as to late Cenozoic tectonism

Abstract Syntectonic continental strata of the Avawatz Mountains near Death Valley, California, record a minimum of 1000 m uplift and possibly 20 km dextral offset of the range since latest Tertiary time. The bedrock of the Avawatz Mountains is primarily diorite and metavolcanic rock. Uppermost Miocene and Pliocene fluvial and lacustrine strata overlying it, contain granitic and subordinant carbonate detritus but only minor amounts of sediment derived from bedrock of the Avawatz Mountains. The strata include both basin and basin-margin facies with multiple unconformities and growth structures. Associated paleocurrents emanate from the east and south. Facies studies of the strata show that during the late Tertiary, a nonmarine basin lay at the site of the present Avawatz Mountains. This basin received sediment first from the east and later from the south. Provenance analyses suggest that the Tertiary sediment was derived not from bedrock of the Avawatz Mountains but rather from the Halloran Hills and to a lesser extent, from the Soda Mountains. The Soda Mountains are presently located 10 km south of the Avawatz Mountains, while the Halloran Hills are 20 km southeast. These factors suggest that during the late Tertiary, the ancestral Halloran Hills were situated due east of the Avawatz Mountains depocenter, and have since been faulted apart. Such offset is possible if the Death Valley fault zone continues a minimum of 20 km southward of its presently-accepted terminous in the Avawatz Mountains. Quaternary fan complexes unconformably overlying the Tertiary strata are derived exclusively from bedrock of the Avawatz Mountains. Containing numerous unconformities, they were also deformed during deposition. On the north side of the range, they are prograding into the course of the Amargosa River. Their locally derived provenance indicates that the Avawatz Mountains uplifted during the latest Tertiary and were supplying large volumes of detritus for the first time. As the bedrock surface was only barely emergent during the latest Miocene and Pliocene, and it now stands 1000 m higher than Tertiary strata overlying its sides, it is proposed that the bedrock has uplifted a minimum of 1000 m since the Pliocene. Prograding alluvial fans and east-directed faulting of the range over Quaternary alluvial fans suggest that the uplift may be ongoing.
Characterization of the Plesiomonas shigelloides Genes Encoding the Heme Iron Utilization System

Plesiomonas shigelloides is a gram-negative pathogen which can utilize heme as an iron source. In previous work, P. shigelloides genes which permitted heme iron utilization in a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli were isolated. In the present study, the cloned P. shigelloides sequences were found to encode ten potential heme utilization proteins: HugA, the putative heme receptor; TonB and ExbBD; HugB, the putative periplasmic binding protein; HugCD, the putative inner membrane permease; and the proteins HugW, HugX, and HugZ. Three of the genes, hugA, hugZ, and tonB, contain a Fur box in their putative promoters, indicating that the genes may be iron regulated. When the P. shigelloides genes were tested in E. coli K-12 or in a heme iron utilization mutant of P. shigelloides, hugA, the TonB system genes, and hugW, hugX, or hugZ were required for heme iron utilization. When the genes were tested in a hemA entB mutant of E. coli, hugWXZ were not required for utilization of heme as a porphyrin source, but their absence resulted in heme toxicity when the strains were grown in media containing heme as an iron source. hugA could replace the Vibrio cholerae hutA in a heme iron utilization assay, and V. cholerae hutA could complement a P. shigelloides heme utilization mutant, suggesting that HugA is the heme receptor. Our analyses of the TonB system of P. shigelloides indicated that it could function in tonB mutants of both E. coli and V. cholerae and that it was similar to the V. cholerae TonB1 system in the amino acid sequence of the proteins and in the ability of the system to function in high-salt medium.
The Research Society on Alcoholism

Until the 1960s, the small amount of federal funding available in the alcohol field in the USA was provided by a division of the Alcohol, Drug and Mental Health Administration. In the late 1960s, the National Council on Alcoholism (NCA) joined the American Medical Society on Alcoholism (AMSA, which accepted only physicians). A group of physicians at NCA-AMSA felt that progress in our field needed the concerted effort of both physicians and nonphysician scientists, creating the Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA) in 1977. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) had been created a few years earlier. From 250 members in 1978, the RSA has grown to 1500 in 2001, with a ratio of about three PhDs (with specialities that range from gene therapy to social policy) to each MD. The society holds yearly meetings-visitors can find more information on the web page (http://www.RSoA.org). The society publishes the journal Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. RSA committees are active in presenting the most recent findings to the public and to elected representatives, and in making recommendations on areas of research that need funding.
A Combined Multi‐Material Euler/Lagrange Computational Analysis of Blast Loading Resulting from Detonation of Buried Landmines

Detonation of landmines buried to different depths in water‐saturated sand is analyzed computationally using transient non‐linear dynamics simulations in order to quantify impulse loading. The computational results are compared with the corresponding experimental results obtained using the Vertical Impulse Measurement Fixture (VIMF), a structural mechanical device that enables direct experimental determination of the blast‐loading impulse. The structural‐dynamic/ballistic response of the Rolled Homogenized Armor (RHA) used in the construction of the VIMF witness plate and the remainder of the VIMF and the hydrodynamic response of the TNT high‐energy explosive of a mine and of the air surrounding the VIMF are represented using the standard materials models available in literature. The structural‐dynamic/ballistic response of the sand surrounding the mine, on the other hand, is represented using our recent modified compaction model which incorporates the effects of degree of saturation and the rate of deformation, two important effects which are generally neglected in standard material models for sand. The results obtained indicate that the use of the modified compaction model yields a substantially better agreement with the experimentally‐determined impulse loads over the use the original compaction model. Furthermore, the results suggest that, in the case of fully saturated sand, the blast loading is of a bubble type rather than of a shock type, i.e. the detonation‐induced momentum transfer to the witness plate is accomplished primarily through the interaction of the sand‐over‐burden (propelled by the high‐pressure expanding gaseous detonation by‐products) with the witness plate.
Prevention of endothelial cell cytokine induction by a Staphylococcus aureus lipoprotein

Staphylococcal strain 8325-4, unlike other staphylococcal strains, fails to induce cytokine IL-1 and IL-6 gene expression in human endothelial cells. In the present investigation, this strain was shown to release a product that inhibited cytokine gene expression in endothelial cells infected with another staphylococcal strain. This inhibition was due to prevention of internalization, but not adherence, of bacteria by endothelial cells. Induction of endothelial cell cytokine gene expression by lipopolysaccharide was not affected by the staphylococcal supernatant. In contrast to endothelial cells, 8325-4 did not inhibit Wb-induced cytokine gene expression in monocytes. Further characterization of the inhibitory factor suggests that it is a lipoprotein and that both protein and lipid components play a role in its inhibitory function.
Microbiology and the marine limestone

There is no question but that limestone may be formed in a number of ways, nor are we yet in a position to determine the relative importance of numerous agents in the formation of the bulk of our pure and impure fine-grained, unfossiliferous limestones from the Pre-Cambrian to the Tertiary. There is plenty of field evidence as to the clastic origin of limestone, and R. C. Wells, Williams, Johnson, and others have shown the possibility of a purely physical precipitation of fine-grained calcium carbonate. Recently Parker D. Trask (Relation of calcium-carbonate content of sediments to salinity of the surface-water, abstract, Geol. Soc. Amer., p. 34, 1931) has stated that he has found “salinity to be a major factor governing the deposition of calcium carbonate.” This statement should be given serious consideration as it is founded upon 3,000 samples of shallow and deep-water marine muds collected from all parts of the world. Unfortunately, since Drew's brilliant suggestion in 1911 that bacteria might be an important factor in the precipitation of calcium carbonate, numerous investigations along this line, especially by Americans, have led to the growing belief that bacteria are a negligible factor. It would appear that these conclusions were reached largely because (a) suitable and sufficient studies of the marine muds had not been made by the American investigators and (b) because the British and Americans do not appear to have been acquainted with the important researches of certain German and Russian investigators from 1899 to date. In a recent communication by Haldane Gee (Calcium-carbonate relations in the sea-water at Tortugas, Florida, Report Com. Sedimentation, 1929–1930, p. 12) it is stated that “it was possible to precipitate calcium from sea-water by reducing its carbon-dioxide content, and without assistance of bacteria”—a fact which has been known to certain investigators for some time. It is also known that C02 may be removed not only by the blue-green algae but also by the autotrophic bacteria which function in the manner of green plants. The autotrophic bacteria were found to be common in the calcareous muds of the Bahamas. Gee's comments in relation to his bacterial studies are properly conservative and are largely in relation to the effect which bacteria may have in producing ammonia or carbon dioxide, and he states, “The calcareous muds themselves were found, qualitatively, to be decidedly reducing. This suggests the acidity of anaerobic bacteria although none has been reported to date.”
Modulation of Treg function improves adenovirus vector- mediated gene expression in the airway

Virus vector -mediated gene transfer has been developed as a treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease, a lethal inherited disorder caused by somatic mutations in the CFTR gene. The pathological pro-inflammatory environment of CF as well as the naive and adaptive immunity induced by the virus vector itself limit the effectiveness of gene therapy for CF airway. Here, we report the use of an HDAC inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), to enhance the activity of the regulatory T cells (Treg) and improve the expression of virus vector-mediated gene transfer to the respiratory epithelium. Our study demonstrates the potential utility of VPA, a drug used for over 50 years in humans as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizer, in controlling inflammation and improving the efficacy of gene transfer in CF airway.
Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Pathogens Using a Comprehensive Cervical-Vaginal Epithelial Coculture Assay

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most commonly treated female reproductive tract affliction, characterized by the displacement of healthy lactobacilli by an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. BV can contribute to pathogenic inflammation, preterm birth, and susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections. As the bacteria responsible for BV pathogenicity and their interactions with host immunity are not understood, we sought to evaluate the effects of BV-associated bacteria on reproductive epithelia. Here we have characterized the interaction between BV-associated bacteria and the female reproductive tract by measuring cytokine and defensin induction in three types of FRT epithelial cells following bacterial inoculation. Four BV-associated bacteria were evaluated alongside six lactobacilli for a comparative assessment. While responses differed between epithelial cell types, our model showed good agreement with clinical BV trends. We observed a distinct cytokine and human β-defensin 2 response to BV-associated bacteria, especially Atopobium vaginae, compared to most lactobacilli. One lactobacillus species, Lactobacillus vaginalis, induced an immune response similar to that elicited by BV-associated bacteria, stimulating significantly higher levels of cytokines and human β-defensin 2 than other lactobacilli. These data provide an important prioritization of BV-associated bacteria and support further characterization of reproductive bacteria and their interactions with host epithelia. Additionally, they demonstrate the distinct immune response potentials of epithelial cells from different locations along the female reproductive tract.
Restarted block Lanczos bidiagonalization methods

The problem of computing a few of the largest or smallest singular values and associated singular vectors of a large matrix arises in many applications. This paper describes restarted block Lanczos bidiagonalization methods based on augmentation of Ritz vectors or harmonic Ritz vectors by block Krylov subspaces.
Electric Field Scaling at a B=0 Metal-Insulator Transition in Two Dimensions.

The nonlinear (electric field-dependent) resistivity of the 2D electron system in silicon exhibits scaling as a function of electric field and electron density in both the metallic and insulating phases, providing further evidence for a true metal-insulator transition in this 2D system at $B\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$. Comparison with the temperature scaling yields separate determinations of the correlation length exponent, $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\approx}1.5$, and the dynamical exponent, $z\ensuremath{\approx}0.8$, close to the theoretical value $z\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$.
An Interleaving Structure for Guaranteed QoS in Real-Time Broadcasting Systems

Providing high-quality broadcast services for soft real-time applications over wireless networks such as CDMA2000, which have high bit error rates, requires the control of errors that occur during data transmission. Reed-Solomon (RS) forward error correction (FEC) in the medium access control (MAC) layer performs this role in 3G broadcast services. We propose new analytic models for predicting the performance of RS coding and its execution time, which take into account the memory property of a fading channel, different channel conditions, and a variable level of block interleaving. We identify RS decoding as a significant cause of variability in execution time, taking the form of jitter, which depends on the channel conditions. We analyze the size of buffer required to absorb the jitter under different channel conditions. We then formulate a trade-off between the performance of RS coding and the delay that it causes in transmitting a fixed amount of data with different levels of block interleaving. Finally, we show how to balance the quality with which content is presented against an acceptable buffering delay, which is very important to soft real-time applications, by using an adequate level of block interleaving. This study offers a guide for the provision of efficient broadcast services in real time with stochastically guaranteed quality.
Utilization of a telephone cancer information program by symptomatic people

People with undiagnosed symptoms of cancer who called the Cancer Information Service (CIS), a toll-free telephone information program, were surveyed about their experiences with the program and the effects it had on their post-call behavior. The findings indicate that 75 percent of respondents who had not contacted a health professional before their call to the CIS did so after their call and 40 percent shared the information they obtained with other people. People who contacted a health professional after their call, compared to those who did not, were more likely to have called the CIS specifically for a physician referral or because they did not know whom else to contact, to have friends with cancer, to have had their most important question answered by the CIS, to have health insurance, and to report the influence of other people on their health actions. Interestingly, only half the respondents reported that they definitely would have contacted a health professional had the CIS not been available. The CIS, therefore, might be a link between symptomatic people and appropriate health services. Even so, about one-third of the sample did not know what illness they had or were still awaiting the outcome of medical tests up to several months after their call. Although the CIS was not the only source of health information utilized by respondents, the data demonstrate the important role that telephone information serves in the secondary prevention of cancer and in the delivery of effective health programs.
E-finance: the CCMP model

This article suggests a model that extends the e-finance framework from the technology perspective and provides a basis for a more comprehensive approach to financial digitisation. Specifically, the e-finance model is comprised of four components: digital wealth creation; digital wealth collection; digital wealth management; digital wealth protection. The four components constitute the Create-Collect-Manage-Protect (CCMP) model. Extensions of Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) with CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) and web services are presented to demonstrate the value-added implications of a networked approach to business digitisation. The e-finance model offers a new view to broaden the present understanding of e-finance from the technology perspective and shapes the basis for strategic decision making.
Volumes of medial temporal lobe structures in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment (and in healthy controls)

Abstract Background: The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be difficult to make in early stages of disease. Structural neuroimaging offers a potential tool in the clinical diagnosis of AD with mild cognitive impairment. Postmortem studies indicate that early neuropathology in AD occurs in medial temporal lobe limbic structures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that assessed these volumes in mildly impaired AD patients remain inconclusive. Methods: Using MRI, we measured volumes of left and right hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior and posterior parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) in 13 AD patients with mild cognitive impairment, defined as ≥ 20 on the Mini-Mental State Exam, and in 21 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Results: The AD patients had smaller medial temporal lobe volumes, except for the right anterior PHG. Discriminant function analysis using MRI volumes produced 94% correct group classification. Conclusions: These results show that in mildly impaired A%D patients atrophy is present in medial temporal lobe structures; that MRI volumes of the anterior PHG, which contains entorhinal cortex, are reduced, but the amygdala and hippocampal volumes show greater reduction; and that discriminant function analysis using all volumes as predictors can correctly classify a high proportion of individuals.
The effect of patella preparation for total knee arthroplasty on patellar strain: a comparison of resurfacing versus inset implants.

Abstract This study was conceived to quantify variables in surgical technique that may lead to patellar fracture after total knee arthroplasty. Anterior surface strain on load-bearing cadaveric patellae was measured before and after patellar resurfacing or inset prosthesis placement. Variables studied were i) the type of prosthesis (resurfacing vs inset), ii) the depth of reaming or osteotomy during surface preparation, and iii) the overall thickness of the polyethylene/patella composite after implantation. Comparison of measured patellar surface strain patterns for the different prosthesis styles, which were implanted at varying depths, provided statistically significant data from which the following clinically relevant conclusions can be made: i) Patellar resurfacing is superior to inset prosthesis placement when comparing postoperative patellar strain (22% vs 28% increase in strain compared with preoperative values). ii) Osteotomy for patellar resurfacing is more tolerant to error by excess cutting than is reaming for inset prosthesis placement (25% vs 42% increase in strain with a 2-mm error). iii) If the ideal depth of cut or reaming is surpassed, attempts to re-create the original patellar thickness by using a thicker prosthesis are mechanically detrimental.
The cosmic supernova neutrino background

Abstract Models of cosmic chemical evolution, observations of damped Lyα systems, and faint galaxy surveys provide reliable estimates of the global star formation history of the universe to redshifts beyond unity. The associated evolution of the supernova rate can thus be determined with reasonable accuracy. Core collapse supernovae are copious sources of neutrinos, and produce an integrated neutrino flux at Earth of ∼ 10 neutrinos cm−2 s−1 for each flavor. While terrestrial and extraterrestrial backgrounds exceed this signal below ∼ 15 MeV and above ∼ 40 MeV, the intermediate energy band may allow detection of the neutrino background from supernovae, thus providing a unique tracer of the cosmic star formation history. We employ recent cosmic chemical evolution studies to derive the global supernova rate and provide a simple scheme to clearly indicate the dependencies on cosmological, galactic, and stellar evolution parameters. We estimate a typical flux ∼ 0.2 ± 0.1 cm−2 s−1 in the relevant 20–30 MeV window. This flux is significantly lower than current limits, but is potentially detectable.
A wave-competence approach to distinguish between boulder and megaclast deposits due to storm waves versus tsunamis

Abstract Size and mass of boulders and megaclast deposited from intense wave events of the past coupled with measures of depositional elevation, and transport distance are useful metrics to distinguish between tsunami or storm wave period. This outcome provides for a wave-competence scaling approach to better help distinguish between large storms and tsunamis because wave period for tsunamis and wind driven storm waves differ by an order of magnitude. However, wave-competence equations are simple linear approximations of a complex non-linear processes, hence interpretations of the results need to be taken carefully. At best they may help approximate wave forcing based on size of material transported coupled with other pieces of information gained from stratigraphy, imbrications and morphology of boulder and megaclast deposits, as well as aging techniques for temporal correlation with known storms and/or tsunamis. The focus here is to present a conceptual example of how to apply a wave-competence approach to a beach exposed to both tsunamis and major storm waves and how variance in backshore topography (hills and valleys) and source material (sea cliff erosion and scree slope development) may play into interpreting the mathematical results.
The Electronic Farmers' Marketplace: New Technologies and Agricultural Information

For upscale and younger farmers, videotex and teletext are emerging as a “best source” for relatively perishable or highly Volatile information like market prices but otherwise seem to complement rather than replace existing sources of more stable information.
THE REGENERATION OF THE BLOOD

a. The blood of apparently normal animals undergoes considerable variations within physiological limits. b. After a loss of blood the regeneration is more rapid if there has been a transfusion of an artificial serum. c. Regeneration after transfusion is less rapid during the first half of the regeneration period than during the second half. d. The regenerative processes once stimulated into activity carry the blood, qualitatively, considerably beyond the established normal. (See Plate XXXIII.) Otto (2) observed a similar phenomenon. e. The quantity of haemoglobin per volume of red blood-corpuscles is not constant. f. The volume of red blood-corpuscles varies as the product of the average volume of individual corpuscles and the number of corpuscles per unit volume. (V proportional, variant v x n). g. When the number of the corpuscles increases the size decreases, and conversely, (n proportional, variant(1/2)). h. The quantity of haemoglobin varies in general with the number of red blood-corpuscles per unit volume. (Hb. proportional, variant n).
Incorporation of Heterologous Outer Membrane and Periplasmic Proteins into Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Vesicles

Gram-negative bacteria shed outer membrane vesicles composed of outer membrane and periplasmic components. Since vesicles from pathogenic bacteria contain virulence factors and have been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells, it has been proposed that vesicles behave as delivery vehicles. We wanted to determine whether heterologously expressed proteins would be incorporated into the membrane and lumen of vesicles and whether these altered vesicles would associate with host cells. Ail, an outer membrane adhesin/invasin from Yersinia enterocolitica, was detected in purified outer membrane and in vesicles from Escherichia coli strains DH5α, HB101, and MC4100 transformed with plasmid-encoded Ail. In vesicle-host cell co-incubation assays we found that vesicles containing Ail were internalized by eukaryotic cells, unlike vesicles without Ail. To determine whether lumenal vesicle contents could be modified and delivered to host cells, we used periplasmically expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP fused with the Tat signal sequence was secreted into the periplasm via the twin arginine transporter (Tat) in both the laboratory E. coli strain DH5α and the pathogenic enterotoxigenic E. coli ATCC strain 43886. Pronase-resistant fluorescence was detectable in vesicles from Tat-GFP-transformed strains, demonstrating that GFP was inside intact vesicles. Inclusion of GFP cargo increased vesicle density but did not result in morphological changes in vesicles. These studies are the first to demonstrate the incorporation of heterologously expressed outer membrane and periplasmic proteins into bacterial vesicles.
The micro-determination of two liquid solubilities. The system phenol-water

A satisfactory micro method of two liquid solubility determinations by the method ofAlexejew has been described.
This ad’s for you: the indirect effect of advertising perceptions on salesperson effort and performance

Considerable research explores advertising’s role in influencing consumer perceptions and behavior. However, advertising’s impact on another key audience—the sales force—has been largely overlooked. Drawing from social identity and expectancy theories, and using survey and objective performance data across multiple wholesalers, the authors demonstrate that a salesperson’s perception of brand advertising has a significant effect on salesperson effort and performance by positively influencing the extent to which the salesperson identifies with the brand and his or her expectancy that such effort will generate results. These effects are moderated by internal communications and brand size. Model results suggest that advertising’s role may extend beyond “pull” to “push” by motivating salespeople to exert more effort on behalf of a brand. As a result, firms should take steps to proactively manage salesperson perceptions of brand advertising while also considering this dual role when assessing advertising effectiveness and efficiency.
Spawning behavior of Chaetodon multicinctus (Chaetodontidae); pairs and intruders

Spawning by the banded butterflyfish, Chaetodon multicinctus (Chaetodontidae) was observed on coral reefs off Kona, Hawaii. These fish occurred in male-female pairs during normal daytime activities, a behavior which is typical for the family. Courtship is also a paired male-female activity. During spawning, however, other individuals (males?) may intrude on the spawning pair. Spawning typically takes place at least a meter or two above the bottom. The spawning position consists of the male below and behind the female with his snout against the female’s ventral flank or anal fin area. Intruding individuals may join in when the pair is in position and about to spawn. Intruders line-up against the male in the same position as he is against his female. Underwater photographs are included to illustrate these behaviors.
Effect of the biochemical state of the Ca-ATPase protein of scallop sarcoplasmic reticulum on its interaction with trans-parinaric acid.

Abstract The polyene flourescent probe trans -parinaric acid (tPA) was used to compare lipid-protein interactions in the scallop fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) between biochemical states where the Ca-ATPase molecules were arranged differently in the membrane and had different tertiary comformations. The state of the bulk lipid phase was examined over the temperature range −3 to + 32°C by exciting the tPA directly at 320 nm. The state of the system close to the Ca-ATPase protein was followed over the same temperature range by indirectly exciting the tPA through resonance energy transfer from the Ca-ATPase protein, with approximately one twentyfifth the quantum yield of the directly excited probe. Raising the tPA/lipid ration in the membrane to high levels (approx. 1 : 9), caused the quantum yield of indirectly excited tPA to reach a maximum, which may reflect saturation of the annular lipid phase with the probe, or contribution to the fluorescence from indirectly excited tPA bound directly to the protein. In the presence of 0.1 M KCl, a thermal perturbation was observed at approx. 7°C using indirect excitation when the Ca 2+ -binding sites on the Ca-ATPase were occupied, and the subunits were disorganized. This transition was not detected in the presence of 0.1 M KCl and EGTA, when the Ca 2+ -binding sites were empty, and the Ca-ATPase subunits were organized in dimeric arrays. The transition seen with the E 1 (Ca 2+ ) 2 form of the membrane may involve an event at the protein/lipid interface, or a change in the environment of tPA bound to the Ca-ATPase. The temperature at which the perturbation occurs is close to that of a discontinuity in the Arrhenius plot of the Ca-ATPase enzyme activity determined in the presence of 0.1 M KCl (Kalabokis, V.N. and Hardwicke, P.M.D. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15184–15188). No perturbation was observed in the bulk properties of the lipid component of the membrane in either the E 1 (Ca 2+ ) 2 or E 2 states.
Opioids and the apoptotic pathway in human cancer cells

This study was designed to examine the role of opioids in cell survival, with an emphasis on the mechanism of opioid growth factor (OGF, [Met(5)]-enkephalin)-dependent growth inhibition. Using three human cancer cell lines: MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma, and CAL-27 squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and OGF and the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX) at a dosage (10(-6)M) selected because it is known to repress or increase, respectively, cell replication, the effects on apoptosis (TUNEL, Annexin V) and necrosis (trypan blue) were investigated on days 2, 5, and 7 of exposure. In addition, the influence of a variety of other natural and synthetic opioids on apoptosis and necrosis was examined at a dosage of 10(-6)M. OGF, NTX, naloxone, [D-Pen(2,5)]-enkephalin, [Leu(5)]-enkephalin, dynorphin A1-8, beta-endorphin, endomorphin-1 and -2, and methadone at concentrations of 10(-6)M did not alter cell viability of any cancer cell line. Exposure of cultures to [D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Glycol(5)]-enkephalin (DAMGO), morphine, or etorphine at 10(-6)M significantly increased the number of adherent cells positively stained for TUNEL and Annexin V, as well as the number of necrotic cells in the supernatant, from control levels at all time points studied. The effects of DAMGO, morphine, and etorphine on apoptosis/necrosis were not fully blocked by concomitant administration of naloxone. Despite the increase in cell death in some opioid-treated groups, the number of apoptotic and necrotic adherent cells, and the number of necrotic cells in the supernatant, was no more than 1-2% of the total cell population. These results indicate that the inhibitory (OGF) or stimulatory (NTX) action on cell growth in tissue culture is not due to alterations in apoptotic or necrotic pathways. Moreover, although some opioids increased cell death, and dose-effect relationships need to be established, this activity was not of great magnitude and supports the previously reported lack of growth inhibition of many of these compounds.
Recreational Reading Collections in Academic Libraries

During times of increased competition for budget, staff, and space in academic libraries, providing a recreational reading collection for pleasure and current awareness can be seen as difficult to justify. Recent studies, including Reading at Risk, raise concerns about the literary reading practices of college students. A year after the creation of a recreational reading collection at the University of Northern Colorado Libraries, a preliminary survey was conducted to gauge reaction of college students to the availability of recreational reading materials in their academic library.
Ultrasound guided piriformis injection with confirmation of needle placement through electromyography.

Dear Editor: Piriformis syndrome is a controversial topic that consists of a constellation of symptoms that may mimic spondylosis, radiculopathy, sacroiliac joint pain, and facet arthropathy [1]. One of the modalities of piriformis syndrome treatment is direct injection of medication into the piriformis muscle belly [2]. Previous authors have reported various methods in performing piriformis injections: fluoroscopically, motor stimulation, and most recently, ultrasound (US) guidance [3–5]. We describe a case presentation and, to our knowledge, the first report of combined use of US with electromyography (EMG) confirmation of muscle placement for piriformis muscle injection. A 60-year-old male presented to our clinic with lower back, left hip, and left buttock pain for 6 years. The pain was sharp in quality and radiated toward the left lateral buttock and hip. The pain was rated 6/10 at initial presentation and was aggravated by prolonged sitting, squatting, and bending over. Pain was improved with rest. On examination, the patient demonstrated mild tenderness along the left lumbar spine and paraspinal muscles, as well as tenderness to palpation in the left lateral buttock area. Straight leg raise test was positive in the left lower extremity. Motor examination revealed full …
The Hartley basis functions and transform: alternatives to plane waves and the Fourier transform

Abstract The Hartley “cas” basis functions are presented as alternatives to the well-known plane waves in electronic structure and molecular dynamics calculations. The cas functions are real, amenable to a fast transform, and thus offer the advantage of improved computational efficiency. The basis functions are tested in the calculation of the energy eigenvalues of a Morse oscillator, and are found to give results equal in accuracy to the plane waves.
Spacecraft-borne long life cryogenic refrigeration: Status and trends

The status of cryogenic refrigerator development intended for, or possibly applicable to, long life spacecraft-borne application is reviewed. Based on these efforts, the general development trends are identified. Using currently projected technology needs, the various trends are compared and evaluated. The linear drive, non-contacting bearing Stirling cycle refrigerator concept appears to be the best current approach that will meet the technology projection requirements for spacecraft-borne cryogenic refrigerators. However, a multiply redundant set of lightweight, moderate life, moderate reliability Stirling cycle cryogenic refrigerators using high-speed linear drive and sliding contact bearings may possibly suffice.
Computer communications for factory automation

Factory communications in the 1990s have all the complexity of full-fledged distributed systems. While emerging standards such as Fieldbus solve the interconnection problem, in general they do not address the more general problem of reliable, transparent communication among cooperating, distributed applications. These new applications are known to require network layer and transparent layer services to achieve reliable end-to-end communication across an arbitrary network topology. The Xpress Transfer Protocol is designed to solve this problem by providing increased functionality and performance in the general area of real-time systems control. >
Classification of nutritional status in cystic fibrosis.

Purpose of reviewNutritional status impacts on the progression of cystic fibrosis. Current guidelines recommend the use of anthropometric indicators to classify nutritional status and identify malnutrition. However, the current nutrition-classification systems are problematic. I summarize these prob