cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twister2: TSet High-Performance Iterative Dataflow

The dataflow model is gradually becoming the de facto standard for big data applications. While many popular frameworks are built around this model, very little research has been done on understanding its inner workings, which in turn has led to inefficiencies in existing frameworks. It is important to note that understanding the relationship between dataflow and HPC building blocks allows us to address and alleviate many of these fundamental inefficiencies by learning from the extensive research literature in the HPC community. In this paper we present TSet’s, the dataflow abstraction of Twister2, which is a big data framework designed for high-performance dataflow and iterative computations. We discuss the dataflow model adopted by TSet’s and the rationale behind implementing iteration handling at the worker level. Finally, we evaluate TSet’s to show the performance of the framework.
Aberrant Methylation of DNA As an Effect of Cytotoxic Agents

Hydrazine (H2N-NH2) is a strong reducing agent, widely used in large amounts as an anticorrosive agent, as an intermediate in chemical syntheses, and as a propellant fuel. The compound at a single, high dose is neurotoxic, producing convulsions and respiratory arrest; at a lower single dose, hydrazine produces marked damage to the liver and kidneys (1,2). In a number of in vitro and in vivo tests, hydrazine, at relatively low concentration (dose), was positive as a mutagen (3–7). Chronic oral administration of hydrazine, at doses which depressed growth rate, produced pulmonary carcinomas in mice (8) and hepatocellular carcinomas and lung adenocarcinomas in rats and mice (9). When administered by inhalation at four different doses to rats, mice, and hamsters for 6 hr/d, 5 d/wk for 1 yr, hydrazine (only at the maximum tolerated dose) induced microscopic squamous cell carcinomas in the nasal turbinates of rats but no tumors in mice or hamsters (10). Hydrazine is capable of reacting in vitro under severe conditions with pyrimidine bases in DNA nucleotides to form the dihydro- or 4-hydrazino-derivatives or to open the pyrimidine rings (11). No one has yet been able to demonstrate a hydrazine-DNA adduct under in vivo conditions.
Secure Semi-Blind AF relaying networks using multiple eavesdroppers

In this paper, we investigate a secure semi-blind amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying system over Rayleigh fading channels. We consider a reactive relay selection where the relay is selected based on the highest instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the second hop. We evaluate the ergodic secrecy capacity using source-assisted jamming (SAJ) and considering that relays act as eavesdroppers. In order to improve the secrecy performance, a direct link between the source and destination is considered. Numerical results are presented to verify the accuracy of the proposed mathematical analysis. Moreover, a comparison between secure semi-blind AF relaying system and secure channel-state-information (CSI)-assisted AF relaying system is performed to further prove the exactness of our analysis. The proposed secure semi-blind AF relaying system has a simpler mathematical analysis and a comparable secrecy performance as compared to secure CSI-assisted AF relaying system.
All the President’s Tweets: Effects of Exposure to Trump’s “Fake News” Accusations on Perceptions of Journalists, News Stories, and Issue Evaluation

The label “fake news” was used in 2016 to describe disinformation messages disseminated during the 2016 US Presidential campaign, particularly such messages on social media sites, but the term was ...
Origins of the human B-cell lineage.

By comparing fetal and adult B-lymphopoiesis, O’Byrne et al , in this issue of Blood, identified a pre-pro-B–cell subset that marks the earliest stages of B-cell lineage commitment in utero.
Classification of tropical hardwood samples by species and geographical origin

Abstract New regulations concerning the trade in protected tropical hardwoods require a way to assess the species and the country of origin for wood samples. Rosewoods from the Dalbergia genus are heavily traded and are now one of the wood sources that are controlled. While may efforts have been reported on characterization of the species of Dalbergia samples, none has investigated the feasibility of providing probable provenance of the sample by locating the country where the tree grew. This study reports use of several well-known classifiers applied to data from an extensive elemental analysis and isotope ratio analysis of 239 curated samples of wood from the genus Dalbergia. The species and the country of origin can be identified with about 90% balanced accuracy.
Tales of Trauma: The Return of the Past in Sue Grafton's Novels

This study approaches Sue Grafton's ‘Alphabet Series’ with attention to the concept of trauma and the repetition it entails. Trauma is linked to the past but the symptoms manifest themselves, repea...
Genomic Analyses of Globodera pallida, A Quarantine Agricultural Pathogen in Idaho.

Globodera pallida is among the most significant plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, causing major damage to potato production. Since it was discovered in Idaho in 2006, eradication efforts have aimed to contain and eradicate G. pallida through phytosanitary action and soil fumigation. In this study, we investigated genome-wide patterns of G. pallida genetic variation across Idaho fields to evaluate whether the infestation resulted from a single or multiple introduction(s) and to investigate potential evolutionary responses since the time of infestation. A total of 53 G. pallida samples (~1,042,000 individuals) were collected and analyzed, representing five different fields in Idaho, a greenhouse population, and a field in Scotland that was used for external comparison. According to genome-wide allele frequency and fixation index (Fst) analyses, most of the genetic variation was shared among the G. pallida populations in Idaho fields pre-fumigation, indicating that the infestation likely resulted from a single introduction. Temporal patterns of genome-wide polymorphisms involving (1) pre-fumigation field samples collected in 2007 and 2014 and (2) pre- and post-fumigation samples revealed nucleotide variants (SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms) with significantly differentiated allele frequencies indicating genetic differentiation. This study provides insights into the genetic origins and adaptive potential of G. pallida invading new environments.
Partial Differential Equations

The field of partial differential equations is arguably the workhorse of applied mathematics. While the field is steeped with a rich and fruitful history supporting volumes of research, our modest goal is to present a couple of the standard models and to show how to solve them with introductory methods. We encourage those who are interested to pursue further coursework in numerical analysis and computational science.
Cash versus Kind: Benchmarking a Child Nutrition Program against Unconditional Cash Transfers in Rwanda

Author(s): McIntosh, Craig; Zeitlin, Andrew | Abstract: We benchmark a multi-dimensional child nutrition intervention against an unconditional cash transfer of equal cost. Randomized variation in transfer amounts allows us to estimate impacts of cash transfers at expenditure levels equivalent to the in-kind program, as well as to estimate the return to increasing cash transfer values. While neither the in-kind program nor a cost-equivalent transfer costing $124 per household moves core child outcomes within a year, cash transfers create significantly greater consumption than the in-kind alternative. A larger cash transfer costing $517 substantially improves consumption and investment outcomes and drives modest improvements in dietary diversity and child growth.
The nature of temporal hierarchies underlying relaxation in disordered systems

Since 1970 it was realized that dielectric relaxation in many glasses and polymers followed the stretched exponential law. Since then this expression has enjoyed a wide applicability characterizing various types of relaxation (NMR, mechanical, optical correlation, and dielectric) in many complex random materials. Several theories have been proposed to explain this ubiquitious behavior including i) Direct transfer on a fractal; ii) Hierarchially constrained dynamics; iii) Fractal time defect diffusion. While the physics behind these models is radically different we have been able to cast all of these models into the same mathematical form. The underlying unifying concept is a hierarchy of relaxation times broad enough to induce the time t always to appear raised to a non-integer power. This unity holds even though the physical mechanisms may provide for parallel, serial, or some other combination of relaxation paths.
Consensus Organizing: Building Communities of Mutual Self Interest

Those who teach community practice face increasing challenges preparing students to work in communities with less affordable housing; increasing disparities in income, health, and education; and gr...
Intervention Programs for Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Conclusions from a Clinical Research Perspective:

In this article, the authors consider the empirical status of batterer intervention programs (BIPs) for male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). Recent reviews have reported only small average effect sizes for BIPs, with the small number of randomized trials showing little benefit of BIP attendance in preventing future abuse. The most widely adopted BIP intervention model has little empirical justification to support this dominance, yet states with standards governing the content of BIPs often mandate this approach as a contingency for state funding. Little data exist concerning the moderators and mediators of BIP effects on IPV recidivism, and a variety of factors threaten to impede future design advancements, including "turf" battles regarding the causes of IPV and limited funding outlets. Given this discouraging summary, the authors argue that research efforts concerning BIP effectiveness should borrow the design strategies and programmatic research efforts that have proven successful in psychotherapy research, in which significant advances have been made with regard to the evaluation and validation of empirically supported treatments for a wide variety of mental health problems. They conclude by calling for a new generation of IPV researchers to work across professional boundaries in a multidisciplinary manner to design the sophisticated evaluation studies that funding agencies would readily support, and that would provide the substantive answers to the many IPV-related public health questions that remain.
Spinal Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases

The neuroimaging evaluation of patients with myelopathy is a fundamental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) application, though it can be one of the more challenging examinations from a technical, interpretative, and differential diagnostic standpoint. The common pathologic lesions responsible for producing myelopathic symptoms in patients include intrinsic and extrinsic compressive, neoplastic, and inflammatory processes. This article focuses on spinal inflammatory diseases and reviews the MR interpretative and clinical-pathologic features of several important disease entities that produce spinal inflection and intrinsic inflammatory myelopathy.
Error control for the 3D FIPWA in complex media

The fast inhomogeneous plane wave algorithm (FIPWA) was developed as an alternative to the fast multipole method (FMM). One advantage FIPWA claims over FMM is extension to layered media problems while scaling as O(N log N) in processing time and O(N) in memory. However, to the best of our knowledge, error control has been limited to lossless media problems. The paper explores the nature of the error control in lossy and active media and proposes control mechanisms for 3D problems by exploiting the integral representation of the 3D Green's function. The error for 3D FIPWA in complex media is shown to be controllable. The desired accuracy can be achieved only for large buffers in lossy media, but, in active media, the error is controllable with the excess bandwidth formula when used with an effective group size. Thus, it is believed that the 2D FIPWA offers an alternative approach to controlling the error in the 3D Green's function.
Tribo-electrochemical characterization of copper thin films

Abstract The frictional behavior of a patterned wafer during polishing depends on the applied potential. This relationship was investigated by using a tribo-electrochemical approach. Under a sweeping potential ranging from −0.5 V to 1.0 V, increase in potential caused decrease in friction coefficient. The surface roughness and porosity of the copper oxide film were analyzed as factors that affect friction coefficients by using an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS results, combined with an equivalent circuit model, showed that the resistance of copper oxide films decreased and their capacitance increased with increasing DC potential. These results indicate that the higher the DC potential, the thicker and more porous the copper oxide layer. This resulted in less contact area with the pad and less chance for abrasive particles to participate in mechanical removal, causing the decrease in friction coefficients. The in situ evaluation of the changes in copper oxide can provide helpful information for CMP or ECMP processes.
Toward the integration of psychosocial services in the general hospital. The human services department.

Abstract This article describes an innovative administrative organization for the delivery of psychologic care in the contemporary teaching hospital that, by combining services under medical leadership, takes an evolutionary step beyond multidisciplinary team approaches. The long-range goal of this organization is to provide cost-effective psychosocial services in the general hospital while maintaining the unique role contributions of the participating disciplines. To allow for informed decision making n this process, the initial step has been to establish a collaborative data base for patient and staff tracking, program planning, and evaluation.
Analysis of porcine transcriptional response to Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis suggests novel targets of NFkappaB are activated in the mesenteric lymph node.

Specific knowledge of the molecular pathways controlling host-pathogen interactions can increase our understanding of immune response biology as well as provide targets for drug development and genetic improvement of disease resistance. Toward this end, we have characterized the porcine transcriptional response to Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis), a Salmonella serovar that predominately colonizes swine, yet can cause serious infections in human patients. Affymetrix technology was used to screen for differentially expressed genes in pig mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) responding to infection with S. Choleraesuis at acute (8 hours (h), 24 h and 48 h post-inoculation (pi)) and chronic stages (21 days (d) pi). Analysis of variance with false discovery rate control identified 1,853 genes with significant changes in expression level (p-value 2) during infection as compared to un-inoculated control pigs. Down-regulation of translation-related genes at 8 hpi and 24 hpi implied that S. Choleraesuis repressed host protein translation. Genes involved in the Th1, innate immune/inflammation response and apoptosis pathways were induced significantly. However, antigen presentation/dendritic cell (DC) function pathways were not affected significantly during infection. A strong NFκ B-dependent response was observed, as 58 known NFκ B target genes were induced at 8, 24 and/or 48 hpi. Quantitative-PCR analyses confirmed the microarray data for 21 of 22 genes tested. Based on expression patterns, these target genes can be classified as an "Early" group (induced at either 8 or 24 hpi) and a "Late" group (induced only at 48 hpi). Cytokine activity or chemokine activity were enriched within the Early group genes GO annotations, while the Late group was predominantly composed of signal transduction and cell metabolism annotated genes. Regulatory motif analysis of the human orthologous promoters for both Early and Late genes revealed that 241 gene promoters were predicted to contain NFκ B binding sites, and that of these, 51 Early and 145 Late genes were previously not known to be NFκ B targets. Our study provides novel genome-wide transcriptional profiling data on the porcine response to S. Choleraesuis and expands the understanding of NFκ B signaling in response to Salmonella infection. Comparison of the magnitude and timing of porcine MLN transcriptional response to different Salmonella serovars, S. Choleraesuis and S. Typhimurium, clearly showed a larger but later transcriptional response to S. Choleraesuis. Both microarray and QPCR data provided evidence of a strong NFκ B-dependent host transcriptional response during S. Choleraesuis infection. Our data indicate that a lack of strong DC-mediated antigen presentation in the MLN may cause S. Choleraesuis infected pigs to develop a systemic infection, and our analysis predicts nearly 200 novel NFκ B target genes which may be applicable across mammalian species.
Relationships of plasma and hepatic variables with rates of plasma low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B metabolism in baboons fed low- and high-fat diets

These studies were conducted to determine relationships of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations and hepatic mRNA levels for apolipoprotein (apo) B, LDL receptor, and hepatic hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) synthase with plasma LDL apo B production and catabolic rates in baboons maintained on a low-cholesterol, low-fat chow diet and on a high-cholesterol, high-fat (HCHF) diet. Twelve baboons with LDL cholesterol levels ranging from low to high on the HCHF diet but with similar high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were selected from a colony of selectively bred pedigreed baboons. LDL apo B turnover and hepatic mRNA concentrations for apo B, LDL receptor, and HMG CoA synthase were measured on a chow diet and again on a HCHF diet fed for 14 weeks. LDL apo B fractional catabolic rates decreased and production rates increased on the HCHF diet. Hepatic mRNA concentrations for apo B were not affected by the HCHF diet. Hepatic LDL receptor and HMG CoA synthase mRNA concentrations decreased on the HCHF diet as compared with the chow diet. LDL apo B fractional catabolic rate was negatively correlated with plasma cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, LDL apo B, and LDL apo B production and positively correlated with hepatic LDL receptor and HMG CoA synthase mRNA concentrations and with plasma LDL triglyceride to cholesterol ratio on the chow diet but not on the HCHF diet. LDL apo B production was positively correlated with plasma cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and LDL apo B on the HCHF diet and negatively correlated with LDL triglyceride to cholesterol ratio on both chow and HCHF diets. Hepatic apo B mRNA concentrations were not correlated with either the fractional catabolic rate or production rate on either diet. When baboons were grouped by LDL cholesterol response, high responders had lower LDL apo B fractional catabolic rate and lower hepatic LDL receptor mRNA on the chow diet as compared with those having no or moderate response. On the other hand, high responders had high LDL apo B production on the HCHF diet as compared with those having no or moderate response. These results suggest that LDL catabolism regulates LDL cholesterol in plasma on the chow diet, and that hepatic LDL receptor mRNA concentrations are associated with LDL catabolic rate. However, LDL apo B production is the major determinant of LDL cholesterol in the plasma on a HCHF diet, and production of LDL apo B is not associated with hepatic apo B mRNA concentrations.
The effect of cataract extraction on intraocular pressure

Purpose of reviewTo review the current ophthalmic literature regarding the impact of modern cataract surgery on intraocular pressure (IOP).Recent findingsMany articles in the literature demonstrate a modest, long-lasting decrease in IOP following phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular
Architectural Support and Mechanisms for Object Caching in Dynamic Multithreaded Computations

High-level parallel programming models supporting dynamic fine-grained threads in a global object space are becoming increasingly popular for expressing irregular applications based on sophisticated adaptive algorithms and pointer-based data structures. However, implementing these multithreaded computations on scalable parallel machines poses significant challenges, particularly with respect to object caching. Object caching techniques must be able to tolerate unresponsive processors and protocol handler occupancy delays. This paper examines whether these challenges can be offset by leveraging responsive general-purpose communication architectural features (such as remote memory access and atomic operations), possibly compensating for the lack of more sophisticated hardware primitives by relying upon increased involvement of the run-time system and the compiler. A detailed performance analysis of four irregular applications, using the Illinois Concert System on the Cray T3D and the SGI Origin 2000, finds that existing software distributed shared memory (DSM) systems are capable of delivering good performance only in the presence of a high level of responsive communication architecture support (specifically, support for remote atomic operations). Recognizing that this situation stems from the synchronous request?reply nature of DSM protocols, we present a composable object caching framework, called view caching, which exploits knowledge of application data access semantics to construct custom protocols that require reduced processor synchronization. View caching protocols are more tolerant to responsiveness and occupancy delays and are able to exploit even lower level responsive communication primitives (such as nonatomic remote memory accesses) for a performance benefit.
Relationships as a “Three-Legged Sack Race”:

The authors introduce the “three-legged sack race” as a metaphor for three contrasting ways of describing a couple’s relationship. The interdependent model has the inside two legs of the couple att...
Applications of MEMS in segmented mirror space telescopes

Development of space telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Telescope has been very challenging in terms of cost, schedule, and performance. For several future space missions, larger aperture and lightweight deployable mirrors, in the range of 10-20 meters in diameter with high surface accuracy, are required. In order to achieve lightweight, reduce cost for development and provide performance robustness, actuated hybrid mirror (AHM) technology is under development. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) recently received a 3-meter diameter space telescope testbed with six segments that uses an AHM technology. This paper will discuss the work performed at NPS on the surface control of the primary mirror using adaptive optics. This paper will also discuss how we can use a MEMS deformable mirror to improve the performance of the NPS segmented mirror telescope. The high-stroke, high-order actuated MEMS deformable mirror will correct the residual alignment and surface errors that are not corrected by the actuators on the mirrors. The mirror will use electrostatic actuation to eliminate the need for power to hold its position and will be capable of open-loop, go-to positioning.
High Affinity scFv-Hapten Pair as a Tool for Quantum Dot Labeling and Tracking of Single Proteins in Live Cells

We describe a general approach to label cell surface proteins using quantum dots (QD) for single-molecule tracking. QDs coated with small-hapten modified peptides are targeted to cell surface fusion proteins containing the corresponding single-chain fragment antibody (scFv). The approach is illustrated with the small hapten fluorescein (FL) and a high-affinity anti-FL scFv fused to two different proteins in yeast and murine neuronal cell line N2a.
Inversion of Creep Response for Retardation Spectra and Dynamic Viscoelastic Functions

The basic problem addressed here is that of obtaining the unknown retardation time spectrum from experimental creep response curves. The spectrum may be a set of discrete times or it may be a spectrum characterized by a continuous distribution function. The present work employs a general model which assumes that the observed creep compliance is due to the summed effect of an arbitrary distribution of mechanisms. The analysis requires the solution of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind. It is well known that this problem is ill-conditioned so that any numerical scheme will have to involve some smoothing to obtain accurate solutions. The present work employs Butler’s method of constrained regularization which takes advantage of the fact that the solution is positive and uses data-dependent smoothing. This work indicates that the imposition of the positivity constraint makes the computation of the solution much better conditioned. Computations with the method of constrained regularization employing near-optimal smoothing demonstrate its superiority over the method of Schapery for obtaining accurate solutions when the data are very noisy.
Francis, Thou Art Translated: Petrarch Metamorphosed in English, 1380-1595

English translation of Petrarch—translation that is also metamorphosis in a manner that Petrarch would have recognized—begins with Chaucer's rendition of canticus Troili Troilus and Criseyde , an inaugural moment of lyric imitation long thought unique in Chaucer's work. Yet suggestive claims have been made that Rvf 189 was also rendered by Chaucer as Troilus' second canticus in book V, within a context inclusive of additional Petrarchan influences on Chaucer. Chaucer's versions, and their contextualization in the Troilus , had definite consequences for Petrarchan translation when it resumed with the Henrician poets Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard a century and a half later. For the Tudor poets living under the tyranny of Henry VIII the Petrarch-inspired sonnet offered a richly articulated space of private reflection that did not fail to register the pressure of court politics. Wyatt's Petrarchan translations in the Egerton manuscript represent a privileged part of his lyric production, a preference that the Earl of Surrey absorbed for his very different poetic program, one designed to exalt both aristocratic lineage and an aureate genealogy of poets including Virgil, Dante, and Chaucer along with Petrarch and Wyatt. Mediated by multiple editions of Tottel's Songs and Sonnettes between 1557 and 1594, the legacy of Wyatt's and Surrey's Petrarchan translations reached the Elizabethans with an emphasis on Petrarch's poetic supremacy that stimulated emulation by the young Shakespeare. His tragedy Romeo and Juliet threw down a challenge to Petrarch with respect to sonnet forms, sonnet rhetoric, and the typical story of enamorment, a story still discernibly affiliated with Chaucer's .
The Na+-dependent bile acid cotransporter (NTCP) is a putative target gene for the liver-enriched, orphan homeobox protein, Hex |[bull]| 581

The orphan homeobox gene Hex was first identified in hematopoetic cells. We have shown that Hex has a limited domain of expression in the developing mouse which includes the liver and biliary tree (Bogue, et al; Ped Res; 1995, p336). By in situ hybridization, it is highly expressed in the liver at E9.5 and in the gall bladder at E10.5, the earliest stages at which these organs can be identified as distinct structures. At E12.5, liver parenchymal expression persists, but at this age it is higher in epithelial cells of ducts in the region of the developing bile and pancreatic ducts. Northern analysis showed that Hex expression persists in the liver into adult life. Furthermore, in situ analysis of adult liver showed a homogeneous pattern of expression. We began to evaluate a potential late, liver-specific function for Hex. To determine which cell types in the liver express Hex, we separately isolated adult rat hepatocytes and cholangiocytes and performed RT-PCR using primers specific for the mouse cDNA sequence. Both rat hepatocytes and cholangiocytes expressed Hex. Additionally, RT-PCR with primers specific for human HEX demonstrated expression in human liver and HepG2 cells. In order to determine if Hex protein can trans-activate a developmentally-regulated liver-specific promoter, we co-transfected a CMV-driven mouse Hex cDNA construct(pCMVHex) with a luciferase reporter plasmid driven by the rat NTCP promoter(JBC 271:15211, 1996). Activity in HepG2 cells of a 1.3 kb 5'-upstream fragment (nt -1237/+47) from the rat NTCP gene promoter was enhanced 3-5 fold by co-transfected pCMVHex. Co-transfection with a plasmid consisting of vector alone did not alter reporter gene activity. Moreover, pCMVHex did not affect activity of an SV40 promoter-driven luciferase construct. Finally, 5'-deletion analysis of the rat NTCP promoter localized a Hex-response element between-758 and -158 nt from the start of NTCP transcription. We conclude that regulation of NTCP transcription is a potential liver-specific function of Hex. Experiments are ongoing to finely map the Hex response element in the NTCP promoter and to better define the role of Hex in liver development.
Novel forms of copper–metallothionein and anti-oxidant defense enzymes in crustacea that use copper for oxygen transport

Abstract Copper is an essential, but potentially toxic, metal. Defense mechanisms against copper-mediated oxidative damage include sequestration of copper by metallothionein (MT) and increased levels of anti-oxidant defense enzymes. The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, has two copper-inducible (CuMT-I and CuMT-II) and two cadmium-inducible (CdMT-I and CdMT-II) MT isoforms. CuMT-I and CdMT-I are the same protein with different metals. CuMT-II is a unique copper-specific MT that cannot be induced by cadmium. CuMT-I and CuMT-II are structurally and functionally distinct proteins as evidenced by: (1) amino acid sequence; (2) modes of Cu(I)-thiolate coordination; (3) metal binding properties; (4) mechanism of Cu(I)-thiolate cluster formation; (5) interaction with glutathione; and (6) response to copper exposure. In addition to a novel form of CuMT, blue crabs have two novel anti-oxidant defense enzymes. They have replaced cytosolic CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) with a mitochondrial MnSOD that is retained in the cytosol by having an abnormal mitochondrial-targeting sequence. This phenomenon occurs in all crustacea that use copper for oxygen transport. Finally, we have characterized a novel form of extracellular SOD, which has replaced the commonly found extracellular CuZnSOD. A possible explanation for these intriguing observations will be discussed.
Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action: Rethinking English Working-Class Formation

The nineteenth-century English working class bears a most peculiar burden and embodies a most peculiar paradox. Like Auden’s academic warriors who spar with “smiles and Christian names,” historians, economists, and sociologists have pushed and prodded early nineteenth-century English working people into procrustean political positions to support or disconfirm Marx’s predictions of revolutionary class conflict erupting from the contradictions of capitalism. A Manichaean concern locks the debate into an impasse. Were early nineteenth-century workers revolutionary or reformist? Was there a class struggle in the industrial revolution? The questions remain unresolved. Yet, surely it is the history of English working peoples that has suffered from this burden of praising or burying Marxism through competing interpretations of their early stories?
The relative Dixmier property in discrete crossed products

On etudie la propriete de Dixmier relative. On fixe une certaine sous-algebre N de l'algebre de von Neumann M et on considere pour x∈M l'intersection de K(x)=ω{vxv*/v∈U(N)} avec le commutant N' de N
Making Better Doctors: A Survey of Premedical Interns Working as Health Coaches

We operate a decision support program in a medical center in San Francisco. In this program, postbaccalaureate, premedical interns deliver decision and communication, aids to patients. We asked whether working in this program helped these premedical interns develop key physician competencies. To measure physician competencies, we adopted the standards of the Accreditation Committee on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), which accredits residency programs in the USA. The ACGME competencies are patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and systems-based practice. We developed a survey for our program alumni to rate themselves on a scale from 0 (none) to 100 (perfect) on each competency, before and after their time in our program. The survey also solicited free-text comments regarding each competency. In June 2012, we e-mailed all 47 alumni a link to our online survey and then analyzed responses received by July 15, 2012. We visually explored the distributions of ratings and compared medians. We selected the most specific and concrete comments from the qualitative responses. Respondents (21/47 or 45 %) reported that their participation in Decision Services increased their competencies across the board. Qualitative comments suggest that this is because students accompanied patients on their clinic journeys (seeing multiple facets of the systems of care) while also actively facilitating patient physician communication. Providing decision support can improve self-ratings of crucial physician competencies. Educators should consider deploying premedical and medical students as decision support coaches to increase competencies through experiential learning.
Mindfulness based stress reduction in post-treatment breast cancer patients: an examination of symptoms and symptom clusters

To investigate prevalence and severity of symptoms and symptom clustering in breast cancer survivors who attended MBSR(BC). Women were randomly assigned into MBSR(BC) or Usual Care (UC). Eligible women were ≥ 21 years, had been diagnosed with breast cancer and completed treatment within 18 months of enrollment. Symptoms and interference with daily living were measured pre- and post-MBSR(BC) using the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory. Symptoms were reported as highly prevalent but severity was low. Fatigue was the most frequently reported and severe symptom among groups. Symptoms clustered into 3 groups and improved in both groups. At baseline, both MBSR(BC) and the control groups showed similar mean symptom severity and interference; however, after the 6-week post-intervention, the MBSR(BC) group showed statistically-significant reduction for fatigue and disturbed sleep (P < 0.01) and improved symptom interference items, compared to the control group. For the between-group comparisons, 11 of 13 symptoms and 5 of 6 interference items had lower means in the MBSR(BC) condition than the control condition. These results suggest that MBSR(BC) modestly decreases fatigue and sleep disturbances, but has a greater effect on the degree to which symptoms interfere with many facets of life. Although these results are preliminary, MBSR intervention post-treatment may effectively reduce fatigue and related interference in QOL of breast cancer survivors.
H3K9 methylation and RNA interference regulate nucleolar organization and repeated DNA stability

Investigations aimed at identifying regulators of nuclear architecture in Drosophila demonstrated that cells lacking H3K9 methylation and RNA interference (RNAi) pathway components displayed disorganized nucleoli, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and satellite DNAs. The levels of H3K9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) in chromatin associated with repeated DNAs decreased dramatically in Su(var)3-9 and dcr-2 (dicer-2) mutant tissues compared with wild type. We also observed a substantial increase in extrachromosomal circular (ecc) repeated DNAs in mutant tissues. The disorganized nucleolus phenotype depends on the presence of Ligase 4 and ecc DNA formation is not induced by removal of cohesin. We conclude that the structural integrity and organization of repeated DNAs and nucleoli are regulated by the H3K9 methylation and RNAi pathways, and other regulators of heterochromatin-mediated silencing. In addition, repeated DNA stability involves suppression of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or other recombination pathways. These results suggest a mechanism for how local chromatin structure can regulate genome stability, and the organization of chromosomal elements and nuclear organelles.
A candid conversation among government leaders and digital government scholars: addressing government's "wicked" problems through research-practice collaborations

This plenary session is a candid conversation among government leaders and digital government scholars focusing on how research and practice engagements can address the "wicked" problems of government. Connecting research and practice in the context of digital government is not new and many engagements are quite successful in terms of practical impacts and generated scholarly knowledge. This session will engage discussants in a conversation around working across sectors and disciplines to address the complex and challenging issues facing governments all over the world while producing meaningful practice results and research value.
Rayleigh linewidth measurements in liquid helium

A small-angle intensity fluctuation spectrometer has been constructed and used to measure the width Γ of the Rayleigh component of 514.5-nm light scattered from liquid helium. The techniques utilized to maximize the weak scattered signal are described. Measurements of Γ at small angles (65<θ < 104 mrad) as a function of temperature (2.6<T<4.3 K) and pressure (0.27<P<1.42 MPa) agree with predictions based on hydrodynamic theory.
Intramolecular and Intermolecular Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Fluorescent Protein-tagged Na-K-Cl Cotransporter (NKCC1) SENSITIVITY TO REGULATORY CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE AND CELL VOLUME

To examine the structure and function of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter, NKCC1, we tagged the transporter with cyan (CFP) and yellow (YFP) fluorescent proteins and measured fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in stably expressing human embryonic kidney cell lines. Fluorescent protein tags were added at the N-terminal residue between the regulatory domain and the membrane domain and within a poorly conserved region of the C terminus. Both singly and doubly tagged NKCC1s were appropriately trafficked to the cell membrane and were fully functional; regulation was normal except when YFP was inserted near the regulatory domain, in which case activation occurred only upon incubation with calyculin A. Quenching of YFP fluorescence by Cl(-) provided a ratiometric indicator of intracellular [Cl(-)]. All of the CFP/YFP NKCC pairs exhibited some level of FRET, demonstrating the presence of dimers or higher multimers in functioning NKCC1. With YFP near the regulatory domain and CFP in the C terminus, we recorded a 6% FRET change signaling the regulatory phosphorylation event. On the other hand, when the probe was placed at the extreme N terminus, such changes were not seen, presumably due to the length and predicted flexibility of the N terminus. Substantial FRET changes were observed contemporaneous with cell volume changes, possibly reflective of an increase in molecular crowding upon cell shrinkage.
A model for predicting the damage and environmental degradation dependent life of SCS-6/Timetal®21S [0]4 metal matrix composite

Abstract A method is developed herein for predicting the life of a continuous fiber titanium metal matrix composite. As a part of the research effort, the titanium metal matrix composite, SCS-6/Timetal®21S [0] 4 , has been fatigue tested at 482°C and 650°C. Additional specimens have been environmentally degraded at 700°C and then fatigued at 482°C to failure. The research focuses on initial oxygen dissolution and its effect on the life of the material. The life-limiting physical mechanisms identified from the experiments are material inelasticity, surface embrittlement, and subsequent surface cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, fiber-bridging, and eventual fiber failure. A model incorporating all of these physical phenomena has been developed herein. The model utilizes the finite element method coupled with models for material inelasticity, surface embrittlement, and crack propagation. Material inelasticity is predicted using Bodner's unified viscoplastic model. Crack propagation is modelled via the inclusion of cohesive zones. Surface embrittlement is accounted for by degrading material properties. Both monotonic and fatigue loadings have been modelled at 482°C and 650°C for degraded and undegraded specimens. Results indicate that surface crack propagation rates are significantly slower when matrix viscoplasticity is included in the model instead of elasticity. Furthermore, surface cracking in environmentally degraded specimens enhances fiber stresses compared to undegraded specimens. This difference apparently leads to the premature failure of the degraded composite.
The Liver-Enriched Inhibitory Protein Isoform of CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein β, But Not Nuclear Factor-κB, Mediates the Transcriptional Inhibition of β-Casein by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

TNF-α is a physiological regulator of mammary gland development that stimulates the growth of both normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells in primary culture and inhibits functional differentiation. To understand how TNF exerts its effects, the current study examined the mechanism by which TNF down-regulates expression of the β-casein and whey acidic protein (WAP) genes. TNF treatment markedly decreased activity of the β-casein and WAP promoters in transiently transfected HC11 mammary epithelial cells. Overexpression of the nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) p50 and/or p65 proteins increased the transcriptional activity of the β-casein and WAP promoters in HC11 cells, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of TNF on transcription of these genes is not mediated by NFκB. This was further confirmed in experiments in which an NFκB super-repressor was overexpressed, and by deletion of an NFκB binding site in the β-casein promoter. In contrast, we found that TNF induced both nuclear expression and the DNA-binding ac...
Immunocytochemical studies of subtypes of pulmonary endocrine cells in diethylnitrosamine-treated rabbits.

New Zealand White rabbits were injected subcutaneously with 20 mg/kg body weight of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), twice per week, starting when they were 1 week old. The animals were sacrificed 6 to 12 months after the first injection and lung tissues were processed for light microscopy. Using serotonin (5HT) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) as markers for the endocrine cells, tissue sections were stained immunocytochemically by the avidin-biotin complex method. Numerous neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) positive for 5HT, but negative for NSE, were seen in the alveolar duct regions of DENtreated rabbits. On the other hand, an increased number of solitary endocrine cells immunoreactive for NSE was found in bronchial or bronchiolar epithelia. The results indicate that DEN induced increases in two distinct types of endocrine cells: the component cells of NEBs are positive for 5HT and solitary cells are positive for NSE.
Titanium and Vanadium Chemistry in Low-Mass Dwarf Stars

The equilibrium gas and condensation chemistry of titanium and vanadium in M, L, and T dwarf atmospheres is computed. The calcium titanates (Ca3Ti2O7 and Ca4Ti3O10) are identified for the first time as important Ti-bearing condensates in addition to perovskite (CaTiO3) and Ti oxides in dwarf atmospheres. The chemistry of Ti is intimately coupled to that of refractory condensates containing Ca and Al, whose chemistry is much more intricate than commonly assumed. The TiO gas abundances in equilibrium with Ca3Ti2O7 or Ca4Ti3O10 are lower than the TiO gas abundances in equilibrium with perovskite. Consequently, this implies that TiO opacities are lower than previously assumed at temperatures and pressures where the new Ca titanates are stable. Vanadium condenses into solid solution with Ti-bearing condensates (as observed in meteorites) and not as "pure" vanadium oxide, as commonly assumed. The calculated TiO (gas) and VO (gas) abundances are used to constrain temperatures at the M/L dwarf transition. Adopted temperatures are 2010 K (with an upper limit of 2245 K) for M8 and 1960 K for M9. Temperatures at the beginning of the L sequence are less than 1950 K and are tentatively placed at ~1910 K for L0.
Studies of a Series of [Ni(PR2NPh2)2(CH3CN)]2+ Complexes as Electrocatalysts for H2 Production: Substituent Variation at the Phosphorus Atom of the P2N2 Ligand

A series of [Ni(PR2NPh2)2(CH3CN)](BF4)2 complexes containing the cyclic diphosphine ligands [PR2NPh2 = 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane; R = benzyl (Bn), n-butyl (n-Bu), 2-phenylethyl (PE), 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl (TP), and cyclohexyl (Cy)] have been synthesized and characterized. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the cations of [Ni(PBn2NPh2)2(CH3CN)](BF4)2 and [Ni(Pn-Bu2NPh2)2(CH3CN)](BF4)2 have distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometries. The Ni(0) complex [Ni(PBn2NPh2)2] was also synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction studies and shown to have a distorted tetrahedral structure. These complexes, with the exception of [Ni(PCy2NPh2)2(CH3CN)](BF4)2, all exhibit reversible electron transfer processes for both the Ni(II/I) and Ni(I/0) couples and are electrocatalysts for the production of H2 in acidic acetonitrile solutions. The heterolytic cleavage of H2 by [Ni(PR2NPh2)2(CH3CN)](BF4)2 complexes in the presence of p-anisidine or p-bromoaniline was used to determine the hydride donor abilities o...
Metabolic triad in brain aging: mitochondria, insulin/IGF-1 signalling and JNK signalling.

Mitochondria generate second messengers, such as H 2 O 2 , that are involved in the redox regulation of cell signalling and their function is regulated by several cytosolic signalling pathways. IIS [insulin/IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) signalling] in the brain proceeds mainly through the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)–Akt (protein kinase B) pathway, which is involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival via the maintenance of the bioenergetic and metabolic capacities of mitochondria. Conversely, the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) pathway is induced by increased oxidative stress and JNK translocation to the mitochondrion results in impairment of energy metabolism. Moreover, IIS and JNK signalling interact with and antagonize each other. This review focuses on functional outcomes of a metabolic triad that entails the co-ordination of mitochondrial function (energy transducing and redox regulation), IIS and JNK signalling, in the aging brain and in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer9s disease.