cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Veggie Project: A Case Study of a Multi-component Farmers’ Market Intervention

This case study provides an in-depth examination of process and feasibility factors associated with the development of a multi-component environmental intervention designed to increase access to fresh fruits and vegetables in four low-income, minority, urban communities with few healthy food retail outlets. The intervention, the Veggie Project, included three components: (a) onsite farmers’ markets, (b) a Super Shopper voucher program, and (c) a Youth Leader Board. We analyzed receipts from sales transactions at the farmers’ markets, close-ended surveys with participants, in-depth interviews with project stakeholders, and journal entries completed by youth participants. Thirty-four farmers’ markets occurred, resulting in 1,101 sales transactions. Financial vouchers were used to purchased 63% of the produce. All of the youth Super Shoppers came to the market at least once and made significantly more purchase transactions than adults. The farmers’ markets were never accessed by 38% of the adult Super Shoppers. The Veggie Project increased access to healthy foods, particularly among youth. More research is warranted to examine the relationship between market use and dietary behaviors as well as other factors (i.e., besides physical and economic) influencing food access among adults.
Telephone Appointment Visits for Head and Neck Surgery Follow-up Care†‡

Objectives/Hypothesis: To test the hypothesis that patients with a variety of otolaryngologic diagnoses using telephone appointment visits would be equally as satisfied as patients receiving physician office visits, the study compared telephone appointment visits with physician office visits for health maintenance organization patients who needed routine follow-up care in a head and neck surgery clinic. Study Design: Randomized, nonblinded cross-sectional study. Methods: After their initial visit to either of two head and neck surgery clinics, new otolaryngology patients were randomly assigned into treatment and control groups. Patients in the treatment group (n = 73) received follow-up care in the form of telephone appointment visits, and patients in the control group (n = 80) received physician office visits for follow-up care. Study data were collected using telephone interviews and physician tracking forms. Results: Patients receiving telephone appointment visits were significantly less satisfied with their visits than patients receiving physician office visits (X 2 = 25.4, P <.005). Patients who had physician office visits were significantly more likely than were patients in the treatment group to agree somewhat or strongly that 1) the physician addressed their questions and concerns (X 2 = 24.0, P <.005); 2) the physician provided personal care and attention (X 2 = 29.9, P <.005); and 3) the physician provided high-quality care (X 2 = 34.5, P <.005). Conclusions: Patients who received telephone appointment visits were statistically significantly less satisfied with all aspects of their follow-up appointment than were patients who had physician office visits. The study findings indicate that telephone appointment visits may not be an ideal type of follow-up visit for all patients. Despite these findings, one third of patients in the treatment group would consider receiving a telephone appointment visit for future routine follow-up care, and 21.9% had no preference, perhaps a factor indicating willingness to receive a telephone appointment for a follow-up visit.
Radiation changes in the liver, spleen, and pancreas: imaging findings.

T HE EFFECTS OF radiation on the solid viscera in the upper abdomen (liver, spleen, and pancreas) are well-known to radiation oncologists. 1-6 The clinical presentation of the effects and pathological changes in the radiated organs depend on several factors, including whether there was whole-organ or partial-organ irradiation, the dose and technique of the radiotherapy, and the length of time after radiotherapy. Radiation oncologists have always attempted to avoid complications of radiation injury by dose limitation when the whole organ is radiated, limited fields of radiation with appropriate blocking, and prolongation of the treatment period when necessary. As a result of this care, acute toxicity of major organs in the upper abdomen from radiation is rare. Radiation therapy is currently used for treatment of several solid tumors in the upper abdomen. Among these are carcinoma of the bile duct and gallbladder, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas, and lymphoma. Extended field radiotherapy is used for cervical cancer and occasionally testicular malignancies. The radiation portals for such therapy are more likely to affect the liver, spleen, and pancreas. A small portion of the anterior aspect of the liver is generally included in chest wall radiation for right-sided breast cancer. Radiation changes in these organs may then be seen in imaging studies as part of follow-up and may have no clinical significance. However, recognition of these changes is important so that they will not be mistaken for other pathological conditions. This review describes radiation changes in the liver, spleen, and pancreas, emphasizing the findings with computed tomography (CT) because CT is the most commonly used imaging modality for the follow-up of patients who have received radiotherapy to the upper abdomen.
Annotation : Outcomes in long-term foster family care

Fifty years ago the Children Act (1948) created the modern child care service in England and Wales. Then, as now, the preferred form of state-provided care for children was foster, rather than residential, care. However, the nature of foster family care has changed considerably over the past 50 years and, in some respects, so have the children fostered. Then the predominant form of foster care was long-term care, in keeping with the prevailing ideology of “rescuing” children from intolerable home conditions. Now, by contrast, foster care is a much more diverse service, and the commonest form is short-term care, which is generally understood as care intended to last less than roughly 3 months. This is in keeping with a strong ideology in both the U.S.A. and the U.K. that foster care is not parenting, and that almost all children are best off with their biological parents.
Analysis of Fabrication Processes for Photonic Crystal MEMS/NEMS Structures

Integrating photonic crystals with MEMS/NEMS structures requires a high level of fabrication analysis in order to achieve the desired outcome. Consequently, the effects of various fabrication methods on device performance must be considered.
The effect of viscosity ratio on the morphology of polypropylene/polycarbonate blends during processing

The size of the minor phase in an immiscible polymer blend can have a significant effect on properties such as the impact strength. Few studies, however, have quantitatively considered the parameters controlling the size of the dispersed phase. In this paper, light and scanning electron microscopy have been used to examine the size of the minor phase in polypropylene/polycarbonate blends after melt processing. The size was examined as a function of both the viscosity ratio (p) and the torque ratio (TR). The viscosity ratio is studied in the regions of p > 1 and p < 1. p has a marked effect on the morphology of the dispersed phase with the phase size increasing by a factor of 3 to 4 times from p = 4.5 to p = 17.3. Reduction in the size of the minor phase was achieved below p = 1 with the minimum particle size occurring at p ≃ 0.15. The results for these systems indicate the presence of upper and lower limits of p beyond which deformation becomes difficult. This is shown to be similar in some respects to the behavior of Newtonian fluids in shear flow, although the upper limit extends beyond that observed in the Newtonian fluid studies.
Correlation of follicular diameter with oocyte recovery and maturity at the time of transvaginal follicular aspiration.

Forty-four consecutive patients undergoing transvaginal follicular aspiration for in vitro fertilization underwent ultrasonic measurement of follicular diameter at the time of oocyte retrieval to determine the correlation of follicular size with recovery rates and oocyte maturity. Based on the results of 412 follicles aspirated, the data were grouped by size (≤11, 12–14, 15–17, 18–20, and ≥21 mm) and oocyte maturity. Recovery rates were significantly higher in 18- to 20-mm follicles (P<0.01) and lower in those ≤11 mm (P<0.001). The probability of retrieving a metaphase I or II oocyte was significantly lower in follicles ≤11 mm (P<0.001), somewhat higher in 12- to 14-mm follicles (P<0.01), and equally high among the other groups. There were no differences in the incidence of fractured zonas. We conclude that follicles ≥15 mm provide the highest probability of retrieving mature oocytes and the low recovery rates of mature oocytes from follicles ≤11 mm suggest that, in selected circumstances, the operating surgeon may choose not to aspirate them.
The catchment feature model: a device for multimodal fusion and a bridge between signal and sense

The catchment feature model addresses two questions in the field of multimodal interaction: how we bridge video and audio processing with the realities of human multimodal communication, and how information from the different modes may be fused. We argue from a detailed literature review that gestural research has clustered around manipulative and semaphoric use of the hands, motivate the catchment feature model psycholinguistic research, and present the model. In contrast to "whole gesture" recognition, the catchment feature model applies a feature decomposition approach that facilitates cross-modal fusion at the level of discourse planning and conceptualization. We present our experimental framework for catchment feature-based research, cite three concrete examples of catchment features, and propose new directions of multimodal research based on the model.
Identification of the GABAA receptor α-subunit mRNA in rat intestine

Abstract We investigated the expression of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptor α1-, α2- and α3-subunit mRNAs in the rat intestine using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. α1- and α3-, but not α2-, subunit mRNAs were amplified from the proximal intestine, ileum, and colon. In-situ hybridization studies demonstrated the expression of α1-subunit mRNA by myenteric neurons. GABA may be active via the GABA A receptor in the enteric nervous system.
The mini and micro as intelligent terminals

A PDP-8 has been linked by the telephone to an IBM 370 using the conventional OS/8 and CMS operating systems. Data acquired in on-line experiments are transferred, and analysis programs and batch jobs are submitted, directly from the PDP-8 disk to CMS. A subset of the system is used on an Intercept Jr. microcomputer when the PDP-8 is not free.
Diffusive dissolution in ternary systems: analysis with applications to quartz and quartzite dissolution in molten silicates

Abstract Exact solutions to equations governing isothermal diffusive dissolution of a crystalline slab in a ternary liquid were obtained to include the effect of coupled chemical diffusion in the liquid. These analytical results, supplemented by approximate solutions valid for slow dissolving, provide new insights into the characteristics of diffusive dissolution in ternary systems. Dissolution rate is proportional to square root of time in diffusive dissolution. The coefficient of proportionality is a function of diffusion coefficients, liquidus relation, melt composition at the crystal–melt interface, and compositions of the dissolving crystal and starting melt. In the limit of slow dissolving, the dissolution rate can be written in terms of three dimensionless parameters that are functions of the aforementioned parameters. Dissolution rate is proportional to the diffusion rate of the slow eigen component in the melt when the diffusion rate of the minor eigen component is much slower than the diffusion rate of the major eigen component. Laboratory experiments of diffusive dissolution of single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates of quartz in a haplodacitic melt (25 wt.% CaO, 15 wt.% Al 2 O 3 , and 60 wt.% SiO 2 ) were conducted at 1500°C and 1 GPa. Measured dissolution distances ( X b , in microns) are proportional to the square root of experimental run time ( t , in seconds), X b = −0.620 (±0.019) √ t . Chemical concentration profiles measured from quenched melts are invariant with time when displayed against the distance (measured from the crystal–melt interface) normalized by the square root of time. The melt compositions at the crystal–melt interface, extrapolated from the measured diffusion profiles in the quenched melts, are within 0.2 wt.% of the independently measured quartz liquidus in the ternary CaO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 at 1500°C and 1 GPa. These results suggest that crystal and melt are in chemical equilibrium at their interface shortly after the onset of dissolution. Diffusive dissolution of quartz and quartzite is characterized by slow dissolving. Using quartz liquidus as one of the boundary conditions, it has been shown that the calculated dissolution distances and concentration profiles are in good agreement with the experimentally measured ones. Coupled diffusion played an essential role in quartz and quartzite dissolution in haplodacitic to haplobasaltic melts, and is likely to play an important role in diffusion-limited kinetic processes such as crystal growth and dissolution in natural melts of basaltic–rhyolitic compositions.
Identification of rheumatoid arthritis patients using an administrative database: A Veterans Affairs study†

Objective The accuracy of the diagnosis is vital when administrative databases are used for pharmacoepidemiologic and outcome studies. Data pertaining to the utility of databases for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are sparse and variable. We assessed the utility of various diagnostic algorithms to identify RA patients within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) databases. Methods Using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for RA at 2 visits at least 6 months apart, we identified 1,779 patients between October 1, 1998 and September 30, 2009 in our local Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) administrative database. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) use was ascertained from the pharmacy database. Cases were analyzed based on DMARD therapy and RA codes at clinic visits. A total of 543 patients' medical records, selected by stratification and random selection on the basis of their visits, were reviewed to ascertain the clinicians' diagnoses and clinical criteria documentation. Positive predictive values (PPVs) were calculated for various database case identification algorithms using diagnosis of RA by medical record review as the gold standard. Results The PPV for identification of RA with 2 RA codes 6 months apart was 30.9%. Addition of DMARD therapy increased the PPV to 60.4%. The PPV further increased to 91.4% when having an RA code at the last VAMC rheumatology clinic visit criterion was added. An algorithm using only 2 administrative RA codes 6 months apart had a low PPV for correctly identifying patients with RA in the VHA database. Conclusion Including DMARD therapy and requiring an RA code at the last visit with a rheumatologist increased the performance of the data extraction algorithm.
State Legislative Party Competition: A County-Level Measure

This note develops a county-level measure of state legislative party competition for the periods between 1968-73, 1974-79, and 1980-85. The validity of the measure is evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis, a comparison to Ranney's state-level measure, and through an examination of the county-level data. In all cases, the county-level measure shows it is a valid indicator of party competition at the state legislative level.
Correlated evolution of interacting proteins: looking behind the mirrortree

It has been observed that the evolutionary distances of interacting proteins often display a higher level of similarity than those of non-interacting proteins. This finding indicates that interacting proteins are subject to common evolutionary constraints and constitutes the basis of a method to predict protein interactions known as mirrortree. It has been difficult, however, to identify the direct cause of the observed similarities between evolutionary trees. One possible explanation is the existence of compensatory mutations between partners’ binding sites to maintain proper binding. This explanation, however, has been recently challenged; and it has been suggested that the signal of correlated evolution uncovered by the mirrortree method is unrelated to any correlated evolution between binding sites. We examined the contribution of binding sites to the correlation between evolutionary trees of interacting domains. We showed that binding neighborhoods of interacting proteins have, on average, higher coevolutionary signal compared to the regions outside binding sites; although when the binding neighborhood was removed, the remaining domain sequence still contained some coevolutionary signal. In conclusion, the correlation between evolutionary trees of interacting domains cannot exclusively be attributed to the correlated evolution of the binding sites or to common evolutionary pressure exerted on the whole protein domain sequence, both factors contribute to the signal measured by the mirror tree approach. In addition, we showed that binding neighborhoods of interacting proteins have, on average, higher coevolutionary signal compared to the regions outside binding sites.
Software development is program transformation

Since most programmers are working on software that they did not start, their view of programming is that it is the process of converting one version of software to the next. In other words, software development is program transformation. This paper describes some of the implications of this point of view.
Earliest Steps in Primary Tumor Formation and Micrometastasis Resolved with Histochemical Markers of Gene-tagged Tumor Cells:

To facilitate detection of tumor cells at the highest resolution in any organ in athymic nude mouse model systems, a histochemical marker gene [bacterial IacZ or human placental alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] was transfected into specified transformed/tumor cells (fibrosarcoma or neuroblastoma). The fates of tumor cells were followed qualitatively and quantitatively by histochemical staining of whole organs or organ sections. Primary tumors developed initially via formation of “curly-haired” complexes of cells in the subcutis or dermis, followed by division of a large fraction of cells. When two tumor classes were mixed before injection, outgrowth occurred in regional concentrations of the primary tumor. Blood microvessels were detectable within 72 hr of injection, growing into tumor regions. IV injection routinely yielded multicellular foci in the lungs within minutes as precursors of experimental metastases. Micrometastasis was further resolved with cells “inactivated” by different treatments and by co-inj...
BN benzonitrile: an electron-deficient 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine featuring linkage isomerism.

BN Benzonitrile 2, a 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine bearing an electron-withdrawing boron substituent was prepared and characterized, and its coordination chemistry investigated; reactivity studies revealed that BN benzonitrile 2 undergoes BCN–BNC linkage isomerism upon coordination to Cr(CO)5.
Estimating Food Requirements of Striped Bass Larvae: An Energetics Approach

Abstract Oxygen uptake by larval striped bass Morone saxatilis 12–22 d posthatch was converted to joules in order to estimate daily food requirements. I measured resting metabolism (in darkness), routine metabolism (in light without food), and active metabolism (with food) in contrasting treatments (dark-light, nonfeeding-feeding). Metabolism differed significantly between nonfeeding and feeding larvae but not between nonfeeding larvae in darkness and light. Ratios of active to resting weight-specific metabolism were 1.8 and 1.9 for younger and older larvae, respectively, and were below ratios commonly cited in the literature. Larvae needed an average of 2.06 J/d to grow and support metabolism, an equivalent of 57 Artemia nauplii or 73 copepod nauplii. Oxygen uptake and ingestion were slightly higher than previously published values for striped bass, possibly due to larger respirometers and faster gut evacuation times. The proportion of ingested energy metabolized was relatively high (35–50%), suggesting ...
Conceptual Design of a System for Selecting Appropriate Groundwater Models in Groundwater Protection Programs

/ An effective groundwater protection program requires understanding of water flow and contaminant transport processes in the subsurface. Although many mathematical models have been developed to simulate the processes, few actually are used in groundwater protection programs due to the difficulties in data collection, model selection, and model implementation. This study presents a conceptual design of a GIS-supported model selection system that evaluates available data and mathematical models to facilitate groundwater protection programs. Steady-state groundwater and contaminant transport models applied in isotropic aquifers are placed into four classes to simulate conservative or nonconservative contaminant transports in simple or complex geohydrological conditions. After analyzing specific study objectives, available data, and model requirements, the proposed system selects a class of models that can be used in simulation and recommends any need for additional data collection. This study initiates an effort to integrate GIS, mathematical models, and expert knowledge in one system to promote the application of appropriate groundwater models. The new technology of GIS and digital data-base management makes it possible to develop such a system in practice.KEY WORDS: Groundwater models; Geographic information systems
Crystal structure of RCu4Ag and RCu4Al (R = Rare Earth) intermetallic compounds

Abstract Crystallographic studies have been made on the ternary rare earth intermetallic compounds RCu4Al and RCu4Ag, where R = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm. All RCu4Al compounds are found to crystallize in the hexagonal CaCu5 structure. However, in RCu4Ag series, compounds with R = Nd to Tm form in the MgSnCu4-type structure, while those with R = La, Ce, and Pr form only multiphase solids.
A prospective study of long-term intrathecal morphine in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain.

Objective To examine in a prospective manner the long-term safety and efficacy of chronic intrathecal morphine in patients with severe, nonmalignant pain refractory to less invasive modalities. Methods Forty patients with severe, chronic nonmalignant pain poorly managed by systemic medications were identified as candidates for intraspinal trial of morphine. Thirty participants reported successful pain relief during trial and were implanted with an intraspinal delivery system. Standardized measures of pain and functional status were assessed before treatment was begun and at defined intervals during the subsequent 24 months. Intrathecal opioid use and pharmacological and device-related complications were also monitored. Results The participants had a mean age of 58 +/- 13 years and a mean pain duration of 8 +/- 9 years. Fifty-three percent of the study participants were women. Pain type was characterized as mixed neuropathic-nociceptive (15 of 30 patients, 50%), peripheral neuropathic (10 of 30 patients, 33%), deafferentation (4 of 30 patients, 13%), or nociceptive (1 of 30 patients, 3%). Forty-seven percent of the patients were diagnosed with failed back surgery syndrome. Significant improvement over baseline levels of visual analog scale pain was measured at each follow-up examination after implant. Overall, 50% (11 of 22 patients) of the population reported at least a 25% reduction in visual analog scale pain after 24 months of treatment. In addition, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, visual analog scale measures of functional improvement and pain coping, and several subscales of the Chronic Illness Problem Inventory showed improvement throughout the follow-up period. Pharmacological side effects were managed medically by morphine dose reduction, addition of bupivacaine, or replacement of morphine with hydromorphone. Device-related complications requiring repeat operations were experienced by 20% of the patients. Conclusion Continuous intrathecal morphine can be a safe, effective therapy for the management of severe, nonmalignant pain among a carefully selected patient population and can result in long-term improvement in several areas of daily function.
TU-D-224C-05: Validation of a Linear Accelerator Source Model and Commissioning Process for Routine Clinical Monte Carlo Calculations

Purpose: Many source models for Monte Carlotreatment planning include parameters which are difficult or ambiguous to determine. We developed and tested a straightforward source model and commissioning process for clinical Monte Carlo calculations. Method and Materials: Our commissioning process of fitting treatment planning system data includes fitting the photon spectrum, electron contamination, penumbra fluence blurring, jaw leakage, and the flattening filter effect. The energy spectrum is fit using a modified Fatigue Life Distribution multiplied by a Fermi. Electron contamination is modeled separately an exponential function, as suggested by Fippel. Penumbral blurring is modeled using a Gaussian filter. Leakage radiation is modeled as a low‐intensity wide‐field monoenergetic source. The flattening filter effect is modeled by multiplying the optimized fluence by a Gaussian reduction. The penumbra and the flattening filter are applied to the fluence map. We tested our methodology on doses produced by a Varian accelerator for 6 MV and 18 MV photons and 5×5, 10×10, and 20×20 cm2field sizes.Results: We found that nine published photon spectra of Varian, Eleckta, and Siemens linear accelerators, ranging in energy from 4 MV to 25 MV could be modeled by the Fatigue Life Distribution with a Fermi cutoff. The agreement between the TPS doses and the commissioned MCdoses were within 2%. Off‐axis energy spectrum softening was unneeded. Conclusion: We have developed a straightforward, yet flexible source modeling system. The commissioning process affords a high‐degree of automation with an unambiguous determination of the relevant parameters. Commissioning of clinical Monte Carlotreatment planning systems is facilitated by using a source model which is only as complicated as necessary to accurately simulates dose distributions. Conflict of Interest: This research was partially supported by NIH grant R01 CA90445 and a grant from Sun Nuclear, Corp.
Constraints on 17-keV neutrinos.

Recent experiments indicate that a 17-keV neutrino mixes with {nu}{sub {ital e}} with 1% probability. We discuss the constraints from neutrinoless double {beta} decay, cosmology, and astrophysics that any model possessing a 17-keV neutrino must obey. Several recently proposed models are shown to be incompatible with these constraints.
Physical and chemical properties of hydroxyflavones. V. Deuteroxyflavones from acetoxyflavones by imidazole‐catalyzed deacetylation

A recently described procedure for imidazole-catalyzed deacetylation of acetoxyflavones has been modified by effecting hydrolysis in a mixture of deuterium oxide and deuterioethanol (C2H5OD), or in deuterium oxide and deuteriomethanol (CH3OD). Application of the new procedure to monoacetoxyflavones has resulted in the monodeuteroxyflavone. 5-Deuteroxyflavone has been obtained also by hydrolysis of a rubidium salt in deuterium oxide. Imidazole-catalyzed hydrolysis of four diacetoxyflavones in a mixture of deuteriomethanol and deuterium oxide is described. Infrared spectral data are presented for the deuteration products, with emphasis on OD stretching and vibrational modes. Comparison of spectra of appropriate monohydroxyflavones and monodeuteroxyflavones permits assignment of δ (OH) bands in four hydroxyflavone spectra.
Covalent cross-linking of the NC1 domain of collagen type IX to collagen type II in cartilage.

From a study to understand the mechanism of covalent interaction between collagen types II and IX, we present experimental evidence for a previously unrecognized molecular site of cross-linking. The location relative to previously defined cross-linking sites predicts a specific manner of interaction and folding of collagen IX on the surface of nascent collagen II fibrils. The initial evidence came from Western blot analysis of type IX collagen extracted by pepsin from fetal human cartilage, which showed a molecular species that had properties indicating an adduct between the α1(II) chain and the C-terminal domain (COL1) of type IX collagen. A similar component was isolated from bovine cartilage in sufficient quantity to confirm this identity by N-terminal sequence analysis. Using an antibody that recognized the putative cross-linking sequence at the C terminus of the α1(IX) chain, cross-linked peptides were isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography from proteolytic digests of human cartilage collagen. They were characterized by immunochemistry, N-terminal sequence analysis, and mass spectrometry. The results establish a link between a lysine near the C terminus (in the NC1 domain) of α1(IX) and the known cross-linking lysine at residue 930 of the α1(II) triple helix. This cross-link is speculated to form early in the process of interaction between collagen IX molecules and collagen II polymers. A model of molecular folding and further cross-linking is predicted that can spatially accommodate the formation of all six known cross-linking interactions to the collagen IX molecule on a fibril surface. Of particular biological significance, this model can accommodate potential interfibrillar as well as intrafibrillar links between the collagen IX molecules themselves, so providing a mechanism whereby collagen IX could stabilize a collagen fibril network.
Axisymmetric disturbances in a disk galaxy

The Lin-Shu dispersion relation, with corrections to match experimental conditions and in combination with a quantization rule, permits growth rates to be calculated for axisymmetric disturbances in an axisymmetric disk of stars. Growth rates calculated this way are in reasonable quantitative agreement with recently published results from a series of numerical experiments. The agreement confirms the physical basis of the theory and demonstrates that the theory remains valid even when strained somewhat in the application to galactic models.
Photodissociation dynamics of jet-cooled H2O and D2O in the non-Franck–Condon regime: Relative absorption cross sections and product state distributions at 193 nm

Quantum state distributions for nascent OH and OD fragments generated by Franck–Condon “forbidden” 193 nm photodissociation of H2O and D2O are reported, with the two isotopomers initially prepared in their zero-point vibrational and lowest ortho/para nuclear spin allowed rotational states (i.e., JKaKc=101 and 000 in a 3:1 ratio for H2O and 1:2 ratio for D2O) by cooling in a slit supersonic expansion. Product state distributions are probed via OH/OD laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) with cylindrical mirror collection optics optimized for the slit expansion geometry, which makes photodissociation studies feasible with cross sections as low as ≈10−26 cm2. The OH and OD fragments are formed exclusively in v=0, but with highly structured quantum state distributions in rotational, Λ-doublet, and fine structure levels (2Π3/2+, 2Π1/2+, and 2Π3/2−) that exhibit qualitatively different trends than observed in previous jet photolysis studies at 157 nm in the Franck–Condon “allowed” regime. The relative OH/OD fragment yields at 193 nm indicate a 64±10 times greater propensity for OH vs OD bond cleavage in H2O than D2O, which is more than three-fold smaller than predicted from full three-dimensional quantum scattering calculations on ground (X 1A1) and first excited state (A 1B1) potential surfaces. One-dimensional semiclassical calculations of the Franck–Condon overlap matrix elements confirm these discrepancies to be considerably outside uncertainties associated with the ground and excited state potential surfaces. These results indicate that the photodissociation dynamics for this benchmark system are not yet fully understood and suggest either non-Born–Oppenheimer effects or contributions from other electronic surfaces may be important in the extreme non-Franck–Condon photolysis regime.
Current Perspectives on Statins

Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are used widely for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase competitively, reduce LDL levels more than other cholesterol-lowering drugs, and lower triglyceride levels in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Statins are well tolerated and have an excellent safety record. Clinical trials in patients with and without coronary heart disease and with and without high cholesterol have demonstrated consistently that statins reduce the relative risk of major coronary events by approximately 30% and produce a greater absolute benefit in patients with higher baseline risk. Proposed mechanisms include favorable effects on plasma lipoproteins, endothelial function, plaque architecture and stability, thrombosis, and inflammation. Mechanisms independent of LDL lowering may play an important role in the clinical benefits conferred by these drugs and may ultimately broaden their indication from lipid-lowering to antiatherogenic agents.
Mallory body‐like abnormalities in carcinomas induced by cultured transformed rat liver cells

Hepatoma cells isolated from rats after administration of a carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine, and propagated in culture, contained a genetically stable cytoskeletal abnormality resembling Mallory bodies. These juxtanuclear aggregates of intermediate-sized filaments were maintained in carcinomas produced in nude mice after inoculation of uncloned mass cultures and a cloned subculture. Paraffin and frozen sections of these tumors revealed acentric nuclei and a glassy hyalin-type cytoplasmic lesion which stained pink with hematoxylin-eosin and blue with Mallory's aniline blue stain. The cells in culture and in the tumor sections were strongly positive for γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Cryostat sections examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with antisera to purified bovine hoof prekeratin, desmosome-associated tonofilaments from bovine muzzle, and murine vimentin, as well as transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of juxtanuclear aggregates of intermediate-sized filaments. All characteristics previously reported for the tissue culture cell line were stably maintained in the tumor tissue. These results suggest that the Mallory body-containing cells frequently observed in man in alcoholic hepatitis and other degenerative liver diseases could, under appropriate environmental “promoting” conditions, be precursor cells in focal hepatocellular carcinoma formation.
Quantitative genetics of growth and development in Populus. III. Phenotypic plasticity of crown structure and function

The whole-tree leaf area of a poplar derives from three different shoot types, current terminal, sylleptics and proleptics. The response of these architectural components to two sharply contrasting environments was examined in two replicated plantations containing a cloned interspecific hybrid pedigree of Populus trichocarpa and P. deltoides that included the original parents, two F1 parents, and 375 F2 genotypes. In the warmer, sunnier, and better-watered environment of interior Boardman, Oregon, 2-year-old trees produced more, larger, and wider leaves, as well as more and longer branches, than in the cooler and more cloudy coastal conditions of Clatskanie, Oregon. Sylleptic branches were phenotypically more plastic than the other elements of the crown. Most trees produced significantly more and longer sylleptics in the near-optimal growth environment in Boardman than in the suboptimal environment of Clatskanie. In both environments, all crown traits displayed significant genotype effects in the F2 family, but for most traits, broad-sense heritabilities were statistically larger in Clatskanie (0.44–0.78) than Boardman (0.28–0.70). For all traits except for the number of sylleptics, the values of across-environment genetic correlations were significantly larger than zero but less than one, indicating that nonparallel responses of genotypes to environment had led to significant genotype×environment interactions, although some genetic basis was shared between the two environments. A nonsignificant genetic correlation of sylleptic number expressed in the two different environments suggests that the phenotypic plasticity of this trait is under strong genetic control. All architectural traits, except for branch and canopy traits of sylleptics, were correlated with growth more strongly in Clatskanie than Boardman. In both environments, contrary to observations in an earlier study, proleptic traits were better predictors of stem height and basal area growth than sylleptic traits.
School Psychology in Rural Contexts: Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues

Delivering psychological services in rural communities presents a number of unique challenges for practitioners relative to their peers in urban and suburban communities. In this article, the authors describe the current context of rural schools and examine the ethical and legal issues school psychologists may face when practicing in rural educational settings. They link these issues to the field's ethical guidelines and educational policy and offer practical recommendations for resolving potential dilemmas. Implications for practice, training, and research are discussed.
Effects of depressed mood on drinking refusal self-efficacy: examining the specificity of drinking contexts.

College students with elevated depressive symptoms are more likely to engage in risky drinking and experience alcohol-related negative consequences. Efforts to understand the association between depressed mood and alcohol use have begun to identify the role of cognitive-motivational processes. Drinking refusal self-efficacy is one such process that influences the decision to drink, but its relationship with depressed mood remains unclear. The current study sought to clarify the role of these processes using a depressed mood induction procedure in a sample of college student drinkers. Eighty-six students were randomized to a depressed or neutral mood induction and completed assessments of drinking refusal self-efficacy. Depressed mood significantly decreased self-efficacy in high-risk drinking contexts related to depression, whereas ratings of other high-risk contexts were unaffected. These findings suggest that the association between hazardous drinking and depressed mood may be due in part to the direct ...
A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF 12B–1 PLANS ON MUTUAL FUND EXPENSE RATIOS

In this paper we re-examine the effect of 12b–1 payments on mutual fund expense ratios by analyzing data from 1988 through 1991. The findings are consistent with previous studies that find charges are a dead-weight cost borne by shareholders. However, we show that this cost increases over time.
A Digitizing and Memory System for Wire Spark Chambers

A new digitizing and memory system for use with magnetostrictive wire spark chambers is described. Features include a 1000 spark per event 20 MHz shift register memory and a live CRT display of spark positions. Our design experience with state-of-the-art MOS shift registers and Schottky TTL circuits is presented, together with comments on our experience with the working system. This principle has applications in many other situations requiring the digitization and storage of the arrival times of a burst of pulses.
Headache, Cerebral Aneurysms, and the Use of Triptans and Ergot Derivatives

Background Uncertainty exists regarding the correlation between unruptured cerebral aneurysms and their role in headache etiology. It is also unclear whether surgical endovascular treatment may improve or worsen the headache, and if there are predictable factors for headache outcome such as pre-existing headache features, aneurysm characteristics, or other medical history. There is debate regarding safe treatment of migraine in patients with aneurysms, both before and after endovascular treatments. Particularly, there is hesitancy to use the triptans and ergot derivatives such as dihydroergotamine because of their vasoconstrictive effects and concern for adverse events related to the aneurysm such as aneurysmal instability and rupture. Objective To review the literature regarding the anatomy, pathophysiology, and association between headache, untreated vs surgically treated aneurysms, and the use of triptans and ergot derivatives for migraine treatment in this setting. Conclusion Associations between some headaches and aneurysms may exist. Some chronic headaches may respond to surgical aneurysm repair while others may worsen. These associations are undefined by current literature because of variable results, study methods, and limited data. Prospective studies are needed which incorporate pre- and post-procedure headache character and diagnosis, aneurysm characteristics, type of aneurysm repair, associated risk factors for worsening post-procedure headache, and ultimately combining all of these data to better predict headache outcome following surgical aneurysm treatment. Lastly, the caution and avoidance of triptan and ergot derivative use for migraine in the setting of aneurysm is not supported by the current evidence, and much of this concern may be excessive and unwarranted, although more evidence confirming safety is needed.
Transient Natural Convection From Vertical Elements—Appreciable Thermal Capacity

Natural convection transients are considered for laminar boundary-layer flow on vertical surfaces by the method previously presented. Cases are solved for elements having finite thermal capacity as, e.g., electric heaters or reactor elements. A wide range of thermal capacity is considered for fluid Prandtl numbers in the range 0.01 to 1000, for a step in internal energy generation rate. The Prandtl number effect is shown to be very small, in the generalized variables employed, and the range of thermal capacity which results in true convection transients is clearly delineated.
Experimental Studies of Artificial Batesian Mimics

1. The firefly, Photinus pyralis, has a distinctive color pattern of red, yellow, and black and is unpalatable to at least seven species of vertebrate predators. The beetle, Tenebrio molitor, is black and is palatable. 2. By using Photinus and Tenebrio and by glueing the prothorax or elytra of Photinus to the dorsal surface of Tenebrio, one can obtain insects of five different color patterns : (1) unmarked Tenebrio, (2) Tenebrio marked with the Photinus prothorax, (3) Tenebrio marked with the Photinus elytra, (4) Tenebrio marked with the Photinus prothorax and elytra, (5) unmarked Photinus. The marked Tenebrio are artificial Batesian mimics, patterned after the model Photinus. 3. Using the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, as a predator, one can determine which of the Batesian mimics will escape predation. 4. When tested together with unmarked Photinus, only the mimics marked with both the prothorax and elytra escape some predation; when tested together with unmarked Tenebrio, the mimics marked with elytra as well as those marked with both the elytra and prothorax escape some predation.
Electrophoretic assay of folylpolyglutamate synthetase activity

Abstract A method is described for the determination of the activity of folylpolyglutamate synthetase based upon incorporation of reaction products into a covalent, ternary complex with tritiated 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridylate and thymodylate synthetase followed by electrophoretic identification of the enzyme-bound polyglutamate species.
Suitability of tetrahydofuran as a dopant and the comparison to other existing dopants in dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry in support of drug discovery.

In this paper, we investigated the suitability of tetrahydofuran (THF) as a dopant and compared it against other common dopants for atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS). In a systematic analysis of 37 drug standards and 100 Wyeth proprietary drug candidates, THF was found to increase ionization efficiency as high as 33-fold when introduced through a syringe pump at a flow rate of 20 µL/min, and as high as 114-fold when introduced through the mobile phase at 100 µL/min. As a dopant, THF is as effective as acetone, better than anisole, and slightly less effective than toluene for the majority of the test compounds. The increase in ionization efficiency by THF was found to be compound-dependent. THF was more effective in facilitating the ionization of polar compounds than of non-polar compounds. With THF, toluene and acetone as dopants, a single type of molecular ion ([M+H]+ or M+•) is produced for analyte molecules. However, anisole can cause the formation of an ion cluster for polar analytes. The cluster contains [M–2H+H]+, M+•, and [M+H]+ ions with varied ratios. This complexity may make interpretation of spectra difficult for unknown compounds when complimentary data are not available. Our findings indicate that THF is a suitable dopant in the daily usage for increasing ionization efficiency, especially when THF is used as the mobile phase or as an organic modifier in the mobile phase. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption and Desorption of Atrazine, Deethylatrazine, Deisopropylatrazine, Hydroxyatrazine, and Metolachlor in Two Soils from Virginia

The objective of this study is to characterize the adsorption-desorption properties of atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), hydroxyatrazine (HA), and metolachlor in the Emporia (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludult) and Cullen (clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludult) soils. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were determined using the batch equilibrium procedure. Four solution concentrations (2.5, 7.5, 13.2, and 26.4 μmol L -1 ) were prepared of each chemical and four 24-h desorption periods at each concentration followed immediately after the adsorption process. Organic carbon distribution coefficients (K oc ) ranged from 140 to 234 for atrazine, 80 to 110 for DEA, 128 to 130 for DIA, 493 to 609 for HA, and 162 to 190 for metolachlor. For desorption, all chemicals exhibited hysteresis. Hysteresis was quantified : ω = [1/n ads / 1/n des - 1] x 100. Soil type affected the degree of atrazine, DEA, and metolachlor hysteresis (ω), and initial concentration had a significant effect on ω only in the Cullen soil. The amount of chemical desorbed, expressed as the percentage of the amount adsorbed, was about 60% for DEA, 43% for atrazine, 40% for metolachlor, 37% for DIA, and 31 and 17% for HA on the Emporia and Cullen soils, respectively. Soil type and initial concentration had no significant effect on the percentage of chemical desorbed except for HA. The sorption properties for atrazine and metolachlor in these soils are similar. The tendency of HA to leach will be low in these soils compared with atrazine, while the tendency of DEA to leach will be high.
One-pot synthesis of reverse type-I In2O3@In2S3 core-shell nanoparticles.

A novel method to one-pot-synthesize high-quality In2O3@In2S3 core–shell nanoparticles, consisting of a step of reducing In2O3 core surface into a layer of active indium metal in high-temperature organic solution and a step of converting this layer to In2S3 using CS2, has been developed.