cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interannual variation in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of the Mattaponi River, Virginia

Seasonal and interannual variation of the stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotope composition of suspended particulate organic matter (POM) was measured in the brackish and tidal freshwater regions of the Mattaponi River, a tributary of the York River, Virginia, and a pristine end member on a continuum of anthropogenic modification within Chesapeake Bay. A principal components analysis indicated that seasonal variation was related to physical mixing and river discharge. Freshwater POM had high C : N (.12), depleted particulate organic carbon isotopic composition (d13CPOC, 226% to 230%), and depleted particulate nitrogen isotopic composition (d15NPN, 2–10%) compared to brackish water POM, which had lower C : N and enriched d13CPOC (224% to 227%) and d15NPN (7–15%). During high discharge events, the d13CPOC was enriched, the d15NPN depleted, and the C : N high relative to low discharge periods, indicating a large contribution from terrestrial-derived material. Within tidal freshwater, POM was comprised of humic-rich sediment, vascular plant matter, and phytoplankton produced in situ. Nonconservative mixing behavior was observed. Endogenously produced phytoplankton increased POC concentrations in tidal freshwater and oligohaline portions during base flows. Where estuarine and riverine POM mixed, the isotopic composition of the POM was homogenized, blurring source-specific characters observed upriver and thereby emphasizing the need to characterize the freshwater end member of estuaries carefully in order to identify POM sources. In estuaries, identifying the origin of particulate organic matter (POM) is difficult because POM is received from multiple sources, including riparian vegetation, adjacent marsh vegetation, submerged and emergent aquatic vegetation and associated epiphytes, and phytoplankton produced in situ. Early research using the stable isotope composition of estuarine POM to identify its dominant origins and fates led investigators to conclude that estuarine phytoplankton and terrestrial material were the major contributors to estuarine organic matter (OM; dissolved and particulate fractions) and that these sources
THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SEVERE CHRONIC RETENTION WITHOUT LARGE DIVERTICULA1

SUMMARY 1. Large amounts of residual urine in the bladder can be eliminated or considerably reduced by invaginating the apex and dome of the bladder, provided the cause of the condition has been removed. The muscles of the invaginated portion must be firmly sutured together. In order to carry out this operation the peritoneal cavity must be opened. 2. It is believed that the muscles of the invaginated bladder wall have a detrusor action, which is in part responsible for the good results obtained. 3. The operation has a use in chronic retention of a neurological origin, provided the cause is removed, e.g., excision of a tumour of the cauda equina. The operation corrects the result of chronic over–stretching of the muscle fibres, mucous membrane, etc., which has resulted. It should have an increasing use in this type of case.
Reliability analysis framework for computer-assisted medical decision systems.

We present a technique that enhances computer-assisted decision (CAD) systems with the ability to assess the reliability of each individual decision they make. Reliability assessment is achieved by measuring the accuracy of a CAD system with known cases similar to the one in question. The proposed technique analyzes the feature space neighborhood of the query case to dynamically select an input-dependent set of known cases relevant to the query. This set is used to assess the local (query-specific) accuracy of the CAD system. The estimated local accuracy is utilized as a reliability measure of the CAD response to the query case. The underlying hypothesis of the study is that CAD decisions with higher reliability are more accurate. The above hypothesis was tested using a mammographicdatabase of 1337 regions of interest (ROIs) with biopsy-proven ground truth (681 with masses, 656 with normal parenchyma). Three types of decision models, ( i ) a back-propagation neural network (BPNN), ( i i ) a generalized regression neural network(GRNN), and ( i i i ) a support vector machine (SVM), were developed to detect masses based on eight morphological features automatically extracted from each ROI. The performance of all decision models was evaluated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The study showed that the proposed reliability measure is a strong predictor of the CAD system’s case-specific accuracy. Specifically, the ROC area index for CAD predictions with high reliability was significantly better than for those with low reliability values. This result was consistent across all decision models investigated in the study. The proposed case-specific reliability analysis technique could be used to alert the CAD user when an opinion that is unlikely to be reliable is offered. The technique can be easily deployed in the clinical environment because it is applicable with a wide range of classifiers regardless of their structure and it requires neither additional training nor building multiple decision models to assess the case-specific CAD accuracy.
Nucleic acid base grafted poly(ethylenimine): Polynucleotide analog and therapeutic agent

Poly(N-acyl ethylenimine) of various molecular weights was synthesized by the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-H-2-oxazoline and 2-methyl-2-oxazoline. Acid hydrolysis afforded the linear poly(ethylenimine) which was used in the following grafting reactions. Vapor pressure osmometry, gel permeation chromatography and viscosity measurements were used to characterize the polymers synthesized. Potassium 2-(cytos-l-yl) propanoate and potassium 3-(cytos-l-yl) butanoate were synthesized in good yield from thenucleic acid base. These cytosyl pendant groups were grafted onto the poly(ethylenimine) using 4-chloro-1-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl) benzotriazole, 90% graft, and norborn-5-ene-2,3-carboximido diphenyl phosphate, 70% graft. Grafting of the t-butoxycarbonyl and n-butoxycarbonyl protected cytosyl pendant groups resulted in a 47% graft. Hypochromicity studies indicated an ordered structure at the local level. The secondary structure is a base-stacked conformation. Light scattering results gave insight into the tertiary structure of the macromolecule. The polymer exists in solution as stiff chains, rod-like in nature. Continuous mixing experiments were carried out with polyribonucleotides. The Job plots indicated increased level of ordered conformation with either an increase in the molecular weight or an increase of the base to base distance in the analog. Enhancement in the base-stacked conformation was higher in the polyinosinic acid complex than that of the polyguanylic acid complex.
Is Accommodation Colorblind? Focusing Chromatic Contours:

Two adjacent regions define an edge if they differ in either color or luminance. If the difference is purely chromatic, the edge is said to be isoluminant. Isoluminant contours are often perceptually unstable. Perhaps some of this instability could be explained if isoluminant contours were difficult to bring into focus. To test this hypothesis, a vernier optometer was used to measure the accuracy of steady-state accommodation for the vertical boundary of a red—green bipartite field. This edge was presented at optical distances of 0, 1·5, 3·0, and 4·5 diopters, with brightness contrasts between the two hemifields of 0% (isoluminant), 15%, 58%, and 100%. Accommodation was essentially unresponsive to the isoluminant edge and exhibited increasing focusing accuracy with increased brightness contrast. Control experiments replicated this finding for red—orange, green—blue, and white—white fields. These results imply that luminance contrast is a necessary stimulus for monocular accommodation. Inappropriate accomm...
Molecular Dynamics Flexible Fitting of Poliovirus Structural Transitions During Initiation of Infection at Atomic Resolution

Poliovirus attaches to the surface of a host cell by binding to the poliovirus receptor (PVR). Interaction of poliovirus with PVR triggers a conformational change that converts it from the 160S to the 135S state. The 135S poliovirus particle unbinds from PVR and directly associates with the membrane to initiate cell entry. Structures of the poliovirus-receptor complex and the 135S particle are only available as cryo-electron microscopy density maps that do not resolve atomic details. However, such maps permit atomic level structural assignment when x-ray structures are flexibly matched to them, for example through molecular dynamics simulation. The respective method is called Molecular Dynamics Flexible Fitting (MDFF). A complete atomic model of the poliovirus 160S particle bound to PVR has been determined by MDFF with explicit solvent and symmetry restraints based on a 2.2 A x-ray structure of poliovirus, 3.5 A x-ray structure of the D1-D2 domains of PVR, and an 8.0 A cryoEM structure of the 160S-PVR complex. PVR is found to form extensive interactions with the core beta strands, GH loop, and C-terminus of the VP1 capsid protein. A complete atomic structure of the poliovirus 135S cell entry intermediate was also determined by MDFF based on a 9.6 A cryo-EM density map. Flexible rearrangements of the VP1 GH and VP2 EF loops are observed. Molecular dynamics simulations based on the 160S-PVR and 135S atomic structures determined by MDFF provide an opportunity to identify the pathway of the 160S-to-135S structural transition and visualize the infection process of a non-enveloped virus in full atomic detail.
Indigenous Legal Issues

Indigenous Legal Issues. Second edition. Commentary and materials by Heather McRae. Garth Nettheim. and Laura Beacroft. Sydney: Law Book Company, 1997.540 pp.
Interpolating and Sampling Sequences

In this chapter, we characterize interpolating and sampling sequences for the Fock spaces F α p . The characterizations are based on a certain notion of uniform density on the complex plane. So we will first spend some time discussing this geometric notion of density which also has applications in other areas of analysis and physics.
The probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum counteracts TNF-α-induced downregulation of SMCT1 expression and function

The major short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate is produced in the colonic lumen by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. Butyrate serves as primary fuel for the colonocytes and also ameliorates mucosal inflammation. Disturbed energy homeostasis seen in inflamed mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients has been attributed to impaired absorption of butyrate. Since sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (SMCT1, SLC5A8) has recently been shown to play a role in Na+-coupled transport of monocarboxylates, including SCFA, such as luminal butyrate, we examined the effects of proinflammatory TNF-α on SMCT1 expression and function and potential anti-inflammatory role of probiotic Lactobacillus species in counteracting the TNF-α effects. Rat intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-6 or human intestinal Caco-2 cells were treated with TNF-α in the presence or absence of Lactobacilli culture supernatants (CS). TNF-α treatments for 24 h dose-dependently inhibited SMCT1-mediated, Na+-dependent butyrate uptake and SMCT1 mRNA expression in IEC-6 cells and SMCT1 promoter activity in Caco-2 cells. CS of L. plantarum (LP) stimulated Na+-dependent butyrate uptake (2.5-fold, P < 0.05), SMCT1 mRNA expression, and promoter activity. Furthermore, preincubating the cells with LP-CS followed by coincubation with TNF-α significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of TNF-α on SMCT1 function, expression, and promoter activity. In vivo, oral administration of live LP enhanced SMCT1 mRNA expression in the colonic and ileal tissues of C57BL/6 mice after 24 h. Efficacy of LP or their secreted soluble factors to stimulate SMCT1 expression and function and to counteract the inhibitory effects of TNF-α on butyrate absorption could have potential therapeutic value.
Cocaine: A Catalyst for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Dementia

Injection drug use has been recognized as a major risk factor for AIDS from the outset of the epidemic. Cocaine, one of the most widely abused drugs in the United States can both impair the functions of macrophages and CD4+ lymphocytes and also activate HIV-1 expression in these cells. Cocaine is a multifactorial agent that acts globally to impair the functioning of brain resident cells through multiple pathways. The drug not only promotes virus replication in macrophages, microglia and astrocytes, but can also upregulate CCR5 coreceptor, and reciprocally inhibit its ligands, thereby increasing virus infectivity. Cocaine is known to modulate astroglial function and activation. Cocaine causes a myriad of toxic responses in the neurons: a) it synergizes with viral proteins, Tat and gp120 resulting in exacerbated neuronal apoptosis, b) it causes calcium mobilization and, c) generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, cocaine also exerts potent effects on microvascular permeability, thereby impacting the influx of virus-infected inflammatory cells in brain parenchyma. By amplifying the various arms of the toxic responses that characterize HIV-associated dementia (HAD), cocaine skews the balance in favor of the virus leading to accelerated progression and severity of dementia.
Relationships among metamemory, motivation and memory performance in young school-age children

This study examines relationships among young children's metamemory, effort attributions and memory-task performance. Eighty-one second and third graders participated in the study. The children were administered two study-recall memory tasks using potentially clusterable items, and questionnaires to assess memory-knowledge and effort attributions. Four path models predicting item recall, specifying strategy use at study and at recall as endogenous variables and memory knowledge and effort attributions as exogenous variables, were compared. The best-fit model specified both (1) a direct effect of metamemory on item recall, and (2) a direct effect of metamemory and effort attributions on the use of a clustering strategy during the study period, and thus an indirect effect on item recall. Additionally, the findings add support to the argument that the effects of memory influences may be culturally linked.
Pilot pharmacokinetic and dosimetric studies of (18)F-FPPRGD2: a PET radiopharmaceutical agent for imaging α(v)β(3) integrin levels.

The radiopharmaceutical agent 18F-FPPRGD2 has desirable pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties, with the latter favoring PET applications in the head, neck, thorax, and extremities.
Comparison of oxide wearout resulting from DC and pulsed charge injection

Gate leakage currents in VLSI MOS transistors can be studied using MOS capacitors which consist of a thin-oxide dielectric sandwiched between a gate electrode and the semiconductor substrate. Application of voltage to the gate can result in small amounts of current passing through the oxide film as a consequence of quantum-mechanical tunneling. This current may in time cause changes in the film's dielectric properties which result in a degradation of the capacitor's electrical characteristics. The factors governing these dielectric changes have been studied. Since actual devices operate in a pulsed rather than a DC mode, it is necessary to compare the effects observed under both conditions. >
A comparison of the binge eating scale, questionnaire for eating and weight patterns-revised, and eating disorder examination questionnaire with instructions with the eating disorder examination in the assessment of binge eating disorder and its symptoms.

Objective The current study assesses concordance between self-administered measures and a diagnostic standard for assessment of binge frequency and diagnosis of binge eating disorder (BED) in a sample of binge eaters. Method The Questionnaire for Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised (QEWP-R), Binge Eating Scale (BES), two items from the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire with Instructions (EDE-Q-I), and the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) were administered. Participants were 157 adults volunteering for a clinical study, of whom 129 (79%) were diagnosed with BED using the EDE as the diagnostic standard. Results In the identification of BED, the QEWP-R yielded a sensitivity value of .74 and a specificity value of .35. The BES yielded a sensitivity value of .85 and a specificity value of .20. Frequency of binge eating days and episodes on the EDE-Q-I correlated highly with the EDE (.65 and .48, respectively; p < .001). Discussion The accuracy of diagnosis and symptomatology among self-administered questionnaires is variable. The BES and the QEWP-R performed satisfactorily as initial screens for the diagnosis of BED, but were less accurate in identifying non-BED individuals and the frequency of binge eating. The EDE-Q-I most accurately assessed the frequency of binge eating. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 434–444, 2004.
Pretend to Defend: Executive Duty and the Demise of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'

The Constitution requires that the President “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.” This places an institutional duty on the Executive Branch to enforce federal law, at least when it is constitutional. This duty includes an obligation to mount a legal defense for a statute challenged in the courts. There has been little discussion about the propriety of a President merely paying lip service to a statute’s defense while secretly undermining it through all stages of the litigation. Does it violate a President’s sworn duty for him to “pretend to defend” a statute? In the context of the demise of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT), this Article explores that question, arguing that such a practice is constitutionally indefensible and harmful public policy.This article recaps the rise and decline of DADT leading up to President Obama’s election in 2008, while emphasizing three cases that paved the way for the critical litigation decisions made by the Obama Administration. It evaluates allegations by some critics that the Obama Administration pretended to defend DADT in court while strategically and tactically undermining the litigation. It concludes that ample evidence supports many of the critics' charges. Finally, the Article demonstrates, using specific examples from the Obama Administration’s DADT defense, how a policy of pretense harms the tripartite structure of the federal government, compromises the integrity of the government attorneys tasked with carrying out the Executive’s bidding, and undermines the interests of the public at large.
The Unobserved Relation Regressions Model with an Application to Used Truck Prices

The seemingly unrelated regressions model (SUR) contains a set of statistical equations that are related only through correlations between the stochastic disturbances [12]. The SUR model is appropriate when some of the factors that influence the disturbance in one equation are believed to influence the disturbances in the other equations [6]. It has been applied in a wide variety of empirical studies [10; 7; 1]. There is, however, a curious tension in the SUR model.' On one hand, the researcher implicitly identifies specific, unobserved variables in the statistical model. On the other hand, she assumes that these variables are part of the disturbance. In other words, they must be uncorrelated with the observed independent variables in the equations, otherwise the SUR estimates will be inconsistent.
Size-Dependent Optical Properties of Luminescent Zn3P2 Quantum Dots

In the search for more efficient semiconductors with low to nontoxicity, Zn3P2 has gained increasing interest for optoelectronic applications because of its direct band structure, high absorption coefficient, and long carrier diffusion lengths. However, the elucidation of the size-dependent optical properties in the quantum confinement regime has proven a difficult task. This report details a systematic study of the absorption and emission of alkyl-amine-passivated tetragonal Zn3P2 crystallites with varying size (3.2 ± 0.6–8.8 ± 1.3 nm) produced via hot injection of diethyl zinc and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine in high boiling alkene/amine medium. The solid-state absorption spectra of nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit substantial blue shifts in the absorption onsets (2.11–2.73 eV) in comparison to the bulk counterpart (1.4–1.5 eV) and a clear red shift with increasing NC size, consistent with the expected quantum confinement effects. The emission properties of NCs were investigated as a function of growth tempe...
Restorative Approaches to Transitional Justice: A Feminist Analysis of Alternatives to Criminal Prosecution

Transitional justice is complex in its nature and incomplete in its ability to provide redress, even in the best of circumstances. And, as the previous two chapters demonstrated, although retributive processes have proliferated exponentially in the last two decades, their usefulness — especially as they relate to addressing the conflict-related needs and experiences of women — are limited despite important progress that has been made. So, what alternative exists? Restorative justice provides some options. This chapter focuses on the extent to which two different elements of restorative justice — reparations and truth-telling — can be useful for addressing conflict-related and post-conflict needs of women in societies that have experienced a dark period characterized by violence and human rights abuses.
Salivary markers and risk factor data: a multivariate modeling approach for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma detection.

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a debilitating and deadly disease largely due to late stage diagnosis. Prior work indicates that soluble CD44 (solCD44) and total protein may be useful diagnostic markers for HNSCC. In this study we combine the markers solCD44, IL-8, HA, and total protein with demographic and risk factor data to derive a multivariate logistic model that improves HNSCC detection as compared to our previous data using biomarkers alone. Methods: We performed the solCD44, IL-8, HA, and total protein assays on oral rinses from 40 HNSCC patients and 39 controls using ELISA assays. Controls had benign diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract and a history of tobacco or alcohol use. All subjects completed a questionnaire including demographic and risk factor data. Results: Depending on cancer subsite, differences between cases and controls were found for all markers. A multivariate logistic model including solCD44, total protein and variables related to smoking, oral health and education offered a significant improvement over the univariate models with an AUC of 0.853. Sensitivity ranged from 75-82.5% and specificity from 69.2- 82.1% depending on predictive probability cut points. Conclusion: A multivariate model, including simple and inexpensive molecular tests in combination with risk factors, results in a promising tool for distinguishing HNSCC patients from controls. Impact: In this case-control study, the resulting observations led to an unprecedented multivariate model that distinguished HNSCC cases from controls with better accuracy than the current gold standard which includes oral examination followed by tissue biopsy. Since the components are simple, noninvasive, and inexpensive to obtain, this model combining biomarkers, risk factor and demographic data serves as a promising prototype for future cancer detection tests.
BECN1/Beclin 1 sorts cell-surface APP/amyloid β precursor protein for lysosomal degradation.

ABSTRACTThe regulation of plasma membrane (PM)-localized transmembrane protein/receptor trafficking has critical implications for cell signaling, metabolism and survival. In this study, we investigated the role of BECN1 (Beclin 1) in the degradative trafficking of PM-associated APP (amyloid β precursor protein), whose metabolism to amyloid-β, an essential event in Alzheimer disease, is dependent on divergent PM trafficking pathways. We report a novel interaction between PM-associated APP and BECN1 that recruits macroautophagy/endosomal regulatory proteins PIK3C3 and UVRAG. We found that BECN1 promotes surface APP internalization and sorting predominantly to endosomes and endolysosomes. BECN1 also promotes the targeting of a smaller fraction of internalized APP to LC3-positive phagophores, suggesting a role for BECN1-dependent PM macroautophagy in APP degradation. Furthermore, BECN1 facilitates lysosomal degradation of surface APP and reduces the secretion of APP metabolites (soluble ectodomains, sAPP). Th...
Engineering a Large Scale Indium Nanodot Array for Refractive Index Sensing.

In this work, we developed a simple method to fabricate 12 × 4 mm2 large scale nanostructure arrays and investigated the feasibility of indium nanodot (ND) array with different diameters and periods for refractive index sensing. Absorption resonances at multiple wavelengths from the visible to the near-infrared range were observed for various incident angles in a variety of media. Engineering the ND array with a centered square lattice, we successfully enhanced the sensitivity by 60% and improved the figure of merit (FOM) by 190%. The evolution of the resonance dips in the reflection spectra, of square lattice and centered square lattice, from air to water, matches well with the results of Lumerical FDTD simulation. The improvement of sensitivity is due to the enhancement of local electromagnetic field (E-field) near the NDs with centered square lattice, as revealed by E-field simulation at resonance wavelengths. The E-field is enhanced due to coupling between the two square ND arrays with 2x period at ph...
Electronic Publishing of Book Reviews: Implications for Scholarly Communication

Studies examining scholars' use of printed materials are necessary precursors to the development of electronic journals and the field of electronic publishing. electronic publishing is of particular interest in scholarship, where timelines and relevance of publications are crucial to the advancement of knowledge. Although scholarly journals devote considerable space to book reviews in scholarly. . .
Vacuum in Gas and Fluid Dynamics

In this paper, we review some interesting problems of vacuum states arising in hyperbolic conservations laws with applications to gas and fluid dynamics. We present the current status of the understanding of compressible Euler flows near vacuum and discuss related open problems.
Stability and Change in Parenting and Adjustment Profiles Across Early, Middle, and Late Adolescence in Chinese American Families

Chinese American parents have a reputation for being “tiger” parents, and Chinese American adolescents are widely viewed as “model” minorities. However, these stereotypes fail to capture the within-group variation among Chinese Americans. This chapter aims to present findings on Chinese Americans’ parenting profiles and adolescent adjustment profiles. Four parenting profiles were identified. Supportive (high levels of positive and low levels of negative parenting) was the most prevalent parenting profile, followed by tiger (high levels of both positive and negative parenting), easygoing (low on both positive and negative parenting), and harsh (low levels of positive and high levels of negative parenting). Three adolescent profiles were identified. Well-adjusted (high levels of academic and socioemotional well-being) was the most prevalent adjustment profile, followed by paradoxically adjusted (high levels of academic and low levels of socioemotional well-being) and poorly adjusted (low levels of academic and socioemotional well-being). There was evidence for stability and change both in Chinese American parenting profiles and in adolescent adjustment profiles across early, middle, and late adolescence. Across the course of adolescence, mothers were found to exert less tiger parenting, while fathers were found to exert more tiger parenting. Slightly more than half of adolescents (55%) stayed in the same adjustment profile across time. Tiger parenting related to a stable paradoxically adjusted adjustment profile, suggesting that tiger parenting may promote academic success, but at the cost of psychological well-being across the course of adolescence. Supportive parenting consistently related to stably well-adjusted adjustment profiles for Chinese American adolescents.
Uncertainty Analysis for a Dynamic Phosphorus Model with Fuzzy Parameters

A simplified method based on fuzzy set theory is presented to incorporate uncertainty of parameters into a dynamic total phosphorus model. Uncertainty may arise from difference between calibrated conditions and projected condition as well as from inconsistency of available data in the literature. The uncertainty in parameters was represented by fuzzy numbers that can be generated through various ways such as model calibration process, soft interpretation of literature data, and subjective opinions of experts. The proposed fuzzy approach decomposed fuzzy parameters into interval numbers at different α level cuts, and solved for interval solutions through very simple calculation instead of solving nonlinear programming models. The interval solutions at each α level cut were could be combined to obtain fuzzy solutions. This method has been applied to the phosphorus load-response model of the Triadelphia Reservoir near the Washington, DC area. Two pollution control scenarios have been simulated with fuzzy parameters. The measures of necessity and possibility have been used to analyze the potential risk of the two scenarios. The research results indicated that uncertainty is a very important factor in water quality modeling. By incorporating uncertainty into model framework, the fuzzy model identified the highly risky scenario that was considered preferable based on solutions of the deterministic model.
Bimodal Bilingual Families: The Negotiation of Communication Practices Between Deaf Parents and Their Hearing Children

This chapter addresses the question of successful family language policy in families with deaf parents and hearing children in the United States, based on analysis of videotaped naturalistic interaction in three deaf-parented families and interviews with 13 hearing adults. Such families are commonly bilingual and bimodal, with both a spoken language (English) and a signed language (American Sign Language) in use in family communication. The restricted access that the parents have to the auditory modality as a means of communication limits the linguistic options for effective communication within the family, while the hearing children in these families face pressures toward spoken English including the language use of their peers and salient distinctions between Hearing and Deaf social identities. These families appear to share a language ideology prioritizing the avoidance of potential communication barriers over other influences on language choices. The families’ specific language practices and the children’s fluency in American Sign Language varied significantly, but each family negotiated the potentially conflicting pressures between parent and child preferences and family-internal and family-external ideologies to develop a sustainable pattern of family language use that allowed relatively unimpeded communication between family members. In these families where ease of communication cannot be assumed, achievement of that goal should be considered success for their family language policies.
Clustering in Thin Au Films Near the Percolation Threshold

A random mixture of conducting (fractional concentration p) and insulating (fractional concentration 1-p) material will abruptly exhibit electrical conduction at a critical concentration, pc. While this idealized type of percolation problem is ideally suited for computer simulation studies and as a model for conductivity measurements in real systems, efforts have recently been made to examine these mixtures in thin metal films via transmission electron microscopy and to analyze the resulting micrographs using digital processing. In this way, detailed comparisons between the cluster formation in the metal film and the predictions of percolation theory can be directly made. We have made such comparisons in our studies of the thickness dependence of the resistance and microstructure of very thin metal films. While changes in the conductivity properties as a function of metal to insulator concentration have been interpreted in terms of percolation1, these measurements are complicated by the presence of other conductivity mechanisms unrelated to percolation. Leakage between clusters either on the surface or through the bulk including quantum mechanical tunneling2 can smear the percolation transition and add a temperature dependence to the conductivity. Detailed analysis of the TEM micrographs has been shown to be a reliable and informative way to compare the geometric properties of the clustered film with the theoretical predictions of percolation and scaling near the insulator-metal transition.
PO-033 Mitochondria-associated Ampk mediates mitochondrial quality control in skeletal muscle

Objective Mitochondria exist as a complex, interconnected reticulum with the degree of complexity at homeostasis varying by cell type. Declines in mitochondrial quality is a hallmark of numerous diseases and is partly maintained through the targeted removal and degradation of damaged/dysfunctional regions of the reticulum known as mitophagy. We have demonstrated that acute exercise causes targeted degradation of a subset (<1%) of the mitochondrial reticulum through mitophagy in an AMPK-dependent manner. However, how such spatial regulation is achieved is unclear. Given that AMPK is a well-known bioenergetics sensor critical for maintenance of energetic homoeostasis, and numerous studies have linked AMPK-signaling to mitochondrial remodeling and functional adaptations under physiological and pathological conditions, we hypothesized that AMPK regulates mitophagy by being physically associated with the mitochondria. Methods C57BL/6 mice (3 or 20 months of age) were kept in standard conditions (12:12 light, dark cycle) on normal chow. Enriched mitochondrial fractions from skeletal muscle were obtained via differential centrifugation and percoll gradient isolation. Skeletal muscle energetic stress was induced via acute treadmill running, direct electrical stimulation, or hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion. Somatic gene transfer into skeletal muscle was done via electraporation. Confocal microscopy of whole mount skeletal muscle was performed at least 10 days post-electraporation to assess MitoTimer fluorescence Red:Green Ratio and Mitophagy (i.e. presence of pure red puncta). Results We have discovered that AMPK is enriched in isolated mitochondria from both mouse and human skeletal muscle (mitoAMPK) and that, in mice, mitoAMPK consists exclusively of ⍺1/β2/γ1 isoforms. Furthermore, skeletal muscle mitoAMPK Thr172 phosphorylation, indicative of activation, is increased following electrical stimulation, ischemia-reperfusion, and acute treadmill running. By co-transfecting mouse FDB muscle with pMitoTimer and a mitochondrially-targeted AMPK inhibitor peptide (mitoAIP), we show that mitoAMPK activity is required to maintain mitochondrial quality (as evidenced by increased MitoTimer Red:Green ratio) and exercise-induced mitophagy (MitoTimer pure red puncta). Interestingly, association of mitoAMPK with mitochondria declines by ~50% in skeletal muscle in old mice and coincides with poor mitochondrial quality (increased MitoTimer Red:Green ratio), which may explain the loss of mitochondrial quality and metabolic flexibility with aging. Conclusions Our current working hypothesis is that activation of mitoAMPK by exercise plays an instrumental role in promoting mitochondrial remodeling, hence contractile and metabolic adaptations, by spatially recognizing damaged regions of the mitochondrial reticulum. Future research on mitoAMPK will significantly improve the mechanistic understanding of exercise training-induced adaptation in skeletal muscle and AMPK biology.
Complementary Logic Implementation for Antiferromagnet Field-Effect Transistors

In this paper, a compact and complementary logic implementation is proposed for antiferromagnet field-effect transistor (AFMFET) devices. The implementation enables a complete set of Boolean operations based on complementary logic as well as majority-gate logic. The impacts of several key device-level design parameters are investigated, such as the channel resistance and critical switching voltage, and their optimal values that minimize the overall energy-delay product (EDP) of a 32-bit arithmetic logic unit are quantified. In addition, it is shown that one can potentially take advantage of the large domain size of some AFM materials such as chromium and build a compact majority-gate-based logic. The potential performance benefits of the majority-gate-based logic are also quantified. Compared to the conventional CMOS logic circuit, the one with AFMFET devices using majority gates can potentially achieve $10\times $ improvement in terms of the EDP.
Mitochondrial function and abnormalities implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD.

Abstract Mitochondria are the powerhouse that generate over 90% of the ATP produced in cells. In addition to its role in energy production, the mitochondrion also plays a major role in carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, programmed cell death (apoptosis), generation of and protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS), immune response, regulation of intracellular calcium ion levels and even maintenance of gut microbiota. With its essential role in bio-energetic as well as non-energetic biological processes, it is not surprising that proper cellular, tissue and organ function is dependent upon proper mitochondrial function. Accordingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be directly linked to a variety of medical disorders, particularly neuromuscular disorders and increasing evidence has linked mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Rett Syndrome (RS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Over the last 40 years there has been a dramatic increase in the diagnosis of ASD and, more recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in ASD development. In this review, the latest evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormalities in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the pathogenesis of autism will be presented. This review will also summarize the results of several recent `approaches used for improving mitochondrial function that may lead to new therapeutic approaches to managing and/or treating ASD.
Mito-SinCe2 Approach to Quantify Relationships between Mitochondrial Dynamics and Energetics status

Abstract Mitochondrial dynamics primarily refers to the opposing fission and fusion events between individual mitochondria, which maintains steady-state mitochondrial morphology in cells. The details of the bidirectional relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and energetics are unclear as the methods to integrate these mitochondrial aspects are lacking. To study the quantitative relationship between mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion, matrix continuity and diameter) and energetics (ATP and redox), we have developed and validated an analytical approach, mito-SinCe2. Application of this approach led to the hypothesis that mitochondria-dependent ovarian tumor initiating cells interconvert between 3 states with distinct relationships between mitochondrial energetics and dynamics. Interestingly, fusion and ATP increase linearly with each other only once a certain level of fusion is attained. Moreover, mitochondrial dynamics status changes linearly either with ATP or with redox, but not simultaneously with both. Furthermore, mito-SinCe2 analyses can potentially predict new quantitative features of the opposing fission vs. fusion relationship and classify cells into functional classes based on their mito-SinCe2 states.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy to the Prostate Bed: Results of a Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Trial.

Purpose The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate toxicity of escalating doses of prostate bed stereotactic body radiation therapy and to provide dose recommendations for a phase 2 study. Methods and Materials Patients with organ-confined, node-negative prostate cancer who had biochemical failure (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] less than 2.0) after prostatectomy were eligible for this phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Doses delivered were 35 Gy, 40 Gy, and 45 Gy in 5 fractions, given every other day. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0) grade 3 or higher gastrointestinal or genitourinary (GU) toxicity within 90 days of treatment. Maximum tolerated dose was the highest dose to be tested where fewer than 2 of the patients experienced DLT. Patients completed quality-of-life questionnaires at regular time intervals. Results Twenty-six patients completed treatment between October 2013 and December 2017. Three patients received 35 Gy, 8 patients received 40 Gy, and 15 patients received 45 Gy. The median follow-up was 60 months for 35 Gy, 48 months for 40 Gy, and 33 months for 45 Gy. No acute DLT events were observed. Late grade ≥2 and ≥3 gastrointestinal toxicity occurred in 11% and 0%, respectively, and late grade ≥2 and ≥3 GU toxicity occurred in 38% and 15%, respectively. No difference was observed in late GU toxicity between 40 Gy and 45 Gy. Sexual function scores were significantly lower in the patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy (P Conclusions Dose escalation to 45 Gy did not result in acute DLT events, had similar rates of late grade 3 toxicity, and did not demonstrate higher rates of PSA control, compared with 40 Gy. While allowing for higher plan heterogeneity, the recommended dose for phase 2 study will be 40 Gy in 5 fractions.
Incremental Recommendation System for Large-scale Taxi Fleet in Smart Cities

Modern urbanization is demanding high-efficiency taxi services to satisfy the request of taxi users as well as the expectation of drivers. Customers desire to wait the minimum time before finding a taxi, while drivers aim to maximize their profits by speeding up their customer hunting. In this paper, we propose to exploit the benefits of vehicular social network by enabling data exchange and more cooperation among regular taxi drivers. The objective is to design a smart recommendation sys- tem allowing drivers to optimize three key performance metrics: number of pickups, customer waiting time, and vacant travel distance. The proposed recommendation starts by efficiently estimating the future customer demands in the different region of interest. Then, it proposes an optimal taxi-to-region matching according to the current location of each taxi and the requested demand. Finally, an optimized routing algorithm is proposed to allow taxi drivers reach their destinations faster. Our simulation model is applied on the borough of Manhattan, NYC, and is validated with realistic data. The selected results show that significant performance gains can be achieved as compared to the traditional scenario.
Does post-operative symptomatic lead edema associated with subthalamic DBS implantation impact long-term clinical outcomes?

Abstract Introduction Post-operative, non-hemorrhagic, non-infectious symptomatic delayed edema around the DBS lead is an uncommon complication of DBS surgery. We investigated whether this complication impacts clinical outcomes or has long-term sequelae. Methods All Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS implantation who developed delayed symptomatic lead edema were identified. UPDRS part III motor, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) total and MoCA scores were analyzed to assess motor outcome, quality of life and cognitive status at 1 year. Results A total of 260 patients underwent 482 STN lead placements. Of these, 16 patients (20 leads, 4.1% of total 482 leads) developed this delayed complication. None of the patients had edema on immediate post-operative scan. Patients presented with varied symptoms including speech difficulty (n = 8), mild confusion (n = 6), headaches (n = 4), gait difficulty (n = 4) and seizures (n = 3). The mean duration for the diagnosis was 5.8 days after lead implantation and the mean duration for which follow-up CT scans reported complete/near complete resolution or improvement of edema was 4.7 weeks (range 2–10 weeks). At 1-year post-DBS, UPDRS motor scores improved significantly (42.5%, p Conclusion Symptomatic lead edema after DBS surgery is an uncommon complication which typically resolves over time. In our series, there were no long-term sequelae of this complication and clinical outcomes were comparable to that reported in the literature.
Effects of mangrove encroachment on tidal wetland plant, nekton, and bird communities in the Western Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Woody encroachment is occurring in many marsh-mangrove ecotones across the globe, with multiple drivers contributing to an increase in mangrove cover. As a result, marsh plant species are often displaced, resulting in a striking regime shift from grass and forb-dominated habitats to taller, woody vegetation. Our goal was to quantify the bottom-up effects of mangrove woody encroachment into coastal wetlands on associated plant, nekton, and bird assemblages. In 2012, we established several large (>20 ha) survey areas at tidal wetland sites with or without black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) on the Texas (USA) coast in the Gulf of Mexico, an area highly susceptible to mangrove encroachment. From 2012 to 2015, we recorded vascular plant cover and diversity, sampled nekton at the water-vegetation interface using seine nets, and compared wintering shorebird and wader use among sites using the citizen science database eBird. Marsh plant species richness was 50% lower at sites with mangroves, and some species, such as Distichlis spicata, were absent from these sites entirely. The relative abundance and species richness of nektonic fish and invertebrates were similar between sites, but certain species (e.g., bay anchovies Anchoa mitchilli, grass shrimp Palaemonetes spp.) were more common at sites without mangroves. Citizen science data indicated that shorebird and wader species richness was 20% lower at sites with mangroves. Shorebird assemblages were markedly different between site types; six shorebird and three wader species were only detected in marsh sites. Our results indicate that coastal wetlands dominated by mangroves support different plant and animal assemblages than marsh-dominated areas. These results were largely consistent with the results of a previous manipulative experiment in the same area, lending considerable confidence to the conclusion that mangroves influence the associated plant and animal communities. Therefore, as woody encroachment continues and mangrove cover gradually increases, this change may lead to complex bottom-up effects on a range of ecosystem processes and services.
Parents, Partners, Plans, and Promises: The Relational Work of Student Loan Borrowing:

When does student loan borrowing prompt relational work between borrowers and family members? Research on student loans has focused on quantitative estimation of the effects of borrowing on educati...
Cyberbullying Considerations for School Counselors: A Social Media Content Analysis:

Researchers conducted a content analysis of nine social media platforms’ bullying policies based on the American School Counseling Association position statement on bullying to determine the conten...