cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustaining Secondary Transition Programs in Local Schools

This article reports on factors that influence the sustainability of secondary transition innovations in local schools. We used a two-stage research process, which combined broad survey methods and an embedded case study design, to investigate the sustainability of a specific school-to-community transition model for youth with disabilities. We found that sustainability of comprehensive secondary transition innovations is increased when local programs (a) have the support of at least one key administrator, (b) produce positive student outcomes that are valued by school and community stakeholders, and (c) create a clear and unique role for their services that meets identified needs within the district. Program staff and administrators can increase the likelihood of these events occurring and of local programs being sustained. Implications for developing secondary transition innovations to support greater integration and sustainability in local schools are discussed.
Role of Acidic Residues in the Interaction of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase with Cytochrome P450 and Cytochrome c(*)

Site-directed mutagenesis of the acidic clusters 207Asp-Asp-Asp209 and 213Glu-Glu-Asp215 of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase demonstrates that both cytochrome c and cytochrome P450 interact with this region; however, the sites and mechanisms of interaction of the two substrates are clearly distinct. Substitutions in the first acidic cluster did not affect cytochrome c or ferricyanide reductase activity, but substitution of asparagine for aspartate at position 208 reduced cytochrome P450-dependent benzphetamine N-demethylase activity by 63% with no effect on KmP450orKmNADPH. Substitutions in the second acidic cluster affected cytochrome c reduction but not benzphetamine N-demethylase or ferricyanide reductase activity. The E213Q enzyme exhibited a 59% reduction in cytochrome c reductase activity and a 47% reduction in KmCyt c under standard conditions (×0.27 M potassium phosphate, pH 7.7), as well as a decreased KmCyt c at every ionic strength and a shift of the salt dependence of cytochrome c reductase activity toward lower ionic strengths. The E214Q substitution did not affect cytochrome c reductase activity under standard conditions, but shifted the salt dependence of cytochrome c reductase activity toward higher ionic strengths. Measurements of the effect of ionic strength on steady-state kinetic properties indicated that increasing ionic strength destabilized the reductase-cytochrome c3+ ground state and reductase-cytochrome c transition state complexes for the wild-type, E213Q, and E214Q enzymes, suggesting the presence of electrostatic interactions involving Glu213 and Glu214 as well as additional residues outside this region. The ionic strength dependence of kcat/KmCyt c for the wild-type and E214Q enzymes is consistent with the presence of charge-pairing interactions in the transition state and removal of a weak ionic interaction in the reductase-cytochrome c transition-state complex by the E214Q substitution. The ionic strength dependence of the E213Q enzyme, however, is not consistent with a simple electrostatic model. Effects of ionic strength on kinetic properties of E213Q suggest that substitution of glutamine stabilizes the reductase-cytochrome c3+ ground-state complex, leading to a net increase in activation energy and decrease in kcat. Glu213 is also involved in a repulsive interaction with cytochrome c3+. Cytochrome c2+Ki for the wild-type enzyme was 82.4 μM at 118 mM ionic strength and 10.8 μM at 749 mM ionic strength; similar values were observed for the E214Q enzyme. Cytochrome c Ki for the E213Q enzyme was 17.6 μM at 118 mM and 15.7 μM at 749 mM ionic strength, consistent with removal of an electrostatic repulsion between the reductase and cytochrome c2+.
Functional correction of renal defects in a mouse model for ARPKD through expression of the cloned wild-type Tg737 cDNA

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is characterized by the formation of large collecting tubule and ductular cysts that often result in renal insufficiency within the first decade of life. Understanding the process leading to cyst formation will require the identification and characterization of genes involved in the etiology of this disease. In this regard, we previously described the generation of a mouse model (TgN737Rpw) for ARPKD and the cloning of a candidate gene. Here we show direct involvement of the Tg737 gene in collecting duct cyst formation by expressing the wild-type Tg737 cDNA as a transgene in TgN737Rpw mutants. In contrast to TgN737Rpw mutants, the "rescued" animals survive longer, have normal renal function and normal localization of the EGFr to the basolateral surfaces of collecting duct epithelium.
Social competence as a predictor of chronic interpersonal stress

This 1-year prospective study tested Segrin and Abramson's (1994) social skills-stress hypothesis in a community sample of 137 late-adolescent females. The study found that self-reported interpersonal competence at initial evaluation predicted a significant proportion of the variance in chronic interpersonal stress 1 year later, even when prior chronic interpersonal stress and concurrent psychopathology were controlled. Exploratory analyses suggested that deficiencies in the ability to provide emotional support to others may function as a risk factor for the generation of interpersonal stress. These results provide support for theories (e.g., Hammen, 1991b) that emphasize a bidirectional causal relationship between stress and psychological adjustment.
Ultrastructural observations on bronchial epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia.

Alterations in rat bronchial epithelium produced by 3-methylcholanthrene-coated steel pellets and those resulting from uncoated steel pellets were studied by light and electron microscopy. Exposure to uncoated pellets resulted in increased cell interdigitations, moderate stratification and flattening, and incomplete loss of cilia and polarity. In contrast, carcinogen-coated pellets produced complete loss of cilia and cell polarity and severe stratification. Increased cell interdigitations and desmosomal junctions as well as abundant cytoplasmic filaments, keratohyalin granules, and “membrane-coating granules” were also observed. Thus, only contact with a carcinogen produced cells capable of keratin synthesis. We conclude that diagnoses such as basal cell hyperplasia, stratification and flattening, on the one hand, and squamous metaplasia, on the other, should be clearly differentiated. The diagnosis of squamous metaplasia should be made only in the presence of clear evidence of keratin synthesizing cells. Application of such criteria may result in more meaningful clinicopathologic correlations.
Body Mass Index in Multiple Sclerosis: Associations with CSF Neurotransmitter Metabolite Levels

Body weight and height of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) or clinically isolated syndrome suggesting MS (CIS) in the age range 18 to 60 years (154 males and 315 females) were compared with those of subjects (146 males and 212 females) free of any major neurological disease. In drug-free patients, CSF levels of the metabolites of noradrenaline (MHPG), serotonin (5-HIAA), and dopamine (HVA), neurotransmitters involved in eating behavior, were estimated in searching for associations with body mass index (BMI). Statistical evaluations were done separately for males and females. Lower BMI was found in female MS patients compared to female controls, more pronounced in RRMS. BMI was not associated with duration of illness, smoking, present or previous drug treatment, or disability score. Body height showed a shift towards greater values in MS patients compared to controls. Patients in the lower BMI quartile (limits defined from control subjects) had lower 5-HIAA and HVA compared to patients in the upper quartile. The results provide evidence for weight reduction during disease process in MS, possibly related to deficits in serotoninergic and dopaminergic activities that develop during disease course, resulting in impairments in food reward capacity and in motivation to eat.
Urgent vs. elective endoscopy for acute non-variceal upper-GI bleeding: an effectiveness study.

Abstract Background Urgent endoscopy in patients with acute upper-GI bleeding identifies many patients who may be safely treated without hospitalization. The aim of this multicenter trial was to determine whether urgent endoscopy effectively decreases health care resource utilization in a real-life setting where primary care providers determine the course of care. Methods Ninety-three outpatients with acute upper-GI bleeding were randomized to either urgent endoscopy (before hospitalization) or elective endoscopy after admission. The results of urgent endoscopy and a recommendation regarding patient disposition were provided to the attending physician. Medical outcomes and resource utilization were measured. Results The timing of endoscopy did not affect resource utilization or patient outcomes. Length of stay was similar (urgent endoscopy, OR 3.98 days: 95% CI[2.84, 5.11] vs. elective endoscopy, OR 3.26 days: 95% CI[2.32, 4.21], p =0.45). The mean number of days in an intensive care unit was the same (1.2 days). The urgent endoscopy group had more high-risk endoscopic lesions (15 vs. 9; p =0.031). Outpatient care was recommended for 19 patients (40%). Only 4 patients were discharged. Conclusions Urgent endoscopy did not reduce hospitalization or resource utilization because the results of early endoscopy did not impact the decision by attending physicians regarding admission. For early (triage) endoscopy to impact resource utilization, the results of endoscopy must change subsequent patient care.
Nanotechnology in animal production—Upstream assessment of applications

Abstract Agrifood nanotechnology is at critical stage in which analysis and deliberation can help shape funding priorities for research and development, risk assessment, and oversight activities. Significant benefits to society could arise from nanotechnology applied to animal production; however, there is a need to prepare for oversight, health and environmental safety, and other societal issues that are likely to arise from these applications. In this paper, I examine case studies of nanotechnology applied to animal production that are in research and development in order to demonstrate potential future challenges and opportunities associated with their market entry and diffusion. The case studies are analyzed from multiple viewpoints including potential societal benefits and risks, public perception, and other science and technology policy challenges. Broader conclusions about technical and policy preparation are derived from the case studies in order to help inform the development of the field of nanotechnology applied to animal production as it matures. The diversity of nanotechnology applications makes it difficult to discuss nanotechnology as a whole, yet it is suggested that dialogue and deliberation about specific cases and their associated issues prior to market entry can help to ensure the safe, responsible, and equitable deployment of nanotechnology to livestock production.
The HER4 cytoplasmic domain, but not its C terminus, inhibits mammary cell proliferation

Unlike the proliferative action of other epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family members, HER4/ErbB4 is often associated with growth-inhibitory and differentiation signaling. These actions may involve HER4 two-step proteolytic processing by intramembraneous gamma-secretase, releasing the soluble, intracellular 80-kDa HER4 cytoplasmic domain, s80HER4. We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of either gamma-secretase activity or HER4 tyrosine kinase activity blocked heregulin-dependent growth inhibition of SUM44 breast cancer cells. We next generated breast cell lines stably expressing GFP-s80HER4 [green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the N terminus of the HER4 cytoplasmic domain, residues 676-1308], GFP-CT(HER4) (GFP fused to N terminus of the HER4 C-terminus distal to the tyrosine kinase domain, residues 989-1308), or GFP alone. Both GFP-s80HER4 and GFP-CTHER4 were found in the nucleus, but GFP-s80HER4 accumulated to a greater extent and sustained its nuclear localization. s80HER4 was constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated, and treatment of cells with a specific HER family tyrosine kinase inhibitor 1) blocked tyrosine phosphorylation; 2) markedly diminished GFP-s80HER4 nuclear localization; and 3) reduced signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5A tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear localization as well as GFP-s80HER4:STAT5A interaction. Multiple normal mammary and breast cancer cell lines, stably expressing GFP-s80HER4 (SUM44, MDA-MB-453, MCF10A, SUM102, and HC11) were growth inhibited compared with the same cell line expressing GFP-CTHER4 or GFP alone. The s80HER4-induced cell number reduction was due to slower growth because rates of apoptosis were equivalent in GFP-, GFP-CTHER4-, and GFP-s80HER4-expressing cells. Lastly, GFP-s80HER4 enhanced differentiation signaling as indicated by increased basal and prolactin-dependent beta-casein expression. These results indicate that surface HER4 tyrosine phosphorylation and ligand-dependent release of s80HER4 are necessary, and s80HER4 signaling is sufficient for HER4-dependent growth inhibition.
The fourth international conference on malignant lymphoma

The Fourth International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma was held in Lugano, Switzerland, from June 6th to June 9th, 1990. It was attended by over 1100 delegates from around the world. As at previous Conferences, a large number of invited papers, brief presentations, and posters were presented on a wide variety of topics in the field of lymphoma research. A great deal of excitement was generated by the advances presented in the basic science sessions. Although steady progress is being made in the therapy of lymphomas, few major advances were reported in the clinical arena. In contrast, the application of the techniques of immunology and molecular genetics has resulted in fascinating discoveries that are increasing our understanding of the fundamental nature of lymphoproliferative disorders. These discoveries may lead to innovative therapeutic strategies unlike any currently in use.
Long-range planning for power supply

The problem of long-range planning for power supply is one which is generally recognized by planning engineers, and one which must take into account a number of factors ranging from population changes to expected sources of supply. This article reviews and considers some of the most pertinent data, and an attempt is made to arrive at some general conclusions regarding such planning in the light of present-day conditions.
Science and the retreat from reason

John Gillott, Manjit Kumar Monthly Review Press, £12.95, pp 248 ISBN 0 85345 987 8 Exaggerating the importance of science to modern industry, health care, transportation, communication, commerce, and so on would be difficult. This reliance on science, however, coexists with a widespread sense of unease regarding scientific progress. Although there is general support for genetic science as a means to tackle disease, for example, the enthusiasm is half hearted. Beyond a cure for disease is the nagging suspicion of “designer babies” and a Brave New World. Gillott and Kumar locate this ambivalent attitude to science as an aspect of “a broader rejection, by society, of the project of progress” that dates from the …
Preliminary Investigation regarding Validity Correlates of a Judged Prognosis Scale

Summary.-Prior research has demonstrated that psychiatrists' judgments regarding prognosis for functional psychosis classifications are sufficiently reliable to support a prognosis judgment scale (prog scale) which possesses interval-scale measurement properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the developed fi~og scale was related to published improvement, recovery, and length of hospitalization rates The results of this preliminary study suggest that psychiatrists' judgments rc~ard~ng the prognostic aspects of the various functional psychosis classificar~ons are meaningfully related to staristical data which may be regarded as being suitable for use as validity estimation criteria. The directionaliry of many of these observed relationships are discussed. Within the past decade or so, there has appeared in the scientific literature an increasing plethora of research findings and arguments dealing with the reliabilities and validities (or the lack of these qualities) associated with the psychiatric diagnostic nomenclature system. Recently, Stone (1966) found that psychiatrists' judgments regarding prognoses for functional psychosis disorder classifications were sufficiently reliable, internally consistent (Mosteller, 1951), to support a prognosis-judgment scale (prog scale) which possessed interval-scale measurement properties. This prog scale was based on psychiatrists' pair-comparison judgments and absolute judgments regarding the prognostic favorabilities of 15 functional psychosis disorder classifications (these classifications are listed and described in the American Psychiatric Association's Diugnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders, 1952). The prog scale was computed under the Case V assumptions to Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgments (Thurstone, 1959). Stone (1965) found a number of significant correlations between prog scale values and personality attributes of patients who had been diagnosed as having a functional psychosis. His findings suggested that psychiatrists' judgments regarding the prognostic aspects of the various functional psychosis classifications are related to actual measured personality test characteristics of such patients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity of the prog scale. A nonrandom, nor exhaustive, review of a portion of the recent psychiatric research literature was conducted to locate fairly recent published recovery, improvement, and hospitalization length rates for the functional psychotic disorder
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage complicating aspirin therapy in acute Kawasaki disease

Although gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a well-recognized complication of aspirin therapy, this side effect has not been previously reported in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). We describe two children with typical KD who had massive gastrointestinal bleeding that required hospitalization and transfusion. Physicians caring for patients with KD should instruct parents on the signs and symptoms of aspirin toxicity. Fortunately, gastrointestinal hemorrhage appears to be a rare complication of salicylate therapy in patients with Kawasaki disease.
Needs Assessment: Perspectives from the Literature.

Careful analysis of an organization's needs is the first step in developing programs for improving performance that are relevant to the organization and to the individuals who use the programs. The purpose of this article is to examine the perspectives of needs assessment that are described in the performance technology and human resource development literature. The first section of the article focuses on the terms used to describe the process of analyzing needs. The perspectives embodied in the definitions and conceptualizations of the terms need, needs assessment, needs analysis, front end analysis, and performance analysis are examined. The second section of the article focuses on various models of needs assessment. It presents different views about where the needs assessment process starts, where it ends, and what results are produced.
Final results of the phase II study of rabbit anti‐thymocyte globulin, ciclosporin, methylprednisone, and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in patients with aplastic anaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

This report describes the final results of a Phase II clinical trial investigating the efficacy of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG), ciclosporin, steroids, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) in patients with untreated aplastic anaemia (AA), or low to intermediate-risk and hypocellular myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We treated 24 patients each with AA and MDS with rATG (3·5 mg/kg/d × 5; reduced to 2·5 mg/kg/d × 5 in patients with MDS ≥ 55 years), ciclosporin (5 mg/kg orally daily × 6 months), steroids (1 mg/kg daily, tapered off over 1 month), and GCSF. The overall response rate in AA patients was 64% compared to 25% in MDS patients. The median time to response was 3 months in AA patients and 4 months in MDS patients. Pretreatment clinical characteristics, such as age, sex, blood counts, cellularity, cytogenetics, or HLA-DR15 status, did not predict for response. Response to therapy, however, predicted for improved overall survival (OS), with a 3-year OS of 89% vs. 43% in responders versus non-responders, respectively (P < 0·001). Infusion reactions occurred in about half the patients and were manageable. Myelosuppression, elevation in liver enzymes, and infections were common. The early mortality in MDS patients was 13% vs. 0% in AA patients.
The morphological and spectral phenotype of apoptosis in HeLa cells varies following exposure to UV-C and the addition of inhibitors of ICE and CPP32.

Numerous extra- and intracellular factors, including UV radiation, can initiate a programme of cell death by apoptosis. While apoptosis is commonly defined morphologically, the relationships between morphology and molecular events are not well established. To investigate these relationships in HeLa cells, eight morphometric criteria for cell proliferation and damage and 10 criteria for apoptotic phenotype were examined using light microscopy, and corroborated by ultrastructure and spectral imaging. They were identified (1) during a time course after irradiation with 0, 10 or 30 J/m2 UV-C; (2) after separation of apoptotic from normal cells on a Percoll gradient; and (3) after irradiation with UV-C plus perturbation of the apoptotic pathway by treatment with inhibitors of two caspases, ICE and CPP32. The number of cells in apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner after UV-C treatment. Centrifugation of irradiated cells on a Percoll gradient increased the collection of apoptotic cells tenfold. The stereotypical apoptotic phenotype, in which cells have deep cytoplasmic blebbing and highly condensed DNA, comprised only a few percent of all apoptoses, and was rarely seen in groups receiving caspase inhibitors. The most common apoptotic phenotype was a rounded cell with large spherical nucleolus and associated DNA. After treatment with UV-C plus inhibitors the apoptotic index was decreased by about 30% compared to UV-C radiation alone. These apoptotic cells had dark spherical cytoplasm with small blebs, greatly increased numbers of cytoplasmic ribosomes, abundant nucleolar material with a large separate granular component, and chromatin condensed at the nuclear membrane. Using the technique of spectral imaging, it was found that the spectrum obtained from the granular component of the nucleolus, which was elevated in apoptotic cells treated with UV-C plus inhibitors, was similar to the dense accumulation of ribosomes in the apoptotic cytoplasm. The data indicate that spectral imaging may be a useful tool for identifying and characterizing variations in the apoptotic process, and that the caspase inhibitors used here do not completely abolish UV-C induced apoptosis, but rather alter its incidence and progression.
Calcium requirement for axoplasmic transport in mammalian nerve.

TO account for fast axoplasmic transport, the movement of materials in nerve fibres, a model has been advanced in analogy to the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction1. We have shown in in vitro studies that transport is closely dependent on oxidative metabolism and a continual supply of ATP which could be hydrolysed by the Mg2+–Ca2+ ATPase present in nerve2. One might, therefore, expect a dependence of transport on either Ca2+ or Mg2+. But, in previous studies of axoplasmic transport in vitro, we and others found transport to continue as usual when nerves were placed in incubation media free of divalent cations3–5. Some support for the involvement of Ca2+ in transport was provided by the fact that a block of transport was found with 50 mM oxalate, presumably by a binding of intracellular Ca2+ (ref. 1) and the block of organelle movement observed in single fibres exposed to 10 mM EDTA6. We report here that clear evidence for a participation of Ca2+ in axoplasmic transport was revealed when a desheathed nerve preparation was used.
Measurement of the branching ration for τ− → e−vevτ

Abstract We report a new measurement of the branching ratio for the decay τ − →e − v e v τ . The data were taken with the High Resolution Spectrometer at the PEP e+e− colliding beam facility operating at √s = 29 GeV. The result is B(τ − →e − v = (17.0±0.5±0.6)% .
Impotence testing and age

Four major components of the erectile process are usually investigated to learn the cause of a patient's organic impotence; serum testosterone, arterial inflow, venous outflow and neural competence. This study of several tests, commonly used for this purpose, was undertaken to learn the criteria to claim a specific defect as the sole or partial cause of erectile disability and whether they vary with the age of the subject. The male sexual response embraces two sequential phases, the development of an erection and its maintenance during coitus. This investigation was only concerned with the former and not with its duration. The latter involves the many variables of a dyadic situation, the two individuals and the relation between them. Satisfactory coital erection calls for sufficient penile rigidity to overcome introital resistance and a penile angle permitting entrance. Rigidity is also a function of the penile angle except in patients with intracorporeal contractures preventing maximal elevation. Therefore subjects were divided arbitrarily into three classes according to the maximal angle attained by the erect penis during the six months prior to examination; normals capable of an erection of 90 ° or higher, those who were incapable of any degree of erection,
Distribution, excretion, and metabolism of 14C‐labeled quaternary ammonium salt of perphenazine in rats

Urinary excretion was the major route of excretion of intraperitoneally administered perphenazine dimethiodide-14C in rats. Peak blood level was observed at 0.5 hr. after the administration of the compound, and brain level was above the detectable level at the same period of time. Antimicrobial activities were demonstrated. The toxicity of quaternary ammonium salt of perphenazine on mice is higher than perphenazine.
Novel genetic variants in microRNA genes and familial breast cancer.

MicroRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in tumorigenesis, but whether miRNA is a cancer predisposition factor or not is still unknown. Considering the fact that miRNA regulates a number of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and oncogenes, genetic variations in miRNA genes could affect the levels of expression of TSGs or oncogenes and, thereby, cancer risk. To test this hypothesis, we screened genetic variants in 17 selected miRNA genes, which are predicted to regulate key breast cancer genes, in 42 patients with familial breast cancer. Seven novel genetic variants were observed in 7 primary or precursor miRNA genes. Among them, 1 rare variant in the precursor of miR-30c-1 and 1 rare variant in the primary precursor of miR-17 were only observed in noncarriers of BRCA1/2 mutations. In functional assays, these 2 variants resulted in conformational changes in the predicted secondary structures, and consequently altered the expression of mature miR-30c-1 and miR-17. In the target in vitro assay, we observed that miR-17 could bind to the 3′UTR of BRCA1 mRNAs, which is predicted to be a target for miR-17. Our findings suggest that functional genetic variants in miRNA genes can potentially alter the regulation of key breast cancer genes. Whether they confer genetic susceptibility to breast cancer remains to be determined. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Extension of Physics-Based single Particle Model for Higher Charge-Discharge Rates

Abstract An isothermal reduced order physics-based Li ion battery model is developed by incorporating solution phase charge and material balances into single particle (SP) model. Li ion concentration and potential profiles in electrolyte phase are approximated by polynomial functions. A cubic polynomial is used for electrolyte concentration and potential inside electrodes, while separator liquid phase potential and concentration are estimated by parabolas. Diffusion inside solid particles is also simplified using an approximate solution based on analytical solution for the solid concentration. Applying the aforementioned reduction techniques decreases the degree of freedom of full order model by more than 100, while the cell voltage relative error of proposed model is less than 1% at different charge–discharge rates up to 5C.
Exosite-mediated Substrate Recognition of Factor IX by Factor Xia: THE FACTOR XIa HEAVY CHAIN IS REQUIRED FOR INITIAL RECOGNITION OF FACTOR IX*

Abstract Studies of the mechanisms of blood coagulation zymogen activation demonstrate that exosites (sites on the activating complex distinct from the protease active site) play key roles in macromolecular substrate recognition. We investigated the importance of exosite interactions in recognition of factor IX by the protease factor XIa. Factor XIa cleavage of the tripeptide substrate S2366 was inhibited by the active site inhibitors p-aminobenzamidine (Ki 28 ± 2 μm) and aprotinin (Ki 1.13 ± 0.07 μm) in a classical competitive manner, indicating that substrate and inhibitor binding to the active site was mutually exclusive. In contrast, inhibition of factor XIa cleavage of S2366 by factor IX (Ki 224 ± 32 nm) was characterized by hyperbolic mixed-type inhibition, indicating that factor IX binds to free and S2366-bound factor XIa at exosites. Consistent with this premise, inhibition of factor XIa activation of factor IX by aprotinin (Ki 0.89 ± 0.52 μm) was non-competitive, whereas inhibition by active site-inhibited factor IXaβ was competitive (Ki 0.33 ± 0.05 μm). S2366 cleavage by isolated factor XIa catalytic domain was competitively inhibited by p-aminobenzamidine (Ki 38 ± 14 μm) but was not inhibited by factor IX, consistent with loss of factor IX-binding exosites on the non-catalytic factor XI heavy chain. The results support a model in which factor IX binds initially to exosites on the factor XIa heavy chain, followed by interaction at the active site with subsequent bond cleavage, and support a growing body of evidence that exosite interactions are critical determinants of substrate affinity and specificity in blood coagulation reactions.
Failure-Accommodating Control of Large Flexible Spacecraft

This paper considers the problem of designing failure-accommodating controllers for large flexible spacecraft when there are sector-type nonlinearities in the loops. It is proved that an LQG-type controller can be made failure tolerant by inserting appropriate gains in the actuator paths and state estimator residual paths. For the state feedback case, when the actuators are saturating type, it is proved that there exists a finite region of attraction, which is invariant in the presence of these gains. Another class of controllers, which employs collocated sensors and actuators is presented, and is shown to have excellent failure-accommodation properties in addition to its robustness properties.
Effects of amphetamine and nomifensine on intracranial self-stimulation discrimination behavior in rats.

Abstract Rats implanted with electrodes in the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus were trained in a discrete trial procedure to make a differential response (right or left lever press) in the presence or absence of brain stimulation [intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)]. When animals reached a high level of accuracy (95% correct) in the discrimination task, testing was begun. In the first experiment, we compared the effects of saline and 0.3 mg/kg d -aphetamine when the intertrial interval (ITI) was 1, 5, 10, and 15 s. In the second experiment, animals were tested either with saline, 0.3 mg/kg d -amphetamine, or 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg nomifensine and the ITI was held constant at 5 s. Increasing the ITI from 1–15 s did not produce a drug-induced change in the discrminative stimulus properties of ICSS, although it did produce changes in total numbers of lever presses and numbers of intertrial lever presses. In the second experiment, neither d -amphetamine nor nomifensine altered the discriminative stimulus properties of ICSS, but a dose-response increase occurred in the time to complete the test session and in total number of lever presses and in presses on the initiating lever. Under conditions known to increase extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in brain, both amphetamine and nomifensine produced large increases in locomotor activity, but neither drug produced changes in the detection threshold for ICSS. Results indicated that the internal cues produced by ICSS are different from those produced by these psychomotor stimulant drugs.
Photodissociation Dynamics of ClO Radicals at 248 nm

The photodissociation of ClO radicals produced photolytically in a molecular beam was studied at 248 nm using photofragment translational energy spectroscopy. Excitation into the ClO absorption continuum to the blue of the structured region of the ClO(A2Π ←X2Π) spectrum led to dominant (∼97%) formation of Cl(2P3/2) + O(1D2) with negligible (<0.5%) production of Cl(2P1/2) + O(1D2). The photofragment anisotropy parameter (β) was measured to be 1.2 ± 0.2 for the dominant Cl(2P3/2) + O(1D2) channel, significantly less than the limiting value of 2.0 expected for the parallel ClO (A2Π ← X2Π) transition. This indicates that, in the ClO continuum region near 248 nm, absorption to an as yet uncharacterized electronic state [probably B(2Σ+)] carries ∼30% of the oscillator strength. This state, like ClO(A2Π), dissociates primarily to Cl(2P3/2) + O(1D2). A second minor photodissociation channel, accounting for approximately 3% of the ClO absorption cross section, leads to production of Cl(2P1/2) + O(3PJ). As in the p...
Angular Distribution of 1- to 3.5-Mev Protons Scattered by He 4

The angular distribution of protons scattered by ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ has been measured in the energy range from 1 to 3.5 Mev and over an angular range of 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 164\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory. The results are given as absolute cross sections per unit solid angle and show a broad resonance at approximately 2.2 Mev. The values for the cross sections are considered to be reliable to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 percent.
THE EFFECT OF POSTNATAL AGE ON THE VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO C02

We studied the impact of postnatal age on baseline PCO2, slope, and position of the CO2 response curve in two groups of infants. Eight infants (Group I) with prolonged apnea (BW 1850±820g, GA 33±5wks) were tested twice at 42±7 and 55±9wks post-conceptual age (P<0.01). Seven (Group II) near miss infants (BW 3160±760g, GA 37±3 wks) were examined at 48±6 and 68±6wks (P<0.01). Ventilatory responses to CO2 were obtained by a computerized CO2 waveform analyzer with the capacity to measure breath-to-breath responses. There were no significant differences in PCO2, slope and curve position at Ve=300ml between the two evaluations in either group. Due to the large coefficient of variation of the slope measurement we examined these results in another manner. In Group I, 5 slopes were abnormal (<20mm/kg/min/mmHg BTPS) in the first test and 3 in the second. In Group II 5 first slopes and 3 second slopes were abnormal. While this analysis suggests slope change with advancing age, the differences did not reach statistical significance. These data suggest that the CO2 response curve characteristics change little in the patients and time periods examined.
Can visitor regulations enhance recreational experiences

Regulations at recreation sites have been described as anathema to recreation itself. Many recent authors have suggested that managers use more “light-handed” techniques, such as information and education, before attempting regulatory and intrusive actions. This study of visitors to Glacier National Park in Montana, USA, during the fall bald eagle migration season demonstrates that, under certain conditions, recreationists will view regulations as a way to enhance the opportunity rather than detract from it. The results reinforce previous suggestions in the literature that managers carefully examine the objectives and consequences of regulations prior to their use.
The influence of basal nitric oxide activity on pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with congestive heart failure

Increased pulmonary resistance may reduce survival and treatment options in patients with congestive heart failure. Nitric oxide (NO) is a determinant of normal pulmonary resistance vessel tone. We tested the hypothesis that loss of NO function contributes to increased pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) in congestive heart failure. Pulmonary arterial resistance vessel function was studied in 25 conscious adults. Three groups were studied: 8 controls, 9 patients with congestive heart failure and normal PVRI, and 8 patients with congestive heart failure and raised PVRI. Segmental arterial flow was determined with a Doppler wire and quantitative angiography. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) was used to inhibit NO, whereas phenylephrine was used as an endothelium-independent control. The response to inhibition of NO with L-NMMA was less in patients with congestive heart failure and elevated PVRI than in patients with congestive heart failure and normal PVRI (p <0.05). The difference in response between the congestive heart failure groups was specific to NO-dependent regulation because the response to the endothelium-independent constrictor phenylephrine was not different (p = 0.92). There was no difference in response to L-NMMA between controls and patients with congestive heart failure and normal PVRI. The response to L-NMMA correlated to PVRI. In adults with congestive heart failure, NO appears to play an important role in maintaining normal pulmonary resistance.
Symbiont physiology and population dynamics before and during symbiont shifts in a flexible algal-cnidarian symbiosis.

For cnidarians that can undergo shifts in algal symbiont relative abundance, the underlying algal physiological changes that accompany these shifts are not well known. The sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima associates with the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium muscatinei and the chlorophyte Elliptochloris marina, symbionts with very different tolerances to light and temperature. We compared the performance of these symbionts in anemones maintained in an 8-11.5 month outdoor common garden experiment with simulated intertidal conditions and three levels of shading (2, 43, and 85% ambient irradiance). Symbiont densities, mitotic indices, photophysiology and pigments were assessed at three time points during the summer, a period of high irradiance and solar heating during aerial exposure. Whereas S. muscatinei was either neutrally or positively affected by higher irradiance treatments, E. marina responded mostly negatively to high irradiance. E. marina in the 85% irradiance treatment exhibited significantly reduced Pmax and chlorophyll early in the summer, but it was not until nearly 3 months later that a shift in symbiont relative abundance toward S. muscatinei occurred, coincident with bleaching. Symbiont densities and proportions remained largely stable in all other treatments over time, and displacement of S. muscatinei by E. marina was not observed in the 2% irradiance treatment despite the potentially better performance of E. marina. While our results support the view that rapid changes in symbiont relative abundance are typically associated with symbiont physiological dysfunction and bleaching, they also show that significant temporal lags may occur between the onset of symbiont stress and shifts in symbiont relative abundances.
Efficacy of Isoproterenol-Glucagon Infusion in Patients with Heart Disease

Isoproterenol and glucagon were administered separately and in combination by constant rate of intravenous infusion to 13 patients with organic heart disease. Glucagon produced modest increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial pulse pressure. Isoproterenol produced increases in cardiac output and heart rate greater than that achieved with glucagon alone and also increased arterial pulse pressure, stroke volume, and mean rate of left ventricular ejection and decreased systemic vascular resistance. The same doses of isoproterenol and glucagon in combination produced a greater effect on cardiac output than that achieved with either drug alone and had a greater effect on heart rate and arterial pulse pressure than did glucagon alone. There was no increase in the side effects of either drug associated with their administration in combination. The present study suggests that the clinical usefulness of glucagon may be enhanced by administering glucagon in combination with isoproterenol in order to obt...
WallCology: designing interaction affordances for learner engagement in authentic science inquiry

The broadening array of technologies available to support the design of classroom activity has the potential to reshape science learning in schools. This paper presents a ubiquitous computing application, WallCology, which situates a virtual ecosystem within the unseen space of classroom walls, presenting affordances for science learners to engage in investigations of ecological phenomena. Motivated by a desire to foster authenticity in classroom science inquiry, WallCology extends the "embedded phenomena" framework in three ways: by enabling collaborative investigations among distributed work teams, by increasing the physicality of investigation activities, and by expanding the loci of activity sites. Pilot studies in two urban classrooms provide qualified support for the effectiveness of WallCology in promoting more authentic inquiry practices, content learning, and attitudes regarding scientific investigations.
How Do Opportunities to View Objects Together in Time Influence Children's Memory for Location?

We conducted three experiments to investigate how opportunities to view objects together in time influence memory for location. Children and adults learned the locations of 20 objects marked by dots on the floor of an open, square box. During learning, participants viewed the objects either simultaneously or in isolation. At test, participants replaced the objects without the aid of the dots. Experiment 1 showed that when the box was divided into quadrants and the objects in each quadrant were categorically related, 7-, 9-, and 11-year-olds and adults in the simultaneous viewing condition exhibited categorical bias, but only 11-year-olds and adults in the isolated viewing condition exhibited categorical bias. Experiment 2 showed that when the objects were categorically related but no boundaries were present, 11-year-olds and adults in the simultaneous viewing condition exhibited categorical bias, but only adults showed bias in the isolated viewing condition. Experiment 3 revealed that adults exhibited bia...
Proopiomelanocortin-Derived Peptides in Testicular Interstitial Fluid: Characterization and Changes in Secretion after Human Chorionic Gonadotropin or Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Analog Treatment

Recent studies indicate that proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides are present in the testis and may be involved in the regulation of gonadal function, although their precise role still remains obscure. In the present study, we investigated in the rat whether testicular interstitial fluid (TIF), a functionally important compartment of the testis, contains POMC-derived peptides. Adult rats were used for all the experiments, and TIF was collected from each individual testis and analyzed for the presence of ACTH and β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (βend-LI). Initial studies indicated that both ACTH and βend-LI can be readily detected in TIF from intact rats, and that the concentrations of these peptides are severalfold higher than those in the peripheral plasma of the same animals. Similar studies in rats 3–5 days after hypophysectomy indicate that although ACTH and βend-LI levels in plasma were undetectable, high levels of both peptides were measured in TIF. Moreover, serial dilution curves of TIF s...
On the Hamming distance in combinatorial optimization problems on hypergraph matchings

In this note we consider the properties of the Hamming distance in combinatorial optimization problems on hypergraph matchings, also known as multidimensional assignment problems. It is shown that the Hamming distance between feasible solutions of hypergraph matching problems can be computed as an optimal value of linear assignment problem. For random hypergraph matching problems, an upper bound on the expected Hamming distance to the optimal solution is derived, and an exact expression is obtained in the special case of multidimensional assignment problems with 2 elements in each dimension.
Photoelectron spectra of metal-containing molecules with resolutions better than 1 meV

Abstract This article describes the applications of zero electron kinetic energy, ZEKE, photoelectron technique to metal-containing molecules. Examples include vanadium dimer, metal trimer compounds (Nb3O, Nb3C2, Nb3N2, Zr3O, and Y3C2), and metal atom-molecule complexes (InNH3, AlNH3, ZrO(CH3)2, and YO(CH3)2). The bond length of vanadium dimer cation has been determined from the rotationally resolved spectra with a resolution of 1.5 cm−1, or 0.19 meV. The geometric conformations and electronic states of the clusters and complexes have been identified by combining the vibrationally resolved spectra and Franck–Condon factor calculations. The vibrational spectra have linewidths of 4–8 cm−1.
The role of visual and chemical cues in the mating decisions of satellite male horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus

Satellite male horseshoe crabs form spawning groups around some nesting pairs (female plus attached male) while leaving others to nest alone. Furthermore, females of pairs that attract satellites are larger and lay more eggs than females of pairs that do not attract satellites. We experimentally tested whether satellite males use visual cues to discriminate among large and small females and if satellites use chemical cues from eggs to distinguish among females. We conducted experiments in the field in the northern Gulf of Mexico at Seahorse Key, FL, U.S.A. in which we observed the behaviour of satellite males as they approached cement models of horseshoe crab pairs. Satellites were significantly more likely to approach and join model pairs with large females than with small females. However, there was no difference in the length of time satellites remained joined to the models. When chemical cues were examined, there was no difference in the number of males that approached or joined identical female models with and without eggs. However, once a satellite joined, it remained attached significantly longer to the model pair with eggs underneath. This study shows that satellite male horseshoe crabs use multiple cues, first visual to locate nesting pairs, then chemical to decide whether to remain with a nesting female. Our results show that males that are approaching from the water use visual cues from the amount of exposed carapace to distinguish the size of females nesting on land, even when those females are well buried in the sand.
STRATEGIC GROUP DYNAMICS

A longitudinal study was conducted of strategic group dynamics over periods of economic stability, growth, and decline in international offshore oil-drilling. Some changes in group strategy were ob...