cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Letter to the editor: head-mounted display for regional anesthesia

To the Editor We were excited to read about the work done by Huynh et al with regards to augmented reality in regional anesthesia.[1][1] As military anesthesiologists, we have significant exposure to both medical simulation and augmented reality. Increasing access to emerging technology brings the
Development of statistical convolutions of truncated normal and truncated skew normal distributions with applications

ABSTRACTConvolutions of normal random variables often arise in engineering problems, and the probability densities of the sums of these random variables are known in the literature. There are practical situations where specification limits on a process are imposed externally, and the product is typically scrapped if its performance does not fall in the specification range. As such, the actual distribution after inspection is truncated. Despite the practical importance of the role of truncated distributions, there has been little work on the theoretical foundation of convolutions associated with truncated random variables. This is paramount, since convolutions are often used as an important standard in statistical tolerance analysis. In this article, the convolutions of the combinations of truncated normal and truncated skew normal random variables on double and triple truncations are developed. The successful completion of this research task on convolution could help obtain a better understanding of integ...
Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Serological Testing in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Other Hematologic Malignancies on Monoclonal Antibody Therapies.

Background: Patients with hematological malignancies (HM), including multiple myeloma (MM), frequently suffer from immune deficiency-associated infectious complications because of both the disease and the treatment. Alarming results from China and the UK confirm the vulnerability of HM patients to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-driven coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given that the immunoassay interference from the endogenous monoclonal immunoglobulin (M paraprotein) and treatment antibodies continually challenges the MM management, it is critical to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 serology tests for suspected interference/cross-reactivity. Methods: We compared the degree of interference in three SARS-CoV-2 serology assay platforms in HM patients with and without COVID-19 and on various therapeutic monoclonal antibody (t-mAb) treatments. Further, we confirmed the cross-reactivity in pooled samples from normal and COVID-19 + samples spiked with respective antibodies in vitro. Results: None of the 93 HM patient samples with or without t-MAbs showed cross-reactivity on any of the three serology platforms tested. Conclusions: The tested three serologic assays for SARS-CoV-2 are specific and do not have cross-reactivity with M-components or t-MAbs indicating that they can be used safely in oncology practice and in research exploring the immunologic response to COVID-19 in patients with HM.
Bullshitting and persuasion: The persuasiveness of a disregard for the truth

Although generally viewed as a common and undesirable social behaviour, very little is known about the nature of bullshitting (i.e., communicating with little to no regard for evidence or truth; Raritan Q Rev 6, 1986, 81); its consequences; and its potential communicative utility. Specifically, it is hypothesized that bullshitting may be may be relatively influential under specified conditions. Experiment 1 participants were exposed to a traditional persuasion paradigm, receiving either strong or weak arguments in either an evidence-based or bullshit frame. Experiment 2 also incorporated a manipulation of a peripheral route cue (i.e., source attractiveness). Findings demonstrate that bullshitting can be an effective means of influence when arguments are weak, yet undermine persuasive attempts when arguments are strong. Results also suggest that bullshit frames may cue peripheral route processing of persuasive information relative to evidence-based frames that appear to cue central route processing. Results are discussed in light of social perception and attitude change.
Clinical experience with regadenoson SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging: insights into patient characteristics, safety, and impact of results on clinical management.

The Henry Ford Hospital (HFH) regadenoson (REG) registry includes patients with a variety of comorbidities allowing for the evaluation of outcomes in a large, unselected population. Using a database of electronic medical records and nuclear cardiology reports, patients aged > 18 years who underwent REG-facilitated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) testing at HFH between January 2009 and August 2012 were identified. The primary objective was to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients who had undergone REG only vs REG WALK (REG + low-level exercise) SPECT. A total of 2104 patients were included in the analysis (mean age 65.3 years; 50% women; 51% African American, 43% Caucasian). For the REG only (n = 1318) and REG WALK (n = 786) cohorts, SPECT was abnormal in 37% of patients (REG only, 39%; REG WALK, 34%; P < 0.01). No differences in diagnostic modalities or interventions in 90 days after SPECT were observed. Immediate safety analysis showed no deaths 48 h after REG SPECT testing. Although they guide invasive therapy, abnormal scans do not automatically lead to invasive testing. This demonstrates the focus on initial medical management, which reflects the existing evidence of initial goal-directed medical management of stable coronary disease.
Characteristics of RB Control Loop of Large Lignite Power Plant Boiler and Analysis and Comparison

In recent years, lignite has been widely used as an important reserve energy in China. In view of the characteristics of lignite, such as high moisture content, high volatile content and low calorific value, in order to achieve the best expected effect, a plant has carried out many RB experiments. Reasonable use of the boiler itself heat storage, through constant adjustment of water, coal and other inertial links, so that the unit safety and stability to low load. According to the characteristics of lignite boiler, a series of RB logic rationalization control suggestions are put forward.
Identification of the efferent neurons to the lagena of the chick (726.5)

The efferent neurons of the inner ear are part of a descending pathway from the hindbrain. Although the efferent axons innervate sensory epithelium, the inner ear efferent neurons are derived from ...
Chapter 10 Strategic models of entry deterrence

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the strategic models of entry deterrence that the models fall into three categories: (1) Preemption–these models explain how a firm claims and preserves a monopoly position. The incumbent obtains a dominant position by arriving first in a natural monopoly, or more generally, by early investments in research and product design, or durable equipment and other cost reduction. The hallmark is commitment, in the form of (usually costly) actions that irreversibly strengthen the incumbent's options to exclude competitors. (2) Signaling–these models explain how an incumbent firm reliably conveys information that discourages unprofitable entry or survival of competitors. They indicate that an incumbent's behavior can be affected by private information about costs or demand either prior to entry (limit pricing) or afterwards (attrition). The hallmark is credible communication, in the form of others' inferences from observations of costly actions. (3) Predation– hese models explain how an incumbent firm profits from battling a current entrant to deter subsequent potential entrants. In these models, a predatory price war advertises that later entrants might also meet aggressive responses; its cost is an investment whose payoff is intimidation of subsequent entrants. The hallmark is reputation: the incumbent battles to maintain other's perception of its readiness to fight entry. Most models of preemption do not involve private information; they focus exclusively on means of commitment. Signaling and predation models usually require private information, but the effects are opposite. Signaling models typically produce separating equilibria in which observations of the incumbent's actions allow immediate inferences by entrants; in contrast, predation models produce pooling equilibria (or separating equilibria that unravel slowly) in which inferences by entrants are prevented or delayed.
Double-Edged Paring Knives: Human Rights Dilemmas for Special Populations

The United States makes up only 5 percent of the world's population, but it incarcerates 25 percent of the globe's prisoners. This unprecedented level of incarceration has brought increased attention to the problems of particular subsets of prisoners sometimes called "special populations." These groups include female prisoners; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT), and questioning inmates; older prisoners; and prisoners with mental illness and physical disabilities. This Article discusses human rights dilemmas in the treatment of special populations in prison. The Article surveys ABA Standards and Resolutions that bear on special populations. While ABA Standards do not have the force of law, they can serve as models for jurisdictions seeking to enact best practices, and as a resource for advocates. Standards governing the management of special populations may be necessary to ensure humane treatment and avoid victimization and loss of life. However, they can be controversial, even among human rights advocates. There are two types of critiques: that reforms perpetuate stigma and stereotypes and that reforms reinforce our reliance on prisons. These controversies expose tensions regarding the role of prison conditions reform in the vast American corrections system. The economic crisis may be pointing us toward new solutions to these dilemmas. There is a push to reduce incarceration-related expenses by reducing harsh sentences, even in some states that are traditionally tough on crime. Reducing the number of U.S. prisoners will provide the most lasting resolution to the human rights issues.
A survey of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome by using random sequencing.

A total of 508 random clones from five Mycoplasma genitalium genomic libraries were partially sequenced and analyzed. This resulted in the identification of 291 unique contigs. Sequence information from these clones (100,993 nucleotides), representing approximately 17% of this pathogen9s genome, was analyzed by comparison to the DNA and protein sequence data bases. The frequency with which clones could be identified, by virtue of possessing homology to another data base entry, was 46%. Sequence analysis indicated the following. (i) The M. genitalium genome contains many genes involved in various metabolic processes. (ii) Repetitive DNA may comprise as much as 4% of this genome. (iii) The MgPa adhesin gene may be the result of horizontal transfer from an unknown origin. (iv) Not all dinucleotide pairs are present in this genome at the expected frequency. (v) This genome potentially encodes approximately 390 proteins and makes very efficient use of its limited amount of DNA. In addition, this study allowed us to estimate the number of genes involved with various cellular functions.
Symmetry in protein-nucleic acid interaction and its genetic implications.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that symmetry considerations of protein-nucleic acid interaction suggest the existence of an alternate branched configuration for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) induced by binding specific structural proteins to symmetrically arranged polynucleotide base sequences. The concept that such sequences exist at the ends of genes or operons leads to a molecular theory interrelating genetic recombination, DNA replication, and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcription. The chapter also discusses that the theory accounts for a large amount of data in these areas and makes a wide range of testable predictions. It's most fundamental prediction, such as the presence of symmetrically arranged nucleotide base sequences at the ends of genes or operons can be tested in the near future.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS IN LACTATING MAMMARY SUPERNATANT.

Abstract 1. 1. Acetate, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate are effective precursors for the synthesis of butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic and longer-chain acids by the mammary supernatant obtained from lactating goats and rabbits. 2. 2. The distribution of 14 C in the acids synthesized from specifically labeled substrates indicates that prior cleavage of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate is not necessary for the synthesis of butyric acid. 3. 3. Avidin had little effect on the synthesis of butyrate. The synthesis of hexanoic and longer-chain acids, however, was inhibited indicating the involvement of malonyl-CoA only in the stepwise elongation of the butyryl chain. 4. 4. Citrate was seen to enhance the synthesis of butyrate as well as the longerchain acids. It was also found to be helpful in preserving the enzyme system during storage.
Monopoly Theory Prior to Adam Smith: A Revision

First, I put downe for a Maxime that all Monapolies have bin condemned by all politique men and in all well governed Comonweales, as a cause of all dearth and scarcetie in the same, contrarie to the nature and kinde of all Societies, which first growe into Townes and Cities to lie in safetie and to leve in plentie and cheapnes. — A Discourse of Corporations (1587–89?). I. Introduction, 492. — II. The monopoly theory of the Doctors, 495. — III. Monopoly theory and economic policy, 501. — IV. Post-Scholastic monopoly theories, 508. — V. Conclusions, 522.
Oocyte-to-Embryo Transition: Kinase Cabal Plots Regime Change

The transition from oocyte to embryo is among the most enthralling events in developmental biology. Recent studies of this transition in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed how conserved kinases administer the destruction of key oocyte meiotic regulators to create an embryo.
An Organic Soluble Lipase for Water-Free Synthesis of Biodiesel

Lipase AK was modified with short alkyl chains to form a highly organic soluble enzyme and was used to catalyze the synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil in organic media. The effects of several key factors including water content, temperature, and solvent were examined for the solubilized enzyme in comparison with several other commercially available lipases. Whereas native lipases showed no activity in the absence of water, the organic soluble lipase demonstrated reaction rates of up to 33 g-product/g-enzyme h. The biocatalyst remains soluble in the biodiesel product, and therefore, there is no need to be removed because it is expected to be burned along with the diesel in combustion engines. This provides a promising one-pot mix-and-use strategy for biodiesel production.
Application of the method of lines to the analysis of single fluid-solid reactions in porous solids☆

A mathematical model for the isothermal reaction between a fluid and a porous solid, in pelletgrain form, is studied. First, an analytical derivation of the time for total conversion is presented. Then the differential equations, given as a coupled pair of time-dependent and time-independent equations, are altered to a fully time-dependent form, without loss of accuracy, but with much greater amenability to an efficient numerical solution method. The solution is by the method of lines, whereby finite difference discretization in the spatial variable yields a stiff system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and the ODE initial value problem is solved with a modern general-purpose ODE solver. A further alteration to the equations overcomes the difficulty caused by the discontinuous ODEs for the solid variable. Results are given for two grain geometries and for a wide range of reaction moduli.
High-pressure phase equilibria of {carbon dioxide (CO2) + n-alkyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide} ionic liquids

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) and carbon dioxide (CO2) systems have unique phase behavior that has been applied to applications in reactions, extractions, materials, etc. Detailed phase equilibria and modeling are highly desired for their further development. In this work, the (vapor + liquid) equilibrium, (vapor + liquid + liquid) equilibrium, and (liquid + liquid) equilibrium of n-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ionic liquids with CO2 were measured at temperatures of (298.15, 323.15, 343.15) K and pressure up to 25 MPa. With a constant anion of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, the n-alkyl chain length on the cation was varied from 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ([EMIm][Tf2N]), 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ([HMIm][Tf2N]), to 1-decyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ([DMIm][Tf2N]). The effects of the cation on the phase behavior and CO2 solubility were investigated. The longer alkyl chain lengths increase the CO2 solubility. The Peng–Robinson equation of state with van der Waals 2-parameter mixing rule with estimated IL critical properties were used to model and correlate the experimental data. The models correlate the (vapor + liquid) equilibrium and (liquid + liquid) equilibrium very well. However, extrapolation of the model to much higher pressures (>30 MPa) can results in the prediction of a mixture critical point which, as of yet, has not been found in the literature.
The breast as viewed by a gynecologist.

The effects of estrogen and progesterone on the breast are discussed. Since fibrocystic disease or chronic cystic mastitis occurs more frequently in the premenstrual period it appears that this condition is associated not only with the presence of estrogen but also with progesterone. Cysts of the breast appear to be stimulated by estrogenic hormones although unknown factors such as blockage of the ducts may be contributory. The use of oral contraceptives may produce hyperplastic atypical lesions and on occasion nodularity and tender areas in the breast. Present evidence indicates that estrogenic therapy does not cause carcinoma of the breast.
Optical technique for measurement of random water wave surfaces

An optical system for measuring the slope of random wind‐generated water waves is described. The instrument employs the refraction of a vertical light ray, which is a technique that has been previously used. The present system, however, employs a large‐area array of individual photovoltaic cells to measure the refraction angle of the beam. Because the array provides a much larger active area with no preferred direction, it is much better suited to the measurement of random water wave fields, typical of those generated by wind.
An optical timing verification system for Alcator C-Mod

Abstract We have built a system to generate and optically distribute a TTL timing waveform around the experiment cell. This waveform provides recognizable time markers which when digitized allow time-bases of the data acquisition equipment and software to be independently verified. The system can be used off line to characterize repeatable system behavior, or channels can be dedicated to digitizing this reference waveform for every shot providing a check for triggering behavior, clock and trigger timing accuracy and overall system correctness. Measuring transient phenomena with different diagnostics at different locations is becoming increasingly important. As measuring frequencies increase it becomes more and more difficult to line up the samples of separate measurements in time. At the same time the channel count for many diagnostics is increasing, lowering the incremental cost of dedicating a channel for time-base verification. In this paper we will describe the system and its motivation, and provide initial results from its deployment.
An empirical analysis of offshore service vessel utilization in the US Gulf of Mexico

Purpose – The offshore supply vessel (OSV) industry is critical to offshore oil and gas operations around the world and contributes to the economic and ecological impacts experienced by the local communities supporting the offshore oil and gas industries. The OSV industry has not been studied significantly and the economic and ecological impacts to local communities is generally unknown. This paper aims to address these issues.Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the authors review the activities and logistical requirements involved in offshore exploration and development with special attention paid to workflows and the manner in which service vessels are utilized in the Gulf of Mexico. The authors estimate the OSV needs per stage of activity for offshore operations based on data collected from company planning documents, fleet utilization data from oil and gas companies and service providers, interviews and surveys. The statistical data is synthesized and reconciled and despite large variances th...
Amino acid and glucose metabolism in the postabsorptive state and following amino acid ingestion in the dog

Amino acid and glucose metabolism was studied in nine awake 18-hour fasted dogs with chronic portal, arterial, and hepatic venous catheters before and for three hours after oral ingestion of amino acids. The meal was composed of a crystalline mixture of free amino acid, containing neither carbohydrate nor lipid. Following the amino acid meal, plasma glucose concentration declined slowly and this occurred despite a rise in hepatic glucose release. Portal plasma insulin rose transiently (30 +/- 7 to 50 +/- 11 microU/mL, P less than 0.05) while the increase in portal glucagon was more striking and persisted throughout the study (162 +/- 40 to 412 +/- 166 pg/mL). Over the three hours following amino acid ingestion, the entire ingested load of glycine, serine, phenylalanine, proline, and threonine was recovered in portal blood as was 80% of the ingested branched chain amino acids (BCAA). The subsequent uptake of these glucogenic amino acids by the liver was equivalent to the amount ingested, while hepatic removal of BCAA could account for disposal of 44% of the BCAA absorbed; the remainder was released by the splanchnic bed. During this time, ongoing gut production of alanine was observed and the liver removed 1,740 +/- 170 mumol/kg of alanine, which was twofold greater than combined gut output of absorbed and synthesized alanine. In the postcibal state, the total net flux of alanine and five other glucogenic amino acids from peripheral to splanchnic tissues (1,480 mumol/kg 3 h) exceeded the net movement of branched chain amino acids from splanchnic to peripheral tissues (590 mumol/kg/3 h).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Regulation of Soybean Net Photosynthetic CO2 Fixation by the Interaction of CO2, O2, and Ribulose 1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase

Kinetic properties of soybean net photosynthetic CO(2) fixation and of the carboxylase and oxygenase activities of purified soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) were examined as functions of temperature, CO(2) concentration, and O(2) concentration. With leaves, O(2) inhibition of net photosynthetic CO(2) fixation increased when the ambient leaf temperature was increased. The increased inhibition of CO(2) fixation at higher temperatures was caused by a reduced affinity of the leaf for CO(2) and an increased affinity of the leaf for O(2). With purified ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, O(2) inhibition of CO(2) incorporation and the ratio of oxygenase activity to carboxylase activity increased with increased temperature. The increased O(2) sensitivity of the enzyme at higher temperature was caused by a reduced affinity of the enzyme for CO(2) and a slightly increased affinity of the enzyme for O(2). The similarity of the effect of temperature on the affinity of intact leaves and of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO(2) and O(2) provides further evidence that the carboxylase regulates the O(2) response of photosynthetic CO(2) fixation in soybean leaves. Based on results reported here and in the literature, a scheme outlining the stoichiometry between CO(2) and O(2) fixation in vivo is proposed.Oxygen competitively inhibited carboxylase activity with respect to CO(2), and CO(2) competitively inhibited oxygenase activity with respect to O(2). Within the limits of experimental error, the Michaelis constant (CO(2)) in the carboxylase reaction was identical with the inhibition constant (CO(2)) in the oxygenase reaction, and the Michaelis constant (O(2)) in the oxygenase reaction was identical with the inhibition constant (O(2)) in the carboxylase reaction. The Michaelis constant, (ribulose 1,5-diphosphate) was the same in both the carboxylase and oxygenase reactions. This equality of kinetic constants is consistent with the notion that the same enzyme catalyzes both reactions.
Characterization of β-adrenergic receptors in rat brain and pituitary using a new high-affinity ligand, [125I]iodocyanopindolol

The binding of [125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) to membrane preparations from rat cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland was characterized in regard to specificity, density, and the proportion of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes. By employing a mixture of ligands specific for alpha-adrenergic, serotoninergic and dopaminergic receptors, it was possible to eliminate most of the less-specific contributions to ICYP binding profiles, which resulted in narrowing the range of measured dissociation constants to 35-50 pM for all neural tissues studied. These values corresponded well with constant for the 'slow' component discernible in ICYP association with cerebral cortical membranes at 37 degrees C. The maximum binding values were 63, 29 and 5.6 fM/mg membrane protein in cortical, hypothalamic and anterior pituitary membrane fractions, respectively. Evaluation of the beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes using 4 selective competitors indicated an average 19% content of the beta 2-subtype in cortical membranes, while in hypothalamic membranes 47% of the receptors could be assigned to that subtype. In the anterior pituitary as well as in the cerebellum, the receptors were predominantly of beta 2-subtype. These findings are discussed in terms of possible physiological functions of beta-receptors in these tissues, including the regulation of the release of pituitary hormones.
Phases in weakly interacting finite Bose systems

We study precursors of thermal phase transitions in finite systems of interacting Bose gases. For weakly repulsive interactions there is a phase transition to the one-vortex state. The distribution of zeros of the partition function indicates that this transition is first order, and the precursors of the phase transition are already displayed in systems of a few dozen bosons. Systems of this size do not exhibit new phases as more vortices are added to the system.
DNA synthesis by a membrane-DNA complex from rat liver mitochondria

A membrane-DNA complex isolated from Sarkosyl lysates of inner membrane-matrix preparations from rat liver mitochondria has been shown to carry out the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in vitro . The incorporation of ( 3 H)dTTP is completely dependent upon Mg 2+ , the endogenous mitochondrial DNA template, and four deoxynucleoside triphosphates. A number of inhibitors of DNA synthesis completely suppress the incorporation by the membrane-DNA complex. The incorporation of ( 3 H)dTTP takes place into the same types of replicative intermediates of mtDNA which are labeled when incorporation is allowed to take place in intact mitochondria in vitro or in vivo .
Molecular probe systems for reactive transients in natural waters

Many natural water transformations are mediated by reactive transients (RTs) too fleeting to measure directly. The concepts of molecular probe methods that can uniquely characterize these otherwise inaccessible species are critically reviewed in the context of environmental studies. Photochemically produced free radicals exemplify important RTs. A photooxidation scheme which characterizes the radical chemistry of seawater and emphasizes the reactions of oxygen species is presented. All the hypothesized radicals are measurable only as RTs with lifetimes < 10 ms; many undergo critical reactions on the 1 μs time-scale. New probe systems have been designed for use at sea and to explore and test the photooxidation hypothesis. These stable free radical probes have kinetic and thermodynamic advantages compared with conventional even-electron probes as a result of elementary chemical considerations. Their selectivity profiles match well the properties of the primary and secondary radical groups postulated by the hypothesis, and initial data demonstrate that these systems are sensitive, give oceanographically consistent results, and tentatively confirm or constrain the scheme. Organic nitroxide probes confirm the postulated fast radical + O2 reactions, and can be used to separate and identify trace organic radicals in model systems and natural waters. The inorganic probe nitric oxide has been used extensively to measure total radical fluxes of ∼ 0.1–1 nM kg−1 min−1 of noon surface insolation in ‘blue’ waters (∼ 10–100 μM per calendar year), and has confirmed geochemically significant flux magnitudes. The fluxes of the superoxide ion-radical have been measured at sea using related 15N-labelled NO probes. Values approximately one-third of the total flux at the same sites confirm that this previously postulated species is a major component of the photochemical radical array, and qualitatively strengthen the hypothesis that this species is the source of photochemically produced HOOH. Testing the robustness of results from probe studies of the photooxidation hypothesis requires intercalibration methods and probe-independent validation experiments. Prospects for realizing these constraints are surveyed.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Educational Expectations of Adolescents: Does Pursuing Higher Education Mean Something Different to Latino Students Compared to White and Black Students?

There are striking disparities in the academic achievement of American youth, with Latino students being a particularly vulnerable population. Adolescents’ academic expectations have been shown to predict educational outcomes, and thus are an important factor in understanding educational disparities. This article examines racial/ethnic differences in the future expectations of adolescents, with a particular focus on how expectations about higher education may differ in frequency and meaning for Latino youth. Participants included 375 urban ninth-grade students (49 % Latino, 23 % White, 22 % Black, and 6 % other; 51 % female) who gave written descriptions of how they pictured their lives in 5 years. Responses were subsequently coded for content and themes. Results demonstrate that Latino youth were less likely to picture themselves attending college when compared to Black and White youth, and more likely to hold social goals, such as starting their own family. Ethnic/racial differences also were found in the themes present in responses, with Latino and Black students more likely than White students to describe individuation and materialistic goals, and to give more unrealistic responses. For Latino youth only, higher education goals were associated significantly with individuation themes. In addition, for Latino youth, adolescents who wished to pursue higher education reported more depressive symptoms and emotional distress than those who did not picture going to college, whereas the opposite pattern was evident for Black and White youth. These differences may reflect cultural values, such as familismo. Practice implications include the importance of culturally tailoring programs aimed at promoting higher education.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 81

Abstract Abstracts:Nuclear structure data pertaining to all nuclei with mass number A=81 have been compiled and evaluated and incorporated into the ENSDF date file.General Policies and Organization of Material:See the January issue of Nuclear Data Sheets.General Comments:This publication for A=81 supersedes the previous (full) publication (J. Muller,Nuclear Data Sheets46,487 (1985)) and the subsequent update (C. Baglin,Nuclear Data Sheets69,267 (1993)), and includes all literature available prior to November 1, 1996.Cutoff Date:All data available prior to November 1, 1996 have been evaluated.Acknowledgments:The author is indebeted to H. Schnare for making data available at very short notice prior to publication. The advice and assistance received from B. Singh (McMaster University), who prepared the superdeformed band data for81Sr and who reviewed the material added to the A=81 chain since its 1993 revision, are also gratefully acknowledged. Throughout this evaluation, the adopted energy for a level seen only in reactions in which no γ rays were observed has been obtained from a weighted average of all data which can reasonably be associated with that level alone, unless noted otherwise. Uncertainties in absolute γ-ray intensities are calculated using the method of Browne (86Br21).
A Cointegration Analysis of the U.S. Money Supply Process

Abstract The elements of the U.S. M1 money supply process are examined for cointegration and error correction for the subperiods of differing Federal Reserve operating procedures from 1971 through 1990. Cointegration among the money supply, the monetary base, and the market-deposit interest rate differential is observed from 1983:01 to 1990:06 during the borrowed reserves operating procedure period. Movements in the interest differential, which possibly affected the currency-deposit ratio component of the money multiplier, and in the money supply, maintained the long-run equilibrium relationship among the series.
Are Neptune's highly dispersed whistlers really Z‐mode radiation?

Evidence is presented that the unusual lightning-generated whistler signals detected very near Neptune are possibly impulsive emissions propagating in the z-mode. Unlike terrestrial whistlers in the plasmasphere, the Neptunian emissions might be propagating in a region where the plasma-to-cyclotron frequency ratio is much less than one. If the nightside plasma density is indeed low, the z-mode will extend down to unusually low frequencies. The observed events may then be interpreted as z-mode instead of the whistler mode. Propagation in the z-mode may explain many of the unusual emission features, including the low frequency limit of 6 kHz and the very large dispersions. Given an atmospheric emission source, this result suggests that Neptune's ionospheric electron density is relatively low. In order for the dispersive events to be observed at Voyager in the z-mode, some locations in the nightside ionosphere are required to have densities as low as about 100 cm -3 . A possible magnetospheric source for the emission is also discussed.
Selective resistance of taurine-fed mice to isoniazide-potentiated seizures: In vivo functional test for the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase

Taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is one of the most abundant free amino acids especially in excitable tissues, with wide physiological actions. We have previously reported that in mice, supplementation of the drinking water with taurine induces alterations in the inhibitory GABAergic system. In taurine-fed mice we found that the expression level of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis, is elevated. Increased expression of GAD was accompanied by increased levels of GABA. Here, we investigated pharmacologically the functional significance of taurine-induced increase in GAD expression by determining the threshold for kainic acid-induced seizures after partial inhibition of GAD activity with isoniazide. We found that taurine-fed mice have elevated GAD expression and showed a higher threshold for seizure onset when compared with age-matched controls. Thus, taurine-fed mice have a functional increase in GAD activity which offers some protection in this seizure model. Furthermore, this pharmacological manipulation can be used to determine the level of GAD activity in other model systems that show alterations in GAD expression.
Synthese und Charakterisierung einer unimolekularen Kapsel

Viele Moglichkeiten stehen offen, wenn man zwei harnstoffsubstituierte Calix[4]areneinheiten (Kapselhalften in der schematischen Darstellung) uber einen Spacer verknupft: Bildung einer unimolekularen Kapsel (ganz links), Dimerenbildung oder Oligomerenbildung. Durch Kombination von NMR-Spektroskopie und Elektrospray-Massenspektrometrie wurde nachgewiesen, das ein Hexamethylenspacer gerade richtig ist, um unter Einschlus von Losungsmittel- oder anderen Gastmolekulen die Bildung einer unimolekularen Kapsel zu bevorzugen.
Visible Fluorescence Detection of Type III Protein Secretion from Bacterial Pathogens

Type III protein secretion is essential for many gram-negative bacterial infections of host cells and an attractive target for new antibacterial drugs. Here, we describe a bacterial protein effector-carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) reporter system for fluorescence and visible detection of type III protein secretion in Salmonella typhimurium. This system provides a general method for measuring protein expression and secretion as well as a high-throughput and quantitative assay for analyzing type III protein secretion inhibitors.
Effect of 1,3-dinitrobenzene on prepubertal, pubertal, and adult mouse spermatogenesis.

Exposure of prepubertal, pubertal, and adult mice to 0, 8, 16, 32, 40, or 48 mg 1,3-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB)/kg body weight and measuring responses 1-25 d posttreatment (dpt) demonstrated significant effects on testicular function only at 48 mg/kg dosage. m-DNB had no effect on body or testis weights with the exception of reduced adult mouse testis weights at 22 dpt with 48 mg/kg (p less than .05). None of the exposures resulted in detectable levels of germinal epithelial cells in the ductus epididymis. Exposure of prepubertal and pubertal mice to m-DNB caused only minimal nonsignificant changes in the relative percent of testicular cell types present up to 25 dpt. The adult mice testicular cell type ratios, in particular the round and elongating spermatid populations, changed significantly at doses of 48 mg/kg. Also, a reduction in the percent tetraploid cells occurred at d 1, suggesting these cells may be a primary target of m-DNB action. Caput and caudal sperm from mice exposed to m-DNB prior to puberty did not demonstrate an increased susceptibility to DNA denaturation when analyzed by the sperm chromatin structure assay. However, in pubertal mice, m-DNB exposure further exaggerated the abnormal chromatin structure that normally characterizes sperm during the onset of sperm production. In adult mice, 48 mg/kg resulted in increased susceptibility to DNA denaturation of caput sperm chromatin at 11 dpt (p less than .05) and in caudal sperm at 22 dpt (p less than .01). The abnormal chromatin structure of cauda sperm from adult mice was highly correlated with sperm head morphology abnormalities (ABN; 0.82 to 0.95, p less than .01, 11 and 22 dpt, respectively), but showed lower correlations with dose (0.60 to 0.79, p less than .01, 11 and 22 dpt, respectively). For pubertal mice, a positive relationship was also observed between the variation of sperm chromatin structure abnormalities and ABN. The effect of m-DNB on testicular function in prepubertal and pubertal mice appear to be less pronounced than in adult mice. Furthermore, following exposure to the same dosage, the effect of m-DNB is less severe in adult mice than that observed for adult rats as reported in the companion paper.
Measurement of the transport spin-polarization of oxides using point contact Andreev reflection (PCAR)

We present results of transport spin-polarization measurements derived using PCAR. Several systems are discussed with the focus primarily on oxides. The phenomenology of spin-polarization, details of the PCAR technique, and comparisons of the experimental results with theoretical predictions are presented.
Assessing the impact of extreme climatic events on aspen defoliation using MODIS imagery

Recent studies document the decline of quaking aspen across large geographic areas of North America. Extreme climatic events are possible contributors to the decline, and drought is often cited as an important driver of aspen phenology. Little is known, however, about the effects of spring freeze events on aspen phenology, even though such events are projected to occur more frequently in future. This study uses moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) imagery to assess the spatial pattern and magnitude of damage to aspen forests during spring freeze and summer drought events that occurred in Utah in 2007. The analysis finds above normal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in early spring, and below normal NDVI following the freeze event and during the summer drought. Aspen damage is concentrated in certain terrain classes, depending on the type of extreme climatic event. These findings suggest there are predictable patterns of aspen defoliation that identify aspen stands vulnerable to ex...
A cooperative options-based strategy for coordinating supply chain and resource allocation decisions

The current global economic conditions have resulted in an increased awareness of the need for organisations to cooperate, effectively manage resources, and create sustainable value in the production and delivery of goods and services. This paper considers a multi-agent system exhibiting multiple sources of uncertainty and presents a new model that facilitates the strategic allocation of tasks to resources within supply chains, benefits each agent, and hedges systemic risks through cooperative real options and an allocation incentive (or disincentive) pricing scheme. The results are a conceptual model and decision policies that encourage cooperative actions between buyers and suppliers/sellers/producers to most effectively manage supply chain decisions at both macro (organisations/echelons) and micro (departments) levels. This new model may help supply chain members jointly design flexible contracts that respond dynamically as system information and uncertainties become better known, improve coordination, reduce costs, and minimise the bullwhip effect within large-scale supply chain networks.
Antigens in Moldy Hay as the Cause of Farmer's Lung.∗:

SummarySera from farmer's lung patients and non-farmer's lung control individuals were reacted with trichloroacetic acid extracts of moldy hays. All the sera from patients with acute symptoms and two-thirds of the total which included recovered farmer's lung patients formed specific precipitin lines with the moldy hay extracts. No precipitin lines were obtained with sera from healthy farmers who had no history of farmer's lung or with extracts of good hay. Evidence is presented to show that farmer's lung is associated with the presence of specific antibodies in the patients“sera against antigens found in moldy hays and that these antigens are the cause of farmer's lung.
Interpolation of TC02 data on a 1° × 1° grid throughout the water column below 500 m depth in the Atlantic Ocean

Abstract We have combined the available total CO 2 , temperature, salinity and oxygen data from the TTO, SAVE and WOCE programs in the Atlantic Ocean to parameterize TCO 2 below 500 m depth as a function of potential temperature, salinity and apparent oxygen utilization. We then use the Levitus data set of temperature, salinity and oxygen to compute the TCO 2 profiles at the resolution of the Levitus data set on a 1° × 1° grid with a vertical resolution of 33 layers, more densely spaced in the upper 1500 m than below. Depending on the method used to interpolate the data (along isopycnals or vertically by station), the estimated random uncertainty of the computed TC0 2 values in the Atlantic Ocean throughout the water column below the wintertime mixed layer depth ranges from ± 7.1 μmol kg −1 to t 5.9 μmol kg −1 .
Vertical divestiture of the US oil industry and US-OPEC relations☆

Abstract It has often been argued that the vertical divestiture of integrated US oil companies would produce a more competitive world oil market and in this way would tend to destabilize and weaken the OPEC cartel. This paper uses historical and statistical data as well as economic theory to define and evaluate the assumptions which underlie such an argument. It is concluded that the argument is seriously defective and that the institutions which would supplant integrated oil companies would be significantly less efficient than their predecessors.
Graying of Japan: Choju Shakai

Japan has completed its demographic transition and has been forced to face the aging of a substantial proportion of the population prior to other developed nations. Extreme population aging has led to increases in the demand for social services for the aged and the family, which have far exceeded existing supply of services. This article examines family relations, health services, retirement, and economic well-being of the aging population in Japan. Challenges and implications for future elder care are discussed.
Sebald's Melancholic Method: Writing as Ethical Memory in Austerlitz

Sebald’s ethics of remembrance coincides with his complex notion of history that includes cultural, economic, and natural history. This article shows that the narrative dynamic between the protagonist and his narrator creates a collective memory out of amnesia. Furthermore, Sebald’s unique style incorporates an ethics of memory that seeks to let the past take shape independently of subjective intentionality. This becomes clear through discussion of the secondary literature that Sebald consulted in his preparation of Austerlitz , including Halbwachs’ La memoire collective and a small body of more recent memory research. Sebald often made marginal annotations to his personal copies of these works, some of which are cited. I use these annotations to inform my reading of the theoretical foundations of Sebald’s approach to the past, which are best understood in the context of Theodor W. Adorno’s concept of natural history, Freud’s thoughts on the death drive, and Sebald’s own criticism, especially his early works on the Austrian writer Adalbert Stifter. In Austerlitz the protagonist and the narrator undertake a collaborative form of remembrance to overcome the amnesia that the protagonist suffered as an individual and that the narrator inherited culturally.
Understanding the Japanese as customers, competitors, and collaborators☆

Abstract The Japanese have devoted substantial time and resources to understanding Western markets and competitors. The West has typically not reciprocated. The resulting information asymmetry has contributed to Japanese competitive success. The article discusses some key issues in understanding Japanese companies in all three roles in which Western firms meet them - as customers, competitors, and collaborators.
In Vitro Dissolution Testing Strategies for Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Developments and Challenges

Nanoparticulate systems have emerged as prevalent drug delivery systems over the past few decades. These delivery systems (such as liposomes, emulsions, nanocrystals, and polymeric nanocarriers) have been extensively used to improve bioavailability, prolong pharmacological effects, achieve targeted drug delivery, as well as reduce side effects. Considering that any unanticipated change in product performance of such systems may result in toxicity and/or change in vivo efficacy, it is essential to develop suitable in vitro dissolution/release testing methods to ensure product quality and performance, and to assist in product development. The present review provides an overview of the current in vitro dissolution/release testing methods such as dialysis, sample and separate, as well as continuous flow methods. Challenges and future directions in the development of standardized and biorelevant in vitro dissolution/release testing methods for novel nanoparticulate systems are discussed.