cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minds and Brains of Media Multitaskers: Current Findings and Future Directions

Media and technology are ubiquitous elements of our daily lives, and their use can offer many benefits and rewards. At the same time, decisions about how individuals structure their use of media can be informed by consideration of whether, and if so how, the mind and brain are shaped by different use patterns. Here we review the growing body of research that investigates the cognitive and neural profiles of individuals who differ in the extent to which they simultaneously engage with multiple media streams, or ‟media multitasking.” While the literature is still sparse, and is marked by both convergent and divergent findings, the balance of evidence suggests that heavier media multitaskers exhibit poorer performance in a number of cognitive domains, relative to lighter media multitaskers (although many studies find no performance differences between groups). When evidence points to a relationship between media multitasking level and cognition, it is often on tasks that require or are influenced by fluctuations in sustained goal-directed attention. Given the real-world significance of such findings, further research is needed to uncover the mechanistic underpinnings of observed differences, to determine the direction of causality, to understand whether remediation efforts are needed and effective, and to determine how measurement heterogeneity relates to variable outcomes. Such efforts will ultimately inform decisions about how to minimize the potential costs and maximize the many benefits of our ever-evolving media landscape.
Management of Anal Fissure

Anal fissure is a tear in the sensate anoderm below the dentate line, typically resulting from traumatic bowel movements. These are almost always located in the posterior midline. Atypical fissures are located laterally in the anal canal. The majority of fissures will heal with dietary modification and topical medication.
Update on Obstetric Hemorrhage

Postpartum hemorrhage is increasing in prevalence in the USA and continues to be an important cause of preventable maternal morbidity and mortality. This review provides the most recent epidemiologic data on postpartum hemorrhage in the USA, current nationwide initiatives for prevention, preparedness, and response to postpartum hemorrhage, and recent evidence-based advances in management. The National Partnership for Maternal Safety consensus bundle on obstetric hemorrhage serves as a resource for postpartum hemorrhage–related clinical and research initiatives. Areas of focus include standardizing postpartum hemorrhage management with protocol use, massive transfusion protocols, early and enhanced risk assessment, accurate quantitation of blood loss, and refined transfusion strategies such as early fibrinogen replacement, tranexamic acid therapy, and point of care testing to detect and treat coagulopathy. Continued focus on improving the management of postpartum hemorrhage with available resources is imperative to minimize associated risks of morbidity and mortality.
Surface Control of the Frequency of Stratospheric Sudden Warming Events

AbstractThe frequency of stratospheric sudden warming events (SSWs) is an important characteristic of the coupled stratosphere–troposphere system. However, many modern climate models are unable to ...
EFFECTS OF THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT OF PROTEIN KINASE II FROM RETICULOCYTES AND BOVINE HEART MUSCLE ON PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN RETICULOCYTE LYSATES

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the effects of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase II from reticulocytes and bovine heart muscle on protein phosphorylation and protein synthesis in reticulocytes lysates. The inhibition of protein synthesis initiation in heme-deficient lysates is caused by the activation of a heme-regulated cAMP-independent protein kinase (HRI), which phosphorylates the a-subunit of eIF-2 (eIF-2a). The findings suggest that the phosphorylation of HRI is related to its activation and is correlated with the phosphorylation of eIF-2a both in vitro and in situ. In an earlier study, it was observed that high levels of BHM protein kinase II (PK) plus cAMP (10−4M) partially inhibited protein synthesis in lysates. In an experiment described in the chapter, as cAMP alone has no effect on protein synthesis in lysates, the effects of highly purified catalytic subunits of PK II from reticulocytes (rC) and BHM (bC) were examined. Both rC and bC migrated as 43,000 dalton polypeptides in SDS-PAGE and were autophosphorylated when preincubated with [γ−32P]ATP. The addition of rC (or bC) to lysates at physiological concentrations does not affect protein synthesis, but at five- to tenfold higher levels, some inhibition (20–25%) was also observed.
Putting deep learning in perspective for pest management scientists

‘Deep learning’ is causing rapid technological changes in many fields of science, and conjectures about its potential for transforming everyone's work and lives is a matter of great debate. Unfortunately, it is all too easy to apply it as a ‘black box’ tool with little consideration of its potential limitations, especially when the data it is being applied to is less than perfect. In this Perspective, I try to put deep learning into a broader mechanistic and historical context by showing how it relates to older forms of artificial intelligence; by providing a general explanation of how it operates; and by exploring some of the challenges involved in its implementation. Examples wherein it has been applied to pest management problems are provided to illustrate how the technology works and the challenges deep learning faces. At least in the near term, its biggest impact on agrochemical development seems likely to come in automating the tedious work involved in assessing agrochemical efficacy, but getting there will require major investments in building large, well‐curated data sets to work from and in providing the expertise required to assess the resulting model predictions in real‐world scenarios. Deep learning may also come to complement the machine learning methodologies already available for use in pesticide discovery and development, but it seems unlikely to supplant them. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Humanizing Student–Teacher Relationships for Black Children: Implications for Teachers’ Social–Emotional Training:

A growing number of scholars in the field of urban education compellingly demonstrate the myriad ways U.S. schooling for Black youth is dehumanizing. Social and emotional learning (SEL), particular...
Synthetic drugs of abuse.

Abstract Synthetic drugs of abuse contain various psychoactive substances. These substances have recently emerged as novel drugs of abuse in public; thus, they are known as novel psychoactive substances (NPS). As these compounds are artificially synthesized in a laboratory, they are also called designer drugs. Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones are the two primary classes of NPS or designer drugs. Synthetic cannabinoids, also known as “K2” or “Spice,” are potent agonists of the cannabinoid receptors. Synthetic cathinones, known as “Bath salts,” are beta-keto amphetamine derivatives. These compounds can cause severe intoxication, including overdose deaths. NPS are accessible locally and online. NPS are scheduled in the US and other countries, but the underground chemists keep modifying the chemical structure of these compounds to avoid legal regulation; thus, these compounds have been evolving rapidly. These drugs are not detectable by traditional drug screening, and thus, these substances are mainly abused by young individuals and others who wish to avoid drug detection. These compounds are analyzed primarily by mass spectrometry.
Multilevel Factors Associated With More Intensive Use of Radioactive Iodine for Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer

CONTEXT The use of radioactive iodine (RAI) for low-risk thyroid cancer is common, and variation in its use exists, despite the lack of benefit for low-risk disease and potential harms and costs. OBJECTIVE To simultaneously assess patient- and physician-level factors associated with patient-reported receipt of RAI for low-risk thyroid cancer. METHODS This population-based survey study of patients with newly diagnosed differentiated thyroid cancer identified via the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries of Georgia and Los Angeles County included 989 patients with low-risk thyroid cancer, linked to 345 of their treating general surgeons, otolaryngologists, and endocrinologists. We assessed the association of physician- and patient-level factors with patient-reported receipt of RAI for low-risk thyroid cancer. RESULTS Among this sample, 48% of patients reported receiving RAI, and 23% of their physicians reported they would use RAI for low-risk thyroid cancer. Patients were more likely to report receiving RAI if they were treated by a physician who reported they would use RAI for low-risk thyroid cancer compared with those whose physician reported they would not use RAI (adjusted OR: 1.84; 95% CI, 1.29-2.61). The odds of patients reporting they received RAI was 55% lower among patients whose physicians reported they saw a higher volume of patients with thyroid cancer (40+ vs 0-20) (adjusted OR: 0.45; 0.30-0.67). CONCLUSIONS Physician perspectives and attitudes about using RAI, as well as patient volume, influence RAI use for low-risk thyroid cancer. Efforts to reduce overuse of RAI in low-risk thyroid cancer should include interventions targeted toward physicians, in addition to patients.
Transnational and decolonizing queer digital/quick media and cyberculture studies

In this essay, I argue that while queer studies within communication and cultural studies must take a transnational and decolonizing turn to move away from solely white and US-centric ways of conce...
A novel approach for treating type II endoleaks utilizing contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

Abstract Endoleaks are a frequent and well-known complication following endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms. An endoleaks can lead to increased intra sac pressure, sac enlargement and potential aneurysm rupture. Type 2 endoleaks result from retrograde filling of aortic branch vessels and can be treated with surgical, endovascular or direct percutaneous approaches. Direct percutaneous treatment typically involves embolization of the perfused endoleak cavity typically using a translumbar approach with fluoroscopic guidance. We illustrate a novel image-guided approach for percutaneous transabdominal endoleak treatment utilizing contrast-enhanced ultrasound in combination with fluoroscopy.
African American Women as a Voter Block: The Widening Voter Gap between African American Women and African American Men and Non-Hispanic White Women for the Democratic Party

According to United States Election Project, when the Census Bureau collected the voting data, it shows that nationally, voter turnout in the 2016 General Presidential Election stayed relatively the same. Yet, there was a smaller decrease (8%) in African American voter turnout and a small increase (3%) in Non-Hispanic White voter turnout, while Hispanic and Other had less than a 1% increase in voter turnout. The significant change in African American and Non-Hispanic White turnout decided the 2016 Presidential Election. African American women voted in a higher percentage (96%) for the Democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton than African American men (89%) and Non-Hispanic White women (54%). This paper will align how Hillary Clinton’s platform was in a greater alignment with the needs of African American women, which assisted with the gap between African American women and Non-Hispanic White women’s choice to vote for the Hillary Clinton over Donald Trump. The implications demonstrate that there are unique issues for African American women that do not apply to either Non-Hispanic White Women or African American men.
Data-driven time-dependent state estimation for interfacial fluid mechanics in evaporating droplets.

Droplet evaporation plays crucial roles in biodiagnostics, microfabrication, and inkjet printing. Experimentally studying the evolution of a sessile droplet consisting of two or more components needs sophisticated equipment to control the vast parameter space affecting the physical process. On the other hand, the non-axisymmetric nature of the problem, attributed to compositional perturbations, introduces challenges to numerical methods. In this work, droplet evaporation problem is studied from a new perspective. We analyze a sessile methanol droplet evolution through data-driven classification and regression techniques. The models are trained using experimental data of methanol droplet evolution under various environmental humidity levels and substrate temperatures. At higher humidity levels, the interfacial tension and subsequently contact angle increase due to higher water uptake into droplet. Therefore, different regimes of evolution are observed due to adsorption–absorption and possible condensation of water which turns the droplet from a single component into a binary system. In this work, machine learning and data-driven techniques are utilized to estimate the regime of droplet evaporation, the time evolution of droplet base diameter and contact angle, and level of surrounding humidity. Droplet regime is estimated by classification algorithms through point-by-point analysis of droplet profile. Decision tree demonstrates a better performance compared to Naive Bayes (NB) classifier. Additionally, the level of surrounding humidity, as well as the time evolution of droplet base diameter and contact angle, are estimated by regression algorithms. The estimation results show promising performance for four cases of methanol droplet evolution under conditions unseen by the model, demonstrating the model’s capability to capture the complex physics underlying binary droplet evolution.
Blood management in total hip arthroplasty: a nationwide trend analysis from 2011 to 2018

With the advent of practice changes surrounding preoperative patient optimization and postoperative protocols, a marked reduction has been reported in blood transfusion rates following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine differences in the prevalence of preoperative anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated international normalized ratio (INR), bleeding disorders, and pre- and postoperative blood transfusions over the last decade. From 2011 to 2018, the American College of Surgeons National Quality Improvement Program database was queried for all primary THA procedures (n = 208,796). The following continuous variables were examined using analysis of variance: preoperative hematocrit (HCT), platelet count, and INR. The following categorical variables were analyzed by chi-squared tests: anemia (HCT 2.0, bleeding disorders, preoperative transfusions, and postoperative transfusions. There were decreases in preoperative anemia (2011: 16.2%; 2018: 11.4%, p 2.0 (2011: high = 1.1%; 2018: low = 0.7%, p = 0.001), bleeding disorders (2011: high = 2.9%; 2018: low = 2.0%, p < 0.001), and preoperative transfusions (2011: high = 0.2%; 2018: low = 0.1%, p = 0.007). Large decreases in the number of patients with preoperative anemia and those receiving postoperative blood transfusion were observed during the study period. Future investigation is needed to ascertain whether this is due to patient optimization, practice changes, “cherry-picking” of healthy patients, or a combination of these factors. III.
STREAM CHANNEL PATTERN: A THRESHOLD MODEL

The focus of this research is the development of a model which explains channel pattern variability in streams. Since channel pattern is commonly regarded as a qualitative phenomenon, the research employs a logistic regression model, which is advocated as an alternative to traditional graphic/discriminant analysis, since the concepts of threshold and instability have very natural expressions in the logistic regression framework. The results demonstrate that channel gradient and mean discharge can effectively explain channel pattern (i.e., whether the channel is single or multithreaded) in an environment where there is a small range of bed material size. Sediment sorting is also shown to be related to channel pattern in the study environment. Models using valley gradient rather than channel gradient are shown to be distinctly inferior, and no advantage is found in using a stream power measure as opposed to separate gradient and discharge measures. [Key Words: fluvial geomorphology, stream channels, channel...
Research Problems and Opportunities in Memory Systems

The memory system is a fundamental performance and energy bottleneck in almost all computing systems. Recent system design, application, and technology trends that require more capacity, bandwidth, efficiency, and predictability out of the memory system make it an even more important system bottleneck. At the same time, DRAM technology is experiencing difficult technology scaling challenges that make the maintenance and enhancement of its capacity, energyefficiency, and reliability significantly more costly with conventional techniques.In this article, after describing the demands and challenges faced by the memory system, we examine some promising research and design directions to overcome challenges posed by memory scaling. Specifically, we describe three major new research challenges and solution directions: 1 enabling new DRAM architectures, functions, interfaces, and better integration of the DRAM and the rest of the system an approach we call system-DRAM co-design, 2 designing a memory system that employs emerging non-volatile memory technologies and takes advantage of multiple different technologies i.e., hybrid memory systems, 3 providing predictable performance and QoS to applications sharing the memory system i.e., QoS-aware memory systems. We also briefly describe our ongoing related work in combating scaling challenges of NAND flash memory.
Sectorial mutagenesis by transposable elements.

Transposable elements (TEs) generate insertions and cause other mutations in the genomic DNA. It is proposed that during co-evolution between TEs and eukaryotic genomes, an optimal path of the insertion mutagenesis is determined by the surviving TEs. These TEs can become semi-permanently established, chromatin-regulated ‘source’ or ‘mutator genes’, responsible for targeting insertion mutations to specific chromosomal regions. Such mutations can manifest themselves in non-random distribution patterns of interspersed repeats in eukaryotic chromosomes. In this paper we discuss specific models, examples and implications of optimized mutagenesis in eukaryotes.
Assessment of Institutions

This chapter traces the development of institutions in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, as well as the need for inspections and reform. Some of this reform was driven by the deinstitutionalization movement with an emphasis on community-based care that embraced the concepts of normalization and least restrictive environment. Current frameworks for assessing institutional effectiveness are compared. Highlighting the shift to quality assurance, evidence-based assessment approaches, and their limitations are reviewed as well as their implications at the macro, mezzo, and micro levels of practice. Recognizing that institutions and programs must be continually evolving, the key elements of continuous quality improvement is discussed. Promising practices, such as institutions that are data-driven, using outcomes to generate improvements and innovations coupled with the notion of consumer guided change, are presented. Keywords: institutions; assessment; de-institutionalization; organizational effectiveness; quality assurance
Simple Groups of Conjugate Type Rank + 5

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the simple groups of conjugate type rank + 5. If G be a finite group, I (G) the set of indices of centralizers of non-central elements of G in G, and r the number of elements in I (G). r is called the “conjugate type rank” of G. By using this notation, an ordering in G is introduced in the chapter.
Who Can Sue Over Government Surveillance

The nature and scope of new government electronic surveillance programs in the aftermath of September 11 have presented acute constitutional questions about executive authority, the Fourth Amendment, and the separation of powers. But legal challenges to these new surveillance programs have been stymied — and decisions on the merits of core constitutional questions avoided — by court rulings that the challengers lack standing to sue under the Supreme Court’s 1972 decision in Laird v. Tatum. Last year, Congress amended the law governing foreign intelligence surveillance; the law has been challenged in court, and once again the issue of the challengers’ standing is at the heart of the case. In light of the fundamental civil liberties and separation of powers questions that remain unanswered, it is vital to identify who, if anyone, has standing to challenge government surveillance. Unfortunately, the law of standing in the surveillance context remains murky and in important respects appears out of line with the larger body of standing jurisprudence. In some cases, courts impose on surveillance plaintiffs a stricter test for probabilistic injuries than exists in the rest of standing law; in other cases, courts do not recognize as injuries the significant chilling effects a broad and secretive surveillance program can create. This Article argues that the divergent strands of jurisprudence interpreting Laird can be synthesized with general principles of standing law into a coherent and workable doctrine that will open the courthouse doors just wide enough to permit courts to adjudicate the crucial constitutional questions presented by new and emerging regimes of government surveillance.
Thermal effects of divertor sweeping in ITER

Thermal effects of magnetically sweeping the separatrix strike point on the outer divertor target of the ITER are calculated. For the 0.2 Hz*+or-12 cm sweep scenario proposed for ITER operations, the thermal capability of a generic target design is found to be slightly inadequate (by approximately 5%) to accommodate the full degree of plasma scrape-off peaking postulated as a design basis. The principal problem identified is that the 5-s sweep period is long relative to the 1.4-s thermal time constant of the divertor target. An increase of the sweep frequency to approximately 1 Hz is suggested; this increase would provide a power handling margin of approximately 25% relative to present operational criteria. >
Cross media inputs to eastern US watersheds and their significance to estuarine water quality

Extensive research on Chesapeake Bay estuary, its drainage basin, and its airshed have now demonstrated that atmospheric deposition and diffuse land discharges are the largest sources for many parameters affecting estuarine water quality. For example, phosphorus and sediments are transported to the Bay largely in overland storm flows, nitrate largely in atmospheric deposition and in ground water, many pesticides and other toxic materials in surface waters and atmospheric deposition, and silicate primarily in ground water. Concerns over point sources such as sewage treatment outfalls and industrial outfalls have led to greatly improved treatment methods, alleviating the relative magnitude of these sources. The realization of the magnitude and importance of diffuse sources has led to research on improved land use practices, including better patterns of land use in the Chesapeake Bay landscape. One example is the use of and improved management of forested riparian buffer zones in the coastal plain part of the drainage basin.
Future Ground-Based TeV Gamma-Ray Telescopes

A new phase of Very High Energy Gamma Ray astronomy is opening with the construction of a world-wide network of third generation telescopes. These offer the possibility of investigating the unidentified EGRET sources before the GLAST era begins.
Effect of Temperature on Drinking Water Bottles

Two drinking water bottle sizes; 10 Fl. Oz. and 16.9 Fl. Oz., were crushed across a range of temperatures, from 32 to 125 . Three sets of bottles were placed in a temperature chamber at 150 , in refrigerator, and in freezer for about three hours. Another set of bottles were kept at room temperature. Bottle compression strength reduced at a rate of about 0.5 and 0.3 pound per 1 increase in temperature for the 10 and 16.9 Fl. Oz. respectively. Bulging was observed at the bottom of the 16.9 Fl. Oz. bottles. It was stabilized at about 5 hours under 150 . However, leaks occurred shortly after the temperature was elevated to 170 . In addition, the strength per bottle of a 24-bottle pack was found to be about 25% more than that of single bottle strength.
Crystal structure of rat trypsin-S195C at -150 degrees C. Analysis of low activity of recombinant and semisynthetic thiol proteases.

Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of trypsin-S195C, a rat anionic trypsin mutant in which the active site serine has been replaced by cysteine, was determined at −150 °C and room temperature to 1.6 A resolution, R = 15.4% and 1.8 A resolution, R = 15.0%, respectively. Cryo-crystallography was employed to improve the quality of the diffraction data and the resulting structure by eliminating radiation damage and decreasing atomic thermal motion. The average temperature factor decreased by 10 A2 relative to that of the room temperature structure. No radiation-induced decay of the data was detected. The side-chains of the catalytic cysteine and histidine of trypsin-S195C are found with 25% occupancy in secondary orientations rotated 104 ° and 90 ° out of the active site. respectively. These alterations, as well as more subtle changes in the active site may be caused by the oxidation of the catalytic sulfur to sulfenic acid. The position of the carbonyl carbon of the tetrahedral intermediate analog, ϱ-amidinophenylpyruvic acid, modeled into trypsin-S195C, is 1.1 A from the catalytic sulfur. The large size and altered approach of the catalytic sulfur to substrates could account for the observed low catalytic activity relative to wild-type trypsin. In addition to the benzamidine in the specificity pocket, two additional binding sites for benzamidine are characterized. One of these mediates an intermolecular contact that appears to maintain the crystal lattice.
Teoría instruccional y tecnología para el nuevo paradigma de la educación

This article describes instructional theory that supports post-industrial education and training systems – ones that are customized and learner-centered, in which student progress is based on learning rather than time. The article describes universal methods of instruction, situational methods, core ideas of the post-industrial paradigm of instruction, the importance of and problems with task-based instruction, a vision of an instructional theory for post-industrial education and training, and the roles that may be played by the teacher, the learner, and technology in the new paradigm.
Gamma delta T cell homeostasis is controlled by IL-7 and IL-15 together with subset-specific factors.

Among T cell subsets, γδ T cells uniquely display an Ag receptor-based tissue distribution, but what defines their preferential homing and homeostasis is unknown. To address this question, we studied the resources that control γδ T cell homeostasis in secondary lymphoid organs. We found that γδ and αβ T cells are controlled by partially overlapping resources, because acute homeostatic proliferation of γδ T cells was inhibited by an intact αβ T cell compartment, and both populations were dependent on IL-7 and IL-15. Significantly, to undergo acute homeostatic proliferation, γδ T cells also required their own depletion. Thus, γδ T cell homeostasis is maintained by trophic cytokines commonly used by other types of lymphoid cells, as well as by additional, as yet unidentified, γδ-specific factors.
Dietary modulation of Kupffer cell and splenocyte function during a Salmonella typhimurium challenge in mice

Oils from cold-water fish are rich in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). Although those fatty acids are beneficial in the prevention of cardiac disease and have anti-inflammatory properties, they can also decrease survival rates of mice during challenges with food-borne pathogens. This study was designed to determine dietary fat effects on Kupffer cells and splenocytes during a Salmonella typhimurium challenge. Mice were fed a low corn oil diet (3%, control), high corn oil diet (20%, HCO), or a menhaden fish oil diet (17% + 3% corn oil, FO) for 28 days and then orally given 3.1 x 10(8) colony-forming units of S. typhimurium. Kupffer cells and splenocytes were separated immediately prior to and on days 6, 10, and 14 postchallenge. Fish oil decreased Kupffer cell phagocytosis and oxidative burst early in the infection and adhesion molecule (CD18) expression at the end of the infection. In splenocytes, fish oil affected Ia expression prior to and late in the infection and depressed CD18 expression late in the infection. These data suggest that the diet affected Kupffer cells most early in the infection but affected splenocytes primarily later in the infection. Therefore, because the greatest death rate during an S. typhimurium infection occurs early, the reduced function of the Kupffer cells is probably a major factor.
Use of organometallic polymer for making ceramic parts by plastic forming techniques

Abstract Stringent property requirements for ceramics are leading to new production methods. Metalorganic polymers can function as binders, then decompose into ceramic residue. Organosilicon polymers, thus, can be converted into silicon carbide ceramics by appropriate thermal treatment. The usefulness of polycarbolisilane as a binder can be related to molecular structure and molecular weight distribution. The physical, chemical, and pyrolytic characteristics of a commercial polycarbosilane are described. Initial extrusion and sintering results of silicon carbide powder and polycarbosilane mixtures are presented.
IMPROVING MANAGEMENT OF OVERLAPPING BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN ECOTYPES THROUGH SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND GENETICS

In the Northwest Atlantic the distribution of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) overlaps with that of the offshore ecotype. We hypothesized that the distribution of the two ecotypes could be delineated by depth and/or distance from shore, facilitating their identification during surveys. We obtained 304 skin biopsy samples and identified each as either coastal or offshore using analysis of mitochondrial DNA. We then interpreted the spatial distribution of coastal and offshore forms using spatial analysis. Using a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis, we found a statistically significant break in ecotype distribution at 34 km from shore. In waters beyond 34 km from shore and deeper than 34 m, all bottlenose dolphins were of the offshore ecotype. Within 7.5 km of shore, all 65 samples were of the coastal ecotype. Between these two areas only nine samples were collected, so the genetic composition of bottlenose dolphins in this area remains poorly known. To enhance our understanding of the spatial distribution of the two ecotypes, future research should obtain more biopsy samples in this zone. Nevertheless, our results indicate that a conservative abundance estimate for the coastal ecotype could be generated from surveys of bottlenose dolphins within 7.5 km of shore.
Old lessons learned anew: family-based methods for detecting genes responsible for quantitative and qualitative traits in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 mini-exome sequence data

Family-based study designs are again becoming popular as new next-generation sequencing technologies make whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects economically and temporally feasible. Here we evaluate the statistical properties of linkage analyses and family-based tests of association for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 mini-exome sequence data. Based on our results, the linkage methods using relative pairs or nuclear families had low power, with the best results coming from variance components linkage analysis in nuclear families and Elston-Stewart model-based linkage analysis in extended pedigrees. For family-based tests of association, both ASSOC and ROMP performed well for genes with large effects, but ROMP had the advantage of not requiring parental genotypes in the analysis. For the linkage analyses we conclude that genome-wide significance levels appear to control type I error well but that “suggestive” significance levels do not. Methods that make use of the extended pedigrees are well powered to detect major loci segregating in the families even when there is substantial genetic heterogeneity and the trait is mainly polygenic. However, large numbers of such pedigrees will be necessary to detect all major loci. The family-based tests of association found the same major loci as the linkage analyses and detected low-frequency loci with moderate effect sizes, but control of type I error was not as stringent.
Correlations Between Adjective Check List and Edwards' Personal Preference Schedule Measures of Murray's Needs.

Univet~ity of Toledo Summasy.-Data for 3 university srudent groups (ns = 76, 46, 77) are presented showing relationships between the Adjective Check List and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule scored for 15 of the Murray needs. A considerable number of significant correlations of low absolute value were found. In general, the two measures seem empirically to have very little common meaning. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (1) and the Adjective Check List (2) are increasingly being used in personality research and assessment. Both techniques contain measures of the needs described earlier by Murray (4). Choice of technique would be more effective if one knew the extent to which the scales measured the same concepts. Heilbrun's (3) appears to be the only investigation which reports a comparison of the ACL and the EPPS. That comparison, however, was not the main focus of the study as Heilbrun was concerned with the effects of social desirability. He reported a significant rank-order correlation of .60 between scores on these two tests for a group of 77 college students but did not report individual correlations for the 15 variables. That information, however, is provided by Gough and Heilbrun (2, p. 914). To make a comparison more helpful, those correlations are provided in Table 1 along with the data of the present study. As part of a larger study, the Adjective Check List and the Personal Preference Schedule were administered to two groups of students at the University of Toledo in the Spring of 1967. The first group was composed of 76 students enrolled in courses in introductory psychology while the second group consisted of 46 students who were participants in rhe university Honors program. Such students are selected on the basis of high school performance, college entrance examination performance, with the final selection made on the basis of a personal interview with the Director of the Honors program. Table 1 reports rhe correlation between the ACL and the EPPS for the Toledo groups and for Heilbrun's Ss. Out of 15 correlations possible, for the 46 honors students, there were 11 statistically significant correlations; for 76 students in the introductory psychology classes, there were 8 statistically significant correlations, and for Heilbrun's Ss there were 10 statistically significant correlations. It should be noted that significance did not occur on the same variables for each group. Even a casual inspection of the table shows notable discrepancies. The four scales of order, autonomy, dominance and abasement were the only needs to correlate significantly for all three groups. Moreover, for all groups, there were a total of 45 intercorrelations only 29 of which were significant. That the scales on which significant correlations appear vary be
A multiple-scattering Xα study of silane and germane

Abstract Calculations for some of the group IV hydrides using the multiple-scattering Xα (MS Xα method are reported, and the results are compared with available experimental data and previous calculations, in those cases where such calculations exist. From these comparisons it appears that ionization potentials and transition energies can be adequately calculated by the MS Xα method; however, in its present muffin-tin-restricted form the method gives binding energies and bond lengths that are in disagreement with experiment.
Minimal access surgery for rectal cancer: an update

Minimal access surgery (MAS) is widely used for colon cancer, but its use for rectal cancer remains limited owing to issues with technical feasibility and oncologic outcomes. In this Review, the current evidence in support of laparoscopic and robotic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer resection is presented. Other MAS approaches, including transanal endoscopic microsurgery and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, are also discussed. Minimally invasive or minimal access surgery (MAS) for colon and rectal cancer was introduced in the early 1990s. Although laparoscopic colon surgery is now practiced worldwide, technical barriers, including a steep learning curve, preclude the widespread adoption of MAS techniques for rectal cancer. In addition, although randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that MAS techniques for colon cancer are oncologically equivalent to open surgery, similar confirmatory studies for rectal cancer have yet to be reported. In this Review, current evidence in support of laparoscopic and robotic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer resection is presented. Other MAS approaches, such as transanal endoscopic microsurgery and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, are also discussed.
When Sheila's a Lesbian: Religious Individualism among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Christians

The pseudonymous Sheila Larson is well known among sociologists of religion for having coined the term Sheilaism to refer to her personal belief system - an individualistic religiosity that has concerned many social commentators. Recently, however, authors such as Wuthnow (1998) and Roof (1999) have suggested that the various forms of religious individualism may be advantageous for some. Working from interviews with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Christians and former Christians, this article contributes two new angles to such discussions by 1) arguing for a more nuanced understanding of individualism as a tool or tactic rather than as the diametric opposite of religious communalism and 2) exploring the role of such individualism in the lives of those who are forced into it
Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase, phospholamban, and calsequestrin levels in nonfailing and failing human myocardium.

BACKGROUNDObservations of abnormalities in the diastolic components of intracellular Ca2+ transients in failing human left ventricular myocardium have raised the possibility that reductions in the level or function of sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins involved in Ca2+ transport contribute to the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy in humans. Functional assays, however, have revealed no differences in ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport or its modulation by phospholamban in sarcoplasmic reticulum-enriched microsomes prepared from nonfailing and failing human left ventricular myocardium. The purpose of the present study was to quantify protein levels of Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase, phospholamban, and calsequestrin directly in nonfailing and failing human left ventricular myocardium.METHOD AND RESULTSTotal protein extracts were prepared from nonfailing left ventricular myocardium from the hearts of unmatched organ donors with normal left ventricular contractility (n = 6) and from failing left ventricular myocard...
2-D velocity inversion/imaging of large offset seismic data via the tau-p domain

We describe a method for determining a two‐dimensional (2-D) velocity field from refraction data that has been decomposed into some function of slowness. The most common decomposition, intercept time‐slowness or τ-p, is used as an intermediate step in an iterative wave field continuation procedure previously applied to one‐dimensional (1-D) velocity inversions. We extend the 1-D approach to 2-D by performing the downward continuation along numerically computed raypaths. This allows a correction to be made for the change in ray parameter induced by 2-D velocity fields. A best fitting velocity model is chosen as a surface defined by critically reflected and refracted energy that has been downward continued into a three dimensional (3-D) space of velocity, offset, and depth. Synthetic data are used to demonstrate how this approach can compensate for the effects of known lateral inhomogeneities while determining an underlying 1-D velocity field. We also use synthetic data to show how multiple refraction lines...
Experimental techniques and measurements for code validation beyond the current testable regime i.e., at impact velocities over the range of 7 to 16 km/s

Sandia National Laboratories has developed a hyperveloci launcher which is capable of launching 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm thick by 6 mm to 19 mm diameter plates to velocities of 16 km/s. The hypervelocity launcher has been used to extend th shocked material properties data base at pressures an temperature states higher than those ever obtained in the laboratory. In this paper, recent results of one-dimensional an two-dimensional impact experiments at impact velocities over 10 km/s are presented. An example of an one-dimension experiment consists of measurements of shock loading an release in titanium at {approximately}2.3 Mbar resulting from symmetric impact at impact velocities of 10 km/s. Another example include the technique developed to probe the kinetics of shock-induced vaporization of a thin zinc plate shocked 5.5 Mbar resulting from an initial tantalum impact at over 10 km/s. The velocity interferometer, VISAR, is being used to estimate the time-resolved particle velocity history at a sample/lithium-fluoride window interface in the above experiments. The hypervelocity launcher has also been used to perform two-dimensional experiments. In particular, the propagation characteristics of debris clouds resulting from impact of a flier plate on a thin bumper shield. Aluminum flier plates were used to impact aluminummore » bumper shields at impact velocities of 5 to 11 km/s. In this instance, radiographic and framing photography have been used to record the debris cloud motion.« less
Seats for the 51 %: Beyond the Business Case for Corporate Board Quotas in Jamaica

There is no shortage of Jamaican women with relatively high educational levels, extensive workforce experience, and strong records of community service. In spite of this, few Jamaican women are found among top government and business leaders. In response, Jamaica’s 51 % Coalition has proposed using gender quotas to increase the number of Jamaican women in Parliament and on public and private sector boards of directors. My focus in this article is the private sector. I evaluate both the desirability of Jamaican corporate gender quotas and the merits of using “Business Case” arguments to promote Jamaican quotas. Advocates of political gender quotas justify them on grounds of women’s rights and representative democracy. Proponents of corporate gender quotas, on the other hand, tend to promulgate Business Case arguments, which promote gender equity as a way to boost corporate efficiency and profitability. I conclude that Jamaican gender quotas deserve recognition as one potential strategy among many required to build a gender-just and prosperous economy. The Business Case is a powerful strategic resource for the 51 % Coalition but the Coalition should not exaggerate potential efficiency gains from gender-diverse boards. Furthermore, quota advocates must deploy the Business Case carefully to avoid the pitfalls of instrumentalism, essentialism, and depoliticization that are often associated with these arguments.
Element 109 synthesized

Exactly one atom of the new superheavy element 109 has been synthesized at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany (Chem. Eng. News, Oct. 11, 1982). The process is called ‘cold fusion.’ A stream of 58Fe nuclei was bombarded onto a target of 209Bi in a heavy-ion linear accelerator. The experiment continued for one week and produced a single nucleus of element 109. The reaction probability is only about one in 1014
Resonance Raman studies in Cu/sub 2/O. II. The yellow and green excitonic series

Resonant Raman scattering of multiphonon modes has been studied in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O in the region of its yellow and green excitonic series. Resonant enhancements of a large number of Raman modes have been observed. The experimental results have been interpreted quantitatively in terms of three kinds of exciton-phonon scattering processes: (i) intra-yellow-exciton scattering---depending on the energy of the yellow exciton, the phonons involved are the infrared active ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ (660 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) or the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ (109 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ (154 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) modes; (ii) interexciton scattering between the $2P$ green exciton state and yellow excitons continuum---the phonon responsible for this scattering process is the high-energy ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mode; and (iii) intra-green-exciton scattering---only the low-energy ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mode is involved. From these results a detailed picture of the relaxation mechanisms of the yellow and green excitons in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O by emission of phonons is obtained.
Communication to the Editor---Allocating Funds to Investment Projects when Returns are Subject to Uncertainty: A Comment

A comment to Cord, J. 1964. A method for allocating funds to investment projects when returns are subject to uncertainty. Management Sci.102, January 335--341.
Modulation of Granulocyte Colony‐stimulating Factor Effects on Haematopoiesis by Lipopolysaccharide and Pentoxifylline in CF1 Mice

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) at 250 μg kg−1 per day stimulates white blood cell (WBC) proliferation in mice with significant increases from 72–120 h. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment as a single dose (5 mg kg−1) at 72 h abolishes the induced WBC proliferation of G-CSF from 72–120 h. Pentoxifylline at 50 mg kg−1 per day does not interfere with the proliferation effect of G-CSF on white blood cells; the drug did not protect against the effects of LPS in abolishing WBC proliferation. LPS alone or with G-CSF treatment at 250 μg kg−1 per day in-vivo significantly elevated tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels after 90 min. These levels were significantly reduced by pentoxifylline at 50 or 100 mg kg−1 per day after 72 h, but not when administered 30 min before LPS treatment. Factors other than TNF-α levels appear to be involved in the regulation of haematopoiesis by G-CSF.