cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncovering the active sites and demonstrating stable catalyst for the cost-effective conversion of ethanol to 1-butanol

The recent emergence of a robust renewable ethanol industry has provided a sustainable platform molecule toward the production of value-added chemicals and fuels; what is lacking now are viable conversion processes from ethanol that can displace the current production pathways from non-renewable pathways. Here in the work, we demonstrate the highly selective conversion of ethanol to higher alcohols over low copper loaded MgAl mixed oxide catalysts, with 50% improvement in higher alcohol yields over the current state of the art. At these copper concentrations, atomically dispersed Cu1+ were found to be stable even at highly reductive conditions and highly active towards higher alcohol products (e.g. butanol, hexanol) while suppressing side reaction pathways and leading to extended lifetimes of over 150 hours time on stream. Technoeconomic analysis conducted based on these experimental results demonstrate that this catalytic system is cost-competitive with the conventional process. This marks significant progress in the development of Guerbet coupling of ethanol as a viable renewable process and offers a pathway toward sustainable chemical and fuel production.
Knight and day: when theoretical uncertainty gets real

We challenge Knight’s century-old classic model of entrepreneurship by arguing hypotheses that he was wrong not only about the relationship between uncertainty and entrepreneurial performance but a...
Judgments of social appropriateness by children and adolescents with autism

Children and adolescents with autism (autism group, n = 19) and those without autism (Nonautism group, n = 19) of similar age and IQ were asked to make judgments of the social appropriateness of 24 videotaped, staged scenes with adult actors. Each scene depicted an appropriate or an inappropriate interaction. Half contained verbalizations, and half did not. After each scene, the participant was asked: (1) Was that o.k. or was something wrong with it? If the participant judged the scene was wrong, she or he was asked: (2) What was wrong with it?; and (3) Why was that wrong? Both groups correctly identified inappropriate behaviors most of the time, and correct behaviors almost all of the time. However, the Nonautism group detected inappropriate behaviors significantly more often than the Autism group, for verbal but not nonverbal scenes. It was also significantly easier for both groups to identify inappropriate behaviors in the nonverbal than in the verbal scenes. Ratings of the explanations given for Question 3 differed significantly between the groups for verbal but not for nonverbal scenes, with Nonautism participants more likely to give explanations involving social norms and principles, and the Autism group more likely to give explanations that were irrelevant or idiosyncratic.
State of the Estuaries in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States

The U.S. EPA has prepared a State of the Region Report for Mid-Atlantic Estuaries to increase knowledge of environmental condition for improved environmental management. Sources of information included the National Estuary Programs, the Chesapeake Bay Program, the state monitoring programs in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, Federal programs such as National Status & Trends, National Shellfish Register, National Wetlands Inventory, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, and other primary literature sources. The state of the estuarine environment was summarized using indicators for water and sediment quality, habitat change, condition of living resources, and aesthetic quality. Each indicator was briefly discussed relative to its importance in understanding estuarine condition. Wherever possible, data from multiple programs were used to depict condition. Finally, an overall evaluation of estuarine condition in the region was determined. The usefulness of monitoring programs that collect consistent information with a well-defined sampling design cannot be overemphasized.
Distribution of myocilin and extracellular matrix components in the juxtacanalicular tissue of human eyes.

RESULTS. Amorphous basement membrane-like materials in the JCT were confirmed to be made up chiefly of collagen type IV, laminin, and fibronectin. Elastin was localized to the central core of sheath-derived plaques. Fibronectin, fibrillin-1, MAGP-1, decorin, and type VI collagen were all localized to clusters of the banded material in the sheath surrounding the core, where several types of collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans were also detected. Myocilin was found to associate mainly with the sheath material, overlapping extensively in distribution with fibronectin, fibrillin-1, and MAGP-1 and moderately with decorin and type VI collagen. Its localization was distinct from that of elastin. Interactions of myocilin with molecules such as fibronectin and fibrillin-1 were confirmed biochemically. CONCLUSIONS. This study illustrated ultrastructurally the composition of ECM materials in the JCT of normal human eyes. The key finding was the association of myocilin with microfibrillar architecture in sheath-derived plaques where pathologic changes have been documented to occur in eyes of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:1068 ‐1076)
Measurement and characterization of postischemic free radical generation in the isolated perfused heart.

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy has been applied to measure radical generation in the postischemic heart; however, there is controversy regarding the methods used and the conclusion as to whether radicals are generated. In order to resolve this controversy, direct and spin trapping measurements of the time course and mechanisms of radical generation were performed in isolated perfused rabbit hearts. In reperfused tissue, 3 prominent radical signals are observed: A, isotropic g = 2.004 suggestive of a semiquinone; B, anisotropic g parallel = 2.033 and g perpendicular = 2.005 suggestive of ROO.; and C, a triplet g = 2.000 and aN = 24 G suggestive of a nitrogen centered radical. B and C, however, are highly labile and disappear at temperatures probably encountered in some previous studies. In normally perfused hearts, A is observed with only small amounts of B and C. During ischemia, B and C increase reaching a maximum after 45 min while A decreases. On reflow with oxygenated perfusate all 3 signals increase. With varying duration of ischemia and reflow, peak signal intensities occurred after 15 s of reflow following 30 min of ischemia. Reperfusion with superoxide dismutase, deferoxamine, or mannitol abolished the reperfusion increase of B. Measurements performed with the spin trap 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) demonstrated a similar time course of radical generation with prominent DMPO-OH and DMPO-R signals peaking between 10 and 20 s of reflow. Superoxide dismutase and deferoxamine also quenched these signals. Thus, .O2- derived .OH, R., and ROO. radicals are generated in postischemic myocardium. While the experimental techniques used can result in loss of intrinsic radicals and generation of extraneous radicals, with proper care and controls valid measurements of free radicals in biological tissues can be performed.
A singular integral equation for electromagnetic wave scattering

A 3D singular integral equation is derived for electromagnetic wave scattering by bodies of arbitrary shape. Its numerical solution by a projection method is outlined.
A bayesian network model of knowledge-based authentication

Knowledge-based authentication (KBA) has gained prominence as a user authentication method for electronic commerce. Our research of the KBA problem, which adopts a statistical modeling approach, consists of three parts—model selection, feature selection, and empirical investigation. First, we present a non-parameterc Bayesian network model of KBA, which is grounded in probabilistic reasoning and information theory. The probabilistic semantics of the model parameters naturally lead to the definitions of two key KBA metrics-guessability and memorability. The statistical modeling approach allows parameter estimation using rigorous methods such as maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori estimation. The information-theoretic view helps to derive the closed-form solutions to estimating the guessability and guessing entropy metrics. These results with respect to the KBA metrics and the models under different attacking strategies and factoid distributions are unified under a game-theoretic framework that further yields lower and upper bounds of the optimal guessability. Second, we propose an approach to feature selection in KBA that is based on the principle of maximum entropy with proper underlying probabilistic semantics in the information security domain. If we represent a KBA domain as a generative probabilistic model, the knowledge about genuine users defines an empirical distribution of a factoid vector, whereas the attacking strategy exploited by an impostor can be formulated as another distribution that approximates the true distribution. Thus the objective of feature selection is to maximize the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the true and approximating distributions. The closed-form solutions to this optimization problem at different, granularity levels lead to three feature selection algorithms, characterized by increasing adaptivity. Third, an empirical investigation extends the analytical modeling to the behavioral and social space of KBA, which is comprised of a pilot study and a large-scale experiment with online social networking data. The pilot study validated that the proposed Bayesian model makes a sensible approximation to the human cognitive process. Our experiments with online social networking data show that, with the cutting-edge statistical machine learning techniques and the abundant data available from the Internet; the guessability can be significantly improved.
Detection of Ductal Dysplasia in Mammary Outgrowths Derived from Carcinogen-treated Virgin Female BALB/c Mice

Abstract These studies were undertaken to determine if altered growth potential of mammary epithelial cells could be detected in outgrowths derived from monodispersed mammary cells of virgin female BALB/c mice previously exposed to ionizing radiation or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Monodispersed mammary epithelial cells were obtained by enzymatic dissociation of mammary tissues of 12-week-old virgin female BALB/c mice. Twenty-four hr prior to cell dissociation, donor animals were exposed to either 100 rads of γ-ray irradiation, 0.25 mg of DMBA, or 0.075 mg of DMBA. Control donors were untreated. Mammary outgrowths were then derived from these donor cells by injecting either 105 or 104 cells into the gland-free mammary fat pads of three-week-old virgin female BALB/c mice. Ten weeks after the injection of cells, the outgrowths were examined and classified. Mammary outgrowths were classified either as having a normal ductal architecture or as having ductal dysplasia. Ductal dysplasias were further classified on the basis of an index of severity, which was an arbitrary index based on the number of abnormal ductal structures within each lesion. The data indicated that treatment of donor animals with either γ-radiation or DMBA increased the frequency of ductal lesions over control levels; however, both the frequency and severity of the lesions depended on the number of cells which were injected into the fat pad. When outgrowths were derived by injection of 105 cells into the gland-free fat pads, lesion frequencies in outgrowths from control and treated cells were: 3.3%, control; 15.7%, γ-rays; 5.3%, 0.25 mg DMBA; in these groups only a few severe lesions were detected. In outgrowths derived from 104 cells, less severe lesions (Class I lesions) were common in all groups and occurred in approximately 10 to 15% of the outgrowths. The frequency of severe (Class II and III) ductal dysplasia, however, was increased by treatment in these groups, occurring in 4.5% of control outgrowths in 15.6, 14.9, and 14.3% of the outgrowths derived from donor cells treated with 100 rads γ-rays, 0.075 mg DMBA, and 0.25 mg DMBA, respectively. Thus, these data indicated that ductal dysplasias were more common and more severe in outgrowths derived from 104 rather than 105 cells. The ductal lesions observed in this study resembled both morphologically and histologically ductal abnormalities which have been associated with the pathogenesis of mammary carcinoma in both rats and mice.
A Meta-Analysis of Estimated Effect Sizes for Group versus Individual versus Control Treatments

ABSTRACTA meta-analysis was conducted combining results from nine studies, using seventy-five outcome measures of 349 subjects. Only studies that contrasted group, individual, and control treatments with a pretest-posttest design were selected. Estimates of effect sizes were calculated for group, individual, and control treatments across all studies, according to treatment modality (psychotherapy, counseling, or psychoeducation), type of control (no treatment or some treatment), date of the study (1955–1969 or 1977–1982), and the subjects' age (adult, adolescent, or child). Results indicated that both group and individual treatments had a measurable effect that was consistently greater than that of controls. Further, (1) counseling produced much more of an effect than either therapy or psychoeducation; (2) the more recent treatments produced larger effects than the older studies; and (3) group treatments were more effective than individual methods in the treatment of adolescents, but were less effective i...
Nonspecific T-Cell Reactivity in Mice Bearing Autochthonous Tumors or Early-Generation Transplanted Spontaneous Mammary Tumors

The mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) by spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice bearing either autochthonous tumors or early-generation transplanted spontaneous mammary tumors was depressed in some, but not all, tumor-bearing animals. T-cell hyporesponsiveness in both groups was associated with the larger (more rapidly growing) tumor burdens. The growth patterns of the transplanted tumors and the associated PHA-induced responses were not affected by the initial tumor cell dose or by the number of in vivo passages of the tumor cell lines. Suppressor cell activity was detected in the hyporesponsive spleens of mice bearing transplanted tumors. Depletion of phagocytic macrophages, rayon wool-adherent cells, or theta-positive lymphocytes did not remove the suppressor cell activity. The mitogenic response of some but not all hyporesponsive spleens from autochthonous tumor bearers was restored after removal of phagocytic macrophages. The results demonstrated the heterogeneity of the factor(s) influencing non-specific T-cell reactivity in animals bearing spontaneous mammary tumors. Furthermore, our data suggest that nonspecific immunosuppression does not precede spontaneous tumor appearance but is probably a late result of rapid, extensive tumor growth.
Positive Deviance For Improvement Of Efficiency And Resident Satisfaction In Neurology Continuity Clinic (P1.310)

OBJECTIVE : In this pilot study, we used positive deviance (PD) to discover and amplify advantageous behaviors to improve the learning experience in the neurology clinic. BACKGROUND: PD is based on the observation that in any team facing challenges, certain members display uncommon behaviors to effectively solve problems utilizing the same resources available to the entire group. METHODS: In a continuity clinic with key performance challenges, neurology residents with positive deviant behaviors related to continuity clinic duties were identified through structured face-to-face interviews, on-line surveys and chart reviews. A 1-year intervention to amplify positive deviant behaviors was conducted via quarterly focus groups, e-mail communications, and dedicated sessions during intern orientation and a Neurology retreat. Resident satisfaction and clinical efficiency measured by encounter duration were used as outcome variables and were collected through an on-line survey and chart reviews. RESULTS: The intervention had no effect on the residents’ perception that the learning experience in the clinic was not optimal. The reported weekly time dedicated to neurology clinic was also the same before and after the intervention. Post intervention, more residents reported satisfaction with their own clinical performance (35.7% before vs. 73.3% after, p CONCLUSIONS: The PD approach is an effective behavioral intervention to improve satisfaction and efficiency of neurology residents in the clinic. System-based pedagogic strategies that integrate PD may enhance neurology training and improve patient care. Disclosure: Dr. Rojas -Martinez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sharma has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vernino has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for JAMA Neurology. Dr. Khemani has nothing to disclose.
Effects of bathymetric lidar errors on flow properties predicted with a multi-dimensional hydraulic model

New remote sensing technologies and improved computer performance now allow numerical flow modeling over large stream domains. However, there has been limited testing of whether channel topography can be remotely mapped with accuracy necessary for such modeling. We assessed the ability of the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar, to support a multi-dimensional fluid dynamics model of a small mountain stream. Random point elevation errors were introduced into the lidar point cloud, and predictions of water surface elevation, velocity, bed shear stress, and bed mobility were compared to those made without the point errors. We also compared flow model predictions using the lidar bathymetry with those made using a total station channel field survey. Lidar errors caused < 1 cm changes in the modeled water surface elevations. Effects of the point errors on other flow characteristics varied with both the magnitude of error and the local spatial density of lidar data. Shear stress errors were greatest where flow was naturally shallow and fast, and lidar errors caused the greatest changes in flow cross-sectional area. The majority of the stress errors were less than ± 5 Pa. At near bankfull flow, the predicted mobility state of the median grain size changed over ≤ 1.3% of the model domain as a result of lidar elevation errors and ≤ 3% changed mobility in the comparison of lidar and ground-surveyed topography. In this riverscape, results suggest that an airborne bathymetric lidar can map channel topography with sufficient accuracy to support a numerical flow model.
Automobile conformal antenna design and optimization using genetic algorithm

The use of conformal antennas for vehicle applications is growing rapidly due to new considerations such as styling and security. In automobile antenna design, there exist geometrical constraints and several requirements for antenna specifications, for example, directional gain patterns and polarization. In this paper, new FM frequency band conformal antennas for the automobile applications are designed using a genetic algorithm (GA). Azimuthal gain patterns and input impedance of the new designed conformal antennas are presented.
New complexes and materials for O2-based oxidations

Key experiments in three developing dioxygen activation and oxo transfer projects are described. First, the Pt-oxo complex, K 7 Na 9 Pt IV (O)(OH 2 )(PW 9 O 34 ) 2 (KNal) is further addressed and its first reactivity is noted (oxo transfer under Ar at ambient temperature to PPh 3 forming O=PPh 3 with nearly quantitative selectivity). Second, an unusually reactive catalyst for aerobic oxygenation of sulfides to sulfoxides (TBANO 3 in the presence of TBA 4 Fe(H 2 O)PW 11 O 19 in acetonitrile solvent) is reported and its stoichiometry is established to be the desired atom-efficient dioxygenase one (RSR+ (1/2)O 2 → RS(O)R). Third, a crystalline microporous solid (metal organic framework material) capable of catalyzing air-based oxidations is described. Reaction of the bis(triesterified)hexavanadate unit terminating in two carboxylate functions, [(n-C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 2 [V 6 O 13 {(CH 2 O) 3 CNHCH 2 (4-C 6 H 4 COOH)} 2 ] reacts with Co(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and 4,4'-bipyridine to form a ladder-like microporous polymer, characterized by X-ray crystallography, that catalyzes the air-based oxidation of a representative thiol, n-PrSH, cleanly to the corresponding disulfide, PrSSPr. The esterified hexavanadate units are the catalysts, and there is no reaction in the absence of the microporous material.
Last Laughs: Batman, Masculinity, and the Technology of Abjection

Because it deals with a male “superhero,” Tim Burton's 1989 film Batman inevitably the-matizes certain issues concerning masculinity. Specifically, Burton's film foregrounds an anxious relation amo...
A gamma monitoring technique for estimating plutonium contamination around nuclear weapons facilities

The objectives of this study were to establish a ratio for241Am to239Pu in soil at the Rocky Flats Plant and to compare241Am concentrations obtained using in-situ and laboratory gamma spectroscopy measurements to concentrations determined with radiochemical analysis and alpha spectroscopy. Soil samples were collected for radiochemical and laboratory gamma spectroscopy analysis from vertical profiles in 3 cm layers to a depth of 21 cm at predetermined locations along transects oriented in the direction of prevailing winds. The origin for the transects was the center of the 903 Pad at the Rocky Flats Plant, which is believed to be the source for most of the241Am and239Pu contamination. A 100 minute in-situ gamma spectroscopy measurement was made at each soil sample location with a portable HPGe detector. Soil samples were dried, passed through a 2 mm sieve, mixed, and split in two fractions. One fraction was analyzed radiochemically for241Am and239Pu and the second was analyzed using laboratory gamma spectroscopy. The median ratio of241Am to239Pu activities, which appears to be independent of soil depth and distance from suspected sources, was 0.17. There is a strong correlation between241Am and239Pu concentrations determined using radiochemical analysis with alpha spectroscopy and concentrations determined with laboratory gamma spectroscopy. Results from in-situ gamma spectroscopy measurements were also correlated with the radiochemical analyses but exhibited greater variability than laboratory measurements. This on-going investigation has demonstrated that it is possible to indirectly measure239Pu concentrations in soil if the ratio of241Am to239Pu can be established. The results indicate that judicious use of a combination of radiochemical analyses with laboratory and in-situ gamma spectroscopy measurements may provide a cost-effective approach for characterization of large sites where241Am and239Pu contamination occur.
Sediment transport under wave groups: Relative importance between nonlinear waveshape and nonlinear boundary layer streaming

[1] Sediment transport under nonlinear waves in a predominately sheet flow condition is investigated using a two-phase model. Specifically, we study the relative importance between the nonlinear waveshape and nonlinear boundary layer streaming on cross-shore sand transport. Terms in the governing equations because of the nonlinear boundary layer process are included in this one-dimensional vertical (1DV) model by simplifying the two-dimensional vertical (2DV) ensemble-averaged two-phase equations with the assumption that waves propagate without changing their form. The model is first driven by measured time series of near-bed flow velocity because of a wave group during the SISTEX99 large wave flume experiment and validated with the measured sand concentration in the sheet flow layer. Additional studies are then carried out by including and excluding the nonlinear boundary layer terms. It is found that for the grain diameter (0.24 mm) and high-velocity skewness wave condition considered here, nonlinear waveshape (e.g., skewness) is the dominant mechanism causing net onshore transport and nonlinear boundary layer streaming effect only causes an additional 36% onshore transport. However, for conditions of relatively low-wave skewness and a stronger offshore directed current, nonlinear boundary layer streaming plays a more critical role in determining the net transport. Numerical experiments further suggest that the nonlinear boundary layer streaming effect becomes increasingly important for finer grain. When the numerical model is driven by measured near-bed flow velocity in a more realistic surf zone setting, model results suggest nonlinear boundary layer processes may nearly double the onshore transport purely because of nonlinear waveshape.
Analysis of an Irregular Sierpinski Triangle

An irregular Sierpinski triangle is a non-empty compact set F satisfying $F =\bigcup_{i =1}^3\, T_i(F)$ where each Ti is a contracting affine transformation. The irregular Sierpinski triangle is not generated with similarity transformations. Therefore, the calculation of its fractal dimension is not straightforward. We associate with each irregular Sierpinski triangle a self-similar regularization. The dimension of the regularization dictates the shape of the irregular Sierpinski triangle. We also describe properties of the regularizations and show their relationship to the classic Sierpinski triangle.
The Yang-Lee edge singularity in one-dimensional Ising andN-vector models

The distribution of zeros of the partition function in the complex magnetic field plane is studied for linear chains ofn-vector spins and finite-width strips of Ising spins with nearest-neighbor interactions. By means of transfer matrix/operator techniques, the exponent σ characterizing the behavior of the density of zeros near the Yang-Lee edge is shown to have the exact valuea =−1/2 (i) analytically forn-vector chains in the high-temperature limit and for Ising strips in the low-temperature limit, and (ii) numerically for intermediate temperatures. The crossover of σ from itsn-vector value to its spherical model value, σ = 1/2, asn → ∞, as well as fromd = 1 tod = 2 Ising as the width of the strips increases, seems to proceed by an accumulation of branch points in the spectrum of the transfer operator; for then-vector models the position of the gap edge and the free energy at the edge approach their spherical model values with corrections of order l/nζ with ζ ≅ 3/4.
Statistical Modeling and Response Surface Optimization of Extruded HDPE/Wood-Flour Composite Foams

In this paper, a regression model was constructed to optimize the relationships between the void fraction of foamed HDPE/wood-flour composites, the processing conditions (extruder’s die temperature and screw speed rate), and the formulation compositions [chemical foaming agent (CFA) concentration and the moisture content of wood flour] by applying a four-factor central composite design (CCD) statistical approach. Design Expert software was employed to carry out the experimental design, statistical analysis, and numerical optimization. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the model showed that the void fraction of HDPE/wood-flour composites was a strong function of the extruder’s die temperature, the screw speed rate, and the moisture content of wood flour, while independent of the CFA content within the studied range (0 1%). In addition, the moisture content of wood flour and the extruder’s screw speed rate exhibited significant interaction effect on the void fraction of the foamed composites. The response...
QSOs in the Field of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 5548

New spectrophotometric observations are presented for three blue stellar objects pinpointed as candidate optical identifications of ROSAT X‐ray point sources in the field around the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548. They are shown to be medium‐redshift QSOs. In combination with cataloged data on QSOs in several square degrees around NGC 5548, the areal density of QSOs immediately around the galaxy may exceed the average values determined from various surveys. This result, together with the configuration, suggests that these QSOs may be physically associated with NGC 5548.
Simulations of SEM imaging and charging

Abstract Scanning electron microscope (SEM) based CD control and wafer inspection has an increasingly active role in the semiconductor industry. Current design rules require a CD control with a precision in the nanometer range. In order to achieve this precision, a complete model of the image formation mechanism is desirable. For this reason we present a three-dimensional simulation of SEM images. The simulations include Monte Carlo electron scattering, charging in the substrate and electron ray-tracing in the lower column. We demonstrate that in order to perform image formation it is necessary to include charging simulation. We investigate some specific cases in CD-SEM metrology: we will describe the effect of scan orientation relative to the orientation of the imaged feature on the apparent beam width, the effect of magnification on contact imaging, and the effect of residue in resist trenches. Our results, regarding these examples, clearly indicate that a fully three-dimensional numerical simulation is needed to obtain an understanding of image formation.
Solute effects on dislocation glide in metals

Abstract We examine theoretically the impact of dissolved solute atoms on the motion of dislocations in metals and, hence, on their plastic response. Two regimes of behavior are distinguished; a low velocity regime, in which the dislocation drags a near equilibrium solute cloud, and a high velocity regime, in which the dislocation is alternately trapped and free running. In both regimes, the overdamped motion of a dislocation in the alloy is exactly as it would be in the pure system but with regime-dependent dislocation mobilities. In the low velocity regime, the forces between dislocations are replaced by forces between dislocation-solute cloud “quasiparticles.” This paper provides analytical estimates for the mobilities in the two regimes, as well as expressions for calculating quasiparticle interactions. Finally, a prescription is provided for carrying out dislocation dynamics simulations without explicitly incorporating solute degrees of freedom.
Three-dimensional imaging of targets behind multilayered walls

A three-dimensional (3D) beamformer for through-the-wall radar imaging (TWI) for a general multilayered wall case is presented. The far field layered medium Green's function is incorporated in the 3D TWI algorithm for the compensation of the wall effect. Numerical results show that the 3D beamformer can provide high quality focused image of the target behind the walls.
Total energy calculations using DFT+DMFT: Computing the pressure phase diagram of the rare earth nickelates

A full implementation of the ab initio density functional plus dynamical mean field theory (DFT+DMFT) formalism to perform total energy calculations and structural relaxations is proposed and implemented. The method is applied to the structural and metal-insulator transitions of the rare earth nickelate perovskites as a function of rare earth ion, pressure, and temperature. In contrast to previous DFT and DFT+$U$ theories, the present method accounts for the experimentally observed structure of ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3}$ and the insulating nature of the other perovskites, and quantitatively reproduces the metal-insulator and structural phase diagram in the plane of pressure and rare earth element. The temperature dependence of the energetics of the phase transformation indicates that the thermal transition is driven by phonon entropy effects.
Fluctuations in prostatic DNA polymerase activity induced by testosterone.

Following a single injection of testosterone propionate into orchiectomized or hypophysectomized rats, there occur massive yet transitory changes in the ability of soluble prostatic extracts to catalyze the incorporation into DNA of deoxyribonucleotides derived from deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. The enzyme activities measured appear to be catalyzed mainly by a “replicative” type of DNA polymerase that preferentially utilizes single-stranded DNAs as primers. If castrated rats are given daily injections of testosterone propionate, the levels of this soluble prostatic DNA polymerase rise to a maximal level within 3–5 days, but the polymerase activities decline subsequently, despite the continual administration of the hormone. A brief discussion is given of possible relationships of these findings to other biochemical changes that accompany androgen-induced prostatic growth and functional differentiation.
Rape and post-traumatic stress in multiple personality.

An increased incidence of childhood physical and sexual abuse has previously been demonstrated in patients with multiple personalities. This disorder in women is also associated with an increased i...
Photoproduction of Mesons in Deuterium

The production of positive mesons by photons incident on deuterium is calculated in terms of an effective Hamiltonian containing one term which is independent of and another which depends upon the nucleon spin. The meson spectrum at a given angle to the incident photon beam is evaluated at high photon energies by the closure approximation. At low and intermediate energies the closure approximation is not made, but the neutron-neutron force in the final nucleon state is neglected. These spectra have been integrated over a bremsstrahlung spectrum. The total cross section is found at high photon energies and near the threshold for meson production. It is found that the meson spectrum for small angles is sensitive to the relative size of the spin dependent and spin independent terms.
Surface sensitivity reduction in laser triangulation sensors

Laser triangulation sensors offer a simple, non-contact and fast solution to measure displacement, position, vibration and thickness. However, these sensors are prone to target surface sensitivity since they rely heavily on a uniform back-scatter of the laser spot. Here, sources of measurement noise including surface texture, speckle, beam deflection and asymmetry are discussed. In addition, a few solutions using dithering as well as the beam shaping to reduce surface sensitivity are explored. It is shown that a simple ditherer would induce additional error and a solution is suggested to compensate for it.
Quantitative non-destructive magnetic analysis of oxygen in a scandium single crystal

Abstract The Faraday technique was employed to determine the principal magnetic susceptibilities of a scandium single crystal at room temperature, with several field strengths in the range 6–11 kOe. The field-dependence of the experimental data was quite weak, and it was deduced that only about 15% of the 60 ppm of iron, indicated by chemical analysis to be present in the starting material, was clustered to a sufficient extent to couple ferromagnetically. Bulk paramagnetic susceptibilities were obtained in the standard manner from reciprocal-field plots up to infinite-field values. The bulk susceptibilities were interpreted as indicating an oxygen content of 1.8 ± 0.3 at.% in the crystal. This interpretation used the extensive data of Spedding and Croat as a standard for the magnetic susceptibilities of pure scandium, and used their results for the effects, on the susceptibility, of various impurities. The validity of the oxygen analysis was substantiated by vacuum-fusion analysis on an equivalent piece of scandium metal.
Exercise Training in Patients with Heart Failure A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Objective: To assess the benefit of exercise training in patients with heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction and to further describe the physiologic changes associated with ...
Glutathione Modulates Ryanodine Receptor from Skeletal Muscle Sarcoplasmic Reticulum EVIDENCE FOR REDOX REGULATION OF THE Ca2+ RELEASE MECHANISM

Abstract In this report, we demonstrate the ability of the cellular thiol glutathione to modulate the ryanodine receptor from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Reduced glutathione (GSH) inhibited Ca2+-stimulated [3H]ryanodine binding to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and inhibited the single-channel gating activity of the reconstituted Ca2+ release channel. The effects of GSH on both the [3H]ryanodine binding and single-channel measurements were dose-dependent, exhibiting an IC50 of ∼2.4 mM in binding experiments. Scatchard analysis demonstrated that GSH decreased the binding affinity of ryanodine for its receptor (increased Kd) and lowered the maximal binding occupancy (Bmax). In addition, GSH did not modify the Ca2+ dependence of [3H]ryanodine binding. In single-channel experiments, GSH (5-10 mM), added to the cis side of the bilayer lipid membrane, lowered the open probability (Po) of a Ca2+ (50 μM)-stimulated Ca2+ channel without modifying the single-channel conductance. Subsequent perfusion of the cis chamber with an identical buffer, containing 50 μM Ca2+ without GSH, re-established Ca2+-stimulated channel gating. GSH did not inhibit channel activity when added to the trans side of the bilayer lipid membrane. Similar to GSH, the thiol-reducing agents dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol also inhibited high affinity [3H]ryanodine binding to sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. In contrast to GSH, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) was a potent stimulator of high affinity [3H]ryanodine binding and it also stimulated the activity of the reconstituted single Ca2+ release channel. These results provide direct evidence that glutathione interacts with reactive thiols associated with the Ca2+ release channel/ryanodine receptor complex, which are located on the cytoplasmic face of the SR, and support previous observations (Liu, G, Abramson, J. J., Zable, A. C., and Pessah, I. N. (1994) Mol. Pharmacol. 45, 189-200) that reactive thiols may be involved in the gating of the Ca2+ release channel.
Phase shift in a rotating neutron or optical interferometer

The phase shift caused by rotating a neutron or optical interferometer is derived as the Doppler effect due to the moving source and moving reflecting crystals.
Power Assignment for Symmetric Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

We show that two incremental power heuristics for power assignment in a wireless sensor network have an approximation ratio 2. Enhancements to these heuristics are proposed. It is shown that these enhancements do not reduce the approximation ratio of the considered incremental power heuristics. However, experiments conducted by us indicate that the proposed enhancements reduce the power cost of the assignment on average. Further, the two-edge switch enhancements reduce the power-cost reduction (relative to using minimum cost spanning trees) that is, on average, twice as much as obtainable from any of the heuristics proposed earlier.
Comparison of the active center geometries in phospholipase, trypsin and thermolysin.

Abstract The spatial environment of the active centers for bovine pancreatic phospholipase A 2 , soybean trypsin-trypsin inhibitor complex and Bacillus thermoproteolyticus thermolysin were compared through a three-dimensional superposition of atoms involved in catalysis. The results suggest a phospholipase mechanism similar to that proposed for the serine proteases. The reactive carbon centers of the three molecules also display the same handedness.
The social and psychologic factors of bruxism

Bruxism is a destructive habit that is defined as the nonproductive diurnal or nocturnal clenching or grinding of the teeth. This study investigated whether the combination of physical abnormalities, type A behavior pattern, and the perceived desirability and controllability of life stress are related to bruxism. The subjects for the study were 125 dental patients who were classified as bruxers or nonbruxers by a licensed dentist and who completed two measures, the Jenkins Activity Survey, and a modified version of the Holmes and Rahe Life Events Scale. Regression analyses indicate there is a difference in the separate impact of each variable. Type A behavior and physical abnormalities are significant in a stepwise analysis, while stress is not. Stress appears to be significant only in conjunction with type A behavior, and suggests that the combination of type A behavior, and stress is more predictive of bruxism than either of the individual variables. The linear combination of physical abnormalities, type A behavior, and stress is significant, and suggests that it is the best predictor of bruxism.
Institutional persistence and the material transformation of the US national labs: The curious story of the advent of the Advanced Photon Source

The 1990s saw a radical shift in the US investment in large-scale projects along with a shift in the rationale for US support of such projects and the national laboratories which host them. Previously, the largest projects were for the esoteric field of high energy and justifications drew on the Cold War priorities of national security and the cultural benefits of a free society. Starting with Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source, a materials science accelerator, all this changed. From this time forward those promoting large-scale projects instead pointed to more practical considerations in line with the post-Cold-War moral economy valuing entrepreneurship and measurable utility. It might seem that change resulted from a direct competition between high energy physicists and materials scientists that was mediated by high-level policy makers in favor of the latter. This case study reveals a much more telling and nuanced story in which science policy was shaped at every turn by the need of the US national laboratories to adapt to a changing social, political, economic, technological and scientific context amidst the underlying desire for institutional persistence. Copyright The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
Quantitation Of Coronary Artery Dimensions Using Digital Image Processing

Sequential observations of coronary artery disease depend upon reproducibility of measurements of coronary dimensions. Because the coronary artery segment to be digitized for quantitation occupies only a small portion of the 35 mm cine frame, a cine projector was mounted on a movable X, Y stage so that the area of interest could be focused through a lens turret system onto a video camera. The lens turret provides lx, 3.5x, and 7x magnification. A digital image processing device operating under computer control permits direct application of smoothing and edge finding algorithms to the magnified coronary image. Using separately recorded grids, an external reference marker, and isocentering of the heart within a U-arm radiographic system, it is possible to adjust for distortion and magnification. A split screen technique provides capability for single plane or sequential biplane analyses. A digital lightpen is used to input fiducial points for segment identification and define an initial coronary margin which is superceded by computer defined edges. Final measurements include maximum, minimum and mean diameter of 1.0 cm long coronary segments and the absolute area of the segment profile, along with provision for hard copy image recording. Reproducibility of the minimum and maximum diameter measurements provided by the digitization system and edge finding algorithm are + .06 mm for vessels with an average diameter of 2.3 mm (+ S.D.). When duplicate coronary injections during the same catheterization procedure are made, the coefficient of variation of the minimum diameter is 9.5%, of the maximum diameter 5.0% and of the segment area 3.9%. The capability for area of interest selectivity, variable optical magnification and digital image analysis provides a unique and reproducible system for coronary segment quantitation.
A sensitive and selective monkey conflict test

Abstract A conflict model is described in which clinically effective antianxiety agents exhibit pronounced anticonflict activity. Male squirrel monkeys were trained to depress a bar for 5 sec to obtain food reinforcement. The 6 hr test session was comprised of an initial 3 hr period in which each 5 sec response was punished and then a 3 hr unpunished period. Trained monkeys would rarely be shocked and would make most of their responses during the non-punished period. Both benzodiazepine (chlordiazepoxide and diazepam) and non-benzodiazepine (meprobamate and phenobarbital) anxiolytics produced pronounced and unequivocal increases in punished responding. Other psychoactive agents (d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, ethanol, morphine, amitriptyline and imipramine) did not produce an increase in punished responding. Sensitivity (i.e., large magnitude effects), selectivity, stable baseline performance and fully automated features make this test useful in identifying potential anxiolytic agents in primates.
Changes in physostigmine-induced hippocampal seizures during ethanol withdrawal

Hippocampal cholinergic neurons are sensitive to acute ethanol administration, and specific alterations are seen in the functioning of these neurons following chronic ethanol. The present study examined the effects of chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal on the sensitivity of the hippocampus to local injection of physostigmine, an inhibitor of acetylcholine metabolism. While intrahippocampal physostigmine elicited hippocampal seizure activity in 80% of the animals tested during withdrawal from chronic exposure to low levels of ethanol, seizure activity was elicited in only 30% of ethanol-naive subjects. These results suggest that chronic ethanol exposure may increase the sensitivity of hippocampal neurons to cholinergic stimulation, and that some of the symptoms of ethanol withdrawal may be related to this change.
Compact spectrophotometer using polarization-independent liquid crystal tunable optical filters

We introduce and demonstrate a simple spectrophotometer system insensitive to input polarization and with strong potential for compact and low-cost implementation. This technology has a wide variety of potential applications ranging from astronomy to medicine and even the cosmetics industry. To enable more powerful and portable microspectrometers we employ a novel design based on a tunable liquid crystal filter with polarization-independence, which is constructed of stacked liquid crystal polarization gratings (LCPGs). These switchable, anisotropic, thin diffraction gratings exhibit unique properties that include diffraction at visible and infrared wavelengths that can be coupled between only the zero- and first-orders (with nearly 100% and 0% experimentally verified efficiencies), depending on the applied voltage and wavelength of incident light. When combined with an elemental spatial filter, polarization-independent bandpass tuning can be achieved with minimum loss. Analogous to Lyot and Solc filters, several LCPGs are layered and introduced into a temporally resolved system using a single photodetector. The unique filter design enables improvement in terms of resolution and sensitivity by eliminating the polarization dependence present in all competing birefringence-based technologies. Also, the temporal detection system has a potential for improved miniaturization compared to any competing relevant approach and decreased cost by avoiding highly sensitive alignment, reflective diffraction components, Fabry- Perot cavities, and expensive detectors. In this work we describe the core principles of the tunable filter, present a representative spectrometer system design, report preliminary experimental data, and discuss the capabilities of the system in terms of spectral range, resolution, and sensitivity.
‘The Liberals and the General Election of 1945’: A Skeptical Note

4) That, although the Liberals won but 12 seats out of 640, the Liberal "intervention" did prove significant: not in helping to defeat the Conservatives but in splitting the anti-Tory vote. "Without the Liberals, Labour's majority would have been increased by a minimum of thirty-six seats."4 The Labour-Conservative margin would have been an even more lopsided 411-195 ratlher than an actual 393-213.