cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phakomatous choristoma of the eyelid. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic observations.

Background: A 13-month-old Hispanic boy underwent excision of a congenital inferonasal orbital mass arising from the right lower lid. Results of histopathologic examination of the tumor showed a phakomatous choristoma of the eyelid. An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study of this rare, benign, congenital tumor of lenticular anlage was performed. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on 4-μm thick sections from paraffin-embedded tissue. Electron microscopy was performed on thin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Findings: The cuboidal epithelial cells that comprise this choristoma showed strongly positive cytoplasmic staining with S-100 protein and vimentin and focally positive staining with a keratin cocktail (AE 1 /AE 3 ). Electron microscopy showed the presence of numerous 10-nm whorled cytoplasmic microfilaments within degenerating epithelial cells. Conclusion: The immunoreactivity of this tumor to keratin and vimentin are newly described in this detailed clinicopathologic report and, together with its S-100 positivity, support the proposal that this tumor is of lenticular anlage. The authors hypothesize that the intracytoplasmic 10-nm intermediate filaments observed with electron microscopic examination within the epithelial cells that comprise this choristoma represent vimentin as detected by immunohistochemistry.
Structure and Expression Pattern Analysis of Arabidopsis PIP5K2

Phosphatidylinositol monophosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) which catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate by phosphorylation of phosphatylinositol-4-phosphate at the 5′ position of the inositol ring, is a key enzyme in phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 15 genes encoding putative PIP5Ks have been identified. Among those, four are highly conserved with FAB1 from yeast and classified as type III PIP5K. The remaining 11 members can be further divided into two groups, group A and B according to protein structure. The PIP5K2 is 2265-bp long and encodes a 754-amino acid peptide (~86.3 kDa). The protein contains seven MORN motifs at the N terminus and a C-terminal localized catalytic domain, which is similar to the structure of other type B PIP5Ks in Arabidopsis. Expression pattern studies reveal that PIP5K2 is expressed in various tissues including roots, flowers, leaves, and seedlings. PIP5K2 expression is especially strong during lateral root initiation and elongation and its expression is enhanced by exogenous auxin and NaCl treatment. GFP fusion study revealed that PIP5K2 is mainly localized on the plasma membrane.
Intensive Parenting: Fertility and Breastfeeding Duration in the United States

Using 30 years of longitudinal data from a nationally representative cohort of women, we study the association between breastfeeding duration and completed fertility, fertility expectations, and birth spacing. We find that women who breastfeed their first child for five months or longer are a distinct group. They have more children overall and higher odds of having three or more children rather than two, compared with women who breastfeed for shorter durations or not at all. Expected fertility is associated with initiating breastfeeding but not with how long mothers breastfeed. Thus, women who breastfeed longer do not differ significantly from other breastfeeding women in their early fertility expectations. Rather, across the life course, these women achieve and even exceed their earlier fertility expectations. Women who breastfeed for shorter durations (1–21 weeks) are more likely to fall short of their expected fertility than to achieve or exceed their expectations, and they are significantly less likely than women who breastfeed for longer durations (≥22 weeks) to exceed their expected fertility. In contrast, women who breastfeed longer are as likely to exceed as to achieve their earlier expectations, and the difference between their probability of falling short versus exceeding their fertility expectations is relatively small and at the boundary of statistical significance (p = .096). These differences in fertility are not explained by differences in personal and family resources, including family income or labor market attachment. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding duration may serve as a proxy for identifying a distinct approach to parenting. Women who breastfeed longer have reproductive patterns quite different than their socioeconomic position would predict. They both have more children and invest more time in those children.
Multiple Colonizations, Hybridization and Uneven Diversification in Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) Lineages on Hawai'I Island

AIM: The diversity and composition of species pools within oceanic archipelagos is determined by a combination of colonization, abiotic tolerance, in situ diversification, biotic interactions and extinction. The signature of biogeographic events and evolutionary processes, however, may be masked by recent coalescence and hybridization between closely related species. We used the species‐rich plant genus Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) to investigate the roles of colonization and hybridization in shaping community assemblages on the geologically young Hawai'i Island. LOCATION: Hawaiian Islands. TAXON: Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae). METHODS: We sampled 29 Cyrtandra taxa and putative hybrids across the main Hawaiian Islands and generated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from nine single‐copy nuclear genes. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, divergence times were estimated using secondary calibrations and island ages, and ancestral area estimation was done using likelihood models. Lastly, we used a Bayesian population assignment test and principal components analysis to infer population genetic structure. RESULTS: Cyrtandra colonization of the main Hawaiian Islands appears to have followed the progression rule, whereby the oldest high Hawaiian Islands (Kaua'i and O'ahu) were colonized first, followed by colonization of the younger islands as habitat became available. Hawai'i Island was colonized four times, with two dispersal events from O'ahu and two from Maui Nui. The different colonization events gave rise to significantly uneven numbers of species, and hybridization among the incipient lineages was detected in the form of intermediate genotypes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation into community assembly in a species‐rich plant genus on a geologically young oceanic island revealed a history of multiple colonizations and hybridization among colonizing lineages. The rapid diversification (3.5 species/My) of one of four Cyrtandra lineages on Hawai'i Island may be the result of hybridization between genetically diverse lineages that stem from independent colonization events. Multiple colonization events followed by a merging of lineages may be particularly common during early‐stage community assembly on islands and, through the generation of genetic variation, may be especially important for species diversification.
Beta-adrenergic antagonism alters functional connectivity during associative processing in a preliminary study of individuals with and without autism.

Beta-adrenergic antagonism (e.g. propranolol) has been associated with cognitive/behavioral benefits following stress-induced impairments and for some cognitive/behavioral domains in individuals wi...
Long-term effects of early childhood programs through eighth grade: Do the effects fade out or grow?

Abstract Support for policies to improve early childhood educational development and reduce disparities grew rapidly this century but recently has wavered because of findings that program effects might fade out prematurely. Two programs implemented at scale in North Carolina (Smart Start and More at Four) have been associated with academic success early in elementary school, but it is not known whether these effects fade out or are sustained in middle school. Smart Start provides state funding to support high-quality early childcare in local communities, and More at Four provides state-funded slots for a year of credentialed pre-kindergarten. Funds were allocated for each program at varying rates across counties and years. We used this variation to estimate the long-term impact of each program through eighth grade, by measuring the association between state funding allocations to each program, in each of 100 counties over each of 13 consecutive years, and later student performance. Students were matched to funding levels provided to their home county in their early childhood years and then followed through eighth grade. Analyses using county- and year-fixed-effects regression models with individual- and school-level covariates conducted on nearly 900,000 middle school students indicate significant positive impacts of funding for each program on reading and math test scores and reductions in special education placement and grade retention. These impacts do not fade out and seem instead to grow (for More at Four) as students progress through middle school. Students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds experience particularly large benefits from the More at Four Program.
The iboga enigma: the chemistry and neuropharmacology of iboga alkaloids and related analogs

Covering: 2000 up to 2020 Few classes of natural products have inspired as many chemists and biologists as have the iboga alkaloids. This family of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids includes the anti-addictive compound ibogaine as well as catharanthine, a precursor to the chemotherapeutic vinblastine. Despite being known for over 120 years, these small molecules continue to challenge our assumptions about biosynthetic pathways, catalyze our creativity for constructing complex architectures, and embolden new approaches for treating mental illness. This review will cover recent advances in both the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of iboga alkaloids as well as their use as next-generation neurotherapeutics. Whenever appropriate, we provide historical context for the discoveries of the past decade and indicate areas that have yet to be resolved. While significant progress regarding their chemistry and pharmacology has been made since the 1960s, it is clear that the iboga alkaloids will continue to stoke scientific innovation for years to come.
Dynamic DC-Link Current Minimization Control to Improve Current-Source Solid-State Transformer Efficiency

This paper presents a fast predictive control method to minimize the dc-link current in current-source solid-state transformers (SST). The motivation for dc-link current reduction is to improve efficiency of the SST and reduce conduction loss and transformer winding loss, which are among the major loss mechanisms of the current source solid-state transformers. The proposed cycle-by-cycle dc-link current minimization strategy is realized by a predictive control method based on the converter model. The dynamic dc-link current reference is calculated each switching cycle by adding up the input and output phase current references with form factors. Therefore, it is adaptive to different loading conditions. Moreover, the control does not require high computational burden and is suitable for implementation in regular DSP for online calculation. In this paper, the improved soft-switching solid-state transformer (S4T) with reduced conduction loss is studied as an example of the current-source SST. The dc-link current minimization control method is verified in simulations and experiments at 2 kV under both steady-state and dynamic conditions. With the proposed control, dc-link current can be minimized to achieve approximately 18% loss reduction of the SST at the operating point under study.
Special Topic on Coupled Oscillators for Non-von Neumann Computation

When oscillators are loosely coupled to each other, energy transfer between the individual oscillators causes their frequencies to synchronize. The same principle can be found in real life; for instance, metronomes placed on a floating wooden board, pendulums connected via springs, and internal organs following a circadian rhythm. Depending on the strength and time lag of the coupling medium, the phases of the oscillators settle in a way that minimizes the contentions among the oscillating signals.
Postrefractive infectious keratitis: prevention, diagnosis, management, and prognosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Improve outcomes from an elective procedure by preventing a rare but sight-threatening complication. RECENT FINDINGS Advancement in anti-infective prophylaxis, and therefore shift in the causative organism permits better diagnostic and empiric management. SUMMARY Infectious keratitis presents in different patterns depending on the refractive procedure. Atypical causative organisms may respond poorly to empiric therapy and impair vision. Therefore, microbial identification is of utmost importance and therapy is adjusted accordingly.
Assessing Antiracism as a Learning Outcome in Social Work Education: A Systematic Review

The current political climate and reversals of gains made during the Civil Rights Movement underscore the urgent need for preparing emerging social workers to effectively address white supremacy in social work practice. Antiracism education in social work aims to ensure competent antiracist social work practice towards the goal of eradicating white supremacy in all its forms. Given the widening racial disparities evident in income, health and educational outcomes, it is essential to examine the degree to which social work education adequately prepares emerging social work practitioners to engage in antiracist social work practice. This paper presents findings of a systematic review of social work research assessing antiracism as a learning outcome. After reviewing more than 150 studies published between 2008 and 2018, none of them focused on assessing antiracism as a learning outcome. Our review demonstrates that despite the importance of antiracist social work practice, published research on assessment of antiracism as a learning outcome is sparse and is not antiracism-focused as much as it is antiracism-inclusive. More attention to identifying and disseminating best practices for assessing student competence in antiracism practice is required to defeat white supremacy.
Trauma informed practices of a sober living home for women with addiction and victimization histories

The purpose of the study was to examine the correlates of perceptions of trauma-informed practices at a sober living home (SLH) among women with histories of addiction and victimization. Fifty-two ...
Predictive Nearest Neighbor Queries over Uncertain Spatial-Temporal Data

Predictive nearest neighbor queries over spatial-temporal data have received significant attention in many location-based services including intelligent transportation, ride sharing and advertising. Due to physical and resource limitations of data collection devices like RFID, sensors and GPS, data is collected only at discrete time instants. In-between these discrete time instants, the positions of the monitored moving objects are uncertain. In this paper, we exploit the filtering and refining framework to solve the predictive nearest neighbor queries over uncertain spatial-temporal data. Specifically, in the filter phase, our approach employs a semi-Markov process model that describes object mobility between space grids and prunes those objects that have zero probability to encounter the queried object. In the refining phase, we use a Markov chain model to describe the mobility of moving objects between space points and compute the nearest neighbor probability for each candidate object. We experimentally show that our approach can filter out most of the impossible objects and has a good predication performance.
The answer is not 42.

Abstract During his long and illustrious career that now spans over 50 years David Triggle has had a major impact on biomedical science that can be linked to his research spanning the disciplines of chemistry and biology. Capitalizing on his undergraduate and postgraduate education in chemistry David’s early research explored the pharmacology of adreno- and muscarinic receptors ultimately leading to studies of the cellular signaling processes that mediated the effects of receptor activation particularly with respect to calcium homeostasis. David's contributions to the identification and development of calcium channel antagonists resulted in benefits beyond the impact of such drugs in the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system. During David’s 50+ year career many technological changes have occurred that have affected how research is conducted, funded and published and how its impact evaluated. Not all of these technological advances are necessarily positive and it is valuable to reflect on the long lasting impact of David’s accomplishments with reference to such changes.
Solute dispersion in the coastal boundary layer of southern Lake Michigan

[1] We evaluate a three-dimensional, nested-grid nearshore model of Lake Michigan for its ability to describe key aspects of hydrodynamics and solute transport using data from a field study conducted in summer 2008. Velocity comparisons with observations from five bottom-mounted ADCPs at different depths in the coastal boundary layer (CBL) show that the numerical model was able to simulate currents and flow reversals accurately within the inertial boundary layer, however model accuracy reduced close to the shoreline. Power spectra of observed and simulated velocity time series at different locations showed that the hydrodynamic model was able to describe the energy contained in the inertial scales, but over-predicted turbulent dissipation rates. As a result, model-predicted values of energy in the smaller, dissipation scales were lower compared to values calculated from observations in the CBL. Differences between energy contained in the observed and simulated velocity spectra increased as the shoreline is approached. Observations showed that vertical variations in the alongshore and cross-shore velocities were dominated by inertial waves. Inaccuracies in representing energy dissipation rates and processes not explicitly described in the hydrodynamic model (e.g., anisotropy, waves) could potentially contribute to errors in describing transport in the CBL. Measurements from a continuous dye release experiment from a riverine outfall were described using a nearshore model with a mean horizontal dispersion coefficient of 5.6 m2/s. Improved representations of physical processes (such as turbulence, internal waves and wave-current interactions) can be expected to provide better descriptions of solute transport in the CBL.
RESHEX : An interactive software package for the synthesis and analysis of resilient heat-exchanger networks. I Program description and application.

Abstract RESHEX is an interactive software package for the synthesis and analysis of resilient heat-exchanger networks (HENs). An overview of the program structure, features and functions is presented. A case study describing the revamp of a refinery feed preheat train illustrates the versatility and effectiveness of RESHEX. The case study demonstrates the ease with which a designer can generate (by semi-automatic synthesis and/or evolutionary development) several economically attractive networks which also satisfy practical requirements (such as the revamp network resembling the existing network as much as possible, constraints on the number and location of stream splits and resilience to anticipated changes in operating conditions). Scope —Over the last decade many techniques for synthesis and analysis of HENs have been developed [e.g. 1–4]. However, the “pencil-and-paper” techniques are awkward for the large-size problems encountered in practical industrial situations, and the “automatized” computer techniques have limited capabilities to accommodate the special requirements of the design engineer. RESHEX is a prototype program where the computer techniques are significantly enhanced in terms of versatility to meet the practical needs of the design engineer. All functions including utility and area targeting, network synthesis, evolutionary network development, resilience analysis and economic optimization are available. Conclusions and Significance —Figure 2 outlines the typical steps taken by an engineer when designing or revamping an HEN. RESHEX allows these complex needs to be served in a comprehensive manner. The power and versatility of RESHEX is illustrated through a revamp study of a refinery crude preheat train. the revamp study demonstrates the power of RESHEX to allow the engineer to influence the shape of the synthesized network by constraining the number and location of stream splits and exchangers. The study also demonstrates the versatility of RESHEX to suggest what piping changes should be made or where area should be added when revamping the network.
Thoughts on the Future of Great Ape Research

In their Perspective, [McConkey and Varki][1] discuss the sequencing of the chimp genome, reported this week in the journal Nature . Although it is a notable accomplishment, it only marks the end of the beginning. The hard work of understanding how the genome generates the chimp phenome is still ahead of us, as is clarification of the precise differences between chimps and humans. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5740/1499
On Morris Low's Building a Modern Japan: Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Meiji Era and Beyond

Ever since Joseph Needham published the first volume of Science and Civilisation in China in 1954, many important works have been produced on East Asian science, technology, and medicine in the pre-modern period. The history of science, technology, and medicine in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, however, has been largely neglected. It began to attract some attention only recently with the rapid economic growth in the region. Morris Low’s edited volume of Osiris (Volume 13, 1998), with the title of Beyond Joseph Needham: Science, Technology, and Medicine in East and Southeast Asia, was a notable example of the new direction of the field: eleven out of twelve case-studies were about the nineteenth and twentieth century; and five of them were on Japanese science, technology, and medicine. Low has done a marvelous editorial job once again in his new book, Building a Modern Japan: Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Meiji Era and Beyond, which is a very valuable addition to this rapidly growing field. The Meiji era (1868–1912), which is the focus of Building a Modern Japan, was the most glorious and also most turbulent time in Japanese history. As Low states in the introduction, the Meiji Restoration “ushered in a program of modernization that involved not just opening Japan to trade with the West but participating in a global system of knowledge—‘foreign intercourse’ in the broadest sense of the term” (p. 2). During this period, Japan enthusiastically adopted Western-style systems of politics, economics, education, science, technology and medicine, and transformed itself into a modern, industrialized nation. Japanese industry began to dominate trade in East and Southeast Asian markets. The Japanese military defeated the Chinese army and navy in 1894–1895, and also vanquished Russian forces on land and at sea in 1904– 1905. Japanese science, technology, and medicine left a long-lasting influence on China, Korea and Taiwan. Japan indeed became the model for other Asian countries who were desperately trying to modernize themselves. This unique success of Meiji Japan attracted the interest of Western scholarship including history of science, East Asian Science, Technology and Society: an International Journal (2007) 1:255–258 DOI 10.1007/s12280-007-9016-3
Screening and prevention in Tay-Sachs disease: origins, update, and impact.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the screening and prevention in Tay-Sachs disease (TSD): origins, update, and impact. Like many other innovations, the education, screening, and counseling program for the prevention of TSD occurred, because of a host of factors: timing, location, events, and most important, people. With the efforts and support of the National Tay-Sachs Disease and Allied Disorders Association, an International Center has been established for the annual survey of worldwide programs involved in TSD screening and prevention. The prevention program strategies were first implemented in 1970. 50–60 infants were diagnosed with TSD each year in the United States and Canada. 90% or greater reduction in the incidence of TSD in the high-risk Jewish population has occurred, undoubtedly contributed to, in large part at least, by the education, screening, and counseling programs targeted to Jewish adults of child-bearing age. This prototype, developed for TSD prevention, has also served as a model for “disease control” in other areas as well. With recent advances in gene isolation and molecular diagnosis, it is likely that comparable efforts targeted to the “control” of other serious hereditary disorders will be mounted in the near future.
Prospecting for customers in the small employer market: the experience of Arizona Health Care Group

The findings of this study provide an interesting profile of the small employer "prospects" for prepaid health plans, where a prospect is defined as an employer that responds to a mass mailing effort with a request for information and further contact. About 60% of these prospects already have insurance, with 40% having group insurance. Therefore, a substantial portion of prospects are seeking to replace their existing health benefit package with a different one. Of those who do not offer existing insurance, the most common reason is that it is "too expensive" or the employer is "not profitable." A very small proportion do not offer insurance because they do not qualify for it due to medical underwriting considerations. Prospects tend to be larger than non-prospects in terms of sales, but employ lower wage employees, on average. About half of prospects are in service industries, a proportion typical of small employers in general. Somewhat surprisingly, most prospects have been in operation for over five years. They are not new firms attempting to establish their benefit packages. This is consistent with the findings on gross sales, suggesting that some maturity is necessary before an employer considers offering group health insurance as a benefit. The prepaid plans in this study also appeared to target established employers for their marketing efforts. In responding to questions about their attitudes towards health insurance, over one-quarter of prospects indicated that they would be unwilling to offer insurance at rates so low that they would not normally apply to the coverages offered by prepaid plans. Thus, although they were "prospects" by the study's definition, they were unlikely to eventually contract with prepaid plans. Those prospects that had offered insurance previously, but had discontinued it, tended to cite premium increases as the reason. This suggests that prospects among small employers are likely to be very price sensitive, and that further prescreening of prospects by phone, during which premium levels are discussed, might be cost-effective in following up leads from mass mailings. The study data also suggest the importance of quick follow-up for mass mailing leads, as the drop-off in recall and interest appears to be substantial. About half of the prospects interviewed stated that they were unaware of AHCG, although they or someone in their business had returned a mailer requesting more information. In addition to their implications for marketing to small employers, the results of the study appear to have broader policy implications as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Implementation with partial verification

This paper examines the implementability of social choice functions when only partial verification of private information is possible. Green and Laffont (1986) used this framework to derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the revelation principle to continue to hold with partial verification. We provide economically interesting characterizations of this condition, which suggest that it may be too restrictive. This leads us to consider implementation (not necessarily truthful) in general, when there is partial verification. We consider the case where compensatory transfers are allowed, giving the mechanism designer further leeway. We show how partial verification may allow efficient implementation of bilateral trade, where it would otherwise not be possible.
Hybridity in Herodotus

Scholarly interest in hybridity has focused largely on the present and recent past. Yet, one of the great theorists of hybridity is an ancient one: Herodotus. By describing a globe in motion—the motion of people across borders and through time—Herodotus draws a picture of a world that brings the hybrid to the fore. He thinks seriously about how we should regard diversity in light of global hybridity. Reading Herodotus as a theorist of the hybrid not only adds an interesting perspective to contemporary conversations but also reminds us of hybridity’s enduring importance as a subject of political inquiry.
Animated Representations of Blackness

If Wells (2002, 1) is correct in his assertion that animation, in common with jazz, the western, and the musical, is an art genre originating in the United States, then, as Lehman (2007, 1) proposes, the wildly popular form surely “owes its existence to African Americans.” Unlike jazz, which African Americans have long constituted the overwhelming majority of creators, and at times consumers, animation has historically fed on blackness, recycling caricatures—such as Mammy Two Shoes in Tom and Jerry and the crows in Dumbo—and inspiring characters—Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny for instance—even as Blacks were excluded from the production of the medium (Lehman 2007; Lindvall and Fraser 2002; Sampson 1997). Importantly, as Pigeon (1997) argues, animated representation projected accounts of racial difference through black face, even after minstrel shows had fallen out favor. In fact, it is hard not to read the history of animation in the United States as anti-black racism, persistently reiterated for the pleasure of white audiences and the profit of (largely) white owned corporation. Oddly, even as one credits the anti-racist struggles that grew ever more powerful after the Second World War with effectively dismantling negative images of African Americans in animation and beyond, a troubling question remains: why have so few positive portraits replaced these negative images? That is, with the exception of Fat Albert and the more problematic Coonskin, what accounts for the virtual absence of animated representations of blackness in the aftermath of the civil rights movement? Moreover, even as multiculturalism flourished in marketing and entertainment, why have African Americans remained all but invisible, marginal, and tokenized—so J Afr Am St (2010) 14:395–397 DOI 10.1007/s12111-010-9141-2
Numerical and analytical solutions for two-dimensional gas distribution in gas-loaded heat pipes

This work presents a two-dimensional axisymmetric diffusion model for the noncondensable gas distribution in gas-loaded heat pipes and thermosyphons. The new model, based on an integral analysis, has major advantages over existing, computationally time consuming, two-dimensional models. It has equal accuracy while using only the computational effort required for the cruder one-dimensional model, and also includes the effects of wall conduction and spatial variation of the condenser heat transfer coefficient. To simplify design calculations further an analytic two-dimensional solution is established, which gives excellent results over a wide range of parameters.
Photochemistry of Metalloporphyrin Carbene Complexes

The photochemistry of metalloporphyrins and other tetrapyrrolic systems continues to attract considerable interest.1 There have been numerous studies on the photoactivity of various porphyrin complexes with single-bonded axial ligands, including halogens, oxo-anion species, molecular oxygen,2 and a variety of metals, including chromium, manganese, and iron.3 The photochemistry of metalloporphyrins with multiple-bonded axial ligands has not been explored. We report here the photochemistry of several iron porphyrin carbene and vinylidene complexes. Irradiation of these complexes with visible light cleaves the iron-carbon double bond, resulting in a four-coordinate iron(II) porphyrin and a free carbene. This chemistry is unique in the area of transition metal carbene or alkylidene compounds. Porphyrins with multiple-bonded axial ligands are especially relevant to both biological and catalytic oxidative processes.4 Iron porphyrin carbene and nitrene species are isoelectronic with a terminal iron-oxo complex, the proposed intermediate of the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases and its synthetic analogs. Most recently, the catalytic cyclopropanation of olefins by iron porphyrins using ethyl diazoacetate was thought to involve a porphyrin carbene complex.5 We prepared Fe(TPP)CCl2, Fe(TPP)CBr2, Fe(TPP)CClF, and Fe(TPP)CC(p-C6H4Cl)2 under anaerobic conditions following Mansuy’s procedure using iron metal as the reductant (TPP ) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinate).6 These compounds were further purified via crystallization from benzene/pentane under argon in an inert atmosphere box and then fully characterized.7 To examine the photochemistry of these complexes, degassed benzene solutions (∼1 × 10-4 M) were irradiated with a 300 W Xe arc lamp, which was filtered to remove both infrared and ultraviolet (<360 nm) light in order to prevent sample heating and porphyrin bleaching, respectively. In addition, the photolysis cells were thermostated to an internal solution temperature of 20 °C. In all cases, irradiation of the parent compounds cleanly produced a new porphyrin identified as Fe(TPP) (λmax ) 419, 442, and 537 nm), as shown in Figure 1 for Fe(TPP)CCl2. Both the Soret and Q-bands of the parent compounds are photoactive.8 The formation of Fe(TPP) was confirmed by addition of pyridine after photolysis of the carbene or vinylidene complexes, yielding the bispyridine complex, Fe(TPP)(py)2. Also as expected, exposure of photolysed solutions to oxygen resulted in the formation of the μ-oxo dimer species, [Fe(TPP)]2O. The production of Fe(TPP) in this reaction is indicative of homolytic cleavage of the metal-carbon double bond and production of a carbene, as in the following reaction:
Analysis of Li-Ion Battery Characteristics and Thermal Behavior

Development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles is of great interest to the transportation industry due to increased demand and cost of imported fuel, uncertainty in the steady supply of oil, and increased standards for reduced emissions. Lithium-ion batteries are considered as one of the leading types for the battery systems to be employed in electric vehicles (EVs) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Using a regenerative braking system and storing it in battery stacks and using it later for propulsion and acceleration can improve the overall efficiency and reduction of fuel consumption.The objective of this study is to evaluate experimentally the battery performance considering different discharge and charge rates, and investigate the thermal behavior and thermal management requirements of the batteries under a variety of environmental conditions. An experimental test facility has been developed to evaluate thermal performance during charging and discharging modes. Environmental temperatures were varied in environmental chamber to analyze their effects on the charging and discharging patterns of the battery by using the CADEX battery analyzer in order to find the temperature range for optimum battery performance. The batteries were monitored with thermal sensors and a thermal imaging camera while they were run through different load scenarios. In the present study, lithium-ion batteries have been tested and battery performance in terms of polarization curves and discharge capacity were measured using a computerized battery analyzer system for different discharge and charge rates, and over a range of ambient temperatures. Results indicate that at higher discharge and charge rates battery performance decreases due to increased polarization losses, which results in increased internal heat generation and temperature of the battery. Battery performance also depends strongly on the ambient temperature conditions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Using QSAR to evaluate phenomenological models for sorption of organic compounds by soil

The functional dependencies of equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption parameters on solute molecular descriptors were analyzed for 29 organic compounds and two soils. Similar correlation patterns were obtained with all three evaluated size/shape descriptors (molecular surface area, van der Waals volume, molecular connectivity). The functional dependencies of equilibrium distribution coefficients on the solute molecular descriptors were analyzed for three systems used as phe-nomenological models of sorption by soil (octanol, reversed-phase HPLC packing material [RPLC], polymer). The correlation patterns exhibited by the three models were compared to those reported for the soil systems. The correlation patterns exhibited by the soil data were similar to the patterns exhibited by the polymer systems and dissimilar to those exhibited by the octanol and RPLC systems. In addition, the correlation pattern between the sorption rate coefficient and molecular connectivity was similar to that between polymer-diffusion coefficients and molecular connectivity. Hence, it appears that the polymer analog may be the most appropriate of the three models for representing both equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption by soil. Based on these results, the polymer analog is suggested as the phenomenological model of choice for investigating and evaluating the sorption dynamics of low-polarity organic compounds in soil systems.
The Political Underpinnings of Privatization: A Typology

In shifting responsibilities from government to market, privatization has the potential to alter the institutional framework through which citizens normally conceive and pursue their individual and shared interests. But the literature has presented it as a relatively apolitical adaptation to changing conditions. Rather than a choice among means to achieve broadly shared goals, privatization often takes the form of a strategy to realign institutions so as to privilege the goals of some groups over the competing aspirations of other groups. Drawing primarily on the experience of Western, industrialized nations, a political typology is developed that distinguishes between privatizations undertaken foi different reasons—whether pfagmatic, tactical, or systemic.
Di(n-octyl)arsinic acid(HDOAA) as a reagent for liquid-liquid extraction: Extraction of scandium (III), cerium(III), europium(III), holmium(III) and ytterbium(III)

Dioctylarsinic acid, HDOAA, in chloroform solution has been investigated as a reagent for the extraction of scandium, cerium, europium, holmium and ytterbium trichlorides. The extraction coefficients reached a maximum of 260 (pH 2), 1.3 (pH 7.6), 6 (pH 7.5), 17 (pH 6.6) and 8 (pH 6.2) for the metal ions in the above order. Each metal ion transfers two hydrogen ions into the aqueous phase upon entering the organic phase. Scandium is complexed to two DOAA anions, two neutral HDOAA molecules and probably a chloride ion and a water molecule. The lanthanide ions are probably in an octahedral environment with two DOAA anions, three HDOAA molecules and a OH or acetate ion serving as ligands. The extraction coefficients for these metal ions are sufficiently different to allow their extractive separation.
Energy loss rate and inelastic mean free path of low-energy electrons and positrons in condensed matter

Abstract An “optical-data model” is employed to evaluate energy loss per unit pathlength and inelastic mean free path for low-energy electrons and positrons (≲ 10 keV) from optical data on the medium of interest. Exchange between the incident electron and electrons in the medium is included. Results from the optical-data model are given for Al, Au, Ag, Cu, C, and polyethylene, and some comparisons are made with previous theoretical results.
Nanofluid Properties and Their Effects on Convective Heat Transfer in an Electronics Cooling Application

In the search for new, more effective coolant fluids, nanoparticle suspensions have shown promise due to their enhanced thermal conductivity. However, there is a concomitant increase in the viscosity, requiring an increase in pumping power to achieve the same flow rate. Studies of flow cooling in simple geometries indicate that there is a benefit to using nanofluids, but it is difficult to justify extending these results to the far more complicated geometries. Moreover, with the variability of property measurements found in literature, it is possible to show conflicting results from the same set of flow-cooling data. In this work we present a self-contained study of the properties and effectiveness of an alumina in water nanofluid. Flow-cooling is studied in an off-the-shelf fluid cooling package for electronics to examine the effects of the particulates in a practical scenario. We measure the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the same suspensions to assure consistent interpretation of our results. We find that, while there is no anomalous enhancement of the thermal properties or transport, there is a benefit to using a low volume fraction alumina nanoparticle suspension over using the base fluid alone. In fact, there is an optimal volume fraction (1%) for this nanofluid and electronics cooling system combination that maximizes the heat dissipated. However, we find that this benefit decreases as the volume fraction, and hence the viscosity, increases. Understanding where the trade-off between viscosity increase and thermal conductivity increase occurs is critical to designing an electronics cooling system using a nanofluid as a coolant.
On the De´nes-Hermann theorem: a different approach

L. Fuchs and S. Golomb considered the following problem. In a finite group G of order n , let p ( G ) denote the set of all elements expressible as a product g 1 ⋯ g n , where { g i , ⋯, g n } = G. Does p ( G ) coincide with a coset of the commutator subgroup of G ? Denes and Hermann answered in the affirmative. The present paper introduces a different approach, providing a more elementary proof in the case in which n is odd.
Immunology and skin disease 2009: frontiers in cutaneous immunology.

In March 2009, the course entitled “Immunology and Skin Disease 2009: Frontiers in Cutaneous Immunology” was held in Boston, Massachusetts.* 98 physicians and scientists from 13 countries attended. The course, organized by Robert Fuhlbrigge and Rachael Clark (Harvard University, Boston) covered the latest developments in cutaneous immunology. Attendees were welcomed by Rachael Clark and Thomas Kupper (Harvard University, Boston). Dr. Kupper quoted Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, saying “discovery is seeing what everybody else has seen, and thinking what nobody else has thought.”
Getting Noticed, Showing‐Off, Being Overheard: Amateurs, Authors and Artists Inventing and Reinventing Themselves in Online Communities

This paper reports early findings of an ethnographically-inspired research project focused on individuals who are actively engaged in the creation and online distribution of original media — on blogs, vlogs, and social networking sites — and on the collectives that form around “user-generated content.” In this paper, we profile a small number of creative individuals producing original content in four very different cultural contexts: a children's book author in Los Angeles, a pair of video bloggers in New York, an ex-pat journalist and social commentator in Dubai, and a cosmetics expert sharing advice with an online community in Seoul, South Korea. We explore what motivates each “lead user” to create; we examine how they imagine themselves as authors and artists, and how they imagine (and interact with) their readers and viewers. In addition, we explain how the insights they provide into an emerging form of online authorship are relevant to Intel Corporation's Digital Home Group.
Current Therapies and New Strategies for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that currently affects millions of Americans. There is no cure at present and no real long-term hope for patients with AD. While...
Antiserum induced myelination inhibition in vitro without complement

Abstract Exposure of neonatal rat cerebellum cultures to antiserum to whole spinal cord or galactocerebroside inhibited myelin formation regardless of whether guinea pig serum was added fresh or after heating to 56° C for 1 h in order to achieve complete removal of hemolytic complement activity. Myelination followed removal of antisera from the culture media. This suggests that the inhibition of primary myelination by anti-CNS tissue antiserum occurs through some mechanism other than as the result of a cytotoxic reaction against oligodendrocytes mediated via the complement system.
Changing the toughness of graphite fiber/resin based composites by changing their internal structure

This paper examines several ways the toughness of a composite can be changed by altering its internal structure. These are changes that do not involve using different fibers or pre-preg in the composite material. This study examined three issues: the effect of stacking sequence, the effect of voids, and the effect of prior loading on the toughness of the composite. For the systems studied, changing the stacking sequence changed both, Modes I and II, toughness of the composite. For the systems studied, up to 6% voids increased both, Modes I and II, toughness. Prior Mode II loading was found to increase the subsequent Mode I delamination toughness.
AquaMOOSE 3D: math learning in a 3D multi-user virtual world

AquaMOOSE 3D is a multi-user, graphical, constructionist environment to help children learn about mathematics and computer programming. In this paper, we present the system design, and results from our first round of formative evaluation.
Heritability, Phenotypic and Genetic Correlations between Type Ratings and Milk and Fat Production in Holstein-Friesian Cattle

Summary Intra-sire, intra-herd variance and covariances of daughters and dams were used to estimate heritabilities, and phenotypic and genetic correlations between type ratings and milk and milk fat production records adjusted to a single record basis. Milk and milk fat production records and official type classification ratings of 14,727 Holstein-Friesian cows and their dams were included in this study. Heritability estimates for milk and milk fat production were of the order of 0.20, and did not differ significantly among the three levels of herd production. The estimates of heritability for type ratings ranged from 0.03 for dairy character to 0.31 for rump. Phenotypic correlations between type ratings and milk and milk fat production ranged from +0.02, to +0.25, with a standard error of 0.01 to 0.02. Most of the genetic correlations concerning type ratings and production were not significant. The genetic correlations between dairy character and production were significant and ranged from 0.61 to 0.82 for the three stratified groups. Selection based on type ratings, with the exception of rating for dairy character, would cause little genetic improvement in milk or milk fat production. The relative genetic progress in milk production, if selection is on dairy character, is expected to be 35 to 50% of that which can be obtained by selecting on the basis of one milk production record.