cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Framework for Investigating First Person Guidance and Perception

Perceptual mechanisms humans use in motion planning and guidance are responsible for their agile and versatile capabilities. Their understandings would help advance both autonomous control and improve human-machine interfaces. This paper extends prior work by collecting human trajectory and gaze data while performing simulated first-person motion guidance tasks. This data is considered under the hypothesis that satisficing concepts play a significant role in human performance and adaptability. The resulting trajectory data exhibits a hierarchical partitioning structure (interaction patterns) as shown in prior work. Invariance between sub goal partitions reveal the reuse of prior knowledge in both motion primitives and perceptual behavior. By considering vehicle state and gaze as a combined state, analysis suggests that this hierarchical structure extends to the combined action-perception process.
L-cysteine supplementation upregulates glutathione (GSH) and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) in hepatocytes cultured in high glucose and in vivo in liver, and increases blood levels of GSH, VDBP, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.

Scope Vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) status has an effect on and can potentially improve the status of 25(OH) vitamin D and increase the metabolic actions of 25(OH) vitamin D under physiological and pathological conditions. Diabetes is associated with lower levels of glutathione (GSH) and 25(OH) vitamin D. This study examined the hypothesis that upregulation of GSH will also upregulate blood levels of VDBP and 25(OH) vitamin D in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods and results L-cysteine (LC) supplementation was used to upregulate GSH status in a FL83B hepatocyte cell culture model and in vivo using Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Results show that LC supplementation upregulates both protein and mRNA expression of VDBP and vitamin D receptor (VDR) and GSH status in hepatocytes exposed to high glucose, and that GSH deficiency, induced by glutamate cysteine ligase knockdown, resulted in the downregulation of GSH, VDBP, and VDR and an increase in oxidative stress levels in hepatocytes. In vivo, LC supplementation increased GSH and protein and mRNA expression of VDBP and vitamin D 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1) in the liver, and simultaneously resulted in elevated blood levels of LC and GSH, as well as increases in VDBP and 25(OH) vitamin D levels, and decreased inflammatory biomarkers in ZDF rats compared with those in placebo-supplemented ZDF rats consuming a similar diet. Conclusion LC supplementation may provide a novel approach by which to raise blood levels of VDBP and 25(OH) vitamin D in type 2 diabetes.
Correlation of preterm infant illness severity with placental histology

Abstract Introduction A major goal of neonatal medicine is to identify neonates at highest risk for morbidity and mortality. Previously, we developed PhysiScore (Saria et al., 2010), a novel tool for preterm morbidity risk prediction. We now further define links between overall individual morbidity risk, specific neonatal morbidities, and placental pathologies. Methods 102 placentas, including 38 from multiple gestations, were available from the previously defined PhysiScore cohort (gestational age ≤ 34 weeks and birth weight ≤ 2000 g). Placentas were analyzed for gross and histologic variables including maternal malperfusion, amniotic fluid infection sequence, chronic inflammation, and fetal vascular obstruction. Risk as determined by PhysiScore and recorded neonatal morbidities were tested for statistical association with placental findings. Results In pair-wise correlations, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, acute hemodynamic instability, post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, culture-positive sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis each significantly correlated with at least one placenta histology variable. Amniotic fluid infection sequence (p = 0.039), specifically the fetal inflammatory response (p = 0.017), correlated with higher PhysiScores (greater morbidity) but was not independent of gestational age and birth weight. In multivariate analyses correlating variables with all nine morbidities, gestational age (p Discussion Amniotic fluid infection sequence plays a significant role in neonatal morbidity. Less neonatal morbidity was observed in older and heavier infants and those with small placental size and full thickness perivillous fibrin deposition. The combined assessment of placental gross and histologic findings together with physiologic risk evaluation may allow more precise prediction of neonatal morbidity risk soon after delivery.
Up in the Air: Examining the Commercial Applications of Unmanned Aircraft for Small Businesses

This testimony before the United States Senate argues for the creation of a MicroUAS Classification of unmanned aircraft. The testimony argues that Congress should create a MicroUAS classification focused on simple and straightforward requirements that are minimally burdensome and streamlined. Specifically, the MicroUAS category should be for: registered devices, weighing 4.4 pounds or less, which are operated within line of sight, less than 400 feet above the ground, and which coordinate prior to operating within 5 miles of airports.
The geometric, logarithmic, and arithmetic mean inequality

(1987). The Geometric, Logarithmic, and Arithmetic Mean Inequality. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 527-528.
Children With Dystonia Can Learn a Novel Motor Skill: Strategies That are Tolerant to High Variability

Children with dystonia are characterized by highly variable and seemingly uncontrolled movements. An important question for any rehabilitative effort is whether these children can learn and improve their performance. This study compared children with dystonia due to cerebral palsy, typically developing children, and healthy adults in their ability to acquire a novel sensorimotor skill. Using a virtual setup, subjects threw a virtual ball tethered to a post to hit a virtual target. Multiple combinations of release angle and velocity of the arm at ball release could achieve a target hit-the task was redundant and afforded solutions with different sensitivity to variability. Subjects performed 200 trials for two target locations that presented different types of redundancy. We hypothesized that children with dystonia develop strategies that are tolerant to their high variability. Estimating this variability highlighted the insufficiency of traditional outcome measures. Therefore, additional analyses of data distributions and of ball release timing were applied. Results showed that: 1) children with dystonia reduced their performance error despite their high variability; 2) this improvement was brought about by finding error-tolerant solutions; and 3) they generated arm trajectories that created time windows for ball release that were tolerant to timing variability. While reduced in magnitude, the performance improvements in children with dystonia paralleled those in healthy children and adults. These findings demonstrate that children with dystonia are able to adapt their behavior to their high variability, an important basis for any rehabilitative intervention.
Design of Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury: Lessons from the Past and Future Directions

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition with multiple etiologies and variable clinical findings and pathologic manifestations. AKI is associated with serious adverse clinical outcomes, including the development of de novo chronic kidney disease, accelerated progression of pre-existing chronic kidney disease, end-stage kidney disease, and increased mortality. Past research has advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and outcomes of AKI significantly, however, little progress has been made in the development of evidence-based interventions for its prevention and treatment. In this review, we discuss key considerations in the design of clinical trials in AKI and highlight significant methodologic limitations that precluded many past studies from determining the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic strategies for this common and serious condition.
Distribution Network Topological Analysis and Apply Based on GIS Platform

The essentiality of network topological analysis that integrates the GIS,SCADA and PAS is revealed.A distribution network analysis model based on GIS is proposed,in which the constituent elements of the network are divided into single sides,complex sides,single points and complex points,according the kind of equipments the data classes and sub-classes are established respectively and on the basis of concatenate rule their models are built.Taking the display of local transmission line for example,the method to develop the function of distribution network topological analysis is described.
Disruption of Escherichia coli outer membranes by EM 49. A new membrane active peptide antibiotic

A new peptide antibiotic, EM 49, is shown to disrupt the structure of Escherichia coli outer membranes and release outer membrane fragments into the surrounding media. Evidence supporting this conclusion indludes EM 49 stimulated release of outer membrane phospholipids, lipopolysaccharide, and membrane fragments having a phospholipid and polypeptide composition similar to outer membranes. The density of the membrane fragments released by EM 49 was 1.22 g/cm3, which was identical to isolated outer membranes. Approximately 10 to 15% of the E. coli lipopolysaccharide was released upon treatment with EM 49. Both scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the antibiotic caused the formation of numerous protrusions or blebs on the surface of E. coli with apparent release of membrane vesicles from the cells. Direct interaction between EM 49 and outer membranes was demonstrated using outer membranes labeled with the fluorescent dye diphenylhexatriene. Treatment of the fluorescent-labeled outer membranes with EM 49 increased fluorescence intensity and decreased polarization, indicating that the peptide perturbed outer-membrane structure. In addition, strong interactions between EM 49 and purified E. coli phospholipids were detected using the Hummel and Dreyer technique. Association constants between the peptide and phospholipids were approximately 10(5) M-1. A model for the disruptive effect of EM 49 on outer-membrane structure is proposed in which the fatty acid chain of the antibiotic is inserted into the hydrophobic core of the membrane. This orientation would allow the polycationic, peptide portion of the antibiotic to disrupt the antibiotic to disrupt the normal electrostatic interactions between divalent cations and components of the outer membrane. Evidence supporting this conclusion includes specific protection of E. coli from EM 49 by Mg2+ and Ca2+ and inhibition of EM 49 stimulated phospholipid release by these cations. Disruption of the antibiotic to penetrate to the inner membrane, which is probably the primary killing site of EM 49.
Comparison of the kinetics of injectable testosterone in eugonadal and hypogonadal men

Serum reproductive hormone levels were measured serially after eugonadal and hypogonadal men had received either a 200-mg or a 100-mg intramuscular injection of testosterone enanthate. The calculated mean integrated testosterone and estradiol levels indicated that the 200-mg testosterone enanthate injection in the hypogonadal subjects maintained eugonadal levels of these hormones through day 11. The 100-mg dose maintained eugonadal levels of these hormones through day 11. The 100-mg dose maintained eugonadal testosterone levels through day 7. The testosterone:estradiol ratios in both groups following the 200-mg injection remained above or at the eugonadal baseline trough day 21. The authors recommend that replacement therapy for hypogonadal men should be 200 mg of testosterone enanthate every 10 to 14 days. A similar dosage would be recommended if testosterone enanthate were to be used as an experimental inhibitor of spermatogenesis (contraceptive agent).
A new approach to refinery complexity factors

ABSTRACTWilbur Nelson introduced the concept of complexity factor in the 1960s to relate the performance level of refineries with different capabilities and processing technologies. Refinery complexity has been used for many years to describe the sophistication and capital intensity of refineries, but foundational issues and the limitations associated with the metric have not been examined. A more precise and rigorous approach to complexity factors is presented based on the application of cost functions. Two alternative formulations are introduced and compared to the traditional approach and lead to new descriptive statistics and insight.
A comparison of protein extraction methods optimizing high protein yields from marine algae and cyanobacteria

Algae are a diverse group of aquatic autotrophs that represent important models for studying morphology, physiology, and molecular biology. Many, because of their adaptation to the marine environment, cell wall composition, and secondary metabolites, present difficulties when trying to extract significant amounts of protein for analyses. In this study, we compared protein extraction methods for 39 different species of marine algae and cyanobacteria. Since successful protein detection requires the liberation of protein from a cell, the goal of the current investigation was to establish a high yield protein extraction method that would allow for protein extraction from different organisms ranging from cyanobacteria, unicellular, multicellular, and coenocytic algae. Six protein extraction assays were tested (three from literature citations and three from commercially available kits). A modification of the technique originally described by Barbarino and Lourenco (J Appl Phycol 17:447–460, 2005) displayed significantly higher yields (p > 0.001, average of 6.7–30.87% dry weight) in all algal and cyanobacterial species examined. Protein yields using this modified procedure were especially successful in the Trebouxiophyceae, Bangiophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Cyanobacteria.
Radiation and hypoxia-induced non-targeted effects in normoxic and hypoxic conditions in human lung cancer cells.

Purpose: Many cell lines with anaerobic metabolism do not show cytotoxic abscopal effect (AE) following irradiation. Further, there is no existing data on the radiation- and hypoxia (H)-induced AE....
Student Engagement, Motivation, and Active Learning

Data from the 2008 to 2009 school year indicated there were 607,789 students who dropped out of school, grades 9–12 (U.S. Department of Education, 2011). Dropout rates increased with grade level. Of particular concern was the fact that only 64 % of African American students completed public schooling as compared to 82 % of White students. The decision not to complete schooling is a process that is drawn out over many years. School dropout is a complex problem involving school experiences, and both family and community factors. One of the first indicators is poor attendance or academic problems beginning as early as elementary school (Christenson & Thurlow, 2004). Importantly the dropout issue can be prevented.
Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) genes during JHMV infection of the central nervous system.

The central nervous system (CNS) is refractive to many aspects of the immune system primarily due to its limited ability to repair damage induced by the cytopathic mechanisms deployed by most immune cells. A primary obstacle to CNS inflammation is the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), which limits entry of immune cells into the CNS. To pass the BBB, inflammatory cells release matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); a growing family of proteases with overlapping substrate specificities for components of the extracellular matrix (reveiwed by Kieseier et al. 1999). MMPs break down the extracellular matrix surrounding the endothelial layer of BBB thereby permitting peripheral immune cells to traverse the BBB and migrate through the parenchyma of the CNS in response to inflammatory signals. To limit potential damage resulting from infiltration of inflammatory cells, MMP activity is tightly regulated at both the level of gene expression and proenzyme activation as well as by expression of a second gene family, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). TIMPs act as competitive inhibitors for the active sites of MMPs and thus limit inflammatory infiltrates.
Contextual Marketing and Customer-Orientation Strategy for E-Commerce: An Empirical Analysis

Theories from information systems and strategic marketing are integrated to develop a framework for understanding the direct, mediated, and moderated influences of contextual marketing and customer-orientation strategy on site satisfaction. Empirical testing shows that customers' perceived contextual marketing and customer-oriented strategies are associated with site satisfaction and loyalty. Departing from the simple linear-association approach, the study also investigates the moderating role of privacy concerns and site design complexity and the mediating role of perceived site value. It finds that the influence of contextual marketing and customer-orientation strategy on site satisfaction is moderated by the perceived complexity of the site design but not by consumer privacy concerns. These influences may also be mediated by perceived site value. Overall, the contextual marketing approach of providing personalized, real-time information to customers at the point of need will obtain competitive advantage in e-commerce.
Endothelial-mediated dilations of rat middle cerebral arteries by ATP and ADP

The hypothesis that ATP and ADP produce dilations of rat middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) by different mechanisms was tested. Vessel diameters were measured from pressurized, perfused MCAs after app...
Mining Data for Student Models

Data mining methods have in recent years enabled the development of more sophisticated student models which represent and detect a broader range of student behaviors than was previously possible. This chapter summarizes key data mining methods that have supported student modeling efforts, discussing also the specific constructs that have been modeled with the use of educational data mining. We also discuss the relative advantages of educational data mining compared to knowledge engineering, and key upcoming directions that are needed for educational data mining research to reach its full potential.
Brain Herniation; Surgical Management

Clinical syndromes of herniation mostly occur as a result of mass lesions (i.e., tumors, hematomas, and infarctions) that displace medial cerebral structures through the tentorial edge or foramen magnum, leading to brainstem compression. The anatomical constraints created by the tentorial edge and its surrounding structures lead to several clinical syndromes including uncal, central, subfalcine, upward, and tonsillar herniation syndromes. Herniation often requires emergent surgery, in the form of either bony decompression or evacuation of the mass lesion.
Relitigating Seaborn: Taxing the Community Income of California Registered Domestic Partners

In this article, professor Cain asserts: The California Domestic Partners Rights and Responsibilities Act (AB 205), passed in 2003, extended significant spousal rights and liabilities to registered domestic partners. All of those rights and liabilities became effective January 1, 2005. Most domestic partners are same-sex couples who do not have the right to marry in California. At least three other states (Massachusetts, Vermont, and Connecticut) similarly recognize either marriages or marital-like relationships between same-sex partners. California is unique, however, as it is the only community property state to grant spousal-like status to same-sex partners. As of January 1, 2005, registered domestic partners are subject to the same community property regime that covers California spouses. In 1930 the Supreme Court ruled in Poe v. Seaborn that community earnings were to be split for federal income tax purposes. There is a serious debate in the tax community about whether or not Seaborn should be applied to California registered domestic partners. The IRS recently opined in a chief counsel advisory that Seaborn does not apply. Prof. Cain disagrees with the IRS and takes the position that, whether or not Seaborn is good tax policy, it is a solid 75-year-old precedent that should be applied to registered domestic partners. She further predicts that California taxpayers will likely have to litigate the issue to establish the correct tax reporting rule.
Effects of Light Dispersed Particles on the Stability of Dense Suspended Particles Against Sedimentation.

A novel method in which vesicular dispersions of the double-chain cationic surfactant DDAB (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide) stabilize suspensions of high density titania particles was recently p...
Electron-impact single and double ionization of W +

Electron-impact single and double ionization cross sections for the W+ atomic ion are calculated and compared with crossed-beams measurements. The single ionization cross sections include contributions from outer subshell direct ionization and excitation-autoionization. Agreement with crossed-beams measurements is improved when non-perturbative time-dependent close-coupling calculations are used instead of perturbative distorted-wave calculations for the direct ionization of the 6s and 5d outer subshells. The double ionization cross sections include contributions from outer subshell double direct ionization, inner subshell direct ionization, and excitation-autoionization. The double ionization cross sections are an order of magnitude smaller than the single ionization cross sections and in reasonable agreement with crossed-beams measurements.
Variation in Growth and Response to Ophiostoma ulmi among Advanced-Generation Progenies and Clones of Elms

Abstract Controlled pollinations between five disease-tolerant elm (Ulmus L.) clones (Number 970, ‘Urban’, and clones that were later named ‘Homestead’, ‘Pioneer’, and ‘Prospector’) yielded 686 see...
Rule-based modeling of biochemical networks: Research Articles

We present a method for generating a biochemical reaction network from a description of the interactions of components of biomolecules. The interactions are specified in the form of reaction rules, each of which defines a class of reaction associated with a type of interaction. Reactants within a class have shared properties, which are specified in the rule defining the class. A rule also provides a rate law, which governs each reaction in a class, and a template for transforming reactants into products. A set of reaction rules can be applied to a seed set of chemical species and, subsequently, any new species that are found as products of reactions to generate a list of reactions and a list of the chemical species that participate in these reactions, i.e., a reaction network, which can be translated into a mathematical model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 22–41, 2005
On Being a Former Student Editor in the Midst of a Pandemic

Within my state, this includes watching a daily press conference hosted by the governor of Ohio, reading updates from my colleagues in epidemiology, and searching emerging research for information about the virus News reports have applauded the efforts of Ohio 's Governor DeWine and health director Amy Acton, MD, MPH, for their work in implementing evidence-based social-distancing measures early, while working to educate the public on how to "flatten the curve " Public health professionals are working tirelessly across the globe to develop and share the necessary evidence that will help us, as a global society, emerge from this pandemic safely 65 Years Ago Pandemic Influenza Cases clinically characteristic of those occurring in pandemics have been confirmed as influenza by viral isolations and antibody responses
Morphologic Severity of Craniosynostosis: Implications for Speech and Neurodevelopment:

Background:Single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC) can be associated with neurodevelopmental deficits. We examined the correlation between morphologic severity and incidence of speech-language or psyc...
Aerosol and Droplet Risk of Common Otolaryngology Clinic Procedures.

Objectives:Define aerosol and droplet risks associated with routine otolaryngology clinic procedures during the COVID-19 era.Methods:Clinical procedures were simulated in cadaveric heads whose oral...
Clinical and Financial Implications of Second-Opinion Surgical Pathology Review.

Objectives Second-opinion pathology review identifies clinically significant diagnostic discrepancies for some patients. Discrepancy rates and laboratory-specific costs in a single health care system for patients referred from regional affiliates to a comprehensive cancer center ("main campus") have not been reported. Methods Main campus second-opinion pathology cases for 740 patients from eight affiliated hospitals during 2016 to 2018 were reviewed. Chart review was performed to identify changes in care due to pathology review. To assess costs of pathology interpretation, reimbursement rates for consultation Current Procedural Terminology billing codes were compared with codes that would have been used had the cases originated at the main campus. Results Diagnostic discrepancies were identified in 104 (14.1%) patients, 30 (4.1%) of which resulted in a change in care. In aggregate, reimbursement for affiliate cases was 65.6% of the reimbursement for the same cases had they originated at the main campus. High-volume organ systems with low relative consultation reimbursement included gynecologic, breast, and thoracic. Conclusions Preventable diagnostic errors are reduced by pathology review for patients referred within a single health care system. Although the resulting changes in care potentially lead to overall cost savings, the financial value of referral pathology review could be improved.
Metonymy: Mental simplism and our best and worst instincts

Abstract This article is concerned with metonymy as a cognitive mechanism underlying our best and worst instincts. In particular, I consider two seemingly opposite processes of metonymy: (1) conceptual bypassing of sensory percepts, which leads to an intuitive leap to abstract insights and judgments and (2) conceptual oversimplification of a social category by stereotyping. By directing attention to that which metonymy is apt to obscure, I encourage the reader to rethink existing models of metonymy that focus on its referential and mental access functions. I offer an complementary account of the functions of metonymy by arguing that mental simplism is central to conceptual bypassing and social stereotyping and by pointing out the social psychological reality of an expressive function of metonymy.
Gas chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents

Abstract Gas chromatography (GC) is used to detect and quantify chemical warfare agent (CWA)-related compounds in a variety of matrices since the early 1950s. A general description of nerve agents, vesicants, blood and pulmonary agents, toxins, and incapacitating agents is provided in this chapter, along with issues related to GC analysis of these compounds and CWA degradation products. Specialized sample introduction methods such as solid-phase microextraction and thermal desorption of sorbent tubes are discussed, along with derivatization, retention index systems, and selective detectors. Modern methods to monitor CWA-related compounds utilize open-tubular columns and flame- or mass spectrometric-based detectors in support of the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention, forensic efforts, public health and military force protection capabilities and to study markers for CWA exposures or metabolites found in biomedical samples. The rapid defensive detection of CWA-related analytes outside of the laboratory is important to protect the health of civilian populations and deployed military personnel, and this need has driven research and development efforts to use GC in increasingly smaller field detection devices with both element-selective and mass spectrometric detection. Important milestones in instrument development, such as restively heated low thermal mass column assemblies and very small mass spectrometers for detection of CWA-related analytes in a field setting are discussed.
Emergency department visits for emergent conditions among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Emergency department (ED) visits have declined while excess mortality, not attributable to COVID-19, has grown. It is not known whether older adults are accessing emergency care differently from their younger counterparts. Our objective was to determine patterns of ED visit counts for emergent conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic for older adults. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. SETTING: Observational analysis of ED sites enrolled in a national clinical quality registry. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and sixty-four ED sites in 33 states from January 1, 2019 to November 15, 2020. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: We measured daily ED visit counts for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, sepsis, fall, and hip fracture, as well as deaths in the ED, by age categories. We estimated Poisson regression models comparing early and post-early pandemic periods (defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) to the pre-pandemic period. We report incident rate ratios to summarize changes in visit incidence. RESULTS: For AMI, stroke, and sepsis, the older (75-84) and oldest old (85+ years) had the greatest decline in visit counts initially and the smallest recovery in the post-early pandemic periods. For falls, visits declined early and partially recovered uniformly across age categories. In contrast, hip fractures exhibited less change in visit rates across time periods. Deaths in the ED increased during the early pandemic period, but then fell and were persistently lower than baseline, especially for the older (75-84) and oldest old (85+ years). CONCLUSIONS: The decline in ED visits for emergent conditions among older adults has been more pronounced and persistent than for younger patients, with fewer deaths in the ED. This is concerning given the greater prevalence and risk of poor outcomes for emergent conditions in this age group that are amenable to time-sensitive ED diagnosis and treatment, and may in part explain excess mortality during the COVID-19 era among older adults.
Risk Factors Associated with ICU-Specific Care in Patients Undergoing Endovascular Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Multiple studies suggest routine postoperative intensive care unit (ICUs) stays in presumed high-risk neurosurgical procedures may be unnecessary. Our objective was to evaluate the risk factors associated with ICU-specific needs in patients undergoing elective endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. A retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing elective endovascular treatment of unruptured aneurysms was performed between January 2010 and January 2020 in a single academic medical center. Patient demographic information, aneurysm and treatment characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative complications, as well as ICU-specific needs, were abstracted. The primary outcome was ICU-specific needs. A total of 382 patient encounters in 344 unique patients were abstracted. 13.6% (52 of 382) of patient encounters had an ICU-specific need. Multivariate analysis revealed that age [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.07, p = 0.03], procedure duration greater 200 min (adjusted OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.34–5.88, p = 0.007), and any intraoperative complication (adjusted OR 20.41, CI 7.97–56.57, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of postoperative ICU-specific needs. The majority of ICU-specific needs (94%, 49 of 52) occurred within 6 h of surgery. Our results show that age, procedure duration greater than or equal to 200 min, and intraoperative complication were independent predictors of postoperative ICU-specific needs in patients presenting for elective endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. The majority of ICU-specific needs and associated complications occurred in the immediate postoperative period. This data can be used to help decide the appropriate postoperative level of care in this patient population.
Detection of Malingering Using Forced-Choice Techniques

Neuropsychology has become a significant contributor in legal proceedings. For example, a legal manual for examining psychological testimony recommends that neuropsychological assessment accompany neurological evaluation in cases where brain damage is claimed (Ziskin & Faust, 1988). Further, in the case of Horne v. Marvin L. Goodson Logging Company (1986), the Supreme Court of the State of North Carolina ultimately ruled positively in a case in which a neuropsychologist’s opinion was deemed admissible in court, despite the medical community’s protest that the neuropsychologist was not a physician. Finally, the Supreme Court case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993) solidified support for neuropsychological evaluations and testimony.
Are There Really Neutrinos?: An Evidential History

The quest to prove the existence of one of the fundamental particles in the universe.. In this intriguing and accessible book, physicist Allan Franklin argues that science is a reasonable enterprise that produces knowledge of the physical world based on valid experimental evidence and critical discussion. He does this by looking at the history of the neutrino, which he traces from the discovery of radioactivity to recent experiments on neutrino oscillations. He argues that this history has given us good reason to believe in the existence of the neutrino, a particle that interacts so weakly with matter that its interaction length is measured in light years of lead. If science can provide evidence for the reality of such an elusive particle then we can reasonably conclude that it provides us with knowledge. Written in a style accessible to any reader with a college education in physics, Are There Really Neutrinos? will be of great interest to students and professionals in many fields. }In this intriguing and accessible book, Allan Franklin argues that science is a reasonable enterprise that produces knowledge of the physical world based on valid experimental evidence and critical discussion. He does this by looking at the history of the neutrino, which he traces from the discovery of radioactivity to recent experiments on neutrino oscillations. He argues that this history has given us good reason to believe in the existence of the neutrino, a particle that interacts so weakly with matter that its interaction length is measured in light years of lead. If science can provide evidence for the reality of such an elusive particle then we can reasonably conclude that it provides us with knowledge. }
Synthesis of proteins in cells infected with herpesvirus. X. Proteins excreted by cells infected with herpes simplex virus, types 1 and 2.

Abstract Uninfected primary rabbit kidney cells, as well as cells infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV), types 1 and 2, excrete glycoproteins. The PAGE profiles of the glycoproteins excreted by the infected and by the uninfected cells are different from those of the glycoproteins that remain cell-associated. Furthermore, the glycoproteins excreted by cells infected with HSV-1 have different polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic (PAGE) profiles from those of cells infected with HSV-2. Both profiles differ from the PAGE profile of glycoproteins excreted by uninfected cells. Indirect radioimmune precipitation tests revealed that antisera prepared against glycoproteins excreted by cells infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2 are highly type-specific. Sera prepared against the glycoproteins excreted by cells infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2 react significantly only with the homologous glycoproteins. Sera prepared against mature HSV-1 virions react to a considerable extent with HSV-1 and HSV-2 virions, as well as with the cell-associated glycoproteins of cells infected with both virus types; these sera, however, react to a significant extent only with the glycoproteins excreted by cells infected with HSV-1 but not those excreted by cells infected with HSV-2. Thus, cells infected with HSV excrete considerable amounts of virus-specific glycoproteins that are mainly type-specific. The potential value of these excreted glycoproteins as diagnostic tools is discussed.
Side-effects of epidural infusions of opioid bupivacaine mixtures.

The incidence of side-effects occurring with epidural diamorphine (0.05 mg.ml-1), fentanyl (2.0 micrograms.ml-1), methadone (0.1 mg.ml-1), morphine (0.05 mg.ml-1) and pethidine (1.0 mg.ml-1) used by infusion in combination with bupivacaine has been compared. One hundred and sixty patients were studied, 32 receiving each opioid. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly greater with morphine than fentanyl (p = 0.0097) and pethidine (p = 0.0021). The incidence of pruritus was significantly greater with morphine and diamorphine than with methadone (p = 0.012) and pethidine (p = 0.027). Morphine was also associated with a significantly greater incidence of urinary retention than pethidine (p = 0.012) and methadone (p = 0.025).
Synthetic Amino Acid Supplementation of Triticale and Wheat Based Diets for Growing-Finishing Pigs

Dietary supplementation of feed grade synthetic amino acids may be more advantageous for diets based on triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) or soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestiuum) than maize (Zea mays L.) for growing and fmishing pigs (25 to 109 kg). Four trials, involving 190 pigs, were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementation of triticale and wheat based diets with synthetic lysine and threonine for growing and finishing pigs. Substantial replacement of supplemental protein (soybean meal) with synthetic lysine and threonine did not affect pig growth or carcass lean content (P>.10). In fact, complete or nearly complete replacement of soybean meal occurred for finishing pig (55 to 109 kg) diets formulated with triticale.
Crack-fabrication techniques and their effects on the fracture toughness and CTOD for fresh-water columnar ice

The effects of notch acuity (crack-tip sharpness) on the fracture toughness of S2 ice were investigated using six groups of single-edge-notched-bend (SENB) specimens with different crack (or notch) root radii fabricated by six different methods. The mean value and standard deviations of the apparent fracture-toughness values K Q of the specimens with blunt notches were significantly higher than those of the specimens with sharp cracks. The results presented in a plot of fracture toughness versus , where p is the crack-tip radius, provide an estimate of the required notch acuity for fracture-toughness testing. The microstructural features in the immediate vicinity of the crack tip and the crack-tip geometry govern the magnitude of the apparent fracture toughness of the ice. The crack-tip-opening-displacement (CTOD) measured in this study indicates the existence of microplastic deformation in the vicinity of the crack tip at the initiation of unstable fracture.
Immunosuppressive leflunomide metabolite (A77 1726) blocks TNF-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B activation and gene expression.

Leflunomide is a novel immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory agent currently being tested for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. NF-κB is a transcription factor activated in response to a wide variety of inflammatory stimuli, including TNF, but whether leflunomide blocks NF-κB activation is not known. In the present report we demonstrate that treatment of a human T cell line (Jurkat) with leflunomide blocks TNF-mediated NF-κB activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with maximum inhibition at 5–10 μM. Inhibition was not restricted to TNF-induced activation, because leflunomide also inhibited NF-κB activation induced by other inflammatory agents, including phorbol ester, LPS, H 2 O 2 , okadaic acid, and ceramide. Leflunomide blocked the degradation of IκBα and subsequent nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit, steps essential for NF-κB activation. This correlated with inhibition of dual specificity-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase as well as an Src protein tyrosine kinase, p56 lck , by leflunomide. Reducing agents did not reverse the effect of leflunomide. Leflunomide also suppressed the TNF-activated NF-κB-dependent reporter gene expression. Our results thus indicate that leflunomide is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB activation induced by a wide variety of inflammatory stimuli, and this provides the molecular basis for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.
Theory and Algorithms of Perceptual Grouping

Perceptual grouping is the basic capability of the human brain to derive relevant structure without any prior content knowledge. This phenomenon has been described in the human visual system by Gestalt psychologists, and later, it was recognized by the computer vision community as a method for reducing the computational complexity of visual recognition. The article starts by introducing the laws of Gestalt, and it continues by describing how they are used to obtain perceptual grouping in computer vision. Different algorithms are presented for achieving perceptual grouping in two and three dimensions, at the signal, primitive, structural, and assembly levels. Spatiotemporal grouping is also discussed. The most successful computation techniques are described. Finally, a few methods for performance evaluation are also presented. Keywords: computer vision; recognition; perceptual grouping; Gestalt laws; 2D grouping; 3D grouping; spatiotemporal grouping; performance evaluation
Glycolate formation in intact spinach chloroplasts.

Photosynthetic (14)CO(2) fixation and the accumulation of photosynthetic products and the response of each process to both 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and ascorbate were investigated in the intact spinach chloroplast.Ascorbate increased the rate of CO(2) uptake with an increase in all photosynthetic products, but, proportionally, there was a much larger increase in glycolate formation. CO(2) fixation inhibited by DCMU was partially restored on addition of ascorbate. Under conditions not optimal for glycolate formation, such as saturating levels of CO(2) and an anaerobic atmosphere, ascorbate in the presence of DCMU restored the formation of all photosynthetic products excluding glycolate. This effect of ascorbate on glycolate synthesis in the presence of DCMU was diminished under conditions which favored glycolate formation. Externally added glycerate 3-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate depressed the appearance of radioactivity in glycolate.The data are interpreted to indicate that glycolate is produced during photosynthesis as a result of a reaction between a 2-carbon piece derived from a sugar phosphate and an oxidant generated by the photochemical act. The oxidant may be an intermediate of photosystem 2 or a peroxide generated by a mechanism of the Mehler type involving molecular oxygen.
Dimensions of postpartum psychiatric distress: preliminary evidence for broadening clinical scope.

Abstract Background Perinatal psychiatric disturbances afflict a significant number of women sometimes with tragic consequence. Yet, the range and characteristics of these disturbances are poorly understood. The goals of this research were to characterize a broader range of postpartum psychiatric symptoms and to identify their inherent structure using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Methods An Internet-based survey with 142 Likert-type questions, covering nine dimensions of postpartum mental health was constructed and posted on women's health websites. Data collected from 215 respondents was analyzed in three steps: (1) inter-item correlations were used to reduce the total number of variables by eliminating items that provided redundant information; (2) an EFA using a principal components extraction and VARIMAX rotation was performed and factors loading with Eigenvalues > 1.0 were retained; (3) internal consistency was measured with Cronbach's alpha. Results The 10 factors retained accounted for 58% of the variance and included: mental status (28%), psychoticism/morbid thoughts (6%), generalized anxiety (6%), panic (3%), guilt/self-criticism (3%), compulsive behavior (3%), hyper-vigilance (2%), contentment (2%), negative body-image (2%), and manic behavior (2%). There was strong (> 0.8) internal consistency in all but the mania factor (0.6). Limitations The study was retrospective and respondent demographics were homogeneous. Conclusion Postpartum psychiatric disturbances are not limited to depressive symptoms. In the current study, cognitive difficulties, psychotic-morbid thoughts and anxiety symptoms accounted for the preponderance of variance while depressive symptoms did not form a cohesive factor and accounted for minimal variance. These results suggest postpartum screening tools should assess a broader array of symptoms.
The pathological response to DNA damage does not contribute to p53-mediated tumour suppression

The p53 protein has a highly evolutionarily conserved role in metazoans as 'guardian of the genome', mediating cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to genotoxic injury. In large, long-lived animals with substantial somatic regenerative capacity, such as vertebrates, p53 is an important tumour suppressor--an attribute thought to stem directly from its induction of death or arrest in mutant cells with damaged or unstable genomes. Chemotherapy and radiation exposure both induce widespread p53-dependent DNA damage. This triggers potentially lethal pathologies that are generally deemed an unfortunate but unavoidable consequence of the role p53 has in tumour suppression. Here we show, using a mouse model in which p53 status can be reversibly switched in vivo between functional and inactive states, that the p53-mediated pathological response to whole-body irradiation, a prototypical genotoxic carcinogen, is irrelevant for suppression of radiation-induced lymphoma. In contrast, delaying the restoration of p53 function until the acute radiation response has subsided abrogates all of the radiation-induced pathology yet preserves much of the protection from lymphoma. Such protection is absolutely dependent on p19(ARF)--a tumour suppressor induced not by DNA damage, but by oncogenic disruption of the cell cycle.
Resource security: Competition for global resources, strategic intent, and governments as owners

We develop a resource security theory by examining the intent of acquisitions of scarce resources by multinational firms. Results suggest that owners of firms can shape the intent of resource acquisitions. Specifically, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) tend to acquire and pay more for resources for exploration rather than exploitation. This is because SOEs’ owners – governments – are most concerned with securing their country’s future. We contribute to the literature by suggesting that ownership influences resource acquisitions, that resource security is of importance to multinational enterprises, and that SOEs invest abroad to safeguard both their own and their home countries’ future.
Waveform characteristics of underground cable failures

In this paper unique characteristics of underground cable faults are extracted from the voltage and current waveforms recorded by power quality monitors. These characteristics are used to classify cable faults on the basis of fault duration, specific cable equipment failure and root-cause behind the fault. They are also used to distinguish underground cable faults from other overhead distribution line faults. Waveform signature analysis, wavelet transforms and arc voltage during the fault event is used for cable fault identification and classification.
Innovative web use to learn about consumer behavior and online privacy

Consumers are more protective of their personal data than most e-marketers probably ever expected. Indeed, any willingness by consumers to provide certain information online greatly depends on who's doing the asking.