cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverse, Sub-Pixel Block Matching: Applications within H.264 and Analysis of Limitations

In this paper the concept of reverse block matching is introduced based on the relativity of motion, especially, the translational motion. As one of the main applications for this technique, subpixel motion estimation is revisited to achieve faster, yet efficient video coding when it is to be deployed on a system with limited memory and data caching requirements. Analysis of direct (conventional) and reverse (proposed) sub-pixel motion estimation at the encoder is provided to identify the sources of mismatch between these two techniques. Finally, experimental results are provided for sub-pixel motion estimation, using the reverse block matching scheme within the H.264 encoder. These results show a significant increase in speed and a reduction of required memory at a reasonable cost, in terms of PSNR degradation, when compared to the fastest direct sub-pixel motion estimation methods currently implemented in the reference H.264 codec by HHI [1].
Extramedullary relapse of acute myeloid leukemia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, risk factors and outcomes

Extramedullary relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia is a contributor to post-transplant mortality but risk factors for, and outcomes of, this condition are not well characterized. We analyzed 257 consecutive patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia at our institution to characterize extramedullary relapse, identify predictive variables and assess outcomes. The 5-year cumulative incidence of isolated extramedullary or bone marrow relapse was 9% and 29%, respectively. Extramedullary relapse occurred later than marrow relapse and most frequently involved skin and soft tissue. Factors predictive of extramedullary relapse after transplantation included previous extramedullary disease, French-American-British classification M4/M5 leukemia, high risk cytogenetics, and advanced disease status at the time of transplantation. Children were more likely than adults to develop extramedullary relapse, a finding probably explained by an overrepresentation of extramedullary disease prior to transplantation and M4/M5 leukemia in children. Acute graft-versus-host disease was not protective against relapse. Unlike medullary relapse, chronic graft-versus-host disease was not protective against extramedullary relapse. The survival rate after extramedullary relapse was 30% at 1 year and 12% at 2 years. Extramedullary relapse is a significant contributor to mortality after allogeneic transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia and appears to be resistant to the immunotherapeutic effect of allogeneic grafting. Effective strategies for patients with extramedullary relapse are needed to improve outcomes after transplantation.
Secobarbital and nocturnal physiological patterns.

Sleep patterns of 14 male Ss were examined following a single oral dose (200 mg) of the barbiturate secobarbital. Compared to baseline, medication caused definite changes in the amount and distribution of the EEG stages of sleep. With the drug, a decrease in percent stage REM and an increase in percent stage 2 were accompanied by fewer body movements and a trend toward less waking. A more striking effect was the drug-induced redistribution of EEG stages with slow-wave sleep potentiated during the first half of the night but virtually eliminated during the last half. Stage REM, on the other hand, was inhibited in the first half but returned to baseline levels in the last half of the night. Recent evidence suggests that such effects could result from modulation of brain levels of the monoamines. Within the stages of sleep the amount of fast EEG activity was increased by the drug, with a tendency toward desynchrony. Pre-central beta activity became especially prominent in stages REM and 2 (low-voltage phases), and this change was associated with inhibition of such phasic events as eye movements during REM sleep, sigma spindles during stage 2 and spontaneous electrodermal responses in slow-wave sleep. Thus, it appears that secobarbital potentiates tonic and suppresses phasic phenomena during sleep. A possible interpretation of these results is that secobarbital enhances electrical activity in forebrain structures (Routtenberg's arousal system II) while inhibiting the reticular activating system (arousal system I) causing a reduction of phasic variability in all stages of sleep.
Appreciating Cultural Diversity Through Clinical Supervision

Structured supervision techniques encourage service providers to increase their knowledge, skills, and self-awareness in providing multicultural services. Structured techniques are described and illustrated.
The metallation and hydrogenation of aryl rings in early transition metal aryloxide systems

Abstract The mixed chloro-aryloxide compounds of stoichiometry M(OAr-2,6Ph2)2Cl3 and [M(OAr-2,6Ph2)3Cl2] (M = Nb, Ta; OAr-2,6Ph2 = 2,6-diphenylphenoxide) serve as useful substrates for the synthesis of a series of corresponding tris- and bis-alkyl derivatives. Thermolysis of these alkyl compounds in hydrocarbon solvents leads to the formation of cyclometallated compounds of the type M(OC6H3Ph-C6H4)(OAr-2,6Ph2)(R)2 and M(OC6H3Ph-C6H4)(OAr-2,6Ph2)2(R) (R = CH3, CH2-C6H4-4Me). Reduction of the dichlorides M(OAr-2,6Ph2)3Cl2 with sodium amalgam in toluene solution does not yield the corresponding tris-aryloxides. Instead the bis-cyclometallated compounds M(OC6H3Ph-C6H4)2(OAr-2,6Ph2) (M = Nb, Ta) are produced in high yield along with H2. However, in the presence of one atmosphere of H2 the niobium compound undergoes reduction to produce Nb(OC6H3Ph-η4-C6H7)(OAr-2,6Ph2)2. Spectroscopic and structural studies of this latter compound show it to contain an η4-bound cyclohexadiene ring formed by hydrogenation of an ortho-phenyl substituent of an aryloxide ligand. Treatment of the niobium cyclohexadiene complex with H2 (1000 psi, 25°C) leads to the hydrogenation of the original 2,6-diphenylphenoxide ligands to produce, after hydrolysis, high yields of 2,6-dicyclohexylphenol. The selective side chain hydrogenation of 2,6-diphenylphoxide ligands can also be achieved by reacting alkyl compounds such as Nb(OAr-2,6Ph2)3Me2 with H2. In this latter case a mono-hydride of stoichiometry Nb(H)(OAr-2,6cy2)4 was isolated and structurally characterized.
Recent developments in the use of environmental impact statements in Korea

Abstract In this article we review some of the recent developments in the use of environmental impact statements (EISs) in South Korea. Urbanization and industrialization have created environmental problems, which in turn have led to a growing public awareness for improved environmental planning and management in Korea. Recent changes in Korea's environmental laws and impact assessment procedures are described. Next three recent Korean EISs are examined. The first involves an expansion of petrochemical plant facility in Ulsan, one of Korea's major industrial cities. The second involves the development of a new town called Koyang-Ilsan, located in a rural area north of the country's largest city, Seoul. The third EIS was prepared for golf course development in a rural area of northern Choong Chung Province. The weaknesses and strengths of the Korean EIS system are identified and some suggestions for improving the content and procedures for Korea are offered.
Neither spinal γ-aminobutyric acid-A nor strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor systems are the sole mediators of halothane depression of spinal dorsal horn sensory neurons

UNLABELLED Inhaled anesthetics depress the response of spinal dorsal horn low-threshold (LT) neurons to peripheral receptive field stimulation. Part of that depression may be mediated by anesthetic interactions with gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) and strychnine-sensitive glycine inhibitory neurotransmitter systems. In this electrophysiological study, we attempted to antagonize halothane depression of LT neurons by administering bicuculline (a competitive GABA(A) antagonist) and/or strychnine (a competitive glycine antagonist) systemically, alone or in combination, to decerebrate, spinal cord-transected rats. We observed that both bicuculline and strychnine, alone or in combination, significantly but only partially reversed halothane depression of LT neuronal responses to receptive field stimulation. The inability of bicuculline and strychnine, alone or in combination, to completely reverse halothane depression suggests that although GABA(A) and glycine systems are involved in the observed halothane depression, additional mechanisms of action are also required for halothane depression of LT spinal sensory neurons. IMPLICATIONS The results of this study support the hypothesis that halothane depression of spinal sensory neurons is mediated, but not completely, by the anesthetic effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and strychnine-sensitive glycine neurotransmitter systems.
INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL REPAIR OF HIATAL HERNIA.

The records of 100 patients operated on for hiatal hernia at Touro Infirmary, New Orleans, during the period 1953–1963 have been reviewed. The chief indication for operation was esophagitis in association with the hernia. Thirteen per cent of the patients had symptoms of obstruction. Two per cent were found at operation to have carcinoma of the cardia not detected on roentgenographic examination. Overlapping features of angina pectoris and hiatal hernia have been emphasized in one case study. That hiatal hernia provided the sole source of bleeding was the clinical inference in 6 per cent of the patients. At present the abdominal approach for repair is more commonly employed. Interest is being revived in combining repair with various procedures intended to decrease the effects of acid-peptic factors.
Preharvest feed withdrawal affects liver lipid and liver color in broiler chickens

An Iowa grain processor attempted to alter the typical 12-h preharvest fasting period by giving broilers cornstarch derivative pellets and water for 6 h followed by 6 h of no feed or water. After slaughter, plant food inspectors determined that livers from the treatment group were lighter in color than normal, and consequently a significant number of chicken carcasses were condemned for human consumption. The study reported herein was conducted to determine the effects of fasting or 3 feeding programs applied before processing on liver color, liver lipids, and liver glycogen of broilers. Dietary treatment groups consisted of 1) full-fed control broilers, 2) fasted broilers, 3) maltodextrin-fed broilers, and 4) and chickens given maltodextrin and methionine. Full-fed chickens had lighter liver coloration than chickens without access to feed for 6 or 12 h immediately prior to slaughter (P < 0.05). Lightness values for livers from full-fed control chickens (L* = 54.41) were 38% higher than those for livers from fasted broilers (L* = 39.30). Lighter liver colors in full-fed broilers were associated with higher hepatic lipid concentrations (6.38%) and more total liver lipid (4.96 g/liver) than was found in broilers without feed for 12 h. In contrast, darker livers from fasted broilers had lower levels of lipid (4.42%) and less total lipid (2.68 g/liver) than the full-fed broilers. Feeding maltodextrin pellets resulted in liver colors that were lighter (P < 0.05) than those found in fasted chickens but darker (P < 0.05) than livers from full-fed broilers. If carbohydrate supplements are fed prior to slaughter, producers should notify processing plant officials so that inspectors do not interpret light livers as an abnormal physiological state.
Two Routes to Eliminating Gender Differences in Personal Entitlement: Social Comparisons and Performance Evaluations:

This analog study examined how the presence and absence of explicit social comparison standards and performance feedback influenced women's and men's perceptions of personal entitlement for pay. In the absence of both comparison information and performance feedback, women felt they deserved less pay than did men. However, these gender differences were eliminated when women and men were exposed to either the same comparison information or the same performance feedback. Path analyses further revealed that the effects of comparison information and performance feedback on judgments of pay fairness and satisfaction were mediated almost exclusively by feelings of entitlement.
Measuring the Built Environment for Physical Activity: State of the Science

Physical inactivity is one of the most important public health issues in the U.S. and internationally. Increasingly, links are being identified between various elements of the physical or built environment and physical activity. To understand the impact of the built environment on physical activity, the development of high-quality measures is essential. Three categories of built environment data are being used: (1) perceived measures obtained by telephone interview or self-administered questionnaires; (2) observational measures obtained using systematic observational methods; and (3) archival data sets that are often layered and analyzed with GIS. This review provides a critical assessment of these three types of built-environment measures relevant to the study of physical activity. 19 questionnaires were reviewed, ranging in length from 7 to 68 questions. Twenty audit tools were reviewed that cover community environments, parks, and trails. For GIS-derived measures, more than 50 studies were reviewed. A large degree of variability was found in the operationalization of common GIS measures, which include population density, land-use mix, access to recreational facilities, and street pattern. This first comprehensive examination of built-environment measures demonstrates considerable progress over the past decade, showing diverse environmental variables available that use multiple modes of assessment. Most can be considered first-generation measures, so further development is needed. In particular, further research is needed to improve the technical quality of measures, understand the relevance to various population groups, and understand the utility of measures for science and public health.
A model for the transcriptional regulation of a mouse PGH synthase gene.

Factors such as serum (1), EGF (2, 3), PGDF (4, 5), hormones (6, 7), IL-1 (8, 9), and phorbol esters (8, 10) promote prostaglandin synthesis by two mechanisms. Within minutes these compounds activate specific phospholipases leading to the release of arachidonate and production of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2). This first committed step in the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway is catalyzed by the enzyme prostaglandin endoperoxide H (PGH) synthase. Within a few hours, these same factors also increase prostaglandin synthesis by stimulating de novo synthesis of PGH synthase. New enzyme production increases the capacity of a cell to produce prostaglandins both by increasing the absolute PGH synthase levels, and by replacing inactive enzyme. PGH synthase is catalytically inactivated during production of PGH2 (11–13); therefore new enzymeis required for prolonged synthesis, and sustained production of prostaglandins is believed to be necessary for the elaboration of many biological events such as inflammation, ovulation and luteolysis, and for maintaining vascular homeostasis (reviewed in 14). The exact mechanisms controlling PGH synthase synthesis are not known, but many of the factors that increase de novo synthesis of the enzyme also increase PGH synthase mRNA levels (1, 4, 5, 15, 16). Thus, one likely mechanism for regulating PGH synthase enzyme expression may be by regulating transcription of the PGH synthase gene. We and others who have examined regulation of PGH synthase gene expression in cultured mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, have shown that mRNA levels of one PGH synthase gene can be elevated in response to serum (1), PDGF and phorbol esters (5). To begin to investigate how PGH synthase mRNA levels are regulated our laboratory has isolated genomic clones and determined the structure of one mouse PGH synthase gene. We have also determined the transcription start site and more than 2 kb of sequence from the 5’-flanking region of this gene. We have identified several enhancer sequences that may regulate PGH synthase transcription and here propose a model for the transcriptional regulation of PGH synthase gene expression.
The Administrative Climate and Context of Inclusive Elementary Schools

Inclusive education has emerged as a schoolwide improvement approach for educating students with diverse abilities in general education classes. Despite the key role of principals in school improvement initiatives, few empirical studies have been reported of the administrative climate and context of inclusive schools. Five elementary schools actively engaged in inclusive approaches were studied using survey, observation, and interview methods. Findings revealed (a) commonalities in leadership practices and core principles across this diverse sample of schools, (b) consistent patterns in measured climate indices, and (c) a range of administrative strategies used by principals to promote inclusive practices. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Generation of multiciliated cells in functional airway epithelia from human induced pluripotent stem cells

Despite therapeutic advancement, pulmonary disease still remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Opportunities to study human lung disease either in vivo or in vitro are currently limited. Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we generated mature multiciliated cells in a functional airway epithelium. Robust multiciliogenesis occurred when notch signaling was inhibited and was confirmed by (i) the assembly of multiple pericentrin-stained centrioles at the apical surface, (ii) expression of transcription factor forkhead box protein J1, and (iii) presence of multiple acetylated tubulin-labeled cilia projections in individual cells. Clara, goblet, and basal cells were all present, confirming the generation of a complete polarized epithelial-cell layer. Additionally, cAMP-activated and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator inhibitor 172-sensitive cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator currents were recorded in isolated epithelial cells. Our report demonstrating the generation of mature multiciliated cells in respiratory epithelium from iPSCs is a significant advance toward modeling a number of human respiratory diseases in vitro.
Native Hawaiian Succineids Prefer Non-Native Ginger (Hedychium spp.) Plant Species in the Kohala Mountains, Hawaii: Conservation Ramifications

Abstract: Although non-native species have been implicated as a major factor in the decline of the native Hawaiian land snail fauna, little attention has been focused on understanding how colonization by non-native plants influences Hawaiian land snail populations. The plant preferences of native Hawaiian succineids in the Kohala Forest Reserve were examined where native plant species and invasive non-native ginger species are present to understand how changes in the understory plant composition may influence succineid populations. Surprisingly, native succineid land snails preferred non-native ginger species to native plant species. This finding suggests that native succineid populations may not be negatively affected when the understory plant assemblage changes from a native plant community to one composed primarily of non-native ginger species. However, this preference also indicates that native succineids may be vulnerable to the effects of ginger control efforts. As such, managers should proceed caut...
Diagonal Neutral Currents

General conditions are derived for neutral currents to be diagonal in all quark fields. The solution is a generalization of the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani scheme to many quark fields with two distinct charges. It is shown that the diagonality and universality of the neutral operator is preserved by leading terms of the single-loop diagrams. In contrast to the basic assumption of this article, neutral-current charm-changing transitions lead to apparent $|\ensuremath{\Delta}S|=1$ neutral currents, apparent lepton-number violation, and large ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{D}}^{0}$ mixing. The article also describes a sum rule, which is independent of the number of quarks, and surveys the experimental status of charm-changing neutral currents.
The Newly Independent States, the United Nations, and Some Thoughts on the Nature of the Development Process

T HE MEMBERSHIP of the United Nations has more than doubled since the signing of the Charter in 1945. The new members are, for the most part, states that have gained their independence as a result of the dissolution of the colonial empires. These newly independent states, and others that will emerge as the process of decolonization is brought to completion, face considerable obstacles which must be surmounted if they are to become viable economic, social, and political entities. At the same time, it is generally agreed, that these new states must become viable economic, social, and political units, and that the expectations and aspirations of their populations must be increasingly realized-both for reasons of humanity and world progress, and for the practical consideration of peace and the stability of the international order. The new states are already making, with various degrees of intensity and skill, attempts to overcome the obstacles in the path of their economic, social, and political advancement. It appears, however, that "this task can be accomplished only if these domestic efforts are supplemented and assisted by adequate international action."I One of the more significant possible sources of international action is the United Nations Organization itself. The nature of the UN structure and its-in some respects-unique functions, are such as to deserve careful and critical examination insofar as the solution of the problems and the attainment of the goals of the newly independent states are concerned. Thus the purpose of this paper: to
Stability considerations in the application of PML absorbing boundary condition to FDTD simulation of microwave circuits

Berenger introduced the concept of a terminating boundary known as perfectly matched layer (PML), in which electromagnetic waves are absorbed without reflection, irrespective of frequency and angle of incidence of the incoming wave. This absorbing boundary condition promises to be very attractive for microwave CAD applications involving complex geometries such as high-density microwave integrated circuits and electronic packages, because the computational domain can be significantly reduced. This paper presents, for the first time, a rigorous analysis of the stability of the PML boundary condition applied to finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. We discuss the FDTD simulation of a high-Q microstrip filter to show improvement in computational efficiency without any manifestation of instability.
Dwarfism in Diverse Genetic Backgrounds. 4. Effects of Dietary Energy

Abstract The interactions in the response of dwarf and normal genotypes to dietary energy were studied in lines of chickens divergently selected for high or low juvenile body weight. The genetic background of the dwarf genotype significantly affected body weights, egg production, and egg quality. The dietary energy levels used did not significantly affect these traits or the differences due to genetic background. Dwarf chickens were able to adapt to wide ranges of dietary energy when the diets contained sufficient crude protein.
A mathematical model of rat distal convoluted tubule. II. Potassium secretion along the connecting segment

A simulation of the rat distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is completed with a model of the late portion, or connecting tubule (CNT). This CNT model is developed by relying on a prior cortical collecti...
Deep entry of defibrillating effects into homogeneous cardiac tissue

A simple, idealized mathematical model of cardiac tissue is used to show that electrical fields applied with the intent of defibrillating the heart can be effective deep within (that is, many space constants into) cardiac tissue, even in cases when the tissue is assumed to have completely homogeneous electrical properties. This conclusion is drawn from the analysis of the two eigenmodes present in the model, which have fundamentally different characteristics. One mode decays very rapidly with space, implying that the associated membrane potential is only present with appreciable amplitude within a few space constants of the tissue surface. The other mode, however, is not directly dependent on the value of the space constant, and allows deep penetration of the membrane potential and, by implication, its associated defibrillating effects. For deep membrane potentials to be generated by this mechanism, the intracellular and extracellular resistivity anisotropy ratios must be unequal, as is typically the case in cardiac tissue. The model also predicts that this mechanism is most effective for a given applied field strength when the electrode size and separation, or spatial features of the externally applied field at the heart surface, are characterized by scalelengths that are commensurate with approximately two times the heart wall thickness.
Osculocystis, a New British Silurian Cystoid

Osculocystis, a new scoliocystine cystoid, is characterized by reduced oral plates which form a tubercle; three pectinirhombs, B2:IL2, L2:R1, and L4:R4; and apparently only one brachiole. Osculocystis is based on a single specimen of the type species, O. monobrachiolata, from the lower Silurian of Buildwas, Shropshire. It is the first recorded lower Silurian cystoid from Britain and is most closely related to Glansicystis Paul.
A Full Scanning System and a New Processing Method for Capillary Electrophoresis

A system using a liquid-core waveguide for the full scanning of capillary electrophoresis processes is presented. The system utilizes the liquid-core waveguide as an efficient window for the excitation of separated samples and the collection of light through total internal reflectance, with zeptomolar detection limits. Scanning the excitation laser along the length of the electrophoresis capillary excites individually separated analyte bands, while the fluorescence is collected end-on by an optical fiber coupled to a photomultiplier. A new procedure for denoising and deconvolution was applied to the experimental electropherograms, removing the noise and resolving the highly overlapped peaks observed in early stages of the separation.
Technology and Disciplined Inquiry in the Social Studies

More than 15 years ago, Martorella (1997) asked what has now become a seminal question in the field of social studies and technology; that is, "Which way to the sleeping giant?" (p. 511). He suggested a number of roles that technology can play in the social studies classroom. Although these roles are certainly relevant in 2014, the roles of computer (as well as other digital technology tools and resources) as a means to deeper engagement with content and as a means for students to share their understanding in rich, divergent ways have emerged as two of the more robust opportunities for technology in the social studies. In these 17 years researchers have begun to explore ways in which technology can support disciplined inquiry in the social studies—particularly in terms of engaging students in historical thinking and providing students with opportunities to demonstrate their understanding of social studies skills and concepts through the creation of content. In this piece we trace efforts to engage students in these two learning opportunities for technology in the social studies.
Entrepreneurship and Human Capital: Evidence of Patenting Activity from the Academic Sector.

This paper presents empirical evidence of the relationship between faculty entrepreneurial activity—quantified in terms of the propensity of U.S. university faculty to work directly with industry on research activities that lead to patents—and human capital, measured in terms of faculty tenure and age. Patenting reflects a unique dimension of faculty entrepreneurship, namely, collaborative activity that results in joint intellectual property. We find that faculty with tenure are more likely to engage in such activity, thus providing suggestive evidence of an externality associated with permanent employment. We also find that older faculty are more likely to engage with industry, to a point, holding tenure constant. Tenure and age proxy, respectively, what we call the “accumulated advantage” of faculty and their absorptive capacity. Because faculty patenting with industry involved both parties, our findings reflect that such faculty experience and expertise are important to industry to enter into a patenting relationship. Finally, we find that male faculty are more likely to patent with industry than female faculty.
Classification in karyometry: performance testing and prediction error

Classification plays a central role in quantitative histopathology. Success is expressed in terms of the accuracy of prediction for the classification of future data points and an estimate of the prediction error. The prediction error is affected by the chosen procedure, e.g., the use of a training set of data points, a validation set, an independent test set, the sample size and the learning curve of the classification algorithm. For small samples procedures such as the "jackknife," the "leave one out" and the "bootstrap" are recommended in order to arrive at an unbiased estimate of the true prediction error. All of the procedures rest on the assumption that the data set used to derive a classification rule is representative for the diagnostic categories involved. It is this assumption that in quantitative histopathology has to be carefully verified before a clinically generally valid classification procedure can be claimed.
Parasternal and external intercostal muscle shortening during eupneic breathing

The interosseous external intercostal (EI) muscles of the upper rib cage are electrically active during inspiration, but the mechanical consequence of their activation is unclear. In 16 anesthetized dogs, we simultaneously measured EI (3rd and 4th interspaces) and parasternal intercostal (PA) (3rd interspace) electromyogram and length. Muscle length was measured by sonomicrometry and expressed as a percentage of resting length (%LR). During resting breathing, each muscle was electrically active and shortened to a similar extent. Sequential EI muscle denervation (3rd and 4th interspaces) followed by PA denervation (3rd interspace) demonstrated significant reductions in the degree of inspiratory shortening for each muscle. Mean EI muscle shortening of the third and fourth interspaces decreased from -3.4 +/- 0.5 and -3.0 +/- 0.4% LR (SE) under control conditions to -0.2 +/- 0.2 and -0.8 +/- 0.3% LR, respectively, after selective denervation of each of these muscles (P less than 0.001 for each). After selective denervation of the PA muscle, its shortening decreased from -3.5 +/- 0.3 to +0.6% LR (SE) (P less than 0.001). PA muscle denervation also caused the EI muscle in the third interspace to change from inspiratory shortening of -0.2% to inspiratory lengthening of +0.2% +/- 0.2 (P less than 0.05). We conclude that during eupneic breathing 1) the EI muscles of the upper rib cage, like the PA muscles, are inspiratory agonists and actively contribute to rib cage expansion and 2) PA muscle contraction contributes to EI muscle shortening.
Biodegradation and biotransformation of pesticides in the earth’s carbon cycle

The object of this review is to discuss some of the general principles that might assist our thinking about biodegradability and persistence. We may start with simple considerations of thermodynamics.
Disconnection Between Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Psychotic Disorders

Distracting emotional information impairs attention more in schizophrenia (SCZ) than in never-psychotic individuals. However, it is unclear whether this impairment and its neural circuitry is indicative generally of psychosis, or specifically of SCZ, and whether it is even more specific to certain SCZ symptoms (eg, deficit syndrome). It is also unclear if this abnormality contributes to impaired behavioral performance and real-world functioning. Functional imaging data were recorded while individuals with SCZ, bipolar disorder with psychosis (BDP) and no history of psychotic disorders (CON) attended to identity of faces while ignoring their emotional expressions. We examined group differences in functional connectivity between amygdala, involved in emotional evaluation, and sub-regions of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), involved in emotion regulation and cognitive control. Additionally, we examined correlation of this connectivity with deficit syndrome and real-world functioning. Behaviorally, SCZ showed the worst accuracy when matching the identity of emotional vs neutral faces. Neurally, SCZ showed lower amygdala-MPFC connectivity than BDP and CON. BPD did not differ from CON, neurally or behaviorally. In patients, reduced amygdala-MPFC connectivity during emotional distractors was related to worse emotional vs neutral accuracy, greater deficit syndrome severity, and unemployment. Thus, reduced amygdala-MPFC functional connectivity during emotional distractors reflects a deficit that is specific to SCZ. This reduction in connectivity is associated with worse clinical and real-world functioning. Overall, these findings provide support for the specificity and clinical utility of amygdala-MPFC functional connectivity as a potential neural marker of SCZ.
The Effect And Influence Of Country-Of-Origin On Consumers Perception Of Product Quality And Purchasing Intentions

This study evaluated the effect of country-of-origin on consumers perception of product quality in developed and emerging economies. The author reviewed several empirical studies conducted over several years and found that when consumers were aware of certain country characteristics, they were more inclined to use country-of-origin as an external cue in evaluating product quality and guiding their purchasing decision process. Consumers conferred a higher evaluation of product quality on products produced in developed countries, owing to the technological advances and competitive nature of the markets in these countries. Further, the study revealed that in certain countries, consumers prefer products manufactured locally, owning to ethnocentrism and patriotism. It further identified the challenges faced by multinational corporations as they explore the possibilities of outsourcing the manufacturing of their products to international countries in an effort to reduce cost and maintain price competitiveness. However, given the continuous globalization of markets, it is possible to neutralize the effect of country-of-origin on the evaluation of product quality and the influence on purchasing decisions. Evidence from the literature revealed that if other forms of product quality attributes were highlighted during the products promotion and marketing campaigns, country-of-origin would have low effect on consumers perception of product quality.
Wafer hotspot prevention using etch aware OPC correction

As technology development advances into deep-sub-wavelength nodes, multiple patterning is becoming more essential to achieve the technology shrink requirements. Recently, Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) technology has proposed simultaneous correction of multiple mask-patterns to enable multiple patterning awareness during OPC correction. This is essential to prevent inter-layer hot-spots during the final pattern transfer. In state-of-art literature, multi-layer awareness is achieved using simultaneous resist-contour simulations to predict and correct for hot-spots during mask generation. However, this approach assumes a uniform etch shrink response for all patterns independent of their proximity, which isn’t sufficient for the full prevention of inter-exposure hot-spot, for example different color space violations post etch or via coverage/enclosure post etch. In this paper, we explain the need to include the etch component during multiple patterning OPC. We also introduce a novel approach for Etch-aware simultaneous Multiple-patterning OPC, where we calibrate and verify a lumped model that includes the combined resist and etch responses. Adding this extra simulation condition during OPC is suitable for full chip processing from a computation intensity point of view. Also, using this model during OPC to predict and correct inter-exposures hot-spots is similar to previously proposed multiple-patterning OPC, yet our proposed approach more accurately corrects post-etch defects too.
Immunoelectrophoresis of serum in progressive systemic sclerosis (diffuse scleroderma)

SummaryImmuno- and paper strip electrophoresis were performed on the sera of 15 healthy individuals and 15 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. An increase was observed in the alpha1 globulin in 7 patients, in the alpha2M globulin in 9, and in beta2M globulin in 6. Splitting of the anodic extremity of the gamma globulin was more common in the pathological sera than in the controls. No relationship was found between these changes and those observed with paper strip electrophoresis.We wish to express our appreciation to Dr. W. O. Weigle for his helpful advice and criticism.
Macrophage Function in Mice with a Mutation at the Microphthalmia (mi) Locus

Microphthalmic (mi/mi) mice are unpigmented, osteopetrotic, mast cell deficient, and exhibit diminished gastric acid secretion and natural killer cell activity. In order to assess the effect of this mutation on macrophage function, we studied superoxide (O2-) and nitric oxide (NO) production, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, phagocytic capacity, and tumor cell killing by peritoneal macrophages from mi/mi mice and normal (+/+) litter mates. Macrophages from mi/mi mice, upon activation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), generated significantly higher amounts of O2- than did macrophages from their +/+ litter mates. The phagocyte respiratory burst as assessed by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay also displayed a 2-fold enhancement in mi/mi macrophages. The assay of SOD activity revealed significantly lower levels in mi/mi macrophages than in the wild type. Furthermore, in comparison with controls, macrophages from mi/mi mice demonstrated significantly higher levels of NO production and increased capacity to lyse tumor cells upon activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). The mi mutation, therefore, is associated with reduced macrophage SOD activity, increased O2- and NO production, and enhanced capacity for tumor cell killing. The molecular mechanisms for these changes have not been identified.
Herpesvirus saimiri: in vitro sensitivity to virus-induced interferon and to polyriboinosinic acid: polyribocytidylic acid.

SummaryThe sensitivity of H. saimiri to virus-induced interferon and to the synthetic polynucleotide Poly I:C was determined in OMK cell cultures. These studies indicated that H. saimiri is relatively insensitive to the interferon activity in cultures pretreated for 6 hr with NDV-induced interferon. The degree of protection was improved when the cells were kept in interferon medium after the challenge with the virus. A direct pretreatment of the cells with low doses of Poly I:C induced a good protection which was greatly increased by a simultaneous addition of DEAE-D in the medium. The action of the Poly I:C/DEAE-D complex was considerably more effective when the treatment was initiated 1 hr after the inoculation of the virus. These findings suggest that the use of synthetic polynucleotides might prove to be useful for the inhibition of the malignancy produced by H. saimiri in susceptible nonhuman primates.
Learning about Teaching in Low-Resource Indian Contexts

Online learning environments are being deployed globally to offer learning opportunities to diverse student communities. We propose the deployment of such an environment in low-resource after-school settings across India. We draw on preliminary research conducted in summer 2015 that leveraged existing ties with an NGO working across 35 after-school classrooms. Our larger goal is to (1) support tutors in curating and distributing learning content to students, (2) engage students in a mobile, networked learning environment where they can share and collaborate, and (3) evaluate the feasibility of online learning environments for low-resource contexts. In this submission, our focus is on the first component.
The frondiform ligament and pseudotenosynovitis of the extensor digitorum longus tendon: MRI evaluation with cadaveric correlation

Objective Fluid along the frondiform ligament, the sinus tarsi stem of the inferior extensor retinaculum (IER), can approximate the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), at times simulating tenosynovitis. Our purpose, based on MRI and cadaveric studies, was to further evaluate this scantly described phenomenon, to identify associated findings and to alert the radiologists to the potential pitfall of over diagnosing EDL tenosynovitis.
Clinical Analysis of 5 Cases of Moyamoya Disease

Objective:To study the clinical and radiological features of the moyamoya disease(moyamoya disease,MMD).Methods:We retrospectively analysed 5 cases of moyamoya disease,and observed the clinical and radiographic features of the patients.Results:All cases for medium or youth onset,male predominance,all with ischemic cerebrovascular disease onset,hemiparesis,not heavy,head MRI and TCD change significantly.5 patients with DSA check there are occlusion of the blood vessel and collateral open,smoke vessels network forming.1 case confirmed with MRA.Conclusions:The middle-aged and young stroke patients without past history should be confirmed as MMD by improving the TCD,head magnetic resonance imaging examination and digital subtraction angiography.
Oncological therapy in the elderly

Advanced age alone should never be the reason for refusing elderly people an effective oncological therapy which could improve their quality of life and possibly also meaningfully extend their survival. However, age-related physiological organ changes and potential cognitive, emotional and social problems must be precisely analyzed before beginning a therapy. Only then can a decision be made for a specific tumour therapy or perhaps symptom management with supportive measures. Treatability is evaluated using test instruments that have been developed for geriatric assessment.
Use of Data Libraries for IAEA Nuclear Security Assessment Methodologies (NUSAM) [section 5.4]

Data libraries are essential for the characterization of the facility and provide the documented input which enables the facility assessment results and subsequent conclusions. Data Libraries are historical, verifiable, quantified, and applicable collections of testing data on different types of barriers, sensors, cameras, procedures, and/or personnel. Data libraries are developed and maintained as part of any assessment program or process. Data is collected during the initial stages of facility characterization to aid in the model and/or simulation development process. Data library values may also be developed through the use of state testing centers and/or site resources by testing different types of barriers, sensors, cameras, procedures, and/or personnel. If no data exists, subject matter expert opinion and manufacturer's specifications/ testing values can be the basis for initially assigning values, but are generally less reliable and lack appropriate confidence measures. The use of existing data libraries that have been developed by a state testing organization reduces the assessment costs by establishing standard delay, detection and assessment values for use by multiple sites or facilities where common barriers and alarms systems exist.
Protease-Activator Receptor 4 Is Required for Maximal Thrombus Growth, but Not for Fibrin Generation in Thrombi after Laser Injury.

The serine protease, thrombin, is necessary for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and is a potent activator of platelets. Thrombin-induced platelet activation, as measured by shape change, calcium mobilization, and ATP secretion, requires the protease-activator receptor 4 (PAR4). Platelets isolated from PAR4 knock-out mice are unresponsive to thrombin, and PAR4 null mice appear to be protected from thrombosis in a ferric chloride-induced injury model of thrombosis and a thromboplastin model of pulmonary embolism. To examine further the role of thrombin-induced platelet activation in developing thrombi, we have examined the in vivo kinetics of thrombus formation in living mice lacking PAR4 using high-speed widefield digital microscopy. In this study, platelets were labeled using anti-CD41 Fab fragments conjugated to Alexa-488. Thrombi were generated by laser-induced injury of the cremaster arteriolar vessel wall, and the total fluorescent antibody accumulation was monitored and quantitated for 5 minutes after injury. In PAR4 null mice, the thrombi generated were significantly smaller with an early arrest of thrombus growth when compared to thrombi generated in wild-type mice. The maximum thrombus platelet accumulation in PAR4 null mice (median of 30 thrombi in 3 mice) was 75% less than that seen in wild-type mice (median of 33 thrombi in 4 mice)(P<0.001). The time to half-maximal and the time to maximal thrombus formation in PAR4 null mice is approximately 5.5 seconds and 16 seconds, respectively, compared to 45 seconds and 74 seconds in wild-type mice (P<0.001). The shortened time to maximal platelet accumulation appears to be secondary to an early termination of thrombus growth. Fibrin generation was monitored using Alexa-647 conjugated to an anti-fibrin antibody that does not recognize fibrinogen in mice simultaneously infused with anti-CD41 Fab conjugated to Alexa-488. No difference in total fibrin accumulation was seen during the first 4 minutes of thrombus formation in PAR4 null mice (median of 23 thrombi in 3 mice) compared to thrombi generated in wild-type mice (median of 26 thrombi in 4 mice) despite a significant decrease in platelet accumulation in PAR4 null thrombi. Most of the fibrin deposition in both wild-type and PAR4 null thrombi was observed at the vascular wall/thrombus interface. In summary, thrombin-induced platelet activation via PAR4 is required for normal thrombus growth. However, in this model of thrombosis, neither PAR4 nor maximal thrombus growth appears to be necessary for fibrin deposition. This suggests that a platelet-independent mechanism of thrombin generation may exist. Alternatively, the amount of platelet accumulation and activation in PAR4 null mice may be sufficient for normal thrombin generation and subsequent fibrin deposition.
Tackling Test Challenges for Interposer-Based 2.5-D Integrated Circuits

Editor’s note: 2.5-D integrated circuit (IC) is a cost-efficient alternative to through-silicon-via (TSV)-based 3-D IC. In this paper, the authors give a comprehensive summary of the testing challenges of 2.5-D ICs and their existing solutions. They then present a test architecture using e-fuses for prebond interposer testing and a method to reduce power-supply noise during the testing. —Yiran Chen, Duke University