cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Rats Have Hypotheses

Within the last few years, there has been an increasing interest in how organisms recover from central nervous system (CNS) injury, and there have been many reviews devoted to this question (Cotman, 1978; Finger, 1978a; Finger and Stein, 1982). Although the laboratory research has been exciting and there have been many new developments, clinicians have been slow to accept the idea that recovery after CNS injury is possible. Consequently, since little is done to aid the process, the clinical prognosis for recovery is usually rather poor. The prevailing pessimism concerning the victims of traumatic brain injury has been well summarized by Brailowsky (1980) in a recent volume on recovery from brain damage: Clinicians concerned with the physical therapy and general rehabilitation of persons with incapacitating brain lesions rarely make use of drugs to alter the course of the disease, and in general, the pharmacological management of these patients is only symptomatic. The majority of the ameliorative compounds originally came into use as a result of empirical observations, and with little or no understanding of the physiopathology involved.… In any case, the brain is considered so complex and delicate that any lesion sustained by this organ is usually and almost automatically given a grim prognosis. (page 187)
Activity and Passivity

A great deal of recent philosophical action theory rests on a mistaken presumption. This presumption pertains to the assignment of active and passive states to persons. While the presumption is not so misleading that it invalidates the totality of this work, it does yield some methodological misdirection and some unacceptable results.
Modeling of Casting Defects in an Integrated Computational Materials Engineering Approach

To accelerate the introduction of new cast alloys the modeling and simulation of multiphysical phenomena needs to be considered in the design and optimization of mechanical properties of cast components. The required models related to casting defects, such as microporosity and hot tears are reviewed. Three aluminum alloys are considered A356, 356 and 319. The data on calculated solidification shrinkage is presented and its effects on microporosity levels discussed. Examples are given for predicting microporosity defects and microstructure distribution for a plate casting. Models to predict fatigue life and yield stress are briefly highlighted here for the sake of completion and to illustrate how the length scales of the microstructure features as well as porosity defects are taken into account for modeling the mechanical properties. The data on casting defects including microstructure features, is crucial for evaluating the final performance-related properties of the component.
Can Parity-Time-Symmetric Potentials Support Families of Non-Parity-Time-Symmetric Solitons?

For the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equations with parity-time (PT) symmetric potentials, it is shown that when a real symmetric potential is perturbed by weak PT-symmetric perturbations, continuous families of asymmetric solitary waves in the real potential are destroyed. It is also shown that in the same model with a general PT-symmetric potential, symmetry breaking of PT-symmetric solitary waves does not occur. Based on these findings, it is conjectured that one-dimensional PT-symmetric potentials cannot support continuous families of non-PT-symmetric solitary waves.
Wavelets and lattice spaces

The shift-and scale-orthogonality properties of wavelets and scaling functions provide a means of producing signal spaces of arbitrary dimensionality. The signal spaces are presented with an example trellis code on the E/sub 6/ lattice.
Analysis of GPR scattering by multiple subsurface metallic objects to improve UXO discrimination

Detection and identification of buried unexploded ordinance (UXO) is an emerging problem worldwide. Recent ultra wideband (UWB) field tests between 10s of MHz and 100s of MHz have demonstrated that certain of the target's dimensions can be estimated from analysis of complex natural resonances in the scattered signal. However, the problem becomes much more complicated at highly contaminated UXO sites where clutter items, from which subsurface UXO must be distinguished, appear simultaneously within the field of view of the sensor. This often occurs in realistic field conditions, where GPR discrimination capabilities are typically limited by ground clutter, coupling between antenna and ground, and limited view of the target due to innocuous items. Under extreme shielding by clutter, the incident field cannot excite strong currents on the target and in turn the scattered field from the object cannot easily be separated from the responses of the clutter. To investigate this, we pursue simulations here designed to test subsurface side-looking EM field scattering from multiple buried objects placed in a uniform ground. The numerical calculation is performed using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method in conjunction with generalized perfectly matched layer GPML. The results are analyzed for a cylinder and plate placed in a uniform ground.
Stimulation of cardiac L-type calcium channels by extracellular ATP.

The co-release of ATP with norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals in the heart may augment adrenergic stimulation of cardiac Ca2+ channel activity. To test for a possible direct effect of ...
Does Interstitial Pressure Oppose Lung Water Formation

The factors affecting the formation of pulmonary edema have been the subject of study and controversy for many years. In 1896, Starling [ 151 defined the relationship between the hydrostatic and oncotic forces regulating fluid flow across the capillary membrane. The protection of the lung from edema formation is necessary to maintain sufficient gas exchange to ensure normal oxygen delivery. Various “safety factors” [3, 161 have been theorized to be acting to protect the lung from increases in the extravascular lung water (EVLW). Interstitial pressure (IP) has been postulated as one of the potential safety factors [3, 161. Previous studies have found elevated IP in pulmonary edema [6, 10, 11, 12]. We asked the question, as EVLW rises during the development of pulmonary edema due to increased hydrostatic pressure, does IP rise quickly to oppose further EVLW accumulation?
Direct superposition of Wilson trial functions by computerized symbolic algebra

Method of direct superposition of trial vectors, proposed by Wilson, is elucidated for the vibration analysis of systems, possessing damping, by the computerized symbolic algebra. The essence of the method is using a specific set of trial functions (Wilson trial functions) derived in a special manner from the appropriate static solution, rather than performing a mode superposition analysis by the exact eigenvectors of the system. Immediate advantage of the method is that the static solution, to which a dynamic solution should tend for the vanishing excitation frequency, is obtained automatically, by using a single vector, whereas within the exact eigenvectors, infinite number of eigenvectors are involved to obtain a static solution. A specific example is numerically evaluated and it is clearly demonstrated that the superposition of the Wilson trial functions yields extremely accurate results with fewer vectors than using the conventional set of trial functions, utilized within the Rayleigh-Ritz method.
Targeting a ruthenium complex to the nucleus with short peptides

In an effort to develop octahedral metal complexes as chemotherapeutic and diagnostic agents targeted to DNA, it is critical to optimize the properties of their cellular uptake. Appending d-octaarginine has been found to improve both the uptake and nuclear localization efficiency of these complexes, but the increased positive charge interferes with selective DNA binding and hence activity. Herein, we evaluate the nuclear entry of a series of luminescent ruthenium peptide conjugates of shorter sequence and lower charge. As is the case for the d-octaarginine conjugate (Ru-D-R8), the tetrapeptide RrRK (where r = d-arginine) facilitates nuclear localization of the ruthenium complex above a threshold concentration, though the threshold is higher for this conjugate (Ru–RrRK) than for Ru-D-R8. Furthermore, appended fluorescein, which lowers the threshold concentration for Ru-D-R8, does not improve nuclear entry of Ru–RrRK, indicating that fluorescein conjugation is not a general strategy for modulating the distribution of cell-penetrating peptides. Similarly, the concentration required for nuclear entry of Ru–RrRK is much higher than has been reported for a thiazole orange RrRK conjugate, demonstrating the influence of payload on the efficiency of uptake and localization of cell-penetrating peptides.
Helicobacter pylori infection and food-cobalamin malabsorption.

Two entities of considerable recent interest,Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach and food-cobalamin malabsorption, are each intimately associated with gastric abnormalities. A possible connection between the two entities thus suggested itself and prompted us to study 98 subjects with low serum cobalamin levels but normal Schilling test results and 17 controls with normal cobalamin levels. Food-cobalamin absorption was measured with the egg yolk-cobalamin absorption test (EYCAT) and was abnormal in 56 of the 115 subjects. IgG antibody toH. pylori was found in 78% of the 27 patients with severe food-cobalamin malabsorption (EYCAT <1.0% excretion), compared with only 45% of 29 subjects with mild malabsorption (EYCAT 1.0–1.99%) and 42% of 59 subjects with normal absorption (EYCAT ≥2.0%) (x2=9.52,P<0.01). Antibody-positive patients had lower EYCAT excretion values than those without antibody (2.03±1.83% vs 3.11±2.13%,t=2.913,P=0.005). While Hispanic patients tended to malabsorb food cobalamin more frequently than did white or black patients, and men were more often antibody-positive than women, race, sex, or age characteristics were not responsible for the significant association between serologic evidence ofH. pylori infection and severe malabsorption of food cobalamin. The association that we describe suggests that gastritis induced byH. pylori predisposes to a more severe form of food-cobalamin malabsorption, among its other effects on gastric status.
The symmetry condition for a first-order Stark effect

Abstract The symmetry condition for a first-order Stark effect of a molecular rovibronic level is considered for cases in which hyperfine splittings are negligible and there are no accidental degeneracies. The required condition is that the symmetry species of the space-fixed electric dipole moment must be contained in the antisymmetric square of the species of the rovibronic level. The only first-order Stark effects of nonpolar molecules allowed by this rule are those of the E rovibronic levels of molecules belonging to the point groups T or T d . Cases of systematic degeneracies not required by symmetry are also discussed.
The weights of classical Gauss--Radau quadratures with double end-point

Explicit expressions for the weights of classical Gauss-Radau quadratures with double end-point are derived. Applications to Jacobi and generalized Laguerre polynomials are considered. Asymptotic estimates of interior weights are also suggested and verified numerically.
Cylindrical and spherical solitons in a positive-ion-negative-ion plasma.

Experiments on the excitation of cylindrical and spherical solitons in a positive-ion\char21{}negative-ion\char21{}electron plasma are described. The results are in substantial agreement with the theoretical model proposed by Das and Singh [Aust. J. Phys. 44, 523 (1991)]. In addition, experiments on the oblique collision of solitons in a cylindrical geometry are described.
An iterative method for estimating the pull-in parameters of electrostatic actuators

Performance of electrostatic actuators used in MEMS devices is severely limited by the stability considerations that are related to the pull-in parameters. The static and dynamic responses of electrostatic actuators driven by single as well as multiple voltage excitations are studied with an aim of estimating these pull-in voltage and distance parameters. A normalized Hamiltonian formulation is adopted and the resulting equations are solved analytically and also numerically using an iterative scheme. Recently a numerical α-line method has been proposed to extract the pull-in parameters. Scanning along the α-lines by voltage and displacement iteration schemes were studied. Estimating the intersection of the α-lines with the pull-in hypersurface indicates maximal voltage variable. We revisit these two iteration schemes and propose few insights to improve the convergence. Convergence of the parameters to the theoretical values is found to be smooth. This approach helps us to generalize the technique for more complicated geometries.
Community college health services: Are they necessary?

A preliminary study was undertaken to assess the potential predictors of the medical care needs of the students attending a community college. No definite medical—social—economic parameters were useful predictors. The self-assessed primary health needs were documented. These were generally in areas not traditionally managed by college health services, particularly the visual, dental, and preventive health care concerns. Based on our data, colleges with limited resources may need to reassess their medical care priorities for students.
Effective Lagrangian for strongly coupled domain wall fermions

We derive the effective Lagrangian for mesons in lattice gauge theory with domain-wall fermions in the strong-coupling and large-${N}_{c}$ limits. We use the formalism of supergroups to deal with the Pauli-Villars fields, needed to regulate the contributions of the heavy fermions. We consider the spectrum of pseudo-Goldstone bosons and show that domain wall fermions are doubled and massive in this regime. Since we take the extent and lattice spacing of the fifth dimension to infinity and zero, respectively, our conclusions apply also to overlap fermions.
Use of Rotational Tomography for Assessing Internal Resorption

The authors describe the use of tomography, a relatively simple and well-established radiographic technique, for determining the buccolingual extent of internal resorptive lesions. The procedure may be a useful adjunct in selected cases to determine whether root canal therapy for the treatment of internal resorption followed by restoration of the tooth is likely to be successful.
Thoracoscopic debridement of loculated empyema thoracis in children

The appropriate management of multiloculated empyema thoracis remains controversial. During a 7-month period, we have managed multiloculated empyema with early thoracoscopic debridement in three consecutive pediatric patients. Chest tubes were removed 7 ± 1 (mean ± standard deviation) days after thoracoscopy and discharge from hospital was on postoperative day 8 ± 1. We suggest that early thoracoscopic debridement of multiloculated empyema thoracis in children is safe and efficacious.
Plasma renin in mice with one or two renin genes.

Aim In the present study we have investigated whether the presence of a second renin gene exerts an overriding influence on plasma renin such that mice with two renin genes have consistently higher renin levels than mice with only one renin gene. Methods Plasma renin was determined as the rate of angiotensin I generation using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit with (plasma renin concentration, PRC) or without (plasma renin activity, PRA) the addition of purified rat angiotensinogen as substrate. Results In male 129SvJ, DBA/2 and Swiss Webster mice, strains possessing both Ren-1 and Ren-2, PRC (ng Ang I mL(-1) h(-1)) averaged 178 +/- 36, 563 +/- 57 and 550 +/- 43 while PRA was 2.9 +/- 0.5, 3.6 +/- 0.8 and 7.8 +/- 1.2. In male C57BL/6, C3H and BALB/c mice that express only Ren-1, PRC averaged 426 +/- 133, 917 +/- 105 and 315 +/- 72, and PRA was 3.4 +/- 1.0, 6.9 +/- 1.7 and 4.5 +/- 1.2. In the two renin gene A1AR-/- mice compared with the one renin gene A1AR+/+, PRC averaged 538 +/- 321 and 415 +/- 159 while PRA averaged 3.2 +/- 1.1 and 4.4 +/- 1.4 ng Ang I mL(-1) h(-1). Aldosterone levels showed no significant differences between one renin (C57BL/6, C3H and BALB/c) and two renin (129SvJ, DBA/2 and Swiss Webster) gene mice. Furthermore, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) we found no correlation between the number of renin genes and whole kidney renin mRNA levels from one and two renin gene mice. Conclusion Our data show that baseline plasma renin is not systematically higher in mice with two renin genes than in one renin gene mice. Thus, the presence of a second renin gene does not seem to be a major determinant of differences in PRC between different mouse strains.
Disposition prevalence and causal strength: The effect of prevalence on the estimated causal importance of conjunctive dispositions ☆

Abstract Suppose that a common characteristic and a rare characteristic, each a potential cause, are shared by the people who behave in a particular way. Which characteristic will be perceived as really causing the behavior? Which will be seen as the better predictor of the behavior? This research examined factors determining whether observers use the covariation principle to select the rare characteristic as the more significant cause and as the better predictor of the effect. Subjects read brief descriptions of situations in which the two dispositions—e.g., two attitudinal dispositions or two personality traits—were shared by all actors who demonstrated the effect. In one situation, for example, all of the people who attended a banquet for a retiring mayor were said to admire the mayor for constructing the municipal airport, and also for rebuilding the downtown area. Which attitude was more common in the general community—admiration of the mayor for constructing the airport or admiration of the mayor for rebuilding the downtown area—was systematically varied. Instead of using the covariation principle, subjects in Study 1 generally tended to rate the more common disposition as the more important cause and the better predictor of the effect. Subjects followed the covariation principle (rated the rare disposition as more causal than the common one) only when (1) the two dispositions were internal traits, not attitudes toward external stimuli, and (2) the effect was so unusual that only one person displayed it. The results of study 2 replicated these effects, and also suggested that higher ratings for the common disposition were mediated in part by a tendency to view it as a more potent force than the rare disposition. The analyses further indicated, however, that the perceived general locus of the causes (external causes in the stimuli vs internal causes in the actors) may independently influence the apportionment of causality between common and rare dispositions. It is concluded that the perceived importance of conjunctive causes may sometimes be based more upon attributional tendencies activated by specific causal cues than upon analysis of covariation.
Joseph Campbell on Jews and Judaism

Joseph Campbell's private expressions of antisemitism have been documented by his acquaintances, his students, and even his friends. But Campbell's own writings attest to his prejudice. Nearly all of his references to Jews and Judaism are disdainful and hostile. Campbell's dislike of Judaism does stem in part from his dislike of Western religions generally and to that extent cannot be said to reflect antisemitism. But his dislike of Judaism is especially uncompromising and, more, appeals to common antisemitic stereotypes. At the same time Campbell applauds the mythology of Judaism, as he does every other mythology, and really seeks to substitute the mythology for the religion.
Liver cell necrosis: cellular mechanisms and clinical implications.

Based on our current understanding, we have developed a provisional model for hepatocyte necrosis that may be applicable to cell necrosis in general (Figure 6). Damage to mitochondria appears to be a key early event in the progression to necrosis. At least two pathways may be involved. In the first, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of the MMPT leads to ATP depletion, ion dysregulation, and enhanced degradative hydrolase activity. If oxygen is present, toxic oxygen species may be generated and lipid peroxidation can occur. Subsequent cytoskeleton and plasma membrane damage result in plasma membrane bleb formation. These steps are reversible if the insult to the cell is removed. However, if injury continues, bleb rupture and cell lysis occur. In the second pathway, mitochondrial damage results in an MMPT. This step is irreversible and leads to cell death by as yet uncertain mechanisms. It is important to note that MMPT may occur secondary to changes in the first pathway (e.g. oxidative stress, increased Cai2+, and ATP depletion) and that all the "downstream events" occurring in the first pathway may result from MMPT (e.g., ATP depletion, ion dysregulation, or hydrolase activation). Proof of this model's applicability to cell necrosis in general awaits further validation. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the advances in our understanding of the cellular mechanisms of necrotic injury. Recent advances in this understanding have allowed scientists and clinicians a better comprehension of liver pathophysiology. This knowledge has provided new avenues of therapy and played a key role in the practice of hepatology as evidenced by advances in organ preservation. Understanding the early reversible events leading to cellular and subcellular damage will be key to prevention and treatment of liver disease. Hopefully, disease and injury specific preventive or pharmacological strategies can be developed based on this expanding data base.
Cleavage of supercoiled DNA by horseradish peroxidase plus tert-butyl hydroperoxide is not due to tert-butylperoxyl radicals.

Two supercoiled (SC), double-stranded DNAs, pBR 322 and pUC 19, have been subjected to oxidative stress using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP + tert-butyl hydroperoxide (BOOH). HRP alone causes single-strand cleavage of these SC DNAs. Strand cleavage is enhanced substantially in the presence of commercial BOOH (which contains H2O2) but is, at best, only very slightly enhanced in the presence of pure BOOH. In the HRP/pure BOOH system, the DNA single-strand-scission which does occur appears to be due to a direct action of oxidized HRP. It is not due to tert-butylperoxyl radicals because strand-scision is not even retarded by 10 mM Trolox, an outstanding water-soluble trap for peroxyl radicals. The present results are congruent with our earlier conclusion [Paul, T., et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 4129] that neutral alkylperoxyl radicals produce little or no direct single-strand-scission in SC DNAs.
Use and misuse of statistics for epidemiological studies of multiple sclerosis

Despite a vast literature on the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis, the cause of this disease remains elusive. The majority of the studies have focused on prevalence, so that a worldwide distribution of multiple sclerosis can now be mapped. Tantalizing apparent differences in prevalence have resulted in an abundance of hypotheses about risk factors for multiple sclerosis, none of which have been firmly established. This article reviews the difficulties inherent in the use of any type of descriptive study to investigate etiology of disease and provides an update of appropriate statistical methodology to analyze study results. The major focus is on the use of analytical study design, specifically the case-control study, to investigate a specific hypothesis about association between a risk factor and multiple sclerosis
Clinical and radiographic comparisons of two different radial head implant designs.

Background There is little comparative data to guide implant choice for radial head replacements. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results between patients who received a smooth-stemmed bipolar radial head implant and patients who received an in-growth monopolar prosthesis. Methods Twenty-seven patients requiring a metallic radial head implant in the management of acute or chronic elbow trauma were evaluated. Fourteen patients received a smooth-stemmed bipolar prosthesis and 13 patients received a press-fit monopolar prosthesis. Patients returned for follow-up at an average of 33 months (range, 18-57). Outcome assessments included joint motion, elbow stability, grip strength, pain, the Mayo Elbow Performance Index, and the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire. Radiographs were reviewed for joint congruence, ectopic bone, periprosthetic osteolysis, degenerative arthritis, and capitellar wear, and selected patients were tested for inflammatory markers and metal ion levels. Results The differences between patient groups for elbow flexion and forearm pronation averaged 10° or less. There were no other pertinent differences between groups for standardized patient and examiner-determined outcomes. There was a trend for ectopic bone to develop more commonly around the smooth-stemmed implants, while periprosthetic osteolysis was more pronounced in cases with the press-fit design. Inflammatory markers were normal, and metal ion levels did not exceed values reported for a well-functioning hip arthroplasty. Conclusion Outcomes at short- to mid-term follow-up were similar with either implant design. Loosening of a press-fit prosthesis may lead to extensive osteolysis, but of undetermined clinical consequence.
Religion, Pledging, and the Premarital Sexual Behavior of Married Young Adults

Social scientists know little about the effect of religion and abstinence pledging on premarital sex beyond adolescence. Evidence from a sample of married young adults in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 2,079) reveals that premarital sex is widespread even among religious Americans and abstinence pledgers. Nevertheless, these individuals are much more likely than their counterparts to avoid premarital sex entirely. When they do have premarital sex, pledgers are more likely to restrict the behavior to their future spouse. Though contextual, exposure, and social control effects explain some of the influence of religion and abstinence pledging, religion and abstinence pledging appear to exert robust, direct effects on premarital sexual behavior.
The Seven Ps for Fighting Depression

Abstract Problems in life can lead individuals to experience depression. The depression can become a severe problem in and of itself, and not just a symptom of an underlying problem. This paper presents seven different strategies for fighting depression, which in turn can make it easier for the therapist and client to work on the underlying problems that may have precipitated the depression. Many of the strategies are aimed at breaking vicious cycles that maintain or worsen symptoms of depression.
Regional transportation planning in the US: An examination of changes in technical aspects of the planning process in response to changing goals

Abstract This paper presents a framework for examining the ways in which technical aspects of the regional transportation planning process are changing in response to a broadening of goals and strategies, driven in part by an increased emphasis on public involvement. As an illustration of this framework, the long-range plans of four Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) in the US are analyzed with respect to goals, performance measures, and use of forecasts. These examples suggest that changes in the technical aspects of the process are lagging changes in planning goals. As a result, plans may implicitly emphasize congestion relief even if they put forth a much broader range of goals. This paper provides a basis for further analysis of the current evolution of transportation planning in the US.
Puff development and DNA synthesis in Sciara salivary gland chromosomes in tissue culture.

A method for the tissue culture of salivary glands of Sciara coprophila in a chemically defined medium is presented. When the chromosomes of the posterior lobe of the gland have puffs and the chromosomes of the anterior lobe do not have puffs prior to culture, puffs will develop in the anterior lobe chromosomes within a 24 hour culture period. When these chromosome II puffs are at their largest, fully extended state and a bulb on chromosome III is in a larva nearing pupation, the puffs and bulb become condensed in culture more rapidly than in normal development. This condensed state of the chromatin is thought to be heterochromatin. The uptake of tritiated thymidine was compared in homologous glands of 20 larvae in six different stages of development and all glands were labeled before and after culture, indicating that the culture method does not interfere with DNA synthesis.
Management of Alcoholism Programs Through a Computerized Information System

With the assistance of an information system (developed by the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health), evaluation becomes a dynamic process conducted without intruding into the organization and operation of the alcoholism treatment programs.
Differences in membrane structure between excitatory and inhibitory components of the reciprocal synapse in the olfactory bulb.

The reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapse between granule and mitral or tufted dendrites in the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb consists of an excitatory mitral-to-granule synaptic contact and an adjacent inhibitory granule-to-mitral synaptic contact. The pre- and postsynaptic membranes of both synaptic contacts were identified in replicas of freeze-fractured external plexiform layer in rabbits, mice, and chinchillas. At the excitatory synaptic contact there is a prominent specialization in the postsynaptic memberane, represented by an aggregate of homogeneous particles associated with the external half of the membrane. In contrast, the postsynaptic membrane at the inhibitory granule-to-mitral synaptic contact lacks evident internal specializations, and the distribution of particles on both fracture faces resembles that at non-synaptic regions. Less marked differences in particle distribution characterized the cytoplasmic half of the presynaptic membranes. These differences probably reflect diversity in the nature or distribution of membrane proteins at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Protuberances on the external half of the presynaptic membrane, possibly sites of vesicle interaction with the plasma membrane, surrounded but were not coextensive with both types of synaptic contact. A few gap junctions connected proximal dendrites of mitral or tufted cells with granule cell dendrites.
A 40-Year Forecast of the Demographic Shift in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in the United States

in 2020. 2 This meeting report presents a 40-year forecast of the number of persons with POAG in the United States, based on data from prevalence studies performed in the United States and from more recent population-based studies. Our forecast estimates a significant demographic shift in the number of persons with POAG in the United States. In addition, we highlight factors influencing this shift—particularly, sex and racial disparities—and we outline geographic variations in the number of persons with POAG in the United States. The number of persons aged 40 years and older with POAG in the United States was calculated. Details of our methodology are provided elsewhere. 3 For purposes of this meeting report, we provide a summary of the methodology here. For estimating the number of persons with POAG in the United States from 2011 to 2050, we applied age, sex, and racial and ethnic prevalence rates from selected population-based studies to U.S. population estimates from the U.S. Census. As recommended by the U.S. Census, our analyses were based on a 2008 updated version of population estimates and the 2009 updated version of population projections of the 2000 U.S. Census. 4,5 Because it is unclear whether prevalence rates of POAG from studies performed outside the United States are applicable to the United States, we selected, when possible, studies that were performed in the United States only and chose not to use the pooled prevalence rates from the previously published meta-analysis. The primary criterion for study selection was that the data be from the most recent prevalence studies in the United States. Studies were included if POAG was defined on the basis of an assessment of the optic nerve, visual fields, or both. Intraocular pressure could not be used to define POAG. The detailed information on different diagnostic criteria and reasons to include or exclude each U.S. population-based study
Administrators' Roles in Helping Teachers Use Formative Assessment Information

Research on formative classroom assessment practices and professional development is richer at the classroom/teacher level than at the building/administrator level. Yet administrator leadership is known to be critical for school reforms, including a change to more formative, learning-oriented assessment practices. The researchers conducted an exploratory study using two years of data from a large, rural school district to describe administrators' learning as they participated in a professional development project designed to increase their knowledge and leadership of formative assessment. Teachers skilled at formative assessment, in the view of their administrators, shared learning targets with students in multiple ways and before, during, and after the lesson. The leadership of administrators was critical to the implementation of formative classroom assessment in their buildings. Administrators who became the leading learner focused their observations in classrooms more intently than before on what the s...
Anisotropic magnetotransport in an antiwire array inserted in a GaAs heterostructure

Abstract An array of antiwires is prepared in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures by using the tilted superlattice approach. A regular two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is grown on a 2o off axis (100) substrate. Half a monolayer of AlAs is inserted close to the GaAs/AlGaAs interface ordering itself along the step edges. Therefore an antiwire array is formed which directly influences the envelope wavefunction of the two-dimensional electrons. Low temperature magnetotransport measurements with current flow parallel and perpendicular to the wires reveal a pronounced anisotropy in the magnetoresistance ϱxx of the carriers. The value of ϱxx⊥(B=0) for current flow perpendicular to the antiwires is larger than g9xx|. The anisotropy increases with increasing carrier density in agreement with the formation of Bloch bands due to the periodicity of the antiwire array. For high magnetic fields B>2T the minima of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations for ϱxx⊥ and ϱxx| occur at the same fields indicating the homogeneity of the 2DEG. For low magnetic fields B≈0.5T we observe a maximum in ϱxx⊥ while ϱxx| stays constant. The Hall resistances ϱxy⊥ and ϱxy| are indistinguishable from each other for all ranges of B and Ns.
Adjunctive brainstem behaviors in the rat.

Adjunctive behaviors refers to behaviors that are “out of context” and/or excessive in amount. The terminology was first used for unexplained behaviors associated with food pellet ratio contingencies in food deprived rats (Falk, 1971). Clinically, unrelated and complex excessive behaviors were also noted with brainstem and diencephalic discharges (Andy, 1986, 1989 and 1995; Andy and Jurko, 1986).
A Database of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Reactions of Glycolysis and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Analysis of biochemical systems requires reliable and self-consistent databases of thermodynamic properties for biochemical reactions. Here a database of thermodynamic properties for the reactions of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle is developed from measured equilibrium data. Species-level free energies of formation are estimated based on comparing thermodynamic model predictions for reaction-level equilibrium constants to previously reported data obtained under different experimental conditions. Matching model predictions to the data involves applying state corrections for ionic strength, pH, and metal ion binding for each input experimental biochemical measurement. By archiving all of the raw data, documenting all model assumptions and calculations, and making the computer package and data available, this work provides a framework for extension and refinement by adding to the underlying raw experimental data in the database and/or refining the underlying model assumptions. Thus the resulting database is a refinement of preexisting databases of thermodynamics in terms of reliability, self-consistency, transparency, and extensibility.
NMR and molecular mechanics study of pyrethrins I and II.

Bioassay-directed fractionation of the organic extract of the Kenyan pyrethrum flowers (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vissiani) resulted in the isolation of two natural pyrethrin esters, pyrethrin I (PI) and pyrethrin II (PII) as the major constituents. These esters elicited inhibition of the multiple drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The high-field 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of PI and PII were unequivocally assigned using modern two-dimensional (2D) proton-detected heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. The conformations of both esters were deduced from 1H−1H vicinal coupling constants and confirmed by 2D nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). Computer molecular modeling (MM) studies revealed that PI and PII molecules adopt a “love-seat” conformation in chloroform (CDCl3) solution. Keywords: Pyrethrum; Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium; pyrethrins; vacuum−liquid chromatography; ...
Higher Spin Lifshitz Theory and Integrable Systems

In this note we construct asymptotically Lifshitz spacetimes in the Chern-Simons formulation of three dimensional higher spin gravity and relate the resulting theories to integrable systems which are elements of the KdV hierarchy.
National versus state curriculum standards for history in the United States: where will the debate lead us?

Abstract During the past two decades, the debate over a national curriculum has been the subject of much controversy in the United States. However, this debate, part of a much larger debate over the broader goals of public education, has inevitably clashed with the long‐held American notion of local control of schools. The purpose of this article is to present a brief historical overview and identify some issues which continue to feature prominently in the ongoing debate over national and state curriculum standards. The authors focus on curriculum standards for history. A case‐study of this specific debate will reveal some of the major issues which have surfaced in the broader debate.
ISAAC : a meta-CAD system for virtual environments

This paper presents a description of ISAAC; the Immersive Simulation Animation And Construction program designed and built at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). ISAAC is a scene composition application used for the interactive construction of virtual worlds. In ISAAC you work directly in a virtual environment; you position, orient and scale objects using direct and indirect manipulation techniques. ISAAC stores object configurations in ASCII files that it uses to recreate scenes at a later date for further manipulation and interactive exploration. ISAAC is not a modeling program; you create worlds by manipulating pre-generated three-dimensional models (which can come from sources such as computer-aided design programs or three-dimensional scanning devices). ISAAC was designed to overcome some of the limitations of working in a virtual environment and to take advantage of the natural and intuitive forms of interaction available in a virtual world.
An Independent Assessment of Pathfinder AVHRR Sea Surface Temperature Accuracy Using the Marine Atmosphere Emitted Radiance Interferometer (MAERI)

The remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) cstimated from the 4-km-resolution Pathfinder SST algorithm is compared to a SST locally measured by the Marine Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (MAERI) during five oceanographic cruises in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in conditions ranging from Arctic to equatorial. The Pathfinder SST is a product of the satellite-based Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, while the MAERI is an infrared radiometric interferometer with continuous onboard calibration that can provide highly accurate (better than 0.05°C) in situ skin temperatures during extended shipboard deployments. Matchups, which are collocated (within 4 km) and coincident (±40 min during the day; ±120 min during the night) data, from these two different sources under cloud-free conditions are compared. The average difference between the MAERI and Pathfinder SSTs is found to be 0.07 ±0.31°C from 219 matchups during the low- and midlatitude cruises; inclusion of 80 more matchups from the Arctic comparisons produces an average global difference of 0.14 ±0.36°C. The MAERI-Pathfinder differences compare favorably with the average midlatitude differences between the MAERI skin SST and other bulk SST estimates commonly available for these cruises such as the research vessels' thermosalinograph SST (0.12±0.17°C) and the weekly National Centers for Environmental Prediction optimally interpolated SST anal ysis (0.41 ±0.58°C). While not representative of all possible oceanic and atmospheric regimes, the accuracy of the Pathfinder SST estimates under the conditions sampled by the five cruises is found to be at least twice as good as previously demonstrated.
Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism-IV. relationship between the major phosphorylated metabolic intermediates and oxygen affinity of whole blood in adults and embryos in several galliformes.

Abstract 1. 1. The major phosphorylated metabolic intermediates of the erythrocytes (RBC) and P 50 of the whole blood from the mature turkey, pea fowl, pheasant, guinea, and quail have been determined and compared with similar information from the blood of the 23-day turkey embryo, 21-day pheasant embryo, and 21-day guinea embryo. 2. 2. Inositol pentaphosphate (IPP) is the predominant organic phosphate in the RBC of the mature birds at levels of 4.05, 4.31, 3.34, 3.11, and 3.32μmoles/cm 3 RBC in the turkey, pea fowl, pheasant, guinea, and quail, respectively. 3. 3. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) is the predominant organic phosphate in the erythrocytes of the 23-day turkey embryo, 21-day pheasant embryo, and 21-day guinea embryo at levels of 4.79, 4.29, and 5.05 μmoles/cm 3 RBC. respectively. 4. 4. The P 50 's of whole blood from the mature birds ranged between 33.4 and 41.2mm Hg whereas the P 50 of whole blood from the embryos of the three species studied is between 23.5 and 22.8mm Hg. 5. 5. The relative per cent of Hb-H (hatching hemoglobin) is 13.0 in blood of embryos from the guinea eggs and approximately 0.7 in blood of embryos from pheasant eggs.
Representations of Attachment Relationships in Children of Incarcerated Mothers

Representations of attachment relationships were assessed in 54 children ages 2.5 to 7.5 years whose mothers were currently incarcerated. Consistent with their high-risk status, most (63%) children were classified as having insecure relationships with mothers and caregivers. Secure relationships were more likely when children lived in a stable caregiving situation, when children reacted to separation from the mother with sadness rather than anger, and when children were older. Common reactions to initial separation included sadness, worry, confusion, anger, loneliness, sleep problems, and developmental regressions. Results highlight need for support in families affected by maternal imprisonment, especially efforts to promote stable, continuous placements for children, in addition to underscoring the importance of longitudinal research with this growing but understudied group.
Revision of the Jones Criteria for the Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever in the Era of Doppler Echocardiography A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Background—Acute rheumatic fever remains a serious healthcare concern for the majority of the world’s population despite its decline in incidence in Europe and North America. The goal of this state...
Approach to the patient with presumed extraoesophageal GERD

Reflux related cough, asthma and laryngitis are frequently encountered and are considered part of extraoesophageal syndromes. The diagnosis of extraoesophageal reflux is difficult due to the lack of gold standard diagnostic criteria. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and esophageal pH monitoring are inadequate diagnostic tools for due to poor sensitivity and specificity. For this reason, empirical PPI therapy is recommended as an initial approach to diagnose and treat the potential underlying cause of these symptoms in patients without alarm symptoms. Diagnostic testing with esophageal pH and/or impedance monitoring and esophageal motility testing is usually reserved for those who continue to be symptomatic despite a trial of therapy with PPIs. Recent developments have increased our understanding of this difficult to treat group of patients but more research into reflux related extraoesophageal symptoms are needed to better diagnose and treat this group.
Inspiratory flow limitation in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

The objective of this study was to compare pulmonary function tests of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and asthma, and to evaluate children with BPD for evidence of upper airway obstruction. This is a case-control retrospective study of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) of 11 children with BPD between 5 and 8 years of age who were followed by pediatric pulmonologists, and of 32 age- and height-matched children with asthma. The median forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were significantly lower in the BPD group (0.86 L, 0.79 L, 120 L/min) than in the asthmatic group (1.34 L, 1.21 L, 155 L/min; P = 0.002, P = 0.007, P = 0.004, respectively). Both groups were equally hyperinflated (median thoracic gas volume 155% of predicted values in the BPD compared to 152% predicted in the asthma group; P = 0.67), and both groups showed decreases in air-trapping after a bronchodilator. The ratios of forced expiratory flow at 50% of the FVC to forced inspiratory flow at 50% of the FVC (FEF50%/FIF50%) and FEV1 to PEF (FEV1/PEF) were used to assess upper airway obstruction and were higher in children with BPD than asthma (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.035, respectively). We conclude that pulmonary function of children with BPD who are still symptomatic after 5 years of age is different from age-matched children with asthma, and the children with BPD demonstrate significant inspiratory flow limitations.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998;26:167–172. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low-cost experimental unit and growth medium for testing soil effects on shrimp culture

Abstract PVC pipes, 10 cm in diameter and 46 cm long, sealed at one end and filled with 18 ppt of artificial seawater and a 6-cm layer of substrate, were tested as experimental units for the culturing of penaeid shrimp. The growth substrate was prepared by mixing 70% quartz sand, 24% Georgia kaolin, 5% Gonzales bentonite and 1% Bermuda grass hay. One juvenile Penaeus vannamei was placed in each container and shrimp weight gain was monitored. In the first study (four replicates), shrimp grew to 8.15 g within 8 weeks at a rate of ≈1 g week−1 with no mortality; thereafter, growth decreased and 25% mortality was observed. In the second study (seven replicates), the average weight of shrimp was 8.66 g in 10 weeks, with 29% mortality occurring between the seventh and eighth week. Experimental unit cost was $3.30.