cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Export demand for high‐value products—A case study of sweet cherries in Japan

Growth in world trade is in the market for high-value products. The potential exists for the United States to gain from this growth but will require adoption of more aggressive marketing strategies and increase pressure to reduce trade barriers. This study exemplifies research needed on specific commodities in potential markets. Information on Japanese consumers' tastes and preferences was used to analyze Japanese demand for Japanese and American cherries. The results indicate the importance of time in exporting this high-value unprocessed product.
Protease Sets Site-1 on Lysosomes

One of the defining features of how animal cells maintain cholesterol homeostasis is the complex signaling mechanism that releases transcription factors called sterol regulatory element–binding proteins (SREBPs) from their membrane-bound precursors through proteolysis to control the expression of key metabolic enzymes. One of the proteases that catalyze the cleavage is site-1 protease (S1P), a serine protease that is itself membrane bound. One curious phenotype of cultured mammalian cells lacking S1P has been a defect in lysosomes—instead of being targeted to the organelle, certain lysosomal enzymes are secreted out of the cells. On page 87 of this issue, Marschner et al. ( 1 ) provide one possible explanation—S1P is required for the biogenesis of lysosomes. The authors show that the protease cleaves a precursor form of N -acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-1-phosphotransferase, an enzyme that catalyzes an essential step in forming the mannose 6-phosphate signal that targets many enzymes to lysosomes.
Full field measurements of the dynamic deformation field around a growing adiabatic shear band at the tip of a dynamically loaded crack or notch

The method of Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) is used to record the deformation field around an adiabatic shear band emanating from a pre-crack tip in C-300 steel loaded dynamically in mode II. At early times after impact, the resulting fringe pattern surrounding the shear band seems to exhibit the deformation characteristics of a mode II Dugdale plastic zone evolving under small-scale yielding conditions and, as a result, the experimental fringe patterns are fitted to the theoretical Dugdale crack deformation field by using a least squares fitting scheme. This results in values for the shear band length and the average shear stress acting on the shear band as functions of time. The shear band is observed to initiate when K^d_(11)(t) = 140 MPa√m and subsequently propagate with an average speed of 320 m s^(−1). The average shear stress on the shear band decreases from 1.6 GPa at initiation to 1.3 GPa during the later stages of propagation.
Recovery of an infectious ribonucleic acid from the lactic dehydrogenase agent by treatment with ether

Abstract In the presence of plasma, the lactic dehydrogenase agent was inactivated by ether. In the absence of plasma, ether treatment of the intact virus led to the recovery of an infectious ribonucleic acid. Evidence is presented which suggests that ether inactivates the intact virus by exposing its infectious nucleic acid to the nucleic acid-destroying factors in the medium.
Anatomic evaluation of endoscopic transnasal transorbital approach to the lateral orbital apex.

BackgroundThis anatomic study investigates the feasibility of an endoscopic transnasal transorbital approach to the lateral orbital apex.MethodsFive cadavers with no prior history of sinus surgery ...
Necessary versus Sufficient Causal Schemata for Success and Failure.

Abstract 197 subjects judged the perceived presence or absence of ability or effort, given information about task outcome (success or failure), the difficulty of the task (easy, intermediate, or difficult), and the state of the complementary cause (effort or ability). The data revealed that a multiple sufficient causal schema is used to explain common events. That is, the presence of ability or effort is perceived as enough to produce success at an easy task, while the absence of ability or effort is perceived as sufficient to result in failure at a difficult task. On the other hand, a multiple necessary schema tends to be employed to explain uncommon events. Success at a difficult task is believed to require both ability and effort, while failure at an easy task tends to be perceived as caused by low ability and low effort. In addition, there were disparities in the causal judgments for success and failure: failure outcomes are more likely to elicit a multiple sufficient schema. Further, in achievement-related contexts ability and effort are perceived as negatively covarying causal determinants of typical successes and failures. In addition to supporting hypotheses from attribution theory, the data shed further light upon the perceived determinants of success and failure, and demonstrate the influence of cognitive structures on achievement-related causal judgments.
Deformable-ion model and lattice dynamics of 7 LiD

Recently one of us (S.S.J.) showed that the deformation dipole model and the shell model are two special forms of a more general dipole model of lattice dynamics that follows rigorously from Zeyher's microscopic theory. Here we use a phenomenological approach to generalize the new model into a deformable-ion model (DIM) which is also consistent with Zeyher's microscopic theory. The DIM contains the long-range Coulomb interactions in the dipole approximation and it allows the rigid-ion short-range interactions to be modified by self-energy corrections due to symmetry-allowed deformations of the ions. We study the room-temperature phonon dispersion curves of $^{7}\mathrm{LiD}$ to compare different forms of the DIM and in the process arrive at a simple form of DIM which is in very good overall agreement with dielectric, elastic, and neutron scattering data.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM (ERYTHROXYLACEAE) FROM NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Erythroxylum simonis, E. pauferrense, E. bezerrae, andE. tianguanum from northeastern Brazil are described and illustrated, and their taxonomic and phytogeographic relationships are discussed.
Correlation filter fusion for detection: morphological, wavelet, and Gabor methods

We consider the detection of candidate objects (regions of interest) in a scene containing high clutter, multiple objects in different classes, independent of aspect view, with hot/cold/bimodal/partial object variations, and with low contrast targets. We use three different filters with each designed to produce high probability of detection (PD). We fuse the results from different outputs to reduce false alarms (PFA). All filters are realizable on a correlator.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Deficiencies in myeloid antigen-presenting cells in women with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions.

BACKGROUND. There is little information on the function of dendritic cells in women with human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs). In the current study the functions of dendritic cells in the development of T-cell immunity in women with cervical SILs were assessed. METHODS. The percentage of myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) in peripheral blood were enumerated of 44 patients with SIL (low-grade, 19; high-grade, 25), 19 patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), and 18 controls. The expression of costimulatory receptors was assessed and the ability of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) to present HPV16-E6 and HPV16-E7 antigens to autologous T cells. RESULTS. Patients with either low (L)-grade or high (H)-grade SIL had significantly lower median plasma levels of interferon-γ than did the controls (P = .038 and .031, respectively). Compared with the controls, patients with ASCUS or LSILs had significantly lower median percentages of MDCs (P = .002 and P < .001, respectively), and significantly lower median percentages of MDDCs that expressed CD86 (P < .001 and P = .003, respectively) and major histocompatability complex class-II antigen human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) (P = .012 and P < .001, respectively). T cells of patients with ASCUS or LSILs proliferated less than those of the controls in response to HPV16-E7 (P = .002 and .046, respectively). CONCLUSIONS. Low levels of peripheral blood MDCs and of MDDCs expressing CD86 and HLA-DR suggest that deficiencies in the ability of MDDC to present antigen to autologous T cells may lead to persistent infection with HPV and the development of cervical SILs in HPV-infected women. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Single-Molecule and Single-Nanoparticle SERS: Examining the Roles of Surface Active Sites and Chemical Enhancement

Recent research in several groups has identified a new class of metal colloidal nanoparticles that is able to enhance the efficiencies of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by as much as 1014−1015 fold. This enormous enhancement allows single-molecule detection and spectroscopy at room temperature. Previous single-molecule and single-particle studies have yielded important insights into the mechanism of electromagnetic field enhancement, but little is known about the contributions of surface active sites and chemical enhancement. Here we report a direct examination of chemical enhancement by using an integrated flow injection and ultrasensitive optical imaging/spectroscopy system. A key feature is that colloidal silver nanoparticles are immobilized on a glass surface inside a microflow device and that single-particle SERS signals are observed in real time while the immobilized particles are treated by chemical reagents in the flow cell. In situ surface plasmon scattering studies of spatially isolate...
THE HARLAN GREAT KIVA SITE: CIVIC ARCHITECTURE AND COMMUNITY PERSISTENCE IN THE GOODMAN POINT AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO

Great kivas in the Southwest have long been studied as structures representative of community organization and location. Recent work at the Harlan Great Kiva site, in the Goodman Point Unit of Hovenweep National Monument, suggests that some great kivas served as social anchors, effectively tethering a community to the landscape for generations. Different building episodes at the Harlan Great Kiva site correspond to the initiation, development, and restructuring of the associated community spanning about 250 years. These observations suggest the site may serve as a proxy for related developments in the community, and is likely reflective of a persistent community identity that was constructed and altered by generations of Pueblo people in the Goodman Point Area.
Fate of Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679 in Fish Sausage Formulations with Adjusted aw using Food Binders

Fish sausage from minced Spanish mackerel was formulated to aw of 097–0.92 using egg white solids alone and in combination with nonfat dry milk, alginate and soy protein isolate, without and with nitrite added at 150 ppm. The batter was inoculated with PA 3679 spores at ca. 105/g, chopped, stuffed in casing, cooked to a core temperature of 85°C, vacuum-packaged and stored at 25°C for 60 days. The test organism did not reproduce in formulations having aw 0.95 spoiled. Product stability was influenced by aw regardless of binder type and presence of nitrite.
Net absorption from portal-drained viscera of nitrogenous compounds by beef heifers fed on diets differing in protein solubility or degradability in the rumen.

1. The objective of the present study was to evaluate effects of in vitro rumen solubility or degradability of dietary protein on net absorption of nitrogenous compounds from portal-drained viscera of beef heifers. 2. Four protein sources, casein, soya-bean meal, maize-gluten meal and blood meal provided about two-thirds of total dietary nitrogen in semi-purified diets given to four beef heifers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. 3. Although in vitro degradability of dietary N ranged from 842 (casein) to 310 (blood meal) g/kg total dietary N, net absorption of ammonia-N or a-amino-N was not significantly different (Pz0.10) among diets. However, net absorption of NH,-N tended to decrease and net absorption of a-amino-N tended to increase as intake of in vitro undegradable N increased. Net transfer of urea-N from plasma to portal-drained viscera was greater (P<O.lO) when heifers were fed on soya-bean meal than when fed on maize-gluten meal or blood meal. 4. The findings show with all diets that the non-protein-nitrogenous compounds, NH, and urea, played a substantial role in absorption and transfer of N. Overall, net absorption of NH,-N was 61 % of net absorption of a-amino-N, and transfer of urea-N from plasma to portal-drained viscera was 80% ofnet absorption ofa-amino-N. Amino acids and ammonia derived from rumen degradation of dietary protein can be
Food Crushing Sounds. An Introductory Studya,b

SUMMARY The sounds produced by chewing foodstuffs, or by crushing them between flat surfaces, were tape recorded and analyzed as to amplitude, frequency, and duration. Preliminary data are given on chewing sound characteristics, including certain differences between foodstuffs.
Effects of Political Advertising in the 2008 Presidential Campaign

Political advertising remains the communication format that dominates presidential campaign budgets. In 2008 Obama’s success in fund-raising resulted in record expenditures on political television ...
A profit maximization model for machine/part assignment in a manufacturing system

Abstract This paper provides a model for the machine parts assignment problem in a manufacturing system. The manufacturing system considered represents a multi-machine, multi-product production environment with an automated material handling system for the conveyance of parts. Each individual machine in the system is capable of performing many different operations and, thus, each machine part may have alternative routes through the system. The objective of this work is to arrive at a workload assignment which would maximize the operating profit of the system. The revenue component is determined from an assumed price—volume relationship (price-breaks) and the cost component is determined from the costs of inputs required for both machining and transporting parts. The model formulated consists of a series of multi-commodity flow problems. An extensive illustrative example is provided and relevant production issues are highlighted where appropriate.
‘Sharwil’ Avocado: Quarantine Security Against Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Infestation in Hawaii

Laboratory studies with ‘Sharwil’ avocados at 3, 12, or 24 h after harvest showed that the cultivar was not susceptible to infestation by Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); melon fly, Dacus cucurbttae Coquillett; or oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel for up to 12 h after harvest if the fruits were harvested with stems attached. Similar studies also showed that ‘Sharwil’ avocados were not a host for D. latifrons (Hendel). Packinghouse inspections during the 1984-1985 and 1986-1987 harvest seasons indicated no fruit fly infestations in 114,112 individually inspected ‘Sharwil’ avocados, including 3,438 avocados culed for detached sterns or damage to the fruit surface. Based on these data, USDA allowed the export of ‘Sharwil’ avocados to Alaska during the 1987-1990 harvest seasons. No fruit fly infestation was reported from 53,979 kg of ‘Sharwil’ avocados exported to Alaska. No larval infestations were found in 1,232 ‘Sharwil’ avocados sampled during 1987-1988 from an orchard where oriental fruit flies were observed ovipositing into the fruit. During the 1988-1989 harvest season at the same orchard, 2,439 ‘Sharwil’ avocados were culled for fruit fly ovipunctures (oviposition wounds), disease, surface blemishes and damage, and miscellaneous defects. Less than 4.1% of 1,206 oviposition sites contained dead eggs. No live eggs or larval infestations were found in 426, 539, or 401 fruits culled for ovipunctures, disease, or for miscellaneous defects, respectively. One infested avocado was found in 1,073 fruits culled for surface damage. These studies confirmed that the ‘Sharwil’ avocado is not a host for Mediterranean fruit fly, melon fly, or oriental fruit fly infestations when the fruit is attached to the tree, or when fruits are harvested with stem attached and brought to a fly free packinghouse within 12 h after harvest, culled to remove damaged fruits, and packed in fly-proof boxes. When these regulatory procedures are used to ensure quarantine security, ‘Sharwil’ avocados can be exported from Hawaii without danger of spreading fruit flies.
Variable semiconductor all-optical buffer

A compact variable all-optical buffer using semiconductor quantum dot structures is proposed. The buffering effect is achieved by slowing down the optical signal using an external control light source to vary the dispersion characteristic of the medium. The theoretical model shows that a slow-down factor of more than 10/sup 4/ with negligible group velocity dispersion is achievable.
Note on Precognition with and without Knowledge of Results

To test precognition (a variant of the typical ESP experiment) Ss guess at targets which have not yet been selected. The present study investigated whether precognition will occur if S is guessing at a target which ( a ) he will later know; ( b ) someone else, but not he, will lacer know; ( c ) no one will ever know. 50 psychology students who scorecl h ~ g h on a test of visual imagery guessed at 3 lists, A, B, and C, corresponding to the chrce conditions stated above. Lists were composed of 50 items each; chance probabi l~r~ of guessing any one item correctly was I / ) . Guesses were coded for an LGB-30 computer. The computer was programmed to generate a random number from 1 to 5 (designating the target); enter the code number representing S's guess; tabulate identities (hits) ; sum hits; print out targets, guesses, and sum of hits for Lists A and B; but print for List C only guesses and sum of hits. 5s saw List A; E (but not S ) saw List B; no one saw List C. Ss were informed of the different procedures for Lists A, B, and C after all had been tested. The order of A, B, and C was rotated. In an interview, 44 Ss (sheep) accepted the possibility that guesses of the type they made might show an extra-chance relation to the targets; 6 Ss (goats) rejected this possibility. It was hypothesized that scores of goats would be lower than scores of sheep.
Notes on Behaviors of Free-Ranging Black-Footed Ferrets: Conata Basin, South Dakota, 2007–2009

During 2007–2009 in the Conata Basin, South Dakota, field studies provided opportunities to accumulate incidental observations of wild-born black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) and their interactions with other species. Here, I describe maternal behaviors by female ferrets; interactions between a female ferret and a rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis); and attacks by ferrets on a horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), a deer mouse (Peromyscus sp.), and a cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus sp.). Additionally, I present hypotheses for future testing and discuss conservation implications.
Identification of an α3β1 Integrin Recognition Sequence in Thrombospondin-1

A synthetic peptide containing amino acid residues 190–201 of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) promoted adhesion of MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cells when immobilized and inhibited adhesion of the same cells to TSP1 when added in solution. Adhesion to this peptide was enhanced by a β1 integrin-activating antibody, Mn2+, and insulin-like growth factor I and was inhibited by an α3β1 integrin function-blocking antibody. The soluble peptide inhibited adhesion of cells to the immobilized TSP1 peptide or spreading on intact TSP1 but at the same concentrations did not inhibit attachment or spreading on type IV collagen or fibronectin. Substitution of several residues in the TSP1 peptide with Ala residues abolished or diminished the inhibitory activity of the peptide in solution, but only substitution of Arg-198 completely inactivated the adhesive activity of the immobilized peptide. The essential residues for activity of the peptide as a soluble inhibitor are Asn-196, Val-197, and Arg-198, but flanking residues enhance the inhibitory activity of this core sequence, either by altering the conformation of the active sequence or by interacting with the integrin. This functional sequence is conserved in all known mammalian TSP1 sequences and in TSP1 from Xenopus laevis. The TSP1 peptide also inhibited adhesion of MDA-MB-435 cells to the laminin-1 peptide GD6, which contains a potential integrin-recognition sequence Asn-Leu-Arg and is derived from a similar position in a pentraxin module. Adhesion studies using recombinant TSP1 fragments also localized β1 integrin-dependent adhesion to residues 175–242 of this region, which contain the active sequence.
Drug Selectivity Is Determined by Coupling Across the NAD+ Site of IMP Dehydrogenase†

Drug resistance often results from mutations that are located far from the drug-binding site. The effects of these mutations are perplexing. The inhibition of IMPDH by MPA is an example of this phenomenon. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a species-specific inhibitor of IMPDH; mammalian IMPDHs are very sensitive to MPA, while the microbial enzymes are resistant to the inhibitor. MPA traps the covalent intermediate E-XMP* and binds in the nicotinamide half of the dinucleotide site. Previous results indicated that about half of the difference in sensitivity derives from residues in the MPA-binding site [Digits, J. A., and Hedstrom, L. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 15388−15397]. The remainder must be attributed to regions outside the MPA-binding site. The adenosine subsite of the NAD+ site is not conserved among IMPDHs and is, therefore, a likely candidate. Our goal is to examine the coupling between the nicotinamide and adenosine sites in order to test this hypothesis. We performed multiple inhibitor experiments with t...
A performance comparison of ITO and graphene-based electro-optic modulators

Electro-optic modulators (EOMs) are used to change the amplitude and/or phase of the incident light beam by altering the optical properties of a material with an applied voltage. Even though silicon-based EOMs have been demonstrated experimentally, future chip-based optical communication and signal processing technologies require EOMs with a high modulation depth, compact footprint, large bandwidth, low power consumption and cost. In this direction, indium tin oxide (ITO) and graphene have attracted significant attention primarily due to their extraordinary electro-optic properties for the design of such highperformance EOMs.
Social cognitive mediators of change in a group randomized nutrition and physical activity intervention: social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations and self-regulation in the guide-to-health trial

In an evaluation of the theoretical foundations of behavior change, the current study examined whether social cognitive (SCT) variables mediated treatment effects on physical activity and nutrition in the recently reported Guide-to-Health trial (GTH). Adults (N = 661) were assessed at baseline, seven months and 16 months to examine whether treatment-related changes in SCT variables at seven months mediated change in nutrition and physical activity at 16 months. GTH treatment effects were mediated by self-efficacy, self-regulation and social support; self-regulation mediated self-efficacy. Social-cognitive variables explained only part of the treatment effects suggesting future investigations evaluate the environmental-selection and affective processes of behavior change.
Signal characteristics of individual crystals in a high resolution BGO detector design using PMT-quadrant sharing

The PMT-quadrant sharing (PQS) detector design allows very high resolution detectors to be built with 70% fewer PMTs and lower cost. A common concern for the design is that there is a big gap (photo-insensitive area) between four circular PMTs and the photoelectron signal (pulse height) may be much lower for the central crystals. The concern increases with the use of smaller PMTs for high-resolution designs because small PMTs have relatively thicker walls and relatively larger tolerance spaces between them. The authors measured the pulse heights and energy resolution for each crystal in three different types of PQS blocks for 19 mm PMT. For a square 7 /spl times/ 7 block detector (2.66 mm /spl times/ 2.66 mm /spl times/ 18 mm BGO needles), the maximum photopeak signals occurred at the corner crystal of the block. The signals for the worst central five crystals (sitting on space with no PMT connection) had pulse heights 0.87 as high as that of the corner crystals. The 12 crystals (outside the central five) with coupling only to the glass wall but not to the photocathode had a relative pulse height of 0.92. The eight crystals with partial exposure to photocathodes had a 0.94 relative pulse height. The energy resolution for individual crystals was 22% - 30% with an average of 26%. Asymmetric photopeaks, especially for the corner crystals, were observed, and these were found to be the result of the depth-of-interaction effect. In the latest PQS design, extended blocks with asymmetric light distributions were used on the four edges and four corners of a large detector module so that the previously unused (wasted) half-row of peripheral PMT could be covered by crystals. An asymmetric block, single-extended (7 /spl times/ 8 crystals) was also tested. The pulse-height ratio between the worst and best group of crystals in the single-extended block was 0.72 and that of the double-extended block was also 0.72. In a more demanding, higher spatial resolution 8 /spl times/ 8 array (2.3 mm /spl times/ 2.3 mm /spl times/ 10 mm BGO) for mouse PET with shallower crystals, the pulse-height ratio was 0.73 with an average energy resolution of 20%. This study demonstrated that pulse height uniformity for the PQS design using circular PMT was excellent, better than the typical 3/1 pulse-height ratio in conventional block detectors.
On the stationary dynamics of parallel queues with random server connectivities

We investigate the stationary dynamics of a system comprised of K parallel queues and a single server. The connectivities of the server to the various queues are randomly modulated by a stochastic process, taking values 1 (connected) or 0 (severed). At any given time, only the currently connected queues can be served. Such models capture the essential features of several practical situations of unreliable service, appearing in wireless communication networks with extraneous interference, flexible manufacturing systems with failing components etc. We focus on the problem of allocating the server to the connected queues in order to maximize the capacity (throughput) of the system. We analyze two simple dynamic server allocation policies which are shown to stabilize the system under the highest possible loading. Several applications are discussed. The system is studied under stationary ergodic input job flows and modulation processes.
Tools for functional simulation

Functional languages are useful for some types of simulation programming because they offer a clean, high-level programming style with powerful features such as higher-order functions and lazy evaluation. However, since functional languages are not specialized for simulation, they lack the powerful tools offered in simulation languages. In this paper we propose a set of tools to support queueing simulation in the functional language Haskell. The tools are applied to three examples.
Computer assisted analysis of electromyographic data in diagnosis of low back pain

A computerized system is presented to provide expert assistance to a physician in the evaluation of electromyographic findings in the clinical diagnosis of compressive radiculopathies. The system uses an object-oriented, frame-based representation of the nerve-root and muscular structure of the lower back and leg, and uses a rule-based reasoning system to interpret electromyographic findings and relate them to potential pathologies in the nerve roots in the lower spinal column. A novel feature of this research was the development of a hybrid system of Bayesian regulated belief functions and symbolic endorsements for the resolution of uncertainty in the clinical observations. This hybrid system provided quantitative estimates of the nerve pathologies. while simultaneously providing the physician with qualitative information regarding the interrelations of the clinical findings and the diagnosis. >
Accounting Students' Metacognition: The Association of Performance, Calibration Error, and Mindset

ABSTRACT: In recognition of the evolving body of knowledge in the accounting profession, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA 2010) highlights the importance of viewing learning as a lifelong process that requires self-awareness and extends beyond the academic setting. Metacognition, the assessment and regulation of one's own learning, is a crucial element in lifelong learning. We draw upon judgment of learning research and introduce mindset theory to explore the relationship among (1) exam performance, (2) calibration error, measured as expected minus actual exam scores, and (3) mindset, a person's basic beliefs about learning and ability (Dweck 2000, 2006) in the accounting classroom. We find strong evidence that exam performance is inversely related to calibration error (Kruger and Dunning 1999). We also find modest evidence that a growth mindset is associated with improved performance and decreased calibration error. While the mindset results were not entirely consistent with ...
Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 2. Modeling and identification

Abstract Battery management systems in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs must estimate values descriptive of the pack’s present operating condition. These include: battery state of charge, power fade, capacity fade, and instantaneous available power. The estimation mechanism must adapt to changing cell characteristics as cells age and therefore provide accurate estimates over the lifetime of the pack. In a series of three papers, we propose a method, based on extended Kalman filtering (EKF), that is able to accomplish these goals on a lithium ion polymer battery pack. We expect that it will also work well on other battery chemistries. These papers cover the required mathematical background, cell modeling and system identification requirements, and the final solution, together with results. In order to use EKF to estimate the desired quantities, we first require a mathematical model that can accurately capture the dynamics of a cell. In this paper we “evolve” a suitable model from one that is very primitive to one that is more advanced and works well in practice. The final model includes terms that describe the dynamic contributions due to open-circuit voltage, ohmic loss, polarization time constants, electro-chemical hysteresis, and the effects of temperature. We also give a means, based on EKF, whereby the constant model parameters may be determined from cell test data. Results are presented that demonstrate it is possible to achieve root-mean-squared modeling error smaller than the level of quantization error expected in an implementation.
A stimulus-locked vector autoregressive model for slow event-related fMRI designs.

Abstract Neuroscientists have become increasingly interested in exploring dynamic relationships among brain regions. Such a relationship, when directed from one region toward another, is denoted by “effective connectivity.” An fMRI experimental paradigm which is well-suited for examination of effective connectivity is the slow event-related design. This design presents stimuli at sufficient temporal spacing for determining within-trial trajectories of BOLD activation, allowing for the analysis of stimulus-locked temporal covariation of brain responses in multiple regions. This may be especially important for emotional stimuli processing, which can evolve over the course of several seconds, if not longer. However, while several methods have been devised for determining fMRI effective connectivity, few are adapted to event-related designs, which include nonstationary BOLD responses and multiple levels of nesting. We propose a model tailored for exploring effective connectivity of multiple brain regions in event-related fMRI designs — a semi-parametric adaptation of vector autoregressive (VAR) models, termed “stimulus-locked VAR” (SloVAR). Connectivity coefficients vary as a function of time relative to stimulus onset, are regularized via basis expansions, and vary randomly across subjects. SloVAR obtains flexible, data-driven estimates of effective connectivity and hence is useful for building connectivity models when prior information on dynamic regional relationships is sparse. Indices derived from the coefficient estimates can also be used to relate effective connectivity estimates to behavioral or clinical measures. We demonstrate the SloVAR model on a sample of clinically depressed and normal controls, showing that early but not late cortico–amygdala connectivity appears crucial to emotional control and early but not late cortico–cortico connectivity predicts depression severity in the depressed group, relationships that would have been missed in a more traditional VAR analysis.
Apoyo mutuo y cooperación en las comunidades utópicas (Javier León)

Cuando me comprometi a escribir la resena de este libro, lo hice guiada por un sentimiento de atraccion moral hacia lo que el titulo prometia, asunto que seguramente para algunos, reste valor antropologico a la motivacion. A mi modo de ver, supone un factor primordial a la hora de llevar a cabo la tarea de resenar una obra. Ello me hace pensar en lo importante que resulta anticipar el contenido de lo que vas a leer o encontrar en el interior de la misma, a traves de un titulo que resulte una especie de anzuelo cautivador o de inspirador resumen.
The Response of the Polar Regions to Increased CO2 in a Global Climate Model with Elastic–Viscous–Plastic Sea Ice

Abstract A global atmosphere–ocean–sea ice general circulation model (GCM) is used in simulations of climate with present-day atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and with CO2 increasing to double the present-day values. The Parallel Climate Model includes the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) atmospheric GCM, the Los Alamos National Laboratory ocean GCM, and the Naval Postgraduate School dynamic–thermodynamic sea ice model. The ocean and sea ice grids are at substantially higher resolution than has been previously used in global climate models. The model is implemented on distributed, parallel computer architectures to make computation on the high-resolution grids feasible. The sea ice dynamics uses an elastic–viscous–plastic ice rheology with an explicit solution of the ice stress tensor, which has not previously been used in a coupled, global climate model. The simulations of sea ice and the polar climate in the present-day experiment are compared with observed ice and climate data. The ice co...
An Analytical Method to Quantify Three Plant Hormone Families in Grape Berry Using Liquid Chromatography and Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry

Hormones play an important role during the development and ripening of grape berry. Unlike the case of ethylene in climacteric fruits, several different hormones are believed to sequentially accumulate at specific times during berry developmental stages to promote different physiological processes. To dissect this complex hormonal interaction system in a recalcitrant tissue containing several interfering compounds including sugar and phenolic compounds, an extraction protocol and an LC-MS-based analytical method that includes three hormone families have been adapted. Using this technique, we optimized a method to simultaneously detect and quantify cytokinin, auxin, and abscisic acid-related analytes in grape berries across the developmental stages and between tissues. Resulting quantifications of the analytes are consistent with the overall trend of the ABA, auxin, and cytokinin dynamics in grape and reveal new patterns not previously reported in this plant. Evolving evidence of coordinated action of several hormones during the critical phases of berry development (cell division, cell expansion, berry ripening) suggests a need to further integrate other plant growth regulator families to provide a more comprehensive picture.
Asian American history: reflections on imperialism, immigration, and "the body".

(2000). Asian American History: Reflections on Imperialism, Immigration, and “The Body”. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 119-140.
Enhanced Atlantic sea-level rise relative to the Pacific under high carbon emission rates

Different ocean basins warm at different rates in response to climate change. A coupled carbon–climate model reveals that high carbon emission rates will lead to greater sea-level rise in the Atlantic than the Pacific on centennial timescales. Thermal expansion of the ocean in response to warming is an important component of historical sea-level rise1. Observational studies show that the Atlantic and Southern oceans are warming faster than the Pacific Ocean2,3,4,5. Here we present simulations using a numerical atmospheric-ocean general circulation model with an interactive carbon cycle to evaluate the impact of carbon emission rates, ranging from 2 to 25 GtC yr−1, on basin-scale ocean heat uptake and sea level. For simulations with emission rates greater than 5 GtC yr−1, sea-level rise is larger in the Atlantic than Pacific Ocean on centennial timescales. This basin-scale asymmetry is related to the shorter flushing timescales and weakening of the overturning circulation in the Atlantic. These factors lead to warmer Atlantic interior waters and greater thermal expansion. In contrast, low emission rates of 2 and 3 GtC yr−1 will cause relatively larger sea-level rise in the Pacific on millennial timescales. For a given level of cumulative emissions, sea-level rise is largest at low emission rates. We conclude that Atlantic coastal areas may be particularly vulnerable to near-future sea-level rise from present-day high greenhouse gas emission rates.
Modification of Low ĸ Materials for ULSI Multilevel Interconnects by Ion Implantation

Thin films of low dielectric constant (κ) materials such as Xerogel (ĸ=1.76) and SilkTM (ĸ=2.65) were implanted with argon, neon, nitrogen, carbon and helium with 2 x 1015 cm -2 and 1 x 1016 cm -2 dose at energies varying from 50 to 150 keV at room temperature. In this work we discuss the improvement of hardness as well as elasticity of low ĸ dielectric materials by ion implantation. Ultrasonic Force Microscopy (UFM) [6] and Nano indentation technique [5] have been used for qualitative and quantitative measurements respectively. The hardness increased with increasing ion energy and dose of implantation. For a given energy and dose, the hardness improvement varied with ion species. Dramatic improvement of hardness is seen for multi-dose implantation. Among all the implanted ion species (Helium, Carbon, Nitrogen, Neon and Argon), Argon implantation resulted in 5x hardness increase in Xerogel films, sacrificing only a slight increase (∼ 15%) in dielectric constant.
Collateral, Ease of Repossession, and Leases: Evidence from Anti-Recharacterization Laws

This paper studies how the ease of repossessing collateral in bankruptcy affects corporate leasing policy. Using plausibly exogenous variation of the comparative advantages in the ability to repossess assets between leases and secured lending generated by anti-recharacterization laws, I find that the anti-recharacterization laws, which make collateral repossession easier for secured lending, reduces corporate leasing. Consistent with the argument that only financially constrained firms value additional debt capacity due to increased ability of repossessing assets, I find that the effect concentrates on financially constrained firms. I also find that the effect is much stronger for firms with less specific assets.
INTRASPECIFIC PHYLOGEOGRAPHY ACROSS THE POINT CONCEPTION BIOGEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARY.

Recent studies of intraspecific phylogeography have suggested that the geographic location of genetic discontinuities, or phylogeographic breaks, may frequently coincide with biogeographic boundaries. The concordance is hypothesized to reflect similarity in the processes governing species boundaries and intraspecific lineage boundaries. This concordance has not, however, been widely tested. In the case of the Point Conception biogeographic boundary between the Oregonian and Californian marine biotas, only the supralittoral copepod Tigriopus californicus has been found to have a coincident phylogeographic break. Here I show that the apparent relationship between this break and Point Conception was, in fact, an artifact of insufficient geographic sampling. Mitochondrial DNA analyses of T. californicus populations between Morro Bay and San Diego reveal at least five equally deep phylogeographic breaks in the region (where only one biogeographic boundary is recognized). Limited nuclear DNA sequence data and allozyme data also support the occurrence of multiple genetic discontinuities along this geographic range. Lack of one-to-one correspondence between intraspecific phylogeography and biogeographic boundaries indicates that the processes affecting the genetic differentiation of populations of T. californicus differ from those responsible for determining species distributional limits at the Point Conception biogeographic boundary. A review of genetic data from other species also fails to provide evidence for concordance of biogeography and intraspecific phylogeography across Point Conception. I suggest that the concordance of phylogeography with biogeography will only be pronounced where the biogeographic boundary separates biotas that are phylogenetically related. The numerous cases of interspecific hybrid zones in the region of Cape Canaveral, for example, indicate that many sister-species pairs occur across this biogeographic boundary. Such hybrid zones are not common at Point Conception, and there appears to be no cases of intraspecific phylogeographic breaks associated with this well-recognized biogeographic boundary.
Deformities and Problems of the Forearm in Children with Multiple Hereditary Osteochondromata

Multiple hereditary osteochondromata is the most common benign bone tumor. Deformities of the forearm are the most frequent cause of functional impairment in these patients. The most common deformity is a combination of relative shortening of the ulna, bowing of the radius and/or ulna, increased ulnar tilt of the distal radial epiphysis, ulnar deviation of the hand, progressive ulnarward translocation of the carpus, and subluxation/dislocation of the proximal radial head. In addition to relative shortening and cosmetic displeasure, these deformities commonly produce limited forearm rotation, limited wrist motion, and, when the radial head dislocates, both elbow pain and loss of motion. This article reviews all surgical procedures currently in use, and attempts to synopsize the current thinking about how best to treat these deformities. Preventing and reducing progression of deformity and functional impairment, particularly radial head dislocation, remain paramount goals, and aggressive management is advocated.
Introduction to the inaugural issue: a special issue on interdisciplinary work at the intersection of systems and human sciences

The intertwining of people and robots is at the very heart of human-robot interaction. The design of effective human-robot interactions depends not only upon an elegant and thorough engineering design for the robot's behavior, but also a clear and insightful understanding of how the human user is likely to behave toward the robot. This presents a challenge and an opportunity for engaging robotics systems research with the cognitive, behavioral, and social sciences. Without a deeper understanding of human user contexts, real user needs, and an ability to evaluate a robotic system's performance in terms of user needs, robotics runs the risk of inventing technologies for the sake of the technologies themselves. Without a thorough understanding of the state-of-the-art in robotics, user research runs the risk of generating superficial or irrelevant recommendations for robotic system design.
HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING OF GLIOMA STEM CELL LINES FOR DRUG STRUCTURE- AND GENOTYPE-CORRELATED SENSITIVITY TO A PANEL OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS

BACKGROUND: There is substantial genetic heterogeneity among glioblastoma tumors from different patients. To develop an accurate depiction of the molecular determinants of response to therapy, we used a large collection of glioma stem cell lines (GSCs) to study the impact of this heterogeneity on response to tyrosine kinase inhibition. Twelve glioma stem cell (GSC) lines, which are representative of TCGA molecular subtypes, were utilized in a high-throughput compound-screening assay to identify drug sensitivities to over 350 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (GSK PKIS1) with varying cellular targets and mechanisms of kinase inhibition. METHODS: Cells were screened in 384-well plates at a density of 1000 cells/well with drug concentrations of either 5 or 0.5 µM. Cell viability measurements were taken using Cell-Titer Glo five days after drug treatment and compared to control wells. Compounds were defined as highly active (>90 % inhibition at 5 µM; >50% inhibition at 0.5 µM), moderately active (>70% inhibition at 5 µM; >30% inhibition at 0.5 µM), or weakly active (>50% inhibition at 5 µM; >15% inhibition at 0.5 µM.) Compounds used in the screen were analyzed for inhibition efficacy against 220 kinases (NanoSyn). RESULTS: Structure-activity relationship analysis identified three compounds that were highly active against eleven cell lines, three more compounds that were highly effective against at least seven cell lines, and seven additional compounds that were highly effective against at least four cell lines. Kinases identified as potential high value targets in selective cell lines include AKT1, PLK1, and IGF1R. Limited responses were seen to EGFR inhibitors. A separate set of compounds targeting TGF-beta, STAT3, PI3K and Notch were used for comparison of drug efficacy. Differential kinase activity amongst the effective compounds has been utilized to identify novel kinases for further study. Ongoing experiments are being performed to correlate the molecular phenotypes of the GSC's by analyzing RNAseq, whole exome, proteomic, DNA methylation, and copy number variation data with drug sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating drug sensitivity and molecular phenotype will allow us to provide a complete picture of the underlying molecular determinants of GSC sensitivity and resistance to a panel of targeted kinases with the objective of ultimately designing personalized clinical trials for patients with glioblastoma. SECONDARY CATEGORY: n/a.
Playing Soccer in Left Field

One of the unfortunate but perhaps significant tendencies in Pynchon criticism is for explication to replicate the writer's sense of a reality dense with multiple meanings that are often contradictory and almost always elusive. Pynchon criticism too often reads with nearly the same labyrinthine complexity as his texts, and what might have aided in exegesis ends in confusion. This tendency is unfortunate because Pynchon has his detractors, and critics who succumb to this tendency do not do much to counter them. In fact, criticism that too much mimics Pynchon's world may contribute to his reputation, in the view of some, as something of a cult writer, adding fuel to the anti-Pynchon fires. This same tendency is significant, however, because if critics often replicate his polysemous worlds, then it is symptomatic of how these critics share with Pynchon the postmodernist loss of epistemological boundaries. Such a loss is one of Pynchon's major themes, and he would not be exploring it if it were not a general condition of our times, characterizing critics as much as physicists, philosophers, and the man in the street.