cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feline vestibular disorders. Part II: diagnostic approach and differential diagnosis.

Results of a neurological examination usually permit localisation of a vestibular disorder to either the central or peripheral parts of the vestibular system. Many different disorders located in the same part of the vestibular system will produce similar clinical signs. Therefore, additional diagnostic tests beyond a neurological examination are required in order to make an accurate diagnosis. The objectives of this review are to outline a diagnostic approach for disorders affecting the feline vestibular system, and to summarise the clinically important features of frequently diagnosed diseases affecting the vestibular system of cats.
Repair of large cortical defects with block coralline hydroxyapatite

Repair of large cortical defects resulting from trauma or tumor resection presents many challenges. Significant morbidity is associated with autograft harvest sites and the quantity of material is limited. Allografts present immunological complications and the threat of disease transmission. Synthetic materials offer many potential advantages, and several have been proposed. One such material is coralline hydroxyapatite (CH), the hydrothermally converted skeleton of coral. This study focuses on coral of the genus Gonioporu (CHG), with interconnected pores averaging approximately 500 pm in size. The material has been used in orthopaedic practice for repair of cancellous defects (Holmes et al., 1984). The suitability of CHG for the repair of large cortical defects in major weight-bearing long bones is evaluated in this work.
Interactions between spatially tuned mechanisms: converging evidence

Detection and identification performance is measured for four pairs of sinusoidal gratings that differ in spatial-frequency separation. A modified two-alternative forced-choice procedure (2 × 2) is used to measure performance on both tasks simultaneously. The results provide new evidence for the existence of interactions between tuned mechanisms that respond to widely separated frequencies. A method to compare data obtained in the 2 × 2 method quantitatively with both single- and double-response rating data is developed and used to compare the current data with previous rating results. The magnitudes of interactions isolated by the three procedures agree closely.
Descent into the Icehouse

Geologists have long recognized (e.g., [Lyell, 1830–1833][1]) that during the Cenozoic, a world without significant polar ice sheets (Greenhouse World) was transformed into one with large ice sheets at both poles (Icehouse World; [Miller et al., 1991][2]), with concomitant major changes in land
Discharge patterns of orthognathic surgeries in the United States.

Purpose The aim of the present study was to provide a nationally representative estimate of the number and type of different orthognathic procedures performed in hospitalized patients in the United States. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 2008 was used. All hospitalizations for orthognathic surgeries were included. Procedures were identified using the procedure codes of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification . Outcomes, including complications, hospitalization, charges, and length of stay, were examined. All estimates were projected to national levels, taking into consideration the complex sampling frame of the dataset and the discharge weight variable. Results There were 10,345 hospitalizations for orthognathic surgery. The average age of the hospitalized patients was 26.7 years. Whites, blacks, Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Native Americans, and other races constituted 71.9%, 4.9%, 12.6%, 5.6%, 0.4%, and 4.6% of the hospitalizations, respectively. Private insurance plans were the primary payers for 77.3% of all procedures. Segmental osteoplasty of the maxilla was the procedure performed most often (45.8% of all hospitalizations), followed by open osteoplasty of the mandibular ramus (31.7%). Complications included iatrogenic-induced complications (1.5% of all hospitalizations), hemorrhagic complications (1.2%), and bacterial infections (0.6%). The mean charge per hospitalization was $47,348. The total hospitalization charge for the entire United States was close to $466.8 million. The mean length of stay was 2.95 days and the total duration of hospitalization in the entire United States was 30,580 days. Conclusions This study provides nationwide estimates of hospital discharge patterns and outcomes in patients undergoing orthognathic surgeries in United States hospitals. Future studies should examine factors associated with outcomes.
Experimental–computational solution to fatigue induced microcrack source localization in cemented hip arthroplasty models

Abstract The present work examined the effects of signal velocity models, system equation damping, number of sensors, and system singularity on experimental–computational solutions to locate fatigue-induced microcracks in cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA). The following results were found. (1) Variable velocity model is a better approach for localizing microcracks in THA constructs. (2) The optimal range of system damping is between 0.001 and 0.002. (3) The rounding error of the final solution can be limited to the level of 10−2 when the numerical precision is taken to six decimal places for each element in the system matrix. In addition, proper use of system damping can reduce system singularity.
Transcriptional regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene by glucocorticoid and cyclic AMP.

Abstract Glucocorticoid and cyclic AMP increase tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and mRNA levels in pheochromocytoma cultures. The transcriptional activity of the TH gene, as measured by nuclear run-on assay, is also increased when cultures are treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone or agents that increase intracellular cyclic AMP, such as forskolin and 8-BrcAMP. Both inducers effect transcriptional changes within 10 min after treatment and are maximal after 30 min for forskolin and after 60 min for dexamethasone. The 5' flanking sequences of the TH gene were fused to the bacterial gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and the hybrid gene was transfected into pheochromocytoma cultures and GH4 pituitary cells. In both cell lines, a region of the TH gene containing bases -272 to +27 conferred induction of CAT by cyclic AMP, but not by glucocorticoid. The same results were found when a region of the TH gene containing -773 to +27 was used. Thus, the sequences required for induction of TH by cyclic AMP are contained within 272 bases of 5' flanking sequence, but sequences sufficient for glucocorticoid regulation are not contained within 773 bases.
An Analysis of Research and Clinical Practice in Neonatal Pain Management

Purpose To review the literature on neonatal pain management with a focus on historical misconcep-tions, ethical issues, barriers to practice, the role of the advanced practice nurse (APN), and suggested improvements. Data Sources Selected research and review articles in nursing and medical literature. Conclusions Health care professionals agree that neonates experience pain and in turn deserve effective treatment. Research is controversial regarding the extent of pain management necessary in relation to short-term benefits and long-term consequences. Ethical issues arise when research supporting pain management is not consistently utilized in nursing practice. Implications for Practice Protocols and standardized pain management strategies have demonstrated a beneficial effect on overall patient outcomes. The APN is identified as being in the optimal position to facilitate enhanced neonatal pain management through research, education, and direct clinical care.
Contribution of the 2 1 Ag state to the third-order optical nonlinearity in a squaraine dye

We have measured the third-harmonic response, γ, of a centrosymmetric squaraine dye (ISQ) in chloroform at a range of frequencies for which the third harmonic is above the strong, narrow peak in the dye’s linear absorption spectrum but below the UV absorption band. By fitting the experimental dispersion of γ using a four-level model, we determine the strength, location, and width of the lowest-lying two-photon transition. We find that the 21Ag state appears just above the 11Bu state in energy and that the 11Bu–21Ag transition moment is somewhat smaller than the transition moment between the ground state and the 1 1Bu state but much larger than previously predicted for comparable squaraine dyes.
Normal accidents: Data quality problems in ERP-enabled manufacturing

The efficient operation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems largely depends on data quality. ERP can improve data quality and information sharing within an organization. It can also pose challenges to data quality. While it is well known that data quality is important in ERP systems, most existing research has focused on identifying the factors affecting the implementation and the business values of ERP. With normal accident theory as a theoretical lens, we examine data quality problems in ERP using a case study of a large, fast-growing multinational manufacturer headquartered in China. Our findings show that organizations that have successfully implemented ERP can still experience certain data quality problems. We identify major data quality problems in data production, storage and maintenance, and utilization processes. We also analyze the causes of these data quality problems by linking them to certain characteristics of ERP systems within an organizational context. Our analysis shows that problems resulting from the tight coupling effects and the complexity of ERP-enabled manufacturing systems can be inevitable. This study will help researchers and practitioners formulate data management strategies that are effective in the presence of certain “normal” data quality problems.
Mitochondrial oxidative stress in mice lacking the glutathione peroxidase-1 gene.

Oxidative stress resulting from mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been hypothesized to damage mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and to be a factor in aging and degenerative disease. If this hypothesis is correct, then genetically inactivating potential mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1; EC 1.11.1.9) should increase mitochondrial ROS production and decrease OXPHOS function. To determine the expression pattern of Gpx1, isoform-specific antibodies were generated and mutant mice were prepared in which the Gpx1 protein was substituted for by β-galactosidase, driven by the Gpx1 promoter. These experiments revealed that Gpx1 is highly expressed in both the mitochondria and the cytosol of the liver and kidney, but poorly expressed in heart and muscle. To determine the physiological importance of Gpx1, mice lacking Gpx1 were generated by targeted mutagenesis in mouse ES cells. Homozygous mutant Gpx1tm1Mgr mice have 20% less body weight than normal animals and increased levels of lipid peroxides in the liver. Moreover, the liver mitochondria were found to release markedly increased hydrogen peroxide, a Gpx1 substrate, and have decreased mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and power output index. Hence, genetic inactivation of Gpx1 resulted in growth retardation, presumably due in part to reduced mitochondrial energy production as a product of increased oxidative stress.
Stellar energy-loss rates due to S, P, or T neutral currents

The energy-loss rate in stellar matter due to neutrino production is calculated assuming that the weak leptonic neutral current includes scalar, pseudoscalar, or tensor covariants. The processes ${e}^{+} + {e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu} + \overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma} + e\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e + \ensuremath{\nu} + \overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, $e+Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e+Z+\ensuremath{\nu}+\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}+\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ are considered in the respective temperature and density regions of physical significance. Comparison with observed stellar lifetimes allows an upper limit to be placed on the new couplings.
U.S.-Based Fast-Food Restaurants: Factors Influencing the International Expansion of Franchise Systems

Studies of international franchising are scant but increasing and can be divided into two streams of research: those focusing on environmental predictors of internationalization and those focusing on strategic, firm-level characteristics. Examining the latter category, this study empirically explores a set of firm-level attributes as predictors of decision making on whether firms seek international expansion. Using longitudinal data from Bond's Franchise Guide 2001–2008, we draw on a sample of U.S.-based fast-food franchise systems to test our hypotheses. Specifically, our database is composed of 1,058 observations of 158 chains, and we estimate a semi-parametric logistic model for international franchising. The model contributes to the literature by being the first to examine the nonlinearity of international franchising determinants using agency theory. The results show that (a) bonding, (b) the percentage of franchised units, (c) the number of states within which the system operates, and (d) the provis...
Reversibility of morphine tolerance and dependence in guinea pig brain and myenteric plexus.

WHEN guinea pigs are exposed continuously to high morphine concentrations, tolerance and physical dependence develop within a few days in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the myenteric plexus. In the plexus morphine tolerance is associated with subsensitivity to the inhibitory catecholamines and supersensitivity to the excitatory neuro-transmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)1,2. We have investigated the following questions about these phenomena, (a) After opiate withdrawal in animals made tolerant and dependent, would the altered sensitivities to neurotransmitters in the plexus return to normal? (b) If so, would loss of tolerance to morphine in the plexus proceed in parallel with loss of subsensitivity to catecholamines and loss of supersensitivity to 5-HT? (c) Would such reversion to normal in the plexus be concurrent with disappearance of CNS indications of tolerance and dependence?
Eye Movements in Reading

(1936). Eye Movements in Reading. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 241-277.
Instrumental Response Function for Filtergraph Instruments

Dopplergrams and magnetograms arising from filtergraph instruments such as the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI), or the Hinode Narrow Band Filter Imager are generally associated with observation heights that are derived from the contribution function of the targeted absorption line, irrespective of the instrument characteristics. Observation heights are important for interpreting the phases of propagating waves, and for the diagnostics of the solar atmosphere. I show in this paper that the formalism presented by Ruiz Cobo and del Toro Iniesta (Astron. Astrophys. 283, 129, 1994) provides a straightforward approach to associate an observation height for each observable given the instrumental algorithm, the transmission profiles and the local stratification at the point of observation. To demonstrate the method, I construct a simple radially symmetric sunspot model and calculate the mean observation height for various MDI observables as a function of horizontal location. It is shown that different ways of measuring the same quantity can result in different observation heights, that the offset velocity caused by the spacecraft motion has to be taken into account, and that observation heights in sunspots vary beyond the pure geometric effect of the Wilson depression.
Substantia nigra glutamate antagonists produce contralateral turning and basal ganglia Fos expression: interactions with D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists.

Experiments measuring behavior and immediate-early gene expression in the basal ganglia can reveal interactions between dopamine (DA) and glutamate neurotransmission. Nigrostriatal DA projections influence two striatal efferent pathways that, in turn, directly and indirectly influence the activity of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). This report tests the interactions between striatal DA receptors and nigral glutamate receptors on basal ganglia function by examining both contralateral turning and Fos immunoreactivity in striatum and pallidum following unilateral intranigral microinfusions of glutamate antagonists given to intact and 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. The NMDA antagonist AP5 (1 μg), or the AMPA/kainate antagonist DNQX (0.015–1.5 μg), injected into the SNr (0.5 μl) elicited contralateral turning as well as both striatal and pallidal Fos expression. Moreover, intranigral DNQX elicited more turning and greater numbers of Fos-positive striatal neurons in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals than in unlesioned controls, suggesting that the 6-OHDA injection induces functional changes in nigral glutamate transmission. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, systemic injections of the DA D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) increased striatal Fos expression due to intranigral DNQX. In contrast, the D2 agonist quinpirole (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased striatal Fos expression but increased the pallidal Fos arising from intranigral AP5. In additional experiments, both intact and 6-OHDA-lesioned rats were given simultaneous intranigral and intrastriatal infusions and turning and pallidal Fos expression were measured. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats given 5 μg of intrastriatal quinpirole exhibited both turning and pallidal Fos that was significantly increased by intranigral AP5. These results indicate that the opposing influences of D2 agonists and endogenous nigral glutamate transmission are mediated by striatal D2 receptors. Finally, the behavioral effects of intranigral glutamate antagonism can be dissociated from the effects on striatal or pallidal immediate-early gene expression. Synapse 36:194–204, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modelling ambiguity in urban planning

Most data related to urban and regional planning and the assessment of economic, environmental and social sustainability of a city or region have a spatial component. Some of these data are also inherently ambiguous in nature. Traditional Boolean logic in GIS lacks the capability to model the fuzziness, uncertainties and imprecision of data in geographic information and human decision-making processes. While considerable studies have investigated applications of fuzzy system in urban planning, only a few studies have attempted to integrate fuzzy inference within a GIS platform with the Mamdani method. To facilitate the efficient modelling and displaying of the imprecision of geographic data and human judgement, we develop a rule-based fuzzy inference system within ArcGIS environment using the Sugeno method. This article describes the development process of the system and demonstrates the usefulness of fuzzy logic application in urban planning. It concludes with a discussion of implications for urban plann...
Fine-Scale Genetic Structure of Monilinia fructicola During Brown Rot Epidemics Within Individual Peach Tree Canopies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the fine-scale genetic structure of populations of the brown rot pathogen Monilinia fructicola within individual peach tree canopies to better understand within-tree plant pathogen diversity and to complement previous work on spatiotemporal development of brown rot disease at the canopy level. Across 3 years in a total of six trees, we monitored disease development, collected isolates from every M. fructicola symptom during the course of the season, and created high-resolution three-dimensional maps of all symptom and isolate locations within individual canopies using an electromagnetic digitizer. Each canopy population (65 to 173 isolates per tree) was characterized using a set of 13 microsatellite markers and analyzed for evidence of spatial genetic autocorrelation among isolates during the epidemic phase of the disease. Results showed high genetic diversity (average uh = 0.529) and high genotypic diversity (average D = 0.928) within canopies. The percentage of...
Effects of Low-Intensity Exercise and Noise Exposure on Temporary Threshold Shift

It is not known if an individual who is susceptible to temporary threshold shift (TTS) may also suffer permanent hearing loss. Risk for hearing loss is caused by the physical properties (frequency, intensity, and duration) of noise and other possible factors including physical exercise. Seventeen subjects cycled at 40% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) with and without noise administered via personal headphones. Exercising at 40% of VO2 max is considered to be low intensity. Hearing tests before and after these two exercise conditions and a noise-only condition indicated that TTS only occurred when noise was present, that is, exercise alone did not result in TTS. Therefore TTS and subsequent hearing loss (which only persisted for 24-48 h) was found to be driven by noise exposure, not low-intensity exercise.
Trace element concentration and speciation in selected urban soils in New York City

A long history of urbanization and industrialization has affected trace elements in New York City (NYC) soils. Selected NYC pedons were analyzed by aqua regia microwave digestion and sequential chemical extraction as follows: water soluble (WS); exchangeable (EX); specifically sorbed/carbonate bound (SS/CAR); oxide-bound (OX); organic/sulfide bound (OM/S). Soils showed a range in properties (e.g., pH 3.9 to 7.4). Sum of total extractable (SUMTE) trace elements was higher in NYC parks compared to Bronx River watershed sites. NYC surface horizons showed higher total extractable (TE) levels compared to US non-anthropogenic soils. TE levels increased over 10 year in some of the relatively undisturbed and mostly wooded park sites. Surface horizons of park sites with long-term anthropogenic inputs showed elevated TE levels vs. subsurface horizons. Conversely, some Bronx River watershed soils showed increased concentrations with depth, reflective of their formation in a thick mantle of construction debris increasing with depth and intermingled with anthrotransported soil materials. Short-range variability was evident in primary pedons and satellite samples (e.g., Pb 253 ± 143 mg/kg). Long-range variability was indicated by PbTE (348 versus 156 mg/kg) and HgTE (1 versus 0.3 mg/kg) concentrations varying several-fold in the same soil but in different geographic locations. Relative predominance of fractions: RES (37 %) > SS/CAR (22 %) > OX (20 %) > OM/S (10 %) > EX (7 %) > WS (4 %). WS and EX fractions were greatest for Hg (7 %) and Cd (14 %), respectively. RES was predominant fraction for Co, Cr, Ni, and Zn (41 to 51 %); SS/CAR for Cd and Pb (40 and 63 %); OM/S for Cu and Hg (36 and 37 %); and OX for As (59 %).
Self-Identified Traditional, Moderate, and Liberal Catholics: Movement-Based Identities or Something Else?

Through qualitative analyses of 50 in-depth interviews with Catholics in three Midwestern cities, I investigate the role of religious movement organizations in the formation of Catholic identities. I find that movement organizations and elites tend to have little direct impact on the formation of Catholic parishioners’ identities in my sample. While movements’ disruptions and interactions with media are useful for generating debate and wider recognition of religious disagreements, my respondents are not usually socialized by nor do they identify with familiar movements when they call themselves traditional, moderate, and liberal. Most are uninterested in and unacquainted with movement organizations and publications. Instead, their religious identification is a form of religious mapping, which reflects their self-understood position vis-a-vis recognized cultural conflicts within the larger religious community. While movements play a limited role, I argue that we should be wary of conceptualizing Catholic identities as products of movement groups or parachurch networks since most Catholic identity-work occurs within families and parishes, as opposed to movements or parachurch organizations.
Bullet in the Left Ventricle from a Remote Gunshot Wound to the Heart

A bullet was found at necropsy in the left ventricle of a man who died of carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The bullet had entered the body at an unknown time in the remote past. The bullet probably gained entrance to the heart through the left atrial wall and lodged in the left ventricle. Language: en
Estimation of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III index scores with the 7-subtest short form in a clinical sample.

A 7-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) previously demonstrated good comparability in estimating Full Scale and Verbal IQ summary scores, with adequate comparability in estimating Performance IQ. In a mixed clinical sample of 295 patients, the current study assessed the equivalence of the index scores generated from the full and prorated WAIS-III. The results revealed correlations corrected for redundancy of .90, .86, .87, and .75 for the Verbal Comprehension (VCI), Perceptual Organization (POI), Working Memory (WMI), and Processing Speed (PSI) indexes, respectively. Although the 7-subtest short form of the WAIS-III was not designed to estimate index scores, adequate estimates are viable for VCI, POI, and WMI when the goal is to obtain group, rather than individual, data points.
Nondissociative Chemisorption of Methanethiol on Ag(110): A Critical Result for Self-Assembled Monolayers

Three definitive experiments have been performed to investigate the possibility of dissociative adsorption of methanethiol (CH3SH) on clean Ag(110). On the clean Ag(110) surface, the adsorption in the first layer occurs to 0.5 ML, producing a (2 × 1) low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) structure. The undissociated molecule desorbs starting at ∼140 K, and only tiny quantities of other gaseous products are desorbed, and only tiny quantities of S-containing species remain. Using a 50:50% mixture of CH3SD and CD3SH, we find no evidence of S−H or S−D bond scission between these molecules upon desorption. And finally, when the CH3SH molecule is incident on the clean Ag(110) surface in the temperature range of 230−400 K, less than 1% of the incident molecules dissociate to produce adsorbed sulfur-containing species. The results influence our thinking about the surface bonding of alkanethiol-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on noble metals.
Who will Stir the Water for Us? A Pastoral Retrospective

This essay explores a parish-based pastoral counseling case with a terminally ill woman suffering from crippling memories of childhood trauma. The analysis of the case focuses on the mutual influence arising within relational field, the idealizing transference (Kohut) or archetypal projection (Jung) onto the pastoral caregiver, and the purposeful function of a symbol which arose spontaneously in the work. Recalling the ancient incubation rites of Aesculapius, the article concludes by suggesting parallels for illuminating modern approaches to psychological and religious healing.
Prevocational Experience and Postentry Behavior: Occupational Influences on Job Attitudes and Turnover

The effect of prevocational contact on postentry behavior was studied using a sample of staff nurses. The results indicated that those nurses who had prevocational contact with the nursing occupation had different conceptions of the nursing role and more positive work attitudes than those who did not have prevocational contact with the profession. The groups. however, did not differ with respect to turnover.
Resource use by abused women following an intervention program: associated severity of abuse and reports of abuse ending.

This study examines the relationship between severity of abuse and use of community resources following an intervention program in a primary care setting. Using an ethnically stratified design 199 physically or sexually abused women were recruited: 35% (n = 70) African Americans 33% (n = 66) Hispanics and 32% (n = 63) Caucasians. These women were divided into 2 groups; 132 women in the intervention group and 67 women in the comparison group. The comparison group was composed of postpartum abused women who were given a wallet-sized card listing community resources for violence and the intervention group was composed of pregnant abused women who received 3 counseling sessions. Several instruments were used to determine the severity of abuse and the use of resources among these women. The results indicate that use of resources and the police was correlated to severity of abuse. At 6 and 12 months after delivery of a child resource and police use was lowest for Hispanic and legally married women with use higher among older and more educated women. The findings demonstrate a "survivorship model" wherein abused women respond to more severe abuse with increased help seeking.
Evaluation of the effect of partial asymmetric stent coverage on neurovascular aneurysm hemodynamics using Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations

The asymmetric vascular stent (AVS) is a new minimally invasive endovascular device, designed to reduce the potential for further growth and rupture of cerebral aneurysms by substantially modifying the aneurysmal inflow. The low porosity part of the AVS or patch must be deployed to either completely or partially cover the aneurysm orifice. In this study, we investigated the effect on aneurysm hemodynamics of partial coverage with an asymmetric stent using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis and visualization. The low porosity patch of an asymmetric stent was computationally created and deformed to fit into the vessel lumen. Such a patch was placed both in an idealized aneurysm model and in a patient-specific aneurysm model to cover only a portion of the aneurysm orifice either proximally or distally according to the flow direction. The CFD-generated hemodynamic image sequences in the untreated and stented aneurysm models were compared. The asymmetric stent effectively attenuated the aneurysmal flow when the primary inflow was blocked by the patch. Consequently, the Wall Shear Stress (WSS) was reduced, and flow stasis was substantially increased by stenting. For the idealized model, distal placement was better for reducing the inflow jet, whereas for the patient-specific model proximal placement was better. We can conclude that CFD visualizations may be essential to guide either the optimal positioning of a small low porosity region of the AVS or the acceptability of inaccurate placement of a larger AVS patch for partial aneurysm orifice coverage.
Maximizing non-linear concave functions in fixed dimension

Consider a convex set P in R/sup d/ and a piece wise polynomial concave function F: P to R. Let A be an algorithm that given a point x in IR/sup d/ computes F(x) if x in P, or returns a concave polynomial p such that p(x) or= 0. The author assumes that d is fixed and that all comparisons in A depend on the sign of polynomial functions of the input point. He shows that under these conditions, one can find max/sub P/ F in time which is polynomial in the number of arithmetic operations of A. Using this method he gives the first strongly polynomial algorithms for many nonlinear parametric problems in fixed dimension, such as the parametric max flow problem, the parametric minimum s-t distance, the parametric spanning tree problem and other problems. In addition he shows that in one dimension, the same result holds even if one only knows how to approximate the value of F. Specifically, if one can obtain an alpha -approximation for F(x) then one can alpha -approximate the value of maxF. He thus obtains the first polynomial approximation algorithms for many NP-hard problems such as the parametric Euclidean traveling salesman problem. >
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY: A NOVEL PRESENTATION

We report a central hypoventilation syndrome (CHS) in a boy with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) deficiency. Dephos-phorylated PDHC was assayed in disrupted fibroblasts after pre-treatment with dichloroacetate (DCA). Maximal specific activity of activated patient PDHC was 10-30% of controls, and was not increased by alterations in concentrations of pyruvate or cofactors. Normalization of plasma lactate by a high lipid diet did not prevent slow neurologic decline, with intermittent ataxia, episodic weakness, psychomotor retardation, ophthalmoplegia and retinal pigment epithelial changes. A CHS was documented by radiologic, electrophysiologic and pulmonary function criteria. Theophylline, progesterone and ritalin neither altered ventilatory response to CO2 nor permitted weaning from the ventilator. In contrast periperhal chemoreceptor stimulants (doxapram; Almitrine) effected an acute doubling of minute ventilation with decreases in paCO2. Longer-term response to Alimtrine was equivocal. In conclusion, measurement of disrupted fibroblast PDHC following DCA activation is an accurate assay for PDHC deficiency. PDHC deficiency must be considered in the differential diagnosis of CHS; to our knowledge, this is the first report of such an association. Finally, trial of a peripheral chemoreceptor agonist is warranted in the management of CHS.
Frequent school-based clinic utilization: a comparative profile of problems and service needs.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare frequent users of school-based clinic services with students who have an average rate of utilization. Sample: Of the 1413 students enrolled in a Denver school-based clinic (DSBC) during the 1989–1990 school year, frequent clinic users ( n = 73) were defined as those who visited the clinic 15 times or more (range, 15–72 visits per year). Average users ( n = 82) were defined as students who visited the clinic three times during the year (the mean and median number of visits per student enrolled). Average users were compared. Results: The average utilizers were found to be representative of the entire student population based on age, race, gender, and grade. The frequent users had more females (71%) and a lower grade point average (GPA) (2.11) than the average users (52% female, 2.54 GPA; p p p Conclusion: These data suggest that frequent clinic users have significant health needs that may require a higher rate of utilization.
Complete cycle of development of a pelagic chaetognath in culture.

THE complete cycle of development from egg to egg for a pelagic species of chaetognath has not been achieved previously1 in the laboratory. Dallot2 maintained Sagitta setosa and Murikami3,4 S. crassa long enough to observe cyclic reproductive changes. Murikami reared larvae for several days as I did5 with S. hispida. Otherwise, the life span of most chaetognaths brought into the laboratory has been measured in hours6. Extended studies of live chaetognaths would be useful because these are among the commonest marine macroplanktonic carnivores and, as such, must play a major part in the trophodynamics of the sea. They have also frequently been used as “indicator species” for water masses7.
Design of a human-computer interface for a multimodeling object-oriented simulation environment

MOOSE is an application framework under the development at University of Florida, which is used for modeling and simulation. MOOSE is based on Object Oriented Physical Modeling (OOPM), and consists of a Human Computer Interface (HCI), translator, and engine. A human model author builds the model of a physical system with the help of graphical user interface (GUI) and represents his/her model with a picture. The MOOSE GUI contains two types of modelers: conceptual and dynamic. The conceptual modeler supports a model author to define classes and relations among classes in a form of class hierarchy that represents the conceptual model. The dynamic modeler assists a model author to build dynamic models for each of the classes defined in the conceptual model. The dynamic model types supported are functional block model, finite state mode, equation model, system dynamics model, and rule based model. We are currently performing research to enlarge the HCI capability by adopting 3D graphics to provide a more immersive and natural environment for better interfacing geometry and dynamic models. We suggest 3D GUI with MOOSE plug-ins and APIs, a static modeler and 3D scenarios. When a user selects a physical object on the 3D graphic window, they use this 'handle' to get the conceptual model that relates to that object.
Weed Community Dynamics in the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and the Efficacy of Mechanical Cultivation and Competitive Rice Cultivars for Weed Control in Indonesia

ABSTRACT The system of rice intensification (SRI) prescribes the use of young seedlings, planted at reduced densities and managed using reduced irrigation and frequent mechanical weeding, as a means of optimizing rice yields and reducing input costs. Such changes in management practice have been known to result in prominent shifts in weed flora, which if anticipated could help refine future weed control strategies. This study, conducted at four locations in West Java, Indonesia, examines the effects of two complimentary control tactics, mechanical cultivation and competitive rice cultivars, on individual weed species, broader weed classes and entire weed communities. Relative dry weights of individual weed species ranged widely from site-to-site. Differences in dry weight among weed classes were observed, with sedges accumulating greater biomass than either broadleaved weeds or grasses in nonweeded plots across all sites and cultivars. Mechanical cultivation was effective in reducing the dry weight, densi...
Associative and sensorimotor learning for parenting involves mirror neurons under the influence of oxytocin.

Mirror neuron–based associative learning may be understood according to associative learning theories, in addition to sensorimotor learning theories. This is important for a comprehensive understanding of the role of mirror neurons and related hormone modulators, such as oxytocin, in complex social interactions such as among parent–infant dyads and in examples of mirror neuron function that involve abnormal motor systems such as depression.
The role of hyperplasia in multiple parathyroid adenomas

Background Parathyroid adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). Adenomas usually involve only a single gland, and the remaining glands are normal or suppressed. Multiple parathyroid adenomas have been reported to occur in as high as 11% of patients with pHPT. The significant incidence of multiple adenomas with histologic similarities to hyperplasia has raised the possibility that adenoma is a continuation of the hyperplasia state. To test this theory, we used molecular genetics to compare clonality and proliferative activity of parathyroid adenoma with its corresponding normal glandular tissue. Furthermore, we devised a scheme to definitively distinguish between the different parathyroid states on a molecular level, because histologic distinction is unreliable. Methods The study included three patients with a diagnosis of singular parathyroid adenoma and three with double parathyroid adenomas. Paraffin-embedded surgical specimens of both adenomas and normal glands were retrieved from each patient. Clonal analysis of the phosphoglycerolkinase (PGK) gene has suggested that parathyroid adenomas are monoclonal. Clonality of parathyroid adenomas and normal parathyroid glands was studied by polymerase chain reaction–based restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis for the PGK gene. Proliferative activity of the specimens was also analyzed using the immunohistochemical markers PCNA and Ki-67. Results All adenomas were monoclonal and all normal parathyroid glands were polyclonal for the PGK gene in both the single and double adenoma specimens. All adenomas stained positive for proliferative activity. In the three patients with singular adenoma, proliferative activity was not detected in the normal parathyroid tissue. However, in the double adenoma group, two of the three patients showed hyperproliferative activity in the normal glands. Conclusion Proliferative activity consistent with hyperplasia was present in some normal glands of multiple adenoma patients. Our observation supports the theory that multiple adenomas may be a continuation of the hyperplasia state. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 134–139, 2001.
SRF regulates craniofacial development through selective recruitment of MRTF cofactors by PDGF signaling

Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling is critical for mammalian craniofacial development, but the key downstream transcriptional effectors remain unknown. We demonstrate that serum response factor (SRF) is induced by both platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme cells and that Srf neural crest conditional mutants exhibit facial clefting accompanied by proliferation and migration defects. Srf and Pdgfra mutants interact genetically in craniofacial development, but Srf and Fgfr1 mutants do not. This signal specificity is recapitulated at the level of cofactor activation: while both PDGF and FGF target gene promoters show enriched genome-wide overlap with SRF ChIP-seq peaks, PDGF selectively activates a network of MRTF-dependent cytoskeletal genes. Collectively, our results identify a role for SRF in proliferation and migration during craniofacial development and delineate a mechanism of receptor tyrosine kinase specificity mediated through differential cofactor usage, leading to a PDGF-responsive SRF-driven transcriptional program in the midface.
Proteolytic and microbial inactivation of enteroviruses

Abstract Some enteroviruses are susceptible to proteolytic enzymes. Coxsackie virus type A-9 seems to be an extreme example of this. It was inactivated by proteolytic bacteria (notably Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in a limited survey. This inactivation could be distinguished from adsorption or aggregation of the virus particles: 14 C label from the virus coat protein, but not 32 P from the viral nucleic acid, was taken up by the bacterial cells.
Loggers and Forest Fragmentation: Behavioral Models of Road Building in the Amazon Basin

Although a large literature now exists on the drivers of tropical deforestation, less is known about its spatial manifestation. This is a critical shortcoming in our knowledge base since the spatial pattern of land-cover change and forest fragmentation, in particular, strongly affect biodiversity. The purpose of this article is to consider emergent patterns of road networks, the initial proximate cause of fragmentation in tropical forest frontiers. Specifically, we address the road-building processes of loggers who are very active in the Amazon landscape. To this end, we develop an explanation of road expansions, using a positive approach combining a theoretical model of economic behavior with geographic information systems (GIs) software in order to mimic the spatial decisions of road builders. We simulate two types of road extensions commonly found in the Amazon basin in a region: showing the fishbone pattern of fragmentation. Although our simulation results are only partially successful, they call attention to the role of multiple agents in the landscape, the importance of legal and institutional constraints on economic behavior, and the power of GIs as a research tool.
Sequential Change-Point Detection When the Pre- and Post-Change Parameters are Unknown

We describe asymptotically optimal Bayesian and frequentist solutions to the problem of sequential change-point detection in multiparameter exponential families when the pre- and post-change parameters are unknown. In this connection we also address certain issues recently raised by Mei (2008) concerning performance criteria for detection rules in this setting.
The strong stability of algorithms for solving symmetric linear systems

An algorithm for solving linear equations is stable on the class of nonsingular symmetric matrices or on the class of symmetric positive definite matrices if the computed solution solves a system that is near the original problem. Here it is shown that any stable algorithm is also strongly stable on the same matrix class if the computed solution solves a nearby problem that is also symmetric or symmetric positive definite.
Theoretical motivations for investigating the neural correlates of consciousness

I review the major contenders for the neural correlates of visual awareness. Different views of the neural correlates turn out to support different theories, such as the global workspace theory, local visual processing theories, and the higher-order representation theory. Therefore, studying the neural correlates of consciousness may prove useful to theoretical development, although arbitrating between different interpretations of the neural results may involve conceptual issues as well. WIREs Cogn Sci 2011 2 1-7 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.93 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Elastic constants and lattice vibration frequencies of Mg2Si

Abstract The longitudinal and transverse sound velocities of Mg 2 Si in the [110] and [111] directions have been measured from 80 to 300° K by a resonance technique. The elastic constants obtained from these velocities were combined with optical data to calculate the lattice vibration frequencies and specific heat for a point charge model. The calculated and experimental specific heats were compared. The Debye temperatures have the same general temperature dependence, but the calculated values are about 5 per cent higher than the experimental values.
Nutritional Value of Proteins from Different Food Sources. A Review

The nutritional value or quality of structurally different proteins varies and is governed by amino acid composition, ratios of essential amino acids, susceptibility to hydrolysis during digestion, source, and the effects of processing. To optimize the biological utilization of proteins, a better understanding is needed of the various interrelated parameters that influence their nutritive value. This review attempts to contribute to this effort. It discusses methods used for protein quality evaluation, research needs to facilitate labeling foods for protein quality, and factors influencing protein quality including amino acid analysis, digestion, food processing, antinutrients, and protein-energy relationships. Recent studies on the nutritional quality of more than 50 common and uncommon protein sources including cereals, legumes, other seeds, meat, seafood, insects, leaves, mushrooms, and potatoes are reviewed. Also described are advantages of consuming low-quality proteins fortified with essential amino...
Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas

Previous studies have demonstrated that allelic deletions of the short arm of chromosome 17 occur in over 75% of colorectal carcinomas. Twenty chromosome 17p markers were used to localize the common region of deletion in these tumors to a region contained within bands 17p12 to 17p13.3. This region contains the gene for the transformation-associated protein p53. Southern and Northern blot hybridization experiments provided no evidence for gross alterations of the p53 gene or surrounding sequences. As a more rigorous test of the possibility that p53 was a target of the deletions, the p53 coding regions from two tumors were analyzed; these two tumors, like most colorectal carcinomas, had allelic deletions of chromosome 17p and expressed considerable amounts of p53 messenger RNA from the remaining allele. The remaining p53 allele was mutated in both tumors, with an alanine substituted for valine at codon 143 of one tumor and a histidine substituted for arginine at codon 175 of the second tumor. Both mutations occurred in a highly conserved region of the p53 gene that was previously found to be mutated in murine p53 oncogenes. The data suggest that p53 gene mutations may be involved in colorectal neoplasia, perhaps through inactivation of a tumor suppressor function of the wild-type p53 gene.