cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of cloned chloroplast DNA from Euglena gracilis in an in vitro DNA-dependent transcription-translation system prepared from E. coli

Abstract Recombinant plasmids containing restriction endonuclease fragments of chloroplast DNA from the alga Euglena gracilis were expressed in an in vitro DNA-dependent transcription-translation system prepared from E. coli . The polypeptides synthesized in this system were radioactively labeled and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Expression of chloroplast DNA fragments cloned in both orientations relative to the plasmid vector and of plasmids containing chloroplast DNA fragments whose nucleotide sequences partially overlap one another permitted the identification of 14 different regions on this organellar genome that have the potential to code for polypeptides.
Redefining Outdoor Education: A Matter of Many Relationships

Abstract A new definition of outdoor education founded upon six major points is presented. Outdoor education: (1) is a method for learning; (2) is experiential; (3) takes place primarily in the outdoors; (4) requires use of all senses and domains; (5) is based upon interdisciplinary curriculum matter; and (6) is a matter of relationships involving people and natural resources. The metaphorical model of a tree describes two approaches to outdoor education. Adventure education relates to interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships. Environmental education concentrates on ecosystemic and ekistic relationships. The author maintains that both approaches, properly integrated, achieve objectives for all four relationships, and, in the process, create a truly functional outdoor education experience.
Positive Remodeling, Regression of In-Stent Neointimal Hyperplasia, and Late Stent Malapposition in the Absence of Brachytherapy

A 50-year-old white man presented with in-stent restenosis in April 1998. He had undergone angioplasty with stent implantation for a lesion in the right coronary artery in December 1977, when he was 29 years old. At that time, he was enrolled in a placebo-controlled, randomized trial of γ-irradiation to prevent recurrent in-stent restenosis (Washington Radiation In-Stent Restenosis Trial [WRIST]). This included an intravascular ultrasound substudy. After the dwell time and at follow-up, imaging was performed using a 30-MHz single-element, mechanically rotating transducer (SCIMED/Boston …
Do individual factors and neighborhood context explain ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency

Individually measured factors and neighborhood context were related to juvenile delinquency in a community sample of 506 urban, public-school boys. Neighborhood context was measured with an objective, census-based score that classified neighborhoods as underclass or not underclass. When African American youths and white youths were compared without regard to neighborhood context, African American youths were more frequently and more seriously delinquent than white youths. When African American youths didnot live in underclass neighborhoods, their delinquent behavior was similar to that of the white youths. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that boys' hyperactivity and parental supervision were the strongest correlates of delinquency. Single-parent status and poverty/welfare use were not related to delinquent behavior. Once individually measured factors were accounted for, residence in underclass neighborhoods was significantly related to delinquent behavior while ethnicity was not. This study points to the importance of including the neighborhood context when addressing the social problems of African American youths.
Representing the West in the Arabic Language: The Slave Narrative of Omar Ibn Said

In From Behind the Veil, a seminal text in African-American literary studies, Robert Stepto posits that for African-America, the ‘pregeneric myth’—a shared myth both predating the literary form and influencing the texts composing a culture’s literary canon—is ‘the quest for freedom and literacy’. His study takes as its starting point four slave narratives that represent the earliest period in the history of the African-American narrative as literary form. Introducing key phases in the slave narrative, Stepto charts the increasing independence of the slave’s voice. He notes the plethora of voices, represented by appended documents, which serve to authenticate the narrative, and he subsequently analyses slaves’ strategies of gaining authorial control over their texts. The work, a critical study of the slave narrative, could not have anticipated the 1995 rediscovery of a particularly significant text in the history of the African-American narrative, which would trouble this declared pregeneric myth: the 1831 slave narrative of Omar ibn Said. Commissioned to write in the Arabic language, Omar wrote the earliest piece of extant Arabic writing on American soil, and the only existing autobiography of an American slave in Arabic, thereby complicating Stepto’s statement regarding African-American literature. Omar’s narrative, written in the language of a slave already literate before coming to America, thus sets aside the driving myth of the quest for literacy. Furthermore, his having written in Arabic seems to dispense with the standard requirement for authenticating documents—endorsed
Polarimetry of Pluto

The polarization of Pluto has been measured for a range of solar phase angles from 0.8 to 1.8 deg. A mean linear polarization of 0.29 + or - 0.01% (error of the mean) was found. No dependence of both the amount of polarization and position angles with rotational phase or solar phase angle could be detected. The positional angles of polarization agree with calculated position angles of the defect of illumination and are therefore parallel to the scattering plane. The observed polarization cannot be explained as resulting purely from a surface material which is similar to asteroidal surfaces. A hypothesis of polarization from a thin atmosphere, in addition to the surface polarization, is advanced.
Instrumental Valuation in a Democratic Society

There is no area in institutional economics more critical than the approach to value and the valuation process. At the same time, despite the many efforts which have been made to delineate the instrumental theory of value, and despite a common core of views toward instrumental valuation which are not really in dispute, the subject in many ways remains unclear and even controversial. This is particularly true if one attempts to push the implications of instrumental valuation as commonly expressed to their logical conclusion or to apply the theory in new areas. This paper is an effort to make a modest contribution toward clarifying some of these implications of instrumental value.
SURFACTANT REPLACEMENT THERAPY

Dysfunction of the surfactant system of the lung in the setting of acute lung injury (ALI) is likely to contribute to the pathophysiology of that syndrome. Multiple mechanisms, including injury to alveolar type II cells and inhibition by plasma proteins contribute to this loss of function. Similar injury occurs in animal models of acute lung injury and, in that setting, treatment with exogenous surfactant causes marked improvement in gas exchange. Clinical studies of surfactant treatment of ALI suggest benefit, and definitive phase III trials are now in progress.
A phenylalanine in DGAT is a key determinant of oil content and composition in maize

Plant oil is an important renewable resource for biodiesel production and for dietary consumption by humans and livestock. Through genetic mapping of the oil trait in plants, studies have reported multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with small effects, but the molecular basis of oil QTLs remains largely unknown. Here we show that a high-oil QTL (qHO6) affecting maize seed oil and oleic-acid contents encodes an acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1-2), which catalyzes the final step of oil synthesis. We further show that a phenylalanine insertion in DGAT1-2 at position 469 (F469) is responsible for the increased oil and oleic-acid contents. The DGAT1-2 allele with F469 is ancestral, whereas the allele without F469 is a more recent mutant selected by domestication or breeding. Ectopic expression of the high-oil DGAT1-2 allele increases oil and oleic-acid contents by up to 41% and 107%, respectively. This work provides insights into the molecular basis of natural variation of oil and oleic-acid contents in plants and highlights DGAT as a promising target for increasing oil and oleic-acid contents in other crops.
Measuring glucose and fructose-6-phosphate cycling in liver in vivo.

Abstract Approaches measuring futile cycling of glucose and fructose-6-phosphate (fructose-6-P) in liver in vivo depend on assumptions about the fates of hydrogens bound to specific carbons of glucose. Thus, 3H of [2-3H]glucose has been assumed to be completely removed after its conversion to glucose-6-P, [3-3H]glucose after its conversion to fructose-1,6-bisP, and [6-3H]glucose not at all. Previous measurements have shown that these assumptions are incompletely fulfilled. Corrections to estimates of cycling can be made when detritiations of [2-3H]glucose and [3-3H]glucose are not complete, and detritiation of [6-3H]glucose occurs. How the corrections can be made is presented using data previously reported on giving labeled glucoses to humans after an overnigh fast and on infusing a glucose load. Estimates of glucose cycling nearly double, and that of fructose-6-P cycling almost triples. Estimates of hepatic glucose production as measured with [6-3H]glucose decrease. Correction of estimates of cycling under other conditions may very well be similarly affected. Thus, rates of glucose and fructose-6-P cycling appear to be substantially more than previously estimated. Quantitation under a given condition requires measurements to be made of the extent to which assumptions as to the fate of labeled hydrogen of the glucoses are fulfilled. The uncertain extent of exchange of label catalyzed by transaldolase and detritiation in the pentose cycle, the failure of fructose-6-P cycling to be expressed through detritiation of 3H from [3-3H]glucose, and possible isotope effects still limit the confidence that can be placed in such estimates.
Dental abnormalities as a component of the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome

Previous reports have described the diversity of the phenotypic expression of the Laurence-Moon and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. This report describes two brothers whose features include the previously unreported defect of oligodontia in addition to retinitis pigmentosa, hypogenitalism, strabismus, short stature, and developmental delay. The reports over the last century have emphasized the varied expression from family to family and even differences among members of the same family. This report broadens the already pleomorphic nature of this syndrome.
Laser-Driven Aerosol Synthesis of Nickel Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of nickel have been prepared by laser-driven decomposition of nickel carbonyl. In this method, an infrared laser rapidly heats a dilute mixture of nickel carbonyl and a photosensitizer in a carrier gas to decompose the precursor and initiate particle nucleation. To produce nickel nanoparticles, nickel carbonyl was generated in situ from activated nickel powder and CO at room temperature, so that we never maintained any inventory of this highly toxic compound. During the synthesis process, laser heating allows for rapid cooling of the freshly nucleated particles by mixing with unheated gas. By varying the precursor flow rate, laser energy, and unheated gas flow rate to change the residence time, precursor concentration, and reaction temperature, the average particle size can be controlled over a range of primary particle diameters from 5 to 50 nm. The particle size and crystalline structure have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen...
Protein cross-links: universal isolation and characterization by isotopic derivatization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Abstract A general method of unequivocally identifying and obtaining sequence information on cross-linked peptides derived by proteolytic digestion of cross-linked proteins has been developed. The method is based on isotopic labeling of α-amino groups with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Proteins containing covalent cross-link(s) are reductively methylated to convert lysine residues to dimethyl lysine. The methylated protein is partially hydrolyzed and the liberated α-amino termini are derivatized with an equimolar mixture of DNFB and [2H3]DNFB. Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-labeled peptides may be fractionated into mono- and bis-DNP pools by chromatography on phenyl media. The bis-DNP peptides are further separated by reverse-phase HPLC and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The molecular ions of cross-linked peptides are unambiguously identified as 1:2:1 triplets in the mass spectrum resulting from the binomial distribution of isotopic label in the bis-DNP derivative. Sequence information can be elucidated from the unique product ion patterns which are generated from in-source fragmentation at an elevated cone voltage. Analysis of the disulfide cross-linked peptide (VTCG)2 was undertaken as a proof of concept and the generality of the method was demonstrated by isolating and sequencing the isopeptide bond of polyubiquitin.
Deviations from 1:1 Compositions in Self-Assembled Monolayers Formed from Adsorption of Asymmetric Dialkyl Disulfides on Gold

Alkanethiolate monolayers on polycrystalline gold, formed by typical solution self-assembly conditions with immersion in dilute ethanolic solution of asymmetric dialkyl disulfides CH3(CH2)n-1SS(CH2)15CH3 (n = 4, 8, 12), were found to consist predominately of CH3(CH2)15S- moieties. This observation shows that large deviations from expected 1:1 compositions can occur. The data support an exchange mechanism involving dissociative chemisorption of the S−S moiety and a subsequent replacement of the shorter chains by the longer ones via short chain disulfide or thiolate desorption and readsorption of mixed chain length disulfide. The efficiency of the substitution process increases with increasing length difference of the hydrocarbon chains in the respective disulfides.
Expert system based training for emergency management

Although expert systems are usually thought of as decision aids for human users, they may also serve as training aids for situations in which humans must make quick decisions and computer‐based decision aids would not be viable. This paper describes an exploratory study of the application of expert system‐based training for an emergency management of a hazardous chemical spill. Human factors methodologies are employed to define the training, control, and test conditions needed to quantify the significance of using an expert system for training human decision makers for an emergency management application. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the natural human tendency in processing rules would be to resort to a data‐driven strategy. The expert system‐based training can deter the human from employing such a strategy and can improve his performance, especially as the complexity in rule‐chaining increases. Overall, the results of this study are supportive of the use of artificial intelligence‐based tech...
Study of optical properties of skin tissues from ultraviolet to short‐wave infrared

Accurate knowledge of optical properties of skin tissues is fundamental to the study of tissue optics and development of optical instrumentation in clinics. The goal of research described in this dissertation is to develop a system of experimental methods and theoretical models for the inverse determination of optical parameters of mammalian tissues and various tissue phantoms. Based on the integrating sphere and spatial filtering techniques, various experimental systems have been constructed and improved to measure the diffuse reflectance, the diffuse transmittance, and the collimated transmission of turbid samples from the spectral region of ultraviolet to short-wave infrared. Different Monte Carlo based algorithms have been developed to simulate photon transportation under different experimental configurations based on the radiation transfer theory. The corresponding procedures for inverse determination of optical parameters from the experimental data have been established. We have determined the complex refractive index of polystyrene microspheres as a function of wavelength from 370 to 1610 nm using a Monte Carlo model in combination with the Mie phase function. The optical parameters of porcine skin dermis tissues have also been determined by assuming the surface of the dermis samples were flat and smooth. The effect of surface roughness on the inverse determination of bulk optical parameters of a turbid sample has been investigated. We found that the condition of the sample surface plays an important role in determining the light distribution in a turbid sample. Numerical simulations have shown that the surface roughness on scales close to the wavelength of light can significantly affect the values of bulk tissue optical parameters inversely determined from in vitromeasurements even for a moderate index mismatch. As a result, we have developed a confocal imaging method to measure the surface profile of slab samples of fresh porcine skin dermis and extracted the profile parameters. With this knowledge, the surface roughness corrected optical parameters of porcine dermis tissue have been determined at the wavelengths of 325, 442, 532, 632.8, 850, 1064, 1330, and 1557 nm .
Generalized Oscillator Strengths of the Helium Atom. I

The generalized oscillator strengths ${f}_{n}(K)$ ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{K}}\ensuremath{\hbar}=\mathrm{momentum}\mathrm{transfer}$) for the transitions of He from its ground state to excited states $n=2^{1}P, 3^{1}P, 2^{1}S, \mathrm{and} 3^{1}S$ are computed from the Weiss correlated wave functions of over 50 terms each. For ${(K{a}_{0})}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}2$ (${a}_{0}=\mathrm{the}\mathrm{Bohr}\mathrm{radius}$), the results by two alternative formulas, corresponding to the "length" and "velocity" formulas in the optical limit, agree with each other within 0.5% for the $2^{1}P$ and $2^{1}S$ excitations, and within 1.5% for the $3^{1}P$ and $3^{1}S$ excitations. Our ${f}_{2^{1}P}(K)$ is in accord with electron-scattering experiments by Lassettre and his co-workers. For ${(K{a}_{0})}^{2}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.2$, our ${f}_{2^{1}S}(K)$ departs from experimental data at 500 eV, but its slope at $K=0$ is consistent with experiment. Our results are very probably accurate within a few percent, and thus should provide a sound basis to test the validity of the (first) Born approximation. The representation of the Born excitation cross section for charged-particle impact is greatly simplified by a generalization of the Bethe procedure; it is shown that a few definite parameters can convey the essential content of the Born approximation. As an illustration, the cross sections for the excitations to the four states in He are evaluated and compared with experiments.
Double Atresia of the Hindgut with Ileal Stenosis: A Case Report

An unusual case of imperforate anus with sigmoid colonic atresia and ileal stenosis is described. Only six cases of imperforate anus associated with colonic atresia have previously been reported in Japan. The possibility of other alimentary obstructions should thus be considered when anorectal anomalies are observed.
Increased Toxicity With Gefitinib, Capecitabine, and Radiation Therapy in Pancreatic and Rectal Cancer: Phase I Trial Results

Purpose Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes, chemotherapy, and radiation resistance, as well as poor survival in preclinical and clinical models. The EGFR inhibitor gefitinib potentiates chemotherapy and radiation tumor cytotoxicity in preclinical models, including pancreatic and colorectal cancer. We initiated two phase I trials assessing the combination of gefitinib, capecitabine, and radiation in patients with localized pancreatic and rectal cancer. Patients and Methods Patients with pathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and rectum were eligible. Pretreatment staging included computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound, and surgical evaluation. Patients received 50.4 Gy of external-beam radiation therapy to the tumor in 28 fractions. Capecitabine and gefitinib were administered throughout the radiation course. Following completion, patients were restaged and considered for resection. Primary end points included ...
User-space auto-tuning for TCP flow control in computational grids

With the advent of computational grids, networking performance over the wide-area network (WAN) has become a critical component in the grid infrastructure. Unfortunately, many high-performance grid applications only use a small fraction of their available bandwidth because operating systems and their associated protocol stacks are still tuned for yesterday's network speeds. As a result, network gurus undertake the tedious process of manually tuning system buffers to allow TCP flow control to scale to today's WAN environments. And although recent research has shown how to set the size of these system buffers automatically at connection set-up, the buffer sizes are only appropriate at the beginning of the connection's lifetime. To address these problems, we describe an automated and lightweight technique called Dynamic Right-Sizing that can improve throughput by as much as an order of magnitude while still abiding by TCP semantics. We show the performance of two user-space implementations of DRS: drsFTP and DRS-enabled GridFTP.
Rapid Particle Size Analysis of Fly Ash with a Commercial Laser Diffraction Instrument

Particle size distributions of a suite of fly ashes previously analyzed by aclassical sedimentary proced ure have been redetermined using a commercial laser-based particle size measurement system. For most of the fly ashes the concordance between the two sets of data was unexpectedly close, considering the different physical principles involved in the two types of measurement. Laser diffraction instruments (“laser sizers”) appear to have the potential for extremely rapid and accurate size distribution measurement for fly ashes to be used in commercial applications. Such determinations, easily carried out on a routine basis, could serve as important elements in future specifications for acceptance and quality assurance programs.
Palliative Care Inpatient Service in a Comprehensive Cancer Center: Clinical and Financial Outcomes

Purpose Inpatient palliative care units are unavailable in most cancer centers and tertiary hospitals. The purpose of this article is to review the outcomes of the first 344 admissions to the Palliative Care Inpatient Service (PCIS) at our comprehensive cancer center. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed our computerized database for clinical and demographic information, length of stay, and hospital billing during the first year of the service's operation. Results Three hundred twenty patients were admitted during the study period. Their median age was 57 years. The main cancer diagnoses were thoracic or head and neck (44%), gastrointestinal (25%), and hematologic malignancy (8%). The main referral symptoms were pain (44%), nausea (41%), fatigue (39%), and dyspnea (38%). The median length of stay in the PCIS was 7 days (range, 1 to 58 days). Fifty-nine patients died while in the PCIS. However, the overall hospital mortality rate was not increased compared with that in the year before the estab...
AIMIE: a web-based environment for detection and interpretation of significant sequence motifs in prokaryotic genomes

Motivation: Genomes contain biologically significant information that extends beyond that encoded in genes. Some of this information relates to various short dispersed repeats distributed throughout the genome. The goal of this work was to combine tools for detection of statistically significant dispersed repeats in DNA sequences with tools to aid development of hypotheses regarding their possible physiological functions in an easy-to-use web-based environment. Results: Ab Initio Motif Identification Environment (AIMIE) was designed to facilitate investigations of dispersed sequence motifs in prokaryotic genomes. We used AIMIE to analyze the Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae genomes in order to demonstrate the utility of the new environment. AIMIE detected repeated extragenic palindrome (REP) elements, CRISPR repeats, uptake signal sequences, intergenic dyad sequences and several other over-represented sequence motifs. Distributional patterns of these motifs were analyzed using the tools included in AIMIE. Availability: AIMIE and the related software can be accessed at our web site http://www.cmbl.uga.edu/software.html. Contact: mrazek@uga.edu.
Multivariate statistical analysis of shotgun pellet dispersion

Abstract Shotgun pellet dispersions were measured by using a shotgun with the following parameters being varied: barrel length, discharge distance, choke constriction and shot size. To reduce the number of experiments the statistical technique of Greco-Latin squares was used. A full statistical analysis of the data carried out and possible correlations between dispersion and the parameters examined. No association was found for shot size or barrel length, and little for choke, distance being the only large correlation with dispersion. Dispersion is not a truly linear function of distance and it is probable that another factor has to be incorporated into any mathematical expression for dispersion of shot.
Identity of a second type of allatostatin from cockroach brains : an octadecapeptide amide with a tyrosine-rich address sequence

Abstract An octadecapeptide that inhibits juvenile hormone synthesis has been isolated by HPLC from brain-retrocerebral complexes of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. The primary structure of this allatostatin has been elucidated by tandem mass spectrometry: Ala-Tyr-Ser-Tyr-Val-Ser-Glu-Tyr-Lys-Arg-Leu-Pro-Val-Tyr-Asn-Phe-Gly-Leu- NH2 (ASB2). The amidated three-residue C terminus of this type B allatostatin is identical to that of four known type A allatostatins, and the preceding three residues show close structural homology. ASB2 has over twice the activity of the type A tridecapeptide Ala-Pro-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gln-Arg-Leu-Tyr-Gly-Phe-Gly-Leu-NH2 (ASA1) in inhibiting juvenile hormone biosynthesis in corpora allata from females in early vitellogenesis (day 2), and its efficacy persists during pregnancy, but it is equally effective as ASA1 on glands from day-10 females (IC50 = 0.31 nM). The octadecapeptide is characterized by a potential dibasic cleavage site, Lys9-Arg10, the integrity of which is needed for high potency. The ASB2-(11-18)-octapeptide amide gives a full response at high concentrations at day 10 (IC50 = 48 nM), but the C-truncated (1-9)-, (1-11)-, and (1-17)-amide fragments of ASB2 are inactive. Thus, the endocrine message is located at the C terminus. N alpha-acetylation of the N-truncated (9-18), (10-18), and (11-18) fragments of ASB2 increases activity relative to the nonacetylated peptides. The site of action of type A and type B allatostatins is located before mevalonate kinase in the biosynthetic pathway for juvenile hormone.
The reserve army of labour in the postwar U.S. economy: Some stock and flow estimates

This paper presents some estimates of the stock of the reserve army of labour, and flows into and out of the reserve army of labour for the postwar U.S. economy. Estimates of stocks are presented for the period 1948–2011 at a monthly frequency; 6 month moving average estimates of flows into and out of the reserve army of labour are presented for the period 1990–2011. Some interesting patterns in the stock and flow data are pointed out, and it is suggested that this data base on the active and reserve army of labour can be used for empirical analysis of the labour market from a Marxian theoretical perspective. JEL Categories: B51; O1
Securing DNS services through system self cleansing and hardware enhancements

Domain name systems (DNS) provide the mapping between easily-remembered host names and their IP addresses. Popular DNS implementations however contain vulnerabilities that are exploited by frequent, targeted attacks. The software vulnerabilities of DNS together with the constant innovation and morphing of cyber attack techniques necessitate the consideration of the worst case scenarios: there will be successful but undetected attacks against DNS servers. In this work, we develop a secure DNS architecture that contains the damage of successful, undetected attacks. This formidable end is achieved by constantly cleansing the servers and rotating the role of individual servers. Moreover, the server rotation process itself is protected against corruption by hardware. We will show the advantages of our design in the following areas: (1) protection of the DNS master file and cryptographic keys, (2) incorruptible intrusion tolerance, (3) high availability, and (4) scalability, the support of using of high degrees of hardware/server redundancy to improve both system security and service dependability. Due to the critical importance of DNS, such a dependable and intrusion-resilient design contributes significantly to the overall security of the Internet.
Modeling the hemodynamic response to brain activation.

Neural activity in the brain is accompanied by changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygenation that are detectable with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques. In this paper, recent mathematical models of this hemodynamic response are reviewed and integrated. Models are described for: (1) the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal as a function of changes in cerebral oxygen extractionfraction(E) andcerebralbloodvolume(CBV);(2)theballoon model, proposed to describe the transient dynamics of CBVand deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) and how they affect the BOLD signal; (3) neurovascular coupling, relating the responses in CBF and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) to the neural activity response; and (4) a simple model for the temporal nonlinearity of the neural response itself. These models are integrated into a mathematical framework describing the steps linking a stimulus to the measured BOLD and CBF responses. Experimental results examining transient features of the BOLD response (post-stimulus undershoot and initial dip), nonlinearities of the hemodynamic response, and the role of the physiologic baseline state in altering the BOLD signal are discussed in the context of the proposed models. Quantitative modeling of the hemodynamic response, when combined with experimental data measuring both the BOLD and CBF responses,makes possible a more specific and quantitative assessment of brain physiology than is possible with standard BOLD imaging alone. This approach has the potential to enhance numerous studies of brain function in development, health, and disease.
Cellular and humoral immunity in chronic equine laminitis

Chronic equine laminitis causes persistent pain and lameness in affected animals and often necessitates euthanasia when pain management strategies become ineffective. Published studies as well as anecdotal reports suggest that this chronic inflammatory disease is associated with systemic alterations in immune responsiveness, perhaps involving an autoimmune component. We investigated this broad hypothesis by measuring a variety of immune indicators in healthy control horses (CON) and horses with chronic laminitis (LMN). We found that white blood cells from LMN horses produced more IFNγ than did cells from CON horses when stimulated in vitro with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], possibly due to an elevated number of circulating monocytes. No differences between groups were observed in plasma concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, or rheumatoid factor. Laminar tissue from LMN horses expressed elevated levels of keratinocyte damage-related genes as well as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which corresponded with a modest amount of neutrophil infiltration as shown by histological staining of fixed tissue and accumulation of neutrophil elastase protein. Taken together, our results do not support the hypothesis of an autoimmune component in chronic laminitis, although the strong induction of neutrophil chemokines and the presence of tissue neutrophils suggests that this cell type is likely involved in perpetuating the inflammation and tissue damage associated with this disease.
The year in echocardiography.

The year in echocardiography has been marked by incremental progress in our understanding of the methodology and potential applications of techniques introduced in the last few years, such as speckle tracking (STE), real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE), and Doppler tissue imaging (DTI).
Effects of Prescribed Fire on the Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene Carolina Carolina)

Abstract While conducting an on-going project investigating the effects of prescribed fire on reptile communities, 31 Terrapene Carolina Carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) were captured in burned and unburned study sites; some with extensive injuries that were likely caused by a recent prescribed burn. In order to determine if the disturbance had any negative effects on the turtles, we recorded morphometries, mass, sex, and injuries for each one captured. Twenty percent of box turtles in the burned area exhibited injuries caused by the fire. Turtles in burned sites were similar in length but weighed significantly less (df = 1, F = 5.255, P = 0.0329) and had a poorer body-condition index than turtles in unburned sites. Additionally, one injured box turtle was encountered 32 times in a burned site. On average, this individual moved 22.5 m/day within a 3.77 ha home range. Over the course of 1 year, the turtle grew 1.3 mm and gained 27 g. The injuries to the carapace of this individual never fully healed during th...
Angioedema and Photosensitive Rash Induced by Valsartan

A 71-year-old woman experienced an acute onset of angioedema and a photosensitive pruritic rash after 3 months of therapy with valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. After discontinuing valsartan and treatment with subcutaneous epinephrine, intravenous methylprednisolone, diphenhydramine, and Eucerin cream, her symptoms dissipated and the rash resolved. Rash and angioedema have been reported with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and, very rarely, with losartan, the other currently marketed angiotensin II receptor antagonist. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a reaction with valsartan.
The Guilt of Nations

“What responsibility do ordinary people bear for atrocities committed in their names? According to modern democratic sensibilities, responsibility is an individual affair. The idea, as in Exodus (20:5), that the sins of the fathers could be delivered unto the third and fourth generations goes against the grain. It seems to be part of the collectivistic thinking that characterizes modernity off its rails, a pre-modern remain that produces outbursts of racism, nationalism, and genocide. That is not to say that we are not interested in accountability for political crimes. International human rights entrepreneurs have pressed for holding dictators accountable and have supported efforts to obtain reparations and other forms of redress. But we are very careful to avoid charges of “collective guilt,” which often sound more like the problem than the solution. We don't want to start a culture war or clash of civilizations!…In contrast to the Mitscherlichs, Sebald is thus very much a man of his times, free of the older orthodoxies of the West German memory wars. For decades, the politics of memory in West Germany was divided between those who feared “too much” memory and those, like Jung and the Mitscherlichs, who believed Germans needed to work through their (collective) guilt if they were to overcome the symptoms of repression. Sebald does indeed pose a strong ethical and political-cultural imperative to remember, but his lecture was controversial because the lost memory it laments is that of German suffering, which heretofore has been the rallying cry of the extreme right. In this regard, Sebald is only one example of a surprising recent interest in the memory of German suffering from the left…. How legitimate is this new interest in German suffering, previously associated with nationalist revanchism and discreditable positions? The answer depends on the purpose…”
Microvascular Remodeling: A Complex Continuum Spanning Angiogenesis to Arteriogenesis

Angiogenesis, the arterialization of capillaries, and arteriogenesis are specific manifestations of the complex continuum of blood vessel-remodeling processes that are produced by environmental stimuli. Together, they determine the integrative control of vascular assembly and pattern formation. Vascular assembly and pattern formation are critical elements of therapeutic vascular collateralization of progressively ischemic organs and in the tissue engineering or organogenesis of various tissue substitutes. An integrative systems approach is useful to measure the dynamics of vascular assembly in vivo across time scales from the embryo to the adult, and spanning spatial scales from cells to whole networks, to understand the complex interplay of multiple interacting cells and signal molecules. This requires in vivo observations, multiscale computer simulations, and tools for the genetic regulation of cell interactions. The new view of vascular remodeling as a continuum that can be manipulated in various tissues and in different size blood vessels, using appropriately coordinated multisignal stimuli, should open new therapeutic avenues.
Understanding Membrane Proteins. How to Design Inhibitors of Transmembrane Protein—Protein Interactions

Recent experiments demonstrated that buried membrane-protein hydrogenbonding is less energetically favorable than the values that are discussed in section 3.3 of this chapter 1. Double mutant cycle analysis allows for the analysis of the W.F. DeGrado Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, e-mail: wdegrado@mail.med.upenn.edu
Ubiquitin conjugate dynamics in the gut and liver of hibernating ground squirrels.

Protein synthesis is severely depressed in hibernating mammals. In the absence of significant protein synthesis, the continued turnover of proteins as a function of normal cellular activity would result in the net depletion of protein pools. We measured levels of ubiquitylated proteins in the gut of thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) and liver of golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). In both tissues, ubiquitin conjugate concentrations increased during entrance into torpor and were elevated 2–3 fold by late torpor compared with levels in active animals. The data are consistent with a depression of proteolysis with a resultant high level of ubiquitylated proteins during the natural hypothermia of torpor. The periodic returns to euthermy during the hibernation season allow for degradation of these conjugated proteins and may serve to restore protein pools.
Cefuroxime, a Beta-Lactamase-Resistant Cephalosporin with a Broad Spectrum of Gram-Positive and -Negative Activity

The in vitro activity of cefuroxime, a cephalosporin antibiotic, was investigated against 604 isolates and compared with the activity of other β-lactam compounds. Cefuroxime had activity comparable to that of other cephalosporins, including cefamandole and cefoxitin, against streptococcal and staphylococcal species; most streptococci were inhibited by 0.1 μg or less per ml, and staphylococci were inhibited by 1.6 μg or less per ml. Enterococci were relatively resistant. Cefuroxime inhibited β-lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. Cefuroxime had excellent activity against members of the Enterobacteriaceae; 83% of β-lactamase-producing Escherichea coli, 100% of Salmonella, 100% of Klebsiella, 90% of Proteus mirabilis, 95% of Citrobacter, 56% of Enterobacter, and 58% of Shigella were inhibited by 12.5 μg/ml. Cefuroxime had activity comparable to that of cefamandole and cefoxitin; it inhibited isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella resistant to cefamandole and inhibited Enterobacter and Citrobacter resistant to cefoxitin. Many isolates of Serratia, some indole-positive strains of Proteus, and Bacteroides fragilis were resistant to cefuroxime. Resistance of cefuroxime to hydrolysis by β-lactamases played a major role in its activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
Demographic evidence for adaptive theories of aging.

Pleiotropic theories for the evolutionary origins of senescence have been ascendant for forty years (see, for example, G. Williams (1957) Evolution, 11, 398–411; T. Kirkwood (1977) Nature, 270, 301–304), and it is not surprising that interpreters of demographic data seek to frame their results in this context. But some of that evidence finds a much more natural explanation in terms of adaptive aging. Here we re-interpret the 1997 results of the Centenarian Study in Boston, which found in their sample of centenarian women an excess of late childbearing. The finding was originally interpreted as a selection effect: a metabolic link between late menopause and longevity. But we demonstrate that this interpretation is statistically strained, and that the data in fact indicate a causal link: bearing a child late in life induces a metabolic response that promotes longevity. This conclusion directly contradicts some pleiotropic theories of aging that postulate a “cost of reproduction”, and it supports theories of aging as an adaptive genetic program.
CaPPS: cache partitioning with partial sharing for multi-core embedded systems

As the number of cores in chip multi-processor systems increases, the contention over shared last-level cache (LLC) resources increases, thus making LLC optimization critical, especially for embedded systems with strict area/energy/power constraints. We propose cache partitioning with partial sharing (CaPPS), which reduces LLC contention using cache partitioning and improves utilization with sharing configuration. Sharing configuration enables the partitions to be privately allocated to a single core, partially shared with a subset of cores, or fully shared with all cores based on the co-executing applications' requirements. CaPPS imposes low hardware overhead and affords an extensive design space to increase optimization potential. To facilitate fast design space exploration, we develop an analytical model to quickly estimate the miss rates of all CaPPS configurations using the applications' isolated LLC access traces to predict runtime LLC contention. Experimental results demonstrate that the analytical model estimates cache miss rates with an average error of only 0.73 % and with an average speedup of $$3505\times $$3505× as compared to a cycle-accurate simulator. Due to CaPPS's extensive design space, CaPPS can reduce the average LLC miss rate by as much as 25 % as compared to baseline configurations and as much as 14---17 % as compared to prior works.
Narrative Presentation: Telling the Company Story

This note offers students an opportunity to gain firsthand experience with an essential managerial communication skill: storytelling. It gives guidelines for developing a company story presentation as an icebreaker assignment, with the performance goal of establishing an initial comfort level with delivery. It suggests storytelling's broad range of business applications. It should be paired with Peer Feedback Assignment (UVA-BC-0164), which is supplemented by Triad Conference with Instructor (UVA-BC-0165).
Multiplicative Complementary Codes

A code with nonzero side lobes occurring only at odd powers of is generated by interlacing Golay complementary pairs. A second code with side lobes at even powers of is then generated, either via replacing by in any desired code or via using skew-symmetric codes. These two codes are transmitted using two frequencies. At the receiver, their individual matched filter outputs are multiplied, resulting in zero side lobes. This property is scale invariant and is therefore, resistant to frequency selective fading. The code length for the first code could be two times any available Golay biphase complementary code length, while the code length for the second code is arbitrary, but has to be an odd number for the skew-symmetric case. However, it is preferable to choose the lengths of the two codes such that their energies are approximately equal. A second scheme uses a Golay complementary pair generated by interlacing another pair and then transmitting them at two frequencies. At the receiver, their matched filter outputs are added to result in, either zero side lobes in the case of no frequency selective fading or reduced side lobes if fading is present. A second complementary pair is transmitted at two additional frequencies, but with replaced by. The outputs of their matched filters are also added as in the previous case. The added matched filter outputs of the two pairs are then multiplied to result in zero side lobes. This scheme, while using four frequencies, has superior performance in the presence of high noise levels.
Exploiting Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Selectivity in Asphaltenes for Identification of Pyridyl-Containing Molecules

Extraction efficiencies for a series of model compounds representing heteroatom functional groups believed to be present in asphaltenes were determined in batch extractions with a variety of metal oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4, TiO2, NiO, Co3O4, and MgO). Extraction efficiencies from toluene solution varied depending upon both the adsorbate and the type of metal oxide used for extraction. However, the adsorbate was found to be the most important factor governing selectivity, which generally followed the trend: benzoic acid ≫ pyridine ≈ phenol > pyrrole > thiophene ≈ diphenylsulfide ≈ benzophenone. An important exception to this trend was that MgO did not appreciably adsorb pyridine. The divergent adsorption behavior of pyridine on NiO (extraction efficiency = 82 ± 1%) and MgO (extraction efficiency = 0 ± 2%) was subsequently exploited to demonstrate a novel approach for profiling pyridine-containing molecules in an authentic asphaltene sample. Specifically, mass spectra of the asphaltene mixture were obtaine...
Linking insomnia and suicide ideation in college females: the role of socio-cognitive variables and depressive symptoms in suicide risk

BACKGROUND: Although insomnia symptoms are associated with risk of suicide ideation, the means by which insomnia influences ideation, as well as the role depression plays in these relationships, require further study. In this study, we examined whether certain socio-cognitive variables (fatigue, social problem-solving, and hopelessness) in conjunction with depression explained this relationship among female college students. METHODS: 483 female students completed measures assessing insomnia and depressive symptoms, fatigue, social problem-solving ability, hopelessness, and suicide ideation. RESULTS: Path analyses indicated that socio-cognitive variables partially explained the insomnia-ideation relationship above the influence of depressive symptoms. Higher depressive symptoms exacerbated relationships between social problem-solving and hopelessness, heightening ideation risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings expand knowledge of intermediate socio-cognitive variables that may contribute to the insomnia-ideation relationship, and indicate that clinically-severe depressive symptoms compound the contribution of negative self and future appraisals to thoughts of suicide. Suicidal females with insomnia and depressive symptoms may benefit from interventions targeting problem-solving skills and improving sleep.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Language: en
SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA; A REVIEW.

(1963). Sociocultural Factors in the Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Psychiatry: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 315-351.