cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sea surface pCO2 and carbon export during the Labrador Sea spring-summer bloom: An in situ mass balance approach

[1] We report depth-resolved in situ time series of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and other carbon-related parameters spanning the development and decline of a high-latitude phytoplankton bloom. A suite of sensors was deployed on a mooring in the Labrador Sea from June to August 2004. The study became quasi-Lagrangian when the mooring broke free in late June. Measured parameters included pCO2, chlorophyll a fluorescence, beam c, optical backscatter, and photosynthetically active radiation. During the bloom, the pCO2 was drawn down from 330 to 260 μatm, corresponding to a 70 μmol kg−1 decrease of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). One-dimensional model results suggest that the observed drawdown was primarily driven by local processes and contributions from horizontal advection were minimal. A mass balance using the DIC and particulate organic carbon found that 47 mmol C m−2 d−1 of DIC was assimilated into biomass. The bloom biomass was not remineralized in the mixed layer but was rapidly exported below 35 m within 15 days of the bloom. As a consequence, the large air-sea pCO2 gradient persisted, and approximately 30% of the DIC was regained through air-sea exchange by the end of the study. It is likely that all of the exported organic matter, corresponding to 5.4 ± 1.9 Tg of carbon, was replaced by atmospheric CO2 prior to the onset of deep convective mixing.
Hunters' General Disease Risk Sensitivity and Behaviors Associated with Chronic Wasting Disease

This article examines deer hunters' general disease risk sensitivity relative to specific behaviors and beliefs about chronic wasting disease (CWD). Data were obtained from the 2003–04 Illinois Hunter Harvest Survey (n = 1521). Cluster analysis of perceived risks from CWD, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (i.e., mad cow), Salmonella, Escheria coli (E. coli), West Nile Virus, and Lyme disease identified three hunter segments (i.e., no, slight, moderate risk). The risk sensitive (moderate) group (n = 281) reported the lowest hunting participation (64%), were the most likely to change their hunting behavior due to the presence of CWD (42%), and believed that CWD was a risk to humans (81%). General sensitivity to disease risks may result in lower or altered hunting participation. Measuring perceived risk based on multiple diseases may be useful for understanding how future disease outbreaks may impact hunting.
Unusual Crystalloids in Lung Cells of the Mouse

1. Unusual crystalloids were found in the cytoplam of mice lung cells.2. Most of the crystalloids are rods or ellipsoids. They are surrounded by a layer of fine granules and are sheathed with an outer membrane. They have the size about two to four times longer than the mitochondria.3. It is suggested that the crystalloid may be formed by the smoothwalled endoplasmic reticulum and their contents are phagocytic or secretion products of the cell.
First report of Armillaria sinapina, a cause of armillaria root disease, associated with a variety of forest tree hosts on sites with diverse climates in Alaska

In August of 2007, a preliminary survey was conducted in Alaska to evaluate potential impacts of climate change on forest trees. Armillaria sinapina, a root-disease pathogen, was isolated from conifer and hardwood hosts on climatically diverse sites spanning 675 km from the Kenai Peninsula to the Arctic Circle. Seven isolates (NKAK1, NKAK2, NKAK5, NKAK6, NKAK9F, NKAK13, and NKAK15) were identified as A. sinapina by using intergenic spacer-1 nucleotide sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. EU665175–EU665181) and somatic pairings. Of particular note is that one isolate (NKAK9F) was obtained from a declining Salix sp. (willow) growing in a flood plain near the Arctic Circle (66°32.316′N, 150°47.717′W). This isolate was collected from mycelial bark fans that were intercalated within multiple bark layers, a sign of disease. All other isolates were derived from rhizomorphs attached to and/or embedded within roots and root collars, but most host trees showed no clear indication of disease. Two isolates were collecte...
Advective transport of clay minerals in the region of the Rio Grande Rise

Abstract Clay-mineral analyses (talc-normalized) were performed on a suite of 40 giant gravity core core-tops from the east flank of the Vema Channel that span the depth interval 1430–4565 m. In addition, three time-slice intervals, last glacial maximum (18,000 yrs B.P.), last interglacial (120,000 yrs B.P.), and penultimate glacial maximum (140,000 yrs B.P.) were examined in 25 of these cores. The clay mineral chlorite can be used to identify southern-source waters (AABW) in the Vema Channel. The mineralogical identification of the upper limit of AABW occurs at approximately 4000–4100 m, in agreement with estimates based upon displaced Antarctic diatoms and modern oceanographic data. Time-slice reconstructions of chlorite abundance suggest AABW flow intensity was slightly reduced during glacial relative to interglacial intervals. The clay mineral kaolinite reaches maximum concentration at mid depth (approximately 3500 m) on the Rio Grande Rise but does not appear to be advectively transported to the Rise by southward-flowing NADW, rather kaolinite-rich sediments appear to be transported eastward from the Sao Paulo Plateau to the Rio Grande Rise along isopycnals. This process is estimated to contribute approximately 13% of the fine-grained lithogenic sediments reaching the Rio Grande Rise at approximately 3500 m.
Minimally invasive esophagectomy with and without gastric ischemic conditioning.

Background Esophagectomy can be associated with significant morbidity such as leaks and strictures. Preoperative gastric ischemic conditioning is a concept aimed at inducing an ischemic insult to the gastric fundus and cardia prior to esophagectomy, thus leading to improvement of gastric perfusion.
Synthesis and characterization of a new fluorescent phospholipid.

Abstract A novel fluorescent phospholipid, whose structure was tentatively assigned as 1-(2′-thio-1′-hydroxyethyl)-2-(ethylphosphatidyl)isoindole), was synthesized by reacting O -phthalaldehyde and β-mercaptoethanol with phosphatidylethanolamine. The fluorescent lipid product was purified by silicic acid chromatography. The purity was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography. This fluorescent phospholipid could not form stable lipid vesicles. However, a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and this fluorescent phospholipid did form stable vesicles after sonication, as demonstrated by Sepharose 4B column chromatography and electron microscopy. The absorption and fluorescence properties of this lipid, both as aqueous micelles or incorporated into vesicles, have been determined. The potential usage of this new fluorescent phospholipid in membrane studies is discussed.
Inter-Class Discrimination Using Synthetic Discriminant Functions (SDFs)

A hyperspace formulation of matched spatial filter pattern recognition together with band-pass filter preprocessing leads to synthesis of a synthetic discriminant function that can recognize a reference object independent of intensity and geometrical differences between inputs. Use of a maximum common information preprocessing concept, Karhunen-Loeve techniques, non-unitary transformations with multi-channel synthetic discriminant functions and a new decorrelation transformation to provide inter-class discrimination for our synthetic discriminant function system are considered. Experimental verification on M-60 tank targets and an armored personnel carrier false target are included.
Identification of a unique mammalian species of cholyl-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase.

Abstract The N -acyltransferase enzyme which catalyzes the conjugation of the CoA adducts of bile acids with amino acid has been partially purified from dog liver. Unlike the N -acyltransferase from five other mammalian species, the enzyme from dog liver was unable to synthesize glycine conjugates from cholyl-CoA in vitro even in the presence of 0.1 M glycine. The enzyme did catalyze the synthesis of taurine conjugates. Thus, the enzyme from dog liver resembles non-mammalian forms of the enzyme which also synthesize only taurine conjugates. However, the molecular weight of the enzyme from dog liver was found to be approximately 45 700, which is similar to values reported for other mammalian forms and considerably smaller than the molecular weight of 65 000 reported previously for a non-mammalian form of the enzyme.
Conformation of receptor-associated PGI2: an investigation by molecular modeling.

To elucidate the conformation of receptor-associated prostacyclin (PGI2), we first performed structure-activity correlation analysis of over 200 PGI2 analogues and derived from this analysis several crucial features pertaining to structural requirements for PGI2 activity [Ah-lim Tsai and Kenneth K. Wu, Eicosanoids, 2 (1989) 131–143]. These structural features proved to be useful guidelines for selecting ‘model molecules’ for further investigations by molecular mechanics. By properly selecting four analogues with either rigid or uniquely oriented α-side chain structure for geometric fitting, we succeeded in maximally minimizing the degree of freedom of the carboxylate terminus of PGI2. We were able to define the spatial relationship among the four critical functional groups, i.e., C1-COOH, C6a-O, C11-OH and C15-OH. More information is needed, however, to define the geometry of the ω-side chain, particularly for the moiety beyond C15. Nevertheless, results from structure-activity correlation analysis and molecular modeling provide useful information regarding the conformation of receptor-associated PGI2, which assumes an ‘elongated’ conformation instead of the traditional ‘hairpin’ structure.
Large Deflections of Axisymmetric Circular Membranes

Abstract A nonlinear relaxation method is employed to solve the nonlinear partial differential equations governing the large deflection response of various axisymmetric circular membranes. The method proposed here is an iterative approach used in conjunction with finite difference approximations and in its simplest form consists of only two operators. In principle, this method offers a technique of systematically reducing the errors at each nodal point for each algebraic equation to some acceptable level. In addition, the method, simple in logic but powerful in application, is believed to be applicable to solve general types of nonlinear equations. The problems solved herein include uniformly loaded circular membrane, annular membrane with rigid central disc and annular membrane with free inner edge. The numerical results obtained in this paper compare quite well with other results given in the literature. Moreover, many of the results obtained here may be readily used in practical engineering design.
High-density multilayer connection technology for MEMS and CMOS applications

A multi-layer technology for electrical high-density connections between the two opposing sides of a wafer has been developed. Openings in a double-side polished wafer were created by applying a deep reactive ion etching technique. Hole structures with a diameter of 20 μm were formed through a 350-μm thick wafer. A multi-layer system of up to eight layers consisting of alternating conducting layers (N-type doped poly-silicon) and isolating layers (silicon-oxide) were grown until the vias were filled. Subsequently, all layers on the wafer surface were then removed in a CMP process. In this way, a multi-connection structure embedded in the silicon wafer can be fabricated. The applied low-pressure chemical vapor deposition techniques guarantee a sufficient homogenous coating outside and inside of the entire structure to a minimum layer thickness of one µm. The connection quality has been examined combining impedance spectroscopy and Focused Ion Beam technology. Depending on the geometry and the doping profile of the poly-silicon layers, a connection resistance of less than 80 Ohms can be achieved with sufficient DC isolation. In this way, a multi-connection of up to four isolated signal lines per opening was manufactured. This corresponds to a local connection density higher than 30.000/cm 2 . The achievable connection density and the full CMOS compatibility of the applied processes make this multi-layer connection technology particularly well suited for combined MEMS and CMOS applications
On the relationship between solder-controlled and intermetallic compound (IMC)-controlled fracture in Sn-based solder joints

The strain-rate-dependent mechanical behavior of Sn-rich solder is of fundamental importance. Dynamic solder joint strength is hypothesized to be controlled by two factors. At low strain rates it is believed to be controlled by the bulk solder and at high strain rates by the brittle intermetallic layer. In this paper, the dynamic solder joint strength of Sn–3.9Ag–0.7Cu solder joints was experimentally quantified to verify the solder and intermetallic compound-controlled behavior hypothesis.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: A review of the pathology and pathogenesis

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is an important viral opportunistic infection of oligodendrocytes leading to direct demyelination. Virus is likely disseminated to the brain via the blood. However, the timing of that dissemination with relationship to clinical disease is unknown. Important clues about viral pathogenesis have been learned by applying molecular in situ techniques to diseased brain. The oligodendrocyte is the primary target for JC virus infection, and its death is the primary reason for demyelination. Bizarre astrocytes show limited viral DNA replication but are abortively infected. Although lymphoid organs can be infected by JC virus, there is no definitive evidence that lymphoid cells carry virus into the brain at the time of immunosuppression. JC virus may be reactivated from a latent state in both the brain and in non-central nervous system (CNS) organs at the time of immunosuppression, leading to clinical disease. Future sensitive in situ studies will likely resolve controversies about pathogenesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Theory of current-induced dynamics in molecular-scale devices.

We develop a theoretical framework for the study of inelastic resonant transport and current-driven dynamics in molecular nanodevices. Our approach combines a Born-Oppenheimer solution of the coordinate-, energy-, and voltage-dependent self-energy with a time-dependent scattering solution of the vibrational dynamics. The formalism is applied to two classic problems in current-triggered dynamics. As a simple example of bound-bound events in the nuclear subspace we study the problem of current-induced oscillations in Au–C60–Au heterojunctions. As a well-studied example of bound-free events in the nuclear subspace we revisit the problem of scanning-tunneling-microscopy-triggered H-atom desorption from a Si(100) surface. Our numerical results are supported by a simple analytically soluble model.
Theory of electron scattering from a Heisenberg antiferromagnet: Surface and bulk effects

Abstract A simple one-magnon formalism for the calculation of the inelastic exchange scattering of electrons from antiferromagnets is developed. Exponential attenuation of the electron beam in the bulk due to Coulomb scattering is introduced phenomenologically. The formalism is applied to the ferromagnetic (111) surface of antiferromagnetic NiO. For realistic values of the beam penetration, our results indicate that both surface and bulk magnons contribute to the electron dynamic scattering function and should be easily resolved over most of the surface Brillouin zone.
MENTAL HEALTH AND JUVENILE ARRESTS: CRIMINALITY, CRIMINALIZATION, OR COMPASSION?*

Juveniles in secure confinement allegedly suffer from more mental health problems than their peers. This may reflect background and behavioral characteristics commonly found in clients of both mental health and juvenile justice systems. Another explanation is that mental disorders increase the risk of arrest. These interpretations were tested on a sample of Pittsburgh boys (n = 736). Findings indicate that arrested youth exhibit more attention deficit hyperactivity (ADH) problems, oppositional defiant (OD) problems, and nondelinquent externalizing symptoms prior to their first arrests compared to their never-arrested peers. However, arrested and nonarrested youth score similarly on prior affective and anxiety problems and internalizing symptoms. Net of delinquency, substance use, and other selection factors, internalizing problems lower the risk of subsequent arrest, whereas OD problems and nondelinquent externalizing symptoms increase it. ADH problems have no effect on arrest net of delinquency and substance use. These findings lend only partial support to the criminalization hypothesis. Whereas some mental health symptoms increase the risk of arrest, others elicit more cautious or compassionate official responses.
Magnetic resonance imaging-based prospective detection of intraperitoneal human ovarian carcinoma xenografts treatment response.

The feasibility of applying magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for conducting prospective studies of intraperitoneal (i.p.) tumor treatment response to chemotherapy and resultant effects on survival in human ovarian carcinoma/nude mouse orthotopic xenograft models was evaluated. Female nude mice were implanted i.p. with either NMP-1 or SKOV-3ip. human ovarian carcinoma cells on day 0. Initial T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of the abdomens of NMP-1–implanted mice were obtained on day 7 to confirm the presence of nascent tumors; similar confirmations were made on day 14 with mice bearing SKOV-3ip. xenografts. On the initial imaging days, a multiple-dose regimen of cisplatin (CDDP; qd7 ×3) was commenced, using 4 or 6 mg/kg treatments with the NMP-1 model and using 6 mg/kg treatments with the SKOV-3ip. model. Mice were reimaged multiple times, 2 days following each CDDP injection and at later times as well, depending on host survival. The images for each mouse from the last imaging day (day 30 for NMP-1, day 44 for SKOV-3ip.) were used in a blinded fashion to attempt to visually distinguish control from treated mice and to determine whether MRI could predict a survival benefit. For SKOV-3ip. mice, ten out of ten mice were correctly segregated into the control or the CDDP treatment group based solely on these blinded, nonquantified MR results. In this model, the 6 mg/kg multiple-dose regimen achieved a modest response, improving life span by ∼24%. However, for the NMP-1 mice, only six out of nine evaluable mice were correctly segregated into the control or one of the treatment groups by similar MRI criteria, a virtually random distribution; further, neither CDDP treatment regimen achieved a significant improvement in survival in this model. In another study, NMP-1–implanted mice were treated on day 7 after tumor implantation with a single injection of a hyaluronic acid–paclitaxel copolymer. Control and treated mice were MR imaged on day 28, which revealed marked reductions in tumor burden in treated mice, correlating well with a subsequently observed improved survival of ∼40%. Our results suggest that MRI can be used to serially and noninvasively monitor treatment response and predict ongoing treatment effects on survival.
Collective bargaining, compulsory arbitration, and salary settlements in the public sector: The case of New Jersey’s municipal police officers

This study investigates the effect of the use of final-offer arbitration on the salaries of municipal police officers in New Jersey using a regression model to control for the possible biases introduced by non-random use of the procedure. The results indicate that salary settlements which resulted from final-offer arbitration awards were not significantly higher or lower than conventionally arbitrated settlements or nonarbitrated settlements, despite the fact that arbitrators chose union final offers more frequently than they chose employer final offers. The results also contain evidence of asymmetric behavior by the parties under final-offer arbitration with the unions appearing more risk averse than the employers.
Does Prior Knowledge Matter? Do Lamarckian Misconceptions Exist? A Critique of Geraedts and Boersma (2006).

The existence, preponderance, and stability of misconceptions related to evolution continue as foci of research in science education. In their 2006 study, Geraedts and Boersma question the existence of stable Lamarckian misconceptions in students, challenging the utility of Conceptual Change theory in addressing any such misconceptions. To support their challenge, they describe the study of a particular pedagogical strategy (which they describe as being influened by dynamic systems theory) and report the results supporting its effectiveness in enhancing students’ understanding of evolutionary theory. However, we argue that the description offered by Geraedts and Boersma demonstrates several flaws, both in its theoretical assertions and methodological decisions. In response, we reject the disavowal of Conceptual Change theory argued for by these authors due to several theoretical misinterpretations. As well, we question the validity of the data presented and assertions generated based on the methodologcal ...
The tendon organs of cat soleus: static sensitivity to active force.

The static force sensitivity of soleus tendon organ (Ib) afferents has been studied by noting their responses to graded force development produced by isometric contractions of either the whole muscle or single motor units. Data included responses of 23 Ib afferents to contraction of 8 whole muscles (8 experiments) and 16 Ib afferents to contraction of 30 motor units (5 experiments). Tendon organ responses of varying magnitude to contraction of the whole muscle or several of its individual motor units could be explained by differences in the number of muscle fibers that insert into each receptor's capsule and by differences in the contraction strength of these fibers. This finding suggests that soleus tendon organs have similar absolute sensitivities to static force development. An estimate was made of this absolute sensitivity and the value obtained (314 pps/g of force actually coupled to the receptor) is 2 orders of magnitude greater than those previously reported indices that simply relate Ib firing rate to force as measured at the tendon. The relationship between force exerted on a tendon organ's capsule and Ib firing rate is shown to be curvilinear and in keeping with a possible saturation effect that reduces the receptor's responsiveness to active contractions at relatively long muscle lengths.
Endolumenal therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease: are they dead?

Since first approved for clinical use in 2000 endolumenal therapies for gastroesophageal reflux have filled a desirable niche. Patients and endoscopists alike were allured by the prospect of an outpatient procedure without skin incisions that would alleviate reflux symptoms. However, the introduction of endolumenal therapies for GERD preceded sound clinical data supporting their use. Some of the devices were either ineffective or caused an inordinate number of complications. Because of the early shortcomings of certain endolumenal therapies for GERD this type of therapy is now being scrutinized closely. Overwhelmingly positive data have been called for to support their use. In fact, endolumenal therapies are at risk of being held to a higher standard than either medical or surgical management of GERD. We must recall that our current gold standard, the laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, provides symptom relief in 85% of patients, but about 1 in 20 experience prolonged dysphagia. There has been a series of specific criticisms of endolumenal therapies for GERD. Some commentators note the lack of sham controls in published randomized controlled trials [1], which might be critical in a disease such as reflux where a 25% to 50% placebo response is routinely reported. Additionally, the efficacy and safety of some therapies has been questioned, with the recent withdrawal of one of the prosthetic barrier devices. In order for endolumenal therapies to gain a foothold, realistic endpoints should be met. Requiring greater than 90% efficacy is unnecessary, but a durable barrier to reflux and symptom relief in 75% of patients is realistic and achievable. Herein, we review the extant literature concerning endolumenal therapies for GERD and look toward the future in this burgeoning field. Suturing devices Akin to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, endolumenal suturing devices serve to alter the hiatal anatomy in order to prevent reflux. Systems for both mucosal apposition and full thickness sutures have been introduced, with more durable results achieved by full thickness gastric plication.
Bladder exstrophy: current management and postoperative imaging.

Bladder exstrophy is a rare malformation characterized by an infra-umbilical abdominal wall defect, incomplete closure of the bladder with mucosa continuous with the abdominal wall, epispadias, and alterations in the pelvic bones and muscles. It is part of the exstrophy–epispadias complex, with cloacal exstrophy on the severe and epispadias on the mild ends of the spectrum. Bladder exstrophy is the most common of these entities and is more common in boys. The goal of this paper is to describe common methods of repair and to provide an imaging review of the postoperative appearances.
Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) is essential for sulfur mustard‐induced DNA damage repair, but has no role in DNA ligase activation

Concurrent activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA ligase was observed in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) exposed to the DNA alkylating compound sulfur mustard (SM), suggesting that DNA ligase activation could be due to its modification by PARP. Using HEK, intracellular 3H-labeled NAD+ (3H-adenine) was metabolically generated and then these cells were exposed to SM (1 mM). DNA ligase I isolated from these cells was not 3H-labeled, indicating that DNA ligase I is not a substrate for (ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP. In HEK, when PARP was inhibited by 3-amino benzamide (3-AB, 2 mM), SM-activated DNA ligase had a half-life that was four-fold higher than that observed in the absence of 3-AB. These results suggest that DNA repair requires PARP, and that DNA ligase remains activated until DNA damage repair is complete. The results show that in SM-exposed HEK, DNA ligase I is activated by phosphorylation catalysed by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Therefore, the role of PARP in DNA repair is other than that of DNA ligase I activation. By using the DNA ligase I phosphorylation assay and decreasing PARP chemically as well as by PARP anti-sense mRNA expression in the cells, it was confirmed that PARP does not modify DNA ligase I. In conclusion, it is proposed that PARP is essential for efficient DNA repair; however, PARP participates in DNA repair by altering the chromosomal structure to make the DNA damage site(s) accessible to the repair enzymes.
Parallel distributed simulation and modeling methods: an algorithm for fully-reversible optimistic parallel simulation

Typically, large-scale optimistic parallel simulations will spend 90% or more of the total execution time forward processing events and very little time executing rollbacks. In fact, it was recently shown that a large-scale TCP model consisting of over 1 million nodes will execute without generating any rollbacks (i.e., perfect optimistic execution is achieved). The major cost involved in forward execution is the preparation for a rollback in the form of state-saving. Using a technique called reverse computation, state-saving overheads can be greatly reduced. Here, the rollback operation is realized by executing previously processed events in reverse. However, events are retained until GVT sweeps past. In this paper, we define a new algorithm for realizing a continuum of reverse computation-based parallel simulation systems, which enables us to relax the computing of GVT and potentially further reduces the amount of memory required to execute an optimistic simulation.
Physiological and behavioral correlates of attention dysfunction in schizophrenic patients.

SCHIZOPHRENIC patients usually perform poorer than normal subjects on most behavioral tasks. It is our contention that many of the behavioral deficits seen in the schizophrenic can be accounted for by a primary attentional disorder and/or a general lack of interest by the patient in playing the psychological games of the investigator. Much of the discordance in experiments with schizophrenic patients is probably due not only to the failure to obtain full participation of the patient, but also to failure to define adequately the study sample. Furthermore, experimental designs often suffer from the assumption that the disease state itself is a unitary function. Many investigators have attempted to subdivide their subject sample by subtype, i.e. paranoid versus non-paranoid, process versus reactive, good premorbid versus poor premorbid, etc; however, even this type of subdivision has often not given consistent results across a variety of experiments. In all of these studies the dividing of the schizophrenic sample into subtypes has been on the basis of some clinical characteristic of the patient and the dependent variable has been some performance measure. In the present report we will discuss a series of experiments in which we have used the opposite approach. The independent variable is the performance of the patients on a simple test of attention and the dependent variables are other performance tasks, various clinical subdivisions, and EEG recordings. The independent variable In previous work, we have found that the performance of approximately 40 % of chronic schizophrenics that we have tested on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is poorer than that of all normal subjects we have tested.1 We have interpreted this impairment as resulting from an attentional deficit. This attentional deficit has been found in schizophrenic patients who were in good remission and not on medication.2 Patients receiving antipsychotic medication are less likely to show an attentional deficit than patients not receiving such medication.lr3 The present paper will, for the most part, review those experiments in which we have compared schizophrenic patients with good performance on the CPT with those patients who do poorly on the CPT. The CPT consists of the presentation of stimuli, usually but not necessarily letters, in a random sequence at a constant rate and for a
Effects of endurance exercise training on left ventricular systolic performance and ventriculoarterial coupling in patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract Background Endurance exercise training can increase left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction during dynamic exercise in coronary artery disease. This adaptation may be mediated by altered cardiac loading conditions rather than an improvement in intrinsic LV systolic function. To minimize these confounding effects, we used isometric handgrip exercise to assess the training-induced changes in LV systolic function and ventriculoarterial coupling. Methods Twenty-six patients (52 ± 2 years of age) trained for 12 months. LV function was assessed with radionuclide ventriculograpy. Results LV systolic reserve (the change in LV ejection fraction from rest to handgrip exercise) increased from –7.32 ± 1.2 to –3.4 ± 1.1 ( P = .033) without acute changes in end-diastolic volume or the effective arterial load. LV end-systolic elastance increased 37% ( P = .039) during handgrip exercise. Resting end-diastolic volume increased and the effective arterial load decreased after training. Conclusions Data suggest that in coronary artery disease adaptations to exercise training include a lower effective arterial load and an increase in EDV at rest, with an improvement in LV systolic function detectable only during afterload stress. (Am Heart J 1999;138:169-74.)
Molecular cloning and sequencing of the ferredoxin I fdxN gene of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum

Using an oligonucleotide probe derived from the amino acid sequence of Rhodospirillum rubrum ferredoxin I, the gene (fdxN) was identified, cloned and sequenced. The FdxN coding region is 183 nucleotides which codes for a 61 amino acid (7267 Da) protein. Phylogenetic comparisons between the R. rubrum FdI and other 8Fe-8S nif-coupled ferredoxins showed only moderate degrees of similarity between the amino acid sequences. R. rubrum FdI synthesis was stimulated by nif derepressing conditions, but was not completely repressed by nif repression. Previous reports of an extracellular clostridial-type ferredoxin in R. rubrum could not be confirmed.
Selection in Small Populations of Chickens

Abstract The results of a 10-year multi-selection experiment with White Leghorn and Fayoumi chickens are reported. The study includes 5 single-trait Leghorn lines, 3 single-trait Fayoumi lines and 2 two-trait Leghorn lines. The traits selected were high egg rate (2 lines), body size (2 up lines, 1 down line), egg size (2 up lines, 1 down line), high body weight—low egg weight (one line) and low body weight—high egg weight (one line). All lines were maintained by 8 sire matings except the high egg-rate lines maintained by 16 sires. Selection responses were measured as deviations from the Cornell Randombred Control. Even though full-sib and half-sib matings were avoided, inbreeding increased 1.6 to 1.9% per generation in the 16-sire lines and from 1.6 to 2.3% in the 8-sire lines. On the average, body weight declined 20 g, egg weight 0.6 g. and rate of egg production 2.3% for each 10% increase in inbreeding. Average selection differentials in each line were from ⅔ to one standard deviation per generation, and the response to divergent selection for body weight and egg weight was asymmetrical. Likewise, the correlated responses to selection were asymmetrical. The effective population numbers per line were large enough to give good realized heritability estimates except for the egg rate lines. The realized heritabilities were (1) for egg rate, 0.07 ± 0.04 (Leghorn), 0.03 ± 0.14 (Fayoumi), (2) for high body weight, 0.32 ± 0.04 (Leg) and 0.49 ± 0.09 (Fay), (3) high egg weight, 0.25 ± 0.03 (Leg) and 0.43 ± 0.07 (Fay) and (4) low egg weight, 0.59 ± 0.03 (Leg). The experiment with the two-trait lines was designed to examine the question of antagonistic selection, i.e., selection for two traits in opposition to the sign of the genetic correlation between them. The response to antagonistic selection was more restricted for the low body weight and high egg weight combination than vice versa. This resulted from the physical incompatibility of these two traits. Finally, the response to antagonistic selection did not seem to be rigidly controlled by the strength of the genetic correlation between the two traits.
The future of Southern Africa: what prospects after majority rule?

In the debates about a post‐apartheid future, the prospects for the region as a whole have been ignored. They depend first on the position of southern and South Africa in the global division of labour: this has worsened more than most areas since 1950 – even South Africa is more dependent today on exporting primary products; and regional trade, despite the Southern African Conference on Coordination and Development (SADCC), is declining. This deterioration could continue under the redefinition of economic activities now occurring in the world economy. These prospects also reflect the inherited realities: over and above the modest efforts of SADCC, southern Africa's long relations with the South African economy make it into a whole that is more than just a geographically specific set of peripheral states. Three possible scenarios are explored: the region's renewed and enhanced subordination to an apartheid‐free South African economy; the break‐up of regional ties and the subordination of each of the countr...
True Crimes in Eighteenth‐Century China: Twenty Case Histories – Compiled and translated by Robert E. Hegel

This book compiles translated official records of twenty capital crime cases occurring between 1696 and 1814. Each consists of transcripts of testimonies given by perpetrators and witnesses, corone...
Side-gate-controlled dual-mode power gating device by graphene nanoribbon transistor

Double side-gate graphene nanoribbon transistor demonstrates bandgap modulation properties and negative temperature coefficient on the on-state resistance which makes it promising as the power gating device. Side-gates can be used to switch between the inverting and non-inverting modes for the proposed device from electrostatic doping.
From Genre Blurring to Audience Blending: Reflections on the Field Emanating from an Ethnodrama

Editor's Note: This article is the second contribution to AEQ's new feature section, Reflections on the Field. Similar in format to the stillpopular Reflections from the Field, Reflections on the Field offers periodic concise, scholarly, reflective articles on key moments, developments, and individuals that have shaped and are shaping the field of educational anthropology. Articles are both invited and refereed. Here, Tom Barone examines a distinctive genre represented by Johnny Saldafia and Harry F. Wolcott's ethnodrama, Finding My Place, relating this work to the practice of arts-based research in educational ethnography.
Assessment for Ontology-Supported Deep Web Search

Ontologies could play an important role in assisting users in their search for Web pages. This paper considers the problem of constructing domain ontologies that support users in their Web search efforts and that increase the number of relevant Web pages that are returned. To achieve this goal, this paper suggests combining Deep Web information, which consists of dynamically generated Web pages, which cannot be indexed by the existing automated Web crawlers, with ontologies. Improvements when finding deep Web sites returned by a search engine are assessed based on the framework formulated in this paper. Experimental results suggest that the proposed methods assist users in finding more relevant Web sites.
Modularity, Integration and IT Personnel Skills Factors in Linking ERP to SCM Systems

This study investigates some underlying technological factors for linking enterprise resource planning (ERP) to supply chain management (SCM) systems. ERP systems serve technological requirements across functional areas within a corporate boundary while SCM systems focus on collaborative relationships with partners in the supply chain, emphasizing business process integration and information sharing through IT. In order to facilitate SCM operations for business planning and decision making, an ERP system must be extensible in terms of support for a range of external constituents in the supply chain. The research reported in this paper investigates these linkages and provides a framework for developing and evaluating SCM processes in order to serve enterprise needs in terms of resource management for scalability, implementation costs and operational efficiency for meeting the business objectives.
Comparison of Karoubi's regulator and the p-adic Borel regulator

In this paper we prove the p-adic analogue of a result of Hamida [11], namely that the p-adic Borel regulator introduced by Huber and Kings for the Ktheory of a p-adic number field equals Karoubi’s p-adic regulator up to an explicit rational factor.
Cyclo-oxygenase 2: a pharmacological target for the prevention of cancer.

Summary Understanding the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis provides insights that are necessary for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent cancer. Chemoprevention – the use of drugs or natural substances to inhibit carcinogenesis – is an important and rapidly evolving aspect of cancer research. We discuss evidence that cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2), an inducible form of the enzyme, is a potential pharmacological target to prevent cancer. Key data implicating a causal relation between increased activity of COX 2 and carcinogenesis and possible mechanisms of action of COX 2 in this context are covered. Importantly, selective COX 2 inhibitors appear to be safe enough in human beings to allow large-scale clinical testing in healthy people. Several chemoprevention trials using selective COX 2 inhibitors are underway.
Designing without nature: unsewered residential development in rural Wisconsin

In the classic environmental planning book, Design with Nature, McHarg (1969) demonstrated a land use planning process that employed multiple layers of geocoded data. Computerized geographic information systems (GIS) have subsequently enhanced land use planners’ abilities to identify the opportunities and constraints posed by a landscape’s biophysical systems. Nevertheless, improvements in transportation infrastructure, combined with an assortment of technological advances, have greatly diminished the constraining effects of distance and physiography on land use spatial patterns. In the United States, for example, advances in wastewater management technology have decreased the influence of soil permeability, depth to bedrock, and depth to water table on residential development locational decisions. The evolution of this technology has helped facilitate scattered, low-density residential development in rural landscapes across the nation. This paper examines the public health and rural growth management implications of unsewered residential development in the State of Wisconsin.
Unsupervised PCFG Induction for Grounded Language Learning with Highly Ambiguous Supervision

"Grounded" language learning employs training data in the form of sentences paired with relevant but ambiguous perceptual contexts. Borschinger et al. (2011) introduced an approach to grounded language learning based on unsupervised PCFG induction. Their approach works well when each sentence potentially refers to one of a small set of possible meanings, such as in the sportscasting task. However, it does not scale to problems with a large set of potential meanings for each sentence, such as the navigation instruction following task studied by Chen and Mooney (2011). This paper presents an enhancement of the PCFG approach that scales to such problems with highly-ambiguous supervision. Experimental results on the navigation task demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach.
Eastern Libya, Wadai and the Sanūsīya: A arīqa and a Trade Route

The caravan route linking Benghazi and Wadai was probably the most important avenue of long-distance trade between the Mediterranean and the eastern Sudan in the late nineteenth century. It remained economically viable well after 1900, after commerce on routes further west had declined.Beginning with the Mejabra trader from Jālū who first found a direct route from Cyrenaica to Wadai in 1809 or 1810, this article traces the history of the route in the nineteenth century with special reference to the effects of Wadaian policies on trans-Saharan commerce. The important role of the Mejabra and Zūwāyā merchants from Libya is also considered.Fluctuating fortunes characterized trading activity along the route between its opening and the years after 1850. Beginning in the 1860s, however, commercial prospects improved steadily. Evidence suggests that the Sanūsīya Muslim brotherhood (ṭarīqa) was largely responsible for increased trade and prosperity along the route at this time. Because the order spanned the route's entire length, it solved many of the problems connected with long-distance commerce. It assured regular communication, relatively rapid transport, the creation of bonds of trust, a system of adjudication and arbitration, and an all-embracing structure of authority to maintain order and respect for judicial rulings. It functioned as a trading diaspora, but its members were not all of the same ethnic group. Rather, adherence to a single ṭarāqa bound merchants together and fostered the security necessary for the trade. The article concludes that the relationship between the brotherhood and commerce was symbiotic. The Sanūsīya sheltered commerce; in turn, the caravan trade brought wealth to the order and united its far-flung domains.
Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in clinically overt or suspected pericardial heart disease.

Abstract Among these 42 patients, TEE was superior to TTE in detecting pericardial thickening (11 of 13 vs 5 of 13), intrapericardial metastases (13 of 13 vs 3 of 13), intrapericardial clot (5 of 5 vs 0 of 5), and pericardial cysts (1 of 1 vs 0 of 1), respectively. TEE added little to TTE in detecting pericardial effusions. The unavoidable bias in the interpretation due to the awareness of the clinical history before the echocardiograms is a limitation of the study.
Optimal mistuning for improved stability of vehicular platoons

We consider a decentralized bidirectional control of a platoon of N identical vehicles moving in a straight line. Such problems are known to suffer from poor stability margin and sensitivity to disturbance as the number of vehicles gets large. In this paper, we present a novel control design methodology for optimization of the stability margin using distributed control. The methodology employs a variational formulation for minimization of the least stable eigenvalue of a partial differential equation (PDE) approximation of the platoon dynamics. We show that the eigenvalue optimization based control has better closed-loop stability margin and sensitivity to disturbance than a symmetric architecture where the same control law is used by each vehicle. All the conclusions drawn from analysis of the PDE model are corroborated via numerical calculations of the discrete platoon model.
Latino Immigrant Men's Perceptions of Depression and Attitudes Toward Help Seeking

Perceptions of depression, attitudes toward depression treatments, help-seeking preferences, and perceived barriers to care were examined in a sample of 56 Latino immigrant men recruited from a primary health care clinic. Each participant was presented a vignette depicting an individual with major depression. Men described the vignette as a debilitating condition caused by social stressors that would improve with time. Men preferred counseling over medications and reported misconceptions about antidepressants. Faith in God and seeking help from family members were seen as important help-seeking strategies. Structural and financial barriers were prevalent among this sample of men. Implications for improving depression care for Latino immigrant men are discussed.