cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological Observations on the Exoskeletal Skull Roof of an Osteolepiform from the Carboniferous of Scotland

The morphology of the parietal shield of the Carboniferous osteolepiform Megalichthys laticeps is described. Of special note are the following features, none of which have hitherto been observed in other members of the group: each intertemporal section of the lateral-line canal system gives off a large, backwardly directed tube which enters the posterior part of the ipsilateral parietal bone where it becomes highly ramified; anterolaterally each intertemporal bone possesses an irregularly shaped and forwardly directed projection—the frontodermosphenotic process—which is traversed by the intertemporal section of the lateral-line canal system. In addition, evidence is offered that Megalichthys laticeps was equipped with a paired extratemporal bone as well as a tripartite extra-scapular series of exoskeletal elements; also, that the presence of the extratemporal bone most likely was correlated with the configuration of the subjacent part of the endocranium; and, finally, that no appreciable movement occurred between the anterior and posterior cranial divisions.
Measuring the post-depositional destruction of bone in archaeological assemblages

Abstract Post-depositional processes have affected most archaeozoological assemblages, often causing fragmentation or destruction of bone which can vary by assemblage and hamper interpretations of the original element representation (Klein & Cruz-Uribe, 1984, The Analysis of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.). Prior to performing interassemblage comparisons analysts must first assess the post-depositional destruction for each assemblage. Hammerstone breakage and hyaena ravaging experiments show that compact bones (carpals, tarsals, fibulae) are rarely fragmented, therefore fragmentation of these bones in archaeozoological assemblages should be the result of post-depositional destruction. A “Completeness Index” for compact bones provides a description of the magnitude of post-depositional destruction because the “Completeness Index” is independent of differential fragmentation and transport by bone collectors, and quantification variation between researchers. The efficacy of the “Completeness Index” for showing varing completeness of archaeological bone is demonstrated by comparing two Late Pleistocene archaeological sites in Kenya. When guided by experimental results the “Completeness Index” allows an evaluation of the impact of post-depositional destruction on the two Kenyan assemblages. Published archaeozoological reports must provide a measure of post-depositional destruction or else the usefulness of the data for comparative analysis is compromised.
Mesoscale Nowcasting of Sea Ice Movement through the Bering Strait with a Description of Major Driving Forces

Abstract Surface atmospheric pressure data from a triangular station network surrounding the Bering Strait are used to calculate hypothetical geostrophic wind velocities. Net daily Strait sea ice movement is derived from visible and infrared NOAA satellite imagery for November through May, 1974 to 1984. These historical ice-motion data and network wind-velocity data are used to develop an empirical 12-h advance forecast (nowcast) sea ice movement model with all-weather capabilities. A necessary outgrowth of this study has been the identification and classification of three modes of ice movement and two modes of ice immobilization according to their major driving forces. The first ice-movement mode is from the Chukchi to the Bering Sea requiring a minimum northeasterly geostrophic wind of 12 m s−1. The second and third modes represent ice movement from the Bering to the Chukchi Sea. Mode 2 is driven by a preexisting north-flowing ocean current that offsets weak winds from the northeast. Mode three is large...
Models for prevention and treatment of cancer: Problems vs promises

Current estimates from the American Cancer Society and from the International Union Against Cancer indicate that 12 million cases of cancer were diagnosed last year, with 7 million deaths worldwide; these numbers are expected to double by 2030 (27 million cases with 17 million deaths). Despite tremendous technological developments in all areas, and President Richard Nixon's initiative in the 1974 "War against Cancer", the US cancer incidence is the highest in the world and the cancer death rate has not significantly changed in the last 50 years (193.9 per 100,000 in 1950 vs 193.4 per 100,000 in 2002). Extensive research during the same time, however, has revealed that cancer is a preventable disease that requires major changes in life style; with one third of all cancers assigned to Tobacco, one third to diet, and remaining one third to the environment. Approximately 20 billion dollars are spent annually to find a cure for cancer. We propose that our inability to find a cure to cancer lies in the models used. Whether cell culture or animal studies, no model has yet been found that can reproduce the pathogenesis of the disease in the laboratory. Mono-targeted therapies, till know in most cases, have done a little to make a difference in cancer treatment. Similarly, molecular signatures/predictors of the diagnosis of the disease and response are also lacking. This review discusses the pros and cons of current cancer models based on cancer genetics, cell culture, animal models, cancer biomarkers/signature, cancer stem cells, cancer cell signaling, targeted therapies, therapeutic targets, clinical trials, cancer prevention, personalized medicine, and off-label uses to find a cure for cancer and demonstrates an urgent need for "out of the box" approaches.
Higher regular coffee and tea consumption is associated with reduced endometrial cancer risk.

Several studies have investigated the associations between diet and endometrial cancer, but few have focused specifically on coffee and tea. In a hospital-based case–control study, we examined the associations between endometrial cancer risk and usual consumption of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and black tea among 541 women with endometrial cancer and 541 women with an intact uterus but without a cancer diagnosis seen at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (Buffalo, New York) between 1982 and 1998. Daily frequency of consumption of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and black tea in the few years prior to diagnosis in cases and questionnaire completion in controls was assessed with a self-administered epidemiologic questionnaire and categorized as none, 0.5 cups/d, 1–2 cups/d and >2 cups/d. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each category referent to nondrinkers were estimated with unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age, endometrial cancer risk factors and each beverage mutually adjusted for other beverages. Compared to nondrinkers, we observed a nonsignificant negative association with endometrial cancer risk among women who reported >2 cups/d regular coffee (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.49–1.03), a significant inverse association with >2 cups/d black tea (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35–0.90) and a significant inverse association with >4 cups/d combined coffee and tea consumption (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28–0.80). These findings suggest coffee and tea may be important in reducing endometrial cancer risk. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Versatility of positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries for the identification of individual compounds

Positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries (PS-SCLs) offer a unique and rapid approach for the identification of individual active compounds from libraries made up of millions of compounds for basic research and drug discovery. As presented here, PS-SCLs are free to interact in solution, and therefore can be screened in virtually any assay system to rapidly identify compounds. For example, a PS-SCL made up of hexapeptides consists of six separate positional libraries, each composed of mixtures having a single position defined with an amino acid and the remaining positions as mixtures of amino acids. The screening of PS-SCLs, in most instances, permits the identification of the most active amino acids at each position of a peptide in a single assay. To illustrate the versatility of this combinatorial library approach, three different hexapeptide PS-SCLs are described: (1) N-terminal acetylated, (2) N-terminal non-acetylated (both composed of L-amino acids), and (3) N-terminal acetylated composed of D-amino acids. Each of the PS-SCLs is composed of more than 50 million peptides; they are used here to identify: an antigenic determinant recognized by a monoclonal antibody; non-acetylated peptide sequences that bind to δ opioid receptors; acetylated and non-acetylated peptide inhibitors of melittin's hemolytic activity; and D-amino acid peptide inhibitors of trypsin. © 1994 Wiley-Less, Inc.
Scepticism and Anti-Realism

My aim in this paper is to counteract the belief that Michael Dummett's anti-realist argument provides a refutation of scepticism, or at least a very deep insight into the nature of scepticism. I argue here that it provides neither. I should say at the outset that I believe Dummett's anti-realism, properly understood, is probably true; I am disputing not its truth but its alleged implications. I am also unwilling to present my negative conclusions as criticisms of Dummett himself, who has refrained from endorsing the claims of epistemological interest made for his argument by others. But he has, I must admit, made some remarks that encourage those claims. Dummett describes analytic philosophy 'as that which follows Frege in accepting that the philosophy of language is the foundation for the rest of the subject' ('Can Analytical Philosophy be Systematic, and Ought it to Be?', p. 441). 1 Before Frege, he explains, epistemology was the foundation of philosophy: 'From the time of Descartes until very recently the first question for philosophy was what we can know and how we can justify our claim to this knowledge, and the fundamental philosophical problem was how far scepticism can be refuted and how far it must be admitted' ('Frege's Philosophy', p. 89). Analytic philosophy, he believes, has liberated us from the Cartesian preoccupation: 'We can get on with ... whatever interests us', he writes, 'without first having undertaken any epistemological inquiry at all' (ibid.). These remarks have led some of his readers to suppose that antirealism offers a roundabout but improved way of doing anti-sceptical epistemology. Richard Rorty thinks that 'Dummett sees philosophy of language as foundational because he sees epistemological issues now, at last, being formulated correctly as issues within the theory of meaning. '2 Dummett 'agrees with Descartes about the importance of the issues which emerged out of the "way of ideas"', Rorty explains, 'but he thinks that we have only recently been able to state them properly'.3 Dummett, as Rorty interprets him, believes that once the old questions are expressed in the right way-as questions in the philosophy of language-analytic philosophers will succeed where the old epistemologists failed. Yet I suspect that Dummett's attitude toward the old questions is actually very close to Rorty's own; the point of Dummett's remarks seems to be that when
The new enlightenment: a potential objective for the KM4Dev community

The network Knowledge Management for Development, KM4Dev, has been growing around the idea that knowledge can contribute to the development of poor countries and groups in a disadvantaged situation. This idea has a great potential, because knowledge is the meta-resource of all resources. However, the role of knowledge in development refers to a systemic and macro phenomenon that goes beyond the field of management, and cannot be approached only from the micro perspective of management. For bridging the micro and macro perspectives of this problem, two experiences were analysed: The British Enlightenment in the eighteenth century and the current flow of emails in KM4Dev. The first experience was visited as a source of inspiration for applying knowledge in development, and the second was analysed to explore concrete possibilities. It was found that KM4Dev is a highly effective network, answering questions almost at real time. The conclusion is that KM4Dev can lead the creation of a new Enlightenment in the ...
Thermophoresis in an absorbing aerosol

Abstract Several one-dimensional model problems have been solved for the temperature and concentration profiles of an aerosol allowed both to absorb external radiation and to move under the influence of thermophoresis. Since the aerosol absorbs radiation, the quantity of energy deposited is proportional to concentration. The effects of aerosol radiation and natural convection have been neglected. Analytical results are possible for steady uniform irradiation of plane and circular geometries in the large Schmidt number limit with a reflecting wall boundary condition, while numerical techniques are employed for the transient case. The problems studied are distinguished by the strong non-linear coupling between concentration and temperature that is effected by thermophoresis. It is shown that relatively small amounts of energy are required to produce large changes in aerosol concentration in the case of uniform external radiation, that Gaussian irradiation is capable of burning a ‘hole’ in the concentration profile and that ‘donut’ made radiation may trap particles temporarily. The results for uniform radiation also apply to an aerosol with internal heat generation as may be experienced, for example, during radioactive decay.
Hydrolytic Stabilization of Protected p-Hydroxybenzyl Halides Designed as Latent Quinone Methide Precursors

The hydrolysis rates of a series of protected p-hydroxybenzyl halides designed to generate a p-quinone methide through 1,6-elimination following photolytic deprotection have been investigated in order to optimize hydrolytic stability. A number of p-hydroxybenzyl halides containing an ether- or carbonate-linked photolabile hydroxy protecting group and a fluoride, chloride, or bromide benzylic leaving group have been synthesized. The hydrolysis rates of these derivatives in different water/acetonitrile mixtures and temperatures have been determined. The hydrolysis half-life of the benzyl bromide with the p-hydroxy protected as the carbonate-linked α-methylnitroveratryl (18c) is more than 750 times that of the ether-linked analogue (16c). These studies afford a Hammett σp+ of +0.28 for the carbonate-linked derivatives compared to a σp+ of −0.39 for the ether-linked derivatives. The theoretical hydrolysis half-life of the most stable benzyl fluoride in 100% water was sufficiently long so as to preclude extrap...
Heterogeneity in Health Insurance Coverage Among US Latino Adults

Objective We sought to determine the differences in observed and unobserved factors affecting rates of health insurance coverage between US Latino adults and US Latino adults of Mexican ancestry. Our hypothesis was that Latinos of Mexican ancestry have worse health insurance coverage than their non-Mexican Latino counterparts.
Positive feedback trading: a review

Purpose – The literature on positive feedback trading has grown considerably in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the theoretical and empirical literature on positive feedback trading and especially the literature related to the Sentana and Wadhwani (1992) model. Design/methodology/approach – This literature review covers theoretical and empirical work in this area and it points out shortcomings and potential extensions of the basic feedback model. Findings – The evidence so far points in the direction of positive feedback trading being present in aggregate stock market indices, index futures, bond markets, foreign exchange markets and individual stocks. There are some important issues that require further investigation. For example, it is likely that feedback trading is a function of longer lags of past return. Likewise, asymmetric behavior during up and down markets appears to be the rule rather than the exception. More importantly, the models should allow for positive as...
Neural anatomy of the radial forearm flap.

Typically the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve alone is used to innervate the radial forearm free flap when a sensate flap is required. The authors desired, by means of fresh cadaveric microdissections and by means of local anesthetic injections in living subjects, to map the sensory nerve territories of this flap. Eight radial forearm flaps were elevated and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MABC), lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LABC), and superficial radial sensory nerve (SRSN) were dissected with the aid of an operating microscope (2.5-10×) and traced to their dermal insertions. In the injection study, the MABC, LABC, and SRSN in eight forearms of 4 subjects were blocked sequentially with 2% lidocaine injections. The resulting sensory deficit from each injection was mapped on the skin and superimposed on the marked radial forearm flap territory. Distribution of the three dissected nerve regions and the sensory deficit after injection were determined by digital images and computer analysis. During flap dissections, mean nerve distributions of total flap area were as follows: LABC, 61.8% (range, 48.3-71.6%); MABC, 33.8% (range, 30.5-38.9%); and SRSN, 34.6% (range, 26.8-44.1%). After nerve block the mapped sensory areas were as follows: LABC, 62.3% (range, 44.5-88.5%); MABC, 19.6% (range, 8.0-35.8%); and SRSN, 19.5% (range, 9.9-26.3%). At least 40% of the total flap area was not innervated by the LABC as identified both by nerve dissection and sensory local anesthetic blockade. By including the LABC, MABC, and SRSN in the radial forearm flap, both the theoretical and the clinically determined useful sensory innervation of the radial forearm flap potentially would be increased.
Effect of some pentoses on growth of lactobacilli.

SummaryGrowth of the heterofermentative Lactobacillus fermenti (9 strains) was stimulated by a mixture of 3 pentoses: Larabinose, D-xylose, and D-ribose when added to glucose-containing media. The pentose stimulation was observed in two different media but was more evident in a semisynthetic medium than in a medium containing yeast extract (APT medium). In contrast, no such stimulation was observed with any homofermentative lactobacilli classed as L. casei, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus. Some of these cultures were slightly inhibited by the pentoses. Two heterofermentative lactobacilli from discolored meat products differed from L. fermenti; their growth was not appreciably affected by the pentoses.
Genetic effects on the variation and covariation of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (Odd/CD) symptomatologies across informant and occasion of measurement.

Background. Previous studies have shown that the presence of conduct disorder may contribute to the persistence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology into adolescence; however, the aetiological relationship between the two phenotypes remains undetermined. Furthermore, studies utilizing multiple informants have indicated that teacher ratings of these phenotypes are more valid than maternal reports.Methods. The genetic structure underlying the persistence of ADHD and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) symptomatologies as rated by mothers and teachers at two occasions of measurement was investigated on a sample of 494 male and 603 female same sex adolescent twin pairs participating in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD).Results. Using structural modelling techniques, one common genetic factor was shown to govern the covariation between the phenotypes across informants and occasion of measurement with additional genetic factors specific to ODD/CD symptomatology and persistence of symptomatology at reassessment. Genetic structures underlying the phenotypes were, to some extent, informant dependent.Conclusions. The findings indicate that it is unlikely that the co-morbidity between ADHD and ODD/CD is due to environmental influences that are independent of ADHD. Rather it is likely to be due to a shared genetic liability either operating directly, or indirectly through gene–environment correlations or interactions. The covariation between phenotypes across informants and time is governed by a common set of genes, but it seems that ODD/CD is also influenced by additional genetic factors. Developmentally, different forms of genetic liability control ADHD in males and inattention in females.
220 GHz wafer probe membrane tips and waveguide-to-coax transitions

We have developed two different styles of thin-film membrane tips for wafer probing to 220 GHz, and a membrane waveguide-to-coax transition. The new tips and waveguide-to-coax transitions are used in a family of ground-signal-ground wafer probes that offer improved measurement repeatability and calibration in the WR-10 through WR-5 waveguide bands. The new membrane waveguide-to-coax transition has been simulated using HFSS and built and measured in the lab. We have obtained good agreement between the measurements and simulations, and the new transition offers improved repeatability in measurements and calibration over our previous waveguide probe transition. Measured S21, S11 and crosstalk results for the new membrane waveguide-to-coax transition are also presented.
The presence of a temporal discrimination in the conditioned emotional response with humans.

Six college students participated in matching-to-sample tasks. Conditioned emotional response (CER) training consisted of pairing a tone with a “painful” level of shock. Three of the subjects demonstrated response suppression, one subject showed facilitation, and two showed no change. Analysis of response rate during the tone interval indicated that, for those subjects who showed response suppression, the decrease in response rate was greatest immediately before onset of the unconditioned stimulus. This temporal discrimination was similar to that obtained with infrahumans.
SiO MASERS IN ASYMMETRIC MIRAS. III. IK TAURI

This is the third paper in a series of multi-epoch observations at 7 mm wavelength of the SiO masers in several asymptotic giant branch stars from a sample of Mira variable stars showing evidence of asymmetric structure in the infrared. These stars have been observed interferometrically in the infrared by Infrared Optical Telescope Array and with Very Long Baseline Array measurements of the SiO masers. In this paper, we present the observations of IK Tauri (IK Tau). There is a persistent elliptical distribution of the masers around the star {approx}40 x {approx}30 mas in size with a major axis at position angle {approx}30 deg. The SiO masers in the circumstellar envelope exhibit large-scale systematic motions which reverse direction on timescales of a decade, roughly the interval between the ejections of dust shells. The orientations on the sky of the apparent rotation-like bulk motion and of the major axis of the maser ellipse differ by 37 deg. (2.5{sigma}) making any relationship uncertain. The systemic velocity of IK Tau is estimated to be 33.3 {+-} 1.0 km s{sup -1}. A comparison is made with the model calculations of Gray et al. which predict some but not all observed features.
Teaching materials and the fate of dynamic biology in American classrooms after Sputnik.

The technologies of classroom instruction have received scant attention from historians of technology. Yet schools, in particular science classrooms, abound with laboratory and instructional apparatus that play an important role in how students (and ultimately members of the public at large) learn about how science and scientists generate knowledge in a given disciplinary field. This article uses the post-Sputnik reforms in United States high school biology education as a case study to examine the way that the materials and technologies of biology teaching shaped ideas about the epistemology of life-science research during the cold war. It compares the experimental vision and materials produced by the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, a National Science Foundation-funded, scientist-led reform project, with the materials developed by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, a longstanding scientific supply company with deep roots in the more established, natural history epistemological tradition.
Phosphatidylserine receptors: what is the new RAGE?

The identification of RAGE as a phophatidylserine receptor—in this issue of EMBO reports by He et al—adds to the range of molecules that can sense this ‘eat-me' signal, and suggests new potential therapeutic opportunities.
The Effect of A Food Service Intervention (catch Eat Smart) on School Meal Cost

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe how a school-based food service intervention to lower fat and sodium affects average school lunch and breakfast meal costs. The Eat Smart School Nutrition Program, the school food service intervention component of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH), was designed to lower the fat, saturated fat and sodium in school meals. The purpose of this study was to determine how the intervention affected average meal costs. School meal cost data (breakfast and lunch) were calculated for Texas CATCH school cafeterias (14 intervention & 10 control). In October 1992, cost information was collected for recipe ingredients & vendor products for each menu item served during that month, including the fair market cost for commodity foods. Food costs were then calculated for complete breakfast and lunch menus during the month; these values were used to determine the percentage of the total food cost associated with breakfast (41%) & lunch (59%). The calculated percentages were then applied to monthly total food costs for individual cafeterias from September 1991 to May 1994. The average yearly food costs for lunch ranged from $0.67 to $0.73 in control schools and from $0.71 to $0.74 in intervention schools. Average yearly breakfast costs ranged from $0.47 to $0.50 in control schools and from $0.49 to $0.51 in intervention schools. With the exception of February 1992, the first month of the intervention, there were no significant food cost differences between intervention and control cafeterias for either breakfast or lunch menus. During this same period, the percent of energy from fat decreased from 41% in both control and intervention schools to 34% in control schools, and 30% in intervention schools. Based on these data, it appears that decreasing the fat in school meals does not significantly affect the long term food costs of either school lunch or breakfast menus.
Chemoselective fragment condensation between peptide and peptidomimetic oligomers

We report the first example of chemoselective fragment condensation, through native amide bond formation, between peptoid and peptide oligomers. Peptoid oligomers bearing C-terminal salicylaldehyde esters were synthesized and ligated to peptides containing N-terminal serine or threonine residues. We investigate the ligation efficiency of peptoid oligomers varying in length, sequence, and C-terminal steric bulk. These protocols enhance accessibility of structurally complex peptoid–peptide hybrids and will facilitate the design new semi-synthetic proteins with unique attributes.
The organization of sarcoplasmic reticulum in direct flight muscle of the lepidopteran Achalarus lyciades.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum of Achalarus lyciades direct flight muscle surrounds individual myofibrils and makes triadic contact with T tubules at repeat intervals between Z lines and the middle of the sarcomeres. The sarcoplasmic reticulum penetrates myofibrils and anastomoses among myofilaments in the center of each sarcomere. The significance of this morphology is discussed in terms of the speed and synchrony of this muscle.
Energy price disparity and public welfare

Abstract The differences in the price of energy to economic sectors are linked to a number of system parameters and to public welfare. There are large disparities in energy prices within states when comparing residential and industrial prices although neoclassical economics predicts one price in markets. The large disparities between the two sectors across states negatively affects the efficiency of resource allocation, creates subsidies for those getting the cheap energy and results in unequal access to energy. These in turn lead to inefficient partitioning of energy between products and waste, higher pollution, leakage of wealth and poorer energy use efficiency, i.e. high energy intensity. States with large energy price disparities between sectors have statistically higher poverty, lower incomes, more pollution and use more energy but with less efficiency. Higher energy price disparities also result in higher throughput per unit of output thus reducing the chances for sustainability and lower public welfare.
Chromosome length polymorphisms in a Septoria tritici population

Transverse alternating field electrophoresis (TAFE) was used to compare the electrophoretic karyotypes of seven Septoria tritici isolates sampled from a single population. Isolates were selected based on differences at 12 DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci. Significant differences in electrophoretic karyotype existed among the isolates. Isolates had 14–16 bands, believed to correspond to chromosomes, ranging in size from approximately 330 to 3500 kb. Homologous chromosomes were identified by hybridization of anonymous single-locus and multiplelocus nuclear DNA sequences to Southern blots of TAFE gels. Length differences of up to 20% existed among homologous chromosomes. Densitometry and probe hybridization data showed that several bands contained two chromosomes. Probe pSTS192 hybridized to two chromosomes in each isolate, supporting previous data which suggested that this probe hybridized to two unlinked RFLP loci. Hybridization with probe pSTL53 provided additional evidence of partial diploidy at an RFLP locus in one isolate.
Plague's partners in crime

The hallmark of bubonic plague is the presence of grotesquely swollen lymph nodes, called buboes. This frenzied inflammatory response to Yersinia pestis is poorly understood. In this issue of Immunity, St. John et al. (2014) explore the mechanism by which Y. pestis spreads and thus leads to this striking lymphadenopathy.
Effects Due to Linear Coupling, to the Second-Order in the Skew-Quadrupole Strengths

Abstract The thin lens model is extended to higher-orders in the skew-quadrupole strenghts. Its applications are made to describe a variety of effects due to linear coupling in circular accelerators. The tune-splitting, the tune-shift, the beta-function distortions, the emittance change and the thick ellipse effect are calculated up to the second-order.
Latent Profile Analyses of Test Anxiety A Pilot Study

In an era of test-based accountability, there has been a renewed interest in understanding the relationship between test anxiety and test performance. The development and validation of test anxiety...
A co-training algorithm for multi-view data with applications in data fusion

In several scientific applications, data are generated from two or more diverse sources (views) with the goal of predicting an outcome of interest. Often it is the case that the outcome is not associated with any single view. However, the synergy of all measurements from each view may yield a more predictive classifier. For example, consider a drug discovery application in which individual molecules are described partially by several assay screens based on diverse profiles and partially by their chemical structural fingerprints. A common classification problem is to determine whether the molecule is associated with a particular disease. In this paper, a co-training algorithm is developed to utilize data from diverse sources to predict the common class variable. Novel enhancements for variable importance, robustness to a mislabeled class variable, and a technique to handle unbalanced classes are applied to the motivating data set, highlighting that the approach attains strong performance and provides useful diagnostics for data analytic purposes. In addition, comparisons to a framework with data fusion using partial least squares (PLS) are also assessed on real data. An R package for performing the proposed approach is provided as Supporting information. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defeat among arguments: a system of defeasible inference

This paper presents a system of nonmonotonic reasoning with defeasible rules. The advantage of such a system is that many multiple extension problems can be solved without additional explicit knowledge; ordering competing extensions can be done in a natural and defeasible way, via syntactic considerations. The objectives closely resemble Poole's objectives. But the logic is different from Poole's. The most important difference is that this system allows the kind of chaining that many other nonmonotonic systems allow. Also, the form in which the inference system is presented is quite unusual. It mimics an established system of inductive logic, and it treats defeat in the way of the epistemologist-philosophers. The contributions are both of content and of form: (content) the kinds of defeat that are considered, and (form) the way in which defeat is treated in the rules of inference. Cette communication traite d'un systeme de raisonnement non monotonique avec regies invalidables. l'avantage de ce systeme est que de nombreux problemes d'extensions multiples peuvent ětre resolus sans connaissances explicites additionnelles. l'ordonnancement d'extensions concurrentes peut s'effectuer d'une maniere naturelle et invalidable, par le biais de regies syntaxiques. Les objectifs sont presque identiques a ceux de Poole. Cependant, la logique differe de celle de Poole. La principale difference est que ce systeme permet le měme type de chainage que de nombreux autres systemes non monotoniques. De plus, la forme dans laquelle le systeme d'inference est presente est tres inhabituelle. Elle simule un systeme etabli de logique inductive et traite l'invalidation a la maniere des epistemologistes-philosophes. Les contributions se situent au niveau du contenu (types d'invalidation examines) et de la forme (facon dont l'invalidation est traitee dans les regles d'inference).
On the tetragnathid genera Alcimosphenus, Leucauge, Mecynometa and Opas (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)

Abstract The genus Mecynometa contains one species, M. globosa O. Pickard-Cambridge 1889 that has three new synonyms. However, species belonging to two distinct genera, Alcimosphenus and Opas, had been included. Opas includes six known species. Two other Mecynometa species based on males, are synonyms of each other and appear to be the otherwise missing male of the common West Indian Alcimosphenus licinus Simon 1895. Male palpi of species of the three genera are illustrated for the first time. Three species of Leucauge are synonymized.
Two-component phases in gas chromatographic separations of steroids.

Abstract The possible use of two-component phases and segmented packings of varying degree of selectivity in the gas chromatographic separation of steroids has been investigated. This highly potent technique permits the preparation of columns which exhibit specificity toward various functional groups, making it possible to distinguish between steroids differing in type and degree of substitution.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids: formation, metabolism and potential role in tissue physiology and pathophysiology.

Background: CYP enzymes from the CYP2C and CYP2J subfamilies metabolize arachidonic acid in a regiospecific and stereoselective manner to eight epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Various EETs have been detected in the liver, as well as in many extrahepatic tissues, and have been implicated in numerous physiological functions from cell signaling to vasodilation and angiogenesis. Objective: This report reviews the sites of expression and activity of arachidonic acid epoxygenase CYP isoforms, as well as the physiological role and metabolism of EETs in various extrahepatic tissues. Possible functions of EETs in tissue pathophysiology and implications as potential drug targets are also discussed. Methods: The most recent primary research literature on EET forming enzymes and the new physiological functions of EETs in various tissues were reviewed. Results/conclusions: Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are important in maintaining the homeostasis and in responding to stress in various extra hepatic tissues. It is not cl...
Deepwater Basin Model for the Permian: Delaware Basin Example

The Permian was an unusual time in the Earth’s past, a time of continental accretion, falling sea level, and of global cooling. Basins formed at this time hold some of the most prolific petroleum systems in the world, are well studied, yet still hold much mystery with respect to their relationship between tectonic evolution, sedimentary fill, thermal maturities, and remaining exploration potential. One such important Permian basin is that of the deep Delaware Basin of southeastern New Mexico and west Texas U.S.A. Tectonic subsidence analysis of 11 boreholes reveal best fit kinetic maturities which require one major tectonic extension event from ~268 Ma to ~251 Ma (betas ~1.25 to ~1.53) and shortening from 80Ma to 65Ma (beta ~0.855). Principal source rocks are the underlying Devonian Woodford, Carboniferous Barnett, Permian Wolfcamp, Bone Spring and Delaware Mountain Group (DMG) formations. Modeling shows that the DMG and Bone Spring Formations are presently within the oil window whereas the Woodford and Barnett formations are below the oil window. The DMG began entering early mature oil phase in late Permian. Woodford and Barnett formation began entering the early mature oil phase in the late Pennsylvanian. The Bell Canyon formation is within the main oil window in the deeper part of Delaware Basin (northeast and eastern part of Delaware Basin) whereas the Brushy Canyon formation is within the main oil window in the northern part of the Delaware Basin. Major migration pathways in the Delaware Basin are SE to NW and SW to NE. The critical moment for the accumulation of liquids in the DMG and Bone Spring is Late Permian, around 265Ma -261Ma. Knowledge of the thermal maturity evolution of the Delaware Basin provides important constraints upon determining optimal exploration programs for exploiting liquids and gases either conventionally or unconventionally in these Permian strata.
Matrix formulation of Deuel's rotational method

Deuel's rotational method for factor analysis is translated from vector algebra to matrix algebra. A computational example is presented using Deuel's nomogram.
Zeroing in on the Pathogenic Form of α-Synuclein and Its Mechanism of Neurotoxicity in Parkinson's Disease†

Parkinson's disease (PD) is linked to mutations in the protein α-synuclein, which can exist in vitro in several aggregation states, including a natively unfolded monomer, a β-sheet rich oligomer, or protofibril, and a stable amyloid fibril. This work reviews the current literature that is relevant to two linked questions: which of these species is pathogenic, and what is the mechanism of neurotoxicity? The amyloid fibril, fibrillar aggregates, Lewy bodies, and the α-synuclein monomer, which is normally expressed at high levels, are all unlikely to be pathogenic, for reasons discussed here. We therefore favor a toxic protofibril scenario, and propose that the pathogenic species is transiently populated during the process of fibrillization. Toxicity may arise from pore-like protofibrils that cause membrane permeabilization. An approach to testing this hypothesis is discussed.
Hydrogels: structure starts to gel.

The new generation of hydrogels moves away from the bulk materials of old, to those with multilayered, complex internal structures and controllable physical properties.
Preparation of high-Tc superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O films by organometallic chemical vapor deposition using second-generation fluorocarbon-based precursors

High‐Tc superconducting Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O thin films with good electrical properties and smooth surface morphologies have been prepared by low‐pressure organometallic chemical vapor deposition using the new fluorocarbon‐based precursors Sr(hexafluoroacetylacetonate)2⋅tetraglyme and Ca(hexafluoroacetylacetonate)2⋅triglyme together with Cu(acetylacetonate)2 and triphenylbismuth [Bi(C6H5)3]. The fluorinated precursors are air‐stable and exhibit high, stable volatility even after prolonged heating. X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that the films deposited at 650 °C contain some fluoride phases but no high‐Tc phases. However, post‐annealing in oxygen produces films composed predominantly of the Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox phase with high preferential orientation of the crystallite c axes perpendicular to the substrate surface. Four‐probe resistivity measurements indicate the onset of film superconductivity at ∼100 K and zero resistivity achieved at 73 K.
Hepatic microsomes from freshwater fish—I. in vitro cytochrome P-450 chemical interactions

Abstract 1. of 87 chemicals tested for their ability to interact with oxidized hepatic cytochrome P-450 from mature male brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ), 21 formed detectable type I or type II binding spectra. 2. When 8 of these 21 chemicals were tested with cytochrome P-450 of nine other species of freshwater fish, wide species variation in hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 was evident, since the spectral size of chemical interactions as related to the carbon monoxide spectrum and the ratio of type II to type I binding were not alike. 3. These spectral data suggest that hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 of freshwater fish exists in different forms.
Quantifying the impact of adding gap filling radar data on forecaster wind assessments, warnings, and confidence

Experimental weather radars are being developed that could enhance the severe weather warning process by providing higher resolution data sensed closer to the ground and with faster update rates. Because wind speed is an important criterion in the issuance of severe thunderstorm warnings, this research investigates the impact of adding these new data to the forecaster decision-making process. In a static case review setting, 30 National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters evaluated six convective weather cases under two conditions: (1) using (conventional) WSR-88D weather radar data, and, (2) using both WSR-88D and additional data from an experimental four-radar network. Forecasters' predictions of ground level wind gusts, 2–5 min into the future, were compared to measurements from ground-based wind sensors. When provided with the additional radar data participants significantly improved the accuracy of their wind speed assessments (absolute error reduced from 5.9 m s−1 to 4.0 m s−1; p < 0.001), increased their assessment confidence ratings (p < 0.001), forecasted significantly greater wind speeds (20.4 m s−1 as opposed to 17.1 m s−1; p < 0.001), and increased the number of affirmative decisions to warn from 15 to 35 (p = 0.001). While the addition of high resolution, low altitude, rapidly updating radar data is shown to have both qualitative and quantitative benefits, training and warning policy implications for the incorporation of new technology must also be carefully considered as increased accuracy, confidence and higher wind speed estimates may lead to more warnings. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Electrode materials and their stability characteristics in the vacuum arc

The problem of current chopping in the vacuum interrupter is considered and various reasons for the occurrence of this phenomenon are explored. Metals with high vapor pressure were found to be most suitable for the maintenance of an arc at low currents in vacuum, and have been utilized for the solution of the current chopping problem in vacuum interrupters. There is some evidence that the presence of low work function materials also enhances arc stability.
Using Functional Gains for Optimal Sensor Placement in Fluid-Structure Interaction

Functional gains are integral kernels of the standard feedback operator and are useful in control of partial differential equations (PDEs). These functional gains provide physical insight into how the control mechanism is operating. In some cases, these functional gains can provide information about the optimal placement of actuators and sensors. The study is motivated by fluid flow control and focuses on the computation of these functions. However, for practical purposes, one must be able to compute these functions for a wide variety of PDEs. For higher dimensional systems, computing these gains is at least as challenging as the original simulation problem. To reduce the complexity of the governing equations, reduced-order models are often developed by reducing the PDEs to ordinary-differential equations (ODEs). In this study, we use proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-Galerkin based approach and develop a reduced-order model of a bluff body wake. We solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, simulate the flow past a circular cylinder, and record the snapshots of the flow field. We compute the POD eigenfunctions and project the Navier-Stokes equations onto these few of these eigenfunctions to develop a reduced-order model. Later, we modify the model by introducing a control function simulating suction actuation on the cylinder surface. We linearize the model about the mean flow and apply feedback control to suppress vortex shedding. We then compute the functional gains for the applied control. We identify these gains at various stations in the wake region and suggest optimum locations for the sensors.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A Comparison Between the World Ocean Atlas and Hydrobase Climatology

The newly developed 1/4 degrees World Ocean Atlas (WOA, Boyer and Levitus, 1998) is compared with the 1 degree WOA (Levitus et al., 1994) over the North Atlantic Ocean.
Factors Influencing the Chemical Stability of Carotenoids in Foods

In recent years, a number of studies have produced evidence to suggest that consuming carotenoids may provide a variety of health benefits including a reduced incidence of a number of cancers, reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, and improved eye health. Evolving evidence on the health benefits of several carotenoids has sparked interest in incorporating more carotenoids into functional food products. Unfortunately, the same structural attributes of carotenoids that are thought to impart health benefits also make these compounds highly susceptible to oxidation. Given the susceptibility of carotenoids to degradation, particularly once they have been extracted from biological tissues, it is important to understand the major mechanisms of oxidation in order to design delivery systems that protect these compounds when they are used as functional food ingredients. This article reviews current understanding of the oxidation mechanisms by which carotenoids are degraded, including pathways induced by heat, light, oxygen, acid, transition metal, or interactions with radical species. In addition, several carotenoid delivery systems are evaluated for their potential to decrease carotenoid degradation in functional food products.
Prediction of Radial Vibration in Switched Reluctance Machines

Origins of vibration in switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are investigated. Accordingly, an input-output model based on the mechanical impulse response of the SRM is developed. The proposed model is derived using an experimental approach. Using the proposed approach, vibration of the stator frame is captured and experimentally verified.
An initial-value method for integral operators V. Kernels depending upon a parameter

A new technique is presented for the calculation of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of integral operators where the kernel is an entire function of the eigenvalue parameter. The method combines a number of results from functions of a complex variable and integral equations with a new technique for converting Fredholm integral equations into an initial-value system of ordinary differential equations. Several pertinent examples are presented which illustrate the efficacy of the procedure.