cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Is Your Sunscreen Not Working

5. What are the implications of this study? Patients sometimes claim that, despite regular and routine use of sunscreen, they still develop “redness.” A discussion of proper ap p lication of sunscreen then ensues, and often one concludes that sunscreen compliance is really the issue. But is it? In this issue, Young and colleagues suggest otherwise. Stemming from the knowledge that UVA radiation participates in the erythema caused by cumula­ tive UV exposure (Parrish et al., 1981) and that current standards for assigning sun protection factor (SPF) are biased against the contri­ b ution of UVA to the resulting erythema, Young et al. compared a UVB sunscreen with a broad­spectrum (UVA and UVB) sunscreen with respect to their abilities to prevent erythema over 13 days of exposure to standardized UV irradiation. The conditions under which solar­simulated radiation is used to test sunscreens are stipulated by the European Commission and the US Food and Drug Administration and specify more UVB relative to UVA than is found at noon at the equator. This extreme ratio of UVB to UVA does not repre­ sent the UVR experienced at all latitudes, especially temperate latitudes, nor is this ratio representative of all times of the day (Seite et al., 2006). The two sunscreens evaluated by Young and colleagues, which were both labeled with an SPF rating of 6, were tested for their abilities to prevent erythema on subjects’ buttock skin exposed to a variety of UVB:UVA ratios that individuals may actually experience. These studies revealed that a broad­spectrum sunscreen was superior to a UVB sunscreen in preventing UVR­induced erythema. Although sunscreens are described in terms of their ability to prevent UV­induced erythema, we often recom­ mend these products for additional reasons. If erythema is considered a biomarker of solar skin damage, then these results suggest that broad­spectrum sunscreens could be advantageous in preventing UV­induced carcino­ genesis. UVB sunscreens have shown benefit for reducing squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor actinic keratosis; however, the data are less clear for melanoma. Whether a broad­spectrum sunscreen would be better in this respect is of substantial interest. For brief answers, please refer to the supplementary information online .
SPREADING PROPERTY OF AZOPROTEINS IN THE DERMIS

1. Azoproteins are shown to have the property of spreading when introduced intradermally into the rabbit skin. 2. The aromatic derivative selected for the coupling does not affect specifically the spreading property of the azoprotein. Likewise, the type of protein has no importance, except in quantitative respects. 3. The spreading property conferred upon a protein by coupling appears to derive from the presence of the azo group. 4. The spreading power of an azoprotein preparation seems to be determined by the number of diazo groups which enter the protein molecule, and to vary in direct proportion with the concentration of the solution. 5. Azo compounds of low molecular weight fail to exhibit any significant effect on skin permeability.
PCA-based algorithm for rapid discrimination of compounds in and on paper using spectra obtained by SFE/SFC/FT-IR

Abstract Principal component analysis was applied to discriminate rapidly between extractable compounds that are indigenous to papers and nonindigenous compounds based on their infrared spectra. This method was applied with on-line supercritical fluid extraction, capillary supercritical fluid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, to yield a fully automated analysis of compounds that can be extracted from very complex matrices.
Peroxisomal Atg37 binds Atg30 or palmitoyl-CoA to regulate phagophore formation during pexophagy

Autophagy is a membrane trafficking pathway that sequesters proteins and organelles into autophagosomes. The selectivity of this pathway is determined by autophagy receptors, such as the Pichia pastoris autophagy-related protein 30 (Atg30), which controls the selective autophagy of peroxisomes (pexophagy) through the assembly of a receptor protein complex (RPC). However, how the pexophagic RPC is regulated for efficient formation of the phagophore, an isolation membrane that sequesters the peroxisome from the cytosol, is unknown. Here we describe a new, conserved acyl-CoA–binding protein, Atg37, that is an integral peroxisomal membrane protein required specifically for pexophagy at the stage of phagophore formation. Atg30 recruits Atg37 to the pexophagic RPC, where Atg37 regulates the recruitment of the scaffold protein, Atg11. Palmitoyl-CoA competes with Atg30 for Atg37 binding. The human orthologue of Atg37, acyl-CoA–binding domain containing protein 5 (ACBD5), is also peroxisomal and is required specifically for pexophagy. We suggest that Atg37/ACBD5 is a new component and positive regulator of the pexophagic RPC.
TROPIC RESPONSES CONTROLLING LEAF ORIENTATION IN THE FERN DANAEA WENDLANDII (MARATTIACEAE)

Fertile leaves (sporophylls) of the eusporangiate herbaceous layer fern Danaea wendlandii emerge from the shoot apex with a horizontal orientation. Croziers of sterile leaves (trophophylls) emerge from the terminal bud oriented vertically. Sporophylls maintain a horizontal orientation as the leaflets uncoil and the rachis unrolls. This is followed by formation of a petiolar hook and vertical reorientation of the mature sporophyll. Both the vertical orientation of young trophophylls and the horizontal orientation of young sporophylls are gravitropic responses. Neither type of leaf responds to directional light stimulus. Negative gravitropism causing downward curvature of young sporophylls occurs only in the light, and in the absence of light, sporophyll croziers curve upward. Amyloplast sedimentation patterns in cells of the petiole and rachis indicate that a statolith mechanism may be involved in the orientation of young leaves of D. wendlandii. DANAEA WENDLANDII Reichenb. is a fern inhabiting the herbaceous understory layer of neotropical rain forests. It has very different fertile leaves (sporophylls) and sterile leaves (trophophylls) and can be classified as extremely dimorphic, based on Dickason's (1946) morphological criteria. Four different states of orientation have been identified in leaves of D. wendlandii: 1) horizontal young sporophylls, 2) vertical mature sporophylls, 3) vertical young trophophylls, and 4) recumbent
Facilitation of lordosis in female rats by CNS-site specific infusions of an LH-RH fragment, Ac-LH-RH-(5-10).

Abstract Structural alterations of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) molecule have been performed to yield analogs which are more potent than, or which complete with, the parent hormone to increase or decrease the release of LH from the pituitary gland. The effects of these analogs on mating behavior, however, do not always parallel their effects on LH release. The present study tested the effectiveness of a pituitary-inactive fragment of LH-RH, namely Ac-LH-RH-(5–10), in potentiating mating behavior in the ovariectomized, estrogen-primed female rat. This fragment, when infused bilaterally into the medial preoptic area (POA), the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), or the midbrain central gray (MCG), significantly enhanced lordosis. Infusion of the fragment into the cerebral cortex was ineffective. Elevated lordotic responding was first apparent in the POA at 15 min postinfusion and was maintained for the duration of the testing session (180 min). Ac-LH-RH-(5–10) infused into the VMH or MCG enhanced lordotic behavior at 90 and 180 min postinfusion. The results indicate that only a portion of the LH-RH molecule may be required for behavioral activity and suggest that degradation of the LH-RH molecule is physiologically relevant.
Quantum dynamics of quasiresonant vibration-rotation energy transfer in Li2-Ne scattering

This Rapid Communication reports fully quantum-mechanical calculations of inelastic-scattering cross sections for Li/sub 2//sup */(v/sub i/,j/sub i/) +Ne..-->..Li/sub 2//sup */(v/sub f/,j/sub f/)+Ne with 40less than or equal toj/sub i/less than or equal to100. The calculations are performed within the coupled-states approximation. They reveal large cross sections for vibrational relaxation to remarkably narrow final-rotational-state distributions. The theoretical cross sections reproduce the ..delta..j = -4..delta..v correlation observed experimentally. Comparison of the quantum-mechanical results to classical trajectory calculations confirms the accuracy of the latter procedure.
Synthesis of Rhenium Ditelluride

A single phase, ReTe2, formed between 450° and 935°C in sealed, evacuated fused silica tubes. The compound may be indexed on a triclinic unit cell, but an unequivocal unit cell cannot be chosen without single-crystal X-ray data. The compound dissociates at 935°± 5°C in sealed tubes to solid rhenium and liquid tellurium with a high vapor pressure. No ternary compounds are found in the system Re-Pb-Te.
Pharmacoeconomics of Lipid-Lowering Agents for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and the leading source of healthcare expenditure in the US and most other industrialised countries. Cholesterol lowering by pharmacological means prevents atherosclerotic plaque progression and has been shown to reduce both fatal and nonfatal coronary events in patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD). Because of their excellent efficacy and safety profiles, the introduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (also known an 'statins') in 1987 raised hopes for demonstrating the survival benefit of cholesterol reduction. In the past decade, several large-scale placebo-controlled trials with statin therapy have revisited the relationship between cholesterol reduction, cardiovascular disease and mortality. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) [pravastatin] and the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS) [lovastatin] have shown significant cardiovascular disease reduction in primary prevention trials of patients with elevated and normal cholesterol levels, respectively. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study and the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial [pravastatin] have shown significant cardiovascular disease reduction in patients with a previous history of CAD with high, moderate and normal cholesterol levels, respectively. Three of these studies (4S, WOSCOPS and LIPID) have shown significant reduction in all-cause mortality, while all the statin secondary prevention trials (4S, CARE and LIPID) have demonstrated significant reduction in cerebrovascular disease/ Earlier cholesterol reduction cost-effectiveness studies with nonstatin treatments (bile acid resins, fibrates, niacin and diet) suggested that only patients at extremely high risk could be treated with lipid therapy in a cost-effective manner. More recently, rigorous outcomes evidence demonstrates that statins, particularly for simvastatin for secondary prevention and lovastatin for primary prevention, have a broadly favourable cost-effectiveness profile. Based on US medical price levels and the available clinical trial data on statins, it would be cost effective [e.g. cost less than $US50,000/year of life saved] to intervene with statin therapy in any patient with an annual CAD risk exceeding 1%. This includes all patients with pre-existing CAD or diabetes mellitus, and many more primary prevention patients than are currently contemplated by the US National Cholesterol Education Panel treatment guidelines. Achieving such a goal will require enormous changes in patient education, clinical perspective, healthcare practice and healthcare finances. But any proven opportunity for saving the lives of 25% of those dying from cardiovascular disease each year deserves to be considered with the utmost seriousness and urgency.
THE CATABOLISM OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE: SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF ANACTH-INACTIVATING SYSTEM IN PLASMA1

It has been previously shown that porcine ACTH is inactivated in vitro by canine blood, plasma, and serum, and that human plasma will inactivate endogenous ACTH. In the present report it has been demonstrated that this ACTH inactivating system(s) is destroyed by heating to 60° C for one hour, that the rate of inactivation is temperature dependent, and that L-cysteine inhibits the process. These findings suggest that the ACTH inactivating system in plasma may be an enzymatic oxidation of the molecule to a biologically inactive form.
Racial-ethnic differences in stroke risk factors and subtypes: results of a prospective hospital-based registry

A majority of stroke research in the United States focuses on Caucasian and African-American populations, limiting the amount of comparative stroke data available on other racial and ethnic groups. The purpose of this research was to examine differences in stroke risk factors/subtypes between minority stroke patient groups in the United States (Asian-Indian, African-American, and Hispanic), using a Caucasian reference group. All patients had a comprehensive stroke work-up to ascertain their stroke risk factors and their stroke etiology applying TOAST criteria. Minority groups were younger compared with the white stroke patients, with the mean age significantly lower in the Asian-Indian and the Hispanic groups. The male:female ratio favored males in the Asian-Indian and Hispanic subgroups and females in the Caucasian and African-American groups. Diabetes was more prevalent in the minority subgroups, with a highest prevalence (55%) noted in the Asian-Indian group. The minority groups had lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation, carotid stenosis (≥70%), CAD, PVD, smoking, and alcohol use. The Asian-Indian stroke group had a higher median fasting plasma homocysteine level compared with the reference white group (12.1 vs. 10.4, p = 0.002). Compared to the reference white stroke group, the Asian-Indian stroke group had fewer strokes related to cardioembolism (7% vs. 25%) and a higher number of strokes related to small vessel occlusive disease (25% vs. 11%). There are some similarities in the stroke risk factors between the minority stroke groups, but the data indicate that there are different trends in stroke risk factors and subtypes.
Drag on an Oscillating Rod with Longitudinal and Torsional Motion

An analytical expression for the viscous drag on a smooth circular cylindrical rodlike cable oscillating with longitudinal and torsional motion is obtained. Based on a linear damping law, an approximate value for the drag coefficient is also presented. The analysis and con- clusions are useful when dealing with many ocean engineering problems of practical importance. the analysis of many practical problems related to the sea-state excitation of long rods and cable-body systems for salvage, buoy, oil drilling, and towing operations, an expression for the viscous drag force acting on the longi- tudinal rod or cable is required. It has been shown that the inclusion of this term can have a pronounced effect on the tension in the rod or cable and subsequent response of the system. For example, the propagation and attenuation of internal stress waves and snap loads through the cable in a cable lifting system are affected by the external viscous damping.1 The problem is also of considerable interest in offshore oil drilling problems since a similar analysis is usually performed.2 It is a common practice to postulate a linear relationship between the external damping force and the surface velocity of the rod when investigating the longitudinal vibrations based on the wave equation. The solution of this damped wave equation with an arbitrary damping coefficient can show the qualitative effects of external damping. However, the magnitude and frequency dependence of the damping coefficient can significantly alter the nature of the solution. The purpose of this investigation is to formulate an analyti- cal expression for the viscous drag on a smooth circular cylindrical rodlike cable oscillating with longitudinal and torsional motion. An examination of the hypothesis of the linear damping law will be made and the damping coefficient estimated.
Eddy formation near the west coast of Greenland

Abstract This paper extends A. Bracco and J. Pedlosky’s investigation of the eddy-formation mechanism in the eastern Labrador Sea by including a more realistic depiction of the boundary current. The quasigeostrophic model consists of a meridional, coastally trapped current with three vertical layers. The current configuration and topographic domain are chosen to match, as closely as possible, the observations of the boundary current and the varying topographic slope along the West Greenland coast. The role played by the bottom-intensified component of the boundary current on the formation of the Labrador Sea Irminger Rings is explored. Consistent with the earlier study, a short, localized bottom-trapped wave is responsible for most of the perturbation energy growth. However, for the instability to occur in the three-layer model, the deepest component of the boundary current must be sufficiently strong, highlighting the importance of the near-bottom flow. The model is able to reproduce important features o...
Neonatal nemaline myopathy with abundant intranuclear rods

A term hypotonic female infant was born to a primigravida mother. The infant required mechanical ventilation from birth until death at 5 weeks of age. An elevated serum creatine kinase of 1300 IU l-1 lead to a quadriceps muscle biopsy at 3 days of age. The biopsy showed numerous intranuclear inclusions on light microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed the inclusions to be rod (nemaline) bodies and were located in 80% of the muscle nuclei. Cytoplasmic rod bodies were also present in 50% of the muscle fibers, often arising from Z discs. The intranuclear rods were more than ten times larger than the cytoplasmic rods. There have been eight reported cases of abundant intranuclear rods in nemaline myopathy: three adult onset; one childhood onset; and four neonatal (including this case). Six of the cases (all of the neonatal and two adult onset) died due to respiratory failure and pneumonia. While intranuclear rods are unusual in nemaline myopathy, they occur in both adult and neonatal cases, and their presence is often associated with a fatal outcome.
Channelized fluid flow in oceanic crust reconciles heat-flow and permeability data

Hydrothermal fluid circulation within the sea floor profoundly influences the physical, chemical and biological state of the crust and the oceans. Circulation within ridge flanks (in crust more than 1 Myr old) results in greater heat loss1,2,3 and fluid flux4 than that at ridge crests and persists for millions of years, thereby altering the composition of the crust and overlying ocean5,6. Fluid flow in oceanic crust is, however, limited by the extent and nature of the rock's permeability7. Here we demonstrate that the global data set of borehole permeability measurements in uppermost oceanic crust7,8,9 defines a trend with age that is consistent with changes in seismic velocity10,11. This trend—which indicates that fluid flow should be greatly reduced in crust older than a few million years—would appear to be inconsistent with heat-flow observations, which on average indicate significant advective heat loss in crust up to 65 Myr old3. But our calculations, based on a lateral flow model, suggest that regional-scale permeabilities are much higher than have been measured in boreholes. These results can be reconciled if most of the fluid flow in the upper crust is channelized through a small volume of rock, influencing the geometry of convection and the nature of fluid–rock interaction.
Using flat-panel displays in a hybrid analog/digital system

Electromechanical flight instruments have been used in aircraft from the earliest days of flight. They have served well in providing very adequate flight information to the pilot to maintain control during all phases of flight. The sensors, which have provided the basic inputs, have been analog so there has been complete compatibility between sensor and display. For many current flight regimes the analog sensors are still very adequate, however new flight restrictions by the FAA and a host of additional flight aids which are digital in nature require more sophisticated displays. These displays in the case of aircraft upgrades must function not only with analog sensor inputs, but also with a variety of digital inputs. Flat panel display technology has evolved where it is capable of providing the variety of information needed in the new cockpit environments. However, where upgrades of existing aircraft are required, these displays must be uniquely designed to handle both conventional analog sensor inputs in combination with new digital systems. This paper describes the problems encountered and the approach taken to provide flat panel displays, which meet both criteria.
Potato response to varying levels of soil test P and K 1

Abstract Irrigated potatoes were grown on a sandy soil which ranged in available P and K from 53 to 308 and 45 to 319 kg/ha, respectively. The levels of soil P and K as measured by soil test (Bray #1) were compared with yield, specific gravity of the tubers, and P and K tissue concentrations. The response of the potato crop was correlated to soil K but not to soil P. Yields increased with increasing soil K from 45 to 196 kg/ha in the surface sample and leveled off there after. The fact that the levels of subsoil K increased with increasing surface soil K may have had somewhat of an effect on the leveling off of potato yields at 196 kg/ha of K. The lack of a yield response to soil P was associated with adequate available soil P at the lowest soil test levels.
The aeromagnetic method as a tool to identify Cenozoic magmatism in the West Antarctic Rift System beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet — A review; Thiel subglacial volcano as possible source of the ash layer in the WAISCORE

Abstract The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) flows through the volcanically active West Antarctic Rift System (WARS). The aeromagnetic method has been the most useful geophysical tool for identification of subglacial volcanic rocks, since 1959–64 surveys, particularly combined with 1978 radar ice-sounding. The unique 1991–97 Central West Antarctica (CWA) aerogeophysical survey covering 354,000 km 2 over the WAIS, (5-km line-spaced, orthogonal lines of aeromagnetic, radar ice-sounding, and aerogravity measurements), still provides invaluable information on subglacial volcanic rocks, particularly combined with the older aeromagnetic profiles. These data indicate numerous 100–>1000 nT, 5–50-km width, shallow-source, magnetic anomalies over an area greater than 1.2 × 10 6 km 2 , mostly from subglacial volcanic sources. I interpreted the CWA anomalies as defining about 1000 “volcanic centers” requiring high remanent normal magnetizations in the present field direction. About 400 anomaly sources correlate with bed topography. At least 80% of these sources have less than 200 m relief at the WAIS bed. They appear modified by moving ice, requiring a younger age than the WAIS (about 25 Ma). Exposed volcanoes in the WARS are The present rapid changes resulting from global warming, could be accelerated by subglacial volcanism.
Bulimia: A review of its symptomatology and treatment

Abstract The current paper reviews the rapidly growing literature on bulimia, alternatively known as bulimarexia or bulimia nervosa. Research on the prevalence and topography of the binge response (i.e. place, duration, frequency and foods consumed) and vomiting is presented. Particular attention is given to the role of negative cognitive/emotional states and negative reinforcement in the binge-purge chain. Examination of personality characteristics suggest global personality deficits which may contribute to the negative emotional states of the binge-purge cycle. Family history and biologic tests suggest the role of depression in the bulimic syndrome. In addition to psychological distress, bulimia has the potential for severe medical consequences. An initial model of the disorder, integrating global personality deficits, emotional changes in the binge-purge chain, and psychological effects of medical complications, is offered. Finally, review of initial treatment studies suggests the potential efficacy of assertion training, stimulus control, self-control relaxation, exposure and response prevention, and anti-depressant medication as components of a comprehensive treatment package.
Thermal design, analysis, and experimental verification for a DIII-D cryogenic pump

Abstract As part of the advanced divetoor program, it is planned to install a 50 m 3 /s capacity cryopump for particle removal in the DIII-D tokamak. The cryopump will be located in the outer bottom corner of the vacuum vessel. The pump will consist of a surface at liquid helium temperature (helium panel) with a surface area of about 1 m 2 , a surface at liquid nitrogen temperature (nitrogen shield) to reduce radiation heat load on the helium panel, and a secondary shield around the nitrogen shield. The cryopump design poses a number of thermal hydraulic problems such as estimation of heat loads on helium and nitrogen panels, stability of the two-phase helium flow, performance of the pump components during high temperature bakeout, and cooldown performance of the helium panel from ambient temperatures. This paper presents the thermal analysis done to resolve these issues. A prototypic experiment performed at General Atomics verified the analysis and increased the confidence in the design. The experimental results are also summarized in this paper.
Treatment of singularities in cracked bodies

Three-dimensional finite-element analyses of middle-crack tension (M-T) and bend specimens subjected to mode I loadings were performed to study the stress singularity along the crack front. The specimen was modeled using 20-node isoparametric elements with collapsed, non-singular elements at the crack front. The displacements and stresses from the analysis were used to estimate the power of singularities using a log-log regression analysis along the crack front. The analyses showed that finite-sized cracked bodies have two singular stress fields. The near-field singular stress has the form σ =C0(θ,z)r-/12' +D0 (0,ϕ)R λ σ The first term is the cylindrical singularity with the power -1/2 and is dominant over the middle 96 percent (for Poisson's ratio = 0.3) of the crack front and becomes nearly zero at the free surface. The second singularity is a vertex singularity with the vertex point located at the intersection of the crack front and the free surface. The second singularity is dominant at the free surface and becomes nearly zero away from the boundary layer. The thickness of the boundary layer depends on Poisson's ratio of the material and is independent of the specimen type. The thickness of the boundary layer was about 0%, 2%, 4%, and 5% of the total specimen thickness for Poisson's ratio of 0.0, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.45, respectively.
Let Them Speak French

Author's Summary.— Poor teaching of modern languages and insufficient stress on developing a speaking knowledge have been vital causes of the falling off of foreign language study. By teaching students to speak a language we can offer parents a tangible result which may serve as a boon.
Dietary characterizations in a study of human exposures in the Lower Rio Grande Valley: II. Household waters

Abstract The Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Study (LRGVES) was designed to evaluate multiple forms of exposure to Valley residents because of community concerns of possible adverse health effects from environmental conditions. This is the second of two papers that describe the dietary components of the LRGVES scoping study, conducted in the spring and summer of 1993 in nine Valley residences. Drinking water and household water samples were collected along with food and beverage samples to determine potential dietary exposures of the participants. Water samples were analyzed for various organic compounds, including volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, haloacetic acids, chlorinated acids, and benzidines. Samples were also analyzed for trace elements, selected anions, and microbial quality. Sources of water available in the residences for drinking and other household purposes were public treatment facilities, vended water machines, and a private well. In general, organic and inorganic chemicals found in commercial sources of drinking water did not exceed federal criteria. However, products of the disinfection process (total trihalomethanes) exceeded the federal regulatory level in one sample. In addition, tap water samples from public water supplies were high in chloride and sulfate anions, often related to poor odor, color, or taste, resulting in residents of the Valley purchasing water for drinking at local vending machines and storing it in their homes in a variety of containers. Microbiological contamination of these containers was found to be a potential health problem. Coliform levels exceeding federal criteria for public water supplies were found in the water of several participants who did not regularly disinfect the containers in which they stored their drinking water. Water from a private well, which was designated for purposes other than drinking, was also unsuitable for drinking because of microbial contamination. Water sampling in the LRGVES pilot study identified the need for intervention and educational programs to eliminate exposures of Valley residents.
Anomaly-specified virtual dimensionality

Virtual dimensionality (VD) has received considerable interest where VD is used to estimate the number of spectral distinct signatures, denoted by p. Unfortunately, no specific definition is provided by VD for what a spectrally distinct signature is. As a result, various types of spectral distinct signatures determine different values of VD. There is no one value-fit-all for VD. In order to address this issue this paper presents a new concept, referred to as anomaly-specified VD (AS-VD) which determines the number of anomalies of interest present in the data. Specifically, two types of anomaly detection algorithms are of particular interest, sample covariance matrix K-based anomaly detector developed by Reed and Yu, referred to as K-RXD and sample correlation matrix R-based RXD, referred to as R-RXD. Since K-RXD is only determined by 2 nd order statistics compared to R-RXD which is specified by statistics of the first two orders including sample mean as the first order statistics, the values determined by K-RXD and R-RXD will be different. Experiments are conducted in comparison with widely used eigen-based approaches.
β-catenin function is required for cerebellar morphogenesis

Because of the failure to form embryonic mid-hindbrain structures in conventional Wnt1 knockout animals, ongoing roles for Wnt signaling at later stages have been difficult to resolve. Here, we used Nestin-cre to ablate beta-catenin at midgestation in developing CNS precursors to investigate beta-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling in the development of late-derived structures such as the cerebellum. At 14.5 dpc, we found evidence for premature neural precursor cell fate commitment. At P0, we observed vermian hypoplasia and failure to fuse the cerebellar hemispheres and caudal midbrain, a phenotype reminiscent of the swaying (Wnt1(sw/sw)) mouse mutant. Our findings indicate general functions for beta-catenin beyond the neural plate stage during brain development and a particular role for beta-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling during morphogenesis of the caudal midbrain and the cerebellum. We discuss our results with respect to genetic pathways that regulate formation of derivatives of the embryonic midbrain-hindbrain region.
Reversible injury of L-strain mouse cells by trypsin.

Abstract L-strain mouse cells treated with trypsin and transferred in large inocula of over 600,000 cells per ml remain rounded and are unable to attach to the glass and grow. Cells transferred under the same conditions using a rubber policeman to remove the cells from the glass instead of trypsin are attached to the glass and flattened out within 2 hours after transfer. The trypsin effect can be reversed within a few hours the same day, or even a day after the trypsinization and transfer, by adding soybean trypsin inhibitor, or by raising the concentration of serum in the medium to 10 per cent. It is suggested that the inability to attach is due to traces of trypsin that remain on the cells or actually become attached to the cells.
A generalization of the norm-relaxed method of feasible directions

This paper generalizes the norm-relaxed method of feasible directions which has roots in the classical method of feasible directions (MFD). This generalized algorithm introduces some parameters which can be adjusted to speed up the convergence. An investigation of its global convergence is included and the numerical performance is shown on 15 test problems. Its global convergence is guaranteed under a rather mild and standard assumption. The numerical tests show that this new algorithm converges faster than the previous norm-relaxed MFD for most test problems by selecting a set of suitable parameters even though it only has the same guaranteed convergence rate as the previous norm-relaxed MFD.
Quantifying the performance of Pediococcus sp. (NRRL B-2354: Enterococcus faecium) as a nonpathogenic surrogate for Salmonella Enteritidis PT30 during moist-air convection heating of almonds.

Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354 was investigated as a potential nonpathogenic surrogate for Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 30 (SE PT30) on the surface of almonds subjected to moist-air heating. Both microorganisms were subjected to various time, temperature, and humidity regimens on almonds processed in a computer-controlled, laboratory-scale, moist-air convection oven. Overall, the mean log reductions for Pediococcus sp. were 0.6 log and 1.4 log lower than those for SE PT30 (P < 0.05) at predicted reductions of 3 and 5 log, respectively. Also, the Dref-values for Pediococcus sp., calculated using a modified inactivation model (accounting for moisture) for SE PT30 on the surface of almonds subjected to moist-air heating (30 to 90% moisture by volume) were ~30% larger than those for SE PT30. Based on these findings, Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354 can be used as a conservative surrogate for SE PT30 during moist-air heating, and this organism is also likely to be an acceptable surrogate for stea...
The coordination of spatial position: a field study of the vocal behaviour of adult female squirrel monkeys

Abstract Continuous focal recordings were collected of the vocalizations of 21 marked adult female squirrel monkeys, Saimiri oerstedi, in their natural Costa Rican habitat. Concurrent data were also obtained for each focal female on her foraging activity, distance from the nearest neighbouring adult female, spatial position within the troop, and ongoing troop activities and movements. A cumulative 18·6 h of continuous samples and 3080 sonagrams were analysed. Consistent with earlier studies, four major call types were identified: smooth chuck, bent mast chuck, peep and twitter. As the distance from the nearest adult female increased, the rate of vocalizations increased dramatically, the peep call disproportionately so. A rapid rate of vocalization, with an increased proportion of twitters and a decreased proportion of bent mast chucks, was strongly associated with the initiation of troop movement and with females in the vanguard of a moving troop. No direct relationship was found between foraging and vocal behaviour. Even the most narrowly defined call types were likely to be uttered in sequences. There was no evidence that sequential patterns of calls (syntax) differed across contexts.
Intraventricular haemorrhage and hydrocephalus caused by intraventricular parasitic granuloma suggesting cerebral sparganosis

A 67-year-old female farmer presented with acute loss of consciousness. Computed tomograms showed a calcified mass in the cavum septi pellucidi with intraventricular haemorrhage and obstructive hydrocephalus. The patient became fully conscious after urgent external ventriculostomy and subsequently underwent craniotomy for the excision of the mass. Pathological examination of the mass demonstrated a granuloma surrounding a degenerating larva compatible with Spirometra mansonoides whose mimicking an intraventricular tumour has not been reported before.
Preparation of aptamer-linked gold nanoparticle purple aggregates for colorimetric sensing of analytes

Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that can bind target molecules with high affinity and specificity. The conformation of an aptamer usually changes upon binding to its target analyte, and this property has been used in a wide variety of sensing applications, including detection based on fluorescence intensity, polarization, energy transfer, electrochemistry or color change. Colorimetric sensors are particularly important because they minimize or eliminate the necessity of using expensive and complicated instruments. Among the many colorimetric sensing strategies, metallic nanoparticle-based detection is desirable because of the high extinction coefficients and strong distance-dependent optical properties of the nanoparticles. Here, we describe a protocol for the preparation of aptamer-linked gold nanoparticle purple aggregates that undergo fast disassembly into red dispersed nanoparticles upon binding of target analytes. This method has proved to be generally applicable for colorimetric sensing of a broad range of analytes. The time range for the entire protocol is ∼5 d, including synthesis and functionalization of nanoparticles, preparation of nanoparticle aggregates and sensing.
P02-46 - Audit on ward review meeting

Introduction, literature & review • Ward rounds and clinical review meetings should reflect the recovery model for mental health and person centred planning. They play a pivotal role in hospital-based care. They should enhance the quality of patient care, improving communication and address service users’ concerns and problems. • They should involve users as fully as possible in the development and review of their treatment plan, allow proper planning and evaluation of treatment and facilitate multi-professional training and education. • This audit is designed to benchmark current practice against proposed standards outlined below. Objective To establish if the ward review practice in Prof. Benbow's team on Cedar Ward, Penn hospital is in line with the proposed standards and to consider whether the standards are appropriate. Methodology • The sample population includes patients or the cares involved in their care. Data was gathered by means of questionnaires and retrospectively from psychiatric case records between the period 01/001/2008 and 31/12/2008. • The questionnaires were both respondent and researcher completed. Open and close ended questions were used. Summary/recommendations • The findings showed satisfaction with the ward meeting process, but participants identified issues that could be improved upon. • Audit strength includes clearly defined standards and giving room for additional comments. • Limitations includes small sample size and poor response from patients and the carers.
Displaced Atoms in Solids. Comparison Between Theory and Experiment

Bombardment with massive fast particles produces atomic displacements in a solid, and important changes in physical properties arise from the resultant atomic disorder. The calculation and measurement of the concentration of displaced atoms prcduced by nuclear radiations is discussed and, in particular, a critical comparison of theory and experiment is maade. The theory of displacement production is outlined briefly. The number of atoms displaced in a solid by a given flux of bombarding particles of known energy can be calculated. It is assumed in the theory that the process can be described in terms of hard sphere collisions and that a definite threshold energy may be assigned to the displacement process.
Constructing an independent Moroccan nation and national identity through cinema and institutions

A significant axis this paper addresses is the interrelationship of the nation and its cinema, particularly during the early years of national independence during which time the cinema may be used as a tool to cement national identity and unity – as is the case in Morocco's post-independence cinema history from 1956 to 1970. The paper investigates the link between national films and national identity during this important post-independence, nation-cementing era for Morocco. It provides the initial orientation to the cinema developments in Morocco inherited from French colonisation and emphasises that cinema production practices and institutions did not change drastically with Morocco's move to independence in 1956. The author focuses upon films made in Morocco by Moroccans subsequent to independence, overviews the original laws and regulations maintained by the CCM, and investigates early expectations of those first Moroccan filmmakers, and how the filmmakers worked with various institutions. Additionally...
Diminished in vitro tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor of senescent human fibroblasts

Fibroblastic cultures derived from normal human tissues undergo a finite number of population doublings when serially subcultivated in vitro (see refs 1, 2 for reviews). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) serves as a mitogen for early doubling level cultures of the human fetal lung-derived cell strain, WI-38, under serum-free conditions3. The ability of cells from late doubling level cultures to respond mitogenically to EGF is lost, however, despite undiminished binding of EGF throughout the replicative lifespan3. The ultimate effects of EGF, that is DNA synthesis and mitosis (see ref. 4 for review), occur after a sequence of events initiated by binding of ligand to specific cellular receptors5,6. The receptor for EGF has been characterized as a 145,000–165,000 (145 K–165 K) molecular weight doublet7,8, and, like the receptors for platelet-derived growth factor9 and insulin10,11, and the transforming proteins of certain of the RNA tumour viruses12–17, is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase with autophosphorylating activity8,18,19. Moreover, several of the cellular target molecules of tyrosine phosphorylation have been found to be substrates for two or more of these kinases20,21. The hypothesis that tyrosine phosphorylation underlies a common mechanism of growth control prompted us to ask whether the loss of responsiveness to EGF by late doubling level WI-38 cells is accompanied by altered expression of the EGF receptor, and specifically whether changes occur in the ability of receptors from populations of cells of various in vitro ages to catalyse tyrosine autophosphorylation. We show here that autophosphorylating activity is absent from the EGF receptor of cells which have lost their mitogenic responsiveness to EGF.
Corporate control and enterprise structure in the Canadian economy: 1972–1987

Abstract Earlier work has examined corporate control, enterprise structure, and horizontal concentration within the Canadian economy (Berkowitz et al., 1978/1979). Moderately little change was observed in the number of firms and mappings of firms to standard industrial classification areas during the 15 year period in question. There was a considerable decrease in the number of both single-firm and multiple-firm enterprises over this time period. Mean and median enterprise size (number of firms) has increased, while horizontal integration and therefore (as they have traditionally been calculated) conventional measures of corporate concentration within industrial areas, have remained substantially unchanged except in the case of a few marginal industries. The Gini indices of the number of firms mapped to enterprises are substantially the same for the two years measured. There was, however, considerable significant and economically important change in the Canadian corporate system. This change was entirely structural and involved a considerable reduction in the number, and an increase in the strategic importance of, enterprises.
Antimutator variants of DNA polymerases

Evolution balances DNA replication speed and accuracy to optimize replicative fitness and genetic stability. There is no selective pressure to improve DNA replication fidelity beyond the background mutation rate from other sources, such as DNA damage. However, DNA polymerases remain amenable to amino acid substitutions that lower intrinsic error rates. Here, we review these 'antimutagenic' changes in DNA polymerases and discuss what they reveal about mechanisms of replication fidelity. Pioneering studies with bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase (T4 Pol) established the paradigm that antimutator amino acid substitutions reduce replication errors by increasing proofreading efficiency at the expense of polymerase processivity. The discoveries of antimutator substitutions in proofreading-deficient 'mutator' derivatives of bacterial Pols I and III and yeast Pol δ suggest there must be additional antimutagenic mechanisms. Remarkably, many of the affected amino acid positions from Pol I, Pol III, and Pol δ are similar to the original T4 Pol substitutions. The locations of antimutator substitutions within DNA polymerase structures suggest that they may increase nucleotide selectivity and/or promote dissociation of primer termini from polymerases poised for misincorporation, leading to expulsion of incorrect nucleotides. If misincorporation occurs, enhanced primer dissociation from polymerase domains may improve proofreading in cis by an intrinsic exonuclease or in trans by alternate cellular proofreading activities. Together, these studies reveal that natural selection can readily restore replication error rates to sustainable levels following an adaptive mutator phenotype.
Sexual Development and Behaviors of Adolescents

Adolescents are faced with many developmental tasks related to sexuality, such as forming romantic relationships and developing their sexual identities. Many adolescents will engage in a variety of sexual behaviors, including perhaps oral and anal sex, during this time period. Almost half will engage in vaginal sexual intercourse by the end of high school. A number of biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors can influence adolescents' romantic relationships and sexual behaviors. Some of these factors (eg, exposure to violence in the home, early pubertal development) may increase an adolescent's risk of being in an unhealthy relationship or engaging in sex at an early age. Parents, healthcare providers, and communities can support adolescents through these developmental tasks by forming close, connected relationships with teens and devising age-appropriate messages about the development of healthy sexuality.
Nāgārjuna's Approach to the Problem of the Existence of God

In this paper I will investigate Nāgārjuna's approach to the problem of the existence of God. Nāgārjuna lived in the second century A.D. and founded Mādhyamika Buddhism.1 He is considered to be one of the greatest thinkers of India2 and his philosophy, ‘the central philosophy of Buddhism’.3 Although there have been some systematic studies and presentations of Nāgārjuna's writings among Eastern and Western scholars during the past six or seven decades,4 many aspects of his teachings have not been adequately treated. One of these aspects is his examination of the concept of God or deity.