cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid peroxidation in guinea pig lung microsomes

Abstract The effects of substances known to influence lipid peroxidation were studied in guinea pig lung microsomes by measuring the formation of malonaldehyde in vitro. Incubation of lung microsomes at 37°C results in lipid peroxidation which appears to be an enzymatic process but is not dependent upon iron. Lipid peroxidation can be initiated non-enzymatically in lung microsomes by Fe2+, but ascorbate and Fe3+ have very little effect on malonaldehyde formation. The effects of NADPH on lipid peroxidation are dependent upon the concentration of Fe2+ in the incubation medium. At concentrations of Fe2+ between 0.05 mM and 1 mM, addition of NADPH causes an increase in lipid peroxidation over that produced by Fe2+ alone. This stimulation by NADPH is an enzymatic process and phosphate is required for the maximal effect. Addition of NADPH to lung microsomes in the presence of Fe3+ does not increase malonaldehyde formation over that produced by Fe3+ alone, suggesting that NADPH does not influence lipid peroxidation by maintaining iron in the reduced form. At concentrations of Fe2+ greater than 1 mM, NADPH inhibits Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in normal microsomes and in microsomes in which enzymes have been inactivated with heat. This latter result suggests that the inhibition by NADPH is at least partially non-enzymatic. The results of all of these experiments are discussed and compared with those obtained during lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes. We conclude that the processes involved in pulmonary microsomal lipid peroxidation differ significantly from those in hepatic microsomes.
Preservation of plant cell ultrastructure during immunolocalization of virus particles

Most immunoelectron microscopy techniques used for ultrastructural analyses of virus-infected plant tissues significantly compromise cellular membranous structures as well as overall contrast and resolution of the image. Here, we describe a protocol which avoids these flaws but retains full antigenicity of the sample. A direct comparison of the conventional and the improved electron immunostaining procedures is presented using tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana plants infected with turnip vein clearing virus.
A morphological study of viscera in aged rats with lesions in the limbic system.

Abstract Senescent male Sprague-Dawley rats were bilaterally lesioned electrolytically in either the septal or amygdaloid area of the brain. After convalescence surviving animals were given a single short superficial behavioral test to establish the actuality of the brain lesion attempted. Further testing was not administered and rats remained quiescent in individual cages until sacrificed. After 45 days lesioned animals were killed and autopsied immediately along with appropriate intact normal and sham-operated control animals. Morphological studies of viscera revealed tubular atrophy in testes of septally-lesioned rats but not in the testes of the amygdaloid-lesioned rats. Distinctly enlarged Bowman's spaces were seen in kidneys from animals with septal lesions but not in the kidneys of rats with amygdaloid lesions. Adrenal hypertrophy did not develop in any of the brain lesioned (non-stressed septal and amygdaloid) animals. Electrolytic lesions placed in septal and amygdaloid nuclei of young and senescent rats produced analogous morphological alterations.
Precise optical measurement of lamb shifts in atomic hydrogen.

We have measured the combination of hydrogen Lamb shifts ${L}_{1S}\ensuremath{-}5{L}_{2S}+4{L}_{4P}$ by comparing the frequencies of the $1S\ensuremath{-}2S$ and $2S\ensuremath{-}4P$ transitions. The measurement determines the $1S$ Lamb shift to be 8 172 827(51) kHz, the most precise value for any Lamb shift. The theoretical predictions for ${L}_{1S}$ are 8 172 802(30) and 8 172 654(40) kHz, corresponding to proton charge radius values of 0.862(12) and 0.805(11) fm, respectively.
A Steroid-Conjugated Magnetic Resonance Probe Enhances Contrast in Progesterone Receptor Expressing Organs and Tumors in Vivo

Progesterone receptor (PR) is a significant biomarker in diseases such as endometriosis and breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers that is associated with disease prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. While receptor status is currently determined by immunohistochemistry assays, the development of noninvasive PR imaging agents could improve molecular characterization, treatment decisions, and disease monitoring. ProGlo, a progesterone-conjugated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, was evaluated in vivo to determine whether it targets and enhances signal intensity in organs and tumors that express high PR levels. A tissue distribution study indicated that ProGlo accumulates in the PR-rich uterus, which was confirmed by in vivo imaging studies. Ex vivo images of these organs revealed that ProGlo was distributed in the substructures that express high PR levels. In xenograft tumor models, ProGlo was taken up to a greater extent than the nonfunctionalized Gd-DO3A in tumors, particularly in PR(+) tumors...
Infrared spectroscopy of proteins and peptides in lipid bilayers

Infrared spectroscopy is a useful technique for the determination of conformation and orientation of membrane-associated proteins and lipids. The technique is especially powerful for detecting conformational changes by recording spectral differences before and after perturbations in physiological solution. Polarized infrared measurements on oriented membrane samples have revealed valuable information on the orientation of chemical groupings and substructures within membrane molecules which is difficult to obtain by other methods. The application of infrared spectroscopy to the static and dynamic structure of proteins and peptides in lipid bilayers is reviewed with some emphasis on the importance of sample preparation. Limitations of the technique with regard to the absolute determination of secondary structure and orientation and new strategies for structural assignments are also discussed.
Pattern-based machine translation

In this paper, we describe a "pattern-based" machine translation (MT) approach that we followed in designing a personal tool for users who have access to large volumes of text in languages other than their own, such as WWW pages. Some of the critical issues involved in the design of such a tool include easy customization for diverse domains, the efficiency of the translation algorithm, and scalability (incremental improvement in translation quality through user interaction). We also describe how our patterns fit into the context-free parsing and generation algoritluns, and how we implemented a prototype tool.
Generalized reflection positivity and modified Migdal-Kadanoff procedure for lattice gauge theories

The strict requirement of reflection positivity for lattice gauge theories is replaced by that of generalized reflection positivity with an integral period. A wide class of lattice gauge theories of interest are shown to possess reflection positivity with period two. For these systems, Hermitian positive Hamiltonians can be constructed, and a modified Migdal-Kadanoff procedure is introduced. The improved procedure is tested against the Z/sub 4/ lattice gauge theory where the phase diagram is known from Monte Carlo studies.
795 ECHO 6. A CAUSE OF SHINGLES

A skin infection resembling bullous Herpes zoster in a boy of 7 years was investigated by tissue culture and neutralizing antibody titration. The unexpected recovery of ECHO 6 is the reason for this report. Vesiculo-bullous lesions involving 3 adjacent dermatomes on the neck, right shoulder and chest had been present for two days with temperatures of 101°F when he was first seen. Tissue culture using WI-38 cells was done. The lesions were denuded and crusting on a red base after two weeks. After two months vesicles and bullae had healed leaving an irregular red, raised skin eruption where they had been. ECHO-6 grew on human amnion and kidney cell cultures causing cytopathic changes within 24 hours when subcultured. Serum obtained 2 weeks after onset neutralized cytopathic effects of 100 TCD inoculum of ECHO 6 at a dilution of 1:32. The neutralizing antibody titer rose to 1:640 after 2 months. No antibody versus Herpes zoster, vaccinia or other entero-viruses was present. The recovery of ECHO 6 from vesiculo bullous lesions and the demonstration of a 5 fold rise in neutralizing serum antibody support the implication that this enterovirus was responsible for a systemic disease closely resembling Herpes zoster.
The genomic landscape of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and young adults

Our understanding of the genetic basis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been greatly advanced by genomic profiling and sequencing studies. These efforts have characterized the genetic basis of recently described and poorly understood subtypes of ALL, including early T-cell precursor ALL, Philadelphia chromosome-like (Ph-like) ALL, and ALL with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21, and have identified several rational therapeutic targets in high-risk ALL, notably ABL1-class and JAK-STAT inhibitors in Ph-like ALL. Deep sequencing studies are also refining our understanding of the genetic basis of clonal heterogeneity and relapse. These studies have elucidated the nature of clonal evolution during disease progression and identified genetic changes that confer resistance to specific therapeutic agents, including CREBBP and NT5C2. Genomic profiling has also identified common and rare inherited genetic variants that influence the risk of developing leukemia. These efforts are now being extended to ALL in adolescents and adults with the goal of fully defining the genetic landscape of ALL to further improve treatment outcomes in high-risk populations.
Social Class Analysis in the Early Progressive Tradition

ABSTRACTMany of the progressive-liberal thinkers central to the development of the field of curriculum studies have been criticized for failing to provide a substantive social class analysis of public schooling. Much of this criticism originated from leftist commentators, aimed directly at prominent figures like John Dewey, Harold Rugg, John Childs, Jesse Newlon, and Ralph Tyler. In this paper, however, the contrary position is taken. We argue that prominent progressive thinkers in the field of curriculum viewed the explanation of social inequities in relation to schooling was vitally important to curriculum considerations. Progressive-experimentalists in particular are described using their criticisms of class division and economic injustice in the society to assert the need for more directed efforts at developing social consciousness and social insight in the school. At the same time, the social class analysis provided by many progressives was not charged with ideological rhetoric about waging political...
Transforming growth factor is a potent stimulator of testicular ornithine decarboxylase in immature mouse.

Abstract Administration of transforming growth factor, type alpha (TGF-α), to eight-day old mice resulted in 22 fold increase of testicular ornithine decarboxylase activity. Two to seven fold increases of enzyme activities by TGF-α were also observed in intestine, kidney, spleen, liver, and heart. The maximal enzymatic responses were reached 2–4 h after TGF-α administration in vivo . The induction of tissue ornithine decarboxylase activity was accompanied by an increase in new protein synthesis. These effects were found to be comparable to those in littermates administered with mouse epidermal growth factor but were significantly more pronounced than with bovine growth hormone. Daily administration of TGF-α to newborn mice also produced a 1.8 fold increase of testicular weight after 14 days. The present studies therefore show that TGF-α is an epidermal growth factor-like mitogen and is likely to be important for the testicular development of immature animal.
Innovations in deterministic optical manufacturing processes

This paper reports on development innovations at the Center for Optics Manufacturing (COM) that incorporate computer-aided deterministic manufacturing technology to produce highly precise optics. COM developed computer numerically controlled deterministic microgrinding equipment and magnetorheological finishing processes eliminate the industry's reliance on the specialized skills required to operate today's costly labor-intensive conventional manufacturing processes. These newly developed enabling technologies extend the manufacturing state-of-the-art to provide optical manufacturers with a cost effective capability to produce precision optics.
A Method to Detect Natural Fracture Strike in Sandstones

In siliciclastic hydrocarbon reservoir rocks, economic gas and oil production may depend on the attributes of natural fractures, and, with the advent of horizontal drilling, fractures are increasingly exploration and development targets; yet reliable information on such key fracture attributes as orientation (strike) is sparse because few fractures intersect vertical well bores. This paper describes how fracture strike can be documented on a bed-by-bed basis even in well bores where few or no visible fractures are directly sampled. Quartz-lined opening-mode microfractures (lengths of microns to millimeters) in quartz-cemented sandstones commonly are not visible using standard petrographic methods, but systematic mapping of these microfractures is possible using photomultiplier-based electron beam-induced luminescence (scanned cathodoluminescence) imaging. As shown by observations, primarily from three natural gas plays and one oil play in the United States, microfracture strike is a good guide to the strike of large fractures (macrofractures) that formed concurrently. Because microfractures are widespread and small specimens can be used to get accurate fracture-strike data, this approach can be applied to samples obtained from wireline-conveyed rotary (drilled) sidewall coring devices, as well as to samples from full-diameter core.
Model estimates bioaccumulation of total PCBs, dioxin-furan TEQs, and total mercury in mink liver based on concentrations in Lake Ontario water.

We used stable isotope analysis and a bioaccumulation model to estimate concentrations of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxin–furan toxic equivalents (TEQs), and total mercury (Hg) in mink and to compare predicted ranges with their chemical concentrations in mink liver (PCB, TEQ) and brain (Hg). Actual concentrations were within predicted bounds for total PCB, dioxin–furan TEQ, and Hg except in two cases (lowest PCB and highest Hg) which were very close to predicted bounds. Based on 15N analysis, the trophic level of mink ranged from 3.4 to 3.9. Animals at the upper end of the range were exposed to Lake Ontario water and its food web, whereas those at the lower end were captured at inland locations. Because of the complexity of wetland (an important habitat for mink in this study) food webs with pelagic, littoral, and terrestrial carbon sources and overlapping 13C signatures, whether the origins of mink diets were aquatic or terrestrial could not be determined. We have established a nondestructive biomonitoring tool to reasonably estimate concentrations of total PCBs, TEQs and total Hg in mink tissues as concentrations of these chemicals change in their water supply.
Seasonal Distribution of Sulfur Fractions in Louisiana Salt Marsh Soils

The profile distributions of specific sulfur forms were examined at a site in a Louisiana salt marsh over a 1-yr period. Soil samples were fractionated into acid-volatile sulfides, HCl-soluble sulfur, elemental sulfur, pyrite sulfur, ester-sulfate sulfur, carbon-bonded sulfur, and total sulfur. Inorganic sulfur constituted 16% to 36% of total sulfur, with pyrite sulfur representing <2%. Pyrite sulfur content in marsh soil was relatively high in winter. Pyrite sulfur and elemental sulfur together accounted for 4% to 24% of the inorganic sulfur fraction. Between 74% and 95% of inorganic sulfur was present as the HCl-soluble sulfur form. A significant negative correlation between acid-volatile sulfides and elemental sulfur observed in summer suggested the transformation of fulfides to elemental sulfur. Organic sulfur, in the forms of ester-sulfate sulfur and carbon-bonded sulfur, predominated in all sampling periods, comprising 64% to 84% of total sulfur. The conversion of ester-sulfate sulfur into carbon-bonded sulfur was more likely to occur in winter than in other seasons. Carbon-bonded sulfur accounted for 53% to 89% of the organic sulfur. Organic sulfur was the major contributor to the variation of total sulfur in all seasons studied. Total sulfur concentration showed a statistically significant increase with depth.
Intracavity Rayleigh-Mie scattering for multipoint, two-component velocity measurement

A simultaneous multipoint, two-component Doppler velocimeter is described. The system uses two optical cavities: a Fabry-Perot etalon and an optical cavity for collecting and recirculating the Rayleigh-Mie-scattered light that is collected from the measurement volume in two parallel but opposite directions. Single-pulse measurements of two orthogonal components of the velocity vector in a supersonic free jet were performed to demonstrate the technique. The recirculation of the light rejected by the interferometer input mirror also increased the signal intensity by a factor of 3.5.
H2O2-induced higher order chromatin degradation: a novel mechanism of oxidative genotoxicity.

The genotoxicity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is well established. The underlying mechanism involves oxidation of DNA by ROS. However, we have recently shown that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the major mediator of oxidative stress, can also cause genomic damage indirectly. Thus, H2O2 at pathologically relevant concentrations rapidly induces higher order chromatin degradation (HOCD), i.e. enzymatic excision of chromatin loops and their oligomers at matrix-attachment regions. The activation of endonuclease that catalyzes HOCD is a signalling event triggered specifically by H2O2. The activation is not mediated by an influx of calcium ions, but resting concentrations of intracellular calcium ions are required for the maintenance of the endonuclease in an active form. Although H2O2-induced HOCD can efficiently dismantle the genome leading to cell death, under sublethal oxidative stress conditions H2O2-induced HOCD may be the major source of somatic mutations.
Search strategy of sex pheromone-stimulated male German cockroaches

Abstract Stimulation of the male German cockroach, Blattella germanica, with contact sex pheromone releases courtship behaviour and then area-restricted local search. Servosphere-recorded search patterns, compared to pre-stimulus pathways, are characterised by increased looping and path crossing and a relatively high rate of turning. Search behaviour can be performed in the absence of visual cues, including information relative to the site of stimulation. Information controlling search motor patterns is at least in part genetic; certain pattern components are generally similar from trial to trial, whereas specific pattern components vary widely.
THE IMPACT OF TELEVISION COVERAGE OF CITy COUNCIL

In this article we examine the impact of a local government reform or innovation that is being widely adopted in American cities—television coverage of city council meetings. Television coverage of meetings may be viewed as one of a series of innovations directed at increasing citizen awareness of the governing process by increasing the visibility and public scrutiny of formal decision making processes. It is often viewed as a public service, is certainly not controversial, and is often adopted without due consideration of potential consequences. But like so many well-intended reforms, television coverage of governmental deliberations does alter the context of politics and has a potential impact far broader than originally intended. A variety of such potential impacts with respect to the quality of policy discussion, accountability, and political recruitment are explored.
Similarity of Values and Interpersonal Attraction of Whites toward Blacks

The present study extended Rokeach's principle of belief congruence and tested the hypothesis that similarity of value systems is related to interpersonal attraction. 40 white college females ranke...
A continuum theory of the isothermal flow of liquid helium II

Recent work by Hall and Vinen has established that mutual friction between the normal and superfluid components of liquid helium II is caused by interactions between quantized vortex-lines and the normal fluid. If the mean separation of the vortex-lines is small compared with the channel width, the general character of the flow may not depend on the discrete nature of the lines except in so far as this is the cause of the mutual friction. Equations of motion are developed which refer to components of the velocity field with a scale large compared with the line separation, and these are used to discuss the nature of possible turbulent motions. Reasons are given for believing that isothermal flow is very similar to that of a Newtonian fluid, and the theory is developed for turbulent pressure flow along a channel and a circular pipe. The predicted variation of flow rate with pressure gradient is in good agreement with experimental measurements for Reynolds numbers (based on tube diameter and normal fluid viscosity) above 1400, and it is likely that turbulent flow can exist only above this critical Reynolds number. For Reynolds numbers which are not too small, the equations of motion apply to steady ’laminar’ flow and these lead to a relation between flow rate and pressure gradient in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Abstract: Identifying Longitudinal Patterns of Adherence to Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Increasing adherence to medical recommendations is crucial for improving health outcomes and reducing costs of health care. To improve adherence, we have to better understand behavior change over time. The focus of this study was adherence to treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Adherence to positive airway pressure (PAP), the most common treatment for OSA, is poor. This study involved an international sample of 161 participants, each with approximately 180 nights of data, and had three phases. First, a separate time series analysis was performed for each individual. Time series parameters included the mean (average hours of use per night), level (the intercept), slope (the rate of change over time), variance (variability in use), and autocorrelation (a measure of dependency). Second, a dynamic cluster analysis was performed to find homogenous subgroups of individuals with similar adherence patterns. A four-cluster solution was found, and the subgroups were labeled (see Figure 1 ): Great Users (17.2%; high mean and level, no slope), Good Users (32.8%; moderate mean and level, no slope), Poor Users (22.7%; low mean and level, negative slope), and Slow Decliners (moderate mean and level, negative slope, high variance). Third, participants in the identified subgroups were compared on a number of variables that were not involved in the clustering to establish external validity. Some notable findings at later time points include the following: Great Users reported the most self-efficacy (confidence to use PAP), Poor Users reported the most sleepiness, and Great Users reported the highest quality of sleep. Combining time series analysis and dynamic cluster analysis is a useful way to evaluate adherence patterns at both the individual level and subgroup level. Psychological variables relevant to adherence patterns, such as self-efficacy, could be the focus of interventions to increase PAP usage.
A high-resolution digital PWM controller using capacitor integration

For achieving better linear control in average power, in this paper, a new digital-controlled PWM controller using capacitor integration is proposed. By the integration on a single capacitor, this digital PWM controller can effectively improve the resolution of the conventional counter-based digital PWM but only have a lower clock frequency. Moreover, this proposed digital PWM also can avoid the dynamic power consumption and noise interference caused by high-speed switching of clock, and suit for applying in many power control systems.
Explaining latitudinal diversity gradients.

Differences in measured rates of speciation and extinction among living species are commonly used to explain latitudinal diversity gradients. The logic is straightforward: the higher the net diversification rate (the difference between the speciation and extinction rate), the greater the number of
Functional and conformational properties of mouse hemoglobins.

Abstract Hemoglobins from four strains of mice (C3H/SW, DBA/2J, C57BL6/Kh and A · TH) examined showed pH-dependent heme-heme interactions. The oxygen affinity and cooperativity are reduced at acidic pH. The oxygen equilibrium parameters increase as a function of increasing pH and at physiological pH values they are similar to the corresponding values of human hemoglobin A. The nitrosyl derivatives of these mouse hemoglobins undergo a quaternary structural transition to the T state in going from pH 7.0 to 6.0. These functional and conformational properties are indicative of destabilised oxy structures of mouse hemoglobins at acidic pH. This study also confirms that the cysteine residue at β13(A10) position has no influence on the oxygen equilibrium properties or conformation of the molecule.
Nitric oxide synthase in cultured endothelial cells of cerebrovascular origin : cytochemistry

Cultured cells derived from the cerebromicrovasculature can be shown to contain the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by NADPH diaphorase staining. Nos is located largely as a distinct crescent adjacent to the nuclear membrane. NOS in these cells appears to be associated with the microtubule and microfilament structures and the Golgi apparatus of the cell as opposed to being freely soluble in the cytoplasm or bound to the plasma membrane. Disruption of the integrity of these structures with colchicine or cytochalasin B causes a change in the subcellular localization of NOS as well as a change in the intensity of staining. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
A finite element formulation for nanoscale resonant mass sensing using the surface Cauchy-Born model

Abstract The purpose of this work is to develop the theoretical basis needed to study nanoscale resonant mass sensing with finite elements using the surface Cauchy–Born (SCB) model. The theory is developed in 1D, where it is identified that the primary modeling issue lies in capturing inhomogeneous surface stresses arising from adsorbate/substrate interactions. By utilizing internal degrees of freedom within the SCB framework, we show that the SCB model can represent the bonding energies, and thus the inhomogeneous surface stress that arises due to interactions by atoms of dissimilar materials. A key outcome of this is that it is shown that a finite element solution using the SCB model is able to simultaneously capture both mass and stiffness variations due to adsorbate/substrate interactions, and their effects on the nanostructure resonant properties. We first verify that the SCB model accurately captures the resonant properties of monatomic 1D atomic chains, then demonstrate the approach by studying the resonant properties of 1D atomic chains that interact with adsorbates. Importantly, we demonstrate that a finite element solution using the SCB model can predict the distinct shifts in resonant frequency that occur due to the adsorption of different materials on the 1D monatomic chain.
Crystal-Growing in Space

Recently, the American Society for Cell Biology (ACSB) issued an unsolicited declaration calling for the abandonment of all research on macromolecular crystal growth in microgravity, a major NASA program (J. Couzin, News of the Week, 24 July 1998, p. [497][1]). Ostensibly, the society took this initiative because of what they perceived to be a weakness of the science. The society was guided to this unprecedented act by a subcommittee of diverse biologists that included a single individual with crystallographic experience. He claimed, however, to have taken a poll. This assault on a peer-reviewed research program of a federal agency, in effect recommending that an entire area of research be terminated forthwith, is not only peculiar, given that microgravity crystallization is hardly a core component of cell biology, but ominous. It represents a dangerous threat to the research support of all American scientists. What a small group of individuals within the ASCB has done is to intrude into a scientific controversy, the focus of active research and debate by hundreds of reputable scientists, and attempt to impose their narrow view. I would like to advance a solution to this controversy. It uses an approach that has been time-tested by scientists over many centuries. My challenge to the adversaries of the microgravity research is simple: Prove us wrong. Do experiments in space and gather the requisite data to demonstrate unequivocally that gravity exerts no influence on macromolecular crystal growth and can have no impact on the crystalline products. Make observations and measurements, analyze your data, gather the facts, and make your arguments based on those findings. Taking a poll of colleagues who share your views is hardly a substitute. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.281.5376.497a
Stratified thermal storage in residential solar energy applications

The benefits of thermal stratification in sensible heat storage were investigated for several residential solar applications. The operation of space heating, air conditioning and water heating systems with water storage was simulated on a computer. The performance of comparable systems with mixed and stratified storage was determined in terms of the fraction of the total load supplied by solar energy. The effects of design parameters such as collector efficiency, storage volume, tank geometry, etc., on the relative advantage of stratified over well-mixed storage were assessed. The results show that significant improvements in system performance (5 to 15%) may be realized if stratification can be maintained in the storage tank. The magnitude of the improvement is greatest and the sensitivity to design variables is smallest in the service hot water application. The results also show that the set of design parameters which describes the optimum system is likely to be substantially different for a system employing stratified storage than for a mixed storage system. In both the water heating and space heating applications collector flowrates lower than currently suggested for mixed storage systems were found to yield optimum performance for a system with stratified storage.
The Rise of Ethnopopulism in Latin America

Latin America had long been the one region in the world without major ethnic parties, but in recent years a couple of inclusive ethnic parties have registered important electoral victories. A substantial literature maintains that ethnic parties win by mobilizing their base through exclusionary ethnic appeals, but this article argues that such appeals are unlikely to be successful in regions such as Latin America, where ethnic polarization is low and ethnic identification is fluid and multiple. In these areas, inclusive strategies are more likely to be successful. Indeed, some parties, which the author refers to as ethnopopulist parties, have won votes from diverse ethnic constituencies by moderating their discourse, forming cross-ethnic alliances, and formulating a broad populist appeal. This article focuses on the most successful ethnopopulist party to date, the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS ) in Bolivia. It shows how the MAS used an inclusive ethnic appeal and classical populist strategies to fuse traditional populist constituencies—politically disenchanted urban mestizos with nationalist and statist views—to its rural, largely indigenous base. The article also examines the extent to which these arguments can account for the varying performance of other parties in the region.
Native Anterior Cruciate Ligament Obliquity Versus Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Obliquity An Observational Study Using Navigated Measurements

BackgroundThe goal of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is to attain a graft that closely resembles the native anterior cruciate ligament anatomy. By reconstructing the original anatomy, one hopes to eliminate issues related to graft elongation, impingement, and excessive tension while achieving ideal knee kinematics.HypothesisClinical grafts placed using the transtibial technique will differ in the sagittal and coronal planes when compared with obliquity of the anatomic anterior cruciate ligament.Study DesignControlled laboratory study/case series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsWith the assistance of computer navigation, our study compared the anterior cruciate ligament orientation of 5 cadaver knees with 12 clinical anterior cruciate ligament—reconstructed knees using the transtibial technique.ResultsClinical graft obliquity differed from the anatomic anterior cruciate ligament in all flexion angles 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. In the sagittal plane, the clinical graft obliquity differed from the anatom...
Antibiotic Sensitivity and Bacterial Numbers

IT is known that the size of inoculum, affects results in tests of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics1,2. This is due to individual differences in the bacterial population; the greater the number exposed to a certain concentration of antibiotic, the greater the likelihood that one organism may grow out.
Pathogenesis of high altitude pulmonary edema: does alveolar epithelial lining fluid vascular endothelial growth factor exacerbate capillary leak?

Kaner, Robert J., and Ronald G. Crystal. Pathogenesis of high altitude pulmonary edema: Does alveolar epithelial lining fluid vascular endothelial growth factor exacerbate capillary leak? High Alt. Med. Biol. 5:399–409, 2004.—Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mediator of capillary leak if it gains access to its receptors on the capillary endothelium. We have observed that there are high levels of VEGF compartmentalized in the alveolar epithelial lining fluid of normal humans at levels 500-fold greater than plasma. The potential for high altitude to result in compromise of alveolar epithelial tight junctions and experimental animal studies in which pulmonary edema is induced when VEGF is overexpressed in the alveolar epithelium, suggest a mechanism. We hypothesize that when the epithelial barrier is compromised at high altitude the normally high level of VEGF in the alveolar epithelial fluid has access to the pulmonary endothelium, where it acutely alters permeability, markedly exacerba...
Alternating Sequential/Parallel Processing Fundamental and Examples

The advantages of parallel processing systems (pp's) are discussed, the mode of operation of Alternating Sequential/ Parallel Processors is explained and the time-reduction-ratio r which measures the effectiveness is defined. Matrix multiplication and a fault calculation procedure exemplify the use of the system and are in turn used to define low and high information-transfer methods.
Conjugated linoleic acid content of beef differs by feeding regime and muscle

The project objective was to determine the CLA content of three muscles (Longissimus lumborum, LD; Semimembranosus, SM; Triceps brachii, TB), in both raw and cooked states, in cattle finished on pasture or with grain supplements. Cattle were randomly assigned to one of four finishing regimens; pasture (n = 11), pasture with grain supplement (n = 11), pasture with grain supplement containing soyoil (n = 12), and feedlot (n = 12). In the raw state, TB had higher (P < 0.05) CLA than LD or SM on a mg/g sample basis. Total CLA was higher (P < 0.05) in the soyoil diet when compared to the other three feeding regimes on a mg/g sample basis and when expressed as mg/g fat in both raw and cooked analyses. Pasture inclusion produced higher levels (P < 0.05) of total CLA than the feedlot diet on a mg/g fat basis for cooked samples while maintaining acceptable eating quality.
Binding and templation of nanoparticle receptors to peptide α-helices through surface recognition

Nanoparticles featuring highly flexible sidechains template to peptides, demonstrating substantial pre-organization of the particle monolayer.
New polyfluoroalkoxysulfonyl fluorides part III

Abstract The reaction of CF3 CFCF 2 OS O2 with haloalkanes (RX, XI, Br) in the presence of silver fluoride was studied as a means for preparing novel reactive polyfluoroalkoxysulfonyl fluorides. The following compounds have been prepared and characterized: ROCF2CF(CF3)SO2F, where R is CH2CHCH2, CF2CFCH2CH2, (CF3)2CFCH2CH2, CH3, CH2CBrCH2, SF5CH2CH2, CH 2 CHO CH2, FSO2CF(CF3)CF2OCH2. Infrared, mass and nmr spectra are presented in order to support the assigned structures.
Statistical analyses of deformation twinning in magnesium

To extract quantitative and meaningful relationships between material microstructure and deformation twinning in magnesium, we conduct a statistical analysis on large data sets generated by electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). The analyses show that not all grains of similar orientation and grain size form twins, and twinning does not occur exclusively in grains with high twin Schmid factors or in the relatively large grains of the sample. The number of twins per twinned grain increases with grain area, but twin thickness and the fraction of grains with at least one visible twin are independent of grain area. On the other hand, an analysis of twin pairs joined at a boundary indicates that grain boundary misorientation angle strongly influences twin nucleation and growth. These results question the use of deterministic rules for twin nucleation and Hall–Petch laws for size effects on twinning. Instead, they encourage an examination of the defect structures of grain boundaries and their role in twin ...
The Brain–Heart Connection

Neurocardiology has many dimensions, but it may be conceptualized as divided into 3 major categories: the heart’s effects on the brain (eg, cardiac source embolic stroke), the brain’s effects on the heart (eg, neurogenic heart disease), and neurocardiac syndromes (eg, Friedreich disease). The present review deals with the nervous system’s capacity to injure the heart. This subject is inherently important but also represents an example of a much more widespread and conceptually fascinating area of neurovisceral damage in general. In 1942, at the culmination of his distinguished career as Professor of Physiology at Harvard Medical School, Walter B. Cannon published a remarkable paper entitled “‘Voodoo’ Death,”1 in which he recounted anecdotal experiences, largely from the anthropology literature, of death from fright. These often remote events, drawn from widely disparate parts of the world, had several features in common. They were all induced by an absolute belief that an external force, such as a wizard or medicine man, could, at will, cause demise and that the victim himself had no power to alter this course. This perceived lack of control over a powerful external force is the sine qua non for all the cases recounted by Cannon, who postulated that death was caused “by a lasting and intense action of the sympathico-adrenal system.” Cannon believed that this phenomenon was limited to societies in which the people were “so superstitious, so ignorant, that they feel themselves bewildered strangers in a hostile world. Instead of knowledge, they have fertile and unrestricted imaginations which fill their environment with all manner of evil spirits capable of affecting their lives disastrously.” Over the years since Cannon’s observations, evidence has accumulated to support his concept that “voodoo” death is, in fact, a real phenomenon but, far from being limited to ancient peoples, may be a basic …
When the R Word Ain't Enough: Exploring Black Youths’ Structural Explanations of Black Group Status

Formany,BarackObama’selectionvalidatedcriticismsthatblackyouthinthepost-Civil Rights era overemphasize racism and thereby undermine pursuits of opportunity. Research on black youths’ views of the opportunity structure show that they too embrace such motivational factors as explanations of racial disadvantage, even as they maintainanacuteawarenessofthesignificanceofraceintheirlives.Whilethemeanings underlyingindividual-levelexplanationsoftheracialhierarchyareclear,thereremainsa gap in scholarly understandings of structurally based views of racial disadvantage. This articleutilizesinterview datacollectedwithasampleofblackhighschool seniorsresidinginlow-income neighborhoodsina major Midwestern metropolitan area to explore how they construct meanings of racial disadvantage, black affective bonds, and racial equality. I find that there is a range of meanings underlying ‘‘structural’’ or ‘‘systemic’’ explanations of racial disadvantage and that these variations have patterned relations to constructions of bonds and equality. Still, despite these variations, all of the youth describedepoliticizedversionsof‘‘diversity’’asthemeansto,andendsofracialequality. Thesefindingssuggestthatsystemblameandvariantsofstructuralexplanationsofracial inequality frequently lack a substantive appreciation of the relational nature of oppression and privilege.
Viral vectors for targeting the canine retina: a review

Clinical trials are currently underway using gene therapy to treat retinal disease such as Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Viral vectors that have been utilized to target retinal cells include adenoviruses, lentiviruses, and recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV). Of the three classes, rAAV vectors show the greatest promise for retinal gene therapy. Recent developments in virus technology such as the development of hybrid and capsid mutant rAAV vectors mean that specific retinal cells can be targeted and faster stronger transgene expression is now possible compared to that achieved with the first generation of vectors. Gene therapy trials in dogs have been very important in the development of therapy for RPE65 LCA which is currently in phase I/II clinical trials in humans. Recent successes in using gene therapy to treat canine achromatopsia, X-linked progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) and the more severe rapid degenerations such as rod-cone dysplasia type 3 may lead also to the translation to human clinical trials. Dogs have played and continue to play an important role as animal models for proof-of-concept studies of retinal gene therapy. As modifications and improvements in gene therapy protocols are made from experience gathered from human clinical trials perhaps gene therapy for the treatment of canine clinical patients will become available to veterinary ophthalmologists.
Thermal infrared spectral imager for airborne science applications

An airborne thermal hyperspectral imager is under development which utilizes the compact Dyson optical configuration and quantum well infrared photo detector (QWIP) focal plane array. The Dyson configuration uses a single monolithic prism-like grating design which allows for a high throughput instrument (F/1.6) with minimal ghosting, stray-light and large swath width. The configuration has the potential to be the optimal imaging spectroscopy solution for lighter-than-air (LTA) vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and spaceborne platforms due to its small form factor and relatively low power requirements. The planned instrument specifications are discussed as well as design trade-offs. Some preliminary calibration testing results (noise equivalent temperature difference, spectral linearity and spectral bandwidth) and laboratory emissivity plots from samples are shown using an operational testbed unit which has similar specifications as the final airborne system. Field testing of the testbed unit was performed to acquire plots of apparent emissivity for various known standard minerals (such as quartz). A comparison is made using data from the ASTER spectral library.
Wall Layer of Plane Turbulent Wall Jets without Pressure Gradients

Experiments with jet to mainstream velocity ratios, Uj/Ue from 1.5 to oo, were conducted in a two-dimensional wall-jet facility with jet slot heights of 0.056 and 0.155 in. over a span of 30 in. For cases with mainstream flow, the mainstream velocity Ue was #120 fps. Velocity profiles were computed from measured pressure and temperature profiles. Experimental friction coefficients were determined using Preston tubes. The experimental velocity profiles on the semilogarithmic plot of U vs logy + [where U = n/w., Y = u,y/v, Ur = (rw/p)] converge to a common line near the wall. This linear portion has a 15% lower slope than Coles' "law of the wall" for boundary layers. At logF=2.3, U agree closely with Coles' equation. (In the foregoing definitions, u is local velocity, y is distance from the wall, v is kinematic viscosity, rw is wall shear stress, and p is density.) The data were analyzed assuming that the velocity profiles approached Coles' equation for the law of the wall. The corresponding friction velocities, wt, and hence the friction coefficients, were evaluated by demanding a systematic approach to the law of the wall, considering all velocity ratios. For large Um/Ue, the velocities deviated from Coles' equation nearly linearly with y. For low Um/Ue (Um/Ue<2.5) the velocity profiles asymptotically approach Coles' equation. For Umll7e near 1.0, a boundary-layer-type wake region is formed in the wall layer. It is believed that pressure measurement errors due to turbulence effects and Preston tube errors account for the fact that all the experimental data yielded a common semilogarithmic region of reduced slope (compared to Coles' equation) near the wall. The nearly linear correlation of the velocity deviations from Coles' law of the wall, as evaluated from
Mother–Child Interaction Among the Alaskan Eskimos

This is an exploration of the world of the Yup'ik Eskimos, who live on the Bering seacoast in rural Alaska. The Eskimos have an ancient culture that has survived the harshest of environments. Although geographically isolated, the Eskimos have become increasingly acculturated to the Western culture. The authors studied maternal-child interaction and quality of the home environment in two remote villages and report their experiences, the Yup'ik Eskimo culture, research findings, and implications for nursing practice.
Porous Nickel Oxide Films for Electrochemical Capacitors

NiO/Ni composite thin films consisting of nano-sized particles have been found to perform as good electrodes in electrochemical capacitor applications. These films can provide a specific capacitance of 25-40 F/g. The low cost of raw materials and easy manufacturing process of this system should allow one to produce low-cost electrochemical capacitors.
Integrated RF sensors for electronic warfare applications

This paper describes a research effort to develop integrated RF sensors for various electronic warfare applications. The immediate application is to enable a micro air vehicle (MAV) to detect and home in on a radar or other RF emitter. Thus the sensors must be able to detect RF signals in frequency bands of interest, identify RF emitters of interest, and provide bearing information to the selected RF emitter. The sensor must weigh no more than several grams in order to fly aboard an MAV. To fabricate such sensors, we are developing compact circuits to detect wide-band RF signals, to identify RF emitters, and to perform direction finding (DF). We are implementing such sensors in CMOS to keep production costs low.