cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power-Aware NoCs through Routing and Topology Reconfiguration

With the advent of multicore processors and system-on-chip designs, intra-chip communication demands have exacerbated, leading to a growing adoption of scalable networks-on-chip (NoCs) as the interconnect fabric. Today, conventional NoC designs may consume up to 30% of the entire chip's power budget, in large part due to leakage power. In this work, we address this issue by proposing Panthre: our solution deploys power-gating to provide long intervals of uninterrupted sleep to selected units. Packets that would normally use power-gated components are steered away via topology and routing reconfiguration, while Panthre provides low-latency alternate paths to their destinations. The routing reconfiguration operates in a distributed fashion and guarantees that deadlock-free routes are available at all times. At runtime, Panthre adapts to the application's communication patterns by updating its power-gating decisions. It employs a feedback-based distributed mechanism to control the amount of sleeping components and of packets detours, so that performance degradation is kept at a minimum. Our design is flexible, providing a mechanism that designers can use to tradeoff power savings with performance, based on application's requirements.Our experiments on multi-programmed communication-light workloads from the SPEC CPU2006 suite show that Panthre reduces total network power consumption by 14.5% on average, with only a 1.8% degradation in performance, when all processor nodes are active. At times when 15-25% of the processor cores are communication-idle, Panthre enables leakage power savings of 36.9% on average, while still providing connected and deadlock-free routes for all other nodes.
Using texture maps to correct for optical distortion in head-mounted displays

This paper describes a fast method of correcting for optical distortion in head-mounted displays (HMDs). Since the distorted display surface in an HMD is not rectilinear, the shape and location of the graphics window used with the display must be chosen carefully, and some corrections made to the predistortion model. A distortion correction might be performed with optics that reverse the distortion caused by HMD lenses, but such optics can be expensive and offer a correction for only one specific HMD. Integer incremental methods or a lookup table might be used to calculate the correction, but an I/O bottleneck makes this impractical in software. Instead, a texture map may be defined that approximates the required optical correction. Recent equipment advances allow undistorted images to be input into texture mapping hardware at interactive rates. Built in filtering handles predistortion aliasing artifacts.
Logic devices and circuits based on giant magnetoresistance

In this paper, a new paradigm of performing logic operations is proposed. This new approach is based on the submicrometer giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effects. The key enabling features are nonvolatility, high GMR ratio, and control over the switching fields. The possible advantages of the new approach include ultrahigh density (because of the small device size), ultrahigh speed, nonvolatility, and radiation hardness. Key limitations are also identified. Several possible ways to surmount the limitations are also discussed. The proposed approach can, in principle, be applied to other material systems with similar characteristics.
Oscillator phase noise: systematic construction of an analytical model encompassing nonlinearity

This paper offers a derivation of phase noise in oscillators resulting in a closed-form analytic formula that is both general and convenient to use. This model provides a transparent connection between oscillator phase noise and the fundamental device physics and noise processes. The derivation accommodates noise and nonlinearity in both the resonator and feedback circuit, and includes the effects of environmental disturbances. The analysis clearly shows the mechanism by which both resonator noise and electronics noise manifest as phase noise, and directly links the manifestation of phase noise to specific sources of noise, nonlinearity, and external disturbances. This model sets a new precedent, in that detailed knowledge of component-level performance can be used to predict oscillator phase noise without the use of empirical fitting parameters.
Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry of somatotrophs and mammotrophs in embryos of the dwarf mutant mouse.

The embryonic development of somatotrophs and mammotrophs in the adenohypophysis in dwarf (dw) mutant mice was studied by means of ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Embryos at 16–18 days of gestation were removed from litters consisting entirely of dwarf homozygotes obtained from homozygous matings of adult dwarfs in which reproductivity was induced by means of hormone supplementation and renal capsule implants of normal pituitaries. Litters from normal (−/+) matings served as controls. Pituitaries from adult normal and dwarf mice also were removed and processed with the embryonic material. Thin sections were exposed to anti-growth-hormone serum (anti-GH) or to antiprolactin serum (anti-PRL) and processed immunocytochemically with the colloidal gold procedure. In the normal pituitaries, a strong positive reaction to anti-GH occurred in the adult and in embryos as early as 16 days, whereas the reaction to anti-PRL was strong in the adults but relatively weak in the embryos. In dwarf embryonic and adult pituitaries, ambiguous cells showing combinations of features characteristic of somatotrophs and mammotrophs were present. However, neither these cells nor other granulated cells reacted to anti-GH or to anti-PRL, except for a questionable reaction to the latter at 18 days and in the adult. Thus, the dwarf pituitary shows functional as well as morphological abnormalities as early as 16 days of gestation.
Perceptual Illusions and Military Realities: Results from a Computer-Simulated Arms Race

Traditionally, the most common game-theoretic model of the nuclear arms race has been the Prisoner's Dilemma, in which participants are bound in conflict by the structure of the situation. Recent e...
Anemia management in patients on peritoneal dialysis: efficacy and safety of epoetin δ

In a one-year, multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled trial, epoetin δ was given subcutaneously, 1–3-times weekly to peritoneal dialysis patients who had previously received an epoetin. Dose was adjusted to maintain hemoglobin at 10.0–12.0 g/dL. The primary endpoint was mean hemoglobin over weeks 12–24. Safety was assessed. Mean±SD baseline hemoglobin was 11.2±0.9 g/dL. Hemoglobin over weeks 12–24 was 11.6±1.1 g/dL. Adverse events were those expected in this patient population. No life-threatening adverse events occurred. Subcutaneous epoetin δ was effective and well tolerated for the treatment of anemia in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Scaling net ecosystem production and net biome production over a heterogeneous region in the Western United States

Abstract. Bottom-up scaling of net ecosystem production (NEP) and net biome production (NBP) was used to generate a carbon budget for a large heterogeneous region (the state of Oregon, 2.5×105 km2) in the western United States. Landsat resolution (30 m) remote sensing provided the basis for mapping land cover and disturbance history, thus allowing us to account for all major fire and logging events over the last 30 years. For NEP, a 23-year record (1980–2002) of distributed meteorology (1 km resolution) at the daily time step was used to drive a process-based carbon cycle model (Biome-BGC). For NBP, fire emissions were computed from remote sensing based estimates of area burned and our mapped biomass estimates. Our estimates for the contribution of logging and crop harvest removals to NBP were from the model simulations and were checked against public records of forest and crop harvesting. The predominately forested ecoregions within our study region had the highest NEP sinks, with ecoregion averages up to 197 gC m−2 yr−1. Agricultural ecoregions were also NEP sinks, reflecting the imbalance of NPP and decomposition of crop residues. For the period 1996–2000, mean NEP for the study area was 17.0 TgC yr−1, with strong interannual variation (SD of 10.6). The sum of forest harvest removals, crop removals, and direct fire emissions amounted to 63% of NEP, leaving a mean NBP of 6.1 TgC yr−1. Carbon sequestration was predominantly on public forestland, where the harvest rate has fallen dramatically in the recent years. Comparison of simulation results with estimates of carbon stocks, and changes in carbon stocks, based on forest inventory data showed generally good agreement. The carbon sequestered as NBP, plus accumulation of forest products in slow turnover pools, offset 51% of the annual emissions of fossil fuel CO2 for the state. State-level NBP dropped below zero in 2002 because of the combination of a dry climate year and a large (200 000 ha) fire. These results highlight the strong influence of land management and interannual variation in climate on the terrestrial carbon flux in the temperate zone.
Unique Aspects of Korean‐American Mothers

A descriptive study was conducted to explore Korean beliefs and attitudes toward pregnancy, birth, and postpartum practices. In addition, overall characteristics of Korean mother-infant interactions are described. The sample consisted of 21 healthy Korean mothers and their term infants. The study revealed that Korean mothers in the United States continued Korean cultural practices related to pregnancy, birth, and postpartum behaviors. One alteration from traditional birth practices was related to infant feeding. Although many of the mothers believed that breastfeeding was better for the infants, the mothers chose to bottle-feed. Nurses need to use knowledge of the value systems of culturally different patients to plan relevant nursing care.
Factors associated with adherence to chemotherapy guidelines in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Summary Background Evidence-based guidelines recommend chemotherapy for medically fit patients with stages II–IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Adherence to chemotherapy guidelines has rarely been studied among large populations, mainly because performance status (PS), a key component in assessing chemotherapy appropriateness, is missing from claims-based datasets. Among a large cohort of patients with known PS, we describe first line chemotherapy use relative to guideline recommendations and identify patient factors associated with guideline concordant use. Patients and methods Insured patients, ages 50+, with stages II–IV NSCLC between 2000 and 2007 were identified via tumor registry ( n = 406). Chart abstracted PS, automated medical claims, Census tract information, and travel distance were linked to tumor registry data. Chemotherapy was considered appropriate for patients with PS 0–2. Multivariate logit models were fit to evaluate patient characteristics associated with chemotherapy over- and under-use per guideline recommendations. Tests of statistical significance were two sided. Results Overall compliance with first line chemotherapy guidelines was 71%. Significant ( p Among NSCLC patients 29% do not receive guideline recommended chemotherapy treatment missing opportunities for cure or beneficial palliation, or receiving chemotherapy with more risk of harm than benefit. Care concordant with guidelines is influenced by age, economic considerations such as income and transportation barriers.
Alveolar Process Anabolic Activity in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J Inbred Mice

Background: The purpose of this study was to characterize bone activity of the alveolar process in C3H/HeJ (C3H) and C57BL/6J (B6) inbred mice. Based on observations in other animal species, we hypothesized that the bone-formation rate/bone surface (BFR/BS) is greater in the alveolar process compared to the body of the mandible and that the bone anabolic activity is greater in the alveolar process of the mandible than in the maxilla. We also examined the alveolar process of C3H and B6 mice for the presence of secondary osteons.Methods: Jaws from 17-week-old C3H and B6 female mice (N = 15/group) were harvested. Histomorphometric parameters were evaluated in sections from the alveolar process, each of which included at least one molar root.Results: In C3H and B6 mice, BFR/BS was not significantly different (P >0.05) between the alveolar process and the body of the mandible. In C3H mice, BFR/BS was significantly greater (P = 0.05) in the mandible compared to the maxilla. BFR/bone volume (BV) was not signific...
Distinguishing signal from noise in an SVD of simulation data

Our goal is to predict the output of a parameterized computer simulation code given a database of outputs at different parameter values. To do so, we investigate a particular model reduction technique that interpolates the right singular vectors in the singular value decomposition of the matrix of outputs. A common observation about these singular vectors is that they become more oscillatory as the index of the singular vectors increases. We use this property to split the singular vectors into “signal” and “noise” regions. The model reduction then interpolates the “signal” and uses the “noise” to estimate the uncertainty in the result. This methodology requires a big-data approach because the simulations we study produce snapshots with hundreds or thousands of timesteps on thousands to millions of nodal values. Each simulation output is then a vector with millions to billions of values. We utilize a MapReduce-based SVD routine to compute the SVD of the snapshot matrix.
The Moderating Effects of Dispositional Affectivity on Performance and Task Attitudes in a Goal-Setting Context1

This study examined the effects of goal difficulty, negative affectivity (NA), and positive affectivity (PA) on performance and task attitudes on a complex task. Research participants played an air traffic controller (ATC) simulation and were assigned either an easy or difficult goal at 2 different points in time: early during skill acquisition, and after several experimental trials. We hypothesized that the effect of difficult goals would vary depending on whether they were administered early and late during skill acquisition. We also hypothesized that NA and PA would moderate the effect of goal difficulty. Neither the early nor late goal assignments related to performance or task attitudes as hypothesized. Instead, PA and NA both moderated goal-outcome relationships.
Spline-based Motion Recovery for 3D Surfaces Using Nonrigid Shape Properties

We present a spline-based nonrigid motion and point correspondence recovery method for 3D surfaces. This method is based on differential geometry. Shape information is used to recover the point correspondences. In contrast to the majority of shape-based methods which assume that shape (unit normal, curvature) changes are minimumafter motion, our method focuses on the nonrigid relationship between before-motion and after-motion shapes. This nonrigid shape relationship is described by modeling the underlying non-rigid motion; we model it as a spline transformation which has global control over the entire motion field along with the local deformation integrated within. This provides our method certain advantages over some pure differential geometric methods which also utilize the nonrigid shape relationship but only work on local areas without a global control. For example, motion regularity is hard to implement in these pure differential geometric methods but is not a problem when the motion field is controlled by a spline transformation. Furthermore, the small deformation constraint introduced by the previous works is relaxed in our method. Experiments on both synthetic and real motions have been conducted. The quantitive and qualitative evaluations of our method are presented in this paper.
Packet classification using two-dimensional multibit tries

We develop fast algorithms to construct space-optimal constrained two-dimensional multibit tries for Internet packet classifier applications. Experimental evidence suggests that using the same memory budget, space-optimal two-dimensional multibit tries require 1/4 to 1/3 the memory accesses required by two-dimensional one-bit tries for table lookup.
Phylogeny of Hibiscus sect. Muenchhusia (Malvaceae) Based on Chloroplast rpL16 and ndhF, and Nuclear ITS and GBSSI Sequences

Abstract Hibiscus section Muenchhusia is a North American taxon with five species as recognized in the most recent taxonomic revision: H. coccineus, H. dasycalyx, H. grandiflorus, H. laevis, and H. moscheutos. To investigate the monophyly of Hibiscus section Muenchhusia, its relationship to other Hibiscus species, and the phylogenetic relationships among its species, DNA sequence data were obtained. To investigate the placement of section Muenchhusia within Hibiscus, chloroplast ndhF gene and rpL16 intron sequences were generated and added to a recently published dataset. To investigate relationships within section Muenchhusia three DNA sequence data sets were generated: a non-coding region of the chloroplast genome (rpL16 intron), nuclear ribosomal ITS, and a nuclear gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI). Analyses of ndhF + rpL16 data indicated that section Muenchhusia is indeed monophyletic and is embedded in a clade that includes representatives of Hibiscus section Trionum sensu lato plus...
Densities and Habitat of American Brook Lamprey (Lampetra appendix) Larvae in Minnesota

Abstract At least one formerly large population of American brook lamprey (Lampetra appendix) has been extirpated in Minnesota, but little is known about the species in the state. We examined densities and age structures of American brook lamprey larvae in several streams in southeastern Minnesota. Mean densities of lamprey larvae in the best habitats available in 13 streams varied from 0.33–5.78 larvae/m2. Seven of nine streams examined had missing age classes of larvae, with five streams missing two or more classes. Habitat use and length–weight relationships of larvae were similar to those reported previously for this and other species of lamprey. Many L. appendix populations in Minnesota are healthy, but others are susceptible to extirpation because of low densities and multiple missing age classes. The current status of many of these populations, and their susceptibility to further disturbance, need to be more thoroughly examined to better assess the need for legal protection for the species in Minne...
AIS Dissertations From 1986-2000: An Analysis Of Research Topic And Method

This study identifies and examines accounting information systems (AIS) dissertations from 1986 through 2000 by research topic and method to provide insights into their contribution to accounting knowledge. This examination also identifies key universities where AIS dissertations have been produced by accounting faculty. AIS dissertation data are compared to Samuels and Steinbart (2002), which examines articles in the Journal of Information Systems (JIS) by AIS research topics and methods over the same period, as well as to articles in the International Journal of Accounting Information Systems (IJAIS) (formerly Advances in Accounting Information Systems). Results indicate evidence of mirror, lead, and lag effects over the timeframe of study between AIS dissertations and JIS and IJAIS articles with respect to research topics covered and methods utilized. Publication rates for these dissertations in JIS and IJAIS are also provided. Finally, this study presents comparisons to other accounting dissertation studies.
Erratum to: The General Truthmaker View of ontological commitment

Acknowledgments Thanks to Jon Jacobs, Dan Korman, Kate Ritchie, and audiences at the 2012 University of Texas, Biola, and Pacific APA conferences for providing comments on and objections to various early drafts, and to a referee for this journal whose excellent comments helped me improve the paper substantially. Special thanks to Tim Pawl, Mike Rea, Noel Saenz, and Alex Skiles for spending many hours talking through these ideas and commenting on early drafts. I revised this paper while I was supported by a grant from Templeton Religion Trust; the opinions expressed in this paper are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of Templeton Religion Trust.
A dynamical systems model of price bubbles and cycles

Various markets exhibit growth and collapse in prices that are sometimes called bubbles, and cycles if the phenomenon repeats. Rational expectations models have been proposed to explain these phenomena; however, such models suffer from a number of criticisms, including lack of experimental support. Moreover, they assume unbiased forecasts without explaining how the investors form their forecasts. In this paper, we provide a model of asset price forecasts and market prices that can be calibrated with experimental data and that can capture various behavioural characteristics of investors such as confidence and panic. We study the resulting dynamical system and show that asset price bubbles may result from seemingly reasonable forecasts and decisions of investors. The model attempts to provide insight into the qualitative connection between investors’ forecasting behaviour and the formation of bubbles and cycles. We present results on the convergence of the process to a fixed point, or to an attractor that d...
Science Signaling Podcast for 2 February 2016: Engulf and Kill

This Podcast features an interview with James Casanova, author of a Research Article that appears in the 2 February 2016 issue of Science Signaling , about a macrophage adhesion receptor that both mediates the internalization of bacteria and stimulates the intracellular machinery that kills them. In addition to cleaning up debris from dead cells, macrophages also engulf and destroy cancer cells and bacteria. The adhesion-class G protein–coupled receptor BAI1 is a phagocytic pattern recognition receptor that induces the internalization of Gram-negative bacteria by macrophages. Billings et al . discovered that BAI1 also stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species, which are important for killing the internalized bacteria. In mice, BAI1 was required for efficient clearance of Gram-negative bacterial infections. Thus, BAI1 is important for both internalization and killing of Gram-negative bacteria. [Listen to Podcast][1] [1]: http://podcasts.aaas.org/science_signaling/ScienceSignaling_160202.mp3
The interactive association of dietary diversity scores and breast-feeding status with weight and length in Filipino infants aged 6-24 months.

The weaning period is an important window of opportunity for growth promotion(1). Improved breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices may significantly reduce the incidence of growth faltering and other deleterious consequences of childhood undernutrition(2). The WHO recommends that breast-feeding status and high diversity in the complementary diet should be used as positive indicators of appropriate feeding in infants aged ≥6 months(3). Much is known about the beneficial effects of breast-feeding and several recommendations exist for prolonging breast-feeding duration(3). Dietary diversity scores (DDS) are widely used in large surveys (such as the Demographic and Healthy Survey) as they facilitate crude assessment of dietary quality, thus foregoing more resource-intensive dietary intake methods. Many studies suggest that DDS are positively associated with nutrient adequacy and infant nutritional status(4–14). In light of the operationalization of the DDS in monitoring and evaluation, we believe it is important to understand whether and just how well this WHO-recommended dietary index correlates with diet and ultimately growth. Although there are many changes in the diet as the infant transitions from breast milk to family foods, most past studies on the diversity of the complementary diet have relied on cross-sectional data. This approach is limited for several reasons. Since infants are changing their consumption of breast milk and weaning foods throughout infancy, the interactive and potentially synergistic effects of breast-feeding and complementary foods must be explored. The impact of complementary foods on infant nutritional status varies with age. The introduction of complementary foods before 6 months may be detrimental(15–17). For example, one systematic review found that exclusive breast-feeding in the first 6 months was associated with reduced diarrhoeal morbidity compared with initiation of complementary foods between 3 and 4 months(15). However, in older infants breast milk may not be sufficient to support the infants’ nutrient needs and so family foods become a necessary complement to the diet(18). These age interactions make it difficult to adequately explore these nuances in cross-sectional studies. The Cebu (Philippines) Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey provides detailed infant feeding and growth data from multiple surveys over a 24-month period(19). In the present analysis we estimated the association of breast-feeding and dietary diversity with standardized infant length- and weight-for-age (length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) and weight-for- age Z-score (WAZ)) in the weaning period (6 to 24 months). We anticipated that breast-feeding and high dietary diversity would be positive predictors of LAZ and WAZ. We also hypothesized that the association of breast-feeding would be most pronounced in the first 6 months and substantially reduced by 24 months and that the association of high dietary diversity on infant size would increase throughout the weaning period.
Community Membership and Social Networks in Mental Health Self-Help Agencies

This article explores community membership among self-help agency (SHA) participants. It is suggested that SHAs foster the enhancement of peer-oriented social networks, leading to the experience of shared community. Social network analysis was used to examine the structure of support mechanisms, and to assess levels of community membership through peer inclusion. Results indicate that both individual and organizational characteristics play roles in predicting peer presence in social networks. Organizational empowerment is a key factor, with the SHA emerging as a promising locus for peer support development through enhanced social networks. Implications for the organization of consumer-based services are discussed.
Ambulatory phlebectomy : a rare complication of local anesthetic : case report and literature review

Background Full-thickness skin necrosis can occur after infiltration of 1.0% lidocaine with 1/100,000 epinephrine for ambulatory phlebectomy. Objective To demonstrate an exaggerated local response to epinephrine resulting in full-thickness skin necrosis and ultimately a permanent scar. Methods A postoperative complication was clinically observed. Conclusion Permanent scar formation after ambulatory phlebectomy was found in a patient with a previous probable exaggerated local response to epinephrine. Uneventful phlebectomy resulted in the same patient when epinephrine was deleted from the local anesthetic, suggesting a local inability to eliminate epinephrine or an exaggerated local alpha-one response.
Glycogen Formation After Alanine Administration in Adrenalectomized Animals.

According to Evans,1 the metabolism of endogenous protein is interfered with in the adrenalectomized, rat. In our present studies the metabolism of an orally administered amino acid, alanine, has been investigated in animals with the adrenal gland removed. Butts2 has shown that this amino acid is converted to glycogen in the organism, the maximum storage being 8 hours after the oral administration of the acid.To 7 normal male and a like number of normal female rats 1.6 mg. alanine per square centimeter of body surface, was administered by stomach tube. A like amount was given to the paired brothers and sisters of the above animals which had been bilaterally adrenalectomized 6 days previously and had received salt solution since. All animals were fasted 24 hours before the alanine was fed. Three animals of each sex and of each group were given an amount of water by stomach tube equivalent in volume to the alanine solution fed in the other group.In the groups of normal and adrenalectomized males, blood suga...
Identification of MEF2B, EBF1, and IL6R as Direct Gene Targets of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Nuclear Antigen 1 Critical for EBV-Infected B-Lymphocyte Survival.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen and sequence-specific DNA binding protein required for viral origin binding and episome maintenance during latency. EBNA1 can also bind to numerous sites in the cellular genome and can provide a host cell survival function, but it is not yet known how EBNA1 sequence-specific binding is responsible for host cell survival. Here, we integrate EBNA1 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) with transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) after EBNA1 depletion to identify cellular genes directly regulated by EBNA1 that are also essential for B-cell survival. We first compared EBNA1 ChIP-Seq patterns in four different EBV-positive cell types, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). EBNA1 binds to ∼1,000 sites that are mostly invariant among cell types and share a consensus recognition motif. We found that a large subset of EBNA1 binding sites are located proximal to transcription start sites and correlate genome-wide with transcription activity. EBNA1 bound to genes of high significance for B-cell growth and function, including MEF2B, IL6R, and EBF1. EBNA1 depletion from latently infected LCLs results in the loss of cell proliferation and the loss of gene expression for some EBNA1-bound genes, including MEF2B, EBF1, and IL6R. Depletion of MEF2B, EBF1, or IL6R partially phenocopies EBNA1 depletion by decreasing the cell growth and viability of cells latently infected with EBV. These findings suggest that EBNA1 binds to a large cohort of cellular genes important for cell viability and implicates EBNA1 as a critical regulator of transcription of host cell genes important for enhanced survival of latently infected cells. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent infection is responsible for a variety of lymphoid and epithelial cell malignancies. EBNA1 is the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen that is consistently expressed in all EBV-associated cancers. EBNA1 is known to provide a host cell survival function, but the mechanism is not known. EBNA1 is a sequence-specific binding protein important for viral genome maintenance during latency. Here, by integrating ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq, we demonstrate that EBNA1 binds directly to the promoter regulatory regions and upregulates the transcription of host genes that are important for the survival of EBV-infected cells. Identification of EBNA1 target genes provides potential new targets for therapeutic intervention in EBV-associated disease.
Our Achilles heel.

In spite of major improvements in the quality of the medical care given by the Military Medical Services, there exists an area which has been neglected. The practice of assigning young unseasoned physicians to small health facilities, which are often isolated, has led to a situation which places the high quality of military medical care in jeopardy. Recognition of the problem is long overdue and threatens to undermine patient care in the military system. Probably the most difficult hurdle will be to developing an awareness of this problem and, once this is overcome, there are several simple steps which could quickly be instituted to correct the situation.
Anatomic Compartmentalization Regulates TCR-PEP-MHC Interaction and Fate

Whether anatomic location affects T cell function and differentiation has not been defined. Unexpectedly we found, during the early contraction phase of an acute resolving infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong, antigen-specific TCR transgenic P14 T cells within the splenic red pulp displayed a higher number of TCR-pMHC bonds (higher affinity) than those from the white pulp when measured by 2D micropipette adhesion frequency assay. This increased bond formation correlated with target cell killing by P14 T cells. Importantly, FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and TGF-β were required to maintain steady levels of TCR-pMHC interactions in the white pulp. Furthermore, memory precursors from the white pulp preferentially developed into long-term memory cells. Our findings highlight anatomic location as a critical regulator of fate and function.
CMOS Photonics for High Performance Interconnects

This chapter introduces optical interconnects as a possible solution to the emerging performance wall in high-density supercomputer applications, arising from limited bandwidth and density of on-chip interconnects and chip-to-chip (processor-to-memory) electrical interfaces. The chapter focuses on the translation of system and link level performance metrics to photonic component requirements. The topics to be developed include the network topology, photonic link components, circuit and system design for photonic links.
The Use of a Fractional Factorial Design to Determine the Factors That Impact 1,3-Propanediol Production from Glycerol by Halanaerobium Hydrogeniformans

In recent years, biodiesel, a substitute for fossil fuels, has led to the excessive production of crude glycerol. The resulting crude glycerol can possess a high concentration of salts and an alkaline pH. Moreover, current crude glycerol purification methods are expensive, rendering this former commodity a waste product. However, Halanaerobium hydrogeniformans, a haloalkaliphilic bacterium, possesses the metabolic capability to convert glycerol into 1,3-propanediol, a valuable commodity compound, without the need for salt dilution or adjusting pH when grown on this waste. Experiments were performed with different combinations of 24 medium components to determine their impact on the production of 1,3-propanediol by using a fractional factorial design. Tested medium components were selected based on data from the organism’s genome. Analysis of HPLC data revealed enhanced production of 1,3-propanediol with additional glycerol, pH, vitamin B12, ammonium ions, sodium sulfide, cysteine, iron, and cobalt. However, other selected components; nitrate ions, phosphate ions, sulfate ions, sodium:potassium ratio, chloride, calcium, magnesium, silicon, manganese, zinc, borate, nickel, molybdenum, tungstate, copper and aluminum, did not enhance 1,3-propanediol production. The use of a fractional factorial design enabled the quick and efficient assessment of the impact of 24 different medium components on 1,3-propanediol production from glycerol from a haloalkaliphilic bacterium.
Transition Metal Corrole Coordination Chemistry

The transition metal complexes of the non-innocent, electron-rich corrole macrocycle are discussed. A detailed summary of the investigations to determine the physical oxidation states of formally iron(IV) and cobalt(IV) corroles as well as formally copper(III) corroles is presented. Electronic structures and reactivity of other metallocorroles are also discussed, and comparisons between corrole and porphyrin complexes are made where data are available. The growing assortment of second-row corrole complexes is discussed and compared to first-row analogs, and work describing the synthesis and characterization of third-row corroles is summarized. Emphasis is placed on the role of spectroscopic and computational studies in elucidating oxidation states and electronic configurations.
Trading Interests: Domestic Institutions, International Negotiations, and the Politics of Trade

To explain trade policies, a large literature draws on domestic institutions. Institutions that are more responsive to narrow-interest groups are expected to succumb to protectionist demands, resulting in higher average tariffs. This literature has largely ignored the role of reciprocal trade agreements and of exporter interests. This joint omission results in a biased view of trade politics. Exporters benefit from expanding market access abroad. With reciprocity, they lobby for domestic tariff cuts in exchange for liberalization abroad, which alters the link between domestic institutions and trade policies. Institutions favoring narrow interests should privilege both protectionist groups and exporters and hence have an indeterminate effect on average tariff levels. Instead, more interest group influence should result in more dispersed tariff rates across products. This article provides empirical evidence for this proposition, helps reconcile existing findings in the literature, and offers a specific exam...
Integrase strand transfer inhibitor-associated diabetes mellitus: A case report:

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have become integral antiretroviral therapy (ART) agents for treating HIV infection. We report the case of a 44-year-old male with a history of hemophilia A who developed diabetes mellitus four months after switching from abacavir, lamivudine, and efavirenz to abacavir, lamivudine, and raltegravir. Hemoglobin A1C normalized without further need for exogenous insulin after raltegravir was switched back to efavirenz. In this case report, we will review a possible mechanism for INSTI-induced hyperglycemia and/or diabetes mellitus.
Foliage penetrating airborne ladar for surface situation awareness

A field test of an airborne foliage penetrating (FOPEN) ladar system was recently conducted in order to assess the utility of FOPEN ladar for surface situation awareness applications. The FOPEN ladar system was flown over staged targets embedded in a woodland area with vegetation typical of a forest environment. This paper presents data that demonstrates the ability to detect man-made objects such as trucks, tents, and tarps embedded in this vegetation through exploitation by human analysts, as well as an initial evaluation of automated 3D object detection, specifically through the sum of absolute difference (SAD) approach. Many governmental and aid agencies often requires actionable information in a rapid timeframe, we additionally consider two candidate CONOPS that might be employed by such an end user for both tactical and strategic use cases.
Faithfully following, adapting, or rejecting mandated curriculum: teachers’ curricular enactments in elementary writing instruction

ABSTRACTThe qualitative study shows how 20 teachers from 4 districts in the same state enacted mandated school-wide writing curricula. Analyses of the observations and interviews revealed that 4 teachers were faithfully following the district-adopted curriculum, 4 rejected it, and 12 teachers adapted the curriculum to meet their students’ needs. The teachers who followed the curriculum had positive views of it but were inexperienced or uncomfortable teaching writing and had less access to professional development (PD) than teachers in other groups. Most of the teachers who adapted the curriculum were experienced teachers and felt supported in making changes due to the quality of PD. The teachers who rejected the curriculum were unhappy with the existing curriculum and drew from a number of different resources; however, their writing instruction lacked coherence and an underlying philosophy of writing. The findings show that factors such as policies, PD, and personal factors including previous writing expe...
Use of vanilloids in urologic disorders.

The bladder is an organ rich in vanilloid targets: dense unmyelinated c-fibers partially responsible for bladder sensation and response to noxious stimuli. Drugs such as capsaicin and resiniferatoxin (RTX) interact with the VR1 vanilloid receptor subtype to initially excite then subsequently desensitize the c-fibers. This chapter examines the literature describing the use of vanilloid receptor agonists in the treatment of the following urological disorders: neurogenic bladder (NGB), overactive bladder (OAB), and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS). Review of the literature was performed using Pubmed and the following key words “capsaicin,” “resiniferatoxin (RTX),” and “neurogenic bladder,” “overactive bladder (OAB),” and “interstitial cystitis,” “painful bladder syndrome.” Articles focusing on randomized trials comparing intravesical administration of a vanilloid receptor agonist to placebo and those in English were reviewed. We conclude that capsaicin and RTX do appear to provide some acceptable treatment results in patients with neurogenic bladder, though larger studies are needed to confirm this. Although efficacy has been shown in some studies, currently the use of vanilloids cannot be recommended for routine use in patients with OAB as the need for catheterization may cause the risk to outweigh the benefit of treatment. Similarly, for the treatment of BPS, vanilloid receptor agonists lack strong evidence for efficacy or tolerability; larger studies are needed to define their role. Understanding how vanilloids are able to impact these disorders, however, may help further elucidate their underlying pathophysiological processes.
Precise Diagnosis of Specific Syndromes

Patients with the failed back syndrome should usually be treated initially with nonspecific and generally safer therapies. When simpler therapies fail, continued successful therapy must be based on a precise understanding of the disorder to permit an appropriate choice of specific therapy. As our knowledge of the complexity of the disorders that may cause the failed back syndrome increases, it becomes more apparent that the “wastebasket diagnoses” of postoperative back, chronic lumbar derangement, or even the all-encompassing term failed back syndrome are not sufficiently precise to permit accurate therapy for many patients. Attempts at diagnosing precise causes of the failed back syndrome should be undertaken in a systematic fashion. A carefully taken history is vitally important in all aspects of medicine, and this dictum holds true in understanding the causes of the failed back syndrome.
Coordination of cell morphology and nuclear division by the bud neck control ring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Coordination of daughter cell growth and nuclear division are readily observed but not well understood in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A screen was performed to identify mutants which lost this coordination such that they exhibited an elongated cell morphology (improper cell growth), but continued to divide. Fourteen genes were found in the screen, five of which have been identified as CDC28, CDCI2/ELM13, ELMl, ELM2/HSL1, and ELM5/HSL7. The last four genes code for proteins found to localize to the bud neck ring at the time of the G2/M transition. Suppressor analysis suggests the bud neck ring is a control structure which determines cell morphology as well as nuclear division, as an upstream regulator of Cdc28p-cyclin complexes. The effects of mutations in specific components of the bud neck ring on the assembly of other components into the structure are examined. First, molecular characterization of the mutations was undertaken. The original elm 1-1 allele results in replacement of Thr-311 by an isoleucine. The original elm.2-1 allele contains a nonsense mutation in codon 790. The original elm 13-1 allele of the gene CDC 12 causes replacement of Arg-363 by a lysine. Finally, the Sel2-1 allele of the ELM2/HSL1 gene, which supresses elml-1, causes replacement of Met-177 by a valine. Next, assembly interdependence of these three proteins was determined. Localization interdependence between Elmlp, Elm2/Hsllp, and Cdcl2p was found with regard to correct initial localization to the neck, as well as proper sustained localization. A mutation in CDC28 that results in constitutive elongated cell morphology was found to have little to no effect on proper localization of bud neck ring proteins. These results support the bud neck ring
Effect of vertebral exclusion on TBS and FRAX calculations.

Degenerative changes falsely elevate BMD; however, their impact on TBS is unclear. This study examined how spinal degenerative changes affect TBS-adjusted fracture risk (FRAX). In a majority, but not all patients in this sample, TBS decreased after exclusion of vertebrae with degenerative change. Therefore, vertebral exclusion for TBS is suggested. Spinal degenerative changes elevate DXA-measured BMD, but reports find trabecular bone score (TBS) relatively unaffected. However, we observed patients where degenerative changes elevated both. Consequently, this study explored whether vertebral exclusion impacts TBS and subsequently TBS-adjusted FRAX risk. Clinical DXA interpretations of one physician were reviewed; those with vertebrae excluded per ISCD guidance were included in this study. BMD and TBS at L1–4 and from post-exclusion vertebrae were collected and used to adjust fracture risk (FRAX). Of the patients, 102 had vertebrae excluded; their mean (SD) age, BMI, and lowest T-score were 71.6 (9.5) years, 25.4 (4.5) kg/m2, and − 2.8 (1.0), respectively. Compared to L1–4, vertebral exclusion lowered (p < 0.0001) mean spine BMD and TBS by 9.5 and 3.1%, respectively. Vertebral exclusion decreased TBS by 0.040, being lower in 83%. In those with lower TBS, the mean adjusted 10-year fracture risk increased (p < 0.0001) by 0.94 and 0.32% for major osteoporotic (MOF) and hip fracture, respectively, in some risk increased by up to 4%. In those with higher TBS, adjusted risk was reduced, MOF − 0.49% and hip − 0.1%. Vertebral exclusion following ISCD recommendations generally, but not always, lowers TBS. Consequently, the impact on TBS adjusted FRAX risk is variable. In most patients, vertebral exclusion lowers TBS; in some, this could result in a relevant change in calculated fracture risk. It seems reasonable to use TBS values from evaluable vertebrae to adjust FRAX. Further research to determine if vertebral exclusion improves fracture risk prediction is needed.
Effect of amino acids on Maillard reaction product formation and total antioxidant capacity in white pan bread

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) can be an important dietary antioxidant source. Bread is the most popular bakery product; however, limited information is available on the antioxidant activities of MRPs generated during bread‐baking. This paper reports the effect of different amino acids on bread properties, melanoidin formation and antioxidant activities. Totally six amino acids at four different levels were evaluated. Increasing the amount of amino acid led to darker bread crust, higher melanoidin content and stronger antioxidant activity. Among the six amino acids, bread with glycine had the highest melanoidin content and ABTS radical scavenging activity up to 1079.77 ± 8.43 μmol TE mg⁻¹. Bread with lysine had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity up to 281.97 ± 10.52 μmol TE mg⁻¹. Bread with alanine had the highest crust metal chelating activity compared with others. Adding certain dietary amino acids is a potential approach to enhance the antioxidant capacity of bread products.