cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absorption of Water and Ascent of Sap

This chapter emphasizes the understanding of plant water relations. Plant water relations involve the absorption of water, ascent of sap, loss of water by transpiration, and the internal water balance of the tree. Water is essential for survival, growth, and proper metabolic function in plants. Appropriate quantification of water status of plants depends on research objectives, but relative water content and water potential concepts have proven most useful to investigators. Whereas relative water content is derived from the amount of water in a tissue compared with that contained at full hydration, water potential concepts are based on the free energy of water and consequent ability to predict flow directions down gradients of free energy. Total water potential includes the influence of several component potentials, including those attributable to solute and surface effects such as osmotic potential, pressure effects such as pressure or turgor potential, and those attributable to gravity. There are numerous ways of quantifying water potential and its components, including vapor pressure, tensiometry, and pressure chamber methods. Water movement within plants is governed by gradients in water potential or certain component potentials. Integration of water potential concepts and relevant flow pathways has produced the concept of the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum, which has provided a useful, unified model of water flow from soil to the atmosphere. Water absorption in slowly transpiring plants may be osmotically driven, but in rapidly transpiring plants water uptake is largely passive. Osmotically driven water uptake is responsible for root pressure, but stem pressure also is thought to be responsible for many episodes of sap exudation from stems.
Developing Healthy Sexuality

The aim of this chapter is to provide clinicians with tools for helping juvenile sex offenders learn about healthy sexuality. Ideally, these tools, which include psychoeducation, competency exercises, and resources for teaching about shared sexual behavior, masturbation, and sexual health, will serve to provide the adolescent with appropriate behaviors to replace the problematic behaviors (e.g. sexual offending, coercive sexual behaviors, etc.) that brought him or her into treatment.
Molecular aspects of the receptor activation by imidazolines: an overview

Based on the pharmacological activity of chiral imidazolines the steric requirements for the activation of the α-adrenoceptor are provided. Importantly, the sequence of interaction of the critical groups of the asymmetric carbon of imidazolines and catecholamines with the α-adrenoceptor is postulated. Thus, initial determinants of molecular efficacy are hypothesized. The effect of aromatic fluoro-substitution and introduction of a double bond in the imidazoline moiety on the pharmacologic activity is discussed. The unique mechanism of non-adrenergic vascular activity of isothiocyanato-tolazoline is presented.
Modified Lambrinudi Arthrodesis for the Acute Treatment of Neurogenic Clubfoot: A Case Report.

Neurogenic contracture often results in spastic, nonreducible equinovarus deformity. Rigid contracture leads to pain, instability, and bracing difficulties. This case report details the utilization...
Computational protein structure refinement: almost there, yet still so far to go

Protein structures are essential in modern biology yet experimental methods are far from being able to catch up with the rapid increase in available genomic data. Computational protein structure prediction methods aim to fill the gap while the role of protein structure refinement is to take approximate initial template-based models and bring them closer to the true native structure. Current methods for computational structure refinement rely on molecular dynamics simulations, related sampling methods, or iterative structure optimization protocols. The best methods are able to achieve moderate degrees of refinement but consistent refinement that can reach near-experimental accuracy remains elusive. Key issues revolve around the accuracy of the energy function, the inability to reliably rank multiple models, and the use of restraints that keep sampling close to the native state but also limit the degree of possible refinement. A different aspect is the question of what exactly the target of high-resolution refinement should be as experimental structures are affected by experimental conditions and different biological questions require varying levels of accuracy. While improvement of the global protein structure is a difficult problem, high-resolution refinement methods that improves local structural quality such as favorable stereochemistry and the avoidance of atomic clashes are much more successful.
Enzyme reversal to explore the function of yeast E3 ubiquitin-ligases

The covalent attachment of ubiquitin onto proteins can elicit a variety of downstream consequences. Attachment is mediated by a large array of E3 ubiquitin ligases, each thought be subject to regulatory control and to have a specific repertoire of substrates. Assessing the biological roles of ligases, and in particular, identifying their biologically relevant substrates has been a persistent yet challenging question. In this study, we describe tools that may help achieve both of these goals. We describe a strategy whereby the activity of a ubiquitin ligase has been enzymatically reversed, accomplished by fusing it to a catalytic domain of an exogenous deubiquitinating enzyme. We present a library of 72 "anti-ligases" that appear to work in a dominant-negative fashion to stabilize their cognate substrates against ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. We then used the ligase-deubiquitinating enzyme (DUb) library to screen for E3 ligases involved in post-Golgi/endosomal trafficking. We identify ligases previously implicated in these pathways (Rsp5 and Tul1), in addition to ligases previously localized to endosomes (Pib1 and Vps8). We also document an optimized workflow for isolating and analyzing the "ubiquitome" of yeast, which can be used with mass spectrometry to identify substrates perturbed by expression of particular ligase-DUb fusions.
Diagnosis, Classification, and Management of Fourth Ventriculomegaly in Adults: Report of 9 Cases and Literature Review.

Objective An enlarged fourth ventricle, otherwise known as fourth ventriculomegaly (4th VM), has been reported previously in the pediatric population, yet literature on adults is scant. We report our experience with 4th VM in adults over an 11-year period and review the literature. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective chart review of adult patients with the diagnosis of 4th VM admitted to the intensive care unit in a tertiary care center. Results Nine patients were identified with 4th VM. Most presented with symptoms in the posterior fossa. Five cases were related to previous shunting and the underlying neurosurgical diseases, and average time interval to develop symptoms was 5.3 years. We divided our cases into primary, acquired, and degenerative based on the pathophysiology involved. Treatments included extended subzero cerebrospinal fluid diversion using a frontal external ventricular drain followed by low-pressure shunt revision, endoscopic third ventriculostomy, suboccipital decompression, and fourth ventricular catheter placement. Literature review identified additional published cases, and there were no reports of a formal classification scheme or treatment algorithm. Conclusions This case series illustrates a narrow spectrum of etiologies associated with 4th VM in adults. We propose a simple classification scheme dividing 4th VM into 3 categories: primary, acquired, and degenerative. We recommend a stepwise treatment approach starting with extended subzero cerebrospinal fluid diversion followed by shunting for symptomatic primary and acquired 4th VM. Lower success rates and greater morbidity are associated with rescue procedures such as fourth ventricle drainage catheters, endoscopic third ventriculostomies, and skull base decompression.
Bargaining and the effectiveness of economic development incentives: an evaluation of the Texas chapter 313 program

Existing research has examined how the mobility of capital shapes bargains between firms and governments. The major barriers to examining bargaining behavior include the large number of dimensions to these bargains and differences in capacity and strategies firms and governments. In this paper, I examine data from a unique economic development incentive program in the state of Texas that holds almost all elements of bargaining constant, leaving only the ability of firms to walk away from a given location during the bargaining process. Using original data on the bargaining outcome as well as elite opinions, I document the extent to which firms that chose to locate in Texas made their decisions independent of this special economic development program. My findings suggest that only 15% of the firms participating in the program would have invested in another state without this incentive. The majority of these projects, and incentive dollars, were allocated to firms already committed to investing in Texas. Case studies of over 80 projects reveal that in many cases it was an open secret that companies had already committed to their investment locations prior to receiving the incentive. This implies that structure of the program encourages the overuse of incentives.
Explaining the End of Plenary Power

Under the moniker of the plenary power doctrine, courts have long hewed to an exceptional regime of deference to political branch conduct as against constitutional challenges to federal immigration law. The Supreme Court's recent decisions in Nguyen and Zadvydas, however, point the way to the doctrine's demise. Although Nguyen upheld a provision of the Nationality Act discriminating on the basis of gender, it did so by ostensible application of the normal rules of equal protection. In Zadvydas, the Court cast serious constitutional doubt on the indefinite detention of removable aliens, also applying non-exceptional tests for civil commitment and affording the executive branch little deference beyond that demanded in other agency contexts. This essay seeks to explain the possible abandonment of plenary powers by situating the doctrine in an international context. It first rejects other possible causes of the retreat, including accounts that highlight the Court's efforts in other contexts to assert judicial supremacy in constitutional interpretation. The essay then traces the origins of plenary powers to a world in which immigration implicated unstable relations among states, in which foreign relations dynamic the courts played little or no role. In recent years, however, the risks of judicial participation in global policy has been diminished. As those risks have diminished, baseline constitutional values should be restored to the area. The essay concludes that the September 11 attacks, although posing a challenge to vigorous participation of the courts in immigration law, will not necessarily interrupt the trajectory set by Nguyen and Zadvydas.
Social Relations, Social Integration, and Social Support

The term social support is used to refer to the salutatory content of human relationships. This chapter reviews various conceptualizations of social support and surveys the evidence for its relevance for mental health. Social support varies reliably with location in the social system suggesting that its origin lies in social experience. However, it is also clear that aspects of personality are implicated in one’s capacity to gain and maintain supportive relationships and to experience the support of others in a meaningful way. Social support is predictive of mental health status on its own and as a moderator of the effects of social stress, but there are multiple contingencies in these relationships. In particular, social support is most beneficial when it does not emphasize the need of the recipient. Also, the balance between support received and support given appears to be important.
Ring-Closing Metathesis and Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization toward Main-Chain Ferrocene-Containing Polymers

We report the preparation of cyclic ferrocenyl olefins with various substituents and different ring sizes by ring-closing metathesis (RCM). These ferrocene-containing monomers were subject to ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), leading to main-chain ferrocene-containing homopolymers, random copolymers, and block copolymers. Depending on the substituents, ferrocenyl homopolymers are semicrystalline or amorphous with good solubility. A semicrystalline polymer was used in the crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) of block copolymers to generate platelet nanostructures.
Inverse Optimization to Design Processing Paths to Tailor Formability of Mg Alloys

Due to the poor formability of Mg alloys at low temperatures, robust methods are needed to intelligently tailor the formability of Mg alloys for given forming processes such that specific parts can be successfully manufactured. One method of tailoring formability comes from altering the texture of Mg alloys. In our recent works, an invariant parameter called the Anisotropy Effect on Ductility (AED) has been proven to correctly portray physical formability measurements derived from tension and compression tests on textured AZ31 Mg alloy. In the present work, a Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) crystal plasticity modeling has been used to simulate Equal Channel Angular Pressing as a processing method to alter texture using various routes. In order to create an AZ31 Mg alloy with a particular AED parameter or formability, an automated inverse optimization strategy has been used to predict the routes needed to attain target amount of formability required by applications.
Circulating Exosomes from Lung Transplant Recipients Diagnosed with Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome Induces Immune Responses in C57BL/6 Mice Leading to Obliterative Airway Disease and miRNA 155 Plays an Essential Role in Immune Activation

Purpose MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-strand RNAs that are 18-25 nucleotides in length. Genes of miRNAs suppress newly synthesized proteins by causing miRNA degradation or inhibiting miRNA translation into proteins. MicroRNA-155 (miR155) has also been implicated as a positive regulator of inflammatory cytokine production especially IL17. miR155 is a pivotal regulator of the immune system and we determined the role of miR155 in immune activation of C57BL/6 and miR155 knock out (KO) mice leading to development of Abs and induction of exosomes with lung self-antigens (SAgs) following immunization with circulating exosomes isolated from human lung transplant recipients (LTxRs). Methods C57BL/6 and miR155 KO mice were immunized with exosomes isolated from stable and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) without Freund's adjuvant (20ug/injection, at 1,6,15 and 21 days). After last injection, mice were sacrificed, lungs were analyzed by H&E and trichrome staining. Blood samples collected at days 2,7,16 and 26, were analyzed for the development of Abs to K-alpha 1 Tubulin (KA1T), Collagen V (Col-V) and Col-I (control) by ELISA. Results Cellular immune responses to KA1T, Col-V, and Col-I were enumerated using ELISPOT. Circulating exosomes were isolated and analyzed for lung SAgs by western blot. Our results demonstrate development of Abs to lung SAgs with increased frequencies of IFN-γ and IL-17-producing cells with reduction of IL-10 producing cells (stable vs BOS) against lung-SAgs-following immunization of wild type C57BL/6 animals with BOS exosomes but not exosomes from stable LTxRs. Histological analysis of lungs demonstrated obliterative airway disease (OAD) following immunization with exosomes isolated from BOS but not stable. In contrast, immunization of miR155 KO mice did not result in Abs to lung SAgs, cellular immune response to lung SAgs, nor induction of circulating exosomes with lung SAgs (control vs stable and BOS). These animals also did not develop OAD lesions in the lungs. Conclusion We conclude that circulating exosomes plays a pivotal role in immune activation leading to chronic rejection and miR155 exerts an obligatory role in the pathogenesis of chronic rejection following human lung transplantation.
Atraumatic and aseptic osteonecrosis of large joints

Subchondrale Osteonekrosen stellen an den grosen gewichtstragenden Gelenken (Hufte, Knie) eine schwerwiegende und gelenkbedrohende Erkrankung dar. Bei den atraumatischen Osteonekrosen stehen als kausale Faktoren neben den idiopathischen Formen v. a. die Glukokortikoidmedikation und der Alkoholabusus im Vordergrund. Neben direkt zytotoxischen Faktoren fuhrt letztlich eine kritisch verminderte Perfusion des subchondralen Knochenraums zu Ischamie und Nekrose. Dieses bereits irreversible, oft aber kaum symptomatische Stadium I kann in der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) als Doppellinienzeichen sichtbar gemacht werden und zeigt spater auch rontgenologisch eine geographisch begrenzende Skleroselinie (Stadium II). Reparationsmechanismen des Knochens bleiben weitgehend frustran, und je nach Grose der Osteonekrose kommt es zum biomechanischen Versagen und schlieslich zu subchondralen Insuffizienzfrakturen, die den Ubergang zum Stadium III markieren (Gelenkflachenkollaps).
Perceived importance of AAC messages to support communication in rehabilitation settings.

Purpose: Permanent or temporary speech loss can occur due to a variety of medical conditions and often requires individuals to use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies and technologies to support communication. The use of AAC in medical and rehabilitation settings is critical to ensure the health, safety and psychological well-being of communicatively vulnerable individuals.Method: This study surveyed the perceived importance of communication messages within five categories (Basic Needs, Patient-Provider Specific Communication, Social, Feelings, and Messages for Young Children) by individuals with disability who have undergone recent medical care as well as by rehabilitation care providers.Results: Results indicated that, with only a few exceptions, participants with disability more frequently selected all of the messages listed under the Patient-Provider Specific, Social, and Feelings categories compared to rehabilitation care providers' responses. Additionally, the individuals with disabilities selected messages that were more personalised to their specific care needs under Basic Needs. Both participant groups were asked to also suggest other messages that they perceived as important under each category. The other suggested messages demonstrated the potential need to provide personalisation to AAC displays to best meet the communication needs of individuals with disability.Implications for RehabilitationThere is a critical need for individuals who find themselves in medical settings (ICU, acute care hospital, rehabilitation hospital, etc.) to be able to communicate. This study provides preliminary information on the breadth of communication content that is perceived as relevant by individuals with disability and rehabilitation care providers. The need to provide personalized as well as a wide range of communication content options was of particular importance to individuals with disability. This information may provide specific guidance on how to best develop augmentative and alternative communication options for individuals in medical settings.
Intracranial Injury Among Children with Abuse-Related Long Bone Fractures.

Abstract Background Intracranial injury (ICI) from abusive head trauma is the leading cause of death among young abused children but is difficult to detect. Long bone fracture (LBF) may lead to the recognition of abuse in young abused children. Objectives This study is the first to report the incidence and features of ICI in children with abuse and LBFs. Methods This is a retrospective study of children younger than 3 years with the diagnosis of LBF in the National Trauma Data Bank from 2009 to 2014. LBF, abuse, and clinical features were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Abuse-related LBF with and without ICI were compared to identify risk factors for ICI. Results There were 4345 encounters for abuse-related LBF in kids ages Conclusions ICI occurred in nearly 1 in 4 children under 3 years old with abuse-related LBF. Abuse-related LBF with skull fracture, rib fracture, head/neck bruising, or patient age
Chemotherapy as an Adjuvant to Radiotherapy

The rationale of combining a chemotherapeutic agent with radiation therapy can be on one of two hypotheses: 1. Agents like 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5-BUdR) have been shown to be radiation sensitizers (Bagshaw, 1961; Berry and Andrews, 1962; Bosch et al., 1958; Djordjevic and Szybalski, 1960, Kaplan et al., 1961, 1962; Vermund, 1961). The limiting factor in the effectiveness of such a sensitizing agent is the fraction of cells which can be affected by the agent. Furthermore, as the agent also sensitizes normal cells, clinical usefulness depends on the fraction of tumor cells which are sensitized versus the fraction of normal cells sensitized in the volume of tissue irradiated. 2. Alkylating agents or antimetabolites like methotrexate are cytotoxic agents producing shrinkage of tumors but are not radiation sensitizers. The rationale of the combination of chemotherapy with such an agent prior to irradiation is based on the following radiobiological facts.
Endothelial eNAMPT amplifies pre-clinical acute lung injury: efficacy of an eNAMPT-neutralising monoclonal antibody.

RATIONALE: The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the serious unmet need for effective therapies that reduce ARDS mortality. We explored whether extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT), a ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 and a master regulator of innate immunity and inflammation, is a potential ARDS therapeutic target. METHODS: Wild type C57BL/6J or endothelial cell (EC)-cNAMPT -/- knockout mice (targeted EC NAMPT deletion) were exposed to either a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ("one-hit") or a combined LPS/ventilator ("two-hit")-induced acute inflammatory lung injury model. A NAMPT-specific mAb imaging probe (99mTc-ProNamptorTM) was used to detect NAMPT expression in lung tissues. Either an eNAMPT-neutralising goat polyclonal antibody (pAb) or a humanised monoclonal antibody (ALT-100â mAb) were utilised in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical, biochemical, and imaging studies validated time-dependent increases in NAMPT lung tissue expression in both preclinical ARDS models. Intravenous delivery of either eNAMPT-neutralising pAb/mAb significantly attenuated inflammatory lung injury (H & E staining, BAL protein, BAL PMNs, plasma IL-6) in both preclinical models. In vitro human lung EC studies demonstrated eNAMPT-neutralising antibodies (pAb, mAb) to strongly abrogate eNAMPT-induced TLR4 pathway activation and EC barrier disruption. In vivo studies in wild type and EC-cNAMPT -/- mice confirmed a highly significant contribution of EC-derived NAMPT to the severity of inflammatory lung injury in both preclinical ARDS models. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight both the role of EC-derived eNAMPT and the potential for biologic targeting of the eNAMPT/TLR4 inflammatory pathway. In combination with predictive eNAMPT biomarker and NAMPT genotyping assays, this offers the opportunity to identify high-risk ARDS subjects for delivery of personalised medicine.
Quantification of the hardness response in the heat-affected zone of low alloy steels subjected to temper bead welding

Abstract The tempering response in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of low alloy steels during temper bead welding is heavily dependent on the experienced thermal history. Past work has developed quantification approaches for isothermal tempering conditions and single non-isothermal tempering cycles, whereas the temper bead welding processes impart multiple non-isothermal cycles throughout the HAZ. This work outlines a novel methodology for tempering response quantification that allows for prediction of the HAZ hardness in multipass welding. The quantification approach utilizes a modification of the Grange-Baughman tempering parameter that converts non-isothermal cycles into an equivalent isothermal cycle and correlate this with the resulting hardness. This relationship can be utilized to evaluate hardness distributions throughout the HAZ of low alloy steel temper bead weldments based on the experienced thermal histories. It was shown that, in contrast with conventional heat treatment, the temper bead welding in Grade 22 steel results in nucleation of high density, finely dispersed Fe-Cr rich carbides. The proposed methodology was applied for evaluation of the HAZ hardness in a particular heat of Grade 22 steel, resulting from multiple tempering reheats, and was experimentally validated using a three-layer weld overlay. It was found that the peak temperature of weld tempering cycles was the most significant factor in controlling HAZ hardness.
Don't forget the I/O when allocating your LLC

In modern server CPUs, last-level cache (LLC) is a critical hardware resource that exerts significant influence on the performance of the workloads, and how to manage LLC is a key to the performance isolation and QoS in the cloud with multi-tenancy. In this paper, we argue that in addition to CPU cores, high-speed I/O is also important for LLC management. This is because of an Intel architectural innovation - Data Direct I/O (DDIO) - that directly injects the inbound I/O traffic to (part of) the LLC instead of the main memory. We summarize two problems caused by DDIO and show that (1) the default DDIO configuration may not always achieve optimal performance, (2) DDIO can decrease the performance of non-I/O workloads that share LLC with it by as high as 32%. We then present IAT, the first LLC management mechanism that treats the I/O as the first-class citizen. IAT monitors and analyzes the performance of the core/LLC/DDIO using CPU's hardware performance counters and adaptively adjusts the number of LLC ways for DDIO or the tenants that demand more LLC capacity. In addition, IAT dynamically chooses the tenants that share its LLC resource with DDIO to minimize the performance interference by both the tenants and the I/O. Our experiments with multiple microbenchmarks and real-world applications demonstrate that with minimal overhead, IAT can effectively and stably reduce the performance degradation caused by DDIO.
Ellipsoidal inhomogeneity with anisotropic incoherent interface. Multipole series solution and application to micromechanics

Abstract The ellipsoidal inhomogeneity with transversely isotropic incoherent interface is considered in the conductivity and elasticity context. The general imperfect interface is modeled by the first order approximation of thin transversely isotropic interphase layer. This model expands the Gurtin et al. (1998) theory of curved deformable interfaces in solids with a nanometer-scale microstructure to the incoherent interfaces between the dissimilar elastic materials and provides a certain insight into the interface moduli. The rigorous analytical solution to the conductivity and elasticity problems has been obtained by the multipole expansion method in terms of ellipsoidal solid harmonics. An accurate fulfillment of the imperfect interface conditions reduces the model boundary value problem to the linear algebraic system for multipole strengths. These results apply equally to the inhomogeneities with anisotropic interphases and nano level incoherent interfaces. The obtained solutions are valid for the non-uniform far loading and are readily incorporated in the many-particle (finite cluster or representative unit cell) model of heterogeneous solid with anisotropic incoherent interface. The tensors of effective conductivity and elastic stiffness of composite with ellipsoidal inhomogeneities are evaluated using Maxwell homogenization scheme. The obtained accurate numerical data indicate that the effective properties of composite may vary widely due to shape of inhomogeneities and the interface anisotropy ratio. Taking the incoherency of interface into account may increase reliability of predicting the behavior of nanostructured solids.
The Role of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program in Addressing Negative Outcomes Associated with Food Insecurity

The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn extensive attention to the problem of food insecurity in the United States. This attention is primarily due to the projected dramatic increases of up to 50% in the number of people experiencing food insecurity. While COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of food security, its appearance as a leading health and policy issue was long before COVID-19. A central reason for this prominence is due to the multiple negative health outcomes and subsequent higher health care costs. The chapters in this book provide a welcome set of new perspectives on these negative health and other outcomes. These negative outcomes would be far, far worse, were it not for the existence of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as the Food Stamp Program). In this chapter, I provide an overview of this program and why it succeeds in its central goal of alleviating food insecurity. And, hence, how SNAP also reduces the negative health outcomes covered in the other chapters of this book. Before doing so, though, I provide some information about the determinants of food insecurity in the U.S. and how SNAP is especially well-suited to addressing these determinants.
CBT-I for patients with phase disorders or insomnia with circadian misalignment

Abstract Circadian factors are recognized contributors to insomnia symptoms, whether in the context of full-blown circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders or subthreshold circadian misalignment. While cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and brief behavioral treatment of insomnia (BBT-I) consider circadian factors, neither fully leverages available assessment options and chronotherapeutic approaches. In this chapter, we draw on the published literature and anecdotal experience in our clinic to offer suggestions on how to enhance CBT-I (or BBT-I) to identify, characterize, and treat individuals with both insomnia and full-blown circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders or subthreshold circadian misalignment.
Neuropathology of Hippocampal Sclerosis

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes that hippocampal sclerosis (HS), which is a selective neuronal loss and gliosis in the CA1 sector and the subiculum, is often observed in the elderly at the post mortem examination. In many patients who present with dementia, HS coexists with various other types of pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular disease, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). HS has also been described as an isolated pathologic explanation for dementia in patients with otherwise unremarkable brains. It is commonly noted in the setting of amnestic mild cognitive impairment and more advanced amnestic dementia disorders. The chapter highlights that it is most commonly observed as a coexistent finding with both neurodegenerative and vascular diseases. Therefore, the presence of HS could be regarded as a sentinel marker for an underlying neuropathological disease such as, neurodegenerative or neurovascular in etiology. The chapter concludes that the relevance of the coexistence of HS in neuropathologic conditions needs to be further explored.
EXAFS Studies of Sodium Silicate Glasses Containing Dissolved Actinides

Sodium silicate glasses containing dissolved Th, U, Np, and Pu have been studied using the EXAFS technique. Th4+, U4+, Np4+, and Pu4+ ions in the silicate glasses are 8-fold coordinated to oxygen neighbors. The. higher valent U6+ and Np5+ ions have complex local symmetries. The U6+ ions appear in a uranyl configuration with 2 oxygen atoms at 1.85A and 4 at 2.25A from the U ion. The Np5+ local symmetry is more complex and difficult to determine uniquely. The U6+ glasses show substantial clustering of the uranium atoms. A structural model, with nearly planar uranyl sheets sandwiched between alkali and silica layers, is used to. explain the U6+ EXAFS data. This model allows us to understand why U6+ ions are much more soluble in the glasses than the actinide 4+ ions.
Dipeptide processing activates recombinant human prochymase.

Human chymase (h-chymase) is a serine protease that efficiently converts angiotensin I to II. Its structure and homology to other serine proteases suggest that it is synthesized as a zymogen, and is processed to the active form by cleavage of a 19-residue signal peptide and of a dipeptide pro-segment. To evaluate maturational processing of this enzyme, the proteins encoded by three h-chymase cDNA constructs (wild-type, lacking the pro- or lacking the prepro-segment) were characterized after expression in COS-1 cells. These recombinant proteins were not catalytically active. Purification and NH2-terminal sequence analysis of the protein expressed from the wild-type construct revealed processing to the proenzyme. Prochymase activation was achieved by incubation with a B-cell lymphoma homogenate, which apparently contains a heterologous processing enzyme sensitive to thiol protease inhibitors. NH2-terminal sequence analysis of the activated h-chymase revealed cleavage of the pro-segment, and its biochemical characteristics were identical to those of native h-chymase purified from the myocardium. These findings indicate that processing of the dipeptide pro-segment is necessary and sufficient for activation of human chymase. Such processing is probably also required for the activation of related serine proteases, e.g., cathepsin G, which have homologous dipeptide pro-segments.
Associations between Gut Microbial Colonization in Early Life and Respiratory Outcomes in Cystic Fibrosis

Objective To examine patterns of microbial colonization of the respiratory and intestinal tracts in early life in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) and their associations with breastfeeding and clinical outcomes. Study design A comprehensive, prospective longitudinal analysis of the upper respiratory and intestinal microbiota in a cohort of infants and young children with CF followed from birth was performed. Genus-level microbial community composition was characterized using 16S-targeted pyrosequencing, and relationships with exposures and outcomes were assessed using linear mixed-effects models, time-to-event analysis, and principal components analysis. Results Sequencing of 120 samples from 13 subjects collected from birth to 34 months revealed relationships between breastfeeding, microbial diversity in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, and the timing of onset of respiratory complications, including exacerbations and colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Fluctuations in the abundance of specific bacterial taxa preceded clinical outcomes, including a significant decrease in bacteria of the genus Parabacteroides within the intestinal tract prior to the onset of chronic P aeruginosa colonization. Specific assemblages of bacteria in intestinal samples, but not respiratory samples, were associated with CF exacerbation in early life, indicating that the intestinal microbiome may play a role in lung health. Conclusions Our findings relating breastfeeding to respiratory outcomes, gut diversity to prolonged periods of health, and specific bacterial communities in the gut prior to respiratory complications in CF highlight a connection between the intestinal microbiome and health and point to potential opportunities for antibiotic or probiotic interventions. Further studies in larger cohorts validating these findings are needed.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHONEMIC SPEECH PERCEPTION1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of phonemic speech perception. Roman Jakobson hypothesized that the child follows a relatively invariant order of phonological development and that this order is universally valid. This hypothesis applies to phonemic acquisition, the functional use of sounds by the young child, which he claimed could be explained by a hierarchy of binary feature distinctions. Certain distinctions in the child's speech appear before others and later distinctions are not produced unless the earlier ones have already been acquired. Shvachkin hypothesized from the results of exploratory observations that phonemic speech perception develops concomitantly with semantic development during the second year of life and that this development follows an ontogenetic sequence. The results of the study indicated an ontogenetic sequence of development which he divided into 12 stages. Each child he tested acquired the distinctions in this order with very little variation. Serious objections were raised as to the validity of Shvachkin's results, as this hypothesis does not report how often the children were tested, how many choices the child was asked to make during a testing session, what criterion was used to decide that a child could perceive a particular opposition, and what controls were employed to eliminate the use of situational cues as a basis for choice between the objects.
Social Organization of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire

Of the four great apes—the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)—the latter three are known to exhibit marked differences in the way their respective societies are organized and structured. Common chimpanzee society consists of a flexible community of strongly bonded adult males and more solitary females (Wrangham, 1975; Tutin and McGinnis, 1981). Within chimpanzee society, the size and composition of groups [“temporary associations,” “bands,” “parties” (Goodall, 1968; Reynolds and Reynolds, 1965)] are unstable. The only enduring bonds within a community are those between mothers and their offspring (Good-all, 1968). The social structure of the gorilla consists of cohesive groups comprising a dominant adult male, a variable number of other males, adult females, and young (Schaller, 1963). Solitary males may be found on the fringes of the group and will associate with its members on occasion (Harcourt, 1979). Orangutans are largely solitary except for mothers with dependent offspring and temporary male-female consortships (MacKinnon, 1971, 1974; Rijksen, 1978).
The backpack problem is evident but the solution is less obvious.

Purpose A systematic review of the literature between 2003 and 2007 was conducted to explore the questions 1) Are school-aged children actually at risk for back pain because of carrying backpacks? How much of a load is too much? 2) Does backpack in adolescence predict back pain in adulthood? 3) Are there behaviors that lessen/increase the risk of back pain/injury? i.e. education on how to carry, pack the pack and psychosomatic behaviors? Method Cochrane Collection, Pub-Med, OTSeeker, PEDro, FirstSearch Medline, ERIC, General Engineering, Engineering Village2 and Goggle Scholar were searched with the following keywords in various combinations: backpack, back pain, load, children, adolescents, pediatrics, and physical fitness. Sixty-three articles were considered for the study to answer the three research questions. Each study was analyzed for specific application to the three questions. Results Ten articles were analyzed for the first, epidemiological question, two articles were analyzed for the second long term health risk question and seven articles were analyzed for the behavioral question. Conclusion Weight recommendations and carrying behaviors are not consistently supported in the recent studies; several studies call for an examination of psychosomatic behaviors as potential predictors of back pain in childhood and adolescence.
Properties of the shadow cast by a half-screen when illuminated by a Gaussian beam

Optical components such as irises, knife edges, and baffles are employed for their blocking and shadowing properties. Optical fields in the form of Gaussian beams cannot be described by ordinary rays. Hence, the shadow cast by optical components when illuminated by a beam is not given by geometrical optics. Starting with an exact integral representation for the field when a Gaussian beam is shadowed by an edge, the locations of the shadow boundaries are found. The nature of the field in the vicinity of the shadow boundaries is investigated. It is found that for some parameter ranges, the field near the shadow boundary can be found from simple expressions, without the need of special connecting (transition) functions.
A GENERALIZATION OF AVERAGE-CORRELATION METHODS OF SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

Abstract The power spectrum of truncated variables is developed as the transform of the correlation function of data smoothed by an arbitrary mean, as a function of both lag and averaging intervals. It is shown that a large class of techniques for computing spectra can be readily derived as special cases of this more general approach. These include the conventional approach of Taylor as well as various methods in current use. The need for further study of the numerical effects of the approximations used in applying these techniques to finite records of discrete data is indicated.
Measurements and analysis of CO and O2 emissions in CH4/CO2/O2 flames

Abstract Concerns about green house gas emissions have encouraged interest in hydrocarbon combustion techniques that can accommodate carbon dioxide capture and sequestration. Oxy-fuel combustion, where the fuel is combusted in oxygen diluted with steam or CO 2 , is one promising approach for post-combustion carbon capture. In this paper we focus on CO 2 dilution effects and, in particular, on CO and O 2 emissions from these flames. The emissions issue must be considered from a different perspective than conventional power plants as the combustor effluents will be sequestered, and, thus, their interactions with the terrestrial atmosphere are not relevant. CO and O 2 are of interest for these systems as their presence in the exhaust stream represents wasted fuel and oxidizer. In addition, CO 2 pipeline specifications impose limitations on CO and O 2 levels, which also must then be controlled either through the combustion process or post gas cleanup. Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of CH 4 /O 2 /CO 2 combustion systems was performed in order to analyze CO 2 dilution effects upon CO and O 2 emissions level. Companion experiments were also performed in an atmospheric pressure, swirl stabilized combustor. These numerical and experimental results demonstrate the key tradeoffs associated with optimizing these systems, as well as the dependence of emissions on stoichiometry, pressure, CO 2 dilution and residence time.
USDA Monitors Levels of Added Sodium in Commercial Packaged and Restaurant Foods

Abstract This manuscript describes progress by the Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) in monitoring sodium in processed and prepared foods frequently consumed by the U.S. population. Recent concerns by the U.S. public health community about the intake of sodium by Americans have led ARS, USDA to develop a plan to monitor the levels of sodium in highly consumed commercial packaged and restaurant foods. NDL scientists worked with USDA's Food Surveys Research Group (FSRG) to identify 125 Sentinel Foods, to serve as indicators for assessment of change in the sodium content in the food supply. For each food (e.g., cheese pizza) NDL used market share data to identify the predominant brands and types of foods (e.g., frozen cheese pizza, restaurant pizza) to be monitored for changes in the sodium level over time. Periodically, nutrient values for frequently consumed foods will be updated by chemical analysis or label checks. Estimates will be compared to existing values in the National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). Since 2010, about 140 foods have been sampled and analyzed by NDL contractors. NDL will continue to generate new sodium data which will be disseminated in the successive releases of the SR. Accurate and current data for sodium in processed foods will support the assessment of changes in sodium in foods as well as the assessment of sodium intake by the U.S. population in the years ahead.
Design, Installation, and Performance Characterization of a Laboratory-Scale Solar Thermal System for Experiments in Solar Energy Utilization

The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of a laboratory-scale solar thermal system for the Renewable Energy Systems Laboratory at the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). The system development began as a student senior design project where students designed and fabricated a laboratory-scale solar thermal system to complement an existing commercial solar energy system on campus. The solar thermal system is designed specifically for educating engineers. This laboratory equipment, including a solar light simulator, allows for variation of operating parameters to investigate their impact on system performance. The equipment will be utilized in two courses: Applied Thermodynamics, and Renewable Energy Utilization. During the solar thermal laboratories performed in these courses, students conduct experiments based on the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 93-2010 standard for testing and performance characterization of solar thermal systems. Their measurements are then used to quantify energy output, efficiency and losses of the system and subsystem components.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Equally-weighted formulas for numerical differentiation

Equally-weighted formulas for numerical differentiation at a fixed pointx=a, which may be chosen to be 0 without loss in generality, are derived for (1) $$f^{(m)} (0) = k\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = n + 1}^{2n} f (x_i ) - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n f (x_i )} \right\} + R_{2n} $$ whereR 2n =0 whenf(x) is any (2n)th degree polynomial. Equation (1) is equivalent to (2) $$k\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = n + 1}^{2n} {x_i^r } - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {x_i^r } } \right\} = \delta _m^r m!,r = 1,2, \ldots ,2n$$ ,r=1,2,..., 2n. By choosingf(x)=1/(zÂ?x),x i fori=1,..., n andx i fori=n+1,..., 2n are shown to be roots ofg n (z) andh n (z) respectively, satisfying (3) $$e^{ - (m - 1){! \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {! k}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} k}z^m } g_n (z) = h_n (z)\left( {1 + \frac{{c_1 }}{{z^{2n + 1} }} + \frac{{c_2 }}{{z^{2n + 2} }} + \cdots } \right)$$ . It is convenient to normalize withk=(mÂ?1)!. LetP s (z) denotez s · numerator of the (s+1)th diagonal member of the Pade table fore x , frx=1/z, that numerator being a constant factor times the general Laguerre polynomialL s Â?2sÂ?1 (x), and letP s (X i )=0, i=1, ...,s. Then for anym, solutions to (1) are had, for2n=2ms, forx i , i=1, ...,ms, andx i , i=ms+1,..., 2ms, equal to all them th rootsX i 1/m and (Â?X i )1/m respectively, and they give {(2s+1)mÂ?1}th degree accuracy. For2smÂ?2nÂ?(2s+1)mÂ?1, these (2sm)-point solutions are proven to be the only ones giving (2n)th degree accuracy. Thex i 's in (1) always include complex values, except whenm=1, 2n=2. For2sm 1, and either 2n<2m or(2s+1)mÂ?1<2n<(2s+2)m, it is proven that there are no non-trivial solutions to (1), real or complex. Form=1(1)6, tables ofx i are given to 15D, fori=1(1)2n, where 2n=2ms ands=1(1) [12/m], so that they are sufficient for attaining at least 24th degree accuracy in (1).
A 3.5GHz Low Power Programmable Transversal Filter RFIC Implemented in 47GHz SiGe Technology

This paper presents the design of a low power 3.5GHz analog programmable filter RFIC. The RF filter is a 7-tap transversal equalizer with cascaded Cherry-Hooper amplifiers for delay stages and Gilbert variable gain amplifier as tap weights. The delay stage using active devices greatly reduces the die area comparing to passive delay lines. The SiGe programmable filter RFIC consumes 250mW under 3.3V supply and occupies total 2.16mm2 die size.