cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid freeform fabrication of metal components using fused deposition of metals

Abstract A new hard tooling fabrication technique, named fused deposition of metals (FDMet), to fabricate prototype metal components was investigated. This fabrication is performed directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) file without using molds, dies, or similar tooling. The FDMet process is based on a patented fused deposition modeling (FDM) and fused deposition of ceramics process where a three-dimensional (3D) object is built from a 1.75-mm diameter metal filament fed into a heated extruder head capable of moving in the X–Y direction. The head extrudes controlled and continuous flow of material onto a fixtureless platform capable of moving in the Z-direction. The process from raw material to the final prototype is described. The post processing steps include binder removal of the polymer in the green part and sintering to densify the part. To demonstrate the capability of this technique, several standard samples and hard tooling components such as a wrench and lug fit were fabricated. The accuracy and reproducibility issues are discussed.
Applications of a determinant identity to pole-placement and observer problems

A simple algebraic approach to pole-placement problems is presented. It is also shown that the same technique applies to the design of identity observers.
Patterns of Antibacterial Use and Impact of Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Geographic Region on Antibacterial Use in an Outpatient Medicaid Cohort

STUDY OBJECTIVES To describe patterns of outpatient antibacterial use among California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) fee-for-service system beneficiaries, and to investigate the influence of demographic factors—age, race-ethnicity, state county, and population density—on those patterns.
Neoliberalism, Social Darwinism, and Consumerism Masquerading as School Reform

Education reform policies harvested from neoliberalism, social Darwinism, consumerism, and free-market ideologies have begun to replace the pragmatic progressivism of the pre-World War II era. In this article, I use three federal and state education reform policies and programs—No Child Left Behind Act, Common Core State Standards Initiative, and national standardized testing—as examples of market-oriented ideologies embedded in the reforms. Further, I rely on Critical Social Theory, following Freire, as a framework to examine how the education policies and programs intersect to potentially impede access to quality education opportunities for children from impoverished backgrounds. I use Freire’s conception of Critical Social Theory because of his focus on how education should be used as a transformational mechanism to improve lives rather than a tool to train and inculcate children to imitate and be subservient to the dominant culture. I argue that some federal education policies enacted since 2002 provide examples of the confluence of ideologies that are creating a new meritocracy-based system. The meritocracy-based system will disproportionately penalize poorer students who have less access to out of school experiences that prepare them for formal schooling. Based on punishment triggers embedded in state and federal education policies, a cycle of educational austerity ensues when a student does not achieve a mandatory achievement benchmark. The cycle of austerity can doom some students to under-achievement in the short term and to becoming under-educated in the long term.
Local density formalism approach to cohesive properties of solids: Diamond, BN, and LiF

Predictions of the local density formalism approach to cohesive properties of covalently bonded solids (diamond and cubic BN) and prototype ionic system (LiF) are described using results of recently developed fully self-consistent numerical basis set LCAO-DVM approach. Comparisons with restricted Hartree-Fock results and experiments for cohesive energies and equilibrium lattice constants are presented. Some of the principal bonding mechanisms in these crystals are discussed in terms of the contributions of local exchange and correlation to the binding and the charge redistribution relative to the noninteracting atoms.
Anomalous debonding behavior of a polymer/inorganic interface

Abstract Adhesion and subcritical debonding at the interface between a thin diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F polymer layer and either SiN x or SiO 2 passivated silicon substrates are described. The interface is characterized by weak hydrogen bonding. Prolonged exposure to a moist environment resulted in a time-dependent decrease in adhesion. Subcritical debond-growth rates as a function of applied loads were sensitive to temperature and relative humidity, and greatly accelerated in the presence of cyclic loading. Of particular interest was the occurrence of an anomalous region of persistent debonding that developed below ∼10 −8 m s −1 under both monotonic and cyclic loading. In this region, debond-growth rates were characterized by a weak dependence on the applied loads, a strong dependence on moisture activity, and the absence of a measurable threshold below which debonding could not be measured. We propose a new stress-dependent transport model that describes the moisture diffusion mechanism responsible for this anomalous behavior.
The effect of membrane properties on the separation of protein charge variants using ultrafiltration

Abstract Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that membrane systems can be used to separate protein variants that differ by only a single amino acid residue, although the selectivity and purification factor were relatively low. The objective of this study was to examine theoretically the effects of the membrane surface charge density and pore size distribution on the separation of protein variants by high performance tangential flow filtration. Model calculations based on the partitioning of a charged sphere into a charged cylindrical pore, including a shift in pH within the pores due to preferential partitioning of the positive hydrogen ions, are in good agreement with literature data for the separation of myoglobin and a succinylated variant. Significantly greater selectivity was obtained by reducing the mean pore size and increasing the membrane surface charge density, both of which enhance the electrostatic interactions arising from the small charge difference between the native protein and the variant. Purification factor–yield plots were developed to evaluate the separation performance. Proper selection of membrane properties gave 100-fold purification at 90% product yield for the separation of variants differing at only a single lysine group.
Cellular accumulation of dietary anticarcinogenic isothiocyanates is followed by transporter-mediated export as dithiocarbamates

Many dietary isothiocyanates (ITCs) are potent anticarcinogenic agents. ITCs rapidly accumulate to high concentrations in cells as a result of conjugation with intracellular thiols, especially glutathione (GSH). The anticarcinogenic activity of ITCs depends on, at least partly, their accumulation in cells. We report that three major anticarcinogenic ITCs, including allyl-ITC, benzyl-ITC, and phenethyl-ITC, were rapidly exported, upon accumulation in cells, mainly in the forms of GSH- and cysteinylglycine-conjugates, apparently involving MRP-1 and Pgp-1. These findings are consistent with our previous results regarding cellular export of another anticarcinogenic ITC, sulforaphane, and suggest a common cellular response to ITCs.
Quantitative modeling of category learning in amnesic patients

Category rule learning was examined in two amnesic patients using the perceptual categorization task (e.g., Ashby & Gott, 1988; Filoteo & Maddox, 1999). Traditional accuracy-based analyses as well as quantitative model-based analyses were performed. Unlike accuracy-based analyses, the model-based approach allowed us to examine both categorization rule learning and variability in the trial-by-trial application of the participant’s categorization rule. The results indicated that the amnesic patients were as accurate as the controls in learning a complex, nonlinear rule over a large number of trials. The model-based analysis indicated that, in general, the amnesic patients learned the categorization rule as well as controls and applied their rule as consistently as controls. Categorization performance on a second day of testing revealed that amnesic patients can retain the categorization rule over a 24-h period. These results suggest that the brain regions damaged in amnesia are not involved in category learning or memory for the category structures. (JINS, 2001, 7, 1‐19.)
Icing tunnel tests of Electro-Impulse De-Icing of an engine inlet and high-speed wings

A brief review is given of four earlier tests in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel and of flight tests in NASA's Icing Research Aircraft and in a Cessna 206 airplane. Details are given of recent icing tunnel tests of thicker-skinned wings, a Gates Learjet, a composite leading edge, and a Boeing 767, and of a Falcon Fanjet engine inlet. These were tested at speeds from 87 to 220 knots, air temperatures from -2 to -15 C, LWC values of 0.6 to 2.4 grams/cu meter, and median droplet diameters from 12 to 20 microns. Energy requirements are reported, as well as conclusions from comparisons of several Electro-Impulse De-Icing coil system designs. Fundamental studies of the structural dynamics and ice shedding of a 12.7 cm (5 inch) diameter semicylinder are described. Some potential problem areas are discussed: fatigue of skin and coil mountings, system weight and cost, electro-magnetic interference and noise.
Genetic analysis of innate immunity: TIR adapter proteins in innate and adaptive immune responses.

Abstract The innate immune system senses pathogens largely through signals initiated by a collection of phylogenetically related proteins known as “Toll-like receptors” (TLRs), of which 10 representatives are encoded in the human genome. Our understanding of the sensing role played by the TLRs began with the positional cloning of a spontaneous mutation ( Lps d ) in the gene encoding the mammalian lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor. Other key innate immunity proteins have been disclosed by germline mutagenesis, and are discussed in the present review.
Alpha-aminonitriles formed by an electric discharge through a mixture of anhydrous methane and ammonia.

Alpha aminonitriles formation by electric discharge through anhydrous methane and ammonia mixture, showing hyrolysis to amino acid as possible bearing on chemical evolution
A spin field effect transistor for low leakage current

Abstract In a spin field effect transistor, a magnetic field is inevitably present in the channel because of the ferromagnetic source and drain contacts. This field causes random unwanted spin precession when carriers interact with non-magnetic impurities. The randomized spins lead to a large leakage current when the transistor is in the “off”-state, resulting in significant standby power dissipation. We can counter this effect of the magnetic field by engineering the Dresselhaus spin–orbit interaction in the channel with a backgate. For realistic device parameters, a nearly perfect cancellation is possible, which should result in a low leakage current.
Convection of tin in a Bridgman system. I - Flow characterization by effective diffusivity measurements

An electrochemical titration method was used to investigate the dynamic states in a cylindrical layer of convecting tin. The liquid tin was contained in a cell, with curved boundaries made of quartz and flat boundaries made of a solid state electrolyte - yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The electrolyte acted as a window through which a trace amount of oxygen could be pumped in or out by the application of a constant voltage. The concentration at the YSZ interface was monitored by operating the electrochemical cell in the galvanic mode. Experimentally determined effective diffusivities of oxygen were compared with the molecular diffusivity. Dynamic states in the convective flow were thus inferred. Temperature measurements were simultaneously made in order to identify the onset of oscillations from a steady convective regime. The experiments were conducted for two different aspect ratios for various imposed temperature gradients and two different orientations with respect to gravity. Transcritical states were identified and comparison to two-dimensional numerical models were made.
Distinct nuclear import and export pathways mediated by members of the karyopherin beta family

Transport of proteins into and out of the nucleus occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and is mediated by the interaction of transport factors with nucleoporins at the NPC. Nuclear import of proteins containing classical nuclear localization signals (NLSs) is mediated by a heterodimeric protein complex, composed of karyopherin alpha and beta1, that docks via beta1 the NLS-protein to the NPC. The GTPase Ran; the RanGDP binding protein, p10; and the RanGTP binding protein, RanBP1 are involved in translocation of the docked NLS-protein into the nucleus. Recently, new distinct nuclear import and export pathways that are mediated by members of the karyopherin beta family have been discovered. Karyopherin beta2 mediates import of mRNA binding proteins, whereas karyopherin beta3 and beta4 mediate import of a set of ribosomal proteins. Two other beta karyopherin family members, CRM1 and CAS, mediate export of proteins containing leucine-rich nuclear export signals (NES) and reexport of karyopherin alpha, respectively. This growing family contains new members that constitute potential transport factors for cargoes yet to be identified in the future. The common features of the members of karyopherin beta family are the ability to bind RanGTP and the ability to interact directly with nucleoporins at the NPC. The challenge for the future will be to identify the distinct or, perhaps, overlapping cargo(es) for each member of the karyopherin beta superfamily and to characterize the molecular mechanisms of translocation of karyopherins together with their cargoes through the NPC.
Differential inhibition of drug metabolism by hepatic microsomal lipids of neonatal and adult rats

Summary When hepatic microsomes from adult male rats were incubated with microsomal lipids (ML) extracted from the microsomes of neonatal rats, ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity was inhibited by 55%, while aniline hydroxylase activity was not. ML produced a type I spectral change in microsomes of adult rats as did ethylmorphine. The inhibitory component of ML resided in the phospholipid fraction and was destroyed by exposure to O2. ML from adult male rats contained 20% unsaturated fatty acids and were only one-half as potent as those from neonates (38% unsaturated). These results suggest that phospholipid(s) containing unsaturated fatty acids inhibit the metabolism of type I drugs by combining with their binding site, and may be responsible, at least in part, for the low activity of drug metabolism in the neonate.
Digital communications using 890-nm surface-emitting light-emitting diodes above 1 Gbit/s

Summary form only given. Optical fiber data links rely on both semiconductor light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and diode lasers as sources. The economy, simplicity, and high reliability of the LED make it an interesting choice for short-distance, moderate-speed interconnects involving applications such as computer peripherals for local area networks, home networks and Gbit ethernet. Commercial short-wavelength LED based systems currently support data rates up to 155 Mbit/s with electrical bandwidths below 100 MHz. We recently reported high-efficiency LEDs with frequency response in excess of 1 GHz. We believe we describe the first high-speed digital communication measurements using these LEDs. Our results demonstrate error-free modulation well above 1 Gbit/s, for the first time to our knowledge for LEDs.
Scalloped pupils in familial amyloidosis.

THE purpose of this report is to call attention to a pupillary sign of dominantly inherited amyloidosis. We encountered the sign, reported in 1952 by Andrade,1 in one of two brothers who were alrea...
A scheme for increasing availability in partitioned replicated databases

Abstract We present a dynamic voting scheme that enhances the availability of data in a replicated database system in the presence of network partitions. When a network partition occurs, the distributed system splits into several groups such that nodes in one group cannot communicate with nodes in another group. In such situations, the proposed scheme maintains consistency of replicated data by imposing the following constraint: a node can update only if its current enclosing group is a majority of its previous enclosing group. Thus, the number of nodes that constitutes a majority is reduced dynamically upon successive partitions. A distinguishing aspect of the proposed scheme is that each node maintains its view of the network and keeps track of partitions that occur between successive update transactions. This technique minimizes the situations in which no group can perform an update. Another interesting feature of the proposed scheme is that it does not require failures and repairs of links and nodes to be detected instantaneously by all nodes. Different nodes may have different views of the network at any time. This introduces complications when partitions merge, and we present a merge protocol that takes this into account. We also outline a correctness proof for our proposed scheme.
Rational engineering of cytochromes P450 2B6 and 2B11 for enhanced stability: Insights into structural importance of residue 334

Rational mutagenesis was used to improve the thermal stability of human cytochrome P450 2B6 and canine P450 2B11. Comparison of the amino acid sequences revealed seven sites that are conserved between the stable 2B1 and 2B4 but different from those found in the less stable 2B6 and 2B11. P334S was the only mutant that showed increased heterologous expression levels and thermal stability in both 2B6 and 2B11. The mechanism of this effect was explored with pressure-perturbation spectroscopy. Compressibility of the heme pocket in variants of all four CYP2B enzymes containing proline at position 334 are characterized by lower compressibility than their more stable serine 334 counterpart. Therefore, the stabilizing effect of P334S is associated with increased conformational flexibility in the region of the heme pocket. Improved stability of P334S 2B6 and 2B11 may facilitate the studies of these enzymes by X-ray crystallography and biophysical techniques.
Critical Behavior of the Two-Dimensional Sticks System

Percolation critical exponents are derived, for the first time, for a two-dimensional system of randomly distributed conducting sticks, which provides a very convenient model for the study of continuum percolation. In the present computer study it was found that the corresponding conductivity exponent, $t$, has the value of 1.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 and that the cluster exponents $\ensuremath{\beta}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and $\ensuremath{\tau}$ have the values 0.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, 2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2, and 2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1, respectively. These results, which are in excellent agreement with values derived for lattices, show that the conductivities of continuum systems and of lattice systems belong to the same universality class.
Cyclotron isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals—XXX. Aspects of production, elution and automation of 81Rb81Kr generators

Abstract An automated system for remotely loading 81Rb81mKr generators without operator intervention has been developed to provided 1–4 uniformly loaded generators suitable for ventilation studies. A Ni target containing 11 kg cm−2 of natural krypton gas was irradiated with 32 MeV protons degraded to ∼ 16 MeV which utilized both the 82 Kr (p, 2n) 81 Rb and 83 Kr (p,3n) 81 Rb reactions. The 81Rb thick target production yield was 11.6 ± 0.7 mCi/μAh. At EOB a network of remotely operated solenoids vented the Kr and facilitated a single pass of 0.15 L of H2O through the target to effect the dissolution and collection of ∼95% of the Rb activity in a reservoir 5 m from the target. The aqueous solution containing 81Rb was purged through Dowex-50-X4 or zirconium phosphate columns at a rate of ∼30 mL min−1 with an overall radiochemical extraction yield of ∼90%. The loading process, including a 25 ml H2O rinse, a 10 s purge with N2, and manual removal of the generators from the system for shipment required less than 10 min. Feasibility studies were performed with the 79Br(α, 2n)81Rb reaction on CHBr3 continuously flowing through the target and generator. The elution of 81mKr from several ion exchange suppurts was evaluated. Parameters for the elution of 81mKr gas and for the control of several variables in the clinical situation are reported.
Diagnosis of the spot and drift of a cw-COIL laser beam

ABSTRACT A dynamic spot diagnostic system has been developed to quantitatively measure the instability of a continuous-wave chemical oxygen iodine laser (CW-COIL). The system can measure the real time changes in drift, vibrationof low frequency, intensity profile and spot diameter for the CW-COIL laser beam. The cause that induces theinstability of laser beam was tentatively analyzed in this paper. The experimental results provided a basis forimproving the COIL laser and for studying the laser-material interactions.Keywords: chemical oxide iodine laser, CCD, beam drift 1 INTRODUCTION At present, the CW-COIL lasers are the practically useful chemical lasers of short wave length. The laser beams can improve the coupling energy with the target. By comparison with the HF and DF lasers, it attracts more and more attention as the second generation of chemical lasers. During the development of akilowatt level CW-COIL laser, its beam was found to be instable including drift ,low frequency vibration,varying spot profile and intensity. Some of the unstable factors can be attributed to the laser device, andare of bad influence on the laser-material interactions. Meanwhile, the turbulence and absorption in air can
Nanoscale materials and device characterization via a scanning microwave microscope

The vector network analyzer (VNA) architecture as it exists today has the ability to measure impedances close to the analyzer's own characteristic impedance (i.e., 50 ohms) with good precision up to 100GHz stimulus frequency. However, the measurement precision and resolution provided by a VNA drop by two orders of magnitude as impedance deviates from 50 ohms. We propose a solution that remedies the lack of measurement precision and resolution for large and small impedances when measured by a VNA. A new scanning microwave microscope (SMM) that utilizes a half-wavelength resonator in conjunction with a diplexer connected to a VNA to perform very sensitive capacitance measurements at the tip of a conductive atomic force microscope (AFM) is discussed. These measurements are achieved via transformation of the high impedance (i.e., the very small capacitance between the AFM tip/sample to the ground) to 50 ohms (i.e., the measurement system's characteristic impedance) using a half-wavelength resonator and diplexer.
The influence of days post partum on chloramphenicol absorption from the bovine uterus

Chloramphenicol at a single dose of 5.5 mg/kg of body weight was administered by intrauterine infusion to 12 normal cows at varying lengths of time ranging from 14 to 90 days post partum. At approximately 45 days following intrauterine infusion of the drug, chloramphenicol was administered intravenously to 10 of the same cows, again at a single dose of 5.5 mg/kg of body weight. Serum concentrations at various time intervals following the two routes of administration were then compared to determine the fraction of chloramphenicol absorbed from the uterus to the systemic circulation. Cows less than or equal to 60 days post partum absorbed an average of 27.4% of the dose from the uterus over a 48 hour period, while those greater than 60 days post partum absorbed 54.6% of the dose. However, this difference was not statistically significant when evaluated using the t-test at the 0.05 level of significance. The half-life (t (1 2 )) of chloramphenicol in serum was only 80 minutes. The data collected indicates extensive distribution of chloramphenicol to the tissues following intrauterine infusion and suggests the need for a two compartment model in describing chloramphenicol pharmacokinetics and for calculation of the fraction reaching the systemic circulation.
Stereoscopic Perception and Snellen Visual Acuity

The value of tests used in the evaluation of binocular cooperation depends on the level of acuity of each eye, as well as multi­ ple other factors contributing to binocularity. Polarized disparate images are clinically used to determine stereopsis, assess the level of fusion, improve fusional amplitudes, and evaluate possible malingering.' However, stereoscopic tests require a different faculty of acuity than is commonly measured by Snellen letters. Binocular fusion employs contour discrimination by vernier acuity, which is ten times more sensitive than cues based on the minimum separable visual angle as measured by Snellen test letters.' Since it is frequently necessary to relate performance on a stereoscopic test to visual acuity as measured by Snellen test letters, a study was performed to determine this rela­ tionship.
Localization of osteoblast inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and VEGF to the matrix of the trabecula of the femur, a target area for metastatic breast cancer cell colonization

Bone likely provides a hospitable environment for cancer cells as suggested by their preferential localization to the skeleton. Previous work has shown that osteoblast-derived cytokines increased in the presence of metastatic breast cancer cells. Thus, we hypothesized that osteoblast-derived cytokines, in particular IL-6, MCP-1, and VEGF, would be localized to the bone metaphyses, an area to which breast cancer cells preferentially traffic. Human metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were inoculated into the left ventricle of the heart of athymic mice. Three to four weeks later, tumor localization within isolated femurs was examined using μCT and MRI. In addition, IL-6, MCP-1, and VEGF localization were assayed via immunohistochemistry. We found that MDA-MB-231 cells colonized trabecular bone, the area in which murine MCP-1 and VEGF were visualized in the bone matrix. In contrast, IL-6 was expressed by murine cells throughout the bone marrow. MDA-MB-231 cells produced VEGF, whose expression was not only associated with the breast cancer cells, but also increased with tumor growth. This is the first study to localize MCP-1, VEGF, and IL-6 in bone compartments via immunohistochemistry. These data suggest that metastatic cancer cells may co-opt bone cells into creating a niche facilitating cancer cell colonization.
Architected Agile Solutions for Software-Reliant Systems

Systems are becoming increasingly reliant on software due to needs for rapid fielding of “70% capabilities,” interoperability, net-centricity, and rapid adaptation to change. The latter need has led to increased interest in agile methods of software development, in which teams rely on shared tacit interpersonal knowledge rather than explicit documented knowledge. However, such systems often need to be scaled up to higher level of performance and assurance, requiring stronger architectural support. Several organizations have recently transformed themselves by developing successful combinations of agility and architecture that can scale to projects of up to 100 personnel. This chapter identifies a set of key principles for such architected agile solutions for software-reliant systems, provides guidance for how much architecting is enough, and illustrates the key principles with several case studies.
Sea Cliffs, Beaches, and Coastal Valleys of San Diego County

For anyone interested in coasts and coastal processes, this book is a must. The 80 years of comparative photography of the San Diego County coast alone makes the book worthwhile reading. There are two major themes of this small volume. The first, and best presented, is the episodic nature of erosion along a high-energy coast. This portion of the southern California coast has been observed by one of the authors for many years. A large portion of the historical photos were taken by Shepard, and the exact sites have been recently revisited and rephotographed. The comparisons are striking.
Hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the humeral head.

The purpose of this study was to review the outcome of patients with osteonecrosis of the humeral head, based on etiology and treatment with either hemiarthroplasty or total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Sixty-four shoulders, with an average age of 57 years, were evaluated at a mean of 4.8 years. Outcomes included L'Insalata and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores, as well as range of motion (ROM). The overall ASES score was 67, average flexion was 127°, and external rotation was 49°. Outcomes did not differ based on etiology, but ROM was decreased with post-traumatic osteonecrosis. There was no difference in outcome or ROM between hemiarthroplasty and TSA. The complication rate was significantly higher with TSA (22%) than with hemiarthroplasty (8%). Achieving ROM in patients with post-traumatic osteonecrosis remains difficult. TSA was associated with a higher complication rate and decreased mobility and should be reserved for patients with stage V osteonecrosis.
Slip Partitioning along Major Convergent Plate Boundaries

Along plate boundaries characterized by oblique convergence, earthquake slip vectors are commonly rotated toward the normal of the trench with respect to predicted plate motion vectors. Consequently, relative plate motion along such convergent margins must be partitioned between displacements along the thrust plate interface and deformation within the forearc and back-arc regions. The deformation behind the trench may take the form of strike-slip motion, back-arc extension, or some combination of both. We observe from our analysis of the Harvard Moment Tensor Catalog that convergent arcs characterized by back-arc spreading, specifically the Marianas and New Hebrides, are characterized by a large degree of slip partitioning. However, the observed rates, directions, and location of back-arc spreading are not sufficient to account for degree of partitioning observed along the respective arcs, implying that the oblique component of subduction is also accommodated in part by shearing of the overriding plate. In the case of the Sumatran arc, where partitioning is accommodated by strike-slip faulting in the overriding plate, the degree of partitioning is similar to that observed along the Marianas, but the result is viewed with caution because it is based on a predicted plate motion vector that is based on locally derived earthquake slip vectors. In the case of the Alaskan-Aleutian arc, where back-arc spreading is also absent, the degree of partitioning is less and rotation of slip vectors toward the trench normal appears to increase linearly as a function of the obliquity of convergence. If partitioning in the Alaskan-Aleutian arc is accommodated by strike-slip faulting within the upper plate, the positive relationship between obliquity of convergence and the rotation of earthquake slip vectors to the trench normal may reflect that either (1) the ratio of the depth extent of strike-slip faults behind the trench Z s to the subduction thrust Z t increases westward along the arc, (2) the dip of the subduction thrust increases westward along the arc, or (3) the strength of the subduction thrust decreases westward along the arc.
Gender Differences in Mentoring A Biographical Reflection

This paper proposes that different gender cultures can create dilemmas for women in the workplace. Mentoring can be one means of coping with this. But there are various and sometimes very different approaches to mentoring available. An examination of basic definitions and alternative models of mentoring leads to a discussion of the grounds upon which choices between alternative mentoring scenarios might be made. These choices are described as dilemmas because of the difficulties they present for women. The author draws upon her own biography to illustrate what can be entailed.
SEED SOURCE AFFECTS ESTABLISHMENT OF ELYMUS MULTISETUS IN POSTFIRE REVEGETATION IN THE GREAT BASIN

ABSTRACT. Postfire revegetation with native perennial grasses is difficult to achieve in disturbed arid rangelands. If local populations are adapted to current conditions, then locally collected seed would be predicted to have higher survival than nonlocal seed, and using local seed should improve revegetation success. However, for revegetation projects in the Great Basin, sufficient quantity of local seed is often difficult to obtain commercially, so seeds often originate from source populations that are hundreds of kilometers from the project site. We investigated whether seed source affected first-year establishinent of big squirreltail (Elymus multisetus M.E. Jones) seedlings in a common garden field trial 50 km north of Reno, Nevada. For the trial, we used wild, locally collected seed and commercially produced seed originating from Oregon, Idaho, and California. Several phenological and growth traits varied significantly between source populations. Eighty-six percent of local seeds emerged, compared ...
Impact of different baking processes on bread firmness and starch properties in breadcrumb

The influence the quality and shelf life of baked product has previously been reported to be effected by the time and temperature of the baking process. In this study, dough was baked at 219 °C by using different ovens (conventional, impingement or hybrid) or with doughs of different sizes (large or small) for varying times. During baking the temperature profile at the dough center was recorded. Texture, thermal properties and pasting characteristics of baked product with reference to baking conditions were investigated. Small breads baked in the hybrid oven had the highest heating rate (25.1 °C/min) while large breads baked in conventional oven had the lowest heating rate (6.0 °C/min). When the data are viewed as a function of heating rate in this study, the enthalpy of amylopectin recrystallization, rate of bread firmness and the amount of soluble amylose were all-lower at the slower heating rate. The differences observed in product firmness following storage are potentially a consequence of the extent of starch granule hydration, swelling, dispersion and extent of reassociation; all of which are affected by the heating rate during baking.
Electron transport through asymmetric DNA molecules

Abstract We investigate quantum mechanical electron transport along the long axis of the DNA molecule using an effective tight-binding model. The overall contour plot of transmission, the current–voltage characteristics, and the differential conductance are examined for the variation of backbone onsite energy, the energy-dependent hopping strength, and the contact coupling between the leads and the DNA molecule. It is shown that as backbone asymmetry increases, the merging and collapse of the two mini-bands take place and an extra resonance peak in the transmission appears. In addition, we present the modulation of voltage threshold in the current–voltage curves and a double-peak structure in the differential conductance due to the disappearance of the merged mini-band. Finally, in the Coulomb blockade regime of asymmetric contact coupling, a distinct and under-unity resonance in the transmission appears due to the interference effects between the DNA molecular bands and the electronic structure of the leads at the DNA-lead interface.
Dispersion from ground-level sources in a shoreline urban area

Abstract We present results from a field study conducted in Wilmington, a suburb of Los Angeles, during 8 days of the period 26 August–10 September 2004. The tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, was released at a height of 3 m from a power plant site on the shoreline, and the concentrations of the tracer were sampled on five arcs at 100, 400, 1000, 3000, and 5000 m from the source during 6 h of the day starting at 7 a.m. This resulted in 40-h-long experiments, out of which, 21 had concentration measurements that could be interpreted with models. The meteorological conditions that governed dispersion were measured using sonic anemometers and sodars. The data analysis indicates that even during summer, the stability of the onshore flow is strong enough to keep the height of the convective internal boundary layer below 150 m at distances of 5000 m from the shoreline. However, the turbulence levels in the stable boundary layer are not smaller than those in the surface convective layer suggesting the presence of a shear generated boundary layer, which is advected with the onshore flow. A simple Gaussian dispersion model was used to interpret the ground-level concentrations measured in the experiment. The model uses expressions for plume spreads that depend on meteorological information at a height of 50 m from the surface. The vertical spread of the plume is limited to the height of the shear generated boundary layer. The height of this boundary layer is proportional to σ w / N , where σ w is the standard deviation of the vertical velocity fluctuations, and N is the Brunt–Vaisala frequency of the stable layer capping the surface-based convective layer. This result is based on indirect evidence: model performance improves significantly when vertical plume spread is limited to this height.
Prediction of adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons in silicalite from grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations with biased insertions

Adsorption isotherms and isosteric heats of adsorption for benzene and p-xylene in silicalite have been calculated from molecular simulations. The simulations were performed using newly developed grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo (GCMC) techniques in which insertion attempts are biased toward the most favorable regions of the zeolite pore space. The new techniques result in a substantial improvement in the efficiency of the simulations compared to traditional GCMC. The adsorption thermodynamics and molecular-level structure were studied for benzene and p-xylene in silicalite with Pnma symmetry (ORTHO) and P2[sub 1]2[sub 1]2[sub 1] symmetry (PARA). The subtle differences between ORTHO and PARA silicalite result in qualitatively different sorption behavior. An explanation of the experimentally observed step in the adsorption isotherm is presented, based on the results of the simulations and the ORTHO to PARA framework transformation that is observed experimentally. Predictions of the adsorption isotherms, isosteric heats, and siting locations of the adsorbates are in good agreement with experiment. 59 refs., 14 refs., 4 tabs.
Low-Dimensional Models for Dimensionality Reduction and Signal Recovery: A Geometric Perspective

We compare and contrast from a geometric perspective a number of low-dimensional signal models that support stable information-preserving dimensionality reduction. We consider sparse and compressible signal models for deterministic and random signals, structured sparse and compressible signal models, point clouds, and manifold signal models. Each model has a particular geometrical structure that enables signal information to be stably preserved via a simple linear and nonadaptive projection to a much lower dimensional space; in each case the projection dimension is independent of the signal's ambient dimension at best or grows logarithmically with it at worst. As a bonus, we point out a common misconception related to probabilistic compressible signal models, namely, by showing that the oft-used generalized Gaussian and Laplacian models do not support stable linear dimensionality reduction.
Masculinity in 3:10 to Yuma

In 1953, not long after the end of WW II, Elmore Leonard published “3:10 to Yuma” in Dime Western Magazine. This fourteen-page story depicting a battle of wills between a deputy and the outlaw he t...
The judge's role in plea bargaining: An analysis of judges' agreement with prosecutors' sentencing recommendations

(1995). The judge's role in plea bargaining: An analysis of judges' agreement with prosecutors' sentencing recommendations. Justice Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 257-278.
The septation initiation network controls the assembly of nodes containing Cdr2p for cytokinesis in fission yeast.

In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cortical protein structures called interphase nodes help to prepare the cell for cytokinesis by positioning precursors of the cytokinetic contractile ring, and the septation initiation network (SIN) regulates the onset of cytokinesis and septum formation. Previous work has noted that one type of interphase node disappears during mitosis providing SIN activity is high. Here, we used time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to provide evidence that SIN activity is necessary and sufficient to disperse the type 1 node proteins Cdr2p and Mid1p into the cytoplasm, so these nodes assemble only during interphase through early mitosis when SIN activity is low. Activating the SIN in interphase cells dispersed Cdr2p and anillin Mid1p from type 1 nodes a few min after the SIN kinase Cdc7p–GFP accumulated at spindle pole bodies. If the SIN was then turned off in interphase cells, Cdr2p and Mid1p reappeared in nodes in parallel with the decline in SIN activity. Hyperactivating SIN during mitosis dispersed type 1 nodes earlier than normal, and prolonged SIN activation prevented nodes from reforming at the end of mitosis.
Bessel Function and Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

A glance at Bessel functions shows they behave similar to the damped sinusoidal function. In this paper two physical examples (pendulum and spring-mass system with linearly increasing length and mass respectively) have been used as evidence for this observation. It is shown in this paper how Bessel functions can be approximated by the damped sinusoidal function. The numerical method that is introduced works very well in adiabatic condition (slow change) or in small time (independent variable) intervals. The results are also compared with the Lagrange polynomial.
Intravenous thrombolysis of large vessel occlusions is associated with higher hospital costs than small vessel strokes: a rationale for developing stroke severity-based financial models

Background Owing to their severity, large vessel occlusion (LVO) strokes may be associated with higher costs that are not reflected in current coding systems. This study aimed to determine whether intravenous thrombolysis costs are related to the presence or absence of LVO. Methods Patients who had undergone intravenous thrombolysis over a 9-year period were divided into LVO and no LVO (nLVO) groups based on admission CT angiography. The primary outcome was hospital cost per admission. Secondary outcomes included admission duration, 90-day clinical outcome, and discharge destination. Results 119 patients (53%) had LVO and 104 (47%) had nLVO. Total mean±SD cost per LVO patient was $18 815±14 262 compared with $15 174±11 769 per nLVO patient (p=0.04). Hospital payments per admission were $17 338±13 947 and $15 594±16 437 for LVO and nLVO patients, respectively (p=0.4). A good outcome was seen in 33 LVO patients (27.7%) and in 69 nLVO patients (66.4%) (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.3, p Conclusions The presence or absence of LVO is associated with significant differences in hospital costs, outcomes, admission duration, and home discharge. These differences can be important when developing systems of care models for acute ischemic stroke.
Methodologies for Successful Implementation of Smart Irrigation Controllers

AbstractStudies have shown minimal impact by smart irrigation controllers when installed indiscriminately, but targeting overirrigators increases the water conservation potential. The objective was to evaluate different methodologies defining residential overirrigators. Two independent smart controller studies were conducted by utilities in Hillsborough County [Hillsborough County Water Resource Services (HCWRS)] and Orange County [Orange County Utilities (OCU)], Florida. In HCWRS, the cooperators qualified when irrigation was in the top 50th percentile of potable water users in the county. Additionally, the 21 cooperators were located in three cities determined as having high water use relative to other cities in the same area. In OCU, 132 cooperators received smart controllers when frequently irrigating more than 1.5 times the gross irrigation requirement (GIR). Actual ratios of historical average irrigation to the GIR ranged from 1.45 to 2.37 in HCWRS and 6.04–8.33 in OCU. As a result, cooperators in O...
Pilot study for the evaluation of simultaneous cisplatin/5-fluorouracil infusion and limited radiation therapy in regionally recurrent head and neck cancer (EST P-C385).

1981 to 1989, 21 patients with heavily pretreated head and neck cancers were retreated with combined chemotherapy (CT) and irradiation (RT). All patients had previously received radiation therapy with doses of 50–70 Gy. Metastatic disease to lungs and/or osseous sites occurred in 4 patients. Treatme
Oral antibiotic treatment of right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: Prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy

Purpose To compare the efficacy and safety of inpatient oral antibiotic treatment (oral) versus standard parenteral antibiotic treatment (intravenous) for right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users. Patients and methods In a prospective, randomized, non-blinded trial, febrile injection drug users were assigned to begin oral or intravenous (IV) treatment on admission, before blood culture results were available. Oral therapy consisted of ciprofloxacin and rifampin. Parenteral therapy was oxacillin or vancomycin, plus gentamicin for the first 5 days. Antibiotic dosing was adjusted for renal dysfunction. Administration of other antibacterial drugs was not permitted during the treatment or follow-up periods. Bacteremic subjects having right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis received 28 days of inpatient therapy with the assigned antibiotics. Test-of-cure blood cultures were obtained during inpatient observation 6 and 7 days after the completion of antibiotic therapy, and again at outpatient follow-up 1 month later. Criteria for treatment failure and for drug toxicity were prospectively defined. Results Of 573 injection drug users who were hospitalized because of a febrile illness and suspected right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis, 93 subjects (16.2%) had two or more sets of blood cultures positive for staphylococci; 85 of these bacteremic subjects (14.8%) satisfied diagnostic criteria for at least possible right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis (no other source of bacteremia was apparent) and entered the trial. Forty-four (oral, 19; IV, 25) of these 85 subjects completed inpatient treatment and evaluation including test-of-cure blood cultures. There were four treatment failures (oral, 1 [5.2%]; IV, 3 [12.0%]; not significant, Fisher's exact test). Drug toxicity was significantly more common in the parenterally treated group (oral, 3%; IV, 62%; P ), consisting largely of oxacillin-associated increases in liver enzymes. Conclusions For selected patients with rightsided staphylococcal endocarditis, oral ciprofloxacin plus rifampin is effective and is associated with less drug toxicity than is intravenous therapy.