cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PERSONALITY AND EPISTEMOLOGY: COGNITIVE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY AS A PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Abstract. Implicit in the cognitive social learning model of personality as articulated by Walter Mischel, Albert Bandura, and others, is an epistemology which emphasizes the activity of the mind in the construction of knowledge. Using Mischel's five person variables as an outline, the epistemic implications of this model of personality are developed and then illustrated by application to William James's typology of the religious personality and to the current debate over hermeneutic and empirical approaches to studying human behavior. This approach explicates the connection between personality characteristics and epistemological approaches in terms of cognitive social learning theory.
Airborne lipid antigens mobilize resident intravascular NKT cells to induce allergic airway inflammation.

Airborne exposure to microbial cell wall lipids such as lipopolysaccharide triggers innate immune responses that regulate susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation. α-Glycosylceramides represent another widespread class of microbial lipids that directly stimulate innate-like, IL-4– and IL-13–producing, CD1d-restricted NKT cells. In this study, we demonstrate that NKT cells constitutively accumulate and reside in the microvasculature of the mouse lung. After a single airborne exposure to lipid antigen, they promptly extravasate to orchestrate the formation of peribronchiolar and interstitial lymphohistiocytic granulomas containing numerous eosinophils. Concomitant airborne exposure to ovalbumin (OVA) induces the priming of OVA-specific Th2 cells and IgE antibodies by the same dendritic cell coexpressing CD1d and MHC class II. Although NKT cell activation remains confined to the lipid-exposed lung and draining lymph nodes, Th2 cells recirculate and seed the lung of a parabiotic partner, conferring susceptibility to OVA challenge months after the initial exposure, in a manner independent of NKT cells and CD1d. Thus, transient recruitment and activation of lung-resident intravascular NKT cells can trigger long-term susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation.
Secure Multipliers Resilient to Strong Fault-Injection Attacks Using Multilinear Arithmetic Codes

Public-key cryptographic devices are vulnerable to fault-injection attacks. As countermeasures, a number of secure architectures based on linear and nonlinear error detecting codes were proposed. Linear codes provide protection only against primitive adversaries with limited attack capabilities. On the other hand nonlinear codes provide protection against strong adversaries, but at the price of high area overhead (200%-400%). In this paper we propose a novel error detection technique based on the random selection of linear arithmetic codes and explore the use of this technique for the protection of the multiplier, which is a basic block in many public-key cryptographic devices. The error detection technique does not imply any limitations on the types of errors at the output of the device, e.g., the multiplicity of the error does not have to be small. Under mild assumptions the proposed construction achieves near nonlinear code error detection performance at a lower cost (at most 50% area overhead for the protection of multipliers) due to the fact that no nonlinear operations are needed for the encoder and decoder.
Carbon nanotube circuit design choices in the presence of metallic tubes

Carbon Nanotube FET (CNT-FET) is a promising candidate for the construction of future integrated circuits. However the presence of metallic tubes negatively affects delay, leakage power, and yield of such circuits. In this paper we compare four different CNT-FET configurations - shared tube, parallel tubes, transistor stacking, and tube stacking. In the presence of 10% metallic tubes, stacking configurations have potential to as much as double the yield for 4.1-4.4X delay penalty under iso-input capacitance and 3-7X lower leakage power compared to the non-stacked configurations. Analytical model and Monte Carlo simulation results for various logic gate sizes clearly indicate that an architecture that utilizes an appropriate combination of all four configurations is required to enable a better trade-off between delay, leakage power, and yield in the presence of metallic tubes.
Effects of an intravenous endotoxin challenge on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses

Objective—To evaluate the effects of endotoxin administered IV on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses. Animals—16 healthy adult mares. Procedures—Each week of a 2-week randomized crossover study, each horse received an IV injection (duration, 30 minutes) of Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 60 mL of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (20 ng/kg) or sterile saline solution alone (control treatment). Frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test procedures were performed at 24 hours before (baseline) and 24 and 48 hours after injection; glucose and insulin dynamics were assessed via minimal model analysis. Results—13 of 16 horses had a clinical response to LPS, which was characterized by mild colic and leukopenia. Before treatment, mean ± SD insulin sensitivity was 2.9 ± 1.9 × 10−4 L·min−1·mU−1; this significantly decreased to 0.9 ± 0.9 × 10−4 L·min−1·mU−1 24 hours after treatment (69% reduction) and was 1.5 ± 0.9 × 10−4 L·min−1·mU−1 48 hours after treatment. At baseline, mean ± SD acute...
Psychiatric Use and Utility of Divalproex Sodium in Connecticut Prisons

Divalproex sodium (DVX) is used in correctional settings to treat impulsive aggression and mood lability in patients without comorbid bipolar disorder. This review of DVX use in the Connecticut Department of Correction examined the psychiatric diagnostic impression of patients prescribed DVX, the doses used, and the symptomatic and functional change over time. Clinical charts of 168 offenders treated with DVX for one or more months were randomly selected for clinical outcome review and were divided into subgroups based on clinical impression for DVX prescription. In participants without bipolar disorder (44.6%), DVX was used to target impulsivity (14.3%) and mood lability (17.3%). Clinical improvement was noted in bipolar and nonbipolar groups (p < .001). The impulsive/aggressive subgroup was the only nonbipolar subgroup in which DVX yielded clinical benefit. This symptom-driven use of DVX is associated with clinical improvement when impulsive aggression is the target symptom.
Self-Schemata in Anorexia and Obesity

A study was conducted to evaluate both generalized and task-specific sense of personal ineffectiveness, self-control, and evaluative distortion among thirty females with self-reported anorectic, obese, or normal weight and eating patterns. As predicted, obese and anorectics showed generally high sense of ineffectiveness relative to normals. However, obese differed from anorectics and normals by showing lower self-control. Anorectics provided clear evidence of cognitive processes which distort and devalue personal outcomes and probably reinforce sense of ineffectiveness. The psychological processes under study appear not to be limited to eating-related areas of functioning.
The masculine and feminine self-disclosure scale: The politics of masculine and feminine self-presentation

A self-disclosure questionnaire was devised to examine women's and men's willingness to disclose information about the “masculine” and “feminine” aspects of themselves. The Masculine and Feminine Self-Disclosure Scale (MFSDS) has four separate subscales: two masculine scales assess the tendency to discuss agentic, instrumental traits and behaviors; and two feminine scales measure the tendency to self-disclose about communal, expressive traits and behaviors. The results indicated that women's and men's disclosure of their masculine-instrumental and feminine-expressive traits and behaviors to a disclosure recipient was tempered by the content of the disclosure and the personal characteristics of the disclosure recipient. These findings were interpreted within a self-presentational analysis that women and men attempted to foster favorable masculine-instrumental and feminine-expressive images for particular persons.
Tutorial on Photoacoustic Microscopy and Computed Tomography

The field of photoacoustic tomography has experienced considerable growth in the past few years. Although several commercially available pure optical imaging modalities, including confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, and optical coherence tomography, have been highly successful, none of these technologies can provide penetration beyond ~1 mm into scattering biological tissues, because they are based on ballistic and quasi-ballistic photons. Heretofore, there has been a void in high-resolution optical imaging beyond this penetration limit. Photoacoustic tomography, which combines high ultrasonic resolution and strong optical contrast in a single modality, has broken through this limitation and filled this void. In this paper, the fundamentals of photoacoustics are first introduced. Then, scanning photoacoustic microscopy and reconstruction-based photoacoustic tomography (or photoacoustic computed tomography) are covered.
Structural and Functional Characterization of the C-terminal Transmembrane Region of NBCe1-A

NBCe1-A and AE1 both belong to the SLC4 HCO3− transporter family. The two transporters share 40% sequence homology in the C-terminal transmembrane region. In this study, we performed extensive substituted cysteine-scanning mutagenesis analysis of the C-terminal region of NBCe1-A covering amino acids Ala800–Lys967. Location of the introduced cysteines was determined by whole cell labeling with a membrane-permeant biotin maleimide and a membrane-impermeant 2-((5(6)-tetramethylrhodamine)carboxylamino) ethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTS-TAMRA) cysteine-reactive reagent. The results show that the extracellular surface of the NBCe1-A C-terminal transmembrane region is minimally exposed to aqueous media with Met858 accessible to both biotin maleimide and TAMRA and Thr926–Ala929 only to TAMRA labeling. The intracellular surface contains a highly exposed (Met813–Gly828) region and a cryptic (Met887–Arg904) connecting loop. The lipid/aqueous interface of the last transmembrane segment is at Asp960. Our data clearly determined that the C terminus of NBCe1-A contains 5 transmembrane segments with greater average size compared with AE1. Functional assays revealed only two residues in the region of Pro868–Leu967 (a functionally important region in AE1) that are highly sensitive to cysteine substitution. Our findings suggest that the C-terminal transmembrane region of NBCe1-A is tightly folded with unique structural and functional features that differ from AE1.
Advanced concepts for fusion power supplies

Nuclear fusion reactors, such as the Tokamak in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, usually involve extremely sophisticated high voltage power supply systems, which provide exciting research challenges. In the short term, the major challenges in power supplies of the ITER and other fusion reactors include 1) fast current control of Vertical Stabilization (VS) coils; and 2) dynamic compensation of reactive power and harmonics. In the long term, the power supply systems in fusion reactors provide opportunities for optimizations at both component and system levels. In this paper, modular multilevel converters (M2LC) are adopted to tackle the short term challenges. Circuit structures, PWM methods, and fault tolerant operation strategies are presented. The configuration and control strategies of M2LC in VS coils are fully studied and verified with real time simulations. Compared with existing circuit solutions in fusion reactors, the M2LC based circuits will have better dynamic response, higher reliability, smaller footprint, and reduced weight. As an outlook to the long term developments of the fusion power supplies, comprehensive real time simulations are also discussed at the end of the paper.
Use of CT scanning in psychiatry

The authors evaluate current thinking as to when psychiatrists should call for computed tomography (CT). They discuss changes in the CT scan in CNS disorders likely to be seen by psychiatrists. The CT scan can be of considerable aid when the diagnosis is uncertain, especially since studies have shown that organic brain disease is underrecognized in psychiatric patients. Six case histories illuminate how CT provides diagnostic assistance.
Clinical significance of early recurrences of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation

Abstract Objectives The purposes of this study were to describe the prevalence of early recurrences of atrial fibrillation (ERAF) that occur within two weeks after pulmonary vein (PV) isolation, and to determine whether ERAF is predictive of long-term outcome after PV isolation. Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) sometimes recurs within days after PV isolation and may prompt an early repeat intervention. Methods Segmental PV isolation was performed using radiofrequency energy in 110 consecutive patients (mean age 53 ± 11 years) with paroxysmal (93 patients) or persistent (17 patients) AF. Three to four PVs were targeted for isolation in all patients. Pulmonary vein isolation was complete in 338 of the 358 PVs that were targeted (94%). Results Early recurrences of AF occurred in 39 of 110 patients (35%) at a mean of 3.7 ± 3.5 days after the procedure. The prevalence of ERAF was similar in patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF (33% and 47%, respectively, p = 0.4). Beyond the first two weeks, at 208 ± 125 days of follow-up, 60 of the 71 patients without ERAF (85%) and 12 of the 39 patients with ERAF (31%) were free of recurrent AF in the absence of antiarrhythmic drug therapy (p Conclusions Early recurrences of AF occur in approximately 35% of patients within two weeks after isolation of three to four PVs, and are associated with a lower long-term success rate than in patients without ERAF. However, approximately 30% of patients with ERAF have no further symptomatic AF during long-term follow-up. Therefore, temporary antiarrhythmic drug therapy may be more appropriate than early repeat ablation in patients with ERAF.
Explicit and Parameterized Realizations of Convective Cloud Systems in TOGA COARE

Convection and cloud processes are examined in a hierarchy of two-dimensional numerical realizations of cloud systems observed during the 19‐26 December 1992 period of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment. The hierarchy consists of cloud-resolving simulations at a 2-km resolution, and two sets of 15-km resolution simulations; one attempts to treat convection explicitly and the other parameterizes convection using the Kain‐Fritsch scheme. The Kain‐Fritsch parameterization shows reasonable results but shortcomings are found in comparison with the cloud-resolving model. (i) The entraining plumes in the parameterization excessively overshoot the tropopause, which produces a cold bias mostly through adiabatic cooling. The attendant moisture detrainment overproduces cirrus cloud. (ii) Because parameterized downdrafts detrain at the lowest level they generate a surface cold bias. (iii) The scheme fails to represent the trimodal convection (cumulonimbus reaching the tropopause, cumulus congestus around the melting level, and shallow convection regimes) realized by the cloud-resolving simulation and also seen in observations. The lack of shallow convection and cumulus congestus leads to an overprediction of the low-level moisture. (iv) The simulations are sensitive to the magnitude of moisture feedback from the convective parameterization to the grid scale but less sensitive to whether the moisture is in vapor or condensed phase. These deficiencies are mostly a consequence of the single-plume model that represents updrafts and downdrafts in the parameterization scheme, along with the lack of a shallow convection scheme. A more realistic model of entrainment and detrainment that reduces overshoot and represents the cumulus congestus is required. Realistic downdraft detrainment and relative humidity are needed to improve the downdraft parameterization and alleviate the surface temperature bias.
Propagation of uncertainty in nasal spray in vitro performance models using Monte Carlo simulation: part I. Model prediction using Monte Carlo simulation.

Design of experiment (DOE) methodology can provide a complete evaluation of the influences of nasal spray activation and formulation properties on delivery performance which makes it a powerful tool for product design purposes. Product performance models are computed from complex expressions containing multiple factor terms and response terms. Uncertainty in the regression model can be propagated using Monte Carlo simulation. In this study, four input factors, actuation stroke length, actuation velocity, concentration of gelling agent, and concentration of surfactant were investigated for their influences on measured responses of spray pattern, plume width, droplet size distribution (DSD), and impaction force. Quadratic models were calculated and optimized using a Box–Behnken experimental design to describe the relationship between factors and responses. Assuming that the models perfectly represent the relationship between input variables and the measured responses, the propagation of uncertainty in both input variables and response measurements on model prediction was performed using Monte Carlo simulations. The Monte Carlo simulations presented in this article illustrate the propagation of uncertainty in model predictions. The most influential input variable variances on the product performance variance were identified, which could help prioritize input variables in terms of importance during continuous improvement of nasal spray product design. This work extends recent Monte Carlo simulations of process models to the realm of product development models. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99: 2114–2122, 2010
Long round-trip time support with shared-memory crosspoint buffered packet switch

The amount of memory in buffered crossbars in combined input-crosspoint buffered switches is proportional to the number of crosspoints, or O(N/sup 2/), where N is the number of ports, and to the crosspoint buffer size, which is defined by the distance between the line cards and the buffered crossbar, to achieve 100% throughput under port-rate data flows. A long distance between these two components can make a buffered crossbar costly to implement. In this paper, we propose and examine two shared-memory crosspoint buffered packet switches that use small crosspoint buffers to support a long round-trip time, which is mainly affected by the transmission delay caused by the distance between line cards and the buffered crossbar. The proposed switch reduces the required buffer memory of the buffered crossbar by 50% or more. We show that a shared-memory crosspoint buffer switch can provide high this improvement without speedup.
The Poincaré polynomial of the pointed linear sigma quotient

In this paper we compute the Poincare polynomial of a geometric invariant theory (GIT) quotient of the pointed linear sigma quotient. The pointed linear sigma model is a compactification of the space of degree-d, n-pointed maps from \({\mathbb P^1 \to \mathbb P^r}\) , and carries a natural action of \({G=SL_2(\mathbb C)}\) . Taking a GIT quotient under certain assumptions of n, r, d gives a projective moduli space M and we find its Poincare polynomial. This M is birational to \({{\overline{M}_{0,n}(\mathbb P^r,d)}}\) and we use this fact to find the Betti numbers of certain stable map spaces.
Logic and formal ontology

Logic for Husserl is a science of science, a science of what all sciences have in common in their modes of validation. Thus logic deals with universal laws relating to truth, to deduction, to verification and falsification, and with laws relating to theory as such, and to what makes for theoretical unity, both on the side of the propositions of a theory and on the side of the domain of objects to which these propositions refer. This essay presents a systematic overview of Husserl's views on these matters as put forward in his Logical Investigations. It shows how Husserl's theory of linguistic meanings as species of mental acts, his formal ontology of part, whole and dependence, his theory of meaning categories, and his theory of categorial intuition combine with his theory of science to form a single whole. Finally, it explores the ways in which Husserl's ideas on these matters can be put to use in solving problems in the philosophy of language, logic and mathematics in a way which does justice to the role of mental activity in each of these domains while at the same time avoiding the pitfalls of psychologism.
Blockade of LIGHT/LTβ and CD40 signaling induces allospecific T cell anergy, preventing graft-versus-host disease

Previous studies have shown that blockade of LIGHT, a T cell costimulatory molecule belonging to the TNF superfamily, by soluble lymphotoxin β receptor–Ig (LTβR-Ig) inhibits the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to host antigenic disparities and ameliorates lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a B6 to BDF1 mouse model. Here, we demonstrate that infusion of an mAb against CD40 ligand (CD40L) further increases the efficacy of LTβR-Ig, leading to complete prevention of GVHD. We further demonstrate that alloantigen-specific CTLs become anergic upon rapid expansion, and persist in the tolerized mice as a result of costimulatory blockade. Transfer of anergic CTLs to secondary F1 mice fails to induce GVHD despite the fact that anergic CTLs can be stimulated to proliferate in vitro by antigens and cytokines. Our study provides a potential new approach for the prevention of lethal GVHD.
Nutrition evidence-based guidelines for treating hyperlipidemia in children with type 1 diabetes: a case presentation.

PurposeThe purpose of this case presentation is to review the current nutrition evidence-based guidelines and treatment goals for hyperlipidemia in children with type 1 diabetes. The American Heart Association (AHA) places children with type 1 diabetes in the highest tier for cardiovascular risk.MethodsEarly screening for hyperlipidemia in children with diabetes is recommended to identify those children at risk. If the fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level is ≥100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L), medical nutrition therapy is recommended as the first line of treatment to reach the desired goal (LDL-C <100 mg/dL). Medical nutrition therapy includes the following: decreasing saturated fat (<7% total calories), avoiding trans fatty acids, decreasing total cholesterol to <200 mg daily, increasing soluble fiber, and adding phytosterols daily.ResultsThe patient discussed in this case presentation achieved a desired LDL-C level <100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L) by following the recommended heart-healthy guidelines. ...
Summary of Empirical Research on the Civil Justice Process: 2008-2013

In 2007, fueled by concerns over declining access to civil justice, the American College of Trial Lawyers (“ACTL”) Task Force on Discovery and Civil Justice (“Task Force”), in partnership with IAALS, embarked on a journey to define and address the problems of delay and cost in the system. While the mission was anything but new, the Task Force met it with new fervor. Each member had counseled countless individuals and businesses leaders who, when facing a legal issue upsetting in its own right, also had to face a difficult choice between walking away from their cause at some point or becoming overwhelmed by the court process. Based on extensive personal experience, it was becoming increasingly clear to the Task Force that the American civil justice system, considered a fundamental aspect of our democracy and a model for the world, struggles to meet the needs of litigants today appropriately, including the needs of our family members, friends, neighbors, shops, restaurants, and charities. It also was becoming increasingly clear that something should — no, must — be done about it.Following extensive background research, a survey of ACTL Fellows, and serious discussion and debate, the Task Force issued a “Final Report” in 2009, containing specific recommendations for improving the civil justice process.The Task Force’s work sparked a national conversation about the future of our civil justice system, further research on the litigation process by a number of individuals and organizations, and the establishment of numerous pilot projects in state and federal courts around the country.These efforts are ongoing, and there is much more research to come in the next few years and beyond. Nevertheless, it is useful to pause and take stock of the data collected, analyzed, and disseminated since 2008, the onset of the Task Force’s work. As procedural decision makers look to determine the shape of civil justice to come, they will be asking, “Where do we go from here to shape a just, speedy, and inexpensive process?” In making those decisions, it is critical to ask, “What have we learned in the last five years or so?”
Quality Coordination in a Model of Vertical Integration

We consider a model of vertical integration with firms choosing prices and quality. We consider two specifications for the quality of the composite good: 'bottleneck' and additive setups. In both cases, a vertically integrated monopolist may produce lower quality as compared to dual ownership, if the latter is modeled as a single-stage quality-and-price setting game. When separate markets for components of the composite good are added to the model, we provide an example where dual ownership leading to higher quality also yields higher consumer surplus (but not total welfare) than a single vertically integrated monopolist.
Study of ice cluster impacts on amorphous silica using the ReaxFF reactive force field molecular dynamics simulation method

We study the dynamics of the collisions between amorphous silica structures and amorphous and crystal ice clusters with impact velocities of 1 km/s, 4 km/s, and 7 km/s using the ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulation method. The initial ice clusters consist of 150 water molecules for the amorphous ice cluster and 128 water molecules for the crystal ice cluster. The ice clusters are collided on the surface of amorphous fully oxidized and suboxide silica. These simulations show that at 1 km/s impact velocities, all the ice clusters accumulate on the surface and at 4 km/s and 7 km/s impact velocities, some of the ice cluster molecules bounce back from the surface. At 4 km/s and 7 km/s impact velocities, few of the water molecules dissociations are observed. The effect of the second ice cluster impacts on the surfaces which are fully covered with ice, on the mass loss/accumulation is studied. These studies show that at 1 km/s impacts, the entire ice cluster accumulates on the surface at both first and ...
Role of Arteries in Peripheral Resistance of Hypertension

It seems established that arterial hypertension must be due to an increased peripheral resistance, but which part of the vascular bed is concerned in this increase is still somewhat uncertain. Evidence on the whole supports the view that it is due to arteriolar constriction, but some workers believe that the larger arteries also become narrowed in hypertensive conditions.1Our observations represent an attempt to ascertain whether or not the larger arteries are involved in the production of the increased resistance of chronic hypertension. It is known that normally the blood pressure in the arterial bed falls gradually from large to small arteries, and that the greatest fall occurs in the region of the arter-ioles. If the arteriolar resistance should increase, the arterial blood pressure would be increased throughout, in small as well as large arteries, so that the pressure gradient from large to small arteries would either remain substantially unchanged, or become less. If an increased resistance should o...
Was William James Telling the Truth After All

In the popular mind, however, the two views can easily merge together, as is illustrated in the following revealing passage written by an educational theorist: scientists themselves hold beliefs, even within science, that cannot be warranted by scientific methods. And evidently Bertrand Russell saw 'epistemological relativism' and 'epistemological pragmatism' as being somewhat similar, for they both were closely linked with certain authoritarian and totalitarian ideas that he found odious. The passages already quoted make it clear that James accepted the correspondence theory as a definition of truth, but that he also regarded this as fairly unenlightening. So, his interest was elsewhere; he wanted to establish a criterion of truth, to establish a procedure for identifying 'true ideas'. Moore acknowledged that reality is mutable; as he put it, many things in the future 'will be different from what they are now'. In the realm of truth-processes facts come independently and determine beliefs provisionally.
–NH– Termination of the Si(111) Surface by Wet Chemistry

For over a quarter of a century the hydrogen-terminated Si(111) single-crystalline surface has been the gold standard as a starting point for silicon surface modification chemistry. However, creating a well-defined and stable interface based on Si–N bonds has remained elusive. Despite the fact that azides, nitro compounds, and amines do lead to the formation of surface Si–N, each of these modification schemes produces additional carbon- or oxygen-containing functional groups that in turn react with the surface itself, leaving contaminants that affect the interface properties for any further modification protocols. We describe the preparation of a Si(111) surface functionalized predominantly with Si–NH–Si species based on chlorination followed by the room temperature ammonia treatment utilizing NH3-saturated tetrahydrofuran (THF). The obtained surface has been characterized by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This analysis was supplemented with DFT calculations. This newly charac...
A Study of Approaches to the Development of English Skills in the Sino-Foreign Joint Programs

It is essential that traditional teaching approaches be improved so as to meet the higher requirements of English practical skills for students in Sino-foreign joint programs.On the basis of an analysis of the students surveys in English levels and language requirements for overseas study,the paper gives an account of the main contents and features of the teaching approach guided by modern linguistic theories to the development of English skills.
Three Component Interaction Model for Predicting the Formation Enthalpy of Multicomponent Alloys

The changes of the formation enthalpy of the system were investigated when the properties of any one component of a binary subsystem were affected by the component out of the subsystem. It was found from the simulation of the formation enthalpies of ternary alloys that the changes of the electronegativity and the electron density of one component of the binary subsystem were proportional to the sum of the electronegativity of both in and out of the subsystem. This effect could simply be taken into account in the calculation which was equivalent to the effect on the volume of the component. When more components existed out of the subsystem,the total contribution of their electronegativity could be equivalent to one component. It is shown from the calculation of the formation enthalpy of ternary alloys that the predicting results considering the effects of the three components were better than that using geometrical model and consistent with the experimental results. The method has great significance to the study of the thermodynamic properties of multicomponent system.
Telementoring and Teleproctoring in Trauma and Emergency Care

The use of telemedicine is long-standing, but only in recent years has it been applied to the specialties of trauma, emergency care, and surgery. We provide a review of its application in these disciplines. Despite being relatively new, the concept of teletrauma, telepresence, and telesurgery is evolving and is being integrated into modern care of trauma and surgical patients. The role of telementoring for trauma has not been addressed in clinical trials, yet there are consultations and advise on how to manage a critically ill patient, which is telementoring and teleproctoring. Advances in technology, including telemedicine and telepresence applications for trauma, emergency management, and intensive critical care, may be the solution that can reduce, eliminate, or ameliorate the gap in trauma care between rural and urban areas. There is a plethora of examples of the application of telepresence and telemedicine in these fields, although at the current stage, most are only simple examples of the progression of telemedicine in trauma care. As the technology becomes more user friendly and less costly, the hope is that these modalities will become a norm, rather than an exception. What we need is for the trauma community to be creative in finding a sensible way to help both the patient and physician in the region or hospital where such resources are missing. In this review article, we address a number of elements, including historical notes of telesurgery and other studies pertaining to trauma and emergency care.
The Meontology of Masculinity: Notes on Castration Elation

This statement by Sara Yaxte opens ‘Genderqueer’, a paper recently published in Psychoanalytic Inquiry. In that paper analysts Ken and Lisa Marcus, along with their two children Sara Yaxte and Kati...
Discovering the literacy gap: A systematic review of reading and writing theories in research

Research is failing to consistently report theoretical frameworks, increasing the gap between research and practice, and increasing the difficulty teachers face in effectively matching intervention...
Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression by tumor necrosis factor in a murine model of retinal neovascularization.

Purpose Hypoxia and growth factors are postulated to be involved in the development of retinal neovascularization through the regulation of extracellular proteinase production. It has been shown that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are elevated in the retina during the neovascularization process. However, the factors and mechanisms that regulate the expression of these enzymes are not well characterized. The present study examines the potential role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as a regulator of MMPs in the retinal neovascularization process. Methods C57/Bl6 mice were treated with 75% oxygen (experimental) or room air (control) from postnatal days (P)7 through P12, followed by room air until P17. Retinas were collected at P13, P15, or P17 and total RNA analyzed for the relative level of TNFalpha, TNF receptor (p55), and TNFalpha-converting enzyme (TACE). Immunostaining was used to identify changes in TNF protein expression as well as to localize TNFalpha within specific retinal cell types. The role of TNFalpha in stimulating retinal microvascular endothelial cell (RMVEC) proteinase production was evaluated using isolated murine RMVECs grown in normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Message expression was analyzed by RT-PCR and protein expression by zymographic analysis. Results TNFalpha mRNA was increased in the retinas of experimental animals on P13 and P15, during the early stages of retinal neovascularization. In addition to being expressed by Muller glial cells and the inner nuclear layer, additional expression was noted in the outer nuclear layer of experimental animals. No significant level of apoptosis was detected in the retina of experimental animals with retinal neovascularization. Isolated RMVECs did not significantly increase MMP production directly in response to a hypoxic stimulus, but required the presence of exogenous TNFalpha. TNFalpha increased the expression of MT1-MMP, MMP-3, and MMP-9 in these cells. The levels of TACE and p55, proteins important in mediating the response of cells to TNFalpha, were found to be increased by the angiogenic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was also elevated in the experimental retinas. Conclusions TNFalpha levels increase in experimental mouse retinas exposed to hypoxic stimuli. Increased production of MMPs by RMVECs does not occur directly in response to a hypoxic stimulus. These cells are responsive, however, to stimulation by TNFalpha, which enhances the production of specific members of the MMP family. VEGF also plays a role in this process through its regulation of TACE and p55 mRNA in the vascular endothelial cells. These findings support the hypothesis that these two growth factors have a role in the regulation of extracellular proteinase expression during retinal neovascularization.
Networking storage systems: a problem statement

The importance of access to central stores in timesharing is discussed. The reasons for having central stores are outlined. The inadequacies of present approaches are examined. >
A Novel Approach for Conducting Room-scale Vaporous Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination of Virulent Bacillus Anthracis Spores

Studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of various decontamination technologies against virulent B. anthracis and surrogate spores within small, bench-scale chambers. This study asses...
Signaling Resolve: Leaders, Reputations, and the Importance of Early Interactions

How do leaders develop reputations for resolve across repeated interactions? While scholars find that leaders can acquire individual reputations for resolve, we know relatively little about how the...
Future Perspectives in Intraoperative Imaging

Of all the advances in imaging science in the past twenty years, none has had a greater impact than Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Since its introduction as a diagnostic tool in the mid-1980’s, MRI has evolved into the premier neuroimaging modality, and with the addition of higher field magnets, we are able to achieve spatial resolution of such superb quality that even the most exquisite details of the brain anatomy can be visualized. With the implementation of intraoperative, neurosurgical MRI, we can not only monitor brain shifts and deformations; we can achieve intraoperative navigation using intraoperative image updates. In the future, intraoperative MRI can be used not only to localize, target, and resect brain tumors and other lesions but also to fully comprehend the surrounding cortical and white matter functional anatomy. In addition to the inclusion of new imaging methods such as diffusion tensor imaging, new therapeutic methods will be applied. Especially encouraging are the promising results in MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, in which the non-invasive thermal ablation of tumors is monitored and controlled by MRI. With the clinical introduction of these advances, intra-operative MRI is changing the face of Neurosurgery today.
Modeling and Qualitative Theory for General Hybrid Dynamical and Control Systems

Abstract Hybrid dynamical systems which are capable of exhibiting simultaneously several kinds of dynamic behavior, such as continuous-time dynamics, discrete-time dynamics, jump phenomena, switching and logic commands, discrete events, and the like, are of great current interest. In the present paper we employ a general model of dynamical system suitable in the qualitative analysis of such systems. This model of dynamical system allows discontinuous motions, and convergence of motions is relative to generalized time. For the model of hybrid dynamical systems described above, results are established for the principal Lyapunov stability of invariant sets and the principal Lagrange stability of motions. Some of the results of the present paper are applied in the analysis of a specific class of systems.
The value of cash holdings in hotel firms

Abstract Extant research in finance suggests asymmetric information increases the cost of external financing substantially and creates underinvestment problems. While franchising might reduce underinvestment problems, it might exacerbate overinvestment problems in poorly-governed firms. Using combined postulations from both the pecking order theory and the free cash flow theory, this study examines the value of cash holdings in hotel firms and the extent to which franchising, financial constraints, and corporate governance affect this value. The findings suggest that cash can be a curse and a blessing; cash is more valuable for financially constrained firms than for unconstrained firms and less valuable for poorly-governed firms than for well-governed firms. Also, financial constraints have a greater effect on the value of cash holdings than weak corporate governance. Although franchising could solve underinvestment problems, it makes poorly-governed firms more vulnerable to overinvestment. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed within realms of corporate finance and franchising.
Comparing Acoustic Tag Attachments Designed for Mobile Tracking of Hatchling Sea Turtles

The poorly understood movements of sea turtles during the ‘lost years’ of their early life history have been characterized as a ‘passive drifter’ stage. Biologging technology allows us to study patterns of dispersal, but the small body size of young life stages requires particular consideration that such tagging does not significantly impede animal movements. We tested the effect of instrument attachment methods for mobile acoustic tracking of hatchling sea turtles, including a design that would be suitable for leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). We obtained 8-week-old hatchery-reared green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) (n = 12 individuals) and examined the effect of attaching Vemco V5 acoustic tags. Each animal’s swim speed, swimming depth, and stroke frequency were determined under three scenarios: control, direct Velcro® attachment to the carapace, and harness attachment, to determine if there was a significant difference amongst treatments. Turtle swimming speed was significantly slower during the middle period of the trial for the harness attachment compared with the control. No significant change in swim speed was observed when the tag was attached directly with Velcro®, and no significant change in dive depth was observed for either treatment compared to the control. Stroke frequency was significantly greater compared to the control at the end of the trial for the Velcro® attachment only, although there was no corresponding increase in swimming speed. This information can be used to design effective approaches for actively tracking free-ranging hatchling sea turtles to understand dispersal and survival of these vulnerable marine species.
Characterization of enamel caries lesions in rat molars using synchrotron X-ray microtomography

Dental caries is a ubiquitous infectious disease with a nearly 100% lifetime prevalence. Rodent caries models are widely used to investigate the etiology, progression and potential prevention or treatment of the disease. To explore the suitability of these models for deeper investigations of intact surface zones during enamel caries, the structures of early-stage carious lesions in rats were characterized and compared with previous reports on white spot enamel lesions in humans. Synchrotron X-ray microcomputed tomography non-destructively mapped demineralization in carious rat molar specimens across a range of caries severity, identifying 52 lesions across the 30 teeth imaged. Of these lesions, 13 were shown to have intact surface zones. Depth profiles of fractional mineral density were qualitatively similar to lesions in human teeth. However, the thickness of the surface zone in the rat model ranges from 10 to 58 µm, and is therefore significantly thinner than in human enamel. These results indicate that a fraction of lesions in rat caries possess an intact surface zone and are qualitatively similar to human lesions at the micrometer scale. This suggests that rat caries models may be a suitable analog through which to investigate the structure of surface zone enamel and its role during dental caries.
Imputing Missing Genotypes

The term ‘imputation’ refers to the estimation of values to replace missing observations in a data set. In this chapter, we are interested in imputing missing genotype values. The chapter is not intended as a rigorous treatment of the use and implications of imputation in breeding values prediction, but rather as a brief overview of some common strategies currently employed. For the reader interested in a more in-depth treatment, references are provided within the chapter.
VISCOPLASTICITY THEORY BASED ON OVERSTRESS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE MODELING OF METALS AND ALLOYS

ABSTRACT The viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO) is a “unified” theory and has been formulated for isotropy (finite and infinitesimal deformations) and for orthotropy (small deformation only). All inelastic deformation is considered rate dependent and elastic and inelastic deformations are always present. In the quasi-elastic regions inelasticity is vanishingly small. The inelastic rate of deformation depends only on the overstress, the difference between the stress and the equilibrium stress, a state variable. It is the path-dependent stress which can be sustained in equilibrium. The equilibrium stress, the kinematic stresss and the scalar isotropic stress are the state variables of the theory. It has been applied to the modeling of cyclic hardening/softening, to high temperature deformation of alloys and single crystals at slow rates. It is shown that dynamic plasticity at high strain rates can also be reproduced by the model which assumes that the stress increase with strain rate is viscous in nature.
THE ROLE OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION IN APPROXIMATING SYSTEM RELIABILITY OF k-OUT-OF-n STRUCTURES*

Abstract. The determination of the exact reliability of a complex system of “components” (or subsystems) is typically a formidable theoretical and computational problem. Often one resorts merely to bounds on system reliability. The present paper delineates, for k-out-of-n structures, a simple and easily implemented approach based on the Poisson distribution. The components are allowed to be statistically dependent and to have unequal reliabilities. Special attention is given to the cases of independent and Markov dependent components, and some numerical illustration is provided. Comparisons are made to other reliability bounds in the literature. Reliability bounds for k-out-of-n structures have wide application, including “series” systems, “parallel” systems, monitoring systems, and systems with “spares”. The results are also applicable in the context of availability.
Pervasive Linked Selection and Intermediate-Frequency Alleles Are Implicated in an Evolve-and-Resequencing Experiment of Drosophila simulans

We develop analytical and simulation tools for evolve-and-resequencing experiments and apply them to a new study of rapid evolution in Drosophila simulans Likelihood test statistics applied to pooled population sequencing data suggest parallel evolution of 138 SNPs across the genome. This number is reduced by orders of magnitude from previous studies (thousands or tens of thousands), owing to differences in both experimental design and statistical analysis. Whole genome simulations calibrated from Drosophila genetic data sets indicate that major features of the genome-wide response could be explained by as few as 30 loci under strong directional selection with a corresponding hitchhiking effect. Smaller effect loci are likely also responding, but are below the detection limit of the experiment. Finally, SNPs showing strong parallel evolution in the experiment are intermediate in frequency in the natural population (usually 30-70%) indicative of balancing selection in nature. These loci also exhibit elevated differentiation among natural populations of D. simulans, suggesting environmental heterogeneity as a potential balancing mechanism.