cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women's Healthcare Utilization Following Routine Screening for Past-Year Intimate Partner Violence in the Veterans Health Administration.

Experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) can have adverse health impacts and has been associated with elevated rates of healthcare service utilization. Healthcare encounters present opportunities to identify IPV-related concerns and connect patients with services. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) conducts IPV screening within an integrated healthcare system. The objectives of this study were to compare service utilization in the 6 months following IPV screening between those screening positive and negative for past-year IPV (IPV+, IPV−) and to examine the timing and types of healthcare services accessed among women screening IPV+. A retrospective chart review was conducted for 8888 female VHA patients across 13 VHA facilities who were screened for past-year IPV between April 2014 and April 2016. Demographic characteristics (age, race, ethnicity, marital status, veteran status), IPV screening response, and healthcare encounters (based on visit identification codes). In the 6 months following routine screening for past-year IPV, patients screening IPV+ were more likely to utilize outpatient care (aOR = 1.85 [CI 1.26, 2.70]), including primary care or psychosocial care, and to have an inpatient stay (aOR = 2.09 [CI 1.23, 3.57]), compared with patients screening IPV−. Among those with any utilization, frequency of outpatient encounters within the 6-month period following screening was higher among those screening IPV+ compared with those screening IPV−. The majority of patients screening positive for past-year IPV returned for an outpatient visit within a brief time frame following the screening visit (> 70% within 14 days, >95% within 6 months). More than one in four patients screening IPV+ had an emergency department visit within the 6 months following screening. Women who screen positive for past-year IPV have high rates of return to outpatient visits following screening, presenting opportunities for follow-up support. Higher rates of emergency department utilization and inpatient stays among women screening IPV+ may indicate adverse health outcomes related to IPV experience.
Directing CO 2 conversion with copper nanoneedles

Selective, electrochemical transformation of carbon dioxide into industrially relevant C2+ products has remained a challenge. Now, a copper-based ‘nanoneedle’ electrocatalyst has been used to selectively convert carbon dioxide to ethylene at extremely high current density.
The limits of sending-state power: The Philippines, Sri Lanka, and female migrant domestic workers:

Sending states have taken various measures to protect their female nationals serving abroad as domestics. A most-similar case comparison is constructed between the Sri Lankan and Philippine states’...
Playing Dominoes Is Hard, Except by Yourself

Dominoes is a popular and well-known game possibly dating back three millennia. Players are given a set of domino tiles, each with two labeled square faces, and take turns connecting them into a growing chain of dominoes by matching identical faces. We show that single-player dominoes is in P, while multiplayer dominoes is hard: when players cooperate, the game is NP-complete, and when players compete, the game is PSPACE-complete. In addition, we show that these hardness results easily extend to games involving team play.
Analysis of genomic region(s) and gene(s) associated with cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog

Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCLR) in the dog is the most common cause of hind limb lameness. When CCLR occurs it results in instability in the knee leading to progressive, debilitating arthritis and lameness. Particular breeds of dogs (e.g. Labrador retriever, Newfoundland) are predisposed to CCLR while other breeds (e.g. Greyhound) have dramatically reduced frequency of this disorder supporting a heritable basis for the CCLR trait. For this study, we first estimated the economic impact to veterinary clients for the medical and surgical management for CCLR and determined the prevalence rate for CCLR in Newfoundlands that were seen at the Iowa State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (ISU-VTH). Two hundred fifty six diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) and 1,083 small animal veterinarians responded from a survey sent to 4500 individuals. The results revealed that the dog owning public spent an estimated $1.3 billion for CCLR medical and surgical management in the U.S. in 2003. Next, we examined medical records for a diagnosis of CCLR for all Newfoundlands that were presented to the ISU-VTH. One hundred sixty three Newfoundlands were evaluated from January 1, 1996, through December 31, 2002, and 22% were diagnosed with CCLR. In addition, a large-scale recruitment study was undertaken from the National Newfoundland Registry and local breeders to collect fivegeneration pedigrees from Newfoundlands. Newfoundlands identified for the recruitment study were examined by a veterinarian and classified as affected with CCLR based on typical signs of CCLR. These signs included pain on hyperextension of the knee, knee effusion, decreased range of motion, positive cranial drawer sign or cranial tibial thrust, radiographic evidence of knee arthritis, and/or surgical confirmation of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. Pedigrees were constructed using Pedigraph version 1.1. Inbreeding coefficients were calculated using SAS v 8.2. Segregation analysis was performed to predict mode of inheritance. The recruitment study included 411 Newfoundlands, of which 92 (22%; 53 females and 39 males) were affected with CCLR and 319 (182 females and 137 males) were unaffected. The average inbreeding coefficient for those animals that were inbred was 0.05 (range 0.004 0.17). Segregation analysis was performed iteratively, with updating of penetrance values from prevailing genotype probabilities. This analysis predicted a recessive pattern of inheritance. The frequency of the recessive allele was 0.60 with 51% penetrance. Bio log ica l cand ida te gene ana lys i s y ie lded s ing le nuc leo t ide po lymorph isms (SNPs) in COL9AJ , COL9A2, COMP, and FBN. Association analyses using restriction fragment length polymorphisms designed from the SNPs were performed on 90 dogs selected from a population of Newfoundlands; 45 unaffected and 45 affected with CCLR. There was no statistically significant association with the SNPs and CCLR status, although COL9A1 revealed statistically close association (P = 0.10). Two
Association Between Physical Therapy in the Emergency Department and Emergency Department Revisits for Older Adult Fallers: A Nationally Representative Analysis

Objectives To determine whether providing physical therapy (PT) services in the emergency department (ED) improves outcomes for older adults who fall. Design We used Medicare claims data to examine differences in recurrent fall‐related ED revisit rates of older adults who presented to the ED for a ground‐level fall and whether they received PT services in the ED. Our logistic regression model controlled for age, sex, Medicaid eligibility, acute injury, and certain known chronic comorbidities associated with risk of falling. Setting We analyzed national 2012–13 Medicare claims data for individuals aged 65 and older. Participants This was a claims‐based analysis. We defined an index visit as any ED claim that included an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification E‐Code indicating a ground‐level fall. Visits resulting in admission were excluded, as were claims associated with an individual who died during follow‐up; 17,975 of the 560,277 claims for eligible outpatient index visits included revenue center codes for PT services. Measurements We calculated the proportion of index visits associated with a fall‐related ED revisit within 30 and 60 days and assessed differences in these proportions between individuals who did and did not receive PT services in the ED. Results Receiving PT services in the ED during an index visit for a ground‐level fall was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of a fall‐related ED revisit within 30 days (odds ratio (OR)=0.655, p<.001) and 60 days (OR=0.684, p<.001). Conclusion Expanding PT services in the ED may reduce future fall‐related ED use of older adults. Additional analyses could assess characteristics of individuals receiving PT in the ED and follow‐up PT use after discharge. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2205–2212, 2018.
An Efficient Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometric Approach to Detection and Quantification of the Mescaline Content of Commonly Abused Cacti from the Echinopsis Genus

Unregulated cacti from the genus Echinopsis are used recreationally as mescaline-containing alternatives to the outlawed peyote. Echinopsis-derived plant materials appear in a variety of nondescript forms, making rapid assessment of whether they are mescaline-containing materials or simply innocuous plant-derived food products, very challenging. Reported here is a DART-HRMS approach for the rapid detection of mescaline in whole plant material and a validated method for the quantification of mescaline in cactus tissue, using mescaline-d9 as the internal standard. Calibration curves exhibited R2 values of ≥0.995, and the method exhibited a LLOQ and a linear range of 1 ppm and 1-100 ppm, respectively. Application of the method to commercially available Echinopsis spp. yielded results consistent with previous studies performed by GC- and LC-MS, with mescaline levels of <2% dry weight in all cases. Therefore, DART-HRMS is a suitable technique for the rapid screening of mescaline and its subsequent quantification within complex plant-derived matrices.
Living in Zootopia : Tracking the Neoliberal Subject in a Colorblind World

Nilsen’s chapter explores the ways in which the Walt Disney Animation Studios’ filmmakers created in Zootopia a colorblind narrative that utilizes nonhuman animated characters to promote the neoliberal myth of meritocracy. While the film has been explicitly marketed and roundly praised for its celebration of tolerance and its anti-bias messaging, Nilsen argues that the filmmakers anthropomorphized their animal characters to create a colorblind utopia where prey and predator live in harmony, while employing dehumanization to resurrect the racist stereotype of the violent, savage (super)predator. Nilsen argues that Zootopia illustrates the ways in which colorblind beliefs help justify the maintenance of systemic racism in our criminal justice system.
The Standby Energy in Smart Homes: Problems, Progress, & Potential

The Internet of Things (IoT) has dramatically expanded the capabilities of everyday devices. These smart devices bring improved convenience, better energy management, and over-the-Internet control, but are also unfortunately reversing an important trend: they are contributing to an increase in phantom standby energy consumption. While many miscellaneous loads have seen steady standby power improvements over time, adding persistent connectivity and advanced features to otherwise simple devices is causing some loads to get worse. This paper provides an analysis of this growing problem, and identifies four primary issues that contribute to the standby energy problem based on a study of commercially available smart devices. Further, it presents a prototype to demonstrate how smart device-specific approaches can help.
Cui bono? Finding the value of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes

Introduction: The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) vary in their risk of disease progression; progression includes increasingly severe bone marrow failure, reclassification as acute myeloid leukemia...
PRISMS-PF: A general framework for phase-field modeling with a matrix-free finite element method

A new phase-field modeling framework with an emphasis on performance, flexibility, and ease of use is presented. Foremost among the strategies employed to fulfill these objectives are the use of a matrix-free finite element method and a modular, application-centric code structure. This approach is implemented in the new open-source PRISMS-PF framework. Its performance is enabled by the combination of a matrix-free variant of the finite element method with adaptive mesh refinement, explicit time integration, and multilevel parallelism. Benchmark testing with a particle growth problem shows PRISMS-PF with adaptive mesh refinement and higher-order elements to be up to 12 times faster than a finite difference code employing a second-order-accurate spatial discretization and first-order-accurate explicit time integration. Furthermore, for a two-dimensional solidification benchmark problem, the performance of PRISMS-PF meets or exceeds that of phase-field frameworks that focus on implicit/semi-implicit time stepping, even though the benchmark problem’s small computational size reduces the scalability advantage of explicit time-integration schemes. PRISMS-PF supports an arbitrary number of coupled governing equations. The code structure simplifies the modification of these governing equations by separating their definition from the implementation of the numerical methods used to solve them. As part of its modular design, the framework includes functionality for nucleation and polycrystalline systems available in any application to further broaden the phenomena that can be used to study. The versatility of this approach is demonstrated with examples from several common types of phase-field simulations, including coarsening subsequent to spinodal decomposition, solidification, precipitation, grain growth, and corrosion.
Floral Resources for Trissolcus japonicus, a Parasitoid of Halyomorpha halys.

The egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus is the main candidate for classical biocontrol of the invasive agricultural pest Halyomorpha halys. The efficacy of classical biocontrol depends on the parasitoid’s survival and conservation in the agroecosystem. Most parasitoid species rely on floral nectar as a food source, thus identifying nectar sources for T. japonicus is critical. We evaluated the impact of eight flowering plant species on T. japonicus survival in the lab by exposing unfed wasps to flowers inside vials. We also measured the wasps’ nutrient levels to confirm feeding and energy storage using anthrone and vanillin assays adapted for T. japonicus. Buckwheat, cilantro, and dill provided the best nectar sources for T. japonicus by improving median survival by 15, 3.5, and 17.5 days compared to water. These three nectar sources increased wasps’ sugar levels, and cilantro and dill also increased glycogen levels. Sweet alyssum, marigold, crimson clover, yellow mustard, and phacelia did not improve wasp survival or nutrient reserves. Further research is needed to determine if these flowers maintain their benefits in the field and whether they will increase the parasitism rate of H. halys.
Silence as Political and Pedagogical: Reading Classroom Silence Through Neoliberal and Humanizing Lenses

Abstract Attending to both the political and pedagogical dimensions of silence in schools, this article engages in a close analysis of the silences constructed within an interaction between one first-grade student and his teacher in order to build theory regarding how silence is constructed in the classroom. Drawing on theories of neoliberalism as well as humanizing pedagogy, it presents multiple readings of this interaction to illustrate how interpretation of silence is shaped by ideology. Further, it emphasizes the mediating role of mandated standardized curriculum in the production of silence in this interaction. Through this analysis, it argues that neoliberalism creates both ideological and material barriers to the practice of silence in contemporary classrooms, while also suggesting how silence might be strategically used by teachers as a humanizing pedagogical resource.
Performance of Swesarr's Multi-Frequency Dual-Polarimetry Synthetic Aperture Radar During Nasa'S Snowex Airborne Campaign

A tri-frequency microwave synthetic aperture radar (SAR), designed for the estimation of snow water equivalent (SWE), was recently developed as part of the SWESARR (Snow Water Equivalent Synthetic Aperture Radar and Radiometer) instrument. The SAR operates at 9.65 GHz, 13.6 GHz, and 17.25 GHz, and at two polarizations (VV, VH), with a nominal bandwidth of 140 MHz. The SAR was first flight tested in December 2018 and later, along with SWESARR's radiometer, participated in the SnowEx science flight campaign in the fall 2019. During these flights, the SAR collected comprehensive data sets of a variety of terrains, including calibration sites where several trihedral corner reflectors had been deployed. Analysis of these data sets indicated the radar performed according to the design specifications.
Harvey Cushing’s Birthday Book and the Genre of Medical Festschrift (575)

Objective: To describe the 1929 Harvey Cushing festschrift Background: Harvey Cushing (1869–1939) was the founder of modern neurosurgery, but by age sixty, he faced a forced retirement from surgery at Harvard at his career’s zenith. At this Janus-like inflection point, Cushing’s early protege Elliot Cutler produced a unique festschrift of his mentor published in Archives of Surgery. Design/Methods: Review of the festschrift and relative contributors’ correspondences Results: At over 2000 pages and 83 contributors, the Cushing festschrift is a testament to his influence. It stands as a unique evolution in the genre of medical hagiography for being published within an academic surgical journal; its contributors were limited to exclusively Cushing’s pupils; the contents were organized chronologically in reference to when the contributor studied under Cushing; and the contents were exclusively surgical-scientific at the exclusion of memoir or biography. The work was especially presented to Cushing’s Johns Hopkins mentors Kelly and Welch. Some of these decisions were motivated by intents to avoid anything suggesting an ending or decline, given Cushing’s worsening health and ongoing frustration with an upcoming forced retirement from surgical practice by Harvard and his eventual removal to Yale. Later Cushing festschrifts at age 70 conform to a memoir/biographically-driven content more typical of the genre. Conclusions: Unlike previous medical genre whose hagiography lies in the content of the product, the Cushing festschrift of 1929 displaces hagiography from the pages into the process of memorialization by focusing largely on the role academic lineage plays in consolidating a profession’s experience of achievement. That memorialization was heavily influenced by charged circumstances in which Cushing faced policy constraints by his institution at the height of his academic career. It reminds current trainees about how past mentors influence our present perspective of the field and raises questions of how we contextualize our own academic lineages. Disclosure: Dr. Stanley has nothing to disclose.
A review of predictive policing from the perspective of fairness

Machine Learning has become a popular tool in a variety of applications in criminal justice, including sentencing and policing. Media has brought attention to the possibility of predictive policing systems causing disparate impacts and exacerbating social injustices. However, there is little academic research on the importance of fairness in machine learning applications in policing. Although prior research has shown that machine learning models can handle some tasks efficiently, they are susceptible to replicating systemic bias of previous human decision-makers. While there is much research on fair machine learning in general, there is a need to investigate fair machine learning techniques as they pertain to the predictive policing. Therefore, we evaluate the existing publications in the field of fairness in machine learning and predictive policing to arrive at a set of standards for fair predictive policing. We also review the evaluations of ML applications in the area of criminal justice and potential techniques to improve these technologies going forward. We urge that the growing literature on fairness in ML be brought into conversation with the legal and social science concerns being raised about predictive policing. Lastly, in any area, including predictive policing, the pros and cons of the technology need to be evaluated holistically to determine whether and how the technology should be used in policing.
SU-E-T-28: A Dosimetric Evaluation of IMRT Versus 4 Arc VMAT in the Treatment of Bilateral Head and Neck Cancer Using Concavity Ratio Defined PTVs

Purpose: VMAT has been shown to produce dosimetrically equivalent or superior plans than step and shoot IMRT for many different common cancer types. Bilateral H&N treatment plans are particularly challenging due to the concave shape of the target volume. We aim to compare the two techniques for various levels of concavity and we quantify the concavity of the target, and thus the difficulty of the plan, with a simple but novel ratio. Methods: 20 bilateral HN CR >2 and CR<2. Each plan was evaluated for two conformity indices, as well as OAR doses. Results: Initial results show better IMRT conformity indexes, averaged over all patients. The spinal cord maximum dose was lower for VMAT but the mandible mean dose was higher. The parotid mean dose was lower in VMAT plans that had CR 2. This was also the case for the oral cavity mean dose and the mandible maximum dose. Conclusion: In the preliminary results, VMAT plans with CR 2. Thus, when a patient is targeted, the CR should be calculated and if the ratio is below two then it should be planned with VMAT, but if the ratio is above two then the traditional IMRT planning should be used.
Virtual Assembly Analysis Enhancing Rapid Prototyping in Collaborative Product Development

This chapter discusses how assembly operation analysis can be embedded transparently and remotely into a service-oriented collaborative assembly design environment and how the integrated process can help a designer to quickly select robust assembly design and process for rapid manufacturing. A new assembly operation analysis framework, relevant architecture, and tools are introduced. True competitive advantage can only result from the ability to bring highly customized quality products to the market at lower cost and in less time. Product development has become a very complicated process. Many customers are no longer satisfied with mass-produced goods. They are demanding customization and rapid delivery of innovative products. Industries now realize that the best way to reduce life cycle costs is to evolve a more effective product development paradigm using the Internet and web based technologies. Yet there remains a gap between these current market demands and current product development paradigms. The existing CAD systems require that a product developer possess all the design analysis tools in-house making it impractical to employ all the needed and newest tools. Instead of the current sequential process for verifying and validating an assembly design concept, a new Virtual Assembly Analysis (VAA) concept is introduced in this chapter to predict the various effects of joining to realize a rapid manufacturing environment. The predicted effects provide very important decision information to select a robust assembly design and to reduce unnecessary feedback processes on rapid selection of assembly processes.
Reaction of water with MgO(100) surfaces. Part II : Synchrotron photoemission studies of defective surfaces

Abstract Synchrotron-based photoemission spectroscopy (PES), low energy electron diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, and optical and atomic force microscopy were used to study the reaction of water vapor [at pressures p (H 2 O)≤2.0×10 −5 Torr for 3 min] with UHV cleaved MgO(100) surfaces with different levels of surface defects. The surfaces studied included flat and stepped single-crystal surfaces, wavy polycrystalline surfaces, and Ar + -sputtered flat single-crystal surfaces. AFM and optical microscopy studies revealed that these surfaces have very different surface step densities. The threshold p (H 2 O) value for hydroxylation of the flat MgO(100) surface is ≈10 −4 Torr (independent of exposure time), and reactions below this threshold occur dominantly at surface defect sites, which provides a means of estimating surface defect densities. Our results show that water dissociatively chemisorbs at defect sites on MgO(100) surfaces at the residual gas pressure of the UHV chamber ( −10 Torr). At p (H 2 O)≤2×10 −5 Torr the coverage of hydroxyls is estimated to be approximately 5%, 20%, 20%, and 35% of a monolayer for the flat, stepped, wavy, and Ar + -sputtered MgO(100) surfaces, respectively (here we define one monolayer as one hydroxyl per surface site, or one water molecule, or two hydroxyls, per surface unit cell); these hydroxyl coverage values are used as a measure of surface defect densities. The defects are dominantly steps on cleaved surfaces, except for the Ar + -sputtered surface which should contain a significant number of point defects as well. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out to estimate the lower limit p (H 2 O) for hydroxylation of surface defect sites, and the calculated p (H 2 O) for dissociative chemisorption of water on defect sites is −11 Torr, which is consistent with experimental observations.
Parameterized lifetime of radiation belt electrons interacting with lower‐band and upper‐band oblique chorus waves

[1] In order to evaluate the electron lifetimes from quasi-linear bounce-averaged diffusion coefficients, a large amount of CPU time is required to compute scattering rates. To reduce computation time, we assume that the electron loss rates are a function of L shell and electron energy, allowing us to derive the parameterization of electron lifetime using a linear regression technique. We also present the parameterizations of lifetimes as a function of electron energy and ratios of plasma frequency to electron gyrofrequency at a fixed L shell. By considering the net loss rates due to lower-band (0.05–0.5 |Ωce|) and upper-band (0.5–0.7 |Ωce|) chorus waves propagating obliquely with respect to the ambient magnetic field, the parameterizations of electron lifetime for energies between 1 keV and 2 MeV are investigated in the outer radiation belt. The parameterized lifetimes indicate a strong functional dependence on electron energy, L shell, and the level of geomagnetic activity (Kp index), and are also dependent on the ratios of plasma frequency to electron gyrofrequency. During the storm time, the lifetimes for higher energy (>100 keV) electrons range from hours to days in the heart of the radiation belts. In contrast, the lifetimes for lower energy (<100 keV) electrons are mainly in the range from minutes to hours. Such parameterization efforts of radiation belt electron lifetimes are very significant for multi-dimensional simulations of the dynamics of the radiation belt and ring current electrons.
The Use of Program Profiling in Software Testing

This paper describes new techniques to help with testing and debugging, using information obtained from path profiling. A path profiler instruments a program so that each run of the program generates a path spectrum for the execution—a distribution of acyclic path fragments that were executed during that run. Our techniques are based on the idea of comparing path spectra from different runs of the program. When different runs produce different spectra, the spectral differences can be used to identify paths in the program along which control diverges in the two runs. By choosing input datasets to hold all factors constant except one, the divergence can be attributed to this factor. The point of divergence itself may not be the cause of the underlying problem, but provides a starting place for a programmer to begin his exploration.
Southeast Asian Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Genetic Continuity of Ancient Mongoloid Migrations

Human mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) from 153 independent samples encompassing seven Asian populations were surveyed for sequence variation using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction endonuclease analysis and oligonucleotide hybridization. All Asian populations were found to share two ancient AluI/DdeI polymorphisms at nps 10394 and 10397 and to be genetically similar indicating that they share a common ancestry. The greatest mtDNA diversity and the highest frequency of mtDNAs with HpaI/HincII morph 1 were observed in the Vietnamese suggesting a Southern Mongoloid origin of Asians. Remnants of the founding populations of Papua New Guinea (PNG) were found in Malaysia, and a marked frequency cline for the COII/tRNA(Lys) intergenic deletion was observed along coastal Asia. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that both insertion and deletion mutations in the COII/tRNA(Lys) region have occurred more than once.
In vivo growth stimulation of collagen gel embedded normal human and mouse primary mammary epithelial cells

A new system for studying growth of normal human mammary epithelial cells in an in vivo environment using athymic nude mice is described. Human mammary epithelial cells dissociated from reduction mammoplasty specimens were embedded within collagen gels and subsequently transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. Histological sections of recovered collagen gels showed epithelial cells arranged as short tubules with some branching. Proliferation of mammary epithelial cells was quantitated in vivo by 3 days' continuous infusion with 5 bromo-2′-deoxy-uridine followed by immunostaining of sections from recovered gels. Ovarian steroids administered to the host animals, resulting in blood serum levels normally found in the human female, had little or no effect on the proliferation of human mammary epithelial cells. Collagen gel embedded mouse mammary epithelial cells, mouse mammary explants, and host mammary glands all responded similarly to ovarian steroids, suggesting that the unresponsiveness of the human mammary epithelial cells under these conditions was not due to dissociation per se. However, an increased dose of 17β-estradiol or a growth factor combination containing epidermal growth factor, cholera toxin, and cortisol significantly stimulated the proliferation of human outgrowths. The growth factor response was dependent on the location of the cells, with the greatest response seen in the part of the gel proximal to the osmotic pump delivering the growth factors and the effect gradually waning in area more distal to the pump. The effect was especially striking since the mitotic figures could be easily identified and the labeling index was as high as 75%. The host mouse mammary gland also responded to growth factors, resulting in ductal hyperplasia. The proliferative and morphogenetic effects of various agents on normal human mammary epithelial cells embedded in collagen gel can be studied in vivo in nude mice. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 associated with a 1999 epizootic in white-tailed deer in the eastern United States.

During the autumn of 1999 (mid-August–late September), an outbreak of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 (EHDV-1) occurred along the east coast of the United States from Georgia to New Jersey. An EHDV-1 epizootic of such magnitude had not been described in this region since 1975. To determine the genetic relatedness among the 1999 viruses, as well as among additional EHDV-1 isolates from the eastern and western United States, portions of the S10 and L2 gene segments were sequenced and compared utilizing phylogenetic analyses. Nearly all of the 1999 eastern isolates were identical in nucleotide sequence at one or both loci. Additionally, confirmed cases of EHDV-1 in white-tailed deer occurred in a south (Georgia)-to-north (New Jersey/Virginia) progression over a short period of approximately six weeks. Taken together, these results indicate that this outbreak resulted from the spread of a single viral strain. The phylog...
Stanton's “the solitude of self”: A rationale for feminism

Stanton's “The Solitude of Self” is analyzed as a philosophical statement of the principles underlying the nineteenth century struggle for woman's rights in the United States. Its rhetorical power remains undiminished because of its lyric structure and tone and its tragic, existential rationale for feminism.
Prevention of relapse in full-spectrum home training for primary enuresis: A components analysis

Forty-five primary enuretic children were randomly assigned to three treatment groups comprised of sequentially, combined components of Full Spectrum Home Training: bell-and-pad treatment, retention control training, and overlearning. Eleven children served as wait-list controls and showed no spontaneous remission. The group that received all three components reached success criterion (14 consecutive dry nights) faster than the group that received the first component alone. In addition, relapse at 3-month follow-up was significantly less for the group that received all three components compared to groups that received either the first or the first two in combination. Retreatment of relapsers was successful in 22% of re-treated cases. It is suggested that overlearning be routinely incorporated into bell-and-pad treatments to prevent relapse.
Chemical classification of iron meteorites—IX. A new group (IIF), revision of IAB and IIICD, and data on 57 additional irons

The paper discusses the chemical classification of independent iron meteorites which include 57 meteorites based on structural observations and concentrations of Ni, Ga, Ge, and Ir. Instrumental neutron activation analysis indicates that five previously studied irons with very high Ge/Ga ratios are compositionally closely related and can be gathered together as group IIF; a previously unstudied iron, Dehesa, has the highest Ge/Ga ratios known in an iron meteorite, a ratio 18 times higher than that in CI chondrites. In terms of Ge/Ga ratios and other properties, group IIF shows genetic links to the Eagle station pallasites and CO/CV chondrites. The iron with the highest Ni concentration, Oktibbeha County, is a member of group IAB, and it extends the concentration ranges of all elements in this nonmagnetic group.
A High-Speed Reader for Perforated Tape

A perforated-tape reader is described which is simple in concept, is trouble-free and easy to operate and is very fast (1,000 characters per second). The reading head consists of six photo-electric cells to read standard five-channel tape. The sprocket hole is used for timing purposes. The design could easily be expanded for six-channel, seven-channel, or eight-channel tapes and for higher speed operation. However, no attempt is made to stop the tape on an individual character or between specific characters. This feature, while admittedly highly desirable in many applications, would complicate the mechanical design considerably and, in fact, would make the ultra high-speed extremely difficult if not impossible to achieve.
Comparisons of aggregate variable forecasts using aggregate and disaggregate models

Abstract When forecasting aggregate variables, a choice must often be made to either add up individual forecasts made at a disaggregate level or to simply forecast at the aggregate level. The presence of heterogeneity introduces aggregation bias and makes the disaggregates approach more preferable, while the presence of data and specification errors introduces relatively large variances in the disaggregate forecasts, making the aggregate approach more preferable. It is suggested that the mean square error is useful in evaluating the combined effects of heterogeneity and specification and data errors, and in facilitating comparisons between aggregate and disaggregate approaches to aggregate variable forecasting.
Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method

This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts‐and‐bolts approach to document analysis. It describes the nature and forms of documents, outlines the advantages and limitations of document analysis, and offers specific examples of the use of documents in the research process. The application of document analysis to a grounded theory study is illustrated.
Introgression of resistance to Columbia and Northern root-knot nematodes fromSolanum bulbocastanum into cultivated potato

Resistance toMeliodogyne chitwoodi races 1 (MC1) and 2 (MC2) andM. hapla (MH) derived fromSolanum bulbocastanum was introduced into the cultivated potato gene pool through somatic fusion. The initial F1 hybrids showed resistance to the three nematodes. Resistance to reproduction on roots by MC1 was accompanied by resistance to tuber damage in F1 clones. Tuber damage sometimes occurred, however, in hybrids of BC1 progeny resistant to reproduction on roots when MC2 and MH were the challenging nematodes. Resistance to reproduction was transferred into BC1 individuals, but a greater proportion of BC1 progeny was resistant to MC1 than to MC2 or MH. Resistance to MC1 appears to be dominant and discretely inherited. F1 and BC1 progeny were pollen sterile, but seed were produced from crosses using cultivated tetraploid pollen sources. Approximately 11 and 33 per cent of pollinations produced berries on F1 and BC1 pistillate parents, respectively. Seed yield increased fourfold overall in crosses with F1 compared to BC1 individuals.
Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma of the Spermatic Cord: A Series of 42 Cases

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDL) of the spermatic cord is rare, with limited data regarding morphology and prognosis. We analyzed the morphologic spectrum of DDL of the spermatic cord and its clinical significance in 42 patients from 1990 to 2014. The median age of the patients was 70.5 years (range: 43 to 90 y). The median tumor size was 10.9 cm (range: 3 to 30 cm). Six cases were low-grade DDL, 28 were high-grade DDL, and in 8 cases both coexisted. Five cases had osteosarcoma, and 2 had leiomyosarcoma differentiation. Low-grade DDL had a fibrosarcoma-like (n=11), myxofibrosarcoma-like (n=2), and fibrosarcoma and inflammatory-like (n=1) pattern. High-grade DDL had a fibrosarcoma-like (n=22), undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma-like (n=7), myxofibrosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma-like (n=4), fibrosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma-like (n=2), and myxofibrosarcoma-like (n=1) pattern. Resection margins were positive in 22, negative in 13, and unknown in 7 cases. MDM2 was positive in 24/24 cases. Two patients received neoadjuvant radiotherapy (1 with chemotherapy). Patients received postoperative radiation (n=13), reexcision (n=5) with radiation (n=3), chemotherapy (n=2), chemotherapy and radiation (n=1), no therapy (n=11), and unknown (n=6). Follow-up information was available in 31 patients (mean: 54.2 mo; median: 38.5 mo; range: 2 to 180 mo). Seven patients developed local recurrence. Two patients had systemic metastases and succumbed to disease. Recurrence developed at an average of 40.9 months (median: 24 mo; range: 12 to 100 mo) after resection. Average follow-up in patients without recurrence was 45.2 months (median: 25 mo; range: 2 to 180 mo) (P=0.87). Margin status, size, and grade did not correlate with recurrence (P>0.05). Thus, DDL of the spermatic cord includes a spectrum of morphologic patterns. Complete excision is difficult at first attempt. Local recurrence is common, and relatively few patients develop systemic disease.
Bias correction can modify climate model simulated precipitation changes without adverse effect on the ensemble mean

Abstract. When applied to remove climate model biases in precipitation, quantile mapping can in some settings modify the simulated difference in mean precipitation between two eras. This has important implications when the precipitation is used to drive an impacts model that is sensitive to changes in precipitation. The tendency of quantile mapping to alter model-predicted changes is demonstrated using synthetic precipitation distributions and elucidated with a simple theoretical analysis, which shows that the alteration of model-predicted changes can be controlled by the ratio of model to observed variance. To further evaluate the effects of quantile mapping in a more realistic setting, we use daily precipitation output from 11 atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), forced by observed sea surface temperatures, over the conterminous United States to compare precipitation differences before and after quantile mapping bias correction. The effectiveness of the bias correction is not assessed, only its effect on precipitation differences. The change in seasonal mean (winter, DJF, and summer, JJA) precipitation between two historical periods is compared to examine whether the bias correction tends to amplify or diminish an AGCM's simulated precipitation change. In some cases the trend modification can be as large as the original simulated change, though the areas where this occurs varies among AGCMs so the ensemble median shows smaller trend modification. Results show that quantile mapping improves the correspondence with observed changes in some locations and degrades it in others. While not representative of a future where natural precipitation variability is much smaller than that due to external forcing, these results suggest that at least for the next several decades the influence of quantile mapping on seasonal precipitation trends does not systematically degrade projected differences.
Use of beam spreading measurements to estimate volume-scattering properties in sea ice

Beam spread measurements have been made on sea ice samples and used to develop estimates of the volume scattering function at small scattering angles. In this technique Gaussian-like modelled beam spread functions (BSF) are used to derive the modulation transfer function (MTF) and Well's theory is applied to estimate the volume scattering function for the sea ice medium. A Monte Carlo model for beam propagation through homogeneous sea ice layers was used to estimate beam spreading and the surface distributions of irradiance and radiance. Light scattering was assumed to occur from the presence of spherical bubbles trapped within the ice. Volume scattering functions used in the model were calculated with Mie theory or derived from measured BSFs. The BSFs generated by the model, using estimated optical properties, were found to be comparable to those derived from the transforms over a range of ice thicknesses. The scattering transform technique was applied to beam spread data collected during Arctic and laboratory experiments for samples of young, first year, and multiyear ice to derive estimated MTF values. Requirements and limitations for applying this technique to sea ice are discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Les normes fondamentales du travail sous l'administration de George W. Bush

Resume. En dehors de l'Organisation internationale du Travail, les Etats-Unis utilisent deux moyens de promouvoir les normes du travail a l'echelle internationale: les accords de libre-echange et «les relations internationales en matiere de travail». Examinant la periode 2001–2008, l'auteur avance que l'administration Bush a affaibli la capacite des Etats-Unis de defendre les normes fondamentales du travail internationalement reconnues. Les clauses sur le travail des accords de libre-echange, sans mecanismes d'application efficaces, releveraient de visees de politique etrangere plus que du souci des droits des travailleurs. En outre, l'activite du Comite consultatif federal sur les relations internationales en matiere de travail a ete suspendue.
The Impact of Silicon Photonics

This paper reviews recent world-wide progress in silicon-based photonics-and-optoelectronics in order to provide a context for the papers in this special section of the IEICE Transactions. The impact of present and potential applications is discussed.
Myo-inositol enhances the proliferation of human endothelial cells in culture but fails to prevent the delay induced by high glucose

Abstract Evidence is accumulating, indicating that the abnormal metabolic milieu of diabetes might interfere with orderly replication of some cellular systems and in vitro studies point to a causal contribution of elevated glucose. We had previously shown that human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in 20 mmol/L glucose are delayed in achieving saturation density primarily as a consequence of decreased cellular proliferation. We have now addressed whether depletion of myo -inositol—a prevailing consequence of hyperglycemia in other tissues and overcome by provision of supplemental inositol—might play a role in the observed replicative abnormality. Control cultures (5 mmol/L glucose) displayed a dose-dependent response to myo -inositol supplementation that was maximal at concentrations (40 μmol/L) matching physiologic serum levels. The increment in cell number was (mean ± SD) 141 ± 20% of control ( P myo -inositol increased the number of cells engaged in DNA synthesis. These effects of myo -inositol, as well as the dose-response relationship between ambient inositol levels and increments in cell number, were not significantly modified by 20 mmol/L glucose with the exceptions of a transient lesser effect of the physiologic doses during rapid proliferation (day 6) and a larger effect of all doses of myo -inositol in later stages of growth curve (day12). At all concentrations of myo -inositol the cell number of high glucose cultures remained significantly lower than that of control cultures ( P myo -inositol are necessary for optimal expression of the proliferative capabilities of human endothelial cells in culture, and that mechanisms other than myo -inositol depletion must be operative in mediating the hindering effect of high glucose on proliferation of human endothelial cells.
Social Insurance Expansion and Political Regime Dynamics in Europe, 1880–1945*

Objectives. This article analyzes the causal relationship between political regime dynamics and social insurance expansion. I theorize that the social insurance expansion is the result of the ruling elites' strategic decision about regime change to dispel revolutionary motives. The key testable implication is that social insurance expansion is more likely to happen under a democratic regime, which, in turn, is influenced by the threat of social revolution evinced by strike activities. Methods. Using historical data on social insurance coverage from 12 European countries from 1880 to 1945, I test the hypothesis employing a treatment-effects model that endogenizes democratization. Results. I find a positive association between social insurance expansion and democracy, controlling for other political mechanisms. Furthermore, I find that democratic transition is greatly influenced by the duration and intensity of strikes. Conclusion. This study suggests that social insurance expansion requires a link between a threat of revolution and democratization.
Archaeological sites, modern communities, and tourism.

Abstract Archaeology is a major component of the tourism industry in both developed and developing countries, which has especially significant implications for indigenous people and other disenfranchised groups. Archaeological tourism celebrates the cultural richness of a region’s history and has the potential to bring local or descendant communities financial gain. But what is the role of the archaeologist in the sustainable and responsible development and maintenance of archaeological tourism? Drawing upon their own field research, the authors suggest that when tourism and archaeological sites meet, archaeologists avoid arguments about ownership and act as facilitators for frank conversations about the consequences of tourism development for all parties involved.