cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Un désir d’objectivation : constitution du savoir psychiatrique contemporain

Resume Objectifs Dire quelque chose du savoir du psychiatre contemporain et faire la part des differentes causes qui sous-tendent sa constitution. Methode L’observation critique de l’organisation de la recherche et de la pratique clinique des equipes de psychiatrie. Resultats Desoriente, le psychiatre clinicien, voit sa discipline vaciller sur ses bases theoriques. La psychanalyse qui occupait largement le terrain conceptuel est aujourd’hui, presque partout, ecartee du cœur du debat scientifique. Seulement, elle emmene avec elle tout ce qui s’est elabore au sujet des savoirs intuitifs et laisse une discipline mecanisee, ne maitrisant rien de ce qui l’influence et ne sachant plus quoi faire du sujet qui se presente a elle. A la place de ce savoir sur l’intersubjectivite, s’est installe un savoir discret, conforme au savoir economique, modifiant la nature meme du discours clinique du psychiatre. Discussion Cette transformation semble etre facilitee par un desir d’objectivation du psychiatre, qui espere pouvoir tout a la fois repondre aux exigences de la commande politique et donner des gages de respectabilite scientifique. Conclusions La psychiatrie semble n’etre pas en mesure de faire confiance a sa specificite si excitante : le travail reposant sur des savoirs intuitifs, dont la defense semble devoir se mener en partie dans le champ politique et necessiter un replacement de la question ethique de la peripherie au cœur meme de la constitution du savoir psychiatrique.
Power factor correction circuit for faster dynamics and zero steady state error using dual voltage controllers

This paper analyzes dual voltage controllers for single-phase power factor correction circuits which use boost topology. The slower voltage controller with a low bandwidth operates during the steady state condition, keeping the THD within the required limits and maintaining the DC-bus voltage at its reference value. The faster voltage controller with high bandwidth operates only during disturbances. Faster response to disturbances necessitates less energy storage in the DC-bus capacitor, hence a smaller capacitance value resulting in a compact and a light-weight circuit. The comparative study between the proposed scheme and the conventional PFC circuit is carried out. The experimental results for the proposed model are presented.
Additively manufactured carbon fiber-reinforced composites: State of the art and perspective

Abstract While polymer additive manufacturing (AM) has advanced significantly over the past few decades, the limitations in material properties, speed of manufacture, and part size have relegated this technology to the space of rapid prototyping rather than the legitimate manufacture of end-use parts. Carbon fiber offers a low density, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and high thermal conductivity and is an ideal material for bringing polymer-based AM from the realm of form and fit to that of form, fit, and function. Use of carbon fiber in AM can improve material properties, reduce the time required to manufacture functional parts compared with traditional subtractive technologies, and reduce warping, thereby enabling a larger possible build envelope. Therefore, the addition of carbon fiber to various AM technologies is of increasing interest in academic and industrial communities. This paper examines the work performed in this fast-growing area to date. Specifically, the effects of fiber reinforcement on the structure and mechanical properties of 3D printed parts are investigated within the body of literature. Upper bounds for tensile properties of carbon fiber composites are theoretically evaluated and compared with experimentally measured values. Moreover, current and potential applications of additively manufactured carbon fiber composites in the context of desktop 3D printing and big area AM are discussed. Recent innovations and industry breakthroughs in this field are also examined. This review is intended to organize and synthesize the present body of work surrounding AM of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, identify the most promising technologies, and prescribe viable research and development paths forward to advance AM from the application space of rapid prototyping to that of functional, load-bearing, end-use parts.
92 Social networks and violence among male youth in marginalized communities

Statement of Purpose Male youth residing in low-resource neighborhoods experience high rates of violence. Prior research in marginalized communities suggests that a singular adult presence may not universally confer protection amidst high levels of community violence. This study aimed to describe adolescent-adult support network structure and quality and analyze associations between network properties and violence exposure among male youth in low-resource neighborhoods. Methods/Approach 45 male youths, ages 13–21, completed social network surveys as part of a community-based violence prevention study in Pittsburgh, PA to define family-, school-, and community-based adult supports and past 30-day violence exposure (operationalized as any/none). Logistic regression examined associations between 1) perceived strength of overall emotional and instrumental support, 2) strength of social support type, 3) network size, and violence exposure. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests examined associations between network density and violence exposure. Results Mean participant age was 17.6 years (SD=1.5); 77.8% were African American. In the past 30 days, 84% reported witnessing violence, 60% perpetrating violence, and 69% being victimized. Increased immediate and extended family support were associated with significantly higher odds of witnessing violence (OR: 4.91, 95%CI: 1.25–19.63; OR: 3.99, 95%CI: 1.23–13.01, respectively). Mean number of adult supports was 4.8 (range:1–14). Increased number of adult supports was associated with higher odds of witnessing violence (OR: 2.17, 95%CI: 1.01–4.66). Network density (Median=0.50) was significantly inversely associated with witnessing violence (z=2.32, p=0.02). Conclusion Findings highlight complex associations between adolescent-adult support network structure, relationship quality, and violence. Associations between family support and witnessing violence may reflect families providing increased support to help youth navigate community violence. Inverse associations between network density and violence exposure suggest that network connectivity may act as a protective factor against witnessing violence. Significance/Contribution to Injury and Violence Prevention Science Results can guide interventions to leverage adult support networks and protect youth from violence.
Immigration and Refugee Issues

There is much more focus on immigration today than previously with mental health professionals playing more of a role in assisting people who are in danger of removal or deportation. In this chapter we go over the most recent immigration laws promulgated by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to familiarize psychologists and others about how the system functions, in general. It is only recently that detainees who are about to be deported and whose competency and mental health treatment needs are relevant to the proceedings are permitted to have psychological testimony before the USCIS courts. This is also possible in asylum and hardship cases as well as Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) cases. We discuss the difference between refugees who are forced to flee their homes in other countries and come to the U.S. seeking safety and those who immigrate hoping for a better life. Given difficult conditions in countries bordering the U.S. there have been more refugees who wish to enter the country that can legally and therefore many overstay their visas or simply enter illegally. This has put a burden on the U.S. system with many people illegally working and living here. Children born in another country but unknowingly brought to the U.S. illegally by their parents are in limbo and awaiting federal decisions like DACA and the DREAM act to stay here. Psychologists have become involved in many aspects of this legal quagmire including helping those who have developed anxiety and other mental disorders due to fear of removal, deportation, and family separations. Refugees who have been housed in difficult conditions, often separating families, while waiting at the border to have their cases heard are also being attended to by some mental health professionals. We try to describe a fluid and changing situation in this chapter.
Near-Complete Genome Sequences of a Wolbachia Strain Isolated from Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae).

ABSTRACT Wolbachia strains are one of three endosymbionts associated with the insect vector of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,” Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). We report three near-complete genome sequences of samples of Wolbachia from D. citri (wDi), with sizes of 1,518,595, 1,542,468, and 1,538,523 bp.
Four Typical Syndromes

In the last chapter I indicated the range of our seven types of bias, that is, the variety of theoretical behavior in which these biases are expressed and in which characteristic effects are produced. In this chapter, continuing my exposition of the employment of this conceptual scheme, I propose to show how the axes can be used to formulate hypotheses about “periods” in the history of culture.
Newborn Clinic: A Novel Model to Provide Timely, Comprehensive Care to Newborns Following Nursery Discharge.

Ensuring safe and timely follow-up after well baby nursery (WBN) discharge is an ongoing challenge. This study demonstrates the efficacy of a novel model for follow-up, the Newborn Clinic (NBC), in...
Effects of charge fluctuation and charge regulation on the phase transitions in stoichiometric VO 2

Detailed electrical and photoemission studies were carried out to probe the chemical nature of the insulating ground state of VO2, whose properties have been an issue for accurate prediction by common theoretical probes. The effects of a systematic modulation of oxygen over-stoichiometry of VO2 from 1.86 to 2.44 on the band structure and insulator-metal transitions are presented for the first time. Results offer a different perspective on the temperature- and doping-induced IMT process. They suggest that charge fluctuation in the metallic phase of intrinsic VO2 results in the formation of e- and h+ pairs that lead to delocalized polaronic V3+ and V5+ cation states. The metal-to-insulator transition is linked to the cooperative effects of changes in the V-O bond length, localization of V3+ electrons at V5+ sites, which results in the formation of V4+-V4+ dimers, and removal of [Formula: see text] screening electrons. It is shown that the nature of phase transitions is linked to the lattice V3+/V5+ concentrations of stoichiometric VO2 and that electronic transitions are regulated by the interplay between charge fluctuation, charge redistribution, and structural transition.
A plethora of gene therapies for hemoglobinopathies.

CRISPR-Cas gene editing enters the field of promising clinical approaches for mitigating hemoglobin defects in patients with hemoglobinopathies.
87 Human-horse-environment interface: Are there metals in indoor arenas? Does this impact human health?

Metals are naturally occurring within the environment, but little work has been completed looking at the prevalence of metals within equine indoor arenas. The objectives were to a) evaluate if metal concentrations varied by type of footing and b) determine if metals present in the arena footing were in sufficient concentrations to affect health if liberated from the arena surface via respirable dust. Samples of indoor arena footing collected from 34 indoor arenas between Summer 2018 and Summer 2019 were analyzed for metal concentrations with the intent to begin to develop an idea of what metals could potentially become airborne particles. The footing was separated into 3 categories: sand, sand with fiber, and rubber. Metals were analyzed by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) at the University of Cincinnati Department of Environmental Health for 34 different elements in conjunction with “Empowering Communities with Validated Approaches to Environmental Citizen Science” program. Manganese, iron, and lead were the 3 metals of interest that were detected within the footing samples and they varied by footing type (See Table 1). All of the metal concentrations were within acceptable ranges and do not explicitly represent an exposure risk to the health of individuals. The chronic inhalable metal exposure limits as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for an 8-h work period for manganese concentrations should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3, for iron oxide fume concentration should not exceed 10 mg/m3, and lead levels should not exceed 0.05 mg/m3 for inhalation and respiration. Metal concentrations within indoor arena footing can be impacted by many factors including water usage and source, rust, whether horses are shod, and dust management practices. Most human and horses are in these facilities day after day and would be considered a chronic exposure to any adverse conditions within the facility. Chronic exposures can be just as impactful as an acute exposure to a toxin. Overall, being aware of the possible exposures within the indoor arena allows for facilities, farms, and management to take steps to mitigate any environmental exposures.
Male Contraception: Hormonal Methods

There is an unmet need for male contraception. A greater array of male contraceptive of convenient, reversible methods are needed to meet this need. Development of novel, male-based methods has made slow progress, but efficacy trials have proven that male hormonal contraceptive methods are effective, reversible, and acceptable to men and their female partners. The adverse effects of experimental male hormonal contraceptive regimens include increased weight, suppression of serum high-density cholesterol, and possible mood disturbances. Androgen-progestin or single agents with androgenic and progestogenic properties show the most promise. In multiple efficacy trials, male hormonal contraceptive regimens have demonstrated efficacy that is significantly superior to condoms and comparable to many female hormonal methods. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to assess real-world effectiveness and safety. Introduction of novel male hormonal contraceptives might decrease unintended pregnancies, increase reproductive justice, provide men with greater agency in their reproductive futures, and result in improved overall health for both men and women.
Making a Case for Studying Gender-Neutral Pronouns in Speech-Language Pathology

Purpose The purpose of this article is to review current policies and research in the field of speech-language pathology in regard to targeting gender-neutral pronouns in language therapy and propo...
Developmental regulation of sodium channel expression in the rat forebrain.

Abstract Na+ channels in adult rat brain are heterotrimeric complexes consisting of alpha subunits (260 kDa) noncovalently associated with a beta 1 subunit (36 kDa) and disulfide-linked to a beta 2 subunit (33 kDa). The time course of developmental accumulation of the 9-kilobase mRNA encoding sodium channel alpha subunits in the rat forebrain was measured by RNA blotting. These transcripts were present at low levels until birth, increased rapidly in abundance to peak by postnatal day 7, and subsequently declined to 50% of this maximum value in adult animals. Sodium channel gene transcription measured by a nuclear run-on assay was first detectable on embryonic day 16, increased to a maximum on postnatal days 1 through 7, and declined in adulthood. The level of gene transcription was highest during the period of rapid rise of Na+ channel alpha subunit mRNA levels and decreased during the period of Na+ channel mRNA decline. The levels of Na+ channel alpha subunit protein measured by immunoblotting increased from postnatal day 1 to postnatal day 21, with the greatest rate of increase falling between days 7 and 21. The number of high affinity saxitoxin binding sites increased in parallel to the increase in alpha subunit protein. The period of most rapid rise in Na+ channel alpha subunit levels corresponded to the period of greatest Na+ channel mRNA abundance. Na+ channel alpha subunits were resolved into free alpha subunits and alpha subunits disulfide-linked to beta 2 subunits. On postnatal day 1, virtually all Na+ channel alpha subunits were in the free alpha form. The fraction of disulfide-linked alpha subunits increased to 60% by postnatal day 21 and 90% by postnatal day 90. The concentration of free alpha subunits was maximum on postnatal days 7 to 14 and declined to less than 10% in adulthood. We conclude from these data that the formation of mature heterotrimeric sodium channel complexes is regulated by at least two processes in developing rat forebrain. Activation of Na+ channel alpha subunit gene transcription and the subsequent increase in Na+ channel mRNA are responsible for the major increases in alpha subunit protein and functional Na+ channels in the neonatal brain. However, changes in alpha subunit mRNA abundance alone are not sufficient to explain the kinetics of alpha subunit protein accumulation. Kinetic analysis suggests a requirement for a developmentally regulated translational or post-translational step in brain sodium channel expression.
Dosimetric comparison of the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion and 4C.

Object The recently introduced Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) Perfexion is an entirely new system with a different beam geometry compared with the LGK 4C. The new Perfexion system has 192 cobalt-60 sources that are fixed on 8 sectors (each sector has 24 sources). Each sector can be moved independently of the others and can be set to 1 of 5 different positions: 3 positions defining collimator sizes of 4, 8, and 16 mm; an off position (sources are blocked); and a home position. The purpose of this study is to compare the dosimetric characteristics of the GK 4C and the Perfexion models. This comparison is important especially for the treatment of functional disorders when only a single shot with the 4- or 8-mm collimator is used. Methods A 160-mm-diameter spherical polystyrene phantom was used for all measurements and calculations. The irradiation geometry consisted of the placement of a single shot at the center of this phantom. Comparisons were made among different dosimetric parameters obtained from calculatio...
Growth Management: A Regional Study of California's Central Valley

California's rich agricultural Central Valley is experiencing rapid urban growth. Urbanization of prime agricultural lands, urban diversion of water and significant air pollution are perceived as closely linked problems. Policies and measures to manage and control urban growth are identified and evaluated. The concept of parasitic urban growth is challenged.
Culture and Manipulation of Embryonic Cells

The direct manipulation of embryonic cells is an important tool for addressing key questions in cell and developmental biology. C. elegans is relatively unique among genetic model systems in being amenable to manipulation of embryonic cells. Embryonic cell manipulation has allowed the identification of cell interactions by direct means, and it has been an important technique for dissecting mechanisms by which cell fates are specified, cell divisions are oriented, and morphogenesis is accomplished. Here, we present detailed methods for isolating, manipulating and culturing embryonic cells of C. elegans.
Positive reinforcement as a quality tool

Many quality practitioners rely on auditing to verify compliance of process changes. However, when our division used a positive reinforcement approach to verify compliance, we saw deeper institutionalization of the desired organizational change.
The History of Guaranteed Wages and Employment

Since the first American guaranteed wage and employment plans were formulated more than sixty years ago, the concept of guarantees has been championed by diverse economic institutions. This paper will analyze these successive attempts at establishing guarantees in the chronological order in which they have occurred—first, by business enterprise, secondly by various levels of government, and finally, by labor unions.
Nursing opinion leadership: a preliminary model derived from philosophic theories of rational belief

Opinion leaders are informal leaders who have the ability to influence others' decisions about adopting new products, practices or ideas. In the healthcare setting, the importance of translating new research evidence into practice has led to interest in understanding how opinion leaders could be used to speed this process. Despite continued interest, gaps in understanding opinion leadership remain. Agent-based models are computer models that have proven to be useful for representing dynamic and contextual phenomena such as opinion leadership. The purpose of this paper is to describe the work conducted in preparation for the development of an agent-based model of nursing opinion leadership. The aim of this phase of the model development project was to clarify basic assumptions about opinions, the individual attributes of opinion leaders and characteristics of the context in which they are effective. The process used to clarify these assumptions was the construction of a preliminary nursing opinion leader model, derived from philosophical theories about belief formation.
Increases of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-related enzymes in kidneys of developing rats.

Summary: Guanylate cyclase, cGMP phosphodiesterase and protein kinase activities were determined in kidneys of developing and adult rats. Guanylate cyclase activities of crude kidney homogenates, 100,000 × g supernatant and pellet of 7− and 21-day-old and adult rats were determined (Table I). In the kidneys of 7-day-old rats activity was 162% of adult controls in the homogenates (P < .001), 144% in the soluble (P < .005) and 308% in the particulate fraction (P < .001). In 3-week-old rats activity was still significantly higher at 144% in the homogenate (P < 0.02) and at 225% in the particulate (P < .001). Phosphodiesterase activity for cGMP was 7488 ± 831 pmol cGMP/mg protein · min in 1-week-old and 7674 ± 1120 in 3-week-old rats vs. 4042 ± 122 in the adults (P < .025) (Table II). Chromatography on Sephadex G-200 showed two peaks of cGMP-stimulatable protein kinase in both the adult and newborn kidney and in addition a minor peak of cGMP-stimulatable kinase in the newborn kidney only (Fig. 2). Speculation: These results provide further evidence for altered cGMP metabolism during kidney development. Whether cGMP is directly involved in organ growth remains open to speculation.
Effectiveness of Varenicline in Psychiatric Patients with Co-Morbid Polysubstance Dependence

Introduction: Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) and mental health disorders (MHDs) have greater prevalence of smoking and suffer greater tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Varenicline is the latest FDA-approved smoking-cessation agent and few studies have investigated the use of varenicline in this difficult-to-treat population. Aims: This study examines the smoking cessation outcomes and tolerability of varenicline when used to help quit smoking in 16 patients enroled in both psychiatric and substance abuse programme. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on 16 patient charts. Patient demographics, psychiatric disorder diagnoses, substance use history, dosing, side effects, number of cigarettes used pre/post varenicline use and the number of complete smoking cessation outcomes were tabulated. Results: After varenicline intervention, 25% of those who completed treatment completely quit smoking. Thirty-one per cent were able to substantially cut back the amount that they smoked to one cigarette per day. The average reduction in cigarettes was 16 per day (64%), and all but one patient tolerated varenicline. Conclusions: The authors observed reasonable clinical benefit when varenicline was used to help quit smoking in patients with comorbid SUDs and MHDs. Better-controlled future studies with larger sample sizes will help further determine clinical utility of varenicline in this difficult-to-treat nicotine-dependent population.
The Role of Socioeconomic Status in Interactions with Police Among a National Sample of Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence

Using a national dataset of 820 women who had called the police for an incident of intimate partner violence, this study explored the relationship between several components of socioeconomic status (education, income, and employment), race, and the nature of interactions with police. Over and above the effects of control variables (the presence of an advocate on the scene, the severity of violence in the relationship, and prior calls to police), victims with higher education reported less positive interactions, less control during the interactions, and lower effectiveness of police. Race did not moderate these relationships, and the other components of socioeconomic status were not significantly related to any of the outcomes. Exploratory tests of mediation found that the relationship between education and the quality of interactions with police was explained by the fact that more educated victims felt they had less control in these incidents and were less likely to see the offender arrested. Results also provide evidence for the positive impact of advocates on interactions with police. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
The abstraction of schematic representations from photographs of real-world scenes.

Photographs of a downtown street scene were taken from four different locations. At each location the photographs were taken in 12 different directions, 30 deg apart. In the acquisition phase of the experiments, subjects learned to identify the photographs in terms of the location from which they were taken. The testing phase took place immediately after acquisition, after a 1-week delay, after a 6-month delay, and on one occasion after a 1-year delay. Subjects were tested for their ability to identify the camera location for previously seen and new photographs, to discriminate previously seen from new photographs f!.e., recognition), and to place the camera locations on a map of the street scene. The results of six experiments provided converging evidence that subjects abstracted a schematic representation of the spatial layout of the scene from the discrete, partially overlapping photographic samples presented during acquisition.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1: Etiology and Pathogenesis

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder of unknown etiology characterized by debilitating fatigue and other somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. A range of heterogeneous clinical and laboratory findings have been reported in patients with CFS. Various theories have been proposed to explain the underlying pathophysiologic processes but none has been proved. Research findings of immunologic dysfunction and neuroendocrine changes suggest the possible dysregulation of interactions between the nervous system and the immune system. Without a clear understanding of its etiopathogenesis, CFS has no definitive treatment. Management approaches have been necessarily speculative, and they have evolved separately in a number of medical and nonmedical disciplines. The results of several controlled treatment studies have been inconclusive. An accurate case definition identifying homogeneous subtypes of CFS is needed. The integration of medical and psychologic treatment modalities and the use of both biologic and psychologic markers to evaluate treatment response will enhance future treatment strategies.
Dissociative Charge Transfer between Ground-State He+ and CO at Electron-Volt Energies

The major mechanism for the destruction of CO in the ejecta of the supernova SN 1987A has been assumed to be the fast dissociative charge transfer reaction of He+(1s) + CO → products. However, no direct experimental data were available to confirm this hypothesis. In this measurement, we used the ion storage technique to measure the rate coefficient of this reaction within the temperature range of the ejecta. The measured rate coefficients are 1.33(±0.15) × 10-9, 1.48(±0.15) × 10-9, and 1.44(±0.12) × 10-9 cm3 s-1 at 2.9 × 103, 8.7 × 103, and 1.2 × 104 K, respectively. The measured rate coefficients do not appear to be temperature dependent within this temperature range. Our measured value is consistent with the value used in the chemical modeling of the supernova SN 1987A ejecta.
Optimal spacings for a rectangular grid transportation network—I: A hierarchy structure☆

Abstract An idealized rectangular grid transportation network is considered for serving a uniformly developed urban area in which trip origin-destination characteristics are translationally symmetric. The object is to choose the spacings between different types of roads so as to minimize the sum of travel and construction costs, subject to the hypothesis that travelers choose routes of (approximate) minimum travel costs. It is shown that rectangular grid systems are, generally, superior to square grids and that an efficient network will contain a hierarchy structure. Estimates are made of the spacings between roads in each direction and in each hierarchy.
Highly efficient (11.1%) small molecule multi-junction organic photovoltaic cells

We present multi-junction small molecule organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells with efficiencies over 11%. The devices consist of two or three, vacuum thermally evaporated planar-mixed heterojunction sub-cells with minimal absorption overlap between the cells. By introducing a transparent interconnecting layer, a dual element (tandem) cell achieves a power conversion efficiency of 10.0 ± 0.5%. We further improve the cell performance by adding an additional (3rd) sub-cell that absorbs at the second order optical interference maximum within the stack. The triple-junction cell significantly improves the quantum efficiency at shorter wavelengths, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 11.1 ± 0.5%, which to our knowledge, is the highest reported for a multi-junction OPV cell in the scientific literature.
Imaging Spectrometry: Technology And Applications

The development history and current status of NASA imaging-spectrometer (IS) technology are discussed in a review covering the period 1982-1988. Consideration is given to the Airborne IS first flown in 1982, the second-generation Airborne Visible and IR IS (AVIRIS), the High-Resolution IS being developed for the EOS polar platform, improved two-dimensional focal-plane arrays for the short-wave IR spectral region, and noncollinear acoustooptic tunable filters for use as spectral dispersing elements. Also examined are approaches to solving the data-processing problems posed by the high data volumes of state-of-the-art ISs (e.g., 160 MB per 600 x 600-pixel AVIRIS scene), including intelligent data editing, lossless and lossy data compression techniques, and direct extraction of scientifically meaningful geophysical and biophysical parameters.
OVARIAN RESPONSE TO ADMINISTRATION OF HYPOPHYSEAL FOLLICLE-STIMULATING OR HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIC HORMONE IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS1

Atrophy of the female rat reproductive system nineteen days after administration of a diabctogenic dose of alloxan was comparable to that reported in nineteen day post-hypophysectomized adult female rats. The administration of 80 µg. of FSH produced positive stimulation to follicular growth with the formation of small-medium follicles. No effect on the interstitial tissue was found at the. highest administered FSH dose of 320 µg. The administration of 100 µg. HCG resulted in repair of interstitial tissue and at the highest dose (400 µg.) in development of large follicles and corpora lutea. It is suggested that the major factor accounting for impaired gonadal function is a defective or decreased release of hypophyseal gonadotrophic hormones.
Kinetics of formation of HCN during pyridine pyrolysis

The rate of HCN evolution during the inert pyrolysis of pyridine in the temperature range of 900–1000°C was determined in a flow system using a stirred-flow reactor. The data indicated that HCN was formed through a sequence of reactions rather than during the initial step(s) involving the disappearance of pyridine. The Arrhenius parameters for the first-order step yielding HCN were 39.5 kcal/mol and 6.8 for the activation energy and log frequency factor, respectively. The mechanistic implications of the rate data are discussed, and these are related to the overall pyridine pyrolysis mechanism.
The 3′-Untranslated Region of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor mRNA Regulates Receptor Synthesis *

beta(2)-Adrenergic receptors (beta(2)-ARs) are low abundance integral membrane proteins that mediate the effects of catecholamines at the cell surface. Post-transcriptional regulation of beta(2)-AR is dependent, in part, on sequences within the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of the receptor mRNA. In this work, we demonstrate that 3'-UTR sequences regulate the translation of the receptor mRNA. Deletion of the 3'-UTR sequences resulted in 2-2.5-fold increases in receptor expression. The steadystate levels of beta(2)-AR mRNA did not change significantly in the presence or absence of the 3'-UTR, suggesting that the translation of the receptor mRNA is suppressed by 3'-UTR sequences. Introduction of the receptor 3'-UTR sequences into the 3'-UTR of a heterologous reporter gene (luciferase) resulted in a 70% decrease in reporter gene expression without significant changes in luciferase mRNA levels. Sucrose density gradient fractionation of cytoplasmic extracts from Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with full-length receptor cDNA demonstrated that the receptor transcripts were distributed between polysomal and non-polysomal fractions. Deletion of 3'-UTR sequences from the receptor cDNA resulted in a clear shift in the distribution of receptor mRNA toward the polysomal fractions, favoring increased translation. The 3'-UTR sequences of the receptor mRNA were sufficient to shift the distribution of luciferase mRNA from predominantly polysomal fractions toward non-polysomal fractions in cells transfected with the chimeric luciferase construct. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence for translational control of beta(2)-AR expression by 3'-UTR sequences. Presumably, this occurs by affecting the receptor mRNA localization.
The international confederation of midwives: Past history, present activities, and future challenges

The International Confederation of Midwives is celebrating its 75th anniversary in 1994. The Confederation is composed of 61 member associations from 50 countries and thus includes more than 100,000 midwives. Its aims are to advance midwifery education and the role of the professional midwife, to improve the standard of maternal and child health care, and to support and advise associations of midwives in liaison with their governments. This article reviews the history and current activities of the Confederation, and discusses future challenges and new directions for the organization.
Effects of aversive and rewarding electrical brain stimulation on auditory evoked responses in albino rat tectum.

Abstract Auditory evoked responses in rat tectum yielded recovery functions to aversive electrical brain stimulation of either contralateral mesencephalic central gray or deep superior colliculus. Effects of stimulation on inferior colliculus auditory potentials are abolished by pentobartital and curare, implying tympanic muscle mediation due to reticular activation. Brain stimulation effects survive identical pharmacological manipulations when auditory responses are led from deep superior colliculus, showing independence from reticular processes or events occurring in inferior colliculus, one synapse previous. Rewarding brain stimulation also effects deep superior colliculus potentials, but interacts in an undetermined manner with nonspecific processes.
Krabbe's Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy: Deficiency of Galactocerebrosidase in Serum, Leukocytes, and Fibroblasts

The activity of galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase was extremely low in serum, leukocytes, and cultured fibroblasts of patients with Krabbe's disease. Antemortem diagnosis is possible without organ biopsies. The parents of patients showed enzyme activities generally lower than that of normal controls. This finding provides supportive evidence that the deficient activity of galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase is the genetically determined enzymatic defect underlying the disease. Demonstration of this deficiency requires the use of the specific substrate, galactocerebroside. Assays carried out with synthetic, unnatural substrates, such as 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-galactoside, do not distinguish patients or heterozygous carriers from normal individuals.
Some Entolomataceae (Agaricales) from Costa Rica

A preliminary account of Entolomataceae from Costa Rica is presented. Three new taxa are described, two inClitopilus, one inRhodocybe, and three new combinations are proposed inInocephalus. Five taxa ofClitopilus are reported for the first time from Costa Rica and a key to species is provided. Four species ofRhodocybe are discussed and a key to the six species known from Costa Rica is also provided.Alboleptonia earlei, Inocephalus murraii, Inocephalus quadratum, Rhodocybe incarnata andRhodocybe pseudonitellina are now known to occur in Costa Rica.
Inversion technique for IR heterodyne sounding of stratospheric constituents from space platforms.

The techniques which have been employed for inversion of IR heterodyne measurements for remote sounding of stratospheric trace constituents usually rely on either geometric effects based on limb-scan observations (i.e., onion peel techniques) or spectral effects by using weighting functions corresponding to different frequencies of an IR spectral line. An experimental approach and inversion technique are discussed which optimize the retrieval of concentration profiles by combining the geometric and the spectral effects in an IR heterodyne receiver. The results of inversions of some synthetic ClO spectral lines corresponding to solar occultation limb scans of the stratosphere are presented, indicating considerable improvement in the accuracy of the retrieved profiles. The effects of noise on the accuracy of retrievals are discussed for realistic situations.
Using Semantic Relations to Refine Coreference Decisions

We present a novel mechanism for improving reference resolution by using the output of a relation tagger to rescore coreference hypotheses. Experiments show that this new framework can improve performance on two quite different languages - English and Chinese.
An evaluation of a free volume representation for viscoelastic properties

Abstract Creep data for two different polyethylenes which were not amenable to master curve formation have been adjusted using a simple free volume model to produce master curves characterizing creep at the limit of zero stress. The validity of these master curves has been checked against results from relaxation tests which are available for the same two materials.
Zebrafish: a model system to study heritable skin diseases

Heritable skin diseases represent a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations due to mutations in ∼500 different genes. A number of model systems have been developed to advance our understanding of the pathomechanisms of genodermatoses. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater vertebrate, has a well-characterized genome, the expression of which can be easily manipulated. The larvae develop rapidly, with all major organs having developed by 5-6 days post-fertilization, including the skin, consisting of the epidermis comprising two cell layers and separated from the dermal collagenous matrix by a basement membrane. This perspective highlights the morphological and ultrastructural features of zebrafish skin, in the context of cutaneous gene expression. These observations suggest that zebrafish provide a useful model system to study the molecular aspects of skin development, as well as the pathogenesis and treatment of select heritable skin diseases.
A Discussion of “Audit Review: Managers' Interpersonal Expectations and Conduct of the Review”

Gibbins and Trotman's study both explores reviewer attributes that auditors judge to influence review quality and replicates earlier, largely experimental findings about preparer and reviewer decision behavior. Such exploration and intra-method replication create opportunities to refine theory and better design future experimental and nonexperimental studies. Naturally, as with any study, the opportunities that this study creates are not without bounds. To help in thinking about these bounded opportunities, this discussion raises four topics that I have entitled “retro-spective biases”, “stylization perceptions”, “manager styles”, and “real-time review complexities”. After discussing these topics in turn, I end with a short summary.
Analysis of the Molecular Mechanisms of Human Estrogen Receptors α and β Reveals Differential Specificity in Target Promoter Regulation by Xenoestrogens

Most of the currently available information on the transcriptional activities of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (xenoestrogens) through estrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) has been derived from transactivation studies on synthetic estrogen-responsive reporters. Thus, the ability of the xenoestrogen-liganded ERs to regulate endogenous estrogen-responsive gene expression has not been well characterized. Here, we have evaluated the activities of xenoestrogens through ERalpha and ERbeta on the vitellogenin A2 estrogen-response element (ERE) and the human pS2, lactoferrin, and complement 3 physiological target gene promoters. Using mammalian cell transient transfection assays, we found that the activities of xenoestrogens were mediated in a promoter-specific manner. For example, when bound to all ligands examined, ERalpha displayed high levels of transcription on the vitellogenin ERE and the lactoferrin promoter, but substantially lower activity on the complement 3 and pS2 promoters. However, one of the most important observations was that there were significant differences in the relative transcriptional activities of xenoestrogen-bound ERalpha and ERbeta on different promoters, suggesting that ERalpha and ERbeta make unique contributions to xenoestrogen action in target cells. When probing the molecular mechanism of the promoter-specific activities observed, we found that the transcriptional activity of the ERs correlated with the ability of each receptor to assume an active conformation on specific promoters. Taken together, the results indicate that the transcriptional activities of xenoestrogens are mediated in a promoter-specific manner and that estrogen-responsive promoters communicate differently with ERalpha and ERbeta by influencing their structures in a distinct manner that leads to diversity in their transcriptional responses.
Analysis of target rotation and translation in SAR imagery

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a popular tool for long-range imaging of stationary ground objects. Moving targets in the imaged scene will have a mismatch to the matched filter in the image formation process, thus degrading target image quality. In this paper, the impact of uncompensated target motion in SAR imagery is studied in detail. Bounds on allowable target rotation, and random and deterministic translation are derived to maintain image interpretability.
Non-relativistic solar electrons

This review summarizes both the direct spacecraft observations of non-relativistic solar electrons, and observations of the X-ray and radio emission generated by these particles at the Sun and in the interplanetary medium. These observations bear on three physical processes basic to energetic particle phenomena: (1) the acceleration of particles in tenuous plasmas; (2) the propagation of energetic charged particles in a disordered magnetic field, and (3) the interaction of energetic charged particles with tenuous plasmas to produce electromagnetic radiation. Because these electrons are frequently accelerated and emitted by the Sun, mostly in small and relatively simple flares, it is possible to define a detailed physical picture of these processes. In many small solar flares non-relativistic electrons accelerated during flash phase constitute the bulk of the total flare energy. Thus the basic flare mechanism in these flares essentially converts the available flare energy into fast electrons. Non-relativistic electrons exhibit a wide variety of propagation modes in the interplanetary medium, ranging from diffusive to essentially scatter-free. This variability in the propagation may be explained in terms of the distribution of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations. Type III solar radio burst emission is generated by these electrons as they travel out to 1 AU and beyond. Recent in situ observations of these electrons at 1 AU, accompanied by simultaneous observations of the low frequency radio emission generated by them at 1 AU provide quantitative information on the plasma processes involved in the generation of type III bursts.
The Multiple Emission Bands in Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Phosphors

Unexpected emission bands have been observed for ZnCdS: Ag high in cadmium. With high Ag, the main emission band under cathode-ray excitation at 10 kv appeared to be shifted to shorter wavelength on increase in current density. Under ultraviolet excitation at −196°C, the apparent shift was resolved into two emission bands, one of which corresponded to the new band that appeared under cathode rays; the other, to the normal band of the unactivated phosphor. With low Ag, edge emission bands appeared under high current density cathode rays and sodium bands under ultraviolet at −196°C.
A prospective study of tender points and fibromyalgia during and after an acute viral infection.

Background Tender points (TPs) and fibromyalgia (FM) may be precipitated by infections, but the frequency, associated characteristics, and predictors of these outcomes are unknown. Objectives To determine if acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) is associated with the development of TPs or FM acutely or during the subsequent 6 months; if demographic, clinical, or psychosocial features predict TPs or FM; and if TPs or FM correlate with nonrecovery. Methods A total of 150 subjects diagnosed as having AIM were assessed with physical examinations (including palpation of 18 TPs), laboratory tests, and measures of psychosocial and somatic functioning at enrollment and at 2 and 6 months. Subjects also completed a structured psychiatric interview at the initial evaluation. Results At presentation and at 2 and 6 months, the mean TP counts were 7.5, 4.6, and 3.0, respectively; at these time points, 19%, 3%, and 1% of subjects also met modified criteria for FM. Tender points and degree of pain diminished over time following AIM. Acutely, TPs were associated only with higher temperature ( P P P Conclusions Tender points are a common, transient finding associated with AIM, but FM is an unusual long-term outcome. Demographic, social, and physical examination features predicted TPs.
Structural properties and superconductivity in the ternary intermetallic compounds MAB (M=Ca, Sr, Ba; A=Al, Ga, In; B=Si, Ge, Sn)

The ternary intermetallic compounds $MAB=\text{CaAlSi}$, SrAlSi, BaAlSi, CaGaSi, SrGaSi, BaGaSi, SrAlGe, BaAlGe, CaGaGe, SrGaGe, BaGaGe, BaInGe, BaAlSn, CaGaSn, SrGaSn, and BaGaSn have been prepared by arc-melting stoichiometric elemental mixtures and structurally characterized by a combination of x-ray powder and electron diffraction. They crystallize as variants of the simple hexagonal ${\text{AlB}}_{2}$ structure type where trivalent and tetravalent $A$- and $B$-type atoms, respectively, form commonly a planar hexagon layer, and structural variations arise from $A/B$ ordering and/or puckering of hexagon layers. The silicides $(B=\text{Si})$ were previously investigated for their superconducting properties. By dc magnetization measurements it is demonstrated that also the germanides SrAlGe, BaAlGe, SrGaGe, and BaGaGe and the stannide BaAlSn are superconductors above 2 K.