cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On using peer-to-peer communication in cellular wireless data networks

A recent class of approaches for enhancing the performance of cellular wireless data networks has focused on improving the underlying network model. It has been shown that using the peer-to-peer network model, a mode of communication typically seen in ad hoc wireless networks, can result in performance improvements such as increased data rate, reduced transmission power, better load balancing, and enhanced network coverage. However, the true impact of adopting the peer-to-peer network model in such an environment is yet to be fully understood. In this paper, we investigate the performance benefits and drawbacks of using the peer-to-peer network model for Internet access in cellular wireless data networks. We find that, although the peer-to-peer network model has significantly better spatial reuse characteristics, the improved spatial reuse does not translate into better throughput performance. Instead, we observe that using the peer-to-peer network model as-is might actually degrade the throughput performance of the network. We identify and discuss the reasons behind these observations. Using the insights gained through the performance evaluations, we then propose two categories of approaches to improve the performance of the peer-to-peer network model: approaches that leverage assistance from the base station and approaches that leverage the relaying capability of multihomed hosts. Through simulation results, we show that using the peer-to-peer network model in cellular wireless data networks is a promising approach when the network model is complemented with appropriate mechanisms.
Secondary tracheoesophageal puncture for voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy.

• Since the introduction of the tracheoesophageal puncture technique for restoration of voice in 1980, 125 secondary punctures have been performed in 117 patients at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Preoperative evaluation, pharyngeal preparation, and their relation to final speech results were reviewed retrospectively. Critical factors in the rehabilitation of these patients are discussed based on our experience and a review of the literature. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;115:350-355)
Beneficial Effects of Temperate Forage Legumes that Contain Condensed Tannins

The two temperate forage legumes containing condensed tannins (CT) that promote ruminant production are birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; BFT) and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.; SF). Both are well-adapted to the cool-temperate climate and alkaline soils of the Mountain West USA. Condensed tannins comprise a diverse family of bioactive chemicals with multiple beneficial functions for ruminants, including suppression of internal parasites and enteric methane. Birdsfoot trefoil contains 10 to 40 g·CT·kg−1 dry matter (DM), while SF contains 30 to 80 g·CT·kg−1 DM. Our studies have focused on these two plant species and have demonstrated consistently elevated rates of gain for beef calves grazing both BFT and SF. Novel results from our BFT research include carcass dressing percentages and consumer sensory evaluations equivalent to feedlot-finished steers and significantly greater than grass-finished steers, but with omega-3 fatty acid concentrations equal to grass-finished beef. We have further demonstrated that ruminants fed BFT or SF will consume more endophyte-infected tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) forage or seed than ruminants fed a non-CT forage legume. There is great potential value for sustainable livestock production in the use of highly digestible, nitrogen-fixing legumes containing tannins demonstrated to improve ruminant productivity.
Neutron imaging of lithium concentration in battery pouch cells

This paper shows how the principle of neutron radiography can be used to quantify the critical physical state of lithium concentration across battery electrodes at steady-state conditions (after a long relaxation time or small load) as a first step in this important effort to measure in-situ battery physical states and validate electrochemical battery models. A model of the expected loss in beam intensity after passing through the different layers of a battery pouch cell is constructed based on the material densities and dimensions. This model is augmented with simulation of the neutron transmission behavior, including optical effects due to the geometric unsharpness and the detector response. The resulting model provides the basis for a comprehensive simulation of the in-situ metrology of lithium concentration in Li-ion batteries, and comparison with experimental results.
Structure of hygromycin B, an antibiotic from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; The use of CMR. spectra in structure determination, I

Das Antibioticum Hygromycin B, eine Verbindung C_(20)H_(37)N_3O_(13) aus Streptomyces hygroscopicus, wurde hydrolytisch gespalten und die Spaltprodukte charakterisiert und identifiziert. Die Kenntnis ihrer Struktur und die Interpretation von ^(13)C-NMR.– (CMR.)- Spektren fuhrten zur Strukturaufklarung des Antibiotikums.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE NYMPHS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CULTUS (PLECOPTERA: PERLODIDAE)

Abstract The nymphs of eastern North American stonefly genus Cultus are described. Previous misidentifications and putative nymphal descriptions are reviewed. A key separating the late instar nymphs is also provided.
Note on the undular jump

A study is made of the asymptotic equations governing gravity waves on water which cause a transition from one surface level to a slightly higher one and approach a steady wave-form as time increases, at least at the head of the wave. A two-parameter family of limit processes is surveyed in each of which the time scale and the horizontal length scale tend to infinity in a definite relation to the amplitude, as that tends to zero. Small-amplitude linearization is shown to be possible at most during a transitory stage of the wave development. Arbitrarily close approach to steadiness at the head of the wave is found to imply that a substantial part of the transition wave must be ultimately governed by a nearsteady variant of the non-linear equation of Korteweg & de Vries (1895) and must take the form of a train of cnoidal waves characterized by a parameter which changes slightly from crest to crest.
Phyllosilicate fabric characterization by Low‐Temperature Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (LT‐AMS)

[1] This paper examines the use and applicability of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility at Low-Temperature (77°K), called LT-AMS. Paramagnetic susceptibility increases significantly with low temperature, which permits high precision determination of the anisotropy of paramagnetic susceptibility of a rock from measurements at liquid nitrogen temperature. We describe a new procedure that measures directional susceptibility in an oriented rock specimen while immersed in liquid nitrogen. Our procedure overcomes the problem of temperature heterogeneity within a rock sample while its susceptibility is being measured, offering the opportunity to measure low-temperature susceptibility in multiple orientations. This non-destructive method provides a way of characterizing the principal paramagnetic minerals present in a rock, based on temperature-induced changes of the anisotropy degree. Moreover, the method offers a better-resolved relationship between anisotropy degree and grain alignment, which is used to quantify rock fabrics.
Core Concepts for Community Change

Summary This paper presents several core concepts or praxis principles for creating community change. It provides perspectives on change as a process of strengthening community and joining together through several strategies and skills. It draws upon research in social work, urban planning, public health, and related fields; on practice in community organization, social planning, and neighborhood development; and on work with rural and urban communities in industrial countries and developing areas worldwide. It concludes by challenging the reader to develop his or her own core concepts for community change.
Low-dose ketamine analgesia: patient and physician experience in the ED ☆

Objective: Low-dose ketamine (LDK) may be useful for treatment for opioid-tolerant patients. We conducted a survey of patients and their treating clinicians regarding LDK for analgesia. Methods: Survey data included the following: vital signs and pain score before and after LDK, demographics, and adverse effects. Treating physicians were queried about reasons for use of LDK and overall satisfaction. Results: Twenty-four patients were enrolled: 21 received LDK for analgesia, and 3 received LDK for sedation. Pain level on a visual analog scale (range, 1-10) after LDK was significantly decreased from 8.9 ± 2.1 to 3.9 ± 3.4 (P b .0001). Change in vital signs after administration of LDK was not statistically significant. Overall patient satisfaction with LDK was 55%, and overall physician satisfaction was 72%. Sixteen (67%) of patients would prefer LDK again, and 23 (96%) of physicians would use LDK again for analgesia. Four patients reported an adverse experience, but there were no emergence reactions. Race subanalysis revealed no difference in pain reduction, but whites were least satisfied compared with black and Hispanic patients (P = .02). Physician reasons for using LDK included opioid failure (88%), concern for respiratory depression (17%), concern for multiple opioid allergies (13%), and concern for hypotension (8%). Most (96%) physicians believed that LDK is underused. Conclusion: Low-dose ketamine may decrease patients' perception of pain. Most were satisfied with LDK for this purpose and would use it again. Whites were least satisfied with the use of LDK for
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The boll weevil ( Anthonomus grandis Boheman) is a major insect pest of cotton in North America. Dispersal activity poses a threat to ongoing eradication efforts in the US, but little is known about the frequency of long-distance migration. Nuclear molecular markers are needed to assess gene flow in relation to geographical distance. A biotinenrichment strategy was employed to develop microsatellite markers for the boll weevil. Of 23 loci isolated, 14 were polymorphic with three to 10 alleles per locus. Twelve of the polymorphic loci showed Mendelian inheritance and are likely to be useful in population genetics studies.
Serving smaller age-appropriate entrée portions to children aged 3–5 y increases fruit and vegetable intake and reduces energy density and energy intake at lunch

Background: Previous portion size research in children has focused on the impact of large entree portions on children's intake, but less attention has been given to how intake at a meal is affected across a broader range of entree portions. Objective: The objective was to assess the effect of serving a range of entree portions on children's ad libitum intake and energy density consumed at the meal. Design: A within-subject design was used to examine the effect of varying entree portions (ie, 100, 160, 220, 280, 340, and 400 g) on children's ad libitum energy intake of macaroni and cheese and fixed portions of unsweetened applesauce, green beans, and whole-wheat roll served with the entree. Seventeen children (10 girls), aged 3 to 6 y, were served a series of 6 lunches, which varied only in entreep ortion size, once per week. Weight, height, and weighed food intake were measured. Results: Increasing portion size increased children's entree intake (P , 0.01) and decreased intake of other foods served with the entree, including fruit and vegetables (P , 0.0001). As a result, children consumed a more-energy-dense (kcal/g) lunch as portion size increased (P , 0.0001). Further examination showed that BMI percentile moderated the positive association between portion size and entree intake (P , 0.01); overweight children showed greater increases in entree intake with increasing entree portion. Conclusion: Serving smaller age-appropriate entreep ortions may be one strategy to improve children's nutritional profile by decreasing intake of energy-dense foods and by promoting intake of fruit and vegetables served with the entree. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:335- 41.
CD1d Mediates T-Cell-Dependent Resistance to Secondary Infection with Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) In Vitro and Immune Response to EMCV Infection In Vivo

The innate and adaptive immune responses have evolved distinct strategies for controlling different viral pathogens. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a picornavirus that can cause paralysis, diabetes, and myocarditis within days of infection. The optimal innate immune response against EMCV in vivo requires CD1d. Interaction of antigen-presenting cell CD1d with distinct natural killer T-cell ("NKT") populations can induce rapid gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production and NK-cell activation. The T-cell response of CD1d-deficient mice (lacking all NKT cells) against acute EMCV infection was further studied in vitro and in vivo. EMCV persisted at higher levels in CD1d-knockout (KO) splenocyte cultures infected in vitro. Furthermore, optimal resistance to repeat cycles of EMCV infection in vitro was also shown to depend on CD1d. However, this was not reflected in the relative levels of NK-cell activation but rather by the responses of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell populations. Repeated EMCV infection in vitro induced less IFN-gamma and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) from CD1d-deficient splenocytes than with the wild type. Furthermore, the level of EMCV replication in wild-type splenocytes was markedly and specifically increased by addition of blocking anti-CD1d antibody. Depletion experiments demonstrated that dendritic cells contributed less than the combination of NK and NKT cells to anti-EMCV responses and that none of these cell types was the main source of IFN-alpha. Finally, EMCV infection in vivo produced higher levels of viremia in CD1d-KO mice than in wild-type animals, coupled with significantly less lymphocyte activation and IFN-alpha production. These results point to the existence of a previously unrecognized mechanism of rapid CD1d-dependent stimulation of the antiviral adaptive cellular immune response.
Vitamin D in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Effects on Clinical, Biochemical, and Densitometric Presentation

Context: Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD]) deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and insufficiency (20–29 ng/mL) are common in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), but data regarding their skeletal effects in PHPT are limited. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the association between 25OHD levels and PHPT severity. Design, Settings, and Participants: This is a cross-sectional analysis of 100 PHPT patients with and without 25OHD insufficiency and deficiency from a university hospital setting. Outcome Measures: We measured calciotropic hormones, bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density (BMD) by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Results: Lower 25OHD was associated with some (PTH: r = −0.42; P < .0001; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: r = −0.27; P = .008; serum PO4: r = 0.31; P = .002) but not all (serum/urine calcium) indicators of PHPT severity. Lower 25OHD was also associated with younger age, higher body mass index, male gender, better renal function, and lower vitamin D intake. Comparison of those with deficient (<...
Changes in the magma system during the 2008 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska, based on GPS measurements

[1] The 2008 eruption of Okmok volcano was preceded by 6–7 months of immediate precursory inflation, which followed ∼3 years of quiescence during which no significant magma was intruded at shallow depth. Although GPS data for the precursory period are too sparse to derive a unique source model, the data show that either the center of pressurization shifted from its 1997–2005 location during the immediate precursory time interval or the shape of the pressure source changed from a sphere to something else. Deflation during the eruption resulted from a decrease in pressure from a source estimated to be at 2.1 km below sea level using a Mogi model. Although source depth estimates from a Mogi model can be biased due to elastic layering or heterogeneity, the GPS data require the 2008 eruptive source to be shallower than the preeruptive inflation source. During the eruption, the GPS time series indicate three distinct pulses of deflation rather than a single, smoothly decaying process, with the initial pulse being the largest. Reinflation of the volcano commenced within at most 3 weeks after the end of ash emissions and was evident at a near-source site while a far-field site continued to deflate for an additional 4–5 weeks. The asynchronous transition from deflation to inflation, controlled by the distance of the site from the source, indicates that paired deep deflation and shallow inflation is required to explain the observations.
Analysis of Interpersonal Structures in Literary Works Of Three Historical Periods

Using factor-analytic methodology, the structure of interpersonal interaction was explored in three different historical periods approximately 1,000 years apart. Frequencies of various dyadic interactions were recorded in a sample from the Iliad, in Beowulf, and in 7he Red Badge of Courage. Results generally supported claims that interpersonal structures are universal, but also suggested the existence of an evolutionary process toward more formalized interpersonal relations.
Nonblocking copy networks in multi-channel switching

This paper develops a copy network architecture that can maintain the cell sequence integrity in multi-channel ATM switching. The architecture is internally nonblocking in the sense that the copying process of cells is constrained only by the availability of output channels. By using a relative ordering among the inputs, shared buffering, and a new switching paradigm called the nonblocking binary group network, we show how the cell sequence integrity can be maintained. Next, assuming the fanout request values of cells are distributed independently from cell to cell, we formulate a method of analyzing the performance of the copy network. This method uses the technique of tagged Markov chains to derive the stationary distributions for the number of cells in the copy network from which, delay, throughput, and cell loss probability can be accurately calculated as critical performance measures. We conduct a numerical study for the proposed architecture using this method wherein the effects of key network and traffic variables such as buffer and network sizes, and the mean and the variance of fanout request values are determined under arbitrary types of fanout distribution. Finally, we quantify the performance improvement due to fanout splitting which allows the fanout request from a single cell to be satisfied over multiple time slots.
Cycling-Related Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women: A Review.

Abstract Introduction The risk of sexual dysfunction due to bicycling has been addressed in the literature for both men and women. New studies have provided information about the prevalence, pathophysiology, and strategies for prevention of sexual dysfunction as it relates to cycling. Aim The aim of this article is to review the current literature about bicycle‐related sexual dysfunction in both genders, exclusive of that caused by cycling‐related genitourinary trauma. Methods A systematic comprehensive review of the English‐language literature was performed in March 2014 using PubMed.gov, and search terms including (but not limited to) “cycling, bicycle, sexual dysfunction, and erectile dysfunction.” Results Several studies have documented a relationship between bicycling and sexual dysfunction. Of the symptoms described, perineal numbness (prevalence of 22–91%) and erectile dysfunction (prevalence of 1.8–50%) are the most commonly reported in the male population. The primary mechanisms leading to these symptoms in both genders appear to be perineal compression of the pudendal nerve within Alcock's canal and possible trauma. Communications have also postulated that potential cycling‐related disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, specifically in testosterone signaling, may indirectly lead to sexual dysfunction. Studies have provided evidence that the rider's position on the bicycle, as well as different types of bicycle seats, affect the degree of pudendal compression, and consequently the degree of resultant sexual dysfunction. Conclusions Although a number of studies have described mechanisms for cycling‐related sexual dysfunction, further validated studies are needed to both better describe the dysfunction, as well as to develop strategies for prevention and treatment. Our best evidence indicates that the type of saddle used, as well as the position of the rider, has more effect on resultant sexual dysfunction than simply participation in cycling. Baran C, Mitchell GC, and Hellstrom WJG. Cycling‐related sexual dysfunction in men and women: A review. Sex Med Rev 2014;2:93–101.
Quantification of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in mouse fecal specimens using immunomagnetic particles and two-color flow cytometry

Although single-color flow cytometry has been shown to be more sensitive than fluorescence microscopy for the quantification of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, this method has not been optimized. Monoclonal antibody OW50, specific to the cell wall of oocysts, was conjugated to superparamagnetic particles, to fluorescein isothiocyanate, and to r-phycoerythrin. The oocysts were then double stained with the fluorochrome-labeled OW50 and were placed in tubes with known numbers of highly fluorescent polystyrene beads, allowing quantification of the oocysts without dependence on acquired sample volume by flow cytometry. Data from 2-color flow cytometry using logical gating of the oocysts and beads showed a linear relationship between dilutions of a purified oocyst suspension and the mean numbers of oocysts detected (r2 = 1.00). An average of 15 purified oocysts/ml were counted in a dilution with a theoretical concentration of 12 oocysts/ml. Known numbers of purified oocysts were seeded into normal mouse fecal s...
Performance, carcass, and meat characteristics of beef steers finished on 2 different forages or on a high-concentrate diet

In response to potential changes in consumer demand, the utility of different forage-based systems as finishing programs should be evaluated. Performance and carcass characteristics of yearling steers that grazed monocultures of endophyte-free tall fescue or alfalfa or fed a high-concentrate (feedlot) diet were evaluated. Steers fed a feedlot diet gained more and reached a final endpoint sooner than those grazing tall fescue or alfalfa. Forages were not limiting in terms of mass produced and nutritive value. Despite the greater nutritive value of alfalfa compared with tall fescue, no differences in performance and hence productivity per unit of land were detected. No difference (P > 0.05) in ADG was detected between steers grazing (alfalfa and tall fescue, 0.93 and 0.98 kg, respectively) when compared with those in the feedlot or finished in drylot (1.32 kg). Beef produced on a forage-based diet was leaner and had acceptable organoleptic characteristics. Backfat and ribeye area were greater (P < 0.05) in the carcasses of steers that grazed alfalfa compared with fescue (7.6 vs. 4.0 mm and 66.7 vs. 57.5 cm2, respectively). However, the fat was more yellow (P < 0.05) than the fat of those on tall fescue, indicating a possible effect of the carotenoids that might be present in greater concentration in alfalfa. Forage-fed beef is a niche market that is growing rapidly in the United States. Forage finishing steers on tall fescue or alfalfa is a viable alternative for beef cattle producers interested in meeting the demand for this product.
Electrochemical Imaging and Redox Interrogation of Surface Defects on Operating SrTiO3 Photoelectrodes

We introduce electrochemical imaging and nano-resolved measurements of catalytic intermediates on operating SrTiO3 photoelectrodes. Spatially resolved redox titrations of photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) were used to profile changes in ROS coverage and reactivity at pristine and ion-milled defective areas on n-doped (100) SrTiO3. Adsorbed ROS reached a potential-dependent limiting coverage of ∼0.1 monolayer and did not differ significantly between milled and pristine areas. However, the reaction kinetics between a solution-phase mediator and adsorbed ROS were found to be significantly decreased over ion-milled areas. Using a nanoelectrode, we resolved ksi values of 5 and 300 m(3)/s·mol for these bimolecular reactions at defective and pristine sites, respectively. Ion-milled areas also showed significantly decreased activity toward photo-oxidations, providing evidence that photogenerated ROS mediate fast charge-transfer reactions with solution-phase species at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface. Our results provide spatially resolved direct evidence of the impact of surface defects on the performance of photoelectrochemical systems. Scanning electrochemical microscopy offers a powerful method for evaluating the reactivity of an operating electrochemical interface by using redox titrations that detected as few as 30 attomoles of adsorbed ROS.
Maximizing revenue in symmetric resource allocation systems when user utilities exhibit diminishing returns

Consumers of resources in realistic applications (e.g., web, multi-media) typically derive diminishing-return utilities from the amount of resource they receive. A resource provider who is deriving an equal amount of revenue from each satisfied user (e.g., by online advertising), can maximize the number of users by identifying a satisfaction threshold for each user, i. e., the minimal amount of resource the user requires in order to use the service (rather than drop out). A straightforward approach is to ask users to submit their minimal demands (direct revelation). Unfortunately, self-interested users may try to manipulate the system by submitting untruthful requirements.We propose an incentive-compatible mechanism for maximizing revenue in a resource allocation system where users are ex-ante symmetric (same amount of revenue for any satisfied user) and have diminishing-return utility functions. Users are encouraged by the mechanism to submit their true requirements and the system aims to satisfy as many users as possible. Unlike previous solutions, our mechanism does not require monetary payments from users or downgrading of service.Our mechanism satisfies the number of users within a constant factor of the optimum. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that in practice, our mechanism can be significantly closer to the optimum than implied by the worst-case analysis.Our mechanism can be generalized to settings when revenue from each user can differ. Also, under some assumptions and adjustments, our mechanism can be used to allocate resource periodically over time.
Systemic Infection Due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a small Gram-negative aerobic bacillus of the family Parvobacteriaceae Rahn. This organism has in the past been regarded as a rare cause of infection in man. A case which demonstrates the potential of this organism for aggressive invasiveness in an uncompromised host is reported.
THE EVOLUTION OF CANALIZATION AND THE BREAKING OF VON BAER'S LAWS: MODELING THE EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENT WITH EPISTASIS.

Evolution can change the developmental processes underlying a character without changing the average expression of the character itself. This sort of change must occur in both the evolution of canalization, in which a character becomes increasingly buffered against genetic or developmental variation, and in the phenomenon of closely related species that show similar adult phenotypes but different underlying developmental patterns. To study such phenomena, I develop a model that follows evolution on a surface representing adult phenotype as a function of underlying developmental characters. A contour on such a "phenotype landscape" is a set of states of developmental characters that produce the same adult phenotype. Epistasis induces curvature of this surface, and degree of canalization is represented by the slope along a contour. I first discuss the geometric properties of phenotype landscapes, relating epistasis to canalization. I then impose a fitness function on the phenotype and model evolution of developmental characters as a function of the fitness function and the local geometry of the surface. This model shows how canalization evolves as a population approaches an optimum phenotype. It further shows that under some circumstances, "decanalization" can occur, in which the expression of adult phenotype becomes increasingly sensitive to developmental variation. This process can cause very similar populations to diverge from one another developmentally even when their adult phenotypes experience identical selection regimes.
Linoleic acid stimulates cell proliferation and alters gene expression in the breast cancer cell line T47D.

2500 Breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American women, and to date, no effective treatment for metastatic disease exists. Clinical and pre-clinical studies have linked n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with mammary carcinogenesis. We investigated the cellular and molecular effects of linoleic acid on the human breast cancer cell line T47D. The XTT cell viability assay indicated that linoleic acid induced a significant and dose dependent (0-10,000 ng/ml) response in cell viability compared to controls. Maximal cell viability (56% over control values) was observed at 100 ng/ml. A 96 hour cell proliferation assay with 100 ng/ml of linoleic acid resulted in an approximately 35% increase in T47D cell number, compared to controls. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that the increase in cell number was accompanied by an approximately 50% increase in the number of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle (from 17.1% to 28.5% at 12 hours and from 14.1% to 21.0% at 24 hours). Affymetrix Human Genome U95Av2 Array GeneChips microarray analyses indicated that of the 12,558 genes on the microarray, approximately 5,795 genes were expressed in treated and untreated T47D cells, with 35 genes up-regulated and 9 genes down-regulated in linoleic acid treated cells. MAPPFinder analysis indicated that the highest Z scores for GO terms were associated with the biological “process” of transcription regulation, the nuclear component, and the DNA binding, protein serine/threonine kinase, and transcription factor molecular functions. MAPPs for biologically functional groups and pathways indicated that linoleic acid affected changes in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle, G protein signaling and the MAP kinase signal transduction cascade. Real-time RT-PCR was used to confirm microarray data in a select set of genes within these pathways.Supported by NCI grant 1R21CA88982-0-1 and AICR grant #97A072. Niradiz Reyes is the recipient of a Fulbright/Laspau/Colciencias scholarship.
Dynamic IQC-Based Control of Uncertain LFT Systems With Time-Varying State Delay

This paper presents a new exact-memory delay control scheme for a class of uncertain systems with time-varying state delay under the integral quadratic constraint (IQC) framework. The uncertain system is described as a linear fractional transformation model including a state-delayed linear time-invariant (LTI) system and time-varying structured uncertainties. The proposed exact-memory delay controller consists of a linear state-feedback control law and an additional term that captures the delay behavior of the plant. We first explore the delay stability and the ${\mathcal {L}_{2}}$ -gain performance using dynamic IQCs incorporated with quadratic Lyapunov functions. Then, the design of exact-memory controllers that guarantee desired $ {\mathcal {L}_{2}}$ -gain performance is examined. The resulting delay control synthesis conditions are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities, which are convex on all design variables including the scaling matrices associated with the IQC multipliers. The IQC-based exact-memory control scheme provides a novel approach for delay control designs via convex optimization, and advances existing control methods in two important ways: 1) better controlled performance and 2) simplified design procedure with less computational cost. The effectiveness and advantages of the proposed approach have been demonstrated through numerical studies.
Improvement of Na_2SO_3-inorganic additive on performance of the graphite anode

Compared with the blank solution,adding a small amount of Na2SO3into 1 mol/L LiPF6/EC+EMC electrolyte could significantly increase the natural graphite anode charge-discharge capacity,lower the irreversible capacity loss during the first cycle,and increase the electrode cycling performance and the charge and discharge performance.FTIR analysis and scanning electron microscopy indicate that adding a certain amount of Na2SO3 in the dynamics of Li+ mobility contributes to the formation of a good SEI film.As the additive,Na2SO3 is the raw materials readily available,low cost and almost no environmental pollution.
Analysis and research on steady and transient saturation characteristics of CT

The operating faults in the power system often lead to CT steady and transient saturation, which have different effect and demand on relay protection device. Through introducing saturation characteristics of CT under two kinds of different work situation, lists the CT example of boost station in Ningxia Datang International Daba Power Generation Co.,Ltd. to calculate and explain, analyzes the different characteristic and significance in real work of the two types of CT.
Multiple functions of Na/K-ATPase in dopamine-induced salivation of the Blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis

Control of salivary secretion in ticks involves autocrine dopamine activating two dopamine receptors: D1 and Invertebrate-specific D1-like dopamine receptors. In this study, we investigated Na/K-ATPase as an important component of the secretory process. Immunoreactivity for Na/K-ATPase revealed basal infolding of lamellate cells in type-I, abluminal interstitial (epithelial) cells in type-II, and labyrinth-like infolding structures opening towards the lumen in type-III acini. Ouabain (10 μmol l(-1)), a specific inhibitor of Na/K-ATPase, abolished dopamine-induced salivary secretion by suppressing fluid transport in type III acini. At 1 μmol l(-1), ouabain, the secreted saliva was hyperosmotic. This suggests that ouabain also inhibits an ion resorptive function of Na/K-ATPase in the type I acini. Dopamine/ouabain were not involved in activation of protein secretion, while dopamine-induced saliva contained constitutively basal level of protein. We hypothesize that the dopamine-dependent primary saliva formation, mediated by Na/K-ATPase in type III and type II acini, is followed by a dopamine-independent resorptive function of Na/K-ATPase in type I acini located in the proximal end of the salivary duct.
HAX-1 Structural Studies and Interactions with the SERCA/Phospholamban Complex

HAX-1 has become a highly relevant protein over the past many years as it has been identified in several subcellular locations, is involved with apoptosis, and is implicated in many diseases including multiple types of cancer, congenital neutropenia, and heart disease. Structural studies will be essential to gaining insight into how HAX-1 interacts with other protein partners and plays a role in these multiple diseases.Heart muscle contractility is a completed process which is dictated by a diverse network of proteins. The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase, SERCA, is responsible for transporting calcium from the cytosol into the SR, promoting muscle relaxation. SERCA is regulated by phospholamban, a small 52 amino acid transmembrane protein. HAX-1 has been recently identified as a novel interaction partner with this complex. The SERCA/PLN complex has already been identified as being a highly regulated complex necessary for achieving proper regulation. Therefore, the complete molecular and biochemical understanding of the SERCA/PLN complex, along with interactions from other regulatory proteins, is necessary for the development of therapies.In this work, we use solution and solid-state NMR to study the structure of HAX-1 alone and the interactions with the complex. In addition, we have performed biochemical assays to determine the effects on SERCA activity. The SERCA/PLN is a high-profile drug target because of its involvement in many cardiovascular diseases. The complete structural characterization of HAX-1 and its interactions with the SERCA/PLN complex, as well as with other protein partners, will prove essential for understanding the role of HAX-1 in heart pathologies and other devastating diseases.
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

Much can be done from a therapeutic standpoint to arrest or retard the progress of multiple sclerosis, and distressing symptoms can be relieved. Many contractures and other disabilities can be avoided through physical therapy and simple orthopedic appliances. The earlier the diagnosis is made and treatment instituted, the better the chance to control exacerbations and prolong remissions.
ASTRAL: An Implementation on the IXM2 Associative Memory Processor

In this chapter, we report experimental results on ASTRAL, a partial implementations of ΦDmDialog on the IXM2 associative memory processor. On the IXM2 associative memory processor, we have investigated the feasibility and the performance of the memory-based parsing part of the ΦDmDialog
Infant Temperament Is Associated with Relative Food Reinforcement.

Abstract Objective: Food reinforcement refers to how hard someone is motivated to work to gain access to food. Infant temperament is defined as behavioral styles, or constitutionally based individual differences in reactive and regulatory aspects of behavior. Identifying correlates of food reinforcement, such as infant temperament, may help identify infants at risk for future negative health consequences (e.g., overweight or obesity) of high food reinforcement. Methods: This study tested aspects of parent-reported negative reactivity and regulation and their associations with relative food reinforcement in a cross-sectional sample of 105 9- to 18-month-old infants. Hierarchical linear regression models were then used to predict infant food reinforcement for the temperament dimensions that were significantly related to it. Results: Two temperament dimensions, cuddliness (regulatory aspect) (B = −0.050, ΔR2 = 0.074, p = 0.005) and rate of recovery from distress and arousal (reactive aspect) (B = −0.040, ΔR2...
The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)

StAR, the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein, was named for its critical role in the acute regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis in the adrenal and gonads following tropic hormone stimulation. StAR synthesis is required for the first and rate-limiting step in steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol transport into mitochondria. It was a long journey to finding the acute regulator of steroidogenesis, and this chapter provides a historical and personal account of this journey from the perspective of Dr. Douglas M. Stocco. Over the past two decades, we have gained significant insight into the mechanisms that regulate StAR expression, and into StAR structure and function. This chapter also provides a summary of the literature that has led to our current understanding of the cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms that control StAR expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in steroidogenic tissues.
Inaugural address of the President-elect: 10,000 hours

![Figure][1] As a profession, pharmacy has clearly put in its 10,000 hours. We are now poised to take advantage of the incredible opportunities that are available through health reform and the PPMI. Good morning. Thank you all for being here today. I feel like I’m with 1,000 of my
Immunotherapy and Cancer Therapeutics: A Rich Partnership

Cancer is managed by surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic drug therapies. Drug therapies include endocrine manipulation, single- or multi-agent chemotherapy, and monoclonal antibody therapy. Targeted small molecules that specifically capitalize on vulnerabilities that map to signaling pathways indispensible for tumor growth and progression are now also a part of the standard of cancer care. More recently, rapidly accumulating data illustrates a critical role for the immune system in the response to chemotherapy, radiation (the abscopal effect), and novel targeted cancer therapies. Integrating immune-based therapies strategically with established and novel cancer therapeutics should generate a robust antitumor effect that takes advantage of the strengths of their individual modes of action and also leverages potential immunologic synergies.
Microsurgically Assisted Inguinal Hernia Repair and Simultaneous Male Fertility Procedures: Rationale, Technique and Outcomes.

Purpose: Inguinal herniorrhaphy is the most common general surgical procedure. It is associated with frequent complications such as recurrence in 2.0% to 14.1% of cases with mesh as well as postoperative hematoma in 4.5% of cases, reduced sensation in 0% to 42.8%, chronic postoperative pain in 5.1%, vasal injury in 0.1% to 0.53% and infection in 3% to 6%. Drawing on our experience with the operating microscope for varicocelectomy, vasectomy reversal and repair of iatrogenic vasal obstruction from hernia repair, we applied the operating microscope for inguinal hernia repair. This study describes the rationale, technique and outcomes of microsurgically assisted inguinal hernia repair.Materials and Methods: A total of 291 microsurgically assisted inguinal hernia repairs were performed in 253 men by the same urologist (MG). Simultaneous microsurgical varicocelectomy or other testicular procedures were performed in 83% of cases. All were open repairs through an inguinal incision with the vas deferens, ilioingu...
California low carbon fuel policies and natural gas fueling infrastructure: Synergies and challenges to expanding the use of RNG in transportation

Abstract The emergence of natural gas as an abundant, inexpensive fuel in the U.S. raises the possibility that expanding natural gas infrastructure could enable a transition to other low carbon fuels. We assess how California's existing fuels policies interact with expanding natural gas infrastructure in the state to promote renewable natural gas resource development in the state. We employ a profit-maximizing mixed-integer linear programming optimization to solve for development of natural gas refueling infrastructure incorporating spatial and temporal considerations and estimate the associated expansion in natural gas fuel demand in California. We investigate whether renewable fuel and carbon pollution credit markets create sufficient incentive to promote shifting to renewable natural gas fuel to replace vehicular natural gas demand. An assessment of California's current policies is undertaken and alternative policy options to enhance market efficiency are discussed. These policies include improvements to state regulations of waste disposal, incentives for fleets to shift to sustainable fuel trucks, and mechanisms to lower connection costs for in-state renewable natural gas into the California natural gas pipeline grid.
Jefferson’s Cosmopolitan Nature in Notes on the State of Virginia

In this chapter, Cillerai shows how Thomas Jefferson’s employment of cosmopolitan imagery is an example of eighteenth-century cosmopolitanism’s origins in British colonialism and imperial expansionism. The post-independence cosmopolitan American landscape that Jefferson presents in his only published book Notes on the State of Virginia is a belletristic exercise. Jefferson’s representation produces a powerful image of exceptionalism that contains traits of a narrative that will characterize future representations of America. Cillerai argues that for Jefferson the American cosmopolis exists because it is a part of the eighteenth-century republic of letters, yet within this larger entity, America stands out for its exceptional characteristics. The cosmopolis Jefferson places at the foundation of his idea of America is a reflection of the imperial connections that made the world he lives in possible.
Stratégies pour l'enseignement du cinéma africain

Cet article propose des strategies pratiques pour l'enseignement d'un cours sur le cinema de l'Afrique francophone au sud du Sahara aux etudiants americains de niveau dit avance (quatrieme annee d'universite). Les suggestions presentees prennent en compte le fait que les etudiants sont rarement des cinephiles avises formes a l'analyse de films (de films etrangers de surcroit), et le fait que les professeurs amenes a enseigner ce type de cours ne sont pas necessairement des specialistes du cinema et/ou de l'Afrique. Les objectifs, la methode et le contenu du cours sont discutes.
Carbon Dioxide Activation by Cobalt(I) Macrocycles: Factors Affecting CO2 and CO Binding

The cobalt(I) complexes of several 14-membered tetraazamacrocycles were prepared in CH{sub 3}CN by either electrochemical or sodium amalgam reduction. The electronic absorption spectra and other physical properties of the Co{sup I},Co{sup I}-CO{sub 2} and Co{sup I}-CO complexes are reported. The CO{sub 2} and CO binding constants were determined by spectroscopic and/or electrochemical methods. The binding constants range from 5 {times} 10{sup 4} to {ge} 3 {times} 10{sup 8} M{sup {minus}1} for CO and from {le} 0.5 to > 10{sup 6} M{sup {minus}1} for CO{sub 2} at 25 C. Both binding constants increase as the CoL{sup 2+/+} reduction potentials (which range from {minus}0.34 to {minus}1.65 V vs SCE in CH{sub 3}CN) become more negative. Thus the charge transfer from CO{sup I} to CO{sub 2} or CO is an important factor in stabilizing these adducts. However, hydrogen-bonding interactions between the bound CO{sub 2} and amine macrocycle N-H protons may serve to additionally stabilize the adduct in some cases, while steric repulsion by the macrocycle methyl groups may destabilize the adducts, depending upon the complex.
Lincoln, the Civil War Era, and American Almanacs

The life of Abraham Lincoln has a number of surprising and intriguing links to astronomical events. Astronomical analysis, along with the information in the immense number of books written about Lincoln, allows us to solve mysteries regarding four of these celestial connections.
Natural selection of the Pol gene of bovine immunodeficiency virus.

Abstract Genetic variability is a salient feature of lentiviruses, contributing to the pathogenesis of these viruses by enabling them to persist in the host and to resist anti-retroviral treatment. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), a lentivirus of unknown pathology, infects cattle in the United States and worldwide. Genetic diversity of BIV that is associated with naturally infected cattle is not well studied. We examined the genetic diversity and natural selection of a segment of the BIV pol gene amplified from the leukocyte DNA of naturally infected cattle. A portion of the reverse transcriptase domain (183 bp) of the pol region was targeted for amplification by PCR. PCR products were sequenced directly and aligned. When compared to the sequences of BIV R29-127, a molecular clone of the original BIV R29 isolate, all isolates were greater than 91% identical in nucleotide sequences and 77% identical in amino acid sequences. Pol genotypes were polymorphic at 14% of the nucleotide sites. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions (relative to the number of respective sites, Ka/Ks) was 0.16, indicating that this region of the BIV genome, like that of HIV-1, is subject to purifying selection. Based on the McDonald–Kreitman analysis, this region also was under positive Darwinian selection as HIV-1 and BIV diverged from a common progenitor. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genotypes were geographically distinct, possibly indicating a common source of infection for animals within a herd.