cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flash column chromatograms estimated from thin-layer chromatography data

Given a sample mass and TLC data, a spreadsheet has been developed that provides information on the amount of silica gel needed, the optimal fraction size, and the degree of separation to be expected before flash chromatography is attempted. The spreadsheet is the first utility of its kind to accurately estimate the retention volume and band volume of analytes, as well as the fraction numbers expected to contain each analyte, and the resolution between adjacent peaks. This information allows users to select optimal parameters for preparative-scale separations before the flash column itself is attempted; ensuring a successful first separation.
A case of bad timing: inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy due to a critically placed premature ventricular contraction.

HEALY, E., ET AL.: A Case of Bad Timing: Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy Due to a Critically Placed Premature Ventricular Contraction. A 58-year-old man with an ischemic cardiomyopathy underwent ICD implantation after having an electrophysiological study positive for inducible, sustained monomorphic VT. Approximately 1 week later he experienced a shock. Inspection of stored electrograms revealed that a run of nonsustained VT had initiated his ICD to charge. The episode spontaneously terminated, yet the shock was still delivered during sinus rhythm. Further inspection revealed that a critically timed PVC during the "second look" interval resulted in delivered therapy. Thus, inappropriate ICD therapy can result from causes other than SVT, lead malfunction, or over sensing.
Reading Disability as a Condition of Family Stability

To explain a psychogenic symptom like retarded reading, clinicians typically adopt one of two positions. Traditionally, they have regarded it as a substitute for conflicting impulses, but in recent years a number of authors (1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13) have concentrated on the vicarious satisfaction the symptom provides one or both parents and have shown how it is supported by collusive arrangements among members of the family. Just where internal dynamics fit into the interpersonal picture is a point on which these authors tend to differ. Our initial observations of children with functional retardation in reading convinced us that an etiological study would require information about both internal dynamics and family relationships and would confront us with the knotty problem of defining associations between the two kinds of analysis. But even before we could think about these associations it became necessary for us to define the concepts required for the phrasing of questions, there being no commonly accepted terminology for describing the properties of social relationships. In describing the provisional results of our study we begin with an account of our methods, following which we summarize some representative findings about the internal dynamics of children and parents. After defining terms such as stability, compatibility, bond, and subidentity, which we found most helpful in thinking about the data, we conclude the paper with observations about relationships and their connections with retarded reading. We separate data about the individual from data about his relationships to contrast the kinds of insight each contributes to the origin and maintenance of symptoms.
Highly Linear Coherent Receiver With Feedback

We propose and demonstrate a novel coherent receiver with feedback for high-linearity analog photonic links. In the proposed feedback receiver, a local phase modulator tracks the phase change of the signal and reduces the effective swing across the phase demodulator without reducing the transmitted signal. The signal-to-noise-ratio is thus maintained while linearity is improved. Up to 20-dB improvement in spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) is achieved experimentally. At 3.13 mA of average photocurrent per photodiode, the measured SFDR is 124.3 dBmiddotHz2/3, which corresponds to an SFDR of 131.5 dBmiddotHz2/3 when the link is shot-noise-limited
Path Integral Monte Carlo Calculation of the Deuterium Hugoniot

Restricted path integral Monte Carlo simulations have been used to calculate the equilibrium properties of deuterium for two densities: $0.674$ and $0.838\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ( ${r}_{s}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2.00$ and 1.86) in the temperature range of ${10}^{5}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}{10}^{6}\mathrm{K}$. We carefully assess size effects and dependence on the time step of the path integral. Further, we compare the results obtained with a free particle nodal restriction with those from a self-consistent variational principle, which includes interactions and bound states. By using the calculated internal energies and pressures, we determine the shock Hugoniot and compare with recent laser shock wave experiments as well as other theories.
LiDAR and Field Observations of Slip Distribution for the Most Recent Surface Ruptures along the Central San Jacinto Fault

We measured offsets on tectonically displaced geomorphic features along 80 km of the Clark strand of the San Jacinto fault (SJF) to estimate slip‐per‐event for the past several surface ruptures. We identify 168 offset features from which we make over 490 measurements using B4 light detection and ranging (LiDAR) imagery and field observations. Our results suggest that LiDAR technology is an exemplary supplement to traditional field methods in slip‐per‐event studies. Displacement estimates indicate that the most recent surface‐rupturing event (MRE) produced an average of 2.5–2.9 m of right‐lateral slip with maximum slip of nearly 4 m at Anza, a M w 7.2–7.5 earthquake. Average multiple‐event offsets for the same 80 kms are ∼5.5 m, with maximum values of 3 m at Anza for the penultimate event. Cumulative displacements of 9–10 m through Anza suggest the third event was also similar in size. Paleoseismic work at Hog Lake dates the most recent surface rupture event at ca. 1790. A poorly located, large earthquake occurred in southern California on 22 November 1800; we relocate this event to the Clark fault based on the MRE at Hog Lake. We also recognize the occurrence of a younger rupture along ∼15–20 km of the fault in Blackburn Canyon with ∼1.25 m of average displacement. We attribute these offsets to the 21 April 1918 M w 6.9 event. These data argue that much or all of the Clark fault, and possibly also the Casa Loma fault, fail together in large earthquakes, but that shorter sections may fail in smaller events. Online Material: Topographic contour maps and hillshades generated from B4 LiDAR data, corresponding field photographs, and data tables comparing LiDAR‐based and field‐based slip measurements for individual geomorphic features along the Clark fault.
Childhood ADHD and risk for substance dependence in adulthood: a longitudinal, population-based study.

Background: Adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are known to be at significantly greater risk for the development of substance use disorders (SUD) compared to peers. Impulsivity, which could lead to higher levels of drug use, is a known symptom of ADHD and likely accounts, in part, for this relationship. Other factors, such as a biologically increased susceptibility to substance dependence (addiction), may also play a role. Objective: This report further examines the relationships between childhood ADHD, adolescent- onset SUD, and substance abuse and substance dependence in adulthood. Method: Individuals with childhood ADHD and non-ADHD controls from the same population-based birth cohort were invited to participate in a prospective outcome study. Participants completed a structured neuropsychiatric interview with modules for SUD and a psychosocial questionnaire. Information on adolescent SUD was obtained retrospectively, in a previous study, from medical and school records. Associations were summarized using odds ratios (OR) and 95% CIs estimated from logistic regression models adjusted for age and gender. Results: A total of 232 ADHD cases and 335 non-ADHD controls participated (mean age, 27.0 and 28.6 years, respectively). ADHD cases were more likely than controls to have a SUD diagnosed in adolescence and were more likely to have alcohol (adjusted OR 14.38, 95% CI 1.49–138.88) and drug (adjusted OR 3.48, 95% CI 1.38–8.79) dependence in adulthood. The subgroup of participating ADHD cases who did not have SUD during adolescence were no more likely than controls to develop new onset alcohol dependence as adults, although they were significantly more likely to develop new onset drug dependence. Conclusions: Our study found preliminary evidence that adults with childhood ADHD are more susceptible than peers to developing drug dependence, a disorder associated with neurological changes in the brain. The relationship between ADHD and alcohol dependence appears to be more complex.
Life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach, Parcoblatta lata (Blattaria: Blattellidae) and other native cockroaches in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina.

Abstract Wood cockroaches (Blattaria: Blattellidae) are important prey of the red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis Wilson (Piciformes: Picidae), an endangered species inhabiting pine (Pinus spp.) forests in the southern United States. These woodpeckers forage on the boles of live pine trees, but their prey consists of a high proportion of wood cockroaches, Parcoblatta spp., that are more commonly associated with dead plant material. Consequently, we sampled large woody debris, logs and standing dead trees (snags), in a South Carolina pine forest to determine densities of wood cockroaches in these habitats. Nearly 80% of the 662 wood cockroaches we collected from woody debris were found in snags. However, when we estimated the number of wood cockroaches per hectare, we found that the two habitats contained approximately equal numbers because logs are more abundant than snags. The broad wood cockroach, Parcoblatta lata Brunner, was the most common cockroach on live pine boles constituting 46% of the w...
Proliferation and differentiation of Abelson virus-infected murine myeloid leukemia cell lines does not involve an autocrine mechanism.

Culture in agar of cloned promonocytic leukemia cell lines derived from Abelson virus-infected mice produced colonies of both a compact and diffuse morphology. Diffuse colonies contained fewer cells capable of forming colonies when recultured in agar than did compact colonies. Serial subcloning of cells from diffuse, but not compact, colonies ultimately led to the complete loss of colony-forming cells, i.e., to clonal extinction. The production of both compact and diffuse agar colonies was independent of the cell density of either the static liquid culture from which cells were taken for culture in agar, or the number of cells per agar culture. Furthermore, bioassays of culture supernatants indicated the leukemia cells did not secrete hemopoietic growth factors active on normal hemopoietic cells, transforming growth factors active on adherent cell lines, or factors that influenced the growth of the leukemic cells themselves. Collectively, these data suggest neither growth-factor independent replication nor the spontaneous differentiation of Abelson virus-infected myeloid cells involves autocrine secretion of growth regulators.
ac impedance studies of rare earth oxide doped ceria

Abstract The ionic conductivities of cerium oxide doped with oxides of the entire rare earth series (except Pm) were measured using ac impedance in air at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 900 °C. All of these samples showed an increase in the conductivity over undoped ceria, with ceria doped with Gd, Sm and Y exhibiting the highest values. The maximum conductivity observed (at 600 °C) was 1.2 × 10 −2 S cm −1 for Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 . The conductivity of yttria-doped ceria varied substantially with the dopant level. Maximum conductivity was observed for the composition Ce 1.84 Y 0.16 O 1.92 . Although the conductivity generally increased with increasing ionic radius of the dopant cation, no firm correlation was found between these two variables. For several of the materials, the relative contribution of the bulk crystal lattice and grain boundaries to the overall resistance was measured; the relative significance of each depended on the specific rare earth dopant and the processing conditions.
In vitro activities of various antimicrobials alone and in combination with tigecycline against carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

The activities of tigecycline alone and in combination with other antimicrobials are not well defined for carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CIRA). Pharmacodynamic activity is even less well defined when clinically achievable serum concentrations are considered. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical CIRA isolates from 2001 to 2005 was performed by broth or agar dilution, as appropriate. Tigecycline concentrations were serially increased in time-kill studies with a representative of the most prevalent carbapenem-resistant clone (strain AA557; imipenem MIC, 64 mg/liter). The in vitro susceptibility of the strain was tested by time-kill studies in duplicate against the average free serum steady-state concentrations of tigecycline alone and in combination with various antimicrobials. Ninety-three CIRA isolates were tested and were found to have the following antimicrobial susceptibility profiles: tigecycline, MIC50 of 1 mg/liter and MIC90 of 2 mg/liter; minocycline, MIC50 of 0.5 mg/liter and MIC90 of 8 mg/liter; doxycycline, MIC50 of 2 mg/liter and MIC90 of ≥32 mg/liter; ampicillin-sulbactam, MIC50 of 48 mg/liter and MIC90 of 96 mg/liter; ciprofloxacin, MIC50 of ≥16 mg/liter and MIC90 of ≥16 mg/liter; rifampin, MIC50 of 4 mg/liter and MIC90 of 8 mg/liter; polymyxin B, MIC50 of 1 mg/liter and MIC90 of 1 mg/liter; amikacin, MIC50 of 32 mg/liter and MIC90 of ≥32 mg/liter; meropenem, MIC50 of 16 mg/liter and MIC90 of ≥128 mg/liter; and imipenem, MIC50 of 4 mg/liter and MIC90 of 64 mg/liter. Among the tetracyclines, the isolates were more susceptible to tigecycline than minocycline and doxycycline, according to FDA breakpoints (95%, 88%, and 71% of the isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, minocycline, and doxycycline, respectively). Concentration escalation studies with tigecycline revealed a maximal killing effect near the MIC, with no additional extent or rate of killing at concentrations 2× to 4× the MIC for tigecycline. Time-kill studies demonstrated indifference for tigecycline in combination with the antimicrobials tested. Polymyxin B, minocycline, and tigecycline are the most active antimicrobials in vitro against CIRA. Concentration escalation studies demonstrate that tigecycline may need to approach concentrations higher than those currently achieved in the bloodstream to adequately treat CIRA bloodstream infections. Future studies should evaluate these findings in vivo.
A Mathematician Reflects on the Useful and Reliable Illusion of Reality in Mathematics

Recent years have seen a growing acknowledgement within the mathematical community that mathematics is cognitively/socially constructed. Yet to anyone doing mathematics, it seems totally objective. The sensation in pursuing mathematical research is of discovering prior (eternal) truths about an external (abstract) world. Although the community can and does decide which topics to pursue and which axioms to adopt, neither an individual mathematician nor the entire community can choose whether a particular mathematical statement is true or false, based on the given axioms. Moreover, all the evidence suggests that all practitioners work with the same ontology. (My number 7 is exactly the same as yours.) How can we reconcile the notion that people construct mathematics, with this apparent choice-free, predetermined objectivity? I believe the answer is to be found by examining what mathematical thinking is (as a mental activity) and the way the human brain acquired the capacity for mathematical thinking.
The quantitative design of robust multivariable control systems

By a systematic use of the theory of non-negative matrices, and the associated theory of M-matrices, it is possible to derive measures of robustness which overcome the undue conservatism inherent in the use of singular values as measures of robustness. Using these ideas, it is shown that for nominal diagonal closed loop transfer matrices, the controller which maximizes robustness is the one that minimizes the Perron root (maximum eigenvalue) of a certain non-negative matrix. From this, a simple criterion for robustness based on the maximum magnification Mp of the closed loop transmission functions and the Perron root of the uncertainty matrix is derived. This is then used to give a design scheme for simultaneous stability and performance robustness. That is to say, the final control scheme guarantees satisfaction of given performance bounds in the face of any given plant uncertainty.
The Lived Experience of Nursing Advocacy

Nursing advocacy for patients is considered to be an essential component of nursing practice. This phenomenological qualitative pilot study explored registered nurses' lived experience of nursing advocacy with patients using a sample of three medical-surgical registered nurses. The guiding research questions were: (1) how do registered nurses practicing in the medical-surgical specialty area describe their experiences with nursing advocacy for their patients; and (2) what reflections on educational preparation for their professional roles do registered nurses identify as related to their practices of nursing advocacy with their patients? Data analysis procedures were based on Moustakas' data analysis method, and Lincoln and Guba's criteria were applied for rigor. The emergent themes were: speaking out and speaking for patients; being compelled to act on unmet needs of patients; fulfillment and frustration; the patient is changed; primarily learned on the job; and confidence gained through practice. The findings increase the body of knowledge surrounding nursing advocacy as practiced by nurses.
The Effects of Journalist Opinionation on Learning From the News

This study considers whether opinionated television news—that is, news in which the anchor expresses a clear point of view—promotes learning relative to traditional, objective news. Results from an online experiment indicate that news opinionation neither increases nor decreases learning. An examination of processing mechanisms helps to explain this null effect: While perceived bias in opinionated news enhances learning, opinionated news also shifts the focus of information processing away from the message and toward the source, thereby distracting from learning. Learning differences as a function of attitudinal congruency with the opinionated news message are explored. Although there are no differences in learning congruent versus incongruent information, this likewise can be explained by patterns in perceived bias and information processing.
High-frequency spinal cord stimulation of inspiratory muscles in dogs: a new method of inspiratory muscle pacing.

Despite clinically available methods of diaphragm pacing, most patients with ventilator-dependent tetraplegia are still dependent on mechanical ventilation. Given the significant disadvantages of these devices, additional pacing options are needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel and potentially more physiological method of inspiratory muscle activation, which involves the application of high-frequency (>200 Hz) stimulation to the ventral surface of the spinal cord in the high thoracic region. Studies were performed in 13 anesthetized dogs. High-frequency spinal cord stimulation (HF-SCS) results in the activation of both the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles, in concert, at physiological firing frequencies and the generation of large inspired volumes. Mean maximum firing frequencies of motor units in the parasternal (2nd interspace), the external intercostal (3rd interspace), and the diaphragm muscles were 10.6 ± 0.4, 11.7 ± 0.4, and 10.4 ± 0.3 Hz, respectively. These values were not significantly different from those occurring during spontaneous breathing at comparable inspired volumes. Maximum inspired volume was 0.93 ± 0.01 liter, which approximates the inspiratory capacity of these animals. Moreover, ventilation can be maintained on a chronic basis by this method (6 h) without evidence of system fatigue. Our results suggest that HF-SCS results in activation of spinal cord tracts that synapse with the inspiratory motoneuron pools, allowing processing of the stimulus and consequent physiological activation of the inspiratory muscles. HF-SCS has the potential to provide an effective method of inspiratory muscle pacing.
Modulation of Rat Rotational Behavior by Direct Gene Transfer of Constitutively Active Protein Kinase C into Nigrostriatal Neurons

The modulation of motor behavior by protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways in nigrostriatal neurons was examined by using a genetic intervention approach. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vectors that encode a catalytic domain of rat PKCbetaII (PkcDelta) were developed. PkcDelta exhibited a constitutively active protein kinase activity with a substrate specificity similar to that of rat brain PKC. As demonstrated in cultured sympathetic neurons, PkcDelta caused a long-lasting, activation-dependent increase in neurotransmitter release. In the rat brain, microinjection of HSV-1 vectors that contain the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter targeted expression to dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Expression of pkcDelta in a small percentage of nigrostriatal neurons (approximately 0.1-2%) was sufficient to produce a long-term (>/=1 month) change in apomorphine-induced rotational behavior. Nigrostriatal neurons were the only catecholaminergic neurons that contained PkcDelta, and the amount of rotational behavior was correlated with the number of affected nigrostriatal neurons. The change in apomorphine-induced rotational behavior was blocked by a dopamine receptor antagonist (fluphenazine). D2-like dopamine receptor density was increased in those regions of the striatum innervated by the affected nigrostriatal neurons. Therefore, this strategy enabled the demonstration that a PKC pathway or PKC pathways in nigrostriatal neurons modulate apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, and altered dopaminergic transmission from nigrostriatal neurons appears to be the affected neuronal physiology responsible for the change in rotational behavior.
Concentric Evertor Strength Differences and Functional Ankle Instability: A Meta-Analysis

Objective: To determine whether concentric evertor muscle weakness was associated with functional ankle instability (FAI). Data Sources: We conducted an electronic search through November 2007, limited to English, and using PubMed, PreCINAHL, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus. A forward search was conducted using the Science Citation Index on studies from the electronic search. Finally, we conducted a hand search of all selected studies and contacted the respective authors to identify additional studies. We included peer-reviewed manuscripts, dissertations, and theses. Study Selection: We evaluated the titles and abstracts of studies identified by the electronic searches. Studies were selected by consensus and reviewed only if they included participants with FAI or chronic ankle instability and strength outcomes. Studies were included in the analysis if means and SDs (or other relevant statistical information, such as P values or t values and group n’s) were reported for FAI and stable groups (or ankles). Data Extraction: Data were extracted by the authors independently, cross-checked for accuracy, and limited to outcomes of concentric eversion strength. We rated each study for quality. Outcomes were coded as either fast or slow velocity (ie, equal to or greater than 1106/s or less than 1106/s, respectively). Data Synthesis: Data included the means, SDs, and group sample sizes (or other appropriate statistical information) for the FAI and uninjured groups (or ankles). The standard difference in the means (SDM) for each outcome was calculated using the pooled SD. We tested individual and overall SDMs using the Z statistic and comparisons between fast and slow velocities using the Q statistic. Our analysis revealed that ankles with FAI were weaker than stable ankles (SDM 5 0.224, Z 5 4.0, P , .001, 95% confidence interval 5 0.115, 0.333). We found no difference between the fast- and slow-velocity SDMs (SDMFast 5 0.189, SDMSlow 5 0.244, Q 5 29.9, df 5 24, P 5 .187). Because of the small SDM, this method of measuring ankle strength in the clinical setting may need to be reevaluated.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Grain Growth in Nanocrystalline Materials in the Presence of Dopants

Molecular dynamics simulations of bulk nanocrystalline Cu with dopant atoms segregated in the grain boundary regions were performed to investigate the impediment of grain growth during annealing at constant temperature of 800K. In this parametric study, the concentration and atomic radii mismatch between the dopants and the host atoms were systematically varied to determine how to most effectively retard grain growth. It is found that samples with positive excess enthalpy (AH) underwent various degrees of grain growth; however, when AH was negative, no coarsening occurred. Also, AH varied linearly with dopant concentration with the slope equal to the enthalpy of segregation, in agreement with previous theoretical work.
A Reply to Gabriele Lakomski

As the man responsible for organizing the array of articles on objectivity, subjectivity, and relativism, I have been invited by the editor of Curriculum Inquiry to respond, if I wished, to Professor Lakomski's critique. I am grateful to Michael Connelly for the opportunity to do so. In my response, I speak for myself. Professor Lakomski has written a wide-ranging statement that moves between a direct critique of the papers and a body of philosophical material intended to instruct the reader about the current state of some
An Examination of Classical Conditioning Principles in an Ecologically Valid Advertising Context

The objective of this study was to apply classical conditioning principles in an examination of the effect of affectively valenced advertising on brand attitudes and purchase intentions. The most often-cited research on conditioning in an advertising context has primarily used artificial ads for fictitious brands as stimuli to gauge effect on attitudes. For increased ecological validity, practitioner developed television commercials for actual brands were used in a 2 (brand familiarity) X 2 (affect) X 3 (repetition) experimental design. As hypothesized, results suggest that ad affect’s influence on brand attitudes was inhibited by familiarity with the brand regardless of ad repetition, while unfamiliar brands showed evidence of a direct affect transfer from ad to brand. Implications for advertising managers in the areas of creative strategies and pretesting are discussed.
Binding of an intravascular delivery vehicle for prevention of arterial restenosis is contingent on tertiary structure

CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that TXA decreases the time to initial clot formation and increases the rate of clot propagation indicating its procoagulant effects beyond fibrinolysis, which are relevant to both potential benefit as well as safety. Thus, it is imperative to confirm a diagnosis of pathologic fibrinolysis prior to treatment with TXA to avoid exposure of a patient to a potentially thrombogenic drug.
UPLC-MS Detection of Medicinal Ingrediants in Clindamycin Phosphate Glucose Injection Sterilized with High Temperature

Objective:To establish an UPLC-MS method for the determination of medicinal ingrediants in Clindamycin Phosphate Glucose injection sterilized with high temperature.Method: LC condition: Adopted Acquity UPLC BEH C18column(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm,eluted gradiently with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.02 mol·L-1 ammonium acetate buffer solution adjusted pH 3.0 with acetic acid)at a flow rate 0.25 mL·min-1.MS condition,adopted electrospray ionization(ESI),and multiple reaction monitoring.Result:Clindamycin phosphate,clindamycin and lincamycin were detected in the clindamycin phosphate glucose injection sterilized with high temperature,and clindamycin is the maxest impurity.Conclusion:This method is selectivity and sensitive,it is suitable for detection of the medicinal ingrediants in clindamycin phosphate glucose injection sterilized with high temperature.
An investigation of mosquito in Yingkou city

Objective To grasp the dynamic change of mosquito population and seasonal fluctuation in Yingkou city.Methods Lamp baited trap method.Results Totally 1 470 mosquitoes were trapped in 2012.Cluex pipiens pallens was the dominant species.The density peak appeared in July.Conclusion In Yingkou city,the density of adult mosquitoes in farmer and stock yard is higher than the others.It is necessary to control mosquitoes in farmer and stock yard.
Alcoholic liver disease : to transplant or not to transplant ?

Liver transplantation for patients with alcoholic liver disease remains very controversial. We review recent data which suggest that, contrary to earlier reports, many alcoholic patients with end-stage liver disease are able to meet stringent selection criteria and that these selected alcoholics achieve a good result from a liver transplant. Conversely, non-selected alcoholics have a significantly poorer survival. This raises the question as to what is the most appropriate method to select alcoholic patients for liver transplantation. We advocate a selection process which considers the potential recipients' medical, surgical and psychiatric suitability rather than their diagnosis. We outline how we have arrived at this approach in part because of the heterogeneity of patients who carry the diagnosis 'alcoholic liver disease'. We describe how we try to estimate prognosis for future abstinence, which is based on a profile of historical features rather than a fixed period of sobriety. Using this approach, the incidence of recidivism in the first 2 years after transplantation has been low. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to improve methods of selection for the management of alcoholic patients undergoing liver transplantation.
American Attitudes Towards International Organisation

Intelligent discussion of this subject requires constant awareness of the dangers of unwarranted generalisation. Americans are never unanimous about anything, and certainly not about international organisation. The conduct of international relations requires that some attitude be designated and treated as the official position of the United States, but this designation always obscures differences of view within the government and, even more, within the vast assortment of human beings who populate the United States. Moreover, the American attitude toward international organisation lacks constancy. Secular trends and ephemeral fluctuations complicate the analysis; prevailing American views had obviously changed between the end of World War I and the end of World War II, and the United Nations inspired different attitudes in the 1970s than it did in the 1950s. Attitudes also vary according to the identity of the organisation under consideration. International organisation is a term embracing international organisations that arouse quite different reactions in the United States. It is true that many Americans think that they have a fixed and general attitude toward international organisation as a generic phenomenon; they have convinced themselves that they approve or disapprove of international organisation in principle.
Metabolite labelling reveals hierarchies in Clostridium acetobutylicum that selectively channel carbons from sugar mixtures towards biofuel precursors

Summary Clostridial fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose relies on the cellular physiology controlling the metabolism of the cellulosic hexose sugar (glucose) with respect to the hemicellulosic pentose sugars (xylose and arabinose) and the hemicellulosic hexose sugars (galactose and mannose). Here, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and stable isotope tracers in Clostridium acetobutylicum were applied to investigate the metabolic hierarchy of glucose relative to the different hemicellulosic sugars towards two important biofuel precursors, acetyl-coenzyme A and butyryl-coenzyme A. The findings reveal constitutive metabolic hierarchies in C. acetobutylicum that facilitate (i) selective investment of hemicellulosic pentoses towards ribonucleotide biosynthesis without substantial investment into biofuel production and (ii) selective contribution of hemicellulosic hexoses through the glycolytic pathway towards biofuel precursors. Long-term isotopic enrichment demonstrated substantial incorporation of both pentose sugars into pentose-phosphates and ribonucleotides in the presence of glucose. Kinetic labelling data, however, showed that xylose was not routed towards the biofuel precursors but there was minor contribution from arabinose. Glucose hierarchy over the hemicellulosic hexoses was substrate-dependent. Kinetic labelling of hexose-phosphates and triose-phosphates indicated that mannose was assimilated but not galactose. Labelling of both biofuel precursors confirmed this metabolic preference. These results highlight important metabolic considerations in the accounting of clostridial mixed-sugar utilization.
Recognizing gender differences in stack overflow usage: Applying the Bechdel test

Investigating gender participation in socio-technical ecosystems has been a popular challenge recently. However, tackling this feat requires an understanding of community features and participation to appropriately serve users. In this work, I describe work I've done to understand the Stack Overflow community for females and propose research to determine gender differences in communication on the site using the Bechdel test. To evaluate this test I explain how I adapt the three criteria of the Bechdel test to analyze Stack Overflow interactions.
The Spirituality of Sport and the Role of the Athlete in the Tennis Essays of David Foster Wallace

The well-known novelist and creative writer David Foster Wallace (1962–2008) belongs to a select group of “occasional sportswriters” whose writings about sport have influenced cultural discourse ab...
Vaccination of rhesus macaques with the live-attenuated HSV-1 vaccine VC2 stimulates the proliferation of mucosal T cells and germinal center responses resulting in sustained production of highly neutralizing antibodies

We have shown that the live-attenuated HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain with mutations in glycoprotein K (gK) and the membrane protein UL20 is unable to establish latency in vaccinated animals and produces a robust immune response capable of completely protecting mice against lethal vaginal HSV-1 or HSV-2 infections. To better understand the immune response generated by vaccination with VC2, we tested its ability to elicit immune responses in rhesus macaques. Vaccinated animals showed no signs of disease and developed increasing HSV-1 and HSV-2 reactive IgG1 after two booster vaccinations, while IgG subtypes IgG2 and IgG3 remained at low to undetectable levels. All vaccinated animals produced high levels of cross protective neutralizing antibodies. Flow cytometry analysis of cells isolated from draining lymph nodes showed that VC2 vaccination stimulated significant increases in plasmablast (CD27highCD38high) and mature memory (CD21-IgM-) B cells. T cell analysis on cells isolated from draining lymph node biopsies demonstrated a statistically significant increase in proliferating (Ki67+) follicular T helper cells and regulatory CXCR5+ CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Analysis of plasma isolated two weeks post vaccination showed significant increases in circulating CXCL13 indicating increased germinal center activity. Cells isolated from vaginal biopsy samples collected over the course of the study exhibited vaccination-dependent increases in proliferating (Ki67+) CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations. These results suggest that intramuscular vaccination with the live-attenuated HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain can stimulate robust IgG1 antibody responses that persist for >250days post vaccination. In addition, vaccination lead to the maturation of B cells into plasmablast and mature memory B cells, the expansion of follicular T helper cells, and affects in the mucosal immune responses. These data suggest that the HSV VC2 vaccine induces potent immune responses that could help define correlates of protection towards developing an efficacious HSV-1/HSV-2 vaccine in humans.
Civic Engagement through Social Media: Strategic Stakeholder Management by High-Asset Foundations

Civic engagement through social media is a strategy employed by nonprofits typically using one-way targeted information dissemination to stakeholder groups. Improving the quality of communities and ameliorating social problems sustain nonprofit foundation missions, suggesting that two-way dialogic communication inspiring action is preferable for effective civic engagement over one-way communication. Using Facebook content analyses for three types of foundations-community, corporate, and independent grant making foundations-the authors employ a Relationship Management Theory RMT approach to assess effective civic engagement. RMT emphasizes the organization's dynamic interactions with stakeholder publics Ledingham, 2003. The authors code posts according to whether they ask stakeholders to act e.g.-asking users to respond to a question or share information. Using a quantitative modeling approach, they determine whether posts requesting stakeholder action are more likely to result in stakeholder engagement with posts. They examine type of post-status updates, external links, and multimedia-to determine whether type of post is also related to civic engagement. Facebook data for 300 randomly sampled high asset-foundations were accessed using a social media analytics program. Overall, the authors find that private and corporate foundations are more likely to use social media on average. However, community foundations are more likely to use social media as a call to action. This study informs foundations and the larger nonprofit community on how to apply such techniques to their own organizations for continuous improvement in supporting their missions and civic engagement goals. This study is also germane to other types of nonprofit and public organizations seeking to increase stakeholder engagement with social media platforms.
A PRIORI BOUNDS IN NONLINEAR SHELL THEORY

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a priori bounds in nonlinear shell theory. It presents the John shell equations for a sphere under a uniform compressive load and presents a derivation of constructive a priori bounds for the solutions by means of simple and direct estimates that do not involve any nondegeneracy conditions. The John shell equations are a coupled system of six semilinear partial differential equations. The simplicity of the derivations seems to be mainly because of the fact that the problem is correctly formulated in a certain natural way. Although the spherical shell problem being considered in the chapter is special, it appears likely that there are constructive a priori bounds available for a wide class of shell problems provided that such problems can be correctly formulated.
Novel tropolones induce the unfolded protein response pathway and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells.

// Staci L. Haney 1 , Cheryl Allen 2 , Michelle L. Varney 1 , Kaitlyn M. Dykstra 2 , Eric R. Falcone 3 , Sean H. Colligan 2 , Qiang Hu 4 , Alyssa M. Aldridge 5 , Dennis L. Wright 3 , Andrew J. Wiemer 3 and Sarah A. Holstein 1 1 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA 2 Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA 4 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA 5 Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Correspondence to: Sarah A. Holstein, email: sarah.holstein@unmc.edu Keywords: myeloma, tropolone, histone deacetylase, unfolded protein response, apoptosis Received: January 21, 2017 Accepted: June 02, 2017 Published: June 16, 2017 ABSTRACT Tropolones are small organic compounds with metal-directing moieties. Tropolones inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell lines, possibly through their effects on metalloenzymes such as select histone deacetylases (HDACs). Pan-HDAC inhibitors are therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of multiple myeloma, however there is interest in the use of more selective HDAC inhibitor therapy to minimize adverse side effects. We hypothesized that tropolones might have anti-myeloma activities. To this end, a series of novel α-substituted tropolones were evaluated for effects on multiple myeloma cells. While all tested tropolones showed some level of cytotoxicity, MO-OH-Nap had consistently low IC 50 values between 1–11 μM in all three cell lines tested and was used for subsequent experiments. MO-OH-Nap was found to induce apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Time course experiments demonstrated that MO-OH-Nap promotes caspase cleavage in a time frame that was distinct from the pan-HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Furthermore, MO-OH-Nap- and SAHA-treated cells possess unique gene expression patterns, suggesting they promote apoptosis via different mechanisms. In particular, MO-OH-Nap increases the expression of markers associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response. Synergistic cytotoxic effects were observed when cells were treated with the combination of MO-OH-Nap and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. However, treatment with MO-OH-Nap did not abrogate the bortezomib-induced increase in aggresomes, consistent with an HDAC6-independent mechanism for the observed synergy. Collectively, these finding support further investigation into the usefulness of α-substituted tropolones as anti-myeloma agents.
Learn from Your Body

Your body holds great instructive value concerning the state of your wellness … or lack thereof. Our bodies teach us much about our current state of health and, most importantly, send us “distress signals” that we are “off track” in our quest for inner peace and balance (Fig. 5.1). Our bodies send clever clues that physical or emotional homeostasis has been lost.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with cure and durable remission of late-onset primary isolated central nervous system hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Primary isolated CNS presentation of HLH is exceedingly rare and typically associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We describe an adolescent patient with late-onset, primary isolated CNS HLH and a compound heterozygous PRF1 mutation (c50delT (p.L17 fs); c.1229G>C (p.R410P)), not previously reported with this phenotype. He was successfully treated with allogeneic HSCT following a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen, despite a high pre-HSCT comorbidity index. Two years after transplant, he is alive and in disease remission. While patients with systemic HLH and active CNS disease have relatively poorer outcomes, a high index of suspicion may aid with early diagnosis of primary isolated CNS HLH; prompt treatment with HSCT may be associated with improved cure and durable remission of this rare disease.
An Integrated Concurrent Multiple-Input Self-Startup Energy Harvesting Capacitive-Based DC Adder Combiner

This paper introduces a switched-capacitor dc combiner suitable for energy harvesting applications. Since the dc voltage is small, addition of the voltages from different sources can boost the final output voltage with self-startup capability. This approach is valid for any number of dc voltage sources. To prove the energy harvesting principle, three sources are selected. The design of the three-input dc combiner, with no closed-loop controller, is fabricated in 0.13- ${\mu\text{m}}$ CMOS technology and the chip area is 1.5 × 1.5 ${\text{mm}^2}$ . With integrated tunable thyristor-based differential oscillators, the chip can combine power from all three inputs. Manual frequency modulation is used to deliver the maximum power to the load. The system has proven to be functional even if one or two of the sources is/are weak or not available. Finally, for indoor conditions, the power from three different solar cells is combined where 70 $\mu$ W is harvested with an open-circuit voltage of 1.4 V and the short-circuit current of 160 $\mu$ A.
Relocation of blood gas laboratory to the emergency department helps decrease lactic acid values

IMPORTANCE Emergency Physicians often rely on Lactic Acid (LA) values to make important clinical decisions. Accuracy of LA values improve when blood gas analysis is performed in the emergency department (ED) as opposed to a satellite laboratory (SL). OBJECTIVE To investigate an association between blood gas laboratory location and accuracy of ED lactic acid samples. METHODS The study team evaluated lactic acid values from venous and arterial blood gas samples drawn between June 1, 2015 and September 30, 2016. The study was exempt from institutional review board approval. Samples were separated into two groups: those which were drawn prior to and after relocation of the blood gas laboratory to the ED. The data, including patient demographic characteristics, acute illness severity indices, and blood gas results were compared within and between each group using t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. The primary outcome was the mean lactate value measured in the SL group in 2015 compared to the ED group in 2016. Potassium and creatinine values were measured between the two groups as secondary outcomes. RESULTS Of the 21,595 consecutive samples drawn, 10,363 samples were from the SL group and 11,232 from the ED group. The SL group included 5458 (52.7%) women; mean (SD) age was 61.8 (21.0). The ED group contained 5860 (52.2%) women; mean (SD) age was 61.7 (20.5). Mean Emergency Severity Index (ESI) were the same in each group at 2.31 and rates of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) were also equivalent in each group at 22.2%. Significant differences were found between LA values in the SL group (mean 2.21mmol/L) and in the ED group (mean 1.99mmol/L) with a p value of <0.0001. There was a small statistical significance between the difference in potassium values in the SL group (mean 3.98meq/L) compared to the ED Group (mean 3.96meq/L) with a p value of 0.022. No significant difference was found between the creatinine values. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results suggest that mean lactate values decreased when measured in an ED blood gas laboratory and may provide more accurate LA results than blood gas samples analyzed at an SL blood gas laboratory within the same institution. Hospitals may consider moving blood gas laboratories to the ED to improve accuracy of one of the most important early blood markers used in the definition of sepsis and in the identification of the critically ill.
The fate of urban springs: Pumping-induced seawater intrusion in a phreatic cave

Abstract Sulphur Springs Cave is an extensive phreatic cavity that produces a large, historic spring in the middle of metropolitan Tampa, Florida, USA. The city of Tampa extracts groundwater from the spring to supplement municipal water supply and to support low-salinity habitat in the estuarine Hillsborough River. Extraction at this site has occurred for many decades, but has intensified since the early 2000s, rapidly increasing the salinity of the spring and cave water. The purpose of this study was to address the potential sources and mechanisms of saltwater intrusion at this site using historical and current hydrochemical data published in the literature and online by government agencies. We also explored the cave to identify point-sources of intrusion, and collected water and biological samples from inside the cave to identify potential ecosystem impacts of increasing cave salinity. From 1946 to present, Sulphur Springs water shifted from being fresh (specific conductance