cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Electrophysiology in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Basic Science to Clinical Expression

Cardiac Electrophysiology in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive neuromuscular disorder that involves striated muscle fibers (skeletal, cardiac), smooth muscle Fibers (vasculature), and nervous system (neurons of central brain and cortex). The Duchenne dystrophy gene has been identified on the Xp21 locus of the short arm of the X chromosome. Dystrophin, the protein product of the gene, is present on and limited to myogenic cells in every tissue tested except the central nervous system, and is absent or nearly so in Duchenne dystrophy. However, the function of dystrophin and the pathogenesis of Duchenne dystrophy remain unclear. There is convincing morphological (gross, histologic, ultrastructural) and metabolic evidence (positron emission tomography) that myocardial involvement is found initially in the posterobasal left ventricular wall (cardiac phenotype). This regional localization of myocardial dystrophy is believed to account for the distinctive 12-lead scalar electrocardiogram (ECG). Abnormalities of cardiac rhythm and conduction have been reported in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but the pathogenesis of the electrophysiologic disturbances has not been established. Two variables are relevant to cardiac electrophysiologic involvement in Duchenne dystrophy: (1) the small vessel coronary arteriopathy (medial hypertrophy, luminal narrowing); and (2) abnormalities that might originate in the specialized cardiac tissues. The role of the coronary arteriopathy is presently speculative, and it is not currently known whether dystrophin is normally present on the cell membrane of normal cardiac specialized tissues, and if so, whether those tissues are dystrophin deficient in Duchenne dystrophy. Animal models (mouse, cat, dog) have shed light on the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle and myocardial involvement, less so on involvement of cardiac specialized tissues. The determinants of calcium homeostasis in dystrophin-deficient myogenic cells (skeletal or cardiac) is unclear, and the relationship between dystrophin deficiency, calcium homeostasis, cellular response and phenotypic expression in skeletal muscle and myocardium is imperfectly understood. The purpose of this report is to bring together current genetic, molecular biological, biochemical, histopathological, and clinical information from human Duchenne dystrophy and from animal models bearing on the electrophysiologic expressions of the neuromuscular disease. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 3, pp. 394–409, August 1992)
Inhalants to heroin: a prospective analysis from adolescence to adulthood

Recent cross-sectional studies have indicated that inhalant use might be a vulnerability marker for the development of heroin use. This study is the first prospective investigation of the hypothesized association between early inhalant use and later heroin use. Analyses were conducted using longitudinal data from a community sample of Woodlawn (an all African American community on the South side of Chicago). Six-hundred subjects participated in both the adolescent and the adult assessments (approximately ages 16 and 32, respectively). Youths with a history of inhalant use by age 16 were over nine times more likely to begin heroin use by age 32, even when other plausible risk factors for the development of heroin use were held constant (RR = 9.3; 95% C.I. = 1.3 - 51.3). These findings add to and are consistent with prior cross-sectional evidence from data based on treatment samples and national survey data. The results from this longitudinal assessment support the idea that youthful inhalant use should be regarded as a vulnerability marker for the development of more serious drug use involvement in the form of heroin use.
Exploring the Relationship Between Listening Style and Need for Cognition

To further our understanding of listening as a cognitive process, a greater understanding of the relationship between listening and other personality and cognitive constructs is needed. To that end, this study explores the relationship between need for cognition and listening style preference. Results indicate that need for cognition is moderately associated with the Content listening style such that participants with higher need for cognition scores exhibit a higher preference for content listening.
AROUSAL PATTERNS, METABOLIC RATE, AND AN ENERGY BUDGET OF EASTERN RED BATS (LASIURUS BOREALIS) IN WINTER

Abstract Eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) will move into leaf litter during cold bouts of winter, and because temperatures fluctuate at these roosts, our 1st goal was to quantify winter arousals in response to ambient temperature (Ta). Additionally, we measured changes in metabolism and body temperature (Tb) during hibernation and arousals at various Ta. Using these data, we estimated winter energy budgets. Bats were captured during autumn of 2003 and 2004 in southwestern Missouri and kept in environmental chambers simulating natural conditions. We assessed torpor bout duration using temperature-sensitive data-loggers within environmental chambers at 15°C, 10°C, 5°C, and 2°C. Metabolic rate during torpor was assessed within metabolic chambers at 15°C, 10°C, 5°C, 1°C, and −5°C. Examination of our data suggests that torpor bout duration was not affected by sex and it was inversely related to Ta down to 2°C. Metabolic rate during torpor was not affected by sex but it did vary with Ta. Tb of hibernating b...
Attenuated morning salivary cortisol concentrations in a population-based study of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and well controls.

Context: A substantial body of research on the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has focused on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation. The cortisol awakening response has received particular attention as a marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation. Objective: The objective of the current study was to evaluate morning salivary cortisol profiles in persons with CFS and well controls identified from the general population. Design and Setting: We conducted a case-control study at an outpatient research clinic. Cases and Other Participants: We screened a sample of 19,381 residents of Georgia and identified those with CFS and a matched sample of well controls. Seventy-five medication-free CFS cases and 110 medication-free well controls provided complete sets of saliva samples. Main Outcome Measures: We assessed free cortisol concentrations in saliva collected on a regular workday immediately upon awakening and 30 and 60 min after awakening. Results: There was a sign...
Phonon Dispersion of Indium along [111]

The phonon spectrum of indium along [111], measured by inelastic neutron scattering, is reported. The two shear modes at the zone-boundary point (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) are split slightly (on account of a 7.5% tetragonal distortion). They have very low frequencies, {approx}0.7 and 1.0 THz, compared to the longitudinal mode, {approx}3.4 THz. These measurements verify the theoretical dispersion predicted by the dynamic pseudopotential theory of phonons for free-electron-like metals.
Improving performance of NEM relay logic circuits using integrated charge-boosting flip flop

The zero leakage operation of Nano-electromechanical (NEM) relays has generated a lot of interest in low power logic design. Mechanical delay of the switches is orders of magnitude larger than the electrical delay and hence limits the speed of operation of NEM based digital logic circuits. The mechanical delay is inversely proportional to the gate-base voltage (V gb ). This paper presents an integrated voltage doubler based flip flop that improves the performance by 2X by overdriving V gb . The parallel plate capacitance between the gate and base of the relay is used to realize the storage capacitor for the doubler. It has been shown that for a flop fanout of 1, 2X performance boost could be achieved with 2X increase in area and 0.5X increase in power. For larger fanouts, the doubler is shared across multiple flops minimizing the area overhead. This approach can be extended as long as the overdrive does not create any reliability issues in the device. Accurate Verilog-A models were developed based on published fabrication results of scaled NEM relays [1] operating at 1V with a nominal air gap of 5 – 10nm. The area, power and performance trade-off for a sequential logic circuit with and without charge boosting is presented.
Enhancing high-speed digitization of single-unit neuronal activity on a microcomputer using a hybrid software-hardware technique

A new data acquisition technique allows a microcomputer simultaneously to digitize spikes at high rates, analyze spike waveforms for computer-based spike separation and manage other control tasks. The technique has two key features: a software scheduling routine written in a high-level language and a hardware analog delay of neuronal signals using simple hardware external to the computer. The technique provides an alternative for real-time data acquisition and can be used on microcomputers without requiring interrupt processing and assembly language programming.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at a water/gas interface: A study of bath gas-dependent molecular species ☆

Abstract Single-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been performed on the surface of a bulk water sample in an air, argon, and nitrogen gas environment to investigate emissions from hydrogen-containing molecules. A microplasma was formed at the gas/liquid interface by focusing a Nd:YAG laser beam operating at 1064 nm onto the surface of an ultra-pure water sample. A broadband Echelle spectrometer with a time-gated intensified charge-coupled device was used to analyze the plasma at various delay times (1.0–40.0 μs) and for incident laser pulse energies ranging from 20–200 mJ. In this configuration, the dominant atomic spectral features at short delay times are the hydrogen H-alpha and H-beta emission lines at 656 and 486 nm, respectively, as well as emissions from atomic oxygen liberated from the water and air and nitrogen emission lines from the air bath gas. For delay times exceeding approximately 8 μs the emission from molecular species (particularly OH and NH) created after the ablation process dominates the spectrum. Molecular emissions are found to be much less sensitive to variations in pulse energy and exhibit a temporal decay an order of magnitude slower than the atomic emission. The dependence of both atomic hydrogen and OH emission on the bath gas above the surface of the water was studied by performing the experiment at standard pressure in an atmospheric purge box. Electron densities calculated from the Stark broadening of the H-beta and H-gamma lines and plasma excitation temperatures calculated from the ratio of H-beta to H-gamma emission were measured for ablation in the three bath gases.
Phonological Patterns in Normally Developing Spanish-Speaking 3- and 4-Year-Olds of Puerto Rican Descent

This study presents a quantitative and qualitative description of the phonological patterns in Spanish-speaking preschoolers of Puerto Rican descent. Phonological processes and nontargeted process ...
Suppository administration of chemotherapeutic drugs with concomitant radiation for rectal cancer

PURPOSE: Preoperative radiation with combined chemotherapy is effective in shrinking advanced rectal cancer locally and facilitating subsequent surgery. Suppository delivery of 5-fluorouracil is associated with less toxicity and higher rectal tissue concentrations than intravenous administration. This prompted us to evaluate suppository and intravenous administration of 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C with concomitant radiation to determine associated toxicity. METHODS: Rectal, liver, lymph node, and lung tissue and systemic and portal blood were collected serially from male Sprague Dawley rats to determine drug concentrations following suppository or intravenous delivery of 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C. Thirty-six animals were randomly assigned to treatment groups and received 5-fluorouracil suppositories, mitomycin C suppositories, or an equivalent intravenous dose of 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C 30 minutes before radiation therapy. Before and 3, 6, 10, and 15 days following this treatment, blood was collected, colonoscopy was performed, and rectal tissue was harvested for histologic examination. RESULTS: Mitomycin C suppository was significantly less toxic compared with intravenous delivery, and higher rectal tissue concentrations were observed from 10 to 30 minutes (P< 0.05). Compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil administration and radiation, 5-fluorouracil suppository and radiation resulted in additive myelosuppression at day 6 (P<0.05) with rapid recovery. CONCLUSIONS: 5-Fluorouracil and mitomycin C suppository delivery combined with radiation causes less systemic toxicity and is more effective than intravenous administration.
CO2-rich fluid inclusions in the Whitestone Anorthosite: implications for the retrograde history of the Parry Sound Shear Zone, Grenville Province, Canada

The Whitestone Anorthosite (WSA), located in southern Ontario, underwent granulite facies metamorphism during the Grenville orogeny at 1.16 Ga. During the waning stages of metamorphism fluids infiltrated the outer portions of the anorthosite and promoted the formation of an envelope comprised of upper amphibolite facies mineral assemblages. Also, this envelope corresponds to portions of the anorthosite that underwent deformation related to movement along a high-grade ductile shear zone. Samples from this portion of the anorthosite (the margin) contain CO2-rich inclusions in plagioclase porphyroclasts (relict igneous phenocrysts), matrix plagioclase and garnet. These inclusions have features which normally are interpreted as indicating that they are texturally primary, but they have relatively low CO2 densities (0.61–0.95 g cm-3). Plagioclase from the anorthosite interior contains texturally secondary inclusions with relatively high CO2 densities (generally from 0.99 to 1.10 g cm-3). The high CO2 densities suggest that the inclusions in the plagioclase of the anorthosite core formed prior to inclusions in porphyroclast minerals of the outer portions of the anorthosite, an interpretation that is apparently inconsistent with inclusion textures. This apparent paradox indicates that most fluid inclusions from the anorthosite margin were formed during, or were modified by, the dynamic recrystallization that affected this portion of the WSA. In either case, late formation or modification, the texturally primary fluid inclusions do not contain pristine samples of the peak metamorphic fluid. Furthermore, because shear-related deformation is apparently associated with entrapment of the lowest fluid densities, some strain localization persisted to relatively low temperatures (e.g. less than approximately 500° C). These results constrain a part of the retrograde P–T path for this portion of the Grenville Orogen to temperatures of approximately 400–500° C at pressures of approximately 1–2 kbar.
Late pleistocene human femoral diaphyseal curvature.

Anterior femoral curvature is a consistent characteristic of Pleistocene and recent humans, although variation exists in the degree of curvature among individuals and across populations. In particular, one group, the Neandertals, has been characterized for a century as having marked femoral curvature. To evaluate the degree of anterior femoral curvature in both Neandertals and other Late Pleistocene humans, their curvature subtenses and proximodistal positions were evaluated in the context of recent human variation. Recent human comparisons show little relationship between subtense (absolute curvature) and femoral length, suggesting that an index that incorporates subtense relative to the length of the femur is inappropriate for between-group assessments. Neandertals were statistically indistinguishable from Middle or earlier Upper Paleolithic modern humans in the degree of absolute curvature, all of whom had greater curvature on average than all later humans. Additionally, Neandertals and Qafzeh-Skhul early modern humans had a more distal point of maximum curvature than any other group. Curvature was not strongly correlated with functional considerations including body mass estimates, surrogate variables for body size, proximal femoral articular orientation, or knee anteroposterior dimensions. The functional role of femoral anterior curvature is unknown; however, the general decrease in curvature subtense closely parallels the between-group changes in inferred levels of mobility from femoral diaphyseal robusticity and shape, suggesting that femoral curvature may reflect mobility levels and patterns among Late Pleistocene and recent humans.
Hermite-Gaussian decomposition of free electron laser optical fields

Free electron lasers (FELs) are favored in many research applications due to their ability to operate primarily in the fundamental (Gaussian) mode. In oscillator FELs, the appropriate basis set for decomposition is uniquely determined by the cavity parameters. Since FEL amplifiers generate and amplify the optical field over the length of the undulator influenced only by the electron beam, the appropriate basis set is not uniquely determined. A methodology is presented to decompose the optical fields with a Hermite-Gaussian basis set chosen such that the number of higher-order modes is minimized. The methodology is used to study amplifier FEL optical beams for comparison with experiment.
Evaluation of intra-amniotic administration of 120 gm of urea with 5 mg of prostaglandin F2α for midtrimester termination of pregnancy between 20 and 24 weeks' gestation

Abstract The occasional finding of signs of life in fetuses delivered following intra-amniotic administration of 80 gm of urea and 5 mg of prostaglandin F 2α suggested that the dose of 80 gm of urea was inadequate beyond the nineteenth week. Protocol modifications were made, and the metabolic effects of intra-amniotic administration of 120 gm of urea used beyond the nineteenth week were compared to those of the 80 gm dose of urea used in patients prior to the twentieth week. The 120 gm urea dose was well tolerated. The peak blood urea nitrogen (at 4 hours after instillation) was higher with 120 gm of urea (36.4 mg/dl) than with 80 gm of urea (24.6 mg/dl) (p
A Comparative Study of Fourier Transform Raman and NIR Spectroscopic Methods for Assessment of Protein and Apparent Amylose in Rice

ABSTRACT Fourier-transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy were used to compare calibration models for determining rice cooking quality parameters such as apparent amylose and protein. Samples from two seasons were used in each calibration set. The laboratory values ranged from 4.89 to 12.48% for protein and from 0.2 to 25.7% for amylose. The data for both FT-Raman and NIR were preprocessed with orthogonal signal correction (OSC) for standardization. For both spectroscopic methods, five models were optimized by partial least squares regression (PLSR) and by Martens' uncertainty regression (MUR), including no processing, smoothing, normalization, first derivative (D1), and second derivative (D2). Based solely on standard error of cross-validation (SECV), the FT-Raman method was superior to the NIR method for protein. For amylose, the FT-Raman and NIR methods resulted in similar calibration statistics with a high precision, with the FT-Raman requiring fewer fac...
Italian women after development: employment, entrepreneurship, and domestic work in the Third Italy.

The highly successful economic development over the past 30 years of central and northeastern Italy, commonly referred to as the Third Italy, has created significant economic and social gains for the regions' women. The high historical prevalence of extended and multiple households among agricultural sharecroppers provided the social materials necessary for constructing a rapid and efficient engine of accumulation in the area's dynamic, small-firm-based economy. Though women have achieved some economic autonomy through employment and entrepreneurial activities, their achievement of greater economic equity is impeded by the continuing double burdens of employment inside and outside of the home. After examining the dimensions of women's status mobility with particular reference to the Marche region, one of the Third Italy's most economically dynamic, as well as socially conservative regions, it is argued that increasing state subsidies to families with children might increase women's options and help achiev...
Sensation, Perception, and Choice in the Dance Classroom

ABSTRACTThere are many reasons to teach dance as part of the broader curriculum. This article focuses on using dance as a way to foster critical thinking. In this conceptual article, I draw from the National Standards goals that were in line with my own framework of dance as uniquely engaging the three different sensory systems of exteroception, proprioception, and interoception and how attention to these systems can ground critical thinking in embodied experience. I review how this framework has been addressed either in part or whole by the existing literature on dance. Examples are suggested for how this type of thinking could be developed in the dance classroom. Critical thinking grounded in the body supports a more integrated intelligence necessary for creative leadership in the 21st century.
Solid phase synthesis of gastrin I. Comparison of methods utilizing strong acid for deprotection and cleavage.

A successful synthesis of human gastrin I in 60% overall yield based on the first residue attached to a benzhydrylamine-resin was achieved by the stepwise solid-phase method. The synthesis was carried out on a 1% crosslinked polystyrene support, using conventional benzyl-based side chain protecting groups and final deprotection with different acidic protocols. Several improvements in this general approach were applied, including new scavengers, new resin attachment and especially a new technique that allows the strong acid reactions to occur by an SN2 mechanism.
Humor Won, Humor Too: A Model to Incorporate Humor Into the Healthcare Setting

The benefits of using humor in health care include stress reduction and improved psychological well-being for patients and the nursing staff. The authors discuss model to incorporate humor into a specific health-care setting, and include a detailed description of two humor programs: the Chuckle Wagon and Nursing Humor Resource Center.
Measuring effort in a corporate repository

Project management and process improvement are a critical part of software development in an organization, especially for large scale and long-lived software. Metrics can be used as one of the means to evaluate this process. However, traditional methods of measuring effort, for example, focusing on editing time and lines of code produced, do not reflect the true cost to the organization. The organization pays developers for their time, regardless of whether they are writing code or performing other activities. This paper describes an experimental approach to track and measure effort in developer days, using log files from a corporate repository. The data is fine-grained, empirical, and non-invasively collected. Results have been tested on several projects in a large organization over a period of many years.
Evolution of Great Ape MHC Class I Genes

To investigate whether the classical HLA class I loci have been preserved in the great apes and to determine when the A/E recombination event took place, we have sequenced and expressed eight MHC class I gene products expressed by lymphocytes from an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and a gibbon (Hylobates lar). Three different HLA-B-related gene products were found in the orangutan, suggesting that the ancestral homologue of the HLA-B locus had undergone a duplication in this species. Since the HLA-A homologues found in the orangutan and the gibbon were recombinants between the ancestors of HLA-A and HLA-E, the recombination event must have occurred before gibbons and humans last had a common ancestor. Thus, the A/E recombination event occurred over 38 million years ago. Preservation of HLA-A and -B homologues in orangutans and gibbons suggests that the HLA-A and -B loci are extremely stable and that recombination between them is rare. Furthermore, the data presented here strongly argue against the role of concerted evolution in the generation of diversity in great ape MHC class I molecules.
Periodic solutions for functional differential equations with sign-changing nonlinearities

We establish some eigenvalue criteria for the existence of non-trivial T-periodic solutions of a class of first-order functional differential equations with a nonlinearity f(x). The nonlinear term f(x) can take negative values and may be unbounded from below. Conditions are determined by the relationship between the behaviour of the quotient f(x)/x for x near 0 and ±∞ and the smallest positive characteristic value of an associated linear integral operator. This linear operator plays a key role in the proofs of the results and its construction is non-trivial. Applications to related eigenvalue problems are also discussed. The analysis mainly relies on the topological degree theory.
Pharmacogenomics of chemotherapeutic susceptibility and toxicity

The goal of personalized medicine is to tailor a patient's treatment strategy on the basis of his or her unique genetic make-up. The field of oncology is beginning to incorporate many of the strategies of personalized medicine, especially within the realm of pharmacogenomics, which is the study of how inter-individual genetic variation determines drug response or toxicity. A main objective of pharmacogenomics is to facilitate physician decision-making regarding optimal drug selection, dose and treatment duration on a patient-by-patient basis. Recent advances in genome-wide genotyping and sequencing technologies have supported the discoveries of a number of pharmacogenetic markers that predict response to chemotherapy. However, effectively implementing these pharmacogenetic markers in the clinic remains a major challenge. This review focuses on the contribution of germline genetic variation to chemotherapeutic toxicity and response, and discusses the utility of genome-wide association studies and use of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in pharmacogenomic studies. Furthermore, we highlight several recent examples of genetic variants associated with chemotherapeutic toxicity or response in both patient cohorts and LCLs, and discuss the challenges and future directions of pharmacogenomic discovery for cancer treatment.
Precarious-Rock Constraints on Ground Motion from Historic and Recent Earthquakes in Southern California

New examples of precarious rocks are presented. These rocks provide constraints on ground motion for historical and recent large earthquakes. An approximate field calibration of the precarious-rock methodology was provided by the M 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake of 16 October 1999. Previously documented rocks at Granite Pass near Kelso, California (Brune, 1996), were overturned by the earthquake, and a nearby strong-motion station indicated ground motions of about 0.2 g , consistent with the toppling accelerations estimated in the published article. The time of the last earthquake for the section of the fault nearest the precarious rocks has recently been determined to be more than 10 ka, consistent with previously estimated ages for precarious rocks. This first example of an actual earthquake field test lends strong support to the precarious-rock methodology. The other rocks discussed here give constraints on ground motions for historic earthquakes, such as the 1812 and 1857 San Andreas fault earthquakes, the 1899 and 1912 San Jacinto Fault earthquakes, the 1952 Kern County earthquake, and possibly recent but prehistoric earthquakes on the Banning and Garlock faults. The ground-motion constraints for these earthquakes are lower than predicted by some recent ground-motion attenuation curves (which are extrapolations to near-fault distances from a data set dominated by data from larger distances) but are generally consistent with peak ground accelerations observed from the recent large Turkey and Taiwan earthquakes and provide important additional information for seismic-hazard analysis. On the other hand, there are areas where precarious rocks would be expected on the basis of previous studies but are apparently not found. This suggests possible earthquakes on previously unrecognized, or only recently recognized, faults. One such area is in northwestern San Diego and southwestern Orange County between the Elsinore and Newport–Inglewood faults. The lack of precarious rocks in this area might be attributed to recent earthquakes on the blind-thrust faults proposed in the area by Grant et al. (1999, 2002) and Rivero et al. (2000).
Pharmacokinetics of Catecholamines During Hemofiltration in Pediatric Patients

BACKGROUND: Continuous hemofiltration is used in pediatric patients with acute renal failure. Many of these patients are treated with catecholamines for hemodynamic instability. The authors studied the pharmacokinetics of dopamine and dobutamine on patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three critically ill pediatric patients with acute renal failure and cardiovascular instability treated with hemofiltration and intravenous infusion of dopamine and/or dobutamine were entered into the study. Blood samples were drawn at steady-state levels from the arterial port (inflow) of the hemofilter, from the venous port (outflow) of the hemofilter, and from the ultrafilter. Sixteen (n = 16) pharmacokinetic measurements were made, six (n = 6) for dopamine and 10 (n = 10) for dobutamine. The clearance of dopamine by the hemofilter was 0.078 +/- 0.011 mL/kg/min, and for dobutamine it was 0.036 +/- 0.008 mL/kg/min. On the average, 0.56% of the dopamine dose and 0.13% of the dobutamine dose was removed by the hemofilter. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetics of dopamine and dobutamine at the dosage range of 5-25 µg/kg/min are not altered by continuous hemofiltration. Relative to total plasma clearance, negligible amounts of the drug were removed. The dosage of these catecholamines need not be adjusted during continuous hemofiltration.
Adaptive Regulation of the Cationic Amino Acid Transporter-1 (Cat-1) in Fao Cells

The regulation of the high affinity cationic amino acid transporter Cat-1 in Fao rat hepatoma cells by amino acid availability has been studied. Cat-1 mRNA level increased (3-fold) in 4 h in response to amino acid starvation and remained high for at least 24 h. This induction was independent of the presence of serum in the media and transcription and protein synthesis were required for induction to occur. When Fao cells were shifted from amino acid-depleted media to amino acid-fed media, the levels of the induced cat-1 mRNA returned to the basal level. In amino acid-fed cells, accumulation of cat-1 mRNA was dependent on protein synthesis, indicating that a labile protein is required to sustain cat-1 mRNA level. No change in the transcription rate of the cat-1 gene during amino acid starvation was observed, indicating that cat-1 is regulated at a post-transcriptional step. System y+ mediated transport of arginine was reduced by 50% in 1 h and by 70% in 24 h after amino acid starvation. However, when 24-h amino acid-starved Fao cells were preloaded with 2 mM lysine or arginine for 1 h prior to the transport assays, arginine uptake was trans-stimulated by 5-fold. This stimulation was specific for cationic amino acids, since alanine, proline, or leucine had no effect. These data lead to the hypothesis that amino acid starvation results in an increased cat-1 mRNA level to support synthesis of additional Cat-1 protein. The following lines of evidence support the hypothesis: (i) the use of inhibitors of protein synthesis in starved cells inhibits the trans-zero transport of arginine; (ii) cells starved for 1-24 h exhibited an increase of trans-stimulated arginine transport activity for the first 6 h and had no loss of activity at 24 h, suggesting that constant replenishment of the transporter protein occurs; (iii) immunofluorescent staining of 24-h fed and starved cells for cat-1 showed similar cell surface distribution; (iv) new protein synthesis is not required for trans-stimulation of arginine transport upon refeeding of 24-h starved cells. We conclude that the increased level of cat-1 mRNA in response to amino acid starvation support the synthesis of Cat-1 protein during starvation and increased amino acid transport upon substrate presentation. Therefore, the cat-1 mRNA content is regulated by a derepression/repression mechanism in response to amino acid availability. We propose that the amino acid-signal transduction pathway consists of a series of steps which include the post-transcriptional regulation of amino acid transporter genes.
Propagation models for short-range wireless channels with predictable path geometries

We consider wireless data services characterized by short distances, no shadowing, low power, and low antenna heights, deployed in places where a high frequency of potential users is expected, e.g., toll booths, parking lots, intersections, etc. Within such a system, we expect to see a well-defined geometry of base-to-user radio paths, as well as a predictable user trajectory, neither of which can be assumed for the wide-area cellular case. This offers the promise of a strong deterministic component of the channel response, in addition to a weaker stochastic component. Here, we combine analysis of the former with measurements and modeling of the latter for three typical outdoor scenarios. Comparisons between predicted and measured behavior show excellent agreement.
The promise and limitations of genome-wide association studies to elucidate the causes of breast cancer.

With the characterization of the human genome, as well as advances in technology to determine genetic variability across the genomes of populations, there has been focused effort on the identification of cancer susceptibility alleles through the use of genome-wide association studies. These efforts have recently resulted in identification of a susceptibility locus for breast cancer by several groups, although the increases in risk are modest. While genome-wide association studies will probably lead to discoveries of potentially important previously unstudied pathways in cancer etiology, the role of the environment, particularly gene–environment interactions, in breast cancer etiology should not be overlooked.
Effect of water temperature on sea lamprey growth and lake trout survival

Abstract Percent mortality of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush subjected to single sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus attacks did not differ significantly between lower-temperature (mortality = 54%; temperature ≤ 10°C; N = 33) and higher-temperature (mortality = 69%; temperature = 12.8–14.4°C; N = 45) laboratory studies conducted from 1 June to 28 November 1989. However, sea lampreys fed longer and killed fewer fish in colder water (mean attachment 467.0 h; 18 fish killed) than in warmer water (mean attachment 161.7 h; 31 fish killed), probably because food consumption was lower in colder water. These results indicate that the number of fish killed by sea lampreys could be much greater in warmer water and that temperature must be considered when fish losses from sea lamprey attacks are estimated.
Liquid Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis IX: Determination of Muscle Relaxant-Analgesic Mixtures Using Normal Phase Chromatography

Abstract High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to optimize the resolution of eight widely prescribed therapeutic agents commonly found in muscle relaxant-analgesic mixtures. The compounds were chromatographed on normal phase porous silica or cyanopropylsilane columns, using various solvent systems paired on the basis of Snyder's solvent selectivity scheme to give a polarity index for each system of 3.3. A carisoprodol, phenacetin, and caffeine mixture was selected to demonstrate the utility of the separation and quantification method. The mixture was chromatographed on a porous silica column, using tetrahydrofuran-toluene (5050) at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. Each determination can he achieved in approximately 8 min with an accuracy of 3-5%.
Order Analysis: An Inferential Model of Dimensional Analysis and Scaling

Order analysis was proposed as a method for description of formal structures in multidimensional space. Its algorithm was derived using a combination of psychological measurement theory, formal logic theory, information theory and graph theory concepts. It suggests isomorphism between algebraic, geometric, logical, and cognitive structures. The model also provides for adjustment of its sensitivity to random variation with an elective degree of statistical confidence.
The structure of turbulent boundary layers

Extensive visual and quantitative studies of turbulent boundary layers are described. Visual studies reveal the presence of surprisingly well-organized spatially and temporally dependent motions within the so-called ‘laminar sublayer’. These motions lead to the formation of low-speed streaks in the region very near the wall. The streaks interact with the outer portions of the flow through a process of gradual ‘lift-up’, then sudden oscillation, bursting, and ejection. It is felt that these processes play a dominant role in the production of new turbulence and the transport of turbulence within the boundary layer on smooth walls.Quantitative data are presented providing an association of the observed structure features with the accepted ‘regions’ of the boundary layer in non-dimensional co-ordinates; these data include zero, negative and positive pressure gradients on smooth walls. Instantaneous spanwise velocity profiles for the inner layers are given, and dimensionless correlations for mean streak-spacing and break-up frequency are presented.Tentative mechanisms for formation and break-up of the low-speed streaks are proposed, and other evidence regarding the implications and importance of the streak structure in turbulent boundary layers is reviewed.
ALCOHOL MARKETING, ADOLESCENT DRINKING AND PUBLICATION BIAS IN LONGITUDINAL STUDIES: A CRITICAL SURVEY USING META‐ANALYSIS

This paper presents a meta-analysis of prospective cohort (longitudinal) studies of alcohol marketing and adolescent drinking, which accounts for publication bias. The paper provides a summary of 12 primary studies of the marketing-drinking relationship. Each primary study surveyed a sample of youth to determine baseline drinking status and marketing exposure, and re- surveyed the youth to determine subsequent drinking outcomes. Logistic analyses provide estimates of the odds ratio for effects of baseline marketing variables on adolescent drinking at follow-up. Using meta-regression analysis, two samples are examined in this paper: 23 effect-size estimates for drinking onset (initiation); and 40 estimates for other drinking behaviours (frequency, amount, bingeing). Marketing variables include ads in mass media, promotion portrayals, brand recognition and subjective evaluations by survey respondents. Publication bias is assessed using funnel plots that account for 'missing' studies, bivariate regressions and multivariate meta-regressions that account for primary study heterogeneity, heteroskedasticity, data dependencies, publication bias and truncated samples. The empirical results are consistent with publication bias, omitted variable bias in some studies, and lack of a genuine effect, especially for mass media. The paper also discusses 'dissemination bias' in the use of research results by primary investigators and health policy interest groups.
Effect of Aging on Renal Function Plus Monitoring and Support

Several anatomic changes and physiologic alterations occur in the aging kidney, awareness of which is essential for the early recognition of acute kidney injury (AKI) to improve outcomes in hospitalized geriatric patients. There are no unique diagnostic methods or treatment modalities in the care of the geriatric patient with AKI. Therapy is mainly supportive, and the full spectrum of treatment options, including renal replacement therapy (RRT), should not be withheld from a patient based on age. More studies need to be performed to determine the optimal timing, intensity, and modality of RRT in the geriatric population.
Potential Medical Applications for Ultrasonic Holography

The term “non-destructive testing” is usually used in the context of an industrial testing program. But in fact, many medical diagnostic procedures could be placed in this same category, especially those in the field of radiology.
An Efficient Graph-Coloring Algorithm for Processor Allocation

This paper develops an efficient exact graph-coloring algorithm based on Maximum Independent Set (MIS) for allocating processors in distributed systems. This technique represents the allocated processors in specific time in a fully connected graph and prevents each processor in multiprocessor system to be assigned to more than one process at a time. This research uses a sequential technique to distribute processes among processors. Moreover, the proposed method has been constructed by modifying the FMIS algorithm. The proposed algorithm has been programmed in Visual C++ and implemented on an Intel core i7. The experiments show that the proposed algorithm gets better performance in terms of CPU utilization, and minimum time for of graph coloring, comparing with the latest FMIS algorithm. The proposed algorithm can be developed to detect defected processor in the system. processes is used to distribute processes among processors. The basic idea of the proposed algorithm is to select a node with maximum degree first, based on the previous garph-coloring alorithm FMIS (8). The proposed algorithm has been constructed by using some modifications of the FMIS algroithm. The experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm produces better performance in terms of CPU utilization, and minimum time for coloring the graph, and produces minimum number of colors needed to color any given conncted garph by finding the number of Maximum Independet Sets (MIS). The algorithm takes a polynomial time complexity. During processes allocation, Graph Coloring technique will represent the busy processor at a specified time slot by generating a full directed graph, which in result, busy processors will be mapped in the graph with different colors for each. This paper will be able to answer the following questions: Which processors are allocated? Which processors are idle? What is the number of allocated processors in specific time? What is the number of idle processors in specific time? What is the total number of allocated processors? What is the total number of idle processors?
Ocular dryness excites two classes of corneal afferent neurons implicated in basal tearing in rats: involvement of transient receptor potential channels

This study reports the findings of two classes of corneal afferents excited by drying of the cornea (dry responses) in isoflurane-anesthetized rats: cold-sensitive (CS; 87%) and cold-insensitive (C...
Serum‐free conditions for the long term growth and differentiation of neoplastic canine keratinocytes*

Long term cultures of canine keratinocytes have been established but culture conditions currently used require supplementation with fetal bovine serum (FBS). Unfortunately, FBS contains many non-defined components which may interfere with in vitro studies. This study describes the development of defined serum-free culture conditions for neoplastic canine keratinocytes grown submerged and at the air-liquid interface. Two commercially available serum-free media established for human epidermal cells failed to support canine keratinocyte growth. In contrast, a defined serum-free medium developed in our laboratory successfully supported proliferation of neoplastic canine keratinocytes for at least 40 passages. Cells showed a slower growth rate, but reached similar final densities and were morphologically identical to those cultured in FBS. Grown at the air-liquid interface, the cells reached the same degree of differentiation as in vivo stratified squamous epithelium and cultures grown in FBS. These results demonstrate that canine keratinocytes require different serum-free growth conditions than human cells. Neoplastic canine keratinocyte cultures, grown under serum-free culture conditions, provide an ideal in vitro system for comparative studies of keratinocyte biology and pathogenesis of various dermatoses.
Field orientation control of a doubly-fed synchronous reluctance machine

The principles of operation of a doubly-fed synchronous reluctance machine having an axially laminated rotor structure, a three-phase power winding connected to an inverter source, and a single-phase control winding with a DC excitation is set forth. This machine has controllability similar to that of a separately-excited DC machine, ensuring ease of high performance variable speed control. This paper proposes a novel high performance control of the machine. The concept of field orientation control and the current regulation control structure for this machine, using the concept of input-output linearization for operation in the constant torque, low speed region, is set forth and verified with computer simulation results.
Southern Victoria Land; Basement Rocks

The geological architecture of the Transantarctic Mountains in Table 3.1 is deceptively simple because it consists of only four suites of rocks which are separated by unconformities and intrusive contacts. The most pervasive and longest erosional interval is represented by the Kukri Unconformity, also called the Kukri Peneplain. This erosional surface separates the rocks of the underlying basement complex from the overlying sedimentary rocks of the Beacon Supergroup of Early Devonian to Late Triassic age and the dolerite sills of the Ferrar Group that intruded the Beacon rocks during the Middle Jurassic. The Beacon rocks are locally overlain by the sheet-like flows of the Kirkpatrick Basalt which formed where Ferrar magmas were erupted through fissures. The most recent episode of volcanic activity started during the Miocene, less than about 25 million years ago, when alkali basalt lava and pyroclastics of the McMurdo Volcanic Group were erupted through vents at numerous sites in the Transantarctic Mountains from northern Victoria Land (Cape Adare) to Mt. Early located close to the South Pole (LeMasurier and Thomson 1990). Mt. Erebus on Ross Island is the last of these Tertiary volcanoes to remain active at the present time (Kyle 1995).