cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adapting Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Use in Correctional Settings

Correctional environments often struggle to provide adequate treatment for mentally ill individuals in their care. In particular, individuals who present with personality disorders, chronic suicidality, intentional self-harm, and violence create significant challenges for administrators and care providers. Individuals with high-risk behaviors are difficult and costly to manage. Moreover, systems to ensure the safety of such individuals, in the absence of effective treatment, may inadvertently increase their behavioral problems. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an empirically supported treatment that has been adapted for correctional settings. DBT is consistent with risk-needs-responsivity, good lives, and trauma-informed correctional care models. This chapter will provide a thorough overview of DBT along with a description of correctional adaptations of DBT. The current research base for DBT in corrections will be reviewed. A rationale for using DBT in corrections will be presented, along with pragmatic suggestions for successful implementation of DBT in such settings.
Not for the faint-hearted – Max Weber’s methodological writings: Zur Logik und Methodik der Sozialwissenschaften:

This is a Review Article on the volume devoted to most of Weber’s methodological writings in the Max Weber Gesamtausgabe. It indicates the critical importance of these writings and highlights the h...
Sarcomas of the mandible

Introduction Sarcomas of the mandible are extremely rare tumors, with osteosarcoma being the most common, followed by Ewing's sarcoma MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the clinical records, imaging studies, and pathology slides of patients with sarcoma of the mandible at a Tertiary Care Cancer Center from 1998 to 2014 was undertaken. The impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy was studied, and factors impacting upon local control and disease-specific survival were analyzed. Results Twenty-two patients were treated over the study period, comprising of 15 males and seven females. External swelling, intraoral growth, or facial numbness were the presenting symptoms. Eighteen patients had osteosarcoma and four had the Ewing's sarcoma. Nine patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. All but one patient underwent surgery. Eleven had negative margins, with 90% recurrence-free survival at 3 years, compared to 10 with positive or close margins, leading to 67% recurrence-free survival. None of the patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy developed recurrence and all were alive at 3 years. The impact of postoperative radiotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy was not statistically significant. Conclusions Wide surgical resection with negative margins remains the hallmark of surgical treatment.
A Checklist for Interdisciplinary Teams when Planning Issues-Based Programs.

A quick glance of the Extension literature will reflect a resurgence of interest and focus on integrated (interdisciplinary) issues-based programming. However, the development of methods, tools, and techniques for developing integrated issues-based programs has not kept pace. This article presents a checklist to aid interdisciplinary Extension teams through the basic steps involved in planning integrated issues-based programs.
Collaborative Modeling and Social Learning in the Context of Joint Forest Management in East Sikkim, India

In an effort to address challenges arising out of traditional forms of public participation, several alternative strategies for encouraging stakeholder engagement in conservation have been implemented. The role of social learning in addressing these ecological complexities has gained increasing attention in natural resource management over the last decade. Social learning forms the backbone of any collaborative conceptual modeling of complex human–environmental systems. Collaborative modeling, grounded in social learning theory, is the practice of building models with rather than for stakeholders. By focusing on stakeholder interests rather than positions, collaborative modeling enables joint action through interactive, iterative, and reflective processes. Using a case study conducted in East Sikkim, India, we hypothesize that in situations where opportunities for formal environmental education are limited, and avenues for meaningful stakeholder engagement are few, collaborative modeling can help create a platform where stakeholders have meaningful opportunities to engage, learn, share, and (re)negotiate with a focus on joint problem solving. In particular, we engaged stakeholders in an iterative collaborative modeling process in an attempt to enable them to (1) openly interact with each other, (2) build trust, (3) unfold mutual interdependencies through social learning and thus see themselves as part of a complex human-dominated ecosystem, and (4) build and translate these shared visions toward collaborative forest management in the region. Using Senecah’s Trinity of Voice as an analytical framework, we further examined how participation in the collaborative modeling process provided stakeholders with access, standing, and influence—the three critical dimensions of “voice”. Our results demonstrate that the collaborative modeling process enabled key stakeholders to unfold mutual interdependencies, and opened spaces for knowledge (re)creation, sharing, trust building, and power sharing. By moving beyond narrow technical strategies for conservation, the collaborative modeling process helped create a platform that provided stakeholders with voice—a chance to share their environmental knowledge and joint visions toward formulating effective conservation plans that address the growing uncertainties of managing complex human-dominated systems.
The Impact of Reported Cybersecurity Breaches on Firm Innovation

Many firms cite cyber risk as a primary risk factor due to the increase in cybersecurity breach (CSB) incidents. Existing research focuses on the negative, short-term impacts from CSBs, but the lon...
The Curious Case of a Rash: Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, a Pediatric Disease in an Adult Patient

Introduction: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is blistering condition characterized by extensive desquamation and cleavage of the superficial layers of the epidermis which has been well characterized in neonates and children below the age of 6 years. It is a rare syndrome in adults Case Report: A 55 year old female with HIV (CD4 1342), chronic hepatitis C, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease stage III presented with 7 days of rash. It began on the soles and spread proximally involving her legs, …
Everybody’s Problem: The War on Poverty in Eastern North Carolina: By Karen M. Hawkins. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2017. 376 pp., ISBN 978-0-8130-54971, hardcover, $84.95

Karen M. Hawkins has written a well-researched and balanced study of the tumultuous years of change in the 1960s in Eastern North Carolina, specifically in Craven County. Everybody’s Problem is an ...
Reaction Coordinate and Thermodynamics of Base Flipping in RNA

Base flipping is a key biophysical event involved in recognition of various ligands by ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. However, the mechanism of base flipping in RNA remains poorly understood, in part due to the lack of atomistic details on complex rearrangements in neighboring bases. In this work, we applied transition path sampling (TPS) methods to study base flipping in a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule that is known to interact with RNA-editing enzymes through this mechanism. We obtained an ensemble of 1000 transition trajectories to describe the base-flipping process. We used the likelihood maximization method to determine the refined reaction coordinate (RC) consisting of two collective variables (CVs), a distance and a dihedral angle between nucleotides that form stacking interactions with the flipping base. The free energy profile projected along the refined RC revealed three minima, two corresponding to the initial and final states and one for a metastable state. We suggest that the metastable state likely represents a wobbled conformation of nucleobases observed in NMR studies that is often characterized as the flipped state. The analyses of reactive trajectories further revealed that the base flipping is coupled to a global conformational change in a stem-loop of dsRNA.
Exchange of Molecular Parts between Coordination Compounds at Equilibrium

Because of the availability of modern analytical and computative methods, particularly nuclear magnetic resonance and high-speed computers, it is now possible to investigate chemical systems consisting of various sizes and shapes of molecules at equilibrium with each other. It is common in inorganic chemistry for molecules to be sufficiently labile so that during the standard preparative laboratory operations, an equilibrium mixture is obtained via scrambling reactions. in this kind of reaction, the total number of bonds of any type remains constant but the atoms are rearranged. Thus, to the extent that bond energies are additive, scrambling reactions should have zero enthalpy and hence be entropy controlled.
Mobile backbone network routing with flow control and distance awareness (MBNR-FC/DA)

The mobile backbone network (MEN) architecture has been introduced to support multimedia applications for mobile ad hoc wireless. Under the MEN architecture, backbone capable nodes are dynamically elected to construct a mobile backbone (Bnet). The MBN employs the so-called mobile backbone network routing with flow control (MBNR-FC) routing mechanism. The latter significantly reduces routing control overhead by selectively flooding route discovery messages solely across the Bnet. The MBNR-FC protocol also guides admitted traffic to traverse areas that are less congested. When the synthesized Bnet is unable to cover the whole network area, the use of backbone-only paths can limit the overall throughput capacity. In this paper, we present a so-called mobile backbone network routing with flow control and distance awareness (MBNR-FC/DA) scheme. Under the MBNR-FC/DA scheme, flows that travel a distance no longer than the distance threshold can employ non-backbone routes. In this way, the capacity of communication links that are located away from the Bnet is utilized to upgrade the overall throughput capacity. We characterize the performance behavior of the MBNR-FC/DA scheme. We present an analytical procedure for the calculation of the effective distance threshold level under various levels of backbone coverage. We demonstrate the ability of the MBNR-FC/DA scheme to make effective use of the network-wide capacity resources, yielding outstanding delay-throughput performance
Long-range dependence: now you see it, now you don't!

Over the last few years, the network community has started to make heavy use of novel concepts such as self-similarity and long-range dependence (LRD). Despite their wide use, there is still much confusion regarding the identification of such phenomena in real network traffic data. We show that estimating long-range dependence is not straightforward: there is no systematic or definitive methodology. There exist several estimating methodologies, but they can give misleading and conflicting estimates. More specifically, we arrive at several conclusions that could provide guidelines for a systematic approach to LRD. First, long-range dependence may exist, even if the estimators have different estimates of the Hurst exponent in the interval 0.5-1. Second, long-range dependence is unlikely to exist, if there are several estimators that fail to estimate the Hurst exponent. Third, we show that periodicity can obscure the analysis of a signal giving partial evidence of long-range dependence. Fourth, the Whittle estimator is the most accurate in finding the exact value when LRD exists, but it can be fooled easily by periodicity. As a case-study, we analyze real round-trip time data. We find and remove a periodic component from the signal, before we can identify long-range dependence in the remaining signal.
An intelligent approach to fault detection and identification

A new approach is proposed for improving the performance of an intelligent fault detection and identification scheme for dynamic systems. The methodology uses short time Fourier transform to analyze the frequency contents of the input signal in real time through a moving window. Measures of detectability and identifiability are defined for this algorithm. Finally experimental test and simulation results are used to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Stirred, Not Shaken

The Sokal Hoax The Sham That Shook the Academy. The Editors of Lingua Franca, Eds. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, 2000. 283 pp. Paper, $20. ISBN 0-8032-7995-7. This collection presents Sokal9s original article on "quantum gravity," the essay in which he revealed his hoax, a broad sampling of the news coverage and opinion pieces generated by his actions, and additional commentary on the long-term meaning of the affair from a range of scholars.
Zebrafish sperm cryopreservation.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the important elements that should be considered when developing a sperm cryopreservation protocol in zebrafish. It also presents an alternative freezing method and discusses further considerations and future directions for the continued optimization of zebrafish cryopreservation. The goal of cryopreservation is to provide a safe chemical environment for reducing cellular temperatures below –130 °C to indefinitely store cells in an inactive state and to be able to thaw and recover these cells without compromising physiological function. Cryopreservation of sperm from teleosts such as zebrafish presents the additional complication that they must not be prematurely activated by water exposure, which is needed postthaw, to trigger the changes in intracellular potassium concentration required for sperm motility and fertilization. An optimal zebrafish sperm cryopreservation technique must protect spermatozoa from freezing damage while maintaining spermatozoa inactivity. The high variability of effective cryoprotectants within and across species emphasizes the need to evaluate many cryoprotectant combinations for determining an optimal freezing medium in zebrafish. Two methods are used to collect zebrafish sperm: abdominal massage and homogenization of testes removed by dissection. This method provides the conditions for sperm frozen from any healthy zebrafish male to consistently recover offspring through in vitro fertilization. In addition to its higher fertilization rate, this protocol yields four cryopreserved sperm samples per individual. This increases the potential recovery rate fourfold and can extend the effective period of time for recovering embryos from a given zebrafish line, helping preserve its genetic diversity.
Transporting Padilla to Deportation Proceedings: A Due Process Right to the Effective Assistance of Counsel

The Supreme Court’s landmark 2010 decision in Padilla v. Kentucky interpreted the Sixth Amendment as requiring criminal defense counsel to advise a non-citizen defendant concerning the deportation consequences of a guilty plea. To reach its decision, the Court in Padilla had to revisit the longstanding judicial dogma that deportation is purely a ‘collateral’ consequence, distinguishable from the ‘direct’ consequence of a criminal sentence. The Court saw deportation as a kind of hybrid, a different animal that challenged the traditional dichotomy. Its reasoning had nothing to do with the inherent severity of a criminal conviction, and everything to do with the nature and severity of deportation. At the same time that Padilla continues to inspire rapid-fire changes in the duties of criminal defense counsel, similar drama has been unfolding in the other immigration arena in which the effectiveness of counsel is commonly contested - counsel’s performance in the deportation proceedings themselves. Attorney General Mukasey’s 2009 decision in Matter of Compean and Attorney General Holder’s vacating of that decision later the same year have left uncertainty as to whether there is a constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel in deportation proceedings. This article links these two lines of cases. It argues that the logic of Padilla, quite apart from its sweeping implications for the constitutional duties of criminal defense counsel, also reinforces the case for a constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel in the deportation proceedings themselves.
Power supply noise-aware scheduling and allocation for DSP synthesis

As technology scales down, power supply noise is becoming a performance and reliability bottleneck in modern VLSI. We propose a power supply noise-aware design methodology for high-level synthesis. By evaluating power supply noise in the early design stage, the proposed method generates schedule and resource allocation with a floorplan such that the power supply noise is minimized. To achieve the goal, we formulated the problem using a genetic algorithm. Compared to designs that do not consider supply noise, the proposed methodology reduces power supply noise up to 44%.
On exchange currents in electron scattering

The present status of the theory of exchange current effects as seen in electron scattering off nuclei is reviewed. The most important pion exchange mechanisms and their experimental consequences are discussed in some detail.
INFLUENCE OF RACE, TOBACCO USE, AND CAFFEINE USE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD LEAD CONCENTRATION

A number of studies have suggested a small to moderate positive relation between blood pressure and blood lead concentration in males (2-4 mmHg/In(microgram/dl]. However, this 1986 study of San Francisco bus drivers suggests larger relations in black males (n = 132) for both systolic pressure (7.5 mmHg/In(microgram/dl] and diastolic pressure (4.7 mmHg/In(microgram/dl] at very low blood lead concentrations (2-21 micrograms/dl). This increase appears to result from negative confounding, particularly after taking into account tobacco use. Relations are even larger in blacks who infrequently use caffeine (16.7 and 10.4 mmHg/In(microgram/dl) for systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively). In contrast, a negative relation between systolic pressure and blood lead concentration (-5.7 mmHg/In(microgram/dl] is suggested in nonblack males (n = 117). These findings indicate that race, lead accumulation, and physiologic effects related to caffeine use (e.g., catecholamine effects) may interact to produce marked differences in effect on blood pressure.
Developing outcome measures for pediatric deformity surgery

STUDY DESIGN : Review article regarding the development of outcome measures for pediatric spinal deformity. OBJECTIVE : To discuss the role of patient-based outcomes and process measures in pediatric spinal deformity patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA : A number of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires assess, from patients' perspectives, the effectiveness of spinal deformity correction. The SRS instrument is the most prominent HRQOL tool used in North American adolescent scoliosis studies today. However, these patient-based outcomes and perceptions do not necessarily correlate with process measurements, particularly in the area of increase spinal deformity correction being achieved with newer, more powerful, pedicle screw instrumentation. Furthermore, spinal deformity presenting during infancy or early childhood poses a particular challenge for developing useful evidence-based outcomes tools. METHODS : The rationale for patient-based outcome development in pediatric spinal deformity is discussed, along with its important association with process measures. RESULTS : Newer HRQOL tools are under development that may better recognize and differentiate changes in adolescent patients' appearances before and after surgery. For early-onset spinal deformity patients, newer process measures for periodic outcome assessment, such as volume measurement of lung parenchyma and spine/chest cage measurement, are being developed. CONCLUSION : Ultimately, both patient and process measures are necessary to fully evaluate the results of pediatric spinal deformity surgery.
Mathematical formulae for estimating resistance potential and speed of development of DDT resistance in the yellow-fever mosquito.

Two formulae are proposed for the mathematical estimation of (a) Resistance Potential to DDT and (b) the number of generations which must be subjected to selection pressure to obtain DDT-resistant yellow-fever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.) Both formulae were tested using experimental data from A. aegypti and the southern house mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus their derivation originate directly from experimental Say (= fatigues (Weidemann)), the resistance of which to DDT is controlled primarily by a single major gene. The use of these formulae requires data from only 1 generation of the insect tested and is therefore an important time-conserving tool in toxicological work. Unlike some mathematical formulae in toxicology, these can be applied to actual problems, since the statistics used in their derivation originate directly from experimental observations.
New, Semi-Remote Handling Target Stations in the Fermilab Experimental Areas

Six additional, isolated, and self-contained target stations are being built as part of the upgrade of the three Fermilab Fixed-Target experimental areas. One new system of shielding and semi-remote component handling via a crane has been developed for all of these. Two stations are being operated and two more are under test. The applied system is simple and flexible. It successfully provides semi-remote handling of components within the shielding of the stations.
Secondary production in a southern Illinois headwater stream: relationships between organic matter standing stocks and macroinvertebrate productivity

AbstractWe quantified macroinvertebrate production and organic matter standing stocks in riffle/run and pool habitats for 2 y in 2 reaches of Big Creek, a 3rd-order stream in southern Illinois, USA. Habitat-weighted secondary production was 24.9 and 26.2 g ash-free dry mass (AFDM) m−2 y−1 in the upper and lower reaches, respectively, in year 1 of the study and 17.6 and 15.1 AFDM m−2 y−1 in year 2. Annual production to biomass (P/B) ratios of the macroinvertebrate assemblages ranged from 7 to 10. Collector-gatherers, which were dominated by nontanypodine Chironomidae and Oligochaeta, accounted for >60% of total habitat-weighted production in both reaches, and consumption estimates based on production efficiencies indicated they consumed high proportions of available organic matter resources ≤250 µm. Macroinvertebrate production in Big Creek was strongly correlated with organic matter standing stocks, and our subsequent analyses of production and organic matter resources across several low-order North Ameri...
The impact of early do not resuscitate (DNR) orders on patient care and outcomes following resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest

Abstract Objectives Among patients successfully resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and admitted to California hospitals, we examined how the placement of a do not resuscitate (DNR) order in the first 24h after admission was associated with patient care, procedures and inhospital survival. We further analyzed hospital and patient demographic factors associated with early DNR placement among patients admitted following OHCA. Methods We identified post-OHCA patients from a statewide California database of hospital admissions from 2002 to 2010. Documentation of patient and hospital demographics, hospital interventions, and patient outcome were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multiple regression models to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results Of 5212 patients admitted to California hospitals after resuscitation from OHCA, 1692 (32.5%) had a DNR order placed in the first 24h after admission. These patients had decreased frequency of cardiac catheterization (1.1% vs. 4.3%), blood transfusion (7.6% vs. 11.2%), ICD placement (0.1% vs. 1.1%), and survival to discharge (5.2% vs. 21.6%, all p -values Conclusions Early DNR placement is associated with a decrease in potentially critical hospital interventions, procedures, and survival to discharge, and wide variability in practice patterns between hospitals. In the absence of prior patient wishes, DNR placement within 24h may be premature given the lack of early prognostic indicators after OHCA.
Winter Abundance of Channel Catfish in the Channelized Missouri River, Nebraska

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate and compare the population abundances and size structures of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus wintering in rock dike habitats in several channelized sections of the Missouri River. Electrofishing was used to sample channel catfish populations at four locations along the Missouri River in the winter months of 1983–1987. Deep scour holes in eddy current areas associated with rock wing dike structures provided valuable winter habitats for many fish species. Channel catfish were only collected from dike habitats with depths greater than 12 ft and water velocities less than 0.90 ft/s. A significant positive relationship was revealed between the number of channel catfish collected per river mile and the species' estimated density based on mark-recapture experiments. Tag returns documented a seasonal pattern of movement from the wintering habitat of the Missouri River to tributary streams during warmer months.
Successful treatment of transient acquired factor X deficiency by plasmapheresis with concomitant intravenous immunoglobulin and steroid therapy.

Two patients with no history of previous bleeding diatheses presented with active bleeding from multiple body sites, declining hemoglobin levels, and markedly prolonged prothrombin times (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT) with incomplete correction on PT mix assays. Both patients demonstrated a severe deficiency of factor X (F.X) (<1%; reference range 60-150%). F.X levels and bleeding were refractory to multiple transfusions of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in both patients. In contrast, daily therapeutic plasma exchange (PLEX) with concomitant administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IV IgG) and steroids produced a rapid increase in F.X levels with cessation of bleeding, followed by stabilization and normalization of F.X levels and progressive correction of coagulation times. Neither patient has demonstrated a recurrence of the bleeding tendency following discontinuation of steroid therapy. These patients had transient acquired F.X deficiency, a rare coagulopathy, which can result in a lethal bleeding diathesis. An IgG inhibitor that selectively inhibited F.X activation in Russell's viper venom or tissue factor/F.VIIa assays was demonstrated in one patient's pretreatment plasma. Previous treatment of hemorrhage in transient acquired F.X deficiency has been prothrombin complex and/or activated clotting concentrates, which can be associated with transient hypercoagulable states. This is the first reported use of PLEX in transient acquired F.X deficiency. PLEX is safe, efficacious, and rapidly restores hemostasis in this rare acquired bleeding disorder.
Improved synthetic routes to rhodium bipyridine complexes: Comparison of microwave vs. conventional synthesis

Abstract We report here two new, high purity, high yield, one-step syntheses of cis -[Rh(bpy) 2 X 2 ][PF 6 ] {X = Cl, Br, I, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine} directly from the RhX 3 · n H 2 O starting materials – one conventional and one microwave. The key to obtaining the pure complexes appears to be maintaining a 2:1 ratio of bipyridine to rhodium in solution; thus all reactants must be completely dissolved prior to the start of the reaction. Comparison of the two methods is also discussed. These complexes are pure enough for emission spectroscopy after minimal work-up. The complete characterization of all the halide complexes and the first cyclic voltammetry data on the cis -[Rh(bpy) 2 I 2 ][PF 6 ] complex are reported. The irreversible Rh(III)–Rh(I) redox potential becomes more positive from Cl to I. All three complexes show two reversible redox potentials corresponding to the bipyridine reductions. These data are consistent with the loss of the two halide ligands and formation of [Rh(bpy) 2 ] + upon reduction of Rh(III) to Rh(I).
Computed tomography in staging of patients with melanoma metastatic to the regional nodes

Background: This study addresses the yield and clinical impact of computed tomography (CT) imaging in otherwise asymptomatic patients with stage III melanoma metastatic to the regional nodes. Methods: The database from the University of Michigan Mutlidisciplinary Melanoma Clinic was reviewed and identified 127 asymptomatic patients with stage III melanoma (regional nodal disease) who received CT scans of the head, chest, abdomen, and/or pelvis. Scans were confirmed as true positive, false positive, and normal. Results: Four hundred twenty-six head and body CT scans were performed at the time of presentation of stage III disease. Twenty patients had a true-positive CT scan revealing unsuspected metastases. Fifteen patients had abnormal CT scans subsequently shown to be a benign process or second malignancy. The incidence of true-positive CT scans was not different between the groups of patients who had clinically apparent versus occult nodal disease. There was a significantly higher incidence of abdominal and pelvic metastatic sites identified by CT scan in patients with inguinal nodal disease compared with axillary or head and neck node-positive patients. Conclusions: The yield of detection of unsuspected metastases by CT scans in asymptomatic patients with stage III melanoma was not insignificant. Because patients with resected stage III disease are recommended to have adjuvant interferon-α for 1 year, CT staging plays an important role in identifying appropriate candidates for treatment. The toxicity of interferon-α therapy is not insignificant. The value of routine CT in asymptomatic patients with nodal metastasis deserves further prospective study.
On the importance of incorporating dipole reradiation in the modeling of surface enhanced Raman scattering from spheres

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement factors G for nanoparticles consisting of a single Ag sphere or a dimer of Ag nanospheres are calculated using a T-matrix method that rigorously incorporates dipole reradiation (DR) effects. A comparison with the commonly used plane wave (PW) approximation, |Eloc(ω)|2|Eloc(ω′)|2, which for zero Stokes shift is |Eloc(ω)|4, is made so as to determine the error associated with using the PW enhancement factor instead of DR in modeling SERS intensities. Calculations for the single sphere are performed for various molecule locations, detector locations, and sphere sizes, while the dimer calculations consider the effects of molecule and detector locations for 50 nm diameter spheres with a 2 nm gap. In both the single sphere and dimer calculations, excellent agreement (<0.3%) is found between the PW approximation and DR calculations when the molecule is located along the incident field polarization direction and with the detector along an axis that is orthogonal both to the polarization and wave vector directions. The errors for other molecule locations, different detector locations, and larger sphere sizes can be considerably larger. A qualitative description of the nature of the errors is developed based on interferences between radiation emitted by the sphere and by the molecule and on quadrupole excitation in the metal spheres. An average over molecule and detector locations for both the single sphere and dimer results leads to DR enhancement factors that differ by factors of 2–3 (sometimes higher, sometimes lower) from the PW results. This indicates that for quantitative field enhancement factor calculations, the more rigorous DR result is important.
Quantitative structural analysis of organic thin films: An x-ray diffraction study

The SUPREX thin film refinement of x-ray diffraction XRD was used to quantitatively analyze the structure of thermally evaporated iron phthalocyanine FePc organic thin films as a function of growth temperature and postdeposition in situ annealing time. A bilayer model was necessary to refine the FePc XRD data. Results using this model provide clear evidence that the first molecular layer of FePc contacting the sapphire substrate differs from the subsequent uniformly spaced molecular layers, indicating a StranskiKrastanov growth mode. The -to- structural phase transformation of FePc was observed as a function of substrate temperature. No significant effect of postdeposition in situ annealing time was observed. Atomic force microscopy AFM measurements reveal a temperature-dependent morphology as the FePc changes from grains, to extended films, and finally shows crystallite formation for increasing deposition temperature. Structural characteristics obtained by SUPREX refinement and AFM quantitatively agree for surface roughness and average molecular layer spacing.
IPv4 addressing architecture in IPv6 network

In the Internet, nodes are identified using IP addresses that depend on their topological location. IPv4/IPv6 translation technology involves address mapping between IPv6 and IPv4 nodes and the methods used to translate protocols, where nodes are in their respective IP version of network. The various IPv4 addressing mechanisms and addressing architectures are studied. The detailed study reveals that IPv4 addressing mechanisms were proposed only when IPv4 node roams in IPv4 home network or IPv4 foreign network. The study clearly reveals that IPv4 addressing in IPv6 network is not considered. This paper points out the need of IPv4 addressing in IPv6 network and proposes a new addressing mechanism to obtain an IPv4 Care-of-Address in IPv6 network which is referred to as P46A. The paper also presents a clear implementation procedure in acquiring P46A and binding update registration with its Home Agent. In fact, this mechanism could be immediately deployed. The main objective of the proposed model is to permit IPv4 mobile users to roam freely in any network i.e., either into IPv6 based networks, be connected with internet and get serviced besides roaming in IPv4 network.
RIPK3 Takes Another Deadly Turn

Programmed necrosis, or necroptosis, is a form of cell death with important roles in many inflammatory conditions, such as innate antiviral responses and atherosclerosis. It is a messy process, characterized by cell swelling and eventual rupture that releases contents into the surroundings, triggering inflammation. Initially considered an unregulated response to nonspecific stress, necroptosis is now understood to be controlled by signaling pathways that intersect with the regulation of apoptosis, a well-characterized programmed cell death mechanism. By contrast, apoptosis is relatively neat and does not trigger an inflammatory response. Determining how a cell succumbs to one form of cell death and not the other may guide the development of therapeutic strategies for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. On page 1357 of this issue, Newton et al. ( 1 ) elucidate how the two cell death mechanisms intersect, and discover that disrupting one process leads to a surprising consequence—death by the other.
Synthesis, Radiosynthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Carbon-11 and Fluorine-18 (N-Fluoroalkyl) Labeled 2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4'-(3-furyl)phenyl)tropanes and -nortropanes: Candidate Radioligands for in Vivo Imaging of the Serotonin Transporter with Positron Emission Tomography

2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4‘-(3-furyl)phenyl)nortropane (1) was synthesized along with the N-methyl (2), N-fluoroethyl (3), N-fluoropropyl (4), and N-fluorobutyl (5) derivatives. The binding affinity for each compound to the human serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine transporters was determined using transfected HEK-293 cells. Radiolabeling and microPET brain imaging studies were performed with [11C]1, [11C]2, and [18F]3 to determine their utility as in vivo imaging agents.
Normal cellular prion protein with a methionine at position 129 has a more exposed helix 1 and is more prone to aggregate.

Abstract The human prion gene, PRNP , has two allelic forms that encode either a methionine or valine at codon 129. This polymorphism strongly influences the pathogenesis of prion disease. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We compared the conformation between wild-type human prion protein (rPrP C ) with either a valine or methionine at position 129, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies that are specific for epitopes along the entire protein. We found that rPrP C(129M) has a more exposed helix 1 region compared to rPrP C(129V) . Helix 1 is important in the aggregation process. Accordingly, rPrP C(129M) aggregates at a faster rate and forms more aggregate than rPrP C(129V) . In addition, by using a rPrP with a pathogenic mutation of five additional octapeptide repeat insertions, rPrP (129M)/10OR , as “seeds”, we showed that rPrP (129M)/10OR promotes the aggregation of rPrP C(129M) more efficiently than rPrP C(129V) . These findings provide a possible mechanism underlying the influence of residue 129 on human prion disease.
Gender, Mentoring Experiences, and Salary Attainment among Graduates of an Historically Black University.

Abstract The effects of gender and the development of mentoring relationships on salary attainment were examined among African-American graduates of an historically black institution of higher education. After controlling for a series of background, career, and organizational factors, there were no gender-based pay differences, and only those who had established mentoring relationships with white-male mentors displayed compensation advantages over graduates who had never formed mentoring relationships. These results are comparable to findings reported for majority and minority graduates of majority-culture schools of business and have implications concerning the ways in which companies and individuals work to maximize career potential.
Surveillance colonoscopy in elderly patients: a retrospective cohort study.

Importance The risks and benefits of surveillance colonoscopy in elderly patients have not been well characterized. Objective To investigate the relative impact of surveillance colonoscopy in elderly patients compared with a reference cohort. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study from 2001 through 2010 of patients 50 years and older undergoing surveillance colonoscopy for a history of colorectal cancer (CRC) or adenomatous polyps at an integrated health care system in southern California. Patients were followed up from the surveillance examination until CRC diagnosis, death, disenrollment, IBD diagnosis, or study end date (December 31, 2010). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was incidence of CRC detected following surveillance colonoscopy. The secondary outcome was risk of procedure defined as postprocedure hospitalization within 30 days. Cox regression and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the impact of age on CRC incidence on surveillance examination as well as postprocedure hospitalization, respectively. Results The study cohort included 4834 elderly patients (age ≥75 years; 55.8% male) (median surveillance age, 79 years) and 22 929 individuals in the reference group (age 50-74 years; 57.7% male) (median surveillance age, 63 years). A total of 373 cancers were detected following surveillance colonoscopy (368 in the reference group and 5 among the elderly patients). There were a total of 711 postprocedure hospitalizations (184 in the reference group and 527 among the elderly patients). The CRC incidence among elderly patients undergoing surveillance was 0.24 per 1000 person-years vs 3.61 per 1000 person-years in the reference population ( P P P = .006). Charlson score of 2 was also independently associated with increased risk of postprocedure hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio, 2.54 [95% CI, 2.06-3.14]; P Conclusions and Relevance A low incidence of CRC and relatively high rate of postprocedure hospitalization were found among elderly patients undergoing surveillance colonoscopy. Recommendations for ongoing surveillance in the elderly population should take into consideration the impact of comorbid illness and increasing age on the anticipated risks and benefits of colonoscopy.
Fuel Oil Reburning Application for NOx Control to Firetube Package Boilers

Two pilot-scale (0.73 MW or 2.5 x 10/sup 6/ Btu/hr) firetube package boilers were retrofitted for fuel oil reburning application for NO/sub x/ emission control. When firing distillate fuel oil (0.01 percent nitrogen content), an overall NO/sub x/ reduction of 46 percent from an uncontrolled emission of 125 ppm (dry, at zero percent O/sub 2/) was realized by diverting 20 percent of the total boiler load to a second stage burner; a 51 percent NO/sub x/ reduction from 265 ppm was achieved in a distillate/residual fuel oil mixture (0.14 percent nitrogen content) reburning application. Nitrogen-free fuel oil reburning was found to be slightly more effective at reducing NO/sub x/ than was natural gas reburning, although longer fuel-rich zone residence times were required to allow for evaporation and mixing of the fuel oil droplets. Key parameters investigated which impact the reburning process were: primary flame NO/sub x/, reburn zone stoichiometry, and reburn zone residence time. Reburning applied to firetube package boilers requires minimal facility modification. Reburning can be coupled with other NO/sub x/ control techniques (e.g., distributed air low NO/sub x/ burners) to achieve NO/sub x/ emissions of less than 100 ppm. However, for very low primary flame NO/sub x/ conditionsmore » (i.e., less than 200 ppm), reburning fuel nitrogen content is a limiting factor, and reburning with a low-nitrogen-content fuel, such as natural gas or nitrogen-free distillate oil, may be necessary to achieve 50 percent NO/sub x/ reduction.« less
Speech in the senate: 1978

The third of three studies spanning 20 years, this study asked senators to answer questions regarding the influence of floor and committee speeches as well as interpersonal communication on the passage of legislation. In addition, the senators were asked to identify the factors contributing to a senator's influence and the most effective floo speaker. The use of speech writers was also included along with an analysis of the reasons given by senators who declined to participate in the study.
Guaianolides from Baccharis salicina

Abstract Chemical analysis of Baccharis salicina afforded two new guaianolides, bacchariolides A and B, and the known flavone centaureidin. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
MYCIN: a knowledge-based consultation program for infectious disease diagnosis

MYCIN is a computer-based consultation system designed to assist physicians in the diagnosis of and therapy selection for patients with bacterial infections. In addition to the consultation system itself, MYCIN contains an explanation system which can answer simple English questions in order to justify its advice or educate the user. The system's knowledge is encoded in the form of some 350 production rules which embody the clinical decision criteria of infectious disease experts. Much of MYCIN's power derives from the modular, highly stylized nature of these decision rules, enabling the system to dissect its own reasoning and allowing easy modification of the knowledge base.
Recurrent infections and delayed separation of the umbilical cord in an infant with abnormal phagocytic cell locomotion and oxidative response during particle phagocytosis

An 18-month-old infant with delayed separation of the umbilical cord and severe recurrent bacterialinfections since the newborn period was found to have depressed polymorphonuclear leukocyte locomotion and oxidative metabolic response to particulate stimuli. Both her polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes demonstrated a markedly delayed chemiluminescence response to zymosan, but there was a normal chemiluminescence response to soluble stimuli, phorbol myristate acetate and calcium ionophore A23187. The patient also had a marked delay in uptake of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The patient's polymorphonuclear leukocytes were normal morphologically, and myeloperoxidase was present in histochemical stains. The dichotomy between normal oxidative response to soluble stimuli and abnormal response to opsonized particulate stimuli, plus abnormal cell locomotion and phagocytosis, suggest an agnormality of cell membrane fluidity or contractility.
Earth And Heaven, 1750-1800: Enlightenment Ideas About The Relevance To Geology Of Extraterrestrial Operations And Events

A conceptual and methodological tension can be discerned among Enlightenment advocates of earth science, as regards extraterrestrial events and processes. True to the fundamental traditions of Theories of the Earth, many scientific thinkers exhibited clear recognition of the Earth's planetary status, as a member of a celestial family. To some this legitimated integration of a geological perspective into that of cosmology and astronomy. In extreme instances it even entailed an ideal of establishing earth science by deduction from principles of celestial mechanics. However, this integrative aspect of Theories of the Earth ran counter to another important element in the geological thinking of this era, one which asserted the overriding value of empirical investigation. In the minds of many empirical-minded champions of a natural history of the Earth, a true geology could only be built up through inductive discovery focussed exclusively on accessible terrestrial phenomena. Sometimes explicitly, often by merel...
Improving efficiency and reliability of environmental DNA analysis for silver carp

Natural resource agencies have established surveillance programs which use environmental DNA (eDNA) for the early detection of bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix before they establish populations within the Great Lakes. This molecular monitoring technique must be highly accurate and precise for confident interpretation and also efficient, both in detection threshold and cost. Therefore, we compared two DNA extraction techniques and compared a new quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay with the conventional PCR (cPCR) assay used by monitoring programs. Both the qPCR and cPCR assays were able to amplify the DNA of silver carp present in environmental samples taken from locations where mixed populations of bigheaded carps existed. However, the qPCR assay had substantially fewer PCR positive samples which were subsequently determined not to contain DNA of bigheaded carps than the cPCR assay. Additionally, the qPCR assay was able to amplify the DNA of bigheaded carps even in the presence of inhibitors that blocked amplification with cPCR. Also, the selection of an appropriate DNA extraction method can significantly alter the efficiency of eDNA surveillance programs by lowering detection limits and by decreasing costs associated with sample processing. The results reported herein are presently being incorporated into eDNA surveillance programs to decrease the costs, increase DNA yield and increase the confidence that assays are amplifying the target DNA. These results are critical to enhancing our ability to accurately and confidently interpret the results reported from monitoring programs using eDNA for early detection of invasive species.