cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integral representations of periodic and cyclic fractional stable motions

Stable non-Gaussian self-similar mixed moving averages can be decomposed into several components. Two of these are the periodic and cyclic fractional stable motions which are the subject of this study. We focus on the structure of their integral representations and show that the periodic fractional stable motions have, in fact, a canonical representation. We study several examples and discuss questions of uniqueness, namely how to determine whether two given integral representations of periodic or cyclic fractional stable motions give rise to the same process.
Error rate analysis for peaky signaling over fading channels

In this paper, the performance of signaling strategies with high peak-to-average power ratio is analyzed in both coherent and noncoherent fading channels. Two modulation schemes, namely on-off phase-shift keying (OOPSK) and on-off frequency-shift keying (OOFSK), are considered. The optimal detector structures are identified and analytical expressions for the error probabilities are obtained for arbitrary constellation sizes. Numerical techniques are employed to compute the error rates. It is concluded that increasing the peakedness of the signals results in reduced error rates for a given power level and hence equivalently improves the energy efficiency for fixed error probabilities.
A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF WAGES IN DEREGULATED INDUSTRIES: A STUDY OF MOTOR CARRIAGE AND RAIL

Using time series techniques, we contrast the impact of deregulation in trucking and rail labor markets. During regulation both labor markets were characterized by wages considerab y higher than manufacturing wages. In fact, trucking and rail wages had a stable, deterministic relationship prior to deregulation. After deregulation, however, the mean trucking wages fell considerably, approaching manufacturing wages, while rail wages remained relatively constant. We also find that deregulation’s negative impact on trucking wages was nondiscrete and occurred primarily between 1980 and 1984.
Bitmap algorithms for counting active flows on high-speed links

This paper presents a family of bitmap algorithms that address the problem of counting the number of distinct header patterns (flows) seen on a high-speed link. Such counting can be used to detect DoS attacks and port scans and to solve measurement problems. Counting is especially hard when processing must be done within a packet arrival time (8 ns at OC-768 speeds) and, hence, may perform only a small number of accesses to limited, fast memory. A naive solution that maintains a hash table requires several megabytes because the number of flows can be above a million. By contrast, our new probabilistic algorithms use little memory and are fast. The reduction in memory is particularly important for applications that run multiple concurrent counting instances. For example, we replaced the port-scan detection component of the popular intrusion detection system Snort with one of our new algorithms. This reduced memory usage on a ten minute trace from 50 to 5.6 MB while maintaining a 99.77% probability of alarming on a scan within 6 s of when the large-memory algorithm would. The best known prior algorithm (probabilistic counting) takes four times more memory on port scan detection and eight times more on a measurement application. This is possible because our algorithms can be customized to take advantage of special features such as a large number of instances that have very small counts or prior knowledge of the likely range of the count.
Melt rheology of polymer blends the morphology feedback

Relations morphologie des melanges (tailles et formes des phases du melange) et proprietes rheologiques a l'etat fondu (viscosites, elasticites). Le melangeage a une influence sur la morphologie
A computational investigation of the instability of the detached shear layers in the wake of a circular cylinder

Cylinder wakes have been studied extensively over several decades to better understand the basic flow phenomena encountered in such flows. The physics of the very near wake of the cylinder is perhaps the most challenging of them all. This region comprises the two detached shear layers, the recirculation region and wake flow. A study of the instability of the detached shear layers is important because these shear layers have a considerable impact on the dynamics of the very near wake. It has been observed experimentally that during certain periods of time that are randomly distributed, the measured fluctuating velocity component near the shear layers shows considerable amplification and it subsequently returns to its normal level (intermittency). Here, direct numerical simulations are used to accomplish a number of objectives such as confirming the presence of intermittency (computationally) and shedding light on processes that contribute significantly to intermittency and shear-layer transition/breakdown. Velocity time traces together with corresponding instantaneous vorticity contours are used in deciphering the fundamental processes underlying intermittency and shear-layer transition. The computed velocity spectra at three locations along the shear layer are provided. The computed shear-layer frequency agrees well with a power-law fit to experimental data.
Communities of Practice: A Learning Strategy for Management Education.

Teaching students self-directed learning skills provides benefits that outlast individual courses. An individual self-directed approach is insufficient, however, given the fast pace of change students encounter in their professional lives. Communities of practice combine self-directed and collaborative learning to meet the challenges of today’s dynamic organizational environment. This article introduces a learning strategy based on communities of practice to help students gain in-depth knowledge about an individual passion related to the course topic that, in turn, contributes effectively to students’ professional development outside of the formal classroom setting. In this article, I briefly discuss the characteristics of communities of practice in organizational environments, including their relevance and effectiveness; provide the details for implementing communities of practice as a learning strategy in a management education classroom; and present an assessment of this learning strategy.
Unsaturated spiro-γ-lactone formation by the dissociative reduction of bromoacetates

Abstract Unsaturated spiro-γ butyrolactones can be prepared in good yields from bromoacetate precursors by a simple route that requires only 2-propanol as solvent and free radical initiation.
MACHINE-READABLE DICTIONARIES

The papers in this panel consider machine-readable dictionaries from several perspectives: research in computational linguistics and computational lexicology, the development of tools for improving accessibility, the design of lexical reference systems for educational purposes, and applications of machine-readable dictionaries in information science contexts. As background and by way of introduction, a description is provided of a workshop on machine-readable dictionaries that was held at SRI International in April 1983.
New Mathematical Models for Particle Flow Dynamics

A new class of integro-partial differential equation models is derived for the prediction of granular flow dynamics. These models are obtained using a novel limiting averaging method (inspired by techniques employed in the derivation of infinite-dimensional dynamical systems models) on the Newtonian equations of motion of a many-particle system incorporating widely used inelastic particle-particle force formulas. By using Taylor series expansions, these models can be approximated by a system of partial differential equations of the Navier-Stokes type. The exact or approximate governing equations obtained are far from simple, but they are less complicated than most of the continuum models now being used to predict particle flow behavior. Solutions of the new models for granular flows down inclined planes and in vibrating beds are compared with known experimental and analytical results and good agreement is obtained.
Regioselective and enantioselective iridium-catalyzed allylation of enamines.

A highly enantioselective and regioselective monoallylation of the enamines of methyl ketones has been developed. After hydrolysis of the enamine (NaOAc/AcOH(aq)), the desired allylated ketones were obtained in high yields (64−91% isolated yields), with high branched-to-linear selectivity (all but two ≥95:5), and with high enantioselectivities (all but two ≥94% ee). The reactions occur within hours at room temperature and encompass the reactions of aromatic and aliphatic methyl ketone derivatives. The enamines of methyl alkyl ketones, which exist as a mixture of two regioisomers, reacted selectively (≥99:1) at the less hindered position. The use of a preformed cyclometalated iridium catalyst, isopropyl carbonates, toluene solvent, and ZnCl2 as an alcohol adsorbent was important for the development of this process.
Do organic and other exotic superconductors fail universal scaling relations

Universal scaling relations are of tremendous importance in science, as they reveal fundamental laws of nature. Several such scaling relations have recently been proposed for superconductors; however, they are not really universal in the sense that some important families of superconductors appear to fail the scaling relations, or obey the scaling with different scaling pre-factors. In particular, a large group of materials called organic (or molecular) superconductors are a notable example. Here, we show that such apparent violations are largely due to the fact that the required experimental parameters were collected on different samples, with different experimental techniques. When experimental data is taken on the same sample, using a single experimental technique, organic superconductors, as well as all other studied superconductors, do in fact follow universal scaling relations.
System Identification Requirements for High-Bandwidth Rotorcraft Flight Control System Design

The application of system identification methods to high-bandwidth rotorcraft flight control system design is examined. Flight test and modeling requirements are illustrated using flight test data from a BO-105 hingeless rotor helicopter. The proposed approach involves the identification of nonparametric frequency-response models, followed by parametric (transfer function and state space) model identification. Results for the BO-105 show the need for including coupled body/rotor flapping and lead-lag dynamics in the identification model structure to allow the accurate prediction of control system bandwidth limitations. Lower-order models are useful for estimating nominal control system performance only when the flight data used for the identification are bandlimited to be consistent with the frequency range of applicability of the model. The flight test results presented in this paper are consistent with theoretical studies by previous researchers.
An evaluation by solar simulation of radiation damage in silicon solar cells

From the viewpoint of the space power-systems designer, the most useful data for radiation-damaged solar cells is that of output power as a function of cell voltage, temperature, and radiation. This paper reviews the available results from laboratory radiation experiments where solar simulators were used. The solar cells studied were 1 and 10 ohm-cm n-on-p boron-doped cells, 5 and 10 ohm--cm aluminum-doped cells, and dendritic drift-field cells. Most of the experiments use 1 MeV electrons with some data for 0.5 to 2 MeV electrons and 0.5 to 2.7 MeV protons. Comparisons are made between types of cells on the basis of maximum power output and power at a fixed voltage. A fixed voltage is determined for each cell type using the value of cell voltage at maximum power after a 1 MeV electron fluence of 1016e/cm2. There is an apparent lack of agreement among experimental results in the order of 3 or 4 percent, due to spectral variations between simulators. Another reason for the spread in data is attributed to differences that may occur from one group of cells to another, even from the same manufacturer. However, taking this into account, the average power at fixed voltage for the 1 ohm-cm cells is greater than the average for 10 ohm-cm up to a fluence of 5 × 1015e/cm2, where a crossover occurs, and the 10 ohm-cm cells became superior.
Social conditions and disability related to the mortality of older people in rural South Africa

Background: South Africa is experiencing a health and social transition including an ageing population and an HIV epidemic. We report mortality experience of an older rural South African population. Methods: Individual survey data and longer-term demographic data were used to describe factors associated with mortality. Individuals aged 50 years and over (n ¼4085) answered a health and quality of life questionnaire in 2006 and were followed for 3 years thereafter. Additional vital events and socio-demographic data were extracted from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System from 1993 to 2010, to provide longer-term trends in mortality. Cox regression analysis was used to determine factors related to survival. Results: In 10967 person-years of follow-up between August 2006 and August 2009, 377 deaths occurred. Women had lower mortality {hazard ratio [HR] 0.35 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28‐0.45]}. Higher mortality was associated with being single [HR 1.48 (95% CI 1.16‐1.88)], having lower household assets score [HR 1.79 (95% CI 1.28‐2.51)], reporting greater disability [HR 2.40 (95% CI 1.68‐3.42)] and poorer quality of life [HR 1.59 (95% CI 1.09‐2.31)]. There was higher mortality in those aged under 69 as compared with those 70 to 79 years old. Census data and cause specific regression models confirmed that this was due to deaths from HIV/TB in the younger age group.
Medium access control in ad hoc networks with MIMO links: optimization considerations and algorithms

we present a medium access control (MAC) protocol for ad hoc networks with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) links. MIMO links provide extremely high spectral efficiencies in multipath channels by simultaneously transmitting multiple independent data streams in the same channel. MAC protocols have been proposed in related work for ad hoc networks with other classes of smart antennas such as switched beam antennas. However, as we substantiate in the paper, the unique characteristics of MIMO links coupled with several key optimization considerations, necessitate an entirely new MAC protocol. We identify several advantages of MIMO links, and discuss key optimization considerations that can help in realizing an effective MAC protocol for such an environment. We present a centralized algorithm called stream-controlled medium access (SCMA) that has the key optimization considerations incorporated in its design. Finally, we present a distributed SCMA protocol that approximates the centralized algorithm and compare its performance against that of baseline protocols that are CSMA/CA variants.
Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting

Hyperbolic discount functions induce dynamically inconsistent preferences, implying a motive for consumers to constrain their own future choices. This paper analyzes the decisions of a hyperbolic consumer who has access to an imperfect commitment technology: an illiquid asset whose sale must be initiated one period before the sale proceeds are received. The model predicts that consumption tracks income, and the model explains why consumers have asset-specific marginal propensities to consume. The model suggests that financial innovation may have caused the ongoing decline in U. S. savings rates, since financial innovation in- creases liquidity, eliminating commitment opportunities. Finally, the model implies that financial market innovation may reduce welfare by providing âtoo muchâ liquidity.
Analysis of Linear Aerospike Plume-Induced X-33 Base-Heating Environment

Computational analysis is conducted to study the effect of an linear aerospike engine plume on X-33 base-heating environment during ascent flight. To properly account for the effect of forebody and aftbody flowfield such as shocks and to allow for potential plume-induced flowseparation, the thermo-flowfield of the entire vehicle at several trajectory points is computed. An essentially grid-sequencing technique is used in conjunction with solution-adaptive, patched, and embedded grid methods to limit the model to a manageable size. The computational methodology is based on a three-dimensional, finite-differ ence, viscous flow, chemically reacting, pressure-based computational fluid dynamics formulation, and a three-dimensional, finite-volume, spectral-line based weighted-sum-of-gray-gases radiation absorption model, computational heat transfer formulation. The predicted convective and radiative base-heat fluxes are presented.
Ceo Compensation And The Transformation Of Banking

We examine the compensation strategies of commercial bank holding companies (BHCs) during 1992–2000. In particular, we analyze whether CEO compensation is more closely tied to the presence of growth options and to risk than is revealed in earlier research. We also examine whether BHC entry into investment banking has influenced compensation policies. Our evidence shows a stronger link between growth options and CEO compensation in the 1990s than observed in earlier studies and that pay-for-performance sensitivities are substantially larger for BHCs that have entered the underwriting business. We also find that BHC leverage and variability in returns have positive effects on CEO incentive pay. Finally, we find some evidence supporting the hypothesis that pay-for-performance sensitivities decline generally at BHCs as return variability increases, as agency theory predicts.
The Design of Extended Bandwidth Shape Memory Alloy Actuators

Extending the usable bandwidth of shape memory alloy actuators for vibration control is investigated, both analytically and experimentally. The differential actuator, which uses SMA wires in agonist-antagonist pairs, is a potential solution. Simulation shows that only modest power requirements are necessary to achieve bandwidths between 10 and 20 Hz.
Rejoinder: Matched Pairs and the Future of Cluster-Randomized Experiments

We are grateful to our four discussants for their agreement with and contributions to the central points in our article (Imai et al., 2009b). As Zhang and Small (2009) write, "[our article] presents] convincing ev idence that the matched pair design, when accompa nied with good inference methods, is more powerful than the unmatched pair design and should be used routinely." And, as they put it, Hill and Scott (2009) "do not take issue with [our article's] provocative as sertion that one should pair-match in cluster random ized trials 'whenever feasible.' " Whether denominated in terms of research dollars saved, or additional knowl edge learned for the same expenditure, the advantages in any one research project of switching standard ex perimental protocols from complete randomization to a matched pair designs (along with the accompanying new statistical methods) can be considerable. In the two sections that follow, we address our dis cussants' points regarding ways to pair clusters (Sec tion 2) and the costs and benefits of designand model based estimation (Section 3). But first we offer a sense of how many experiments across fields of inquiry can be improved in the ways we discuss in our ar ticle. We do this by collecting data from the last 106 cluster-randomized experiments published in 27 leading journals in medicine, public health, political science, economics, and education. We then counted how many experiments used complete randomization, blocking (on some but not all pre-treatment infor mation), or pair-matching?which respectively exploit none, some and all of the available pre-randomization covariate information. Table 1 gives a summary. Over all, only 19% of cluster-randomized experiments used pair-matching, which means that 81% left at least some pre-randomization covariate information on the table. Indeed, almost 60% of these experiments used com plete randomization and so took no advantage of the information in pre-treatment covariates. The table con veys that there is some variation in these figures across fields, but in no field is the use of pair matching in cluster-randomized designs very high, and it never oc curs in even as many as 30% of published experiments. Administrative constraints may have prevented some of these experiments from being pair matched, but as using this information involves no modeling risks, the opportunities for improving experimental research across many fields of inquiry seem quite substantial.
System Noise Prediction of the DGEN 380 Turbofan Engine

The DGEN 380 is a small, separate-flow, geared turbofan. Its manufacturer, Price Induction, is promoting it for a small twinjet application in the emerging personal light jet market. Smaller, and producing less thrust than other entries in the industry, Price Induction is seeking to apply the engine to a 4- to 5-place twinjet designed to compete in an area currently dominated by propeller-driven airplanes. NASA is considering purchasing a DGEN 380 turbofan to test new propulsion noise reduction technologies in a relevant engine environment. To explore this possibility, NASA and Price Induction have signed a Space Act Agreement and have agreed to cooperate on engine acoustic testing. Static acoustic measurements of the engine were made by NASA researchers during July, 2014 at the Glenn Research Center. In the event that a DGEN turbofan becomes a NASA noise technology research testbed, it is in the interest of NASA to develop procedures to evaluate engine system noise metrics. This report documents the procedures used to project the DGEN static noise measurements to flight conditions and the prediction of system noise of a notional airplane powered by twin DGEN engines.
The mechanism design approach to monetary theory

Abstract The mechanism-design approach to monetary theory is the search for fruitful settings in which money is necessary for the achievement of some desirable allocations. Fruitfulness means that the settings provide insights about puzzling observations and policy questions. Settings with three frictions are considered: imperfect monitoring, costly connections among people, and imperfect recognizability of assets. An illustrative model with those frictions is used to explain as an optimum the following features of actual economies: currency is a uniform object, currency is (usually) dominated in rate of return, some transactions are accomplished using currency and others are accomplished in other ways.
Study on magnetic instability of GMR heads using quasi-static tester with laser heating function

A Quasi-static tester (QST) with semiconductor laser heating was developed for GMR heads. We studied the magnetic instability of GMR heads by using the QST and micro-magnetic simulation. It was found from the magnetic simulations that the heads with high domain-control-value at room temperature had also good stability at high-temperature environment as well.
Catalytic Pauson Khand and Related Cycloaddition Reactions

The Pauson Khand reaction is a powerful synthetic tool that yields cyclopentenones by the 2+2+1 cycloaddition of an alkyne, an alkene, and carbon monoxide. The reaction is widely practiced stoichiometrically and requires an equivalent of dicobalt octacarbonyl to effect the cycloaddition. Recent advances in the development of catalysts have extended the application of the reaction. Catalysts include complexes of cobalt, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and titanium. With ruthenium catalysts it has been discovered that unsaturated substrates containing heteroatoms, such as imines and aldehydes, can be used in 2+2+1 cycloadditions. Catalysts and proposed mechanisms for the Pauson Khand reaction are reviewed here.
Separated Flow in a Low-Speed Two-Dimensional Cascade: Part I—Flow Visualization and Time-Mean Velocity Measurements

This study was conducted for the purpose of providing a more fundamental understanding of separated flow in cascades and to provide performance data for fully stalled blade rows. Cascades of a single blade geometry and a solidity of unity were studied for three stagger angles and the full range of angle of attack, extending well into the stalled flow regime. Results are presented from flow visualization and time-mean velocity measurements of stalled flow in the cascade. Surface and smoke flow visualization revealed that the blade stagger angle is a key parameter in determining the location of the separation line and the occurrence of propagating stall. Time-mean velocity measurements obtained with a dual hot split-film probe also showed that the separated velocity profiles within the blade passages and the profiles in the wake have distinctly different characteristics depending on the stagger angle.
A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self-and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex

The distinction between processes used to perceive and understand the self and others has received considerable attention in psychology and neuroscience. Brain findings highlight a role for various regions, in particular the medial PFC (mPFC), in supporting judgments about both the self and others. We performed a meta-analysis of 107 neuroimaging studies of self-and other-related judgments using multilevel kernel density analysis [Kober, H., & Wager, T. D. Meta-analyses of neuroimaging data. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, 1, 293-300, 2010]. We sought to determine what brain regions are reliably involved in each judgment type and, in particular, what the spatial and functional organization of mPFC is with respect to them. Relative to nonmentalizing judgments, both self-and other judgments were associated with activity in mPFC, ranging from ventral to dorsal extents, as well as common activation of the left TPJ and posterior cingulate. A direct comparison between self-and other judgments revealed that ventral mPFC as well as left ventrolateral PFC and left insula were more frequently activated by self-related judgments, whereas dorsal mPFC, in addition to bilateral TPJ and cuneus, was more frequently activated by other-related judgments. Logistic regression analyses revealed that ventral and dorsal mPFC lay at opposite ends of a functional gradient: The z coordinates reported in individual studies predicted whether the study involved self-or other-related judgments, which were associated with increasingly ventral or dorsal portions of mPFC, respectively. These results argue for a distributed rather than localizationist account of mPFC organization and support an emerging view on the functional heterogeneity of mPFC.
An Approximate Analysis for Convective Heat Transfer on Thermally Nonuniform Surfaces

This paper presents a new, simple powerful technique for nonsimilar natural and assisting mixed convection heat transfer problems in which thermal boundary conditions are specified arbitrarily even with step discontinuities. Temperature and velocity fields for natural convection over thermally nonuniform surfaces are formulated in terms of equivalent Grashof numbers defined by the superposition of surface heat fluxes and velocities obtained form similarity analyses for isoflux or isothermal surfaces. A local heat transfer rate for assisting mixed convection over thermally nonuniform surfaces is approximated using Nusselt numbers for pure forced and pure natural convection over such surfaces, which are obtained by the superposition method. Comparisons with existing similarity solutions, experimental results, and numerical solutions validate the use of this simple superposition method in many practical situations such as cooling configurations is electronic and manufacturing equipment.
Batalin-Vilkovisky algebras and two-dimensional topological field theories

By a Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra, we mean a graded commutative algebraA, together with an operator Δ:A⊙→A⊙+1 such that Δ2 = 0, and [Δ,a]−Δa is a graded derivation ofA for alla∈A. In this article, we show that there is a natural structure of a Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra on the cohomology of a topological conformal field theory in two dimensions. We make use of a technique from algebraic topology: the theory of operads.
Basic Solid Mechanics for Tactile Sensing

In order for a robot hand to grasp objects stably without using object models, tactile feedback from the fingers is sometimes necessary. This feedback can be used to adjust grasping forces to prevent a part from slipping from a hand. If the angle of force at the object-finger contact can be deter mined, slip can be prevented by the proper adjustment of finger forces. Another important tactile sensing task is finding the edges and corners of an object since they are usually feasible grasping locations.This paper describes how this information can be extracted from the finger-object contact using strain sensors beneath a compliant skin. For determining contact forces, strain mea surements are easier to use than the surface deformation profile. The finger is modeled as an infinite linear elastic half-plane to predict the measured strain for several contact types and forces. The number of sensors required is less than has been proposed for other tactile recognition tasks.A rough upper bound on sensor density ...
THE sAKNS HIERARCHY

We study, systematically, the properties of the supersymmetric AKNS (sAKNS) hierarchy. In particular, we discuss the Lax representation in terms of a bosonic Lax operator and some special features of the equations and construct the bosonic local charges as well as the fermionic nonlocal charges associated with the system starting from the Lax operator. We obtain the Hamiltonian structures of the system and check the Jacobi identity through the method of prolongation. We also show that this hierarchy of equations can equivalently be described in terms of a fermionic Lax operator. We obtain the zero curvature formulation as well as the conserved charges of the system starting from this fermionic Lax operator which suggests a connection between the two. Finally, starting from the fermionic description of the system, we construct the soliton solutions for this system of equations through Darboux–Backlund transformations and describe some open problems.
Robust stability and performance analysis of sampled-data systems

The authors consider the robust stability and performance analysis of a general linear interconnection of a continuous-time plant and a discrete-time controller via sample and hold devices. They obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the robust stability of the feedback system consisting of an uncertain plant represented as a known linear time-invariant (nominal) model with time-varying norm bounded uncertainty and a shift-invariant, discrete-time controller. These results show that the condition arising from the small gain theorem is necessary and sufficient when the uncertainties belong to a class of linear systems. Also similar results are derived for a case of structured uncertainty. Both L/sub 2/ and L/sub infinity / signal norms are considered. Robust performance analysis problem is solved by converting it to a robust stability analysis problem. >
Effects of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen accumulation in humans

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether endurance exercise training increases the ability of human skeletal muscle to accumulate glycogen after exercise. Subjects (4 women and 2 ...
Velocity distributions in clusters of galaxies

We employ a high-resolution dissipationless N-body simulation of a galaxy cluster to investigate the impact of subhalo selection on the resulting velocity distributions. Applying a lower limit on the present bound mass of subhaloes leads to high subhalo velocity dispersions compared to the diffuse dark matter (positive velocity bias) and to a considerable deviation from a Gaussian velocity distribution (kurtosis ∼ -0.6). However, if subhaloes are required to exceed a minimal mass before accretion on to the host, the velocity bias becomes negligible and the velocity distribution is close to Gaussian (kurtosis ∼ -0.15). Recently, it has been shown that the latter criterion results in subhalo samples that agree well with the observed number-density profiles of galaxies in clusters. Therefore, we argue that the velocity distributions of galaxies in clusters are essentially unbiased. The comparison of the galaxy velocity distribution and the sound speed, derived from scaling relations of X-ray observations, results in an average Mach number of 1.24. Altogether 65 per cent of the galaxies move supersonically and 8 per cent have Mach numbers larger than 2 with respect to the intracluster gas.
A hybrid method of moments-marching on in time method for the solution of electromagnetic scattering problems

The time step size required by existing time-domain integral equation solvers for the solution of electromagnetic scattering problems is inversely proportional to the highest frequency present in the incident signal. This makes existing solvers inefficient, especially when the incident wave is narrowband in nature. This work presents a new time marching approach in which the time step size is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the incident signal. The method is based on analytic signal theory and Hilbert transforms, which are used to transform the standard integral equations of electromagnetics into equations for the complex envelope of the current. Numerical results show the method to be both stable and accurate.
Pd(Quinox)-Catalyzed Allylic Relay Suzuki Reactions of Secondary Homostyrenyl Tosylates via Alkene-Assisted Oxidative Addition.

Pd-catalyzed allylic relay Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of secondary alkyl tosylates, featuring a sterically-hindered oxidative addition and precise control of β-hydride elimination, are reported. The identification of a linear free energy relationship between the relative rates of substrate consumption and the electronic nature of the substrate alkene suggests that the oxidative addition requires direct alkene involvement. A study of the effect of alkyl chain length on the reaction outcome supports a chelation-controlled oxidative addition.
The Turn to Public Sociology: The Case of U.S. Labor Studies

THE TURN TO PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY: THE CASE OF U.S. LABOR STUDIES. 1 Michael Burawoy I N the US, 1974 marked the beginning of a great transformation. In labor studies it was the year of the publication of Harry Braverman’s Labor and Monopoly Capital, and the launching of a Marxist research program focused on the labor process. Braverman turned away from all subjectivist views of work to proclaim his famous deskilling hypothesis, namely the history of monopoly capitalism was the history of the degradation of work. True or false, it was a decisive break with narrowly conceived industrial sociology and timeless organization theory. 1974 also marked a major recession in the US economy and the onset of an economic and then a political assault on labor that would throw Braverman’s claims into relief. More broadly, this birth of neoliberalism, capitalism’s third wave of marketization, would deeply affect both the labor movement and the focus of academic research. It is the changing relationship among economic and political context, labor movement and labor studies that preoccupies this paper. The rupture with professional sociology marked by Labor and Monopoly Capital, and the research program it inaugurated, was followed by a transition, some 20 years later, from the study of the labor process to an engagement with the labor movement. This transition to public sociology has been one of the more exciting developments in an otherwise heavily professionalized discipline and a generally bleak labor scene. Yet the shift of focus from structure to agency, from process to movement, from a critical- professional sociology to a critical-public sociology of labor occurred in the very period of the labor movement’s greatest decline -- the percentage of the labor force unionized in the private sector fell precipitously from 23.6% in 1974 to 7.4% by 2006. 2 Why should sociologists devote themselves to a labor movement that was fast becoming extinct? Sociologists, after all, have always been interested in movements in ascendance not in decline! The paradox begins to unravel if one recognizes how the labor movement was itself responding to the challenge of third-wave marketization. The 1973-1974 recession spelled the demise of class compromise and hegemonic production politics that had arisen in the post-war period. Capital, aided and abetted by the state, was making an unrelenting assault on union organization through the 1980s. Confronting their own demise, labor leaders set about rethinking strategic options, with the result that a large fraction of the labor movement turned from business unionism to social movement unionism, from servicing existing members to organizing new members, from catering to Paper to be presented at the TASA/SAANZ Conference, Auckland, December 4-7, 2007. All unionization figures are taken from Hirsch (forthcoming) and the data appendix that accompanies that paper. See http://www.unionstats.com/
Multiplier ideals of monomial space curves

This paper presents a formula for the multiplier ideals of a monomial space curve. The formula is obtained from a careful choice of log resolution. We construct a toric blowup of affine space in such a way that a log resolution of the monomial curve may be constructed from this toric variety in a well controlled manner. The construction exploits a theorem of Gonzalez Perez and Teissier (2002).
Real-time mutual gaze perception enhances collaborative learning and collaboration quality

In this paper we present the results of an eye-tracking study on collaborative problem-solving dyads. Dyads remotely collaborated to learn from contrasting cases involving basic concepts about how the human brain processes visual information. In one condition, dyads saw the eye gazes of their partner on the screen; in a control group, they did not have access to this information. Results indicated that this real-time mutual gaze perception intervention helped students achieve a higher quality of collaboration and a higher learning gain. Implications for supporting group collaboration are discussed.
Multiphase Multilevel Modular DC–DC Converter for High-Current High-Gain TEG Application

This paper presents a high-efficiency zero-current-switching (ZCS) switched-capacitor (SC) dc-dc converter for high-current high-voltage-gain TEG application. Compared with the traditional hard switching SC circuits, the proposed circuit achieves ZCS for all the switches, thus minimizing the switching loss and electromagnetic interference noise. The huge electrolytic capacitor bank existing in the hard switching SC circuit, which is used to reduce the voltage ripple and achieve high efficiency, is eliminated. The low-capacitance ceramic capacitor is utilized instead. Different from other ZCS SC circuits that insert a magnetic core, the proposed circuit utilizes stray inductance that is present in the circuit to achieve ZCS, thus leading to small-size, low-cost, and high-reliability features. The proposed circuit also owns continuous input current and low-output-voltage ripple features. Therefore, the power loss related to the input capacitor can be minimized. By using the proposed topology, high-efficiency and high-power-density SC dc-dc converters could be made for high-current and high-voltage-gain application. Simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the validity and features of the proposed topology.
Visualizing evolutionary activity of genotypes

We introduce a method for visualizing evolutionary activity of genotypes. Following a proposal of Bedau and Packard [11], we define a genotype's evolutionary activity in terms of the history of its concentration in the evolving population. To visualize this evolutionary activity we graph the distribution of evolutionary activity in the population of genotypes as a function of time. Adaptively significant genotypes trace a salient line or "wave" in these graphs. The quality of these waves indicates a variety of neutral variation, and random genetic drift. We apply this method in an evolutionary model of self-replicating assembly language programs competing for room in a two-dimensional space. Comparison with fitness graphs and with a nonadaptive analogue of this model shows how this method highlights adaptively significant events.
AC product defect level and yield loss

The author considers the AC defect level and yield loss after test for both logic and random-access-memory semiconductor chips. Computation of chip AC defect level and yield loss after test is dependent upon the availability of statistical information regarding the behavior of the chip's delay and of the tester error. This statistical information can either be derived from manufacturing process parameters or measured by a tester. It is shown that there is a relationship between the chip-shipped defect level and the yield loss after test. Thus, a change in one will, in general, affect the other. >
Assessment of MeMS Sensors in an Urban Traffic Environment

The objective of this innovative new research topics proposal was to investigate the potential of a vehicle detection system that combines an acoustic or magnetic sensor, a microprocessor, a radio, and a battery. If such a system is feasible, it would be a low-cost, flexible alternative to loop detection systems. The wireless sensor system could be installed in a few minutes, without the expensive loop installation that requires cutting the pavement, power and loop cabling, and extended traffic disruption. Four tasks were proposed: (1) detecting a stationary vehicle, (2) detecting a moving vehicle, (3) detecting a string of vehicles, and (4) developing a networking protocol. Successful completion of these tasks would constitute evidence that the concept is worthy of further research and development effort. All four tasks have been completed with results that exceed our prior expectations. Indeed the work done has been carried much further.
Spectral gene set enrichment (SGSE)

Gene set testing is typically performed in a supervised context to quantify the association between groups of genes and a clinical phenotype. In many cases, however, a gene set-based interpretation of genomic data is desired in the absence of a phenotype variable. Although methods exist for unsupervised gene set testing, they predominantly compute enrichment relative to clusters of the genomic variables with performance strongly dependent on the clustering algorithm and number of clusters. We propose a novel method, spectral gene set enrichment (SGSE), for unsupervised competitive testing of the association between gene sets and empirical data sources. SGSE first computes the statistical association between gene sets and principal components (PCs) using our principal component gene set enrichment (PCGSE) method. The overall statistical association between each gene set and the spectral structure of the data is then computed by combining the PC-level p-values using the weighted Z-method with weights set to the PC variance scaled by Tracy-Widom test p-values. Using simulated data, we show that the SGSE algorithm can accurately recover spectral features from noisy data. To illustrate the utility of our method on real data, we demonstrate the superior performance of the SGSE method relative to standard cluster-based techniques for testing the association between MSigDB gene sets and the variance structure of microarray gene expression data. Unsupervised gene set testing can provide important information about the biological signal held in high-dimensional genomic data sets. Because it uses the association between gene sets and samples PCs to generate a measure of unsupervised enrichment, the SGSE method is independent of cluster or network creation algorithms and, most importantly, is able to utilize the statistical significance of PC eigenvalues to ignore elements of the data most likely to represent noise.
Radiative corrections to polarized Compton scattering.

The left-right asymmetry for Compton scattering is calculated including lowest-order corrections. The asymmetry is given as a function of the energy of the scattered electron.
Cobalt-catalyzed intermolecular C–H amination with bromamine-T as nitrene source

Cobalt, supported by porphyrin ligands, is capable of catalyzing intermolecular nitrene insertion of sp3 C–H bonds with bromamine-T as the nitrene source, forming the desired tosyl-protected amines with NaBr as the by-product.
Next nearest coupling from analytical expressions for the APT linac

In order to design any accelerator one should know three constants, /spl Delta/f, k and kk. The /spl Delta/f determines the no-slot cavity frequency i.e., the cavity frequency will drop with the introduction of coupling slots. Constant k determines the coupling between on-axis cavity to cavity. Constant kk determines the next nearest coupling from on-axis cavity to cavity. In a Coupled Cavity Drift Tube Linac the quantity kk is minuscule. However in a Coupled Cavity Linac because of the close proximity of the coupling cavity slots the qantity kk or next nearest becomes significant. Recent work at Los Alamos National Laboratory has employed a perturbation technique by J. Gao (1992). Good values of k are obtained from analytical expressions. With less success the quantity /spl Delta/f can be calculated. It is the purpose of this paper to extend this type of analysis to include kk in a CCL. The approach is to calculate the dipole induced in the slot by the field in the accelerating cavities. Next calculate an interaction energy between the two dipoles and finally employ Slater perturbation. The calculated value of kk is approximately 0.002, a reasonable number compared to experimental data from the LAMPF accelerator at LANL.
Singularities of the secant variety

We give positivity conditions on the embedding of a smooth va- riety which guarantee the normality of the secant variety, generalizing earlier results of the author and others. We also give classes of secant varieties satisfy- ing the Hodge conjecture as well as a result on the singular locus of degenerate secant varieties.
Feedback Detection for Live Predictors

A predictor that is deployed in a live production system may perturb the features it uses to make predictions. Such a feedback loop can occur, for example, when a model that predicts a certain type of behavior ends up causing the behavior it predicts, thus creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. In this paper we analyze predictor feedback detection as a causal inference problem, and introduce a local randomization scheme that can be used to detect non-linear feedback in real-world problems. We conduct a pilot study for our proposed methodology using a predictive system currently deployed as a part of a search engine.
The consistent comparison problem in N-version software

The authors have identified a difficulty in the implementation of N-version programming. The problem, called the consistent comparison problem, arises for applications in which decisions are based on the results of comparing finite-precision numbers. It is shown that when versions make comparisons involving the results of finite-precision calculations, it is impossible to guarantee the consistency of their results. It is therefore possible that correct versions may arrive at completely different outputs for an application that does not apparently have multiple correct solutions. If this problem is not dealt with explicitly, an N-version system may be unable to reach consensus even when none of its component versions falls. >