cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trajectory Specification for Terminal Air Traffic: Pairwise Conflict Detection and Resolution

Trajectory Specification is the explicit bounding and control of aircraft trajectories such that the position at any point in time is constrained to a precisely defined volume of space. The bounding space is defined by cross-track, along-track, and vertical tolerances relative to a reference trajectory that specifies position as a function of time. The tolerances are dynamic and will be based on the aircraft navigation capabilities and the current traffic situation. Assuming conformance, Trajectory Specification can guarantee safe separation for an arbitrary period of time even in the event of an air traffic control (ATC) system or datalink failure; hence it can help to achieve the high level of safety and reliability needed for ATC automation. It can also reduce the reliance on tactical backup systems during normal operation. This paper applies it to the terminal area around a major airport and presents algorithms and software for detecting and resolving conflicts. A representative set of pairwise conflicts was generated, and a fast-time simulation was run on them. All conflicts were successfully resolved in real time, demonstrating the computational feasibility of the concept.
Life in the arena: infaunal gastropods and the late Phanerozoic expansion of marine ecosystems into sand

Marine ecosystems have expanded into the infaunal realm below the surface of soft sediments throughout the Phanerozoic eon. During the Palaeozoic era, this expansion largely involved sedentary animals living in permanent resting places. Active sand-burrowing animals colonized the infaunal environment later, but when this happened and when specialization for infaunal life evolved remain open questions. Here, phylogenetic evidence, fossil occurrences and previously established criteria for recognizing the sand-burrowing habit in marine gastropods are used to determine how many gastropod clades became infaunal and when the transitions from surface-dwelling to infaunal life occurred. At least 20, and as many as 35, clades (all but one of post-Palaeozoic age) contain actively infaunal species. The overwhelming majority (15 of 20 clades) became infaunal during the Cenozoic, and clades with hundreds of infaunal species in the living fauna diversified beginning in the Early Miocene. The repeated evolution of, and specialization to, the sand-burrowing habit by gastropods and other animals was enabled by increased habitat availability and higher marine productivity, and was necessitated by intensifying predation. As a result, the infaunal realm was transformed from a marine refuge to an integrated part of the marine biosphere in which high performance in locomotion and defence has become the norm.
Histone biotinylation is a naturally occurring phenomenon

Modifications of histones such as methylation and acetylation are involved in gene regulation. We recently identified a diet-dependent histone modification, biotinylation of lysines, mediated by ho...
Case studies: Public domain, single mining tasks systems: autoclass (clustering)

AutoClass seeks intrinsic clusters or classes in an instance vector database. It applies a user-specified probabilistic class model and searches for a maximum posterior probability parameterization of a set of such classes. The number of classes is one of these parameters. The resulting clustering is locally optimal with respect to the data and class model. The class model is a product of mutually independent probability distribution or density functions that relate regions of the data space to the individual classes. The fully parameterized classes thus define relative probability of class membership with respect to location in data space. Class membership of instances is then a probability mass distribution over classes. The use of maximum posterior probability parameter estimation, based on minimum information prior parameter probabilities, precludes the overfitting problems that bedevil maximum likelihood methods. The approach is implicitly applicable to any kind of data for which data space clusters can be defined in terms of parameterized probability distributions. In practice, the public domain AutoClass-C is limited to combinations of discrete and number valued data.
Changing Concepts of Nigral Dopamine System Function Within the Basal Ganglia: Relevance to Extrapyramidal Disorders

The recent discovery of new methods for tracing brain pathways and studying their function has greatly expanded our knowledge of the areas of the brain involved in extrapyramidal disorders and has begun to change our concept of how these areas function. One such change has involved our understanding of the role of the dopaminergic system within the basal ganglia. Rather than dopamine being seen primarily as a major influence on striatal Output it is now perhaps best conceptualized as one link in a set of circular pathways, one of whose functions is to modulate non- dopaminergic output from the substantia nigra to other brain regions. In addition, new evidence suggests that this neurotransmitter system may play a role in the way sensory inputs are handled by the basal ganglia. These new roles for the nigral dopaminergic system raise important new questions about its function in extrapyramidal motor systems as well as provide possible answers to questions concerning the mechanisms underlying some of the symptoms seen in disorders involving the basal ganglia.
Psychometric evaluation of patient responses to clinician-generated items assessing domains relevant to rehabilitation service needs among hospitalized populations

Introduction/Background/Objective To access the utility of the responses of chronically ill patients to ad hoc legacy clinician-generated medical and social questionnaires used by many institutions in assessing mood, function, symptoms, and social support. Material and method/Design The study population included 8561 unique patients who generated a total of 12,659 hospital admissions over the period of the study. Items administered from 2004 to 2014 to outpatients in a large US Midwestern medical center who were hospitalized during the study period were identified. Exploratory factor analysis yielded item-to-factor loadings that were in turn used to identify meaningful clusters. Content-matter experts independently described the attributes of the clusters and rated the relevance, coverage, and clarity of the involved items. Factor scores were established with a confirmatory factor model. Validity based on inter-factor relationships and to assigned diagnostic codes was assessed. Results Six factors addressing depression, pulmonary symptoms, musculoskeletal pain, living situation, mobility, and activities of daily living had reliabilities of > 0.64 and were retained for further analysis. Content-matter experts rated the clarity each item and their relevance to their assigned domains. Factor inter-correlations provided evidence of convergent and discriminant validity, as did weak to moderate relationships (−0.13 to 0.32) with the related diagnostic code assignments. Conclusions A legacy PRO instrument similar to those of many healthcare systems can be utilized to aggregate and characterize the validity of items that can be used to assess the mood, function, symptoms, and social support of chronically ill patients. However, the relationships are likely to be only weak to moderate.
Prazosin Use During Prolonged Exposure Therapy with Veterans: An Examination of Treatment Effectiveness

Prazosin is being used to treat sleep symptoms for individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prescription of prazosin for veterans with PTSD has increased every year in the Veteran’s H...
Devices for Improved Delivery of Nebulized Pharmaceutical Aerosols to the Lungs

Nebulizers have a number of advantages for the delivery of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols, including the use of aqueous formulations and the ability to deliver process-sensitive proteins, peptides, and biological medications. A frequent disadvantage of nebulized aerosols is poor lung delivery efficiency, which wastes valuable medications, increases delivery times, and may increase side effects of the medication. A focus of previous development efforts and previous nebulizer reviews, has been an improvement of the underlying nebulization technology controlling the breakup of a liquid into droplets. However, for a given nebulization technology, a wide range of secondary devices and strategies can be implemented to significantly improve lung delivery efficiency of the aerosol. This review focuses on secondary devices and technologies that can be implemented to improve the lung delivery efficiency of nebulized aerosols and potentially target the region of drug delivery within the lungs. These secondary devices may (1) modify the aerosol size distribution, (2) synchronize aerosol delivery with inhalation, (3) reduce system depositional losses at connection points, (4) improve the patient interface, or (5) guide patient inhalation. The development of these devices and technologies is also discussed, which often includes the use of computational fluid dynamic simulations, three-dimensional printing and rapid prototype device and airway model construction, realistic in vitro experiments, and in vivo analysis. Of the devices reviewed, the implementation of streamlined components may be the most direct and lowest cost approach to enhance aerosol delivery efficiency within nonambulatory nebulizer systems. For applications involving high-dose medications or precise dose administration, the inclusion of active devices to control aerosol size, guide inhalation, and synchronize delivery with inhalation hold considerable promise.
Experiences of Therapists and Occupational Therapy Students Using Video Conferencing in Conduction of Focus Groups

participated. Two cycles of data collection and analysis occurred, one for focus group transcripts of therapists and another for student replies to a questionnaire. A case-by-case matrix was created and data sorted into three categories including: (1) benefits to using the technology; (2) challenges to using the technology; and (3) suggestions for future use of the technology. Therapists valued communicating with their peers from settings of their choice and students gained satisfaction in facilitating the communication. Optimal data collection with online focus groups requires that researchers be knowledgeable in all the technology features and carefully plan for common technology issues. Keywords: Focus Groups, Video Conferencing,
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cardiac-Endothelial-Tumor-on-a-Chip to Assess Anticancer Efficacy and Cardiotoxicity.

Cancer remains a leading health threat in the United States, and cardiovascular drug toxicity is a primary cause to eliminate a drug from FDA approval. As a result, the demand to develop new antica...
Model for the Description of Threshold-Based Algorithms

The following chapter proposes a methodology according to which airbag algorithms can be grouped in a three-dimensional model according to their input and output variables, their processing stages and their temporal behaviour.
Financial inclusion for MSMEs and women’s economic empowerment

The importance of micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in national economies is well known, as well as is their global impact, since, by number, they dominate the world business stag...
CA19-9 Change During Neoadjuvant Therapy May Guide the Need for Additional Adjuvant Therapy Following Resected Pancreatic Cancer

Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) is increasingly utilized for pancreatic cancer, however the added benefit of adjuvant therapy (AT) in this setting is unknown. We hypothesized that the magnitude of CA19-9 response to NAT can guide the need for further AT in resected pancreatic cancer. CA19-9 secretors who received NAT for pancreatic cancer during 2008–2016 at a single institution were analyzed and CA19-9 response (difference between pre- and post-NAT values) was measured. Kaplan–Meier estimators and Cox proportional hazard ratio models were used to determine the optimal CA19-9 response at which AT ceases to confer any additional survival benefit after NAT. A total of 241 patients (mean age 65.4 years, 50% female) with complete CA19-9 data who underwent NAT followed by resection were analyzed. In a cohort of patients (n = 78) in whom CA19-9 normalized with a decrease > 50% after NAT (optimal responders), AT was not associated with additional survival benefit (40.6 vs. 39.0 months, p = 0.815). Conversely, in the cohort of patients (n = 163) in whom NAT was not associated with normalization and a decrease of ≤ 50% in CA19-9 (suboptimal responders), receipt of AT was associated with a survival benefit (34.5 vs. 19.1 months, p 50% during NAT to predict no additional survival benefit from AT. The magnitude of CA19-9 response to NAT may predict the need for further AT in resected pancreatic cancer. Prospective studies are needed to elucidate the optimal interplay of NAT and AT in pancreatic cancer.
Catabolism of streptokinase and polyethylene glycol-streptokinase: evidence for transport of intact forms through the biliary system in the mouse

The catabolism of streptokinase (SK) and polyethylene glycol derivatives of SK (PEG-SK) were studied in mice. The clearance and catabolism of SK:plasmin (SK:Pm) and PEG-SK:Pm activator complexes were also investigated. Native 125I-SK cleared rapidly (t1/2 = 15 minutes) from the circulation, with the majority of the ligand accumulating in the liver and gastrointestinal (GI) tract and a substantial fraction also localizing in the kidneys. SK, which was removed from the plasma by the liver, was secreted into bile and then the GI tract. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that 125I-SK recovered from liver and bile was homogeneous and of the same molecular weight (mol wt approximately 50,200) as native SK. PEG-125I-SK cleared slowly (t1/2 greater than 200 minutes), with more than 80% of the preparation localizing in liver and GI tract. The PEG-125I-SK secreted into the bile was also intact. The bile containing 125I-SK was incubated with stoichiometric amounts of plasminogen and electrophoresed under nondenaturing conditions. This study demonstrated that the secreted SK was able to form SK:Pg complexes. SDS-PAGE also showed activation of 125I-Pg that was incubated with recovered bile containing the SK. 125I-SK:Pm catabolism was also studied. In these experiments, the mol wt approximately 42,000 fragment obtained when SK is cleaved by plasmin was found in the bile. This fragment of 125I-SK was not recovered as part of a complex with plasmin, consistent with our previous observations that catabolism of SK:Pm involves transfer of the plasmin to plasma proteinase inhibitors while SK is catabolized independently. By contrast, when PEG-125I-SK:Pm was injected into mice, only intact PEG-125I-SK was found in the bile, consistent with our previous observations that the PEG derivatization blocks its degradation by plasmin.
Petty corruption

This paper analyzes a petty corruption model in which the entrepreneur’s type is drawn from an absolutely continuous probability distribution function F over [0, 1], and perfect Bayesian equilibrium is adopted as the solution concept for a one-stage game. In the one-stage game, if there is more than one bureaucrat, no project is approved with a strictly positive probability. For an infinitely repeated game, I show that the single window policy strictly increases the social benefits in a socially optimal equilibrium.
Tolerance and Inclusion

This chapter studies the discourse doctrine of tolerance. It first examines Habermas’s concept of tolerance, the relationship between tolerance and rejection, as well as that between tolerance and endorsement, the distinction between tolerance and indifference, the definition of tolerance in Habermas and that in the UN covenant. It then explores the discursive concepts of the object of tolerance, otherness, rejectablity, tolerance as the match-maker of modern society, and religious toleration as a paradigm. It finally investigates the discursive concept of tolerance as an obligation, a value and a virtue. It discusses the discursive concepts of the relationships between tolerance and democracy, between tolerance and justice, as well as between tolerance and cosmopolitanism.
Nephron-sparing surgery for Wilms tumor: A systematic review

Abstract Introduction Radical nephrectomy (RN, or total nephrectomy) is the current gold-standard surgical treatment for children with Wilms tumors (WT). However, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS, or partial nephrectomy) has recently been gaining increasing attention. The objective of this systematic review is to compare the effectiveness of NSS as compared with RN for the treatment of children with WT. Methods We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, clinicaltrials.gov, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and recently presented meeting abstracts for reports in English. The bibliographies of included studies were then hand-searched for any missed articles. The protocol was prospectively registered. Manuscripts were assessed and data abstracted in duplicate with differences resolved by the senior author. Owing to high heterogeneity among the final included studies, only a qualitative systematic review was performed; no formal meta-analysis was undertaken. Results We identified 694 articles, 118 of which were selected for full-text review and 66 of which were included in the final analysis. Most studies were single- or multi-institution retrospective case series (60, 91%), with a small number of prospective cohort studies (6, 9%) and 1 administrative database analysis. Most studies were from Europe (27, 41%) or North America (21, 32%). Nearly half (32, 48%) of studies those were included were dated from 2010 or later. In total, data on 4,002 patients were included, of whom 1,040 (26%) underwent NSS and 2,962 (74%) underwent NSS. Reported rupture rates were similar between RN and NSS (13% vs. 7%), as were recurrence rates (12% vs. 11%) and survival rates (85% vs. 88%). However, these comparisons are limited by inherent biases in the design and reporting of most included studies. Conclusions Most contemporary studies reporting the use of NSS in children with WT report similar long-term outcomes to RN. However, most existing studies are limited by their small numbers, inconsistent reporting, and methodological biases. There are significant opportunities for future research on the use of NSS in children with WT, including issues related to surgical quality, optimal technique, timing and duration of chemotherapy, and variation in the use of NSS among centers.
Deformation behavior and texture development in beta Ti--V alloys

Beta phase titanium-vanadium alloys in the composition range 20 to 40 wt pct vanadium were studied to determine the dependence of mechanical properties and texture formation on deformation modes. Changes in twinning probability and slip characteristics with vanadium content are reflected in wide variations in sheet textures in both as-rolled and rolled and recrystallized samples. These sheet textures exhibit strongly anisotropic strength properties which may be qualitatively related to the type of texture.
Integrable Equations in Multi-Dimensions (2+1) are Bi-Hamiltonian Systems

Recent developments by the authors in finding the recursion operators and the bi-Hamiltonian formulation of a large class of nonlinear evolution equations in (2+1)-dimensions is reviewed. The general theory associated with factorizable recursion operators in multidimensions is discussed. Both gradient and non-gradient master-symmetries are simply derived and their general theory is developed, using the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation as an example.
A resolution of the equity premium puzzle

Abstract The introduction of a simple non-time additive utility function can explain the equity premium puzzle noted by Mehra and Prescott with a reasonable value for the relative risk aversion coefficient.
Improved Meta-Analytic Methods Show No Effect of Chromium Supplements on Fasting Glucose

The trace mineral chromium has been extensively researched over the years in its role in glucose metabolism. Dietary supplement companies have attempted to make claims that chromium may be able to treat or prevent diabetes. Previous meta-analyses/systematic reviews have indicated that chromium supplementation results in a significant lowering of fasting glucose in diabetics but not in nondiabetics. A meta-analysis was conducted using an alternative measure of effect size, dppc2 in order to account for changes in the control group as well as the chromium group. The literature search included MEDLINE, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and previously published article reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Included studies were randomized, placebo-controlled trials in the English language with subjects that were nonpregnant adults, both with and without diabetes. Sixteen studies with 809 participants (440 diabetics and 369 nondiabetics) were included in the analysis. Screening for publication bias indicated symmetry of the data. Tests of heterogeneity indicated the use of a fixed-effect model (I2 = 0 %). The analysis indicated that there was no significant effect of chromium supplementation in diabetics or nondiabetics, with a weighted average effect size of 0.02 (SE = 0.07), p = 0.787, CI 95 % = −0.12 to 0.16. Chromium supplementation appears to provide no benefits to populations where chromium deficiency is unlikely.
Haemostatic mechanism in the endometrium: role of cyclo-oxygenase products and coagulation factors.

Abstract 1. The primary mechanism of haemostasis in the endometrium of rat was studied and results were compared to that in the mesenteric artery. 2. The bleeding time of the rat endometrium as assessed by haemoglobin output was significantly decreased after pretreatment of the animals with either indomethacin (5 mg kg-1, i.v.) or meclofenamate (3 mg kg-1, i.v.) whereas the bleeding time was significantly increased in the rat mesenteric artery. 3. The bleeding time of the rat endometrium was unchanged from control values following treatment with prostacyclin (0.5 microgram kg-1 min-1, i.v.) or 1-benzylimidazole (50 mg kg-1, i.v.) whereas the bleeding times were increased in the rat mesentric artery. 4. Administration of heparin (100 units kg-1) increased the bleeding time in the rat mesenteric artery but had no effect on the bleeding time of the endometrium. 5. Superfusion of the endometrium with 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2 (1 microgram ml-1) a vasodilator, increased the bleeding time of the endometrium but superfusion of PGE2 over the mesenteric artery did not affect the bleeding time from this site. 6. Histological studies of the mesenteric artery and the endometrium following haemostatis revealed that the haemostatic plug in the mesenteric artery was mainly composed of platelets and fibrin whereas in the endometrium it was mainly composed of fibrin. 7. These findings suggest that haemostasis in the endometrium may be mediated by the vascular tone and fibrin whereas formation of the platelet plug may be primary mechanism for haemostasis in the mesenteric artery.
Evaluation of heterogeneity statistics as reasonable proxies of the error of precipitation quantile estimation in the Minneapolis-St. Paul region

Summary Estimating precipitation frequency is important in engineering, agriculture, land use planning, and many other disciplines. The index flood method alleviates small sample size issues due to short record length by calculating normalized quantile estimates for averaged data from a “region” of gauges. For a perfectly homogeneous region this adds no error; heterogeneity statistics seek to quantify a real-world region’s deviation from this assumption. Hosking and Wallis (1997) introduced a Monte Carlo heterogeneity statistic called here H 1 and used a simulation study to assess its utility while rejecting two similar statistics called here H 2 and H 3 . A nearly linear relationship was found between H 1 and the percentage root mean square error (RMSE) increase due to heterogeneity, establishing H 1 as a “reasonable proxy” of quantile error. The H 1 -percent RMSE added relationship found in the simulation experiment was used to find equivalent RMSEs for heterogeneity thresholds against which all three H statistics were tested. In this study the “reasonable proxy” relationship is evaluated across a highly skewed daily precipitation dataset in Minnesota for H 1 , H 2 and H 3 . Simulated regions used in quantile error estimation are generated using at-site L-moment ratios scaled toward the regional mean with a shrinkage multiplier. A linear relationship is found between Monte Carlo estimates of quantile RMSE and both H 1 and H 2 across all possible regionalizations of twelve gauges. H 2 ’s relationship is less linear than H 1 ’s as quantified by Pearson’s r. A synthetic study is also undertaken using the same sample sizes, regional L-moment averages, and between-site variations as the Hosking and Wallis (1997) simulation. The H 2 -percent RMSE added relationship is found to be nearly as linear as for H 1 , complementing the enumeration study’s findings. Because H 2 ’s linear relationship with percent RMSE added has approximately one-fourth the slope of the H 1 -RMSE relationship, heterogeneity thresholds calculated with reference to H 1 should not be applied to H 2 . H 2 thresholds can be derived from the H 2 -percent RMSE added relationship in analogous fashion to the method used in Hosking and Wallis (1997) for H 1 . The resulting thresholds are one-fourth the magnitude of the H 1 thresholds.
An evaluation of shoulder external rotation braces.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate 4 commercially available shoulder external rotation braces to determine their ability to achieve and maintain shoulder external rotation. In addition, for each brace, we collected patient-derived data on comfort level, ease of application, and ease of performing activities of daily living during brace wear. Methods: Four commercially available shoulder external rotation braces were evaluated for their ability to achieve and maintain external rotation in 12 healthy subjects. Results: Significant differences were noted between braces in their ability to achieve and maintain shoulder external rotation, as well as in their comfort ratings. Conclusions: We have shown that the commercially available shoulder external rotation braces evaluated in this study vary in (1) ability to achieve and maintain a desired position of external rotation of the shoulder, and (2) comfort ratings. Clinical Relevance: Selection of an external rotation brace should involve consideration of the device's performance and comfort profile.
Sexual Health in the Netherlands: Main Results of a Population Survey Among Dutch Adults

ABSTRACT In 2006, the Rutgers Nisso Groep conducted an extensive population survey to assess the epidemiology of sexual health in the Netherlands. The sample consists of a random selection of the adult population living in the Netherlands (N= 4147) who were approached through internet panels. The study assesses the prevalence of a broad range of sexual health issues, including sexual and relational satisfaction, experience of sexuality, sexual identity, paraphilia, excessive desire, sexual dysfunctions, contraception, abortion, infertility, testing for sexually transmitted infections and HIV, condom use, and sexual violence. The data show, among other findings, that a small half of the adult Dutch population was basically without sexual health-related problems or stress during the year preceding the study. The other half experienced problems to a varying extent in one or more areas. Overall, 24% of the women and 19% of the men have experienced a need for professional sexual health care during the previous...
MRI quantitative myocardial perfusion with compartmental analysis: A rest and stress study

K 1 (first-order transfer constant from arterial plasma to myocardium for Gd-DTPA) and Vd (distribution volume of Gd-DTPA in myocardium) were measured in vivo in a canine model (n = 5) using MRI-derived myocardial perfusion curves and a compartmental model. Perfusion curves were obtained after a bolus injection of Gd-DTPA (0.04 mM/kg) with an inversion-prepared fast gradient echo sequence. Myocardium and blood signal intensity were converted to a concentration of Gd-DTPA, according to a model appropriate for short (<1 s) interimage intervals characteristic of cardiac-triggered acquisitions. Before dipyridamole-induced stress, K 1 and Vd, obtained from the fit of the MRI-derived perfusion curves, were 6.2 ± 1.4 (mHz) and 17.5 ± 4.2%, respectively. After dipyridamole infusion, a K 1 increase of a factor of 2.82 ± 0.72 was measured (P = 0.003). No change was observed in Vd (P = 0.98). These results suggest that the K 1 increase after dipyridamole reflects a flow-related effect that can be useful to quantify the MRI-derived perfusion curves.
J/ psi suppression in electro- and hadroproduction: A conventional physics explanation.

Having in mind the importance of the phenomenon for the search for the quark-gluon plasma in the collision of heavy nuclei, we study the suppression of [ital J]/[psi] production in leptoproduction and hadroproduction on heavy nuclear targets. We here show that this phenomenon can be understood in terms of conventional physics, i.e., (i) perturbative QCD, (ii) the parton recombination implementation of shadowing in the initial state, (iii) the EMC effect, and (iv) final state interactions of the produced [ital J]/[psi] with the hadronic debris of the nuclear target. Unlike previous calculations we include both the direct [ital J]/[psi] production and its production via radiative [chi] decays ([chi][sub [ital J]][r arrow][ital J]/[psi]+[gamma]). We are able to reproduce the experimental data including their small-[ital x] behavior. We emphasize the importance of studying the [ital x][sub 2] dependence of the ratio [sigma]([ital bA])/[sigma]([ital bN]), where [ital b] designates the beam and [ital x][sub 2] is the momentum fraction of the parton from the nuclear target.
A time-spectral hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method for periodic flow problems

We present a Time-Spectral Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for the solution of time-periodic flow problems. Our method combines the Time-Spectral method with a high-order HDG discretization in space to achieve the dual benefits of spectral accuracy in time and high-order accuracy in space. Low numerical dissipation is inherited from the HDG method, together with a reduced number of globally coupled degrees of freedom compared to other DG methods. The Time-Spectral method solves the entire time-periodic solution simultaneously, thereby avoiding the cost of resolving undesired initial transient behavior. In contrast to other frequency-domain approaches, the TimeSpectral method represents (N − 1)/2 Fourier modes by N discrete solution snapshots in time, allowing re-use of many parts of a conventional time-marching code. Convergence properties of the method are demonstrated through applications to periodic convection problems and compressible Navier-Stokes flow over a 2D pitching airfoil. In the latter example, we find that N = 23 snapshots are sufficient to predict airfoil loading with the same accuracy as 600 timesteps of a 2-stage 2-order Diagonally Implicit Runge-Kutta time-marching scheme.
Current Research on Marijuana

Pharmacological studies of marijuana during the past three years have confirmed most of the clinical effects of the drug reported before. The outstanding effects are an initial alteration of mood characterized by euphoria, followed by alteration of consciousness characterized by sleepiness. Other mental effects reminiscent of those observed with psychotomimetic drugs, such as alterations in time perception, visual perception, auditory perception, changes in ability to remember or keep track of things, and depersonalization, may be observed after higher doses of the drug. In general, the severity of effects parallels the dose of drug closely, so that generalizations about effects of marijuana must be qualified according to the dose used. As most use of marijuana in Western society employs relatively small doses, the drug may appear to be more innocuous than would be the case if the dosage pattern should be changed by use of increasingly potent materials.
Ara-ATP impairs 3′-end processing of pre-mRNAs by inhibiting both cleavage and polyadenylation

Previous studies have demonstrated that Ara-ATP can inhibit poly(A) polymerase activity by competing with ATP. To elucidate the mechanism of action of this compound, its effect on the cleavage and polyadenylation of two specific substrates, SV40L and adenovirus L3 pre-mRNAs, was studied in HeLa nuclear extracts. Unlike cordycepin 5' triphosphate, Ara-ATP inhibited both cleavage and poly(A) addition. Addition of poly(A) polymerase fraction devoid of any other factors required for the processing reactions overcame the inhibitory effect on cleavage as well as polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs. These data suggest that Ara-ATP inhibits both cleavage and polyadenylation reactions by interacting with the ATP-binding site on poly(A) polymerase, the activity of which is essential for the cleavage reaction. Ara-ATP also blocked formation of the post-cleavage and polyadenylation-specific complexes, which further confirmed the inhibitory effect of the ATP analog on the two tightly coupled 3'-end processing reactions.
Some Supermagnet Design Considerations

The practicability of medium-sized super-conducting magnets has been demonstrated by the performance of the ANL 67 kG seven inch magnet system. This paper summarizes the design factors for that magnet, with special emphasis upon their implications for very large magnets. Various techniques for obtaining satisfactory current densities at a high level of stability and reliability are discussed. The clear implication of the results up to now is that very large supermagnets are indeed practical from a technical standpoint. The economic factors which must be carefully studied in order to establish the over-all practicality of large supermagnets are discussed.
Response of gamma and alpha motor systems to phasic and tonic vestibular inputs

Abstract Responses in alpha and gamma lumbar motoneurons were recorded during quantifiable natural vestibular stimulation, in decerebrated cats, after destruction of the contralateral labyrinth. It was shown that the phasic responses of gamma motoneurons reach a maximum at approximately 0.5 sec after application of the stimulus, their intensity being dependent only on the angular velocity of head rotation. These features are predictable if it is assumed that this phasic response is due to activities originating in the ampullar receptors of the semicircular canals. The intensity of the tonic responses of both alpha and gamma motoneurons was found, on the contrary, to depend on the degree of angular rotation of the head, suggesting therefore their dependence upon macular receptor activity. The alpha and gamma motoneurons exhibited an independent behavior in response to natural vestibular stimulations, as revealed by the following evidence: (a) Responses were consistently present in the gamma but not in the alpha motor system. (b) There was no simple correlation between degree of gamma motor response and the changes in the alpha motor system. (c) Dorsal root section did not abolish alpha motor response to vestibular stimulation.
Failure of promazine HCl to prevent thepainful episodes in sickle cell anemia

Promazine hydrochloride and a placebo were administered for a period of 2 yearsto 14 patients with sickle cell disease, and these patients were observed for the incidence of painful episodes. No benefit from promazine hydrochloride therapy could be observed.
Patterns of developmental deficits.

Patterns of developmental deficits were studied individually in 18 children of kindergarten age. Immaturity of development impaired a variety of functions; patterns of deficits differed among child...
Oxy2 as a transcriptional activator gene for copper uptake in Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is subject to oxidative attack by host immune cells; consequently, oxidant-resistant mechanisms may be important in pathogenesis. Mutations at the OXY2 locus confer decreased laccase and increased sensitivity to hyperbaric oxygen in the background of the oxyl mutation, but, alone, do not confer sensitivity to oxidants. Because metal deficiency can potentiate or ameliorate sensitivity to oxidants, and because the melanin-synthesizing laccase contains copper, we investigated copper acquisition in an oxy2 mutant. We found that its external Cu/Fe reductase activity was lower than that of wild type, and although copper deprivation induced the reductase in the wild type, it did not do so in oxy2. Oxy2 is sensitive to copper chelation but resistant to high copper, suggesting that copper transport is decreased. The strain expresses large amounts of alternate oxidase in response to Cu-chelation, perhaps in response to defective, Cu-deprived cytochrome oxidase, and is resistant to the oxidant, plumbagin, under this condition, perhaps due to the high alternate oxidase. These phenotypes are similar to those of the mac1- mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the melanin-deficient grisea mutant of Podospora anserina, in which homologous transcriptional activators for the reductase and copper transporter genes are mutated. They constitute physiologic evidence that oxy2 is mutated in a homologous copper-related transcriptional activator of C. neoformans.
Invariance and Stability for Bounded Uncertain Systems

The positive limit sets of the solutions of a contingent differential equation are shown to possess an invariance property. In this connection the “invariance principle” in the theory of Lyapunov stability is extended to systems with unknown, bounded, time-varying parameters, and thus to a large and important class of nonautonomous systems. Asymptotic stability criteria are obtained and applied to guaranteed cost control problems.
Gas adsorption and storage in metal-organic framework MOF-177.

Gas adsorption experiments have been carried out on a zinc benzenetribenzoate metal−organic framework material, MOF-177. Hydrogen adsorption on MOF-177 at 298 K and 10 MPa gives an adsorption capacity of ∼0.62 wt %, which is among the highest hydrogen storage capacities reported in porous materials at ambient temperatures. The heats of adsorption for H2 on MOF-177 were −11.3 to −5.8 kJ/mol. By adding a H2 dissociating catalyst and using our bridge building technique to build carbon bridges for hydrogen spillover, the hydrogen adsorption capacity in MOF-177 was enhanced by a factor of ∼2.5, to 1.5 wt % at 298 K and 10 MPa, and the adsorption was reversible. N2 and O2 adsorption measurements showed that O2 was adsorbed more favorably than N2 on MOF-177 with a selectivity of ∼1.8 at 1 atm and 298 K, which makes MOF-177 a promising candidate for air separation. The isotherm was linear for O2 while being concave for N2. Water vapor adsorption studies indicated that MOF-177 adsorbed up to ∼10 wt % H2O at 298 K....
Essential Oil Plants of Southern Arizona

Examination of thirty-five species of southern Arizona plants for their steam-volatile oil content is reported. Fresh-weight yields from 0.01 to 0.9 per cent were obtained. Based on the physical and chemical properties of the extract, Dalea lumholtzii contained up to 78 per cent of oxygenated terpenes, Lippia wrightii showed about 80 per cent of terpene hydrocarbons, while other plants yielded values ranging between these two extremes.
Chemotherapy of respiratory viruses: prospects and challenges.

Abstract Billions of people are infected with respiratory viruses annually. Infants and young children, the elderly, immunocompromised individuals and those debilitated by other diseases or nutritional deficiencies are most at risk for serious disease. There are few vaccines available for use against these viruses, and even where there are (influenza, measles and adenovirus), infections remain common. The continued prevalence of respiratory virus infections has lead to renewed efforts to find safe agents effective against the most medically important respiratory viruses: influenza, respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza, measles, rhino- and adenovirus.
Sublethal effects of malathion on channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.

Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1, 2-di-(ethoxycarbamyl)ethyl phosphorodithioate) is an organophosphate which is a widely used pesticide in the United States. This pesticide seems to be more toxic to insects and fish than to mammals due to the lack of hydrolytic enzymes in insects and fish. Malathion clearly affects the hematology of fish. The study reported here was designed to determine the effects of a commercially available malathion solution on channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Objectives were to measure hematological changes and histopathological effects of a sublethal concentration of malathion on the fish.
Interpersonal attraction as a function of extreme gender role adherence

Although gender-specific constructs of hypertraditionality qualitatively differ (e.g., hyperfemininity and hypermasculinity), we view them as analogous constructs that can predict similarity/attraction effects. The similaritylattraction paradigm showed that individuals find attractive the traits in others that are similar to their own traits. We suggest that this effect applies to levels of hypertraditionality, as measured by the hyperfemininity and hypermasculinity personality scales. The studies were conducted to test this hypothesis. We began by manipulating stranger similarity in an attraction experiment. Results showed that similarity of hypertraditionality led to attraction. Women preferred target persons similar to themselves in hypertraditionality. Data from men revealed an unexpected interaction. Low hypermasculine men preferred women similar to themselves in hypertraditionality, yet high hypermasculine men did not distinguish between female strangers based on the stranger's level of hypertraditionality. We then studied dating couples. These couples provided real-world data that supported and expanded the laboratory observations. We found a significant positive correlation between the partners' levels of hypertraditionality. The implications of attraction based on hypertraditionality may provide insights for future studies of relationship formation and maintenance.
Designed Trpzip-3 β-Hairpin Inhibits Amyloid Formation in Two Different Amyloid Systems

The trpzip peptides are small, monomeric, and extremely stable β-hairpins that have become valuable tools for studying protein folding. Here, we show that trpzip-3 inhibits aggregation in two very different amyloid systems: transthyretin and Aβ(1–42). Interestingly, Trp → Leu mutations renders the peptide ineffective against transthyretin, but Aβ inhibition remains. Computational docking was used to predict the interactions between trpzip-3 and transthyretin, suggesting that inhibition occurs via binding to the outer region of the thyroxine-binding site, which is supported by dye displacement experiments.
Kinetic images of neuronal activity of the human brain based on the spatio-temporal MNLS inverse: A theoretical study

Prior work proved that it is possible to find a unique solution to the problem of defining the configuration of electric current underlying observed extracranial magnetic fields, if sufficient priori knowledge of the source configuration is available. This minimum-norm least-squares (MNLS) inverse solution for a magnetic source image (MSI) is extended here to include temporal as well as spatial parameters of the underlying current pattern. This capitalizes on the temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG), which is on the order of milliseconds. Other forms of functional brain imaging are far less sensitive to the rate of change of states of the brain. Influences on the quality of the resulting MSI by measurement noise and errors in determining the image surface are characterized. A new technique for reducing noise in the inverse problem is developed by taking into consideration the spatial and time-dependence of the noise detected by the sensors. This new approach to regularization reduces the contribution from noisy measurements to the inverse calculation, and therefore improves the stability of the inverse.
Maximizing Vehicular Network Connectivity through an Effective Placement of Road Side Units Using Voronoi Diagrams

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are increasingly used to support critical services that improve traffic safety and alleviate traffic congestion. Developing VANET-based services and applications, however, is hindered due primarily to limited and often fluctuating communication capacity of VANETs that stem from the wireless and mobile nature of vehicle-tovehicle (V2V) communications. To address this limitation, Road- Side Units (RSU) have been proposed to complement V2V communication by providing event and data brokering capability in the form of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications. This paper proposes a novel Voronoi network-based algorithm for the effective placement of RSU's which when deployed forms Voronoi networks in terms of the amount of delay incurred by data packets sent over the RSUs.
Cardiac CT in the emergency department.

Acute chest pain is one of the most common chief complaints in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) in the United States, accounting for approximately seven million visits every year [1]. Accurate early triage of these patients remains a major diagnostic challenge, as an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is ultimately diagnosed in only 2–8% of these patients [2]. Clinical presentation, chest pain history, and clinical risk factors are important in the evaluation of patients, but they do not allow for a definitive exclusion of ACS [3], so the standard of care for patients with acute chest pain includes serial electrocardiograms and troponin measurements, often in chest pain observation units, followed by more advanced diagnostic testing with or without imaging (Fig. 10.1) [4–9]. Despite this conservative practice, which is associated with high costs, about 2% of patients with ACS are inappropriately discharged [10]. Therefore, diagnostic strategies that lead to rapid and reliable early triage of patients with acute chest pain are desirable.
Immunochemical quantitation of 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen protein adducts in subcellular liver fractions following a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen

The hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen correlates with the formation of 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen protein adducts. Using a sensitive and specific immunochemical assay, we quantitated the formation of these protein adducts in liver fractions and serum after administration of a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen (400 mg/kg) to B6C3F1 mice. Adducts in the cytosolic fraction increased to 3.6 nmol/mg protein at 2 hr and then decreased to 1.1 nmol/mg protein by 8 hr. Concomitant with the decrease in adducts in the cytosol, 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen protein adducts appeared in serum and their levels paralleled increases in serum alanine aminotransferase. Microsomal protein adducts peaked at 1 hr (0.7 nmol/mg protein) and subsequently decreased to 0.2 nmol/mg at 8 hr. The 4000 g pellet (nuclei, plasma membranes, and cell debris) had the highest level of adducts (3.5 nmol/mg protein), which remained constant from 1 to 8 hr. Evaluation of fractions purified from a 960 g pellet indicated that the highest concentration of 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen protein adducts was located in plasma membranes and mitochondria; peak levels were 10.3 and 5.1 nmol/mg respectively. 3-(Cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen protein adducts were detected in nuclei only after enzymatic hydrolysis of the proteins. The localization of high levels of 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen protein adducts in plasma membranes and mitochondria may play a critical role in acetaminophen toxicity.