cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choosing the Next Supreme Court Justice: An Empirical Ranking of Judicial Performance

The judicial appointments process has grown increasingly frustrating in recent years. Both sides claim that their candidates are the "most meritorious" and yet there is seldom any discussion of what constitutes merit. Instead, the discussion moves immediately to the candidates' likely positions on hot-button political issues like abortion, gun control, and the death penalty. One side (these days, the Republicans) claims that it is proposing certain candidates based on merit, while the other (the Democrats) claims that the real reason for pushing those candidates is their ideology and, in particular, their likely votes on certain key hot-button issues. With one side arguing merit and the other side arguing ideology, the two sides talk past each other and the end result is often an impasse. To get past the impasse, we propose placing judges in a tournament based on relatively objective measures of judicial merit and productivity. A tournament allows the public to test the politicians' claims of merit. Being able to test those claims helps make transparent the occasions on which the real debate is over ideology. It is harder to disguise a purely ideological candidate as the best from a "merit" standpoint when the candidate performs poorly relative to many other judges based on objective factors. Once merit-based arguments have been isolated (or at least reduced in scope) to factors related to the tournament, it should be possible to have a transparent and meaningful debate over ideology. The Article runs such a tournament using data on opinions authored by active federal circuit court judges from one common time period: the beginning of 1998 to the end of 2000. The focus on a common time period helps put judges in the tournament on a level playing field. We then generate a series of measures of merit focusing on (a) productivity, (b) opinion quality, and (c) judicial independence. While not perfect, our measures interject a greater focus on merit in the current nomination process (thereby flushing out previously non-transparent motives based on ideology). With our data, we are able to test the claims of merit that the next President will inevitably make when he announces one or the other of his favorite circuit court judges as the nominee for the Supreme Court.
DNA Topology: Supercoiling and Linking

The topology of DNA has a major impact on its structure and reactivity. Two different aspects of DNA topology are the linkage of two single strands comprising the DNA double helix, which can cause DNA supercoiling, and the linkage of double helixes in the form of knots and catenanes. Keywords: DNA structure; supercoiling; linking number
Analyzing a forest conversion history database to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of land cover change in Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve

We analyzed forest clearing and regrowth over a 23-year time period for 21 forest concession and management units within the Maya Biosphere Reserve(MBR), Guatemala. The study area as a whole experienced a clearing rate of0.16%/year from 1974 through 1997. The overall clearing rate appears rather low when averaged over the entire study area over 23 years because most of the reserve was inaccessible. However, despite the granting of legal protection to the MBR in 1990, clearing rates continued to rise, with the highest rates occurring in the most recent time period in the analysis, 1995 to1997. Higher rates of clearing relative to regrowth occurred in newly established communities and in the Reserve's buffer zone, where the clearing of high forest was preferred for pasture development. Exploratory models were built and analyzed to examine the effects of various landscape variables on forest clearing. The different units in the analysis showed different relationships of forest clearing with variables such as forest cover type and distance to access(roads and river corridors). Where available, socio-economic household survey data helped to explain patterns and trends observed in the time series Landsat imagery. A strong relationship between forest clearing and distance to access was demonstrated. More clearing occurred further from roads during later time periods as farmers moved deeper into the forest to find land to clear. Communities inside the MBR that were less dependent on farming had forest clearing to regrowth ratios of one:one or less. These communities used fallow fields in greater proportions than communities in the Reserve's buffer zone. General trends in clearing by forest cover type suggest a preference for clearing high forest (bosque alto) types found on the higher elevation, better-drained soils, and fallow fields,and an avoidance of low-lying, seasonally flooded terrain(bajos). Satellite remote sensing observations of forest clearing and regrowth patterns can provide an objective source of information to complement socio-economic studies of the human driving forces in land cover and land use change.
Aortopathy: a developmental defect with adult pathology? (15.5)

Aortopathy is a subclinical disease characterized by aortic dilation, which can result in aortic dissection and/or aortic aneurysm. Hallmarks of aortopathy include vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC...
A novel Kinect-based system for 3D moving object interception with a 5-DOF robotic arm

This study proposes a method for performing velocity estimation by motion blur in a single image frame and intercepting a moving object with a robotic arm. It is shown that velocity estimation in a single image frame improves the system's performance up to five times. The majority of previous studies in this area require at least two image frames to measure the target's velocity. The speed estimation is practiced by a Kinect camera and the implemented control system converts the position and velocity information of the moving object to the suitable joint angles and torques to intercept within a certain time interval. To test the system, two different sets of experiments are designed in which the target swings on a string or is thrown within the working volume of the robotic arm. According to the recorded velocity data and the success of the experiments, the limitations of the method and setups will be discussed.
Galanin Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Glutamate Release in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

It is thought that galanin, a 29 amino acid neuropeptide, is involved in various neuronal functions, including the regulation of food intake and hormone release. Consistent with this idea, galanin receptors have been demonstrated throughout the brain, with high levels being observed in the hypothalamus. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which galanin elicits its actions in the brain. Therefore, we studied the effects of galanin and its analogs on synaptic transmission using an in vitro slice preparation of rat hypothalamus. In arcuate nucleus neurons, application of galanin resulted in an inhibition of evoked glutamatergic EPSCs and a decrease in paired-pulse depression, indicating a presynaptic action. The fragments galanin 1–16 and 1–15 produced a robust depression of synaptic transmission, whereas the fragment 3–29 produced a lesser degree of depression. The chimeric peptides C7, M15, M32, and M40, which have been reported to antagonize some actions of galanin, all produced varying degrees of depression of evoked EPSCs. In a minority of cases, C7, M15, and M40 antagonized the actions of galanin. Analysis of mEPSCs in the presence of TTX and Cd2+, or after application of α-latrotoxin, indicated a site of action for galanin downstream of Ca2+ entry. Thus, our data suggest that galanin acts via several subtypes of presynaptic receptors to depress synaptic transmission in the rat arcuate nucleus.
Fusion Frames and Unbiased Basic Sequences

The construction of Parseval frames with special, rigid geometric properties has left many open problems even after decades of efforts. The construction of similar types of fusion frames is even less developed. We construct a large family of equi-isoclinic Parseval fusion frames by taking the Naimark complement of the union of orthonormal bases. If these bases are chosen to be mutually unbiased, then the resulting fusion frame subspaces are spanned by mutually unbiased basic sequences. By giving an explicit representation for Naimark complements, we are able to construct concrete fusion frames in their respective Hilbert spaces.
Comments on the history, theory, and applications of symplectic reduction

We make some brief remarks about the history, theory and applications of symplectic reduction. We concentrate on developments surrounding our paper [Marsden and Weinstein (1974)] and the closely related work of [Meyer (1973)].
Performance analysis of inverted-F and slot antennas for WLAN applications

Many antenna types can be used for laptop integrated wireless applications. However, the most popular ones are the inverted-F (INF) and slot antennas or the variations of these two types due to their simple design, easy integration, low cost and overall performance. The goal of this paper is to highlight the characteristics of these two types of antennas.
Asymptotically optimal time synchronization in dense sensor networks

We consider the problem of synchronization of all clocks in a sensor network, in the regime of asymptotically high node densities. We formulate this problem as one in which all clocks must line up with the clock of an arbitrary node in the network (of course without assuming that this clock can be observed everywhere in the network, nor assuming that this node has any special hardware--this node could be any). We give a state-space description for the generation of observable data as a function of the ideal clock, and we derive an optimal estimator for determining the state of the ideal clock. A salient feature of our approach is that nodes collaborate to generate an aggregate waveform that can be observed simultaneously by all nodes, and that contains enough information to synchronize all clocks. This aggregate waveform effectively simulates the presence of a "super-node" capable of generating a high-power, network-wide time reference signal.
Problem-solving communication training: A behavioral approach to the treatment of parent–adolescent conflict.

Abstract A short-term behaviorally-oriented treatment program for parent-adolescent conflict is described. The problem-solving communication training program has been designed to teach family members: 1) effective skills for seeking independence; 2) methods of communicating without antagonizing and alienating each other; 3) methods for resolving specific disputed issues; 4) ways of identifying, challenging and restructuring inappropriate attitudes; and 5) methods for relating in an adult-adult manner rather than an adult-child manner. The general content of the treatment program is described, procedures for treatment are presented and an illustrative case study is reviewed.
Bilingualism and identity: Spanish at the crossroads with other languages

Bilingualism and identity: Spanish at the crossroads with other languages, edited by Mercedes Nino-Murcia and Jason Rothman, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2008, 365 pp., EUR 99.00/US $149.00 (hard cov...
Small bowel resection with vitamin E deficiency and progressive spinocerebellar syndrome

A 27-year-old woman who had undergone extensive small bowel resection at age 14 months developed kyphoscoliosis, ocular palsies, constricted visual fields, retinitis pigmentosa, progressive ataxia, muscular weakness, nearly absent vibration and impaired position sense, areflexia, extensor plantar responses, and macrocytic anemia. Her condition closely resembled Bassen-Kornzweig disease, but lipoprotein electrophoresis was normal. Mild fat malabsorption, lactic acidosis, and severe deficiency of vitamins A and E and carotene were documented. Serum B12 and folic acid levels were normal. During vitamin A and E therapy sufficient to elevate serum levels to the normal range, there was improvement of visual fields and visual acuity in dim light, lactic acidosis, and red cell volume. Progression of symptoms was halted during vitamin replacement therapy, and her gait improved. This syndrome is the human counterpart to vitamin E deficiency in experimental animals.
Evaluation of a model-based treatment planning system for dose computations in the kilovoltage energy range

The ability to determine dose distribution and calculate organ doses from diagnostic x rays has become increasingly important in recent years because of relatively high doses in interventional radiology and cardiology procedures. In an attempt to determine the dose from both diagnostic and orthovoltage x rays, we have used a commercial treatment planning system (Pinnacle, ADAC Laboratories, Milpitas, CA) to calculate the doses in phantoms from kilovoltage x rays. The planning system's capabilities for dose computation have been extended to lower energies by the addition of energy deposition kernels in the 20-110 keV range and modeling of the 60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp beams using the system. We compared the dose calculated by the system with that measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) placed in various positions within several phantoms. The phantoms consisted of a cubical solid water phantom, the solid water phantom with added lung and bone inhomogeneities, and the Rando anthropomorphic phantom. Using Pinnacle, a treatment plan was generated using CT scans of each of these phantoms and point doses at the positions of TLD chips were calculated. Comparisons of measured and computed values show an average difference of less than 2% within materials of atomic number less than and equal to that of water. The algorithm, however, does not produce accurate results in and around bone inhomogeneities and underestimates attenuation of x rays by bone by an average of 145%. A modification to the CT number-to-density conversion table used by the system resulted in significant improvements in the dose calculated to points beyond bone.
Economic production lot size model for deteriorating items with partial back-ordering

Abstract This paper formulates an economic production policy for deteriorating items with partial back-ordering. An implicit assumption in most inventory control models is that when there is a shortage, either complete back-ordering or complete lost sale is assumed. Such an assumption is not always tenable in view of the different responses by customers during stockout. In this paper, we develop an economic production plan for deteriorating items with partial back-ordering. Two numerical examples are used to illustrate the theory. Computational results indicate that the policy of our model leads to lower cost.
Population ecology and life history strategy of a Montane Lizard (Sceloporus scalaris) in Southeastern Arizona

Summary Populations of Sceloporus scalaris were studied in the Chiricahua Mountains of Southeastern Arizona from 1973–1976. Reproductive maturity occurs in approximately 8 months. A single clutch of eggs is produced, averaging 5·9 eggs in yearlings and approximately 10 eggs in older females. There was no significant variation in clutch size among years and clutch size varied with body size. Females tended to outnumber males up to as much as 2:1. Mortality varied from year to year but averaged about 0·7 in hatchlings, 0·5 in yearlings and 0·7 in adults. Animals are active in all months of the year and the long growing season permits early maturity. Approximately 44% of the lifetime fertility results from the first reproduction.
Evaporated films of arsenic trisulfide: Dependence of optical properties on light exposure and heat cycling*

The optical storage effect in evaporated films of arsenic trisulfide (As2S3) has been investigated. Optical measurements on many films have permitted the optical constants to be determined over a broad spectral range. The optical constants have been expressed in terms of a physical model of the optical storage effect.
A QSAR study for the cytotoxic activities of taxoids against macrophage (MΦ)-like cells

Abstract A series of taxoids (modified at the C-3′N position) have been used for the development of two QSAR models for their cytotoxic activities against macrophage (MΦ)-like cells J774.1 and J7.DEF3. QSAR results suggest that hydrophobic and steric features influence the inhibitory activity in a linear model. The C log P values were not great enough to establish the upper limit of the inhibition. Internal [cross-validation, quality factor ( Q ), Fischer statistics ( F ), Y-randomization, and lack of overfitting tests] and external validation tests have validated both the QSAR models.
Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: a rare cause of tracheal stenosis--"TPO stenosis".

benign and malignant types. Recurrences were reported in approximately 10% of the benign groups, although the recurrence rate in malignant groups of SFTP is high. The histologic changes of malignancy are closely associated with prognosis of this disease. In most cases chemotherapy and radiotherapy are not effective, especially in malignant SFTP. In conclusion, a complete resection improves both hypoglycemia associated with serum IGF-II and relevant respiratory symptoms and would have a good effect on prognosis.
Nuée ardente from santiaguito volcano April 1973

The largest nuee ardente eruption of Santiaguito since November 1929, occurred April 19, 1973. The nuee descended the valley of the Rio Nima II for a distance of about 4 km. The ash flow itself was restricted to the river bed, but the hot gas cloud devastated an area of more than 3 square kilometers extending hundreds of meters on both sides of the river bed. Because the ash cloud stopped about 2 km from the nearest habitations, there were no fatalities.
The effect of GABA on in vitro binding of two novel non-benzodiazepines, PK 8165 and CGS 8216, to benzodiazepine receptors in the rat brain.

Abstract The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the binding of PK 8165, a quinoline derivative, and CGS 8216, a pyrazoloquinoline, was assessed in two different regions of the rat brain. PK 8165, a compound with reported anxiolytic properties, inhibited [ 3 H]-propyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate labeled receptors in the cerebellum with an IC 50 of 844 nM and 370 nM in the absence and presence of 100 μM GABA, respectively. GABA (100 μM) was less effective in the cerebral cortex, decreasing the IC 50 value from 280 to 197 nM. In saturation isotherm studies with [ 3 H]-CGS 8216, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, GABA (100 μM) induced a small but significant reduction in the apparent affinity of [ 3 H]-CGS 8216 for benzodiazepine receptors in the cerebral cortex but the B max was unchanged.
Friction coefficient analysis of multicomponent solute transport through polymer membranes

A new analysis is presented of the relations between the multicomponent diffusion coefficients and the classical Kedem-Katchalsky coefficients which describe solute transport in membranes. This analysis is applied to binary and ternary systems and shows the importance of system nonideality in the calculation of solute diffusion coefficients. It is shown that the solute permeability coefficients can be calculated from independent knowledge of the nonideal thermodynamic activity coefficients and the multicomponent diffusion coefficients of the system.
A catalog of North-American ashes found in altered and unaltered states for use as a data base in studying tephra diagenesis

Abstract Information on tephra layers that can be found in both altered and unaltered states is cataloged in order to provide a comprehensive data base for studying diagenetic processes in tephra. Data summarized in the catalog include age and presumed source of each tephra layer, mineralogy of unaltered and altered tephra, and differences in the major-element chemistry between unaltered and altered tephra.
XRN1 stalling in the 5' UTR of Hepatitis C virus and Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus is associated with dysregulated host mRNA stability.

We demonstrate that both Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) contain regions in their 5’ UTRs that stall and repress the enzymatic activity of the cellular 5’-3’ exoribonuclease XRN1, resulting in dramatic changes in the stability of cellular mRNAs. We used biochemical assays, virus infections, and transfection of the HCV and BVDV 5’ untranslated regions in the absence of other viral gene products to directly demonstrate the existence and mechanism of this novel host-virus interaction. In the context of HCV infection, we observed globally increased stability of mRNAs resulting in significant increases in abundance of normally short-lived mRNAs encoding a variety of relevant oncogenes and angiogenesis factors. These findings suggest that non-coding regions from multiple genera of the Flaviviridae interfere with XRN1 and impact post-transcriptional processes, causing global dysregulation of cellular gene expression which may promote cell growth and pathogenesis.
Microstructural aspects of the sintering of thermal barrier coatings

Abstract Densification of EB-PVD yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings occurs in two stages. Initially, the feathery morphology of the individual columns of the as-deposited coatings smoothens with the concurrent development of surface undulations. Then, some of these undulations on adjacent columns grow in amplitude until impinging to span the gap between the columns and form rows of local necks along the columns. The necks motivate sintering together of adjacent columns. The formation of necks and the overall response of the coating to this sintering process, however, depend on the roughness of the alloy surface. If the surface on which the coating is deposited is flat the columns are straight and parallel. Adjacent columns sinter together and the columnar microstructure is preserved with no cracking and the coating can withstand exposure to 1400 °C for at least 350 h with no transformation to monoclinic zirconia occurring. If the substrate is not flat, or develops roughness on thermal cycling, necks form and clusters of individual columns sinter together to form large-scale dense regions with larger gaps in between. The pattern of the gaps appears to reproduce the roughness of the underlying bond-coat alloy. The origin of this different behavior is attributed to the local undulations in the substrate surface causing individual columns to converge, narrowing the gap between them.
Researchers converge to improve metadata standards

Metadata are descriptions of data sets that include information such as data quality, keywords, or the spatial or temporal extent of the data set. They provide sufficient information to enable data search, retrieval, transfer, and evaluation. Standardized metadata that can be automatically used by computers without human intervention or interpretation are key components of effective data management, interoperability between distributed data systems, and, most importantly, integrative, interdisciplinary science. Such standardized metadata will reduce the semantic heterogeneity and syntactic incompatibility that currently hinder data management and inter-operability. Unfortunately, many ocean scientists provide either incomplete metadata to allow for automatic data search, retrieval, transfer, or evaluation, or they provide none at all.
Measurement of preretinal oxygen tension in the vitrectomized human eye using fluorine-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

• We obtained oxygen measurements from a human eye that contained small preretinal droplets of perfluorotributylamine (FTBA) by using fluorine-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These droplets were the remainder of a larger volume of FTBA that was used as an intraoperative retinal tamponade during retinal detachment repair. The spin-lattice relaxation rate ([T 1 ] -1 ) of the FTBA fluorine nuclide was obtained that could then be related, by direct proportionality, to droplet Po 2 . With the patient in a supine position, the droplets could be positioned over the macula in the preretinal vitreous space, whereon the FTBA Po 2 could be influenced by the preretinal oxygen concentration. Preretinal Po 2 values, derived from magnetic resonance spectroscopy, were in the range of 6 to 9 mm Hg, although multiple components were identified that were suggestive of a heterogeneous distribution of Po 2 values in the population of droplets. To our knowledge, this investigation is the first to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to performing long-term, noninvasive preretinal oxygen measurements in the vitrectomized human eye by using small droplets of a liquid perfluorochemical.
The Dynamical Transition to Step-Flow Growth During Homoepitaxy of GaAs (001)

The evolution of surface morphology of molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown GaAs (001) has been studied by scanning tunneling microscope. Images show that in the early stages of deposition the morphology oscillates between one with two-dimensional nucleation and coalescing islands, i.e. flat terraces. After the initial oscillatory regime, the system evolves to a dynamical steady state. This state is characterized by a constant step density. As such, the growth mode can be called a generalized step flow. Comparison with RHEED shows that there is a direct correspondence between the surface step density and the RHEED specular intensity. An increase in step density results in a decrease in specular intensity. Additionally, further deposition beyond 120 monolayers (up to 1450 monolayers) display a slowly increasing surface roughness.
High-efficiency single-photon detectors.

Using correlated photon pairs produced via spontaneous parametric down-conversion, we have measured the absolute single-photon detection efficiencies and time responses of four detectors: two solid-state photomultipliers (SSPM's) manufactured by Rockwell International Corp., and two custom-modified single-photon counting modules (SSPM's) manufactured by EG G, Canada. The highest observed efficiencies were 70.9[plus minus]1.9% (with an SSPM, at a wavelength of 632 nm) and 76.4[plus minus]2.3% (with an SPCM, at 702 nm). We believe these to be the highest reported single-photon detection efficiencies in the visible spectrum; they are important for quantum cryptography and loophole-free tests of Bell's inequalities, as well as more prosaic applications such as photon correlation spectroscopy and velocimetry. We found that the time profile for coincidences between the SSPM and the SPCM consisted of a main peak with a 3.5-ns full width at half maximum (FWHM) preceded by a smaller peak by 11 ns. A similar time profile between two SPCM's displayed only one peak, with a 300-ps FWHM. Afterpulses were detected in the SPCM's at a level of less than 10[sup [minus]4] of the counting rate, with an exponential decay time constant of 4.5 [mu]s.
Striatal volume changes in the rat following long-term administration of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs

Striatal enlargement has been consistently reported in schizophrenics receiving chronic neuroleptic treatment although the results following atypical antipsychotic treatment have been equivocal. In order to disentangle patient illness from a possible drug effect on brain structure, young adult rats were administered either haloperidol, risperidone, clozapine, olanzapine, or vehicle daily for four or eight months via drinking water. Significant increases in caudate-putamen volumes were seen in animals receiving either haloperidol or clozapine when compared with control animals following eight months of drug administration. Conversely, olanzapine-treated animals showed significant decreases in caudate-putamen volumes when compared with control animals after eight months of drug. Thus, converging evidence indicates that the neuroplastic response of the striatum following neuroleptic exposure causes volumetric increases, whereas atypical antipsychotics affect the basal ganglia differentially. The current data suggests that such differential responses may be due to both the pharmacological properties and the relative doses of the atypical agents.
Comparative pulse-height anomaly for protons and alpha-particles in silicon surface barrier detectors

Abstract It has been observed experimentally that the pulse-height obtained from a Si surface barrier detector for 9.500 MeV incident alpha particles and protons is different by 56±9 keV, with the alpha particle appearing to have the higher energy. This result indicates that Q -value determinations obtained by comparing the energy of different particles can be seriously in error.
The effect of low ionic strength on the circular dichroic spectrum of chromatin and nucleosomal subunits

Circular dichroism has been used to measure the conformation changes in the DNA of chromatin and chromatin subunits as a function of ionic strength. Transfer of chromatin from 0.15 M to 0.25 mM salt led to an enhancement of the circular dichroic bands at 275 and 285 nm. Removal of histone H1 did not appreciably affect the circular dichroic spectrum when measured in 0.15 M salt, but in 0.25 mM salt H1 depletion led to a marked increase in the ellipticity. Conformation changes due to low ionic strength were also observed with a 145- and a 172-bp chromatin subunit. A linear combination of the ellipticities of the DNA of the two domains in chromatin, namely core and linker, was successful for measurements at 0.15 M salt, but large unexplained discrepancies appeared with the data from measurements in 0.25 mM salt.
Geographic variation in development rate between populations of the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus

The teleost Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) employs a semilunar spawning strategy, whereby eggs deposited on a spring tide optimally hatch on the following spring tide. This spawning strategy constrains the development period to ≃2 wk, regardless of the mean water temperature, which varies throughout the species' range (Nova Scotia, Canada, to Florida, USA). We hypothesized that F. heteroclitus embryos would exhibit development-rate compensation among populations to ensure appropriate hatching during the spring tide. Development rates of embryos from Massachusetts and Florida were examined. Northern embryos had faster temperature-specific development rates than southern embryos, while data from the literature showed that embryos from Delaware have an intermediate development rate. Results from reciprocal hybrid crosses indicated that there may be a genetic basis for these differences. In addition, northern embryos were more cold-tolerant and southern embryos more heat-tolerant. Field studies showed that embryos in their local environments develop at similar rates despite large temperature differences. Embryos seldom, if ever, experience lethal temperatures in their native habitats, but would do so if exposed to the temperature regimes at the extreme ends of the species' range. Thus, F. heteroclitus populations along the Atlantic coast have specifically adapted their development rates and thermal tolerances to the local thermal regime.
Inlet Flow Field Simulation Techniques for Engine/Compressor Testing

DEVELOPMENT efforts in both the B‐70 and F‐111 programmes have demonstrated that steady‐state pressure distortion considerations are no longer sufficient to determine if the inlet/engine components of the propulsion system are compatible and operate in a stable manner for all flight conditions. Modern high speed aircraft operate in modes where the effects of shocks and boundary layers produce an inlet distortion environment which has considerable temporal variation. Early in a programme, the engine manufacturer must determine design requirements to enable operation with combined steady and unsteady flow distortions.
Coupled cluster algorithms for networks of shared memory parallel processors

Abstract As the popularity of using SMP systems as the building blocks for high performance supercomputers increases, so too increases the need for applications that can utilize the multiple levels of parallelism available in clusters of SMPs. This paper presents a dual-layer distributed algorithm, using both shared-memory and distributed-memory techniques to parallelize a very important algorithm (often called the “gold standard”) used in computational chemistry, the single and double excitation coupled cluster method with perturbative triples, i.e. CCSD(T). The algorithm is presented within the framework of the GAMESS [M.W. Schmidt, K.K. Baldridge, J.A. Boatz, S.T. Elbert, M.S. Gordon, J.J. Jensen, S. Koseki, N. Matsunaga, K.A. Nguyen, S. Su, T.L. Windus, M. Dupuis, J.A. Montgomery, General atomic and molecular electronic structure system, J. Comput. Chem. 14 (1993) 1347–1363]. (General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System) program suite and the Distributed Data Interface [M.W. Schmidt, G.D. Fletcher, B.M. Bode, M.S. Gordon, The distributed data interface in GAMESS, Comput. Phys. Comm. 128 (2000) 190]. (DDI), however, the essential features of the algorithm (data distribution, load-balancing and communication overhead) can be applied to more general computational problems. Timing and performance data for our dual-level algorithm is presented on several large-scale clusters of SMPs.
The structure and conformation of bisoxirane and bicyclopropyl

Abstract Ab initio studies of the molecular conformations of bisoxirane and the isoelectronic molecule bicyclopropyl are reported. All stationary points for both the meso- and d,l-forms of bisoxirane, and bicyclopropyl were optimized at the SCF/6-31G ∗∗ level. Vibrational frequencies were also calculated at the same level. To evaluate the effect of electron correlation on the conformational energies and barriers to internal rotation, single point calculations were performed for all stationary points at the MP4(SDQ)/6-311G ∗∗ level. Based on our calculations, we predict that meso -bisoxirane exists in the gas phase as a mixture of three conformers, a centrosymmetric trans form and a pair of equivalent gauche forms. All these forms have almost the same energy. The isoelectronic molecule bicyclopropyl has a similar potential surface, with one trans and two equivalent gauche forms very close in energy. The most stable form of d , l -bisoxirane which has a gauche orientation of the two oxirane rings, lies about 1 kcal mol −1 below a second conformer with a near trans arrangement.
Modification of enzymic activity I. Effect of organic additives on α-amylase activity

Abstract Alcohols inhibit α-amylase activity in the decreasing order of ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol and methanol. Inhibition is directly proportional to the molar concentration of these alcohols and there is a linear relationship between the effect of the alcohols on the dielectric constant of water and their effect on α-amylase activity. Urea, glycine and saccharin have no effect on α-amylase activity at low concentrations but are inhibitory at high concentrations. Anionic and non-ionic surfactants, ranging in hydrophilic-lipophilic balance from 2 to 18, and methyl celluloses have very little effect on α-amylase activity. Inhibition by carbohydrates decreases in the order disaccharides, sugar alcohols and monosaccharides. Maltose is the most inhibitory of the carbohydrates tested.
Transplanting Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes

The manufacture of nanotechnology products requires assembly of nano scale components to macro/micro-scale systems, which is a major challenge in attempting to industrialize nanotechnologies. A new approach to assemble nanostructures is developed with a control of individual nanostructure's location and alignment in a long-range order. A concept of transplanting assembly has been developed to embed carbon nanotubes into micro-scale polymer blocks, which then serve as carriers for the embedded carbon nanotubes, facilitating the handling and assembly of them. This technique includes vertical growth of carbon nanotubes, nanopellet casting, planarization, nanopellet separation, transplantation and bonding. This assembly technology can be broadly applied to manufacture many nano scale products including carbon nanotube tipped atomic force microscope probes.
MATCH—a new high-level relational operator for pattern matching

Pattern matching is a common and fundamental operation of many applications, such as expert systems (ES). With continued growth the knowledge bases of such systems will need database management systems (DBMS) support. Providing this support will require extending DBMS to meet the needs of these systems. We have developed an operator that extends the relational data model to do pattern matching with very complex stored patterns.
Hormonal responses during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in manic-depressed, unipolar depressed, and healthy control subjects.

Early studies using the insulin tolerance test (ITT) in affective disorders reported a blunted GH response in some depressed patients. However, results from subsequent studies were less consistent. These discrepancies resulted in part from limited sample sizes causing diagnostic heterogeneity. In the present study we examined hormonal response patterns during the ITT in 25 bipolar patients (19 depressed and 6 hypomanic), 91 unipolar depressives, and 51 healthy volunteers to determine whether distinct neuroendocrine response patterns characterized specific diagnostic subgroups. We measured the glucose, GH, PRL, and cortisol responses during a 75-min ITT and observed a diminished cumulative GH response in bipolar hypomanic patients compared to bipolar depressives (P = 0.004) and healthy volunteers (P < 0.001), and a larger cumulative GH response in bipolar depressives compared to unipolar patients (P = 0.02). No differences were observed in either PRL or cortisol responses among subject groups. The present ...
Introduction to special section on theories of sexual aggression.

Sexual aggression is a serious societal problem, yet treatments for sexual aggressors have generally been ineffective in part because of the lack of unified theories to guide treatment. This brief article introduces the Special Section, which includes five theories of sexual aggression. Language: en
The convergence of finite element method in solving linear elastic problems

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical development to show the sufficient conditions that will insure a finite element displacement analysis to converge to the exact displacement solutions when the size of the elements are progressively reduced. The order of such convergence is also estimated. The development is in connection with the three dimensional elasticity problem and the plate bending problem. A study is made to determine the possible means of evaluating the merits of different stiffness matrices to be used in the finite element analysis.
A Seven-Transmembrane RGS Protein That Modulates Plant Cell Proliferation

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell surface activate heterotrimeric G proteins by inducing the G protein alpha (Galpha) subunit to exchange guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate. Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins accelerate the deactivation of Galpha subunits to reduce GPCR signaling. Here we identified an RGS protein (AtRGS1) in Arabidopsis that has a predicted structure similar to a GPCR as well as an RGS box with GTPase accelerating activity. Expression of AtRGS1 complemented the pheromone supersensitivity phenotype of a yeast RGS mutant, sst2Delta. Loss of AtRGS1 increased the activity of the Arabidopsis Galpha subunit, resulting in increased cell elongation in hypocotyls in darkness and increased cell production in roots grown in light. These findings suggest that AtRGS1 is a critical modulator of plant cell proliferation.
Bubble flow in the downflow section of an airlift tower

Characterization of the two-phase flow in the downflow section of the airlift tower is necessary for accurate modeling of the airlift tower. A Split-cylinder airlift tower was investigated for superficial gas velocities ranging from 0.0683 to 0.3315 m/sec for an air–water system. Statistical cross-covariance techniques were used to yield velocities, void fractions, and flow rates corresponding to upward and downward components of bubble flow in the downflow section of the airlift tower. From these results the fraction of incoming air entrained in the downflow section was determined as a function of superficial gas velocity and position.
A Functional Analysis Comparison of Web-Only Advertisements and Traditional Television Advertisements from the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Campaigns

This article uses the functional theory of campaign discourse to determine whether differences exist in the purpose and content of 75 web-only video ads and 742 television ads created by candidates...
Tachoni verbal tonology

Abstract This paper sketches tone in the Luhya (Bantu) language Tachoni, spoken in Western Kenya, with the goal of filling a lacuna in our understanding of tonal grammars both in Bantu and human language. Most aspects of Tachoni tone are encountered in other Bantu languages, such as the two-way lexical opposition in root tone as well as rules eliminating contour tones on long vowels. Tachoni also eliminates word-final H tones, via tone retraction, and there is the well-known deletion of H tone after H known as Meeussen’s Rule. Also typical of Bantu, certain tense-aspects are marked with a melodic tone pattern. The major melodic pattern involves a final H plus leftward spreading, following simple rules that yield a complex surface pattern.
Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows. I. Non-Equilibrium Coolant Formation

We use high-resolution three-dimensional adaptive mesh refinement simulations to investigate the interaction of high-redshift galaxy outflows with low-mass virialized clouds of primordial composition. While atomic cooling allows star formation in objects with virial temperatures above 104 K, minihalos below this threshold are generally unable to form stars by themselves. However, these objects are highly susceptible to triggered star formation, induced by outflows from neighboring high-redshift starburst galaxies. Here, we conduct a study of these interactions, focusing on cooling through non-equilibrium molecular hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen deuteride (HD) formation. Tracking the non-equilibrium chemistry and cooling of 14 species and including the presence of a dissociating background, we show that shock interactions can transform minihalos into extremely compact clusters of coeval stars. Furthermore, these clusters are all less than 106 M ☉, and they are ejected from their parent dark matter halos: properties that are remarkably similar to those of the old population of globular clusters.
Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) based Shunt Active Filter controller

The presence of multiple harmonics in the power line due to various non-linear loads like adjustable speed drives, computers, fax machine, PLC's, etc. requires high frequency switching of an active filter inverter so as to reduce the harmonic content at the point of common coupling (PCC) to be typically lower than 5% as specified by IEEE 519 harmonic standards. In this paper, the Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) based analog controller has been used to implement a Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) controller algorithm for harmonic current extraction for Shunt Active Filter controller and the results are compared with the conventional digital implementation on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The FPAA based analog controller implementation proves to be faster than the digital FPGA implementation and can be a potential to replace analog controllers used for active filters.
Evaluating the Potency of Small Molecules to Combat Resistance Based on Docking Structures: An Application to the HIV Protease

HIV-1 protease is an important drug target for the therapy of AIDS. Up to date nine protease drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, the efficacy of these drugs is limited by the drug-resistant mutants of the protease which can become dominant in the viral population in several months. As it often takes years of effort and millions of dollars to develop a drug, evaluating the potency of a compound to combat resistance at the early stage of drug development would is no doubt invaluable. In this study, we present a new procedure to predict HIV protease mutants that can be resistant to a specific compounds based on docking structure. We exploited molecular interaction energy components (MIECs) between the ligand and the protease residues to characterize the docking poses. A classification method called Support Vector Machine (SVM) is then employed to distinguish resistant from non-resistant mutants. Most interestingly, leave-one-drug-out test showed that our strategy can be generalized to evaluate potency of new drug lead, which suggests the possibility of evaluating the potency to combat resistance for small molecules found from virtual screening.
The structure of chick lens water insoluble material

The structure of chick lens water-insoluble material was analysed by electron microscopy before and after treatment with 8 m urea. It was concluded that the water-insoluble material consists of cell m
Kinetics of the reduction and oxidation of cytochromes b6 and ƒ in isolated chloroplasts

Abstract Absorbance changes induced by flash illumination of a chloroplast suspension were monitored kinetically at selected wavelengths between 510 and 575 nm. Digital subtraction of the P518 component from the total transient signal permitted isolation of the responses due to cytochromes ƒ and b 6 . The half rise time for cytochrome b 6 reduction (1.3±0.1 ms) was much greater than a previously reported value ( μ s); the half time for cytochrome b 6 oxidation was 35±4 ms. Cytochrome ƒ was oxidized with a half time of about 0.22 ms and the subsequent reduction occurred in two phases with half times of about 7.3 and 83 ms. These kinetic data show that cytochrome b 6 cannot be a primary electron acceptor in Photosystem 1. The rate of oxidation of cytochrome b 6 is consonant with this cytochrome being the source of electrons for the slower phase of cytochrome ƒ reduction.
Hydrocarbons in haemolymph of cockroaches of different ages

Abstract Gas chromatography has been adapted to the analysis of hydrocarbons in the supernatant of cockroach haemolymph. Samples of only 1–2 μl are required. A qualitative and quantitative difference was found in the principal hydrocarbons that occur in several genera of cockroaches. The totals and the relative quantities of the principal hydrocarbons in the American cockroach ( Periplaneta americana (L.)) and in the German cockroach ( Blattella germanica (L.)) are not exclusively sex-dependent but they also fluctuate with age.
BASING ‘OUGHT’ ON ‘IS’*

L'A. se demande comment fonder un jugement prescriptif sur un jugement factuel decrivant un etat de choses: en somme, quelles inferences interviennent en termes de moyens-fins pour savoir comment agir face a une situation?
Trauma and Couple Therapy

Abstract While the most common reaction to trauma is resilience, trauma can significantly alter one's ability to attach to another. Post traumatic stress disorder and other traumatic responses can have significant effects on couple relationships. In this chapter, the effect of trauma on couples is explored. Of particular significance to clinicians is the effect of childhood maltreatment on adult attachment bonds. As such, the relational ramifications of childhood maltreatment on couple relationships is discussed. While the potential damage trauma can inflict upon a couple relationship is remarkable, the source of healing that a couple relationship lends is also powerful. Relationship attachments appear to be a central mechanism in healing from trauma. As such, treating trauma within the context of the couple relationship leaves therapists with a particularly potent tool with which to address healing the wounds of past and present trauma. Couple therapy that addresses trauma can also allow the couple to as...