cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FILM ET ANALYSE CULTURELLE: LE REMAKE

De nombreux films francais qui avaient eu un grand succes ont ete «refaits» par Hollywood, experience qui s'est toujours soldee par un echec. Un remake recent a echappe a ce sort, celui de Trois Hommes et un Couffin qui, sorti en France en 1985 (et en 1986 aux USA), a battu toutes sortes de records. Fait sans precedent, Coline Serreau avait ete engagee par Hollywood pour faire le remake americain de son film a succes. Nous savons maintenant que Coline Serreau s'est retiree du projet (elle demeure «production consultant»), qu'un Americain, Leonard Nimoy, a pris la releve, et que le remake, Three Men and a Baby, a seduit le grand public sinon tous les critiques.
Linguistic style and crowdfunding success among social and commercial entrepreneurs

Abstract Many entrepreneurs are struggling with the question of how to deliver a successful fund-raising pitch on crowdfunding platforms. In this study, we focus on the linguistic style of crowdfunding pitches and how such a style relates to the success in raising funds. Based on the language expectancy theory, we hypothesize that the importance of linguistic style depends on whether an entrepreneur belongs to an emergent category of new ventures (social entrepreneurs) or to an established category (commercial entrepreneurs). In particular, social entrepreneurs need to compensate for their incomplete social categorization and the related ill-formed expectations by relying more extensively on linguistic style to attract funding. Empirical analyses of 656 Kickstarter campaigns demonstrate that linguistic styles that make the campaigns and their founders more understandable and relatable to the crowd boost the success of social campaigns, but hardly matter for commercial campaigns.
Virtue Through Suffering: The American War Film at the End of Celluloid

Abstract:The World War II combat films of the late 1990s and early 2000s reacted to Hollywood's digital revolution with nostalgia for old-fashioned celluloid. In these films, both photochemical and digital techniques illustrate the American soldier's bodily suffering, enacting his melodramatic redemption in the post-Vietnam and post-9/11 eras.
Ionospheric effects of magneto-acoustic-gravity waves: Dispersion relation

Abstract There is extensive evidence for ionospheric effects associated with earthquake-related atmospheric disturbances. Although the existence of earthquake precursors is controversial, one suggested method of detecting possible earthquake precursors and tsunamis is by observing possible ionospheric effects of atmospheric waves generated by such events. To study magneto-acoustic-gravity waves in the atmosphere, we have derived a general dispersion relation including the effects of the Earth's magnetic field. This dispersion relation can be used in a general atmospheric ray tracing program to calculate the propagation of magneto-acoustic-gravity waves from the ground to the ionosphere. The presence of the Earth's magnetic field in the ionosphere can radically change the dispersion properties of the wave. The general dispersion relation obtained here reduces to the known dispersion relations for magnetoacoustic waves and acoustic-gravity waves in the corresponding particular cases. The work described here is the first step in achieving a generalized ray tracing program permitting propagation studies of magneto-acoustic-gravity waves.
Very Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: Outcomes of Adenotonsillectomy and Risk Factors for Persistence

Objectives (1) To describe the clinical, demographic and polysomnographic (PSG) characteristics of children with very severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) without significant comorbidities; (2) to assess the outcomes following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (TA and (3) to determine predictors of persistence of OSA after T&A. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary-level freestanding children's hospital. Subjects and Methods Seventy-four children aged 2 to 12 years who underwent T&A for very severe OSA (obstructive apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] >30) were included. Children with significant comorbidities were excluded. PSG variables were compared pre- and post-T&A using statistical tests. Factors affecting OSA resolution and persistence were studied. Results The mean (95% confidence interval) age was 4.3 (3.8-4.7) years with the majority black or Hispanic (64/74, 86%). The mean decrease in AHI after T&A was 49 (43-58) ( P 50 mm Hg was strongly associated with persistent OSA. The decrease in AHI post-T&A was best predicted by higher preoperative oxygen saturation (SpO2) nadir and lower TST with SpO2 <90% ( R2 = 0.24, P < .001). Conclusions T&A is associated with a significant improvement but not resolution of very severe OSA. The severity of baseline hypercapnia and hypoxemia may best predict persistent OSA after T&A. The study supports obtaining routine post-T&A PSG in children with very severe OSA.
Effects of agricultural activities and best management practices on water quality of seasonal prairie pothole wetlands

Long-term effects of within-basin tillage can constrain condition andfunction of prairie wetlands even after uplands are restored. Runoff wassignificantly greater to replicate wetlands within tilled basins with orwithoutvegetated buffer strips as compared to Conservation Reserve Program restorationcontrols with revegetated uplands (REST). However, mean water levels for nativeprairie reference sites were higher than for REST controls, becauseinfiltrationrates were lower for native prairie basins, which had no prior history oftillage. Nutrient dynamics changed more in response to changes in water leveland vegetation structure than to increased nutrient inputs in watershed runoff.Dissolved oxygen increased between dry and wet years except in basins or zoneswith dense vegetation. As sediment redox dropped, water-column phosphatedeclined as phosphate likely co-precipitated with iron on the sediment surfacewithin open-water or sparsely vegetated zones. In response, N:P ratios shiftedfrom a region indicating N limitation to P limitation. REST sites, with densevegetation and low DO, also maintained high DOC, which maintains phosphate insolution through chelation of iron and catalysis of photoreduction. Referencesites in native prairie and restored uplands diverged over the course of thewet-dry cycle, emphasizing the importance of considering climatic variation inplanning restoration efforts.
Ketonization of levulinic acid and γ-valerolactone to hydrocarbon fuel precursors

Abstract A new process for direct conversion of either levulinic acid (LA) or γ-valerolactone (GVL) to hydrocarbon fuel precursors was studied. The process involves passing an aqueous solution of LA or GVL containing a reducing agent, such as ethylene glycol or formic acid, over a ketonization catalyst at 380–400 °C and atmospheric pressure to form a biphasic liquid product. The organic phase is significantly oligomerized and deoxygenated and comprises a complex mixture of open-chain alkanes and olefins, aromatics, and low concentrations of ketones, alcohols, ethers, and carboxylates or lactones. Carbon content in the aqueous phase decreases with decreasing feed rate; the aqueous phase can be reprocessed through the same catalyst to form additional organic oils to improve carbon yield. Catalysts are readily regenerated to restore initial activity. The process might be valuable in converting cellulosics to biorenewable gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels as a means to decrease petroleum use and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicidality Among Sexual Minority Youth: Risk Factors and Protective Connectedness Factors.

Abstract Objective We investigated differences in prevalence of repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation, and a suicide attempt among youth who identified as bisexual, gay/lesbian, and questioning. In addition, we examined which types of social connections were associated with reduced risk of repetitive NSSI and suicidality among youth who identified with a specific sexual minority group. Methods Data came from the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey. The analytic sample included 77,758 students in grades 9 and 11. Connectedness factors included parent connectedness, teacher caring, connectedness to other nonparental adults, school safety, and friend caring. Logistic regression analyses, stratified according to sexual minority group, determined social connectedness factors associated with repetitive NSSI, suicidal ideation, and a suicide attempt, as well as moderating effects of significant connectedness factors on different risk factors (depression, anxiety, bullying, and violence victimization). Results Approximately 3% identified as bisexual or questioning their sexual orientation, and Conclusions In addition to facilitating connections between youth and parents, clinicians might consider encouraging sexual minority youth to remain connected to trusted nonparental adults who could offer support and care. Schools might consider implementing sociocultural norms of acceptance, tolerance, and positive identity development to reduce risk of self-harm.
"Psychopathy, Gender, and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Overcoming Societal Gender Role Expectations"

The examination of how anti-social cognitive processes impact entrepreneurship is still in the nascent stage. Previous research examining the direct relationship between anti-social cognitive proce...
Pros and Cons of Autonomous Weapons Systems (with Oren Etzioni)

As technology progresses and autonomous weapons increasingly become a reality rather than mere science fiction, an ethical debate has developed surrounding the use of such weapons, which operate with little or no human oversight. Some view the use of autonomous weapons as morally preferable (not to mention strategically advantageous), as they can be used in place of human combatants. Others oppose their use for moral and legal reasons. This chapter analyzes arguments on both sides of the question and discusses challenges to limiting and defining autonomous weapons. The chapter acknowledges that some form of autonomy in weapon systems is here to stay, but seeks to limit potential catastrophes by recommending the adoption of an international agreement to ban fully autonomous weapons—those which cannot be recalled—as a first step toward addressing the issues raised.
Production of Chemostratigraphic Correlation Schemes

Producing a chemostratigraphic correlation scheme is probably the most challenging stage of any chemostratigraphy project. In order to avoid making interpretations based entirely on changes in grain size/lithology, it is recommended that separate schemes are proposed for sandstone and mudrock samples in studies of clastic sediments. In carbonates, no such differentiation is necessary and the data are treated as a whole. After making some final checks on data quality, profiles are plotted for each element, and then for Al-normalised data and geochemical ratios. Most chemostratigraphy projects involve the analysis of 40–55 elements (so profiles are plotted for more than 250 elements and ratios), but the majority of correlation schemes relate to variations in 4–12 key elements or ratios. Hierarchical schemes are developed, based on the recognition of correlative zones, subzones, divisions and subdivisions. In addition to being identified on element/ratio profiles, the geochemical characteristics of these chemozones can also be visualised on binary and ternary diagrams. Using histograms and DFA (Discriminant Function Analysis), it is possible to assign levels of statistical confidence to each chemozone. In recent years, chemostratigraphy has been used very often in conjunction with lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, sedimentology and seismic data. By employing such a multidisciplinary approach to reservoir correlation, it is possible to propose more robust correlations of higher resolution.
Altered Repolarization Reserve in Failing Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes: Calcium and β-Adrenergic Effects on Delayed- and Inward-Rectifier Potassium Currents

Background:Electrophysiological remodeling and increased susceptibility for cardiac arrhythmias are hallmarks of heart failure (HF). Ventricular action potential duration (APD) is typically prolong...
Mechanisms of G2 Phase Arrest in DNA Damage-Induced Checkpoint Response

DNA damage activates cell cycle checkpoints and inhibits cell cycle progression. In G2 phase cells, the checkpoint response results in the inhibition of Cdc2/cyclin B activity, which, thereby, prevents G2/M transition, and, as a result, cells accumulate at the G2/M boundary. Both p53-depen-dent and -independent mechanisms are involved in the inhibition of Cdc2 kinase activity during the DNA damage-induced G2 phase checkpoint response. The p53-independent mechanism causes an acute but transient inhibition of the Cdc2/cyclin B activity through posttranslational modifications of the Cdc2-activating phosphatase Cdc25, whereas the p53-dependent mechanism causes a delayed but sustained inhibition of the Cdc2/cyclin B activity through both transactivation of p21, GADD45 and 14-3-3 and tran-srepression of Cdc2 and cyclin B. Because the p53-dependent mechanism is often defective in tumor cells, abrogation of the p53-independent mechanism to preferentially negate the G2 checkpoint response and induce programmed cell death in tumor cells has become an attractive adjuvant strategy in cancer therapy.
H9 Posterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty (PSARP) with Laparotomy/Laparoscopy in Males with Rectal–Bladder Neck Fistulas

A total body preparation from nipples down is done, allowing for a simultaneous sterile field in the abdomen and perineum (Fig. 1). A laparoscopy or a lower-midline laparotomy from umbilicus down to the pubis is performed. If a laparotomy is used, a clamp is placed on the top of the bladder or urachus, and the bladder is mobilized inferiorly, dividing its lateral attachments. The bowel distal to the mucous fistula is followed until it disappears below the peritoneal reflection. The peritoneal reflection between colon and bladder is identified. The peritoneum is divided to reach the bowel wall. The bowel is then dissected circumferentially. A silastic vessel loop is passed around the rectum for traction. Applying traction on the vessel loop in a cranial direction, the rectum is dissected distally, always remaining in contact with the bowel wall to ensure that important pelvic structures including vas deferens, ureters and nerves vital for bladder function are preserved. At the point where one can identify that there is a substantial decrease in the calibre of the rectum (close to the bladder neck) four 5-0 Vicryl sutures are placed in the rectal wall, and the fistula is transected and ligated. Multiple 5-0 silk stitches are placed in the distal rectum to allow for uniform traction (Fig. 2).
Strain and Magnetoresistance Anisotropy of PR0.7SR0.3MNO3 Ultrathin Films

Recently, the doped manganese oxides have been the focus of intensive research due to the remarkable colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect observed in the system [1, 2, 3, 4]. The manganites are perovskite oxides with a composition Re1-x A x MnO3, where Re is a rare earth and A is a divalent alkali element. In the doping range of about x ~ 0.2–0.5, the material is ferromagnetic and near the ferromagnetic transition temperature Tc, a large drop of resistance occurs when a magnetic field is applied. The magnetic properties of manganites are traditionally interpreted by the double exchange picture between Mn3+ and Mn4+ [5, 6, 7]. The undoped manganite is an antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulator due to strong correlation effect (superexchange coupling). Doping of divalent cations (Ca, Sr, or Ba) in the Re site induces itinerant holes which hop between the Mn ions. Subject to a strong on-site exchange interaction with localized electrons (the Hund’s rule), these itinerant carriers conserve their spin directions during hopping, giving rise to ferromagnetic (FM) coupling.
Short γ -Ray Burst from a Solar Flare

During a balloon flight in Cuba a short burst of radiation coincident with a class 11 solar flare was observed at 1305 UT on March 20, 1958. Associated with this flare were ionospheric disturbances. a magnetic crotchet and earth current disturbance. and solar radio emission at 3 and 27 cm. It is concluded that the observations can be accounted for by electrons on the solar surface accelerated to about 1 Mev during the growth of the flare. (W.D.M.)
Computer Visualization of Volume Data in Electron Tomography

Visualization of the results of electron microscopic (EM) tomography is crucial to extracting the most meaningful biological information from a reconstruction. Choosing the most appropriate technique allows the user to draw better conclusions about structures. For some types of EM tomography such as reconstructions from tilted thick sections, the display of results is the most time-consuming step of the reconstruction. The choice of visualization methods will also determine the format in which the reconstruction can be viewed and published. For these reasons methods for the display and visualization of reconstructions are of great interest to investigators who use EM tomography as a tool for their research.
Far-infrared dielectric functions and phonon spectra of BexZn1−xTe alloys determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract We have used spectroscopic ellipsometry to determine the complex dielectric function of a series of ternary BexZn1−xTe thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The II–VI semiconductor alloys were grown on InP substrates that had an InGaAs buffer layer. After the growth, X-ray diffraction experiments were performed in order to determine the alloy concentration. A standard inversion technique was used to obtain the dielectric functions from the measured ellipsometric spectra, obtained between 2000 nm (5000 cm−1) and 40,000 nm (250 cm−1). By modelling the dielectric function as a collection of oscillators, representing longitudinal and transverse optical phonons of the BexZn1−xTe lattice, we were able to recover the phonon spectra for this alloy system. It is argued that the additional phonon modes that are obtained from ellipsometry are best understood from the recently-proposed percolation model.
Cell–Cell Mechanical Communication in Cancer

Communication between cancer cells enables cancer progression and metastasis. While cell–cell communication in cancer has primarily been examined through chemical mechanisms, recent evidence suggests that mechanical communication through cell–cell junctions and cell–ECM linkages is also an important mediator of cancer progression. Cancer and stromal cells remodel the ECM through a variety of mechanisms, including matrix degradation, cross-linking, deposition, and physical remodeling. Cancer cells sense these mechanical environmental changes through cell–matrix adhesion complexes and subsequently alter their tension between both neighboring cells and the surrounding matrix, thereby altering the force landscape within the microenvironment. This communication not only allows cancer cells to communicate with each other, but allows stromal cells to communicate with cancer cells through matrix remodeling. Here, we review the mechanisms of intercellular force transmission, the subsequent matrix remodeling, and the implications of this mechanical communication on cancer progression.
An open source model of a parabolic trough solar field

Abstract Commercial simulation software for solar plants is readily available, but source codes are not. Many articles in the open literature give governing equations and algorithms for solar plant simulations, but adopters must program them themselves. This paper presents an open-source, ready-to-run, model of a parabolic trough solar field with a user-friendly interface in the Simulink® environment. The intention is to provide a foundational tool for the solar thermal research community, similar to the Tennessee Eastman Challenge Problem employed for chemical processes. The flow rate of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and the angle of incidence are the manipulated variables of the model. The size of the solar field may be altered. Both open- and closed-loop responses to disturbances may be investigated. The source code of the model is freely available at the Open Educational Resource Commons (URL: https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/module/47498 ), which investigators can utilize and extend.
2182 : Developing a corpus for natural language processing to identify bleeding complications among intensive care unit patients

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: An accurate method to identify bleeding in large populations does not exist. Our goal was to explore bleeding representation in clinical text in order to develop a natural language processing (NLP) approach to automatically identify bleeding events from clinical notes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used publicly available notes for ICU patients at high risk of bleeding (n=98,586 notes). Two physicians reviewed randomly selected notes and annotated all direct references to bleeding as “bleeding present” (BP) or “bleeding absent” (BA). Annotations were made at the mention level (if 1 specific sentence/phrase indicated BP or BA) and note level (if overall note indicated BP or BA). A third physician adjudicated discordant annotations. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In 120 randomly selected notes, bleeding was mentioned 406 times with 76 distinct words. Inter-annotator agreement was 89% by the last batch of 30 notes. In total, 10 terms accounted for 65% of all bleeding mentions. We aggregated these results into 16 common stems (eg, “hemorr” for hemorrhagic and hemorrhage), which accounted for 90% of all 406 mentions. Of all 120 notes, 60% were classified as BP. The median number of stems was 5 (IQR 2, 9) in BP Versus 0 (IQR 0, 1) in BA notes. Zero bleeding mentions in a note was associated with BA (OR 28, 95% CI 6.5, 127). With 40 true negatives and 2 false negatives, the negative predictive value (NPV) of zero bleeding mentions was 95%. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Few bleeding-related terms are used in clinical practice. Absence of these terms has a high NPV for the absence of bleeding. These results suggest that a high throughput, rules-based NLP tool to identify bleeding is feasible.
Bulk-Extensional Silicon Resonators Aligned to Non- Major Crystalline Planes

In this paper it is shown that bulk-extensional resonance modes could be efficiently excited in silicon blocks aligned to non-major crystalline planes without compromising the performance (i.e. quality factor and coupling). This is accomplished through optimization of the silicon block dimensions and the metal electrode pattern to enable efficient excitation of the asymmetric lateral-extensional mode in a resonator aligned to 22.5 degrees off $ $ or $ $ silicon crystalline planes. The motivation for off-axis designs is to use the rotation angle as a design parameter to achieve enhanced mechanical linearity in degenerately-doped n-type silicon resonators. The amplitude-frequency coefficient ($K$) is calculated for three block resonators that are fabricated on a 40 $\mu {\mathrm{ m}}$ thick n-type (N$\cong$ 4.6e19 to 7.3e19 cm$^{-3}$) SOI substrate and aligned to different crystalline planes. Experimental results show that the amplitude-frequency coefficient of devices rotated 22.5 degrees off $ $ plane is significantly lower than those aligned to $ $ and $ $ planes by a factor of 0.05 and 0.28, respectively.
Characteristics of nanosilver ink (UTDAg) microdroplets and lines on polyimide during inkjet printing at high stage velocity

The performance of printed electronics strongly depends on printing techniques and printing resolution that enhance their electrical and mechanical properties. In this research paper, a Jetlab 4xl was used to control and dispense microdroplets of highly conductive nanosilver ink (UTDAg) on a polyimide substrate. The waveform effect on the droplet generation is characterized by measuring the size and the speed of the drops. The behavior of ejected drops on the substrate is studied by printing lines at different drop spacing and stage velocity. The jetting parameters that drive the piezoelectric actuator were properly determined and two waveforms (bipolar) were created to generate two different droplet characteristics in terms of speed and size. Then, printing on the fly using commands in a script file (called ‘in script’ hereafter) with burst mode (a single burst) was used to print lines with different droplet spacings of 50 μm, 60 μm, 70 μm, 80 μm, 90 μm and 100 μm and stage velocities of 20 mm s−1, 30 mm s−1, 40 mm s−1, and 50 mm s−1. The spreading behavior of the ejected droplets was investigated as well by printing lines with 250 μm spacing at the different stage velocities mentioned above. The physical characteristics of the printed lines were studied by optical microscopy and surface profilometry. Finally, the resistance of the printed line at 100 μm droplet spacing and 50 mm s−1 stage velocity was measured at curing temperatures of 140 °C and 160 °C.
4 – Fractal Binding and Dissociation Kinetics of Heart-Related Compounds on Biosensor Surfaces

Publisher Summary This chapter presents fractal analysis to analyze the binding of various LCAT concentrations in solution to egg-white apoA-I rHDL immobilized on a biosensor chip; native, mildly oxidized, and strongly oxidized LDL in solution to heparin-modified Au-surface of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor; TRITC (tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and-6)-isothiocyanate)-labeled HDL in solution to a bare optical fiber; and interactions of other heart-related analytes. The fractal analysis provides a quantitative indication of the state of disorder (fractal dimension) and the binding (and dissociation) rate coefficients on the sensor chip surface. In accordance with the prefactor analysis for fractal aggregates quantitative (predictive) equations are developed for the binding rate coefficients, k1 and k2, as a function of the LCAT concentration in solution; the dissociation rate coefficient, kd2, as a function of the LCAT concentration in solution and as a function of the fractal dimension, Dfd2, or the degree of heterogeneity present in the dissociation phase on the sensor chip surface; the binding rate coefficient, k2, as a function of the degree of heterogeneity or fractal dimension, Df2, present on the sensor chip surface; and the affinity, k2(= k2/kd2), as a function of the ratio of fractal dimensions, Df2/Dfd2. Predictive relations are also developed for the binding rate coefficient, k, as a function of the TRITC-labeled HDL concentration (in μg/ml) in solution, and as a function of the fractal dimension, Df, or the degree of heterogeneity present on abare optical fiber. Predictive relationships are also presented for the affinities, K1 and K2, as a function of the ratio of fractal dimensions, Df1/Dfd and Df2/Dfd, respectively for the anti-CCR5 linear epitope-recognizing antibody, 3A9, in solution to the human chemokine-coupled receptor CCR5.
An ensemble Kalman filter approach to parameter estimation for patient-specific cardiovascular flow modeling

Many previous studies have shown that the fidelity of three-dimensional cardiovascular flow simulations depends strongly on inflow and outflow boundary conditions that accurately describe the characteristics of the larger vascular network. These boundary conditions are generally based on lower-dimensional models that represent the upstream or downstream flow behavior in some aggregated fashion. However, the parameters of these models are patient-specific, and no clear technique exists for determining them. In this work, an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is implemented for the purpose of estimating parameters in cardiovascular models through the assimilation of specific patients’ clinical measurements. Two types of models are studied: a fully zero-dimensional model of the right heart and pulmonary circulation, and a coupled 0D–1D model of the lower leg. Model parameters are estimated using measurements from both healthy and hypertensive patients, and demonstrate that the EnKF is able to generate distinct parameter sets whose model predictions produce features unique to each measurement set. Attention is also given toward the quality of model predictions made in the absence of direct clinical counterparts, as well as techniques to improve filter robustness against shrinking ensemble covariance.
Chapter 13 – Vitamin D: Biology, Actions, and Clinical Implications

Vitamin D is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis in the body and is critically important for normal mineralization of bone to prevent rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. The active hormone, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3, also called calcitriol), is produced by sequential hydroxylations of vitamin D in the liver (25-hydroxylation) and the kidney (1α-hydroxylation). 1,25(OH)2D3 acting via the vitamin D receptor (VDR), functions by a genomic mechanism similar to the classical steroid hormones to regulate target gene transcription. The traditional actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 are to enhance calcium and phosphate absorption from the intestine in order to maintain normal mineral concentrations in the circulation and to provide adequate amounts of these minerals to the bone-forming sites to allow mineralization of bone to proceed normally. However, since the early 1990s, it has become increasing clear that vitamin D has many additional extraskeletal functions that implicate the hormone in a wide array of actions unrelated to bone or mineral metabolism. It is now known that 1,25(OH)2D3 modulates the activity of hundreds, if not thousands, of genes in essentially every tissue in the body making it a potent regulator of many critical processes. Some of these actions can be categorized as antiproliferative, prodifferentiating, immunosuppressive, and anti-inflammatory. In this chapter, we will describe the basic biology of vitamin D including its metabolism, physiology, mechanism of action, and its diverse functions in the body including those actions that relate to mineral metabolism as well as the newer extraskeletal actions. Several reviews of vitamin D mechanism of action and function have been published as well as a new edition of a comprehensive book addressing all areas of vitamin D biology. Specific issues relating to vitamin D and osteoporosis are discussed in Chapter 73.
Tendency to ruminate and anxiety are associated with altered alpha and beta oscillatory power dynamics during memory for contextual details

Rumination occurs when an individual becomes mentally stuck and cannot redirect attention away from an unwanted thought demonstrating cognitive inflexibility. Cognitive flexibility is important for various cognitive functions, including episodic memory. Trait rumination is a partial mediator in the relationship between depression and overgeneral episodic memory, suggesting that rumination may negatively influence memory for contextual details. Oscillations in the alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) frequency bands are crucial for various cognitive functions (e.g., attention control and episodic memory) and may help to explain the relationship between trait rumination and memory for contextual details. Our study uses EEG recorded during a source memory task to assess how alpha and beta oscillations during memory for contextual details may change as a function of trait rumination, anxiety, and depression level (n = 43). The source memory task instructs participants to remember objects and their associated contextual details. Memory for contextual details is lessened for participants higher in trait rumination paired with higher trait anxiety. Oscillations were analyzed in posterior parietal/occipital regions. During encoding, an interaction of nonclinical depression level and rumination predicts higher alpha power for items that were later not successfully remembered. During test, depression and rumination interact and predict higher alpha power for both successful and unsuccessful memory. These results suggest that trait anxiety, depression, and rumination impact accuracy and alpha oscillatory dynamics during contextual memory via changes in attention control.
BlindSignedID: Mitigating Denial-of-service attacks on digital contact tracing

Due to the recent outbreak of COVID-19, many governments suspended outdoor activities and imposed social distancing policies to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. These measures have had severe impact on the economy and peoples' daily lives. An alternative to widespread lockdowns is effective contact tracing during an outbreak's early stage. However, mathematical models suggest that epidemic control for SARS-CoV-2 transmission with manual contact tracing is implausible. To reduce the effort of contact tracing, many digital contact tracing projects (e.g., PEPP-PT, DP-3T, TCN, BlueTrace, Google/Apple Exposure Notification, and East/West Coast PACT) are being developed to supplement manual contact tracing. However, digital contact tracing has drawn scrutiny from privacy advocates, since governments or other parties may attempt to use contact tracing protocols for mass surveillance. As a result, many digital contact tracing projects build privacy-preserving mechanisms to limit the amount of privacy-sensitive information leaked by the protocol. In this paper, we examine how these architectures resist certain classes of attacks, specifically DoS attacks, and present BlindSignedIDs, a privacy-preserving digital contact tracing mechanism, which are verifiable ephemeral identifiers to limit the effectiveness of MAC-compliant DoS attacks. In our evaluations, we showed BlindSignedID can effectively deny bogus EphIDs, mitigating DoS attacks on the local storage beyond 90% of stored EphIDs. Our example DoS attacks showed that using 4 attackers can cause the gigabyte level DoS attacks within normal working hours and days.
Factors Associated with Development of Invasive MRSA Infection in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Purpose Critically ill infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are particularly susceptible to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization secondary to horizontal transmission from colonized family members, healthcare workers, or presence of MRSA on hospital surfaces. MRSA colonization poses risk for subsequent infection, and thus, infants in the NICU are at increased risk of invasive MRSA infection. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the St. Louis Children’s Hospital (SLCH) NICU from 2009-2017 who were …
Large-scale Quantum Approximate Optimization via Divide-and-Conquer.

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. However, it cannot overcome qubit limitation for large-scale problems. Furthermore, the execution time of QAOA scales exponentially with the problem size. We propose a Divide-and-Conquer QAOA (DC-QAOA) to address the above challenges for graph maximum cut (MaxCut) problem. The algorithm works by recursively partitioning a larger graph into smaller ones whose MaxCut solutions are obtained with small-size NISQ computers. The overall solution is retrieved from the sub-solutions by applying the combination policy of quantum state reconstruction. Multiple partitioning and reconstruction methods are proposed/ compared. DC-QAOA achieves 97.14% approximation ratio (20.32% higher than classical counterpart), and 94.79% expectation value (15.80% higher than quantum annealing). DC-QAOA also reduces the time complexity of conventional QAOA from exponential to quadratic.
Bilateral Chylothorax and Chylous Ascites: A Rare Presentation of an Uncommon Disorder

We describe the case of a 62-year-old female who presented with gradually progressing abdominal distension and dyspnea. Computed tomography (CT) chest and abdomen revealed large bilateral pleural effusions with large ascites, a mid-abdominal mass, and peritoneal carcinomatosis. Pleural and peritoneal tap revealed chylous fluid, and the biopsy findings from abdominal mass were consistent with follicular lymphoma. We then discuss a review of the literature and diagnoses for bilateral chylothorax and chylous ascites.
Speaking Truth to Power: Professor Setsuo Miyazawa's Impact on Overseas Understandings of the Japanese Judiciary

This chapter traces how English language scholarship on Japanese law up through the early 1990's overlooked an ongoing dynamic of interventions by senior judicial administrators in high-profile political, economic, and social justice cases in post-war Japan. While earlier works in English had gently touched on the matter, a groundbreaking article by Professor Setsuo Miyazawa in 1991 lifted the veil on this issue with direct clarity. Miyazawa's work has been enormously influential. Though leading authors may normatively debate the significance of resulting non-neutrality in the judicial system, the basic issue highlighted by Miyazawa, i.e., whether judicial administrators instrumentally intervene in the resolution of disputes through a variety of potent means extrinsic to formal court proceedings, is now well-accepted as fact. The chapter takes a side in the debate and argues that these circumstances remain problematic. Litigants seeking justice in important political, economic, and social justice disputes in Japan today deserve neutral and non-biased determination of their claims by judges who are truly "independent in the exercise of their conscience."
Estimating the financial costs associated with a phase III, multi-site exercise intervention trial: Investigating gains in neurocognition in an intervention trial of exercise (IGNITE)

Abstract Introduction Supervised exercise interventions are expensive and time intensive. However, there are financial costs to consider in addition to the intervention itself, namely: advertising and recruitment, outcome assessments, and other trial-related costs. Objectives In this analysis, we examine the financial costs associated with the administration of Investigating Gains in Neurocognition in an Intervention Trial of Exercise (IGNITE) to quantify the costs associated with large exercise intervention trials and to provide future investigators with financial estimates if they wish to pursue studies of a similar design. Methods Cost per randomized participant were calculated in four areas: (1) advertising and recruitment, (2) outcome assessments, (3) delivery of the intervention, and (4) other trial-related expenses. Overall trial costs associated with data analysis, faculty salaries, and indirect costs were estimated as well. Results The total cost per randomized participant was estimated to be $16,494. Outcome assessments accounted for the highest proportion of per-participant (75%) and total trial (38%) costs. Neuroimaging assessments (MRI & PET) cost $8247 per randomized participant, accounting for two-thirds (67%) of outcome assessment costs and half (50%) of per-participant costs. Conclusion Large clinical trials of exercise are expensive (~$21 million), particularly when administering several visits to assess study aims. Outcome assessments, specifically those involving neuroimaging, accounted for a significant proportion of total costs in this analysis. Future investigators must budget accordingly if they wish to conduct a comprehensive, multi-site exercise intervention trial that examines numerous physiological and psychological outcomes.
The effects of local campaigning in Great Britain

Abstract Political parties devote many resources to local campaigning to contact voters directly. But parties do not choose to contact voters at random; they contact those voters they believe more likely to be swayed. This strategic behaviour introduces an empirical challenge: separating the effect of contact itself from the selection effect — the fact that contacted voters may be more likely to be swayed in the first place. I rely on the panel structure of the British Election Study to separate the effect of contact itself from the selection effect for the 2015, 2017, and 2019 General Elections. My findings show that parties successfully increase their support through local campaigning by a combination of conversion and mobilization. The effectiveness of local campaigning is relative similar throughout the three elections, despite the very different electoral environments.
Strict Liability and the Liberal Justice Theory of Torts

Tort scholars disagree about the relative priority of fault and strict liability. Economists prefer the clearer and more efficient theory of strict liability to the vaguer and more complicated concept of fault. Moralists, by contrast, prefer the deep moral or deontological idea of fault to the more sterile rule of strict liability. Ironically, both economists and moralists often base their views on liberal principles. Economists rely on the political dimension of liberalism, arguing that tort law should interfere with free market transactions only rarely, and even then, only with clear rules that minimize accident costs. Not surprisingly, moralists rely on the moral dimension of liberalism, contending that tort law should promote private rights and freedoms by creating and enforcing personal responsibilities. Both views, however, share the same three flaws. First, they assume a singular perspective, focusing on either the moral or the political, but not both. Second, they adopt a unilateral objective, seeking to either punish or deter injurers while virtually ignoring the injured. Third, they endorse positions that are strangely illiberal, promoting either social welfare or a particular conception of the Good. In this article, I offer a liberal justice tort theory that avoids these pitfalls. After recapturing and redefining strict liability, I demonstrate how that concept can lay the groundwork for a new metatheory of torts. My thesis, in short, is that strict liability is both a moral-political and a substantive-procedural concept that must be implemented in a two-step process. The first step determines whether the parties' encounter and its effects were consensual. If consent exists, the consenter is held strictly liable for her own loss, irrespective of the fault of her counterpart. If no consent is found, or if it is not an issue, liberal justice theory then implements a scheme of reasonableness grounded in concepts of strict law and equity. Strict law creates substantive rules that forbid, inhibit or sanction certain people, activities or relations that pose the greatest and surest threats to freedom and equality. However, even when a person, activity or relationship is not covered by a strict substantive rule, equity may episodically impose strict procedural requirements on actors who hold an unfair advantage in the trial of their actions. Because litigation itself is a threat to the freedom of the loser, the ad hoc adjustment of procedural burdens serves to correct an important imbalance between the parties and restores them to a state of moral and political equality.
For a Soft Moral Culture

Americans aspire to a society that is not merely civil but also good. A good society is on in which people treat one another as ends in themselves and not merely as instruments, a society in which each person is shown full respect and dignity rather than being used and manipulated. It is a social world in which people treat one another as members of a community - a much extended family - rather than only as employees, traders, consumers, or even fellow citizens.
Controlling Fringe Sensitivity of Electro-Optic Holography Systems Using Laser Diode Current Modulation

Electro-Optic Holography (EOH) is a non-intrusive, laser-based, displacement measurement technique capable of static and dynamic displacement measurements. EOH is an optical interference technique in which fringe patterns that represent displacement contour maps are generated. At excessively large displacements the fringe density may be so great that individual fringes are not resolvable using typical EOH techniques. This thesis focuses on the development and implementation of a method for controlling the sensitivity of the EOH system. This method is known as Frequency Translated Electro-Optic Holography (FTEOH). It was determined that by modulating the current source of the laser diode at integer multiples of the object vibration, the fringe pattern is governed by higher order Bessel function of the first kind and the number of fringes that represent a given displacement can be controlled. The reduction of fringes is theoretically unlimited but physically limited by the frequency bandwidth of the signal generator, providing modulation to the laser diode. Although this research technique has been verified theoretically and experimentally in this thesis, due to the current laser diode capabilities it is a tedious and time consuming process to acquire data using the FTEOH technique.
Multilinear Calderón–Zygmund Singular Integrals

It is quite common for linear operators to depend on several functions of which only one is thought of as the main variable and the remaining ones are usually treated as parameters. Examples of such operators are ubiquitous in harmonic analysis: multiplier operators, homogeneous singular integrals associated with functions Ω on the sphere, Littlewood–Paley operators, Calderon commutators, and the Cauchy integral along Lipschitz curves. Treating the additional functions that arise in these operators as frozen parameters often provides limited results that could be thought analogous to those that one obtains by studying calculus of functions of several variables by freezing variables. In this article, we advocate a more flexible point of view in the study of linear operators, analogous to that employed in pure multivariable calculus. Unfreezing the additional functions and treating them as input variables provides a more robust approach that often yields sharper results in terms of regularity of the input functions.
Commitment to the GLBT community: an investment model analysis of its antecedents and consequences

The present research applied the investment model to the study of how gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) persons become committed to the broader community of sexual minorities. In addition, the present research examined the potential consequences associated with such commitment. In Study 1, satisfaction, investments, and alternatives each uniquely predicted an individual's commitment to the GLBT community. In Study 2, commitment to the GLBT community predicted higher levels of GLBT identification and stronger intentions to be involved in the community in the future. This research has important implications for understanding the factors that promote strong commitment to minority communities and how such commitment may play a vital role in facilitating social and political change for lower status groups.
Cytoskeletal regulation of ENaC: the role of ankyrin G (892.28)

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a major determinant of sodium (Na+) and water balance in the kidney. The hormone aldosterone increases ENaC subunit translation and modifies expression of key regulators that alter ENaC function and membrane density. Using a microarray screen we identified the scaffolding protein, ankyrin G (Ank3), as an aldosterone-induced protein. We hypothesize that Ank3 regulates Na+ transport by increasing ENaC density at the apical membrane. Ank3 overexpression in a mouse kidney collecting duct epithelial cell line (mCCD-cl1) increased ENaC-mediated Na+ transport by 67%±11% (n=12), whereas knockdown reduced ENaC activity by 69%±2% (n=15). Ank3 depletion blunted the ENaC response to aldosterone stimulation in this cell line, from a 70.4±7% increase in control cells to 19.8±5% (n=5) increase in Ank3 knock-down cells. Membrane permeabilization experiments confirmed the reduction in Na+ transport was due to reduced ENaC, and not Na/K-ATPase activity. Future studies will identify c...
α7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors induced an increase in intracellular calcium in supraoptic nucleus neurons (1126.20)

The SON neurons synthesize oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) and receive cholinergic innervations. AchRs are expressed in SON. Activation of AchRs has been implicated in the control of water loss ...