cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supramolekulare Isomerie in Caviplexen

Stereoisomere Komplexe aus einem Cavitanden mit offenem Ende und Gastmolekulen wurden nachgewiesen, und erstmals konnte ein Komplex innerhalb eines Caviplexes charakterisiert werden. Die Stereoisomerie kann dabei teilweise durch Methylierung des Gastes gesteuert werden. Die Zahlen 0 und 1 bezeichnen verschiedene Enden des Gastmolekuls.
Process control via artificial neural networks and reinforcement learning

Abstract In the training of artificial neural networks, reinforcement learning substitutes a qualitative binary target of “success” or “failure” for the quantitative error criterion of supervised learning. By this method of learning control can be established for the special case of operation in which no objective function exists. If no model whatsoever exists of the dynamics of a chemical process, it still may be possible to train an artificial neural network to control the process much as a human being would learn by trial and error. We describe a network architecture for process control, and explain quantitatively how the weights on the connections in the network can be adjusted to yield the desired control action. An example of a nonlinear CSTR is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed net and compare it with that of a tuned PID controller. The net can be trained to meet almost any criteria selected for control as long as the criteria can be expressed in the form of inequality constraints, but requires extensive, and perhaps excessively long, training on a serial computer to do so.
Meromorphic Property of the S Matrix in the Complex Plane of Angular Momentum

A proof is given for the meromorphic nature of the S matrix in the entire complex plane of the angular momentum, under quite general assumptions for the potential. Some properties for the S matrix in the complex angular momentum plane are discussed.
Empowerment Education The Link between Media Literacy and Health Promotion

Within a framework of media literacy and health promotion for youth, this article reviews the literature establishing that population health and well-being are intimately tied to, and consequences of, power and powerlessness, and that empowerment education is an effective model for achieving personal and social change. A comparison of the components of the empowerment education constructs of Freire, public health, and media literacy establishes the pedagogical links between public health and media literacy. An examination of the community-based and universalistic foundations of the media literacy and public health movements, and the dominant systems that oppose them, suggests strength in working together.
Cities in Flux: Bergson, Gaudí, Loos

Philosophical theories that take analysis as their methodological centerpiece compare objects and events by setting them in individual relations to one another. For Bergson, this privileging of discontinuity, which requires picking the processes of change apart, is driven by the adaptive needs of our species but does not probe into the essence of reality. For him, the ontological point of departure is not a series of discrete states or events, but rather the temporal continuity in which they flow: a qualitative multiplicity he refers to as duree. In this article, I will examine the echoes of Bergson's theory of duree in two inaugural figures of architectural modernism: the Catalan Antoni Gaudi and the Austrian Adolf Loos. The deep consonance between Gaudi and Loos, all the more surprising given their antithetical aesthetics, offers a view of architecture as the framing of an unbounded flux. This is what I have called the durational life of their respective cities, captured in a state of permanent self-tra...
The dependence of the hydrogen concentration in metals on the surface impurities

In a recent paper we have shown that there is a difference in the concentration of hydrogen set up in a metal when it is exposed to a flux of atomic hydrogen as compared to the same flux of molecular hydrogen. Whereas in the case of molecular hydrogen one reaches an equilibrium situation in which the resulting concentration is a bulk property given by Sievert's law totally independent of the condition of the surface, in the case of an atomic flux the resulting steady state concentration becomes a surface dependent property governed to a large extent by the condition of the surface and the resulting surface potentials. In this paper I extend the model to the more realistic case of energetic hydrogen atoms which are implanted into the metal and discuss the consequences. Furthermore, I compare the interaction of the plasma with metals to electrolytic hydrogen charging and point out the similarities. Also in this case, due to surface impurity layers, one obtains high concentrations of hydrogen.
images.MD–The Online Encyclopedia of Medical Images

images.MD is a searchable collection of more than 70,000 medical images, charts, and tables from atlases published by The Current Medical Group LLC. Images may be saved and used for personal study or teaching.
Medial pedicle/vertical breast reduction made easy: the importance of complete inferior glandular resection.

Over the past several years, I noted an increased demand for shorter-scar breast reductions. I started to perform the vertical scar/medial pedicle breast reduction in January of 2001. Since that time, 120 procedures were performed, and these cases are the basis for this study. Over the time period of this study, there was a learning curve. I first started performing the procedure only on smaller reductions (<600 g each side) and now perform the short scar reduction for most patients having < 1000 g removed from each side. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the technical points required to make the transition to short-scar breast reduction easy and reliable.
Constructing Carbon Market Spacetime: Climate Change and the Onset of Neo-Modernity

Climate change represents a new era in the development of capitalism, whereby humanity has become such a force of nature so as to destabilize its own environment and ultimately threaten its surviva...
Social science: A vehicle of white supremacy?*

The traditional body of knowledge of white oriented scholarship has neglected the non-traditional knowledge system of people of color. This has resulted in developing counseling and mental health approaches that have limited relevance when applied to non-white populations.
Character movement and the representation of space during narrative comprehension.

Traditional research on situation models has examined the accessibility of locations and objects during narrative experiences. These studies have described a ubiquitous gradient effect: Spatial locations and objects in reader focus are more accessible than locations farther from this focus, with accessibility decreasing as a function of distance. How might readers’ expectations about character movement, beyond information about spatial locations, additionally affect this accessibility gradient? In two experiments, we investigated whether reader expectations for character movement impact the accessibility of spatial information from memory. In Experiment 1, participants read stories that described characters moving in either a unidirectional or a random pattern through a learned environment. In Experiment 2, characters moved forward in a unidirectional way or backtracked through previously explored rooms. The results suggest that reader expectations for character movement can influence the accessibility of spatial information. Such expectations play a critical role in processes of narrative comprehension.
LIPOXYGENASE DESTRUCTION IN WHOLE SOYBEANS BY COMBINATIONS OF HEATING AND SOAKING IN ETHANOL

We treated whole soybeans with heat and ethanol (in aqueous suspensions) so that lipoxygenase activity was destroyed and nitrogen solubility index (NSI) was maximal. As pH increased from 6.8 to 8, the susceptibility of lipoxygenase to heat is greatly increased, either with or without ethanol exposure, but the pH change had little effect on NSI. Increasing the ionic strength did not enhance lipoxygenase destruction. Useful ranges of the variables are 15-45% ethanol, 40-60°C, and 2-6 hr exposure. The proper combinations of these conditions are sufficient to destroy lipoxygenase and maintain NSI at 50-60, but only 50% of soybean trypsin inhibitor is destroyed.
TERAHERTZ EMISSION USING QUANTUM DOTS AND MICROCAVITIES

Semiconductor solid-state lasers based on conduction-valence band recombination are now commonplace for low-power red emission, and are available commercially at nearly continuous wavelengths throughout the near-UV and near-IR communications bands. Furthermore, new lasers and broadband spontaneous emission sources are available through a wide wavelength range, including 3-8μm based on both conduction-valence band and intersubband transitions, and up to 70μm using cascaded intersubband transitions. Competing processes make the design of these semiconductor lasers extremely difficult when extended to the very long, 300μm wavelength regime corresponding to low terahertz frequencies. We discuss material and device-design considerations for extending semiconductor lasers to this regime. We suggest a new set of device structures based on a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) gain medium, where the lasing occurs through discrete conduction states. In one implementation, two QDs are coupled to make a coupled-asymmetric quantum dot (CAD) laser. In another implementation, an ensemble of non-coupled QDs is selectively placed in a high quality cavity, called a microdisk, which is resonant with an intersublevel QD transition. We demonstrate the initial fabrication of these structures.
A comparative study of three leadership approaches in India

Abstract We examined the validity of three leadership approaches in an organization in India. We used a multi-theory and multi-method design to competitively test transformational leadership theory, the nurturant–task leadership model, and a local organization-specific leadership model. Transformation leadership theory is one of the most widely studied and accepted theories in Western countries and is viewed as a universalistic leadership approach. The nurturant–task leadership model was developed in India and viewed as a culture-specific leadership approach. We also developed a local leadership model, called RDO, a pseudonym for the organization, and viewed it as an organization-specific leadership approach, using a qualitative analysis of interview data. The overall results of our qualitative–quantitative work provide strong support for the RDO leadership model, some support for a nurturant–task leadership model, and minimal support for transformational leadership theory. These results suggest that research designs that include a multi-theory, multi-methods approach in a single culture have the potential to increase our understanding of leadership processes.
Differentiating structural isomers of sialylated glycans by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry

Using model acidic glycans, we demonstrate the benefits of permethylation for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI/TOF-TOF) tandem mass spectrometry. With both the linear and branched structures, extensive cross-ring fragmentation product ions were generated, yielding valuable information on sugar linkages. Elimination of the negative charges commonly associated with sialylated structures through permethylation allowed their structural analysis in the positive ion mode. Extensive A- and X-type ions were observed for the linear structures, and slightly weaker signals for the branched sialylated structures. The diagnostic cross-ring fragments, permitting a distinction between α2-3 and α2-6 linkages of the sialic acid residues, were seen in abundance. Importantly, the cross-ring fragmentation with the branched structures provides adequate information to assign sialic acid residues, with a specific linkage, to a particular antenna. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel traveling-wave MRI: a feasibility study.

Traveling-wave magnetic resonance imaging utilizes far fields of a single-piece patch antenna in the magnet bore to generate radio frequency fields for imaging large-size samples, such as the human body. In this work, the feasibility of applying the “traveling-wave” technique to parallel imaging is studied using microstrip patch antenna arrays with both the numerical analysis and experimental tests. A specific patch array model is built and each array element is a microstrip patch antenna. Bench tests show that decoupling between two adjacent elements is better than -26-dB while matching of each element reaches -36-dB, demonstrating excellent isolation performance and impedance match capability. The sensitivity patterns are simulated and g-factors are calculated for both unloaded and loaded cases. The results on B sensitivity patterns and g-factors demonstrate the feasibility of the traveling-wave parallel imaging. Simulations also suggest that different array configuration such as patch shape, position and orientation leads to different sensitivity patterns and g-factor maps, which provides a way to manipulate B1 fields and improve the parallel imaging performance. The proposed method is also validated by using 7T MR imaging experiments. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Discrimination of ethanol and of diazepam: differential cross-tolerance.

These experiments tested the hypothesis that cross-tolerance between ethanol (EtOH) and diazepam would occur in a drug discrimination paradigm. One group of rats (n = 28) was trained to discriminate EtOH (1.0g/kg, i.p.) from vehicle; another group of rats (n = 10) was trained to discriminate diazepam (5.6mg/kg, i.p.) from vehicle. Subjects were trained using a two-lever choice procedure where food was delivered under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule of reinforcement. In rats trained to detect EtOH, both EtOH (0.1-1.78g/kg) and diazepam (0.32-10mg/kg) dose dependently substituted for EtOH. Chronic administration of EtOH (6.8g/kg/12h for 7 days) resulted in 3-fold tolerance to EtOH and 6-fold cross-tolerance to the ability of diazepam to substitute for EtOH; chronic administration of diazepam (20mg/kg/8h for 7 days) failed to confer cross-tolerance to EtOH nor did it produce tolerance to the ability of diazepam to substitute for EtOH. In rats trained to detect diazepam, diazepam (0.56-10mg/kg) but not EtOH (0.1-1.78g/kg) substituted for diazepam. Chronic administration of diazepam (20mg/kg/8h for 7 days) produced 3-fold tolerance to diazepam; in contrast, chronic administration of EtOH (6.8g/kg/12h for 7 days) failed to confer cross-tolerance to diazepam. The dissociation of the cross-substitution and cross-tolerance patterns between EtOH and diazepam suggests that the population of benzodiazepine receptors that mediates substitution of diazepam for EtOH differs from the population of benzodiazepine receptors that mediates substitution of diazepam for diazepam.
Brief rhythmic discharges in electroencephalography on an interictal to ictal continuum.

circulation of patients treated with natalizumab, specifically CD34+ and CD19+ cells, as suggested previously.2 There is no evidence basis from which to seriously consider a link between natalizumab treatment itself and the establishment of JCV latency in body tissues. As such, the identification of JCV DNA in baseline samples in 2 patients with multiple sclerosis, and several healthy control individuals, was not surprising. Through its action of triggering the migration and ultimate mobilization of CD 34+ and pre–B cells out of these tissues, natalizumab increases not only the identification of JCV in peripheral circulation, but correspondingly has important ramifications for the predilection to PML. The evidence reported in our article represents the elucidationof amissing link in thepathoetiologic basis of PML (the localization of JCV to endogenous body tissues, such as bone marrow,whilealso forgingastrategicalignmentwithin thecells of B-cell lineage, that are capable of delivering the virus and thereby PML to the central nervous system [in keeping with the Trojan Horse hypothesis]). We, andothers, have searched for relevant reservoir compartment(s) fromwhich JCV is responsive to immunedysregulation, therebyprecipitating thepathogenically required conversion of archetype to the PML-associated MAD (Madison, Wisconsin) viral genomic disposition of the noncoding control region. Bone marrow, and perhaps other lymphoid tissues, fits the description for such a compartment. While themechanistic link between natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis and PML has remained enigmatic, ourobservations, and those reported inotherarticles,3,4 have demonstrated that the B-cell transcription factor Spi B is upregulated in patientswithmultiple sclerosis treatedwith natalizumab and is temporally associated with the period of greatest predilection to developing PML. We now report evidence on the tissue (bone marrow) of viral origin for JCV, in conjunction with elucidating additional targets as biomarkers for risk assessment, with important implications for both the treatment and prevention of PML.
Men and Women of Elite Law Firms: Reevaluating Kanter's Legacy

This paper tests the effects of minority partner representation on minority associate representation in a sample of 97 law firms from 1980 to 1990. We perform separate analyses for women, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans, and we consider both within-group and cross-group effects. We find that minority partner representation has a positive effect on minority associate representation, which is statistically significant in the case of women and Asian Americans. Our findings are consistent with lawyers’own accounts, which emphasize the impact of partner composition on the distribution of rewards within law firms. We also show how our findings clarify previous studies about the effects of minority representation on the distribution of organizational rewards, focusing particularly on Kanter's work and subsequent related research.
Analytical Models for the Systematic Errors of Differential Scanning Calorimetry Instruments

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements are routinely used to determine enthalpies of phase change, phase transition temperatures, glass transition temperatures, and heat capacities. In order to obtain data on the amount of phases during phase change, time-temperature lags, which are inherent to the measurement process, must be estimated through a computational analysis. An analytical model is proposed for the systematic error of the instrument. Numerical simulation results are compared against experimental data obtained at different heating and cooling rates.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Characteristics of an Anomalous Orbital Debris Population Inferred from Theoretical Modeling

Weconstructalow-e delitythermalmodeltofacilitatecharacterizationofananomalousorbitaldebrispopulation believed to be NaK reactor coolant that leaked from the nuclear reactors of a now defunct class of Soviet Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellites. The model is used to assess the probable state of the debris; it is concluded that these debris are in the liquid state. This result is then applied to a low-e delity evaporation model to assess whether evaporation causes a change in area to mass ratio on time scales equal to or shorter than the approximate orbital lifetime. It is concluded that the timescalefor signie cant evaporation of thedroplet is much longer than theorbital lifetime and that orbital lifetime is not signie cantly ine uenced by evaporation of the droplets. Nomenclature Ap = projected area of the debris, m 2 As = surface area, m 2 a.b/ = initial mass of Na (K) in NaK droplet, kg C = specie c heat of the debris, J/kg-K Eabsorbed = energy absorbed by the debris (ES C Eree ec C Etherm) Eradiated = thermal energy radiated by the debris, J Eree ec = absorbed Earth-ree ected solar energy, J ES = absorbed solar energy, J Etherm = absorbed terrestrial thermal energy, J FS = solar energy e ux at the Earth, 1360 W/m 2 Ftherm = terrestrial thermal energy e ux, W/m 2 h = altitude of the debris, km Mi = molar weight of element i, kg/mole m = mass of the debris, kg Ni = mole fraction of element i P = vapor pressure at temperature T, Pa P 0 i = vapor pressure for pure element i at temperature T, Pa
Response of steel beam–columns exposed to fire

Abstract Steel beams when exposed to fire develop significant restraint forces and often behave as beam–columns. The response of such restrained steel beams under fire depends on many factors including fire scenario, load level, degree of restraint at the supports, and high-temperature properties of steel. A set of numerical studies, using finite element computer program ANSYS, is carried out to study the fire response of steel beam–columns under realistic fire, load and restraint scenarios. The finite element model is validated against experimental data, and the importance of high-temperature creep on the fire response of steel beam–columns is illustrated. The validated model is used to carry out a set of parametric studies. Results from the parametric studies indicate that fire scenario, load level, degree of end-restraint and high-temperature creep have significant influence on the behavior of beams under fire conditions. The type of fire scenario plays a critical role in determining the fire response of the laterally-unrestrained steel beam within a space subframe. Increased load level leads to higher catenary forces resulting in lower fire resistance. Rotational restraint enhances the fire resistance of a laterally-unrestrained steel beam, while the axial restraint has detrimental effect on fire resistance.
Activity-based pen computing

Much of pen-computing research to date has focused on how to properly recognize the end user's strokes. Instead, we advocate an activity-driven approach to designing high-value pen-based applications. This will not only result in pen-based applications better suited to target activities but also potentially broaden the research scope of pen-based computing. In this talk I will first discuss why we need a new design methodology, activity-based design, for pen-based computing and then show how it might be applied to pen-based applications and new handheld computing platforms. I will also highlight some of the underlying sensing and inference technologies that can be leveraged to create richer activity-based applications.
Luminescent microsource activity in bioluminescence of the dinoflagellate,Pyrocystis fusiformis

1. The basis for the different bioluminescent flash forms previously described inPyrocystis fusiformis was examined using image intensification and microphotometric analysis. 2. The unique kinetics (10 ms rise time and biphasic decay) of the first flash (FF) from a mechanically stimulated night phase cell resembled the kinetics of light emission from the individual microsources (microflashes). 3. Synchronous light emission by microsources during the FF was replaced by their asynchronous flashing during subsequent flashes (SFs). Microsource kinetics changed to a skewed, bell-shaped microflash with a 40 ms rise time. The whole cell flash (macroflash) was of similar form but had slower kinetics than the microflash due to the asynchronous summing of microflashes, resulting in the 150 ms rise time characteristic of SFs. 4. All microsources appeared to flash during the FF. Microsource emission during SFs was temporally unpredictable. A given microsource might or might not flash during an SF and could flash several times per stimulus. The dimness of SFs immediately following the FF resulted from a decrease in the number of active microsources. Potentiation of SFs with stimulus intervals of 1 min or less involved increasing numbers of active microsources. Fatigue occurred as a result of decreasing numbers of active microsources and decreasing microflash emission strength. 5. Submaximal mechanical stimulation produced localized luminescent activity. Microsources responded as with maximal stimuli: initially with FF kinetics and synchrony, followed by SF kinetics and asynchrony. At frequencies of 0.33 pps and faster, the area of local luminescent activity enlarged with each stimulus, causing microsources in the new region of activity to respond as with an FF while the previously stimulated microsources exhibited SF kinetics and asynchrony. 6. The long-term glow produced by acid-stimulated cells resulted from prolonged asynchronous activity of the microsources. Acid-stimulated microflashes displayed SF kinetics even with the first flash of a microsource. 7. Recovery of FF kinetics occurred with a transition from asynchronous to synchronous coordination that was almost complete after 6 min. The transition from SF to FF microflash kinetics required longer recovery and was not abrupt, but exhibited intermediate kinetics. 8. A model is presented as a guide to further study of bioluminescence control in this dinoflagellate.
Incorporation of 3H-L-fucose into brain glycoproteins during environmental stimulation following intracranial, intravenous, or subcutaneous injections.

Previously reported changes in the amount of 3H-L-fucose incorporated into glycoproteins of brain and liver after subcutaneous injections of precursor when mice were exposed to the training apparatus did not occur when the precursor was injected either intracranially or intravenously. The increased incorporation of subcutaneously injected 3H-L-fucose was attenuated by sham intracranial and by sham intravenous injections. Thus, the failure to detect incorporation changes when the precursor is administered through these routes may be partially due to stress caused by intracranial or intravenous injection.
Capture Probabilities of Lake Superior Zooplankton by an Obligate Planktivorous Fish—The Lake Herring

Abstract –Lake herring Coregonus artedi were videotaped while feeding separately on seven different zooplankton taxa. If a fish reacted to a prey item, I observed whether the prey item entered the buccal cavity of the fish. Copepods were captured at a lower percentage of the time (mean = 48.9%) than were cladocerans (mean = 86.7%). Limnocalanus macrurus, a large copepod, was captured less frequently (30%) than smaller copepods such as Diaptomus sicilis (42.5%), Cyclops vernalis (57.5%), and diaptomid copepodids (65%). Daphnia galeata mendotae were captured less frequently (80%) than smaller cladocerans such as juvenile daphnids (87.5%) or Bosmina longirostris (92.5%). The differences between copepods and cladocerans and sizes of each likely result from differential swimming strengths and behaviors of these various taxa. These results confirm observations from other planktivores that the evasive ability of zooplankton greatly reduces the successful completion of the planktivory process (encounter, attack, ...
Hematopoietic progenitor cell regulation by CD4+CD25+ T cells

CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) possess the capacity to modulate both adaptive and innate immune responses. We hypothesized that Tregs could regulate hematopoiesis based on cytokine effector molecules they can produce. The studies here demonstrate that Tregs can affect the differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. In vitro findings demonstrated the ability of Tregs to inhibit the differentiation of interleukin-3 (IL-3)/stem cell factor (colony-forming unit [CFU]-IL3)–driven progenitor cells. Inhibitory effects were mediated by a pathway requiring cell-cell contact, major histocompatibility complex class II expression on marrow cells, and transforming growth factor-β. Importantly, depletion of Tregs in situ resulted in enhanced CFU-IL3 levels after bone marrow transplantation. Cotransplantation of CD4+FoxP3+gfp Tregs together with bone marrow was found to diminish CFU-IL3 responses after transplantation. To address the consequence of transplanted Tregs on differentiated progeny from these CFU 2 weeks after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, peripheral blood complete blood counts were performed and examined for polymorphonuclear leukocyte content. Recipients of cotransplanted Tregs exhibited diminished neutrophil counts. Together, these findings illustrate that both recipient and donor Tregs can influence hematopoietic progenitor cell activity after transplantation and that these cells can alter responses outside the adaptive and innate immune systems.
Oceanic time variability near a large scale topographic circulation

Abstract The oceanic circulation around a large scale topographic anomaly is studied using a numerical quasigeostrophic (QG) model. This simulation bears important similarities to a real ocean case, the Zapiola Anticyclone (ZA). The simple physics of the model allow the identification of two controlling parameters of the topographic circulation: bottom friction and eddy diffusivity. The role of these parameters was predicted in the theory proposed by Dewar [Dewar, W.K., 1998. Topography and barotropic transport control by bottom friction. J. Mar. Res. 56, 295–328] for the mean flow. This paper focuses on the time variability of the simulated circulation. The topography energizes the low frequency band, due to variations of the topographic circulation and its collapses. A local mode varies the amplitude of the topographic circulation and is related to the eddy field activity. The model shows that the trapped circulation can be shed away from the topography due to an increased sensitivity to the background flow perturbations. In the mesoscale band, a mode one anticyclonic wave also appears. We compare these features with similar observations in the Zapiola region. The location and strength of the ZA raise the question of its role in the mean regional oceanic circulation. This work suggests that its variability on a variety of temporal scales may also be of importance.
Safety, feasibility, and outcome of retrievable vena cava filters in high-risk surgical patients.

Objective Retrievable vena cava filters (rVCFs) are being used frequently in the perioperative setting for preventing pulmonary embolism. The indications and safety profile for placement of preoperative retrievable vena cava filters (rVCFs) remains undefined, however. This study sought to determine the safety, feasibility, and outcome of rVCFs in bariatric surgery patients, who are known as a high-risk population for periprocedural deep vein thrombus (DVT) or pulmonary embolus, or both. Methods Between June 1, 2004, and October 1, 2005, protocols were developed and implemented at a tertiary referral hospital for placement of rVCFs in 59 consecutive high-risk patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass or duodenal switch if they met any of the following criteria: body mass index >55 kg/m 2 , hypercoagulable state, severe immobility, venous stasis, or previous history of DVT or pulmonary embolus. Using both Site-Rite (Bard Access Systems, Salt Lake City, Utah) ultrasound and fluoroscopy, Gunther Tulip (Cook, Inc., Bloomington, Ind) rVCFs were placed immediately after general anesthesia, just preceding the bariatric procedure. The internal jugular vein was the preferred approach, followed by the femoral vein. Retrieval was performed after the fourth postoperative week. Results During a 16-month period, 60 rVCFs were placed in 61 attempts, 57 through the internal jugular vein and three through the femoral vein. Six patients refused the retrieval attempt. Of the remaining 54 rVCFs, the primary retrieval success was 90% (49/54), with all failures due to severe filter tilt. The secondary retrieval success was 100% (3/3). The two remaining patients refused secondary retrieval attempt. The mean ± standard deviation dwell time of the rVCFs was 63 ± 30 days. No procedure complications occurred in placement or retrieval. One patient developed a clinical pulmonary embolism with the filter in place while not receiving postoperative anticoagulation. No patients died. The mean body mass index of the patients was 61 ± 10 kg/m 2 . Conclusion Placement and retrieval of retrievable vena cava filters in high-risk bariatric surgery patients is safe, feasible, and offers potential clinical benefit to patients requiring short-term protection from pulmonary embolism.
Relative efficacies of δ-opioid receptor agonists at the cloned human δ-opioid receptor

The present study was conducted to determine the relative efficacies of the selective delta-opioid receptor agonists SNC80 ((+)-4-[(alphaR)-alpha-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl )-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide), pCl-DPDPE (cyclic[D-Pen2,4'-ClPhe4,D-Pen5]enkephalin) and (-)-TAN67 ((-)-2-methyl-4a alpha-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,12,12a alpha-octahydro-quinolino-[2,3,3-g]isoquinoline). Experiments compared the abilities of the three drugs to competitively inhibit [3H]naltrindole binding and also stimulate [35S]GTPgammaS binding in membranes prepared from stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that express the cloned human delta-opioid receptor. Efficacy was determined according to the formula: efficacy = (E(max-A)/Emax)(A'/A + 1) X 0.5. Results show that SNC80 and pCl-DPDPE had efficacy values that were about 6-7 times greater than that of (-)-TAN67.
Piezoelectric actuation of crack growth along polymer–metal interfaces in adhesive bonds

A new experimental technique for determining mechanical properties of polymer–metal interfaces was developed by replacing the conventional mechanical testing machine with a piezoelectric actuator. The actuator was made from a thin ferroelectric ceramic beam attached to a bilayer polymer-metal composite specimen. The trilayer specimen was loaded by applying ac electric fields on the piezoelectric actuator to drive crack growth along the polymer-metal interface. Subcritical crack growth was observed along the epoxy/aluminum interface, and the growth rate was found to depend on the magnitude of the applied electric field. The fracture mechanics driving force for the crack growth was computed from the finite element analysis as a function of crack length, applied field, material properties, and specimen geometry. Kinetics of the crack growth was correlated with the piezoelectric driving force.
Identification of external influences on temperatures in California

We use nine different observational datasets to estimate California-average temperature trends during the periods 1950-1999 and 1915-2000. Observed results are compared to trends from a suite of climate model simulations of natural internal climate variability. On the longer (86-year) timescale, increases in annual-mean surface temperature in all observational datasets are consistently distinguishable from climate noise. On the shorter (50-year) timescale, results are sensitive to the choice of observational dataset. For both timescales, the most robust results are large positive trends in mean and maximum daily temperatures in late winter/early spring, as well as increases in minimum daily temperatures from January to September. These trends are inconsistent with model-based estimates of natural internal climate variability, and thus require one or more external forcing agents to be explained. Observational datasets with adjustments for urbanization effects do not yield markedly different results from unadjusted data. Our findings suggest that the warming of Californian winters over the twentieth century is associated with human-induced changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation. We hypothesize that the lack of a detectable increase in summertime maximum temperature arises from a cooling associated with large-scale irrigation. This cooling may have, until now, counteracted summertime warming induced by increasing greenhouse gases effects.
There's No Place Like Home: Training, Practices and Perceptions of Homebound Services

Homebound services involve the delivery of special education in settings other than school sites. Such settings typically include students' homes or hospitals. Most often associated with early childhood special education and with students who are medically or physically fragile, homebound services can also be for those in need of interim alternative educational settings (IAES). Although homebound services have been available to some students with disabilities for more than 50 years, little research exists on that delivery model. This study investigated the training, practices and perceptions of service providers who work in homebound settings. Data from a self-administered survey of a national sample were analyzed. Key findings included: a widespread lack of training for professionals who delivered homebound services; an absence of school district or agency policies or procedure concerning the delivery of such services; and statistically significantly higher perceptions of self-efficacy by those who did receive training.
The Influence of Short Photoperiod on Testicular and Circulating Levels of Testosterone Precursors in the Adult Golden Hamster

The in vivo effects of short photoperiod (SPP, 6L: 18D) for 8 and 12 wk on plasma and testicular levels of testosterone (T) precursors in adult golden hamsters were evaluated. Plasma and testicular progesterone (P), I 7a-hydroxyprogesterone (1 7ca-OHP), androstenedione (A-dione), and T were measured after 5 injections of saline or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (5 or 25 lU/day). The basal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL) in circulation were also determined. There were significant reductions in the weight of the testes in animals exposed to SPP. After 12 wk in SPP, circulating levels and testicular content of 1 7cs-OHP, A-dione, and T were significantly reduced, suggesting that the decrease in T secretion may be associated with the impairment of synthesis and/or action of 1 7cs-steroid hydroxylase, C17_20 steroid lyase, and 1 7g’3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes in the testes. Exposure to SPP for 8 wk resulted in decreased plasma and testicular content ofT. Although there were reductions in testicular content of 1 7cs-OHP and A-dione, this was not reflected in plasma levels of these steroids. After 8 and 12 wk of exposure to SPP, hCG treatment increased the total amounts of T precursors (except P at 8 wk) in the testes, but the values attained in animals exposed to 12 wk of SPP remained below those observed in hamsters kept in a long photoperiod (14L: JOD), suggesting that gonadotropin replacement alone may be insufficient to normalize testicular steroidogenesis. Circulating FSH and PRL levels were significantly reduced after 8 and 12 wk of exposure to SPP, whereas plasma LH levels were reduced only after 12 wk. Thus, deficiencies of testicular steroidogenesis observed in SPP-exposed hamsters in the present study may be related to the subnormal FSH and PRL secretion.
Geologic weathering and its implications on the age of the sphinx

The Great Sphinx of Giza is considered by Egyptologists to have been excavated by the Pharaoh Kephren nearly 4500 years ago. Schoch and West (1991) have suggested that the Sphinx is much older, based primarily upon the rounded profile of the strata of the Sphinx thorax and the deep channels present in the walls surrounding the Sphinx ditch. These features, according to them, are due to “precipitation-induced weathering” formed when the Sahara still experienced a humid climate at least 7000 years ago. In this article we show how weathering in an arid environment can produce the rounded profile given the gradual change in lithology of the alternating hard and soft limestone strata. We show further that the channels are actually the pre-Pliocene karst features formed by underground water and exposed due to the excavation of the Sphinx ditch. We propose therefore that, for now, the Sphinx may still be regarded as of pharaonic origin. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High-performance component software changes the rules for configuring ATE

New component technology, made possible by wide acceptance of the VXIplug&play standard, allows ATE buyers to select test system components in much the same way they choose stereo system components. This paper will examine the uses and benefits of component software technology in three different ATE configuration scenarios: updating legacy ATE, integrating component test equipment into larger ATE, and configuring specialized test equipment (STE) for custom requirements. Several possibilities for leveraging new component technology such as high-performance test executives and diagnostic tools are discussed to illustrate the flexibility users will soon have in configuring ATE.
Characterization of Sulfonamides by Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry after Online Photoderivatization

The online photochemical identification of six sulfa compounds, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfaisoxazole (SIX), sulfamoxole (SMX), and sulfamethizole, are investigated using flow injection and liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (MS). Although the identification of some of the mentioned sulfonamides can be performed by recognizing their respected protonated molecules, more positive MS identification of many of these compounds is possible because they undergo various phototransformation processes to produce different product profiles. The LC separation and online photolysis of a mixture containing the geometric isomers SIX and SMX is such an example. With no photolysis, the MS spectra for SIX and SMX are virtually identical, showing primarily the sodiated molecule at m/z 290 with a relative abundance of 100% in addition to a few small peaks caused by fragments. With photolysis, SMX is found to form multiple major ions from 100 to 241 amu. However, SIX follows a similar fragmentation pathway either with or without photolysis. Online photochemistry should be a viable approach to extend the capabilities of LC instruments interfaced to a single quadrupole MS detector.
Politics of representation in the era of globalization: discourse about marriage migrant women in two South Korean films

The complexity of globalization challenges our understanding of culture and identity as these are reshaped by dominant/marginal identity relations that become increasingly fluid across transnational space. Ex/neo-colonial South Korea, growing in economic power and transnational cultural influence mostly in Asia, has become a host to Asian immigrants. Accompanying the changing ethnoscape, media discourse constitutes (more than reflects) immigrant identities and their experiences. Study of discourse in two South Korean films about marriage migrant women reveals constructions that serve new nation-building policies in the global era while maintaining traditional assumptions about, and realities of, gender, race/ethnic, and class relations.
Acute effects of zolpidem extended-release on cognitive performance and sleep in healthy males after repeated nightly use.

The extended-release formulation of zolpidem (Ambien CR®) is approved for the treatment of insomnia without a treatment duration limit. Acutely zolpidem impairs performance, and no research to date has examined whether tolerance develops to these performance impairments during nighttime awakening. The present double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined whether tolerance develops to zolpidem-induced acute performance impairment after repeated (22–30 days) nightly use. Effects of bedtime administration of zolpidem extended-release (ZOL; 12.5 mg) were tested on a battery of performance measures assessed during a forced nighttime awakening in 15 healthy male volunteers who completed overnight polysomnographic recording sessions in our laboratory at baseline and after approximately a month of at-home ZOL. As expected, bedtime ZOL administration was associated with changes in sleep architecture and impairments across all performance domains during nighttime testing (psychomotor function, attention, working memory, episodic memory, metacognition) with no residual next morning impairment. Tolerance did not develop to the observed ZOL-related impairments on any outcome. Possible evidence of acute abstinence effects following discontinuation of ZOL was observed on some performance and sleep outcomes. Overall, these findings suggest that performance is significantly impaired during nighttime awakening even after a month of nightly ZOL administration and these impairments could significantly impact safety should nighttime awakening require unimpaired functioning (e.g., driving; combat-related activities in the military).
Stochastic analysis of transport in tubes with rough walls

Flow and transport in tubes with rough surfaces play an important role in a variety of applications. Often the topology of such surfaces cannot be accurately described in all of its relevant details due to either insufficient data or measurement errors or both. In such cases, this topological uncertainty can be efficiently handled by treating rough boundaries as random fields, so that an underlying physical phenomenon is described by deterministic or stochastic differential equations in random domains. To deal with this class of problems, we use a computational framework, which is based on stochastic mappings to transform the original deterministic/stochastic problem in a random domain into a stochastic problem in a deterministic domain. The latter problem has been studied more extensively and existing analytical/numerical techniques can be readily applied. In this paper, we employ both a generalized polynomial chaos and Monte Carlo simulations to solve the transformed stochastic problem. We use our approach to describe transport of a passive scalar in Stokes' flow and to quantify the corresponding predictive uncertainty.
Stressed swelling clay

Claymineralsarepresentinmostsedimentaryrocks.They findapplicabilityinawiderangeofdisciplines,suchasmaterial, soil, earth, environmental, and biological sciences. Despite their abundance and use, swelling of clays under stress has not received enough scientific attention. We used a twomethod approach, consisting of molecular simulation and nanoindentation measurements on montmorillonite. Our analysesofthemolecularstructureofmontmorilloniteatvarious stresses and hydration states showed that swelling behavesinanonlinearwaywithstress.Nanoindentationresults ofYoung’s modulus agree with our simulation results, showing the importance of the interlayer in composite clay properties.
Rsr1 Focuses Cdc42 Activity at Hyphal Tips and Promotes Maintenance of Hyphal Development in Candida albicans

The extremely elongated morphology of fungal hyphae is dependent on the cell's ability to assemble and maintain polarized growth machinery over multiple cell cycles. The different morphologies of the fungus Candida albicans make it an excellent model organism in which to study the spatiotemporal requirements for constitutive polarized growth and the generation of different cell shapes. In C. albicans, deletion of the landmark protein Rsr1 causes defects in morphogenesis that are not predicted from study of the orthologous protein in the related yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thus suggesting that Rsr1 has expanded functions during polarized growth in C. albicans. Here, we show that Rsr1 activity localizes to hyphal tips by the differential localization of the Rsr1 GTPase-activating protein (GAP), Bud2, and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), Bud5. In addition, we find that Rsr1 is needed to maintain the focused localization of hyphal polarity structures and proteins, including Bem1, a marker of the active GTP-bound form of the Rho GTPase, Cdc42. Further, our results indicate that tip-localized Cdc42 clusters are associated with the cell's ability to express a hyphal transcriptional program and that the ability to generate a focused Cdc42 cluster in early hyphae (germ tubes) is needed to maintain hyphal morphogenesis over time. We propose that in C. albicans, Rsr1 “fine-tunes” the distribution of Cdc42 activity and that self-organizing (Rsr1-independent) mechanisms of polarized growth are not sufficient to generate narrow cell shapes or to provide feedback to the transcriptional program during hyphal morphogenesis.