cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explanatory style of schizophrenic and depressed outpatients

We administered an Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) to several outpatient groups—paranoid schizophrenics (n =32), nonparanoid schizophrenics (n =30), and depressives (n =30)—as well as to a normal comparison group of community college students (n =30). Depressives evidenced a more pessimistic explanatory style than paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics and normals. Six months later, among those outpatients experiencing hassles, individuals who attributed good events to stable, global, and internal causes were functioning somewhat better than those who attributed good events to unstable, specific, and external causes. We operationalized explanatory “flexibility” as the range of scores on the ASQ and found that outpatients with larger range scores for bad events (presumably showing more flexibility) functioned better than those having smaller range scores.
A comparative study of the ribonucleic acids of three species of trypanosomatids.

Abstract 1. 1. The ribosomal RNAs of Crithidia fasciculata, Leishmania tropica, and Trypanosoma brucei have sedimentation values of 25–27S, 18–20S and 5S. 2. 2. The molecular sizes of the two heavier components are 1.24–1.28 M (106 daltons) and 0.84–0.89 M as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 3. 3. The RNA of the three species studied shows a tendency to interact forming a complex that is very difficult to separate by sucrose gradient centrifugation. 4. 4. The 25–27S RNA is very unstable. 5. 5. The 18–20S RNA has a molecular size higher than the 0.7 M reported for most eukaryotes, but similar to that of Euglena and Amoeba.
X-ray lasers as sources for resonance-fluorescence experiments

We point out that existing Ne-like X-ray lasers have sufficient brightness to be used as pump sources in resonant pump-fluorescence experiments, and we discuss some of the potential benefits and limitations of such experiments. In preliminary experiments, we have measured the line overlap of the Ne-like yttrium X-ray laser near 155 A with 4f−3d transitions in H-like Na and He-like Mg. These experiments used a high-resolution grating spectrometer, and calibrated the wavelength of the yttrium laser by comparison against lines of known wavelength. The results indicate that the wavelength of the yttrium laser is 154.985 ± 0.025 A, a factor of 2–4 improvement in precision over previous calibrations. We find that the yttrium laser is ≈ 100 mA to the long-wavelength side of both the He-like Mg line and the H-like Na line, so that neither resonance is perfect; however, Stark broadening could improve the overlap in the latter scheme, and bulk Doppler shifting could improve both resonances. We also find a good resonance between the yttrium laser and an un-identified transition which we tentatively attribute to copper.
‘I Just Like to Kill Things’: Women, Men and the Gender of Sport Hunting in the United States, 1940–1973

This paper examines women's place in sportsmen's magazines and their role in the creation of sport hunting's image in the post-war United States. It argues that sport-hunting women were not challenging post-war constructions of femininity or domesticity. Nevertheless, sportsmen attacked women's attempts to construe hunting as heterosocial recreation, fearing that they would undermine hunting's cultural significance. Instead, the dominant, male-authored discourse connected authentic hunting to a new post-war formulation of masculinity that revolved around militarism and the emotional bonds between men developed through battlefield experiences. This analysis takes seriously both men's and women's interpretations of a cultural practice historically associated with one sex, in order to reveal how gender identities are constructed and contested.
Protein kinase C activators inhibit receptor-mediated potocytosis by preventing internalization of caveolae

Potocytosis is an endocytic pathway that utilizes glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins and caveolae to concentrate and internalize small molecules. We now report that activators of protein kinase C are potent inhibitors of potocytosis. Activators such as phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) inhibit the internalization of receptors for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate but allow the internal receptor pool to return to the cell surface. PMA does not affect the clustering of the folate receptor but instead markedly reduces the number of caveolae. Exposure to PMA totally blocks the intracellular accumulation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate without affecting receptor-independent uptake or the formation of polyglutamylated species of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the cytoplasm. These data suggest that PMA inhibits uptake by inactivating caveolae internalization.
Cowden Syndrome and the PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome: Systematic Review and Revised Diagnostic Criteria

Background PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) refers to a spectrum of disorders caused by mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene. Diagnostic criteria for Cowden syndrome, the principal PTEN-related disorder, were first established in 1996 before the identification of the PTEN gene and the ability to molecularly confirm a clinical diagnosis. These consortium criteria were based on clinical experience and case reports in the existing literature, with their inherent selection biases. Although it was initially reported that approximately 80% of patients with Cowden syndrome had an identifiable germline PTEN mutation, more recent work has shown these diagnostic criteria to be far less specific. In addition, increasing evidence has documented the association of a broader spectrum of clinical features with PTEN mutations. Our goal was to develop revised, evidence-based diagnostic criteria and to include features of the broader spectrum of PTEN-related clinical syndromes. Methods W e performed a systematic search and review of the medical literature related to clinical features reported in
Antihyperlipidemic activity of amine cyanoboranes, amine carboxyboranes, and related compounds.

A series of amine cyanoboranes and amine carboxyboranes were observed to be antihyperlipidemic agents in mice; i.e., they lowered serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly. These compounds appeared to inhibit lipid synthesis in the early stages. The ability to lower serum cholesterol levels appeared to correlate with the suppression of the regulatory enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. The reduction of serum triglycerides correlated with the ability of the borane compound to suppress liver fatty acid synthetase activity.
Evaluation of a Sphere-Templated Polymeric Scaffold as a Subcutaneous Implant

Objective To evaluate the performance of a sphere-templated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly[HEMA]) tissue scaffold as a subcutaneous implant by comparing it with widely used high-density porous polyethylene (HDPPE) implant material. Design We implanted sphere-templated porous poly-(HEMA) and HDPPE disks into the dorsal subcutis of C57BL/6 mice for 4 and 9 weeks. Excisional biopsy specimens of the implants and surrounding tissue were assessed for host inflammatory response, tissue ingrowth, and neovascularization using trichrome, picrosirius red, and anti–endothelial cell antibody staining. Results The poly(HEMA) and HDPPE implants showed resistance to extrusion and elicited a minimal inflammatory response. Both implants supported cellular and collagen ingrowth, but ingrowth within the HDPPE implant was thicker owing to the larger porous structure (>100 μm) of HDPPE, whereas the poly(HEMA) implant had much thinner collagen fibrils within much smaller (40-μm) pores, suggestive of less scar-type reaction. Neovascularization was supported by both implants. Blood vessels were identified within the fibrous ingrowth of the HDPPE and within individual pores of the poly(HEMA). Conclusions Sphere-templated poly(HEMA) implanted as a subcutaneous tissue scaffold stimulates a minimal inflammatory response and supports cellular infiltration, collagen formation, and neovascularization. Because of its tightly controlled porous structure, poly-(HEMA) appears to induce less scar-type ingrowth compared with HDPPE.
Information Disclosure and Adverse Selection Explanations for IPO Underpricing

Underpricing in IPOs is a significant cost of raising capital that theories purport arises from adverse selection at the IPO date. Disclosure is a tool firms can use to ameliorate adverse selection. We show that greater disclosure frequency in the pre-IPO period is associated with lower underpricing. The negative relation is significant only for informative disclosures, not for disclosures such as public relations announcements. The negative relation is significant after controlling for factors that affect ex ante uncertainty about the offering and for alternative mechanisms that firms can use to signal firm quality. The results are opposite for internet firms. They demonstrate a significant positive association between disclosure frequency and underpricing, consistent with claims that internet firms use underpricing to generate attention. Disclosure frequency also is associated with greater market liquidity subsequent to the IPO as measured by more traditional proxies: bid-ask spread and market depth.
Tetrazolium oxidase polymorphism in rainbow trout.

ABSTRACT Tetrazolium oxidase from the blood and liver of rainbow trout was found to be genetically polymorphic. The inheritance pattern of the liver enzyme was compatible only with a one locus-two allele hypothesis. The enzymes in the blood while having an electrophoretically identical polymorphism could differ genotypically from that of the liver in a given fish. The significance of these findings to the understanding of the evolution of the salmonid genome is discussed.
Speckle from a rotating diffuse object

The dynamics of the speckle pattern from a rotating, diffusely reflecting object under laser illumination are analyzed. These are described by the general spatiotemporal cross-correlation function of the optical intensity. An analytical expression for this function is derived that is interpreted in terms of the observed phenomena of speckle boiling and rotation. Experimental results are presented in quantitative support of this expression.
Inducing Patterns of Correlation and Substitution in Repeated Logit Models of Recreation Demand

Repeated logit models are among the most commonly applied methods for modeling seasonal recreation demand. In this article we examine the capabilities of the repeated nested logit and repeated mixed logit models to capture patterns of error correlation and demand substitution. Particular attention is paid to the use of the mixed logit framework to generalize the strong assumptions on correlation patterns across sites and choice occasions imbedded in the nested logit model. We examine the implications for the range of price elasticities allowed in both models based on the implied correlation structures. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Fault modeling for physical failures for CMOS circuits

The authors propose a fault simulation model for CMOS VLSI circuits which can handle physical faults as gate-to-drain/source shorts. A relation is established between the inverse voltage of a fault-free inverter and the faulty output voltage of a faulty inverter. This relation is then used to study the propagation of the faulty signal through a successive gate. >
Communicative Language Teaching: A New Metaphor

A great deal of current research in language acquisition and in ESL classroom practice is coalescing into a method for second language instruction called Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). Although there is agreement about some of its characteristics, other aspects of this method lack consensus or even clear definition. One reason for this may be because CLT has moved away from the metaphors commonly used to describe language teaching but has not as yet fastened onto one of its own. This article discusses some characteristics of what such a new metaphor might be and reviews a few of the ways in which CLT guides classroom practice, aligns ESL teaching with current theory in other fields, and offers directions for future research.
Alcohol and Drug Use during Sexual Activity: Predicting the HIV-Risk-Related Behaviors of Inner-City Black Male Adolescents

The relation of alcohol and drug use during sexual activity to increased HIV risk-associated behavior was examined among 108 inner-city Black male adolescents who completed a self-administered ques...
An experimental design strategy for designing robust systems using discrete-event simulation:

Well designed experiments can dramatically improve the statistical accuracy of simula tion output data and facilitate the statistical analysis. In this paper we propose an experimental design strategy for designing robust systems using discrete-event simulation. The proposed strategy is motivated by Genichi Taguchi's strategy for improving product and process quality in manufacturing. Robust systems are systems that not only satisfy performance criteria, but also are not sensitive to uncontrollable environmental conditions or noise in the system's environment. We demonstrate the proposed experimental design strategy with a jobshop example and discuss the potential benefits of employing such a strategy for designing robust systems in general.
Two Sides of the Same Coin: Modernity and Tradition in Islamic Education in Indonesia

This article explores one way in which the Classical Islamic community in Java, Indonesia, seeks to negotiate modernization and globalization through the interface of an Islamic boarding school (pesantren) and higher education. This negotiation requires imagining and (reinventing both modernity and tradition. By examining how the leadership of a particular pesantren for university students engages these processes in their curricular goals and practices, this article expands theoretical considerations of education in translocal processes such as Islamization and globalization.
The Text-Performance Relation in Theater

This essay is a survey of positions on the relation between texts and performances in theater. It proposes a simple framework within which to compare and evaluate these positions. The framework also allows us to see a pattern of thinking that reflects the historical fact of the importance of the literary tradition in theater. The essay points out certain challenges facing the positions surveyed and concludes with a brief sketch of the most recent views that have been put on offer. The latest positions re-situate the literary theater as a species of the more general phenomena of theatrical performance.
Jumpstarting phylogenetic analysis

Phylogenetic analysis is a central tool in studies of comparative genomics. When a new region of DNA is isolated and sequenced, researchers are often forced to throw away months of computation on an existing phylogeny of homologous sequences in order to incorporate this new sequence. The previously constructed trees are often discarded, and the researcher begins the search again from scratch. The jumpstarting algorithm uses trees from the prior search as a starting point for a new phylogenetic search. This technique drastically decreases search time for large data sets. This kind of analysis is necessary as researchers analyse tree of life size data sets.
Protocol analysis of a federated search tool : Designing for users

SUMMARY Librarians at Springfield College conducted usability testing of Endeavor's federated search tool, ENCompass for Resource Access. The purpose of the testing was to make informed decisions prior to customizing the look and function of the software's interface in order to make the product more usable for their patrons. Protocol, or think-aloud, analysis was selected as a testing and analysis method. Subjects from the general college community were recruited and given a list of tasks to perform on ENCompass, and they were asked to speak all of their thoughts out loud as they worked. Upon analyzing the test results, researchers found that subjects' problems fell into certain categories, such as unfamiliarity with terms or navigation from screen to screen. The researchers were able to use their findings to recommend extensive revisions to the interface, which improved usability for this library's patrons.
An approach to protein name extraction using heuristics and a dictionary

This paper proposes a method for protein name extraction from biological texts. Our method exploits hand-crafted rules based on heuristics and a set of protein names (dictionary). In contrast to previously proposed methods, our approach avoids the use of natural language processing tools such as part-of-speech taggers and syntactic parsers so as to improve processing speed. We implemented a prototype system for protein name extraction based on our method and conducted evaluation experiments. The result showed that our system produces outcome comparable to the state-of-the-art protein name extraction system on multiple corpora.
Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblages in a Transgenic Corn–Soybean Cropping System

Ground beetles often prey on crop pests, and their relative abundance and assemblages vary among cropping systems and pest management practices. We used pitfall traps arranged in transects to study ground beetle assemblages in a large field-scale Bt corn–soybean cropping system for 3 yr. The transgenic corn expressed the Cry1Ab protein targeting lepidopteran pests. Three of the 57 ground beetle species collected accounted for 81% of all individuals captured. Six other species accounted for an additional 14% of all beetles captured. Ground beetles were captured equally in cornfields and soybean fields. They also were captured most frequently at field edges, but many were captured within field centers. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to arrange ground beetles along environmental gradients. Years 2001 and 2002 were the primary variables separating assemblages of ground beetles along the first canonical axis. The second canonical axis further separated the 2000 assemblage of ground beetles. With the effects of year and field removed, ground beetles were classified with respect to crop association and distance into the fields along axes 1 and 2 of a partial canonical correspondence analysis. Based on this analysis, ground beetles occupying the Bt cornfields were separated from those occupying soybean fields along the first canonical axis. The second canonical axis separated beetles occupying the field borders from field interiors. Ground beetles ordinating near the center of the axes may represent habitat generalists, and because of their high relative abundances, continuous seasonal activity, predatory nature, and ability to occupy field centers, they could assist in the biological control of agricultural pests.
Possible Ozone-Induced Long-Term Changes in Planetary Wave Activity in Late Winter

Abstract Using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, decadal trends in planetary wave activity in Northern Hemisphere high latitudes (50°–90°N) in late winter and early spring (January–February–March) were studied. Results show that wave activity in both the stratosphere and the troposphere has been largely reduced and exhibits statistically significant downward trends since the 1980s. In the stratosphere, the wave activity is decreased by about 30%, which is mainly due to less Eliassen–Palm (E–P) flux from the troposphere into the stratosphere. In the troposphere, the vertical E–P flux is reduced by about 30%, while equatorward horizontal E–P flux is increased by 130%. This suggests a significant refraction of planetary waves away from the high latitudes. The significant negative trends in wave activity in late winter are in contrast to the authors' previous finding of no significant changes in planetary wave activity in early winter. The timing of the significant decline in wave activity, which starts from the ear...
Shell: A Spatial Decomposition Data Structure for 3D Curve Traversal on Many-core Architectures

Shared memory many-core processors such as GPUs have been extensively used in accelerating computation-intensive algorithms and applications. 3D curve traversal is a fundamental process in many applications, and is commonly accelerated by spatial decomposition schemes captured in hierarchical data structures (e.g., kd-trees). However, using hierarchical structures requires repeated hierarchical searches, which are time-consuming on shared memory many-core architectures. In this paper, we propose a novel spatial decomposition based data structure, called Shell, which completely avoids hierarchical search for 3D curve traversal. In Shell, a structure is built on the boundary of each region in the decomposed space, which allows any curve traversing in a region to find the next neighboring region to traverse using table lookup schemes. While our approach works for other spatial decomposition paradigms and many-core processors, we illustrate it using kd-tree on GPU and compare with the fastest known kd-tree ray traversal algorithms. Experimental results show that our approach accelerates ray traversal considerably over the kd-tree approaches.
SAYING "ENOUGH": AUTHORITARIANISM AND EGYPT'S KEFAYA MOVEMENT

*† How do reform-oriented social movements in authoritarian states get off the ground? I argue that authoritarian regimes can actually facilitate social movement mobilization by making it easier for movement leaders to form opposition coalitions. When authoritarian states experience a political opening, certain structural aspects of these regimes will ease the process of coalition formation. I describe three ways in which these states facilitate mobilization: (1) they offer a straightforward set of least-common-denominator goals; (2) they establish incentives for existing organizations to get involved; and (3) they enhance the role of protest events in building cohesion. To make my case, I analyze the Egyptian Kefaya movement, a social movement whose diverse members had never meaningfully worked together before and whose nine months of sustained street protests defied expectations that it would collapse under regime repression.
Interconnect Design and Benchmarking for Charge-Based Beyond-CMOS Device Proposals

This letter presents a uniform interconnect-centric benchmark methodology for various emerging charge-based device technologies, including ferroelectric FETs, tunneling FETs, piezoelectric FET, graphene pn junction, and 2D material-based FET. Multiple key metrics are proposed and implemented to quantify the circuit/system limitations imposed by repeaters and interconnects. The results in this letter give device technologists an insightful perspective to better balance and manage the trade-offs of intrinsic device properties for the optimum interconnect performance.
Lesion Momentum and Behavior

In 1836 Marc Dax wrote a short manuscript in which he specifically associated aphasia with lesions of the left cerebral hemisphere. His paper was intended for presentation at a regional medical congress at Montpellier (Joynt and Benton, 1964). There is no evidence, however, that Dax actually attended the conference (Broca himself made personal inquiries), and it was not until 1865 that the manuscript was published by his son, Gustav Dax, also a physician. By this time Marc Dax had been dead for 28 years and Broca’s key papers (1861, 1863, 1865) already had been published.
Ultrafast shock compression of an oxygen-balanced mixture of nitromethane and hydrogen peroxide.

We apply ultrafast optical interferometry to measure the Hugoniot of an oxygen-balanced mixture of nitromethane and hydrogen peroxide (NM/HP) and compare with Hugoniot data for pure nitromethane (NM) and a 90% hydrogen peroxide/water mixture (HP), as well as theoretical predictions. We observe a 2.1% percent mean pairwise difference between the measured shockwave speed (at the measured piston speed) in unreacted NM/HP and the corresponding “universal” liquid Hugoniot, which is larger than the average standard deviation of our data, 1.4%. Unlike the Hugoniots of both HP and NM, in which measured shock speeds deviate to values greater than the unreacted Hugoniot for piston speeds larger than the respective reaction thresholds, in the NM/HP mixture we observe shock speed deviations to values lower than the unreacted Hugoniot well below the von Neumann pressure (≈28 GPa). Although the trend should reverse for high enough piston speeds, the initial behavior is unexpected. Possible explanations range from mixin...
High Soil Temperatures and Pink Bollworm : Effects on Larval Mortality, Pupation, and Reproduction of Adults from Surviving Larvae

Exposure for 10 to 15 sec on the surface of soil heated to 68°C killed 89% of larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and reduced the reproduction of adults from surviving larvae. Exposure for 1 or 4 min to soil heated to 52°C had no significant effect on larval mortality, oviposition, or hatch of eggs produced by adult moths from treated larvae. Exposure for 2 to 16 h to soil heated to 49°C caused 57 to 95% larval mortality, and emergence of adults from surviving pupae from larvae exposed for 12 or 16 h was reduced. Also, oviposition by adult females emerging from treated larvae (8, 12, or 16 h of exposure to 49°C) was reduced when these females were paired with male moths from untreated larvae, and female moths from untreated larvae paired with male moths from similarly treated larvae laid fewer eggs. Larval developmental time (average days to pupation) was delayed 0.5 and 0.9 days by exposure for 1 and 4 min, respectively, to soil heated to 52°C and 2.1, 2.7, and 4.1 days by exposure for 8, 12, and 16 h, respectively, to soil heated to 49°C.
Grading methodology for costs and values of anti-cancer drugs; application in metastatic colorectal cancer

Background : The present study was prompted by the inability of patients to afford the costs and understand value issues of anticancer drugs. We postulated that society in the United States would be willing to pay 4-week costs (4wC) up to $5,000 and reject >$10,000. Objectives : 1- Propose simplified methodology to grade costs, weigh values and apply in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) Methods: 4-week society costs (4wC) were graded A for up to $5,000, B $ >5,000 to $7,500, C $>7,500 to $10,000, D >$10,000. Values defined as C/life-year gain (LYG) were graded from A100,000 to D >300,000. Relative values (RV) were calculated with reference to 100,000 QALY. RV = 100,000/C/LYG for drugs with maintenance or improvement of quality of life (QoL). Results: In 1st-line 4wC and grades of Bevacizumab (Bev) were $4,620/A. In KRAS wild type Paninutumab (Pan) was $8,233/C and Cetuximab (Cet) $9,775/C. Values and grades were Bev 141,549/B, Pan 269,444/B and Cet 351,900/D. The corresponding RV were 0.71, 0.49 and 0.28. In 2 nd -line Ramucirumab (Ram) 4wC were $11,200/D, values 252,200/C and RV 0.20. In refractory disease Regorafenib (Reg) 4wC were $12,500/D, values 321,429/D and deductible $1,250 compared with TAS 102 $12,890/D, values 257,800/C and deductible $1,289. RV could not be ascertained for lack of immature and/or inconclusive QoL data. Conclusions: Methodology to grade drug costs and values was feasible and user-friendly. In 1 st -line mCRC Bev 4wC was affordable with grade A, higher than Pan and Cet. In later lines 4wC of Ram, TAS 102 and Reg were >$10,000 with D rating. Their values could improve with use at earlier lines of therapy.
Influence of Semiconductive Shield Materials on Power Frequency Breakdown Characteristics of XLPE Power Cable

To determine whether the shield material is water-tree retardant,it is necessary to put forward test methods of water-tree retardant material characteristics and the quality evaluating program of water-tree retardant material.Thereby,30 pieces of XLPE power cable samples with the same shielding structure were prepared using two kinds of different shield materials,and all of the samples were produced in the same producing process in factory.Under the same test condition,all the samples were distributed into five groups to form five kinds of aging states that depends on different accelerating aging periods.The five kinds of aging states of samples included original state,14 days loading cycles state,120 days accelerated aging state,180 days accelerated aging state and 360 days accelerated aging state.Then,all of the samples were tested one-by-one to validate their AC breakdown voltage.The test results of AC breakdown voltage test of every sample show that the AC breakdown voltage of samples with domestic shield material is rather lower than that of other samples with imported shield material.On the other hand,the length and shape inspection of water-tree inside the slice of five kinds of samples approved that observable different among these samples.Namely,the cable with import shield material is safer to meet special operation requirements and its operation life is much longer.
Chapter III.2 – Options For Engineering Bone

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the options for engineering bone that have evolved from definitions of engineering, engineer, tissue engineering, and bone. Tissue engineers can exploit applied technologies to design products if the engineer understands the structure and function of the recipient of that product. An operational framework is braced by consensus definitions that unambiguously define scope, thus providing a comprehensive, sound, and comfortable foundation. That bone is a vital organ continuously in motion that is underscored by the rich vascularity and cellular activity of its cells. The perception that bone, once formed, remains static unless challenged by an acute biofunctional challenge, such as a fracture, fortunately has been dispelled. Therefore, if the tissue engineer is to design a relevant device suitable for bone, basic physiologic dynamics of the recipient must be addressed: modeling and remodeling. In the simplest terms, modeling may be viewed as the cellular, functional, and biochemical events that shape maturing bone until epiphyseal plate closure. Remodeling consists of similar events responsible for the repair of mature bone to restore form and function. The human bone remodels at a rate of about 2–10% per year, depending on the site and will remodel at even higher rates, up to 20%, around loaded endosseous implants.
Radiatus: a Shared-Nothing Server-Side Web Architecture

Web applications are a frequent target of successful attacks. In most web frameworks, the damage is amplified by the fact that application code is responsible for security enforcement. In this paper, we design and evaluate Radiatus, a shared-nothing web framework where application-specific computation and storage on the server is contained within a sandbox with the privileges of the end-user. By strongly isolating users, user data and service availability can be protected from application vulnerabilities. To make Radiatus practical at the scale of modern web applications, we introduce a distributed capabilities system to allow fine-grained secure resource sharing across the many distributed services that compose an application. We analyze the strengths and weaknesses of a shared-nothing web architecture, which protects applications from a large class of vulnerabilities, but adds an overhead of 60.7% per server and requires an additional 31MB of memory per active user. We demonstrate that the system can scale to 20K operations per second on a 500-node AWS cluster.
Exploratory data analysis using clusters and stories

Exploratory data analysis aims to study datasets through the use of iterative, investigative, and visual analytic algorithms. Due to the difficulty in managing and accessing the growing volume of unstructured data, exploratory analysis of datasets has become harder than ever and an interest to data mining researchers. In this dissertation, we study new algorithms for exploratory analysis of data collections using clusters and stories. Clustering brings together similar entities whereas stories connect dissimilar objects. The former helps organize datasets into regions of interest, and the latter explores latent information by connecting the dots between disjoint instances. This dissertation specifically focuses on five different research aspects to demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of clusters and stories as exploratory data analysis tools. In the area of clustering, we investigate whether clustering algorithms can be automatically “alternatized” and how they can be guided to obtain alternative results using flexible constraints as “scatter-gather” operations. We demonstrate the application of these ideas in many application domains, including studying the bat biosonar system and designing sustainable products. In the area of storytelling, we develop algorithms that can generate stories using distance, clique, and syntactic constraints. We explore the use of storytelling for studying document collections in the biomedical literature and intelligence analysis domain.
Changes in Properties of Waves

Changes in the perception of two important characteristics of waves are discussed. Apparent changes in the frequency are exemplified by the Doppler shift, and differently experienced changes in intensity are explored in the perception of loudness.
Liposomal Spherical Nucleic Acids for Regulating Long Noncoding RNAs in the Nucleus

Emerging evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are actively involved in a number of developmental and tumorigenic processes. Here, the authors describe the first successful use of spherical nucleic acids as an effective nanoparticle platform for regulating lncRNAs in cells; specifically, for the targeted knockdown of the nuclear-retained metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1), a key oncogenic lncRNA involved in metastasis of several cancers. Utilizing the liposomal spherical nucleic acid (LSNA) constructs, the authors first explored the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to the nucleus. A dose-dependent inhibition of Malat1 upon LSNA treatment as well as the consequent up-regulation of tumor suppressor messenger RNA associated with Malat1 knockdown are shown. These findings reveal the biologic and therapeutic potential of a LSNA-based antisense strategy in targeting disease-associated, nuclear-retained lncRNAs.
Safety behavior and work safety climate among landscaping and groundskeeping workers in North Carolina: A pilot study.

Background Each year, the average number of nonfatal occupational injuries among landscaping and groundskeeping workers are consistently above the total number of injuries for all other occupational injuries among worker in the U.S. From 2004 to 2007, fatalities among groundskeepers averaged 13.3 per 100,000 workers compared to an overall rate of 4.0 fatalities per 100,000 for all U.S. workers with the majority reported as either Hispanic or Latino. Objective The aims of this project were to describe the use of personal protective equipment and work safety climate among a sample of landscaping and groundskeeping workers employed by public universities in North Carolina (N = 67). Methods Data from a cross-sectional study was collected among workers using group- administered surveys. Statistical associations with work safety climate were tested between personal, work and safety behavior characteristics with work safety climate scores using one-way ANOVA. Results Nearly half of workers (49.3%) reported experiencing one or more work-related injuries or illnesses within the past 12 months. While work safety practices were perceived as being very important to management, only 56.7% reported having regular safety meetings. In bivariate analysis, work safety climate scores were significantly lower among those reporting race "other than white" (P = 0.01). Conclusions This is the first study of its kind to evaluate work safety climate among landscaping and groundskeeping workers. Although self-reported safety practices were moderate, minority workers described their work safety climate as being poor. As a pilot study, these results suggest that employers of landscaping and groundskeeping workers could do more to improve safety climate within the organization with an emphasis on safety training for minority and underrepresented workers.
Synthesis of a Bicyclic Azetidine with In Vivo Antimalarial Activity Enabled by Stereospecific, Directed C(sp3)–H Arylation

The development of new antimalarial therapeutics is necessary to address the increasing resistance to current drugs. Bicyclic azetidines targeting Plasmodium falciparum phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase comprise one promising new class of antimalarials, especially due to their activities against three stages of the parasite’s life cycle, but a lengthy synthetic route to these compounds may affect the feasibility of delivering new therapeutic agents within the cost constraints of antimalarial drugs. Here, we report an efficient synthesis of antimalarial compound BRD3914 (EC50 = 15 nM) that hinges on a Pd-catalyzed, directed C(sp3)–H arylation of azetidines at the C3 position. This newly developed protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope and provides access to valuable, stereochemically defined building blocks. BRD3914 was evaluated in P. falciparum-infected mice, providing a cure after four oral doses.
Ferromagnetic Gd5Si4 Nanoparticles as T2 Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Room temperature ferromagnetic Gd5Si4 nanoparticles were synthesized using arc-melting and high-energy ball milling. We demonstrate that these particles can be used as potential T2 contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The ball-milled Gd5Si4 nanostructured material shows a ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic transition at 320 K, revealing long-range magnetic order of the Gd5 Si4 phase. Echo time was measured in a 7 T magnetic resonance imaging system and shows significant reduction compared to that reported for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. These results show the potential of Gd5Si4 ferromagnetic nanoparticles as T2 contrast agents for MRI.
Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms Associated With Symptom Clusters in Oncology Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy

Abstract Context Most of the reviews on the biological basis for symptom clusters suggest that inflammatory processes are involved in the development and maintenance of the symptom clusters. However, no studies have evaluated for associations between genetic polymorphisms and common symptom clusters (e.g., mood disturbance, sickness behavior). Objectives Examine the associations between cytokine gene polymorphisms and the severity of three distinct symptom clusters (i.e., mood-cognitive, sickness-behavior, treatment-related) in a sample of patients with breast and prostate cancer ( n = 157) at the completion of radiation therapy. Methods Symptom severity was assessed using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. Symptom clusters were created using exploratory factor analysis. The associations between cytokine gene polymorphisms and the symptom cluster severity scores were evaluated using regression analyses. Results Polymorphisms in C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 ( CXCL8 ), interleukin ( IL13 ), and nuclear factor kappa beta 2 ( NFKB2 ) were associated with severity scores for the mood-cognitive symptom cluster. In addition to interferon gamma ( IFNG1 ), the same polymorphism in NFKB2 (i.e., rs1056890) that was associated with the mood-cognitive symptom cluster score was associated with the sickness-behavior symptom cluster. Polymorphisms in interleukin 1 receptor 1 ( IL1R1 ), IL6 , and NFKB1 were associated with severity factor scores for the treatment-related symptom cluster. Conclusion Our findings support the hypotheses that symptoms that cluster together have a common underlying mechanism and the most common symptom clusters in oncology patients are associated polymorphisms in genes involved in a variety of inflammatory processes.
In Search of the Nation of Immigrants: Balancing the Federal State Divide

Issues raising the role of immigration and immigrants and the relationship between the federal government and the states under our constitutional framework have dominated the national dialogue this past year, and promise to continue to challenge us in years to come. They are questions that tested us at the founding of this republic and that continue to challenge us today. Like conversations about religion, conversations about immigrants, refugees, undocumented aliens or noncitizens raise issues of national, cultural and individual identity; they raise a past that does not always reflect a happy history and that many find threatening. The idea of a nation of immigrants evoked by President John F. Kennedy in his book by that name is usually intended to communicate a positive good, but our history as a nation of immigrants is a complicated and troubled one. It is in the search for accuracy, for facts, for compassion and understanding of the role that immigrants and immigration have played in American society, in our understanding of the Constitution, in our understanding of race and how it operated and operates in American society, and the role that states and the federal government have played historically in the development of constitutional norms that govern immigration today, that I explore the subject. In doing so, I develop three ideas: first, the United States has one of the most generous formal immigration policies in the world today, working primarily to unite families and offering immigrants for the most part the promise of equality with U.S. citizens and a welcome to those who would become members of our society, regardless of their country of birth. Unfortunately, while generous by world standards, our immigration laws themselves create harsh inequities for would-be immigrants and for U.S. citizens or immigrants seeking to reunite with their families or pursue opportunities in the United States. Second, and a less comfortable narrative, I explore through facts the role that racial bias has played in the context of immigration. The welcome mat extended to immigrants is often double-edged, and sometimes turns into suspicion, hostility, even hatred, and casts those same individuals we welcomed into “aliens” we would push out. Whether cast as a matter of race, national origin, skin color or religion, we have not always treated groups perceived as “alien” or “different” from us, with a generous spirit. Last, I explore the challenges that issues of immigration pose for the United States in the twenty-first century and how constitutional norms, in particular, norms reflecting federalism concerns may guide our response to those challenges.
Lithium-Ion Battery Design for Transportation

This chapter will discuss the technical requirements and status of applying lithium-ion batteries to electrified vehicles. It will begin by introducing the principles of vehicle propulsion, electrified features, powertrain design, and the resulting battery chemistry applicability. An understanding of vehicle needs will enable a discussion on lithium-ion battery pack design. Once the basic layout of pack design is understood, it is necessary to appropriately size a pack to meet its intended vehicle function relative to various drive cycles and other requirements. A review of current lithium-ion technology and applicability for automotive applications will then follow. This chapter will describe existing cell energy and power performance in the context of international performance targets. The various features of cell design for automotive will also be discussed along with a review of current safety testing standards and regulations. Finally, an examination of existing commercialized products will show how the vehicle, pack and cell design principles described are implemented in actual production vehicles.
Characteristics of cell-mediated immunity and memory in annelids.

To search for the phylogenesis of foreign tissue graft rejection we have utilized the common garden earthworm extensively. Whereas earthworms never destroy self-tissue or autografts, they are fully capable of rejecting foreign or not-self tissue allografts (1–5) or xenografts (6). At 15°C, single first-set xenografts exchanged between Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia foetidaare destroyed at approximately 25–35 days. After a first-set graft is destroyed at 15°C, immunologic memory is demonstrable by regrafting the hosts with a second transplant from the original donor of the first-graft. Both positive and negative memory are demonstrable. Positive memory occurs when second-set transplants are rejected significantly faster than first-sets. By contrast, a lesser percentage of worms have grafts that show prolonged survival indicating negative memory. However, if repeat second-sets are performed at 15°C, five days after transplanting a first-set, during the induction phase of the immune response, there is no dissociation into positive and negative memory. Instead, both first- and second-set grafts are destroyed faster than a single graft (7). It appears therefore that at the evolutionary level of annelid worms, foreign transplant rejection is specific and the mechanism includes a memory component. Memory is one characteristic of adaptive immunity as defined for vertebrates (8).
Genetics of propionic acidemia in a Mennonite-Amish kindred.

Abstract A large Mennonite kindred was found to have propionic acidemia (complementation group pcc C) in at least four different sibships. Even within this kindred and this complementation group (where etiology may be assumed to be identical), there is a wide range of symptoms exhibited by homozygous pcc C-deficient individuals. The inbreeding coefficients (f) for the affected sibships ranged from 4.776 X 10(3) to 2.003 X 10(-2). Data from this study strongly support the single-locus autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Three couples were found to be common in the ancestry (9--11 generations ago) of all eight parents of the four affected sibships. Relative likelihoods for a member of each of those couples to have been the early carrier of the defective allele were calculated at 1539, 278, and 1. Thus, one couple was designated the most likely earliest-known transmitter of the pcc-deficient allele.
Protocol-Aware Recovery for Consensus-Based Distributed Storage

We introduce protocol-aware recovery (Par), a new approach that exploits protocol-specific knowledge to correctly recover from storage faults in distributed systems. We demonstrate the efficacy of Par through the design and implementation of corruption-tolerant replication (Ctrl), a Par mechanism specific to replicated state machine (RSM) systems. We experimentally show that the Ctrl versions of two systems, LogCabin and ZooKeeper, safely recover from storage faults and provide high availability, while the unmodified versions can lose data or become unavailable. We also show that the Ctrl versions achieve this reliability with little performance overheads.
COLD COMPRESSOR DEVELOPMENT

The Cold Compressor described is a single stage centrifugal compressor with active magnetic bearings and integrated electric motor. It can be useful in large scale cryogenic plants with refrigeration loads at temperatures below 4.2 K; it will be a necessity for large cryogenic plants taking advantage of superfluid Helium cooling below 2.1 K, where corresponding bath pressures will lie below 2000 Pa. The measurements carried out to obtain the characteristics of this compressor are somewhat unique: Xenon is used as a model gas. Thus at about 150 K inlet temperature compression stage Mach numbers - and pressure ratios - can be matched to those expected in low temperature Helium operation.