cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV replication and latency in monocytes and macrophages

The relevance of monocyte and macrophage reservoirs in virally suppressed people with HIV (vsPWH) has previously been debatable. Macrophages were assumed to have a moderate life span and lack self-renewing potential. However, recent studies have challenged this dogma and now suggest an important role of these cell as long-lived HIV reservoirs. Lentiviruses have a long-documented association with macrophages and abundant evidence exists that macrophages are important target cells for HIV in vivo. A critical understanding of HIV infection, replication, and latency in macrophages is needed in order to determine the appropriate method of measuring and eliminating this cellular reservoir. This review provides a brief discussion of the biology and acute and chronic infection of monocytes and macrophages, with a more substantial focus on replication, latency and measurement of the reservoir in cells of myeloid origin.
Real time PCR assays to detect and quantify the nematodes Pratylenchus vulnus and Mesocriconema xenoplax

Abstract Economically damaging populations of lesion nematode and ring nematode are managed in tree crops largely through pre-plant chemical fumigation, the use of which is increasingly restricted due to human health and environmental concerns. Reducing the use of fumigants requires precise knowledge of pest nematodes’ density and distribution, however; extensive sampling is costly due to the time intensive process of nematode counting and identification. In this study, species specific primers were designed and real time PCR (qPCR) assays developed separately for both species of nematodes. The assays successfully detected each species and did not show significant amplification of non-target nematode groups. Both assays related well with microscopic counts of prepared solutions of nematodes, as well as solutions extracted from field samples. Such high-throughput molecular quantification could reduce diagnostic costs, allowing a more accurate picture of nematode populations in the field.
Investigation of the effect of gas compositions on low-tension-gas flooding

Abstract Gas floods have long been used for enhanced oil recovery, however they often times require miscible conditions within the reservoir to be successful. If this reservoir has been depleted and no longer contains the internal pressure to achieve these miscible conditions, an enhanced oil recovery technique known as Low Tension Gas (LTG) may be a better alternative that has been proven to increase oil recovery. This LTG process is a technique which involves either co-injection or alternating injection of gas and an optimized aqueous surfactant solution to both improve mobility control and reduce the interfacial tension between the oil and aqueous phases. When paired with specifically selected surfactants, the injected gas will create an in-situ generated foam which increases the apparent viscosity and acts as a mobility control agent to improve sweep efficiency. The optimized surfactant formulation also has the ability to generate ultra-low interfacial tension between the oil and aqueous phases. This reduced IFT allows the previously trapped oil to become mobile and the added mobility control from the foam better allows for this mobile oil to exit the porous media. The impact of hydrocarbon gas as the co-injected gas was investigated and found to be not only compatible with, but ultimately beneficial to the LTG process. The use of hydrocarbon gas at elevated pressures had a notable impact on phase behavior by slightly lowering the optimum salinity, while significantly increasing the solubilization ratio. This increase in solubilization ratio corresponds to a lower IFT experienced between the oil and aqueous phases, leading to improved oil recovery. This investigation also noted that in the presence of Type I microemulsion, foams created using a hydrocarbon gas composition, appeared to produce a slightly lower foam strength than that of previously used nitrogen. However this slight decrease in foam strength was more than offset by the significant increase in solubilization ratio. Using different hydrocarbon gas compositions as the injected gas during a series of corefloods presented an increase in both the recovery rate and ultimate recovery. This suggests that repurposing produced hydrocarbon gas may not only be the environmentally responsible decision, but also economically advantageous as this may allow for a decrease in surfactant costs used within a Low Tension Gas flood while still achieving the same improved oil recovery.
Milk and meat consumption and production in Chile, c. 1930-2017: A history of a successful nutrition transition

espanolEste articulo muestra que Chile experimento una profunda transicion nutricional en un corto periodo de tiempo. Antes de comienzos de los anos 1990, la mayoria de los chilenos tenia una dieta pobre en calcio y proteina animal. Hoy, sin embargo, los chilenos disfrutan de una dieta caracterizada por un alto consumo de carne y productos lacteos. El aumento subito en el consumo de carnes y productos lacteos esta principalmente asociado a la adopcion en Chile de la revolucion internacional en agronegocios; al apoyo gubernamental entre las decadas de 1930 y 1960; a un aumento del PIB per capita; la estabilidad macroeconomica; los cambios en habitos de consumo; la liberalizacion comercial; y a la caida de precios de los alimentos, que tienen una alta elasticidad de demanda. Estas revoluciones en produccion y consumo han mejorado de gran manera la nutricion de la poblacion chilena, lo que explica parte de las mejoras en bienestar biologico del pais. EnglishThis article shows how Chile experienced a profound nutrition transition within a short period of time. Before the early 1990s, the diet of most Chileans was poor in animal proteins and calcium. Today, Chileans enjoy a diet characterized by high consumption of meat and dairy products. The rapid rise in consumption of these products can be attributed to various factors: Chile belatedly joining the international agribusiness revolution; government support from the 1930s to the 1960s; increasing GDP per capita; macro-economic stability; changes in consumption habits; trade liberalization; and the fall in food prices, as both meat and milk had high income elasticity. These revolutions in both production and consumption have greatly improved the nutrition of the Chilean population and partly explain the improvement in Chile’s biological well-being.
EFFECT: Energy-efficient Fog Computing Framework for Real-time Video Processing

Energy efficient task offloading within a fog computing environment comprising of end-devices and edge servers remains a challenging problem to solve, especially for real-time video processing applications due to such tasks’ strict latency deadline demands. In this paper we propose an Energy-efficient Fog Computing framework (EFFECT) for real-time applications within mission-critical use cases. The proposed framework runs a Unified Resource Broker (URB) that implements: a) centralized sub-channel and transmission power allocation as well as end-device/edge server computation speed allocation algorithms, along with b) distributed multi-device, multi-server task offloading game based Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) partition and edge server selection algorithms. The framework is designed, developed, implemented, and evaluated on an Amazon EC2 virtual testbed built using Apache Storm, which is a distributed computing platform. The results from the testbed experiments along with realistic simulations validate the utility of EFFECT task offloading strategy in minimizing energy consumption yet satisfying latency deadlines.
Non-Ideal Virtue and Situationism

Several philosophers, known as situationists, have argued that evidence in social psychology threatens to undermine Aristotelian virtue ethics. An impressively large amount of empirical evidence suggests that most people do not consistently act virtuously and lack the ability to exercise rational control over their behavior. Since possessing moral virtues requires these features, situationists have argued that Aristotelianism does not accurately describe the character traits possessed by most people, and so the theory cannot lay claim to various theoretical advantages such as explanatory power and egalitarian character education. In contrast to previous defenses which either downplay the relevance of psychological evidence or revise philosophical conceptions of virtue to fit the data, this paper appeals to previously neglected psychological evidence on self-efficacy and mental contrasting in combination with “non-idealized” interpretations of Aristotelian moral virtue to support the view that the available empirical evidence is compatible with widespread possession of virtuous character. These “non-idealized” interpretations of virtuous character allow for serious deviations from virtuous conduct, especially in the contexts described by the psychology experiments. Furthermore, decades of research on mental contrasting and self-efficacy suggest that subjects in the psychology experiments acted for reasons and possessed the ability to exercise rational control over their behavior. Hence, situationists are mistaken in thinking that, based on the empirical data, Aristotelianism is deprived of various theoretical advantages.
A Diagnosis of Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism Prompted by “Salt and Pepper” Lesions of the Calvarium

Abstract Background We report a case of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism, a diagnosis prompted by radiographic “salt and pepper” calvarial lesions, typically described in hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Case Report A 60-year-old woman noticed indentations of her scalp and presented to her primary care provider. Radiography of the calvarium demonstrated granular “salt and pepper” lesions, prompting investigation. The patient was found to have an elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) level of 79 pg/mL (reference range, 14-54 pg/mL) and a normal albumin-corrected calcium level of 9.8 mg/dL (reference range, 8.6-10.4 mg/dL). She was referred to our endocrine clinic and described having bone aches, fevers, leg cramps, and a remote history of nephrolithiasis. Her physical examination revealed hypertension. Repeat laboratory evaluation confirmed elevated PTH and normal albumin-corrected calcium. Secondary causes of hyperparathyroidism were ruled out. Her 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 35 ng/mL (reference range, 30-100 ng/mL), with a normal creatinine level (0.73 mg/dL; reference range, 0.5-0.99 mg/dL). The patient underwent ultrasound and sestamibi scintigraphy, with uptake in the right inferior thyroid pole. She was found to have a 6-mm parathyroid adenoma and underwent a targeted parathyroidectomy, with normalization of serum PTH. Discussion Many cases of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism are diagnosed in asymptomatic patients presenting with low bone mass; however, imaging prompted this patient's evaluation. Ultimately, the calvarial lesions were thought secondary to bone resorption from increased osteoclast activity. Conclusion This case highlights an atypical presentation of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism in that the evaluation was precipitated by unexpected radiographic evidence of metabolic bone disease, rather than by symptoms or biochemical studies.
Microsurgical Resection of a Giant Posterior Fossa Aneurysmal Malformation in a 21-Month-Old

Abstract: Pediatric aneurysms commonly occur in the vertebrobasilar circulation with complex morphologies.1 “Aneurysmal malformations”, or fistulous vessel dilations without a nidus have also been described.2 Vessel friability and sensitivity to blood loss can complicate surgery. A 21-month-old male with motor and speech delay was found to have a giant posterior fossa aneurysmal malformation. He was lethargic, with minimal speech, and moved all extremities with mild hypotonia. Imaging demonstrated a 6.9x5.1x4.6 cm aneurysm arising from a fenestrated right V4 segment. This communicated via a single connection with the deep venous system, draining through the superior vermian cistern veins, posterior mesencephalic vein, basal vein of Galen, and inferior sagittal sinus, consistent with an arteriovenous fistula with secondary aneurysmal dilatation. Endovascular sacrifice was not feasible, in addition to concern for swelling after embolization. Three-dimensional modeling confirmed close proximity of the single inflow and outflow tracts. A suboccipital and left far lateral craniotomy for clip trapping and excision of the aneurysmal arteriovenous malformation was performed in a lateral position to completely decompress the brainstem (Video 1). Angiography prior to closure and post-operative vascular imaging demonstrated complete aneurysmal resection and fistula disconnection, with patency of normal vasculature. The post-operative course was notable for transient swallowing difficulties likely from lower cranial nerve irritation, and refractory hydrocephalus requiring a shunt. The patient was meeting all developmental milestones on two-year follow up. This case highlights the complex vascular pathology often seen in pediatric patients, and the importance of pre-surgical planning and careful microsurgical technique in achieving a successful outcome.
Chapter 45 – Breast Carcinoma

Publisher Summary Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women in the United States as well as in other economically developed countries. Most characteristics common among women with breast cancer suggest the presence of overabundant female sex hormones. These include early age at menarche, early menstrual regularity, a few or no pregnancies, late first full-term pregnancy, little or no breastfeeding, and late age at menopause. Height, associated with early menarche, also is linked to higher risk. A modest excess risk also results from the long-term use of menopausal hormonal replacement therapy. Alcohol use, which may cause liver damage and slow the elimination of hormones, results in increased risk. Older women who are obese are at higher risk, presumably because fat cells are an important source of postmenopausal estrogens. Exposure to ionizing radiation early in life has been shown to increase risk, and for that reason young women treated for other diseases by radiation to the chest have higher risk. Another clear risk factor is a history of the proliferative type of benign breast disease. Genetic factors are important, and although much is known about a few rare high-risk genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, the genetic factors that result in most kinds of hereditary breast cancer have not been identified. Breast cancer is ten times as common among women as among men. Incidence is high in Los Angeles and all other American and European communities. Risk to white and African-American women is higher than that to Latinas and Asian-American women.
Defending Your Client's Property Rights in Space: A Practical Guide for the Lunar Litigator

Are there property rights on the moon? Specifically, if a private person takes possession of property on the moon, whether real estate or removable resources, does he have a legally cognizable claim? How would he enforce such a claim in practice? The language of the treaty governing such matters, the Outer Space Treaty, leaves the question ambiguous. While the Treaty prohibits national claims to sovereignty over lunar territory, whether this rule restricts private ownership claims is an open question. Though much has been written on normative questions of the best legal regime for regulating property in outer space and on celestial bodies, the positive question of the current status of such rights has been neglected. While elaborating a new framework for what is currently viewed as an unworkable regime, scholars have only superficially addressed the issue of the existence and enforceability of property rights on the moon. This Note attempts to remedy this gap in the scholarship by examining three legal doctrines—property law, international law, and space law—in order to provide a snapshot of the current state of the law governing property rights on celestial bodies such as the moon. This Note argues that the framework for litigating legal ownership in space lie at the nexus of these three bodies of doctrine. The goal of this Note is to provide a toolbox for future litigators. A clear picture of current law governing property rights on celestial bodies will help to reduce the ambiguity surrounding the existing legal framework and thereby provide a better grounding for future policy conversations. This Note attempts to create this clear picture by describing and analyzing three types of property disputes that might arise in outer space and how they each might be litigated if they arose tomorrow.
LDV Surveys Over a Fighter Model at Moderate to High Angles of Attack

The vortex flowfield over an advanced twin-tailed fighter configuration was measured in a low-speed wind tunnel at two angles of attack. The primary test data consisted of 3-component velocity surveys obtained using a Laser Doppler Velocimeter. Laser light sheet and surface flow visualization were also obtained to provide insight into the flowfield structure. Time-averaged velocities and the root mean square of the velocity fluctuations were obtained at two cross-sections above the model. At 15 degrees angle of attack, the vortices generated by the wing leading edge extension (LEX) were unburst over the model and passed outboard of the vertical tail. At 25 degrees angle of attack, the vortices burst in the vicinity of the wing-LEX intersection and impact directly on the vertical tails. The RMS levels of the velocity fluctuations reach values of approximately 30% in the region of the vertical tails.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS OF PENTOSES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Sable, Henry Z. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio) and Elayne E. Cassisi. Biosynthesis and biosynthetic pathways of pentoses in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 84:1169–1172. 1962.—Resting glucose-adapted Escherichia coli supplied with glucose continues to synthesize pentose by the oxidative pathway characteristic of logarithmically growing glucose-adapted cells. This behavior is unlike that of acetate-adapted resting E. coli supplied with glucose, which continues to synthesize most of its pentose by the nonoxidative pathway characteristic of acetate-adapted cells. When infected with bacteriophage T2H, E. coli continues to use the oxidative pathway predominantly. This finding is in contrast to reports that infection with T6r+ bacteriophage increases the participation of a nonoxidative pathway. Resting glucose-adapted E. coli supplied with acetate-1-C14 as sole carbon source synthesizes pentose by a pathway or pathways which cannot be assessed completely by methods previously developed (which are based on the relative labeling of C-1, C-2, and C-3 of the pentose) but which is most probably predominantly nonoxidative.
Reduced striatal activation in females with major depression during the processing of affective stimuli

The extent to which affective reactivity and associated neural underpinnings are altered by depression remains equivocal. This study assessed striatal activation in fifty-one unmedicated female participants meeting DSM-IV criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and 61 age-matched healthy females (HC) aged 17-63 years. Participants completed an affective reactivity functional magnetic resonance imaging task. Data were preprocessed using SPM8, and region-of-interest analyses were completed using MarsBaR to extract caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation. General linear repeated measure ANOVAs were used to assess group differences and correlational analyses were used to measure the association between activation, depression severity, and anhedonia. Main effects of hemisphere, valence, and group status were observed, with MDD participants demonstrating decreased striatal activation compared with HC. Across groups and valence types, the left hemisphere demonstrated greater activation than the right hemisphere in the putamen and nucleus accumbens, whereas the right hemisphere demonstrated greater activation than the left in the caudate. Additionally, unpleasant stimuli elicited greater activation than pleasant and neutral stimuli in the caudate and putamen, and unpleasant stimuli elicited greater activation than neutral stimuli in the NAcc. There were no significant associations between activation, depression severity, and anhedonia. Overall, depression was characterized by reduced affective reactivity in the striatum, regardless of stimuli valence, supporting the emotion context insensitivity model of depression.
Clinical and financial impact of HACs: a commentary on clinical and financial costs of hospital-acquired conditions

In recent years, some aspects of hospital care have become increasingly scrutinized by insurance companies, the general public, and even healthcare providers themselves as all groups aspire to create an efficient, safe, and successful system. One area of particular focus is length of hospitalization, also known as length of stay (LOS), viewed by insurance companies through a financial lens and by providers from a clinical effectiveness standpoint. However, it is clear that prolonged LOS increases the risk of additional harm, sometimes unrelated to the original reason for hospitalization, from certain hospital-acquired conditions (HACs). Some important HACs include central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), venous thromboembolism (VTE) (comprised of both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism), and pressure ulcers (PU). Significant preventative efforts have reduced the occurrence of these serious conditions, such as surgical site infections (1), among hospitalized adults but less is known about safe, productive, and financially-feasible strategies in pediatric care.
A Comparison of Relaxation Methods for Reducing Stress in Nursing Personnel

The efficacy of a work-based stress reduction training program for nursing personnel was assessed. Nurses received training in EMG biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation, or self-relaxation, vi...
Consumer participation to inform universal design

Significant demographic and ideological changes affecting who we are, what we can do, and where we live require a world that is more accommodating to variances in mobility, vision, hearing, cognition, and manual dexterity. Universal design, in contrast to specialized design, is an approach to creating everyday environments and products that are usable by all people to the greatest extent possible, regardless of age or ability. Universal design implies responsiveness to the needs of diverse users. This paper explores how consumer participation is essential to ensure that design is responsive to user needs and that it is universally usable. Four areas of participation are examined: consumer involvement in defining user needs; consumer evaluation to inform industry and educate the consumer; consumer participation to impact regulatory requirements; and consumer assessment in design exploration and education. Moreover, consumer participation is a two-way exchange. It not only benefits designers by providing much-needed information for the design of products and environments, but also has direct and indirect benefits for those who participate. These benefits are also discussed. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Subset Apart? Th9 cell regulation and current limitations to study

Th9 cells are a CD4 + T helper subset that has garnered considerable attention recently, due to their ability to produce large amounts of the cytokine IL-9. Many functional and regulatory roles associated with them are currently not fully understood. In this paper, we attempt to study several of the distinguishing features of Th9 cells to lead to a firmer understanding of the subset and its role in immunity. We consider and discuss some of the current limitations to studying Th9s, as well other Th9 properties of interest, on the levels of Th9 stimulation/differentiation, transcription factor interplay/ internal protein regulation, and cytokine secretion. In particular, we highlight the role of some potential co-stimulatory factors, as well as the utility of confirming a lineage-defining transcription factor. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(5):e101, 2015
Neurotoxic effects of p-chloroamphetamine on the serotoninergic innervation of the trigeminal motor nucleus: a retrograde transport study.

The rat forebrain receives projections from both dorsal and median raphe nuclei. It has recently been shown that serotoninergic axons arising from the dorsal raphe nucleus, but not those from the median raphe nucleus, degenerate following systemic administration of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). The present study was conducted to determine (i) whether the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is innervated by overlapping projections from multiple serotonin cell groups and (ii) whether a particular subset of serotoninergic axon terminals in the trigeminal motor nucleus are sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of PCA. Retrograde transport was used in combination with immunofluorescence to identify the serotonin-positive cells that project to the trigeminal motor nucleus both in control rats and in rats previously treated with PCA. In untreated rats, an average of 95 retrogradely labeled serotonin-positive neurons were found in the dorsal raphe nucleus, 135 in the nucleus raphe obscurus, 132 in the nucleus raphe pallidus and 63 in the ventrolateral medulla. After treatment with PCA, there was a marked decrease (−77%) in the number of retrogradely labeled serotoninergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, whereas the number of labeled neurons was unchanged in the raphe obscurus and raphe pallidus. These results demonstrate that PCA selectively lesions serotonin axon terminals arising from the dorsal raphe nucleus, while sparing projections from the raphe obscurus and raphe pallidus to the trigeminal motor nucleus. This conclusion is in agreement with previous findings that in the forebrain only axons from the dorsal raphe are vulnerable to PCA. The data provide further evidence that serotoninergic axons originating in the dorsal raphe nucleus differ from other serotoninergic axons in their pharmacological properties and that the dorsal raphe may contain a functionally unique subset of serotonin neurons.
13C1H NMR Long-range coupling and deuterium isotope effects of flavanones

Abstract 13 C 1 H long-range coupling through H-bonding and deuterium isotope effects, of the flavanone, pinocembrin, were studied as an assignment aid for ID spectra. In the 13 C NMR spectra of pinocembrin and dichamanetin, a natural dibenzyl derivative of pinocembrin, the quaternary carbons and the tertiary carbons can be assigned unambiguously by this simple approach.
Four Cognitive Principles of Learning-Strategy Instruction

Four cognitive principles of learning-strategy instruction are proposed. These principles call for strategy researchers to: (a) develop learning strategies that are appropriate to one's desired cognitive outcomes, (b) conduct routine component analyses of both learning strategies and learner processes, (c) take into account the match between the particular learning strategy and the learner's specific knowledge and skills, and (d) perform controlled empirical validations of learning-strategy effectiveness. A preliminary model that distinguishes among the processes of understanding, remembering, and applying is presented to amplify the first cognitive principle.
The predictive power of SIMION/SDS simulation software for modeling ion mobility spectrometry instruments

Abstract The combined use of SIMION 7.0 and the statistical diffusion simulation (SDS) user program in conjunction with SolidWorks ® with COSMSOSFloWorks ® fluid dynamics software to model a complete, commercial ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) was demonstrated for the first time and compared to experimental results for tests using compounds of immediate interest in the security industry (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,7-dinitrofluorene, and cocaine). The effort of this research was to evaluate the predictive power of SIMION/SDS for application to IMS instruments. The simulation was evaluated against experimental results in three studies: (1) a drift:carrier gas flow rates study assesses the ability of SIMION/SDS to correctly predict the ion drift times; (2) a drift gas composition study evaluates the accuracy in predicting the resolution; (3) a gate width study compares the simulated peak shape and peak intensity with the experimental values. SIMION/SDS successfully predicted the correct drift time, intensity, and resolution trends for the operating parameters studied. Despite the need for estimations and assumptions in the construction of the simulated instrument, SIMION/SDS was able to predict the resolution between two ion species in air within 3% accuracy. The preliminary success of IMS simulations using SIMION/SDS software holds great promise for the design of future instruments with enhanced performance.
Substitutional doping during ion implantation

Abstract Introduction of impurity atoms on normal lattice sites during ion implantation is shown to occur with high probability during the stopping of the incident ion. The replacement probability is calculated as a function of incident ion to lattice atom mass ratio for a variety of assumed interaction potentials and models of the replacement event. The calculations are found to be relatively insensitive to details of the interaction potential and model.
Finite-amplitude stability and draw resonance in isothermal melt spinning

Abstract The spinning of fibers from polymer melts is sometimes limited at high takeup rates by the onset of a flow instability known as “draw resonance,” which is characterized by large amplitude fluctuations in the takeup area and the force. In this work, the onset and growth of the spinning instability is analyzed for an isothermal Newtonian liquid by examining the nonlinear dynamics of the most unstable spatial mode. At draw ratios below the critical value D R = 20·21 computed from linear theory the system is stable to finite-amplitude perturbations. At higher draw ratios all disturbances approach a stable finite-amplitude oscillation which agrees in period and magnitude with experimental observations of draw resonance.
Aquatic environmental chemistry of 2‐(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole and related benzothiazoles

BUSAN 30WB® is an alternative to pentachlorophenol as an antisapstain agent in the lumber industry. The active ingredient is 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB). Because very little information is available in the open literature on the fate of TCMTB in aquatic environments, we wish to report our studies on TCMTB and related benzothiazoles, some of which are potential transformation products of TCMTB. We measured the water solubility and octanol/water partition coefficients of TCMTB, benzothiazole (BT), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), and 2-(meth-ylthio)benzothiazole (MTBT). The water solubility of TCMTB at 24°C was 40 mg/L, and the log Kow was 3.12. At pH 8 and 24°C in dilute borax-phosphate buffer, the half-life of TCMTB was 750 h; in seawater (pH 7.8-8.0, 24°C) it was about 740 h. Attempts to measure sediment/water partitioning of TCMTB produced traces of MTBT, presumed to result from biological methylation of MBT released by hydrolysis of TCMTB. MTBT was produced directly from MBT in the presence of sediment. In phosphate buffer, TCMTB readily underwent direct photolysis in sunlight to produce MBT, in about 50% yield, and traces of BT. The photochemistry of MBT, the major photolysis product of TCMTB, was studied in some detail. Sunlight quantum yields of TCMTB and MBT are estimated to be 0.01 and 0.002, respectively. Sunlight photolysis of MBT in phosphate buffer with and without dissolved organic matter and in a natural water led to three products: BT (28-47%), 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (HOBT) (4-5%), and an unidentified product. On the basis of our laboratory and field results, in addition to literature reports on the occurrence of benzothiazoles, we propose a partial pathway for this family of benzothiazoles in aquatic environments. TCMTB and MBT are unlikely to persist or bioaccumulate. Stable end products appear to be BT, MTBT, and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole.
Update on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis, and fractures are the most frequent adverse effects of this medication. Glucocorticoids have several direct and indirect adverse effects on bone, primarily through reduction in osteoblasts and osteocyte activity, and life span. Recent advances in the pathophysiology and prevention of this complication of therapy provide hope for its amelioration in patients being treated with glucocorticoids. Several effective pharmacologic agents are now available, and guidelines for the prevention and treatment of GIOP have been published. Despite these advances, many patients still do not receive proper prevention or therapy.
Structure of a NADH-insensitive hexameric citrate synthase that resists acid inactivation.

Acetobacter aceti converts ethanol to acetic acid, and strains highly resistant to both are used to make vinegar. A. aceti survives acetic acid exposure by tolerating cytoplasmic acidification, which implies an unusual adaptation of cytoplasmic components to acidic conditions. A. aceti citrate synthase (AaCS), a hexameric type II citrate synthase, is required for acetic acid resistance and, therefore, would be expected to function at low pH. Recombinant AaCS has intrinsic acid stability that may be a consequence of strong selective pressure to function at low pH, and unexpectedly high thermal stability for a protein that has evolved to function at ∼30 °C. The crystal structure of AaCS, complexed with oxaloacetate (OAA) and the inhibitor carboxymethyldethia-coenzyme A (CMX), was determined to 1.85 A resolution using protein purified by a tandem affinity purification procedure. This is the first crystal structure of a “closed” type II CS, and its active site residues interact with OAA and CMX in the same ma...
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Secondary to Diffuse B-Cell Lymphoma

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) arises in the setting of a highly stimulated but ineffective immune response. There is significant overlap between the presentations of HPS and lymphoma and there is still little knowledge and attention among caregivers for this life-threatening syndrome. The current case is a valuable reminder about the possibility of secondary HLH (malignancy-associated in this particular case) as a cause of prolonged unexplained fever. While diagnostic criteria for lymphoma-specific HPS have been previously suggested, their applicability is limited since the HLH 2004 criteria are used to diagnose all cases of HPS. This case shows the importance of accurate interpretation of laboratory and pathological data for the diagnosis of lymphoma-related HPS. HPS in the setting of B-cell lymphoma carries a poor prognosis. Early recognition and prompt treatment offers the best chance of survival, especially in the setting of multi-organ failure. J Hematol. 2015;4(1):151-154 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jh192w
Self-consistent electronic structure of surfaces: Surface states and surface resonances on W(001)

The low-temperature value of the tungsten bulk lattice parameter is 5.973 a.u. [N. E. Christensen and B. Feuerbacher, Phys. Rev. B 10, 2349 (1974)]. In our calculation, we used by mistake the value of 5.793 a.u. Our conclusions, however, are insensitive to this 3% difference, as confirmed by the following: (i) The same slab geometry, with a 6% surface layer contraction does not bring any significant difference in the surface electronic structure [M. Posternak, H. Krakauer, and A. J. Freeman, Phys. Rev. B 25, 755 (1982)](ii) Subsequent calculations by Ohnishi et al. [Phys. Rev. B 29, 5267 (1984)] and Mattheiss and Hamann [Phys. Rev. B 29, 5372 (1984)] give results in good agreement with ours; in particular, spectral properties and work function are insensitive to this lattice parameter difference.
Long-term results of cemented metal-backed glenoid components for osteoarthritis of the shoulder.

Background: There has been recent renewed interest in the use of metal-backed glenoid components in total shoulder arthroplasty. However, little information is available on the long-term results. The purpose of this study was to determine the results, the risk factors for an unsatisfactory outcome, and the failure rates of total shoulder arthroplasty with a cemented metal-backed glenoid component. Methods: Between 1985 and 1991, 100 total shoulder arthroplasties with Neer cemented metal-backed glenoid components were performed at our institution to treat osteoarthritis. Ninety-five shoulders were followed for a minimum of two years (mean, 10.8 years) or until the time of revision surgery. Patients were assessed with use of a modified Neer rating system at the time of the latest follow-up. Radiographs of eighty-three shoulders were assessed for the presence of glenoid erosion, glenohumeral subluxation, periprosthetic lucency, and a shift in component position. Results: Total shoulder arthroplasty with a cemented metal-backed glenoid component was significantly associated with pain relief (p < 0.001) as well as with an improvement in abduction from a mean of 92° to 146° (p < 0.001) and external rotation from a mean of 26° to 60° (p < 0.001). According to the modified Neer result-rating system, the result was excellent in forty-seven shoulders, satisfactory in twenty-seven shoulders, and unsatisfactory in twenty-one shoulders. Five patients underwent revision surgery because of component loosening (two patients), component subluxation (one patient), a fracture distal to the stem (one patient), and polyethylene wear (one patient). Glenoid periprosthetic lucency was present in sixty-nine (83%) of eighty-three shoulders at a minimum radiographic follow-up of two years. Conclusions: The data from this study suggest that total shoulder arthroplasty with a cemented metal-backed glenoid component for the treatment of osteoarthritis is associated with pain relief and improvement in motion. However, the high rate of glenoid periprosthetic lucency is concerning and requires additional follow-up and investigation. These results are not better than those that have been reported for all-polyethylene cemented glenoid components. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Genetic screening in the Persian Jewish community: A pilot study.

Purpose: Israeli investigators have identified several relatively frequent disorders due to founder point mutations in Persian (Iranian) Jews, who, for nearly three centuries up to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, were completely isolated reproductively. Methods: Using a community-based model previously employed with Tay-Sachs disease prevention, we developed a pilot program for the Persian Jewish community of greater Los Angeles. We screened for mutations responsible for four relatively frequent autosomal recessive conditions in Persian Jews in which effective interventions are available for each: Pseudocholinesterase deficiency (butyryl cholinesterase deficiency); Congenital hypoaldosteronism (corticosterone methyl oxidase II); Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy (autoimmune regulatory element); and Hereditary Inclusion Body myopathy. Results: One thousand individuals volunteered. Mutations were assessed in saliva-derived DNA and were positive for 121/1000 butyryl cholinesterase deficiency; 92/1000 Hereditary Inclusion Body myopathy; 38/1000 corticosterone methyl oxidase II; and 37/1000 autoimmune regulatory element. Ten homozygous individuals (9 butyryl cholinesterase deficiency and 1 Hereditary Inclusion Body myopathy) and 10 “at-risk” couples (seven for butyryl cholinesterase deficiency and one each for the other three disorders) were identified. These frequencies are comparable with those in Israel and indicate an extraordinary level of inbreeding, as anticipated. Conclusions: A carefully planned effort can be delivered to an “increased risk” community if detailed attention is given to planning and organization. However, availability of an effective intervention for those found to be “at-risk” or possibly affected, is essential before embarking.
Developing a Standpoint Practice Method With Cases: Authority, Subjectivity, Reflection

Practitioners confront complex social problems along with clients, helping them find solutions to problems they face while living under oppressive economic and social circumstances. Clients require...
Compact CMOS circuit for outlier removal

A CMOS chip that averages an array of analogue inputs and removes outlying inputs from the calculation of the output is presented. Implemented in analogue VLSI, these circuits perform the outlier-based averaging massively in parallel, while using only 13 transistors per analogue input in the array. This technique allows the preprocessing of massive arrays of analogue inputs, commonly found in sensing applications, on the input plane itself, thereby reducing the communication bottleneck at the chip I/O interface.
Hemolysis due to Chemical Contamination of Clinical Perfusion Apparatus

A chemical contaminant found on the interior surface of the extracorporeal apparatus manufactured by the William Harvey Corporation was believed to have caused severe hematuria in 2 children. The biological activity of the contaminant was tested by mixing 50 ml of whole blood in contaminated cardiotomies; after 5 minutes of exposure lysis of one-sixth of the red blood cells was found. This hemolytic agent was concluded to be bisphenol A dissolved in an organic solvent, but the mechanism of contamination was never found.
Implications of Web 2.0 for the Semantic Grid

Web 2.0 is characterized by blogs, wikis, mashups and hundreds of websites supporting social exchanges including tagged bookmarks, pictures and personal profiles. This supports universal simple approaches to publication, composition of services and a rich metadata system for adorning URL's and people. The Semantic Grid has related goals but is typically implemented with tools and capabilities of much greater sophistication but with less elegant and robust implementations. It appears interesting to base Semantic Grids on Web2.0 technology as this will facilitate adoption and support. We explore this idea.
Spectrum of esophageal motility disorders: implications for diagnosis and treatment.

Background The named primary esophageal motility disorders (PEMDs) are achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm (DES), nutcracker esophagus (NE), and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter (HTN-LES). Although the diagnosis and treatment of achalasia are well defined, such is not the case with the other disorders. Hypothesis (1) Symptoms do not reliably distinguish PEMDs from gastroesophageal reflux disease; (2) esophageal function tests are essential to this distinction and to identifying the type of PEMD; (3) minimally invasive surgery is effective for each condition; and (4) the laparoscopic approach is better than the thoracoscopic approach. Design University hospital tertiary care center. Setting Retrospective review of a prospectively collected database. Patients and Methods A diagnosis of PEMD was established in 397 patients by esophagogram, endoscopy, manometry, and pH monitoring. There were 305 patients (77%) with achalasia, 49 patients (12%) with DES, 41 patients (10%) with NE, and 2 patients (1%) with HTN-LES. Two hundred eight patients (52%) underwent a myotomy by either a thoracoscopic or a laparoscopic approach. Results Ninety-nine patients (25%) had a diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease at the time of referral and had been treated with acid-suppressing medications. In achalasia and DES, a thoracoscopic or laparoscopic myotomy relieved dysphagia and chest pain in more than 80% of the patients. In contrast, in NE the results were less predictable, and the operation most often failed to relieve symptoms. Conclusions These results show that (1) symptoms were unreliable in distinguishing gastroesophageal reflux disease from PEMDs; (2) esophageal function tests were essential to diagnose PEMD and to define its type; (3) the laparoscopic approach was better than the thoracoscopic approach; (4) a laparoscopic Heller myotomy is the treatment of choice for achalasia, DES, and HTN-LES; and (5) a predictably good treatment for NE is still elusive, and the results of surgery were disappointing.
Evolutionary histories of highly repeated DNA families among the Artiodactyla (Mammalia).

Six highly repeated DNA families were analyzed using Southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization in a comparative study of 46 species of artiodactyls belonging to seven of the eight extant taxonomic families. Two of the repeats, the dispersed bovine-Pst family and the localized 1.715 component, were found to have the broadest taxonomic distributions, being present in all pecoran ruminants (Giraffidae, Cervidae, Antilocapridae, and Bovidae), indicating that these repeats may be 25–40 million years old. Different 1.715 restriction patterns were observed in different taxonomic families, indicating that independent concerted evolution events have homogenized different motifs in different lineages. The other four satellite arrays were restricted to the Bovini and sometimes to the related Boselaphini and Tragelaphini. Results reveal that among the two compound satellites studied, the two components of the 1.711 a originated simultaneously, whereas the two components of the 1.711b originated at two different historical times, perhaps as many as 15 million years apart. Systematic conclusions support the monophyly of the infraorder Pecora, the monophyly of the subfamily Bovinae (containing the Boselaphini, Bovini, and Tragelaphini), an inability to resolve any interrelationships among the other tribes of bovids, paraphyly of the genusBos with respect toBison, and a lack of molecular variation among two morphologically and ecologically distinct subspecies of African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer cafer andS. c. nanus). Cytogenetically, a reduction in diploid chromosome numbers through centric fusion in derived karyotypes is accompanied by a loss of centromeric satellite DNA. The nilgai karyotype contains an apparent dicentric chromosome as evidenced by the sites of 1.715 hybridization. Telomeric sequences have been translocated to the centromeres without concomitant chromosomal rearrangement in Thompson's gazelle.
A note on the two-dipole problem

Abstract The problem of two free-rotor quantum dipoles with fixed interparticle distance is considered. For various values of interaction strength, the correlation and the parallel and perpendicular susceptibilities are calculated as a function of temperature, and the zero-temperature polarization is calculated as a function of electric field. We discuss the nature of the elementary excitations of a lattice of electric dipoles. These results are applicable to understanding the observed susceptibility maximum in doped alkali halides, and the properties of such molecular crystals as the hydrogen halides.
From doo wop to hip hop: The bittersweet odyssey of African‐Americans in the South Bronx

(2004). From doo wop to hip hop: The bittersweet odyssey of African‐Americans in the South Bronx. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 18, Hip Hop, Race, and Cultural Politics, pp. 37-49.