cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of teacher and student sex and sex role orientations and student evaluations of college instruction

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between teacher and student sex and sex role orientations and student ratings of their progress in the course and satisfaction with the instructor. Thirty college instructors and four hundred and ninety-seven students participated in the study. Results indicate that androgynous teachers received somewhat higher student evaluations than their masculine or feminine counterparts. A teacher sex with student sex interaction was found, as well as a teacher sex with teacher sex role interaction. Finally, a hypothesis, that similarities in teacher and student sex role orientations would relate to higher teacher evaluation ratings, was not supported. These findings support previous studies which found that teacher personality characteristics are related to student satisfaction.
Genomic regulatory regions: insights from comparative sequence analysis

Comparative sequence analysis is contributing to the identification and characterization of genomic regulatory regions with functional roles. It is effective because functionally important regions tend to evolve at a slower rate than do less important regions. The choice of species for comparative analysis is crucial: shared ancestry of a clade of species facilitates the discovery of genomic features important to that clade, whereas increased sequence divergence improves the resolution at which features can be discovered. Recent studies suggest that comparative analyses are useful for all branches of life and that, in the near future, large-scale mammalian comparative sequence analysis will provide the best approach for the comprehensive discovery of human regulatory elements.
The lunar highland melt-rock suite

Size can be used as a criterion to select 18 large (larger than 1 cm) samples from among 148 melt-rock fragments of all sizes. This selection provides a suite of large samples which represent the important chemical variants among highland melt rocks; each large sample has enough material for a number of sample-destructive studies, as well as for future reference. Cluster analysis of the total data base of 148 highland melt rocks shows six distinct groups: anorthosite, gabbroic anorthosite, anorthositic gabbro ('highland basalt'), low K Fra Mauro, intermediate-K Fra Mauro, and high-K. Large samples are available for four of the melt-rock groups (gabbroic anorthosite, anorthositic gabbro, low-K Fra Mauro, and intermediate-K Fra Mauro). This sample selection reveals two subgroups of anorthositic gabbro (one anorthite-poor with negative Eu anomaly and one anorthite-rich without Eu anomaly). There is a sharp distinction between those Apollo 16 melt rocks and glasses which have both been classified as 'gabbroic anorthosite'.
icLQG: Combining local and global optimization for control in information space

When a mobile robot does not have perfect knowledge of its position, conventional controllers can experience failures such as collisions because the uncertainty of the position is not considered in choosing control actions. In this paper, we show how global planning and local feedback control can be combined to generate control laws in the space of distributions over position, that is, in information space. We give a novel algorithm for computing “information-constrained” linear quadratic Gaussian (icLQG) policies for controlling a robot with imperfect state information. The icLQG algorithm uses the belief roadmap algorithm to efficiently search for a trajectory that approximates the globally-optimal motion plan in information space, and then iteratively computes a feedback control law to locally optimize the global approximation. The icLQG algorithm is not only robust to imperfect state information but also scalable to high-dimensional systems and environments. In addition, icLQG is capable of answering multiple queries efficiently. We demonstrate performance results for controlling a vehicle on the plane and a helicopter in three dimensions.
Some Order Theoretic Questions About Free Lattices and Free Modular Lattices

In this paper we look at some of the problems on free lattices and free modular lattices which are of an order theoretic nature. We review some of the known results, give some new results, and present several open problems.
On-chip Vector Coprocessor Sharing for Multicores

For most of the applications that make use of a vector coprocessor, the resources are not highly utilized due to the lack of sustained data parallelism, which sometimes occurs due to vector-length changes in dynamic environments. The motivation of our work stems from (a) the mandate for multicore designs to make efficient use of the on-chip resources, (b) the frequent presence of vector operations in high-performance scientific and embedded applications, (c) the increased probability that different cores may deal with different vector lengths at various times, and (d) different vector kernels in the same or different application suites may have diverse computation needs. Our objective is to provide a versatile design framework that can facilitate vector coprocessor sharing among multiple cores in a manner that maximizes resource utilization while also yielding very high performance at reduced cost. We propose three basic shared vector coprocessor architectures for multicores based on coarse-grain, fine-grain and vector lane sharing. We benchmark these distinct vector architectures for a dual-core system using the floating-point performance and resource utilization metrics. Our analysis shows that vector lane sharing, where the number of vector lanes assigned to a core can be controlled dynamically, provides the greatest flexibility and generally yields very good results. Since, however, each of the three design choices has its own performance advantages under certain vector-load conditions, we ultimately suggest a hybrid vector coprocessor design that can support all three architectural choices as per the core and application collective needs.
Anti-Hebbian synapses as a linear equation solver

It is known that Hebbian synapses, with appropriate weight normalization, extract the first principal component of the input patterns. Anti-Hebb rules have been used in combination with Hebb rules to extract additional principal components or generate sparse codes. Here we show that the simple anti-Hebbian synapses alone can support an important computational function: solving simultaneous linear equations. During repetitive learning with a simple anti-Hebb rule, the weights onto an output unit always converge to the exact solution of the linear equations whose coefficients correspond to the input patterns and whose constant terms correspond to the biases, provided that the solution exists. If there are more equations than unknowns and no solution exists, the weights approach the values obtained by using the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse (pseudoinverse). No explicit matrix inversion is involved and there is no need to normalize weights. Mathematically, the anti-Hebb rule may be regarded as an iterative algorithm for learning a special case of the linear associative mapping. Since solving systems of linear equations is a very basic computational problem to which many other problems are often reduced, our interpretation suggests a potentially general computational role for the anti-Hebbian synapses and a certain type of long-term depression (LTD).
Segmentation by grouping junctions

We propose a method for segmenting gray-value images. By segmentation, we mean a map from the set of pixels to a small set of levels such that each connected component of the set of pixels with the same level forms a relatively large and "meaningful" region. The method finds a set of levels with associated gray values by first finding junctions in the image and then seeking a minimum set of threshold values that preserves the junctions. Then it finds a segmentation map that maps each pixel to the level with the closest gray value to the pixel data, within a smoothness constraint. For a convex smoothing penalty, we show the global optimal solution for an energy function that fits the data can be obtained in a polynomial time, by a novel use of the maximum-flow algorithm. Our approach is in contrast to a view in computer vision where segmentation is driven by intensity, gradient, usually not yielding closed boundaries.
Asparaginyl endopeptidase cleaves TDP-43 in brain

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a nuclear protein involved in RNA splicing and a major protein component in ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative inclusions of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Under disease conditions, TDP-43 redistributes to the cytoplasm where it can be phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and proteolytically cleaved. Enzymes responsible for TDP-43 proteolytic processing in brain remain largely unreported. Using a MS approach, we identified two truncated TDP-43 peptides, terminating C-terminal to asparagines 291 (N291) and 306 (N306). The only documented mammalian enzyme capable of cleaving C-terminal to asparagine is asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP). TDP-43-immunoreactive fragments (~35 and 32 kDa) predicted to be generated by AEP cleavage at N291 and N306 were observed by Western blot analyses of postmortem frontotemporal lobar degeneration brain tissue and cultured human cells over-expressing TDP-43. Studies in vitro determined that AEP can directly cleave TDP-43 at seven sites, including N291 and N306. Western blots of brain homogenates isolated from AEP-null mice and wild-type littermate controls revealed that TDP-43 proteolytic fragments were substantially reduced in the absence of AEP in vivo. Taken together, we conclude that TDP-43 is cleaved by AEP in brain. Moreover, these data highlight the utility of combining proteomic strategies in vitro and in vivo to provide insight into TDP-43 biology that will fuel the design of more detailed models of disease pathogenesis.
Spatial and temporal corroboration of a fire-scar-based fire history in a frequently burned ponderosa pine forest.

Fire scars are used widely to reconstruct historical fire regime parameters in forests around the world. Because fire scars provide incomplete records of past fire occurrence at discrete points in space, inferences must be made to reconstruct fire frequency and extent across landscapes using spatial networks of fire-scar samples. Assessing the relative accuracy of fire-scar fire history reconstructions has been hampered due to a lack of empirical comparisons with independent fire history data sources. We carried out such a comparison in a 2780-ha ponderosa pine forest on Mica Mountain in southern Arizona (USA) for the time period 1937–2000. Using documentary records of fire perimeter maps and ignition locations, we compared reconstructions of key spatial and temporal fire regime parameters developed from documentary fire maps and independently collected fire-scar data (n = 60 plots). We found that fire-scar data provided spatially representative and complete inventories of all major fire years (>100 ha) i...
A Prime Strongly Positive Amphicheiral Knot Which Is Not Slice

We begin by giving several definitions. A knot K in S 3 is said to be amphicheiral if there is an orientation-reversing diffeomorphism h of S 3 which leaves K setwise invariant. Suppose, in addition, that K is given an orientation. Then K is said to be positive amphicheiral if h preserves the orientation of K . If, in addition, the diffeomorphism h is an involution then K is strongly positive amphicheiral . Finally, we say a knot is slice if it bounds a smooth disc in B 4 . In this note we shall give a smooth example of a prime strongly positive amphicheiral knot which is not slice.
A Quasi-Unary Representation of Discrete Taxicab Geometry

In this paper we represent $n-$dimensional discrete Taxicab geometry by base--($4n+1$) numeral system. The algebraic structure of this base--($4n+1$) system is similar to unary system, we call it quasi-unary (QU) representation. QU representation generalizes translation and rotation to transform any geometrical object (shape) into another shape.
New Technology-Based Firms' Persuit of SBIR Funds

This paper presents the results of a study that investigated the relationship between characteristics of firms and their experience with applying for Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) funding. The basic issues investigated are (1) the relationship between firm characteristics and the decision to apply for SBIR funding, and (2) the relationship between firm characteristics and whether the SBIR application was successful. The results of the study demonstrate that local efforts to promote the SBJR program by encouraging firms to apply and by increasing the visibility of workshops can lead to a greater number of firms to apply for SBIR funding. Efforts directed at firms in small communities may be even more effective than efforts directed towards firms in large communities. The results also suggest that organizations that provide SBIR assistance may consider screening potential clients according to the business goals of firm’s owners. Owners of "life-style" firms may need extra encouragement and, perhaps, assistance to apply for SBJR funding. Finally, the results also imply that firms that are smaller (as compared to larger firms), have more limited experience raising capital, and serve a smaller market may need greater assistance in pursuing SBIR funding.
Judicial Review of Legislative Purpose

When modern American courts assess the constitutionality of a statute, they often investigate the possibility that the enacting legislature had hidden purposes that make the statute invalid. For most of our history, though, courts shied away from such inquiries -- not because the Constitution was thought to impose no purpose-based restrictions on legislative power, but because those restrictions were not thought to lend themselves to much judicial enforcement. This Article provides a comprehensive history of changes over time in judicial review of legislative purpose. Given the increasing prominence of purpose tests in modern constitutional adjudication, this history is important in its own right. But it also sheds light on other topics of interest to modern lawyers, including the proper interpretation of various seminal precedents, the famously murky doctrine of "unconstitutional conditions," and the ways in which uncodified norms of judicial practice can affect the glosses that courts put on the Constitution's text.
The Neurochemical Alterations Associated with Manganese Toxicity

Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal critical for healthy cellular function; however, exposure to excess environmental Mn can cause systemic and neurological damage. Inhalation of airborne Mn particulate and consumption of Mn-contaminated drinking water are common routes of over-exposure. When Mn-exposure exceeds the capacity of normal Mn removal via the biliary system, ectopic accumulation of this metal can impair the function of several organs, most notably the brain. In the brain, excess Mn is primarily localized within the basal ganglia, where the globus pallidus routinely accumulates the highest concentrations; however, elevated Mn levels also occur in the striatum, substantia nigra, hippocampus, and cortex. Mn accumulation within the basal ganglia impairs neurochemical communication between brain regions, and may result in damage to neurons and glial cells. Mn-induced neurochemical changes have been linked with reduced function of dopamine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport and receptor proteins leading to alterations in signal transduction and promotion of an excitotoxic environment which can manifest as an extrapyramidal disorder similar to Parkinson’s disease. This chapter outlines the synaptic changes involved with Mn neurotoxicity, highlighting the influence of excess Mn on dopamine, glutamate, and GABA neurobiology.
Comparing with Relative Accuracy Two Independent Ordinal Samples

AbstractMisuse of statistical techniques for analyzing ordinal data means that accuracy of resultant inferences are suspect. In an effort to examine the consequences of this issue, we investigate the relative accuracy of three hypothesis testing methods — two-sample t test with equal variances, the rank-sum test and ordered logit estimation — when applied to ordinal samples of five categories. Our most conclusive results are the following: Where ordinal samples are small and not bimodal, one should compare them with traditional nonparametric methods (rank-sum). Where observations have been made from bimodal populations on ordinal scales, and where samples are not so small, one should take care to compare them with theoretically appropriate techniques (ordered logit). Finally we present the proposed approach as a basis for comparing independent ordinal samples from the ABC Customer Satisfaction Survey dataset.
Repellent Additives to Reduce Pesticide Hazards to Honey Bees: Field Tests

Twelve chemicals were tested in the field to determine their ability to repel Apis mellifera L. from agricultural crops. Three of the chemicals were too phytotoxic to seed alfalfa and cotton foliage for further consideration as repellents. One chemical crystallized when sprayed on foliage and needs to have the formulation modified. Eight chemicals provided slight to moderate repellence of bees for somewhat short periods of time. One of these, decylamine, when applied to alfalfa in bloom at the rate of 1 lb in 10 gal water/A (1.12 Kg in 112 liters water/ha) provided a 69.6% average level of repellence of bees for 5.5 h. Another, Rutgers 6–12, when applied to broccoli in bloom at the rate of 1 lb in 10 gal water/A (1.12 kg in 112 liters water/ha) provided an average level of repellence of 42% for 7.8 h. These 2 merit further consideration as potential honey bee field crop repellents. Chemical structures reveal that the most promising repellents contain benzyl, phenyl, or tolyl derivatives variously substituted with short length carbon chains. Some contain amide derivatives and several possess thymol-like odors.
Induced Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms in Rapidly Solidified Alloys

An attempt has been made to influence the trend of crystallization of a solidifying melt through the crystallization of an amorphous substrate undergoing transformation in its contact at the solid liquid interface. Two cases have been studied. In one case involving amorphous Cu 60 -Zr 40 /Sn interface, it has been found that both textural and microstructural characteristics of the substrate, at the onset of the amorphous-crystalline transition, exert profound influence in crystallization, of the solidifying melt. High resolution electron microscopy and diffraction reveal that the preferred textural orienzation of the solidified tin is (111) at the interface and (100) far from the interface. In addition, an abundant array of edge dislocations found at the interface points to the role that these defects have played in the nucleation process of the solidifying melt. In the case of Ni 60 Nb 40 /A1 the textural characteristics of the solidifying aluminum melt appear to be less perturbed by the crystallization effects of the substrate.
Optimal Ripeness Stage for Processing ‘Kent’ Mangoes into Fresh-cut Slices

The optimal ripeness stage for processing and marketing fresh-cut mangoes (Mangifera indica ‘Kent’) with best quality and maximum shelf life was determined. The initial ripeness stage selection was based on whole fruit firmness because this quality attribute was more reliable in predicting fresh-cut shelf life than flesh color or soluble solids content (SSC). Overall, the visual quality deteriorated differently and at different rates among ripeness stages. The shelf life, based on subjective visual evaluation, was 10, 7, and 5 days for ripeness stages corresponding to an average flesh firmness of 35, 30, and 25 N, respectively, and was mainly limited by desiccation and development of off-odor for the two firmer ripeness stages or symptoms of edge tissue damage and spoilage for the least firm stage. The slices from fruit with the highest initial firmness remained firmer during storage, had the lowest pH and SSC to titratable acidity (TA) ratio, and had the highest contents of volatile ketones and esters. The softest slices had the highest pH, SSC:TA ratio, and total ascorbic acid (TAA) content, as well as the lowest TA and highest volatile aldehyde and alcohol contents. Intermediate firmness slices had intermediate pH, SSC:TA ratio, color, and TAA content. Also, they had less volatile alcohols and aldehydes than slices from riper fruit but had similar content of esters as slices from the less ripe fruit. Therefore, based on the results from this study, an initial firmness of 30 N is recommended to process mangoes into fresh-cut slices because it assures the best quality and maximum shelf life based on textural, visual, and compositional attributes.
When the patient’s chief complaint is sexual disinterest

Abstract Sexual desire disorders or disinterest have always existed and have surfaced with increasing frequency in the 1990s in psychiatric practice due to 1) classification as a diagnostic criteria in 1987 (302.71) and 2) widespread use of SSRI antidepressants. Possible physical, chemical or endocrine causes must always be considered and treated (1) . Then possible intra- or interpersonal factors as cause or effect as outlined can be addressed. Sexual disinterest is a common psychosomatic symptom that is highly treatable with brief supportive intervention.
Muscle-Specific Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (MuSK) Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is the prototypic, antibody-mediated neuromuscular disease and is characterized by a decrease in the number of functional acetylcholine receptors (AChR) within the muscle end plate zone of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Although the pathophysiology of AChR-mediated myasthenia gravis has been extensively studied over the last 40 years since its original description by Patrick and Lindstrom (Science 180:871–872, 1973), less is known about the much more recently described muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) antibody-mediated MG. MuSK-MG has features clinically distinct from Ach-R MG, as well as a different pattern of response to treatment and a unique immunopathogenesis.
Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis: conservative management.

ObjectivesThis case series outlines the advantages of using 0.1% intranasal dexamethasone drops (IDD) to treat nasal obstruction in patients with congenital pyriform aperture stenosis (PAS).Methods...
Emergency complications of labor and delivery

The care of the pregnant patient presenting to the emergency department with labor or delivery complications requires an understanding of signs and symptoms of disease for the maternal and fetal patient. This article reviews management of common labor and delivery complications that may occur in the emergency department. The management of premature labor, premature rupture of the membranes, emergency delivery procedure, resolution of shoulder dystocia, prolapsed umbilical cord, and perimortem cesarean section are discussed.
Semiparametric Item Response Functions in the Context of Guessing.

We present a logistic function of a monotonic polynomial with a lower asymptote, allowing additional flexibility beyond the three-parameter logistic model. We develop a maximum marginal likelihood-based approach to estimate the item parameters. The new item response model is demonstrated on math assessment data from a state, and a computationally efficient strategy for choosing the order of the polynomial is demonstrated. Finally, our approach is tested through simulations and compared to response function estimation using smoothed isotonic regression. Results indicate that our approach can result in small gains in item response function recovery and latent trait estimation.
Index of cardiometabolic health: a new method of measuring allostatic load using electronic health records.

AbstractObjective: We developed a measure of allostatic load from electronic medical records (EMRs), which we named “Index of Cardiometabolic Health” (ICMH).Methods: Data were collected from participants’ EMRs and a written survey in 2005. We computed allostatic load scores using the ICMH score and two previously described approaches.Results: We included 1865 employed adults who were 25–59 years old. Although the magnitude of the association was small, all methods of were predictive of SF-12 physical component subscales (all p < 0.001).Conclusion: We found that the ICMH had similar relationships with health-related quality of life as previously reported in the literature.
Synergetic Hybrid Aerogels of Vanadia and Graphene as Electrode Materials of Supercapacitors

The performance of synergetic hybrid aerogel materials of vanadia and graphene as electrode materials in supercapacitors was evaluated. The hybrid materials were synthesized by two methods. In Method I, premade graphene oxide (GO) hydrogel was first chemically reduced by L-ascorbic acid and then soaked in vanadium triisopropoxide solution to obtain V2O5 gel in the pores of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hydrogel. The gel was supercritically dried to obtain the hybrid aerogel. In Method II, vanadium triisopropoxide was hydrolyzed from a solution in water with GO particles uniformly dispersed to obtain the hybrid gel. The hybrid aerogel was obtained by supercritical drying of the gel followed by thermal reduction of GO. The electrode materials were prepared by mixing 80 wt % hybrid aerogel with 10 wt % carbon black and 10 wt % polyvinylidene fluoride. The hybrid materials in Method II showed higher capacitance due to better interactions between vanadia and graphene oxide particles and more uniform vanadia particle distribution.
The Cournot Problem with Bounded Memory Strategies

In [1] Smale considered a repeated game with bounded memory. In this model, the players only kept some kind of average of the past outcomes in their memory, and decisions were based on this memory. Here, we aim to examine the classical Cournot problem from this viewpoint.
Experimental investications on a caitemulator for neurological rehabilitation

When a rupture or blood clot reduces blood flow to an arm of the brain, killing brain cells and disrupting the abilities of functions they control, stroke is said to have occurred. The victims of stroke experience weakness and poor coordination.. These attributes impair their ability to walk and use their hands. Many adults and children are affected by neurological problems that affect their function. In adults these conditions include traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, post poliomyelitis syndrome and peripheral neuropathy. Children can be affected by cerebral palsy, spina bifida, traumatic brain or spinal cord injury. muscle dystrophy and many other specific congenital neuromuscular conditions. As medical treatment advances, many children can be expected to reach adulthood and continue to have functional needs throughout their life. Besides the obvious affects on movement and gait, other body systems that affect overall function may be involved. This research work will present an innovative concept for a new means to deliver therapy to patients with gait disabilities.
Nutrients in Carex exserta sod and gravel in Sequoia National Park, California

Nutrients in soil covered by Carex exserta sod and in adjacent unvegetated gravel areas were compared at Siberian Outpost, Sequoia National Park, California. The comparisons were part of a study to learn if Carex exserta meadow can be reestablished and if herbaceous cover on gravel areas can be increased. Grazing capacity and aesthetic appeal of denuded areas would be improved by better vegetative cover. The sod had higher concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen, potassium, and zinc than did the gravel areas. And it had a higher soil pH and percent organic matter. Sod and gravel did not differ in concentrations of phosphorus and sulfur. The differences were as might be expected between climax and badly deteriorated (or early seral) situations, and the results suggest that fertilization may be a useful treatment.
Effect of nucleoside triphosphate and magnesium ion concentration on the stability and function of rat liver polysomes in vitro

The effects of different concentrations of ATP, GTP, UTP and CTP on polysome stability and function in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system prepared from rat liver were studied. Increasing the concentration of ATP in the incubation medium to 15mm resulted in progressive disaggregation of the polysomes; at ATP concentrations above 2mm their capacity to incorporate amino acids into peptide chains diminished. The same disaggregation phenomenon could be produced by incubating polysomes in a buffered medium containing 5mm-Mg2+ and increasing concentrations of ATP. Although the disaggregating action of ATP could be prevented by increasing Mg2+ concentration, the amino acid incorporation in the cell-free protein-synthesizing system remained impaired. The effects of different concentrations of GTP, UTP and CTP on polysome stability were similar to those of ATP. Increasing the concentrations of each nucleoside triphosphate also inhibited the hydrolysis of GTP in the cell-free protein-synthesizing system.
Regulation of Kir2.1 Function Under Shear Stress and Cholesterol Loading.

Lining the innermost layer of blood vessels, the endothelium is in direct contact with circulating blood elements and, consequently, is affected by mechanical forces generated by blood flow. Among these forces, fluid shear stress site‐specifically regulates endothelial cells (ECs): In regions
Points of distribution location and inventory management model for Post-Disaster Humanitarian Logistics

Abstract This paper develops a mathematical model to determine the location of points of distribution (PODs) and inventory allocation in Post-Disaster Humanitarian Logistics (PD-HL). The model minimizes facility placement, logistics, and deprivation costs (i.e., the cost imposed on survivors by the lack of access to critical supplies) and allows for demand nodes to be served from multiple PODs. This is significant in conditions when one POD may not have the inventory to serve all demand points that it has been assigned. This paper highlights the importance of considering the temporal component of the system and resulting social costs in facility location.
Nutrient intake disparities in the US: modeling the effect of food substitutions

Diet quality among federal food assistance program participants remains low, and little research has assessed the diet quality of food insecure non-participants. Further research is needed to assess the extent to which food substitutions can improve the nutritional status of these vulnerable populations. Substituting egg dishes for other commonly consumed dishes at certain eating occasions may be an effective strategy for improving the daily nutrient intake among these groups. Eggs are rich in many important nutrients, and are low-cost and part of a wide range of cultural food menus, which are important considerations for low-income and ethnically diverse populations. To help guide the focus of targeted nutrition interventions and education campaigns for vulnerable populations, the present work begins by 1) estimating the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy among these groups, and then models the effect of consuming egg dishes instead of commonly consumed dishes at each eating occasion on 2) the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy, and 3) the mean intake of nutrients. Dietary data from 34,741 adults ≥ 20 y were acquired from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2014. Diet pattern modeling was used to substitute commonly consumed egg dishes for commonly consumed main dishes at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. National Cancer Institute usual intake methods were used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake of 31 nutrients pre- and post-substitution, and a novel index was used to estimate change in intake of all nutrients collectively. Substituting eggs for commonly consumed main dishes at lunch or dinner did not change total daily nutrient intake for each group (P > 0.05), but decreased the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy by 1–4 percentage points (P < 0.01). Substituting eggs for commonly consumed foods at breakfast increased the prevalence of folate inadequacy by 8–12 percentage points among each group (P < 0.01). When making food substitutions to increase nutrient intake, eating occasion should be an important consideration. Further research is needed to better understand how food substitutions affect diet costs, which may be an important driver of food purchasing decisions among low income individuals with limited food budgets.
Informative graphing of continuous safety variables relative to normal reference limits

Interpreting graphs of continuous safety variables can be complicated because differences in age, gender, and testing site methodologies data may give rise to multiple reference limits. Furthermore, data below the lower limit of normal are compressed relative to those points above the upper limit of normal. The objective of this study is to develop a graphing technique that addresses these issues and is visually intuitive. A mock dataset with multiple reference ranges is initially used to develop the graphing technique. Formulas are developed for conditions where data are above the upper limit of normal, normal, below the lower limit of normal, and below the lower limit of normal when the data value equals zero. After the formulae are developed, an anonymized dataset from an actual set of trials for an approved drug is evaluated comparing the technique developed in this study to standard graphical methods. Formulas are derived for the novel graphing method based on multiples of the normal limits. The formula for values scaled between the upper and lower limits of normal is a novel application of a readily available scaling formula. The formula for the lower limit of normal is novel and addresses the issue of this value potentially being indeterminate when the result to be scaled as a multiple is zero. The formulae and graphing method described in this study provides a visually intuitive method to graph continuous safety data including laboratory values, vital sign data.
Simian Varicella Virus: Molecular Virology

Simian varicella virus (SVV) is a primate herpesvirus that is closely related to varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the causative agent of varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). Epizootics of simian varicella occur sporadically in facilities housing Old World monkeys. This review summarizes the molecular properties of SVV. The SVV and VZV genomes are similar in size, structure, and gene arrangement. The 124.5 kilobase pair (kbp) SVV genome includes a 104.7 kbp long component covalently linked to a short component, which includes a 4.9 kbp unique short segment flanked by 7.5 kbp inverted repeat sequences. SVV DNA encodes 69 distinct open reading frames, three of which are duplicated within the viral inverted repeats. The viral genome is coordinately expressed, and immediate early (IE), early, and late genes have been characterized. Genetic approaches have been developed to create SVV mutants, which will be used to study the role of SVV genes in viral pathogenesis, latency, and reactivation. In addition, SVV expressing foreign genes are being investigated as potential recombinant varicella vaccines.
Enzymatic Homology and Analogy in Phylogeny

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study of the properties of fructose-l,6-diphosphate (FDP) aldolases obtained from phyletically divergent systems. The results indicate the presence in nature of two aldolase classes. Because of the distinct molecular and catalytic properties of their biological distribution, it is postulated that these classes have independent evolutionary origins and are analogous in that sense. Interspecies variants of each class have similar properties, suggesting strong conservation of critical structural features in phylogeny. Intraorganismic redundancy of analogous and homologous FDP aldolase variants have been detected in some systems. With the exception of enzymes that require biotin and pyridoxal phosphate, the properties of the enzymes appear to be similar to one or the other of the analogous FDP aldolases. These correlations suggest that most enzymes facilitating aldolase-type reactions may contain modulations of either of two basic catalytically active sites. Thus, it is possible that this group of enzymes evolved from two primitive gene systems.
Urinary Tract Fistula

A fistula is defined as an extra-anatomic communication between two or more epithelial or mesothelial lined body cavities or the skin surface. Fistula can occur as a result of congenital anomalies, malignancy, inflammation or infection, tissue trauma, or iatrogenic causes, such as surgical injury or radiation. There have been reports of fistula formation since ancient times, involving connections from the urinary tract to a myriad of bodily cavities and organs. Organ systems immediately adjacent to the urinary tract are the most commonly affected, specifically the reproductive, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. Presenting signs and symptoms of urinary fistula are dependent on the termination point of the fistula, the fistula size, concomitant infection or inflammatory processes, and associated malignancy or other medical conditions.
Case 63: Internal Jugular Cannulation

A morbidly obese male (160 kg, 5 ft 9 in.) is scheduled for a laparoscopic gastric bypass procedure. His past history is significant for high blood pressure, increased lipidemia, and difficult IV access. In the preoperative holding area, you establish a 20-G IV in the back of the wrist. You give him an antacid and take him to the operating room. A rapid sequence with metoclopramide, fentanyl, propofol, and succinylcholine is uneventful. The airway is secured with an endotracheal tube. The 20-G IV is not working well at this point. You decide to place a right internal jugular vein (IJV) catheter and call for the ultrasound machine. Unfortunately, the only two machines in the OR have been sent for repairs. The patient’s neck circumference is 45 cm and this may make the insertion more difficult [1].
Kinetic Monte Carlo modeling of multivalent binding of CTB proteins with GM1 receptors

Abstract The binding mechanism between a cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) protein and ganglioside receptors on a host cell membrane still remains elusive due to multivalent surface binding reactions, dependency on the surface micro-configuration, and intrinsic stochasticity. In this work, a kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) modeling framework coupled with a continuum model is proposed to incorporate the major characteristics of the binding process between CTB proteins and GM1 gangliosides, which are primary CTB receptors. First, a steady-state diffusion equation is introduced to model the diffusion of CTB proteins in the solution phase. Second, a kMC model is proposed to describe a fluctuation in the surface reaction rates as well as the evolution of surface configurations, and their effects on the binding kinetics. Lastly, the comparison with an experimentally validated deterministic model demonstrates the predictive capability of the proposed modeling framework in describing the kinetics of CTB-GM1 binding systems.
Fragmentation and Mobilization: Domestic Politics of the Belt and Road in China

ABSTRACTThe Belt and Road initiative is five years old and has resulted in voluminous publications by scholars and policy pundits in many corners of the world. It is by far the most watched foreign...
The relationship between liver triglyceride composition and proton density fat fraction as assessed by 1 H MRS.

The aim of this study was to estimate parameters determining liver triglyceride composition (TC) using 1 H MRS and to assess how TC estimability is affected by proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this prospective single-site study, 199 adults with known or suspected NAFLD in whom other causes of liver disease were excluded underwent two 1 H MRS STimulated Echo Acquisition Method (STEAM) sequences at 3 T. A respiratory-gated water-suppressed free breathing sequence (TE 10 ms, 16 signal averages) was used to assess TC in terms of the number of double bonds (ndb) and methylene-interrupted double bonds (nmidb), and a single breath-hold-long TR, multi-TE sequence (TR 3500 ms), which acquired five single average spectra over TE 10-30 ms, was used to estimate liver PDFF. Ndb and nmidb estimability was qualitatively assessed for each case and summarized descriptively. The consistency of ndb and nmidb estimation was examined using ROC analysis. The relationship between ndb and nmidb values and PDFF was presented graphically. Quality-of-fit of ndb and nmidb versus PDFF was evaluated by Pearson-r correlation. A significance level of 0.05 was used. In 263 1 H MRS examinations performed on 199 adult participants, ndb and nmidb were successfully estimated in 7/53 (13.2%) examinations with PDFF 10% (maximum PDFF 38.1%). Liver TC could be estimated consistently for PDFF > 6.7%. Both ndb and nmidb decreased with increasing PDFF (ndb = 2.83-0.0160·PDFF, r = -0.449, P < 0.0001); nmidb = 0.75-0.0088·PDFF, r = -0.350, P < 0.0001). In a cohort of adults with known or suspected NAFLD, liver TC becomes more saturated as PDFF increases.
serpentTools: A Python Package for Expediting Analysis with Serpent

The serpentTools Python package is presented as a useful and efficient alternative for processing Serpent results. One positive attribute of Serpent is that many output files are exported directly ...
Does Voice Therapy Improve Vocal Outcomes in Vocal Fold Atrophy

Objectives:Vocal fold atrophy is increasingly identified in the geriatric population. Current literature shows varying outcomes with voice therapy. Our goal was to analyze multidimensional vocal ou...
Leadership Voice and Style

This technical note is employed in MBA, executive education, and undergraduate courses that cover the art of persuasion. It is used in the core Management Communication course at Darden. Employing the canons of rhetoric devised by Aristotle and his classical contemporaries, the objective of the note is to provide students with a clear and usable map to guide them as they seek to understand the dynamics involved in persuading others. Persuasion is a critical management skill that must be mastered at all levels of the organization, but it is especially important for those at the leadership level. Most managerial communication goes beyond the sharing of information and involves elements of persuasion. Along with the five canons—invention, arrangement, memory, style, and delivery—this note also outlines the three primary modes of persuasion: ethos (an appeal to values), pathos (an emotional appeal), and logos (a logic-based appeal). This note often is used in conjunction with the technical note, Leadership Voice and Style. Excerpt UVA-BC-0265 Mar. 16, 2018 Leadership Voice and Style Managing and Directing Energy Leadership is about managing and directing energy—both your own energy and the energy of others. Mental and emotional energy is created, managed, and directed through communications. Wise leaders are perpetually developing a keener understanding of what energizes them through internal dialogue or self-reflection. By taking the time to understand their own intrinsic motivators, these leaders become more capable of using these resources when engaging team members. Their interactions help to uncover and foster the energy and capabilities of others, while guiding them in unison toward a common goal. This is what it means to have a leadership voice. Every person is unique, not only with respect to our genetic makeup, but also with regard to our personalities, cultural backgrounds, experiences, and understandings of the world. These points of differentiation are expressed or signified in part by how we communicate and interact with others. The same is true for exceptional leaders. It is the highly skilled employment of these leaders' unique voices that marks them as outstanding communicators. . . .
Abdominal Pain: A Silent and Unlikely Cause.

While diverticulosis is a common phenomenon in the large intestine, it is a rare disease found in the small intestine accounting for only 0.06% to 1.3% of cases. Although most cases are asymptomati...
Photoredox-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization Reactions.

The fields of C-H functionalization and photoredox catalysis have garnered enormous interest and utility in the past several decades. Many different scientific disciplines have relied on C-H functionalization and photoredox strategies including natural product synthesis, drug discovery, radiolabeling, bioconjugation, materials, and fine chemical synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the use of photoredox catalysis in C-H functionalization reactions. We separate the review into inorganic/organometallic photoredox catalysts and organic-based photoredox catalytic systems. Further subdivision by reaction class-either sp2 or sp3 C-H functionalization-lends perspective and tactical strategies for use of these methods in synthetic applications.
Phenological Differences in Wood Frog and Spotted Salamander Egg-Mass Onset and Peak Accumulation

We used egg-mass counts to monitor populations of Lithobates sylvaticus (Wood Frog) and Ambystoma maculatum (Spotted Salamander) at 4 ponds located in central Vermont. We monitored numbers of egg-masses for 15 springs over the course of 20 years (2000–2020). Each year, the number of Wood Frog egg-masses at our breeding sites increased rapidly, over a period of close to 2 weeks. Spotted Salamanders deposited eggs beginning about a week later than the Wood Frogs, and the number of their egg-masses increased at our study sites over a period of up to 8 weeks. Consequently, when using egg-mass counts to determine presence/absence or to monitor populations, it is important to take the relative phenology of these 2 species into consideration.
A Review of Law Enforcement: A Human Relations Approach

The author fails to set forth in the Preface to this book who the target audience is. After a review of the material, I was unable to determine what types of individuals such an audience should consist of. The topics are too general for its utilization as a text for a police course and too specific in some areas for a survey work. Perhaps that is the reason for my disappointment with an author who is an expert in this field yet appears to have let my expectations down.
Mechanisms of Long Noncoding Xist RNA-Mediated Chromosome-Wide Gene Silencing in X-Chromosome Inactivation

Chromatin modifications contribute to spatio-temporal gene expression during development in higher eukaryotes. The mechanism for how chromatin-modifying enzymes are recruited to their specific target loci remains largely unknown. Recent findings using deep sequencing analysis revealed that various chromatin-modifying enzymes interact with a variety of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), suggesting the potential role of lncRNA in targeting chromatin-modifying enzymes to their target loci. X-chromosome inactivation (X-inactivation) is a great model of lncRNA-mediated epigenetic gene regulation. In X- inactivation, Xist RNA is exclusively expressed from the inactive X-chromosome (Xi), spreads over the entire Xi in cis, and recruits various chromatin modifiers to the Xi, leading to a unique epigenetic landscape over the entire Xi. Recent developments have unveiled key steps involved in the process of Xist RNA-mediated chromosome-wide silencing and particularly the Xist RNA domains and protein factors essential for Xist RNA localization on the Xi. In this chapter, we describe recent novel findings in X-inactivation with a special focus on how Xist RNA localizes on the Xi in cis and recruits various chromatin-modifying enzymes, and we discuss the potential mechanism of lncRNA-mediated targeting of chromatin-modifying enzymes to their target loci.