cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does education enable underprivileged women to achieve real equality in property rights? A case study of inheritance rights of women in Turkey

Abstract Laws promoting gender equality often fail to improve women's experiences. This failure is particularly acute for the experiences of socio-economically marginalized women. Understanding why legislated equality as prescribed in laws often does not lead to the equality of outcomes is an ongoing puzzle in the studies of gender and politics. Utilizing an intersectional approach, this paper argues that education can serve as a constitutive element for marginalized women to enable legislated equality as prescribed in laws to lead to real equality, the equality of outcomes. This article empirically investigates the influence of education by utilizing a unique dataset compiled by an internationally recognized NGO, Kamer, on a representative data of the marginalized women in the eastern city of Diyarbakir in Turkey. The study indicates that a higher level of education is significantly and positively associated with the likelihood of claiming to obtain equal inheritance. Therefore, mere legislation of gender-progressive laws is not sufficient to improve the experiences of women, and achieving gender equality may require improving the educational status of women. The current study also outlines the gains from intersectional research in studying marginalized women's experiences and advocates for the employment of an intersectional approach in more empirical studies.
Autoantibody Testing in Peripheral Neuropathy

Immune-mediated neuromuscular disorders and peripheral neuropathies are common in clinical neuromuscular practice. They are important to diagnose accurately since most are treatable which results in improvements in patients’ function and quality of life. This chapter provides a general classification of neuromuscular disorder-associated autoantibodies and discusses methods of detection and clinical and therapeutic correlations of specific autoantibodies found in motor, sensory, or autonomic polyneuropathies.
Economics of Using Biocidal Surfaces

Aim Aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) microbial flora after the antimicrobial copper alloy (Cu+) implementation as well as the effect on financial – epidemiological operation parameters.
Enhancing Children's Vocabularies

In an old study of pupils in grades 1 to 9, vocabulary correlated .91 with mental age (IQ) on the Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon IQ scale (Terman 1918). Miner (1957) found, across twenty-one studies, a median correlation of .83 between the vocabulary subtest score and the general intellectual functioning score. Thorndike (1973) found, across fifteen countries, that the average correlations between vocabulary and reading comprehension were .71 for ten-year-olds, .75 for fourteen-year-olds, and .66 for eighteen-year-olds. The commonly accepted correlation between IQ and academic achievement is .70, with a median in the range of about .90 at Grade 1 to about .50 for college students. Vocabulary is central to IQ. Also, vocabulary knowledge correlates almost .50 with mathematics computation, slightly higher with mathematics problem solving, and higher with nearly all other academic subjects in the curriculum. Thus it is clear that vocabulary is vital to IQ, to general intellectual functioning, to reading comprehension, to academic achievement in general, and to achievement in other subjects in the curriculum in particular. Dale, O'Rourke, and Bamman (1971) interjected a note of caution about the kind of vocabulary gains that might reasonably be expected. Conversely, they indicated that any motivated person can increase his or her working vocabulary 10 percent by concentrating on those words, parts of words, and expressions that are only partly known. Surprisingly, the results of experimental efforts to enhance children's vocabularies have been equivocal at best (Royer 1983; McKeown, Beck, Omanson, and Popie 1985). Improving reading comprehension through vocabulary instruction has also proved equivocal (Jenkins and Dixon 1983; Graves 1986; Stahl 1986). Nagy (1988) noted that few people have had the intense, pro-
cAMP-binding proteins in medullary tubules from rat kidney: effect of ADH

Little is known of the regulatory steps in the cellular action of vasopressin (AVP) on the renal epithelium, subsequent to the cAMP generation. We studied cAMP-binding proteins in the medullary collecting tubule (MCT) and the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (MTAL) microdissected from the rat kidney by use of photoaffinity labeling. Microdissected tubules were homogenized and photoaffinity labeled by incubation with 1 microM 32P-labeled 8-azido-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (N3-8-[32P]-cAMP); the incorporated 32P was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Both in MCT and MTAL preparations, the analyses showed incorporation of N3-8-[32P]cAMP into two bands (Mr = 49,000 and Mr = 55,000) that comigrated with standards of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunits RI and RII. In MCT, most of the 32P (80%) was incorporated into RI, whereas in MTAL the 32P incorporated into RI and RII was equivalent. When freshly dissected MCT segments we...
Willingness to Use a Nursing Home in Asian Americans

This study explores factors associated with willingness to use a nursing home in Asian Americans. Focus is given to demographic variables (age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and education), health-related variables (chronic medical condition and self-rated health), immigration-related variables (time in the U.S. and acculturation), and family-related variables (family network and family solidarity). Cross-sectional study. Data were drawn from 2551 participants in the 2015 Asian American Quality of Life Survey (aged 18–98). Participants were asked to indicate whether they would be willing to use a nursing home in the future. An affirmative response indicated a personal willingness to use a nursing home. Approximately 38% of the sample demonstrated willingness to use a nursing home. Higher odds for willingness were observed among those with advanced age, female gender, Korean ethnicity (compared with Chinese), better education, presence of a chronic medical condition, longer years of residence in the U.S., and lower levels of family solidarity. Reflecting the current trend of an increase in racial/ethnic minorities in nursing homes, a substantial proportion of the present sample of Asian Americans demonstrated willingness to use a nursing home. Findings on the factors associated with willingness provide implications for policies and services to respond to the long-term care needs of this emerging population.
Abstract 56: Coagulation Factor XI Promotes Distal Platelet Activation and Single Platelet Consumption in the Bloodstream Under Shear Flow

Objective: Coagulation factor XI (FXI) has been shown to contribute to thrombus formation on collagen or tissue factor (TF)-coated surfaces in vitro and in vivo by enhancing thrombin generation. Whether the role of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation is restricted to the local site of thrombus formation is unknown. This study was designed to determine whether FXI could promote both proximal and distal platelet activation and aggregate formation in the bloodstream. Approach and Results: Pharmacological blockade of FXI activation or thrombin activity in blood did not affect local platelet adhesion, yet reduced local platelet aggregation, thrombin localization and fibrin formation on immobilized collagen and TF under shear flow, ex vivo. Downstream of the thrombus formed on immobilized collagen or collagen and 10 pM TF, platelet CD62P expression and microaggregate formation and progressive platelet consumption were significantly reduced in the presence of FXI-function blocking antibodies or a thrombin inhib...
Improving the Effectiveness of TMR Designs on FPGAs with SEU-Aware Incremental Placement

TMR combined with configuration scrubbing is an effective technique to mitigate against radiation-induced CRAM upsets on SRAM-based FPGAs. However, its effectiveness is limited by low-level common mode failures due to the physical mapping of a design to the FPGA device. This paper describes how common mode failures are introduced during the implementation process and introduces an approach for resolving them through a custom incremental placement tool for Xilinx 7-Series FPGAs. Multiple designs across multiple generations of devices are shown to be sensitive to common mode failures. Applying the incremental placement technique yields an improvement of 10,721x over an unmitigated design through fault-injection testing. Radiation testing is then performed to show that the MTTF of this technique is 91,500 days in GEO orbit, a 367x improvement over the unmitigated design and a 5x improvement over baseline TMR.
Sustainable, multiperiod supply chain network model with freight carrier through reduction in pollution stock

Abstract Sustainable supply chain management is a huge issue from both managerial and eco- nomical perspectives. This study presents a multiperiod, multitier, sustainable supply chain with freight carriers network model to address such concerns. The model comprises manufacturers, retailers, and carriers engaged in a dynamic, noncooperative game. It considers the longitudinal accumulation of pollution stock, pollution absorbtion by nature, and mitigation actions. The study examines numerical examples with an analysis of the effect of different tax rates on production, transportation, sales, and levels of pollution stock and mitigation efforts. The outcome presents important strategic reactions of decision makers to tax policies.
Systematic revision of the living African Slender-snouted Crocodiles (Mecistops Gray, 1844).

Molecular and morphological evidence has shown that the African slender-snouted, or sharp-nosed, crocodile Mecistops cataphractus (Cuvier, 1824) is comprised of two superficially cryptic species: one endemic to West Africa and the other endemic to Central Africa. Our ability to characterize the two species is compromised by the complicated taxonomic history of the lineage and overlapping ranges of variation in distinguishing morphological features. The name M. cataphractus was evidently originally based on West African material, but the holotype is now lost. Although types exist for other names based on the West African form, the name M. cataphractus is sufficiently entrenched in the literature, and other names sufficiently obscure, to justify retypification. Here, we designate a neotype for M. cataphractus and restrict it to West Africa. We resurrect M. leptorhynchus as a valid species from Central Africa and identify exemplary referred specimens that, collectively, overcome the obscurity and diagnostic limits of the extant holotype. We additionally indicate suitable neotype material in the event the holotype is lost, destroyed, or otherwise needing replacement, and we rectify the previously erroneous type locality designation. We provide a revised diagnosis for crown Mecistops , and revise and update previous descriptions of the two living species, including providing both more complete descriptions and discussion of diagnostic characters. Finally, we provide considerable discussion of the current state of knowledge of these species’ ecology, natural history, and distribution.
Computational sustainability

Computational sustainability [1] is a new interdisciplinary research field with the overall goal of developing computational models, methods, and tools to help manage the balance between environmental, economic, and societal needs for sustainable development. The notion of sustainable development -- development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs -- was introduced in Our Common Future, the seminal report of the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, published in 1987. In this talk I will provide an overview of computational sustainability, with examples ranging from wildlife conservation and biodiversity, to poverty mitigation, to large-scale deployment and management of renewable energy sources. I will highlight overarching computational challenges at the intersection of constraint reasoning, optimization, data mining, and dynamical systems. Finally I will discuss the need for a new approach that views computational sustainability problems as "natural" phenomena, amenable to a scientific methodology, in which principled experimentation, to explore problem parameter spaces and hidden problem structure, plays as prominent a role as formal analysis.
National surveillance of dialysis-associated diseases in the United States, 2001.

In December 2001, all U.S. chronic hemodialysis (HD) centers were surveyed regarding selected patient care practices and dialysis-associated diseases. The results were compared with similar surveys conducted in previous years. During 1997–2001, the percentage of patients vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection increased from 47% to 60% and the percentage of staff vaccinated increased from 87% to 89%. In 2001, an estimated 65% of patients had been vaccinated for influenza and 26% for pneumococcal pneumonia. In 2001, routine testing for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was performed on staff at 42% of centers and on patients at 62% of centers; anti-HCV was found in 1.5% of staff and 8.6% of patients. In 2001, the incidence of HBV infection was higher among patients in centers where injectable medications were prepared at the dialysis station, and both HCV prevalence and incidence were higher among patients in centers where injectable medications were prepared at the dialysis station compared to a dedicated medication room. During 1995–2001, the percentage of patients who received dialysis through central catheters increased from 13% to 25%; this trend is worrisome, as infections and antimicrobial use are higher among patients receiving dialysis through catheters. However, during the same period, the percentage of patients receiving dialysis through fistulas increased from 22% to 30%. In 2001, 25% of catheters were used for new patients awaiting an arteriovenous (AV) access, 28% for established patients with a failed access awaiting new AV access, 40% as an access of last resort, and 6% for other reasons, including patient preference. The percentage of centers reporting one or more patients infected or colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) increased from 12% in 1995 to 31% in 2001.
High-throughput computational design of organic–inorganic hybrid halide semiconductors beyond perovskites for optoelectronics

Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites show great promise in optoelectronic applications such as light-emitting diodes and solar energy conversion. However, the poor stability and toxicity of lead halide perovskites severely limit their large-scale applications. Here we show a high-throughput design of lead-free hybrid halide semiconductors with robust materials stability and desired material properties beyond perovskites. On the basis of 24 prototype structures that include perovskite and non-perovskite structures and several typical organic cations, a comprehensive quantum materials repository that contains 4507 hypothetical hybrid compounds was built using large-scale first-principles calculations. After a high-throughput screening of this repository, we have rapidly identified 23 candidates for light-emitting diodes and 13 candidates for solar energy conversion. Our work demonstrates a new avenue to design novel organic–inorganic functional materials by exploring a great variety of prototype structures.
Editorial Commentary: Anterolateral Ligament—Anatomy, Evaluation, and Future Applications to Knee Stability

Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of anterolateral ligament injury may be reliable for individuals experienced and trained to identify it, but it does not reference a diagnostic gold standard. The structural anatomy and radiographic diagnosis may differ from those of more traditional ligaments, which should influence concepts of reconstruction.
A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Corticosteroid Injections and Open Surgical Release for Trigger Finger.

Purpose To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of corticosteroid injection(s) versus open surgical release for the treatment of trigger finger. Methods Using a US health care payer perspective, we created a decision tree model to estimate the costs and outcomes associated with 4 treatment strategies for trigger finger: offering up to 3 steroid injections before to surgery or immediate open surgical release. Costs were obtained from a large administrative claims database. We calculated expected quality-adjusted life-years for each treatment strategy, which were compared using incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Separate analyses were performed for commercially insured and Medicare Advantage patients. We performed a probabilistic sensitivity analysis using 10,000 second-order Monte Carlo simulations that simultaneously sampled from the uncertainty distributions of all model inputs. Results Offering 3 steroid injections before surgery was the optimal strategy for both commercially insured and Medicare Advantage patients. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that this strategy was cost-effective 67% and 59% of the time for commercially insured and Medicare Advantage patients, respectively. Our results were sensitive to the probability of injection site fat necrosis, success rate of steroid injections, time to symptom relief after a steroid injection, and cost of treatment. Immediate surgical release became cost-effective when the cost of surgery was below $902 or $853 for commercially insured and Medicare Advantage patients, respectively. Conclusions Multiple treatment strategies exist for treating trigger finger, and our cost-effectiveness analysis helps define the relative value of different approaches. From a health care payer perspective, offering 3 steroid injections before surgery is a cost-effective strategy. Type of study/level of evidence Economic and Decision Analyses II.
Invasive Techniques for Parathyroid Localization

Invasive techniques for parathyroid localization for reoperation due to persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism are illustrated with several cases that include comments on the details of the techniques and historical perspective.
Developmental Patterns of Religiosity in Relation to Criminal Trajectories among Serious Offenders moving from Adolescence to Young Adult

Using Group-Based Trajectory Models and Growth Curve Models, this study aimed to identify distinctive trajectories of religious attendance, religious importance and spirituality and how these traje...
Community-setting pneumonia-associated hospitalizations by level of urbanization-New York City versus other areas of New York State, 2010-2014

Background New York City (NYC) reported a higher pneumonia and influenza death rate than the rest of New York State during 2010–2014. Most NYC pneumonia and influenza deaths are attributed to pneumonia caused by infection acquired in the community, and these deaths typically occur in hospitals. Methods We identified hospitalizations of New York State residents aged ≥20 years discharged from New York State hospitals during 2010–2014 with a principal diagnosis of community-setting pneumonia or a secondary diagnosis of community-setting pneumonia if the principal diagnosis was respiratory failure or sepsis. We examined mean annual age-adjusted community-setting pneumonia-associated hospitalization (CSPAH) rates and proportion of CSPAH with in-hospital death, overall and by sociodemographic group, and produced a multivariable negative binomial model to assess hospitalization rate ratios. Results Compared with non-NYC urban, suburban, and rural areas of New York State, NYC had the highest mean annual age-adjusted CSPAH rate at 475.3 per 100,000 population and the highest percentage of CSPAH with in-hospital death at 13.7%. NYC also had the highest proportion of CSPAH patients residing in higher-poverty-level areas. Adjusting for age, sex, and area-based poverty, NYC residents experienced 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–1.4), non-NYC urban residents 1.4 (95% CI, 1.3–1.6), and suburban residents 1.2 (95% CI, 1.1–1.3) times the rate of CSPAH than rural residents. Conclusions In New York State, NYC as well as other urban areas and suburban areas had higher rates of CSPAH than rural areas. Further research is needed into drivers of CSPAH deaths, which may be associated with poverty.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Approaches

Acne and rosacea are inflammatory skin conditions that can be frustrating for patients and challenging for physicians to treat. As a result, many patients seek alternative therapies. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a group of treatment used as a complement to or, in some instances, as a substitution for Western medical therapies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been practiced for thousands of years and has been used in the management of multiple dermatologic conditions, including acne and rosacea. In small studies, herbal remedies, acupuncture, and cupping have shown favorable outcomes in acne and rosacea, with few reported side effects.
Session details: Complexity column

Cook proved in 1971 that SAT is NP complete, thus beginning the amazingly fruitful study of NP completeness. I've been teaching all my career that it is well-believed that SAT is intractable in the worst case. Over the years, however, SAT solvers have improved incredibly; they are now extensively used as general-purpose problem solvers.
Emergency General Surgery in the Elderly: An Introduction to the Research Base

Emergency general surgery (EGS) in the elderly is common and includes any unplanned surgical procedure performed in the abdomen. This may include, but is not limited to, laparotomy, colectomy, small bowel resection, cholecystectomy, operative management of peptic ulcer disease, lysis of peritoneal adhesions, and appendectomy and other procedures. Surgical decision-making in the elderly has been a topic of recent research and will continue to evolve. In this introductory chapter, we will review the current state of research in EGS in the elderly, although the optimal definition of what constitutes as elderly is not entirely clear. The main question that needs to be answered is: among elderly EGS patient samples, what factors predict adverse outcomes such as mortality, morbidity, and readmission rate? This question is not easily answered from the current evidence base, but answers likely depend on comorbidities, surgical decision-making, and many other factors. Moreover, the majority of studies reported today are retrospective, and thus there is an acute need for prospective studies in EGS in the elderly.
The role of grit and resilience in children with reading disorder: a longitudinal cohort study

Prior studies have suggested that grit and resilience predict both academic and career success. However, these qualities have not been examined in children with reading disorder (RD). We therefore investigated whether grit and resilience were associated with anxiety, depression, academic performance, and quality of life (QOL) in these students. This 3-year longitudinal cohort study included 163 participants with RD from 3 schools. Evaluations were completed by parents and/or teachers every 3 months. The Grit and Resilience Scale was adapted from the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the 12-item Grit Scale. Outcome measures included anxiety (School Anxiety Scale – Teacher Report and the 8-item Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale), depression (Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire), academic performance, and QOL (Pediatric QOL Inventory 4.0). Multivariate linear regression models (adjusting for age and sex) assessed the associations at baseline. Repeated measures analysis using mixed-effects models assessed the relationship longitudinally. There were statistically significant associations between grit and resilience and all outcomes at baseline and over time. After adjusting for age and sex, improved grit and resilience was associated with decreased anxiety (β = − 0.4, p < 0.001) and improved academic performance (β = 0.5, p < 0.001) when grit and resilience was measured by teachers, as well as decreased depression (β = − 0.3, p < 0.001) and improved QOL (β = 0.6, p < 0.001) when grit and resilience was measured by parents. Grit and resilience are significantly related to mental health, academic performance, and QOL in children with RD. This suggests that interventions to improve grit and resilience may lead to positive benefits.
Physico-chemical, nutritional, and flavor properties of soybean extracts processed by rapid-hydration hydrothermal cooking

Corsoy 79 soybeans were ground Into 8-(coarse) and 24-mesh (fine) full-fat soy flours. From the particle size analysis, the 8-mesh fullfat soy flours were found to have larger values for geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation. However, the distribution moduli of coarse and fine soy flours were similar and indicated soybeans were nearly "brittle". Development of hydrolytlc and oxidative rancidities of coarsely and finely ground full-fat soy flours were followed from grinding to 24 hrs later. No increases in peroxide value and conjugated dienes in the oil and hexanal content in the headspace of the flour were observed when the moisture content was 10.7% or less. At 14.9% moisture and above, lipid oxidation increased with increased moisture content and storage time. Free fatty acid contents increased slightly at all moisture contents. However, hydrolysis did not exceed 0.06% over the moisture range of 4 to 18%, which is of little practical significance. Fine grinding increased oxidative and hydrolytlc rancidities, especially at 14.9% moisture and above. These findings indicate that raw soybeans can be ground to fullfat soy flours and stored up to 24 hrs without undergoing significant lipid and flavor deterioration if the moisture content is 11% or less.
Agricultural and Trade Policy under Administrative Water Regimes

Urban growth in Florida over the past twenty-five years has been nothing short of spectacular. In 1975, Florida was the ninth largest state in the nation with a population of 2 million people. By 1996, the population in Florida had risen to 12 million people—the fourth most populous state in the nation. This growth has led to resource conflicts between urban demands and Florida’s traditional agricultural economy, particularly where land and water are concerned. Between 1970 and 1995, freshwater withdrawals for public supply increased by 134 percent, while self-supplied withdrawals for agriculture increased 54 percent (Marella, 1995). The conflict between agriculture and urbanization in the state is complicated by recent changes in agricultural and trade policy. Specifically, agriculture’s water use tends to be dominated by the state’s high-valued crops that compete with imports. In addition, dominant crops in north Florida are heavily reliant on traditional commodity programs. Hence, the changes implicit in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the 1996 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act (FAIR) may have significant ramifications for both cropping patterns and water use in Florida. Given the history of water-management in Florida, the emerging conflicts between agricultural and urban-water use will likely be resolved less through markets or courts and more through a unique regulatory environment under administrative law.
Characteristics of Pediatric Performance on a Test Battery Commonly Used in the Diagnosis of Central Auditory Processing Disorder

Background: Although central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) test battery performance has been examined in adults with neurologic lesions of the central auditory nervous system (CANS), similar data on children being referred for CAPD evaluations are sparse. Purpose: This study characterizes CAPD test battery performance in children using tests commonly administered to diagnose the disorder. Specifically, this study describes failure rates for various test combinations, relationships between CAPD tests used in the battery, and the influence of cognitive function on CAPD test performance and CAPD diagnosis. A comparison is also made between the performance of children with CAPD and data from patients with neurologic lesions of the CANS. Research Design: A retrospective study. Study Sample: Fifty-six pediatric patients were referred for CAPD testing. Data Collection and Analysis: Participants were administered four CAPD tests, including frequency patterns (FP), low-pass filtered speech (LPFS), dichotic digits (DD), and competing sentences (CS). In addition, they were given the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Descriptive analyses examined the failure rates of various test combinations, as well as how often children with CAPD failed certain combinations when compared with adults with CANS lesions. A principal components analysis was performed to examine interrelationships between tests. Correlations and regressions were conducted to determine the relationship between CAPD test performance and the WISC. Results: Results showed that the FP and LPFS tests were most commonly failed by children with CAPD. Two-test combinations that included one or both of these two tests and excluded DD tended to be failed more often. Including the DD and CS test in a battery benefited specificity. Tests thought to measure interhemispheric transfer tended to be correlated. Compared with adult patients with neurologic lesions, children with CAPD tended to fail LPFS more frequently and DD less frequently. Both groups failed FP with relatively equal frequency. Conclusions: The two-test combination that showed the highest failure rate for children with CAPD was LPFS-FP. Comparison with adults with CANS lesions, however, suggests that the mechanisms underlying LPFS performance in children need to be better understood. The two-test combination that showed the next highest failure rates among children with CAPD and did not include LPFS was CS-FP. If it is desirable to use a dichotic measure that has a lower linguistic load than CS then DD can be substituted for CS despite the slightly lower failure rate of the DD-FP battery.
Editor’s Note: Peer Reviewing the Peer Review Process

To meet the highest standards of scholarship, liberatory editorial practices need to transition from static peer reviewed to dynamic peer reviewing models that de-couple publication from defective pre-publication peer review requirements, and engage in alternative peer review practices that remain open to all those wishing to review a manuscript at any time in the post-publication phase—encouraging expanded and deepening exchanges among scholars, authors and readers alike. They need to invite critical thinking about prevailing and dominant paradigms and inflame creative spirits to forge new scholarly horizons and intellectual landscapes. And they need to embrace the subaltern voices in the academia and beyond, voices of those who have been deprived of cultivating their sociological imaginations through formal scholarly publishing avenues. Human Architecture warmly invites contributors and readers to peer review the innovative scholarships of learning published herein and to openly share their critical and constructive insights with one another in the future chronicles of this journal. H UMAN A RCHITECTURE : J OURNAL OF THE S OCIOLOGY OF S ELF -K NOWLEDGE ISSN: 1540-5699. © Copyright by Ahead Publishing House (imprint: Okcir Press). All Rights Reserved. HUMAN
Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Theory and Applications

Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) is a technique for forming ions of the compound of interest (analyte, A) by ion/molecule reactions from reactant ions of a reagent gas that is generally present in a much greater abundance than the analyte. The reactant ions are generally produced by electron ionization (EI) of the reagent gas. The ions produced by EI often react with the large excess of the reagent gas to form the actual reagent ions that react with the analyte. CIMS is performed with both positively and negatively charged reactant ions. The most common ion/molecule reactions in CIMS are proton transfer (which forms AH+ or [A − H]− ions), hydride transfer (which forms [A − H]+ ions), charge or electron transfer (which forms A+• or A−•ions), and adduct formation or attachment (which forms [A + R]+ or [A + R]− ions). Fragment ions from decompositions of these AH+, A±•, [A − H]±, and [A + R]± ions are frequently observed. The extent of fragmentation can be controlled by the choice of reagent gas used and can be predicted to some extent from ionic thermochemical data. Collisionally stabilized electron capture at high pressures (to form A−• ions) is often classified as chemical ionization (CI). The most common use of CIMS in analytical mass spectrometry is to obtain simplified mass spectra of compounds, often one species spectra, which can be used for quantitative analysis of mixtures. CIMS can be performed with any type of mass spectrometer (quadrupole, magnetic, time-of-flight (TOF), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR), ion trap) and CIMS capabilities are routinely available on many commercial instruments. With ion trap or FTICR mass spectrometers, it is possible to select specific reactant ions. It is generally considered that CI and EI sensitivities are approximately the same in the positive ion mode and that electron capture CI at high pressures for compounds with high electronegativities gives a much greater sensitivity than other EI or CI techniques. CIMS has the same general limitations as electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS) on the volatility and thermal stability of the compound being analyzed. However, direct insertion of the sample into the source of the mass spectrometer allows the analysis of relatively involatile and thermally unstable compounds.
Spacecraft Constrained Maneuver Planning Using Positively Invariant Constraint Admissible Sets

The paper considers spacecraft motion planning based on the use of safe positively invariant sets. In this approach, a connectivity graph is constructed between a set of forced equilibria, forming a virtual net that is centered around a nominal orbital position. The connectivity between two equilibria is determined based on safe positively invariant sets in order to guarantee that transitions between equilibria can be effected while spacecraft actuator limits are adhered to and debris collisions are avoided. A graph search algorithm is implemented to find the shortest path around the debris. Simulation results are presented that illustrate this approach.
Mutations in two specific residues of testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme change its catalytic properties

Chemical modifications of 2 specific residues present in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) result in its inactivation, thereby suggesting that these 2 residues may be important for its enzyme activity. We directly tested this hypothesis by substituting Tyr-236 with Phe and Lys-154 with Glu in rabbit testicular ACE (ACET) using site-directed mutagenesis of the corresponding cDNA. Wild type ACET, the two single mutants, and the double mutant were expressed in HeLa cells using the vaccinia virus-T7 polymerase expression system. The rate of synthesis, post-translational modifications, and cleavage secretion pattern of all four proteins were indistinguishable. The enzymatic properties of the two single mutants and the wild type enzyme were also very similar. In contrast, the double mutant had about a 20-fold lower specific activity although its Km was only 6-fold higher than that of the wild type protein. The double mutant also had a 100-fold higher Ki for lisinopril, a competitive inhibitor of ACET, and was 17-fold less sensitive to stimulation by NaCl, an activator of ACET. These results directly demonstrate that Tyr-236 and Lys-154 are indeed critical for the catalytic activity, lisinopril inhibition, and NaCl activation of ACET.
Rec-mediated recombinational hot spot activity in bacteriophage lambda. III. Chi mutations are site-mutations stimulating rec-mediated recombination

Lambda phage defective for Red and gam function make small plaques on rec+ bacteria. Mutants (called Chi) of λ arise which suppress the small-plaque phenotype. Chi mutations arise at at least four well-separated sites; one site is between gene L and att, one is between att and gam, one is in the cII gene, and one is near gene S. A phage strain carrying a Chi mutation at a given site has an extraordinarily high rate of Rec-mediated crossing-over near that site.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN. IV. EFFECT OF NICOTINAMIDE ON BRAIN AND LIVER MITOCHONDRIA.

Mitochondria from neonatal and adult rat brains and also from adult rat liver were compared for their ability to oxidize isocitrate in the presence and absence of added pyridine nucleotides and nicotinamide. Nicotinamide enhanced the oxidation of isocitrate by adult rat liver and brain mitochondria in the presence of added NAD and depressed it in the presence of added NADP. Phosphorylation associated with the oxidation of isocitrate was also affected by nicotinamide, depending on the added coenzyme and the tissue under consideration. Nicotinamide enhanced the activity of NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41) and inhibited the activity of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) and NADH2-cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.6.2.1) of brain mitochondria. It had no effect on NADPH2-cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.6.2.3).
Interdisciplinary Differential Diagnosis and Care of a Patient with Atypical Delusional Parasitosis due to early HIV-related Dementia

Objective: To provide a differential diagnosis and recommendations for care for an individual with suspected delusional parasitosis secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Method: A 62-year-old male with sexually acquired, chronic, and well-managed HIV infection was referred for neuropsychological evaluation and treatment recommendations following extensive self-manipulation of a sternoclavicular cystic mass and superficial skin lesions over most of his body. The patient reported that he had pulled long calcified tendrils out of the mass over a period of several weeks and that “encapsulated fat” was flowing beneath his skin. Results: Numerous lab panels were negative for any acute medical pathology. Clinical neuroimaging was unremarkable. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed a profile consistent with mild neurocognitive disorder due to HIV. Medical and behavioral recommendations were made for the management of delusional thought processes consistent with atypical delusional parasitosis and othe...
Punishment in Practice

Ethical breaches committed by professionals are an important problem, both within the professions and for society as a whole. In this study, I examine breaches committed in one of the oldest and mo...
High speed switching issues of high power rated silicon-carbide devices and the mitigation methods

With faster switching speed and much lower conduction and switching losses, Silicon-Carbide (SiC) semiconductor devices are nowadays gaining more favor in power converters applications. 1200 V and 1700 V SiC MOSFETs are commercially available, which enables more efficient and compact design of high power rated converters. However, the high di/dt and dv/dt associated with fast switching as well as the circuit parasitic elements raise various issues. In this paper, a double-pulse characterization fixture is built to test a 1200 V/100 A SiC device, from which the high speed switching issues, including device current and voltage resonances and spikes, gate terminal resonance, cross-talk, gate driver noise, and electromagnetic interference (EMI), are presented. All the switching waveform resonances and their associated parasitic elements are exploited and explained. Results show that due to these issues, the devices are prevented from full utilization of either the safe operation area (SOA) or the maximum switching speed. Finally, the device model considering all the parasitic elements is tested with a soft-switching circuit-resonant DC link converter, showing that the above stated issues are significantly mitigated.
Influence of Age on the Response of Rat Stem Spermatogonia to γ-Radiation

Testes of Sprague- Dawley rats aged either 2 to 12 months were administered 255 rads of /sup 60/Co gamma radiation at 45 rads/min. Irradiated animals along with controls (10 per group) were killed at postirradiation intervals varying from 5 to 120 days. Irradiation effects were assayed through testicular weights and counts of type-A spermatogonia in 50 cross sections of seminiferous tubules at stages 5 to 8 of the spermatogenic cycle. No significant difference in number of type-A spermatogonia was observed in testes of nonirradiated rats between the ages of 2 and 16 months. Irradiation reduced spermatogonial numbers to 21 to 25% of control in both age groups, but the postirradiation interval at which it occurred was different-- day 5, 2 months; day 10, 12 months. By 29 days after irradiation, spermatogonial numbers had increased to 55% of control in 2-month testes, but 12-month testes were only at 40% of control. The magnitude of the difference between young and old did not change at later postirradiation stages. At 50 days after irradiation, spermatogonial numbers peaked at 90% of control in 2-month testes and 74% of control in 12-month testes. Percents of control at 120 days postirradiation were 54 and 70% formore » 2- and 12-month testes, respectively. These results lead to the conclusion that irradiation produces a permanent decrement in the stem spermatogonial population with the magnitude of the decrement being age dependent. (auth)« less
Test assessment of RC structures in marine environment: the Geiger Key Bridge

Reinforced concrete marine structures are highly vulnerable to corrosion due to chloride ion attack; the severity of the attack being dependent on, among other factors, the prevailing climatic condition. The aggressiveness of the warm marine environment of Florida has led to the premature deterioration of numerous bridges and building along the coastline. This paper describes a methodology for structural assessment of concrete bridges while incorporating analysis uncertainty. The procedure includes the use of visual, electrochemical and non-destructive methods in order to define the cause and the level of concrete deterioration. A probabilistic mechanistic model is used to generate the distribution of the time to corrosion initiation based on statistical models of the governing parameters obtained from field data. The proposed methodology is applied to predict the time to corrosion initiation and predict the residual service life of the reinforcing steel in the concrete girders of the Geiger Bridge in Key West, FL.
Social ideas among post-reformation catholic labouring people: The evidence from civil war England in the 1640s

(1992). Social ideas among post-reformation catholic labouring people: The evidence from civil war England in the 1640s. History of European Ideas: Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 665-694.
Statistical Applications and Stochastic Analysis for Performance-Related Specification of Asphalt Quality Assurance

Performance-related specification (PRS) is known as the most advanced specification type in asphalt pavement quality assurance (QA). One major feature of PRS QA is the consideration of material variability in performance prediction models through the application of several essential statistical techniques. The uncertainty in material properties can consequently be encoded in the evaluation of asphalt mix quality. For this reason, it is of critical significance to use the statistical applications correctly in PRS QA. One product of the NCHRP 9-22 project is a computerized quality assurance tool, quality-related specification software (QRSS). This computer program can quantitatively evaluate the as-constructed asphalt mix quality against the as-designed mix quality to predict service life. To quantify stochastically the quality of both the as-designed and as-built mixes with the consideration of material variability, several essential statistical techniques were applied to the QA procedure. This paper prese...
Dexamethasone administration to newborn mice alters mucosal and muscular morphology in the ileum and modulates IGF-I localization.

Dexamethasone Administration to Newborn Mice Alters Mucosal and Muscular Morphology in the Ileum and Modulates IGF-I Localization
On objectivity and subjectivity in statistical inference: A response to Mayo

In this paper we respond to the article ‘An Objective Theory of Statistical Testing’ by D. G. Mayo (1983). We argue that the theory of testing developed by Mayo, NPT*, is neither novel nor objective. We also respond to the claims made by Mayo against Bayesian theory.
CFD study of fluid flow and wall heat transfer in a fixed bed of spheres

A study is presented of the relationship between the local flow field and the local wall heat flux in a packed bed of spheres. Computational fluid dynamics is used as a tool for obtaining the detailed velocity and temperature fields, for gas flowing through a periodic wall segment test cell. Results from the wall segment are demonstrated to reproduce those obtained from a full bed of spheres with tube-to-particle diameter ratio of N = 4. Attempts to correlate the local wall heat flux with local properties of the flow field, such as velocity components, velocity gradients, and components of vorticity, led to the conclusion that local heat transfer rates do not correlate statistically with the local flow field. Instead, a conceptual analysis was used to suggest that local patterns of wall heat flux are related to larger-scale flow structures in the bed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 906–921, 2004
Lubricant Removal, Degradation, and Recovery on Particulate Magnetic Recording Media

Lubrication of particulate magnetic recording media improves their mechanical durability in sliding and flying by several orders of magnitude compared with unlubricated media. Lubricant removal, degradation, and recovery were studied using microslit scanning Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and microspot scanning X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These techniques measure the total and surface lubricant amounts in the porous film, respectively. Lubricant dynamics were compared for two physisorbed polyperfluoroalkylether lubricants of similar molecular weight but different molecular structure—Y with a CF3 side group and Z with linear chains. The bulk viscosity of Y was about ten times higher than the viscosity of Z. In sliding, the lubricant removal rate of Y was significantly higher than that of Z while in flying the removal rates were reversed. Removal rates in sliding were orders of magnitude higher than those in flying. Effective lateral diffusion coefficients estimated from the rate of lubricant reflow back to the depleted tracks were close to inversely proportional to the bulk viscosity. During sliding and flying both lubricants degraded as evidenced by chemically altered lubricant detected on the surfaces after dissolution of undegraded lubricant.