cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic Carbon Flux to a Large Salt Lake: Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA

Energy flux to a large, deep, salt lake from phytoplankton, periphyton and macrophyte primary production as well as fluvial transport and wind-transported terrestrial vegetation and dust were quantified. Average areal phytoplankton net photosynthesis was 511 mg C m−2 d−1. Highest rates were during water-blooms of the bluegreen alga, Nodularia spumigena. Although areal daily net photosynthesis by periphyton in Pyramid Lake was comparable to other salt lakes, annual carbon influx by periphyton was small due to the lake's graben morphology and moderate euphotic depth (mean, 11.9 m). Macrophytes were uncommon and, therefore a minor source of energy. Truckee River is the only major fluvial discharge to Pyramid Lake and dissolved organic carbon was the principal organic carbon fraction in river water. Large upstream water diversions coupled with several drought years resulted in an average fluvial organic carbon load of only 7.3 g Cm−2y−1 or 4% of median phytoplankton net photosynthesis. Tumbleweeds were the most common terrestrial plant material observed in Pyramid Lake comprising a maximum projected importance of 6% of total annual carbon input. Windborne dust represented < .1% of annual carbon input. Phytoplankton primary production is the predominant energy source to Pyramid Lake, accounting for over 80% of annual carbon influx. The relative magnitude of autochthonous and allochthonous vectors to the annual carbon budget of this desert salt lake are comparable to those of the few other large lakes for which detailed energy input budgets have been calculated.
THE ROLE OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPINS IN FOLLICULAR STIMULATION AND OOCYTE MATURATION IN THE HUMAN

Abstract The serum estradiol (E2) values in normally ovulating infertile women stimulated first by a combination of follicle stimulating hormone fFSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) [human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG)] and second by FSH only were similar in both stimulation cycles. The serum FSH and LH values measured in one patient were also similar. Basal LH declined by 16 hours after HMG or FSH administration. These data suggest that exogenous LH is not required for follicular maturation as measured by E2 synthesis during ovulation induction in normal women. Maturation of the oocyte, at least in some patients, also progressed normally after the administration of FSH alone, followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), as indicated by the retrieval of viable oocytes which fertilized and cleaved in all patients and the initiation of a pregnancy which progressed normally.
Superlattice barrier infrared detector development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

We report recent efforts in achieving state-of-the-art performance in type-II superlattice based infrared photodetectors using the barrier infrared detector architecture. We used photoluminescence measurements for evaluating detector material and studied the influence of the material quality on the intensity of the photoluminescence. We performed direct noise measurements of the superlattice detectors and demonstrated that while intrinsic 1/f noise is absent in superlattice heterodiode, side-wall leakage current can become a source of strong frequency-dependent noise. We developed an effective dry etching process for these complex antimonide-based superlattices that enabled us to fabricate single pixel devices as well as large format focal plane arrays. We describe the demonstration of a 1024x1024 pixel long-wavelength infrared focal plane array based the complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design. An 11.5 micron cutoff focal plane without anti-reflection coating has yielded noise equivalent differential temperature of 53 mK at operating temperature of 80 K, with 300 K background and cold-stop. Imaging results from a recent 10 ?m cutoff focal plane array are also presented.
Organizational contingencies, organizational blogs and public relations practitioner stance toward publics

Abstract Public relations practitioners in this study who perceived social media (e.g., blogs) to be a normal part of their organization's day-to-day communication were less likely to choose an accommodating stance toward a key public than practitioners in “low-tech” conditions. Forty-three practitioners with a mean of 14.5 years professional experience participated in a 2 × 2 (contingencies for dialogue × technological orientation of organization) experiment. The data reveal a disconnect between the potential relational benefits of social media and the stance public relations practitioners in this study chose when social media were introduced as a regular part of their working environment.
An NMR study of ion pairing involving a free base porphyrin

On montre par spectrometrie RMN l'effet de la concentration sur les interactions de paires d'ion entre les tetra (N-methypyridyl) porphyrine et l'ion tosylate en solution aqueuse
Time intervals in the treatment of fractured femurs as indicators of the quality of trauma systems

Objective To investigate the use of time intervals in the treatment of fractured femurs as indicators of the quality of trauma systems. Methods Time intervals from injury to admission, admission to surgery and surgery to discharge for patients with isolated femur fractures in four low- and middle-income countries were compared with the corresponding values from one German hospital, an Israeli hospital and the National Trauma Data Bank of the United States of America by means of Student's t-tests. The correlations between the time intervals recorded in a country and that country's expenditure on health and gross domestic product (GDP) were also evaluated using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. Findings Relative to patients from high-income countries, those from low- and middle-income countries were significantly more likely to be male and to have been treated by open femoral nailing, and their intervals from injury to admission, admission to surgery and surgery to discharge were significantly longer. Strong negative correlations were detected between the interval from injury to admission and government expenditure on health, and between the interval from admission to surgery and the per capita values for total expenditure on health, government expenditure on health and GDP. Strong positive correlations were detected between the interval from surgery to discharge and general government expenditure on health. Conclusion The time intervals for the treatment of femur fractures are relatively long in low- and middle-income countries, can easily be measured, and are highly correlated with accessible and quantifiable country data on health and economics.
An interdisciplinary and systems-based evaluation of academic programs: Bovine mastitis-related veterinary research, education and outreach

An interdisciplinary and systems-oriented approach for evaluation of academic programs was explored in veterinary research, education and extension in the context of prevention of bovine mastitis. Bibliometric-based document analysis and observation methods were used to assess disciplinary contents of veterinary research and graduate education theses, and New York State dairy farmers' adoption rate of selected veterinary recommendations (bacteriological testing of raw milk, “closed herds”, and three hygiene-related practices). Findings indicated that: a) the veterinary extension literature was lower in output and less differentiated in disciplinary content than that of the agricultural counterpart; b) three disciplines accounted for 85% of all theses major contents; and c) 39.7% of New York dairies requested bacteriological testing, 50% of investigated dairies had “closed herds” and at least 9.4% of those did not adopt all the hygiene-related practices. Context-specific recommendations are proposed. It is concluded that this evaluation approach may facilitate policy analysis, program development and may be applicable to other academic settings.
Studies in Tectonic Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture

Introduction - reflections on the scope of the tectonic Greco-Gothic and neo-Gothic - the Anglo-French origins of tectonic form the rise of the tectonic - core form and art form in the German Enlightenment, 1750-1870 Frank Lloyd Wright and the text-tile tectonic Auguste Perret and classical rationalism Mies van der Rohe - avant-garde and continuity Louis Kahn - modernization and the New Monumentality, 1944-1972 Jorn Utzon - transcultural form and the tectonic metaphor Carlo Scarpa and the adoration of the joint postscriptum - the tectonic trajectory, 1903-1994 the owl of Minerva - an epilogue.
The history of random vibrations through 1958

Interest in the analysis of random vibrations of mechanical systems started to grow about a half century ago in response to the need for a theory that could accurately predict structural response to jet engine noise and missile launch-induced environments. However, the work that enabled development of the theory of random vibrations started about a half century earlier. This paper discusses contributions to the theory of random vibrations from the time of Einstein to the time of an MIT workshop that was organized by Crandall in 1958.
A new plane grating monochromator with off-axis paraboloids and curved slits.

A design for a new plane grating monochromator is described. The system employs a symmetrical configuration of off-axis paraboloids for both the collimator and camera mirrors. The entrance and exit slits are mounted on the same side of the grating and are curved in order to eliminate wavelength errors due to spectral line curvature. There is, in fact, a remarkable coincidence between the curvature which is required to avoid wavelength errors and the curvature which is required to obtain equal curvatures in the object and image planes. Ray tracing calculations for a symmetrical configuration of off-axis paraboloids show that the image of a curved slit with a length equal to 0.05 times the focal length of an f/5 mirror is diffraction limited for wavelengths λ > 0.2 μ.
Polynuclear lanthanide (Ln) complexes of a tri-functional hydrazone ligand – mononuclear (Dy), dinuclear (Yb, Tm), tetranuclear (Gd), and hexanuclear (Gd, Dy, Tb) examples

The lanthanide coordination chemistry of a tri-functional vanillin-hydrazone-oxime ligand reveals a variety of different products, depending on reaction conditions, with mono-nuclear (Dy), dinuclear (Yb, Tm), tetranuclear (Gd) and hexanuclear (Gd, Tb, Dy) examples. The Ln6 (Ln = Gd, Dy, Tb) complexes form in the presence of both triethylamine and acetic acid, and have unique, flat hexanuclear structures built on a μ3-O bridged triangular core, with the six lanthanide ions bridged further through μ-acetate and μ-Ohydrazone connections in an expanded fused triangular array. Similar reaction conditions with Yb(III) and Tm(III) lead preferentially to dinuclear systems, while in the presence of a competitive benzoate ligand a rectangular Gd4 complex results. Variable temperature DC magnetic data for the Gd(III) complexes reveal weak antiferromagnetic exchange. AC magnetic data on the other polynuclear complexes down to 2 K, both in the absence and presence of external bias fields, revealed no significant out of phase signals normally indicative of SMM behavior. However, the mononuclear Dy(III) complex shows frequency dependent AC signals and maxima in the temperature range 2-20 K in the presence of an external bias field, indicative of SMM behaviour, with Ueff = 36(1) K, and τ0 = 4.4(2) × 10(-6) s.
Ascites syndrome and related pathologies in feed restricted broilers raised in a hypobaric chamber

Abstract It has been demonstrated that the incidence of ascites can be significantly reduced through feed restriction. This method is thought to have an effect by slowing the growth rate of the birds. Interestingly, when birds are grown in a hypobaric chamber, ascites incidence increases while the overall growth rate of the birds is decreased. Unfortunately, the restriction programs practiced also have a detrimental effect on growth characteristics. An experiment was conducted to determine if the timing and duration of feed restriction can be used to reduce the incidence of ascites for broilers reared under high altitude and local elevation without having a negative impact on growth. A total of 600 commercial broiler males were used. Birds were divided, placing 360 birds in the hypobaric chamber at a simulated 2900 m (9,500 ft) above sea level, and 240 birds were placed at local elevation [390 m (1,300 ft) above sea level]. At each altitude there were four treatments: 1) fully fed controls; 2) feed available for 8 h/d for 6 wk (the duration of the study); 3) feed available for 8 h/d during the first 3 wk, then full feed for the remaining 3 wk; and 4) full feed for the first wk, then 3 wk of 8 h of feed availability, then 2 wk of full feed. Birds and feed were weighed weekly, and mortalities were necropsied to determine the cause of death. At the end of 6 wk, blood samples were taken, and the birds were weighed, necropsied, and scored for ascites, and organ weights were recorded. All feed restriction treatments significantly reduced ascites incidence, when compared with the fully fed controls. Treatment 2 birds were significantly lighter than any other group at both altitudes. The fully fed controls at local elevation were heavier than the fully fed controls at simulated high altitude, as seen in past experiments.
Interleukin-1α regulates substance P expression and release in adult sensory neurons

Nerve injury frequently results in development of chronic, dysesthetic pain and allodynia (painful sensation in response to benign stimulation). Following nerve injury, spinal cord glia become activated and secrete a number of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), which exists as two genetically distinct proteins, IL-1α and IL-1β. To investigate whether neuropeptide expression could be altered by exposure to these cytokines, dorsal root neurons from mature rats were grown in culture and substance P (SP) expression was analyzed. IL-1α and IL-1β both increased neuronal content of SP. Interestingly, IL-1α was significantly more efficient than IL-1β in inducing SP expression. Cultured neurons exposed to either cytokine secreted substantially more SP with capsaicin stimulation than did control cultures, supporting a physiologic role for these inflammatory cytokines after nerve injury. However, when IL-1β was added in combination with IL-1α to cultured neurons, the amount of SP expressed was significantly lower than that induced by IL-1α alone. Evidence is presented that both cytokines alter SP expression via the IL-1 receptor, and that the signaling pathway involves nerve growth factor (NGF) expression and transcription. In summary, IL-1α was significantly more efficient than IL-1β at up-regulating SP expression than IL-1β. Taken together, these observations suggest an important role for IL-1α in the events following nerve injury.
A pilot study of the treatment of outpatients with chronic pain: symptom control, stimulus control and social system intervention.

Abstract Of 6 outpatients with chronic pain, 5 completed therapy based on a 3-part treatment package designed to provide symptom control, stimulus control and social system modification. Each of the components of the treatment package resulted in therapeutic change. A mean of 35.8 weekly hour long therapy sessions resulted in statistically significant decreases in pain, hopelessness, depression and analgesic medication intake. Generally, these improvements were maintained at 6 months and 1 year follow-ups. This study is consistent with the notion that chronic pain is maintained by a combination of inter- and intrapersonal factors. A controlled comparison of this treatment program with other treatments for chronic pain is indicated.
A Simple and Fast Approach for Predicting 1H and 13C Chemical Shifts: Toward Chemical Shift-Guided Simulations of RNA

We introduce a simple and fast approach for predicting RNA chemical shifts from interatomic distances that performs with an accuracy similar to existing predictors and enables the first chemical shift-restrained simulations of RNA to be carried out. Our analysis demonstrates that the applied restraints can effectively guide conformational sampling toward regions of space that are more consistent with chemical shifts than the initial coordinates used for the simulations. As such, our approach should be widely applicable in mapping the conformational landscape of RNAs via chemical shift-guided molecular dynamics simulations. The simplicity and demonstrated sensitivity to three-dimensional structure should also allow our method to be used in chemical shift-based RNA structure prediction, validation, and refinement.
Abnormalities of 24-hour urine composition in first-time and recurrent stone-formers.

Objective To examine differences in 24-hour urine composition between recurrent and first-time stone-formers. Methods A retrospective review of patients evaluated in 2 metabolic stone clinics was performed. Recurrent stone formation was defined as patients with a history of more than 1 stone episode and first-time stone-formers were those with a history of a single-stone episode. Frequencies of urine metabolic abnormalities were noted. Multivariate linear regression was performed to evaluate the likelihood of abnormalities of 24-hour urine composition. Results Three-hundred eleven patients met inclusion criteria: 71 (22.8%) were first-time stone-formers and 240 (77.1%) were recurrent stone-formers. On univariate analysis, the likelihood of having a single abnormality of 24-hour urine composition (ie, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, or hypocitraturia) was similar between the 2 groups (83.1% for first-time vs 88.8% for recurrent, P = NS). In addition, there were similar rates of hypercalciuria (39.4% vs 43.3%, P = NS), hyperoxaluria (32.4% vs 33.3%, P = NS), hyperuricosuria (29.6% vs 23.3%, P = NS), and hypocitraturia (45.0% vs 45.0%, P = NS). On multivariate logistic regression, there was no difference in detection of any urine abnormality (ie, hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria or hypocitraturia or hyperuricosuria) between first-time (referent) or recurrent stone-formers (OR 1.68, 95% CI .8-3.5, P = .2). Conclusion In this study, detection of urine abnormalities was similar in first-time and recurrent stone-formers. Given the strong patient preference for stone prevention and the high success of directed therapy in the literature, we believe it is not unreasonable to offer comprehensive metabolic evaluation to first-time stone-formers who express a desire to undergo evaluation.
Chip-scale DC/DC power converter

The design of disruptive chip-scale integration of DC/DC power converters using breakthrough silicon and GaN power semiconductor switching devices, silicon CMOS control IC, MEMS inductor and microchip supercapacitor assembled using novel “Quilt Packaging” and microcooling to achieve nearly 90% power conversion efficiency is reported.
Effects of Varying Levels of Hypohydration on Ratings of Perceived Exertion

To investigate the effects of varying levels of hypohydration on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during moderate and heavy submaximal exercise, and at the lactate threshold (LT) and ventilatory threshold (VT), 9 male subjects cycled under states of euhydration (EU), moderate hypohydration (MH), and severe hypohydration (SH). The desired level of hypohydration was achieved over a 36-hr period by having subjects cycle at 50% VO2max in a 38°C environment on two occasions while controlling fluid intake and diet. During submaximal exercise, oxygen uptake, ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate, and RPE were not significantly different among treatments. Hypohydration did not significantly alter LT or VT, or perceptual responses at LT or VT. It is concluded that hypohydration of up to 5.6% caused by fluid manipulation and exercise in the heat over a 36-hr period does not alter RPE or the lactate or ventilatory threshold, nor RPE at the lactate and ventilatory thresholds measured during moderate and heavy sub...
Behavioral and hormonal effects of low-dose pergolide in children and adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome

Abstract Objective To assess the acute and subacute (≥4 weeks) toxicity of low-dose pergolide in children and adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Background Pergolide is a mixed dopamine-receptor agonist. At low doses, it may suppress tics in children with Tourette's syndrome. Potential adverse behavioral and hormonal effects of low-dose pergolide in children have not previously been reported. Methods Children with Tourette's syndrome were studied after administration of pergolide for 1 day and for ≥4 weeks. Repeated measurements of serum prolactin and growth hormone levels were performed. Repeated psychologic assessments were performed using the Visual Analogue Mood Scale subscales for happy, drowsy, energized, and tense. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for statistical analyses. Results Low-dose pergolide significantly suppressed serum prolactin levels, acutely and chronically. No changes in growth hormone or mood subscales were demonstrated. Conclusions Low-dose pergolide in children with Tourette's syndrome suppresses prolactin but not growth hormone. Its use may not produce the mood-related adverse effects commonly associated with neuroleptic drugs.
2‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylisocarbostyril

2-Hydroxy-3-methylisocarbostyril reactant: 8.0 g. (7.5 ml., 0.055 mole) of 2-methyl-1-indanone product: 2-hydroxy-3-methylisocarbostyril intermediate: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; nitrosation; rearrangements
Subgroup identification based on differential effect search—A recursive partitioning method for establishing response to treatment in patient subpopulations

We propose a novel recursive partitioning method for identifying subgroups of subjects with enhanced treatment effects based on a differential effect search algorithm. The idea is to build a collection of subgroups by recursively partitioning a database into two subgroups at each parent group, such that the treatment effect within one of the two subgroups is maximized compared with the other subgroup. The process of data splitting continues until a predefined stopping condition has been satisfied. The method is similar to 'interaction tree' approaches that allow incorporation of a treatment-by-split interaction in the splitting criterion. However, unlike other tree-based methods, this method searches only within specific regions of the covariate space and generates multiple subgroups of potential interest. We develop this method and provide guidance on key topics of interest that include generating multiple promising subgroups using different splitting criteria, choosing optimal values of complexity parameters via cross-validation, and addressing Type I error rate inflation inherent in data mining applications using a resampling-based method. We evaluate the operating characteristics of the procedure using a simulation study and illustrate the method with a clinical trial example.
A hybrid simulation framework for integrated management of infrastructure networks

The objective of this paper is to propose and test a framework for integrated assessment of infrastructure systems at the interface between the dynamic behaviors of assets, agencies, and users. For the purpose of this study a hybrid agent-based/mathematical simulation model is created and tested using a numerical example related to a roadway network. The simulation model is then used for investigating multiple performance scenarios pertaining to the road assets at the network level. The results include the simulation and visualization of the impacts of budget constraints on performance of the network over a forty-year policy horizon. Significantly the results highlight the importance of assessing the interactions between infrastructure assets, agencies, and users and demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed modeling framework in capturing the dynamic behaviors and uncertainties pertaining to civil infrastructure management.
Toward automated evolution of agent communication languages

The aim of our research is to understand and automate the mechanisms by which language can emerge among artificial, knowledge-based and rational agents. We want to design and implement agents that, upon encountering other agent(s) with which they do not share an agent communication language, are able to initiate creation of, and further are able to evolve and enrich, a mutually understandable communication language. Our research is supported by the principled methodology of designing rational, socially competent artificial agents based on Bayesian probability and decision theories, and on the research in linguistics and cognitive psychology that addresses the issues of function, mechanisms, development, and evolutionary history of natural languages. In our work, we express some of the key insights obtained in linguistics and cognitive science in formal terms of decision theory and game-theoretic. mechanism design. We propose that the evolution of an agent communication language can be accomplished by the mechanism of negotiation, developed in economics and game theory, and automated in recent work in artificial intelligence. Negotiation is suitable because it can be mapped to settings in which rational interacting agents could use communication for their mutual, yet selfish, benefits. The agents can make mutually beneficial agreements that will allow efficient communication, but they have a conflict of interest about which language constructs to use each would prefer a communication language that is easier and less costly to use from their own individual perspective.
Simulation output analysis

We discuss methods for statistically analyzing the output from stochastic simulations. Both terminating and steady-state simulations are considered.
Art, Folly, and the Bright Eyes of Children: The Origins of Regency Toy Theatre Reevaluated

Regency toy Theatre flourished in England in the years between 1811 and 1830. At the height of its popularity thousands of middle and working class youths, together with their upper class “betters,” escaped the grim realities of industrial London for the joys of staging — and playing all the parts of — The Fairy of the Oak, or Harlequin's Regatta (1811), Ferdinand of Spain, or Ancient Chivalry (1813), Bluebeard (1824), or even more exotic pieces such as “The Grand New Spectacle called Korastikan, Prince of Assassins ” (1824).
Cell-Free Mercury(II)-Reducing Activity in a Plasmid-Bearing Strain of Escherichia coli

The ability to reduce Hg(II) to Hg(0), which is determined by a plasmid-borne gene in Escherichia coli, is conferred by a Hg(II)-inducible activity which is located in the cytoplasm rather than in the periplasmic space of the cell. This Hg(II)-reducing activity can be isolated from the supernatant of a 160,000 x g centrifugation after French Press disruption of the cells. The activity is dependent on glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 2-mercaptoethanol, but is not enhanced by added nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Treatment of the active fraction with N-ethylmaleimide causes irreversible loss of the Hg(II)-reducing activity. Unlike the Hg(II)-reducing activity found in intact cells, the cell-free activity is not inhibited by toluene, potassium cyanide, or m-chlorocarbonylcyanide-phenylhydrazone; however, it is inhibited by Ag(I) and phenylmercuric acetate to the same extent as the activity in intact cells. Neither phenylmercuric acetate nor methylmercuric chloride is reduced to Hg(0) by the cell-free activity. Au(III), however, is a substrate for the cell-free activity; it is reduced to metallic colloidal Au(0).
Performance Analysis of an Integrated Multi-Mode Chemical Monopropellant Inductive Plasma Thruster

A novel multi-mode spacecraft propulsion concept is presented. The concept combines chemical monopropellant and electric pulsed inductive thruster technology to include shared propellant and shared conical nozzle. Geometry calculations show that existing conical pulsed inductive thruster experiments are typical of large (1000-4000 N) chemical monopropellant thruster nozzles. Performance and propulsion system mass required to accomplish a 1500 m/s delta-V with a 500 kg payload was calculated for geometries including 20-55 degree divergence angles. Results show that combining nozzle geometry is not beneficial in terms of propulsion system mass for small nozzle divergence angles, however using a nozzle with a 55 degree divergence angle results in a 1-2% reduction in propulsion system mass compared to an equivalent thrust system utilizing a separate chemical bell nozzle and flat coil PIT device despite having 19% lower chemical specific impulse and 18% lower electric thrust efficiency. Results suggest that using even larger divergence angles could yield even more benefit.
Some new North American genera and species in the group formerly called Platymetopius (Rhynchota, Homoptera)

The writer has been working on the food plants of the leaf-hoppers for many years and has found in the main the different species of the genus Platymetopius , as commonly recognized, are very closely confined to a single species of plant or to a closely related group. Before it was possible to prepare a list of the food plants in the group it was found necessary to describe a number of new species of which food plant and life history information was available. In working out the relationship of these species, two startling discoveries were made.
GENETIC VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF FIVE DROSOPHILA SPECIES AND THE HYPOTHESIS OF THE SELECTIVE NEUTRALITY OF PROTEIN POLYMORPHISMS

ABSTRACT We have studied genetic variation at 30-32 loci coding for enzymes in natural populations of five species of Drosophila. The average proportion of heterozygous loci per individual is 17.7 ± 0.4%. The average proportion of polymorphic loci per population is 69.2 ± 2.6% or 49.8 ± 2.2%, depending on what criterion of polymorphism is used. The following generalizations are advanced: (1) The amount of genetic polymorphism varies considerably from locus to locus. (2) At a given locus, populations of the same species are very similar in the amount and pattern of genetic variation. (3) However, at some loci large differences sometimes occur between local populations of the same species. (4) The amount of variation at a given locus is approximately the same in all five species. (5) When different species are compared, the pattern of the variation is either essentially identical or totally different at a majority of loci. We have tested the hypothesis that protein polymorphisms are selectively neutral by examining four predictions derived from the hypothesis. Our results are at variance with every one of the predictions. We have measured the amount of genetic differentiation, D, between taxa of various degrees of evolutionary divergence. The average value of D is 0.033 for local populations, 0.228 for subspecies, 0.226 for semispecies, 0.538 for sibling species, and 1.214 for morphologically distinguishable species. Our results indicate that a substantial degree of genetic differentiation (22.8 allelic substitutions for every 100 loci) occurs between allopatric populations that have diverged to the point where they might become different species if they were to become sympatric. However, very little additional genetic change is required for the development of complete reproductive isolation. After the speciation process is completed, species continue to diverge genetically from each other.
K nearest neighbor queries and kNN-Joins in large relational databases (almost) for free

Finding the k nearest neighbors (kNN) of a query point, or a set of query points (kNN-Join) are fundamental problems in many application domains. Many previous efforts to solve these problems focused on spatial databases or stand-alone systems, where changes to the database engine may be required, which may limit their application on large data sets that are stored in a relational database management system. Furthermore, these methods may not automatically optimize kNN queries or kNN-Joins when additional query conditions are specified. In this work, we study both the kNN query and the kNN-Join in a relational database, possibly augmented with additional query conditions. We search for relational algorithms that require no changes to the database engine. The straightforward solution uses the user-defined-function (UDF) that a query optimizer cannot optimize.We design algorithms that could be implemented by SQL operators without changes to the database engine, hence enabling the query optimizer to understand and generate the “best” query plan. Using only a small constant number of random shifts for databases in any fixed dimension, our approach guarantees to find the approximate kNN with only logarithmic number of page accesses in expectation with a constant approximation ratio and it could be extended to find the exact kNN efficiently in any fixed dimension. Our design paradigm easily supports the kNN-Join and updates. Extensive experiments on large, real and synthetic, data sets confirm the efficiency and practicality of our approach.
Effect of dietary protein on rat renin and angiotensinogen gene expression.

Abstract Plasma renin activity varies with the level of dietary protein, being higher on a high protein diet. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship we first examined the effect of dietary protein on renin and angiotensinogen gene expression at the level of steady state mRNA in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Renal renin mRNA was higher on a 50% (high) compared to a 6% (low) protein diet both 3 d (9.4 +/- 1.1 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.4 pg/micrograms of total RNA; P less than 0.02) and 21 d (6.8 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.4 pg/micrograms of total RNA; P less than 0.02) after dietary change. No change occurred in either renal or liver angiotensinogen mRNA. When three levels of dietary protein were examined, renal renin mRNA was elevated on a 50% and lowered on a 6% protein diet compared to a more standard 20% protein diet. Kidney weights and renal protein, RNA, and RNA/DNA increased with the level of dietary protein reflecting protein-induced renal hypertrophy. Uninephrectomy resulted in no change in renin mRNA compared to sham operation (3.7 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.4 +/- 0.1 pg/micrograms RNA; P = NS) despite renal growth in the uninephrectomy group implicating dietary protein and not hypertrophy as the major factor for stimulating renin mRNA. In conclusion, the level of dietary protein is a novel and specific stimulus for changes in renal renin mRNA. The increased plasma renin activity on a high protein diet is due at least in part to increased renin synthesis.
Fast computation of discrete Fourier transforms using polynomial transforms

Polynomial transforms, defined in rings of polynomials, have been introduced recently and have been shown to give efficient algorithms for the computation of two-dimensional convolutions. In this paper we present two methods for computing discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) by polynomial transforms. We show that these techniques are particularly well adapted to multidimensional DFT's as well as to some one-dimensional DFT's and yield algorithms that are, in many instances, more efficient than the fast Fourier transform (FFT) or the Winograd Fourier Transform (WFTA). We also describe new split nesting and split prime factor techniques for computing large DFT's from a small set of short DFT's with a minimum number of operations.
Scalable self-stabilization via composition

Objections to the practical use of stabilization have centered around problems of scale. Because of potential interferences between actions, global reasoning over the entire system is in general necessary. The complexity of this task increases dramatically as systems grow in size. Alternatives to dealing with this complexity focus on reset and composition. For reset, the problem is that any fault, no matter how minor, will cause a complete system reset with potentially significant lack of availability. For existing compositional alternatives, including compositional reset, severe restrictions on candidate systems are imposed. To address these issues, we give a framework for composition in which global reasoning and detailed system knowledge are not necessary, and which apply to a significantly wider range of systems than has hitherto been possible. We explicitly identify for each component which other components it can corrupt. Additionally, the correction of one component often depends on the prior correction of one or more other components, constraining the order in which correction can take place. Given appropriate component stabilizers such as detectors and correctors, we offer several ways to coordinate system correction, depending on what is actually known about the corruption and correction relations. By reducing the design of and reasoning about stabilization to local activities involving each component and the neighbors with which it interacts, the framework is scalable. Reset is generally avoided by using the correction relation to check and correct only where necessary. By including both correction and corruption relations, the framework subsumes and extends other compositional approaches. Though not directly a part of this work, we mention tools and techniques that can be used to help calculate the dependency and corruption relations and to help create the necessary stabilizers. To illustrate the theory, we show how this framework has been applied in our work in sensor networks.
On the Possibilities of Coastal, Mid-Shelf, and Shelf Break Upwelling

Abstract The steady-state circulation on a continental shelf under the combined influence of a wind stress, a surfacedensity distribution, and a longshore current over the shelf break is investigated in a linear, β-plane modelthat allows a longshore pressure gradient. The problem is quasi-two-dimensional and lends itself readily toa standard boundary-layer analysis. For the range of parameters considered, the hydrostatic Lineykin layerallows a vertical mass transport into the surface Ekman layer to compensate for the one-sided divergencecreated by the wind stress at the coast and is, therefore, primarily responsible for coastal upwelling. Anequatorward longshore current over the shelf break, on the other hand, contributes to a shelf break upwelling due to the Sverdrup relation. There is, in this case, also a possibility for a poleward undercurrentover the continental shelf. When the equatorward longshore velocity at the shelf break bottom is sufficientlylarge, however, the poleward undercurrent may not ex...
Image-guided surgery and craniofacial applications: mastering the unseen

Image-guided surgery potentially enhances intraoperative safety and outcomes in a variety of craniomaxillofacial procedures. We explore the efficiency of one intraoperative navigation system in a single complex craniofacial case, review the initial and recurring costs, and estimate the added cost (e.g., additional setup time, registration). We discuss the potential challenges and benefits of utilizing image-guided surgery in our specific case and its benefits in terms of educational and teaching purposes and compare this with traditional osteotomies that rely on a surgeon’s thorough understanding of anatomy coupled with tactile feedback to blindly guide the osteotome during surgery. A 13-year-old presented with untreated syndromic multi-suture synostosis, brachycephaly, severe exorbitism, and midface hypoplasia. For now, initial costs are high, recurring costs are relatively low, and there are perceived benefits of imaged-guided surgery as an excellent teaching tool for visualizing difficult and often unseen anatomy through computerized software and multi-planar real-time images.
Survival Following Massive Resection of Small and Large Bowel; Water, Electrolyte and Blood Volume Studies

Various reports in the literature have indicated that removal of large portions of the small intestine is not incompatible with life. Studies by West et aU and Todd et al.2 point out that such patients can maintain an adequate intake of carbohydrate and water; that there is a tendency to calcium-depletion tetany, which can be controlled by high calcium and vitamin A and D intake; that proteins are fairly well assimilated; but that fat is very poorly absorbed from the remnant of the intestinal tract. Berman et al.3 confirmed these observations, showing that fat hydrolysis was normal but its absorption was limited, and that nitrogen equilibrium was maintained even though half of the ingested nitrogen was excreted in the stool. To them the problem of diarrhea was the most difficult. Althausen et al.4, after metabolic and absorption studies in a patient with 15 cm. of jejunum left after resection, have shown that predigestion of food is not necessary, and that the small intestine is much more important for absorption than for digestion of food. Furthermore, follow-up studies in two such patientso demonstrated a marked increase in absorptive capacity of the remainder of the intestine with the passage of time. Apparently the absorption of water and glucose returns quickly to almost normal, followed by a return of absorptive capacity for amino acids, while the absorption of fats remains low, as shown by the vitamin A tolerance test. It is assumed that this adaptation takes place first by an adjustment of body weight to a lower nutritional requirement, secondly by a functional and anatomic increase of the remaining absorptive surface of the small intestine, and finally by the assumption of absorptive functions by the colon, previously held by the small intestine. There have been enough additional metabolic studies6 • 7 to make further investigation along this line repetitious. Our report concerns a similar patient who provided an opportunity for additional observations not previously described.
Intraoperative Mitomycin-C for Glaucoma Associated With Ocular Inflammation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The authors studied the efficacy and complications of intraoperative mitomycin-C in glaucoma associated with ocular inflammation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 24 consecutive patients (24 eyes) with glaucoma and ocular inflammation who had been treated with trabeculectomy and intraoperative mitomycin-C. Patient ages ranged from 10 to 83 years (mean 43 years). All patients were observed for at least 6 months. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up time of 14.6 months, 18 of the 24 patients (75%) retained vision and had an intraocular pressure of 21 mm Hg or lower with or without medications (range 4 to 21 mm Hg; mean 13.4 mm Hg). Fifteen of 24 patients (62%) had an intraocular pressure of 21 mm Hg or lower with no medications. Three patients required tube shunt implants. One patient had a retinal detachment and lost light perception. One patient had endophthalmitis 14 months after surgery. Seven of 24 patients lost two or more lines of Snellen acuity. CONCLUSION : Trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C can control intraocular pressure in glaucoma associated with ocular inflammation, but complications are frequent.
Small Data, Big Impact

In a world of big data, sometimes having the right amount of small data at the right time can also pack a powerful punch. Tasked with creating a straightforward network visualization for a growing institution, the authors explored the organization's activities, which ultimately led to a radical refocusing and restructuring of the institution. Their small interdisciplinary team, combining skills in music composition, data visualization, and computational programing, produced the Orb--a data visualization project leveraging perceived affordances of 3D data representation to support human understanding of institutional networks. They present their multistage design process and lessons learned from this ongoing project.
The Politics of the Transition to Digital Television

Digital television standards have been adopted in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. The first completed transition to digital TV occurred in Berlin last year. I will outline the challenges and opportunities associated with this transition in the rest of the world based on my previous research on the politics of HDTV and digital television in the industrialized countries.
Photoconductivity Recombination Kinetics in GaN films

Photoconductive detectors were fabricated on autodoped n-GaN films, with resistivity varying from 10 Ohm-cm to 107Ohm-cm, by molecular beam epitaxy. The mobility-lifetime product, determined from the measurement of photoconductive gain, was found to decrease monotonically from 10−2 cm2/V to 10−7 cm2/V as the dark resistivity was increased. This variation in the μτ products is attributed to changes in photocarrier lifetimes. In order to understand the recombination mechanisms responsible for this photoconductive behavior, the dependence of photoconductivity on excitation intensity (δσ ℝ fλ) was investigated. The exponent λ was found to vary from 0.5 to 1.0, as the dark resistivity of the films increased. These results indicate the presence of exponential band tails extending from the conduction band edge. Furthermore, the dependence of photoconductivity on dark resistivity indicates that the photoconductive response is governed primarily by the location of the dark fermi level. A model accounting for these observations is presented.
Superhigh strength 7A60 Al alloy by low frenquencyelectromagnetic cast(II)——Intracrytalline solubility of alloy element and mechanical property of billets with diameter of 0.2m

The intracrytalline solubility of alloy elements and mechanical properties of 7A60 Al alloy billets cast by low frequency electromagnetic casting were investigated. The results show that the relative intracrytalline solubility of alloy elements(Zn, Mg and Cu) and mechanical properties, Vicker hardness, ultimate tensile strength and elongation are increased with decreasing electromagnetic frequency and increasing electromagnetic intensity. When the frequency is 15Hz and number of ampere turns is 20kA·turn, relative intracrytalline solubility of alloy elements (for Zn, Mg and Cu the solubility are 68.8%, 76.0% and 45.0%, respectively) is the highest; when the frequency is 15Hz and number of ampere turns is 20kA·turn, Vicker hardness is the highest of Hv160; when the frequency is 25Hz and number of ampere turns is 20kA·turn, ultimate tensile strength is the highest of 324MPa.
The 1997 Report of the Japanese National Registry data on pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients.

ObjectiveWe have collected data on pediatric patients less than 16 years of age from the National Registry of Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis (PD). We present our experience with this population.Design...
Sleep Apnea in Children

Sleep apnea in children develops when airway obstruction at night is severe; however, lesser degrees of obstruction may also cause problems. The most common cause of nighttime obstruction with or without apnea is hyperplasia of the tonsils and adenoids. Other conditions such as craniofacial anomalies and neuromuscular disorders may predispose children to obstruction of the airway during sleep. Although cor pulmonale, heart failure, and cardiorespiratory arrest are the most dramatic results of obstructive apnea, before these occur many other problems may develop that are detrimental to the child's health, including failure to thrive. A careful history and physical examination are usually sufficient to determine if obstruction and apnea are present at night. Additional studies such as sleep sonography and polysomnography are helpful for documentation of the disorder. The treatment of obstructive apnea, unless associated with central apnea, is surgical. The vast majority of children with obstruction have dramatic resolution of their obstruction following a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Occasionally additional procedures including uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and tracheotomy are needed.