cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate imaging of moving targets via random sensor arrays and Kerdock codes

The detection and parameter estimation of moving targets is one of the most important tasks in radar. Arrays of randomly distributed antennas have been popular for this purpose for about half a century. Yet, surprisingly little rigorous mathematical theory exists for random arrays that addresses fundamental questions such as how many targets can be recovered, at what resolution, at which noise level, and with which algorithm. In a different line of research in radar, mathematicians and engineers have invested significant effort into the design of radar transmission waveforms which satisfy various desirable properties. In this paper we bring these two seemingly unrelated areas together. Using tools from compressive sensing we derive a theoretical framework for the imaging of targets in the azimuth–range–Doppler domain via random antenna arrays. In one manifestation of our theory we use Kerdock codes as transmission waveforms and exploit some of their peculiar properties in our analysis. Our paper provides two main contributions. (i) We derive the first rigorous mathematical theory for the detection of moving targets using random sensor arrays. (ii) The transmitted waveforms satisfy a variety of properties that are very desirable and important from a practical viewpoint. Thus our approach does not just lead to useful theoretical insights, but is also of practical importance. Various extensions of our results are derived and numerical simulations confirming our theory are presented.
Primary Care Provider Corticosteroid Choice and Clinical Outcomes for Children with Acute Asthma Exacerbations

Background: There is variability in primary care provider (PCP) oral corticosteroid (OCS) preferences for treatment of children with acute asthma exacerbations. However, the impact of PCP steroid treatment choices on clinical outcomes has not been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate clinical outcomes in children with acute asthma exacerbations treated with prednisone/prednisolone versus dexamethasone at their primary care clinic. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of children ages 3-9 years in the Colorado All Payers Claim Database with a primary care clinic visit for asthma and an associated OCS prescription fill between January 22, 2013 and June 26, 2019. Index clinic …
Continuation of Peritoneal Dialysis in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients With Delayed Graft Function.

Introduction Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been used increasingly in past decade. Many of these patients undergo transplantation and may require dialysis for delayed graft function (DGF). The outcomes of DGF based on the post-transplantation dialysis modality are not well known. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all adult kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) from the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health who developed DGF between November 2015 and April 2019. Patients were divided into those who received hemodialysis (HD) or PD during the DGF period. Immediate graft explant, DGF among living donor KTRs, or those requiring just a single dialysis treatment were excluded. Results Of 224 KTRs with DGF during the study period, 167 fulfilled our selection criteria. There were 16 patients in the PD and 151 in the HD group. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups, except diabetes was more prevalent in the HD group. Five of 16 PD patients had to be transitioned to HD. There was no difference in DGF duration, hospital length of stay, infectious or surgical complications, rejection at various time periods, graft function at last follow-up, or graft failure. In multivariate analysis, only rejection within the first year of transplantation (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–15.08; P = 0.02) and post-surgical complications (HR: 3.79; 95% CI: 1.03– 13.91; P = 0.04) were associated with death-censored graft failure (DCGF). The use of PD for treatment of DGF was not associated with DCGF. Conclusions In carefully selected patients, PD can be continued safely for DGF without any effect on short-term or long-term transplant outcomes.
The Long Honduran Night: Resistance, Terror, and the United States in the Aftermath of the Coup

On the day of this writing (6 October 2020), top headlines out of Honduras can be paraphrased as follows: 2,433 people in the country of 9.5 million have officially died of the coronavirus, althoug...
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis attenuation and obesity risk in sexually abused females.

Abstract Background Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) confers elevated risks for obesity in females. Mechanisms that explain this link remain unclear. This study tracked serum basal cortisol levels with body mass index (BMI) from childhood into adulthood to test whether hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis attenuation accounts for elevated obesity risks for sexually abused females. Methods Data drew from six timepoints of a longitudinal study of the impact of CSA on development. Participants were females aged 6–16 years at time of study enrollment with substantiated CSA and demographically matched non-abused peers. Analyses included only participants who did not have obesity at study enrollment. Main outcomes were BMI growth trajectories across ages 6–27 (n = 150; 66 abused, 84 comparisons) and early adulthood obesity status (ages 20–27; n = 133; 62 abused, 71 comparison). HPA axis functioning indicators were intercept and linear slope parameters extracted from multilevel growth trajectories of serum basal cortisol levels across development. Racial-ethnic minority status, parity, steroid medication use, depression history and disordered eating history were covaried. Results While controlling for covariates, multilevel modeling indicated that high initial serum basal cortisol levels in childhood and attenuated cortisol growth rate over time (i.e., HPA axis attenuation) were associated with accelerated BMI accumulation (p Conclusion This work establishes a mechanistic association between HPA axis attenuation and obesity, suggesting that trauma treatments for abuse survivors should include interventions that reduce health consequences associated with dysregulated stress physiology.
Cognitive processing of a common stimulus synchronizes brains, hearts, and eyes

Neural, physiological and behavioral signals synchronize between human subjects in a variety of settings. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain this interpersonal synchrony, but there is no clarity under which conditions it arises, for which signals, or whether there is a common underlying mechanism. We hypothesized that similar cognitive processing of a shared stimulus is the source of synchrony between subjects, measured here as inter-subject correlation. To test this we presented informative videos to participants in an attentive and distracted condition and subsequently measured information recall. Inter-subject correlation was observed for electro-encephalography, gaze position, pupil size and heart rate, but not respiration and head movements. The strength of correlation was co-modulated in the different signals, changed with attentional state, and predicted subsequent recall of information presented in the videos. There was robust within-subject coupling between brain, heart and eyes, but not respiration or head movements. The results suggest that inter-subject correlation is the result of similar cognitive processing and thus emerges only for those signals that exhibit a robust brain-body connection. While physiological and behavioral fluctuations may be driven by multiple features of the stimulus, correlation with other individuals is co-modulated by the level of attentional engagement with the stimulus.
Dialogue in Teaching: Theory and Practice

This work offers a detailed examination of the theory and practice of dialogue as a cluster of related dialogical styles and approaches and not just as one entity. The author offers a critical and conceptual study of the nature of dialogue, and a discussion of concrete issues in teaching with dialogue: how it works, why it is beneficial for teaching, how it sometimes fails, and how to improve on it. Organising his book around the metaphor of playing a game, Burbules speaks to scholars and teachers in sophisticated, yet accessible language, about a topic of interest to both.
Revisiting Corporate R&D Spending During a Recession

Successful product and process R&D should translate into improved company performance. We would hope that this would be particularly evident in periods of recession when new products or more effici...
The Art of Self-Fashioning, or Foucault on Plato and Derrida

This paper examines Foucault's reading of Plato and ancient philosophy as part of his continuing dialogue and debate with Derrida. It contends that this debate not only in part motivates Foucault's turn to antiquity, but also is directly revelatory of the most basic differences between Foucault's and Derrida's conceptions of philosophy.
Psychiatric screening of civil service candidates with particular reference to police applicants.

This prelimary report has reviewed the activities of a Medical Review Board for a Civil Service Commission. The responsibility of the Board is to review conflicting data in cases where the hiring authority has attempted to exclude a candidate, particularly a police candidate, on the grounds that the applicant is mentally unfit to perform the duties of the position. This rule has been applied primarily to police applicants, secondarily to fireman applicants, and rarely to other. Psychiatrists who participate must be aware of the underlying conflicts within civil service systems, the possibility of manipulation, and the rigidity of the system which is designed to protect the greatest number. Civil service systems have limited discretion on personnel policies. Therefore, psychiatrists must be careful not to act as arbiters for social institutions without a sound and meticulous basis for their participation. For those psychiatrists who participate in the process, the urgent need to do so in accord with professional standards is stressed, recognizing that standards change and that the nature of participation will be scrutinized by many in society outside the profession. Language: en
Electron Microscopy of Herpes Simplex Virus IV. Studies with Ferritin-conjugated Antibodies

Small aggregates of viral antigen were encountered in the nuclear matrix. The capsids did not tag with antibodies specific for the virus or for the host cell. This observation remains unexplained. Nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes, as well as the envelope of the virus, reacted with both types of antibodies and appear, therefore, to contain host cell and viral protein. Large amounts of viral antigen are synthesized within the cytoplasm. This antigen was either diffusely spread or localized at the surface of membranes. The surface of infected cells contains viral antigen, which accumulates as infection progresses. At circumscribed sites, the cell wall becomes altered antigenically and structurally so as to resemble the envelope of the virus. Hypotheses are presented regarding the manner in which cell fusion occurs.
Acid-base Disturbances

A 12-year old female is brought to the ER because of increasing weakness. She has been having low grade fever and severe diarrhea for four days. Laboratory studies reveal sodium 140 mEq/l, potassium 2.4 mEq/l, chloride 115 mEq/l, bicarbonate 15 mEq/l, BUN 21 mg/dl, creatinine 1.5 mg/dl, glucose 88 mg/dl, calcium 10.0 mg/dl, phosphate 3.5 mg/dl, magnesium 1.8 mg/dl, and plasma osmolality 284 mOsm/kg.
An African American Mother’s Stories as T.M.I.: Ethics and Vulnerability around Traumatic Narratives in Digital Literacy Research

This article examines how an African American mother’s affinity for digital tools relates to her telling of traumatic narratives, and how the very personal information contained in such narratives often problematizes the methodology of reporting qualitative research methods. These tensions include the concept of T.M.I. in qualitative research, as well as related ethical issues, such as participant vulnerability, informed consent, and risks and benefits. This work addresses three key roles relevant to T.M.I.: that of the participant, the researcher, and the journal reviewer. It also provides researchers with various recommendations for conducting unconventional, agentic, and activist research.
Identification of host and pathogen factors involved in virulence using Caenorhabditis elegans.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses methods used to (1) identify virulence factors and (2) identify host defense factors using Caenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans) particularly, it emphasizes on the interactions between C. elegans and P. aeruginosa . C. elegans is a bacteria-feeding nematode that is found naturally in the soil, which is also the natural habitat of many human pathogens, including P aeruginosa . P. aeruginosa kills C. elegans by at least three largely distinct mechanisms that are dependent on growth conditions and the genotype of the bacteria. Furthermore, many C. elegans mutants generated from the same N2 background are already available and can be obtained from the CGC, which currently maintains more than 3000 C. elegans genetic stocks. Where mutation of a specific host gene of interest is not available, one can generate with relative ease gene-specific loss-of-function or hypomorphic mutants using the Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) technique described in the chapter.
La estructura del crecimiento económico regional y urbano en Colombia (1960-1975)

Estudia la evolucion de la estructura economica regional y urbana y el crecimiento de las diferentes regiones del pais durante el periodo 1960 - 1975, con el fin de identificar elementos importantes que influyen en el crecimiento economico regional y urbano, de evaluar la importancia de las politicas economicas generales y espaciales sobre dicho crecimiento, y de los diversos sectores sobre la concentracion espacial de la actividad economica, derivando algunas implicaciones de politica. Adicionalmente, se discuten las principales caracteristicas del desarrollo economico y demografico durante el periodo en cuestion; posteriormente se efectua un analisis empirico del crecimiento economico regional y urbano.
Learning interface agents

Interface agents are computer programs that employ Artificial Intelligence techniques in order to provide assistance to a user dealing with a particular computer application. The paper discusses an interface agent which has been modelled closely after the metaphor of a personal assistant. The agent learns how to assist the user by (i) observing the user's actions and imitating them, (ii) receiving user feedback when it takes wrong actions and (iii) being trained by the user on the basis of hypothetical examples. The paper discusses how this learning agent was implemented using memory-based learning and reinforcement learning techniques. It presents actual results from two prototype agents built using these techniques: one for a meeting scheduling application and one for electronic mail. It argues that the machine learning approach to building interface agents is a feasible one which has several advantages over other approaches: it provides a customized and adaptive solution which is less costly and ensures better user acceptability. The paper also argues what the advantages are of the particular learning techniques used.
Inbreeding depression increases with environmental stress: an experimental study and meta-analysis.

Inbreeding–environment interactions occur when inbreeding leads to differential fitness loss in different environments. Inbred individuals are often more sensitive to environmental stress than are outbred individuals, presumably because stress increases the expression of deleterious recessive alleles or cellular safeguards against stress are pushed beyond the organism's physiological limits. We examined inbreeding–environment interactions, along two environmental axes (temperature and rearing host) that differ in the amount of developmental stress they impose, in the seed-feeding beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We found that inbreeding depression (inbreeding load, L) increased with the stressfulness of the environment, with the magnitude of stress explaining as much as 66% of the variation in inbreeding depression. This relationship between L and developmental stress was not explainable by an increase in phenotypic variation in more stressful environments. To examine the generality of this experimental result, we conducted a meta-analysis of the available data from published studies looking at stress and inbreeding depression. The meta-analysis confirmed that the effect of the environment on inbreeding depression scales linearly with the magnitude of stress; a population suffers one additional lethal equivalent, on average, for each 30% reduction in fitness induced by the stressful environment. Studies using less-stressful environments may lack statistical power to detect the small changes in inbreeding depression. That the magnitude of inbreeding depression scales with the magnitude of the stress applied has numerous repercussions for evolutionary and conservation genetics and may invigorate research aimed at finding the causal mechanism involved in such a relationship.
Delivery of HIV Transmission Risk-Reduction Services by HIV Care Providers in the United States-2013.

Objectives:Evidence-based guidelines have long recommended that HIV care providers deliver HIV transmission risk-reduction (RR) services, but recent data are needed to assess their adoption.Methods:The authors surveyed a probability sample of 1234 US HIV care providers on delivery of 9 sexual behavior– and 7 substance use–related HIV transmission RR services and created an indicator of “adequate” delivery of services in each area, defined as performing approximately 70% or more of applicable services.Results:Providers were most likely to encourage patients to disclose HIV status to all partners since HIV diagnosis (81%) and least likely to ask about disclosure to new sex and drug injection partners at follow-up visits (both 41%). Adequate delivery of sexual behavior– and substance use–related RR services was low (37% and 43%, respectively).Conclusion:The majority of US HIV care providers may need additional support to improve delivery of comprehensive HIV transmission RR services.
COMPASS| Relocating the Press: Toward a More Positive Notion of “Freedom of the Press”

In the last decade, the journalism industry has seen declining advertising revenues, stagnating circulation numbers, and a continuing trend of reduced support from the government in the form of lost tax breaks and subsidies (Cowan & Westphal, 2010; Newspaper Association of America, 2013). The workforce in traditional newsrooms has dropped nearly 30% in a decade (Jurkowitz, 2014b). These developments have led to extensive documenting of the troubles conventional newsrooms face (Anderson, 2013; Herndon, 2012; McChesney & Nichols, 2011; Ryfe, 2012) and dire predictions about the future of the newspaper industry: “[T]his onetime ubiquitous medium is in its death spiral” (McChesney, 2013, p. 172).
An extension of Sz&#225;sz's theorem for random signal representation

Szasz's theorem is extended to the exponential representation of random signals. It is shown that for the class of random processes with square integrable autocorrelation functions R(t, τ), the set {eskt} is complete if and only if this set satisfies Szasz's condition. The result also holds for the class of random processes having absolutely integrable R(t, t).
Thermal Performance of Angled, V-Shaped, and W-Shaped Rib Turbulators in Rotating Rectangular Cooling Channels (AR=4:1)

An experimental study was performed to measure the heat transfer distributions and frictional losses in rotating ribbed channels with an aspect ratio of 4:1. Angled, discrete angled, V-shaped, and discrete V-shaped ribs were investigated, as well as the newly proposed W-shaped and discrete W-shaped ribs. In all cases, the ribs are placed on both the leading and trailing surfaces of the channel, and they are oriented 45° to the mainstream flow. The rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (e/D) is 0.078, and the rib pitch-to-height ratio (P/e) is 10. The channel orientation with respect to the direction of rotation is 135°. The range of flow parameters includes Reynolds number (Re = 10000–40000), rotation number (Ro = 0.0–0.15), and inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio (Δρ/ρ = 0.12). Both heat transfer and pressure measurements were taken, so the overall performance of each rib configuration could be evaluated. It was determined that the W-shaped and discrete W-shaped ribs had the superior heat transfer performance in both non-rotating and rotating channels. However, these two configurations also incurred the greatest frictional losses while the discrete V-shaped and discrete angled ribs resulted in the lowest pressure drop. Based on the heat transfer enhancement and the pressure drop penalty, the discrete V-shaped ribs and the discrete W-shaped ribs exhibit the best overall thermal performance in both rotating and non-rotating channels. These configurations are followed closely by the W-shaped ribs. The angled rib configuration resulted in the worst performance of the six configurations of the present study.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Male external genitals reconstruction following tumor ablation

External genital reconstruction following tumor ablation presents reconstructive surgeons a great challenge. Male external genital structures are not easily replaced by extragenital tissues. Recent advances in the design of flaps and the use of microsurgical tissue transfer techniques have remarkably improved the functional and aesthetic results of genital reconstruction.
Adverse social comparison processes and negative self-feelings: A test of alternative models

Theoretically informed models are estimated that specify the direction of the relationship between social comparisons and negative self-feelings. The data are from three waves of an ongoing longitudinal study of adaptations to stress. Subjects are individuals who were tested in their middle teens (T3), mid-twenties (Time 4) and in their mid-thirties (Time 5). The models were estimated using both logistic regression and ordinary least squares regression. In general, the results suggest that negative self-feelings are an antecedent of social comparison processes as negative self-feelings are significantly related to all five measures of social comparison. Findings suggest that negative self-feelings are sometimes a consequence of social comparison processes as negative self-feelings are significantly related to three of the five measures of social comparison.
The Genus Hoplopleura (Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae) from Murid Rodents in Sulawesi, with Descriptions of Three New Species and Notes on Host Relationships

Hoplopleura chrysocomi, H. sembeli, and H. musseri are described and illustrated as new species from bioendemic murid rodents, and H. pacifica Ewing is documented from commensal murids from Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. H. chrysocomi parasitized only Bunomys chrysocomus (Hoffmann), and H. musseri was taken only from Maxomys musschenbroeki (Jentink). H. sembeli was collected from three species of sympatric murids but parasitized principally Maxomys hellwaldi (Jentink). Similarities between H. musseri from Sulawesi and H. pectinata (Cummings) from mainland Southeast Asia and Borneo corroborate host taxonomies that propose close phylogenetic relationships between their spiny rat hosts. Brief comment is made on possible coevolution between the regionally bioendemic Sulawesi macaques and their pedicinid sucking lice.
Making filmless radiology work

ESPITE 2 DECADES of optimistic and confident predictions that filmless radiology was imminent, the centennial commemoration of Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of the x-ray will come and go this year with only a small number of radiology departments interpreting more than a small fraction of imaging studies using a computer workstation. The reasons for this undoubtedly representa combination of economic constraints, concerns about image quality and time required for image interpretation, and the inertia that must be overcome with any paradigm shift as great as is required to abandon film for the largely uncharted waters of digital imaging. The combination of construction Ÿ associated with the Veterans Administration's (VA's) new high-tech showcase, exhaustive investigation into quality and productivity issues associated with digital imaging, a great deal of energy and enthusiasm, and perhaps a bit of naivet› resulted in the decision to pursue filmless operation at the Baltimore VA Medical
Identification of a Physical Interaction Between Calcineurin and Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFATp)

In T lymphocytes, the calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase, calcineurin, plays a pivotal role in transducing membrane-associated signals to the nucleus. One of the putative targets of calcineurin is the pre-existing, cytosolic component of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATp; also referred to as NFAT1), which is one of several transcription factors required for the expression of interleukin 2. Inhibition of calcineurin by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506 prevents dephosphorylation of NFATp and its translocation to the nucleus. However, a physical interaction between calcineurin and NFATp has not been demonstrated. Here we demonstrate the binding of NFATp from lysates of T cells to immobilized calcineurin. Stimulation of T cells with calcium ionophore induced a shift in the molecular weight of NFATp that is due to its dephosphorylation. This dephosphorylation was inhibited by treatment of T cells with cyclosporin A or FK506 prior to stimulation. Of note, both the phosphorylated and the dephosphorylated form of NFATp bound to calcineurin. Furthermore, the binding of both forms of NFATp to calcineurin was inhibited by pretreatment of calcineurin with a complex of FK506 and its ligand FKBP12. Taken together these data strongly suggest a direct interaction of calcineurin with NFATp and that this interaction does not depend upon the phosphorylation sites of NFATp affected by activation.
Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by microcrystalline cholesterol

Abstract Microcrystalline cholesterol in either the anhydrous or monohydrate form was a potent activator of the alternative pathway of complement as measured by the electrophoretic conversion (crossed immunoelectrophoresis) of C3 and properdin factor B. Chelation with 0.01 M ethylene-diaminetetraacetate (EDTA) completely eliminated conversion, but 0.01 M ethyleneglycol tetra-acetate (EGTA) had little or no effect. The magnitude of activation by cholesterol crystals was similar to that by zymosan, heat-aggregated IgG, or crystals of monosodium urate monohydrate. The microcrystalline forms of the acetate, linoleate, or oleate esters of cholesterol did not activate more complement than did saline controls. Cholestanol retained full C3 activating potency, but cholestane had none. Binding of IgG by cholesterol monohydrate is very small compared to that by sodium urate.
Recent Advances in Heavy Quark Theory

Some recent developments in heavy quark theory are reviewed. Particular emphasis is given to inclusive weak decays of hadrons containing a b quark. The isospin violating hadronic decay D{sub s}* {yields} D{sub s}{sup pi}{sup 0} is also discussed.
Population dynamics of three estuarine meiobenthic harpacticoids (Copepoda) in South Carolina

To elucidate the population dynamics of abundant meiofauna, a 15-month field study of 3 species of harpacticoid copepods was conducted in a South Carolina (USA) estuary. Per capita birth and death rates and average brood size (number of eggs per adult female) were lowest for Enhydrosoma propinguum (Brady), Microarthridion littorale (Poppe), and Stenhelia (Delavalia) bifidia (Coull) from November–February, indicating that food or density-independent factors such as temperature regulated winter densities. Reproduction for all species began in February, with the first appearance of copepodites approximately 1 month later. From March–October, M. littorale displayed high per capita birth and death rates (>0.6 individual-1 day-1), and high average brood size (8 to 9 eggs per adult female). As this species is epibenthic, and thus susceptible to grazing by detritivores, these data suggest that M. littorale was limited by predation. S. (Delavalia) bifidia displayed a sharp increase in density, birth rate and average brood size in July, but birth and death rates (≈0.3 individual-1 day-1) were always lower than those of M. littorale and average brood size gradually decreased from July–December. As this species burrows and is less susceptible to grazing predation, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that S. (Delavalia) bifidia became food-limited as population growth approached its carrying capacity. Although E. propinguum was the most abundant species, quantification of birth potential was not accomplished due to an underestimate of the number of ovigerous females. Therefore, little can be concluded about the mechanism of the summer density regulation of E. propinguum.
Phonon bottleneck in the spin relaxation of dilute magnetic semiconductors: New model for the narrowing of the magnetization steps in pulsed fields

Abstract The effective spin-lattice relaxation time τ1eff in Zn0.97Mn0.03S and Cd0.977Mn0.023S was determined from AC susceptibility measurements, performed at 1.5 ≤ T ≤ 2.7 K and H ≤ 40 kOe. Data were taken first on single crystals and then on powders obtained by crushing the same crystals. The much shorter τ1eff found in the powders, and a substantial change observed on crossing the λ point of the helium bath, indicate a phonon bottleneck. This bottleneck should lead to significant magnetocaloric effects in pulsed fields, resulting in a narrowing of the magnetization steps.
Structural insight into the separate roles of inositol tetraphosphate and deacetylase-activating domain in activation of histone deacetylase 3

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) repress transcription by deacetylating acetyllysines on specific histone tails. HDAC3 is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, certain leukemias, and even in disrupting HIV-1 latency. A recent crystal structure of HDAC3 in complex with the deacetylase-activating domain (DAD) of its corepressor complex revealed an inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) molecule at the protein–protein interface. IP4 was shown to play an important, yet mechanistically ambiguous, role in the activity of HDAC3. The goal of this article is to explore the conformational ensemble of HDAC3 in its inactive apo state and in the presence of each or both of DAD and IP4. Using triplicate, 100 ns molecular dynamic simulations, we study the apo, ternary, and intermediate DAD-bound or IP4-bound HDAC3 states. We find that a population-shift effect is induced by the presence of each corepressor, and is most notable in the presence of both. Our results offer new insights into the change in dynamics necessary for the activation of HDAC3 and highlight the roles of IP4 and DAD in this process.
RNA template-directed RNA synthesis by T7 RNA polymerase.

Abstract In an attempt to synthesize an oligoribonucleotide by run-off transcription by bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase, a major transcript was produced that was much longer than expected. Analysis of the reaction indicated that the product resulted from initial DNA-directed run-off transcription followed by RNA template-directed RNA synthesis. This reaction occurred because the RNA made from the DNA template displayed self-complementarity at its 3' end and therefore could form an intra- or intermolecular primed template. In reactions containing only an RNA template, the rate of incorporation of NTPs was quite comparable to DNA-dependent transcription. RNA template-directed RNA synthesis has been found to occur with a great number of oligoribonucleotides, even with primed templates that are only marginally stable. In one instance, we observed a multistep extension reaction converting the oligonucleotide into a final product longer than twice its original length. Presumably, such a process could have generated some of the RNAs found to be efficiently replicated by T7 RNA polymerase.
Synthesis and thermal decomposition of polymer-bound (h1-benzyl)pentacarbonylmanganese

Abstract Both linear and cross-linked chloromethylated polystyrenes were treated with pentacarbonylmanganese anion in THF to generate pendant ( h 1 -benzyl)pentacarbonylmanganese functions throughout the polymers. The thermal decomposition of PhCH 2 Mn(CO) 5 at 140° generated Mn 2 (CO) 10 and bibenzyl in high yields in benzene and decane solutions. No hydrogen or toluene was found. Thermal decomposition of both the linear, (II) and cross-linked (III) polymers containing pendant Pol –Ph–CH 2 Mn(CO) 5 groups proceeded similarily, both neat and in solution, resulting in Mn 2 (CO) 10 and Pol –Ph–CH 2 CH 2 –Ph– Pol . Polymers containing Mn(CO) 10 trapped throughout the matrix were prepared. Polymers II and III as well as PhCH 2 Mn(CO) 5 were studied as hydroformylation catalysts but were not found to be effective.
Description and verification of an aquatic optics Monte Carlo model

Abstract An open source aquatic optics Monte Carlo (AOMC) model is described and evaluated. The open source nature of the AOMC software allows for a complete peer review process. The AOMC model simulates apparent optical properties commonly measured in aquatic systems. These include spectral or non-spectral radiance, upwelling and downwelling planar and scalar irradiances. The model output can be in a non-gridded or gridded format with the latter used to simulate a radiometric image. In gridded mode, the user may specify a bottom target whose reflecting characteristics are independent from the surrounding water bottom boundary. In both gridded and non-gridded mode, the model inputs consist of depth dependent concentrations of the various components comprising the simulated aquatic environment, their inherent optical properties, and environmental characteristics such as skylight distribution and optical properties of the aquatic bottom boundary. The model is evaluated by comparing its output to: (1) a test of the model’s closure, (2) an evaluation of a known relationship, (3) the comparison with results from other published numerical models, and (4) the simulation of a spectral “pivot-point”. The results of the evaluation indicate good agreement between the model and the anticipated outcome.
Librarians Working with Diverse Populations: What Impact Does Cultural Competency Training Have on Their Efforts?

Only a small portion of librarians have been trained to lead efforts in diversity awareness and training. This study, consisting of surveys and interviews, explored diversity training of librarians and the impact that training has on their efforts to promote cultural competency at their libraries.
Factors influencing the uptake of noradrenaline by subcellular particles in homogenates of rat brain

Abstract A preparation of granules obtained from rat brain by differential centrifugation has been investigated for characteristics of release and uptake of catecholamines. Activation and fluorescence spectra obtained from chromatographically isolated extracts of such granules indicated that noradrenaline is the predominant endogenous catecholamine. The rate of release of this endogenous noradrenaline varied directly with temperature of incubation. When the brain granules were incubated with exogenously added noradrenaline, uptake varied directly with the external concentration of the amine, with partial saturation appearing at concentrations beyond 200 mμg noradrenaline/ml incubation medium. Partial depletion of noradrenaline from brain granules by incubation at 37° did not alter the capacity of the granules to take up exogenous noradrenaline. Greater actual uptake of exogenous noradrenaline by the granules occurred at 37° than at 4°, even though total uptake was less at 37°. Administration of reserpine to the rats markedly decreased endogenous levels of noradrenaline in the brain granules. Although granules from reserpine-treated animals continued to demonstrate an uptake of exogenous noradrenaline, the total quantity taken up was markedly below that in control preparations. Neither dinitrophenol nor iodoacetic acid altered the uptake of exogenous noradrenaline by the brain granules.
Love waves in slowly varying layered media

The problem of Love waves propagating in slowly varying layered media with a general geometry is solved by using the method of multiple scales. A first-order uniformly valid solution is obtained for the modulation of the amplitude as a function of the scale x1=ex, where e is a measure of the amplitude of the geometrical variation of the layer. This solution is particularly suited for computational procedures.
Computer literacy cross the curriculum: a scope and sequence model

In recent years, there has been growing concern over whether U.S. schools are offering their students an education that is competitive with education offered in other countries. We hear that U.S. colleges and universities graduate a relatively small number of engineers each year, and this fact worries those who fear that the U.S. may not long remain competitive on the world market, which grows more technologically oriented each year. Indeed, this is a justifiable concern that has tremendous implications for educators across the country, who are responding by designing and implementing programs for computer literacy education.
Computer Physician Order Entry: Benefits, Costs, and Issues

Several analyses have detected substantial quality problems throughout the health care system. Information technology has consistently been identified as an important component of any approach for improvement. Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) is a promising technology that allows physicians to enter orders into a computer instead of handwriting them. Because CPOE fundamentally changes the ordering process, it can substantially decrease the overuse, underuse, and misuse of health care services. Studies have documented that CPOE can decrease costs, shorten length of stay, decrease medical errors, and improve compliance with several types of guidelines. The costs of CPOE are substantial both in terms of technology and organizational process analysis and redesign, system implementation, and user training and support. Computerized physician order entry is a relatively new technology, and there is no consensus on the best approaches to many of the challenges it presents. This technology can yield many significant benefits and is an important platform for future changes to the health care system. Organizational leaders must advocate for CPOE as a critical tool in improving health care quality.
Patients with detectable cocaethylene are more likely to require intensive care unit admission after trauma.

Abstract Cocaethylene (CE) is a toxic metabolite that is formed after simultaneous consumption of cocaine and ethanol. This potent stimulant is more toxic than cocaine and has a longer half-life. The deleterious hemodynamic and cardiovascular effects of CE have been proven in animal models. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of CE on clinical outcomes after trauma. We prospectively enrolled adult (≥13 years) trauma patients requiring admission. Predictor variables were age, sex, mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, base deficit, and toxicology groups (ethanol alone, cocaine alone, CE, and none). The outcomes examined were mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and length of hospital stay (LOS). We used nonparametric tests to compare continuous variables and χ 2 test to compare categorical data. We constructed a logistic regression to identify variables that could predict mortality and ICU admission. We enrolled 417 patients (74% male; 70% blunt injury; median age, 40 [range, 13-95]; overall mortality, 2.2%). Urine toxicology and serum ethanol level screens classified patients into the following groups: 13.4% ethanol only, 4.1% cocaine only, 8.9% CE, and 46% none. Mortality and LOS were not statistically different among the groups. In logistic regression analysis, none of the variables were statistically significant in predicting mortality. However, the presence of CE significantly increased the likelihood of ICU admission (odds ratio, 5.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-22). The presence of detectable CE in the urine does not increase the mortality or LOS in trauma patients requiring admission but does increase the likelihood of ICU admission.
Paleohydraulic reconstruction of a late cretaceous river in the middle Benue trough (Nigeria) and its limitations

Abstract Several fining-upward cycles and epsilon cross-bedded units have been recognized in the fluvial Makurdi Formation (Turonian) of the Benue trough of Nigeria. The maximum thickness of a coarse-member unit of a fining-upward cycle served as a measure of the bankfull depth (D) of the ancient Makurdi river. The width (W) of the river has been estimated from Cotter's regression equation which related width of a stream to its depth. After determining percentages of silt-clay content in channel bed (Sc) and channel bank (Sb), the basic data have been used in several empirical equations and graphs derived by Schumm and others to estimate morphology and flow characteristics of the Makurdi river. The results indicate that the ancient river in the study area was about 227 m wide and 10 m deep; it had a 900 km long, meandering channel; the meander wave length averaged 2580 m with an amplitude of about 1186 m and a mean radius of curvature of about 640 m. The river drained an area of about 57 000 km2; it had a mean annual discharge of about 640 m3 sec−1 and a mean annual flood of 2300 m3 sec−1; the discharge at bankfull stage was 2300–2600 m3 sec−1. It was a mixed-load river with a bankfull flow velocity of 219 cm sec−1 and a moderate gradient of about 0.14 m km−1. There are several limitations in the paleohydraulic methodology. The most serious of these is the likelihood of getting widely divergent results from using several of the empirical equations. The majority of the existing empirical relations and graphs have been derived from studies of stable channels in temperate regions; their validity for larger rivers in tropical setting, which have great preservation potential in the rock record, has not been tested. The results may also suffer from use of only a few measured variables to calculate other variables and parameters of a paleochannel so that errors are compounded. Nevertheless paleohydraulic measures provide an approximation of the morphology and flow characteristics of an ancient channel.
Length Dependence of Cardiac Myocyte Force Generation is Mediated by CTnI Phosphorylation

According to the Frank-Starling relationship, greater ventricular volume increases ventricular output. The Frank-Starling relationship is based partly on the length-tension relationship in cardiac myocytes. Recently, we identified two populations of length-tension relationships in mammalian cardiac myocytes, which was dependent on PKA-induced myofibrillar phosphorylation. We also observed a relationship between cardiac troponin I (cTnI) phosphorylation and steepness of ventricular function curves in rat working hearts. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that phosphorylation of cTnI is sufficient and/or necessary to control the length dependence of force generation. Our approach took advantage of the fact that troponin can be readily exchanged in permeabilized striated muscle cell preparations. We first used permeabilized rat slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers, which exhibit shallow length-tension relationships that are unaltered by PKA. A sarcomere length-tension relationship was measured during submaximal Ca2+ activation then the fiber was incubated in a troponin (Tn) exchange solution, which replaced nearly all the endogenous slow Tn with cTn. After cTn incorporation the length-tension relationship remained shallow as predicted since the purified cTnI lacks phosphate incorporation. Next, the fiber was incubated in PKA and a final sarcomere length-tension relationship measured. Contrary to our prediction, the length-tension relationship remained shallow after PKA phosphorylation of exogeneous cTnI. We next tested whether cTnI phosphorylation is necessary to steepen length-tension relationships in a cardiac myofibrillar background. For these experiments, we exchanged unphosphorylated cTn into a PKA treated myocyte that displayed a steep length-tension relationship. In this case cTn exchange shifted the length-tension relationship from a steep to a shallow relation. These results indicate that cTnI phosphorylation is not sufficient to alter length dependence of force generation in slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers but appears necessary to convert the length-tension relationship from steep to shallow in cardiac myocytes.
Histologic definition of gastro-esophageal reflux disease.

Purpose of reviewTo review recent data supporting the development of new histology-based definitions of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD).Recent findingsThree precisely definable columnar epithelial types – cardiac, oxyntocardiac and intestinal – may be interposed between esophageal squamous e
Radiation-induced epigenetic DNA methylation modification of radiation-response pathways.

DNA methylation can regulate gene expression and has been shown to modulate cancer cell biology and chemotherapy resistance. Therapeutic radiation results in a biological response to counter the subsequent DNA damage and genomic stress in order to avoid cell death. In this study, we analyzed DNA methylation changes at >450,000 loci to determine a potential epigenetic response to ionizing radiation in MDA-MB-231 cells. Cells were irradiated at 2 and 6 Gy and analyzed at 7 time points from 1–72 h. Significantly differentially methylated genes were enriched in gene ontology categories relating to cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis pathways. The degree of differential methylation of these pathways varied with radiation dose and time post-irradiation in a manner consistent with classical biological responses to radiation. A cell cycle arrest was observed 24 h post-irradiation and DNA damage, as measured by γH2AX, resolved at 24 h. In addition, cells showed low levels of apoptosis 2–48 h post-6 Gy and cellul...
User-centric privacy management for federated identity management

We have witnessed that the Internet is now a prime vehicle for business, community, and personal interactions. The notion of identity is the important component of this vehicle. Identity management has been recently considered to be a viable solution for simplifying user management across enterprise applications. The network identity of each user is the global set of personal credentials and preferences constituting the various accounts. The prevalence of business alliances or coalitions necessitates the further evolution of identity management, named federated identity management (FIM). The main motivation of FIM is to facilitate the federation of identities among business partners emphasizing on ease of user management. In this paper, we propose systematic mechanisms to specify privacy preferences in FIM, attempting to help users facilitate preferences for managing their private information across domains.
Dialogues with Presence: A Narrative Inquiry into Calling and Dreams

According to Hillman (1996), the experience of a calling necessitates a mythic sensibility that our contemporary paradigms of knowing have all but erased. However, the arena of religious vocation is one in which the notion of a calling and of a purposeful engagement with the “unseen” retains significance. Using a narrative methodology, we examined phenomenological dimensions of the calling experiences and dreams in the lives of three female ministers. In this article, we first present a compelling narrative of one such calling experience. Next, we elaborate three themes—“melancholy,” “intimacy,” and “courage”—that recur throughout her narrative. Last, we conclude with a commentary on the unique role of dreams as potentially mimetic to religious experience.