cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Preferences for Participation in Decision-making With Care Satisfaction Among Hospitalized Patients.

Importance The association of patient desire to participate in health care decisions with care satisfaction is poorly understood. The contributions of such desire, expectations of care, and quality of care in assessing patient satisfaction are not known. Objective To investigate the association of hospitalized patients’ desire to delegate decisions to their physician with care dissatisfaction. Design, Setting, and Participants Survey study in an academic research setting. As part of The University of Chicago Hospitalist Study, data were collected on 13 902 hospitalized patients admitted to the general internal medicine service of The University of Chicago Medical Center between July 1, 2004, and September 30, 2012, who answered an inpatient survey administered soon after the time of admission and a 30-day follow-up survey. The dates of analysis were January 2014 to June 2015. Exposure Patient-reported preference to leave medical decisions to their physician (definitely agree or somewhat agree vs somewhat disagree or definitely disagree). Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were patient-reported dissatisfaction with overall service, dissatisfaction with physician care, and lack of confidence and trust in the physicians providing treatment, which were obtained from the 30-day follow-up survey. Results The sample population included 13 902 patients (mean [SD] age, 56.7 [19.1] years; 60.4% female [n = 8397] and 74.2% African American [n = 10 310]) who completed both surveys. Overall, 53.2% had no higher educational attainment, 22.7% were insured by Medicaid, and 51.1% reported a general self-assessed health status of fair or poor. The proportions of respondents who agreed and disagreed with delegating decisions to the responsible physician were 71.1% and 28.9%, respectively. A statistically significantly higher proportion of those who agreed rated their overall care as excellent or very good compared with those who disagreed (68.0% vs 62.5%;P Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that patient preferences to participate in medical decision-making are statistically significantly associated with dissatisfaction of hospitalized patients. Clinicians should individualize their encouragement of patient participation in diagnostic and management decisions to maximize patient satisfaction.
Claims of Safety in Neurosurgical Literature: We Shouldn't Call Something Safe Without Strong Justification.

Background Many articles published in the neurosurgical literature make claims of safety regarding interventions. The strength of evidence supporting these claims has not been systematically evaluated. Objective To evaluate the quality of evidence supporting claims of safety in the neurosurgery literature. Methods The 14 neurosurgical journals listed in the Web of Science database with the highest impact factors for 2018 were included in the study. The titles and abstracts of all the articles published in these journals in 2018 were searched for the word "safety" and reviewed by 2 independent observers to identify those making a claim of safety and assess their evidence. Results The search identified 323 articles, representing 5% of the articles published in the 14 searched journals in 2018. Of these, 114 (1.8% of all articles and 35% of the identified articles) were judged to make a claim of safety of a neurosurgical intervention. A total of 98 (86%) of the 114 articles making a safety claim were retrospective cohort studies. Patient cohort sizes ranged from 1 to 1565 (median of 34), leading to wide variations in the CIs for estimated complication rates. No article made a statement of the assumptions underlying its claim of safety. Conclusion Almost no articles that make claims of safety for neurosurgical interventions explicitly state the (1) patient population, (2) comparison intervention, nor (3) specific outcomes. To assure that claims of safety are supported by high-quality evidence, authors should address these elements early and systematically when designing studies.
Test Utilization Proposal for Reflex Bilirubin Testing: Why Order Two Tests When One Will Do?

BACKGROUND Reflex testing algorithms are effective tools to reduce unnecessary laboratory testing. Direct (conjugated) bilirubin (DB) and total bilirubin (TB) are often ordered together at our institution. Therefore, the objective of our study was to evaluate the potential impact of performing reflex testing for DB when TB is elevated. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of test orders (patients ≥18 years of age) for DB, TB, or for both DB and TB on the same accession number received in our stat laboratory from January through April 2017. The orders were binned into 4 categories depending on the results from each individual test: (a) DB normal and TB normal, (b) DB normal and TB high, (c) DB high and TB normal, and (d) DB high and TB high. The percentage of orders and median (range) test result for each category was calculated. RESULTS During the months evaluated, a total of 4828 stat orders were placed for DB, TB, or both DB and TB. A total of 4296 stat orders (89%) were placed with both DB and TB on the same accession number for 4158 unique patients. Of those orders, the vast majority of tests (87.3%) contained normal results for both analytes; only 12.7% of orders contained ≥1 abnormal result. CONCLUSIONS The majority of all bilirubin tests ordered stat for emergency department and hospitalized patients have values within the reference interval. Consequently, if reflex testing were executed on elevated TB, a large number of DB tests could be avoided.
Adverse psychosocial factors in pregnancy and preterm delivery.

BACKGROUND Mental health symptoms, stress, and low psychosocial resources are associated with preterm delivery. It is unknown if there are groups of women who experience similar patterns of these adverse psychosocial factors during pregnancy and if the risk of preterm delivery differs among these groups. OBJECTIVE To identify groups of women with similar patterns of adverse psychosocial factors during pregnancy and determine whether the risk of preterm delivery differs among these groups. METHODS Spontaneous Prematurity and Epigenetics of the Cervix (SPEC) is a prospective cohort study of pregnant women, aged 18 and older. In this analysis, we included women who enrolled after 24 August 2014 and delivered by 20 January 2019. As women could enrol more than once, our cohort included 774 women with 787 pregnancies. We conducted a latent class analysis to identify groups of women with similar patterns of adverse psychosocial factors during pregnancy based on their responses to measures assessing depression, perceived stress, anxiety (pregnancy-related and generalised), stressful life events, resilience, and social support (partner and friend/family). After identifying the latent classes, we used log-binomial regression to compare the incidence of preterm delivery among the classes. RESULTS The median age among participants was 33.2 years (interquartile range 30.3-36.3), and the majority were non-Hispanic white (56.9%). We identified three classes of adverse psychosocial factors (few, some, and many factors). In total, 63 (8.0%) pregnancies resulted in a preterm delivery. Compared to participants with few factors, the risk of preterm delivery was no different among participants with some (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.68, 2.25) and many adverse factors (RR 1.62, 95% CI 0.73, 3.62). CONCLUSIONS We identified three groups of pregnant women with similar patterns of adverse psychosocial factors. We did not observe a difference in the risk of preterm delivery among the classes.
Parenting in poor health: Examining associations between parental health, prescription drug use, and child maltreatment.

Abstract Rationale Child maltreatment and problematic parenting are related to negative outcomes for children. Poor parental health could be a risk factor for problematic parenting through several mechanisms: 1) inadequate emotional regulation and coping; 2) impairment of parental capacity; and, 3) impairment of the parent-child relationship. Objective This study examines relationships between self-rated parental health, prescription drug use, and a broad array of negative parenting outcomes. Methods A sample of general population parents of children aged ten and younger was recruited from 30 mid-sized cities in California (n = 681). Weighted mixed-effects negative binomial and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between poor parental health, prescription drug use and child maltreatment (physical abuse, supervisory neglect, and physical neglect), and problematic parenting (psychological aggression and corporal punishment). Results Parents in poor health used physical abuse, corporal punishment, and psychological aggression more frequently and had higher odds of supervisory neglect. Parents who were taking more prescription medications had higher odds of physical neglect. Exploratory analyses suggested that prescriptions for certain medical conditions both increased and decreased the risk of problematic parenting. Conclusions Poor health and prescription drug use are not uncommon and present largely under-recognized risk factors for a spectrum of adverse parenting outcomes. Our study provides additional evidence that parents in poor health are at heightened risk of negative parenting, and need targeted intervention supports to support family well-being.
Motivated Reasoning in an Explore-Exploit Task

The current research investigates how prior preferences affect causal learning. Participants were tasked with repeatedly choosing policies (e.g., increase vs. decrease border security funding) in order to maximize the economic output of an imaginary country and inferred the influence of the policies on the economy. The task was challenging and ambiguous, allowing participants to interpret the relations between the policies and the economy in multiple ways. In three studies, we found evidence of motivated reasoning despite financial incentives for accuracy. For example, participants who believed that border security funding should be increased were more likely to conclude that increasing border security funding actually caused a better economy in the task. In Study 2, we hypothesized that having neutral preferences (e.g., preferring neither increased nor decreased spending on border security) would lead to more accurate assessments overall, compared to having a strong initial preference; however, we did not find evidence for such an effect. In Study 3, we tested whether providing participants with possible functional forms of the policies (e.g., the policy takes some time to work or initially has a negative influence but eventually a positive influence) would lead to a smaller influence of motivated reasoning but found little evidence for this effect. This research advances the field of causal learning by studying the role of prior preferences, and in doing so, integrates the fields of causal learning and motivated reasoning using a novel explore-exploit task.
Experimental evidence of the effect of head start on mothers’ labor supply and human capital investments

Using data from the Head Start Impact Study (2002–2008), a randomized control trial, I estimate the effect of child Head Start attendance and, more broadly, non-parental child care on maternal labor supply, maternal schooling, household income, and welfare participation. The availability of Head Start significantly increased the proportion of mothers using non-parental care but had no effect on the overall probability of maternal employment. However, Head Start availability facilitated full-time employment and decisions over course enrollment for some mothers. For mothers who first applied to Head Start when her child was three years old, the availability of Head Start increased full-time employment by 4.7 percentage points (14.7 percent), decreased part-time employment (21 percent), and increased course enrollment (35 percent). Additionally, for these mothers there is suggestive evidence of persistence in full-time employment after their child exited Head Start. For mothers who first applied to Head Start when their child was four, the availability had little effect on maternal employment and schooling. For both groups of mothers, Head Start availability did not significantly impact household income or welfare participation in SSI, TANF, food stamps, or WIC.
Conducting research with undergraduates

One of the most challenging aspects of building an academic career is establishing a successful research program. This is particularly difficult for faculty at undergraduate institutions who typically conduct their research without graduate students. Furthermore, most faculty learned to do research as graduate students at a research-oriented university; they may not have a clear idea of how their approach should change when working with undergraduates at a teaching-oriented college or university.This panel brings together faculty with diverse approaches to running a successful research program that makes use of undergraduates to varying degrees. The discussion will emphasize the faculty perspective on working with undergraduates to accomplish the faculty member's research goals. Questions to be addressed will include:• How do I recruit students to work on my project?• To what extent should I let students choose their own research topics?• At what point in their academic programs are students able to contribute to research?• What qualities should I look for when recruiting students?• What can I expect an undergraduate to be able to do?• How does building a research program differ from supervising students doing individual research projects?• How do I manage and motivate the undergraduate researcher or research team?• How do I find money to support the undergraduate work?
A D-band (110 to 170 GHz) SPDT switch in 32 nm CMOS SOI

This work demonstrates the implementation of a D-band single-pole double-throw switch(SPDT) in 32 nm CMOS SOI technology. A tuned shunt topology is used to achieve the lowest insertion loss. The switch demonstrates state-of-the art performance showing an insertion loss of 2.6 dB at 140 GHz and good matching across the whole D-band. Measurements also show high isolation of greater than 20 dB from 110 to 170 GHz. This is the lowest insertion loss of an SPDT switch that has been designed for the D-band and reported in a 32 nm CMOS SOI process.
Constraints on Coastal Lagoon Fisheries

ABSTRACT We have estimated the individual and synergetic effects of geographical, morphometrical, environmental and anthopogenic parameters on the fishery yield of coastal lagoons throughout the world. For this analysis we have relied on published literature and other information obtained directly from researchers and fishery officials, since special global scale sampling was not possible. Lagoons that are exploited through alternative fishery practices had significantly higher yields than the others. The fishery yield was dependent upon a lagoon’s geographical location and morphometry. The significant environmental and anthropogenic factors determining the yield were the exchanges of water between lagoons and the ocean, the physico-chemical properties of the water, the extent of aquatic vegetation, and the fishing pressure. Overall, the results show the single influence of freshwater input to be negligible while the influence of oceanic tide exercised through the inlets was significant. Fishery yield appeared to be correlated with the mean annual concentration of nitrites. Submerged and emerged vegetation were good indicators for fishery productivity. The single most influential factor of all was the fishing pressure. Data collected for 292 fished lagoons are given in appendix tables and include annual fishery yield; water area; mean and maximum depth; watershed area; annual freshwater inputs; inlet(s) width; height of ocean tide; minimum and maximum temperatures and salinities; mean and maximum concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and orthophosphate; areas of immersed and emergent vegetation; and number of fishermen.
Integrated Inspection Scheduling and Maintenance Planning for Infrastructure Systems

Operation and maintenance of an infrastructure system rely on information collected on its components, which can provide the decision maker with an accurate assessment of their condition states. However, resources to be invested in data gathering are usually limited and observations should be collected based on their Value of Information VoI. Assessing the VoI is computationally intractable for most applications involving sequential decisions, such as long-term infrastructure maintenance. In this article, we propose an approach for integrating adaptive maintenance planning based on Partially Observable Markov Decision Process POMDP and inspection scheduling based on a tractable approximation of VoI. Two alternative myopic approaches, namely pessimistic and optimistic, are introduced, and compared theoretically and by numerical examples.
Macrophages Are Phenotypically and Functionally Diverse across Tissues in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected and Uninfected Asian Macaques

ABSTRACT Macrophages regulate tissue immunity, orchestrating the initiation and resolution of antimicrobial immune responses and repair of damaged tissue architecture. Their dysfunction can, thus, manifest in either pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Indeed, despite the importance of macrophage function in health and disease, the role of tissue-resident macrophages in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression remains incompletely defined. Here, we use flow cytometry to assess the phenotypes and functions of macrophages isolated from the spleens, axillary lymph nodes, colons, jejuna, and livers of healthy and chronically simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Asian macaques, the prominent nonhuman primate model for HIV infection. Our data demonstrate that macrophages from healthy animals exhibit considerable phenotypic and functional heterogeneity across tissues and across a variety of stimuli. Further, our analysis reveals changes in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responsiveness of macrophages isolated from SIV-infected animals. We anticipate that our findings will inform future research into macrophage-directed immunity across a variety of primate diseases. IMPORTANCE These findings highlight the functional and phenotypic heterogeneity of tissue macrophages in different anatomic sites and as a result of SIV infection. We believe that our data will lead to novel therapeutic interventions aimed at altering the proinflammatory capacity of tissue macrophages in progressively HIV-infected individuals.
Micro and nanoscale devices for study of biological systems

Micro and nanoscale technologies are providing new possibilities for investigating life processes at the sub-cellular and molecular level. Electrical and optical probes can be constructed to enable increasingly fine scale resolution of the dynamic processes taking place in living systems. Engineered structures with surface topography and chemistry patterned at sub-cellular dimensions are being used to explore how living cells respond to their environment. Similar approaches are allowing for analysis of increasingly small amount of biochemical, with the ultimate limit of single molecule analysis being seriously considered. These same technologies may be exploited for a new biotechnology making greater utility of active biomolecules combined with electronic and optical devices. This talk will explore some of the activity in our laboratory toward the development of these new research devices based on nanofabricated structures.
The Influence of Campaign Contributions on Legislative Policy

Although many think campaign donations buy influence from legislators, scholars have difficulty determining whether and how much influence contributions have in the legislative process. Many studies seek to identify the influence of donors on roll call votes. After considerable debate most scholars have concluded that donors have little influence on these votes. What voting studies cannot detect are the important, but less observable, opportunities to shape legislation that occur earlier in the legislative process. Although it is easy to identify the inadequacies of voting studies, it is difficult to find better approaches to study donors influence. I describe and critique the various methods that have been used to discern donor influence in the legislative process. I argue donor influence can be measured by combining several of these approaches. I illustrate this technique using my own work which studied the influence of contributions in the 99 state legislative chambers. I found little influence in some chambers and considerable in others. Features of institutional design and politics determine the amount of time legislators devote to fundraising and explain much of the variation in influence among the chambers. Rather than asking whether contributions have influence, we should ask when and where they have influence. I also discuss the extent to which contributions work in tandem with lobbying to influence the legislative process. Is the “access” or the “informational” model of lobbying correct? Finally, I examine whether campaign finance laws can lessen the influence of contributions, and discuss an agenda for future research.
Kinetic analysis of stimulus-induced insulin release in thyrotoxic and normal subjects

We performed a kinetic analysis of the experimental data obtained during the 25 gram intravenous glucose tolerance tests in 10 thyrotoxic (five males and five females), and age and sex matched 10 normal subjects. Blood samples were collected before (zero time) and after a glucose pulse at one minute intervals between zero and seven minutes, and at five minute intervals between 10 and 60 minutes for glucose and insulin determinations. The kinetic analysis of the data revealed that glucose sensitivity of the pancreatic beta cell to induce insulin release was markedly increased in thyrotoxic subjects. As compared to normal subjects, the rate of insulin release was significantly accelerated in thyrotoxic subjects. The insulin delivery in response to glucose was biphasic in both normal and thyrotoxic subjects. Despite higher insulin levels, the fractional and metabolic clearance rate of glucose was similar in thyrotoxic and normal subjects. These findings suggest that the peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin is decreased in thyrotoxic subjects.
Psychiatric residents' attitudes toward and experiences with the clinical-skills verification process: a pilot study on U.S. and international medical graduates.

Objective The authors report on a pilot study of the experiences and perceptions of foreign international medical graduate (F-IMG), United States international medical graduate (US-IMG), and United States medical graduate (USMG) psychiatric residents with the newly mandated Clinical Skills Verification (CSV) process. The goal was to identify and suggest remedies to any problems with the implementation of CSV in order to facilitate its success as an evaluation tool with all the three groups of residents.
Motivating students to acquire mainframe skills

There has been a perception in both industry and in academia that mainframe skills are obsolete. As a result, there has been a decline in curricula addressing these skills. However, recent evidence shows that many organizations are still actively supporting mainframe technologies and report a need for students graduating in information technology to be trained in those skills, especially as much of their current mainframe workforce moves toward retirement. This paper examines the question of what motivates students to acquire mainframe skills. To do so, this research is investigates IBM's Master the Mainframe contest, a competition that attempts to engender enthusiasm for acquiring mainframe skills and ensure an adequate supply of such skills to organizations relying on them.
A numerical study of two-dimensional laminar natural convection in shallow open cavities

Abstract Laminar steady-state natural convection in a two-dimensional rectangular open cavity is investigated numerically. Isotherms and streamline plots are obtained in a shallow open cavity with aspect ratio of 0.143 for Rayleigh numbers up to 106 using constant properties and Boussinesq approximations, by imposing approximate boundary conditions at the opening. This method has been tested and compared to cases where computations are carried out into an enlarged external domain. Results show that outgoing flow patterns and the heat transfer results are governed by strong characteristics of the heated cavity. These findings compare favorably with experimental results for Ra = 106.
High resolution glass capillary columns for the gas chromatographic analysis of alditol acetates of neutral and amino sugars

The development of improved high resolulation glass capillary columns for separating the alditol acetates of neutral and amino sugars is described. Different capillary column treatments were evaluated for their activity toward amino sugar derivatives and for their effect on the efficiency of the completed column. The simple two-step procedure of leaching with aqueous hydrochloric acid and dynamic coating with SP-2330 was found to produce efficient and inert columns.
Temperature Propagation in Anharmonic Solids

Kadanoff and Martin have shown how the macroscopic propagation of a temperature wave can be expressed in terms of linear response functions of energy density and heat current density. We give here an evaluation of these response functions for an anharmonic crystal by perturbation techniques, and hence show the possibility of the temperature wave propagating as a second sound or as a first sound. We also demonstrate the correct limits of our response functions at small frequency and wave vector.
Childbirth Traditions in Ghanaian Immigrant Women's Memories

When people talk about their lives, people lie sometimes, forget a little, exaggerate, become confused, and get things wrong. Yet they are revealing truths … the guiding principle for [life histories] could be that all autobiographical memory is true: it is up to the interpreter to discover in which sense, where, and for what purpose. (Passerini 197)
The Role of Water Doctrines in Enhancing Opportunities for Sustainable Agriculture in Alabama1

: Alabama is a water rich state. Yet, agriculture is limited in both scale and productivity and the state regularly suffers from drought. Climate variability adds to this paradox even while water users, particularly farmers, have few coping mechanisms. In this paper, we argue that more significant than the water resource itself in Alabama is the governance structure of that resource. The riparian doctrine, as it stands, stymies effective management. The role of water doctrines, and resultant policy, is, therefore, crucial to enhancing decision-making opportunities for agricultural end-users in Alabama. After exploring different doctrine types as applied across the states we conclude that a move towards “regulated riparianism” consistent with the American Society of Civil Engineers Regulated Riparian Water Code (2004) would enhance opportunities for both the state and agriculturalists to cope with variable water supply conditions while maximizing environmental benefits. The paper then concludes with a review of the primary objectives of the Water Code and key places where Alabama’s Water Code would need revision to meet these objectives.
Flow-Tube Oxidation Experiments on the Carbon Preform of PICA

Oxidation experiments on the carbon preform of a phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator were performed in the NASA Ames flow-tube reactor facility, at temperatures between 700 and 1300 K, under dry air gas at pressures between 10 and 10 Pa. Mass loss, volumetric recession and density changes were measured at different test conditions. An analysis of the diffusion/reaction competition within the porous material, based on the Thiele number, allowed us to identify low temperature and low pressure conditions to be dominated by in-depth volume oxidation. Experiments above 1000 K were found at transition conditions, where diffusion and reaction occur at similar scales. The microscopic oxidation behavior of the fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive xray analysis. The material was found to oxidize at specific sites forming a pitting pattern distributed over the fibers’ surface. Calciumand oxygen-rich residues from the oxidation reactions were observed at several locations.
The construct validity of divergent scores in the structure-of-intellect learning abilities test

This study was conducted to determine the effects that a creativity training program would have on the divergent production subtests of the Structure-of-Intellect Learning Abilities test. These subtests measure the production of units, relations, or transformations. The creativity training was designed to enhance the production of units. A total of 56 college students served as subjects with 27 receiving creativity training and 29 receiving an alternate training. Univariate analyses of covariance showed significant main effects of creativity training on divergent production of symbolic units (F(1, 51) = 10.41, p < .01), on divergent production of figural units (F(1, 51) = 4.69, p < .05), and on divergent production of semantic units (F(1, 51) = 7.57, p < .01). The training was thus inferred to be effective in increasing the production of units but not the production of relations or transformations. The differentiation made between these types of products in the Structure-of-Intellect model was supported.
Effects of ionizing radiation on myelinogenesis in the chicken

Chez le poulet, l'irradiation (1600 R rayons gamma) retarde la croissance de l'organisme in toto et de plusieurs organes, et affecte selectivement les constituants individuels de la myeline plutot que le processus global de myelinisation, l'accumulation de la sphingomyeline etant plus retardee que celle de la cerebroside et du cholesterol.
Sphingolipid Signaling in Metabolic Disorders

Sphingolipids, ubiquitous membrane lipids in eukaryotes, carry out a myriad of critical cellular functions. The past two decades have seen significant advances in sphingolipid research, and in 2010 a first sphingolipid receptor modulator was employed as a human therapeutic. Furthermore, cellular signaling mechanisms regulated by sphingolipids are being recognized as critical players in metabolic diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in cellular and physiological mechanisms of sphingolipid regulation and how sphingolipid signaling influences metabolic diseases. Progress in this area may contribute to new understanding and therapeutic options in complex diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, and cancer.
Supraomohyoid neck dissection as a staging procedure for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx

Background. A multi-institutional retrospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOHND) for detection of occult cervical metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Methods. Seventy-five previously untreated patients with clinically negative necks were studied. Seventeen (23%) neck specimens revealed occult metastatic disease, and 58 (77%) were histologically negative. Postoperative irradiation was received by 94% of the patients with positive specimens and 22% with negative specimens. Patients were followed until recurrence of neck disease, or for a period of 2 years or longer. Results. Cervical metastasis subsequently developed in 25% of treated positive specimen patients, none of the untreated positive specimen patients, 8% of the treated negative specimen patients, and 11% of the untreated negative specimen patients. The sensitivity of SOHND for cervical metastasis was 82%, negative predictive value 91%, and accuracy 94%. Conclusions. The authors conclude that SOHND is a useful procedure for detection of occult cervical metastatic disease in cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Amphiphilic cationic peptides mediate cell adhesion to plastic surfaces

Four amphiphilic peptides, each with net charges of +2 or more at neutrality and molecular weights under 4 kilodaltons, were found to mediate the adhesion of normal rat kidney fibroblasts to polystyrene surfaces. Two of these peptides, a model for calcitonin (peptide 1, MCT) and melittin (peptide 2, MEL), form amphiphilic alpha-helical structures at aqueous/nonpolar interfaces. The other two, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone model (peptide 3, LHM) and a platelet factor model (peptide 4, MPF) form beta-strand structures in amphiphilic environments. Although it contains only 10 residues, LHM mediated adhesion to surfaces coated with solutions containing as little as 10 pmoles/ml of peptide. All four of these peptides were capable of forming monolayers at air-buffer interfaces with collapse pressures greater than 20 dynes/cm. None of these four peptides contains the tetrapeptide sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, which has been associated with fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion. Ten polypeptides that also lacked the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser but were nonamphiphilic and/or had net charges less than +2 at neutrality were all incapable of mediating cell adhesion (Pierschbacher and Ruoslahti, 1984). The morphologies of NRK cells spread on polystyrene coated with peptide LHM resemble the morphologies on fibronectin-coated surfaces, whereas cells spread on surfaces coated with MCT or MEL exhibit strikingly different morphologies. The adhesiveness of MCT, MEL, LHM, and MPF implies that many amphiphilic cationic peptides could prove useful as well defined adhesive substrata for cell culture and for studies of the mechanism of cell adhesion.
Chronic bilateral thigh and knee discomfort in an 18-year-old man.

Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved or waived approval for the reporting of this case and that all investigations were conducted in conformity with ethical principles of research.
Modeling of nanoscale transport phenomena: Application to information technology

Abstract We develop the fundamentals in rule-based mathematics and physics dealing with nanoscale transport processes and apply our formulations to the design of nano/information technology systems. We showcase the versatility of lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) as a tool to simulate apparently different physical systems and present the underlying similarity in the discrete rules required in different systems which helps in providing the insight into one system by using an analogous system. We use a unified framework to simulate nanoscale air bearing and heat transfer. LBM not only enhances the computational capability of a nanoscale confined gaseous system by calculating both velocity and pressure fields simultaneously but also simulates nanoscale energy transport in both magnetic and electronic material accurately.
Gravitation, phase transitions, and the big bang

Introduced here is a model of the early universe based on the possibility of a first-order phase transition involving gravity, and arrived at by a consideration of instabilities in the semiclassical theory. The evolution of the system is very different from the standard Friedmann-Robertson-Walker big-bang scenario, indicating the potential importance of semiclassical finite-temperature gravitational effects. Baryosynthesis and monopole production in this scenario are also outlined.
The Anaphase-Promoting Complex Mediates TGF-β Signaling by Targeting SnoN for Destruction

Abstract Degradation of SnoN is thought to play an important role in the transactivation of TGF-β responsive genes. We demonstrate that the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a ubiquitin ligase required for the destruction of SnoN and that the APC pathway is regulated by TGF-β. The destruction box of SnoN is required for its degradation in response to TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, the APC activator CDH1 and Smad3 synergistically regulate SnoN degradation. Under these circumstances, CDH1 forms a quaternary complex with SnoN, Smad3, and APC. These results suggest that APC CDH1 and SnoN play central roles in regulating growth through the TGF-β signaling system.
THE SPREAD OF MINING IN THE COAL BASIN OF UPPER SILESIA AND NORTHERN MORAVIA

THE coal field of Upper Silesia and Northern Moravia1 is one of the richest in Europe. Since its wealth was first discovered in the eighteenth century, it has been shared by two or more countries. The coal field, however, forms a single geological unit, and it is the purpose of this paper to trace the spread of mining over the coal basin of Upper Silesia and Northern Moravia as a whole; to indicate the variations in quality and total thickness of the coal in different parts of the basin, and to show what influence these had on the expansion of mining itself. Physical factors have not been the only important influences on the course of mining. The coal basin has, throughout its modern history, been divided politically. The legal, commercial, and industrial policies of each of the powers which have shared the coal basin have influenced the course of its development in their respective sectors. The political division of the area has hitherto prevented a rational and coordinated exploitation of the basin as a whole. Now the greater part of the coal basin is under Polish rule, and a more carefully planned exploitation of its resources is being undertaken. This seems, therefore, to be an appropriate time to examine the growth and spread of coal-mining in this area, to assess its importance, and to indicate, in the light of known resources, the probable course of its future expansion.
Vertex operator solutions to the discrete KP-hierarchy ⁄

Vertex operators, which are disguised Darboux maps, transform solutions of the KP equation into new ones. In this paper, we show that the bi-infinite sequence obtained by Darboux transforming an arbitrary KP solution recursively forward and backwards, yields a solution to the discrete KP-hierarchy. The latter is a KP hierarchy where the continuous space x-variable gets replaced by a discrete n-variable. The fact that these sequences satisfy the discrete KP hierarchy is tantamount to certain bilinear relations connecting the consecutive KP solutions in the sequence. At the Grassmannian level, these relations are equivalent to a very simple fact, which is the nesting of the associated infinite-dimensional planes (flag,). The discrete KP hierarchy can thus be viewed as a container for an entire ensemble of vertex or Darboux generated KP solutions. It turns out that many new and old systems lead to such discrete (semi-infinite) solutions, like sequences of soliton solutions, with more and more solitons, sequences of Calogero-Moser systems, having more and more particles, just to mention a few examples; this is developed in [3]. In this paper, as another example, we show that the q-KP hierarchy maps, via a kind of Fourier transform, into the discrete KP hierarchy, enabling us to write down a very large class of solutions to the q-KP hierarchy. This was also reported in a brief note [4].
Inhibition of an abdominal proprioceptive reflex in crayfish

Stimulation of the tonic muscle receptor organs inProcambarus clarkii results in reflex activation of the superficial extensors. This pathway is inhibited by activity in the lateral giant fibers and both medial giants. A labile synapse in the same pathway works synergistically with the giant fiber-mediated inhibition to prevent maladaptive activation of the superficial extensors during escape behavior. Evidence did not support the notion of giant fiber-mediated peripheral inhibition (via the accessory nerve) of MRO activity.
TEACHING CHILDREN WITH AUTISM TO SEEK HELP WHEN LOST IN PUBLIC

Children with autism may not develop safety skills (e.g., help-seeking behaviors) without explicit teaching. One potentially hazardous situation is when a child with autism becomes separated from caregivers in a retail establishment or other public setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a treatment package (rules, role playing, and praise) delivered in the natural environment for teaching 3 boys with autism to seek assistance from store employees when they became lost. Treatment was effective, and help-seeking behaviors generalized to untrained stores for all participants.
Correlations among applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and responses of the potato plant

These studies were made to determine correlations among applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and responses of the potato plant on sandy loam soils in Panjab. Nitrogen was observed to be the most potent factor affecting the plant characters. Phosphorus also influenced plant and tuber development, however, not consistently; while potassium was of secondary importance. Nitrogen principally contributed to increased yield through increase in weight of tubers. Total and partial correlations revealed that the association between yield and weight per tuber was consequent upon the number of leaves and height of plants.
Network reconstruction of dynamical polytrees with unobserved nodes

The paper deals with the problem of unveiling the link structure of a network of linear dynamical systems. A technique is provided guaranteeing an exact detection of the links of a network of dynamical systems with no undirected cycles (Linear Dynamic Polytrees). In particular, the presence of unobserved (latent) nodes is taken into account. Knowledge on the specific number of hidden processes is not required. It is proven that the topology can be consistently reconstructed, as long the degree of each latent node is at least three with outdegree of at least two. The result extends previous work that was limited to a more restricted class of dynamical systems (Rooted Trees).
Reality Check: Practitioners' Take on Institutionalizing Public Service Ethics

Focusing on institutionalizing public service ethics in democratic political systems, four practitioners discuss their experiences in different organizations. Organized around the themes of values, professionalism, context, and implementation, their exchange sounds cautionary notes about potential problem areas in the strategy and implementation of sophisticated ethics systems.
A tactile metacontrast effect.

Vibrotactile patterns, generated on the 6×24 array of the Optacon, were presented to subjects’ left index fingertips. The subjects identified these patterns in the absence of any masking stimuli and in the presence of spatially adjacent masking stimuli. The amount of interference in recognizing the patterns was measured as a function of the interval between target and masker onsets. Masking functions similar to those reported in visual metacontrast studies were found; that is, more masking occurred when masker onset followed target onset by 25 to 50 msec than when onsets were simultaneous. Subjects showed more metacontrast when masker energy was reduced, a finding paralleled in the visual literature. The relevance of some models of visual metacontrast to the tactile findings is discussed.
Developmental changes in the astrocytic response to lateral olfactory tract section.

When the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) of the golden hamster, Meso cricetus auratus, is transected in the first week of postnatal life, axons can grow back past the lesion and achieve functional reinnervation of caudal projection regions. In contrast, when the tract is sectioned after postnatal day 7 (P7), axons do not reinnervate regions caudal to the cut. The experiments reported here investigated whether regenerative failure after tract section in pups older than P7 is accompanied by developmental changes in the astrocytic response. LOT transections were performed at P3 and P9 and the glial reaction was observed at survival times ranging from 12 hr to 2 weeks. Immunocytochemistry with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was employed for histological visualization of astrocytic reactivity. Staining for GFAP immunoreactivity showed an appreciable glial reaction after tract section at both P3 and P9, but the extent of astrocytic hypertrophy and proliferation of glial processes was considerably greater and more extensive after tract section at P9. Radial glial cells were observed 2 weeks after LOT transection at P3 but were absent after lesions made at P9. The results from this study suggest that the developmental loss of regenerative capacity after LOT transection may be related to maturational changes in the glial response. In particular, the presence of radial glial elements after P3 lesions could serve to establish a more favorable microenvironment for axonal elongation.
The Artificial Propagation of Freshwater Mussels

(1929). The Artificial Propagation of Freshwater Mussels. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 217-223.
A Comparison of the GlideScope Video Laryngoscope to the C-MAC Video Laryngoscope for Intubation in the Emergency Department

Study objective There is growing use of video laryngoscopy in US emergency departments (EDs). This study seeks to compare intubation success between the GlideScope video laryngoscope and the C-MAC video laryngoscope (C-MAC) in ED intubations. Methods This was an analysis of quality improvement data collected during a 3-year period in an academic ED. After each intubation, the operator completed a standardized data form reporting patient demographics, indication for intubation, device(s) used, reason for device selection, difficult airway characteristics, number of attempts, and outcome of each attempt. An attempt was defined as insertion of the device into the mouth regardless of attempt at tube placement. The primary outcomes were first pass and overall intubation success. The study compared success rates between the GlideScope video laryngoscope and the C-MAC groups, using multivariable logistic regression and adjusting for potential confounders. Results During the 3-year study period, there were 463 intubations, including 230 with the GlideScope video laryngoscope as the initial device and 233 with the C-MAC as the initial device. The GlideScope video laryngoscope resulted in first-pass success in 189 of 230 intubations (82.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 76.6% to 86.9%) and overall success in 221 of 230 intubations (96.1%; 95% CI 92.7% to 98.2%). The C-MAC resulted in first-pass success in 196 of 233 intubations (84.1%; 95% CI 78.8% to 88.6%) and overall success in 225 of 233 intubations (96.6%; 95% CI 93.4% to 98.5%). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the type of video laryngoscopic device was not associated with first-pass (odds ratio 1.1; 95% CI 0.6 to 2.1) or overall success (odds ratio 1.2; 95% CI 0.5 to 3.1). Conclusion In this study of video laryngoscopy in the ED, the GlideScope video laryngoscope and the C-MAC were associated with similar rates of intubation success.