cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical efficacy of devices for nonablative photorejuvenation.

Objective To evaluate the scientific evidence for the efficacy of devices for nonablative photorejuvenation of the skin. Data Sources All studies published between January 1996 and June 2002 in the dermatology literature listed in the MEDLINE database. Search terms included nonablative and photoaging or skin aging. Study Selection All studies that presented data on human clinical trials that were designed to test the efficacy of nonablative light sources in reducing fine lines and wrinkles due to photodamage. Data Extraction Data presented in the studies were reviewed and evaluated from the perspective of study design and validity of conclusions. Data Synthesis Eleven studies were reviewed. Five different light sources were used, each with varying parameters. Ten different clinical end point scales and methodologies were used. No 2 studies used the same clinical end point standards. The majority of the studies provided no statistical analysis of data. Conclusions The studies reviewed failed to present consistent data on the efficacy of nonablative photorejuvenation to improve or eliminate rhytids. The field is early in development, and continued improvement and standardization of study design are needed to determine the efficacy of these interventions.
Outdoor Education and Meaningful Learning: Finding the attributes of meaningful learning experiences in an outdoor education program

OUTDOOR EDUCATION AND MEANINGFUL LEARNING: FINDING THE ATTRIBUTES OF MEANINGFUL LEARNING EXPERIENCES IN AN OUTDOOR EDUCATION PROGRAM Stacy T. Taniguchi Department of Educational Leadership and Foundations Doctor of Philosophy This phenomenological study sought to identify the common attributes of meaningful learning experiences as found in an outdoor education program. The pragmatic educational philosophy of John Dewey provides the rationale for the essence of meaningful learning in our schools and this research identifies the attributes of educative reflective experiences that are also meaningful learning experiences. Thirteen students enrolled in the Wilderness Writing Program, offered during the fall semester of 2003 at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, made up the focus group of this study. Their participation in four outdoor recreational activities and their reflections about their experiences became the basis of this research. Through written journal entries, focus group discussions, observations, and writing assignments, this study took a qualitative approach to identifying patterns of attributes that appeared to occur in meaningful learning experiences. This study found that meaningful learning experiences were identified by participants who experienced a period of awkwardness followed by a purifying process, or sublimation. A reflective period allowed for reconstruction of a person’s view of himself or herself and this was closely tied with feedback from others in the group. The findings of this study can give educators specific components that appear to be crucial ingredients to meaningful learning experiences.
Wnt to build a tube: Contributions of Wnt signaling to epithelial tubulogenesis

Epithelial tubes are crucial to the function of organ systems including the cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organ systems, excretory system, and auditory system. Using a variety of animal model systems, recent studies have substantiated the role of Wnt signaling via the canonical/beta-catenin-mediated trajectory, the non-canonical Wnt trajectories, or both, in forming epithelial tubular tissues. This review focuses on the involvement of the Wnt pathways in the induction, specification, proliferation, and morphogenesis involved in tubulogenesis within tissues including the lungs, kidneys, ears, mammary glands, gut, and heart. The ultimate goal is to describe the developmental processes forming the various tubulogenic organ systems to determine the relationships between these processes.
Verification and compliance for arms control

Abstract The classic approaches to measuring compliance of arms control treaties are comprehensive or choke point verification schemes. These synoptic protocols for achieving compliance have several limitations in the world of modern mobile weapons. This paper discusses a general approach to understanding synoptic and statistical verification methodologies. A statistical verification protocol is described in detail for mobile missiles or other mobile systems.
Motor neuron disease in 2012: Novel causal genes and disease modifiers

In 2012, researchers published extensively on the genetic and clinicopathological characterization of patients with the newly discovered C9ORF72 repeat expansions, which cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia. Novel ALS-linked genes and genetic modifiers were identified through screening in animal models and patients.
ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN AN UNDERGROUND AIR TUNNEL

A simplified analytical model is developed to determine the energy performance of an underground air tunnel. The model assumes that the air tunnel-ground system reaches periodic and quasi-steady state behavior after some days of operation. The model can predict the air temperature variation along the air tunnel for any hour of the day. It can also determine the daily mean and amplitude of the total cooling/heating effect of the tunnel. Parametric analysis is conducted to determine the effect of tunnel hydraulic diameter and air flow rate on the heat transfer between ground and air inside the tunnel. The model is validated against measured data.
Removal of Wild Nutmeg (Virola Surinamensis) Crops by Birds

We observed birds and mammals visiting individual plants in a Panamanian population of the rainforest tree Virola surinamensis ("Wild Nutmeg") to determine (1) relative importance of different dispersal agents, and (2) the relationships between crop size, crop quality, and seed removal. Arils of this tree are exceptionally nutritious (63% fat, 9% nonstructural carbohydrate, 3% protein), but draw remarkably few species of fruit-eating animals. Six birds take 77% of the seeds handled by animals. One toucan (Ramphastos swainsonii) accounts for 35% of the seeds handled; other birds (Penelope purpurascens, Trogon massena, Baryphthengus martii, Pteroglossus torquatus, Ram- phastos sulfuratus) play lesser roles. The smallest visitor, a cotinga (Tityra semifasciata) eats arils but does not disperse seeds. One monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) removes 3% of the seeds handled by frugivores, but smells and rejects or otherwise wastes 9%. Such a small assemblage is anomalous in a forest with at least 78 species of fruit-eating animals; other trees with arillate seeds of similar size draw as many as 23 frugivores. We hypothesize that the size of the assemblage is limited by seed size, small crop size, and perhaps by defensive compounds in the arils. Despite the small assemblage, an average of 62% (range: 13-91%) of the fruits available to animals are taken. Fruits are so nutritious that trees with both small and large crops are depleted; no variance in the percentage of seeds removed can be attributed to crop size. Fruits of different individual trees do vary in size; 59% of the variation in the percentage of seeds taken can be attributed to mean seed size. Fruit-eating animals preferentially deplete trees with small seeds, and coincidentally favor trees with high aril-to-seed ratios. No significant portion of the variance in "dispersal success" can be explained by aril mass alone. We hypothesize that consistent differences in seed size could result in dramatic differences in dispersal, and hence reproduction, over the lifetime of individual trees. On the other hand, selection may alternatively favor small seed size and high dispersability in years when frugivores are abundant, and large seed size and enhanced seedling vigor in the parental stand when fruit-eating birds are scarce. Small-seeded plants are likely to colonize new sites; large-seeded individuals are likely to produce offspring that fare well in competition with other seedlings near parent trees.
Effect of furosemide on hemodynamics and lung water in acute pulmonary edema secondary to myocardial infarction

Hemodynamic studies were carried out in 19 patients with left ventricular failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. Fourteen patients were studied before and after the intravenous administration of 0.5 mg/kg of furosemide, and five patients served as a control group. Serial measurements included intracardiac pressures, cardiac output and lung water by a double isotope technique. A significant reduction was noted in right atrial (P less than 0.005), pulmonary arterial (P less than 0.0005) and pulmonary wedge pressures (P less than 0.0005) after administration of furosemide. Only the change in right atrial pressure was significantly different from that in the control group (P less than 0.05). Lung water was not changed in 4 patients studied 2 hours after administration of furosemide but was significantly changed in the remaining 10 patients studied 4 to 24 hours after furosemide (P = 0.0001). This change was also significantly different from values in the control group (P less than 0.05). The patients with no reduction in excess lung water also had a smaller reduction in pulmonary wedge pressure and a lower pretreatment stroke work index than the other patients. The mobilization of excess lung water in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure has several features. Despite a prompt diuresis, the reduction in lung water is delayed for at least several hours after the administration of furosemide and may be related to the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Venodilation may be a major result of treatment with furosemide.
Contextual overlap and eyewitness suggestibility

Studies of eyewitness suggestibility have traditionally used a paradigm that maximizes the extent to which the postevent interview overlaps with the witnessed event in terms of narrative content, narrative structure, and environmental context. The present study explored whether these dimensions of overlap contribute to people’s tendency to confuse suggested details for those they have actually witnessed. We systematically manipulated the extent to which the postevent questionnaire overlapped with the witnessed event. Across two experiments, overlap in narrative content, narrative structure, or environmental context was not found to increase suggestibility effects, even though the manipulation did have other memory effects (e.g., it improved cued recall of the actual source of the suggestions, Experiment 2). These findings suggest that understanding the interaction between the structure and content of the objective context in which misinformation is encountered and various remembering contexts (e.g., recognition vs. recall) is important for advancing our understanding of source confusion in an eyewitness situation.
The evolving treatment paradigm in myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis (MF) is a BCR–ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm diagnosed de novo or developed from essential thrombocythemia (ET) or polycythemia vera (PV). Average survival of a patient with MF is 5–7 years. Disease complications include fatigue, early satiety, pruritus, painful splenic infarcts, infections and leukemic transformation. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the only potentially curative option for MF, but carries a risk of treatment-related mortality and is reserved for the few high-risk patients fit enough to endure the procedure. Other traditional therapies are palliative and supported by few randomized, controlled trials; thus, novel treatment strategies are needed. Discovery of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gain-of-function mutation, JAK2V617F, in the majority (50–60%) of patients with MF led to increased understanding of the biology underlying MF and the development of JAK2 inhibitors to treat MF. Recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first JAK2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, signaled a new era for treatment of MF. Additional JAK2 inhibitors, such as SAR302503, may become commercially available in the near future, and their distinct pharmacologic and efficacy profiles will help determine their use across the patient population. Data on JAK2 inhibitors, their role in an evolving treatment paradigm, and future directions for treatment of MF are discussed.
Electromagnetically induced transparency and its dispersion properties in a four-level inverted-Y atomic system

We consider a four-level atomic system in inverted-Y configuration and study the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in this system under various parametric conditions in order to demonstrate controllability of the EIT and its dispersion properties.
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Implementation of Lisinopril Therapy in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

Study Objective. As the results of the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation trial suggested that patients with both coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes mellitus would benefit from angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy, our objective was to increase the percentage of patients with both of these conditions receiving the goal dosage (20 mg/day) or highest tolerated dosage of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril through intervention of a clinical pharmacy service. Study Design. Prospective study with historic comparison (control group). Setting. Clinical Pharmacy Cardiac Risk Service. Patients. Hospitalized patients with CAD and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Measurements and Main Results. At hospital discharge, lisinopril 5 mg/day was started in eligible patients; the drug was titrated to a goal dosage of 20 mg/day or the highest tolerated dosage. Potassium level, serum creatinine level, and blood pressure were monitored at baseline, at each dosage titration, and 2 weeks after the goal or highest tolerated dosage was reached. The group receiving usual care (control group) consisted of 95 patients; the treatment group had 101 patients. At baseline, 19 patients (20%) in the control group were receiving the goal dosage of lisinopril, 34 (36%) were taking a suboptimal dosage, 16 (17%) were excluded from treatment, and 26 (27%) were eligible but were not receiving lisinopril therapy. After 9 months, ACE inhibitor dosages had changed minimally in the control group. In the treatment group, at baseline, 37 patients (36%) were at their goal dosage and therefore titration was not necessary; 15 (15%) were receiving a suboptimal dosage, 35 (35%) were excluded from treatment, and 14 (14%) were eligible but not receiving therapy. After the titration period, 55 (54%) treatment group patients were at the goal dosage, 11 (11%) were taking a suboptimal dosage, and 35 (35%) were not candidates for ACE inhibitor therapy. The most common reasons for exclusion were renal insufficiency, cough, and baseline hypotension. Changes in potassium level, serum creatinine level, and blood pressure were not significant during the study. Conclusion. The clinical pharmacy service more than doubled the number of patients with CAD and diabetes who achieved the goal dosage of an ACE inhibitor, a drug class that has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in this patient population.
Optimal feedback control for ABR service in ATM

The efficient support of data traffic over ATM networks requires congestion control, whose objectives include maximizing throughput, minimizing switch buffer requirement, and attaining a fair bandwidth allocation. With available bit rate (ABR) service in ATM, congestion control is achieved by requiring data sources to adjust their rates based on the feedback from the network. The difficulties in providing effective ABR service are caused by the burstiness of data traffic, the dynamic nature of the available bandwidth, as well as the feedback delay. Using a new design methodology described in our previous paper, we present here a congestion control algorithm that is provably stable and is optimal in the sense that it has the shortest possible transient response time. Moreover, our algorithm achieves fair bandwidth allocation among contending connections and maximizes network throughput. It also delivers good performance for switches that use a FIFO queuing discipline. Essentially, the algorithm implicitly measures the round-trip delay using resource enhancement cells, and establishes an observer (in the control theoretic sense) to control the flow of data in the network. Rigorous analysis as well as simulation results are presented to substantiate our claims.
Balance Sheets Versus Decision Dashboards to Support Patient Treatment Choices: A Comparative Analysis.

Background Growing recognition of the importance of involving patients in preference-driven healthcare decisions has highlighted the need to develop practical strategies to implement patient-centered shared decision-making. The use of tabular balance sheets to support clinical decision-making is well established. More recent evidence suggests that graphic, interactive decision dashboards can help people derive deeper a understanding of information within a specific decision context. We therefore conducted a non-randomized trial comparing the effects of adding an interactive dashboard to a static tabular balance sheet on patient decision-making.
Massive palmitoylation-dependent endocytosis during reoxygenation of anoxic cardiac muscle

In fibroblasts, large Ca transients activate massive endocytosis (MEND) that involves membrane protein palmitoylation subsequent to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) openings. Here, we characterize this pathway in cardiac muscle. Myocytes with increased expression of the acyl transferase, DHHC5, have decreased Na/K pump activity. In DHHC5-deficient myocytes, Na/K pump activity and surface area/volume ratios are increased, the palmitoylated regulatory protein, phospholemman (PLM), and the cardiac Na/Ca exchanger (NCX1) show greater surface membrane localization, and MEND is inhibited in four protocols. Both electrical and optical methods demonstrate that PTP-dependent MEND occurs during reoxygenation of anoxic hearts. Post-anoxia MEND is ablated in DHHC5-deficient hearts, inhibited by cyclosporine A (CsA) and adenosine, promoted by staurosporine (STS), reduced in hearts lacking PLM, and correlates with impaired post-anoxia contractile function. Thus, the MEND pathway appears to be deleterious in severe oxidative stress but may constitutively contribute to cardiac sarcolemma turnover in dependence on metabolic stress. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01295.001.
Transient probability functions of finite birth–death processes with catastrophes

A representation of the transient probability functions of finite birth–death processes (with or without catastrophes) as a linear combination of exponential functions is derived using a recursive, Cayley–Hamilton approach. This method of solution allows practitioners to solve for these transient probability functions by reducing the problem to three calculations: determining eigenvalues of the Q-matrix, raising the Q-matrix to an integer power and solving a system of linear equations. The approach avoids Laplace transforms and permits solution of a particular transition probability function from state i to j without determining all such functions.
Nassella pulchra Survival and Water Relations Depend More on Site Productivity Than on Small-Scale Disturbance

We found no significant effect (p > 0.38) of clipping surrounding non-native annuals on the performance or survival of plantings of the native Nassella pulchra. However, the preplanting productivity of the three sites had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on the demography and water relations of Nassella. Survival was 85% on the lowest productivity site and it decreased by 6% for each additional 100 kg in average aboveground productivity between 2,400 and 3,600 kg/ha. Plants experienced greater water stress in higher productivity sites. Together, these results suggest that the original habitat of N. pulchra may have been in more marginal ecological sites rather than the more fertile soils of the Central Valley.
Posey: instrumenting a poseable hub and strut construction toy

We describe Posey, a computationally-enhanced hub-and-strut construction kit for learning and play. Posey employs a ball and socket connection that allows users to move the parts of an assembled model. Hubs and struts are optocoupled through the ball and socket joints using infrared LEDs and photosensors. Wireless transmitters in the hubs send connection and geometry information to a host computer. The host computer assembles a representation of the physical model as the user creates and configures it. Application programs can then use this representation to control computational models in particular domains.
Panopticon in Poona: An Essay on Foucault and Colonialism

When British rule began in western India in 1818, administrator Mountstuart Elphinstone used questionnaires to inquire into local "custom" and decided to build a panopticon prison in Poona. In light of Foucault's concept of panopticism, we can see Elphinstone's inquiry as a subtle exercise in knowledge and power. Yet more can be said of this colonial project if we turn from Foucault's analysis of European states to take colonies seriously as a historically specific polity form that specifies difference-here inferiorizing temporal differenceto govern. Thinking about Elphinstone, and Foucault, what might we learn about narratives of difference and historical trajectory?
Surgical management of chronic maxillary atelectasis

Chronic maxillary atelectasis (CMA) results from valvular occlusion of the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus by the medial infundibular wall. This uncommon condition is characterized by a chronic decrease in sinus volume caused by inward bowing of one or more antral walls. In some instances, visual and cosmetic problems can occur as a consequence of severe osseous wall deformation. CMA is seen in both children and adults, and radiological evidence of complete antral opacification and fontanel retraction is considered diagnostic of the disorder in both populations. Treatment goals are the same for all age groups and include complete antral drainage and restoration of good ventilation.
Cutaneous cryosurgery in the United States

AbstractBackground: Cryosurgery is a common treatment modality for many dermatological conditions; however, the extent to which it is used and by which medical specialties is not well characterized. Objective: To determine the rates of cryosurgery use over time, the top dermatoses treated by cryosurgery, patient demographics and the rate at which practitioners used cryosurgery. Methods: We used the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) from 1993 to 2010 in order to quantify the use of cryosurgery in outpatient offices. For visits where cryosurgery was utilized, the leading diagnoses, treating physician specialties, and patient ages were tabulated. Results: Cryosurgery was most commonly used for treating actinic keratoses (48% of visits), seborrheic keratoses (25% of visits) and verrucae (21% of visits). Dermatologists performed 82% of all cryosurgeries, followed by family/internal medicine physicians (13.6%) and pediatricians (2.8%). The use of cryosurgery for these dermatoses has increased over...
The effect of mevinolin on steroidogenesis in patients with defects in the low density lipoprotein receptor pathway.

Adrenal steroidogenesis is dependent upon cholesterol derived from both de novo biosynthesis and uptake of plasma lipoproteins through the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor pathway. Recent studies have demonstrated that patients homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia have a mild impairment in cortisol secretion during maximal ACTH stimulation. Mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, has been used clinically to inhibit de novo cholesterol synthesis in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. In this study we examined hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal function in seven patients with defects in the LDL receptor pathway, both before and during treatment with oral mevinolin (20 mg, twice a day), to assess whether inhibition of cholesterol synthesis influences steroidogenesis under basal conditions and in response to ovine CRH and exogenous ACTH. Two months after initiation of therapy, high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly elevat...
Standardization of IDCT approximation behavior for video compression: the history and the new MPEG-C parts 1 and 2 standards

This paper presents the history of international standardization activities and specifications relating to the precision of inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) approximations used in video compression designs. The evolution of issues relating to IDCT precision and the "drift" effects of IDCT mismatch between encoder modeling of decoder behavior is traced, starting with the initial requirements specified for ITU-T H.261 and continuing through the MPEG-1, H.262/MPEG-2, H.263, MPEG-4 Part 2, and H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 AVC projects. Finally, the development of the new MPEG-C Part 1 and Part 2 standards is presented. MPEG-C Part 1 contains a centralized repository for specification of IDCT precision conformance requirements for the various MPEG video coding standards prior to MPEG-4 Part 10. MPEG-C Part 2 specifies one particular IDCT approximation for adoption in industry implementations of existing standards. The use of MPEG-C Part 2 by encoders can eliminate IDCT mismatch drift error when decoded using an MPEG-C Part 2 conforming decoder, resulting in a deterministic decoded result. MPEG-C Part 2 also provides an example for guiding implementers on how to design a decoder with high precision and without excessive computational resource requirements.
Is It Worth It To Win The Talent War? Evaluating the Utility of Performance-Based Pay

Although the business press suggests that “winning the talent war,” the attraction and retention of key talent, is increasingly pivotal to organization success, executives often report that their organizations do not fare well on this dimension. We demonstrate how, through integrating turnover and compensation research, the Boudreau and Berger (1985) staffing utility framework can be used by I-O psychologists and other HR professionals to address this issue. Employing a step-by-step process that combines organization-specific information about pay and performance with research on the pay-turnover linkage, we estimate the effects of incentive pay on employee separation patterns at various performance levels. We then use the utility framework to evaluate the financial consequences of incentive pay as an employee retention vehicle. The demonstration illustrates the limitations of standard accounting and behavioral cost-based approaches and the importance of considering both the costs and benefits associated with pay-for-performance plans. Our results suggest that traditional accounting or behavioral cost-based approaches, used alone, would have supported rejecting a potentially lucrative pay-for-performance investment. In addition, our approach should enable HR professionals to use research findings and their own data to estimate the retention patterns and subsequent financial consequences of their existing, and potential, company-specific performance-based pay policies.
An H.323 Broadband Virtual Camera for supporting asynchronous visual communication in large groups

BVCAM is a video recording service based on the H.323 protocol for videoconferencing on IP networks. BVCAM allows remote recording of H.323 sessions either as a point-to-point session or as an endpoint in a multipoint session. All recordings are controlled through a web interface. The initial conception of BVCAM was to complement synchronous communication in large group meetings so that distributed problem-solving teams could keep in touch with what is discussed remotely.
II. The ontological status of mental images

This paper explores the question whether an adequate account of the facts about imagination and mental imagery must construe mental images as objects. Much of the paper is a study of Alastair Hannay's defense of an affirmative answer in his wide‐ranging study, Mental Images ‐ A Defence. The paper first sets out and evaluates Hannay's case. The second part develops an alternative account of mental images, including non‐visual images, which Hannay does not treat in detail. The alternative account is analogous to the adverbial theory of perception; and it is suggested how this account, without construing mental images as objects, might accommodate the data from which Hannay argues for their objecthood.
A Simulation Study of a Change-Point Poisson Process Based on Two Well-known Test Statistics

Methods for analysis of trends for the series of events have been extensively studied by many authors, both from a parametric and a nonparametric point of view. Most of the work on the development of the procedures for the nonhomoge- neous Poisson processes are based on the fixed sample size tests. It is also desirable that in some situations, interim analyses are undertaken periodically. Suppose, for example, a repairable system is under development. A development program might consist of testing to identify deficiencies, a redesign effort to correct the deficiencies, and further testing to verify these corrections and identify new problem areas. It would be advantageous to track the reliability growth trend of the system, by means of the failure data collected during development testing, so that the program could be revised, if necessary, in order to attain the system reliability objectives. Since the data often occur naturally in a sequential fashion, it will be useful to have sequential procedures allowing for repeated significance tests to the accumulating data. In this paper, we provide side-to-side information for the following two widely used test statistics in this area: (1) the well-known Laplace test (called L test), and (2) the most powerful test for the shape parameter in the Poisson process with Weibull intensity (called Z test). Discussion of major results based on a Monte Carlo simulation study include: (1) the estimated probability of type I error at or before the nth test in sampling from a simple Poisson distribution at a constant nominal level, (2) the existing support from the well-developed sequential clinical trial designs available in the literature, (3) performance assessment for abrupt changes (increasing or decreasing in the intensity of the process), and (4) a control charting procedure which presents a visual interpretation of the trend and can be practically translated for tabular or manual use in modeling the occurrences of stochastic phenomena.
Towards a Class-Based Model of Information Organization in Wikipedia

As complexity increases in commons-based peer production communities, the means of organizing and facilitating collective action must also mature to ensure the ongoing health and active maintenance of those communities [1]. This study examines the types of structured data that exist in Wikipedia, introduces an argument for an extension to the types of structured and semi-structured data within Wikipedia supported by that descriptive analysis; and presents an implementation of that extension that supports instantiations of semi-structured content that facilitate both human and tool-mediated interactions with Wikipedia data. This extension offers a novel means of structuring data to support the ongoing health and maintenance of online communities like the community of editors that maintain and develop Wikipedia.
Minute mycological mysteries: the influence of arthropods on the lives of fungi.

Fungi are commonly associated with ar- thropods in a variety of habitats. Many species of as- comycetes have morphological features, including ev- anescent asci and passively discharged ascospores, that facilitate ascospore dispersal by arthropods. Based on small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence analysis sev- eral lineages appear to have been derived indepen- dently by convergence. One monophyletic lineage in- cludes Pyxidiophora and Rickia (Laboulbeniales). Evolution of Laboulbeniales from a Pyxidiophora-like ancestor is viewed perhaps as life cycle simplification to reduce excessive fine-tuning of the life cycle to two disparate hosts and to reduce habitat patchiness. The minute arthropod-borne fungi, Thaxteriola, Endospo- re1 la, Laboulbeniopsis, Coreomycetopsis, Amphoropsis, Myriopodophila, and Entomocosma, are included in the Pyxidiophora-Rickia lineage as part of the Pyxidiophora life cycle or as independent organisms on the basis of
Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of blueberry anthocyanins prepared using different solvents.

We compared the biological activities of anthocyanins prepared from whole blueberries or pomace and extracted with acetone, ethanol, and methanol. Crude Amberlite extracts (CAE) and rehydrated powd...
Artificial Oviposition Devices for Apple Maggot

An oviposition medium other than apple could facilitate both the mass rearing of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and investigations of its fecundity. This paper deals with the development of 2 types of quite satisfactory artificial oviposition devices for this insect.
The Infinity of Water: Climate Change Adaptation in the Arabian Peninsula

This article examines the discourses and practices of climate change adaptation in the Arabian Peninsula. It suggests that climate change adaptation projects in the region are often attempts at reframing water-related challenges that are already present, regardless of the effects of climate change. For instance, the groundwater sources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) will be destroyed not necessarily due to the predicted impacts of climate change but because they will soon be completely consumed. In response, the governments in the Arabian Peninsula, especially the UAE, advance a view that I call the “infinity of water,” by relying on technological solutions, particularly desalination. The nonconventional synthetic quality of water, where more can be generated through desalination whenever necessary, allows the actors in the area to envision and embrace its infinity, regardless of existing and impending water scarcity. This article shows how water ceases to be a “natural” entity, but rather emerges as an assemblage of complex technical procedures, social relations, and historical trajectories.
Blue-green lasers for submarine communications

The primary military value of submarines conies from stealth offered by the opacity of seawater to electromagnetic radiation. This advantage, however, places severe restrictions on submarine communications. Although blue-green light suffers extreme exponential attenuation in seawater, radiation having frequencies higher or lower than those is attenuated at a rate orders of magnitude greater. Noting, as have others, this window in the ocean, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has, over a number of years, been developing the technology necessary to provide laser-based communications to submerged submarines.
Challenges in Sepsis Care: New Sepsis Definitions and Fluid Resuscitation Beyond the Central Venous Pressure

There are two important recent changes in sepsis care. The first key change is the 2016 Sepsis-3 definitions from the recent consensus workgroup with new sepsis and septic shock definitions. Useful tools for assessing patients that have a greater risk of mortality include Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) in intensive care units and quick SOFA outside intensive care units. The second change involves management of fluid resuscitation and measures of volume responsiveness. Measures such as blood pressure and central venous pressure are not reliable. Fluid challenges and responsiveness should be based on stroke volume change of greater than 10%.
Normalization influences knee abduction moment results: Could it influence ACL-injury research, too?

Abstract Objectives Normalization of joint moments to reduce anthropometric influences prior to making group comparisons is a widely-accepted practice. However, a seminal prospective study reported greater non-normalized knee abduction moment (KAM) in nine females who subsequently sustained an ACL injury. It is not clear if this finding may have been influenced by the fact that the ACL-injured females were on average 3.6cm taller and 2.4kg heavier than uninjured females. Design Cross-sectional. Methods Peak KAM was identified in thirty-six females completing jump landings. A custom software program randomly divided participants into two groups that were compared on: (1) non-normalized KAM, (2) KAM normalized to body mass, and (3) KAM normalized to body height times weight a total of 500,000 times and the results categorically coded for statistical significance ( α ≤0.05). For the 10,591 iterations in which one group was 3–4cm taller and 2–3kg heavier, the agreement between results obtained using non-normalized versus normalized data were assessed using non-parametric analyses. Results Despite moderate-strong agreement between the results obtained using non-normalized and normalized data ( Κ =0.614–0.744), a significant effect of normalization on the interpretation of group differences in peak KAM was identified (p Conclusions While it is unlikely the magnitude of the difference in non-normalized KAM identified prospectively in ACL-injured females was attributable solely to anthropometric differences, caution should be exercised when evaluating research findings reporting non-normalized KAM.
Practical Considerations in Sepsis Resuscitation.

Abstract Background Sepsis is a common condition managed in the emergency department, and the majority of patients respond to resuscitation measures, including antibiotics and i.v. fluids. However, a proportion of patients will fail to respond to standard treatment. Objective This review elucidates practical considerations for management of sepsis in patients who fail to respond to standard treatment. Discussion Early goal-directed therapy revolutionized sepsis management. However, there is a paucity of literature that provides a well-defined treatment algorithm for patients who fail to improve with therapy. Refractory shock can be defined as continued patient hemodynamic instability (mean arterial pressure, ≤ 65 mm Hg, lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L, altered mental status) after adequate fluid loading (at least 30 mL/kg i.v.), the use of two vasopressors (with one as norepinephrine), and provision of antibiotics. When a lack of improvement is evident in the early stages of resuscitation, systematically considering source control, appropriate volume resuscitation, adequate antimicrobial coverage, vasopressor selection, presence of metabolic pathology, and complications of resuscitation, such as abdominal compartment syndrome and respiratory failure, allow emergency physicians to address the entire clinical scenario. Conclusions The care of sepsis has experienced many changes in recent years. Care of the patient with sepsis who is not responding appropriately to initial resuscitation is troublesome for emergency physicians. This review provides practical considerations for resuscitation of the patient with septic shock. When a septic patient is refractory to standard therapy, systematically evaluating the patient and clinical course may lead to improved outcomes.
When Christ's Body is Broken: Anxiety, Identity, and Conflict in Congregations

Leanna K. Fuller's new book, When Christ's Body is Broken: Anxiety, Identity, and Conflict in Congregations, is a much-needed volume for today's world where divisions abound and public discourse is...
A novel reliability technique for implementation of Performance-Based Seismic Design of structures

Abstract A unified Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) procedure is proposed and successfully implemented. It provides an alternative to the currently used life safety design requirement. To successfully develop the concept, structures are represented by finite elements and excited by the seismic loading in time domain. A novel reliability evaluation procedure is proposed for such representation. An improved response surface based procedure is proposed by combining it with the First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) and the appropriate response surfaces are constructed by combining the saturated design and the central composite design sampling schemes. Performances are defined in terms of Collapse Prevention (CP), Life Safety (LS), and Immediate Occupancy (IO), as commonly used in the profession. The corresponding risks are evaluated by exciting a 9-story steel frame designed by experts satisfying all post-Northridge seismic design requirements. It was excited by 20 earthquake time histories for each performance level and the corresponding probabilities of failure were estimated. It took around 300 deterministic evaluations. The accuracy of the method was established using 600,000 cycles of Monte Carlo simulations. The probabilities of failure estimated using the proposed algorithm are very similar to that of simulations indicating that it is accurate. The probability of failure for two serviceability limit states (overall and inter-story drifts) are very similar, indicating that the procedure will satisfy the basic intent of PBSD. They are also similar to the values used in developing the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) guidelines used in many current design codes. Designing a structure using multiple time histories, as suggested in recent design guidelines, is a step in the right direction. From the results and the observations made in this study, the authors believe that they proposed a robust, efficient, and accurate unified PBSD procedure and documented its implementation potential.
THE INFLUENCE OF INDEPENDENT LEARNING AND SELF REGULATION TOWARD LEARNING RESULT OF MATHEMATICS SUBJECT THROUGH ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION OF GRADE X STUDENTS AT SMAN IN AMBON

The main problem considered in this study, the quality of education is not determined by a single factor that student learning outcomes are a reflection of the effort to learn, the better the learning effort, the better the results achieved. Good learning outcomes will be achieved if the They can overcome the learning difficulties they experienced, but there are a number of variables that influence each other. The study aimed at discovering the description and the influence of independent learning and self regulation toward learning result of mathematics subject through achievement motivation of grade X at SMAN in Ambon. The study an ex-post facto research with causality. The subject of the study were students of grade X at SMAN in Ambon of academic year 2013/2014 selected by employing proporsional stratified cluster random sampling technique. The instrument used were (1) scale of independent learning, (2) scale of self regulation, (3) scale of achievement motivation, and (4) test of learning result of mathematics of grade X. data were analyzed by employing statistics descriptive and path analysis. The result of the study revealed that (1) most students of grade X at SMAN in Ambon have independent learning with high category, self regulation with high category, and learning result in fair category; (2) independent learning gave positive influence toward learning result of mathematics subject direct ad indirectly through achievement motivation; (3) self regulation gave positive influence towards learning result of mathematics subject direct ad indirectly through achievement motivation
Enhancement of the Oxidizing Power of an Oxoammonium Salt by Electronic Modification of a Distal Group

The multigram preparation and characterization of a novel TEMPO-based oxoammonium salt, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)-1-oxopiperidinium tetrafluoroborate (5), and its corresponding nitroxide (4) are reported. The solubility profile of 5 in solvents commonly used for alcohol oxidations differs substantially from that of Bobbitt’s salt, 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxopiperidinium tetrafluoroborate (1). The rates of oxidation of a representative series of primary, secondary, and benzylic alcohols by 1 and 5 in acetonitrile solvent at room temperature have been determined, and oxoammonium salt 5 has been found to oxidize alcohols more rapidly than does 1. The rate of oxidation of meta- and para-substituted benzylic alcohols by either 1 or 5 displays a strong linear correlation to Hammett parameters (r > 0.99) with slopes (ρ) of −2.7 and −2.8, respectively, indicating that the rate-limiting step in the oxidations involves hydride abstraction from the carbinol carbon of the alcohol subs...
Diagnostic performances of two rapid tests for detection of feline leukemia virus antigen in sera of experimentally feline leukemia virus-infected cats

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of WITNESS FeLV-FIV (Zoetis) and SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo Test (IDEXX) for the detection of FeLV p27 antigen in the sera of experimentally feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats.MethodsDiagnostic sensitivities of WITNESS and SNAP were determined through testing of 47 serum samples collected from cats day 56 post-experimental infection with a virulent FeLV Rickard strain. Successful experimental infection was confirmed based on observation of FeLV antigen and proviral DNA in anti-coagulated (EDTA) whole-blood samples by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test and PCR, respectively. Diagnostic specificities of both tests were determined through testing of sera of 92 laboratory-housed, non-FeLV-exposed specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats.ResultsForty-one of 47 blood samples were IFA positive, whereas all 47 samples were PCR positive. All 92 non-FeLV-infected SPF cats were IFA and PCR negative. In comparison to IFA ...
Groundwater Contamination by Mercury from the Aforetime Carroting Practice.

In the southernmost Brazilian city of Rio Grande, the chemical treatment of animal fur named carroting was performed between the eighteenth and twentieth century. This type of industry has led to contamination of urban soil with mercury down to the groundwater level. The present study has revealed that the dissolved mercury concentrations in groundwater in the mercury contaminated areas was up to 13 times higher than that found in the reference site. The association between SO42−, Ca2+ and dissolved mercury indicate that urban man-made grounds composed by soil, construction and demolition waste, urban rubbish and mud contaminated by “carroting mercury” serve as a source of this metal to groundwater. Despite the high level of contamination, mercury concentrations found in groundwater were below the permissible level established for potable water. Most of the dissolved mercury was chemically combined, probably with organic matter.
Techniques for Tracking RFID Tags in a BIM Model

Academicians and industry professionals have demonstrated the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags in construction applications in the past few years. Recently building information modelling (BIM) technology is emerging as the industry standard in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) sector. This paper combines the two technologies to monitor the movement of RFID tags in a BIM environment. Real-time monitoring of RFID tags in a building information model is an improvement over other methods of tracking construction workers, equipment and materials on the jobsite. Strategies for combining the two technologies are explored. This method of monitoring can be used to improve the safety and productivity of construction workers on a construction jobsite. This technique of monitoring RFID tags can also be used to track equipment and construction materials on a job-site. Autodesk Revit BIM software environment was used for tracking RFID tags. The paper includes discussion about the choice of RFID tags available for this method of tracking.