cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatricians, Schools, and Media

* Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics In 2012, schools increasingly have to compete with the media for the attention and time of children and adolescents. Young people currently spend more time with media (>7 hours/day) than they do in school.1 Far more research is now available about the impact of media on school-aged children and teenagers2,3 and the efficacy of teaching media literacy in the classroom.4 Since the development of Sesame Street 40 years ago, teachers have felt increasing pressure to entertain their students as well as to teach them.5 New technology in the classroom offers nearly limitless educational possibilities but potential problems as well (eg, students may be physically present in the classroom but downloading videos online or texting classmates). A recent longitudinal Canadian study of >1300 children at 29 months and in fourth grade found that for every additional hour of television viewed per day at 29 months of age, there was a 6% to 7% decrease in classroom participation, a 10% increase in victimization by classmates, a 9% decrease in physical activity, and a 5% increase in BMI by the fourth grade.6 Now that the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has made Children and Media one of its new strategic priorities, pediatricians may want to familiarize themselves with this issue and how they can play a key role. A century ago, to be “literate” meant that you could read and write; in 2012, literacy may need to be redefined to include reading, writing, texting, downloading, surfing the Internet, and tweeting. Now more than ever, children and teenagers … Address correspondence to Victor C. Strasburger, MD, Department of Pediatrics, MSC10 5590, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131. E-mail: vstrasburger{at}salud.unm.edu
A compact flat-band filter for on-chip tera bit/s optical interconnects on a silicon photonic platform

A compact coupled-resonators flat-band filter with a large bandwidth (∼3.3nm), large free-spectral range (∼18nm), low crosstalk (≪−12dB) and negligible insertion loss (≪0.3dB) is demonstrated on a silicon-on-insulator platform with focused applications for on-chip optical interconnects.
Foraging in complex environments: When prey availability varies over time and space

An optimal foraging model is presented which combines simultaneous and nonsimultaneous modes of search for food. This model is more complex than those in the literature which are constructed using one search mode exclusively. Solutions to this foraging model lead to diets which are seldom composed of a single food or of foods in proportion to their abundance in the environment. Therefore, the most commonly cited qualitative conclusions of optimal foraging theory are not adequate to explain foraging choices under the range of probable search modes. c 1989
The Middle East Conflict in US Strategy, 1970-71

Foreign policy makers in the United States have never been in full agreement on the position of the Middle East in US strategic planning. Traditional geopoliticians continue to view the region as having intrinsic importance as the "crossroads of three continents," the "soft underbelly of NATO," and the location of huge oil reserves. More recently, some analysts have argued that advanced technology has reduced the direct importance of the Middle East for the United States ICBMs and Polaris submarines eliminate the need for military bases near the Soviet Union but that the United States' commitment to European defence and to Israel's existence requires a strong position in the Mediterranean area. In this interpretation, the Middle East derives its central role in US strategic planning from formal commitments to NATO and less binding ties to Israel. Finally, some US officials argue that the Middle East has become a crucial area of US-Soviet competition, and that in order to maintain a global pattern of stable relationships with the USSR, the United States must resist Moscow's growing influence in the Middle East. According to this argument, intangible considerations of prestige, image and determination dictate a strong US presence in the Middle East, almost irrespective of specific US interests in the area. The mere fact that the Soviet Union is actively involved in the region entails that the United States counter this expansive thrust. Regardless of how the foreign policy specialist justifies United States concern for the Middle East, it is undoubtedly the Soviet presence that is weighing most heavily upon US strategic planning. A fairly widespread consensus exists within the government that the greatest danger for the United States in the Middle East is the possibility of a direct clash with the Soviet Union
Evaluating the impact of patients' online access to doctors' visit notes: designing and executing the OpenNotes project

Background: Providers and policymakers are pursuing strategies to increase patient engagement in health care. Increasingly, online sections of medical records are viewable by patients though seldom are clinicians’ visit notes included. We designed a one-year multi-site trial of online patient accessible office visit notes, OpenNotes. We hypothesized that patients and primary care physicians (PCPs) would want it to continue and that OpenNotes would not lead to significant disruptions to doctors’ practices. Methods/Design: Using a mixed methods approach, we designed a quasi-experimental study in 3 diverse healthcare systems in Boston, Pennsylvania, and Seattle. Two sites had existing patient internet portals; the third used an experimental portal. We targeted 3 key areas where we hypothesized the greatest impacts: beliefs and attitudes about OpenNotes, use of the patient internet portals, and patient-doctor communication. PCPs in the 3 sites were invited to participate in the intervention. Patients who were registered portal users of participating PCPs were given access to their PCPs’ visit notes for one year. PCPs who declined participation in the intervention and their patients served as the comparison groups for the study. We applied the RE-AIM framework to our design in order to capture as comprehensive a picture as possible of the impact of OpenNotes. We developed pre- and post-intervention surveys for online administration addressing attitudes and experiences based on interviews and focus groups with patients and doctors. In addition, we tracked use of the internet portals before and during the intervention. Results: PCP participation varied from 19% to 87% across the 3 sites; a total of 114 PCPs enrolled in the intervention with their 22,000 patients who were registered portal users. Approximately 40% of intervention and non-intervention patients at the 3 sites responded to the online survey, yielding a total of approximately 38,000 patient surveys. Discussion: Many primary care physicians were willing to participate in this “real world” experiment testing the impact of OpenNotes on their patients and their practices. Results from this trial will inform providers, policy makers, and patients who contemplate such changes at a time of exploding interest in transparency, patient safety, and improving the quality of care.
Identifying Serials Trends through Twenty Years of NASIG Conference Proceedings: A Content Analysis

The North American Serials Interest Group (NASIG), founded in 1985, holds annual conferences to promote communication among librarians, publishers, subscription agents, and others in the serials information chain. The authors used qualitative and quantitative content analysis to identify the major topics discussed at the first twenty NASIG conferences, to analyze how the popularity of topics has changed over time, and to compare NASIG topics to issues being discussed in the serials literature.
Mugwort Control in an Abandoned Nursery Using Herbicides That Mimic Indole-3-Acetic Acid

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl, aminopyralid, Artemisia vulgaris, clopyralid, invasive weed, picloram, non-cropland, nursery crops. SUMMARY. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine if two indole3-acetic acid herbicide mimics, aminopyralid and aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl, applied at 70, 140, and 280 gha –1 postemergence (POST) would control mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) in an abandoned nursery. These were compared with the commercial standards picloram at 280 gha –1 a.i. and clopyralid at 280 gha –1 . In the field study, picloram and clopyralid controlled mugwort 75% and 31% by 365 days after treatment (DAT), respectively. In contrast, aminopyralid and aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl applied at 140 gha –1 controlled mugwort over 90% by 365 DAT. In the greenhouse study, aminopyralid and aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl applied at 140gha –1 controlledmugwort92%and96%respectively,althoughaminopyralidat 70 gha –1 provided better visual control (94%) in comparison with aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl(79%)at70gha –1 .Regardless, followingshoot growthremovalat30 DAT, mugwort failed to regrow by 60 DAT following exposures to all rates of both herbicides. On the basis of these studies, aminopyralid and aminocyclopyrachlormethyl have potential to provide excellent control of mugwort compared with the current standards clopyralid and picloram.
Collabra: A Xen Hypervisor Based Collaborative Intrusion Detection System

In this paper, we introduce Collabra, a distributed intrusion detection platform based on Xen hyper visors to maintain the security of the cloud based on virtualized network. While the concept of virtual machine monitor (VMM) signifies implementing an abstraction layer between the underlying host and the guest operating system (OS) to enforce security, its kernel is required to be free of vulnerabilities that intruders can use to compromise the host. In Xen, guest applications make resource requests through the hyper-call API to transfer the privilege to the VMM kernel for executing privileged operations. On a cloud scale, there exist hundreds of VM networks and thousands of guest operating systems (OSes) running on virtual domains. There is every possibility of intruders trying to misuse the hyper-call interface to compromise guest OS kernels and finally the host OS kernel itself. Sophisticated attacks can be launched in the distributed and collaborative style thereby bypassing most current intrusion detection systems. Collabra acts as a filtering layer which is completely integrated with every VMM. It scans through each call by incorporating integrity checking and collaborative detection mechanisms. It exists in multiple instances, and acts concurrently over a VMM network interacting with other instances to detect (possibly collaborative) attacks and prevent illicit access to the VMM and the host. An admin version of Collabra exists on a privileged domain in the VM network to perform filtering of malicious add-ons to hyper-calls at the guest OS level itself before routing the call to the VMM.
Spatial and temporal variation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering at Ag nanowires in aqueous solution

The spatial and temporal variation of local field enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) at Ag nanowires (NWs) in aqueous solution is presented for an improved understanding of the NW structure–SERS enhancement capability relationship. Crossed Ag NWs and Ag NW bundles are found to have SERS enhancement factors much higher than single Ag NWs because of the higher density of interstitials formed by strong surface plasmon coupling when the wires are close to each other. The role of the interstitials of Ag NWs is enhanced by using unpurified Ag NWs containing Ag nanoparticles or decorating the Ag NWs surface with gold nanoparticles using galvanic replacement reaction and electroless deposition methods. This leads to an improved SERS enhancement capability as compared to purified single Ag NWs. Raman imaging reveals a different temporal response of the SERS signal in aqueous solution in comparison to the photoluminescence background of Ag NWs in the absence of Raman-active molecules. Such a different temporal response can be potentially used to separate the SERS signal from the fluorescence background. The Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) method is used for the first time to calculate the local field intensity of two crossed and parallel Ag NWs. Heterogeneities in the SERS spatial distribution of the interstitials and their incident-light polarization dependence are illustrated by comparing the SEM image of a selected unpurified Ag NW bundle with its Raman image.
Wireless multichannel acquisition of neuropotentials

Implantable brain-machine interfaces for disease diagnosis and motor prostheses control require low-power acquisition of neuropotentials spanning a wide range of amplitudes and frequencies. Here, we present a 16-channel VLSI neuropotential acquisition system with tunable gain and bandwidth, and variable rate digital transmission over an inductive link which further supplies power. The neuropotential interface chip is composed of an amplifier, incremental ADC and bit-serial readout circuitry. The front-end amplifier has a midband gain of 40 dB and offers NEF of less than 3 for all bandwidth settings. It also features adjustable low-frequency cut-off from 0.2 to 94 Hz, and independent high-frequency cut-off from 140 Hz to 8.2 kHz. The Gm-C incremental DeltaSigma ADC offers digital gain up to 4096 and 8-12 bits resolution. The interface circuit is powered by a telemetry chip which harvests power through inductive coupling from a 4 MHz link, provides a 1 MHz clock for ADC operation and transmits the bit-serial data of the neurpotential interface across 4 cm at up to 32 kbps with a BER less than 10-5. Experimental EEG recordings using the neuropotential interface and wireless module are presented.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance in Youth

Perspectives on the News commentaries are now part of a new, free monthly CME activity. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, is designating this activity for 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 credits. If you wish to participate, review this article and visit www.diabetes.procampus.net to complete a posttest and receive a certificate. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
Labile soil organic carbon and nitrogen within a gradient of dryland agricultural land-use intensity in Wyoming, USA

article i nfo Tillage in dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow cropping systems of the central High Plains, USA, has caused significant erosion and loss of soil organic matter (SOM), underscoring the need for more sustainable practices on marginally-productive semiarid lands. Conversion to no-till (NT) wheat-fallow or perennial grass-legume cover, as in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), provides viable alternatives to tillage-based wheat-fallow practices. However, the overall impact of transitioning on soil biogeochemistry is not fully understood. Labile SOM pools were determined on soil cores (0-120 cm) collected in July 2011 from five unfertilized fields that spanned a gradient in disturbance associated with land-use practices: a morein- tensivelytilledwheat-fallow('historic',HT)thanaconventional(CT)wheat-fallowwithlimitedherbicidescom- bined with tillage, NT wheat-fallow that exclusively used herbicides for ≥10 years, formerly cultivated HT wheat-fallow planted to grass-legume mixture as in the CRP for 7 years, and native prairie (NP) with no history of agricultural disturbance. Significant differences in microbial biomass C (MBC), potentially mineralizable C (PMC) and nitrogen (PMN) were largely confined to the surface soil (0-30 cm), following the order NP N CRP N all wheat-fallow systems. When expressed on a per soil organic C (SOC) basis, both MBC and PMC followed the order CRP N NP N all wheat-fallow systems. In contrast, when normalized by total soil N (TN), PMNwashigherinHTandCT soilsthaninothersoils(NT,CRP,andNP).MBCandPMCwere positively correlated with SOC whereas PMN, soil pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) showed a negative relationship with SOC. These results suggest more efficient conservation of SOM under perennial grass-legume system than NT wheat-fallow rotation. We suggest that cessation of tillage alone may not be sufficient for the recovery of labile-pool SOM degraded through long-term cultivation in the absence of inputs for soil fertility renewal.
Topology design for free space optical networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of designing a topology for deploying a free space optical (FSO) link based network. The problem is to create a topology with strong connectivity and short diameter with uniform degree bounds on each node. Two centralized approaches are presented. The first approach constructs a backbone network by Delaunay triangulation. The basic structure is then refined to meet the design objectives. The second approach called the closest neighbor (CN) algorithm constructs a degree constrained minimum weight spanning tree. The tree is developed into a network with good connectivity and small diameter by forming edges with the closest neighbors. We prove that the CN algorithm forms a connected network. Through simulation and analysis we also show that this approach results in high reliability and small diameter.
Nest survival of clay-colored and vesper sparrows in relation to woodland edge in mixed-grass prairies

Abstract The quantity and quality of northern mixed-grass prairie continues to decline because of conversion to agriculture, invasion of woody and exotic plants, and disruption of important ecological processes that shape grasslands. Declines in grassland bird populations in North Dakota, USA, have coincided with these largely anthropogenic alterations to prairie habitat. In grasslands of north-central and northwestern North Dakota, woody plants have increased due primarily to fire suppression, extirpation of bison (Bos bison), and widescale planting of tree shelter belts. In northern grasslands, effects of woody vegetation on survival of grassland birds are poorly understood, and conclusions are based mainly on studies conducted outside the region. We examined nest survival of clay-colored sparrows (Spizella pallida) and vesper sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus) relative to the distance nests were located from aspen (Populus tremuloides) woodland edges and relative to other habitat features near the nest. Cl...
On the images of Jordan polynomials evaluated over symmetric matrices

Abstract We show that the image of any degree-three multilinear Jordan polynomial evaluated over the Jordan algebras of real and complex symmetric matrices forms a vector space.
NMR Imaging of Interfaces

The paper presents an overview of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI) and its application to interfaces. The MRI technique can be used for studying defects such as voids and debonding in adhesive bonds and composites. It can be used to determine the degree of cure and homogeneity of the curing process. Finally, the technique can be used to study the sorption of moisture in the composite.
Multiple Entry Identification Keys

The subject of my paper, “Multiple Entry Identification Keys,” was given to me for the workshop, and at first its meaning was not quite clear. By perusing the literature, I found out that once again, as we will determine here perhaps, it was the language which was alien to me and that I was dealing with familiar subjects under an unfamiliar name. I was also asked to go into a computer program, MARINEMA, with which I have been intimately associated for the past few years. I realize that many readers do not need a primer from me on a subject that may be familiar to them, especially those who teach. But I want to review some definitions, after which I will continue on to a more intriguing subject.
Globin chain synthesis in HbD (Punjab)-beta-thalassemia.

A 23-yr-old man of Greek-Italian ancestry with mild anemia was found to be heterozygous for HbD (Punjab) beta121 glu leads to gin and beta- thalassemia. HbA was not detected upon electrophoresis of the subject9s hemolysate, and no synthesis of betaA globin was demonstrated after incubation of peripheral blood or bone marrow with 3H-leucine. The thalassemia gene was thus of the betao variety. The betaD/alpha synthesis ratios were almost equally unbalanced in the blood and bone marrow: 0.53 and 0.61, respectively. The mother of the propositus had beta-thalassemia trait. In peripheral blood the betaA/alpha synthesis ratio was 0.38. The mutant betaD gene thus appeared potentially capable of directing the synthesis of globin chains as efficiently as a normal betaA gene. The mildness of the HbD-betao-thalassemia syndrome appeared to be due to the maintenance of a relatively high total beta/alpha synthesis ratio in the presence of a physiologically neutral structural mutation.
Some Old Slants and a New Twist to the Cone

When one considers the prodigious prolificity of theorems established by Apollonius and others upon the cone and the conic sections, it may be surprising to observe that certain aspects still remain unexplored. Although Apollonius (3rd century B. C.), a master of the synthetic method in geometry, established 387 propositions on the cone during his forty-year life time, his results have been extended by many others even down to modern times. In the latter part of this paper the author wishes to contribute one new development on the cone, but first proposes to invite the reader's attention to some earlier aspects of the cone's illustrious career. The discovery of the conic sections is attributed to Menaechmus in the 4th century B. C. He employed conics to solve the famous Delian problem -the Duplication of the Cube. Apollonius investigated the non-focal properties of the conic, its conjugate diameters, asymptotes, and the harmonic property of the pole and polar for the case in which the pole lies outside the curve. Not until the 17th century were any further major advances made on conics. The latter theorem of Apollonius was then generalized by the genius of Desargues. Among the lost works attributed to Euclid were four Books on Conics, the last one however not being completed by him. It seems that Apollonius took over the completion of these and added four more of his own. He defined the basic cone as one having an oblique axis and set on a circular base. This was called a scalene cone. He proved that all sections parallel to the base are also circular; and that there is another parallel set of circular sections, "sub-contrary" to these. In the latter part of this paper the author will invoke modern analytic geometry methods to determine the dihedral angle between these two sub-contrary sets of circular sections. Apollonius derived the equivalent of the focus-directrix properties of the sections of this general cone, obtaining results equivalent to the modern analytic definitions of the conics. However, he made no reference to a directrix nor did he evince any knowledge thereof. Neither did he utilize a focus for the parabola. He showed that the conic has the same property with reference to any diameter as it has with reference to its axis (a special diameter). He expressed the fundamental property of each conic by equations between areas of associated rectangles. These relations were equivalent to the Cartesian equation of the conic. However, it remained for Pappas to state the modern locus definition for the conics. The latter first introduced the concept of eccentricity. Apollonius assigned the appropriate names to the sections, parabola (equivalent), ellipse (falls short) and hyperbola (exceeds). Straight lines and circles were then known as "plane loci", whereas conics were spoken of as "solid loci".
Long-Term Reduction in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Surface Hydrophobicity via Cold-Plasma Treatments

Poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS, a versatile elastomer, is the polymer of choice for microfluidic systems. It is inexpensive, relatively easy to pattern, and permeable to oxygen. Unmodified PDMS is highly hydrophobic. It is typically exposed to an oxygen plasma to reduce this hydrophobicity. Unfortunately, the PDMS surface soon returns to its original hydrophobic state. We present two alternative plasma treatments that yield long-term modification of the wetting properties of a PDMS surface. An oxygen plasma pretreatment followed by exposure to a SiCl4 plasma and an oxygen-CCl4 mixture plasma both cause a permanent reduction in the hydrophobicity of the PDMS surface. We investigate the properties of the plasma-treated surfaces with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. We propose that the plasma treated PDMS surface is a dynamic mosaic of high- and low-contact-angle functionalities. The SiCl4 and CCl4 plasmas attach polar groups that block coverage of the surface by low-molec...
Enhanced Direct Quadrature Based Method of Moments for Nonlinear Filtering

The optimal estimation of a general continuous-discrete system can be achieved through the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation and the Bayesian update. However, solving the Fokker-Planck equation numerically is prohibitive in most cases. Recently a nonlinear filtering algorithm using a direct quadrature method of moments was proposed by the authors, in which the associated Fokker-Planck equation can be propagated efficiently and accurately. This approach involves a representation of the state conditional probability density function in terms of a finite collection of Dirac delta functions. The weights and locations (abscissas) in this representation are determined by moment constraints. Although this approach has demonstrated its promising in the field of nonlinear filtering in several examples, the “degeneracy” phenomenon, similar to that which exists in a typical particle filter, occasionally appears because only the weights are updated in the modified Bayesian rule in this algorithm. Therefore, in this paper to enhance the performance, a more stable measurement update process based upon the update equation in the Extended or Unscented Kalman filters and a more accurate initialization and re-sampling strategy for weight and abscissas are proposed. As demonstrated by a standard bearing-only tracking problem, the advantages of the method are: (1) the proposed approach could lead to a significant reduction in computational cost, as compared to finite difference and other equivalent methods, without compromising the estimation accuracy; (2) the estimation performance under less frequent measurement updates is superior to Extended or Unscented Kalman filters in terms of accuracy.
Study of the Reactions 16 O ( 6 Li, 3 He) 19 F and 16 O( 6 Li,t) 19 Ne at E( 6 Li)=24 MeV

At a bombarding energy of 24 MeV, angular distributions have been measured for the reactions $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ ($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$) $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},t)^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$. A distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) analysis in the zero-range three-nucleon-cluster-transfer approximation has been performed. The sensitivity of the DWBA calculations on $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ parameters was demonstrated, with 160-190-MeV real-well-depth $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ parameters giving the best fits. By using Watson's $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ parameters, it was possible to account for the observed differences between the ($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$) and ($^{6}\mathrm{Li},t$) cross sections. The extracted relative spectroscopic strengths are consistent with the known structure of the final states.
Evaluation of Substitutes for DDT in Field Experiments for Control of the Bollworm and the Boll Weevil in Cotton: 1967-69

Replicated field experiments of certain materials with and without DDT showed that methyl parathion, methyl parathion + DDT, toxaphene + methyl parathion, toxaphene + DDT, and azinphosmethyl + methyl parathion gave good control of the bollowrm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, when weather was favorable and insecticide applications were made at short intervals. However, when rainfall was excessive and applications could not be applied at short internals, methyl parathion, EPN ( O -ethyl O-p- nitro-phenyl phenylphosphonothioate), EPN + methyl parathion, and toxaphene + methyl parathion at the rates tested failed to give good control. In 2 experiments in which the differences in yield were statistically significant, formulations containing toxaphene + DDT + methyl parathion and toxaphene + DDT produced the highest yields, indicating that under prevailing weather conditions and bollworm population pressures in the southeast, use of materials with less residual activity will result in poorer control and lower yield.
Elastic Properties of Metal Superlattices

The elastic properties of modulated structure materials are presented. An enhanced modulus effect has been observed in several composition modulated thin film systems containing short wavelength modulations.8-10nm. The foils were produced by vapor deposition using two or three source evaporator. As compared with homogeneous foils of the same average composition, the modulated foils exhibited an appreciable increase (up to 300%) in modulus. The dependence of various moduli on the modulation parameters (wavelength, composition and amplitude) are described. The plastic behavior, breaking and microhardness of these foils are also presented as a function of the modulation parameters. Current theories based on electronic and strain effects on the elastic constants of metals are also presented to explain the origin of the supermodulus effect.
Ecology and Religion, by John Grim and Mary Evelyn Tucker

In Pope Francis’s 2015 encyclical Laudato Si’ (On Care for our Common Home), “integral ecology” is introduced as a concept that unites concern for the integrity of ecosystems with care for the poor...
Incorporation of [3H] thymidine into the DNA of brain, liver, spleen and submaxillary salivary gland in normal and scrapie-affected mice.

SUMMARY [Methyl-3H] thymidine was injected intraperitoneally into groups of normal and scrapie-affected mice, 14 and 19 weeks after inoculation of a normal and scrapie-affected brain suspension, respectively. The incorporation of labelled precursor into the DNA of brain, liver, spleen and submaxillary salivary gland was used as a specific measure of the rate of DNA synthesis in these tissues. It is concluded that the increased rate of DNA synthesis in scrapie-affected mice is peculiar to the CNS.
The changing face of consumption: the aging of the baby boomers.

Many marketers have called the baby-boom generation, i.e., those individuals born between 1946 and 1964, one of the most over-studied and over-defined groups of individuals that has ever hit the marketplace. While it sometimes seems as if the attitudes, lifestyles, and problems of this large generation should be known to all, accurate generalizations about the baby boom are difficult to make. It is a diverse collection of individuals whose needs continue to shape American society. The key challenge to marketers will be to recognize these differences among the generations and take advantage of the opportunities presented to them.
Reliability Analysis of Pumping Stations and Storage Facilities

The methodology presented for pumping stations is based upon three models: a supply model, a demand model, and a margin model. The supply model considers so-called states of a system which define the operational condition of each pump. The demand model also uses the concept of states which refer to different water demand levels. The demand model is used to determine the availability, frequency of demand states, and transition rates of the states. The margin model computes the difference between supply and demand provided that the required head is satisfied. The frequency and duration (F&D) analysis then uses the three models above to compute failure probability, failure frequency, and cycle time of failures for the pumping station. F&D analysis also provides information for computing other reliability parameters.
PP10.4 – 3002: Early MRI findings and 1-year outcomes in pediatric complicated mild TBI

Introduction We present MR imaging findings on a subgroup of pediatric TBI patients who had CT evidence of intracranial hemorrhage despite “mild” GCS scores, and their relation to one-year neurological and neuropsychological outcomes. Methods Pediatric patients, 4 to 18 years, were enrolled if they sustained a moderate/severe TBI (defined by GCS score Results 22 children had “mild” GCS scores of 15 (n=17), 14 (n=3) or 13 (n=2). They were injured in vehicle/bike accidents (9), falls (8), sports-related injuries (4), or assaulted (1). In this subgroup, the average number (32) and volume (2.5 cc) of hemorrhagic lesions were lower than the larger group of 52 patients (87 lesions, 12.0 cc hemorrhage) and did not show correlation with neuropsychological measures at 1-year. ADC values in the deep hemispheric regions (basal ganglia, thalami, corpus callosum) and global NAA/Cr ratios were significantly different in these children, compared to control subjects. All 22 patients had good neurological outcomes. FA values in subcortical white matter were significantly correlated with attention scores at one-year. Conclusions There are limitations to the GCS score, particularly with regards to TBI patients with milder injuries. These children can have imaging abnormalities that correlate with neuropsychological measures at one-year follow-up [Support from NIH/NINDS:R01-NS054001].
Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

A subset of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are not responsive to medication or psychological/behavioral therapies. After other avenues of treatment have been attempted, neurosurgery, including deep brain stimulation (DBS), has been used as a treatment for the most severe and refractory patients. In this chapter, we will review the therapeutic use of DBS for OCD and MDD, discussing its history, current practice, results from clinical and translational research, clinical indications, and safety issues relevant to this technique.
Observed effects of star-planet interaction

Since soon after the discovery of hot Jupiters, it had been suspected that interaction of these massive bodies with their host stars could give rise to observable signals. We discuss the observational evidence for star-planet interactions (SPI) of tidal and magnetic origin observed in X-rays and FUV. Hot Jupiters can significantly impact the activity of their host stars through tidal and magnetic interaction, leading to either increased or decreased stellar activity – depending on the internal structure of the host star and the properties of the hosted planet. In HD 189733, X-ray and FUV flares are preferentially in a very restricted range of planetary phases. Matsakos et al. (2015) show, using MHD simulations, planetary gas can be liberated, forming a stream of material that gets compressed and accretes onto the star with a phase lag of 70-90 degrees. This scenario explains many features observed both in X-rays and the FUV (Pillitteri et al. 2015). On the other hand, WASP-18 – an F6 star with a massive hot Jupiter, shows no signs of activity in X-rays or UV. Several age indicators (isochrone fitting, Li abundance) point to a young age (~0.5 –1.0 Gyr) and thus significant activity was expected. In this system, tidal SPI between the star and the very close-in and massive planet appears to destroy the formation of magnetic dynamo and thus nullify the stellar activity.
Information-based complexity

Information-based complexity seeks to develop general results about the intrinsic difficulty of solving problems where available information is partial or approximate and to apply these results to specific problems. This allows one to determine what is meant by an optimal algorithm in many practical situations, and offers a variety of interesting and sometimes surprising theoretical results.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation compared with whole breast radiation therapy: a breast cancer cohort study measuring change in radiation side-effects severity and quality of life

Purpose Radiotherapy (RT) after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer patients has similar survival benefits with whole breast RT (WBRT) or accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). However, the impact of RT type and side-effects severity on change in quality of life (QOL) is unknown. We examined changes in RT side-effects severity and QOL by RT type.
Green and Naghdi’s Rod Theory

The rod theory discussed in this chapter originated in a paper by Green and Laws in 1966 [128]. In this theory, the material curve is extensible, and the directors d α can change their length and relative orientation. This theory was further developed in a series of papers by Green, Naghdi, and several of their coworkers. They also showed how it could be established by integrating the three-dimensional equations of continuum mechanics. Here, the rod theory is presented in the most general form for an elastic rod with two directors and possible discontinuities. The linearized theory is discussed in a series of exercises and well-known rod theories that can be considered as constrained theories are presented.
Energetics of 3He states in 4He films.

We report measurements of the NMR spin-lattice relaxation time, ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$, of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films for 0.03T0.60 K as a function of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ coverage for 0.1 layer of adsorbed $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. The results show thermally activated behavior for Tg0.25 K and yield the energy difference, \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\epsilon}, between the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ ground state and the first excited state; \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\epsilon} shows substantial structure as a function of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ coverage.
Portal Hypertension as Portrayed by Marked Hepatosplenomegaly: Case Report

The liver is vulnerable to as host of disease processes, including portal hypertension. This is a severe hepatic condition in which the liver is subject to numerous imbalances: increased hepatic blood flow, increased portal vein pressure due to extrahepatic portal vein obstruction, and/or increases in hepatic blood flow resistance. Although many diseases states may be responsible for the development of portal hypertension, it is most commonly associated with moderately severe or advanced cirrhosis. Advanced, untreated portal hypertension may cause additional complications such as hepatosplenomegaly, gastrointestinal bleeding, and ascites.
Trends and Issues in Research regarding Academic Instruction of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

This article expresses our concern regarding the paucity of research investigating academic instruction of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD). We discuss issues of measurement ...
Geometric evidence for synchronous thrusting in the southern Alberta and northwest Montana thrust belts

Any model of thrust kinematics or mechanics must account for the hitherto unexplained presence of imbricate stacks on the forelimbs and crests of folds and structural culminations. Although map-scale patterns of folded thrusts and the sedimentary record of foredeeps seem to conclusively argue for a relatively simple hinterland-to-foreland (‘piggy-back’) progression of thrusting, such a simple sequence cannot produce such crestal imbricate stacks. The only model compatible with existing structural and stratigraphic evidence is one in which thrusts at depth develop in a cratonward progression but remain active during the initiation of younger thrusts. Thus at any one time two or more thrusts may be simultaneously active. This model differs from previous ones in which older thrusts were assumed to become deactivated as new thrusts propagated toward the foreland. Synchronous thrusting in the subsurface produces ‘out-of-sequence’ thrusting at the Earth’s surface. The adoption of a synchronous thrust model over the classic ‘piggy-back’ model has important implications for mechanical models of thrusting, cross-section balancing, and hydrocarbon exploration in thrust belts and leads to more realistic models of duplex fault zone development. First, while not proving the critically-tapered wedge model of thrust mechanics, the observations demonstrate that the model is viable. Second, since most cross-section balancing techniques include the assumption of piggy-back thrusting, ‘out-of-sequence’ and synchronous thrusts must be identified if a section is to be correctly balanced. Third, models of hydrocarbon generation based on a cratonward progression of thrusting may lead to inaccurate conclusions if applied to regions of synchronous thrusting; appraisal of basins and prospects based on synchronous thrust models produce results considerably different from those generated assuming simple sequential thrust development. Lastly, existing duplex models cannot adequately explain the large variation in the geometry of duplex fault zones. However, synchronous thrusting, if halted at various stages, can produce a large variety of typically observed duplex geometries.
Radiation-induced genomic instability, epigenetic mechanisms and the mitochondria: a dysfunctional ménage a trois?

Purpose This article presents a perspective examining the evidence for a link between radiation-induced genomic instability, epigenetic mechanisms and mitochondrial dysfunction. Significant evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction accompanies radiation-induced genomic instability. Similarly, it is well recognized that mitochondria synthesize the methyl, acetyl and phosphate donors necessary for covalent DNA and histone modifications. Although we have long invoked epigenetic mechanisms as drivers of persistent genomic instability, most studies arguably provide only correlative data to support this assertion. Conclusions In many ways clarifying the precise mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to an altered epigenetic landscape to perpetuate radiation-induced instability is still an emerging field despite the fact that we have posited exactly such for decades. This important concept has broad implications in the context of normal tissue and tumor radiation responses. A solid foundation has been laid, though, offering hints for future well-designed studies to cement the paradigm shift.
Counterfactual Thinking, Causation, and Covariation in Mock Juror Assessments of Negligence: Twenty‐Five Years Later:

AbstractIn the past three decades, researchers have examined counterfactual thinking and causation in decision making. However, little work has applied these findings to trial settings. The present...
Mother's Touch: Milk IgA and Protection from Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Human milk feeding is associated with lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), but an understanding of mechanism is lacking. In recent work, Gopalakrishna et al. report that human infants who develop NEC first experience an increase in Enterobacteriaceae in the portion of the microbiota not bound to IgA.
A natural Morita equivalence reduction for some blocks of G-crossed product O-lattices and applications to the Clifford theory of finite group modular representation theory

Let O be a complete discrete valuation ring with an algebraically closed residue field k=O/J(O) of characteristic p. Let G be a finite group and let A be a G-crossed product finitely generated O-la...
Legitimizing Bitcoin as a Currency and Store of Value: Using Discrete Monetary Units to Consolidate Value and Drive Market Growth

Cryptocurrency, and especially Bitcoin, has struggled to gain recognition as a legitimate currency from governments, financial institutions, and consumers. This has occurred because many analysts and consumers believe that Bitcoin is not a stable and consistent store of value, a unit of measurement, or a medium of exchange. One way to overcome this challenge is for Bitcoin to be used as both a currency and store of value by a greater percentage of the world’s population. This paper seeks to identify how a change in Bitcoin’s monetary measurement (or denomination) can more easily facilitate Bitcoin transactions to increase its use. Specifically, we posit that applying whole number bias theory, from the cognitive psychology and mathematics fields, to Bitcoin’s unit of measurement will allow the value of Bitcoin to be referenced in smaller and easier tounderstand units with fewer numbers after the decimal point—such as the “Bit” or the “Satoshi.” In the process, the use of Bitcoin will include more whole numbers and allow the general public to more easily assign value to Bitcoin in day-to-day transactions.
Leveraging application classes to save power in highly-utilized data centers

Data center energy consumption has become an increasingly significant contributor both to greenhouse emissions and costs. To increase utilization of individual hosts and improve efficiency, most modern data centers co-locate workloads belonging to different application classes, some being latency-sensitive (LS) and others best-effort (BE) which are more tolerant to performance variation. It is therefore necessary to design mechanisms that reduce power consumption even in the resulting high-utilization environment, while preserving LS task performance. Moreover, the abundance of different workloads and the security implications of public cloud make mechanisms that rely on extensive knowledge of workload characteristics or on application-exported metrics challenging to deploy.We present PACT, Per Application Class Turbo Controller, a system that leverages two novel mechanisms to reduce power consumption even in highly-utilized data centers. By treating applications like opaque boxes that do not need to provide application-specific performance signals, the first mechanism, Turbo Control, reduces power consumption by decreasing the operating frequency and throttling only BE tasks, without affecting performance-sensitive LS tasks. We identify the shortcomings of Turbo Control and increase its effectiveness by introducing CPUJailing, a mechanism that allocates different sets of cores to LS and BE applications. We deploy PACT (Turbo Control + CPUJailing) in production at Google's data centers and demonstrate that it provides workload-agnostic power savings of 9% on average together with a 4% performance improvement for LS tasks across thousands of workloads and nodes.