cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Detection of Multiple Respiratory Viruses

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular detection of multiple respiratory viruses. Respiratory infections are very common. They are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality and are costly in terms of lost time from work, inappropriate use of antibiotics, and lengthy hospital stays. Laboratory detection of causative agents can influence treatment and allow appropriate infection control measures, potentially saving time and money, promoting quicker recovery for the patient, and lowering the risk of nosocomial transmission of the organism. Molecular testing may be the most sensitive method of detecting respiratory viruses. These methods have been shown to detect multiple viruses in a single sample more often than any of the other methods described and, in addition, can detect viruses that are difficult or impossible to grow. The detection of nonviable organisms may provide additional insight into disease but provides its own challenges in terms of determining clinical significance of positive results. Like many areas of clinical medicine and microbiology, the increasing use of molecular diagnostics for detection of respiratory viruses raises many new questions for the laboratory and the clinical diagnostician, but also promises many benefits as these methods become increasingly available for routine use.
Muscle oxidative phosphorylation quantitation using creatine chemical exchange saturation transfer (CrCEST) MRI in mitochondrial disorders

Systemic mitochondrial energy deficiency is implicated in the pathophysiology of many age-related human diseases. Currently available tools to estimate mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity in skeletal muscle in vivo lack high anatomic resolution. Muscle groups vary with respect to their contractile and metabolic properties. Therefore, muscle group-specific estimates of OXPHOS would be advantageous. To address this need, a noninvasive creatine chemical exchange saturation transfer (CrCEST) MRI technique has recently been developed, which provides a measure of free creatine. After exercise, skeletal muscle can be imaged with CrCEST in order to make muscle group-specific measurements of OXPHOS capacity, reflected in the recovery rate (τCr) of free Cr. In this study, we found that individuals with genetic mitochondrial diseases had significantly (P = 0.026) prolonged postexercise τCr in the medial gastrocnemius muscle, suggestive of less OXPHOS capacity. Additionally, we observed that lower resting CrCEST was associated with prolonged τPCr, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of -0.42 (P = 0.046), consistent with previous hypotheses predicting that resting creatine levels may correlate with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based estimates of OXPHOS capacity. We conclude that CrCEST can noninvasively detect changes in muscle creatine content and OXPHOS capacity, with high anatomic resolution, in individuals with mitochondrial disorders.
An analytical upper bound on the number of loci required for all splits of a species tree to appear in a set of gene trees.

Many methods for species tree inference require data from a sufficiently large sample of genomic loci in order to produce accurate estimates. However, few studies have attempted to use analytical theory to quantify “sufficiently large”. Using the multispecies coalescent model, we report a general analytical upper bound on the number of gene trees n required such that with probability q, each bipartition of a species tree is represented at least once in a set of n random gene trees. This bound employs a formula that is straightforward to compute, depends only on the minimum internal branch length of the species tree and the number of taxa, and applies irrespective of the species tree topology. Using simulations, we investigate numerical properties of the bound as well as its accuracy under the multispecies coalescent. Our results are helpful for conservatively bounding the number of gene trees required by the ASTRAL inference method, and the approach has potential to be extended to bound other properties of gene tree sets under the model.
Developmentally programmed germ cell remodelling by endodermal cell cannibalism

Caenorhabditis elegans primordial germ cells (PGCs) transiently extend large lobes, which are found to be actively removed and digested by endodermal cells to alter PGC content in a process dependent on actin and dynamin.
RMIP: Resource management with interference precancellation in heterogeneous cellular networks

Network densification by installing more cellular stations (cells) with smaller coverage is a promising technique to improve wireless capacity to meet the overwhelming demands for mobile data usage. These smaller cells with different coverage and the macrocellular base station form heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNet). However, the dense deployment of HetNet cells might result in unexpected inter-cell interference. In cellular networks, the data to all cells and to the mobile stations (MSs) are originated from the core cellular network. We take advantage of this characteristic and propose a technique called interference precancellation. If the interferer to an MS is identified, the victim cell that serves the victim MS transmits the interference precanceled signal, which is the signal intended for the victim MS subtracts the interference signal. The interference precanceled signal and the interference signal scramble at the victim MS and become the intended signal. With interference precancellation, the interferer and the victim cell can utilize the same wireless resources and thus the capacity is further improved. However, some MSs are interference-free and for MSs whose exact interferers cannot be determined, the MSs still require isolated resources. We propose an algorithm for resource management with interference precancellation (RMIP) that jointly considers MSs experiencing different level of interference. Through experiments on GNURadio/USRP, we show that the known interference signal can be precanceled and the combination of the interference signal and the precanceled signal becomes the intended signal. Through simulation, we evaluate the performance in larger HetNets.
A Test of General Strain Theory in South Korea: A Focus on Objective/Subjective Strains, Negative Emotions, and Composite Conditioning Factors

Few tests of General Strain Theory (GST) have examined the relative effects of objective and subjective strains on delinquency and the mediating effects of situational-based negative emotions linking strains to delinquency. With a sample of approximately 800 Korean adolescents, the present study tests a model that includes five key objective and the corresponding subjective strains identified as most predictive of delinquency, and situational-based anger and depression in response to each strain. Regardless of whether conceptualized as objective or subjective, three strains (teachers’ punishment, gender discrimination, and criminal victimization) have positive effects on delinquent behaviors. No indicators of situational-based anger and depression (except anger in response to victimization in a negative direction) have direct effects on delinquency or have mediating effects linking strains to delinquency. The results provide limited support for GST’s specification of the relatively greater effects of subj...
Adult Longevity of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) by Sex

Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a species of blow fly with significance to the field of forensic entomology due to its use in establishing post mortem intervals. Wild C. rufifacies maggots were collected and allowed to pupate. After emergence, the adults were sexed and lifespans were recorded at death. Results showed males to have a significantly longer lifespan than females.Key Words: Chrysomya rufifacies, Calliphoridae, forensic entomology
Abstract 18204: Generalizability Of The Paradigm-HF Trial For The Use Of Sacubitril/Valsartan In A Tertiary Care Outpatient Heart Failure Patient Population

Background: The combination of sacubitril/valsartan was recently approved for treatment of symptomatic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, the run-in phase and inclusion/e...
Automatic Animacy Classification

We introduce the automatic annotation of noun phrases in parsed sentences with tags from a fine-grained semantic animacy hierarchy. This information is of interest within lexical semantics and has potential value as a feature in several NLP tasks. We train a discriminative classifier on an annotated corpus of spoken English, with features capturing each noun phrase's constituent words, its internal structure, and its syntactic relations with other key words in the sentence. Only the first two of these three feature sets have a substantial impact on performance, but the resulting model is able to fairly accurately classify new data from that corpus, and shows promise for binary animacy classification and for use on automatically parsed text.
Quantitative Tools for Evaluating Scientific Systematizations

One of the basic functions of a system is to provide information on certain facts or states of affairs about which we are uncertain or agnostic. And to provide information is to reduce uncertainty or agnosticism. For instance, knowing the catalogue system of the University Library in Helsinki helps one to find answers to such questions as whether or not Popper’s Logik der Forschung is there and, if it is, where among the multitude of books it can be found.
Exploring Food Waste at a Residential Youth Summer Camp: A Mixed-Methods Study

This study explored the feasibility of a food waste management and reduction program (FWMRP) at a youth summer camp. An experiential FWMRP educational curriculum was developed and delivered to 864 ...
Evidence-based therapy for undocumented immigrants with ESRD.

Haemodialysis options for undocumented immigrants with end-stage renal disease range from standard of care thrice-weekly treatments to emergency-only haemodialysis. This latter approach is associated with poor patient outcomes and high costs. The time has come for the nephrology community to demand an end to the practice of emergency-only haemodialysis.
The Lump Sum: A Theory of Modal Parts

A lump theorist claims that ordinary objects are spread out across possible worlds, much like many of us think that tables are spread out across space. We are not wholly located in any one particul...
Airway Inflammation and Lung Function in Sickle Cell Disease.

Rationale: Asthma is a common comorbid condition in sickle cell disease (SCD). However, obstructive lung disease is prevalent in SCD, independent of a diagnosis of asthma. It is speculated that the...
Gamifying UX Research at Scale

Conferences are a great opportunity to conduct user studies, as they congregate large numbers of ideal participants. However, using traditional methods in such environments is difficult as many other activities vie for users' attention. We discuss our experience designing and implementing a multi-step user research activity involving several gamification strategies in a conference setting. Our approach allowed us to maximize feedback and engagement without relying solely on compensation.
Investigation of small bowel motility

Abstract Patients with small bowel dysmotility present with a spectrum of chronic symptoms that range in severity from debilitating, requiring alternative modes of nutrition to those that are indistinguishable from functional-type symptoms. Assessment of small bowel dysmotility is often needed for those with unexplained symptom. Tests of intestinal contractile activity are difficult to perform and have limited availability. Assessment of small intestinal transit is an attractive alternative, given the non-invasive nature of the tests. Recent methods of testing small bowel transit hold the promise of simplicity and wider availability. This chapter will review the two main approaches to the evaluation of small bowel motility: direct intraluminal recording of intestinal contractile activity or indirect measurement of small bowel transit, the end result of such activity.
Effects of Pharmacologically Targeting Neuroimmune Pathways on Alcohol Drinking in Mice Selectively Bred to Drink to Intoxication.

Background Rodent models of high alcohol drinking offer opportunities to better understand factors for alcohol use disorders (AUD) and test potential treatments. Selective breeding was carried out to create 2 unique High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1, HDID-2) mouse lines that represent models of genetic risk for binge-like drinking. A number of studies have indicated that neuroimmune genes are important for regulation of alcohol drinking. We tested whether compounds shown to reduce drinking in other models also reduce alcohol intake in these unique genetic lines. Methods We report tests of gabapentin, tesaglitazar, fenofibrate, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), ibrutinib, and rolipram. Although these compounds have different mechanisms of action, they have all been shown to reduce inflammatory responses. We evaluated effects of these compounds on alcohol intake. In order to facilitate comparison with previously published findings for some compounds, we employed similar schedules that were previously used for that compound. Results Gabapentin increased ethanol (EtOH) binge-like alcohol drinking in female HDID-1 and HS/NPT mice. Tesaglitazar and fenofibrate did not alter 2-bottle choice (2BC) drinking in male HDID-1 or HS/NPT mice. However, tesaglitazar had no effect on DID EtOH intake but reduced blood alcohol levels (BAL), and fenofibrate increased DID intake with no effects on BAL. CAPE had no effect on EtOH intake. Ibrutinib reduced intake in female HDID-1 in initial testing, but did not reduce intake in a second week of testing. Rolipram reduced DID intake and BALs in male and female HDID-1, HDID-2, and HS/NPT mice. Conclusions A number of compounds shown to reduce EtOH drinking in other models, and genotypes are not effective in HDID mice or their genetically heterogeneous founders, HS/NPT. The most promising compound was the PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram. These results highlight the importance of assessing generalizability when rigorously testing compounds for therapeutic development.
Kaleidoscope: An Efficient, Learnable Representation For All Structured Linear Maps

Modern neural network architectures use structured linear transformations, such as low-rank matrices, sparse matrices, permutations, and the Fourier transform, to improve inference speed and reduce memory usage compared to general linear maps. However, choosing which of the myriad structured transformations to use (and its associated parameterization) is a laborious task that requires trading off speed, space, and accuracy. We consider a different approach: we introduce a family of matrices called kaleidoscope matrices (K-matrices) that provably capture any structured matrix with near-optimal space (parameter) and time (arithmetic operation) complexity. We empirically validate that K-matrices can be automatically learned within end-to-end pipelines to replace hand-crafted procedures, in order to improve model quality. For example, replacing channel shuffles in ShuffleNet improves classification accuracy on ImageNet by up to 5%. Learnable K-matrices can also simplify hand-engineered pipelines---we replace filter bank feature computation in speech data preprocessing with a kaleidoscope layer, resulting in only 0.4% loss in accuracy on the TIMIT speech recognition task. K-matrices can also capture latent structure in models: for a challenging permuted image classification task, adding a K-matrix to a standard convolutional architecture can enable learning the latent permutation and improve accuracy by over 8 points. We provide a practically efficient implementation of our approach, and use K-matrices in a Transformer network to attain 36% faster end-to-end inference speed on a language translation task.
Doping Dependent Magnetic Behavior in MBE Grown GaAs1-xSbx Nanowires.

Intrinsic and Te-doped GaAsSb nanowires with diameters ~100-120 nm were grown on a p-type Si(111) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Detailed magnetic, current/voltage and low-energy electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements were performed to investigate the effect of Te-doping. While intrinsic nanowires are diamagnetic over the temperature range 5-300 K, the Te-doped nanowires exhibit ferromagnetic behavior with the easy axis of magnetism perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the nanowire. The temperature dependence of coercivity was analyzed and shown to be in agreement with a thermal activation model from 50-350 K but reveal more complex behavior in the low temperature regime. The EELS data show that Te doping introduced a high density of states (DOS) in the nanowire above the Fermi level in close proximity to the conduction band. The plausible origin of ferromagnetism in these Te-doped GaAsSb nanowires is discussed on the basis of d0 ferromagnetism, spin ordering of the Te dopants and the surface-state-induced magnetic ordering.
Corporate Governance and the Omnipresent Specter of Political Bias: The Duty to Calculate ROI

Subject to important qualifications, corporate decision-makers are duty-bound to maximize shareholder value. However, there is reason to believe corporate decision-makers are allowing their political biases to corrupt their decision-making. This essay posits two related fact patterns that should concern advocates of good corporate governance. The first occurs when decision-makers expressly disavow any duty to maximize shareholder value, such as when Apple CEO Tim Cook told shareholders, “When we work on making our devices accessible by the blind, I don’t consider the bloody ROI [return on investment],” or when Ed Stack, the chairman and chief executive of Dick’s Sporting Goods, decided that Dick’s should “take a stand” on gun violence by foregoing the sale of assault-style weapons, and said in connection therewith, “I don’t really care what the financial implication is.” This type of situation arguably breaches at least the duties of care and good faith without any change to current law. Importantly, breach of the duty of good faith may not be immunized by the seemingly ubiquitous contractual waivers of the duty of care. The second relevant fact pattern occurs when a decision-maker does not expressly disavow shareholder wealth maximization, but rather points to other arguably political goals as the basis for the decision, and is silent as to the impact on shareholder value. For example, when Gillette launched its advertising campaign challenging “toxic masculinity,” it publicly justified the decision not on the basis of an expectation of increasing sales, but rather on the grounds that it wanted to spark "a lot of passionate dialogue" and get people "to stop and think about what it means to be our best selves." In order to address the corrupting influence of political bias to the extent it is manifest in this latter type of conduct, a change in the law may be required. This Essay argues that a ready blueprint for such a change already exists in the response of the Delaware judiciary to the omnipresent specter of directorial self-interest when adopting anti-takeover defenses. Specifically, cases like Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co. apply enhanced judicial scrutiny in such cases before granting decision-makers the benefit of the deferential business judgment rule. Finally, this Essay addresses criticisms of the proposed approach, including the view that the proposed approach would subject too many business decisions to an inefficient risk of enhanced scrutiny, and that the challenged proclamations should be treated as mere puffery or are perhaps even necessary to maximize shareholder value.
Phenolic contents, antioxidant potential and associated colour in sweet sorghum syrups compared to other commercial syrup sweeteners.

Background Knowledge of the bioactive content of sweet sorghum syrups compared to other common food-grade syrups will expand their utilisation as a food source. Total phenolic content (TPC), phenolics evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography, antioxidant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), as well as colour of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), corn, honey, maple, agave, rice and grain sorghum syrups, were compared to 10 commercial sweet sorghum syrups. Results Sweet sorghum syrups contained markedly higher (P ≤ 0.05) TPC (6471 ± 1823 mg L-1 ) compared to the other syrups (596 ± 497 mg L-1 ). HFCS, corn, white grain sorghum and rice syrups had negligible and low DPPH radical scavenging activities and ORAC values, respectively. DPPH activities, ORAC and colour values of the sweet sorghum syrups were also markedly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than other syrups and highly related. The predominant phenolic components identified in sweet sorghum syrups were phenolic acids. Ellagic acid and protocatechuic acid were found in sorghum syrups ranging in concentration from 335-1177 and 53-485 μg g-1 , respectively. Sinapic acid was detected in several sorghum syrups, ranging in concentrations between 21 and 3654 μg g-1 . Conclusion HFCS, corn, white grain sorghum and rice syrups demonstrated low bioactivity with negligible and low DPPH activities and ORAC values, respectively. The TPC, DPPH, ORAC and colour values of the sweet sorghum syrups were related to each other and markedly (P ≤ 0.05) higher compared to the other syrups. Phenolic acids were the predominant phenolic compounds identified in sorghum syrups and represent potential for health benefits. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The role of between-patch dynamics in a metapopulation: a discrete-time modelling approach

We present a single-species metapopulation model structured by population size that is discrete in time. The novel formulation of our model allows for explicit incorporation of both the local, in space, dynamics and new details of the dispersal process. To study the impact of between-patch dynamics in the model, we construct various functions to describe density-dependent dispersal, recolonization, and between-patch stochasticity. Due to the complexity of the model, numerical simulations are used to obtain the distribution of the metapopulation. Moreover, we can use our model to predict the proportion of patches occupied, expected patch density, and variance in patch density. Our results provide insight into the influence that each of these processes play in the distribution of the metapopulation. In particular, our findings emphasize the benefit of explicitly modelling these processes. We consider two density-dependent dispersal strategies based upon individuals wanting to form average-sized patches and illustrate the differences in the metapopulation distributions. For recolonization of empty suitable patches, we look at two simplistic redistribution strategies modeled as either a continuous uniform or Laplace distribution. The between-patch stochasticity is modelled using redistribution kernels where we consider both thin-tailed and fat-tailed kernels. We find that the form of density-dependent dispersal has a major influence on the distribution of the metapopulation while recolonization is a key process for metapopulation persistence. In addition, fatter tails for the between-patch stochasticity can decrease the proportion of occupied patches and increase the expected patch density and variance in patch density.
Identifying Rates of Emigration in the United States Using Administrative Earnings Records

Sound assessment of the impact of immigration on the economy and public policies requires accurate measurement of both inflows and outflows of migrants. This paper undertakes a new strategy to estimate emigration rates among U.S. immigrants by inferring the probability of emigration using longitudinal administrative earnings data from 1978 through 2003. Two groups of emigrants are evaluated separately: those who emigrate from the United States and those who leave both the United States and the Social Security system. The method used here finds that between 1.0 percent and 1.5 percent of the foreign-born working population emigrates every year, consistent with previous estimates. These estimates suggest that the number of foreign-born workers who emigrate each year doubled between the late 1970s and late 1990s, rising from about 200,000 to 400,000. A smaller portion - between about 0.8 and 1.2 percent of foreign-born workers - emigrates from the United States and exits the Social Security system annually. This suggests that the number of foreign-born workers who emigrated each year from Social Security grew from about 150,000 to 330,000 over the same period. Logit regressions using data at the individual level provide evidence of differences between various demographic groups. The regression analysis suggests that immigrants with lower earnings are more likely to emigrate and that the likelihood of ever emigrating decreases with age at an increasing rate.
Superficial Code-guise: Investigating the Impact of Surface Feature Changes on Students' Programming Question Scores

Assessing student performance on programming questions is important for introductory computer science courses, both for student learning and for ensuring students demonstrate competence. Part of being a competent programmer includes the ability to transfer learning from solved to analogous problems. Additionally, particularly in computer-based and online assessment, mitigating cheating efforts is another important consideration. One way to mitigate cheating is by randomly selecting from large pools of equivalent questions. In order to produce large pools of questions quickly, we used a permutation strategy to rapidly make new question variants by altering existing questions' surface features. In this work, we present the results of our first set of surface feature permuted questions in an introductory Python course. We find surface feature permutations to be an effective way to produce questions of a similar difficulty to other new questions for students while mitigating potential cheating. However, we also see permutations expose potential student knowledge fragility and transfer concerns, as performance on permutations of homework questions is not strictly better than performance on questions that are entirely new on assessments
Pivoting an Elementary Summer Reading Intervention to a Virtual Context in Response to COVID-19: An Examination of Program Transformation and Outcomes

This exploratory investigation examined the transformation of a traditional summer reading intervention (SRI) to synchronous virtual format in response to school closures due to COVID-19. Goals wer...
Did COVID-19 related delays in surgical management lead to patient morbidity in the orthopaedic oncological population?

Aims The aim of this study was to assess orthopaedic oncologic patient morbidity resulting from COVID-19 related institutional delays and surgical shutdowns during the first wave of the pandemic in...
Interferon-α-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells drive the loss of adipose tissue regulatory T cells during obesity.

Summary The visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of lean mice hosts a unique population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that have a distinct transcriptome and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and regulate local and systemic inflammation and metabolism. Perplexingly, this population disappears in obese mice, limiting the promise of Treg-based therapies for metabolic disorders. We exploited the power of a VAT-Treg TCR-transgenic mouse model to follow the dynamics of, and phenotypic changes in, the VAT-Treg population throughout the development of diet-induced obesity. Our results show that VAT-Tregs are lost under obesogenic conditions due to downregulation of their defining transcription factor, PPARγ, coupled with their strikingly enhanced responses to pro-inflammatory cytokines. In particular, the VAT from obese mice (and reportedly humans) was strongly enriched in plasmacytoid dendritic cells that actively express interferon-alpha. These cells were directly toxic to PPARγ+ VAT-Tregs. Blocking this pathway in obese mice by multiple approaches substantially restored the VAT-Treg population and enhanced insulin sensitivity.
Efficacy of a resident-as-teacher program (RATP) for general surgery residents: An evaluation of 3 Years of implementation.

Abstract Background Teaching is a responsibility of general surgery residents and formal teaching instruction is mandated. This study examines the efficacy of a formal RATP incorporated into our general surgery residency curriculum. Methods The RATP was developed locally and delivered longitudinally over the course of the academic year, starting in 2017. Self-assessment surveys were distributed to residents before and after completion of the program each academic year. Medical students were surveyed regarding their impression of teaching on the surgical clerkship. Results RATP data was collected annually. All sessions were highly rated. Residents reported improved teaching self-efficacy after participation. Medical student agreement with the statement ‘Residents provided effective teaching during the [surgery] clerkship’ increased from 68.6% prior to RATP implementation to 79.7% in the following years (p Conclusions Incorporation of a locally developed RATP improved residents’ self-perceptions and medical student perception of residents as teachers. RATPs should be adopted widely.
Active Null Measurements

In many applications where a parameter needs to be measured, available sensors are adequate in all respects, except that the range of variation of the parameter exceeds sensor range. For example, if a measurement of the angular coordinates of a flying aircraft needs to be carried out, a digital CCD camera is often appropriate, except for its field of view being to narrow to cover all possible positions of the aircraft in the sky. This shortcoming can be sidestepped by using a tracking arrangement like in Fig. 4.1, p. 37 to force the camera to follow the aircraft. As noted in Section 6.3, the correction signal is a measure of the disturbance, which in this case is the motion of the aircraft. Measuring a free-running parameter xfr.consisting of the plant output polluted by a disturbance, by sensing it, using the sensor in a FCS where an actuator nulls the value ofx fr and using the correction signalx, as a representation ofx fr is known as active null measurement. The system is set in the nulling mode by setting e r = 0. Another situation where an active null measurement may be useful is when the sensor has a strong nonlinearity, which makes calibration difficult. A better measurement can then be carried out if one can arrange for a more linear actuator and if it is possible to include all these parts into the same FCS.
Magnetometry for Archaeological Exploration of Historical Sites

To investigate the advantages of magnetometry for archaeological exploration of historical sites, a magnetic survey was undertaken of Fort Ouiatenon (12T9, Tippecanoe County, Indiana). Comparison with excavation findings demonstrated that historical occupations are likely to be characterized by geomagnetic fields which contain a considerable amount of information regarding the subsurface distribution of artifacts. Archaeological remains which may readily be identified by the magnetic method include iron objects, hearth-type features, wells, pits, and structural trenches.
On the Adequacy and Improvement of Marine Benthic Pre-Impact Surveys: Examples from the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf

Publisher Summary This chapter evaluates the biological data collected with regard to the environmental impact report or statement (EIR/S) studies as well as Field Assessments. It has the geographic focus upon the Gulf of Mexico and makes use of government documents to track down the links between program needs, questions, planning, design, execution, and final utilization. It uses the archives which serve as a test of their utility, the quality of their content, and a means of determining the basic properties of the data. The Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) make minimal use of the preimpact benthic ecology data for two reasons: the EIS process accepts description of a system in lieu of understanding how the system functions and how its components interact, and the benthic ecology offers little alternative information. Thus, preimpact surveys remain unchanged. The EIS process proceeds with assumptions rather than facts. The main assumption is that the vast area of soft bottom is homogenous and process-wise and so vast that the limited impacts of oil and gas operations could never significantly impact the whole. It concludes that a process-oriented approach may be adopted that will allow for prediction of impacts and recognition of ecological importance.
CHAPTER 77 – A High-Resolution Anatomic Reference for PET Activation Studies

This chapter presents an experiment that demonstrates the creation of spatially accurate, high-resolution anatomic reference volumes from postmortem cryosectioned human brain. They are conducted to examine the advantages of this approach and determine the value of the data as an anatomic reference for magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, and other modalities. First, this chapter examines anatomic image data (1024 2 , 24-bits/pixel) to see if it contained sufficient resolution to improve the ability to delineate neuroanatomic structures. Second, it has been tested whether 3D reconstruction, repositioning, scaling, and resampling could be performed while preserving accurate spatial relationships. Statistical morphometrics are calculated to determine the degree of precision in anatomic segmentation and placement within the Talairach coordinate system. Finally, the tissue collected from the cryosectioned specimens for compatibility with specific histochemical staining and analysis for cytoarchitectonic delineation has been evaluated. The goal is to produce a series of high-resolution 3D anatomic volumes with potential to serve as an anatomic reference for comprehensive human brain mapping in a variety of imaging modalities.
Electron spin resonance and electron spin echo modulation spectroscopy of Ni(I) in SAPO-5 and SAPO-11

Publisher Summary Silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO-n) are microporous inorganic oxides, comparable to the well-known zeolites, or aluminosilicate molecular sieves. Zeolites have been widely used for adsorption and heterogenous catalysis, whereas the catalytic properties of the SAPO-n molecular sieves are only now being explored. SAPO-5 and SAPO-11 are both novel structures, which have no zeolite analog. The SAPO-5 molecular sieve is composed of 4-ring, 6-ring and 12-ring straight channels, whereas in SAPO-11 4-ring, 6-ring and 10-ring channels are formed. This leads to channels of 7.3 Ao and 6.3 Ao diameters in SAPO-5 and SAPO-11, respectively. Because, the SiO2 group is electrically neutral and in SAPO-n (n=5,11) the number of AIO2 groups is slightly greater than the PO2+ groups, the SAPO-n framework is slightly negatively charged. The framework negative charges are, after calcination, balanced by H+. The H+ ions can to some extent be exchanged by Ni(ll) ions and the exchanged product is denoted NiH-SAPO-n.
SOFTWARE POLITICS IN BRAZIL

In this article, I examine free and open source software as a unique terrain of struggle over the politics of globalization, focusing on the Brazilian government's software strategy under the Lula administration. First, I locate this strategy in the historical context of the Brazilian government struggles for technological development and autonomy. I highlight how the Brazilian government used its power as a hierarchical organization to take advantage of the distinctive, networked political economy of free and open source software. I employ a post-structural political economy perspective to analyze the key role of discourse within the Brazilian software strategy. Second, I explore two ways that the Lula administration pursued its strategy of digital inclusion through an innovative approach to the politics of consumption. It used the power of government purchases to shift to free and open source systems, as well as pursuing a more ambitious project to democratize consumption of computers, free software and...
Sparse recovery from convolved output in underwater acoustic relay networks

This paper explores criteria for unique recovery from blind deconvolution under sparsity priors. Additionally regularizing functions stemming from this problem framework are developed. For key cases, it is possible to ensure unique recoverability given the regularized problem statement. The uniqueness results are informed by a matrix completion-based viewpoint of blind deconvolution. Furthermore, this perspective enables characterization of why blind deconvolution with two sparse inputs is an inherently hard problem. Two blind deconvolution algorithms are proposed which do not rely on alternating between the estimation of one input signal, while holding the other constant. Evaluation of the algorithms is done via simulation and shown to significantly outperform a previously proposed method. Furthermore, numerical illustration of recovery failure considering sparsity of input signals that do not satisfy the recovery constraints is also provided.
Ice sheets play important role in climate change

Ice sheets once were viewed as passive elements in the climate system enslaved to orbitally generated variations in solar radiation. Today, modeling results and new geologic records suggest that ice sheets actively participated in late-Pleistocene climate change, amplifying or driving significant variability at millennial as well as orbital timescales. Although large changes in global ice volume were ultimately caused by orbital variations (the Milankovitch hypothesis), once in existence, the former ice sheets behaved dynamically and strongly influenced regional and perhaps even global climate by altering atmospheric and oceanic circulation and temperature. Experiments with General Circulation Models (GCMs) yielded the first inklings of ice sheets' climatic significance. Manabe and Broccoli [1985], for example, found that the topographic and albedo effects of ice sheets alone explain much of the Northern Hemisphere cooling identified in paleoclimatic records of the last glacial maximum (˜21 ka).
Patient-physician confidentiality on trial in Turkey.

THE HUMAN RIGHTS FOUNDATION of Turkey, accustomed to protecting human rights in Turkey, recently has found itself defending international medical ethical standards against attacks from the Turkish government. The public prosecutor in Adana, Turkey, has requested the names and addresses of applicants to the Torture Treatment and Rehabilitation Center operated by the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey. The third trial against representatives of the foundation's Adana center took place on September 13,1996. A decision was not handed down and a new trial has been scheduled for November 8, 1996. The grounds on which the trial was launched target universal principles of human rights and medical ethics. 1 See also p 1439. Representatives of the foundation, Tufan Kose, a physician, and Mustafa Cinkilic, a lawyer, have been charged under articles 526 and 530 of the Turkish Penal Code for "operating an unlicensed health center" and "negligence in denouncing a crime." 2
Collisionless dissociation of SF6 using two resonant frequency CO2 laser fields

The collisionless dissociation of SF6 has been studied using simultaneous irradiation by two frequencies from a CO2 laser which are both nearly resonant with the SF6nu3 absorption band. It was found that the dissociation was enhanced, and occurred over a wider frequency range, than for single frequency dissociation. No threshold effect was observed for a weak resonant and a much higher energy field pumping slightly off-resonance. For such two frequency irradiation, the peak in the dissociation curve was found to be shifted to lower frequencies with respect to that for single frequency dissociation.
Exact solutions to nonlinear diffusion equations obtained by the decomposition method

In this paper, we develop a framework to obtain exact solutions to the nonlinear diffusion equations by employing the Adomian decomposition method. Exact solutions are obtained for some important physical processes of power law diffusivities. The method is capable of greatly reducing the size of computational domain and is presented in a general way so that it can be used in more diffusion classes.
Near‐infrared absorption spectra of 16O3 and 18O3: Adiabatic energy of the 1A2 state?

The band positions and isotope shifts for the weak vibronic bands of O3 near 1 micron are determined experimentally using a low-resolution dual-beam absorption spectrometer with a 0.2-m holographic-grating monochromator and identical absorption chambers of volume about 600 cu cm and optical path length 46 cm. The experimental setup and procedures and the signal-processing methods applied are described, and the results are presented in tables and graphs. It is found that the adiabatic energy of the 1A2 state lies 9990 + or - 70/cm (1.24 + or - 0.01 eV) above the electronic ground state, close to the O + O2 dissociation limit. The applicability of the present results to studies of O3 in the upper atmosphere is indicated.
Solute segregation and hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture in an alloy steel

Hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture of laboratory heats of a 3.5 Ni-1.7 Cr steel doped with P, Sn, or Sb and having a yield strength of 840 MPa and a prior austenite grain size of 120 μm has been compared with that of an undoped steel at a hydrogen pressure of 0.17 MPa (1.68 atm). The intergranular concentrations of the impurities were controlled by varying the time of aging at 480 °C. Cracking of the undoped steel tested in hydrogen occurred along martensitic lath boundaries at high stresses. However, the susceptibility of the doped steels to hydrogen-induced intergranular cracking increased precipitously with impurity concentration. The susceptibility was measured in terms of the threshold stress intensity Kthfor the first detectable crack extension in precracked specimens and in terms of the threshold stress σth for microcrack formation in notched specimens. A comparison between the intergranular strength in hydrogen and in air revealed that absorption of hydrogen produced a profound intergranular weakening when the grain boundaries contained even a small amount of a segregated embrittling element. The relative embrittling potencies of P, Sn, and Sb in hydrogen gas were the same as in air. The combined effects of hydrogen and the impurities in reducing intergranular cohesion are discussed in terms of a newly proposed dynamic model which takes into account the accumulation of hydrogen ahead of a moving microcrack.
Location of a polarization extremum in triton-alpha scattering and its application to a new polarized triton source

We have experimentally located a polarization extremum (${A}_{y}=\ensuremath{-}1$) in triton-\ensuremath{\alpha} elastic scattering near ${E}_{t}=11.1$ MeV, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=95\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. This is the first application and test of a Lamb-shift polarized tritium ion source which has been installed on the Los Alamos tandem accelerator. The results verify the accuracy of the quench-ratio method for the determination of the polarization of the triton beam.
Activation Study of Precipitated Iron Fischer−Tropsch Catalysts†

Slurry phase Fischer−Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was conducted with two precipitated iron catalysts (100 Fe/3.6 Si/0.71 K and 100 Fe/4.4 Si/1.0 K, atomic percent relative to Fe) at 543 K, 1.31 MPa, and a synthesis gas (H2/CO = 0.7) space velocity of 3.1 normal L h-1 (g of Fe)-1. The impact of activation gas (CO, H2/CO = 0.7, or H2/CO = 0.1), temperature (543 or 573 K), and pressure (1.31 or 0.10 MPa) on the long-term (>500 h) activity and selectivity of the catalysts was explored. Pretreatment with CO under the conditions employed gave highly active and stable catalysts. Catalyst performance when synthesis gas activation was used was found to be dependent upon the partial pressure of hydrogen in the activating gas, with low hydrogen partial pressures resulting in the highest catalyst activity. X-ray diffraction results indicate that carbon monoxide activations and synthesis gas activations with low hydrogen partial pressure result in the formation of the carbides χ-Fe5C2 and e‘-Fe2.2C, while activation with s...
Predicted Raman spectra of Si[111] nanowires

We present calculated Raman spectra for freestanding Si[111] nanowires with diameters from $d\ensuremath{\approx}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ up to $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. In the first step, we calculate eigenmodes with a Stillinger-Weber-type model. After this, a bond polarizability model is used to calculate Raman spectra out of the eigenmodes obtained in the first step. In addition to the usual silicon peak at $519\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, we find for all wires a Raman signal originating in a low-frequency breathing mode with a $1∕d$ frequency dependence. We also give an analytic derivative that generalizes this result to arbitrary nanowires. Our findings can therefore be used for a new and simple way to determine the diameter of nanowires.
Rotational absorption spectrum of methylene fluoride in the 20–100 cm−1 region

Abstract The pure rotational spectrum of CH 2 F 2 was recorded in the 20–100 cm −1 spectral range and analyzed to obtain rotation and centrifugal distortion constants. Analysis of the data yielded rotation constants: A = 1.6392173 ± 0.0000015, B = 0.3537342 ± 0.00000033, C = 0.3085387 ± 0.00000027, τ aaaa = −(7.64 ± 0.46) × 10 −5 , τ bbbb = −(2.076 ± 0.016) × 10 −6 , τ cccc = −(9.29 ± 0.12) × 10 −7 , T 1 = (4.89 ± 0.20) × 10 −6 , and T 2 = −(1.281 ± 0.016) × 10 −6 cm −1 .
Telling kidneys to cease and decyst

Findings in mice and people suggest that glycosphingolipids have a role in the formation of large fluid-filled cysts in polycystic kidney disease. An inhibitor of glycosphingolipid synthesis may provide a potential therapy for this disorder, which often progresses to kidney failure (pages 788–792).
Innate Immune Activation by Tissue Injury and Cell Death in the Setting of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) with donor lymphocyte infusion is the mainstay of treatment for many types of hematological malignancies, but the therapeutic effect and prevention of relapse is complicated by donor T-cell recognition and attack of host tissue in a process known as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Cytotoxic myeloablative conditioning regimens used prior to Allo-HSCT result in the release of endogenous innate immune activators that are increasingly recognized for their role in creating a pro-inflammatory milieu. This increased inflammatory state promotes allogeneic T-cell activation and the induction and perpetuation of GvHD. Here, we review the processes of cellular response to injury and cell death that are relevant following Allo-HSCT and present the current evidence for a causative role of a variety of endogenous innate immune activators in the mediation of sterile inflammation following Allo-HSCT. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic strategies that target the endogenous pathways of innate immune activation to decrease the incidence and severity of GvHD following Allo-HSCT.
A GENERAL NON-LINEAR THIRD-ORDER THEORY OF PLATES WITH MODERATE THICKNESS

A review of all third-order, two-dimensional technical theories of plates is presented and their equivalence is established. All third-order theories published during the last two decades are shown to be based on the same displacement field, contrary to the claims by many authors. Consequently, all variationally derived plate theories are a special case of the third-order plate theory published by the author in 1984. A consistent-strain, third-order, displacement field is proposed herein and associated, variationally consistent, theory is developed.