cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovations and pitfalls in the use of wearable devices in the prevention and rehabilitation of running related injuries

Running-related injuries are common and are associated with a high rate of reoccurrence. Biomechanics and errors in applied training loads are often cited as causes of running-related injuries. Clinicians and runners are beginning to utilize wearable technologies to quantify biomechanics and training loads with the hope of reducing the incidence of running-related injuries. Wearable devices can objectively assess biomechanics and training loads in runners, yet guidelines for their use by clinicians and runners are not currently available. This article outlines several applications for the use of wearable devices in the prevention and rehabilitation of running-related injuries. Applications for monitoring of training loads, running biomechanics, running epidemiology, return to running programs and gait retraining are discussed. Best-practices for choosing and use of wearables are described to provide guidelines for clinicians and runners. Finally, future applications are outlined for this rapidly developing field.
Targeting Inflammation for Bladder Cancer Chemoprevention

Cancer of the bladder is a serious health problem with significant mortality once it progresses to advanced stages. Moreover, chronic surveillance and treatments are required to prevent the inherent high recurrence and aggressive nature of these tumors. As a result, not only the quality of life for the patients is affected but it also adds to the treatment cost, making it one of the costliest cancers to treat. Therefore, it is highly imperative to consider preventive options that have been largely neglected. Although smoking prevalence is decreasing, a decline in BC incidence has not been seen, yet suggesting that smoking history and other factors still pose a threat to develop BC. With the increase of diabetic and obese populations, the risk for BC is also increasing. In spite of their modifiable nature, advancement in diagnosis, understanding of the disease, and enormous preclinical chemoprevention data, efforts in that direction for screening and primary or secondary prevention of this disease have been unsatisfactory. Moreover, no new therapeutic were approved for the last three decades; thus, the 5-year survival of BC patients has also not improved for decades. In the current review, we have discussed the central role of inflammation in the major risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, obesity, and infection leading to BC. We summarized the preclinical data of promising anti-inflammatory agents for primary, secondary, as well as tertiary prevention. Thus, we believe that developing chemopreventive strategies for bladder cancer by targeting inflammation is highly desirable.
A comparison of motivational and informational contexts for improving eco-driving performance

Abstract Eco-driving, the practice of operating a vehicle with environmentally friendly objectives, has been the focus of an increasing number of driving studies over the past decade, as new forms of vehicle automation and more driver-centric feedback continually emerge. Common benefits range from reducing carbon footprints and emissions to better fuel economy. Studies have also examined the effectiveness of in-vehicle assistance devices and training or education programs for commercial and passenger vehicle operators. Eco-driving strategies in general show significantly smaller impacts in the field relative to their laboratory counterparts. This study further builds on this past work by comparing and disentangling the effects from motivational contexts, for example a competition with prizes, with the effects of informational context, such as tutorials for drivers. To investigate this comparison, laboratory experiments are conducted using a commercial vehicle simulator. The results suggest that motivational contexts are more effective at encouraging eco-driving relative to informational contexts. Furthermore, incentives within competitive contexts had similar positive impacts on reducing carbon dioxide emissions and improving fuel efficiency as experiencing a tutorial on eco-driving. One possible explanation is that drivers have gained knowledge on how to operate vehicles with an eco-driving objective through their driving experience. This result further suggests that with respect to effectively encouraging eco-driving, targeting experienced drivers through a competition is better than presenting information or a tutorial.
Prioritization of farm success factors by commercial farm managers

This study elicits U.S. agricultural producer preferences for five key management success factors: managing output prices; managing production; controlling costs; managing land/equipment/facilities...
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Pulmonary Injury

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a pluripotent growth factor that is essential for lung development1,2 and has significant regulatory roles in angiogenesis and vascular permeability.3 This chapter briefly discusses the biology of VEGF3,4 and the role of VEGF in the varied forms of pulmonary injury.5 - 8
The development of solar power satellites

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of solar power satellites. Energy has been the key to the social development of man and an essential component in improving the quality of life beyond the basic activities necessary for survival. The amount of energy and the changes in the mix of resources used to generate power is dictated by technological, economic, environmental, and societal considerations. Although solar energy is a widely distributed resource, the cost of the equipment required to convert it makes it a challenging task to find and introduce the best methods for converting it efficiently and economically into useful forms on a scale large enough to have a significant impact. The potential of the solar power satellite (SPS) to meet future energy demands is being recognized and plans for its development are being studied. The results of extensive SPS system studies have confirmed that there are no known technical barriers to the design, deployment, or operation of the SPS. Economic studies have shown that projected capital and electric power-generation costs are within a competitive range of the costs of future terrestrial power-generation methods. Risk analyses have provided an economic justification for proceeding with the initial phases of an SPS development program. Environmental impacts have not emerged as a major constraint on the SPS operation. The SPS is one of the most promising power-generation options that could contribute to meeting global energy demands in the 21st century. Its successful implementation could lead to the elimination of energy-related concerns.
Rehabilitation Following Replantation in the Upper Extremity

Following replantation at any level, successful return of function relies not only on survival of the extremity and healing of the tissues, but also on the dynamic return of motion. Integration of the hand therapist, surgeon, and patient will optimize outcomes. This chapter focuses on the rehabilitation process with suggested protocols and considerations for the various levels of upper extremity replantation. The hand therapist’s role is to collaborate with the treatment team while utilizing clinical reasoning and problem-solving skills to find the right balance between protecting healing structures and implementing early controlled motion in order to maximize the patient’s recovery and outcomes. The therapist also has a role in coaching the patient to use adaptive strategies to maintain function while awaiting motor and sensory return to improve use of the affected hand.
Race, iris color, and age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: While most observers agree that age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is much more common in white persons than in persons of black African ancestry, the influence of iris color has been more controversial. We reexamined relationships between race, iris color, and AMD in a series of patients from our retina clinic. METHODS: We evaluated, in masked fashion, stereoscopic photographs of the retinas and irides in 306 sequential patients 60 years of age or older from our retina clinics. Four readers judged whether AMD was present, absent, or questionable in the retinal photographs and labeled iris color as blue, hazel, or brown. Presence or absence of AMD and presence and severity of the various macular lesions were determined by "majority vote" of the readers. We evaluated inter-rater agreement using the kappa statistic. We compared the prevalence of AMD and of specific AMD lesions as a function of race, sex, and iris color by contingency table analysis. RESULTS: The kappa statistic showed good inter-observer agreement, being 0.466 (P < 10(-6)) for definite or questionable AMD and ranging from 0.185 to 0.522 (P = 0.0047 to P < 10(-6)) for most lesions. We found significantly more AMD in white patients than in black patients (X2 = 27.54, P < 10(-4)). There was no significant difference in AMD prevalence by sex. In white patients, AMD was significantly more prevalent in individuals with blue or hazel irides than in those with brown irides (X2 = 15.04, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: We confirm previous findings of a higher prevalence of AMD in white persons than in black persons. We also agree with those observers who claim that white subjects with light-colored irides have a higher prevalence of AMD than those with dark-colored irides. We suggest that differences in the association between iris pigmentation and AMD in different studies using different research methods may reflect genetic difference in the groups being studied.
Hedgehog Signaling in Mouse Mammary Gland Development and Neoplasia

Genetic analyses of two hedgehog signal transduction network genes, Patched-1 and Gli2, has demonstrated a critical role for hedgehog signaling in mediating epithelial-stromal tissue interactions during ductal development. Disruption of either gene leads to similar, yet distinct, defects in ductal morphogenesis. Defects are mainly ductal dysplasias that closely resemble some hyperplasias of the human breast. Phenotypic analyses have been coupled with in situ hybridization, transplantation and tissue recombination analyses to formulate a model for tissue compartment-specific control of mouse mammary gland development by hedgehog signaling. In addition, the similarities among hedgehog mutation-induced ductal dysplasias and human breast pathologies suggest a role for altered hedgehog signaling in the development of mammary cancer.
Identification of Race and Sex from Palate Dimensions

Measurements of the width and depth of the palate were used to predict the race (American black or white) or sex or both of an individual. The sample consisted of 332 living subjects with permanent dentitions, and measurements were made between cusp tips, so palate size includes bony and dental components. Blacks, with a more square palate, were distinguished from whites primarily by greater interpremolar widths and P1-to-M2 depths. Simultaneous prediction of race and sex had a correct classification of 48%, which is about twice that expected from chance. Pooling the two sex increases correct classification of race to 83%. Formulas also are provided for each variable separately to accommodate fragmentary remains. Resilience of palatal structures to traumatic and natural forces makes this method practical in several forensic situations.
Automation in Perspective—an Overview

” The change from manual to mechanized and from mechanized to automated production systems is a natural consequence of our progression from a preindustrial and then post-industrial or “information” society. Work place rationalization, now the domain of computer based information processing and computer controlled operations, may involve office automation as well as various aspects of automated manufacturing to include the automated (“unmanned”) factory. Productivity, be it in terms of the individual worker, an industry or the nation at large, is an important concomitant factor now as in the past. Naturally the rhetoric used to address questions concerning productivity and automation reflects existing biases as well as real or imagined dangers and fears about the future.
Ξ via the Grand Canonical Ensemble

In the previous Lecture, we considered how we might approach computing the canonical partition function for a set of interacting particles. A set of approximants suggested that it might be rewarding to work with the grand canonical partition function, and to seek relationships between the pressure and the average number of particles in the system. In this Lecture, we undertake the calculation. Some key steps are given as homework problems [1].
The measurement of folic acid activity in serum: a diagnostic aid in the differentiation of the megaloblastic anemias.

A modified L. casei microbiologic assay for the "folic acid" content of fasting serum appears to reflect the presence or absence of folic acid deficiency in patients with megaloblastic anemia of various causes. Advantages of this assay method for fasting serum "folic acid" level over other procedures presently in use for evaluating possible folic acid deficiency are discussed.
Trade Liberalization and the International Distribution of the Gains from Growth

Is international trade an “engine of growth”? Do trade liberalization and increased openness lead to higher rates of economic expansion? This has been one of the most controversial issues in international economics over the years. From Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes to Flans Singer and Raul Prebisch, the debate between pro-traders and protectionists has raged over the years.
Abstract 3033: Immuno-PET detection of LAG-3 expressing intratumoral lymphocytes using the zirconium-89 radiolabeled fully human anti-LAG-3 antibody REGN3767

Persistent antigen exposure and inflammatory signals in tumors induce expression of various co-inhibitory or immune checkpoint receptors on T cells, including programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3). Therapeutic antibodies blocking such co-inhibitory receptors have produced durable antitumor responses as single agents and in combinations. In order to monitor LAG-3 expression and potential changes in expression due to therapeutic intervention, we have developed a radionuclide-conjugated antibody to LAG-3 for immuno-PET. The fully human anti-LAG3 antibody REGN3767 was radiolabeled with the positron-emitting radionuclide Zirconium-89 (89Zr) using the bifunctional chelator p-SCN-Bn-Deferoxamine (DFO). 89Zr-REGN3767 demonstrated high radiochemical purity and immunoreactivity in cell binding assays. The ability of 89Zr-REGN3767 to successfully identify LAG-3 expression in vivo was initially assessed using MC38 mouse tumors expressing human LAG-3 (MC38/hLAG-3) implanted into immune-deficient mice. 89Zr-REGN3767 demonstrated higher uptake in MC38/hLAG-3 tumors compared to an 89Zr-isotype control antibody using immuno-PET, and specificity was confirmed by ex vivo biodistribution at day 6 post radiotracer injection (~35 and ~5 %ID/g for 89Zr-REGN3767 and 89Zr-isotype, respectively). Furthermore, a dose titration study of 89Zr-REGN3767 in immune deficient mice co-implanted subcutaneously with Raji lymphoma cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) demonstrated the ability of 89Zr-REGN3767 to target LAG-3-expressing intratumoral T-cells. 89Zr-REGN3767 immuno-PET and ex vivo biodistribution demonstrated specific localization to Raji/hPBMC co-implanted tumors; this uptake was significantly higher at antibody doses of 0.03 - 0.3 mg/kg than at 5 mg/kg. Doses of 0.03-0.3 mg/kg 89Zr-REGN3767 were also able to detect LAG-3 positive T cells in the spleen. This study shows the ability of 89Zr-REGN3767 to successfully image LAG-3 expressed on intratumoral and splenic T lymphocytes. This work supports the clinical translation of anti-LAG-3 immuno-PET for the assessment of LAG-3 expression, with the goal to investigate its utility for predicting and monitoring response to checkpoint blockade therapy. Citation Format: Marcus P. Kelly, Richard Tavare, Jason T. Giurleo, Sosina Makonnen, Carlos Hickey, Makenzie A. Danton, T Cody Arnold, Dangshe Ma, Jie Dai, Jerry Pei, Jessica R. Kirshner, William C. Olson, Gavin. Thurston. Immuno-PET detection of LAG-3 expressing intratumoral lymphocytes using the zirconium-89 radiolabeled fully human anti-LAG-3 antibody REGN3767 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3033.
A Simulation Study on Radiative Recombination Analysis in CIGS Solar Cell

Recombination is an important issue to be addressed in order to develop high-efficiency solar cells. This report presents numerical simulations based on SCAPS-ID program to analyze recombination in thin film CIGS solar cells. The temperature and intensity dependent recombination analysis gives insights and is useful to analyze experimental observation.
3D printed selectable dilution mixer pumps

In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to 3D print tightly integrated structures with active valves, pumps, and mixers, and we use our compact chip-to-chip interconnects [Gong et al., Lab Chip 18, 639–647 (2018)] to move bulky world-to-chip connections to separate interface chips for both post-print flushing and post-cure device operation. As example devices, we first examine 3D printed pumps, followed by two types of selectable ratio mixer pumps, a linear dilution mixer pump (LDMP) and a parallelized dilution mixer pump (PDMP), which occupy volumes of only 1.5 mm 3 and 2.6 mm 3, respectively. The LDMP generates a selectable dilution ratio from a linear set of possibilities, while the PDMP generates a denser set of possible dilutions with a maximum dilution ratio of 1/16. The PDMP also incorporates a new 4-to-1 valve to simultaneously control 4 inlet channels. To characterize LDMP and PDMP operation and performance, we present a new, low-cost video method to directly measure the relative concentration of an absorptive dye on a pixel-by-pixel basis for each video frame. Using this method, we find that 6 periods of the active mixer that forms the core of the LDMP and PDMP are sufficient to fully mix the fluid, and that the generated concentrations track the designed dilution ratios as expected. The LDMP mixes 20 nl per 4.6 s mixer pump period, while the PDMP uses parallelized input pumps to process the same fluid volume with greater choice of dilution ratios in a 3.6 s period.
Synergy in Parallel Algorithms

In parallel computations one wishes to devise algorithms which will introduce some cooperation among the various processes. Although this will increase the complexity, it might improve the error reduction to such an extent so as to render the total performance beneficial. In such a case we speak of “synergistic algorithm” (synergism is “a cooperative action so that the total effect is greater than the effects taken independently”). This concept with some examples and applications was introduced by Henderson and Miranker [1]. On February 5, 1988 Willard Miranker from IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center (Yorktown Heights) surveyed this work, part of which we describe below, and outlined some open problems.
Pornography and Heterosexual Women's Intimate Experiences with a Partner

Background: Pornographic media characterized by discordant images of sexual pleasure and aggression are increasingly formulating young heterosexual women's sexual scripts. Yet there has been little work done on the downstream role of pornography consumption; how does pornography use relate to heterosexual women's thoughts and feelings during sexual experiences with a partner? Methods: We surveyed 706 heterosexual women (18-29 years of age) in the United States, associating consumption of pornography with sexual preferences, experiences, and concerns. Results: Although most heterosexual women have seen pornography (83%), a little less than half (43.5%) use it for masturbation, half of whom use it one time per month or less. Among female consumers who were sexually active, higher rates of consumption for masturbation were associated with increased mental activation of the pornographic script during sex-heightened recall of pornographic images during sex with a partner, heightened reliance on pornography for achieving and maintaining arousal, and a preference for pornography consumption over sex with a partner. Furthermore, higher activation of the pornographic script during sex, rather than simply viewing pornographic material, was also associated with higher rates of insecurities about their appearance and diminished enjoyment of intimate acts such as kissing or caressing during sex with a partner. Conclusion: These findings suggest that pornography consumption may relate to female consumers' sexual experiences indirectly and indicate that pornographic thoughts during dyadic sexual encounters may not improve heterosexual women's sexual experiences with a partner.
Beliefs about Romance and Mate Selection and Intentions to Seek Pre- or Post-Marital Counseling: a Latent Profile Analysis of Emerging Adults

Emerging adulthood is a developmental period in which many individuals begin the process of mate selection, yet a considerable number of emerging adults endorse unrealistic relationship beliefs and...
Some Practical Suggestions for Optimizing Geometries and Locating Transition States

The optimization of equilibrium geometries and transition states by molecular orbital methods is discussed from a practical point of view. Most of the efficient geometry optimization methods rely on analytical energy gradients and quasi-Newton algorithms. For any optimization method, there are three areas of input that directly affect the behavior of the optimization: (a) the choice of internal coordinates, (b) the starting geometry and (c) the initial estimate of the Hessian. A number of topics related to these three areas are discussed with the aim of improving the performance of optimizations; these include symmetry, dummy atoms, avoiding coordinate redundancy, overcoming strong coupling among coordinates, conversion between coordinate systems, testing stationary points and what to do when optimizations fail.
Dewatering Behavior of a Wood-Cellulose Nanofibril Particulate System

The novel use of aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) as an adhesive/binder in lignocellulosic-based composite manufacture requires the removal of a considerable amount of water from the furnish during processing, necessitating thorough understanding of the dewatering behavior referred to as “contact dewatering”. The dewatering behavior of a wood-CNF particulate system (wet furnish) was studied through pressure filtration tests, centrifugation, and characterization of hard-to-remove (HR) water, i.e. moisture content in the wet furnish at the transition between constant rate part and the falling rate part of evaporative change in mass from an isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of wood particle size thereby particle specific surface area on the dewatering performance of wet furnish was investigated. Permeability coefficients of wet furnish during pressure filtration experiments were also determined based on Darcy’s law for volumetric flow through a porous medium. Results revealed that specific particle surface area has a significant effect on the dewatering of wet furnish where dewatering rate significantly increased at higher specific particle surface area levels. While the permeability of the systems decreased over time in almost all cases, the most significant portion of dewatering occurred at very early stages of dewatering (less than 200 seconds) leading to a considerable increase in instantaneous dewatering when CNF particles come in contact with wood particles.
Targeted and Immune Therapy for Periocular and Orbital Malignancies

The use of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly contributed to the treatment of patients with locally advanced, unresectable metastatic periocular cancers. Sonic Hedgehog inhibitors are used to treat locally advanced or metastatic periocular basal cell carcinoma and have been found to enable a less-extensive definitive surgery. Epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists have been used to treat patients with locally advanced periocular squamous cell carcinoma with a significant reduction in tumor size and improvement in quality of life. BRAF inhibitors, with or without concurrent MEK inhibitors, have been used to treat patients with cutaneous melanoma metastatic to the orbit. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been used to treat patients with orbital metastasis from cutaneous melanoma and patients with eyelid and conjunctival metastatic melanoma. The authors of the chapter have also observed preliminary positive response in locally advanced recurrent periocular squamous cell carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These promising results for treatment of both locally advanced and metastatic periocular tumors should encourage ophthalmologists and oculoplastic surgeons to implement these treatments in appropriate cases as described in this chapter.
COOPERATIVE FINANCING AND THE GROWTH OF CATFISH AQUACULTURE VALUE CHAIN IN NIGERIA

Cooperative-based growth model for agricultural enterprises is gradually gaining popularity in application. This study examined the effect of cooperative financial intervention on the growth of catfish aquaculture value chain in Nigeria. Primary data collected, with well-structured questionnaire from 120 participants in aquaculture value chain, were analyzed with descriptive statistical tools, cost and return function and 4-point likert-type scale. The result shows that 32.3% and 27.3% of processors and input suppliers accessed N320,000 and N270,000, respectively. Only 18.2% of producers accessed N180,000. The result indicates that there are more catfish producers than any other operators in the value chain. There is interdependence between catfish producers and input suppliers, processors and marketers in the value chain. Furthermore, catfish processors and inputs suppliers accessed more cooperative loan because their activities were capital intensive. The relatively high amount of cooperative fund accessed by these groups translated high growth rate of 55% and 53%, respectively. The major constraints to the growth of catfish value chain were inadequate credit access and high expenditure on inputs. Operators in the catfish aquaculture value chain should be encouraged to attend workshops on management techniques to improve the efficiency of their businesses.
Modeling of Langmuir circulation : triple decomposition of the Craik - Leibovitch model

Turbulent shear flows on shallow continental shelves (here shallow means that the interaction with the solid, no-slip bottom is important) are of great importance because of their role in vertical mixing as well as on the transport of sediment and bioactive material. The presence of a wavefield in these areas can lead to the appearance of Langmuir circulation which is known to strongly affect the dynamics of a turbulent flow. To investigate those dynamical effects within a RANS-type modeling framework, we apply a triple decompostion to the LES results of Langmuir circulation in order to further isolate the coherent structures from fluctuating velocity field. The results are compared to the classical double-decomposition. In contrast to the double-decomposition framework, the triple-decompostion more effectively educes the coherent structure field and quantifies the need to take into account the energy exchange between the coherent and random fluctuations as well as the overall impact of the coherent structures on the turbulence dynamics.
Mechanism-Based Design of 3-Amino-4-Halocyclopentenecarboxylic Acids as Inactivators of GABA Aminotransferase

Aminotransferases are pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes that catalyze reversible transamination reactions between an amino acid and an α-keto acid, playing a critical role in cellular nitrogen metabolism. It is evident that γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which balances the levels of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for epilepsy and cocaine addiction based on mechanism-based inactivators (MBIs). In this work, we established an integrated approach using computational simulation, organic synthesis, biochemical evaluation, and mass spectrometry to facilitate our design and mechanistic studies of MBIs, which led to the identification of a new cyclopentene-based analogue (6a), 25-times more efficient as an inactivator of GABA-AT compared to the parent compound (1R,3S,4S)-3-amino-4-fluorocyclopentane carboxylic acid (FCP, 4).
How do I teach you? An examination of multiple intelligences and the impact on communication in the classroom

Abstract Multiple intelligences theory explores the idea that people learn and process information in different ways based on a combination of different areas of intelligence. In the areas of communication and education, this becomes important as a means to understand the listening process and creating class environments that offer instruction in more than just the typical linguistic or logical-mathematical areas of intelligence. This paper will explore the literature on multiple intelligences as related to communication and instruction. The application of this theory will be discussed, presenting information the use of multiple intelligences in communicating in a class environment.
Rotating One Ring in an Unmagnetized Dusty Plasma

The rotational motion of a strongly coupled unmagnetized 1-D-dusty plasma ring was studied. The particles rotated within the ring-shaped potential that was formed using a circular grooved electrode with a center post. Particle position data from the rotating dust ring were analyzed and the angular velocity of the particles was calculated. The rotation rate of the ring depended on the number of particles, the interparticle spacing, and the shape of the potential well. The driving force for rotation was also examined.
The Effectiveness of Regulations and Behavioral Interventions on Head Impacts and Concussions in Youth, High-School, and Collegiate Football: A Systematized Review

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of regulations and behavioral interventions on head impacts and concussions in youth, high-school, and collegiate football, using a systematic search strategy to identify relevant literature. Six databases were searched using key search terms related to three categories: football, head-injuries, and interventions. Studies that met inclusion criteria were included in the study and underwent data extraction. Twenty articles met inclusion criteria and were included in the final systematized review. Of the 20 included studies, 8 studies evaluated interventions in high-school football, 5 studies evaluated interventions in collegiate football, 6 studies evaluated interventions in youth football, and 1 study evaluated interventions in both, high-school and collegiate football. The four categories of interventions and regulations included rule changes, training, education/instruction/coaching tactical changes, and tackle football alternatives. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and regulations on reducing head impact exposures or head injuries have shown mixed results. Some regulations may be more effective than others, but methodological design and risk of bias pose limitations to generalize effects.
Abstract PO-020: The NRF2-redox-metabolism axis protects pancreatic cancer cells from radiation toxicity

More than 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) are driven by activating KRAS mutations (mKRAS), which promote a remarkable resistance to all non-surgical therapies, including radiation therapy (RT). Unfortunately, mKRAS remains undruggable for the vast majority of PDAC tumors. This necessitates the discovery of downstream targets, which most likely govern the oxidative stress response and promote the acquisition of radiation resistance. Notably, the master orchestrator of oxidative stress response, the transcription factor NRF2, is upregulated by mKRAS and in some models, NRF2 is activated by irradiation (IR). This suggests that IR may amplify the already heightened, mKRAS-driven activation of NRF2 in PDAC. NRF2 targets include genes involved in restoring redox balance, likely promoting survival during RT. However, the involvement of NRF2 in PDAC radioresistance remains unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we have systematically investigated the role of the NRF2 pathway in regulating radiation response in PDAC tumors. Our studies show that depletion of NRF2 via CRISPR/Cas9 targeted gene deletion (NRF2-ko) results in the accumulation of significantly higher levels of reactive oxygen species in irradiated PDAC cells. Importantly, this correlates with increased radiosensitivity of NRF2-ko cells in vitro, compared to NRF2-wt controls. Interestingly, irradiation of PDAC cells upregulates the expression of metabolic genes that drive the generation of various antioxidant species, in a NRF2-dependent manner. At the metabolite level, IR induces re-routing of glycolytic metabolites towards the antioxidant pentose phosphate pathway and the depletion of NRF2 abrogates these changes. Together, these findings suggest that part of the mechanism via which NRF2 promotes radiation survival of PDAC cells is by reprogramming cellular metabolism to drive a metabolic antioxidant response. Altogether, these findings support a crucial role for the NRF2-redox-metabolism axis in driving RT resistance in PDAC. This further suggests that inhibition of the NRF2 pathway would be followed by a failure to resist IR-induced oxidative stress, and subsequently sensitize mKRAS pancreatic cancer to RT. Citation Format: Justine Bailleul, Taha Yazal, David Sung, Juan Nathaniel, Daisy Palomera, Anahita Sehgal, Rachel Ruan, Erina Vlashi. The NRF2-redox-metabolism axis protects pancreatic cancer cells from radiation toxicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-020.
GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-mini: Psychometric properties and norms of university students in the United States

Abstract Objective The Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7 & GAD-2) scales are reliable and valid instruments for assessing generalized anxiety symptoms in the general and clinical populations. However, little attention has been given to the psychometric qualities of GAD-7 and reduced length versions in a diverse sample of young adult college students stratified by sex. Thus, the aims for this study are to test psychometric properties and normative values of GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini scales. Method U.S university students (N = 4128; females n = 2527, males n = 1601) ages 18–26 years completed an online survey composed of the GAD-7, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), and demographic questions. Results Exploratory principal components analysis yielded a one factor solution for GAD-7 across sexes. In reducing scale length, iterative confirmatory principal components analyses stratified by sex revealed a two-item scale (GAD-Mini) with high factor loading items, internal consistency (α ≥ 0.85), and construct validity with PHQ-2 (r ≥ 0.55). Normative data indicate that regardless of whether GAD-7, GAD-2, or GAD-Mini scores were considered, about three-quarters of men and two-thirds of women scored below the reasonable cut-points in screening for GAD. Conclusion Findings from this study may help health care providers and researchers better understand the interpretation of these scales among university students when screening for GAD.
Assessing Sexual Health Knowledge in an Urban Female Population, to Educate with a Digital Curriculum

PURPOSE: Obtaining accurate facts related to sexual health can be a challenging task, due to variation in available resources. Search engines and social media outlets offer effortless communication about virtually any topic of interest. Aptitude in basic reproductive health information is essential, especially in female populations. Urban female populations often contain numerous members of marginalized groups. Our study aims to evaluate sexual health knowledge (SHK) in an urban female population, and determine how the prevalence of high-tech communications, as well as face to face connections, influences SHK values. METHODS: A 50 item survey, capturing sociodemographics, extent and form of social interactions (electronic and in-person), and SHK, was created to evaluate correlates of sexual and reproductive health. Of the 50-item survey, 18 questions were knowledge-based inquiries, with one correct response. One point was administered for correct answers, for a maximum score of 18. The survey was administered to agreeing adult patients in two ambulatory, urban primary care settings. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS and statistical analysis included: Pearson correlation (r), t and Chi-squared tests. Statistical significance was established at p <0.05. RESULTS: Of 287 total female patients, 85.7% African-American, 66.2% having incomes 0.050), both were positively correlated with SHK score. CONCUSION: Our data exposes gaps of SHK, due to frequency and form of communications across age groups. Further research efforts, to enhance the equity of delivering a digital SHK curriculum, are in progress.
Facing the Fumes: Community Advocacy to Address a Youth Vaping Crisis

Background: Vaping is an epidemic among teens. In 2019, nearly 25.6% of Florida high school students reported currently vaping which caused more than 60 deaths and 2600 lung injuries. More than half of these patients being under the age of 24. In the past year, our pediatric program has cared for several teenagers with vaping related illnesses, some even required mechanical ventilatory support. Seeing these previously healthy teens struggling to breath is the motivation behind this project. The primary aim of this project was to reduce children’s access to vaping products …
Exploratory Analysis of Physical Therapy Process of Care and Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Therapists.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical therapy process of care, clinical practices, and the self-reported psychosocial impact of working during the 2020 pandemic on physical therapists and physical therapist assistants. METHODS: An electronic survey including closed and open-ended questions was distributed to physical therapists employed in a range of health care settings across the United States. RESULTS: Physical therapy use and process of care varied across settings. Feasibility of performing an assessment was the main driver for selection of outcome measures. Interventions were mainly geared toward improving respiratory function and deconditioning. Prone patient positioning, now commonplace, was used infrequently by therapists in acute care prior to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Similarly, outpatient and home care settings noted an increase in the use of respiratory-driven interventions such as incentive spirometry and breathing exercises. Qualitative data analysis revealed both physical barriers (personal protective equipment [PPE]) and social barriers to care. Therapists noted challenges in discharge planning and patient/family education due to the impact of social isolation. They also noted difficulty maintaining productivity standards because of additional time spent in changing PPE and following safety measures. Participants dealt with rapid changes in their role, changing productivity standards, and needing to increase their knowledge in a short amount of time. CONCLUSION: Physical therapy use varied widely across settings. Despite some concern for personal health, respondents felt that the COVID-19 pandemic increased a sense of togetherness among team members and promoted greater appreciation for life and work. IMPACT: This exploration of the process of care and current clinical practices across settings provides important knowledge about the role of physical therapists and physical therapist assistants in the care of patients with COVID-19. Gaining an understanding of the psychosocial impact of the pandemic among therapists could assist in creating solutions to better support clinicians' well-being.
The role of economic factors and risky behavior for youth and young adults in the HIV epidemic in 29 low- and middle-income countries

# Background Using cross-sectional data from recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 29 low- and middle-income countries, this study examined how youth and young adults (15-24 years) differ from older adults in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, knowledge and attitudes, risk taking, and economic vulnerability to the epidemic. # Methods Using individual DHS data from 403,000 adults, logistic regression modeling was used to examine prevalence, knowledge, attitudes, and risky behaviors in 27 sub-Saharan African and two Caribbean countries. As DHS lacks a cohort design, we used inverse probability weighting (IPW) rather than the DHS sampling weights to adjust sample weights for selection bias, which reflects the fact that wealthier persons tend to live longer with HIV, making it appear that higher wealth is a risk factor for HIV prevalence. # Results As in older adults, HIV prevalence among younger adults varies enormously across countries. Prevalence in adults ages 15-24 varies from lows of < 0.3% (Niger, Ethiopia, Senegal, Burundi, The Gambia, Burkina Faso) to over 20 times higher in countries such as Zambia, Mozambique, and Lesotho. Multivariate results show that prevalence among youth and young adults is largely due to: (1) the high prevalence among young women, and (2) for both genders, the influence of family poverty in regions of high wealth inequality. We confirm previous studies showing that all women, including women 15-24 have far higher risk of HIV infection than comparable males. They develop faster physically, and our study data show that they are sexually active earlier, and that young women engage in more risky behaviors than young men. # Conclusions Though one might imagine that HIV infections of young adults is due to more risky behaviors, our findings do not support this. Controlling for demographics and economic status, younger adults show better risk behavior than older adults for all three risky behaviors we study here. One important risk factor for the youth and young adults, both male and female, is being poor and living in regions with high wealth inequality, suggesting the need for continued targeting programs to reduce HIV risk for young men and young women separately, and concentrating those programs geographically in high wealth inequality areas.
Effect of Bismuth Content on the Mechanical Cyclic Properties of SAC+Bi Lead Free Solders

During the transition from tin-lead solders to lead-free solders, Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) alloys have become the most widely used lead free alloys for the various levels of interconnects in an electronic package. To improve the thermal cycling reliability of SAC alloys, new doped $\text{SAC} +\mathrm{X}$ alloys have been developed, were X = Bismuth is often added to provide enhanced strength and improved aging resistance. Our prior work has shown that the use of $\text{SAC}+\text{Bi}$ solders can improve the reliability of the electronic package. However, there have been only limited studies regarding the cyclic mechanical properties of lead free SAC solder alloys with added bismuth content. In this paper, the authors have quantified the evolution of the properties of $\text{SAC} +\text{Bi}$ lead free solder joints subjected to isothermal mechanical cycling. Various levels of bismuth content have been studied including 1%, 2%, and 3%, and the results have been compared to previous studies performed on SAC305. Cylindrical solder specimens were prepared and reflowed with a reflow profile similar to that utilized in industry SMT joints. The formed samples were then mechanically cycled at room temperature using five different total strain ranges including 0.003, 0.005, 0.007, 0.009, and 0.012. The obtained cyclic stress-strain curves were recorded up to the 20th cycle, where the hysteresis loops became somewhat stable from one cycle to the other. The obtained hysteresis loops were then analyzed to evaluate the plastic work accumulated, the peak stress, and the plastic strain range for each of the total strain ranges considered. The plastic work dissipated per cycle is often an important parameter in predicting solder joint reliability with models such as the Morrow/Darveaux models. For each solder alloy, the obtained plastic work was correlated with the applied total strain range to develop correlations between the two quantities. Using the obtained results, specimens of the various $\text{SAC} +\text{Bi}$ alloys were then mechanically cycled to failure using the same initial plastic work (hysteresis loop area) in the first cycle. Failure was considered to have occurred with a 50% drop of the applied load. The cyclic stress-strain loops obtained from the fatigue failure cyclic experiments were then studied to measure the change in the cyclic properties for different bismuth contents. This approach removed the limitations from previous fatigue life studies where a constant strain range was used across all the alloys, which resulted in various hysteresis loop sizes. Rectangular cross-sectioned and polished samples of all the alloys were also cycled at the same corresponding strain ranges to study the change in microstructure of the alloys with mechanical cycling. This has helped us gain a better understanding on how the bismuth percentage in an alloy affects the microstructure evolution during mechanical cycling.
The change in sagittal plane gait patterns from childhood to maturity in bilateral cerebral palsy

Abstract Background The longitudinal stability of sagittal gait patterns in diplegic cerebral palsy (CP), stratified using the Rodda classification, is currently unknown. Research question What is the trajectory of sagittal plane gait deformities as defined by the Rodda classification in a large cohort treated with orthopedic surgery guided by gait analysis? Methods A retrospective study utilized gait analysis to evaluate sagittal gait parameters before age 8 and after age 15 years. Individual limbs were categorized at each time point according to the Rodda classification based on mean sagittal plane knee and ankle angle during stance. Welch’s t-tests compared gait variables from early childhood with maturity and examined changes associated with plantarflexor lengthening surgery. Results 100 youth with CP were evaluated twice: at a mean age of 5.49 ± 1.18 and 19.09 ± 4.32 years, respectively. Gross Motor Function Classification System distribution at maturity was I (10.5 %), II (55.2 %), III (28.6 %), and IV (5.7 %). At the initial visit, most limbs were in either true equinus (30 %) or jump-knee gait (26.5 %). At maturity, crouch gait (52.5 %) was the most common classification, of which 47.6 % were mild (1–3 standard deviations from age-matched norm; 21°–30°) and 52.4 % moderate or severe. For the entire cohort, at initial and final visits, respectively, mean knee flexion in stance was 26.8°±14.8° and 25.9°±11.4° (p = 0.320), ankle dorsiflexion in stance increased from −0.3°±11.5° to 9.0°±6.0° (p 0.18). Significance The trend in this cohort was toward crouch with increased stance phase ankle dorsiflexion from early childhood to maturity. Plantarflexor lengthenings were not a significant factor in the progression of stance phase knee flexion.
Spectroscopy with Trapped Francium

These notes present a review of the francium experiments at Stony Brook. The measurements show that the level of quantitative understanding of the atomic structure is sufficient to pursue experiments in atomic parity non-conservation.