cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature and host age upon the encapsulation of Metaphycus stanleyi and Metaphycus helvolus eggs by brown soft scale Coccus hesperidum

Abstract Encapsulation of eggs inserted by Metaphycus stanleyi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) into the brown soft scale Coccus hesperidum (Homoptera: Coccidae) became more frequent as the host matured. This occurred with both laboratory reared and field-collected parasites. After parasitism for 24 hr at 27°C, encapsulation frequency did not differ in hosts reared at 20° or at 27°C, but significantly increased in hosts reared at 33°C. When parasitism and rearing were carried out at the same temperature, the percentage of eggs encapsulated increased from 48.7% at 27°C to 94.1% at 33°C. With M. helvolus, the percentage of eggs encapsulated was considerably higher than with M. stanleyi; e.g., 99.3 vs 48.7%, respectively, at 27°C. At 20° and 27°C, some M. helvolus development occurred in the larvae of brown soft scale but none at 33°C; the adult stages of the host encapsulated all the parasite eggs at these temperatures.
Stability of Ru- and Ta-based metal gate electrodes in contact with dielectrics for Si-CMOS

The Ru-Ta-Si-O, Ta-Si-N-O, and Ru-Ta-Zr-O phase diagrams are important for predicting reactions at interfaces between SiO2 and ZrO2 gate dielectrics and novel Ru and Ta-based metal gate electrodes. Simplified quaternary phase diagrams of the Ru-Ta-Si-O, Ta-Si-N-O, and Ru-Ta-Zr-O systems at 900 degreesC were constructed from known and estimated Gibbs free energy data, respectively. Ru is predicted to be stable in contact with ZrO2 and SiO2, whereas Ta is not stable in contact with SiO2 at temperatures around 900 degreesC. Stoichiometric RuTa and TaN compounds were estimated to be stable in contact with both dielectrics at 900 degreesC. Experimental observations of gate electrode/dielectric interfaces are discussed. They are consistent with the thermodynamic predictions within the limitations of these phase diagrams. Metastable phases, often found in TaN, films, and diffusion of species from the vapor (e.g., oxygen), in particular along grain boundaries in columnar gate electrodes, may lead to reactions not predicted by the equilibrium phase diagrams. (C) 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
1 H NMR observation of trimethylsilyl migration in gas phase 5-trimethylsilylcyclopentadiene

Abstract Gas-phase 1H NMR spectra of a sample containing 4 Torr of trimethylsilylcyclopentadiene, 1 Torr of CHCl3, and 707 Torr SF6 show exchange broadened line shapes consistent with the degenerate migration of the trimethylsilyl group in the 5-isomer via 1-2 sigmatropic shifts. The kinetic parameters for this process in the gas phase, Δ H ‡ =15.4(0.2) kcal mol −1 , Δ S ‡ =−1.1(0.1) kcal mol −1 , and Δ G ‡ =15.7 kcal mol −1 are slightly higher than values reported previously for the neat liquid. The small solvent effect observed indicates that a large charge separation in the transition state is unlikely.
Diurnal variations of androgens in sexually mature male Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during the breeding season.

To assess diurnal fluctuations of serum androgens and cortisol in adult male Bolivian squirrel monkeys, these steroids were measured at predetermined times (0300, 0900, and 2300 hours) during two separate 24-hour periods in the breeding season (January 1983 and late November 1983). A significant diurnal change in serum cortisol was noted, with a nadir of 99.9 ± 11.9 μg/dl (x ± SEM) at 2300 hours and a peak of 168.9 ± 7.8 μg/dl at 0900 hours. Conversely, a nadir in serum testosterone was noted at 0900 hours (117 ± 26.5 ng/ml) increasing to a peak of 328.5 ± 57.9 ng/ml at 0300 hours. Serum androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone followed a pattern similar to testosterone, with a serum androstenedione (176.4 ± 34.9 ng/ml) and dehydroepiandrosterone (11.7 + 1.8 ng/ml) nadir at 0900 hours and a plasma androstenedione (494.5 ± 55.4 ng/ml) and dehydroepiandrosterone (32.5 ± 4.1 ng/ml) peak at 0300 hours. Parallel changes of testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone suggest a significant contribution of all three androgens from a common site, the testes. In contrast to old world primates and humans, serum androstenedione levels exceeded serum testosterone levels in this species.
Partial Purification and Characterization of Borna Disease Virions Released from Infected Neuroblastoma Cells

Borna disease is a rare but severe neurological disease of horses and sheep. Borna disease virus (BDV) has not been fully characterized because cell-free virus has not been isolated. Homogenates of infected brain are infectious both for animals and for some cell lines in culture. We report here the partial purification and characterization of cell-free BDV from the tissue culture supernatant of infected human neuroblastoma SKNSH cells. A single negative strand 10-kb RNA was detected in purified virions. Immunoprecipitation analysis of the BDV proteins in purified virions shows the presence of the 60-, 38-, 24-, and 14-kDa proteins previously identified as BDV-specific proteins in infected cells.
Mechanisms for secondary electron production in ion-atom collisions

Abstract Electron angular distributions provide a sensitive probe of ionization mechanisms in ion-atom collisions. At high energy, two broad classes of mechanisms, namely, single collision and double collision mechanisms, operate. The former produce electrons in the binary encounter peak while the latter are pertinant everywhere else in the electron energy and angular distributions. Low energy electrons, cusp electrons, and ridge electrons all manifest some aspects of double collision mechanisms.
An algorithm for computing Jordan chains and inverting analytic matrix functions

Abstract We present an efficient algorithm for obtaining a canonical system of Jordan chains for an n × n regular analytic matrix function A ( λ ) that is singular at the origin. For any analytic vector function b ( λ ), we show that each term in the Laurent expansion of A ( λ ) −1 b ( λ ) may be obtained from the previous terms by solving an ( n + d ) × ( n + d ) linear system, where d is the order of the zero of det A ( λ ) at λ = 0. The matrix representing this linear system contains A (0) as a principal submatrix, which can be useful if A (0) is sparse. The last several iterations can be eliminated if left Jordan chains are computed in addition to right Jordan chains. The performance of the algorithm in floating point and exact (rational) arithmetic is reported for several test cases. The method is shown to be forward stable in floating point arithmetic.
Homogeneous catalysis. Use of the [TiCp2(CF3SO3)2] catalyst for the sakurai reaction of allylic silanes with orthoesters, acetals, ketals and carbonyl compounds.

Abstract The effectiveness of the [TiCp 2 (CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 ] catalyst for the Sakurai reaction has been explored for a variety of allylic silanes reacting with orthoesters, acetals, ketals, aldehydes and ketones.
Natural Variants of Photosystem II Subunit D1 Tune Photochemical Fitness to Solar Intensity

Photosystem II (PSII) is composed of six core polypeptides that make up the minimal unit capable of performing the primary photochemistry of light-driven charge separation and water oxidation in all oxygenic phototrophs. The D1 subunit of this complex contains most of the ligating amino acid residues for the Mn4CaO5 core of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). Most cyanobacteria have 3–5 copies of the psbA gene coding for at least two isoforms of D1, whereas algae and plants have only one isoform. Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 contains two D1 isoforms; D1:1 is expressed under low light conditions, and D1:2 is up-regulated in high light or stress conditions. Using a heterologous psbA expression system in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we have measured growth rate, WOC cycle efficiency, and O2 yield as a function of D1:1, D1:2, or the native algal D1 isoform. D1:1-PSII cells outcompete D1:2-PSII cells and accumulate more biomass in light-limiting conditions. However, D1:2-PSII cells easily outcompete D1:1-PSII cells at high light intensities. The native C. reinhardtii-PSII WOC cycles less efficiently at all light intensities and produces less O2 than either cyanobacterial D1 isoform. D1:2-PSII makes more O2 per saturating flash than D1:1-PSII, but it exhibits lower WOC cycling efficiency at low light intensities due to a 40% faster charge recombination rate in the S3 state. These functional advantages of D1:1-PSII and D1:2-PSII at low and high light regimes, respectively, can be explained by differences in predicted redox potentials of PSII electron acceptors that control kinetic performance.
Creative Cognitive Processes in Higher Education

This paper explores whether or not students in higher education settings are using creative cognitive processes, how these processes are related to deep approaches to learning, and in what types of settings and students these processes are most prevalent. Data collected from 8,724 students at 17 institutions participating in the 2010 National Survey of Student Engagement suggests that first-year and senior students employ several different creative cognitive processes in their everyday activities. Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggest two distinct types of processes: deliberate creative processes and intuitive cognitive processes. Additional analyses indicate significant positive relationships between both types of creative processes and deep approaches to learning, as well as statistically significant differences in the use of creative processes based on gender, enrollment type, and type of institution. Potential reasons for and implications of these findings are discussed.
Average added component of Cherenkov radiation due to knock-on electrons

Abstract The amount of excess Cherenkov radiation produced within a Cherenkov detector by knock-on electrons is a complex function of many parameters, the most important being the index of refraction of the Cherenkov detector and the amount of material within and above the detector. An approximate model of physical reality is adopted, the mathematical formalism is developed for a nonequilibrium distribution of knock-on electrons, and finally calculations of the excess Cherenkov radiation are presented for a few examples.
Deciphering the physician note.

Objective information about legibility of physician handwriting is scant. This retrospective chart review compared handwritten general medicine clinic chart notes from internal medicine faculty and housestaff with their typed counterparts. The written counterparts took 11 seconds (46%) longer to read and 5 seconds (11%) longer to answer comprehension questions. The authors' comprehension measure (developed specifically for ambulatory clinic notes) was only slightly higher for typed notes. The legibility of physician handwriting is not as dismal as assumed; physicians can effectively communicate on paper.
Production of multiply-ionized states of argon in heavy-ion collisions

Abstract Recent data on X-rays in the collisions of fully ionized fluorine, nitrogen, and carbon ions of 1.87 MeV/amu with argon are analyzed using Hartree-Fock-Slater calculations.
Drinking Patterns, Gender and Health I: Attitudes and Health Practices.

Background: Despite considerable research, relationships among gender, alcohol consumption, and health remain controversial, due to potential confounding by health-related attitudes and practices associated with drinking, measurement challenges, and marked gender differences in drinking. We examined gender/alcohol consumption differences in health-related attitudes and practices, and evaluated how these factors affected relationships among gender, alcohol consumption, and health status.Methods: A stratified random sample of adult health-plan members completed a mail survey, yielding 7884 respondents (2995 male/4889 female). Using multivariate analyses of covariance and adjusting for health-related attitudes, values, and practices, we examined gender differences in relationships between alcohol consumption and health.Results: More frequent heavy drinking was associated with worse health-related attitudes and values, worse feelings about visiting the doctor, and worse health-related practices. Relationships...
Effects of human plasma α2 macroglobulin on the proteolytic activity of snake venoms

Abstract Incubation of several crotalid venoms with increasing amounts of the human plasma proteinase inhibitor, α2 macroglobulin, resulted in the loss of venom proteolytic activity on azocoll substrate. However, Crotalus adamanteus venom retained 53% of its initial azocoll activity in the presence of an excess of α2 macroglobulin. High molecular proteinases in C. adamanteus venom were shown to retain essentially all of their proteolytic activity in the presence of excess α2 macroglobulin, and are probably responsible for the residual proteolytic activity noted with C. adamanteus. Bitis arietans venom lost all proteolytic activity when incubated with α2 macroglobulin; the other viperid venoms studied retained significant amounts of proteolytic activity during incubation with the inhibitor. In the case of Echis carinatus venom 48% of the original proteolytic activity remained after short incubation (3 min) with α2 macroglobulin; this level was decreased to 20% when the incubation time was extended to 4 hr. A colubrid venom (Dispholidus typus) and an elapid venom (Ophiophagus hannah) also retained proteolytic activity when exposed to high amounts of α2 macroglobulin. Thus, although many venoms exhibited the expected rapid loss of all proteolytic activity in the presence of α2 macroglobulin, certain venoms possess proteinases which either do not react with α2 macroglobulin or which form an enzyme-inhibitor complex only after long periods of incubation. In these instances venom proteinases can retain activity in the presence of α2 macroglobulin, a major plasma proteinase inhibitor.
A randomized prospective study on outcomes of an empathy intervention among second-year student pharmacists.

Objective. To determine the impact of a single, 3-day intervention on empathy levels as measured by the validated Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Profession Students version (JSE-HPS).Methods. Forty second-year student pharmacists were recruited to participate in a non-blinded prospective study. Subjects were randomized to an intervention group (n=20) or control group (n=20) and completed the JSE-HPS at baseline, 7 days postintervention, and 90 days postintervention. The intervention group consisted of a 3-day simulation, each day including a designated activity with loss of dominant hand usage, vision, and speech.Results. The 3-day simulation increased empathy levels in the intervention group compared to the control group 7 days postintervention (p=0.035). However, there were no effects on empathy levels 90 days postintervention (p=0.38).Conclusion. Empathy scores increased but were not sustained in the long-term with a 3-day empathy intervention.
Intrinsic stress of magnetron-sputtered niobium films

Abstract The stresses in niobium films were studied and the following preliminary results were obtained. (1) Niobium films can be prepared in any stress state (tensile, stress free or compressive) by varying the argon sputtering pressure. (2) As the bias voltage increases, more argon is incorporated into the film; both Tc and R/R0 decrease; and the stress becomes more compressive and seems to saturate at about 1.5 × 1010 dyn cm−2 at higher bias voltages (at an argon sputtering pressure of 1.9 Pa). (3) The lattice parameters show a close relation to the film stresses. (4) Lowering the sputtering rate results in a higher argon content in the bias-sputtered films. (5) The as-deposited film surface is smoother when deposited at lower pressures; the film has a columnar structure and intercolumnar gaps at higher pressures. (6) The film prepared at a higher bias voltage has a smoother as-deposited surface and a much smaller column size. From this study of the behavior of the stresses in niobium films, it appears that the stress is determined mainly by the microstructure and the energetic particle bombardment. Energetic particle bombardment may promote compressive stress by the incorporation of argon, by the formation of a more dense microstructure and by a “shot-peening” action.
Perceived In-Group Homogeneity as a Function of Group Membership Salience and Stereotype Threat

On the basis of Tajfel and Turner's social identity theory and Brewer's optimal distinctiveness model, salience of in-group membership and the nature of stereotypic expressions directed toward the recipient's in-group are proposed to determine perceptions of in-group homogeneity. The results of an experiment testing these hypotheses indicate that (a) cognitive priming of group membership or social identity produces an increase in perceived in-group homogeneity, (b) negative stereotypic threats that are inconsistent with the recipient's in-group autostereotype increase perceptions of in-group homogeneity, but (c) negative stereotypic expressions that are consistent with the recipient's in-group autostereotype engender a heterogeneous view of the in-group. Results are discussed in terms of a model that incorporates both the cognitive and motivational determinants of perceived in-group variation.
The economic approach to political behavior: Governors, bureaucrats, and cost commissions*

Cost control commissions provide two primary types of recommendations: widespread benefits-widespread costs and widespread benefits-narrow costs. Both types of recommendations are not of the form predicted by the standard economic models of political behavior. The paper explores why governors sanction these commissions and the types of recommendations governors will accept. Legislators use the maxim of concentrate benefits-spread costs to maximize votes. Governors, however, face a lower return to concentrated benefit policies and a lower cost from concentrated cost policies. This leads a governor to favor at the margin, policies which have widespread benefit-widespread cost or widespread benefit-concentrated cost. Evidence from 5 state cost control commissions support the difference between the politicians. The cost control commissions sanctioned by governors have proposed recommendations of the widespread benefit-widespread cost and widespread benefit-concentrated cost form. Governors accepted approximately two-thirds of the widespread benefit-concentrated cost proposals, although they were more likely to accept recommendations of the widespread benefit-widespread cost nature. Recommendations which required legislative approval saw a lower likelihood of acceptance. This is consistent with the view that legislators prefer concentrated to widespread benefit recommendations. qu][The politician's] favorite strategy is to create a commission to study a problem and make recommendations that may then be used as political cover. Call it government by commission. Victor, 1988
Physiological correlates of ethanol intoxication, tolerance, and dependence in rat cerebellar purkinje cells

Abstract After single injections of ethanol (1–4 g/kg, i.p.), single unit extracellular recordings of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells show dramatically increased frequency of climbing fiber bursts and occasional increases in simple spike firing rate.These effects of ethanol are not observed in rats chronically treated with the substance for 11–14 days: firing patterns 0–3 h after the last ethanol administration do not differ significantly from controls. However, rats chronically treated and then withdrawn from ethanol show significant, progressive decreases in climbing fiber activity and firing rates from 3 to 32 h after the last ethanol administration. These effects on cerebellar Purkinje cell firing appear to be physiological correlates of the phenomena of ethanol intoxication, tolerance, and dependence.
Characterization of the Structure and Intermolecular Interactions between the Connexin 32 Carboxyl-terminal Domain and the Protein Partners Synapse-associated Protein 97 and Calmodulin

In Schwann cells, connexin 32 (Cx32) can oligomerize to form intracellular gap junction channels facilitating a shorter pathway for metabolite diffusion across the layers of the myelin sheath. The mechanisms of Cx32 intracellular channel regulation have not been clearly defined. However, Ca2+, pH, and the phosphorylation state can regulate Cx32 gap junction channels, in addition to the direct interaction of protein partners with the carboxyl-terminal (CT) domain. In this study, we used different biophysical methods to determine the structure and characterize the interaction of the Cx32CT domain with the protein partners synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97) and calmodulin (CaM). Our results revealed that the Cx32CT is an intrinsically disordered protein that becomes α-helical upon binding CaM. We identified the GUK domain as the minimal SAP97 region necessary for the Cx32CT interaction. The Cx32CT residues affected by the binding of CaM and the SAP97 GUK domain were determined as well as the dissociation constants for these interactions. We characterized three Cx32CT Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mutants (R219H, R230C, and F235C) and identified that whereas they all formed functional channels, they all showed reduced binding affinity for SAP97 and CaM. Additionally, we report that in RT4-D6P2T rat schwannoma cells, Cx32 is differentially phosphorylated and exists in a complex with SAP97 and CaM. Our studies support the importance of protein-protein interactions in the regulation of Cx32 gap junction channels and myelin homeostasis.
Development and Initial Validation of the Medical Fear Survey–Short Version

The present investigation employs item response theory (IRT) to develop an abbreviated medical fear survey (MFS). Application of IRT analyses in study 1 (n = 931) to the original 50-item MFS resulted in a 25-item shortened version. Examination of the location parameters also resulted in a reduction of the Likert-type scaling of the MFS by removing the last response category ("terror"). The five subscales of the original MFS were highly correlated with those of the MFS-short version. The short version also displayed comparable convergent and discriminant validity with the original MFS in relation to measures of fear, disgust, and anxiety. Confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 revealed that the five-factor structure of the MFS-short form fit the data well in U.S. (n = 283) and Dutch (n = 258) samples. The short form also had comparable convergent and discriminant validity with the original MFS in relation to domains of disgust in both samples. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in Study 3 demonstrated that the subscales of the short version were comparable with the original MFS in classifying participants high (n = 40) and low (n = 40) in blood/injection phobia. Last, structural equation modeling in Study 4 (n = 113) revealed that the MFS-short form demonstrated excellent convergent/discriminant validity with strong associations with injection fear and no association with spider fear. These findings suggest that the MFS-short form has considerable strengths, including decreased assessment time, while retaining sound psychometric properties.
Inhibition of peptide chain initiation by a nonhemin-regulated translational repressor from Friend leukemia cells.

Abstract A nonhemin-regulated translational repressor protein has been purified partially from the postribosomal supernatant fraction of Friend leukemia cells grown in the absence of dimethylsulfoxide. This repressor inhibits protein synthesis in lysates from rabbit reticulocytes or Friend leukemia cells and in a fractionated system using Artemia salina ribosomes, reticulocyte mRNA, and soluble components from reticulocytes. In contrast, the hemin-controlled repressor from reticulocytes does not inhibit protein synthesis in lysates from Friend leukemia cells. The repressor from Friend leukemia cells has no effect on poly(U)-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine using reticulocyte ribosomes nor on the extension and release of nascent globin chains that were initiated in intact reticulocytes. It does not block completion of peptides on ribosomes isolated from reticulocytes incubated with NaF nor does it inhibit initiation factor-dependent formation of methionylpuromycin, but it inhibits globin mRNA-dependent methionylvaline synthesis. The Friend leukemia cell repressor promotes peptide synthesis-dependent breakdown of polysomes in reticulocyte lysates that appears to involve inhibition of ribosome reattachment to mRNA during peptide chain initiation. It is concluded that the Friend leukemia cell repressor blocks peptide initiation at a point between the addition of methionyl-tRNA fMet to the ribosomal initiation complex and the NaF-sensitive reaction.
Developmental Changes in the Use of Interactional Resources: Persuading the Reader in FL Book Reviews.

Abstract Negotiating stance and carrying on social interaction in writing in educational contexts has been characterized by the choice of linguistic means away from explicit expressions of opinion representative of the informal relationship with the addressee towards the language that strives to conceal a subjective viewpoint and construes a formal relationship with the audience typical between non-intimate participants in the sphere of public discourses ( Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004 , Hyland, 2000 , Hyland, 2002a , Hyland, 2002b ). This cross-sectional study of the book reviews produced by the American learners of German from the three advanced curricular levels investigates the changes in the use of interactional resources these learners employ to achieve the two central communicative goals of the genre: evaluating the book and persuading to read it. The construct of theme ( Halliday, 1994 , Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004 ) as a structure crucial for rhetorical unfolding of texts is used to examine these changes. Given the methodological focus, the study demonstrates how more advanced FL writers move away from direct expression of authorial opinion manifested in thematization of the writer of the review and employ a more intersubjective and thus more persuasive reader-orientation in their texts.
Fluorescence Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Myocardial Macrophage Infiltration in Infarcted Myocardium In Vivo

Background— Fluorescence imaging of the heart is currently limited to invasive ex vivo or in vitro applications. We hypothesized that the adaptation of advanced transillumination and tomographic techniques would allow noninvasive fluorescence images of the heart to be acquired in vivo and be coregistered with in vivo cardiac magnetic resonance images. Methods and Results— The uptake of the magnetofluorescent nanoparticle CLIO-Cy5.5 by macrophages in infarcted myocardium was studied. Ligation of the left coronary artery was performed in 12 mice and sham surgery in 7. The mice were injected, 48 hours after surgery, with 3 to 20 mg of iron per kilogram of CLIO-Cy5.5. Magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence molecular tomography were performed 48 hours later. An increase in magnetic resonance imaging contrast-to-noise ratio, indicative of myocardial probe accumulation, was seen in the anterolateral walls of the infarcted mice but not in the sham-operated mice (23.0±2.7 versus 5.43±2.4; P<0.01). Fluorescenc...
Short term, high dose corticosteroids in computed tomographic staging of experimental brain abscess

A short term, high dose corticosteroid treatment protocol was investigated to determine its clinical utility in staging an experimental brain abscess. Corticosteroids were shown to decrease the degree of contrast enhancement of brain abscess 12 h after administration but the magnitude of the effect was not consistent enough to be clinically useful in staging. The corticosteroid effect progressively diminished as the inflammatory lesion encapsulated over time. This effect emphasized that a decreasing ring diameter and not diminished contrast enhancement should be the CT criterion for brain abscess resolution.
Relative photoionization and photodetachment cross sections for particular fine-structure transitions with application to Cl 3s-subshell photoionization

The relative photoionization cross section for starting from a particular fine-structure level of the initial state of an atomic system and leading to a particular fine-structure level of the residual ion is presented for the case of atomic systems having one open subshell using a simple theoretical model in which emphasis is placed on the analysis of geometrical effects. This model parametrizes photoionization cross sections in terms of LS-dependent, single-configuration dynamical amplitudes, unlike previous treatments which assume LS-independent transition amplitudes from the start. In special cases our general formulas are shown to reduce to those of previous workers. We highlight photoionization of inner s subshells in open-shell atoms and show that when the total angular momenta for the initial atomic and final ionic fine-structure levels differ by more than 1/2 then such transitions are quasiforbidden. This prediction is tested in detail for the case of Cl 3s-subshell photoionization by comparison of our single-configuration results with the multiconfiguration, eigenchannel R-matrix results of Robicheaux and Greene [Phys. Rev. A (to be published)]. All of our results apply also to photoionization of open-shell positive ions or photodetachment of open-shell negative ions.
Low-temperature cycling of hydrogenation-dehydrogenation of Pd-decorated Mg nanoblades

Abstract Biaxial crystalline Mg nanoblades were grown by oblique angle thermal evaporation followed by Pd deposition in a vacuum. The hydrogenation-dehydrogenation cycles of Pd-decorated Mg nanoblades was investigated in situ by temperature programmed desorption (TPD). It shows that hydrogen starts desorption at about 340 K and peaks around 373 ± 10 K. If the dehydrogenation temperature is kept below 373 K then the cycling can be repeated up to more than 10 cycles with gradual degradation of H uptake capacity and desorption kinetics. At 373 K the hydrogen desorbs in less than 20 min. The analysis of in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns of these samples reveal deterioration of Mg hydride phase, formation of Mg oxide and intermixing of Mg and Pd in a few nm scale that fundamentally limits the life time of cycling.
Tubular reactor design—I Two dimensional model

Abstract Conservation equations for a packed tubular reactor are modelled using a radially varying axial velocity, radial diffusivity and radial thermal conductivity. Radial diffusivity and thermal conductivity profiles are obtained from relations presented in this work. Instead of using a wall heat transfer coefficient, the model accounts for the higher resistance to heat flow near the reactor wall by using a lower value of the thermal conductivity. Axial diffusion is not included in the bulk of the bed, but its effect on the inlet temperature and conversion profiles are accounted for by considering axial diffusion in the pre-reaction zone. The two partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by using orthogonal collocation in the radial direction. The conventional orthogonal collocation method is modified by adding balance equations at the center of the tube, so as to improve the prediction of hot spot temperature. The model was applied to the sulfur dioxide reactor of Schuler et al. The results agreed quite well with the experimental data without the need for adjustment of parameters or constants.
On regular bipartite-preserving supergraphs

For a graphG with chromatic numberχ(G) ⩾ 2 and maximum degree Δ(G), there exists anr-regular graphH, for everyr ⩾ Δ(G), such thatG is an induced subgraph ofH andχ(H) =χ (G). In the case whereG is bipartite, the minimum order of such a graphH is determined.
Characterization of the breakaway al content in alumina-forming alloys

Residual Al contents were measured in Fe- and Ni-base alloys in order to improve lifetime prediction models based on the consumption of the Al reservoir. Measurements were made using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) on both foil (50–125 μm thickness) and plate (0.5–2mm) material. For FeCrAl, NiCrAl and Fe3Al plate specimens, significant Al concentration gradients were measured. An Al gradient is not considered in current reservoir type models. Residual Al contents at the onset of breakaway oxidation were somewhat lower than previously reported for several FeCrAl alloys and significantly higher (»10at.%) for Fe3Al and Fe–Al alloys. The implications of these results for performance and lifetime predictions are discussed.
Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit Root Tests: a Reply*

Ford et al. (this issue) point out that the SURADF panel unit root test may be sensitive to panel composition. This reply shows that they overstate the case since they focus on a short time series of 44 observations. Type II errors are much more likely in this environment so that inconsistent conclusions may arise for individual panel members across differently composed panels. We demonstrate that this problem becomes much less likely when the number of time-series observations increases.
Quark-antiquark-gluon exotic fields for lattice QCD

Abstract Fields with exotic spin-parity made of a quark, anti-quark and gluon field strength tensor (“hermaphrodites”) are constructed for lattice QCD. Using three- and four-dimensional cubic symmetry, non-exotic contributions are removed as completely as theoretically possible.
Comparison of the effects of various typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the suppressant action of 2-methylserotonin on medial prefrontal cortical cells in the rat

In this study, we report the effects of various typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) on the suppressant action of microiontophoretically applied 2-methylserotonin (2-Me-5HT, a 5-HT3agonist) on medial prefrontal cortical (mPFc) cells. The microiontophoresis of 2-Me-5HT (10–80 nA) produced a current-dependent suppression of mPFc cells' firing, and this effect was blocked by various 5-HT3 antagonists. The microiontophoresis of the atypical APDs clozapine and a structurally related compound, RMI 81, 582, mimicked the action of the 5-HT3 antagonists. In addition, the intravenous administration of clozapine and RMI 81, 582 antagonized the suppressant action produced by the iontophoretic application of 2-Me-5HT on mPFc cells. However, the suppressant action of 2-Me-5HT was not blocked by the typical APDs haloperidol and chlorpromazine. The putative atypical APDs risperidone, setoperone, CL 77328, SCH 23390, CGS 10746B, 1-sulpiride, and thioridazine were ineffective in antagonizing 2-Me-5HT's action. Overall, our results suggest that the majority of putative atypical APDs do not interact with 5-HT3 binding sites in the brain. Whether the interaction of clozapine and RMI 81, 582 with 5-HT3 sites is correlated with their therapeutic efficacy or lower potential to induce neurological side effects remains to be determined.
Art and code: the aesthetic legacy of Aldo Giorgini

In 1975 Aldo Giorgini developed a software program in FORTRAN called FIELDS, a numerical visual laboratory devoted entirely to art production. Working extensively as both artist and scientist, Giorgini was one of the first computer artists to combine software writing with early printing technologies, leaving an aesthetic legacy in the field of the digital arts. His individual process was innovative in that it consisted of producing pen-plotted drawings embellished by the artist's hand with painting, drawing, and screen-printing. This paper is the product of a multi-year study of Giorgini's primary source materials provided by his estate. The authors examine the methods used by Giorgini during the 1970s that allowed him to create computer-aided art, in the hope that publishing this work will ensure that future generations of digital artists, technologists and scientists can be educated in Giorgini's contribution to the history of the digital arts.
Renaissance mathematics and architectural proportion in Alberti's De re aedificatoria

This paper sets Alberti's rules of architectural proportioning in the context of Renaissance mathematical practice. While Alberti makes didactic use of the well developed theories of harmony from music, it is shown that his architectural usage is not analogous to musical systema, even though the arithmetical foundations are shared. The common base for fifteenth-century musical theory and Alberti's architectural recommendations is Pythagorean arithmetic, derived largely from Nicomachus. Alberti also develops a geometrical approach involving magnitudes derived from the cube. Neither the diagonal of a face, nor the diameter of the sphere which circumscribes the cube are commensurable with its side. Alberti makes use of rational estimates for the square roots of two and three, and these ratios are evident in his work. Some examples are indicated for the purpose of linking theory to practice, but it is not the intention of this paper to analyse specific buildings in depth. The purpose of the paper is to suggest a potent theoretical frame within which future empirical investigations might flourish.
Twenty-Four of Twenty-Seven Studies Show a Greater Incidence of Emesis Associated with Nitrous Oxide than with Alternative Anesthetics

All obtainable investigations that have compared the incidence of vomiting in groups of patients who received nitrous oxide (N2 O) and in patients who received anesthetics or analgesics without N2 O were examined for a single, dichotomous variable:whether patients who received N2 O experienced an ab
Multiscale effects in crystal grain growth and physical properties of metals.

A multiscale approach for the simulation of physical properties of metals is suggested and discussed. Grain growth in metals involves interactions at three distinct scale levels: the atomic scale (length of crystal lattice spacing), microscale (grain length) and macroscale. A simulation scheme should include these three levels. The crystalline microstructure is simulated by the Monte Carlo method. The average grain radius is then used to determine the yield strength from the Hall–Petch relationship for large grains and the inverse Hall–Petch relationship for submicron-sized grains. The yield strength is then supplied to a continuum macroscale model. The normal grain growth, which has a theoretical solution for grain size as a function of time, is discussed in detail as a case study and conclusions are drawn with regard to more complex situations such as dynamic recrystallization.
Changes in microtubule-associated tau protein in human neuroblastoma cells after phencyclidine.

Abstract 1. 1. A human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, was used to study the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on microtubule-associated tau protein, which acts in vivo chiefly to induce the assembly of tubulin and in vitro to promote microtubule polymerization. 2. 2. PCP (1.0 mM) decreased tau protein (50 kD) in the cytoplasmic (supernatant) fraction as well as in the membrane (pellet) fraction. 3. 3. These changes in tau protein were accompanied by decreases of 30–95% in cell number after concentrations of PCP, 0.25–1.0 mM, respectively. 4. 4. After 0.5 mM PCP cytoplasmic and membrane fractions of SH-SY5Y cells showed 100 and 84% increases in total protein, respectively.
Simultaneous Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow and Partial Pressure of Oxygen During Cortical Spreading Depression

We develop a novel imaging technique that provides real-time two-dimensional maps of partial pressure of oxygen and cerebral blood flow in rats and mice by combining phosphorescence lifetime imaging with laser speckle contrast imaging.
The Electrification of an Ice Sphere Moving through Natural Clouds

Abstract Measurements have been made of the electric charge acquired by an ice sphere as the result of whirling it through various types of natural cloud and snowfall. The sphere received an appreciable charge only if ice were present in the air. In the case of an ice crystal cloud or a fall of snow crystals, the charge on the sphere was generally negative provided that the air temperature was −4C or less. Simultaneous measurements of the charge on the ice sphere and the number of ice crystals colliding with a sphere of similar size yielded a value for the charge on the sphere of −2 × 10−3 esu per ice crystal collision. When the air temperature was above −4C, the charge on the sphere was erratic but was found to have the same sign as the charge on the particles in the air. If graupel particles were present the ice sphere always received a large positive charge. The presence of supercooled droplets in the air caused a considerable reduction in the charge accumulated on the ice sphere. When the sphere was w...
Comparative antihypertensive effects of a diuretic, reserpine, and hydralazine in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

AbstractIn order to determine which components of a multiple drug mixture of antihypertensive agents were responsible for controlling the hypertension of SHR, the animals received graded doses of each component separately. Almost all of the antihypertensive activity was contained in hydralazine, whereas methyclothiazide or furosemide and reserpine exhibited essentially no antihypertensive activity even in high doses. This response of the SHR to the various antihypertensive agents contrasts with that of the human whose blood pressure responds well to all these drugs including diuretics and reserpine.
Interpretation of the hyperfine field values measured at positive muons in Fe

Abstract The measured hyperfine field at a μ + stopped in Fe is interpreted as being due to the 4s conduction electron polarization (CEP) in Fe and is used to extend the CEP curve to closer distances than nearest neighbors.
Hyperactivity and cortical disinhibition in mice with restricted expression of mutant huntingtin to parvalbumin-positive cells.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that interneurons are involved in the pathophysiology of Huntington Disease (HD). Abnormalities in the function of interneurons expressing the calcium buffer parvalbumin (PV) have been observed in multiple mouse models of HD, although it is not clear how PV-positive interneuron dysfunction contributes to behavioral and synaptic deficits. Here, we use the cre-lox system to drive expression of mutant huntingtin (mthtt) in parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons and find that mutant mice exhibit diffuse mthtt immunoreactivity in PV-rich areas at 10 months of age and mthtt aggregates in PV-positive processes at 24 months of age. At midlife, mutant mice are hyperactive and display impaired GABA release in the motor cortex, characterized by reduced miniature inhibitory events and severely blunted responses to gamma frequency stimulation, without a loss of PV-positive interneurons. In contrast, 24 month-old mutant mice show normalized behavior and responses to gamma frequency stimulation, possibly due to compensatory changes in pyramidal neurons or the formation of inclusions with age. These data indicate that mthtt expression in PV-positive neurons is sufficient to drive a hyperactive phenotype and suggest that mthtt-mediated dysfunction in PV-positive neuronal populations could be a key factor in the hyperkinetic behavior observed in HD. Further clarification of the roles for specific PV-positive populations in this phenotype is warranted to definitively identify cellular targets for intervention.
Beta-blockers to prevent esophageal varices--an unfulfilled promise.

Variceal bleeding is the most feared complication of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis and is a major cause of death. Treatments frequently include endoscopic banding or sclerotherapy ...
Studies on the site of action of dicumarol on prothrombin biosynthesis.

Abstract 1. (1) Indirectly acting anticoagulants (including dicumarol) inhibit the synthesis of the glycoproteins of the prothrombin complex at a post-translation site; we investigated the possibility that the site of action of dicumarol is at the glycosylation of prothrombin. Dicumarol treatment in Wistar rats, but not in warfarin-resistant rats, reduced the plasma content (units and mg protein) of prothrombin and inhibited the incorporation of glucosamine into prothrombin. There was also a decrease in the specific activity of the prothrombin isolated from dicumarol-treated rats indicative of there being synthesis and release from the liver of an inactive ‘prothrombin’. Vitamin K 1 administered to dicumarol-treated rats caused a rapid increase in the plasma content of active prothrombin and greatly increased (3 times the untreated control levels) the rate of glucosamine incorporation into prothrombin, thus suggesting that the protein precursor for prothrombin present in the liver of dicumarol-treated rats contains much less glucosamine than prothrombin from untreated rats. 2. (2) Cycloheximide administered 30 min prior to vitamin K 1 in dicumarol-pretreated rats did not effect the early (within 1 h of the administration of the vitamin) and rapid rise in plasma prothrombin content. Although the concentration of plasma prothrombin protein rose rapidly after the administration of the vitamin in these experiments, cycloheximide inhibited the incorporation of leucine into the newly released prothrombin. The data support the conclusions (1) that most of the newly released prothrombin does not require protein synthesis de novo and (2) that the action of dicumarol and vitamin K 1 is prior to or at the incorporation of glucosamine into prothrombin.
Case of Complex Craniofacial Anomalies, Bilateral Nasal Proboscides, Palatal Pituitary, Upper Limbs Reduction, and Amnion Rupture Sequence: Disorganization Phenotype?

We report a case of a dizygotic twin with complex abnormalities of head, body, and limbs. The anomalies include the following: lateral and midline cleft upper lip, ectopic palatal pituitary, natal teeth, bilateral nasal proboscides with an absent nose, left microphthalmia with conjunctival-lined cyst, right ocular dysgenesis, bilateral retinal dysplasia, platybasia with skull asymmetry, hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal atresia, brain hemispheric asymmetry with a parietal-occipital cortical flap, agenesis of posterior corpus callosum, absence of the olfactory nerves and left anterior cerebral artery, leptomeningeal and intraventricular heterotopias, right radial longitudinal terminal meromelia with constriction rings of fingers, partial syndactyly of the third and fourth left fingers, dorsiflexed great toes and pes equinovarus bilaterally, and multiple skin tags with a sacral appendage. Additionally, this twin's placental disc and extraplacental membranes were devoid of amnion. We regard these anomalies as a possible expression of the human homologue of the disorganization phenotype or another gene mutation. Nevertheless, an abnormality of blastogenesis with early damage to organizing tissues of the frontonasal region and limbs, or a vascular disruption, cannot be excluded. Early amnion rupture sequence (possible extraamniotic pregnancy with amniotic bands, limb reduction defects with Streeter bands, and multiple skin tags tapering into amniotic bands) was also present in this case, and may have acted as a contributing factor.
Effects of animal-assisted therapy on patients' anxiety, fear, and depression before ECT

Summary:ObjectiveTo determine whether animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is associated with reductions in fear, anxiety, and depression in psychiatric patients before electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).Materials and MethodsBefore their scheduled ECT treatment, 35 patients were assigned on alternate days to