cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Task dependent recovery after early brain damage.

Lesions of the hippocampus and overlying neocortex were produced in cats of varying ages to determine whether the age at which the damage occurred would be related to the behavioral deficits observed. The behavioral deficits obtained depended upon the age of the animal at the time of surgery and on the particular task and response measure being considered. For animals suffering either hippocampal or neocortical damage reduced deficits on the DRL tasks, were obtained if the brain lesions were produced at, or before 4 months of age, in the extinction of a runway response, animals with lesions made early in life were unimpaired, while animals receiving lesions at 6 weeks of age, or later, were significantly impaired. Cats receiving hippocampal destruction at 6 weeks of age, or later, were deficient on the reversal of a brightness discrimination, while cats with neonatal lesions were not significantly different from controls. Animals with hippocampal lesions made at any age were impaired on the passive avoidance task and also had similar degrees of response fixation in the reversal of the brightness discrimination task. An unexpected result of the present study was the similarity found in behavioral effects of neocortical and hippocampal lesions in several problems.
Cardio-respiratory Changes Associated with Gavage Feedings

An exploratory study of the effects of gavage feedings upon neonatal ECG, heart and respiratory rates was carried out in 8 healthy, asymptomatic, low birth weight infants (b. wt. 885–1, 605 g; gestation ages 28–26 weeks). Enrollment ages ranged from 3 to 27 days. Data were collected by attaching four silver electrodes to the chest wall and connecting them to a prototype system providing meter display and strip chart recordings of heart and respiratory rates and oscilloscopic display of ECG; data were also recorded on magnetic tape. 48 feedings were studied; 6 per infant. A no.5 feeding tube marked at one inch intervals was passed through the nostril or mouth; feedings were given by the push method. ECG, heart and respiratory rates were recorded for a minimum of 20 min before and after gavage. In 21 feedings, heart rate drops greater than 30 were observed when the catheter was passed; in 18 of these, the tube had been inserted only 4 to 6 inches. Feeding volumes (10–15 ml) were given within 30 to 138 sec; heart rate drops from 30 to 110 were observed 13 times with push feedings. One case of bradycardia with heart rate drop greater than 90, of 36 sec duration, occurred p.c. when infant was prone in high Fowler's; this was accompanied by p. wave changes to point of momentary elimination. Apnea of longer than 20 sec, but without heart rate and ECG changes, was observed in two babies in association with bowel movements. The interesting clinical observations noted in these patients suggest that the cardio-respiratory responses of small infants can be altered markedly by widely accepted clinical procedures.
Anomalous modal structure in a waveguide with a photonic crystal core

We analyze a dielectric waveguide with a photonic crystal core. Using constant frequency contour analysis, we show that the modal behavior of this structure is drastically different from that of a conventional slab waveguide. In particular, at a given frequency the lowest-order guided mode can have an odd symmetry or can have more than one nodal plane in its field distribution. Also, there exist several single-mode regions with a different modal profile in each region. Finally, a single-mode waveguide for the fundamental mode with a large core and strong confinement can be realized. All these behaviors are confirmed by our three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations.
Distinguishing between emotion and nonemotion: judgments about experience

The conceptual distinction between emotion and nonemotion subjective states was investigated in a series of three studies. Three questions were addressed. First, is there high agreement among people in identifying labels for subjective states as either emotion or nonemotion? Second, in judgments of the similarity of subjective states is the emotion-nonemotion distinction more or less salient than other properties of experience? Third, what criteria are used to distinguish conceptually between emotion and nonemotion states? Results indicated that, for many feeling states, there is no substantial agreement as to whether the state should be considered emotion or nonemotion, that the affective dimension of experience is not as salient as are other specific properties of experience (physiological arousal, activity level, valence), and that, in general, people express their individual judgment of emotion-nonemotion on the basis of some nonspecific combination of physiological arousal and character of cognitive state.
Charles Darwin's “The Life of Erasmus Darwin”

Desmond King-Hele, Ed., 2002, Cambridge University Press, New York, 172 p. (Hardcover, US $25.00) ISBN: 0-521-81526-6. Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin's grandfather, was a polymath in the truest sense of that horribly overused word. With Josiah Wedgwood, he founded a group of like-minded natural philosophers who met monthly in Birmingham on the Monday closest to the full moon to exchange information on new inventions, natural philosophy and politics. Along with inventors James Watt and Matthew Bolton and chemist Joseph Priestley, Darwin and Wedgwood formed the nucleus of this incredible group. Jenny Uglow's (2002) The Lunar Men provides a masterful account of these men and their remarkable curiosity, boundless energy, and impressive tenacity. Erasmus Darwin stood out even in this august group, in part because his effervescent personality drew people to him. But Erasmus was also one of the premier English poets of his day, a doctor of sufficient note that at least one London specialist traveled to the Midlands to consult him about his own case, inventor, and commentator on public issues ranging from women's boarding schools to …
On the constrained elastic ring

The problem of a thin elastic ring contained within a smooth rigid cavity is considered for the case where the ring is subjected to a radial point load. The problem is approached as a moving intermediate boundary problem in the calculus of variation and a closed-form analytical solution is obtained. Numerical results are presented for several cases, revealing unstable behavior of the ring configuration.
Increased plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are elevated in postmortem brain tissue of AD patients. MMPs and TIMPs are found in neurons, microglia, vascular endothelial cells and leukocytes. The aim of this study was to determine whether circulating levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 are elevated in the plasma of AD patients. We compared AD patients to age- and gender-matched controls as well as to Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. There was constitutive expression of gelatinase A (MMP-2), and gelatinase B (MMP-9), in all the samples as shown by zymographic analysis. Levels of MMP-9 were significantly (P=0.003) elevated in the plasma of AD patients as compared to controls. Plasma levels of MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were unchanged. There were no significant changes of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels in PD and ALS samples. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were significantly correlated with MMP-9 in the AD patients. ApoE genotyping of plasma samples showed that levels of MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and MMP-9 were not significantly different between the ApoE subgroups. These findings indicate that circulating levels of MMP-9 are increased in AD and may contribute to disease pathology.
Principles of X-ray magnetic dichroism spectromicroscopy

A review is given of the principles underlying X-ray magnetic circular (XMCD) and linear (XMLD) dichroism spectromicroscopies consisting of polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy in conjunction with scanning or imaging microscopy. The techniques are shown to have many useful and important capabilities for the study of complex magnetic materials. They oer elemental specicity, chemical specicity and variable depth sensitivity, among others. XMCD microscopy is best suited for the study of ferromagnets and ferrimagnets, and it allows a quantitative determination of the size and direction of spin and orbital moments. XMLD microscopy promises to become a powerful tool for the study of antiferromagnets which are dicult to study by conventional microscopy techniques.
Increasing MMIC Design Capacity with Design Automation

Business growth of many MMIC foundries is limited by design capacity. An MMIC design process is compared to a manufacturing process to identify opportunities to increase design capacity. The roles of design automation to reduce three types of design iterations and increase design efficiency are described.
Association Between Narcotic Use and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use Among American Adolescents

Drawing on the data gathered in the 2006 Monitoring the Future study of American youth, the present research examines associations between use of narcotics and use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) among high-school seniors (n = 2,489). With independent measures and controls including sex, race, media exposure, socializing with friends, participation in recreational and school-sponsored sports, perceptions of drug use among professional athletes, and perceptions of steroid use among close friends, binary logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between AAS use and the use of alcohol, crack cocaine, Vicodin, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Ketamine, and Rohypnol. While use of both AASs and the narcotic drugs generally did not eclipse 5% of the sample, the numbers extend to many thousands in larger populations. Implications for health practitioners and recommendations for future research are offered. The study's limitations are noted.
Archival representations of immigration and ethnicity in North American history: from the ethnicization of archives to the archivization of ethnicity

This article traces the representations of ethnicity and immigration in mainstream American and Canadian archives since the 1950s. It identifies three main periods of evolution of these ethnic archives: the era prior to the civil rights movement, the 1960–1980s and the 1990s and beyond. Relying on an understanding of archival collections as social constructions anchored in specific historical contexts, the article considers the various political, economic, social and technological factors that affected ethnic archives over time, especially as they relate to changing scholarly and popular conceptions of ethnicity in North America. It pays particular attention to the impact of historical scholarship in fields related to immigration and ethnicity and of postmodernist archival theories that challenge the traditional view of archives as evidence of the past. It suggests that the relationship between ethnic archives and their historical context is dialectical: not only are they affected by the context in which they are developed and managed, but they also have an impact on that context as they favor certain conceptions of ethnicity and types of ethnic groups at the expense of others. Both curators and users of archival materials should therefore pay closer attention to the history of the processes that went into the construction of these archives to avoid falling victims to the illusion of ethnic authenticity.
Practical applications of life-cycle considerations in sustainable development of infrastructure

Infrastructure systems are subjected to progressive and/or sudden performance deterioration throughout their service life. This deterioration may start from the day the structure enters into service and, if not effectively managed, can cause a significant reduction in the structural functionality and safety. Over the last decades, research efforts have shown that life-cycle management techniques can be successfully used to manage such deteriorating systems. In these techniques, various modules are integrated to form a comprehensive framework responsible for the assessment of the life-cycle performance, analysis of system and component performance interaction, management activities (e.g., inspections, monitoring, and maintenance) optimization, and updating the life-cycle performance based on information obtained from structural health monitoring and/or controlled testing. Nowadays, aspects regarding the evaluation of the time-variant performance are gaining increasing attention in the design, assessment, and management of infrastructure. A special consideration is given to performance measures which cover sustainability aspects. Accordingly, there exists a need for well-established methods which can quantify the metrics of sustainability and allow their integration into the life-cycle management process. The aim of this paper is to highlight the role of life-cycle management concepts and methodologies in the sustainable development of infrastructure systems. The goals and benefits of such management concepts are discussed and their recent applications to bridge structures are presented.
Opiate-like and abstinence-like effects of intracerebral histamine administration in rats.

HISTAMINE is generally thought to act as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (see, for example, ref. 1). Electrophysiological2 and biochemical3 studies have indicated that both H1- and H2-receptors are present in the brain. Functionally, histamine has been implicated in central mechanisms of thirst4 and thermoregulation5. A role for brain histamine in tolerance and physical dependence to morphine has also been suggested6,7. We describe here studies in which we microinjected histamine into various regions of the rat brain and observed analgesia and catalepsy from periaqueductal sites and effects resembling symptoms of morphine withdrawal from sites in the hippocampus.
The Tail Veins of the Philippine Carabao (Bubalus bubalis) and a Safer Method for Venipuncture

The purpose of the present study is to describe the tail veins of the Philippine carabao and to suggest a safer method for venipuncture in this animal. The investigations have been carried out in eleven Latex injected tails of 7–10 year-old carabaos of both sexes. The carabao tail is drained by the lateral and median caudal veins. The lateral caudal vein is almost as large as the median caudal vein and is not a satellite to an artery. A new venipuncture technique using the lateral caudal vein is described.
Numerical simulation of Na washout rates in whole frog skin.

In this study we have applied a multicompartment whole frog skin model to a kinetic analysis of the process of washout of radioactive sodium (Na*) from both the epidermis and the underlying corium (dermis). This work is different from earlier publications from this laboratory in which only epidermis was considered. The whole skin model is designed in accordance with presently known anatomical and physiological information on frog skin. The chief aim of this analysis of well-known kinetic laboratory data was to present numerical computer data suggesting that the slow Na* washout component (t 1/2≅15 min) seen in laboratory studies, results from the participation of cellular (glandular) structures in the corium, not those in the epidermis. In addition, computed data on [Na+] profiles in the model membrane are briefly presented. Although the [Na+] values appear intuitively reasonable, they await experimental confirmation, which requires an analytical technique with a resolution power far superior over that of conventional histochemical methods. The [Na+] gradients are, however, compatible with the known total Na+ content of skin and the overall input-output flows of Na+ across frog skin.
The members of bHLH transcription factor superfamily are required for female reproduction in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.

Abstract Proteins containing the basic Helix–Loop–Helix (bHLH) domain function as transcription factors and play important roles during the development of various metazoans including insects, nematodes and vertebrates. Insect genomes contain more than 50 bHLH transcription factors, but the function of only a few of these proteins in regulation of female reproduction is known. Using RNA interference, we have tested knock-down in the expression of genes coding for bHLH transcription factors in newly emerged adult females to determine their function in regulation of female reproduction in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Knock-down in the expression of genes coding for four bHLH transcription factors (TcSRC, TcSim1, TcAsh and TcDaughterless) caused mortality in the female beetles. In addition, knocking-down the expression of 16 bHLH genes affected oogenesis and knock-down in the expression of 13 genes affected embryogenesis. Two genes TcSide1 and TcSpineless are required for both oogenesis and embryogenesis. Thus, the data reported here showed that 31 bHLH transcription factors are required for female survival, reproduction and embryogenesis.
Hyperbaric Oxygenation: The Eye as a Limiting Factor

In dogs exposed to 100 percent oxygen at 3 atmospheres absolute pressure for more than 4 hours, a characteristic retinal lesion, manifested as the cytoid-body change, occurs. The selectivity of this injury suggests that the eye may be used as a sensitive indicator and as a site for study of oxygen toxicity. The cytoid body, an entity of disputed genesis, was produced experimentally for the first time.
T cell–dendritic cell immunological synapses

Dendritic cells (DCs) are myeloid lineage cells that are imprinted by their environment and that mature in response to microbial products. A crucial role of the DC is to impart this context-specific information to T cells as well as to present self and foreign MHC-peptide complexes through formation of an immunological synapse. The structure of the T cell-DC immunological synapse departs from the canonical structure formed with B cells or with supported planar bilayers in that it has multiple foci of T-cell receptor interactions rather than a central focus. Recent studies on model systems provide insight into the mechanisms and biological consequences of the unique T cell-DC synaptic patterns.
Low-cost diagnosis of defects in MCM substrate interconnections

Consistent with industry needs for low-cost MCM substrate test methods, we have earlier developed a single-probe technique for detecting near-opens and near-shorts in substrate interconnects. In this paper we show how a fault-dictionary can be used to accurately determine defect location, size, etc. Such information may be used to perform repair of MCM substrates.
Pathways involved in reductant distribution during photobiological H(2) production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

ABSTRACT We used global transcript analyses and mutant studies to investigate the pathways that impact H2 production in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. We found that H2 production capacity is related to the levels of expression of the nitrogenase and hydrogenase enzymes and the enzymes of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathway.
Fever following intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage.

Although it is a well-recognized sequela, the clinical course of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) with or without ICH has not been well-studied. Patients with fever following either ICH or IVH routinely undergo extensive testing only to conclude that the fever is "central" in origin. We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical course of fever following isolated IVH, ICH, or IVH associated with ICH. Records of 49 patients with ICH and/or IVH who were admitted to the Cleveland Clinical Foundation from 1987 to 1991 were studied for the onset, duration and degree of temperature following the hemorrhage. The incidence of fever was 83.3% in 6 patients with isolated IVH, 52% in 25 patients with isolated ICH, and 88.8% in 18 patients with both ICH and IVH. The highest temperature reached was 40.6°C in a patient with basal ganglia, third, and fourth ventricular hemorrhage. The fever lasted from 1 to 40 days. The fever could be attributed to infection in only 4 patients, and none of the patients with fever had proven deep vein thrombosis.
The Effects of Nonprofit Accountability Ratings on Donor Behavior

Although accountability systems are established to ensure organizational adherence to financial and ethical standards for nonprofit organizations, the reality of whether such standards make a difference to donors has not been measured. This article discusses the current landscape of accountability systems and accountability ratings and describes a model for estimating the effect of ratings systems on donor behavior within the theoretical context of information asymmetry. Hypotheses are tested with nonprofit ratings for New York charities from the Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance to estimate the effect of accountability ratings on the amount of contributions an organization receives. Results indicate that the Wise Giving Alliance “pass” ratings have a statistically significant effect on the contributions received; however, “did not pass” ratings are nonsignificant. The study is important for academics as well as practitioners who are monitoring time and money spent on accountability issues.
Pathologic Aspects of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia

e term “bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOR)” is a relatively recent term for a cinicopathologic entity that has been recognized for some time.’ The name derives from a series of cases collected in the 1970s and 1980s by Charles Carnington. These represented exasnples of idiopathic diffuse (or at least multifocal) interstitial pneumonia clinically that showed histologic features of bronchiolitis obliterans with patchy organizing pneumonia, as well as other features as discussed below. This series was collected and collated by Epler et al’ and published in the New England Journal of Medicine as “bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia.” The eponym BOOR derives from histologic presence of bronchiolitis obliterans and organizing pneumonia. BOOR is not a new lesion and similar cases have been previously reported under a number of different synonyms CFable 1).’� Some of the previous synonyms for BOOR have emphasized the presence of bronchiolitis obliterans because of its identification histologically�’� and not on the basis of clinical evidence of airflow obstruction. Lange7 is credited with the first histologic description of bronchiolitis obliterans in an autopsy study of 2 patients, 1 of whom died of an acute illness in 8 days, and the other who died after 6 months of progressive lung disease. Microscopically, polypoid granulation tissue was found in airways and the terms “bronchitis and bronchiolitis obliterans” were applied.� Subsequent to this report, bronchiolitis obliterans is mentioned as a histologic finding in a number of other studies, notably those of Winternitz’ in 1920 on war gas inhalation and the 1918 influenza pandemic,’ Blumgart and MacMahonbo in 1929, McAdams” in 1955, and Gosink ------�-----� �-�----�
Morphological and behavioral responses of a rotifer to the predator Asplanchna

Brachionus variabilis, a facultative epibiont on cladocerans, has a pronounced morphological response to Asplanchna. Adult amictic females of the Asplanchna-induced morph, compared with those of the basic or non-induced morph, had a 13% larger lorica, 150% longer posterior spines and 30–40% longer anterior spines. Similar responses occur in many other brachionid rotifers as an effective defense against Asplanchna predation, but the response of B. variabilis is surprising. The large size and epizoic habit of B. variabilis should provide good protection against this predator. Also, a smaller epizoic congener (Brachionus rubens) readily ingested by Asplanchna has no morphological response to it. Brachionus variabilis also has a pronounced behavioral response to Asplanchna. Without Asplanchna, most individuals are actively swimming, with only a small proportion of them attached to surfaces. With Asplanchna, the proportion of attached individuals is much higher. Significant attachment responses in both young and adult individuals occurred shortly ( 5 h) after exposure to live Asplanchna (three experiments) or to its kairomone (five experiments), but not to a Daphnia kairomone. The Asplanchna-enhanced propensity for attachment to surfaces, possibly including cladoceran hosts, may be an additional defense against this predator. This is the first report of a predator kairomone inducing a behavioral shift in a rotifer.
Opportunities for Improving the Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency: Current Practice Patterns

Abstract . There are between 2 and 13 million Americans with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent reports suggest that their treatment is currently suboptimal. To further investigate this issue, patterns of practice for the treatment of patients with CKD who were enrolled in a large health maintenance organization in New Mexico were analyzed. Among the >200,000 patients who were enrolled in the health maintenance organization between 1994 and 1997, a cohort of 1658 patients who exhibited at least two gender-specific, elevated creatinine concentrations (Cr), separated by at least 90 d, were identified. The proportions of patients with Cr values of
Hormonal Regulation of Type I Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptors of Leydig Cells in Hypophysectomized Rats

The effects of hCG and various pituitary hormones on type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors of purified Leydig cells of hypophysectomized rats were studied. The number of type I IGF receptors of Leydig cells obtained from hypophysectomized rats (18.0 ±1.5 fmol/106 cells) was lower than that in normal rats (54.6 ± 5.3 fmol/106 cells; P < 0.05). After a single administration of hCG (10 U, ip), specific binding of [125I]IGF-I to purified Leydig cells increased 3-fold. Scatchard analyses of the binding data suggested that increased binding was the result of an increase in receptor number, whereas binding affinity remained unaltered. Type I IGF receptor increased within 12 h and remained persistently elevated 96 h after hCG treatment. Administration of hCG (10 U, ip) daily for 5 days increased type I IGF receptor levels to 73.2 ± 8 fmol/ 106 cells (P < 0.001). FSH caused a small but significant increase in type I IGF receptors. Concomitant administration of FSH and hCG further enhanced IGF-I-binding...
Individual and organizational changes necessary for the application of creativity techniques in the development of information systems

Creativity theory has been applied to the domain of information systems development only in recent years. A wide variety of creativity techniques are available to assist in problem definition, idea generation, selection of alternatives, and implementation, all of which require large economic investments and environmental changes. These barriers include the lack of certain individual skills and abilities, and inappropriate nurturing and support by the organization. A strategy for newly adopting creativity techniques would take into account the scope and depth of their desired use and deliberate sequencing of intervention. Further research is required to assess the efficacy of such efforts. >
Coupled oscillations of deformable spherical-cap droplets. Part 1. Inviscid motions

A spherical drop is constrained by a solid support arranged as a latitudinal belt. This belt support splits the drop into two deformable spherical caps. The edges of the support are given by lower and upper latitudes yielding a ‘spherical belt’ of prescribed extent and position: a two-parameter family of constraints. This is a belt-constrained Rayleigh drop. In this paper we study the linear oscillations of the two coupled spherical-cap surfaces in the inviscid case, and the viscous case is studied in Part 2 (Bostwick & Steen, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 714, 2013, pp. 336–360), restricting to deformations symmetric about the axis of constraint symmetry. The integro-differential boundary-value problem governing the interface deformation is formulated as a functional eigenvalue problem on linear operators and reduced to a truncated set of algebraic equations using a Rayleigh–Ritz procedure on a constrained function space. This formalism allows mode shapes with different contact angles at the edges of the solid support, as observed in experiment, and readily generalizes to accommodate viscous motions (Part 2). Eigenvalues are mapped in the plane of constraints to reveal where near-multiplicities occur. The full problem is then approximated as two coupled harmonic oscillators by introducing a volume-exchange constraint. The approximation yields eigenvalue crossings and allows post-identification of mass and spring constants for the oscillators.
Microfluidic integration of porous photonic crystal nanolasers for chemical sensing

We have recently developed planar photonic crystal nanolasers based on porous cavity designs. High-quality factor cavities confine light within the pores of the photonic crystal and, thus, our lasers are ideally suited for the investigation of nanoscale interactions between light and matter. We have demonstrated the operation of photonic crystal lasers within different chemical solutions, embedded them into silicone microfluidic flow channels, and were able to detect refractive index changes as small as /spl Delta/n=0.005. We predict that our porous nanolasers can detect refractive index changes as small as /spl Delta/n=8.23/spl middot/10/sup -4/.
U.S. Economic Sanction Threats Against China: Failing to Leverage Better Human Rights

Recent literature argues that economic sanction threats should be more successful because both sender and target have an incentive to resolve their dispute before entering into costly sanction. Testing this assertion is somewhat problematic because threats are essentially nonevents—sanctions that were never deployed. This paper quantifies the U.S. threats to condition or revoke China's most favored nation status and shows that Washington's threats were not only ineffective but also counterproductive—Chinese accommodations decreased when the U.S. made acute threats but increased when Washington was cooperative. We conclude that for highly salient issues, sanction threats tend to be ineffective.
An Extensible Java Applet for Spatial Linkage Synthesis

A spatial linkage is defined by a workpiece supported by several serial chains. The task of the linkage is defined by specifying rigid positions for the workpiece that approximate a desired workspace. Spatial serial chains can be synthesized and combined to form more complicated linkages. Because there are many serial chains available for this design process, we have developed a Java-based architecture for a computer-aided-design system for spatial linkages that is organized to allow incorporation of individually defined serial chain classes prepared by users/collaborators. Using the RR and TS chains as an example, we present the general features common to dimensional synthesis methodologies, and identify the types of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation routines that are required for displaying, animating, and designing spatial linkages formed from serial chain primitives. We present the basic components of the design system as well as specifications for the serial chain analysis and synthesis classes. An example is provided to demonstrate how the system can be used to perform three position synthesis of spatial RR, TS, and RRTS linkages.
Pharmacodynamic modeling of the in vitro vasodilating effects of organic mononitrates

The in vitro dose-relaxation curves of four isomeric organic mononitrates: L-isoidide mononitrate (L-IIMN), isosorbide-2-mononitrate (IS-2-MN), isomannide mononitrate (IMMN), and isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IS-5-MN), were determined with rat aorta rings. These mononitrates relaxed vascular tissue in a concentration-dependent manner. Based upon the EC50 obtained from the Hill equation, the relative potency of L-IIMN: IS-2-MN: IMMN: IS-5-MN was 43.2:12.2:2.3:1. The Hill exponential coefficients were identical (value of about 1.5) in these four isomeric mononitrates, suggesting that they are likely to have a common mechanism of action. For all four isomers, relaxation was fairly immediate after addition of the tested compound into the tissue bath, with a 2- to 3-min-delay to reach steady-state effect. The rates of relaxation were then used to construct a pharmacodynamic model that described the time course of relaxation for these compounds. This theoretical analysis suggested that in vitro nitrate action is mediated by a catenary process, consistent with published biochemical evidence that suggests a series of reactions involving metabolic activation to nitric oxide, production of cyclic GMP, and myosin light-chain phosphorylation to produce relaxation. Via this pharmacodynamic model, the half-lives of nitric oxide and cGMP in the smooth muscle cells were estimated to be 15.2 and 23.1 sec, respectively, consistent with literature reports. Results from the present study indicated the potential use of in vitro pharmacodynamic modeling in confirming mechanism(s) of drug action obtained through biochemical or other methods.
Detection of Ada static deadlocks using Petri net invariants

A method is presented for detecting deadlocks in Ada tasking programs using structural; and dynamic analysis of Petri nets. Algorithmic translation of the Ada programs into Petri nets which preserve control-flow and message-flow properties is described. Properties of these Petri nets are discussed, and algorithms are given to analyze the nets to obtain information about static deadlocks that can occur in the original programs. Petri net invariants are used by the algorithms to reduce the time and space complexities associated with dynamic Petri net analysis (i.e. reachability graph generation). >
Effect of systemic nitric oxide synthase inhibition on postexercise hypotension in humans

An acute bout of aerobic exercise results in a reduced blood pressure that lasts several hours. Animal studies suggest this response is mediated by increased production of nitric oxide. We tested t...
Neurocircuitry underlying risk and resilience to social anxiety disorder.

Background Almost half of children with an inhibited temperament will develop social anxiety disorder by late adolescence. Importantly, this means that half of children with an inhibited temperament will not develop social anxiety disorder. Studying adults with an inhibited temperament provides a unique opportunity to identify neural signatures of both risk and resilience to social anxiety disorder. Methods Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activation during the anticipation of viewing fear faces in 34 young adults (17 inhibited, 17 uninhibited). To identify neural signatures of risk, we tested for group differences in functional activation and connectivity in regions implicated in social anxiety disorder, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula. To identify neural signatures of resilience, we tested for correlations between brain activation and both emotion regulation and social anxiety scores. Results Inhibited subjects had greater activation of a prefrontal network when anticipating viewing fear faces, relative to uninhibited subjects. No group differences were identified in the amygdala. Inhibited subjects had more negative connectivity between the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the bilateral amygdala. Within the inhibited group, those with fewer social anxiety symptoms and better emotion regulation skills had greater ACC activation and greater functional connectivity between the ACC and amygdala. Conclusions These findings suggest that engaging regulatory prefrontal regions during anticipation may be a protective factor, or putative neural marker of resilience, in high-risk individuals. Cognitive training targeting prefrontal cortex function may provide protection against anxiety, especially in high-risk individuals, such as those with inhibited temperament.
INTERNEURONS | GABAergic Interneurons of the Dentate Gyrus and Entorhinal Cortex

The dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex (EC) are the gateway to the hippocampus. These regions in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy display neuropathological changes that may contribute to seizure activity. Potentially important epileptogenic factors include inadequate inhibition of dentate granule cells and layer II cells in the medial entorhinal cortex. GABAergic interneurons in the dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex are responsible for inhibiting granule cells and layer II EC cells. What goes wrong with interneurons in epileptic tissue? Recent findings support the hypothesis that loss of interneurons reduces inhibitory synaptic input to surviving principal cells, resulting in hyperexcitability.
Homogeneous RF coil design using a GA

Optimizing the magnetic field homogeneity of single/dual tuned birdcage coils used in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy improves measurement accuracy of metabolite concentrations. This work in progress article focuses on the novel domain development of a heuristic technique using nature inspired optimization to find the best possible parameters for a birdcage coil design.
Comparative effectiveness research: what does it mean for imaging?

The US Department of Health and Human Services (1) has defined comparative effectiveness research (CER) as ‘‘the conduct and synthesis of systematic research comparing different interventions and strategies to prevent, diagnose, treat and monitor health conditions.’’ Although this is a broad definition, HHS (1) notes that the ‘‘purpose of this research is to inform patients, provider and decision-makers, responding to their expressed needs about which interventions are most effective for which patients under specific circumstances.’’ The definition and purpose set by HHS emphasizes patients and their preferences. The Radiology Alliance for Health Services Research (RAHSR) had devoted special issues of Academic Radiology to patient-centered radiology, including ways to improve communication and care delivery, emphasizing patients’ preferences (2–6). In many ways, communicating with patients represents the biggest challenge to imagers in the provision of patient-centered imaging care. Nonetheless, the American College of Radiology has initiated its Face of Radiology campaign, designed to improve the profile of radiology to its ultimate consumers, patients (7). To continue to enhance radiologists’ contribution to clinical care, we need to leverage what we do best by creating informatics infrastructure to enable the delivery of patientcentered care and to facilitate CER in the assessment the value of imaging by radiologists (8). We need to generate the evidence that informs policy decisions using evidence-based techniques broadly applied to clinical questions in imaging (9–12) as well as develop new research methods to assess patient-centered outcomes that fully reflect our contribution to clinical care (13,14). Continuing on the theme of CER in imaging, the current RAHSR issue presents four new articles. In the interest of teaching our residents, future radiology practitioners, the skills to assess CER in the literature and deliver evidence-based care, Kelly et al (15) describe their institution’s experience with a resident-run evidence-based radiology journal club. Bresnahan (16) critically evaluates the economic analysis
Effect of plastic deformation on the evolution of wear and local stress fields in fretting

Abstract During fretting, the removal of material by wear leads to an increase of contact stress in the stick zone. If elastic behavior is assumed, the boundary between stick and slip zones does not move, wear eventually ceases, and a mode-I singularity of contact pressure is predicted after infinitely many cycles. For real materials, the development of singular stresses must be limited by plastic deformation. Here we investigate the effect of plasticity on fretting wear, using a finite-element model. We find that the principal effect of plasticity is to allow the wear scar to extend continuously into the contact region. Thus, wear continues indefinitely, and extensive damage or catastrophic failure is to be anticipated, given a sufficient number of fretting cycles. In the elastic regime, the results can be cast in dimensionless terms, permitting application to any material or loading condition. Plasticity introduces an additional dimensionless parameter into the analysis, but results of considerable generality can still be obtained. In particular, the contact pressure distribution exhibits a stable maximum related to the yield strength of the material, and the maximum accumulated plastic strain increases approximately linearly with the number of loading cycles and occurs close to the instantaneous slip-stick boundary.
Inhibition of measles virus replication by 5'-nor carbocyclic adenosine analogues.

Despite intense efforts to increase vaccine coverage, measles virus (MV) still causes significant morbidity and mortality in the world, sometimes as the result of severe, chronic, lethal disease. In an effort to develop therapies to supplement immunization strategies, a number of 5′-nor carbocyclic adenosine analogues were evaluated for anti-MV activity in CV-1 monkey kidney cells. Of those compounds tested, those either unsubstituted at C4 or possessing a hydroxyl, azido or amino substituent at that position were the most active, with particularly significant inhibition of MV, strain Chicago-1. The EC50 values against this strain ranged from <0.1 to 1 mg/ml, as determined by cytopathic effect reduction assay, and confirmed by neutral red uptake. By virus yield reduction assay (+)-(1 S,2S,3R,4S)-4-(6′-amino-9'H-purin-9′- yl)cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol (2) (-)-(1R,2S,3R)-1-(6′- amino-9'H-purin-9′-yl)-2,3-dihydoxycyclopent-4- ene (3) (-)-(1R,2S,3R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9- yl)cyclopentane-2,3-dihydoxycyclopentan...
The Tyrosinase Activity of Strobilomyces Strobilaceus

The tyrosinase activity of Strobilomyces strobilaceus was studied, using p-cresol and catechol as substrates. At temperatures above 35 C and below 25 C, oxygen consumption was reduced. Activity was...
Cerebral artery stenosis paves the way for a stroke.

When atherosclerosis narrows your patient's cerebral arteries, he needs your help to manage the risks.
Precision timing calorimeter for high energy physics

Abstract Scintillator based calorimeter technology is studied with the aim to achieve particle detection with a time resolution on the order of a few 10 ps for photons and electrons at energies of a few GeV and above. We present results from a prototype of a 1.4×1.4×11.4 cm 3 sampling calorimeter cell consisting of tungsten absorber plates and Cerium-doped Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate (LYSO) crystal scintillator plates. The LYSO plates are read out with wave lengths shifting fibers which are optically coupled to fast photo detectors on both ends of the fibers. The measurements with electrons were performed at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility (FTBF) and the CERN SPS H2 test beam. In addition to the baseline setup plastic scintillation counter and a MCP-PMT were used as trigger and as a reference for a time of flight measurement (TOF). We also present measurements with a fast laser to further characterize the response of the prototype and the photo sensors. All data were recorded using a DRS4 fast sampling digitizer. These measurements are part of an R&D program whose aim is to demonstrate the feasibility of building a large scale electromagnetic calorimeter with a time resolution on the order of 10 ps, to be used in high energy physics experiments.
91 GATIFLOXACIN PRODUCES BOTH HYPOGLYCEMIA AND HYPERGLYCEMIA: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY.

Fluoroquinolones are now the most commonly prescribed antibiotic among adults in the United States. Recent studies have shown a propensity for one of these drugs, gatifloxicin, to produce hypoglycemia. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company ceased marketing this drug on May 1, 2006. To examine further the effects of gatifloxicin (G) on blood glucose (BS) in inpatients, we conducted a retrospective chart review on 264 subjects, examining for both hypo- and hyperglycemia, comparing G with another quinolone, ciproflaxin (C), and a nonquinolone, ceftriaxone (R). We found that of 292 patient encounters, 28 hypoglycemic and 48 hyperglycemic events were identified. After adjustment for three confounding variables, we found that patients given G were five times as likely to become hypoglycemic as C (p
Is 'diaphragmatic' attenuation a misnomer?. Evaluation of the anatomic cause of 'diaphragmatic' attenuation in SPECT thallium scanning.

The most common artifact on thallium scans in our laboratory has been posterior myocardial attenuation, mostly in males. In the past this has been thought due to the position of the diaphragm. Methods: To evaluate this concept, matching chest x-rays were examined and measured. Eleven examples of posterior myocardial attenuation were consecutively pulled from our files and compared to eleven consecutive controls. Results: It was found that the diaphragm did not differ significantly. The ratio of the PA diameter of the chest to chest width was significantly (p < 0.03) less than controls. Conclusions: It is suggested that a male with a flat, wide chest is more prone to posterior myocardial attenuation. If a posterior defect is present in this type of patient it is suggested he be further evaluated to rule out artifact.
Electrophysiological Properties of the Uterine Smooth Muscle

Until recently, almost all knowledge of the electrophysiological properties of the myometrium was based on descriptive observations of some natural phenomena, or modifications of such phenomena by changes in the ionic environment or by hormonal and pharmacological agents. Although much has been learned about the resting potential and the action potential, the information derived from such approaches has to be limited because of the nature of the methods. Since the first edition of this book, other methods have been developed or successfully adapted for use on mammalian smooth muscles that permit a deeper analytical probing of some fundamental electrophysiological properties of smooth muscles. The newer methods include application of massive extrapolar currents for analysis of passive electrical properties of smooth muscles (Abe and Tomita, 1968) and use of a double sucrose–gap method for current–clamp and voltage–clamp studies (Anderson, 1969). Serious technical difficulties still persist in studying smooth muscles in general, and, in some areas, are compounded by the application of these newer methods. Nevertheless, the progress in recent years has been substantial and encouraging.
Nominal classification in Asheninka Perene (Arawak)

The study describes nominal classification in Asheninka Perene, of the Kampan subgrouping of Arawak and presents preliminary results from fieldwork data collected in Asheninka communities of southeastern Peru. The results show that Asheninka Perene has three systems of nominal classification, (i) class and measure terms, (ii) noun and verbal classifiers, and (iii) a gender-based classification system. Noun classifiers categorize nouns in terms of their shape, dimensionality, and consistency; the categorization of verbal classifiers is based on the semantic parameters of shape, dimensionality, arrangement, and amount.
Lectures on Bridgeland Stability

In these lecture notes we give an introduction to Bridgeland stability conditions on smooth complex projective varieties with a particular focus on the case of surfaces. This includes basic definitions of stability conditions on derived categories, basics on moduli spaces of stable objects and variation of stability. These notes originated from lecture series by the first author at the summer school Recent advances in algebraic and arithmetic geometry, Siena, Italy, August 24–28, 2015 and at the school Moduli of Curves, CIMAT, Guanajuato, Mexico, February 22–March 4, 2016.