cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo articular contact pattern of a total wrist arthroplasty design.

Abstract Total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) designs suffer from relatively high complication rates when compared to other arthroplasties. Understanding the contact pattern of hip and knee replacement has improved their design and function; however, the in vivo contact pattern of TWA has not yet been examined and is thus the aim of this study. We hypothesized that the center of contact (CoC) is located at the geometric centers of the carpal component and radial component in the neutral posture and that the CoC moves along the principal arcs of curvature throughout primary anatomical motions. Wrist motion and implant kinematics of six patients with the Freedom® total wrist implant were studied during various tasks using biplanar videoradiography. The location of the CoC of the components was investigated by calculating distance fields between the articular surfaces. We found the CoC at the neutral posture was not at the geometric centers but was located 3.5 mm radially on the carpal component and 1.2 mm ulnarly on the radial component. From extension to flexion, the CoC moved 10.8 mm from dorsal to volar side on the carpal component (p
A Nonpremixed Annular Jet Vortex Chamber Reactor for Methane Pyrolysis under Oxygen-Enriched Conditions

A novel high-swirl reactor ANJEVOC-CP (annular jet vortex chamber for combustion pyrolysis) was designed for producing high-value chemicals such as alkynes and olefins from natural gas. In such a s...
Effect of Monoclonal Antibody Treatment on Clinical Outcomes in Ambulatory Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019

We compared rates of emergency department visits or hospitalizations among ambulatory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients treated with monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy (n = 305) vs untreated patients (n = 6354). Treatment was associated with decreased encounters within 30 days (adjusted odds ratio, 0.23 [95% confidence interval, .15-.36]). Our findings support treatment of acute COVID-19 with mAbs.
Unexpected, Yet True, Value Maximization Is a Rational Behavioral, as Opposed to Rational Expectations Valuation Rubric

This study provides formal theoretical evidence that value maximization is a rational behavioral, as opposed to rational expectations valuation rubric. Rational behavioral character of the value maximization rubric is evident in the axiomatic finding that, absent arrival of any unanticipated perturbations to pre-existing equilibriums, the value maximization rubric is significantly more likely to generate price drifts that are negative. In absence of any unanticipated perturbations then, investments in stock markets have character of preferences over lotteries. On the contrary, stock valuations that are arrived at in context of Pareto optimality of firms' investment allocations (`Pareto optimality') are shown to conform with rational expectations equilibriums. Under assumption of non-arrival of any unanticipated perturbations to pre-existing equilibriums, stock valuations arrived at in context of Pareto optimality always generate positive price drift. Totality of study findings provide evidence that stock markets function less as preferences over lotteries if parameterization of stock prices is transitioned from the value maximization rubric to the Pareto optimality rubric. In this respect, it is noteworthy that the workhorse Gordon Growth Model can produce stock valuations that are adapted to either of the Pareto optimality, or value maximization rubrics. It is normative then that there exists demand for an addendum to the Gordon Growth model, an addendum, which mitigates arrival at stock valuations that conform with rational behavioral, as opposed rational expectations equilibriums.
Effects of Some Variables in Specimen Selection and Procedures on the Results of Shear Tests

Studies of the effect of variations in test method and specimen orientation and location on the results of shear tests of aluminum alloys have shown that, in double-shear tests, (a) specimen size and lubrication-even thatfrom the human skin-affect shear strength values by 3 to 4 percent, and (b) shear strength varies with location of shear plane through the thickness of aluminum alloy products. In blanking-shear tests, clearance between punch and dies up to 12 percent of the sheet thickness has no significant effect on test values.
Groups, group cognition and groupware

More than we realize it, knowledge is often constructed through interactions among people in small groups. The Internet, by allowing people to communicate globally in limitless combinations, has opened enormous opportunities for the creation of knowledge and understanding. A major barrier today is the poverty of adequate groupware. To design more powerful software that can facilitate the building of collaborative knowledge, we need to better understand the nature of group cognition—the processes whereby ideas are developed by small groups. We need to analyze interaction at both the individual and the group unit of analysis in order to understand the variety of processes that groupware should be supporting. This paper will look closely at an empirical example of knowledge being constructed by a small group and suggest implications for groupware design.
Towards the Parallel Execution of Rules in Production System Programs

CUCS-154-85 To Improve the performance of forward chaining production systems, a new parallel execution model IS proposed, which fires multiple rules simultaneously on muit:ple proceS50r systems Two problems are discussed on the mod>:>l, and efficIent algont.hms to solv-: these problems are proposed The synchronizatIOn analYsIs algonthm determInes the necessity of synchronizatIOn between rule fmngs, and the decompositIOn algonthm determines a mapping of rules on multIple processor systems. Evaluation results on an eXIsting production system show that 3. speed-up of 7.J IS obta:ned by introducing the parall-:l [inng mechanism i Tbis res~u~b ba.s been supported by tbe Der~nse Adv~nced Reseucb P:ojects Agency tbro11gb cODtcJo ..... ledbe their su;>;>or... " .:;~isitin~ rrof!llbe Yokosuka Electric&l Communic&tion L .. boatory, !'lippon Telegrapb .. nd Telepbone Public COl1'or&tion. l-_u~e. TaLe, 'to\cosub .• Ja.pan.
Nursing Home Resident and Facility Characteristics Associated with Pneumococcal Vaccination: National Nursing Home Survey, 1995–1999

Objectives: To assess Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices recommendations for the pneumococcal vaccine in nursing home residents using national surveys to examine factors associated with vaccination. Design: Cross-sectional national sample surveys of nursing homes and nursing home residents with a two-stage probability design, stratified on size and Medicare and Medicaid certification status. Setting: U.S. nursing homes during 1995, 1997, and 1999. Participants: Six current residents were randomly selected from each facility (n=approximately 8,000 each year). Measurements: Residents' pneumococcal vaccination status was obtained by asking the facility respondent for each resident: “Has [the resident] EVER had a pneumococcal vaccine, that is a pneumonia vaccination?” Vaccination status was coded as yes, no, and unknown. Results: The proportion of residents aged 65 and older that received pneumococcal vaccination increased significantly, from 23.6% in 1995 to 28.2% in 1997 to 37.4% in 1999 (P<.001). The proportion of residents in homes with pneumococcal immunization programs increased significantly, from 65.2% in 1995 to 88.9% in 1999. Conclusion: The proportion of nursing home residents aged 65 and older receiving the pneumococcal vaccine increased significantly from 1995 to 1999. Residents living in nursing homes with programs for pneumococcal immunizations were significantly more likely to be vaccinated.
Physicians Use of Inclusive Sexual Orientation Language During Teenage Annual Visits

Abstract Purpose: Physicians are encouraged to use inclusive language regarding sexuality in order to help all adolescent patients feel accepted. Non-inclusive language by physicians may influence relationships with adolescent patients, especially those with still-developing sexual identities. The aim of this study was to identify patterns of physicians' use of inclusive and non-inclusive language when discussing sexuality. Method: A total of 393 conversations between 393 adolescents and 49 physicians from 11 clinics located throughout the Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, area were audio recorded. Conversations were coded for the use of inclusive talk (language use that avoids the use of specific gender, sex, or sexual orientation language), direct non-inclusive talk (language use that assumes the teenager is heterosexual or exclusively engages in heterosexual sexual activity), and indirect non-inclusive talk (language use that frames talk heterosexually but does not pre-identify the adolescent as heterose...
Comparison of Biological (Natural) Materials and Engineering Materials Properties

A comparison of materials properties for natural (biological) materials and engineering materials is accomplished by reproducing Ashby plots or diagrams: Young’s modulus versus density, toughness, fracture toughness, and strength, along with specific modulus (or stiffness) and specific strength.
The Physics of White Dwarf Pulsations

We are in the midst of a revolution in our understanding of white dwarf stars. This is due, in large measure, to the developing field of asteroseismology: the analysis of stellar interiors through the study of their pulsations. My purpose here is to summarize our current knowledge of white dwarf pulsations, flagging the most promising new directions for future work.
Authoring Effective Embedded Tutors: An Overview of the Extensible Problem Specific Tutor (xPST) System

The Extensible Problem Specific Tutor (xPST) allows authors who are not cognitive scientists and not programmers to quickly create an intelligent tutoring system that provides instruction akin to a model-tracing tutor. Furthermore, this instruction is overlaid on existing software, so that the learner’s interface does not have to be made from scratch. The xPST architecture allows for extending its capabilities by the addition of plug-ins that communicate with additional third-party software. After reviewing this general architecture, we describe three major implementations that we have created using the xPST system, each using different third-party software as the learner’s interface. We have conducted three evaluations of authors using xPST to create tutoring content, and these are considered in turn. These evaluations show that xPST authors can quickly learn the system, and can efficiently produce successful embedded instruction.
Comparing the Relative Potential of Rodents as Reservoirs of the Lyme Disease Spirochete (Borrelia Burgdorferi)

The authors compared the contribution of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), chipmunks (Tamias striatus), and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to infection of vector ticks with the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgddorferi. At one Massachusetts location where Lyme disease is endemic, all three species of rodents were found to be infected. Prevalence of infection, however, varied from 90% for mice, and 75% for chipmunks to just 5.5% for meadow voles. Infectivity of these hosts for larval Ixodes dammini also varied, but mice were found to be the most infective, followed by chipmunks and meadow voles. Density estimates of these three hosts, collected between 1981 and 1986 in three coastal Massachusetts locations, revealed that mice were more abundant than the other two rodents in areas in which ticks were abundant. In addition, mice were infested more abundantly with larval I. dammini than the other two host species. Integrating these results, we determined each species' "reservoir potential," a novel term which describes the relative contribution made by a host species to the horizontal infection of a vector population. The authors' findings demonstrate that, at least in coastal Massachusetts, P. leucopus is the most important small mammal reservoir for B. burgdorferi.
Nitrification and denitrification: Probing the nitrogen cycle in aquatic environments

Methods designed to detect microorganisms involved in the biogeochemistry of nitrogen in the marine environment are rapidly being developed and deployed in ecological investigations. Probes based on phylogenetic sequences (usually rRNA) and those based on the sequences of functional genes or proteins have both been demonstrated in the nitrogen cycle. The most progress has been made for ammonia oxidizers; several sets of PCR primers have been described and their specificity may be optimized to allow detection of genetically and ecologically meaningful groups. For denitrifying bacteria, functional probes based on nitrite reductase show most promise. These approaches should complement the more familiar, but no less sophisticated, methods that focus on quantification of in situ transformation rates. Both approaches in combination will be useful in understanding regulation and environmental control of biogeochemical processes.
Toxicity studies with ethyl maltol.

Abstract Ethyl maltol, a new flavor-enhancing agent, was evaluated for biological safety by acute, subacute, and chronic administration and compared with its homolog, maltol, a naturally occurring food constituent. In single-dose, oral studies ethyl maltol was slightly more toxic to laboratory animals than maltol; however, in subacute, 90-day studies this situation was reversed. In rats, maltol at 1000 mg/kg/day inhibited normal growth and produced kidney damage. Ethyl maltol at the same dose caused no gross effects, but the same type of kidney lesions at a lower incidence was observed microscopically. Maltol caused debilitation and death in dogs at 500 mg/kg/day, with accompanying signs of acute hemolysis and altered hepatorenal function. Ethyl maltol at the same dose produced transitory signs of a mild hemolytic anemia. This chemical was well tolerated for two years by rats and dogs. No adverse toxic, reproductive or embryogenic effects at doses up to and including 200 mg/kg/day were observed. Thus, ethyl maltol appears to have a wide margin of safety and, by repeated administration, is less toxic than its homolog maltol.
Evaluation of Seeding Rates of AU Triumph and Endophyte-Infected Kentucky 31 Tall Fescue

Increased difficulty in stand establishment of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) has been reported by producers since the introduction of endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams)-free tall fescue seed into the market place. This has encouraged the use of higher seeding rates for endophyte-free tall fescue without scientific basis. The objective of this study was to determine whether ‘AU Triumph’, and endophyte-free cultivar, and endophyte-infected ‘Kentucky 31’ differ in minimum seeding rates for successful establishment. Experiments were established at two locations in each of two years, using a randomized complete block with four replications. Soils at the two locations were Cahaba fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludult) and Sumter clay (fine-silty, carbonatic, thermic Rendollic Eutrochreps). For a period of 17–19 mo after planting, dry matter yields were determined whenever forage reached approximately 6 in. in height. Each location × year combination was analyzed independently. Linear and quadratic effects of seeding rate were tested at each harvest date, and single degree of freedom comparisons were made for cultivar effects and their interactions with the linear and quadratic effects. At harvest dates when significant linear or quadratic effects were detected for seeding rate, response curves were fitted. In some juvenile stands (first or second post planting harvests), dry matter yields increased with increasing seeding rates, or increased with increasing seeding rates to approximately 20 lb seed/acre and then leveled off. Seeding rates did not affect tall fescue yields at later harvests. Lack of cultivar interactions with seeding rate indicates there is no basis for recommending higher seeding rates of AU Triumph than for endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 under these conditions.
Structural Change in the USA and Japan: an Extended Input–Output Analysis

This paper examines structural change in the Japanese and US economies over the period 1958–1986. Integrating the Leontief and Ghoshian input–output systems we define inner and final structure matrices, then interpret these structures in terms of input–output multipliers. Various multipliers are calculated and compared for the USA and Japan. We then discuss several measures of total connectedness for the two economies. All these measures show a marked shift away from manufacturing and toward services in both countries. Both countries experienced decreases in the ratio of total intermediate inputs to total industry output. In general, the results confirm other studies showing a greater increase in vertical integration in the Japanese economy compared with the USA. The increasing importance and connectedness of the government sector in Japan is also apparent.
A Synthesis of Two Novel Benzo[f]ninhydrin Analogs: 6-Methoxybenzo[f]ninhydrin and Thieno[f]ninhydrin

Abstract Improved methodology for the synthesis of benzo[f]ninhydrin (1) is described. The generality of this approach is illustrated with the synthesis of two novel analogs, 6-methoxybenzo[f]ninhydrin (3) and thieno[f]ninhydrin (4).
FGF-4 and BMP-2 have opposite effects on limb growth

Limb development is dependent on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. The apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a specialized epithelium at the limb tip, stimulates proliferation of underlying mesenchyme, causing directed limb outgrowth (for review see ref. 2). Several genes are expressed in the mouse AER, including Fgf-4 (fibroblast growth factor-4) and Bmp-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2), both of which encode secreted signalling molecules. Using a culture system developed to explore the function of molecules produced by the AER, we have shown that FGF-4 protein stimulates proliferation of mesenchyme in the early mouse limb-bud. This suggests that FGF-4 serves that major function of the AER. In contrast, BMP-2 inhibits limb growth, suggesting that as a result the AER may serve a hitherto unrecognized inhibitory function. Furthermore, the extent of limb outgrowth can be modulated by mixing the two signalling molecules, suggesting that limb growth is regulated by a combination of stimulatory and inhibitory signals from the AER.
State Merit Amicus Participation and Federalism Outcomes in the U.S. Supreme Court

Research suggests that merit amicus curiae participation correlates with Supreme Court decision making and that states make frequent and effective use of this tool. To date, however, no study has adequately examined the relationship between state amicus participation and the federalism values reflected in the Court's decisions. This article dev"Lelops and finds evidence for the assertion that, when they cooperate in the amicus process, state participation is associated with an increase in the likelihood of rulings favoring state rather than national government power.
Reducing blood culture contamination rates: A systematic approach to improving quality of care

Contaminated blood cultures can have a deleterious effect on patient care; they may lead to longer hospital stays, unnecessary antibiotic therapy, needless removal of central lines, and redundant laboratory testing. A multidisciplinary quality improvement team from a western US health care system used an evidence-based process to define a system for obtaining blood culture specimens that subsequently decreased contamination rates from 3.7% to 1.7% with an estimated savings close to 2 million dollars in 2 years.
The bacterial quality of bottled vater

Abstract The bacterial quality of a total of 204 water samples representing 22 brands of bottled waters (both domestic and imported) obtained from retail outlets in the Cincinnati, Ohio, area was examined using the heterotrophic plate count and the total coliform multiple‐tube fermentation and membrane filtration techniques. It was found after 48 hr at 35°C that 27 percent of the samples of domestic bottled waters examined had bacterial heterotrophic plate counts in excess of 500 colony‐forming units (CFU) per ml, with the majority of these in the 1000 to 100,000 range, whereas 73 percent contained fewer than 500 bacteria as CFU per ml. All of the three imported brands had bacterial levels below 500 CFU per ml. Extended incubation of bacterial plates at room temperature for seven days resulted in a 17.3 percent increase in bacterial counts in excess of 500 CFU per ml, with the greatest predominance of recovery occurring in the 1000 to 100,000 range. No total coliforms were detected in any bottled vater ex...
A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of urinary estrone, estradiol-17β, estriol, and pregnanediol throughout pregnancy

Abstract A rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method is presented for the determination of urinary estrone (E1), estradiol-17β (E2), estriol (E3), and pregnanediol (P2) in pregnancy urine. The assay involves enzymatic hydrolysis, ion-exchange chromstography, and final quantitation of the steroids as heptafluorobutyric anhydride derivatives in a gas Chromatograph. Twenty to 30 samples may be prepared for gas-liquid chromatography in one working day. For six samples, the results including gas-liquid chromatography and calculation can be obtained eight hours after receiving the urine specimens thus competing in speed with radioimmunoassays. The method is sensitive enough to allow urines from less than six weeks after the last menstrual period to be quantitated.
Group provision of step goods

Many social goods can be provided only in discrete steps rather than over a wide range or continuum of levels. The problems which groups face in voluntarily providing such goods are in some respects peculiarly different from those faced in providing continuous goods. When provision of step goods is analyzed as a binary choice game, it is a prisoner's dilemma. For small ratios of benefits to costs, there is a Condorcet choice solution in which all contribute; for high ratios ironically there is no Condorcet choice. When the game is expanded to allow a wide range of levels of individual contribution, it ceases to be prisoner's dilemma, although noncontribution may still be the individualistically rational strategy. The analysis applies to any group whose members, persons, organizations, nations, any mixture of these, etc., have a common interest in a step good and can calculate benefits and costs of provision of the good.
Epidemiologic data on alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of cancer

Recent epidemiologic data confirm the results of earlier studies in supporting that alcoholic beverage consumption is a cause of cancer of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver. The effect of a specified level of alcohol intake on absolute risk of cancers of the head, neck, and esophagus depends on the presence of other risk factors, especially smoking. Whether alcoholic beverage consumption is a cause of cancer of the breast or large bowel is unclear. Alcohol intake appears not to increase risk of cancer of the lung, bladder, prostate, stomach, ovary, endometrium, or of melanoma. Indirect epidemiologic evidence suggests that alcohol may be a weak causal factor for pancreatic cancer. Although heavy alcohol consumption increases risk of cancer of the head, neck, esophagus, and liver, whether moderate alcohol consumption increases risk at these sites is unclear.
3D global and regional patterns of human fetal subplate growth determined in utero

The waiting period of subplate evolution is a critical phase for the proper formation of neural connections in the brain. During this time, which corresponds to 15 to 24 postconceptual weeks (PCW) in the human fetus, thalamocortical and cortico-cortical afferents wait in and are in part guided by molecules embedded in the extracellular matrix of the subplate. Recent advances in fetal MRI techniques now allow us to study the developing brain anatomy in 3D from in utero imaging. We describe a reliable segmentation protocol to delineate the boundaries of the subplate from T2-W MRI. The reliability of the protocol was evaluated in terms of intra-rater reproducibility on a subset of the subjects. We also present the first 3D quantitative analyses of temporal changes in subplate volume, thickness, and contrast from 18 to 24 PCW. Our analysis shows that firstly, global subplate volume increases in proportion with the supratentorial volume; the subplate remained approximately one-third of supratentorial volume. Secondly, we found both global and regional growth in subplate thickness and a linear increase in the median and maximum subplate thickness through the waiting period. Furthermore, we found that posterior regions—specifically the occipital pole, ventral occipito-temporal region, and planum temporale—of the developing brain underwent the most statistically significant increases in subplate thickness. During this period, the thickest region was the developing somatosensory/motor cortex. The subplate growth patterns reported here may be used as a baseline for comparison to abnormal fetal brain development.
Response to ovarian stimulation in patients facing gonadotoxic therapy

Abstract Chemotherapy naive patients undergoing embryo/oocyte banking for fertility preservation (FP) were assessed for response to ovarian stimulation. Fifty FP patients facing gonadotoxic therapy were matched by age, race, cycle number, date of stimulation and fertilization method to patients undergoing IVF for infertility or oocyte donation. There were no differences in baseline FSH, anti-Mullerian hormone, antral follicle count and total gonadotrophin dose. FP patients had more immature oocytes (2.2 versus 1.1; P =0.03) and lower fertilization rates per oocyte retrieved (52% versus 70%; P =0.002). There were no differences in numbers of oocytes retrieved, mature oocytes or fertilized embryos. Subgroup analysis revealed that FP patients taking letrozole required higher gonadotrophin doses (3077IU versus 2259IU; P =0.0477) and had more immature oocytes (3.4 versus 1.2; P =0.03) than matched controls. There were no differences in gonadotrophin dose or oocyte immaturity among FP patients not taking letrozole. Overall, chemotherapy naive FP patients had similar ovarian reserve, response to stimulation and oocyte and embryo yield compared to controls. Patients who received letrozole required higher gonadotrophin doses and produced more immature oocytes, suggesting that response to ovarian stimulation may be impaired in patients with hormone-sensitive cancers receiving letrozole. With improvement in cancer survival rates, there has been a shift in attention toward management of long-term consequences of cancer therapy, including infertility. Many young women with cancer, particularly those who will be treated with chemotherapy, pursue fertility preservation (FP) strategies for the purpose of banking oocytes or embryos for future use. We examined patients with no prior exposure to chemotherapy who underwent IVF to freeze embryos or oocytes for FP. Fifty FP patients were identified and matched to healthy controls by age, race, cycle number, date of stimulation and fertilization method. There were no differences in baseline measures of ovarian reserve or amount of medication needed to stimulate the ovaries. FP patients had more immature oocytes and lower fertilization rates than controls. There were no differences in number of oocytes retrieved, number of mature oocytes, rate of maturity or number of fertilized embryos. Subgroup analysis revealed that FP patients taking letrozole required higher gonadotrophin doses and had more immature oocytes compared with matched controls. There were no differences in gonadotrophin dose or oocyte immaturity among FP patients not taking letrozole. We demonstrated that FP patients not previously exposed to chemotherapy have similar ovarian reserve, response to stimulation and oocyte and embryo yield compared with infertile and donor controls. Patients who received letrozole required higher gonadotrophin doses and produced more immature oocytes, suggesting that response to ovarian stimulation may be impaired in patients with hormone-sensitive cancers receiving letrozole.
Optimal Control of a Nonlinear Magnetic Bearing System Using the Trigonometric Collocation Method

Magnetic bearings are non-contacting, with the rotor being suspended between electromagnets, and therefore they can eliminate the need for lube oil and reduce machinery wear. The magnetic bearing is naturally unstable, and very nonlinear. This paper proposes a method designed to suppress the motion of a nonlinear magnetic bearing system rotor due to base excitation. The method combines PD feedback with feedforward optimal control, where a measured base motion is used to select a control signal designed to suppress the rotor response. The signal is generated from a combination of subharmonic frequencies and optimized coefficients stored in a lookup table. The trigonometric collocation method (TCM) is used to generate solutions for the four degree-of-freedom system made up of a shaft suspended at each end by a magnetic bearing. The TCM method uses a trigonometric series to simulate the multiharmonic behavior of each degree-of-freedom of strongly nonlinear systems. The method is easy to use and its advantage over numerical methods is that it demands less computation, particularly with higher numbers of degrees-of-freedom.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
On the stability of integral manifolds of functional differential equations

In a previous paper [6], the author established (under appropriate assumptions) the asymptotic orbital stability of an isolated periodic solution (limit cycle) of an autonomous functional differential equation (FDE, henceforth). In the present work, this result (stated in Section 2) is extended to a (k + 1)-parameter family (integral manifold) of periodic solutions of an autonomous FDE. The method of approach is similar to that used previously: First, an asymptotically stable cross-section of the flow in the neighborhood of the manifold is obtained by solving a nonlinear integral equation (Section 3); second, this cross-section is shown to be transverse to the flow in some neighborhood of the manifold (Section 4). This last proof uses the standard implicit function theorem in Banach spaces. To apply such a theorem requires a certain amount of information regarding the differentiability of solutions of an FDE with respect to initial conditions and parameters. These results are presented in Section 1, and are the expected extensions of the corresponding theorems in ordinary differential equations. In a subsequent paper Ref. [8], the author has investigated the stability of such an integral manifold under various classes of perturbations. This completes the extension to functional differential equations of the results obtained in Ref. [3] for ordinary differential equations.
Adaptive flux weakening control of switched reluctance machines in rotating reference frame

An adaptive flux weakening method for wide speed range operation of switched reluctance motors (SRM) is proposed in this paper. This method is based on SRM control in the dq rotating reference frame. This dq control of SRM mimics the control of synchronous machines (SM) by looking at the torque per phase as the product of sinusoidal inductance related term and current related terms. Hence, flux weakening can be applied using the dq control method to SRM for providing flux weakening. The proposed adaptive control method uses the commanded and actual currents to adaptively determine the required amount of flux weakening. Through the unique features of dq controls, the proposed method increases the average torque production supporting a wide speed range of operation for SRMs. The proposed control method is verified through simulations and hardware experiments.
Multisolver Domain Decomposition Method for Modeling EMC Effects of Multiple Antennas on a Large Air Platform

We proposed herein a multisolver domain decomposition method (MS-DDM), and applied it to compute the isolations among multiple antennas mounted on a large air platform at X -band frequency. The fundamental strategy of the proposed MS-DDM is to decompose the entire computational domain into many subregions based on the local material properties and geometrical features. Subsequently, we employ the most suitable computational electromagnetic (CEM) technique for each of the subregions. Moreover, the coupling between well-separated subregions is implemented through Stratton-Chu representation formulas. However, for the touching interfaces between neighboring subregions, a Robin transmission condition is introduced to mitigate the troublesome self-integral terms with weak singular kernels. The proposed MS-DDM is, therefore, well suited for modeling multiple antennas conformally mounted on a large platform, where touching subregions are usually unavoidable. Furthermore, by using the proposed MS-DDM framework, multiple existing CEM solvers have been successfully integrated with few minor modifications.
A Comparison of ATV‐Related Behaviors, Exposures, and Injuries Between Farm Youth and Nonfarm Youth

CONTEXT: All terrain vehicles (ATVs) are a popular form of transportation and recreation for youth. ATVs are also convenient for farm-related activities. However, the impact of the farming environment on ATV-related injuries is not clear. PURPOSE: To determine differences in ATV-related behaviors, exposures, risk factors, and injuries between farm youth and their nonfarm peers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used. A survey was administered to 652 youths in agricultural education programs throughout the state of Arkansas. RESULTS: A majority (60%) of students have operated ATVs within the past month. Cross tabulations found that farm youth who rode ATVs were more likely to be white and male, to own a 3-wheel ATV, and to ride more often with a single rider. Risk factors for sustaining an ATV-related injury were frequency of use and the number of persons on the ATV. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest that ATV use among farm youth does differ from their nonfarm peers. ATV use among all youth is a safety concern in Arkansas because of the behaviors and exposures that the youth cited.
The new Europe: an overview

The forces shaping the “new Europe” are many and varied. The changes will test food manufacturers to the limits. If appropriate strategies are to be developed, a clear understanding is needed of the forces driving change and their likely effects. Outlines the forces driving change, including: the prospect of further EU enlargement; the liberalization of trade in central and eastern Europe; the GATT and CAP agreements. Suggests ways in which manufacturers need to adjust to the changes and the issues they need to be aware of.
Computer simulations of protein folding: Classical trajectories by optimization of action

Abstract The vast range of time scales (from nanoseconds to seconds) during protein folding is a challenge for experiments and computations. To make concrete predictions of folding mechanisms, atomically detailed simulations of protein folding using potentials derived from chemical physics principles, are desired. However, due to their computational complexity, straightforward molecular dynamics simulations of protein folding are impossible using today's technology. An alternative algorithm for atomically detailed simulations is discussed that makes it possible to compute approximate atomically detailed long time trajectories (SDEL—the Stochastic Difference Equation in Length). This algorithm is used to compute folding trajectories of a helical peptide, protein A, and the protein cytochrome c. A brief account of the methodology, the results, and comparison to experiments are provided.
Acoustical pre-processing for robust speech recognition

In this paper we describe our initial efforts to make SPHINX, the CMU continuous speech recognition system, environmentally robust. Our work has two major goals: to enable SPHINX to adapt to changes in microphone and acoustical environment, and to improve the performance of SPHINX when it is trained and tested using a desk-top microphone. This talk will describe some of our work in acoustical pre-processing techniques, specifically spectral normalization and spectral subtraction performed using an efficient pair of algorithms that operate primarily in the cepstral domain. The effects of these signal processing algorithms on the recognition accuracy of the Sphinx speech recognition system was compared using speech simultaneously recorded from two types of microphones: the standard close-talking Sennheiser HMD224 microphone and the desk-top Crown PZM6fs microphone. A naturally-elicited alphanumeric speech database was used. In initial results using the stereo alphanumeric database, we found that both the spectral subtraction and spectral normalization algorithms were able to provide very substantial improvements in recognition accuracy when the system was trained on the close-talking microphone and tested on the desk-top microphone, or vice versa. Improving the recognition accuracy of the system when trained and tested on the desk-top microphone remains a difficult problem requiring more sophisticated noise suppression techniques.
Same Constructs, Different Results: Examining the Consistency of Two Behavior-Rating Scales with Referred Preschoolers.

Broad-band or multidimensional behavior-rating scales are common tools for evaluating children. Two popular behavior-rating scales, the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2004) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000), have undergone downward extensions so that the preschool versions are available for children as young as 18 months. Limited research, however, has been conducted on the preschool versions of the BASC-2 and CBCL. This study examined the consistency of results from the two preschool versions when completed by parents of clinically referred preschoolers. Comparisons of similarly named scales found significant correlations. Mean scores for several of the constructs were significantly different, however, and often resulted in inconsistent classification decisions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral and structural changes following x-irradiation of the forebrain in the rat.

Discussion and ConclusionThe results of the present experiments, clearly indicate a retardation in the acquisition of an alternating pattern of immediate and delayed reward. This became evident after the 15th day of the trials in both the 2,500 and 5,000 rad groups (Fig. 1 and 2). This learning deficit is ascribed to the effects of ionizing radiation directed to the forebrain and not due to abscopal effects or motivational factors which affect performance. All animals ran equally well on the immediately rewarded trials. There were no significant differences in the learning curves of the 2,500 and 5,000 rad groups which was not surprising since light microscope examination of the nervous tissue revealed, in general, only minor neuropathological differences in the reaction of the neuronal, glial and blood vascular structures to the 2,5′00 and 5,000 rad doses.Nearly all areas of the forebrain were irradiated. The beam included the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia and all of the cerebral cor...
Checkpointing with mutable checkpoints

There are two approaches to reduce the overhead associated with coordinated checkpointing: first is to minimize the number of synchronization messages and the number of checkpoints; the other is to make the checkpointing process non-blocking. In our previous work (IEEE Parallel Distributed Systems 9 (12) (1998) 1213), we proved that there does not exist a nonblocking algorithm which forces only a minimum number of processes to take their checkpoints. In this paper, we present a min-process algorithm which relaxes the non-blocking condition while tries to minimize the blocking time, and a non-blocking algorithm which relaxes the min-process condition while minimizing the number of checkpoints saved on the stable storage. The proposed non-blocking algorithm is based on the concept of "mutable checkpoint", which is neither a tentative checkpoint nor a permanent checkpoint. Based on mutable checkpoints, our nonblocking algorithm avoids the avalanche effect and forces only a minimum number of processes to take their checkpoints on the stable storage.
Role of nanoscale AlN and InN for the microwave characteristics of AlGaN/(Al,In)N/GaN-based HEMT

A new AlGaN/GaNbased high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is proposed and its micro� wave characteristics are discussed by introducing a nanoscale AlN or InN layer to study the potential improvement in their high frequency performance. The 2DEG transport mechanism including various sub� band calculations for both (Al,In) Nbased HEMTs are also discussed in the paper. Apart from direct current characteristics of the proposed HEMT, various microwave parameters such as transconductance, unit current gain (h21 = 1) cutoff frequency ( ft), high powergain frequency ( fmax). Masons available/stable gain and masons unilateral gain are also discussed for both devices to understand its suitable deployment in microwave frequency range.
Whole saliva and the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome: an evaluation of patients who complain of dry mouth and dry eyes. Part 1: Screening tests

UNLABELLED: Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a common autoimmune disorder characterised by generalised desiccation, exocrine hypofunction and serologic abnormalities, More than 90% of the patients are women. OBJECTIVE: To determine if whole saliva could be used to diagnose this disease. SETTING: The study was conducted at the School of Dental Medicine, SUNY, at Stony Brook. PATIENTS: There were 49 subjects (48 F; 1 M), the mean age was 54 +/- 13 years. In order to be admitted into the study, they had to complain of dry mouth and dry eyes. TESTS: Whole saliva was collected by the spitting method. "Screening Tests" were employed to measure the salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity; lactobacillus and yeast concentrations. Chemical tests were performed to determine protein, albumin, sodium and amylase activity. Lacrimal dryness was assessed by the Schirmer and Rose-Bengal methods. RESULTS: Based on the sialometric findings, the patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1: those with abnormally low resting (RFR) and stimulated (SFR) flow rates; Group 2: those with a low RFR but normal SFR; and Group 3: those with normal salivary flow rates. The group 1 patients were unique: their saliva demonstrated a low pH and buffer capacity, high lactobacillus and yeast concentrations, decreased protein output and amylase activity, and elevated albumin and sodium. Moreover, virtually all of them had abnormally low lacrimal flow rates. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested that whole saliva could be used to provisionally diagnose SS. Critical to this diagnosis was an abnormally low stimulated whole saliva flow rate. Other requisites included a low resting flow rate, the presence of dry mouth and dry eyes and evidence of lacrimal hypofunction. All of these attributes can easily be obtained by dentists in their clinics.
Introduction to Civil War

By Tiqqun (Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e), 2010), 231 pp. $12.95 paper. Tiqqun is a French collective, and this is its manifesto of revolt against the “ONE,” the anonymous They, who want to “reduce”...
V-REGION AND CLASS SPECIFIC RT-PCR AMPLIFICATION OF HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY AND LIGHT CHAIN GENES FROM B-CELL LINES

We have designed and tested primers that amplify complete human kappa and lambda light chain genes, and human Fd fragments from gamma, mu and alpha heavy chain genes. These primers were tested for efficiency and specificity on monoclonal sources of human immunoglobulin RNA, obtained from human B-cell lines of known immunoglobulin gene expression. Analysis of the sequences derived from these B-cells confirms the specificity of the PCR primers and the extent of somatic mutation seen in different B-cell malignancies supports existing concepts for differing aetiologies in the tumours concerned.
ACTH-induced reactivation of prior active avoidance training after intermediate intervals in hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized, and sham-operated rats

Negative transfer from active to passive avoidance training, was evident 24 h after active avoidance acquisition in hypox, adx, and sham-operated rats injected with ACTH, corticosterone, or saline prior to 24-h test. No transfer was observed in control rats or in hypox, adx, or sham rats given corticosterone or saline 21/2 h after active avoidance training. However, hypox, adx, or sham-operated rats given ACTH at 21/2-h test exhibited negative transfer from prior active avoidance training. ACTH presented prior to 21/2-h test eliminated the Kamin-like effect. These results suggested that ACTH reactivated at 21/2 h processes related to prior active avoidance responding. A possible theory of the Kamin effect is offered.
Newfoundland in the North Atlantic world, 1929-1949

Neary draws material from both public and private sources in the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, and Newfoundland. Following a brief summary of major developments in Newfoundland before 1929, he gives an account of the tumultuous events that led to the demise of responsible self-government and the establishment of a British-appointed Commission of Government in 1934. He details and evaluates the major policies of the commission during three distinct phases: the continuing hard times of the 1930s, the boom years of the Second World War, and the period of post-war adjustment. The reasons for constitutional change are examined and Neary explains clearly why Newfoundland became a province of Canada in 1949. Through a fine blending of domestic and international history, he reveals the intricate connections between events in Newfoundland and in the rest of the North Atlantic World, providing a balanced view which takes into account constitutional, political, economic, and social developments. He acknowledges the role of British, Canadian, and American policymakers in determining the course of events in Newfoundland and illuminates the role that Newfoundlanders themselves played at a critical time in their history.
A Primer on Maximum Likelihood Algorithms Available for Use With Missing Data

Maximum likelihood algorithms for use with missing data are becoming commonplace in microcomputer packages. Specifically, 3 maximum likelihood algorithms are currently available in existing software packages: the multiple-group approach, full information maximum likelihood estimation, and the EM algorithm. Although they belong to the same family of estimator, confusion appears to exist over the differences among the 3 algorithms. This article provides a comprehensive, nontechnical overview of the 3 maximum likelihood algorithms. Multiple imputation, which is frequently used in conjunction with the EM algorithm, is also discussed.
A Fuzzy Logic Approach to Buffer Management in ATM Networks

A fuzzy buffer controller is developed to minimize cell loss in ATM switches. The proposed fuzzy controller sequences cells in buffers based upon the corresponding priority class, end-to-end delay parameter and congestion status. Cells are then scheduled and/or discarded according to their sequenced positions.