cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bond Pad Optimization for CMOS Imager with Chip Scale Package

Three novel CSP pad designs in a 0.18?m CMOS Image Sensor Cu interconnect technology were analyzed for use with a wafer level CSP (WLCSP) package. The CSP pad designs used various combinations of available aluminum and tungsten interconnect levels in order to improve the cross-sectional area without increasing the total stack height of the Cu interconnect technology. It was found that by increasing the cross-sectional area of the CSP pads the T-connections formed in the CSP process had improved (tighter) resistance distributions.
The viscosity of argon, krypton, and xenon in the dense gaseous region

Abstract The effect of pressure on the viscosity of argon, krypton, and xenon has been established experimentally for pressures ranging up to 820 atm at 100, 150, and 200°C. For xenon additional measurements were carried out at 50°C. These measurements were made using an unsteady flow transpiration type capillary viscometer, whose basic dimensions were accounted for in order to operate it in an absolute manner. The residual viscosities resulting from these measurements were normalized with the parameter, ξ = T 1 6 c /M 1 2 P 2 3 c , to produce values of (μ−μ∗)ξ, which correlated with the corresponding reduced density, ϱR, to produce a single continuous function for these three monatomic gases.
Effectiveness of a college course focused on evaluation of health claims.

Abstract This study measured the effectiveness of a college course designed to instruct students to make critical evaluations of therapeutic claims for foods, nutrient supplements, weight-reduction products and diets, and alternative healthcare systems. Experimental and comparison groups were pretested and post-tested to determine changes in source reliance and cognitive learning. The experimental group received instruction in five cognitive areas: (1) health and nutrition quackery, (2) consumer protection, (3) basic concepts in health and nutrition, (4) nutritional supplements and health foods, and (5) conventional and unconventional treatment of chronic diseases. The experimental group scored significantly higher in all five conceptual areas on the posttest, and in each case scored significantly higher than the comparison group did. Both groups rated medical/scientific sources of health and nutrition information as highly accurate during the two survey periods. The experimental group showed a change in ...
Capsule endoscopy in nonresponsive celiac disease

Background Nonresponsive celiac disease (CD) is defined by persistent or recurrent symptoms, common after treatment with a gluten-free diet (GFD). Objective To evaluate the utility of capsule endoscopy (CE) in nonresponsive CD. Design Case-control study. Setting Tertiary-care center. Patients Forty-two consecutive patients with nonresponsive CD and 84 age- and sex-matched CD-free controls who underwent CE were included. In addition, capsules taken after treatment with a GFD were retrospectively evaluated in 30 patients with uncomplicated CD. Intervention CE. Main Outcome Measurements Diagnostic accuracy of CE for the detection of mucosal abnormalities in nonresponsive CD. Results Macroscopic features of villous atrophy were detected in 13 of 42 patients (31%) with nonresponsive CD compared with none among 84 CD-free controls and 14 of 30 patients (47%) with uncomplicated CD. Among nonresponsive CD cases, the overall sensitivity and specificity of CE for the detection of any degree of villous atrophy as graded by histology were 56% and 85%, respectively. Single or multiple erosions/ulcerations of the gut were observed in 19% of nonresponsive CD patients, 18% of CD-free controls, and 31% of patients with uncomplicated CD ( P = .35). The presence of erosions/ulcerations was associated with increased aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in nonresponsive CD ( P =.05). Two severe complications (ulcerative jejunitis and adenocarcinoma) were detected by CE in nonresponsive CD. Limitations Single-center, retrospective study. Conclusions Mucosal abnormalities were observed by CE in patients with both nonresponsive CD and uncomplicated CD. CE can detect severe complications in patients with nonresponsive CD.
Outcome of Alcoholism Treatment Among 5578 Patients in an Urban Comprehensive Hospital-Based Program: Application of a Computerized Data System

The Elmhurst Alcoholism Program data system relate* fraction of time patients are in remission to length of time they are known, and permits a systematic search for groups of variables which predict greater abstinence rates. Our program (inpatient detoxification ward, multidisciplinary outpatient clinic, and halfway house) sets abstinence as a goal. After initial data collection (social and demographic variables, income, education, residence, drinking and drug history, legal problems, and prior treatment), we collect data at 30 days after admission and at 2- or 3-month intervals thereafter from all patients who remain in contact. Forty-five percent of all patients are lost before 30 days. Only 32% of those still under observation at 1 yr and 27% of those still under observation at 2 yr claim continual abstinence. From among many combinations of variables examined for predictive power, a group of five was chosen as best. Patients who at their first follow-up interview reported attending AA meetings and taking Antabuse and who in addition had a job at admission, were older, and were admitted through the clinic rather than through inpatient detoxification had a greater fraction of time abstinent. Nevertheless, the best cluster of predictor variables did not account for more than 25% of the variation in rates of abstinence. Many social variables are not independent, and some may merely be indicators of duration or severity of alcoholism. Contemporary alcoholism treatment is, at best, of limited effectiveness.
Can the red mangrove provide food, feed and fertilizer?

The red mangrove is one of the principal features of the coastal vegetation throughout tropical America, Mexico, the West Indies, the Bahamas, Bermuda and southern Florida. It is of primary importance as a land retainer and builder. Secondarily, its bark is a source of tannin and yields resins suitable for plywood adhesive. Mangrove wood is heavy and durable. The bark, leaves and shoots furnish various dyes and the bark is an excellent fuel and is much used locally for medicinal purposes. In southern Florida there has been active interest in the value of mangrove leaf meal as cattle feed, the dried and ground leaves have been sold as “Maritime Tea” and prepared in tablet form as a dietary supplement. The leaf meal and the sawdust have been tested as soil conditioners. Despite their high tannin content, red mangrove leaves may warrant investigation as an abundant source of protein.
From symmetry to dynamics in modern particle physics

Abstract Symmetry plays a double role in modern particle physics. As global internal symmetry, it gives structure to the wealth of experimental data concerning quarks and leptons. As gauged internal symmetry, it fixes the dynamical content of three of the four basic interactions in nature: electromagnetic, strong and weak. In electromagnetism, the one global internal symmetry is that of “electric charge,” and its gauging led—by 1950—to the highly successful (Abelian) U(1) gauge theory of electromagnetism—quantum electrodynamics (or QED for short). It took several more decades to identify the correct global internal symmetries in the strong and weak interactions to be gauged. For the strong interaction (among the quarks) the gauging of the three “color” internal degrees of freedom associated with each quark produced the phenomenologically correct (non-Abelian) SU(3) color gauge theory of the strong interaction—quantum chromodynamics (or QCD for short). For the weak interaction (among quarks and leptons) the proper choice was the seven chiral quark and lepton flavors in each generation and their gauging gave rise to the equally successful (non-Abelian) SU(2) × U(1) dynamical theory of the electroweak interaction—quantum flavordynamics (or QFD for short). The remarkable triumphs of the gauge theories of QED, QCD and QFD are testimony to the power of the old Einsteinian dictum: “symmetry dictates dynamics.”
Essential but differential role of FOXL2wt and FOXL2C134W in GDF-9 stimulation of follistatin transcription in co-operation with Smad3 in the human granulosa cell line COV434.

The FOXL2C134W mutation has been identified in virtually all adult granulosa cell tumors (GCTs). Here we show that the exogenous FOXL2 expression is necessary for GDF-9 stimulation of follistatin transcription in the human GCT cell line, COV434 that lacks endogenous FOXL2 expression. Interestingly, in the presence of Smad3 co-expression, FOXL2C134W negated GDF-9 stimulation of follistatin transcription. However, mutation of the Smad binding element (SBE) located in the intronic enhancer elements in the follistatin gene restored normal FOXL2 activity to FOXL2C134W, thus the altered activity of FOXL2C134W is dependent on the ability of Smad3 to directly bind the SBE. Mutation of the FOXL2 binding element (FBE) or the FBE and SBE completely prevented GDF-9 activity, suggesting that the FBE is essential for GDF-9 stimulation in COV434. Overall, our study supports the view that altered interaction of FOXL2C134W with co-factors may underlie the pathogenesis of this mutation in GCTs.
Antigen arrays for antibody profiling

Antigen array technologies enable large-scale profiling of the specificity of antibody responses against autoantigens, tumor antigens and microbial antigens. Antibody profiling will provide insights into pathogenesis, and will enable development of novel tests for diagnosis and guiding therapy in the clinic. Recent advances in the field include development of antigen array-based approaches to examine immune responses against antigens encoded in genetic libraries, post-translationally modified proteins, and other biomolecules such as lipids. A promising application is the use of antibody profiling to guide development and selection of antigen-specific therapies to treat autoimmune disease. This review discusses these advances and the challenges ahead for development and refinement of antibody profiling technologies for use in the research laboratory and the clinic.
Induction of Wnt-Inducible Signaling Protein-1 Correlates with Invasive Breast Cancer Oncogenesis and Reduced Type 1 Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Immunity: A Retrospective Study

Innate and type 1 cell-mediated cytotoxic immunity function as important extracellular control mechanisms that maintain cellular homeostasis. Interleukin-12 (IL12) is an important cytokine that links innate immunity with type 1 cell-mediated cytotoxic immunity. We recently observed in vitro that tumor-derived Wnt-inducible signaling protein-1 (WISP1) exerts paracrine action to suppress IL12 signaling. The objective of this retrospective study was three fold: 1) to determine whether a gene signature associated with type 1 cell-mediated cytotoxic immunity was correlated with overall survival, 2) to determine whether WISP1 expression is increased in invasive breast cancer, and 3) to determine whether a gene signature consistent with inhibition of IL12 signaling correlates with WISP1 expression. Clinical information and mRNA expression for genes associated with anti-tumor immunity were obtained from the invasive breast cancer arm of the Cancer Genome Atlas study. Patient cohorts were identified using hierarchical clustering. The immune signatures associated with the patient cohorts were interpreted using model-based inference of immune polarization. Reverse phase protein array, tissue microarray, and quantitative flow cytometry in breast cancer cell lines were used to validate observed differences in gene expression. We found that type 1 cell-mediated cytotoxic immunity was correlated with increased survival in patients with invasive breast cancer, especially in patients with invasive triple negative breast cancer. Oncogenic transformation in invasive breast cancer was associated with an increase in WISP1. The gene expression signature in invasive breast cancer was consistent with WISP1 as a paracrine inhibitor of type 1 cell-mediated immunity through inhibiting IL12 signaling and promoting type 2 immunity. Moreover, model-based inference helped identify appropriate immune signatures that can be used as design constraints in genetically engineering better pre-clinical models of breast cancer.
Biochemical properties of a high fidelity DNA ligase from Thermus species AK16D

NAD+-dependent DNA ligases from thermophilic bacteria Thermus species are highly homologous with amino acid sequence identities ranging from 85 to 98%. Thermus species AK16D ligase, the most divergent of the seven Thermus isolates collected worldwide, was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. This Thermus ligase is similar to Thermus thermophilus HB8 ligase with respect to pH, salt, NAD+, divalent cation profiles and steady-state kinetics.However, the former is more discriminative toward T/G mismatches at the 3'-side of the ligation junction, as judged by the ratios of initial ligation rates of matched and mismatched substrates. The two wild-type Thermus ligases and a Tth ligase mutant (K294R) demonstrate 1-2 orders of magnitude higher fidelity than viral T4 DNA ligase. Both Thermus ligases are active with either the metal cofactor Mg2+, Mn2+or Ca2+but not with Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+or Zn2+. While the nick closure step with Ca2+becomes rate-limiting which results in the accumulation of DNA-adenylate intermediate, Ni2+only supports intermediate formation to a limited extent. Both Thermus ligases exhibit enhanced mismatch ligation when Mn2+is substituted for Mg2+, but the Tsp. AK16D ligase remains more specific toward perfectly matched substrate.
Quantum Corrections to Stress Tensors and Conformal Invariance

Quantum corrections to the energy-momentum tensors of particles are calculated for these theories: (1) scalar electrodynamics, (2) spinor electrodynamics, and (3) scalar particles with $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{4}$ self-interaction. It is shown that source theory provides a much more satisfactory approach than conventional means. The primary result of the investigation is the clear establishment of the favored role of the so-called "conformal" stress tensor - that is, the stress tensor that in the zero-mass limit transforms covariantly under the action of the conformal group. In terms of this tensor, unsubtracted spectral forms for the modifications are written down. A heuristic "proof" that this should be generally possible is provided. It is argued that broken scale invariance does not affect this subtraction-free property, and this is confirmed by explicit calculation of the order-${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$ modifications in the $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{4}$ theory.
Thirteen ways to look at the correlation coefficient

Abstract In 1885, Sir Francis Galton first defined the term “regression” and completed the theory of bivariate correlation. A decade later, Karl Pearson developed the index that we still use to measure correlation, Pearson's r. Our article is written in recognition of the 100th anniversary of Galton's first discussion of regression and correlation. We begin with a brief history. Then we present 13 different formulas, each of which represents a different computational and conceptual definition of r. Each formula suggests a different way of thinking about this index, from algebraic, geometric, and trigonometric settings. We show that Pearson's r (or simple functions of r) may variously be thought of as a special type of mean, a special type of variance, the ratio of two means, the ratio of two variances, the slope of a line, the cosine of an angle, and the tangent to an ellipse, and may be looked at from several other interesting perspectives.
Mitochondrial DNA mutations in preneoplastic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract: A biomarker for the early detection of cancer

Background Somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are common in many human cancers. We have described an oligonucleotide microarray ("MitoChip") for rapid sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome (Zhou et al, J Mol Diagn 2006), facilitating the analysis of mtDNA mutations in preneoplastic lesions. We examined 14 precancerous lesions, including seven Barrett esophagus biopsies, with or without associated dysplasia; four colorectal adenomas; and three inflammatory colitis-associated dysplasia specimens. In all cases, matched normal tissues from the corresponding site were obtained as germline control. MitoChip analysis was performed on DNA obtained from cryostat-embedded specimens.
Assessing conservation value of stream communities: a comparison of approaches based on centres of density and species richness

1. We used a recently developed Index of Centres of Density (ICD) to assess conservation value of thirty-nine sites in the upper Clinch River drainage of Virginia and Tennessee, U.S.A. The ICD incorporates information on the population density of each species at a site relative to sites throughout the region. 2. Value assessments based on the ICD were compared to those based on species richness. Species richness at sites was not related to ICD scores, but collective species lists from high-ranking sites were similar for both approaches. All sites with rare species had either a high ICD score or high species richness. 3. Four community types (defined by physiography and stream size) were better represented in sites with high-ranking ICDs than in sites with high-ranking species richness. Sites with high ICD scores were distributed uniformly throughout the region. 4. The ICD is a more powerful tool than species richness for assessing conservation value because the ICD identifies areas with regionally rare species, especially viable populations, or distinctive communities, all of which are key components of a region’s biodiversity.
Flux Synthesis of Na2Ca2Nb4O13: The Influence of Particle Shapes, Surface Features, and Surface Areas on Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

The layered perovskite (n = 4) Ruddlesden-Popper phase Na2Ca2Nb4O13 was prepared within molten NaCl and Na2SO4 fluxes, yielding either rod-shaped or platelet-shaped particles, respectively. The flux-to-reactant molar ratios of 5:1 or 20:1 were found to significantly influence particle sizes and surface areas, while still maintaining the overall particle shapes. Measured surface areas of flux-prepared Na2Ca2Nb4O13 particles ranged from ∼0.36 to 4.6 m2/g, with the highest surface areas obtained using a 5:1 (NaCl-to-Na2Ca2Nb4O13) molar ratio. All samples exhibited a bandgap size of ∼3.3 eV, as determined by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance measurements. Photocatalytic rates for hydrogen production under ultraviolet light for platinized Na2Ca2Nb4O13 particles in an aqueous methanol solution ranged from ∼230 to 1355 μmol H2 g−1 h−1 when using the photochemical deposition (PCD) method of platinization, and ∼113–1099 μmol H2 g−1 h−1 when using the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method of platinization. The higher photocatalytic rates were obtained for the rod-shaped particles with the highest surface areas, with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) measured at ∼6.5% at 350 nm. For the platelet-shaped particles, the higher photocatalytic rates were observed for the sample with the lowest surface area but the largest concentration of stepped edges and grooves observed at the particle surfaces. The latter origin of the photocatalytic activity is confirmed by the significant enhancement of the photocatalytic rates by the PCD method that allows for the preferential deposition of the surface Pt cocatalyst islands at the stepped edges and grooves, while the photocatalytic enhancement is much smaller when using the more general IWI platinization method.
Highly specific cytochrome P450-like enzymes for all-trans-retinoic acid in T47D human breast cancer cells.

When human breast cancer T47D cells were treated with all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), the RA 4- and 18-hydroxylase activities were induced in microsomes in a time-dependent manner, indicating that these cells readily metabolized RA into more polar compounds, such as all-trans-4-hydroxy-RA and all-trans-18-hydroxy-RA. In contrast, T47D cells treated for 12 h with xenobiotics, such as phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, 3-methylcholanthrene, and dimethylsulfoxide, showed lower levels of catalytic activities for 4- and 18-hydroxylases. The induction of 4- and 18-hydroxylase activities appears to be regulated at the level of transcriptional control (basal level). Competitive assays demonstrated that inhibitors and substrates for 1A, 2A, 3A, 2B, and 2C cytochrome P450 (P450 subfamilies), all-trans-retinol, and all-trans-retinal showed no inhibition of RA metabolism, but other retinoic acid derivatives competed highly with RA. The RA-inducible 4- and 18-hydroxylases showed high specificity for RA and high levels ...
Covariance control for multisensor systems

As the profusion of different sensors improves the capabilities of tracking platforms, tracking objectives can move from simply trying to achieve the most with a limited sensor suite to developing the ability to achieve more specific tracking goals, such as reducing the uncertainty in a target estimate enough to accurately fire a weapon at a target or to ensure that a mobile robot does not collide with an obstacle. Multisensor manager systems that balance tracking performance with system resources have traditionally been ill-suited for achieving such specific control objectives. This work extends the methods developed in single-sensor management schemes to a multisensor application using an approach known as covariance control, which selects sensor combinations based on the difference between the desired covariance matrix and that of the predicted covariance of each target.
Community structure of benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The classic papers of Phleger [Phleger, F.B, 1951. Foraminifera Distribution, Part I. Geological Society of America Memoir 46, 1–88.] and Parker [Parker, F.L., 1954. Distribtuion of the foraminifera in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 111, 453–588, 13 plates.] form the benchmark foraminiferal data sets for the northwestern and northeastern Gulf of Mexico, respectively. These pioneer researchers occupied stations from shelf to abyssal depths. SHE analysis, a method examining the distribution of cumulative sample values of species richness ( S ), the information function ( H ) and evenness ( E ) with increasing number of individuals ( N ), was used to establish 18 foraminiferal communities and evaluate their community structure. Regression analyses, as well as plots of ln S , H and ln E versus ln N (Biodiversitygrams, BDGs), indicate that the majority of the communities exhibit a log series pattern. Theoretical log series values of S , H and E are similar to the regression estimates from observed values in the northeastern Gulf. In the northwestern Gulf, however, observed values of species richness are lower and evenness higher than those expected for a log series, indicating a dramatic difference in community structure between east and west. Since the sampling time of Phleger, subsequent workers have found higher values of species richness and lower values of evenness in the northwestern Gulf. Either biodiversity values have changed since Phleger's 1947 (1951) sampling suggesting a fundamental change in the environmental regime of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico or, as has been suggested, Phleger's data are incorrect due to some sampling methodology. A comprehensive study with suitable experimental design including downcore samples will be required to resolve this dichotomy.
Medullary Lateral Tegmental Field: Control of Respiratory Rate and Vagal Lung Inflation Afferent Influences on Sympathetic Nerve Discharge

We used spectral analysis and event-triggered averaging to determine the effects of chemical inactivation of the medullary lateral tegmental field (LTF) on 1) the relationship of intratracheal pres...
Surface motion of single crystals driven by anisotropic surface diffusion

In this paper we compute a mathematical model for the evolution of single crystal with a particular kind of anisotropic surface free energies that yields equilibrium crystal shapes close to octahedrons. Employing the developed model we exhibit the entire evolution path of single crystals to equilibrium with different levels of anisotropic surface free energy. We find that with a mildly anisotropic surface free energy, the crystal morphology is smooth in evolution and evolves to a unique equilibrium crystal shape. With a severely anisotropic surface free energy, edges, corners and faceting by hill-and-valley structures on crystal surface occur. The equilibrium crystal shape reached in computation approaches the analytic octahedron Wulff shape as the anisotropy in the surface free energy becomes more severe.
Stage matters: choosing relevant model systems to address hypotheses in diet and cancer chemoprevention research.

KEYWORDS - CLASSIFICATION: Adult;Animals;Anticarcinogenic Agents;Cell Line;Cell Line,Tumor;Colon;diet therapy;Diet;Disease Models,Animal;Disease Progression;Epithelium;Genome;Humans;mechanisms of carcinogenesis;Mice;Mice,Inbred C57BL;Neoplasms;prevention & control;Research;Risk;therapeutic use;utilization.
Good Times?: Understanding African American Misperceptions of Racial Economic Fortunes

>> In the year 2000, nearly 30% of African American respondents to a national survey expressed the belief that Blacks are doing better economically than Whites. There is no evidence to suggest that African Americans are in a better economic position than Whites. Striking gaps in income, employment, and wealth continue to distinguish Black economic reality. Why, then, did some African Americans misperceive racial economic fortunes in the late 90s? This article explores the possibility that the answer lies, in part, with Black attitudes toward Bill Clinton. This study uses measures of Black public opinion toward economic issues in five different surveys from 1984 to 2000. Using data drawn from these five surveys, we explore African American perceptions of personal economic situation, racial economic well-being, national economic improvement, and the comparison in economic position of the racial groups and ask why some African Americans misperceive these realities.
GRAIL: an integrated artificial intelligence system for gene recognition and interpretation

The development of an integrated artificial intelligence system, GRAIL (gene recognition and analysis Internet link) is described. This system uses a combination of a multi-sensor/neural network, expert system, and parallel search tools to recognize and interpret genes in DNA sequences. A simple electronic mail (E-mail) interface makes the system accessible through Internet. The strength of the system in recognizing and interpreting genes in DNA sequences and the simple E-mail interface have already attracted more than 150 users. The success of the system is largely due to the multi-sensor/neural network approach and the integration of several AI tools. The modular development and flexible framework have made it easier to incorporate new knowledge and tools into the existing system. >
Litter type and soil minerals control temperate forest soil carbon response to climate change

Temperate forest soil organic carbon (C) represents a significant pool of terrestrial C that may be released to the atmosphere as CO 2 with predicted changes in climate. To address potential feedbacks between climate change and terrestrial C turnover, we quantified forest soil C response to litter type and temperature change as a function of soil parent material. We collected soils from three conifer forests dominated by ponderosa pine (PP; Pinus ponderosa Laws.); white fir [WF; Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl.]; and red fir (RF; Abies magnifica A. Murr.) from each of three parent materials, granite (GR), basalt (BS), and andesite (AN) in the Sierra Nevada of California. Field soils were incubated at their mean annual soil temperature (MAST), with addition of native 13 C-labeled litter to characterize soil C mineralization under native climate conditions. Further, we incubated WF soils at PP MAST with 13 C-labeled PP litter, and RF soils at WF MAST with 13 C-labeled WF litter to simulate a migration of MAST and litter type, and associated change in litter quality, up-elevation in response to predicted climate warming. Results indicated that total CO 2 and percent of CO 2 derived from soil C varied significantly by parent material, following the pattern of GR>BS>AN. Regression analyses indicated interactive control of C mineralization by litter type and soil minerals. Soils with high short-range-order (SRO) mineral content exhibited little response to varying litter type, whereas PP litter enriched in acid-soluble components promoted a substantial increase of extant soil C mineralization in soils of low SRO mineral content. Climate change conditions increased soil C mineralization greater than 200% in WF forest soils. In contrast, little to no change in soil C mineralization was noted for the RF forest soils, suggesting an ecosystem-specific climate change response. The climate change response varied by parent material, where AN soils exhibited minimal change and GR and BS soils mineralized substantially greater soil C. This study corroborates the varied response in soil C mineralization by parent material and highlights how the soil mineral assemblage and litter type may interact to control conifer forest soil C response to climate change.
A constrained optimization approach to virtual fixtures for multi-handed tasks

In this work, we have extended the concept of constrained motion control of robots to surgical tasks that require multiple robots. We present virtual fixtures to guide the motion of multiple robots such that spatial and temporal relationship is maintained between them. At the same time, our algorithm keeps the surgeon in the control loop. Moreover, we show that these virtual fixtures allow bimanual tasks to be completed using input for a single robot. That is, the user requires only one hand to cooperatively control multiple robots. This reduces the cognitive load on the surgeon and makes multiple-robot setup for surgery more relevant. We demonstrate this architecture by using an example of manipulating a surgical knot to position it at a target point. Significant improvement is observed in the accuracy when bimanual virtual fixture assistance is provided. Moreover, the accuracy when using a single input from user is similar to the accuracy obtained from bimanual assistance.
Children's knowledge of the presuppositions of know and other cognitive verbs.

This study investigated the development of knowledge about the presuppositions of cognitive verbs that take sentential complements. The verbs included factives, which presuppose the truth of their complements, and nonfactives, which carry no such presupposition. Three tasks assessed children's ability to (a) assign truth values to complements according to the presuppositions of the main verbs; (b) select verbs to describe people's mental states; and (c) state the presuppositions of the verbs in definitions. The results indicated that the presuppositions of the factives know, forget, and remember and the nonfactive think are not learned until age 4. Believe, which has factive and nonfactive properties, is mastered after age 7. The children's performance differed across tasks due to variations in processing requirements.
Simulation study of the Frontier Line as a multi-terminal HVDC system

This paper presents a simulation study of the proposed Frontier line from Wyoming to California through Utah and Nevada as a multi-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. A four-terminal HVDC link is modeled with one terminal in each state. Various faults are simulated at different locations of the transmission link to observe the dynamic performance of the system. Results from the simulation study show that a multi-terminal HVDC link is technically feasible from Wyoming to California.
THE INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE TRANSFORMATION: AUROBINDIAN PARADIGM OF CULTURE OF CHANGE

Artikel ini bertolak dari suatu keyakinan bahwa kendati kebudayaan sebagai suatu keseluruhan yang kompleks berkecenderungan mengontrol, ia juga memberikan peluang dan jalan bagi pembentukan karakter dan bagi proses spiritualisasi penciptaan dalam evolusi. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan suatu bangsa bergantung pada orientasi dasar dan kebiasaan yang telah tertanam lama dalam kebudayaan. Namun di sisi lain, terutama mengacu pada pemikiran Sri Aurobindo, itu juga bergantung pada pencarian dan pencerahan spiritual dalam dunia batin individu . Maka artikel ini mengajukan pentingnya keseimbangan antara dunia luar dan dunia dalam, dunia interaksi sosial dan dunia individu. Yang menjadi fokus dalam artikel ini lantas : apakah kebudayaan memang memungkinkan transformasi individual dan sekaligus transformasi masyarakat?
Root Nodule Organogenesis and Formation of the Peribacteroid Membrane Compartment

Early events in Rhizobium-plant interaction leading to nodule organogenesis require initiation of meristematic activity in root cortex. This step involves control of cell cycle genes in the host. We have demonstrated that two cdc2 homologs of soybean are differentially regulated in root and shoot tissues and one of them, cdc2-S5, responds to bacterial infection following spot inoculation of root. In an attempt to understand the process of endocytosis and synthesis of peribacteroid membrane (PBM), we have isolated soybean and Vigna homologs of YPT1 and ras genes known to be involved in vesicular transport of proteins in yeast. We believe that functional complementation of yeast vacuolar membrane protein transport mutants with nodule cDNA expression library may allow isolation of homologs of these genes which apparently play important roles in the synthesis of peribacteroid membrane in root nodules.
Information overload

WHEN Alvin Toffler coined the term 'information overload' in his classic 1970 book, Future Shock, it is doubtful that even he imagined the formidable array of information sources that we now have access to. Speculation quickly surfaced that such an information supply could lead to poor decisions as the capacity of our human processing ability becomes taxed. Research has established that job productivity and performance can be severely reduced due to excessive information and the intrusion of data sources into our lives. Could it be that we will reach a time when it is quicker to discover something from scratch than from facts we can sort out from a library or the web?
Calculation of the Band Structure of "Complex" Crystals

A method for studying the band structure of "complex" crystals (i.e., crystals having more than one atom per unit cell) is developed. This method is a generalization of one proposed independently and arrived at by different approaches by Korringa and Kohn and Rostoker for the study of the band structure of "simple" crystals. The general approach leads to a promising method when the crystalline potential can reasonably be approximated by a potential which is spherically symmetric within nonoverlapping spheres about the lattice sites and is constant elsewhere. Important virtues of the method are its expected accuracy and the fact that the largest part of the labor involved is in the computation of certain "structure constants" which are applicable to all crystals with the same crystallographic structure.
Innovative Control Systems for Stable Water Withdrawals and Streamflow Maintenance

Under the water withdrawal regulations and water rights based on a concept of sharing, allowable withdrawals by individual abstractors vary directly with streamflow. The day-to-day administration of such systems, therefore, requires that withdrawal rates be tied to observed streamflows. For many water users, whose reference stream gauge is downstream from the point of abstraction, this poses the possibility of time delay between water withdrawal and streamflow measurement. This in turn induces the possibility of unstable operation of stream water withdrawal systems such that, for example, with a one-day time lag in the stream, the allowable withdrawal may be high one day, resulting in streamflow subceeding the standard the next day, resulting in withdrawal curtailment orders the following day, resulting in rebounding of the streamflow the following day, etc. Such instability exacerbates violations of the streamflow standard and inconvenience in implementation of water withdrawal regulation. Thus resolution of this problem is very significant for successful water withdrawal regulations. This paper explores the application of process control theory to resolve the instability problem through a hypothetical example, in pursuit of meeting minimum in- stream flow requirement and withdrawal demands of abstractors. Since feedback control systems adopted here do not require great accuracy in the model connecting stimulus and response, difficulties in modeling time delay may be overcome to a great extent by a specification of feedback controllers. This paper reveals that with this control technique, we are able to maintain a stable streamflow that meets the minimum in-stream flow standard. This result promises an improvement of the overall reliability of the water withdrawal system and convenient implementation of the withdrawal scheme.
Preparation and properties of electrospun soy protein isolate/polyethylene oxide nanofiber membranes.

Soy protein isolate (SPI) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) and nonwoven nanofiber membranes were prepared from the solution by electrospinning. PEO functioned as a cospinning polymer in the process to improve the spinnability of SPI. The ratio of SPI to PEO was varied and the rest spinning conditions remained unchanged. The morphology of the nanofiber membranes, SPI and PEO distribution and phase structure in the fiber, crystallization and interaction between SPI and PEO, thermal properties and wettability of the membranes were studied. The results showed that the diameter of most of the nanofibers was in the range of 200–300 nm. SPI and PEO showed high compatibility in the fiber and SPI was homogeneously dispersed at nanoscale. Crystallization of SPI and PEO in the fiber was significantly different from that of their pure forms. All the nanofiber membranes showed superhydrophilicity. These nanofiber membranes can find importance in filtration and bio...
AMPHIBIOUS HYPHOMYCETES FROM THE SAN MARCOS RIVER IN TEXAS

Water from the upper San Marcos River in South Central Texas was sampled for amphibious hyphomycetes monthly for one year. The headwaters were chosen because temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity remain constant. Analysis of filtered water, foam, and decaying leaves revealed 13 species. Populations of these organisms vary seasonally; the greatest spore density coincides with periods of greatest leaf abscission. Lunulospora, Tetracladium, Triscelophorus, and a Clavatospora-like species are most abundant. Taxa present are restricted to those species able to sporulate at 22 C, and seasonal fluctuations of these fungi are more dependent on substrate availability than on the physical conditions of the river. Direct observation indicates that Lunulospora curvula and Tetracladium marchalianum are ubiquitous on leaf substrates.
Neoplastic associations of rheumatic diseases and rheumatic manifestations of cancer.

Associations between rheumatic diseases and malignant neoplasms are still inferential and based largely on epidemiologic data. Rheumatoid arthritis predisposes weakly to the occurrence of lymphoreticular neoplasms. This is more clearly true of Sjogren's disease, whether or not it is associated with RA. A subset of DM/PM which becomes manifest in close temporal proximity to a neoplasm may be a paraneoplastic reaction, but DM/PM, in general, does not predispose to neoplasia. Scleroderma in its early phase is associated with the development of breast cancer in women, and after a decade or longer, if pulmonary fibrosis has developed, with lung cancer. Of the drugs that have been used to treat these diseases, cyclophosphamide is most strongly implicated as a carcinogenic agent, particularly inducing lymphoreticular neoplasms and carcinoma of the bladder. Musculoskeletal symptoms that may be clues to the existence of cancer may either be caused by invasion of the neoplasm or be mediated by unidentified neurohumoral mechanisms. Except for multiple myeloma, primary neoplasms of skeletal tissues tend to occur under the age of 50 years. Metastatic disease occurs congruently with the age incidence of the primary neoplasm. Metastases may mimic mono- or oligoarticular arthritis if they happen to be periarticular or synovial. These metastases result most often from carcinoma of the lung or, in women, carcinoma of the breast. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy usually is due to carcinomas of the lung other than the small cell variety, and infrequently from other intrathoracic primary or secondary neoplasms. RA may be mimicked. Both skeletal metastases and HPOA are detected with greater sensitivity, but not specificity, by isotopic scanning techniques than by radiography. Of the other paraneoplastic musculoskeletal syndromes, neuromyopathy is the most frequent. It must be distinguished from cachexia, polymyositis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and the myasthenic syndrome. Both neuromyopathy and Eaton-Lambert (myasthenic) syndrome are predominantly associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung and both are best diagnosed by electromyography. Carcinomatous polyarthritis and the palmar fasciitis-arthritis syndrome occur with various neoplasms, although the latter appears to be particularly associated with ovarian carcinomas. The paraneoplastic arthritides test negatively for the rheumatoid factor, but no reliable positive immunochemical clues have as yet been identified.
Bioelectrical impedance can predict skeletal muscle and fat-free skeletal muscle of beef cow primal cuts

Multiple linear regression equations predicting total skeletal muscle (TM) and total skeletal fat-free muscle (TFFM) of chuck, rib, loin, and round were developed from data of 33 beef cows. Primal cuts were obtained in accordance with NAMP specifications. A four-terminal impedance meter/plethysmograph measured resistance and reactance on each cut using 20- and 13-gauge needles as electrodes. Weight, internal temperature, and distance between detector electrodes were recorded. Each cut was physically separated into muscle, fat, and bone. Chemical composition (moisture, protein, and fat) was obtained on the muscle portion of each cut so that TFFM could be obtained by multiplying TM x 1 minus the percentage of fat from the proximate analysis. The predictor variables for all combinations of cuts and electrode sizes were weight, distance between detector electrodes, temperature, and resistance, except for the round for which reactance was a fifth predictor. The P value for the resistance coefficient was < .001 for all 16 prediction equations. Adjusted R2 values of the prediction equations ranged from an average of .91 for the rib to an average of .96 for the round. Mallows Cp values were close to the ideal value of the number of independent variables in the prediction equations plus one (1). Prediction equations for the different size electrodes were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Korrelation und Regression

In diesem Kapitel wollen wir einige klassische Methoden der mathematischen Statistik beschreiben, welche fur die Behandlung empirischer Probleme nutzlich sind. Wir machen hier immer die etwas wirklichkeitsfremden Annahmen, das die Fehler oder Abweichungen von den Regressionsgleichungen im wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Sinne voneinander unabhangig sind (S. 22). Fur Schatzungen der Regression mussen wir nur die Annahme machen, das die Streuung der Fehler endlich ist. Wenn wir aber verschiedene Prufverfahren anwenden und Vertrauensgrenzen berechnen wollen, mussen wir annehmen, das die Fehler oder Abweichungen eine Normalverteilung haben.
Investor Agreement and the Volume Response to Information

I test the empirical predictions of a model which proposes that informational events affect trading volume due to heterogeneous reactions and heterogeneous prior expectations. I measure belief dispersion both across and within two sub-groups that proxy for those who own and do not own a given security. I test the impact of this dispersion on trading volume. My results suggest that both heterogeneous priors and heterogeneous reactions affect trading volume. However, I find that any change (positive or negative) in dispersion across groups with heterogeneous prior expectations will result in an increase in trading volume.
Equity Dynamics in the Perceived Fairness of Infant Care

How is the perceived fairness of infant care affected by spouses' relative contributions to it and to other domains of their relationship? Longitudinal data on 178 couples expecting the birth of their first child were collected during a period spanning approximately the first year of the child's life. Overall, wives were more likely than husbands to see infant care as fair to the wife. Net of fathers' contributions to infant care, spouses were more likely to see infant care as fair to wives the more the father worked in paid labor and did housework and the more wives benefited in the sexual relationship. Fathers' contributions to infant care had a stronger effect on fairness when the child was a son. The findings are consistent with equity predictions in that fathers' compensatory contributions to other domains of marriage counterbalance an unequal workload in the arena of family work.
Case Study 13. Climate Change in the Pliocene: Environment and Human Origins

After our lineage diverged from those of the living apes, our ancestors ceased climbing in trees and began to walk bipedally on the ground. These behavioral and anatomical changes corresponded to shift in habitat, from arboreal to terrestrial; and this in turn appeared to correspond with more profound changes in the environment. A connection between climate and environmental change on the one hand and human emergence on the other hand has long been discussed, and the physical sciences have gradually improved anthropologists’ ability to reconstruct past conditions with precision. It is now possible to track environmental fluctuations closely and attempt to map evolutionary change onto them. As data become more detailed, scientists continue to refine their questions. However, the causal relationship between climate change and human evolution is ultimately out of reach.
Decreasing prevalence of no known major risk factors for cardiovascular disease among Mississippi adults, Mississippi Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2001 and 2009

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Mississippi. However, the prevalence of no known CVD risk factors among Mississippi adults and the change of prevalence in the past 9 years have not been described. We assess changes in prevalence of no known CVD risk factors during 2001 and 2009. Prevalence of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, physical inactivity, smoking, and obesity were investigated. Survey respondents who reported having none of these factors were defined as having no known CVD risk factors. Differences in prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were determined using t-test analysis. Overall, age-standardized prevalence of having no known CVD risk factors significantly decreased from 17.3% in 2001 to 14.5% in 2009 (p = 0.0091). The age-standardized prevalence of no known CVD risk factors were significantly lower in 2009 than in 2001 among blacks (8.9% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.008); males (13.5% vs. 17.9%, p = 0.0073); individuals with a college degree (25.2%, vs. 30.8%, p = 0.0483); and those with an annual household income of $20,000–$34,999 (11.6% vs. 16.9%, p = 0.0147); and $35,000–$49,999 (15.2% vs. 23.3%, p = 0.0135). The prevalence of no known CVD risk factors among Mississippi adults significantly decreased from 2001 to 2009 with observed differences by race, age group, sex, and annual household income.