cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adult-Derived Stem Cells from the Liver Become Myocytes in the Heart in Vivo

Recent evidence suggests that adult-derived stem cells, like their embryonic counterparts, are pluripotent. These simple, undifferentiated and uncommitted cells are able to respond to signals from their host tissue microenvironment and differentiate, producing progeny that display a phenotype characteristic of the mature cells of that tissue. We used a clonal stem cell line (termed WB-F344) that was derived from an adult male rat liver to investigate the possibility that uncommitted stem cells from a nonmyogenic tissue source would respond to the tissue microenvironment of the heart in vivo and differentiate into cardiac myocytes. Male WB-F344 cells that carry the Escherichia coli β-galactosidase gene were identified in the left ventricular myocardium of adult female nude mice 6 weeks after transplantation. We confirmed the presence of a rat Y-chromosome-specific repetitive DNA sequence exclusively in the β-galactosidase-positive myocytes by polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry, using a cardiac troponin T-specific monoclonal antibody, and ultrastructural analysis confirmed a cardiac myocyte phenotype of the stem cell-derived myocytes. The β-galactosidase-positive myocytes ranged from in vivo and differentiate into mature cardiac myocytes.
Constructing Homeownership Policy: Social Constructions and the Design of the Low-Income Homeownership Policy Objective

This paper offers a new perspective to explain how and why the U.S. federal government pursued a policy agenda that from the early-1990s promoted homeownership as the preferred housing tenure of choice for low-income households. Using policy design theory (Schneider & Ingram 1997), this paper argues that the social constructions of homeownership, low-income households, and the private mortgage industry were instrumental in the development of policies to increase low-income homeownership. The benefits associated with homeownership, based on long-standing norms around success, stability, and the American Dream, justified government interventions to increase access to private mortgage markets for low-income households. This policy stance, however, did nothing to assist households with maintaining homeownership for the long term. The social constructions embedded in the rationales and implementation of these policies contributed to their failure to sustain homeownership and realize its benefits for low-income...
From Fundamental Law to Constitutional Politics– And Back

We get our first clue as to what to expect from Stephen Griffin's important new book when he indicates in his preface that his thinking on constitutional theory was heavily influenced by the late Judith Shklar's suggestion that "we should turn our attention to the relationship between law and politics rather than law and morality" (p. xi-xii). In her book Legalism, Shklar made the case for "treating legal theory as a part of political theory," which meant setting aside the question of whether law is distinct from politics in favor of the question, "What sort of politics can law maintain and reflect?" But shifting to this question requires analysts to set aside their jurisprudential frame of mind, or at least to place this frame of mind in a larger social context:
Structure and Blue-Light-Responsive Transcription of a Chloroplast psbD Promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana

We characterized the effects of light on psbD transcription and mRNA levels during chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana. After 6 to 12 hours of illumination of dark-grown seedlings, two psbD mRNAs were detected and their 5[prime] ends were mapped to positions -550 and -190 bp upstream from the psbD translational start codon. Their kinetics of accumulation resembled the accumulation of chloroplast psbA and rbcL mRNAs but differed from the accumulation of the nuclear-encoded Lhcb and Chs mRNAs. A third psbD mRNA with its 5[prime] end at position -950 accumulated after illumination of > 180 h. The 5[prime] ends of this transcript were mapped to a nucleotide sequence that is highly conserved with functional sequences in the barley (Hordeum vulgare) blue-light-responsive promoter (BLRP). Transcription from the Arabidopsis psbD promoter was 3-fold higher in blue relative to red light, whereas red and blue light affected total chloroplast, rbcL, and 16S rDNA transcription similarly. This study shows that transcription of Arabidopsis psbD is mediated by a BLRP and suggests that psbD genes in other land plants are regulated by a common blue-light-signaling pathway. Isolating the BLRP from Arabidopsis will allow molecular genetic studies aimed at identifying the pertinent photoreceptor and components of this phototransduction pathway.
Communication training and consulting in business, industry, and government

In the foreword to this book, Francis Weeks, Executive Director of the American Business Communication Association, says, “This book has been needed for a long time — since 1935, at least, when ABCA was founded.” The publication of this volume does indeed fill a void and will be welcomed by ABCA members and by any professional communicator with an interest in consulting.
Democratic development for the philippines

While Southeast Asian countries were posting incredible growth rates during the 1980s, the Philippines was an outstanding exception: it remained mired in decay and deterioration. Because it lagged behind for so many years the Philippines was viewed as the “sick man of Asia.”. Recent developments, however, indicate a change: now, there is positive growth, bullish optimism and a drive to achieve a NIC (newly industrializing country) status by the year 2000. Since the People Power Revolution toppled the Marcos dictatorship in 1986, the Philippines has had a nominally democratic system of government. Marcos’ one‐man rule was replaced by a multi‐party constitutional system, a government of divided powers (courts, legislature, and the presidency), a lively and free press, and other accepted notions of Western democracy.
Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of a Novel Cationic Hexanuclear Cyclic Guanidinate Copper(I) Cluster of High Solubility in Non-polar Solvents

The reaction of copper(I) tetra-acetonitrile hexaflourophosphate with LiTEhpp (the lithium salt of 3,3,7,7-tetraethyl-1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-α)pyrimidine) at low temperature (−80 °C) in THF under Schlenk conditions, produces a cluster salt tetrakis(3,3,9,9-tetraethyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-4ene)bis(hexafluorophosphate)-hexa-copper(I), [Cu6(TEhpp)4)](PF6)2(1). The cation is composed of an octahedral core of six copper(I) with four TEhpp ligands, each in a tri-coordinating fashion through two N atoms. This compound shows strong luminescent properties at liquid nitrogen temperature and is soluble in non-polar solvents such as toluene and hexane. The synthesis, spectroscopic properties and crystal structure are presented and discussed. The use of CuCl for the reaction with LiTEhpp yields a solution from which, in the presence of water, two mononuclear copper structures are produced in low yield, [Cu(II){(μ-O-(HTEhpp)2}2Cl][Cu(I)Cl2], 2, and Cu (TEhpp)2Cl, 3.
Activities of the ASTM committee E-42 on surface analysis

The ASTM Committee E-42 on Surface Analysis was formed in 1976 to advance the field of surface analysis and the quality of surface analyses through the development of appropriate standards (reference procedures, reference materials and reference data), round robins, symposia, workshops and publications. A major function of the Committee is the development of documentary standards or reference procedures
Anatomic correlates of memory from intracarotid amobarbital injections with technetium Tc 99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime SPECT

• Objective. —To better identify regions of the brain affected by intracarotid amobarbital injections and to more precisely predict whether resections of specific brain regions will cause postoperative memory deficits. Design. —We modified the standard intracarotid amobarbital procedure by adding a radioactive tracer to the amobarbital injection, thereby providing better correlation between behavior and deactivated brain region. Setting. —Tertiary-care hospital center with a dedicated program for medical and surgical treatment of epilepsy. Patients. —We studied 39 patients with medically intractable epilepsy drawn from a regional referral base. Intervention. —Intracarotid injection of 125 mg of sodium amobarbital with 37 MBq of technetium Tc 99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO), followed by language and memory testing. Main Outcome Measures. —The distribution of amobarbital as measured by single photon emission computed tomographic imaging of HMPAO and patient performance on memory tasks. Results. —Medial temporal regions were irrigated by the amobarbital in only 28% of the injections. Overall, findings suggest that medial temporal and lateral neotemporal cortex play a role in memory. Conclusions. —The regions involved in memory function vary by individual, as does the distribution of amobarbital. Thus, the most accurate method of determining correlation of brain region with memory function during intracarotid amobarbital injection involves the use of a tracer such as HMPAO.
Enhanced performance of 2 μm N-MOSFETs in doubly recrystallised SOS films

The field-effect channel electron mobility in 0.5 μm-thick silicon-on-sapphire films is increased by up to 22%, while the back-channel leakage current is decreased 100-fold, following a double recrystallisation by means of Si ion implantation/amorphisation and solid-phase epitaxy. The improved electrical performance correlates with a more than 100-fold reduction in the microtwin density, as measured by X-ray diffraction.
Saving Wild Rice: The Rise and Fall of the Nett Lake Dam

This paper examines the interrelations of technology, environment and people by exploring the origin, design and implementation of a dam-building project intended to control water-level fluctuations and enhance the Nett Lake wild rice ecosystem at Bois Forte Indian Reservation in northern Minnesota. Informed by the interdisciplinary field of science and technology studies (STS), it is argued that technologies, such as the dam, do not fail or succeed because they are ill or well conceived. Rather, they acquire these properties depending on whether the boundaries of the technology, user and ecosystem become stable. This implies that even if we can point to the separate entities involved, their boundaries can not be determined a priori. Instead, they emerge constantly, renegotiated by a complex interplay of heterogeneous elements, including scientific, economic, political, cultural, legal and natural factors.
Comparative DFT study of the spin trapping of methyl, mercapto, hydroperoxy, superoxide, and nitric oxide radicals by various substituted cyclic nitrones.

The thermodynamics of the spin trapping of various cyclic nitrones with biologically relevant radicals such as methyl, mercapto, hydroperoxy, superoxide anion, and nitric oxide was investigated using computational methods. A density functional theory (DFT) approach was employed in this study at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The order of increasing favorability for ΔGrxn (kcal/mol) of the radical reaction with various nitrones, in general, follows a trend similar to their respective experimental reduction potentials as well as their experimental second-order rate constants in aqueous solution: NO (14.57) < O2•- (−7.51) < •O2H (−13.92) < •SH (−16.55) < •CH3 (−32.17) < •OH (−43.66). The same qualitative trend is predicted upon considering the effect of solvation using the polarizable continuum model (PCM): i.e., NO (14.12) < O2•- (9.95) < •O2H (−6.95) < •SH (−13.57) < •CH3 (−32.88) < •OH (−38.91). All radical reactions with these nitrones are exoergic, except for NO (and O2•- in the aqueous ...
First, Second, and Third Records of a Cow to Estimate Superiority of her Daughters

Abstract Partial regression coefficients indicated the appropriate use of the first three records of a cow to predict her daughter's production placed nearly all of the emphasis on the first record. Deviations from annual contemporary herd averages of 904 Guernseys and their dams and 1,592 Holsteins and their dams were used. Heritabilities of milk production in first lactation were 0.32 for Guernseys and 0.54 for Holsteins. Repeatabilities were 0.53 for Guernseys and 0.52 for Holsteins. Averages of the cow's records were less reliable than the first record alone to predict the superiority of the daughter.
THE CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC VIRUS 35S PROMOTER : COMBINATORIAL REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN PLANTS

Appropriate regulation of transcription in higher plants requires specific cis elements in the regulatory regions of genes and their corresponding trans-acting proteins. Analysis of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter has contributed to the understanding of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. The intact 35S promoter confers constitutive expression upon heterologous genes in most plants. Dissection into subdomains that are able to confer tissue-specific gene expression has demonstrated that the promoter has a modular organization. When selected subdomains are combined, they confer expression not detected from the isolated subdomains, suggesting that synergistic interactions occur among cis elements. The expression patterns conferred by specific combinations of 35S subdomains differ in tobacco and petunia. This indicates that a combinatorial code of cisregulatory elements may be interpreted differently in different species.
Selective boron delivery to murine tumors by lipophilic species incorporated in the membranes of unilamellar liposomes

Abstract The nido-carborane species K[nido-7-CH3(CH2)15-7,8-C2B9H11] has been synthesized for use as an addend for the bilayer membrane of liposomes. Small unilamellar vesicles, composed of distearoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol, 1:1, and incorporating K[nido-7-CH3(CH2)15-7,8-C2B9H11] in the bilayer, have been investigated in vivo. The time-course biodistribution of boron delivered by these liposomes was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy analyses after the injection of liposomal suspensions in BALB/c mice bearing EMT6 mammary adenocarcinomas. At the low injected doses normally used (approximately 5-10 mg of boron per kg of body weight), peak tumor boron concentrations of approximately 35 micrograms of boron per g of tissue and tumor/blood boron ratios of approximately 8 were achieved. These values are sufficiently high for the successful application of boron neutron capture therapy. The bilayer-embedded boron compound may provide the sole boron source or, alternatively, a concentrated aqueous solution of a hydrophilic boron compound may also be encapsulated within the liposomes to provide a dose enhancement. Thus, the incorporation of both K[nido-7-CH3(CH2)15-7,8-C2B9H11] and the hydrophilic species, Na3[1-(2'-B10H9)-2-NH3B10H8], within the same liposomes demonstrated significantly enhanced biodistribution characteristics, exemplified by maximum tumor boron concentrations of approximately 50 micrograms of boron per g of tissue and tumor/blood boron ratios of approximately 6.
Localization phenomenon in gaps of the spectrum of random lattice operators

We consider a class of random lattice operators including Schrodinger operators of the formH=−Δ+w+gv, wherew(x) is a real-valued periodic function,g is a positive constant, andv(x),x∈ℤd, are independent, identically distributed real random variables. We prove that if the operator −Δ+w has gaps in the spectrum andg is sufficiently small, then the operatorH develops pure point spectrum with exponentially decaying eigenfunctions in a vicinity of the gaps.
APATITE TEXTURES AND COMPOSITIONS AS RECORDS OF CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSES IN THE ANIMIKIE RED ACE PEGMATITE DIKE, WISCONSIN, USA

Unidirectional and skeletal textures in the thin inward-crystallizing Animikie Red Ace (ARA) pegmatite dike, in northeastern Wisconsin, suggest rapid, disequilibrium crystallization of the outer zones as the pegmatite-forming magma came in contact with much cooler country-rocks. The rock textures support the cooling and solidification of the dike in less than 50 days in conditions of strong to moderate undercooling, as estimated in a previous fluid- and melt-inclusion study and modeling of the conductive cooling. The magmatic disequilibrium textures are accompanied by a suite of replacement textures resulting from the aggressive reaction of assemblages of first-generation minerals deposited on the colder walls with a liquid derived from the hotter inner zones. Apatite habit, frequency, cathodoluminescence, and chemical composition fluctuate systematically within the ARA pegmatite from the outer to the inner zones. Apatite of distinctive Mn, Cl, and Fe contents occurs in the border zone, wall zone, and core-margin zone; the intervening intermediate zones and main core zones do not contain any apatite. Manganese concentrations alternate several times from very low in apatite-(CaF) to as much as 12.7 wt% MnO in manganoan apatite-(CaF). The jigsaw-like pattern of apatite occurrence and chemical composition is interpreted as a consequence of rhythmic evolution of melt composition in boundary layers formed ahead of solidifying fronts during the rapid, inward crystallization of the dike.
Acute severe mitral regurgitation. Pathophysiology, clinical recognition, and management

Acute severe mitral regurgitation often goes unrecognized as an emergency requiring prompt, lifesaving treatment. Its causes, physical signs, natural history, echocardiographic features, and findings on chest roentgenography, electrocardiography, and nuclear scintigraphic scanning are reviewed. Acute severe mitral insufficiency can be differentiated from chronic severe mitral insufficiency by noninvasive two-dimensional echocardiography. M-mode echocardiography is a valuable tool in evaluating mitral prosthetic paravalvular regurgitation.
Opinions on nuclear waste sought

A National Research Council study committee is seeking the views of individuals, groups, and organizations on the social and economic problems arising from the selection of sites for nuclear dumps. The Committee on Radioactive Waste Management of the Commission on Natural Resources, in response to a request from the Department of Energy, is conducting a study of issues related to nuclear waste and, in particular, of means by which consideration of such issues can be made part of the process of selecting a site for disposal.
A quasistatic method for the characterization of stratified dielectric materials using an open‐ended coaxial probe

An open-ended coaxial probe method has been investigated for the characterization of a stratified dielectric medium. A static formulation for its aperture capacitance is employed for this purpose. This approach is found to be fairly accurate in the frequency range of 500 MHz-2 GHz. It can be applied for monitoring the delamination or other defects in sheet materials by measuring the permittivity profile of the dielectric samples. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Summit Herpetofauna Of Auyantepui, Venezuela: Report From The Robert G. Goelet American Museum–Terramar Expedition

Abstract Auyantepui is an immense sandstone table mountain in the Venezuelan Guayana. This mesa did not appear on aviation maps and was unknown to the literate world prior to the late 1930s. It was explored from the air by Jimmy Angel, a bush pilot and colorful soldier of fortune for whom the world's highest waterfall is named (Angel Falls at the northern end of Auyantepui). About the same time, in 1937, Captain Felix Cardona Puig and Gustavo Heny discovered an access crack in the sandstone, allowing ascent onto the southern end of the mesa. The first scientific exploration followed immediately—the 1937–1938 Phelps Venezuelan Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History made the first zoological and general botanical collections. Today, no tepui other than the “Lost World” of Cerro Roraima is better known to the general public. The summit of Auyantepui has a known fauna of 24 species of amphibians and reptiles, including species added by the Robert G. Goelet American Museum–Terramar Expedition in ...
Driver waveform computation for timing analysis with multiple voltage threshold driver models

This paper introduces an accurate and efficient electrical analysis of logic gates modeled as Multiple Voltage Threshold Models (MVTM) loaded by the associated interconnect. MVTMs formalize a class of gate models which include the existing industry standards, such as CCS and ECSM driver models as special cases. The analysis technique relies on primary MVTM characterization data and does not require explicit instantiation of controlled current source models. Therefore, the method is more accurate, efficient, and general than traditional transient analysis. The theoretical results are validated by detailed simulations and use within full chip timing analysis.
An Update of a Classic: Applying Expectancy Theory to Understand Contracted Provider Motivation

This study explores whether a classic motivation theory traditionally applied by public administration scholars in bureaucratic settings can also be used to understand relationships in intersectoral service delivery networks. It focuses on how well expectancy theory explains contracted provider motivation to properly use service-monitoring tools because of contract rewards and penalties. To examine this question, qualitative data were collected from early childhood programs in three communities. Expectancy theory in its current form does not do a good job consistently explaining contracted provider motivation. An expanded version of the theory may be more useful in situations where there is uncertainty.
A mutation of Escherichia coli SecA protein that partially compensates for the absence of SecB.

The Escherichia coli SecB protein is a cytosolic chaperone protein that is required for rapid export of a subset of exported proteins. To aid in elucidation of the activities of SecB that contribute to rapid export kinetics, mutations that partially suppressed the export defect caused by the absence of SecB were selected. One of these mutations improves protein export in the absence of SecB and is the result of a duplication of SecA coding sequences, leading to the synthesis of a large, in-frame fusion protein. Unexpectedly, this mutation conferred a second phenotype. The secA mutation exacerbated the defective protein export caused by point mutations in the signal sequence of pre-maltose-binding protein. One explanation for these results is that the mutant SecA protein has sustained a duplication of its binding site(s) for exported protein precursors so that the mutant SecA is altered in its interaction with precursor molecules. Images
Lab of things: a platform for conducting studies with connected devices in multiple homes

Researchers who develop new home technologies using connected devices often want to conduct large-scale field studies in homes to evaluate their technology, but conducting such studies today is extremely challenging. Inspired by the success of PlanetLab, which enabled development and evaluation of global network services, we are developing a shared infrastructure for home environments, called Lab of Things. Our goal is to substantially lower the barrier to developing and evaluating new technologies for the home environment.
Distribution of flavonoids and their systematic significance in Clematis subsection Viornae

Abstract Fifteen flavonoids were identified in the eight taxa of Clematis subsection Viornae . Flavonols, flavones, and C -glycosyl flavones were present. The compounds were based primarily on luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, and kaempferol. The systematic significance of the distribution of these compounds among the taxa is discussed.
Seasonal prevalence of third-stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis in mosquitoes from Florida and Louisiana.

Heads of 109,597 mosquitoes collected during 1996 and 1997 from Gainesville, Florida (1996, n = 39,131; 1997, n = 34,209), Bartow, Florida (1996, n = 12,000; 1997, n = 12,000), and Baton Rouge, Louisiana (1996, n = 12,257) were tested by a polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization-based test for the presence of third-stage larvae of the canine heartworm Dirofilaria immitis. Mosquito heads were pooled (1–200 heads) by month, locality, and species for testing. The test used was species specific for D. immitis and was capable of detecting DNA from a single larva in a pool of 200 mosquito heads. Specificity for the third larval stage was achieved by probing only mosquito heads. One or more D. immitis-infected mosquito heads were detected in each month of the year from Bartow in both 1996 and 1997. No infected mosquito heads were detected from Gainesville or Baton Rouge in December, January, February, or March. These results are in general agreement with previous sentinel dog and model prediction st...
Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Chlorite Replacing Igneous Biotite

Abstraet~Hydrothermal chlorite replaces igneous biotite in the Gold Hill, Utah, quartz monzonite. Chemical compositions of coexisting biotite and chlorite determined by electron microprobe and wet chemical methods were used to evaluate chemical mass transfer during the alteration process, The mole ratio Mg/ (Mg + Fe) varies from 0.52 to 0.65 in the chlorite and from 0.51 to 0.60 in the parent biotite. The Mg content of the chlorite decreases systematically with increase in the volume percent replacement of biotite. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in nearby quartz microveinlets indicate that the chloritic alteration took place at approximately 200~ Textural relationships suggest that the alteration of biotite to chlorite is isovolumetric, but a comparison of mineral compositions and mineral assemblages with phase diagrams in which A1 or volume are conserved among solid phases suggests that the chlorite cq_mpositions are bes ~ explained:as a f!anciio~_~f~reaction progress in an Al-conservative s~stem. The chlorite composition changes in response to changes in solution ~omposition produced by the dissolution of successive small amounts of biotite. Representative mass balance for the alteration of all of the biotite to chlorite in 1 m 3 of rock containing 336 moles of biotite indicates that 74 moles of Mg, 35 moles of Fe 3+, 420 moles of H +, and 2 moles of Mn are added to the rock and that 311 moles of K, 54 moles of Fe 2+, 76 moles of Ti, 53 moles ofF, and 6 moles of C1 are lost to solution. The mass transfer for partially altered biotite is ll to 188 moles of K, 2 to 46 moles ofTi, 2 to 44 moles ofF, and 0.3 to 6 moles of C1 removed per cubic meter of rock and 1 to 26 moles of Fe 3§ and 20 to 347 moles of H + added. The mass transfer of Mg varies from 12 moles added to 32 moles removed per cubic meter of rock depending on mineral composition and extent of replacement.
Dose-Dense Chemotherapy: Principles, Clinical Results and Future Perspectives

The dose intensity of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer is an important predictor of clinical outcome. Dose-dense chemotherapy increases the dose intensity of the regimen by delivering standard-dose chemotherapy with shorter intervals between the treatment cycles. The rationale for dose-dense therapy stems from the Norton-Simon hypothesis: Sequential, consecutive dosing of chemotherapy using single or a combination of agents increases the dose density over alternating dosing, improving results. Supporting adjuvant studies, such as C9741, and the ensuing clinical experience indicate an improved disease-free and overall survival. Dosedense adjuvant chemotherapy improves clinical outcomes without increasing toxicity.
The immunoprotective Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 is encoded by a polymorphic multigene family.

Abstract An Anaplasma marginale Florida msp-2 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of multiple msp-2 gene copies that were widely distributed throughout the chromosomes of all three strains examined. Genomic polymorphism among copies was greatest in the 5' end of msp-2 but also occurred in 3' regions. The presence of gene-copy-specific epitopes was indicated by the reactivity of the cloned msp-2 copy with some, but not all, monoclonal antibodies that bound native MSP-2. Multiple antigenically distinct MSP-2 molecules were expressed within strains and were coexpressed by individual A. marginale organisms. These results suggest that expression of polymorphic msp-2 gene copies is responsible for the significant percentages of A. marginale organisms within strains that do not react with individual anti-MSP-2 monoclonal antibodies. Sequence analysis revealed highly significant MSP-2 homology with two rickettsial surface proteins, A. marginale MSP-4 and Cowdria ruminantium MAP-1. Immunization with MSP-4 has been shown to induce protective immunity in a manner similar to that of immunization with MSP-2. These findings support the hypothesis that A. marginale surface proteins are targets of protective immune responses but are antigenically polymorphic.
Esthetic Preference of the Frontal and Profile Views of the Same Smile

This study has shown that orthodontists and their patients share a common pool of diffuse esthetic values of the same smile. Profile and frontal views of the same smile were not similarly rated for esthetic pleasantness: the profile views were rated higher than the frontal views of the same smile. This finding suggests that orthodontists should consider both frontal and lateral views during evaluation of their patient when planning and assessing orthodontic treatment. More research is needed to determine the generalizability of the finding that orthodontists and patients have similar facial esthetic preferences. Future studies should expand the range of smiles that are evaluated by including both genders, people of different ethnic backgrounds, and people of a variety of ages. Research is also needed to evaluate facial esthetics and smiles in dynamic motion.
Magnetic concentration of particles and cells in ferrofluid flow through a straight microchannel using attracting magnets

Concentrating particles to a detectable level is often necessary in many applications. Although magnetic force has long been used to enrich magnetic (or magnetically tagged) particles in suspensions, magnetic concentration of diamagnetic particles is relatively new and little reported. We demonstrate in this work a simple magnetic technique to concentrate polystyrene particles and live yeast cells in ferrofluid flow through a straight rectangular microchannel using negative magnetophoresis. The magnetic field gradient is created by two attracting permanent magnets that are placed on the top and bottom of the planar microfluidic device and held in position by their natural attractive force. The magnet–magnet distance is mainly controlled by the thickness of the device substrate and can be made small, allowing for the use of a dilute ferrofluid in the developed magnetic concentration technique. This advantage not only enables a magnetic/fluorescent label-free handling of diamagnetic particles, but also renders such handling biocompatible.
Examining how context changes intervention impact: The use of effect sizes in multilevel mixture meta-analysis

In describing the impact of an intervention, a single effect size, odds ratio, or other summary measure is often employed. This single measure is useful in calibrating the effect of one intervention against others, but it is less meaningful when the intervention displays variation in impact. A single intervention trial can show differential effects when subgroups respond differentially, when impact varies by environmental context, or when there is varying impact with different outcome measures or across follow-up time. This article presents a multilevel mixture modeling approach for meta-analyses that summarizes these sources of impact variation across trials and measured outcomes.
Effects Of The New System Of Fiscal Federalism On Local Economic Development Efforts A Test Case

Although Congress has never officially endorsed President Reagans plan for a New Federalism, it is apparent that our system of fiscal federalism has undergone massive changes in recent years with Federal grants as a percentage of state and local own revenue falling since 1978 on a yearly basis. This paper considers the impact of the changing fiscal federalism upon local economic development efforts using South Bend, Indiana, a rather typical community in the manufacturing belt as a case study.
Mie-Theory Models of Light Scattering by Ocean Particulates

The general application of Mie theory to the study of the volume-scattering function, VSF, for oceanic particles is discussed in detail. The problem examined is the combination of Coulter counter measurements and the theory in order to enhance our understanding of the size-refractive index distributions of the sea water particles, First single-component models (one scattering species) are examined and compared with the Sargasso Sea VSF. These models yield an average refractive index m relative to water. Questions concerning the meaning of m require the investigation of simple two-component models consisting of low-index organic particles, and high-index inorganics. These models are systematically studied and result (again for the Sargasso Sea) in the conclusion that the inorganic particles occupy large size ranges while the organic particles are confined to small sizes. Similar studies in the Tongue of the Ocean in the Bahama Islands indicate the necessity of three-component models, which place organic particles in small and large size ranges and inorganic particles in midsizes. This model predicts a VSF in good agreement with observation, and indicates that most of the scattering is due to the inorganic particles, with the large-size organic particles (phytoplankton) contributing only at small angles. This suggests the possibility of monitoring phytoplankton populations in coastal areas through simultaneous measurement of small- and large-angle scattering, for which a preliminary experimental verification is presented. A relaxation of the constraints on the three-component model consistent with the observed VSF has been effected and provides very general limitations on the size distribution in size ranges where it cannot be measured. A simple method for determination of the average refractive index of particles is presented and its limitations are discussed in detail.
Nanoparticle delivery of miR-223 to attenuate macrophage fusion.

The foreign body response (FBR) begins with injury acquired during implantation of a biomaterial (BM) and is detrimental due to the eventual encapsulation of the implant. Fusion of macrophages to form foreign body giant cells (FBGC), a hallmark of the FBR, is the consequence of a multistep mechanism induced by interleukin (IL)-4 that includes the acquisition of a fusion competent state and subsequent cytoskeletal rearrangements. However, the precise mechanism, regulation, and interplay among molecular mediators to generate FBGCs are insufficiently understood. Seeking novel mediators of fusion that might be regulated at the post-transcriptional level, we examined the role of microRNAs (miRs) in this process. A miR microarray was screened and identified miR-223 as a negative regulator of macrophage fusion. In addition, transfection of primary macrophages with a mir-223 mimic attenuated IL-4-induced fusion. Furthermore, miR-223 KO mice and mir-223 deficient cells displayed increased fusion in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Finally, we developed a method for in vivo delivery of miR-223 mimic utilizing PLGA nanoparticles, which inhibited FBGC formation in a biomaterial implant model. Our results identify miR-223 as a negative regulator of fusion and demonstrate miR-223 mimic-loaded nanoparticles as a therapeutic inhibitor of macrophage fusion.
Hormone-receptor Assays and Cancer of the Breast: The Pathologist’s Role

PIP: The pathologist's role in hormone-receptor assays and cancer of the breast is discussed. The pathologist should persist in his role of continuing education to the medical staff to provide the surgeon and clinicians with full understanding of the concept of hormone receptors as they relate to mammary carcinoma and in this way persuade them to order these tests appropriately. The pathologist is also critically important in the selection of tissue for assay: 1) he must select the tissue carefully, eliminating any noncancerous tissue that may interfere with the assay; 2) he must retain a portion of adjacent tissue for histologic control; 3) he should avoid necrotic tissue that includes denatured receptor tissue; and 4) he must freeze the tissue in a -35 degrees centigrade freezer; 6) he should insure shipment to a reliable reference laboratory; 7) he should have recurrent carcinomas analyzed for receptor content to establish the continued presence of the receptor in metastatic tissue; and 8) he may assay undifferentiated or metastatic carcinoma of uncertain origin in women to aid in the differential diagnosis of the tissue of origin.
Influence of counterpropagating light on phase matching in second-harmonic generation

Here we show an explicit measurement of the microscopic disruption to the phase-matching conditions for second-harmonic generation caused by a counterpropagating light field. This microscopic phase disruption has been assumed as the mechanism behind successful implementations of all-optical quasi-phase matching of high-order harmonic generation but has never been previously observed. Numerical simulations reproduce the features of the observed disruption and indicate pathways for implementing in situ probing and quasi-phase matching of second-harmonic generation with counterpropagating fields.
A thermosiphon loop for high heat flux removal using flow boiling of ethanol in OMM with taper

Abstract Open Microchannel Manifold (OMM) with taper has been effective in enhancing heat transfer performance during flow boiling with low pressure drop. This makes it very attractive in low pressure drop systems like a thermosiphon loop. A gravity-driven flow boiling system was used to generate the performance data using ethanol at low flow rates. Based on the pressure drop and heat transfer data, a two-phase thermosiphon loop with a small ethanol head of 0.2 m was developed and tested with OMM configuration. A maximum heat flux of 136 W/cm 2 was recorded at a wall superheat of 42 °C resulting in a highest heat transfer coefficient of 34,100 W/m 2 K with 6% taper manifold. The thermosiphon loop provided a maximum flow rate of approximately 35 mL/min. Pressure drop data showed stable thermosiphon operation and a very low pressure drop of only 4 kPa near CHF. The heat transfer performance was independent of the orientation of the test section as the horizontal and the vertical upflow configurations yielding similar values of heat transfer.
Can Academic Medicine Lead the Way in the Refugee Crisis

The world is currently in the midst of the largest refugee crisis since World War II, with the highest interval of mass displacement in recorded history according to the United Nations. The United States has pledged to maintain its position as one of the world's top resettlement countries in response to this crisis. These new immigrants will arrive with exceptional chronic and acute medical needs, including higher rates of behavioral health disorders. The author describes the health care challenges experienced by refugees seeking asylum in the United States and outlines the ways in which our health care system is currently deficient in helping refugee patients to overcome these challenges. He argues that the academic medical community can change this dynamic by standardizing and expanding instruction in cross-cultural competence and behavioral health screenings throughout the spectrum of medical education. Ensuring the long-term well-being of refugees in the United States, including meeting their mental health needs, will be the best inoculation against the risks of violent extremism which so many fear. With the absence of national leadership on this issue, academic medicine can and should lead the way.
Postbaccalaureate Reverse Transfer Students in Iowa: An Expanded Look at Community College Students with Previous Degrees Earned

ABSTRACTPostbaccalaureate reverse transfer students (PRTSs) are students that enroll at a community college after completion of at least a bachelor’s degree. This study expanded the definition of PRTSs by including students that had completed an associate’s degree prior to enrolling at a community college. This report is an exploratory, descriptive study of PRTSs in Iowa for fiscal years 2010 through 2014. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of post- PRTSs in Iowa. The study referenced data from the State of Iowa Management Information Systems database and National Student Clearinghouse to examine the demographics, previous degrees, program of enrollment, and prevalence of PRTSs enrolled at community colleges in Iowa. A summary discussion of the results along with implications and recommendations for the practice, policy and further research are included.
Scalable training of 3D convolutional networks on multi- and many-cores

Abstract Convolutional networks (ConvNets) have become a popular approach to computer vision. Here we consider the parallelization of ConvNet training, which is computationally costly. Our novel parallel algorithm is based on decomposition into a set of tasks, most of which are convolutions or FFTs. Theoretical analysis suggests that linear speedup with the number of processors is attainable. To attain such performance on real shared-memory machines, our algorithm computes convolutions converging on the same node of the network with temporal locality to reduce cache misses, and sums the convergent convolution outputs via an almost wait-free concurrent method to reduce time spent in critical sections. Benchmarking with multi-core CPUs shows speedup roughly equal to the number of physical cores. We also demonstrate 90x speedup on a many-core CPU (Xeon Phi Knights Corner). Our algorithm can be either faster or slower than certain GPU implementations depending on specifics of the network architecture, kernel sizes, and density and size of the output patch.
Liver X receptor agonist treatment significantly affects phenotype and transcriptome of APOE3 and APOE4 Abca1 haplo-deficient mice.

ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) controls cholesterol and phospholipid efflux to lipid-poor apolipoprotein E (APOE) and is transcriptionally controlled by Liver X receptors (LXRs) and Retinoic X Receptors (RXRs). In APP transgenic mice, lack of Abca1 increased Aβ deposition and cognitive deficits. Abca1 haplo-deficiency in mice expressing human APOE isoforms, increased level of Aβ oligomers and worsened memory deficits, preferentially in APOE4 mice. In contrast upregulation of Abca1 by LXR/RXR agonists significantly ameliorated pathological phenotype of those mice. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of LXR agonist T0901317 (T0) on the phenotype and brain transcriptome of APP/E3 and APP/E4 Abca1 haplo-deficient (APP/E3/Abca1+/- and APP/E4/Abca1+/-) mice. Our data demonstrate that activated LXRs/RXR ameliorated APOE4-driven pathological phenotype and significantly affected brain transcriptome. We show that in mice expressing either APOE isoform, T0 treatment increased mRNA level of genes known to affect brain APOE lipidation such as Abca1 and Abcg1. In both APP/E3/Abca1+/- and APP/E4/Abca1+/- mice, the application of LXR agonist significantly increased ABCA1 protein level accompanied by an increased APOE lipidation, and was associated with restoration of APOE4 cognitive deficits, reduced levels of Aβ oligomers, but unchanged amyloid load. Finally, using Gene set enrichment analysis we show a significant APOE isoform specific response to LXR agonist treatment: Gene Ontology categories "Microtubule Based Process" and "Synapse Organization" were differentially affected in T0-treated APP/E4/Abca1+/- mice. Altogether, the results are suggesting that treatment of APP/E4/Abca1+/- mice with LXR agonist T0 ameliorates APOE4-induced AD-like pathology and therefore targeting the LXR-ABCA1-APOE regulatory axis could be effective as a potential therapeutic approach in AD patients, carriers of APOEe4.
Deep-water measurements of container ship radiated noise signatures and directionality.

Underwater radiated noise from merchant ships was measured opportunistically from multiple spatial aspects to estimate signature source levels and directionality. Transiting ships were tracked via the Automatic Identification System in a shipping lane while acoustic pressure was measured at the ships' keel and beam aspects. Port and starboard beam aspects were 15°, 30°, and 45° in compliance with ship noise measurements standards [ANSI/ASA S12.64 (2009) and ISO 17208-1 (2016)]. Additional recordings were made at a 10° starboard aspect. Source levels were derived with a spherical propagation (surface-affected) or a modified Lloyd's mirror model to account for interference from surface reflections (surface-corrected). Ship source depths were estimated from spectral differences between measurements at different beam aspects. Results were exemplified with a 4870 and a 10 036 twenty-foot equivalent unit container ship at 40%–56% and 87% of service speeds, respectively. For the larger ship, opportunistic ANSI/I...
“De camareros a profesores” de ELE: La mercantilización del español y de su enseñanza como lengua extranjera

Este articulo da cuenta de la mercantilizacion del espanol como lengua extranjera (ELE) en Espana. Empezamos presentando el marco teorico de los estudios sobre la mercantilizacion del lenguaje y sobre el aparato discursivo en torno al valor economico del espanol desarrollado en Espana de los 90, el cual proponemos entender como parte de un dispositivo de promocion internacional del espanol. A continuacion, analizamos la vision del ELE en Espana como industria de la lengua . En concreto, mostramos que la colaboracion entre instituciones publicas y entidades privadas ha conformado el sector como turismo idiomatico , lo cual tiene consecuencias ideologicas (estandarizacion y mercantilizacion de la lengua) y profesionales (falta de legitimidad, precariedad laboral). Concluimos planteando una serie de cuestiones fundamentales para una vision critica del ELE que contemple la ensenanza de espanol en relacion con la injerencia institucional (politica linguistica), las condiciones del mercado laboral, la relacion entre conocimiento e interes y otras cuestiones sociales y politicas.
Applying a Three-Dimensional Framework to Understanding Neoliberalism: Discourse Analysis of Speeches and Writings of Karimov and Nazarbayev from 1991 to 2015

This chapter takes a discursive perspective at the micro-level of words to investigate the influence of neoliberalism on the post-communist capitalist transitions of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. This chapter examines speeches and writings of Karimov and Nazarbayev, using critical discourse analysis to trace the influence of neoliberalism. The findings show that neoliberalism has played a crucial role in the establishment and consolidation of a capitalist political-economic system in both of these post-Soviet transitional countries. The chapter also highlights the multiplicity of the influences of neoliberalism in the transition processes of both countries. Moreover, the findings highlight that the implementation of Karimov’s and Nazarbayev’s neoliberal policies has been contingent upon the political leaders’ particular political agenda and their countries’ conditions specific to the given time in history.