cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-stabilizing distributed algorithms for networks

Many essential fundamental services for networked distributed systems (ad hoc, wireless or sensor) involve maintaining a global predicate over the entire network (defined by some invariance relation on the global state of the network) by using local knowledge at each of the participating nodes. The participating nodes can no longer keep track of even a small fraction of the knowledge about the global network due to limited storage. We need a new paradigm of localized distributed algorithms, where a node takes simple actions based on local knowledge of only its immediate neighbors and yet the system achieves a global objective. Self-stabilization is a relatively new paradigm for designing such localized distributed algorithms for networks; it is an optimistic way of looking at system fault tolerance and scalable coordination; it provides a cost effective built-in safeguard against transient failures that might corrupt data in a distributed system. We introduce self-stabilizing protocol design with the example of a total dominating set in a network graph and discuss some open problems.
Risky Shift Versus Cautious Shift: Determining Differences In Risk Taking Between Private And Public Management Decision-Making

This paper uses empirical evidence to examine whether people take more risk for their own potential loss/gain and less risk for other people’s potential loss/gain or vice versa. An experiment is described wherein participants had the option of taking different risks in exchange for their own benefit and the benefit of others. Results indicate that subjects take a statistically significant higher level of risk for themselves as individuals than they do when other’s payoffs are at stake. This indicates that people are less risk averse in making decisions for themselves and more risk averse in making decisions that affect others. However, when the amount of reward is increased, the findings change. The purpose of the experiment is to find a better explanation for how government-owned businesses or large corporations work, where anecdotal evidence suggests much less innovation and risk taking takes place compared to small proprietary firms.
Financial Globalization and the Transmission of Bank Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from an Emerging Market

I exploit the 1998 Russian default as a negative liquidity shock to international banks and analyze its impact on Peru. I find that after the shock international banks reduce bank-to-bank lending to Peruvian banks and Peruvian banks reduce lending to Peruvian firms. The effect is strongest for domestically-owned banks that borrow internationally, intermediate for foreign-owned banks, and weakest for locally-funded banks. I control for credit demand by examining firms that borrow from several banks. These results suggest that bank-to-bank lending establishes an international transmission channel for liquidity shocks and that foreign bank ownership mitigates, rather than amplifies, the transmission through this channel.
Infrared radiation from non-homogeneous gas mixtures having overlapping bands

Abstract Existing methods for treating nonhomogeneous gas radiation are extended to include radiation from non-homogeneous mixtures of gases which have overlapping absorption-emission bands. Narrow band and wide band methods are discussed. A simplified wide band method is presented whereby hand calculations of the intensity emitted by such gas mixtures can be performed. Calculations are made by the narrow and wide band methods and the results compared.
The Use of Skinfold to Estimate Body Fatness on Children and Youth

(1987). The Use of Skinfold to Estimate Body Fatness on Children and Youth. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 58, Buyer's Guide Issue, pp. 98-103.
Particle Residence Time Distributions in Two-phase Flow in Straight Round Conduit

Residence times were studied for single particles (polystyrene spheres 19.1 mm diam) in the straight portion of the holding section of a continuous flow system. Particle residence times were all less than the mean residence time of fluid; their ranges were within particle-to-fluid residence time ratios of 0.8 to 1.0. The velocities of the fastest moving particles were all about 1.25 times the mean fluid velocity in the turbulent flow regime. Particle density was important in the flow patterns of two-phase flow. The effect of particle-to-fluid density ratios on the particle residence time followed a quadratic function where particles with density ratio of 1.01 had the least residence time.
The contrastive hypothesis for the acquisition of word meaning: a reconsideration of the theory.

The evidence for the Contrastive Hypothesis (Clark 1980, 1983a, b, 1987, Barrett 1978, 1982) is reviewed. An examination of data from the acquisition of object words, relational words and superordinate terms reveals little support for this hypothesis that young children automatically assume that every two words in their lexicons contrast. Further, theoretical problems with the positions that children assign words to semantic fields as they are acquiring them and that innovations are used to fill lexical gaps make these stances untenable.
Food blogs and the digital reimagination of South Asian diasporic publics

Using the vivid appeal of photographs and text, South Asian diasporic bloggers present the pleasures of traditional recipes of regional Indian food. While the bloggers offer individual reminiscences about home, homeland and the comfort of home-cooked meals, the blog serves as a cultural form that works within a circulatory matrix where new configurations of cosmopolitan sociality are being constituted. In the transnational intimacies of the virtual kitchen, the bloggers create a culinary archive that mines regional details and local origins only to go beyond and forge broader culinary publics. Building linkages within prescribed templates, the blogs signify a new moment in the globalization of Indian regional food and a digital turn in the formation of networks of sociality and a strategic distribution of diasporic publics.
Organizational Knowledge Management

Significant payoff potential exists for organizations that effectively exploit artificial intelligence technologies to manage organizational knowledge. The fundamental concepts of knowledge management, knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, and knowledge utilization are examined in light of the unique characteristics of organizational problems. Key areas where these technologies can be applied in organizational settings are discussed, including document processing, organizational learning, information systems management, and group decision support systems. Managerial issues regarding worker resistance, competitive advantage, and cost of adopting knowledge management technology are also considered.
Normal Mode Theory as a Tool in Finite Element Substructuring

Two methods of substructuring finite element models are examined. Each method uses normal mode theory as the basis for selecting the appropriate modes for the substructure and the properties of the modes. One of the substructuring procedures uses component mode synthesis to attach the substructure to the residual structure, while the other method uses direct connection. The resulting combined models are evaluated for shock input using NASTRAN, and the results are compared to the analysis of the original model in each case.
Hypoxia regulates iNOS expression in human normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts through nuclear factor kappa B activation mechanism.

Objective To determine the mechanism by which hypoxia increases expression of iNOS in human normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts. Design Prospective experimental study. Setting University medical center. Patient(s) Primary cultures of fibroblasts from normal peritoneum and adhesion tissues. Intervention(s) Hypoxia-treated cells. Main Outcome Measure(s) We used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to quantify mRNA levels of iNOS and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Western blots were used to determine iNOS, NF-κB, IκB-α, and phospho-IκB expression levels in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts in response to hypoxia. Result(s) Hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in iNOS and NF-κB expression in normal and adhesion fibroblasts. Furthermore, both cell types manifested lower levels of NF-κB, cytoplasmic phospho-IκB-α, and iNOS proteins. In contrast, they manifested higher levels of cytoplasmic IκB-α and IκB-α/NF-κB ratios as well as a phosphorylated-IκB-α/NF-κB ratio. Under hypoxic conditions, both cell types exhibited significantly decreased cytoplasmic NF-κB, IκB-α levels, and significantly increased cytoplasmic phospho-IκB-α, iNOS, and NF-κB protein levels. Conclusion(s) Hypoxia increases iNOS expression by a mechanism involving activation of NF-κB. The ratio of IκB-α/NF-κB or IκB-α/p-IκB-α can be used to monitor activation.
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and other prostatic lesions as risk factors and surrogate endpoints for cancer chemoprevention trials.

The most efficient strategy for chemoprevention clinical trials are short-term studies which focus on surrogate endpoint biomarkers (SEBs) in high-risk target populations. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the most likely precursor of prostate cancer, and is found in a significant number of routine contemporary needle biopsies without cancer. The frequency and extent of PIN are decreased with androgen deprivation therapy, suggesting that it is a suitable endpoint biomarker for modulation. Potential SEBs for screening chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer in short-term Phase II trials include (1) histologic premalignant lesions, such as high-grade PIN; (2) biochemical markers, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum concentration; and (3) morphometric markers, including nuclear texture, shape, and roundness; size and number of nucleoli; and number of apoptotic bodies; (4) proliferation markers, including MIB-1 and PCNA; (5) genetic markers, including nuclear DNA content (ploidy), oncogene c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) expression, fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosome 8; and PSA-producing cells in the blood detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; and (6) differentiation markers, such as microvessel density as a determinant of angiogenesis. Each of these endpoint biomarkers is measured easily and accurately in serum or in tissue specimens such as formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded needle biopsies, and may be modifiable by intervention. The clinical utility of these biomarkers as modulatable endpoints in prostate cancer chemoprevention needs to be demonstrated in future clinical trials. J. Cell. Biochem. 25S:156–164. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Salt-inducible betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from sugar beet: cDNA cloning and expression.

Members of the Chenopodiaceae, such as sugar beet and spinach, accumulate glycine betaine in response to salinity or drought stress. The last enzyme in the glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway is betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). In sugar beet the activity of BADH was found to increase two- to four-fold in both leaves and roots as the NaCl level in the irrigation solution was raised from 0 to 500 mM. This increase in BADH activity was paralleled by an increase in level of translatable BADH mRNA. Several cDNAs encoding BADH were cloned from a λgt10 libary representing poly(A)+ RNA from salinized leaves of sugar beet plants, by hybridization with a spinach BADH cDNA. Three nearly full-length cDNA clones were confirmed to encode BADH by their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence identity to spinach BADH; these clones showed minor nucleotide sequence differences consistent with their being of two different BADH alleles. The clones averaged 1.7 kb and contained an open reading frame predicting a polypeptide of 500 amino acids with 83% identity to spinach BADH. RNA gel blot analysis of total RNA showed that salinization to 500 mM NaCl increased BADH mRNA levels four-fold in leaves and three-fold in the taproot. DNA gel blot analyses indicated the presence of at least two copies of BADH in the haploid sugar beet genome.
TRADITIONALIST DISSENT: THE REORIENTATION OF AMERICAN CONSERVATISM, 1865–1900

The last couple of decades has brought a renewed interest in American conservatism among historians. Yet most recent studies have focused on the emergence of neoconservatism after World War II and virtually no recent scholarly work has pursued the history of conservatism before the 1920s. Both Richard Hofstadter and Clinton Rossiter agreed that the late nineteenth century was an important watershed in the evolution of American conservative thought. Hofstadter argued that the new laissez-faire conservatism that became dominant during the Gilded Age was remarkable in that “it lacked many of the signal characteristics of conservatism as it is usually found.” Yet some conservatives refused to accept key features of what Clinton Rossiter once branded this new “contradictory conservatism.” This essay focuses mostly on Protestant clerical intellectuals (both Northern and Southern) who dissented from the new orthodoxy and attempted to preserve older conservative principles. Against the laissez-faire conservatives' hyperindividualism, these dissenting conservatives stressed an organic view of the social order and the importance of mediating institutions such as family and church. To the others' secularism, they offered a social theory suffused with evangelical Protestantism. This analysis highlights where these dissidents differed from their fellow conservatives and seeks also to elucidate their alternative conservative vision of the American republic. Such a study serves to clarify just how profound an ideological shift occurred among conservatives during the Gilded Age and illuminates some of the persistent tensions within American conservatism still evident today.
The turbulence structure of drag-reduced boundary layer flow

The structure of turbulence in a drag-reduced flat-plate boundary layer flow has been studied with particle image velocimetry (PIV). Drag reduction was achieved by injection of a concentrated polymer solution through a spanwise slot along the test wall at a location upstream of the PIV measurement station. Planes of velocity were measured parallel to the wall (x–z plane), for a total of 30 planes across the thickness of the boundary layer. For increasing drag reduction, we found a significant modification of the near-wall structure of turbulence with a coarsening of the low-speed velocity streaks and a reduction in the number and strength of near-wall vortical structures.
Individual differences and asymmetry effects in memory for unfamiliar faces.

Summary Visual field effects for recognition of unfamiliar faces was investigated using memory intervals of 0, 10, and 20 sec. and 8 stimuli in a same-different comparison paradigm. In Experiment I, 24 male and 24 female familial righthanders, half of whom had high and the other half, low Block Design (BD) scaled scores participated. Faces were recognized significantly more often in the LVF. A visual field × memory interval interaction resulted from reliable LVF superiorities with the 0 and 10 sec. memory intervals and a non-significant RVF superiority with the 20 sec. memory interval. Performance decreased significantly as the duration of the memory interval increased. No sex differences were found. Subjects with high and low BD scores performed similarly. In Experiment II, 16 stimuli were employed and the task repeated. Twenty-four male and 24 female familial right-handerds were given the BD and Vocabulary subtests of the WAIS as well as a brightness discrimination task. Field effects were non-significant. Performance decreased with longer memory intervals. For males, field effects for the 0 sec. memory interval were positively related to brightness discrimination scores.
A new subgroup of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids: (+)-cycleatjehenine and (+)-cycleatjehine

The leaves of Cyclea atjehensis Forman (Menispermaceae) of Thai origin have yielded the bisbenzylisoquinolines (+)-cycleatjehenine(1a) and (+)-cycleatjehine(6) . These alkaloids incorporate the unusual methyleneoxy bridge, and belong to a new bisbenzylisoquinoline subgroup.
Growth Layers on Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate

Microscopic observations of growth layers and etch pits on ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals reveal screw dislocations on the { 100 } face generating elliptical spirals that change rapidly but reversibly to rectangular shape when chromium-ion impurity is added. The effects of the impurity on crystal habit are judged to be secondary to changes in the morphology of the growth layers. No sources of growth are observed on the { 101 } faces; the layers spread inward from the edges and at times are mutually annihilating so that, temporarily, no steps are observed. Similar behavior is recorded for the { 1011 } faces of NaNO3.
Olfactory Proteins Mediating Chemical Communication in the Navel Orangeworm Moth, Amyelois transitella

Background The navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is the most serious insect pest of almonds and pistachios in California for which environmentally friendly alternative methods of control — like pheromone-based approaches — are highly desirable. Some constituents of the sex pheromone are unstable and could be replaced with parapheromones, which may be designed on the basis of molecular interaction of pheromones and pheromone-detecting olfactory proteins. Methodology By analyzing extracts from olfactory and non-olfactory tissues, we identified putative olfactory proteins, obtained their N-terminal amino acid sequences by Edman degradation, and used degenerate primers to clone the corresponding cDNAs by SMART RACE. Additionally, we used degenerate primers based on conserved sequences of known proteins to fish out other candidate olfactory genes. We expressed the gene encoding a newly identified pheromone-binding protein, which was analyzed by circular dichroism, fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance, and used in a binding assay to assess affinity to pheromone components. Conclusion We have cloned nine cDNAs encoding olfactory proteins from the navel orangeworm, including two pheromone-binding proteins, two general odorant-binding proteins, one chemosensory protein, one glutathione S-transferase, one antennal binding protein X, one sensory neuron membrane protein, and one odorant receptor. Of these, AtraPBP1 is highly enriched in male antennae. Fluorescence, CD and NMR studies suggest a dramatic pH-dependent conformational change, with high affinity to pheromone constituents at neutral pH and no binding at low pH.
In situ observation of dynamic elastic modulus in polypyrrole actuators

Abstract Polypyrrole is a leading conducting polymer actuator, but the factors that influence its performance when actuated under load in devices (such as the polymer stiffness) are not yet fully understood. To this end, we have probed the dynamic elastic modulus of polypyrrole in situ during actuation in a variety of electrolytes. As part of this study, we demonstrate that the electroactive response in dilute 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate can be changed from cation- to anion-dominated by adjusting the applied potential waveform. We observe that when conservative electrochemical conditions are applied in order to avoid dual ion movement or significant transfer of neutral solvent, the stiffness is determined by level of counterion swelling. The elastic modulus decreases during the net influx of ions into the bulk polymer and increases as these ions are expelled, regardless of whether the electroactive response is cation- or anion-dominated or whether there is a neutral solvent present in the electrolyte. This effect is quite significant, and we have observed up to a 3× increase in elastic modulus upon actuation in neat 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate.
Linearization of subthreshold low-noise amplifiers

This paper presents a subthreshold cascode low-noise amplifier (LNA) with inductive source degeneration and third-order linearity enhancement. The LNA architecture includes an inductor and a capacitor at the gate of the cascode transistor for partial cancellation of third-order distortion components. This design method enables third-order intermodulation intercept point (IIP3) and 1dB compression point (P1dB) improvements of 4.8-11.2 dB and 7.1-11.6 dB respectively (depending on the process corner case) compared to a commensurate LNA without the linearization method. A 2.4 GHz LNA was designed and simulated using 0.13 μm CMOS technology. In the typical corner case, the linearized LNA achieves -2.0 dBm IIP3, -13.5 dBm P1dB, 18.2 dB power gain, and 4.54 dB noise figure with a power consumption of 0.24 mW.
Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide in the rodent striatum: A putative neurochemical link between motor and autonomic deficits in parkinson’s disease

We have previously demonstrated that imidazole-4-acetic acid-ribotide (IAA-RP) is present in the mammalian brain and is an endogenous ligand at imidazoline binding sites. In the present study, we used a polyclonal antiserum to visualize IAA-RP-containing neurons in the rat caudoputamen. We observe IAA-RP-immunostained neurons scattered throughout the dorsal and ventral striatum. Most of these cells co-localize GABA, but none are parvalbumin-immunoreactive. In contrast, approximately 50% of the calbindin D28k-immunopositive striatal neurons co-localize IAA-RP. Electrophysiological studies using corticostriatal slices demonstrated that bath application of IAA-RP reversibly depresses the synaptically mediated component of field potentials recorded in the striatum by stimulation of cortical axons. Addition of competitive glutamate receptor antagonists completely blocks the response, confirming its association with glutamatergic transmission. Using paired-pulse stimuli, IAA-RP was shown to exert, at least in part, a presynaptic effect, but blockade of GABAA receptor-mediated transmission did not alter the response. Lastly, we show that this effect is attributable to imidazoline-1 receptors, and not to α2 adrenergic receptors. Since IAA-RP is an endogenous central regulator of blood pressure, and cardiovascular dysfunction is a common symptom associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), we speculate that IAA-RP-related abnormalities may underlie some of the autonomic dysfunction that occurs in PD.
“Microscopic satellites” are more highly associated with regional lymph node metastases than is primary melanoma thickness

A multivariate analysis was performed on 20 clinical and histologic variables from 327 Stage I prospectively studied melanoma patients who underwent elective regional lymph node dissection (ERLD). Primary tumor thickness, microscopic satellites, and the elapsed interval between diagnosis and ERLD, were selected as the combination of variables that were most highly associated with clinically occult regional lymph node metastases (P = 10(-15), model chi-square). Microscopic satellites were defined as tumor nests, greater than 0.05 mm in diameter, in the reticular dermis, panniculus, or vessels beneath the principal invasive tumor mass but separated from it by normal tissue on the section in which the Breslow measurement was taken. The probability of finding nodal metastases for melanomas less than 0.75 mm thick was 0% (0/41 patients); for those 0.76-1.50 mm, 4% (4/108); 1.51-3.0 mm, 14% (14/102); and greater than 3.0 mm, 39.5% (30/76). Primary melanomas greater than 1.50 mm thick with microscopic satellites were more often associated with nodal metastases than those of similar thickness without satellites (30/57 (53%) versus 14/121 (12%), P = 0.01). Some satellites probably represent intraspecimen metastases, while others do not. Any predictive model for occult regional lymph node metastases based on data from ERLD done less than 50 days after diagnosis may underestimate the prevalence of metastases.
Cytomegalovirus infection of the ileoanal pouch: clinical characteristics and outcomes.

Background Up to 30% of cases of pouchitis are felt to have a secondary cause. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) may represent a possible etiopathological agent. Here, we report our experience with CMV involvement of the pouch, including risk factors, clinical features, and pouch outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.
Enhanced sampling near the native conformation using statistical potentials for local side-chain and backbone interactions

In the preceding article in this issue of Proteins, an empirical energy function consisting of 4 statistical potentials that quantify local side-chain-backbone and side-chain-side-chain interactions has been demonstrated to successfully identify the native conformations of short sequence fragments and the native structure within large sets of high-quality decoys. Because this energy function consists entirely of interactions between residues separated by fewer than 5 positions, it can be used at the earliest stage of ab initio structure prediction to enhance the efficiency of conformational search. In this article, protein fragments are generated de novo by recombining very short segments of protein structures (2, 4, or 6 residues), either selected at random or optimized with respect this local energy function. When local energy is optimized in selected fragments, more efficient sampling of conformational space near the native conformation is consistently observed for 450 randomly selected single turn fragments, with turn lengths varying from 3 to 12 residues and all 4 combinations of flanking secondary structure. These results further demonstrate the energetic significance of local interactions in protein conformations. When used in combination with longer range energy functions, application of these potentials should lead to more accurate prediction of protein structure.
Destructive Adsorption of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on Ultrafine (Nanoscale) Particles of Calcium Oxide. 3. Chloroform, Trichloroethene, and Tetrachloroethene

As a one-step approach to the safe destruction of chlorocarbons, the reactions of trichloroethene, chloroform, and tetrachloroethene with ultrafine particles of calcium oxide have been studied. Calcium oxide prepared by an aerogel/hypercritical drying method (AP-CaO) is generally superior to conventionally prepared (CP-CaO) and vastly superior to commercially available (CM-CaO) samples, although in higher temperature reactions with C2Cl4 CP-CaO exhibited higher capacity but slower reaction kinetics. The main reaction products of CaO with C2HCl3 were CaCl2, H2O, CO and C; with CHCl3 were CaCl2, H2O and CO and with C2Cl4 were CaCl2, CaCO3, and C. Reaction temperatures were 300−500 °C, and optimum temperatures were found. If temperatures were too low, reaction efficiencies were low and if too high, efficiencies could also go down due to graphite formation which could block reactive sites.
The Stevens Wars

This paper surveys the responsiveness of contemporary poets to the writings of Wallace Stevens in the period between 1975 and the present.
Mechanistic modeling of pipeline leak detection at fixed inlet rate

Abstract A leak from subsea pipelines has been a serious problem in deepwater operations because of its potential threat to surrounding marine environments, significant monetary loss from the delay of hydrocarbon production, and difficulty in detection and remedial processes. For the first time, this study shows how a leak in long horizontal subsea pipelines can be modeled mechanistically using pressure traverse calculations, and presents the results in a form of contour plots, with “a change in inlet pressure (ΔPin)” or “a change in outlet flowrate (Δqtout)” induced by a leak in z axis as a function of leak opening size and longitudinal pipe location in the x and y axes. Beggs and Brill's correlations provided a means of deciphering complicated gas–oil two-phase flow mechanisms in pipelines. The calculated steady-state response of the system before and after the leak was investigated in terms of pressure gradient, flow rate, holdup, and flowing fraction, which were validated and well agreed with results from a quasi-dynamic numerical simulation. The results showed that the outlet flowrate monitored at the receiving facilities (qtout) could be a good indicator to detect a leak, while the pressure monitored at the inlet (Pin) was less reliable. The use of inlet pressure became more trustworthy with decreasing backpressure downstream (or increasing gas compressibility equivalently). The results also demonstrated that a leak is more easily detected if located further upstream with a larger opening size, and the presence of a compressible phase in pipelines makes leak detection more favorable leading to larger Δqtout. The effects of gas–oil ratio of leaking fluids, gas compressibility, leak size, and leak coefficient were investigated, and the nature of transient behavior between the two steady states, before and after the leak, was also examined.
Probing Mechanisms through which Drugs Affect Voltage-Sensitive Gating

Voltage-gated ion channels, which serve as the molecular basis for electrical signaling in excitable cells, represent a valuable target for drug therapy. However, there is a void in the mechanistic understanding of drug action on voltage-dependent gating. In our recent work on PIP2 regulation of Kv7.1, we developed a methodology to isolate the effect of PIP2 on three fundamental gating processes: voltage-sensing domain (VSD) activation, pore-gate domain (PGD) opening, and PGD-VSD coupling. Using Voltage Clamp Fluorometry (VCF) to track VSD movement simultaneously with ionic current to monitor PGD opening, we were able to gauge PIP2 effects on PGD opening and VSD activation. We detected coupling by performing VCF on locked-open channel mutants, allowing us to directly observe the impact of pore-opening on VSD activation through the VSD-PGD coupling. Here we demonstrate the ability of our methodology to provide mechanistic insights into drug effects using the potent Kv7.1 channel activator ML277 (Mattmann 2012). As reported previously, 10 μM ML277 caused a maximal channel potentiation of around 4.5x initial current. We observed channel potentiation at 40 mV, at which point VSD activation is complete, indicating that ML277 acts on processes other than VSD activation. Using VCF, we see that ML277 mildly right-shifts VSD activation in WT channels. This result contradicts pore-opener behavior, which would have left-shifted the fluorescence-voltage (FV) relationship. In contrast we see a dramatic left-shift in the FV relationship of the lock-open mutant, leading to the conclusion that ML277 strengthens the coupling process. Consistently, we saw a higher apparent affinity for ML277 in Kv380 mutants, which have been shown to exhibit increased PIP2 affinity. This study shows the utility of our methodology to analyze drug effects on voltage-sensitive gating.
Endogenous probabilities and the information revealed by prices

Abstract This paper studies the revelation of private information by equilibrium prices when conditional probabilities are endogenous. The analysis is confined to one-period, one-good exchange economies with incomplete asset markets. It is shown that for a generic set of economies parameterized by endowment vectors both the set of fully revealing and set of non-revealing (partially revealing) rational expectations equilibria (REE) are smooth manifolds of strictly positive dimension. However, the dimension of the manifold of fully revealing REB is strictly larger than the dimension of the manifold of non-revealing (partially revealing) REE. Moreover, the same result holds for the set of consumption allocations associated with the set of fully revealing REE and non-revealing (partially revealing) REE. Hence, even if conditional probabilities are endogenous, informational efficiency is still the rule.
An Application of SIMS to Fusion Energy Research: Determination of Ion Impact Desorption Cross Sections

Measurements of plasma effects on materials are required in the design and evaluation of fusion reactor components. One of the more prevalent effects is ion impact desorption (IID) of surface impurities, which may influence plasma temperatures and fuel recycling rates. This paper describes the application of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to measure IID processes. SIMS is well suited for laboratory measurements of plasma effects since the ion beam used for analysis also simulates the energetic particle flux emanating from a plasma. This attribute can be utilized to obtain IID cross sections. A low-energy ion accelerator, which produces mass-analyzed, neutral-free beams of H1+, H2+, and H3+ is used as a primary ion source. The release of impurities from a wall sample due to IID is monitored by observing the appropriate secondary ion emission rate. Cross sections for various ion, impurity, substrate combinations are determined as functions of incident ion energy and impact angle. This information is then used to calculate impurity release rates expected during reactor operation.
Microsomal glucuronidation of selected steroids using a rapid radiometric assay

Abstract Glucuronidation of testosterone, estrone, estradiol and estriol was investigated in rat liver microsomes using a rapid radiometric method. The method is one-step with activity measured in the same vial in which the reaction is conducted. Unreacted substrate is partitioned from the aqueous incubation medium into the non-polar scintillation fluid. Glucuronides remain in the aqueous fraction and therefore, are not detected by liquid scintillation counting which enables one to establish the glucuronidation rate by following substrate disappearance. This rapid method is less variable than more time-consuming extraction procedures and can be used easily to obtain kinetic data. Parameters were established for reaction linearity with respect to time and the addition of microsomal protein. Male rat liver microsomal glucuronyltransferase conjugated testosterone (2.6 nmol/min/mg protein) most rapidly followed by β-estradiol, estrone, and estriol, respectively. Kidney and lung microsomes had no detectable steroid glucuronyltransferase activity, although these tissues had significant levels of p-nitrophenol glucuronyltransferase.
Allegheny Observatory Parallaxes for Late M Dwarfs and White Dwarfs

Results of astrometric studies with the 76 cm Thaw red-light-refractor and the Multifiltered Astrometric Camera are presented for 21 stars. The parallax estimates range from 259.3 mas for Teegarden's Star to 10.3 mas for the high-velocity star LSPM J2321+4704. This paper includes parallaxes for late M dwarfs, white dwarfs, and a high-velocity star. We also report the apparent binary motion of LSPM J0607+7372.
Isoelectric focusing of rabbit IgM hemolysin: heterogeneity with respect to charge and function.

Abstract Isoelectric focusing can be used to purify rabbit IgM immunoglobulins. In this study, it has been applied to hemolytic IgM antibody, obtained from pooled sera of immunized rabbits by recycling chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The IgM molecules show a range of apparent isoelectric points from 4.7 to 5.6, with a peak of hemolytic activity at pI = 5.2. The hemolytic and hemagglutinating activities do not coincide; the ratio of hemolytic to hemagglutinating activities increases 3-fold from the low to the high end of the isoelectric distribution.
Plasmodium falciparum falcilysin: an unprocessed food vacuole enzyme

Five hundred million infections and nearly two million deaths each year are attributed to the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum, a causative agent of human malaria. With the increasing prevalence of drug resistant strains, there is an urgent need to identify new drug targets. Examination of the parasite’s unique metabolic pathways, such as hemoglobin degradation, provides candidates for chemotherapeutic development. Intraerythrocytic development of the parasite is dependent upon degradation of red blood cell hemoglobin. A semi-ordered pathway of proteases mediates this catabolism, which occurs in the acidic organelle called the food vacuole. The aspartic proteases, plasmepsins I and II, are proposed to be responsible for initial cleavage of hemoglobin in a conserved hinge region of the alpha chain [1,2]. Plasmepsins, and a family of cysteine proteases, falcipain-2 and 3, then carry out further degradation of the denatured globin [2–5]. The resulting small globin peptides serve as substrates for falcilysin (FLN) [6]. FLN was first identified in 1999 when analysis of degraded globin fragments from the food vacuole revealed several peptides with cleavage sites that could not be attributed to the known proteases [7]. Specifically, a protease preferring to cleave substrates at polar or charged residues was implicated; this stands in contrast to the other hemoglobin-degrading proteases, which favor cleavage at hydrophobic residues. Purification of the native enzyme from food vacuoles revealed that it is a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 130,000, by far the largest hemoglobin catabolic protease. FLN is a member of the M16 family of metalloproteases, enzymes character-
COMPARISON OF 2‐THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCES DETERMINATION METHODS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF FROZEN, FRESH MEAT

Triplicate batches of chicken breast (CB), chicken thigh (CT), fresh ground beef (GB), ground beef patties frozen 2 years (BP), veal (V), pork roast (PR), ground pork frozen 1 year (GP) and lamb (L) were homogenized and subjected to each of five 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances determination methods (n = 3 TBARS determinations/sample/method/replicate). Distillation methods resulted in higher (p < 0.05) TBARS values than extraction methods for all types of samples. TBARS ranges were CB=0.21–0.55; CT=0.21–0.40; GB=0.26–0.89; BP=1.14–4.00; V=0.18–0.82; PR=0.67–2.09; GP=1.17–4.01; and L=0.58–2.18. Distillation methods in which antioxidant was added did not consistently produce lower TBARS than distillation without antioxidant. Distillation methods produced TBARS approximately 2 times those produced by extraction methods in less oxidized samples (CB, CT, GB, V); distillation methods produced TBARS 2.75 times those produced by extraction methods in more oxidized samples (BP, PR, GP). Recoveries were quite different (ranging from about 65% to 95%) for the various methods indicating the need to run both standard curves and recovery rather than using published conversion factors in TBARS calculations.
The memorability and discriminability of primitive perceptual units in infancy.

Abstract Three-month-olds were operantly trained to kick to move a block mobile that displayed a horizontal and a vertical line (“textons”) arranged as L, T, or + on each side. Delayed recognition was tested either 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 days later with either the same or a different display. Infants failed to discriminate between Ls and Ts after delays longer than 1 hr but discriminated both from +s, which contains an additional texton (the line crossing), after delays as long as 7 days but not 9. Also, they remembered +s longer than Ls and Ts. These data indicate that the same primitive perceptual units that mediate adult texture segregation are differentially discriminated and differentially memorable in early infancy.
The effects of maternal incarceration on adolescent children

This study examined aspects of the school, community, and home adjustment of 58 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 20 whose mothers were incarcerated. High rates of school drop-out (36%) were observed. Dropping out was related to their mother's educational attainment. These adolescents were more than four times as likely to be out of school than a sample of their best friends; four times more likely to be suspended; three times more likely to be significantly absent from school and nearly four times as likely to be failing classes. More than half of these children required school visits for disciplinary reasons during the previous 12 months, and more than a quarter of them had been arrested. School problems and delinquent behavior might be related to the extent of maternal drug use. Although these adolescents initially experienced difficulty adapting to structured placements, those who were living in homes with rules and with family members had better educational outcomes, as did children who communicated frequently with their mothers.
Effects of Triazolam on Brain Activity During Episodic Memory Encoding: A PET Study

It is well documented that acute administration of the benzodiazepine hypnotic drug triazolam (Halcion®) impairs episodic memory encoding. We examined the neuroanatomical substrates of this effect in healthy adult volunteers using a double-blind, within-subject design. Following oral capsule administration (0.25 mg/70 kg triazolam or placebo), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured using positron emission tomography (PET) with 15O-H2O during the performance of semantic categorization, orthographic categorization, and visual fixation (resting) tasks. rCBF associated with episodic memory encoding was measured by the difference in rCBF during the orthographic categorization task relative to that during the semantic categorization task. Results in the placebo condition (n = 9) replicated those of previous nonpharmacological encoding studies (activation in the left prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, anterior cingulate cortex, temporal cortex, and occipital cortex). Relative to placebo, results in the triazolam condition (n = 6) revealed significantly impaired memory performance, and deactivation during encoding in a subset of areas shown previously to be associated with encoding (anterior cingulate cortex, cerebellum, and precuneus). Results are discussed in relation to triazolam's effects on mnemonic versus attentional processes.
Facing Facts: Can the Face-Name Mnemonic Strategy Accommodate Additional Factual Information?

In 3 experiments, undergraduates used their own best method (control) or an “imposed” face-name mnemonic strategy to associate 18 caricatured faces, names, and additional facts. On all immediate tests (prompted by the faces), and on the delayed tests of Experiments 2a and 2b combined, mnemonic students statistically outperformed control students on name and political affiliation identification measures as well as on name-affiliation pairs. Interference issues were examined in the latter 2 experiments. The study findings replicate prior positive findings with the face-name mnemonic and demonstrate that additional factual information can be successfully added to the face-name mnemonic strategy through implementation of the present mnemonic format.
ft Value of O-14 and the Universality of the Fermi Interaction

The conserved-vector-current theory of the strangeness-conserving weak decays predicts that GV, the vector coupling constant in nuclear beta decay, should be equal to Gμ, the coupling constant in the muon decay. To make possible a more precise comparison of GV and Gμ, the ft value of O14 has been remeasured. The endpoint energy of the positron decay has been determined by measuring the Q values of the reactions C12(He3, n)O14 and C12(He3, p)N14* (2.311-MeV state), using the same techniques and equipment where possible in order to minimize the uncertainty in the difference of the Q values. The results of these measurements are Qn=-1148.8±0.6 keV and Qp=2468.4±1.0 keV, which yield Emax(β+)=1812.6±1.4 keV, all energies relative to the Li7(p, n)Be7 threshold assumed as 1880.7±0.4 keV. The half-life of O14 has also been remeasured as 71.00±0.13 sec, which implies a partial half-life of 71.43±0.15 sec for the transition to the 2.311-MeV state of N14. Averaged with the recent half-life measurement of Hendrie and Gerhart, we obtain an ft value of 3075±10 sec for the O14 decay, after correcting for nuclear form factors, electron screening, and K-capture competition. With the radiative corrections of Kinoshita and Sirlin, the value obtained for GV is (1.4025±0.0022)×10^-49 erg-cm^3, where the quoted error is experimental in origin. This is to be compared with the value computed from recent muon decay measurements, Gμ=(1.4312±0.0011)×10^-49 erg-cm^3, which is (2.0±0.2)% larger. As there appear to be several possible theoretical explanations for this small discrepancy, the present results are consistent with the conserved-vector-current hypothesis.
LINGO-1 and its role in CNS repair

LINGO-1 is selectively expressed in the CNS on both oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and neurons. Its expression is developmentally regulated in the normal CNS, as well as up-regulated in human or rat models of neuropathologies. LINGO-1 functions as a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. Across diverse animal CNS disease models, targeted LINGO-1 inhibition was found to promote neuron and oligodendrocyte survival, axon regeneration, oligodendrocyte differentiation, remyelination and improved functional recovery. The targeted inhibition of LINGO-1 therefore presents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurological diseases.
Incorporating Multiculturalism Into Undergraduate Psychology Courses: Three Simple Active Learning Activities

Many scholars agree that educators must incorporate multiculturalism into the curriculum of all undergraduate psychology students. I designed 3 easy-to-use activities that reinforce why multicultural factors are critical to consider in psychology. Using intelligence testing as a platform, these activities highlight issues of language, cultural loading of test items, and cultural loading of assessment methods. Outcome data from participants in 2 large undergraduate introductory psychology classrooms (N = 301) indicated that students were significantly more knowledgeable about multiculturalism and believed multicultural factors to be more important after completing these activities.
The growing teratoma syndrome

Six patients with metastatic mixed germ-cell tumors who had been treated successfully with chemotherapy had recurring solitary enlarging masses. Four had enlarging pulmonary masses and two patients had enlarging abdominal masses. Each had the presumed chemotherapy refractory mass surgically resected and was found to have mature teratoma with absence of malignant histologies. The growth in two patients can be attributed to tense and expansile cysts; the remaining four had firm masses. All patients remain free of disease without further therapy at 5, 13, 14, 25, 66, and 108 months. Early recognition of this previously unreported and unusual clinical circumstance of a benign teratoma to grow after chemotherapy will allow for surgical salvage.
Men and boys and the price of their toys: Race and the value football cards

Abstract This paper examines the effect of the race of football players on the value of their “rookie” football cards. While several studies have examined the impact of race and the value of baseball cards, to date, little research has investigated the role of race on card values in football. Data were derived from 148 black and white football players who are members of the Pro-Football Hall of Fame. All players in the sample started their careers after professional football became racially integrated. Data for each player's race, value of their rookie card, card availability (scarcity), card vintage, performance, and position were obtained from secondary sources. The principal findings include that when controlling for other factors, a player's race has no effect on the value of the rookie cards of Hall of Fame members. Card vintage exerted the most influence on the value of players’ cards. Speculations on the absence of a race effect, limitations related to the sample, and suggestions for future research are offered.
A synthetic heparinoid from amylose

Abstract Aminated (mainly on C-2; d.s. 0.6) 6- O -tritylamylose was selectively N -(trifluoroacetyl)ated, and the product detritylated; the product was re- N -(trifluoroacetyl)ated, and the primary alcohol group on C-6 was oxidized to the carboxyl group (d.s. 0.2) with nitrogen dioxide. The product was de- N -(trifluoroacetyl)ated, and the non-dialyzable fraction of the modified amylose was sulfated and re- N -sulfated, to give a white powder (11.5% S) which had negligible activity as a blood anticoagulant.