cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aftershock sequences in the mid-ocean ridge environment: an analysis using hydroacoustic data

Abstract Hydroacoustic data from autonomous arrays and the U.S. Navy's Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) provide an opportunity to examine the temporal and spatial properties of seismicity along portions of the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), intermediate-spreading Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) and fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR). Aftershock and foreshock events are selected from the hydroacoustic earthquake catalog using single-link cluster (SLC) analysis, with a combined space–time metric. In the regions examined, hydroacoustic data improve the completeness level of the earthquake catalog by ∼1.5–2.0 orders of magnitude, allowing the decay constant, p , of the modified Omori law (MOL) to be determined for individual sequences. A non-parametric goodness-of-fit test indicates six of the seven sequences examined are described well by a MOL model. The p -values obtained for individual ridge and transform sequences using hydroacoustic data are larger than that previously estimated from the analysis of a stacked sequence generated from teleseismic data. For three sequences along the Siqueiros, Discovery and western Blanco Transforms, p -values are estimated to be ∼0.94–1.29. The spatial distribution of aftershocks suggests that the mainshock rupture is constrained by intra-transform spreading centers at these locations. An aftershock sequence following a 7.1 M s thrust event near the northern edge of the Easter Microplate exhibits p =1.02±0.11. Within the sequence, aftershocks are located to the north of a large topographic ridge, which may represent the surface expression of the shallow-dipping fault that ruptured during the mainshock. Two aftershock sequences near 24°25′N and 16°35′N on the MAR exhibit higher p -values, 1.74±0.23 and 2.37±1.65, although the latter estimate is not well constrained because of the small number of aftershocks. Larger p -values along the ridge crest might reflect a hotter thermal regime in this setting. Additional monitoring, however, will be needed to determine if p -value differences between the ridge and transform sequences are robust. A 1999 sequence on the Endeavour segment of the JdFR, which has been correlated with changes in the hydrothermal system, is described poorly by the MOL model. The failure of the MOL model, the anomalously large number of earthquakes within the sequence and absence of a clearly dominant mainshock are inconsistent with aftershock activity and the simple tectonic origin that has been proposed previously for this sequence.
Photodynamic inactivation of lysozyme by eosin.

— It has been demonstrated that singlet oxygen is the major oxidizing entity in the photo-dynamic inactivation of hen egg white lysozyme by eosin, using D2O to enhance the solvent-induced decay lifetime, and azide ion as a specific scavenger. Two regimes of inactivation can be distinguished depending on whether the sensitizer is free or complexed to the enzyme. The kinetic analysis for free dye sensitization, based on photostationary measurements and inactivation quantum yields, indicates that at least 1 in 15 singlet oxygen interactions with lysozyme leads to loss of lytic activity. The direct attack of triplet eosin makes a lesser overall contribution in air-saturated solutions, where 1 in 4 reactions induces inactivation. Lysozyme binds 1 eosin molecule from pH 4 to 12, leading to almost total quenching of the tryptophyl residue fluorescence without inhibition of the enzymic activity. The inactivation quantum yields indicate that singlet oxygen generated from the bound dye is the inactivating agent, but the dominant attack takes place with the complexed fraction of lysozyme molecules. The tryptophyl residue loss is the same or smaller in changing from H2O to D2O despite the 5–10 times increase in quantum yield, indicating that singlet oxygen inactivates also by reacting with residues other than tryptophan. The photochemical and fluorescence results are consistent with the the identification of tryptophyl site 108 with the eosin binding site and a reaction target for singlet oxygen. In a re-examination of earlier work on eosin-sensitized photo-oxidation of I“, it has been found that singlet oxygen is the oxidizing agent in aerobic solutions.
Labeling relaxation procedures: impact on adolescent's self-report of effectiveness.

Abstract Adolescents are being taught relaxation techniques by health-care professionals with increased frequency. The present study examined the effect, on self-reported relaxation, of labeling passive relaxation techniques as “hypnotic relaxation” or as “relaxation training.” Subjects were 64 adolescent college students who scored above the 50th percentile, from a subject pool of 189 potential subjects, on the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory. A two by two by two factorial design was utilized with sex, label (hypnotic relaxation versus relaxation training) and relaxation technique (hypnotic induction versus autogenic training) as the independent variables. Under the guise of an investigation of the physiologic correlates of relaxation, subjects were assigned at random to one of four groups. Manipulations of label and relaxation technique were presented on tape via an intercom system. The dependent variable, perceived degree of relaxation, was obtained using a form presented as a “double check” of the accuracy of the physiologic monitoring equipment to which subjects seemingly were attached. Results indicate that the label attached to relaxation techniques can have a significant effect on an individual's subjective report of relaxation depending on the subject's sex.
Vegetational pattern near alpine timberline as affected by fire-snowdrift interactions

In the central Rocky Mountains, flat areas or gentle slopes just below climatic timberline exhibit a vegetational pattern consisting of ribbon forests and snow glades lying across the path of the prevailing winds. The pattern is the result of removal of snow by wind from the open areas and its deposit in a great drift about 60 to 100 m in from the windward edge of the forest. This drift remains too long during the summer for tree growth. Consequently, the vegetation in the drift area is a wet or moist subalpine meadow occupying the snow glade and, in effect, breaking the forest into ribbon-like patches. The source area for the snow may be natural climax tundra, tundra which has replaced burned subalpine forest, or subalpine meadow of edaphic origin. The ribbon-forest and snow-glade pattern can be expected just below climatic timberline wherever plateaus or gentle slopes are exposed to heavy snowfall, strong winter winds, and cool summers. Destruction of such ribbon forests by fire or cutting will result in new snowdrift patterns and the long-lasting replacement of the forest by alpine or subalpine meadow vegetation.
Torsional Cavity Optomechanical Nano-Seesaw System

A novel torsional cavity optomechanical system consisting of a nano-seesaw with one photonic crystal cavity on each side has been demonstrated, which exhibits extremely high mechanical sensitivity and can potentially reveal new optomechanical phenomena.
The formation of reactive intermediate(s) of glucose 6-phosphate and lysine capable of rapidly reacting with DNA

Abstract Glucose has been shown to react nonenzymatically in vitro with DNA, to form products with spectral properties similar to those observed with the nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins in vivo. The incubation in vitro of glucose or glucose 6-phosphate with f1 phage DNA results in a time- and concentration-dependent loss of transfection efficiency. It has also been shown that incubation in vitro of pBR322 DNA with glucose 6-phosphate prompts a loss in transformation capability as well as gross DNA alterations. In the present communication, we have investigated a model reaction of glucose 6-phosphate with the amino groups of lysine to form reactive intermediates which are capable of forming covalent adducts with DNA. The preincubation of glucose 6-phosphate and [3H]lysine leads to a time- and concentration-dependent formation of reactive intermediates. These intermediates, which accumulate with time, can subsequently react with single- or double-stranded DNA to form acid-stable complexes. Studies done with synthetic polynucleotides suggest low reactivity of the intermediate with thymidine. The formation of the reactive intermediates is saturated by the addition of excess unlabeled lysine. Once formed the intermediates are insensitive to the addition of aminoguanidine and to reduction by sodium borohydride. The chemical reactions between sugars and lysine reported here and the reactivity of that product with DNA provide a model for exploring the classes of DNA damage that may contribute to the loss of DNA function during aging.
The accuracy of stochastic perturbation solutions to subsurface transport problems

Abstract Perturbation methods are of interest to hydrologists because they provide a way to incorporate upscaling and accuracy assessment capabilities into practical groundwater models. In particular, these methods may be used to obtain approximate solutions for the ensemble moments of solute concentration and for related effective properties in randomly heterogeneous porous media. Although the many perturbation methods proposed in the groundwater literature seem to be rather different they are actually closely related. For example, we show here through a systematic analysis that the second-order asymptotic expansion approach [Flow and Transport in Porous Formations, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989], random Green’s function methods [Dispersion in Heterogeneous Geological Formations, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 2001], and Taylor series methods [Water Resour. Res. 32(1) (1996) 85; Water Resour. Res. 28(12) (1992) 3269; Water Resour. Res. 21(3) (1985) 359] all give identical expressions for the ensemble mean, for random fluctuations about this mean, and for related closure covariances. The Eulerian truncation approach [Water Resour. Res. 14(2) (1978) 263; Water Resour. Res. 19(1) (1983) 161; Phys. Fluids 31 (1988) 965; Water Resour. Res. 27(7) (1991) 1598] gives expressions similar to the other methods except that its closure covariances depend on the unknown ensemble mean rather than the known deterministic solution (the solution obtained when random velocities are replaced by their means). This reflects the fact that Eulerian truncation works with perturbations taken about the mean while the other methods work with perturbations taken about the deterministic solution. The ensemble mean accounts for the large-scale effects of small-scale variability while the deterministic solution does not. Eulerian truncation solutions can be more difficult to compute than other alternatives but they can also be more accurate. This is demonstrated for the case of Gaussian velocities with a general truncation analysis and with a specific numerical example. The results provided here suggest that Eulerian truncation is superior to alternative perturbation methods of comparable computational complexity.
The effectiveness of flurazepam as night sedation prior to the removal of third molars

Anxiety prior to dental treatment is a well-recognized problem. Although oral sedation has been recommended the night before appointments to reduce this anxiety, there are no well-controlled studies to support this claim. The present double-blind cross-over study investigated the effect of 30 mg of flurazepam taken the night before the removal of impacted third molars. Preoperative anxiety, visuomotor performance and sleep patterns were investigated in 20 adult patients with similarly impacted third molars. While preoperative flurazepam led to a statistically significant improvement in sleep patterns, there was no reduction in pre-operative anxiety on the morning of surgery. In addition, the flurazepam-treated group demonstrated significantly impaired visuo-motor performance 60 min after intravenous sedation compared to this group where intravenous sedation was used only preceded by placebo. Patients had a significant preference for flurazepam over placebo as a night-time sedative.
Asymptotic properties of the solutions of linear and nonlinear spin field equations in Minkowski space

In this paper I will first derive, based on energy estimations and geometric invariance, the asymptotic behavior of solutions of linear spin field equations in Minkowski space. It generalizes the result in [3] where it was proved for the spin-1 and spin-2 cases. The techniques are then applied to Yang-Mills equations, the result improves the previous one in [1] by allowing the initial data to have charge, dipole and quadrupole moments. The Lie derivative operator for spinors and some properties will be also discussed; they can be used to simplify some algebraic calculations of [4].
Tensiometric studies of cytokinesis in cleaving sand dollar eggs

Tensions exerted by cleavage furrows of Echinarachnius parma were measured by means of calibrated, flexible glass needles. The tensions exerted by the first and second furrows in isometric contraction were, respectively, 1.58 × 10−3 dyne (S.D. 0.41 × 10−3 dyne) and 1.43 × 10−3 dyne (S.D. 0.44 × 1.0−3 dyne). The difference between the two means is not significant. The tensions exerted by the same cleavage furrow at two different lengths, of which the shorter was about 66% the length of the longer, were not significantly different. When the progress of a second cleavage furrow was mechanically blocked, it continued to exert maximum tension up to 9 minutes after its companion blastomere, which served as a time control, completed cleavage.
Contrasting styles of water-rock interaction at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites

The nature of ancient hydrological systems on Mars has been the subject of ongoing controversy, driven largely by a disconnect between observational evidence for flowing water on the Martian surface at multiple scales and the incompatibility of such observations with theoretical models that predict a cold early Martian environment in which liquid water is unstable. Here we present geochemical data from the Mars Exploration Rovers to evaluate the hydrological conditions under which weathering rinds, soils, and sedimentary rocks were formed. Our analysis indicates that the chemistry of rinds and soils document a water-limited hydrologic environment where small quantities of S-bearing fluids enter the system, interact with and chemically alter rock and soil, and precipitate secondary mineral phases at the site of alteration with little to no physical separation of primary and secondary mineral phases. In contrast, results show that the sedimentary rocks of the Burns Formation at Meridiani Planum have a chemical composition well-described as a mixture between siliciclastic sediment and sulfate-bearing salts derived from the evaporation of groundwater. We hypothesize that the former may be derived from the recently investigated Shoemaker Formation, a sequence of impact breccias that underlie the Burns Formation. This result has important implications for the style of chemical weathering and hydrology recorded by these sedimentary materials, revealing long-range transport of ions in solution in an open hydrological system that is consistent only with subsurface or overland flow of liquid water.
Monoclonal antibody-ricin A chain conjugates (immunotoxins): potential therapeutic agents for human colon carcinoma

With the advent of hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can be produced against specific human tumor cell-surface antigens. 44X14, an MAb produced in our laboratory by the immunization of BALB/c mice with colon carcinoma cells, exhibits high affinity for breast, lung, and colon carcinomas. However, this MAb shows little evidence of in vitro cytotoxicity. To enhance the potency of this MAb, it was coupled to the A chain (RTA) of the castor-bean protein ricin. Ricin is composed of two subunits--RTA, which binds to ribosomes and inhibits protein synthesis, and the B chain (RTB), which binds to galactose residues on all human cells and facilitates entry of RTA into the cell. By chemically separating RTA from RTB, RTA can then be coupled to MAb 44X14 so as to redefine its specific toxicity. This immunotoxin 44X14-RTA was assayed for protein-synthesis inhibition in HT-29 colon carcinoma and HT-1080 sarcoma cells by [3H]leucine uptake. Intact ricin (RTA + RTB) inhibited protein synthesis by 50% at concentrations of 0.76 and 4.8 ng/ml in HT-29 and HT-1080 cells, respectively. MAb 44X14 showed the same level of inhibition on HT-29 cells at 6.4 micrograms/ml, whereas the immunotoxin MAb 44X14-RTA showed 50% inhibition at 0.15 micrograms/ml. No effect of either MAb 44X14 or MAb 44X14-RTA at concentrations up to 200 micrograms/ml was seen on HT-1080 cells. Thus, the coupling of RTA to carcinoma-specific MAb 44X14 increased its potency 50-fold without increasing its nonspecific binding to cells that do not contain the appropriate antigen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Comparison of the Water Balance of the Prairie and Meadow Voles

The habitats of the meadow vole, Microtuts pennsylvanicus, and the prairie vole, M. ochrogaster, are fairly similar; both occur almost exclusively in areas supporting graminoid vegetation. Although each species has been recorded from both moist and dry situations, it would appear that M. pensvtisylvanicus is more characteristic of low moist grasslands or marshes while M. ochrogaster is more commonly found in drier, upland meadows (Brumwell 1951, Findley 1951, Getz 1961, Goodpaster and Hoffmeister 1952, Hatt 1930, Murie 1960, Rust 1946, Scott 1943, 1947, Scott and Klimstra 1955, Soper 1946). DeCoursey (1957) and Findley (1954) have indicated that where allopatric the species may occur in both moist and dry situations. The population densities of at least M. pennsylvanicus appear to be less in the drier habitats, however (Getz 1961); comparisons of population densities of M. ochroga.ster in moist and dry grasslands are not available. Where sympatric, the 2 species are more or less segregated into their characteristic habitats (DeCoursey 1957, Findley 1951). Both species utilize surface runways and are active during the day as well as at night (Calhoun 1945, Getz 1961a, Hamilton 1937, Hatt 1930, Martin 1956, Osterberg 1962). Although there is still some uncertainty as to the times of the peak periods of activity, both species appear to be especially active during the periods of dawn and dusk (Martin 1956, Hamilton 1937). Weather conditions may also cause variations in the daily activity pattern of these voles (Getz 1961a). As nearly as can be determined from the available data, however, there is no significant difference in the daily activity pattern of the 2 species. The influence of moisture (including rainfall) on the reproductive rates of these voles has not been adequately investigated. There is evidence that reproduction of M. ochrogaster is adversely affected by drought conditions (Martin 1956). A decrease in reproduction of M. pennisy,lvanticus during the dry portions of the summer was observed in Michigan (Getz 1960) but Beer (1961) did not find such a decrease in reproduction for this species in Minnesota. The reproductive rate of M. pennsylvanicUis was found to be greater in a marsh than in a nearby dry upland old field (Getz 1960); no comparable data are available for M. ochrogaster. The field studies, therefore, indicate the habits and habitats of M. pemisylvanicus and M. ochrogaster to differ primarily in regard to moisture. M. pennusylvanicus is more successful in moist situations while M. ochrogaster is characteristic of drier upland areas. Since there is a difference in the moisture characteristics of the habitats of the 2 species, one might expect a difference in their water balance. Dice (1922) and Chew (1951) presented data pertaining to the water balance of M. ochrogaster; Lindeborg (1952) gave data on the water requirements of M. pewtsvlvanicus. The data of these studies are not comparable, however. To my knowledge no comparative study has been made of the water balance of these voles. The present study was undertaken to compare water
Fast, Repetitive GC/MS Analysis of Thermally Desorbed Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Contaminated Soils

Abstract A syslem for on-line analysis of organic vapors by short column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been used to monitor products from a thermal soil desorption reactor. The system consists of a unique air sampling inlet with a 1 meter long capillary column coupled directly to a modified Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (Finnigan MAT) with demonstrated detection limits for alkylbcn-zencs in the low ppb range. In this work the mobile instrument is used for repetitive GC/MS and GC/MSn (tandem MS) analysis at 30 to 60s intervals of PAH products from coal tar contaminated soils in a bed characterization reactor. Results for naphthalene through dibenzanthracenes arc compared to conventional. more detailed GC/MS analyses of extracts from soil before and after thermal treatment.
Review Of 1-D Signal Processing Using The Optical Transfer Function

Correlation, convolution, and frequency filtering of images or signals may be achieved in noncoherent light using the optical transfer function (OTF) of an imaging system. Bipolar or complex-valued data and filter functions are represented in light intensity by the phase of a spatial frequency or temporal frequency carrier. This permits diffraction limited processing of complex-valued data which is input and output as patterns of light intensity.
Mapping the intersection of science and philosophy

This poster presents what we believe to be the first attempt to empirically measure and visualize the cross-pollination of science and philosophy through citation patterns. Using the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as a proxy for the philosophical literature, we plot SEP citations onto the UCSD Map of Science to highlight areas of science which overlap with philosophical discussion. An outline of further studies is also discussed.
Tonotopic Relationships Reveal the Charge Density Varies along the Lateral Wall of Outer Hair Cells

Outer hair cells amplify and improve the frequency selectivity of sound within the mammalian cochlea through a sound-evoked receptor potential that induces an electromechanical response in their lateral wall membrane. We experimentally show that the membrane area and linear membrane capacitance of outer hair cells increases exponentially with the electrically evoked voltage-dependent charge movement (Q(T)) and peak membrane capacitance (C(peak)). We determine the size of the different functional regions (e.g., lateral wall, synaptic basal pole) of the polarized cells from the tonotopic relationships. We then establish that Q(T) and C(peak) increase with the logarithm of the lateral wall area (A(LW)) and determine from the functions that the charge (σ(LW,) pC/μm(2)) and peak (ρ(LW,) pF/μm(2)) densities vary inversely with A(LW) (σ(LW) = 1.3/A(LW) and ρ(LW) = 9/A(LW)). This shows contrary to conventional wisdom that σ(LW) and ρ(LW) are not constant along the length of an individual outer hair cell.
Structure of a Turbulent Thermal Plume Rising along an Isothermal Wall

The weakly buoyant region of a turbulent thermal plume formed by a line heat source along the base of a vertical isothermal wall was investigated. The turbulence quantities: u′ , v′ , w′ , t′ , u′ v′ , u′ t′ , and v′ t′ were measured, supplementing existing measurements of mean quantities in this flow. The plumes exhibited local similarity in terms of local plume thermal energy flux and height above the source. In the outer portions of the flow, the shear stress agreed with conventional mixing length models and the turbulent Prandtl number approached 0.5. Near the wall, however, turbulent stress and transport quantities do not approach zero when gradients in mean quantities are zero and eddy viscosity models do not properly represent the turbulence characteristics. Predictions of mean quantities were examined using a local similarity hypothesis and various eddy viscosity models. The theoretical results are in fair agreement with the measurements, in spite of the inaccurate representation of turbulence quantities near the wall. The theory indicates that local similarity for mean quantities is only approximately observed, and suggests the presence of systematic Grashof number effects that were not apparent in the measurements due to data scatter.
Electric field-induced mesostructure transformation of self-assembled silica/copolymer nanocomposite thin films

Electric field-induced mesostructure transformation of silica/copolymer thin films has been investigated. Partial transformation of the two-dimensional hexagonal mesostructure into irregular elliptical or rod shaped mesostructure was observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The mesoscale pore structure of the thin films before and after the transformation was replicated using metal nanostructures through an electrochemical templating growth technique. The comparison of the replicates further confirms the mesostructure transformation of the thin films under an electric field.
Estimation of nitrogen concentration and in vitro dry matter digestibility of herbage of warm-season grass pastures from canopy hyperspectral reflectance measurements

Remote sensing of nitrogen (N) concentration and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in herbage can help livestock managers make timely decisions for adjusting stocking rate and managing pastures during the grazing season. Traditional laboratory analyses of N and IVDMD are time-consuming and costly. Non-destructive measurements of canopy hyperspectral reflectance of pasture may provide a rapid and inexpensive means of estimating these measures of nutritive value. Using a portable spectroradiometer, canopy reflectance was measured in eight warm-season grass pastures in the USA in June and July in 2002 and 2003 to develop and validate algorithms for estimating N concentration and IVDMD of herbage. Nitrogen concentration of herbage was linearly correlated (r = 0·82; P < 0·001) with a ratio of reflectance in the 705- and 1685-nm wavebands (R705/R1685) and IVDMD was correlated with R705/R535 (r = 0·74; P < 0·001). Compared with simple linear regressions of N concentration and IVDMD in herbage with two-waveband reflectance ratios, multiple regression, using maximum r2 improvement, band-depth analysis with step-wise regression, and partial least-squares regression enhanced the correlation between N concentration and IVDMD of herbage and canopy reflectance values (0·81 ≤ |r| ≤ 0·90; P < 0·001). Validation of the prediction equations indicated that multiple regression only slightly improved accuracy of a model for predicting N concentration and IVDMD of herbage compared with simple linear regression of reflectance ratios. Results suggest that the N concentration and IVDMD of herbage of warm-season grass pastures can be rapidly and non-destructively estimated during the grazing season using canopy reflectance in a few narrow wavebands.
Acid phosphatase activity in subcellular fractions of fish liver exposed to methyl mercuric chloride.

Abstract 1. 1. Acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) from liver homogenate of channel catfish was characterized. 2. 2. Optimum pH energy of activation and kinetics were determined. 3. 3. In liver homogenate of fish exposed to methyl mercuric chloride (CH 3 HgCl) non-competitive inhibition of enzyme activity was found. 4. 4. In vivo studies, performed on fish 24–72 hr following a single intraperitoneal injection of 1·5 or 15 mg CH 3 HgCl/kg, revealed highest concentrations of mercury in livers of fish receiving the 15 mg/kg dosage. 5. 5. A peak in specific activity was seen in the crude lysosomal-mitochondrial fraction at 48 hr after injection of 1·5 mg CH 3 HgCl/kg. 6. 6. In those fish receiving the higher dose, 72-hr values for enzyme activity were below control values in all fractions. 7. 7. The application of these data to the determination of subtle, sublethal alterations in fishes exposed to heavy metals is possible.
Rapid Rise of Extracellular pH Evoked by Neural Activity Is Generated by the Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase

In hippocampus, synchronous activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons causes a rapid, extracellular, population alkaline transient (PAT). It has been suggested that the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA)...
Some Implications of the Mesoscale Circulations in Tropical Cloud Clusters for Large-Scale Dynamics and Climate

Abstract Recent calculations suggest that mature cloud clusters produce a vertical distribution of diabatic beating with a sharp maximum near 400 mb and very weak heating below 600 mb. It is demonstrated that when such a vertical distribution of heating is applied to a linear steady-state model it results in simulated tropical east-west circulations which are in much better agreement with observations than those which are produced with a more conventional heating profile. In particular, the mature cloud cluster heating profile produces a Walker Circulation with its centers at the observed altitudes and with the observed westward tilt with height. It is suggested that the mature cloud cluster beating profile may provide the appropriate vertical distribution of tropical diabatic heating in many cases. since the presence or absence of mature cloud clusters is often the proximate cause of heating variations in the tropical atmosphere. Some further implications of this suggestion for large-scale dynamics and c...
Tm, Pr, and Tb impurities in a metallic host

Abstract Starting with a generalized Anderson Hamiltonian and a Schrieffer-Wolff transformation for R.E. systems a Hamiltonian Hr is derived which is appropriate for Tm, Pr and to a lesser extent for Tb impurities in a metallic host. It is shown that this Hamiltonian contains the Kondo Hamiltonian and that of Cocqblin and Schrieffer (which is valid for Ce and Yb impurities) as special cases. To investigate the properties of the Hamiltonian, crystal field effects are neglected and the equation-of-motion-method is applied. The corresponding system of 6 or 8 coupled integral equations is solved. The solution allows a discussion of the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic couplings which normally both occur. The condition for only ferromagnetic coupling of Hr is given. This condition is fulfilled in Tb4+ impurities. The resistivity is calculated for Pr2+, Pr3+, Tm2+, Tm3+ and Tb3+ impurities.
How mothers parent their children with behavior disorders: implications for unintentional injury risk.

Abstract Introduction This study was designed to test the role of parental supervision in explaining why children with behavior disorders have increased risk of unintentional injury. Method Children referred to a pediatric behavior disorders clinic and their mothers were unknowingly observed in a “hazard room” environment that housed several items that appeared dangerous but actually were altered to be safe. Results Mother and child behavior in the hazard room was correlated to parent-, teacher-, and observational-reports of children's externalizing behavior patterns, children's injury history, and mother's parenting styles. Maternal ignoring of children's dangerous behavior in the hazard room was the strongest correlate to children's injury history. Conclusions Poor parental supervision might serve as a mechanism to explain why children with behavior disorders, and those with oppositional behavior patterns in particular, have increased risk of unintentional injury.
II. Immunochemical studies on alpha crystallin subunits

Abstract Carboxymethylated alpha crystallin subunits yield a clearer separation of the acidic and basic subunit molecules than native alpha crystallin subunits. A minimum of four distinct subunit molecules could be observed in all fractionation procedures tested. The heterogeneity of these subunit molecules was more pronounced on DEAE-cellulose chromatography with slightly basic buffers than on SP-Sephadex with acidic buffers. The latter procedure yielded an immunochemically pure, acidic subunit molecule. The basic fraction included at least two different antigens. Two minor fractions, each containing the same two additional antigens, eluted in front of the acidic fraction. These latter antigens occurred in all DEAE-cellulose chromatographic fractions. It is stressed that the subunits separated in all these procedures were finally analyzed as reaggregates. In view of the occurrence of differently desorbed but antigenically equivalent subunit molecules the possibility is discussed that these reaggregated subunit molecules may be built from the same subunits of alpha crystallin but in different proportins and/or conformatinal states.
Influence of the protein matrix on intramolecular histidine ligation in ferric and ferrous hexacoordinate hemoglobins

Present in most organisms, hexacoordinate hemoglobins (hxHbs) are proteins that have evolved the capacity for reversible bis-histidyl heme coordination. The heme prosthetic group enables diverse protein functionality, such as electron transfer, redox reactions, ligand transport, and enzymatic catalysis. The reactivity of heme is greatly effected by the coordination and noncovalent chemical environment imposed by its connate protein. Of considerable interest is how the hxHb globin fold achieves reversible intramolecular coordination while still enabling high-affinity binding of oxygen, nitric oxide, and other small ligands. Here we explore this question by examining the role of the protein matrix on coordination behavior in a group of hxHbs from animals, plants, and bacteria, including human neuroglobin and cytoglobin, a nonsymbiotic hemoglobin from rice, and a truncated hemoglobin from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis. This is done with a set of experiments measuring the reduction potentials of each wild-type hxHb and its corresponding mutant protein where the reversibly bound histidine (the distal His) has been replaced with a noncoordinating side chain. These reduction potentials, coupled with studies of the mutant proteins saturated with exogenous imidazole, enable us to assess the effects of the protein matrices on histidine coordination. Our results show significant variation among the hxHbs, demonstrating flexibility in the globin moiety's ability to regulate reversible coordination. This regulation is particularly evident in the plant nonsymbiotic hemoglobins, where ferric state histidine coordination affinity is substantially lowered by the protein matrix. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Long-Term Climate and Derived Surface Hydrology and Energy Flux Data for Mexico: 1925–2004

Abstract Studying the role of land surface conditions in the Mexican portion of the North American monsoon system (NAMS) region has been a challenge due to the paucity of long-term observations. A long-term gridded observation-based climate dataset suitable for forcing land surface models, as well as model-derived land surface states and fluxes for a domain consisting of all of Mexico, is described. The datasets span the period of January 1925–October 2004 at 1/8° spatial resolution at a subdaily (3 h) time step. The simulated runoff matches the observations plausibly over most of the 14 small river basins spanning all of Mexico, which suggests that long-term mean evapotranspiration is realistically reproduced. On this basis, and given the physically based model parameterizations of soil moisture and energy fluxes, the other surface fluxes and state variables such as soil moisture should be represented reasonably. In addition, a comparison of the surface fluxes from this study is performed with North Amer...
Performance analysis of space-time trellis codes over quasi-static fading channels

In this paper, we analyze the performance of space-time trellis codes. In particular, we derive the union bound for space-time trellis codes over quasi-static fading channels. We first observe that the standard approach for evaluating the union bound yields very loose, in fact divergent, bounds over the quasi-static fading channel. We then develop a method for obtaining a tight bound on the error probability. We derive the union bound by performing expurgation of the standard union bound. In addition, we limit the conditional union bound before averaging over the fading process. We demonstrate that this approach provides a tight bound on the error probability of space-time codes. The bounds can be used for the case when the fading coefficients among different transmit/receive antenna pairs are correlated as well. We present several examples of the bounds to illustrate their usefulness.
Specific anion binding to sulfobetaine micelles and kinetics of nucleophilic reactions.

With fully micellar bound substrates reactions of OH- with benzoic anhydride, Bz2O, and of Br- with methyl naphthalene-2-sulfonate, MeONs, in micellized sulfobetaines are strongly inhibited by NaClO4 which displaces the nucleophilic anions from the micellar pseudophases. Micellar incorporations of ClO4- and Br- are estimated with an ion-selective electrode and by electrophoresis, and partitioning of Br- between water and micelles is related to changes in NMR spectral 79Br- line widths. Extents of inhibition by ClO4- of these nucleophilic reactions in the micellar pseudophase are related to quantitative displacement of the reactive anions from the micelles by ClO4-. The kinetic data are correlated with physical evidence on the strong interactions between sulfobetaines and ClO4-, which turn sulfobetaine micelles anionic and effectively provoke displacement of OH- and Br-.
Catalytic Oxidation of Triphenyl Phosphite with Ferric Ion-Modified Chromatographic Silica

Abstract Triphenyl phosphite oxidation to triphenyl phosphate has found to be catalyzed by ferric ion-modified silica station phases in liquid chromatographic columns. The oxidation chemrist. found in this study indicates that special precautions are need for aromatic phosphite analyses where columns may contain metals leached from stainless steel equipment. The catalytic activity be suppressed by inert gas purging of the mobile phase to reduce. its oxygen content and treating the column with a reductant deactivate stationary phase oxidative sites. The activity can restored by treating the deactivated column with appropriate oxidants. The on-column triphenyl phosphite oxidation reaction can be used as a diagnostic tool to provide evidence on column contaminations with immobilized active metals and their loca within the column. Using the ideal liquid chromatographic reactor model with an inert standard method, kinetic parameters for the column triphenyl phosphite oxidation reaction can be evaluate.
What's mine is mine: territoriality in collaborative authoring

Territoriality, the expression of ownership towards an object, can emerge when social actors occupy a shared social space. In the case of Wikipedia, the prevailing cultural norm is one that warns against ownership of one's work. However, we observe the emergence of territoriality in online space with respect to a subset of articles that have been tagged with the Maintained template through a qualitative study of 15 editors who have self-designated as Maintainers. Our participants communicated ownership, demarcated boundaries and asserted their control over artifacts for the sake of quality by appropriating existing features of Wikipedia. We then suggest design strategies to support these behaviors in the proper context within collaborative authoring systems more generally.
Modeling and optimization of parallel line edge mode microstrip isolators

This paper presents analysis and measurements of a new type of ferrite edge mode isolator. The new configuration includes a broadband termination at the path of the backward propagation. The new approach results in a nonreciprocal behavior that can be observed even without a lossy material. An insertion loss of 1.7 dB and isolation of 23 dB can be achieved using the new structure. Parametric study with particular emphasis on geometrical effects of the new structure is presented. Supporting experimental data is also presented to confirm the predicted performance of the new structure.
Conformal Geometry in Engineering and Medicine

With the development of 3D geometric acquisition technologies,massive 3D geometric data are ubiquitous today. It is of great challenges to process and analyze 3D geometric data efficiently and accurately.Computational conformal geometry is an emerging inter-disciplinary field, which combines modern geometry with computer science and offers rigorous and practical tools for tackling massive geometric data processing problems. The concepts and methods in conformal geometry play fundamental roles in many fields in engineering and medicine.
Design of a technique for rapid and uniform cell seeding on fibrin microthreads

A wide variety of techniques have been explored to synthesize small diameter tissue engineered blood vessels. Cell sheets rolled around a tubular mandrel to mimic native blood vessel have shown mechanical properties and functional characteristics similar to the native blood vessels, and provide evidence that cells are able to produce their own matrix and remodel into a tissue. However, the entire process takes approximately 3 months. Alternatively, we and others are exploring direct cell seeding and growth on tubular mandrels as a means of forming vascular tissues in a shorter time period. In the present study, v-shaped chambers cast from agarose were used as cell seeding wells. Fibrin microthreads placed in the chamber were used as tubular seeding mandrels. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were seeded for 4 hours, which resulted in uniform attachment onto the microthreads. Cell attachment to the microthreads was confirmed visually by Hoechst nuclear staining. A cell quantification assay showed that 1654 ± 22 cells attached per 1 cm fibrin microthread sample (n = 3). These results indicate that hMSCs adhere rapidly to fibrin microthreads, and will form the basis for future studies aimed at optimizing cell attachment for cellular microvessel generation.
Female Administrators in Urban Settings Legal Implications for Policy and Practice

Many indexes suggest the existence of the bifurcation of the education profession into teaching (female dominated) and administration (male dominated). For numerous reasons, much of the historical research in educational administration has been dominated by the male experience and perspective. It is common knowledge that women have been excluded from the administrative ranks and other positions of authority in education. What we have witnessed is an absence of women from power. Recently, however, research on women in administration, management, and leadership has received increased attention, due primarily to social changes in the past decade. For example, the number of females in the workforce has increased substantially. More women than ever before are pursuing advanced degrees, and there has been a noticeable shift of females into business rather than education. This article examines the legal, historical, and pervasive under representation of women in administration, paying particular attention to wom...
Texture analysis of poly-adenylated mRNA staining following global brain ischemia and reperfusion

Texture analysis provides a means to quantify complex changes in microscope images. We previously showed that cytoplasmic poly-adenylated mRNAs form mRNA granules in post-ischemic neurons and that these granules correlated with protein synthesis inhibition and hence cell death. Here we utilized the texture analysis software MaZda to quantify mRNA granules in photomicrographs of the pyramidal cell layer of rat hippocampal region CA3 around 1h of reperfusion after 10min of normothermic global cerebral ischemia. At 1h reperfusion, we observed variations in the texture of mRNA granules amongst samples that were readily quantified by texture analysis. Individual sample variation was consistent with the interpretation that animal-to-animal variations in mRNA granules reflected the time-course of mRNA granule formation. We also used texture analysis to quantify the effect of cycloheximide, given either before or after brain ischemia, on mRNA granules. If administered before ischemia, cycloheximide inhibited mRNA granule formation, but if administered after ischemia did not prevent mRNA granulation, indicating mRNA granule formation is dependent on dissociation of polysomes. We conclude that texture analysis is an effective means for quantifying the complex morphological changes induced in neurons by brain ischemia and reperfusion.
Black carbon concentrations in California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicle diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures

Abstract This research assessed in-vehicle exposures to black carbon (BC) as an indicator of diesel particulate matter (DPM) exposures. Approximately 50 h of real-time Aethalometer BC measurements were made inside vehicles driven on freeway and arterial loops in Los Angeles and Sacramento. Video tapes of the driver's view were transcribed to record the traffic conditions, vehicles followed, and vehicle occupant observations, and these results were tested for their associations with BC concentration. In-vehicle BC concentrations were highest when directly following diesel-powered vehicles, particularly those with low exhaust pipe locations. The lowest BC concentrations were observed while following gasoline-powered passenger cars, on average no different than not following any vehicle. Because diesel vehicles were over-sampled in the field study, results were not representative of real-world driving. To calculate representative exposures, in-vehicle BC concentrations were grouped by the type of vehicle followed, for each road type and congestion level. These groupings were then re-sampled stochastically, in proportion to the fraction of statewide vehicle miles traveled (VMT) under each of those conditions. The approximately 6% of time spent following diesel vehicles led to 23% of the in-vehicle BC exposure, while the remaining exposure was due to elevated roadway BC concentrations. In-vehicle BC exposures averaged 6 μg m−3 in Los Angeles and the Bay Area, the regions with the highest congestion and the majority of the state's VMT. The statewide average in-vehicle BC exposure was 4 μg m−3, corresponding to DPM concentrations of 7–23 μg m−3, depending on the Aethalometer response to elemental carbon (EC) and the EC fraction of the DPM. In-vehicle contributions to overall DPM exposures ranged from approximately 30% to 55% of total DPM exposure on a statewide population basis. Thus, although time spent in vehicles was only 1.5 h day−1 on average, vehicles may be the most important microenvironment for overall DPM exposure.
Multiple tree quorum algorithm for replica control in distributed database systems

A novel replica control algorithm, called the multiple tree quorum (MTQ) algorithm, is proposed to manage replicated data in distributed database systems. This algorithm provides a high availability for read and write operations by imposing a logical structure of multiple trees on data copies. With the MTQ algorithm, a read operation is limited to a couple of data copies, and a write operation is allowed as long as the majority of the roots of the trees and the majority of the children of each node selected are available. Compared to other algorithms, the MTQ requires lower message cost for an operation while providing higher availability. >