cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A light and electron microscopic study correlating the chromaffin reaction and granule ultrastructure in the adrenal medulla of the Syrian hamster

The medullae from the right adrenal glands of hamsters given one or three injections of reserpine were prepared for electron microscopy by fixation in buffered osmic acid while the contralateral left glands were fixed in formol-dichromate for light microscopic determinations of the chromaffin reaction. The adreno-medullary cells of these animals were compared with cells of untreated hamsters in order to determine if catecholamine loss was accompanied by changes in the electron opaque cytoplasmic granules. Ten and 15 hours following one reserpine injection (1 mg/kg) the chromaffin reaction was positive, whereas after 20 hours the reaction was negative, reflecting a catecholamine reduction. The negative chromaffin reaction was accompanied by alterations in granule ultrastructure. The dense central core of the granules was less electron opaque compared with those of control medullary cells. The decreased density likely reflected a catecholamine loss since the opaque appearance of the granules is attributed to the presence of the amines. Following three injections (1 mg/kg daily; three days) the chromaffin reaction was negative and most granules had disappeared from the cytoplasm. The results give evidence that, after limited reserpine injections (1 mg/kg; one injection), catecholamines can be released from the medullary cells without granule disappearance.
Solute movement across the constituent membranes of the cornea

A comparison has been made between the transcorneal, transepithelial, and transendothelial potentials measured in normal Krebs-bicarbonate Ringer's solution. The transepithelial potential was approximately 67% of the total transcorneal potential, the difference being due to the greater anion shunt across the epithelium. The potential and short-circuit current of the isolated epithelium had the same characteristics as those of the whole cornea when bathed in normal Ringer's solution, sulfate Ringer's solution, and choline Ringer's solution. The transepithelial and transcorneal short-circuit currents were very similar, indicating that the transport system is located in the epithelium. The unidirectional fluxes of sodium across the isolated epithelium and endothelium were determined when the tissues were bathed in Krebs-bicarbonate Ringer's solution. The net flux of sodium across the epithelium and across the whole cornea were of the same order of magnitude. The movement of sodium and chloride across the endothelium was equal in both directions and was of a purely passive nature. The absence of any potential when the endothelium was bathed in media of different compositions emphasizes the absence of any transport process in the endothelium. The results, therefore, show that all the transport characteristics of the cornea with regard to sodium and presumably to chloride are unquestionably located in the epithelium, with no active ion transport characteristics in the endothelium.
Mitochondrial function, oxygen extraction, epicardial S-T segment changes and tritiated digoxin distribution after reperfusion of ischemic myocardium.

Abstract This study examines the effect of 2 hours of reperfusion on transiently ischemie myocardium in pigs. Indexes of myocardial viability measured were mitochondrial function, oxygen extraction, epicardial S-T segment change and distribution of tritiated digoxin. Results were as follows: (1) Mitochondrial function was markedly impaired in the reperfused area after 60 minutes or more of coronary occlusion. The defect would seem to be a block in electron flow near site I, which can be partially bypassed with succinate. (2) An apparent inability of the reperfused myocardium to extract oxygen did not improve with 2 hours of reperfusion. (3) Epicardial S-T segment mapping suggested that necrosis occurred during reperfusion. (4) There was an altered distribution of tritiated digoxin in the reperfused area. The results show that reperfusion for 2 hours did not improve myocardial viability after 60 minutes or more of ischemia.
Practical computer graphics for scientific users

The scientific computer user presents a unique challenge to the graphics system designer. If the graphics system is properly designed and implemented, computer graphics becomes a vital research tool for the scientific user. These users' desires and expectations play an important role in every phase of the design process.This paper describes the philosophy of the graphics system at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and its implementation. Details of algorithms are not presented; rather the purpose has been to describe a successful computer graphics system which may serve as a guide for other designers who desire to provide practical computer graphics. This graphics system operates under a batch-mode computer system without using interactive terminals.
Bovine transfer factor: in vivo transfer of cell-mediated immunity to cattle with alcohol precipitates.

Abstract Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to Eimeria bovis antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD), and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by means of bovine transfer factor (TF d ) was demonstrated by skin-test responses and lymphocyte stimulations. TF d was prepared from lymph node-derived lymphocytes by the incubation-release procedure. The DH conversion rate for bovine TF d was about 80%. Prior skin testing of cattle with antigens did not cause their conversion to positive DH reactivity to E. Bovis , PPD, or KLH antigens, however, no direct evidence for or against antigen priming was found in the present study. Evidence for donor specificity in the TF d preparations was found in the transfer experiments. Fractionation of TF d into two precipitates and a supernatant was accomplished by the addition of 2 and 4 vol of 95% ethanol. Transfer of DH reactivity was demonstrated with first and second precipitates combined but not with supernatant. Fractionation of the active material from TF d by alcoholic precipitation should prove valuable in the characterization and isolation of purified TF d activity.
Attribution, dissonance, and the illusion of uniqueness

Abstract Kelley (1967) has suggested that the tendency toward greater attitude change with lower incentives in a “forced compliance” paradigm may be explained without reference to the motivational process of dissonance arousal and reduction. According to his “attributional” formulation, subjects who comply for low incentives assume (incorrectly) that they are unique in complying and infer, therefore, that the compliant behavior is actually consonant with their true attitude. This plausible interpretation was tested in a design that independently varied (a) levels of incentive for preparing a counterattitudinal essay and (b) information about compliance rates of previous subjects. The main result was that incentive level had the usual inverse effect on attitude change, but alleged differential compliance rates had no effect on attitude. The “illusion of uniqueness” hypothesis was clearly not supported whereas the inverse incentive effect was once again demonstrated.
Transcriptional Bursting from the HIV-1 Promoter Is a Significant Source of Stochastic Noise in HIV-1 Gene Expression

Analysis of noise in gene expression has proven a powerful approach for analyzing gene regulatory architecture. To probe the regulatory mechanisms controlling expression of HIV-1, we analyze noise in gene-expression from HIV-1's long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter at different HIV-1 integration sites across the human genome. Flow cytometry analysis of GFP expression from the HIV-1 LTR shows high variability (noise) at each integration site. Notably, the measured noise levels are inconsistent with constitutive gene expression models. Instead, quantification of expression noise indicates that HIV-1 gene expression occurs through randomly timed bursts of activity from the LTR and that each burst generates an average of 2-10 mRNA transcripts before the promoter returns to an inactive state. These data indicate that transcriptional bursting can generate high variability in HIV-1 early gene products, which may critically influence the viral fate-decision between active replication and proviral latency.
Differential expression of chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide (CCT) subunits during fetal and adult skin wound healing

Integumentary wound healing in early fetal life is regenerative and proceeds without scar formation. Expressomic analysis of this phenomenon by differential display has previously determined that the eta subunit of the cytosolic chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide (CCT) is downregulated in the healing fetal wound milieu. We now report that no other CCT subunit shares this distinct pattern of gene regulation as determined by limiting dilution reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); all seven of the remaining CCT subunits demonstrate no change in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in healing fetal wounds compared to unwounded control tissue. The alpha subunit, however, did evidence reduced message levels in healing adult wound tissue. We herein report on the cloning and sequence of the complementary DNA (cDNA) for rabbit CCT-alpha and confirm its wound specific decrease in adult tissues through quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay. We also confirm that quantitative evaluation of CCT-alpha and CCT-zeta mRNA expression shows no change in healing fetal wounds.
Isolation and properties of crystalline initiation factor F1 from Escherichia coli ribosomes.

Initiation factro F1 was isolated from Escherichia coli ribosomes as a crystalline basic protein of molecular weight 9400 ± 100 daltons. It contains all of the common twenty amino acids, with only one residue eachy of histidien, proline, cryteine, methionine, and tryptophan, and has alanine and lysine, respectively, at the amino-and carboxy-terminal ends.
Multistation data fusion for code-division multiple access wireless communications

Data fusion is the study of optimal information processing in distributed multisensor environments with the benefits of more reliable detection and higher immunity to noise and sensor failures. We investi- gate applications of the data fusion principle to the handoff problem in popular code-division multiple access (CDMA) cellular wireless commu- nication networks. When a mobile station traverses a cell boundary, cell handoff is required to make the transition of a mobile between cells smoother without degrading performance. CDMA multiple access allows soft handoff, in which the signal strength of the mobile is detected and tracked by the searchers from more than one base station. The cell receiving the strongest signal strength handles signal processing. We demonstrate that the signal detection quality in the handoff region can be further improved by fusing the detected results from multiple base sta- tions. A new fusion handoff strategy is designed, and its error perfor- mance measures are derived analytically in the presence of log-normal shadowing. Theoretical fading margin analysis shows that the fusion handoff approach offers better network performance over conventional hard and soft handoffs. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Stimulation of 22Na+ efflux from rat forebrain membrane vesicles by L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid and kainic acid.

Abstract A glass fiber filter assay method is described for measuring 22 Na + efflux stimulated by l -glutamic acid, l -aspartic acid and kainic acid from osmotically sensitive membrane vesicles prepared from rat brain. l -Glutamic acid and l -aspartic acid showed the greatest efficacy for the stimulation of 22 Na + efflux with EC 50 values of 3 μM. Kainic acid produced 28% of the maximal efflux seen with l -glutamic acid or l -aspartic acid with an EC 50 value of 1.5 μM. Quisqualic acid never showed statistically significant increases in 22 Na + efflux over control experiments. N -Methyl- d -aspartic acid showed no detectable efflux activity in this preparation. dl -2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) inhibited up to 40% of the 50μM l -glutamic acid-stimulated or 50 μM l -aspartic acid-stimulated 22 Na + efflux with an ic 50 value of 1.5nM. Calcium was required for the inhibitory action of APB, but not for the stimulatory actions of l -glutamic, l -aspartic, or kainic acids. l -Glutamic, l -aspartic, and kainic acids at concentrations above 100 μM were found to inhibit rather than to stimulate 22 Na + efflux. Veratridine (1 μM) had no influence on the 22 Na + efflux component which was produced by l -glutamic or kainic acids. We are unable to firmly establish the mechanism for the stimulated 22 Na + efflux.
Protective effect of ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)urea dihydrochloride (EDU) against LPS-induced death in mice.

Evaluation of anti-adhesive gels and bioresorbable films in animal models of intra-abdominal infection has shown that a product of the cross-linking reaction between hyaluronic acid (HA) and CM-cellulose, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)urea dihydrochloride (EDU), has immunomodulatory properties. The effects of EDU were evaluated by using an endotoxin-induced shock mouse model. Pre-treatment of mice with EDU (50 mg kg−1) in DMSO resulted in a significant reduction in mortality following injection of LPS, compared to vehicle (DMSO) pre-treatment alone. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL1β and IFN-γ in EDU-treated mice were significantly lower than those in vehicle-treated mice. Nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in the sera of mice after inoculation with LPS were significantly lower in the EDU-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group at various time-points. In contrast, EDU pre-treatment was associated with an enhanced IL10 response after LPS injection, compared to vehicle pre-treatment alone. In vitro studies revealed that IL10 production by RAW 264.7 macrophages, elicited by LPS, was increased significantly when EDU was added to the culture medium. These results suggest that the protective effect of EDU during LPS-induced shock in mice is the result of inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and NO production and an enhanced IL10 response.
Using interactive television to enhance authenticity in K-12 REALs: two case studies

In this study, we examined two distributed learning environments that used interactive technology to enhance authenticity in Rich Environments for Active Learning (REALs). One case study used interactive television to connect a rural, an urban, and suburban classes together with community resources in a design education setting. In the second, interactive television was used to support a problem based unit that connected students with internationally recognised experts in engineering. Specific findings from each study are reported, with recommendations for improving each educational model. The authors synthesise the findings from these two studies, finding that interactive television was a useful tool for breaking traditional classroom barriers. Interactive television allowed the instructors to connect students to authentic communities of practice. Implications for how others might use experts in the classroom, and for how we ought to conceptualise technology are explored.
SAR applications in human settlement detection, population estimation and urban land use pattern analysis: a status report

Over 70 percent of the population of the world's developed countries live in urbanized areas. In developing countries migration to urban areas is continuing at an increasing rate. Detection and analysis of settlement patterns, estimating population, and monitoring population migration in a timely manner are requisite to accurately assess the impact of human activities on the environment. Monitoring urban land use change patterns is among the most critical information needs for future economic development planning, natural resource allocation, and environmental and ecosystem management. Previous research has demonstrated the potential of imaging radar systems in analyzing urban, population, and settlement phenomena. However, the variability and complexity within and between urban land use morphologies present a convoluted environment for analysis. Studies of vegetation, soils, geology, hydrology, and ice and snow have all received more attention and been the subject of considerably more widespread and in-depth radar research. Nevertheless, imaging radars offer some distinct advantages and opportunities for urban-based research. With the arrival of operational space imaging SAR systems, a review of the current status of applications of radar remote sensing in urban studies should be useful for focusing the authors' attention on this important area of radar research and identification of specific problems for in-depth analysis. This paper traces the history of imaging radar research for urban, settlement, and population analysis. It presents a status report on the applications of SAR in settlement detection, population estimation, assessment of the impact of human activities on the physical environment, mapping and analyzing urban land use patterns, and interpretation of socioeconomic characteristics. The demonstrated capabilities and limitations of past and current imaging radar systems with reference to these applications are described. Potential avenues of future research are addressed.
Aperiodic stepwise growth model for the velocity and orientation dependence of solute trapping

An atomistic model for the dependence on interface orientation and velocity v of the solute partition coefficient k during rapid solidification is developed in detail. Starting with a simple stepwise growth model, the simple continuous growth model result is obtained for k(v) when the growth steps are assumed to pass at random intervals rather than periodically. The model is applied to rapid solidification of silicon. Crystal growth at all orientations is assumed to occur by the rapid lateral passage of (111) steps at speeds determined by the interface velocity and orientation. Solute escape is parametrized by a diffusion coefficient at the edge of the moving step and a diffusion coefficient at the terrace, far from the step edge. The model results in an excellent fit to data for the velocity and orientation dependence of k of Bi in Si.
Rheumatic Manifestations of Scurvy: A Report of Three Recent Cases in a Major Urban Center and a Review

Objectives To report 3 cases of scurvy seen in a large urban medical center over a 6-month period, referred for evaluation of rheumatologic symptoms and findings in the presence of elevated inflammatory markers. The relevant literature is reviewed and unusual manifestations highlighted. Methods Descriptive case reports of 3 patients ultimately diagnosed with scurvy and a review of the relevant literature with an emphasis on rheumatologic manifestations (PubMed search, 1965 through August 2009). Results Three patients presented with symptoms including fatigue, purpuric rash, synovitis with effusion, anemia, and markedly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels. One patient presented with severe pulmonary hypertension. Careful nutritional history revealed a diet deficient in vitamin C. Examination revealed hemarthrosis, skin findings characteristic of scurvy, and deficiency in vitamin C on laboratory analysis. Symptoms resolved with vitamin C supplementation. Characteristics and frequency of rheumatologic manifestations are reviewed. Conclusions While scurvy is usually described in poorer countries, individuals who have psychiatric disorders, or alcoholics with poor nutrition, it can occur even in otherwise normal populations in affluent countries. Such patients often present to rheumatologists with rheumatologic symptoms and awareness of the disease is necessary to make the proper diagnosis.
Cardio-respiratory changes and mortality in the conscious rat induced by (+)- and (+/-)-anatoxin-a.

0. M. ADEYEMO and A.-L. SIREN. Cardio-respiratory changes and mortality in the conscious rat induced by ( + )- and ( ± )-anatoxin-a. Toxicon 30, 899-905, 1992.-Anatoxin-a (AnTx-a) isapotent nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist. The relative potencies of the ( + )-AnTx-a and the racemic mixture ( ± )-AnTx­ a were investigated in the conscious rat by comparing their effects on mean arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), blood oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures (p02 and pC02, respective1y), acid-base balance (pH) and mortality. The present experiments show that while both forms of AnTx-a produce dose-dependent increases in BP and decreases in HR, ( + )-AnTx-a is about IO-fo1d morepotent than the optically inactive isomer. ( + )-AnTx-a was also 6-fo1d more potent than ( ± )-AnTx-a in produclog severe hypoxemia, and more than 4-fold as potent as the (±}-AnTx-a in producing significant hypercapnia accompanied with severe acidosis. The approximate median Iethai dose (Ln so) of ( + )-AnTx-a was about 5-fold less than that of ( ± )-AnTx-a. We conclude that ( + )-AnTx-a is more potent than the ( ± )-AnTx-a racemic mixture in causing detrimental cardio-respiratory changes and therefore increased mortality in the rat.
Cultivating Transformative Leadership in P-12 Schools and Classrooms through Critical Teacher Professional Development

A P-12 classroom teacher who chooses to be a transformative leader insists on seeking answers to difficult questions in collaboration with peer educators, administrators, parents, and most importantly, with students regardless of grade level or discipline. It is possible to become such a teacher even years after entering the classroom, and professional development can be the catalyst for this transformation. However, it is through conscious practice with professional peers that teachers can transform themselves into leaders within and outside their classrooms. This paper identifies some of the instructional approaches used in a critical teacher professional development program to cultivate transformative leadership in classroom teachers as they develop critical inquiry using a multicultural lens, promote collaborative inquiry, and foster habits of creativity and imagination. We offer evidence from teachers‘ work that these instructional approaches positively impact their ability to act as transformative leaders in their classrooms and schools.
Column ozone and aerosol optical properties retrieved from direct solar irradiance measurements during SOLVE II

Direct observation of the Sun at large solar zenith angles during the second SAGE III Ozone Loss and Val- idation Experiment (SOLVE II)/Validation of International Satellites and study of Ozone Loss (VINTERSOL) cam- paign by several instruments provided a rich dataset for the retrieval and analysis of line-of-sight column composition, intercomparison, and measurement validation. A flexible, multi-species spectral fitting technique is presented and ap- plied to spectral solar irradiance measurements made by the NCAR Direct beam Irradiance Atmospheric Spectrometer (DIAS) on-board the NASA DC-8. The approach allows for the independent retrieval of O3, O2·O2, and aerosol optical properties, by constraining Rayleigh extinction. We exam- ine the 19 January 2003 and 6 February 2003 flights and find very good agreement of O 3 and O2·O2 retrievals with forward-modeling calculations, even at large solar zenith an- gles, where refraction is important. Intercomparisons of re- trieved ozone and aerosol optical thickness with results from the Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14) are summarized.
Motor schema based navigation for a mobile robot: An approach to programming by behavior

Motor schemas are proposed as a basic unit of behavior specification for the navigation of a mobile robot. These are multiple concurrent processes which operate in conjunction with associated perceptual schemas and contribute independently to the overall concerted action of the vehicle. The motivation behind the use of schemas for this domain is drawn from neuroscientific, psychological and robotic sources. A variant of the potential field method is used to produce the appropriate velocity and steering commands for the robot. An implementation strategy based on available tools at UMASS is described. Simulation results show the feasibility of this approach.
An Apollo 15 Mare Basalt Fragment and Lunar Mare Provinces

Lunar sample 15474,4 is a tiny fragment of olivine-augite vitrophyre that is a mare basalt. Although petroraphically distinct from all other Apollo 15 samples, it has been ignored since its first brief description. Our new petrographic and mineral chemical data show that the olivines and pyroxenes are distinct from those in other basalts. The basalt cooled and solidified extremely rapidly; some of the olivine might be cumulate or crystallized prior to extrusion. Bulk-chemical data show that the sample is probably similar to an evolved Apollo 15 olivine-normative basalt in major elements but is distinct in its rare earth element pattern. Its chemical composition and petrography both show that 15474,4 cannot be derived from other Apollo 15 mare basalts by shallow-level crystal fractionation. It represents a distinct extrusion of magma. Nonetheless, the chemical features that 15474,4 has in common with other Apollo 15 mare basalts, including the high FeO/Sc, the general similarity of the rare earth element pattern, and the common (and chondritic) TiO2/Sm ratio, emphasize the concept of a geochemical province at the Apollo 15 site that is distinct from basalts and provinces elsewhere. In making a consistent picture for the derivation of all of the Apollo 15 basalts, both the commonalities and the differences among the basalts must be explained. The Apollo 15 commonalities and differences suggest that the sources must have consisted of major silicate phases with the same composition but with varied amounts of a magma trapped from a contemporary magma ocean. They probably had a high olivine/pyroxene ratio and underwent small and reasonably consistent degrees of partial melting to produce the basalts. These inferences may be inconsistent with models that suggest greatly different depths of melting among basalts, primitive sources for the green glasses, or extensive olivine fractionation during ascent. An integrated approach to lunar mare provinces, of which the Apollo 15 mare basalts constitute only one, offers advances in our understanding of the physical and chemical processes of source formation and mare production but has so far not been utilized.
Malthus's Total Population Theory: A Restatement and Reappraisal

Commentators on Malthus's population theory have generally based their remarks upon the Essay, particularly upon his observation that “population invariably increases where the means of subsistence increase, unless prevented by some very powerful and obvious checks” which are resolvable into “moral restraint, vice, and misery.” They have overlooked important passages in the Essay, having to do with the circumstances on which depend the increase and the availability of subsistence, and, therefore, the growth of population. They have overlooked his extended consideration of the question of population in the Principles where his primary concern was the increase of the supplies on which population growth depends. They have, therefore, missed his total population theory, and the manner in which it developed. It is our purpose, in this essay, to discover the whole of Malthus's population theory, and to indicate, in some measure, the views of earlier and contemporary writers regarding elements of which this theory is composed. In section I we discuss Malthus's theory of economic progress and the “effectual demand” for labour, as it relates to the population question. While this discussion is based upon the Principles much more than upon the Essay and other writings, it is evident, as we state in the conclusion, that Malthus's theory of demand probably evolved out of his consideration of the population question. In section II, we examine Malthus's treatment of industrialization, in which he apparently found a workable solution to both the problem of economic progress and the question of population.
Microsatellite analysis of Sphagnum centrale, S. henryense, and S. palustre (Sphagnaceae)

This study provides the first report that Sphagnum centrale and S. henryense are allopolyploids. Microsatellites show S. henryense and S. palustre to be conspecific. In contrast, they show S. centrale to be genetically distinct from S. palustre s.l. In addition to differences in alleles and allele frequencies, the patterns of observed heterozygosity across 17 microsatellite markers also differed between S. centrale and S. palustre s.l. This represents a dimension of genetic differentiation that is not detected or addressed by statistical approaches such as AMOVA or Principal Coordinates Analysis. The patterns of microsatellites further provide preliminary evidence suggesting that S. centrale and S. palustre have one parental taxon in common and differ in the second.
Does Catholic high school attendance lead to attendance at a more selective college

Objectives. To evaluate whether Catholic high school attendance, relative to public high school attendance, affects the quality of four-year college that students attend. Methods. We use quantile regression, which allows the relationship between Catholic high school attendance and college quality to vary along the conditional college quality distribution. Results. We find the relationship between Catholic high school attendance and college quality is larger and more significant at the top half of the conditional college quality distribution than at the bottom half. Conclusions. An understanding of the potential benefits of Catholic schooling is essential to an informed debate about school-choice programs such as educational vouchers. One potential benefit associated with Catholic schooling is matriculation at more selective colleges and universities. We find some evidence that such a benefit exists.
Disposition Kinetics of Griseofulvin in Dogs

Griseofulvin and its main metabolite, 6-demethylgriseofulvin (6-DMG), have been administered i.v. to dogs. The plasma data of griseofulvin were found to fit biexponential equations while the urinary excretion rate data of 6-DMG after its i.v. dose (and after griseofulvin administration) were found to fit triexponential equations. When increasing doses of griseofulvin were administered intravenously, some dogs followed dose-independent disposition kinetics, while others showed definite evidence of dose-dependent disposition kinetics. The distribution rate constants and the volume of distribution were found changed with dose in dogs showing dose-dependent disposition kinetics. However, the urinary recovery of the main metabolite, 6-DMG, remained almost constant. It is, therefore, postulated that the dose-dependent disposition kinetics of griseofulvin might be attributed to changes in tissue distribution rather than changes in the intrinsic metabolic activity.
The mandibular organ of the female spider crab, Libinia emarginata, in immature, mature, and ovigerous crabs.

The cells of mandibular organs of female Libinia emarginata exhibit changes in substructure during molting and vitellogenesis. The cytoplasm is that of a steroid-hormone producing cell. The cells do not appear to produce ecdysones.
Quantity, Not Quality: The Relationship between Fluid Intelligence and Working Memory Capacity

A key motivation for understanding capacity in working memory (WM) is its relationship with fluid intelligence. Recent evidence has suggested a two-factor model that distinguishes between the number of representations that can be maintained in WM and the resolution of those representations. To determine how these factors relate to fluid intelligence, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis on multiple number-limited and resolution-limited measures of WM ability. The results strongly supported the two-factor model, with fully orthogonal factors accounting for performance in the number-limited and resolution-limited conditions. Furthermore, the reliable relationship between WM capacity and fluid intelligence was exclusively supported by the number factor (r=.66), whereas the resolution factor made no reliable contribution (r=−.05). Thus, the relationship between WM capacity and standard measures of fluid intelligence is mediated by the number of representations that can be simultaneously maintained in WM, rather than by the precision of those representations.
Designing a flowmeter for hydrocephalus patients

We built a small flowmeter system to measure low flow rates. The flowmeter indicated different flow rates by producing a voltage measure. The flowmeter is sensitive at low flow rates (below 1.8 ml/min) but there is a saturation point at higher flow rates (above 2 ml/min). This flowmeter could be used to develop a smart shunt for patients with hydrocephalus.
3D Radiative Transfer in Weakly Inhomogeneous Medium. Part II: Discrete Ordinate Method and Effective Algorithm for Its Inversion

Abstract The forward discrete ordinate method (DOM) has been reformulated to include effects of a weak inhomogeneity of a medium. The modification is based on an expansion of the direct beam source term. This treatment of the source term is similar to the gradient correction (GC) method, presented in the first part of the paper for the diffusion approximation. The same requirement on the scales of variations applies to the current method: length of horizontal variations of optical properties of the medium should be large in comparison to the mean radiative transport length. The modification has another important advantage in that it permits obtaining particular solutions for both infrared and direct beam radiative transfer in one computational step. An effective algorithm for solving inverse radiative transfer problems has been developed following the above reformulation. This algorithm modifies the DOM using Newton’s iterative scheme in order to find a solution of the inverse problem. The algorithm conve...
Educational Preparation for the Clinic Job Setting: Clinical Athletic Trainers' Perspectives

Context: Acquiring input from all stakeholders on the importance of existing competencies and suggestions for new ones is essential to competency-based pedagogical design quality. Objective: To survey athletic trainers (ATs) employed in clinical settings to assess their perceptions of the competencies most pertinent to their settings and whether additional specific competencies are necessary. Design: Survey. Setting: Clinic Job Setting. Participants: A total of 554 ATs listed under the Clinic Job Setting category. Main Outcome Measures: The level of importance clinical ATs assign to competencies in the Athletic Training Educational Competencies document (4th edition) that pertain most to clinical settings, the relationship between demographic factors and the importance level clinical ATs assign to these competencies, and additional competencies suggested by clinical ATs were measured. The importance of competencies was rated on a 4-point Likert type scale ranging from not important (1) to very important (...
A Structure-Conduct-Performance Analysis of Medical Tourism in Singapore

This study presents a structure-conduct-performance analysis of the 17 Singaporean hospitals that are engaged in the medical tourism industry. Heart bypass surgery would cost an American patient US$ 70,000 to US$ 133,000 in the United States, but would only cost US$ 16,300 in a high-tech hospital in Singapore using Western-trained surgeons. The price differential is very important to patients traveling from the United States to Singapore.
Involvement of Mouse Cerebellar Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) System in the Functional Interaction and Cross-Tolerance between Nicotine and Ethanol

Individuals who smoke tobacco overwhelmingly drink alco- hol and vice versa. We previously observed functional interaction and cross-tolerance between alcohol and intracerebellar (ICB) nicotine. We now report their mediation by cerebellar nNOS in male CD-1 mice. Nicotine and nNOS inhibitor (nNOSI); N-((4S)-4-amino-5- ((2-aminoethyl)amino)pentyl)-N � -nitroguanidine tris(trifluoroacetate) salt, were directly infused into the cerebellum while ethanol was injected IP. Ethanol (2 g/kg)-induced ataxia (EIA) was potentiated by nNOSI (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 ng) suggesting nNOS-mediation. Pretreatment with nNOSI (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 ng) dose-dependently antagonized nicotine (5 ng)-induced attenuation of EIA suggesting involvement of cerebellar nNOS. When nNOSI (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 ng) and nicotine (5 ng) were microinfused once daily for 5 days, followed 16 h later by ethanol, virtual absence of cross-tolerance was noted. However, when aCSF was infused instead of nNOSI, robust cross-tolerance was noted confirming mediation by cerebellar nNOS system. Overall, these results support role of the cerebellar nNOS in cross-tolerance between ethanol and nicotine.
Interaktive Systeme zur Entscheidungsunterstützung (EUS)

Zur Unterstutzung von Entscheidungen bei nicht vorherplanbaren Vorgangen forderte SCOTT MORTON (SCM71) bereits 1971 den Einsatz von interaktiven Systemen. Er hoffte, dadurch die mathematischen Methoden der Statistik, des Operations Research, gespeicherte Datenbestande und die Rechenkapazitaten von Computern mit den menschlichen Moglichkeiten zum kreativen Denken zusammenfuhren zu konnen. Inzwischen existiert eine Vielzahl von interaktiven Systemen, welche im weitesten Sinne zur Entscheidungsunterstutzung verwendet werden. Die nachfolgende Typisierung soll klarlegen, was hier unter einem EUS verstanden werden soll.
Effect of backbone chemistry on hybridization thermodynamics of oligonucleic acids: a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation study

In this paper we study how varying oligonucleic acid backbone chemistry affects the hybridization/melting thermodynamics of oligonucleic acids. We first describe the coarse-grained (CG) model with tunable parameters that we developed to enable the study of both naturally occurring oligonucleic acids, such as DNA, and their chemically-modified analogues, such as peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and locked nucleic acids (LNAs). The DNA melting curves obtained using such a CG model and molecular dynamics simulations in an implicit solvent and with explicit ions match with the melting curves obtained using the empirical nearest-neighbor models. We use these CG simulations to then elucidate the effect of backbone flexibility, charge, and nucleobase spacing along the backbone on the melting curves, potential energy and conformational entropy change upon hybridization and base-pair hydrogen bond residence time. We find that increasing backbone flexibility decreases duplex thermal stability and melting temperature mainly due to increased conformational entropy loss upon hybridization. Removing charges from the backbone enhances duplex thermal stability due to the elimination of electrostatic repulsion and as a result a larger energetic gain upon hybridization. Lastly, increasing nucleobase spacing decreases duplex thermal stability due to decreasing stacking interactions that are important for duplex stability.
The role of human recognition in development

AbstractThis paper introduces the concept of human recognition and examines its role in development. Human recognition is defined as the extent to which an individual is acknowledged by others to be of inherent value by virtue of being a fellow human being. A review of literature in various disciplines on related concepts helps to establish the foundation for the study of human recognition and to distinguish it from other concepts. The paper describes human recognition, the domains in which individuals receive it, and its psychic and material effects on well-being. Human recognition influences development outcomes and, conversely, development programmes and policies can influence human recognition through the content of interventions and through how interventions are implemented. By defining human recognition and analyzing its role in economic development, the paper identifies and examines an aspect of development that has not been directly studied before.
The general theory of transformational growth: The idea of Transformational Growth

An equilibrium approach to the economy necessarily underplays change. The conventional wisdom looks for equilibrium configurations and so has missed a highly visible pattern of change that has characterized virtually all major capitalist economies. According to this pattern, agricultural productivity rises faster than demand, so that labor shifts out of agriculture, moving first to the cities, then to the suburbs. Manufacturing increases its share of employment, then levels off, and eventually finds its employment share declining. Within manufacturing the capital goods industries increase in importance relative to consumer goods. Labor employed in services increases, but at a certain point the services change character, shifting from household and personal to business and financial. Similar changes take place in the proportions of output. The share of government in output and employment at all levels rises, then levels off. Within government the share of transfers and welfare rises. Nonprofit acitivities rise relative to the rest of the economy. All these changes take place slowly but steadily, and can be observed whether the economy is booming or slumping. But they are incompatible with the idea of steady growth and cannot be properly understood if we think in such terms. Nor are these the only changes. At least as important are the changes in the way markets work, in their pattern and manner of adjustment. As we shall see in detail later, prior to World War I markets adjusted primarily through price changes; following World War II, the dominant adjustments took place through changes in output and employment.
Unmanned Aircraft System Navigation in the Urban Environment: A Systems Analysis

Unmanned aircraft system navigation in urban environments requires consideration of which combination of sensors can provide the most accurate navigation results in a dynamically changing environment. The traditional Global Positioning System, although useful in open spaces, degrades severely when in urban canyons requiring other complementary sensors to provide position and velocity measurements when necessary. One well-known solution is vision-based sensors that provide measurements through optical flow. Another possibility is the long-term evolution network that is currently used for cellular voice and data transmission as well, as coarse Global-Positioning-System-independent navigation. This paper reviews sensor accuracy and availability as a function of environment characteristics. A simulation framework integrates these different types of sensors to allow for efficient high-level testing of sensor combinations and fusion algorithms. Results show that long-term evolution slightly improves position ac...
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Current Treatment Options

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune skin disease that can present with or without systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Managing CLE is important in order to reduce potential and established areas of damage, as well as improve quality of life (QOL). Non-drug therapy should be used in every case, which includes photoprotection, smoking cessation, and avoiding drugs that can trigger or exacerbate the disease. Topical corticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors are often used in addition to lifestyle changes. Antimalarials are first-line systemic therapies, with hydroxychloroquine being the drug of choice. Quinacrine can be added to hydroxychloroquine for greater efficacy in hydroxychloroquine-refractory patients, and chloroquine can be used in place of hydroxychloroquine in patients who are unable to tolerate hydroxychloroquine. Second-line therapies include oral retinoids, immunosuppressives, immunomodulators, biologics, and pulsed dye laser. Systemic steroids may be necessary when bridging therapies but should normally be avoided due to their side effects. There is a paucity of high quality evidence with regard to management of cutaneous lupus, making it challenging to determine an appropriate treatment in refractory cases. Trials on existing therapies as well as new therapies are necessary in order to better treat patients with CLE.
A method of securing bacteriologically sterile snails (Australorbis glabratus).

SummaryDetails of a technic are presented by means of which newly-hatched, bacteriologically sterile snails (Australorbis glabratus) can be secured for study. Snail eggs containing mature embryos are separated manually from the egg-mass, disinfected externally with dilute sodium hypochlorite, and isolated in sealed tubes containing a suitable salt solution and antibiotics. Using this procedure, 90–100% hatch occurs within 3–4 days of treatment, and tests have shown that only a negligible proportion are bacteriologically contaminated. Details of maintenance, behavior, and longevity of these snails are discussed.
Multiple Antenna Technology and Its Application in WiMAX Systems

The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology has rapidly developed in recent years. It is becoming one of the hotspots among broadband wireless access technologies. A WiMAX system can provide bandwidth efficiency higher than 2 bps/Hz. In order to improve coverage and reliability of the WiMAX system, the IEEE 802.16 standard supports multiple antenna techniques such as Alamouti Space-time Coding (STC), Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). The applications of the multiple antenna techniques improve system capacity and bandwidth efficiency significantly, and enhance the competence of the WiMAX technology greatly.
Log clustering based problem identification for online service systems

Logs play an important role in the maintenance of large-scale online service systems. When an online service fails, engineers need to examine recorded logs to gain insights into the failure and identify the potential problems. Traditionally, engineers perform simple keyword search (such as "error" and "exception") of logs that may be associated with the failures. Such an approach is often time consuming and error prone. Through our collaboration with Microsoft service product teams, we propose LogCluster, an approach that clusters the logs to ease log-based problem identification. LogCluster also utilizes a knowledge base to check if the log sequences occurred before. Engineers only need to examine a small number of previously unseen, representative log sequences extracted from the clusters to identify a problem, thus significantly reducing the number of logs that should be examined, meanwhile improving the identification accuracy. Through experiments on two Hadoop-based applications and two large-scale Microsoft online service systems, we show that our approach is effective and outperforms the state-of-the-art work proposed by Shang et al. in ICSE 2013. We have successfully applied LogCluster to the maintenance of many actual Microsoft online service systems. In this paper, we also share our success stories and lessons learned.
An Argument-based Collaborative Negotiation Approach to Support Software Design Collaboration.

Most software design involves multiple stakeholders and group decision making activities. To reach an agreement in such activities, negotiation is the key task. Our work synthesizes Toulmin’s argument structure and a value-focused objective hierarchy to develop a new negotiation approach for the software design. This approach structures negotiation arguments in order to establish a common ground for a more effective negotiation. In this paper, we introduce this approach, discuss its foundations and main process, and present a case study in which we applied this approach for a real-life software system design project.