cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEX DIFFERENCES IN REVERSAL AND NONREVERSAL SHIFT ACQUISITION

Summary.-The mediational hypothesis of reversal and nonreversal shift acquisition suggests that mediational behavior is equivalent to covert verbalization and thus related to verbal ability. This coupled with the general observation that males and females manifest significant performance differences in measures of verbal fluency leads to the prediction of an interaction between sex and type of shift. 48 male and female undergraduates were tested using a simultaneous discrimination procedure with the shift manipulation occurring during the first task. A 2 X 2 factorial analysis of variance yielded significant F ratios for sex, type of shift, and the interaction of sex x shift. Analysis of simple main effects showed significant comparisons between males and females on the nonreversal shift and between the reversal and nonreversal shift performance of females. These data were interpreted as supporting a mediational hypothesis of conceptshift behavior. Since its origin in the continuity-noncontinuity controversy the investigation of reversal and nonreversal shift performance has undergone numerous developments. Operationally the reversal shift requires a subject, who has learned to discriminate between the alternatives of a designated relevant dimension, to extinguish responding to the previously correct stimulus and begin selecting a previously incorrect stimulus within the same relevant dimension. The nonreversal shift, on the other hand, requires the subject to begin discriminating bepeen the alternatives of a dimension which was previously designated as irrelevant. Previous studies dealing largely with the investigation of shift behavior of rats (e.g., Kelleher, 1956) have shown chat the nonreversal shifc is executed with less difficulty than the reversal shift. Conversely experiments investigating the acquisition of these shifts using human subjects (Buss, 1953, 1956; Harrow & Friedman, 1958; Kendler & D'Amato, 1955) have consistently shown that the nonreversal shift is significantly more difficult than the reversal shift. The discontinuity between the shift behavior of animals and humans has generated several hypotheses which attempt to explain the variations in such behavior. Kendler and Kendler (1962) have suggested that the single unit S-R theory (Buss, 1953) can account for nonreversal shift superiority with nonverbal subjects while a mediational S-R theory more accurately predicts the reversal shift superiority of verbal subjects. Essentially, the single unit S-R model is one in which the overt stimulus is assumed to be directly associated with the selection of an overt response. The mediational model on the other hand suggests
Who Benefits from Pennebaker’s Expressive Writing Paradigm? Research Recommendations from Three Gender Theories

Pennebaker’s experimental writing paradigm quantifies who, when, and how people benefit from writing about trauma, but researchers and meta-analyses thus far have rarely considered gender. Gender theories specify useful research strategies. Gender schema theory suggests examining gendered measurement biases, gender-relevant writing content, and whether traditional masculinity predicts benefits. Social role theory suggests assessing physician visits, disclosure history, and privacy as possible moderators of benefits. Socialization theory suggests assessing emotional approach coping, imagined readers, alexithymia, and whether mastery instructions influence benefits. All specify measuring functionally related gender constructs (gender schemas, gender roles, and socialization), asking whether gender proxies co-varying moderators and mediators of benefits, and examining possible linkages between benefits, trauma type, and disclosure. Help-seeking and somatization require integrated theoretical approaches.
Color learning on a mobile robot: towards full autonomy under changing illumination

A central goal of robotics and AI is to be able to deploy an agent to act autonomously in the real world over an extended period of time. It is commonly asserted that in order to do so, the agent must be able to learn to deal with unexpected environmental conditions. However an ability to learn is not sufficient. For true extended autonomy, an agent must also be able to recognize when to abandon its current model in favor of learning a new one; and how to learn in its current situation. This paper presents a fully implemented example of such autonomy in the context of color map learning on a vision-based mobile robot for the purpose of image segmentation. Past research established the ability of a robot to learn a color map in a single fixed lighting condition when manually given a "curriculum," an action sequence designed to facilitate learning. This paper introduces algorithms that enable a robot to i) devise its own curriculum; and ii) recognize when the lighting conditions have changed sufficiently to warrant learning a new color map.
Thermodynamic bookkeeping when nucleotides bind. Applications of the theory of linked functions.

Abstract The thermodynamic theory of linked functions was used to determine the numbers of modifier ions involved when nucleotides dissociate. Nucleotide dissociation constants, obtained spectrophotometrically using Dowex-1 resin as a model system, were plotted on log/log paper with respect to the modifier concentrations. The slopes of the lines represent the net number of modifier molecules/ions involved in the dissociation. Varying numbers of nucleotides are bound to the resin because the resin capacity is determined by the total number of charges bound. The nucleotides bind to the resin at comparable diffusion-limited rates, irrespective of how tightly they bind. When ATP binds at pH 6.8, 4 chlorides, 4 formates, 2 succinates or 1.4 citrates are displaced, indicating that the fully charged (ATP4−) nucleotide binds. By comparing ATP, ADP and AMP it was possible to evaluate the contributions of the adenosine moiety and each phosphate to the binding. Between pH 2 and 3, where ATP has two negative charges, ATP binds largely as the trianion, displacing 2.7 chlorides and 0.7 protons. In the presence of 4 mM magnesium, 0.58 magnesiums facilitate the dissociation by chelating 58% of the liberated ATP. Calcium behaved similarly to magnesium but aluminum, at pH 6.8, promoted the binding of ATP as an (A1·ATP)3− complex with the concomitant liberation of three chloride ions. These experimental thermodynamic stoichiometries were found to be independent of the concentrations of the other modifiers present. Thermodynamic linkage stoichiometries can be evaluated from log K vs. log (modifier) plots when a direct determination of modifier binding is impossible. The linkage stoichiometries permit one to write charge-balanced equations and to analyze the thermodynamic contributions of modifiers, such as protons, even when the chemical mechanism of the nucleotide dissociation is unknown. All of the proteins studied were found to bind more than 1 mol ATP per mol.
Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Proteins and Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen Can Inhibit Apoptosis through Activation of the Phosphatidylinositide 3′-OH Kinase Pathway and the Cellular Kinase Akt

The temperature-sensitive cell line ts13 is mutated in CCG1, the gene encoding TAF(II)250, the largest of the TATA-binding protein-associated factors (TAFs) in TFIID. At the nonpermissive temperature, the temperature-sensitive phenotypes are (i) transcription defects, (ii) cell cycle arrest in G(1), and (iii) apoptosis. We previously demonstrated that the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate-early proteins (MIEPs) can rescue the transcription defects and inhibit apoptosis at the nonpermissive temperature. In the work presented, we show that activation of the cellular kinase Akt alone can inhibit apoptosis in ts13 cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature. More significantly, we show that the HCMV MIEPs can activate Akt, resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis. In parallel experiments, we found that simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen can mediate the same function. These experiments were done by transfecting the HCMV major immediate-early gene or a cDNA encoding T antigen into ts13 cells, and thus neither viral attachment to receptors, viral tegument proteins, nor any other viral protein is required for Akt activation. Akt is activated by the phosphatidylinositide 3'-OH (PI3) kinase pathway. Using a specific inhibitor of PI3 kinase, we show that the ability of the MIEPs and T antigen to activate Akt and inhibit apoptosis is eliminated, suggesting that the viral proteins utilize the PI3 kinase pathway for Akt activation. Transfection of plasmids which express the individual 86-kDa (IEP86; IE2(579aa)) and 72-kDa (IEP72; IE1(491aa)) MIEPs indicate that each MIEP could inhibit apoptosis via activation of the PI3 kinase pathway.
Abstract 607: Kininogen Regulates Thrombin Generation in a Mouse Model of Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with activation of coagulation and vascular inflammation. We previously demonstrated that, in mouse models of SCD, tissue factor (TF) expressed on leukocytes activates coagulation and contributes to inflammation via microvascular thrombosis, whereas non-coagulant form of TF expressed by endothelial cells mediates factor Xa (FXa)-PAR2 signalling and contributes to inflammation via IL-6 expression. We also showed that both rivaroxaban and dabigatran, oral inhibitors of FXa and thrombin, attenuated the hypercoagulable state in sickle mice. It has been proposed that anticoagulants that target the intrinsic coagulation pathway may be associated with a lower risk of bleeding compared to targeting the extrinsic or common coagulation pathways. Therefore, we tested if the intrinsic pathway contributes to the activation of coagulation in sickle cell mice. Bone marrow from sickle (SS) and non-sickle (AA) Townes mice was transplanted into wild-type (WT) (n=18 AA, 15 SS), FXII-/...
Congenital absence of bilateral common carotid arteries.

Congenital bilateral absence of the internal carotid arteries (CA) is a rare vascular abnormality, in which cerebral perfusion is maintained solely by the vertebral arteries [1]. Congenital absence of the common CA has not been described, to our knowledge. A full-term infant received a diagnosis of aortic valve atresia, severely hypoplastic (1.5 mm) ascending aorta (AAo), a large perimembranous ventricular septal defect, and a large ductus on echocardiogram. Magnetic resonance imaging obtained to assess the arch anatomy showed an interrupted aortic arch and aortic atresia without visualization of the AAo or the transverse aortic arch (Fig 1; MPA main pulmonary artery). The left subclavian artery (LSA) arose from the proximal descending aorta (dsAo), where the left-sided arterial duct (LAD) was connected and gave rise to the left vertebral artery (LVA). The right-sided arterial duct (RAD) arose from the right pulmonary artery and
Recovery domains: an organizing principle for recoverable operating systems

We describe a strategy for enabling existing commodity operating systems to recover from unexpected run-time errors in nearly any part of the kernel, including core kernel components. Our approach is dynamic and request-oriented; it isolates the effects of a fault to the requests that caused the fault rather than to static kernel components. This approach is based on a notion of "recovery domains," an organizing principle to enable rollback of state affected by a request in a multithreaded system with minimal impact on other requests or threads. We have applied this approach on v2.4.22 and v2.6.27 of the Linux kernel and it required 132 lines of changed or new code: the other changes are all performed by a simple instrumentation pass of a compiler. Our experiments show that the approach is able to recover from otherwise fatal faults with minimal collateral impact during a recovery event.
A Systematic High-Throughput Screen of a Yeast Deletion Collection for Mutants Defective in PHO5 Regulation

In response to phosphate limitation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces transcription of a set of genes important for survival. One of these genes is PHO5, which encodes a secreted acid phosphatase. A phosphate-responsive signal transduction pathway (the PHO pathway) mediates this response through three central components: a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), Pho85; a cyclin, Pho80; and a CDK inhibitor (CKI), Pho81. While signaling downstream of the Pho81/Pho80/Pho85 complex to PHO5 expression has been well characterized, little is known about factors acting upstream of these components. To identify missing factors involved in the PHO pathway, we carried out a high-throughput, quantitative enzymatic screen of a yeast deletion collection, searching for novel mutants defective in expression of PHO5. As a result of this study, we have identified at least nine genes that were previously not known to regulate PHO5 expression. The functional diversity of these genes suggests that the PHO pathway is networked with other important cellular signaling pathways. Among these genes, ADK1 and ADO1, encoding an adenylate kinase and an adenosine kinase, respectively, negatively regulate PHO5 expression and appear to function upstream of PHO81.
Global transcriptome and chromatin occupancy analysis reveal the short isoform of GATA1 is deficient for erythroid specification and gene expression

GATA1 is a master transcriptional regulator of the differentiation of several related myeloid blood cell types, including erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. Germ-line mutations that cause loss of full length GATA1, but allow for expression of the short isoform (GATA1s), are associated with defective erythropoiesis in a subset of patients with Diamond Blackfan Anemia. Despite extensive studies of GATA1s in megakaryopoiesis, the mechanism by which GATA1s fails to support normal erythropoiesis is not understood. In this study, we used global gene expression and chromatin occupancy analysis to compare the transcriptional activity of GATA1s to GATA1. We discovered that compared to GATA1, GATA1s is less able to activate the erythroid gene expression program and terminal differentiation in cells with dual erythroid-megakaryocytic differentiation potential. Moreover, we found that GATA1s bound to many of its erythroid-specific target genes less efficiently than full length GATA1. These results suggest that the impaired ability of GATA1s to promote erythropoiesis in DBA may be caused by failure to occupy erythroid-specific gene regulatory elements.
John Law and John Keynes

Wicksteed on the scope and method of political economy, 381. — Early theorizing about the influence of monetary conditions on the activity of trade, 383. — Characteristics of Keynes' thinking, 386. — Law's Money and Trade Considered, 388. — Adam Smith's misinterpretation, 389. — Origins of the Mississippi Scheme, 391. — Difficulty of controlling social developments, 392. — Parallel between Law and Keynes, 393. — Need for further study of monetary theory, 395.
Glymour and Quine on Theoretical Equivalence

Glymour (1970, 1977, 1980) and Quine (1975) propose two different formal criteria for theoretical equivalence. In this paper we examine the relationships between these criteria.
The Effect of Focus of Attention and Teaching Experience on Perceptions of Teaching Effectiveness and Student Learning

The purpose of this study was to examine preservice and experienced teachers' ratings and comments on teacher effectiveness and student learning after observing videotaped music classes. Comparison...
Improving the directivity accuracy due to the spillover effect in the planar near-field measurement systems

The antenna is the key element of any wireless communication system and the antenna gain and directivity are among the most important factors in any microwave link. Although one can measure the gain in planar near-field with an acceptable accuracies [1] but there are situations where one needs an accurate directivity measurements. For instance when there is a need to compare the simulated directivity with the measured one. A good estimation of the directivity may not be possible in a planar near-field facility. This stems from the fact that only 2π steradian is measured. Therefore that portion of the power which constructs the backward radiated field will be lost and cannot play a role in the final calculated directivity. This paper describes a systematic approach to alleviate this problem for reflector antennas where a detailed simulated or measured feed pattern is usually available. The simulated or the measured pattern of the feed is used to calculate that portion of the spillover power which is not captured in the near-field measurements. Using this calculated power a simple correction can be implemented to the directivity and therefore the overall directivity accuracy will be improved. The discussed method is successfully applied for an offset reflector antenna measured in the UCLA bi-polar planar near-field facility.
PACT: some comments and considerations

McW illiam, P . J., W inton , P. J. and Crais, E . R., 1996, Practical Strategies for Family-Centered Early Intervention (San Diego: Singular Publishing Group). Menn, L ., 1976, Evidence for an interactionist discovery theory of child phonology. Papers and Reports on Language Development, 12, 169–177. Stanford University. M iccio , A . W., 1995, Metaphon: factors contributing to treatment outcomes. Clinica l Linguistics and Phonetics , 9, 28–36. Monahan, D ., 1984, Remed ia tion of Common Phonological Processes (Tigard, Oregon: CC Publicat ions). Penick, I. and Chartier, N ., 1979, Big Bird ’s Rhyming Book (New York: Random House). Pye, C ., Ingram, D . and List, H ., 1987, A comparison of in itial consonant acquisit ion in English and Quiche. In K. E. Nelson and A. Van Kleek (Eds) Child ren’s Language (Erlbaum: Hillsda le), pp. 175–190. Saben, C. and Costello-Ingham , J., 1991, The eVects of min imal pairs treatment on the speechsound product ion of two child ren with phonologic disorders. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 1023–1040. Schwatz, R . G., 1992, Clin ical forum: phonological assessment and treatment. Clin ical applications of recent advances in phonological theory. Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 23, 269–276. Shriberg, L . D. and Kwiatkowski, J., 1980, Natural Process Analysis (New York: Academic Press). Stackhouse, J. and Wells , B., 1993, Psycholinguist ic assessment of developmental speech disorders. European Journal of D isord ers of Communica tion , 28, 349–367. Stampe , D ., 1979, A Disser tation on Natural Phonolog y (New York: Garland Publishing ). Stoel-Gammon, C. and Dunn, C., 1985, Normal and Abnormal Phonolog y in Child ren (Aust in, Texas: Pro-Ed). Stone , J. R . and Sstoel-Gammon, C., 1990, One class at a time: a case study of phonological learn ing. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 6, 173–191. V ihman , M. M., 1996, Phonological Development: the Origins of Language in the Child (Oxford: Blackwell ). Weiner, F., 1981, Treatment of phonological disability using the method of meaningful contrast: two case studies. Journal of Speech and Hearing D isord ers, 46, 97–103.
Effect of modeled reduced gravity conditions on bacterial morphology and physiology

Bacterial phenotypes result from responses to environmental conditions under which these organisms grow; reduced gravity has been demonstrated in many studies as an environmental condition that profoundly influences microorganisms. In this study, we focused on low-shear stress, modeled reduced gravity (MRG) conditions and examined, for Escherichia coli and Staphlyococcus aureus, a suite of bacterial responses (including total protein concentrations, biovolume, membrane potential and membrane integrity) in rich and dilute media and at exponential and stationary phases for growth. The parameters selected have not been studied in E. coli and S. aureus under MRG conditions and provide critical information about bacterial viability and potential for population growth. With the exception of S. aureus in dilute Luria Bertani (LB) broth, specific growth rates (based on optical density) of the bacteria were not significantly different between normal gravity (NG) and MRG conditions. However, significantly higher bacterial yields were observed for both bacteria under MRG than NG, irrespective of the medium with the exception of E. coli grown in LB. Also, enumeration of cells after staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole showed that significantly higher numbers were achieved under MRG conditions during stationary phase for E. coli and S. aureus grown in M9 and dilute LB, respectively. In addition, with the exception of smaller S. aureus volume under MRG conditions at exponential phase in dilute LB, biovolume and protein concentrations per cell did not significantly differ between MRG and NG treatments. Both E. coli and S. aureus had higher average membrane potential and integrity under MRG than NG conditions; however, these responses varied with growth medium and growth phase. Overall, our data provides novel information about E. coli and S. aureus membrane potential and integrity and suggest that bacteria are physiologically more active and a larger percentage are viable under MRG as compared to NG conditions. In addition, these results demonstrate that bacterial physiological responses to MRG conditions vary with growth medium and growth phase demonstrating that nutrient resources are a modulator of response.
Heat Treatment Improves Glucose Tolerance and Prevents Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

OBJECTIVE—Heat treatment and overexpression of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) have been shown to protect against high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance, but little is known about the underlying mechanism or the target tissue of HSP action. The purpose of this study is to determine whether in vivo heat treatment can prevent skeletal muscle insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) for 12 weeks and received a lower-body heat treatment (41°C for 20 min) once per week. RESULTS—Our results show that heat treatment shifts the metabolic characteristics of rats on a high-fat diet toward those on a standard diet. Heat treatment improved glucose tolerance, restored insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and increased insulin signaling in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from rats fed a high-fat diet. Heat treatment resulted in decreased activation of Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK-β), stress kinases implicated in insulin resistance, and upregulation of HSP72 and HSP25, proteins previously shown to inhibit JNK and IKK-β activation, respectively. Mitochondrial citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase activity decreased slightly with the high-fat diet, but heat treatment restored these activities. Data from L6 cells suggest that one bout of heat treatment increases mitochondrial oxygen consumption and fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS—Our results indicate that heat treatment protects skeletal muscle from high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance and provide strong evidence that HSP induction in skeletal muscle could be a potential therapeutic treatment for obesity-induced insulin resistance.
Osteoporosis and Current Therapeutic Management

Osteoporosis which means “porous bones” is one of the most common skeletal disorders faced by women and their health care providers today. It occurs when there is a change in the balance of bone renewal. As estrogen levels diminish with the onset of menopause, there is excessive bone resorption which is not fully compensated for by an increase in bone formation. The most rapid bone loss in a woman’s life cycle appears to occur during the first 5 years after menopause. The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for diagnosing osteoporosis and osteopenia (decreased bone mineral content) are based on a comparison of an individual’s bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with that of a young adult reference group. BMD is expressed using a T-score that represents the difference in a number of standard deviations relative to the average peak bone mass of same gender, young, healthy adults. The WHO classifies osteoporosis as a T-score lower than −2.5 (World Health Organization (WHO) Scientific group on the assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health care level: report of WHO study group summary meeting report. Brussels, Belgium, 5–7 May, 2004; Kanis and Gluer. Osteoporosis Int. 11:192–202, 2009) and osteopenia as a T-score between −1 and −2.5. The primary goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of fractures. Although numerous effective therapies for the treatment of osteoporosis are readily available in a variety of forms, maintaining a healthy lifestyle with proper, balanced nutrition and sufficient, regular physical activity should be paramount for all women.
Infrared Hole Burning of the Amino Group in Amino Acid and Peptide Salts

Monodeuterated derivatives of the salts of tyrosine, valine, glycylglycine, and glycylglycylglycine are investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Irradiation in the spectral region of the N -D stretch bands produces spectral holes and antiholes. These result from rotation of N-D-containing moieties. The holes and antiholes identify the vibrations of the amino group and provide information on the hydrogen-bonding environment. Both the various amino acid salts and the two peptide salts hole burn, suggesting that infrared hole burning will provide a useful tool for investigating a range of biologically interesting materials.
Combined common bile duct and gastric outlet obstruction demonstrated during hepatobiliary scintigraphy

A 64-year-old man presented with jaundice. Hepatobiliary imaging using 99mTc-DISIDA revealed complete hepatobiliary tract obstruction with a photopenic area corresponding to a dilated gallbladder and a large photopenic region corresponding to a distended stomach as a result of gastric outlet obstruction. At surgery, carcinoma of the head of the pancreas was found to be the cause of the combined common bile duct and gastric outlet obstruction.
High-Power, High-Efficiency, High-Brightness Long-Wavelength Laser Diodes

Interest is rapidly growing in solid-state lasers emitting from 1500-nm to 2100-nm with applications in eye-safe range finding, LIDAR, infrared countermeasures, medicine, dentistry, and others. Traditionally, these solid-state lasers have been pumped by flash lamps or more recently, by semiconductor diode lasers. In the case of the latter, the diodes of choice have been those emitting below 1-μm. The sub-micron class of semiconductor diode lasers is highly mature and has enjoyed recent rapid advances in power and efficiency. Unfortunately, the quantum defect generated when converting to the desired wavelengths results in large amounts of excess heat generation leading to costly and heavy, expensive cooling systems and performance problems related to thermal lensing. System complexity adds further cost and weight when intermediaries, such as optical parametric oscillators, are required to reach the desired longer wavelengths. Recent advances in laser diodes emitting from 1400-nm to over 1900-nm now enable the near resonant pumping of such solid state media as Er:YAG, Ho:YAG and Cr:ZnSe. Record results in the peak output power and electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency of diode lasers emitting around 1470-nm, 1700-nm and 1900-nm are presented here.
Effects of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as a Protein Source in a Creep Feed. 1. Suckling Calf and Dam Performance

ABSTRACT A 2- yr study was performed to evaluate the effect of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) vs. soybean meal (SBM) as the protein source in a creep feed. Thirty-six steer calves were used in each of the 2 yr to compare the performance of traditionally noncreep-fed, control weaned calves with those offered creep feed with either DDGS or SBM beginning 68 d prior to weaning. The creep supplements consisted of a 2:1 ratio of soy hulls and cracked corn with the protein source. In yr 1 and 2, creepfed steers had greater (P 0.10) on ADG, supplemental DMI, and supplemental feed efficiency. In yr 1, cost per kilogram of supplemental gain for DDGS tended to be less (P
Axiomatic particle filtering for goal-directed robotic manipulation

Manipulation tasks involving sequential pick-and-place actions in human environments remains an open problem for robotics. Central to this problem is the inability for robots to perceive in cluttered environments, where objects are physically touching, stacked, or occluded from the view. Such physical interactions currently prevent robots from distinguishing individual objects such that goal-directed reasoning over sequences of pick-and-place actions can be performed. Addressing this problem, we introduce the Axiomatic Particle Filter (APF) as a method for axiomatic state estimation to simultaneously perceive objects in clutter and perform sequential reasoning for manipulation. The APF estimates state as a scene graph, consisting of symbolic spatial relations between objects in the robot's world. Assuming known object geometries, the APF is able to infer a distribution over possible scene graphs of the robot's world and produce the maximally likely state estimate of each object's pose and spatial relationships between objects. We present experimental results using the APF to infer scene graphs from depth images of scenes with objects that are touching, stacked, and occluded.
Closing the barn door: Coping with findings of research misconduct by trainees in the biomedical sciences

The proportion of research misconduct cases among trainees in the biomedical sciences has risen, raising the question of why, and what are the responsibilities of research administrators and the research community to address this problem. Although there is no definitive research about causes, for trainees the relationship with a research mentor should play a major role in preventing actions that constitute research misconduct (fabrication, falsification and plagiarism). Examination of the limited literature and of the number of cases closed by the US Office of Research Integrity (ORI) between 2009 and 2013 raises questions about the mentor-student relationship and what it should be accomplishing. But many gaps in policy and its implementation inhibit this role. There is no acknowledgement of mentorship in federal regulations and research on how to teach research integrity is woefully underdeveloped, especially for international trainees. And some institutional research integrity officers may have had litt...
Acute and Chronic Pain Management

The high prevalence of acute and chronic pain, its psychological, physiological, and financial implications, as well as emerging trends of quality of care assessment and pay-for-performance necessitate a robust and multidisciplinary approach to pain management [1–3]. Pain must be considered and addressed during the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative periods. Collaboration between surgeons, anesthesiologists, and pain medicine specialists is critical for the optimization of outcomes.
An improved procedure for the isolation of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from yeast

3-Phosphoglycerate kinase has been isolated from yeast by a new procedure. Over 1g was obtained from 450g of granulated baker's yeast; it had a specific activity of up to 940units/mg at 30°C. Six distinct crystalline forms have been grown, at least one of these being suitable for X-ray diffraction studies. The crystalline preparation is pure, judged by starch-gel or sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; the latter method indicating that the enzyme is monomeric, with a molecular weight near to 50000.
“Dientes postizos”: Salas Barbadillo y el discurso culinario como crítica

I ate in the morning what I would digest in the evening; I swallowed as a boy what I would ruminate upon as a man. These writings I have so thoroughly absorbed and fixed, not only in my memory but in my very marrow, these have become so much a part of myself that even though I should never read them again they would cling in my spirit, deep-rooted in its inmost recesses. —Petrarca, Lettere, XXII, 2
Measuring Agility and Architectural Integrity

Most organizations that depend on software are pursuing more ∞exible archi- tectures and more agile life-cycle processes to increase business ∞exibility. What does agility look like, and how do we measure it? A truly agile project or organization should experience changes that are more straightforward and more predictable. Consequently, improvements are best measured by gauging the change trends in software baselines. A well-accepted tenet of software engineering states, \The later you are in the life cycle, the more expensive things are to flx." This iron law, an artifact of a waterfall culture, should not apply if you have transformed to agile software delivery with a well-architected system. This bold assertion is the root of the metric patterns presented in this paper.
Spring Breaks and Cigarette Tax Noncompliance: Evidence From a New York City College Sample

OBJECTIVE Estimate cigarette tax noncompliance (tax avoidance and evasion) before and after mid-semester recesses in a New York City college campus, where the majority of students are residents of nearby lower-tax states, using data derived from garbology, an archaeological method that reconstructs patterns of human behavior from discarded materials. DESIGN We systematically divided the college campus into four geographic areas and established a total of 12 transects (survey lines) and five quadrats (survey spheres) in those areas to encompass 74 outdoor trash cans. Weekly collections of discarded cigarette packs (n = 174) in the four areas during Spring 2012 and 2013 were conducted to quantify the percentage of cigarette packs that were tax noncompliant. RESULTS Overall, we find that 72.4% of the cigarette packs collected in Spring 2012 and 2013 did not bear the required joint New York City and New York State tax stamp. Additionally, we find that cigarette tax avoidance significantly increased after recesses (mid-March and early April) in Spring 2012 and subsequently declined. We also find that packs with a Virginia tax stamp became more prevalent as time elapsed after each recess. CONCLUSION College students practice tax avoidance, drawing on legal purchases from their own home states as the primary source of cheap cigarettes. As stocks decline, some students shift to tax evasion by illegally purchasing cigarettes in New York City that have been bootlegged from low tax states (eg, Virginia). IMPLICATIONS Our study adds to the growing literature on cigarette tax noncompliance (ie, tax avoidance and evasion). First, we provide evidence that college students in our New York City sample avoid the payment of taxes in high tax states by purchasing low taxed cigarettes in their home state. Second, we find that once those sources are depleted, students find access to the black market nearby campus. This black market functions through cigarette tax evasion: the resale of cigarettes purchased in low tax states. Our study suggests that institutions of higher education operating in states with high cigarette taxes and a student body that resides in lower tax states should increase cessation services prior to breaks to discourage bulk purchases of cheap cigarettes.
Redox Energetics of Hypercloso Boron Hydrides BnHn (n = 6–13) and B12X12 (X = F, Cl, OH, and CH3)

The reduction potentials (E°Red versus SHE) of hypercloso boron hydrides BnHn (n = 6–13) and B12X12 (X = F, Cl, OH, and CH3) in water have been computed using the Conductor-like Polarizable Continuum Model (CPCM) and the Solvation Model Density (SMD) method for solvation modeling. The B3LYP/aug-cc-pvtz and M06-2X/aug-cc-pvtz as well as G4 level of theory were applied to determine the free energies of the first and second electron attachment (ΔGE.A.) to boron clusters. The solvation free energies (ΔGsolv) greatly depend on the choice of the cavity set (UAKS, Pauling, or SMD) while the dependence on the choice of exchange/correlation functional is modest. The SMD cavity set gives the largest ΔΔGsolv for BnHn0/– and BnHn–/2– while the UAKS cavity set gives the smallest ΔΔGsolv value. The E°Red of BnHn–/2– (n = 6–12) with the G4/M06-2X(Pauling) (energy/solvation(cavity)) combination agrees within 0.2 V of experimental values. The experimental oxidative stability (E1/2) of BnXn2– (X = F, Cl, OH, and CH3) is us...
Who speaks the language of queer politics? Western knowledge, politico-cultural capital and belonging among urban queers in Turkey

Recent criticisms of queer movements have focused exclusively on homonormativity as defined by LGBT(I) politics’ relationship to the logic of neoliberalism in order to criticize the increasing depo...
Analysis on Anti-Fissuring Character Among Early Rice Varieties in Zhejiang Province,China

A standard treatment was designed for hygroscopic grain fissure, and the anti-fissuring character among early rice varieties in Zhejiang Province, China was analyzed and classified. There was significant difference in the percentage of fissure grain among varieties (P=4.23×10-160.01). The highest percentage of fissure grain was 73%, and the lowest was 0.5%. The average percentages of fissure grain were 34.19% for 45 indica rice, 55.44% for 8 japonica rice, and 2.25% for 2 japonica rice with long grain. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between anti-fissuring character and grain shape (r=0.49).
Influence of sodium intake on in vivo left ventricular anatomy in experimental renovascular hypertension

The effect of different dietary salt contents (0.0035, 0.4, and 4%) on in vivo left ventricular (LV) geometry was studied by necropsy-validated echocardiographic methods in groups of 30 two-kidney, one-clip (2K, 1C) and one-kidney, one-clip (1K, 1C) male Wistar rats and two-kidney (2K) and one-kidney (1K) shams 9 wk after surgery. The salt-deficient diet was associated with lower body weight, higher plasma renin activity in both 2K,1C and 2K shams (P < 0.004) and higher hematocrit in 2K,1C (P < 0.02). Blood pressure was increased by high-salt diet in experimental groups but not in shams (P < 0.01). Increase in dietary sodium content was associated with increased cross-sectional area index (CSAI) and LV mass index in 2K rats independently of renal artery stenosis (P < 0.0007) and also in 1K shams (P < 0.01). LV end-diastolic dimension was greater in 1K,1C and 1K shams than in 2K,1C and 2K shams at every level of sodium intake and was directly related to atrial natriuretic factor levels in both 1K,1C (r = 0.68) and 2K,1C (r = 0.59). LV hypertrophy was independently predicted by blood pressure (P < 0.0006) and high-sodium diet (P < 0.05) in 1K rats (multiple r = 0.57, P < 0.001) and by high-sodium diet (P < 0.0001) and low hematocrit (P < 0.05) in 2K rats (multiple r = 0.76, P < 0.0001). Thus provision of normal or high sodium content in the diet was a more consistent stimulus to LV hypertrophy than the level of blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sleep Terrors in Twins

In an attempt to clarify the genetic and environmental causes of sleep terrors in childhood, reasearchers in Canada followed 390 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins by assessing the frequency of sleep terrors at 18 and 30 months of age using a questionnaire administered to the biological mothers.
Physical heterogeneity of bovine γ-globulins: Characterization of γM and γG globulins

Abstract The γG globulins of bovine serum were characterized by anion exchange chromatography, immunoelectrophoresis, zone electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and analysis of the products of papain digestion. Their properties were similar to those of analogous components of human serum. Fast and slow γG globulins were distinguished on the basis of differences in electrophoretic migration rates, chromatographic elution positions, and biological activities (complement fixation). Antigenic differences were detectable only in immunoelectrophoretic patterns (spur formation). Bovine γM was found to have properties quite similar to those of the analogous protein in human serum as determined by the methods of gel filtration, immunoelectrophoresis, anion exchange chromatography, ultracentrifugation, and reduction with mercaptoethanol. Bovine γA was provisionally recognized in immunoelectrophoretic analyses of serum and chromatographic fractions.
Thermodynamics in the Electrochemical Reactions of Corrosion

This chapter explains energy changes involved in corrosion processes. It starts by presenting electrochemical half-cells and equilibrium electrode potentials, electromotive force series and their relevance to energy changes that drive spontaneous corrosion. It then explains corrosion reaction direction using Gibbs free-energy. A reference electrode discussion on corrosion processes and reversible electrode potentials of oxygen, hydrogen, hydrogen-oxygen cell, and potentials of second kind electrodes are included to show the relationship to Pourbaix diagram construction for zinc, tin, iron, and nickel. Case studies and exercise problems illustrate Gibbs free-energy, theoretical corrosion tendency, and stopping corrosion at the metal/environment interface.
Resolving boundaries between species in Sphagnum section Subsecunda using microsatellite markers

Populations and species of Sphagnum section Subsecunda are morphologically variable and it is often difficult from studying field-collected plants and herbarium specimens to delimit species. Allelic patterns at 20 microsatellite loci indicate that three distinguishable gene pools can be identified among plants from Australia and New Zealand. All three species are morphologically variable along a moisture gradient and this appears to be largely plastic, without genetic differentiation among species specific morphotypes. Sphagnum novo-zelandicum and S. comosum appear to have monoploid gametophytes, are closely related, and are endemic to Australia and New Zealand. The former usually occurs at or above water level and the latter is an aquatic plant with extensive morphological variation, ranging from simplex to branched morphotypes. Sphagnum fuscovinosum and S. simplex are synonyms of S. comosum. The third species is a highly disjunct population of the S. auriculatum/S. inundatum complex of Europe, which has not previously been reported for Australia and New Zealand. These plants appear to be polyploid and are genetically and morphologically distinct from both S. novo-zelandicum and S. comosum. All three species had duplicated loci amplified by one of the microsatellite primer pairs. Ten Sphagnum species are now reported for Australia and New Zealand, with three of these being endemic.
An Oxygen-peri-Bridged Quinolinium Cation and Its Monoradical Counterpart

Abstract: Generation of a σ,σ,π-triradical was attempted by collision-activated dissociation (CAD) of two iodine atoms and an NO● radical from 2,4-diiodo-5-nitroquinolinium cation in an ion trap mass spectrometer. However, the reactivity of the product was consistent with a monoradical rather than a triradical. The mechanism of its formation was explored. In the first CAD step, an iodine atom is lost to generate the 2-iodo-5-nitro-4-dehydroquinolinium cation. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that in the second CAD step, the radical site at C-4 adds to the adjacent NO2 group followed by loss of NO● to generate the 2-iodo-4-oxyl-5-dehydroquinolinium cation. Calculations also suggest that in the third CAD step, this cation cyclizes to form an oxygen-peribridged 2-iodoquinolinium cation that then loses the remaining iodine atom to generate a distonic 4,5-oxygen-peribridged 2-dehydroquinolinium cation. For the analogous 4-oxyl-5-dehydroquinolinium cation, the cyclization is calculated to be exoergic by 8.7 kcal mol-1 with a free energy barrier of 14.0 kcal mol-1. The cyclized product is the first experimentally observed oxygen-peribridged naphthalene derivative. It displays low reactivity. However, it's monoradical counterpart is highly reactive and undergoes typical radical reactions.
Preschoolers Continually Adjust Their Epistemic Trust Based on an Informant's Ongoing Accuracy

Children aged 4-7 years (N = 120) played four rounds of a find-the-sticker game. For each round, an informant looked into two cups and made a claim about which cup held a sticker. At the end of each round, children guessed the sticker's location, and then the sticker's actual location was revealed. For three of the rounds, the informant accurately reported the sticker's location. But critically, for one round-either Round 1, 2, or 3-she was inaccurate. Children continually adjusted their trust in the informant as they obtained more information about her accuracy. Relations between the informant's pattern of accuracy and children's trust were robust, neither mediated nor moderated by children inferences about her intent or traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Revisitation: a trans phenomenology of the media image

How might certain moving images move us into transgender becoming? The recent proliferation of transgender images in the media of the Global North has been widely regarded as supporting transgender political and social equality. But do these images do justice to the complexity of transgender lives? Who are images of transgender identity made for, and whose interests do they serve? Instead of discussing media that produce a transgender object for public consumption, this essay’s author is interested in theorizing a trans point of media reception for the popular image. This essay illustrates how transgender subjects might fashion their own archives of becoming through encounters with media that unintentionally support transgender embodiment as a possibility in the world. Revisiting his phenomenological encounters with the film Under the Skin and the “Milk: It Does a Body Good” ad campaign, the author analyzes how certain media objects have the unexpected power to “move” the transgender subject into becoming.
Structure and Expression of the Androgen Receptor in Normal Tissues and in Prostate Carcinoma Cell Lines

The mechanism of androgen action is believed to be similar to that of the other members of the steroid receptor family. Three facets of androgen action are distinctive, however. The first is its profound effects on phenotypic sexual maturation and development. The second is that the action of the principal circulating androgen, testosterone, is modulated by an intracellular metabolite, that is, 5α-dihydrotestosterone. The third pertains to the growth promoting effects of androgens on normal and cancerous cells of the prostate and other androgen target tissues. Despite the central importance of the androgen receptor, the details of androgen receptor physiology have been inferred principally from studies of the distribution and behavior of the receptor labelled with tritiated steroids. This is because until the cDNAs encoding the androgen receptor were cloned, the tools were not available to study directly the structure of the androgen receptor protein or to examine the expression of the androgen receptor gene. For these reasons, we have undertaken the development of tools to allow us to examine the expression of the androgen receptor in tissues and in cell culture. The following discussion summarizes two aspects of the work that is ongoing in our laboratory: the use of antibodies that recognize the androgen receptor and examination of androgen receptor gene expression in human prostate carcinoma cell lines.
Seeking the Elusive Long-Acting Ozonide: Discovery of Artefenomel (OZ439)

The majority of frontline therapies for the treatment of malaria are combination drugs containing artemisinin (or its semisynthetic analogs), known as artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs). While generally efficacious, ACTs and the first generation fully synthetic ozonide, arterolane (OZ277, 1), suffer from rapid clearance requiring 3-day dosing regimens. Extensive structure–activity studies led to the discovery of a second-generation ozonide, artefenomel (OZ439, 2), which has overcome this limitation, maintaining the rapid onset of action and potent activity of the artemisinin derivatives while exhibiting greatly improved pharmacokinetics, low projected cost of goods, prophylactic activity, and the potential for a single dose cure.