cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baroclinic instability of a midlatitude zonal mean state changing with time

A characteristic frequency equation is formulated for atmospheric Rossby waves embedded in a basic zonal mean state changing periodically with time, based on the two-layer model in the midlatitude ?-plane. The characteristic frequencies are calculated for a truncated set of waves including up to the third higher harmonics of geopotential and temperature, and the results are compared with the classical baroclinic instability theory. The zonal mean thermal wind oscillating around the stationary state is found to be more unstable against small perturbations than the instability predicted by classical theory. The oscillating thermal wind influences the Rossby waves in two ways, firstly by enhancing the growth rate and secondly by modulating the propagation phase speed around the central phase velocity. The relative magnitudes of these two effects depend on the frequency and the amplitude of the changing thermal wind. On the other hand, the changing zonal mean wind mainly affects the phase speed of the Rossby waves with little influence on the growth rate. Using a highly truncated model it is shown that a resonant-type interaction is possible between the geopotential and the temperature wave modes in the perturbation when the zonal mean thermal wind changes periodically with time. It is suggested that the discrepancy often observed between the phase speed of developing Rossby waves on weather maps and classic baroclinic instability theory might be partly due to the changing zonal mean state with time. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01815.x
ADENOSINE 3',5'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII : Influence on Flagellar Function and Regeneration

Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) influences both flagellar function and flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The methylxanthine, aminophylline, which can cause a tenfold increase in cAMP level in C. reinhardtii, inhibits flagellar movement and flagellar regeneration by wild-type cells, without inhibiting cell multiplication. Caffeine, a closely related inhibitor, also inhibits flagellar movement and regeneration, but it inhibits cell multiplication too. Regeneration by a mutant lacking the central pair of flagellar microtubules was found to be more sensitive than wild type to inhibition by caffeine and to be subject to synergistic inhibition by aminophylline plus dibutyryl cAMP. Regeneration by three out of seven mutants with different flagellar abnormalities was more sensitive than wild type to these inhibitors. We interpret these results to mean that cAMP affects a component of the flagellum directly or indirectly, and that the responsiveness of that component to cAMP is enhanced by mutations which affect the integrity of the flagellum. The component in question could be microtubule protein.
Effects of partial liquid ventilation on unilateral lung injury in dogs

Study objective The overall physiologic effect of partial liquid ventilation (PLV) in the setting of unilateral lung injury remains unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of PLV on gas exchange in unilateral lung injury. Design and methods Left unilateral lung injury was induced in 14 adult dogs by oleic acid instillation into a left pulmonary artery. The animals were divided into two groups: gas ventilation (GV) and PLV. During both GV and PLV, systemic blood gas levels were analyzed. Oxygen consumption ( V ˙ o2), carbon dioxide production ( V ˙ co2) and pulmonary blood flow (Q) of both the right lung (uninjured lung) and left lung (injured lung) were measured. Results During PLV, V ˙ o2 of the injured left lung ( V ˙ o2-injured), V ˙ co2 of the injured left lung ( V ˙ co2-injured), and Q of the injured left lung (Q-injured) were greater than those in GV ( V ˙ o2-injured, 41.6 mL/min vs 23.4 mL/min, p=0.006; V ˙ co2-injured, 34.4 mL/min vs 25.5 mL/min, p=0.026; and Q-injured, 0.47 L/min vs 0.22 L/min, p=0.002, respectively). However, overall Pao2 during PLV was less than that during GV, likely due to either a redistribution of Q toward the injured lung (PLV Q-injured, 0.47 L/min vs GV Q-injured, 0.22 L/min; p=0.002) or reduced gas exchange efficiency in the healthy lung. Conclusions We conclude that in our model, PLV increases V ˙ o2 and Vco2 in the injured lung. However, over all gas exchange efficiency is reduced.
Dynamic flow quality measurements in the Langley Low Turbulence Pressure Tunnel

The results of tests to measure the disturbance levels across the cooler, screens, and nozzle in the test section of the rehabilitated Langley Research Center Low Turbulence Pressure Tunnel are reported and discussed. The velocity fluctuations measured upstream and downstream of the cooler were approximately equal and ranged from 5 to 15 percent. The attenuation of the measured velocity fluctuations across the screen agreed with predictions from Dryden's (1949) theory. Velocity fluctuations in the test section ranged from 0.025 percent at Mach 0.05 to 0.3 percent at Mach 0.2. Pressure fluctuations at the test section walls agreed with previous measurements made under a turbulent boundary. The autocorrelation functions indicated that there were large reductions in the integral scale of turbulence across the cooler and screens. The spectra measured upstream and downstream of the cooler were mostly broadband.
Interpretation of the equilibrium composition of ammoniated transition metal disulfides

Abstract In order to study intercalates formed by the complete reaction of ammonia with TiS 2 and NbS 2 , very long reaction times are required. These intercalates attain equilibrium ammonium concentrations of 25 mole% according to the formula (NH + 4 ) y' (NH 3 ) y' TS y'- 2 , where T=Ti of Nb, only after reaction periods of months. A value of y '=0.25 also is consistent with the charge transfer of 0.25 e - /TaS 2 observed for ammoniated TaS 2 . The above ammonium concentration is in good agreement with a proposed 2 a ×2 a ammonium superstructure for the above stage I intercalates, suggesting that the extent of ammonium formation is not primarily governed by the host band structure, which is substantially different for the above hosts, but by Coulombic intercalant repulsions. This superstructure is consistent with the presence of planar ammonia in (ND + 4 ) 0.22 (ND 3 ) 0.34 TiS 0.22- 2 , since the ammonia positions are always midway between nearest-neighbor ammonium positions, with the ammonia plane perpendicular to the corresponding ammonium-ammonium vector. The sensitivity of the ammonia structure to guest-guest interactions is evidenced by the observation of a non-planar ammonia structure for Li + 0.23 (ND 3 ) 0.63 TiS 0.23- 2 , where ammonia cannot be symmetrically and linearly coordinated by Li + .
Enhanced evaporation of mercury from amalgams in non-oxidizing environments

Abstract The release of mercury from two freshly triturated amalgams exposed to a reducing atmosphere, hydrogen, was quantitated at three different temperatures. A low-copper and a high-copper amalgam were placed into a flowing hydrogen gas atmosphere for 60 min after trituration, and then the hydrogen was replaced by compressed air. The results were compared to those obtained in a previous study in which air and argon atmospheres were used under identical conditions. At 37°C, the rate of evaporation of mercury from the amalgams was similar when they were exposed to hydrogen before being exposed to air. During exposure to hydrogen, the evaporation rate appeared to exceed the limit of the gold film mercury analyzer (284 pg/mm2/s), but was rapidly reduced upon exposure to air. The results were identical to those from argon exposure. When the same experiment was performed at 80°C, the evaporation rate after hydrogen exposure was greater than that after exposure to argon, and far greater than that during exposure to air alone. Similar results were achieved at 110°C, but there was less difference between hydrogen and argon exposure. The results support previous studies which show that the evaporation of mercury from amalgam is mainly limited by the formation of an oxide film.
Characterization of a human stromal cell line supporting hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation: Effect of HIV expression

Our objective was to determine the role that bone marrow-derived stromal cells have on human hematopoiesis in HIV infection. In particular, we dissected the heterogeneous bone marrow microenvironment to study the effect HIV expression might have on the cell population capable of producing the cytokines which will support human CD34+ cell differentiation. A stromal cell line, Lof(11-10), was established from human bone marrow by transfecting a plasmid containing the SV40 large T-antigen and isolating foci exhibiting a transformed phenotype. The Lof(11-10) cell line was characterized to determine its susceptibility to HIV infection, to identify its cytokine production profile, and to test the ability of conditioned media from this line to support CD34+ cell differentiation in the presence and absence of HIV expression. Nine cytokines were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA analysis. Conditioned media obtained from the Lof(11-10) cell line was able to support CD34+ cell differentiation. However, because the Lof(11-10) cells are not infectible by HIV, molecular clones of HIV were introduced into these cells by transfection. There was no qualitative difference in the levels of cytokine production between HIV-expressing and control Lof(11-10) cells. Furthermore, conditioned media derived from HIV-expressing and control Lof(11-10) cells added to bone marrow-derived CD34+ progenitor cells yielded similar colony formation in methylcellulose assays. Our data suggest that HIV infection of the cytokine-producing cells within the bone marrow microenvironment, as represented by the Lof(11-10) cell line, results in both normal cytokine production and hematopoiesis in spite of HIV expression. This report adds to the evidence against stromal cells being a significant target of HIV and establishes a system for comparison with more relevant models.
Maxillary-mandibular wiring for the management of caudal mandibular fractures in two cats

Maxillary-mandibular wiring was used for mandibular immobilisation and maintenance of proper dental occlusion in two cats with caudal mandibular fractures. Alimentation was provided to one cat via a gastrostomy tube and to the other cat via a nasogastric tube during the seven day period the maxillary-mandibular wires were maintained. Both cats had normal occlusion and mandibular function at the time of discharge from the hospital and at follow-up examination.
Ultrasound diagnosis of the hyperextended head in breech presentation

Hyperextension of the fetal head in the breech presentation can be diagnosed by ultrasound. Straightening of the fetal spine and the widest diameter of the skull posterior to the long axis of the spine is diagnostic. Face presentation should also be diagnosable by these criteria.
Quantitative measurement of quality of life in adult patients undergoing bone marrow transplant or peripheral blood stem cell transplant: a decade in review.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To critically evaluate a decade of quantitative quality-of-life (QOL) measurement in adult patients undergoing bone marrow transplant (BMT) or peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT). DATA SOURCES Quantitative research articles published between January 1990 and January 2000 in the nursing and medical literature. DATA SYNTHESIS QOL measures reported in BMT and PBSCT literature support the multidimensional nature of the construct. The majority of studies used a single instrument to assess QOL. Variations in measurement included use of a single versus multiple instruments to assess QOL, theoretical underpinnings of instruments, and output (overall score, domain scores) provided by the instruments. CONCLUSIONS A study's purpose, conceptual approach, patient burden, and resources available to the researcher should guide decisions regarding QOL instrumentation. No gold standard exists for assessing QOL in research or clinical practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurses can select from a variety of tools to measure QOL in the BMT and PBSCT patient populations. Clinicians must consider the clinical meaningfulness of changes in QOL before implementing changes in their practice.
The E. coli Rho protein: an ATPase that terminates transcription.

Abstract The Rho protein is a toroid-shaped oligomeric ATPase that catalyses thet release of nascent RNA transcripts at discrete sites within the transcription units of E. coli and many coliphages. The signal that specifies the location of the Rho-mediated termination event appears to be quite complex. Multiple sites for Rho-subunit attachment are superimposed on a large region of the RNA transcript that contains little or no secondary structure. RNA polymerase pause sites and template-transcript interactions may also serve to define the actual locations of transcript release.
Distribution of in situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament in response to rotatory loads

Abstract The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can be anatomically divided into anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles. Current ACL reconstruction techniques focus primarily on reproducing the AM bundle, but are insufficient in response to rotatory loads. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of in situ force between the two bundles when the knee is subjected to anterior tibial and rotatory loads. Ten cadaveric knees (50 ± 10 years) were tested using a robotic/universal force-moment sensor (UFS) testing system. Two external loading conditions were applied: a 134 N anterior tibial load at full knee extension and 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion and a combined rotatory load of 10 N m valgus and 5 N m internal tibial torque at 15° and 30° of flexion. The resulting 6 degrees of freedom kinematics of the knee and the in situ forces in the ACL and its two bundles were determined. Under an anterior tibial load, the in situ force in the PL bundle was the highest at full extension (67 ± 30 N) and decreased with increasing flexion. The in situ force in the AM bundle was lower than in the PL bundle at full extension, but increased with increasing flexion, reaching a maximum (90 ± 17 N) at 60° of flexion and then decreasing at 90°. Under a combined rotatory load, the in situ force of the PL bundle was higher at 15° (21 ± 11 N) and lower at 30° of flexion (14 ± 6 N). The in situ force in the AM bundle was similar at 15° and 30° of knee flexion (30 ± 15 vs. 35 ± 16 N, respectively). Comparing these two external loading conditions demonstrated the importance of the PL bundle, especially when the knee is near full extension. These findings provide a better understanding of the function of the two bundles of the ACL and could serve as a basis for future considerations of surgical reconstruction in the replacement of the ACL.
Diet shifts of lesser scaup are consistent with the spring condition hypothesis

We compared diets of lesser scaup (Aythya affinis (Eyton, 1838)) in the springs of 2000 and 2001 to those reported in the 1970s and the 1980s to determine whether forage quality has declined as predicted by the spring condition hypothesis. In Minnesota, we found that the current aggregate percentage of Amphipoda (an important food item) in lesser scaup diets was 94% lower than that reported from the same locations in the 1980s. Current mean individual prey mass of Amphipoda and Bivalvia in Minnesota were 86.6% and 85.1% lower than historical levels, respectively. In Manitoba, current aggregate percentages of Trichoptera and Chaoboridae in lesser scaup diets (1% and 0%, respectively) were lower than those reported from the same location in the 1970s (14% and 2%, respectively), whereas the percentage of Chironomidae (40%) was higher than that of historical levels (19%). Current mean individual prey mass of all insects, seeds,Chironomidae, and Zygoptera in Manitoba were 63.5%, 65.4%, 44.1%, and 44.9% lower t...
Effect of Heat Treatment Applied Potential on the Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of Inconel 600

Abstract The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of differently heat-treated specimens of Inconel 600 in 25 molal (m) NaOH solution at 140 C was studied as a function of potential by using the slow strain rate technique (SSRT). It was found that the cracking susceptibility and the failure mode (intergranular vs transgranular) depends heavily on potential, heat treatment, and grain size. In the mill-annealed condition, intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) was obtained at potentials extending from the active peak (−900 mVSCE) to the secondary anodic peak (−400 mVSCE), while transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) occurred at the open circuit potential (OCP), ∼−980 mVSCE, and at 0 mVSCE (secondary passive region). Solution-annealed material showed reduced IGSCC susceptibility with respect to the mill-annealed material, while almost complete IGSCC resistance was obtained by heat treatment at 700 C of both mill- and solution-annealed materials. Also, material with small grain size exhib...
Photolytic labeling to probe molecular interactions in lyophilized powders.

Local side-chain interactions in lyophilized protein formulations were mapped using solid-state photolytic labeling-mass spectrometry (ssPL-MS). Photoactive amino acid analogs (PAAs) were used as probes and either added to the lyophilized matrix or incorporated within the amino acid sequence of a peptide. In the first approach, apomyoglobin was lyophilized with sucrose and varying concentrations of photo-leucine (L-2-amino-4, 4′-azipentanoic acid; pLeu). The lyophilized solid was irradiated at 365 nm to initiate photolabeling. The rate and extent of labeling were measured using ESI-HPLC-MS, with labeling reaching a plateau at ∼ 30 min, forming up to 6 labeled populations. Bottom-up MS/MS analysis was able to provide peptidelevel resolution of the location of pLeu. ssPL-MS was also able to detect differences in side-chain environment between sucrose and guanidine hydrochloride formulations. In the second approach, peptide GCG (1-8)* containing p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine (pBpA) in the amino acid sequence was lyophilized with various excipients and irradiated. Peptide-peptide and peptide-excipient adducts were detected using MS. Top-down MS/MS on the peptide dimer provided amino acidlevel resolution regarding interactions and the cross-linking partner for pBpA in the solid state. The results show that ssPL-MS can provide high-resolution information about protein interactions in the lyophilized environment.
Computerized axial tomography in the early diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis is characterized by epilepsy, mental retardation, and adenoma sebaceum. Computerized axial tomography (CAT) is a noninvasive laboratory test that can assist in the diagnosis of this syndrome radiologically. A positive CAT scan is often present before the calcifications are noted on skull x-rays and the pathognomonic cutaneous findings appear. Four cases of tuberous sclerosis are presented with their diagnostic CAT scan findings.
A low-power highly multiplexed parallel PRBS generator

For high data rates, pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) patterns must be generated in parallel and then multiplexed. This paper introduces a design that reduces the number of XORs and DFFs to lower power dissipation and area. The maximum fan-out can be further constrained to improve gate delay and hence improve the output data rate. The procedure for applying the design to arbitrary PRBS lengths is provided and the design is suitable for standard-cell design flow. The design achieves 1.7-Gb/s data rate with 64-way multiplexing to support an output bandwidth of >100 Gb/s. The design is implemented in an 65-nm technology using 0.007 mm2 area and dissipating 0.16 mW of power.
A multi-commodity supply chain design problem

We consider a multi-commodity supply chain design problem in which we need to determine where to locate facilities and how to allocate customers to facilities so as to minimize total costs. The cost associated with each facility exhibits economies of scale. We show that this problem can be formulated as a nonlinear integer program and propose a Lagrangian-relaxation solution algorithm. By exploiting the structure of the problem, we find a low-order polynomial algorithm for the nonlinear integer program that must be solved in solving the Lagrangian relaxation subproblems. We also compare our approach with an existing algorithm. Contributed by the Location and Transportation Modeling Department
Is growth hormone stimulation testing in children still appropriate

The diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) historically has relied on measurement of growth hormone (GH) concentrations following stimulation, usually with a non-physiologic provocative agent. Despite the use of more specific GH assays, the peak concentration of GH below which a child is considered GH deficient has risen. We examine the pitfalls associated with GH stimulation tests, specifically, the lack of reliability and accuracy of these tests, and their inability to predict who will benefit from GH therapy. We recommend that GH stimulation tests no longer routinely be used for the diagnosis of GHD in children.
Susceptibility of TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice to Coccidioides posadasii infection

Coccidioides posadasii is one of the two fungal pathogens that cause coccidioidomycosis. The inhalation of air-borne arthroconidia leads to the formation of endospore-forming spherules in the lungs and pulmonary infection. In severe condition, the endospores are disseminated to other non-pulmonary organs in the body. The Toll-like receptors (TLR) expressed by a number of immune and non-immune cells can significantly impact the host defense and susceptibility to C. posadasii infection. In this study, we infected TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice with a sublethal dose of C. posadasii and studied fungal dissemination, mortality and humoral response. We also measured IL-12 cytokine secreted by C. posadasii-infected dendritic cells. We found that the C3H/HeJ mice were equally susceptible to C. posadasii as compared to C3H/OuJ mice which have intact TLR4. No significant changes were observed in pulmonary fungal load, survival and humoral response. The blockade of TLR4 did not affect C. posadasii-induced IL-12 secreti...
Tax Avoidance, Large Positive Book-Tax Differences and Earnings Persistence

We investigate why book-tax temporary differences appear to serve as a useful signal of earnings persistence. We maintain that there are multiple potential sources of large positive book-tax differences and examine the differing implications of large positive book-tax differences for earnings and accruals persistence depending on the source of those differences. We expect and observe that firms with large positive book-tax differences likely arising from tax avoidance exhibit greater accruals persistence than other firms with large positive book-tax differences. We also expect and observe that firms with large positive book-tax differences likely arising from upward earnings management exhibit lower earnings and accruals persistence than other firms with large positive book-tax differences. Further, we provide evidence that investors are able to look through to the source of large positive book-tax differences allowing them to correctly price the persistence of accruals. Together, our results illustrate the importance of considering the source of book-tax differences when using them as a signal of earnings quality.
Role for cheR of Vibrio fischeri in the Vibrio–squid symbiosis

Upon hatching, the Hawaiian squid Euprymna scolopes is rapidly colonized by its symbiotic partner, the bioluminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Vibrio fischeri cells present in the seawater...
Immunohistochemical Assessment of Melatonin Binding in the Pineal Gland

Melatonin binding in the pineal gland of albino rats is estimated using an immunohistochemical procedure. Binding is saturable, has relatively high affinity (Apparent KD= 2.7 nM), and competition studies indicate binding of indoleamines possessing an N-acetyl group on the terminus of the side chain (N-acetylserotonin and melatonin). These data are consistent with the interpretation that immunohistochemically determined melatonin in unfixed pineal tissue is assessing binding of N-acetylated indolealkylamines to pineal cell components. In albino rats maintained on 12-hour light: 12-hour dark cycles, melatonin binding exhibits a diurnal rhythm with low levels of saturation (30%) early in the light and saturation by endogenous melatonin near the onset of darkness. An annual rhythm of melatonin binding was observed in albino rats with low levels during the summer and high levels during the winter. Other rats were maintained on 12-hour light: dark cycles and fed for 2 hours either early in the light period or early in the dark period. For both morning- and evening-fed animals, melatonin binding was high prior to feeding and dropped immediately after feeding. Changes in melatonin binding that occur in response to alterations of feeding and time of year suggest the possibility that this binding reflects a functional site for melatonin.
Increased cancer risk and azoospermia.

TO THE EDITOR: We thank the distinguished author for bringing attention to our work. As Dr. Schlegel points out, a natural conclusion to draw from the manuscript is that a male factor evaluation is of critical importance for a man's reproductive and overall health (1). Indeed, it is estimated that 20% of infertile couples do not receive a male evaluation in the United States (2). As is noted, the current estimates may be an underestimate of a man's lifetime risk. The current analysis followed men for a relatively short period of time (up to 15 years) compared with a man's complete lifespan (76.3 years) (3, 4). Thus, it is possible that his lifetime risk of cancer would continue to rise as he ages. Dr. Schlegel does point out some limitations related to the granularity of information on each man. As is noted, infertile men are generally of higher socioeconomic status compared with the general population (5). However, access to care should be independent of semen parameters. Thus it is unlikely that the elevated cancer risk seen in azoospermic men could be entirely explained by socioeconomic factors. We look forward to seeing other groups substantiate our findings. Michael L. Eisenberg, M.D. Paul Betts, M.S.
Electro-Optical Evidence for the Chelate Effect at Semiconductor Surfaces

Monoamines and diamines dissolved in cyclohexane solution reversibly enhance the band-edge photoluminescence (PL) intensity of immersed n-type cadmium sulfide (n-CdS) and n-type cadmium selenide (n-CdSe) substrates through adsorption. The magnitude of the PL increase is used to estimate amine-induced contractions in the semiconductor's depletion width, and the dependence of the PL intensity on amine concentration provides an estimate of the adduct formation constant. Two diamines, ethylenediamine and o-phenylenediamine, exhibit unusually low reductions in depletion width and substantially larger adduct equilibrium constants relative to the other amines studied, consistent with chelation to surface Cd(2+) ions. These studies demonstrate that PL can be used as a contactiess, in situ technique for characterizing the steric and electronic landscape of semiconductor surfaces and for correlating molecular and surface chemistry.
Nonlinearities of Photopolymer Holographic Recording Materials

An analysis is presented of the nonlinear effects of holographically recording discrete image points on a phase recording material. The analysis is restricted to thin, two- and three-beam holographic gratings recorded on a material that exhibits a linear phase shift vs exposure. Harmonics, intermodulation noise, and small signal effects are considered. Experimental measurements were carried out for three-beam holographic gratings and diffuse object holograms recorded on photopolymer recording materials. Intermodulation noise is found to be a serious limitation for discrete image point holograms, because this noise cannot be spatially separated from the desired image points. Intermodulation noise can be reduced by increasing the reference-to-object beam irradiance ratio and by reducing the diffraction efficiency. Photopolymer gratings with 50-dB signal-to-intermodulation noise ratio were obtained with diffraction efficiency greater than 1/10% at beam irradiance ratios of 400:1. The image contrast of photopolymer holograms of diffuse objects is compared with the image contrast reported for bleached silver halide emulsions.
Integrated surveillance capability gap analysis

Integrated surveillance is defined as the integration of information from cooperative and noncooperative Air Domain surveillance sources to create a common understanding (picture) of the realtime situation for providing safety, security, and efficiency in the Aviation Transportation System [1]. Integrated surveillance includes the production, dissemination, and archiving of air vehicle position and movement information (longitude, latitude, altitude, ground speed, and ground track), as well as associating this air vehicle position and movement information with relevant flight information (flight plan, aircraft and aircrew information, etc.). Integrated surveillance also includes the sharing and collaborative use of this information by government command and control centers to conduct operations.
THE ELECTORAL COSTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST POLITICS WHEN VOTERS ARE IGNORANT

It is widely believed that the free-rider problem and the incentives to build minimum winning coalitions cause politics to reflect the preferences of special interest groups. Nevertheless, if voters do not know all the positions of all the candidates, then a candidate who proposes policies that benefit the public at large may defeat a candidate who depends on the support of special interests. Moreover, even if the latter candidate can win, he must use a publicity strategy which allows any voter to hear of proposals that benefit groups other than the voter's.
Beyond Hillary and Benazir: Women’s Political Leadership Worldwide

Women have recently made dramatic gains in electoral politics, winning a number of high profile positions of national leadership and a record number of seats in parliaments around the world. This article surveys and analyzes these developments, seeking to understand why women’s representation has increased in some countries but not in others, as well as what these patterns indicate about changes in the status of women in political life. It concludes with some reflections on the gendered nature of the public sphere and what these shifts might mean for women as a group.
Aircraft control under conditions of windshear

The design of the control of an aircraft encountering windshear after takeoff is treated as a problem of stabilizing the climb rate about a desired value of the climb rate. The resulting controller is a feedback one utilizing only climb rate information. Its robustness namely windshear structure and intensity is illustrated via simulations employing four different windshear models. The simulations were carried out for the Boeing 727 aircraft. >
The special relativistic shock tube

The shock-tube problem has served as a popular test for numerical hydrodynamics codes. The development of relativistic hydrodynamics codes has created a need for a similar test problem in relativistic hydrodynamics. The analytical solution to the special relativistic shock-tube problem is presented here. The relativistic shock-jump conditions and rarefaction solution which make up the shock tube are derived. The Newtonian limit of the calculations is given throughout.
Noise analysis and comparison of analog and digital readout integrated circuits for infrared focal plane arrays

We analyze the traditional analog ROIC architecture and an oversampled Σ - Δ modulator/decimator architecture. We show how the latter has superior characteristics i.e. an improved maximum signal to noise ratio (SNR MAX ). This is a result of effectively increasing the well capacity by a factor equal to the oversampling ratio (OSR). We also provide a high fidelity noise model for both an analog and the digital ROIC and show that the equivalent electron noise at the output of the digital ROIC is much less compared to the traditional analog ROICs.
Genetics of Pancreatitis: An Update for Clinicians and Genetic Counselors

With novel genetic technologies available, there is a paradigm shift in the way that risk assessments, diagnoses, and therapies for genetic susceptibility syndromes are addressed. Hereditary pancreatitis is among these conditions, for which genetic counseling and next generation sequencing, help families better understand, cope with and live healthier lives. Identifying a genetic etiology to a condition formally believed to be solely environmentally induced can alter the path for treatment for many patients. This finding introduces the concept of gene-environment interactions in human disease and the relationship between genetic predisposition and exposure risk in disease development. The genetic counseling process is complex with medical explanations, psychosocial issues relating to coping with diagnosis, potential future health problems, recurrence risks and family planning. These sometimes difficult conversations can be facilitated by a genetic counselor as a member of the multidisciplinary team. This chapter addresses the intricate medical and psychosocial issues that can arise in the setting of treating patients with hereditary pancreatitis.
Light Without Heat: Beowulf’s Epistemological Morning

ABSTRACTWhereas previous scholarship has identified morning and dawn as metonyms for misery in Anglo-Saxon culture, mornings in Beowulf carry positive valence as well as negative. What unites this symbol or image cluster is not a particular emotional texture but an epistemological concern. Mornings in Beowulf are times when knowledge manifests. Outside the knower, the light of morning provides a literal, exterior, passive and in some cases punctiliar image of how knowing works. It is a natural force, at first akin to Grendel—perverting the natural, like him; hostile to human civilization, like him. But morning is on Beowulf's side and through him returns agency to the Danes. They are able to act again when morning reveals what Beowulf has done. The final movement of the poem shows morning's reversion to implacable hostility, the Geats’ reversion to the helpless knowledge of despair. Beowulf figures as the Christian revelatory morning star but, tragically, it is not he, not yet.
United States menhaden oil could save billions in U.S. health care costs and improve IQ in children

The United States menhaden oil annual production is sufficient to supply all of the recommended long chain Omega-3s for Americans over 55 with coronary heart disease (CHD) and pregnant and lactating women. According to a recent study, the utilization of preventable intake levels could potentially save up to $1.7 billion annually in hospital costs alone. In addition, the remaining oil could be used to support a culture of enough Atlantic salmon to provide every pregnant and lactating woman in the U.S. with 8-12 ounces of fish per week, as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), throughout the duration of pregnancy and lactation. Based on the FDA's quantitative assessment, this may result in a net increase of IQ by 5.5 points in children and improve their early age verbal development.
When good enough is not good enough: Resolving cataloging issues for high density storage

ABSTRACTThis article identifies issues with cataloging backlogs and quality control, particularly relating to the subsequent ingest of content into library high density storage. Results of a pilot project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign are used to demonstrate the high cost of retroactively addressing cataloging concerns, and how not addressing them contributes to issues in discovery and access. Changes in local cataloging standards, and criteria for how to assess a cost/benefit ratio for quality cataloging are also discussed.
25 IN VIVO EXPRESSION OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 2 ON CONJUNCTIVAL EPITHELIAL CELLS IS INCREASED IN ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS

Purpose Increased colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (SA) may play a pro-inflammatory role in atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). We previously demonstrated that human conjunctival epithelial cells are activated by SA peptidoglycan via interaction with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expressed on human conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro. The purpose of this study was to examine human conjunctival epithelial cells derived from subjects with AKC, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), and non-allergic subjects for expression of TLR2. Methods For in vivo studies, human conjunctival epithelial cells were acquired via impression cytology, fixed, and examined for TLR2 expression via flow cytometry. Anti-CD45 was used to gate out contaminating leukocytes. For in vitro studies, human conjunctival epithelial cells and conjunctival mast cells were enzymatically dispersed and purified from cadaveric tissues and cultured on 24-well plates. Conjunctival mast cells were challenged with anti-IgE antibody to obtain activated mast cell supernates. Conjunctival epithelial cells were incubated with the activated mast cell supernates for 24 hours, then harvested using trypsin-EDTA for immunostaining via flow cytometry. Results Staining of conjunctival epithelial cells for TLR2 was positive in 4/5 subjects with AKC, 3/5 subjects with SAC, and 0/3 non-allergic subjects. Intensity of TLR2 staining was significantly greater on conjunctival epithelial cells obtained from AKC subjects compared to conjunctival epithelial cells obtained from non-allergic subjects (p Conclusion While TLR2 may not be constitutively expressed on conjunctival epithelium, ocular allergic inflammation appears to increase TLR2 expression, which is significant in AKC. This increased expression could promote ocular defense against colonizing pathogenic gram-positive bacteria.
Selecting reliable cable insulation for nuclear generating stations

1. Silicone rubber offers advantages important in the selection of insulation for use during normal service in nuclear-powered generating stations—freedom of installation over a wide temperature range, low maintenance costs and safety during overloads and short circuits. 2. Unique ashing characteristics during prolonged exposure to fire plus resistance to radiation and steam make silicone rubber the most reliable insulation under potential accident conditions. 3. The forced shutdown of a generating station could result in high costs for replacement energy. The higher cost for silicone cables could disappear in a very few days. A continuation of present pricing trends combined with positive action in the area of cable design and specifications could greatly reduce cost differentials at some future date.
Meta-analysis combines Affymetrix microarray results across laboratories: Conference Papers

With microarray technology becoming more prevalent in recent years, it is now common for several laboratories to employ the same microarray technology to identify differentially expressed genes that are related to the same phenomenon in the same species. Although experimental specifics may be similar, each laboratory will typically produce a slightly different list of statistically significant genes, which calls into question the validity of each gene list (i.e. which list is best). A statistically-based meta-analytic approach to microarray analysis systematically combines results from the different laboratories to provide a single estimate of the degree of differential expression for each gene. This approach provides a more precise view of genes that are of significant interest, while simultaneously allowing for differences between laboratories. The widely-used Affymetrix oligonucleotide array and its software are of particular interest because the results are naturally suited to a meta-analysis. A simulation model based on the Affymetrix platform is developed to examine the adaptive nature of the meta-analytic approach and to illustrate the utility of such an approach in combining microarray results across laboratories. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation, Culture, and Staining of Single Myofibers

Adult skeletal muscle regeneration is orchestrated by a specialized population of adult stem cells called satellite cells, which are localized between the basal lamina and the plasma membrane of myofibers. The process of satellite cell-activation, proliferation, and subsequent differentiation that occurs during muscle regeneration can be recapitulated ex vivo by isolation of single myofibers from skeletal muscles and culturing them under suspension conditions. Here, we describe an improved protocol to evaluate ex vivo satellite cells activation through isolation of single myofibers from extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of mice and culturing and staining of myofiber-associated satellite cells with the markers of self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation.
Institutions, governmental performance and the rise of political newcomers

This article analyses the institutional and contextual factors that facilitate the election of political newcomers as heads of government in democratic regimes. Using data from 870 democratic elections between 1945 and 2015, it is found that political newcomers are more likely to be successful in presidential systems, in new democracies and when party systems are weakly institutionalised. The election of politically inexperienced candidates is also related to governmental performance. Political newcomers are more successful when the economic performance of the government is bad and when the government engages in high-level corruption.
Informed Consent and Sham Surgery as a Placebo in Fetal Cell Transplant Therapy Research for Parkinson’s Disease

Fetal cellular transplantation therapy research in Parkinson’s Disease has raised important ethical questions from its beginning. One of the most hotly debated aspects of the recent clinical research has been the use of sham surgery as a placebo for the control group. Ethicists and researchers have focused on the unique risk surgical placebos pose to research subjects as compared to conventional, medical placebos. This review will deal with informed consent and the use of use of sham surgery in the placebo arm of recent fetal tissue transplantation randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, clinical trials. Do current procedures for obtaining informed consent meet the challenge of adequately informing patients enrolling in experiments with significant risks not only in the experimental group but also in the placebo group?
Variability in Preferred Management of Electrographic Seizures in Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Abstract Background Seizures may cause added harm in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Specific recommendations about seizure treatment in this context are lacking. We sought to determine the scope of practice regarding management of non–status epilepticus electrographic-only seizures in this setting. Methods A case-based survey was distributed to members of the Child Neurology Society. Providers were asked about their preferred management strategy for sequential clinical scenarios. Results A total of 177 child neurologists responded to the survey. Seventy-seven percent of providers would treat 20 seconds or less of electrographic seizure activity. In a neonate with mild HIE and an electrographic-only seizure, there was no agreement among providers regarding whether to start maintenance therapy in addition to a one-time anti-seizure drug load. In a neonate with moderate HIE on phenobarbital for early electro-clinical seizures, most providers would escalate treatment for ongoing electrographic-only seizures by increasing phenobarbital dosing. In a neonate with severe HIE complicated by status epilepticus on phenobarbital who subsequently develops recurrent electrographic-only seizures, providers varied substantially in their management preferences. For all three cases, 75% to 85% of providers would not change their management preferences based on the absence of a clinical correlate with the electrographic seizure. Conclusions We found marked variability among providers regarding preferred management of non–status epilepticus electrographic-only seizures after HIE. Our results identified specific aspects of electrographic-only seizure management in neonatal HIE where there is limited consensus. These discrepancies may serve as opportunities for future investigation.
Assembly strategies for millimeter wave horn antennas

Assembly and integration process of a 18–45 GHz ridge horn antenna fabricated as a two part configuration is described. Impact of air gap between the metal parts of the horn antenna is investigated and impact of the leakage of fields into the air gap is shown. Measures to mitigate the RF leakage from the horn body using pin wall are discussed as part of the assembly. Experimental validation of impact of two part approach on antenna performance is also shown.
A 100-Year Review: Mammary development and lactation

What is old is new again-and with respect to the study of the mammary development and function in dairy animals, the expression resonates. Many of the mammary and milk production questions raised in the early years of the Journal of Dairy Science apply today. To be sure, scientists have filled in many details regarding, for example, identification of hormones and growth factors important in the control of mammary growth, the onset of copious milk production at calving, and maintenance of lactation. Early years focused on identification and subsequent availability of classic mammogenic, lactogenic, and galactopoietic hormones (e.g., steroids, prolactin, and growth hormone). The advent of sensitive assays to measure concentrations of these hormones and, subsequently, myriad growth factors in blood, milk, and tissues, allowed creation of multiple hypotheses to explain mammary cell proliferation and regulation of function. It is also apparent that we understand many of the fundamentals of milk removal, milking frequency, milking management, and milk ejection for successful lactation. However, some questions remain. Are the principles that were identified when cows produced markedly less milk still valid for the high-producing cows of today and the future? What mechanism(s) explain the positive effects of early increased milking frequency on subsequent milk production? Can the persistency of lactation be improved (secretory cell number vs. secretory cell function) or does early management "program" future mammary development or productivity (epigenetics, immune responsiveness, other)? The explosion of tools and techniques (Southern and Northern blots, PCR, and the "-omics" revolution) has driven an almost overwhelming evaluation of cellular and molecular functions in the mammary gland and other tissues. One key may be the discovery of a "Rosetta stone" that will allow understanding of this mass of detailed information on gene expression, cell signaling, and so on. Many scientists can now better appreciate the difficulty of the dairy farmer seeking to process DHIA or Dairy Comp 305 data, milking data, weights, feeding reports, pedometer readings, or genomic evaluations to manage their operations.