cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE RETINAL BLOOD VESSELS. I. THE LARGE VESSELS.

The large veins and arteries in the normal human, monkey, and rat retina have been studied by electron microscopy. Vessels in the four retinal quadrants extending from the optic disc to the periphery were studied. The arterial system is especially endowed with smooth muscle. Arteries near the disc have a luminal diameter of 100 μ and possess five to seven layers of muscle in their walls. At the equator there are three to five muscle layers, and in the peripheral retina, one to two. In contrast to other muscular arteries, no elastin could be demonstrated on the wall of these vessels. Also, no internal elastic lamina was found, even at the disc edge. Thick, often laminated, basement membranes were observed between layers of smooth muscle cells. The walls of the veins contained neither elastic tissue nor smooth muscle. The media is composed of widely spaced pericytes whose cytoplasm differ from that of smooth muscle in having fewer filaments and less dense attachment zones along the plasma membrane. An adventitia of loosely arranged collagen constitutes two-thirds of the thickness of the wall. All the vessel were entirely ensheathed by glial cell cytoplasm, and no perivascular space was observed between the adventitia and the glial cells. Nerve endings were not found in or on the walls of these vessels. The peculiar anatomic arrangement of the structures in the walls of the arteries may account for the responsiveness of the arteries to pressor substances, and their reaction in diseases such as hypertension and eclampsia. The media of the large arteries in the human retina often contained dense, feathery, osmiophilic material, whereas it was absent in the arteries of animals.
Inhibition of Cleavage of Large Poliovirus-Specific Precursor Proteins in Infected HeLa Cells by Inhibitors of Proteolytic Enzymes

Inhibitors of chymotrypsin interfere with the post-translational cleavage of large poliovirus-specific polypeptides in the molecular weight range of 100,000 to 250,000 in infected HeLa cells.
The Specialized Society: The Plight of the Individual in an Age of Individualism

Preface Specialization and Ideals Fachidiot and the Information Revolution The Tyrannical Machine: Specialization in Academia Specialization and Work: Rethinking Economic Limits to Specialization Specialization and Third World Development The Fragmented Community: Specialization and Civic Culture Specialization, Economic Efficiency, and Moral Life References Author Index Subject Index
Fecal bacteria and foods.

Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, and coliphages have been proposed as fecal indicator bacteria for foods, but to this date E. coli continues to be used as the preferred indicator of fecal contamination. Although there is significant controversy whether the term "fecal indicator"; can be applied unequivocally to any of the groups of microorganisms discussed in this chapter, presently, most microbiologists agree on the value of testing some of them as general indicators of the quality and hygiene of foods. The characteristic IMViC profile of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae classified as coliforms is provided in the chapter. Investigators often compared the usefulness of coliforms and enterococci as indicators of safety in foods. The term coliphages is used to refer to specific types of viruses or bacteriophages that are capable of infecting enteric bacteria and, specifically, E. coli. The rationale for the use of a fecal indicator microorganism is ultimately to signify the potential presence of pathogenic microorganisms. The distribution of fecal food-borne pathogens in animals is quite diverse. Although some bacteria have the unique ability to colonize the intestine of many different animal species, others are confined to a single or few species. The presence of other food-borne pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, is also tolerated in some foods, but for the most part the use of pathogenic bacteria as indicator microorganisms is not encouraged. With the advent of novel, rapid, sensitive, and specific genomic and metabolomictechniques, better alternatives may be soon be discovered.
Chronic Marginal Iron Intakes during Early Development in Mice Alter Brain Iron Concentrations and Behavior Despite Postnatal Iron Supplementation

The objective of this study was to investigate the behavioral and cognitive outcomes associated with chronic marginal iron (Fe) intakes during early development. Offspring (3 males and 3 females/litter) of Swiss-Webster female mice who had been fed a control Fe diet (75 microg Fe/g diet) or marginal Fe diet (14 microg Fe/g diet) for 9 wk before mating were weaned on postnatal (PND) 21. Offspring of marginal Fe dams were fed either the marginal Fe diet (marginal group) or a control diet (replete group) from PND 21 throughout the duration of the study, whereas offspring of control dams consumed the control diet ad libitum (control group). On PND 30, 45 and 60, one male and female per litter underwent grip strength and auditory startle testing. A Morris maze was used to assess cognitive function in males starting at PND 50. Marginal Fe mice consistently demonstrated significantly lower grip strength, which was independent of differences in body weight. In addition, marginal Fe males demonstrated attenuated startle responsiveness, as well as altered performance in the Morris water maze. These differences in performance were found in association with lower brain Fe concentrations. Postnatal Fe supplementation did not reverse all of these disturbances because differences in brain Fe concentrations and maze learning persisted. This study demonstrates that chronic marginal Fe intakes during early development can result in persistent biochemical and behavioral changes in mice.
Educating Social Workers for an Aging Society: A Vision for the 21st Century

Longevity is one of the great achievements of the 20th century and its implications for the new century will be profound. The unprecedented demographic shift to an increasingly older society will have a dramatic impact on individual choices over the life course, the structure of the family, and multiple social institutions. Social work can make unique professional contributions to older persons and the late-life family. This article asserts, however, that social work is not adequately prepared to practice in the aging society. The authors document the challenges to social work and recommend addressing these challenges through educational innovations.
Performance optimization of partially coherent CPM on multipath fading channel

Constant Envelope, Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) is highly desirable for low-power, battery-operated systems as well as for small-profile vehicular and aircraft systems where large amplifiers won't fit. In the past, CPM was noted for increased demodulator complexity (over simple PSK or FSK receivers) but with modern computational power it is possible to continue to improve the power efficiency of CPM modulation at the receiver. In the specific case of multipath, there are several known methods (Rake Receiver is one example) to resolve and correct for inter-symbol interference and phase distortion. This paper develops a standard CPM demodulation and compares the optimal coherent performance with a partially coherent receiver. Several methods are developed to compensate and correct for ISI due to various types of multipath and the power efficiency is compared to the original, coherent demodulation.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An analysis of the a priori and a posteriori

I present and defend a unified, non-reductive analysis of the a priori and a posteriori. It is a mistake to remove all epistemic conditions from the analysis of the a priori (as, for example, Alvin Goldman has recently suggested doing). We can keep epistemic conditions (like unrevisability) in the analysis as long as we insist that a priori and a posteriori justification admit of degrees. I recommend making the degree to which a belief’s justification is a priori or a posteriori solely dependent on the revisability relations that obtain among the faculties that deliver the belief and all other faculties.
A theory of quasi-channeling for electrons and positions, quasi-channeling radiation in systems of macroscopic extent, and experimental implications for a short wavelength laser

Abstract The theory of electron and positron channeling and radiation production in crystals is extended to macroscopic-scale systems. The new theory examines systems that exhibit periodicity along the axis of beam propagation, specifically, periodic electrostatic fields: the dimensions of the field periodicity ( l z ) are much greater than typical interatomic lattice spacing ( l L ), e.g., l z ≫ l L . The feasibility of a laser based on this predicted new phenomenon is examined. Differences between the properties of the proposed quasi-channeling radiation and radiation produced by wigglers and free electron lasers (FELs) are discussed. System lengths a factor of 10 3 shorter than FELs are expected, with favorable scaling for below 500 eV laser photon output energies.
An anatomy of industrial robots and their controls

In the United States, commercially available industrial robots perform very well in limited areas of industrial tasks such as arc welding, paint spraying, etc. These tasks mainly involve synchronization but no task interaction. A close examination of the basic structure and controls of the robots reveals their resulting limitations which lead to unnatural specifications and inefficient performance of task interactions. It is our opinion that, to expand the range of robot tasks to include labor intensive jobs such as product assembly, sensors of multiple purposes must be added onto the robots and integrated into their control systems. Computer command language must be developed to enable nonexpert users to operate the robots, and a work-method must be available for analyzing robot time-motion so that the robots can be programmed to achieve best efficiency with least production cost.
Children’s Criteria for Occupational Stratification

AbstractAccurate knowledge of the socio-economic stratification of occupations exists as early as the fourth grade, yet younger children seem to use different criteria for stratification than do older ones. To elicit spontaneous criteria, children were asked to describe differences between high, medium, and low strata occupations. Seven major criteria emerged from responses given by fourth, eighth, and twelfth grade children. The major developmental trends were a decline in the use of work activities and conditions, and an increase in the use of requirements and consequences as criteria for stratification.
Simulations of the elastic response of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Using the Tersoff-Brenner potential we have performed molecular dynamics simulations of nanotubes under axial strain, analyzing both compression and stretching forces. These large-scale simulations were carried out on a MasPar massively parallel computer. The elastic response is investigated and expressions for various elastic constants are derived from the simulations. Typical failure modes are also shown and discussed.
An Investigation of Single Event Transient Response in 45-nm and 32-nm SOI RF-CMOS Devices and Circuits

This paper uses charge deposition by two-photon absorption to present the first investigation of the physical mechanisms underlying the single event transient (SET) response of cascode structures in a 45-nm RF-CMOS/SOI technology, provides the first experimental comparison of SET between 45-nm and 32-nm RF-CMOS/SOI devices, and presents implications for circuit design in both technologies. This work leverages a number of different device types and is supported by calibrated TCAD simulations.
Correlation of spectroscopic observations on polyenes with ripening of tomato fruits.

Abstract Absorption spectra of tomato fruit purees supplemented spectroscopic studies of carotene fractions in hexane solution to trace development of polyenes in ripening fruits, from very green to fully ripe. Genetic types of great diversity ranged from yellow through orange and red in ripe fruit color. Purees indicated early appearance of proneurosporene in all types, while extract data indicated first the appearance of α- or β-carotene isomers. Phytoene, phytofluene, and ζ-carotene varied with different strains. cis -Isomers appear before all- trans isomers in some cases. 3,4,3′,4′-Dehydrolycopene was apparent in all red and some orange fruit purees. Considerable support is given to the theory of ring closure before lycopene formation in polyene synthesis, but paths may differ greatly among genetic types. The spectroscopic study of purees appears a promising tool in studies of polyene analysis.
Trends in out-of-pocket medical care expenditures for Medicare-age adults with arthritis between 1998 and 2004.

Objective To provide estimates of the growth in out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenditures for persons with arthritis. Methods OOP medical expenditures were estimated for 1998–2004 based on 7 panels of the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, which provide nationally representative data. A simple simulation then extrapolated the data through 2006, for which the potential effects of Medicare Part D drug coverage were computed. Results Median total OOP expenditures for persons with arthritis showed an increase of 52.4% between 1998 and 2004 (7.3% annually beyond inflation). Median OOP expenditures for prescription medication showed larger growth, at 72.0%. Medicare Part D was predicted to lower both total and prescription OOP expenditures and return them close to 2003 levels. Simulation limitations included exclusive use of the standard Medicare Part D benefit structure and the assumption of stable prescribing trends during this period. Conclusion High prescription drug expenditures are likely to continue to be an issue, both for individuals faced with increasing OOP burden and for policy makers faced with increasing budgetary shortfalls to fund increasing Medicare expenses.
Effects of hypothyroidism on insulin-like growth factor-I expression during brain development in mice.

Hypothyroidism has devastating consequences on brain development. While the mechanisms that mediate these effects are not known, several lines of evidence suggest that a reduction in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression and/or action has a role. To assess whether reduced IGF-I expression and/or actions mediates the brain pathology of congenital hypothyroidism, we induced hypothyroidism by treating pregnant mice and lactating dams with 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water. Control and PTU-treated pups were sacrificed on postnatal day (P) 7, 10 and 14, and IGF-I mRNA expression was assessed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum by ribonuclease protection assay. To control for mRNA loading, the signal of IGF-I protected bands was normalized to those for cyclophillin. IGF-I mRNA expression in hypothyroid animals was decreased significantly in cortex at P10 and P14 (42 and 60%, respectively). In the cerebellum, IGF-I mRNA expression was down-regulated at all ages studied, but the decrease was only statistically significant at P7 (31% decreased). We conclude that hypothyroidism alters IGF-I expression in the developing brain. Furthermore, we speculate that IGF-I plays a role in mediating some thyroid hormone actions during brain development.
Microscopic, chemical and molecular methods for examining fossil preservation

Advances in technology over the past two decades have resulted in unprecedented access to data from biological specimens. These data have expanded our understanding of physical characteristics, physiological, cellular and subcellular processes, and evolutionary relationships at the molecular level and beyond. Paleontological and archaeological sciences have recently begun to apply these technologies to fossil and subfossil representatives of extinct organisms. Data derived from multidisciplinary, non-traditional techniques can be difficult to decipher, and without a basic understanding of the type of information provided by these methods, their usefulness for fossil studies may be overlooked. This review describes some of these powerful new analytical tools, the data that may be accessible through their use, advantages and limitations, and how they can be applied to fossil material to elucidate characteristics of extinct organisms and their paleoecological environments.
Measurement and effects of gel matric potential and expressibility on production of morphogenic callus by cultured sugarbeet leaf discs

During studies to optimize production of morphogenic callus from cultured leaf discs of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) large differences were observed associated with the gelling agent employed. Water availability, as determined mainly by gel matric potential, was found to be the dominant factor. A simple method was devised to measure the relative matric potential of different gels. A precisely moistened filter-paper disc was placed on the gel surface, allowed to equilibrate, removed and weighed. The relative gain or loss of water from the paper disc was a measure of the matric potential of the gel and varied with both gel type and concentration. Leaf disc expansion and production of callus-derived embryos and shoots were shown to be directly proportional to gel matric potential. Water availability may also be affected by the ease with which liquid is expressed from gels in response to localized pressure caused by explant expansion and contortion. This property, called gel expressibility, was easily measured with a weight and capillary pipette and shown also to vary with gel type and concentration. Validity of the technique for measuring relative matric potential was verified physiologically by culturing leaf discs on filter-paper overlays to eliminate expressibility differences among gels. Additionally, comparison of leaf disc growth on uncovered gel surfaces versus filter-paper overlays demonstrated the contribution of liquid expression to overall water availability. Expression of liquid by explants on uncovered gel surfaces greatly enhanced the production of morphogenic callus.
Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria for mixtures of tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 101.3 kPa

Vapor-liquid equilibrium (CLE) at 101.3 kPa have been determined for a ternary system (tetrahydofuran+2-propanol+2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane) and its constituent binary systems (tetrahydrofuran+2-propanol, tetrahydroluran+2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane, and 2-propanol+2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane). The activity coefficients of liquid mixtures were calculated from the modified Raoult's law. Thermodynamic consistency tests were performed for all VLE data. The VLE data of the binary mixtures and ternary mixtures were correlated using the Margules, Wilosn, NRTL, and UNIQUC activity-coefficient models. The models with their best-fitted interaction parameters of the binary systems were used to predict the ternary vapor-liquid equilibrium. All VLE data are also used to calculate the reduced excess molar Gibbs free energy g(superscript E)/RT and the deviations in the boiling point △T. The Calculated quantities of g(superscript E)/RT and △T were to variable-degree polynomials in terms of liquid composition.
Stability of Closed-loop Tomography Algorithms for Adaptive Optics

We present a class of algorithms for multi-conjugate (tomographic) adaptive optics wavefront controllers that are proven asymptotically stable in closed loop operation.
Calculation of One-Electron Redox Potentials Revisited. Is It Possible to Calculate Accurate Potentials with Density Functional Methods?

Density Functional calculations have been performed to calculate the one-electron oxidation potential for ferrocene and the redox couples for a series of small transition metal compounds of the first-, second-, and third-row elements. The solvation effects are incorporated via a self-consistent reaction field (SCRF), using the polarized continuum model (PCM). From our study of seven different density functionals combined with three different basis sets for ferrocene, we find that no density functional method can reproduce the redox trends from experiment when referencing our results to the experimental absolute standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) potential. In addition, including additional necessary assumptions such as solvation effects does not lead to any conclusion regarding the appropriate functional. However, we propose that if one references their transition metal compounds results to the calculated absolute half-cell potential of ferrocene, they can circumvent the additional assumptions necessary to...
Overexpression of hIGF-1 exclusively in skeletal muscle increases the number of dihydropyridine receptors in adult transgenic mice

The number of dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channels (RyR1) and their interaction determine the efficacy of the sarcolemmal excitation-SR Ca2+ release-contraction coupling (ECC). Both receptors play a central role in ECC as demonstrated in various animal species and muscle subtypes. In the present work we studied the effect of transgenic overexpression of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF-1) on the levels of these two Ca2+ channels in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) (fast-twitch), soleus (slow-twitch) and pool of fast- and slow-twitch muscles from adult C57BL/6 mice. Muscles from hIGF-1 transgenic mice showed a significant increase in IGF-1 concentration (20–30-fold) and in the number of DHPR (52% increase) whereas no significant change in RyR1 binding sites was detected. The differential effect on DHPR and RyR1 resulted in a 30% increase in DHPR/RyR1 ratio. Fast- and slow-twitch muscles showed 50 and 70% increase in the number of DHPR and 30 and 80% increase in DHPR/RyR1, respectively. These results support the concept that the increased autocrine/paracrine secretion of hIGF-1 exerts potent stimulatory effects on DHPR α1 subunit expression in adult skeletal muscle.
Effects of a Single-Session Assertiveness Music Therapy Role Playing Protocol for Psychiatric Inpatients

The purpose of this study was to implement and measure the effectiveness of a single-session assertiveness music therapy role playing protocol for psychiatric inpatients. Participants (N = 133) were randomly assigned by group to one of three conditions: (a) Assertiveness Music Therapy, (b) No Music Assertiveness, or (c) Music No Assertiveness. Participants in both assertiveness conditions role played a number of different commonly occurring scenarios at an inpatient psychiatric facility and in the community. There were no significant between-group differences in posttest quality of Ufe, iocus of control, or other subscales. However, participants in both assertiveness conditions tended to have slightly higher internal locus of control and overall quality of life scores than participants in the music no assertiveness condition. Additionaily, the assertiveness music therapy condition had higher attendance rates than the other conditions. A higher percentage of participants from both the assertiveness music therapy and music no assertiveness conditions indicated they thought their session was the most helpful/therapeutic group therapy session in which they had participated; this was not the case for the assertiveness no music condition. Future research is warranted to measure the effects of protocois that can help psychiatric patients generalize skiils learned in treatment.
Hospice and emergency room use by disadvantaged men dying of prostate cancer.

Purpose: Hospice care has been found to improve symptom management, quality of death and quality of life at the end of life. We describe hospice use by a cohort of low income, uninsured men with prostate cancer enrolled in a public assistance program. We ascertained whether hospice enrollment was associated with a decrease in the number of prostate cancer related emergency room visits made before death.Materials and Methods: We studied all 57 low income, uninsured men in a public assistance program who had died since its inception in 2001. The association between sociodemographic and clinical data, and hospice enrollment data were evaluated.Results: The overall rate of hospice use was 28% (16 of 57 patients). The mean ± SD duration of hospice enrollment before death was 44 ± 43 days (median 34, range 2 to 143). Two patients (12%) were enrolled fewer than 7 days and none were enrolled more than 180 days. Prostate cancer related emergency room visits, adjuvant chemotherapy treatment, evidence of metastasis ...
Culture and international trade: evidence from Canada

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of culture on international trade.Design/methodology/approach – A measure of the cultural distance is incorporated into the Gravity model to test the marginal effects of cultural variables on bilateral trade between Canada and 53 other countries. In addition to the cultural distance and economic factors, other control variables such as religion and language commonalities are included.Findings – After controlling for the size of GDP and linguistic commonality, the effects of culture on international trade are found to be insignificant. The empirical analysis shows that while the linguistic commonality has positive implications for international trade, the cultural distance and religion commonality do not seem important.Research limitations/implications – What is true for the Canadian international trade may not be true for other countries, especially for developing nations. Moreover, this study is limited to the Schwartz's cultural dimension...
Prosthesis-patient size: measurement and clinical implications.

seek to undertake these tasks in their report on small-sizedSorin Bicarbon prostheses (Sorin Biomedica, Saluggia, Italy). Although seeminglystraightforward, application of Rahimtoola’s deﬁnition requires examination andclariﬁcation of several complex concepts, including (1) measurement of prosthesissize, (2) measurement of patient size, (3) normalization of these values, (4) selectionof referent values, and (5) assessment of the inﬂuence of prosthesis-patient size onclinical outcome.
A parallel architecture for rapid image generation and analysis (abstract only)

Producing graphics is a time-consuming task. How best to use multiple processors in speeding the work is still an open question. For many applications, a multiprocessor approach based on the Disney multiplane camera produces a natural mapping of processors to objects in a scene. Such a distribution promotes parallelism and reduces the hidden-surface work with minimal interprocessor communication and low overhead.I am developing an architecture that uses this approach. In the architecture, a master processor controls the system components and provides the user interface. The system components include a number of slave processors, each with a private memory and a frame buffer. To display an image, the master processor first subdivides the scene's view volume along the z(depth)-axis and assigns each portion of the view volume to a slave processor. The master processor then broadcasts object information to the slaves. A slave has responsibility for any object that intersects its portion of the view volume. Each slave transforms its object(s) as directed, places the resulting image in its frame buffer, and signals the master when it is finished. A slave has no need to communicate with other slaves, so its completion time is determined solely by the complexity of the task assigned to it by the master.Each slave's frame buffer has a priority based on the depth of the portion of the view volume assigned to the slave. A hardware filter assembles the final image from the prioritized contents of the frame buffers to produce the stream of video refresh information. An image of higher priority will block an image with lower priority. From each frame buffer the system fetches information corresponding to the currently scanned pixel in the final image. The information is sent in parallel to the filter's inputs. The filter's output is the image of highest priority occupying that pixel. This information is sent to the video monitor for display.Analysis indicates that the architecture's division of labor speeds image generation, regardless of the type of hidden-surface algorithm used. To compare the architecture's performance to that of a conventional uniprocessor, I am performing simulations that measure the behavior of hidden-surface algorithms on the two systems. The simulations include the overhead costs of dividing the view volume and distributing the object information.The initial simulation runs were for the case in which each object intersects only one slave's portion of the view volume. For the depth-buffer algorithm, the speedup is nearly linear as slave processors are added. For the scan-line algorithm, the speedup is better than linear but less than n3/2.I am currently running additional simulations and am in the process of verifying the hardware design.
Structure and morphology of polymer-stabilized cholesteric diffraction gratings

We report a study of polymer network morphology in planar diffraction gratings formed from polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals. Photopolymerizing a mesogenic monomer yields a regular sawtooth morphology, composed of polymer sheets running at an acute angle between thick, uniformly aligned bundles which reside on the opposing substrates. To explain this morphology and evidence of two grating vectors in the diffraction pattern, we propose a model for the liquid-crystal director where out-of-phase twists at the surfaces gear into an interior twist, which has half the period of the surface twist, via splay distortions running between the substrates. The morphology also changes significantly when a nonmesogenic monomer is substituted or when selectively polarized states of UV radiation are used to cure the polymer.
Rheological behavior of mammalian cells

Rheological properties of living cells determine how cells interact with their mechanical microenvironment and influence their physiological functions. Numerous experimental studies have show that mechanical contractile stress borne by the cytoskeleton and weak power-law viscoelasticity are governing principles of cell rheology, and that the controlling physics is at the level of integrative cytoskeletal lattice properties. Based on these observations, two concepts have emerged as leading models of cytoskeletal mechanics. One is the tensegrity model, which explains the role of the contractile stress in cytoskeletal mechanics, and the other is the soft glass rheology model, which explains the weak power-law viscoelasticity of cells. While these two models are conceptually disparate, the phenomena that they describe are often closely associated in living cells for reasons that are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of cell rheology by emphasizing the underlying biophysical mechanism and critically evaluating the existing rheological models.
The contact angle of water on polystyrene: A study of the cause of hysteresis

Abstract 1. 1. It is to be expected that the hysteresis of contact angles on polystyrene would be the effect of a number of simultaneous causes. Whatever the interpretation, the differences in the observed angles found with surfaces that had been formed in different ways point to structural differences among the samples; and the existence of structural differences would indicate that all the surfaces depart appreciably from ideality, e.g., from ideal flatness, rigidity, and homogeneity. 2. 2. We have shown that effects due to film pressure, πe, would be in the opposite direction from those observed in hysteresis. Hence film pressure is not responsible for contact angle hysteresis.
Women in a Man's World: Gender Differences in Leadership at the Military Academy

This study responds to a deficiency of research on military leadership gender differences in spite of widespread interest in women in the military in policymaking and academic circles of various fields. Although scholarship in the field of women's leadership in recent years has asserted that there are stylistic differences between male and female leaders, there were few major differences in this study of 12 specific areas of leadership rated by 3 types of raters. Of the 36 possible occurrences of a statistically significant gender difference, only 6 manifested themselves in the cadet leader ratings. As a whole, evidence supports minimal gender differences in leadership performance or style in the West Point Class of 1998.
Impact-induced mass flow effects on lunar shape and the elevation dependence of nearside maria with longitude

Abstract Lunar mass flow patterns due to bolide impacts were inferred from a spectral correlation analysis of the LP75G gravity and GLTM-2 topographic models for insight on the development of the Moon’s shape and elevation dependence of nearside circular maria with longitude. The results suggest that in compensating for massive crustal unloading by bolide impacts, subsurface mass flows were constrained by the dichotomized thickness and mechanical attributes of the lunar near and far sides. On the nearside, a regionally positive selenoid reflects positive mass anomalies at the Moho, as well as the lithosphere–asthenosphere and core–mantle boundaries beneath the giant ancient pre-Nectarian Procellarum basin and the superposed Imbrium basin. The elevations of nearside circular maria for the lunar multi-ring basins exhibit a first order decrease of roughly 2 km from 270 ° E to 90 ° E and a possible second order effect that is highly correlated with the lunar selenoid. The linear trend in the surface elevations of the maria reflects the greater excavation depths of the younger basins, while the second order effect suggests that the selenoid may have constrained the mare flooding of the multi-ring basins.
Cytophotometric determination of the nuclear DNA content of 23 Mexican and 18 non-Mexican isolates ofPhytophthora infestans

The nuclear DNA content of zoospores ofPhytophthora infestans was determined by Feulgen cytophotometry. Isolates from Mexico, where the sexual stage of the fungus is common, were compared with isolates from the United States and Europe. The mean nuclear DNA content of 23 Mexican isolates was 0.59 arbitrary units (a.u.; range, 0.48–0.79), while that of 18 non-Mexican isolates was 0.92 a.u. (range, 0.56–1.11). Mexican isolates are very likely diploid, as indicated by cytological studies of other workers. The non-Mexican group, by contrast, appears to include isolates that are diploid, triploid, tetraploid, and aneuploid. Of three non-Mexican isolates with DNA contents similar to those of the Mexican isolates (apparent diploids), two originated from Southern California and may be of recent Mexican origin.
Anxiety disorders in a pediatric sample

Abstract Three hundred children aged 7 to 11, selected from a sequential sample of 789 children enrolled in a health maintenance organization (HMO), were the subjects of this study of the prevalence and correlates of anxiety disorders. Psychiatric interviews with 300 children and parents, using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC), yielded a one-year weighted prevalence for one or more DSM-III anxiety disorders od 15.4%, combining diagnoses based on either child or parent interviews. The prevalence rate for anxiety disorders based on parent interviews alone was one half as high (6.6%) as the rate based on child interviews alone (10.5%). Ratings of psychiatric symptomalogy and functional impairmaent in children with anxiety disorders relative to other children differed as a function of the source of the information. Parents of children with anxiety disorders judged them to have good social function but high levels of psychiatric symptoms, relative to parents of children with no disorders. Teachers judged anxious children to have no more sychopathology than normal children, but to show impaired social and academic functioning. factors associated with an increased likelihood of anxiety disorders, based on both parent and child interviews, were school failures, stressful life events, maternal anxiety or depression, and being female. Physical illness and high levels of pediatric service utilization were not associated with increased anxiety. The findings are discussed in light of other community studies of anxiety disorders in children.
A method to determine the viability of explant tissue in organ culture

A method is provided to determine percentage viability of explant tissues in organ culture using a Zeiss Videoplan image analysis unit and paraffin sections. The percentage of explant containing viable epithelial cells can be determined relative to the surface area of total epithelial tissue of the explant. These percentages can be used to study the toxic, proliferative, or differentiating potential of media, compounds, and procedures in vitro.
The Glabellar reflex is a poor measure of Parkinson motor severity

Background: The glabellar reflex (GR) is often interpreted as a clinical measure of parkinsonism, although data to support this are weak. It is one of ten items used in the Simpson Angus Scale, a popular measure of parkinsonism in psychiatric studies of neuroleptic drugs. We hypothesized that the GR might be a measure of hypomimia. Methods: This was a chart review of 99 consecutive patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) seen in a movement disorders center. All patients had standard Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scale assessments in addition to a standardized assessment of the glabellar reflex (GR). We compared the number of blinks to the hypomimia score (item 2 on UPDRS motor scale) and other measures of PD severity. Results: We found that there was a statistically significant but weak correlation between the GR blink number and hypomimia as well as the total score on the UPDRS motor section. We also found that the blink number was widely discrepant for an individual hy...
Strength in numbers.

Genetic markers — unlike ancient chroniclers — do not lie. But their interpretation can be as perilous as attempts to decipher ancient inscriptions in an unknown tongue.
Multidimensional Monte Carlo Simulation of Short-Pulse Laser Transport in Scattering Media

The Monte Carlo technique is used to simulate the two-dimensional transient radiative heat transfer in scattering and absorbing media. The transient behavior of transmissivity and reflectivity, subject to short-pulse laser radiation incident on highly scattering media, is investigated. The influences of medium dimensions, anisotropic scattering characteristics, incident pulse width and spatial and temporal Gaussian distributions, and the effect of Fresnel reflection resulting from refractive index changes at the boundaries are discussed. It is found that the temporal distribution shape and spread of the predicted transmissivity and reflectivity are significantly influenced by the incident pulse width and the dimensions of the media. Forward scattering increases the magnitude of maximum transmissivity and reduces the transmitted pulse width. Neglecting the boundary reflection results in overestimated transmissivity and reflectivity and shortens the transmitted pulse width.
The Baby and the Bathwater: Some Thoughts on Freud as a Postmodernist

Although many specific psychoanalytic ideas are tied to outdated energy concepts, the core of Freud‘s thinking reflects in many ways pioneering postmodern insights compatible with current cognitive and constructivist ideas and neurophysiological brain research. This paper shows how some psychoanalytic concepts such as the unconscious, the human need for meaning making, a divided rather than unitary self, the human tendency to self-deception and the importance of early life experiences have all acquired increasing importance, albeit sometimes in a modified form, in our current understanding of human behavior and human development. Traditional psychoanalytic therapy is questioned, but it is pointed out that the humanistic values and attitudes underlying psychoanalytic treatment continue to be honored in most nonbiological therapeutic approaches.
Linewidth measurement by high-pass filtering: a new look

Earlier workers have noticed that high-pass filtering produces a sharp dark line in precisely the location of the geometrical image of an edge. They proposed using this fact as an aid in measuring linewidth in microscopy but found that the other edge of the line caused significant error. In this paper, I examine that error as a function of normalized linewidth and normalized spatial-filter width and find that it may be limited to ±5% or so, provided that the spatial filter subtends between 0.25 and 0.3× the numerical aperture of the objective and that the linewidth exceeds about twice the resolution limit.
The formation of wedges of displaced metal between sliding metal surfaces

Abstract In order to obtain more detailed information about the mechanism of sliding, the regions of interaction between sliding metal surfaces were observed through a low power microscope. In experiments with a hemispherical copper rider sliding against a large slowly-rotating copper drum, it was found that most of the time during sliding the drum and rider were held apart by a wedge of displaced metal which was formed between them. Whenever this wedge broke away from the rider, a new wedge was quickly formed to replace it. The formation of similar wedges has subsequently been observed to occur in experiments with a variety of other metals and with pairs of flat metal surfaces. When pairs of flat metal surfaces slide, several wedges are formed at different places between each pair of surfaces. Further investigation using metallographic techniques has shown that the adhesive junctions which are formed when the metal surfaces are first placed in contact do not break when the surfaces begin to slide. The relative motion of sliding is accommodated by plastic shearing of the metal near the junctions. The shearing takes place in a direction slightly inclined to the surfaces, and this causes the formation of the wedges.
Carbon dioxide metabolism in hydrogen-adapted Scenedesmus☆

Abstract 1. 1. Photoreduction of C14O2 by adapted Scenedesmus gives the same carbon fixation pattern as photosynthesis. 2. 2. Photoreduction is susceptible to progressive inhibition by increasing oxygen tension. The inhibition is parallel. Hydrogenase activity is inhibited in a parallel manner by oxygen tension as measured by tritium exchange. 3. 3. Photoreduction is relatively insensitive to CMU inhibition. Photoreduction at low light intensities is much faster than photosynthesis at the same light intensities. These results are consistent with the ideas that hydrogen contributes electrons directly to CO2 photoreduction and possibly ATP as well.
Regional Deposition of Aerosolized Interferon-γ in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Study objectives Aerosol interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a potential immunomodulator in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Previous investigations demonstrated conversion of sputum smears in five patients with multidrug-resistant TB after 12 treatments over 1 month, and induction of signaling molecules in 10 of 11 drug-sensitive TB patients using BAL. The objective of the current study was to evaluate particle size and deposition pattern in patients with TB receiving aerosol IFN-γ treatment. Design Particle size was determined with a cascade impactor, and deposition of IFN-γ mixed with 99m Tc-labeled human serum albumin was assessed using a gamma camera. Local levels of IFN-γ were measured in BAL using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Study patients/intervention Fourteen patients with pulmonary TB received IFN-γ aerosol (500 μg) for 12 treatments in addition to antimycobacterial therapy with BAL before and after IFN-γ aerosol treatment. Eight patients with minimal-to-moderate parenchymal involvement underwent deposition studies. Deposited 99m Tc-labeled IFN-γ aerosol was partitioned between upper airways and lungs using attenuation correction measurements. 133 Xe equilibrium scanning, 133 Xe washout, and 99m Tc- macroaggregate injection defined regional lung volume, ventilation, and perfusion. Results Upper airway deposition was significant often exceeding lung deposition (53.9 ± 7.09 μg vs 35.8 ± 2.73 μg, respectively [mean ± SE]). IFN-γ levels measured in BAL fluid were significantly increased with aerosol treatment (0.83 ± 0.43 μg before vs 24.76 ± 8.71 μg after, p ≤ 0.017), and IFN-γ levels correlated with regional deposition of IFN-γ aerosol ( r = 0.823). Four-quadrant analysis of regional lung deposition best correlated with regional perfusion ( r = 0.422, p=0.013) with penetration of aerosol into areas of obvious radiographic infiltration on chest radiograph. Conclusions Aerosol therapy with IFN-γ in patients with pulmonary TB is widely distributed and results in significant enhancement of IFN-γ levels in the lower respiratory tract. In patients without lung destruction, IFN-γ aerosol may be an adjuvant to enhance the local immune response.
Extending the Dialogue about Science and Humanities in Counseling: A Reply to Hansen

This is a reply to Hansen's (2012b) rejoinder to the authors (Guterman, Martin, & Kopp, 2012), which is a response to Hansen's (2012a) keystone article about the relationship between humanities and science in counseling. In this reply, the authors provide remaining clarifications, points of disagreement, and suggestions for future directions in the field of counseling.
Curriculum Development: A Task Analysis Approach

(1984). Curriculum Development: A Task Analysis Approach. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 50-51.
Undercutting the grant process.

The house majority leader for the 112th U.S. Congress, Rep. Eric Cantor (R–VA), has proposed an experiment in which citizens decide how to reduce federal spending through voting on various programs, an idea he has cleverly named “YouCut.” Most recently, he has proposed applying “YouCut” to awards granted by the National Science Foundation (NSF). On his Web site ( ), he encourages people to search through NSF awards and report “questionable” research. From those grants deemed questionable, the House will vote on which grants deserve to have their funding revoked. The research that receives funding from the NSF has been evaluated by those who are qualified to judge the scientific merit of the research. Only about one-quarter of submitted proposals receive funding ([ 1 ][1]). It is ridiculous to ask the general populace to evaluate the merit of research based on searching the NSF database for “questionable” proposal titles. ![Figure][2] CREDIT: TIM ABRAMOWITZ/[ISTOCKPHOTO.COM][3] It is equally ridiculous to pretend that allowing the American people to vote on NSF grants does anything more than provide a false sense of security about mitigating the national debt. I agree with Rep. Cantor's sentiment; the American public should be educated about exactly what our tax dollars support. However, our legislature should not pretend that, in this case, it is for our economic benefit. The 2010 budget for the NSF was $7 billion ([ 2 ][4]); this is 0.5% of the $1.4 trillion federal discretionary budget ([ 3 ][5]). Even if the entire NSF were eliminated, 99.5% of the discretionary budget is ignored in such a cutback program. It is clear that the primary goal of YouCut is to reduce funding for science. The U.S. scientific community needs to take a stand and let the House know that YouCut is both unwarranted and a waste of resources. 1. [↵][6]National Science Foundation, About Funding ([www.nsf.gov/funding/aboutfunding.jsp][7]). 2. [↵][8]National Science Foundation, FY 2010 Budget Request ([www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2010/index.jsp][9]). 3. [↵][10]Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables ([www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals/][11]). [1]: #ref-1 [2]: pending:yes [3]: http://ISTOCKPHOTO.COM [4]: #ref-2 [5]: #ref-3 [6]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [7]: http://www.nsf.gov/funding/aboutfunding.jsp [8]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [9]: http://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2010/index.jsp [10]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [11]: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals/