cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal-image quality measurements

Thermal image quality assessment is essential in evaluating the performance of thermal imaging systems. The existing no-reference methods can be roughly categorized using quantification measures as follows: a) Human Visual System measures, b) information measures, and c) image distribution measures. All the above classes of measures are not appropriate for thermal imaging because the structure of thermal images is quite different from visible light images. In thermal images, the temperature of the background is high, temperature difference between objects and the background is small, and it is difficult to determine the link between objective and subjective image quality assessment. There is a need in new thermal image quality measures which can connect objective representation performance and thermal image characteristics. This paper presents new no-reference thermal-imaging measures and elaborates on their applications. They integrate advantages of above-mentioned conventional of measures. Simulation results demonstrate effectiveness of the presented measures in evaluating thermal image qualities in comparison with other well-known assessment tools. Finally, conclusions on more general applicability of these measures are presented.
Scientific promise of the new generation of radio/millimeter/submillimeter ground-based telescopes

The principal science objectives of the major new telescope initiatives at radio, millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths are shown to correspond in large measure with the major science objectives of the new space astronomy observing facilities. The complementary insight that is achievable using combinations of these instruments is emphasized. It is noted that in most cases, these science objectives involve a discovery space based on a large sample of objects or of a particular large area of sky. In order to optimize the science return of each new telescope it is argued that the "design" of the science program for that telescope would benefit if it were done in concert with that of other contemporary telescopes.
Advances in the vaccination of the elderly against influenza: role of a high-dose vaccine

On 23 December 2009, the US FDA approved Fluzone® High Dose, a high-dose formulation of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, for prevention of influenza in people 65 years of age and older. As it was approved via an accelerated process designed to allow expeditious availability of safe and effective products with promise to treat or prevent serious or life-threatening diseases, the manufacturer is required to conduct further studies to demonstrate effectiveness. Although these studies are underway, a recently completed randomized, controlled trial demonstrated that this vaccine, containing four-times more hemagglutinin than standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccines, can produce an enhanced immunologic response in subjects of 65 years of age and older, while maintaining a favorable safety profile. This article introduces the vaccine, presents currently available safety and immunogenicity data, discusses current recommendations for use, and proposes what we can expect in the coming years.
Heterogeneity of microglia and TNF signaling as determinants for neuronal death or survival.

Microglia do not constitute a single, uniform cell population, but rather comprise cells with varied phenotypes, some which are beneficial and others that may require active regulatory control. Thus, gaining a better understanding of the heterogeneity of resident microglia responses will contribute to any interpretation regarding the impact of any such response in the brain. Microglia are the primary source of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that can initiate various effects through the activation of membrane receptors. The TNF p55 receptor contains a death domain and activation normally leads to cellular apoptosis; however, under specific conditions, receptor activation can also lead to the activation of NF-κB and contribute to cell survival. These divergent outcomes have been linked to receptor localization with receptor internalization leading to cell death and membrane localization supporting cell survival. A second TNF receptor, TNF p75 receptor, is normally linked to cell growth and survival, however, it can cooperate with the p55 receptor and contribute to cell death. Thus, while an elevation in TNFα in the brain is often considered an indicator of microglia activation and neuroinflammation, a number of factors come into play to determine the final outcome. Data are reviewed demonstrating that heterogeneity in morphological response of microglia and the expression of TNFα and TNF receptors are critical in identifying and characterizing neurotoxic events as they relate to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage and in stimulating neuroprotection.
Institutional Context and the Assignment of Political Responsibility

Comparative analyses of economic voting in Europe and in the American states suggest that institutional context structures the assignment of political responsibility for policy outcomes. Since most of it has proceeded at the aggregate level, however, the extant literature is ill equipped to comment critically on the ability of individuals to incorporate information about institutional context into their responsibility judgments and on whether the effects of such contextual factors outweigh those of individual-level characteristics. This article analyzes attributions of executive versus legislative responsibility for fiscal policy outcomes in the American states and represents the first attempt to integrate both institutional context and responsibility attributions into a single analysis. Exploiting recent advances in multilevel modeling techniques, this article analyzes the extent to which individuals’ responsibility judgments are shaped by institutional and individual-level factors and how, in turn, thes...
Endoscopic diagnosis of gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma complicated by upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Surg 1955;142:709-28. 10. Straus E. Ulcerogenic endocrine tumors. In: Berk JE, ed. Bockus gastroenterology. Vol 7, 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984:4467-79. 11. Pipeleers-Marichal M, Somers G, Willems G, et al. Gastrinomas in the duodenums of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990;322:723-7. 12. Hoffmann JW, Fox PS, Wilson SD. Duodenal wall tumors and
Childrens' Distress During Burn Treatment Is Reduced by Massage Therapy

Before dressing changes, 24 young children (mean age = 2.5 years) hospitalized for severe burns received standard dressing care or massage therapy in addition to standard dressing care. The massage therapy was conducted to body parts that were not burned. During the dressing change, the children who received massage therapy showed minimal distress behaviors and no increase in movement other than torso movement. In contrast, the children who did not receive massage therapy responded to the dressing change procedure with increased facial grimacing, torso movement, crying, leg movement and reaching out. Nurses also reported greater ease in completing the dressing change procedure for the children in the massage therapy group. These findings suggest that massage therapy attenuates young childrens' distress responses to aversive medical procedures and facilitates dressing changes.
A rapid technique for the qualitative analysis of polymers and additives using stop-and-go g.p.c. and i.r.☆

Abstract The use of gel permeation chromatography operated in a stop-and-go mode combined with an infrared spectrometer detector permits rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of additives in polymers. Additionally, the chemical composition of the polymer and its molecular weight and molecular weight distribution may be determined. The method does not require any preliminary separation steps.
Rewriting the “dirty war”: State terrorism reinterpreted by the press in Argentina during the transition to democracy

Abstract The Argentine press reinterpreted the period of dictatorial military rule (1976–1983) in terms of an interest in the continuity of democratic protections. La Voz del Interior, the newspaper of record in the provincial capital and second largest city of Cordoba, sought to censure, subordinate, and yet reintegrate the military within a democratic institutional ideology. This study uses discourse analysis to characterize 10 elements of a model of coverage of state‐sponsored terrorism: (1) perpetrators, (2) victims, (3) target population, (4) violence and violation, (5) motives or intentions of the perpetrators, (6) fear or terror among the populace, (7) outcomes or changes in the target population, (8) news sources, (9) remedies and projects, (10) and probable responses or appropriated uses by readers or the press. In 1985–1986, when the elected government sought to judge and castigate senior junta commanders, La Voz supported establishment continuity by legitimating societal actors, including the m...
Apache Farmers, Agta Hunters and Bunong Elephant Keepers: a Career in Ethnoarchaeology

I spent much of my life interested in prehistoric and modern hunter-gatherer, or forager, societies. This professional exploration has led me through concepts, tools, and passions of many aspects of ethnoarchaeology. An ecological approach and material focus to modern hunters has led me to seek both the basis of today’s humid tropics foragers, and to consider the many models associated with human biocultural evolution, from the Plio-Pleistocene through the development of farming. I believe that a broad four-field anthropology, with considerable seepage and cross-fertilization into related fields, has given archaeologists and ethnographers a solid platform for researching our hunter-gatherer or forager basis of becoming, and being, human. Ethnoarchaeology, like anthropology, is properly a broad, diverse and multi-faceted field for joining attempts to ‘know how we know’ a cultural present and a past through patterned material remnants. Ethnoarchaeology, as I comprehend its power, focuses on seeing the behav...
Chronic Stress Induces Brain Region-Specific Alterations of Molecular Rhythms that Correlate with Depression-like Behavior in Mice

Abstract Background Emerging evidence implicates circadian abnormalities as a component of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus coordinates rhythms throughout the brain and body. On a cellular level, rhythms are generated by transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational feedback loops of core circadian genes and proteins. In patients with MDD, recent evidence suggests reduced amplitude of molecular rhythms in extra-SCN brain regions. We investigated whether unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS), an animal model that induces a depression-like physiological and behavioral phenotype, induces circadian disruptions similar to those seen with MDD. Methods Activity and temperature rhythms were recorded in C57BL/6J mice before, during, and after exposure to UCMS, and brain tissue explants were collected from Period2 luciferase mice following UCMS to assess cellular rhythmicity. Results UCMS significantly decreased circadian amplitude of activity and body temperature in mice, similar to findings in MDD patients, and these changes directly correlated with depression-related behavior. While amplitude of molecular rhythms in the SCN was decreased following UCMS, surprisingly, rhythms in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) were amplified with no changes seen in the prefrontal cortex or amygdala. These molecular rhythm changes in the SCN and the NAc also directly correlated with mood-related behavior. Conclusions These studies found that circadian rhythm abnormalities directly correlate with depression-related behavior following UCMS and suggest a desynchronization of rhythms in the brain with an independent enhancement of rhythms in the NAc.
Comparison of measured and computed stiffness of high-density polyethylene pipe

This paper examines the ability of traditional analytical methods and linear finite element models to predict the stiffness of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) profile-wall pipe in a parallel-plate test. The stiffness of typical pipe 36 in. and larger in diameter can be predicted quite accurately with a traditional analytical method. However, hand stiffness calculations for smaller-diameter pipes can have significant error. The most commonly used formula for calculating pipe stiffness is based on the assumption that deflections are a result of ring-bending stresses alone, an accurate assumption when a solid-wall pipe is being considered. However, for profile-wall pipe, shearing stresses, thrust stresses, and stability can have significant influences on pipe deflections and in turn on the pipe stiffness. Small-diameter pipes typically have larger profile height-to-diameter ratios. These "taller" profiles are more susceptible to the influence of thrust and shearing stresses. A more accurate formula for calc...
Molecular structure of the MoMo triple-bonded pentamethylcyclopentadienylmolybdenum dimer, Mo2(η5-C5Me5)2(CO)4, and its geometrical relationship with the nonmethylated cyclopentadienyl analogue (MoMo) and corresponding chromium dimers (CrCr)

Abstract In order to determine whether the strikingly different chemical behavior of Mo 2 (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 ) 2 (CO) 4 ( 1 ) vs. Mo 2 (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 (CO) 4 ( 2 ) is possibly linked to unusual variations in molecular structure, an X-ray crystallographic investigation of 1 has been carried out. This study revealed that the solid-state configuration of 1 is indeed distinctly different from that of 2 but that its MoMo bond lengthis analogously short (at the high end of the triple-bond range). The centrosymmetrically-required geometry of 1 possesses a nonlinear C 5 Me 5 (c)Mo′ bond angle (where C 5 Me 5 (c) denotes the ring centroid) of 168.3° and two markedly different pairs of linear-type semibridged carbonyls with one pair comparable to those in 2 but with the other pair much more asymmetric (corresponding to a considerably weaker interaction with the second molybdenum atom). In contrast, 2 experimentally conforms to a C 2 h -2/ m geometry with a linear (C 5 H 5 (c)MoMo′C 5 H 5 (c) axis and with its four carbonyl ligands equivalently bent back over the MoMo bond in a linear-type semibridged arrangement. A crystal disordering in 1 of the less asymmetric-bridged carbonyl pair occurs in a similar fashion to that previously found and resolved for both asymmetric-bridge carbonyl pairs in 2 . The MoMo triple-bond length of 2.488(3) A in 1 is only 0.04 A longer than that of 2.448(1) A in 2 but 0.75 A shorter than the weak, unbridged MoMo single-bond distance of 3.235(1) A in Mo 2 (η 5 C 5 H 5 ) 2 (CO) 6 . A comparative analysis of the geometrical variations in 1 and 2 is made with the corresponding structurally analogous Cr 2 (η 5 -C 5 R 5 ) 2 (CO) 4 dimers (R  H, Me) and other semibridged carbonyl clusters in an effort to provide additional insight in assessing the current conflicting views on the bonding nature of the semibridged carbonyls in the M 2 (η 5 -C 5 R 5 ) 2 (CO) 4 dimers (M  Cr, Mo).
Computation of Surface Areas In GMSolid

When Applied to Combustion Chamber Design Analysis at General Motors, This Treebased Calculation Method Has Saved Time over the Boundary Representation Approach.
Distribution of cholecystokinin receptors in the dorsal vagal complex and other selected nuclei in the human medulla

Cholecystokinin receptors were localized in human brainstem by quantitative autoradiography, using [3H]cholecystokininoctapeptide. Receptor densities were highest in the caudal medial region of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). High densities also were present in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the principle nucleus of the inferior olive, the ventral region of the NTS, and the area postrema.
Conflict in South Carolina’s partisan press of 1829

Ultimately the first state to secede on the eve of the Civil War, South Carolina erupted in controversy following the 1828 passage of an act increasing duties on foreign imports for the protection of domestic industry. Most tariff opponents could agree that the measure was unconstitutional, sectionally unequal, and oppressive to plantation states. Factions formed, however, based on recommended means of redress. This article explores partisan newspapers of South Carolina in 1829, the calendar year following the publication of John C. Calhoun's “South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” which recommended nullification of the tariff. Studying newspapers of varying political stances from throughout the state during this time not only highlights early calls for secession but also explains the formation of political parties distinct to South Carolina. By extension, examining newspapers’ role in the crucial political debates of 1829 contributes to an understanding of how the partisan press worked at the local level.
Regulation of cholinergic gene expression by the neuron restrictive silencer factor/repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor.

The role of protein kinase A in regulating transcription of the cholinergic gene locus, which contains both the vesicular acetylcholine transporter gene and the choline acetyltransferase gene, was investigated in PC12 cells and a protein kinase A deficient PC12 mutant, A126.1B2 in which transcription of the locus is reduced. The site of action of protein kinase A was localized to a neuron restrictive silencer element/repressor element-1 (NRSE/RE-1) within the upstream region of the cholinergic gene locus. The neuron restrictive silencer factor/repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (NRSF/REST), the transcription factor which binds to NRSE/RE-1, was expressed at similar levels in both PC12 and A126.1B2. Although nuclear extracts containing NRSF/REST from A126.1B2 exhibited binding to NRSE/RE-1, nuclear extracts from PC12 cells did not. The NRSF/REST isoform repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor-4 (REST4) was found to be expressed in PC12 cells, but not in the protein kinase A deficient PC12 cell line. REST4 inhibited the binding of NRSF/REST to NRSE/RE-1 as determined by gel mobility shift assays. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to demonstrate interaction between NRSF/REST and REST4. Expression of recombinant REST4 in the protein kinase A deficient PC12 cell line was sufficient to transcriptionally activate the cholinergic gene locus. Thus in PC12 cells protein kinase A promotes the production of REST4, which in turn de-represses of the cholinergic gene locus by inactivating the transcription repressor NRSF/REST.
Factors Affecting Graft Survival After Adult/Child Split‐Liver Transplantation: Analysis of the UNOS/OPTN Data Base

When considering advocacy of split-liver transplantation, it is important to understand whether comparable outcomes can be achieved. The goal of this study was to identify donor and transplant characteristics predictive of comparable outcomes by risk factor analysis. Using the United Network for Organ Sharing/ Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data base between January 1996 and May 2006, first time adult/child split cases (568 adults, 508 children) were examined. In multivariate analysis, recipient medical condition (hospitalization), status 1 assignment, ABO incompatibility, donor age (>40 years), donor body weight (≤40 kg), calculated whole graft volume to recipient body weight ratio (cGRWR ≤1.5%) and no sharing between centers were significant risk factors in adult recipients. Recipient diagnosis of tumor, dialysis prior to transplant, recipient body weight (≤6 kg), donor age (>30 years), donor history of cardiac arrest after declaration of death and cold ischemia time (CIT > 6 h) increased the risk of graft failure in pediatric recipients. The livers from young donors showed comparable outcomes to whole deceased liver transplantation (LT) when other transplant-related risk factors were minimized in adult recipients. Reducing CIT is important to obtain comparable outcomes to living donor LT in pediatric recipients.
Association of protein kinase Cλ with adducin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

There is evidence that the atypical protein kinases C (PKC(lambda), PKC(zeta)) participate in signaling from the insulin receptor to cause the translocation of glucose transporters from an intracellular location to the plasma membrane in adipocytes. In order to search for downstream effectors of these PKCs, we identified the proteins that were immunoprecipitated by an antibody against PKC(lambda/zeta) from lysates of 3T3-L1 adipocytes through peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry. The data show that PKC(lambda) is the major atypical PKC in these cells. Moreover, an oligomeric complex consisting of alpha- and gamma-adducin, which are cytoskeletal proteins, coimmunoprecipitated with PKC(lambda). Association of the adducins with PKC(lambda) was further indicated by the finding that the adducins coimmunoprecipitated proportionally with PKC(lambda) in repeated rounds of immunoprecipitation. Such an association is consistent with literature reports that the adducins contain a single major site for PKC phosphorylation in their carboxy termini. Using antibody against the phospho form of this site for immunoblotting, we found that insulin caused little or no increase in the phosphorylation of this site on the adducins in a whole cell lysate or on the small portion of the adducins that coimmunoprecipitated with PKC(lambda). PKC(lambda) and the adducins were located in both the cytosol and subcellular membranous fractions. The binding of PKC(lambda) to adducin may function to localize PKC(lambda) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Dynamic Modeling of a Dual Clearance Squeeze Film Damper. Part II

Squeeze film dampers (SFD) have been used for many years to control the vibrations of the shafts in high-speed rotating machinery. Dual squeeze film dampers are essentially a combination of two SFDs separated by a sleeve. Normal operation utilizes only one oil film, as in a conventional damper, and the sleeve is fixed in place. However, under high load conditions, the sleeve is released and both oil films become operational. An experimental facility was designed and built to study both single and dual SFD behavior within mechanically controlled orbits. The first part of this paper presents a description of this test rig and provides a dynamic model of a single SFD. In this portion of the paper, we present results obtained while the inner sleeve is released and both oil films are operational. Here the inner sleeve is not supported by any mechanical device; the anti-rotational effect is provided by the opposed actions of the inner oil film and of the outer oil film. The modeling covers the inner and the out...
Wound care at end of life

Nurses are in a unique and privileged position with regard to both end-of-life care and wound care. Expert wound care can greatly contribute to the relief of physiologic stress on the human organism and psychosocial and physical distress at the end of life. Using what is known from both domains,nurses apply critical thinking to assist patients, families, and other caregivers in maintaining the maximum possible integrity of the physical body of the dying person. The manner in which nurses approach wound care with dying patients and the ability to preserve patient dignity and family respect while doing necessary palliative interventions also can serve the healing of emotional wounds in the dying process.
Simulation of self-writing sensors

This article presents the simulation of the dynamics of the self-writing waveguide phenomenon in photopolymerizable resin systems using the finite element method. The rate equation of the photopolymerization process, mechanical shrinkage in the resin and lightwave propagation through the waveguide are included in the finite element model. An emphasis is placed on the simulation of processes occurring at multiple time scales and the introduction of mechanical shrinkage through an equivalent body force. Simulation results predict the features of self-writing previously observed including nonuniformities in the final polymerized waveguide.
Rel revealed: cocrystal structures of the NF-κB p50 homodimer

Abstract Crystal structures of the NF-κB p50 homodimer, a member of the Rel family of transcription factors, bound to a DNA target give insight into how these proteins use loops between β-strands to recognize DNA and how they are inactivated by IκB.
SOME PRESSURE-DRAG EFFECTS OF ROUNDING THE LEADING EDGES OF HYPERSONIC INLETS

Pressure drag effects on the rounded leading edges of hypersonic inlets on air-breathing engines
Acute Putrid Abscess of the Lung

This 51-year-old report detailed the principles of operative treatment of acute putrid abscess of the lung in the era prior to antibiotic availability. The technical aspects of the surgical approach advocated by Neuhof and Touroff were based on careful clinical and pathological review. In an era of increasing immunosuppressive therapy, both for transplantation and the treatment of malignant disease plus the emergence of new diseases such as acquired immune deficiency disease, there may be a re-emergence of lung abscess in patients too sick to undergo resection. Hence, the technique has present applicability.
Scalable FPGA-based architecture for DCT computation using dynamic partial reconfiguration

In this article, we propose field programmable gate array-based scalable architecture for discrete cosine transform (DCT) computation using dynamic partial reconfiguration. Our architecture can achieve quality scalability using dynamic partial reconfiguration. This is important for some critical applications that need continuous hardware servicing. Our scalable architecture has three features. First, the architecture can perform DCT computations for eight different zones, that is, from 1 × 1 DCT to 8× 8 DCT. Second, the architecture can change the configuration of processing elements to trade off the precisions of DCT coefficients with computational complexity. Third, unused PEs for DCT can be used for motion estimation computations. Using dynamic partial reconfiguration with 2.3MB bitstreams, 80 distinct hardware architectures can be implemented. We show the experimental results and comparisons between different configurations using both partial reconfiguration and nonpartial reconfiguration process. The detailed trade-offs among visual quality, power consumption, processing clock cycles, and reconfiguration overhead are analyzed in the article.
Submicrosecond shock-induced chemical reactions in solids: First real-time observations☆

Abstract We report observations of a chemical reaction on a 100 ns time scale in a nickel-aluminum powder mixture while under high-pressure shock loading. Optical pyrometer measurements show values of spectral radiance that can only be explained by high temperatures due to an exothermic reaction. Streak photography shows spatial evolution of the reaction zone in regions of the sample predicted to experience shock pressures and temperatures known to initiate formation of nickel-aluminum alloys.
Amplification of high-order rainbows of a cylinder with an elliptical cross section

The intensity of high-order rainbows for normally incident light and certain rotation angles of a cylinder with an elliptical cross section is greatly amplified with respect to the intensity for a circular cross-sectional cylinder. The amplification is due to a number of the internal reflections occurring past the critical angle for total internal reflection, and the effect is especially strong for odd-order rainbows, beginning with the third order. Experimentally, the fourth- and the fifth-order rainbows of a nearly elliptical cross-sectional glass rod were observed and analyzed.
Determination of picomolar iron in seawater by double Mg(OH)2 precipitation isotope dilution high-resolution ICPMS

Abstract A low-blank pre-concentration procedure is described for the analysis of picomolar iron (Fe) in seawater by isotope dilution high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (HR-ICPMS). The procedure uses a two-step Mg(OH) 2 co-precipitation procedure to extract Fe from a 50 ml seawater sample into a 100 μl 4% nitric acid (HNO 3 ) solution followed by HR-ICPMS measurement. The high pre-concentration ratio (∼ 500:1) achieved by the procedure minimizes the Fe blank due to ICPMS instrumental Fe background and results in a detection limit of ∼ 2 pM and a precision of ∼ 4% at the 50 pM Fe level. The measurement of a low-Fe seawater sample spiked with gravimetric Fe standard shows that the method can clearly distinguish 0.01 nM Fe from 0.02 nM Fe in seawater with high accuracy. The method is demonstrated by the analysis of dissolved Fe in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Automated generation of discrete event controllers for dynamic reconfiguration of autonomous sensor networks

Autonomous Sensor Networks have the potential for broad applicability to national security, intelligent transportation, industrial production and environmental and hazardous process control. Distributed sensors may be used for detecting bio-terrorist attacks, for contraband interdiction, border patrol, monitoring building safety and security, battlefield surveillance, or may be embedded in complex dynamic systems for enabling fault tolerant operations. In this paper we present algorithms and automation tools for constructing discrete event controllers for complex networked systems that restrict the dynamic behavior of the system according to given specifications. In our previous work we have modeled dynamic system as a discrete event automation whose open loop behavior is represented as a language L of strings generated with the alphabet 'Elipson' of all possible atomic events that cause state transitions in the network. The controlled behavior is represented by a sublanguage K , contained in L , that restricts the behavior of the system according to the specifications of the controller. We have developed the algebraic structure of controllable sublanguages as perfect right partial ideals that satisfy a precontrollability condition. In this paper we develop an iterative algorithm to take an ad hoc specification described using a natural language, and to formulate a complete specification that results in a controllable sublanguage. A supervisory controller modeled as an automaton that runs synchronously with the open loop system in the sense of Ramadge and Wonham is automatically generated to restrict the behavior of the open loop system to the controllable sublanguage. A battlefield surveillance scenario illustrates the iterative evolution of ad hoc specifications for controlling an autonomous sensor network and the generation of a controller that reconfigures the sensor network to dynamically adapt to environmental perturbations.
Hydrogen peroxide: a signaling messenger.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a well-documented component of living cells. It plays important roles in host defense and oxidative biosynthetic reactions. In addition there is growing evidence that at low levels, H2O2 also functions as a signaling agent, particularly in higher organisms. This review evaluates the evidence that H2O2 functions as a signaling agent in higher organisms in light of the known biology and biochemistry of H2O2. All aerobic organisms studied to date from prokaryotes to humans appear to tightly regulate their intracellular H2O2 concentrations at relatively similar levels. Multiple biochemical strategies for rapidly reacting with these low endogenous levels of H2O2 have been elucidated from the study of peroxidases and catalases. Welldefined biochemical pathways involved in the response to exogenous H2O2 have been described in both prokaryotes and yeast. In animals and plants, regulated enzymatic systems for generating H2O2 have been described. In addition oxidation-dependent steps in ...
A SPATIAL DYNAMIC PANEL DATA MODEL WITH BOTH TIME AND INDIVIDUAL FIXED EFFECTS

This paper establishes asymptotic properties of quasi-maximum likelihood estimators for spatial dynamic panel data with both time and individual fixed effects when the number of individuals n and the number of time periods T can be large. We propose a data transformation approach to eliminate the time effects. When n / T → 0, the estimators are consistent and asymptotically centered normal; when n is asymptotically proportional to T, they are consistent and asymptotically normal, but the limit distribution is not centered around 0; when n / T → ∞, the estimators are consistent with rate T and have a degenerate limit distribution. We also propose a bias correction for our estimators. When n1/3 / T → 0, the correction will asymptotically eliminate the bias and yield a centered confidence interval. The estimates from the transformation approach can be consistent when n is a fixed finite number.
Building modern medical societies through watching and listening

![Figure][1] I believe that positive growth can only evolve from active watching and listening. These are oft-forgotten skills, but ones that are necessary for collective or personal growth. In this issue of the Journal , we celebrate the recent successes of the European Society of
On the assignment of 13C resonances in unsymmetrical ortho‐disubstituted benzene rings. 13C N.m.r. spectrum of Piroxicam

Characteristic differences in multiplet hyperfine structure observed in coupled 13C n.m.r. spectra of symmetrical o-disubstituted benzene rings are explained on general grounds. Contrary to earlier proposals, the observation of this effect in unsymmetrical systems is not a suitable basis for corresponding 13C n.m.r. assignments unless the proton spectrum has been sufficiently analyzed. The 13C spectrum of piroxicam, an antiinflammatory agent, is assigned and some interesting relaxation properties are noted.
THE EFFECTS OF TAXES, EXPENDITURES, AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ON METROPOLITAN AREA EMPLOYMENT*

. Data for 28 metropolitan areas over a 15-year period are used to determine the impacts of government spending, taxes, and public infrastructure on total employment and disaggregated employment. After carefully controlling for the government budget constraint we find that taxes are negatively related to total employment and education spending is positively related to total employment. Nevertheless, we find that it is difficult for metropolitan areas to influence the composition of their employment with government tax and expenditure policies. Moreover, at current levels of public infrastructure, marginal changes in infrastructure have no strong effect on employment.
Several variations of the generalized self-consistent method for hybrid composites

Abstract Several medels are proposed to extend the generalized self-consistent method to hybrid composites, i.e. composites with three or more phases. These models degrade to the eigensolution approach in the generalized self-consistent method for two-phased composites. It is established that the difference in elastic moduli predicted by these models, the Mori-Tanaka method and the decoupled model, are small, and all are in reasonable agreement with available experimental data. A solid containing two extreme types of inclusions, voids and rigid particles, is also studied. For the same volume fraction of spherical voids and rigid particles, all models reveal that the weakening effect of voids and the strengthening effect of rigid particles cancel each other out so that the effective Young's modulus of the composite is almost identical to that of the matrix. Among these models, Mori-Tanaka's method and the decoupled model provide closed-form solutions. For a solid with two types of reinfircements, Mori-Tanaka's method gives the lower bounds, and the decoupled method the average estimate for the moduli.
Polysaccharide hydrolase folds diversity of structure and convergence of function.

Polysaccharide glycosyl hydrolases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze the glycosidic bond between carbohydrates or between a carbohydrate and a noncarbohydrate moiety. Here we illustrate that traditional schemes for grouping enzymes, such as by substrate specificity or by organism of origin, are not appropriate when thinking of structure—function relationships and protein engineering. Instead, sequence comparisons and structural studies reveal that enzymes with diverse specificities and from diverse organisms can be placed into groups among which mechanisms are largely conserved and insights are likely to be transferrable. In particular, we illustrate how enzymes have been grouped using protein sequence alignment algorithms and hydrophobic cluster analysis. Unfortunately for those who seek to improve cellulase function by design, cellulases are distributed throughout glycosyl hydrolase Families 1,5,6,7,9, and 45. These cellulase families include members from widely different fold types, i.e., the TIM-barrel, βαβ-barrel variant (a TIM-barrel-like structure that is imperfectly superimposable on the TIM-barrel template), β-sandwich, and α-helix circular array. This diversity in cellulase fold structure must be taken into account when considering the transfer and application of design strategies between various cellulases.
Continuum of sedation, activation and hypnosis or hallucinosis: A comparison of low dose effects of pentobarbital, diazepam or gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the cat

Abstract The effects of small doses of pentobarbital, diazepam and GHB were investigated. Intact freely moving cats were utilized with chronic cortical, subcortical and nuchal muscle electrodes. Electroencephalogram, reticular unit activity and nuchal electromyogram recordings were obtained and gross behavior was observed. Based on the correlation of these parameters the criteria for sedation, activation and hypnosis were defined. All three drugs induced a progression of states; at low doses sedation, at slightly higher doses, activation and at higher doses, hypnosis was induced by pentobarbital and diazepam, whereas GHB induced hallucinosis. On the basis of these results it is proposed that a dose/time continuum of sedation, activation and hypnosis exists for hypnotic agents and a continuum of sedation, activation and hallucinosis for hallucinogenic agents.
Tropical forest monitoring and remote sensing: A new era of transparency in forest governance?

The extent of tropical deforestation is now being tracked by actors in the nongovernmental, academic, private and government sectors using several different sources of satellite imagery. This paper presents an overview of the satellite systems that can be used for operational forest monitoring in the tropics and examines some recent trends in their use. It also reviews various satellite-based studies to map moist tropical forests and draws upon lessons learned from land cover mapping projects in several countries and regions. The case of Indonesia, examined as a nation undergoing rapid conversion of forest to other land uses, is contrasted with Brazil where satellite-based deforestation monitoring is fully operational. In Indonesia, the paper argues, the creation of a national monitoring system for tropical forest conversion is needed to create a source of transparent, reliable information on forest cover and condition. Such a system is likely to succeed if based on multitemporal, moderate-resolution optical data such as imagery provided by MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer). When MODIS images are complemented by radar and fine-resolution imagery from sensors such as IKONOS and QuickBird, areas of abrupt change can be identified and the causes potentially discerned. Thus, satellite imagery at multiple temporal and spatial resolutions can effectively increase transparency in the forestry sector by revealing the rate and extent of deforestation on an annual basis and identifying potential areas of illegal logging.
Emerging profile of cetuximab in non-small cell lung cancer

This paper summarizes the phase II and III clinical trial experience with cetuximab in the first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Single-arm and randomized phase II studies show that adding cetuximab to platinum-based doublets has favorable efficacy compared to chemotherapy alone or historical control groups that did not receive cetuximab. Two phase III studies have been conducted with different primary endpoints: overall survival in the pivotal FLEX trial, and progression-free survival (PFS) as assessed by an independent radiologic review committee in the supportive BMS 099 trial. FLEX shows that adding cetuximab significantly prolongs survival compared to chemotherapy alone. BMS 099 did not meet its primary objective, but did show that adding cetuximab significantly prolongs PFS as assessed by investigators. Across all studies, the safety and tolerability of adding cetuximab was predictable and manageable, and did not exacerbate the toxicity associated with chemotherapy. These trials enrolled a broad population of NSCLC patients regardless of histological subtype or comorbid cardiovascular disease, populations that have been underrepresented in clinical trials of other biologics. Cetuximab does not carry restrictions in use due to safety, and therefore it may be a particularly valuable option for patients who are not eligible for other biologics.
Artifact formation from the use of potassium‐iodide‐based ozone traps during atmospheric sampling of trace organic gases

Trace atmospheric gases have been sampled using potassium-iodide-based reactant traps for ozone removal. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of organic iodine compounds which were present neither in the atmosphere nor as contaminants of the materials used, but more likely arose from reactions of organic gases or aerosols sampled with reactive iodine or hypoiodite released from reaction of ozone with potassium iodide in the traps. Losses of the individual organic trace gases measured were not, however, observed as a result of this mechanism. Several cautions in identifying unknown compounds from the atmosphere when using potassium iodide ozone traps are discussed.
A Proposed Clinical Test of Speech Discrimination

The Modified Rhyme Test (MRT) has been adapted to the needs of the clinical audiologist. Tape recordings of three speakers, one female and two males, were made, evaluated, and assembled in a format...
Social junk, social dynamite and the rabble: Persons with AIDS in jail

The issues surrounding AIDS in corrections have forced administrators to develop policy which accurately reflects the realities of the AIDS crisis. Moreover, administrators must base their policy decisions on available research findings, much of which is generated by government agencies and research policy groups. Whereas this research does serve the proper function of guiding policy, it is somewhat removed from the theoretical implications that AIDS has to societal reaction and social class. This article introduces a theoretical framework comprised of Irwin’s (1985) concept of the rabble and Spitzer’s (1975) notes on social junk and social dynamite. In addition to discussing this framework as it relates to social metaphors and social control, the implications to correctional policy are also be presented.
An adaptive algorithm for stable decision-feedback filtering

A method of decision-feedback filtering that is particularly well suited for data that have undergone spectral nulling is introduced. The lack of spectral content causes a large eigenvalue spread of the data correlation matrix, with deleterious effects on the performance of conventional adaptive algorithms. An adaptive decision-feedback equalizer update algorithm that does not have these undesirable properties is presented. The algorithm calculates an iterative regularized inverse solution for the decision-feedback equalizer coefficients and applies appropriate attenuation (regularization) at frequencies lacking signal energy. This automatic estimation of the significant signal components provides an improvement over other methods that use matrix arithmetic to perform the same task. The other features of the algorithm are linear computational complexity and fast tracking capability. Simulation results that compare the algorithm to the conventional LMS and RLS algorithms are presented. >
EFFECTS OF LABORATORY VIDEOTAPING PROCEDURES ON SELECTED CONVERSATION BEHAVIORS

The potential reactivity of videotaping procedures in the study of conversation behavior was assessed. Four videotaping procedures and eight time segments were cast into a mixed factorial design. No statistically significant differences in behavioral indices of relaxation/anxiety or responsiveness due to obviousness of video recording procedures were found. Anxiety dropped significantly during the first minute and then stabilized. Although a statistically significant difference in responsiveness over time was obtained, there was no meaningful pattern to this difference. Results support the commonly held intuition that behaviors usually out of conscious awareness are not affected by observation procedures. The implication of these results is that participant deception concerning observation procedures is unnecessary when out-of-consciousness behaviors are the subject of study.
Targeting energy metabolism in brain cancer through calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet.

Malignant brain tumors are a significant health problem in children and adults and are largely unmanageable. As a metabolic disorder involving the dysregulation of glycolysis and respiration (the Warburg effect), malignant brain cancer can be managed through changes in metabolic environment. In contrast to malignant brain tumors that are mostly dependent on glycolysis for energy, normal neurons and glia readily transition to ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate) for energy in vivo when glucose levels are reduced. The transition from glucose to ketone bodies as a major energy source is an evolutionary conserved adaptation to food deprivation that permits the survival of normal cells during extreme shifts in nutritional environment. Only those cells with a flexible genome, honed through millions of years of environmental forcing and variability selection, can transition from one energy state to another. We propose a different approach to brain cancer management that exploits the metabolic flexibility of normal cells at the expense of the genetically defective and less metabolically flexible tumor cells. This approach to brain cancer management is supported from recent studies in orthotopic mouse brain tumor models and in human pediatric astrocytoma treated with calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet. Issues of implementation and use protocols are discussed.
Optimal modeling for complex system design [data compression]

The article begins with a brief introduction to the theory describing optimal data compression systems and their performance. A brief outline is then given of a representative algorithm that employs these lessons for optimal data compression system design. The implications of rate-distortion theory for practical data compression system design is then described, followed by a description of the tensions between theoretical optimality and system practicality and a discussion of common tools used in current algorithms to resolve these tensions. Next, the generalization of rate-distortion principles to the design of optimal collections of models is presented. The discussion focuses initially on data compression systems, but later widens to describe how rate-distortion theory principles generalize to model design for a wide variety of modeling applications. The article ends with a discussion of the performance benefits to be achieved using the multiple-model design algorithms.