cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Adverse Experiences and the Developing Brain

Children exposed to various forms of adversity early in life are at increased risk for a broad range of developmental difficulties, affecting both cognitive and emotional adjustment. We review a growing body of evidence suggesting that exposure to adverse circumstances affects the developing brain in ways that increase risk for a myriad of problems. We focus on two forms of adversity, one in which children are exposed to childhood maltreatment in family environments, and another in which children are exposed to extreme psychosocial deprivation in contexts of institutional rearing. We discuss ways in which each of these experiences represent violations of species-expected caregiving conditions, thereby imposing challenges to the developing brain. We also review emerging data pointing to the effectiveness of early intervention in remediating neurodevelopmental consequences associated with maltreatment or institutional rearing. We conclude by discussing implications of this work for public health efforts and highlight important directions for the field.
A micro air vehicle design based on a wideband antenna

A wideband antenna has been aerodynamically functionalized for flight capability. The antenna is based on a planar dipole/Vivaldi metallization scheme. The aerodynamic structure was based on the Nutball flier, a hobbyist flight architecture. The resulting codesign achieved a large VSWR 2∶1 bandwidth from 100 MHz to over 2 GHz and omnidirectional dipole-like radiation patterns at the lower frequency region and more directional patterns at higher frequencies.
Solubility limit of La in SrZrO3

X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the solubility limit of lanthanum in SrZrO3. The solubility limit was reached at approximately 6 at % La addition, with acicular La2Zr2O7 precipitates forming at higher amounts. The lattice parameter of SrZrO3 decreased linearly from 0.580 28 to 0.580 00 nm with increasing lanthanum content up to the solubility limit.
Distinct Molecular Evolutionary Mechanisms Underlie the Functional Diversification of the Wnt and TGFβ Signaling Pathways

The canonical Wnt pathway is one of the oldest and most functionally diverse of animal intercellular signaling pathways. Though much is known about loss-of-function phenotypes for Wnt pathway components in several model organisms, the question of how this pathway achieved its current repertoire of functions has not been addressed. Our phylogenetic analyses of 11 multigene families from five species belonging to distinct phyla, as well as additional analyses employing the 12 Drosophila genomes, suggest frequent gene duplications affecting ligands and receptors as well as co-evolution of new ligand–receptor pairs likely facilitated the expansion of this pathway’s capabilities. Further, several examples of recent gene loss are visible in Drosophila when compared to family members in other phyla. By comparison the TGFβ signaling pathway is characterized by ancient gene duplications of ligands, receptors, and signal transducers with recent duplication events restricted to the vertebrate lineage. Overall, the data suggest that two distinct molecular evolutionary mechanisms can create a functionally diverse developmental signaling pathway. These are the recent dynamic generation of new genes and ligand–receptor interactions as seen in the Wnt pathway and the conservative adaptation of ancient pre-existing genes to new roles as seen in the TGFβ pathway. From a practical perspective, the former mechanism limits the investigator’s ability to transfer knowledge of specific pathway functions across species while the latter facilitates knowledge transfer.
Enhancement of Adaptability of Parallel Kinematic Machines With an Adjustable Platform

The design of an industrial robot involves a number of conflicting objectives in general. A parallel kinematic machine (PKM) is known to achieve high precision and heavy load capacity but with the sacrifice of large workspace and high dexterity. Therefore, existing PKMs are mostly dedicated to a specific task with relatively poor adaptability to task variations. In this paper, the concept of an adjustable platform is proposed to enhance the adaptability of a PKM for various tasks. It is demonstrated that the adjustment of the dimensions of a base platform or end-effector platform has a significant impact on the performance of a PKM including its workspace and overall stiffness distribution. Both offline and online adjustment modes are presented. The offline adjustment brings a new dimension for reconfigurability and thus increases the versatility of a parallel robot for different tasks. The online adjustment turns a parallel robot into a redundant PKM, and therefore its overall performance against task requirements can be improved. A planar PKM and a Stewart robot with an adjustable platform are used as case studies in order to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed concept.
A note on perfusion with labelled compounds to determine intestinal absorption.

An in vivo perfusion technique has been adapted for the measurement of intestinal absorption of labelled compounds. Salicylic acid, labelled with 14C, in solution with or without phenylephrine or caffeine, was perfused through the ligated and cannulated small intestine in situ of the rat. Absorption was estimated from the difference in count of the solutions entering the gut and the outflow which was sampled at 10 min intervals. Some 40–45% of the acid was found to be absorbed at each of three consecutive 10 min samplings. This was lower than, but consistent with, reported results derived by chemical assay. In the presence of the other two drugs the absorption of salicylic acid increased to 70%.
Rehabilitation of Missed Subcapital Femoral Neck Fracture in a Hemiparetic Patient: A Case Report

Background: This single case report involves a 63-year old male with a past medical history of stroke with left hemiparesis who presented with persistent hip pain after a fall in spite of initial negative hip x-ray.Findings: Magnetic resonance imaging of the hip was negative. Because of limited progress during the patient's rehabilitation, repeat x-ray of the hip six weeks post injury revealed subcapital femoral neck fracture. Delayed diagnosis resulted in prolonged length of stay.Conclusion: This case illustrates missed femoral neck fracture in patients with persistent hip pain regardless of initial negative x-rays may result in delayed diagnosis and treatment affecting rehabilitation outcomes.
Enhanced diamond nucleation on copper substrates by graphite seeding and CO 2 laser irradiation

Abstract Diamond nucleation on copper (Cu) substrates was investigated by graphite seeding and CO2 laser irradiation at initial stages of the combustion-flame deposition. A graphite aerosol spray was used to generate a thin layer of graphite powders (less than 1 μm) on Cu substrates. The graphite-seeded Cu substrates were then heated by a continuous CO2 laser to about 750 °C within 1 min. It was found that diamond nucleation density after this treatment was more than three times as much as that on the virgin Cu substrates. As a consequence, diamond films up to 4 μm were obtained in 5 min. The enhancement of diamond nucleation on the graphite-seeded Cu substrates was attributed to the formation of defects and edges during the etching of the seeding graphite layers by the OH radicals in the flame. The defects and edges served as nucleation sites for diamond formation. The function of the CO2 laser was to rapidly heat the deposition areas to create a favorable temperature for diamond nucleation and growth.
Neurofibromatosis type I with severe dystrophic kyphoscoliosis and its operative management via a simultaneous anterior-posterior approach: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background context Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal-dominant hereditary disorder with two subtypes: NF-1 (type I) and NF-2 (type II). NF-1 is a complex disorder with a constellation of manifestations that can also entail skeletal abnormalities, including spinal deformity of a noncongenital nature with early age onset. The short, sharp, angular curve usually present in the thoracic region, as exhibited in NF-1, presents a quandary in its surgical management. Various studies have reported on the efficacy of anterior correction as opposed to posterior alone, whereas others have advocated a sequential, combined approach to diminish the degree of deformity and achieve solid arthrodesis. However, despite solid arthrodesis, curve progression may still ensue. Nonetheless, a simultaneous anterior-posterior approach to treat such a condition of NF-1 with severe dystrophic kyphoscoliosis is a rare occurrence. Purpose To describe the presentation and operative management of a patient with NF-1 and severe dystrophic kyphoscoliosis. Study design A case report and review of the literature. Methods A clinical and radiographic review of a 51-year-old male patient who presented with NF-1, a 165-degree thoracic kyphotic deformity, associated scoliosis, varied degree of vertebral destruction of T9–T11, and paraparesis below T10. Results Operative intervention of the deformity consisted of a simultaneous anterior-posterior approach and entailed posterior cord exposure, anterior vertebrectomy of T9–T11, cord decompression, posterior osteotomy (posterior elements were auto-fused), anterior distraction and kyphosis correction, anterior strut grafting, anterior rod instrumentation, and posterior compression instrumentation and fusion from T6–L2. The deformity was reduced, sold fusion was noted, and the patient was asymptomatic. Conclusions A simultaneous anterior-posterior approach for the surgical treatment of severe dystrophic kyphoscoliosis in neurofibromatosis type I is an avenue to properly visualize the spinal cord, achieve solid arthrodesis, and to minimize as well as prevent the progression of deformity.
Scotch tape as an adjunct to relaxation training in a case of Huntington's Chorea☆

Abstract Involuntary movements and emotional outbursts characteristic of Huntington's Chorea were controlled in a 60-yr-old male. Behavior therapy included relaxation training and clear adhesive tape to the face for tactile feedback as a cue to relaxation. Follow-up during a four-year period shows the treatment effects to be maintained.
Modulation of natural variability on a trend analysis of the updated cohesive SBUV(/2) total ozone

Utilizing the series of Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) instruments, total ozone measurements from the NASA/Nimbus-7 and the operational NOAA polar orbiting satellites, the NOAA/Climate Prediction Center has compiled a long term ‘cohesive’ SBUV(/2) total ozone dataset. The compilations are aimed at achieving a level of quality suitable for trend analysis. The zonal dataset starts in 1979, and extends to 2007. This paper provides an update of the statistical analysis of the above dataset to examine the impact of the Montreal Protocol and its later revisions. The traditional statistical time series trend, or hockey-stick algorithm, is applied to this cohesive total ozone dataset. The algorithm allows for a change in trend in January 1996. Specifically, we examine the net slope post 1996 to see if it is both positive and statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Our results indicate the following: (1) For 45°N the net slope after 1996, while positive, is not statistically significant at t...
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Alteration in Alzheimer Disease Is Related to Neurofibrillary Tangle Formation

Highly phosphorylated τ protein is the main component of paired helical filaments (PHF), which comprise the neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in some neurons of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylates τ in vitro at several sites also found to be phosphorylated in PHF-τ, τ is phosphorylated at these sites in both AD and normal control (NC) brains, although the extent of phosphorylation is far greater in τ from AD. If GSK3 levels are increased in AD, then τ phosphorylation and perhaps PHF formation may occur. To quantify GSK3, blots of AD and NC brain supernatant and particulate fractions were probed with antibodies to GSK3. In particulate fractions of AD compared to NC, GSK3α immunoreactivity did not increase, but in fact, decreased 40%, and GSK3β immunoreactivity decreased 30%. GSK3α and GSK3β levels correlated well with each other. GSK3 levels correlated negatively with numbers of NFT.
Restaurant Eating in Nonpurge Binge-Eating Women:

This study describes restaurant-eating behaviors for nonpurge binge-eating women in comparison to dieters. Restaurant-eating behaviors were determined from a content analysis of 14-day food diaries using a convenience sample of 71 women who reported binging without purging and 46 dieters without a recent binge history. Comparing bingers to dieters, there were no significant differences in frequency of eating out, dessert consumption at restaurants, or fast food eating. Bingers more often perceived restaurant eating to be uncontrolled and excessive. Both bingers and dieters consumed significantly more calories (226-253 kcal) and fat (10.4-16.0 gm) on restaurant days. Extra calories consumed on restaurant-eating days may contribute to weight gain over time, especially with frequent restaurant eating. Restaurants may present a high-risk food environment for bingers and dieters, contributing to loss of control and excess consumption.
Matrix Isolation and Theoretical Study of the Reaction of Ethyne with OVCl3 and CrCl2O2

Infrared spectroscopy, coupled with matrix isolation and theoretical calculations, has been used to reexamine the photochemical reaction of C2H2 with CrCl2O2, as well as to extend the study to the ...
Weighting formulas for the least-squares analysis of binding phenomena data.

The rectangular hyperbola, y = abx/(1 + bx), is widely used as a fit model in the analysis of data obtained in studies of complexation, sorption, fluorescence quenching, and enzyme kinetics. Frequently, the “independent variable” x is actually a directly measured quantity, and y may be a simply computed function of x, like y = x0 − x. These circumstances violate one of the fundamental tenets of most least-squares methods—that the independent variable be error-free—and they lead to fully correlated error in x and y. Using an effective variance approach, we treat this problem to derive weighting formulas for the least-squares analysis of such data by the given equation and by all of its common linearized versions: the double reciprocal, y-reciprocal, and x-reciprocal forms. We verify the correctness of these expressions by computing the nonlinear least-squares parameter standard errors for exactly fitting data, and we confirm their utility through Monte Carlo simulations. The latter confirm a problem with i...
Central processing of natural odor mixtures in insects.

In nature, virtually all olfactory stimuli are mixtures of many single odorants. Behavioral experiments repeatedly have demonstrated that an animal’s olfactory system is capable of discriminating behaviorally relevant from irrelevant odor mixtures. However, the sensory mechanisms that underlie such discriminative capability remain elusive. The limited anatomical and physiological evidence collected from both insect and vertebrate models that pertains to this topic is scattered in the literature dating back to early 1980s. Thus, a synthesis of this information that includes more recent findings is needed in order to provide a basis for probing the fundamental question from a new angle. In this review, we discuss several proposed models for mixture processing, along with experimental data gathered from both the initial stage of olfactory processing (i.e., antennal lobe in insects or olfactory bulb in vertebrates) and higher areas of the brain, with an emphasis on how the lateral circuits in the antennal lobe or olfactory bulb may contribute to mixture processing. Based on empirical data as well as theoretical modeling, we conclude that odor mixtures may be represented both at the single-neuron level and at the population level. The difference between these two types of processing may reside in the degree of plasticity, with the former being hard-wired and the latter being more subjected to network modulation.
Acoustical determination of ideal gas heat capacities of three C-8 compounds

Abstract A versatile spherical acoustic resonator technique has been used for speed-of-sound measurements and the results reduced to gas-phase ideal gas heat capacity at constant volume for three volatile C-8 compounds (2-methylheptane, ethylcyclohexane and ethylbenzene). Mole fractions of the volatile compounds in argon were varied from 0 to 0.010 under isothermal conditions at various temperatures in the range 298.15–448.15 K.
Galois module structure of Kummer orders and elliptic units

LetK be a quadratic imaginary number field. Letf denote a rational integer which is coprime to 6. We letK (f 2) (resp.K(f)) denote the ray class field ofK of conductorf 2 (resp.f). We write Γ for the Galois group ofK(f 2)/K(f) and denote the unique maximal order ofK(f)Γ by $$\mathfrak{M}$$ . We show that the Kummer order is a free, rank one $$\mathfrak{M}$$ -module. An explicit generator is given by singular values of certain modular functions.
Effects of Instructional Strategies, Grade, and Sex on Students’ Persuasive Writing

AbstractChildren come to school with an idea of narrative structure, but their knowledge of persuasive writing is less developed. Results of the National Assessment of Educational Progress indicate that students perform poorly on persuasive writing tasks. To what extent this is a result of a lack of logical thinking skills and to what extent it is a result of problems with instruction are not known. The present experiment was designed to identify the effects of instruction, grade level, and sex on students’ persuasive writing. Children in grades 4, 6, and 8 were instructed in writing with one of four instructional strategies. Their performance was then evaluated through analytic scoring of their efforts with standard writing prompts administered immediately after treatment and again 2 weeks later. The results showed that older children wrote better than younger ones; that girls wrote better than boys immediately after the study but not 2 weeks later; and that treatment effects approached statistical signi...
Behavioral contrast as a function of the duration of an immediately preceding period of extinction.

For four pigeons key-peck responding was reinforced on a variable-interval reinforcement schedule in the presence of a vertical white line. When response rates had stabilized a horizontal white line was introduced, in the presence of which reinforcement was not available (extinction). The horizontal line was presented once per session, immediately before the vertical line was presented. The duration of the horizontal line varied randomly from session to session, being either 0 sec (i.e., no presentation), 10 sec, 30 sec, 2 min, 10 min, 40 min, or 120 min. When the horizontal line was present for more than 0 sec, behavioral contrast was obtained in the presence of the following vertical line. Contrast increased with increasing durations of the horizontal line, asymptoting when the horizontal line was present for 40 min.
A Computer System for Multiparameter Pulse Height Analysis and Control

A multiparameter pulse height analyzer and computer control system is described. Features include individual peak hold detectors with a time-shared ADC front end driving a PDP-9 computer to measure time-of-flight and light intensity from 12 scintillation counters around the 40-inch hydrogen bubble chamber.
Molecular Memories That Survive Silicon Device Processing and Real-World Operation

If molecular components are to be used as functional elements in place of the semiconductor-based devices present in conventional microcircuitry, they must compete with semiconductors under the extreme conditions required for processing and operating a practical device. Herein, we demonstrate that porphyrin-based molecules bound to Si(100), which exhibit redox behavior useful for information storage, can meet this challenge. These molecular media in an inert atmosphere are stable under extremes of temperature (400°C) for extended periods (approaching 1 hour) and do not degrade under large numbers of read-write cycles (10 12 ).
A combined register-stack architecture

A stack is the simplest mechanism for evaluating arithmetic expressions, while a group of general registers is the simplest mechanism for quick access to a small number of common subexpressions or loop control variables. Until now, computers have been designed around either a stack mechanism or a register mechanism, but no machine has included both in a convenient way. In this paper, we propose a new combination architecture in which there are general registers, but one of these registers is the top of an evaluation stack. This combination is intended entirely for calculation, and is not related to the use of stacks in main memory for holding activation records of Algol-like procedures, or to the use of stacks for holding subroutine linkage information. The mechanism can be implemented entirely in a fixed number of hardware registers, with no elaborate stack spilling mechanism. The combination architecture meshes perfectly with existing general-register architectures, while providing the advantages of a stack for expression evaluation. One way to view the combination architecture is that it provides access to about twice as many fast registers with no increase in the number of instruction bits needed to address them.
Increasing number of β-adrenergic receptors in intact, differentiating muscle cells

Abstract In order to assess changes in β-adrenergic receptors that occur with differentiation of myogenic cells, a method was developed to determine the number of β receptor sites in intact cells in situ . Conditions of the binding assay were established to maximize specific binding of [ 125 I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol to cells and to insure that neither trypsin nor EDTA used for passaging purposes interfered with the assessment of binding sites. With differentiation, a 3-fold increase in β-adrenergic receptors in intact cells was observed. Characteristics of the β receptors when compared to cells prior to differentiation were otherwise unchanged with similar association and dissociation kinetics and binding affinity. These results confirm previous observations in broken cell preparations, provide a reasonable estimate for the number of β receptors in these cells, both before and after differentiation, and provide support for the possibility that the β-adrenergic catecholamines are important in the differentiation of myogenic cells.
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Is a Central Regulator of Bile Acid Conjugation

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4alpha) has an important role in regulating the expression of liver-specific genes. Because bile acids are produced from cholesterol in liver and many enzymes involved in their biosynthesis are preferentially expressed in liver, the role of HNF4alpha in the regulation of bile acid production was examined. In mice, unconjugated bile acids are conjugated with taurine by the liver-specific enzymes, bile acid-CoA ligase and bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAT). Mice lacking hepatic HNF4alpha expression exhibited markedly decreased expression of the very long chain acyl-CoA synthase-related gene (VLACSR), a mouse candidate for bile acid-CoA ligase, and BAT. This was associated with markedly elevated levels of unconjugated and glycine-conjugated bile acids in gallbladder. HNF4alpha was found to bind directly to the mouse VLACSR and BAT gene promoters, and the promoter activities were dependent on HNF4alpha-binding sites and HNF4alpha expression. In conclusion, HNF4alpha plays a central role in bile acid conjugation by direct regulation of VLACSR and BAT in vivo.
Ultrastructural effects of colchicine, vinblastine, and taxol in drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant J 774.2 cells

Cell lines derived from the murine macrophage-like cell J 774.2 are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of colchicine, vinblastine, and taxol. These multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells overproduce a family of ∼ 130–150 kDa P-glycoproteins (P-gp) associated with the plasma membrane region and display other typical features of the MDR phenotype. Ultrastructural analysis of drug-treated cells indicated that although hallmark structural effects engendered by each drug at efficacious doses were profound in the drug-sensitive J 774.2 cells, they were not evident in the similarly treated MDR cell lines. Thus, MDR phenotypic expression involved maintaining drug levels at subthreshold values so as to preclude the advent of these morphologic changes, and allowed vital tubulin-associated cellular processes, including replication, to occur. Using a polyclonal antibody specific for the P-gp, electron microscopic immunocytochemical evidence is presented for substantial association of P-gp with the plasma membrane/cell surface in the resistant cells which was not demonstrable in the drug-sensitive J 774.2 cells. This key cell surface localization of P-gp is germane to the postulated transport and related mechanisms whereby P-gp may play a pivotal role in endowing cells with multidrug resistance.
Solution of boundary-value problems by orthogonal collocation

Abstract New collocation methods are given for solving symmetrical boundary-value problems. Orthogonality conditions are used to select the collocation points. The accuracy obtained is comparable to that of least squares or variational methods and the calculations are simpler. Applications are given to one-dimensional eigenvalue problems and to parabolic and elliptic partial differential equations, encountered in problems of viscous flow, heat transfer and diffusion with chemical reaction.
Medicaid reimbursement for immediate post-abortion provision of long-acting reversible contraception reduces both unintended pregnancies and health care expenditures.

Implications Medicaid reimbursement for the full cost of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) provision immediately post-abortion is likely to reduce both unintended pregnancies and health care expenditures. There is a compelling case for states to ensure full reimbursement for LARC insertion immediately post-abortion through both Medicaid fee-for-service programs and managed care plans.
Initial clinical application of a novel coronary angioplasty guide catheter exchange device.

The initial clinical experience with a novel device designed to facilitate guide catheter exchange during coronary angioplasty while maintaining a secure guidewire position (Marathon Relay, Baxter Interventional Cardiology, Irvine, CA) is described. Over a 7-month period, 23 guide catheter exchanges were attempted during 20 procedures. The angioplasty procedure involved the use of newer devices in 65% of attempts with coronary stent deployment in 50% of attempts. In the majority (57%) of cases, exchanges were performed to allow improved guide catheter support. The exchange procedure was successful in 91% of attempts. Ultimate procedural success was achieved in 95% of patients with no complications. In this early experience, this device was found to be safe and effectively facilitated guide catheter exchange. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The photon spectrum in upsilon decay for z → 1

Abstract I calculate a corrected photon spectrum in the endpoint region, z → 1, for direct photon decay of the upsilon by summing the leading logarithms of (1− z ) to all orders in perturbation theory. This effect causes the cross section to level out at ≈ z =0.8. removing the sharp peak in the tree level prediction, but does not cause the cross section to turn over.
Broadband seismology in the oceans: Lessons from the Ocean Seismic Network Pilot Experiment

The fundamental objective of the Ocean Seismic Network Pilot Experiment (OSNPE)—which was carried out over a period of about 4 months at a site 225 km southwest of Oahu, Hawaii—was to learn how to make high-quality, broadband seismic measurements in the deep oceans. The OSNPE results demonstrate that broadband data of quality similar to that of quiet land stations can be acquired with seafloor seismographs, but that the location of the seismometer—whether it be on the seafloor, surficially buried within the seabed, or in a deep borehole—has a profound effect on data quality. At long-periods ( 0.1 Hz), data quality was best for a seismometer deployed 242 m below the seafloor in a borehole.
COMPARISON OF PLATE WASTE ESTIMATION MEASURES IN A PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL1

This study was conducted to determine if a selective menu would increase the consumption of food by the clients and to identify which method of plate waste measurement, weighed return, visual estimation, or patient recall would the most accurate for hospitalized children ages 5 to 18. Trays (n = were visually assessed to determine the remaining food to the nearest fraction Each returned food item was individually weighed to the nearest 0.10 g. Patients were interviewed after the tray was removed. Results indicated that patients returned a smaller percentage of entrees than they did vegetables, starch, or items. Patients returned larger amounts of vegetables than desserts or dairy products. Smaller amounts of vegetables were returned by patients who had been offered selective menus than when nonselective menus were used. Amounts were determined by weighted return, visual estimation of return, and patient recall of amount returned. Changing menu styles from nonselective to selective resulted in less plate waste of vegetables but not of other food groups. Significant correlations were found between the three methods of estimating plate waste. Visual estimates, which had the highest correlation with weighed returns, underestimated some food categories.
Rowing with FES

People with spinal cord injury (SCI) need to increase their level of physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but their exercise options are very limited. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) assisted indoor rowing has been developed as a total body exercise option that combines the exercise of the innervated upper body with the exercise of the electrically stimulated leg muscles in a natural manner. An existing indoor rowing machine was modified for use by the paraplegic users and two types of FES controllers were developed to control the level of stimulation to the paralyzed leg muscles. Manual FES controller was operated by the users thumb presses on the two control buttons on the handlebar, was easy to implement and operate, and has been the most widely used form of control in FES rowing. Automatic FES controllers produced rowing movement comparable to manual control strategy but did not require the user's thumb presses, could be used by the users with higher level of SCI, and could potentially be used to control more leg muscles to further increase the intensity and cardiovascular training effects of FES rowing exercise.
Paleomagnetic and sedimentological studies at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada

Abstract Three closely spaced 6-m piston cores were taken in the central part of Lake Tahoe. Cores were split into two complete replicates for paleomagnetic study and the remaining sections were used for stratigraphic and mineralogical analysis. Stratigraphic correlation of the cores is based on two distinctive horizons (volcanic ash and diatomite) and upon three different sedimentological regimes dominated by (1) poorly bedded silts and muds, (2) well bedded graded units, and (3) finely laminated silts. These correlations served as the standards for the evaluation of the paleomagnetic data. Extrapolation of 14 C dates obtained in the upper sections of the Lake Tahoe sediments suggests that the lower sections of the cores may reach ages of 25,000–30,000 years B.P. X-ray, optical, Curie point, and hysteresis measurements show that magnetite is the only important magnetic mineral in the sediments and occurs in the size range of 10 μm. Hematite is essentially absent. Based on large changes in the declination and inclination of the natural remanent magnetism (NRM) within single graded layers the paleomagnetic signature is a post-depositional remanent magnetism (PDRM). This PDRM is believed to be caused by magnetic orientation during compaction. Paleomagnetic measurements show three regimes that are correlated with the stratigraphic regimes. NRM declination and inclination data show good correlation between the three cores and agree well with the correlations based on sediment character. NRM intensity variations are due largely to the variations in magnetite content and its occurrence as either single detrital grains or as inclusions within the larger silicates. Thus the variation in paleo intensity was not determined. Comparisons of Lake Tahoe data with that from Mono Lake show fair correlations of declination and inclination. The occurrence of a short-wavelength, high-amplitude event in the lower section of the Lake Tahoe cores may provide confirmation of the Mono Lake geomagnetic excursion.
Europa's phase curve: Implications for surface structure

The surface of the Jovian satellite Europa is characterized on the basis of an analysis of ground photoelectric photometry at 470 and 550 nm and Voyager images. The data are presented in extensive tables and graphs and discussed in detail. At 550 nm, Europa has single-scattering albedo 0.964, opposition-effect amplitude 0.5, opposition-effect width 0.0016, double-lobed Henyey-Greenstein factors b = -0.429 and c = 0.113, and mean roughness angle 10 deg (much lower than on other solar-system objects). From the small roughness and the 96-percent porosity implied by the narrow opposition peak, it is concluded that the surface was formed mainly by endogenic processes. It is also noted that only one of three observational criteria for preferential ion bombardment of the trailing hemisphere are met in Europa.
Management of abdominal compartment syndrome during extracorporeal life support.

Objective: To describe the successful use of a peritoneal dialysis catheter for emergent decompression of abdominal compartment syndrome during extracorporeal life support for septic shock. Design: Case report. Setting: Pediatric intensive care unit at a freestanding tertiary children's hospital. Patient: Two-year-old toddler with influenza A complicated by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia and septic shock. Interventions: Placement of peritoneal dialysis catheter. Measurements and Main Results: Changes in hemodynamic and respiratory parameters. Improvement in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation venous drainage with subsequent survival. Conclusions: Although the standard therapy for abdominal compartment syndrome is decompressive laparotomy, a minimally invasive percutaneous approach may be effective and should be considered in selected patients.
Selective β1-adrenergic receptor-blockade with atenolol enhances growth hormone releasing hormone and mediated growth hormone release in man

Abstract The growth hormone (GH) responses to a single bolus injection of the growth hormone releasing hormone (GRH) were examined in the basal state and in the presence of β-adrenergic receptor blocking agents of different specificity in ten normal men. During a constant five-hour infusion of 56 μg/min of propanolol (nonselective β-adrenergic receptor-blocker) in seven subjects studied, there was a significant augmentation of the GH release in response to exogenous GRH compared to the GH response during saline infusion, as measured by the peak serum GH concentrations after GRH ( P = 0.019) and the integrated GH values ( P = 0.019). A similar significant enhancement of GH responses to exogenous GRH as compared to the control day was observed with the specific β 1 -adrenergic receptor-blocker atenolol in all seven subjects studied (four of whom also participated in the propanolol study). Both the peak GH response to a GRH bolus and the integrated GH values were significantly greater with atenolol ( P = 0.019 for both). There was no difference in serum GH concentrations after β-adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs during a three-hour sampling period before GRH administration compared to placebo. Our results support the concept that β-adrenergic receptors may modulate either the release or action of hypothalamic somatostatin in the control of GH secretion in man. We suggest the effect is mediated by specific β 1 -adrenergic receptors.
MutY catalytic core, mutant and bound adenine structures define specificity for DNA repair enzyme superfamily

The DNA glycosylase MutY, which is a member of the Helix-hairpin-Helix (HhH) DNA glycosylase superfamily, excises adenine from mispairs with 8-oxoguanine and guanine. High-resolution crystal structures of the MutY catalytic core (cMutY), the complex with bound adenine, and designed mutants reveal the basis for adenine specificity and glycosyl bond cleavage chemistry. The two cMutY helical domains form a positively-charged groove with the adenine-specific pocket at their interface. The Watson-Crick hydrogen bond partners of the bound adenine are substituted by protein atoms, confirming a nucleotide flipping mechanism, and supporting a specific DNA binding orientation by MutY and structurally related DNA glycosylases.
Obstetric complications and rheumatic disease.

Pregnancy in women with coexisting chronic rheumatologic disease provides obstetricians with the opportunity to interact with both the primary care and the subspecialty physicians responsible for the long-term medical care of the patients, a situation making several considerations important. Three essential questions must be addressed in any pregnancy complicated by maternal disease: 1What will be the effect of the disease on the pregnancy? 2What will be the effect of the pregnancy on the disease course? 3Are long-term deleterious effects to either the mother or the newborn possible because of the pregnancy? Ideally, these questions are addressed preconceptually by clinicians well versed in the care of both rheumatologic disease and pregnancy. Subsequently, if the risks are thought not to be unreasonable, a pregnancy can be "planned" to minimize possible adverse effects from medication exposures or disease flares and to maximize both maternal and fetal outcomes. This article summarizes common fetal and maternal complications of pregnancy and emphasizes special problems occurring in women who have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM), and Sjogren's syndrome.
Helium isotope ratios in circum-Pacific volcanic arcs

Volcanoes in the 'Ring of Fire' surrounding the Pacific Ocean are sited on tectonic arc segments marking the great subduction zones where oceanic crust returns to the mantle. Helium isotope ratios in volcanic gases along these arcs are close to those found in mid-ocean-ridge basalts, revealing the presence of primordial 3He released from the wedge of mantle material above the sinking plate. These results show that although the subduction of oceanic crust drives the arc volcanism, the subducted crust itself does not contribute a major fraction of the upwelling magma.
GlYFF: A framework for global yield and floorplan aware design optimization

Diminishing yields for modern CMOS and emerging technologies have become a major growing concern for IC manufacturers due to its direct impact on revenue. To this end, “Design for Yield (DFY)” have been proposed to proactively address manufacturing yield issues in the system design stage. While many DFY approaches have been developed for caches, GPUs and CPUs, they remain decoupled from each other, which is not ideal for modern microprocessors or MPSoCs that integrate multiple components onto a single die. In this paper we introduce “Global Yield and Floorplan Aware Design Optimization Framework (GlYFF)”, a holistic computer-aided DFY framework that unifies redundancy based yield-centric design optimizations and floorplanning for MP-SoCs. GlYFF recognizes the different yield enhancement strategies for different on-die components, and is able to output detailed floorplans for accurate area/performance measurements. We demonstrate that compared to a segregated DFY methodology, GlYFF can achieve ∼20% improvement in yield-per-area, a metric strongly correlated to revenue.
S Cycling in soil and stream sediment: influence of season and in situ concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur

Abstract Carbon and nitrogen and sulfur concentrations were measured to determine if associations existed between soil nutrient status, season, and the potential for immobilization of precipitation-borne sulfate in a forest watershed. Radiolabeled sulfate was used to assess the fate of S in soil and sediment. Samples were collected from mineral soils on southerly and northerly slopes at 0.5 m, 5 m, and 15 m from the active channel of a first order stream at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, near Otto, NC. Soils were compared to sediments in their property to buffer against added sulfate, an anion implicated in leaching soil cations and contributing to soil acidity. Two major fates of S were (1) physico-chemical adsorption and (2) incorporation of sulfate-S into organic matter. No differences were seen due to soil sample source, either by season, slope aspect, or position on a slope. Soils adsorbed an average of 48% of added S, while only 23% was adsorbed in sediments. The rate of formation of organic S was also 2-to-3 times higher in soil than sediment. Soil and sediment adsorption potentials were not related to carbon, nitrogen or the C-to-N ratio. Sediment S immobilization was greater that than in soils when compared on a per-unit C basis. Sediments may be an important source of additional S-immobilization in streams that drain S-affected forest ecosystems.
Possible Endotoxemia in Rabbits after Intravenous Injection of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) administered intravenously may exert its toxicity by damaging capillary endothelium in the large intestine and, thereby, permit absorption of endotoxin into the circulation. To investigate this possibility, we measured an index of the level of plasma endotoxin. This index was the ability of plasma to cause gelation of limulus amebocyte lysate (GLAL), before and after intravenous administration of SEB (800-1,000 microng/kg of body weight) to 13 rabbits. All samples taken before administration of SEB were negative for GLAL, but GLAL activity was detectable in the plasma of 10 of the rabbits 12 hr after SEB was injected. Only rabbits that developed GLAL activity died; the levels of GLAL in plasma were comparable to those detected by other workers after administration of an intravenous, lethal dose of endotoxin to rabbits.
Screening differences and risk of cervical cancer in inflammatory bowel disease.

Summary Background Cervical cancer risk is high among immune suppressed women. Aim To evaluate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with medications and risk of cervical cancer. Methods Members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), 15–68 years from 1996 to 2006 with IBD were compared with age-matched women without IBD. Cervical cancer was ascertained using the KPNC Cancer Registry. IBD medications of interest were aminosalicylates (ASA), corticosteroids, immune modulators and infliximab. Odds of cervical cancer were analysed with adjusted logistic regression. The prevalence of Pap smear testing was compared using a log binomial model. Results Ten cervical cancer cases occurred among 1165 women with IBD and 72 cancers among 12 124 controls. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of IBD with risk of cervical cancer was 1.45 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74–2.84]. Medication ORs were 1.65 for ASA, 2.79 for corticosteroids and 3.45 for immune modulators (all P > 0.05). No cancer case used infliximab. The adjusted absolute increase in Pap smears among IBD women compared to women without IBD was 4% (95% CI 2–5%). Conclusions Although a trend of elevated risk for cervical cancer with IBD and IBD medications was observed, it was not statistically significant. Regular cervical cancer screening for women with IBD is recommended.
Members of the C/EBP transcription factor family stimulate expression of the human and rat surfactant protein A (SP-A) genes

Abstract Members of the CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factor family were detected in fetal lung of both human and rat. In rat lung, the level of C/EBPs increased with time of gestation, peaking around birth. In adult rat lung, C/EBPs were localized to the alveolar type II cells. The effect of C/EBPs on pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A), which is also expressed late in gestation, was investigated. In contrast to control plasmids, C/EBPδ expressing plasmids reversed the action of a transcriptional silencer just upstream of the rat SP-A promoter. In order to test the effect of C/EBPs on endogenous SP-A gene expression, cells that express SP-A were exposed to a phosphorothioate-substituted, double-stranded oligonucleotide matching the consensus C/EBP binding site (decoy oligonucleotide) at concentrations from 0.5 to 10 μM for 72 h. A mutant oligonucleotide with an 8-base pair (bp) substitution served as a control. The decoy oligonucleotide reduced SP-A mRNA as much as 75% compared to a mutant oligonucleotide both in the human lung cell line, NCI-H441, and in primary human fetal alveolar type II cells. The data indicate that C/EBPs facilitate SP-A gene expression, possibly by overcoming transcriptional silencing.
Grounding Computational Thinking Skill Acquisition Through Contextualized Instruction

Computational thinking (CT) involves a broadly applicable and complex set of processes that are often explained by way of the knowledge, attitudes, and general practices that they entail. However, to become facile with CT, learners require instruction that is grounded in concrete, relevant experiences. This paper examines teacher practices that are intended to promote CT skill acquisition through instruction that takes place in two framing contexts. The phenomenological context, which is based on observable patterns of object interaction that recur in games and simulations, is particularly valuable for developing the capacity to think abstractly. Abstraction is the key to recognizing analogous conditions, an ability that is the basis for transferring learning to new situations. The disciplinary context describes areas of application within and across subject areas, including computer science, that can foster proficiency with data representation, problem decomposition, and other CT skills. Using the Scalable Game Design curriculum as a lens to examine classroom practices, we find that teachers both plan and enact CT instruction in these contexts.
8 THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES (TRAb) IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE GRAVES DISEASE (JGD)

Top of pageAbstract To determine if serum TRAb measurements are useful in diagnosis and management of JGD, we studied 48 pts with JGD & 113 controls: 41 adults; 41 children & 31 with Hashimoto's Disease (HD), 9 with ↑ TSH levels. We tested 3 groups of JGD pts, I: active and untreated disease; II: recurrent disease; III: in remission on no therapy. TRAb was measured by displacement of labeled bTSH from porcine thyroid membranes (C1. Endocr. 20:539,1984), and values expressed as % inhibition of tracer TSH binding. No antiidiotypic antibodies were detected. There was no correlation between TRAb and TSH in HD with ↑ elevated TSH. False negative TRAb results occurred in 2 JGD-I (7%) pts and 1 JGD-II (6%) pt; false positive TRAb results occurred in 6 JGD-III (17%) pts, and were not associated with relapse of the disease. In conclusion: Abnormal TRAb values will confirm the diagnosis of JGD in > 90% of pts with hyperthyroidism, and are found in > 90% of JGD pts in relapse. TRAb values are greater at initial diagnosis than during relapse, probably reflecting a shorter duration and less severity of disease during relapse. Abnormal TRAb values during remission may result from TRAb without thyroid stimulation, or the development of co-existing HD.