cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detecting for Smooth Structural Changes in GARCH Models

Detecting and modeling structural changes in GARCH processes have attracted increasing attention in time series econometrics. In this paper, we propose a new approach to testing structural changes in GARCH models. The idea is to compare the log likelihood of a time-varying parameter GARCH model with that of a constant parameter GARCH model, where the time-varying GARCH parameters are estimated by a local quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE) and the constant GARCH parameters are estimated by a standard QMLE. The test does not require any prior information about the alternatives of structural changes. It has an asymptotic N(0,1) distribution under the null hypothesis of parameter constancy and is consistent against a vast class of smooth structural changes as well as abrupt structural breaks with possibly unknown break points. A consistent parametric bootstrap is employed to provide a reliable inference in finite samples and a simulation study highlights the merits of our test.
Real and ideal water rights: The prospects for water-rights reform in Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank

Abstract The ideal water contract for a heterogeneous population of users is a prioritized right that is fully vested and fully tradable. A set of tradable, prioritized rights contracts will span the same space as the Debreu contingent commodities. Therefore, they lead to a competitive equilibrium that is Pareto optimal. Equal sharing of water shortfalls does not have this property. Existing water policies in Israel and the Disputed Territories are not characterized by an efficient set of water contracts. The system misallocates water over both time and space. Current policies are driven by strategic and ideological objectives. With peace, reform of water policies will become politically feasible. The paper concludes with a proposal for a new water-allocation system.
Gamma-ray burst afterglows

Abstract Extended, fading emissions in multi-wavelength are observed following gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Recent broad-band observational campaigns led by the Swift Observatory reveal rich features of these GRB afterglows. Here we review the latest observational progress and discuss the theoretical implications for understanding the central engine, composition, and geometric configuration of GRB jets, as well as their interactions with the ambient medium.
Electron transport in semiconducting carbon nanotubes with hetero-metallic contacts

We present an atomistic self-consistent study of the electronic and transport properties of semiconducting carbon nanotubes in contact with metal electrodes of different work functions, which shows simultaneous electron and hole doping inside the nanotube junction through contact-induced charge transfer. We find that the band lineup in the nanotube bulk region is determined by the effective work function difference between the nanotube channel and source/drain electrodes, while electron transmission through the SWNT junction is affected by the local band structure modulation at the two metal–nanotube interfaces, leading to an effective decoupling of interface and bulk effects in electron transport through nanotube junction devices.
Embedding an interpreted language using higher-order functions and types

Using an embedded, interpreted language to control a complicated application can have significant software-engineering benefits. But existing interpreters are designed for embedding into C code. To embed an interpreter into a different language requires an API suited to that language. This paper presents Lua-ML, a new API that is suited to languages that provide higher-order functions and types. The API exploits higher-order functions and types to reduce the amount of glue code needed to use an embedded interpreter. Where embedding in C requires a special-purpose "glue function" for every function to be embedded, embedding in Lua-ML requires only a description of each function's type. Lua-ML also makes it easy to define a Lua function whose behavior depends on the number and types of its arguments.
The Imprints of IMBHs on the Structure of Globular Clusters: Monte-Carlo Simulations

We present the first results of a series of Monte-Carlo simulations investigating the imprints of a central black hole on the core structure of globular clusters. We investigate the three-dimensional and the projected density profile of the inner regions of idealized as well as more realistic globular cluster models, taking into account a stellar mass spectrum, stellar evolution and allowing for a larger, more realistic, number of stars than was previously possible with direct N-body methods. We compare our results to other N-body simulations published previously in the literature.
Distributed anonymous function computation in information fusion and multiagent systems

We propose a model for deterministic distributed function computation by a network of identical and anonymous nodes, with bounded computation and storage capabilities that do not scale with the network size. Our goal is to characterize the class of functions that can be computed within this model. In our main result, we exhibit a class of non-computable functions, and prove that every function outside this class can at least be approximated. The problem of computing averages in a distributed manner plays a central role in our development.
Elements of Distribution Theory

This detailed introduction to distribution theory uses no measure theory, making it suitable for students in statistics and econometrics as well as for researchers who use statistical methods. Good backgrounds in calculus and linear algebra are important and a course in elementary mathematical analysis is useful, but not required. An appendix gives a detailed summary of the mathematical definitions and results that are used in the book. Topics covered range from the basic distribution and density functions, expectation, conditioning, characteristic functions, cumulants, convergence in distribution and the central limit theorem to more advanced concepts such as exchangeability, models with a group structure, asymptotic approximations to integrals, orthogonal polynomials and saddlepoint approximations. The emphasis is on topics useful in understanding statistical methodology; thus, parametric statistical models and the distribution theory associated with the normal distribution are covered comprehensively.
Synthesis of 3-acyltetrahydrofurans from formaldehyde acetals of allylic diols †

Abstract 3-Acyltetrahydrofurans having hydrogen substituents at C5 can be prepared with high stereocontrol and enantiopurity from alkoxymethyl or thioalkoxymethyl derivatives of allylic diols.
Consistent selection of tuning parameters via variable selection stability

Penalized regression models are popularly used in high-dimensional data analysis to conduct variable selection and model fitting simultaneously. Whereas success has been widely reported in literature, their performances largely depend on the tuning parameters that balance the trade-off between model fitting and model sparsity. Existing tuning criteria mainly follow the route of minimizing the estimated prediction error or maximizing the posterior model probability, such as cross validation, AIC and BIC. This article introduces a general tuning parameter selection criterion based on variable selection stability. The key idea is to select the tuning parameters so that the resultant penalized regression model is stable in variable selection. The asymptotic selection consistency is established for both fixed and diverging dimensions. Its effectiveness is also demonstrated in a variety of simulated examples as well as an application to the prostate cancer data.
The economic effects of financial derivatives on corporate tax avoidance

This study estimates the corporate tax savings from financial derivatives. I document a 3.6 and 4.4 percentage point reduction in three-year current and cash effective tax rates (ETRs), respectively, after a firm initiates a derivatives program. The decline in cash ETR equates to $10.69 million in tax savings for the average firm and $4.0 billion for the entire sample of 375 new derivatives users. Of these amounts, $8.75 million and $3.3 billion, respectively, are incremental to tax savings that theory suggests are a byproduct of risk management. Collectively, these findings provide economic insight into the prevalence of derivatives-based tax avoidance.
IQ‐Services: network‐aware middleware for interactive large‐data applications

IQ-Services are application-specific, resource-aware code modules executed by data transport middleware. They constitute a ‘thin’ layer between application components and the underlying computational and communication resources. This layer implements the data manipulations necessary to permit wide-area collaborations to proceed smoothly in the presence of dynamic resource variations. IQ-Services interact with the application and resource layers via dynamic performance attributes, and end-to-end implementations of such attributes also permit clients to interact with data providers. The joint middleware/resource and provider/consumer interactions implemented with performance attributes may be used to realize effective methods for managing the data flows in the large-data, distributed Grid applications targeted by our research. Experimental results in this paper demonstrate substantial performance improvements. These are attained by coordinating network-level with service-level adaptations of the data being transported and by permitting end users to dynamically deploy and use application-specific services for manipulating data in ways suitable for their current needs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenome manipulation as a pathway to new natural product scaffolds and their congeners

Covering: up to the end of September 2009 The covalent modification of chromatin is an important control mechanism used by fungi to modulate the transcription of genes involved in secondary metabolite production. To date, both molecular-based and chemical approaches targeting histone and DNA posttranslational processes have shown great potential for rationally directing the activation and/or suppression of natural-product-encoding gene clusters. In this Highlight, the organization of the fungal epigenome is summarized and strategies for manipulating chromatin-related targets are presented. Applications of these techniques are illustrated using several recently published accounts in which chemical-epigenetic methods and mutant studies were successfully employed for the de novo or enhanced production of structurally diverse fungal natural products (e.g., anthraquinones, cladochromes, lunalides, mycotoxins, and nygerones).
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of a Series of Diacetylenic Compounds Related to Falcarindiol

The synthesis of a series of diacetylenic compounds related to the natural product falcarindiol has been carried out. Unsymmetrical diacetylenes were prepared by a modification of the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling reaction, while a Glaser coupling was used to prepare symmetrical diacetylenes. These compounds have been tested for in vitro cytotoxic activity against Hep-G2, and H-4-II-E cell lines. Diacetylenes with additional unsaturation at C-1, 2, appended with hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-8, or with long hydrophobic chains, exhibited IC50 values in the micromolar range.
Screening for Novel Regulators of Embryonic Stem Cell Identity

Two recent studies, including one in this issue of Cell Stem Cell, have identified novel regulators of embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal using genome-wide RNAi screens in mouse ESCs (Ding et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2009) and have further expanded the repertoire of factors that regulate ESC identity.
Engineering Approximations for Radiating Nonequilibrium Shock Layers

An approximate analytic solution for rapidly obtaining engineering solutions for radiating reacting 14-18 km/sec air normal shock waves is presented. Near the shock front first ionization nonequilibrium is included, and the dominant radiative transfer is assumed to be from spectral regions having large absorption coefficients. Downstream, equilibrium is assumed and radiative cooling due to transparent emission is permitted. The solution near the shock front indicates that the flow is primarily chemistry dominated, that radiative losses in the nonequilibrium zone can affect the entire flowfield, and that conduction can be significant.
Freedom, Entrepreneurship and Economic Progress

All countries have people with an entrepreneurial spirit, but in far too many of them their talent and drive lie fallow. We argue that the most fertile soil for the seeds of entrepreneurship consists of the freedom and informed discipline that characterise market economies. In markets, freedom and informed discipline reinforce each other in ways that allow entrepreneurial failures to be tolerated through a process of restraint and knowledge creation, which converts them into engines of economic progress. Unfortunately, when economies become overly politicised, entrepreneurial ventures can become suppressed, not because of their failures, but because of their successes.
Free radical 4‐nitrophenylation of thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine. Part 2: Isolation and structural studies of three samples of mono (4‐nitrophenyl) products; relative yields of the five possible isomers

From the crude mixtures of isomeric 4-nitrophenylthieno[2,3-b]pyridines (3) previously reported [1] were isolated three analytically pure samples, viz. the 2-isomer (yellow needles, mp 258°, 3a), the 6-isomer (red prisms, mp 182°, 3e), and a ternary mixture of the 2-, 3-, and 4-isomers (orange needles, mp 213°, 3a:3b:3c = 1.3:1.0:0.5). The 258° compound was identified as either 3a or 3b by its 1H nmr spectrum and definitively as the former by its x-ray crystallographic analysis. The isomeric identities of the 182° and 213° samples were established from their 1H nmr spectra only. No 5-isomer (3d) was identified. Semi-quantitatively, relative isomeric yields fit the pattern 2- (64%)>>6- (14%)≥3- (12%)>4- (6%)≥5-(≤4%). Crystallographic data for 3a are presented.
Direct Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 3-Amino-3-deoxy-β- Mannopyranosides: Importance of the Nitrogen Protecting Group on Stereoselectivity

The highly stereocontrolled synthesis of the 3-amino-3-deoxy-β-mannopyranosides is achieved by means of thioglycoside donors protected with a 4,6-O-benzylidene or alkylidene acetal and a benzylidene imine group. Among the various nitrogen protecting groups investigated only the Schiff's base was found to give high β-selectivity. N-Phthalimido and N-acetamido protected donors were found to be highly α-selective, whereas 3-azido-3-deoxy glycosyl donors gave intermediate selectivity. The reasons for the protecting group dependency are discussed in terms of the change in the O2−C2−C3−N3 torsional interaction on conversion of the covalent glycosyl triflates to the transient oxacarbenium ions.
An Atm Traffic Model Based on Empirical Traffic Measurements

The characterization of ATM traffic is very important in many aspects such as validating traffic models, designing congestion control algorithms, implementing communication protocols, and developing switch architectures. In this paper, we present measurements of applications obtained from the High-Speed Networking and Performance Lab (HSNP) at Michigan State University. These applications are selected based on studies of Wide-Area TCP/IP traffic measurements conducted by Danzig et al. [1-3]. Experimental results designed to investigate traffic characteristics from a large amount of collected data are discussed. Traffic descriptors such as peak rate and mean rate are calculated from the gathered data. These descriptors are used to define parameters for an ATM LAN/WAN workload model. A procedure for developing this workload model is presented. Cumulative distributions of the measured data are compared to those of simulated data as a way to validate the ATM workload model. A statistical test shows that there is no significant difference between the simulated data and the measured data. This workload model can be used to generate different types of application traffic in an ATM LAN/WAN. Such a model is also useful for studying communication protocols, scheduling algorithms, and congestion control schemes for ATM networks.
N6-ethyl-2-alkynyl NECAs, selective human A3 adenosine receptor agonists.

Abstract A series of N6-ethyl-2-alkynyl NECA (5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) analogs were synthesized and their binding affinity with the four human adenosine receptors was evaluated. One of the compounds ZR1121 shows high affinity with hA3 receptor and its selectivity over hA1 receptor is 1–2 log orders greater than IB-MECA or Cl-IB-MECA, the currently employed selective A3 agonists.
An amplification mechanism in a model of energy

This paper investigates a propagation mechanism of the energy price shock in a model where capital utilization is associated with costly energy consumption. Endogenous depreciation is an important element of the model, as it has been shown to produce a significant negative effect of energy prices on output. I show that the amplifying effect of endogenous depreciation is determined by the choice of the functional form and calibration strategy for the energy cost function. My estimates of the energy cost function allow to conclude that the energy price shock has only a moderate effect on output in this model, while endogenous depreciation mitigates rather than amplifies the effect of the energy price shock.
Thermodynamic and kinetic anisotropies in octane thin films

Confinement breaks the translational symmetry of materials, making all thermodynamic and kinetic quantities functions of position. Such symmetry breaking can be used to obtain configurations that are not otherwise accessible in the bulk. Here, we use computer simulations to explore the effect of substrate-liquid interactions on thermodynamic and kinetic anisotropies induced by a solid substrate. We consider n-octane nano-films that are in contact with substrates with varying degrees of attraction, parameterized by an interaction parameter ϵS. Complete freezing of octane nano-films is observed at low temperatures, irrespective of ϵS, while at intermediate temperatures, a frozen monolayer emerges at solid-liquid and vapor-liquid interfaces. By carefully inspecting the profiles of translational and orientational relaxation times, we confirm that the translational and orientational degrees of freedom are decoupled at these frozen monolayers. At sufficiently high temperatures, however, free interfaces and solid-liquid interfaces close to loose (low-ϵS) substrates undergo "pre-freezing," characterized by mild peaks in several thermodynamic quantities. Two distinct dynamic regimes are observed at solid-liquid interfaces. The dynamics is accelerated in the vicinity of loose substrates, while sticky (high-ϵS) substrates decelerate dynamics, sometimes by as much as two orders of magnitude. These two distinct dynamical regimes have been previously reported by Haji-Akbari and Debenedetti [J. Chem. Phys. 141, 024506 (2014)] for a model atomic glass-forming liquid. We also confirm the existence of two correlations-proposed in the above-mentioned work-in solid-liquid subsurface regions of octane thin films, i.e., a correlation between atomic density and normal stress, and between atomic translational relaxation time and lateral stress. Finally, we inspect the ability of different regions of an octane film to explore the potential energy landscape by performing inherent structure calculations, and observe no noticeable difference between the free surface and the bulk in efficiently exploring the potential energy landscape. This is unlike the films of model atomic glass formers that tend to sample their respective landscape more efficiently at free surfaces. We discuss the implications of this finding to the ability of octane-and other n-alkanes-to form ultrastable glasses.
Paul Trap Simulator Experiment to Model Intense Beam Propagation in Alternating-gradient Transport Systems

The results presented here demonstrate that the Paul Trap Simulator Experiment (PTSX) simulates the propagation of intense charged particle beams over distances of many kilometers through magnetic alternating-gradient (AG) transport systems by making use of the similarity between the transverse dynamics of particles in the two systems. Plasmas have been trapped that correspond to normalized intensity parameters s = wp2 (0)/2wq2 * 0.8, where wp(r) is the plasmas frequency and wq is the average transverse focusing frequency in the smooth-focusing approximation. The measured root-mean-squared (RMS) radius of the beam is consistent with a model, equally applicable to both PTSX and AG systems that balances the average inward confining force against the outward pressure-gradient and space-charge forces. The PTSX device confines one-component cesium ion plasmas for hundreds of milliseconds, which is equivalent to over 10 km of beam propagation.
GLRT-Based Spectrum Sensing with Blindly Learned Feature under Rank-1 Assumption

Using signal feature as the prior knowledge can improve spectrum sensing performance. In this paper, we consider signal feature as the leading eigenvector (rank-1 information) extracted from received signal's sample covariance matrix. Via real-world data and hardware experiments, we are able to demonstrate that such a feature can be learned blindly and it can be used to improve spectrum sensing performance. We derive several generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) based algorithms considering signal feature as the prior knowledge under rank-1 assumption. The performances of the new algorithms are compared with other state-of-the-art covariance matrix based spectrum sensing algorithms via Monte Carlo simulations. Both synthesized rank-1 signal and real-world digital TV (DTV) data are used in the simulations. In general, our GLRT-based algorithms have better detection performances, and the algorithms using signal feature as the prior knowledge have better performances than the algorithms without any prior knowledge.
Hardness of Max-2Lin and Max-3Lin over Integers, Reals, and Large Cyclic Groups

In 1997, Hastad showed NP-hardness of (1 − e, 1sq p δ)-approximating Max-3Lin(Zq); however, it was not until 2007 that Guruswami and Raghavendra were able to show NP-hardness of (1 − e, δ)-approximating Max-3Lin(Z). In 2004, Khot--Kindler--Mossel--O’Donnell showed UG-hardness of (1 − e, δ)-approximating Max-2Lin(Zq) for q = q(e, δ) a sufficiently large constant; however, achieving the same hardness for Max-2Lin(Z) was given as an open problem in Raghavendra’s 2009 thesis. In this work, we show that fairly simple modifications to the proofs of the Max-3Lin(Zq) and Max-2Lin(Zq) results yield optimal hardness results over Z. In fact, we show a kind of “bicriteria” hardness: Even when there is a (1 − e)-good solution over Z, it is hard for an algorithm to find a δ-good solution over Z, R, or Zm for any m g q(e, δ) of the algorithm’s choosing.
Aberrant “Barbed-Wire” Nuclear Projections of Neutrophils in Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)

We discuss the significance of neutrophils with increased, aberrant nuclear projections mimicking “barbed-wire” in a newborn child with trisomy 18 (T18). Increased, aberrant nuclear projections have been previously reported in trisomy of the D group of chromosomes (chromosomes 13, 14, and 15), and we report similar findings in a patient with T18. The peripheral blood smear showed relative neutrophilia with the majority (37%) of neutrophils showing two or more thin, rod-shaped or spike-shaped, and often pedunculated aberrant nuclear projections. The number of projections ranged from 2 to 6 per cell, averaged 2 per affected neutrophil, and ranged in length from 0.22 μm to 0.83 μm. This case confirms that the morphologic finding described is not restricted to trisomy of one of the chromosomes in group D, as implied in the literature.
Optimal shill bidding in the VCG mechanism

This paper studies shill bidding in the VCG mechanism applied to combinatorial auctions. Shill bidding is a strategy whereby a single decision-maker enters the auction under the guise of multiple identities (Sakurai, Yokoo, and Matsubara 1999). I formulate the problem of optimal shill bidding for a bidder who knows the aggregate bid of her opponents. A key to the analysis is a subproblem{ the cost minimization problem{which searches for the cheapest way to win a given package using shills. This formulation leads to an exact characterization of the aggregate bids b such that some bidder would have an incentive to shill bid against b. It is well known that when goods are substitutes, there is no incentive to shill bid. In contrast, I show that when goods are pure complements, the incentive to shill takes a simple form: there is an incentive to disintegrate and bid for each item using a dierent identity. With a mix of substitutes and complements, I show that the winner
Contractual Dualism, Market Power and Informality

We develop a search-theoretic model of contractual dualism in formal and informal labour markets. The model (i) provides the micro-underpinnings for endogenous determination of employer market power in the formal and informal sectors, (ii) offers a unified and coherent set-up whereby a host of salient features of developing country labour markets can be explained together and (iii) places for the first time the Stiglerian prescription of the optimal (unemployment minimising) minimum wage in the broader context of labour markets where formal job creation is costly, where employer market power is endogenous and where formal employment, informal employment and unemployment coexist.
The Strange Case of Privacy in Equilibrium Models

We study how privacy technologies affect user and advertiser behavior in a simple economic model of targeted advertising. In our model, a consumer first decides whether or not to buy a good, and then an advertiser chooses an advertisement to show the consumer. The consumer's value for the good is correlated with her type, which determines which ad the advertiser would prefer to show to her---and hence, the advertiser would like to use information about the consumer's purchase decision to target the ad that he shows. In our model, the advertiser is given only a differentially private signal about the consumer's behavior---which can range from no signal at all to a perfect signal, as we vary the differential privacy parameter. This allows us to study equilibrium behavior as a function of the level of privacy provided to the consumer. We show that this behavior can be highly counter-intuitive, and that the effect of adding privacy in equilibrium can be completely different from what we would expect if we ignored equilibrium incentives. Specifically, we show that increasing the level of privacy can actually increase the amount of information about the consumer's type contained in the signal the advertiser receives, lead to decreased utility for the consumer, and increased profit for the advertiser, and that generally these quantities can be non-monotonic and even discontinuous in the privacy level of the signal.
Straightforward Java Persistence Through Checkpointing

Several techniques have been proposed for adding persistence to the Java language environment. This paper describes a scheme based on checkpointing the Java Virtual Machine, and compares the scheme to other techniques. Checkpointing offers two unique advantages: first, the implementation is independent of the JVM implementation, and therefore survives JVM updates; second, because checkpointing saves and restores execution state, even threads become persistent entities.
Finno‐Ugric‐Language Books and Periodicals in the “Soviet Literature in Minor Languages” Collection of the Slavic and Baltic Division of The New York Public Library

The New York Public Library's collection of rare Finno‐Ugric books and periodicals from the Russian Federation date to the early1920s. The unique holdings include materials in the Mari, Komi and Udmurt languages, Estonian, Finnish, and several Finno‐Ugric dialects. These materials are of particular value to linguists, who wish to trace the process of Sovietization on the minority languages of Russia's autonomous regions. This article was originally published by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. in Nationalities Papers, 1996, Vol. 24, Issue 2, pp. 307–312, and is reprinted with permission.
Characteristics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use among older adults with asthma.

AbstractObjective: A growing number of asthma patients are using Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Prior studies have not examined CAM use among the older adult population.Methods: Data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS), a national telephone survey, and the Asthma Call-Back survey (ACBS), a survey conducted among BRFSS individuals reporting asthma, were used for the analyses. The study population consisted of 7685 individuals aged 55 years or older with current asthma. The relationship of CAM use with demographic and asthma outcomes was analyzed using logistic regression.Results: CAM use was reported by 39% (3030). Breathing techniques were the most commonly reported CAM therapy. Demographic factors associated with CAM use include female gender (OR 1.36, p < 0.002), having at least a college education (OR 1.76, p < 0.001), cost barrier to healthcare (OR 1.43, p < 0.001), and living in the West (OR 1.31, p < 0.01). An inverse relationship was noted between income ...
Long period seismicity and very long period infrasound driven by shallow magmatic degassing at Mount Pagan, Mariana Islands

Long period (LP) seismicity and very long period infrasound (iVLP) were recorded during continuous degassing from Mount Pagan, Mariana Islands, in July 2013 to January 2014. The frequency content of the LP and iVLP events and delay times between the two arrivals were remarkably stable and indicate nearly co-located sources. Using phase-weighted stacking over similar events to dampen noise, we find that the LP source centroid is located 60 m below and 180 m west of the summit vent. The moment tensor reveals a volumetric source modeled as resonance of a subhorizontal sill intersecting a dike. We model the seismoacoustic wavefields with a coupled earth-air 3-D finite difference code. The ratios of pressure to velocity measured at the infrasound arrays are an order of magnitude larger than the synthetic ratios, so the iVLP is not the result of LP energy transmitting into the atmosphere at its epicenter. Based on crater shape and dimensions determined by structure from motion, we model the iVLP as acoustic resonance of an exponential horn. The source of the continuous plume from gas analysis is shallow magmatic degassing, which repeatedly pressurized the dike-sill portion of the conduit over the 7 months of observation. Periodic gas release caused the geologically controlled sill to partially collapse and resonate, while venting of gas at the surface triggered resonance in the crater. LP degassing only accounts for ~12% of total degassing, indicating that most degassing is relatively aseismic and that multiple active pathways exist beneath the vent.
Weak Jets and Strong Cyclones: Shallow-Water Modeling of Giant Planet Polar Caps

AbstractGiant planet tropospheres lack a solid, frictional bottom boundary. The troposphere instead smoothly transitions to a denser fluid interior below. However, Saturn exhibits a hot, symmetric cyclone centered directly on each pole, bearing many similarities to terrestrial hurricanes. Transient cyclonic features are observed at Neptune’s South Pole as well. The wind-induced surface heat exchange mechanism for tropical cyclones on Earth requires energy flux from a surface, so another mechanism must be responsible for the polar accumulation of cyclonic vorticity on giant planets. Here it is argued that the vortical hot tower mechanism, claimed by Montgomery et al. and others to be essential for tropical cyclone formation, is the key ingredient responsible for Saturn’s polar vortices. A 2.5-layer polar shallow-water model, introduced by O’Neill et al., is employed and described in detail. The authors first explore freely evolving behavior and then forced-dissipative behavior. It is demonstrated that loca...
Integrating Text Plans for Conciseness and Coherence

Our experience with a critiquing system shows that when the system detects problems with the user's performance, multiple critiques are often produced. Analysis of a corpus of actual critiques revealed that even though each individual critique is concise and coherent, the set of critiques as a whole may exhibit several problems that detract from conciseness and coherence, and consequently assimilation. Thus a text planner was needed that could integrated the text plans for individual communicative goals to produce an overall text plan representing a concise, coherent message.This paper presents our general rule-based system for accomplishing this task. The system takes as input a set of individual text plans represented as RST-style trees, and produces a smaller set of more complex trees representing integrated messages that still achieve the multiple communicative goals of the individual text plans. Domain-independent rules are used to capture strategies across domains, while the facility for addition of domain-dependent rules enables the system to be tuned to the requirements of a particular domain. The system has been tested on a corpus of critiques in the domain of trauma care.
Mechanics of Evapo-Transpiration

The fundamental mechanisms involved in transpiration and evaporation are analyzed. The manner in which the physical factors in these mechanisms act to determine instantaneous transpiration rate are...
Robust sample average approximation

Sample average approximation (SAA) is a widely popular approach to data-driven decision-making under uncertainty. Under mild assumptions, SAA is both tractable and enjoys strong asymptotic performance guarantees. Similar guarantees, however, do not typically hold in finite samples. In this paper, we propose a modification of SAA, which we term Robust SAA, which retains SAA’s tractability and asymptotic properties and, additionally, enjoys strong finite-sample performance guarantees. The key to our method is linking SAA, distributionally robust optimization, and hypothesis testing of goodness-of-fit. Beyond Robust SAA, this connection provides a unified perspective enabling us to characterize the finite sample and asymptotic guarantees of various other data-driven procedures that are based upon distributionally robust optimization. This analysis provides insight into the practical performance of these various methods in real applications. We present examples from inventory management and portfolio allocation, and demonstrate numerically that our approach outperforms other data-driven approaches in these applications.
An Efficient, Practical, and Enantioselective Method for Synthesis of Homoallenylamides Catalyzed by an Aminoalcohol-Derived, Boron-Based Catalyst

A practical catalytic method for enantioselective addition of an allene unit to aldimines is disclosed. Transformations are promoted by an in-situ-generated B-based catalyst that is derived from a simple, robust, and readily accessible (in multigram quantities) chiral aminoalcohol. A range of aryl-, heteroaryl-, and alkyl-substituted homoallenylamides can be obtained in 66–91% yield and 84:16 to >99:1 enantiomeric ratio through reactions performed at ambient temperature and in the presence of 0.1–3.0 mol% of the chiral catalyst and a commercially available allenylboron reagent. The catalytic protocol does not require strict anhydrous conditions, can be performed on gram scale, and promotes highly selective addition of an allenyl unit (vs a propargyl group). The utility of the approach is demonstrated through development of succinct approaches to syntheses of anisomycin and epi-cytoxazone.
The Investigation of Bombs and Explosions

Where this is a liquid, it should be handled with extreme caution. Care should be taken not to permit nitroglycerine or similar nitric esters to come into contact with the skin. Absorption through the intact skin is quite rapid and the resulting effects of lowered blood pressure, headache and nausea are very unpleasant and in rare cases may prove dangerous. A single drop of nitroglycerine rubbed on the skin will produce a violent throbbing headache in most persons who have not developed a tolerance to it through long and frequent exposure. In handling either liquid or solid explosives, rubber gloves should be worn to prevent contact with liquid nitric esters. The volume and weight of liquid should be recorded and the color and degree of fluidity of the material should be noted; also the character of its odor, if any. The acidity of the liquid should be tested, using blue litmus paper moistened with distilled water. Nitric esters such as nitroglycerine which contain free acid due to insufficient washing during the manufacturing process or to subsequent hydrolytic decomposition are very unreliable and capricious in their behavior. Such acidity, if observed, should be neutralized by treatment with dilute sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) solution to prevent possible accident. The refractive index (ND) should be determined, using an Abbe type refractometer. From the readings on this instrument, the dispersion coefficient
The role of travel conditions in cycling tourism: implications for destination and event management

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore the influence of travel conditions on preferred destination, event, and travel characteristics in the context of Active-Sport-Event Travel Carers among cyclists who travel to take part in events. Travel conditions are circumstances surrounding a trip such as travel with family or the length of travel. A sample of cyclists that travel to participate in events (N = 1452) was collected via online survey through cycling organizations and websites. Data analysis consisted of a series of repeated measures ANOVAs and paired sample t-tests. The results indicated an individual's event, destination, and travel-style preferences are dependent on whether he or she was traveling with a non-cyclist (e.g. family member) and the distance traveled. Prior research has suggested that for active sport tourists event criteria are more important than destination characteristics and travel preferences remain relatively stagnant with career progression. In contrast, the findings h...
Genetic Polymorphism for Carrier Preference in a Phoretic Mite

The parasitid mite Peocilochirus necrophori Vitzthum (Acari: Parasitidae) is phoretic on several species of silphid beetles. However, individual mites have strong, genetically coded preferences for carrier species. P. necrophori is therefore either a single species that is genetically polymorphic for carrier preference, or else it is a sympatric sibling species complex. Regional variation in phoretic associations can be explained by differences in the relative proportions of the morphs.
Size-controlled synthesis of magnetic CuCr2Se4 nanocrystals.

Nanocrystals (15−30 nm) of the magnetic chalcospinel CuCr2Se4 have been synthesized using a facile solution-based method with good size control. They have close to cubic morphology with a narrow size distribution and exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature.
Simulation in the Transport Environment

Use of simulation is an active learning process that promotes critical thinking and enhances knowledge and skills. At Children’s Hospital & Health Center, low fidelity simulation has been utilized in many areas to practice skills, especially resuscitation area skills, utilizing NRP and PALS guidelines. High fidelity mannequins were purchased approximately 2 years ago. A pediatric intensivist became a champion of high fidelity simulation. High fidelity …
Viscosity--Molecular Weight Relations for Various Synthetic Rubbers

Abstract Measurements of six different high polymers have shown that the intrinsic viscosity of the solutions depends on approximately the two-thirds power of the molecular weight. Dependence of the viscosity on the weight per chain atom of the polymer is indicated.
Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system.

Thyroid hormone has many effects on the heart and vascular system.1 Many of the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism are due to the ability of thyroid hormone to alter cardiovascular hemodynamics.2 The hemodynamic effects of hypothyroidism are opposite to those of hyperthyroidism, although the clinical manifestations are less obvious. This review will integrate what is known about the mechanisms of thyroid hormone action on the heart2–5 with recent observations from both experimental and clinical studies of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. We will also address the potential role of thyroid hormone treatment in patients with acute or chronic cardiac disease. Effects of . . .
Pb7Bi4Se13: A Lillianite Homologue with Promising Thermoelectric Properties

Pb7Bi4Se13 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m (No. 12) with a = 13.991(3) A, b = 4.262(2) A, c = 23.432(5) A, and β = 98.3(3)° at 300 K. In its three-dimensional structure, two NaCl-type layers A and B with respective thicknesses N1 = 5 and N2 = 4 [N = number of edge-sharing (Pb/Bi)Se6 octahedra along the central diagonal] are arranged along the c axis in such a way that the bridging monocapped trigonal prisms, PbSe7, are located on a pseudomirror plane parallel to (001). This complex atomic-scale structure results in a remarkably low thermal conductivity (∼0.33 W m–1 K–1 at 300 K). Electronic structure calculations and diffuse-reflectance measurements indicate that Pb7Bi4Se13 is a narrow-gap semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 0.23 eV. Multiple peaks and valleys were observed near the band edges, suggesting that Pb7Bi4Se13 is a promising compound for both n- and p-type doping. Electronic-transport data on the as-grown material reveal an n-type degenerate semiconducting behavior with a...
Electron-Stimulated Modification of Si Surfaces

Scanning tunneling microscopy studies show significant structural modifications that involved atom desorption and displacement following mild irradiation by electrons of 90–2000 eV. For Sis111ds7 3 7d, adatom layer vacancies increased monotonically with incident energy. For Sis100d-s2 3 1d, irradiation produced dimer vacancies, and ad-dimers as Si atoms transferred to the terrace. The modification processes are tied to the energy distribution of electron-hole and electron attachment states achieved by inelastic cascade scattering. Hence, beams previously believed to be benign induce surface structural modifications. [S0031-9007(99)08389-1]
Interfacial Engineering for Optimized Adhesion in Polymeric Composite Materials

Fiber-matrix adhesion is a variable to be optimized so that optimum composite mechanical properties can be achieved in polymer matrix composites. The contemporary view of adhesion rests on an “interphase” model in which not only the actual chemical and physical interactions between fiber and matrix are considered but also the structure and properties of both the fiber and the matrix in the region near the interface. The optimum design methodology starts with the specification of the fiber and matrix from a structural consideration. Once the constituents are selected, the focus is on the creation of a beneficial fiber-matrix “interphase”. This region where the fiber and matrix interact has to be designed for both “processing” and “performance”. Although no quantitative algorithm is available for interphase optimization, various thermodynamic principles coupled with experimental data can be used to qualitatively design the optimum interphase. Examples will be presented to illustrate how this interface can be engineered with surface treatments and sizings or coatings to insure thorough wetting, protection of the fiber, chemical bonding between fiber and matrix, toughness and desirable failure modes.
Development of an Air-Stable Nickel Precatalyst for the Amination of Aryl Chlorides, Sulfamates, Mesylates, and Triflates

A new air-stable nickel precatalyst for C–N cross-coupling is reported. The developed catalyst system displays a greatly improved substrate scope for C–N bond formation to include both a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl electrophiles and aryl, heteroaryl, and alkylamines. The catalyst system is also compatible with a weak base, allowing the amination of substrates containing base-sensitive functional groups.
Characteristic Viscoelastic Parameters for Amorphous Polymers

Abstract : Using a reference value of modulus equal to 10 to the 9th power dynes/sq cm, and a reference value of time equal to 10 sec, characteristic viscoelastic parameters are defined from stress relaxation master curves and from modulus temperature curves. Values of these parameters are tabulated for several linear amorphous polymersand for slightly cross lined amorphous polymers. (Author-PL).
Test-Retest Reliability of Computerized Neurocognitive Testing in Youth Ice Hockey Players.

Computerized neurocognitive tests are frequently used to assess pediatric sport-related concussions; however, only 1 study has focused on the test-retest reliability of the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) in high school athletes and age influences have largely been ignored. Therefore, the purpose was to investigate the test-retest reliability of ImPACT and underlying age influences in a pediatric population. Two hundred (169 men and 31 women) youth ice hockey players completed ImPACT before/after a 6-month season. Reliability was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and regression-based methods (RBz). ICCs for the sample ranged from .48 to .75 (single)/.65 to .86 (average). In general, the older athletes (15-18: Single/Average ICCs = .35-.75/.52-.86) demonstrated greater reliability across composites than the younger athletes (11-14: Single/Average ICCs = .54-.63/.70-.77). Although there was variation in athletes' performance across two test administrations, RBz revealed that only a small percentage of athletes performed beyond 80%, 90%, and 95% confidence intervals. Statistical metrics demonstrated reliability coefficients for ImPACT composites in a pediatric sample similar to previous studies, and also revealed important age-related influences.
Radiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea

Fifty-one patients with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea were evaluated at the Mayo Clinic from 1974 to 1977. The causes of the leak were fairly evenly distributed among postoperative, traumatic unrelated to previous surgery, and nontraumatic, The slightly fewer patients with a traumatic cause compared with those reported in most series reflects the referral patterns and surgical nature of the practice at the institution. Three-fourths of the patients had plain films of the skull, although the site of the leak was identified in only 21% of them. Two-thirds of the patients had tomography, which was helpful in 53%, especially in 10 of the 13 patients with traumatic nonpostoperative cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Posteroanterior tomography generally was more helpful than lateral tomography, except in leaks around the frontal sinuses. Radioisotope cisternography with intranasal pledgets helped localize the site of leak in 50% of patients and suggested the site of the leak in 25%. Radioisotope cisternography with pledgets often gave helpful positive results when the plain films and tomography were not helpful.