cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The american dairy science association : The fourth twenty-five years, 1981-2005

Great leaders have stepped forward to successfully lead the American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) through its fourth 25-yr period of its 100-yr history. Rather than meeting on college campuses, the annual meetings of the ADSA are now held at convention centers that are easily accessible, and are usually held jointly with the American Society of Animal Science. Besides the scientific and social exchanges, regular members and students are recognized for their professional excellence with awards at these meetings. The Student Affiliate Division continues to hold an active meeting along with the parent society. The last 25 yr experienced the termination of the Purina Mills Fellowship Program after 52 yr of support for graduate students. The establishment of an ADSA Foundation has increased resources for enhancement of the ADSA. Newly established DISCOVER Conferences are recipients of Foundation support. The last 25-yr period experienced the development of a formal business arrangement with the American Society of Animal Science and Poultry Science Association that resulted in the establishment of the Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS), which now houses the 3 societies in its building in Savoy, IL. The Journal of Dairy Science has become the leading journal for publication of dairy science research in the world. The Journal as well as the membership of the ADSA has become increasingly internationalized. Truly, the ADSA has much to celebrate because of its successes in mission during the fourth 25 yr of its history. Its membership can be confident as the ADSA begins its second century of service to the dairy industry.
The war danger in Soviet policy and propaganda

Abstract Assessments of the danger of war are crucial for military planning ("threat assessment"). When publicly expressed, they are also important devices for justifying the imposition of heavy economic burdens on society, as well as for intimidating foreign states. The distinct objectives served by statements on the likelihood of war often have given rise in Soviet politics to a divergence between the leaders’ real assessment and the one proclaimed publicly. This essay is concerned chiefly with distinguishing between Soviet manipulation of the war danger and the leaders’ real fears and intentions regarding the outbreak of war. For this purpose, certain distinctions are important: between imminent war and war that is inevitable (or probable) some years in the future; between war limited to the capitalist states and war involving the USSR; and between war imposed on the Soviet leaders and war chosen by them. Part One provides a brief historical survey, Part Two, a case study of the ascendency of the war‐d...
Femoral artery flow velocities: A sensitive index of limb hemodynamics associated with venous occlusion

The peripheral hemodynamics associated with acute major peripheral vein occlusion in the canine were monitored noninvasively with a bidirectional Doppler ultrasound velocity flowmeter. Ligation of the femoral vein (FV), common iliac vein (CIV), or inferior vena cava (IVC) resulted in a significant reduction in mean femoral artery flow and were associated with a concomitant increase in mean femoral bed vascular resistance (FBVR). Occlusion of any of the veins attenuated proximal or forward femoral artery flow velocities (Vf) and augmented distal or reverse femoral artery flow velocities (Vr). The ratio of the peak reverse flow velocity to peak forward flow velocity (peak Vr/Vf) was elevated with CIV and IVC occlusion. Slight but nonsignificant increases in peak Vr/Vf occurred after FV occlusion. The percentage change in the ratio of the peak reverse femoral artery flow velocity to peak forward femoral artery flow velocity (%Δ Vr/Vf) correlated in a positive linear fashion the percentage change in FBVR following ligation of the FV, CIV, or IVC (r = 0.81, P < 0.001). These data suggest that femoral artery flow velocities as determined by a Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter may be a useful index of the peripheral hemodynamic status associated with peripheral venous occlusion.
Paraveinal mesophyll: Review and survey of the subtribeErythrininae (Phaseoleae, Papilionoideae, Leguminosae)

Paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) is a distinctive anatomical feature of the leaf mesophyll of some plant taxa that may represent a specialized physiological compartment. A comprehensive review of the 42 published references that mention PVM or similar cell layers and a survey of 121 of the 272 species of all nine genera of thePhaseoleae subtribeErythrininae demonstrate that PVM is nearly exclusively found inLeguminosae. InLeguminosae, PVM is either rare or absent in subfamilyCaesalpinioideae, uncommon inMimosoideae, and extensively distributed amongPapilionoideae. In subtribeErythrininae, PVM is ubiquitous inErythrina, and occurs in four other genera. ThreeErythrininae genera (Apios, Mucuna, andCochlianthus) lack PVM. Unique chloroplast-poor, enlarged conical cells (pellucid palisade idioblasts) occur in 80 species ofErythrina but not in any other genus ofErythrininae.
Elevated Plasma Glycoproteins in Fetal Sheep Do Not Bind Basic Lipophilic Drugs

We have evaluated the contribution of nonprecipitable N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA)-containing plasma glycoproteins found in fetal sheep plasma to the binding of three basic lipophilic drugs: propranolol, lidocaine, and methadone. In adult plasma, the measurement of NANA correlates linearly with the bound fraction of these drugs since the NANA concentration almost exclusively represents the α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) present, and AGP is the predominant binding protein for these drugs. We found that NANA concentrations in fetal sheep are nearly 20 times those of the mother which, if due to AGP, would suggest an equivalent elevation in binding. Our results opposed this hypothesis since the ratios of bound-to-free drug concentrations in fetal plasma were only 20–36% of the maternal values. From this we conclude that NANA-containing glycoprotein concentrations do not appropriately predict the binding of basic lipophilic drugs in fetal plasma, in contrast to what has been found in adult plasma.
A Date to Remember: 4004 BC

Archbishop James Ussher's fabled date of 4004 BC for the Creation of the World was not his, and was not introduced to English Bibles by him. Long before Ussher, the number 4004 had arisen from the period of Adam's captivity, four thousand years, to which had been added a four-year adjustment to the early Christian calendar. These two component numbers were wholly unrelated. Ussher's famous work Annals of the World cited dates in three ways: (1) according to the Julian Period, (2) as ‘Years of the World’ beginning at the Creation, and (3) as years Before Christ, or BC. Printing of dates BC in English Bibles, for example 4004 BC, was introduced in 1701, almost fifty years after Ussher's death, by William Lloyd, chronologer, scholar, politician and, at that time, Bishop of Worcester.
Assessing the usability of icons in user interfaces

Abstract This paper presents a methodology and results of an experiment to assess the usability of menu items constructed of text, icons, and text-and-icons. Attributes of menu items are used to form a matrix which can be used to classify menu items for use in certain applications, tasks, or with users of particular experience levels. An experiment was conducted to validate a portion of the attribute matrix. Performance measures were accuracy of selection and time to make a selection. Results suggest that menus constructed of a mixed format (text and icons) result in the fewest number of incorrect selections by users. No significant differences in the time to make a selection were found.
"Diamond ceiling" for asian americans.

Scientists and engineers of Asian-American descent are intelligent, hard-working, and motivated individuals, yet they are seldom rewarded. It is not just the Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories that treat Asian Americans as “high-tech coolies” and do not promote them into leadership
Growth failure associated with mild Chronic Renal Insufficiency (Glomerular Filtration Rate between 50-75 ml/min/1.73 M2): A report from the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) 1667

Growth failure associated with mild Chronic Renal Insufficiency (Glomerular Filtration Rate between 50-75 ml/min/1.73 M2): A report from the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) 1667
Choosing an Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Technique in the Treatment of Head-and-Neck Cancer

Purpose: With the emerging use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of head-and-neck cancer, selection of technique becomes a critical issue. The purpose of this article is to establish IMRT guidelines for head-and-neck cancer at a given institution. Methods and Materials: Six common head-and-neck cancer cases were chosen to illustrate the points that must be considered when choosing between split-field (SF) IMRT, in which the low anterior neck (LAN) is treated with an anterior field, and the extended whole-field (EWF) IMRT in which the LAN is included with the IMRT fields. For each case, the gross tumor, clinical target, and planning target volumes and the surrounding critical normal tissues were delineated. Subsequently, the SF and EWF IMRT plans were compared using dosimetric parameters from dose–volume histograms. Results: Target coverage and doses delivered to the critical normal structures were similar between the two different techniques. Cancer involving the nasopharynx and oropharynx are best treated with the SF IMRT technique to minimize the glottic larynx dose. The EWF IMRT technique is preferred in situations in which the glottic larynx is considered as a target, i.e. , cancer of the larynx, hypopharynx, and unknown head-and-neck primary. When the gross disease extends inferiorly and close to the glottic larynx, EWF IMRT technique is also preferred. Conclusion: Depending on the clinical scenario, different IMRT techniques and guidelines are suggested to determine a preferred IMRT technique. We found that having this treatment guideline when treating these tumors ensures a smoother flow for the busy clinic.
Laparoscopic knot strength: a comparison with conventional knots

Objective: To compare the strength of laparoscopic knots with those used at laparotomy. Methods: Three types of laparoscopic knots commonly used (Roeder, extracorporeal sliding square, and intracorporeal two-turn flat square) and three widely used conventional knots (flat square, surgeon's square, and sliding square) were tied using seven suture materials. Each knot was tied five times in random order by a single surgeon in a pelvic training model. Knot strengths were scored by tensiometer readings. A two-way analysis of variance was performed to uncover differences in mean knot strength. Tukey multiple-comparisons test was performed to determine the variability in strength of different knot geometries. Knot strength was measured in newtons. Results: Significant main effects for knot geometry (P Conclusion: When performing laparoscopic procedures that result in significant tension on suture lines, consideration should be given to using the stronger laparoscopic knots, such as the intracorporeal two-turn flat square knot and the extracorporeal sliding square knot, instead of the weaker Roeder knot.
Entrainment of the circadian system of the house sparrow: A population of oscillators in pinealectomized birds

Removal of the pineal gland modifies the entrainment behavior of house sparrows. Abnormal entrainment occurs in pinealectomized sparrows exposed to ‘skeleton’ photoperiods (light cycles composed of 2 pulses of light per 24-h cycle). This abnormal entrainment depends upon the state of the locomotor activity (rhythmic or arrhythmic) before exposure to the light cycle, and upon the interval between the 2 pulses of light which constitute the skeleton photoperiod. The conditions that produce abnormal entrainment in pinealectomized birds are strongly correlated with those that produce 2 stable phases of entrainment to skeleton photoperiods in normal birds (‘bistability phenomenon’). These results suggest that after pinealectomy, there remains a population of oscillators whose combined output is reflected in the locomotor activity of individual sparrows.
Permeation, diffusion, and solution of cyclopropane in silicone rubber

Permeability, solubility, and diffusion coefficients have been determined for cyclopropane (c-C3H6) in silicone rubber at temperatures between −8 and 70°C at relative pressures from 0.04 to 0.30. The permeability coefficients, , are of the order of 10−6 cm3 (STP) · cm/(s · cm2 · cmHg). increases slightly with increasing penetrant pressure and decreases with increasing temperature, the energy of activation for permeation being −1.27 kcal/gmol at zero pressure. The solubility of cyclopropane in silicone rubber can be represented over the experimental concentration range by the Flory-Huggins equation. The solubility decreases with increasing temperature and the partial molar heat of solution is −4.95 kcal/gmol. The solubility coefficient in the Henry's law limit, S(0), for cyclopropane and many other gases and vapors can be correlated with (Tc/T)2, where T and Tc are the experimental and critical temperatures, respectively. The mutual diffusion coefficients, D, increase with increasing concentration and temperature, the energy of activation for diffusion being 3.68 kcal/gmol. The pressure dependence of &\[\bar P\] is described satisfactorily by a free-volume model proposed by Fujita and extended by Stern, Frisch, and coworkers. The permeability, diffusion, and solubility behavior of cyclopropane in silicone rubber is similar to that of propane (C3H8).
Epulotheres Angelae, New Genus, New Species, a Pinnotherid Crab From the Caribbean Sea (Decapoda: Pinnotheridae)

ABSTRACT The monotypic genus Epulotheres is erected with E. angelae, new species, from Barbados, as its type species. Epulotheres resembles Ostracotheres Milne Edwards, 1853, and Calyptraeotheres Campos, 1990, in having a 2-segmented palp on the third maxilliped. It differs in that feature from most species of Pinnotheres Bosc, 1802, sensu lato, and other pinnotherid genera which have a 3-segmented palp on the third maxilliped. Epulotheres differs from Ostracotheres in being much smaller, in having a hexagonal rather than subcircular carapace, and in having a much slenderer and shorter propodus on the third maxilliped, with its apex rounded and narrowed rather than having a broad, spatulate propodus that is longer than the carpus. Epulotheres differs from species of Calyptraeotheres in lacking both sharp lateral edges and anterior longitudinal sulci on the carapace.
Bullying: A Family and School System Treatment Model

Because bullying is often conceptualized as a school problem, most interventions are school-based and exclude the family. However, joint family and school involvement must occur for long-term problem resolution. This article incorporates structural and narrative interventions within a family and school system treatment model comprised of the following stages: structuring change, changing the story, and solidifying change. The therapist helps to shift family structure, while also changing the dominant bullying story. This article also examines the appropriate implementation of the birth certificate for new identity formation, and death certificate for bullying cessation.
The rate of return regulated version of Shephard's lemma

Abstract In this paper, the rate of return regulated version of Shephard's lemma is proved.
fMRI in patients implanted with a vagal nerve stimulator

Abstract Objective : To demonstrate the feasibility and safety of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine the blood oxygen level dependent changes (BOLD) in patients undergoing vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) for the treatment of epilepsy. Methods : Four patients with an implanted vagus nerve stimulator had fMRI images acquired during several cycles of intermittent VNS. Blood oxygen level dependent changes were detected. These regions were then superimposed upon the patients' structural MR images. Results : Patients undergoing VNS tolerated fMRI without difficulty. No complications with the implanted stimulators were encountered. Areas of activation were noted in several cortical regions, including frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices. Conclusion : Our study in four patients shows fMRI can be performed safely in patients with an implanted vagal nerve stimulator. The successful use of fMRI during VNS offers potential advantages over PET imaging by allowing rapid image acquisition and the ability to repeatedly study patients over time. Our preliminary results differ from previous PET or SPECT studies in failing to detect changes in subcortical areas. This finding could be due to the smaller n in this study compared with the other studies.
Dedicated Short-Range Wireless Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Applications: State of the Art

In efforts to reduce traffic accidents and improve the efficient utilization of existing transportation networks, increasing attention is being given to the use of wireless communications between vehicles and roadside equipment to develop new intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications that can help improve the safety of transportation networks and reduce urban congestion. Of particular interest for the development of such applications are the currently proposed dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) wireless standards. This paper aims to provide transportation researchers and engineers with an introduction to these standards. The paper presents the current mobile wireless communication applications and standards, the various DSRC standards that have been proposed, their potential use in ITS applications, their envisioned implementation benefits, and the remaining research needs.
Fiber-Fortifiled Feedings in Immobile Patients

The purpose of this pilot study was to test methods to measure the effects of a fiber-fortified, enteral feeding (Jevity) on the bowel habits of an immobile, tube-fed group of patients. Three experimental patients received fiber-fortified feedings for seven weeks, whereas four control patients received their usual enteral feeding. Measurements of the number of stools, the consistency of stools, the formula volume delivered, the daily water volume, the body temperature, the urinary output, and the bowel medications were made during three phases--a baseline, an adjustment, and a treatment period. Patients who receive the fiber-fortified enteral feedings had more stools and better consistency of stools than did those patients who did not receive the fiber-fortified formula. Results indicated that fiber-fortified feedings should be added gradually to immobile, tube-fed patients' diets under close supervision. Although measuring the effects of a new feeding in immobile, tube-fed patients is labor-intensive, it can be accomplished successfully.
Analysis and optimization of sequential circuit element to combat single-event timing upsets

This paper presents the analysis and optimization of a flip-flop while considering the effect of energetic particle hits on its setup and hold times. First it is shown that the particle hit tightens the setup and hold timing constraints imposed on the flip-flop. Next it is shown how to size transistors of a clocked master-slave CMOS flip-flop to make it more robust against single-event timing upsets. Experimental results to assess the effectiveness of transistor sizing step are provided and discussed.1
Use of a Web-Based Application of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Society of Echocardiography Appropriateness Use Criteria for Transthoracic Echocardiography: A Pilot Study

Background Clinical application of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) represents a potentially feasible alternative to third-party pre-certification for imaging procedures and will soon be required as part of the accreditation process for imaging laboratories. Electronic tools that rapidly apply the AUC are needed in clinical practice. We developed and tested a web-based application of the AUC to track appropriateness of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Methods Indications for outpatient TTE studies performed in a university hospital echocardiography laboratory were assessed prospectively at the point of service using a prototype web-based AUC application (Echo AUC App). The Echo AUC App was developed on the basis of our own prior published data regarding indication frequency to minimize time and screens required for completion. Echo AUC App-determined indications were compared with blinded investigator-determined indications based on review of relevant medical records. Echo AUC App characteristics, including Echo AUC App entry time, were recorded. Results Of the 258 studies enrolled, Echo AUC App-determined TTE indications were Appropriate (A) in 77% ( n = 198), Inappropriate (I) in 9% ( n = 23), and Not Classified (NC) by the AUC in 14% ( n = 37). Agreement between Echo AUC App- and investigator-determined classifications was excellent (94%, kappa statistic 0.83). Mean Echo AUC App study entry time was 55 seconds (range 25-280 seconds). Conclusion The use of an electronic application allows rapid and accurate implementation of the AUC for TTE at the point of service. Such an application could be installed in echocardiography laboratories to track appropriateness in accordance with soon-to-be-implemented accreditation requirements. Further study of this Echo AUC App at the point of order may provide an alternative to third-party pre-certification procedures.
Crossed-cylindrical microlenses written in ophthalmic hydrogel polymers for customized vision correction

Crossed-cylindrical microlenses were written in flat ophthalmic polymers using nano-joule high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser pulses with a design for 1 diopter cylindrical power. Twyman-Green interferometry shows the orthogonal parabolic phase regions.
Association of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with malignant neoplasms.

Background. The association of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with a malignant neoplasm is rare and generally has been the subject of isolated case reports. Methods. A recent case of LCH seen at the University of Minnesota in combination with acute lymphoblastic leukemia led the authors to review their own charts from 1960 onward, in addition to the literature for other reported associations of LCH and malignant neoplasms. Results. In addition to the presented case and 3 cases from the files of the authors, the literature contained 87 reported cases. Of the 91 patients, 39 had LCH with malignant lymphoma (ML); 25 of these cases were Hodgkin disease. In 11 of these 39 patients, the LCH was diagnosed from 12 months to 33 years after the ML was diagnosed. In 62% of the patients with LCH–ML (24 patients), the diagnosis was made concurrently and the Langerhans cells were found in the same lymph nodes. In the remaining four patients, the diagnosis of LCH preceded that of ML by 6–24 months. In 22 patients, including 2 patients in the files of the authors, LCH was reported in association with leukemia; 16 (73%) of these cases were associated with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. In two cases the leukemia preceded the LCH. In 6 patients both diagnoses were made concurrently, and in 14 patients (64%) the diagnosis of LCH preceded the diagnosis of leukemia by 8 months to 17 years. In the remaining 30 patients, LCH was associated with a variety of solid tumors, including a lung carcinoma in 12 patients. In all of these 12 cases the LCH was confined to the lung, and in 75% (9 of 12) of patients the diagnoses were made concurrently. In the 16 patients in whom the LCH preceded the solid tumor, the malignant diseases in 69% (11 of 16) developed within the radiation field used for the treatment of the LCH. Conclusions. The intimate and simultaneous association of LCH with ML and lung carcinomas suggests strongly that the process that leads to the association is a reactive one. However, in the patients with leukemia and the other solid tumors, the latency of the malignant neoplasm after the diagnosis of LCH is suggestive of a therapy-related process.
Quantitative analysis of the mono- and sesquiterpenoids of douglas-fir sapwood by solvent extraction and gas chromatography with mass selective detection

In order to investigate the relationship between terpenoid content and black bear foraging preference, an analytical method was required to quantify mono- and sesquiterpenoids present in Douglas-fir sapwood. Sapwood samples were scraped from trees, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and then homogenized. A simple extraction requiring no clean-up step was performed with ethyl acetate. Extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection versus external standards. The recoveries of 22 terpenoids from fortified controls were approximately 90% with good precision (relative standard deviations of approximately 10%).
Workgroup for hydraulic laboratory testing and verification of hydroacoustic instrumentation

An international workgroup was recently formed for hydraulic laboratory testing and verification of hydroacoustic instrumentation used for water velocity measurements. The activities of the workgroup have included one face to face meeting, conference calls and an inter-laboratory exchange of two acoustic meters among participating laboratories. Good agreement was found among four laboratories at higher tow speeds and poorer agreement at the lowest tow speed.
Optical continuum generation on a silicon chip

Although the Raman effect is nearly two orders of magnitude stronger than the electronic Kerr nonlinearity in silicon, under pulsed operation regime where the pulse width is shorter than the phonon response time, Raman effect is suppressed and Kerr nonlinearity dominates. Continuum generation, made possible by the non-resonant Kerr nonlinearity, offers a technologically and economically appealing path to WDM communication at the inter-chip or intra-chip levels. We have studied this phenomenon experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally, a 2 fold spectral broadening is obtained by launching ~4ps optical pulses with 2.2GW/cm2 peak power into a conventional silicon waveguide. Theoretical calculations, that include the effect of two-photon-absorption, free carrier absorption and refractive index change indicate that up to >30 times spectral broadening is achievable in an optimized device. The broadening is due to self phase modulation and saturates due to two photon absorption. Additionally, we find that free carrier dynamics also contributes to the spectral broadening and cause the overall spectrum to be asymmetric with respect to the pump wavelength.
Reduced Mating Success of Female Tortricid Moths Following Intense Pheromone Auto-Exposure Varies with Sophistication of Mating System

Mating disruption is a valuable tool for the management of pest lepidopteran species in many agricultural crops. Many studies have addressed the effect of female pheromone on the ability of males to find calling females but, so far, fewer have addressed the effect of pheromone on the mating behavior of females. We hypothesized that mating of female moth species may be adversely affected following sex pheromone auto-exposure, due to abnormal behavioral activity and/or antennal sensitivity. Our results indicate that, for Grapholita molesta and Pandemis pyrusana females, copulation, but not calling, was reduced following pre-exposure to sex pheromone. In contrast, for Cydia pomonella and Choristoneura rosaceana, sex pheromone pre-exposure did not affect either calling or copulation propensity. Adaptation of female moth antennae to their own sex pheromone, following sex pheromone auto-exposure, as measured by electroantennograms, occurred in a species for which identical exposure reduced mating success (G. molesta) and in a species for which such exposure did not affect mating success (C. rosaceana). These results suggest that pre-exposure of female moths of certain species to sex pheromone may further contribute to the success of pheromone-based mating disruption. Therefore, we conclude that, in some species, mating disruption may include a secondary mechanism that affects the mating behavior of female moths, in addition to that of males.
Stability and biodistribution of a biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent Gd-DTPA cystamine copolymers (GDCC) in rats.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate stability and Gd tissue distribution of a biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent, GDCC.
A Review of Human Herpesvirus 8, the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, in the Pediatric Population

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus, is the etiologic agent responsible for all types of KS. Although the majority of pediatric KS cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa, a rise in pediatric transplant KS has been reported in developed countries. In addition, HHV-8 is increasingly described as an infectious cause of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children. Transmission of HHV-8 among children is poorly understood; however, the literature strongly suggests that horizontal transmission plays a critical role. Acute infection with HHV-8 and progression to KS in children may be different than in adults, and diagnosis may be overlooked. Currently, neither adult nor pediatric treatment guidelines exist. This review provides an overview of HHV-8 disease in children as it relates to epidemic KS, transplant KS, and other disease manifestations. The current state of the literature is reviewed and knowledge gaps are identified for future exploration.
An analytic benchmark test for karst-aquifer flow

A benchmark test for flow in karstic aquifers is presented in the form of an exact solution of the harmonic variations of water flux and head within a karst conduit that is imbedded within a three-dimensional porous matrix having a free surface. The variations are driven by a prescribed variation of head applied at one end of the conduit. The benchmark consists of expressions for the spring discharge as a function of time and the conduit head and flux as functions of distance along the conduit and time. These expressions contain three dimensionless parameters, permitting development of a wide range of specific benchmark tests. The expressions are particularly simple in the case of an infinitely deep aquifer. This limiting solution should provide the most severe test for two-dimensional models of karst aquifer flow. Another limiting case of interest is that in which the conduit diameter is equal to the water depth. This limiting solution should provide the easiest test for two-dimensional models.
Hammarskjold, the UN, and the Office of the Secretary-General

This is an important book. It provides as close to an authoritative account as we are likely to have of Hammarskjold's stewardship as Secretary-General during a critical period in the life of the Organization. It gives details on important crises of the postwar period and the manner in which they were handled. And it makes an invaluable contribution to our understanding of how international institutions function and what in particular is the role of the international civil servant. The author of the book, Brian Urquhart, has been a member of the United Nations Secretariat from its earliest days and was one of Hammarskjold's closest collaborators in his work in the peace and security field. Urquhart states in his foreword that the book is written "from the point of view of an international civil servant," and that "it is intended mainly to give an account of Hammarskjold's Secretary-Generalship and of his own concept of his role." In preparing the manuscript, Urquhart was given "sole access to the late Secretary-General's private papers." The author, while acknowledging that he makes extensive use of unpublished material that he does not further identify in the "Notes," does not make clear whether this material is limited to the Hammarskjold papers in Stockholm or includes other material at the UN or elsewhere. The value of the book as a record of the unfolding and handling of postwar crises is limited by the fact that it is written from a par-
High-fat diet promotes lung fibrosis and attenuates airway eosinophilia after exposure to cockroach allergen in mice

Obesity is an important risk factor for asthma but the mechanistic basis for this association is not well understood. In the current study, the impact of obesity on lung inflammatory responses after allergen exposure was investigated. C57BL/6 mice maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal diet (ND) after weaning were sensitized and challenged with cockroach allergen (CRA). Airway inflammation was assessed based on inflammatory cell recruitment, measurement of lung Th1-Th2 cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids, and other proinflammatory mediators as well as airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). CRA-challenged mice fed a HFD exhibited significantly decreased allergen-induced airway eosinophilia along with reduced lung IL-5, IL-13, LTC4, CCL11, and CCL2 levels as well as reduced mucus secretion and smooth muscle mass compared to ND fed mice. However, allergen-challenged HFD fed mice demonstrated significantly increased PAI-1 and reduced PGE2 levels in the lung relative to corresponding ND fed mice. Interestingly, saline-exposed HFD fed mice demonstrated elevated baseline levels of TGF-β1, arginase-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and lung collagen expression associated with decreased lung function compared to corresponding ND fed mice. These studies indicate that a HFD inhibits airway eosinophilia while altering levels of PAI-1 and PGE2 in response to CRA in mice. Further, a HFD can lead to the development of lung fibrosis even in the absence of allergen exposure which could be due to innate elevated levels of specific profibrotic factors, potentially affecting lung function during asthma.
Bounds on the joint distribution ofT 0 2 statistics

Let {T 01 2 ,...,T 0k 2 } be dependent statistics of the Lawley-Hotelling type having a specified structure of dependence. It is shown that $$P(T_{01}^2 \leqq c_1 , \cdots ,T_{0k}^2 \leqq c_k ) \geqq \prod\limits_{i = 1}^k {P(T_{0i}^2 \leqq c_i )} $$ a special case of which yields bounds on the joint distribution of Hotelling'sT 2 statistics. Applications are made in the comparison of multivariate response models and in the construction of conservative simultaneous confidence sets.
Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Modeling of Phase Equilibria in the Hf-Ti-Si System

Phase equilibria in ternary Hf-Ti-Si alloys were studied in the as-solidified and heat treated conditions using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron beam microprobe analysis. Selected solid-solid phase equilibria at 1350°C and a partial liquidus projection of the Hf-Ti-Si system at the metal rich end of the phase diagram were established. These data were then used to develop a thermodynamic description of the Hf-Ti-Si system using the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) approach. The calculated isothermal section at 1350°C and the liquidus projection can satisfactorily account for the available experimental phase equilibria data and solidification paths. Both the calculations and the experimental data suggested that the metal-rich end of the ternary phase diagram possesses one transition reaction: L + (Hf, Ti)5Si3 → Hf(Ti)2Si + β(Hf, Ti, Si).
The Rebirth of Children's Learning

Learning is a central part of children's lives, but the study of learning is a rather peripheral part of the field of cognitive development. Fortunately, this situation is starting to change; recent theoretical and methodological advances have sparked renewed interest in children's learning. This renewed interest has already yielded a set of consistent and interesting findings regarding how children learn, as well as intriguing proposals regarding the mechanisms that underlie the learning. Increasing our focus on children's learning promises to yield practical benefits as well as a more exciting field of cognitive development.
Development of an Errorable Car-following Driver Model

An errorable car-following driver model is presented in this paper. An errorable driver model is one that emulates human driver’s functions and can generate both nominal (error-free), as well as devious (with error) behaviours. This model was developed for evaluation and design of active safety systems. The car-following data used for developing and validating the model were obtained from a large-scale naturalistic driving database. The stochastic car-following behaviour was first analysed and modelled as a random process. Three error-inducing behaviours were then introduced. First, human perceptual limitation was studied and implemented. Distraction due to non-driving tasks was then identified based on the statistical analysis of the driving data. Finally, time delay of human drivers was estimated through a recursive least-square identification process. By including these three error-inducing behaviours, rear-end collisions with the lead vehicle could occur. The simulated crash rate was found to be simil...
Arf1 and Arf6 promote ventral actin structures formed by acute activation of protein kinase C and Src

Arf proteins regulate membrane traffic and organelle structure. Although Arf6 is known to initiate actin-based changes in cell surface architecture, Arf1 may also function at the plasma membrane. Here we show that acute activation of protein kinase C (PKC) induced by the phorbol ester PMA led to the formation of motile actin structures on the ventral surface of Beas-2b cells, a lung bronchial epithelial cell line. Ventral actin structures also formed in PMA-treated HeLa cells that had elevated levels of Arf activation. For both cell types, formation of the ventral actin structures was enhanced by expression of active forms of either Arf1 or Arf6 and by the expression of guanine nucleotide exchange factors that activate these Arfs. By contrast, formation of these structures was blocked by inhibitors of PKC and Src and required phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate, Rac, Arf6, and Arf1. Furthermore, expression of ASAP1, an Arf1 GTPase activating protein (GAP) was more effective at inhibiting the ventral actin structures than was ACAP1, an Arf6 GAP. This study adds to the expanding role for Arf1 in the periphery and identifies a requirement for Arf1, a "Golgi Arf," in the reorganization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton on ventral surfaces, against the substratum.
Pluto and Charon: Formation, Seasons, Composition

Pluto and Charon, once thought to be a singular system in an odd orbit at the edge of the solar system, are now known as members of a vast population of icy bodies beyond Neptune. Models for the occurrence of the odd orbit and formation of these bodies in the context of the total population are reviewed. Pluto's orbital characteristics, coupled with the existence of volatiles on the surface, suggest that large-scale seasonal change should occur on the surface. Models of seasonal variability are discussed, past and current observations are examined for evidence of variability, and a straw-man model of seasonal changes is proposed. Finally, recent observations of the surface composition of Charon are discussed and compared with observations of other similarly sized icy bodies in the outer Solar System.
Hippocampal volume is associated with physician-reported acute cognitive deficits after electroconvulsive therapy

Predicting memory problems in older depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is difficult. In this study, hippocampal volume and acute memory outcomes were examined in 15 patients following an index course of ECT. Smaller hippocampal volume was associated with poorer ECT-related memory outcomes. These results add to a growing literature on memory, ECT, and the hippocampus. Although the findings are significant, the sample size in the study is small, so future studies with more complex modeling of key variables that may influence memory are warranted.
Dressing Changes by Specialized Personnel Reduce Infection Rates in Patients Receiving Central Venous Parenteral Nutrition

In 60 pediatric patients, 75 central venous catheters representing 1866 patient days were placed to provide parenteral nutrition. During the 21-month study period, surgical residents were responsible for dressing changes during the first 16 months and a specially trained nurse was responsible during the final 5 months. Twenty percent of the lines became infected. The infection rate was significantly higher in the lines cared for by residents, 28.8% compared to 3.3% in the lines cared for by the nurse. This occurred in spite of the lines being in place significantly longer in the nurse group (31.7 us 20.3 patient days/line).These data indicate that a specially trained person using aseptic techniques can reduce infection rates in patients receiving central venous parenteral nutrition. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10:220-222, 1986)
Femtosecond optical control on the nanoscale

We demonstrate a generalized route to generate nanometer spatially confined ultrafast optical pulses with arbitrary deterministic femtosecond waveform control using surface plasmon polarition nanofocusing in 3D tapered noble metal tips.
IMPAIRED SEGREGATION OF THE VENTRAL DEFAULT MODE NETWORK IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

vector centrality across the nodes of a network and compared these relationships between the groups. Results: Group differences were similar for grey matter and functional graphs, where the average eigenvector centrality was lowest in the AD group and highest in the healthy control groups (structural p permuted 1⁄4 0.001; functional p permuted 1⁄4 0.04). MCI also showed significantly lower functional eigenvector centrality than controls (p permuted 1⁄4 0.03) and higher values than AD patients but this difference was not significant (p permuted 1⁄4 0.28). AD patients showed the lowest grey matter eigenvector centrality values in frontal and medial temporal structures (resp. p permuted 1⁄4 0.002; p permuted 1⁄4 0.008), and the lowest functional eigenvector centrality values in the occipital cortex including left superior occipital gyrus, calcarine sulcus and cuneus (p permuted 1⁄4 0.04). All individuals showed a moderately strong significant correlation between structural and functional eigenvector centrality that was strongest in the healthy controls (r 1⁄4 .30 6 0.08) intermediate in AD patients (r 1⁄4 .25 6 .1) and weakest in MCI (r 1⁄4 .23 6 .08). Conclusions: AD affacts global eigenvector centrality values in grey matter and functional graphs in a similar way. These findings could not be explained by differences in brain volume, gender or age. Because we used single-subject measurements of grey matter and functional graphs we were able to show a moderately strong relationship between grey matter and functional EC values for the first time. Our findings are in linewith a previous study that investigated group-derived grey matter graphs and reported a relationship with functional connectivity of similar strength (Alexander-Bloch et al., 2013). The relationship we found was weaker in AD and MCI, which might by due to the fact that AD targeted occipital areas in functional graphs and frontal and temporal structures in greymatter graphs. Our results support that a relationship exists between functional and grey matter graphs, and that this is modulated by disease.
The catalog record and automated union listing

(1988). The Catalog Record and Automated Union Listing. Serials Review: Vol. 14, No. 1-2, pp. 31-42.
FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICIAN REPORTING OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS

A survey was performed to ascertain which factors influence physicians to directly report adverse drug reactions to the FDA. Eighty-two percent of the 190 physicians reporting reactions during an I I-week period responded to the survey. Reporters were disproportionately in primary care compared to all US physicians and tended to spend a larger amount of time in teaching and research than the average physician. More than half of the respondents were under 40vears of age. The major reporting influences found were the severity of the reaction and the newness of the drug. Patient attribution of the reaction to the drug was a strong influence on reporting of nonserious reactions. Concern for legal implications was a relatively infrequently (11 To) noted influence on reporting physicians. No single reporting influence was unique to reporters of serious unlabeled reactions.
Potential theory on Lipschitz domains in Riemannian manifolds: The case of Dini metric tensors

We study the applicability of the method of layer potentials in the treatment of boundary value problems for the Laplace-Beltrami operator on Lipschitz sub-domains of Riemannian manifolds, in the case when the metric tensor g jk dx j ⊗ desk has low regularity. Under the assumption that |g jk (x) - g jk (y)| ≤ Cω(|x - y|), where the modulus of continuity ω satisfies a Dini-type condition, we prove the well-posedness of the classical Dirichlet and Neumann problems with L P boundary data, for sharp ranges of p's and with optimal nontangential maximal function estimates.
Smart RTI: A Next-Generation Approach to Multilevel Prevention

During the past decade, responsiveness to intervention (RTI) has become popular among many practitioners as a means of transforming schooling into a multilevel prevention system. Popularity aside, its successful implementation requires ambitious intent, a comprehensive structure, and coordinated service delivery. An effective RTI also depends on building-based personnel with specialized expertise at all levels of the prevention system. Most agree on both its potential for strengthening schooling and its heavy demand on practitioners. In this article, we describe Smart RTI, which we define as making efficient use of school resources while maximizing students' opportunities for success. In light of findings from recent research, we discuss three important features of Smart RTI: (a) multistage screening to identify risk, (b) multistage assessment to determine appropriate levels of instruction, and (c) a role for special education that supports prevention.
Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Subclinical Brain Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background and Purpose—Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease share common risk factors. Our goal was to determine whether levels of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin T measured with a highly sensitive assay (hs-cTnT) are associated with silent brain infarcts (BIs) and white matter lesions (WMLs) on MRI in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Methods—At ARIC visit 3 (1993–1995), 1920 participants had brain MRI. NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT were measured in all individuals at ARIC visit 4 (1996–1998). Of 1920 individuals, 1112 had a follow-up MRI [2004–2006]). We analyzed the association of NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT with MRI-defined BI and WML on the initial MRI and incident BI and WML progression on the follow-up MRI in participants without heart failure, coronary heart disease, or stroke. Results—In the adjusted model, individuals in the highest NT-proBNP quartile had significantly more BI (odds ratio, 3.50; 95% confidence interval, 2.03–6.20), and WML (β-coe...