cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AeroMACS minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) compliance field trials for Hitachi prototype

• NASA-Hitachi Space Act Agreement to test MOPS compliance prototype technology utilizing NASA-GRC CNS Test Bed • AeroMACS features and performance specified in MOPS validated through airport environment Field Trials • “Network Entry Time” defined in SARPs(ICAO) verified to be applicable.
Studies on Factors Influencing Enzyme Responses to Adenylate Energy Charge

The responses of rat brain hexokinase, human red cell hexokinase, and human red cell pyruvate kinase to changes in the adenylate energy charge were observed. A number of factors were found to be capable of altering these responses. These include the concentration of total adenylates, the level of free uncomplexed Mg2+, the kinetic reaction mechanism of the enzyme under study, and the concentration of the other substrate (or substrates) and product (or products) involved in the reaction. The effects of some of these factors are further explored by computation of the energy charge response curves for rabbit muscle creatine kinase. These stimulations with a digital computer serve to show a possible role for the kinetic reaction mechanism in cellular regulation. The findings presented in this report suggest that the above enzymes may not be effectively modulated by the adenylate energy charge. They also suggest conditions under which the energy charge model can be best evaluated, limitations of the model, and point out where possible exceptions to the energy charge model may arise.
Field line motion in the presence of finite conductivity

Magnetic field lines are convected with the motion of a perfectly conducting magnetohydrodynamic fluid.1 Application of this frozen-in field line property is made in diverse areas of cosmic plasma physics; for example, theorists postulate the co-rotation of the magnetospheric plasma of pulsars2 and stars3, the effusion of coronal magnetic field lines with the expanding solar wind4, and the solar-wind-driven convection of low energy terrestrial magnetospheric plasma.5–7
The 12C(13C, α)21Ne reaction: High-spin states, resonances and coherence widths

Abstract Excitation functions were measured for states of 21 Ne populated by the 12 C ( 13 C , α) reaction over the bombarding energy range E lab = 18.2–32.0 MeV (18.4–27.0 MeV) at θ lab = 7°(25°) in in 200 keV steps, and average coherence widths of states and the moment of inertia of the compound nucleus 25 Mg were obtained from these excitation functions. A statistical analysis of these data was performed. Angular distributions for states in 21 Ne to 10 MeV in excitation energy were measured at θ lab = 7°, 18°, 28° and 43° at bombarding energies from 29.0 to 31.0 MeV in 400 keV steps. These data along with Hauser-Feshbach predictions allow us to suggest spins for some states as well as to suggest possible candidates for rotational bands in 21 Ne.
Interaction of Wnt and a Frizzled homologue triggers G-protein-linked phosphatidylinositol signalling

In Drosophila , members of the frizzled family of tissue-polarity genes encode proteins that are likely to function as cell-surface receptors of the type known as Wnt receptors, and to initiate signal transduction across the cell membrane1,2, although how they do this is unclear. We show here that the rat protein Frizzled-2 causes an increase in the release of intracellular calcium which is enhanced by Xwnt-5a, a member of the Wnt family. This release of intracellular calcium is suppressed by an inhibitor of the enzyme inositol monophosphatase and hence of the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway; this suppression can be rescued by injection of the compound myo -inositol, which overcomes the decrease in this intermediate caused by the inhibitor. Agents that inhibit specific G-protein subunits, pertussis toxin, GDP-β-S and α-transducin also inhibit the calcium release triggered by Xwnt-5a and rat Frizzled-2. Our results indicate that some Wnt proteins work through specific Frizzled homologues to stimulate the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway via heterotrimeric G-protein subunits.
What The HIV-Associated Gut Microbiome May Tell As about The Role of The Adaptive Immune System in Matching Our Gut Microbes to Our Diet

Consistent with an important role for adaptive immunity in modulating interactions between intestinal bacteria and host, dramatic alteration in the composition of gut microbes occurs during chronic...
Lyapunov functionals in complex /spl mu/ analysis

Conditions for robust stability of linear time-invariant systems subject to structured linear time-invariant uncertainties can be derived in the complex /spl mu/ framework, or, equivalently, in the framework of integral quadratic constraints. These conditions can be checked numerically with linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based convex optimization using the Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov lemma. We show how LMI tests also yield a convex parametrization of (a subset of) Lyapunov functionals that prove robust stability of such uncertain systems. We show that for uncertainties that are pure delays, the Lyapunov functionals reduce to the standard Lyapunov-Krasovksii functionals that are encountered in the stability analysis of delay systems. We demonstrate the practical utility of the Lyapunov functional parametrization by deriving bounds for a number of measures of robust performance (beyond the usual H/sub /spl infin// performance); these bounds can be efficiently computed using convex optimization over linear matrix inequalities.
Electronic structure of superconducting Ba6C60.

We report the results of first-principles electronic-structure calculations for superconducting ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{6}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. Unlike the ${\mathit{A}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ superconductors, this new compound shows strong Ba-C hybridization in the valence and conduction regions, mixed covalent-ionic bonding character, partial charge transfer, and insulating band structure, with a very small or zero gap within the local-density approximation.
A hysteresis effect in photoconductive cadmium selenide and its use in a solid-state image storage device

A brief description of a new hysteresis effect in cadmium selenide photoconductive powder will be given. Photocurrent plotted as a function of voltage has the form of a hysteresis loop, with triggering from low to high currents occurring at a voltage depending on the incident light level. At a suitably chosen voltage, triggering from low to high currents occurs with light pulse excitation. Return to the condition of low current flow is brought about by brief interruption of the supply voltage. Since the triggering is present with ac or dc operation, it is possible to use the effect in a series circuit of photoconductor and ac operated electroluminescent panel. If this is done on an area basis with due attention paid to the impedance match of the photoconductor and electroluminescent layer, it is possible to make an image storage device having no optical feedback. The construction and operation of such a device is described, and a photograph of a stored image on a 3-inch panel is shown.
In and Out of Africa

In and out of Africa.(1992) Gabai Baare, Ilisa Barbash, Christopher Steiner, Lucien Taylor. Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California. 59 min.
Accurate measurement of complex permittivity of liquids using the in-waveguide technique

The complex permittivity of a number of liquids has been measured using the in-waveguide technique at the X and Ku band. A particular piece of waveguide is designed for the measurement of liquid materials. A TRL (thru-reflect-line) calibration technique is applied for the calibration of this waveguide system. The measured permittivity results of some liquids such as methanol and propyl alcohol compare well with those measured using an open-ended waveguide technique.
La territorialidad del indígena americano de la tierra alta del norte de la Baja California

Ralph Michelsen explora la idea de territorialidad entre los indigenas de Baja California como sujetos de otro tipo de realidad; un tiempo cuando el usufructo de la tierra se cenia a reglas aborigenes particulares en contraste con las formas de tenencia de la tierra actuales y la nocion de "pais" que en el mundo prevalece. Su finalidad se logra mediante una reconstruccion historica que le permite hacer propuestas sobre la percepcion del espacio geografico por los miembros de unidades linguisticas y/o de parentesco.
Applying survival analysis to managed even-aged stands of ponderosa pine for assessment of tree mortality in the western United States

Abstract A critical component of a growth and yield simulator is an estimate of mortality rates. The mortality models presented here are developed from long-term permanent plots in provinces from throughout the geographic range of ponderosa pine in the United States extending from the Black Hills of South Dakota to the Pacific Coast. The study had two objectives: estimation of the probability of a tree survival for the next 5 years and the probability of a tree surviving longer than a given time period (survival trend) for a given set of covariates. The probability of a tree surviving for the next 5 years was estimated using a logistic model regressed on 18 covariates measured 5 years before the last measurement period with 15 smoothing variables (S1–S15) for spatial effects of latitude and longitude surface. The fitted model showed that the probability of survival increased with increasing diameter at breast height (DBH), DBH periodic annual increment (PAIDBH) and increasing plot basal area/number of trees per hectare (PBAH/TPH), and decreased with increasing average of the 5 tallest trees in the plot (AVGHT5) when other selected covariates were included in the model. The probability of a tree surviving longer than a given time period was estimated by fitting the Cox Proportional Hazard model to the last observed survival period regressed on 13 covariates measured at the first measurement period. This probability also increased with increasing DBH and PAIDBH, and decreased with increasing AVGHT5. The Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and graphs of partial residuals were used in the selection of covariates included in the models.
Koine and commerce in the Sicilian Bronze age

Sicilian relations with the eastern Mediterranean after 1500 BCE are well known. This article is devoted to the preceding centuries, when economic patterns developed that formed the background for the extended relations to come. Fundamental to the character of Sicily and her Tyrrhenian neighbours in the Early Bronze Age were geographical areas showing reciprocal influences between neighbouring cultural units. At the same time the Sicilians were reaching beyond such areas. Their relations with Malta, in particular, suggest that in some cases trade in the central Mediterranean in the Early Bronze Age was as advanced as the export‐import trade of the same period in the Near East.
Comparison of Dopamine and Dobutamine Therapy during Intraaortic Balloon Pumping for the Treatment of Postcardiotomy Low-Output Syndrome

Abstract Treatment of postcardiotomy low-output syndrome includes intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP), volume loading, pharmacological afterload reduction, and stimulation with an inotropic agent. This study compares the effectiveness of combined nitroprusside and dopamine therapy and nitroprusside and dobutamine therapy in 12 patients requiring IABP postoperatively. Serial hemodynamic measurements were made before and during infusion of nitroprusside and after administration of the combined therapy (N = 6 in each group). Prior to pharmacological therapy, cardiac index was 1.47 ± 0.31 L/min/m 2 and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was 3,114 ± 1,350 dynes sec cm −5 in patients subsequently given dopamine, and 1.59 ± 0.38 L/min/m 2 and 2,661 ± 405 dynes sec cm −5 , respectively, in those given dobutamine. With infusion of nitroprusside, both groups showed significant reduction in SVR. Nitroprusside plus either inotropic agent resulted in augmentation of cardiac index and an additional reduction in SVR, both changes being greater in the group given dopamine. Larger doses of dobutamine than dopamine were needed to achieve similar hemodynamic improvement. We conclude that the addition of an inotropic agent to vasodilator therapy during IABP results in a greater increase in cardiac index and a greater decrease in afterload than a vasodilator alone. In addition to its beneficial effect on renal perfusion at the dose required to effect these improvements, dopamine appears a better inotropic agent than dobutamine for postcardiotomy low-output syndrome.
Evaluating humanistic attributes of internal medicine residents

Objective:Methods of assessing humanism in internal medicine residents have not been completely designed or evaluated. This study used patient satisfaction as a measure of humanism, and assessed the validity of using faculty physicians to evaluate residents’ humanistic behavior. Residents’ ability to assess themselves was also evaluated.
A Linguistic and A Cultural Competence: Can They Live Happily Together?

: This article describes a process by which authentic documents may be integrated into first- and second-year college and high-school classes to form a cultural component in the earliest stages of foreign language study. It discusses how linguistic and cultural information may be extracted from these documents in the form of “actes de parole” to conform to the grammatical level of the students, and outlines ways by which cultural and linguistic information so taught may be tested.
Simplified Approach To Forecast Highway Crash Rates of Selected Special Population Subsets

Time series models developed by regression to forecast highway crash rates in association with some selected special population subsets are described here. Such models are useful for assessing the safety performance of the subsets because the problems inherent in subsets are different from those of the average highway population. They also enable high-risk groups to be identified, not only under present conditions but also in the future. Two sets of models were developed: one for the state of Florida and the other for United States. The population subsets considered included older drivers, young drivers, international tourists, and school-age children as nonmotorists. Among the different model formats tried, the negative exponential was the best fitting and gave reasonably good fitness, as indicated by considerably high R2 values varying from 0.784 to 0.974. The main purpose of the model building was to forecast the crash rates by each population subset at various time points within the study horizon. Pre...
Numerical Differentiation of Noisy, Nonsmooth Data

We consider the problem of differentiating a function specified by noisy data. Regularizing the differentiation process avoids the noise amplification of finite-difference methods. We use total-variation regularization, which allows for discontinuous solutions. The resulting simple algorithm accurately differentiates noisy functions, including those which have a discontinuous derivative.
A filter-and-fan algorithm for the capacitated minimum spanning tree problem

The capacitated minimum spanning tree (CMST) is a notoriously difficult problem in combinatorial optimization. Extensive investigation has been devoted to developing efficient algorithms to find optimal or near-optimal solutions. This paper proposes a new CMST heuristic algorithm that effectively combines the classical node-based and tree-based neighborhoods embodied in a filter-and-fan (F&F) approach, a local search procedure that generates compound moves in a tree search fashion. The overall algorithm is guided by a multi-level oscillation strategy used to trigger each type of neighborhood while allowing the search to cross feasibility boundaries. Computational results carried out on a standard set of 135 benchmark problems show that a simple F&F design competes effectively with prior CMST metaheuristics, rivaling the best methods, which are significantly more complex.
SU-GG-I-161: Multi-Resolution Cumulative Summation (CUSUM) Images for Monitoring Gamma Camera Detector Uniformity

Purpose:Detect trends in gamma camera uniformity in order to predict service events. Materials and Methods: Cumulative summation statistical control (CUSUM) effectively detects subtle shifts in the expected mean of normally distributed data. This technique was applied to each pixel in a time series of gamma cameraquality control floods to detect nonuniformities that might otherwise have gone undetected in any single flood image using NEMA uniformity calculations. One hundred statistically independent 10 M count uniformity floods were sequentially acquired in a 1024×1024 matrix. A progressively worsening nonuniformity was simulated beginning in the thirtieth flood image, where an attenuation disk 8 cm in diameter (∼1% count loss) was positioned in the central field‐of‐view (FOV). Additional disks were added to the stack every ten subsequent acquisitions in order to mimic progressive count loss, up to the point that normal NEMA analysis was expected to yield differential uniformity values that exceeded our institution's action limit of 3%. Mean and error images were calculated with respect to time using the first thirty floods in the series, and the time series was normalized to these values. The CUSUM images were calculated by summing the deviations between a reference value of one‐half of the standard deviation and each normalized pixel, adding to that the previous value of the CUSUM at each pixel location. Thus, the CUSUM images represent the accumulation of deviations between each normalized and expected pixel value. The process was repeated for larger pixel sizes and composite images were formed. Results and Conclusion: The results show a distinct signal at the location of the non‐uniformity by time point 60, well in advance of reaching the level of degradation expected to cause a single flood to fail clinical criteria, given the rate of degradation. Thus, this technique sensitively detects non‐uniformity trends.
Improving shared cache behavior of multithreaded object-oriented applications in multicores

Understanding shared cache performance when executing multithreaded object-oriented applications and optimizing these applications for multicores have not received much attention. In this paper, we first quantify the intra-thread and inter-thread cache line (block) reuse characteristics of a set of multithreaded C++ programs when executed in shared cache based multicores. Our results show that, as far as shared on-chip caches are concerned, inter-thread cache line (block) reuse distances are much higher than intra-thread cache line reuse distances. We study the impact of these characteristics on the hit/miss behavior of the shared last-level cache on a commercial multicore machine. We then show that, by rearranging accesses to the objects shared across different threads and to the objects stored in nearby memory locations, inter-thread (temporal and spatial) object reuse distances can be reduced, which in turn helps to reduce inter-thread cache line reuse distances. The results we collected using eight multithreaded applications show that our proposed shared cache-aware code restructuring strategy can reduce misses in the last-level on-chip cache of a commercial multicore machine by 25.4%, on average. These savings in cache misses translate in turn to average execution time improvement of 11.9%.
Statistical method to improve voltage profile under incomplete distribution system information

Distribution Management systems are used by electric utilities for analyzing and controlling the distribution systems. Due to lack of data, the model parameters are not accurate so controller often fails to maintain voltage profile in a smart distribution system. In this paper, we propose a statistical method to maintain the voltage profile of the system with renewable generators. This statistical method based on regression is used to design the capacitor control without the need of any knowledge of entire distribution system. The control is tested on an IEEE 34 node distribution system with a solar generator.
Occupational careers and mortality of elderly men.

This article presents findings from an analysis of occupational differentials in mortality among a cohort of males aged 55 years and older in the United States for the period 1966–1983. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Men, we construct event histories for 3,080 respondents who reach the exact age of 55. The dynamics that characterize socioeconomic differentials in mortality are analyzed by evaluating the differential effects of occupation over the career cycle. Maximum likelihood estimates of hazard-model parameters show that the mortality of current or last occupation differssubstantially from that of longest occupation, controlling for education, income, health status, and other sociodemographic factors. In particular, the rate of mortality is reduced by the substantive complexity of the longest occupation while social skills and physical and environmental demands of the latest occupation lower mortality.
Spectral Properties of the Laplacian in the Complement of a Deformed Cylinder

We prove the absence of eigenvalues in the continuous spectrum for the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian in the complement of a deformed cylinder.
Particle size distributions of polypyrrole colloids

Abstract We describe a new technique to determine the particle size distributions of sterically stabilized polypyrrole colloids based on a charge-velocity analysis (CVA). The size distributions of polypyrrole colloids prepared with various steric stabilizers have been examined and compared to the particle sizes obtained by conventional transmission electron microscopy techniques. It is shown that the CVA technique is particularly useful for the analysis of larger particle diameters (> 100 nm) and bi- or trimodal size distributions.
Heliconandria, a new genus of aleocharine staphylinid beetle from Ecuador and Peru (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

The aleocharine staphylinid genus Heliconandria, new genus, is proposed and diagnosed based on external structural features, especially those of the mouthparts, and male and female genitalia. Three new species are also described, H. wettersteniana, gynochela, and H. peoechma, with a key to differentiate them and numerous illustrations of diagnostic features presented.
Grain size dependence of electric fatigue behavior of hot pressed PLZT ferroelectric ceramics

Abstract The decrease in remnant polarization, P r , and increase in coercive field, E c , of ferroelectric ceramics subjected to a large a.c. electric field is termed electric fatigue. In transparent hot-pressed lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics, electric fatigue was not detected after 10 9 cycles when grain size is small (∼ 5 μ m) but became increasingly severe as the grain size increases to 10 μm and beyond. The electric field causes large strains (⩾ 10 −3 ) due to the anisotropic piezoelectric and electro-strictive coefficients of the material, which results in intergranular microcracking due to incompatible deformations. The effective field on a grain in a cracked sample is less than the applied field, limiting domain switching and polarization. The microcracking occurs only in the electroded, fatigued region of the sample and is initiated on the high voltage terminal side. The microscopic and acoustic emission data support the proposed mechanism of electric fatigue. An estimate of the critical grain size for microcracking due to electric stress, based on energy criterion, is in good agreement with experiment. The process of crack growth during electric fatigue is also elucidated.
Ultrafast coherent electron spin flip in a 2D electron gas

Spin flip in a 2D electron gas is realized with a 2 ps, off-resonant laser pulse. Complete spin flip leads to spin precessions that are symmetric with respect to the arrival time of the π-pulse.
On-Line Data Collection by Computer in a Multi-Experiment Biomedical Gamma Spectroscopy System

A system is described in which a PDP-8 computer collects data on-line from up to twenty high-resolution pulse height analyzers used in biomedical gamma spectroscopy counting. The computer takes data directly from the analog-to-digital converters and stores it unsorted on IBM magnetic tape. These tapes are sorted and analyzed off-line on larger computers. An oscilloscope provides two modes of display of the spectral data being collected. Through another interface, the PDP-8 accepts complete spectra dumped from the memories of other analyzers operating off-line.
Specificity of the Monogenean Gyrodactylus tularosae Kritsky and Stockwell, 2005, to Its Natural Host, the White Sands Pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa Miller and Echelle 1975)

We examined host specificity of a recently described parasite (Gyrodactylus tularosae Kritsky and Stockwell, 2005) to its natural host, the White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa Miller and Echelle, 1975), compared with a closely related congener, the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). In each of 8 replicates, 1 uninfected C. tularosa and 1 uninfected C. variegatus were exposed to 3 C. tularosa infected with G. tularosae over a 4-d exposure trial. Focal fish were subsequently isolated for 5 d to evaluate infection persistence. Experiment-wide fluke infection prevalence was 100% for C. tularosa throughout the experiment. Prevalence on C. variegatus increased to 100% by d 3 of exposure but declined in isolation to 50% on the last day of the experiment. Fluke intensity was significantly higher for C. tularosa than C. variegatus throughout the experiment. Following isolation, parasite intensity declined for both species. These data suggest that G. tularosae prefers its native host, C. tularosa, but it may be able to use C. variegatus as a transient host.
Surgical sympathectomy for reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndromes.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was the assessment of the efficacy of thoracoscopic cervicodorsal and open lumbar sympathectomy for the reduction of pain severity and disability associated with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD). Methods: From 1992 to 2000, 73 patients with RSD underwent 46 video-assisted thoracoscopic (first to fourth thoracic ganglion) or 37 surgical lumbar (first to fourth lumbar ganglion) sympathetic chain resections. The patients were referred from multidisciplinary pain clinics with documented sympathetically maintained pain syndrome on the basis of reproducible more than 50% reduction in pain severity score (0, no pain; 10, most severe pain imaginable) for more than 2 days after sympathetic block therapy. The mean duration of the RSD symptoms before sympathectomy was 26 ± 14 months (range, 6 to 100 months). Postoperative pain severity score, limb disability, and overall patient satisfaction were assessed by an independent third-party observer at a mean follow-up period of 30 months. Results: No operative mortality or serious morbidity (Horner's syndrome, bleeding that needed transfusion, wound infection) occurred. Transient ( Conclusion: Patients with RSD with a confirmed sympathetically maintained pain syndrome can realize long-term benefit from surgical sympathectomy. Procedural efficacy was similar for both upper limb and lower limb RSD syndromes, although the level of pain reduction did deteriorate with time. After sympathectomy, the patients with RSD had a low incidence rate (7%) of "new" complex regional pain or disabling compensatory sweating syndromes. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:269-77.)
Mobile Imaging and Computing for Intelligent Structural Damage Inspection

Optical imaging is a commonly used technique in civil engineering for aiding the archival of damage scenes and more recently for image analysis-based damage quantification. However, the limitations are evident when applying optical imaging in the field. The most significant one is the lacking of computing and processing capability in the real time. The advancement of mobile imaging and computing technologies provides a promising opportunity to change this norm. This paper first provides a timely introduction of the state-of-the-art mobile imaging and computing technologies for the purpose of engineering application development. Further we propose a mobile imaging and computing (MIC) framework for conducting intelligent condition assessment for constructed objects, which features in situ imaging and real-time damage analysis. This framework synthesizes advanced mobile technologies with three innovative features: (i) context-enabled image collection, (ii) interactive image preprocessing, and (iii) real-time image analysis and analytics. Through performance evaluation and field experiments, this paper demonstrates the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed framework.
Observations of stimulated Raman scattering and laser-induced breakdown in millimeter-sized droplets

We report the first observations, to our knowledge, of nonlinear optical effects in large (millimeter-sized) droplets. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and laser-induced breakdown (LIB) are simultaneously observed in acoustically levitated millimeter-sized glycerol droplets irradiated by either a frequency-doubled (532-nm) or a frequency-tripled (355-nm) Nd:YAG laser. The two processes, which occur above a nearly coincident irradiation threshold, are conjectured to arise from a common initiation mechanism: self-focusing. LIB generates vapor bubbles within the droplet, resulting in the quenching of SRS emission.
Adaptation to exploit nitrate in surface soils predisposes yellow-cedar to climate-induced decline while enhancing the survival of western redcedar: a new hypothesis.

Yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn), two valuable tree species of Pacific Northwest forests, are competitive in low productivity forests on wet, nearly saturated soils with low nitrogen (N) availability and turnover. We propose a mechanism where cedar trees survive in marginal conditions through exploiting a coupled Ca-NO3 � nutrient cycle where
Improved outcome of extremely low birth weight infants with Tegaderm application to skin.

Significant fluid and electrolyte disturbances occur in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in the first few days of life. We investigated the effect of semipermeable polyurethane membrane (Tegaderm®) applied to the skin shortly after birth on fluid and electrolyte status and the clinical outcome in these infants. We reviewed charts of ELBW infants (BW 150 mEq/l) developed in 51% of NOTEG infants compared to 17% of TEG (P=0.0005) and daily fluid intake ≥170 ml/kg/day was required in 54 vs 13% (P=0.0008), respectively. The mean time to regain BW was significantly longer in NOTEG vs TEG infants, 20.7±7.4 vs 15.8±6.3 days, respectively (P<0.02). There were no statistical significant differences among the groups in incidence of IVH, NEC, PDA or nosocomial sepsis; however, respiratory outcome was better in TEG infants. They had significantly less BPD (58% in NOTEG vs 22% TEG (P=0.01)) and fewer infants in the TEG group required supplemental oxygen at discharge (58% vs 22% (P=0.01)). Survival was significantly higher in TEG 90% vs 64% in NOTEG infants (P=0.02). Semipermeable polyurethane membrane application to skin of ELBW infants shortly after birth decreased postnatal fluid and electrolyte disturbances and significantly improved their outcome by reducing severity of lung disease and decreasing mortality.
Simple Cation−π Interaction between a Phenyl Ring and a Protonated Amine Stabilizes an α-Helix in Water

Cation−π interactions have been proposed to be important contributors to protein structure and function. In particular, these interactions have been suggested to provide significant stability at the solvent-exposed surface of a protein. We have investigated the magnitude of cation−π interactions between phenylalanine (Phe) and lysine (Lys), ornithine (Orn), and diaminobutanoic acid (Dab) in the context of an α-helix and have found that only the Phe···Orn interaction provides significant stability to the helix, stabilizing it by −0.4 kcal/mol. This interaction energy is in the same range as a salt bridge in an α-helix, and equivalent to the recently reported Trp···Arg interaction in an α-helix, despite the fact that Trp···guanidinium interactions have been proposed to be stronger than Phe···ammonium interactions. These results indicate that even the simplest cation−π interaction can provide significant stability to protein structure and demonstrate the subtle factors that can influence the observed interac...
Organism responses to habitat fragmentation and diversity: Habitat colonization by estuarine macrofauna

Abstract Ecologists increasingly recognize that their choice of spatial scales may influence greatly their interpretation of ecological systems, and that small changes in the patchiness of habitat resources can produce abrupt, sometimes dramatic shifts in distribution and abundance patterns of a species. Moreover, identification of scale- and habitat-dependent ecological patterns are central to management efforts aimed at predicting the response of organisms to the increasing threat of habitat fragmentation. We used habitat plots containing artificial seagrass, oyster shell, and a mixture of seagrass and shell, placed on unstructured seafloor for 14 days in Back Sound, North Carolina, USA to examine the interactive effects of patch size, habitat diversity and experimental site on colonization by assemblages of estuarine macrofauna. We tested three a priori predictions of the general hypothesis that macrofaunal colonization is scale- and habitat-dependent: (1) colonization (per unit area) will be higher in small patches than in large ones; (2) small macrofauna will show a stronger response to habitat patchiness at a given scale than large macrofauna; and (3) colonization by estuarine macrofauna will be higher in habitat plots containing a mixture of seagrass and oyster shell compared to monotypic plots. Macrofauna responded to habitat patchiness in a complex manner that varied according to habitat type, experimental site, species, taxon, functional group, and animal body size (small: 500 μm–2 mm; large: >2 mm). Of the five out of seven response variables where we observed a significant patch size effect, grass shrimp ( Palaemonidae sp.) and small, mobile crustaceans (i.e., amphipods and isopods) were the only taxonomic or functional groups whose densities were higher in small (0.25 m 2 ) than large (1 m 2 ) patches, as predicted. Moreover, there was a disproportionate reduction in macrofaunal abundance and diversity in small patches of oyster shell compared to seagrass and mixed habitat treatments; this pattern was significant for both the total density and numbers of small species but not for large macrofauna. The total density and number of macrofaunal species was not higher in the mixed habitat treatment compared to seagrass or oyster shell. Our study demonstrates that an organism's response to habitat patchiness is dependent upon species, taxa, functional group, and animal body size, and that an organism's response is further modified by habitat type. The patterns observed in this study highlight the importance of scale- and habitat-dependent responses by mobile organisms to complex benthic habitats, and, because of the disproportionate reduction in faunal density and diversity in small versus large patches of oyster shell, heightens concern over the negative impacts to biodiversity through large-scale fragmentation of subtidal oyster reefs in certain regions.
Device simulation and optimization of laterally-contacted-unipolar-nuclear detector

Abstract Unipolar gamma-ray detectors offer the possibility of enhanced energy resolution and detection sensitivity over the conventional planar detectors. However, these detectors are difficult to understand and to fabricate, due to their three-dimensional geometry and multiple electrodes. Computer simulation offers a powerful way to design and to optimize these detectors, by giving the internal electric fields, weighting potentials, and spatially resolved detector responses. Simulation and optimization of an unipolar gamma-ray detector called laterally-contacted-unipolar-nuclear detector (LUND) are shown. For 662 keV γ-rays from a 137 Cs source, the simulation and optimization of LUND resulted in improvement in the energy resolution from 1.6% to 1.3% and improvement in the active detector volume from 4% to 38% of the total detector volume.
Increased cholesterol esterase level by cholesterol loading of rat pancreatoma cells.

Abstract This study used the rat pancreatoma AR42J cells as a model to determine the effects of cholesterol on cholesterol esterase biosynthesis. Incubation of AR42J cells with low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or with the cholesterol-induced β-very-low-density lipoproteins did not result in changes in cellular cholesterol levels. These cholesterol-rich lipoproteins also had no effect on cholesterol esterase biosynthesis by the AR42J cells. Cellular cholesterol level was found to increase by approx. 2-fold after incubating the AR42J cells with cationized-LDL. The increase in cellular cholesterol level resulted in a higher level of cholesterol esterase secreted into the culture medium. The increased cellular cholesterol also resulted in higher amounts of cholesterol esterase detected in the AR42J cell lysate. The increase in cholesterol esterase level corresponded to a cholesterol-induced increase in steady-state level of cholesterol esterase mRNA. The results of this study, and our previous observation of post-transcriptional activation of cholesterol esterase induced by intestinal hormones (Huang, Y. and Hui, D.Y. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6720–6725), suggested that cholesterol esterase biosynthesis may be regulated by transcriptional and translational mechanisms in response to hormonal and nutrient stimulation of the pancreatic acinar cells. Additionally, the regulation of cholesterol esterase biosynthesis by cholesterol loading of the pancreatic cells suggested a possible role of this enzyme in cholesterol metabolism.
George Whitefield and the Great Awakening: Implications of the Itinerancy Debate in Colonial America

Following George Whitefield's 1739 New England tour, debate erupted among colonial clergy over the perceived threats and benefits of his itinerant preaching, continuing well into his 1744 return. This exchange is indicative of broader concerns among protestant clergy over waning influence in colonial America as well as a shift in colonists’ expectations about the form and function of public oratory. Questions of what constitutes good preaching, who is fit to preach, and suitable audiences demonstrate that itinerancy served as a powerful point of contention among ministers struggling to maintain power in the new nation. Focusing on Reverend Whitefield's efforts, this essay explores the competing conceptions and examines trends in form, function, and audiences for religious rhetoric that inform both our understanding of popular expectations of civic leaders’ discourse and emerging positions on the proper enactment of the rhetorical leadership within the new nation.
AN EPIZOOTIC OF PNEUMONIA IN CAPTIVE BIGHORN SHEEP INFECTED WITH Muellerius SP.

An epizootic of pneumonia in 20 captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is described. The sheep were maintained in large paddocks for abcut 9 months after which, in the late summer, the entire herd died within a three week period. Large numbers of Muellerius adults, eggs and larvae were in the lungs of all sheep. First stage larvae were widely disseminated throughout the lungs and apparently elicited a granulomatous pneumonia. Pasteurella sp. and other bacteria were isolated from the lungs of several sheep but no Chlamydia, Mycoplasma or viral agents were recovered. Elevated serum fibrinogen levels and normal leukocyte values were found in blood samples taken from several sheep 7-14 days prior to death.
Influenza Virus M2 Protein Slows Traffic along the Secretory Pathway pH PERTURBATION OF ACIDIFIED COMPARTMENTS AFFECTS EARLY GOLGI TRANSPORT STEPS

M2, an acid-activated ion channel, is an influenza A virus membrane protein required for efficient nucleocapsid release after viral fusion with the endosomal membrane. Recombinant M2 slows protein traffic through the Golgi complex (Sakaguchi, T., Leser, G. P)., and Lamb, R. A. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 133, 733-47). Despite its critical role in viral infection, little is known about the subcellular distribution of M2 or its fate following delivery to the plasma membrane (PM). We measured the kinetics of M2 transport in HeLa cells, and found that active M2 reached the PM considerably more slowly than inactive M2. In addition, M2 delayed intra-Golgi transport and cell surface delivery of influenza hemagglutinin (HA). We hypothesized that the effects of M2 on transport through non-acidified compartments are due to inefficient retrieval from the trans-Golgi of machinery required for intra-Golgi transport. In support of this, acutely activated M2 had no effect on intra-Golgi transport of HA, but still slowed HA delivery to the PM. Thus, M2 has an indirect effect on early transport steps, but a direct effect on late steps in PM delivery. These findings may help explain the conflicting and unexplained effects on protein traffic observed with other perturbants of intraorganelle pH such as weak bases and inhibitors of V-type ATPases.
Personal construct psychology and personal selling performance

Proposes an alternative approach to understanding personal selling performance based on personal construct psychology, a cognitively based personality paradigm, originally formulated in clinical psychology by George Kelly. Explains how personal construct psychology theory (PCT), which reflects a constructivist epistemology, provides a conceptual framework for understanding and predicting sales performance. Demonstrates how PCT can be integrated with existing theoretical models of sales performance by suggesting a series of research propositions which can be tested using a number of different research methodologies. Considers research and practical implications.
Electrogenic status epilepticus induced from numerous limbic sites

We have previously shown that pulsed-train electrical stimulation of the amygdala results, within 60-90 min, in status epilepticus in which one of four behavioral states is predominant: immobile, exploratory, minor convulsive and clonic convulsive. These four states form a hierarchy which appears, on electrographic and behavioral grounds, to belong to the same order of severity as limbic-kindled seizures, but not representing steady-state versions. We tested the hypothesis that it should be possible to induce prolonged seizure states from numerous limbic sites, as is the case with kindled seizures. It was found that electrogenic status epilepticus could be generated at any of 11 extra-amygdala sites, including parts of hippocampal formation, olfactory/limbic cortical areas, and caudate putamen. These four status categories could each be engendered from numerous sites without any site-specific behavioral features. Midline cortical and caudate stimulation was more prone to elicit clonic convulsive status. Such findings provide further evidence that kindled seizures and electrogenic status states belong to the same progression, and share the same underlying anatomic substrates.
A randomized controlled trial of Telephone Counseling with smokeless tobacco users: The ChewFree Minnesota study

Although a considerable body of evidence supports telephone quit lines for smoking cessation, much less is known about the effectiveness of proactive Telephone Counseling with smokeless tobacco (ST) users. We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing Telephone Counseling with the distribution of a self-help manual for ST cessation. We recruited 406 adult ST users throughout the state of Minnesota and randomized them to receive either: (a) a self-help manual (Manual only) or (b) a self-help manual plus proactive telephone-based cessation counseling (Telephone Counseling). The telephone-based treatment included up to four calls in support of quitting, and personalized various cognitive and behavioral strategies that are generally considered effective in tobacco cessation (such as setting a quit date, examining patterns of use, developing stress reduction skills, avoiding known triggers to use). Participants were surveyed by phone at 3 and 6 months to assess both point prevalence and continued abstinence. Prolonged abstinence from all tobacco was 6.8% and 30.9% (p < .001) at 3 months and 9.8% and 30.9% (p < .001) at 6 months in Manual only and Telephone Counseling, respectively. We found older age, lower dependency, and increased readiness predicted quitting success. Proactive telephone-based counseling is an effective strategy for improving cessation rates among ST users. Future research should determine the components contributing to the intervention success.
KR09 Using Historical Lessons‐Learned in the Systems Engineering Process

Systems engineers often do not have a way to systematically apply historical “lessons-learned’ in their day-to-day activities, especially when applied to non-traditional areas of engineering management. Risk analysis has become the standard systems engineering decision-making tool to evaluate uncertainties in cost, schedule and performance. Therefore, such historical insights need to be modeled within that framework to be mutually comprehensible and useful to both historians and systems engineers. To demonstrate this framework, I examine historical “lessons-learned” in several relevant areas: the implications of operational flexibility on system design; complex system-accident theory; and the considerations of technological “reverse salients”. The insights developed through historical analyses can be used as a decision-making tool for systems engineers, by developing a subjective “risk rating” assessment as a part of the overall set of decision aids to estimate uncertainty in performance, cost and schedule. This interface between historical insights and the priorities of systems engineers can enrich the basis of programmatic decision-making.
Science, literature, and cultural colonialism

Readers of a new journal in the scientific study of literature are undoubtedly aware of the potential benefits of a scientific culture in literary studies. However, they may be less sensitive to potential dangers. In order to enhance these benefits and avoid some of the dangers, this essay takes up the relations of authority and prestige that often accompany and distort the interconnections between humanistic and scientific research. Specifically, it considers how social and institutional conditions may place scientific and humanistic cultures in relations parallel to those between colonizing and colonized cultures. (This refers solely to the cultural relations. Clearly, there is no issue of violence or exploitation.) The parallel extends to forms of cultural response (e.g., “mimeticism”) that potentially distort both the humanist’s understanding of science and the scientist’s understanding of the humanities.