cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Print hypermedia presentation of cinemorphics, self shifting and meta-identity

Since the specific topic of the articles for the current dossier is Language: Hypermedia in printed media, I have composed the article itself using print hypermedia, specifically, QR code. Using either iPhone, Android or other QR code reading apps to scan printed pages, one can access videos, images, web pages, text, etc., which contains the content of the article. I have also included the urls for these QR code links, for easy access when reading the article directly on tablets or desktops rather than from the printed page. If urls do not click through, please copy/paste into address bar for access. It is important, in order to gain the full effect of the article, for the reader to access the topics in order, and read or watch all of the content in each before moving on to the next. Skipping around may be amusing, but the order of presentation and the nature of the media contained in each topic is crucial to obtaining the combined effect of both the content itself and this approach to content presentation.
Effect of high pressure processing, browning treatments, and refrigerated storage on sensory analysis, color, and polyphenol oxidase activity in pawpaw (Asimina triloba L.) pulp

Abstract This study compared the effects of high pressure processing (HPP), treatments (pasteurization, ascorbic acid, and steviosides), storage time (1 day, 15 days, 30 days, and 45 days at 4 °C) on the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, color, and sensory analysis of pulp from pawpaw fruit. HPP significantly decreased but did not completely inhibit PPO activity compared to the processed samples. HPP did not affect significantly any of the twelve sensory attributes. PPO activity and all color measurements were affected significantly by refrigerated storage. PPO activity declined after day 1 of refrigerated storage and remained unchanged thereafter. The untreated samples exhibited a significant change in all color values to varying degrees during the 45 day storage period, but this effect during storage was not observed in the samples that were pasteurized or treated with stevia or ascorbic acid. There was no difference between the PPO activity of the untreated pulp and the pulp treated with steviosides and pasteurization, however, the pawpaw pulp to which steviosides were added were perceived to be about 60% sweeter and 50% more bitter. HPP is a promising technology for shelf life extension of fresh-packaged pawpaw pulp.
Exploring Practitioners’ Meaning of “Ethics,” “Compliance,” and “Corporate Social Responsibility” Practices: A Communities of Practice Perspective:

Companies seeking to effectively manage the ethical dimensions of their business have created formal and informal practices, including those with the labels “ethics and compliance” and “corporate s...
Glabella: Continuously Sensing Blood Pressure Behavior using an Unobtrusive Wearable Device

We propose Glabella, a wearable device that continuously and unobtrusively monitors heart rates at three sites on the wearer’s head. Our glasses prototype incorporates optical sensors, processing, storage, and communication components, all integrated into the frame to passively collect physiological data about the user without the need for any interaction. Glabella continuously records the stream of reflected light intensities from blood flow as well as inertial measurements of the user’s head. From the temporal differences in pulse events across the sensors, our prototype derives the wearer’s pulse transit time on a beat-to-beat basis. Numerous efforts have found a significant correlation between a person’s pulse transit time and their systolic blood pressure. In this paper, we leverage this insight to continuously observe pulse transit time as a proxy for the behavior of systolic blood pressure levels—at a substantially higher level of convenience and higher rate than traditional blood pressure monitors, such as cuff-based oscillometric devices. This enables our prototype to model the beat-to-beat fluctuations in the user’s blood pressure over the course of the day and record its short-term responses to events, such as postural changes, exercise, eating and drinking, resting, medication intake, location changes, or time of day. During our in-the-wild evaluation, four participants wore a custom-fit Glabella prototype device over the course of five days throughout their daytime job and regular activities. Participants additionally measured their radial blood pressure three times an hour using a commercial oscillometric cuff. Our analysis shows a high correlation between the pulse transit times computed on our devices with participants’ heart rates (mean r = 0.92, SE = 0.03, angular artery) and systolic blood pressure values measured using the oscillometric cuffs (mean r = 0.79, SE = 0.15, angular-superficial temporal artery, considering participants’ self-administered cuff-based measurements as ground truth). Our results indicate that Glabella has the potential to serve as a socially-acceptable capture device, requiring no user input or behavior changes during regular activities, and whose continuous measurements may prove informative to physicians as well as users’ self-tracking activities.
Causal Models and Counterfactuals

This article compares statistical and set-theoretic approaches to causal analysis. Statistical researchers commonly use additive, linear causal models, whereas set-theoretic researchers typically use logic-based causal models. These models differ in many fundamental ways, including whether they assume symmetric or asymmetrical causal patterns, and whether they call attention to equifinality and combinatorial causation. The two approaches also differ in how they utilize counterfactuals and carry out counterfactual analysis. Statistical researchers use counterfactuals to illustrate their results, but they do not use counterfactual analysis for the goal of causal model estimation. By contrast, set-theoretic researchers use counterfactuals to estimate models by making explicit their assumptions about empty sectors in the vector space defined by the causal variables. The paper concludes by urging greater appreciation of the differences between the statistical and set-theoretic approaches to causal analysis.
Postharvest and postmilling changes in wheat grain and flour quality characteristics

Soft red winter (SRW) wheat grain immediately after harvest and flour after milling were stored for 26 weeks and analyzed for comprehensive milling and baking quality characteristics at different time points to examine the consistency of the quality test results. Increases in falling number (FN) of grain during post-harvest storage were observed for nine out of ten varieties, in which FN ranged from 62 to 264 sec at two weeks after harvest and increased by 18-109 sec during storage for 21 weeks at 23°C. Wheat grain exhibited evident fluctuations in refined flour characteristics during the first four weeks of storage, and then lesser changes with further storage. The storage time of grain did not significantly influence the milling yield, FN and water SRC of refined flour. For refined flour during post-milling storage, storage time significantly affected all the flour characteristics, which showed evident fluctuations especially in the first four weeks of storage. The refined flour FNs of all four tested varieties increased from 373-405 to 377-417 during the first eight weeks, and then sharply to 427-474 with further storage for 26 weeks. Flour pH decreased slightly for the first two weeks after milling, was stable for the next eight weeks, and then decreased again to 5.74-5.90 at 26 weeks. Small but steady decreases in both lactic acid SRC and SDS sedimentation volume were also observed for refined flour during storage. Post-milling storage induced relatively small changes in the solvent retention capacity and cookie diameter of flour. Post-harvest and post-milling changes must be considered to achieve a reliable determination of the FN of wheat grain and flour, and pH, SDS sedimentation volume and lactic SRC of flour. A storage time of four weeks would reduce the variation in wheat grain and flour quality test results, allowing reliable and reproducible evaluation.
Design and analysis of coiled fiber reinforced soft pneumatic actuator

Fiber reinforced elastomeric enclosures (FREEs) are soft pneumatic actuators that can contract and generate forces upon pressurization. Typical engineering applications utilize FREEs in their straight cylindrical configuration and derive actuation displacement and forces from their ends. However, there are several instances in nature, such as an elephant trunk, snakes and grapevine tendrils, where a spiral configuration of muscle systems is used for gripping, thereby establishing a mechanical connection with uniform force distribution. Inspired by these examples, this paper investigates the constricting behavior of a contracting FREE actuator deployed in a spiral or coiled configuration around a cylindrical object. Force balance is used to model the blocked force of the FREE, which is then related to the constriction force using a string model. The modeling and experimental findings reveal an attenuation in the blocked force, and thus the constriction force caused by the coupling of peripheral contact forces acting in the spiral configuration. The usefulness of the coiled FREE configuration is demonstrated in a soft arm orthosis for crutch users that provides a constriction force around the forearm. This design minimizes injury risk by reducing wrist load and improving wrist posture.
In Vivo17O Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

After the first reports on the feasibility of 17O magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and localized spectroscopy (MRS)1–3 significant progress has been recorded in applications to vertebrates and invertebrates. Water diffusion in gels and time release preparations have also been reported.4 Of particular importance are the experiments leading to the determination, in vivo, of the rate of oxygen consumption.5–9 These investigations reached a new dimension with the introduction of interleave 17O/31P measurements which are yielding valuable information on the degree of uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by various physical and chemical agents.10–11 The significance of such information derives from the fact that degenerative diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson, ischemic heart, late onset diabetes, etc) are associated to OXPHOS perturbations induced by genetic mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations.12 Given the increasing interest in the elucidation of the protective mechanism of hypothermia, as compared to that of barbiturates, in traumatic or ischemic brain damage13–16 we initiated a feasibility study for the determination of the Q 10factor.
An Exploratory Study of Predictors of Relationship Commitment for Cisgender Female Partners of Transgender Individuals.

The current exploratory study investigates which variables predict commitment among cisgender women currently in a relationship with a transgender-identified partner. This study includes variables specific to gender diverse couples such as years in the relationship, amount of prior knowledge about transgender identity, and gender role beliefs. Also included are the general relationship factors of satisfaction, quality of alternatives, investment size, and the outcome variable of commitment, as described in the Investment Model of Commitment. Using convenience sampling from online support groups, the sample was n = 138 cisgender female partners. The findings of the regression analyses indicate one's personal resilience and the number of years in the relationship prior to transition are significantly related to partner commitment, with satisfaction mediating both associations. The longer a participant was in the relationship at the time of a gender transition of a partner, the less satisfaction they report, thus reducing commitment to the relationship. Additionally the more personal resilience a partner endorses, the higher the relationship satisfaction, and in turn, more commitment is reported. The results offer information about the important factors related to staying in relationships during and after a gender transition.
Global estimates of damaging hail hazard

Abstract A single hailstorm can cause losses in the billion-dollar range if it occurs over a densely populated area. Property losses from hailstorms are rising with time mainly due to a combination of increases in population density and wealth. Report based observational hail data alone are highly inhomogeneous and unable to discriminate between climate and societal changes. Here we present a statistical approach that estimates hail hazard from large-scale environmental conditions. Using daily ERA-Interim reanalysis data and large hail observations (diameter larger than 2.5 cm) from the conterminous United States (CONUS) we show that four predictors enable skillful discrimination of large hail frequencies on a regional scale. The predictors include atmospheric instability, freezing level height, and 0–3 km wind shear and storm relative helicity. These variables are used to develop a hail algorithm, which provides the probabilities for large hail occurrence from regional to global scales and from daily to climate timescales. The algorithm skill is tested over the CONUS and with independent hail observations from Australia and Europe. It skillfully captures the frequency, annual cycle, spatial patterns, and interannual variability of observed large hail records in a large variety of climate regions. Deficiencies are found in regions with strong orographic forcing and low shear environments. The algorithm outperforms established severe convection indices in terms of more accurately predicting absolute hail frequencies and the annual cycles of large hail in all tested regions. The code is open-source and is applicable to a variety of tasks including daily to seasonal forecasting and assessing climate change influences on hail hazard.
Massive Hemorrhage From Suspected Iatrogenic Uterine Rupture.

Background Intrauterine balloon tamponade is recommended for refractory postpartum hemorrhage resulting from atony, but few studies have assessed complications associated with placement. Case A 39-year-old woman, gravida 4 para 1, with posterior placenta previa and suspected placenta accreta had a postpartum hemorrhage after a scheduled cesarean delivery. An intrauterine balloon tamponade device was easily placed transcervically; however, the patient required additional analgesia for constant severe stabbing pain worsened on examination. Three hours after placement, the balloon was expelled from the cervix, resulting in 1,500 mL of fresh blood and clot. Emergent exploratory laparotomy identified a uterine rupture inferior and lateral to the hysterotomy site. Conclusion Intrauterine balloon tamponade may contribute to iatrogenic uterine rupture and should be considered in patients with refractory hemorrhage, hemodynamic instability, or severe pain despite analgesia.
Merging Incomplete Tertiary Datasets: The Case of 2-1-1 Information and Referral Missing Data

AbstractThis study proposes a method to handle missing data when merging large tertiary datasets. Combining 25 datasets of 2-1-1 Texas Information & Referral Network’s call records to analyze unmet...
Political Theory and American Literature: A Guide through the Archive:

This Guide to the archive presents political theory’s engagement with American literature via a focus on the tension between the real and the imaginative as a source for politics.
Utilization of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics: an Overview

The purpose of this review was to assess the advancement of applications for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling in various therapeutic areas. We conducted a PubMed search, and 166 articles published between 2012 and 2018 on FDA-approved drug products were selected for further review. Qualifying publications were summarized according to therapeutic area, medication(s) studied, pharmacokinetic model type utilized, simulator program used, and the applications of that modeling. The results showed a 13-fold increase in the number of papers published from 2012 to 2018, with the largest proportion of articles dedicated to the areas of infectious diseases, oncology, and neurology, and application extensions including prediction of drug-drug interactions due to metabolism and/or transporter-mediated effects and understanding drug kinetics in special populations. In addition, we profiled several high-impact studies whose results were used to guide package insert information and formulate dose recommendations. These results show that while utilization of PBPK modeling has drastically increased over the past several years, regulatory support, lack of easy-to-use systems for clinicians, and challenges with model validation remain major challenges for the widespread adoption of this practice in institutional and ambulatory settings. However, PBPK modeling will continue to be a useful tool in the future to assess therapeutic drug monitoring and the growing field of personalized medicine.
A crosstalk suppression technique for SiC MOSFETs in the bridge-leg configuration

Power semiconductor devices made of wide bandgap (WBG) materials, such as SiC and GaN, have higher switching speed compared to their Si counterparts. Fast switching speed brings benefits including low switching loss and high operation frequency. At the same time, the high dv/dt associated with fast switching speed imposes EMI and reliability concerns. One of which is the interaction between the top switch and the bottom switch in a bridge-leg configuration. This interaction, also known as the crosstalk effect, could lead to the false triggering of the devices. The false triggering in a bridge-leg configuration could cause high shoot-through current, unstable oscillation and system failure. In this paper, a crosstalk suppression technique is proposed. The proposed technique could suppress the induced gate voltage caused by high dv/dt and Miller capacitance by injecting a cancellation current. Both positive and negative induced gate voltage can be suppressed with the proposed technique without sacrificing switching speed. Different from existed techniques, the proposed technique requires no additional control strategy and could be integrated inside the power module.
Abstract CT113: A novel laser emission microscopy for early detection of colon cancer: Analysis of at-risk human colon from an interventional trial (research in progress)

Introduction: Accurate identification of neoplastic or pre-neoplastic lesions is traditionally dependent on microscopic identification of nuclear abnormalities. It is both time-consuming and challenging in early-stage lesions and difficult to detect. Laser-emission microscopy (LEM) that uses laser emission (not fluorescence) is an emerging technology that takes advantage of the finding that highly-proliferating cells like those in pre-neoplastic lesions can be distinguished from less proliferative cells by a lower laser emission dot density (LDD) when stained with a nuclear dye. We have successfully used this technique to detect (early) nuclear changes in a high-fat induced colon cancer model. LEM has also been used successfully to differentiate healthy tissue from cancerous tissue in human patients. Methods: This LEM system is capable of rapidly scanning tissue as large as 2 cm×2 cm in ~10 min. Both laser emission and regular fluorescence are imaged simultaneously, thus providing information regarding the lasing spot density and location within the human colon tissues. In this study, we employed colon biopsies from 12 human subjects (at risk for colorectal cancer). These subjects participated in a 90-day intervention, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. 8 subjects ingested known chemopreventives and 4 subjects took a placebo. Colon biopsies were taken from the sigmoid colon at baseline and after 90 days. The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were subjected to LEM microscopic assessment. For this, the tissues were sandwiched between two mirrors to form a laser cavity and laser excitation was applied. By comparing the laser emission spectra, highly proliferative tissue could be differentiated from less proliferative tissue. Post-treatment biopsies were compared to their baseline status. These biopsies were also stained with Ki67 to obtain their proliferation index to compare with the LEM results. Results: On average, there was a 20% increase in the LDD among the 8 subjects on chemopreventives while no change was seen in Ki67 positivity. In placebo group, Ki67 was decreased by 14% and LDD was 12% increased. On individual comparison, LDD and Ki67 data were correlated positively in 6 subjects. Conclusion: The preliminary data suggest that in histologically-normal but “at-risk” human colon LEM may pick early nuclear changes that may not be detected by a proliferation marker. Citation Format: Muhammad N. Aslam, Yun-Lu Sun, Ingrid Bergin, Mohamed Ali H. Jawad-Makki, Karsten Knuver, Danielle (Kim) Turgeon, James Varani, Xudong Fan. A novel laser emission microscopy for early detection of colon cancer: Analysis of at-risk human colon from an interventional trial (research in progress) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr CT113.
Body Composition is Associated With Islet Function After Pancreatectomy and Islet Autotransplantation for Pancreatitis.

CONTEXT Body composition in total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) has never been studied. OBJECTIVE Determine whether presurgical body composition is associated with islet function and insulin sensitivity after TPIAT. METHODS In 88 adults undergoing TPIAT (median age 41.0 years, IQR 32.8-48.0), beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity were assessed using mixed meal tolerance test and frequent sample intravenous glucose tolerance test before surgery and 12 and 18 months afterward. Body composition was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Analyses used linear and logistic regression. RESULTS Before surgery, 8 individuals (9.1%) were underweight, 40 (45.5%) normal weight, 20 (22.7%) overweight, and 20 (22.7%) obese. Overweight/obese patients had higher area under the curve C-peptide and lower insulin sensitivity index. Baseline body weight was positively associated with first-phase insulin secretion (AIRg) at 12 months (average 38.5 [SE 17.1] mU/L/min higher per extra kg; P = 0.03) and 18 months (38.3 [18.5]; P = 0.04), while baseline lean mass was inversely associated with AIRg at 12 months (-0.05 [0.02] per extra kg; P = 0.01) and 18 months (-0.05 [0.02]; P = 0.03). Percent gynoid fat was inversely associated with disposition index at 18 months (-206.0 [97.2] per extra percent; P = 0.04). Percent body fat and percent gynoid fat were associated with glucose effectiveness index at 18 months (1.9 × 10-3 [0.9 × 10-3] per extra percent; P = 0.04 and -1.96 × 10-3 [0.8 × 10-3]; P = 0.02, respectively). Insulin independence was not significantly associated with body weight or composition. CONCLUSIONS Half of these chronic pancreatitis patients were overweight/obese; underweight was uncommon. Preoperative body weight and composition were associated with islet function but not insulin independence after TPIAT.
The Structure and Linear Polarization of the Kiloparsec-scale Jet of the Quasar 3C 345

Deep Very Large Array imaging of the quasar 3C 345 at 4.86 and 8.44 GHz has been used to study the structure and linear polarization of its radio jet on scales ranging from 2 to 30 kpc. There is a 7-8 Jy unresolved core with spectral index α –0.24 (I ν∝να). The jet (typical intensity 15 mJy beam–1) consists of a 25 straight section containing two knots, and two additional non-co-linear knots at the end. The jet's total projected length is about 27 kpc. The spectral index of the jet varies over –1.1 α –0.5. The jet diverges with a semi-opening angle of about 9°, and is nearly constant in integrated brightness over its length. A faint feature northeast of the core does not appear to be a true counter-jet, but rather an extended lobe of this FR-II radio source seen in projection. The absence of a counter-jet is sufficient to place modest constraints on the speed of the jet on these scales, requiring β 0.5. Despite the indication of jet precession in the total intensity structure, the polarization images suggest instead a jet re-directed at least twice by collisions with the external medium. Surprisingly, the electric vector position angles in the main body of the jet are neither longitudinal nor transverse, but make an angle of about 55° with the jet axis in the middle while along the edges the vectors are transverse, suggesting a helical magnetic field. There is no significant Faraday rotation in the source, so that is not the cause of the twist. The fractional polarization in the jet averages 25% and is higher at the edges. In a companion paper, Roberts & Wardle show that differential Doppler boosting in a diverging relativistic velocity field can explain the electric vector pattern in the jet.
Transcription Factors of the Alx Family: Evolutionarily Conserved Regulators of Deuterostome Skeletogenesis.

Members of the alx gene family encode transcription factors that contain a highly conserved Paired-class, DNA-binding homeodomain and a C-terminal OAR/Aristaless domain. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies have revealed complex patterns of alx gene duplications during deuterostome evolution. Remarkably, alx genes have been implicated in biomineralization and skeletogenesis in both echinoderms and vertebrates. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge concerning alx genes in deuterostomes. We highlight their evolutionarily conserved role in biomineralization and draw parallels and distinctions between the skeletogenic gene regulatory circuitry of diverse groups within the superphylum.
Targeting EphA2 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma initiation and progression by dual inhibition of JAK1/STAT3 and AKT signaling

Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. One major obstacle to treatment is a lack of effective molecular-targeted therapies. In this study, we find that EphA2 expression and signaling are enriched in human HCC and associated with poor prognosis. Loss of EphA2 suppresses the initiation and growth of HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, CRISPR/CAS9-mediated EphA2 inhibition significantly delays tumor development in a genetically engineered murine model of HCC. Mechanistically, we discover that targeting EphA2 suppresses both AKT and JAK1/STAT3 signaling, two separate oncogenic pathways in HCC. We also identify a small molecule kinase inhibitor of EphA2 that suppresses tumor progression in a murine HCC model. Together, our results suggest EphA2 as a promising therapeutic target for HCC.
Telehealth: Reducing or increasing cancer care disparities?

1582Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, most cancer care in the United States transitioned to telehealth (phone or video visits) to reduce infection risks for patients and providers. Teleheal...
Black Political Participation in the Volunteer State

There have been several explanations advanced to account for the unsteady levels of political participation among Blacks in recent years, but rather unfortunately, little research has been conducted into the role local issues may play. National personalities and elongated election seasons inundated with negative campaigning may have "turned-off" potential voters, but as the popular aphorism goes, "all politics are local," and thus local conditions should be interrogated to help understand voting and other forms of political participation. To this end, this study seeks to probe more deeply into this phenomenon by examining local political participation in the American states. For reasons we outline below, we specifically focus on local political participation in the state of Tennessee (TN) Utilizing data from the 2016 Congressional Cooperative Election Study (CCE), we ask what local-level factors most likely influence political participation among Blacks in TN? In order to parse through the large 2016 CCES dataset more efficiently, we employ software programming tools to address our primary questions using computational thinking and research methods. This technology-driven style of political thinking demonstrates the utility of adopting computing tools and data-driven approaches to identify and address areas of concern across government and civic society. One implication of this work is that it highlights the need for political actors to think more locally when crafting strategies for outreach and engagement towards historically disadvantaged race groups.
Immortalized striatal precursor neurons from Huntington's disease patient-derived iPS cells as a platform for target identification and screening for experimental therapeutics.

We have previously established Induced Pluripotent Stem cell (iPSC) models of Huntington's Disease (HD), demonstrating CAG-repeat-expansion-dependent cell biological changes and toxicity. However, the current differentiation protocols are cumbersome and time consuming, making preparation of large quantities of cells for biochemical or screening assays difficult. Here, we report the generation of Immortalized Striatal Precursor Neurons (ISPNs) with normal (33) and expanded (180) CAG repeats from HD iPSCs, differentiated to a phenotype resembling Medium Spiny Neurons (MSN), as a proof of principle for a more tractable patient-derived cell model. For immortalization we used co-expression of the enzymatic component of telomerase hTERT and conditional expression of c-Myc. ISPNs can be propagated as stable adherent cell lines, and rapidly differentiated into highly homogeneous MSN-like cultures within two weeks, as demonstrated by immunocytochemical criteria. Differentiated ISPNs recapitulate major HD-related phenotypes of the parental iPSC model, including BDNF-withdrawal-induced cell death that can be rescued by small molecules previously validated in the parental iPSC model. Proteome and RNA-seq analyses demonstrate separation of HD versus control samples by Principal Component Analysis. We identified several networks, pathways, and upstream regulators, also found altered in HD iPSCs, other HD models, and HD patient samples. HD ISPN lines may be useful for studying HD-related cellular pathogenesis, and for use as a platform for HD target identification and screening experimental therapeutics. The described approach for generation of ISPNs from differentiated patient-derived iPSCs could be applied to a larger allelic series of HD cell lines, and to comparable modeling of other genetic disorders.
EFFECT OF SEVERE HYPOXEMIA (H) AND HYPOTENSION (HT) ON NEWBORN CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (CBF), AND CEREBRAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (CMRO 2 )

Cerebral autoregulation (AR) is absent under certain conditions. We studied the effect of H on AR of CBF in anesthetized paralyzed, ventilated newborn dogs using microspheres. Following baseline measurements H was produced by ↓ FlO2 (PaO2<20 torr) and maintained for the duration of the experiment. In 5 animals HT was produced by acute ↓ in blood volume resulting in a fall of 40% in mean BP. 7H animals served as controls and had no changes in BP or CBF. 2-way ANOVA, Neuman-Keuls, Mean±SD. Thus, 1) severe H produces a marked increase in CBF primarily due to cerebral vascular resistance (CVR), 2) in spite of ↑ CBF and maximal tissue oxygen extraction, CMRO2 falls by 50%, 3) unlike the adult, AR of CBF in preserved after 10' of severe H, 4) the further fall in CVR due to HT, after maximal vasodilatation due to H, suggests that the mechanisms for H and HT vasodilatation on the cerebral vasculature may be different.
Reverse Auctions to Innovate Procurement Processes: Effects of Bid Information Presentation Design on a Supplier's Bidding Outcome

Information technologies (ITs) are being used to innovate various procurement processes. This research study focuses on the supplier-side effects of IT design choices to conduct reverse auctions, which are increasingly used to procure a wide range of products and services. IT–enabled reverse auctions enhance supplier participation across geographical boundaries, leading to more efficient pricing. However, there are growing concerns about the adverse effects of IT–enabled reverse auctions on a supplier's performance. Supplier-side issues are gaining prominence in the reverse auction literature and are critical for the long-term success of reverse auctions. Therefore, we focus on suppliers’ bidding outcomes and assess how the design of an IT–enabled reverse auction facilitates the auction bidding outcomes of participating suppliers. Specifically, we examine the effects of two types of bid information presentation design—full price visibility and partial price visibility—on supplier's auction bidding outcomes, across auctions with different cost certainty and suppliers bargaining power vis-a-vis the buyer. The results of this study contribute new knowledge about the ways to use IT for creating effective auction designs and innovating procurement through auctions to enhance both the buyer's and suppliers’ performance. We present the detailed theoretical contributions of our study and discuss the managerial implications for designers of reverse auctions.
TGF-β Requires CTLA-4 Early after T Cell Activation to Induce FoxP3 and Generate Adaptive CD4+CD25+ Regulatory Cells

Although positive CD28 costimulation is needed for the generation of natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, we report that negative CTLA-4 costimulation is necessary for generating phenotypically and functionally similar adaptive CD4+CD25+ suppressor cells. TGF-beta could not induce CD4+CD25- cells from CTLA-4(-/-) mice to express normal levels of FoxP3 or to develop suppressor activity. Moreover, blockade of CTLA-4 following activation of wild-type CD4+ cells abolished the ability of TGF-beta to induce FoxP3-expressing mouse suppressor cells. TGF-beta accelerated expression of CTLA-4, and time course studies suggested that CTLA-4 ligation of CD80 shortly after T cell activation enables TGF-beta to induce CD4+CD25- cells to express FoxP3 and develop suppressor activity. TGF-beta also enhanced CD4+ cell expression of CD80. Thus, CTLA-4 has an essential role in the generation of acquired CD4+CD25+ suppressor cells in addition to its other inhibitory effects. Although natural CD4+CD25+ cells develop normally in CTLA-4(-/-) mice, the lack of TGF-beta-induced, peripheral CD4+CD25+ suppressor cells in these mice may contribute to their rapid demise.
Uncorporating the Large Firm

This article examines private equity firms as an example of partnership-type, or uncorporate, structures in the governance of large firms. Other examples include publicly traded partnerships, real estate investment trusts, hedge funds and venture capital funds. These firms can be seen as an alternative to the corporate form in dealing with the central problem of aligning managers' and owners' interests. In the standard corporate form, shareholders monitor powerful managers by voting on directors and corporate transactions, suing for breach of fiduciary duty and selling control. These mechanisms deal with managerial agency costs by relying on other agents, including auditors, class action lawyers, judges, independent directors and shareholder intermediaries such as mutual and pension funds. Uncorporations substitute other devices for corporate-type monitoring, including more closely tying managers' economic well-being to the firm's fortunes and greater assurance of distributions to owners. Continued concerns with managerial agency costs, the inadequacy of regulatory responses such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, changing costs and benefits of public ownership, leverage and capital lock-in all contribute to the rise of uncorporate structures in large firms. Political considerations may, however, constrain these developments.
Effect of steroid use during chemotherapy on SUV levels in PET/CT

2718 Objectives Elevated serum glucose alters SUV values in normal and neoplastic tissue, and can be elevated by steroids. Therefore, we avoid performing 18F-FDG PET scans on patients with serum glucose levels greater than 200 mg/dL. Here we evaluated the effect of prednisone given as part of chemotherapy on physiologic FDG uptake, comparing cohorts of euglycemic and borderline hyperglycemic patients. Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing PET/CT for a new diagnosis of lymphoma from 2006-2011, who meet the criteria for our study, was performed. Patients were divided into a euglycemic group (EG) and a hyperglycemic group (HG) based on fasting glucose prior to initial PET/CT (cut-off 150 mg/dl). SUVmax was measured in the cerebellum, ascending aorta, liver, and the anterior compartment of both thighs before and during chemotherapy with prednisone. Serum glucose was checked before the follow-up PET/CT. Results 20 patients were in the EG, and 16 patients were in the HG. In all patients (age: mean 60.0+/-14.0 years; 24 male), the mean increase in serum glucose was 24.6+/-28.0 mg/dL (all Conclusions SUV in patients undergoing treatment with corticosteroids should be comparable between their pretreatment and treatment PET/CT as long as the glucose is below 150 mg/dL. Our results suggest that glucose metabolism in tumors, which mimic cerebellar activity, may show an artificial drop in tumor metabolism (SUV) in patients undergoing corticosteroid treatment
GENERALIZED HAMILTONIAN EMBEDDING OF THE PROCA MODEL

We convert the second-class Proca model into a first-class theory by using the generalized prescription of Batalin, Fradkin and Tyutin. We then show how a basic set of gauge-invariant fields in the embedded model can be identified with the fundamental fields in the Proca model as well as with the observables in the Stuckelberg model or in the model involving the interaction of an Abelian two-form field with the Maxwell field. The connection of these models with the massive Kalb–Ramond model is also elucidated within a path integral approach.
A computer simulation model for proton transport in liquid imidazole.

A multistate empirical valence bond (MS-EVB) model is developed to simulate proton transport in liquid imidazole. This approach allows proton transfer to simultaneously occur on both reaction sites (donor and acceptor) of the imidazole molecule. The underlying imidazole and imidazolium models are described by the generalized Amber force field (GAFF). The imidazole MS-EVB model was parametrized to reproduce the ab initio proton shuttling potential energy surface (PES) of a protonated imidazole dimer in the gas phase. In bulk phase at 393 K, the MS-EVB simulation yields a proton diffusion coefficient of 0.20 A2/ps and a Grotthuss hopping rate of 1/36 ps−1. Both results are in good agreement with experimental results. Despite the prevalence of a classical-like imidazolium structure with highly localized protonic charge, charge delocalization is not a negligible process in the simulations. Rather, it is shown to enhance the rate of proton diffusion by approximately 40% through Grotthuss shuttling. Analysis of...
Use of Antihypertensive Drug Therapy in Older Persons in an Academic Nursing Home

Objectives To determine the prevalence of hypertension and the appropriate treatment of hypertension in older persons in an academic nursing home. Design The charts of all persons aged ≥ 59 years currently residing in a nursing home affiliated with Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College were analyzed by two geriatrics fellows according to a protocol designed by one of the authors (W.S.A.). Setting An academic nursing home affiliated with Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College. Participants The study population included 96 men and 159 women, mean age 77 ± 9 years (range, 59–100 years). Results Hypertension was present in 129 of 255 persons (51%). Clinical cardiovascular disease or target organ damage or diabetes mellitus was present in 121 of 129 persons (94%) with hypertension. Hypertension was poorly controlled in 21 of 129 persons (16%). Of 129 persons with hypertension, 70 (54%) were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, 61 persons (47%) with beta blockers, 43 persons (33%) with diuretics, 36 persons (28%) with calcium channel blockers, 5 persons (4%) with alpha blockers, and 5 persons (4%) with other antihypertensive drugs. Of 54 persons with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, 37 persons (69%) were treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers. Of 58 persons with hypertension and coronary artery disease, 33 persons (57%) were treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, 31 persons (53%) with beta blockers, 20 persons (34%) with diuretics, 18 persons (31%) with calcium channel blockers, 2 persons (4%) with alpha blockers, and 4 persons (7%) with other antihypertensive drugs. Of 31 persons with hypertension and heart failure, only 5 persons (16%) had measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction. Of 31 persons with hypertension and heart failure, 30 persons (97%) were treated with diuretics, 21 persons (68%) with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, 18 persons (58%) with beta blockers, and 8 persons (26%) with calcium channel blockers. Conclusions Of older persons with hypertension in an academic nursing home, 16% had poor control of their hypertension. There was overuse of calcium channel blockers and alpha blockers and underuse of diuretics, beta blockers, and ACE inhibitors in treating hypertension. Physician education needs to be intensified to provide better medical care of older persons with hypertension through the use of optimal doses of drugs found to be effective and safe by evidence-based studies.
Differentiating Alzheimer’s disease from dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with (+)-[11C]dihydrotetrabenazine positron emission tomography

Abstract Background Several progressive neurologic disorders begin with cognitive decline or parkinsonism, notably Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We used positron emission tomography (PET) in attempts to differentiate these disorders. Methods We performed PET with (+)-[ 11 C]dihydrotetrabenazine ([ 11 C]DTBZ) to examine blood-to-brain ligand transport (K 1 ) and striatal monoaminergic presynaptic binding (distribution volume [DV]) in 25 DLB, 30 PD, and 25 AD patients and 57 elderly controls (NC). Results [ 11 C]DTBZ DV was decreased significantly in caudate nucleus, anterior putamen, and posterior putamen in DLB and PD compared with AD and NC. DLB and PD groups showed an anterior-to-posterior gradient of binding loss relative to NC, least in caudate nucleus and largest in posterior putamen. The gradient was significantly steeper in PD than DLB. Both PD and DLB showed significantly greater interhemispheric striatal binding asymmetry than NC, and PD had greater asymmetry than DLB. Cerebral cortical [ 11 C]DTBZ K 1 was decreased diffusely by 4% to 8% in PD. Larger K 1 deficits occurred in AD and DLB temporoparietal and prefrontal association cortices and posterior cingulate cortex. Greater reduction of K 1 occurred in occipital cortex in DLB than AD. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses distinguished DLB from AD more effectively on the basis of striatal DV than occipital K 1 and distinguished DLB from PD more effectively on the basis of cerebral cortical K 1 than striatal DV patterns. Overall, 90% of cases were properly classified by combining these measures. Conclusions PET with [ 11 C]DTBZ can differentiate DLB from both PD and AD in a single neuroimaging study.
Das Bandenspektrum des Chromoxyds

Die Banden des Chromoxyds werden im Wellenlangengebiete 7100 bis 4800 A auf Spektrogrammen hoher Dispersion vermessen und es wird eine vollstandigere und genaue Schwingungsanalyse durchgefuhrt. Als neue Gleichung fur die Bandenkopfe ergibt sich $$\begin{gathered} v = 16 594.7 + \{ 750,7 (\upsilon ' + {\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}) - 8,9 (\upsilon ' + {\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}})^2 \} \hfill \\ - \{ 898,8 (\upsilon '' + {\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}) - 6,5 (\upsilon '' + {\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}})^2 \} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
All three elements of the lac ps promoter mediate its transcriptional response to DNA supercoiling.

The supercoiling response of four closely related promoters was examined in vitro. It was found that changes in all three elements of the lac pS promoter, i.e. the −10 sequence, the −35 sequence, and the spacer length, alter the transcriptional response to DNA supercoiling. Thus, the promoter as a whole, not just the melted region, mediates the supercoiling response. It is proposed that DNA supercoiling changes the structure of the promoter DNA to a form that can be recognized by RNA polymerase and then easily melted. All four promoter variants tested show the same qualitative response to the introduction of DNA supercoiling; that is, transcription is increased compared to relaxed DNA. However, for three of the four promoters, the rate peaked at intermediate levels of supercoiling and declined at higher superhelicities. Each mutation was found to alter both the extent of stimulation that can be achieved and the amount of superhelicity associated with maximal stimulation. The trend is that the stronger promoters are stimulated less, and this maximal stimulation occurs on templates containing fewer superhelical turns. At the level of supercoiling that may pertain in vivo, changes in superhelicity would result in considerable differential changes in the strengths of these promoters.
Investigating the limits of randomized benchmarking protocols

In this paper, we analyze the performance of randomized benchmarking protocols on gate sets under a variety of realistic error models that include systematic rotations, amplitude damping, leakage to higher levels, and $1/f$ noise. We find that, in almost all cases, benchmarking provides better than a factor-of-2 estimate of average error rate, suggesting that randomized benchmarking protocols are a valuable tool for verification and validation of quantum operations. In addition, we derive models for fidelity decay curves under certain types of non-Markovian noise models such as $1/f$ and leakage errors. We also show that, provided the standard error of the fidelity measurements is small, only a small number of trials are required for high-confidence estimation of gate errors.