cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 274: Comparison of proteomics identification pipelines for lymphocyte characterization

Proteomics analyses can be adapted to samples as small as a single cell, however such sample reduction severely limits the number proteins identified and quantified. Multiple software pipelines exist for processing the raw data to quantitative protein tables. For very small sample amounts, the sensitivity of software algorithms can have a significant impact on the final results. We collected whole blood samples for two subjects by venous blood draws. Using antibody guided flow cytometry cell sorting, we separated B and T cell lymphocytes. For two subjects and two different blood collections, five replicates of 145 B cells or T cells were prepared for mass spectrometry for proteomics using the AutoPOTS workflow. Using the raw files from these forty runs, we perform protein quantification with a selection of common tools such as MaxQuant, ProteomeDiscoverer, and FragPipe and compare the number of identified and quantified proteins. In small sample proteomics, the primary objective is obtaining the most quantified proteins. Although each tool has advantages in terms of usability, speed, and sensitivity, our primary concern is sensitivity. At such a low sample input, we observe that the number of quantified proteins increases by 30% using the most sensitive algorithm. For identifying and quantifying proteins from small samples, the sensitivity of the software is the most important factor to consider. In addition to the identification sensitivity of each algorithm, we are exploring optimal parameters for increased protein quantification. Differences between samples appear regardless of the processing tool, showing that using a less sensitive tool will still characterize the trends but with a significant cost to the number of proteins. Using the most sensitive algorithm for small sample proteomics will greatly improve the number of proteins identified and quantified. Citation Format: Michaela A. McCown, Carolyn Allen, Daniel D. Machado, Samuel H. Payne. Comparison of proteomics identification pipelines for lymphocyte characterization [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 274.
Kenyan engineering teachers building reflective practice

This study examined reflective practice by teachers in a fragile community in Kenya. Without formal qualifications, teachers grappled with engineering teaching until they become critically reflecti...
Distinctions between single and twin impinging jet dynamics.

Impinging jets are characterized by an acoustic feedback resonance capable of generating intense tones. This investigation examines changes in single impinging jet (SIJ) dynamics when another jet is added alongside to form a dual impinging jet (DIJ) arrangement of interest in vertical takeoff and landing applications. The emphasis is on the hydrodynamic and acoustic coupling in the region between the jets, which affects aircraft surface loading. Well-resolved large eddy simulations of SIJ and DIJ are employed with under-expanded Mach 1.27 jets; the nozzle exits are placed 4 diameters from the ground plane and, for the DIJ, separated 4.3 diameters from each other to mimic ongoing experiments. Three different SIJ feedback harmonics of the fundamental frequency are identified using two-point space-time correlations. Using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition, these tones are classified as either asymmetric or axisymmetric modes in the SIJ. Each individual jet in the DIJ configuration also exhibits these nominal tones. However, differences are observed on the inboard sides between the jets, where coupling effects engender an azimuthally localized Kelvin–Helmholtz instability and impingement mechanism. The global coupling between the two jets manifests as counter-rotating helical modes, which reinforce the lowest of the three identified SIJ impinging tones.
Employment Loss as a Result of COVID-19: a Nationwide Survey at the Onset of COVID-19 in US LGBTQ+ Populations.

The unemployment rate in the US reached record highs during the COVID-19 pandemic, but little is known about the job loss experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals, who are already economically disadvantaged due to structural and social inequities. Cross-sectional data on unemployment due to COVID-19 were collected between May and July 2020 among 1090 individuals across the US through an online survey. Respondents who had been employed prior to COVID-19 formed the analytic sample (n = 990). Of these, 298 (27.3%) reported job loss or being furloughed due to COVID-19. When controlling for all other factors, we found statistically significant higher rates of unemployment among younger participants, HIV-positive individuals, men, Black and White non-Hispanic participants, those with less educational attainment, and those in multi-person homes. The employment of LGBTQ+ people has been undermined by COVID-19, but as with all populations, those with multiple minority identities, such as Black or HIV+ and LGBTQ+, have been most severely affected. LGBTQ+ populations in the US have experienced high levels of unemployment due to COVID-19. This study highlights the need for national data collection on sexual orientation and gender identity for unemployment as well as the need for substantive policies, such as expanding unemployment to assist in the economic recovery for populations most affected by COVID-19 and the Equality Act to offer further workplace protections.
Politics as a Christian vocation : faith and democracy today

Introduction: the present purpose 1. Render to Caesar 2. Government by the people 3. Faith and the way of reason 4. Justice in the community of love 5. Religious decisions at stake 6. Political deliberations 7. Appendix: on the humanistic commitment.
Valiant Thoracic Stent Graft

The valiant thoracic stent graft is a self-expanding stent graft with nitinol wire scaffolding attached to a low-profile polyester monofilament weave (Fig. 27.1). There is no connecting bar which therefore eliminates the need to rotationally orient device. There are 8-peak springs which distribute radial force across more points of contact with less force and stress per point. Springs sewn to outside of graft material raised surface may provide better opportunity for tissue incorporation.
Automated Segmentation of Sulcal Regions

Automatic segmentation and identification of cortical sulci play an important role in the study of brain structure and function. In this work, a method is presented for the automatic segmentation of sulcal regions of cortex. Unlike previous methods that extract the sulcal spaces within the cortex, the proposed method extracts actual regions of the cortical surface that surround sulci. Sulcal regions are segmented from the medial surface as well as the lateral and inferior surfaces. The method first generates a depth map on the surface, computed by measuring the distance between the cortex and an outer “shrink-wrap” surface. Sulcal regions are then extracted using a hierarchical algorithm that alternates between thresholding and region growing operations. To visualize the buried regions of the segmented cortical surface, an efficient technique for mapping the surface to a sphere is proposed. Preliminary results are presented on the geometric analysis of sulcal regions for automated identification.
Cytokines and direct cell contact in synovitis: relevance to therapeutic intervention.

In chronic inflammation, which leads to tissue destruction and fibrosis, immunocompetent cells migrate through the vascular endothelium to the target tissue. A prototype of these events is synovitis, which occurs in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The hypothesis that cells from the bone marrow could also migrate directly to the synovium through channels interconnecting the two compartments is still under debate. Also, there is no definitive answer regarding the number of cells that result from infiltration of the synovium after migration, or from proliferation at the local site. Furthermore, the survival of the cells in synovitis is being subjected to some scrutiny, because there is some evidence for a lack of apoptosis in pathological conditions. The interaction between lymphocytes of different subsets and monocyte/macrophages (type A synovial cells) results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. These include interleukin (IL)-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which induce connective tissue cells (type B synovial cells or synoviocytes) to produce large amounts of matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs), which in turn degrade extracellular matrix components (eg collagens and proteoglycans). Simultaneously, counter-regulatory mechanisms (cytokine inhibitors, anti-inflammatory cytokines and protease inhibitors) are triggered in an attempt to block inflammation and tissue destruction. During, and shortly after the onset of synovitis chondrocytes and bone-derived cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) are activated by the same cytokines, together with prostanoids [mainly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)], to degrade the extracellular matrix via MMPs and to remove the mineral phase of the bone. The inflammatory and destructive process is often followed by attempts at repair which, unfortunately, result mostly in fibrosis and nonfunctional tissue. The role of cytokines (eg TNF-α and IL-1), growth factors and tissue destruction has been extensively reviewed, and, owing in particular to the concept of inhibition of TNF-α, crucial advances in therapeutic intervention have been made [1,2].
Why Arbitrate? The Questionable Quest for Efficiency in Hallstreet Street Associates, LLC v. Mattel, Inc.

The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) makes arbitration agreements between private parties legally enforceable. The policy favoring arbitration underlying the FAA has been justified as serving two ends: it protects freedom of contract, and it creates an efficient alternative dispute resolution system. Previous decisions by the Court have indicated a belief that, when those two goals come into conflict, the result that preserves freedom of contract should prevail. In Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., however, a recent case involving the Federal Arbitration Act, the Court's decision preserved perceived efficiency at the expense of freedom of contract. The Court held that the parties could not contract to expand judicial review beyond the grounds provided in the FAA Sections 9-11 because such contracting would undermine the speedy resolution of disputes in arbitration. This Comment argues that the Court's decision may not actually produce the most efficient outcomes. Instead, the decision may force parties to seek other, likely less efficient, ways of securing review of arbitration decisions.
Long range correlations in tree ring chronologies of the USA: Variation within and across species

[1] Tree ring width data are among the best proxies for reconstructing past temperature and precipitation records. The discovery of fractal scaling and long-memory in meteorological and hydrological signals motivates us to investigate such properties in tree ring chronologies. Detrended fluctuation analysis and adaptive fractal analysis are utilized to estimate the Hurst parameter values of 697 tree ring chronologies from the continental United States. We find significant differences in the Hurst parameter values across the 10 species studied in the work. The long-range scaling relations found here suggest that the behavior of tree ring growth observed in a short calibration period may be similar to the general behavior of tree ring growth in a much longer period, and therefore, the limited calibration period may be more useful than originally thought. The variations of the long-range correlations within and across species may be further explored in future to better reconstruct paleoclimatic records.
Native Americans and Alcoholism Therapy

ABSTRACT Substance abuse counselors recognize the diversity of their clients and the fact that specific people have distinct needs and vulnerabilities. Native Americans suffering from alcoholism reflect this reality. Here, the work and perspectives of Handsome Lake, a 19th century spiritual leader of the Iroquois Nation who overcame seemingly incurable alcoholism, are used to show how reaffirming a cultural heritage and regaining sobriety can go hand in hand. Beyond merely providing an historical example, this paper generalizes that approach so it can be adapted to the needs of a wide range of indigenous people.
Stein's Method and the Laplace Distribution

Using Stein's method techniques, we develop a framework which allows one to bound the error terms arising from approximation by the Laplace distribution and apply it to the study of random sums of mean zero random variables. As a corollary, we deduce a Berry-Esseen type theorem for the convergence of certain geometric sums. Our results make use of a second order characterizing equation and a distributional transformation which is related to zero-biasing. 1. Background and Introduction Beginning with the publication of Charles Stein's seminal paper Stein (1972), probabilists and statisticians have developed a wide range of techniques based on characterizing equations for bounding the distance between the distribution of a random variable X and that of a random variable Z having some specied
Direct Simulation of Homogeneous Turbulent Shear Flows on the Illiac IV Computer: Applications to Compressible and Incompressible Modelling

Full simulations of sheared homogeneous turbulence were made on the ILLIAC IV computer using 64 × 64 × 64 mesh points; both incompressible and compressible cases were run. The results are validated by comparison with experimental data and are used as the basis for a study of phenomenological turbulence models. A flaw in eddy viscosity models is pointed out. The Rotta pressure-strain model is shown to be reasonably good when one includes the anisotropy of the dissipation in the model. On the other hand, the commonly used model for the rapid pressure-strain term is shown to be not very accurate. Compressibility effects are fairly small, but the acoustic pressure fluctuations in these flows can be quite large. Despite this, little change in the modeling is required.
Lunar Laser Ranging: Glorious Past And A Bright Future

Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), a part of the NASA Apollo program, has beenon-going for more than 30 years. It provides the grist for a multi-disciplinarydata analysis mill. Results exist for solid Earth sciences, geodesy and geodynamics,solar system ephemerides, terrestrial and celestial reference frames, lunar physics,general relativity and gravitational theory. Combined with other data, it treatsprecession of the Earth's spin axis, lunar induced nutation, polar motion/Earthrotation, Earth orbit obliquity to the ecliptic, intersection of the celestial equatorwith the ecliptic, luni-solar solid body tides, lunar tidal deceleration, lunar physicaland free librations, structure of the moon and energy dissipation in the lunar interior.LLR provides input to lunar surface cartography and surveying, Earth station and lunar retroreflector location and motion, mass of the Earth-moon system, lunar and terrestrial gravity harmonics and Love numbers, relativistic geodesic precession, and the equivalence principle of general relativity. With the passive nature of the reflectors and steady improvement in observing equipment and data analysis, LLR continues to provide state-of-the-art results. Gains are steady as the data-base expands. After more than 30 years, LLR remains the only active Apollo experiment. It is important to recognize examples of efficient and cost effective progress of research. LLR is just such an example.
A Hierarchical Model of Values, Leadership, Job Satisfaction and Commitment

Abstract Using a structural equation modeling technique, we empirically tested a hypothetical hierarchical model where personal values leadership styles job satisfaction organizational commitment. Survey data (N = 205) were collected from retail managers of national retail chain store companies. Our exploratory study found that personal values influenced retail managers' leadership styles, which in turn influenced their intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction. Job satisfaction ultimately influenced organizational commitment. Theoretical and managerial implications for human resources management are discussed.
Radiation Exposure during the Evaluation and Management of Nephrolithiasis.

Purpose: There is rising concern over the increasing amount of patient radiation exposure from diagnostic imaging and medical procedures. Patients with nephrolithiasis are at potentially significant risk for radiation exposure due to the need for imaging to manage recurrent stone disease. We reviewed the literature in an attempt to better characterize actual risks and discussed methods to reduce radiation exposure for adult patients with nephrolithiasis.Materials and Methods: A PubMed® search was performed using the key words nephrolithiasis, stones, radiation, fluoroscopy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, computerized tomography and shock wave lithotripsy. Additional citations were identified by reviewing reference lists of pertinent articles.Results: A total of 50 relevant articles were included in this review. Patients with a first time acute stone event are exposed to a significant amount of radiation. Most radiation is from computerized tomography. Patients undergoing percutaneous nephroli...
Are We Overconfident in the Belief That Probability Forecasters Are Overconfident

Abstract This article provides an alternative explanation for the apparent overconfidence of subjective probability forecasters in empirical calibration experiments. This explanation, the inevitable regression-to-the-mean phenomenon expected in any random process, has nothing to do with overconfidence in the dictionary sense of that word. The article suggests that researchers have been too strong in their conclusions about the overconfidence of probability forecasters.
Water and bottom properties of a coastal environment derived from Hyperion data measured from the EO-1 spacecraft platform

Hyperion is a hyperspectral sensor on board NASA's EO-1 satellite with a spatial resolution of approximately 30 m and a swath width of about 7 km. It was originally designed for land applications, but its unique spectral configuration (430 nm - 2400 nm with a ~10 nm spectral resolution) and high spatial resolution make it attractive for studying complex coastal ecosystems, which require such a sensor for accurate retrieval of environmental properties. In this paper, Hyperion data over an area of the Florida Keys is used to develop and test algorithms for atmospheric correction and for retrieval of subsurface properties. Remote-sensing reflectance derived from Hyperion data is compared with those from in situ measurements. Furthermore, water's absorption coefficients and bathymetry derived from Hyperion imagery are compared with sample measurements and LIDAR survey, respectively. For a depth range of ~ 1 - 25 m, the Hyperion bathymetry match LIDAR data very well (~11% average error); while the absorption coefficients differ by ~16.5% (in a range of 0.04 - 0.7 m-1 for wavelengths of 410, 440, 490, 510, and 530 nm) on average. More importantly, in this top-to-bottom processing of Hyperion imagery, there is no use of any a priori or ground truth information. The results demonstrate the usefulness of such space-borne hyperspectral data and the techniques developed for effective and repetitive observation of complex coastal regions.
Rising atmospheric CO2 as a possible trigger for the end-Triassic mass extinction

The end-Triassic mass extinction, one of the five largest extinctions in Earth history, was a severe catastrophe in which 80% of all species were wiped out. The cause of the extinction is controversial, but any mechanism must account for mass extinction in both marine and terrestrial environments. One smoking gun–the eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP)–has prompted the hypothesis that CO2 degassing to the atmosphere may have induced an environmental catastrophe at the end-Triassic. In this study, we use a numerical coupled ocean–atmosphere climate model of the Late Triassic to determine environmental stresses associated with a rapid increase in atmospheric CO2. A series of sensitivity experiments, with CO2 levels that bracket estimated end-Triassic pCO2 estimates (2–8× pre-industrial levels), predict extreme environmental conditions. On land, increasing CO2 from 2× to 8× pre-industrial levels causes an increase in the number and severity of hot days and days without precipitation, an exponential increase in continental area experiencing hot days, and enhanced seasonal fluctuation. In the ocean, wind-driven circulation decreases and meridional overturning diminishes by a factor of ∼4, leading to enhanced ocean stratification. A three-box model of the deep ocean predicts a decline of ∼85 μmol/L in deep ocean oxygen concentration with a 4-fold increase in atmospheric CO2. Consequently, while terrestrial organisms would have been subject to severe heat and water stress, marine fauna would have experienced oxygen deprivation. Additional sensitivity experiments indicate that variations in Milankovitch orbital parameters may further contribute to faunal stress by intensifying continental heating and seasonal fluctuations. In sum, model results predict that rising atmospheric CO2 would have significantly impacted both marine and continental environments, providing a link between turnover on land and ocean during the Late Triassic.
Evaluation of the gene-age interactions in HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels: the impact of the SORT1 polymorphism on LDL cholesterol levels is age dependent.

Abstract Several genes that influence HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels have been identified. The effects of genetic polymorphisms on lipid levels may be age dependent. We replicated 17 of these previously identified associations and then used cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis to investigate age–SNP interaction effects. The rs646776 SNP at the SORT1 locus showed an age interaction that was significant in cross-sectional analyses of 1350 individuals from Utah ( p =0.0003) and in 2977 individuals from the NHLBI Family Heart Study ( p =0.007) as well as in longitudinal analysis of a subsample of 1099 individuals from the Utah cohort that had been followed for over 20years ( p =0.0001). The rs646776 genotype-specific difference in LDL-C levels was significantly greater for younger individuals than for older individuals. These findings may help elucidate the mode of action of the SORT1 gene and impact potential therapeutic interventions targeting this pathway.
Ultraviolet optical constants of water and ammonia ices

A method reported by Tempelmeyer and Mills (1968) for the determination of real refractive indices of transparent films was used in the investigation. It was found that the fringe period for a transparent film can be used to approximate the period for a semitransparent film near its extremum. The experimental apparatus is discussed along with details regarding the employed technique. Graphs are presented concerning the refractive index and the absorption coefficients for amorphous water ice and amorphous ammonia ice.
An Entropy Based Treatment of Gaussian Communication Process for General Quantum Systems

The quantum entropy introduced by von Neumann around 1932 describes the amount of information of the quantum state itself. It was extended by Ohya for C*-systems before Conne-Narnhoffer-Thirring (CNT) entropy. The quantum relative entropy was first defined by Umegaki for σ-finite von Neumann algebras and it was subsequently extended by Araki and Uhlmann for general von Neumann algebras and *-algebras, respectively. By introducing a new notion, the so-called compound state, in 1983 Ohya succeeded to construct the mutual entropy in a complete quantum mechanical system (i.e., input state, output state and channel are all quantum mechanical) describing the amount of information correctly transmitted through the quantum channel. In this paper, we briefly review Ohya's S-mixing entropy and the quantum mutual entropy for general quantum systems. Based on a concept of structure equivalent, we apply the general framework of quantum communication to the Gaussian communication processes.
Recent developments in urban marginality along Mexico's northern border

Abstract This paper analyzes recent developments in urban marginality along Mexico's northern border. The northern border in the last two decades has undergone a significant economic transformation as well as an explosive population growth. The paper emphasizes that in spite of impressive economic indicators border cities in Mexico urban marginality continue; that is, economic gains have not trickled down as it would be expected. Urban marginality is defined here based on access to basic public services such as water, sewer and electricity. A discussion of market failures and government failures is presented to evaluate to what extent or degree marginality can be attributed to one or the other. The main finding of this paper is that although there has been some quantitative improvement in delivery of services, access and distribution have been uneven; therefore, marginality among lower-income groups continues. The key conclusion in the paper points towards the need of strengthening and developing planning institutions that would give local governments the tools to manage urban growth such as asserting their eminent domain power to improve land markets and accessibility to poor people to formal housing; fiscal powers as well as professionalizing city managers.
Effective Interventions for Adolescent Mothers

This article reviews research on programs designed to reduce the adverse consequences of early childbearing. Programs that focus on the mothers' health and well-being have proved effective in changing life outcomes for the mothers and improving the childrearing environment they provide for their children. More narrowly focused programs designed to increase maternal em-ployability have been ineffective. Comparisons of effective and ineffective programs suggest that the timing of service delivery is a critical factor in program success, as is the choice of goals that are endorsed by the recipients. Future research should focus on means for preventing rapid repeated childbirth in this population and should determine effects of programs for the children as well as the mothers.
Effects of charcoal air filtration and ozone generation on concentrations of some N and S compounds in open-top field chambers

Abstract Concentrations of nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HNO2), ammonia (NHA sulfur dioxide (SO2), as well as particulate nitrate (NOD, sulfate (SO42−), and ammonium (NH4+) were determined with annular denuder systems in open-top chambers (charcoal-filtered [CF] ; ambient air [AA] ; and ambient air with ozone [O3] added [2 × O3]) and the outside chamberless plot. Concentrations of HNO3 were the highest in the outside plot, followed by the 2 × O3, AA, and the CF chambers. Substantial increases of HNO2 were noticed in the CF chambers compared with other chambers and the outside plot. No changes in concentrations of NH3 were recorded for the studied filtration regimes. As expected, concentrations of SO2 were drastically reduced for the CF treatment. No clear effects of air filtration on concentrations of the particulate pollutants were determined. Possible consequences of the observed chemical changes of the open-top chambers' environment on plants are discussed.
Effects of recycled asphalt pavements on the fatigue life of asphalt under different strain levels and loading frequencies

Abstract Fatigue lives of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and binder have been studied separately for a long time. However, fatigue lives of HMA containing Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and the binder extracted from the same HMA containing RAP have not been studied yet. This study examines the effects of RAP, loading frequency and strain level on the fatigue lives of asphalt mixtures and binders. In addition, the relationship between the fatigue lives of asphalt mixture and binder is determined. Beam fatigue tests were conducted to determine the fatigue behaviors of two asphalt mixtures: one with 35% RAP and the other without RAP. To evaluate binder’s fatigue behavior, binders were extracted and recovered from these two mixtures. Then, fatigue lives of these two binders were determined using time sweep and Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests. Results show that presence of RAP in mixture causes a decrease in the mixture’s fatigue life, whereas it causes an increase in the fatigue life of binder. As expected, an increase in loading frequency results in an increase in the fatigue lives of asphalt mixture as well as binder. In addition, increase in strain level causes a decrease in the fatigue lives of both mixtures and binders. Fatigue lives of binders from time sweep and LAS tests show a good correlation with the mixture’s fatigue life by the beam fatigue test.
Interactions of metallothionein with murine lymphocytes: plasma membrane binding and proliferation

Metallothionein (MT) is a thiol rich protein that has been well characterized for its ability to bind and sequester heavy metal cations, free radicals and other reactive toxicants. In addition to induction by these stressors, MT gene expression is upregulated by several cytokines of the acute phase response. In previous work, we have shown that MT can alter aspects of lymphocyte function. MT alone induces modest proliferation of unfractionated splenocytes and acts synergistically with T cell- and B cell-specific mitogens. In contrast, MT inhibits humoral responsiveness in vivo and reduces in vitro T cell responses to processed antigen. In this report, we describe the effects of MT on specific lymphocyte subpopulations in order to further characterize the mechanism of MT-mediated alterations of immune activity. MT binds to the plasma membrane of both T and B lymphocytes, but, in the absence of a costimulatory agent, MT induces lymphoproliferation only in B cells. MT also enhances the capacity of naive B lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells. These results demonstrate differential immunomodulatory activities of MT and may explain some of the diverse immunoregulatory effects associated with exposure to environmental toxins.
Autonomous Agents that Learn to Better Coordinate

A fundamental difficulty faced by groups of agents that work together is how to efficiently coordinate their efforts. This coordination problem is both ubiquitous and challenging, especially in environments where autonomous agents are motivated by personal goals. Previous AI research on coordination has developed techniques that allow agents to act efficiently from the outset based on common built-in knowledge or to learn to act efficiently when the agents are not autonomous. The research described in this paper builds on those efforts by developing distributed learning techniques that improve coordination among autonomous agents. The techniques presented in this work encompass agents who are heterogeneous, who do not have complete built-in common knowledge, and who cannot coordinate solely by observation. An agent learns from her experiences so that her future behavior more accurately reflects what works (or does not work) in practice. Each agent stores past successes (both planned and unplanned) in their individual casebase. Entries in a casebase are represented as coordinated procedures and are organized around learned expectations about other agents. It is a novel approach for individuals to learn procedures as a means for the group to coordinate more efficiently. Empirical results validate the utility of this approach. Whether or not the agents have initial expertise in solving coordination problems, the distributed learning of the individual agents significantly improves the overall performance of the community, including reducing planning and communication costs.
Trends in Film Cooling Effectiveness Caused by Increasing Angle of Diffusion Through a Row of Conical Holes

Previous studies have concluded that increasing the diffusion angle in conical film cooling holes leads to an improvement in film cooling effectiveness. Discharge coefficient and film cooling effectiveness measurements are conducted to characterize these effects. Three test-plates, each with one row of eight pure conical-shaped cooling holes of diffusion angles of 2, 4, and 6 degrees, with respect to the hole-centerline, are used in this study. In addition, the effects of an added entry-length (cylindrical starting section) are also investigated in the form of a 2-degree conical hole with a 4-diameter cylindrical entry-length. Area ratios for these holes range from 1.7 to 2.83. Coolant is injected at 35 degrees to the horizontal, into the main flow. The interactions between the coolant jets downstream of the injection point are also investigated. Temperature sensitive paint, TSP, is the technique used to acquire the temperature distribution downstream of the cooling holes, and thus, ascertain the laterally-averaged film cooling effectiveness. Data are obtained for blowing ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.5. Results and trends are compared with those published on a study on conical holes by the authors, as well as published data for shaped holes, which indicate that the higher conical angles do increase laterally-averaged effectiveness. Moreover, the added entry-length, while providing a metering diameter, does improve the effectiveness in the near-hole region particularly at the higher blowing ratios.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A possible station bias in travel time measurements reported to ISC

A station bias in the travel-times of P-waves may exist in the International Seismological Centre (ISC) data base. It appears that low gain seismographs report systematically late arrival times. Average station delays confirm this with low gain stations generally slower than high gain stations.
Generation of optical quadrature duobinary format using optical delay interferometer

Novel approach to generate optical quadrature duobinary (QDB) signals is experimentally achieved using single optical delay interferometer, which can simultaneously convert multiple WDM QPSK channels into optical QDB format, enabling better filtering tolerance and high scalability.
Maintenance of the Free-Tropospheric Tropical Water Vapor Distribution. Part I: Clear Regime Budget

Abstract The water vapor budget of the free troposphere of the maritime Tropics is investigated using radiosonde observations, analyzed fields, and satellite observations, with particular attention paid to regions free of organized convection. In these arid regions, time-average drying by subsidence must be balanced by moistening via horizontal advection from convective areas and via vertical turbulent transport from below. It is found that for at least 25% of the maritime Tropics, 80% ± 10% of this source above 700 mb is by horizontal advection. The remainder comes from vertical convective transport (scales 270 W m−2 and may be said to exist out of equilibrium with the surface as regards moisture. Transport from below makes a significant contribution between 700 and 800 mb, despite the usual presence of an inversion below these levels, but is difficult to quanti...
Ectoparasites and Other Associates of the Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias Striatus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), from Northeastern USA, with Additional Records from Prince Edward Island, Canada

Ectoparasites and other arthropod associates of 41 Eastern Chipmunks ( Tamias striatus ) from New England, 3 from Pennsylvania, and 1 from Prince Edward Island are reported. There are 10 new host records as well as new state and provincial records.
Signal-to-background ratio for neutron production between 10 and 14 MeV by the reactions 3H(p,n)3He, 1H(t,n)3He, and 2H(d,n)3He

Abstract The monochromaticity of a “single line” neutron source is of utmost importance whenever secondary neutron yields over a wide energy range must be measured. Among the neutron sources considered, 3H(p,n)3He is best if a suitable beam stop is used, for example, 28Si or 28Ni. Tatalum and gold given much larger backgrounds.. Neutron emission spectra from the hydrogen gases and from various beam stops have been measured between 10 and 14 MeV and the signal-to-noise ratios of the neutron production have been determined as a function of the gas pressure. In addition, the 0° break-up cross sections for p on T and d on D were obtained.
The Effects of Varying Attentional Demands on the Word Retrieval Skills of Adults with Aphasia, Right Hemisphere Brain Damage, or No Brain Damage

Adults with mild aphasia, right hemisphere brain damage (RBD), or no brain damage (NBD) provided one-word phrase completions under isolation, focused attention, and divided attention conditions and in response to relatively constrained or unconstrained phrase stems. Despite comparable word retrieval accuracy among groups during the isolation condition, aphasic and RBD groups performed less accurately than the NBD group during focused and divided attention conditions. Across conditions, there were no significant differences between aphasic and RBD groups. Only aphasic subjects demonstrated a significant effect of phrase type, responding more accurately when completing constrained versus unconstrained stimuli. For aphasic and RBD groups, error type analysis indicated that semantic and phonological aspects of word retrieval were influenced by increased attentional demands. These findings suggest that for adults with aphasia or RBD, there is a negative relation between attention impairments and word retrieval abilities.
Fidaxomicin Use and Clinical Outcomes for Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea.

BackgroundFidaxomicin has been scrutinized because of its high acquisition cost. Real-world experience is needed to determine whether fidaxomicin has value in patients with Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) and certain risk factors.MethodsIn this single-center, retrospective cohort st
A finite element analysis of the mixed mode bi-material fracture mechanics problem

Abstract Two aspects of the mixed mode bi-material fracture mechanics problem are investigated using finite elements. The stress intensity factors for an inclined crack at various distances from a bi-material interface are established as a function of inclination for two material pair combinations. The probable angle of crack extension is established for this problem using the maximum hoop stress criterion. The inclined terminal crack problem is studied using variable power singular elements at the interface. Crack tip stress distributions and probable angle of crack extension are presented as functions of crack inclination and material pair combinations. Crack tip stress distributions assuming an interfacial debonding criterion are also presented as functions of crack inclination and material pair combinations.
Deagglomeration of Transfer Film in Metal Contacts Using Nanolubricants

Experimental results presented in this article reveal the ability of nanoparticle-dispersed engine oil (nanolubricant) to deagglomerate metallic transfer films under extreme pressures. Specifically, metallic transfer films were formed and accumulated on the upper AISI 52100 ball in a four-ball tester, which resulted in negative wear—that is, weight gain—under Hertzian contact pressures ranging from 3.4 to 5.5 GPa. When molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles were dispersed in the engine oil, the AISI 52100 upper balls exhibited wear as expected. Scanning electron microscope examination of worn surfaces indicated large patches of metallic transfer films on the ring-shaped wear track of AISI 52100 upper balls tested with the engine oil. Such large patches of transfer films could not be found on the surfaces tested with the nanoparticle-modified engine oil. The experimental results and the mechanism of transfer film deagglomeration are discussed.
Acquisition strategy and the market position of acquiring firms

Research suggests that firms which emphasize unrelated diversification through mergers and acquisitions are often located in unfavorable market positions, in terms of the attractiveness of their industries and their competitive positions within these industries. However, these previous research efforts have not established whether such positions will also be linked to firms using non-conglomerate acquisition strategies. This study utilizes three acquisition strategies—conglomerate, technology-related, and marketing-related—to hypothesize differences in the market position of acquisitive firms. Results show that, while acquisitive growth is generally associated with a decline in market position, one particular acquisition strategy, the marketing-related strategy, is associated with a distinctly superior position. Firms utilizing this strategy were found to be in more profitable industries and to have higher market shares in these industries.
Studies on Serological Homogeneity of Asian Influenza Strains.

SummaryComparison of 1957 and 1960 Asian influenza strains indicated that differences could be detected by both hemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation between some 1957 strains and the 1960 prototype. These differences were detected with antisera against a 1960 prototype virus, but not with antisera against the 1957 prototype employed.
Hallelujahs, Damnations, or Norway's Reformation as Lengthy Process

Though one of the most Protestant nations (approximately 96 percent belong to the state Lutheran church), Norway seemingly had neither cause nor opportunity to write the history of her Reformation. For her the modern writing of history began only in the early nineteenth century, triggered by the nationalism of the Napoleonic era and the July Revolution of 1830. Lacking the Reformation era's religious polemicism, Norway produced no church historians, such as those in other countries who helped found modern historiography in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. There was not even a printing press in Norway until 1643. But in 1811 Norway's first university, the present University of Oslo, was founded and soon became a center for historical research and writing. Far more important, on May 17, 1814, Norwegian representatives signed their constitution, making their land a constitutional monarchy. Precipitated by the 1814 Treaty of Kiel, which tore Norway from over four centuries of royal union with Denmark, a Napoleonic “loser,” and forced her into another ninety–year royal union with victorious Sweden, this constitution, as the only one from the revolutionary era to survive the Metternichian system, became the symbol of one of the most fervent and long-lasting displays of nationalism in modern times. This nationalism is the most important key toward understanding the writing Norwegian historians have done, or not done, about their Reformation.
The Relationship between Averaged Sulfate Exposures and Concentrations: Results from Exposure Assessment Panel Studies in Four U.S. Cities

This analysis examines differences between measured ambient indoor, and personal sulfate concentrations across cities, seasons, and individuals to elucidate how these differences may impact PM2.5 exposure measurement error. Data were analyzed from four panel studies conducted in Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, and Steubenville (OH). Among the study locations, 1912 person-days of personal sulfate data were collected over 396 days involving 245 individual sampling sessions. Long-term differences in ambient and personal levels averaged over time are examined. Differences between averaged ambient and personal sulfate among and within cities were observed, driven by between subject and city differences in sulfate infiltration, F(inf), from outdoors to indoors. Neglecting this source of variability in associations may introduce bias in studies examining long-term exposures and chronic health. Indoor sulfate was highly correlated with and similar in magnitude to personal sulfate, suggesting indoor PM monitoring may be another means of characterizing true exposure variability.
A Model for the Implant-Bone Interface Characteristics of Porous Dental Implants

The use of computer-aided design techniques, such as,finite element stress analysis, to evaluate implant designs requires that the mechanics at the interface between the implant and the bone be characterized, This problem is aecentuated when implants designed to achieve stabilization by tissue growth into parous coatings are used. A model has been developed to represent the mechanical properties of the porous material-bone interface. The model, which accounts for the mechanics of bane tissue grown into a porous implant surface, was also developed so that it could be incorporated into a three-dimensional finite-element analysis,The analytical results from a three-dimensional finite-element model af a cylindrical porous rooted dental implant system incorporating the interface madel were compared to the results of mechanical tests performed on similar implants which had resided in canines for two yr. The resutts fram the finite elernent analysts using the interface model were found to be in better agreement ...
Performance and learning of generalized motor programs: relative (GMP) and absolute (parameter) errors.

The effects of practice (Experiment 1) and parameter variability (Experiment 2) on the learning of generalized motor programs (GMPs) and movement parameterization were investigated. In each experiment, 2 tasks with different relative force-time structures were tested. Participants (N = 32, Experiment 1; N = 40, Experiment 2) attempted to exert a pattern of force that resembled in force and time a waveform that was displayed on a computer monitor. In both experiments, the analysis suggested that the GMP, although refined over practice, was relatively stable (i.e., resistant to decay and interference), even early in practice (after 20 trials). In addition, the results indicated that constant and variable parameter practice did not differentially affect GMP learning but did degrade the learning of the parameter that was not varied. The data provided additional evidence for the dissociation of the GMP and the parameterization processes proposed in GMP theory. Contrary to schema theory, the present data suggest an interdependence between the force and the time parameters: The manipulation of 1 of the parameters has a negative effect on the learning of the other parameter.
Sequencing and scheduling N customers for a stochastic server

Abstract In this paper, we study the problem of sequencing and scheduling N customers for a single-server system. The goal is to balance the expected customer flow times and the expected system completion time. Customers are scheduled to enter the system by appointments only and the service times are exponentially distributed with different rates. The optimization of such a system involves determining the customer service order (sequencing) and the interarrival times (scheduling). We show that the service order depends upon the order of service rates and the optimal schedule can be obtained by solving a set of nonlinear equations. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the method.