cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of invasiveness in plants following hybridization

Despite the fact that invasion biology started as a science grounded almost exclusively in ecology, it rapidly embraced evolutionary research in the last decade. As the contents of this Special Issue testify, the subfield of evolution of invasiveness by hybridization has received increasing attention. Hybrid derived invasives have proved to be an excellent opportunity for the study of the evolution of invasiveness.
Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of minced porcine theca.

Clinical observations indicate that there is an association between hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism in women of reproductive age. The effects of insulin on ovarian steroidogenesis were studied in 4-day incubations of minced porcine theca. Insulin alone significantly stimulated dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T) and androstenedione (Δ4A) accumulation in the media as compared to vehicle-treated controls. Insulin alone did not stimulate progesterone (P) accumulation. Insulin plus luteinizing hormone (LH) resulted in significantly greater accumulation of DHT, T and Δ4A than LH alone. Insulin plus LH did not stimulate P accumulation as compared to LH alone. Insulin, at high concentrations, may be a regulator of thecal androgen synthesis.
Clinical significance of intraoperative bile duct margin assessment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Background Frozen section analysis of bile duct margins is often used to guide the extent of surgical resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA), but the usefulness of this practice is unknown.
Teflon granuloma results in a false-positive “second primary” on 18F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in a patient with a history of nasopharyngeal cancer

18F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) is a frequent diagnostic tool used to evaluate patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). 18F-2-deoxyglucose-PET is used in this setting for detection of metastases (staging) and/or second primaries. False-positive PET scans (10%-15% frequency) can distract from accurate HNSCC staging and an orderly prescription for treatment. Teflon (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) vocal fold injections can result in granuloma formation that has been described to generate a false-positive uptake on PET. We present a case of an injected vocal cord that appeared as a second laryngeal primary in a patient with recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer.
"Do They Even Know That They Do It?": Exploring Awareness of Spanish-English Code-Switching in a Sixth-Grade English Language Arts Classroom.

This article draws on scholarship in educational and linguistic anthropology to explore awareness of Spanish-English code-switching among bilingual Chicana/o and Latina/o students in a sixth-grade English Language Arts classroom. Analysis of qualitative data gathered via participant observation, video/audio recording, and semistructured interviews reveals that students articulated practical and discursive forms of awareness and that these forms of awareness were also sometimes embodied in their language use. It is argued that viewing awareness as a continuum affords a clearer understanding of the full range of their awareness by allowing for embodied reflections of awareness and shifts in individual speakers’ awareness across contexts.
A New Species of Myxozoan (Myxosporea) from the Brain and Spinal Cord of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Idaho

A new species of Myxosporea, Myxobolus neurotropus n. sp., is described from the brain and spinal cord of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Duncan Creek, Owyhee County, Idaho. Spores are oval, have 2 pyriform polar capsules, and possess a thick spore wall (sutural rim) with a short intracapsular offshoot. The mean spore dimensions are length 11.8 μm, width 10.8 μm, and thickness 8.8 μm. This myxozoan is compared to other described Myxobolus species found in cranial tissues of salmonids in terms of spore morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Because it is found in brain and spinal cord, it is encountered while performing screening tests for Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease. Where chronic inflammation and granulomatous lesions are associated with M. cerebralis, histological examination shows no host response to M. neurotropus n. sp. A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is included as an aid in properly identifying the species.
Reading Trajectories of Immigrant Latino Students in Transitional Bilingual Programs

Abstract Using data from a random sample of Latino students in California, tracked throughout their elementary and middle school years, this paper examines ways in which outcomes vary for students of similar language and socioeconomic background who are initially instructed in their native language in transitional bilingual programs. As the students made the transition to instruction in English, which took place for most students in the sample between Grades 2 and 4, all students experienced an abrupt decline in performance on standardized reading test scores in English. However, performance trajectories after transition took markedly different paths, with higher achievers returning to pre-transition rates of performance as lower achievers continued an achievement decline that began for many while still being instructed in Spanish. The paper also examines school factors potentially associated with variations in performance (school-wide reform and strong kindergarten program) for subsets of the sample.
Titanium carbonitrides obtained by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract This study is a preliminary investigation of hard abrasion-resistant coatings obtained by the chemical vapor deposition of titanium carbonitrides with the objectives of (1) developing a process with an upper temperature limit of 650 °C to avoid altering the properties of substrates such as steel and (2) establishing a relation between the properties of the coatings and the deposition parameters. By using amines as a source of carbon and nitrogen, uniform and adherent coatings were obtained at deposition temperatures of 550 °C to 650 °C, provided the steel substrate was electroplated with nickel or cobalt to prevent the formation of interfacial iron chlorides. X-ray diffraction showed that the lattice parameter of the coatings deposited with trimethylamine increased with higher deposition temperatures with a corresponding increase in the carbide mole per cent, which rose from 25% at 550 °C to 72% at 650 °C. The lattice parameter and the carbide mole per cent were higher with trimethylamine than with dimethylamine (53% and 30%, respectively, at 600 °C).
Reducing electrocoagulation harvesting costs for practical microalgal biodiesel production

Electrocoagulation has shown potential to be a primary microalgae harvesting technique for biodiesel production. However, methods to reduce energy and electrode costs are still necessary for practical application. Electrocoagulation tests were conducted on Nannochloris sp. and Dunaliella sp. using perforated aluminium and iron electrodes under various charge densities. Aluminium electrodes were shown to be more efficient than iron electrodes when harvesting both algal species. Despite the lower harvesting efficiency, however, the iron electrodes were more energy and cost efficient. Operational costs of less than $0.03/L oil were achieved when harvesting Nannochloris sp. with iron electrodes at 35% harvest efficiency, whereas aluminium electrodes cost $0.75/L oil with 42% harvesting efficiency. Increasing the harvesting efficiencies for both aluminium and iron electrodes also increased the overall cost per litre of oil, therefore lower harvesting efficiencies with lower energy inputs was recommended. Also,...
Population Aging And Emergency Departments: Visits Will Not Increase, Lengths-Of-Stay And Hospitalizations Will

With US emergency care characterized as “at the breaking point,” we studied how the aging of the US population would affect demand for emergency department (ED) services and hospitalizations in the...
Survival of normal rabbits after appendectomy.

THE majority of the lymphoid tissue in the alimentary canal of normal rabbits is in the appendix, which in fact contains about a half of the total body complement1. It forms an active lymphoepithelial system2 which interchanges bacterial and tissue cells with the gut lumen.
The high-temperature elastic properties of palladium single crystals

Abstract A thin-line acoustic method has been utilized to measure the single-crystal elastic moduli of palladium in the temperature range 30–1200 K. The single-crystal constants behave, at high temperatures, in a classical manner in contrast to a large modulus defect observed in polycrystalline palladium. The latter effect has been interpreted as a result of grain boundary relaxation.
Circadian changes in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in one-kidney hypertensive rats

AbstractOne-kidney hypertension (1KH) was produced in rats by placing a clip on one renal artery and removing the other kidney; control rats were uninephrectomized. On Days 4, 8, and 16 after clipping, groups of 1KH and control rats were sacrificed at 8 am, 4 pm, and 12 midnight (MN) and blood was collected for measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC). Systolic blood pressures for all groups of 1KH rats were elevated above those of the corresponding control rats. PRA was elevated (P 0.05) on Days 8 and 16 at any time. Circadian variations in PRA were similar in both 1KH and control group on all 3 days with the peak value observed at 4 pm. PAC was elevated (P 0.05) on Day 16 at any time. A circadian rhythm for PAC was destroyed in clipped rats and appears ...
A UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucose-1-phosphotransferase in embryonic chicken neural retina

A subclass of cell-surface glycoproteins from embryonic chicken neural retina contains a high mannose-type oligosaccharide that terminates with glucose linked via a phosphodiester bond to penultimate mannose. This unusual oligosaccharide seems responsible for the glycoprotein attachments to the cell-surface baseplate ligatin. Using beta-32P-UDP-3H-glucose, we demonstrate in retinal homogenates the existence of a UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucose-1-phosphotransferase (GlcPTase) that catalyzes the synthesis of such a linkage. Characterization of the doubly labeled product resulting from activity of the transferase reveals a family of endoglycosidase H-sensitive oligosaccharides displaying a cation-exchange profile similar to that of oligosaccharides derived from ligatin-associated proteins synthesized in vivo. Further analysis confirms that the incorporation of label is due to a terminal 3H-glucose joined via a 32P-phosphodiester linkage to carbon 6 of a penultimate mannose. We propose that GlcPTase may be a controlling enzyme for the targeting of certain newly synthesized proteins to the cell surface.
Drivers of Change: A Multiple-Case Study on the Process of Institutionalization of Corporate Responsibility Among Three Multinational Companies

In this multiple-case study, I analyze the perceived importance of seven categories of institutional entrepreneurs (DiMaggio, Institutional patterns and organizations, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, 1988) for the corporate social responsibility discourse of three multinational companies. With this study, I aim to significantly advance the empirical analysis of the CSR discourse for a better understanding of facts and fiction in the process of institutionalization of CSR in MNCs. I conducted 42 semi-structured face-to-face and phone interviews in two rounds with 30 corporate managers from three multinational companies. The data has been analyzed using qualitative (multiple coding) and quantitative (ANOVA, χ2 analysis) techniques. The findings indicate that one company is driven by civil society’s influence on consumer’s perception, the second company by direct attacks by civil society, agenda setting organizations and legislators, and the third by the pressure of large customers and legislators. The results suggest that the coping behaviors of MNCs at both extremes of the spectrum of perceived responsible behavior aim at (1) improving the business case for CSR and (2) increasing legitimacy in society, resulting in converging CSR perceptions, and fostering an institutionalization of CSR.
Precipitation of Monodisperse Ceramic Particles; Theoretical Models

Monodisperse ceramic powders with sizes in the range of 0.1-µm have been prepared by a number of groups. Generally a dilute solution of a metal compound is hydrolysed to produce amorphous, spherical particles which may be crystallized by subsequent heat treatments. Emulsion polymerization can produce similarly monodisperse latices if the polymerization conditions are carefully controlled. This paper discusses models of the precipitation process which are based on crystallization from aqueous solutions but are believed to be more generally applicable. From simulations it is concluded that monodisperse particles are a most unlikely outcome of a batch precipitation process. Surface active compounds could play an important role in controlling particle size. Inhomogenous mixing during the early stages of reaction should also be important.
Diffusion and adsorption of uranyl carbonate species in nanosized mineral fractures.

Atomistic simulations were performed to study the diffusion and adsorption of Ca2UO2(CO3)3 and of some of its constituent species, i.e., UO22+, CO32–, and UO2CO3, in feldspar nanosized fractures. Feldspar is important to uranium remediation efforts at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford site as it has been found in recent studies to host contaminants within its intragrain fractures. In addition, uranyl carbonate species are known to dominate U(VI) speciation in conditions relevant to the Hanford site. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that the presence of the feldspar surface diminishes the diffusion coefficients of all of the species considered in this work and that the diffusion coefficients do not reach their bulk aqueous solution values in the center of a 2.5 nm fracture. Moreover, the MD simulations showed that the rate of decrease in the diffusion coefficients with decreasing distance from the surface is greater for larger adsorbing species. Free energy profiles of the same species adsorb...
Changing paradigms: Changing interpretations of the public sector in Latin America's economies

This paper attempts to show that over time most economists' view of the role of the state in Latin America's economies has changed considerably. In the 1950s and 1960s state enterprises were considered to be an important instrument of economic development through Import Substitution Industrialization. The state and its enterprises were complementary rather than competitive with the private domestic and multinational sectors. The decadence of state enterprises occurred mainly in the 1970s and 1980s, when they were used as instruments of macroeconomic policies, when many abused their monopoly positions, and when there was increasing political interference in their operations. With state enterprises having increasingly a “crowding-out” effect, and with most countries of the region needing fiscal adjustments, privatization came into vogue. The rest of the paper concentrates on some of the positive and some of the problematical aspects of Latin America's privatization experience.
Performance limits with preview information and actuator rate constraints

This paper considers the limits of disturbance rejection performance with preview information subject to actuator rate constraints. A one-state, continuous-time optimal control problem is formulated to investigate these limits. The optimal control action which minimizes the peak tracking error is explicitly characterized using Lagrange duality theory. In addition, the optimal tracking performance as a function of preview time is provided. There is a fundamental preview time beyond which no performance improvements are obtained.
The apparent discrepancy of ouabain inhibition of cation transport and of lymphocyte proliferation is explained by time-dependency of ouabain binding.

Mitogenesis of human blood lymphocytes in culture is inhibited by concentrations of ouabain that are approximately one order of magnitude lower than those that block Na and K transport. Yet, inhibition of transport and consequent reduction in cell K is considered responsible for the effects of ouabain on mitogenesis. We found that the lymphocyte membrane leak rate of K increased immediately after PHA treatment but did not increase further from 4 to 24 hours. In contrast, the ouabain sensitivity of /sup 42/K uptake was markedly increased with time. Measurement of ouabain binding revealed a seven-fold increase in the lymphocyte-associated ouabain after 24 hours compared to binding at 1 hour. These data indicate that the dose response of ouabain inhibition of active K transport and lymphocyte proliferation are closely correlated if one considers the slow membrane binding of ouabain at low concentrations.
Faraday rotation in magneto-optical semiconductor waveguides for integrated isolators

Magnetically doped Fe:InP and Fe:InGaAsP was characterized for verdict coefficient. The verdet coefficient was measured to be 180°/mm/T for Fe:InGaAsP, which is higher than YIG. High mesa waveguide of Fe doped InP/InGaAsP was fabricated and characterized. Faraday rotation in InP/InGaAsP waveguide was measured for the first time. The measured verdict coefficient is 33.3°/mm/T, which is only four times smaller than that of YIG.
Internal initiation of translation

Although the 5' cap-dependent scanning mechanism can account for the translational initiation of most mRNAs in eukaryotic cells, several viral and cellular mRNAs contain nucleotide sequences in their 5' non-coding regions that can mediate binding of ribosomes to the mRNA, regardless of the modification state of the 5' ends. During the past year, some nuclear proteins normally involved in RNA processing have been shown also to facilitate 'internal' ribosome binding. Unexpected dual functions have, therefore, been suggested for these RNA-binding proteins, in both RNA biogenesis in the nucleus and RNA translation in the cytoplasm.
Shunt surgery for priapism review of results

In a review of the literature on shunt operations for priapism, 100 case reports were found. The over-all result in terms of potency is 61 per cent. In general there is little difference in outcome between the cavernosus-saphenous vein and cavernosus-spongiosum shunts. If the former surgical procedure is to be performed, a unilateral operation appears to yield better results than a bilateral one. Various causes of priapism are noted in relation to results of surgery, and the complications of shunt procedures are discussed. Equally good results are noted whether the operation is performed early or relatively late in the disease.
Empirical estimation of the annual range of monthly-mean temperatures

¶This is a sequel to a study of the empirical estimation of the annual-mean temperature at any location on land, using only geographical information – latitude, elevation, distance from the nearer ocean shore at the same latitude – and coastal sea-surface temperature. Here long-term mean station data and NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) global re-analysis data are used to describe and estimate spatial patterns of annual range of monthly-mean temperatures. The two key influences on annual range are the latitude and the distance from the upwind shore. Secondary factors include mountain barriers, shape of the local topography, elevation, and vicinity to large bodies of water. An empirical relationship is derived, based on the two key factors alone, assuming zonal winds and adjustments for the effects of mountain barriers and for the proximity to a sea to the north or south. An independent test of this relationship yields errors around 1.0 K. The range estimates yield January and July average temperatures when combined with annual-mean temperatures. Such estimates also carry an uncertainty of about 1.0 K. The procedure can be inverted, i.e. knowledge of the annual mean and range can be used to infer location.
Revision of the tanaidomorphan deep-sea genus Tanaella (Crustacea: Tanaidacea)

The genus Tanaella is revised and the generic diagnosis redefined. Both genders of the type species, Tanaella unguicillata and T. ochracea are redescribed. Two new species, T. prolixcauda and T. mclellandi, are described from deep-sea localities in the Gulf of Mexico. Male Tanaella possess fully functional mouthparts resembling, but not identical to, those of the females. Distribution and ecological information are given for all species in the genus and a key to Tanaella is also given.
Pregnancy Increases Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein (PTHrP) Secretion from Human Uterine Smooth Muscle Cells

Pregnancy Increases Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein (PTHrP) Secretion from Human Uterine Smooth Muscle Cells
Validation of the Pulmonary Hypertension Connection Equation for Survival Prediction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Objective The pulmonary hypertension connection (PHC) equation predicts contemporary survival in idiopathic, heritable, and anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of this study is to validate the PHC equation in a prospective PAH population cohort and compare its predictability with the French equation. Methods We compared the rates of actual survival in patients prospectively followed for up to 3.5 years in four double-blind, randomized trials and their open-label extension studies with predicted survival calculated using the PHC equation [(P(t) = e(–A(x,y,z)t), A(x,y,z) = e(–1.270-0.0148x + 0.0402y − 0.361z), where P(t) is the probability of survival, t the time interval in years, x the mean pulmonary artery pressure, y the mean right atrial pressure, and z the cardiac index] and the French equation in patients with idiopathic, heritable, and anorexigen-associated PAH (n = 449). Results Mean age was 44 ± 15 years, 77% were women, and 80% had World Health Organization (WHO) functional class III/IV symptoms. The mean 6-min walk distance (6MWD) was 354 ± 95 m. The baseline hemodynamics were as follows: mean right atrial pressure 10 ± 6 mm Hg, mean pulmonary artery pressure 59 ± 15 mm Hg, and cardiac output 4.1 ± 1.5 L/min. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year Kaplan-Meier survival rates were 89%, 80%, and 70%, respectively; the nonadjusted survival rates were 91%, 87%, and 84%, respectively. The expected survival predicted by both the PHC and the French equations was similar to the actual observed Kaplan-Meier survival and was within its 95% confidence limits. The PHC equation also performed well when used in patients with WHO functional class III/IV, cardiac output Conclusion Risk prediction equations (PHC and French) accurately predicted survival and may be useful for risk estimation in patients with idiopathic, heritable, and anorexigen-associated PAH in large cohort studies. Their use for survival prediction for individual patients needs further study.
Src family kinases mediate epidermal growth factor receptor signaling from lipid rafts in breast cancer cells

Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates cellular proliferation, survival and migration of breast cancer cells. In particular, EGFR recruits signaling proteins to the cell membrane leading to their phosphorylation and activation. However, EGFR also localizes to other cellular structures, including endosomes, mitochondrion and nuclei. Recently, we demonstrated that lipid raft localization of EGFR in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines promotes EGFR protein-dependent, EGFR kinase-independent activation of Akt. Here, we further define the mechanism by which lipid rafts regulate EGFR signaling to Akt. Specifically, we show that the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Src co-localizes and co-associates with EGFR and lipid rafts. Breast cancer cells resistant to treatment with EGFR inhibitors, were also resistant to treatment with Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitors; however, the combination of EGFR and SFK inhibitors synergistically decreases cell viability. We found that this decrease in cell viability observed with EGFR and SFK inhibitor co-treatment correlates with loss of Akt phosphorylation. In addition, we found that in breast cancer cell lines with EGFR and c-Src colocalized to lipid rafts, phospho-inositide-3-kinase (PI3K) was also associated with lipid rafts. Together, the data herein suggest that lipid rafts provide a platform for the interaction of EGFR, c-Src and PI3K, leading to activation of cellular survival signaling in breast cancer cells.
Technique for Measuring Laser Beam Propagation Direction Fluctuations

A technique has been developed for the measurement of a component of the position of a small target within a laser beam and used to measure atmospherically induced beam-pointing fluctuations. A modulation is impressed on the beam in a manner such that the modulation phase varies with position across the beam, so the relative modulation phase of the signal returned from a remote retroreflector is indicative of the position of the retroreflector within the beam. The far-field modulation phase distribution is shown to be relatively unaffected by turbulence, and results are given for a series of experimental measurements of beam-pointing fluctuations.
Polypropylene photostabilization by a tertiary hindered amine

The products from a 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidine have been identified both in photo-oxidizing polypropylene film and in model liquid phase photo-oxidations. In both cases, the tertiary amine is found to undergo attack by oxygen centered radicals at the N-methyl group and to generate the corresponding 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine in high yields. The latter can then take part in the cascade of protective reactions previously identified for secondary hindered amines.
Towards energy-efficient photonic interconnects

Silicon photonics have emerged as a promising solution to meet the growing demand for high-bandwidth, low-latency, and energy-efficient on-chip and off-chip communication in many-core processors. However, current silicon-photonic interconnect designs for many-core processors waste a significant amount of power because (a) lasers are always on, even during periods of interconnect inactivity, and (b) microring resonators employ heaters which consume a significant amount of power just to overcome thermal variations and maintain communication on the photonic links, especially in a 3D-stacked design. The problem of high laser power consumption is particularly important as lasers typically have very low energy efficiency, and photonic interconnects often remain underutilized both in scientific computing (compute-intensive execution phases underutilize the interconnect), and in server computing (servers in Google-scale datacenters have a typical utilization of less than 30%). We address the high laser power consumption by proposing EcoLaser+, which is a laser control scheme that saves energy by predicting the interconnect activity and opportunistically turning the on-chip laser off when possible, and also by scaling the width of the communication link based on a runtime prediction of the expected message length. Our laser control scheme can save up to 62 - 92% of the laser energy, and improve the energy efficiency of a manycore processor with negligible performance penalty. We address the high trimming (heating) power consumption of the microrings by proposing insulation methods that reduce the impact of localized heating induced by highly-active components on the 3D-stacked logic die.
Maize chloroplast DNA encodes a protein sequence homologous to the bacterial ribosome assembly protein S4

A cloned restriction fragment of maize chloroplast DNA (Bam H1 fragment 5) is shown to contain an open reading frame which encodes a basic protein of 201 amino acid residues with 40-50% sequence homology to E. coli ribosomal protein S4. Based on the experimentally determined sequence homology between the highly conserved bacterial ribosomal protein L12 and its chloroplast homologue (Bartsch M., Kimura, M. and Subramanian, A.R. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6871), we conclude that this reading frame represents the maize chloroplast S4 gene. The nucleotide sequence of a 1100 base pair DNA segment containing the putative gene is presented.
What are we protecting? Fisher behavior and the unintended consequences of spatial closures as a fishery management tool

Spatial closures like marine protected areas (MPAs) are prominent tools for ecosystem-based management in fisheries. However, the adaptive behavior of fishermen, the apex predator in the ecosystem, to MPAs may upset the balance of fishing impacts across species. While ecosystem-based management (EBM) emphasizes the protection of all species in the environment, the weakest stock often dominates management attention. We use data before and after the implementation of large spatial closures in a North Pacific trawl fishery to show how closures designed for red king crab protection spurred dramatic increases in Pacific halibut bycatch due to both direct displacement effects and indirect effects from adaptations in fishermen's targeting behavior. We identify aspects of the ecological and economic context of the fishery that contributed to these surprising behaviors, noting that many multispecies fisheries are likely to share these features. Our results highlight the need either to anticipate the behavioral adaptations of fishermen across multiple species in reserve design, a form of implementation error, or to design management systems that are robust to these adaptations. Failure to do so may yield patterns of fishing effort and mortality that undermine the broader objectives of multispecies management and potentially alter ecosystems in profound ways.
Nonrecombinant and recombinant avirulent Salmonella vaccines for poultry

Abstract We have constructed and evaluated a live avirulent Salmonella typhimurium vaccine strain, attenuated by deletion (Δ) mutations in genes for adenylate cyclase ( cya ) and the cAMP receptor protein ( crp ). Immunization of chicks can preclude Salmonella ) colonization and invasion of challenged vaccinated chickens when compared with the non vaccinated control. Immunization induces significant cross-protective immunity against various Salmonella serotypes and protects laying hens from transmission of Salmonella in or on eggs following challenge with S. enteritidis or S. typhimurium . Immunization of chicks destined to be breeders and then with a booster immunization at 16–18 weeks of age leads to maternal transfer of immunity to chicks which then can be immunized either orally or by coarse spray to display an enhanced immunity to prevent infection of visceral organs by and shedding of Salmonella . The attenuated S. typhimurium vaccine can be genetically manipulated to express foreign antigens specified by cloned genes from other pathogens. Immunization with such recombinant vaccines not only induces immunity to Salmonella but to infection by the pathogen that supplied the genes specifying the protective antigens expressed by the recombinant vaccine.
A multidisciplinary approach to introductory engineering design

Bachelor of engineering students at Dartmouth College are required to complete engineering sciences 21: introduction to engineering, an introductory course that teaches a systematic, broadly applicable methodology for creative problem solving. During the 46 years that the course has been offered, Dartmouth engineers consider ES21 to be a career-changing experience in their education. Consistent with Dartmouthpsilas liberal arts DNA, the course centers around a multidisciplinary project experience that requires integrative thinking in solving problems and that forces students to work outside their knowledge base. Working in groups of 4-5, students conceive, design and fabricate original prototype devices that address the needs of their chosen users. This experience teaches students how to bring engineering methods to bear on the solution of a societal problem. Evaluating and appropriately acting upon ethical issues that influence the engineering process, and exercising effective communication skills through development of written and oral reports are also essential parts of the course. Each group is required to estimate the production costs of their solution and develop a basic business plan for producing and marketing their product.
Inconsistencies Between Pangean Reconstructions and Basic Climate Controls

The supercontinent Pangea dominated our planet from the Permian into the Jurassic. Paleomagnetic reconstructions have been used to estimate the latitudinal position of Pangea during this 100-million-year period. Atmospheric circulation, recorded by eolian sandstones in the southwestern United States, shows a broad sweep of northeasterly winds over their northernmost extent, curving to become northwesterly in the south: This evidence is consistent with paleomagnetic reconstructions of the region straddling the equator in the Early Permian but is at odds with its northward movement to about 20°N by the Early Jurassic. At least one of the following scenarios must be true: The latitude based on paleomagnetism is incorrect; the interpretation of how winds shaped the dunes is mistaken; the basic climate controls in the Jurassic were different from those of today; or the paleogeographic reconstructions available are insufficient to adequately reproduce the wind fields responsible for dune formation.
Collision of a Vortex Jet with Stator Vanes

We consider the unsteady behavior of the e owe eld due to the slicing of a jet and a vortex with axial e ow, that is, a vortex jet, by a pair of thin e at plates. In the case of a vortex, the geometry is an idealization of the collision between a tip vortex shed from a rotor blade and two downstream stator blades in an axial e ow turbomachine. The e ow is assumed to be inviscid, and the main result of the calculations is that the vorticity e eld near each plate is radically altered. The role of the axial e ow in the vortex is to decrease the vortex core radius and to increase the swirl on the suction side while the vortex core radius increases and the swirl decreases on the pressure side. The suction peak due to the vortex grows on the suction side and decreases on the pressure side both for the jet and the vortex.
Effect of gap size on mid-rotation stand structure and species composition in a naturally regenerated mixed broadleaf forest

This paper is an assessment of the effect of gap size on stand structure and species composition 48 years following treatment in a mixed broadleaf upland forest. Established in 1960, the study tests three circular openings, 15.2 m (0.02 ha), 45.7 m (0.16 ha), and 76.2 m (0.46 ha). Forty-eight years following treatment (2008) basal area, top height, and quadratic mean diameter were significantly lower in 15.2 m openings. Maple (Acer spp.) species had the highest mean importance value across treatments (0.40). Trends suggest that species composition of dominant and codominant trees among opening sizes may have been influenced by shade tolerance adaptations of the species groups present. Whereas 15.2 m openings were dominated by shade tolerant maple species, 45.7 and 76.2 m openings produced a mixture of commercial species including shade intolerant species such as yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), trees of intermediate shade tolerance like oak (Quercus spp.), and shade tolerant maple. Data further suggest the density of overstory oak was highest in the intermediate opening size (45.7 m), while yellow-poplar increased in the larger opening sizes. Evaluation of species shifts between 1981 and 2008 showed that relative basal area of maple increased across all treatments. Relative basal areas from 45.7 to 76.2 m openings suggest declines in yellow-poplar and other non-commercial species were balanced by increases in oak and maple.
On the internet with a PC

Abstract Using a PC to access the Internet and all its services is not difficult—once basic computer hardware, software, and network connections have been installed and configured. Many Internet networking problems can be avoided by contacting network experts before selecting the hardware and network software. This article will introduce some of the hardware, software, and Internet networking options available to the would-be Internet Surfer, and some of the pitfalls that one might encounter. Once the network hardware and software are installed successfully, one can explore the Internet through a number of different software packages that allow the sharing of computer files and printers, as well as logging onto remote host-computers, searching World Wide Web, posting and reading notices on virtually any topic, and sending and receiving electronic mail. This article will describe the functions of several programs that can access these Internet services and how to obtain them.
Dendrite coarsening during directional solidification of Al–Cu–Mn alloys

Abstract Steady state directional solidification of Al–3.75%Cu–1.5%Mn and Al–1%Cu–1.5%Mn dendritic monocrystals was interrupted for different lengths of time prior to quenching and dendrite coarsening kinetics were evaluated versus temperature. For a given alloy composition, the isothermal coarsening rate, expressed as the time variation of the normalized specific dendrite surface area, increased with temperature and decreased with time. It also decreased with increasing copper concentration. The secondary dendrite arm spacing increased with time and for shorter times, with decreasing temperature. For Al–3.75%Cu–1.5%Mn alloy this trend was reversed for times exceeding about 1.5 min. For all times the rate of increase of the spacing increased with temperature. Secondary dendrite arm spacing increased with time during solidification and with decreasing growth rate. The dependence of specific surface area on time was predicted reasonably well by combining a coarsening model which is valid for the earlier stages of coarsening with a model which is valid for later stages. Copper diffusion through the liquid was found to be the rate controlling step in dendrite coarsening. Experimental measurements of secondary arm spacing during isothermal coarsening, as well as during solidification agreed reasonably well with model predictions.
Long-term follow-up of symptomatic patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia treated with the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab.

CD52 is expressed on malignant cells in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), including IgM-secreting Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM). We examined the activity of alemtuzumab in 28 symptomatic LPL (27 IgM and 1 IgA) patients. The median prior number of therapies for these patients was 2 (range, 0-5) and 43% had refractory disease. Patients received alemtuzumab at 30 mg IV 3 times weekly for up to 12 weeks after test dosing, and also received hydrocortisone, acyclovir, and Bactrim or equivalent prophylaxis. Patients had a complete response (n = 1), a partial response (n = 9), or a MR (n = 11) for an overall and major response rate of 75% and 36%, respectively. Median serum Ig decreased from 3510 to 1460 mg/dL (P < .001 at best response). With a median follow-up of 64 months, the median time to progression was 14.5 months. Hematologic and infectious complications, including CMV reactivation, were more common in previously treated patients and were indirectly associated with 3 deaths. Long-term follow-up revealed late-onset autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP) in 4 patients at a median of 13.6 months after therapy, which contributed to 1 death. Alemtuzumab is an active therapy in patients with LPL, but short- and long-term toxicities need to be carefully weighed against other available treatment options. Late AITP is a newly recognized complication of alemtuzumab in this patient population. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00142181.
Imperforate anus in the adult.

The case report of a 28-year-old man with high imperforate anus and rectourethral fistula (Ladd Type III) is presented. The preoperative findings and operative details are described. The satisfactory result obtained in spite of the patient’s age and the presence of associated vertebral anomalies should encourage attempts at abdominoperineal repair in similar cases. Details of pelvic dissection in an adult with imperforate anus are described, with emphasis upon the problems of greater vascularity and increased depth and narrowness of the pelvis. An alternative method of repair for high imperforate anus, utilizing the sacro-abdominoperineal approach to alleviate some of these difficulties, is suggested. The possibility of using an endorectal procedure in such a case should also be entertained.
Size and Acylation Influence the Lateral Mobility of Plasma Membrane Proteins in Live Cells

Lipid-mediated membrane heterogeneity is proposed to be an important organizing principle in mammalian cells. Using single fluorescent particle tracking, we quantify diffusion parameters of a large panel of fluorescent fusion membrane proteins ranging in size, mode of membrane anchoring, and putative phase-association. These include palmitoylated or non-palmitoylated versions of three transmembrane proteins (truncated linker of activated T-cell, truncated haemagglutinin, and β2 adrenergic receptor) as well as three proteins anchored with lipid moieties (GPI, palmitoyl and myristoyl, or geranylgeranyl). We present an analysis that utilizes Brownian simulations to aid in interpreting heterogeneity. With the exception of two of the palmitoylated transmembrane proteins, diffusion of all constructs is unconfined and consistent with Brownian motion at 37°C at the time-scales investigated (20 ms-1 sec). We explore the contributions of lipid mixing to confinement by modulating cholesterol levels and through the use of biochemical perturbations that affect the temperature of the immiscibility phase transition in isolated plasma membrane vesicles. Among our findings is that diffusion and confinement are highly temperature sensitive. Furthermore, our results indicate a complicated size-dependence of diffusion suggesting that diffusion of small probes is particularly sensitive to dimerization when it occurs in either a biological context or due to labeling techniques. Overall, we explore the contribution of phase-mediated membrane heterogeneity to protein mobility while highlighting several factors that can complicate the interpretation of lateral diffusion data.
Country Music Video in Country's Year of the Woman

Because of the success of its new female stars, the country music industry declared 1997 its Year of the Woman. We examined how country video portrays female artists and characters. Research on other genres suggests that women are symbolically annihilated in music video. By analyzing 285 CMT videos, we found that most female artists' videos portrayed women progressively, whereas male artists portrayed them stereotypically. The ratio of male to female artists' videos was 3 to 1. Although the data suggest country videos similar to pop or rock video of the mid-1980s, the country videos were qualitatively different in their portrayal of gender roles.
Influence of interferon on human monocyte to macrophage development.

Abstract The effect of interferon-α (Wellferon) on human monocyte to macrophage maturation in vitro has been investigated. Cell volume and three markers, acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and phagocytosis, which increase with maturation, have been studied employing recently developed flow cytofluorometric techniques. The increase in cell volume and in the expression of all three markers was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in monocyte cultures given 50–300 U/ml of interferon within 2 hr of culture initiation. An initial dose of 300 U/ml of interferon, removed from the cultures after 24 hr, was as effective in inhibiting the development of each of the markers as three 100 U pulses on three consecutive days, and as effective as 300 U interferon left in throughout the culture period. Histogram analysis of marker expression indicated that all monocytes, and not a subpopulation, were affected by the interferon. Cytotoxic activity of freshly isolated monocytes rapidly decayed when the cells were cultured under standard maturation conditions. The addition of interferon to the cultures prevented the loss of this activity while also preventing the development of more mature cells. It appears that maintenance of the cytotoxic state is one influence of interferons; however, it may be that these cells have also been directed toward alternate pathways of macrophage differentiation.
Effectiveness of natural versus synthetic antioxidants in a rice bran oil-based structured lipid

Antioxidants were evaluated for their ability to improve oxidative stability index (OSI) of enzymatically prepared rice bran oil-based structured lipid (RBOSL) containing caprylic acid. RBOSL was purified by short-path distillation. Vitamin E concentration decreased significantly in RBOSL after enzymatic modification. Total γ-oryzanol concentration after modification was not significantly different. OSI of RBOSL containing rosemary extract (RE), carnosic acid (CA), tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and α-tocopherol (TOC), and 50:50 (w/w) combinations in concentrations of 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm were determined. The OSI of unmodified rice bran oil (RBO) was 12.4 ± 0.2 h and significantly higher than RBOSL which was 11.4 ± 0.0. Mean peroxide and p-anisidine values for antioxidant treatments in RBOSL with the highest OSI values were determined after incubation at 60 °C for 21 days and sampled every 3 days. Mean peroxide and p-anisidine values for CA and CA/RE were comparable to TBHQ.
Site Exchange of Ge and Sb on Si(100) during Surfactant-Mediated Epitaxial Growth.

The bonding geometry of Ge and Sb on Si(100) is investigated using scattered MeV ion energy distributions with transmission ion channeling. Coverage of 0.15 monolayer (ML) and 0.68 ML of Ge deposited at room temperature (RT) on Sb-terminated Si(100) are studied, both before and after annealing at 350 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. We find that RT deposition of Ge for both coverages is consistent with a model of loosely bonded Ge dimers adsorbed between undisturbed Sb dimer rows. After annealing, we observe bulklike Ge underneath Sb dimers for 0.68 ML Ge. Our results are compared to several models in the literature.
Elder Care Versus Adult Care Does Care Recipient Age Make a Difference

This study compares employed persons caring for disabled adults age 18-64 with those caring for persons 65 or older, using a stratified random sample of 4,256 university employees age 30 or older. About 10% of employees were providing assistance to an adult age 18-64 and 17% to an adult age 65 or older. Employees assisting someone 18-64 provided higher levels of care than those assisting someone 65 or older; in addition, they experienced higher levels of caregiving strain and comparable levels of work interference and general role strain, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, caregiving demands and resources, and job demands and resources. Caregiving research and policy formation need to address the growing number of family members providing assistance to disabled adults under the age of 65 as well as those providing elder care.
The role of period and phase in interactions between feeding- and light-entrainable circadian rhythms

Abstract Sixteen blind male rats were maintained on ad lib food and water for 115 days to obtain stable free-running rhythms. Fifteen rats were then exposed to restricted feeding (RF, 4 hr/cycle) for 52 days and the period of food access (T) differed from the period of the free-running rhythm (τ) by 0.05 to 0.30 hr. Among 15 animals exposed to RF, deceleration of the free-running rhythm was observed in 11 rats, small accelerations occured in 2 rats, and τ remained unchanged in 2 rats exposed to RF and one ad lib rat. The free-running rhythm assumed the period of RF in 3 rats where T-τ was