cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decay of 78.4 h 89Zr

Abstract Sources of 78.4 h 89 Zr were produced by the 89 Y(p, n) 89 Zr reaction, and the decay properties were studied with Ge(Li) detectors. The energies of previously reported γ-ray transitions were measured as E γ = 909.1±0.1, 1620.6±0.7 and 1713.0±0.6 keV. Two new transitions of E γ = 1656.9±0.7 and 1744.4±0.7 keV were also observed, the latter being assigned as a ground state transition from the 5 2 − state. The absence of any observed cascade feeding of this state leads to log ft = 8.3 for this unique first-forbidden transition.
A transition zone complex of ciliopathy proteins regulates ciliary composition

We have identified a complex of proteins that form part of the transition zone, a region at the base of the cilium. This complex includes the three members of the Tectonic family, extracytosolic glycoproteins that interact with transmembrane components of the transition zone such as Tmem67, Tmem216, and Tmem231. These transmembrane proteins connect to an intracellular transition zone complex comprised of many known Joubert- and Meckel-associated proteins including Cc2d2a, B9d1, B9d2, Mks1. Loss of components of this transition zone complex in mice compromise ciliogenesis in some tissues, and deregulate ciliary protein composition in others. In particular, the ciliary localization of Smoothened (Smo), a central component of the Hedgehog pathway, depends on this complex. As Smo functions at the cilium, many mouse transition zone mutants show deregulation of Hh signaling, resulting in ventralization of the neural tube and polydactyly. Defining the components of the transition zone has led to the identification of additional genes underlying Joubert and Meckel syndromes including Tctn1, Tctn2 and B9d2. We hypothesize that Joubert and Meckel syndromes are caused by transition zone dysfunction that disrupts intercellular signaling, leading to developmental defects.
Toeplitz Operators on Flows

Abstract Let R act continuously on a compact Hausdorff space X giving rise to a flow on X , let ϑ ϵ C ( X ), and let T ϑ x denote the Toeplitz operator on H 2 (R) determined by the function ϑ x on R defined by ϑ x ( t ) = ϑ ( x + t ). In this paper, we investigate the relation between the spectral properties of T ϑ x , the dynamical properties of the flow, and the value distribution theory of ϑ. The analysis proceeds by imbedding T ϑ x in a type II ∞ factor and computing the real-valued index of the operator a la Connes. Our sharpest invertibility result asserts that if the flow is strictly ergodic and if the asymptotic cycle determined by the flow is injective on H 1 ( X , Z), then T ϑ x is invertible if and only if ϑ does not vanish on X and determines the zero element in H 1 ( X , Z). This generalizes the classical result of Gohberg and Krein and its extension to Toeplitz operators with almost periodic symbols due to Coburn, Douglas, Schaeffer and Singer. When ϑ is analytic, in the sense that ϑ x belongs to H ∞ (R) for all x , we relate the II ∞ index of the Toeplitz operator determined by ϑ with the density of the zeros of ϑ x in the upper half-plane. Much of our efforts to achieve this result are devoted to generalizing to arbitrary flows the value distribution theory of analytic almost periodic functions developed by Bohr, Jessen, and Tornehave and others.
Velocity and Temperature Fields of Dual Rectangular Jets

The velocity and temperature fields were measured below two parallel, rectangular air nozzles. The nozzles were closely spaced, and each nozzle had an l/w (length to width ratio) ranging from 55 to 170. The jets intersected at a 60° angle. Operating temperatures ranged from ambient to 321 °C. Measurements demonstrated that the temperature fields were analogous to the velocity fields. Hence, similar correlations were developed to describe either type of field.
The Novel Plant Protein INAPERTURATE POLLEN1 Marks Distinct Cellular Domains and Controls Formation of Apertures in the Arabidopsis Pollen Exine

Pollen grains protect the sperm cells inside them with the help of the unique cell wall, the exine, which exhibits enormous morphological variation across plant taxa, assembling into intricate and diverse species-specific patterns. How this complex extracellular structure is faithfully deposited at precise sites and acquires precise shape within a species is not understood. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the novel Arabidopsis thaliana gene INAPERTURATE POLLEN1 ( INP1 ), which is specifically involved in formation of the pollen surface apertures, which arise by restriction of exine deposition at specific sites. Loss of INP1 leads to the loss of all three apertures in Arabidopsis pollen, and INP1 protein exhibits a unique tripartite localization in developing pollen, indicative of its direct involvement in specification of aperture positions. We also show that aperture length appears to be sensitive to INP1 dosage and INP1 misexpression can affect global exine patterning. Phenotypes of some inp1 mutants indicate that Arabidopsis apertures are initiated at three nonrandom positions around the pollen equator. The identification of INP1 opens up new avenues for studies of how formation of distinct cellular domains results in the production of different extracellular morphologies.
Inclusion Body Formation and Neurodegeneration Are Parkin Independent in a Mouse Model of α-Synucleinopathy

Mutations in the genes coding for α-synuclein and parkin cause autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive forms of Parkinson9s disease (PD), respectively. α-Synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies, the proteinaceous cytoplasmic inclusions that are the pathological hallmark of idiopathic PD. Lewy bodies appear to be absent in cases of familial PD associated with mutated forms of parkin. Parkin is an ubiquitin E3 ligase, and it may be involved in the processing and/or degradation of α-synuclein, as well as in the formation of Lewy bodies. Here we report the behavioral, biochemical, and histochemical characterization of double-mutant mice overexpressing mutant human A53T α-synuclein on a parkin null background. We find that the absence of parkin does not have an impact on the onset and progression of the lethal phenotype induced by overexpression of human A53T α-synuclein. Furthermore, all major behavioral, biochemical, and morphological characteristics of A53T α-synuclein-overexpressing mice are not altered in parkin null α-synuclein-overexpressing double-mutant mice. Our results demonstrate that mutant α-synuclein induces neurodegeneration independent of parkin-mediated ubiquitin E3 ligase activity in nondopaminergic systems and suggest that PD caused by α-synuclein and parkin mutations may occur via independent mechanisms.
Assessing Eddy Heat Flux and its Parameterization: A Wavenumber Perspective from a 1/10 ocean simulation

Abstract Diffusivities diagnosed from eddy heat fluxes in eddying models tend to show unphysically large positive and negative values. These have been attributed to rotational components that do not influence the heat budget. The rotational component of the horizontal eddy heat flux is diagnosed in the Southern Ocean of the 1/10° Parallel Ocean Program as a function of averaging lengthscale. At the scales at which most of the eddy heat flux energy occurs, the rotational component, as measured by its curl, accounts for more than 95% of the total flux, increasing to more than 99% with increasing lengthscale. Hence, rotational components are the dominant component of eddy fluxes even when they are averaged over scales larger than the eddy scales. The rotational component can be approximated by its projection along temperature variance contours; however this only accounts for a fraction of the total rotational component, leaving a residual that is still more rotational than divergent. The eddy heat flux can be parameterized as a function of averaging lengthscale using coherence analysis. The meridional eddy heat flux is most coherent with its parameterizations on lengthscales larger than 50°, but this coherence is due to the rotational component. The divergence of the eddy heat flux is most coherent with the divergence of the parameterizations on scales less than 4°, where the curl of the eddy heat flux has a minimum. Diffusivities estimated from the eddy heat flux show a high wavenumber dependence and are as high as 15 , 000 m 2 s - 1 , reflecting the presence of the rotational component. Using the divergence, more realistic, less wavenumber dependent values are estimated, ranging from 500 m 2 s - 1 within the ACC to 1000 m 2 s - 1 in the near surface ocean in the Agulhas Retroflection region.
Medicare upcoding and hospital ownership

Many hospitals in the 1990s many hospitals were accused of "upcoding" patient diagnostic related groups (DRGs) to increase Medicare reimbursements. We find that between 1989 and 1996, the percentage point share of the most generous DRG for pneumonia and respiratory infections rose by 10 points among not-for-profit hospitals, 23 points among for-profit hospitals, and 37 points in hospitals converting to for-profit status. Not-for-profit upcoding was also higher in markets with a larger for-profit hospital share. Upcoding appears to reflect both risk-taking by administrators and a closer alignment between the goals of the administration and the behavior of the clinical staff.
In vitro evaluation of the potential role of sulfite radical in morphine-associated histamine release

Background Intravenous morphine use is associated with elevated histamine release leading to bronchoconstriction, edema and hemodynamic instability in some patients. This study evaluated the possibility that sulfite, which is present as a preservative in many morphine preparations, might contribute to histamine release in vitro.
Perioperative Coagulopathy, Bleeding, and Hemostasis During Cardiac Surgery A Comprehensive Review

Cardiac surgery patients use 10%-25% of the blood products transfused annually in the United States. The transfusion of red blood cells or blood products has been the subject of intense scrutiny over the past 10 years. Bleeding after cardiac surgery can be surgical or nonsurgical and lead to hemodynamic compromise and surgical reexploration. Because hemorrhage and blood product transfusions are associated with multiple negative outcomes, including increased mortality, it is prudent to understand the mechanisms responsible for nonsurgical bleeding. This review focuses on the physiology of the normal coagulation and fibrinolysis, risk factors associated with patients presenting for cardiac surgery, impairments of normal hemostasis associated with cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and potential interventions to reduce perioperative blood loss and blood transfusion.
DOHA, DEVELOPMENT AND DISCRIMINATION*

. Two distinct challenges confront WTO members – whether to ‘save’ the WTO’– that is, a multilateral trading system that is based on non-discrimination and most favoured nation liberalization – and if so, how to do so, and determining what role the WTO should play in attaining (pursuing) national development objectives. This paper explores whether moves to achieve the first objective will help achieve the latter, and whether specific actions to pursue more seriously economic development objectives through the WTO could help move the system closer to achieving the goal of non-discrimination.
Zinc Deficiency Increases Plasma Lipids and Atherosclerotic Markers in LDL-Receptor–Deficient Mice

Low zinc concentration can be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. In the current study, we hypothesize that zinc deficiency can increase and zinc supplementation can decrease proatherosclerotic events in LDL receptor knock-out (LDL-R-/-) mice fed a moderate-fat diet. Mice were fed either a zinc-deficient (0 micromol Zn/g), a control (0.45 micromol Zn/g), or a zinc-supplemented (1.529 micromol Zn/g) diet for 4 wk. Mice fed the zinc-deficient diet had significantly increased concentrations of cholesterol and triacylglycerides in the VLDL and HDL fractions. Zinc supplementation decreased these lipid variables compared with control mice. We detected significantly higher concentrations of glutathione reductase mRNA in the thoracic aortae of zinc-deficient mice. Furthermore, inflammatory markers, such as nuclear factor-kappaB and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, were significantly increased in zinc-deficient mice compared with mice of the control or supplemented groups. In addition, zinc deficiency significantly reduced the DNA binding activity of peroxisome proliferator activate receptors (PPARs) in liver extracts. Interestingly, mRNA expression levels of PPARgamma were significantly increased in thoracic aortae of zinc-deficient mice, indicating an adaptation process to decreased PPAR signaling. These data provide in vivo evidence of zinc deficiency inducing proinflammatory events in an atherogenic mouse model. These data also suggest that adequate zinc may be a critical component in protective PPAR signaling during atherosclerosis.
Conceptualizing Corporate Entrepreneurship Strategy

Our knowledge of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) continues to expand. However, this knowledge remains quite fragmented and non–cumulative. Herein, we conceptualize CE strategy as a useful focal poi...
Inner ear development: building a spiral ganglion and an organ of Corti out of unspecified ectoderm

The mammalian inner ear develops from a placodal thickening into a complex labyrinth of ducts with five sensory organs specialized to detect position and movement in space. The mammalian ear also develops a spiraled cochlear duct containing the auditory organ, the organ of Corti (OC), specialized to translate sound into hearing. Development of the OC from a uniform sheet of ectoderm requires unparalleled precision in the topological developmental engineering of four different general cell types, namely sensory neurons, hair cells, supporting cells, and general otic epithelium, into a mosaic of ten distinctly recognizable cell types in and around the OC, each with a unique distribution. Moreover, the OC receives unique innervation by ear-derived spiral ganglion afferents and brainstem-derived motor neurons as efferents and requires neural-crest-derived Schwann cells to form myelin and neural-crest-derived cells to induce the stria vascularis. This transformation of a sheet of cells into a complicated interdigitating set of cells necessitates the orchestrated expression of multiple transcription factors that enable the cellular transformation from ectoderm into neurosensory cells forming the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), while simultaneously transforming the flat epithelium into a tube, the cochlear duct, housing the OC. In addition to the cellular and conformational changes forming the cochlear duct with the OC, changes in the surrounding periotic mesenchyme form passageways for sound to stimulate the OC. We review molecular developmental data, generated predominantly in mice, in order to integrate the well-described expression changes of transcription factors and their actions, as revealed in mutants, in the formation of SGNs and OC in the correct position and orientation with suitable innervation. Understanding the molecular basis of these developmental changes leading to the formation of the mammalian OC and highlighting the gaps in our knowledge might guide in vivo attempts to regenerate this most complicated cellular mosaic of the mammalian body for the reconstitution of hearing in a rapidly growing population of aging people suffering from hearing loss.
The Contemporary Significance of the Doctrine of Just War

After an eclipse of nearly two centuries, the ancient doctrine of Yst war has received renewed attention and interest in the twentieth century, primarily as the result of two conditions in the contemporary world. First, a new international system has come into being, replacing the European balance-of-power system of the recent past; and, secondly, modern technology has created military weapons without precedent in destructive capabilities, thereby radically altering the techniques and even the rationale of warfare. It will be the purpose of this article to examine the current status of the doctrine of just war to determine its viability for modern international politics and law. Specifically, the intent is to determine how relevant the doctrine may be to the two characteristic political conditions of our era just noted. A very brief historical review of the doctrine's development and demise will permit a fuller discussion of modern attitudes toward the subject.1
A hybrid digital/RF envelope predistortion linearization system for power amplifiers

This paper presents an adaptive wide-band digitally controlled RF envelope predistortion linearization system for power amplifiers (PAs). A field-programmable gate-array-based lookup table is indexed by a digitized envelope power signal, and instantaneously adjusts the input signal amplitude and phase via an RF vector modulator to compensate for the AM-AM and AM-PM distortion. The advantages of this predistortion architecture over conventional baseband digital approaches are that a 20%-33% wider correction bandwidth is achievable at the same clock speeds, and linearization can be performed without the need for a digital baseband input signal. The timing match between the input RF signal and predistorting signal, which is one of the critical factors for performance, was investigated and adjusted to obtain optimum performance. Using three-carrier cdmaOne and wide-band multitone signals, the linearization performances for a 0.5-W GaAs heterostructure field-effect transistor, a 90-W peak-envelope-power (PEP) silicon LDMOS PA, and a 680-W PEP LDMOS PA were examined. In addition, the predistortion performance variation for different signals was studied in terms of signal envelope statistics, output powers, and PA power capacities.
Electronic Collisional Frequency in the Upper Atmosphere

The collisional frequency of free electrons with neutral air molecules and atoms in the earth's atmosphere is calculated on the basis of contemporary ideas concerning temperature, pressure, composition, and dissociation of atmospheric gases. Expressions are developed for these calculations. Since contemporary ideas on the state of the upper atmosphere are markedly different from those held ten years ago, this new determination of collisional frequency yields values different from those found earlier. Two sets of values are worked out, one for night and the other for day conditions. It is believed that these two cases represent maximum and minimum values. The effective molecular diameter is discussed. It is pointed out that more exact knowledge of the collisional frequency in the ionospheric regions is important in connection with theories of radio wave propagation.
Psychosocial perspectives in the treatment of pediatric chronic pain

Chronic pain in children and adolescents is associated with major disruption to developmental experiences crucial to personal adjustment, quality of life, academic, vocational and social success. Caring for these patients involves understanding cognitive, affective, social and family dynamic factors associated with persistent pain syndromes. Evaluation and treatment necessitate a comprehensive multimodal approach including psychological and behavioral interventions that maximize return to more developmentally appropriate physical, academic and social activities. This article will provide an overview of major psychosocial factors impacting on pediatric pain and disability, propose an explanatory model for conceptualizing the development and maintenance of pain and functional disability in medically difficult-to-explain pain syndromes, and review representative evidence-based cognitive behavioral and systemic treatment approaches for improving functioning in this pediatric population.
"Elegant" problem solving model for effective learning and applications

The objective of this paper is the development of a concept of problem solving in industrial technology majors from theory to practice. In studying industrial technology subjects, where the rigor is not on mathematics or deep concepts, but problem solution, students are exposed to some classical techniques of industrial engineering, production and operations research, and engineering economics problems. Although some good students "all too often "pick up" problem solving skills through experience or as a bye product of doing exercises". It has been invariably, seen that they never learn the problem solving strategies for efficient and elegant solutions.
RMR: Reliability Map Routing for Tactical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We present a novel framework for spatial routing through difficult terrains with possibly untrustworthy regions in tactical mobile ad hoc networks. We describe a protocol, named "Reliability Map Routing" (RMR), which uses end-to-end Quality of Service metrics that include spatial reliability and trust. The RMR protocol reactively discovers routes over spatial cells whose local reliabilities are distributed throughout the network via a fast dissemination algorithm. By using a spatial approach where reliability and trust are attributed to space rather than to nodes, RMR is able to find reliable routes that persist for longer durations than those discovered by node-centric protocols. Furthermore, RMR is capable of reliable geocasting with low overhead. Via QualNet simulation studies, we compare the performance of the RMR protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, and overhead, and quantify the effects of node density, velocity, and traffic load on protocol performance. Our results indicate that the RMR protocol performs well in high mobility, high density scenarios because of its controlled routing overhead and spatial approach to routing.
Software reliability from the customer view

We augment our defect-prevention activities with analyses of what our customers experience - software failures. NED provides a suite of hardware and software products for business-critical applications, including the operating system, database management system, communication protocols, transaction monitors, and application-development tools. We update this suite quarterly in a release version update. An RVU is an aggregation of all product changes plus the previous version of all unchanged products, which totals several million lines of code. We track the failure rates for each RVU so that we can measure the customer experience with that update. We have been analyzing software failure data for the past several years to provide feedback on the effectiveness of our defect-prevention activities.
Involvement of glutamate in ischemic neurodegeneration in isolated retina.

Retinal ischemia, a major cause of visual loss, is believed to result from overexcitation of glutamate receptors. However, under euglycemic and normoxic conditions, exogenously applied glutamate is not neurotoxic in the retina. Under such conditions, exogenous glutamate typically causes glia swelling and requires very high concentrations to produce neurotoxicity. To determine whether ischemic conditions enhance the neurotoxicity of endogenous and exogenous glutamate, we examined the effects of simulated ischemia (deprivation of both glucose and oxygen) on retinal morphology and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. In an ex vivo rat retinal preparation, glutamate was administered during simulated ischemia in the presence of riluzole, an inhibitor of glutamate release. Deprivation of both glucose and oxygen for 60 min at 30°C produced severe acute neurodegeneration. This neurodegeneration, characterized by bull's eye formation in the inner nuclear layer and spongy appearance in the inner plexiform layer, was prevented by the combination of MK-801 and DNQX, antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors, indicating that the damage results from activation of both glutamate receptors. We also found that administration of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransaminase) with pyruvate diminished the neurodegeneration during simulated ischemia. Furthermore, riluzole, an inhibitor of glutamate release, attenuated the neurodegeneration, suggesting the importance of endogenous glutamate in ischemic damage. In the presence of riluzole and simulated ischemia, exogenously applied glutamate failed to cause Muller cell swelling but was extremely neurotoxic. These results suggest that simulated ischemia enhances glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity in part by depressing glutamate uptake. When glutamate transport is impaired, sub-millimolar glutamate concentrations become profoundly neurotoxic.
High-speed (f/sub t/=78 GHz) AlInAs/GaInAs single heterojunction HBT

High-performance AlInAs/GaInAs HBTs for low-power digital circuits have been demonstrated. Large-area devices exhibit high current gain (up to 600), observable down to low currents. Small-area devices display f/sub t/ up to 78 GHz and f/sub max/ up to 45 GHz. Fitting S-parameter measurements to an equivalent circuit model shows that f/sub max/ is limited by a large R/sub b/C/sub bc/ time constant in the base circuit. These transistors have been used to fabricate the first frequency divider demonstrated in this material system.
Nutrition and Cellular Growth of the Brain

The most common method employed in altering the nutritional status of neonatal rats is to vary the number of pups nursing from a single mother. The normal rat litter consists of from 8 to 12 pups; a nursing group of 10 animals has arbitrarily been considered normal. Malnutrition is imposed by increasing the size of the nursing group to 18 animals and overnutrition by decreasing the size to 3 animals. But in addition to altering the nutrition, this changes the amount of maternal stimulation available to each pup. More recently, other methods of inducing undernutrition have been employed. Protein restriction in the lactating mother reduces the quantity of milk produced without altering its composition. Allowing the animals to nurse for only a single 8-hr period per day also reduces the quantity of milk consumed. In a combination of these approaches, protein-restricted mothers have been given an increased number of animals to nurse. All these methods produce a total caloric restriction as well as a restriction in individual nutrients, the most important of which is probably protein. So far, all the methods have had comparable effects on brain growth, and we will therefore examine them together.
Therapy for Older AML Patients: The Role of Novel Agents and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant

The development of novel therapeutics in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is driven by the need to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity. Clearly, elderly patients with AML represent a highly heterogeneous group, based on a wide array of disease- and patient-specific characteristics. Therefore, novel treatment strategies aimed at overcoming specific biologic modifiers of disease resistance will be paramount to successful therapy for some, whereas in others, the ability to administer a low-toxicity regimen on a chronic basis to achieve disease control may prove beneficial, perhaps even in the absence of complete responses. In addition, identifying genomic and proteomic expression patterns using an individual's unique neoplastic clone will likely optimize the ability to predict responders to novel therapies and identify new and relevant therapeutic targets. The development of reduced-intensity preparative regimens for allogeneic transplants has allowed physicians and patients to explore the option of long-term disease control. The risk-benefit ratio for this procedure will depend on the disease state, patient performance status, and comorbidities. However, current results underscore that age alone should no longer be a contraindication for allogeneic transplant with curative intent in these patients, and long-term disease control with good quality of life is possible and can be expected. Future trials combining the novel therapies described in this article and novel transplant technologies should allow more elderly patients with AML or myelodysplastic syndromes to experience long and productive lives.
The Politics of the Policyscape: The Challenges of Contemporary Governance for Policy Maintenance

Contemporary political life takes place in what can be called a “policyscape:” a landscape in which policies created in the past have themselves become institutions that shape governing operations, political behavior, the policy agenda, and the relationship between state and society. To understand American politics today, therefore, policies themselves below in the forefront of the investigation, alongside the three branches of national government and the arrangements of federalism. Policies develop over time in ways that could not have been foreseen by their creators: they may yield design effects, as some components evolve to become more sustainable than others; unintended consequences, such as the development of 3rd party interests into powerful players that may divert resources for themselves; or lateral effects, as other policies compete with them for funding or attention and affect their capacity. Owing to such dynamics, the upkeep and maintenance of existing policies now constitute central tasks for elected officials. The extent to which they engage effectively in such work, however, depends on the historical political context. As recently as the early 1990s, some lawmakers in both political parties managed to work together on reform proposals. More recently, however, partisan polarization has undermined such political capacity, leaving numerous major policy areas untended and overdue for updating and reform.
The cyst wall composition of Hartmannella glebae.

AbstractIn this study cyst walls of Hartmannella glebae were isolated and quantitatively analyzed. They were fractionated into alkali-insoluble and alkali-soluble fractions. The alkali-insoluble fraction appeared to be cellulose which represented 4.2% of the total weight of the wall. The major component of the alkali-soluble fraction consisted of proteins (64.7%). It also contained a glucose polymer (probably a precursor of cellulose) and lipids. The amino acid composition of the wall was also determined.
Modification of rabbit aortic strip technic for catecholamine (4-point) assay and pharmacological studies

Summary1. Gentle stretching of the rabbit aortic strip produces rapid relaxation, and single doses can be applied at intervals as short as every 7 minutes. 2. Use of this preparation for a variety of purposes is described, including a 4-point bioassay of catecholamines and pharmacological studies, as exemplified by potentiation and inactivation.
EFFECT OF AMPHETAMINE ON THE LEARNING AND PERFORMANCE OF MICE IN A SWIMMING MAZE.

SummaryFive groups of mice were trained to swim a maze in 4 trials and were given 6 test trials one week later. Group I was trained on saline and tested on saline (S-S); Group II was trained on saline and tested on amphetamine (S-A); Group III was both trained and tested on amphetamine (A-A); Group IV was trained on amphetamine and tested on saline (A-S), and Group V was injected with amphetamine one hour after training and was tested on saline (A after-S). The test data for trials 1 and 6 were then analyzed to determine whether the presence of the drug during training had a residual effect (learning effect) and/or if the presence of the drug during testing produced significant differences (performance effects). No learning effects were found on either trial, but, on the last trial, amphetamine significantly improved performance, and this effect outlasted the drug's presence in the central nervous system. It was hypothesized that amphetamine produced some persistent physiological change in the animals whi...
Workplace drug testing as social control

In this article, the emergence of employee drug screening is examined in the context of the historical development of the principle and practice of workplace surveillance. The authors trace the evolution of disciplinary and control systems from the early Industrial Revolution through the Scientific Management movement and its recent offshoots. Industrial medicine and industrial psychology are presented as elements of the "scientification" of surveillance. Drug testing and other contemporary surveillance technologies are placed in this context, and their cultural, political-economic, and moral underpinnings are examined. The dilemma posed by the need to address the real problem of drug abuse in the context of a social control paradigm is explored.
Applied Planning of Data Leak Prevention in Power Grid Information Construction

With the growing development of power grid information construction, the data leak prevention technology has become the urgent needs of the power grid information construction process for all kinds of sensitive business data in the entire life cycle of the production, transport, storage and destruction. According to the needs of entire life cycle in the power grid information construction, this paper elaborates the concept of data leak prevention based on the principle, presents architecture of data leak prevention in power grid, and provides a reference of data leak prevention selection in power grid.
Post-traumatic acquired coarctation of the descending thoracic aorta.

Summary A 31-year-old Caucasian male sustained a through-and-through laceration of the descending aorta 4 years prior to admission. The laceration was closed successfully, but 2 weeks postoperatively the patient developed clinical signs of congestive heart failure and symptoms compatible with coarctation of the aorta. Signs and symptoms typical of coarctation of the aorta progressed over the next 4 years. After the aorta was repaired successfully with a Dacron graft, blood pressure levels gradually returned to normal and the ischemic symptoms in the lower extremities disappeared. We are grateful to Dr. V. J. von Berg for the summary of treatment given at Detroit Receiving Hospital and to the staff of the Thomas D. Dee Memorial Hospital in Ogden, Utah, for the information concerning the patient’s subsequent course. Acknowledgement, also, must be made of the assistance of Mr. Allison Sykes and Mr. Roy Rainey in the preparation of the illustrations for this paper.
The War at Home: Identity Versus Values

In the fall of 2003, I corresponded with a colleague in the United Kingdom about how the war with Iraq had hurt the United States’ image throughout the world. We discussed the dangers of isolating a superpower, and I paraphrased Bernard Lewis, saying that the world could ill afford an “American rage” brought about by threats to its citizens’ safety and identity. My friend’s response chilled me: “Aren’t we seeing that right now?” he asked.
Late-Time Mixing Sensitivity to Initial Broadband Surface Roughness in High-Energy-Density Shear Layers

Using a large volume high-energy-density fluid shear experiment ($8.5\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$) at the National Ignition Facility, we have demonstrated for the first time the ability to significantly alter the evolution of a supersonic sheared mixing layer by controlling the initial conditions of that layer. By altering the initial surface roughness of the tracer foil, we demonstrate the ability to transition the shear mixing layer from a highly ordered system of coherent structures to a randomly ordered system with a faster growing mix layer, indicative of strong mixing in the layer at a temperature of several tens of electron volts and at near solid density. Simulations using a turbulent-mix model show good agreement with the experimental results and poor agreement without turbulent mix.
Hypertension in Pregnancy: Defining Blood Pressure Goals and the Value of Biomarkers for Preeclampsia

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy have been the cause of much clinical dilemma, affecting up to 10 % of all pregnancies. The precise blood pressure to achieve in a pregnant woman is usually a battle between minimizing end organ damage to the mother and providing adequate perfusion to the placenta and the fetus. This predicament is becoming more, not less, frequent as maternal ages increase in high resource nations. Biomarkers to predict preeclampsia, a subcategory of hypertension in pregnancy, have always been elusive. The discovery of angiogenic factors relevant to preeclampsia in the last decade, however, has propelled much needed research, both in the basic science and clinical arenas. In this review, we summarize the latest clinical studies and international guidelines on blood pressure goals in pregnancy, and discuss the most promising of biomarkers to predict or diagnose preeclampsia.
The Influence of Solid Microneedles on the Transdermal Delivery of Selected Antiepileptic Drugs.

The aim of this project was to examine the effect of microneedle rollers on the percutaneous penetration of tiagabine hydrochloride and carbamazepine across porcine skin in vitro. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was carried out using an Agilent 1200 Series HPLC system coupled to an Agilent G1969A TOF-MS system. Transdermal flux values of the drugs were determined from the steady-state portion of the cumulative amount versus time curves. Following twelve hours of microneedle roller application, there was a 6.74-fold increase in the percutaneous penetration of tiagabine hydrochloride (86.42 ± 25.66 µg/cm2/h) compared to passive delivery (12.83 ± 6.30 µg/cm2/h). For carbamazepine in 20% ethanol, passive transdermal flux of 7.85 ± 0.60 µg/cm2/h was observed compared to 10.85 ± 0.11 µg/cm2/h after microneedle treatment. Carbamazepine reconstituted in 30% ethanol resulted in only a 1.19-fold increase in drug permeation across porcine skin (36.73 ± 1.83 µg/cm2/h versus 30.74 ± 1.32 µg/cm2/h). Differences in flux values of untreated and microneedle-treated porcine skin using solid microneedles for the transdermal delivery of tiagabine were statistically significant. Although there were 1.38- and 1.19-fold increases in transdermal flux values of carbamazepine when applied as 20% and 30% ethanol solutions across microneedle-treated porcine skin, respectively, the increases were not statistically significant.
The Stages of Model Building in Economics

AbstractFive successive stages are identified that characterize the process of explanatory model building in economics. Moving across the first three from an initial image, to the model’s preliminary formalization, and then to its operationalization, requires the successive introduction of assumptions that remove the model farther and farther from the reality on the basis of which the initial image was created. It is argued that by ignoring the first two stages, important implications of the Stage 3 assumptions may be hidden. The revelation of these implications may lead to the reconsideration or rejection of the model.
Decentralized temperature control via HVAC systems in energy efficient buildings: An approximate solution procedure

This paper presents a real-time decentralized temperature control scheme via Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems for energy efficient buildings, which balances user comfort and energy saving. Firstly, we introduce a thermal dynamic model of building systems and its approximation. Then a steady-state optimization problem is formulated, which aims to minimize the aggregate deviation between zone temperatures and their set points, as well as the building energy consumption. Because this problem is nonconvex, a convex relaxation approach is proposed, and the tightness of the relaxation is proved. We next develop a real-time decentralized algorithm to regulate the zone flow rate, so that the thermal dynamics can be driven to an equilibrium point which is the optimal solution of the steady-state optimization problem. Finally, a numerical example is proposed to illustrate the effectiveness of the control scheme.
Extreme Statistics in Memories

Memory design specifications typically include yield requirements, apart from performance and power requirements. These yield requirements are usually specified for the entire memory array at some supply voltage and temperature conditions. For example, the designer may be comfortable with an array failure probability of one in a thousand at 100∘C and 1 V supply, i.e., Ff,array ≤ 10−3. However, how does this translate to a yield requirement for the memory cell? How do we even estimate the statistical distribution of memory cell performance metrics in this extreme rare event regime? We will answer these questions and in the process see the application of certain machine learning techniques and extreme value theory in memory design.
Reactivity of Seven-Membered-Ring trans-Alkenes with Electrophiles

Seven-membered-ring trans-alkenes containing a silicon–oxygen bond reacted rapidly with oxygen gas and electron-deficient alkenes and alkynes to give products with high selectivity. Addition of an electron-donating substituent or incorporating additional strain increased the reactivity by over two orders of magnitude. These results indicate that release of strain is not the only driving force for reactivity.
Functional changes in hippocampal synaptic signaling in offspring survivors of a mouse model of intrauterine inflammation.

Recent evidence suggests that exposure to intrauterine inflammation causes acute fetal brain injury and is linked to a spectrum of neurobehavioral disorders. In a rodent model of intrauterine inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in utero, activated microglia can be detected in the hippocampus of offspring survivors, as late as 60 days postnatal (DPN). Given that the hippocampus is important for learning and memory, these results suggest that in utero inflammation underlies long-term cognitive deficits observed in children/survivors. An established mouse model of LPS-induced intrauterine inflammation was used to study hippocampal function from offspring at 44–59 DPN. Microgliosis was examined at 45 DPN. Extracellular field recordings of synaptic transmission were performed on acute hippocampal slices. LPS offspring mice displayed persistent microglial activation and increased CA3–CA1 excitatory synaptic strength, which can be explained in part by an increase in the probability of glutamate release, and reduced long-term synaptic potentiation compared to control mice. These results offer a mechanistic explanation for the cognitive and behavioral deficits observed in survivors of preterm birth caused by intrauterine inflammation.
Wrestling with Uncertainty in Climate Economic Models

This paper uses insights from decision theory under uncertainty to explore research challenges in climate economics. We embrace a broad perspective of uncertainty with three components: risk (probabilities assigned by a given model), ambiguity (level of confidence in alternative models), and misspecification (potential shortfalls in existing models). We survey recent climate science research that exposes the uncertainty in climate dynamics that is pertinent in economic analyses and relevant for using models to provide policy guidance. The uncertainty components and their implications for decision theory help us frame this evidence and expose the modeling and evidential challenges.
A new UHF narrowband satellite communications PHY layer for HPW

The High Performance Waveform (HPW) was developed before parallel concatenated codes (PCCC) and serial concatenated codes (SCCC) were in wide use and so it makes sense to take advantage of the advancements in communication theory and processor computation speed that have taken place since its inception. In its current form, HPW transmits a Raised-Cosine Continuous Phase Modulation (1RC CPM) modulation with a trellis code that is designed to provide, with the use of a Cyclic Redundancy Check Code error detection (CRC), error free transmission over a single, narrowband UHF satellite communications channel. In this paper we present an additional set of coding and modulation schemes which take advantage of serial concatenated code (SCCC) technology to simultaneously improve throughput at the lower end of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range while increasing the highest throughput at the highest SNR available on UHF satellites. The overall bit error rate and throughput of each individual modulation type is analyzed and the framework for the adaptive modulation protocol is provided. To provide for a gradual release of a newer revision of HPW, a framework for a PHY layer is provided which will allow a heterogeneous network of legacy and updated radio terminals.
Diagnostic Error in Stroke—Reasons and Proposed Solutions

We discuss the frequency of stroke misdiagnosis and identify subgroups of stroke at high risk for specific diagnostic errors. In addition, we review common reasons for misdiagnosis and propose solutions to decrease error. According to a recent report by the National Academy of Medicine, most people in the USA are likely to experience a diagnostic error during their lifetimes. Nearly half of such errors result in serious disability and death. Stroke misdiagnosis is a major health care concern, with initial misdiagnosis estimated to occur in 9% of all stroke patients in the emergency setting. Under- or missed diagnosis (false negative) of stroke can result in adverse patient outcomes due to the preclusion of acute treatments and failure to initiate secondary prevention strategies. On the other hand, the overdiagnosis of stroke can result in inappropriate treatment, delayed identification of actual underlying disease, and increased health care costs. Young patients, women, minorities, and patients presenting with non-specific, transient, or posterior circulation stroke symptoms are at increased risk of misdiagnosis. Strategies to decrease diagnostic error in stroke have largely focused on early stroke detection via bedside examination strategies and a clinical decision rules. Targeted interventions to improve the diagnostic accuracy of stroke diagnosis among high-risk groups as well as symptom-specific clinical decision supports are needed. There are a number of open questions in the study of stroke misdiagnosis. To improve patient outcomes, existing strategies to improve stroke diagnostic accuracy should be more broadly adopted and novel interventions devised and tested to reduce diagnostic errors.
Topology on the Dual Plancherel Measure

The purpose of the present chapter is to set down in a precise fashion the main facts as regards the structure of the unitary dual Ĝ of a locally compact group G (which satisfies the second axiom of countability, say). Since these topics are dealt with more than adequately by Dixmier [15], we shall give very few proofs; instead we shall be content to look at a number of examples which serve to illustrate the abstract theory, full details being provided in the case of a semi-simple G.
Family Implemented TEACCH for Toddlers

Family Implemented TEACCH for Toddlers (FITT) is a collaborative parent education and support model designed to help families better understand and engage their toddler with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Based on and adapted from the TEACCH Autism Program, FITT uses structured teaching and naturalistic strategies to facilitate toddler’s receptive and expressive communication, social communication, and play skills, as well as parent groups and parent coaching to enhance parent well- being. The blended structured teaching and naturalistic strategies used in FITT support both the development of new routines designed to enhance attention, understanding, and engagement such as table- and floor-based play sessions and generalization of skills to routines that occur across the day and home environment. Across the 6-month manualized intervention, parents identify intervention priorities, conduct informal assessments to identify toddler strengths and emerging skills, and then jointly plan the implementation of FITT strategies to target identified skills across domains and routines, while the FITT interventionist serves as a consultant and coach supporting and guiding parents. Outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of the FITT intervention included improved functioning for the toddlers with ASD, as well as reduced parent stress and improved parent well-being, indicating that FITT is a promising approach for young children with ASD and their families.