cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Paretians Can't Prescribe: Preferences, Principles, and Imperatives in Law and Policy

Recent years have witnessed two linked revivals in the legal academy. The first is renewed interest in articulating a normative "master principle" by which legal rules might be evaluated. The second is renewed interest in the prospect that a variant of Benthamite "utility" might serve as the requisite touchstone. One influential such variant now in circulation is what the Article calls "Paretian welfarism." This Article rejects Paretian welfarism and advocates an alternative it calls "fair welfare." It does so because Paretian welfarism is inconsistent with ethical, social, and legal prescription, while fair welfare is what we have been groping for all along. Guido Calabresi was more right than we knew when he famously pronounced Pareto "pointless." In fact it is anti-prescriptive. The Article first explicates the nature of welfare and social welfare, then their relations to the sundry Pareto criteria. It observes that ethical, social and legal prescription always draw a cut between bona fide welfare and proscribed satisfaction. They do so, moreover, on the basis of precisely those preference-incumbent distributive principles that Paretian criteria rule out. The Article next explicates the logical form of prescription. It shows that all forms of action-guiding prescription, as distinguished from agency-commandeering conscription, are underwritten by the same kinds of preference-incumbent principles as draw the cut between welfare and wrongful satisfactions. These impartial principles sound in what the Article calls "agent equality," and are rendered explicit when imperatives are justified by reference to reasons. The Article then analyzes the idiom of social welfare functions (SWFs) in which Paretian welfarist legal theorists frame their putative prescriptions. The Article shows that SWFs must be formally supplemented in a manner that registers the preference-incumbency of normative distributional principles, if they are to be suitable for the prescriptive purposes that legal theorists lay out for them. The Article next draws the foregoing analyses together in two simple discursive proofs, counterparts to formal results the author presents elsewhere. The first shows the impossibility of "welfarist" prescription. The second shows Paretianism's cognate impossibility. These results generalize well known theorems of Arrow and Sen. The Article then presents the "fair welfare" alternative. The true "Grundnorm" for legal theory is an equal opportunity norm that is the material counterpart to that agent equality found earlier in the Article to underlie preference-incumbent norms of distributive propriety. Because those norms constitute the logical form of prescription itself, fair welfare is the appropriate form for our legal prescribing to take.
Developing a general purpose intelligent control system for particle accelerators

Tuning and controlling particle accelerators is time consuming and expensive. Inherently nonlinear, this control problem is one to which conventional methods have not satisfactorily been applied; the result is constant and expensive monitoring by human operators. In recent years, and with isolated successes, advanced information technologies such as expert systems and neural networks have been applied to the individual pieces of this problem. Most advanced information technology attempts are also very special purpose and built in a manner not at all generalizable to other accelerator installations. In this paper, we discuss preliminary results of our research combining various methodologies from the field of artificial intelligence into a general control system for accelerator tuning. We consider state space search and adaptive/learning algorithms including fuzzy logic, rule-based reasoning, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. We then propose a framework for applying these methods to a general purpose system for control. Finally, we discuss future plans for extending the system to include parallel distributed reasoning, an enhanced object structure, and additional heuristic control methods.
Literacy and Literacies: Conclusion: literacy lessons – beginnings, ends, and implications

This development, coupled with that of anthropology and of the history of writing, teaches us that phonetic writing, the medium of the great metaphysical, scientific, technical, and economic adventure of the West, is limited in space and time and limits itself even as it is in the process of imposing its laws upon the cultural areas that had escaped it. (Derrida, 1976a, p. 10) It's our cultural fears – of internal decay, of loss of order, of diminishment – that weave into our assessments of literacy and scholastic achievement. (Rose, 1989, p. 7) Introduction In the preceding chapters we have engaged with a number of complex conceptual issues concerning literacy, in particular those of text, power, and identity, and we have developed our arguments via a wide range of ethnographic and historical cases. What we wish to do at this point is revisit certain of those issues, developing arguments and questions further, making connections between chapters, cases, and conceptual positions. That is, and against convention, we will try to make this conclusion an opening as much as a closing. Because the theme of the “origins” of literacy continues to fascinate both scholarship and popular culture, we will return to this topic by means of the Tolowa case with which our book opened. As we examine the late-twentieth-century advent of writing among these Northern California native people, we are brought to issues and questions raised by Derrida about the theme of origins in writing as well as to recent criticisms made by Goody about Derrida's relativist arguments concerning writing, reading, and books.
TU-AB-303-10: KVCBCT, MVCBCT and MVCT On-Board Imaging Suitability for An Urgent Radiotherapy Treatment Workflow

Purpose: A comparison of image quality and dose calculation accuracy to study the suitability of available on-board imaging systems for a new treatment workflow in emergency radiotherapy situations. Methods: Water and anthropomorphic phantom images were acquired on four different Linac on-board imaging systems, including kVCBCT (Varian TrueBeam and Elekta VersaHD), MVCBCT (Siemens Artiste) and MVCT (Accuray Tomotherapy). Simple treatments of single or opposed beams were planned on the respective kVCT images and copied to all CT images. Image suitability for dose planning was based on the overall mean dose differences and 3D gamma index with 3%/3mm criteria for a prescription of 100 monitor units (MU) and differences in calculated MUs per plan for dose prescriptions to mid-plane. Results: TrueBeam kVCBCT and Tomotherapy MVCT images produced most accurate dose calculation for all tested cases (γ-index >95%). MVCBCT and VersaHD kVCBCT images resulted in minimum γ-passing rates of 94% and 87%, respectively. MUs calculated from treatment plans prescribed to mid-plane were within differences of 5% relative to kVCT-based plans in all cases. However, VersaHD images showed considerable local image artifacts in the pelvis water and anthropomorphic neck phantom that complicated accurate Hounsfield unit (HU) to electron density conversion, thus causing local dose differences of more than 10% relative to kVCT-based dose distributions. Conclusion: TrueBeam kVCBCT, MVCBCT and MVCT systems provide image quality that allows for accurate simple treatment plan calculation. Prescription points should be placed away from areas found to cause local dose discrepancies, such as air cavities. Improved image filter settings and HU-to-electron density calibration adjustments may be required for the VersaHD system to obtain an overall accurate dose distribution. To evaluate a system’s overall suitability, its clinical features also require consideration, such as imaging field of view, acquisition time and the ability to instantly export images for treatment planning.
trans‐2,5‐Dimethylpyrrolidine

(racemate) [62617-69-0; 39713-72-9] C6H13N (MW 99.18) InChI = 1S/C6H13N/c1-5-3-4-6(2)7-5/h5-7H,3-4H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = ZEBFPAXSQXIPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI = 1/C6H13N/c1-5-3-4-6(2)7-5/h5-7H,3-4H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = ZEBFPAXSQXIPNF-UHFFFAOYAQ (2S,5S) [117968-50-0] (MW 135.64) InChI = 1S/C6H13N/c1-5-3-4-6(2)7-5/h5-7H,3-4H2,1-2H3/t5-,6-/m0/s1 InChIKey = ZEBFPAXSQXIPNF-WDSKDSINSA-N (2R,5R) [62617-70-3] InChI = 1S/C6H13N/c1-5-3-4-6(2)7-5/h5-7H,3-4H2,1-2H3/t5-,6-/m1/s1 InChIKey = ZEBFPAXSQXIPNF-PHDIDXHHSA-N (·HCl, racemate) [114143-75-8; 4832-49-9] C6H14ClN InChI = 1/C6H13N.ClH/c1-5-3-4-6(2)7-5;/h5-7H,3-4H2,1-2H3;1H/fC6H14N.Cl/h7H;1h/q+1;-1 InChIKey = AFHNFHHYTYQLIO-JSSCSLHPCN InChI = 1/C6H13N.ClH/c1-5-3-4-6(2)7-5;/h5-7H,3-4H2,1-2H3;1H/fC6H14N.Cl/h7H;1h/q+1;-1 InChIKey = AFHNFHHYTYQLIO-JSSCSLHPCN (·HCl, 2S,5S) [138133-34-3] InChI = 1S/C6H13N.ClH/c1-5-3-4-6(2)7-5;/h5-7H,3-4H2,1-2H3;1H/t5-,6-;/m0./s1 InChIKey = AFHNFHHYTYQLIO-GEMLJDPKSA-N (·HCl, 2R,5R) [70144-18-2] InChI = 1S/C6H13N.ClH/c1-5-3-4-6(2)7-5;/h5-7H,3-4H2,1-2H3;1H/t5-,6-;/m1./s1 InChIKey = AFHNFHHYTYQLIO-KGZKBUQUSA-N (C2 symmetric chiral pyrrolidine,1 useful in optically active form as a chiral auxiliary in a variety of asymmetric reactions) Physical Data: free amine: bp 102–103 °C; (2S,5S) [α]D25 +10.6° (c 1.0, EtOH);2 (2R,5R) [α]D25 −11.5° (c 1.0, EtOH).2 Hydrochloride: racemate mp 187–189 °C;3 (2S,5S) mp 200–201 °C,4 [α]D25 −5.63° (c 0.67, CH2Cl2);4 (2R,5R) mp 200–203 °C,5 [α]D25 +5.57° (c 1.18, CH2Cl2).5 Form Supplied in: colorless oil; commercially available as a mixture of (±)-trans and cis isomers (the mixture is not easily separated).6 Purification: the free amine can be purified by fractional distillation; the hydrochloride salt can be recrystallized from absolute ethanol and diethyl ether. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: irritant; flammable. Use in a fume hood.
GPS Data Analysis of the Impact of Tolling on Truck Speed and Routing: Case Study in Seattle, Washington

Roadway tolls are designed to raise revenue to fund transportation investments and manage travel demand and as such may affect transportation system performance and route choice. Yet, limited research has quantified the impact of tolling on truck speed and route choice because of the lack of truck-specific movement data. Most existing tolling impact studies rely on surveys in which drivers are given several alternative routes and their performance characteristics and asked to estimate route choices. The limitations of such an approach are that the results may not reflect actual truck route choices and the surveys are costly to collect. The research described in this paper used truck GPS data to observe empirical responses to tolling, following the implementation of a toll on the State Route 520 (SR-520) bridge in Seattle, Washington. Truck GPS data were used to evaluate route choice and travel speed along SR-520 and the alternate toll-free Route I-90. It was found that truck travel speed on SR-520 improve...
A nonintrusive system for behavioral analysis of children using multiple RGB+depth sensors

In developmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, observing behavioral precursors in very early childhood can allow for early intervention and can improve patient outcomes. While such precursors open the possibility of broad and large-scale screening, until now they have been identified only through experts' painstaking examinations and their manual annotations of limited, unprocessed video footage. Here we introduce a system to automate and assist in such procedures. Employing multiple inexpensive real-time rgb+depth (rgb+d) sensors recording from multiple viewpoints, our non-invasive system—now installed at the Shirley G. Moore Lab School, a research preschool—is being developed to monitor and reconstruct the play and interactions of preschoolers. The system's role is to help in assessing the growing volumes of its on-site recordings and to provide the data needed to uncover additional neuromotor behavioral markers via techniques such as data mining.
Status Inconsistency and Satisfaction with Sorority Membership

Based on a modification of earlier work in status inconsistency, three hypotheses concerning sorority dissatisfaction were tested: (1) Dissatisfaction will be higher among members of low-status sororities than members of high-status sororities. (2) For high family status girls there will be a higher proportion of those in low-status sororities than high-status sororities who are dissatisfied. For low family status girls, sorority status will not be as strongly related to satisfaction. (3) The differences predicted in Hypotheses 1 and 2 will be greater when comparisons are based upon subjective sorority status rankings as opposed to objective status rankings. The data analyzed tended to confirm the three hypotheses. * This paper represents a joint effort in every respect. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Mon, 29 Aug 2016 05:09:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms STATUS INCONSISTENCY AND SATISFACTION 177 I n 1954, Lenski showed that, above and beyond the effect of status per se, status inconsistency, or in his words the absence of "status crystallization," was associated with political liberalism. Since then status inconsistency has been shown to be associated with a desire for change in power distribution (Goffman, 1957), symptoms of stress (Jackson, 1962), and even suicide (Gibbs and Martin, 1958). Following Lenski, these studies defined a person as a status inconsistent if he was high on one, and low on another, objectively dlerived status dimension such as education, occupation, income, or ethnicity. It is generally assumed that inconsistency between such structural positions leads to dissatisfaction with the social order and a subsequent attempt to resolve or adapt to the inconsistency. Recently the traditional use of the concept of status inconsistency has coine under criticism (Sampson, 1963; Geschwender, 1967). It has been argued that a discrepancy between several status dimensions, does not invariably lead to dissatisfaction and the desire for change. Rather, dissatisfaction occurs only when others, and especially when the person himself, generally expect that occupying a high status on one dimension usually is or should be accompanied by high status on the second dinmension. Both Sampson and Geschwender suggest that status inconsistencies lead to a state of cognitive dissonance which the person will attempt to resolve in some way. However, for this to occur it is necessary that the person be aware that he is occupying discrepant statuses. Since a person's perception of his position in a status hierarchy does not always agree with an objective assessment of his position he will experience dissonance only when he recognizes that he is occupying two discrepant statuses. This suggests that status inconsistencies could be better measured by su bjective (i.e., person's perception of his own status) rather than objective indicators
Of totemism and ethnicity: Consciousness, practice and the signs of inequality*

Is ethnicity an object of analysis, something to be explained? Or is it an explanatory principle capable of accounting for significant aspects of human existence? Because it has been treated in both ways, sometimes simultaneously, there is disagreement over even the most fundamental issues: What is ethnicity, one thing or many? Does it have the capacity to determine social and material life? Or is it determined by other forces and structures? And how does it relate to race, class and nationalism? Drawing examples primarily from Africa, this essay posits five propositions about the nature of ethnicity in an effort to illuminate its historical character and diverse experiential forms.
Dealing with early life failures

D&T editor in chief Tim Cheng discusses the industry's struggle to screen latent defects for complex ICs. He also welcomes two new editors to the D&T editorial board.
Silicon photovoltaic cells in thermophotovoltaic energy conversion

A new silicon photovoltaic cell has been developed for use in a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy converter. Attention has been paid to minimizing parasitic absorptance and optimizing electrical performance. Energy conversion efficiencies of 26 percent in TPV operation were measured at an output power density of 10 W/cm2.
Layer-Like Field Inhomogeneities in Homogeneous Semiconductors in the Range of "N-Shaped Negative Differential Conductivity"

Characteristic layer-like field inhomogeneities are shown to occur in homogeneous semiconductors if the decrease in conductivity is stronger than linear with increasing field. These inhomogeneities are discussed generally in a model using Poisson and transport equations, and the fact that the neutral density of electrons and/or the mobility decreases with increasing field strength. The method of characteristics is used for discussion in order to facilitate analysis of the experimental observations. Further experimental results about layer-like field inhomogeneities in CdS concerning domain width and field strengths, influence of optical excitation and quenching, and net charging of CdS crystals are given and show good agreement with the proposed theory.
Mimicking the BH3 domain to kill cancer cells

Cancer cells show deviant behavior that induces apoptotic signaling. To survive, cancer cells typically acquire changes enabling evasion of death signals. One way they do this is by increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins. Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins antagonize death signaling by forming heterodimers with pro-death proteins. Heterodimer formation occurs through binding of the pro-apoptotic protein's BH3 domain into the hydrophobic cleft of anti-apoptotic proteins. The BH3 mimetics are small molecule antagonists of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 members that function as competitive inhibitors by binding to the hydrophobic cleft. Under certain conditions, antagonism of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins can unleash pro-death molecules in cancer cells. Thus, the BH3 mimetics are a new class of cancer drugs that specifically target a mechanism of cancer cell survival to selectively kill cancer cells.
Direct static-strain measurement utilizing signal fading and spectrum analysis in a fiber optic interferometric sensor

A highly accurate linear method of static phase shift measurement based on the concurrent utilization of signal fading, a tan-1 algorithm and photovoltage spectrum analysis in a fiber optic interferometric strain sensor is presented. The static phase shift is superimposed on a controlled dynamic phase modulation derived from an optical phase modulator in one arm of the interferometer. Good agreement is demonstrated between the phase shift obtained through experiment and that from the theoretical analysis based on 1/f noise. This detection scheme has wide applications to static and dynamic phase shift measurements in fiber optic interferometric sensors used in several smart structure configurations.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relationship between Certain Circadian Behavior Patterns and Jungian Personality Types

24 adults rated themselves on specific behavioral dimensions every 2 hr. during their waking day for at least five consecutive days. Differences in their Jungian response modes (as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) correlated with differences in dimensions on which daily variations were experienced or in time of day during which correlations were significant. Therefore, understanding and prediction of behavior would improve if, in addition to personality classification, time of day were taken into account.
The implementation of school finance reform

The reform of educational finance systems is underway in various states. The results of the reforms in early states can act as guides to the design of new finance systems in other states. Based on recent experiences in New Jersey, the authors discuss the role that policy analysis can play in aiding the school finance reform process. The results of the New Jersey reform suggest that the policy analyst must understand the behavioral responses of school districts to new aid and must take into account likely changes in the underlying economic conditions of local areas if he or she hopes to accurately assess the impacts of alternative finance proposals.
Disorders of the cardiovascular system occurring with catheterization of the right side of the heart

Abstract Two patients showing temporary complications with catheterization of the right side of the heart have been presented. One developed a nodal tachycardia with the catheter in place. The arrhythmia did not cease spontaneously after 30 minutes and was terminated by treatment. The other patient with a tetralogy of Fallot developed complete auriculoventricular heart block 1 day after the catheter had been removed. Second-degree heart block then appeared, followed by first-degree auriculoventricular heart block, and finally the electrocardiogram returned to normal in 7 days. The literature has been reviewed, and results in other clinics have been presented. Catheterization of the right side of the heart has proved to be a most valuable aid in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease and in the study of other heart and pulmonary diseases. It has an established place in the hands of competent investigators, but successful application of this technique still needs a trained team who by careful and meticulous observance to proper technique and certain contraindications can avoid most fatal complications.
Beta titanium: A new orthodontic alloy

Historically, few alloys have been used in the fabrication of orthodontic appliances. This article reviews the gold-based, stainless steel, chrome-cobalt-nickel, and nitinol alloys, as well as beta titanium, a new material for orthodontics. Mechanical properties and manipulative characteristics are summarized to develop a basis for the selection of the proper alloy for a given clinical situation. The beta titanium wire has a unique balance of low stiffness, high springback, formability, and weldability which indicates its use in a wide range of clinical applications. A number of such applications are described.
Techniques for critical path reduction of scalar programs

Scalar performance on processors with instruction level parallelism (ILP) is often limited by control and data dependences. This paper describes a family of compiler techniques, called Critical Path Reduction (CPR) techniques, which reduce the length of critical paths through control and data dependences. Control CPR reduces the number of branches on the critical path and improves the performance of branch intensive codes on processors with inadequate branch throughput or excessive branch latency. Data CPR reduces the number of arithmetic operations on the critical path. Optimization and scheduling are adapted to support CPR.
A new mermithid nematode from Ablabesmyia monilis (L.) (Diptera: Chironomidae) in northern Minnesota.

Limnomermis steineri n. sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) is described from the hemocoel of male, female, and intersex imagos of Ablabesmyia (s. str.) monilis (L.) eclosing from Lake Ozawindib and Lake Alice Bog in northern Minnesota during summers 2000–2005. The species is distinguished from other described members of the genus. Paramermis rosea is returned to Limnomermis. A review of adequately described members of the genus is included. One species of the genus has been reported previously from the Nearctic Realm. Emphasis is placed on the need for host identification, larger number of specimens of both mermithid sexes, and information on the intensity of infections to enable more precise range comparisons in mermithid biometrics.
Cytokine secretion of myelin basic protein reactive T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis

The objective of this study was to determine whether autoreactive T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are polarized and committed in their differentiation to a stable cytokine phenotype or whether the cytokine secretion can be altered. We examined the cytokines secreted by myelin basic protein (MBP) as compared to tetanus toxoid-reactive (TT) T cells in 12 patients with relapsing remitting MS (RR-MS), 9 patients with chronic progressive MS (CP-MS), and 14 normal individuals. A total of 5094 short term T cell lines to MBP and TT were generated in the presence of growth conditions promoting Th1 (IL-12/alpha-IL-4 mAb) or Th2 (IL-4/alpha-IL-12 mAb) cytokine secretion. Antigen-specific cytokine secretion from normals and MS patients could be shifted to a Th1 or Th2 type phenotype depending upon culture conditions, indicating that the phenotype of MBP reactive T cells can be altered even in longstanding chronic progressive MS. There were no significant differences in the cytokine patterns secreted by MBP reactive T cells in patients with MS as compared to normal individuals. However, CP-MS patients tended to have fewer MBP reactive T cells secreting IL-4 when cultured with IL-12/anti-IL-4 mAb and more IFN-gamma secreting MBP reactive T cells when cultured with IL-4/anti-IL-12 mAb as compared to both normal controls and RR-MS, suggesting that cells from these patients might be more polarized or that fewer undifferentiated MBP-reactive cells are present in these individuals. The most striking observation was that in contrast to the RR-MS patients and normal controls, almost none of the MBP reactive T cells secreting cytokines in CP-MS incorporated 3[H]thymidine. This may be due to chronic in vivo stimulation in the presence of IL-12, or because these T cells may have entered a terminally differentiated state. Nonetheless, the ability to alter the cytokine secretion of autoreactive T cell lines even in longstanding autoimmune disease indicates that cytokine therapy might have therapeutic benefits by switching the function of myelin reactive T cells such that they are non-pathogenic.
Intermediate‐Term Outcome with Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer: The Cleveland Clinic Experience

Purpose: We examined the results after radical prostatectomy (RP) for clinically localized prostate cancer to determine the 5- and 8-year disease-specific and biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS), and the clinical and pathologic variables that predict biochemical failure. Materials and Methods: Nine hundred six patients underwent RP for clinically localized prostate cancer between 1990 and 1999. No patient received neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. The mean age was 61.9 years (range 40–77 years). The mean preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was 8.7 ng/ml (range 0.3–54.0). Seventy-six percent of patients had a biopsy Gleason score ≤6, and 49% had disease at clinical Stage T1c. Eighteen percent of patients reported a family history of prostate cancer. Actuarial bRFS rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: Pathologic analysis showed that 43% of patients had extracapsular extension, 44% had pathologic Gleason scores ≤6, 23% had positive margins, 8.9% had seminal vesicle invasion, and 1.9% had lymph node metastases. At a mean follow-up of 44 months (range 1–114), the 5- and 8-year cancer-specific survival rates were 97% and 95%, respectively. The actuarial 5- and 8-year bRFS rates were 81% and 76%, respectively. Patients with organ-confined disease had a 100% cancer-specific survival rate and a 92% bRFS rate at both 5 and 8 years. On multivariate analysis, a positive family history (p = 0.019), clinical stage (p = 0.014), preoperative PSA level (p < 0.001), pathologic Gleason score (p < 0.001), extracapsular extension (p = 0.03), positive margins (p < 0.0001), and seminal vesicle invasion (p = 0.0003) were all independent predictors of bRFS. Conclusion: Radical prostatectomy for patients with localized prostate cancer has a high rate of cure for appropriately selected patients.
The Lipoprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study (LCAS): Design, methods, and baseline data of a trial of fluvastatin in patients without severe hypercholesterolemia

Abstract Few direct clinical data are available regarding whether cholesterol-lowering therapy should be extended to patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and normal or only slightly elevated plasma cholesterol concentrations. The one published angiographic trial designed to examine this question found no benefit. Additional prospective data will be provided by the Lipoprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study (LCAS), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluvastatin therapy (20 mg twice daily) monitored by both quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and, in a subset of patients, positron-emission tomography (PET). Eligible subjects in LCAS were men and women 35–75 years of age with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 115–190 mg/dL on stable dietary therapy and with angiographic evidence by caliper measurement of at least one coronary atherosclerotic lesion causing 30–75% diameter stenosis. Among the 429 patients randomized (mean age 58.8, 81% male), mean baseline LDL cholesterol was only 145.6 mg/dL. Any patient with mean prerandomization LDL cholesterol of 160 mg/dL or higher also received open-label adjunctive cholestyramine. The primary endpoint is within-patient per-lesion change in minimum lumen diameter (MLD) as measured by QCA at baseline and 2.5-year follow-up. All evaluable lesions had MLD at least 0.8 mm less than the reference lumen diameter at either baseline or follow-up and MLD at least 25% of the reference lumen diameter at baseline. Data obtained on myocardial perfusion changes (99 patients underwent initial PET), special lipid particles, and coagulation factors may help define which patients with CHD and relatively low LDL cholesterol will benefit from lipid-lowering treatment.
RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Although chaotic systems continue to gain interest, their confirmation and analysis can be difficult. Traditional analytic methods impose constraints which are often difficult to achieve. A technique which does not impose these constraints is recurrence quantification analysis. Recurrence quantification is derived from recurrence plots, which are based upon distances matrices of embedded series. The original article demonstrated the plot's ability to uncover deterministic processes, as well as drift and nonstationarity. Recurrence quantification has allowed for direct quantification of these features.
Antigen processing and presentation: close encounters in the endocytic pathway

Stimulation of helper T cells by class II molecules occurs when the class II molecules bind and display peptides derived from foreign antigens that have been endocytosed. The formation of peptide-class II complexes requires antigen degradation and exposure of the peptide-binding site of class II molecules, both of which depend on proteolysis and low pH in the endocytic pathway. This review discusses the role of specific compartments of the endocytic pathway in the generation of antigenic peptides, and in the binding of antigenic peptides to newly synthesized class II molecules and those that are internalized from the cell surface.
Examining the Decision to Talk with Family About Organ Donation: Applying the Theory of Motivated Information Management

Research on organ donation suggests a strong association between family discussions about the issue and final organ donor status. However, very few studies have examined the factors that influence individuals’ willingness to talk directly to their family about this topic or the impact of these discussions. This investigation provides a partial test of a newly developed theory of information management to better understand the processes of family discussions about organ donation. Results from two studies generally support the utility of the theory in this context, suggest ways in which organ donation campaigns may improve their effectiveness, and recommend future directions for researchers in this area. Moreover, the data show differences across ethnic groups that support and extend past work in this area.
Factors Influencing Farmers' Expectations to Sell Agricultural Land for Non-Agricultural Uses*

In this study we identify factors that influence farmers' expectations to sell some or all of their farming operation in areas where the increase in the conversion of agricultural land has been relatively rapid. Findings indicate that the following factors increase farmers' propensity to sell some or all of the agricultural operation for non-agricultural land use: perceived negative change (particularly difficulty in obtaining and retaining rental land and in purchasing land) increases the likelihood that farmers will expect the operation to become nonviable, which in turn increases the expectation to sell some or all agricultural land; lack of a child who will take over the operation; and declining profits from the operation. Factors that apparently exert little influence on the expectation to sell some or all of the farming operation include level of intrinsic rewards that a farmer experiences from his farming operation, the farmer's satisfaction with his community, and the farmer's closeness to retirement age.
Isolation of specific macromolecules required for adhesion of mouse tumour cells.

THE adhesive properties of cell surfaces which seem to determine many morphogenetic processes1 and which may be important in malignancy2 must reflect the biochemical characteristics of the cell surfaces. There have been attempts to isolate the macromolecules concerned by assaying for substances required for cell adhesion3, and one of us4 has described a promising experimental system for such studies. Trypsin-dissociated cells from an ascites-grown form of a mouse teratoma (teratocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma)5,6 require L-glutamine in order to synthesize amino-sugars and to reaggregate in a solution of glucose and balanced salts, most probably because the amino-sugars are necessary for the formation of the complex carbohydrates involved in cell adhesion4. This communication describes experiments in which the amino-sugars are replaced by macromolecular substances in the ascites fluid in which the teratoma grew.
The road to compliance with electronic records and electronic signature rules

Activities required for compliance with electronic records (e-records) and electronic signatures (e-signatures) rules go a long way toward meeting the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) requirements for assuring the quality of the data collected and the overall integrity of the study. This paper describes one facility's journey on the road to compliance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Study of Supersonic Laminar Base Flow with and without Suction

Heat-transfer and pressure distributions in laminar separated flows downstream of rearward-facing steps with and without mass suction were investigated at Mach numbers around 4 for the conditions when the boundary-layer thickness was comparable to or larger than the step height. In both suction and no-suction cases, an increase of the step height resulted in a sharp drop of the base heating rates, which then gradually recovered to less than or near attached-flow values obtained with flat-plate configuration. Mass suction from the step base area increased the local heating rates; this effect, however, was relatively weak for laminar flows tested, and the competing effect of the step height clearly predominated. It was found that even removal of the entire incoming boundary layer was not sufficient to raise the poststep heating rates above the flat-plate values. The base pressure in the no-suction, solid-step case correlated reasonably well with the step height-to-boundary-layer thickness ratio and with the Reynolds number based on the step height.
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Dairy Cows and Their Waste as Measured by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry

California dairies house approximately 1.8 million lactating and 1.5 million dry cows and heifers. State air regulatory agencies view these dairies as a major air pollutant source, but emissions data are sparse, particularly for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The objective of this work was to determine VOC emissions from lactating and dry dairy cows and their waste using an environmental chamber. Carbon dioxide and methane were measured to provide context for the VOCs. VOCs were measured by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The compounds with highest fluxes when cows plus waste were present were methanol, acetone + propanal, dimethylsulfide, and m/z 109 (likely 4-methyl-phenol). The compounds with highest fluxes from fresh waste (urine and feces) were methanol, m/z 109, and m/z 60 (likely trimethylamine). Ethanol fluxes are reported qualitatively, and several VOCs that were likely emitted (formaldehyde, methylamine, dimethylamine) were not detectable by PTR-MS. The sum of reactive VOC fluxes measured when cows were present was a factor of 6-10 less than estimates historically used for regulatory purposes. In addition, ozone formation potentials of the dominant VOCs were -10% those of typical combustion or biogenic VOCs. Thus dairy cattle have a comparatively small impact on ozone formation per VOC mass emitted.
Incorporating Cancer Stem Cells in Radiation Therapy Treatment Response Modeling and the Implication in Glioblastoma Multiforme Treatment Resistance

Purpose To perform a preliminary exploration with a simplistic mathematical cancer stem cell (CSC) interaction model to determine whether the tumor-intrinsic heterogeneity and dynamic equilibrium between CSCs and differentiated cancer cells (DCCs) can better explain radiation therapy treatment response with a dual-compartment linear-quadratic (DLQ) model. Methods and Materials The radiosensitivity parameters of CSCs and DCCs for cancer cell lines including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), non–small cell lung cancer, melanoma, osteosarcoma, and prostate, cervical, and breast cancer were determined by performing robust least-square fitting using the DLQ model on published clonogenic survival data. Fitting performance was compared with the single-compartment LQ (SLQ) and universal survival curve models. The fitting results were then used in an ordinary differential equation describing the kinetics of DCCs and CSCs in response to 2- to 14.3-Gy fractionated treatments. The total dose to achieve tumor control and the fraction size that achieved the least normal biological equivalent dose were calculated. Results Smaller cell survival fitting errors were observed using DLQ, with the exception of melanoma, which had a low α/β = 0.16 in SLQ. Ordinary differential equation simulation indicated lower normal tissue biological equivalent dose to achieve the same tumor control with a hypofractionated approach for 4 cell lines for the DLQ model, in contrast to SLQ, which favored 2 Gy per fraction for all cells except melanoma. The DLQ model indicated greater tumor radioresistance than SLQ, but the radioresistance was overcome by hypofractionation, other than the GBM cells, which responded poorly to all fractionations. Conclusion The distinct radiosensitivity and dynamics between CSCs and DCCs in radiation therapy response could perhaps be one possible explanation for the heterogeneous intertumor response to hypofractionation and in some cases superior outcome from stereotactic ablative radiation therapy. The DLQ model also predicted the remarkable GBM radioresistance, a result that is highly consistent with clinical observations. The radioresistance putatively stemmed from accelerated DCC regrowth that rapidly restored compartmental equilibrium between CSCs and DCCs.
Response to Numann and Gibson

Letters to the Editor will be published, if suitable, as space permits. They should not exceed 1000 words (typed double-spaced) in length and may be subject to editing or abridgment.
Hydrolysis and Condensation of Modified TIN (IV) Alkoxide Compounds to form Controlled Porosity Materials

Sol-gel type hydrolysis and condensation has been studied extensively as a method for the control of evolution of microstructure in the formation of inorganic silicates. However, in non silicate systems, the same level of control of microstructural evolution has yet to be demonstrated. In this work, we report the synthesis of mixed ligand tin (IV) alkoxide complexes specifically designed to undergo sequential hydrolysis reactions, where, as a result, control over porosity of the final metal oxide network is expected. A series of tin (IV) alkoxide compounds modified with difunctional carboxylate ligands as templates has been prepared with internuclear tin separations that are determined by the length of the bridging carboxylate group. The first hydrolysis step consists of the removal of the alkoxide ligands to create a three-dimensional network of oxo-bridged tin carboxylate species. In the second step, the bridging groups are removed by acid hydrolysis to leave pores without creating new Sn-O-Sn bonds. The synthesis and characterization of these species and the connection between pore structure (i.e. micro- vs. meso- porosity) as a function of the dimensions of the bridging ligands will be reported.
Stable biased reduced order models using the Routh method of reduction

Abstract A generalization of the Routh method of reduction is introduced for obtaining stable reduced order models. The reduced models may be ‘ biased ’ in the sense that they may approximate the initial transient response of the high order system more closely than the steady-state response, and vice-versa. Given the desired order of the reduced model, the method of this paper produces a number of stable reduced models which approximate the high order system. The method is easily extended to multi-variable systems. Examples are given to illustrate the method and to make comparisons with other methods of reduction.
Flexible booking systems to improve genitourinary medicine access and increase patient choice

Access to genitourinary (GU) medicine services is crucial for the effective control of infection and it is well recognized that improved access to GU medicine will be required in order to meet a 48-hour access target. The object of this study was to evaluate whether access to our GU medicine service would be improved and the observed default rates decreased by the introduction of a partial closed booking system for new patients. The system was run in parallel to our standard appointment service and triage system. Data were collected for the first six months that the new system was operational, with additional data collection over the corresponding calendar periods of the subsequent two years. Approximately 26% of new patient appointments were booked through the partial closed booking system in the time periods specified. New patient appointment default rates fell from 26.8-30.5% in the standard appointment system to 7.5-9.5% in the partial closed booking system (P < 0.0001). This study supports the importance of clinics adapting and providing a range of appointment system strategies as this may improve their clients' access to GU medicine services.
Chondrogenic differentiation and functional maturation of bovine mesenchymal stem cells in long-term agarose culture.

Summary Background The developmental history of the chondrocyte results in a cell whose biosynthetic activities are optimized to maintain the concentration and organization of a mechanically functional cartilaginous extracellular matrix. While useful for cartilage tissue engineering studies, the limited supply of healthy autologous chondrocytes may preclude their clinical use. Consequently, multipotential mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as an alternative cell source. Objective While MSCs undergo chondrogenesis, few studies have assessed the mechanical integrity of their forming matrix. Furthermore, efficiency of matrix formation must be determined in comparison to healthy chondrocytes from the same donor. Given the scarcity of healthy human tissue, this study determined the feasibility of isolating bovine chondrocytes and MSCs, and examined their long-term maturation in three-dimensional agarose culture. Experimental design Bovine MSCs were seeded in agarose and induced to undergo chondrogenesis. Mechanical and biochemical properties of MSC-laden constructs were monitored over a 10-week period and compared to those of chondrocytes derived from the same group of animals maintained similarly. Results Our results show that while chondrogenesis does occur in MSC-laden hydrogels, the amount of the forming matrix and measures of its mechanical properties are lower than that produced by chondrocytes under the same conditions. Furthermore, some important properties, particularly glycosaminoglycan content and equilibrium modulus, plateau with time in MSC-laden constructs, suggesting that diminished capacity is not the result of delayed differentiation. Conclusions These findings suggest that while MSCs do generate constructs with substantial cartilaginous properties, further optimization must be done to achieve levels similar to those produced by chondrocytes.
A Case of the Removal of a Foreign Body From the Hard Palate With the Aid of Nebulized Lidocaine

Although foreign bodies are common chief complaints in pediatrics, foreign bodies in the hard palate are rarely the cause of the patient’s complaint. We present the case of a three-year-old with a foreign body retained in the hard palate that we removed with the aid of nebulized lidocaine. doi:10.4021/jmc499w
Comparison of technology transfer from government labs in the US and Vietnam

Abstract Technology transfer from the government sector to industry has emerged as an important activity in developed and developing countries as governments are increasing their funding for the national innovation systems with an objective of developing technologies which will improve and enhance the country’s national competitiveness. However, this endeavor requires good technology transfer practices from the government R&D facilities to industry. Developed countries have embarked on this process for the past two decades and have gained some success, but further improvements are still needed. This paper compares the status of government technology transfer in a developed country, the US, and that in a developing country, Vietnam.
Economic regulation and the late nineteenth-century Supreme Court: An economic interpretation of the relation between police powers and substantive due process

Abstract The late nineteenth-century Supreme Court rulings on the constitutionality of state labor laws offer a fertile field for application of models of economic regulation. This study examines several key decisions, including the rulings on the famous Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) and the case of Butcher's Union Co. v. Crescent City Co. (1884), which marked out the Court's approach to the economic due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment. The interest group model of regulation is found to be of limited value in understanding the Court's limitations on state police powers. It is argued instead that the market failure model, as interpreted in the framework of the common law's approach to economic regulation, provides a more credible explanation of the Court's opinions. They are better understood in light of the common law distinction between the legitimate and illegitimate application of regulation under state police powers.
Noise interferometry in an inhomogeneous environment in the geometric limit.

An approximation to the transient Green’s function G(xa|xb,t) between points xa and xb can be estimated by taking the time derivative of the correlation function Cab(t) of records of ambient noise measured at locations xa and xb. From the general relationship between Cab(t) and G(xa|xb,t) it is shown, using a stationary-phase-like argument, that in an inhomogeneous environment in the geometric limit Cab(t) consists of a superposition of signed step functions and two-sided logarithmic singularities that are delayed in time by the travel times of the rays connecting xa and xb.