cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics and technology of time projection chambers as active targets

Many nuclear structure studies are presently performed with secondary radioactive beams to explore the nuclear chart far from stability. This entails a large decrease of available intensities, as compared to stable beam experiments, even with the highest power primary beam accelerators. To compensate for this intensity loss, thick targets and high detection efficiency are needed. Using secondary beams implies a change from direct kinematics to inverse kinematics: the target becomes the light reaction partner and the beam the heavy reaction partner. In quasi-elastic processes, the light reaction partner carrying most of the information emerges with very low recoil energy. In these conditions Time Projections Chambers (TPCs) filled with a gas that serves as both target and tracking medium (Active Target) have very unique properties that mitigate these difficulties. By construction, a TPC has a solid angle coverage of $ 4\pi$ , and even short tracks of low energy particles can be precisely measured if the readout has a high enough granularity. Due to the reaction characteristics large dynamics of the electronics and gas multipliers are needed, and specific data analysis methods of the 3-dimensional tracks have to be developed.
The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire, by Jill C. Bender

Jill Bender’s The 1857 Uprising and the British Empire will quickly become an essential reading for students of historiography of the nineteenth century British Empire. Indeed, many historians have...
Closed testing using surrogate hypotheses with restricted alternatives.

INTRODUCTION The closed testing principle provides strong control of the type I error probabilities of tests of a set of hypotheses that are closed under intersection such that a given hypothesis H can only be tested and rejected at level α if all intersection hypotheses containing that hypothesis are also tested and rejected at level α. For the higher order hypotheses, multivariate tests (> 1df) are generally employed. However, such tests are directed to an omnibus alternative hypothesis of a difference in any direction for any component that may be less meaningful than a test directed against a restricted alternative hypothesis of interest. METHODS Herein we describe applications of this principle using an α-level test of a surrogate hypothesis [Formula: see text] such that the type I error probability is preserved if [Formula: see text] such that rejection of [Formula: see text] implies rejection of H. Applications include the analysis of multiple event times in a Wei-Lachin test against a one-directional alternative, a test of the treatment group difference in the means of K repeated measures using a 1 df test of the difference in the longitudinal LSMEANS, and analyses within subgroups when a test of treatment by subgroup interaction is significant. In such cases the successive higher order surrogate tests can be aimed at detecting parameter values that fall within a more desirable restricted subspace of the global alternative hypothesis parameter space. CONCLUSION Closed testing using α-level tests of surrogate hypotheses will protect the type I error probability and detect specific alternatives of interest, as opposed to the global alternative hypothesis of any difference in any direction.
GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE | Mean Characteristics

The large-scale average conditions of the atmosphere are described. Emphasis is placed on the primary observed variables: radiation, temperature, pressure, wind, clouds, and precipitation rate. Zonal and time average fields as well as time average fields at representative levels are shown.
EU-Driven Judicial Reforms: Any Lessons Learned?

Twenty years since the first steps of the EU Enlargement Strategy, many scholars concur in emphasising that rule of law, and then judicial reforms, progressively became the core issues of the entire process. The 2012 EU Enlargement Strategy, in fact, established a more structured and targeted approach to rule-of-law issues, and in particular to the topic of the judiciary and fundamental rights. One of the reasons for this gradual shift is the awareness that efficient and impartial judicial systems are vital for effective judicial cooperation among States and, consequently, for guaranteeing security, freedoms, and a well-functioning European economy (Piana 2012; Nicolaidis and Kleinfeld 2012; Coman 2013; Nechev 2013).
OM Forum—Distributed Ledgers and Operations: What Operations Management Researchers Should Know About Blockchain Technology

Problem definition: Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology. While it has grown in prominence, its full potential and possible downsides are not fully understood yet, especially with ...
Rare presentation of growing teratoma syndrome in patient with remote history of testicular cancer resection

Growing teratoma syndrome (GTS) is documented in literature to be a rare complication of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors that arises following chemotherapeutic treatment. Though represented through multiple case reports, the condition is rare that it evades observation and diagnosis, leading to complications secondary to metastasis and unchecked growth. GTS is identified via incidental finding on imaging (e.g. CT) or due to complications involving mass obstruction. Due to the potential severity of undiagnosed malignancy, it is important to effectively diagnose GTS in those presenting with non-specific symptoms and a history of testicular/ovarian cancer. It is also necessary to develop a method on how to monitor those considered to be at increased risk for developing such a condition. Here, we present a case of a middle-aged male who presented with complaints of a left lower quadrant abdominal mass and incidental finding of right retroperitoneal lesion, consistent with GTS.
Republic v. High Court Accra

This case note is about the Argentine frigate case. It summarizes and analyzes the decision of the Supreme Court of Ghana in the case in which a U.S. hedge fund sought to attach an Argentine military frigate to satisfy a U.S. court judgment for nonpayment on sovereign bonds.
THE INABILITY OF IN VITRO TRANSFORMING SV40 SUBGENOMES TO CAUSE TUMORS IN VIVO

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an experiment where SV40 DNA isolated from purified virions was cleaved with the restriction endonucleases. The resultant linear or subgenomic DNAs were separated and twice-purified by agarose gel electrophoresis. They were transfected into cells from a variety of species, including rodent, dog, muntjak, and monkey. The DNAs were also injected subcutaneously into neonate Syrian hamsters for tumorigenicity testing. The “early region” restriction endonuclease-generated subgenomes of SV40 were capable of transforming cells in vitro. Although the “late region” of the virus was unable to transform cells, it could alter the growth properties and persist in some permissive monkey cells. Complete, uncleaved, circular genomes, or complete linear genomes could transform nonpermissive and semi-permissive cells and were infectious for permissive cells. Tumors were not formed in neonate hamsters upon injection with subgenomic SV40 DNA. Tumors resulted upon injection of complete circular or linear genomes or coinjection of complementary subgenomes. Infectious virus could be rescued from the resultant tumors. These results suggested that SV40 tumor formation in vivo may require a complete genome, and in vitro transformation by SV40 DNA may be mechanistically different from in vivo tumorigenesis.
Relationships between Importance of Religious Belief, Response to Anti-gay Violence, and Mental Health in Men who have Sex with Men in East Africa

The situation of homosexual men (usually referred to as Men who have Sex with Men, MSM) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is one of high levels of discrimination and demonization, despite some states such as South Africa including protection based on sexual orientation in their constitutions. A recent qualitative study of MSM and religion in Cameroon by Mbetbo has illuminated the conflicts between sexual orientation and religion. Mbetbo noted that in Africa, where religion and spirituality play a major role in people's lives, homosexuality is seen not only as a sin but also as being an evil which threatens religious principles. This chapter investigates the relationship between importance of religion, Anti-gay Violence, internalized homonegativity, and depression score in Tanzanian MSM. It hypothesizes that importance of religion would significantly mediate, either potentiating or mitigating, the impact of anti-gay violence and specifically depression score. Keywords: anti-gay violence; depression; homosexuality; Mbetbo; religious doctrines; Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); Tanzanian MSM
Studies on in vivo Priming of the TNP-Reactive Cytotoxic Effector Cell System: I. Comparison of the Effects of Intravenous Inoculation with TNP-Conjugated Cells on the Development of Contact Sensitivity and Cell-Mediated Lympholysis

A comparison was made of the effects of i.v. inoculation of trinitrophenyl-(TNP) conjugated syngeneic cells on the subsequent in vitro generation of TNP-reactive effector cell activity and on the in vivo development of TNP-contact sensitivity. The administration of syngeneic TNP-conjugated spleen cells before 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) painting abolished the capability of animals to develop TNP-contact sensitivity. In contrast, the same treatment resulted in an appreciable augmentation in the generation of TNP-reactive cytotoxic effector cell activity as measured by subsequent in vitro sensitization with TNP-conjugated cells. The possible mechanisms by which enhanced TNP-reactive cytotoxic effector cell activity was elicited under conditions identical to those that induced unresponsiveness for TNP-contact sensitivity are discussed.
Experimental evidence for a time‐integrated effect of productivity on diversity

The time–area–productivity hypothesis is a proposed explanation for global biodiversity gradients. It predicts that a bioregion's modern diversity is the product of its area and productivity, integrated over evolutionary time. I performed the first experimental test of the time–area–productivity hypothesis using a model system for adaptive radiation – the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. I initiated hundreds of independent radiations under culture conditions spanning a variety of productivities, spatial extents and temporal extents. Time-integrated productivity was the single best predictor of extant phenotypic diversity and richness. In contrast, ‘snapshots’ of modern environmental variables at the time of sampling were less useful predictors of diversity patterns. These results were best explained by marked variation in population growth parameters under different productivity treatments and the long periods over which standing diversity could persist in unproductive habitats. These findings provide the first experimental support for time-integrated productivity as a putative driver of regional biodiversity patterns.
On Future Directions in Statistical Methodologies – Some Speculations

. We, as statisticians, are living in interesting times. New scientifically significant questions are waiting for our contributions, new data accumulate at a fast rate, and the rapid increase of computing power gives us unprecedented opportunities to meet these challenges. Yet, many members of our community are still turning the old wheel as if nothing dramatic had happened. There are ideas, methods and techniques which are commonly used but outdated and should be replaced by new ones. Can we expect to see, as has been suggested, a consolidation of statistical methodologies towards a new synthesis, or is perhaps an even wider separation and greater divergence the more likely scenario? In this talk these issues are discussed, and some conjectures and suggestions are made.
A Comparison of the Success of Native and Transfer Private Pilots at Southern Illinois University Carbondale

This study seeks differences in the degree completion and time-to-degree of native versus transfer private pilots along with transfer private pilots required to take proficiency training versus those who did not take proficiency training before beginning the aviation flight program at Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC). An ex-post facto descriptive study of 338 flight students that began commercial pilot training between the fall 1998 through the summer 2003 semesters measured completion or exit from the SIUC flight program. The study population was determined from the Student Information System and the data on degree completion and time-to-degree was gathered from the students’ flight training records. Chi-squares were used to determine significance (p<.05) in degree completion percentages and t-tests were used to determine days-to-degree significance (p<.05). The study concludes that there are no significant differences between native and transfer or proficiency and direct-entry private pilots at SIUC.
Labor's Cold War: Local Politics in a Global Context

Review of: "Labor's Cold War: Local Politics in a Global Context," edited by Shelton Stromquist.
An ensemble‐type Kalman filter for neutral thermospheric composition during geomagnetic storms

[1] Global circulation models (GCMs) for the thermosphere ionosphere system have been in use for more than 20 years. In the beginning the GCMs were run on supercomputers, were expensive to run, and were used mainly to provide insight into the physics of the region and to interpret measurements. Advances in computer technology have made it possible to run GCMs on desktops and to compare their results with real-time or near-real-time measurements. Today's models are capable of reproducing generic geomagnetic storm effects, but modeling specific storms is still a challenge because accurate descriptions of the energy input during storms are not easy to obtain. One way to compensate for the uncertainty in model inputs for a given period is to assimilate measurements into the model results. In this way, meteorologists have been improving their ability to model tropospheric weather for the last few decades. Data assimilation algorithms have seen an explosive growth in the last few years, and the time has come to apply such techniques to the thermospheric storm effects problem. We present results from an ensemble Kalman filter scheme that determines the best estimate of the global height-integrated O/N2 ratio by combining GCM results and uncertainties with measurements and their errors. We describe the differences that result from the application of an ensemble Kalman filter to an externally forced system (neutral chemical composition) versus a system dominated by the initial condition and internal dynamics (tropospheric weather and ocean models). The results demonstrate that an ensemble of 10 members is able to characterize the state covariance matrix with sufficient fidelity to enable the Kalman filter to operate in a stable mode. Some information about the external forcing was extracted from the estimate of the state. The general trend of the forcing was followed by the filter, but departures were present over some periods.
Hippocampal Laminar Distribution of Tau Relates to Alzheimer's Disease and Age of Onset.

Background Cerebral deposition of phospho-tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurs with varying patterns within hippocampus. Lamina-specific tau changes in AD may reflect trans-synaptic propagation of phospho-tau along neuroanatomical pathways.
Genetics and Genetic Testing in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common cancer affecting men and women in the United States. Approximately one-third of CRCs are diagnosed in individuals who have family members also affected with the disease. Although the vast majority of colorectal neoplasms develop as a consequence of somatic genomic alterations arising in individual cells, approximately 5% of all CRCs arise in the setting of germline mutations in genes involved in key cellular processes. To date, multiple genes have been implicated in single-gene hereditary cancer syndromes, many of which are associated with increased risk for CRC, as well as other tumor types. This review outlines the clinical, pathologic, and genetic features of the hereditary cancer syndromes known to be associated with increased risk for CRC and delineates strategies for implementing genetic risk assessments in clinical settings.
Characterization of the Picrotoxin Site of GABAA Receptors

This protocol describes an in vitro assay for characterization of the picrotoxin site of GABA(A) receptors in rat brain membranes using various radioligands. Methods and representative data for Scatchard analysis (Kd, Bmax determination), association kinetics, dissociation kinetics and competition assays (IC50, Ki determination) are included in the protocol.
1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐β‐Carboline

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-carboline reactant: 25 g. (0.13 mole) of tryptamine hydrochloride product: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; cyclization, miscellaneous; decarboxylation
Extremophiles: radiation resistance microbial reserves and therapeutic implications

Micro-organisms with the ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions are known as 'extremophiles'. Currently, extremophiles have caused a sensation in the biotechnology/pharmaceutical industries with their novel compounds, known as 'extremolytes'. The potential applications of extremolytes are being investigated for human therapeutics including anticancer drugs, antioxidants, cell cycle-blocking agents, anticholesteric drugs, etc. It is hypothesized that the majority of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-resistant micro-organisms can be used to develop anticancer drugs to prevent skin damage from UVR. The metabolites from UVR-resistant microbes are a great source of potential therapeutic applications in humans. This article aims to discuss the potentials of extremolytes along with their therapeutic implications of UVR extremophiles. The major challenges of therapeutic development using extremophiles are also discussed.
Using Music Therapy Techniques To Treat Teacher Burnout.

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of music therapy techniques as an intervention for teacher burnout. Of the 51 elementary school teachers who participated in the study, 25 were from a school undergoing comprehensive reform, and 26 were from a school employing traditional grade-level classrooms and teaching strategies. Each participant completed pretest and posttest instruments. In addition, there were two treatment groups, either cognitive behavioral/music therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. Results of the study indicated that teachers who participated in school-based counseling groups, using music therapy techniques in conjunction with cognitive behavioral interventions, reported lower levels of burnout symptoms than teachers in school-based counseling groups using cognitive behavioral interventions only. Implications for mental health counseling are discussed.
The impact of technological convergence on the regulation of ICT industries

The objective of this paper is to identify alternative models of regulation that address the problems and opportunities brought about by convergence. Regulatory convergence involves bringing together previously separate industry-based regulations into a single legal and regulatory framework. Regulators need to consider different levels of and objectives for regulating sectors as well as overcome inconsistencies in regulation that result from traditional separation. These can result in regulatory arbitrage as companies try to choose the laws and bodies that most benefit them. Regulators also must deal with technological uncertainty and competition policies. There are five alternatives for regulating converging industries: status quo regulator, multi-sector regulator, ICT regulator, coordination among regulators, and minimal regulation. Each of these represents different degrees of change that can be chosen based on circumstances including: competition, path dependency, perceptions about the environment, knowledge, and power. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Current scientific interests of Division of Urology, U.C.L.A.

The purpose of this communication is to acquaint the urological community at large with my personal interests (“hobbies”) and with activities of the Division of Urology at University of California, Los Angeles (U. C. L. A.).
Sieveless particle size distribution analysis of particulate materials through computer vision

This paper explores the inconsistency of ''length-based separation'' by mechanical sieving of particulate materials with standard sieves, which is the standard method of particle size distribution (PSD) analysis. We observed inconsistencies of length-based separation of particles using standard sieves with manual measurements, which showed deviations of 17-22 times. In addition, we have demonstrated the ''falling through'' effect of particles cannot be avoided irrespective of the wall thickness of the sieve. We proposed and utilized a computer vision with image processing as an alternative approach; wherein a user-coded Java ImageJ plugin was developed to evaluate PSD based on length of particles. A regular flatbed scanner acquired digital images of particulate material. The plugin determines particles lengths from Feret's diameter and width from pixel-march method, or minor axis, or the minimum dimension of bounding rectangle utilizing the digital images after assessing the particles area and shape (convex or nonconvex). The plugin also included the determination of several significant dimensions and PSD parameters. Test samples utilized were ground biomass obtained from the first thinning and mature stand of southern pine forest residues, oak hard wood, switchgrass, elephant grass, giant miscanthus, wheat straw, as well as Basmati rice. A sieveless PSD analysis method utilized the true separation of all particles into groups based on their distinct length (419-639 particles based on samples studied), with each group truly represented by their exact length. This approach ensured length-based separation without the inconsistencies observed with mechanical sieving. Image based sieve simulation (developed separately) indicated a significant effect (P<0.05) on number of sieves used in PSD analysis, especially with non-uniform material such as ground biomass, and more than 50 equally spaced sieves were required to match the sieveless all distinct particles PSD analysis. Results substantiate that mechanical sieving, owing to handling limitations and inconsistent length-based separation of particles, is inadequate in determining the PSD of non-uniform particulate samples. The developed computer vision sieveless PSD analysis approach has the potential to replace the standard mechanical sieving. The plugin can be readily extended to model (e.g., Rosin-Rammler) the PSD of materials, and mass-based analysis, while providing several advantages such as accuracy, speed, low cost, automated analysis, and reproducible results.
Structural Identification of Theaflavin Trigallate and Tetragallate from Black Tea Using Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Black tea contains two major pigments, theaflavins and thearubigins. These polyphenols have been associated with certain health benefits including prevention of heart disease and cancer. Elucidating and characterizing the structural aspects of thearubigins, the most abundant pigment in black tea, has been a challenge for many years. Therefore further studies of black tea polyphenols must be conducted in effort to solve this thearubigin dispute. In the present study, black tea extract was found to possess theaflavin trigallate and tetragallate by means of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. These structures were confirmed by analysis of the MS(n) (n = 1-4) spectra and comparison of the MS/MS spectra of the product ions to the MS/MS spectra of authentic (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate. To our knowledge, this is the first report to confirm the presence of theaflavin trigallate and tetragallate in black tea.
A multi-stage hierarchical approach to alloy design

A multi-stage hierarchical sieving approach based on a combination of semiempirical and ab initio calculations along with selected experimental studies was used to down-select potential alloy Systems for ultra-high-temperature applications. This approach indicates that the Mo-Ni-Al system has potential for applications at the target temperatures of 1,200–1,300°C. The Mo was selected for its high melting temperature, room temperature toughness, and creep resistance while the NiAl is a reservoir for the Al2O3passivating scale. Microstructures based on casting and powder processing of the Mo-Ni-Al alloys were studied. Oxidation behavior of the Mo-Ni-Al alloys at 1,100 and 1,200°C in dry air was determined and those alloys with ≤20 at. % Mo were shown to be superior to the T2 (Mo5SiB2). Furthermore, the calculations predicted that small amounts of platinum group metals Pd, Ir, and Rh additions would increase the melting temperature without forming detrimental intermetallic phases, which results in improved oxidation stability of the NiAl phase.
Ubiquitination by the anaphase-promoting complex drives spindle checkpoint inactivation

During cell division the spindle checkpoint ensures that chromosome segregation is delayed until all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle. Two papers now identify a new regulatory mechanism that controls the spindle checkpoint. This involves the fine-tuned ubiquitination and de-ubiquitination of a coactivator of the anaphase promoting complex APC/C to regulate the timing of APC/C activation and thereby the onset of anaphase. One of two papers that identify a new regulatory mechanism that controls the spindle checkpoint. This involves the fine-tuned ubiquitination and de-ubiquitination of a co-activator of the anaphase promoting complex APC to regulate the timing of APC activation and thereby the onset of anaphase. Eukaryotic cells rely on a surveillance mechanism known as the spindle checkpoint to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. The spindle checkpoint prevents sister chromatids from separating until all kinetochores achieve bipolar attachments to the mitotic spindle1,2,3. Checkpoint proteins tightly inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), a ubiquitin ligase required for chromosome segregation and progression to anaphase. Unattached kinetochores promote the binding of checkpoint proteins Mad2 and BubR1 to the APC-activator Cdc20, rendering it unable to activate APC. Once all kinetochores are properly attached, however, cells inactivate the checkpoint within minutes, allowing for the rapid and synchronous segregation of chromosomes4. How cells switch from strong APC inhibition before kinetochore attachment to rapid APC activation once attachment is complete remains a mystery. Here we show that checkpoint inactivation is an energy-consuming process involving APC-dependent multi-ubiquitination. Multi-ubiquitination by APC leads to the dissociation of Mad2 and BubR1 from Cdc20, a process that is reversed by a Cdc20-directed de-ubiquitinating enzyme5. The mutual regulation between checkpoint proteins and APC leaves the cell poised for rapid checkpoint inactivation and ensures that chromosome segregation promptly follows the completion of kinetochore attachment. In addition, our results suggest a mechanistic basis for how cancer cells can have a compromised spindle checkpoint without corresponding mutations in checkpoint genes6.
Oculomotor strategies for the direction of gaze tested with a real-world activity

Laboratory-based models of oculomotor strategy that differ in the amount and type of top-down information were evaluated against a baseline case of random scanning for predicting the gaze patterns of subjects performing a real-world activity––walking to a target. Images of four subjects eyes and field of view were simultaneously recorded as they performed the mobility task. Offline analyses generated movies of the eye on scene and a categorization scheme was used to classify the locations of the fixations. Frames from each subjects eye-on-scene movie served as input to the models, and the location of each models predicted fixations was classified using the same categorization scheme. The results showed that models with no top-down information (visual salience model) or with only coarse feature information performed no better than a random scanner; the models ordered fixation locations (gaze pattern) matched less than a quarter of the subjects gaze patterns. A model that used only geographic information outperformed the random scanner and matched approximately a third of the gaze patterns. The best performance was obtained from an oculomotor strategy that used both coarse feature and geographic information, matching nearly half the gaze patterns (48%). Thus, a model that uses top-down information about a targets coarse features and general vicinity does a fairly good job predicting fixation behavior, but it does not fully specify the gaze pattern of a subject walking to a target. Additional information is required, perhaps in the form of finer feature information or knowledge of a tasks procedure. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds by the constitutive dog liver cytochrome P450 PBD-2

We have investigated the metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls and endogenous steroids by the major phenobarbital (PB)-inducible hepatic cytochromes P450 in dogs and rats, PBD-2 and PB-B, respectively. Previous results from our laboratory indicate that dog PBD-2 purified from microsomes of PB-treated animals is similar to rat PB-B with respect to structure and the regioselective metabolism of warfarin and androstenedione. The results also strongly suggest that PBD-2 is the P450 form responsible for metabolizing 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (245-HCB) in liver microsomes from untreated dogs. In the present study, a cytochrome P450 with similar chromatographic behavior to that of PBD-2 has been purified from liver microsomes of untreated dogs. This protein is identical to PBD-2 based on (i) mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (ii) reactivity with anti-PBD-2 IgG, (iii) amino-terminal sequence, and (iv) 245-HCB metabolite profile. Induction and antibody-inhibition data suggest that PBD-2 is responsible for the metabolism of 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (236-HCB) in microsomes obtained from both untreated and PB-treated dogs. In contrast, metabolism of 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (4-DCB) by dog microsomes is poor, and does not appear to be catalyzed to a significant extent by PBD-2. Antibody-inhibition studies with intact microsomes corroborate previous results that androstenedione is metabolized by purified PBD-2 to the same major metabolite (16 beta-OH androstenedione) produced by rat PB-B. Dog PBD-2 metabolizes progesterone primarily to the 21-OH metabolite, while metabolism by rat PB-B leads to the formation of the 16 alpha-OH product. On the other hand, upon Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion analysis, anti-PBD-2 IgG reacts strongly with PB-B but not PB-C, the major rat liver progesterone 21-hydroxylase. The data suggest that dog PBD-2 is a constitutive P450 important in the metabolism of various PCBs and endogenous steroids. Dog PBD-2 and rat PB-B appear to be similar enzymes, yet they differ in their regioselective metabolism of progesterone.
Structure of 4-[4-(Dimethylamino)-Phenylazo] Benzeneboronic Acid and Its Cyclic Esters with D-Glucose: A Computational Study

We present results from a computational study of 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-phenylazo] benzene boronic acid (DABBA) (the 4'-boronic acid isomer of the aminoazobenzene dye N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene) and its associated anion, as well as, several cyclic esters formed from these azoborates and various conformers of D-glucose. Azo dyes that also contain one or more boronic acid functional groups are of practical importance in the development of chemical sensors for saccharide recognition because of their ability to induce a visible color change upon binding. The lowest-energy DABBA:D-glucose esters found in this investigation consistently involved at least one of the exocyclic hydroxymethyl groups on the D-glucose moiety rather than vicinal cis or trans diol arrangements of hydroxyl groups on the ring.
Effect of ion energy on the mechanical properties of ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) wear resistant coatings

Ion beam assisted physical vapor deposition offers a number of advantages over other surface modification methods with respect to the properties of wear resistant coatings. These properties include density, adhesion to the substrate, crystallographic orientation, durability and resistance to degradation by moisture. These improved film properties derive from the physical and chemical processes associated with the impingement of energetic ions onto the surface of a growing film. Such processes include sputtering and desorption of atoms from the substrate, implantation of atoms into the substrate, chemical reactions at the surface, cluster nucleation and dissociation, enhancement of surface diffusion, atomic displacements in the bulk, as well as energy and momentum transfer to the atoms in the growing film. A review of models for the influence of ion energy and momentum transfer to a growing film suggests that the effects of ion bombardment may be categorized according to the ion energy.
The Effects of Thermal Mass and Phase Change Material on a Buildings’ Thermal Load

A finite-difference model is used to simulate the effects of thermal mass and phase change material on thermal transmission through a building’s envelope wall. The exterior temperature is simulated by a sinusoidal function. The inside temperature is held constant. A comparison is given between the effects of thermal mass and phase change material. The maximum reduction in thermal load and required conditions is given for both thermal mass and phase change material. Equations are given for the maximum thermal load reduction as a function of the inside and outside temperature. Equations are also given which treat the thermal mass as a lumped capacitance and the expected error as a function of the amount of thermal mass. The conditions under which the addition of thermal mass and/or phase change material will result in a reduction of thermal load is given.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Chronic pancreatitis: making the diagnosis

m g c a p g e i Clinical Scenario A man with a 10 pack-year smoking history was referred for an evaluation of a 15-year history of recurrent ancreatitis. His first episode of acute pancreatitis occurred fter an episode of alcohol binge drinking. He continued to onsume moderate amounts of alcohol (8 –12 beers/weekend) or 3 to 4 years after his initial attack of pancreatitis. He has not ad alcohol in 10 years but continues to smoke and have ecurrent episodes of abdominal pain requiring hospitalizaions. His admissions are associated with minimal increases in erum lipase level (2–3 upper limit of normal) and interstitial ancreatitis on computed tomography (CT) imaging. There was ne episode of pancreatitis associated with pancreatic necrosis hat was without further complications. None of his hospitalzations have been associated with organ failure or intensive are unit admission. He underwent a laparoscopic cholecystecomy several years ago after an ultrasound revealed sludge in he biliary system during one of his acute pancreatitis attacks. nfortunately, his bouts of pancreatitis have continued and are haracterized by a sharp epigastric pain radiating to the back ith associated nausea and vomiting. He is now experiencing a ild (3– 4 on a 10-point scale), dull, constant abdominal pain etween acute pancreatitis attacks, requiring daily narcotic anlgesics to control. He was on pancreas enzymes for a short eriod of time without any noticeable benefit in his pain synrome. He denies oily or fatty stools. Does this patient have chronic pancreatitis?
Theoretical investigation of the formation of the tropylium ion from the toluene radical cation

The formation of the tropylium ion, C7H7+, in the mass spectrum of toluene is a chemical process that has been extensively studied. There is, however, still debate as to the structure of the moieties and the reaction pathways involved. This work presents the first computationally complete reaction schemes for the formation of tropylium from toluene to be reported. The calculations were performed at the HF/6-31G(d, p) and the DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(2d) levels of theory using Gaussian 03W. The previously unreported optimized structures and energies for a transition state and an intermediate in one scheme and a transition state in the other have been determined. These results are consistent with the previously reported literature and the available experimental data. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
American playwrights since 1945 : a guide to scholarship, criticism, and performance

Edward Albee by Matthew C. Roudane Robert Anderson by Thomas P. Adler James Baldwin by David H. Roberts Amiri Baraka by Thomas H. Bonner, Jr. Ed Bullins by Leslie Sanders Paddy Chayefsky by David H. Goff Christopher Durang by William W. Demastes Richard Foreman by David Savran Marie Irene Fornes by Scott T. Cummings Jack Gelber by Vincent Petronella Charles Gordone by Susan Harris Smith John Guare by Don B. Wilmeth Lorraine Hansberry by Francis Dedmond Beth Henley by Colby Haight Kullman and Miriam Neuringer Israel Horovitz by Martin J. Jacobi William Inge by Maarten Reilingh Albert Innaurato by Linda E. McDaniel Preston Jones by Charlotte S. McClure Arthur Kopit by Laura H. Weaver Romulus Linney by Don B. Wilmeth Robert Lowell by Michael Stuprich David Mamet by Jocelyn Trigg Carson McCullers by Mary Ann Wilson Terrence McNally by Geraldo U. de Sousa Arthur Miller by Alvin Goldfarb Marsh Norman by Irmgard Wolfe David Rabe by Philip C. Kolin Ronald Ribman by Philip J. Egan Ntozake Shange by Kenneth Watson Sam Shepard by William Kleb Neil Simon by Laura P. Morrow Stephen Sondheim by Kathleen Sullivan Megan Terry by Lynda Hart Jean-Claude van Itallie by Alexis Greene Wendy Wasserstein by Patti P. Gillespie Michael Weller by Richard Leeson Tennessee Williams by Felicia LondRE August Wilson by Michael C. O'Neill Lanford Wilson by C. Warren Robertson Paul Zindel by Suzanne B. Dieckman Bibliography Index
Molecular resists based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS)

Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) derivatives have been investigated as potential candidates for high resolution resists. POSS materials are cage compounds with defined mono-disperse molecular weights. These materials are attractive candidates for molecular resist development because of their commercial availability and the ease with which they can be derivatized. These resists are more suited for bilayer resist applications because of their high silicon content. We have developed positive bilayer resists suitable for 193-nm and other emerging lithographic applications.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association”

We think letter of Dr Saver et al raises 3 important questions. First, what is the evidence required for a class III no benefit classification? Second, does the current evidence for the effectiveness of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure devices meet the criterion for class III no benefit. Third, what are the appropriate criteria for assigning a level of evidence (LOE) A rating for the class III no benefit classification? In assigning recommendation classes, the writing group was guided by the 2010 American Heart Association (AHA) methodology manual and policies from the American College of Cardiology Foundation/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines that includes the following advice: 1. Class III is reserved for conditions for which there is evidence or general agreement that the procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful. 2. Any combination of classification of recommendation and level of evidence is possible. For example, a recommendation can be a class I, even if it is based entirely on expert opinion and no research studies have ever been conducted on the recommendation (level C). Similarly, a class IIa or IIb can be assigned a level A if there are multiple randomized controlled trials coming to divergent conclusions. The AHA does not provide detailed guidance on how to interpret medical literature to arrive at a designation of class III—no benefit. A recent article on the evolution and future of AHA guidelines (published after the stroke secondary prevention guideline) simply states “Class III: No Benefit is a moderate recommendation that is applied infrequently when evidence suggests that a strategy is no better than the control.”1 In common use, however, a new …
Is functional assessment of mitral regurgitation using transthoracic echocardiography accurate

Is functional assessment of mitral regurgitation using transthoracic echocardiography accurate?
9.2.3 A Rationale and Framework for Integrating Systems Engineering and Software Engineering

As illustrated in the harmonization of ISO 15288 and ISO 12207, the disciplines of systems engineering and software engineering share many processes, methods, and concerns. In most systems of interest, software now provides a significant majority of functionality and increasingly is a significant component in determining non-functional attributes. Failures in system acquisition and implementation are often attributed to systems and/or software engineering shortfalls. The need to apply systems engineering to software design and development, as well as the need to incorporate software engineering concepts into systems engineering decisions, implies that a closer relationship between the two disciplines is appropriate. This paper states a clear rationale for integrating the two disciplines, defines a framework that establishes a vocabulary for discussing integration, and presents initial findings in using that framework to describe systems and software integration in ongoing defence programs.
A reagent for the convenient, solid-phase synthesis of N-terminal peptide hydroxylamines for chemoselective ligations.

A new N-sulfonyloxaziridine reagent for the conversion of N-terminal peptide amines to the corresponding hydroxylamines without overoxidation or erosion of stereochemistry is described. The products are N-terminal hydroxylamines, which are substrates for chemoselective amide-bond forming reactions with α-ketoacids. The success of this reagent arises from covalent precomplexation with the substrate via imine bond formation followed by an intramolecular oxygen-atom transfer to the amine. An unexpected stereochemical mismatch between the racemic reagent and the chiral peptide substrates was addressed by the preparation of an enantipure version of this reagent and provides further support for the proposed mechanism.
Tidal currents in a topographically complex channel

Abstract The Santa Barbara Channel off Southern California constitutes a topographically complex channel that is open at both ends. Tidal sea level oscillations are well explained by a north- westward propagating Kelvin wave. Tidal currents vary at a multitude of topographic and temporal scales and cannot be explained by linear Kelvin wave dynamics alone. The analysis reveals three regions with distinctly different tidal currents. In the deep central basin and along a narrow northern shelf tidal currents are weak ( 30 cm/s) and tidal particle excursions are similar to the shelf width. Applying spectral and harmonic data analysis techniques, I distinguish between predictable (62% of the variance) and intermittent (38% of the variance) tidal currents. More than 94% of the latter are baroclinic, while the variance of the predictable tidal currents is equally distributed between baroclinic and barotropic motions. Two empirical orthogonal functions explain 87% for the predictable but only 61% of the intermittent baroclinic variance. Intermittent tidal currents vary little in space and can reach 15 cm/s in amplitude during a 2-day period, however, in the temporal mean these unpredictable tidal current are only 5 cm/s. In contrast, the predictable tidal currents vary in space from 5 to 50 cm/s during any 2-day period.
A modified busulfan and cyclophosphamide preparative regimen for allogeneic transplantation in myeloid malignancies.

Background Busulfan/cyclophosphamide (Bu/Cy) is commonly used as a standard conditioning regimen without total body irradiation for patients with hematological myeloid malignancies undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Objective To develop a new myeloablative conditioning regimen incorporating fludarabine (Flu) and cytarabine (Ara-c). Setting A tertiary blood disease hospital in Tianjin, China. Methods A Bu/Cy preparative regimen was used, modified by Flu 90 mg/m2 and Ara-c 6 g/m2 in 57 unselected patients (median age 37 years) with hematological myeloid malignancies. The patients were to receive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Thirteen patients had high-risk leukemia, fifty patients had HLA matched sibling donors while seven patients had HLA mismatched sibling donors. Cy was given 50 mg/kg/day for 2 days while Bu was given 3.2 mg/kg/day intravenously for 3 days. Main outcome measure Post-transplant donor chimerism, relapse tendency and minimal residual disease. Results Extramedullar toxicity was relatively limited; the incidence of treatment-related mortality (TRM) within 100 days was 3.5 %. The incidence of grade II–IV, grade III–IV acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD of the evaluable patients were 21.1, 8.8 and 36.4 %, respectively. With a median follow up of 59 (13–96.5) months, TRM and relapse rate (RR) at eight years were 24.1 ± 5.8 and 14.7 ± 4.8 %, respectively. Disease free survival at eight years was 67.9 ± 6.2 % for the entire group, 60.0 ± 8.9 % for patients with AML, 77.3 ± 8.9 % for patients with CML, 70.0 ± 6.5 and 42.9 ± 18.7 % or matched sibling and mismatched sibling HSCT respectively. Conclusion The new regimen was associated with a low relapse rate, low incidence and severity of graft versus host disease and satisfactory survival for patients with myeloid malignancies.