cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pliocene record in the central Arctic Ocean

Abstract Pliocene sediment from the central Arctic Ocean was reported first some 25 years ago. Although the basis of the Pliocene age was tenuous, none of the data subsequently presented have invalidated the original Pliocene age report. New data confirm the earliest report as well as establish the presence of older Miocene sediment. The Pliocene sediment recovered from the central Arctic Ocean to-date includes only 2–3 m of silty lutite consisting largely of illite, kaolinite, and chlorite, with lesser amounts of expandable clays, abundant Fe-Mn micronodules, but few fossils. The Pliocene age is based on extrapolation of sedimentation rates from paleomagnetic boundaries, arenaceous foraminifera, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope ratios obtained from Fe-Mn micronodules and compared to established seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope ratios for this time. Notably absent in all except the upper part of the central Arctic Ocean Pliocene sediment is coarser-grained glacially ice-rafted debris (IRD) or any indication of measurable surface water productivity. Early interpretations of the Arctic Ocean record included the concept that sea ice was present during the Pliocene, and that the ice-cover existed more or less continually to the present. Late Cenozoic warming events that may have temporarily removed all or part of the Arctic Ocean's ice were thought to be restricted to the Pleistocene. More recently, published data suggest that the Pliocene Arctic Ocean was a warmer, perhaps ice-free ocean. General Circulation Modeling experiments with all or parts of the Arctic ice-cover removed are cited in support of Pliocene data generated primarily from the Arctic Ocean's margins that have suggested a warmer ocean. While there is important evidence for a warmer Pliocene Earth, the data to support significant warming in the central Arctic Ocean remains ambiguous. Reevaluation of part of the data used to support supposed Pliocene warming intervals on the Arctic Ocean's margins suggests that at least some of the implied Pliocene warming events may have actually occurred during the Pleistocene. The central Arctic Ocean's Pliocene record studied to date indicates only that the ocean had very low surface water productivity and extremely low sedimentation rates, both consistent with the presence of an ice-cover. There is little evidence of organic activity of any kind. However, the sum of the data obtained is equivocal concerning the affect of a warmer Earth on the central Arctic Ocean and the presence or absence of sea ice.
The importance of being confident; gender, career choice, and willingness to compete

Abstract This study investigates the extent to which gender differences in choosing to enter competitive tournaments are due to women's lower taste for competition or differences in confidence. We examine three types of confidence and find that confidence measured by expected ranking is the most important determinant of decisions to enter tournaments. Conditional on ability, this measure eliminates gender differences in winner-take-all tournaments and, when entered with risk measures, eliminates differences in ranked compensation tournaments. When the sample is split by career choice, there are no gender differences for students in STEM fields, and in the humanities and the social sciences differences can be explained by confidence. However, for business school students, gender differences in willingness to compete in winner-take-all tournaments persist even after accounting for risk aversion and confidence. Men in business set themselves apart from the rest of the population (men and women alike) with the highest levels of tournament entry and the most positive performance responses to competition.
TARGETing "When" and "Where"

In Drosophila, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway has been shown to be crucial for learning and memory, but whether this represents a developmental or a specific effect has not been resolved. Research with a new targeting system that allows both spatial and temporal control of gene expression shows that expression of rutabaga-encoded adenylyl cyclase, a component of the cAMP signaling pathway, in the mushroom bodies of adult flies is necessary and sufficient to rescue the learning defect of rutabaga mutant. This demonstrates an acute role for Rutabaga in learning and memory.
High-speed testing and material modeling of unfilled styrene butadiene vulcanizates at impact rates

High-speed tensile tests were performed on unfilled SBR strip and sheet specimens at room temperature. Uniaxial dynamic stress-extension ratio curves indicated three distinct regions of rate-dependent behavior when strain rates were below 180 s−1, between 180–280 s−1and above 280 s−1. With increasing strain rate, the toughness increased in the first region, remained roughly constant in the second region, and decreased in the third region. Time-temperature shift on SBR near the glass transition temperature used to obtain high strain rate tensile strength at room temperature did not give the same results as those found in the impact tensile test. The dynamic toughness was used to predict failure of rubber sheets under impact loads using ABAQUS Explicit. Predicted values of the sheet extension at the onset of failure were within 10% of experimental values.
Instantons on S4 and CP2, rank stabilization, and Bott periodicity

We study the large n limit of the moduli spaces of Gn-instantons on S4andCP2 where Gn is SU(n),Sp(n/2),orSO(n). We show that in the direct limit topology, the moduli space is homotopic to a classifying space. For example, the moduli space of Sp(∞)orSO(∞) instantons on CP2 has the homotopy type of BU(k) where k is the charge of the instantons. We use our results along with Taubes’ result concerning the k→∞ limit to obtain a novel proof of the homotopy equivalences in the eight-fold Bott periodicity spectrum. We work with the algebro-geometric realization of the instanton spaces as moduli spaces of framed holomorphic bundles on CP2andCP2 blown-up at a point. We give explicit constructions for these moduli spaces (see Table 1).
On Kinematical Conditions for Steady Motions of Strings and Rods

The purpose of this note is to establish the necessity and sufficiency of a representation for particular motions of rod-like bodies which are modeled as directed curves
The design and testing of computer-aided instruction in the field of architecture

Abstract The College of Architecture at the University of Arizona uses the Plato computer to teach freshman basic drawing skills. The purpose of this paper is to describe how computer-aided instruction was designed and used in the Graphics Communications class and to relate the students' reaction to this experience.
Genetically determined resistance to infection with group B arboviruses. II. Increased production of interfering particles in cell cultures from resistant mice.

The replication of West Nile virus (WNV), a group B arbovirus, in cell cultures derived from inbred C3H/RV mice, which are genetically resistant to group B arbovirus infection, was investigated. These cultures produce lower yields of WNV than do cell cultures from congenic genetically susceptible inbred C3H/He mice. The reduced virus yield from the resistant cultures was not due to inability of these cells to be infected by WNV. Resistant cultures were not more sensitive to the action of exogenous interferon and did not produce endogenous interferon earlier or in larger quantities after WNV infection than did comparable cultures of susceptible cells. Passage of undiluted culture fluid from either resistant or susceptible cultures infected with WNV resulted in a cyclic rise and fall in virus titer. Culture fluid obtained after three serial undiluted passages of WNV in resistant cultures interfered with the multiplication of hamster brain-propagated WNV, whereas interference was not evident with comparable fluid from susceptible cultures.
The evolution of Pseudomonas syringae host specificity and type III effector repertoires

The discovery 45 years ago that many Pseudomonas syringae pathovars elicit the hypersensitive response in plant species other than their hosts fostered the use of these bacteria as experimental models. However, the basis for host specificity and the corresponding resistance of nonhosts remain unclear. Pseudomonas syringae is now known to inject into the host cytoplasm, via the type III secretion system, effector proteins that suppress basal innate immunity, but may be recognized by cognate resistance (R) proteins in a second level of defence. The identification and manipulation of complete repertoires of type III effectors have revealed the highly polymorphic nature of effector repertoires and their potential to limit the host range. However, the maintenance of compatible effector repertoires may be driven by adaptations to life in a given plant species involving many factors. Tools are now available to test several hypotheses for the nature and evolution of P. syringae host specificity and nonhost resistance.
Neutron interference induced by gravity: New results and interpretations☆

Abstract We report the results of neutron interferometric experiments, extending the range and precision of the COW gravitationally-induced quantum interference experiment of Staudenmann and co-workers. These experiments provide a test of the principle of equivalence in the quantum limit. High precision data (1 part in 1000) is presented. The frequency of the quantum interference oscillations, and the loss of contrast observed as a function of increasing gravitational potential energy difference are compared with the recent interferometer dynamical diffraction calculations of Bonse and Wroblewski and of Horne. Theory and experiment are found to differ by 0.8%.
Histoplasma capsulatum and chickens

Zusammenfassung Spontane Histoplasmose kam bei 50 erwachsenen Huhnern aus einem Endemiegebiet nicht vor. Die Untersuchungen stutzen sich auf den Versuch, H. c. von den Huhnern auf Nahrboden zu zuchten. Experimentell gelang es leicht, eine histoplasmotische Iridocyclitis hervorzurufen. Histoplasma capsulatum konnte noch 9 Wochen nach der Inokulation aus dem Auge gezuchtet werden. Eine extraokulare Streuung kam nicht zur Beobachtung. Intraokulare Reinfektionen oder Histoplasmininjektionen in vorher infizierte Augen losten keine Uberempfindlichkeitsreaktionen aus. Gelegentliche Streuungen wurden nach intravenoser und intratrachealer Inokulation beobachtet. Die Pilze konnten aus inneren Organen gezuchtet und im Gewebe gesehen werden, fuhrten aber nicht zu typischen Gewebsveranderungen. Obwohl es moglich ist, bei Huhnern eine, wenn auch nur limitierte, Histoplasmose zu erzeugen, erscheint es wahrscheinlicher, das andere Tiere wie z. B. Fledermause etwas mit dem haufigen Vorkommen von Histoplasma capsulatum im Erdboden zu tun haben, der Vogelexkremente enthalt.
Informational needs of surgical patients following discharge

A decreased length of hospital stay for surgical patients dramatically reduces the time available for nurses to teach patients how to manage postdischarge self-care. Nurses need guidelines to prioritize teaching content. This study explored the perceptions of information needed by 45 patients who were recently discharged following short-term surgical procedures. Patients identified information related to activity, wound care, complications, and pain management as highly important. Patient reports of information given and satisfaction with information were also examined. These findings can contribute to the development of teaching programs for patients who are discharged following short-term surgical procedures.
The He(I) photoelectron spectra of some gaseous 3d-transition metal dihalides

Abstract High-temperature He(I) photoelectron spectra of the vapors over a heated mixture of a metal powder and AgX (X = Cl, Br) and of the vapor species (AgCl) 3 and (AgBr) 3 have been obtained. The vapor has been determined to be composed predominantly Of MX 2 (M  Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) or (CuX) 3 (X = Cl, Br), except over the Ni powder—AgBr mixture where the vapor contains a significant AgBr component. The spectra of (AgCl) 3 , (CuCl) 3 , and (CuBr) 3 are similar to those published previously. The (AgBr) 3 spectrum is analogous to the (AgCl) 3 spectrum and has three peaks at 9.60, 10.27, and 10.77 eV, assigned to halogen ionizations, and three peaks at 12.59, 13.54, and 14.06 eV thought to arise from Ag 4 d orbitals. Both spin-restricted and spin-polarized overlapping-spheres multiple-scattering X α calculations have been performed on several electronic configurations of CrCl 2 , MnCl 2 , FeCl 2 , CoCl 2 , NiCl 2 , and ZnCl 2 . Configurations included both high-spin and low-spin occupancy in all molecules, plus δ 3 π 2 σ 0 MnCl 2 and δ 3 π 2 σ 1 CoCl 2 . These calculations have been used together with the He(I) spectra and the unpublished He(II) spectra of Potts [23] for MCl 2 (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) to make ground-state and MO assignments. Assignments for the corresponding dibromides have been made by analogy. It has been shown that spin-polarized calculations are necessary to explain the photoelectron spectra of the molecules which contain unpaired electrons. The assigned ground-state configurations are δ 2 π 2 σ 0 for CrCl 2 and CrBr 2 , δ 2 π 2 σ 1 for MnCl 2 and MnBr 2 , δ 3 π 2 σ 1 for FeCl 2 and FeBr 2 , δ 3 π 3 σ 1 for CoCl 2 and CoBr 2 , and δ 4 π 4 σ 0 for NiCl 2 . In every case except CoX 2 the assignments represent the configuration showing the lowest total energy. For CoX 2 , the assigned configuration is the second lowest in energy, the energy difference between this and the lowest-energy configuration being very small.
Crossing Hubbert’s peak: Portfolio effects in a growth model with exhaustible resources

Abstract This paper elaborates a two-class growth model with an exhaustible resource (“oil”) and an alternative technique (“solar”). Bequest savers accumulate wealth, consisting of capital and oil, saving a constant fraction of their end-of-period wealth. The price of oil obeys Hotelling’s rule. Rising oil prices and the depletion of oil supplies create portfolio effects on the accumulation of capital. When growth is constrained by an exogenously increasing labor force, these wealth effects express themselves in changes in the distribution of income, which first shifts toward profits and then shifts back toward wages as the oil stocks approach depletion. When growth is constrained by capital (the labor force is endogenous), the portfolio effects express themselves in changes in the rate of capital accumulation, which first declines and then rises sharply as the oil stocks approach depletion.
How the U.S. Accounting Profession Got Where It Is Today: Part II

Few would deny that the U.S. accounting profession is in a very troubled state. The aim of this two‐part article is to explain how and why the profession evolved and changed during the 20th century, with particular emphasis on the last three decades. It is my hope that this article will illuminate the origins and consequences of these changes that collectively brought the profession to its current condition.
Cardiovascular effects in rats after intratracheal instillation of metal welding particles

AbstractStudies have indicated that pulmonary exposure to welding fumes can induce a series of adverse effects in the respiratory system, including infection, bronchitis, siderosis and decreased pulmonary function. Recent clinical and epidemiological studies have found that pulmonary exposure to welding fumes is also associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular events. However, there is insufficient evidence to confirm a direct effect of welding fumes on the cardiovascular system. The present study investigated the effects of pulmonary exposure to welding fumes on the heart and the vascular system in rats. Two chemically distinct welding fumes generated from manual metal arc-hard surfacing (MMA-HS) and gas metal arc-mild steel (GMA-MS) welding were tested. Three groups of rats were instilled intratracheally with MMA-HS (2 mg/rat), GMA-MS (2 mg/rat) or saline as control once a week for seven weeks. On days 1 and 7 after the last treatment, basal cardiovascular function and the cardiovascular respon...
Glutamate in the enteric nervous system

Several lines of evidence indicate a role for glutamate in the regulation of gut motility and secretion; however, the receptor subtypes that mediate the effects of this amino acid are still incompletely understood. There has, however, been recent progress in pharmacological characterization of enteric glutamate receptor subtypes. In the past two years, investigators have demonstrated that in addition to ionotropic glutamate receptors, the enteric nervous system contains functional group I metabotropic glutamate receptors that appear to participate in enteric reflexes. This opens up an entirely new arena in which to study the roles of glutamate in gut function and presents potential new target sites for drug development.
Synthesis of B4C/Al-B4C/TiB2 Composite with a Two-Layer Structure

A two-layer structure composite based on B4C/Al-B4C/TiB2 was prepared using hot pressing and infiltration aluminum in vacuum. The results showed that the B4C porous layer in the two-layer preform looked like a three-dimensional network of interconnected capillaries which could promote the infiltration of liquid aluminum. In the B4C/TiB2 layer the TiB2 dispersed homogenously in B4C matrix. After infiltrating process the two-layer B4C/Al-B4C/TiB2 composite with good interfacial bonding was obtained.
Mind the Gap: Gender Differences in Child Special Health Care Needs

The gendered nature of special health care needs in childhood is an important yet understudied area. Although gendered differences in the prevalence of special health care needs have been documented, there is less knowledge about the factors which contribute to those differences. Two research questions guide this inquiry. First, is the gender gap consistent across child special health care need indicators? Second, to what extent is the gender gap in special health care needs driven by behavioral conditions? We use multiple indicators from the U.S. National Survey of Children's Health to expand our understanding about the dynamic relationship between gender and childhood health. There are clear gender differences in the prevalence of special health care needs. Boys are more likely than girls to have special health care needs overall and on the five separate components examined (medication, more care than typical, limitations, special therapies, and educational or behavioral problem). This gender gap is dynamic and varies by indicator; while behavioral conditions play a role, it remains even after controlling for behavioral conditions. The reasons for the gender differences appear to be both biological and social but much remains unknown about this pattern.
Differential intracellular distributions of inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors within and among hematopoietic cells.

To better understand the mechanism(s) of leukocyte Ca2+ signaling, we have studied the intracellular locations of two Ca2+-mobilizing receptors, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and ryanodine receptor, by immunofluorescence microscopy. Our results show that localization differs not only between receptor classes within a cell, but among leukocyte types as well. We also illustrate the importance of preserving labile cellular filaments in maintaining cell integrity by fixation with the Safiejko-Mroczka and Bell protocol, because conventional fixation methods distort receptor patterns. We suggest that the observed differences influence intracellular Ca2+ signaling.
Hemodynamic effects of morphine and nalbuphine in acute myocardial infarction

Hemodynamic effects of morphine and the new narcotic analgesic, nalbuphine, were compared in a randomized, double-blind study in 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction (11 men and four women, average age 56.2 yr) and normal group mean hemodynamic function. During a 1-hr evaluation the hemodynamic effects were small but there were changes in several parameters. Morphine reduced heart rate (78 to 72 bpm, p < 0.01) and diastolic and mean arterial pressures (69 to 64 mm Hg, p < 0.05; and 91 to 84 mm Hg, p < 0.05); nalbuphine was associated with a decrease in heart rate (82 to 72 bpm, p < 0.01), decrease in cardiac index, which remained within the normal range (3.16 to 2.75 l/min/m2, p < 0.01), and an increase in systemic vascular resistance (1,204 to 1,461 dynes · sec · cm−5, p < 0.05). Neither drug altered systolic arterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, stroke index, stroke work index, or pulmonary vascular resistance. Echocardiographic assessment revealed diminution of left ventricular mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening after nalbuphine (1.26 to 1.08 circlsec, p < 0.05). Both drugs induced small reductions in respiratory rate and arterial pH and increases in . There were no changes in Because of the absence of clinically important deleterious effects on cardiac pump function, nalbuphine merits further investigation as an analgesic in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 29, 576–581; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.80
Toward Relational Empowerment

Psychological empowerment has been theorized as a construct with emotional, behavioral and cognitive components. Yet, many studies have stressed that empowerment processes are contingent on interpersonal relationships. Moreover, theory suggests that power is developed and exercised through relationships. This article makes the case that expanding our conceptions of psychological empowerment through the addition of a relational component can enhance our understanding of psychological empowerment and the effectiveness of empowerment-oriented community practice. Previous research on empowerment is reviewed for relational content, and additional insights into the relational context of empowerment processes are marshaled from other concepts in community research including social capital, sense of community, social networks, social support, and citizen participation. A new iteration of the nomological network for psychological empowerment is presented, including the elements of a relational component.
Film stoichiometry and gas dissociation kinetics in hot-wire chemical vapor deposition of a-SiGe:H

Abstract The gas phase dissociation rates of silane and germane are measured for HWCVD on a tantalum filament and compared to the a-SiGe:H film composition. The Ge from dissociated germane is converted entirely into film on the substrate and chamber walls. Approximately 85% of the Si from the dissociated silane is converted into film, with the rest incorporated into the filament. The dissociation rate per unit partial pressure of germane is 2–3 times that of silane. The pressure dependence of feed gas depletion rates suggests that the dissociation on the filament is rate limited by filament reactive site availability.
Gender in international relations : feminist perspectives on achieving global security

Engendered insecurities man, the state and war - gendered perspectives on national security three models of man - gendered perspectives on global economy security man over nature - gendered perspectives on ecological security toward a nongendered perspective on global security.
Tiling the projective foliation space of a punctured surface

There is a natural way to associate7 to each ideal triangulation of a punctured surface a cell decomposition of the projective foliation space of the punctured surface. A recent theme in the topology of surfaces has been the special role played by punctured surfaces, both in the study of geometric structures, and in the study of measured foliations. For example, one important result has been the construction of an equivariant "ideal cell-decomposition" of the TeichmRiller space of a punctured surface, a result due to many people, including Harer, Strebel, Mumford, Epstein and Bowditch, and Penner (see, for example, [Har], [EB], and [P]). In all of these proofs an important construct has been an ideal cell-division of the punctured surface: indeed, the cells of Teichmuller space are in 1-1 correspondence with isotopy classes of ideal cell-dirisions of the punctured surface. In [M1] and [M2], ideal cell-divisions were used in the study of measured foliations on a punctured surface, in order to define conjugacy invariants of certain elements of the mapping class group of a punctured surface, and to present an algorithm for computing these invariants. It is the purpose of this work to provide a deeper foundation for the algorithm described in [M1]. In particular, we shall develop the theory of measured foliations on a punctured surface from the ground up, using the plan and several technical tools from [FLP], but utilizing ideal triangulations in place of pairs of pants decompositions for actually constructing measured foliations. Our main result here is that to each isotopy class of ideal triangulations, there is a naturally associated cell-decompositioSn of b@S, Thurston's space of projective measured foliations. This result parallels the result of Harer and Penner that on any surface (punctured or not), to each choice of a pair of pants decomposition (plus an additional choice of data sufficient to determine a marking of the surface), there is a naturally associated cell-decomposition of bS. Many of the techniques of proof used here are not new, being adaptations and reorganizations of the techniques of [FLP]; the notable exception occurs in the use of "elementary moves" on ideal triangulations to understand the overlap maps of different parameterizations of XS. Rec^eived by the editors May 25, 1985 and, in revised form, April 3
The Influence of Ethnicity and Adverse Life Experiences During Adolescence on Young Adult Socioeconomic Attainment: The Moderating Role of Education

Previous research has documented that adverse life experiences during adolescence, particularly for ethnic minorities, have a long-term influence on income and asset attainment and that this relationship is largely mediated by educational achievement. We extend prior research by investigating three research questions. First, we investigate the extent to which community disadvantage, family factors and race/ethnicity each exert an independent influence on young adult socioeconomic attainment. Second, we examine whether youths’ educational attainment mediates these independent influences on socioeconomic attainment. Third, we test whether educational attainment ameliorates the negative influences of disadvantaged community and family conditions and race/ethnicity on socioeconomic attainment. We address these questions using multilevel modeling with longitudinal, prospective data from Waves 1 and 4 of National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which has a nationally representative sample of adolescents (N = 13, 450; 53 % females). Regarding our first research question, our results indicated that African Americans, youth from disadvantaged communities, lower SES families achieve significantly lower levels of earnings, assets, and job quality during young adulthood. Second, we found that young adults’ educational level only partially mediate the influences of family and race/ethnicity influences on young adults’ socioeconomic attainment. Third, we found that young adults’ educational level buffered the influence of early socioeconomic adversities and accentuated the positive influences of family resources. Findings highlight the importance of social context as well as educational opportunities during childhood and adolescence for economic stability in early adulthood.
Stimulated Raman scattering in micrometer-sized droplets: measurements of angular scattering characteristics.

Measurments of the angular scattering characteristics of elastic and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in single(nominal 20-μm-radius) water, ethanol, and CCl4 droplets irradiated with 0.532-μm-wavelength radiation from a pulsed laser demonstrate that SRS is more isotropic than elastic scattering yet qualitatively mimics angularly smoothed elastic scattering patterns. The angular fine structure characteristic of the coherent elastic scattering process is lacking in SRS, regardless of whether the SRS derives from multiple orders of Stokes shifts, multiple resonances within a single Stokes shift, or single resonances within a single Stokes shift.
Regulating Axon Branch Stability: The Role of p190 RhoGAP in Repressing a Retraction Signaling Pathway

Mechanisms that regulate axon branch stability are largely unknown. Genome-wide analyses of Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) function in Drosophila using RNA interference identified p190 RhoGAP as essential for axon stability in mushroom body neurons, the olfactory learning and memory center. p190 inactivation leads to axon branch retraction, a phenotype mimicked by activation of GTPase RhoA and its effector kinase Drok and modulated by the level and phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain. Thus, there exists a retraction pathway from RhoA to myosin in maturing neurons, which is normally repressed by p190. Local regulation of p190 could control the structural plasticity of neurons. Indeed, genetic evidence supports negative regulation of p190 by integrin and Src, both implicated in neural plasticity.
Structural studies of bovine liver thiosulfate sulfurtransferase III. Isolation and sequence analysis of the tryptic peptides containing tryptophan

Abstract 1. 1. Amino acid analysis of reduced and carboxymethylated thiosulfate sulfurtransferase A after hydrolysis with p -toluenesulfonic acid gave a value of four tryptophan residues for the monomeric protein, in agreement with the composition determined spectrophotometrically. Tryptic digestion of the alkylated protein yielded four tryptophan peptides, the complete amino acid sequences of which were established after purification by gel filtration and preparative paper electrophoresis. The exact correspondence between tryptophan content and the number of tryptic peptides which contain this amino acid furnishes additional evidence for the existence of a monomeric thiosulfate sulfurtransferase species of mol. wt 17 000–18 000. 2. 2. The importance of partial sequence information in regions of the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase polypeptide chain which contain tryptophan is related not only to the possible participation of an indole ring in the catalytic function, but also to the fact that the crystallographic analysis of the enzyme, currently in progress, will be facilitated by knowledge of the positions of these distinctive structural elements in the electron density map.
Ligand- and Cell-Specific Effects of Signal Transduction Pathway Inhibitors on Progestin-Induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Human Breast Cancer Cells

We evaluated the signaling pathways involved in regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic growth factor, in response to natural and synthetic progestins in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of the phosphoinositide-3′-kinase (PI3-kinase) signaling pathway or the specificity protein-1 (SP-1) transcription factor abolished both progesterone- and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)-induced VEGF secretion from BT-474 and T47-DCO cells. Inhibitors of the MAPK kinase 1/2/MAPK and N-terminal jun kinase/MAPK signaling pathways blocked both progesterone- and MPA-induced VEGF secretion in BT-474 cells. However, these inhibitors blocked only progesterone-, but not MPA-induced VEGF secretion in T47-DCO cells. Inhibitors of PI3-kinase or SP-1 blocked both progesterone- and MPA-induced increases in VEGF mRNA levels in T47-DCO cells. The proximal SP-1 sites within the VEGF promoter were critical for progestin-dependent induction of VEGF. In contrast, MAPK inhibitors did not block the progester...
Strategic new product planning models for dynamic situations

Quantitative methods are being used increasingly to assist in the evaluation of new product strategies and numerous articles have appeared in the literature dealing with various aspects of this subject. This paper discusses the major considerations in the development of a comprehensive model that aids the decision maker in determining optimal strategies in a new product planning situation. It is suggested that the role of the management scientist should extend beyond the design of the model, e.g., in assisting in parameter estimation and specification of feasible strategies. Other considerations are the inclusion of transient state conditions in the model and the use of the model in both initial and subsequent decision making.
Canine 563 Cells: An Established Canine Salivary Gland Cell Line

Summary Canine mandibular salivary glandular epithelial cells were established in culture and passaged more than 250 times. The cultivated cells show epithelial morphology, and ultrastructurally, show desmosomes, desmosome-like specializations (punctae adhaerens), cytoplasmic tonofilaments, and neoluminae suggestive of glandular epithelium. The cells showed modest PAS reactivity and were negative for alcian blue. Using immunohistochemistry, the 563 cells were shown to express cytokeratins, vimentin and epithelial membrane antigen. Chromosome analysis of the cells revealed a modal number of 76 plus 2 sex chromosomes, and the DNA histogram showed major peaks at 2 C (diploid) and 4 C (tetraploid). Attempts to demonstrate a retrovirus by particle labelling with 3H-uridine or by isolation of 70S RNA gave negative results. A nucleic acid hybridization test for mycoplasma contamination gave negative results. It is anticipated that this established cell line derived from normal canine glandular epithelium will prove useful for canine virologic studies, or as a substrate for the growth of type C retroviruses from heterospecies. Zusammenfassung Canine 563-Zellen Eine etablierte canine Speicheldrusen-Zell-Linie Epithelzellen aus der Gl. mandibularis des Hundes wurden in der Zellkultur angezuchtet. Sie durchliefen mehr als 250 Passagen. Die kultivierten Zellen sind epithelartig; sie weisen Desmosomen, desmosomahnliche Spezialstrukturen (punctae adbaerens), cytoplasmatische Tonofilamente und Neolumina auf. Alle diese Strukturen weisen auf ein glandulares Epithel hin. In immunohistochemischen Untersuchungen wurde nachgewiesen, das die 563-Zellen Cytokeratine, Vimentin und epitheliale Membranantigene exprimieren. Die Chromosomenanalyse der Zellen ergab eine Zahl von 76 plus 2 Geschlechtschromosomen. Das DNS-Histogramm zeigte bei 2°C (Diploid) und 4°C (Tetraploid) zwei Haupt-Peaks. Versuche, ein Retrovirus durch Partikelmarkierung mit 3H-Uridin oder durch Isolierung von 70S-RNS zu zeigen, verliefen negativ. Ein Nukleinsaure-Hybridisierung-Test zum Nachweis einer Mycoplasmen-Kontamination erbrachte negative Ergebnisse. Es wird angenommen, das sich die beschriebene etablierte Zell-Linie fur virologische Untersuchungen bei Hunden oder als Substrat fur die Vermehrung von Retroviren vom Typ C anderer Species als nutzlich erweisen wird.
Permeability of [3H]water across a porous polymer matrix used as rate-limiting shell in compression-coated tablets

Abstract Compression coating was investigated for use in preparing controlled release dosage forms having a polymer shell surrounding a soluble core. The purpose of the study was to develop a method of measure flux and permeability of water across the outer shell (coat) of the compression-coated tablet. One half of the shell of the press-coated tablets was mounted on the platform of the receptor port of the Thomas diffusion cell by embedment in white petrolatum. The cumulative amount of tritium labeled water per square centimeter permeating across the barrier was plotted vs time, and flux, lag time, diffusion coefficient and permeability were calculated from the steady-state slope. No difference was found whether the outside or inside of the membrane was exposed to the donor phase. The lag time increased linearily and significantly from 0.3 to 0.79 to 1.1 h with increasing shell thickness from 1.08 to 1.66 to 2.12 mm, respectively. Flux and permeability decrease hyperbolically with increasing shell thickness. Increasing hardness at constant shell amount significantly increases lag time and decreases flux and permeability. Compression-coating seems to be a viable technique for preparation of controlled release drug delivery systems with a wide range for adjustment of permeability.
Separation of wax esters from steryl esters by chromatography on magnesium hydroxide

Chromatography of stearyl oleate and cholesteryl oleate on thin layer plates coated with magnesium hydroxide-celite, 1:1, or magnesia-celite, 1:1, showed that magnesium hydroxide had better resolving power for the separation of these wax ester and steryl ester model compounds than did magnesia, an adsorbent which has been used previously for this separation. By means of high pressure liquid chromatography on magnesium hydroxide, wax esters and steryl esters from the skin surface lipids of human, rat and monkey were separated completely and without hydrolysis.
Incorporating Validation Subsets into Discrete Proportional Hazards Models for Mismeasured Outcomes

Standard proportional hazards methods are inappropriate for mismeasured outcomes. Previous work has shown that outcome mismeasurement can bias estimation of hazard ratios for covariates. We previously developed an adjusted proportional hazards method that can produce accurate hazard ratio estimates when outcome measurement is either non-sensitive or non-specific. That method requires that mismeasurement rates (the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test) are known. Here, we develop an approach to handle unknown mismeasurement rates. We consider the case where the true failure status is known for a subset of subjects (the validation set) until the time of observed failure or censoring. Five methods of handling these mismeasured outcomes are described and compared. The first method uses only subjects on whom complete data are available (validation subset), whereas the second method uses only mismeasured outcomes (naive method). Three other methods include available data from both validated and non-validated subjects. Through simulation, we show that inclusion of the non-validated subjects can improve efficiency relative to use of the complete case data only and that inclusion of some true outcomes (the validation subset) can reduce bias relative to use of mismeasured outcomes only. We also compare the performance of the validation methods proposed using an example data set.
Antigen-specific receptors on antibody-forming cells expressing light and heavy chain determinants

Abstract There has been controversy in the past about whether or not antibody-forming cells have antigen-specific receptors. Evidence is presented here which clearly demonstrates that some antibody-forming cells possess receptors while others show no evidence of receptors. Moreover, in this report the receptors are characterized in terms of their light and heavy chain immunoglobulin determinants. Receptors were found on ~50% of the direct PFC 6 days after one injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). On Day 4 of the secondary response only 20–33% of the direct PFC were found to possess receptors. Receptors could not be detected on indirect PFC in either the primary or secondary response. Results similar to the above were observed for the primary and secondary anti-hapten response to 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenyl acetic acid coupled to diphtheria toxoid (NIP-TOX). The receptors on the antibody-forming cells were shown to possess a class-specific heavy chain determinant (TgM) as well as two allotypic determinants, one a product of the a locus on the heavy chain and the other a product of the b locus on the light chain. The antigen-binding receptors were modulated to cap formation by antibody directed toward either light or heavy chain immunoglobulin determinants. The antigen-binding activity of the receptors was completely destroyed by trypsin.
Extending the two-dimensional FDTD method to hybrid electromagnetic systems with active and passive lumped elements

The finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method is extended to include distributed electromagnetic systems with lumped elements (a hybrid system) and voltage and current sources. FDTD equations that include nonlinear elements like diodes and transistors are derived. Calculation of driving-point impedance is described. Comparison of FDTD calculated results with analytical results for several two-dimensional transmission-line configurations illustrates the accuracy of the method. FDTD results for a transistor model and a diode are compared with SPICE calculations. The extended FDTD method should prove useful in the design and analysis of complicated distributed systems with various active, passive, linear, and nonlinear lumped electrical components. >
IMMUNE T CELLS REACTIVE AGAINST HUMAN T-CELL LEUKAEMIA/LYMPHOMA VIRUS

Six patients with malignant disorders associated with human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) were studied to see whether long-term cultures of immune T cells reactive against HTLV-infected tumour cells could be achieved. Immune T-cell lines could not be developed from the cells of five patients who died or eventually had a relapse of disease, but in one patient who had an unusually long remission of his disease after therapy, immune T-cell lines were propagated that could produce their own T-cell growth factor and proliferate upon stimulation with autologous tumour cells and also specifically lyse HTLV-infected target cells. These immune T cells recognised the presence of circulating HTLV-bearing neoplastic cells in another patient with HTLV-associated T-cell leukaemia, who had been in clinical remission after chemotherapy when this study started, thereby providing early evidence of relapse.
Interaction of the NMDA receptor noncompetitive antagonist MK-801 with model and native membranes

MK-801, a noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor, has protective effects against excitotoxicity and ethanol withdrawal seizures. We have determined membrane/buffer partition coefficients (Kp[mem]) of MK-801 and its rates of association with and dissociation from membranes. Kp[mem] (+/- SD) = 1137 (+/- 320) in DOPC membranes and 485 (+/- 99) in synaptoneurosomal (SNM) lipid membranes from rat cerebral cortex (unilamellar vesicles). In multilamellar vesicles, Kp[mem] was higher: 3374 (+/- 253) in DOPC and 6879 (+/- 947) in SNM. In cholesterol/DOPC membranes, Kp[mem] decreased as the cholesterol content increased. MK-801 associated with and dissociated from membranes rapidly. Addition of ethanol to SNM did not affect Kp[mem]. MK-801 decreased the cooperative unit size of DMPC membranes. The decrease was smaller than that caused by 1,4-dihydropyridine drugs, indicating a weaker interaction with the hydrocarbon core. Small angle x-ray diffraction, with multilayer autocorrelation difference function modeling, indicated that MK-801 in a cholesterol/DOPC membrane (mole ratio = 0.6) causes a perturbation at approximately 16.0 A from the bilayer center. In bilayers of cholesterol/DOPC = 0.15 (mole ratio) or pure DOPC, the perturbation caused by MK-801 was more complex. The physical chemical interactions of MK-801 with membranes in vitro are consistent with a fast onset and short duration of action in vivo.
People are Not the Same; Leprosy and Identity in 20th‐century Mali

People Are Not the Same; Leprosy and Identity in 20th-century Mali. Eric Silla. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998. vi. 220 pp., photographs, maps, sources, index.
FASCIATED EAR4 Encodes a bZIP Transcription Factor That Regulates Shoot Meristem Size in Maize

Plant architecture is dictated by precise control of meristematic activity. In the shoot, an imbalance in positive or negative maintenance signals can result in a fasciated or enlarged meristem phenotype. fasciated ear4 (fea4) is a semidwarfed mutant with fasciated ears and tassels as well as greatly enlarged vegetative and inflorescence meristems. We identified FEA4 as a bZIP transcription factor, orthologous to Arabidopsis thaliana PERIANTHIA. FEA4 was expressed in the peripheral zone of the vegetative shoot apical meristem and in the vasculature of immature leaves and conspicuously excluded from the stem cell niche at the tip of the shoot apical meristem and from incipient leaf primordia. Following the transition to reproductive fate, FEA4 was expressed throughout the entire inflorescence and floral meristems. Native expression of a functional YFP:FEA4 fusion recapitulated this pattern of expression. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing to identify 4060 genes proximal to FEA4 binding sites, including ones that were potentially bound and modulated by FEA4 based on transcriptional changes in fea4 mutant ears. Our results suggest that FEA4 promotes differentiation in the meristem periphery by regulating auxin-based responses and genes associated with leaf differentiation and polarity, potentially in opposition to factors such as KNOTTED1 and WUSCHEL.
Phase II trial of lapatinib for brain metastases in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer.

Purpose One third of women with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)–positive breast cancer develop brain metastases; a subset progress in the CNS despite standard approaches. Medical therapies for refractory brain metastases are neither well-studied nor established. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of lapatinib, an oral inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-2, in patients with HER-2–positive brain metastases. Patients and Methods Patients had HER-2–positive breast cancer, progressive brain metastases, prior trastuzumab treatment, and at least one measurable metastatic brain lesion. Patients received lapatinib 750 mg orally twice a day. Tumor response was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging every 8 weeks. The primary end point was objective response (complete response [CR] plus partial response [PR]) in the CNS by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Secondary end points included objective response in non-CNS sites, time to progression, ...
Spirituality, Meaning, and Suicide

Kopacz and Connery (2015) and Bryan, Graham, and Roberge (2015) each contributed rich discussions about key issues related to integrating spirituality into efforts to curb suicide rates among military veterans and active duty personnel. While both commentaries highlighted how varying dimensions of spirituality may decrease and/or exacerbate suicide risk in some cases, the authors seemed to differ on the role of religion/ spirituality in shaping global beliefs/values and how spirituality factors might influence attempts at meaning making. This response article will summarize several points of convergence/divergence between the articles in this round table and raise questions about the possible reciprocal association between meaning and spirituality among many veterans and service members who might be at greatest risk for suicide.
Transcatheter closure of residual atrial septal defect after cardiac transplantation

A 55-year-old male patient experienced 2 acute neurologic events 3 weeks after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated a patent foramen ovale in the native portion of the interatrial septum with bidirectional shunting by Doppler and microbubble contrast. The defect was closed successfully with a CardioSeal transcatheter septal closure device. This case demonstrates the advantages of the percutaneous approach for closure of residual defects in the post-operative patient.
Observation of novel non-linear phenomena in a 3He-4He solution

Abstract We have used pulsed NMR to investigate non-linear phenomena in a dilute (350 ppm) spin polarized (~60%) solution of 3 He in 4 He at temperatures between 4 and 60 mK. We observe multiple spin echoes, with up to 40 echoes following the application of a single pair of 90° pulses. In addition, we have observed a new, extremely long lived mode in this system with a characteristics time scale on the order of ten seconds.