cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lactate biosensor based on a lactate dehydrogenase/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biocomposite

A new biocomposite, fabricated by incorporating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) within a graphite-epoxy matrix, is used as a polishable (renewable) and robust biosensor for lactate. Highly sensitive and rapid amperometric biosensing is accomplished at relatively low potentials. The regeneration capability of the biocomposite probe circumvents problems of surface fouling inherent to the detection of NADH. Flow injection detection of lactate, with a sample throughput of 60/h, detection limit of 5 × 10−4 M, precision of 2.5% (RSD for n = 40), and linearity up to 2 × 10−2 M, is illustrated.
Okadaic acid stimulates the activity of microtubule associated protein kinasein PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells

PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells contain a growth factor-sensitive protein kinase that phosphorylates microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2). This MAP kinase is also activated by the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid (OA). Additionally, OA potentiates the NGF-dependent activation of MAP kinase, but causes only a modest potentiation (20%) of the maximal activation observed with EGF. Since OA is a specific serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, these results suggest that serine/threonine phosphorylation may be involved in the hormonal regulation of MAP kinase.
Optimal condition for T-ray generation with a focused beam in nonlinear optical crystals

The rectified terahertz (THz) wave power reaches its maximum once the radius of the optical excitation area in an electro-optical crystal is comparable to the center wavelength of the rectified THz radiation.
Collagen, cross-linking, and advanced glycation end products in aging human skeletal muscle.

We examined intramuscular endomysial collagen, cross-linking, and advanced glycation end products, as well as the general and contractile protein concentration of 20 young (25 +/- 3 yr) and 22 old (78 +/- 6 yr, range: 70-93 yr) sedentary men and women to better understand the underlying basis of changes in skeletal muscle mass and function that occur with aging. The old individuals had an impaired ability (increased time) (P 0.05) with aging. The advanced glycation end product, pentosidine, was increased (P 0.05) with aging. These data suggest that the synthesis and degradation of proteins responsible for the generation (myosin and actin) and transfer (collagen and pyridinoline cross-links) of muscle force are tightly regulated in aging muscle. Glycation-related cross-linking of intramuscular connective tissue may contribute to altered muscle force transmission and muscle function with healthy aging.
Simple computation of the coupling coefficient for loop‐coupled resonant cavities

A simple procedure is described to compute the coupling coefficient of a resonant cavity that contains a dielectric resonator. The resonant frequency and the unloaded Q are computed from the modal solution without the presence of the loop. An equivalent circuit is obtained for the unloaded cavity, and the loop coupling is represented by a series inductance that is determined by a low-frequency approximation. The procedure enables computation of the resonant frequency, unloaded Q, and the coupling coefficient for a dielectric resonator in a cylindrical cavity. The measured input impedance of the parallel-plate resonator is in good agreement with computed values. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 27: 400–404, 2000.
Lift of Slender Delta Wings According to Newtonian Theory

An approximate system of equations is derived to describe the inviscid flow past a flat slender wing at angle of attack, in the limit y — »• 1 and Mm sin a -> °°. The aspect ratio is required to approach zero at the same rate as the Mach angle in the flow behind the shock wave. Only a single parameter appears in the resulting equations, and a similarity law therefore can be written expressing a correction to the Newtonian normal-force coefficient. For the delta wing, a correlation of experimental data according to the similarity law is shown, and the first terms of the solution are derived under the assumption that the similarity parameter is small (vertex angle much smaller than Mach angle). a = A = 6 = c = CM,CN =
Visual behavior of the young human infant: Relationships between chromatic and spatial perception and the activity of underlying brain mechanisms.

Abstract Two experiments investigated visual attention in human infants. In one experiment, babies looked longer at more than at less saturated colors. In a second experiment, babies looked longer at gratings aligned along the horizontal and vertical orthogonals than along the obliques. Because saturated colors and orthogonal stimulation elicit greater activity in visual system neurons and greater amplitude evoked potentials than desaturated colors or oblique stimulation, these two experiments support the hypothesis that the simple visual stimuli to which infants preferably attend are those that are particularly appropriate in stimulating the geniculostriate or primary visual system. The ethological significance of this taxic mechanism and its utility and function in perception, cognition, and aesthetics are underscored.
Aero-Sol-Gel Synthesis of Nanoporous Iron-Oxide Particles: A Potential Oxidizer for Nanoenergetic Materials

Interest in developing an oxidizer matrix for reaction with nano-aluminum for energy-intensive applications involving explosives and propellants have led to the development of an aerosol-based sol−...
“Fast food” energy

New R&D is needed to provide the nonlegacy world with the “fast food” equivalent of solar energy—light-weight and highly manufacturable solar capture and storage systems
Initial Experience with the Combination of Reteplase and Abciximab for Thrombolytic Therapy in Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: A Pilot Study

PURPOSE To report the efficacy of catheter-directed thrombolysis with a combination of a thrombolytic agent (reteplase) and a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa platelet receptor antagonist (abciximab) in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen patients with lower extremity arterial thromboses (age range, 40–96 y; mean, 73 y) were prospectively enrolled in a protocol approved by the Institutional Review Committee. Nine patients had native arterial occlusions, three (33%) of whom had subacute symptoms (>14 d) and one of whom had chronic symptoms (>3 mo). Four patients had acute arterial graft thromboses. Two patients with lower extremity bypass grafts presented with subacute limb ischemia. All patients received catheter-directed infusion of reteplase (0.5 U/h) in combination with intravenous administration of abciximab (0.25-mg/kg bolus followed by 0.125 μg/kg/min infusion) for 12 hours without systemic heparinization. The thrombolytic success was studied by Doppler ultrasonography (US) and angiography. RESULTS Complete thrombolysis and clinical success was achieved in 14 of the 15 patients (93%). One patient with unsuccessful thrombolysis underwent major amputation. The mean thrombolysis time per Doppler US procedure was 6.8 hours (range, 2–30 h). Angiographic patency was achieved at a mean of 17.5 hours (range, 4–36 h) corresponding to a mean dose of reteplase of 8.8 U. The mean increase in ankle-brachial index was 0.52 (range, 0–0.9). No major hemorrhagic complications occurred. The 30-day primary patency rate was 93%. CONCLUSION The combination of reteplase and abciximab in catheter-directed arterial thrombolysis is feasible and effective. This combination therapy pilot study suggests short thrombolysis times and minimal adverse effects in catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy for peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
Advanced HiCTE flip chip packaging of 90-nm Cu/Low-K chips: Underfill, novel terminal pad structures, and processing optimization

Packaging of 90-nm Cu/Low-K chips presents a serious challenge, which requires an advanced ceramic flip chip solution. Finer Cu interconnects are expected to interact differently with the current underfill-to-die passivation stack-up structures used for Al or previous Cu technology nodes especially in system level applications. Furthermore, the more porous and brittle-proned advanced Low-K (K<3) dielectrics present additional process incompatibility problems such as stress-induced crackings and delaminations. These reliability issues in various stress-relieving passivation structures and materials (i.e., Benzocyclobutene (BCB) and single versus double SiOxNy passivations) have not been extensively studied. This study analyzes the effect of the eight metal layer 90-nm Cu/Low-K flip chip devices through designed experiments using two relatively different underfill materials, standard terminal pad and novel passivation structures, and JEDEC Level-3 reliability stressings: temperature cycling (TC), highly accelerated stress testing (HAST), and high-temperature storage (HTS). Black Diamond Low-K and HiCTE ceramic substrates are employed for the large package form factor. The active Si uses eutectic stencil-pasted SnPb bump and BGA balls with Ti/Ni-V/Al-Cu reflectory thin film-deposited under bump metallurgy (UBM). It is found that the double passivation pad structures are less susceptible to reliability damage for various types of underfills, although a single passivation with BCB coating combined with an optimal underfill can also yield a similar favorable result. The metallurgical effect of delamination cracking, HiCTE flip chip and stress-relieving passivation structures, and the underfill interface failure mode mechanism are examined by functional testing, chemical deprocessings, scanning acoustic microscope (SAM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX). The presented results are significant for the development of flip chip packaging technologies for future advanced Cu/Low-K generations.
Source, drain, and gate series resistances and electron saturation velocity in ion-implanted GaAs FET's

Techniques which allow us to determine the series source, drain, and gate resistances and the electron saturation velocity of ion-implanted GaAs FET's are described. These techniques are based on the "end" resistance measurements. The theory of this method is developed and used for a new interpretation of the "end" resistance measurements. The values of the series resistances determined by this technique are shown to be in an excellent agreement with those obtained by the modified Fukui method. The values of the electron saturation velocity varying from 1.0 × 105m/s to 1.3 × 105m/s are obtained using the end resistance method. The proposed set of measurements is simple and accurate enough to be used as a routine characterization technique for GaAs FET's.
MAINTENANCE AND TRANSFER OF SELF-REINFORCEMENT FUNCTIONS*

Abstract In order to examine conditions maintaining self-reinforcement functions, pigeons were trained to reward their own performances and then tested for adherence to work requirements under decreasing likelihood of punishment for undeserved self-reward. Contingent self-reinforcement was stably maintained given moderate to high probability that unmerited self-reward would incur punishing consequences. In successive reversals of treatment and test conditions, the amount of behavior performed for each self-reward covaried with self-reinforcement rate. A further experiment demonstrated that self-reinforcing practices, involving both performance and consummatory contingencies, transfer to new activities for which the animal had never been trained to reward himself contingently. Adherence to performance requirements was more stringent, however, than to limitations on amount of rcinforcers consumed from freely available provisions.
Effect of pressure and temperature on 4 f − 4 f luminescence properties of Sm 2 + ions in M FCl crystals ( M = Ba , Sr, and Ca)

We present effects of pressure and temperature on $4f\ensuremath{-}4f$ luminescence properties of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$ ions in $M\mathrm{FCl}$ crystals $(M=\mathrm{Ba},$ Sr, and Ca). Temperature experiments indicated that a two-step nonradiative process ${(}^{5}{D}_{J}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4f}^{5}5d$ thermal crossover followed by ${4f}^{5}{5d}^{5}{D}_{{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}lJ}$ downward feeding) strongly influenced the luminescence intensity distribution from the ${}^{5}{D}_{J}$ $(J=0,1,2)$ states of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}.$ We quantitatively analyzed the temperature dependence of the intensities and lifetimes of ${}^{5}{D}_{J}$ $(J=0,1,2)$ luminescence using a single configurational coordinate model and luminescence rate equations. Within the context of the model, we obtained the upward thermal crossover rates of the ${}^{5}{D}_{J}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4f}^{5}5d$ process and the downward feeding fractions of the ${4f}^{5}{5d}^{5}{D}_{J}$ process. Pressure experiments showed a strong shift of the ${4f}^{5}5d$ state to lower energy. This shift led to an increase in the degree of $4f\ensuremath{-}5d$ electronic admixture, a decrease in the thermal crossover barrier between the ${}^{5}{D}_{J}$ levels and the ${4f}^{5}5d$ state, and decreases in the lifetimes of the ${}^{5}{D}_{0}$ and ${}^{5}{D}_{1}$ states. We analyzed the change in lifetime of the ${}^{5}{D}_{0}$ state with pressure in the framework of the conventional Judd-Ofelt second-order electric dipole and extended third-order electric dipole mechanisms and obtained good agreement with the experimental result. We found that the third order electric dipole mechanism, which becomes activated through $4f\ensuremath{-}5d$ spin-orbit coupling, leads to a relaxation of the second order electric dipole forbiddenness of the ${}^{5}{D}_{0}{\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}}^{7}{F}_{0}$ transition and to significant contributions to the radiative ${}^{5}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{{D}_{J}}}^{7}{F}_{{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ transitions of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}.$
Designing with geotextiles

This paper deals with three current functions of geotextiles: geotextile drains; geotextile filters; geotextile separators.
Reaction of α,α,α-trifluoroacetophenone with ammonia

Abstract Increase in the reduction waves of α,α,α-trifluoroacetophenone in the presence of ammonia or ethylamine is caused by chemical reaction. Either the Schiff base is reduced at potentials similar to that of the parent compound or the rate of dehydration of geminal diol of the ketone is catalyzed by amines.
Effects of Damage by 0.8 MeV - 5.0 MeV Protons in Silicon Surface-Barrier Detectors

Changes in the performance of silicon surface-barrier detectors after irradiation with protons at energies between 0.80 MeV and 5.00 MeV have been investigated for fluences up to 1017 protons cm-2. Irradiations of the front, surface-barrier contacts and the rear, ohmic contacts of these transmission detectors were performed. In general, the detector current and noise increased with fluence. When the rear, ohmic contact was irradiated with protons which stopped within the detector, the changes in the current and noise after irradiation were several orders of magnitude smaller than after a similar irradiation of the front contact. For protons with energies greater than about 1 MeV, the detector capacitance decreased at low reverse biases and increased at high biases with increasing fluence. The results indicate that a significant reduction in the increase of detector current and noise can be obtained if the density of radiation-produced defects in the region of the junction is minimized.
Insulation tester for the windings of large D-C machine armatures

A new winding insulation tester has been built which extends the application of this type of apparatus to cover low-impedance windings. With this new tester weak insulation on large d-c armatures can be detected, so that design and manufacturing techniques can be improved.
Ultrastructural Changes in Rat Optic Nerve Associated with Hyperphenylalaninemia Induced by Parachlorophenylalanine and Phenylalanine

The morphologic effects of hyperphenylalaninemia induced by treatment with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCP) plus phenylalanine on optic nerve were studied in developing F344 rats. PCP and phenylalanine were infected daily between days 5 and 20 days of life. At 20 days optic nerve of treated animals, as compared with saline-injected controls, showed enhanced neuroglial activity with broad astrocytic septae and debris-laden oligodendrocytes. In specimens obtained long after treatment with PCP and phenylalanine, continuing gliosis with evidence of focally abnormal myelination and axonal degeneration were observed. The results are consistent with a metabolic insult sustained in early development by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and are considered in relation to other work in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia and to human phenylketonuria.
Associations of frequent sleep insufficiency with health-related quality of life and health behaviors.

Abstract Background and purpose : Sleep-related problems, which affect 50–70 million Americans, involve all areas of life, including cognitive performance, emotional well-being, work and leisure-time activities, and general physical and mental well-being. We examined the association of insufficient sleep with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and health behaviors. Patients and methods : Data were obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an ongoing, state-based, random-digit telephone survey of the non-institutionalized US population aged ≥18 years. In 2002, HRQOL measures were administered in 18 states and the District of Columbia, yielding complete responses to questions regarding sleep and demographic characteristics from 98% of study participants ( n =79,625). Results : An estimated 26% of adults reported frequent (≥14 days in the past 30 days) sleep insufficiency. They were significantly more likely than those without frequent sleep insufficiency to report fair/poor general health, frequent physical distress, frequent mental distress, activity limitations, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and pain. In addition, they were significantly more likely to smoke, to be physically inactive, to be obese, and, among men, to drink heavily. Conclusion : Insufficient sleep is associated with a variety of adverse health behaviors and impairment in all HRQOL domains investigated. Accordingly, assessment of sleep appears to be an important component of general medical care. Moreover, expanded assessment of sleep in the general population may provide a better understanding of prevalence of impaired sleep and its many implications.
Human rights in social work: an essential basis

The social work profession in the United States has been reluctant to integrate human rights principles into academic curricula. The teaching of human rights remains in an infant stage, even though the Council of Social Work Education now mandates integration of human rights into social work education. A major difficulty in integrating human rights into the profession concerns a lack of understanding as to what human rights actually mean. This article defines human rights and discusses their meaning for social workers. The discussion includes an overview of the universalism versus cultural relativism challenge that occurs when discussing human rights, as well as the promises of human rights.
The angular diameter of vesta from speckle interferometry

Abstract It is shown that the autocorrelation function of a telescope diffraction-limited image is closely approximated by a subtraction of the mean cross correlation of pairs of speckle photographs from the mean autocorrelation of the same set of data. This fact is used to derive the angular diameter of the asteroid Vesta from a series of speckle interferometry data. The resultant apparent angular diameter of 0″.40 ± 0″.04 corresponds to an absolute diameter of 513 ± 51 km.
How Valid Are Medical Records and Patient Questionnaires for Physician Profiling and Health Services Research?: A Comparison With Direct Observation of Patient Visits

Objectives.This study was designed to determine the optimal nonobservational method of measuring the delivery of outpatient medical services.Methods.As part of a multimethod study of the content of primary care practice, research nurses directly observed consecutive patient visits to 138 practic
Influence of plastic deformation on bimaterial fault rupture directivity

[1] Material juxtapositions across mature faults are a common occurrence. Previous work has found that this elastic mismatch results in a rupture that will preferentially propagate in the direction of slip displacement on the more compliant side of the fault, with more off-fault damage in the stiffer material. This result has implications for inferring preferred rupture directions based on observations of damage zone asymmetry. We perform a complete numerical investigation of the role of the stress state on the distribution of plastic deformation and the direction of preferred rupture propagation. We show that there are important factors, in addition to the elastic mismatch, which control the preferred direction of propagation as well as the side of the fault in which damage predominately accumulates. The orientation of the most compressive principal stress is the controlling factor in determining the location of plastic deformation. For different orientations, plastic deformation can accumulate in either the stiffer or the more compliant material. For high angles of most compressive stress, the aforementioned preferred rupture direction prediction holds true. However, the off-fault plastic response can reverse that direction for low angles of most compressive stress so that rupture will preferentially propagate in the direction of slip displacement in the stiffer material.
The impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity on second trimester obstetric ultrasound completion rates

Purpose. Weight loss after bariatric surgery occurs by preferential loss of visceral and central body fat. We hypothesized that 2nd trimester sonographic completion rates would be higher among women with prior gastric bypass compared with women of similar body mass index without a prior gastric bypass. Methods. Women with gastric bypass undergoing 2nd trimester sonographic examination were matched 1:1 with controls for body mass index and prior cesarean section. The primary outcome was completion of the fetal anatomic evaluation according to American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine guidelines. Results. Initial sonogram completion rates for cases, 28/40 (70%), and controls (30/40, 75%) were similar (p = 0.62). Completion rates for women returning for follow-up were 100% in both groups. Overall completing rates were identical for cases (37/40, 92.5%) and controls (37/40, 92.5%). Conclusion. Previous gastric bypass surgery does not affect 2nd trimester sonographic completion rates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
The Rock Guitar Solo: From expression to simulation

(1991). The Rock Guitar Solo: From expression to simulation. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 91-101.
Internal GTP stimulates the speract receptor mediated voltage changes in sea urchin spermatozoa membrane vesicles.

Abstract A voltage-sensitive Na + /H + exchanger in the flagellar membrane is responsible for regulating the intracellular pH of the sea urchin spermatozoa. A previous study has shown that the egg peptide speract can modulate this Na + /H + exchanger through its hyperpolarizing effect on the membrane potential. The effect of GTP on this speract receptor mediated process is investigated in this study. Plasma membrane vesicles with an outwardly directed K + gradient were prepared from the isolated flagella by osmotic lysis. Vesicular membrane potential was monitored by a cationic probe, diS-C 3 -(5), and an anionic probe, diS-BA-C 2 -(3). Results show that the presence of internal GTP greatly stimulated the speract induced membrane hyperpolarization in this vesicle system. The analog GTPγS was not only active but could, by itself, induce partial hyperpolarization which was further enhanced by speract addition. Internal GDP was partially active in supporting the speract effect, whereas GDPβS, cGMP, GMP, and ATP were all inactive. The ionic selectivity of the speract effect was investigated by increasing the external concentration of various cations. K + and Rb + abolished the hyperpolarization while Cs + had no effect. These results indicate that internal GTP is involved in the coupling between the speract receptor and the membrane hyperpolarization, which is most likely due to the activation of K + selective channels.
Preliminary Validation of the Motor Skills Rating Scale

This study examined psychometric properties of the Motor Skills Rating Scale (MSRS), a questionnaire designed for classroom teachers of children in early elementary school. Items were developed with the guidance of two occupational therapists, and factor structure was examined with an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The resulting model showed good fit with 19 items that loaded on 3 subscales: Shapes and Letters, Classroom Fine Motor, and Body Awareness. In tests of concurrent criterion validity, each scale was correlated in the expected direction with direct assessments of children’s (N = 242) visuospatial processing, sensorimotor functioning, and executive function (EF) obtained using a direct neuropsychological assessment. Children with higher ratings on the Classroom Fine Motor scale of the MSRS also had higher teacher-rated and directly assessed mathematics achievement. Study findings provided preliminary support for the utility and validity of a brief teacher report of elementary children’s motor ...
General perceptual contributions to lexical tone normalization

Within tone languages that use pitch variations to contrast meaning, large variability exists in the pitches produced by different speakers. Context-dependent perception may help to resolve this perceptual challenge. However, whether speakers rely on context in contour tone perception is unclear; previous studies have produced inconsistent results. The present study aimed to provide an unambiguous test of the effect of context on contour lexical tone perception and to explore its underlying mechanisms. In three experiments, Mandarin listeners' perception of Mandarin first and second (high-level and mid-rising) tones was investigated with preceding speech and non-speech contexts. Results indicate that the mean fundamental frequency (f0) of a preceding sentence affects perception of contour lexical tones and the effect is contrastive. Following a sentence with a higher-frequency mean f0, the following syllable is more likely to be perceived as a lower frequency lexical tone and vice versa. Moreover, non-speech precursors modeling the mean spectrum of f0 also elicit this effect, suggesting general perceptual processing rather than articulatory-based or speaker-identity-driven mechanisms.
Campus sustainability plans in the United States: where, what, and how to evaluate?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the use of integrated campus sustainability plans at US institutions of higher education. The paper also offers a preliminary framework for the evaluation of these plans. Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines 27 campus sustainability plans. It determines the types and characteristics of the institutions that have adopted these plans. It then uses content analysis techniques to determine their typical contents and emphases. Finally, the paper draws on literature pertaining to sustainability plans and plan evaluation to present a preliminary tool for evaluating campus sustainability planning efforts. Findings – Campus sustainability plans in the USA are extremely diverse. Environmental aspects are most prominent in these plans, and social equity aspects are least prominent. Campus operations receive more attention than do academic or administrative aspects. Most campuses have taken an inclusive, campus-wide approach to developing thei...
The Plasminogen Activation System and the Regulation of Catecholaminergic Function

The local environment of neurosecretory cells contains the major components of the plasminogen activation system, including the plasminogen activators, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), as well as binding sites for t-PA, the receptor for u-PA (uPAR), and also the plasminogen activator inhibitor, PAI-1. Furthermore, these cells express specific binding sites for plasminogen, which is available in the circulation and in interstitial fluid. Colocalization of plasminogen and its activators on cell surfaces provides a mechanism for promoting local plasminogen activation. Plasmin is retained on the cell surface where it is protected from its inhibitor, α(2)-antiplasmin. In neurosecretory cells, localized plasmin activity provides a mechanism for extracellular processing of secreted hormones. Neurotransmitter release from catecholaminergic cells is negatively regulated by cleavage products formed by plasmin-mediated proteolysis. Recently, we have identified a major plasminogen receptor, Plg-R(KT). We have found that Plg-R(KT) is highly expressed in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla as well as in other catecholaminergic cells and tissues. Plg-R(KT)-dependent plasminogen activation plays a key role in regulating catecholaminergic neurosecretory cell function.
A rare gas optics-free absolute EUV photon spectrometer for solar system studies

We have developed a prototype spectrometer for space applications which require long term absolute EUV photon flux measurements. In this recently developed spectrometer, the energy spectrum of the incoming photons is transformed directly into an electron energy spectrum by taking advantage of the photoelectric effect in one of several rare gases at low pressures. Using an electron energy spectrometer operating at a few eV, and followed by an electron multiplying detector, pulses due to individual electrons are counted. The overall efficiency of this process is essentially independent of gain drifts in the signal path, and the secular degradation of optical components which is often a problem in other techniques is avoided.
Developments in the Study of Green Parties

With Green parties making substantial electoral gains across Europe in the past decade, the literature on these parties has also continued to develop. This article reviews recent contributions to this literature and focuses on those that include the French Green Party, Les Verts, as a case for analysis.
Acidic Nanoparticles Are Trafficked to Lysosomes and Restore an Acidic Lysosomal pH and Degradative Function to Compromised ARPE-19 Cells

Lysosomal enzymes function optimally in acidic environments, and elevation of lysosomal pH can impede their ability to degrade material delivered to lysosomes through autophagy or phagocytosis. We hypothesize that abnormal lysosomal pH is a key aspect in diseases of accumulation and that restoring lysosomal pH will improve cell function. The propensity of nanoparticles to end up in the lysosome makes them an ideal method of delivering drugs to lysosomes. This study asked whether acidic nanoparticles could traffic to lysosomes, lower lysosomal pH and enhance lysosomal degradation by the cultured human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line ARPE-19. Acidic nanoparticles composed of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 502 H, PLGA 503 H and poly (DL-lactide) (PLA) colocalized to lysosomes of ARPE-19 cells within 60 min. PLGA 503 H and PLA lowered lysosomal pH in cells compromised by the alkalinizing agent chloroquine when measured 1 hr. after treatment, with acidification still observed 12 days later. PLA enhanced binding of Bodipy-pepstatin-A to the active site of cathepsin D in compromised cells. PLA also reduced the cellular levels of opsin and the lipofuscin-like autofluorescence associated with photoreceptor outer segments. These observations suggest the acidification produced by the nanoparticles was functionally effective. In summary, acid nanoparticles lead to a rapid and sustained lowering of lysosomal pH and improved degradative activity.
Children's patterns of emotional reactivity to conflict as explanatory mechanisms in links between interpartner aggression and child physiological functioning.

Background: This paper examined children’s fearful, sad, and angry reactivity to interparental conflict as mediators of associations between their exposure to interparental aggression and physiological functioning. Methods: Participants included 200 toddlers and their mothers. Assessments of interparental aggression and children’s emotional reactivity were derived from maternal surveys and a semi‐structured interview. Cortisol levels and cardiac indices of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity were used to assess toddler physiological functioning. Results: Results indicated that toddler exposure to interparental aggression was associated with greater cortisol levels and PNS activity and diminished SNS activity. Toddler angry emotional reactivity mediated associations between interparental aggression and cortisol and PNS functioning. Fearful emotional reactivity was a mediator of the link between interparental aggression and SNS functioning. Conclusions: The results are interpreted within conceptualizations of how exposure and reactivity to family risk organize individual differences in physiological functioning.
Project evaluation by potential tax reform

Abstract Shadow prices are derived for small open economies with several production sectors experiencing constant returns to scale. Small projects affect the balance of trade, domestic prices (of non-traded goods and factors), and sector scales. Only domestic prices affect welfare, and only if there is not ‘domestic price equalization’. Generally, a project's net benefits depend upon the potential tax (and tariff) reform made possible (or necessary) through the balance of trade effect. Border prices are right for traded goods, but domestic good shadow pricing requires knowing the direction of at least one reversible available tax reform, and presuming optimality with respect to available reforms.
In Modernism's Wake: Public Administration and Policy in the 21st Century

Hugh T. Miller, Postmodern Public Policy Goktug Morcol, A New Mind for Policy Analysis: Toward a Post-Newtonian and Postpositivist Epistemology and Methodology Michael W. Spicer, Public Administration and the State: A Postmodern Perspective
Reversal of left ventricular remodeling by pericardial tamponade.

In this report we document a case of long-standing heart failure, associated with severe, persistent tachycardia in which there was normalization of left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction after the occurrence of pericardial tamponade. We postulate that the marked increase in LV extramural pressure associated with cardiac tamponade produced a sustained reduction in internal LV wall stress and induced a reversal of LV remodeling. Case Report
Synergistic acceleration in the osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells by graphene oxide–calcium phosphate nanocomposites

Nanocomposites consisting of oblong ultrathin plate shaped calcium phosphate nanoparticles and graphene oxide microflakes were synthesized and have demonstrated markedly synergistic effect in accelerating stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts.
An internal characterization of uniform weight

Abstract At different times, Mrowka and Juhasz have defined closely related cardinalinvariants on topologies which tell how many pseudometrics are required to generate them. These invariants have external definitions—they are not defined in terms of the topology itself. The metrization number of Hodel is equal to these for normal topologies, though not in general. Below we give an internal definition of the Mrowka-Juhasz number.
Continuous-wave near-infrared Fourier space and absorption imaging through random scattering media

Images of objects hidden behind random intralipid media were greatly improved using a Fourier spatial filter system and NIR laser wavelengths of 670 nm, 830 nm, and 1300 nm in the therapeutic window. It was found that the decrease in scattering and the increase in absorption at longer wavelengths also improve the image quality and contrast.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Movement of eupyrene sperm bundles from the testis and storage in the ductus ejaculatoris duplex of the male pink bollworm: effects of age, strain, irradiation, and light

When pink bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), were maintained in a 12:12 light-dark regimen, the eupyrene sperm bundles showed a pronounced rhythm in descending from the testis to the duplex region: they descended from the testis into the upper vas deferens starting at the 3rd or 4th h of the dark period; then with the onset of the light cycle, they descended into the seminal vesicles, accumulated there for the 1st half of the light period, and were transferred to the duplex region of the ejaculatory duct. The same rhythm was maintained in severed abdomens. Although laboratory-reared and native strains varied considerably in the number of sperm bundles stored in the duplex, ca. 10–20 entered the duplex each day and accumulated there until the male mated. After mating, the duplex region was emptied of sperm bundles, but mating did not increase the rate or number of sperm bundles that descended to the duplex. Rearing pink bollworm pupae in constant light significantly reduced the number of sperm bundles that were transferred to the duplex. Irradiating newly-emerged males with 30 krad of gamma irradiation had no effect on the number of sperm bundles found in the duplex of 4-day-old males but, in 2 strains studied, 8-day-old males had a reduced number of sperm bundles.
Force-controlled microgripping

When grasping microparts extremely low gripping low forces, often in the micro to nano newton range, must be applied in order to prevent parts from being damaged and to prevent them from dislodging in the gripper. This paper presents our work in developing a force controlled microgripper and microgripping strategies using optical beam deflection techniques. The optical beam deflection sensor is based on modified Atomic Force Microscope techniques and is able to resolve forces below a nanonewton. A variety of gripper fingers made from materials with different conductivity and surface roughness are analyzed theoretically and experimentally using the force sensor. These results provide insight into the mechanics of micromanipulation, and the results are used to develop microgripping strategies. A design of a microfabricated force controlled microgripper is presented along with initial experimental results in applying various gripping forces to microparts. The results demonstrate the important role gripping force plays in the grasping and release of microparts.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A study of a complete soft X-ray selected sample of AGN

We present preliminary results from analyses of hard X-ray and optical observations of a soft X-ray selected sample. We created a small but complete sample with 20 of the softest and brightest objects with low Galactic absorption from the ROSAT bright soft X-ray selected radio-quiet AGN sample. This sample consists of 10 narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies and 10 broad-line Seyfert galaxies. We analyze ASCA data in the 0.6–10 keV band and optical spectra from ground-based telescopes. We investigate the photon indices in the hard X-ray band, soft excesses in the ASCA band, and optical emission line properties. The photon indices in the 2–10 keV band are nominal for both narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies and broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies in each class compared with other heterogeneous samples. All of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies show soft excesses, but this component seems to be less significant for broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies. There seems to be a trend of steeper X-ray spectra to be accompanied by narrower Hβ for narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies, but this is not extended to the larger velocity width regime of broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies, and no clear trend is seen among them.
Monte Carlo simulations of GaN cold cathodes

Abstract Ensemble Monte Carlo simulations of electron transport through a new aluminum gallium nitride/gallium nitride (AlGaN/GaN) cold cathode emitter are reported. We analyze the energy spectrum of carriers prior to being injected into a low work function slab of Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB 6 ) as a function of the ramp energy of the carriers at the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction. Plasmon scattering is shown to be the major scattering mechanism in the structure leading to substantial shift towards the low kinetic energy end of the energy spectrum of the carriers injected into the low work function Lanthanum Hexaboride thin film. Intervalley scattering is found to dominate in the depletion layer at the GaN/LaB 6 interface. Design improvements to increase the efficiency of the cold cathode are suggested.
Clinical Trial of Multiplanar Real-time 4- Versus 2-Dimensional Sonographic Guidance for Transcervical Chorionic Villus Sampling

OBJECTIVES Real-time 4-dimensional (4D) sonography can visualize the location of a chorionic villus sampling (CVS) catheter simultaneously in 3 dimensions. We determined the utility of 4D versus 2-dimensional (2D) sonographic guidance for transcervical CVS. METHODS Chorionic villus sampling was performed on 40 patients at 10 to 13 weeks' gestation (20 in each study group). Primary outcomes were as follows: (1) time in seconds needed to complete the procedure; (2) procedure failure, defined as the inability to obtain an adequate sample by a single catheter insertion or a necessity to switch to the alternative imaging modality; and (3) acquisition of a sample of chorionic villi sufficient for cytogenetic analysis. Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher exact tests were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Figure 1. A, Two-dimensional guidance of the transcervical chorionic villus sampling procedure. Arrows indicate the chorionic villus sampling catheter. B, Multiplanar 3-dimensional guidance of the procedure. RESULTS The procedure time was significantly longer in the 4D group than the 2D group (161.4 versus 80.4 seconds, respectively; P = .001). The success rate at first introduction of the catheter was higher for 2D guidance (90%) than 4D guidance (70%) but was not statistically significant with the study group sizes. Adequate sample sizes were obtained in all patients. The main limiting factor in 4D guidance was a low frame rate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show the feasibility of 4D guidance for transcervical CVS, although at the expense of a prolonged procedure time when compared to 2D sonographic guidance. The value of 4D guidance for less experienced operators remains to be determined.
Augmentation of targeted delivery with pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound

This paper reviews the enhanced delivery of genes, drugs and therapeutics using ultrasound. It begins with a general overview of the field and the various techniques associated with it, including sonophoresis, hyperthermia (with ultrasound), sonoporation, and microbubble assisted transvascular and targeted delivery. Particular attention is then paid to pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound drug delivery without the use of ultrasound contrast agents. Feasibility and mechanistic studies of this technique are described in some detail. Conclusions are then drawn regarding possible mechanisms of this treatment, and to contrast with the better known treatments relying on injection of ultrasound contrast agents.
The Crisis of Elementary Education in India

Elementary education in India has come to occupy an important place within the current discourse of development. Scholarly and activist interventions of recent times have brought to attention the c...
Dimensions of Market Attractiveness: Competitively Interactive Spatial Models*

This paper presents a normative, multidisciplinary approach for evaluating market entry strategies with concern for the effects of spatial assumptions on performance expectations. An assessment framework is linked to a series of models that show the value of adding spatial and competitive perspectives to typical baseline conceptualizations of market opportunity. Criteria for assessing market attractiveness are discussed with special concern for the problems of field service firms whose market boundaries are not limited by fixed facility locations. The problem is conceptualized as the managerial decision to locate a new brokerage office in a highly competitive regional market area. Realistic constraints are established by focusing the market entry decision through aggregate data from secondary sources that are readily available to an outsider who had not been active in the geographic markets considered. A simple model based on market potential is progressively enhanced with spatially adjusted measures of market attractiveness and competitive resistance. Empirical tests highlight the impact of alternative model formulations and choice criteria on the decision-making process.
A finite volume, two-layer shallow water equation model to simulate gravity currents with ambient crossflows

The shallow water equations (SWE) are a popular choice in gravity current (GC) models because of the good balance between accuracy and computational effort. This work presents a two-layer SWE model developed for high Reynolds number GC that accounts for ambient crossflows often encountered in the environment. The mathematical model is written in conservative and divergent format to account for the possibility of naturally-occurring discontinuities and is solved with the nonlinear HLL scheme using a Finite Volume framework. The depth profile and front trajectory for a constant-volume release compare well to a similar model proposed by Hallworth et al. (1998). The proposed model is also tested with density intrusion experiments, and the front velocity results compare well for both coflow and counterflow currents.
Culturing identities, the state, and national consciousness in late nineteenth-century western Guatemala

This paper examines the procedural culture that shaped ethnic and national identities in late nineteenth-century western Guatemala. Rooted in face-to-face encounters between departmental jefes politicos (departmental governors) and local Maya communities, this procedural culture emerged from routines of governance such as annual municipal inspections, ethnic struggles for municipal control, and local efforts to title community lands that led Maya and state officials to develop contrasting understandings of each other and their relations. Far from precipitating a national identity of mutual belonging, state formation here intensified the racism and political violence that would rend Guatemala during the century to come.
Unearned Preferential Treatment: The Moderating Role of Power

Although upgrading an airline seat or a hotel room may seem like a simple way to delight a customer, it can sometimes have unintended consequences. Satisfaction with an unexpected upgrade could be ...
Ending Corruption: The Interplay Among Institutional Logics, Resources, and Institutional Entrepreneurs

We draw from theories of institutions and collective identities to present a threefold framework of institutional change—involving institutional logics, resources, and social actors—that furthers our understanding of the mitigation of corruption. Those social actors intent on reforming corruption function as institutional entrepreneurs, and their success depends both on articulating an anticorruption institutional logic that incorporates corruption-disabling identities, cognitive schemas, and practices and on having or developing the resources necessary to propagate the new anticorruption institutional logic.