cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic output: A conceptual, dimensional and empirical analysis.

A dimensional analysis permitted behavioral frequency, duration and available time to be collapsed into a singular dimensionless expression called Kinetic output (Ko). An empirical analysis across several behaviors in some human subjects showed that the derived index of behavioral output, Ko, was more likely to exhibit less variability than rate or duration measures of the behavior. As a reduction in variability is synonymous with finding an increased order, the results tentatively support the notion that behavior may exhibit conformity at a previously undetected level. One major implication of the Ko formulation is that divergent frequency and duration performances are interpretable as reflecting alternate forms of the same equivalence.
Congenital Craniofacial Deformities: Ophthalmologic Considerations

Congenital craniofacial disorders frequently affect the eye and ocular adnexa, presenting diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the ophthalmologist. Appropriate management of these patients requires recognition of the major craniofacial syndromes and their ophthalmic features. An understanding of the embryogenic basis of these deformities is also essential. We discuss the major congenital craniofacial disorders, with particular emphasis on aspects of ophthalmic and oculoplastic significance. These disorders are conveniently separated into two broad clinical categories: the craniosynostoses and clefting disorders. Both the craniosynostoses and clefting disorders may occur in isolation or as part of a well-recognized syndrome. The major clinical characteristics of each type of disorder are reviewed, emphasizing their more common ophthalmic features as well as proper timing of surgical intervention.
Routine interval computed tomography in detecting new soft tissue disease in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) and only bone metastasis

4621 Background: Bone is the most common metastatic site in AIPC and the only site of metastasis for many patients. However, some pts with only bone metastasis will eventually develop soft tissue d...
Western regional identity and urban development policy: The view from professional planners

Abstract Boise and Calgary share many similar attributes despite their distinctive national origins and cultural heritages. They represent the “western metropolis” prototype that academics and journalists have cultivated over decades through spellbinding narratives about the isolated west, ethics of individualism, anti-federal/provincial sentiment, urban/rural divide, and contradictory environmental ethos. Yet, no one has considered how this western identity influences contemporary urban development policy. This comparative study surveys planners in Boise and Calgary to uncover their expert-driven perspectives. Research shows that these cross-border planners believe that western regional identity influences urban development policy in powerful ways. While they share some similar opinions in what matters most, they also possess significantly different insights when it comes to the importance of individualism, population homogeneity, natural resource economies, anti-tax attitudes, and western alienation. Overall, our survey results show that “place” does matter for policymaking in the thoughts and ideas of city planners in Boise and Calgary.
Expression of the Drosophila gonadal gene: alternative promoters control the germ-line expression of monocistronic and bicistronic gene transcripts.

The Drosophila gonadal (gdl) gene is differentially expressed in the male and female germ lines. In males, expression in the gdlM mode results in a 1200-/1500-nucleotide RNA pair, whereas in females, expression in the gdlF mode results in a 1000-/1300-nucleotide RNA pair. Since the two expression modes are a result of alternative promoter usage, the sex-specific transcripts differ at their 5′ ends. These sequence differences affect the coding capacity of the gene. A common open reading frame (ORF) of 193 codons (ORF193) is present in all four gdl transcripts; a consequence of the additional sequences at the 5′ end of the gdlM transcripts is the presence of an additional ORF of 39 codons (ORF39). Translation of gdlF and gdlM cRNAs in a reticulocyte lysate reveals that these transcripts can serve as monocistronic and bicistronic mRNAs in vitro. An analysis of germ-line transformants harboring gdl-lacZ gene fusions provides information on gdl gene expression during gametogenesis. The fusion genes are transcribed and translated in the germ line; beta-galactosidase activity is detected in premeiotic and postmeiotic spermatogenic stages in males, and in nurse cells and oocytes of developing egg chambers in females. Both gdlM ORFs are used because transformant lines expressing the lacZ gene, fused in frame with either ORF39 or ORF193, are positive for beta-galactosidase activity in the testes. These studies also reveal that separable transcription control elements are responsible for gdl expression in the male and female germ lines.
An Empirical Investigation of More Police Time: Crime and Midsize Cities, 1990 v. 2000

We find more police reduces crime. Our results suggest crime can be reduced if personally assigned vehicles enhance officer productivity and increase police visibility. Program efficacy declines as an economy's condition improves. We introduce the size of the police force variable in a novel manner that shows on the margin the number of police does matter. We also find evidence to indicate that local efforts to minimize vacant buildings will benefit the community by suppressing criminal activity and reported crime, at least partial support for the "broken windows" policy for community policing.
Effect of endotoxin on granulopoiesis and colony-stimulating factor.

Abstract To study the regulation of granulopoiesis, we measured the effect of endotoxin on peripheral leukocyte counts and on colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in the serum of CF1 mice. The peripheral granulocyte level fell from 612 ± 69 (mean ± S.E.M.) to 147 ± 20 per cubic millimeter within 45 minutes of intraperitoneal injection of 5 μg of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin. In control animals, the CSF in 0.1 ml of serum stimulated the growth of 0.56 ± 0.4 in vitro myeloid colonies per 105 cells. Forty-five minutes after endotoxin the CSF activity had increased to 7.7 ± 6.1 colonies per 105 cells; after two hours it was 29.6 ± 10 colonies per 105 cells. Six hours after endotoxin the marrow was depleted of polymorphonuclear cells. Thereafter, sequential increases in the myeloblast-promyelocyte and myelocyte compartments of the marrow at 24 to 48 hours, respectively, suggested a wave of differentiation from a precursor compartment with subsequent maturation. The data suggest that intermittent endotoxemia may be ...
Size-Reduction Template Stripping of Smooth Curved Metallic Tips for Adiabatic Nanofocusing of Surface Plasmons.

We present a new technique to engineer metallic interfaces to produce sharp tips with smooth curved surfaces and variable tip angles, as well as ridges with arbitrary contour shapes, all of which can be integrated with grating couplers for applications in plasmonics and nanophotonics. We combine template stripping, a nanofabrication scheme, with atomic layer deposition (ALD) to produce the ultrasharp nanoscale tips and wedges using only conventional photolithography. Conformal ALD coating of insulators over silicon trench molds of various shapes reduces their widths to make nanoscale features without high-resolution lithography. Along with a metal deposition and template stripping, this size-reduction scheme can mass-produce narrow and ultrasharp (<10 nm radius of curvature) metallic wedges and tips over an entire 4 in. wafer. This size-reduction scheme can create metallic tips out of arbitrary trench patterns that have smooth curved surfaces to facilitate efficient adiabatic nanofocusing which will benef...
Aluminum Cell Waste Heat Utilization Technology Waste Research and Application

Use of Waste Heat Recovery Workshop water electrolysis heating for employees bath,saving coal-fired boiler costs,protecting the environment,but also can reduce the Trench temperature is conducive to the normal production electrolyzer.
Inequalities and tail bounds for elementary symmetric polynomials.

This paper studies the elementary symmetric polynomials over the reals. We show that if two consecutive elementary symmetric polynomials are small in absolute value, then so are all the elementary symmetric polynomials that follow. We use this to prove probability tail bounds for the symmetric polynomials when the inputs are only t-wise independent, that may be useful in the context of derandomization. We also provide examples of t-wise independent distributions for which our bounds are essentially tight.
PTU-168 Risk factors for transperineal gracilis flap interposition failure: another reason to avoid mesh

Introduction Transperineal gracilis muscle flap interposition (TGMFI) has been used to treat complex or recurrent perineal fistulas including rectovaginal fistula (RVF), pouch vaginal fistula (PVF), rectourethral fistula (RUF), and complex perianal fistula, refractory to heal or having failed other procedures (CPF), with an overall success rate of 50–90%. Our study was designed to evaluate risk factors for TGMFI failure in the treatment of complex perineal fistula. Method After IRB approval, a retrospective review of all patients who underwent TGMFI interposition for complex perineal fistula between 1994–2014 was undertaken. Data collected included patient demographics including BMI, fistula characteristics, prior attempts at fistula repair, procedure details including suture material, use of mesh, and surgical outcomes. The results were compared between patients whose fistula healed and those whose fistula failed to heal. Risks factors for TGMFI failure were assessed using Student’s t-test and Fisher’s exact test. Results 84 patients [34 females; mean age 57.5 (22–85) yeas] with a mean follow up of 18 (1–120) months were included. The most common cause of fistula was radiation. All patients had a diverting stoma. 36 (42.8%) patients (RVF: 9, RUF: 23, PVF: 2, CPF: 2) healed after initial TGMFI; 24 (28.6%) healed following further procedures including 10 redo TGMFI, for a final success rate of 71.4%. 24 (28.6%) patients (RVF: 11, PVF: 2, RUF: 10 RUF, CPF: 1) failed. The only significant risk factors for TGMFI failure were female gender (44.1% vs. 20% p = 0.04), 2 or more surgical attempts at prior fistula repair TGMFI (42.8% vs 20.4%; p = 0.04), urethral closure using mesh vs no mesh (80% vs. 25%; p = 0.01), and perineal skin closure with nylon versus polyglactin suture material (56.2% vs. 27.8%; p = 0.03). Conclusion Risks factors for TGMFI failure in patients with complex fistula include female gender, 2 or more prior surgical closure attempts, use of nylon suture material for perineal closure, and mesh interposition for urethral closure. Disclosure of interest None Declared.
G442 Are we screening appropriate age group for early diagnosis of CF related diabetes mellitus (CFRD) in UK

Introduction Nutrition plays a pivotal role in long-term survival of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients and worsening catabolic state affects the respiratory reserve. Management of glucose intolerance with early insulin treatment promotes anabolism and stabilises lung function. However there is a variation in CFRD screening procedure across various centres (the recommended age at start of diabetes screening varies between 10–12 years as per CF trust, CFF and ISPAD guidelines). Aim To assess if early screening of glycaemic status helps in early identification of glucose intolerance in patients with CF and to evaluate the correlation between OGTT and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Methodology Retrospective data on OGTT, HbA1c and patient demographics were collected on all CF patients in a tertiary paediatric hospital (n = 84, 35M). Patients were categorised into 3 age groups [ Results 35 CF patients underwent a total of 127 OGTT with median age of 13 years (range 3–17.3) and median follow up of 4 years (range 0.8–11.1). OGTT: Eleven patients (13%) were diagnosed with CFRD requiring various forms of insulin therapy including insulin pump. This includes 3 patients diagnosed with CFRD as a result of the early OGTT screening between the age of 10 and 12 years (27%). OGTT was undertaken in children less than 10 years of age if they were symptomatic and this has identified one CFRD patient at the age of 9.4 years. Five eligible patients (≥10 years of age) did not undergo OGTT [Table 1]. HbA1c: 89 HbA1c analyses were undertaken along with simultaneous OGTT (Table 2). The HbA1c was ≤42mmol/mol in patients with IGT and >42mmols/mol in patients with postprandial hyperglycaemia. Conclusions 1. Application of CFF guideline (CFRD screening ≥10 years of age) promotes early diagnosis and management of CFRD. 2. OGTT may not be routinely needed in children
Diagnosis and endoscopic treatment of early colorectal cancer

Wird ein Kolonkarzinom fruh entdeckt, besteht die Moglichkeit, es endoskopisch zu entfernen. Dazu haben diagnostische und therapeutische Verbesserungen in den letzten Jahren wesentlich beigetragen. Welche Vorbedingungen mussen erfullt sein?
BLM, the Administrative Presidency, and Policy Shifts: Policy Tools Affecting Oil and Gas Operations

This paper addresses change in oil and gas policies pushed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) during the administrations of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Administrative policy changes occurred not only because of election outcomes and the emergence of new governing coalitions but BLM's selective utilization of policy tools such as rulemaking, planning, environmental impact analyses, and the use of discretionary authority to increase or relax enforcement decisions. The data reveal that BLM put more emphasis on the use of discretionary authority to limit environmental inspections and to limit environmental reviews of proposed drilling projects under Bush while agency officials gave priority to adopting new planning procedures to allow greater stakeholder input under Obama as well as increasing the number of environmental inspections.
Plato and the Police: Dogs, Guardians, and Why Accountability is the Wrong Answer

Attention to significant commonalities between the position of teachers and police officers, we suggest, illuminates problematic aspects of their position within a democracy. Demographically, both the teaching force and the police force are disproportionately white, yet the commonalities extend beyond race. We suspect too little attention has been paid to other social categorizations, namely social class and gender. Toward this end, we explore the significant commonalities between the position of teachers and police officers and suggest that aspects of their position within a democracy make accountability a problematic tactic for addressing systematic failures. In this article we turn to Plato's discussion of the guardians for his ideal Republic because Plato squarely faces a problem that still dogs us: How are those persons given the right to uphold order to be prevented from turning on the polis they are meant to protect? The answer we offer rests on a theorization of a middle position and on a democra...
Detecting determinism in speech phonemes

This paper presents a discriminating approach to detecting the existence of underlying determinism in speech phonemes using the surrogate data method. The discrimination is made using a statistical measurement of neighboring trajectory directions. This approach is experimentally verified with both deterministic and stochastic time series and then applied to speech phonemes from the TIMIT database. The results show that vowels present some degree of determinism, while no evidence is observed showing that determinism exists with either voiced or unvoiced fricatives.
A Frequency-Domain Multi-Band Matched-Filter Approach to Passive Diver Detection

This paper considers the problem of passive acoustic detection of a diver in a shallow water environment. A frequency- domain multi-band matched-filter approach to swimmer detection is presented. The idea is to break the frequency contents of the hydrophone signals into multiple narrow frequency bands, followed by time averaged (about half of a second) energy calculation over each band. Then, spectra composed of such energy samples over the chosen frequency bands are correlated to form a decision variable. The frequency bands with highest Signal/Noise ratio are used for detection. The performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated for experimental data collected for a diver in the Hudson River.
Sex Determination in Nematodes

Every answer given arouses new questions. The progress of science is matched by an increase in the hidden and mysterious.
OFF-state TDDB in high-voltage GaN MIS-HEMTs

We have investigated time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in high-voltage AlGaN/GaN Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistors (MIS-HEMTs) biased in the OFF state. This is an important reliability concern that has been overlooked. Towards this goal, we have developed a novel methodology using ultraviolet light that allows us to separate the permanent effects of dielectric degradation from the transient behavior due to trapping after high voltage stress. This new approach reveals unmistakable evidence of TDDB at the drain end of the gate in the OFF state. This mechanism must be accounted for in device lifetime estimation models. Furthermore, trapping emerges as a significant complication in the study of OFF-state TDDB. If uncontrolled, trapping effects can lead to a dramatic overestimation of device breakdown voltage.
Physiological Amounts of Angiotensinogen Increase Blood Pressure in Sprague Dawley Rats After I.V. Administration.

P9 The synthesis and secretion of hepatic angiotensinogen is controlled by a complex pattern of physiologic and pathophysiologic mediators including glucocorticoids, estrogens, thyroid hormones, cytokines, glucagon,insulin, and prostaglandins. Since plasma concentrations of angiotensinogen are close to the Michaelis Menten constant, it was hypothesized that changes in angiotensinogen plasma concentrations have an influence on the formation rate of angiotensin I and angiotensin II and, therefore, on blood pressure. To further test this hypothesis we injected purified rat angiotensinogen i.v. in Sprague Dawley rats via the femoral vein. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured after arterial cathederization. Control animals had a mean arterial pressure of 131 ± 2 mm Hg before and after the injection of vehicle (saline). The injection of 0.8, 1,2, and 2.9 mg/kg angiotensinogen caused a dose dependend increase in mean arterial blood pressure of 8 ± 0.4, 19.3 ± 2.1, and 32 ± 2.4 mm Hg, respectively. In contrast, the injection of a purified rabbit anti-rat-angiotensinogen antibody 1.4 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in blood pressure (-52 ± 3.2 mmHg). In an attempt to analyze how fast and efficient angiotensinogen production can sense regulatory input and convert into adaptation of secretion rate we determined the transit time (time needed for translation and post-translational modifications) for angiotensinogen in a pulse chase experiment employing 35 [S]-methionine as label in freshly isolated hepatocytes. During the chase periode, after quantitative immunoprecipitation, we determined the transit time for angiotensinogen with 2.5 h which is consistent with the constitutive type of angiotensinogen secretion and the time lag found for plasma concentrations to respond to regulatory mediators. In summary we conclude that variations in angiotensinogen plasma concentrations can result in changes in blood pressure. In contrast to renin known as a tonic regulator for the generation of angiotensin I, angiotensinogen seems to be a factor rather important for long-term control of the basal activity of the renin angiotensin system.
Risk Economics and Multi-Agent CCAPM

Utility models to price risk assets have been used following the seminal contribution of Markowitz, Sharpe, Lintner and a legion of economist and financial engineers. Models such as CAPM (Capital Assets Pricing Model) are for example linear risk models, implying a quadratic utility function which is used profusely in the financial industry. Generalization to the CCAPM (The Consumption Capital Assets Pricing Model) has further extended the theoretical and practical usefulness of such models, as well as provide an apparent relationship (in some cases) with pricing models based on Arrow-Debreu state preference theory. In this chapter this economic framework is extended, in the sense that the CCAPM may account for some endogenous factors embedded in economic aggregates (such as aggregate consumption rather than just an individual’s consumer). Such an extension has not been subjected to an empirical analysis but provides a theoretical framework for assessing a number of additional factors that affect the pricing of risk. In particular, it provides an economic and financial framework to value and price assets in situations that depart from the complete market hypothesis such as debt, consumers wealth etc. Applications are considered in both this chapter and the next.
Low rates of renal injury in total joint arthroplasty patients without pre-existing renal disease

Acute kidney injury is a reported complication of total joint arthroplasty (TJA), with potentially severe long-term complications. Our study aimed to identify the rate of perioperative renal injury in patients without pre-existing renal dysfunction who undergo TJA. Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we identified a mean annual rate of perioperative renal injury of 0.172% between 2009 and 2015. Factors most strongly associated with perioperative renal injury are age of 70 years or older, current smoking, history of diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension, and American Society of Anesthesiologists class of 3 or greater. There was no significant increase in the rate of renal injury from year to year. In patients without pre-existing renal disease, perioperative rates of acute kidney injury remain low in patients undergoing TJA.
An FDD/FD Capable, Single Antenna RF Front End from 800MHz to 1.2GHz w/ Baseband Harmonic Predistortion

A highly-integrated dual technology (28nm and 130nm SOI) widely tunable software-defined RF duplexing front-end for FDD, FD, and TDD applications is presented. Predistortion and harmonic upconversion are used to cancel second and third harmonics generated by PA nonlinearity by up to 30 dB. A novel form of non-reciprocal, distributed degeneration is used to suppress TX noise that desensitizes the RX for full duplex operation. The distributed degeneration network improves RX noise figure by 7dB over baseline TX operation for same channel TX-RX. The transceiver achieves a 23dBm output power while maintaining more than 30dB of TX-RX isolation over the 0.8-1.2GHz band.
Iteration for Impact: Exploring Design Thinking & Designing for Social Change in Client Projects

This experience report outlines an experiential social justice-focused client project from an upper-level document design course embedded within a larger technical and professional communication (TPC) program. As our TPC classrooms continue to address the precarious social exigencies and cultural issues of writing for the public, our students need experience responding to such needs in their careers and communities. This report addresses this emerging trend by turning to the design thinking process as a scheme to aid TPC instructors in bringing social justice issues into their TPC assignments and curricula, particularly in working with client projects. The author provides lessons learned for TPC instructors involved with social justice-focused client projects, including the successes and shortcomings of employing the design thinking process alongside typical TPC genres such as white paper reports and usability testing of documentation.
Attaining landmark status: Rumelhart and McClelland's PDP Volumes and the Connectionist Paradigm

In 1986, David Rumelhart and James McClelland published their two-volume work, Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in microcognition, Volume 1: Foundations and Volume 2: Psychological and biological models. These volumes soon become classic texts in both connectionism, specifically, and in the cognitive science field more generally. Drawing on oral histories, book reviews, translations, citation records, and close textual analysis, this paper analyzes how and why they attained landmark status. It argues that McClelland and Rumelhart's volumes became classics largely as a result of a confluence of rhetorical factors. Specifically, the PDP Volumes appeared at a kairotic moment in the history of connectionism, publishing dynamics that facilitated their circulation played an important role, and the volumes were ambiguous about the relationship between model and brain in a manner that enabled them to address an expansive audience. In so doing, this paper offers insight into both the history of cognitive science and rhetoric's role in establishing classic texts.
Chronic ethanol drinking increases during the luteal menstrual cycle phase in rhesus monkeys: implication of progesterone and related neurosteroids.

Sporadic reports of alcohol consumption being linked to menstrual cycle phase highlight the need to consider hormonally characterized menstrual cycle phase in understanding the sex-specific effects of risk for alcohol drinking in women. We investigated the association between menstrual cycle phase, characterized by circulating progesterone and menses, with accurate daily alcohol intakes in rhesus monkeys, and the contribution of progesterone derived neuroactive steroids to cycle-related alcohol drinking. Menses (daily) and progesterone (2–3×/week) were obtained in female monkeys (n = 8, 5 ethanol, 3 control) for 12–18 months. Ethanol monkeys were then induced to drink ethanol (4% w/v; 3 months) and given 22 h/day access to ethanol and water for approximately 1 year. In selected cycles, a panel of neuroactive steroids were assayed during follicular and luteal phases from pre-ethanol and ethanol exposure. There were minimal to no effects of ethanol on menstrual cycle length, progesterone levels, and follicular or luteal phase length. The monkeys drank more ethanol during the luteal phase, compared to the follicular phase, and ethanol intake was highest in the late luteal phase when progesterone declines rapidly. Two neuroactive steroids were higher during the luteal phase versus the follicular phase, and several neuroactive steroids were higher in the pre- vs. post-ethanol drinking menstrual cycles. This is the first study to show that normal menstrual cycle fluctuations in progesterone, particularly during the late luteal phase, can modulate ethanol intake. Two of 11 neuroactive steroids were selectively associated with the effect of cycle progesterone on ethanol drinking, suggesting possible links to CNS mechanisms of ethanol intake control.
Evaluation of Corticosteroids for Engraftment Syndrome (ES) Prophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (AHCT) with High-Dose Melphalan (MEL)

Background ES is a potential complication following AHCT. First-line treatment typically involves corticosteroids (CS). In 2002, due to historically high ES incidence resulting in prolonged hospitalizations requiring CS treatment, our institution adopted the practice of administering prophylactic CS in patients undergoing AHCT. Due to lack of contemporary evidence supporting ES prophylaxis as well as potential intolerance of prophylactic CS noted in our patient population, a pilot was instituted to remove prophylactic CS from MEL conditioning regimen for multiple myeloma (MM) or amyloidosis. Objectives The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of prophylactic CS on the incidence of ES. Secondary objectives included hospital length of stay (LOS), duration of intravenous (IV) opioid administration during hospitalization, and incidence of infection, fever, or 30-day readmission due to any cause. Methods Beginning December 2016, CS for ES prophylaxis were removed from our standard of care in patients receiving MEL. Prior to this pilot, patients received methylprednisolone 40 mg IV daily from day +5 to day +15 or hospital discharge (whichever occurred sooner). We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients receiving MEL from June 1 to December 15 of 2016 (CS group) and December 16, 2016 to June 30, 2017 (CS-free group). ES was defined as noninfectious fever >38°C and new documented rash at the time of engraftment (between day +7 to +11). Results A total of 76 patients were reviewed (CS group, n = 40; CS-free group, n = 36). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups in terms of median age (63 vs. 63 years, p = .65), sex (62.5% vs. 56% male, p = .54), and median CD34+ cell dose (6.36 vs. 6.43 × 106 cells/kg, p = .75). There was no difference in the incidence of documented ES between the CS and CS-free groups (2.5% vs. 0%, p = 1.00). There were no significant differences in median hospital LOS (14 vs. 14 days, p = .67), incidence of infection (17.5% vs. 22.2%, p = .61), incidence of fever (25% vs. 25%, p = .81), and 30-day readmission rate (17.5% vs. 11.1%, p = .43) in CS vs. CS-free groups, respectively. Patients in the CS group received significantly more days of IV opioid administration (median 4.5 vs. 4.0, p = .01). A greater proportion of patients received treatment with CS for suspected ES in the CS-free group compared to the CS group (8.3% vs. 2.5%, p = .34), possibly due to the strict conditions required for our definition of ES or the preemptive use of CS. Conclusions These results suggest a low overall incidence of ES in MM or amyloidosis patients undergoing AHCT using MEL. The use of prophylactic CS did not have a significant impact on incidence of ES which could be attributed to the pre-specified definition of ES. A preemptive strategy of using CS in patients with suspected ES may be sufficient in ameliorating symptoms associated with this syndrome.
1.4 5G Wireless Communication: An Inflection Point

The 5G era is upon us, ushering in new opportunities for technology innovation across the computing and connectivity landscape. The advent of the Internet of Things has resulted in the generation of massive amount of data, thus creating both challenges and opportunities for industry. Today’s networks will not be able to handle the variety and volume of data that is emerging. 5G presents an inflection point where the network will set the stage for data-rich services and sophisticated cloud applications, delivered faster and with lower latency, and where the wireless communication technology is driven by a multitude of applications and expected use cases. Therefore, 5G will optimize not only the network for human-human communication, but it will also deliver a solution for machine-type communications. This paper will review what is 5G and what are its key requirements, and will highlight the disruptive architectures and technology innovations required to make 5G and beyond a reality.
Effects of field-grown transgenic switchgrass carbon inputs on soil organic carbon cycling

Genetic engineering has been used to decrease the lignin content and to change the lignin composition of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) to decrease cell wall recalcitrance to enable more efficient cellulosic biofuel production. Previous greenhouse and field studies showed that downregulation of the gene encoding switchgrass caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) and overexpression of the switchgrass PvMYB4 (MYB4) gene effectively improved ethanol yield. To understand potential environmental impacts of cultivating these transgenic bioenergy crops in the field, we quantified the effects of field cultivation of transgenic switchgrass on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Total and active SOC as well as soil respiration were measured in soils grown with two COMT-downregulated transgenic lines (COMT2 and COMT3), three MYB4-overexpressed transgenic lines (L1, L6, and L8), and their corresponding non-transgenic controls. No differences in total SOC, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) were detected between transgenic and non-transgenic treatments for both COMT (10.4-11.1 g kg-1 for SOC, 60.0-64.8 mg kg-1 for DOC, and 299-384 mg kg-1 for POXC) and MYB4 lines (6.89-8.21 g kg-1 for SOC, 56.0-61.1 mg kg-1 for DOC, and 177-199 mg kg-1 for POXC). Soil CO2-carbon (CO2-C) production from the COMT2 transgenic line was not significantly different from its non-transgenic control. In contrast, the COMT3 transgenic line had greater soil CO2-C production than its non-transgenic control (210 vs. 165 µg g-1) after 72 days of laboratory incubation. Combining the improvement in ethanol yield and biomass production reported in previous studies with negligible change in SOC and soil respiration, COMT2 could be a better biofuel feedstock than COMT3 for environmental conservation and cost-effective biofuel production. On the other hand, MYB4 transgenic line L8 produced more biomass and total ethanol per hectare while it released more CO2-C than the control (253 vs. 207 µg g-1). Long-term in situ monitoring of transgenic switchgrass systems using a suite of soil and environmental variables is needed to determine the sustainability of growing genetically modified bioenergy crops.
Elective Neck Dissection, but Not Adjuvant Radiation Therapy, Improves Survival in Stage I and II Oral Tongue Cancer with Depth of Invasion >4 mm.

Purpose/objective(s) In early-stage, node negative oral tongue cancer, there is limited data supporting tumor depth of invasion (DOI) as an indication for post-operative radiotherapy (PORT) to the primary site. The primary aim of this study is to examine the effect of tumor DOI and PORT on overall survival (OS). Materials and methods The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to query patients with AJCC stage I and II oral tongue cancer (2006-2013). Patients were stratified by receipt of PORT, elective neck dissection (ND), and DOI (≤4 mm or >4 mm). Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to compare OS (using the log-rank test) between PORT versus no-PORT. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model performed to evaluate the independent effect of PORT and neck dissection on OS. Results Among 939 patients, 69.3% were clinical stage I, 67.4% received ND, 23.4% had DOI >4 mm, and 10.4% received PORT. The addition of PORT did not improve OS with tumor DOI ≤4 mm (p = 0.634) or >4 mm (p = 0.816). The addition of elective neck dissection improved OS for DOI >4 mm (p = 0.010), but not for ≤4 mm (p = 0.128). On multivariable analysis, ND improved OS if DOI >4 mm (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.17-0.81 [p = .012]), when also controlling for age, sex, PORT status, clinical stage, and pathological stage. Conclusion Tumor DOI should not be used as a sole indication for PORT in early stage oral tongue cancers. Elective neck dissection at the time of excision of the primary tumor results in higher OS for tumors with DOI >4 mm.
Corporate brand value and cash holdings

This research devotes theoretical and empirical attention to the understudied relationship between corporate brand value and cash holdings. We draw on existing firm valuation theorizing at the marketing–finance interface to propose that branding can alter the probability distribution of the firm’s revenues, lower potential operating shortfalls (negative operating earnings), and thereby reduce the firm’s cash holdings. The negative corporate brand value–cash holdings relationship is empirically tested using Brand Finance’s brand valuation metric as the predictor. Based on a pooled cross-section time-series design of up to 115 firms across 10 years, we find: that (1) support for the predicted negative association between brand value and cash holdings and (2) that the long-term cash holdings elasticity of brand value is between − 0.16 and − 0.22. Interestingly, these results are not replicated when using a traditional consumer-based brand equity measure. This study informs the debate on whether and how brand assets can impact firm cash holdings, reaffirms that results are sensitive to the operationalization of brand assets, and recognizes a new role for brands—as a “downside risk” (not variance) management tool for the top management team. An overarching implication of this research is that brands should be viewed as a firm-wide strategic asset with a sphere of influence that transcends the marketing function.
Materials Abundance, Price, and Availability Data from the Years 1998 to 2015

Materials researchers are paying ever more attention to sustainability, criticality, availability, and other industrial ecology metrics and concepts as they develop new materials. Previous reports for these metrics have typically been either for a few specific compositions or for a single year. In this work, we present a new curated dataset which reports the global elemental production on a per country basis from the years 1998 to 2015 alongside elemental prices over this same time period. The data are taken from United States Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook entries. In addition to the raw data, analysis of the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index has been carried out and is reported alongside market share of each element for each year in the range provided. Lastly, we present a few possible scenarios for data utility such as exploring trends over the time period, correlating volatility with availability, or examining abrupt changes in the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and how these may or may not relate to geopolitical events such as wars in mineral producing countries.
Top-down machine learning approach for high-throughput single-molecule analysis

During a chemical or biological process, a molecule may transition through a series of states, many of which are rare or short-lived. Advances in technology have made it easier to detect these states by gathering large amounts of data on individual molecules. However, the increasing size of these datasets has put a strain on the algorithms and software used to identify different molecular states. Now, White et al. have developed a new algorithm called DISC which overcomes this technical limitation. Unlike most other algorithms, DISC requires minimal input from the user and uses a new method to group the data into categories that represent distinct molecular states. Although this new approach produces a similar end-result, it reaches this conclusion much faster than more commonly used algorithms. To test the effectiveness of the algorithm, White et al. studied how individual molecules of a chemical known as cAMP bind to parts of proteins called cyclic nucleotide binding domains (or CNDBs for short). A fluorescent tag was attached to single molecules of cAMP and data were collected on the behavior of each molecule. Previous evidence suggested that when four CNDBs join together to form a so-called tetramer complex, this affects the binding of cAMP. Using the DISC system, White et al. showed that individual cAMP molecules interact with all four domains in a similar way, suggesting that the binding of cAMP is not impacted by the formation of a tetramer complex. Analyzing this data took DISC less than 20 minutes compared to existing algorithms which took anywhere between four hours and two weeks to complete. The enhanced speed of the DISC algorithm could make it easier to analyze much larger datasets from other techniques in addition to fluorescence. This means that a greater number of states can be sampled, providing a deeper insight into the inner workings of biological and chemical processes.
Innovations in Interpersonal Violence Prevention: Research, Collaboration and Opportunities

Intimate partner and sexual violence (IPV and SV) remain significant public health problems for young women and men, and both IPV and SV have short and long-term psychological and physical health impacts for all. Through consistent direction and support from Centers for Disease Control’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), IPV/SV violence prevention research has shown its potential to prevent these forms of violence. This change is highly significant; many did not believe it was possible to prevent rape and intimate partner violence. In recognition of this emerging field of study, the 2013 Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act required US public colleges to provide bystander-based training to reduce sexual violence, yet no requirement for evaluation of this recommendation was included in this law. Further, while bystander approaches are recognized as “promising prevention strategies” by the 2014 White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, few rigorous and sufficiently powered studies evaluate the efficacy of bystander programs to reduce violence victimization and perpetration at college and community levels. The papers in this special issue catalogue methods, measures, and outcomes to guide successful implementation and investigations of bystander prevention programs, considering demographic and situational contexts that have traditionally been understudied. Lessons learned from these investigations provide a roadmap of strategies to guide the next generation of researchers, program developers, and policymakers toward effective interpersonal violence prevention.
Diabetes Types and Diagnosis

Understand the etiologic classification of diabetes mellitus; understand the diagnostic criteria for prediabetes and diabetes mellitus; understand the pathophysiologic principles behind T1DM and T2DM.
Atmospheric dust flux in northeastern Gondwana during the peak of the late Paleozoic ice age

Research that contributed to the concepts presented here was funded by the National Science Foundation (EAR-1338331 and EAR-1337463 to G.S. Soreghan, EAR-1543518 to L.A. Hinnov, EAR-1337463 to N.G. Heavens, and EAR-1338440 to the University of Michigan). Supplementary funding was provided by the Eberly Family Chair (University of Oklahoma).
SUBMILLIMETER AND MOLECULAR VIEWS OF THREE GALACTIC RING-LIKE H II REGIONS

We use SCUBA 850 {mu}m and CO observations to analyze the surroundings of three Galactic ring-like H II regions, KR 7, KR 81, and KR 120 (Sh 2-124, Sh 2-165, and Sh 2-187), with the aim of finding sites of triggered star formation. We find one prominent submillimeter (sub-mm) source for each region, located at the interface between the H II region and its neutral surroundings. Using Two Micron All Sky Survey photometry, we find that the prominent sub-mm source for KR 120 probably contains an embedded cluster of young stellar objects (YSOs), making it a likely site for triggered star formation. The KR 7 sub-mm source could possibly contain embedded YSOs, while the KR 81 sub-mm source likely does not. The mass column densities for these dominant sub-mm sources fall in the {approx}0.1-0.6 g cm{sup -2} range. The mass of the cold, dense material (clumps) seen as the three dominant sub-mm sources falls around {approx}100 M{sub sun}. We use the SCUBA Legacy catalog to characterize the populations of sub-mm sources around the H II regions, and compare them to the sources found around a previously studied similar ring-like H II region (KR 140) and near a massive star-forming regionmore » (W3). Finally, we estimate the IR luminosities of the prominent newly detected sub-mm sources and find that they are correlated with the clump mass, consistent with a previously known luminosity-mass relationship which this study shows to be valid over four orders of magnitude in mass.« less
Modern analogs reveal the origin of Carboniferous coal balls

Abstract Coal balls are calcareous peats with cellular permineralization invaluable for understanding the anatomy of Pennsylvanian and Permian fossil plants. Two distinct kinds of coal balls are here recognized in both Holocene and Pennsylvanian calcareous Histosols. Respirogenic calcite coal balls have arrays of calcite δ18O and δ13C like those of desert soil calcic horizons reflecting isotopic composition of CO2 gas from an aerobic microbiome. Methanogenic calcite coal balls in contrast have invariant δ18O for a range of δ13C, and formed with anaerobic microbiomes in soil solutions with bicarbonate formed by methane oxidation and sugar fermentation. Respirogenic coal balls are described from Holocene peats in Eight Mile Creek South Australia, and noted from Carboniferous coals near Penistone, Yorkshire. Methanogenic coal balls are described from Carboniferous coals at Berryville (Illinois) and Steubenville (Ohio), Paleocene lignites of Sutton (Alaska), Eocene lignites of Axel Heiberg Island (Nunavut), Pleistocene peats of Konya (Turkey), and Holocene peats of Gramigne di Bando (Italy). Soils and paleosols with coal balls are neither common nor extinct, but were formed by two distinct soil microbiomes.
Echocardiographic Predictors of Acute Cellular Rejection in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients

Background/Purpose Surveillance for acute cellular rejection (ACR) among pediatric heart transplant recipients largely relies on invasive endomyocardial biopsy. Echocardiography has the potential for such evaluation but has yet been proven to be as reliable as invasive measures. This study investigates the accuracy of common echocardiographic right and left heart indices for the detection of biopsy proven ACR and their ability to serve as prognostic indicators for long-term graft integrity. Methods This retrospective observational study involved review of medical records of all patients with biopsy proven acute cellular rejection. Determination of ACR was …
Plagiomnium jiuzhaigouense (Mniaceae), a new moss species from Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China

In the course of collecting population samples of Mniaceae in southwestern China, a new species was discovered. Plagiomnium jiuzhaigouense occurred in large patches on spruce logs in forests dominated by spruce, fir and larch intermixed with deciduous hardwoods such as maples and birches at elevations between 2,500 m and 3,000 m. It appears to be most similar to P. tezukae, a Southeast Asian endemic known from Japan, Korea, and China. The new species differs in having smaller leaves, shorter leaf cells, and longer teeth composed of two or three cells. Based on sequencing of two regions of chloroplast DNA (rps4 and rpl16) and one of nuclear DNA (ITS2), P. jiuzhaigouense is placed between Section Rosulata and Section Undulata, rather than in Section Rosulata to which P. tezukae belongs. This result presents a challenge to the traditional delimitation of sections in the genus.
Age, sex, and other demographic trends in sexual behavior in the United States: Initial findings of the sexual behaviors, internet use, and psychological adjustment survey.

It remains unclear how the seemingly ubiquitous use of the internet impacts user’s offline personal relationships, particularly those that are romantic or sexual. Therefore, we conducted a national online survey to better understand the associations among internet use, sexual behavior, and adjustment called the Sexual Behaviors, Internet Use, and Psychological Adjustment Survey (SIPS). Here, we report patterns of sexual behavior in a sample of adults (N = 1987; ages 18–70) in the United States to establish its representativeness and consistency with similar recent surveys. We found age- and sex-related trends in oral, vaginal, and anal sex in terms of prevalence, frequency, number of partners, and age of initiation consistent with prior studies. We also detected differences in sexual behaviors based on relationship status and sexual orientation, but small and relatively few significant differences across racial and ethnic groups. The results confirm and expand upon trends identified in prior national surveys of sexual behavior, establishing the representativeness of the SIPS sample for use in future research examining the links among sexual behaviors and romantic relationships, internet use, and adjustment.