cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applicants' Fraud in Law Enforcement

Applicants' fraud in the form of “self-inflation” bias discriminates against the “honest” applicant who does not engage in a deceptive self-presentation. The MMPI dissimulation index is one measure of “self-inflation” or “faking-good,” which, in this study, was used to assess whether the index differentiated police applicants on the basis of disciplinary suspension days. A statistically significant relationship was observed. A 16-point T-score difference (K < F) was the point of maximum predictive efficiency. Applicants who scored 16 or more points higher on Scale K than on Scale F were statistically more likely to have problematic police careers. Replication of the finding is warranted to evaluate the usefulness of F minus K as an employment screen in police settings. Threats to replication were discussed.
Uranium geochemistry in geopressured-geothermal aquifers of the U.S. Gulf Coast

Formation water from U.S. Gulf Coast geopressured-geothermal sandstone aquifers has been analyzed to determine the geochemistry of uranium in these systems. Results of chemical analyses and chemical equilibrium modeling indicate the formation waters are in equilibrium with uraninite (UO2) and coffinite (USiO4). The 234U238U activity ratios in the formation waters range from 1.06 to 1.69. These isotopic data suggest that at formation temperatures uranium is continually reequilibrating chemically and isotopically between water, a solid phase of either UO2 or USiO4 and a component of 234U supplied to solution from the aquifer matrix material by alpha recoil processes.
Ab initio molecular dynamics study of proton transfer in a polyglycine analog of the ion channel gramicidin A

Proton transfer in biological systems is thought to often proceed through hydrogen-bonded chains of water molecules. The ion channel, gramicidin A (gA), houses within its helical structure just such a chain. Using the density functional theory based ab initio molecular dynamics Car-Parrinello method, the structure and dynamics of proton diffusion through a polyglycine analog of the gA ion channel has been investigated. In the channel, a proton, which is initially present as hydronium (H3O+), rapidly forms a strong hydrogen bond with a nearest neighbor water, yielding a transient H5O2+ complex. As in bulk water, strong hydrogen bonding of this complex to a second neighbor solvation shell is required for proton transfer to occur. Within gA, this second neighbor shell included not only a channel water molecule but also a carbonyl of the channel backbone. The present calculations suggest a transport mechanism in which a priori carbonyl solvation is a requirement for proton transfer.
Electron-transfer kinetics of copper(II/I) tripodal ligand complexes.

The electron-transfer kinetics for each of three copper(II/I) tripodal ligand complexes reacting with multiple reducing and oxidizing counter reagents have been examined in aqueous solution at 25 °C, μ = 0.10 M. For all of the ligands studied, an amine nitrogen serves as the bridgehead atom. Two of the ligands (PMMEA and PEMEA) contain two thioether sulfurs and one pyridyl nitrogen as donor atoms on the appended legs while the third ligand (BPEMEA) has two pyridyl nitrogens and one thioether sulfur. Very limited kinetic studies were also conducted on two additional closely related tripodal ligand complexes. The results are compared to our previous kinetic study on a Cu(II/I) system involving a tripodal ligand (TMMEA) with thioether sulfur donor atoms on all three legs. In all systems, the Cu(II/I) electron self-exchange rate constants (k11) are surprisingly small, ranging approximately 0.03−50 M-1 s-1. The results are consistent with earlier studies reported by Yandell involving the reduction of Cu(II) co...
Atomic Structure of Tilt Grain Boundaries in NiO

High-resolution electron microscopy at 400 kV has been used to study the core structure of large-angle tilt grain boundaries in NiO. The deduced atomic structures show considerable variety and complexity, even for boundaries with the same tilt axis and misorientation. The coexistence of asymmetric and symmetric boundaries which is observed at each misorientation suggests that asymmetric grain boundaries containing densely packed planes are associated with relatively low free energies. A multiplicity of core structures is found for the =5 and the =13 grain boundaries. The normal component of the rigid-body translation in these boundaries is quite small in view of the relatively open structure that is expected for grain boundaries in ionic solids. Substantial concentrations of Schottky pairs near the boundary cores, as well as relaxations parallel to the misorientation axis, are indicated. 11 refs., 7 figs.
Doing business on the Internet: marketing and security aspects

Acknowledges that many prospective business users are wary of the Internet because of existing and potential security loopholes. Gives an overview of the security problems and solutions and concludes that doing business online involves some risks, like any other business transaction, but, if attention is devoted to installing secure procedures, it is no riskier than other business practices.
Speech-Sound Disorders and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms.

Speech sound disorders(SSD), language impairment (LI), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common developmental disorders that can significantly impact academic success. The comorbidity of these disorders may substantially add to the difficulties experienced by the child and require a combined treatment approach. SSD and LI are often comorbid, with approximately 40%–60% of children with SSD at preschool (Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1994) and 11%–15% of 6-year-old children with SSD presenting with LI (Shriberg, Tomblin, & McSweeny, 1999). LI and ADHD are often comorbid as well, with rates of comorbidity reported to be 30%–50% in children seen at ADHD clinics (Tannock & Schachar, 1996). Although there are only a few reports on the comorbidity of SSD and ADHD, these studies have suggested that LI, rather than SSD, is associated with ADHD (McGrath, Hutaff-Lee, Scott, Boada, Shriberg, & Pennington, 2007; Short, Freebairn, Hansen, & Lewis, 2008). Children with SSD have varied academic outcomes depending on the constellation of deficits that they exhibit. In our previous studies, we found that children with SSD in isolation had better school-age outcomes on literacy measures than children with comorbid LI (Lewis, Freebairn, & Taylor, 2002). We also demonstrated that children with SSD and comorbid conditions of LI or reading disorder (RD) or both perform more poorly than children with isolated SSD on measures of endophenotypes, including phonological memory, phonological awareness, and speeded naming (Lewis, Avrich, Freebairn, Taylor, Iyengar, & Stein, 2011). Furthermore, we have reported that children with SSD and comorbid LI are rated more poorly by their parents on an ADHD rating scale (ARS) than children with isolated SSD (Short et al., 2008). In that study, we examined three groups of participants: children with SSD alone (n = 71), children with SSD and comorbid LI (n = 77), and typical children (n = 72). Children with SSD + LI were more likely to have been diagnosed with ADHD by a health care provider, and to have reading problems and spelling problems, than children with SSD alone or typical children. Although the ARS was the best predictor of ADHD, the combination of the ADHD rating score and a score on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals 3 (CELF-3) improved the prediction of ADHD. This suggests that language abilities are predictive of ADHD over and above the ARS. However, in these studies the severity of SSD and the family history for disorders were not considered. This article extends these findings by examining differences in ADHD ratings in children with resolved, mild, mild–moderate, or moderate–severe SSD with and without comorbid LI. Furthermore, we consider the impact that family history for SSD reported for both parents (i.e., bilineal transmission of SSD) has on the presence of comorbid ADHD.
Near-critical and supercritical fluid densities of CO2-SF6 mixtures

Abstract Super, M.S., Beckman, E.J. and Enick, R.M., 1992. Near-critical and supercritical fluid densities of CO2-SF6 mixtures. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 86: 275-292 A recently proposed technique for the separation of the major recyclable thermoplastics incorporates the variable density of CO2-SF6 mixtures at mild temperatures and elevated pressures. Therefore, near-critical liquid and supercritical fluid densities of these mixtures were determined at temperatures between 294 K and 338 K and pressures up to 47 MPa. Mixtures containing SF6 mole fractions from 0.230–0.849 were used. The temperature-pressure conditions required to attain a specified density were determined in a high-pressure, variable-volume cell by isothermally compressing a fluid of known composition until a glass density float remained suspended in the fluid. The densities of the eight floats used in this study ranged from 900.0 to 1449.4 kg m−3. The results were correlated with the modified Lawal-Lake-Silberberg (MLLS) EOS, designed specifically for accurate near-critical liquid and supercritical fluid phase densities, the mean field lattice gas (MFLG) EOS and the Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling (BWRS) EOS. Both the MLLS and the MFLG equations had three adjustable parameters for mixture density correlations, while the BWRS had only one. Better results for mixture densities were obtained with the MLLS EOS, which yielded an average absolute pressure deviation (AAPD) of 4.49% at a specified temperature, density and composition. The AAPDs for the MFLG and the BWRS EOS were 7.07% and 7.64%, respectively.
Angle of arrival geolocation using non-linear optimization

This paper addresses the problem of object localization using only angle-of-arrival (AoA) data from satellites. Traditionally, this is performed by a triangulation algorithm (TA) that minimizes the distances between the estimated object location to all lines-of-sight representing measurements of the object. However, when observing objects from satellites, the differences in distance from each satellite to the object can be significant. The error this induces in measurements from farther-distant satellites results in an inordinate impact on the geo-location error. To overcome this problem, we introduce a non-linear optimization (NLO) approach that models the measurement error at each satellites as a probability density function. By finding the most-probable geo-location of the object, this systematic error is eliminated. We found that the NLO provides a more accurate estimate of the object's location than the TA in 93% of instances. In addition, we analyze the uncertainty estimates generated by both the TA and NLO approaches. The NLO estimates of uncertainty are also considerably more accurate than the TA estimates in all cases.
The Distribution of Hydroid Sibling Species on Hermit Crabs in Estuaries in the Gulf of Maine

Estuaries in the Gulf of Maine contain disjunct, isolated populations of a number of invertebrate taxa typically distributed only sound of Cape Cod. These estuarine populations may either be remnants of a southern fauna that were stranded by Quaternary changes in water temperature, or they may have been established more recently via larvae that entered the estuaries from the open ocean. We tested these hypotheses by examining the distribution of sibling species of hydroids that are symbiotic on paguriid hermit crabs. These crab-hydroid species pairs differ greatly in their ability to colonize new areas through the water column. The hermit crabs possess a planktonic larva that can disperse great distances, while the hydroids have a crawling planula larva that is extremely limited in its dispersal capabilities. Consequently, estuarine hermit crab populations that lack their native hydroid symbiont are likely to have originated by larval colonization. Hydroid sibling species were identified on the basis of MDH electromorphs. Species identifications were confirmed through a limited number of test matings with colonies of known species identity. In three out of the four estuaries that we examined, shells inhabited by the southern hermit crab,Pagurus longicarpus, were occupied only by the local northern hydroid,Hydractinia polyclina. This pattern is consistent with a more recent establishment of the hermit crab populations through larval dispersal or transport. However, in Casco Bay, shells inhabited byP. longicarpus were occupied by a mixture of the northern hydroid,H. polyclina, and the southern hydroid,H. symbiolongicarpus, that is associated withP. longicarpus throughout the southern part of its range. Thus, theP. longicarpus population in Casco Bay may either be a relict of a former, more broadly distributed population of this crab in the Gulf of Maine, or if recently established, is likely to have originated by the introduction of adult crabs with hydroid-covered shells.
Vortex simulation of laminar recirculating flow

Abstract The accuracy of the random vortex method, a numerical scheme that combines the representation of the vorticity field by a number of Lagrangian vortex elements of finite cores with a stochastic simulation of diffusion using random walk, is investigated. The converged solutions for a 2-dimensional entry flow in a channel and a recirculating flow behind a rearward-facing step, both in the laminar range of Reynolds numbers, are compared with analytical results and experimental data, respectively. It is shown that the computed results converge as the strength of computational vortex elements is decreased, and that the method is accurate to within the experimental errors. The convergence properties are used to devise a scheme for optimizing the choice of the numerical parameters.
Treatment of isolated ulnar nonunions using wave plate osteosynthesis: A report of four cases

With current operative techniques, it is rare that treatment of diaphyseal forearm fractures results in nonunion. Because the rate of nonunion is low, there are only a few published articles that help guide management of forearm nonunions. We describe a new application of wave plate osteosynthesis in the treatment of isolated atrophic nonunions of the ulna. This biologic plating concept restores anatomic alignment without standard rigid fixation and aims to take advantage of the vascularity of the surrounding soft tissues to achieve union by secondary healing. This technique can be most useful in nonunions secondary to segmental bone defects or to large areas of nonviable bone.
T cell receptor-mediated signs and signals governing T cell development

Abstract The developmental fate of T cells is largely controlled by the nature and success of signals mediated by the pre-T cell receptor (TCR) and TCR complexes. These intracellular signals are regulated by cascades of protein tyrosine phos- phorylations initiated following ligand binding to the pre-TCR or TCR complexes. The phosphorylation cascades are primarily orchestrated by two distinct families of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), the Src- and the Syk/ZAP-70- families. Germline gene targeting experiments, several hu- man immunodeficiencies, and somatic cell mutants have all contributed to our understanding of how these families of kinases coordinate their actions to promote signaling. Upon activation, the PTKs transmit their signals to a number of newly described adaptor proteins including LAT, SLP-76, and vav, among others. The following review combines results derived from different experimental strategies to ex- amine the contributions of the PTKs and the adaptor molecules to pre-TCR and TCR signaling processes.
Choline acetyltransferase, choline kinase, and acetylcholinesterase activities during the development of the chick ciliary ganglion.

Abstract The specific activity of choline acetyltransferase, choline kinase, and acetylcholinesterase was measured in ciliary ganglia of chick embryos from 9 days of incubation to hatching. The specific activity of choline acetyltransferase increased eightfold during this period and the activity per cell increased from 29.5 fmol/hr/cell at 9 days to 2428 at hatching. The specific activity of both choline kinase and acetylcholinesterase was highest at 9 days of incubation although the total activity per ganglion increased nearly six- and eightfold, respectively, during the developmental period studied. The specific activity of choline acetyltransferase in the choroid cells was significantly higher than that in the ciliary cells after 16 days of incubation, with values of 767 and 589 μmol/g dry weight/hr, respectively, at 20 days of incubation. When correlated with the morphological and physiological development, the results of this study indicate that relatively low levels of acetylcholine synthetic capacity (29.5 fmol/hr) are sufficient for a functional cholinergic synapse. The major increase in choline acetyltransferase activity parallels synaptic maturation and the establishment of functional connections by the postganglionic neurons with the peripheral field.
Effect of adding carbon dioxide to inspired air on consciousness time of man at altitude.

SummaryThe addition of certain amounts of carbon dioxide to ambient air at low barometric pressures of 225 mm Hg, and 179 mm Hg increases the duration of useful consciousness in human subjects. This effect is more pronounced at lower simulated altitudes than at higher altitudes.
Approximation of parabolic problems on grids locally refined in time and space

Abstract We present a strategy for solving time-dependent problems on grids with local refinement in time and in space, using different time-step sizes in different regions of space. We discuss two approximations based on the discontinuous Galerkin method and the finite difference method with piecewise constant and piecewise linear interpolation in the time direction along the interface between the coarse-and fine-grid regions. Next, we present an iterative method for solving the composite-grid system that is based on domain decomposition techniques and reduces to solution of standard problems with standard time stepping (alternatively on the coarse and fine grids). Finally, numerical results that confirm both the analysis and the convergence theory of the iterative method are presented.
Rb1 Gene Inactivation Expands Satellite Cell and Postnatal Myoblast Pools

Satellite cells are well known as a postnatal skeletal muscle stem cell reservoir that under injury conditions participate in repair. However, mechanisms controlling satellite cell quiescence and activation are the topic of ongoing inquiry by many laboratories. In this study, we investigated whether loss of the cell cycle regulatory factor, pRb, is associated with the re-entry of quiescent satellite cells into replication and subsequent stem cell expansion. By ablation of Rb1 using a Pax7CreER,Rb1 conditional mouse line, satellite cell number was increased 5-fold over 6 months. Furthermore, myoblasts originating from satellite cells lacking Rb1 were also increased 3-fold over 6 months, while terminal differentiation was greatly diminished. Similarly, Pax7CreER,Rb1 mice exhibited muscle fiber hypotrophy in vivo under steady state conditions as well as a delay of muscle regeneration following cardiotoxin-mediated injury. These results suggest that cell cycle re-entry of quiescent satellite cells is accelerated by lack of Rb1, resulting in the expansion of both satellite cells and their progeny in adolescent muscle. Conversely, that sustained Rb1 loss in the satellite cell lineage causes a deficit of muscle fiber formation. However, we also show that pharmacological inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 activity, which will result in pRb inactivation accelerates satellite cell activation and/or expansion in a transient manner. Together, our results raise the possibility that reversible pRb inactivation in satellite cells and inhibition of protein phosphorylation may provide a new therapeutic tool for muscle atrophy by short term expansion of the muscle stem cells and myoblast pool.
Empirical Downscaling of High-Resolution Regional Precipitation from Large-Scale Reanalysis Fields

This study describes an EOF-based technique for statistical downscaling of high-spatial-resolution monthlymean precipitation from large-scale reanalysis circulationfields. The method is demonstrated and evaluated for fourwidelyseparatedlocations:thesoutheasternUnitedStates,theupperColoradoRiverbasin,China’sJiangxi Province,andcentralEurope.Foreachlocation,theEOF-baseddownscalingmodelssuccessfullyreproducethe observed annual cycle while eliminating the biases seen in NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis precipitation. They also frequently reproduce the monthly precipitation anomalies with greater fidelity than is seen in the precipitation field derived directly from reanalysis, and they outperform a suite of regional climate models over the two U.S. locations. With the relatively high skill achieved over a range of climate regimes, this technique may be a viable alternative to numerical downscaling of monthly-mean precipitation for many locations.
Adenocarcinoma arising in a colonic interposition following resection of squamous cell esophageal cancer

This article documents the first case of adenocarcinoma arising in a colonic interposition that was performed after resection of squamous cell esophageal cancer. In long-term survivors of esophageal cancer surgery, this unusual complication must be considered as a cause of recurrent dysphagia or other symptoms.
Performance Issues in Shape Classification

Shape comparisons of two groups of objects often have two goals: to create a classifier to separate the groups and to provide information that shows differences between classes. We examine issues that are important for shape analysis in a study comparing schizophrenic patients to normal subjects. For this study, non-linear classifiers provide large accuracy gains over linear ones. Using volume information directly in the classifier provides gains over a classifier that normalizes the data for volume. We compare two different representations of shape: displacement fields and distance maps. We show that the classifier based on displacement fields outperforms the one based on distance maps. We also show that displacement fields provide more information in visualizing shape differences than distance maps.
High-dose prazosin for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder

Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequently symptomatic despite being on medications currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for PTSD. There is evidence to ...
Sigma-delta resolution enhancement for far-field acoustic source separation

Many source separation algorithms fail to deliver robust performance when applied to signals recorded using high-density microphone arrays where distance between sensor elements is much smaller than the wavelength of the signal of interest. This can be attributed to limited dynamic range (determined by analog-to-digital conversion) of the sensor which is insufficient to overcome the artifacts due to cross-channel redundancy, non-homogenous mixing and high-dimensionality of the signal space. In this paper we propose a novel framework that overcomes these limitations by integrating learning algorithms directly with analog-to- digital conversion. At the core of the proposed approach is a novel regularized min-max optimization approach that yields "delta-sigma" limit-cycles. An on-line adaptation modulates the limit-cycles to enhance resolution in the signal sub-spaces containing non-redundant information. Numerical experiments simulating far-field recording conditions demonstrate consistent improvements over a benchmark setup used for independent component analysis (ICA).
Endotoxin interactions with lipopolysaccharide-responsive cells.

Recent work has identified two proteins that work together to enable many cell types to respond to endotoxin. These two proteins, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein (LBP) and CD14, also participate in cellular internalization of endotoxin, which may occur independently of cellular activation. Current work with antibodies to LBP and CD14 as well as knockout mice in the context of LPS-initiated endotoxic shock suggests that inhibition of this pathway could be therapeutically useful. These observations point to the need to identify new molecules that mediate LPS-initiated transmembrane signaling and internalization of LPS-protein complexes.
Immunization with baculovirus-expressed recombinant rotavirus proteins VP1, VP4, VP6, and VP7 induces CD8+ T lymphocytes that mediate clearance of chronic rotavirus infection in SCID mice.

Clearance of chronic murine rotavirus infection in SCID mice can be demonstrated by adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ T lymphocytes from histocompatible donor mice immunized with a murine homotypic rotavirus (T. Dharakul, L. Rott, and H.B. Greenberg, J. Virol 64:4375-4382, 1990). The present study focuses on the protein specificity and heterotypic nature of cell-mediated clearance of chronic murine rotavirus infection in SCID mice. Heterotypic cell-mediated clearance was demonstrated in SCID mice infected with EDIM (murine) rotavirus after adoptive transfer of CD8+ T lymphocytes from BALB/c mice that were immunized with a variety of heterologous (nonmurine) rotaviruses including Wa (human, serotype 1), SA11 and RRV (simian, serotype 3), and NCDV and RF (bovine, serotype 6). This finding indicates the serotypic independence of T-cell-mediated rotavirus clearance. To further identify the rotavirus proteins that are capable of generating CD8+ T cells that mediate virus clearance, donor mice were immunized with SF-9 cells infected with a baculovirus recombinant expressing one of the following rotavirus proteins: VP1, VP2, NS53 (from RF), VP4, VP7, NS35 (from RRV), VP6, and NS28 (from SA11). SCID mice stopped shedding rotavirus after receiving CD8+ T cells from mice immunized with VP1, VP4, VP6, and VP7 but not with VP2, NS53, NS35, NS28, or wild-type baculovirus. These results suggest that heterotypic cell-mediated clearance of rotavirus in SCID mice is mediated by three of the major rotavirus structural proteins and by a putative polymerase protein.
Polymer Synthesis via a Diels–Alder Reaction between Bis(Isobenzofuran)s and Bis(Phenylacetylene)s Containing Preformed Phthalimide Rings:

Polymers have been prepared by the Diels–Alder reaction between novel bis(isobenzofuran)s and bis(phenylacetylene)s containing preformed phthalimide rings. The initial polymer undergoes a thermal rearrangement without volatile evolution that effectively prevents a retro Diels–Alder reaction from occurring. The polymers were soluble in common organic solvents such as chloroform, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N, N-dimethylacetamide and chlorinated aromatic solvents. The polymers exhibited glass transitions ranging from 251 to 359 °C and a 10%weightloss ranging from 451 to 486 °C in air and 482 to520 °C in helium as determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Thissynthetic approach offers advantages over other Diels–Alder polymerizations since no volatile by-products are generated and a thermal rearrangement eliminates a retro Diels–Alder reaction.
The comparison of two negative-pressure wound therapy systems in a porcine model of wound healing.

The purpose of this study was to compare two negative-pressure wound healing systems (NPWT), -75 mmHg with a silicone-coated (SC) dressing and -125 mmHg with polyurethane foam dressing (standard of care). In addition, this study compared the effects of two different dressing interfaces, SC dressing and gauze, with -75 mmHg pressure. For both comparisons, two groups of five pigs were evaluated over a 21-day time course. Two excisional wounds were made on each animal and NPWT dressings were applied. A canvas saddle was constructed to hold the NPWT device so the animal had free range of the pen. Dressings were changed twice a week and wound measurements were taken. Specimens for histology and gene expression analyses were taken on day 7 and 21. These data show that there is increased expression in a few genes associated with remodeling and inflammatory processes in the NPWT-125 with polyurethane foam as compared with the NPWT-75 with SC dressing. These two systems, however, are equivalent with respect to wound healing, histology, and gene expression over 21 days of healing. Further, we demonstrate that there is no difference in measure of healing between the SC dressing and a basic gauze dressing.
The Economic Nature of Network Capital in B2B Transactions

Social scientists, including numerous economists, have explored the incidence and importance of social capital embedded networks as a governance mechanism in business operations. The buyer-seller dyads represented by 12 large-scale dairies and 7 feed suppliers were studied to contribute to our understanding of network capital in business-to-business (B2B) transactions. A high incidence of institutional and personal trust was found in these buyer-seller networks. Trust facilitates economic exchange through uncertainty management, information sharing, and time savings. [L140, Q120]. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 435–448, 2007.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX : III. PLASMA ELECTROLYTES AND ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION DURING SUPRARENAL INSUFFICIENCY IN THE DOG.

A characteristic alteration in the electrolyte structure of the blood plasma of the suprarenalectomized dog occurs when injections of cortical extract are stopped. This alteration progresses during the course of the suprarenal insufficiency, parallel with the hemoconcentration and the loss in weight. When injections of cortical extract are resumed, the electrolyte structure returns to its original form, the alterations paralleling the dilution of the blood and the return of the body weight to its original level. The hemoconcentration, with the resulting physiological changes which take place in the suprarenalectomized dog after the cessation of cortical extract injections, is associated with a loss of sodium and chloride, accompanied by their proper complement of body water, by way of the kidney. Since this effect is produced in the suprarenalectomized animal, well nourished and in excellent condition, solely by cessation of injections of the cortical hormone, and since the reverse process of repair of the electrolyte and water losses can be effected solely by resumption of extract injections, it follows that all of the observed phenomena are due to this cause, and to this alone. It can be concluded that one function of the cortical extract in the suprarenalectomized dog is that of participation in the regulation of the sodium and chloride metabolism, and consequently, of the balance and distribution of water. The loss of water, in the absence of the cortical hormone, is sustained partly by the blood plasma, but to a far greater extent by the interstitial body fluid. The available evidence points to the kidney as the locus of this regulatory function of the cortical hormone.
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Malignant Carcinoid Cancer Cause Specific Survival: Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results National Cancer Registry

Background: This study hypothesized living in a poor neighborhood decreased the cause specific survival in individuals suffering from carcinoid carcinomas. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) carcinoid carcinoma data were used to identify potential socioeconomic disparities in outcome. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed socioeconomic, staging and treatment factors available in the SEER database for carcinoid carcinomas. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze time to events and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to compare survival curves. The Cox proportional hazard method was employed for multivariate analysis. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) were computed to screen the predictors for further analysis. Results: There were 38,546 patients diagnosed from 1973 to 2009 included in this study. The mean follow up time (S.D.) was 68.1 (70.7) months. SEER stage was the most predictive factor of outcome (ROC area of 0.79). 16.4% of patients were un-staged. Race/ethnicity, rural urban residence and county level family income were significant predictors of cause specific survival on multivariate analysis, these accounting for about 5% of the difference in actuarial cause specific survival at 20 years of follow up. Conclusions: This study found poorer cause specific survival of carcinoid carcinomas of individuals living in poor and rural neighborhoods.
Contributions to transformation superplasticity of titanium from rigid particles and pressurized pores

Polymorphic materials which are subjected to an external stress while their temperature is repeatedly cycled about their phase transformation range experience, on average, Newtonian flow, which is driven by the biasing of internal transformation mismatch stresses by the external stress. This phenomenon, termed transformation superplasticity, is well documented for metals and has recently been demonstrated for metal-matrix composites (MMCs) with a polymorphic matrix and a discontinuous, non-transforming reinforcement phase. The first report of transformation superplasticity of a MMC was that published by Dunand and Bedell (D and B), who examined commercial-purity titanium (CP-Ti) reinforced with 10 vol. % particulate TiC. In the current investigation of transformation superplasticity of materials with the same nominal composition as those used in the original study of D and B, the authors have become aware of a microstructural feature of the experimental material which affects the superplastic strain increments, and which results in differences between the data of the two studies. In the present paper, the authors report the details of this effect and critically re-examine the original conclusions of D and B.
Probing 3‐D Structural Distortions and Coordination Changes at SrTiO3 Grain Boundaries Using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Critical to a fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationships in ceramics is the ability to address the key issues of like-ion repulsion, partial occupancy, and composition at defect cores. Here, multiple scattering theory is used to produce a symmetry-projected, site-specific, density of states for defect structures observed experimentally in a SrTiO 3 high-angle tilt grain boundary. The real space atomic clusters used in multiple scattering calculations do not rely heavily on symmetry, thus permitting the structural origins of particular features to be readily identified in low-symmetry systems. Results are compared directly with experimental electron energy loss spectra and give strong evidence for partial occupied columns of atoms at specific interface cores and the persistence of bulklike atomic correlations at the grain boundary.
Changes in Sensitivity to Ethanol-Induced Social Facilitation and Social Inhibition from Early to Late Adolescence

: Adolescent rats are more sensitive than adults to ethanol-induced social facilitation, but are less sensitive to the suppression of social interactions seen at higher ethanol doses. Given recent findings that point to age differences in ethanol responsiveness, even within the adolescent period, the present study assessed acute effects of low to moderate doses of ethanol on social behavior of early, mid- or late adolescent rats. Age-related changes in responsiveness to the effects of ethanol on social behavior were apparent even within the adolescent period, with early adolescents being more sensitive to ethanol-induced social facilitation and less sensitive to ethanol-induced social inhibition than mid- and late adolescents. Given that ethanol-induced social facilitation as well as a lower sensitivity to the adverse effects of ethanol may contribute to heavy drinking, this pattern of early adolescent responsiveness to ethanol's social consequences may put them at higher risk for extensive alcohol use.
Validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for electromagnetic wave scattering from fractal surfaces

Valid application of the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) for scattering from rough surfaces requires that the surface radius of curvature exceed approximately the electromagnetic wavelength /spl lambda/. Fractal surface models have characteristic features on arbitrarily small scales, thereby posing problems in application of the electromagnetic boundary conditions in general as well as in the evaluation of surface radius of curvature pertinent to KA. Experiments and numerical simulations show variations in scattering behavior that are consistent with scattering from progressively smoother surfaces with increasing wavelength, demonstrating surface smoothing effects in the wave-surface interaction. We hypothesize control of KA scattering from fractal surfaces by an effective average radius of curvature as a function of the smallest lateral scale /spl Delta/x contributing to scattering at /spl lambda/. Solution of =/spl lambda/ for /spl lambda/ is one possible method for approximating the limit of KA validity, assuming that /spl Delta/x[/spl lambda/] is known. Investigation of the validity of KA for the calculation of scattering from perfectly conducting Weierstrass-Mandelbrot and fractional Brownian process fractal surface models shows that for both models the region of applicability of KA grows with increases in /spl lambda/ and the Hurst exponent H controlling large-scale roughness. Numerical simulations using the method of moments demonstrate the dependence of /spl Delta/x on /spl lambda/ and the surface parameters.
Introducing philosophical theories to urban transportation planning or why all planners should practice bursting bubbles

Teaching in substantive areas of planning has become increasingly calculative. Students have been taught to use techniques, but not to ask whether they are asking the right questions. A new course which attempted to instead emphasize a meditative approach to transportation planning is described. A theme of exposing and criticizing assumptions—bubble bursting—lies at the heart of the course. Philosophical theories were taught to help accomplish this, and problem setting was shown to be essentially a question of ethics. The shortcomings of current systems analysis approaches in transportation were discussed, and the alternative of a wider form of systems research suggested by Churchman was explored. The interrelationships between transportation and related systems were stressed throughout the course. Students expressed some concern that the course did not emphasize the practical side of transportation planning, but responded positively to the new perspectives for criticism that were introduced. Teaching the course demonstrated that there is a useful role for courses which expose and criticize assumptions rather than merely teach techniques and which reveal the essentially ethical nature of planning and all social inquiry; and that if we want future generations of thinking planners, we need to teach them how to think.
Photoaffinity labelling of juvenile hormone binding proteins in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae.

Abstract The synthesis and testing of several diazocarbonyl JH analogs (diazo JHA) which act as photoaffinity labels for insect juvenile hormone binding proteins are described. The best competitor, 10,11-epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate, has been shown to irreversibly reduce [3H]-JH III binding to both ovarian and hemolymph JHBP from Leucophaea maderae after irradiation at 254 nm for 20 seconds. No loss of activity was observed after incubation of JHBP and diazo JHA without irradiation. Protection from photoinactivation by diazo JHA II was achieved by the presence of an equimolar amount of JH III during the photolysis. Photoaffinity labeled proteins show loss of binding capacity without alteration of the binding affinity. This is the first example of the use of a photoaffinity label in the study of JH action on a molecular level, and may become a valuable tool in the elucidation of JH-receptor-chromatin interactions.
A Little History. Superconducting Materials

At least until recently, superconductivity has been observed only at low temperatures, near absolute zero. For this reason, we would like to begin by describing the main achievements on the way to absolute zero.
Accessibility of Place and Manner Features and the Place/Manner Dissimilation Principle in a Learning Task

Alveolar, labial, fricative, and stop features were not readily accessible to adult subjects in a concept-formation task that involved learning a linguistic suffixing rule, even though the alveolar...
Mutation in the Aβ Gene of B6.C-H-2bm12. Antibody Binding Site VS. T Cell Recognition Sites

Four functional Ia genes are coded within the I (immune response) region of mouse, e.g., Aα, Aβ, Eα, and Eβ (Jones et al. 1978; Klein et al. 1981). In recent years using congenic inbred and recombinant strains of mice, several investigators have demonstrated a relationship between Ia molecules and immune response. The I-A mutant mouse strain, B6.C-H-2bm12 is to date the only known example of a mutant involving the class II genes. This strain was originally identified by Melvold and Kohn from a (B6 × BALB/c)F1 by reciprocal skin graft rejection. The findings on this mutant, B6.H-2bm12, have helped in further characterization of fine specificities on an Ia molecule. In analyzing this mutant strain, McKenzie and co-workers were able to map the mutation to the I-A subregion using complementation studies with recombinant strains. Tryptic peptide maps revealed a limited number of differences between 86 and bm12, mapping the mutation to the I-A beta polypeptide chain (McKean et al. 1981). The tryptic peptide studies showed that this mutation is not due to a single point mutation, but involves a minimum of three different amino acid substitutions. Recently, McIntyre and Seidman (1984) have cloned and sequenced a gene coding for the bm12 A-beta polypeptide chain. Three nucleotide substitutions result in three amino acid substitutions within a span of five amino acids; isoleucine at position 67, arginine at position 70 and threonine at position 71, are being substituted by phenylalanine, glutamine and lysine respectively (Fig. 1). Two of these amino acid substitutions (arginine-glutamine and threonine-lysine) are non-conservative changes in the tertiary structure of the beta polypeptide chain, resulting in the observed alterations in the serology and function of the bm12 I-A molecule. Amino acid sequence comparison also shows that two of the amino acid substitutions found in the bm12 A8 chain are found at the same positions in several human class II beta chains (McIntyre and Seidman, 1984). These comparisons suggest that the bm12 mutation in the I-A beta gene arose from a gene-conversion type event in which another class II beta chain gene acted as a donor sequence.
Hydrolases of Rabbit Macrophages. III. Effect of BGG Vaccination, Tissue Culture, and Ingested Tubercle Bacilli.∗:

SummaryRabbits were vaccinated intradermally with BCG and revaccinated 6 weeks later subcutaneously. Oil-induced macrophages (MN) were collected from the peritoneal cavities and alveolar macrophage...
Pathogenic Chlamydia Lack a Classical Sacculus but Synthesize a Narrow, Mid-cell Peptidoglycan Ring, Regulated by MreB, for Cell Division

The peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall is a peptide cross-linked glycan polymer essential for bacterial division and maintenance of cell shape and hydrostatic pressure. Bacteria in the Chlamydiales were long thought to lack PG until recent advances in PG labeling technologies revealed the presence of this critical cell wall component in Chlamydia trachomatis. In this study, we utilize bio-orthogonal D-amino acid dipeptide probes combined with super-resolution microscopy to demonstrate that four pathogenic Chlamydiae species each possess a ≤ 140 nm wide PG ring limited to the division plane during the replicative phase of their developmental cycles. Assembly of this PG ring is rapid, processive, and linked to the bacterial actin-like protein, MreB. Both MreB polymerization and PG biosynthesis occur only in the intracellular form of pathogenic Chlamydia and are required for cell enlargement, division, and transition between the microbe’s developmental forms. Our kinetic, molecular, and biochemical analyses suggest that the development of this limited, transient, PG ring structure is the result of pathoadaptation by Chlamydia to an intracellular niche within its vertebrate host.
Protective effects of praeruptorin C On cardiomyocytes induced by hypoxia-rexoygenation induced injury

Objective To investigate the protective effect of praeruptorin C on cardiomyocytes induced by hypoxia/rexoygenation(H/R)induced injury.Methods The primary cadiomyocytes were randomly divided into 4 groups: the normally cultured group(contro1),the hypoxia-preconditioning(HP) group,the praeruptorin C preconditioning(PP) group and the hypoxia/rexoygenation(HR)group.Each group was untreated or treated with 100 mol/L praeruptorin C.At the end of the experiment,cadiomyocytes beating rate and morphology were observed;The value of LDH and CK of celluar supematant were detected by automatic biochemistry analyzer.Result ① the beating rate of cardiomyocytes: praeruptorin C increased beating rate of cardiomyocytes induced by hypoxia/rexoygenation(H/R);② morphology: after H/R injury,cardiomyocytes contracted,tending to get ground in shape and its pseudopods decreased,while marked morphological changes were not observed in PP group;③ the value of LDH and CK: compared with the contro1 group,LDH and CK content increased significantly in HR group(P0.01);compared with HR group,LDH and CK contents receded in HP and PP group(P0.01),but LDH and CK contents of PP group was similar to that of HP group(P0.05).Conclusion praeruptorin C might be beneficial for the protection of cardiomyocytes followed by hypoxia/rexoygenation because of the attenuation of oxidative damage.
Autonomous Machining Center Using Intelligent Supervisory Strategy

This paper presents a model based experimental approach for intelligent control of a Computer Numerically Controlled Machining Center (CNC). The paper first reviews the current work in the area of open architecture control for machine tools. This is followed by presentation of the hardware and software scheme adopted to implement on-line inspection procedures in CNC machining centers. Tool wear and tool deflection in a machining operation can affect dimensional accuracy and surface finish of the workpiece. As such, it is essential to inspect such parameters as surface roughness and geometrical data in an on-line fashion. The surface roughness data is obtained using a new laser based procedure where as geometrical data is obtained using ultrasonic methods. Information from these sensors will be used in a rule based algorithm that will provide the appropriate adaptive control of feed rate, spindle speed, force and torque applied to the machining operation. The supervisory decision making strategy will ensure the application of the correct process adjustment so as to optimize the entire machining process.