cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximate analysis of regularized compressible flow using the fictitious gas concept

THE MOST direct extension of linear incompressible potential flow theory is to consider compressibility effects in the potential flow formulation. The resulting governing potential flow equation is nonlinear and may be of mixed type. If the speed of the flow is everywhere subsonic the governing equation is elliptic. However, when the flow accelerates near a profile such as an airfoil, the velocity may be locally supersonic in which case we have both a supersonic (hyperbolic) region and a subsonic (elliptic) region. Further, the nonlinearity of the potential equation permits the formation of shock discontinuities terminating the supersonic region. If the flow is entirely subsonic (elliptic) it is said io be subcritical and is termed supercritical if part of the flow is supersonic (hyperbolic). The earliest studies of compressible flow problems employed classical methods to determine asymptotic approximations for problems with small compressibility effects. For example, Rayleigh [l] used an iterative approach to replace the nonlinear potential flow equation by a sequence of linear Poisson equations. The incompressible solution and first-order compressibility correction were determined for simple cyclindrical and spherical shapes using classical complex variable techniques. This method is actually a fore-runner of the RayleighJantzen perturbation technique in which the potential solution is written as a perturbation expansion in the incident Mach number (the speed of the incident flow relative to the speed of sound). Other, similarly motivated, perturbation analyses were based on the thickness parameter for thin airfoils to yield a simpler linearized problem amenable to classical analysis as in the Prandtl-Glauert method [2]. An interesting observation resulting from the Rayleigh-Jantzen perturbation expansion procedure is that the first order compressibility correction is independent of the ratio of specific heats y for the gas. This implies that this first-order effect can be determined for any convenient choice of y and it was noted that the choice of a fictitious gas with y = -1 simplifies the mathematical problem statement. This choice of a fictitious gas, devised by Chaplygin [3] andsometimes termed the Chaplygin flow was later used by von Kdrman [4]. Hence, the idea of a fictitious gas first arose in the context of analytical studies of compressible subcritical flow to simplify the governing equation and make it more amenable to classical analytic solution methods. The concept has resurfaced in recent years in connection with finite difference and finite element methods for computing compressible flows. Carey and Pan [5] used the fictitious gas to improve the convergence of gradient solution techniques for finite element approximation
A load balancing framework for clustered storage systems

The load balancing framework for high-performance clustered storagesystems presented in this paper provides a general method for reconfiguringa system facing dynamic workload changes. It simultaneously balances load andminimizes the cost of reconfiguration. It can be used for automatic reconfigurationor to present an administrator with a range of (near) optimal reconfigurationoptions, allowing a tradeoff between load distribution and reconfiguration cost.The framework supports a wide range of measures for load imbalance and reconfigurationcost, as well as several optimization techniques. The effectivenessof this framework is demonstrated by balancing the workload on a NetApp DataONTAP GX system, a commercial scale-out clustered NFS server implementation.The evaluation scenario considers consolidating two real world systems,with hundreds of users each: a six-node clustered storage system supporting engineeringworkloads and a legacy system supporting three email severs.
SINGLE‐STRAND DNA BREAKS INDUCED BY 365 NM RADIATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS DIFFERING IN SENSITIVITY TO NEAR and FAR UV

The gene mutation nur has been shown specifically to sensitize Escherichia coli stationary phase cells to inactivation by broad spectrum near-UV (NUV) radiation. In the work reported here, E. coli strains RT1. RT2, RT3, and RT4, carrying the 4 possible combinations of recA1, recA+, nur, and nur+, were exposed to monochromatic NUV (365 nm). The strains carrying the nur allele (RT1 and RT2) were more sensitive to inactivation by this wavelength and exhibited considerably more single strand break's (SSB's) than the strains carrying the nur+ allele (RT3 and RT4). As predicted, following X-irradiation the strains carrying the recA1 allele (RT1 and RT3) were more sensitive than the recA+ strains (RT2 and RT4). We conclude that the enhanced SSB's observed in strains RT1 and RT2 following monochromatic NUV irradiation correlated with the nur mutation and are unrelated to the recA1 mutation.
National Urban Policy and the Local State: Paradoxes of Meaning, Action, and Consequences

There has been a failure in the mainstream discussion of national urban policy to recognize that policy ends and means are derived from political choices (not economic laws); that federal policy has been contradictory in rhetoric and effect but consistent in favoring capital over place and people; and that proposed national solutions tend to be top-down and limited, particularly in relation to class and race. To confront these issues, the terms of discourse must be reconstituted to reflect the social, economic, and political value of place and the legitimacy of community-level democratic participation in the local state and control of production.
Opioid modulation of feeding behavior following repeated exposure to forced swimming exercise in male rats.

Abstract Patterns of normal and stimulated food intake (FI) as well as its possible endogenous opioid (EO) modulation were investigated in male rats given regular swimming exercise (trained; TR) and compared with nonexercised sedentary (SED) controls. Rats in the TR group had lower body weights as well as reduced 24 hr FI due to lower nocturnal FI. TR rats also ate less food in response to injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) but not insulin (INS) wheninjections were given during the first 4–5 weeks of training. However, this difference between TR and SED rats in the 2-DG induced feeding was not demonstrable after 10 or more weeks of training. Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive B-endorphin (IR-B-ep) were elevated, as expected, in TR rats (10–12 weeks) during nocturnal sampling whereas the nocturnal increase of IR-B-ep was absent in SED controls. However, these SED rats did increase daytime IR-B-ep in response to 2-DG and acute exercise, albeit somewhat less in magnitude when compared to TR rats. Injection of naltrexone (NTX) decreased feeding in TR rats (10–12 weeks) but not in contemporary SED controls. In summary, exercise training modified feeding behavior, and at 4 weeks of training, TR rats ate less in response to opioid-related feeding stimulus of 2-DG, but responded similarly to insulin (relatively opioid independent) treatment. At later stages of training this difference between TR and SED rats disappeared. Moreover, SED rats had atypical profiles of IR-B-ep and reduced hypophagic responses to NTX suggesting that TR rats might have greater EO modulation of feeding at this stage.
Against a Defense of Fictional Realism

According to fictional realism, the realm of objects includes fictional characters. In ‘Against Fictional Realism’, Anthony Everett argues against fictional realism, in part on the grounds that it is committed to the claim that fictional characters can be indeterminately identical. In ‘In Defence of Fictional Realism’, Benjamin Schnieder and Tatjana von Solodkoff defend fictional realism by denying that it is committed to that claim. In this paper, we argue that their view is arbitrary, since there is no reason to prefer their principles to alternative ones. As a result, fictional realists who deny that fictional characters can be indeterminately identical need another response to Everett’s argument.
A generalization of a result of Sylvester's

Abstract Let v1,…,vn be vectors in Zn with D = det(v1,…,vn) > 0. Let vn + 1 be in the cone generated by v1,…,vn and such that v1,…,vv, vn + 1 generate Zn as a Z-module. There exists a unique “largest“ χ not expressible as a nonnegative integer combination of v1,…,vn, vn + 1 and χ = Dvn + 1 − (v1 + … vn + vn + 1).
Control of one-dimensional magnetism in graphene via spontaneous hydrogenation of the grain boundary

We propose that control of one-dimensional (1D) magnetism in graphene could be made easier by spontaneous hydrogenation of chemically reactive grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline graphenes. Unlike pristine graphene, where hydrogen adsorption favors the formation of zero-dimensional (0D) clusters, the defect cores (pentagon, heptagon and octagon) at the GBs in polycrystalline graphene promote hydrogenation along the GBs. The hydrogenation in polycrystalline graphene starts at the GBs, proceeds gradually towards the grain interior (GI) and results in smooth 1D graphane–graphene interfaces. Our calculations show that the type (ferro- or antiferro-magnetism) and strength of the magnetism can be controlled by controlling the orientation of GBs. Since GBs in single-layer graphenes can be fabricated in a controllable way in experiments, the hydrogenation of GBs could be a unique method to realize large-area magnetic graphenes for future spintronic applications.
A general strategy for the preparation of C-terminal peptide α-ketoacids by solid phase peptide synthesis

A new cyanosulfur-ylide based linker makes possible the synthesis of C-terminal peptide α-ketoacids by solid phase synthesis. The preparation of the requisite linker and its application to a variety of C-terminal peptide α-ketoacids with unprotected side chains is reported.
Is the 16PF Factorially Valid

Summary The factor structure of the items of the 1962 16PF Form A was examined on a sample of 499 air traffic controllers. It was found that the test does indeed measure the primary factors it purports to measure although several of the factors found did not correspond well with the ideal pattern to be expected with the 16PF on this special, highly selected sample of American males. The results were not as discouraging to the 16PF user as would be indicated by other recent studies which shared certain methodological shortcomings.
When companies don't make the ad: : a multimethod inquiry into the differential effectiveness of consumer-generated advertising

This four-part multimethod investigation into the under researched yet increasingly prevalent phenomenon of consumer-generated advertising (CGA) establishes a performance advantage over traditional advertising and suggests a rationale for this differential. CGAs benefit from heightened consumer engagement and increased trustworthiness. CGAs also garner perceived quality advantages that are linked to consumers lowering their expectations and using different evaluation criteria to judge the ad. The ad creator—a personalized, identifiable, and relatable entity in the case of CGAs—plays a central role in anchoring and shaping ad reactions. The impact of the “consumer-made” characteristic—the fact that CGAs are made not by companies but by independent people—is powerful and stands strong in the face of commercial motives, and presents paradigmatic implications for advertising practice and research.
A nonlinear beam equation

The existence and uniqueness of weak solutions to a nonlinear beam equation are established under relaxed assumptions (locally Lipschitz plus affine domination) on the nonlinearity in the stiffness constitutive law. The results provide alternatives to previous theories requiring rather stringent monotonicity assumptions. The techniques and arguments are applicable to a large class of nonlinear second-order (in time) partial differential equation systems.
Vitamin D(3) in fat tissue.

The literature describing vitamin D content of fat tissue is extremely limited. We conducted a pilot study that measured the concentrations of vitamin D3 in the fat tissue and serum of obese adults. These measurements were performed using a new liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method. The objectives of this study were: to measure and report the vitamin D3 concentration in serum and subcutaneous fat samples from obese individuals and to examine the association of vitamin D3 in fat with vitamin D3 in serum. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 17 obese men and women who were scheduled to undergo gastric bypass surgery. The mean vitamin D3 concentration in subjects’ subcutaneous fat tissue samples was 102.8 ± 42.0 nmol/kg. The mean vitamin D3 concentration in serum was 7.78 ± 3.99 nmol/l. Vitamin D3 concentrations of fat tissue and serum were positively correlated (r = 0.68, P = 0.003). Consistent with previous findings in obese subjects, subjects in this study had suboptimal vitamin D status as demonstrated by a mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 43.3 ± 15.4 nmol/l. In conclusion, fat tissue vitamin D3 can be measured by LC/MS and is detectable in obese subjects with suboptimal vitamin D status. Compatible with the long-standing concept that fat tissue is a storage site for vitamin D, fat tissue and serum vitamin D3 concentrations were positively correlated.
Reliability-based fatigue life investigation for a medium-scale composite hydrokinetic turbine blade

As the most important, expensive component of a hydrokinetic turbine system, the composite turbine blade must achieve a long operating life (10–20 years). The investigation of fatigue life for the composite turbine blade is essential when designing a cost-effective hydrokinetic composite turbine system. A reliability-based fatigue life analysis methodology was developed for a medium-scale, horizontal axis, hydrokinetic turbine blade. Finite element method, coupled with the blade element momentum theory, was used to find the stress response on the turbine blade. The fatigue behavior of the blade was studied in stress-critical zones. A metamodel was constructed for the stress response according to simulations at specified design points. Accounting for uncertainties in material properties and the material S–N curve, the reliability analysis method was employed to estimate the fatigue life distribution of the hydrokinetic turbine blade. The effect of river velocity models on the fatigue life of turbine blades was also studied. The fatigue life of the composite blade was sensitive to composite material properties. Transverse strain E22 is particularly dominant which is related to the matrix cracking as the fatigue failure mode. The statistical distribution of S–N data implies a significant dependence of fatigue life on composite S–N data.
ABSENCE OF POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE AMONG BREEDING COLONIES OF THE WAVED ALBATROSS

Abstract We used four variable microsatellite loci to examine the distribution of genetic variation and degree of genetic structuring among three subcolonies of Waved Albatrosses (Phoebastria irrorata). The breeding population of this species is almost entirely limited to the island of Espanola in the Galapagos Archipelago. Such strong philopatry could lead to population genetic structure among subcolonies on the island. Pairwise values of the FST analog, θ, calculated from microsatellite genotypes, were all less than 0.012, indicating little genetic differentiation and the presence of gene flow throughout the population.
Combined convection from isothermal cubical cavities with a variety of side-facing apertures

Abstract An experimental investigation of the heat transfer by combined convection from a smooth, isothermal cubic cavity with a variety of side-facing apertures is described. The study was motivated by the desire to predict the convective loss from large solar thermal-electric receivers and to understand the mechanisms which control this loss. Hence, emphasis is placed on the large Rayleigh number, Ra, and large Reynolds number. Re, regimes; on Richardson numbers, Ri, of the order of unity; and on large ratios of the cavity wall temperature, Tw, to the ambient temperature, T∞. The data which are presented cover the ranges: 1
Vaccination versus treatment of influenza in working adults: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Purpose To determine the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination, antiviral therapy, or no intervention for healthy working adults, accounting for annual variation in vaccine efficacy. Methods We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis based on published clinical trials of influenza vaccine and antiviral drugs, incorporating 10 years of surveillance data from the World Health Organization. We modeled influenza vaccination, treatment of influenza-like illness with antiviral drugs, or both, as compared with no intervention, targeting healthy working adults under age 50 years in the general community or workplace. Outcomes included costs, illness days, and quality-adjusted days gained. Results In the base case analysis, the majority of costs incurred for all strategies were related to lost productivity from influenza illness. The least expensive strategy varied from year to year. For the 10-year period, antiviral therapy without vaccination was associated with the lowest overall costs ($234 per person per year). Annual vaccination cost was $239 per person, and was associated with 0.0409 quality-adjusted days saved, for a marginal cost-effectiveness ratio of $113 per quality-adjusted day gained or $41,000 per quality-adjusted life-year saved compared with antiviral therapy. No intervention was the most expensive and least effective option. In sensitivity analyses, lower vaccination costs, higher annual probabilities of influenza, and higher numbers of workdays lost to influenza made vaccination more cost-effective than treatment. If vaccination cost was less than $16 or time lost from work exceeded 2.4 days per episode of influenza, then vaccination was cost saving compared with all other strategies. Conclusion Influenza vaccination for healthy working adults is reasonable economically, and under certain circumstances is cost saving. Antiviral therapy is consistently cost saving.
The Relationship between Memory, Suggestibility and Hypnotic Responsivity

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between resistance to misleading information and performance on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS:A), and examined the impact of obtrusive observation on subjects' hypnotic responsivity, memory, and resistance to misleading information. Eighty-five college students were administered the HGSHS:A in its standard form. Three additional bogus items were added to the HGSHS:A response booklet asking subjects to report whether they responded to suggestions that were not actually offered during the procedures. The endorsement of these items was used as an index of resistance to misleading information (suggestibility) for events occurring during hypnosis. Participants were also given a series of misleading questions related to events that occurred prior to the induction. Results indicated that performance on the HGSHS:A was not related to resistance to misleading information for events occurring during hypnosis or for events that occurred pr...
Red cell lipids in hypothyroidism.

Abstract Red cell lipid analysis has been performed on 6 children and 4 adults with congenital hypothyroidism. Results are compared with age-matched controls. Comparison with the patients' own cells when in the euthyroid state following exogenous thyroid therapy was possible in 7 patients. No consistent pattern of red cell lipid abnormality associated with hypothyroidism could be demonstrated. Two children showed a decrease in the sphingomyelin: phosphatidylcholine ratio following replacement therapy. The percent of lipid as cholesterol tended to be in the low normal range in hypothyroids. Fatty acids esterified to phospholipid showed non-specific changes that have been noted in a variety of hyperlipemic conditions.
Cellular gluconeogenesis by lactating bovine mammary tissue.

Abstract The gluconeogenic capacity of mammary tissue of lactating cow was investigated by incubating mammary tissue slices with alanine, glutamate, lactate, pyruvate, or glycerol in conjunction with acetate and glucose (10mM or 1mM). In no case was any substrate incorporated into glucose per se. In lactose synthesis, glucose was the mjaor source of carbon although glycerol also was incorporated into lactose. Alanine, glutamate, lactate, or pyruvate were not incorporated into lactose at optimum (10mM) or suboptimum (1mM) concentrations of glucose. Activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was negligible in mammary tissue, less than 1% of the activity in liver or kidney tissue from the same cows. Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase were in cow mammary tissue, but the activities were lower than in liver. Gluconeogenic substrates were not converted to glucose regardless of whether the incubation contained an optimum (10mM) or a suboptimum (1mM) glucose concentration. Consistent with the inability of cow mammary tissue to convert gluconeogenic metabolites to glucose is the virtual absence of glucose-6-phosphatase and the lack of excess gluconeogenic substrates available to the intact mammary gland of lactating cow.
Involvement of the Small GTPase Rho in Integrin-mediated Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

Engagement and clustering of integrins triggers a number of intracellular signaling events, including activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases Erk1 and Erk2. To investigate the mechanism by which integrins mediate the activation of MAP kinases upon binding of NIH 3T3 cells to fibronectin, we assessed the effects of both inhibiting and activating the small GTPase Rho. We observed that inhibition of Rho by the Rho-specific inhibitor C3 exoenzyme or by a dominant negative Rho A (RhoN19) inhibited MAP kinase activation. Conversely, activation of Rho by expression of an activated Rho A mutant (RhoQ63L), or the Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor lbc, enhanced and partially mimicked activation of Erk2 by plating on fibronectin. These results therefore show that Rho is involved in the integrin-dependent activation of MAP kinase.
Very light axigluons and the top asymmetry

We show that very light (50--90 GeV) axigluons with flavor-universal couplings of order ${g}_{s}/3$ may explain the anomalous top forward-backward asymmetry reported by both CDF and D0 collaborations. The model is naturally consistent with the observed $t\overline{t}$ invariant mass distribution and evades bounds from light Higgs searches, LEP event shapes, and hadronic observables at the $Z$ pole. Very light axigluons can appear as resonances in multijet events, but searches require sensitivity to masses below current limits.
The International Council of Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education (ICHRIE), San Diego, California, July 30–August 1, 2014

The 68th International Council of Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education (ICHRIE) convention met in San Diego over the dates of July 30–August 1, 2014. It was held at the waterfront Sherato...
Validity of some neuropsychological tests in the assessment of mental deterioration

Eighty-three control subjects and 200 patients suspected of diffuse cerebral damage were submitted to the Mental Deterioration Battery. Three independent judges evaluated each patient on the basis of all available data. Only 103 patients, unanimously classed as demented by the three judges were retained. On the basis of controls' performances, the scores obtained by each demented patient in the various tests were corrected for age and educational level. Both single tests and the Battery as a whole discriminated normal controls from demented patients at a very satisfactory level.
Response to: a new method for estimating animal abundance with two sources of data in capture–recapture studies

Summary Mark–recapture studies that rely on multiple marks to identify individuals pose modeling challenges if the marks for each individual are not always linked. If an individual with unlinked marks is encountered on two occasions and different marks are observed, then it will appear that two different individuals were captured. Failing to account for these missed matches will produce incorrect inference. Madon et al. (Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2011; 2: 390) proposes a modification of the Jolly-Seber estimator for such data computed by adjusting the observed counts of individuals first captured, recaptured or not captured but known to be alive on each occasion. The adjustment involves multiplying each of these counts by a constant factor, , intended to correct for double counting of individuals and constrained between 0 and 1. Results of a simulation study provided in Madon et al. (Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2011; 2: 390) show that the proposed estimator is almost unbiased, but its uncertainty is underestimated and the true coverage of confidence intervals is consistently below the nominal value. I compute separate adjustment factors for each of the counts and show (i) that a constant adjustment is not appropriate and (ii) that the theoretical adjustment factor is sometimes >1. I believe that the use of a single adjustment factor between 0 and 1 is what causes the uncertainty to be underestimated and that complete models of the observation process are required to obtain valid results.
Optimal parameters for the polybrene-induced DNA transfection of diploid human fibroblasts.

Recently it has been shown that Polybrene, in conjuction with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) shock, can markedly increase frequency of DNA transfection of chicken embryo fibroblasts as compared with the frequency obtained with the standard calcium phosphate protocol. We have adapted this procedure for use with diploid human fibroblasts. Using plasmid DNA containing a dominant selectable marker gene (resistance to Geneticin), we have determined that treatment of the cells for 6 h in culture medium containing Polybrene at a concentration of 2 to 5 μg/ml, followed by a 4-min shock with 30% DMSO, resulted in the highest yield of transfectants, ca. 400/106 cells treated with as little as 100 ng of plasmid DNA. The selective agent could be added immediately after the DMSO shock. This allows transfection and selection to be carried out in the same dishes and ensures that each clone represents a unique event.
From "Localized" to "Networked": A transformation in community structures

Communities are undergoing a fundamental transformation in structure. This change in social organization has implications for group formation, loyalty strength, and the flow of information and resources through social networks. Both the former and new structures have unique advantages as well as particular weaknesses. This paper explores both sets of community structures, and examines how various technologies facilitate the transformation by increasing access to diverse human capital. It also examines the uses of this model in sustainable development projects.
Raman scattering in (SN) x crystals

Abstract Polarized Raman spectra are reported for the high frequency intrachain modes in crystals of the metallic polymer (SN) x . The principal features observed (at 454, 621, 658 and 782 cm −1 ) are strong, very anisotropic, and sharper than in thin films. The strongest feature, at 658 cm −1 , narrows but does not shift with decreasing temperature or increasing pressure. Some of the peaks vary in relative intensity as the laser frequency is varied from 4579 to 6005 A through the plasma resonance.
The synthesis of O-acetylserine by extracts prepared from higher plants.

Abstract This communication describes a novel plant enzyme, which catalyzes the formation of O-acetylserine from serine in the presence of S-acetylCoA. The enzyme activity was shown to be present in both the particulate and soluble fractions of a range of plant seedlings and leaves. The enzymatic synthesis of cysteine from O-acetylserine and sulfide (reaction 1) has been reported in Escherichia coli , yeast, and Neurospora , (Wiebers and Garner, 1967) . O-acetylserine +sulfide → cysteine + acetate (1) Cysteine synthase present in higher plant extracts also apparently utilizes O-acetylserine more readily than serine as a sulfide acceptor ( Giovanelli and Mudd, 1967 , Giovanelli and Mudd, 1968 ; Thompson and Moore, 1968 ). An enzyme, serine acetylase, which catalyzes the acetylation of serine (reaction 2) has been reported in bacteria (Kredich and Tomkins, 1966) . S-acetylCoA + serine → O-acetylserine +CoASH (2) The present communication reports the occurrence of serine acetylase in higher plant extracts.
Winning Strategies and Complexity of Nim-Type Computer Game on Plane

A Nim-type computer game of strategy on plane is described in this paper. It is demonstrated that winning strategies of this two-person game are determined by a system of equations with two unknown integer sequences. Properties of winning points/states are discussed and an O(loglogn) algorithm for the winning states is provided. Two varieties of the Game are also introduced and their winning strategies are analyzed.
Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction

The brain is constantly bombarded by stimuli, and the relative salience of these inputs determines which are more likely to capture attention. A brain system known as the 'salience network', with key nodes in the insular cortices, has a central role in the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli and the coordination of neural resources. Emerging evidence suggests that atypical engagement of specific subdivisions of the insula within the salience network is a feature of many neuropsychiatric disorders.
The latent roots of the population projection matrix

Las raices algebraicas han probado ser un medio util para el analisis de movimientos de poblacion. Las raices latentes de una matriz de proyeccion de la poblacion y las raices de sus ecuaciones caracteristicas son escenciales en el estudio de movimientos de poblacion. Se desarrolla aqui un procedimiento para encontrar estas raices y un programa de computation para usar este procedimiento se presenta en el programa de lenguaje FORTRAN.
Nonlinear magnetotransport and charge-density-wave motion in NbSe 3 at temperatures from 1.2 to 50 K

The transverse magnetoresistance of ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$ at 1.2 K shows a large non-Ohmic reduction as a function of electric field for magnetic fields in the range 50--230 kG. The magnetoresistance data in the temperature range 1.2--43 K has been fitted to a Zener-tunneling model of the form \ensuremath{\sigma}=${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{a}$(H)+${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{b}$(1-${E}_{T}$/E)exp( -${E}_{0}$/E) and gives a value of ${E}_{0}$=0.47 V/cm and ${E}_{T}$=0.066 V/cm at 1.2 K and 206 kG for a crystal with a residual resistance ratio of 145. At 206 kG ${E}_{0}$ follows a temperature dependence of the form ${E}_{0}$(T)=${E}_{0}$(0)exp(-${k}_{B}$T/\ensuremath{\Delta}) with \ensuremath{\Delta}/${k}_{B}$=15.2 K. The threshold electric field for charge-density-wave (CDW) motion is reduced at high magnetic fields and low temperatures while the magnetoresistance behavior suggests that the CDW structure below 59 K is strongly coupled to the magnetic field.
Attenuation of matrix protein secretion by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1

Abstract Progressive fibrosis in major organs, including the heart, the kidney and the vascular tree, plays an important role in mediating chronic disease and atherosclerosis. Production of extracellular matrix proteins, in many cases regulated by the growth factor TGF-β is an essential component of this process. In a parallel manner to TGF-β, the cyclin kinase inhibitors (CKIs; which are induced by TGF-β) regulate transit through the cell cycle, and their effect on growth has been shown to be bimodal in the case of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. Using an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to the CKI p21 Waf1/Cip1 , developed in our laboratory and shown to specifically inhibit p21 Waf1/Cip1 protein levels, we asked whether attenuation of the CKI p21 Waf1/Cip1 by transfection of this oligodeoxynucleotide results in the abolition of TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition and/or diminished matrix protein production and secretion in the presence or absence of TGF-β. Specific inhibition of p21 Waf1/Cip1 protein with the antisense oligodeoxynucleotide markedly reduces the production and secretion of the matrix proteins fibronectin and laminin, both in the presence and absence of TGF-β stimulation, in VSM cells as observed by Western blotting of cell lysate and conditioned medium. In addition, TGF-β-mediated cell growth inhibition, though attenuated by this oligo, is preserved. Due to the relative ease and safety of transfecting antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into VSM, we believe that this work unmasks a potentially powerful technique for inhibition of matrix protein synthesis in VSM and related cell lines, and may lead to new treatment strategies for atherosclerotic as well as other systemic diseases characterized by aberrant matrix protein secretion.
Patterns of reticular unit activity observed during the performance of a discriminative task

Abstract The firing patterns of reticular neurons were monitored during the performance of a behavioral task, using a chronic single unit recording technique. The spontaneous activity of 95 of 134 midbrain reticular units was noticeably modified by the presentation of visual discrimination trials. Four major response profiles emerged from these responsive units. The response of Type I units was closely related to stereotyped head, neck, and eye movements. The auditory cue occurring when the bar became available, and the onset of the light evoked transient increases in the discharge rate of Type II units. Type III units displayed a brief increase in firing rate associated with either the onset of the light or the initiation of a bar press response. Type IV units responded to the auditory and visual stimuli with sustained increases in firing rate. These findings illustrate, at a cellular level, the modulatory influences conditioned stimuli exert upon the level of reticular activity.
Trisomy 9 associated with an enlarged 9qh segment in a liveborn

This report describes the third case of a complete trisomy 9 in a liveborn infant. A tentative explanation for the origin of a “very large“ h-segment which was not present in either parent of the proposita is put forward.
LC–MS Analysis of Sertraline and Its Active Metabolite in Human Serum Using a Silica Column with a Non-Aqueous Polar Mobile Phase

A sensitive liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of sertraline (SER) and its major metabolite norsertraline (NOR) from serum was developed and validated in the context of a pharmacokinetic study in pregnant women. The separations were achieved on a silica column with a non-aqueous polar mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, methanol and ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. The concentrations were measured using a single quadruple mass spectroscopic detector supplied with atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray. Sample preparation consisted of a simple liquid–liquid procedure. The detector was set in selective ion mode for each compound of interest, 306 m/z for SER and 275 m/z for NOR. Calibration curves were generated by least square linear regression for concentration of 5–160 ng mL−1 for SER and from 10 to 320 ng mL−1 for NOR. The curves for both compounds of interest were linear, with correlation coefficients r 2 ≥ 0.999.
Estrogen and Progesterone are Critical Regulators of Stat5a Expression in the Mouse Mammary Gland

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)5a is a well-established regulator of mammary gland development. Several pathways for activating Stat5a have been identified, but little is known about the mechanisms that regulate its expression in this tissue. In this report, we used immunofluorescent staining to examine Stat5a expression in mammary epithelial cells during normal development and in response to treatment with the ovarian hormones estrogen (E) and progesterone (P). Stat5a was present at very low levels in the prepubertal gland and was highly induced in a subset of luminal epithelial cells during puberty. The percentage of positive cells increased in adult virgin, pregnant, and lactating animals, dropped dramatically during involution, and then increased again after weaning. Ovariectomy ablated Stat5a expression in virgin animals, and treatment with both E and P was necessary to restore it. Double-labeling experiments in animals treated with E plus P for 3 d demonstrated that Stat5a was localized exclusively to cells containing both E and P receptors. Together, these results identify a novel role for E and P in inducing Stat5a expression in the virgin mammary gland and suggest that these hormones act at the cellular level through their cognate receptors.
Genetic and Biochemical Basis for Viability of Yeast Lacking Mitochondrial Genomes

Yme1p, an ATP-dependent protease localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane, is required for the growth of yeast lacking an intact mitochondrial genome. Specific dominant mutations in the genes encoding the alpha- and gamma-subunits of the mitochondrial F(1)F(0)-ATPase suppress the slow-growth phenotype of yeast that simultaneously lack Yme1p and mitochondrial DNA. F(1)F(0)-ATPase activity is reduced in yeast lacking Yme1p and is restored in yme1 strains bearing suppressing mutations in F(1)-ATPase structural genes. Mitochondria isolated from yme1 yeast generated a membrane potential upon the addition of succinate, but unlike mitochondria isolated either from wild-type yeast or from yeast bearing yme1 and a suppressing mutation, were unable to generate a membrane potential upon the addition of ATP. Nuclear-encoded F(0) subunits accumulate in yme1 yeast lacking mitochondrial DNA; however, deletion of genes encoding those subunits did not suppress the requirement of yme1 yeast for intact mitochondrial DNA. In contrast, deletion of INH1, which encodes an inhibitor of the F(1)F(0)-ATPase, partially suppressed the growth defect of yme1 yeast lacking mitochondrial DNA. We conclude that Yme1p is in part responsible for assuring sufficient F(1)F(0)-ATPase activity to generate a membrane potential in mitochondria lacking mitochondrial DNA and propose that Yme1p accomplishes this by catalyzing the turnover of protein inhibitors of the F(1)F(0)-ATPase.
The Development of a Measure of Prosocial Behaviors for Late Adolescents

The correlates and structure of prosocial behaviors in late adolescents were examined using a newly constructed, multidimensional measure. In Study 1, 249 college students (145 women; M age = 19.9 years) were administered the Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM) which assesses 6 types of prosocial behaviors: altruistic, compliant, emotional, dire, public, and anonymous. Measures of sympathy, perspective taking, personal distress, social desirability, global prosocial behaviors, social responsibility, ascription of responsibility, vocabulary skills, and prosocial moral reasoning were also completed. Test-retest reliability and further validity of the PTM were demonstrated in Study 2 with a sample of 40 college students (28 women; M age = 22.9 years). Results from both studies yielded evidence of adequate reliability and validity of the PTM and support the notion of differentiated forms of helping.
Modern flash technologies: a flash translation layer perspective

Since the introduction of the first flash memory in 1984, flash memory has been a very important member of the non-volatile semiconductor memory family due to its advantages, such as high density, low-cost, shock resistance, fast access time, low-power consumption and reliability. Despite the advantages, flash memory is still facing many technical limitations that need to be further studied. Various solutions have been developed to improve the performance of flash memory by overcoming the technical limitations; however, flash translation layer has a great impact on the overall performance improvement due to its cost-efficiency and usefulness. In this paper, three main aspects of flash memory are discussed from a perspective of flash translation layer. First, we discuss and classify flash translation layer based on the mapping method. Second, we discuss the current technical limitations that flash memory is facing and how these can be overcome by adopting flash translation layer. Third, we investigate the latest flash translation layer schemes that have been recently studied and proposed, and analyse their advantages and drawbacks.
Cancer risk assessment: Examining the family physician's role

Background: Cancer risk assessment begins in the primary care clinician’s office. Essential components of that process include: 1) documentation of personal and family cancer information; 2) identification of families at increased risk for cancer; 3) modification of cancer screening recommendations according to degree of risk; 4) referral of high-risk individuals to cancer genetics clinics. The purpose of this study was to examine these 4 components of primary care cancer risk assessment using data abstracted from patient records at an academic family medicine center. Methods: Ambulatory records of 734 patients were reviewed in their entirety for information relevant to cancer risk assessment. Detail of cancer information was categorized as comprehensive, adequate, or inadequate. Patient records were categorized as suggestive of average, moderate, or high genetic risk for cancer. For patients with a family history of colorectal cancer, modification of colon cancer screening to reflect degree of cancer risk was assessed. Finally, the frequency of cancer genetic referral in high-risk individuals was noted. Results: The presence or absence of a family history of cancer was documented in 97.8% of records. There was insufficient information to adequately assess risk in 69.5% of charts. Detail of family cancer documentation was associated with personal history of cancer (P = .001), patient age (P = .001), and physician training status (P = .042), but not with patient or physician gender, duration of care, or completion of a genogram. For persons with a family history of colorectal cancer, compliance with cancer screening individualized to degree of risk was achieved in 50% of patients. Ten patients met criteria for moderate or high genetic risk for cancer. None had been offered cancer genetics consultation. Conclusions: Nearly all records documented the presence or absence of a family history of cancer. However, in those with a positive family history, the detail of information was insufficient to permit risk assessment in over two thirds of individuals; risk-stratified colon cancer screening was not achieved in half of the patients with a family history of colorectal cancer; individuals at moderate or high cancer risk were not identified as such; and those at high risk were not offered cancer genetics referral. In addition to collecting adequate family cancer information, family physicians need to adopt explicit risk assessment criteria to identify, and to optimally care for, those at increased genetic risk for cancer.
Genetic diversity and divergence of yellow perch spawning populations across the Huron–Erie Corridor, from Lake Huron through western Lake Erie

article i nfo The yellow perch Perca flavescens supports one of the largest Great Lakes fisheries, whose populations have varied due to environmental changes, including exploitation and habitat degradation. The Huron-Erie Corri- dor (HEC) connects the upper and lower Great Lakes, running from Lake Huron through the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and Detroit River to western Lake Erie; it serves as an essential fish migration corridor, and con- tains key spawning and nursery grounds. Its shipping importance led to its extensive channelization and dredging, destroying and degrading habitats. Since 2004, the HEC Initiative has restored some fish spawning and nursery grounds. Our objective is to assess the genetic diversity, connectivity, and divergence of yellow perch spawning populations along the HEC to provide a baseline for assessing future patterns, including re- sponses to improved habitat. Genetic variation of seven spawning populations (N=248), four in the HEC, one in Lake Huron, and two in western Lake Erie, are analyzed at 15 nuclear microsatellite loci. Results showed appreciable genetic diversity of the seven spawning populations (mean observed heterozygosity= 0.637±0.020, range 0.568-0.699), which significantly differed in genetic composition (θST=0.011-0.099, pb0.0001-0.0007), suggesting a history of genetic isolation; relationships did not follow a pattern of genetic isolation by geographic distance. Notably, some nearby spawning populations were very genetically distinc- tive, with high genetic diversity and high proportions of private alleles, as characterized by the Belle Isle res- toration site in the Detroit River. Our study provides a genetic benchmark to assess ongoing and future habitat restoration efforts across the HEC and beyond.
Active Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk: Original Cohort Data and Meta-Analysis

Background The relationship between active cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk remains controversial because of unresolved issues of confounding and dose response. Methods To investigate these issues further, we analyzed data from 73 388 women in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort. Analyses were based on 3721 invasive breast cancer case patients identified during a median follow-up of 13.8 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models. P values were two-sided. We also conducted meta-analyses of our results with those published from 14 other cohort studies. Results In CPS-II, incidence was higher in current (HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.42) and former smokers (HR =1.13, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.21) than in never smokers. Women who initiated smoking before menarche (HR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.10 to 2.34) or after menarche but 11 or more years before first birth (HR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.21 to 1.74) had higher risk (P trend = .03). No relationships were observed with other smoking parameters. Alcohol consumption did not confound associations with smoking status, although neither current nor former smoking were associated with risk among never drinkers (P interaction = .11). In meta-analyses, current (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.16) and former smoking (HR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.15) were weakly associated with risk; a stronger association (HR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.14 to 1.28) was observed in women who initiated smoking before first birth. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that active smoking is associated with increased breast cancer risk for women who initiate smoking before first birth and suggest that smoking might play a role in breast cancer initiation.
Cross-layer design proposals for wireless mobile networks: a survey and taxonomy

Third-generation (3G) and beyond 3G mobile communication systems must provide interoperability with the Internet, increase throughput for mobile devices, and optimize their operation for multimedia applications. The limited ability of traditional layered architectures to exploit the unique nature of wireless communication has fostered the introduction of cross-layer design solutions that allow optimized operation for mobile devices in the modern heterogeneous wireless environment. In this article we present the major cross-layer design solutions that handle such problems, and discuss cross-layer implementations with a focus on functional entities that support cross-layer processes and the respective signaling. In addition, we consider the associated architectural complexity and communication overhead they introduce. Furthermore, we point out the major open technical challenges in the cross-layer design research area. Finally, we conclude our article with a summary of cross-layer approaches developed thus far and provide directions for future work.