cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential responses to visual and acoustic cues during escape in the bat Anoura geoffroyi: Cue preferences and behaviour

Abstract Wild Anoura geoffroyi tested in their home cave can use either visual or acoustic cues to guide their escape from a Y-maze; but they selectively attend to the visual cue whenever possible. When orienting visually, bats choose to ‘head for the light’ which in a cave marks the exit. When forced to orient acoustically, bats select a closed runway and hang up to roost. With each of the six combinations of visual and acoustic cues tested, bats emit echolocation cries in most trials and indicate by their behaviour that they are aware of the acoustic parameters of their surroundings. Nonetheless, they select their escape route visually whenever possible, disregarding seemingly pertinent acoustic information. This persistent attention to the visual cue was even more marked when captive bats were tested in the laboratory. The results distinguish the functions of vision and echolocation and show the complex relationship between these two senses in microchiropteran bats.
Feasibility of automated quality control for stamp manufacturing

The United States Postal Service (USPS) desires quality inspection systems for the stamp manufacturing process to cover printing, finishing, and packaging activities. More than 50 billion stamps are printed in the U.S. annually by gravure, offset, and/or intaglio methods. Errors in stamp production waste resources and affect the cost of a stamp product. Typically, the printing industry has relied on human inspection, but speeds are becoming too high and work too tedious to support 100% inspection. It is clear that automated inspection is needed, but an assessment of the resolution and data rates was required before concept designs could be developed. An intensive research program was undertaken for the USPS to evaluate the feasibility of 100% inspection of postal stamp products and the potential for in-process quality control. Printing, finishing, and packaging preparations were examined to determine inspection requirements, identifying opportunities for inspection and process control, and determining commercial vendor capabilities that meet these requirements. The individual manufacturing problem areas, and some possible solutions, are identified.
Long term prognostic value of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in suspected coronary artery disease: a 62 month median follow-up study.

• Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) provides long term prognostic information in individuals without known coronary artery disease.
Germ layer induction from embryonic stem cells.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the potential to develop into all cell types of the adult body. This capability provides the basis for considering the ES cell system as a novel and unlimited source of cells for replacement therapies for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Before the cell-based therapy potential of ES cells can be realized, a better understanding of the pathways regulating lineage-specific differentiation is required. Current studies suggest that the bone morphogenic protein, transforming growth factor-β, Wnt, and fibroblast growth factor pathways that are required for gastrulation and germ layer induction in the embryo are also essential for differentiation of ES cells in culture. The current understanding of how these factors influence germ layer induction in both the embryo and in the ES cell differentiation system is addressed in this review.
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: Its modification by dipyridamole☆

A POTENT STIMULUS for the development of pulmonary hypertension in animals [14], acute hypoxia is felt to be central to the development of respiratory insufficiency in a variety of clinical conditions. The response is prcsent in isolated perfused lungs and in the intact animal after adrenergic blockade [8, 111. Although the mechanism whereby pulmonary vascular resistance is elevated with hypoxia is unknown, it has been suggested that the hypertensive response to hypoxia is an intrinsic property of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle [l]. Indeed this response to hypoxia has been reduced by an agent which acts directly on the vascular smooth muscle [3]. During experiments on the isolated, perfused rat lung, Hauge and Melmon [6] demonst’rated that platelets were necessary in the perfusate for hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. These experiments stimulated our own interest in a study to determine if drugs known to alter platelet function could alter hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Dipyridamole (Persantine, Geigy) was found to bc capable of altering the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia, and the results of these experiments are here reported.
The antiquity of the nation? Critical reflections from the ancient Near East

. Debates over the antiquity/modernity of the nation have often made use of evidence from the ancient Near East. In doing so, these debates employ the distant past principally as a ‘mirror’ of the present, using contrast or similitude to argue for a particular understanding of nations and nationalism since the eighteenth century. In this manner, both ‘Modernist’ and ‘Perennialist’ approaches incorporate pre-modern contexts into the categories and priorities of modernity. This article critically reviews several influential studies on nations and nationalism in light of ancient Near Eastern evidence in order to highlight the narrowing of possibilities that this practice involves. I argue that the cost of this narrowing is not so much a misunderstood past as a mystified present.
The Experimental Analogue: An Approach to Research in Psychotherapy

An experimental analogue of psychotherapy may be defined as a controlled laboratory situation involving two or more people, in which the behavior of one person (E) is designed along some relevant dimension(s) to similate that of a psychotherapist, while in one or more ways the other person(s) is experiencing a feeling of stress or discomfort, or a "symptom," which in some way approximates that brought by a patient to an actual psychotherapeutic situation. Primarily through the medium of verbal interchange, E seeks to relieve S's "presenting difficulty." Although there is leeway in the manner in which an analogue may be set up, a simple example can be described as follows. The study might begin with the experimental induction of stress (or the utilization of a realistic stress situation) in a group of Ss. Presumably, comparison of the stress group with non-stress controls in terms of a criterion of performance or behavior would indicate some impairment for the former. The stress group might then be sub-divided into a group in therapy which would be exposed to a verbal interchange situation involving a professionally qualified person utilizing (one or more) recognized psychotherapeutic procedures, and a control group which merely rested for a comparable period of time, or, more rigorously, one which discussed therapeutically inert topics, also with a competent, trained professional person who, however, did not seek to function, in any sense, as a therapist. Following these several conditions, each group would be subjected to re-examination on the same or an equivalent form of the criterion behavior or performance measure. Reduction in the impairment of performance of the group in therapy in comparison to the control group would indicate that the method being studied has "worked." Many variations on this basic theme are possible! Illustratively, we might wish to explore the effects of a variety of "patimt" variables, both descriptive (e.g., age, sex, socio-economic status, IQ, etc.) and personality-related (e.g., anxiety, hostility, self concept, rigidity) on therapeutic process and outcome. Similarly, general status and personality variables in the therapz~t could be studied. At a slightly more complex level, it might be profitable to examine the effects on process and outcome of differing client-therapist combinations (e.g., "liberal" and "conservative" therapists paired with "liberal" and "conservative" patients, or, Ss of high or low anti-Semitism, assigned to a therapist who for half the Ss in each group is identified as Mr. Goldberg and for the other half as Mr. Smith). Apart from the theoretical implications of this type of study, it brings us an important step closer to the domain of practicality with
Edge plane segregation in cobalt-doped MoS2 crystals

Abstract Single crystals of cobalt-doped MoS 2 have been examined by Auger spectroscopy. Segregation of cobalt to growth steps (edge planes) of the faceted crystals has been detected. Edge planes are preferred sites for oxygen adsorption. Some evidence has been obtained that oxygen adsorption enhances cobalt segregation. These findings are consistent with the pseudo-intercalation model of segregation in MoS 2 crystals.
Turnover costs and the wage—fringe mix

This paper examines how firms choose their compensation package to influence employee turnover. A firm will attempt to maintain a steady state of trunover consistent with its training and hiring costs. We develop a model of this relationship when the firm's ability to offer a differentiated compensation package. Both the theoretical and empirical findings of our study emphasize the importance of the link between turnover costs and the compensation mix. That is quits are negatively realted to both the share of pensions in the total compensation package and the level of wages. The influence of pensions in attracting stable workers, however, is diminishing. An important implication is that the policies which attempt to standardize worker compensation will hinder the market determination of turnover, and hence, will generate inefficiencies in the labour market.
Who's to Blame? Attributions of Blame in Unsuccessful Mixed-Sex Work Teams

This study examined how blame is attributed when mixed-sex teams produce unsuccessful work products. Participants read about a mixed-sex dyad that had worked together on a male sex-typed task and had an unsuccessful group outcome. We varied the information participants received about the performance on the group task. When the only performance information available was group-level feedback, participants attributed more blame to the female teammate than to the male teammate. However, when individual-level feedback was available, participants attributed more blame to the male teammate than the female teammate. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Short‐Term Cell/Substrate Contact Dynamics of Subconfluent Endothelial Cells following Exposure to Laminar Flow

The manner in which fluid stresses are transmitted from the apical to the basal surface of the endothelium will influence the dynamics of cell/substrate contacts. Such dynamics could be important in the design of synthetic vascular grafts to promote endothelial cell adhesion. To examine whether the initial response of cell/substrate contact sites to flow depends on the magnitude of the applied shear stress, subconfluent monolayers of endothelial cells were exposed to flow at 10, 20, and 30 dyn cm -2 wall shear stresses for 20 min. Cell/substrate contact sites were visualized with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Flow induced a rapid fluctuation in the membrane topography, which was reflected in dynamic changes in cell/substrate contacts. Exposure to flow caused marked changes in contact area. Contact movement occurred normal and parallel to the direction of flow. Contact sites demonstrated significant variability in contact area at 30 dyn cm -2 during the experiment but no significant movement of the contact sites in flow direction after 20 min of flow. Mean square displacements of the contact center of mass were described in terms of a directed diffusion model. Prior to onset of flow, contact movement was random. Flow induced a significant convective component to contact movement for 300-600 s, followed by reestablishment of diffusive growth and movement of contacts. These results suggest that fluid stresses are rapidly transmitted from the apical to the basal surface of the cell via the cytoskeleton.
Burn patients' evaluation of emergency department care

We examined satisfaction with burn care in 1,418 patients treated in 20 community hospital emergency departments. Lower levels of satisfaction correlated with a poorer process of care measured by number of physician deviations from burn care algorithms. The less severely burned and older patients had higher degrees of satisfaction. The more satisfied the patient, the greater the compliance with medical regimens and the better the patient outcomes as measured by days lost from work and perceived disability. If better patient attitudes relate to process of care and in turn to increased compliance and better outcome, then patient satisfaction is an important part of an overall evaluation of emergency department care.
Obligation, Error, and Authenticity: Competing Cultural Principles in the Teaching of Corsican

This article examines cultural tensions revealed both in popular reactions to Corsican language education and in Corsican language pedagogy. Lack of widespread public support for compulsory Corsican education and the cultural risks and ambiguities associated with defining linguistic error in the classroom are interpreted as evidence of conflict between a dominant Western European model of perfect congruence between language and identity and a plural cultural and linguistic reality.
Sediment chemistry of lakes formed by surface-mining for coal in the midwestern U.S.A.

Sediment from lakes on abandoned coal mines in the Midwestern U.S.A. was examined to determine the factors controlling chemical composition and the role the sediment plays in lake neutralization. Sediment concentrations of many cations, (especially heavy metals) are strongly correlated with sediment sulfide concentration, but poorly correlated with the pH of the overlying water. Leaching the sediment of one lake with 1 N ammonium acetate, 0.1 N HCl, and 6 N HCl revealed that cations were mostly bound in weak acid-leachable and strong acid-leachable forms. The weak acid-leachable form is likely to be metal sulfides and calcium carbonate. The sulfide-poor sediments of extremely acid lakes contained few weak acid-leachable cations. Raw mine-spoil contained large amounts of easily leached cations. There is little relationship between changes in sediment chemistry over time determined from cores of lake sediment and past lake pH. Rates of sulfide deposition were examined in sediment cores because sulfate reduction and deposition has been suggested as a major source of alkalinity in lakes influenced by acid precipitation. Although the rate of sulfate deposition in surface mine lakes is high, it alone seems to be insufficient to cause neutralization.
A cash flow approach to the statement of changes in financial position

Abstract Increased emphasis on managing and reporting the cash flows of companies has been articulated by academics, professional organizations, and business managers. However, traditional accounting textbooks and course syllabi have been slow to relinquish a working capital focus for the statement of changes in financial position (SCFP). This article presents a cash flow approach to the SCFP that is ideal for classroom instructional purposes because it is intuitively appealing, managerially oriented, and reflective of a growing number of companies' public disclosures.
Synthesis of dealuminated zeolites NaY and MOR and characterization by diverse methodologies: 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR, XRD, and temperature dependent 129Xe NMR

Zeolites NaY and mordenite have been dealuminated by SiCl4 and steaming methods and carefully characterized during and after the various synthetic stages by 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to ensure sample quality. 129Xe NMR spectra for xenon adsorbed in NaX, siliceous Y, mordenite, and dealuminated mordenite have been obtained for very low xenon loadings and as a function of temperature. Data obtained for faujasites indicate that 129Xe NMR chemical shifts are very sensitive to the Si/Al ratio reflecting the presence or absence of strong adsorption sites. 129Xe NMR chemical shift data for the mordenite samples show that Xe dwells preferentially in the side pockets which do not seem to be affected by the dealumination process. In addition, the 129Xe NMR data clearly reveal information not available from 29Si and 27Al NMR or XRD regarding structural integrity of the zeolites. The findings presented here point to the need for characterization of siliceous zeolites by several techniques before conclusions regarding zeolite structural integrity can be drawn.
Behavioral Response of Bats to Passive Integrated Transponder Tag Reader Arrays Placed at Cave Entrances

Abstract An increasingly popular mark–recapture method to study the ecology of bats is the use of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. Deployment of PIT reader arrays at entrances to caves and mines can yield insight into bat behavior during swarming, winter activity, and emergence. This application has the potential to address questions about bat activity at cave and mine entrances in response to white-nose syndrome or bat seasonal movements; however, no studies have examined the response of bats to these arrays. We describe bat response to placement of PIT tag reader arrays using camcorders and supplemental infrared illuminators at three cave entrances near Bloomington, Indiana, during spring 2006. A random subset of 5-min periods was viewed and bat behavior was classified. Circling represented >70% of all behavior noted for two caves but only represented approximately 30% of behavior at the third cave. Proportions of observed activity that resulted in contacts or landings were consistently low ac...
Activity studies of eight purified cellulases: Specificity, synergism, and binding domain effects.

The activities of six purified Thermomonospora fusca cellulases and Trichoderma reesei CBHI and CBHII were determined on filter paper, swollen cellulose, and CMC. A simple method to measure the soluble and insoluble reducing sugar products from the hydrolysis of filter paper was found to effectively distinguish between exocellulases and endocellulases. Endocellulases produced 34% to 50% insoluble reducing sugar and exocellulases produced less than 8% insoluble reducing sugar. The ability of a wide variety of mixtures of these cellulases to digest 5.2% of a filter paper disc in 16 h was measured quantitatively. The specific activities of the mixtures varied from 0.41 to 16.31 micromol cellobiose per minute per micromole enzyme. The degree of synergism ranged from 0.4 to 7.8. T. reesei CBHII and T. fusca E3 were found to be functionally equivalent in mixtures. The catalytic domains (cd) of T. fusca endocellulases E2 and E5 were purified and found to retain 93% and 100% of their CMC activity, respectively, but neither cd protein could digest filter paper to 5.2%. When E2cd and E5cd were substituted in synergistic mixtures for the native proteins, the mixtures containing E2cd retained 60%, and those containing E5cd retained 94% of the original activity. Addition of a beta-glucosidase was found to double the activity of the best synergistic mixture. Addition of CBHI to T. fusca crude cellulase increased its activity on filter paper 1.7-fold.
Immunochemical Studies of Lectins

Summary A method for the partial purification of Sophora japonica lectin is described. Tests on the partially purified lectin showed it to possess an increased specific activity for A and B erythrocytes but to have a low activity for group O erythrocytes. Chromatographic analysis on G-200 sephadex showed two distinct peaks for the purified lectin and only one for the crude lectin, suggesting that partly purified lectin had a slightly smaller molecular size than did the crude material. Differences were also found between crude lectin and partly purified lectin by electrophoretic analysis and DEAE cellulose chromatography employing bromphenol blue staining of the protein and erythrocyte staining to locate the hemagglutinating activity.
Relationship of loss, mean age of air and the distribution of CFCs to stratospheric circulation and implications for atmospheric lifetimes

Man-made molecules called chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs) are broken apart in the stratosphere by high energy light, and the reactive chlorine gases that come from them cause the ozone hole. Since the ozone layer stops high energy light from reaching low altitudes, CFCs must be transported to high altitudes to be broken apart. The number of molecules per volume (the density) is much smaller at high altitudes than near the surface, and CFC molecules have a very small chance of reaching that altitude in any particular year. Many tons of CFCs were put into the atmosphere during the end of the last century, and it will take many years for all of them to be destroyed. Each CFC has an atmospheric lifetime that depends on the amount of energy required to break them apart. Two of the gases that were made the most are CFC13 and CF2C12. It takes more energy to break apart CF2C12 than CFC13, and its lifetime is about 100 years, nearly twice as long as the lifetime for CFC13. It is hard to figure out the lifetimes from surface measurements because we don't know exactly how much was released into the air each year. Atmospheric models are used to predict what will happen to ozone and other gases as the CFCs decrease and other gases like C02 continue to increase during the next century. CFC lifetimes are used to predict future concentrations and all assessment models use the predicted future concentrations. The models have different circulations and the amount of CFC lost according to the model may not match the loss that is expected according to the lifetime. In models the amount destroyed per year depends on how fast the model pushes air into the stratosphere and how much goes to high altitudes each year. This paper looks at the way the model circulation changes the lifetimes, and looks at measurements that tell us which model is more realistic. Some models do a good job reproducing the age-of-air, which tells us that these models are circulating the stratospheric air at the right speed. These same models also do a good job reproducing the amount of CFCs in the lower atmosphere where they were measured by instruments on NASA's ER-2, a research plane that flies in the lower stratosphere. The lifetime for CFC13 that is calculated using the models that do the best job matching the data is about 25% longer than most people thought. This paper shows that using these measurements to decide which models are more realistic helps us understand why their predictions are different from each other and also to decide which predictions are more likely.
EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE OBSTRUCTIONS ON CONJUGATE FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN TUBES

A numerical investigation has been carried out for conjugate forced convection heat transfer in tubes with multiple obstructions. The investigation included the ranges of Reynolds number Re, thermal conductivity ratio kr, and the distance between two obstructions d of 50-600, 0.3-3.0, and 2.0-8.0, respectively. A fluid Prandtl number Pr of 7.56 is used. The obstructions create recirculation flow / back flow in the tube with increase and decrease of local heat transfer rates. Reversal in the direction of heat transfer occurs at certain locations of the tube due to the presence of the obstructions. At high values of Re and d, reversal in the direction of heat transfer occurs on the outer wall after the second obstruction. The overall heat transfer rate decreases with the decrease of kr.
Solution and crystallographic studies of branched multivalent ligands that inhibit the receptor-binding of cholera toxin.

The structure-based design of multivalent ligands offers an attractive strategy toward high affinity protein inhibitors. The spatial arrangement of the receptor-binding sites of cholera toxin, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera and a member of the AB5 bacterial toxin family, provides the opportunity of designing branched multivalent ligands with 5-fold symmetry. Our modular synthesis enabled the construction of a family of complex ligands with five flexible arms each ending with a bivalent ligand. The largest of these ligands has a molecular weight of 10.6 kDa. These ligands are capable of simultaneously binding to two toxin B pentamer molecules with high affinity, thus blocking the receptor-binding process of cholera toxin. A more than million-fold improvement over the monovalent ligand in inhibitory power was achieved with the best branched decavalent ligand. This is better than the improvement observed earlier for the corresponding nonbranched pentavalent ligand. Dynamic light ...
Bibliographic database of PACS-related articles from the SPIE literature

510 5. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110ABSTRACTPublications of the Society for Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineering (SPIE) contain much ofthe relevant literature on Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS) and related topics. Infact, many PACS-related articles indexed by the National Library of Medicine contain references to articlespublished by SPIE. Unfortunately, SPIE publications themselves are not indexed by the National Libraryof Medicine and thus can not be identified through Medline. The lack of a convenient mechanism forsearching the SPIE literature is problematic for researchers in medical imaging. With the recentintroduction on SPIEs Internet server of their Abstracts Online service and their In-Cite® title and authorsearching software, the SPIE literature has become more accessible. However, the searching process is still acumbersome and time consuming process, and it is not possible to perform key word searches ofmanuscript abstracts. In this paper we present results of our work on developing a mechanism to morethoroughly search SPIE publications for PACS-related articles.Key Words: PACS bibliography, Digital imaging bibliography, Bibliographic database.1. PURPOSEOur goal in this work was to create an easily searchable bibliographic database of PACS-relatedarticles from the SPIE literature.2. METHODS:Identification of SPIE publications that contain PACS-related manuscripts: SPIE currently listsmanuscript titles (from 1990 to the present) on-line over the Internet for searching via their In-Cite®software. Using a PACS-specific key word list developed for this project, we used In-Cite® to search SPIEmanuscript titles for these key words. Specific conference proceedings and other SPIE publications whichcontain PACS-related articles were identified from this search.l)ownloading of abstracts from SPIE PACS-related publications: Using SPIEs Abstracts Onlineservice, we downloaded bibliographic information for each of the PACS-related SPIE publicationsidentified above. This information included publication volume numbers, editors and ISBN numbers aswell as manuscript titles, authors, abstracts, and page numbers.Creation of a searchable bibliographic database of SPIE PA CS-related manuscripts: Software waswritten to extract bibliographic information from each volume of the downloaded files so that it could beimported into a commercially available bibliographic information management system (Pro-Cite®).3. RESULTSThe above methods enabled creation of a bibliographic database containing the authors, manuscriptand publication titles, abstracts and page numbers of PACS-related articles from the SPIE literature. UnlikeSPIEs In-Cite® software, commercially available software enables keyword searches not only of manuscript
A DNA damage response system associated with the phosphoCTD of elongating RNA polymerase II

RNA polymerase II translocates across much of the genome and since it can be blocked by many kinds of DNA lesions, detects DNA damage proficiently; it thereby contributes to DNA repair and to normal levels of DNA damage resistance. However, the components and mechanisms that respond to polymerase blockage are largely unknown, except in the case of UV-induced damage that is corrected by nucleotide excision repair. Because elongating RNAPII carries with it numerous proteins that bind to its hyperphosphorylated CTD, we tested for effects of interfering with this binding. We find that expressing a decoy CTD-carrying protein in the nucleus, but not in the cytoplasm, leads to reduced DNA damage resistance. Likewise, inducing aberrant phosphorylation of the CTD, by deleting CTK1, reduces damage resistance and also alters rates of homologous recombination-mediated repair. In line with these results, extant data sets reveal a remarkable, highly significant overlap between phosphoCTD-associating protein genes and DNA damage-resistance genes. For one well-known phosphoCTD-associating protein, the histone methyltransferase Set2, we demonstrate a role in DNA damage resistance, and we show that this role requires the phosphoCTD binding ability of Set2; surprisingly, Set2’s role in damage resistance does not depend on its catalytic activity. To explain all of these observations, we posit the existence of a CTD-Associated DNA damage Response (CAR) system, organized around the phosphoCTD of elongating RNAPII and comprising a subset of phosphoCTD-associating proteins.
Oxidative stress: molecular perception and transduction of signals triggering antioxidant gene defenses

Molecular oxygen (O2) is the premier biological electron acceptor that serves vital roles in fundamental cellular functions. However, with the beneficial properties of O2 comes the inadvertent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2*-), hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical (OH*). If unabated, ROS pose a serious threat to or cause the death of aerobic cells. To minimize the damaging effects of ROS, aerobic organisms evolved non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defenses. The latter include catalases, peroxidases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Cellular ROS-sensing mechanisms are not well understood, but a number of transcription factors that regulate the expression of antioxidant genes are well characterized in prokaryotes and in yeast. In higher eukaryotes, oxidative stress responses are more complex and modulated by several regulators. In mammalian systems, two classes of transcription factors, nuclear factor kB and activator protein-1, are involved in the oxidative stress response. Antioxidant-specific gene induction, involved in xenobiotic metabolism, is mediated by the "antioxidant responsive element" (ARE) commonly found in the promoter region of such genes. ARE is present in mammalian GST, metallothioneine-I and MnSod genes, but has not been found in plant Gst genes. However, ARE is present in the promoter region of the three maize catalase (Cat) genes. In plants, ROS have been implicated in the damaging effects of various environmental stress conditions. Many plant defense genes are activated in response to these conditions, including the three maize Cat and some of the superoxide dismutase (Sod) genes.
Pain and anxiety behaviors of dogs during intravenous catheterization after premedication with placebo, acepromazine or oxymorphone

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the behavioral responses of dogs to routine handling during the preoperative period after being given a placebo or a commonly used anesthetic premedicant. Junior veterinary surgery students working in teams of three were provided with written descriptions of 13 dog behaviors (struggling, rigid, shivering, wide-eyed facial expression, vocalization, biting, limb withdrawal, orienting, breath holding, panting, hiding, salivating and activity requiring muzzling) and asked to scale the behaviors from 0 (absent) to 4 (present to a great extent) during the preoperative period. The students were asked to record behaviors at three different times: placing the dog on the table (Period 1); clipping and surgical preparation (clipping/prepping) of a cephalic limb (Period 2); intravenous (iv) catheterization (Period 3). Each team had three or four experiences. Each dog was given a saline placebo (P dogs) (0.05 ml kg−1 intramuscular (IM)), acepromazine (A dogs) (0.05 mg kg−1 IM), or oxymorphone (X dogs) (0.05 mg kg−1 IM) as an anesthetic premedicant. The premedicants were made isovolumetric and similarly tinted in color. Scaled behaviours occurring more than 10% of the time and demonstrating significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments were as follows: (1) rigidity, wide-eyed facial expression and panting for Period 1; (2) rigidity, hiding, salivating and panting during Period 2; (3) wide-eyed facial expression, panting and salivating during Period 3. A dogs were less rigid than P dogs and less wide-eyed than X dogs during Period 1, less rigid and engaged in less hiding behavior than P dogs during Period 2, and were less wide-eyed than P dogs during Period 3. X dogs panted and salivated more than A or P dogs during all three periods, and engaged in less hiding behavior than P dogs during Period 2. Acepromazine appears to be more effective than oxymorphone or placebo in decreasing anxiety behaviors in dogs. Non-parametric analysis of presence/absence data of behaviors occurring more than 10% of the time, demonstrated the same significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments as the analysis of scaled behaviors. Additionally, wide-eyed facial expression and vocalization were found to be significant (P<0.05) during Period 2, and rigidity and vocalization were found to be significant (P<0.05) during Period 3. If 100% agreement among observers was required for inclusion in the non-parametric analysis, the behaviors found to be significant (P<0.05) were as follows: (1) orienting, panting and salivating during Period 2; (2) panting and salivating during Period 3. Qualitative and quantitative measures of catheter placement ease were not affected by the drug.
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION OF TRUSS STRUCTURES USING SIMULATED ANNEALING

A design procedure for integrating topological decision making in the framework of structural optimization is presented. The proposed approach facilitates (i) generation and evaluation of alternate structural topologies, and (ii) development of detailed designs for promising concepts. In contrast with the ground-structure approach, the proposed method allows for an introduction of new members in an existing topology. This is done using 0-1 variables to represent topological decisions involving a choice between alternative designs. Since the topological variables are discrete in nature and the member cross-sections are assumed to be continuous, the topological optimization problem has mixed discrete-continuous variables. This problem is solved using a simulated annealing approach wherein the search for an optimum topology is simulated as a relaxation of the stochastic structural system. A probabilistic acceptance criterion is used to accept/reject candidate designs. Numerical results obtained using simulat...
Major and minor groups in evolution

Kerr and Godfrey-Smith argue that two mathematically equivalent, alternative formal representations drawn from population genetics, the contextualist and collectivist formalisms, may be equally good for quantifying the dynamics of some natural systems, despite important differences between the formalisms. I draw on constraints on causal representation from Woodward (Making things happen, Oxford University Press, New York, 2003) and Eberhardt and Scheines (Philos Sci 74(5):981–995, 2006) to argue that one or the other formalism will be superior for arbitrary natural systems in which individuals form different types of groups.
Predictors of Hypothermia during Spinal Anesthesia

Background: Body temperature often is ignored during regional anesthesia, despite evidence that hypothermia occurs commonly. Because hypothermia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, it is important to recognize predictors of hypothermia and to monitor and control body temperature in patients at risk. The current study was designed to determine the predictors of core hypothermia in patients receiving spinal anesthesia for radical retropubic prostatectomy. Methods: Forty-four patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy were studied. A lumbar intrathecal injection of 18 ‐22 mg bupivacaine, 0.75%, with 20 mg fentanyl was given. No active warming measures were used other than intravenous fluid warming. The following clinical variables were assessed as potential predictors of core (tympanic) temperature at admission to the postanesthesia care unit: duration of surgery, average ambient operating room temperature, body habitus, age, and spinal blockade level. Results: The mean core temperature at admission to the postanesthesia care unit was 35.1 6 0.6°C (range, 33.6 ‐36.3°C). Duration of surgery, ambient operating room temperature, and body habitus were not predictors of hypothermia. A high level of spinal blockade and increasing age were predictors of hypothermia. For each incremental increase in block level, core temperature decreased by 0.15°C, and for each increase in age, core temperature decreased by 0.3°C. Conclusions: Although high-level spinal blockade has been associated with decreased thermoregulatory thresholds, no previous study has shown that a higher level of blockade is associated with a greater magnitude of core hypothermia in the clinical setting. As with general anesthesia, advanced age is associated with hypothermia during spinal anesthesia. (Key words: Body temperature; regional anesthesia; thermoregulation.)
A Q-band SiGe power amplifier with 17.5 dBm saturated output power and 26% peak PAE

A Q-band class-B power amplifier implemented in a 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS process is presented. At 45 GHz, the PA achieves a 17.5 dBm saturated output power, a 16.6 dB peak power gain, and a 26% peak power-added efficiency (PAE) with a 2.5V supply. A 2-stage, single-ended, inductor matched topology is used. To support envelope modulation transceiver topologies, the output common-emitter stage is optimized for high efficiency under varying supply voltage and maintains a peak PAE of greater than 21% throughout the supply voltage range of 1.3V to 2.5V. The PA occupies a total die area of 0.2 mm2.
A generalized model to predict the effect of voids on modulus in ceramics

An equation recently developed by the present author to describe the modulus of particulate composites as a function of the volume fraction of particles was modified in this study to describe modulus as a function of porosity. This new equation was applied to available modulus literature for ceramics where voids were the particulate phase. By varying the porosity interaction coefficient, σ, this new generalized void/modulus equation was shown to be able to yield equations previously used to predict modulus as a function of voids for ceramics. Wang theoretically described the mode of porosity interaction during compaction with a constant, α, to calculate the void/modulus relationship for three different compaction conditions. The generalized void/modulus equation developed in this study fit Wang's theoretical data exceptionally well, even though the porosity interaction coefficients, σ, obtained did not agree closely with Wang's values of α. Wang also experimentally measured the porosity and Young's modulus of manufactured alumina rods prepared with spherical and “egg-shaped” powders. The optimum fit for spherical particles occurred at σ=0.9 and an initial porosity of P i=0.405 and for “egg-shaped” particles at σ=1.05 and P i=0.475. The generalized void/modulus the equation for σ=−1 yields an equation that has the same form as Wang's proposed empirical equation that utilized two empirical constants, b and c. Wang's experimental data fitted with his proposed empirical equation gave a positive value for the constant c of 0.982 which corresponded to a negative value of P i of -0.0743 which was not defined in the theoretical considerations developed in this study. While this value of the initial porosity, P i, does give a better fit of the data for the interaction constant σ=-1, it still did not fit all the data as well as the results calculated for interaction coefficients nearer 1.0. The results of this study have shown that an excellent fit of most void/modulus data can be obtained using the generalized void/modulus equation developed in this study without making assumptions inconsistent with the theory presented.
Radial and angular correlations of two excited electrons. III. Comparison of configuration-interaction wave functions with adiabatic channel functions in hyperspherical coordinates

Wave functions for doubly excited states of helium $^{1,3}S^{e}$ states calculated in the configuration-interaction (CI) method are examined in hyperspherical coordinates. It is shown that these wave functions are essentially identical to the wave functions calculated in the adiabatic approximation except in regions where the charge density is vanishingly small. This comparison establishes the connection between the classification of doubly excited states based upon the adiabatic approximation in hyperspherical coordinates and the classification of Herrick and Sinanoglu\ifmmode \check{}\else \v{}\fi{} which is based upon the approximate CI wave functions. It is also shown that states calculated from the CI method which have similar quantum defects have the same correlation patterns except in regions where the charge density is small. This establishes the approximate channel classification of doubly excited states as implied in the adiabatic approximation in hyperspherical coordinates.
A comparative study of β-crystallin from six mammals

Abstract 1. 1. The major β-crystallin fractions have been isolated from the ocular lens of six species of mammals. 2. 2. Each species has two major β-crystallin classes which differ in mol. wt, but which share some identical polypeptides. 3. 3. Definite variations in polypeptide composition are demonstrated among the species studied. 4. 4. The β-crystallins from the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) are the most distinctive among those of the species studied.
Observations on spermiogenesis in the fungus gnat Sciara coprophila.

Although 9-membered centrioles are found in somatic tissues of Sciara, the centriole which lies at the spindle pole of the second meiotic division in male Sciara is composed of a row of approximately 70 short tubules in an oval array. Shortly after telophase of this unequal division, in the daughter cell destined to undergo spermiogenesis, microtubules become confluent with the tubules of the centriole. These tubules have the same density as other cytoplasmic microtubules after glutaraldehyde-OsO4 fixation and, like them, are not preserved with OsO4 fixation. As the centriole, now with approximately 70 attached, posteriorly directed, doublet tubules, migrates from the polar to the apolar end of the nucleus to take a final position in an oval groove which forms in the nuclear envelope, the tubules lengthen and become demonstrable after OsO4 fixation and more electron opaque than other cytoplasmic microtubules following glutaraldehyde-OsO4 fixation. Later, a singlet tubule appears peripherally to each doublet of the oval and 4 "arms" develop at specific sites on the tubules. Posteriorly, where the oval of tubules becomes discontinuous and forms a spiral, the arrangement of arms is different and the singlet tubules are lacking. Dense solid bodies develop inside this odd flagellum and become enclosed by a smooth double membrane. A single mitochondrial derivative has three components: a central area of homogeneous, moderately electron-opaque, proteinaceous material; a peripheral ring of cristae; and a crystalloid which is specifically oriented with respect to the flagellar tubules.
The effect of aluminum additions on the thermal, microstructural, and mechanical behavior of NiTiHf shape memory alloys

Abstract Ni 50 Ti 30 − X Hf 20 Al X ( X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 at.%) alloys were investigated using thermal, microstructural, and mechanical analysis. It was found that Al additions to this system decreased the transformation temperatures and thermal cyclic stability of the quaternary alloys. Also, the lenticular Han phase was observed in the aged 3–5% Al alloys in accordance with previous studies in literature performed at a similar aging temperature. Though no transformation was detected after DSC cycling down to −60 °C for the aged 4% and 5% Al alloys, mechanical testing confirmed pseudoelasticity. Additionally, TEM and atom probe analysis confirmed that aging at 600 °C resulted in precipitation of the Ni 2 TiAl Heusler phase and determined the Al solubility limit in the matrix as near 3 at.%. Lastly, precipitation strengthening by the Heusler phase was observed when comparing the solution-treated and aged 4% and 5% Al alloys. Microstructural evolution was further characterized using XRD, SEM and compression testing.
Brain Organization of Language after Early Unilateral Lesion: A PET Study

Neuropsychological studies suggest that good long-term language outcome is possible following extensive early left-hemisphere damage. We explored the brain organization for language in children with early unilateral lesion, using [15O]-water PET. In 12 patients with left lesion (LL) and 9 patients with right lesion (RL), cerebral blood flow changes during listening to sentences and repetition were studied. A rightward shift of language activations in the LL group was found in perisylvian areas and multiple other, mostly temporo-parietal, regions. The hypothesis of intrahemispheric reorganization in the LL group found only limited support. The number of activated regions was overall greater in the RL group. Unexpected findings included a stronger subcortical and cerebellar language involvement in the RL group. We suggest that (a) early left lesion is associated with enhanced language participation of the right hemisphere in and beyond the classical language areas, and (b) postlesional effects are in part additive (recruitment of noncanonical areas), in part subtractive (functional depression in areas normally involved in language).
“Spiteful Sisterhood”: Tennessee Williams and Truman Capote

Critic Malcolm Cowley once observed that “the homosexual of talent, if he achieves a literary success, does so in spite of handicaps that aren't imposed on other writers” (qtd. in Arthur 162). The ...
Inhibition of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase by the model sulfur mustard vesicant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species

Inhalation of vesicants including sulfur mustard can cause significant damage to the upper airways. This is the result of vesicant-induced modifications of proteins important in maintaining the integrity of the lung. Cytochrome P450s are the major enzymes in the lung mediating detoxification of sulfur mustard and its metabolites. NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase is a flavin-containing electron donor for cytochrome P450. The present studies demonstrate that the sulfur mustard analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), is a potent inhibitor of human recombinant cytochrome P450 reductase, as well as native cytochrome P450 reductase from liver microsomes of saline and β-naphthoflavone-treated rats, and cytochrome P450 reductase from type II lung epithelial cells. Using rat liver microsomes from β-naphthoflavone-treated rats, CEES was found to inhibit CYP 1A1 activity. This inhibition was overcome by microsomal cytochrome P450 reductase from saline-treated rats, which lack CYP 1A1 activity, demonstrating that the CEES inhibitory activity was selective for cytochrome P450 reductase. Cytochrome P450 reductase also generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) via oxidation of NADPH. In contrast to its inhibitory effects on the reduction of cytochrome c and CYP1A1 activity, CEES was found to stimulate ROS formation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that sulfur mustard vesicants target cytochrome P450 reductase and that this effect may be an important mechanism mediating oxidative stress and lung injury.