cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensing of antipyretic carboxylates by simple chromogenic calix[4]pyrroles.

We present a simple, two- or three-step method for the synthesis of chromogenic octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole-based (OMCP) sensors for anions. Electrophilic aromatic substitution allows for converting ...
Dietary fat intake in relation to lethal breast cancer in two large prospective cohort studies

Whether fat intake influences risk of developing more aggressive, lethal breast tumors is unknown. We evaluated intakes of total fat, specific types of fat, and cholesterol prior to diagnosis in relation to lethal breast cancer risk in 88,759 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1980–2010) and 93,912 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII; 1991–2010). Diet was assessed every 4 years using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Breast cancers were confirmed with pathology reports; deaths were confirmed by next of kin or the National Death Index. We defined lethal cases as women with invasive breast cancer who died of breast cancer. We pooled the cohorts and used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. We identified 1,529 lethal breast cancer cases (1,279 in NHS and 250 in NHSII). Higher total fat intake was associated with a slightly lower lethal breast cancer risk (top vs. bottom quintile hazard ratio [HR] 0.85; 95 % CI 0.72, 1.01; p trend = 0.05). Specific types of fat were generally not associated with lethal breast cancer risk. For example, compared with those in the lowest quintile of saturated fat intake, those in the highest quintile had a HR of 0.98 (95 % CI 0.75, 1.26; p trend = 0.96). Among women diagnosed with breast cancer, pre-diagnosis fat intake was not associated with survival. Higher pre-diagnosis fat intake was not associated with greater risk of lethal breast cancer in these large prospective cohort studies, consistent with the weight of the evidence against a causal role for fat intake and breast cancer incidence.
Diffusion models for population dynamics incorporating individual behavior at boundaries: applications to refuge design.

We construct models for dispersal of a population which incorporate the response of individuals to interfaces between habitat types. The models are based on random walks where there may be a bias in the direction an individual moves when it encounters an interface. This sort of dispersal process is called skew Brownian motion. Our models take the form of diffusion equations with matching conditions across the interface between regions for population densities and fluxes. We combine the dispersal models with linear population growth models which assume that the population growth rate differs between regions of different habitat types. We use those models to study issues of refuge design. We specifically consider how the effectiveness of buffer zones depends on their size, quality, and the population's response to the interface between the buffer zone and the refuge.
A note on the mathematical biology of automobile driving

It is pointed out that the three different stimuli for a corrective turn, namely the distance from the edge of the lane, the rate of approach to the edge, and the angle between the direction of the car and the direction of the lane (Bull. Math. Biophysics,28, 645–654, 1966,29, 181–186, 1967) may act all three simultaneously. It is found that in that case the tracking curve of the car is stable below a critical speed and becomes unstable above it.
Binge eating disorder and food addiction.

Binge eating disorder (BED) shares many characteristics with addictive behaviors (e.g., diminished control, continued use despite negative consequences), and a body of scientific literature is building to support addiction conceptualizations of problematic eating. Despite similarities, BED and “food addiction” may represent unique yet overlapping conditions. Although the exploration of food addiction is relatively new, understanding the relationship between food addiction and BED may be informative in understanding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of problematic eating. In the following paper, we 1) examine the theoretical similarities and differences between BED and addiction, 2) review recent empirical evidence that speak to the relationship between BED and food addiction and 3) discuss the implications of associations between BED and food addiction with respect to clinical interventions.
Hprt(CAG)146 mice: age of onset of behavioral abnormalities, time course of neuronal intranuclear inclusion accumulation, neurotransmitter marker alterations, mitochondrial function markers, and susceptibility to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.

We reported previously a model of polyglutamine repeat disorders with insertion of 146 CAG repeats into the murine hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase locus (Hprt (CAG)146 ; Ordway et al. [1997] Cell 91:753–763), which does not normally contain polyglutamine repeats. These mice develop an adult-onset neurologic phenotype of incoordination, involuntary limb clasping, seizures, and premature death. Histologic analysis demonstrates widespread ubiquinated neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs). We now report characterization of the age of onset of behavioral abnormalities, correlated with the time course of occurrence of NIIs in several brain regions, and the occurrence of NIIs in non-neuronal tissues. Onset of behavioral abnormalities occurred at approximately 22 weeks of age. There was variable time course of expression of NIIs in several brain regions. Assessment of several non-neuronal tissues revealed nuclear inclusions in hepatocytes and choroid plexus epithelium. -Aminobutyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptors, dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptors, and type 2 vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) binding sites were assayed before and after the onset of behavioral abnormalities. GABA/ benzodiazepine receptors were unchanged either before or after the onset of behavioral abnormalities in any region analyzed, whereas striatal D1-like and D2-like receptors were diminished after but not before the onset of symptoms. Dorsal striatal VMAT2 binding sites were decreased before the onset of behavioral changes. Mitochondrial electron transport chain components were assayed with histochemical methods before and after the onset of behavioral changes. There was no change in behaviorally presymptomatic or symptomatic animals. Hprt (CAG)146 mice did not exhibit increased susceptibility to the mitochondrial toxin 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine. Hprt (CAG)146 mice are a useful model for studying polyglutamine repeat
Use of a culture-independent approach to characterize aerosolized bacteria near an open-freestall dairy operation ☆

Animal manures are known to harbor a variety of zoonotic pathogens, which are suspected of being transported off-site as aerosols from confined feeding operations. In this study, aerosols were collected using a high-volume sampler downwind from a 10,000 cow open-freestall dairy and nearby fields being sprinkler irrigated with wastewater. DNA extracts were prepared from the aerosol samples, then a region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced for bacterial identification and phylogenetic classification. At the dairy and irrigation sites, Proteobacteria (α-, β-, and γ-subdivisions) was the most abundant phylum, representing 78% and 69% of all sequences, respectively, while Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes represented only 10% or less of the sequences. Of the 191 clones sequenced from the dairy aerosol samples, 6 sequences were found to be homologous with uncultured bacteria from cow milk, rumen, and fecal samples. However, none of the sequence matches was affiliated with bacteria known to be pathogenic to otherwise healthy humans. Although our results do suggest a high diversity among the aerosolized bacteria, the sampling strategy employed in this study may not account for the variable nature of bioaerosol emissions.
Capacity of Markov channels with receiver CSI and delayed feedback

While feedback does not increase the capacity of memoryless channels, the capacity of time-varying channels with feedback can be increased by exploiting the structure in the channel variations. Feedback information from the receiver is usually available at the transmitter only after some time delay. The capacity increase due to feedback depends on the feedback delay relative to the channel decorrelation time. We model time-varying channels as finite-state Markov channels and determine their capacity as a function of the feedback delay assuming perfect channel state information at the receiver. We apply the result to derive power control strategies to maximize the capacity for finite-state additive Gaussian noise channels and log-normal shadow fading channels.
The Changing Urban Landscape: Interconnections Between Racial/Ethnic Segregation and Exposure in the Study of Race-Specific Violence Over Time

Objectives. We investigated how racial/ethnic shifts in the urban landscape influence race-specific violence by considering changes in the size of the Hispanic population, racial/ethnic contact, and racial segregation patterns.Methods. We used a time-series approach incorporating 4 decennial periods (1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010) to determine whether racial/ethnic demographic changes in 144 US cities influenced White and Black homicide rates. Sources included census and Uniform Crime Reports Supplemental Homicide Report data.Results. The growing diversity in the residential population of US cities contributed to the dramatic decline in homicide rates over time, but the effects differed by racial group. Exposure between Hispanics and Blacks and the growing presence of Hispanics led to a reduced Black homicide trend but had no impact on Whites, after adjustment for economic shifts and other important structural features in US cities.Conclusions. Our research highlights the importance of paying closer attentio...
A microbiotic survey of lichen-associated bacteria reveals a new lineage from the Rhizobiales

This study uses a set of PCR-based methods to examine the putative microbiota associated with lichen thalli. In initial experiments, generalized oligonucleotide-primers for the 16S rRNA gene resulted in amplicon pools populated almost exclusively with fragments derived from lichen photobionts (i.e., Cyanobacteria or chloroplasts of algae). This effectively masked the presence of other lichen-associated prokaryotes. In order to facilitate the study of the lichen microbiota, 16S ribosomal oligonucleotide-primers were developed to target Bacteria, but exclude sequences derived from chloroplasts and Cyanobacteria. A preliminary microbiotic survey of lichen thalli using these new primers has revealed the identity of several bacterial associates, including representatives of the extremophilic Acidobacteria, bacteria in the families Acetobacteraceae and Brucellaceae, strains belonging to the genus Methylobacterium, and members of an undescribed lineage in the Rhizobiales. This new lineage was investigated and characterized through molecular cloning, and was found to be present in all examined lichens that are associated with green algae. There is evidence to suggest that members of this lineage may both account for a large proportion of the lichen-associated bacterial community and assist in providing the lichen thallus with crucial nutrients such as fixed nitrogen.
Design of Compliant Mechanisms for Minimizing Input Power in Dynamic Applications

In this paper, we investigate power flow in compliant mechanisms that are employed in dynamic applications. More specifically, we identify various elements of the energy storage and transfer between the input, external load, and strain energy stored within the compliant transmission. The goal is to design compliant mechanisms for dynamic applications by exploiting the inherent energy storage capability of compliant mechanisms in the most effective manner. We present a detailed case study on a flapping mechanism, in which we compare the peak input power requirement in a rigid-body mechanism with attached springs versus a distributed compliant mechanism. Through this case study, we present two approaches: (1) generative-load exploitation and (2) reactance cancellation, to describe the role of stored elastic energy in reducing the peak input power requirement. We propose a compliant flapping mechanism and its evaluation using nonlinear transient analysis. The input power needed to drive the proposed compliant flapping mechanism is found to be 50% less than a rigid-link four-bar flapping mechanism without a spring, and 15% less than the one with a spring. This reduction of peak input power is primarily due to the exploitation of elasticity in compliant members. The results show that a compliant mechanism can be a better alternative to a rigid-body mechanism with attached springs. DOI: 10.1115/1.2756086
Fluorescence anisotropy decay studies upon hemoglobin A and its subunits

Fluorescent conjugates of hemoglobin A, its isolated β-chain, and the apo-derivative of the β-chain have been prepared in which the β-93 sulfhydryl was conjugated with 1,5-AEDANS. Radiationless enery transfer to the heme group results in a major decrease in fluorescence intensity and decay time. Measurements of the time decay of fluorescence anisotropy, employing single-photon counting, indicate that the apparent rotational correlation time is, in each case, substantially reduced from the value expected for a rigid molecule of the same molecular weight. This observation raises the possibility that internal degrees of rotational freedom exist.
Cooperative Rec-I-DCM3: A Population-Based Approach for Reconstructing Phylogenies

In this paper, we study the use of cooperation as a technique for designing faster algorithms for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Our focus is on the use of cooperation to reconstruct trees based on maximum parsimony. Our baseline algorithm is Rec-I-DCM3, the best-performing MP algorithm known-to-date. Our results demonstrate that cooperation does improve the performance of the baseline algorithm by at least an order of magnitude in terms of running time. The use of cooperation also established a new best known score on one of our datasets.
Detection of mammaglobin mRNA in peripheral blood is associated with high grade breast cancer: Interim results of a prospective cohort study

We sought to examine the detection rate of cancer cells in peripheral blood (PBL) and in bone marrow (BM) using an established 7-gene marker panel and evaluated whether there were any definable associations of any individual gene with traditional predictors of prognosis. Patients with T1-T3 primary breast cancer were enrolled into a prospective, multi-institutional cohort study. In this interim analysis 215 PBL and 177 BM samples were analyzed by multimarker, real-time RT-PCR analysis designed to detect circulating and disseminated breast cancer cells. At a threshold of three standard deviations from the mean expression level of normal controls, 63% (136/215) of PBL and 11% (19/177) of BM samples were positive for at least one cancer-associated marker. Marker positivity in PBL demonstrated a statistically significant association with grade II-III (vs. grade I; p = 0.0083). Overexpression of the mammaglobin (mam) gene alone had a statistically significant association with high tumor grade (p = 0.0315), and showed a trend towards ER-negative tumors and a high risk category. There was no association between marker positivity in PBL and the pathologic (H&E) and/or molecular (RT-PCR) status of the axillary lymph nodes (ALN). This study suggests that molecular detection of circulating cancer cells in PBL detected by RT-PCR is associated with high tumor grade and specifically that overexpression of the mam gene in PBL may be a poor prognostic indicator. There was no statistically significant association between overexpression of cancer-associated genes in PBL and ALN status, supporting the concept of two potentially separate metastatic pathways.
Prediction of pharmacokinetic properties using experimental approaches during early drug discovery

There has been a significant increase in the number of compounds synthesized in early drug-discovery programs with the advances in combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput biological screening efforts. Various in silico, in vitro and in situ approaches have been described in literature that achieve higher throughput pharmacokinetic screening. In silico methodologies have mainly attempted to quantify the prospects of oral absorption of compounds based upon their physico-chemical properties. There is a greater availability of in vitro and in situ approaches to screen compounds for intestinal permeability (as a surrogate for absorption) and metabolic stability (as a surrogate for clearance). More recent modifications of the in vitro and in situ approaches to assess the potential of absorption and metabolism have enabled a higher throughput and an ability to correlate better with in vivo pharmacokinetics of compounds.
Integrin-dependence of lymphocyte entry into the splenic white pulp.

The steps involved in lymphocyte homing to the white pulp cords of the spleen are poorly understood. We demonstrate here that the integrins lymphocyte function associated (LFA)-1 and α4β1 make essential and mostly overlapping contributions necessary for B cell migration into white pulp cords. T cell entry to the white pulp is also reduced by blockade of LFA-1 and α4β1. The LFA-1 ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is critical for lymphocyte entry and both hematopoietic cells and radiation-resistant cells contribute to this requirement. Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 contributes to the α4β1 ligand requirement and a second ligand, possibly fibronectin, also plays a role. By contrast with the entry requirements, antigen-induced movement of B cells from follicles to the outer T zone is not prevented by integrin blocking antibodies. Comparison of the distribution of integrin-blocked B cells and B cells treated with the Gαi inhibitor, pertussis toxin, early after transfer reveals in both cases reduced accumulation in the inner marginal zone. These observations suggest that chemokine receptor signaling and the integrins LFA-1 and α4β1 function together to promote lymphocyte transit from the marginal zone into white pulp cords.
Sample preparation of solid samples for metal determination by atomic spectroscopy - An overview and selected recent applications

Classical methods involving dry dissolution, wet decomposition, and microwave methods for digestion/dissolution of solid samples for metal determination by various atomic spectroscopic techniques are discussed. Recent applications of solid sample preparation are presented including soils, sediments, food, cosmetics, oils, and coal.
Imported Intermediate Goods and Product Innovation: Evidence from India

In this study, we build a structural model of multi-product …rms that illustrates how access to new foreign intermediate goods contributes to the introduction of new product varieties. We establish a stochastic dynamic model of …rm evolution allowing …rms to be heterogeneous in their e¢ ciency levels. Introducing importing decision to this dynamic
Bringing Farmers Back into Breeding: Experiences with Participatory Plant Breeding and Challenges for Institutionalisation

Bringing Farmers Back into Breeding: Experiences with Participatory Plant Breeding and Challenges for Institutionalisation, by C. Almakinders and J. Hardon (eds), AgroSpecial 5, Agromisa Foundation...
BRIDGING THE GAP IN PROCTOPORUS DISTRIBUTION: A NEW SPECIES (SQUAMATA: GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE) FROM THE ANDES OF VENEZUELA

We describe a new species of Proctoporus from the Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela. The new species is the first Proctoporus recorded from this mountain range and fills a large hiatus in the known distribution of the genus. The new species possesses a uniquely elongated second supralabial scale and a combination of other characters that distinguish it from all other congeners. Due to its distinctness from the two other species of Proctoporus from Venezuela, the new species does not appear to be a member of the P. luctuosus group or any of the other recognized Proctoporus species groups. Resumen Describimos una nueva especie de Proctoporus de la Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela. La nueva especie es la primera especie registrada para esta cordillera y cierra un vacio grande en la distribucion conocida del genero. La nueva especie posee la segunda escama supralabial exageradamente elongada, lo cual es un caracter unico en el genero, y tambien la combinacion de varios otros caracteres que distinguen esta especi...
Analysis of Bulk-Diffusion-Limited Exchange of Ions in Smooth Muscle Preparations

Smooth muscle cells are embedded in a matrix of extracellular connective tissue and intervening water. In many preparations, this can account for half or more of the tissue volume. Therefore, studies which attempt to define isotope kinetics of smooth muscle per se have the added difficulty of determining the modifications imposed by movement of tracer through the extracellular space. There is also the related problem of defining flux components whose exchange with the external solution may be entirely limited by diffusion through the extracellular matrix. These problems are not unique to smooth muscle research, as evidenced by earlier approaches to diffusion—skeletal muscle ion exchange properties (Harris and Burn, 1949; Keynes, 1954).
Sorption of Benzene, Dichloromethane, n-Propyl Acetate, and 2-Butanone by Poly(methyl methacrylate), Poly(ethyl methacrylate), and Their Copolymers at 323.15 K Using a Quartz Crystal Balance

Isothermal solubilities of benzene, dichloromethane, n-propyl acetate, and 2-butanone in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA), and two different PMMA/PEMA copolymers at 323.15 K are reported. Data were measured in the concentrated-polymer regime using a quartz crystal balance and are represented by a modified Flory–Huggins equation to within experimental error. The model parameters show a trend with copolymer composition.
Reactive uptake of an isoprene-derived epoxydiol to submicron aerosol particles.

The reactive uptake of isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX) is thought to be a significant source of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, the IEPOX reaction probability (γIEPOX) and its dependence upon particle composition remain poorly constrained. We report measurements of γIEPOX for trans-β-IEPOX, the predominant IEPOX isomer, on submicron particles as a function of composition, acidity, and relative humidity (RH). Particle acidity had the strongest effect. γIEPOX is more than 500 times greater on ammonium bisulfate (γ ∼ 0.05) than on ammonium sulfate (γ ≤ 1 × 10–4). We could accurately predict γIEPOX using an acid-catalyzed, epoxide ring-opening mechanism and a high Henry’s law coefficient (1.7 × 108 M/atm). Suppression of γIEPOX was observed on particles containing both ammonium bisulfate and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-300), likely due to diffusion and solubility limitations within a PEG-300 coating, suggesting that IEPOX uptake could be self-limiting. Using the measured uptake kineti...
Modeling Silicon Implantation Damage and Transient Enhanced Diffusion Effects for Silicon Technology Development

Despite more than 20 years of effort, detailed understanding of defect-coupled dopant diffusion in silicon still falls short of what is practically required to support state-of-the-art silicon technology development. The challenge for modeling in industry is to combine the best of our physical understanding with measurements of dopant profiles for technology-relevant conditions to provide models which are as predictive and efficient as possible. This paper presents experimental results which provide insight into damage generation and annealing processes and discusses practical modeling approaches to support technology development despite our incomplete understanding of the physical processes involved.
Effect of Protamine on Activity of Hog Pancreatic Amylase.

SummaryProtamine, which at low concentrations caused slight enhancement of the activity of hog pancreatic amylase, was inhibiting at higher concentrations. This inhibition could be prevented by heparin but heparin would not reverse the inhibition once established. Heparin alone produced some enhancement of amylase activity. It is postulated that part of the explanation for the inhibiting effect of protamine is the combination with negatively charged side chains on the amylase followed by some irreversible change in the amylase.
Is there a Benefit from Addiction to Anti-VEGF Therapy in Patients with Colorectal Cancer?

Studies carried out through the past two decades have evidenced that addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy improves the efficacy both in first-line and second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Benefit of adding bevacizumab to second-line regimen after failing a bevacizumab-containing regimen, or aflibercept plus FOLFIRI) (irinotecan, 5-FU and leucovorin) after failing first-line oxaliplatin regimen with or without bevacizumab or regorafenib as a salvage therapy, do indicate the addiction to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents in these patients. This concept also lends some support from the NSABP C-08 adjuvant trial of colon cancer which showed very substantial improvement in time- to-recurrence for the one year of bevacizumab administration, but this benefit was quickly lost once the drug was stopped. The author reviews the data on anti- VEGF therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates 102,480 new cases of colon cancer and 40,340 new cases of rectal cancer in the United States for 2013. These diseases are expected to cause about 50,830 deaths during 2013 (1). Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States when men and women are considered separately, and the second leading cause when both sexes are combined. The mortality rate has slightly decreased in recent decades. In addition to public awareness and early detection, effective adjuvant and palliative therapies are significant players in improving the outcome. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Anti- vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a central role in human growth and development, and vascular maintenance (2). VEGF-mediated angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth, which is characterized by abnormal neovascularization. VEGF is a potent activator of angiogenesis throughout the lifecycle of a tumor and is thought to be critical to a tumor's ability to grow and metastasize. Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a monoclonal antibody designed to specifically inhibit the VEGF protein. Bevacizumab has been approved for the treatment of the advanced stages of four common cancer types: colorectal, breast, lung and kidney (3).
Pacemaker implantation in the extremely young. A safe and cosmetic approach.

Placement of a permanent pulse generator in the neonatal age group is hampered by generator size and requirements for periodic changes. Generator placement deep in the abdominal wall but superficial to the posterior rectus sheath and peritoneum provides for a protected and cosmetic generator location and does not interfere with growth and development.
A History of Cell Culture

Cells from different tissues of plants and animals can be grown and cultured in artificial media outside the body. Cell culture started off as tissue culture with the development of the “hanging drop technique” by Ross Harrison, whereby a small piece of tissue was placed in a drop of medium (including serum), and cells migrated from the tissue into the surrounding environment. Further advances in tissue culture were made by Alexis Carel and Charles Lindbergh, who grew tissue on glass plates and developed techniques to keep tissue continuously growing. These techniques developed into cell culture, where cells could be collected from a variety of sources, separated by trypsin, and grown into a monolayer if given appropriate medium-containing serum. Such cells of human and murine origin were used for growing viruses. John Franklin Enders and colleagues discovered that poliovirus and other viruses could be grown in cell lines developed from primary cells. These results gave a boost to research in developing a polio vaccine, as well as to basic virology. In the 1940s and 1950s, plaque assays were developed for animal viruses, and quantitative methods of measuring viral growth were developed by Salvador Luria and Renato Dulbecco. In the 1960s and 1970s, methods were developed for clonal growth of cells in culture using newly isolated HeLa cells. This resulted in a new area of research—somatic cell genetics—with the development of stable cell lines. The observation that cells of different species fused in culture led to the development of somatic cell genetics, and eventually to the formation of hybridomas to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Flash Point and Autoignition Temperatures

Publisher Summary This chapter presents results for flash point and autoignition temperatures for major organic chemical compounds. The flash point represents the temperature at which the liquid gives off enough vapor to flash when exposed to an external ignition source. The autoignition temperature is the temperature at which the substance will automatically ignite without an external ignition source. Freezing and boiling point temperatures are also provided in the tabulation to help in determining whether the substance is a gas, liquid or solid at ambient conditions. The tabulation is based on both experimental data and estimated values. The organic chemicals encompass hydrocarbon, oxygen, nitrogen, halogen, silicon, sulfur and other chemical type compounds. The results are displayed in an easy-to-use table which is especially applicable for rapid engineering usage. Upon completion of data collection, estimation of values for the remaining compounds was performed. The estimates are primarily based on the methods of Shebeko, Gmehling, and Rasmussen; and vapor pressure methods.
The Labor Movement and the Dilemma of Direct Confrontation

The perennial weakness of the American labor movement can be explained by a single, pervasive dilemma concerning its use of confrontational forms of protest. As its history makes clear, the labor movement cannot survive without resorting to mass picketing, sit-down strikes, and other disorderly tactics which challenge the power of employers but also directly threaten property rights, public authority, and dominant visions of social order. However, the labor movement also cannot endure the political and legal consequences which follow when it does embrace these tactics. In developing this thesis, this essay challenges both the aversion to militancy long typical of mainstream unionism as well as the fervent veneration of militancy by many of labor’s contemporary supporters. Instead, it counsels that the movement’s survival depends less on tactical choices than on workers’ success in challenging the political and legal power of capitalists out of which this dilemma ultimately flows.
Sensor technologies for the energy-water nexus - A review

Abstract In this paper, a comprehensive review of the sensing technologies, capabilities and requirements in the energy-water nexus is presented considering the interdependence of variables in the interconnected energy and water sectors. Conventional sensor technologies that are used in the energy and water sectors of today are critiqued from the perspectives of accuracy, weight, volume, power consumption, commercial availability, data storage capabilities, ability to communicate with established electronic interfaces and portability of operation for remote sensing. The impacts of having multiple parameters, indefinite variables and/or unresolved dependencies in sensing energy usage for water applications and in sensing water usage for energy applications have been investigated. The paper also reviews innovative research developments on sensor technologies in the energy-water nexus that are based on bio-technology, nano-technology and wireless networks and that could possibly resolve sensing challenges such as the interdependencies of variables in the energy-water nexus. In addition, a network of sensor technologies that are most appropriate to each sector in the nexus is presented to improve the operational efficiency of the energy-water nexus.
ANOMOLOUS TWO-PHASE FLOW BEHAVIOR IN FRACTURED SANDSTONE EXPLAINED USING X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Understanding fracture morphology in terms of a porous media is necessary for accurate simulation of multiphase transport in fractured rocks. Although ambient- stress methods for obtaining fracture morphology exist, previous research lacks the ability to map fracture closure as a function of stress or the distribution of immiscible phases in the fracture. A twenty-five-millimeter cylindrical sandstone sample was artificially fractured in tension and placed under confining stress in an x-ray transparent vessel. The fracture morphology was characterized under dry conditions using high-resolution x- ray computed tomography. Multi-phase fluid distributions in the fracture were mapped between limits of the mobile saturation range using controlled fractional flows. These distributions were correlated with flow rate and pressure drop measurements. We observed order of magnitude differences in effective permeabilities under conditions of nearly constant overall fracture saturations. These differences in permeability are associated with re-arrangement of the physical distribution of the phases. Distributions associated with low permeability are unstable on a time frame of several hours, much longer of the time frame associated with snap-off phenomena. This phenomenon may be responsible for similar field observations reported in the literature.
Quantitative Assessment of Fat Levels in Caenorhabditis elegans Using Dark Field Microscopy

The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used as a model for studying conserved pathways for fat storage, aging, and metabolism. The most broadly used methods for imaging fat in C. elegans require fixing and staining the animal. Here, we show that dark field images acquired through an ordinary light microscope can be used to estimate fat levels in worms. We define a metric based on the amount of light scattered per area, and show that this light scattering metric is strongly correlated with worm fat levels as measured by Oil Red O (ORO) staining across a wide variety of genetic backgrounds and feeding conditions. Dark field imaging requires no exogenous agents or chemical fixation, making it compatible with live worm imaging. Using our method, we track fat storage with high temporal resolution in developing larvae, and show that fat storage in the intestine increases in at least one burst during development.
Development of a bioenergetic model for estimating energy requirements and prey biomass consumption of the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus

Abstract The bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) is a common species in coastal temperate waters and the ideal candidate for developing a conceptual bioenergetic model given that sufficient information is available to parameterize key input variables. A bioenergetic model was developed to estimate annual energy requirements (MJ/year) and prey biomass consumption (t/year) based on model variations of Field Metabolic Rates (FMR) that included percent of body mass (FMR BodyMass ), Kleiber’s scaling equation (FMR Kleiber ), and measured FMRs (FMR Measured ). Bioenergetic requirements were generated by incorporating the intrinsic uncertainty of input model variables based on assumed or data-driven assignments of sampling distributions. Gompertz growth functions were used to generate body lengths (cm) as a function of age, which once converted to body mass (kg), were used in all calculations. Annual bioenergetic estimates differed across model variations (FMR Measured > FMR Kleiber > FMR Body Mass ) and were on average 22%–34% higher in female calves than in male calves, 3%–7% higher in subadult/immature females than in males, and 12%–18% higher in adult males than in non-lactating adult females. Average estimates were ∼72% and 31%–34% higher in lactating adult females compared to non-lactating adult females and adult males, respectively. Annual bioenergetic requirements for ≥2 year old dolphins normalized by body mass were FMR Measured : 205 ± 29 MJ/kg/year and 34 ± 5 kg/kg/year, FMR Kleiber : 151 ± 29 MJ/kg/year and 22 ± 5 kg/kg/year, and FMR BodyMass : 138 ± 38 MJ/kg/year and 20 ± 5 kg/kg/year. When applying the bioenergetic model to the US bottlenose dolphin stock with the largest dolphin abundance (n = 950), estimates of annual bioenergetic requirements were 2040–3050 MJ*10 4 /year and 2900–5070 t/year. While the existing information provides the foundation to develop a bioenergetic model specific for bottlenose dolphins, improvements of this and related models require additional data on field measurements of metabolic rates, cost of lactation, caloric intake and metabolization efficiency. This bioenergetic model could be used to better understand the complex ecological and trophic interactions of bottlenose dolphins with their prey populations, to evaluate the role of disturbance on bioenergetic requirements, and to inform management and conservation efforts.
How Does Sentiment Content of Product Reviews Make Diffusion Different

ABSTRACTThe current study is focusing on diffusion and adoption of new digital artifacts. The goal is to explore the social role of user-generated content (UGC) during the diffusion process of digi...
Comparison of growth and survival of sea-run and landlocked strains of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the Lake Ontario watershed

Abstract In managing Atlantic salmon Salmo salar , New York fisheries agencies have historically stocked both landlocked and sea-run strains. The objective of this study was to compare young-of-year survival and growth among a variety of strains in both the laboratory and in streams. Atlantic salmon fry of four strains (sea-run: Merrimack River and Penobscot River; landlocked: West Grand Lake and Lake Memphremagog) were stocked for four years in five central New York streams. Laboratory experiments compared growth rates at six temperatures (12, 15, 18, 20, 23, and 25 °C) experienced in New York streams during the summer. Comparisons among monthly survival and specific growth rates at all stream sites and years resulted in no obvious trends; survival ranged from 0 to 81% and growth rates were between 0.02 and 0.04 g·g − 1 ·d − 1 . There were no significant differences in growth or survival observed between sea-run versus landlocked strains. Within the five study streams, the Lake Memphremagog strain had the highest growth rates, while growth rates were similar in the laboratory between Lake Memphremagog and Merrimack River strains. Based on laboratory and field assessments, Atlantic salmon specific growth rate was greatest at approximately 18 °C during the summer months. Future research in Lake Ontario should include further assessment of the Lake Memphremagog strain, especially on direct tributaries with access for returning adults, as well as continuing to establish a Lake Ontario specific strain.
A Technique for Resecting Occipital Pole Gliomas Using a Keyhole Lobectomy.

Objective Our purpose is to describe a method of resecting occipital pole gliomas through a keyhole lobectomy and share the patient outcomes of this technique. Methods We performed a retrospective review of data obtained on all patients who underwent resection of occipital pole gliomas by the senior author between 2012 and 2016. We describe our technique for resecting these tumors using a keyhole lobectomy and share the patient outcomes of this operation. Results Eight patients were included in this study. Four patients (50%) had not received previous surgery. One patient (13%) was diagnosed with a World Health Organization grade II tumor, and 7 patients (88%) were diagnosed with glioblastoma. Two tumors (25%) were left sided and 6 (75%) right sided. The median size of resection was 28 cm 3 . The median extent of resection was 96%, and at least 90% of the tumor was resected in all cases. None of the patients experienced permanent postoperative complications. Temporary neurologic complications included 3 patients (38%) with encephalopathy and 1 patient (13%) with aphasia. There were no neurosurgical complications. Conclusions Our study provides details on the technical aspects of occipital keyhole lobectomies and gives the outcomes of patients who have received an operation for tumors in this uncommon location. Taking white matter tract anatomy into consideration, we show that the keyhole method can be applied to gliomas of the occipital lobe.
Radial Scars of the Breast Encountered at Core Biopsy: Review of Histologic, Imaging, and Management Considerations.

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to place the controversy over the management of radial scars diagnosed at core biopsy in perspective and to define reasonable management options. CONCLUS...
Prevention of preterm birth with pessary in singletons (PoPPS): randomized controlled trial.

Objective To determine if pessary use prevents preterm birth in singleton gestations with a short transvaginal ultrasound cervical length and without a prior spontaneous preterm birth. Methods In this open-label multicenter randomized trial we enrolled asymptomatic women with singleton gestations with a transvaginal ultrasound cervical length ≤ 25 mm at 180-236 weeks and no prior spontaneous preterm birth. Subjects were randomized to receive the Bioteque cup pessary or no pessary. Pessaries were inserted by trained maternal fetal medicine staff.. Vaginal progesterone was recommended to women with a cervical length ≤20mm. The primary outcome was preterm birth < 37weeks. A sample size of 121 per group (n=242) was needed to detect a reduction in the primary outcome from 30% in the no pessary group to 15% in the pessary group. The trial was stopped early before complete enrollment. Results From March 17, 2014 through July 29, 2016, 17,383 women were screened with transvaginal ultrasound cervical length. 422 (2.4 %) had a cervical length ≤25mm. 391 (92.7 %) met eligibility criteria and 122 (31.2 %) of eligible subjects agreed to randomization. Sixty-one (50%) women were randomized to the pessary and 61 (50%) to the no pessary groups. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. There were no significant differences between the pessary and no pessary groups in rates of the primary outcome, preterm birth <37weeks (43% vs 40%, RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.71, 1.68), as well as other outcomes, such as preterm birth <34 weeks, preterm birth <28 weeks, gestational age at delivery, birth weight and composite adverse neonatal outcome. Discussion Cervical pessary use was not associated with prevention of preterm birth in women with singleton gestations with a short transvaginal ultrasound cervical length and without a prior spontaneous preterm birth in this small underpowered randomized controlled trial. This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT 02056652.
The catalytic mechanism of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and implications for innate immunity and inhibition.

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is activated by ds-DNA binding to produce the secondary messenger 2ʹ,3ʹ-cGAMP. cGAS is an important control point in the innate immune response; dysregulation of the cGAS pathway is linked to autoimmune diseases while targeted stimulation may be of benefit in immunoncology. We report here the structure of cGAS with dinucleotides and small molecule inhibitors, and kinetic studies of the cGAS mechanism. Our structural work supports the understanding of how ds-DNA activates cGAS, suggesting a site for small molecule binders that may cause cGAS activation at physiological ATP concentrations, and an apparent hotspot for inhibitor binding. Mechanistic studies of cGAS provide the first kinetic constants for 2ʹ,3ʹ-cGAMP formation, and interestingly, describe a catalytic mechanism where 2ʹ,3ʹ-cGAMP may be a minor product of cGAS compared to linear nucleotides. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Use of medications to decrease bleeding during surgical abortion: a survey of abortion providers' practices in the United States.

Abstract Objective Our objective was to document current practices of abortion providers on the use of medications to decrease bleeding during surgical abortion. Study design We emailed surveys to 336 abortion providers through a professional listserv to elicit information on their use of medications to prevent and treat bleeding during first- and second-trimester surgical abortion. Results One hundred sixty-eight (50%) providers responded to our survey. The majority were obstetrician-gynecologists (83%) working in an academic practice (66%). Most completed a fellowship in family planning (87%) and currently perform abortions up to 22 or 24 weeks of gestation (63%). Seventy-two percent routinely used prophylactic medications for bleeding. Providers who routinely used medications to prevent bleeding most commonly chose vasopressin (83%). Providers preferred methylergonovine as a treatment for excessive bleeding in the second trimester, followed by misoprostol. Conclusion We found that most providers routinely use medications to prevent bleeding and use several different regimens to treat bleeding during abortion. Implications We found that surgical abortion providers use a range of medications to prevent and treat hemorrhage at the time of surgical abortion. Scant evidence is available to guide abortion providers on the use of medications to decrease hemorrhage during surgical abortion. To provide evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and treatment of clinically significant bleeding, researchers should target the most commonly used interventions.
Sex Differences in Neuropsychological Function

Contemporary concern for providing equality of opportunity for both women and men is not only appropriate, it is long overdue. Stereotyped and biased conceptions of the cognitive capacities of women restrict the access of females to many areas of personal, career, and professional development. Sex stereotyping also limits the range of opportunity for males in some areas, although these restrictions are not often emphasized. In the final analysis, both women and men profit from a wide range of opportunity.
Interactions Between PTH, Vitamin D Metabolites, and Other Factors in Tubular Reabsorption of Phosphate

The direct effect of calcium on renal handling of phosphorus, has been the subject of numerous investigations which for the most part have produced discrepant results (1–5). This incongruity at least partly could be explained by the lack of consistency in the experimental designs and the species of experimental animals.
Sexual Jealousy in Heterosexuals, Lesbians, and Gays

The present study tests various hypotheses about effects of gender and sexual orientation on jealousy. One hypothesis is derived from an evolutionary perspective and implies that the stimuli that elicit jealousy are sex-linked and independent of sexual orientation. Several others are based on a sociocultural perspective and imply that the experience of jealousy is linked to social experiences and beliefs that differ for men and women and for homosexuals and heterosexuals. To test these hypotheses, we examined the relative distress reported by heterosexual and homosexual participants while thinking about a partners' sexual vs. emotional infidelity. Participants were predominately Caucasian and included students at a Midwestern state university and attendees at a regional gay and lesbian conference. The results reveal that all groups except heterosexual men experience greater distress when confronted with a partners' emotional infidelity. This pattern contradicts the evolutionary hypothesis that the experience of romantic jealousy is sex-linked. However, our multifaceted attempt to identify social experiences or beliefs that account for the greater sexual jealousy of heterosexual men relative to everyone else was only partly successful.