cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Determined Sugar Content and Composition of Commercial Infant Formulas, Baby Foods and Common Grocery Items Targeted to Children

Excess added sugar consumption is tied to poor health outcomes in children. The sugar content of beverages and foods children are exposed to is mostly unknown, yet this information is imperative for understanding potential risks from overconsumption of sugars in early life. We determined actual sugar content by conducting a blinded laboratory analysis in infant formulas, breakfast cereals, packaged baked goods and yogurts. One hundred samples were sent to an independent laboratory for analysis via gas chromatography. Sugar content and composition was determined and total sugar was compared against nutrition labels. Of the 100 samples analyzed, 74% contained ≥20% of total calories per serving from added sugars. Nutrient label data underestimated or overestimated actual sugars and ~25% of all samples had actual total sugar values that were either 10% of labeled total sugar. Many products that are frequently marketed to and consumed by infants and young children contain sugars in amounts that differ from nutrition labels and often in excess of recommended daily levels. These findings provide further support for adding more comprehensive sugar labeling to food and beverage products, specifically those marketed to, or commonly consumed by, children.
Evaluation of a social cognitive theory-based email intervention designed to influence the physical activity of survivors of breast cancer.

Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate a 12-week social cognitive theory (SCT)-based email intervention designed to influence the physical activity of survivors of breast cancer. Methods Seventy-four volunteers (intervention group, n = 36; control group, n = 38) were recruited by mass email and written letter solicitation. Participants completed a series of online questionnaires measuring demographic characteristics, physical activity readiness, level of physical activity and selected SCT variables at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. The intervention group received email messages based on SCT designed specifically for breast cancer survivors and targeting physical activity. For the first 6 weeks of the intervention, participants assigned to the intervention group received messages weekly, from weeks 7 to 12, participants received messages every other week and had access to an e-counselor. The control group did not receive email messages, nor did they have access to an e-counselor. Results Significant differences in levels of self-reported vigorous physical activity were found between groups at 6 and 12 weeks. Significant differences were also found for self-reported moderate physical activity at 12 weeks. Conclusion Email-based interventions based on SCT can significantly influence levels of self-reported physical activity of breast cancer survivors.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-Regulation Strategies to Improve Mathematical Problem Solving for Students with Learning Disabilities

This article provides a review of research in cognitive strategy instruction for improving mathematical problem solving for students with learning disabilities (LD). The particular focus is on one ...
OFDM AF Relaying Under I/Q Imbalance: Performance Analysis and Baseband Compensation

We analyze the outage performance of half-duplex amplify-and-forward relaying in an OFDM system with MRC detection in the presence of I/Q imbalance and compare it with that of the direct transmission mode. Both analytical and numerical results demonstrate that the direct mode can outperform the amplify-and-forward mode even under moderate levels of uncompensated I/Q imbalance. The cross-over I/Q imbalance levels are determined analytically to be inversely proportional to the cube of the signal constellation size. In addition, we present a low-complexity receiver-based digital baseband I/Q imbalance compensation scheme for the amplify-and-forward mode and analyze its EVM performance. Furthermore, we derive accurate analytical approximations for the EVM performance as a function of relay location and I/Q imbalance level with and without compensation.
Raman microprobe study of silicon- and germanium- on-insulator structures

A Raman microprobe has been used to detect the changes in crystallinity, stress and homogeneity of thin films of silicon-on-insulator and germanium-on-insulator (GIO) structures. Silicon films recrystallized with a graphite strip heater at a substrate temperature of 1200°C show little or no stress, but those recrystallized with a continuous wave laser at a substrate temperature of 500°C have a residual stress of 4 × 109 dyn cm−2. Some of the strip-heater-recrystallized samples consist of large crystals of different orientations. As-deposited GOI is found to be unstressed.
Resolving cross-cultural ethical conflict: Exploring alternative strategies

In this article, seven strategies for dealing with cross-cultural ethical conflict are described. Conflict situations are classified on the basis of centrality and consensus on the values involved, influence of the decision maker, and urgency. A contingency model suggests appropriate strategies for different situations. The model is applied to representative cases of cross-cultural ethical conflict.
Benthic ecology of the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Part II. Spatial variation of megafaunal community structure, 2009–2010☆

Abstract Sources for spatial variability of benthic megafaunal communities in the northeastern Chukchi Sea are poorly documented and may include altered water circulation patterns, as noted for macrofauna. Spatial variability of megafauna was investigated by sampling with a plumb-staff beam trawl in three petroleum leases, the Klondike, Burger, and Statoil study areas, as part of a multi-disciplinary research program in the northeastern Chukchi Sea ecosystem. Trawling occurred during two sampling periods from 2009 and one in 2010 with a total of 81 trawls from 38 stations. A total of 99 discrete taxonomic categories were identified in 2009 and 2010 which were expanded to 239 taxa in the laboratory. Biomass in the three study areas ranged from ∼15,500 to ∼96,000 g 1000 m −2 and numerical density ranged from ∼8500 to ∼134,000 individuals 1000 m −2 . Although the megabenthic species-assemblages in all three study areas were similar in composition, average biomass values were higher in Burger (ranging from ∼54,000 to ∼96,000 g 1000 m −2 ) where altered water circulation occurs, than in Klondike (ranging from ∼15,500 to ∼31,000 g 1000 m −2 ) or Statoil (∼15,000 g 1000 m −2 ). The brittle star Ophiura sarsi was the numerically dominant megafauna (70% of total biomass) followed by the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (7% total biomass), as noted in prior investigations in the region. Biomass and density of benthic megafauna in this region reflected the high quantities of seasonal production reaching the benthos in the shallow waters of the Chukchi Sea. Differences in benthic communities among study areas were associated with variations in bottom-water temperature and latitude, and to a lesser extent, water depth and percent mud. We believe these associations arise from effects of topography on northward-flowing water, that create regions of slower currents, and consequently, higher organic deposition.
Solar energy conversion and storage through synthetic light-driven proton pumps

Abstract Two approaches to the conversion and storage of solar energy through synthetic light-driven proton pumps are discussed and experimental data on model systems are presented. The more promising of these is photoelectrodialytic acid-base production from salt in the charge half cycle and reversible recombination of acid and base to yield electric power in the discharge half cycle. The second method continues previous studies on photochemically induced pH changes in thionine-metal ion systems with improved, though not yet practical, results.
Performance comparison between high temperature and traditional proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Abstract A temperature above 100 °C is always desired for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell operation. It not only improves kinetic and mass transport processes, but also facilitates thermal and water management in fuel cell systems. Increased carbon monoxide (CO) tolerance at higher operating temperature also simplifies the pretreatment of fuel supplement. The novel phosphoric acid (PA) doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes achieve PEM fuel cell operations above 100 °C. The performance of a commercial high temperature (HT) PEM fuel cell stack module is studied by measuring its impedance under various current loads when the operating temperature is set at 160 °C. The contributions of kinetic and mass transport processes to stack impedance are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by equivalent circuit (EC) simulation. The performance of a traditional PEM fuel cell stack module operated is also studied by impedance measurement and EC simulation. The operating temperature is self-stabilized between 40 °C and 65 °C. An enhancement of the HT-PEM fuel cell stack in polarization impedance is evaluated by comparing to the traditional PEM fuel cell stack. The impedance study on two commercial fuel cell stacks reveals the real situation of current fuel cell development.
Stressful Life Events and Depression among Adolescent Twin Pairs

Using the twin pairs sample from the National Longitudinal Study ofAdolescent Health, we estimate bivariate Cholesky models for the influence of stressful life events (SLEs) on depressive symptoms. We show that depressive symptoms (h2Depression = .28) and dependent SLEs (events influenced by an individual's behavior) are both moderately heritable (h2SLE Dependent = .43). We find no evidence for the heritability of independent SLEs. Results from the bivariate Cholesky model suggest that roughly one-half of the correlation between depression and dependent SLEs is due to common genetic factors. Our findings suggest that attempts to characterize the causal effect of SLEs on mental health should limit their list of SLEs to those that are outside of the control of the individual.
Time reversal by an interferometer with coupled phase-conjugate reflectors.

A new type of interferometer has been constructed that uses a beam splitter and two self-pumped BaTiO3 crystals as phase-conjugate reflectors in place of the usual interferometer mirrors. Counterpropagating beams of light are spontaneously generated between the two crystals, coupling the pair of phase conjugators. This optical oscillation locks the relative phase of the two phase-conjugate reflections such that they recombine at the beam splitter to form only a single beam as though they were truly time-reversed waves.
Strategies for fabricating strong-confinement microring filters and circuits

We describe strategies for fabricating strong-confinement microring filters and circuits, and assert that techniques specifically tailored to microphotonics requirements provide a more efficient path to commercialization than techniques developed for semiconductor electronics.
The role of elaborations in learning a skill from an instructional text.

In these studies, we examined the role of elaborations for subjects learning a procedural skill (viz., using a personal computer) from an instructional text. In Experiment 1, we compared two sources of elaborations: those provided by the author and those generated by learners while reading. In the latter condition, subjects were given advance information about the tasks they were to perform so that they would generate more specific task-related elaborations while reading. Each source of elaborations facilitated skill performance. This result contrasts with results of the past experiments testing declarative knowledge in which author-provided elaborations were found to hurt performance. In Experiment 2, the author-provided elaborations were classified into those illustrating the syntax of the operating system commands and those explaining basic concepts and their applicability. Syntax elaborations produced significant facilitation for experienced and novice computer users. Concept elaborations produced no reliable improvement.
Measuring the success of the Management Capacity Building Program for Marine Protected Areas in the Gulf of California

Knowledge management and monitoring are important for conservation work. Because resources for conservation are limited, it is important to identify conservation approaches that are most likely to succeed. This case study describes our methodology to link field conservation impact with the implementation of a capacity building program to increase management effectiveness in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Gulf of California. The program uses results chains to link program components to desired outcomes and expected conservation impact. Selected indicators are used to measure short- and medium-term results, while monitoring longer-term impacts relies on measuring and monitoring overall MPA management effectiveness as a predictor of success and an indication of expected conservation impacts. The results chain combined with indicators and the predictor of success has allowed an effective engagement with key stakeholders around a ‘theory of change’, as well as providing the program with a manageable set ...
The Political Economy of the Media: Coverage of the Lumber Tariff Dispute

The political economy of groups suggest that policies are more likely to be implemented if the benefits are concentrated and the costs are dispersed. The importance of the role of media in society changes the classic models. Media can awaken the sleeping masses to the dispersed costs of a policy and raise resentment towards the group who benefits. Thus, the content of media coverage can affect policy. Stromberg's (2001) model shows that the amount of newspaper space devoted to an issue should rise as the square of the number of people affected. This paper finds empirical support for Stromberg's theoretical findings with content analysis of newspaper coverage of the lumber tariff dispute.
Kaleidoscope visualization of fine-grain parallel programs

A software visualization tool is described that transforms program execution trace data from a multiprocessor into a single, color image. The image is essentially the program's logical procedure-invocation tree, displayed radially from the root. An algorithm is described that condenses the image both radially and laterally, producing a color-dense abstraction of the program's execution behavior: a program signature, within a workstation window. An implementation of the tool was made in X-Windows, including a user interface that can zoom the image and annotate any node in the image with the corresponding procedure-invocation data. Experimentation with the system was performed with trace data from Panda, a concurrent logic programming system on shared-memory multiprocessors. The authors demonstrate how the tool helps the programmer develop intuitions about parallel performance and how condensation successfully abstracts very large traces. >
P‐62: Latest Developments In Polyester Film For Flexible Electronics

DuPont Teijin Films(DTF) have developed engineered substrates specifically for the flexible electronics market. Teonex ®Q65 is a biaxially oriented crystalline polyester with a tailored surface and it is emerging as a competitive material for the base substrate in OLED displays and active matrix backplanes. To meet the demanding requirements of flexible displays the engineered substrates are likely to be multilayer structures. This contribution will discuss the mechanical properties of multilayer structures on flexing and the impact of the processing environment on dimensional reproducibility. Understanding the influence of these factors is critical to achieving the performance required of substrates for flexible electronic applications.
Review of Practical Ethics in Public Administration

Dean Geuras and Charles Garofalo. 2005. Practical Ethics in Public Administration . Vienna, VA: Management Concepts. ISBN: 1-56726-161-2. In order to be relevant and effective, ethics courses must ...
Fire increases dust production from chaparral soils

Abstract By altering the physical and chemical properties of a landscape, fire may increase its vulnerability to erosive processes. Whereas sediment transport by surface runoff after fires has been often investigated, less is known about the role of wind erosion in burned terrain. To examine how fire might increase a soil's vulnerability to aeolian transport, intact soil samples were collected from a chaparral landscape in southern California and heated with a propane torch with temperatures ranging from 250 to 1025 °C and for durations of 5–60 min to simulate a variety of burn severities. The samples were then subjected to simulated wind and the amounts of eroded sediment were measured. Results indicate a linear increase in the production of wind-erodible sediment with applied heat up to ~ 10 MJ/m 2 . The increase was not due to a reduction in the threshold shear velocity of the soil surface but, instead, to the role of heat in detaching erodible material. In these soils, organic material may be an important binding agent destroyed at high temperatures. The relationship between fire and erodibility is complex, however, because heating may also help to aggregate soil particles. Experiments performed here also suggest a synergistic effect between fire and rain whereby heated soils are more vulnerable to the erosive power of raindrop impacts. Additionally, the soil heating experiments were used to measure and compare the thermal conductivities of intact and disturbed soils. Finally, it is concluded that soil heating may increase the emission of dust through the detachment of erodible particles, a result that may help in the anticipation of respiratory problems for those living downwind of burned areas.
Intraperitoneal Injection of Lymphomatous Nerve Tissue into Resistant or Susceptible Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE successful selection of two strains of birds differing in their resistance to spontaneous lymphomatosis under the conditions of the parent flock (Hutt, Cole, and Bruckner, 1941, and Taylor et al., 1943), raised the question of whether or not they would retain their relative resistance when exposed to conditions that would produce a large increase in the incidence of the disease. To answer this question it would be necessary to increase the incidence within the parent flock without introducing birds or inocula from other flocks against which the strains had not been selected. This could be accomplished if the incidence within the parent flock could be increased by injecting them with lymphomatous material from affected members of the same flock. The experiments reported in this paper were designed to answer two questions: (1) could the incidence of lymphomatosis among the susceptible and resistant birds be increased by injecting them . . .
Nonlocal response of Josephson tunnel junctions to a focused laser beam.

The effect of a focused laser beam on the critical junction current of a one-dimensional Josephson tunnel junction is analyzed for both short and long junctions. The laser heating locally alters the critical current density and London penetration depth, giving rise to a change in the critical current which is proportional to the local current density of the irradiated region. In addition, the relative pair phase is modified in a nonlocal manner which gives rise to an additional contribution to the change in the critical current of the junction. For short junctions, this nonlocal phase modification contributes two parts to the junction critical current. One has the same spatial dependence as that of the current distribution itself, while the other is independent of the position of the laser beam. This latter contribution depends upon the applied magnetic field and is a signature of the nonlocal effect. For a long junction, the nonlocal phase contribution to the change in the junction critical current can give rise to dramatic effects when the applied magnetic field is less than a critical value H/sub c/ = hc/(2edlambda/sub J/). In this case the spatial dependence of the laser-induced change in the critical current can bemore » qualitatively different from the unperturbed current distribution.« less
Studies on the Potassium Requirement of Turkeys to 4 Weeks of Age

Abstract PUBLISHED data relative to the potassium requirement of starting turkeys are limited and contradictory. Kratzer et al. (1958) failed to obtain a growth improvement when 0.3 percent KCl was added to a semi-purified soy protein diet which probably contained no more than 0.4 percent (calculated) potassium. On the other hand, the data of Supplee and Combs (1959) indicated that a minimum of 0.6 percent potassium was required in semipurified diets for rapid early growth. In their study the desired potassium levels were obtained by varying the amount of K2HPO4 in the diet. Therefore, the growth response may have been due to additional phosphorus as well as additional potassium. Further studies by Supplee and Combs (1960) indicated that the poult’s requirement for potasssium was influenced by an antibiotic supplement. In the presence of 50 or 75 parts per million (p.p.m.) of oleandomycin phosphate, 0.45 percent potassium was required for maximum growth;…
A new set of composition variables for the representation of reactive-phase diagrams

A set of transformed composition variables is introduced for the representation of reactive-phase diagrams. These variables are superior to mole fractions because in the new representation, the non-reactive limits are well defined, the equilibrium surfaces are tangent at azeotropic states, and the number of linearly independent transformed composition variables coincides with the number of independent variables that describe the chemical equilibrium problem. Some examples of reactive-phase diagrams, which emphasize these features, are given.
Open-shell analytical energy gradients for triple excitation many-body, coupled-cluster methods: MBPT(4), CCSD+T(CCSD), CCSD(T),and QCISD(T)

Abstract Equations are derived for the derivatives of the contribution of triple excitations to the energy for the fourth-order many-body perturbation theory (MBPT(4)), quadratic configuration interaction with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples (QCISD(T)), and coupled-cluster with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples (CCSD+T(CCSD) and CCSD(T)) methods. Based on these equations, analytical gradients have been efficiently implemented for the four aforementioned methods for unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) reference functions. This is the first implementation of open-shell analytical gradients for the QCISD(T), CCSD+T(CCSD), and CCSD(T) methods. The new analytical gradient techniques have been used to compute the structure and some properties of the ground state of the HOO radical with extended basis sets.
Arctic forcing of decadal variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean in a high-resolution global coupled GCM

The hypothesis that northern high-latitude atmospheric variability influences decadal variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean by modulating the wind jet blowing over the Gulf of Tehuantepec (GT) is examined using the high-resolution configuration of the MIROC 3.2 global coupled model. The model is shown to have acceptable skill in replicating the spatial pattern, strength, seasonality, and time scale of observed GT wind events. The decadal variability of the simulated GT winds in a 100-year control integration is driven by the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The regional impacts of the GT winds include strong sea surface cooling, increased salinity, and the generation of westward-propagating anticyclonic eddies, also consistent with observations. However, significant nonlocal effects also emerge in concert with the low-frequency variability of the GT winds, including anomalously low upper ocean heat content (OHC) in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. It is suggested that the mesoscale eddies generated by the wind stress curl signature of the GT winds, which propagate several thousand kilometers toward the central Pacific, contribute to this anomaly by strengthening the meridional overturning associated with the northern subtropical cell. A parallel mechanism for the decadal OHC variability is considered by examining the Ekman and Sverdrup transports inferred from the atmospheric circulation anomalies in the northern midlatitude Pacific directly associated with the AO.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Adults with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Borderline Intellectual Functioning: A Case Series of Three Patients

Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is widely accepted as the most effective psychological treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Although this modality flexibly treats a variety of OCD symptom subtypes, it is unclear how CBT should be adapted to meet the needs of individuals with OCD and limitations in their cognitive functioning. In this paper, we report on three adults with borderline intellectual functioning who received CBT following a protocol that was adapted to meet their unique developmental and intellectual needs. For the purposes of this case study, the following modifications were made to a standard treatment CBT protocol: 1) increased parental involvement, 2) simplified language, 3) decreased reliance on cognitive techniques, and 4) the addition of contingency management strategies and role modeling by caregivers. All three adult patients benefited from treatment as evidenced by significant reductions in their OCD symptoms at post-treatment. Conclusions from these cases are drawn, as well as directions for future research.
The prevalence of defensive orthopaedic imaging: a prospective practice audit in Pennsylvania.

Background: Defensive medicine has been identified as an area of wasteful health-care spending. Estimates of its prevalence and its contribution to the cost of defensive practices have varied widely. To date, there has been no prospective evaluation of the use of defensive medicine for musculoskeletal conditions. Methods: Members of the Pennsylvania Orthopaedic Society were queried by means of an anonymous, prospective audit of consecutive imaging decisions in their clinical practice. For each image order, respondents recorded the modality, the body region imaged, and whether the imaging was “required for clinical care” or “ordered for defensive reasons.” We evaluated the proportion of images that were ordered defensively, identified demographic differences with use of the chi-square test of independence, and calculated the contribution of defensive imaging to the total cost with use of 2009 Medicare reimbursement rates. Results: Seventy-two orthopaedists recorded 2068 imaging decisions made during the day that their practice was audited. Defensive imaging represented 19.1% (396) of the orders and 34.7% ($113,675) of the total cost ($327,414). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represented 48.7% of the defensive orders, and 38.5% (193) of the 501 MRIs were ordered for defensive reasons. The proportion of defensive imaging ordered by orthopaedists who had been sued for medical malpractice within the previous five years was significantly greater than the proportion ordered by those who had not been sued during the same time frame (24.6% compared with 15.1%, p < 0.001). The proportion of defensive imaging ordered by orthopaedists who had been in practice for more than fifteen years was significantly greater than the proportion ordered by those who had less experience (20.8% compared with 17.1%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: In a prospective practice audit of orthopaedists, defensive imaging was found to be both common and costly. Recent litigation experiences and longer duration of orthopaedic practice were independent predictors of an increased use of defensive practices in ordering imaging studies. This real-time audit showed that a large proportion of MRI studies were ordered for primarily defensive medicine reasons.
Exciton-exciton and exciton-phonon interactions in an interfacial GaAs quantum dot ensemble

Using optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy, we report temperature- and excitation-density-dependent measurements of the homogeneous linewidth of the exciton ground-state transition in a single layer of interfacial GaAs quantum dots (QDs). We show that the homogeneous linewidth increases nonlinearly with temperature from 6 to 50 K and that the thermal broadening is well described by an activation term and offset. The absence of a phonon-activation peak in the two-dimensional spectra reveals that elastic scattering of excitons with acoustic phonons via virtual transitions between the ground and excited states significantly contributes to the thermal broadening. We find that the combination of increasing virtual activation energy and exciton-phonon coupling strength with decreasing QD size results in greater thermal broadening for excitons localized in smaller QDs. The homogeneous linewidth also exhibits a strong excitation-density dependence and is shown to increase linearly as the photon density increases from $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$ to $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}$ photons pulse${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at 6 K. This trend is attributed to strong coupling of excitons within the same QD and is independent of the quantum-well exciton population density.
SIRT3 Protein Deacetylates Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) and Regulates Mitochondrial Redox Status

Mitochondria play a central role in oxidative energy metabolism and age-related diseases such as cancer. Accumulation of spurious oxidative damage can cause cellular dysfunction. Antioxidant pathways that rely on NADPH are needed for the reduction of glutathione and maintenance of proper redox status. The mitochondrial matrix protein isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a major source of NADPH. Previously, we demonstrated that the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT3 was essential for the prevention of age-related hearing loss in mice fed a calorically restricted diet. Here we provide direct biochemical and biological evidence establishing an exquisite regulatory relationship between IDH2 and SIRT3 under acute and chronic caloric restriction. The regulated site of acetylation was mapped to Lys-413, an evolutionarily invariant residue. Site-specific, genetic incorporation of Nϵ-acetyllysine into position 413 of IDH2 revealed that acetylated IDH2 displays a dramatic 44-fold loss in activity. Deacetylation by SIRT3 fully restored maximum IDH2 activity. The ability of SIRT3 to protect cells from oxidative stress was dependent on IDH2, and the deacetylated mimic, IDH2K413R variant was able to protect Sirt3−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts from oxidative stress through increased reduced glutathione levels. Together these results uncover a previously unknown mechanism by which SIRT3 regulates IDH2 under dietary restriction. Recent findings demonstrate that IDH2 activities are a major factor in cancer, and as such, these results implicate SIRT3 as a potential regulator of IDH2-dependent functions in cancer cell metabolism.
Breast reduction as an alternative treatment option for early breast cancer in women with macromastia

Macromastia has been considered a relative contraindication to breast conservation therapy because of difficulties with postoperative radiation therapy and cosmesis. This study evaluates the feasibility of the inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty as a component of breast conservation therapy for patients with early breast cancer. A retrospective review identified 6 patients with macromastia receiving oncologic treatment of breast cancer and simultaneous breast reduction. Mean age was 43.5 ± 8.7 (mean ± SD) years, and all breast cancers were stage I or II, averaging 2.3 ± 1.5 cm in size. All patients underwent a Wise-pattern inferior pedicle breast reduction after cancer extirpation and received postoperative radiation as part of their treatment. They were evaluated for postoperative complications, esthetic outcome of the breasts, and local recurrence. Patients in this series were followed for an average of 30.3 months, with no significant postoperative complications and recurrences. Breast reduction incisions healed primarily and adjuvant radiation was completed without a delay. All patients were pleased with the esthetic result and had improvement of their symptoms related to macromastia. Thus, we believe that breast reduction is a reasonable and safe option for early breast cancer patients with macromastia who desire breast conservation therapy. Our combined oncologic and reconstructive approach may improve the outcome of this group of patients with early breast cancers.
A note on Zeno's Arrow.!

1 I shall deal only with the main topics, and with these far from exhaustively. For more thorough treatments of the subject the reader may consult works listed in the bibliography at the end of this article (to which reference is made in text and notes by the name of author only). For more extensive references to the scholarly literature see M. Untersteiner, 142 ff. Readers who may be familiar with the account of the Arrow in the chapter on Zeno I contributed to Philosophic Classics, Vol. I, edited by W. Kaufmann (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1961), 27ff. at 40-41, are hereby advised that the present Note is meant to supersede it completely. That chapter had been prepared on short notice to fill an urgent pedagogical need and, as I explained at the time (27, n. 1), presented "purely provisional results of work-in-progress." The present Note incorporates results I have reached in a more thorough study of the Arrow made possible by a grant for research on Zeno from the National Science Foundation, to which I wish to express my thanks. 2 I follow the usual translation of this peculiar phrase (cf. e.g. Burnet, "when it occupies a space equal to itself.") I assume that if Zeno had used this expression, his expansion of it would have been xawr Tov laov kaotcu 'r6nov, since r6noq would have been the only word he is likely to have used in this connection: cf. '67rov &XXicramv in Parmenides, frag. 8, 41 (Diels-Kranz). However, Zeno is more likely to have written &v 'cp law kavr& 'r6nc for the context suggests strongly that the construction with xawr& is Aristotelian. Aristotle starts talking of a mobile being xaoX tL as far back as 239A25, using the phrase again at 30, 34, 35 and (twice) at 239B3. Uninterested in conserving the mention of 'r670oq in his summary of the puzzle (t67roq plays no role in the analysis of its reasoning presupposed by his refutation), it would be natural for him to change &v T' rfa kmuvr into xxra. 'r taov in conformity with his 6 uses of xacrci 't in the preceding 15 lines. 3 For the expansion cf. the commentators (Simplicius, Philoponus, Themistius: Lee # 30 to # 34. Lee puts the expansion into the text (he writes: &v 'rij vUV xm'd& r6 taov), but on frail MS. authority.
Carbon Dioxide-Induced Plasticization of Polyimide Membranes: Pseudo-Equilibrium Relationships of Diffusion, Sorption, and Swelling

The application of membranes in gas separation and pervaporation requires materials that are resistant to plasticizing feed streams. We demonstrate the relationship between CO2 sorption, permeability, and film swelling of a polyimide gas separation membrane and how these properties are affected by systematic changes to the polymer structure induced by thermal annealing and covalent cross-linking. Dilation of polyimide thin films (∼120 nm) exposed to high-pressure CO2 (up to 100 atm at 35 °C) was measured by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to decouple the effects of thermal and chemical treatments on the film swelling. The refractive index of the CO2-swollen polymer is also used to estimate the CO2 sorption for comparison against that measured on thick films (∼50 μm) by the pressure-decay method. Differences in sorption levels in thin and thick films appear to be related to accelerated physical aging of the thin films. Both thermal annealing and covalent cross-linking of the polyimide films reduce polym...
An engineering analysis of ductile fractures

A critical strain at a small distance from a crack tip is proposed as a ductile fracture criterion. Surface strain in double edge cracked specimen made of 2024-0 aluminum alloy was measured using the moire method. The strain along the crack line and near a crack tip is proportional to the cracked-section-elongation, the latter is used as a measurable quantity to characterize ductile fractures. The effect of specimen size on fracture strength and energy absorption by the specimen were analyzed. The proposed ductile fracture analysis agrees qualitatively with fracture tests on fully annealed 4340 steel and 2024-T351 aluminum.
Partner change, birth interval and risk of pre‐eclampsia: a paradoxical triangle

Immunology has been hypothesised to play a critical role in the development of pre-eclampsia. A number of epidemiological studies have shown that multiparous women who changed partner had an increased risk of pre-eclampsia in the following pregnancy compared with multiparous women with the same partner. However partner change is often associated with a long birth interval. Two recent papers using data from the same birth registry reported that after controlling for birth interval partner change was associated with a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia. Based on a causal diagram the author argues conceptually that birth interval is not a confounder but more likely to be a collider. Controlling for or stratifying birth interval in the association between partner change and risk of pre-eclampsia could be inappropriate and may have produced a spurious association. (authors)
Interstitial fluid flow in cancer: implications for disease progression and treatment

As cancer progresses, a dynamic microenvironment develops that creates and responds to cellular and biophysical cues. Increased intratumoral pressure and corresponding increases in interstitial flow from the tumor bulk to the healthy stroma is an observational hallmark of progressing cancers. Until recently, the role of interstitial flow was thought to be mostly passive in the transport and dissemination of cancer cells to metastatic sites. With research spanning the past decade, we have seen that interstitial flow has a promigratory effect on cancer cell invasion in multiple cancer types. This invasion is one mechanism by which cancers can resist therapeutics and recur, but the role of interstitial flow in cancer therapy is limited to the understanding of transport of therapeutics. Here we outline the current understanding of the role of interstitial flow in cancer and the tumor microenvironment through cancer progression and therapy. We also discuss the current role of fluid flow in the treatment of cancer, including drug transport and therapeutic strategies. By stating the current understanding of interstitial flow in cancer progression, we can begin exploring its role in therapeutic failure and treatment resistance.
Modelling fuel-switching between natural gas and fuel oil in US manufacturing☆

Abstract This paper presents a model of short-run substitution between natural gas and fuel oil in US manufacturing. The model provides insight into how elasticity estimates depend upon the level of aggregation, even for two fuels that are close substitutes at the micro level. The model is estimated using US regional data for the period 1974–1981. The results suggest that there are significant regional differences in the premium users are willing to pay for gas. The model provides a framework for analysing future data on gas and oil consumption and technological capabilities in US manufacturing.
Multimedia Information eXchange for I-NET, Inc. at the Kennedy Space Center: A continuing study of the application of worldwideweb technology

Multimedia Information eXchange (MIX) is a multimedia information system that accommodates multiple data types and provides consistency across platforms. Information from all over the world can be accessed quickly and efficiently with the Internet-based system. I-NET's MIX uses the World Wide Web and Mosaic graphical user interface. Mosaic is available on all platforms used at I-NET's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) facilities. Key information system design concepts and benefits are reviewed. The MIX system also defines specific configuration and helper application parameters to ensure consistent operations across the entire organization. Guidelines and procedures for other areas of importance in information systems design are also addressed. Areas include: code of ethics, content, copyright, security, system administration, and support.
Children’s Knowledge of the Spanish Copulas Ser and Estar with Novel Adjectives

Previous research suggests that children’s behavior with respect to the interpretation of the Spanish copulas ser and estar may differ depending on their knowledge of the world and whether the copulas occur with real adjectives or novel adjectives in the experimental prompt: Whereas 5-year-old children associate estar + real adjective combinations to temporary properties (Schmitt & Miller 2007), children as old as 12 years of age are not adultlike in their interpretation of estar + novel adjective combinations, where novel adjectives are paired with properties for which children already have a Spanish word (Alonqueo 2007). In this article, we present two experimental studies on Puerto Rican children’s use of copulas and show that when novel adjectives are paired with novel properties and those novel adjectives occur in the experimental prompt with the copula estar, children associate the novel adjective to a temporary property by 4 years of age. These results highlight the importance of the copula to the ...
Comparison of neural network and multiple linear regression as dissolution predictors.

AbstractThe predictive performance of an artificial neural network (NN) was compared with the first-order multiple linear regression (MLR) using mean dissolution data of 28 diltiazem immediate release tablet formulations. The performance was evaluated using “Weibull” function parameters alpha and beta. Weibull parameters were used as dissolution markers of the eight principal, mainly compositional, variables. The parameters were obtained by fitting the Weibull function to the mean (n = 12) dissolution profiles of 28 diltiazem hydrochloride tablet formulations. The generated set of 28 pairs of Weibull function parameters was evaluated for internal and external predictability using both the MLR and the artificial NN. A three-layered 8-5-2 feedforward NN was found to be an adequate descriptor of the dissolution data. Internal predictions were based on the data of 24 products. External predictions used the 24 product data to test four products not used in the training phase. The predictive performances of the...
Acculturation Stress and Depression among Asian Immigrant Elders

This study examines the association between acculturation stress and depressive symptoms in a regional probability sample (n = 407) of six groups of Asian immigrant elders (Chinese, Korean, Indian, Filipino,Vietnamese, and Japanese). Findings suggest that about 40 percent of the sample were depressed, indicating higher depression rates than found in other studies of older American or Asian elderly samples in the United States and Asia. Multiple regression analyses indicated that acculturation stress caused by elders' perception of a cultural gap between themselves and their adult children was associated with high depression levels. Other predictors of depression were poor perceived health, stressful life events, religiosity, proximity of children, assistance received from adult children, and longer residence in the United States. Data suggest that depression is prevalent among urban Asian immigrant elders and that there is great heterogeneity among Asian ethnic subgroups. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
Platelet phenol sulfotransferase activity: Correlation with sulfate conjugation of acetaminophen

Human platelets contain two independently regulated forms of the drug conjugating enzyme, phenol sulfotransferase (PST). One form of platelet PST activity is relatively thermolabile (TL) and the other i~ relatively thermostable (TS). Acetaminophen is a substrate for both the TS and TL forms of PST. Our aim was to determine whether individual variations in platelet PST activity might reject variations in the sulfate conjugation of oral acetaminophen. Platelet PS7 activity was measured in blood samples from 29 randomly selected subjects. There was no significant correlation between the independently regulated activities of the TS and TL forms of PST in the platelets of these subjects (r = 0.16, P > 0.4). Each of the 29 subjects ingested I0 mglkg acetaminophen and 24-hr urinary excretions of acetaminophen, acetaminophen glucuronide, and acetaminophm sulfate were measured. Average 24-hr urinary excretions of acetaminophen, acetam~nophen glucuronide, and acetaminophen sulfate were 2.3%, 46.9% and 35.0% of the total dose of drug. There were signijicant correlations between the activities of both the TS and TL forms of platelet PST and the excretion of acetaminophen sulfate expressed as a percentage oj the dose of the drug (r = 0.621, P < 0.001; r = 0.456, P < 0.02). The correlation coeficient between the TS activity and the excretion of acetaminophen sulfate was significant when the excretion of sulfate conjugate was expressed as a percentage of the sum of ucetaminophen plus conjugated metabolites excreted (r = 0.565, P < 0.002). Our data demonstrate that relative levels of platelet PST activity reject individual variations in the urinary excretion of the sulfate conjugate of acetaminophen.
The First World War and International Relations Theory: A Review of Books on the 100th Anniversary

The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Christopher Clark. HarperCollins, 2013. July 1914: Countdown to War. Sean McMeekin. Basic Books, 2013. The Russian Origins of the First World War. Sean McMeekin. Harvard University Press, 2011. The Origins of the First World War: Diplomatic and Military Documents. By Annika Mombauer (editor), Manchester University, 2013. The Fischer Controversy 50 Years On. By Annika Mombauer editor of Special Issue of Journal of Contemporary History July Crisis: The World's Descent into War, Summer 1914. Thomas G. Otte. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. July 1914: Soldiers, Statesmen and the Coming of the Great War: A Brief Documentary History. By Samuel Williamson Jr, Russel Van Wyk. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003. The First World War was probably the most important political event of the modern global system. It transformed in a fundamental way how we think of war and created an aversion to war that is still present (Mueller 1989). Academically, it has remained the most complicated of wars. For political science and international relations (IR), it has had a special impact with many of our theories, including both spiral and deterrence models, being influenced by our understanding of it. The 100th anniversary of the First World War has produced, as expected, a spate of new books on the outbreak of the war. These books are not simply commemorative; they show that we are still far away from a consensus on certain basic issues. In fact, what the books make clear is that the First World War is still an open field. In this review, I will concentrate on three things: (i) the shift in the understanding historians have of the origins of the war and some of the central remaining questions, (ii) the implications of the recent historical scholarship for IR theory, in particular the applicability of some of our conceptual approaches, like two-level games and the importance of domestic politics, and (iii) the merits of each book for classroom use. There are many reasons why IR scholars need to read these books, but an essential one is that they reflect a shift away from the view that Germany is mainly responsible for its outbreak, a view that goes back to the war guilt clause of the Versailles Treaty, but in recent times has been most associated with the Fischer (1967, 1975) thesis. The consensus among historians has varied over time, but Germany has been a focus of blame, except for the brief revisionist period in the late 1920s …