cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimize Querying of LOINC® with an Ontology: Give Me the Chlamydia Tests the Epidemiologists Want Me to Use!

Epidemiologists create and publish criteria for laboratory tests that must be reported to public health agencies. The sets of LOINC® codes are critical for electronic laboratory reporting but vary by source, are difficult to curate, and may be missing desired or include undesired tests. Using Chlamydia as an example, we developed an ontology that classifies the terminology used to describe LOINC® coded tests. For each test, we created a new ontology term with a logical definition, and used the HermiT reasoner to automatically classify the tests into an ontology. We used the ontology to query for logic using terms familiar to epidemiologists, and demonstrate views that allow the user to visualize selected codes in the context of all codes. We provided prototype classification and querying functionality that can be extended to address all organisms and allow users to visualize alternative strategies.
Effect of Compressive Strain on Cell Viability in Statically Loaded Articular Cartilage

Physiological loading of articulating joints is necessary for normal cartilage function. However, conditions of excessive overloading or trauma can cause cartilage injury resulting in matrix damage and cell death. The objective of this study was to evaluate chondrocyte viability within mechanically compressed articular cartilage removed from immature and mature bovine knees. Twenty-three mature and 68 immature cartilage specimens were subjected to static uniaxial confined-creep compressions of 0–70% and the extent of cell death was measured using fluorescent microscopic imaging. In both age groups, cell death was always initiated at the articular surface and increased linearly in depth with increasing strain magnitude. However, most of the cell death was localized within the superficial zone (SZ) of the cartilage matrix with the depth never greater than ~ 500 μm or 25% of the thickness of the test specimen. The immature cartilage was found to have a significantly greater (> 2 times) amount (depth) of cell death compared to the mature cartilage, especially at the higher strains. This finding was attributed to the lower compressive modulus of the immature cartilage in the SZ compared to that of the mature cartilage, resulting in a greater local matrix strain and concomitant cell surface membrane strain in this zone when the matrix was compressed. These results provide further insight into the capacity of articular cartilage in different age groups to resist the severity of traumatic injury from compressive loads.
Nanostructured Energetic Composites of CL-20 and Binders Synthesized by Sol Gel Methods

Monolithic energetic gels were prepared in acetone by separately cross-linking the single precursors, glycidyl azide polyol (GAP polyol polyol), nitrocellulose (NC, 12% N), and tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane (THMNM) and the mixed precursors (GAP polyol+NC) and (GAP polyol+THMNM) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). THMNM functions as a chain extender. The synthesis conditions were optimized according to precursor mass ratio, cross-linking agent, solvent, catalyst concentration, and containers with various surface-to-volume ratios. The concentrations of reactants and cure catalyst are the most important factors. The composite energetic materials with a high degree of homogeneity were synthesized by trapping hexanitrohexazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) on the nano scale in the energetic polymer gels using sol gel processing with a modified freeze-drying procedure. Loadings up to 85%, 93%, and 90% by weight of CL-20 yielded, respectively, monolithic gels for GAP/HDI, NC/HDI, and THMNM/HDI. 90% CL-20 can be loaded into gels of the mixed precursors of (GAP polyol+NC) and (GAP polyol+THMNM). The energetic gels and composites were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, DSC, SEM, and sensitivity to drop weight impact. The sensitivity of CL-20 is reduced in the energetic nanocomposites.
Self-management priority setting and decision-making in adults with multimorbidity: A narrative review of literature

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this narrative review was to synthesize current research findings related to self-management, in order to better understand the processes of priority setting and decision-making among adults with multimorbidity. Design A narrative literature review was undertaken, synthesizing findings from published, peer-reviewed empirical studies that addressed priority setting and/or decision-making in self-management of multimorbidity. Data sources A search of PubMed, PsychINFO, CINAHL and SocIndex databases was conducted from database inception through December 2013. References lists from selected empirical studies and systematic reviews were evaluated to identify any additional relevant articles. Review methods Full text of potentially eligible articles were reviewed and selected for inclusion if they described empirical studies that addressed priority setting or decision-making in self-management of multimorbidity among adults. Two independent reviewers read each selected article and extracted relevant data to an evidence table. Processes and factors of multimorbidity self-management were identified and sorted into categories of priority setting, decision-making, and facilitators/barriers. Results Thirteen articles were selected for inclusion; most were qualitative studies describing processes, facilitators, and barriers of multimorbidity self-management. The findings revealed that patients prioritize a dominant chronic illness and re-prioritize over time as conditions and treatments change; that multiple facilitators (e.g. support programs) and barriers (e.g. lack of financial resources) impact individuals' self-management priority setting and decision-making ability; as do individual beliefs, preferences, and attitudes (e.g., perceived personal control, preferences regarding treatment). Conclusions Health care providers need to be cognizant that individuals with multimorbidity engage in day-to-day priority setting and decision-making among their multiple chronic illnesses and respective treatments. Researchers need to develop and test interventions that support day-to-day priority setting and decision-making and improve health outcomes for individuals with multimorbidity.
On the distribution of the nucleotides in the seven completely sequenced DNAs

Abstract Several Markov chain models (up to fourth order) have been fitted to the sequences of the seven DNAs presented in Fuchs et al. (1980). Two methods for determining the order of Markov chain are applied to the data. The two methods lead to different conclusions and we dicuss these discrepancies. When the distribution of the nucleotides in a DNA sequence is investigated, it is suggested that the study on the order of the Markov model should be supplemented with additional analysis.
The complexity of problems involving structurally bounded and conservative Petri nets

Abstract We examine the reachability, containment, and equivalence problems for structurally bounded and conservative Petri nets. Using techniques from the theory of linear optimization, we derive an upper bound on the size of any reachable marking for a structurally bounded Petri net. By employing Savitch's Theorem, we use this bound to show all three problems for both structurally bounded and conservative Petri nets to be in PSPACE. These three problems are already known to be PSPACE-complete for 1-conservative Petri nets; therefore, since 1-conservative Petri nets are both conservative and structurally bounded, it follows that all three problems for consecutive and structurally bounded Petri nets are PSPACE-complete.
Deletion of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase in mice perturbs choline and 1-carbon metabolism, resulting in fatty liver and hepatocellular carcinomas.

Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) uses betaine to catalyze the conversion of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine. There are common genetic polymorphisms in the BHMT gene in humans that can alter its enzymatic activity. We generated the first Bhmt−/− mouse to model the functional effects of mutations that result in reduced BHMT activity. Deletion of Bhmt resulted in a 6-fold increase (p < 0.01) in hepatic and an 8-fold increase (p < 0.01) in plasma total Hcy concentrations. Deletion of Bhmt resulted in a 43% reduction in hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) (p < 0.01) and a 3-fold increase in hepatic S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) (p < 0.01) concentrations, resulting in a 75% reduction in methylation potential (AdoMet:AdoHcy) (p < 0.01). Bhmt−/− mice accumulated betaine in most tissues, including a 21-fold increase in the liver concentration compared with wild type (WT) (p < 0.01). These mice had lower concentrations of choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin in several tissues. At 5 weeks of age, Bhmt−/− mice had 36% lower total hepatic phospholipid concentrations and a 6-fold increase in hepatic triacyglycerol concentrations compared with WT (p < 0.01), which was due to a decrease in the secretion of very low density lipoproteins. At 1 year of age, 64% of Bhmt−/− mice had visible hepatic tumors. Histopathological analysis revealed that Bhmt−/− mice developed hepatocellular carcinoma or carcinoma precursors. These results indicate that BHMT has an important role in Hcy, choline, and one-carbon homeostasis. A lack of Bhmt also affects susceptibility to fatty liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. We suggest that functional polymorphisms in BHMT that significantly reduce activity may have similar effects in humans.
Immunoelectrophoretic identification of peroxidase in human parotid saliva.

Abstract Parotid saliva peroxidase was detected and identified in parotid saliva immunoelectropheretograms by heterologous cross-reacting antibodies to bovine lactoperoxidase and homologous antibodies to parotid saliva. The enzyme was moderately basic and located slightly cathodal to amylase at pH 7.2. Confirmation of identity of the precipitates was by specific enzymic disclosing reagents of the peroxidase-antibody complexes directly on the immunoelectropheretogram. Locating and identifying the peroxidase precipitin arc in the normal parotid saliva immunoelectropheretogram provides a means of detecting and studying pathological changes of the enzyme in parotid saliva.
Crystal chemistry of REVO3 phases (RE = La-Lu, Y)

Abstract All REVO 3 phases have been prepared and characterized by x-ray powder diffraction for symmetry and unit cell parameters. LaVO 3 and CeVO 3 have tetragonal variations of the perovskite structure while all remaining REVO 3 phases are orthorhombic and isostructural with GdFeO 3 . The variation of cell parameters with RE 3+ ionic radius shows a steady contraction with decreasing radius for a o , c o and V while b o goes through a maximum.
Three-dimensional spatial variability of chemical properties around a monitored waste emplacement tunnel.

Abstract Regulatory requirements and scientific needs require that the response of the geological system to emplacement of high level radioactive waste be monitored for long time periods. This monitoring activity is intended to establish the extent to which predicted behavior matches the actual response of the geological system to waste emplacement. To accomplish this goal, field measurements must be made at a spatial resolution that will determine whether the changes in parameters that are monitored conform to predicted evolutionary patterns. From the perspective of thermohydrological and geochemical parameters, key measurements will consider pore water compositional evolution and changes in matrix and fracture saturation in the near vicinity of waste emplacement tunnels. A massively parallel high performance computational platform (a 1200 processor IBM SP-2) was used to conduct three-dimensional, high resolution simulations to ascertain the spatial variability to be expected during a monitoring period. The results show that spatial variability in certain chemical parameters below waste emplacement tunnels provides robust targets for monitoring, but will require sampling on the scale of 10 s of centimeters in some locations, in order to rigorously test models. Chemical variability induced by relatively small changes in waste package heat output suggests that designing a monitoring program that will rigorously test model predictions will likely require high resolution, three-dimensional simulations of the “as-built” monitoring tunnels.
Differential modulation of Th1- and Th2-related cytokine mRNA expression by a synthetic peptide homologous to a conserved domain within retroviral envelope protein.

Abstract The influence of a synthetic retroviral peptide, CKS-17, on T helper type 1 (Th1)- or Th2-related cytokines was investigated in human blood mononuclear cells. Cells were stimulated with staphylococcal enterotoxin A, anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies, or lipopolysaccharide to induce cytokine mRNA. mRNA was detected by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or Northern blot analysis. CKS-17 down-regulated stimulant-induced mRNA accumulation for interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-2, and p40 heavy and p35 light chains of IL-12, a cytokine that mediates development of Th1 response. CKS-17 up-regulated stimulant-induced mRNA accumulation of IL-10 and did not suppress Th2-related cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, or IL-13) mRNA expression. A reverse sequence of CKS-17 peptide, used as a control, showed no such action. Anti-human IL-10 monoclonal antibody blocked ability of CKS-17 to inhibit mRNA accumulation for IFN-gamma but not the CKS-17 suppressive activity of IL-12 p40 heavy chain mRNA. Thus, CKS-17-mediated suppression of IFN-gamma mRNA expression is dependent upon augmentation of IL-10 production by CKS-17. This conserved component of several retroviral envelope proteins, CKS-17, may act as an immunomodulatory epitope responsible for cytokine dysregulation that leads to suppression of cellular immunity.
A 94 GHz interferometer for use in establishing the upper critical field in YBCO

Abstract This paper describes a 94 GHz interferometer that was used to measure the change in the complex impedance in a thin-film, high-temperature superconductor (YBCO) when under the influence of an extremely high-pulsed magnetic field. It will review the design features necessary to meet the experimental requirements, describe the circuit used, outline the experimental setup, and present a set of data obtained at 4 K.
Palladium buffer-layered high performance ionic polymer–metal composites

A new IPMC fabrication method—that is not a repetitive reduction processes—and a new supporting electrode material that is responsible for this procedure are described in this paper. A palladium metal, acting as a buffer layer, was deposited before plating the platinum electrode in order to articulate the surface morphology and the interfacial effect between the electrode and the membrane. The platinum layer was sequentially grown using an electroless chemical deposition on a palladium buffer layer on the polymer membrane. The surface morphology and conductivity of the electrode were enhanced by depositing a buffer layer. Under the same applied voltage, when compared to IPMCs without a buffer layer, the IPMCs with a palladium buffer layer showed a greater bending tendency and had a higher blocking force. The results also indicated that such IPMCs do not exhibit the back relaxation phenomenon under a sustained DC voltage. The amplitude of the transduction signal produced by the Pt/Pd IPMC shows much larger amplitude of the signal produced by the Pt IPMC. Thus, the IPMC with a palladium buffer layer has the potential for future applications as an actuator and transducer.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE FAR‐RED EFFECT IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1,2

SUMMARY A far-red effect exists in 4 marine phytoplankton species: the diatom Ditylum brightwelli, the coccolithophorid Coccolithus huxleyi, the green flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta, and the dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula. The effect is reversible and is manifested through a change in cell division rate. Cultures of algae which received 30-min far-red (FR) light (750 nm) prior to the dark period were compared to controls which received, no FR. Reversal of the FR effect was studied by exposing experimental cultures to 30 min FR followed by 5-min red (R) light (650 nm) prior to the dark period. Controls received only FR. Cultures were exposed to light at 6 different enumerated wavelengths between 460 and 750 nm. A decrease in division rate runs evident only with light at 750 nm. These results give evidence for the presence of the phytochrome system in these phytoplankton species.
ADAM Proteases: Ligand Processing and Modulation of the Notch Pathway

ADAM metalloproteases play important roles in development and disease. One of the key functions of ADAMs is the proteolytic processing of Notch receptors and their ligands. ADAM-mediated cleavage of Notch represents the first step in regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the receptor, leading to activation of the Notch pathway. Recent reports indicate that the transmembrane Notch ligands also undergo ADAM-mediated processing in cultured cells and in vivo. The proteolytic processing of Notch ligands modulates the strength and duration of Notch signals, leads to generation of soluble intracellular domains of the ligands, and may support a bi-directional signaling between cells.
Amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity is associated with phospholipase D activation in cultured rat hippocampal cells

Abstract The role of phopholipase D (PLD) in amyloid β (A β )-induced neurotoxicity was studied by comparing the effects of A β (1–40) on PLD activity and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from cultured rat hippocampal cells. PLD activity was determined in [ 3 H]myristic acid-labeled cells by measuring the formation of [ 3 H]phosphatidylethanol in the presence of ethanol (0.5%), and LDH activity in the cell media was measured via colorimetric assay. A β (50 μ M), aged for 3 days to allow for peptide aggregation, acutely (1 h) stimulated PLD activity. Unaged A β (50 μ M) had no acute (1 h) effect on PLD activity, but significantly stimulated PLD activity by 87% when incubated with cells for 1–3 days. A β (50 μ M)-induced PLD activity was closely correlated with A β (50 μ M)-induced LDH release over a time course of 1–3 days. These data suggest that PLD activation may be involved in A β -induced neurotoxicity.
Dynamic adjustment of regularization parameters for the fusion of edge features and noisy dense surfaces

Data fusion provides tools for solving problems which are characterized by distributed and diverse information sources. Many robotic applications need to retrieve particular properties from a scene; so it is necessary to use multiple knowledge sources since a single sensory modality cannot capture all of the physical causes of a given edge feature. In this paper we focus on the problem of extracting features such as image discontinuities from both synthetic and real images. Since edge detection and surface reconstruction are ill-posed problems according to Hadamard, Tikhonov's regularization paradigm is proposed as the basic tool for solving this inversion problem and restoring well-posedness. The proposed framework includes (1) a review of 2D regularization, (2) extension of the standard Tikhonov regularization method by allowing space-variant regularization parameters, and (3) further extension of the regularization paradigm by adding multiple data sources for different sensing modalities. The theoretical approach is complemented by developing a regularized hybrid fusion algorithm for solving the early vision problems of edge detection and surface reconstruction. An evaluation of these methods reveals that this new analytical data fusion technique reconstructs a smooth filtered surface in noisy regions while preserving edge characteristics needed for extracting object features. Results indicate the fusion technique is beneficial for combining edge features from different types of sensory data to locate and identify objects of interest.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dennis Engels: A Humanitarian and Ethical Scholar

Dr. Dennis Engels retired in 2011 after a 35-year career as a counselor educator, during which he contributed over 30 years of service to the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling. In this profile article, the author reviews the highlights of Dr. Engels's distinguished career and presents an interview in which Dr. Engels discusses (a) his journey as a counselor educator, (b) ethical standards and credentialing, and (c) the future of counseling.
Perturbation solutions of spherical moving boundary problems—I Slow growth or dissolution rates

Abstract A perturbation solution is developed for the moving boundary problem involving the slow growth or dissolution of an isolated sphere. This solution resolves the difficulties associated with singular behavior in both space and time, and a space—time matching scheme is used to form uniformly valid composite solutions for temperature or concentration and for the radius of the sphere. The predictions of the new solution are compared with a previous analytical solution and with the predictions of finite-difference solutions.
Effects of naloxone and hypophysectomy on electroconvulsive shock-induced analgesia

Powerful analgesia follows electroconvulsive shock in both hypophysectomized and sham-operated rats. Antagonism of this analgesia by naloxone implicates opioid peptides in its mediation, its occurrence in hypophysectomized animals implicating opioids of central nervous system rather than pituitary origin. Because naloxone only partially reduces electroconvulsive shock analgesia in hypophysectomized rats, the participation of another, non-opioid analgesia substrate also seems indicated.
Neoantigen of the membrane attack complex of human complement

Since complement activation and hematological abnormalities occur in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the present study is an investigation of whether the membrane attack complex of complement might be bound to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in vivo. Assembly of the membrane attack complex results in the generation of neoantigen (neoAg) which is complex-specific and not expressed by any of the individual complement proteins. FITC antiserum specific to neoAg was employed to detect the membrane attack complex on PBL from 7 normal donors, 12 patients with SLE, and 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 3 +/- 1% of normal, 25 +/- 13% of SLE, and 23 +/- 11% of RA PBL were positive. The majority of the neoAg positive PBL in SLE were polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as shown by adherence to plastic, phagocytosis of carbonyl iron, and differential cell counts. The PBL were greater than 98% viable as indicated by the trypan blue exclusion technique. These observations strongly suggest that the membrane attack complex may be bound to viable PBL in patients with SLE and RA, and further raise the possibility that the membrane attack complex, may have a function other than lysis.
A METHOD OF EXTENDING THE ENERGY RANGE OF THE HELIUM-3 NEUTRON SPECTROMETER

Abstract A method of extending the energy range of the helium-3 neutron spectrometer is described. The method provides the instrument with the capability of analysing continuous neutron spectra that include neutrons of energies in excess of 1 MeV. Presented here is a description of the “wall-less” counter constructed as part of the project, the formulation of the problem of calculating the interfering helium-3 recoil spectra by analysing the true (n, p) spectrum, and a verification of the method utilizing a monoenergetic source of neutrons. An outline of the computer code programmed to infer and unfold the interfering spectra is given.
Bacterial effects on the mobilization of cations from a weathered Pb-contaminated andesite

Abstract Mobilization of contaminant Pb and other cations from a weathered andesite was examined by conducting water–rock leaching experiments to measure release rates of the major and minor elements found in the bulk rock. Experiments were conducted for over 600 h, at pH 3 and 6.5, as a function of grain size, and in the presence and absence of a common subsurface bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis . The acid leaching experiments exhibited enhanced Pb mobilities. The contact area between mineral surfaces and water controlled the amount of most elements leached into solution. Typically, bacteria accelerated the leaching of trace elements. However, major element levels were inversely correlated with bacterial content, and generally lower major element concentrations were observed in the presence of bacteria, relative to the bacteria-free systems. This effect was likely caused by bacterial enhancement of secondary mineral precipitation rates. Extremely low concentrations of Pb were leached into solution during the course of the experiments under conditions most closely approximating natural conditions (i.e., near neutral pH). Moreover, the release rate of Pb relative to other elements was low. Pb was associated with iron oxides precipitated in the rock pore spaces, and the experiments suggest that the iron oxides dissolved to a lesser extent than did other minerals in the rock matrix. The mobility of the Pb associated with these iron oxides was less than that of other heavy metals that were likely associated with the surrounding matrix.
Friction-Weighted Self-Consistent Effective Binary Diffusion Approximation

The self-consistent effective binary diffusion (SCEBD) approximation for multicomponent diffusion in gas mixtures is reconsidered and reformulated. The new formulation is based on the fact that a suitable rearrangement of the Stefan-Maxwell equations pro_vides an exact expression for the complementary mean velocity a; for species i as a weighted average of the velocities of all the other species. The coefficients in a; are normalized friction coefficients which are simply related to the true binary diffusion coefficients. A simple factorized bilinear approximation to the friction coefficients then yields approximate species diffusion fluxes identical in form to those of a previous intuitive treatment [ 4], together with a new relation between the previously ambiguous weighting factors wi and the friction coefficients. This relation places the SCEBD approximation on a firm foundation by providing a rational basis for determining the W;. A simple further approximation based on the known form ofthe friction coefficients for hard spheres yields w; = (const.)pJfo., where P; and M; are respectively the mass density and molecular weight of species i. These weighting factors are shown to produce considerably more accurate diffusion velocities than the conventional choice w; = (const.)pJM;.
Node Failure Time Analysis for Maximum Stability Versus Minimum Distance Spanning Tree Based Data Gathering in Mobile Sensor Networks

A mobile sensor network is a wireless network of sensor nodes that move arbitrarily. In this paper, we explore the use of a maximum stability spanning tree-based data gathering (Max.Stability-DG) algorithm and a minimum-distance spanning tree-based data gathering (MST-DG) algorithm for mobile sensor networks. We analyze the impact of these two algorithms on the node failure times, specifically with respect to the node lifetime (the time of first node failure) and network lifetime (the time of disconnection of the network of live sensor nodes due to one or more node failures). Both the Max.Stability-DG and MST-DG algorithms are based on a greedy strategy of determining a data gathering tree when one is needed and using that tree as long as it exists. The Max.Stability-DG algorithm assumes the availability of the complete knowledge of future topology changes and determines a data gathering tree whose corresponding spanning tree would exist for the longest time since the current time instant; whereas, the MST-DG algorithm determines a data gathering tree whose corresponding spanning tree is the minimum distance tree at the current time instant. We observe a node lifetime – network lifetime tradeoff: the Max.Stability-DG trees incur a lower node lifetime due to repeated use of a data gathering tree for a longer time; on the other hand, the Max.Stability-DG trees incur a longer network lifetime.
Reserve, thin form-factor, hypochlorite-based cells for powering portable systems: Manufacture (including MEMS processes), performance and characterization

Abstract This work focuses on fabrication routes and performance evaluation of thin form-factors, reserve cells, as a powering alternative for expendable and/or remotely operated systems. The catalytic decomposition of sodium hypochlorite solutions is revisited herein with two cost-effective anodes: zinc and aluminum. Aluminum, even though the most expensive of the utilized anodes, constituted cells with double the energy content (up to 55 Wh kg −1 ) than those fabricated with zinc. Even though the hypochlorite concentration in the solution limits the cells’ operational life, attractive performances (1.0 V with a current of 10 mA) for the manufactured cells are obtained. It is shown that micro fabrication processes, allowing for close electrodes interspacing, provided high faradic and columbic efficiencies of up to 70 and 100%, respectively. Obtained specific energies (50–120 Wh kg −1 ) are in the same order of magnitude than batteries currently used for powering deployable systems. Experimental results show that a simple model that linearly relates over potentials and the electrical load, adequately describe all the cell designs. A mathematical model based on a kinetic–mechanistic scheme that relates the current output as a function of time agrees fairly well with results obtained activating cells with various concentrations of NaOCl solutions.
The Noble Brow of History: The History and Heritage of Science Information Systems

L'histoire des sciences de l'information devenant un sujet de plus en plus aborde, un congres consacre a l'Histoire et l'heritage des systemes de sciences de l'information a ete organise en 1998. Les themes abordes ont ete : le role du gouvernement, l'evolution du role des technoliges de l'information dans la pratique scientifique, les methodologies historiographiques appropriees disponibles pour de telles etudes.
Elucidating Intramolecular Vibrational Coupling Mechanisms by Microwave Spectroscopy of Single Vibrationally Mixed Quantum States: Coriolis and Conformer Interactions in Allyl Fluoride

We have measured the rotational spectra of several molecular eigenstates of the cis and gauche asymmetric hydride stretch in order to determine the nature of the weak vibrational interactions observed in these vibrational bands. The rotational spectra are measured using an infrared-microwave double resonance technique based on the Autler−Townes splitting of states in a strong microwave field. From the rotational spectra, we can detect contribution to the eigenstates from both localized structures (cis and gauche) and states of delocalized structure, or “isomerization states”. Evidence of rotational transitions assigned to isomerization states are observed in from the eigenstates prepared in both the cis and gauche vibrational band. Furthermore, detection of Coriolis interactions in the cis band is observed. However, we do not detect any coupling between states localized around different wells of the potential (i.e., cis and gauche) suggesting that the molecule is not undergoing isomerization.
On Performance and Energy Management in High Performance Computing Systems

Large-scale High Performance Computing (HPC) systems continue to be designed and constructed to extend performance beyond Petascales using monolithic, cluster, and distributed architectures and emerging multi-core Central Processing Unit (CPU) technologies. As these machines grow so too does the size and variety of applications that run on them. Yet power management and interconnection performance are of great and mounting concern, and to date, the understanding of HPC subsystem interactions and their relationships to power efficiency remains less than desirable. Furthermore, Executive Order 13423 was issued in January of 2007 in an effort to ensure that Federal agencies operate in an environmentally, economically, and fiscally sound manner. It mandates a 30% reduction in energy intensity (MBTUs per square foot) of government facilities in the FY06-15 timeframe using FY03 as a baseline. Two major drawbacks hinder their ability to sustain consistent run time and energy efficient performance: (1) major subsystems interact with each other, often at the expense of unpredictable application run time and energy consumption, and (2) increased power density of these machines complicates the space, power, and cooling problem, resulting in partial or full system down time, further exacerbating run time unpredictability. We believe that one fundamental reason for the above limitations is the operational isolation of loosely coupled subsystems. While the development of subsystems in isolation has been the dominant model for decades, it is inherently unsuitable for ensuring consistent and sustainable systemic performance. We propose that the collection of HPC sub-systems, including the set of running applications must be collaborative in nature, and as such the HPC systems full potential is limited by subsystem isolation and autonomous actions to improve their individual subsystem performance. This paper describes an approach for using “Application-Level Behavioral Attribute Driven Techniques” to characterize HPC subsystem interactions into meaningful metrics and correlates that can be used as inputs to algorithms to control large-scale behaviors (job schedulers, routers, and HVAC systems) as well as smaller-scale behaviors such as CPU frequency and voltage scaling to achieve improved run time and energy efficiency to help satisfy Executive Order 13423.
NMR investigation of the dynamics of tryptophan side-chains in hemoglobins.

Abstract NMR relaxation measurements of 15 N spin–lattice relaxation rate ( R 1 ), spin–spin relaxation rate ( R 2 ), and heteronuclear nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) have been carried out at 11.7 T and 14.1 T as a function of temperature for the side-chains of the tryptophan residues of 15 N-labeled and/or ( 2 H, 15 N)-labeled recombinant human normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A) and three recombinant mutant hemoglobins, rHb Kempsey (βD99N), rHb (αY42D/βD99N), and rHb (αV96W), in the carbonmonoxy and the deoxy forms as well as in the presence and in the absence of an allosteric effector, inositol hexaphosphate (IHP). There are three Trp residues (α14, β15, and β37) in Hb A for each αβ dimer. These Trp residues are located in important regions of the Hb molecule, i.e. α14Trp and β15Trp are located in the α 1 β 1 subunit interface and β37Trp is located in the α 1 β 2 subunit interface. The relaxation experiments show that amino acid substitutions in the α 1 β 2 subunit interface can alter the dynamics of β37Trp. The transverse relaxation rate ( R 2 ) for β37Trp can serve as a marker for the dynamics of the α 1 β 2 subunit interface. The relaxation parameters of deoxy-rHb Kemspey (βD99N), which is a naturally occurring abnormal human hemoglobin with high oxygen affinity and very low cooperativity, are quite different from those of deoxy-Hb A, even in the presence of IHP. The relaxation parameters for rHb (αY42D/βD99N), which is a compensatory mutant of rHb Kempsey, are more similar to those of Hb A. In addition, TROSY–CPMG experiments have been used to investigate conformational exchange in the Trp residues of Hb A and the three mutant rHbs. Experimental results indicate that the side-chain of β37Trp is involved in a relatively slow conformational exchange on the micro- to millisecond time-scale under certain experimental conditions. The present results provide new dynamic insights into the structure–function relationship in hemoglobin.
Synthesis of Well-Defined Poly(2-ethylacrylic acid)

The pH-dependent conformational transition of the hydrophobic polyelectrolyte poly(2-ethylacrylic acid) (PEAA, 1) can be used to design lipid bilayer membranes that release their contents in response to changes in environmental parameters such as pH, temperature, light intensity, and solute (e.g., glucose) concentration. Such responsive membrane systems are finding important applications in drug delivery, signal amplification in biochemical assays, and molecular recognition.
In search of intellectual biography: A review

I do not wish to deny the validity of intel lectual biographies, or the possibility of a history of theories, concepts, or themes. It is simply that I wonder whether such de scriptions are themselves enough, whether they do justice to the immense density of scientific discourse, whether there do not exist, outside their customary boundaries, systems of regularities that have a deci sive role in the history of science. (Fou cault 1973: xiii)
Identification of dehydration responsive genes from two non-nodulated alfalfa cultivars using Medicago truncatula microarrays

To have a comprehensive understanding of how legume plants respond to drought at the gene expression level and examine whether legume plants that are not fixing nitrogen would behave similar to non-legume plants in drought response, transcriptomes were studied in two non-nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars, Ladak and 53V08, when plants were subjected to dehydration stress. Two heat shock-related protein genes were up-regulated in the 3-h stressed shoots in both cultivars. One of them was also up-regulated in the 8-h stressed shoots, along with dehydrin and LEA. A xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and a gene with unknown function were down-regulated in both 3- and 8-h stressed shoots. In roots, nearly half of the 55 genes commonly up-regulated at 3 h are involved in pathogen resistance, insect defense and flavonoid synthesis, which differs from other dehydration-responsive transcriptomes in the literature. Many known drought-responsive genes, such as LEA and dehydrin, were up-regulated after 8 h of treatment. The genes encoding caffeoyl-CoA O-methyl transferase and dirigent were up-regulated in the 3-h stressed roots, while two aquaporin genes were down-regulated, suggesting that lignification and prevention of water loss in roots in initial dehydration stress is a common strategy for both cultivars. The results also indicate the involvement of some specific signal transduction pathways, osmotic adjustment and ion homeostasis regulation during dehydration response. Besides those known dehydration-responsive genes in the literature, some dehydration responses and genes in alfalfa appear to be unique. Our results provide valuable insight into a comprehensive understanding of dehydration response in alfalfa at the molecular level.
Cation mobility in the Cu6PS5X (X=Cl, Br, I) argyrodites

Abstract The electrical conductivity of Cu 6 PS 5 Cl shows purely Arrhenius behavior throughout the temperature range 170–450 K with no evidence of the 241 K thermodynamic phase transition previously reported. Cu 6 PS 5 Br exhibits two changes in activation energy. The first, at 251 K, apparently coincides with a previously determined thermodynamic transition. The second, at 321 K, is likely associated with a conduction transformation from ionic to electronic. The conductivity of Cu 6 PS 5 I is characterized by a cusp at a temperature of 194 K, far removed from a previously reported thermodynamic transition at 221 K. In addition, a broad and continuous change in activation energy appears to coincide with another previously reported phase transition at 270 K.
Abstract B67: Phenotype-specific role for protein kinase CK2 in luminal and basal-like breast cancer cells

Protein Kinase CK2 is a hetero-tetrameric serine/threonine kinase which has been shown to have increased expression in most types of cancer. Previous studies have identified roles for CK2 in transcriptional regulation, proliferation and survival, as well as in epithelial mesenchymal transition. Our previous studies have shown that CK2 is responsible for the phosphorylation of the estrogen receptor (ERα) at two previously unidentified sites. Here we sought to delineate the specific functions of CK2 in ERα (+) luminal and ERα (−) basal-like breast cancer. Breast tissue microarrays studies show that CK2 is expressed in both ERα (+) and ERα (−) breast tumors. In ER dependent cell lines, inhibition of CK2 causes a substantial inhibition of transcriptional activity in luciferase reporter assays. Furthermore, CK2 was found to interact with the promoters of estrogen responsive genes in an ER-dependent fashion. Despite the selective effects on ER dependent gene expression, inhibition of CK2 attenuated proliferation/ cell viability both ERα (+) and ERα (−) cell lines, suggesting that CK2 may have distinct roles in the function of specific breast cancer cell phenotypes. Indeed, Inhibition of CK2 caused cell-type specific changes in the expression of vimentin and E-cadherin, as determined by flow cytometry, as well as cell morphology. Taken together, these studies suggest that CK2 utilizes multiple molecular mechanisms to promote tumorigenesis. Inhibition of CK2 may be a viable therapeutic targeting strategy for treatment of patients with ERα (+) and ERα (−) breast tumor phenotypes. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B67.
Link test-A statistical method for finding prostate cancer biomarkers

We present a new method, link-test, to select prostate cancer biomarkers from SELDI mass spectrometry and microarray data sets. Biomarkers selected by link-test are supported by data sets from both mRNA and protein levels, and therefore results in improved robustness. Link-test determines the level of significance of the association between a microarray marker and a specific mass spectrum marker by constructing background mass spectra distributions estimated by all human protein sequences in the SWISS-PROT database. The data set consist of both microarray and mass spectrometry data from prostate cancer patients and healthy controls. A list of statistically justified prostate cancer biomarkers is reported by link-test. Cross-validation results show high prediction accuracy using the identified biomarker panel. We also employ a text-mining approach with OMIM database to validate the cancer biomarkers. The study with link-test represents one of the first cross-platform studies of cancer biomarkers.
Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Risks and Tenables among Native Amazonians in Northeastern Ecuador

Throughout Amazonia, indigenous communities contend with colonization, urbanization, extractive industries, agribusiness, and the environmental degradation that results, including widespread contamination, loss of biodiversity, changed systems of land tenure, and increasing levels of integration with the market. However, the perspectives of most Native Amazonians—the disparate ways that people perceive both risks and resources—have not been interpreted as demonstrative of sociocultural, economic, and demographic diversity. Drawing upon two datasets in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon, we first present a cross-cultural analysis of how seven different Amazonian communities of four ethnic groups perceive risk. Second, we make the methodological point that risk mapping should be paired with a method we call tenables mapping in order to provide a much more comprehensive understanding of the above-mentioned diversity. Finally, we describe a pilot tenables mapping study conducted among Waorani and Cofan youth in f...
Mechanical stress in a dielectric solid from a uniform electric field

Mechanical stress in a dielectric solid from application of a uniform electric field is usually assumed to be described by ``Maxwell stress,'' proportional to the first power of the relative dielectric constant, \ensuremath{\kappa}. Significant corrections are found from energy minimization when the dependence of permittivity on strain is included. Electrostriction coefficients are evaluated by the use of a model dielectric consisting of a simple-cubic lattice of linearly polarizable point dipoles. Compressive stress in the applied-field direction is larger than expected by more than a factor of \ensuremath{\kappa}. The force density exerted on internal space charge needs to be corrected by the same factor. Stress components also have been calculated, with identical results, through direct summation of microscopic forces. This method permits identification of the origins of electrically induced stress. The dominant contribution is a compressive stress in the field direction, proportional to ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}^{2}$, from attraction between free charge at the electrodes. This component can attain tens of MPa at fields approaching the intrinsic dielectric strength. A lateral tensile stress independent of \ensuremath{\kappa} also is present, which may assist electrical breakdown in some crystalline dielectrics. These stress components are augmented by short-range, dipolar forces throughout the bulk of the dielectric. Deformations accompanying poling of poly(vinylidene fluoride) are considered and found to be influenced by electrically induced stress.
EFFECTS OF FLOW DYNAMICS ON THE AQUATIC‐TERRESTRIAL TRANSITION ZONE (ATTZ) OF LOWER MISSOURI RIVER SANDBARS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR SELECTED BIOTA

Sandbars are an important aquatic terrestrial transition zone (ATTZ) in the active channel of rivers that provide a variety of habitat conditions for riverine biota. Channelization and flow regulation in many large rivers have diminished sandbar habitats and their rehabilitation is a priority. We developed sandbar-specific models of discharge-area relationships to determine how changes in flow regime affect the area of different habitat types within the submerged sandbar ATTZ (depth) and exposed sandbar ATTZ (elevation) for a representative sample of Lower Missouri River sandbars. We defined six different structural habitat types within the sandbar ATTZ based on depth or exposed elevation ranges that are important to different biota during at least part of their annual cycle for either survival or reproduction. Scenarios included the modelled natural flow regime, current managed flow regime and two environmental flow options, all modelled within the contemporary river active channel. Thirteen point and wing-dike sandbars were evaluated under four different flow scenarios to explore the effects of flow regime on seasonal habitat availability for foraging of migratory shorebirds and wading birds, nesting of softshell turtles and nursery of riverine fishes. Managed flows provided more foraging habitat for shorebirds and wading birds and more nursery habitat for riverine fishes within the channelized reach sandbar ATTZ than the natural flow regime or modelled environmental flows. Reduced summer flows occurring under natural and environmental flow alternatives increased exposed sandbar nesting habitat for softshell turtle hatchling emergence. Results reveal how management of channelized and flow regulated large rivers could benefit from a modelling framework that couples hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics to predict habitat conditions for a variety of biota. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timolol—Further Observations

Data from clinical records of patients using timolol confirm the ocular hypotensive effect of the drug in secondary glaucoma, aphakic glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and when used in combination with various other forms of glaucoma therapy. No serious local or systemic side effects were noted. Although many adrenergic agents ultimately produce tachyphylaxis, this effect is infrequent in timolol therapy.