cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A ‘horizontal’ hyper-diffusion three-dimensional thermocline planetary geostrophic model: well-posedness and long-time behaviour

In this paper, we study a three-dimensional thermocline planetary geostrophic 'horizontal' hyper-diffusion model of the gyre-scale midlatitude ocean. We show the global existence and uniqueness of the weak and strong solutions to this model. Moreover, we establish the existence of a finite-dimensional global attractor to this dissipative evolution system. Preliminary computational tests indicate that our hyper-diffusion model does not exhibit any of the non-physical instabilities near the lateral boundary which are observed numerically in other models.
Increased Mucosal Transmission but Not Enhanced Pathogenicity of the CCR5-Tropic, Simian AIDS-Inducing Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P3 Maps to Envelope gp120

Through rapid serial transfer in vivo, the chimeric CCR5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162 evolved from a virus that is nonpathogenic and poorly transmissible across the vaginal mucosa to a variant that still maintains CCR5 usage but which is now pathogenic and establishes intravaginal infection efficiently. To determine whether envelope glycoprotein gp120 is responsible for increased pathogenesis and transmissibility of the variant SHIVSF162P3, we cloned and sequenced the dominant envelope gene (encoding P3 gp120) and characterized its functions in vitro. Chimeric SHIVSF162 virus expressing P3 gp120 of the pathogenic variant, designated SHIVSF162PC, was also constructed and assessed for its pathogenicity and mucosal transmissibility in vivo. We found that, compared to wild-type SHIVSF162 gp120, P3 gp120 conferred in vitro neutralization resistance and increased entry efficiency of the virus but was compromised in its fusion-inducing capacity. In vivo, SHIVSF162PC infected two of two and two of three rhesus macaques by the intravenous and intravaginal routes, respectively. Nevertheless, although peak viremia reached 106 to 107 RNA copies per ml of plasma in some infected animals and was associated with depletion of gut-associated CD4+ lymphocytes, none of the animals maintained a viral set point that would be predictive of progression to disease. Together, the data from this study suggest a lack of correlation between entry efficiency and cytopathic properties of envelope glycoproteins with viral pathogenicity. Furthermore, whereas env gp120 contains the determinant for enhanced mucosal transmissibility of SHIVSF162P3, the determinant(s) of its increased virulence may require additional sequence changes in env gp41 and/or maps to other viral genes.
The role of medicolegal systems in producing geographic variation in suicide rates

Objectives. In this analysis, we ask whether there is systematic variation in the reporting of suicide by medicolegal system and if so whether this biases estimated effects of social correlates on suicide. Methods. With cause of death records (1999– 2002)and2000Censusdata,weusenegativebinomialregressiontoanalyzetheeffects of medicolegal system on suicide and nonsuicide mortality aggregated at county of occurrence. Results. We find that elected coroners have slightly lower official suicide rates than medical examiners (MEs; all of whom are appointed) and appointed coroners.Inaddition,wefindthatomittingmedicolegalsystemdoesnotbiasestimates of the social determinants of suicide. Conclusion. Contrary to arguments that MEs’ greaterscientifictrainingmakesthemmorelikelytounderreportsuicides,weconclude thatappointed deathinvestigators(MEsandappointedcoroners)underreportsuicide to a lesser degree than elected coroners, who are subject to greater public pressures that result in the misclassification of suicides. Suicide is typically understood as an intensely private and personal act. Thoseseekingtoexplainitinevitablyfocusonthementalandemotionalhealth oftheindividual.However,oneofthestrangefactsaboutsuicideisthatittends to cluster in specific populations and places. Suicide rates vary consistently across demographic groups and geographic areas, and these durable patterns of group- and place-level variation are not captured by individual-level explanations about psychological well-being. Indeed, such patterns suggest that social structural characteristics (e.g., economic status, social integration) are important determinants of suicide rates. Explaining variation in suicide rates speaks, therefore, to central themes in the social sciences concerning the role of social structure in human behavior.
Determinants of Salamander Distributions along Moisture Gradients

Abstract I examined how the distributions of the plethodontid salamanders Desmognathus monticola, D. fuscus, Eurycea cirrigera, Plethodon cinereus, and P. glutinosus were related to interspecific differences in the characteristics of their retreats and differences in their dehydration and rehydration rates. There was little spatial overlap between the terrestrial species, Plethodon cinereus and P. glutinosus, and the largest two semiaquatic species, Desmognathus monticola and D. fuscus. Terrestrial species occupied retreats that were considerably drier than those of semiaquatic species, but they selected larger cover objects. Body size appeared to influence microhabitat use as well. Among both the terrestrial and the semiaquatic salamanders, large species used wider cover objects, deeper retreats, and occupied cooler retreat sites than smaller species. Among the semiaquatic salamanders, larger species were found closer to water than smaller species. Rehydration rates paralleled habitat use. Species found ...
Do Sexual Networks of Men Who Have Sex with Men in New York City Differ by Race/Ethnicity?

The United States HIV epidemic disproportionately affects Black and Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM). This disparity might be partially explained by differences in social and sexual network structure and composition. A total of 1267 MSM in New York City completed an ACASI survey and egocentric social and sexual network inventory about their sex partners in the past 3 months, and underwent HIV testing. Social and sexual network structure and composition were compared by race/ethnicity of the egos: black, non-Hispanic (N = 365 egos), white, non-Hispanic (N = 466), and Hispanic (N = 436). 21.1% were HIV-positive by HIV testing; 17.2% reported serodiscordant and serostatus unknown unprotected anal/vaginal intercourse (SDUI) in the last 3 months. Black MSM were more likely than white and Hispanic MSM to report exclusively having partners of same race/ethnicity. Black and Hispanic MSM had more HIV-positive and unknown status partners than white MSM. White men were more likely to report overlap of social and sex partners than black and Hispanic men. No significant differences by race/ethnicity were found for network size, density, having concurrent partners, or having partners with ≥10 years age difference. Specific network composition characteristics may explain racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection rates among MSM, including HIV status of sex partners in networks and lack of social support within sexual networks. Network structural characteristics such as size and density do not appear to have such an impact. These data add to our understanding of the complexity of social factors affecting black MSM and Hispanic MSM in the U.S.
Renal tubular acidosis: a constellation of syndromes.

Serum potassium level is perhaps the most critical discriminant both in the classification of renal tubular acidoses and in the design of management approaches. For the patient with low or normal potassium, correction of the acidosis usually is simple. But the individual with RTA and hyperkalemia is likely to present a far more formidable management challenge.
Abstract CN03-02: Is newer better? Use of technology to encourage cancer screening among various populations

Several major technological breakthroughs have greatly expanded our options for health behavior interventions. In the 1980s, we started being able to record our own videos through hand-held cameras, mass produce tailored print on micro-computers, and develop interactive computer programs. Now, all these interventions can be web-based and accessed through smart phones that can collect data and deliver tailored feedback in real time. In our fascination with new media and their capabilities, we have rushed to employ latest technologies for interventions for all kinds of people. But, is newer necessarily better? To suggest some answers to this question, the presentation will use qualitative data as well as main and interaction effects from some large behavioral intervention trials among African Americans and other population subgroups. Citation Format: Celette Sugg Skinner. Is newer better? Use of technology to encourage cancer screening among various populations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr CN03-02.
Two-channel model for nonequilibrium thermal transport in pump-probe experiments

We present an analytic solution for heat flow in a multilayer two-channel system for the interpretation of time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) experiments where nonequilibrium effects are important. The two-channel solution is used to analyze new room temperature TDTR measurements of Al/Cu and Al/Si${}_{0.99}$Ge${}_{0.01}$ systems. Cu and Si${}_{0.99}$Ge${}_{0.01}$ are examples of materials well suited for analysis with a two-channel model because thermal excitations responsible for the vast majority of the heat capacity in these solids contribute little to their thermal conductivity. Nonequilibrium effects are found to be unimportant for the interpretation of the Al/Cu TDTR data but dramatic for the Al/Si${}_{0.99}$Ge${}_{0.01}$ TDTR data. The two-channel model predicts a significant reduction in the effective thermal conductivity of Si${}_{0.99}$Ge${}_{0.01}$ in a region within 150 nm of the Al/Si${}_{0.99}$Ge${}_{0.01}$ interface. The extra thermal resistance in this region is a result of the disparate heat flux boundary conditions for low- and high-frequency phonons in combination with weak coupling between low- and high-frequency phonons. When the experimental data are analyzed with a single-channel model, both the conductance and thermal conductivity appear to depend on pump-modulation frequency, consistent with the two-channel model's predictions. Finally, we compare the results of our diffusive two-channel model to a nonlocal description for steady-state heat flow near a boundary and show they yield nearly identical results.
Laser Doppler Velocimetry in Supersonic Round Jets

Development of a laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system was undertaken for supersonic aeroacoustic laboratory measurements. Initial qualification of the system was undertaken by measuring subsonic jet exhaust flows. The mean velocity of the centerline of the jet was measured and compared to previous LDV studies. The axial turbulence intensity was also estimated and compared to previous LDV studies. The LDV system was then tested by measuring a near sonic and supersonic jet exhaust at over-expanded, under-expanded, and fully expanded conditions. The centerline mean jet velocity, axial turbulence intensity, probability density function, histograms, and power spectral density were all analyzed with comparisons made to previous studies. Similar measurements were made on the jet shear layer. The importance of proper seeding of both the core and entrainment flow was highlighted.
Challenges in Developing a Computational Platform to Integrate Data Analytics With Simulation-Based Optimization

The focus of the work presented in this paper is to identify and find possible solutions for major implementation challenges in designing a computational platform for integrating data analytics paradigm with the simulation-based optimization technique to facilitate the modeling of a smart manufacturing system. A simulation model of a manufacturing system generates real-time monitoring data for machine status and these data are then mined by data mining algorithms to discover hidden knowledge that might not be predefined in the simulation model. The new knowledge is then fed into the simulation model such that the model adapts and evolves, and eventually it can predict future status. This procedure involves heterogeneous modeling techniques, information exchange among different tools, as well as model composition and interaction. We extend an early presented “Hypercube” information model that was specifically developed for the purpose of formal representation of smart manufacturing systems, in order to harmonize the information required by the simulation modeling tool and the data analytics tool. A strong emphasis is given to emerging areas of multi-domain and multiscale modeling by means of integration and interoperability between existing modeling tools and technologies. A specific case study related to preventive and predictive maintenance of a typical manufacturing system has been elaborated in the paper as the initial scope and application area in order to illustrate and validate the proposed computational framework.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Investigation on Physical Condition of 202 Radiation Workers in Shunyi District of Beijing City

[Objective]To understand the physical condition of radiation workers in Shunyi District of Beijing City,and analyze the effect of radiation on workers' health. [Methods]The occupational health examination of 202 radiation workers was based on the " Occupational Health Surveillance Management of Radiation Workers ".The results were analyzed and evaluated statistically. [Results]No radiation-related injury was found among radiation workers,some abnormalities found in physical examination were not significantly different with the control group(P0.05). [Conclusion]No radiation-related injury has been found among radiation workers in Shunyi District under normal operating conditions.
Analysis and evaluation on TB control in Huoqiu county of Anhui province

Objective By analyzing the work of tuberculosis control in Huoqiu County of Anhui Province over the past three years,to investigate the effect of the tuberculosis control by short-range supervising chemotherapy in large poor agricultural county.Methods To analysis 7 990 tuberculosis out-patient cases and 3 484 tuberculosis cases in the project.Judging the implementation,control and its influencing factors of tuberculosis prevention and control work.Results Rate of out-patient treatment is 140.38/100 000,175.30/100 000,185.47/100 000 for 2006,2007 and 2008 in Huoqiu county Center for Disease Control and Prevention respectively.The number of tuberculosis out-patients has increased year by year.Tuberculosis preva-lence rate is 71.52/100 000,69.53/100 000,64.04/100 000 respectively.Prevalence rate has dropped year by year.484 tuberculosis cases of sys-tems management at the whole supervision after chemotherapy.The total cure rate was 88.49%.The cure rate of initial smear positive,initial smear negative,retreated smear positive and retreated smear negative were 93.34%,82.49%,76.90% and 80.52% respectively.Full supervision has a sig-nificant effect.Conclusion Implementing the direct short-course chemotherapy conscientiously under the supervision of the program,is an important measure to achieve"national tuberculosis prevention and control project"goal(2001-2010),of effective controlling tuberculosis.
Discussion on Air Cooling Technology of Power Plant

According to distribution features our nation's water resources and coal resources,air cooling play important roles in reduce water consumption and discharge,effective measures for power region of lack of water resources.This article analyzed and discussed the features of air cooling.At the same time,air cooling technologies applicable conditions are compared with each other,so a conclusion that indirect air cooling better than direct air cooling.
Cyber Politics Mobilization:Its Negative Effect and Administration

The cyber politics mobilization is the encouragement,inducement and manipulation that mobilizors do to netizens by the mobilizing internet information. The process of cyber politics mobilization is the same to that of internet information transmission. The cyber politics mobilization results in the transfer of political power,the impairment of state authority and the shock to political stabilization. Therefore,anti-mobilization of cyber politics,a most direct and effective method,is earnestly needed. The key to administration is to cut the virtual transfer of cyber politics mobilization so as to rebuild the state authority in internet field.
Survival of Threshold Contact Processes

We consider the d-dimensional threshold contact process. Suppose that a vacant site becomes occupied at rate one when there are at least θ occupied sites in its neighborhood, and the death rate at any site is δ>0. We will explicitly give two integers a≤b with the following properties: For θ≤a the process survives starting from finite configurations when δ is small, but for θ>a the process dies out starting from any finite configuration with any positive death rate. For θ≤b the process has a nontrivial invariant measure when δ is small, but for θ>b the only invariant measure is the all-zero configuration for any positive death rate.
Long-term moderate calorie restriction inhibits inflammation without impairing cell-mediated immunity: A randomized controlled trial in non-obese humans

Calorie restriction (CR) inhibits inflammation and slows aging in many animal species, but in rodents housed in pathogen-free facilities, CR impairs immunity against certain pathogens. However, little is known about the effects of long-term moderate CR on immune function in humans. In this multi-center, randomized clinical trial to determine CR's effect on inflammation and cell-mediated immunity, 218 healthy non-obese adults (20-50 y), were assigned 25% CR (n=143) or an ad-libitum (AL) diet (n=75), and outcomes tested at baseline, 12, and 24 months of CR. CR induced a 10.4% weight loss over the 2-y period. Relative to AL group, CR reduced circulating inflammatory markers, including total WBC and lymphocyte counts, ICAM-1 and leptin. Serum CRP and TNF-α concentrations were about 40% and 50% lower in CR group, respectively. CR had no effect on the delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response or antibody response to vaccines, nor did it cause difference in clinically significant infections. In conclusion, long-term moderate CR without malnutrition induces a significant and persistent inhibition of inflammation without impairing key in vivo indicators of cell-mediated immunity. Given the established role of these pro-inflammatory molecules in the pathogenesis of multiple chronic diseases, these CR-induced adaptations suggest a shift toward a healthy phenotype.
Site-selective ligand substitution in CoRu(CO)7(μ-PPh2) using (Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2 and reactivity of DMAD with CoRu(CO)5[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2](μ-PPh2). X-ray structures of CoRu(CO)5[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2](μ-PPh2) and CoRu(CO)3(μ-CO)[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2] [μ, η3-Ph2PC(CO2Me)C(CO2Me)]

The heterometallic complex CoRu(CO)7(μ-PPh2) (1) reacts with the diphosphine ligand (Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2 under both thermolysis and Me3NO activation to furnish CoRu(CO)5[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2](μ-PPh2) (2) in good yield. Treatment of 2 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) at elevated temperature leads to the formal insertion of the DMAD ligand into the Co–phosphido bond and formation of the metallocyclic compound CoRu(CO)3(μ-CO)[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2][μ,η3-Ph2PC(CO2Me)C(CO2Me)] (3) that contains a 5e− alkenylphosphine moiety. These new CoRu compounds have been isolated by chromatography and fully characterized in solution by IR and NMR (1H and 31P) spectroscopies, and the solid-state structures of both 2 and 3 have been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. CoRu(CO)5[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2](μ-PPh2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 11.493(8), b = 20.24(1), c = 17.04(1) A, β = 91.03(1)°, V = 3964(5) A3, Z = 4, Dcalc = 1.477 Mg/m3; R = 0.0475, Rw = 0.1054 for 5120 observed reflections with I > 2σ (I). CoRu(CO)3(μ-CO)(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2][μ,η3-Ph2PC(CO2Me)C(CO2Me)], as the CH2Cl2 solvate, crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 17.0307(9) A, b = 11.2124(6) A, c = 24.083(1) A, β = 97.755(1)°, V = 4556.8(4) A3, Z = 4, Dcalc = 1.579 Mg/m3; R = 0.0379, Rw = 0.0609 for 10774 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The regioselective coordination of the (Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2 ligand to the two equatorial sites of the ruthenium center in 2 and the presence of the metallocyclic alkenylphosphine ligand in 3 are confirmed by the structural studies. The regiochemistry found in the coordination of (Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2 to 1 is contrasted with the related diphosphine ligands bma and bpcd, while the DMAD insertion reactivity with 2 is discussed relative to alkyne reactions reported for the parent compound CoRu(CO)7(μ-PPh2).
"To Have Better Than What I Had”: The Transgenerational Family Pedagogy of an African American Family in the South

This paper, based on an ethnographic study of Black families in the South, explores the narratives of the Jordan family across three generations to understand the varied histories of schooling, education, segregation, and desegregation that are embodied in the stories they share. Their stories describe a transgenerational family pedagogy , which I define as the moves, choices, and messages shared across generations to support the educational and social mobility of their children and grandchildren. Their stories underscore the strengths of the segregated community schools of the past, while exposing a shift when de jure segregated education became de facto segregated schooling , and was no longer a suitable option for their children and grandchildren. This paper brings a new perspective to the family involvement discourse by arguing that our understandings of family-school partnerships can be strengthened by analyzing families and their relationships to education as historically and contextually situated
Traumatic Lesions of the Sole

Traumatic lesions of the sole are a common cause of lameness in beef and dairy cattle. This article provides a brief description of traumatically induced conditions with specific attention to underlying causes, treatment, and prevention. Lameness, traumatic lesions of the sole, sole punctures, thin soles, thin sole toe ulcers, toe tip necrosis syndrome, and toe abscesses are discussed.
Abbott: In the Belly of the Beast

In the Belly of the Beast is Jack Henry Abbott's first-hand account of his life as an inmate in state and federal prisons in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. Abbott details the hardships of prison life, particularly the brutality and psychological abuse by prison guards toward inmates. Abbott depicts prisons as violent settings in which torture is inflicted in the name of disciplinary action, psychotropic drugs are administered for the purpose of controlling prisoners, and solitary confinement amounts to sensory deprivation and the temporary loss of one's sanity. Keywords: corrections; crime; criminal justice; criminology; prison
NK model as a representation of innovative search

Abstract The process of innovation is frequently modeled as a bounded, iterative, trial-and-error search over a complex landscape using an NK model. An important question, however, is whether such theoretical approximation is consistent with empirical data. Prior work tested specific insights of the NK model while yielding mixed evidence. I examine how the full set of predictions generated by the NK model map onto observed empirical patterns while relying on commonly used patent-based measures of complexity. While the fit between the predictions and data is not perfect, I find that the ability of the NK model to capture innovative processes is better than previously thought. While doing so, I draw attention to potential boundary conditions for both the applicability of the model and usefulness of the measures. The study sheds new light on an important discussion within the field of innovation and technology management and helps to bridge the gap between the NK model and its empirical implementation.
Factors Associated with the Need for, and the Impact of, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Children with Congenital Heart Disease during Admissions for Cardiac Surgery

Introduction: This study aimed to determine factors associated with the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) during admission for cardiac surgery (CS). A secondary aim was to determine how ECMO impacted length, cost, and mortality of the admission. Methods: Data from the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KIDS) were utilized. Admissions with CHD under 18 years of age with cardiac surgery were included. Need for ECMO in these admissions was then identified. Univariate analysis was conducted to compare characteristics between admissions with and without ECMO. Regression analyses were conducted to determine what factors were independently associated with ECMO and whether ECMO independently impacted admission characteristics. Results: A total of 46,176 admissions with CHD and CS were included in the final analysis. Of these, 798 (1.7%) required ECMO. Median age of ECMO admissions was 0.5 years. The following were associated with ECMO: decreased age, heart failure, acute kidney injury, arrhythmia, double outlet right ventricle, atrioventricular septal defect, transposition, Ebstein anomaly, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, common arterial trunk, tetralogy of Fallot, coronary anomaly, valvuloplasty, repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, arterial switch, RV to PA conduit placement, and heart transplant (p < 0.01). ECMO independently increased length of stay by 17.8 days, cost of stay by approximately $415,917, and inpatient mortality 22-fold. Conclusion: Only a small proportion of CHD patients undergoing CS require ECMO, although these patients require increased resource utilization and have high mortality. Specific cardiac lesions, cardiac surgeries, and comorbidities are associated with increased need for ECMO.
Sevoflurane Blocks the Induction of Long-term Potentiation When Present during, but Not When Present Only before, the High-frequency Stimulation

Background This study tests the hypothesis that sevoflurane blocks long-term potentiation only if it is present during the high-frequency stimulation that induces long-term potentiation. Methods Long-term potentiation, an electrophysiologic correlate of memory, was induced by high-frequency stimulation and measured as a persistent increase in the field excitatory postsynaptic potential slope in the CA1 region. Results Long-term potentiation was induced in the no sevoflurane group (171 ± 58% vs. 96 ± 11%; n = 13, mean ± SD); when sevoflurane (4%) was present during the high-frequency stimulation, long-term potentiation was blocked (92 ± 22% vs. 99 ± 7%, n = 6). While sevoflurane reduced the size of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential to single test stimuli by 59 ± 17%, it did not significantly reduce the size of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials during the 100 Hz high-frequency stimulation. If sevoflurane was removed from the artificial cerebrospinal fluid superfusing the slices 10 min before the high-frequency stimulation, then long-term potentiation was induced (185 ± 48%, n = 7); this was not different from long-term potentiation in the no sevoflurane slices (171 ± 58). Sevoflurane before, but not during, ⊖-burst stimulation, a physiologic stimulus, did not block the induction of long-term potentiation (151 ± 37% vs. 161 ± 34%, n = 7). Conclusions Sevoflurane blocks long-term potentiation formation if present during the high-frequency stimulation; this blockage of long-term potentiation does not persist if sevoflurane is discontinued before the high-frequency stimulation. These results may explain why short periods of insufficient sevoflurane anesthesia may lead to recall of painful or traumatic events during surgery.
Low magnesium intake is associated with increased knee pain in subjects with radiographic knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Objective As magnesium mediates bone and muscle metabolism, inflammation, and pain signaling, we aimed to evaluate whether magnesium intake is associated with knee pain and function in radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods We investigated the associations between knee pain/function metrics and magnesium intake from food and supplements in 2548 Osteoarthritis Initiative cohort participants with prevalent radiographic knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence score ≥2). Magnesium intake was assessed by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline. WOMAC and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) scores were reported annually with total follow up of 48 months. Analyses used linear mixed models. Results Among participants with baseline radiographic knee OA the mean total magnesium intake was 309.9 mg/day (SD 132.6) for men, and 287.9 mg/day (SD 118.1) for women, with 68% of men and 44% of women below the estimated average requirement. Subjects with lower magnesium intake had worse knee OA pain and function scores, throughout the 48 months (P Conclusion Lower magnesium intake was associated with worse pain and function in knee OA, especially among individuals with low fiber intake.
Community Elites or Community Elitism? the Democratic Challenge of Empowering Community

This chapter links a historical literature on community elites to a modern debate about the nature of governance, the movement towards networks, and the implications of these changes for communities. The chapter looks at community elites through the lens of two critical questions: (1) Does empowering community elites at the local scale lead to more democratic governance? (2) Does empowering community elites at the local scale lead to justice or empower those prone to Not-In-My-Backyard (NIMBY) policies? In addressing these questions, the chapter draws from an interdisciplinary literature base including writing on new governance, community elites, and the Right to the City, and provides illustrations from cases in New Orleans, LA.
Plasticity of Retinal Circuitry

Plasticity is a hallmark feature of sensory, integrative, and motor pathways in the nervous system. This ability to change structural connections and functionality enables organisms to adapt to the environment and optimize performance under various physiological and pathological conditions. Most of the morphological features of the retina and the expression of the components of synaptic transmission seem to mature early in postnatal development. However, increasing evidence suggests that retinal synaptic circuitry is functionally and structurally malleable in later postnatal development and in adulthood. In this chapter we discuss three types of plasticity in retinal circuitry. We first discuss how visual stimulation can alter the structural and functional maturation of retinal synaptic circuitry during early postnatal development. We then discuss the short-term changes in functional connectivity and activity of retinal circuitry evoked by background lighting conditions in adult retina. Finally, we discuss alterations in synaptic morphology in retinas in which rods and cones degenerate or lose their visual signaling capabilities.
The Topical Counterplan: A Competitive Policy Alternative.

This essay argues that the traditional requirement that a counterplan cannot be topical should be reconsidered by the policy debate community. The emphasis is NDT debate on policy rather resolution...
“We Are At War And You Should Not Bother The President”: The Suffrage Pickets and Freedom of Speech During World War I

The story of Alice Paul's National Woman's Party and its 1917 picketing campaign on behalf of woman suffrage is almost unknown in legal circles. Yet the suffrage pickets were among the earliest victims of the suppression of dissent that accompanied the entry of the United States into World War I. Nearly forty years before the modern civil rights movement brought the concept of nonviolent civil disobedience to the forefront of American political discourse, the NWP conducted a direct action campaign at the very doorstep of the President of the United States, and they did so during a time of war. In the course of this campaign, Paul and her supporters learned to use the apparatus of the municipal courts and the prison system to focus attention on the powerlessness of women, while at the same time elevating their very real suffering to a kind of suffrage martyrdom. Their principal goal was to keep pressure on government officials so that the cause of woman suffrage would not be swept away in the wartime hysteria that gripped the nation in 1917. As the police regularly hauled them off to jail, however, the suffragists began to realize that their ability to pursue that goal hinged largely on the recognition of a constitutional right to free speech. This Article represents the first step in recovering this forgotten story. I present, for the first time, a detailed narrative account of the legal battles of the suffrage pickets of 1917, beginning with the first round of arrests in late June, and concluding with their victory in the Court of Appeals in March 1918. Although the women themselves did not directly shape legal doctrine, the saga of the suffrage pickets provides an excellent vehicle for examining the emergence of free speech consciousness during 1917. Bringing the story of the suffrage pickets to the attention of legal scholars may cause a significant reevaluation of the traditional narrative of First Amendment history.
Feasibility of laser-targeted photoocclusion of the choriocapillary layer in rats.

Purpose. A new method, laser-targeted photoocclusion, was developed to occlude choroidal neovascularization while minimizing damage to the overlying retina. The ability to occlude normal choriocapillary layer in rats was evaluated as a first test of the feasibility of treating choroidal neovascularization with this method. Method. A photosensitive agent, aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate, encapsulated in heat-sensitive liposomes, was administered intravenously along with carboxyfluorescein liposomes. A low-power argon laser (retinal power density of 5.7 W/cm 2 ) locally released a photosensitizer bolus, monitored by the simultaneous release of carboxyfluorescein. A diode laser (operating at 675 nm with a retinal power density of 0.27 W/cm 2 ) activated the photosensitizer with its release. Results. Vessels in the choriocapillary layer were occluded at day 3 after laser treatment and remained unchanged during the 30-day follow-up. Larger choroidal vessels and retinal capillaries remained perfused. Control experiments excluded possible effects of heat or activation of free photosensitizer. Pilot histologic studies showed no damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. Conclusions. Laser-targeted photoocclusion caused selective occlusion of normal choriocapillaries while sparing overlying retinal pigment epithelium and retinal vessels. The method has potential as a treatment of choroidal neovascularization that may minimize iatrogenic loss of vision.
Abstract 3647: Prior DNA repair improves the read quality in next-generation sequencing of cell-free tumor DNA

The cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) in patient9s plasma is a noninvasive tumor biomarker. The detection of ctDNA is helpful to evaluate tumor progression, tumor response to the therapy, and subtyping of tumor cells. Targeting next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology provides a sensitive and specific technique for ctDNA detection. It can detect multiple tumor-related gene mutations. However, collection of high quality of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) may not be available in some cases. The quality of cfDNA in plasma is impacted by multiple factors, such as plasma collection and storage conditions, DNase activity in the blood, and the apoptotic and necrotic status of the tumor. These factors affect the integrity of cfDNA, leading to full or partial degradation of cfDNA, including double-strand DNA breaks and single strand DNA nicking. Lesions on cfDNA decrease the usability of ctDNA by digital PCR and targeted NGS. Due to amount limitation of cfDNA in some cases, the repair of damaged cfDNA could be a necessary rescue step in producing viable libraries for NGS. CfDNA was extracted from the plasma with Zymo Research9s Quick-cfDNA Serum and Plasma kit and was quantified by realtime PCR with Alu primer sets. The size of cfDNA was about 160 base pairs, as estimated by Agilent Tapestation 2200 with the High Sensitivity DNA kit. The DNA repair of cfDNA was conducted with PreCR Repair Mix of New England BioLabs. The sequencing library was prepared with Accel-Amplicon 56G Oncology Panel of Swift Biosciences and sequenced in Illumina9s MiSeq. The quality of sequencing data was determined with FastQC. Compared to PreCR Repair Mix treated cfDNA samples, fastQ data from some of untreated cfDNA samples showed failed per base sequencing quality, about 50% of sequencing cycles with the mean quality score below 30. The per sequencing quality score of these cfDNA samples failed also to pass the quality filter. The read size distribution analysis indicated that about 60 to 70% of read sized between 30 to 45 bases and about 75 to 80% of read was smaller than 75 bases. However, sequencing data from same cfDNA samples treated with PreCR Repair Mix show a greatly improved sequencing quality. Both per base sequencing quality and per sequencing quality score passed quality filter. The above 97% of reads sized over 92 bases, complying with the requirement of 56G Oncology Panel. In conclusion, the DNA repair process before library preparation is necessary to rescue damaged cfDNA for amplicon-based NGS. Citation Format: Hong Yin, Adam H. Greer, Glenn Mills. Prior DNA repair improves the read quality in next-generation sequencing of cell-free tumor DNA [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3647.
Cultural Encounters on Byzantium's Northern Frontier, c. AD 500–700: Coins, Artifacts and History

In the sixth century, Byzantine emperors secured the provinces of the Balkans by engineering a frontier system of unprecedented complexity. Drawing on literary, archaeological, anthropological, and numismatic sources, Andrei Gandila argues that cultural attraction was a crucial component of the political frontier of exclusion in the northern Balkans. If left unattended, the entire edifice could easily collapse under its own weight. Through a detailed analysis of the archaeological evidence, the author demonstrates that communities living beyond the frontier competed for access to Byzantine goods and reshaped their identity as a result of continual negotiation, reinvention, and hybridization. In the hands of 'barbarians', Byzantine objects, such as coins, jewelry, and terracotta lamps, possessed more than functional or economic value, bringing social prestige, conveying religious symbolism embedded in the iconography, and offering a general sense of sharing in the Early Byzantine provincial lifestyle.
Cardiac Transplantation in Fontan Patients Has Equally Excellent Results as Biventricular Congenital Heart Disease Patients

Purpose Failing Fontan circulation patients are one of the fastest growing cohorts with heart failure presenting to congenital programs. We sought to describe their outcomes by combining two databases. Methods The UNOS database and the Pediatric Hospital Information System (PHIS) database identified Fontan patients undergoing transplantation at a PHIS hospital from 2006-2018. Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors for mortality were performed. Results 130 patients underwent cardiac transplantation after the Fontan operation. Age ranged from 1-35 year old (6 [4-9]) with 1-year survival of 85%. Only 5/130 were > 17 years old. Overall survival(Figure 1A) was similar to biventricular congenital heart transplant recipients(log-rank p-value=0.623). Patients transplanted within 1 year of Fontan operation (n=22) have worse survival than those transplanted >1 year after Fontan (n=108) (log-rank p-value=0.021)(Figure 1B). On multivariate analysis, only GFR Conclusion Pediatric patients undergoing cardiac transplantation with a Fontan circulation have surprisingly good transplantation survival, equivalent to biventricular congenital heart disease patients. However, if transplantation is within a year from the Fontan operation, outcomes are significantly worse. As noted in many other patient cohorts, end-organ (i.e., renal) dysfunction is a significant risk factor for post-transplant mortality in Fontan patients as well.
Chunking of phonological units in speech sequencing

Efficient speech communication requires rapid, fluent production of phoneme sequences. To achieve this, our brains store frequently occurring subsequences as cohesive "chunks" that reduce phonological working memory load and improve motor performance. The current study used a motor-sequence learning paradigm in which the generalization of two performance gains (utterance duration and errors) from practicing novel phoneme sequences was used to infer the nature of these speech chunks. We found that performance improvements in duration from practicing syllables with non-native consonant clusters largely generalized to new syllables that contained those clusters. Practicing the whole syllable, however, resulted in larger performance gains in error rates compared to practicing just the consonant clusters. Collectively, these findings are consistent with theories of speech production that posit the consonant cluster as a fundamental unit of phonological working memory and speech sequencing as well as those positing the syllable as a fundamental unit of motor programming.
48. CONTINUITY CLINIC PRACTICE FEEDBACK: WHAT DO RESIDENTS WANT?

Background The Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) recommends that residents receive data on quality metrics and benchmarks related to patient care. Continuity clinic (CC) is an ideal setting to obtain practice habit data. Objective To determine which CC practice habit data residents would find beneficial to receive during feedback. Methods A multicenter qualitative study was conducted with pediatric continuity clinic residents at 3 academic medical centers in two different phases. During phase 1, small resident focus groups were conducted at each site. The focus groups explored preferred content feedback on CC practice habit data. The qualitative data were reviewed by all investigators to identify major themes. For the second phase of the study, the results obtained from the focus group were used to develop a survey in order to determine how strongly residents felt about the particular areas of feedback that were identified in phase one of the study. This survey, which utilized a 5-point Likert scale to determine the importance of each feedback item, was sent out electronically to all categorical residents at each academic center. Results were analyzed with the mean and standard deviation for each question calculated. Results Focus groups were held at 3 sites with 3-10 residents per focus group. Consistent major themes which arose from the focus groups at all sites as desired areas to receive feedback on CC practice included the following categories: patient panel characteristics, quality measures, measures of efficiency in patient care, population management and information on specific patients. For the second phase of the study, 277 residents received the survey with 92 responding (33% response rate). The mean value that residents placed on the importance of each content area is displayed (table 1) with 1 being not important at all and 5 being very important. Conclusion Residents are interested in receiving practice habit data from continuity clinic. Presentation of the feedback described may enhance the resident continuity clinic experience and improve overall performance and enhance patient care.
QUICK: Quality and Usability Investigation and Control Kit for Mass Spectrometric Data from Detection of Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cause a significant public and environmental health concern due to their toxicity, long-range transportability, persistence, and bioaccumulation. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has a program to monitor POPs in human and animal foods at ultra-trace levels, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Stringent quality control procedures are practiced within this program, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of these POP results. Due to the complexity of this program’s quality control (QC), the decision-making process for data usability was very time-consuming, upward of three analyst hours for a batch of six extracts. We significantly reduced this time by developing a software kit, written in Python, to evaluate instrument and sample QC, along with data usability. A diverse set of 45 samples were tested using our software, QUICK (Quality and Usability Investigation and Control Kit), that resulted in equivalent results provided by a human reviewer. The software improved the efficiency of the analytical process by reducing the need for user intervention, while simultaneously recognizing a 95% decrease in data reduction time, from 3 hours to 10 minutes.
Critical PO2 as a diagnostic biomarker for the effects of low‐oxygen modified and controlled atmospheres on phytosanitary irradiation treatments in the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)

BACKGROUND Phytosanitary irradiation is a sustainable alternative to chemical fumigants for disinfesting fresh commodities from insect pests. However, irradiating insects in modified atmospheres with very low oxygen (<1 kPa O2 ) has repeatedly been shown to increase radioprotective response. Thus, there is a concern that modified atmosphere packaging could reduce the efficacy of phytosanitary irradiation. One hurdle slowing the widespread application of phytosanitary irradiation is a lack of knowledge about how moderate levels of hypoxia relevant to the modified atmosphere packaging of most fresh commodities (3-10 kPa O2 ) may affect phytosanitary irradiation treatments. Therefore, we hypothesize that critical PO2 (Pcrit ), the level of oxygen at which an insect's metabolism becomes impaired, can be used as a diagnostic biomarker to predict the induction of a radioprotective response. RESULTS Using the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), we show that there is a substantial increase in radiation resistance when larvae are irradiated in atmospheres more hypoxic than their Pcrit (3.3 kPa O2 ). These data are consistent with our hypothesis that Pcrit could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for what levels of hypoxia may induce radioprotective effects that could impact phytosanitary irradiation treatments. CONCLUSION We propose that the relationship between Pcrit and radioprotective effects could allow us to build a framework for predicting the effects of low-oxygen atmospheres on the efficacy of phytosanitary irradiation. However, more widespread studies across pest species are still needed to test the generality of this idea.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF THE ATOMIZING CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-BLAST ATOMIZERS

Summary An optical method of measuring mean droplet size of sprays due to Dobbins is described and has been used to assess the effect of operating variables on the characteristics of an air-blast atomizer. Simple variations in the design of the atomizer indicate ways in which its performance may be improved. Measurements of mean droplet size with ambient pressures ranging from atmospheric up to 200 lb/in2 abs and air-to-fuel ratios covering a wide range show some of the potential advantages of air-blast atomizers for high-pressure gas-turbine engine application.