cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instability and Transition in Buoyancy-Induced Flows

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on instability and transition in buoyancy-induced flows. Density differences in fluids, interacting with the gravitational field, produce an immense diversity of buoyancy forces and flow configurations in environment, in enclosures, and in the processes of technology. The atmosphere engine is driven by differences in temperature, water content, and water vapor concentration and by radiation. Laminar flows become unstable, to ever-present disturbances, even at the small-size scales common in technological and in immediate environmental processes. The difference between the rates of laminar and turbulent transport is very large for most flow configurations. Therefore, the questions of how and when, or where a flow becomes turbulent have a direct effect on the accuracy and reliability of estimates of transport. This chapter discusses the initial instability characteristics of different types of buoyancy-driven flows, followed by the formulation of linear stability theory. New results are summarized as additions to knowledge in specific areas previously studied and as the results of new research directions. The chapter also sets forth the question of improving stability analysis, beyond the assumptions inherent in the boundary-layer and parallel-base-flow formulations.
The ballistocardiogram in myocardial infarction: a study of one hundred cases.

In the presence of previous myocardial infarction, the direct ballistocardiogram is abnormal in approximately 80 per cent of the cases. Following the coronary occlusion, a normal ballistocardiogram is relatively rare in patients with angina pectoris as compared with those who are asymptomatic. There is no correlation between the ballistocardiographic patterns and the persistence of electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction. The prognostic significance of the ballistic findings reported will be determined by long-term follow-up studies.
Acquiring an artificial lexicon: Segment type and order information in early lexical entries

Abstract The role of segment similarity in early (i.e., partially learned) lexical entries was assessed using artificial lexicons in a referential context. During a learning phase participants heard 40 nonsense words, each accompanied by an unfamiliar picture. In testing, participants heard the direction “Click on the [X]”, and chose which of four pictures was the target (X). Target lexical items (e.g., pibo) appeared with foils that were similar: cohort items (pibu), rhymes (dibo), matched consonants (pabu) or matched vowels (diko). Two initial experiments demonstrated cohort and rhyme confusions, similar to lexical activation findings. Four further experiments explored the role of segment similarity in word confusions. Consonant-matched CVCV stimuli were more strongly confused with each other than were vowel-matched CVCV stimuli. Placing consonants in syllable-final position (VC[f]VC) weakened consonant effects and strengthened vowel effects. These results suggest that syllable-initial segments play a strong role in word similarity and constrain the organization of new lexical items.
Physical injury after sexual assault: findings of a large case series.

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to determine characteristics associated with physical injury in female sexual assault victims. Study design All females who were 15 years or older presenting after sexual assault to an urban emergency department during a 34-month period underwent standardized evaluation. Analysis was performed by χ 2 and logistic regression. Results Of 819 women, 52% had general body and 20% had genital-anal trauma; 41% were without injury. General body trauma was independently associated with being hit or kicked (odds ratio [OR]=7.7, 95% CI, 5.1-11.7), attempted strangulation (OR=4.2, 95% CI, 2.5-7.2), oral or anal penetration (OR=1.7, 95% CI, 1.2-2.3), and stranger (OR=2.4, 95% CI, 1.7-3.4) assault. Genital-anal injury was more frequent in victims younger than 20 and older than 49 years ( P Conclusion General body injury is primarily associated with situational factors, whereas genital-anal injury is less frequent and related to victim age, virginal status, and time to examination.
Minimal electromagnetic coupling for spin two particles

It is noted that if the same Lagrangian that describes the linearized theory of general relativity is extended to charged massed spin 2 particles the coupling cannot be minimal electromagnetic.
A conservative data flow algorithm for detecting all pairs of statements that may happen in parallel

Information about which pairs of statements in a concurrent program can execute in parallel is important for optimizing and debugging programs, for detecting anomalies, and for improving the accuracy of data flow analysis. In this paper, we describe a new data flow algorithm that finds a conservative approximation of the set of all such pairs. We have carried out an initial comparison of the precision of our algorithm and that of the most precise of the earlier approaches, Masticola and Ryder's non-concurrency analysis [8], using a sample of 159 concurrent Ada programs that includes the collection assembled by Masticola and Ryder. For these examples, our algorithm was almost always more precise than non-concurrency analysis, in the sense that the set of pairs identified by our algorithm as possibly happening in parallel is a proper subset of the set identified by non-concurrency analysis. In 132 cases, we were able to use reachability analysis to determine exactly the set of pairs of statements that may happen in parallel. For these cases, there were a total of only 10 pairs identified by our algorithm that cannot actually happen in parallel.
Choices and opportunities: another effect of framing on decisions

Many decisions can be framed either as ‘choices’ between alternative courses of action (e.g. Should I move to New York or stay in Chicago?) or as ‘opportunities’ to pursue a particular course of action (i.e. Should I move to New York?). Although there is no logical difference between these two different decision frames, there may be important psychological differences between them. In four studies, we explore the differences between ‘choices’ and ‘opportunities’. The results of Studies 1 and 2 show that college students view many of the decisions they typically face as opportunities, rather than choices. Further, the results of Study 2 suggest that the frame students adopt is systematically related to the preferences they express. The latter finding led to Studies 3 and 4, where we show that preferences can be influenced by encouraging people to adopt one decision frame rather than another. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral phenotypes persist after gonadal steroid manipulation in white-throated sparrows

White-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) exhibit a behavioral polymorphism that segregates with a plumage marker. Individuals with a white stripe (WS) on the crown engage in an aggressive strategy that involves more singing, whereas individuals with a tan stripe (TS) sing less and engage in more parental care. Previous work has shown that plasma levels of gonadal steroids differ between the morphs in both sexes, suggesting a hormonal mechanism for the polymorphic behavior in this species. Here, we eliminated morph differences in plasma levels of testosterone (T) in males and estradiol (E2) in females in order to test whether morph differences in behavior would be similarly eliminated. Males and females in non-breeding condition were treated with T or E2, respectively, so that plasma levels in the treated groups were high and equal between the WS and TS morphs. We found that despite hormone treatment, WS and TS birds differed with respect to singing behavior. WS males sang more in response to song playback than did TS males, and WS females exhibited more spontaneous song than TS females. We also found that WS males gave more chip calls, which are often used in contexts of territorial aggression. Overall, these results suggest that WS birds engage in more territorial vocalization, particularly song, than do TS birds, even when T or E2 levels are experimentally equalized. This behavioral difference may therefore be driven by other factors, such as steroid metabolism, receptor expression or function, or steroid-independent neurotransmitter systems.
Life after antireflux surgery.

Abstract Laparoscopic fundoplication technique has become the operative modality of choice for antireflux surgery. An increasing number of patients and physicians have enthusiastically embraced this "minimally-invasive" technologic development for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, laparoscopic fundoplication has been frequently advertised as the therapeutic solution for all GERD patients. Subsequently, the number and severity of complications resulting from laparoscopic surgery—often performed indiscriminately—has increased dramatically. This article reviews the efficacy of the laparoscopic fundoplication operation for GERD based on current, relatively short-term reports from centers specializing in this treatment modality. The majority of these reports are very positive. Unfortunately, the results of fundoplication operations performed by community surgeons are unknown. There are a number of disturbing factors relating to laparoscopic treatment for GERD that should raise a red flag of caution to the medical community, particularly primary-care physicians and their patients. The central portion of this report devotes itself to discussing the problems associated with this new minimally-invasive technique for fundoplication operations. These problems include the selectivity of current reports on outcomes of the laparascopic fundoplication operation and the lack of uniform data acquisition associated with these postoperative studies. The technical difficulties of the laparascopic fundoplication surgery are discussed, and the need for operator expertise and appreciation of esophageal physiology and anatomy are stressed. Finally, the long-term durability of the fundoplication wrap is questioned and the morbidity associated with the operation—particulary dysphagia—is addressed. In the final segment, the complications encountered after laparoscopic fundoplication operations are detailed and the techniques for evaluating the symptomatic postfundoplication patient are discussed. Laparoscopic fundoplication operation is good therapy in an appropriate clinical setting when performed by a well-trained and experienced surgeon. However, the operation should not be first-line therapy for the majority of GERD patients. An esophagus disabled by an inappropriate or dysfunctional fundoplication wrap is a terrible price to pay for control of acid reflux.
Gain of von Willebrand Factor-binding function by mutagenesis of a species-conserved residue within the leucine-rich repeat region of platelet glycoprotein Ibα

Glycoprotein (GP) Ibα, a member of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein family, mediates platelet adhesion to immobilized von Willebrand factor (VWF). We investigated the role in VWF binding of charged residues in the LRR region of GP Ibα that are conserved in human, canine, and murine proteins. Substitution of His86 with either Ala or Glu resulted in a gain of VWF-binding function as judged by increased VWF binding in the presence of the modulators ristocetin and botrocetin and by enhanced adhesion of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the mutant GP Ibα to immobilized VWF under conditions of flow. This is the first report of a gain-of-function phenotype resulting from mutations in the LRR region of GP Ibα. Because His86 is 2 nm away from the region of GP Ibα with the largest surface of contact with VWF, the data suggest that the LRRs regulate GP Ibα affinity for VWF allosterically.
Fertility Index Analysis in Cryptorchidism

AbstractWe report on 226 male patients with cryptorchidism 6 months to 16 years old who underwent open testis biopsy at orchiopexy or orchiectomy at Children's Hospital and Health Center from 1986 to 1990. A total of 355 specimens was obtained. Tissues were preserved in Bouin's solution and examined on light microscopy for fertility index measurements. Several biopsies prepared using Bouin's preserved paraffinized tissue and glutaraldehyde preserved semi-thin cut tissue were found to have comparable fertility index measurements. Of 184 patients with unilateral undescended testes 87 also underwent biopsy on the contralateral descended testis. A total of 42 patients had bilateral undescended testes. Age matched comparisons were made between fertility index measurements of the undescended testes and those previously reported of normal testes. Additional case matched comparisons of fertility indexes were made in those children who underwent biopsy of the undescended testis and its descended mate. Statistical ...
A study of the interior ballistic equations

A system of non-linear differential equations, typical of the interior ballistics equations for orthodox guns, is studied. Characteristics of the mathematical pressure curves are obtained for the entire spectrums of the ballistic parameter, burning exponent, and geometric parameter (characteristic of the form function). The mathematical solutions are found to distinguish sharply between regressive and progressive burning geometries, and a constant pressure solution is obtained (a piezometric efficiency of one) for what is defined as the ideally progressive geometry. The approximate validity of isothermal solutions, established by Clemmow for a linear burning law, is extended to the general case.
A comparison of the axonal transport of taurine and proteins in the goldfish visual system.

— Radioactive cystathionine, a metabolic precursor of taurine, was injected into the right eye of goldfish. At various times after injection the retina and both optic tecta were extracted with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and the amount and nature of the radioactivity was determined. Radioactive taurine and inorganic sulfate were present in the TCA-soluble extract of retina and radioactive taurine and a small amount of inorganic sulfate was found in the contralateral optic tectum. That taurine is migrating intraaxonally and is not diffusing in extraaxonal spaces is suggested from experiments in which the migration of taurine was compared with that of [14C]mannitol, used here as a marker of extracellular diffusion. In the time studied (up to 15 h) mannitol did not migrate to the tectum, whereas taurine was detectable in the tectum as early as 8 h after injection. Since intra-axonal diffusion of amino acids and other small molecules in this system has been ruled out, it is likely that taurine is being transported axonally. The axonal transport of taurine was found to be similar to the fast component of protein transport because: (1) their rates of transport are similar, (2) the transport of both is blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, (3) vinblastine, which disrupts neurotubules, appears to have similar effects on both protein and taurine transport, and (4) both rapidly transported proteins and taurine remain mostly intra-axonal once they have been transported to the tectum. Taurine and proteins differ in that rapidly transported proteins are primarily paniculate in nature and localized to a large extent in nerve endings, while taurine is primarily in a soluble fraction and is present in nerve endings only in trace amounts. We suggest that taurine may be loosely linked to a newly synthesized protein in the soma and is then transported along with that protein on a similar conveying mechanism in the axoplasm.
Safety effectiveness of pesticide mixing-loading and application equipment used in California in 1976

The effectiveness of currently used pesticide mixing-loading and application equipment in preventing workers from being exposed to cholinesterase (ChE) inhibiting pesticides was measured. Blood samples from workers involved in the application of pesticides in Monterey and Imperial counties of California were analyzed for ChE activity. The analyses indicated that only the mean red cell activity of mixer-loaders was significantly less than controls. Seasonal variations in ChE activity were noted for workers in Imperial County between January and August. These variations were apparently related to the toxicity of the pesticides used. A prototype, closed-transfer system used in Imperial County did not substantially reduce pesticide residues in the air around mixing-loading sites or prevent a reduction in ChE activity over that of open-transfer systems. This was attributed to inadequate training in the use of the new equipment on the part of the mixer-loaders and improperly maintained equipment. A prototype closed-transfer system used in Monterey County appeared to give some protection to mixer-loader applicators during the application season; however, the blood ChE activities of two mixer-loaders using another prototype closed system in Monterey County were severely depressed.
Improved masking algorithm for chaotic communications systems

A method is proposed for robust synchronisation of the transmitter and receiver in chaotic communications schemes. It is verified in a modified Lorenz system. Simulations and theoretical analysis show that synchronisation robustness greatly improves under the method. Multiple chaotic systems communicating through a single channel can also be synchronised. Synchronisation of each user is independent, allowing multiple access chaotic communications.
A Nursing PhD Specialty in Health Policy: University of Massachusetts Boston

This article describes the Nursing PhD Program specialty in health policy conceived and developed at the University of Massachusetts Boston. The rationale for a specialty in health policy is that nurses have valuable knowledge and a unique perspective of the health care system. Nurses belong to the largest group of health care providers and are the providers that spend the most time with patients. The nursing profession has a responsibility to help assure members of society have access to safe and effective quality health care. As a group, nurses need to be politically savvy to translate their knowledge and perspective to benefit society. Nurses need to direct their attention to understanding issues and policy arguments and to contribute to policy discussion with reasoned arguments and objectivity. The PhD program at the University of Massachusetts Boston prepares nurses as policy analysts, researchers, and educators who will positively contribute to the health of society.
Are budget limitations real? Perspective, perceptions, and a plan

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to examine how one might proactively trim materials spending.Design/methodology/approach – Provides a viewpoint on how one might proactively trim materials spending.Findings – Faced with a statewide budget reduction of 90 percent, the author found numerous microform and print subscriptions to cancel. Clearly priorities exist, and if we are able to acknowledge and codify them, perhaps we can save money even in years with no budget crisis. A list of central principles and functions might also make weeding and cooperative collection development easier.Originality/value – The idea of a collection management plan is not new, of course, but listing some concrete benefits underscores its importance.
'ATOMIC' X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE : A NEW TOOL FOR EXAMINING ELECTRONIC AND IONIC POLARIZATION EFFECTS

Abstract The Zn K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) of Zn(OH)42− ions in basic solution are analyzed. Atomic XAFS (AXAFS) arises from photoelectron scattering off electrons in bonds on the periphery of the absorber. Interactions of the zincate ion with hydrated cations (H2O)nM+ (M=Li+, Na+, K+, and Rb+) are shown to produce significant changes in the AXAFS intensity that result from polarization of the zincate anion by the cation. Both the `through space field' and `through bond inductive' polarization mechanisms are considered; with the inductive mechanism found to dominate in this case.
Predictors of postmenopausal body mass index and waist hip ratio in the oklahoma postmenopausal health disparities study.

Objective: The goal of the current study has been to examine systematically the respective roles of nutrition, exercise, menopausal weight gain, moderate drinking and smoking as determinants of body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR) in a setting in which the role of race or ethnic group could be simultaneously or individually evaluated as predictors of BMI and WHR. Because the use of estrogen replacement has been reported to affect estimates of body fat mass in postmenopausal women, endocrine factors have also been evaluated.Methods: The design is cross-sectional with historical prospective elements. The study has a biomedical focus and is not an epidemiologic study. Data are from 649 women recruited into The Postmenopausal Health Disparities Study in Oklahoma. The study population was composed of 649 postmenopausal women: American Indian: 226 (34.9%), Asian: 21 (3.2%), Black: 78 (12.0%), Hispanics: 54 (8.3%) and Whites: 270 (41.6%). Recruitment occurred between 1994 and late 1999 in Oklahoma.Res...
Ouabain induces apoptotic cell death in type I spiral ganglion neurons, but not type II neurons

Application of ouabain to the intact round-window (RW) membrane of the gerbil cochlea induces apoptosis in most spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), leaving a few neurons intact (Schmiedt et al. 2002). Here, physiological measures and immunostaining were used to examine the process of SGN degeneration at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, 4 days, and 1 and 5 months after ouabain treatment. The few remaining neurons surviving up to 5 months after ouabain treatment were immunoreactive for peripherin, a type II neuron marker. Peripherin-positive cell counts indicate that about 7% of the SGNs in the gerbil cochlea are type II neurons, and these neurons survive intact after ouabain treatment. Ouabain exposure had little effect on the outer hair cell and lateral wall systems, even after a 5 month loss of auditory-nerve function. The cellular locations of cytochrome c, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and activated caspase 3 were examined in control and ouabain-treated cochleas. A redistribution of cytochrome c in peripherin-negative (type I) neurons was observed at 3 h after ouabain exposure. Degraded PARP and activated caspase 3 were also detected in peripherin-negative SGNs at 6 and 24 h after treatment, respectively. These results suggest that the redistribution of cytochrome c is an early event during apoptosis in type I SGNs and that activation of PARP and caspase 3 are associated with apoptosis in these cells. Calcineurin and NF-κB are two important signaling pathways that may modulate cell survival in the central nervous system. Here, we found that calcineurin and NF-κB selectively labeled type II neurons. It is speculated that the high levels of calcineurin and NF-κB in type II SGNs, as compared with type I SGNs, may play protective roles in enhancing the survival of type II neurons exposed to ouabain.
Phase field study of interfacial diffusion-driven spheroidization in a composite comprised of two mutually insoluble phases

The phase field approach is a powerful computational technique to simulate morphological and microstructural evolution at the mesoscale. Spheroidization is a frequently observed morphological change of mesoscale heterogeneous structures during annealing. In this study, we used the diffuse interface phase field method to investigate the interfacial diffusion-driven spheroidization of cylindrical rod structures in a composite comprised of two mutually insoluble phases in a two-dimensional case. Perturbation of rod radius along a cylinder's axis has long been known to cause the necessary chemical potential gradient that drives spheroidization of the rod by Lord Rayleigh's instability theory. This theory indicates that a radius perturbation wavelength larger than the initial rod circumference would lead to cylindrical spheroidization. We investigated the effect of perturbation wavelength, interfacial energy, volume diffusion, phase composition, and interfacial percentage on the kinetics of spheroidization. The results match well with both the Rayleigh's instability criterion and experimental observations.
Hypocapnia is associated with increased upper airway expiratory resistance during sleep

We hypothesized that hypocapnia is responsible for increased expiratory resistance during NREM sleep. Hypocapnia was induced by hypoxic hyperventilation in 21 subjects (aged 29.4 ± 7.8 yrs, 10 women, BMI 24.4 ± 4.3 kg/m(2)). Isocapnic hypoxia was induced in 12 subjects of whom, 6 underwent hypocapnic hypoxia in the same night. Upper airway resistance (R(UA)) was measured at the linear pressure-flow relationship during inspiration and expiration. Inspiratory flow limitation (IFL) was defined as the dissociation in pressure-flow relationship. (1) Expiratory R(UA) increased during hypocapnic but not isocapnic hypoxia relative to control (11.0 ± 5.6 vs. 8.2 ± 3.6 cm H(2)O/L/s; p < 0.05, and 11.45.0 vs. 10.94.4 cm H(2)O/L/s; p = NS, respectively). (2) No gender difference was found in R(UA) (p = NS). (3) Increased expiratory R(UA) correlated with the IFL change during hypocapnic but not isocapnic hypoxia. (4) No changes were noted in inspiratory R(UA) or IFL. Expiratory R(UA) increased during hypocapnia and was associated with IFL, indicating upper airway narrowing. Gender does not influence the upper airway response to hypocapnic hypoxia.
Epidural abscess: a delayed complication of esophageal stenting for benign stricture

A case of anterior cervical epidural abscess associated with perforation of an endoscopically placed esophageal stent is presented. Although delayed esophageal perforation is a known complication of endoscopic stenting, no cases presenting with epidural abscess have yet been reported. The increasing application of endoscopic stenting for benign esophageal strictures provides greater opportunity for this type of delayed complication.
Divergence of Demographic and Reproductive Variables Over 25 Years in Laboratory and Natural Populations of the Brine Shrimp, Artemia

[La duree de vie et les caracteristiques de la reproduction ont ete observees chez deux populations d'Artemia franciscana, l'une elevee en laboratoire pendant 25 ans (WH), l'autre etant sa contrepartie dans le milieu naturel (SFB). Les populations differaient de facon significative par deux parametres: la duree de vie des mâles WH ne representait que 60% de celle des mâles SFB (55,5 jours au lieu de 92,3 jours) et l'enkystement des individus issus de WH etait beaucoup plus eleve (55% au lieu de 19%). L'accroissement du pourcentage d'enkystements est attribuable a des pressions selectives resultant des methodes d'elevage, alors que l'accroissement de la duree de vie du mâle peut avoir des causes genetiques., La duree de vie et les caracteristiques de la reproduction ont ete observees chez deux populations d'Artemia franciscana, l'une elevee en laboratoire pendant 25 ans (WH), l'autre etant sa contrepartie dans le milieu naturel (SFB). Les populations differaient de facon significative par deux parametres: la duree de vie des mâles WH ne representait que 60% de celle des mâles SFB (55,5 jours au lieu de 92,3 jours) et l'enkystement des individus issus de WH etait beaucoup plus eleve (55% au lieu de 19%). L'accroissement du pourcentage d'enkystements est attribuable a des pressions selectives resultant des methodes d'elevage, alors que l'accroissement de la duree de vie du mâle peut avoir des causes genetiques.]
Sequences of numbers generated by addition in formal groups and new primality and factorization tests

One can associate with an arbitrary algebroid formal group law F, defined over F"p, a sequence [n]"F(x@?) (= [n - 1]"F(x@?) @?"Fx@?). These sequences for various F (multiplicative group, reduced elliptic curves and Abelian varieties) provide a variety of new primality tests like Lucas' test for Mersenne primes. Implementations and relations with factorization algorithms are presented.
Chromatin substructure: An electron microscopic study of thin‐sectioned chromatin subjected to sequential protein extraction and water swelling procedures

Electron microscopic observations and measurements were made on thin-sectioned chromatin fibers and fibrils obtained from nuclei of mature chicken erythrocytes. The nuclei were isolated in low ionic strength gum arabic and octanol then extracted sequentially with (1) 0.14M NaCl, (2) 0.25 N HCl, (3) buffer saturated phenol, (4) hot 5% SDS and 0.14 M 2-mercapto-ethanol and, (5) 0.4 N NaOH. The amount of nuclear protein removed at each of the first four extraction steps was 1, 86, 3 and 11% of the total, respectively. Each extract was characterized by electrophoretic profiles. At each extraction the chromatin was fixed by adding large quantities of a mixture of equal volumes of sodium cacodylate buffered 8% (w/v) glutaraldehyde (pH 6.8) and 2% OsO4 (w/v), directly into (1) an aliquot of the chromatin in extraction fluid, and (2) an aliquot of the chromatin after water washing and swelling. Three size classes of chromatin structure were seen in thin sections prepared for high resolution transmission electron microscopy and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. A thick fiber of about 25 + nm diameter was the predominant large fiber seen in freshly isolated nuclei or in nuclei after salt extraction. This 25 + nm fiber has a substructure consisting of 3.2-5.2 nm diameter fibrils. After water swelling of such freshly isolated or salt extracted nuclei a fiber of about 10 nm diameter was the predominant large fiber instead of the 25 nm diameter fiber. The HCl extraction step which is known to remove histones, caused the disappearance of both the 25 nm and the 10 nm fibers. High magnification (600,000 × ) micrographs of the chromatin at all procedural steps, except the last NaOH step, reveal the fibril to be omnipresent. This fibril tends to decrease somewhat in diameter during the protein extraction steps to a 2.5 nm diameter fibril after the hot SDS extraction. A fibril of 2.5 nm diameter is expected of naked double helical DNA stained with a positive stain. The NaOH, which is known to denature DNA, completely destroyed the remaining fibril. We interpret our results to indicate that the larger chromatin fiber seen in micrographs of thin-sectioned chromatin has a fibrillar substructure which probably represents a double coil of native DNA which may have a thin protein coating of its own. The latter fibril may in turn be wrapped around a hydrophobic histone domain, perhaps reflected in the 10 nm diameter fiber which is seen upon swelling of the chromatin. This 10 nm diameter fiber is thought to be further packaged by folding into the 25 + nm diameter chromatin fiber most frequently reported in thin sections of eukaryotic cell nuclei in situ.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and sudden death in infancy

The clinicopathologic features of four infants with undiagnosed total anomalous pulmonary venous return who died suddenly and unexpectedly are presented. Two infants were found dead in their beds and two collapsed following very non-specific episodes of mild tachypnoea and tachycardia, respectively. Pulmonary venous blood drained via a common channel to the left innominate vein, the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava at the junction of the hepatic vein and the supradiaphragmatic portion of the inferior vena cava. All cases demonstrated right atrial and ventricular hypertrophy and in one case there was associated hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Although those mechanisms responsible for sudden infant death syndrome could not definitely be excluded in two cases, the presence of anomalous pulmonary drainage with significant right-sided cardiac cardiac hypertrophy in each patient strongly suggests a contributing role for the vascular malformation in the aetiology of sudden unexpected death. The importance of careful in situ dissection of the major vessels in all cases of paediatric sudden death is emphasised, particularly in the presence of other congenital cardiac anomalies.
Textured processing, reactive templated grain growth, and electrical property relationships for sodium bismuth titanate PI015

The investigation of lead-free piezoelectric ceramic compositions has recently gained an increased level of interest due to the efforts to reduce lead based components. The most widely used piezoelectric/ferroelectric ceramic material today, including specialized ceramics for military applications (ex. sonar), consists of PbTiO3-PbZrO3 (i.e. PZT-system). It has become imperative to integrate a processing strategy with a lead-free ferroelectric material capable of competing with or surpassing the properties of lead-based compositions. This work examines the development of optimal processing parameters through texturing and reactive templated grain growth to selectively engineer a polycrystalline ceramic microstructure. It presents how these parameters can affect the electro-mechanical properties for a sodium bismuth titanate based composition. The final properties for all ceramic materials are highly influenced by the processing steps and forming techniques used to construct the bulk ceramic component. Texturally modified ceramic compositions have recently exhibited enhanced properties that, depending on the system, match and even surpass those of an optimum modified lead-based composition. In this work we report on the development and use of a texture induced forming process combined with reactive templated grain growth to produce grain-oriented polycrystalline bulk ceramics. Thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction characterization, microstructure stereology and the dielectric and electromechanical performance will be presented. A processing space has been characterized and mapped in order to drive towards achieving maximized electrical performance for this lead-free system.
Neural attention and evaluative responses to gay and lesbian couples.

The goal of the current study was to examine whether differential neural attentional capture and evaluative responses for out-group homosexual relative to in-group heterosexual targets occur during social categorization. To this end, 36 heterosexual participants were presented with pictures of heterosexual and homosexual couples in a picture-viewing task that was designed to assess implicit levels of discomfort toward homosexuality and explicit evaluations of pleasantness toward the images. Neural activity in the form of electroencephalogram was recorded during the presentation of the pictures, and event-related potentials resulting from these stimuli were examined. Participants also completed questionnaires that assessed the degree to which they socialized with gays and lesbians. Results demonstrated that relative to straight couples, larger P2 amplitude was observed in response to gay but not to lesbian couples. However, both gay and lesbian couples yielded a larger late positive potential than straight...
Durchstanzversuche mit Bewehrung mit hochfestem Verbund, innovative Traganalysen und Bemessungsansätze

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird uber Durchstanzversuche berichtet, bei denen in die Stahlbeton-Versuchsplatten als Durchstanzsicherung Bewehrung mit hochfestem Verbund eingebaut wurde. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, dass mit diesem System sehr gute Tragfahigkeiten erreicht werden. Aus den Rissbildern der nach den Versuchen aufgeschnittenen Versuchsplatten konnten interessante Ruckschlusse auf die Tragwirkung des Systems gezogen werden. Ein Vergleich dieser Rissbilder mit denjenigen von Versuchsplatten mit Doppelkopfankern als Durchstanzsicherung zeigt im Detail deutliche Unterschiede im Tragverhalten. Die Analyse der Versuchsergebnisse fuhrt auserdem zu neuartigen Erkenntnissen uber die Tragmechanismen im durchstanzgefahrdeten Auflagerbereich von Stahlbetonplatten, die auch die Grundlage fur einen Vorschlag bieten, die bestehenden Bemessungsregeln zu modifizieren. Slab Punching Tests with Reinforcement with High-Strength Bond In this paper there is given an account of punching tests, in which the tested concrete slabs were reinforced against punching by reinforcement with high-strength bond. The test results show that very good load capacities are obtainable. The pictures of the cracks, which were to be seen after the test slabs were cut up, gave interesting conclusions about the carrying behaviour of the system. Comparing these cracks with those of test slabs with double headed punching anchors clearly shows the differences of the carrying behaviours. The analysis of the test results also gives new knowledge about the carrying mechanisms at the critical punching zone of reinforced concrete slabs, which also build a basis for a proposal how to modify the existing design rules.
Evolving proteins in mammalian cells using somatic hypermutation.

We describe a new method to mutate target genes through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and to evolve proteins directly in living mammalian cells. Target genes are expressed under the control of an inducible promoter in a B-cell line that hypermutates its immunoglobulin (Ig) V genes constitutively. Mutations can be introduced into the target gene through SHM upon transcription. Mutant genes are then expressed and selected or screened for desired properties in cells. Identified cells are subjected to another round of mutation and selection or screening. This process can be iterated easily for numerous rounds, and multiple reinforcing mutations can be accumulated to produce desirable phenotypes. This approach bypasses labor-intensive in vitro mutagenesis and samples a large protein sequence space. In this protocol a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1.2) was evolved in Ramos cells to afford a mutant (mPlum) with far-red emission. This method can be adapted to evolve other eukaryotic proteins and to be used in other cells able to perform SHM. For each round of evolution, it takes ∼1 d to mutate the target gene, ∼0.5–1 d to select or screen, and 2–4 d to propagate the cells for the next round depending on how many cells are collected.
Helping to accurately measure sea surface height: the NASA instrument suite on OSTM (Ocean Surface Topography Mission)

OSTM (Ocean Surface Topography Mission) will provide continuity of ocean topography measurements that began with TOPEX/Poseidon and are currently being carried out by Jason. Measurements made by the three missions will allow scientists to better understand ocean circulation, climate change processes, and sea level rise on a multi-decadal scale. While CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) will provide the primary satellite instrument, a nadir-pointed altimeter, and a precision orbit determination system, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) will provide an instrument suite to provide the necessary measurement accuracy. The AMR (Advanced Microwave Radiometer) will measure atmospheric water vapor content to determine how it affects the accuracy of the altimeter readings. The GPSP (Global Positioning System Payload) will be used to accurately pinpoint the position of the satellite above the ocean surface. Finally, there is the LRA (Laser Retroreflector Array), a passive, supporting instrument that will allow ground-based laser ranging stations to also pinpoint the position of the satellite. Both the GPSP and LRA will be used to enhance the precision orbit determination system performance. The instruments are now undergoing ground test. In conjunction with in-flight calibration and validation activities these efforts will help to ensure mission success.
Validation of the Wong‐Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale in Pediatric Emergency Department Patients

Objectives: The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (WBS), used in children to rate pain severity, has been validated outside the emergency department (ED), mostly for chronic pain. The authors validated the WBS in children presenting to the ED with pain by identifying a corresponding mean value of the visual analog scale (VAS) for each face of the WBS and determined the relationship between the WBS and VAS. The hypothesis was that the pain severity ratings on the WBS would be highly correlated (Spearman’s rho > 0.80) with those on a VAS. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study of children ages 8–17 years with pain presenting to a suburban, academic pediatric ED. Children rated their pain severity on a six-item ordinal faces scale (WBS) from none to worst and a 100-mm VAS from least to most. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare mean VAS scores across the six ordinal categories. Spearman’s correlation (ρ) was used to measure agreement between the continuous and ordinal scales. Results: A total of 120 patients were assessed: the median age was 13 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 10–15 years), 50% were female, 78% were white, and six patients (5%) used a language other than English at home. The most commonly specified locations of pain were extremity (37%), abdomen (19%), and back/neck (11%). The mean VAS increased uniformly across WBS categories in increments of about 17 mm. ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in mean VAS across face groups. Post hoc testing demonstrated that each mean VAS was significantly different from every other mean VAS. Agreement between the WBS and VAS was excellent (ρ = 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86 to 0.93). There was no association between age, sex, or pain location with either pain score. Conclusions: The VAS was found to have an excellent correlation in older children with acute pain in the ED and had a uniformly increasing relationship with WBS. This finding has implications for research on pain management using the WBS as an assessment tool. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:50–54 © 2009 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Challenges and opportunities in deployment of MEMS for in-vivo monitoring of cardiovascular systems (Abstract Only)

This paper will focus on the technical challenges that arise in the in-vivo monitoring, detection and treatment of cardiovascular diseases using MEMS. The packaging and wireless telemetry issues will be discussed at length.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theoretical investigation of an ultrashort-pulse coherent x-ray source at 45 Å

A scheme to obtain ultrashort-pulse coherent x rays, via population inversion following inner-shell photoionization, is analyzed for C at 45 \AA{}. We calculate that a driving laser with a pulse duration of 40 fs, a $10 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 \mathrm{cm}$ line focus, and an energy of 1 J gives an effective gain length product $(\mathrm{gl})$ of 10. At saturation $(gl\ensuremath{\sim}18)$ we expect an output of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.1 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{J}$ per pulse. The short duration of x-ray lasing $(l100 \mathrm{fs})$ combined with a 10-Hz repetition rate ${(P}_{\mathrm{avg}}=1 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{W})$ makes this source of coherent x rays ideal for pump-probe experiments to study fast dynamical processes in chemistry and material science.
Advancing Precision Medicine for Prostate Cancer Through Genomics

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. The recent surge of high-throughput sequencing of cancer genomes has supported an expanding molecular classification of prostate cancer. Translation of these basic science studies into clinically valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis and biomarkers that are predictive for therapy is critical to the development of precision medicine in prostate cancer. We review potential applications aimed at improving screening specificity in prostate cancer and differentiating aggressive versus indolent prostate cancers. Furthermore, we review predictive biomarker candidates involving ETS gene rearrangements, PTEN inactivation, and androgen receptor signaling. These and other putative biomarkers may signify aberrant oncogene pathway activation and provide a rationale for matching patients with molecularly targeted therapies in clinical trials. Lastly, we advocate innovations for clinical trial design to incorporate tumor biopsy and molecular characterization to develop biomarkers and understand mechanisms of resistance.
Pulmonary artery thrombosis simulating pulmonic valve stenosis with patent foramen ovale

Abstract A 25-year-old man presented a history of dyspnea and cyanosis of increasing degree beginning 5 months prior to hospitalization. A harsh systolic pulmonary murmur and right ventricular hypertrophy were present. Angiocardiograms indicated obstruction at the site of the pulmonary valve. At autopsy, a large organized thrombus, totally blocking the right pulmonary artery and partially blocking the left and main artery, was found. The foramen ovale was widely patent. A history of severe anterior chest trauma, occurring 5 months earlier, was obtained.
Analyzing the potential benefits of CDN augmentation strategies for internet video workloads

Video viewership over the Internet is rising rapidly, and market predictions suggest that video will comprise over 90\% of Internet traffic in the next few years. At the same time, there have been signs that the Content Delivery Network (CDN) infrastructure is being stressed by ever-increasing amounts of video traffic. To meet these growing demands, the CDN infrastructure must be designed, provisioned and managed appropriately. Federated telco-CDNs and hybrid P2P-CDNs are two content delivery infrastructure designs that have gained significant industry attention recently. We observed several user access patterns that have important implications to these two designs in our unique dataset consisting of 30 million video sessions spanning around two months of video viewership from two large Internet video providers. These include partial interest in content, regional interests, temporal shift in peak load and patterns in evolution of interest. We analyze the impact of our findings on these two designs by performing a large scale measurement study. Surprisingly, we find significant amount of synchronous viewing behavior for Video On Demand (VOD) content, which makes hybrid P2P-CDN approach feasible for VOD and suggest new strategies for CDNs to reduce their infrastructure costs. We also find that federation can significantly reduce telco-CDN provisioning costs by as much as 95%.
Forced Medication, Patients' Rights and Values Conflicts

The philosophical positions known as libertarianism or liberalism, and paternalism or parentalism, in their application to treatment refusals are outlined. The author then discusses recent public policy governing the alleged right to refuse psychotropic medication and draws attention to conceptual issues raised by such a right. These issues include the capacity for rational choice and the way it functions as a criterion in policy about choosing to refuse, the particular set of considerations involved in evaluating the refusal of medication, the category of danger to the self which forms the basis of much recent mental health policy over involuntary treatment, and finally, alternatives to the modernist, rights-based moral and political frameworks undergirding both liberalism and paternalism. These alternatives, deriving from feminist ethics, relational individualism and narrative theories of self, are applied to the challenge of establishing a just and comprehensive policy on forced psychotropic medication.
I. A. Richards and his models

Several recent attempts have been made to explicate I. A. Richards’ conception of rhetoric in light of his communication models. This article examines his communication models in light of his novel conception of rhetoric.
Primary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder

Primary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder is a rare disease. A report of 2 cases treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital since 1959 is presented. Both have survived 5 or more years, one after radical surgery and one after aggressive radiation therapy. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of this disease are reviewed briefly.