cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of pay level on organization‐based self‐esteem and performance: A field study

Most compensation managers implicitly assume (or perhaps hope) that high pay levels will maintain and enhance future performance. To date, this assumption has been largely untested. Given the importance of pay level and the large expense that pay represents to most organizations, understanding how and why pay level influences the behaviour of employees in organizations is an important question. The purpose of this study is to examine the motivational effects of pay level on employee performance. To examine these issues, we collected field study data from a variety of sources, at three different times, and assessed the effects of employee pay level on subsequent self-esteem and performance. Specifically, we hypothesized that the effects of pay level on performance would be mediated by pay level effects on organization-based self-esteem. We base this hypothesis on the premise that level of pay within an organization communicates a sense of how much the organization values an employee and thus affects employee organization-based self-esteem which, in turn, enhances job performance. After controlling for organization tenure, and previous pay change, results supported a mediated model that suggests that pay level affects employee self-esteem, which in turn, affects employee performance.
Determination of the optic flow field in the presence of occlusion

Abstract Deformations of region properties such as contours and moments have been used previously to recover the optic flow field velocities for planar patches. In a sequence of images containing several moving objects, the flow field determination is further complicated by occlusion effects. This letter presents a method whereby the flow field can still be obtained even in the presence of occlusion. Adjacent regions experiencing occlusion are treated as a coupled system. The results of a number of experiments on laboratory and natural image sequences are reported.
A rationale and clinical methodology for selecting vocabulary stimulus material for individual aphasic patients

Abstract This paper describes a rationale and clinical methodology for selecting and ordering vocabulary stimulus material to be used in aphasia therapy. Specifically, the procedure calls for the clinician to conduct a test and re-test of his patient's naming ability as a means of estimating the availability of naming responses. It is assumed that there is a positive relationship between the consistency with which responses are produced during this testing and the availability of these responses in therapy. Therapeutic stimulation is first provided for the inconsistently available responses, and somewhat later for responses which were consistently absent or incorrect. Testing is repeated periodically to keep the clinician apprised of changes in the availability of the patient's responses. This approach is discussed in terms of its effect on the speed and efficiency of the vocabulary re-building process in aphasia therapy.
Anomalous singularities in the complex Kohn variational principle of quantum scattering theory

Variational principles for symmetric complex scattering matrices (e.g., the {ital S} matrix or the {ital T} matrix) based on the Kohn variational principle have been thought to be free from anomalous singularities. We demonstrate that singularities do exist for these variational principles by considering single and multichannel model problems based on exponential interaction potentials. The singularities are found by considering simultaneous variations in two nonlinear parameters in the variational calculation (e.g., the energy and the cutoff function for the irregular continuum functions). The singularities are found when the cutoff function for the irregular continuum functions extends over a range of the radial coordinate where the square-integrable basis set does not have sufficient flexibility. Effects of these singularities generally should not appear in applications of the complex Kohn method where a fixed variational basis set is considered and only the energy is varied.
THE CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF FUNGAL SEROLOGIC TESTING.

SUMMARY During a three-year period at Fitzsimons General Hospital, 2,928 complement fixation tests were performed on the sera of 2,100 patients, using the antigens of Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum , and Blastomyces dermatitidis. One hundred eleven patients had titers of 1:8 or above to one or more of these fungal antigens. The records of 102 of these patients were studied retrospectively. Final diagnoses were as follows: tuberculosis, 47 cases; histoplasmosis, 22 cases; coccidioidomycosis, 10 cases; and other nonfungal, nontuberculous, predominantly pulmonary diseases, 23 cases. A presumptive diagnosis of fungal disease could often be based upon skin tests and serologies. Higher titered serologies and the stronger positive skin tests were related to the homologous disease. Tuberculosis was bacteriologically proved in 79 per cent of cases with that diagnosis, and generally had low or transient fungal complement fixation titers, except when related temporally to previous fungal skin testing. Positive complement fixation tests for fungal disease, regardless of titer, are worthwhile screening devices in the diagnosis of pulmonary disease.
Discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil in untreated and in diazepam-treated rhesus monkeys.

Rationale: Long-term use of benzodiazepine agonists can have adverse effects (e.g., development of dependence), thereby limiting their clinical usefulness. Objectives: The goal of the current study was to examine the discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil in untreated and diazepam-treated monkeys to determine whether this type of procedure could be used to examine benzodiazepine dependence. Methods: Flumazenil (0.32 mg/kg s.c.) was established as a discriminative stimulus in eight monkeys receiving 5.6 mg/kg/day of diazepam (p.o.); four responded under a fixed ratio (FR)5 schedule of stimulus-shock termination (SST) and four responded under a FR5 schedule of food presentation. For comparison, 1.0 mg/kg flumazenil (s.c.) was established as a discriminative stimulus in four untreated monkeys responding under a FR5 schedule of SST. Results: Flumazenil dose-dependently increased responding on the flumazenil-appropriate lever in all monkeys. In diazepam-treated monkeys, Ro 15-4513, ethyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate and bretazenil substituted for flumazenil with pentylenetetrazole substituting in some monkeys; other drugs failed to substitute for flumazenil. Acute administration of 10.0 mg/kg diazepam (s.c.) shifted the flumazenil dose–effect curve threefold to the right of the control dose–effect curve. Temporary suspension of diazepam treatment produced a time-related increase in flumazenil-lever responding that was reversed by diazepam. In untreated monkeys, midazolam substituted for flumazenil, with other drugs, including those with primary mechanisms of action at non-γ-aminobutyric acidA receptors, substituting in some monkeys. Ro 15-4513 did not substitute in any untreated monkey. Conclusions: The flumazenil discriminative stimulus appears to be pharmacologically selective in treated monkeys with only negative and low efficacy positive modulators substituting for flumazenil; in contrast, a variety of drugs substitute for flumazenil in untreated monkeys. This apparent difference in selectivity suggests that diazepam treatment modifies the flumazenil discriminative stimulus perhaps due to the development of dependence.
THE ANALYSIS OF DESIGN OR THE DESIGN OF ANALYSIS

The policy sciences have advanced in the past by introspection, and there appears to be a need for a return to such self-conscious examination of the field of inquiry. A design orientation offers a useful framework for such an examination. It requires reconsideration of some of the fundamental premises of policy inquiry. This article explores what impact design might have on the conventional process framework and then proceeds to discuss the development of a design perspective.
Decreased whole blood factor IX activity following hemodilution with hemoglobin A-zero in-vitro.

Previous studies of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and their effects on coagulation have shown conflicting results. This study re-examined the effect of hemoglobin solution on blood coagulation in whole blood using highly purified human hemoglobin Ao (HbAo). Citrated human whole blood samples were diluted 1:1 with HbAo (7gHb/dl) or human serum albumin (HSA; 5g/dl) as a protein control, and both activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) were measured using a mechanically based whole blood coagulometer. Multiple runs were performed with the same volunteer donor sample. The mean aPTT time of HbAo-diluted samples (105.9±19.9 sec., n=41) was significantly longer than the undiluted controls (46.4±5.6 sec., n=54) or HSA-diluted blood (77.1±12.7 sec., n=41) indicating an abnormal intrinsic coagulation pathway. There was no significant difference between the PT times of the HbAo and HSA-diluted samples. To examine the cause of the prolonged aPTT times with HbAo dilution, we performed...
Detailed models for sensor network simulations and their impact on network performance

Recent trends in sensor network simulation can be divided between less flexible but accurate emulation based approach and more generic but less detailed network simulator models. We offer an approach with the flexibility of network simulators and provides the accuracy comparable to emulation based approaches. We describe the design and architecture of sensor network simulator which provides a rich suite of following models: sensing stack to model wave and diffusion based sensor channels, an accurate battery model, processor power consumption model, energy consumption model and sensor network based traffic model. We also present our study on the effects of detailed modeling on the performance of higher layer protocols. We describe the impact of using accurate models for battery, processor power consumption and traffic models on the network layer statistics as network lifetime and availability, throughput and routing overhead. Our results show there is high sensitivity of model accuracy on network and application level statistics. In extreme cases we have noticed an inversion of results with our accurate models as compared with previous generation of abstract models.
Multiple regulatory steps control histone mRNA concentrations

Abstract The abundance of histone mRNAs in mammalian cells varies with the cell cycle. Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms are involved, with mRNA degradation playing an important role.
Willingness to Pay for Urban Greenway Projects

Abstract This article reports the results of an experiment to estimate the value of an urban greenway and to test the validity of contingent valuation (CV), and discusses the implications of the results for greenway planning. The experiment concerned people's willingness to pay (WTP) for greenway projects in a publicly designated greenway in Indianapolis, Indiana, that is mostly in private ownership. In the summer of 1997, a CV survey and an actual solicitation for funds were mailed simultaneously to split samples of greenway property owners, greenway renters, and county residents. The survey and the solicitation asked about WTP for educational, cleanup, and other projects by the White River Greenways Foundation related to management of the Crooked Creek Greenway. The proportion of respondents willing to pay was much higher in response to the survey than the actual solicitation, and hypothetical mean WTP was much greater than the actual contributions. The results suggest that people value greenways, but t...
Reconciling disparate views of template-directed nucleation through measurement of calcite nucleation kinetics and binding energies

The physical basis for how macromolecules regulate the onset of mineral formation in calcifying tissues is not well established. A popular conceptual model assumes the organic matrix provides a stereochemical match during cooperative organization of solute ions. In contrast, another uses simple binding assays to identify good promoters of nucleation. Here, we reconcile these two views and provide a mechanistic explanation for template-directed nucleation by correlating heterogeneous nucleation barriers with crystal–substrate-binding free energies. We first measure the kinetics of calcite nucleation onto model substrates that present different functional group chemistries (carboxyl, thiol, phosphate, and hydroxyl) and conformations (C11 and C16 chain lengths). We find rates are substrate-specific and obey predictions of classical nucleation theory at supersaturations that extend above the solubility of amorphous calcium carbonate. Analysis of the kinetic data shows the thermodynamic barrier to nucleation is reduced by minimizing the interfacial free energy of the system, γ. We then use dynamic force spectroscopy to independently measure calcite–substrate-binding free energies, ΔGb. Moreover, we show that within the classical theory of nucleation, γ and ΔGb should be linearly related. The results bear out this prediction and demonstrate that low-energy barriers to nucleation correlate with strong crystal–substrate binding. This relationship is general to all functional group chemistries and conformations. These findings provide a physical model that reconciles the long-standing concept of templated nucleation through stereochemical matching with the conventional wisdom that good binders are good nucleators. The alternative perspectives become internally consistent when viewed through the lens of crystal–substrate binding.
Self-concept of adults with cerebral palsy.

Purpose. To describe the self-concept of adults with cerebral palsy (CP).Method. Cross-sectional design included the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, version 2 (TSCS:2), Functional Independence Measure (FIM™), Beck Depression Index II (BDI®-II), Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF), Diener's Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) levels and demographic questions.Results. One hundred and two people with CP (52 females, mean age = 26) participated. Thirty-eight participants had unreliable answers as indicated by validity scales and were excluded from the analysis. Ten participants had high self-concept; 41 had average self-concept and 13 had low total self-concept. Self-concept had a fair and inverse association with the BDI-II (Pearson's r = −0.3, p < 0.01) and a moderate and direct association with the SWLS (Pearson's r = 0.4, p < 0.001). Self-concept was not associated with GMFCS level or FIM score. Family and Personal sub-domain scores...
Ultraviolet Galaxy Counts from Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Observations of the Hubble Deep Fields

We present galaxy counts in the near-ultraviolet (NUV; 2365 A) and far-ultraviolet (FUV; 1595 A) obtained from Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph observations of portions of the Hubble Deep Field-North (HDF-N), the Hubble Deep Field-South (HDF-S), and a parallel field near the HDF-N. All three fields have deep (AB > 29) optical imaging, and we determine magnitudes by taking the ultraviolet flux detected within the limiting optical isophote. An analysis of the UV-optical colors of detected objects, combined with a visual inspection of the UV images, indicates that there are no detectable objects in the UV images that are not also detected in the optical. We determine our detection area and completeness as a function of magnitude with a simulated distribution of galaxies based on the HDF-N Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) V + I image. The galaxy counts reach to NUVAB = 29 and FUVAB = 30, which is 1 mag fainter than the HDF-N WFPC2/F300W counts and 7 mag fainter than balloon-based counts. We integrate our measurements in order to present the extragalactic background radiation coming from resolved objects. The NUV galaxy counts show a flattening or turnover beginning at about NUVAB = 26.0, which is not predicted either by no-evolution models based on a local luminosity function with a steep faint-end slope or by a semianalytic model in which starbursts are caused by major mergers. The FUV counts also show a flat slope. We argue that the flat slopes could be caused by a short duty cycle for star formation, additional starbursts triggered by minor mergers, and an extended quiescent phase between starburst episodes.
Effective Strategies for Global Health Research, Training and Clinical Care: A Narrative Review

The purpose of this narrative review was to synthesize the evidence on effective strategies for global health research, training and clinical care in order to identify common structures that have been used to guide program development. A Medline search from 2001 to 2011 produced 951 articles, which were reviewed and categorized. Thirty articles met criteria to be included in this review. Eleven articles discussed recommendations for research, 8 discussed training and 11 discussed clinical care. Global health program development should be completed within the framework of a larger institutional commitment or partnership. Support from leadership in the university or NGO, and an engaged local community are both integral to success and sustainability of efforts. It is also important for program development to engage local partners from the onset, jointly exploring issues and developing goals and objectives. Evaluation is a recommended way to determine if goals are being met, and should include considerations of sustainability, partnership building, and capacity. Global health research programs should consider details regarding the research process, context of research, partnerships, and community relationships. Training for global health should involve mentorship, pre-departure preparation of students, and elements developed to increase impact. Clinical care programs should focus on collaboration, sustainability, meeting local needs, and appropriate process considerations.
The influence of analgesia on labor--is it related to primary cesarean rates?

Multiple observational studies have reported an association between neuraxial (epidural, spinal, or combined spinal–epidural) labor analgesia and cesarean delivery. The purpose of this review is to summarize data from controlled trials addressing the question of whether neuraxial labor analgesia causes an increased risk of cesarean delivery. Additionally, the review will discuss whether the timing of initiation of analgesia or the specific type of neuraxial analgesia influences mode of delivery. Finally, the issue of external validity of published trials will be discussed.
Dependence on pH of polarized sorting of secreted proteins.

The plasma membranes of epithelial cells are divided into apical and basolateral domains. These two surfaces are characterized by markedly different protein compositions, reflecting the ability of the cell to target newly synthesized membrane proteins to specific regions of the cell surface1,2. This targeting capability is also apparent in the polarized release of secretory products. Recent studies using canine renal tubule (MDCK) cells have suggested that distinct sets of secretory proteins are released from their apical and basolateral poles3–6. We report experiments designed to examine secretory protein sorting by MDCK cells. We have shown that secretion of basement membrane components (laminin and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG)) takes place from the basolateral cell surface and that this polarized release results from active sorting. The sorting process which mediates this polarized secretion requires an acidic intracellular compartment. MDCK cells treated with NH4Cl to raise the pH of their intracellular compartments7–9, secrete laminin and HSPG by a default pathway which leads to their release in roughly equal quantities into the medium of both the apical and basolateral compartments.
Inhibition of c-Kit Is Not Required for Reversal of Hyperglycemia by Imatinib in NOD Mice

(1) Aim/Hypothesis Recent studies indicate that tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including imatinib, can reverse hyperglycemia in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Imatinib inhibits c-Abl, c-Kit, and PDGFRs. Next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors for T1D treatment should maintain activities required for efficacy while sparing inhibition of targets that might otherwise lead to adverse events. In this study, we investigated the contribution of c-Kit inhibition by imatinib in reversal of hyperglycemia in NOD mice.
Effects of Polyhydric Alcohols on the Mechanical Properties of Soy Protein Plastics

Abstract Polyhydric alcohols, i.e., ethylene glycol, glycerol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol (trimethylene glycol), and polyethylene glycol (200 and 400), were investigated for their plasticizing effects on soy protein plastics. Tensile strength and percentage elongation at break of compression-molded soy protein specimens containing each of the polyhydric alcohols were measured, and Young's modulus was calculated. Ethylene glycol and glycerol demonstrated the greatest effects on the tensile properties. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) thermograms of soy protein with glycerol showed a major exothermic transition. Dynamic mechanical spectra showed that dry plastic specimens had a shear-storage modulus (G' = 1.76 GPa) about 50% larger than those of the high performance synthetic polymers tested. The shear-storage modulus was little dependent on temperature change up to ca. 130°C. After the specimens were moisturized at 50% relative humidity, the G' was reduced to 0.22 GPa. The shear-storage modu...
The case for high latitude access to space for emerging technologies

Kodiak Launch Complex (KLC), Alaska's commercial spaceport, is offered as the Nation's high latitude launch range for satellite deployment1,2. KLC's location enables deployment into high inclination orbits, including highly elliptical orbits (HEO), such as Molniya and Tundra. Earth coverage can be achieved with extended dwell times for a single satellite over selected world areas, including high latitudes and the Poles. Full 24 hour regional coverage can be achieved with a two or three satellite constellation.
Algal Remains in Some Surface Sediments of Lake Erie

Abstract Algal remains, primarily diatoms, were examined in the 0–1 cm fraction of sediment cores collected at eight stations along a west-to-east transect in Lake Erie to determine species composition, cell density, and flux rates. Sixty-two taxa were identified of which 13 were common to all stations. Highest densities and flux rates occurred in the western and eastern basins. Species composition, cell density, and flux rates in the sediments did not appear to correlate well with previous reports of water-column phytoplankton distribution and abundance. The distribution of diatom remains in the sediments more likely resulted from the effects of near-bottom west-to-east energy zones and transport mechanisms operating within the western and central basins of Lake Erie. The distribution of algal remains demonstrated that caution should be used in applying paleolimnological data to trophic status changes in Lake Erie.
Karyokinesis without cytokinesis in the grasshopper.

Abstract In hanging drop cultures of living grasshopper spermatocytes several cells were found in which cytokinesis had not followed karyokinesis. Many of these cells showed a ring of a jelly-like substance constricting the middle of the mitochondrial bundle that outlines the spindle remnants after anaphase. In three or four cells this ring was at one point attached to the cell membrane, and a partial cleavage evident at the point of attachment. These observations indicate that a ring is involved in the cleavage phenomenon, and support the theory of cell cleavage by the contraction of a ring at the equator.
Phase relations between energetic neutral atom intensities and kilometric radio emissions at Saturn

[1] The intensities of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from Saturn's ring current were cross-correlated with Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR, 100–400 kHz) to determine their phase relations. The cross correlations were obtained for three intervals in early 2007 when Cassini was at high northern latitudes and the Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA) could optimally view the entire ring current. During these intervals, the hydrogen, oxygen, and SKR signals all exhibited ∼10.8 h periodicities. A consistent phase relation was not observed between the ENA and the SKR. Cross-correlation amplitudes in these intervals varied from 0.25 to 0.79, and the phase offsets varied from ∼1 h to several hours and differed according to ENA species. Not only did the SKR and ENA signal show phase offsets, but the H and O signals also displayed offsets. That is, all periodicities at ∼10.8 h had no consistent synchronization.
Revision of the assignment of relative stereochemistry in sibirosamine: synthesis of methyl n-tosyl α-d-disirosaminopyranoside

Abstract A synthesis of the N-toluenesulfonamide of α-methyl D-sibirosaminopyranoside has resulted in a reassignment of the relative stereochemistry of sibirosamine, a rare sugar found as its glycoside in sibiromycin.
My Life-Long Involvement with Games

This essay draws on my own personal research and teaching experience with games to illustrate the many ways game simulations can further the sociological enterprise. Examples include the usefulness of games in research, teaching, negotiation, and conflict management, and as a resource for social change.
Predicting Attitudes Toward Knowledge Sharing by E-Mail: An Empirical Study

Social influence factors in sharing knowledge by e-mail are important issues in developing and understanding successful knowledge management systems and human–computer interaction. This article investigates important factors in shaping attitudes toward knowledge sharing by e-mail, based on social influence theory and self-determination theory. An empirical test of the proposed model using an online survey was conducted with a sample of undergraduate college students who use group e-mails for class assignments (n = 566). All social influence factors significantly influenced attitudes toward knowledge sharing by e-mail (R 2 = .57). Information systems researchers and practitioners will be able to more fully understand the roles of social influence factors in developing and designing knowledge management.
CHRONIC HYPERCALCAEMIA SECONDARY TO HYPERPARA-THYROIDISM: A RISK FACTOR DURING ANAESTHESIA?

SUMMARY Hypercalcaemia (increased plasma total calcium concentration, [Ca]) has been associated with serious ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac arrest in patients with hyperparathyroidism. To support our impression that the occurrence of such complications during surgery is rare, we examined the records and e.c.g. of 193 patients with moderate hypercalcaemia ([Ca] = 2.89±0.02 mmol litre−1, mean±SEM) secondary to histologically demonstrable parathyroid hyperfunction, who were admitted to hospital between 1974 and 1978. We found that ventricular arrhythmia was not recorded for any patient, and A-V junctional rhythm was present at the beginning of operation in two. Before operation a statistically significant although m inimal shortening of corrected values of Q-T interval occurred compared with a control group (n = 60). However, duration of the corrected Q-T interval was not diagnostic of increased [Ca] in a given patient with hyperparathyroidism.
Symptomatic or cryptogenic partial epilepsy of childhood onset: Fourteen-year follow-up

This study reports on the seizure and psychosocial outcome of 29 patients with electroclinically well-defined childhood-onset symptomatogenic or cryptogenic partial epilepsy with complex partial seizures who were followed prospectively over 14 years. Many were refractory at the time of enrollment. At 14-year follow-up, we acquired information on seizure type and frequency, psychiatric history, substance abuse, criminal activity, in addition to educational, vocational, and marital status through chart reviews and/or structured telephone interviews. Sixteen patients were only treated medically. They were divided by their following responses to medications: eight patients with less than one seizure per month were in the medically responsive group and eight patients with at least one seizure per month constituted the medically refractory group. Thirteen patients underwent focal resection for medically refractory epilepsy. Medically refractory patients displayed worse educational, vocational, social, and behavioral outcomes than medically responsive patients. Behavioral abnormalities persisted or evolved in five medically refractory patients when they became seizure free. Other studies have indicated that patients with medically refractory complex partial seizures have poor psychosocial outcomes. Although behavioral problems can occur even when seizures are well controlled, their early detection and treatment may be essential to the improvement of psychosocial outcomes.
Low-temperature speciation and chemical kinetic studies of n-heptane

Abstract Although there have been many ignition studies of n -heptane—a primary reference fuel—few studies have provided detailed insights into the low-temperature chemistry of n -heptane through direct measurements of intermediate species formed during ignition. Such measurements provide understanding of reaction pathways that form toxic air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions while also providing key metrics essential to the development of chemical kinetic mechanisms. This paper presents new ignition and speciation data taken at high pressure (9 atm), low temperatures (660–710 K), and a dilution of inert gases-to-molecular oxygen of 5.64 (mole basis). The detailed time-histories of 17 species, including large alkenes, aldehydes, carbon monoxide, and n -heptane were quantified using gas chromatography. A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism developed previously for oxidation of n -heptane reproduced experimentally observed ignition delay times reasonably well, but predicted levels of some important intermediate chemical species that were significantly different from measured values. Results from recent theoretical studies of low temperature hydrocarbon oxidation reaction rates were used to upgrade the chemical kinetic mechanism for n -heptane, leading to much better agreement between experimental and computed intermediate species concentrations. The implications of these results to many other hydrocarbon fuel oxidation mechanisms in the literature are discussed.
DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT QUESTIONNAIRE

The 15-item Organizational Commitment Questionnaire's discriminant validity vis-a-vis a measure of withdrawal cognitions was estimated using LISREL. The data were provided by a sample of 176 air traffic controllers. The results of the analyses indicated that, although the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire's discriminant validity problems are not considerable, some of its items should be eliminated. Examination of the factor structure is encouraged.
Optimization of a hierarchical file organization for spelling correction

A spelling program using a hierarchically organized file seems to be promising, since it can correct more than common typing mistakes. However, its speed of detecting spelling errors in the inputs is rather slow. Here some techniques of modifying the program to improve the speed are presented.
Constraints on the SU(3) electroweak model

We consider a recent proposal by Dimopoulos and Kaplan to embed the electroweak $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{Y}$ into a larger group $\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{W}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ at a scale above a TeV. This idea is motivated by the prediction for the weak mixing angle ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{W}=1/4,$ which naturally appears in these models so long as the gauge couplings of the high energy SU(2) and U(1) groups are moderately large. The extended gauge dynamics results in new effective operators that contribute to four-fermion interactions and Z pole observables. We calculate the corrections to these electroweak precision observables and carry out a global fit of the new physics to the data. For SU(2) and U(1) gauge couplings larger than $1,$ we find that the 95% C.L. lower bound on the matching (heavy gauge boson mass) scale is 11 TeV. We comment on the fine-tuning of the high energy parameters needed to allow matching scales above our bounds. The remnants of $\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{W}$ breaking include multi-TeV $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}$ doublets with electric charge $(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1).$ The lightest charged gauge boson is stable, leading to cosmological difficulties.
Recognizing faces in hyperspectral images

We examine the utility of using near-infrared hyperspectral images for the recognition of human subjects over a database of 137 subjects. Hyperspectral images were collected using a CCD camera equipped with a liquid crystal tunable filter and calibrated to spectral reflectance. The face recognition algorithm exploits spectral measurements for individual facial tissue types and combinations of facial tissue types. We demonstrate experimentally that hyperspectral images provide the opportunity to recognize faces independent of facial expression and face orientation.
Immunotherapy exposes cancer stem cell resistance and a new synthetic lethality.

Development of resistance to targeted drugs and immunotherapy limits improvement in response rates and disease-free survival of cancer patients. In advanced melanoma, for example, multiple mechanisms of resistance emerge during BRAF inhibitor drug therapy that affect both tumor cell properties and microenvironment.1 In addition, just as immunoediting during the de novo immune response against cancer selects for immune-resistant tumor variants,2 active and passive immunotherapies can create selective pressures that lead to outgrowth of resistant tumor cells or new metastases (Figure 1). Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is critical to developing therapeutic strategies to counteract them as well as preventive measures to avoid their onset. In this issue of Molecular Therapy, Boisgerault and colleagues3 nicely elucidate these points using a tumor vaccination model to induce a T-cell response that places a selective pressure on the tumor facilitating the emergence or selective survival of resistant cancer stem cells or cells undergoing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The study further shows how acquired or intrinsic mechanisms of resistance can reveal molecular vulnerabilities that may allow responses even to chemotherapy drugs that would have been considered ineffectual.
Economic botany of the Guahibo. I. Palmae

The role of palms in the everyday life of the Guahibo is evident. They depend on this important family for much of their fiber, shelter, food and for other needs. The change in Guahibo life style over the past centuries has resulted in modifications of the local flora, and frequently in a reduction in the number of certain over-utilized palm species. It is vital that an attempt be made to halt the decline in the“value” of the forest. Studies must determine the species of most worth and a diligent effort be made to repopulate the gallery forests of this area with the kind of plants that once made the forest and its abundant palm flora both an “earthly paradise” and“universal larder” for the Guahibo.
Modeling of thermal barrier coating temperature due to transmissive radiative heating

Thermal barrier coatings are generally designed to possess very low thermal conductivity to reduce the conduction heat transfer from the coating surface to the metal turbine blade beneath the coating. In high-temperature power generation systems, however, a considerable amount of radiative heat is produced during the combustion of fuels. This radiative heat can propagate through the coating and heat up the metal blade, and thereby reduce the effectiveness of the coating in lowering the thermal load on the blade. Therefore, radiative properties are essential parameters to design radiative barrier coatings. This article presents a combined radiation and conduction heat transfer model for the steady-state temperature distribution in semitransparent yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings. The results of the model show a temperature reduction up to 45 K for YSZ of high reflectance (80%) compared to the YSZ of low reflectance (20%). The reflectivities of YSZ and metal blade affect the temperature distribution significantly. Additionally, the absorption and scattering coefficients of YSZ, the thickness of the coating, and the thermal conductivities of YSZ and metal blade affect the temperature distribution.
Performance and allocation patterns of the perennial herb, Plantago lanceolata, in response to simulated herbivory and elevated CO2 environments.

We tested the prediction that plants grown in elevated CO2 environments are better able to compensate for biomass lost to herbivory than plants grown in ambient CO2 environments. The herbaceous perennial Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) was grown in either near ambient (380 ppm) or enriched (700 ppm) CO2 atmospheres, and then after 4 weeks, plants experienced either 1) no defoliation; 2) every fourth leaf removed by cutting; or 3) every other leaf removed by cutting. Plants were harvested at week 13 (9 weeks after simulated herbivory treatments). Vegetative and reproductive weights were compared, and seeds were counted, weighed, and germinated to assess viability. Plants grown in enriched CO2 environments had significantly greater shoot weights, leaf areas, and root weights, yet had significantly lower reproductive weights (i.e. stalks + spikes + seeds) and produced fewer seeds, than plants grown in ambient CO2 environments. Relative biomass allocation patterns further illustrated differences in plants grown in ambient CO2 environments. Relative biomass allocation patterns further illustrated differences in plant responses to enriched CO2 atmospheres: enriched CO2-grown plants only allocated 10% of their carbon resources to reproduction whereas ambient CO2-grown plants allocated over 20%. Effects of simulated herbivory on plant performance were much less dramatic than those induced by enriched CO2 atmospheres. Leaf area removal did not reduce shoot weights or reproductive weights of plants in either CO2 treatment relative to control plants. However, plants from both CO2 treatments experienced reductions in root weights with leaf area removal, indicating that plants compensated for lost above-ground tissues, and maintained comparable levels of reproductive output and seed viability, at the expense of root growth.
Coenzyme Q10 increases T4/T8 ratios of lymphocytes in ordinary subjects and relevance to patients having the AIDS related complex.

Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 ) is indispensable to biochemical mechanisms of bioenergetics, and it has a non-specific role as an antioxidant. CoQ 10 has shown a hematological activity for the human and has shown an influence on the host defense system. The T4/T8 ratios of lymphocytes are known to be low in patients with AIDS, ARC and malignancies. Our two patients with ARC have survived four-five years without any symptoms of adenopathy or infection on continuous treatment with CoQ 10 . We have newly found that 14 ordinary subjects responded to CoQ 10 by increases in the T4/T8 ratios and an increase in blood levels of CoQ 10 ; both by p This knowledge and survival of two ARC patients for four-five years on CoQ 10 without symptoms, and new data on increasing ratios of T4/T8 lynphyoytes in the human by treatment with CoQ 10 constitute a rationale for new double blind clinical trials on treating patients with AIDS, ARC and diverse malignancies with CoQ 10 .
TU-A-T-6C-01: TG-70: Clinical Electron Beam Dosimetry: Supplement to TG-25

Purpose: The purpose of this talk is to describe the intent and content of Task Group 70: Clinical electron beamdosimetry: supplement to TG‐25. Task Group 70 of the AAPM was formed originally to address the issues of clinical electron beamdosimetry in light of the changes brought about by the new calibration protocol TG 51. The latter task group gives a clear description of the procedure required to establish the dose rate at one point in a radiation beam. However, clinical dosimetry demands the ability to find the dose rate at any point in a radiation treatments field. TG 70 addresses these issues for electron beamtreatments. Originally, Task Group 25 addressed these issues at the introduction of calibration protocol, TG 21 and provided direction for all aspects of clinical electron beam application in radiation therapy. Its initial intent was to give recommendations to practicing medical physicists, techniques for them to follow, and reasons for the particular recommendations. Task Group 70 has the same intent as the original TG 25 but to do so in light of not only TG 51 but also to take into account advances in the field since the time of TG 25. Improvements in the accuracy of correction factors such as the incorporation of realistic stopping powers for electron beams,Pwall, Pgr and Pfl , are describe along with improvements in electron beamtreatment planning or improvements in techniques that have taken place since the original TG25 report. Each section states clearly the reason for that particular section, the problems that are addressed, or the new information that has been developed since TG 25. The solutions to those problems, the actions needed to be taken by practicing clinical medical physicist, and other direction is provided in each section. Practical clinical aspects of electron beamdosimetry will be discussed including techniques for determining the output factors, percentage depth dose, and output factors and central axis percentage depth dose measurements for small, irregularly shaped electron beams. The final section of the task group report describes clinical applications of electron beams.
Are two birds in hand worth more than one in the bush: The case of paired employees

Abstract Changing demographics of the labor force are increasing the likelihood that a single employer will hire both husbands and wives to meet staffing goals. We call these employees paired employees. While there may be some reasons for being reluctant to hire paired employees, economic necessity may mandate a revision of an anti-nepotism policy. This article suggests that most of the potential disadvantages of paired employees can be reduced through relatively conventional personnel practices. These practices cover selection, promotion, performance appraisal, and compensation.
Visual Loss in Bright Light-Reply

In Reply.— We appreciate Dr Diegel's interest in our report. His suggestion as to the mechanism of visual loss in bright light is an interesting one. Since the publication of our report, several other patients have been called to our attention. In two of them, we inquired specifically about prolonged exposure to bright light. Each denied that squeezing of the eyelids occurred any more than momentarily.
Mechanisms and consequences of widespread random monoallelic expression

Although random monoallelic expression has been known for decades to affect genes on the X chromosome in female placental mammals, until a few years ago it was thought that there were few autosomal genes that were regulated in this manner. New tools for assaying gene expression genome-wide are now revealing that there are perhaps more genes that are subject to random monoallelic expression on mammalian autosomes than there are on the X chromosome and that these expression properties are achieved by diverse molecular mechanisms. This mode of expression has the potential to have an impact on natural selection and on the evolution of gene families.
Phonon-assisted transport in double-barrier resonant-tunneling structures

The dc current in a biased double-barrier resonant-tunneling structure is calculated using a nonequilibrium Green's-function formalism. Realistic models involving well, barrier, and interface modes are employed to evaluate the phonon-assisted components of the current. The calculated dc current agrees well with experimental data for a GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As resonant-tunneling structure. The observed phonon-replica peak in the I-V characteristics is attributed to the emission of GaAs-confined modes in the well and AlAs-like symmetric interface modes. The effect of the nonequilibrium well-occupation function is shown to be small. For the ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As resonant-tunneling structure, phonon scattering becomes comparable to alloy-well scattering at about 200 K.
Size and Thermal Conductivity Effects in Paramagnetic Relaxation

The Casimir-du Pr\'e thermodynamic theory of paramagnetic relaxation is generalized by taking account of the thermal conductivity of the paramagnetic salt. The case of a spherical specimen in a constant temperature bath is considered. One finds that infinitely many times are required to characterize the relaxation when a magnetic field is suddenly applied. The alternating current susceptibility is calculated and is shown to contain terms depending on the size and thermal conductivity of the specimen. A limited comparison of the theory with experimental data is made.
Validation of a multiplex electrochemiluminescent immunoassay platform in human and mouse samples.

Abstract Background Despite the widespread use of multiplex immunoassays, there are very few scientific reports that test the accuracy and reliability of a platform prior to publication of experimental data. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated the need for new assay platform validation prior to use of biologic samples from large studies in order to optimize sample handling and assay performance. Methods In this study, our goal was to test the accuracy and reproducibility of an electrochemiluminescent multiplex immunoassay platform (Meso Scale Discovery, MSD®) and compare this platform to validated, singleplex immunoassays (R&D Systems®) using actual study subject (human plasma and mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and plasma) samples. Results We found that the MSD platform performed well on intra- and inter-assay comparisons, spike and recovery and cross-platform comparisons. The mean intra-assay CV% and range for MSD were 3.49 (0.0–10.4) for IL-6 and 2.04 (0.1–7.9) for IL-8. The correlation between values for identical samples measured on both MSD and R&D was R = 0.97 for both analytes. The mouse MSD assay had a broader range of CV% with means ranging from 9.5 to 28.5 depending on the analyte. The range of mean CV% was similar for single plex ELISAs at 4.3–23.7 depending on the analyte. Regardless of species or sample type, CV% was more variable at lower protein concentrations. Conclusions In conclusion, we validated a multiplex electrochemiluminescent assay system and found that it has superior test characteristics in human plasma compared to mouse BALF and plasma. Both human and MSD assays compared favorably to well-validated singleplex ELISAs.