cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical potential differences in the biliary tree.

Abstract 1. 1. Electrical potential differences (p.d.'s) have been measured between the major bile ducts and blood (or vascular perfusion fluid) in perfused guinea pig livers and in livers of unanesthetized dogs. The bile duct lumen was always electrically negative by 2 to 23 mV. 2. 2. In the absence of the hormone secretin larger p.d.'s were correlated with higher bile concentrations of Na + , K + , and bile acid anions and with lower concentrations of Cl − and HCO 3 − . In taurocholate choleresis the p.d. either increased, decreased, or remained unchanged, mirroring changes in bile composition. 3. 3. Secretin choleresis was associated with an increased duct-negative p.d. in the dog. 4. 4. Calculation from the Nernst equation that K + in bile is at equilibrium but that Na + and Cl − concentrations are lower than equilibrium values. 5. 5. These results suggest that distal reabsorption in the biliary tree involved active absorption of both Na + and Cl − , possibly by a coupled, electrically neutral pump; that the hormone secretin activates an active anion secretory mechanism; and that the p.d. in the absence of secretin is simply an NaCl (or NaCl-NaHCO 3 ) diffusion potential.
Externalities: Uncalculated Outcomes of Exchange

Using the existing exchange and externalities literature as support, the author advances a marketing definition of externalities as the uncalculated costs and/or benefits of exchange. These may acc...
Comparison of multiquantum well, graded barrier, and doped quantum well GaInAs/AlInAs avalanche photodiodes: A theoretical approach

A comparison of the multiquantum well; graded barrier, and doped quantum well Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As/Al 0.48 In 0.52 As avalanche photodiodes (APD's) is presented based on the calculated gain, excess noise factor, bandwidth, and gain-bandwidth product. A general numerical method, based on an ensemble Monte Carlo calculation, is used to determine the device performance, measured in terms of the electron and hole ionization probabilities, as a function of the device geometries and applied electric field. From a determination of the ionization rates, critical performance figures such as the gain, excess noise factor, and bandwidth can be determined. Various device geometries are examined (different layer widths, dopings, and overall applied electric field strength) among the three device types. The results indicate that the doped quantum well device gives the largest gain-bandwidth product at the lowest noise factor of the three device types. Surprisingly, the highest absolute gain is achievable in a simple multiquantum well APD, but at a much smaller bandwidth than in a doped quantum well device. At comparable device sizes, the doped quantum well device can deliver roughly two orders of magnitude more gain and gain-bandwidth product than either the simple multiquantum well or graded barrier device.
Organization of the psbE, psbF, orf38, and orf42 gene loci on the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome.

The genes for cytochrome b559, designated psbE and psbF, and two highly conserved open reading frames of 38 and 42 codons have been located and characterized on the chloroplast genome of Euglena gracilis. The organization of the genes is psbE — 8 by spacer —psbF — 110 by spacer — orf38 — 87 by spacer — orf42. All genes are of the same polarity. The psbE gene contains two introns of 350 and 326 bp. The psbF gene contains a single large intron of 1,042 bp. The orf38 and orf42 loci lack introns. The introns are extremely AT rich with a pronounced base composition bias of T > A > G > C in the mRNA-like strand and group II-like boundary sequences at their 3′ and 5′ ends having the consensus 5′-GTGTG .. INTRON .. TTAATTTNAT-3′. The psbE gene consists of 82 codons and encodes a polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of 9,212. The psbF gene consists of 42 codons, which specify a polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of 4,785. The highly conserved open reading frames of 38 and 42 codons code for polypeptides with predicted molecular weights of 4,405 and 4,426, respectively. The gene products of psbE psbF orf38 and orf42 are, respectively, 69.5%, 70% and 61.5% identical to those found in higher plants. The predicted secondary structure of the proteins from hydropathy plots is consistent with each containing a single membrane-spanning domain of at least 20 amino acids. Each of the genes is preceded by sequences which may serve as ribosome binding sites. All four genes are transcribed.
Nutritional and karyotypic characterization of a haploid cell culture of Daucus carota

The purpose of this study was to optimize growth conditions for a strain of haploid carrot callus and to follow its karyotypic changes in a long span of time. The strain has been maintained in liquid suspension since September 1977. It has remained predominantly haploid in its karyotype since that time. The original explant was initiated and subsequently subcultured in Gamborg's B5 medium. The components of the B5 medium were omitted one at a time and sequentially added back to determine their minimum, optimum, and maximum nontoxic concentrations. These changes were made in the original formula: the addition of an organic buffering agent and an increase in the iron and other micronutrient concentrations. Using this slightly modified B5 medium, we assessed the effect on growth by single additions of amino acids, different carbon sources, growth regulators, and vitamins. No improvement in plating efficiency resulted from addition of any of these compounds. We conclude that there are factors limiting the plating efficiency of the haploid cells other than these tested, or that single additions will not make a discernible difference, or that growth promoting factors cannot be exogenously supplemented to cultured cells.
Oxidation of [U-14C]succinic semialdehyde in cultured human lymphoblasts: measurement of residual succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity in 11 patients with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria.

ABSTRACT: The oxidation of [U-14C]succinic semialdehyde to 14CO2 has been investigated in cultured lymphoblasts to develop a whole cell assay for succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. We have previously demonstrated deficiency of this enzyme in extracts of white cells derived from 13 patients with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria. Major goals were the demonstration of greater residual succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity in patient cell lines and the better representation of physiology in vivo. In 18 control lymphoblast lines, the conversion of [U-14C]succinic semialdehyde to 14CO2 was 1579 ± 310 dpm. The mean value in lymphoblasts derived from 11 patients with deficiency of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase was 112 ± 36 dpm approximating 7% of the mean control value. Analysis of organic acids produced from [U-14C]succinic semialdehyde in control lymphoblasts indicated that 14CO2 emanated from the tricarboxylic acid cycle; the major metabolic products were succinic and lactic acids. In the presence of 5mM malonic and 2-propylpentanoic (valproic) acids, 14CO2 production in a control lymphoblast fine was decreased by 68 and 45%, respectively. The whole cell assay is less laborious than our previously described assay employing cell extracts, and the general trend was the demonstration of higher residual levels of activity for lymphoblasts derived from patients.
Culture and customs of Nigeria

Series Foreword Preface Introduction Religion and Worldview Literature and Media Art and Architecture/Housing Cuisine and Traditional Dress Gender Roles, Marriage, and Family Social Customs and Lifestyle Music and Dance Glossary Bibliographic Essay Index
Resource enablement modeling: Implications for studying the diffusion of technology

Abstract Organizations contemplating standardized technology adoption are confronted both by the potential for internal capability gains and by inter-organizational forces. Although such technologies may appear imitable and non-strategic, they can enable idiosyncrasies and strategic gains through their interaction with other resources possessed by firms. Based on Barney’s original 1991 thesis on the resource-based view, Abrahamson and Rosenkopf’s 1997 analytical framework is reconceptualized and extended to capture both internal and external elements of assessment and IT value generation. An analytical experiment is conducted on the extended model to illustrate how technology diffusion is simply one artifact of a general cycle of resource enablement that can be viewed as driving idiosyncratic strategic gains and facilitating inter-organizational dynamics.
Medical command errors in an urban advanced life support system

Abstract Study objective: The aim of this study was to assist in focusing educational efforts for command physicians by identifying the most common types of errors made by on-line medical command. Design: Retrospective survey of prehospital advanced life support (ALS) trip sheets. Setting: An urban ALS paramedic service with on-line physician medical command rotating on a monthly basis among three hospitals. Participants: From September 1988 through December 1990, all ALS run sheets were reviewed as part of an ongoing quality assurance program. Cases were identified as deviating from regional emergency medical services protocols as judged by agreement of three physician reviewers. Cases were excluded if all three reviewers did not agree that the command rendered was inappropriate. Interventions: Command errors were identified from the prehospital ALS run sheets and categorized. Results: One hundred ninety-four command errors in 167 cases were identified from 3,839 runs (4.4% of all runs). Six types of errors accounted for 80% of the total errors, with the most common error (34%) being failure to address the possibility of hypoglycemia with altered level of consciousness. Error rate decreased from 7.9% to 2.6% of total runs during the study period. Conclusion: To reduce the medical command error rate, physician education should be directed at the six problem areas identified. Ongoing quality assurance review of medical command may result in a decrease of the command error rate.
Unemployment and mental health: A neglected relationship

Abstract This paper reviews aspects of the existing theoretical and data base relating to unemployment and mental health. The literature indicates that job loss has predictable effects on individual sense of well-being and, further, that the effects differ in particular populations related to variables such as age, gender, and occupational background. The literature also suggests that early intervention after unemployment is likely to be important in ameliorating the undesirable effects on psychological well-being. Finally, the paper chastises mental health policymakers, especially in the United States, for their failure to devote resources to encourage investigations into mental health implications for workers and the unemployed.
Computer simulation of MC-SNICS for performance improvements

Abstract Increasing ion source current output while keeping the beam emittance small is a key for improving measurement throughput and quality of an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) system. The NEC MC-SNICS ion sources have widely been used for AMS around the world. In this work, a computer simulation study on MC-SNICS ion source was carried out using the code PBGUNS. The primary Cs+ beam is simulated as space-charge limited emission from the ionizer surface. The secondary negative ion beam is simulated in the presence of the space-charge induced by both the primary and the secondary beam. Two different configurations of the MC-SNICS have been studied: the original factory version and the UC Irvine modified version. The latter has a 0.668 in. radius spherical ionizer and an immersion lens at cathode potential with the original Cs focus lens removed. Simulation showed that the modified version provides more intense and better focused Cs+ beam at the cathode target, hence higher negative ion production from the sample by sputtering. The new arrangement of Einzel-preacceleration section of the MC-SNICS at UC Irvine was also simulated and discussed. Simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental observations made at UC Irvine. Hints for selection of an immersion lens geometry have been obtained.
Applying Standardized Testing to Home‐Based Education Programs: Reasonable or Customary?

The author seeks to identify sources of current misutilization of standardized tests in assessing the quality of home-based educational programs and notes some limitations of current Instruments to perform such assessments. Me suggests that both new instruments and the cooperation of concerned groups will be needed in the pursuit of increased educational alternatives, excellence, and accountability.
Organic Chemistry (Bruice, Paula Yurkanis)

To use this textbook one must adhere to the author's philosophy that organic reactions are introduced as the reactions of functional groups using a mechanistic approach.
Conditioning in identical twins with ataxia-telangiectasia

Abstract Evidence has accumulated to indicate an essential role for the cerebellum in eyeblink classical conditioning, with normal acquisition impaired by lesions in the cerebellar cortex. For this reason, eyeblink conditioning was studied in a pair of 16-year-old identical twin females with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), a disorder with onset in early childhood characterized by diffuse, almost selective, degeneration of the cerebellar cortex with extensive loss of Purkinje cells. We also tested a pair of 16-year-old identical twin female normal control subjects. Twins with AT produced significantly fewer conditioned responses (CRs). The mean percentages of CRs over 144 trials for each eye were 23.0% (left eye) and 10.2% (right eye) in patients with AT, and 45.9% (left eye) and 45.3% (right eye) in normal control subjects. The magnitude of the eyeblink reflex, assessed as unconditioned response amplitude, was not different between patients with AT and control subjects. The results indicate that patients with...
SRAM, NAND, DRAM contact hole patterning using block copolymer directed self-assembly guided by small topographical templates

Sublithographic patterning using Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) is demonstrated for practical circuits with non-periodic features. The DSA of irregularly distributed contact holes is guided by small topographical templates patterned by immersion 193 nm optical lithography. We experimentally demonstrate flexible and precise DSA control of 25 nm contact holes (centroid deviation∼1 nm) guided by 66 nm guiding templates for industry-standard 22-nm SRAM cells. Solution are also proposed to pattern contact holes (CD∼15 nm, Pitch∼40 nm, σ∼2 nm) for 15-nm NAND with two-hole templates and 2×-nm DRAM with three-hole templates. DSA is a low-cost, high-throughput extension of the double-patterning technique.
Sums of distances in normed spaces

Abstract : A geometric proof for the following theorem due to Martelli and Busenberg is given. Integral geometry is used to discuss special cases and related results. Minkowski spaces are simply finite dimensional normed linear spaces. Smoothness assumptions on the boundary of the unit disk E for a Minkowski plane will enable us to use Crofton's simplest formula from integral geometry to give a proof for three points. If the unit ball for a 3-dimensional Minkowski space is a zonoid, then we used integral geometry for the case of four points forming a simplex. A zonoid is a limit of sums of segments. Bolker discusses equivalent conditions for a convex subset of Rn to be a zonoid.
Role of Risperidone in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objective:To review the clinical trials investigating the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Data Sources:Searches of MEDLINE/PubMed (1992–February 2006) were conducted, as well as an extensive manual review of journals, using the key words autism and risperidone.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Only double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were included for review.Data Synthesis:ASD is the most common of the pervasive developmental disorders. The main characteristics (core symptoms) of autism are impairment in social skills, problems communicating, and stereotypical movements. Behavioral manifestations or maladaptive behaviors include aggression, irritability, hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, tantrums, and self-injurious behavior.Conclusions:Based on the data examined, risperidone appears efficacious and safe for treating certain behavioral aspects of autism including irritability, aggression, hyperactivity, and stereotypy. It doe...
Occupational Differences in Mental Disorders

The relationship between occupational prestige, socio-economic status, and psychosis has been previously studied and reported by Clark, (1,2) Nolan, (6) Fuson, (3) Tietze, Lemkau, and Cooper. (8) The findings of the last five authors support the position that rates for schizophrenia are greater in the lower socio-economic groups than in the higher socio-economic groups. Clark, in two separate reports, points out that occupational psychoses rates are patterned in the direction of an inverse relationship between psychoses rates and factors of occupational income and occupational prestige.
Integration of the cytogenetic map with the draft human genome sequence

Chemically staining metaphase chromosomes resulting in an alternating dark and light banding pattern provide a tool by which abnormalities in chromosomes from diseased cells can be identified. The localization of these aberrations to a chromosomal region provides clues as to which gene or genes may contribute to a particular disease. With the sequencing of the human genome, it became critical to determine the positions of these cytogenetic bands within the sequence in order to take advantage of vast amount of information now anchored to the sequence, especially the locations of genes. The molecular basis of cytogenetic bands is not well understood, therefore their positions cannot be determined solely based on sequence information. We developed a dynamic programming algorithm that employs results from approximately 9500 fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments to approximate the locations of the 850 high-resolution bands in the June 2002 version of the draft human genome sequence. These band predictions support previously identified correlations between band stain intensity and certain structural characteristics of chromosomes, namely GC content, repeat structure content, CpG island density, gene density and degree of condensation.
Autonomous resource management and control algorithms for distributed wireless sensor networks

Summary form only given. We discuss a novel framework for integrated sensing and resource management in a distributed intelligent sensor network with sensor nodes whose useful active lifetime is significantly shorter than the required lifetime of the sensor system. Past sensor network research has focused on security and communication; but largely ignored the overall dynamic resource management issue of such distributed systems. Our contribution is in integrated control optimization and resource management algorithms to ensure proper functioning of distributed sensors in extremely limited bandwidth, power, and storage. In this paper, we present a novel genetic algorithm for real-time system control and resource management that handles multiple conflicting objectives and constraints in the distributed system. Our framework is suitable for dynamic environments where the desired system performance and resource usage changes dynamically while being constrained by limited amount of resources.
A comparison of spatial semivariogram estimators and corresponding ordinary Kriging predictors

Predicting values of a spatially distributed variable, such as the concentration of a mineral throughout an ore body or the level of contamination around a toxic-waste dump, can be accomplished by a regression procedure known as kriging. Kriging and other types of statistical inference for spatially distributed variables are based on models of stochastic processes {Y t: t ∊ D} called random-field models. A commonly used class of random-field models are the intrinsic models, for which the mean is constant, and half of the variance of Yt , – Ys . is a function, called the semivariogram, of the difference t – s. The type of kriging corresponding to an intrinsic model is called ordinary kriging. The semivariogram, which typically is taken to depend on one or more unknown parameters, must be estimated prior to ordinary kriging. Various estimators of the semivariogram's parameters have been proposed. For two Gaussian intrinsic random-field models, we compare, by a Monte Carlo simulation study, the performance o...
Associative Reinforcement Learning: A Generate and Test Algorithm

An agent that must learn to act in the world by trial and error faces the reinforcement learning problem, which is quite different from standard concept learning. Although good algorithms exist for this problem in the general case, they are often quite inefficient and do not exhibit generalization. One strategy is to find restricted classes of action policies that can be learned more efficiently. This paper pursues that strategy by developing an algorithm that performans an on-line search through the space of action mappings, expressed as Boolean formulae. The algorithm is compared with existing methods in empirical trials and is shown to have very good performance.
Republican Animals: Politics, Science and the Birth of Ecology

This article argues that in the years following American independence the combination of republican ideology and a nationalist vision of science created a new, ecological way of thinking about the relationship between humans and animals. The political imperative of promoting republican virtues overlapped with the scientific defence of the flora and fauna of North America from their European detractors, and produced a way of thinking about humans and animals that placed both within a complicated natural system, a way of thinking that laid the foundations for modern ecological thought.
Interactive 3D building modeling using a hierarchical representation

Modeling and visualization of city scenes is important for many applications including entertainment and urban mission planning. Models covering wide areas can be efficiently constructed from aerial images. However, only roof details are visible from aerial views and ground views are needed to provide details of the building facades for high quality fly-through visualization or simulation applications. Different data sources provide different levels of necessary detail knowledge. We need a method that integrates the various levels of data. We propose a hierarchical representation of 3D building models for urban areas that integrates different data sources including aerial and ground view images. Each data source gives us different details and each level of the model has its own application as well. Through the hierarchical representation of 3D building models, large area site modeling can be done efficiently and cost-effectively. This proposal suggests efficient approaches for acquiring each level model and demonstrates some results of each level including the integration results.
The Alcohol Clinical Index in Lower Socieconomic Alcohol‐Dependent Men

The Alcohol Clinical Index, consisting of a 17-item Clinical Signs checklist and a 13-item Medical History questionnaire, was designed to provide an economic screening instrument for alcoholism not subject to self-report biases. There has been little validation work with this instrument. We therefore administered the Alcohol Clinical Index to a group of 40 alcohol-dependent men undergoing treatment at a VA Medical Center and a group of 17 nonalcoholic men being treated at an outpatient medical clinic at the same facility. The Clinical Signs checklist had high sensitivity, but poor specificity. Overall accuracy was 70% for a threshold score from 1 to 5. The Medical History questionnaire had more moderate sensitivity, but 100% specificity for a cutoff score of 2 or more. At a cutoff of 2, it had an overall accuracy of 84%. The high specificity of the Medical History questionnaire suggests that it could be used to help discriminate between alcoholics and non-alcoholics. Further study of these measures and individual items within the measures is recommended with different groups of alcohol users and nonusers.
Kinetic analysis of microbial sulfate reduction by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans in an anaerobic upflow porous media biofilm reactor

An anaerobic upflow porous media biofilm reactor was designed to study the kinetics and stoichiometry of hydrogen sulfide production by the sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (ATCC 5575) as the first step for the modeling and control of formation souring (H[sub 2]S) in oil field porous media. The initial indication of souring was the appearance of well-separated black spots (precipitates of iron sulfide) in the sand bed. Analysis of the pseudo-steady state column shows that there were concentration gradients for lactate and hydrogen sulfide along the column. The results indicate that most of the lactate was consumed at the front part of the column. Measurements of SRB biomass on the solid phase (sand) and in the liquid phase indicate that the maximum concentration of SRB biomass resided at the front part of the column while the maximum in the liquid phase occurred further downstream. The stoichiometry regarding lactate consumption and hydrogen sulfide production observed in the porous media reactor was different from that in a chemostat. After analyzing the radial dispersion coefficient for the SRB in porous media and kinetics of microbial growth, it was deduced that transport phenomena dominate the souring process in the porous media reactor system.
Selenium Deficiency Reduces the Abundance of mRNA for Se-Dependent Glutathione Peroxidase 1 by a UGA-Dependent Mechanism Likely To Be Nonsense Codon-Mediated Decay of Cytoplasmic mRNA

The mammalian mRNA for selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase 1 (Se-GPx1) contains a UGA codon that is recognized as a codon for the nonstandard amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). Inadequate concentrations of selenium (Se) result in a decrease in Se-GPx1 mRNA abundance by an uncharacterized mechanism that may be dependent on translation, independent of translation, or both. In this study, we have begun to elucidate this mechanism. We demonstrate using hepatocytes from rats fed either a Se-supplemented or Se-deficient diet for 9 to 13 weeks that Se deprivation results in an ;50-fold reduction in Se-GPx1 activity and an ;20-fold reduction in Se-GPx1 mRNA abundance. Reverse transcription-PCR analyses of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions revealed that Se deprivation has no effect on the levels of either nuclear pre-mRNA or nuclear mRNA but reduces the level of cytoplasmic mRNA. The regulation of Se-GPx1 gene expression by Se was recapitulated in transient transfections of NIH 3T3 cells, and experiments were extended to examine the consequences of converting the Sec codon (TGA) to either a termination codon (TAA) or a cysteine codon (TGC). Regardless of the type of codon, an alteration in the Se concentration was of no consequence to the ratio of nuclear Se-GPx1 mRNA to nuclear Se-GPx1 pre-mRNA. The ratio of cytoplasmic Se-GPx1 mRNA to nuclear Se-GPx1 mRNA from the wild-type (TGA-containing) allele was reduced twofold when cells were deprived of Se for 48 h after transfection, which has been shown to be the extent of the reduction for the endogenous Se-GPx1 mRNA of cultured cells incubated as long as 20 days in Se-deficient medium. In contrast to the TGA allele, Se had no effect on expression of either the TAA allele or the TGC allele. Under Se-deficient conditions, the TAA and TGC alleles generated, respectively, 1.7-fold-less and 3-fold-more cytoplasmic Se-GPx1 mRNA relative to the amount of nuclear Se-GPx1 mRNA than the TGA allele. These results indicate that (i) under conditions of Se deprivation, the Sec codon reduces the abundance of cytoplasmic Se-GPx1 mRNA by a translation-dependent mechanism and (ii) there is no additional mechanism by which Se regulates Se-GPx1 mRNA production. These data suggest that the inefficient incorporation of Sec at the UGA codon during mRNA translation augments the nonsense-codon-mediated decay of cytoplasmic Se-GPx1 mRNA.
Enabling accurate power profiling of HPC applications on exascale systems

Despite being one of the most important limiting factors on the road to exascale computing, power is not yet considered a "first-class citizen" among the system resources. As a result, there is no clear OS interface that exposes accurate resource power consumption to user-level runtimes that implement power-aware software algorithms.In this work we propose a System Monitor Interface (SMI) between the OS and the user runtime that exposes accurate, per-core power consumption. To make up for the lack of reliable per-core power sensors, we implement a proxy power sensor, based on a regression analysis of core activity, that provides per-core information. SMI effectively hides the implementation details from the user, who has the perception of reading power information from a real sensor. This allows us these proxy sensors to be replaced with real hardware sensors when the latter becomes available, without the need to modify user-level software.Using SMI and the proxy power sensors, we implement a power profiling runtime library and analyzed applications from the NPB benchmark suite and the Exascale Co-Design Centers. Our results show that accurate, per-core power information is necessary for the development of exascale system software and for comprehensively understanding the power characteristics of parallel scientific applications.
Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate Heat-Shock Protein 70 via the JAK/STAT Pathway

Abstract—Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activate intracellular signal transduction pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. H2O2 is a mitogen for rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a critical event in VSMC mitogenesis. Therefore, we investigated whether the mitogenic effects of H2O2, such as stimulation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)2, are mediated via activation of cytoplasmic Janus tyrosine kinases (JAKs). JAK2 was activated rapidly in VSMCs treated with H2O2, and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) STAT1 and STAT3 were tyrosine-phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus in a JAK2-dependent manner. Inhibition of JAK2 activity with AG-490 partially inhibited H2O2-induced ERK2 activity, suggesting that JAK2 is upstream of the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase–ERK/ERK mitogenic pathway. Because heat-shock proteins (HSPs) can protect cells from ROS, we inv...
PCAOB: Is it Constitutional or Not?

The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) is a private-sector, non-profit corporation, created by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to oversee the auditors of public companies to protect the interests of investors and further the public interest in the preparation of informative, fair, and independent audit reports. Recently, the Board is faced with a case filed by Free Enterprise Fund regarding the separation of powers principles and Appointment Clause by the Constitution. This paper hopes to shed light on what would be the outcome and implication of the case on the Board’s existence as an effective auditing regulatory body.
Power Electronics for PV-Based Communal Grids

In this paper power electronics used in PV power generation systems have been reviewed and modelled. PV systems need converters for maximum power point tracking, power conditioning, voltage step-up/down as necessary, and for storage charge-controlling. Inverters are needed for AC loads and for utility grid interfacing. The four basic DC-DC converters commonly used with PV systems have been reviewed and modelled. Different DC-AC inverter types and operational architectures have also been reviewed with the two-stage DC-AC inverter, with the point of common coupling (PCC) at the inverter input, suggested as the most cost-effective and efficient architecture for PV-based communal grids. This is because only one inverter is used for the entire system as opposed to an inverter for every module string, resulting in higher efficiencies, low cost, and low harmonic distortions when compared to systems with PCC at AC terminal. The aim of power conversion/inversion is to extract maximum power possible from the PV system and where necessary, to invert it at close to 100% as possible. Highlight: 1) DC-DC converters are necessary for power conditioning in PV systems; 2) DC-AC inverters are necessary for AC loads and for utility grid interfacing; 3) DC-AC inverters are also used to control the PV systems when grid connected; 4) Best inverter configuration cost-effectively and efficiently allows easy system modifications.
In vitro effect of ethyl alcohol on respiration of rat liver and kidney slices.

SummaryThe addition of ethyl alcohol to liver and kidney slices from adult male rats produces a stimulation in oxygen consumption followed by a progressive inhibition as the concentration of the ethyl alcohol is increased.
Preserved glass-rich impactites on Mars

Quenched glass formed by hypervelocity impacts can encapsulate and preserve biosignatures on Earth, demonstrating the fossilization potential of glass-rich impactites on Mars. However, definitive spectral signatures of impact glass have not been identified on the martian surface from orbital remote sensing. Here we present a remote compositional survey of probable impactites in well-preserved craters, using data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars. These units are composed of mafic glasses mixed with crystalline phases including olivine and pyroxene, determined by radiative transfer Hapke modeling followed by spectral mixture analysis. This glassy material likely formed from impact-induced melting of the target rock with rapid quenching and minor subsequent devitrification or chemical alteration. The metastable glass has been preserved by the cold and dry martian climate during the Amazonian period, and this preservation—as confirmed here across the planet—provides a means to trap signs of ancient life on the accessible martian surface. Our results lend concrete support to theoretical arguments suggesting that impact glass has formed in abundance on Mars, both inside of craters and as spherules in distal strewnfields. Contrary to previous ideas, martian impact products are not destroyed by interaction with volatiles during the impact process.
What Makes “Good” News Newsworthy?

To combat the constant supply of negative news, some online news outlets focus solely on “good” news. But what is the value of “good” news? A content analysis was conducted to determine which traditional news values (timeliness, conflict, impact, etc.) appear in stories on Web sites dedicated to positive news. The researcher compared “good” news sites to the New York Times. Results indicated that the majority of “good” news stories were entertaining and emotional, whereas the majority of New York Times stories involved authority figures and conflict. Good news stories were less committed to journalism’s core functions, such as holding power accountable and providing the public with information necessary for creating an informed electorate.
Brentuximab vedotin and AVD followed by involved-site radiotherapy in early stage, unfavorable risk Hodgkin lymphoma

This multicenter pilot study assessed the safety and efficacy of brentuximab vedotin (BV) and AVD (adriamycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) followed by 30 Gy involved site radiation therapy (ISRT). Patients with newly diagnosed, early stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) with unfavorable-risk features were treated with 4 cycles of BV and AVD. Patients who achieved a negative positron emission tomography (PET) scan (Deauville score of 1-3) received 30 Gy ISRT. Thirty patients received treatment and were assessable for toxicity. Twenty-nine patients completed 4 cycles of BV + AVD, and 25 patients BV + AVD + 30 Gy ISRT. No clinically significant noninfectious pneumonitis was observed. Serious adverse events (≥grade 3) were reported in 4 patients, including febrile neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy, and hypertension. After 2 and 4 cycles of BV + AVD, 90% (26 of 29) and 93% (27 or 29) of patients achieved a negative PET scan, respectively. Two patients with biopsy-proven primary refractory HL were treated off-study. All 25 patients who completed BV + AVD + ISRT achieved a complete response. With a median follow-up of 18.8 months, by intent to treat, the 1-year progression-free survival is 93.3% (95% confidence interval, 84-102). Overall, the treatment was well-tolerated with no evidence of significant pulmonary toxicity. The majority of patients (≥90%) achieved negative interim PET scans after 2 and 4 cycles of BV + AVD. Excluding the 2 primary refractory patients, all patients are disease free, suggesting that this is a highly active treatment program even in patients with substantial disease bulk. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01868451.
Whig Theories and Theorists after 1688:the Case for Resistance

The challenge of analyzing and defending the Revolution and Settlement addressed by James Tyrrell in Bibliotheca Politica was a task undertaken by other Whig polemicists even before the completion of William’s landing and James’s flight. It was a task that would continue well beyond the thirteen years of William’s reign. A great number of men set out to contribute to the public and politicaldebates and in doing so these lawyers, clerics, doctors and dons drew upon the theory of contract and the tradition of the ancientconstitution.1 This literature provides evidence of theorists’ reliance upon common ideologies, those standard definitions of people and citizenship and the accepted beliefs and traditional ways of thinking about English history and law, upon which the justification of the events and ideas of 1688–89 was based. James Tyrrell’s Bibliotheca Politica was a part of this Revolution literature and his dialogues reflect the rich variety of argument put to work in these years. The political literature of the 1690s provides a context within which to read Tyrrell, illuminating the strengths and weaknesses he shares with others, as well as those areas where he diverges from or improves upon his contemporaries’ work. Certainly Tyrrell was not the only author defending the Whig order in these years, but his Bibliotheca Politica offers the most comprehensive statement of Whig theory. Yet even as Tyrrell draws upon common beliefs, definitions and traditions, he also provides some unique answers to the problems of justifiable resistance, dissolution and constitutional change.
Friedrich von Schlegel

(d. i. Carl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel) — 1790 Beginn eines Theologiestudiums an der Universitat Gottingen, 1791 Fortsetzung des Studiums in Leipzig; nach Studienabbruch 1794 freischaffender Autor in Dresden, Jena und Berlin; mit seinem Bruder August Wilhelm Schlegel Grundung der fruhromantischen Zeitschrift Athenaeum (1798–1800); 1800 Habilitation; 1802–1808 Privatgelehrter in Paris und Koln; 1808 Konversion zum Katholizismus, Ubersiedlung nach Wien; ab 1809 im osterreichischen Staatsdienst; 1815 geadelt; bedeutender Literaturkritiker und -theoretiker, Philologe, Dichter, Philosoph und Historiker; romantischer Vordenker.
Who Let the CAT Out of the Bag? Accurately Dealing with Substitutional Heterogeneity in Phylogenomic Analyses

As phylogenetic datasets have increased in size, site-heterogeneous substitution models such as CAT-F81 and CAT-GTR have been advocated in favor of other models because they purportedly suppress long-branch attraction (LBA). These models are two of the most commonly used models in phylogenomics, and they have been applied to a variety of taxa, ranging from Drosophila to land plants. However, many arguments in favor of CAT models have been based on tenuous assumptions about the true phylogeny, rather than rigorous testing with known trees via simulation. Moreover, CAT models have not been compared to other approaches for handling substitutional heterogeneity such as data partitioning with site-homogeneous substitution models. We simulated amino acid sequence datasets with substitutional heterogeneity on a variety of tree shapes including those susceptible to LBA. Data were analyzed with both CAT models and partitioning to explore model performance; in total over 670,000 CPU hours were used, of which over 97% was spent running analyses with CAT models. In many cases, all models recovered branching patterns that were identical to the known tree. However, CAT-F81 consistently performed worse than other models in inferring the correct branching patterns, and both CAT models often overestimated substitutional heterogeneity. Additionally, reanalysis of two empirical metazoan datasets supports the notion that CAT-F81 tends to recover less accurate trees than data partitioning and CAT-GTR. Given these results, we conclude that partitioning and CAT-GTR perform similarly in recovering accurate branching patterns. However, computation time can be orders of magnitude less for data partitioning, with commonly used implementations of CAT-GTR often failing to reach completion in a reasonable time frame (i.e., for Bayesian analyses to converge). Practices such as removing constant sites and parsimony uninformative characters, or using CAT-F81 when CAT-GTR is deemed too computationally expensive, cannot be logically justified. Given clear problems with CAT-F81, phylogenies previously inferred with this model should be reassessed. [Data partitioning; phylogenomics, simulation, site-heterogeneity, substitution models.].
Review article of Waltraud Paul’s New Perspectives on Chinese Syntax (2015)

Taking Paul (2015) as a starting point, this article discusses different approaches concerning the contribution made by Chinese to general syntactic theory and typology. It demonstrates that the solution of basic questions such as the precise inventory of lexical categories can have far-reaching consequences for more general issues such as case theory, linearization, head parameter and the status of typological universals.
Development status of Nikon EUV exposure tools

Extreme ultra violet lithography (EUVL) is widely regarded as the lithography technology to succeed optical lithography. In this paper, updated development status of Nikon's EUVL process development tool named EUV1 is presented.
An Autistic Life, Animated Through the World of Disney: A Loving Autoethnography

In this chapter, I take the family memoir of journalist Ron Suskind (2014a) and reexamine it through the theoretical foundation provided in Part 1 of this volume. Suskind and his wife, Cornelia, raised two sons, Walt and Owen.1 Owen’s development appeared to be on the typical track until the age of two and a half when, suddenly and without apparent cause, he stopped talking, lost his physical bearings, and ceased interacting with others. Suskind’s book details the next 20 years or so of the family’s life, telling a powerful story of how he and his wife adapted their home by constructing an environment through which Owen’s life found a trajectory that enabled him to animate his life with ideas, phrases, whole texts, and meaning, all appropriated and reconfigured through his incessant engagement with movies from the Disney catalogue.
Beyond the CPA: Student Awareness of Accounting Certifications

Todayâ€™s accounting profession offers a variety of certifications beyond the CPA, including but not limited to the following: CMA, CIA and CFE. However, are future accounting professionals fully aware of the opportunities offered by these certifications? In this paper, accounting students at a flagship state university were surveyed about their awareness of various certifications. We find that the CPA remains the most recognized certification, while the CMA and the CIA lag far behind. Compared with a survey conducted 15 years ago, studentsâ€™ awareness of the CMA and CIA actually declined. One of the newer professional certifications, the CFE, on the other hand, has received surprisingly wide recognition among students. The percentage of students aware of the CFE has surpassed that of the CMA and CIA, though it is still much lower than CPA. These results have significant implications for the professional organizations trying to attract tomorrowâ€™s professionals.
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (HRM) PRACTICES AND WORK ENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL (PSYCAP)

Although the relationship between humn resource management (HRM) practices and individual and organizational outcomes have been recognized over the years, there is need for better understanding of how this relationship occurs. In order to advance knowledge about the mechanism though which this relationship occurs, this study investigates whether the recently emerging core construct of positive psychological capital (PsyCap) (consisting of hope, resilience, optimism and efficacy) plays a role in mediating the effect of human resource management (HRM) practices and employee work engagement. Questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of three hundred and fifty commercial bank workers (185 males and 165 females) and employees of a production company all in Enugu metropolis, South-East Nigeria. Their ages range from 25 to 51 years and with the mean age of 34.52 years (S.D=12.32). Correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that the HRM practices were significantly and positively correlated with employees’ work engagement. The result further demonstrated that the study’s major hypothesis that employees’ psychological capital (PsyCap) mediates the relationship between HRM practices and work engagement was also supported. The results were discussed and implications of the findings conclude the study.
THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ACCOUNTS–THE PHILOSOPHY OF DR SCOTT

DR Scott was an economist, historian, philosopher, and accountant. Most of all he was a scholar who merged some of the most up-to-date ideas of the 1920s into his book The Cultural Significance of Accounts. He concluded that our culture was in a time of relative turmoil because the market was no longer the primary controlling force within our institutions. Accounting as the vehicle of the scientific method would replace the market as the synthesis of institutions which make up our culture.
Navigating unfamiliar waters: Men in nursing academia

Abstract Introduction Despite small numbers, men in nursing faculty positions provide unique diverse perspectives that are important to the strength of the profession. Nationwide, calls for increased numbers of diverse faculty continue. Despite this, the numbers of male nurses entering academic remain low. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe experiences of male nursing faculty in an effort to better understand what attracts male nurses to a role in academia, and what advice is most important when considering entering academia. Method A qualitative descriptive approach was utilized to describe the findings from 12 participant interviews. Results The following themes immerged: reasons why men enter into academia, navigation of unfamiliar waters, and being the odd man out.