cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work, Family, and Gendered Happiness Among Married People in Urban China

Previous studies on subjective well-being primarily focus on individuals’ own characteristics. Pooling data from recent Chinese General Social Surveys (N = 9445), we examine individual happiness among young and middle-aged married people in urban China, by taking into account their spouses’ characteristics. Drawing on the male breadwinner model, we reveal that husband’s employment is much more strongly related to individual happiness of both the husband and the wife than wife’s employment. In addition, a man’s contribution to the household income has a more positive effect on his happiness than a woman’s contribution on her happiness. Meanwhile, those coresiding with both dependent children and parents have lower likelihoods of happiness than those with no dependents. Our results demonstrate that gender roles remain strictly defined in urban China, in which the husband bears the breadwinner role and the wife assumes the homemaker role. Relatedly, living with both parents and dependent children does not lessen the level of happiness any more for women than for men, suggesting that Chinese women do not shirk their caregiving responsibilities.
Kinetics of activation and desensitization in receptor proteins.

Receptors are functional membrane proteins on the cell surface that recognize external signals and trigger biological responses by generating intracellular signals. Due to prolonged exposure to external signals, receptors are often desensitized and no longer produce intracelluar signals. This simple control mechanism may work without negative-feedback regulation from another molecule if the active state of a receptor reflects a transient metastable molecular structure. A theoretical framework is developed to identify a metastable state associated with a conformational transition of protein molecules, in which a transient state can be observed somewhat above the equilibrium transition point. The conducting state of the acetylcholine receptor may thus represent a metastable state associated with a conformational transition from the resting state to the desensitized state. Similarly, the conducting state of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel may represent a metastable state associated with a conformational transition from the resting state to the refractory state. The rates of appearance and disappearance of the transient state, as well as the equilibrum ratio of the two preexisting states, can be estimatd from the free energy of protein structure.The appearance of the transient state is generally a multirelaxation process and may show a time lag, while the disappearance is amore » slower single-relaxation process.« less
Changing Patterns of Interracial Marriage in a Multiracial Society

We use incidence data from the 1980 Census and 2008 American Community Survey to track recent trends in interracial marriage. Intermarriage with Whites increased rapidly among Blacks but stalled among Asians and American Indians. Black–White intermarriage increased threefold over 1980–2008, independent of changing socioeconomic status, suggesting declining social distance between Blacks and Whites. Marriages between the U.S.- and foreign-born populations also grew rapidly. Marriages to immigrants increased fivefold among U.S.-born Asian women and doubled among U.S.-born Latinas since 1980. Out-marriage to Whites also was higher among self-identified biracial than monoracial individuals, but these differences were smallest among Blacks. Interracial couples were overrepresented among cohabiting couples. Finally, log-linear models provide evidence of growing racial exogamy, but only after adjusting for changing demographic opportunities for intermarriage. Marriages between U.S.- and foreign-born coethnics have been driven by new immigration while slowing the upward trajectory of interracial marriage in America.
Scaling laws for hybrid wireless networks over fading channels: Outage throughput capacity and performance analysis

In this paper, we focus on the hybrid wireless network, in which a wired network of base stations is deployed to support long-range communications between wireless nodes. Two types of transmission mode in hybrid wireless network, the so called intra-cell transmission mode and the infrastructure transmission mode are considered. Then what is the throughput capacity of hybrid wireless network over fading channels and how the throughput capacity varies with different network setup? To study these open questions, we first define a feasible outage throughput capacity as the criterion for throughput performance analysis. Aiming to effectively overcome the fading impairments, we introduce an optimal multiple access technique allowing opportunistic sources to transmit concurrently with the scheduled source. A successive interference cancelation (SIC) strategy is then applied at the receiver to limit the intra-cell interference and achieve the maximum throughput. We derive closed-form analytical expressions for the outage throughput capacity and further explore the scaling laws for the outage throughput capacity under different transmission modes. Finally, we provide the detailed performance analysis in terms of the per-node average error probability (AEP). The theoretical bounds obtained are instrumental to the future network modeling and design.
Positional stability of five insert-type hearing protectors as a function of controlled Jaw movement

Five insert-type hearing protectors (three viscose foam, one multiflanged, and one glass fiber) were evaluated for lateral drift in the ear canal as a result of 30 min of controlled jaw movement. The lateral drift was compared to changes in attenuation for the same protectors over the same duration of jaw movement. The ranked correlation of positional and attenuation stability was very low (Spearman Rho=0.3). Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.
Correlation between absorption maxima and thermal isomerization rates in bacteriorhodopsin

The reported rates of thermal 13-cis to all-trans isomerization of the protonated Schiff base of retinal (PSBR) in solution and in bacteriorhodopsin (BR) are shown to be correlated with the red shift in the absorption maximum of the chromophore, though the linear fit is different for BR and for a model PSBR in solution. Because the red shift in the absorption has been previously shown to be correlated with π-electron delocalization in the chromophore, this suggests that the thermal isomerization rate is largely regulated by the amount of double bond character in the chromophore. Because the linear fit of isomerization rates with absorption maxima is different for BR and the model PSBR, specific interactions of the protein with the chromophore must also be a factor in determining thermal isomerization rates in BR. A model of the later steps in the photocycle of BR is presented in which the 13-cis to all-trans thermal isomerization occurs during the O intermediate.
Actualización en la cirugía de las arritmias

One of the most important and rapidly growing national organizations in the global fraternity of cardiothoracic surgery is the Spanish Society of Thoracic-Cardiovascular Surgery (SECTCV). The official journal of the SECTCV, Cirugia Cardiovascular, was founded in 1993 and its esteemed editor-in-chief, and my personal friend, C.A. Mestres MD, PhD, FETCS, has played a pivotal role in its development into an important part of the surgical literature. Moreover, his wise counsel and guidance in overseeing the production of several previous specialty issues developed by various “working groups” within the SECTCV have provided an outstanding example to educators who are constantly striving to develop more effective means of teaching complex issues. By having the recognized experts from within one’s own country focus on a specific problem and then presenting it to their colleagues in a clear, concise and well organized manner, a deeper understanding of that problem becomes possible and the quality of cardiac surgery in that country necessarily improves. I am singularly pleased and honored that C.A. Mestres invited me to write some introductory remarks for Cirugia Cardiovascular devoted to the surgical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias that has been compiled over the past two years by the Working Group on the Surgery of Arrhythmia and Cardiac Pacing of the SECTCV. To my knowledge, this is the first update on the surgical treatment of essentially all clinical cardiac arrhythmias to appear in one periodical since I edited an issue of State-of-the-Art Reviews entitled “Cardiac Arrhythmia Surgery” in 1990. The main reason for the paucity of articles on arrhythmia surgery (other than that for atrial fibrillation) during the past 20 years is that catheter Cir. Cardiov. 2010;17(2):127-8
Where does the dimethyl ether internal rotation barrier come from

Abstract The energetic consequences of skeletal relaxation and natural bond orbital and symmetry decomposition of the barrier energy for dimethyl ether internal rotation is analysed. The largest contribution to the barrier energy is found to involve increased p character in the oxygen σ long-pair on going to the barrier top. Opening of the COC angle, occurring because of increased Pauli exchange repulsion between in-plane CH methyl orbitals is responsible for the p character increase. However, the Pauli repulsion does not contribute importantly to the barrier energy. π-interaction effects are found to give important, but not dominant barrier energy contributions.
17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-10α-estr-4-en-3-one

Abstract The preparation of 17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-10α-estr-4-en-3-one was accomplished. The 10α-stereochemical assignment is supported by chemical and physicochemical data. The compound is a strong estrogen which may be the result of metabolic transformations.
The Institutions of Deliberative Democracy

A theory of democratic institutions should provide us with a coherent combination of definition and justification. It should explain how it defines democratic institutions and also how they will or should function; but it also should explain why democracy, so understood, is desirable. We are all familiar with stories about the fiscal excesses to which democracies are prone, stories about the ignorance of voters, and stories about the venality of legislators. Some of us may also be suspicious of concepts such as “consent” or “the will of the people” associated with traditional arguments for democracy. Against this background, the current interest in deliberative democracy seems promising. This conception of democracy does not rely, for example, on the idea of rational and knowledgeable voters satisfying preferences they have independent of the political process. Nor does it rely on any notion of an independent popular will. Instead, it offers a picture of the democratic process as one in which men and women engage in constructive discussion, seeking a principled resolution of their differences and developing, over time, a conception of the terms on which they will live with one another.
Cloning and analysis of the gene encoding the cytadherence phase-variable protein HMW3 from Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Abstract We have cloned the gene encoding the Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadherence-accessory protein HMW3 into Escherichia coli to study its phase-variable expression. A truncated HMW3 protein (HMW3'; 113 kDa), identified using HMW3-specific, affinity-purified antibodies, was expressed under the control of the lacZ promoter in λgt11. The protein did not react with β-galactosidase (βGal)-specific antibodies, however, indicating that HMW3' was not a βGal fusion protein. The direction of transcription was determined by examining gene expression from inserts m opposite orientations with respect to the lacZpo in pUC18 and pUC19, to generate pKV5 and pKV6. Amino acid sequence data were obtained from an enzymatically generated HMW3 peptide fragment and used to create a degenerate 17-mer probe. The degenerate 17-mer hybridized to the mycoplasma DNA insert in pKV6; both the 17-mer and the pKV6 insert hybridized to a 9.4-kb -EcoRI fragment from wild-type (wt) M. pneumoniae chromosomal DNA. This Eco RI fragment was cloned from wt M. pneumoniae and an HMW3-deficient variant in both orientations into pUC18. The HMW3'-encoding region was localized to the center of the 9.4-kb Eco RI fragment, and no differences were observed in restriction patterns between the wt and variant. Although the 9.4-kb Eco RI fragment included the DNA segment encoding HMW3', neither this protein, nor derivatives thereof, were detected in IPTG-induced E. coli containing the Eco RI fragment from either wt or variant M. pneumoniae , in either orientation in pUC18.
Molecular characterization of congenital mesoblastic nephroma and its distinction from Wilms tumor.

BACKGROUND Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) is a rare tumor of the neonatal kidney. It was once thought to be a variant of Wilms tumor that also arises from primitive renal cells. METHODS Molecular characteristics of two CMN were studied to clarify their potential relationship to Wilms tumors. Patterns of gene expression were assayed by Northern blot hybridization analysis. Tumors were tested for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosomes 11p13 and 11p15 using Southern blot analysis. RESULTS The CMN, like Wilms tumors, demonstrated high-level expression of insulin-like growth factor II. Unlike Wilms tumors, however, the CMN expressed neither the N-myc oncogene nor the putative Wilms tumor suppressor gene, WT1. Using a panel of probes spanning 11p13 and 11p15, no LOH was detected in the CMN, nor was there evidence of deletion or rearrangements of WT1. CONCLUSIONS Although Wilms tumor and CMN both arise from the developing kidney, molecular characterization suggests that different factors are involved in the pathogenesis of these two tumors.
EEG frequency and reaction time— A sequential analysis☆

Abstract In a prolonged simple vigilance task with normal subjects who were not sleep deprived, trial-to-trial oscillations in EEG background frequency characteristics were noted. These are related to serial changes in reaction time to an aperiodic photic stimulus. Sequential analysis of the background frequency affords prediction of the probability of increased or decreased speed of response on successive trials, as well as an estimation of the likelihood of response failure.
The irony of supporting physician-assisted suicide: a personal account

Under other circumstances, I would have written an academic paper rehearsing the arguments for and against legalization of physician-assisted suicide: autonomy and the avoidance of pain and suffering on the pro side, the wrongness of killing, the integrity of the medical profession, and the risk of abuse, the “slippery slope,” on the con side. I’ve always supported the pro side. What this paper is, however, is a highly personal account of the challenges to my thinking about right-to-die issues. In November 2008, my husband suffered a C2/C3 spinal cord injury in a bicycle collision, leaving him ventilator-dependent, almost completely paralyzed, and in the hospital—but fully alert and profoundly self-reflective. What if he wanted to die? This paper draws from two multimedia presentations—file:///Users/margaretbattin/Documents/BROOKE’S%20ACCIDENT/The%20Salt%20Lake%20Tribune%20%7C%20Multimedia:%20Metamorphosis.webarchive and file:///Users/margaretbattin/Documents/BROOKE’S%20ACCIDENT/The%20Salt%20Lake%20Tribune%20%7C%20Multimedia:%20Learning%20to%20live%20again.webarchive—and personal material concerning quality of life (he’d rank at the bottom on the SF-36 and similar scales) and concerning autonomy (his own accounts, verbatim). This is a detailed portrait of a man whose life involves extraordinary suffering but also luminous experience some of the time. It only makes the question harder: What if he wanted to die?
Paratesticular spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult.

A 20-year-old white man presented with a 14-month history of painless enlargement of the left hemiscrotum. Physical examination revealed a normal left testis and a 3 3 6 cm. firm, irregularly shaped nontender mass at the tail of the epididymis. Serum markers for b-human chorionic gonadotropin, a-fetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase were normal. Scrotal ultrasound showed a 2.5 3 6 cm. vascular, solid mass with no intratesticular component. Computerized tomography of the chest, abdomen and pelvis was normal. Frozen section at inguinal exploration demonstrated adenomatoid tumor and the mass was excised, sparing the epididymis and testicle. Histological examination revealed bundles of spindle cells with eosinophilic and clear cytoplasm, and rhabdomyoblasts with plump eosinophilic cytoplasm (see [fgc]figure). Desmin, myoglobin and myo-D1 immunostains confirmed skeletal muscle differentiation. Permanent sections disputed the frozen section diagnosis and subsequent hisopathological evaluation confirmed spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. After consultation with the most current Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study protocol and extensive discussion with the patient, he elected to undergo left modified nerve sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and inguinal orchiectomy. Pathological evaluation revealed no evidence of tumor metastasis. The patient experienced antegrade ejaculation 2 months postoperatively and there were no complications from surgery. Chemotherapy was initiated. DISCUSSION
Hydrophilic recognition by polymer-supported phase transfer catalysts and its effect on reaction activity and selectivity

Abstract Cross-linked polystyrene latexes with surface-bound quaternary ammonium groups have been prepared by a two-step method. First the functional monomer vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) was introduced into a partially polymerized concentrated emulsion of styrene and divinylbenzene (ST/DVB) in water and complete polymerization was carried out. Second the poly(ST/DVB) particles with surface-bound benzyl chloride groups were quaternized. The dual-surface characteristics due to the hydrophilic bound cations and hydrophobic polystyrene can be varied by controlling the partial polymerization time of ST/DVB and the amount of VBC introduced. The phase transfer catalysts thus obtained were employed in the alkylation reaction of isopropylidene malonate (Meldrum acid). The ratio of mono- to dialkylation products was observed to increase with decreasing accessible hydrophilicity of the supported catalysts. When the partial polymerization time is short, a part of VBC copolymerizes with styrene and another part homopolymerizes and is grafted to the surface of the particles. When the partial polymerization time is long, only homopolymers of VBC, which are grafted to the particles, form. The ammonium groups to which the benzyl chloride units are converted via quaternization are more accessible, for steric reasons, to the Meldrum acid and to the monosubstituted Meldrum acid when they are part of the grafted chains than when they are part of the copolymer. As a result, the activity for the conversion of the Meldrum acid increases as the partial polymerization time increases. However, the selectivity for the monosubstituted Meldrum acid increases with decreasing partial polymerization time of the concentrated emulsion, because the fraction of hydrophilic groups that are accessible decreases and the monosubstituted compound has more difficulty, for steric reasons, binding to the onium cations than the unsubstituted compound.
Atmospheric radioactive isotopes at orbital altitudes

Abstract The radioactive isotope 7 Be was discovered on the forward-facing side of the LDEF satellite in amounts far exceeding that expected from direct cosmic ray activation of the spacecraft material. This prompted an examination of the production of cosmogenic isotopes in the atmosphere and of the processes by which they may be transported to orbital altitudes and absorbed by a spacecraft. 7 Be is only one of several atmospheric cosmogenic isotopes that might be detectable at orbital altitudes and that might prove to be as useful as tracers of atmosphere ciculation processes in the mesosphre and thermosphere as they have been in the lower layers of the atmosphere.
Economics in Regional Water Research and Policy

The federal government has long been active in the area of water resource development. Several agencies are deeply involved in this work: the Corps of Army Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the Soil Conservation Service, and the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration provide examples. In this decade, Congress has established the framework for new directions in water development throughout the nation. The passage of the Water Resources Planning Act (Public Law 89-80) and the establishment of the cabinet-level Water Resources Council has made specific the desire for coordinated and comprehensive water planning. Subsequent to the establishment of the Water Resources Council, twenty major hydrologic regions of the nation have been identified for purposes of comprehensive planning. Eleven of the regions are currently developing their comprehensive water resource development plans. The role of the economist is a demanding one in this multidisciplinary comprehensive planning effort [10]. We are viewed by administration of these programs as capable of generating ex ante the economic potentials for alternative resource development projects. This would include the summation of economic benefits for inclusion of the benefit-cost analysis outlined in Senate Document 97 [18]. Finally, we are to provide economic projections, both national and regional, to indicated future needs for resource development. This, of course, assumes that we know the relationship between levels of resource development and economic growth or vice versa. Further assumed is that the relationship is positive and highly significant.
Acute pancreatitis at its Centenary: The contribution of Reginald Fitz

1989 represents the 100th anniversary of Reginald Fitz's initial characterization of acute pancreatitis. Our current understanding of this disease has advanced little beyond Fitz's early description. While survival from pancreatitis has improved largely through advancements in critical care techniques, no medical or surgical therapy exists that can limit pancreatic autodigestion and inflammation. Recent investigations have suggested that pancreatitis may result from a disruption of normal stimulus-secretion coupling within the acinar cell. Future research based on these observations may ultimately result in successful therapy for this disease.
A method to correct for population structure using a segregation model

To overcome the "spurious" association caused by population stratification in population-based association studies, we propose a principal-component based method that can use both family and unrelated samples at the same time. More specifically, we adapt the multivariate logistic model, which is often used in segregation analysis and can allow for the family correlation structure, for association analysis. To correct the effect of hidden population structure, the first ten principal-components calculated from the matrix of marker genotype data are incorporated as covariates in the model. To test for the association, the marker of interest is also incorporated as a covariate in the model. We applied the proposed method to the second generation (i.e., the Offspring Cohort), in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 Framingham Heart Study 50 k data set to evaluate the performance of the method. Although there may have been difficulty in the convergence while maximizing the likelihood function as indicated by a flat likelihood, the distribution of the empirical p-values for the test statistic does show that the method has a correct type I error rate whenever the variance-covariance matrix of the estimates can be computed.
Impact of family-based scheduling on transfer batches in a job shop manufacturing cell

Abstract Past research has shown that the performance of manufacturing cells can be improved if family orientated scheduling heuristics are used, or if jobs are split into smaller transfer batches for processing and material handling purposes. The research has also shown that large amounts of lot splitting results in increased setup frequency due to the reduction in transfer batch size. This can offset any gains in performance. This study examines the combined effect of lot splitting in a manufacturing cell that utilizes family-based scheduling heuristics. The results show that family-based scheduling is an effective means of reducing the negative impact of lot splitting on flow time. Lot splitting, however, has little benefit for due date performance even when scheduling rules that reduce setup frequency are used.
Heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow and metabolism: review of physiologic principles and implications for radionuclide imaging of the heart.

Heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow and metabolism is a known feature of the coronary circulation in laboratory animals and has been reported in the normal human coronary circulation as well. This review will describe the types of heterogeneity that have been reported, how they relate to one another, and the extent to which physiologic heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow and metabolism may influence the appearance of both positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images of the myocardium.
Memory-based automaticity in the discrimination of visual numerosity.

In the development of memory-based models of automaticity, it is crucial to specify the nature of the memory representation. Seven experiments with 94 students use a counting task to determine whether a feature (i.e., identity, color, or orientation) is explicitly represented in memory. It is assumed that the degree of transfer to a pattern differing on one feature is determined by that feature's importance in supporting skilled performance. Experiment 1 determined the practice necessary to obtain automaticity. In Experiments 2a, 3a, and 4a, which investigated the nature of the representation after extended practice, changing neither the identity nor color of elements had strong effects on transfer, but changing pattern orientation did impair memory retrieval, thus suggesting that for the counting task, pattern orientation is more important than element identity or color. Experiments 2b, 3b, and 4b replicated these results after limited practice.
Examination of the performance of a compression-driven adsorption cooling cycle

Abstract A compression-driven adsorption cooling cycle (CDACC) is modeled and examined thermodynamically. Material and energy balances are developed for the system, and the cycle is simulated for each of three different adsorbate/adsorbent pairs: CO 2 /NaX zeolite, CO 2 /activated carbon, and NH 3 /silica gel. The influence of various model parameters on the predicted performance is examined. The model is then also used to simulate an analogous condensation/evaporation liquid cycle. The coefficient of performance of the system is found to be strongly influenced by both the heat capacity of the adsorbent and the shape of the isotherm. Results for the adsorption cycle suggest that production of cooling requires a compression system capable of producing pressure ratios of at least 15. Simulations also indicate that given the same temperature rise, the NH 3 /silica gel system provides a coefficient of performance approximately 1/3 smaller than the condensation/evaporation system for ammonia. An adsorbate/adsorbent pair with a high adsorption capacity, low heat capacity and an ‘S-shaped’ isotherm is desirable. Without such a pair, the development of the CDACC into an economically viable system is not likely.
Modern Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Activity: An Empirical Investigation

This study focuses on the impact of telecommunication infrastructure on economic activity in two sectors: flare, insurance and real estate; and manufacturing. Results indicate that modernization of the telephone network is associated with more fire, insurance and real estate activity in the local region, while it is not associated with more manufacturing. Once other determinants of growth are controlled for, a doubling of optic fiber cable leads to at least a 10%, and possibly a much higher, increase in the level of economic activity in fire, insurance and real estate. This result implies that the level of modernization of a telecommunications network has an economically important influence on the amount of high tech white collar activity in a region, while it is less important for manufacturing activity, which typically employs less modern telecommunications services. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
Internal absorption properties of accelerating detectors

Abstract The existence of electromagnetic radiation from a uniformly accelerated charge has appeared in some recent work to present a problem suggesting the inadequency of the equivalence principle. For a proper treatment of the problem, it is desirable to show how the absorption properties of detectors are effected by being physically attached to noninertial frames of reference. An invariant criterion of internal absorption is formulated, and is identified with the observable behavior of an elementary detector. It is shown that the properties of a detector fixed in a uniformly accelerated frame are different from the properties of an inertial detector of similar construction, and that this difference is consistent with the usual form of the equivalence principle.
Acetone-photosensitized reduction of carbon tetrachloride by 2-propanol in aqueous solution

Simple carbonyl chromophores can be used to facilitate the solar-promoted reductive dehalogenation of halo-organics. Here we describe the kinetics and mechanism of the reductive dehalogenation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) to chloroform (CF) in the presence of aqueous acetone and 2-propanol, which is added as a hydrogen donor. The reaction is rapid in sunlight, stoichiometrically converting 3 mM CT to CF in approximately 2 min. Under typical conditions (0.69 M acetone, 5.7 M 2-propanol, 3 mM CT) using a 75 W Xe lamp, the observed zero-order reaction occurs at a rate of 2.7 × 10-6 M s-1. The mechanism appears to become first order in CT near the end of the reaction. The zero-order reaction rate increased with both acetone- and 2-propanol concentration and also with absorbed light intensity. Other combinations of carbonyls, alcohols, and halogenated organics are also effective.
Biomimetic nanofibrous gelatin/apatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Mimicking certain features (e.g. nanoscale topography and biological cues) of natural extracellular matrix (ECM) is advantageous for the successful regeneration of damaged tissue. In this study, nanofibrous gelatin/apatite (NF-gelatin/apatite) composite scaffolds have been fabricated to mimic both the physical architecture and chemical composition of natural bone ECM. A thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique was developed to prepare nanofibrous gelatin (NF-gelatin) matrix. The NF-gelatin matrix mimicked natural collagen fibers and had an average fiber diameter of about 150nm. By integrating the TIPS method with porogen leaching, three-dimensional NF-gelatin scaffolds with well-defined macropores were fabricated. In comparison to Gelfoam (a commercial gelatin foam) with similar pore size and porosity, the NF-gelatin scaffolds exhibited a much higher surface area and mechanical strength. The surface area and compressive modulus of NF-gelatin scaffolds were more than 700 times and 10 times higher than that of Gelfoam, respectively. The NF-gelatin scaffolds also showed excellent biocompatibility and mechanical stability. To further enhance pre-osteoblast cell differentiation as well as improving mechanical strength, bone-like apatite particles (<2microm) were incorporated onto the surface of NF-gelatin scaffolds via a simulated body fluid (SBF) incubation process. The NF-gelatin/apatite scaffolds 5 days after SBF treatment showed significantly higher mechanical strength than NF-gelatin scaffolds 5 days after SBF treatment. Furthermore, the incorporated apatite in the NF-gelatin/apatite composite scaffold enhanced the osteogenic differentiation. The expression of BSP and OCN in the osteoblast-(NF-gelatin/apatite composite) constructs was about 5 times and 2 times higher than in the osteoblast-(NF-gelatin) constructs 4 weeks after cell culture. The biomimetic NF-gelatin/apatite scaffolds are, therefore, excellent for bone tissue engineering.
Acquired Gonadotropin-Responsive Hyperestrogenism in a Male Without Evidence of Neoplasia

ABSTRACT A 29-yr-old male with gynecomastia for 2½ yr was found to have elevated urinary total estrogens of 50–55 μg/24 hr. Serum LH and FSH were borderline low. HCG 5000 IU for 3 days caused a 300% increase in urinary estrogens, and testosterone produced increased estrogen due to direct conversion followed by decreased estrogen due to LH suppression. ACTH 40 U iv for 2 days caused a 75% increase in urinary estrogens, and dexamethasone produced no change. Left spermatic vein serum 17β-estradiol was elevated to 5 times the level in the inferior vena cava, but adrenal vein serum concentrations were only slightly above IVC level. Careful examination of the testes revealed no evidence of neoplasia, although the right testis was somewhat smaller and softer than the left. Adrenal venography was normal. It was felt that this patient probably has either a very small benign left testicular non-germ-cell tumor or an acquired enzymatic abnormality of the Leydig cells, leading in some manner to increased estrogen pro...
Ultrafast nonlinear optical studies of protein dynamics

Optical Kerr effect (OKE) studies of myoglobin and water at wavelength of 627 nanometers with 45 femtosecond pulses have been performed. The nonresonant response of water consists of electronic, translational, librational and relaxational components. The low frequency components observed in the water OKE study are in qualitative agreement with previous depolarized light scattering (DLS) studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Operation on the edge of the Q-band of the myoglobin resulted in the pulse broadening to 100 fs. Two relaxational components, 195 fs and 2.4 +/- .2 ps were observed in both the carboxy and deoxy myoglobin samples studied. The 195 fs component is assigned to the OKE response of water while the 2.4 ps component is related to the transient birefringence of the myoglobin. A discussion of the origin of the transient signal as well as the calculation leading to the assignment to birefringence as opposed to dichroism is included. With this interpretation, the observed dynamics are related to the low frequency modes of the protein. Information on these modes is needed to understand the initial events that direct functionally important structural changes.
Phytochrome and Seed Germination. I. Temperature Dependence and Relative PFR Levels in the Germination of Dark-germinating Tomato Seeds

Germination of the dark-germinating seeds of 3 varieties of tomato is controlled by the phytochrome system. Germination is inhibited by far red radiation and repromoted by red applied after far red. At low temperatures, 17 to 20°, a single, low energy far red irradiation is sufficient to inhibit germination in all 3 varieties. At higher temperatures far red is less effective in the inhibition of the germination of the tomato seeds. The phytochrome fraction present as PFR in the dark-germinating seeds of the Ace variety is about 40% of the total phytochrome present.
Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroduodenal injury by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Helicobacter pylori infection with active gastritis is comparably common in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) users and controls. The prevalence of active acute gastritis and its severity relate to H. pylori infection and not to use or non-use of NSAIDs. In individual patients active gastritis may deteriorate during long-term NSAID therapy but is rare in aspirin users. Among NSAID users those with H. pylori gastritis appear to have more dyspeptic symptoms, repeated intolerance to different NSAIDs, and often a history of ulcer disease. For current ulcers, NSAID use, chemical gastritis, and active gastritis due to H. pylori are independent risk factors. For gastric ulcers the risks are additive. For duodenal ulcer only H. pylori is a clearly defined risk factor: duodenal ulcers may not occur in H. pylori-negative NSAID users. In gastroduodenal mucosa NSAIDs may augment acute inflammation caused by H. pylori, and inflammation may exacerbate the biochemical injury to these tissues caused by NSAIDs.
Guide to Better Evaluation of Antepartum Nutrition

The area of antepartum nutrition has recently received much publicity, although little has been done on a clinical level to improve nutrition in obstetrics. This article offers a method of evaluating antepartum nutrition using a minimum number of professional personnel, with a maximum number of patients. It is adaptable to different areas of the country, since it covers a number of different cultural and ethnic patterns.
Crystalline order of silver–gold nanocatalysts with hollow-core and alloyed-shell

Abstract This paper reports the internal structure of Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles with hollow interiors and alloyed shells, synthesized by chemical reduction of metallic precursor and subsequent galvanic replacement reaction. By taking advantage of advanced electron microscopy methods such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning TEM (STEM), weak beam dark-field (WBDF) microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and nano-beam electron diffraction (NBD), sufficient and necessary evidences confirm the sacrificial role of silver nanoparticles as templates for the epitaxial deposition of gold-rich atomic layers.
Detection and quantification of flaws in structures by the extended finite element method and genetic algorithms

This paper investigates the extended finite element method (XFEM)-GA detection algorithm proposed by Rabinovich et al. (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2007; 71(9):1051–1080; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2009; 77(3):337–359) on elastostatic problems with different types of flaws. This algorithm is designed for non-destructive assessment of structural components. Trial flaws are modeled using the XFEM as the forward problem and genetic algorithms (GAs) are employed as the optimization method to converge to the true flaw location and size. The main advantage of the approach is that XFEM alleviates the need for re-meshing the domain at every new iteration of the inverse solution process and GAs have proven to be robust and efficient optimization techniques in particular for this type of problems. In this paper the XFEM-GA methodology is applied to elastostatic problems where flaws are considered as straight cracks, circular holes and non-regular-shaped holes. Measurements are obtained from strain sensors that are attached to the surface of the structure at specific locations and provide the target solution to the GA. The results show convergence robustness and accuracy provided that a sufficient number of sensors are employed and sufficiently large flaws are considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corner singularities between free surfaces and open boundaries

We consider the solution of the Stokes problem at a corner between a free surface and an inflow or outflow boundary. A formal asymptotic solution for the dominant contribution to the streamfunction near the corner is derived. We give a heuristic discussion of the relevance of the nature of the corner singularity to the formulation of well-posed boundary value problems.
Differential response of CD4+ V7+ and CD4+ V7− T cells to T cell receptor‐dependent signals: CD4+ V7+ T cells are co‐stimulation independent and anti‐V7 antibody blocks the induction of anergy by bacterial superantigen

V7 is a novel cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed on 25% of circulating T lymphocytes. This molecule appears to play a critical role in T cell activation based on the observation that a monoclonal anti-V7 antibody inhibits T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and proliferation of T cells. In the current study, CD4+ V7+ and CD4+ V7− T cells were separated from one another and their response to various stimuli analyzed. Although there were only minor differences between the two subsets in the expression of activation/differentiation markers, including CD45RA and R0 isotypes, when exposed to immobilized anti-CD3 or anti-TCR antibodies in the absence of APC, CD4+ V7+ T cells alone produced IL-2 and proliferated vigorously. By contrast, CD4+ V7− cells responded poorly to such stimuli, but they recovered their capacity to respond if antigen-presenting cells (APC) or anti-CD28 antibody were added to the cultures. The enhancement of the V7− T cell response by APC appears to be related to augmentation of TCR signals because the effect could be blocked by antibodies against molecules on APC [major histocompatibility (MHC) class II, CD86] that are known to up-regulate such signals through their interaction with counter-receptors on T cells. To assess the role of V7 in a system independent of co-stimulation, CD4+ T cells were stimulated with the bacterial superantigens, staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B. The cells responded by proliferating and then becoming anergic. Addition of anti-V7 antibody at the initiation of culture with superantigen did not inhibit cellular proliferation but prevented T cells from becoming anergic, while addition of anti-CD28 antibody had no effect on either proliferation or anergy induction. These results indicate that V7 and CD28 mediate distinct intracellular signals and suggest that V7 functions to preserve T cell reactivity whether the stimulus is mitogenic or anergizing.
CHEMI-IONIZATION AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE IN THE REACTION OF ATOMIC OXYGEN WITH C2H2, C2D2, AND C2H4,

Chemi-ions are produced in oxygen atom-hydrocarbon molecule reactions; this phenomenon has been studied in two experimental facilities. A study of the acetylene, reaction in a Wood-Bonhoeffer system near room temperature showed that the maximum ion concentration and CH* emission decrease approximately proportionately upon CO2 addition; in the ethylene reaction, light emission decreases but ion concentration increases. This increase probably does not indicate an increase in ion-production rate, but, rather, in the diffusion-controlled ion lifetime. Ion concentration in the C2H4 reaction is two orders of magnitude lower than in the C2H2 reaction, and CH 4310emission is three orders of magnitude lower. Addition of free radical scavengers, NO and O2, demonstrates that the chemi-ions and light emitters have free radical precursors. Addition of NO gives rise to CN violet system emission, and O2 enhances OH emission; the absolute intensity of these emissions decreases with large scavenger concentrations. Individual ions are identified by a mass spectrometer in an atomic diffusion flame system; CHO+ is a dominant ion in these reactions. Upon CO2 addition in the ethylene reaction, C3H5+ decreases, whereas the maximum concentration of other ions increases. Pressure increase also decreases C3H5+ preferentially. In the acetylene reaction there were no preferential decreases. The results are commensurate with the following chemi-ionization reactions C H + O → C H O + + e − ( 4 a ) C H * + O → C H O + + e − ( 4 b ) C H * + ( C 2 H 2 or C 2 H 4 ) → ( C 3 H 3 + or C 3 H 5 + ) + e − ( 5 a 5 b ) Reaction (4a) is thought to dominate in the ethylene reaction and (4b) or (5a) in the acetylene reaction.
Eliminating on-chip traffic waste: are we there yet?

While many techniques have been shown to be successful at reducing the amount of on-chip network traffic, no studies have shown how close a combined approach would come to eliminating all unnecessary data traffic, nor have any studies provided insight into where the remaining challenges are. This paper systematically analyzes the traffic inefficiencies of a directory-based MESI protocol and a more efficient hardware-software co-designed protocol, DeNovo. We categorize data waste into various categories and explore several simple optimizations extending DeNovo with the aim of eliminating all of the on-chip network traffic waste. With all the proposed optimizations, we are able to completely eliminate (100%) onchip network traffic waste at L2 for some of the applications (93.5% on average) compared to the previous DeNovo protocol.
Decrease in agonist affinity for human platelet thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptors induced by a platelet-derived supernatant

Abstract Platelets possess membrane receptors which mediate the aggregatory response to thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) and prostaglandin H 2 (PGH 2 ). It has been observed recently that the affinities for a series of TXA 2 /PGH 2 mimetics are decreased in crude human platelet membranes and solubilized membranes compared to intact washed platelets. The present study investigated the notion that platelets contain a substance that is released during platelet lysis that reduces the affinity of the TXA 2 / PGH 2 receptor for agonists. The displacement of 9,11-dimethylmethano-11,12-methano-16-(3-iodo-4- hydroxyphenyl)-13,14-dihydro-13-aza-15αβ-ω-tetranor-TXA 2 ([ 125 I]PTA-OH), a TXA 2 /PGH 2 receptor antagonist, from its binding site in intact washed platelets by TXA 2 /PGH 2 mimetics and antagonists was characterized in the presence or absence of the supernatant (50,000g) obtained from sonicated platelets. In the presence of the supernatant, there was a significant (P ic 50 values for the TXA 2 /PGH 2 mimetics U46619, SQ26655, and ONO11113. The increase in the ic 50 for U46619 induced by the supernatant was abolished by either boiling or treating the supernatant with trypsin. The supernatant did not affect the K d or B max of [ 125 I]PTA-OH or the ic 50 of the TXA 2 /PGH 2 antagonist, SQ29548. Pretreatment of the platelets with the supernatant resulted in a significant (P ic 50 for U46619 to displace [ 125 I]PTA-OH from its binding site. Thus, human platelets appear to possess a protein(s) that is released into the supernatant upon sonication and inhibits the binding of TXA 2 /PGH 2 agonists but not antagonists to their receptor. This protein may play a role in the regulation of platelet responses to the aggregatory stimuli TXA 2 /PGH 2 .
Comparing law reviews for their amenability to articles addressing mental health issues

Continuing emphasis has been given to the importance of social scientists bringing empirical research to the attention of legal decision makers. Law reviews have been identified as a particularly useful means for accomplishing this dissemination. The following study is an attempt to determine whether particular law reviews are more amenable to publishing articles on one aspect of the law where considerable social science research has been conducted, namely, mental health law. A LEXIS search for articles addressing mental health issues and published over a 3-year period by 49 national, generalscope law reviews was conducted. These journals showed a general willingness to publish mentalhealth-related articles. This willingness was present in almost all journals, even if somewhat limited. However, a specialized journal focusing on health issues appeared considerably more amenable to these articles than the other journals. For the most part, the other journals were relatively similar in their willingness to publish mental-health-related articles, although across the range of journals the differences in this willingness became pronounced. Based on the results of this study, a strategy is suggested for social scientists wishing to publish their research in law reviews.