cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Under the radar: genetic assessment of Rio Grande Shiner (Notropis jemezanus) and Speckled Chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), two Rio Grande basin endemic cyprinids that have experienced recent range contractions

The Rio Grande drainage of the southwestern United States and Mexico has undergone intense anthropogenic alteration by water diversions, extraction and associated habitat changes. These alterations have disproportionately impacted the pelagic broadcast spawning guild of minnows (pelagophils). Several Rio Grande endemic pelagophils, including the co-occurring Rio Grande Shiner (Notropis jemezanus) and Speckled Chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), have experienced dramatic recent range-wide declines yet have slipped under the radar of conservation efforts. The status of N. jemezanus and M. aestivalis in the Rio Grande and Pecos River was evaluated and standing genetic variation was characterized. Genetic evidence indicates that populations of both species found in the Rio Grande and Pecos River are genetically distinct. Additionally, 159 outlier loci were identified in M. aestivalis suggesting possible local adaptation in the Rio Grande and Pecos River populations. Though range-wide genetic data are limited, N. jemezanus populations in both rivers harbor considerable genetic diversity. Mitochondrial data from both taxa are consistent with a history of secondary contact between formerly isolated populations with deeply divergent haplotypes found within the Rio Grande and Pecos River populations of N. jemezanus and within the Rio Grande population of M. aestivalis. Extensive survey efforts in the lower Rio Grande and its tributaries in Texas document significant range contraction and near extirpation of N. jemezanus from this part of the basin; highlighting the need for immediate action to protect the species.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care Continuum, Barriers, and Facilitators among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) represents a viable HIV prevention tool for black men who have sex with men (BMSM). However, aggregated evidence regarding the presentations and determinants of the PrEP continuum (e.g., awareness, willingness, intention, uptake and adherence) remains absent to empirically inform future intervention efforts. We meta-analytically summarized the prevalence and qualitatively synthesized key barriers/facilitators of the stages of the PrEP continuum among a pooled sample of 42,870 BMSM aggregated from 56 published studies. Our random-effect models indicated a pooled prevalence of PrEP awareness (50.8%, 95% CI: 43.6-58.0%, willingness/intention (58.2%, 95% CI: 52.0-68.1%) and uptake (15.5%, 95% CI: 12.8-18.2%). Qualitative summary revealed that perception of HIV risk, intersectional/PrEP-related stigma and medical mistrust were among the most quoted factors that influence PrEP use. BMSM remain underrepresented in key stages of the PrEP continuum. Futures interventions are continuously needed to target multilevel barriers/facilitators to enhance the PrEP continuum among BMSM.
Population dynamics of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) at summer roosts: Apparent survival, fidelity, abundance, and the influence of winter conditions.

White-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused the death of millions of bats, but the impacts have been more difficult to identify in western North America. Understanding how WNS, or other threats, impacts western bats may require monitoring other roosts, such as maternity roosts and night roosts, where bats aggregate in large numbers.Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are experiencing some of the greatest declines from WNS. Estimating survival and understanding population dynamics can provide valuable data for assessing population declines and informing conservation efforts.We conducted a 5-year mark-recapture study of two M. lucifugus roosts in Colorado. We used the robust design model to estimate apparent survival, fidelity, and abundance to understand population dynamics, and environmental covariates to understand how summer and winter weather conditions impact adult female survival. We compared the fidelity and capture probability of M. lucifugus between colonies to understand how bats use such roosts.Overwinter survival increased with the number of days with temperatures below freezing (β > 0.100, SE = 0.003) and decreased with the number of days with snow cover (β 0.90), and based on survival estimates and fungal-swabbing results, we believe these populations have yet to experience WNS.Recapture of M. lucifugus using antennas that continuously read passive integrated transponder tags allows rigorous estimation of bat population parameters that can elucidate trends in abundance and changes in survival. Monitoring populations at summer roosts can provide unique population ecology data that monitoring hibernacula alone may not. Because few adult males are captured at maternity colonies, and juvenile males have low fidelity, additional effort should focus on understanding male M. lucifugus population dynamics.
Current Male Contraceptives and Experimental Nonhormonal Contraceptive Research

Some women are unable to use currently available female contraceptives due to health conditions or side effects, leaving some couples without effective contraceptive options. In addition, many men wish to take active responsibility for family planning. Thus, there is a great need for male contraceptives to prevent unintended pregnancy, of which 80–90 million occur annually. At present, effective male contraceptive options are condoms and vasectomy, which are not ideal for all men. Therefore, efforts are under way to develop novel male contraceptives. This paper will briefly review the advantages and disadvantages of condoms and vasectomies and then discuss the research directed toward the development of novel methods of male contraception.
Character Education in Disruption Era: Hopes and Challenges in Islamic Education Institution

Education in the 4.0 era is required to have some competence, not only competence, pedagogical, professional and social personality, but also competence in mastering foreign languages, technology and good spiritual stability competence, education is also demanded to innovate in learning, and technological advances must be used by educators as well as possible. In addition to innovative education also must establish strong cooperation both in informal, formal and non-formal education, because these three educational institutions must work together to realize the goals of education. In the 4.0 era the demand for educators was to produce graduates who were intellectually, emotionally and spiritually intelligent. To realize students like this, we need some competence owned by educators, namely personal, social, professional, pedagogic, teacher training in Islamic education, speaking and mastering information technology, and good spiritual stability. Educators must also be creative, innovative, and collaborative.
The Role of Surface Hydrophobicity on the Structure and Dynamics of CO2 and CH4 Confined in Silica Nanopores

Advancing a portfolio of technologies that range from the storage of excess renewable natural gas for distributed use to the capture and storage of CO2 in geological formation is essential for meeting our energy needs while responding to challenges associated with climate change. Delineating the surface interactions and the organization of these gases in nanoporous environments is a less explored but highly relevant approach to develop novel materials for gas storage or for predicting the fate of stored gases in subsurface environments. To this end, the molecular scale interactions underlying the organization and transport behavior of CO2 and CH4 molecules in silica nanopores need to be investigated. To probe the influence of hydrophobic surfaces, a series of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to investigate the structure and dynamics of CO2 and CH4 confined in OH-terminated and CH3-terminated silica pores with diameters of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 nm at 298 K and 10 MPa. Higher adsorption extents of CO2 compared to CH4 are noted on OH-terminated and CH3-terminated pores. The adsorbed extents increase with the pore diameter. Further, the interfacial CO2 and CH4 molecules reside closer to the surface of OH-terminated pores compared to on the surface of CH3-terminated pores. The lower adsorption extents of CH4 on OH-terminated and CH3-terminated pores result in higher diffusion coefficients compared to CO2 molecules. The diffusivities of both gases in OH-terminated and CH3-terminated pores increase systematically with the pore diameter. The higher adsorption extents of CO2 on OH-terminated and CH3-terminated pores are driven by the higher van der Waals and electrostatic interactions with the pore surfaces while CH4 adsorption is mainly due to van der Waals interactions with the pore walls. These findings provide the interfacial chemical basis underlying the organization and transport behavior of pressurized CO2 and CH4 gases in confinement.
Family Care Availability And Implications For Informal And Formal Care Used By Adults With Dementia In The US

Despite the important role that family members can play in dementia care, little is known about the association between the availability of family members and the type of care, informal (unpaid) or...
Cardiovascular risk factors and cervical carotid plaque features on CT angiography.

BackgroundLittle is known about the impact that cardiovascular (CV) risk factors have on the formation of various carotid atherosclerotic plaque features. This study set out to assess the associati...
Analysis of multi-site drug–protein interactions by high-performance affinity chromatography: Binding by glimepiride to normal or glycated human serum albumin

High-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) was used in a variety of formats to examine multi-site interactions between glimepiride, a third-generation sulfonylurea drug, and normal or in vitro glycated forms of the transport protein human serum albumin (HSA). Frontal analysis revealed that glimepiride interacts with normal HSA and glycated HSA at a group of high affinity sites (association equilibrium constant, or Ka, 9.2-11.8×10(5)M(-1) at pH 7.4 and 37°C) and a group of lower affinity regions (Ka, 5.9-16×10(3)M(-1)). Zonal elution competition studies were designed and carried out in both normal- and reversed-role formats to investigate the binding by this drug at specific sites. These experiments indicated that glimepiride was interacting at both Sudlow sites I and II. Allosteric effects were also noted with R-warfarin at Sudlow site I and with tamoxifen at the tamoxifen site on HSA. The binding at Sudlow site I had a 2.1- to 2.3-fold increase in affinity in going from normal HSA to the glycated samples of HSA. There was no significant change in the affinity for glimepiride at Sudlow site II in going from normal HSA to a moderately glycated sample of HSA, but a slight decrease in affinity was seen in going to a more highly glycated HSA sample. These results demonstrated how various HPAC-based methods can be used to profile and characterize multi-site binding by a drug such as glimepiride to a protein and its modified forms. The information obtained from this study should be useful in providing a better understanding of how drug-protein binding may be affected by glycation and of how separation and analysis methods based on HPAC can be employed to study systems with complex interactions or that involve modified proteins.
Correlational Field Methodology in the Study of Stress

The following chapter is an attempt to accomplish two interrelated goals: (a) to summarize methodological and practical issues that are central to designing and interpreting correlational field research on the relationships between stress, health, and behavior; and (b) to provide a description of the research designs, procedures, and statistical analyses used in the Los Angeles Noise Project. Our intent in raising methodological and practical issues is to present a context for viewing the noise project and to provide those not intimately familiar with correlation field research with the tools necessary to evaluate this project and other studies. We hope this section will also be used as an outline for the design of future studies. The purpose of the description of the noise project is to provide an overview of the methodological strategies used in these studies and to aid in the interpretion of noise project data presented throughout this volume.
An approach to rate allocation in multicast

In multirate multicast different users in the same multicast group can receive services at different rates depending on their own requirements and the congestion level of the network. In this paper we present a general framework for addressing the optimal rate control problem in multirate multicast where the objective is the maximization of a social welfare function expressed by the sum of the users' utility functions. We discover properties of optimal solutions of this problem. Based on these properties we describe a market mechanism that achieves an optimal solution and satisfies the informational constraints imposed by the decentralization of information in multicast service provisioning.
Preparation of 9,10‐Dimethoxyphenanthrene and 3,6‐Diacetyl‐9,10‐Dimethoxyphenanthrene

9, 10-Phenanthrenedione 9, 10-Dimethoxyphenanthrene Tetrabutylammonium bromide Sodium dithionite Dimethyl sulfate Acetyl chloride Aluminum chloride 3, 6-Diacetyl-9, 10-dimethoxyphenanthrene Keywords: 9, 10-dimethoxyphenanthrenes; two-phase alkylations; phase transfer agents; still procedure; disadvantages; chromatography; Friedel-Crafts reaction; waste disposal
Intellectual Freedom and Economic Sufficiency as Educational Entitlements

This paper explores the historic philosophical contributions ofMill and Marx toward a comprehensive conception of intellectual freedomas a basic educational entitlement. In a perhaps surprising confluence,Marx's theory of a material base for freedom of thought is then extendedin a discussion of contemporary freedoms including, importantly,academic freedom and its implication for teaching, the profession andits training.
Constructing a Leadership and Scholarship Worldview

One’s worldview is a very personal and deeply philosophical construct. Here are experiences and events that aid in determining and shaping the way in which human beings perceive the world. It is imperative to look for multiple perspectives. Creating a sustainable worldview requires a level of humility and a desire to seek answers by questioning oneself; even to the very foundations of one’s core beliefs and preconceptions. One’s leadership and scholarship are greatly affected by the lens through which one perceives the world. The individual scholar and leader must strive to gain as complete an understanding of his or her worldview as possible. Further, the scholar or leader must take the question of how his or her worldview will affect others to heart. Finally, scholars and leaders strive to critically examine arguments and theories in order to constructively interpret them. A postmodern theistic interpretation, while certainly not perfect, could aid in this understanding and lead to effective growth.
Robustness Analysis of Piecewise Dynamical Cycles

A general perturbation analysis for piecewise dynamical cycles is presented. Singular and regular perturbations are discussed, showing that if a simplified design system dynamics possess a stable attractor and if the fast (unmodeled) dynamics are asymptotically stable, then the asymptotic motion of the entire physical system is qualitatively similar to that of the design system. It is shown that simple, robust controllers can be designed to effectively control complex dynamical systems, where the desired behavior of the simple control design model is "passed along" to the realistic physical system for small enough perturbation parameters.
Material substitution: The role of new technology

Material substitution has for centuries reduced the costs and enhanced the quality of the tools, weapons, shelter, and other material objects of use to society. It has pushed back the cost-increasing effects of resource depletion while expanding man’s horizon of opportunities. In recent years, the pace of material substitution has quickened. Many new materials have been introduced, and old ones improved.
Fines, fees and funding: makerspaces standing apart

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to discuss operational components associated with creating a makerspace unit or department within a library. Design/methodology/approach – Several considerations are discussed that should be considered for successful implementation of a makerspace in a library. Findings – Makerspaces add a unique and fresh element to libraries and should be provided a sustainable model up front. Originality/value – The ideas and concepts expressed are those of the author.
Control of optical waveguide-resonator coupling: applications to low-power optical modulation and switching

This study proposes a switching device that may also be used as a variable optical attenuator that combines two ideas: light guiding along the thermally induced waveguide and the adiabatic mode transition in the slowly widening optical taper. Measurement results for a 1/spl times/2 switching device are also presented.
FNA Cytopathology and Molecular Test Characteristics in the Changing Landscape of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

While the reported “incidence” of thyroid cancer is increasing, the mortality from thyroid cancer has remained flat. The implication is that most of the newly discovered cancers represent indolent disease. A group of oncologists advocate change to the cancer terminology for indolent neoplasms, reserving the term “cancer” or “carcinoma” for those tumors that would have a reasonable likelihood of lethal behavior if untreated. Nonetheless, a minority of thyroid carcinomas is potentially aggressive and the dilemma in thyroid nodule diagnostics and management is the prevention of morbidity and mortality while minimizing the surgical overtreatment. Over the recent decades, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has increased in incidence largely in part due to the rise of the follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) while follicular carcinoma has become a rare entity. Extensive studies in this area have led to further subclassification of FVPTC with clinicopathologic differences: 1. non-invasive encapsulated/well-circumscribed (nE/WC) FVPTC, 2. invasive encapsulated/well-circumscribed (iE/WC) FVPTC, and 3. infiltrative FVPTC. Among these subtypes, nE/WC FVPTC is recognized as an indolent tumor with behavior similar to that of follicular adenoma whereas iE/WC FVPTC is considered a potentially aggressive PTC with recurrence rate of 16% and mortality of 12%. Infiltrative FVPTC shows behavior similar to that of classic PTC with frequent lymph node metastasis. Given the indolent behavior associated with nE/WC FVPTC, a proposal for a new term without the use of the word “carcinoma” is currently deliberated and set for publication. The reclassification of nE/WC FVPTC into a “non-malignant” category will alter the malignancy risk for each cytopathology diagnostic category and may potentially affect the behavior of cytopathologists regarding the incidence and distribution of each cytopathologic diagnosis. The potential decrease in the positive predictive value for the malignant diagnosis to ~94% may become a concern for cytopathology practices. Furthermore, the reclassification of nE/WC FVPTC to a non-malignant category will likely decrease the positive predictive value of certain molecular tests associated with follicular-patterned neoplasms (e.g., RAS, PAX8-PPARγ, BRAF K601E, EIF1AX, GNAS, PTEN, TSHR). Nonetheless, the integration of ultrasound imaging, cytopathologic, and molecular testing results would most likely become valuable in predicting neoplasms such as encapsulated FVPTC (nE/WC FVPTC or iE/WC FVPTC). The main issue becomes determining whether these nodules should be resected or if they may be observed and followed over time.
No end to caring

In a recent issue of Politics and the Life Sciences Mark Walker presented a compelling proposition for reducing evil in the world via an interdisciplinary program he calls the “Genetic Virtue Project” (GVP). As Walker explains, the purpose of the GVP is “to discover and enhance human ethics using biotechnology genetic correlates of virtuous behavior.” PLS subsequently published several critiques of this proposal. While most of these critiques focused on conventional doubts about the technical feasibility or the ethics of such interventions, the more fundamental concern revealed by both Walker's proposal and its critiques is in the largely unquestioned assumption that more morality is necessarily better. Human history is marked by a gradual if uneven extension of moral concern to increasingly distant others, which many take as evidence of the rationality of morality. There is substantial evidence, though, that this expansion is fundamentally biological in origin and therefore not ultimately limited by rationality. Because these expanding moral feelings feel so good to us, we are incapable of perceiving the danger from their ever-expanding focus, in particular from the sincere but increasingly maladaptive collective policies they will engender. Utilizing the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche as a platform, the feasibility of different natural and cultural responses to this impending crisis of caring are examined, none of which are found capable of counteracting this expanding morality. Instead, the best hope for a successful response to this dangerous expansion of caring is actually a sort of reverse GVP, in which the biological mechanisms for this unchecked moral expansion are manipulated via genetic engineering to dial back this expansion. However, the likelihood of actually implementing such an admittedly counterintuitive and controversial program within an increasingly democratized world is doubtful. Ultimately, if we are unable to overcome this betrayal by our best intentions, where does that leave us as a species?
Internet-based medical education: use of an "expert-corner" for disseminating radiologic information and determining users' educational interests.

Rationale and Objectives A website dedicated to body computed tomography (CT) offers users the opportunity to submit any question to a national expert. The purpose of this study was to characterize inquiries submitted over a 1-year period. Materials and Methods A total of 408 questions posed by users between February 2003 and February 2004 were reviewed and categorized. Web tracking was conducted to evaluate the program utilization over a 3-year period. Results Of the questions submitted, those addressing data acquisition protocols and intravenous contrast administration comprised 55% (224/408). Web tracking demonstrated that the number of visits to this educational program has progressively increased since 2003. Conclusions Users requesting information were most interested in the proper performance of CT data acquisition. An Internet-based expert corner is a promising channel to deliver experience based radiologic information.
Short, efficient syntheses of the antibiotic eudistomins I and T

Abstract Simple, concise syntheses of eudistomins I and T, β-carboline antibiotics from the tunicate Eudistoma olivaceum , have been achieved. The route utilized is an attractive alternative to traditional β-carboline syntheses and is amenable to preparation of a wide range of analogs.
Minimal model for disorder-induced missing moment of inertia in solid H 4 e

The absence of a missing moment inertia in clean solid $^{4}\text{H}\text{e}$ suggests that the minimal experimentally relevant model is the one in which disorder induces superfluidity in a bosonic lattice. To this end, we explore the relevance of the disordered Bose-Hubbard model in this context. We posit that a clean array of $^{4}\text{H}\text{e}$ atoms is a self-generated Mott insulator; that is, the $^{4}\text{H}\text{e}$ atoms constitute the lattice as well as the ``charge carriers.'' With this assumption, we are able to interpret the textbook defect-driven supersolids as excitations of either the lower or the upper Hubbard bands. In the experiments at hand, disorder induces the closing of the Mott gap through the generation of midgap localized states at the chemical potential. Depending on the magnitude of the disorder, we find that the destruction of the Mott state takes place for $d+zg4$ either through a Bose-glass phase (strong disorder) or through a direct transition to a superfluid (weak disorder). For $d+zl4$, disorder is always relevant. The critical value of the disorder that separates these two regimes is shown to be a function of the boson filling, interaction, and the momentum cutoff. We apply our work to the experimentally observed enhancement $^{3}\text{H}\text{e}$ impurities have on the onset temperature for the missing moment of inertia. We find quantitative agreement with experimental trends.
Religion and coping with health-related stress

Abstract The empirical evidence concerning the association between various aspects of religion and adjustment to health-related stressors is reviewed, including examination of whether religion acts as a stress buffer or deterrent. Considerable literature suggests that some aspects of religion are consistently associated with adjustment to illness, and evidence for religion as a stress buffer and as a stress deterrent were found. Potential pathways by which religion may influence adjustment to illness were also delineated, including: (1) providing an interpretive framework or cognitive schema; (2) enhancing coping resources; and (3) facilitating access to social support and promoting social integration. Design, methodological and measurement limitations in the extant literature were noted. Further research is needed to elucidate how religion functions as a natural resource during health-related crises.
The kinetics of suppression of proliferation of oxidized murine lymphoid cells by sodium borohydride reduction.

Abstract Murine splenic lymphoid cells are stimulated to proliferate following mild oxidation with sodium periodate. To assess the class of cells responding, we used periodate treatment alone or in association with concanavalin A, a T-cell mitogen, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), primarily a B-cell mitogen. Brief periodate treatment followed by culturing with concanavalin A gave no additive proliferative response to that seen using concanavalin A alone, while culturing periodate-treated cells with LPS gave approximately an additive response. Furthermore, periodate failed to stimulate spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized mice while LPS produced significant stimulation of proliferation, suggesting that periodate is stimulating a class of T lymphoid cells or a subpopulation of T cells. Studies were performed to determine an optimal concentration of borohydride which would suppress proliferation in lymphoid cells initially oxidized with periodate. It was observed that 2 m M borohydride would suppress proliferation of oxidized cells yet permit a normal response of these cells to another T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A. Higher concentrations of borohydride, from 3 to 5 m M , would also suppress proliferation of oxidized cells but would interfere with the ability of these cells to respond to concanavalin A, perhaps due to cell damage. Studies were performed to determine when it was possible to suppress periodate-induced mitogenesis by reducing with borohydride at various times after the initial oxidation. It was observed that 2 m M borohydride treatment could suppress stimulation through 8 hr after the original periodate oxidation and that from 12 hr through 20 hr after the initial periodate oxidation, borohydride was incapable of inhibiting proliferation. Additional studies demonstrate that optimal mitogenesis induced by periodate or concanavalin A is contingent upon a serum factor.
Evidence that the kinesin light chain domain contains tetratricopeptide repeat units.

Abstract Homology models were built for various length sequences of the kinesin-1 light chain (KLC) domain of Drosophila melanogaster and subjected to 200 ns of all-atom molecular dynamics. We also cloned, expressed and characterized these regions spectroscopically. Results confirm that KLC contains tetratricopeptide repeat units; a regular array of repeating 34-residue helix–loop–helix monomers. Experimental and computational evidence is provided confirming the stability and overall helicity of individual TPR repeats as well as individual TPR units incorporated into a multi-TPR structure.
Developing Holocaust Curricula: The Content Decision-Making Process

The content decision-making process involved in developing Holocaust curricula is unusually complex and problematic. Educators must consider factors such as historical accuracy, selection of topics covered, potential teaching materials (such as textbooks and literary texts), and graphic materials (such as films and photographs) as they plan their Holocaust units. Judiciously considered decisions regarding these factors allow teachers to present accurate, appropriate, and meaningful units on the subject, thus conveying the story of the Holocaust in ways that are pedagogically sound and historically viable. Accordingly, the author does not focus on the content to be included in a Holocaust unit but rather considers several factors important to selecting that content.
Tunable energy transfer between [Au(CN)2-]n luminescent nanoclusters and rare earth ions in aqueous solution

Abstract Energy transfer has been studied between dicyanoaurate(I) luminescent nanocluster donor ions and Tb3+ and Eu3+ acceptor ions in aqueous solutions with steady-state luminescence at room temperature. The f–f transition emission intensities of Tb3+ ions can be sensitized and enhanced by varying the dicyanoaurate(I) donor ion’s concentration, due to the formation of different excimer and exciplex nanoclusters. However, the f–f transition emission intensities of Eu3+ ions are not enhanced but the donor’s emission is quenched thorough a non-radiative charge transfer pathway. The Stern–Volmer constants show different quenching efficiencies for different nanoclusters of the donor.
Static test of a large scale swivel nozzle thrust deflector

Experimental results from a swivel nozzle thrust deflector test program are presented. The deflector was installed behind a 36-inch fan with a tip turbine hot gas drive. The maximum nozzle pressure ratio was 1.2. Nozzle thrust and flow coefficients are presented for a range of vectoring angles. The results are also compared to small scale cold flow test results. The comparison suggests a need for accurate simulation of nozzle entry pressure and temperature profiles on model tests.
Failure of endurance training to alter the cardiovascular response to static contraction

The purpose of this study was to determine whether endurance training alters the cardiovascular response to static contractions of the trained, but not untrained, musculature. Six healthy, untrained males (aged 23-36 years) underwent 10-12 weeks of intensive training involving both cycling and running. Peak VO2 on the bicycle ergometer, VO2max during graded treadmill running and concentrations of citrate synthase (CS) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in the vastus lateralis muscle were measured before and after training. Subjects performed static leg extension and forearm extension at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction until exhaustion before and after training. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were measured at rest, and in addition to perceived exertion (PE), every 30 s during contraction. Endurance training elicited significant increases in peak VO2 (36%), VO2max (32%), CS (25%) and MDH (42%) (all P less than 0.05). HR at rest was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) after training, while SBP and DBP were unchanged. HR, SBP, DBP and PE increased throughout both types of static contractions. However, the magnitude of the increases were unaffected by training. In contrast to recent findings, these results suggest that the increases in heart rate and blood pressure in response to static contraction are not altered after endurance training in either the trained or the untrained muscle groups.
Protein structural effects in gas phase ion/molecule reactions with diethylamine.

The relationship between gas-phase protein structure and ion/molecule reactivity is explored in comparisons between native and disulfide-reduced aprotinin, lysozyme, and albumin. Reactions are performed in the reactions with equal concentrations of diethylamine, multiply protonated molecules generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) of ‘native’ proteins shifted to lower charge states than did multiply protonated molecules from ESI of the disulfide-reduced counterparts, suggesting that the disulfide-reduced protein ions are less reactive than native protein ions of the same charge state. Differences in reactivity may arise from protonation of different amino acid residues and/or differences in the proximites of charge sites in two molecules. These results suggest that the reactivity of multiply charged proteins can be significantly affected by their gas-phase structure.
A pivotal function approach to estimation and prediction for a model of software reliability

This paper establishes the utility of pivotal functions for assessing the reliability of software that has undergone a testing and development process. Confidence limits for reliability and prediction limits for the time to next failure are derived based on Moranda's geometric deutrophication model. The effect of departures from the assumed exponentially distributed interfailure times in this model is investigated by simulating Pareto, Weibull, and gamma distributed interfailure times. As a result of the simulation, the distributional form of the interfailure times is shown to significantly affect the confidence level of the prediction limits and suggests restricted use of the Moranda model.
What can be learned from single molecule spectroscopy? Applications to sol–gel-derived silica materials

Single molecule spectroscopic methods are now being widely employed to probe the nanometer scale properties of sol-gel-derived silica materials. This article reviews a subset of the recent literature in this area and provides salient examples of the new information that can be obtained. The materials covered include inorganic and organically-modified silica, along with surfactant-templated mesoporous materials. Studies of molecule-matrix interactions based on ionic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are reviewed, highlighting the impacts of these interactions on mass transport phenomena. Quantitative investigations of molecular diffusion by single molecule tracking and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy are also covered, focusing on the characterization of anisotropic and hindered diffusion in mesoporous systems. Single molecule polarity studies are described and the new information that can be obtained from the resulting inhomogeneous distributions is discussed. Likewise, single molecule studies of silica acidity properties are reviewed, including observation of nanoscale buffering phenomena due to the chemistry of surface silanols. Finally, related single nanoparticle studies of macroporous silicas are also discussed.
On two determinants with interesting factorizations

We show that two determinants arising in different mathematical contexts, both exhibiting striking factorization properties, are in fact related. These are the determinants of the matrix of chromatic joins and of the matrix associated with Lickorish's bilinear form in the study of invariants for 3-manifolds. We show that the two determinants are essentially equal up to a change of variable and that they are related to a determinant arising in the representation theory for type A Hecke algebras.
Identifying Leisure Interests

Helping adults learn to live with arthritis is a major responsibility for occupational therapists. There are a variety of instruments for therapists to use in evaluating the self-care and work components of occupational performance, however there are no instruments for assessing the leisure interests of persons with arthritis. The purpose of this investigation was to develop an instrument for assessing the leisure interests of adults with rheumatoid arthritis or degenerative joint disease. The instrument is patterned after Knowles self-diagnostic competency model. Following Knowles' procedure of developing such a model, a literature review and a panel of occupational therapists with expertise in the treatment of rheumatic disease were used to identify a list of leisure activities. The list was categorized and applied to Knowles' suggested format for a self-diagnostic competency model. Strategies for using the instrument with the targeted population are presented.
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire – By Gwyn Campbell

This is a much‐anticipated work. For the past two decades, this author has been a leading historian of Madagascar and of its place in the “southern complex” of the western Indian Ocean. Many will b...
USGS budget set

In fiscal 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is budgeted for a 2.3% increase in funding over fiscal 1983. Although the fiscal year began on October 1, the Department of Interior appropriations bill, which includes the USGS budget, was not signed into law until nearly a month later. Here is a summary of the program-level funding for the USGS. The program level represents the actual money—including money from the federal treasury, residual funds, transfers, etc.—available.
SIMPLIFYING CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF MULTIPLE‐RESPONSE/MULTIPLE‐SUBJECT CLASSROOM INTERACTIONS

In order to facilitate the field monitoring of three subjects interacting according to one or more of 18 response categories, a modified version of several available, but oftentimes mechanically incompatible, observational procedures was designed. Its continuous recording strategy, sectioned into one-minute observational units, enabled researchers to derive highly representative behavior samples, and when accompanied by the specially tailored coding form and recording apparatus, observers achieved over 90% agreement across all reliability sessions. This procedure provides applied researchers with a simple, highly reliable, and adaptable observation tool for continuously and simultaneously monitoring the behaviors of one or more subjects.
Isolation of glutamate-binding proteins from rat and bovine brain synaptic membranes and immunochemical and immunocytochemical characterization

We previously isolated two glutamate-binding proteins from rat brain synaptic membranes of 71,000 and 63,000 mol. wt [Chen et al. (1988) J. biol. Chem. 263, 417-426]. In the present study, the 71,000 and 63,000 mol. wt glutamate-binding proteins were purified from rat and bovine brain synaptic membranes by affinity chromatographic separation on an L-glutamate-derived Trisacryl matrix. The major protein component in the purified fractions was a 71,000 mol. wt protein as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. This fraction represented enrichment of bovine brain glutamate-binding proteins by a factor of 7000-8000 when compared with brain homogenates. The ligand binding characteristics of the proteins purified by this new procedure are very similar to those of the proteins purified by the procedures we described in previous studies. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in mice against the purified, native rat and bovine brain glutamate-binding proteins. These two sets of antibodies interacted specifically with the glutamate-binding proteins but not with any glutamate-metabolizing enzymes. Both sets of antibodies labeled a 71,000 mol. wt protein in Western blots of synaptic membranes obtained from either rat or bovine brain, an indication of homology between these proteins. Both sets of antibodies produced immunoprecipitation of approximately 70-75% of all glutamate-binding proteins from solubilized synaptic membrane proteins. These observations are an indication that the glutamate-binding proteins described above are the most common glutamate-binding entities in both bovine and rat brain synaptic membranes and that they can be easily purified in a one-step chromatographic procedure.
Sparrows and a brushpile: Foraging responses to different combinations of predation risk and energy cost

Abstract Our observations of wintering house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) feeding on cracked corn at feeders placed at different distances from a brushpile and in positions differentially exposed to the wind supported the hypothesis that where food patches are equal in net energy return, foragers use the one furnishing the most protection from predation. Results reinforced the hypothesis that when food sources furnish equal protection from predators, homeotherms below their lower critical temperature use the one providing the largest net energy return. When the sparrows had available both a colder, safer feeding site and a warmer, riskier one, they frequented both over the course of the winter and, as predicted, their use of the colder, safer site was negatively correlated with wind velocity and positively related to temperature and solar radiation. In this last case, it appeared the birds decided where to feed on the basis of some threshold difference between metabolic rates at the colder, safer site and the warmer, riskier location.
Characterization of the Soluble Allergenic Proteins of Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale L.)

The allergens associated with cashew food allergy have not been well-characterized. We sought to identify the major allergens in cashew nut by performing IgE immunoblots to dissociated and reduced or nonreduced cashew protein extracts, followed by sequencing of the peptides of interest. Sera from 15 subjects with life-threatening reactions to cashews and 8 subjects who tolerate cashews but have life-threatening reactions to other tree nuts were compared. An aqueous cashew protein extract containing albumin/globulin was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and subjected to IgE immunoblotting using patient sera. Selected IgE reactive bands were subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Each of the 15 sera from cashew-allergic subjects showed IgE binding to the cashew protein extract. The dominant IgE-binding antigens in the reduced preparations included peptides in the 31-35 kD range, consistent with the large subunits of the major storage 13S globulin (legumin-like protein). Low-molecular-weight polypeptides of the 2S albumin family, with similarity to the major walnut allergen Jug r 1, also bound IgE. The sera from eight patients who tolerate cashew but displayed allergies to other tree nuts showed only minimal or no IgE binding to cashew. Cashew food allergy is associated with the presence of IgE directed against the major seed storage proteins in cashew, including the 13S globulin (legumin group) and 2S albumins, both of which represent major allergen classes in several plant seeds. Thus, the legumin-group proteins and 2S albumins are again identified as major food allergens, which will help further research into seed protein allergenicity.
Robust Harvest Estimates from On-Site Roving–Access Creel Surveys

Abstract Roving–access creel surveys to estimate harvest of migratory or nonmigratory fish in recreational fisheries are described as two-stage statistical designs based on sampling with equal probability without replacement. Harvest is estimated for each first-stage unit (a sampling period) with information from roving counts of anglers and completed-trip interviews at access locations. Approximations are provided for sample variances when sampling periods or counts are systematically scheduled. Stratification and poststratification are discussed, and covariance equations are developed for summing poststratified estimates to avoid bias. We develop methods to correct failures to sample scheduled periods or failures to interview anglers during a period. Methods are demonstrated with examples drawn from past on-site creel surveys in Alaska and with simulations. Covariances from summing poststratified estimates proved negligible relative to overall variance, whereas corrections for missing data represented a...
Cancer-Related Fatigue

Up to 50% of Americans will develop cancer, and >90% of patients will experience cancer-related fatigue (CRF) at some point in their disease course. Patients describe CRF as devastating to many life domains, degrading their vocational, familial, and societal roles. This article describes current best efforts to define CRF and to characterize its epidemiology using these definitions. In addition, the article will outlines assessment tools, proposed mechanisms, associated symptoms, and treatment strategies. Readers are offered highly more comprehensive references relating to specific aspects of CRF throughout.
Feasibility of reversible pulmonary artery banding: Early results and intermediate-term follow-up

Abstract Development of a reversible pulmonary artery band might obviate the need for a second cardiac surgical procedure in children with some forms of congenital heart disease. We evaluated a segmented Silastic-coated Dacron mesh band 2 to 4 mm wide sewn together with absorbable 2−0 polydioxanone suture for use as a reversible pulmonary artery band. Nine puppies 6 to 8 weeks old (mean weight, 5.8 kg) underwent placement of this pulmonary artery band. All survived the operation with a mean initial systolic gradient of 6.5 ± 1.6 mm Hg and underwent cardiac catheterization at monthly intervals for 3 months. Two puppies died of right ventricular failure. The remaining puppies underwent balloon angioplasty with balloons 20 to 25 mm in diameter. No complications resulted from balloon angioplasty, but 1 puppy died 24 hours later of unidentified causes. Balloon angioplasty decreased the mean gradient from 46.7 ± 6.8 mm Hg to 6.7 ± 2.6 mm Hg. Angiography showed an increase in mean diameter of the site of the pulmonary artery band from 5.2 ± 1.0 to 10.8 ± 1.7 mm Hg. There was no evidence of vessel injury on angiograms. Fourteen months after balloon angioplasty, the mean gradient was 22.3 ± 17.0 mm Hg. Our data demonstrate that a functionally reversible pulmonary artery band constructed of segmented Silastic-coated Dacron mesh and 2−0 polydioxanone suture is feasible.