cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and experimental demonstration of a plug-and-play multiple RTU coordination control algorithm for small/medium commercial buildings

Abstract There have been very few advanced control algorithms developed and deployed for small/medium commercial buildings due to practical difficulties such as the lack of Building Management System (BMS), significant disturbances, high sensor costs and high cost of site-specific engineering solutions. These high implementation costs have been a major impediment to successful market penetration. The focus of this work is to develop and demonstrate a practical control algorithm for the coordination of multiple roof top units (RTUs). The goal is to minimize sensor and configuration requirements in order to enable a more cost effective control implementation for small/medium commercial building applications. The algorithm characterizes the responses of the thermostat sensors to RTU cycling and uses a model within an optimization algorithm to determine the best combination of RTUs to operate in order to minimize power and maintain comfort conditions over a short prediction horizon. The algorithm was first tested in simulation for an existing sit-down restaurant and then at a field site that is a gymnasium. The estimated energy savings were greater than 20% for the restaurant and about 8% for the gym. Peak demand savings of about 40% were demonstrated for the gym. The algorithm is termed “plug-and-play” because no additional sensors are needed for implementation and the thermostat response models and optimization require minimal configuration.
All Porn All the Time

This piece, an introduction to the "Symposium on Problems of Censorship in a New Technological Age", starts with a controversial assertion: In the escalating war against pornography, pornography has already won. I begin by exploring pornography's newfound cultural dominance. I then ask what this change in our cultural landscape means for legal regulation. The Symposium focuses on three significant fronts in the war on pornography: attempts to restrict the online environment in the name of protecting minors; the battle against child pornography; and the ongoing and indeed escalating prosecution of obscenity. This introduction argues that we should look at these three doctrinal areas against the larger backdrop I paint of pornography's new and central role in our culture. Rather than viewing each area in isolation, I suggest that we picture these three doctrines as alternate weapons in the government's arsenal as it fights a larger, losing war against pornography. This perspective reveals the porous nature of doctrinal boundaries in actual practice. In particular, this perspective illuminates otherwise puzzling developments in obscenity law. Ten years ago, obscenity law seemed to be in its death throes, a doctrine largely abandoned by prosecutors. Yet obscenity law has begun to stage a dramatic and surprising comeback. I submit that its resurgence can only be fully understood by viewing obscenity law as one front in a larger and more complicated war. Ultimately, this broader perspective not only sheds light on changes within obscenity law, but also suggests a more complex take on each battle line in the government's campaign against pornography: free speech victories in one area may lead to defeats in another.
Preliminary crystallographic data, primary sequence, and binding data for an anti-peptide Fab and its complex with a synthetic peptide from influenza virus hemagglutinin.

X-ray quality crystals which diffract to high resolution (less than or equal to 1.9-2.1 A) have been grown of an anti-peptide Fab and its complex with a 9-residue peptide antigen. Both crystals are monoclinic P2(1), with unit cell dimensions a = 90.3 A, b = 82.9 A, c = 73.4 A, beta = 122.5 degrees for the native Fab and a = 63.9 A, b = 73.0 A, c = 49.1 A, beta = 120.6 degrees for the complex. The peptide sequence corresponds to residues 100-108 of all influenza virus hemagglutinins (HA1) of the H3 subtype (1968-1987). The peptide antigen has been well characterized immunologically (Wilson, I.A., Niman, H.L., Houghton, R.A., Cherenson, A.R., Connolly, M.L., and Lerner, R.A. (1984) Cell 37, 767-778; Wilson, I.A., Bergmann, K.F., and Stura, E.A. (1986) in Vaccines '86 (Channock, R.M., Lerner, R.A., and Brown, F., eds) pp. 33-37, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY), structurally, as a free peptide by NMR (Dyson, J.H., Cross, K.J., Houghton, R.A., Wilson, I.A., Wright, P.E., and Lerner, R.A. (1985) Nature 318, 480-483; Dyson, J.H., Lerner, R.A., and Wright, P.E., (1988) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Chem. 17, 305-324), as part of the intact antigen by x-ray crystallography (Wilson, I.A., Skehel, J.J., and Wiley, D. C. (1981) Nature 289, 366-373) and by binding studies to the HA molecule (White, J.M., and Wilson, I.A. (1987) J. Cell Biol. 105, 2887-2896). Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the complex will elucidate the details of how anti-peptide antibodies recognize a small peptide antigen and provide insights into the recognition of the same sequence in the intact protein antigen. As both native Fab and the peptide-Fab complex have been crystallized, we can also determine in addition whether changes in the structure of the antibody accompany antigen binding. The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA coding region of the anti-peptide Fab has been determined to provide the amino acid sequence ultimately required for the high resolution three-dimensional structure determination.
Alertness Management in Flight Operations: Strategic Napping

Strategic napping in two different flight operation environments is considered to illustrate its application as a fatigue countermeasure. Data obtained from commercial short-haul and long-haul operations demonstrated the utility and current practices of strategic napping. A preplanned cockpit nap acted as an acute 'safety valve' for the sleep loss, circadian disruption, and fatigue that occurs in long-haul flying.
Elimination of metabolic pathways to all traditional fermentation products increases ethanol yields in Clostridium thermocellum

Clostridium thermocellum has the natural ability to convert cellulose to ethanol, making it a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of cellulosic biomass to biofuels. To further improve its CBP capabilities, a mutant strain of C. thermocellum was constructed (strain AG553; C. thermocellum Δhpt ΔhydG Δldh Δpfl Δpta-ack) to increase flux to ethanol by removing side product formation. Strain AG553 showed a two- to threefold increase in ethanol yield relative to the wild type on all substrates tested. On defined medium, strain AG553 exceeded 70% of theoretical ethanol yield on lower loadings of the model crystalline cellulose Avicel, effectively eliminating formate, acetate, and lactate production and reducing H2 production by fivefold. On 5 g/L Avicel, strain AG553 reached an ethanol yield of 63.5% of the theoretical maximum compared with 19.9% by the wild type, and it showed similar yields on pretreated switchgrass and poplar. The elimination of organic acid production suggested that the strain might be capable of growth under higher substrate loadings in the absence of pH control. Final ethanol titer peaked at 73.4mM in mutant AG553 on 20 g/L Avicel, at which point the pH decreased to a level that does not allow growth of C. thermocellum, likely due to CO2 accumulation. In comparison, the maximum titer of wild type C. thermocellum was 14.1mM ethanol on 10 g/L Avicel. With the elimination of the metabolic pathways to all traditional fermentation products other than ethanol, AG553 is the best ethanol-yielding CBP strain to date and will serve as a platform strain for further metabolic engineering for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass.
Narrative language competence in children and adolescents with Down syndrome

This study was designed to examine the narrative language abilities of children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) in comparison to same-age peers with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and younger typically developing (TD) children matched by nonverbal cognitive ability levels. Participants produced narrative retells from a wordless picture book. Narratives were analyzed at the macrostructural (i.e., their internal episodic structure) and the microstructural (i.e., rate of use of specific word categories) levels. Mean length of utterance (MLU), a microstructural metric of syntactic complexity, was used as a control variable. Participants with DS produced fewer episodic elements in their narratives (i.e., their narratives were less fully realized) than the TD participants, although MLU differences accounted for the macrostructural differences between participant groups. At the microstructural level, participants with DS displayed a lower rate of verb use than the groups with FXS and typical development, even after accounting for MLU. These findings reflect both similarities and differences between individuals with DS or FXS and contribute to our understanding of the language phenotype of DS. Implications for interventions to promote language development and academic achievement are discussed.
Retrospective and Prospective Analyses of the Treatment of Overanticoagulated Patients

Study Objective. To compare withholding warfarin therapy with low-dose (2.5 mg) oral vitamin K therapy in excessively anticoagulated patients without bleeding complications. Design. Prospective and retrospective studies. Setting. Anticoagulation clinic at a Veterans Affairs institution. Patients. Twenty-eight men were matched according to initial international normalized ratio (INR) and INR goal ranges. Interventions. The retrospective arm of the study consisted of chart reviews of overanticoagulated patients whose warfarin doses were held until therapeutic INR values were reached. The prospective arm included overanticoagulated patients who were administered a single 2.5-mg dose of oral vitamin K. Measurements and Main Results. Mean days to therapeutic INR values were 2.3 ± 0.6 and 1.4 ± 0.6 (p=0.001), and mean reduction in INR 1 day after treatment intervention was 1.32 ± 0.79 and 3.46 ± 1.31 (p<001) U for the withholding and vitamin K groups, respectively. Conclusion. Compared with withholding the warfarin dose, administration of 2.5 mg of oral vitamin K to excessively anticoagulated patients receiving warfarin significantly reduced the time required to reach a therapeutic INR as well as final INR.
The space of (generalized) Taub-Nut spacetimes

In this paper we show how to construct all analytic solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations having a compact Cauchy horizon diffeomorphic to S3 and ruled by closed null generators which fiber the horizon in the sense of Hopf. The set of (inequivalent) solutions is infinite dimensional, contains the two parameter Taub-NUT family as a special case, and may be uniquely parameterized by a pair of arbitrary, real analytic functions on S2 (modulo an action of the conformal group of S2). The horizon of each such solution is necessarily a Killing horizon (as proven recently by Isenberg and the author) and is shown here always to be a «crushinga horizon in the sense of Eardley and Smarr. Some recent results of Gerhardt are used to show that a neighborhood of the horizon (in the globally hyperbolic region) is always foliated by constant mean curvature hypersurfaces. The possible isometry groups of the solutions considered are characterized in terms of isometries of the determining «Cauchy dataa which is specified on the horizons themselves.
Coaching in Early Education Classrooms Serving Children with Autism: A Pilot Study.

Coaching is gaining attention as a promising professional development approach in early education. However, in practice, many adult educators continue to rely on methods with inconsistent effectiveness, such as one-time trainings and workshops. In addition, there is limited evidence supporting the use of specific coaching models in early education. This article describes the development and pilot study of a coaching model developed to support early education teams in implementation of the supplemental intervention for preschoolers with autism, Advancing Social-communication and Play (ASAP). Two early education teams were assigned to each of the following groups: those who received ASAP training, those who received ASAP training and coaching, and a control group that received no support related to the intervention. Through descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, preliminary results of this pilot study suggest the coaching model impacted teams’ collaborative practices and adherence to key elements of the intervention approach. Implications and practical applications are outlined for early education professionals and researchers who may implement coaching to support intervention efforts for students with autism.
Electrophoretic migration and redox behavior of malate dehydrogenases from cell suspension cultures of tobacco.

1. 1. The presence of one distinct mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (l-malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37), at least three cytosol malate (NAD+) dehydrogenase isoenzymes and only one cytosol malic enzyme component (l-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40) were demonstrated in preparations from plant suspension cells cultivated at 25 °C. 2. 2. Bulk separation of the cytosol malate (NAD+) dehydrogenase isoenzymes was achieved by serial fractionation with (NH4)2SO4. Each of the three enzyme forms possessed different kinetic properties and one of the isoenzymes did not require phenazine methosulfate to reduce tetrazolium after gel electrophoresis. 3. 3. Cultivating the plant suspension cells at temperatures at least 10 °C above or below 25 °C prevented expression of one or the other of three cytosol malate (NAD+) dehydrogenase isoenzymes. 4. 4. Treatment of the particulate preparation with deoxycholate increased the electrophoretic mobility of mitochondrial malate (NAD+) dehydrogenase. Depending on the concentration or assay method used, deoxycholate either inhibited or reversed the reaction catalyzed by soluble as well as particulate forms of malate (NAD+) dehydrogenase.
Guiding motif discovery by iterative pattern refinement

In this paper, we demonstrate that the performance of a motif discovery algorithm can be significantly improved by embedding it into a novel framework that effectively guides the motif discovery process. The framework is also general enough to allow any statistical motif discovery algorithm to be used. Motivation for this research comes from the fact that the statistical significance of patterns depends on the background probability which is largely determined by input sequences. Our framework guides motif discovery by inputting subsequences to an existing motif discovery algorithm, rather than using entire sequences. Subsequences are determined by motifs discovered using existing motif discovery and search algorithms. Then this technique is iteratively applied until convergence. A starting set of patterns is discovered by a simple, but effective pattern set generation algorithm. Our framework was implemented using MEME and MAST and tested with 108 PROSITE patterns. The result demonstrates that our framework significantly improves the performance of MEME.
Response of sponges with autotrophic endosymbionts during the coral-bleaching episode in Puerto Rico

An updated list of sponges with algal endosymbionts including new records for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean, indicates that thirty-five species of common Caribbean sponges possess photosynthetic endosymbionts. Of these, 23 (67.6%) species in seven orders, were found with unicellular chroococcoid cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa-like) and 5 (14.7%) hadromerid species were found with zooxanthellae. Sponges with other algae as symbionts occur less frequently (≦6%). Thirty-one common sponge species were inspected for bleaching during coral-bleaching months (July-September 1987; January 1988) in Puerto Rico. Anthosigmella varians, Xestospongia muta and Petrosia pellasarca bleached partially, but only few individuals within any given population became bleached and the bleaching of sponges was very localized. Adaptations between cyanobacterial symbionts and sponges, acquired during the long evolutionary history of these two taxa may explain the paucity of bleached sponges when compared to the high incidence of bleached corals reported.
Determination of murine fetal Cyp1a1 and 1b1 expression by real-time fluorescence reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

We describe the application of quantitative RT-PCR methodology to study expression of Cyp1a1 and 1b1 in murine fetal tissue. We applied real-time PCR using the fluorescent dye, SYBR Green, to establish a very reliable, sensitive, specific, inexpensive, and rapid assay that was linear over a wide dynamic range of starting target gene copy number. The main point of this paper is to provide a detailed description of how to optimize real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and, most importantly, to provide solutions for some of the commonly observed problems encountered when employing quantitative RT-PCR methods. We establish that use of SYBR Green for detection of PCR products was a powerful and reliable tool in our investigation of Cyp gene expression in murine fetal tissues, and demonstrate the kinetics of induction of Cyp1a1 and 1b1 in crosses between C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time the induction of Cyp1b1 RNA expression in fetal lung and liver tissues following in utero exposure to 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. This assay for Cyp1a1 and 1b1 expression could be utilized equally well to detect other genes of interest in a variety of toxicological investigations.
Matlab exercises in support of teaching digital speech processing

This paper describes a set of 58 Matlab ® -based speech processing exercises designed to give students and instructors hands-on experience with digital speech processing basics, fundamentals, representations, algorithms and applications. This result is achieved by providing working Matlab code using a LITE graphical user interface (GUI) for ease of use and understanding of the code. For each Matlab exercise we provide a brief description of the code and GUI structure, an explanation of key technical aspects of the solution, a description of the organization of the Lite Graphical User Interface, a scripted run of the software with an extensive set of speech files for processing, some results figures generated by the provided code, and a set of technical issues for further experimentation with the code. Our goal with these exercises is to provide a set of speech processing tools for the instructor and an extended set of speech processing exercises (denoted as “Issues for Further Experimentation”) that students can use to develop their understanding of the technical content of each speech processing exercise. This paper describes the resulting set of exercises and shows how they can be used to enhance the teaching and learning of digital speech processing.
Isodicentric Y chromosome : cytogenetic, molecular and clinical studies and review of the literature

Dicentrics are among the most common structural abnormalities of the human Y chromosome. Predicting the phenotypic consequences of different duplications and deletions of dicentric Y chromosomes is usually complicated by varying degrees of mosaicism (45,X cell lines), which may, in some cases, remain undetected. Molecular studies in patients with dicentric Y chromosomes have been few, and only two studies have attempted to determine the presence of SRY (the putative testis-determining factor gene). We report an 18-year-old female with short stature, amenorrhea, hirsutism, hypoplastic labia minora, and clitoromegaly who has a 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(p11.32)/47,X,idic(Y)(p11.32),idic(Y) (p11.32) karyotype. Southern analysis using Y-specific probes (Y97, 2D6, 1F5, pY3.4) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using primers for ZFY and SRY were positive for all loci tested, indicating that almost all of the Y chromosome was present. Our findings and an extensive review of the literature emphasize the importance of molecular analyses of abnormal Y chromosomes before any general conclusions can be reached concerning the relative effects of the Y-chromosome abnormality and mosaicism on sexual differentiation.
Cyanide insensitive palmitate oxidation in skeletal muscle.

Abstract Cyanide insensitive palmitate oxidation is demonstrated in rat gastroc and human biceps using radioisotope labeled palmitate. Similar activity is confirmed in rat liver. The implication for studies of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle as well as for human muscle illnesses is discussed.
Magnetic Field Distribution in Solid Metallic Structures in the Vicinity of Current Carrying Conductors, and Associated Eddy-Current Losses

The analysis of the magnetic field distribution in conducting slabs in the presence of current carrying conductors and the calculation of eddy-current losses is presented. Integral expressions of field quantities have been developed for filamentary current sources and loss formulae established. A new approach to minimization and division of losses between composite shields is described. The equations are solved on a digital computer for different cases. Curves are plotted for several applications for practical use. An optimum thickness of shield for minimum power loss is also established.
TSUNAMICITY OF SANRIKU DEPENDS ON SUBDUCTION TECTONICS

The tsunamicity of the Sanriku Coast has been shown to have an anomalous gap in energy, or tsunami magnitude. Furthermore, this gap in magnitude correlates directly with epicentral distance from shore-there also is a gap in the epicenter distribution versus offshore distance. The large tsunamis are generated on the east side of the trench. The gap is for intermediate tsunamis, of which there are none. These observed features can be explained by considering the spatial distribution of shear stress about a subduction zone. The stress attains maxima at two locations: one is on the upper interface between the mantle and the downgoing slab; the other is within the oceanic lithosphere, at the flexure. The observation rationalizes the observed anomalies of tsunamicity.
An object-based 3D walk-through model for interior construction progress monitoring

The complicated nature of interior construction works makes the detailed progress monitoring challenging. Current interior construction progress monitoring methods involve submission of periodic reports and are constrained by their reliance on manually intensive processes and limited support for recording visual information. Recent advances in image-based visualization techniques enable reporting construction progress using interactive and visual approaches. However, analyzing significant amounts of as-built construction photographs requires sophisticated techniques. To overcome limitations of existing approaches, this research focuses on visualization and computer vision techniques to monitor detailed interior construction progress using an object-based approach. As-planned 3D models from Building Information Modeling (BIM) and as-built photographs are visualized and compared in a walk-through model. Within such an environment, the as-built interior construction objects are decomposed to automatically generate the status of construction progress. This object-based approach introduces an advanced model that enables the user to have a realistic understanding of the interior construction progress.
Clay Mineralogy of Mississippian Strata of Southeast Iowa

Clay mineral suites were extracted from 125 biocalcarenites, dolomites, mudstones and arenaceous rocks from the marine Keokuk, Warsaw and Salem formations of Mississip-pian age from southeast Iowa and nearby portions of Illinois and Missouri. Well crystallized illite, 2M1 polytype, randomly interstratified illite—montmorillonite, and quartz are in all clay suites. In the south part of the area, trioctahedral chlorite is absent or rare in Keokuk rocks, but is increasingly abundant upward in the section. Kaolinite is confined to the upper part of the section. In the north part of the area, the same upward order of appearance prevails, but the first appearances of chlorite and kaolinite are shifted downward in the stratigraphic section. This distribution of clay minerals is similar to that found by investigators in other areas: kaolinite confined near shore, chlorite in an intermediate position and illite concentrated farther from shore. Clay mineral evidence, combined with petrographic and stratigraphie data, strongly indicates that the type Mississippian strata of southeast Iowa were deposited in a southward regressing epicontinental sea.
Edmund Husserl's Impact on Max Weber*

In correcting Rickert, Weber was influenced by Dilthey when he accepted the central place of interpretive understanding in the Geisteswissenschaften. But it was partly the influence of Husserl that led Weber to correct Dilthey's psychological reductionism in two respects, both of which are important in Weber's concept of ideal types: (1) categorial understanding, such as we have not only in mathematical analysis but also in the analysis of rational action, does not depend on psychological peculiarities, and (2) perceptual understanding, such as the investigator may have of irrational and nonrational action, is not given by immediate intuition alone but is partly constructed, and the validity of the construction must be tested by causal analysis. The author argues, further, that there is a phenomenological aspect to Weber's well-known types of authority, for example.
Localization of the binding site for protein S4 on 16 S ribosomal RNA by chemical and enzymatic probing and primer extension.

Abstract We have examined the effect of binding ribosomal protein S4 to 16 S rRNA on the susceptibility of the RNA to a variety of chemical and enzymatic probes. We have used dimethyl sulfate to probe unpaired adenines (at N-1) and cytosines (at N-3), kethoxal to probe unpaired guanines (at N-1 and N-2) and cobra venom (V1) ribonuclease as a probe of base-paired regions of 16 S rRNA. Sites of attack by the probes were identified by primer extension using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides. Comparison of probing results for naked and S4-bound rRNA shows: 1. (1) Protein S4 protects a relatively compact region of the 5′ domain of 16 S rRNA from chemical and enzymatic attack. This region is bounded by nucleotides 27 to 47 and 394 to 556, and has a secondary structure characterized by the junction of five helical elements. Phylogenetically conserved irregular features (bulged nucleotides, internal loops and flanking unpaired nucleotides) and helical phosphodiester bonds of four of the helices are specifically protected in the S4-RNA complex. We conclude that this is the major, and possibly sole region of contact between 16 S rRNA and S4. Many of the S4-dependent changes mimic those observed on assembly of 16 S rRNA into 30 S ribosomal subunits. 2. (2) Binding of S4 causes enhanced chemical reactivity coupled with protection from V1 nuclease outside the S4 junction region in the 530, 720 and 1140 loops. We interpret these results as indicative of loss of structure, and suggest that S4 binding causes disruption of adventitious pairing in these regions, possibly by stabilizing the geometry of the RNA such that these interactions are prevented from forming.
Ethnicity and Mental Health: Research and Policy Issues

The relationship between social science research and public policy/program advocacy has been controversial. One position is that policy advocacy should be preceded and guided by research findings that clearly provide a rationale for the advocacy. Another position is that promotion of policies may be wise even in the absence of a strong research justification, because research findings are often inconclusive and the urgency of many social issues demands immediate action. Citing ethnic mental health research, I argue that the critical issue is the intertwining of research with policy recommendations, not whether one precedes or follows the other.
Pedogenic replacement of aluminosilicate grains by CaCO3 in Ustollic Haplargids, south-central Montana, U.S.A.

Abstract A chronosequence of calcic soils formed on granitic glaciofluvial terrace deposits of Rock Creek and the Clarks Fork in south-central Montana shows progressive replacement of aluminosilicate parent-material grains by calcium-magnesium carbonate. The terraces range from late Pliocene to Holocene in age as dated by tephrochronology, correlation, and stream incision rates. Replacement is first seen in soils that are as old as 120,000 yr; the amount and degree of replacement increase in soils older than 120,000 yr along with the development of calcic horizons. Under the petrographic microscope, carbonate replacement of quartz, feldspars, and the groundmass of andesite grains in Rock Creek soils is shown by embayed grains, networks of carbonate along cracks and between parts of polycrystalline grains and optically aligned grain fragments within carbonate masses. Microprobe data suggest that silica is released by replacement because it is absent from carbonate-filled spaces and is depleted in corrosion pits. Little microscopic evidence exists to support displacement of framework grains by carbonate because fragments of a single grain are rarely rotated out of optical alignment. In the calcic soils of Rock Creek, K-fabric (grains floating in a carbonate matrix) may form by both replacement and displacement.
Text-Oriented Database Management

The management of large amounts of data is an important part of many research efforts. Quantitative data are inputted, stored, manipulated, and analyzed using such familiar tools as spreadsheets, database management programs like dBASE or Paradox, and statistics packages. However, some text based data such as bibliographies, text for content analysis, committee hearing transcripts, and historical information are not easily processed using such software. Statistics packages can handle only single words as string variables, and spreadsheets can usefully manage only short segments of text. Traditional database management programs can store and manipulate longer text segments, but many are limited to roughly three lines of text per entry or field unless they have a feature called a memo field to be discussed below. When we covered this topic for PS three years ago, we concluded that high end word processing packages should be considered first by most scholars who work with text data.1 We noted that advanced word processors contain search and sort capabilities that may be sufficient for many needs. Users are likely to be more familiar with their word processor than any other single category of software, making the learning curve for search and sort tasks very short. Also, the text remains in the word processing package's native format, a major convenience. Since our first article on text based database management, many new text oriented programs have appeared, and word processing capabilities in this area have improved as well.
Interaction model for the critical pressures of aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures

An interaction model is proposed for the prediction of the critical pressures of multicomponent aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures which may include methane. This model utilizeg a series consisting of terms of increasing order which has been truncated beyond the fifth interaction term. After a number of algebraic manipulations, the excess critical pressure for these multicomponent mixtures has been represented as follows The nonmethane interaction coefficients Aij, Bij, Cij and βijk and the methane interaction coefficients A1j, B1j, C1j, D1jand β1jk have been expressed as functions of the critical pressure parameter, πij. The resulting relationships permit the evaluation of these interaction coefficients for a multicomponent system and from its composition, the critical pressure of the mixture is calculated. The critical pressures of several binary and multicomponent aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures have been calculated and have been compared with experimental values. For 99 binary methane-free mixtures representing 11 systems, the average deviation is 3.23%. For 46 binary mixtures representing six methane systems, the average deviation becomes 4.41 %. For 36 multicomponent aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures containing from three to six components, the average deviation is found to be 3.18%.
The effects of the classroom environment on the social and mastery behavior of preschool children with disabilities

One hundred fifty-three children with disabilities (49 with Down syndrome, 57 with motor impairment, and 47 with developmental delays) were observed in a total of 148 preschool classrooms. Social interaction with peers and teachers, strategies employed in attempts to master tasks, and use of time in the classroom were recorded by trained blind observers using a modified time sampling procedure. Analyses indicated significant relations between children's classroom behavior and three selected classroom characteristics—degree of integration, teacher-child ratio, and the extent to which children could choose activities. The findings have programmatic and policy implications for the education of young children with disabilities.
The Interaction of Ethanol and Vitamin A as a Potential Mechanism for the Pathogenesis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

The mechanism of the fetal embryopathology resulting from ethanol ingestion during pregnancy is not established. This review summarizes recent research on the interaction of ethanol and vitamin A in models that explore if an interaction between these two compounds might potentially be the mechanism for fetal alcohol syndrome. The rationale for this hypothesis includes the known facts that: (1) in adults, ethanol ingestion alters vitamin A metabolism and tissue distribution; (2) there are many phenotypic similarities between fetal alcohol syndrome and malformations of both vitamin A toxicity and deficiency; and (3) the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), is a potent mediator in embryogenesis and differentiation. One interaction that could possibly alter fetal development is that the synthesis of RA from retinol, catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase, might be competitively inhibited by ethanol leading to RA deficiency. Controversy over this hypothesis continues. Another model demonstrates in vivo effects of pregnant rat mother's ethanol consumption on retinol, retinyl ester, RA content, RA receptor (RAR) binding, and the levels of RAR expression in developing fetal organs. The variable responses in this model still need clarification, and specific defects resulting from specific RAR changes have not yet been identified. In a quail embryo model, ethanol treatment mimics vitamin A deficiency, and RA appears to prevent the adverse effects of ethanol. Finally, RA and ethanol reverse or block each other's effects in studies on isolated neuroblastoma cells. Taken together, these experiments show definite interactions between ethanol and vitamin A. Further studies are needed to determine if any of these mechanisms significantly contribute to prenatal ethanol consumption embryopathy; but, clearly this hypothesis is gaining experimental support.
Identification of Gifted Students with Learning Disabilities in a Response-to-Intervention Era.

The identification of children who are twice-exceptional—those who are gifted and have concomitant learning disabilities (LDs)—has historically posed a number of challenges for school psychologists and other school personnel. With the reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act and the shift to the use of a Response-to-Intervention (RtI) model to identify students with LDs, the task of identifying those who are twice exceptional is even more daunting. This article proposes an integrated model for the identification of gifted children with LDs that blends standardized assessment methods with practices consistent with RtI. This balanced approach brings together the best of both worlds to more accurately identify twice-exceptional students and better meet their educational needs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of smoking intentions and smoking status among nonsmoking and smoking adolescents.

Abstract Purpose : To examine predictors of smoking intentions among current adolescent nonsmokers and smokers as well as risk factors associated with smoking status. Methods : Adolescents ( N =237), ages 12 through 18 years, were asked to complete a questionnaire that assessed smoking behavior and variables thought to be related to smoking. Cognitive-motivational variables including perceived vulnerability and optimism, not previously examined in adolescent smoking studies, were also included. Results : Parental smoking, higher perceived instrumental value, higher risk taking/rebelliousness, higher perceived vulnerability, and older age increased the odds of an adolescent being a smoker. Greater intentions to smoke among nonsmokers was best predicted by peer influences, less knowledge, and higher perceived instrumental value. Smokers with lower intentions to quit perceived greater instrumental value of smoking. Conclusions : There are important distinctions between the factors that prompt intentions to smoke and to quit smoking. Smoking prevention/cessation programs will need to address specific factors that distinguish adolescents at varying stages of risk.
Can midurethral slings for stress urinary incontinence treat concomitant detrusor overactivity and urge incontinence

Can midurethral slings for stress urinary incontinence treat concomitant detrusor overactivity and urge incontinence?
The meteoric head echo

Abstract It has recently been suggested that many of the “head” echoes from meteor trails can be explained on the basis that the ionized columns behave as rough reflectors. This explanation is a result of confusion in terminology as to what constitutes a “head” echo. The characteristics of the echo type which is called a head echo by research workers at Ottawa are clarified and examples are given to distinguish this type of echo from others which resemble it.
The Influence of Demand Resource Response Time in Balancing Wind and Load

The integration of demand response resources into wholesale electricity markets facilitates the growth in wind power integration. Available demand resources have different capabilities in terms of response time, as demonstrated by the variety of programs ranging from day-ahead markets to dynamic pricing. This paper analyzes the importance of selecting the most appropriate demand response resources, DRR, for balancing wind variability at different time scales. The paper first considers the power spectral density of wind power and electric load for ISOne region, and identifies benefits in using demand response programs to mitigate wind variability. This comparison provides insight into the time scales most valuable for balancing wind variability. Next, the paper presents empirical tests using OPF and Monte Carlo simulations to analyze the use of DRR for mitigating wind uncertainty. Results show that an optimal combination of hour ahead and 10-minute DRR eliminates price spikes at low and moderate wind penetrations while significantly reducing price spike events at 30% wind penetration.
Defining resilience within a risk-informed assessment framework

The concept of resilience is the subject of considerable discussion in academic, business, and governmental circles. It is complex, multidimensional, and defined differently by different stakeholders. The authors contend that there is a benefit in moving from discussing resilience as an abstraction to defining resilience as a measurable characteristic of a system. This paper proposes defining resilience measures using elements of a traditional risk assessment framework to help clarify the concept of resilience and as a way to provide non-traditional risk information. The authors show various, diverse dimensions of resilience can be quantitatively defined in a common risk assessment framework based on the concept of loss of service. This allows the comparison of options for improving the resilience of infrastructure and presents a means to perform cost-benefit analysis.
Effect of oil on salt marsh biota: Methods for restoration

Abstract South Louisiana crude was applied to replicated plots in a Louisiana Spartina alterniflora salt marsh. Various marsh restoration methods were evaluated for mitigating the impact of crude oil on the marsh biota. Oiling the marsh caused no reduction in macrophyte production as compared with the non-oiled plots. Thus the cleanup treatment showed no beneficial effects to S. alterniflora. Likewisw, there was no oil-induced mortality for the marsh macrofauna or meiofauna. In Louisiana Gulf Coast salt marshes, which have a low sensitivity to oil as shown in this study, the best response is no cleanup action at all.
An improved synthesis of a novel α1A partial agonist including a new two-step synthesis of 4-fluoropyrazole

Abstract This Letter outlines a new two-step process for the synthesis of 4-fluoropyrazole and its application in an improved synthesis of 4-fluoro-1-[5-fluoro-1-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-indan-4-ylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole. The original synthesis of 4-fluoro-1-[5-fluoro-1-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-indan-4-ylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole is also described.
How International Are Criminal Justice Journals? A Content Analysis of the International Functional Agenda of Two American Journals

A content analysis of the published materials in the Journal of Criminal Justice: An International Journal (JCJ), and the International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice (IJCACJ) was undertaken to evaluate if the international functional agenda of the journals to fill the present need for dissemination of new information, ideas and methods (to both practitioners and academicians in the criminal justice area) has been achieved. It was found that there is very limited international discourse currently going on in the Journal of Criminal Justice and that the bulk of the discussion in print in the journal is virtually inter- and intra-American. On the other hand, it was found that a substantial number of materials published in the International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice emanated from outside the United States, were written by non-U.S. practitioners and academicians, and focused on non-American criminal justice systems. It was concluded that in terms of regional comp...
Role of oxygen in ferredoxin-catalyzed cyclic photophosphorylations.

The enzymatic reactions responsible for the photosynthetic conversion of COZ to glucose or its equivalent require an excess of ATP over NADPH. Specifically, for one mole of CO* the required molar ratio of ATP to NADPH is 1.5 for C3 plants [l] and 2.5 for C4 plants [2,3] . From early studies of the light reactions of chloroplasts it appeared that these two components of assimilatory power might be generated by two distincts and competitive reactions: ATP by cyclic photophosphorylation [4,5] and NADPH by photolysis of water [6] . This concept [7] was abandoned with the finding of noncyclic photophosphorylation, in which ATP and NADPH are formed in an equimolar ratio (P/e* l), not competitively but concomitantly and in a mutually enhancing manner [8] . Cyclic photophosphorylation now came to be regarded as a second source of ATP in chloroplasts, one that supplements the insufficient ATP generated for CO2 assimilation by noncyclic photophosphorylation and also serves as a source of ATP for processes other than COZ assimilation, for example, protein synthesis [8,9]. The assignment of this physiological role to cyclic photophosphorylation was strengthened by evidence that this process was catalyzed by ferredoxin, a native protein component of chloroplasts [lo131 . Some investigators sought to account for the extra ATP needed for CO2 assimilation by contending that the P/e, ratio of noncyclic photophosphorylation may equal 2 and that, therefore, no additional source of
Techniques to Maximize Mammary Artery Length

The available length of the internal mammary artery has limited its versatility as a bypass conduit. Several techniques for increasing usable internal mammary artery length are described.
Effects of Nucleoside Analogs on Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Transformation of Human Umbilical Cord Leukocytes and Epstein-Barr Virus Expression in Transformed Cells

Two methods of assay, measuring (i) stimulation of host cell DNA synthesis by [3H]thymidine incorporation and (ii) morphological transformation in microtiter plates, were employed to determine what effect treatment during infection with adenine arabinoside or 5-iodo-5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine has on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (B95-8)-induced transformation of human umbilical cord leukocytes. It was found that adenine arabinoside inhibited EBV-induced transformation in a dose-dependent manner in both assays, beginning at drug concentrations (<2 μg/ml) which had little effect on either spontaneous or phytohemagglutinin-induced host cell DNA synthesis. Adenine arabinoside was more effective in inhibiting morphological transformation than EBV-induced host DNA synthesis. Adenine arabinoside treatment was also effective in reducing both EB viral capsid antigen expression and production of biologically active extracellular transforming virus in EBV-transformed cells. In contrast, 5-iodo-5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine, which inhibited herpes simplex virus replication, had little effect on EBV-induced transformation as measured by either method of assay. However, 5-iodo-5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine was found to be effective in inhibiting viral capsid antigen expression and production of extracellular transforming virus in EBV-transformed cells.
Septal rage: Mitigation by pre-surgical treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine

Destruction of the septum leads to a well known hyperirritability syndrome. However, the intensity of this syndrome is modifiable by certain presurgical treatments. Injections, prior to surgery of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for two days or insulin for five days has no effect on septal rage. However, injections of PCPA five days prior to surgery leads to a marked reduction in septal hyperirritability.
Evaluation of the calcium problem in the South Pacific.

Previous estimates of the decomposition of calcium carbonate and organic carbon in deep ocean water are subject to inaccuracies due to (1) the effect of phosphate released from the decomposition of organic matter on titration alkalinity not being properly evaluated, (2) the variation of the preformed properties not being considered, and (3) the input of anthropogenic CO2 not being corrected for. More accurate results are presented here for selected stations in the South Pacific.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOUSING: HOUSING OVER THE LIFE COURSE

(1989). THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOUSING: HOUSING OVER THE LIFE COURSE. Urban Geography: Vol. 10, Comparative Urban Ethnicity I, pp. 487-494.
Reactions of Organosulfur Compounds with Si(100)

Room-temperature adsorption of three model organosulfur compounds, dimethyl disulfide (CH3SSCH3), methanethiol (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3), on Si(100) has been investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. AES measurements show that each of these organosulfur compounds has a characteristic surface saturation coverage and reaction probability with Si(100). TPD studies indicate that methyl groups of these organosulfur compounds remain intact upon adsorption on Si(100). DFT calculations, in conjunction with our experimental results, provide insight into the most likely chemisorption channel for each organosulfur compound.