cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of perfluorochemical evaporative properties on oxygenation during partial liquid ventilation.

BACKGROUND The physical-chemical properties of perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids have been shown to influence physiological and cellular responses during partial liquid ventilation (PLV). The aim of this study is to compare the relationship between patho-physiological endpoints and the physical properties of three PFC liquids used in treating acute lung injury. METHODS A total of 18 juvenile rabbits were randomized into conventional mechanical ventilation or PLV groups after lung saline lavages. Three PFC liquids, including Flutec perfluoro-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (PP4; vapor pressure, 28.8 mmHg at 37 degrees C), Perfluorodecalin (PFD; vapor pressure, 13.6 mmHg at 37 degrees C), and Perflubron (PFB; vapor pressure, 10.4 mmHg at 37 degrees C) were used for PLV with no replacement for 4 h. A thermal detector was used to measure PFC loss rate. Physiological measurements and evaporative loss rate of PFC were done every 30 min, and lung histology was examined. RESULTS The mean evaporative loss rate was significantly higher in the PP4 group (4.75 +/- 0.24 mL/kg per h) than in either the PFD (1.43 +/- 0.11 mL/kg per h) or the PFB (1.18 +/- 0.05 mL/kg per h) group (P < 0.05). The oxygenation of PFD and PFB was maintained good for 4 h, however, the PP4 group showed a fast deterioration since 2 h post-treatment due to fast dropping of the residual PP4 amount in lungs. Histology showed good alveolar integrity in the PFD and PFB groups. CONCLUSIONS The effects of PLV are directly influenced by the evaporative property of the PFC liquid. With no replacement over 4 h, PLV effects could be maintained with utilizing a PFC liquid with low, rather than high, vapor pressure. PFC with high vapor pressure has a high loss rate and low residual volume that causes poor maintenance on oxygenation during PLV. Therefore, measuring PFC loss rate is important in future studies and clinical application of PLV.
Sensitivity Analysis Using an Adjoint of the PSU-NCAR Mesoseale Model

Abstract An adjoint of the Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model has been developed for use in sensitivity analysis following Cacuci. Sensitivity analysis is defined as the determination of the potential impact on some quantitative measure of a forecast aspect due to arbitrary perturbations of the model dynamic fields at earlier times. Input to the adjoint operator is the gradient of the forecast-aspect measure with respect to the model fields at the verification time, and output is the corresponding gradients defined at earlier times. The adjoint is exactly determined from a tangent linear model, which is itself an approximation to the dry nonlinear model. This approximation is shown to be accurate even when evaluated with regard to the moist nonlinear model for periods up to 36 h, although this accuracy is necessarily case and perturbation dependent. The mathematics describing the scheme are applied to the model in its spatially and temporally ...
Are more complex physiological models of forest ecosystems better choices for plot and regional predictions

Process-based forest ecosystem models vary from simple physiological, complex physiological, to hybrid empirical-physiological models. Previous studies indicate that complex models provide the best prediction at plot scale with a temporal extent of less than 10 years, however, it is largely untested as to whether complex models outperform the other two types of models at plot and regional scale in longer timeframe (i.e. decades). We compared model predictions of aboveground carbon by one representative model of each model type (PnET-II, ED2 and LINKAGES v2.2, respectively) with field data (19-77 years) at both scales in the Central Hardwood Forests of the United States. At plot scale, predictions by complex physiological model were the most concordant with field data, suggesting that physiological processes are more influential than forest composition and structure. Hybrid model provided the best predictions at regional scale, suggesting that forest composition and structure may be more influential than physiological processes. We evaluated performance of process-based forest ecosystem models.A complex physiological model performed best at the plot scale.A hybrid empirical-physiological model performed best at the regional scale.
Evaluation of the New York City Green Carts program

Access to fresh fruits and vegetables is a concern, particularly among low-income populations. Mobile vending is one strategy to expand produce availability and access to increase consumption. In 2008, New York City launched a mobile vending initiative, Green Carts. We report on the evaluation. Three waves of cross-sectional observational surveys of produce availability, variety, and quality were conducted during the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2011 in a stratified random sample of stores and carts comparing establishments in Green Cart neighborhoods (n = 13) with comparison neighborhoods (n = 3). Bivariate analyses for availability, variety, and quality comparing Green Cart and comparison neighborhoods were presented across years, and logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to test whether fruit and vegetable availability, variety, and quality increased in Green Cart compared with comparison neighborhoods, adjusting for clustering and neighborhood demographics. Establishments selling fruits and vegetables in Green Cart neighborhoods increased between 2008 and 2011 (50% to 69%, p <0.0001); there was no comparable increase in comparison neighborhoods. Establishments selling more than 10 fruits and vegetables types increased from 31% to 38% (p = 0.0414) in Green Cart neighborhoods; there was no change in comparison neighborhoods. Produce quality was high among comparison establishments, with 95% and 94% meeting the quality threshold in 2008 and 2011, while declining in Green Cart neighborhood establishments from 96% to 88% (p < 0.0001). Sustained produce availability was found in Green Cart neighborhoods between 2008–2011. Green Carts are one strategy contributing to improving produce access among New Yorkers.
Diazepam Metabolism in Perfused Cultures of Adult Rat Hepatocytes

Recent studies implicating brain benzodiazepine receptors in the genesis of hepatic encephalopathy justify a comprehensive testing of a hollow fiber membrane liver assist device in terms of its capacity to metabolize diazepam in vitro. The detection of diazepam metabolites (temazepam, nordiazepam and oxazepam) indicates an active group of P-450 isoenzymes (b and e in the rat) which are responsible for many detoxification functions and are stimulated by the administration of phenobarbital. After a separation procedure following the Seglen method, 8 × 106 adult rat hepatocytes per ml were seeded on the surface of about 100 polysulfone hollow fibers (W.R. Grace) housed in polypropylene cartridges. The diameter of these fibers is approximately 816 μm. Prior to the seeding procedure, these fibers were coated with Vitrogen (a mixture of collagen I and III). The total capacity of the extracapillary space (the tissue culture chamber) was 5 ml and the total amount of perfused medium (extracapillary space plus reservoir) was 25 ml. The perfusate was a tissue culture medium (CEM)(GIBCO Labs) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). CEM maintained good diazepam metabolic activities in these hepatocytes attached to hollow fiber membranes. For instance, at 24 hours the combined (nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam) activity as measured by HPLC (Waters Chromatography Div.) was 71±13 μg/25 ml media whereas at 48 hours the activity was 27±15 μg/25 ml media. At day 10, the cells still showed an activity of 7 μg/25 ml media.
CASE 2—2016 Complete Failure of Mechanical Mitral Valve Opening on Weaning From Cardiopulmonary Bypass

From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; †Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; ‡Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and §Department of Anesthesiology Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY. Address reprint requests to Kimberly L. Kesner, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, #739, Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail: kim.taub@gmail.com © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1053-0770/2602-0033$36.00/0 MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT is a commonly performed operation with good success rates. The St. Jude Medical (SJM) prosthesis (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN) has a long record of safety and very low incidence (0.06%) of mechanical failure. While failure of a mechanical valve is rare, most reports occur years after the initial surgery, usually involving an obstruction preventing the valve from fully closing. The authors present a case of immediate intraoperative mechanical mitral valve failure in which a robotically inserted valve did not open upon weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
The relationship between resting heart rate and peak VO2: A comparison of atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm.

BackgroundResting heart rate is a surrogate marker associated with achieved exercise capacity, which has been observed in patients with sinus rhythm. The aim of this study was to examine and compare the relationships between resting heart rate and peak oxygen consumption in atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm.Methods and resultsA total of 2160 consecutive patients undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise testing in our single-hospital cohort were divided into two groups according to rhythm status: an atrial fibrillation group (N = 320) and a sinus rhythm group (N = 1840). In the total cohort and sinus rhythm group, resting heart rate was negatively correlated with percentage of predicted peak oxygen consumption (Ptrend < 0.0001); in atrial fibrillation patients, this correlation was apparently positive (Ptrend = 0.032). Multivariate analysis of the total cohort showed a significant interaction between resting heart rate and rhythm status for peak oxygen consumption after adjustments for age, sex, ejection fra...
Cytokine response gene 6 induces p21 and regulates both cell growth and arrest.

Cytokine response gene #6 (CR6), cloned from interleukin 2-stimulated T lymphocytes, is homologous to GADD45 and MyD118, genes which promote cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To determine how this gene family could possibly mediate both cell survival/proliferation and cell cycle arrest/death, transfectants were generated so that the genes could be expressed ectopically, independently from their normal inducing agents. In cycling retinoblastoma protein-negative (pRb-) cells, ectopic CR6 expression blocked G2/M transition, but did not prevent G1/S transition so that endoreduplication resulted. By comparison, when CR6, GADD45, and MyD118 genes were expressed ectopically in proliferating pRb+ cells, either G1/S or G2/M transition was effectively blocked, so that there was no endoreduplication. Consistent with these findings, in proliferating pRb-cells, ectopic expression of CR6 promoted the expression of both G1 and G2/M cyclins. By comparison, in pRb+ cells, the expression of G1 cyclins was increased, while expression of the mitotic cyclins was decreased. However, in pRb+ cells, cyclin-dependent kinase activities associated with both G1 and G2/M cyclins were decreased. Moreover, ectopic expression of all three genes resulted in the expression of the CKI, p21, both in pRb− and pRb+ cells. The physiologic induction of CR6 expression by IL2 in quiescent normal human T cells occurs transiently in the first half of G1, coordinately with the expression of p21. Therefore, this gene family regulates G1 and G2, and promotes either cell growth or arrest by a common mechanism.
Takotsubo: A Case Study of Broken Heart Syndrome

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (often referred to as broken heart syndrome) typically presents as apical ballooning, chest pain, shortness of breath, abnormal cardiac enzymes, and electrocardiogram chang...
Real Estate Cost and the Spatial Distribution of Unobserved Human Capital: A Test Based on Obesity

Tests based on years of education find that the return to human capital in cities varies inversely and average education varies directly with housing cost. Finally, there is evidence that labor productivity within cities varies directly with employment density and real estate cost. The income elasticity hypothesis explains these inter-city results based on the low income elasticity of demand for a primary residence. Urban producer theory explains both inter- and intra-city differences by assuming that labor is a congestible input so that producers substitute workers with more human capital when space costs rise.This paper conducts a new test of these two hypotheses. The new test uses obesity, rather than education. The empirical results confirm the theory that both among and within cities, there is a relation between differences in unobservable human capital and differences in the price of real estate. The results confirm the theoretical prediction that all forms of human capital respond to real estate cost, and effects of differences in education and obesity are similar. This implies that empirical studies of the distribution of and return to human capital should consider real estate costs.
Partial ureteric obstruction in the pubescent rat. I. Long-term effects on renal function.

Abstract A partial obstruction of the left ureter was created in six-week-old rats. The effects on renal function were studied after three, nine and 15 weeks, first in normal hydration, and then after extracellular volume expansion. Moderate hydronephrosis without parenchymal weight reduction developed within three weeks. The hydronephrotic kidney i) excreted during normal hydration less urine and sodium than the intact one, because of increased reabsorption, ii) was capable of reacting fully on volume expansion and iii) had, after volume expansion, a higher renal blood flow and GFR but also a higher reabsorption of water, sodium, potassium and osmoles, resulting in excretions similar to those on the intact side. The differences noted were small (
BLAST INJURIES TO THE HAND FROM CELEBRATIONS GONE WRONG – A SERIES OF DISABLING INJURIES FROM FIRECRACKERS

Firecrackers are explosives that differ in types and potency. They have the potential to cause devastating hand injuries. Blast related injuries from firecrackers have become increasingly frequent in our practice. The study involved a series of hand injury cases that had been managed in two hospitals from Jan. 1, 2015 to Dec. 31, 2015 and was aimed at highlighting the patterns of devastating hand injuries to the dominant hands of young patients who might have sustained these injuries in the euphoria of celebrations.Commercially available fireworks are often erroneously regarded as harmless, compared to combat ammunition, but our experience demonstrates their real potential for devastating hand injuries.
The HIV vaccine

The development of a vaccine that can prevent infection by the human immunodeficiency virus or the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome has remained elusive despite 20 years of scientific effort. This review analyzes the reasons that the development of a vaccine has been so difficult, and proposes a plan to work towards an immunological approach to investigating the best vaccine candidates in the first world in individuals who are already infected, before taking the most promising vaccines to the developing world to attempt to prevent infection and disease.
WiFinger: leveraging commodity WiFi for fine-grained finger gesture recognition

Gesture recognition has become increasingly important in human-computer interaction (HCI) and can support a broad array of emerging applications, such as smart home, virtual reality, and mobile gaming. Traditional approaches usually rely on dedicated sensors that are worn by the user or cameras that require line of sight. In this paper, we present fine-grained finger gesture recognition by using a single commodity WiFi device without requiring user to wear any sensors. Our low-cost system, WiFinger, takes advantages of the fine-grained Channel State Information (CSI) available from commodity WiFi devices and the prevalence of WiFi network infrastructures. It senses and identifies subtle movements of finger gestures by examining the unique patterns exhibited in the detailed CSI. In WiFigner, we devise environmental noise removal mechanism to mitigate the effect of signal dynamic due to the environment changes. Moreover, we propose to capture the intrinsic gesture behavior to deal with individual diversity and gesture inconsistency. Our experimental evaluation in both home and office environments demonstrates that our system can achieve over 93% recognition accuracy and is robust to both environment changes and individual diversity. Results also show that our system can work with WiFi beacon signals and provides accurate gesture recognition under NLOS scenarios.
Calculation of the Probability That an Activation Site Has Occurred by Chance

The application of functional brain mapping requires estimating the probability that an identified activation site has occurred by chance. This chapter presents a technique, without making assumptions about the local or global variance, for calculating the probability that an arbitrary group of n pixels with n arbitrary values has occurred by chance. This technique uses locally pooled variance—intermediate between previous techniques that either globally pool variance or do not pool variance at all. Also, the calculation takes into account that the pixel values are not all equal—a site with several pixels that are far above the threshold is recognized as more significant than a site that has all values very near the threshold. Equations are derived from first principles using the n-dimensional normal distribution by transforming from the image space where pixels are correlated to a space where the pixels are independent. The transformation is specified by the eigenvectors that diagonalize the covariance matrix, which is assumed known. Equations for both z and t images are presented. Using these equations, investigators can become more sophisticated in their analysis in order to more accurately determine the statistical significance of their activation results.
The implementation and data analysis of an interferometer for intense short pulse laser experiments

We present an interferometry setup and the detailed fringe analysis method for intense short pulse (SP) laser experiments. The interferometry scheme was refined through multiple campaigns to investigate the effects of pre-plasmas on energetic electrons at the Jupiter Laser Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The interferometer used a frequency doubled () 0.5 ps long optical probe beam to measure the pre-plasma density, an invaluable parameter to better understand how varying pre-plasma conditions affect the characteristics of the energetic electrons. The hardware of the diagnostic, data analysis and example data are presented. The diagnostic setup and the analysis procedure can be employed for any other SP laser experiments and interferograms, respectively.
Die kapazitive Blende im rechteckigen Hohlleiter

Ein verlustfrei angenommener Hohlleiter mit Rechteckquerschnitt erstrecke sich von z = -∞ nach z = +∞. In der Ebene z = 0 sei eine unendlich dunne metallische Blende symmetrisch in der aus Fig. 12.1 ersichtlichen Weise angebracht. Die Offnung zwischen den beiden metallischen Blendenhalften bezeichnen wir als Apertur.
Caractères analytiques de quelques vins rouges turcs

Apres une presentation des regions viticoles de la Turquie et des differents cepages cultives, les analyses de 29 vins commerciaux provenant de trois zones de production sont discutees. Les resultats montrent que ces vins sont caracterises par de nombreux defauts technologiques, en particulier des oxydations et des alterations bacteriennes, favorisees par une temperature elevee de conservation et une mauvaise utilisation de l'anhydride sulfureux.+++After a presentation of the viticultural districts of Turkey and the different vines which are cultivated, the analysis of 29 wines originating from three areas are discussed. The results show that those wines present many technological defects in particular oxydation and an incorrect usage of sulphur dioxide.
Human re-identification in multi-camera systems

We propose a human re-identification algorithm for multi-camera surveillance environment where a unique signature of an individual is learned and tracked in a scene. The video feed from each camera is processed using a motion detector to get locations of all individuals. To compute the human signature, we propose a combination of different descriptors on the detected body such as the Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH) for the local texture and a HSV color-space based descriptor for the color representation. For each camera, a signature computed by these descriptors is assigned to the corresponding individual along with their direction in the scene. Knowledge of the persons direction allows us to make separate identifiers for the front, back, and sides. These signatures are then used to identify individuals as they walk across different areas monitored by different cameras. The challenges involved are the variation of illumination conditions and scale across the cameras. We test our algorithm on a dataset captured with 3 Axis cameras arranged in the UD Vision Lab as well as a subset of the SAIVT dataset and provide results which illustrate the consistency of the labels as well as precision/accuracy scores.
Acute kidney injury subphenotypes based on creatinine trajectory identifies patients at increased risk of death

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. AKI is highly heterogeneous, with variable links to poor outcomes. Current approaches to classify AKI severity and identify patients at highest risk for poor outcomes focus on the maximum change in serum creatinine (SCr) values. However, these scores are hampered by the need for a reliable baseline SCr value and the absence of a component differentiating transient from persistent rises in SCr. We hypothesized that identification of resolving or nonresolving AKI subphenotypes based on the early trajectory of SCr values in the ICU would better differentiate patients at risk of hospital mortality. We performed a secondary analysis of two prospective studies of ICU patients admitted to a trauma ICU (group 1; n = 1914) or general medical-surgical ICUs (group 2; n = 1867). In group 1, we tested definitions for resolving and nonresolving AKI subphenotypes and selected the definitions resulting in subphenotypes with the greatest separation in risk of death relative to non-AKI controls. We applied this definition to group 2 and tested whether the subphenotypes were independently associated with hospital mortality after adjustment for AKI severity. AKI occurred in 46% and 69% of patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In group 1, a resolving AKI subphenotype (defined as a decrease in SCr of 0.3 mg/dl or 25% from maximum in the first 72 h of study enrollment) was associated with a low risk of death. A nonresolving AKI subphenotype (defined as all AKI cases not meeting the “resolving” definition) was associated with a high risk of death. In group 2, the resolving AKI subphenotype was not associated with increased mortality (relative risk [RR] 0.86, 95% CI 0.63–1.17), whereas the nonresolving AKI subphenotype was associated with higher mortality (RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.15–2.44) even after adjustment for AKI severity stage. The trajectory of SCr levels identifies AKI subphenotypes with different risks for death, even among AKI cases of similar severity. These AKI subphenotypes might better define the patients at risk for poor outcomes who might benefit from novel interventions.
The transcription factors ADR1 or CAT8 are required for RTG pathway activation and evasion from yeast acetic acid-induced programmed cell death in raffinose

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on glucose undergoes programmed cell death (PCD) induced by acetic acid (AA-PCD), but evades PCD when grown in raffinose. This is due to concomitant relief of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and activation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, a mitochondria-to-nucleus communication pathway causing up-regulation of various nuclear target genes, such as CIT2, encoding peroxisomal citrate synthase, dependent on the positive regulator RTG2 in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. CCR down-regulates genes mainly involved in mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. In this work, we investigated the relationships between the RTG and CCR pathways in the modulation of AA-PCD sensitivity under glucose repression or de-repression conditions. Yeast single and double mutants lacking RTG2 and/or certain factors regulating carbon source utilization, including MIG1, HXK2, ADR1, CAT8, and HAP4, have been analyzed for their survival and CIT2 expression after acetic acid treatment. ADR1 and CAT8 were identified as positive regulators of RTG-dependent gene transcription. ADR1 and CAT8 interact with RTG2 and with each other in inducing cell resistance to AA-PCD in raffinose and controlling the nature of cell death. In the absence of ADR1 and CAT8, AA-PCD evasion is acquired through activation of an alternative factor/pathway repressed by RTG2, suggesting that RTG2 may play a function in promoting necrotic cell death in repressing conditions when RTG pathway is inactive. Moreover, our data show that simultaneous mitochondrial retrograde pathway activation and SNF1-dependent relief of CCR have a key role in central carbon metabolism reprogramming which modulates the yeast acetic acid-stress response.
Leveling the Playing Field: Assessment of Gross Motor Skills in Low Socioeconomic Children to their Higher Socioeconomic Counterparts

Background: Fundamental movements (FM) of children influence the willingness to engage in physical activity (PA). Thus, proper FM skills are the foundation for a lifespan of PA. Objective: This study examined what factors may affect children’s PA in relation to FM pattern capabilities. Methods: The study examined the influence of SES when three low-income schools were provided additional PA opportunities on days PE was not taught. FM patterns in relation to object control (OC) and locomotor skill (LC) development were evaluated on K (n = 871), 1st (n = 893), and 2nd graders (n = 829) using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2) instrument (Ulrich, 2000). Schools were dichotomized and categorized as being low SES (n = 2008) and high SES (n = 578) status. Results: A significant relationship was revealed with LC (r = 0.264; p = 0.001), OC (r = 0.171; p = 0.001), and total TGMD-2 (r = 0.264; p = 0.001). Low and high SES schools significantly improved overall TGMD-2 scores. High SES schools children were significantly higher in LC [F, (2, 1272) = 29.31, p = 0.001], OC [F, (2, 1272) = 23.14, p = 0.001], and total TGMD-2 [F, (1, 1272) = 38.11, p = 0.001]. Conclusion: Low SES schools need to concentrate on PA-based activities to engage students in FM patterns, to help narrow the gap in FM capabilities. In addition, the increase in PA opportunities for lower SES schools could positively impact brain function, cardiovascular fitness, and overall well-being.
Promotion of Civic Engagement with the Family Leadership Training Institute.

In this efficacy study, both quantitative and qualitative data were used to gauge the effects of the Family Leadership Training Institute (FLTI) on civic knowledge and empowerment, civic engagement, and community health. The sample of 847 FLTI participants and 166 comparison adults completed pretest and posttest surveys. Medium to very large short-term effects were observed in civic literacy, empowerment, and engagement. Results mapping interviews were conducted with a stratified random sample of FLTI graduates (n = 52) to assess long-term (M = 2.73 years) program impact. Most FLTI graduates (86%) sustained meaningful, sometimes transformative, levels of civic engagement after program completion. This engagement involved multiple forms of leadership, most often advocacy, program implementation, and media campaigns; 63% of graduates directed at least some of their activities to marginalized populations. Content analyses of graduates' civic (capstone) projects and results mapping story maps indicated that 81-90% of community activities aligned with public health priorities. Thus, one promising means to promote community health is to empower families to develop leadership skills, become engaged in civic life, and forge connections with diverse constituents.
How Digital and Physical Care Team Interaction Affect Processing Times: A Case Study of Hospitalists

Importance: Hospitalist physicians face increasing pressure to maximize productivity while maintaining high quality of care. Their success, however, depends on the effective exchange of information among a patient’s care team. The latter comprises the digital team (caregivers who document in — not just access — the patient’s electronic health record) and a physical team (caregivers who directly communicate with the hospitalist). Objective: To determine the association between hospitalist total daily processing time per patient and the size and evolution over the patient’s LOS of the digital and physical teams as well as patient-level characteristics. Design: We measured hospitalist daily processing times and captured the physical team through a time-and-motion study of hospitalists. The digital team interactions were extracted from patient Electronic Health Records. Setting: Northwestern Memorial Hospital, a large academic urban hospital in Chicago. Participants Our case study selected four hospitalists at random who cared for 107 inpatient stays over 17 days in June-July 2014 and collaborated with 2046 caregivers: 301 were observed physical collaborators and 1745 were digital-only collaborators. Exposures: Hospitalist activities and patient encounters from observations and electronic health records. Main Outcomes and Measures: Processing time is the total time spent by the hospitalist on a patient’s care per day. Key covariates are patient-level characteristics, interruptions by physical team members, and size and evolution of both the digital and physical teams. Results: Teamwork interaction and patient-level characteristics explain 72% (18.9min) and 28% (7.2min), respectively, of the hospitalist’s average patient processing time of 26.7min per day. Teamwork is further decomposed in two ways: (i) 18.9 = 15.4 3.5 where 15.4min and 3.5min captures the teamwork effect at a macro level (driven by team size and stability variables) and micro level effect (hospitalist workflow interruptions driven by task switches), respectively; (ii) 18.9 = 8.8 10.1 where 8.8min and 10.1min capture digital and physical team variables, respectively. As a benchmark, eliminating interruptions reduces processing times by 3.5min (13%) while minimizing team size and maximizing team stability reduces processing times by 7.8min (29%). The supplementary materials can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3068197.
A 16-bit 16-MS/s SAR ADC With On-Chip Calibration in 55-nm CMOS

This paper presents a successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that is much smaller and faster than other recently reported precision (16-bit and beyond) SAR ADCs. In addition, it features low input capacitance and an efficient on-chip foreground calibration algorithm to fix bit weight errors. Several other enabling techniques are also used, including signal independent reference using reservoir capacitors to improve speed and reduce area, plus LSB repeats and statistical residue measurement to improve efficiency. The prototype achieves 97.5-dB spurious-free dynamic range at 100-kHz input while operating at 16 MS/s and consumes 16.3 mW. It was fabricated in a 55-nm CMOS process and occupies 0.55 mm2.
Wafer level EDMR: Magnetic resonance in a probing station

We report on a novel semiconductor reliability technique that merges electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) with a conventional semiconductor wafer probing station. This union with a semiconductor probing station allows EDMR measurements to be performed at the wafer level. Our measurements forgo a microwave cavity or resonator for a very small non-resonant near field microwave probe [1]. Bipolar amplification effect (BAE) [4] and spin dependent charge pumping (SDCP) [5] were demonstrated on various SiC MOSFET structures. These measurements were made via frequency-swept EDMR. The elimination of the resonance cavity, and incorporation with a wafer probing station, greatly simplifies the EDMR detection scheme and offers promise for widespread EDMR adoption in semiconductor reliability laboratories.
Kapitalismus, Wirtschaftswachstum und Demokratie

Mit dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion gegen Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts gingen zwei parallel verlaufende Phanomene einher, die auch in das 21. Jahrhundert hineinwirken. In der Politik fand eine Ablosung ehemals kommunistischer Einparteiensysteme durch Demokratien statt. Dieser Wandel hat in den meisten Fallen eine erhebliche Ausweitung von Grund- und Burgerrechten fur die jeweiligen Bevolkerungen mit sich gebracht: Galten vor dreisig Jahren nur vierzig Staaten nach konventionellen westlichen Standards als politisch „frei“, so sind dies heute um die neunzig Zugleich sind die in den betroffenen Staaten etablierten und zentral organisierten „Befehlsstrukturen“ zur Steuerung der Okonomie dem Primat einer auf den Ideen von Eigeninitiative und Eigeninteressen beruhenden Wirtschaftsordnung gewichen, das auch die Prinzipien von Privateigentum und individueller Wohlstandsmehrung mit einschliest. Fur sich alleine betrachtet schien keine dieser Veranderungen Element eines globalen Wandlungsprozesses zu sein. Tatsachlich aber sind traditionelle kommunistische Staaten mit ihren Einparteiensystemen und Planwirtschaften selten geworden. Die wenigen kommunistischen Lander die es noch gibt, scheinen zudem nur noch als mehr oder minder isolierte Systeme zu bestehen, wie etwa im Fall von Kuba oder Nordkorea.
Beweis des Simplexalgorithmus und des Dualitätssatzes

Der in § 5-1 angegebene Beweis fur den Simplexalgorithmus machte die Annahme, das alle durch den Iterationsprozes erzeugten Basislosungen nichtentartet sind. Um den entarteten Fall einzuschliesen, sind zwei Arten von Beweisen moglich. Der erste, der mit Hilfe von Induktion arbeitet, hat den Vorteil, das er bereits fruhzeitig den strengen elementaren Beweis des grundlegenden Dualitatssatzes [Dantzig, 1959-1] bietet. Fur ein konstruktives Verfahren, das auf dieser Methode begrundet ist, sei auf [Wolfe, 1963-11 verwiesen.
Glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase and other enzyme activities related to the pyrimidine pathway in spleen of Squalus acanthias (spiny dogfish)

The first two steps of urea synthesis in liver of marine elasmobranchs involve formation of glutamine from ammonia and of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine, catalysed by glutamine synthetase and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, respectively [Anderson & Casey (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 456-462]; both of these enzymes are localized exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix. The objective of this study was to establish the enzymology of carbamoyl phosphate formation and utilization for pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in Squalus acanthias (spiny dogfish), a representative elasmobranch. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase could not be detected in liver of dogfish. Spleen extracts, however, had glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, aspartate carbamoyltransferase, dihydro-orotase, and glutamine synthetase activities, all localized in the cytosol; dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, and orotidine-5'-decarboxylase activities were also present. Except for glutamine synthetase, the levels of all activities were very low. The carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase activity is inhibited by UTP and is activated by 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. The first three enzyme activities of the pyrimidine pathway were eluted in distinctly different positions during gel filtration chromatography under a number of different conditions; although complete proteolysis of inter-domain regions of a multifunctional complex during extraction cannot be excluded, the evidence suggests that in dogfish, in contrast to mammalian species, these three enzymes of the pyrimidine pathway exist as individual polypeptide chains. These results: (1) establish that dogfish express two different glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase activities, (2) confirm the report [Smith, Ritter & Campbell (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 198-202] that dogfish express two different glutamine synthetases, and (3) provide indirect evidence that glutamine may not be available in liver for biosynthetic reactions other than urea formation.
A new measure of youth cigarette smoking.

Abstract American students' 30-day smoking prevalence has decreased dramatically over the past two decades. The frequency of smoking within the 30-day measure has shifted from heavy smoking (>1/2 pack/day) toward light smoking (
Infrared Spectroscopy of Polybenzimidazole in the Dry and Hydrate Forms: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study.

In the present article, the infrared spectrum of polybenzimidazole (PBI) in the dry and hydrate forms has been studied both experimentally and theoretically to improve the interpretation of its complex features, especially in the ν(NH)/ν(OH) range, which is extensively affected by sorbed water and temperature. Time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements were performed to monitor H2O sorption, whereas the temperature behavior was investigated by in situ measurements in the 100–450 °C range. Density functional theory calculations on simplified models of dry and hydrated PBI showed good agreement with experimental results and allowed a reliable interpretation of the observed effects. The combined experimental/computational analysis provided relevant structural information which suggested the possibility of modifying the diffusion properties of PBI and motivated further experimental activities.
A Single Center Analysis of Graft Vasculopathy Post Pregnancy in the Heart Transplant Recipient

Purpose Pregnancy in transplant recipients is becoming more common with improved medication regimens. Pregnancy may increase antibody production and cause stress within the mother's body leading to increase immune system response inducing changes in coronary lumen. This is a single center analysis of transplant graft vasculopathy post pregnancy at our center. No data from the transplant pregnancy registry is available on LHC and vasculopathy data. Per ISHLT report 2017 42% of all heart transplant recipients may experience graft vasculopathy within the first year post transplant. Methods A retrospective study was compiled of all female transplant recipients from 2012-2018 who experienced pregnancy post heart transplant. There were a total of 8 recipients with a total of 12 combined pregnancies. All charts and left heart catherization results post-delivery were reviewed after to one to three months when pre-pregnancy immunosuppression was resumed Results Pre-pregnancy left heart catherization reports in all 8 recipients showed normal coronaries.4 left heart catherization results post pregnancy showed normal coronaries. 2 left heart catherization results showed luminal irregularities. 1 left heart catherization result showed CAV2. One patient did not have a LHC post pregnancy as patient died 6 hours after birth, but left heart catherization results during pregnancy did show luminal irregularities Conclusion Our analysis reflected that 37.5% of patients experienced increased changes in coronary artery lumen post pregnancy (only one confirmed diagnosis of graft vasculopathy (CAV 2) Pregnancy has been shown to influence immune response and B & T cell formation leading to increased chances changes in coronary artery lumen leading to graft vasculopathy. It remains imperative to have a clear and concise plan for pregnancy planning and monitoring pre and post event to prevent luminal changes/graft vasculopathy.
Cadmium-mediated oxidative stress in alveolar epithelial cells induces the expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytic subunit and glutathione S-transferase α and π isoforms: Potential role of activator protein-1

Exposure of rat alveolar epithelial cells to 10 μmol/L CdCl2 causes time-dependent increases in steady-state mRNA levels of the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytic (heavy) subunit (γ-GCS) and of glutathione S-transferase isoforms (GST-α and GST-π). The expression of γ-GCS was significantly increased as early as 2 h after addition of cadmium. Maximal induction of γ-GCS mRNA (∼4-fold), at 8 h, was subsequently followed by increases in γ-GCS activity/protein and glutathione (GSH) levels. Maximal elevations in GST-π (∼2-fold) and GST-α (∼10-fold) transcripts, at 8 and 24 h, respectively, were also accompanied by enhanced GST activity. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress, assessed by alterations in GSH homeostasis and an accelerated rate of intracellular oxidant production, could constitute early events in the signal transduction pathway mediating these responses. The dimeric transcription factor, activator protein-1 (AP-1), may also play a regulatory role in this process. This association is suggested by transcriptional activation of the immediate-early response genes, c-fos and c-jun, within 15 min after exposure to cadmium and by the enhancement of AP-1 DNA binding activity, involving a c-Jun protein complex, which is maximally induced (∼4-fold) by 2 h. These molecular changes likely function together to protect alveolar epithelial cells against cadmium toxicity.
Antagonism between Anolis spp. and Wasmannia auropunctata in coffee farms on Puerto Rico: Potential complications of biological control of the coffee berry borer

The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), has at least two generalist predators that are well-known for their biological control potential, the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata and various species of lizards in the genus Anolis. While it is frequently suggested that multiple control elements make biological control more efficacious, particular situations may not reveal such an effect. We investigated the relationship between these two potential biological control elements by surveying coffee bushes on 11 sites within six farms in the central coffee-producing area of Puerto Rico. At both the site level and the level of individual coffee trees, W. auropunctata had a significant negative effect on the presence of Anolis spp., suggesting that in this particular case the benefits of multiple generalist predators may be elusive.
Differences between pharmacists' perception of counseling and practice in the era of prescription drug misuse.

Objective: This study was conducted to assess pharmacists’ practices when counseling patients on their prescription medications, and their preferences for training. Methods: Five focus group discussions of community pharmacists (n=45, with seven to eleven participants in each group) were conducted in a major metropolitan city in the southern United States. Participants were recruited via email using a list of community pharmacists provided by the Texas State Board of Pharmacy. All focus group discussions were structured using a moderator guide consisting of both discrete and open-ended questions. Qualitative analysis software was used to analyze the data with a thematic analysis approach. Results: The participants in this study had a high self-efficacy regarding their ability to counsel on both new and opioid prescriptions. Many pharmacists experienced the same barriers to counseling and agreed on the components of counseling. However, the themes that emerged showed that the participants exhibited only a partial understanding of the components of counseling. The themes that emerged in the thematic analysis were perceived confidence and discordant counseling practices, inadequate infrastructure, lack of comprehensive counseling, inconsistent use of the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP), and pharmacists’ desired training/assistance. Conclusions: Community pharmacists are in a unique position to help combat the opioid crisis; however, there has been very little research on the pharmacist-patient interaction in this context. With policy changes, such as the PDMP mandate, going into effect across the country, it is important to capitalize on the potential community pharmacists have in ameliorating the opioid crisis in the United States.
Should You Join a Bar Association

This article from the ABA Student Lawyer Magazine explains to law students (and lawyers) the benefits of joining and becoming active in a bar association. Law professors, career service offices, and bar associations may want to refer students to this article.
Predicting the success of entrepreneurial campaigns in crowdfunding: a spatio-temporal approach

As an alternative to traditional venture capital investment, crowdfunding has emerged as a novel method and potentially disruptive innovation for financing a variety of new entrepreneurial ventures without standard financial intermediaries. It is still unknown to scholars and people who use crowdfunding services whether the crowdfunding efforts reinforce or contradict existing theories about the dynamics of successful entrepreneurial financing as well as the general distribution and use of crowdfunding mechanisms. This paper presents new results obtained from investigating the Kickstarter campaign data of over ninety-nine thousand projects totaling about 1 billion USD in pledges from 2009 until the most recent 2017 through dynamical spatio-temporal modeling. The funding level, the percentage of a project’s goal actually raised from online communities, is used as the outcome of interest in the modeling to associate with dollar pledged and backer count that reflect the signals of underlying project quality. Evidence from the results was found to support the dynamic impact of the geographic location of a Kickstarter on its success and the associations between the observed project traits and the success of the entrepreneurial effort in the presence of the unmeasured spatio-temporal confounding. These results offer further insight into the empirical dynamics of the emerging phenomenon of online entrepreneurial financing about the role the spatio-temporal component plays in both the type of projects proposed and the association of sociocultural traits of successful fundraising with the underlying quality.
Evidence Based Medicine Concepts/Clinical Research

Clinical research provides evidence to help guide patient care. Evidence based medicine is using the best available clinical research to guide treatment decisions. This chapter provides an overview of concepts related to clinical research and evidence-based medicine relevant to pediatric surgery.
EFFECTS OF LACTULOSE LEVELS ON YOGHURT PROPERTIES

Therapeutic levels of lactulose were used with commercial starters (Yoflex 801, Yoflex 901 and Yomix 486) in yoghurt. In fact, Yoflex 801 was supplemented with 1.5% lactulose resulting in minor yoghurt quality alterations. This co-culture was retained to study the influence of lactulose levels (0, 4, 6, and 8 %) on yoghurt quality for 28 days at 4°C. Kinetic parameters, syneresis, proteolysis degree, and sensory characteristics were improved by increasing lactulose dose; thus, thixotropic and pseudoplastic gel was shown. Accordingly, functional yoghurt fermented with Yoflex 801, containing 4 to 6% of lactulose, proved to be the most adequate choice.