cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indicator dilution methods for measuring blood flow, volume, and other properties of biological systems: a brief history and memoir.

In 1824 Hering introduced an indicator-dilution method for measuring blood velocity. Not until 1897 was the method extended by Stewart to measure blood (volume) flow. For more than two decades, beginning in 1928, Hamilton and colleagues measured blood flow, including cardiac output. They proposed that the first-passsage indicator concentration-time curve could be recovered from observed curves that included recirculation by semilogarithmic extrapolation of the early downslope. Others followed with attempts to fit the complete first-passage curve by various forms, such as by the sum of three exponential terms (three well-stirred compartments in series). Stephenson (1948) thought of looking at indicator-dilution curves as convolutions of indicator input with a probability density function of traversal times through the system. Meier and I reached a similar conclusion, and extended it. The fundamental notion is that there exists a probability density function of transit times, h(t), through the system. We proved that mean transit time t=V/F, where V is volume in which the indicator is distributed. Thus, V, F, and t might all be calculated, or t alone might suffice if one wanted only to know relative blood flow. I extended the analysis to include residue detection of indicator remaining in the system, so that V, F, and t could be calculated by external monitoring. Chinard demonstrated the value of simultaneous multiple indicator-dilution curves with various volumes of distribution. Goresky extended the technique to study cell uptake and metabolism. He also found a transform of indicator-dilution output curves (equivalent to multiplying the ordinate by t and dividing the time by t) which made congruent the family of unalike curves obtained by simultaneous injection of indicators with different volumes of distribution. Bassingthwaighte showed the same congruency with the transform of outputs of a single indicator introduced into a system with experimentally varied blood flows. We showed the same congruency for the pulmonary circulation, adding a correction for delays. Success of these transforms suggests that the architecture of the vascular network is a major determinant of the shape of density functions of transit times through the system, and that there is in this architecture, a high degree of self-similarity, implying that the fractal power function is a component in shaping the observed density of transit times. I proposed that the distribution of capillary critical opening pressures, which describes recruitment of vascular paths, may be important in shaping indicator-dilution curves, and that h(t) may be derived from flow-pressure and volume-pressure curves under some circumstances. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society.PAC00: 8719Uv, 0630Bp
Reliability measurement during software development

During the development of data base software for a multi-sensor tracking system, reliability was measured. The failure ratio and failure rate were found to be consistent measures. Trend lines were established from these measurements that provided good visualization of the progress on the job as a whole as well as on individual modules. Over one-half of the observed failures were due to factors associated with the individual run submission rather than with the code proper. Possible application of these findings for line management, project managers, functional management, and regulatory agencies is discussed. Steps for simplifying the measurement process and for use of these data in predicting operational software reliability are outlined.
Gonadal steroids and neuropeptide Yopioid-LHRH axis: Interactions and diversities

Abstract We report that the two classes of regulatory neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and endogenous opioid peptides (EOP), modulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release in diverse fashion in gonadintact rats. Each neuropeptide acts at two loci, the hypothalamus and pituitary, to excite (NPY) or inhibit (EOP) LH release. At the hypothalamic level, NPY stimulates luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) release, a response mediated by α 2 -adrenoreceptors and amplified in the presence of adrenergic agonists. At the pituitary level, NPY acts in concert with LHRH to amplify the LH response. In contrast, EOP inhibit LHRH release by decreasing the supply of excitatory adrenergic signals in the vicinity of LHRH neurons in the preoptic-tuberal pathway, and at the pituitary level, they decrease LH release in response to LHRH. Further, the gonadal steroidal milieu facilitates NPY neurosecretion and postsynaptic expression of NPY in concert with adrenergic system; a similar clear-cut facilitatory effect of gonadal steroids on EOP secretion is not yet obvious. Our additional studies imply that the EOP system has the potential to increase sensitivity towards gonadal steroids and that to induce the preovulatory LH surge the neural clock may decrease the inhibitory EOP tone prior to the critical period on proestrus.This antecedent neural event allows the excitatory adrenergic and NPY signals to evoke LHRH secretion at a higher frequency approximating that seen in ovariectomized rats. Further studies are under way to delineate the steroid-induced subcellular events that integrate the action of these regulatory peptides in the control of the episodic LHRH secretion pattern which sustains basal and cyclic gonadotropin release in the rat.
Giant Cell Tumor of the Sternum

Primary giant cell tumors of the chest wall are extremely rare. To date, we believe that there have been no reported cases of sternal giant cell tumors in the thoracic literature. We report a case of an isolated giant cell tumor of the sternum in a 28-year-old man. The mass was resected and the sternum was reconstructed with methyl methacrylate prosthesis and bilateral pectoralis muscle advancement flaps. Excellent functional and aesthetic results were achieved.
Resources Rural Consumers Indicate They Would Use For Mental Health Problems

This study identified the health resources that rural consumers in DHHS Region V indicated they would use for mental health problems. Data were collected by survey research methods from a probability sample of 3057 rural residents. The study found that rural residents prefer to use primary care givers for mental health problems except in the case of serious mental illness.
A New Species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Green Frog, Lithobates clamitans (Anura: Ranidae) from Arkansas, U.S.A

ABSTRACT: Between April and October 2012, 20 juvenile and adult green frogs (Lithobates clamitans) were collected by hand or dip net from 3 counties in Arkansas and examined for coccidial parasites. A single frog (5%) was found to be passing oocysts of a previously unknown eimerian species. Oocysts of Eimeria menaensis n. sp. were ellipsoidal with a bilayered wall and measured (length [L] × width [W]) 25.4 × 15.6 (23–27 × 13–17) µm, with a L/W ratio of 1.6. A micropyle was absent but an oocyst residuum and polar granule were present. Sporocysts were spheroidal to subspheroidal and measured 5.0 × 5.0 (4–6) µm with L/W of 1.1. An indistinct Stieda body was present, but sub- and para-Stieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum consisted of condensed granules dispersed between sporozoites. Sporozoites were elongate and attenuated at both ends with spheroidal anterior and posterior refractile bodies. This represents the second report of coccidia from L. clamitans and the first time a coccidian has been r...
Coherent pulse propagation: A comparison of the complete solution with the McCall-Hahn theory and others

The complete solution of the Maxwell-Bloch equations by the inverse scattering transform as given by Ablowitz, Kaup, and Newell is compared with the McCall-Hahn theory, and others. Not only it is shown that the earlier results are contained in the complete solution, but also several new results are obtained. Among these are an infinite set of "nonlinear moments" which evolve similar to the McCall-Hahn area, a closed-form solution for the nonlinear transmission, how one can determine absolute time delays, why the threshold area for lossless propagation is still exactly $\ensuremath{\pi}$ (even when the initial profile is off resonance but unchirped), and first-order effects of relaxation on $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ hyperbolic-secant pulse propagation. For the last-mentioned results, we find that in general if a $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ hyperbolic-secand pulse is initially off resonance, it will move away from resonance. Also, we find that the McCall-Hahn result for first-order effects on the time delay must be modified for small-amplitude $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ hyperbolic-secant pulses.
Habitual Behavior in American Eating Patterns: The Role of Meal Occasions

Based on literatures in cognitive resource conservation and contextual cue consistency, we study two types of habits—carryover and baseline—in the consumption of food nutrients. Carryover habit obtains when the level of a nutrient consumed in preceding meals influences its consumption in the current meal. Baseline habit obtains when a nutrient's consumption systematically differs across meals. We test our hypotheses via a hierarchical linear model using a food consumption diary panel. Findings support our carryover habit and baseline habit dichotomy, as well as our predictions that carryover habit is stronger at breakfast and that within-meal carryover effects are stronger than across-meal carryover effects.
Bargaining, Coalitions and Externalities: A Comment on Maskin

We first observe that two of Maskin’s results do not extend beyond three players: we construct a four-player partition function with nonpositive externalities whose unique solution is inecient, as well as a four-player characteristic function that has a unique ecient solution for each ordering of the players, but for which the payo vector obtained by averaging these solutions over the dierent orderings does not coincide with the Shapley value. On the other hand, we reinforce Maskin’s insight that externalities may play a crucial role in generating ineciency. Many existing solutions on how to share profits assume or derive the property of eciency. Yet we argue that players may have an interest to choose with whom to bargain. We illustrate how this may trigger ineciency, especially in the presence of externalities, even if bargaining among any group of agents results in an ecient distribution of the surplus they can produce. We also provide some sucient conditions for eciency.
Extreme Outsourcing in Local Government At the Top and All But the Top

The prevailing paradigm of outsourcing in local government assumes high-level professional administrators make systematic assessments of program areas to determine whether a selected number could be delivered for a reduced cost and at a higher quality by an external provider. This article examines two fundamental deviations from this model occurring in local governments. First, a handful of newly incorporated cities have adopted a wholesale approach to contracting out, relying almost exclusively on private firms and other governmental jurisdictions for the production of core programs while employing only a handful of in-house staff. Conversely, several small towns and cities across North Carolina deliver most services and programs in house by permanent staff but contract out the highest-level administrative position, that of town or city manager. These strategies represent outsourcing at its most extreme and present important practical and paradigmatic challenges to public human resource management in contemporary subnational governance.
The Political Theology of Prerogative: The Jurisprudential Miracle in Liberal Constitutional Thought

Liberalism ordinarily requires authorities to provide a full public account of their actions so that citizens can critically evaluate those actions for themselves, but in times of life-threatening emergency, liberalism sometimes evinces a willingness to place unquestioning faith in executives who promise to deliver it from such evil. In doing so, liberalism violates its moral and epistemological commit ment to "make public use of one's reason in all matters." This article uses the framework provided by Carl Schmitt's concept of political theology to analyze the reluctance of liberals to ask questions of the executive in times of danger and uncertainty. That framework helps explain how both the content and the structure of liberal thought can shift in a theological (and specifically theistic) direction when faced with an emergency. This article demonstrates that the quasi-religious rhetoric sometimes used to justify expan sions of executive power in practice has precedents in the theories of John Locke, William Blackstone, and Alexander Hamilton. Analysis of their writings suggests that the use of quasi-theistic language in discussions of emergency powers can have the effect of insulating "godlike" executives from the kind of scrutiny and criticism that liberalism usually promotes. The liberal injunction to think for oneself has always constituted a direct challenge to the idea that it is dangerous for individuals to question or criticize the actions or pronouncements of authorities. In its pursuit of what Kant called the "freedom to make public use of ones reason in all matters," liberalism has sought to banish from politics virtually all forms of assent based on faith, even when its conception of reason is rooted in or confirmed
Evaluation of command algorithms for control of upper-extremity neural prostheses

Five new command control algorithms were created to enable increased control over grasp force in upper-extremity neural prostheses. Most of these algorithms took advantage of the ability to lock or assign a steady command value to the hand neural prosthesis. Five able-bodied subjects tested the algorithms by using a shoulder controller that controlled a video-simulated hand to repeatedly complete a consistent evaluation task. A generalized estimating equations-based linear model was used to analyze the data. The algorithms were ranked via contrast analyses between the coefficient values from the linear model of the proportional control with lock algorithm, which is the algorithm presently used in neural prostheses, and each of the other algorithms. The algorithms that allowed adjustment of the command value after the hand was locked as well as algorithms that allowed a decrease in controller gain after the hand was locked performed better than the proportional control with lock algorithm. Algorithms that changed command as a function of time performed worse than the proportional control with lock algorithm. Further, the computer-based video simulator proved to be useful as a first-pass evaluation tool for neural prosthesis control.
The induction of gene mutation and chromosome aberration in Chlamydomonas eugametos by a phenylalanine analog.

Evidence is presented which indicates that the phenylalanine analog 2-amino-3-phenylbutanoic acid (APBA) induces mutation to APBA, streptomycin, and neamine resistance in the green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos. Apparent chromosome abnormalities (reciprocal translocations and inversions) were also found among some clones recovered after APBA treatment. The two, mutation and chromosome aberration, are separable.
Using research on the obesity pandemic as a guide to a unified vision of nutrition.

The objective was to focus on factors that play a major role in our rapid global nutritional changes. A range of studies are summarised: these show how an understanding of social economic and technological change at the global national and community levels affects diet activity and body composition patterns and trends. These studies are used to demonstrate the value of the key global national community household and individual factors that should define the field of nutrition. The focus is global. Large shifts have occurred in diet and in physical activity patterns – particularly in the last one or two decades of the twentieth century. These changes are reflected in nutritional outcomes such as changes in average stature body composition and morbidity. Understanding the rapidity of these changes and the underlying factors at the global national and community levels is critical for creating a science of nutrition that can prevent disease and sustain the health and integrity of humans. The vision of the nutrition field is one where scholars who work on many levels will intersect; equal weight in the nutrition profession will be provided to all dimensions as they are welcomed into the field of nutrition – particularly those that will directly or indirectly affect dietary patterns physical activity patterns and energetics. This vision of the nutrition field is one where scholars from a range of disciplines and perspectives meet to work together with the goal being a focus on improving nutritional status and the human condition. (authors)
Multilateralism and the Endogenous Formation of PTAs

This paper examines the interaction between preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and multilateral tariff reduction in a model of imperfect competition. A growing literature finds that the formation of PTAs alters the incentives for and the sustainability of multilateral tariff reduction. We show that the causation is not one-sided -- multilateral tariff reduction also affects the formation of PTAs. Specifically, tariff reduction enhances the incentives to form a PTA and increases the likelihood that it is self-enforcing. Thus, each round of multilateral tariff reduction should lead to a new wave of PTAs. This may help to explain the current trend towards regionalism.
Beyond tissueInfo: functional prediction using tissue expression profile similarity searches

We present and validate tissue expression profile similarity searches (TEPSS), a computational approach to identify transcripts that share similar tissue expression profiles to one or more transcripts in a group of interest. We evaluated TEPSS for its ability to discriminate between pairs of transcripts coding for interacting proteins and non-interacting pairs. We found that ordering protein-protein pairs by TEPSS score produces sets significantly enriched in reported pairs of interacting proteins [interacting versus non-interacting pairs, Odds-ratio (OR) = 157.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) (36.81-375.51) at 1% coverage, employing a large dataset of about 50 000 human protein interactions]. When used with multiple transcripts as input, we find that TEPSS can predict non-obvious members of the cytosolic ribosome. We used TEPSS to predict S-nitrosylation (SNO) protein targets from a set of brain proteins that undergo SNO upon exposure to physiological levels of S-nitrosoglutathione in vitro. While some of the top TEPSS predictions have been validated independently, several of the strongest SNO TEPSS predictions await experimental validation. Our data indicate that TEPSS is an effective and flexible approach to functional prediction. Since the approach does not use sequence similarity, we expect that TEPSS will be useful for various gene discovery applications. TEPSS programs and data are distributed at http://icb.med.cornell.edu/crt/tepss/index.xml.
Preclinical Profile of VX-950, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus NS3-4A Serine Protease

VX-950 is a potent, selective, peptidomimetic inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3-4A serine protease, and it demonstrated excellent antiviral activity both in genotype 1b HCV replicon cells (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 354 nM) and in human fetal hepatocytes infected with genotype 1a HCV-positive patient sera (IC50 = 280 nM). VX-950 forms a covalent but reversible complex with the genotype 1a HCV NS3-4A protease in a slow-on, slow-off process with a steady-state inhibition constant (K(i)*) of 7 nM. Dissociation of the covalent enzyme-inhibitor complex of VX-950 and genotype 1a HCV protease has a half-life of almost an hour. A >4-log10 reduction in the HCV RNA levels was observed after a 2-week incubation of replicon cells with VX-950, with no rebound of viral RNA observed after withdrawal of the inhibitor. In several animal species, VX-950 exhibits a favorable pharmacokinetic profile with high exposure in the liver. In a recently developed HCV protease mouse model, VX-950 showed excellent inhibition of HCV NS3-4A protease activity in the liver. Therefore, the overall preclinical profile of VX-950 supports its candidacy as a novel oral therapy against hepatitis C.
Lexical characteristics of words and phonological awareness skills of preschool children

The lexical restructuring model (LRM; Metsala & Walley, 1998) can be used to explain the development of phonological awareness (PA). According to LRM, as children's vocabularies increase, children develop a more refined lexical representation of the sounds comprising those words, and in turn children become more sensitive to the detection of specific phonemes. LRM identifies several lexical characteristics of words that influence lexical restructuring: age of acquisition (AoA), word frequency, neighborhood density, and phonotactic probability. In this study, the effects of these lexical characteristics on children's performance on PA tasks were evaluated, as well as moderation of these effects by children's oral language skills and ages, in two independent samples of preschool children who completed measures of PA and oral language. For both samples, AoA and word frequency were negatively related to PA skills, and phonotactic probability was positively related to PA skills. Children's ages and oral language skills were positive predictors of PA skills, and children's ages moderated the relations between AoA and PA skills for children in Sample 2. Children's oral language skills moderated the relations between AoA and PA skills for children in Sample 1. Implications are discussed.
Comparing medium models to physical media via MFM imagery

To fully understand a magnetic film's potential for data storage it is necessary to measure its complete magnetization. Although magnetic force microscopy (MFM) cannot perform this measurement, its simplicity leads us to examine its full potential for characterizing recording performance. For example, if MFM measurements of a film can be used to develop a corresponding micromagnetic model, then the model may provide insight into the film's recording performance. With this goal in mind, a technique is described that associates model magnetization patterns with MFM measurements. These patterns represent longitudinal recording films and are restricted to be uniform over grains that form a Voronoi tessellation of the film plane. Each grain's magnetization can be rotated such that the simulated MFM response from the pattern has a high cross correlation with measured data. While this technique does not produce a unique pattern for a given MFM measurement, it does provide information on what level of granularity is necessary to achieve a particular cross correlation and suggests the scale of the magnetic feature size.
Controlled colonic insufflation by a remotely triggered capsule for improved mucosal visualization

Background and study aims: Capsule endoscopy is an attractive alternative to colorectal cancer screening by conventional colonoscopy, but is currently limited by compromised mucosal visibility because of the lack of safe, controlled colonic insufflation. We have therefore developed a novel system of untethered, wireless-controlled carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation for use in colonic capsule endoscopy, which this study aims to assess in vivo. Material and methods: This observational, nonsurvival, in vivo study used five Yorkshire-Landrace cross swine. A novel insufflation capsule was placed in the porcine colons, and we recorded volume of insufflation, time, force, visualization, and a pathologic assessment of the colon. Results: The mean (standard deviation [SD]) diameter of insufflation was 32.1 (3.9) mm. The volume of CO2 produced successfully allowed complete endoscopic visualization of the mucosa and safe proximal passage of the endoscope. Pathologic examination demonstrated no evidence of trauma caused by the capsule. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the feasibility of a novel method of controlled colonic insufflation via an untethered capsule in vivo. This technological innovation addresses a critical need in colon capsule endoscopy.
Human Cytomegalovirus UL97 Phosphorylates the Viral Nuclear Egress Complex

Herpesvirus nucleocapsids exit the host cell nucleus in an unusual process known as nuclear egress. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL97 protein kinase is required for efficient nuclear egress, which can be explained by its phosphorylation of the nuclear lamina component lamin A/C, which disrupts the nuclear lamina. We found that a dominant negative lamin A/C mutant complemented the replication defect of a virus lacking UL97 in dividing cells, validating this explanation. However, as complementation was incomplete, we investigated whether the HCMV nuclear egress complex (NEC) subunits UL50 and UL53, which are required for nuclear egress and recruit UL97 to the nuclear rim, are UL97 substrates. Using mass spectrometry, we detected UL97-dependent phosphorylation of UL50 residue S216 (UL50-S216) and UL53-S19 in infected cells. Moreover, UL53-S19 was specifically phosphorylated by UL97 in vitro. Notably, treatment of infected cells with the UL97 inhibitor maribavir or infection with a UL97 mutant led to a punctate rather than a continuous distribution of the NEC at the nuclear rim. Alanine substitutions in both UL50-S216 and UL53-S19 resulted in a punctate distribution of the NEC in infected cells and also decreased virus production and nuclear egress in the absence of maribavir. These results indicate that UL97 phosphorylates the NEC and suggest that this phosphorylation modulates nuclear egress. Thus, the UL97-NEC interaction appears to recruit UL97 to the nuclear rim both for disruption of the nuclear lamina and phosphorylation of the NEC. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes birth defects and it can cause life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised patients. HCMV assembles in the nucleus and then translocates to the cytoplasm in an unusual process termed nuclear egress, an attractive target for antiviral therapy. A viral enzyme, UL97, is important for nuclear egress. It has been proposed that this is due to its role in disruption of the nuclear lamina, which would otherwise impede nuclear egress. In validating this proposal, we showed that independent disruption of the lamina can overcome a loss of UL97, but only partly, suggesting additional roles for UL97 during nuclear egress. We then found that UL97 phosphorylates the viral nuclear egress complex (NEC), which is essential for nuclear egress, and we obtained evidence that this phosphorylation modulates this process. Our results highlight a new role for UL97, the mutual dependence of the viral NEC and UL97 during nuclear egress, and differences among herpesviruses.
A nanocomplex that is both tumor cell-selective and cancer gene-specific for anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Many in vitro studies have demonstrated that silencing of cancerous genes by siRNAs is a potential therapeutic approach for blocking tumor growth. However, siRNAs are not cell type-selective, cannot specifically target tumor cells, and therefore have limited in vivo application for siRNA-mediated gene therapy. In this study, we tested a functional RNA nanocomplex which exclusively targets and affects human anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) by taking advantage of the abnormal expression of CD30, a unique surface biomarker, and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in lymphoma cells. The nanocomplexes were formulated by incorporating both ALK siRNA and a RNA-based CD30 aptamer probe onto nano-sized polyethyleneimine-citrate carriers. To minimize potential cytotoxicity, the individual components of the nanocomplexes were used at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Dynamic light scattering showed that formed nanocomplexes were ~140 nm in diameter and remained stable for more than 24 hours in culture medium. Cell binding assays revealed that CD30 aptamer probes selectively targeted nanocomplexes to ALCL cells, and confocal fluorescence microscopy confirmed intracellular delivery of the nanocomplex. Cell transfection analysis showed that nanocomplexes silenced genes in an ALCL cell type-selective fashion. Moreover, exposure of ALCL cells to nanocomplexes carrying both ALK siRNAs and CD30 RNA aptamers specifically silenced ALK gene expression, leading to growth arrest and apoptosis. Taken together, our findings indicate that this functional RNA nanocomplex is both tumor cell type-selective and cancer gene-specific for ALCL cells.
Dissection of Maize Kernel Composition and Starch Production by Candidate Gene Association

Cereal starch production forms the basis of subsistence for much of the world’s human and domesticated animal populations. Starch concentration and composition in the maize (Zea mays ssp mays) kernel are complex traits controlled by many genes. In this study, an association approach was used to evaluate six maize candidate genes involved in kernel starch biosynthesis: amylose extender1 (ae1), brittle endosperm2 (bt2), shrunken1 (sh1), sh2, sugary1, and waxy1. Major kernel composition traits, such as protein, oil, and starch concentration, were assessed as well as important starch composition quality traits, including pasting properties and amylose levels. Overall, bt2, sh1, and sh2 showed significant associations for kernel composition traits, whereas ae1 and sh2 showed significant associations for starch pasting properties. ae1 and sh1 both associated with amylose levels. Additionally, haplotype analysis of sh2 suggested this gene is involved in starch viscosity properties and amylose content. Despite starch concentration being only moderately heritable for this particular panel of diverse maize inbreds, high resolution was achieved when evaluating these starch candidate genes, and diverse alleles for breeding and further molecular analysis were identified.
Self-Similarity Inpainting

We present a novel means of texture inpainting, dubbed Self-Similarity Inpainting, that uses the Self-Similarity Descriptor to implicitly encode complex structures through a summary of local neighborhood comparisons. Pixel patches are selected from a codebook based on descriptor distance in their original locale and after the proposed insertion. We suggest an efficient means of parallelizing this approach across an arbitrarily large number of processors, as well as describing improvements over existing techniques and extensions that shift the tradeoff between inpainting quality and algorithmic efficiency for object or artifact removal. Results are shown for a number of synthetic and captured digital images, including effects upon human foveal attention.
Consistency Problems of Spin-2 Gravity Coupling

The divergence identities obeyed by the equations of a free linear spin-2 gauge field are no longer satisfied when it is coupled to gravity. In contrast with supergravity, the resulting consistency requirements cannot be satisfied even upon use of the Einstein equations, despite the presence of a supergravitylike «miracle». These and related propagation problems persist for general nonminimal gravitational coupling and also if torsion is included. General relations between consistency requirements, co-ordinate invariance and stress tensor conservation are displayed and applied to strong gravity.
Temporal qualitative analysis: explaining how physical systems work

Abstract A theory of design that proposes fundamental changes to a system's behavior must capture a designer's understanding of how physical systems work. To be versatile, such a theory must provide a link between the intuitions of a designer and the corresponding principles of formal theory (i.e., algebra, calculus, feedback analysis, network theory, and electrodynamics) which makes each underlying assumption explicit. Temporal qualitative analysis is a domain independent technique for analyzing the qualitative large signal behavior of continuous physical systems that captures a designer's intuitions of causality, change, continuity, energy storage and feedback. Temporal qualitative analysis is based on four major components that are demonstrated in the domain of circuit analysis. First, a qualitative representation is composed of a set of open regions separated by boundaries. These boundaries are chosen at the appropriate level of detail for the analysis. This concept is used in modeling time, space, system state variables, and device operating regions. Second, constraints between state variables are established by circuit theory. At a finer time scale, the designer's intuition of electrodynamics is used to impose a causal relationship among these constraints. Third, large signal behavior is modeled by transition analysis, using continuity and theorems of calculus to determine how quantities pass between regions over time. Finally, feedback analysis uses knowledge about the structure of equations and the properties of structure classes to resolve ambiguities.
Photoactivatable Fluorescein Derivatives Caged with a (3-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl)methyl Group

The (3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl)methyl (NQMP) group represents an efficient photocage for fluorescein-based dyes. Thus, irradiation of the 6-NQMP ether of 2′-hydroxymethylfluorescein with low-intensity UVA light results in a 4-fold increase in emission intensity. Photoactivation of nonfluorescent NQMP-caged 3-allyloxyfluorescein produces a highly emissive fluorescein monoether. To facilitate conjugation of the caged dye to the substrate of interest via click chemistry, the allyloxy appendage was functionalized with an azide moiety.
A Record of a Silver-Haired Bat in a Cave

On January 23, 1952, a male silver-haired bat ( Lasionycteris noctivagans ) was found hibernating in a shallow cave that had been dug into the St. Peter sandstone cliffs along the St. Croix River near Stillwater, Minnesota. During many visits to this cave …
Objective and specific tracking of anhedonia via event-related potentials in individuals with cocaine use disorders.

Background Hyposensitivity to non-drug reward, behaviorally manifested as anhedonia, is a hallmark of chronic substance use. Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic symptom underpinned by neurobiochemical disturbances in the reward circuit, yet an objective measure to assess anhedonia severity still eludes the field. We hypothesized that the Reward Positivity (RewP) component of the event-related potentials (ERPs) will specifically track anhedonia as the RewP is attributed to the same brain regions that are also implicated in anhedonia.
Analysis on Epidemiological Characteristics of Food Poisoning Caused by Vibrio Parahaemolyticus in Futian District of Shenzhen City

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristic of food poisoning caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Futian District of Shenzhen City,and provide evidence for Vibrio parahaemolyticus related food poisoning control. [Methods]The data of food poisoning caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus from 2007 were accessed,The Vibrio parahaemolyticus was separated according to GB/4789.7-2003,and biochemically identified by GNID,and the serotype was determined by serum slide agglutination.The bioMerieux France ATB Fungs method was used to perform microbial sensitivity test. [Results]The peak season of Vibrio parahaemolyticus related food poisoning was August and September.The major of the poisoning foods were vegetable salad and cooked meat products which were not heated thoroughly.O3∶K6 was the predominant serotypes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains(50.0%).Most strains showed resistance to ampicillin(61.5%),ticarcillin(50.0%) and cefazolin(42.3%). [Conclusion]It is important to control food poisoning caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus of O3∶K6 serotypes.The rational administration should be applied in the treatment of related disease.
James Henry Leigh Hunt (1784–1859)

Leigh Hunt’s contributions to the development of the Romantic Movement were more significant than Wordsworth allowed in a number of patronizing comments. Placed within a context, Wordsworth’s remarks may have been, more than anything else, repayments for Hunt’s endorsement of his own work. Wordsworth repeated more than once his assessment: Hunt possessed ‘Talents’ rather than an ability to produce creative work of lasting importance. When he sent Hunt a copy of his Poems, he mentioned his ‘pleasure’ at hearing from Lord Brougham that his writings were ‘valued by Mr Hunt’. The letter, dated 12 February 1815, did not accompany the volumes, which were sent on 26 April. Hunt took even longer to acknowledge the gift, delaying his response for three months. He neither wrote nor solicited the writing of a review that might have appeared in the Examiner. (Wordsworth wanted one.)
Inner Product on $${\Lambda}$$

19.1.1. In this chapter, we preserve the setup of the previous chapter. In particular, we write Λ = Λλ where λ ∈ X+ is fixed, except in subsections 19.2.3, 19.3.6 and 19.3.7.
Graphene field effect transistors for detection of ionizing radiation

A novel radiation detector based on a graphene field effect transistor (GFET) is experimentally demonstrated. The detection in GFET relies on the high sensitivity of the resistivity of graphene to the local change of electric field that can result from ionized charges produced in the underlying semiconductor substrate. We present the experimental results of our study on the graphene-based radiation detector response to X-rays. We observed increasing resistance change of graphene with increasing X-ray flux in an electrically biased GFET based on a Si substrate. We have measured the temporal characteristics of our detector, along with the sensitivity of the device at high (40 kV-80 μA) and low (15 kV-15 μA) X-ray fluxes. Furthermore, we demonstrate room-temperature operation of a graphene radiation sensor based on a SiC absorber.
Stoffe – zwischenmolekulare Wechselwirkungen erklären die Aggregatzustände

Der Begriff Stoff im chemischen Sinne ist jedermann gelaufig. So sind die Elemente Wasserstoff, Kohlenstoff, Sauerstoff etc. elementare Bausteine der Materie. Kunststoffe, Treibstoffe, Arzneistoffe, Rohstoffe, Farbstoffe etc. erleichtern und verbessern unser alltagliches Leben. Die chemischen Ablaufe in lebendigen Organismen werden in ihrer Gesamtheit als Stoffwechsel bezeichnet. Stoffe weisen Masse auf und nehmen Raum in Anspruch. Die Chemie als Naturwissenschaft befasst sich mit dem Aufbau, der Herstellung und den Eigenschaften von Stoffen.
Using Intrusive Advising to Improve Student Outcomes in Developmental College Courses.

Using intrusive advising principles and the four Cs framework, the Strong-Start Program was developed and implemented to improve student outcomes in developmental math, reading, and writing courses...
Predoctoral internship training: Psychology intern perspectives on an internship rotation targeting supervision competency development

In the field of psychology, few, if any, authors have described innovative predoctoral internship training experiences aimed at developing trainee competence as a supervisor. In this article, the a...
ELECTROLYTE SECRETION BY RAT SALIVARY GLANDS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO.

ABSTRACT Salivary secretion has been investigated, in the rat, in vivo and in incubated gland slices, with the ultimate objective of delineating mechanisms of transport of fluid and electrolytes. As an initial phase of the work, electrolyte composition was investigated in the major salivary secretions and in the salivary glands themselves. In glands, composition was determined for the whole organ and, by means of “space” studies, for the salivary gland cells. Following this phase, transport mechanisms were investigated in vitro , using slices of submaxillary gland. With slices, cells could be loaded with sodium and depleted of potassium during aerobic or, to appreciably greater extent, during anaerobic incubation. Reaccumulation of cell potassium and extrusion of sodium were consistently observed when oxygen was readmitted after anaerobic incubation. It was noted that these exchanges occurred against chemical and electrical potential gradients. Chloride was accumulated by cells during anaerobic incubation but was not extruded when oxygen was readmitted. Active transport of sodium and potassium, but not of chloride, were, thus, established for rat submaxillary gland cells. Preliminary data suggested that stimulation by pilocarpine reduced the net efflux of sodium and the net influx of potassium during aerobic incubation following anaerobiosis, that is, in a situation where these net fluxes involve active transport of sodium and potassium. Preliminary investigation of one-way movements of ions during this period suggested that pilocarpine increased sodium influx and did not affect sodium efflux or potassium influx. These and other observations are examined in relation to current hypotheses on the mode of formation of a secretory fluid.
Development in the CNS

Neuronal development proceeds in an orderly fashion during development of the embryo and fetus. There are certain stages of development that are consistent across individuals during gestation. Following birth, changes in the brain are related to genetics, biology, and environmental stimulation. This chapter will provide an overview of development pre- and postnatally, and discuss challenges that develop due to environmental aspects (stress, substance abuse, toxins, etc.).
Liquid CO2 Droplet Spectra

Publisher Summary Sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in the deep ocean is being evaluated as a means to reduce the rate of accumulation of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. The two primary issues that must be addressed are the effectiveness of this strategy in reducing atmospheric CO2 levels over time and its impacts on the marine environment. An important parameter in predicting local acute changes in sea water chemistry induced by deep ocean injection of liquid CO2 is the size of the resultant CO2 droplets. Jets of liquid CO2 discharging into seawater are hydrodynamically unstable and will break-up into a dispersed droplet phase. The droplets are advected by buoyancy and currents while they dissolve and acidify the sea water. Models of CO2 droplet plumes consistently predict that although the vertical extent of affected sea water is greater for large droplets, the magnitude of induced changes in sea water chemistry is less than that associated with smaller droplets. The majority of effort to date has been directed toward studies of liquid jets in air. While instability phenomena in liquid-gas and liquid-liquid systems are similar, they are not identical; break-up is affected by the properties of the continuous (ambient) phase and the condition of the jet-ambient fluid interface, which can be significantly different in the two systems. Investigations of liquid-liquid instability are limited, and largely confined to the laminar flow regime. Little information exists on droplet sizes produced by transitional flow and turbulent break-up events. To address this deficiency, laboratory experiments have been conducted to obtain droplet size spectra and to investigate the mechanisms of instability of liquid CO2 jets discharging into pressurized water under simulated deep ocean conditions.
An Empirical Comparison of Oligopolistic Advertising Strategies

Two recent approaches have been proposed for developing advertising strategies in dynamic oligopolies, in the face of mathematical difficulties involved in developing closed-loop strategies in differential games. The proposed approaches, along with two baseline approaches, are compared in the context of a Lanchester oligopoly model and the empirical setting of the U. S. ready-to-eat cereal market. Three conclusions arise from the empirical comparison: (1) dynamic advertising strategies that are developed from a differential game context more closely match the general level of actual advertising expenditures than do strategies based on single-period decisions, (2) strategies based on dynamic conjectural variations provide the best overall fit with competitors’ actual advertising, (3) the strategies considered do not fully capture the dynamic advertising behavior of oligopolistic competitors.
Environmental Effect on the Mechanical Strength of Glass

It is well known that the mechanical strength of glass is strongly influenced by the environment in which it is measured. For example, the strength measured in water is much lower than that in vacuum.1, 2 A similar strength reduction is observed, to a lesser extent, in various organic solvents.1–5 The strength reduction of glass in water is usually explained by the stress corrosion mechanism by Charles and Hillig.6 It is difficult, however, to invoke this stress corrosion mechanism for the effect in organic solvents which do not react with glasses.
Weakly Singular Equations

In this chapter we discuss some methods for finding approximate solutions of weakly singular integral equations of the Fredholm and Volterra types.
CLOSED-COMPLETENESS IN SPACES WITH WEAK COVERING PROPERTIES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses closed-completeness in spaces with weak covering properties. It is known that certain covering properties of a topological space X imply compactness in the presence of countable compactness and imply real compactness in the presence of a suitable non-measurability hypothesis. If X is weakly δθ-refinable and if every discrete subset of X of uncountable power has a 2-limit point in X, then X is closed-complete. Therefore, if X is T, then the hypothesis “every discrete subset of X of uncountable power has a 2-limit point in X is equivalent to every closed discrete subset of X is countable. It is observed that if every discrete subset of X is countable and if F is a collection of closed subsets of X such that {X - F: F ɛ F} has a weak δθ-refinement, then F does not have the countable intersection property.
On dynamic malware payloads aimed at programmable logic controllers

With the discovery of the Stuxnet attack, increasing attention is being paid to the potential for malware to target Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). Despite much speculation about threats from PLC malware, the popular opinion is that automated attacks against PLCs are not practical without having a priori knowledge of the target physical process. In this paper, we explore the problem of designing PLC malware that can generate a dynamic payload based on observations of the process taken from inside the control system. This significantly lowers the bar for attacks against PLCs. We evaluate how PLC malware may infer the structure of the physical plant and how it can use this information to construct a dynamic payload to achieve an adversary's end goal. We find that at the very least, a dynamic payload can be constructed that causes unsafe behavior for an arbitrary process definition.
Chapter 20 Inflammatory myopathies

Publisher Summary Inflammatory myopathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by muscle weakness, elevated serum creatine kinase levels, electrophysiologic abnormalities, and inflammation on muscle biopsy. Inflammatory myopathies are traditionally divided into idiopathic and secondary etiologies. The three major categories of an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy are polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis. Electromyography (EMG) findings in inflammatory myopathies are neither sensitive nor specific. In patients with either mild, or treated, disease, the EMG can be normal. Because of the patchy nature of the disease, the investigation of multiple muscles may be necessary to document sufficient abnormalities for a diagnosis. Although characteristic EMG abnormalities have been documented, none of these are specific to inflammatory myopathies. The electromyographic abnormalities associated with inflammatory myopathies do not differentiate one from the other, nor do they differentiate inflammatory muscle disease from other myopathic processes. Nonetheless, in conjunction with a thorough clinical history and exam, they can be helpful in supporting or excluding the clinical suspicion of an inflammatory myopathy.