cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matter under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure

Research on matter at extreme conditions has provided new insights into material behaviour at atmospheric pressure. The application of high pressure is the simplest way to change the lattice spacing and has led to the discovery of new phenomena, new phases and new forms of electronic and ionic order. The application of high temperatures leads to melting, atomic and electronic excitation, and eventually to ionisation and the formation of a plasma state. The combination of high pressures and temperatures continues to present a severe challenge to experimental and theoretical advances. However, current experimental methods permit material studies at pressures of several megabars and temperatures of tens of thousands of degrees Kelvin. The rapid surge in computer technology has, in turn, permitted the solution of many previously intractable theoretical problems. High-pressure research supplies information about the properties of geologic materials which, when coupled with data from seismic waves and space probes, provides information about the structure of planetary interiors.
Capillary level imaging of local cerebral blood flow in bicuculline-induced epileptic foci.

Abstract Local hemodynamics of the cerebral cortex is the basis of modern functional imaging techniques, such as fMRIand PET. Despite the importance of local regulation of the blood flow, capillary level quantification of cerebral blood flow has been limited by the spatial resolution of functional imaging techniques and the depth penetration of conventional optical microscopy. Two-photon laser scanning microscopic imaging technique has the necessary spatial resolution and can image capillaries in the depth of the cortex. We have loaded the serum with fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran and quantified the flow of red blood cells (RBCs) in capillaries in layers 2/3 of the mouse somatosensory cortex in vivo . Basal capillary flux was quantified as approximately 28.9±13.6 RBCs/s ( n =50, mean±S.D.) under ketamine–xylazine anesthesia and 26.7±16.0 RBCs/s ( n =31) under urethane anesthesia. Focal interictal (epileptiform) activity was induced by local infusion of bicuculline methochloride in the cortex. We have observed that capillary blood flow increased as the cortical local field events developed into epileptiform in the vicinity of GABA receptor blockade ( n =52) relative to the control conditions or to blood flow measured in capillaries at distant (>1 mm from the focus) sites from the epileptic focus (27.8±12.9 RBCs/s, n =30). These results show that hyper-synchronized neural activity is associated with increased capillary perfusion in a localized cortical area. This volume is significantly smaller than the currently available resolution of the fMRI signal.
Thermal Resistance and Pressure Drop of Silicon Based Micro Pin Fin Heat Exchanger Under Cross Flow

We have performed a parametric study of the thermal and hydraulic performance of silicon-based micro pin fin heat exchangers with water as the fluid. Circular and square micro pin fins have been fabricated. The pin dimensions ranged from 50 μm to 150 μm. The test chip is unique because it has 20 micro temperature sensors of the size 75 μm × 75 μm to accurately capture the thermal resistance of the micro pin fin heat exchanger. Data shows that there is no difference in the hydraulic and the thermal resistance of circular and square pins. Conventional correlations for friction factor and Nusselt number match well with the data.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Privacy Requirements in an Age of Increased Sharing

Privacy is a critical design principle that must be balanced with how we utilize personal data in software. This article examines the increasing importance of privacy in emerging software ecosystems, legal and standards compliance, and software design practice. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/E9kbrOE8dFA is an audio podcast in which author Travis Breaux provides an audio recording of the Requirements column about the increasing importance of privacy in emerging software ecosystems, legal and standards compliance, and software design practice.
Cortisol Production and Metabolism in the Late Gestation Rhesus Monkey Fetus

Cortisol metabolism was studied in the pregnant rhesus monkey and her fetus at 135–140 days gestation using five long term catheterized fetal preparations. Two different isotope methods were used. The first method, employing simultaneous constant infusions of [3H]cortisol into the fetus and [14C]cortisol into the mother, demonstrated that the fetus had a significantly higher cortisol production rate than did the mother when expressed in terms of body weight (8.3 ± 1.6 vs. 3.4 ± 0.6 mg/kg-day). The fetus also had a higher cortisol MCR (76.7 ± 13.9 vs. 20.4 ± 5.4 liters/kg- day). The fetal adrenal secretion rate at this gestational age was not significantly different from the maternal rate (5.3 ± 1.9 vs. 3.2 ± 0.6 mg/kg-day, respectively). There was extensive transfer of cortisol in both directions across the placenta, with no net gain in cortisol for the fetus. However, at any particular time, 43.5% of the cortisol in the fetal circulation was derived from maternal secretion. In addition, 71.8% of fetal co...
The quantitative spectrographic analysis of the rare earth elements; determination of major constituents in complex mixtures.

Spectrographic methods applicable to the determination of major rare earth constituents in complex mixtures are described. The specific examples discussed are the determination of yttrium and gadolinium in the concentration range of 10 to 100 percent. The procedures involve the high current d.c. arc excitation of rare earth oxide sample-ceric oxide-graphite mixtures. Selected lines of cerium are used as internal standards. The choice of cerium as internal standard was based on the relative ease with which any cerium, if present in a mixture, could be preferentially separated from the mixture and then reintroduced in a standard amount. Precision studies show a standard deviation of about ±2.5 percent for single determinations. The results from a quantitative study of (a) vaporization rates, (b) intensity diagrams of the internal standard line pairs along the longitudinal axis of the arc discharge, and (c) the effect of large changes in excitation conditions on the intensity ratios show that this high precision can be attributed to a high degree of internal standard compensation of excitation variables.
Characterization of lattice strain induced by neutron irradiation

Powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement have been used to study structural damage induced by neutron irradiation of orthoclase (Or94) from Benson Mines, New York. X-ray diffraction profiles of samples exposed to total neutron doses in excess of 6.3×1018 n/ cm2 exhibit small but measurable peak broadening in comparison with unirradiated orthoclase. Rietveld structure refinements and transmission electron microscope observations indicate that the X-ray peak broadening arises primarily from the effect of strain rather than particle size. The results reveal a positive correlation between the neutron dose and the anisotropic strain percentage calculated from the Lorentzian profile parameters. This strain-induced broadening probably stems from numerous point defects created by recoiling atoms during neutron collisions. These observations have important implications for the diffusive behavior of 39Ar and 40Ar.
Optimizing the annealing of BiSrCaCuO films

Abstract As-deposited semiconducting BiSrCaCuO films have been prepared on (100) MgO single crystals by the high-pressure dc sputtering process. The optimal annealing condition for these films has been obtained by the step annealing method. The films annealed at 870°C for 20 min have T c ( onset ) = 110 K and T c ( zero ) = 80 K . Additionally, the annealed films are strongly oriented.
Mural Thrombosis and Arterial Embolism in Mitral Stenosis

A clinicopathologic study of 51 cases of mitral stenosis with intracardiac mural thrombi is presented with particular reference to the locations of these thrombi and their relationship to the associated thromboembolic phenomena. In 27 cases the thrombi were present only in the left side of the heart, in 15 cases they were in both sides of the heart, and in 9 cases they were present only in the right atrium. Of 42 cases in which thrombi were located in the left side of the heart, in 20 the thrombi were limited to the left auricular appendage. In the remaining 22 cases in this group the thrombi in the left side of the heart were situated on the main atrial wall, in the auricular appendage and on the main atrial wall together, or in the left ventricle. Systemic arterial emboli occurred frequently regardless of the particular site in the left side of the heart at which the thrombus formed. Of 24 cases in which thrombi were situated in the right side of the heart, in 20 the thrombi were restricted to the right auricular appendage.
Effective Delivery of Analytes with Optofluidics for Ultrasensitive Biodetection

We present a plasmonic nanobiosensor offering superior analyte delivery efficiency. Our experiments with virus-like analytes show more than an order of magnitude faster response time, and seven orders-of-magnitude dynamic concentration range for 103-109 particles/mL.
A reduction formalism for potential scattering

Abstract It is shown that an asymptotic condition familiar in potential scattering theory, together with a reduction formalism analogous to that introduced by Lehmann, Symanzik, and Zimmermann in quantum field theory, are sufficient to yield the fundamental relations of potential scattering theory.
Coupling electromagnetics with micromagnetics

A time domain simulator for analyzing non-linear coupled electromagnetic and micromagnetic phenomena in complex magnetic structures is introduced. The simulator employs a new integral formulation that accurately accounts for the Eddy currents and captures the dominant physics. An implicit time stepping scheme that uses an analytic Jacobian method and allows for large time steps is proposed. Finally, the simulator has a low (O(N logN)) computational complexity for a system with N mesh elements and it is implemented on massively parallel GPU computing systems, which permits for the rapid analysis of highly complex magnetic devices.
The social functions of correctional policy: A case study of the Alabama convict lease system 1845–1928

Private sector involvement in corrections is a controversial contemporary practice. This paper examines, from a historical perspective, one state’s experiment with leasing state sentenced convicts to private contractors for use on a variety of for profit labor projects. The convict lease system in Alabama was noteworthy for two reasons: first, Alabama relied on the lease system of convict labor longer than any other state, and second, the state operated one of the most profitable lease systems in the United States. Convicts in Alabama were used in agriculture, road and railway construction, manufacturing, in quarries and in the coal mines. It was in the coal mines that the lease system brought the greatest profit and controversy. Leases with the coal companies for convict labor became a major source of revenue for the state treasury while at the same time, prison reformers criticized the practice for its cruel and inhumane treatment of inmates (the death rate at some of the mining camps exceeded 40% of the inmates under custody per year). In addition, this paper examines some of the social consequences associated with the correctional policy of convict leasing.
Aspiration of oocytes from transitional, cycling, and pregnant mares

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of three approaches for recovering equine oocytes via transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration. Fourteen mares were used as oocyte donors during the spring transition period and physiologic breeding season, and 11 mares were bred for use as oocyte donors during early gestation. In all mares, large (>20mm) and small (10–20mm) follicles were aspirated in eight rounds every 10–11 days. In each of the four rounds during the transition period, half the mares received 12.5mg eFSH once daily for 4 days prior to aspiration. For each of the four rounds during the cycling season, half the mares received 12.5mg eFSH twice daily for 3 days prior to aspiration. Pregnant mares were aspirated on days 25, 40 and 55 of gestation and received no eFSH. There were more large (>20mm) follicles in cycling controls (2.25±0.27) and cycling FSH-treated (2.64±0.27) mares than in transitional FSH-treated mares (1.18±0.27). The number of oocytes recovered from small (10–20mm) follicles varied by mare ( P P >0.1). The number of oocytes per aspiration from large follicles was greater in cycling FSH-treated mares (0.46±0.09) than in transitional control mares (0.11±0.09). In pregnant mares, more large follicles were present at day 25 than at any other time, and the number of oocytes per aspiration from large follicles was greater at day 25 (0.73±0.16) than at day 55 (0.04±0.18). When compared across all seasons and treatments, the day 25 pregnant mares yielded the greatest number of oocytes per aspiration (2.91±0.66 per mare).
A study of the photochemistry of Diazo Meldrum's acid by ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopies.

The photochemistry of Diazo Meldrum’s acid (DM) was investigated by fs time-resolved UV−vis and IR spectroscopic methods. UV (266 nm) excitation of DM pumps the molecule to the S5 and S7 excited states. After fast internal conversion (IC), the S2 state is formed, which will undergo Wolff rearrangement to form vibrationally excited ketene, which relaxes in 9 ps. The S2 state will also relax to the S1 state, which isomerizes to diazirine, fragments to form carbene, and relaxes further to the ground state of DM. The singlet carbene absorbs at 305 nm, is formed within 300 fs of the laser pulse, and has a lifetime of 2.3 ps in acetonitrile. The lifetime of DM in the S2 and S1 states is less than 300 fs. The quantum efficiency of DM decomposition is ∼50% in chloroform with 266 nm excitation.
Prostatic Involvement in Wegener's Granulomatosis

Two cases of Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with prostatic involvement are described and compiled with the five previously detailed cases. Each of these patients presented with obstructive symptoms, proteinuria, leukocyturia, and hematuria. The urinary sediment normalized with treatment of the underlying granulomatous vasculitis. Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare cause of prostatic obstructive symptoms, but should be considered whenever the relatively unusual entity of granulomatous prostatitis is diagnosed. One patient was initially treated exclusively with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). He responded, but noted recurrence during the 15th month of treatment. We also report on this patient's antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) titers, which correlated with clinical assessment and predicted recurrence 2 months before elevation of the Westergren sedimentation rate (WSR) and clinical diagnosis.
Large Deformation Modeling of Swelling Actuation in Conjugated Polymer Systems

Conjugated polymer actuators provide delicate solutions in biomimetic robotics and bio/micromanipulation. For these applications, it is highly desirable to have large deformation. Because linear elasticity theory is only valid when the strain is small, this poses significant challenges in the electromechanical modeling. In this paper, we use a nonlinear strain energy function to capture the stored elastic energy under actuation-induced swelling, which further allows us to compute the induced stress. Numerical method is used to obtain the deformation variables by solving the force and bending moment balance equations simultaneously. Experimental results for a trilayer conjugated polymer beam can be predicted by the proposed model better than the linear model. This proposed framework can also be applied to the analysis of large deformations of other electroactive polymers.
Open source software-defined radio tools for education, research, and rapid prototyping

Software-defined radios (SDR) offer several advantages over traditional, hardware-based radios, most notably flexibility and reconfigurability. Developing SDR applications can be a difficult process, however, for several reasons. First, much of the work involved deals with standards compliance, rather than radio functionality. This portion of the work is very detailed and error prone, leading to wasted time and effort. Second, there is little to no support available for the debugging and refinement portions of the development cycle. There is no easy way to monitor or control SDR applications at runtime. The Waveform Workshop was created to address these issues. A part of the OSSIE SDR project, the Waveform Workshop drastically reduces the time and effort involved in SDR development. It automatically generates the portions of the software related to standards compliance, letting developers concentrate on radio functionality. In addition, the Waveform Workshop provides tools for both monitoring and controlling SDR applications at runtime, making debugging much easier.
A comparison of the DNA of the “R” and “T” strains of mosquito iridescent virus

Abstract The buoyant density (1.7135 g/cm 3 ), percentage GC (53.9%), and melting temperature ( T m = 76.4°) of the DNA of “regular” mosquito iridescent virus (RMIV) and of “turquoise” mosquito iridescent virus (TMIV) are similar although the molecular weights of the two DNAs are different; 243.3 × 10 6 and 286.7 × 10 6 , respectively. Analyses show that RMIV contains two identical duplex DNA molecules which are about 15% smaller than the single duplex DNA molecule of TMIV. Reassociation studies show that RMIV and TMIV contain about 17 and 30% repetitious DNA, respectively. Homology studies show the two DNAs to be 100% homologous in their DNA nucleotide sequences. We conclude that the DNA of RMIV and TMIV contain identical sequences and that the portion of the TMIV-DNA molecule accounting for the higher molecular weight is composed of repeated sequences common to both strains.
Looking back and falling further behind: The moderating role of rumination on the relationship between organizational politics and employee attitudes, well-being, and performance

The current study tested the theoretically relevant, yet previously unexamined, role of rumination on the relationship between politics perceptions and a variety of threat responses. Drawing from Response Styles Theory, it was argued that rumination amplifies the effects of politics by enhancing the influence of negative information on cognition, interfering with problem-solving, and undermining sources of social support. The work stress literature, along with extant politics research, served to identify four variables – job satisfaction, tension, depressed work mood, and employee effort/performance – that served as study outcomes. Across three unique samples, hypothesized relationships were strongly supported, indicating that politics perceptions negatively affected work outcomes of high ruminators, but demonstrate little influence on those who engage in less rumination. Moreover, the nonlinear influences of the focal constructs were considered and the results confirmed atypical relational forms. Contributions, implications for theory and practice, strengths and limitations, and future research directions are described.
Measurement of the potency of pollen extract by radioimmunoprecipitation

Abstract We describe a novel procedure for standardization of allergen extracts using radioiodinated crude extracts. Radiolabeled extracts were reacted with immunoglogulin E (IgE) antibody, and the resulting complexes precipitated by anti-IgE. Experiments with ragweed pollen, grass pollen, honeybee venom, and Alternaria extracts revealed that 1% to 14% of the radioactivity was precipitated; these percentages ranged from 2 to 20 times blank values. Binding of labeled ragweed extracts to IgE antibody could be inhibited by unlabeled extracts and linear inhibition responses could be derived. The potencies of 11 short ragweed extracts were ranked by their inhibitory capacities in such an IgE radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) test and compared to potencies determined by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition; these were related, r s = +0.97 (p s = +0.96 (p
Role determination in an aerial dogfight

A coplanar aerial dogfight is analyzed by assuming constant, not necessarily identical, speeds and individual maximum turning rates and lethal ranges. A combatant (A) is assumed to be victorious when his opponent (B) has been maneuvered into a relative position within A's lethal range and in the direction of A's velocity. Three variables are required to define the instantaneous “state” of the game, namely the relative position (2) and the angle (1) between their velocities. A computer program has been constructed to divide the 3-dimensional region of possible initial (and subsequent) states into regions corresponding to victory by one or the other combatant, and, if the faster combatant has the smaller lethal range, a “no contest” region corresponding to escape by the faster combatant. The critical separating surface (or surfaces) is composed of a number of pieces corresponding to initial conditions leading either to simultaneous kill or to “near miss” situations of one type or another. Optimal play is defined in the immediate neighborhood of the entire separating surface, guaranteeing victory (or escape) to one combatant or the other, depending on location on one side or the other of the separating surface.
Using social psychology to motivate contributions to online communities

Under-contribution is a problem for many online communities. Social psychology theories of social loafing and goal-setting can provide mid-level design principles to address this problem. We tested the design principles in two field experiments. In one, members of an online movie recommender community were reminded of the uniqueness of their contributions and the benefits that follow from them. In the second, they were given a range of individual or group goals for contribution. As predicted by theory, individuals contributed when they were reminded of their uniqueness and when they were given specific and challenging goals, but other predictions were not borne out. The paper ends with suggestions and challenges for mining social science theories as well as implications for design.
Mid-infrared (Mid-IR) optical frequency comb spectroscopy method for trace gas detection

A mid-infrared (Mid-IR) spectroscopy system based on optical frequency comb technology is being developed. Using nonlinear optical interactions, the light source in the system generates a tunable optical frequency comb in the Mid-IR wavelength range (λ = 2.5 – 10 μm). The characteristics of this light source (highly coherent, accurately defined frequencies) render the system ideal for use in many applications such as trace gas detections with a long absorption length and high resolution spectroscopy for identification of unknown molecules.
Convective Ignition of Propellant Cylinders in a Developing Flowfield

Abstract : The sensitivities of ignition delay time and site to the ambient conditions (i.e., flow velocity, pressure, temperature and gas composition) were investigated under high heat flux conditions (e.g., 100 cal/cm2-s). A shock tunnel was used to provide up to 20 ms of flowing heated gas at: 1 to 22 mpa, 1800 to 2300 k, 5 to 300 m/s. test gases were 100%N2. 10%O2/90%N2 and 50%O2/50%N2. Instrumentation included radiation detectors, high-speed shadowgraph sequences, pressure probes and heat flux gauges. Most of the tests were conducted with nitrocellulose-based propellants. The effect of high heating rates accompanying the initial flow transients and boundary layer development were very prominent in producing sub-millisecond ignition delays for oxygen-containing flows. Indeed, during their brief period (on the order of 0.2 ms) the heat fluxes are 4 to 5 times higher than corresponding well developed flow values. Flame blow-off occurred for high Reynolds numbers (e.g., 16,000), low free stream oxygen content flows. Depending on the flow conditions first ignition occurred distinctly at the leading edge, trailing edge or at the flow separation region. Compared to triple-based propellant, single-based and double-based propellants ignited more rapidly in oxygen-containing flows. The experimental results indicate clearly that for the range of ambient conditions tested, the ignition is a gas phase process. The ignition processes in nonsteady reactive boundary layer flows were analyzed for the front stagnation flow region. The solution includes the boundary layer development and the transition and quasi-steady burning. (Author)
Probabilistic IR modeling for Bayesian automatic object recognition

Based upon the requirements of Bayesian object recognition theory, this paper provides the fundamental framework to determine the joint probability density function of object regions in an IR image. This probability function contains all information about the region that is required to achieve minimum probability of error recognition. The techniques advanced here are expected to be of significant use in certain rather hostile and difficult situations such as testing piping for fault conditions within operational nuclear power plants.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clinical correlations of linear IgA deposition at the cutaneous basement membrane zone

To determine the specificity of linear IgA deposition at the cutaneous basement membrane zone for primary bullous disease, we reviewed the results of all direct immunofluorescence studies of skin biopsy specimens taken from patients seen at Mayo Clinic during the period 1982 through 1986. Of 4642 specimens submitted for direct immunofluorescence during this 5-year period, 44 from 42 patients showed linear IgA deposition at the basement membrane zone, with or without other immunoglobulins. Of these 42 patients, 36 (86%) had primary subepidermal bullous disease. Of the 36, 20 had linear IgA without IgG at the basement membrane zone (10 with clinical adult linear IgA bullous dermatosis, 2 with chronic bullous disease of childhood, and 8 with cicatricial pemphigoid). Sixteen had linear IgA and IgG at the basement membrane zone (10 with clinical cicatricial pemphigoid, 5 with bullous pemphigoid, and 1 with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita). There was a high frequency of mucosal involvement (67% of the 36 patients) and a somewhat higher frequency of ocular involvement in patients with cicatricial pemphigoid who had linear IgA without IgG at the basement membrane zone (6 of 8) than in those who had both immunoglobulins at the basement membrane zone (4 of 10). These results show that the direct immunofluorescence finding of linear IgA deposition at the basement membrane zone correlates with primary subepidermal bullous disease in a high percentage of patients but reflects a heterogeneous group of blistering disorders.
The role of anthropology in interdisciplinary research on Indian alcoholism and treatment outcome

ERICAN INDIANS' alcohol use has been described ethnographically (1, 2), compared cross-culturally (3) and analyzed ethnoscientifically (4). Only quite recently, however, have anthropologists directed their attention to the patterns of treatment that have been developing as Indian communities begin to deal with alcoholism and to the patients of these new programs (5). The present article focuses on one such program, the Seattle Indian Alcoholism Program (SIAe), and on ongoing interdisciplinary research designed to document the program and its impact. First, we describe siae's history, format and philosophy. Then we consider the reasons why an interdisciplinary approach is well suited to the study of Indian alcoholism treatment, and discuss the role of anthropology as an integral part of this approach. Last, we discuss the interdisciplinary plan that has been developed to study
Effect of the buoyancy parameter on czochralski bulk flow in garnet growth

Abstract Czochralski bulk flow was simulated with the physical constants of gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) growth, except for the buoyancy parameter which was assigned eight different values ranging from zero, through the GGG value, to a maximum 25% higher. At low buoyancy the convective eddy is encapsulated between the crucible surfaces and the tip vortex of the rotating crystal. At large buoyancy it penetrates to the free surface; it then dominates the meridional flow, but there are three weak vortices of opposite rotation. At these higher buoyancies, the strength of the convective eddy is approximately proportional to the square root of the buoyancy parameter. Once a certain threshold is passed, the location at which the dividing streamline between the convective and centrifugal eddies intercepts the top surface is not very sensitive to the buoyancy parameter. Below that threshold, however, the sensitivity is quite accentuated, and encapsulation of the convective eddy becomes imminent.
Outcome of penile revascularization for arteriogenic erectile dysfunction after pelvic fracture urethral injuries.

Objective To review our experience with penile revascularization for patients with bilateral occlusion of the deep internal pudendal arteries after pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI). Materials and Methods We identified 17 patients who had undergone penile revascularization with end-to-side anastomosis of the deep inferior epigastric artery to the dorsal penile artery from July 1991 to December 2010. Success was defined as achieving erections sufficient for intercourse with or without pharmacologic assistance. Results All patients had had a PFUI causing arterial insufficiency and erectile dysfunction not responsive to pharmacologic intervention. Of the 17 patients, 4 (24%) underwent revascularization before and 13 (76%) after PFUI repair. The mean age at revascularization was 32.7 years (range 17-54). At an average follow-up of 3.1 years, the surgery was successful in 14 of the 17 patients (82%). In patients with erectile dysfunction as an indication for surgery, successful erections were achieved in 11 of 13. For those who underwent revascularization to prevent ischemic stenosis of the urethral repair, 3 of 4 achieved successful erections, and all subsequent urethral surgeries were successful. The penile duplex ultrasound parameters showed clinically and statistically significant improvements after revascularization. No operative complications developed. The average hospital length of stay was 4.7 days. Four patients experienced early postoperative complications, including an abdominal wall hematoma requiring evacuation in one, penile edema in two, and a superficial surgical site infection in one. No late complications occurred. Conclusion Penile arterial revascularization in select patients can allow for successful treatment of PFUIs and the refractory erectile dysfunction caused by them.
Theoretical Models of Reading

Several theoretical models of reading are examined in detail and reviewed. The models utilize and depict interrelationships among cognitive and linguistic systems as they function in reading performance. The development of cognition, language and reading ability is also reviewed.
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome with dominant inheritance

The Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a rare congenital multisystem disorder of unknown pathogenesis which is characterized by distinct faces, skeletal deformities, joint contractures, short stature, muscle hypertrophy, clinical myotonia, and continuous muscle fiber activity. The inheritance pattern of SJS has been assumed to be autosomal recessive. We report the occurrence of the classic SJS syndrome in both a father and son in a non-consanguineous family, suggesting that SJS has the potential for a dominant pattern of inheritance.
Myocardial Perfusion and Viability

Both first-pass perfusion studies and imaging of delayed hyperenhancement can be combined in one patient exam. The MRI protocols for myocardial perfusion and viability assessment are presented together in this unit due to the complimentary information that is obtained with both protocols. Also, the imaging techniques used for both protocols are closely related. The first protocol assesses the functional severity of coronary artery lesions, while the second, used in addition to first basic protocol, is used in patient presents with symptoms of myocardial infarction or post-coronary revascularization. The procedures are useful in determining the presence and extent of nonviable myocardium.
Cooled radiofrequency (RF) of L5 dorsal ramus for RF denervation of the sacroiliac joint: technical report.

Background and Objectives. The sacroiliac joint is a common source of chronic low back pain. We recently described the use of cooled radiofrequency (RF) electrodes for performing lateral branch neurotomy to treat sacroiliac joint pain. The procedure involves lesioning the lateral branches of the posterior primary rami at S1–S3, and the L5 dorsal ramus (L5DR). While the cooled RF electrode has been adopted as a means for lesioning the lateral branches, conventional RF electrodes are used to lesion the L5DR. The objective of this technical report is to evaluate the acute safety of denervating the L5DR using cooled RF electrode. Methods. Electronic chart review was conducted on 100 consecutive RF procedures. Data collected included age, sex, years of pain, body mass index, post-procedural pain, numbness, weakness, and other complications. Results. Of 100 procedures 82 were completed using cooled electrode for sacral lateral branches and L5DR. Of the 82 procedures completed using cooled RF to L5DR, 24 were reported to be of high difficulty and 19 with poor visualization (bowel gas). There were no major complications related to the procedure. Four patients reported increased pain: two from the conventional RF of L5DR group and two from the cooled RF group. All of the pains were transient and returned to the baseline within 6 weeks. There were two patients experiencing localized numbness over the upper medial quadrant of the buttock, both in cooled RF group. There was no reported weakness of the lower extremity. Two patients complained of increased lower back pain and two of prolonged itching. Conclusions. This review demonstrates the acute safety of using cooled RF for L5DR denervation with no report of significant or unusual patient complications. To establish frequency of complication associated with the treatment, a larger registry is required.
Latent Periodicities in Genome Sequences

A novel approach is presented for the detection of periodicities in DNA sequences. A DNA sequence can be modelled as a nonstationary stochastic process that exhibits various statistical periodicities over different regions. The coding part of the DNA, for instance, exhibits statistical periodicity with period three. Such regions in DNA are modelled as generated from a collection of information sources (with an underlying probability distribution) in a cyclic manner, thus exhibiting cyclostationarity. The maximum likelihood estimates are developed for the distributions of the information sources and for the statistical period of the DNA sequence. Such probabilistic sources are further investigated for decomposition into constituent cyclostationary sources. Since the symbolic sources do not admit an algebraic structure, a composition of cyclostationary probabilistic sources is studied that models DNA replication process. This composition is shown to give a rich mathematical structure on the collection of cyclostationary sources and allows a uniqueness theorem for the decomposition.
Railroad Construction Opportunities in an Age of Global Warming and Peak Oil

The problems of global warming and peak oil will cause us to reduce our dependence on fossil fuel and the automobile. There is compelling evidence that we will soon need to take action to reduce green house gas emissions and to conserve oil. The changes will require a shift to different modes of transport, particularly, rail for intercity freight and travel, and mass transit for transportation in urban areas. The construction industry must begin to prepare for an environment where there will be a decreasing emphasis on highway construction and more emphasis on the construction of high-speed rail alternatives.
Programmed translational frameshift in the bacteriophage P2 FETUD tail gene operon.

Bacteriophage P2 belongs to a large, environmentally widespread family of temperate double-stranded DNA phages that are unrelated to the lambdoid phages in gene organization and lytic regulation (for reviews, see references 3 and 8). The similarity in contractile tail structure between the P2-related phages, P1, and the T-even phages led to the classification of this family under the general heading of Myoviridae (11). The P2 tail, 135 nm in length, is composed of an inner tube and a contractile sheath of subunits in an ordered array that gives the appearance of regular horizontal striations (24). A baseplate at the distal end has a slender spike and six tail fibers. Complementation studies, DNA sequence analysis, and antibody staining of phage particles have identified a total of 16 genes, in three operons, essential for P2 tail assembly (13, 14, 28, 44, 47). T4, which has served as the prototype for studies of contractile tail assembly, requires 22 genes for tail assembly (for a review, see reference 7). P2 provides an attractive alternative to phage T4 for detailed molecular studies of tail assembly, because fewer genes are involved. In addition, it provides a model for assembly of the R-type pyocins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are closely related to P2-like contractile tails (36). The work reported here was undertaken to complete sequence analysis of the P2 genome and lay the framework for future isolation and molecular analyses of the proteins involved in assembly of the P2 contractile tail. In the course of this study, a site was discovered that results in a programmed translational frameshift. DNA sequence analysis led to the identification of an additional open reading frame between the previously identified essential tail genes E and T that overlaps the end of gene E in the −1 reading frame. Work described here demonstrates that this reading frame encodes an essential P2 function and that ribosomes translating gene E undergo a programmed frameshift near the 3′ end of the gene about 10% of the time and enter the −1 reading frame. The resulting 15.4-kDa protein shares 85 N-terminal amino acids (aa) with gpE and contains a C-terminal extension encoded by the overlapping reading frame. This extended protein has been designated gpE+E′.
Mortality after emergency department intubation

Introduction The purpose of this study is to identify the rate of emergency department (ED) intubation and the mortality associated with ED intubation.
A new approach to robot simulation tools with parametric components

High end simulation and computer aided robotic tools are used in the automotive industry. The non-automotive industry is provided with a variety of applications or manufacturer specific simulation tools. Especially the simulation and offline programming tools from robot manufacturers required rather good knowledge of the programming language and CAD experience in order to start. We present here KUKA's new range of simulation tools based on visual components, in which complexity of 3D simulation is encapsulated and hidden from typical end users. Many innovative features, like dragging and dropping from an e-catalogue and an easy to use and learn teach environment, have been successfully implemented. With this simulation tools users find right level of functionality to accomplish their respective tasks. Even beginners will be able to quickly design robot cells and benefit from the virtual world of robot simulation.
Cone-beam backprojection reconstruction from sources distributed on a spherical surface

ABSTRACT One of the recent eorts in development of cone-beam CT is aimed at the construction of a volumetric CTapparatus with distributed X-ray sources. This new concept in 3D CT requires a CT reconstruction algorithmdesigned for X-ray foci uniformly distributed on a surface rather than on a curve. To research the properties ofsuch algorithm an exact reconstruction formula is derived for a continuous distribution of sources on a surfaceof a sphere. The algorithm is implemented using nite number of focal spots for simulated phantom projectiondata. High resolution images were obtained for 100-400 focal spots for both noiseless and noisy input. Theresults exhibit a potential for CT image reconstruction from highly undersampled projection data.Keywords: Computed tomography, cone-beam CT, 3D CT, undersampling 1. INTRODUCTION Recent advances in production of large-area X-ray detectors as well as increasing speed and power of availablecomputers stimulate fast development of the eld of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Among thesuggested uses of CBCT in medical imaging are CT angiography (CTA) and dynamical imaging, especially incardiac applications. For the purpose of better time resolution, it is very important to be able to limit thenumber of acquired cone-beam projections needed to obtain a diagnostic image. In magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), a similar challenge has been partially resolved with a number of approaches that allow reduced projectionsampling or undersampling . By reading Fourier-space data along radial lines with uniform spherical distribution,an MRI technique called VIPR
Finite Difference Approximations for Stochastic Control Systems with Delay

Abstract This article considers the computation issues of the infinite dimensional HJB equation arising from the finite horizon optimal control problem of a general system of stochastic functional differential equations with a bounded memory treated in [2]. The finite difference scheme, using the result in [1], is obtained to approximate the viscosity solution of the infinite dimensional HJB equation. The convergence of the scheme is proved using the Banach fixed point theorem. The computational algorithm also is provided based on the scheme obtained.
Development of an ENSO-based irrigation decision support tool for peanut production in the southeastern US

Available climate information can be used by growers to assess different scenarios and alternative management strategies. An irrigation decision support tool for peanut production was developed to provide probability distributions of the seasonal cost to irrigate peanuts under different El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecasts. Yields were simulated for both irrigated and rainfed peanuts using the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model. The tool was used to examine the effects of different planting dates, soil types, and climate forecasts. Results of a case study are presented for the Georgia Green variety grown in Miller County, Georgia. The probability of obtaining a high net return under irrigated conditions increased when planting dates were delayed for El Nino years. Dryland peanut production was profitable in a La Nina year if peanuts were planted between mid-April and early May. The peanut irrigation decision support tool will be deployed as a web-based tool on the AgClimate web site (www.agclimate.org).
A Tryptophan that Modulates Tetrahydrobiopterin-Dependent Electron Transfer in Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates Enzyme Catalysis by Additional Mechanisms†

Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are flavo-heme enzymes that require (6R)-tetrahydrobiopterin (H(4)B) for activity. Our single-catalytic turnover study with the inducible NOS oxygenase domain showed that a conserved Trp that interacts with H(4)B (Trp457 in mouse inducible NOS) regulates the kinetics of electron transfer between H(4)B and an enzyme heme-dioxy intermediate, and this in turn alters the kinetics and extent of Arg hydroxylation [Wang, Z.-Q., et al. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 12819-12825]. To investigate the impact of these effects on NADPH-driven NO synthesis by NOS, we generated and characterized the W457A mutant of inducible NOS and the corresponding W678A and W678F mutants of neuronal NOS. Mutant defects in protein solubility and dimerization were overcome by purifying them in the presence of sufficient Arg and H(4)B, enabling us to study their physical and catalytic profiles. Optical spectra of the ferric, ferrous, heme-dioxy, ferrous-NO, ferric-NO, and ferrous-CO forms of each mutant were similar to that of the wild type. However, the mutants had higher apparent K(m) values for H(4)B and in one mutant for Arg (W457A). They all had lower NO synthesis activities, uncoupled NADPH consumption, and a slower and less prominent buildup of enzyme heme-NO complex during steady-state catalysis. Further analyses showed the mutants had normal or near-normal heme midpoint potential and heme-NO complex reactivity with O(2), but had somewhat slower ferric heme reduction rates and markedly slower reactivities of their heme-dioxy intermediate. We conclude that the conserved Trp (1) has similar roles in two different NOS isozymes and (2) regulates delivery of both electrons required for O(2) activation (i.e., kinetics of ferric heme reduction by the NOS flavoprotein domain and reduction of the heme-dioxy intermediate by H(4)B). However, its regulation of H(4)B electron transfer is most important because this ensures efficient coupling of NADPH oxidation and NO synthesis by NOS.
Multiple-write WOM-codes

A Write Once Memory (WOM) is a storage device that consists of cells that can take on q possible linearly-ordered values, with the added constraint that rewrites can only increase a cell's value. In the binary case, each cell can change from the level zero to the level one only once. Examples of WOMs include punch cards, optical disks, and more recently flash memories. A length-n, t-write WOM-code is a coding scheme that allows t messages to be stored in n cells. If in the i-th write we write one of M i messages, then the rate of the i-th write is the ratio of the number of bits written to the WOM to the total number of cells used, i.e., log 2 (M i )/n. The rate of the WOM-code is the sum of all individual rates in all writes. In this paper, we review a recent construction of binary two-write WOM-codes. The construction is generalized for two-write WOM-codes with q levels per cell. Then, we show how to use such a code with ternary cells in order to construct three and four-write WOM-codes. This construction is used recursively in order to generate a family of t-write WOM-codes for all t. Another generalized construction is given which provides us with more ways to construct families of WOM-codes. Finally, we give a comparison between our codes and the best known WOM-codes in order to show that the WOM-codes constructed here outperform all previously known WOM-codes for 3 ≤ t ≤ 10.