cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1649: Development of a near-infrared daratumumab-based contrast agent for preclinical imaging of CD38 expression in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of terminally differentiated plasma B cells that originates in the bone marrow and accounts for 15% of all hematologic malignancies. CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein over-expressed in MM cells. Daratumumab (DARA) is a FDA approved, high-affinity monoclonal antibody targeting CD38 that has shown promising therapeutic efficacy in double refractory MM patients. However, heterogeneity in CD38 expression and therapy response remains a major challenge; thus necessitating stratification strategies to minimize off-target toxicities and improve quality of life. DARA conjugated to the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye, IRDye800CW (Li Cor), (DARA-IRDye800) will allow for long-term in vivo and ex vivo spatial localization of CD38+ MM tumors preclinically. We hypothesize that the enhanced specific expression of CD38 glycoprotein on malignant plasma cells will favor increased DARA-IRDye800 uptake and allow for impactful NIR fluorescence imaging for therapeutic planning as a companion diagnostic. After conjugation and purification, spectrophotometric analysis showed a degree of labelling of 1.2 with a 3:1 molar dye to antibody ratio. High specificity of DARA-IRDye800 to CD38+ luciferase-expressing MM.1S (MM.1S-GFP-luc) human myeloma cells was observed with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.5 ± 0.05 nM. In vivo fluorescence imaging was performed with DARA-IRDye800 in Fox Chase severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) beige mice that were injected intravenously with MM.1S-GFP-luc cells. At 7 days post administration of 100µg of DARA-IRDye800, multifocal fluorescent lesions were pronounced in the tumor-infiltrated axial skeleton (skull, spine, tibia and femur). Ex vivo biodistribution at 7 days showed clearance primarily through liver. Flow cytometric analysis of viable malignant plasma cells obtained from tibial and femoral bone marrow flush showed significantly high specificity of DARA-IRDye800 (relative to IgG-IRDye800) to MM cells (P Further, to noninvasively monitor CD38 expression during DARA treatment, Fox Chase SCID beige mice subcutaneously injected with MM.1S-GFP-luc cells were treated with DARA at a clinical dose of 16mg/kg weekly for 3 weeks when tumors reached ~100 mm3. Following therapy, in vivo and ex vivo imaging with 100µg of DARA-IRDye800 administered in untreated and treated mice showed reduced tissue-to-muscle ratio in tumors of treated mice compared to those of untreated mice (P Citation Format: Nicholas Cho, Sooah Ko, Monica Shokeen. Development of a near-infrared daratumumab-based contrast agent for preclinical imaging of CD38 expression in multiple myeloma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1649.
Prevalence of crashes and associated factors among commercial motorcycle riders in Bamenda, Cameroon

Abstract Introduction Crash-related injury and fatality tends to be disproportionately higher among motorcycle riders compared to other types of motor vehicle users due to the absence of passive safety vehicle components of other vehicles. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study among consenting commercial motorcycle riders conducted in Bamenda, Cameroon estimated the prevalence (commercial motorcycling lifetime and past 12-months) of self-reported crashes and examined contributing factors associated with crashes. Results Among 552 participants, 77.4% self-reported a crash over lifetime as a commercial motorcycle rider. The prevalence of self-reported crash within the past 12 months was 21.5%. The odds of lifetime crash involvement were higher among riders with 3-4 years (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.14–4.01) or five years (AOR = 3.15; 95% CI = 1.73–5.73) of riding experience who typically carried more than two passengers (AOR = 3.57; 95% CI = 1.18–10.84). After adjusting for age, education level, marital status, and smoking status, riders were at increased odds of a self-reported severe crash of single-vehicle collision type if they typically used alcohol (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.22–3.76), rode on roads that were unpaved (AOR = 4.33, 95% CI = 2.50–7.52), muddy (AOR = 5.90, 95% CI = 1.60–21.73) or pothole-ridden (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.18–4.95), and at estimated speeds of 45 km/h or more (AOR = 2.55, 95%CI = 1.28–5.09). Conclusion Occurrences of road traffic crashes are frequent among commercial motorcycle riders who use alcohol, typically carry multiple passengers, speed, and ride on poor road conditions. Intervention efforts should focus on strategies to minimize crash-related injuries and fatalities by improving rider safety, infrastructure, and implementing effective road traffic policies.
Review on livelihood diversification and food security situations in Ethiopia

This review focused on the livelihood diversification and food security situations in Ethiopia. Hence, the objectives of this review were to identify the determinants of rural household livelihood ...
Comparing the Selectivity of Solid Phase Microextraction Fibers to Detect Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been shown to be biomarkers of disease and are typically identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or gas sensor arrays (electronic nose, e-nose). GC-MS has the advantages of VOC structure elucidation, while the e-nose is easy to use and offers point of care applications. Current e-nose designs utilize a sensor array to adsorb a diverse set of VOCs, some of which are biomarkers. Because the sensor elements are not tuned for biomarkers, these devices must rely on machine learning to identify disease. Therefore, tuning the selectivity of the sensing layers to detect specific biomarkers may increase diagnostic accuracy. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to GC-MS may be a rapid and facile process to evaluate different sensing layers. To demonstrate this concept, SPME fibers of different compositions were fabricated (custom fibers) and compared to commercially available polyacrylate (PAA) fibers. Coatings were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Custom, PAA and uncoated (negative controls) SPME fibers were utilized to extract a standard VOC mixture which was analyzed by GC-MS. PAA and custom fibers significantly outperformed the negative control, but PAA fibers were more sensitive. However, the custom fiber was nearly twice as selective to some VOCs and the PAA fiber was nearly twice as selective toward other VOCs. The results show that SPME GC-MS is an efficient method for testing/comparing the selectivity of sensing layers toward multiple VOCs in a single analytical run.
Thermal design of multi-fin Ga2O3 vertical transistors

Ultra-wide bandgap β-gallium oxide (Ga2O3) vertical device technologies are of significant interest in the context of the development of next-generation kV-range power switching devices. In this work, thermal analysis of vertical fin channel-based metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (or fin field-effect transistors—FinFETs) was performed using infrared thermal microscopy and coupled electro-thermal modeling. FinFETs with different fin width and channel spacing were characterized to study the thermal design trade-off when attempting to minimize the footprint of multi-fin FinFET arrays. A 50 × 50 μm2 scaled FinFET cell array exhibited an ∼23× higher temperature rise as compared to a 5-fin device. Devices with different orientations were fabricated and characterized. By rotating the fin channel aligned along the [010] direction by 90o, the channel temperature rise reduced by 30%, due to the anisotropy of the Ga2O3 thermal conductivity (κ). Electro-thermal modeling shows that a 20% reduction in the temperature rise is possible by fabricating devices on a (010)-oriented substrate as compared to the tested devices built on a (001) substrate. These results indicate the importance of the electro-thermal co-design process for Ga2O3 vertical FinFET cell arrays.
Inclusive Citation Rankings of U.S. Law Schools

Scholarly impact, academic influence, or faculty reputation: call it what you will, there is a general sense that the work that law professors do outside the classroom is important part of what law schools have to offer, and what distinguishes one from another. Unfortunately, the academic ranking that seems to have captured the most attention, the Sisk rankings, is not fit for purpose. The Sisk rankings arbitrarily excludes the majority of ABA accredited law schools, including several that outperform many of those ranked by Sisk and every law school based at a Historically Black College or University (HBCU). This exclusionary approach to ranking schools is unfair and unnecessary. It is unfair because it falsely implies that certain disfavored or overlooked schools are inferior to those deemed worth ranking. Moreover, even the exclusion of schools that don’t outrank Sisk’s preferred schools once the playing field has been leveled is also unfair. It suggests that the overlooked schools are not even in the same league as those that are ranked, rather than being separated by matters of degree. This unfairness is unnecessary. In this Essay, I offer a much fairer and more straightforward ranking of U.S. law school faculty impact based on the median five-year citation count of doctrinal faculty in law reviews and journals in the HeinOnline database. My rankings include every U.S. law school in the HeinOnline database, i.e. every ABA accredited school. Furthermore, to demonstrate that the unfairness of the Sisk rankings do not depend on the minutia of calculation, I provide several alternative rankings based on mean, median, and total citations within the past five years, and various combinations thereof. No matter how you crunch the numbers, several schools that ignore actually outperform the ones he chooses to rank.
Pivotal Role of Nitric Oxide in Chemo and Immuno Sensitization of Resistant Tumor Cells to Apoptosis

Nitric oxide (NO) has been the subject of many reports with respect to its role in cancer. These various reports were not consistent and often contradictory. On one hand, the levels of iNOS correlated with both the progression and carcinogenesis of certain tumors, whereas, on the other hand, the levels of iNOS or treatment with NO donors correlated with tumor regression. These contradictory findings were interpreted as due to the relative levels of generated NO, such as lower levels were pro-tumorigenic whereas high levels were anti-tumorigenic. Initial findings by us and others demonstrated that the induction of iNOS in resistant tumors or the treatment with NO donors resulted in the reversal of resistance and the tumor cells were chemo and immuno sensitized to cytotoxic stimuli. Consequently, we have extended our investigations to examine the biochemical and molecular underlying mechanisms responsible for NO-mediated chemo-immunosensitizing activities to apoptosis by cytotoxic agents. In our investigations, we have established, in several tumor cell lines, the highly dysregulated NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP/PTEN/PI3K-AKT loop that regulates both drug/immune resistance and EMT/metastasis. This dysregulated loop was established by the demonstration that most tumor cells exhibit constitutively hyper-activated NF-κB and PI3K-AKT pathways that regulate cell viability, proliferation and anti-apoptotic pathways through a large number of downstream target gene products. Independent analyses revealed that the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1), downstream of NF-κB, was a repressor of the Fas and DR5 death receptors expression on many tumor cells and correlated with the tumor cells’ resistance to corresponding FasL and TRAIL death ligands, respectively, on the surface of cytotoxic lymphocytes. In addition, the overexpression of YY1 in tumor cells regulates positively the transcription repressor factor Snail that regulates both EMT and resistance. The recent findings demonstrated that the metastasis-suppressor gene product, Raf kinase inhibitor protein, RKIP, which is minimally expressed in many cancers, was involved in the reversal of drug/immune resistance when it is overexpressed. Overexpression of RKIP was also reported to inhibit both the Raf/MEK/ERK and NF-κB pathways and, thus, also inhibited YY1 and Snail downstream of NF-κB. Snail-mediated inhibition of RKIP and PTEN expressions resulted in maintaining the activation of the PI3K-AKT survival pathway and its crosstalk with the NF-κB pathway. Overexpression of RKIP resulted in the upregulation of PTEN and inhibition of PI3K-AKT and NF-κB and resulting in the downregulation of YY1 and Snail and sensitization to chemo-immune-mediated apoptosis.
Molecular determinants of Histoplasma capsulatum pathogenesis.

This chapter focuses on the pathogenic biology of Histoplasma capsulatum, including a selection of both mechanisms and specific components; the latter all involve products secreted extracellularly and/or found on the cell surface. Once inhaled, conidia could give rise to yeasts prior to entry of the yeasts into host cells or conidia could be phagocytosed and then undergo the dimorphic transition inside host cells. Two yeast-specific genes, CBP1 and YPS3, are discussed individually. Testing of null mutant and complemented yeast strains confirmed the linkage of the EGTA resistance phenotype with functional CBP1 gene expression rather than with the yeast morphotype. This result raises the possibility that the calcium-binding protein plays a role in calcium acquisition akin to the function of siderophores in iron acquisition. Bad1 is an adhesin that mediates yeast binding to host cell CR3 and CD14; it is an immunosuppressive molecule that represses host tumor necrosis factor alpha production by both transforming growth factor β-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and it is an essential virulence determinant for animal infection. The fungal surface adhesin responsible for binding host β 2 integrin receptors is the heat shock protein HSP60, which is discussed in more detail. Secretion of siderophores was first reported for H. capsulatum over 20 years ago. Importantly, rough variants are relatively more virulent in animal and macrophage infection models than are smooth variants of the same strain. Conversely, several genes with important and interesting characteristics have been studied, but generally the function of these genes has not been entirely elucidated.
Past, Present, and Future of Gay and Lesbian Consumer Research: Critical Review of the Quest for the Queer Dollar

This article provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary review of the extant literature regarding the gay and lesbian consumer market. Through the critical review of 38 scholarly, peer-reviewed articles, four primary streams of research are identified, and the significant findings and avenues for future academic inquiry are highlighted. Additionally, this review identifies the research trends in terms of publications, theoretical approaches, research design, and methodology spanning from the earliest publication in 1993 to 2013. This study provides important theoretical and managerial implications to inform business practice, public policy, and future scholarly research.
Twenty-five years of sagebrush steppe plant community development following seed addition

Summary 1. Plant community succession has been a major area of study over the past century with recent research focusing on the importance of initial colonisers following disturbance. Seed addition can accelerate ecosystem regeneration and is a method commonly used by land managers to restore disturbed lands. However, few studies have examined the effects of seeding treatments on long-term community composition. 2. A study was established in 1984 in the Piceance Basin of northwest Colorado to examine how various revegetation seed mixes affect plant community development following disturbance. The site was surveyed again in 2008 and 2009 to assess long-term community development. 3. Initial seed mix resulted in significant differences in plant community composition after 25 years. Seeding with native and exotic early-seral species resulted in a community with significantly more exotic species and mid-seral shrubs, while seeding with native late-seral species resulted in a community dominated by perennial grasses. Additionally, an unseeded control resulted in a vegetation community dominated by both perennial grasses and mid-seral shrubs, but community composition at the species level was considerably different from that of the seeded treatments. However, the plant community composition of each of the three treatments was significantly different from an adjacent undisturbed reference area, which was dominated by the late-seral shrub, Artemisia tridentata, and perennial grasses. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our results illustrate how initial colonisers (seed mix) can strongly affect subsequent community assemblage after 25 years of development. Restoration ecologists should give considerable thought to the species used in a restoration seed mix to ensure the success of restoration designs and to create the desired community assembly and associated ecosystem services.
Atomic-Number Dependence of Large-Transverse-Momentum Hadron Production by Protons

We have measured at Fermilab the production of hadrons at \ensuremath{\sim}90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the c.m. system as a function of incident proton energy, atomic number $A$ of the production target, and the transverse momentum ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ of the produced hadron. The $A$ dependence of the production cross section of the hadrons can be described by a function ${A}^{\ensuremath{\propto}({p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}})}$, where the power $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ rises with ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$. At ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}} \ensuremath{\sim}5$ GeV/c, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is \ensuremath{\sim}1.1 for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ and ${K}^{+}$, and \ensuremath{\sim}1.3 for $p$, $\overline{p}$, and ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The energy dependence of the power is also measured.
NESS: A coupled simulation expert system

This paper reports on work being conducted for NASA to develop a simulation expert system called NESS that can assist the user to run digital simulations of dynamic systems and interpret the output data to determine system characteristics. The paper describes our design principle, system architecture and knowledge base. Finally, in order to demonstrate NESS' simulation and analysis capabilities, a session log involving a printwheel position controller is shown.
The Mössbauer effect data center: A report

The Mossbauer Effect Data Center is unique in its operation and the kind of information services that it provides. It is probably the only user-supported information center in the basic sciences. This has been primarily possible due to the broad support and encouragement the center receives from the international Mossbauer community.
Diet and nutrition research.

The interest in nutrition and cancer, which was high in the 1940s and 1950s, was rekindled in the 1970s and is now more intense than ever. There has been considerable experimental work on dietary fat, but delineation of the precise role(s) of the essential fatty acids is still lacking. There have been few studies on protein or carbohydrate effects and only Visek has adequately addressed the important area of nutrient interactions. More work is needed in the fiber field with regard to the influences of short chain fatty acids, and the standardization of protocols is needed to make the various findings comparable. Currently, fiber data have been accrued using rats of different strains and gender, commercial and semi purified diets, a variety of colon carcinogens, and different routes of administration. The effects of energy restriction (in the literature since 1909) have not been widely studied as to mechanism and influence of energy expenditure (i.e., exercise) and merit more attention.
CV8: WORK-RELATED OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS SIX MONTHS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of return to work post-MI; and for returnees, self-reported work performance and number of days absent. METHODS: Patients admitted to the University of Michigan Medical Center with diagnosis of MI were identified consecutively and prospectively from October 1999 to May 2000. Clinical data were obtained retrospectively from medical records. Six months after discharge, patients were interviewed by telephone to determine work status prior to and after MI. Work-related outcomes included self-reported work performance using the Work Performance Scale (WP, 1 = lowest, 4 = highest performance) and number of days absent. The SF-12 was administered to determine physical (PCS-12) and mental (MCS-12) functional status. RESULTS: Of 202 patients interviewed, 30.2% worked prior to the reference MI. Of these, 80.3% were male, mean age was 56.1 years, and 26.2% did not return to work. Those not returning had lower median PCS-12 scores (28.5 versus 42.8 for returnees, p 40%, p = 0.01), hypertension (3.5 versus 3.8 without hypertension, p = 0.02), or prior MI (3.3 versus 3.8 without previous MI, p = 0.01). Workers reporting absences had lower EF (40% EF < 40% versus 11.4% EF < 40% for no absences, p = 0.05), lower median PCS-12 score (31.1 versus 44.5 for no absences, p = 0.02), and prior MI (50.0% versus 10.8% if no absences, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Preexisting cardiac disease, lower EF at discharge, and poorer physical functioning were negatively related to work-related outcomes. This small study demonstrates the need for a larger, broader study that includes, health beliefs, psychosocial assessment, treatment, and other job/patient factors that may influence work-related outcomes.
Responding to Rivals and Complements: How Market Concentration Shapes Generational Product Innovation Strategy

This study examines how competitive market conditions shape the responsiveness with which businesses release generational product innovations (GPIs) following the introduction of GPIs by either competitors or complementary firms. GPIs are substantial technical advances in the performance of products within technology regimes. Prior studies of innovation timing in the organizational strategy literature emphasize internally driven strategies of GPI. Although internally driven strategies may predominate when businesses face diffuse competition for their product lines, the literature largely overlooks the point that businesses need to be increasingly responsive to external events as market concentration increases. This study, which examines businesses competing in the U.S. packaged software industry in the 1990s, shows that increasing industry concentration raises the stakes surrounding market positions and leads to greater interdependence of innovation strategies in an industry---including interactions both with competitors and with other players in a larger system of complementary products. As concentration increases, therefore, organizations are less driven by historical patterns of innovation and become increasingly responsive to innovations by both types of external actors.
Incidental learning in young children tested with words or words plus pictures as stimuli

Abstract The incidental memory of children 3, 4, and 5 years old was tested for words or words-plus-pictures that were initially presented under orienting conditions requiring responses to acoustic vs semantic qualities of the stimuli and requiring an affirmative vs a negative response to the orienting questions. Recall improved with age. It was higher for words plus pictures than for words alone, and there was an increase over age groups in the facilitative effects of semantic vs acoustic orientation.
Visualization-based analysis of multiparameter models using environment for N-dimensional model analysis

We present a methodology, based on N-dimensional computer visualization, for analyzing multiparameter models. This approach originally consisted of three steps: behavior analysis, sensitivity analysis, identifiability analysis. We have now developed a new way of calculating sensitivity based on the statistical measure of the coefficient of variation. Furthermore, we extended the methodology through the addition of an extra step, visual regression. Visual regression allows the user to visualize the process of actual parameter identification and presents a combined, empirical view of the first three steps in a single image. Next we applied this methodology to pulmonary capillary-transport models. Finally, we implemented the model analysis process as a stand-alone program. EN-DIMAN, the resulting software, allows researchers to carry out model analysis in a graphical user interface (GUI)-based environment.
Deficits in the expression of the NR2B subunit in the hippocampus of aged Fisher 344 rats

The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in the induction of LTP at hippocampal synapses, and has been proposed to play a significant role in the involvement of the hippocampus with learning and memory. Aged rats are known to have deficits in LTP, learning and memory. We tested the hypothesis that aged rats might have deficits in expression of NMDAR subunits. Aged rats have significantly lower levels of NR2B mRNA and protein compared to young animals. This complements a recent report which showed improved learning and memory in mice which overexpress NR2B. No changes were seen in either the mRNA or the protein levels of the NMDAR subunit NR2A, nor in the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionate receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluR2. Our data support the hypothesis that age related alterations in the expression of the NMDAR NR2B subunit might underlie deficits in LTP and learning and memory in aged animals.
Race, class and the stigma of place: moving to "opportunity" in Eastern Iowa.

In this paper, we explore how the stigmatization of place is transported to new destinations and negotiated by those who carry it. Additionally, we discuss the implications of ‘spatial stigmatization’ for the health and well-being of those who relocate from discursively condemned places such as high-poverty urban neighborhoods. Specifically, we analyze in-depth interviews conducted with 25 low-income African American men and women who have moved from urban neighborhoods in Chicago to predominantly white small town communities in eastern Iowa. These men and women, who moved to Iowa in the context of gentrification and public housing demolition, describe encountering pervasive stigmatization that is associated not only with race and class, but also with defamed notions of Chicago neighborhoods.
Development and evaluation of indexed captioned searchable videos for STEM coursework

Videos of classroom lectures have proven to be a popular and versatile learning resource. This paper reports on videos featuring Indexing, Captioning, and Search capability (ICS Videos). The goal is to allow a user to rapidly search and access a topic of interest, a key shortcoming of the standard video format. A lecture is automatically divided into logical indexed video segments by analyzing video frames. Text is automatically identified with OCR technology enhanced with image transformations to drive keyword search. Captions can be added to videos. The ICS video player integrates indexing, search, and captioning in video playback and has been used by dozens of courses and 1000s of students. This paper reports on the development and evaluation of ICS videos framework and assessment of its value as an academic learning resource.
Water flow patterns in and around three species of articulate brachiopods

Abstract Flow through the shell openings and lophophores of the plectolophous articulate brachiopods Terebratalia transversa (Sowerby, 1846), Terebratulina unguicula Carpenter (1845), and Laqueus californianus (Koch, 1848) is totally laminar and follows a stereotyped pattern; no mixing occurs anywhere in the flow path. Water exits the shell exclusively through the anterior gape. Flow speeds in the center of the excurrent opening range from 0.2–1.2 cm/s. The three species exhibit a flat velocity distribution that may help delay mixing until the excurrent stream is far from the shell. In a unidirectional current of ≈2 cm/s, recirculation of previously filtered water never occurs; the eddy that exists downstream from these animals is not turbulent and is isolated from the excurrent stream by the ambient flow pattern. In the brachiopods' preferred orientation, flow patterns are such that these animals may be in direct competition for food with epizoans on their own shells. The median coil shows ≈ 60% of the area specific pumping rate (volumetric flow rate per unit area of lophophore) exhibited by the lateral lophophore arms. The area specific flow rate of articulate brachiopods is 1/3 to 1/6 that of bivalve molluscs, but the brachiopods use the energy they invest in moving water more efficiently; brachiopods appear to maximize efficiency of water transport, while bivalve molluscs maximize rate of transport.
Analyzing teacher nonverbal activity

Barbara M. Grant Department of Reading and Language Arts The William Paterson College of New Jersey Wayne, New Jersey Since teaching involves the communication of meanings in face to face interaction with children children who are dependent on "action" in gaining knowledge about their world,1 over. Teacher motion, a facet of nonverbal behavior, is a fundamental aspect of instruction and worthy of study as it occurs in the classroom The study reported in this paper, therefore, had two purposes: (a) the development of a category system through which the teacher's physical motions in relation to his or her verbal actions can be analyzed with a high degree of reliability and (b) the analysis of two random samples of teacher motion in terms of the category system as a basis for the projection of hypotheses concerning teacher nonverbal behavior.2 In developing a motion-based, nonverbal category system, the researcher limited use of the scheme to descriptions of teacher motions gestures and general bodily movement; the system was not used as a scheme for describing pupil motion. First, the role of the teacher in the classroom is different from the role of student, and a system that adequately decribes teacher doings would not necessarily be a means for describing pupil doings. As much as possible of what the students did and said, however, was recorded in the actual typescripts to enable coders to classify teacher behavior. Secondly, each individual in the classroom is continually moving, and many television cameras would have been necessary to capture all physical motions occurring at one time. The research procedures included the following steps: recording the data on video tapes, randomly selecting samples for the reliability check and the analysis of data using the system developed, making typescripts of codable descriptive units, training coders, coding and recording data, and applying statistical methods in analyzing the coded samples. Video-tapes of lessons in the language arts were filmed at the demonstration school located on the campus at The William Paterson College of New Jersey. The children who attended the school came from varying backgrounds; some came from ghetto sections, some came from semi-rural areas, others came from suburban communities. As a result, the ability range was quite broad; differences in interests and values also existed. General characteristics of the school were as follows: Students were grouped heterogeneously. Average class size ran about thirty. It was a graded elementary school situation including kindergarten and grades one through five within one building. Five teachers from the school participated in this project, one teacher from each of the grades one through five. Having had at least three successful years of teaching, all were experienced, wellqualified and capable. All of the teachers were in their late twenties. The participating teachers of grades four and five were men; those of grades one, two, and three were woman.
Cardiopulmonary Hemodynamics during Sleep in Subjects with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Effect of Short- and Long-term Oxygen

Some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience transient arterial hypoxemia (TAH) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. To examine the effect of short- and long-term low flow oxygen on TAH associated cardiopulmonary hemodynamics, we recorded pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) and cardiac output during nocturnal sleep in seven male subjects with COPD. In all of the subjects, parameters were measured breathing room air at baseline time and after eight or more weeks of home supplemental oxygen (15 hours per day, 3 L/min). Five were also studied one full night at baseline time while breathing 3 L/min nasal oxygen. While breathing room air both before and after chronic home oxygen therapy, transient increases in Ppa during TAH were due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance in seven instances, increased cardiac output in four, and increases in both vascular resistance and cardiac output in two. Short-term supplemental oxygen lowered mean sleeping Ppa and eliminated TAH along with its associated hemodynamic changes in four of the five subjects; the fifth did not experience REM sleep. In the six subjects who complied with the eight-week home oxygen protocol, mean sleeping Ppa was significantly reduced (p
CO hydrogenation on lanthana and vanadia doubly promoted Rh/SiO2 catalysts

Abstract This paper reports on a study of the combined promoting effect of La and V oxides for ethanol formation during CO hydrogenation on silica-supported Rh catalysts. Non-promoted and La and/or V oxide promoted Rh/SiO 2 catalysts were prepared by sequential or co-impregnation methods and characterized by TEM, CO chemisorption and FT-IR. Their catalytic properties for CO hydrogenation were investigated using a differential fixed bed reactor at 230 °C and 1.8 atm. It was found that, compared to non-promoted Rh/SiO 2 , the singly promoted catalysts, Rh–La/SiO 2 and Rh–V/SiO 2 , showed improved reactivity (3×) and better ethanol selectivities. However, the doubly promoted Rh–La–V/SiO 2 catalysts exhibited even higher activity (9×) and selectivity for ethanol and other C 2+ oxygenates, with the selectivity of total C 2+ oxygenates >30% at these low pressure reaction conditions. The better performance of the Rh–La–V/SiO 2 catalysts appears to be due to a synergistic promoting effect of the combined lanthana and vanadia additions through intimate contact with Rh. Use of just more of each promoter by itself was not able to produce the enhanced catalytic performance.
AN ALTERNATIVE THEORY OF UPWARD SLOPING AGE‐EARNINGS PROFILES

The commonly observed increase of wages with experience cannot be entirely explained by increases in individual productivity over time. Several possible explanations of this fact have been advanced in the literature; this paper presents another. The Samuelsonian model_(1975) of an unfunded social security system is adapted to show that, in an industry or sector with sufficient growth, there is an incentive for implicit transfers from junior or senior workers. Also discussed are possible market responses when growth rates turn negative. Copyright 1986 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University of South Australia
p63 in pulmonary epithelium, pulmonary squamous neoplasms, and other pulmonary tumors

p63 is a p53-homologous nuclear protein that appears to play a crucial role in regulation of stem cell commitment in squamous and other epithelia. In this study, p63 expression was examined in benign lung and in neoplasms of pulmonary origin. Eighty sections from routinely fixed and processed archival bronchoscopic biopsy or lobectomy specimens were pretreated with citric acid (pH 6.0) for antigen retrieval, then incubated overnight with anti-p63 monoclonal antibody 4A4. Slides were stained using a streptavidin-biotin kit and diaminobenzidine as chromagen, and were counterstained with hematoxylin. In normal lung, p63 intensely stained nuclei of bronchial reserve cells but did not stain ciliated cells, alveolar epithelial cells, or nonepithelial cells. The lower strata of squamous metaplastic bronchial epithelium stained positively. All squamous-cell carcinomas stained positively (n = 30). In some well-differentiated carcinomas, staining was found at the periphery of tumor nests but was negative in central zones showing squamous maturation. Poorly differentiated carcinomas showed very high proportions (80% to 100%) of p63-positive nuclei. All small-cell carcinomas were p63 negative (n = 9). Staining of bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (n = 7) and adenocarcinomas (n = 23) was variable: some tumors showed no detectable staining, others showed heterogeneously positive staining. Adenosquamous carcinomas (n = 5) displayed a unique basalar staining pattern. Carcinoid tumors were almost entirely negative (n = 5). We conclude that p63 is expressed in benign bronchial stem cells, in neoplastic cells with either squamous differentiation or squamous differentiating potential, and in a subpopulation of adenocarcinomas. p63 immunostaining may also aid in some histopathologic distinctions, such as in small biopsies where the differential diagnosis is poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma versus small-cell carcinoma. A stem cell biology-based classification system for squamous carcinomas is proposed.
Studies of in vivo phosphorylated proteins in BC3H-1 myocytes suggest that protein kinase C is involved in insulin action

Insulin (10 and 100 nM) and phorbol esters increased the phosphorylation of several proteins, including 40, 47 and 80 kDa proteins, which are markers for protein kinase C activation. Insulin effects were evident at 2 min and increased over 20 min. These findings suggest that insulin activates protein kinase C in BC3H-1 myocytes.
Recurrence and Transience of Quantum Markov Semigroups

This article introduces concepts and surveys recent results on recurrence and transience of general quantum Markov semigroups (QMS) of bounded linear maps acting on a C*- or von Neumann algebra . In particular, the concept of potentials for classical Markov semigroups/processes is extended to its noncommutative counterpart. The characterization of recurrent and transient quantum Markov semigroups and classification of irreducible quantum Markov semigroups are established in terms of the potential of some subharmonic projection for the QMS. This introductory and survey work can be treated as a continuation of the closely related paper by Chang [12], which dealt with the invariance, mean ergodicity and ergodicity of QMS. Since it is intended as an introduction to large time asymptotic behavior of quantum Markov semigroups, this article is made self-contained by reviewing relevant concepts and results in quantum probability space, quantum states, and quantum Markov semigroups that are necessary for the subse...
Thermal dehydration of steroidal allylic alcohols

Abstract The direct thermal elimination of water and acetic acid, from the epimeric cholest-4-en-3-ols and their acetates, in the gas Chromatograph yields a mixture of homoannular and heteroannular dienes. Evidence for the structures proposed was obtained after separation and characterization by means of U.V. and Mass Spectroscopy.
IGF-1:tetanus toxin fragment C fusion protein improves delivery of IGF-1 to spinal cord but fails to prolong survival of ALS mice.

Abstract To improve delivery of human insulin-like growth factor-1 (hIGF-1) to brain and spinal cord, we generated a soluble IGF-1:tetanus toxin fragment C fusion protein (IGF-1:TTC) as a secreted product from insect cells. IGF-1:TTC exhibited IGF-1 and TTC activity in vitro ; it increased levels of immunoreactive phosphoAkt in treated MCF-7 cells and bound to immobilized ganglioside GT1b. In mice, the fusion protein underwent retrograde transport by spinal cord motor neurons following intramuscular injection, and exhibited both TTC- and IGF-1 activity in the CNS following intrathecal infusion. Analogous to the case with TTC, intrathecal infusion of the fusion protein resulted in substantial levels of IGF-1:TTC in spinal cord tissue extracts. Tissue concentrations of hIGF-1 in lumbar spinal cords of mice infused with IGF-1:TTC were estimated to be ≈ 500-fold higher than those in mice treated with unmodified recombinant hIGF-1 (rhIGF-1). Like rhIGF-1, infusion of IGF-1:TTC reduced levels of IGF-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the same extracts. Despite raising levels of exogenous hIGF-1 in spinal cord, intramuscular- or intrathecal administration of IGF-1:TTC had no significant effect on disease progression or survival of high-expressing SOD1 G93A transgenic mice. IGF-1:TTC may prove to be neuroprotective in other animal models of CNS disease or injury known to be responsive to unmodified IGF-1.
Tegumental surface modulation in Schistosoma mansoni primary sporocysts in response to ligand binding.

Summary The clearance of host molecules from the surface of a parasite constitutes a potential immune evasive strategy. The possibility that certain ligands. when bound to the tegument of Schistosoma mansoni primary sporocysts, could induce such a modulating effect was investigated. Live, in vitro cultured primary sporocysts were first treated with either snail host Biomphataria glabrata plasma, an anti-sporocyst monoclonal antibody (MoAb III-1), or concanavalin A (con A). The capacity of these primary ligands to produce a modulating effect alone, or when subsequently crosslinked by secondary or tertiary ligands, was measured using quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Snail plasma alone, or plasma crosslinked at the sporocyst surface with a mouse anti-plasma MoAb had little or no modulating effect. However, a tertiary level of ligand crosslinking with an anti-mouse IgG antibody produced an average 1.8-fold decrease in surface fluorescence within 1 h post-labelling. The anti-sporocyst MoAb III-1 also required secondary antibody reactivity to induce an average 1.5-fold decrease in MoAb III-1 recognized epitopes. Sporocysts labelled wilh con A crosslinkcd by secondary and tertiary ligands showed inconsistent modulation, with a 1.5-fold decrease in fluorescence in one out of three replicates. Overall, however, analysis of combined data revealed no significant effect of tertiary ligand level crosslinkage on modulation of con A-tegumental receptor complexes. In contrast, con A binding alone to tegumental determinants induced a small, but significant, reduction in surface con A complexes. Modulation of ligand-receptor complexes on the sporocyst tegumental membrane appears to be an energy-requiring event, since clearance of surface complexes was inhibited in the presence of sodium azidc and/or sodium iodoacetate, or when larvae were incubated at 4°C. It is concluded that alterations in sporocysl tegumenlal surface components may be triggered by specific (but as yet undefined) signals. Sporocysts are capable of exhibiting different responses depending on the nature of the binding signal and reactive tegumental receptor, and the degree of ligand crosslinkage.
The Distribution of Juvenile Delinquency in a Middle-Sized City*

THE SPATIAL and temporal distribution of delinquency has been described for a number of large metropolitan areas, but it is doubtful if juvenile delinquency has been followed as carefully and over such a long period of years in any other place as it has in Chicago. While the Chicago area studies were pioneering efforts in the field and probably have contributed much to our understanding of delinquency, it is risky to generalize these relationships and apply them to cities of other sizes or to cities whose population, social organization, and institutions are quite diverse. If generalization is considered a possibility, we must first determine the extent to which middle-sized cities have a range of social areas and institutions similar to those found in large cities: we would then look for and expect to find similar types and patterns of delinquency in middlesized cities as are found in large metropolitan areas.
A Novel Compact Method for Thermal Modeling of On-Chip Interconnects Based on the Finite Element Method

Prediction of the temperature field generated with Joule heating in multilayer interconnect stacks is of critical importance for the design and reliability of future microelectronics. Interconnect failure due to electromigration is strongly dependent on its temperature. Simple models fail to capture thermal interaction between layers and within the layer. Detailed simulations on the other hand, take tremendous time and require large storage. This paper describes a threedimensional compact thermal modeling methodology that captures thermal interactions at a lower computational cost and storage requirements. The method is applicable for arbitrary geometries of interconnects due to the use of the finite element method. Case studies with three interconnects placed on a single level at a pitch of 1.0 μm generating different heat rates are reported. The compact model predicts a temperature rise of 4.11 °C at a current density of 10 MA/cm2 for 6.0 μm long interconnects of 0.18 μm width and an aspect ratio of 2. The error in maximum temperature is about 5% when compared with detailed simulations. The compact model for the current cases consists of 219 nodes whereas the detailed model has 99,000 nodes where temperature is computed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A note on convex Gδ-subsets of Banach spaces

Abstract We give selection characterizations of those convex G δ -subsets Y of a Banach space E with the property that the closed (in Y) convex hull of each compact subset of Y is compact.
Agroecosystem management effects on soil carbon and nitrogen

The cumulative effects of long-term (1980–1990) tillage and crop rotation management on soil organic C and N concentrations and potential mineralization were determined. Tillage systems studied were conventional moldboard plow tillage and conservation tillage, with various crop rotations including: continuous soybean (Glycine max L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover (SW); continuous corn (Zea mays L.)-wheat cover (CW); and corn-wheat cover-soybean-wheat cover (CWSW). Surface soil (0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm depth increments) organic C and N concentrations and potential mineralization were determined for all tillage/rotation combinations in October 1990. After 10 years, surface soil organic C and N concentrations were 67% and 66% higher, respectively, under conservation tillage than plow tillage to a depth of 10 cm. Potential C and N mineralization followed a pattern similar to organic C and N distribution. However, differences in substrate quality below 10 cm indicated that conservation tillage promoted N immobilization. Crop rotation had less effect than tillage on soil organic C and N amounts and potential mineralization. Rotations with higher frequency of corn (CW and CWSW) had higher organic C and N concentrations and C mineralization than SW; crop rotation had no effect on potential N mineralization. Tillage system apparently influenced soil organic matter concentrations and mineralization via crop residue incorporation rather than any effects owing to concentration differences at the soil surface, while the effect of crop rotation was related to amount of crop residues added between 1980 and 1990.