cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is cumulative frequency of mitochondrial DNA variants a biomarker for colorectal tumor progression

To examine the relationship between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations and colorectal tumorigenesis, we used high-resolution restriction endonucleases and sequencing to assess the mitochondrial genome from three histologic subtypes of colorectal adenomas (tubular = 8; tubulovillous = 9; and villous = 8), colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues = 27, and their matched surrounding normal tissue (MSNT) = 52. The mitochondrial genomes were amplified using 9 pairs of overlapping primers and systematically analyzed by means of high-resolution analysis. DNA fragments showing a shift in banding patterns between the three adenomas, CRC, in comparison to the MSNT were sequenced to identify the mtDNA alterations. A total of thirty-eight germ-line mtDNA variants were observed in this study. Twenty-two of the thirty-eight were identified as mutations and 59% (13 of 22) were silent mutations and one was a 1-bp insertion. Sixteen of thirty-eight were distinct SNPs in flanking regions of the restriction sites and, 6 of the 16 (37%) SNPs were not previously reported. Most of these mutations/SNPs were homoplasmic and distributed in various regions of mitochondrial genes including the 16S and 12S rRNA. Based on our results, mtDNA germline variants increased in prevalence with adenoma CRC progression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show an increased prevalence of mitochondrial gene variants in CRC tumorigenesis.
The types of retinal ganglion cells: current status and implications for neuronal classification.

In the retina, photoreceptors pass visual information to interneurons, which process it and pass it to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Axons of RGCs then travel through the optic nerve, telling the rest of the brain all it will ever know about the visual world. Research over the past several decades has made clear that most RGCs are not merely light detectors, but rather feature detectors, which send a diverse set of parallel, highly processed images of the world on to higher centers. Here, we review progress in classification of RGCs by physiological, morphological, and molecular criteria, making a particular effort to distinguish those cell types that are definitive from those for which information is partial. We focus on the mouse, in which molecular and genetic methods are most advanced. We argue that there are around 30 RGC types and that we can now account for well over half of all RGCs. We also use RGCs to examine the general problem of neuronal classification, arguing that insights and methods from...
Generalized baker's transformations

A class of automorphisms of the unit square called generalized baker'stransformations (gbt) is defined in such a way that every stationary stochastic process may be represented as the movement of a simple partition of the square under a gbt. This extends the classical example of the representation of independent processes by the well-known baker's transformation. Every ergodic, positive-entropy automorphism is measurably isomorphic to some gbt (again generalizing the classical result about Bernoulli shifts), and we show that a large class of gbt's satisfying certain continuity restrictions are actually measurably isomorphic to Bernoulli shifts.
Amplification of extracellular matrix and oncogenes in tat-transfected human salivary gland cell lines with expression of laminin, fibronectin, collagens I, III, IV, c-myc and p53.

Abstract Considerable progress has been made in the transfer of foreign genes into salivary glands in vivo using adenovirus vectors in rats. In an attempt to avoid the transient expression inherent, when using these vectors, retroviral vectors and human cell lines where used here in attempt to develop an in vitro model of HIV-associated salivary gland disease. The HIV-1 – tat protein is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of the AIDS through altering the expression of strategic cellular genes. The purpose of this study was to transfect human salivary gland (HSG) cell lines in vitro, with the pHIV-1/LTR–tat plasmid, and examine the effect of tat on expression of matrix and basement membrane genes known to be important in the pathogenesis of salivary gland disease. HSG cells were transfected with HIV-1–tat plasmid by the lipofection method. Transfection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot, which verified that tat -specific DNA was present. Tat -mRNA was analysed by Northern blotting and quantified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to demonstrate its expression. Numerous clones were found to contain integrated tat DNA sequences and analysis of mRNA showed stable expression of tat -specific RNA. Further analysis of mRNA expression for various marker proteins important in HIV pathogenesis showed that the HSG cell line transfected with HIV-1–tat , was associated with significant induction of mRNA expression for extracellular matrix protein. Tat -amplified transcription of the major basement membrane protein laminin, as well as of fibronectin, collagen I and III, and c -myc oncogene was demonstrated. Conversely, expression of p53 suppressor gene mRNA was reduced. Post-transfection expression of collagen IV was erratic and inconclusive. It was concluded that the presence of HIV- tat in this in vitro model of salivary ductal epithelial cell model alters the mRNA expression of several matrix, basement membrane and oncoproteins known to be involved in HIV pathogenesis. These cell lines provide a useful system for studying the role of tat in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-associated salivary gland disease.
The importance of recognizing generational differences in HRD policy and practices: a study of workers in Qinhuangdao, China

Amid the success of becoming a market economy and a member of the World Trade Organization, the response to China's economic reform is not the same across generational cohorts. The Cultural Revolution (CR) cohort, a by-product of the history of contemporary China, has been left behind. Based on the results of 384 highly structured interviews, this study found that the CR cohort sampled was the least satisfied with China's recent economic reform. The study calls for future research and collaboration among HRD scholars and practitioners to address generational differences and specifically the needs of the CR cohort.
An evaluation of inquiry-based requirements analysis for an Internet service

The inquiry cycle is a generic process model for conducting requirements elaboration. It consists of three activities: requirements expression, discussion and commitment. The paper describes an evaluation of the inquiry cycle model and a support tool, Tuiqiao, in the requirements analysis phase of a real project, a proposed commercial consumer information service based on Internet. The extent to which the discussion of requirements follows the inquiry cycle is analyzed using quantitative measures and qualitative classification schemes, and effects of adopting an inquiry-based strategy on patterns of collaboration among the team members are analyzed. The project gradually shifted from synchronous meetings to asynchronous and individual work patterns. A shift also occurred from an emphasis on discussion to an emphasis on commitment and expression. The requirements elaboration process was consistent with most aspects of the inquiry cycle, but analysts did not record reasons for requirements. The paper concludes with some recommendations for tool support.
Reversible Parallel Discrete-Event Execution of Large-Scale Epidemic Outbreak Models

The spatial scale, runtime speed, and behavioral detail of epidemic outbreak simulations altogether require the use of large-scale parallel processing. Here, an optimistic parallel discrete event execution of a reaction-diffusion simulation model of epidemic outbreaks is presented, with an implementation using the &#956;sik simulator. Rollback support is achieved with the development of a novel reversible model that combines reverse computation with a small amount of incremental state saving. Parallel speedup and other runtime performance metrics of the system are tested on a small (8,192-core) Blue Gene / P system, while scalability is demonstrated on 65,536 cores of a large Cray XT5 system. Scenarios representing large population sizes (up to several hundreds of million individual in the largest case) are exercised.
Binding and Germination of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia on Cultured A549 Pneumocytes

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is acquired through inhalation of conidia. Little is known about early interactions between Aspergillus fumigatus conidia and alveolar epithelial cells, so an in vitro model was developed to study binding between conidia and A549 cells, a line of type II pneumocytes. Conidia rapidly became attached to confluent monolayers of A549 cells in serum-free medium, reaching a plateau within 40 min. Scanning electron microscopy (EM) showed a random pattern of early adherence; viable conidia subsequently became clustered on pneumocyte surfaces. Following germination of pneumocyte-adherent conidia for 12 h, direct penetration of epithelial cells by hyphae could be demonstrated by scanning and transmission EM. These data suggest that an early event following inhalation of A. fumigatus conidia may be binding of conidia to pneumocytes, followed by hyphal penetration of the epithelial cell layer.
Hyphal elongation is regulated independently of cell cycle in Candida albicans.

The mechanism for apical growth during hyphal morphogenesis in Candida albicans is unknown. Studies from Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicate that cell morphogenesis may involve cell cycle regulation by cyclin-dependent kinase. To examine whether this is the mechanism for hyphal morphogenesis, the temporal appearance of different spindle pole body and spindle structures, the cell cycle-regulated rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, and the phosphorylation state of the conserved Tyr19 of Cdc28 during the cell cycle were compared and found to be similar between yeast and serum-induced hyphal apical cells. These data suggest that hyphal elongation is not mediated by altering cell cycle progression or through phosphorylation of Tyr19 of Cdc28. We have also shown that germ tubes can evaginate before spindle pole body duplication, chitin ring formation, and DNA replication. Similarly, tip-associated actin polarization in each hypha occurs before the events of the G1/S transition and persists throughout the cell cycle, whereas cell cycle-regulated actin assemblies come and go. We have also shown that cells in phases other than G1 can be induced to form hyphae. Hyphae induced from G1 cells have no constrictions, and the first chitin ring is positioned in the germ tube at various distances from the base. Hyphae induced from budded cells have a constriction and a chitin ring at the bud neck, beyond which the hyphae continue to elongate with no further constrictions. Our data suggest that hyphal elongation and cell cycle morphogenesis programs are uncoupled, and each contributes to different aspects of cell morphogenesis.
Does "off-hours" admission affect burn patient outcome?

Abstract Introduction Previous critical care and cardiology studies find that critically ill patients have worse outcomes when admitted to the hospital during off-hours as compared to those admitted during weekdays. As severe burn is equally emergent we hypothesized that this disparity in outcomes would exist for burn patients as well. Study design Secondary analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) version 7.1. The NTDB is a national registry of hospital admissions for traumatic injury administered by the American College of Surgeons. Setting 700 trauma facilities nationwide contributing to the NTDB between 2002 and 2006. Subjects All trauma patients included in the dataset with the injury mechanism of burn divided into “off-hours” admits (nights from 6 pm to 6 am and weekends) and weekday admits. Measures Time and day of admission, demographics, ISS score, injury characteristics (±inhalational injury, TBSA, and full thickness injury), facility characteristics (number of burn beds, teaching status). Outcomes Mortality as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital length of stay. Data analysis Descriptive statistics to summarize group characteristics, χ 2 and Student's t tests for bivariate analysis, multivariable linear and logistic regressions. Results Of the 25,572 burn patients, 17,625 (68.9%) arrived during off-hours. There was no difference in ICU length of stay (LOS) ( p = 0.233), hospital LOS ( p = 0.82), or mortality ( p = 0.546) for those admitted during off-hours compared with weekday admits. In multivariate analysis when controlling for age, gender, burn characteristics (inhalation injury, full thickness injury, and TBSA >30%), and hospital type, off-hours admission was not predictive of mortality (OR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.91–1.23). Conclusions Contrary to studies in other critically ill patient populations, off-hours admission is not predictive of worse outcomes in burn patients.
Analysis of Er-doped fiber laser stability by suppressing relaxation oscillation

For Er-doped fiber lasers, we show that the fluctuation of lasing power caused by resonant pump-power perturbations is inversely proportional to the lifetime of photon in the laser cavity. Analysis shows that Er-doped fibers with high-gain coefficient are favorable for fiber lasers in the view of point of suppressing the lasing-power instability caused by the resonant pump perturbation. The results obtained are especially useful for single-frequency Er-doped fiber lasers which have a very short cavity length, i.e., a short lifetime of photon in the cavity.
A Modeling Study of Summertime East Pacific Wind-Induced Ocean–Atmosphere Exchange in the Intraseasonal Oscillation

Abstract Intraseasonal precipitation variability over the northeast Pacific warm pool during June–October in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model 2.0.1 with a relaxed Arakawa–Schubert convection parameterization is found to be strongly sensitive to wind-induced variations in surface latent heat flux. A control simulation with interactive surface fluxes produces northeast Pacific warm pool intraseasonal wind and precipitation variations that are of similar magnitude and structure to those associated with the observed intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). Periods of low-level westerly intraseasonal wind anomalies are associated with enhanced surface latent heat fluxes and enhanced precipitation, as in observations. Variations in surface wind speed primarily control the surface flux anomalies. A simulation in which eastern North Pacific oceanic latent heat fluxes are fixed produces intraseasonal precipitation variations that are significantly weaker than those in the control sim...
Nitric oxide prodrugs and metallochemotherapeutics: JS-K and CB-3-100 enhance arsenic and cisplatin cytolethality by increasing cellular accumulation

Development of chemotherapeutic resistance is a major cause of pharmacologic failure in cancer treatment. One mechanism of resistance in tumor cells is the overexpression of glutathione S -transferases (GSTs) that serve two distinct roles in the development of drug resistance via the formation of glutathione conjugates with drugs for their cellular efflux, and the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. To target GST-based resistance to chemotherapeutics, a series of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing diazeniumdiolates was synthesized and shown to release NO on reaction with GST and/or glutathione. Two diazeniumdiolates, JS-K [ O 2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) 1-[(4-ethoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate] and CB-3-100 [ O 2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) 1-[4-( N,N -diethylcarboxamido)piperazin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate], were studied on their ability in reversing arsenic and cisplatin resistance in a rat liver cell line that is tumorigenic and shows acquired tolerance to arsenic and cisplatin, with overexpression of GSTs. The enhanced cytolethality produced by the NO donors was accompanied by increased accumulation of arsenic and platinum within cells and by enhanced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase members c- jun -NH-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Our data indicate that JS-K and CB-3-100 are promising lead compounds for the possible development of a novel class of adjuvant chemotherapeutic agents potentially capable of reversing arsenic and cisplatin resistance in certain tumor cells.
Olfactomedin 1 Deficiency Leads to Defective Olfaction and Impaired Female Fertility.

Olfactomedin 1 (OLFM1) is a glycoprotein highly expressed in the brain. Olfm1−/− female mice were previously reported to have reduced fertility. Previous microarray analysis revealed Olfm1 among the most highly upregulated genes in the uterine luminal epithelium upon embryo implantation, which was confirmed by in situ hybridization. We hypothesized that Olfm1 deficiency led to defective embryo implantation and thus impaired fertility. Indeed, Olfm1−/− females had defective embryo implantation. However, Olfm1−/− females rarely mated and those that mated rarely became pregnant. Ovarian histology indicated the absence of corpora lutea in Olfm1−/− females, indicating defective ovulation. Superovulation using equine chorionic gonadotropin-human chorionic gonadotropin rescued mating, ovulation, and pregnancy, and equine chorionic gonadotropin alone rescued ovulation in Olfm1−/− females. Olfm1−/− females had a 13% reduction of hypothalamic GnRH neurons but comparable basal serum LH levels and GnRH-induced LH lev...
Fast and accurate dynamic raytracing in heterogeneous media

Abstract We have developed a fast and accurate dynamic raytracing method for 2.5-D heterogeneous media based on the kinematic algorithm proposed by Langan et al. (1985). This algorithm divides the model into cells of constant slowness gradient, and the positions, directions, and travel times of the rays are expressed as polynomials of the travel path length, accurate to the second other in the gradient. This method is efficient because of the use of simple polynomials at each raytracing step. We derived similar polynomial expressions for the dynamic raytracing quantities by integrating the raytracing system and expanding the solutions to the second order in the gradient. This new algorithm efficiently computes the geometrical spreading, amplitude, and wavefront curvature on individual rays. The two-point raytracing problem is solved by the shooting method using the geometrical spreading. Paraxial corrections based on the wavefront curvature improve the accuracy of the travel time and amplitude at a given receiver. The computational results for two simple velocity models are compared with those obtained with the SEIS83 seismic modeling package (Cerveny and Psencik, 1984); this new method is accurate for both travel times and amplitudes while being significantly faster. We present a complex velocity model that shows that the algorithm allows for realistic models and easily computes rays in structures that pose difficulties for conventional methods. The method can be extended to raytracing in 3-D heterogeneous media and can be used as a support for a Gaussian beam algorithm. It is also suitable for computing the Green9s function and imaging condition needed for prestack depth migration.
Hypertension Produced in Dogs by Unilateral Ligation of Periadrenal Blood Vessels and Tissue

ConclusionA prompt and sustained hypertension was produced in 6 dogs by unilateral subtotal ligation of periadrenal blood vessels and tissue.
Abstract 1272: Targeting glioma stem cells through death receptor activation by AdsTRAIL

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Emerging data suggests that human malignant gliomas may be sustained by the activity of a subpopulation of cells which have stem like characteristics; these glioma stem cells (GSC) exhibit resistance to conventional treatments and constitute novel targets for therapeutic strategies against these malignancies. The goal of this study was to examine whether GSC could be targeted using AdsTRAIL, an adenoviral vector expressing soluble TRAIL and to determine if AdsTRAIL effects could be potentiated by suppressing inhibitors of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Analysis of expression of TRAIL activated death receptor pathway components showed that DR4, DR5, FADD and Caspase 8 were expressed in the majority of GSC although some cell lines expressed only one of the death receptors (DR4 or DR5). Several cell lines also showed high level of expression of survivin, an anti-apoptosis protein. Treatment of GSC, cultured as tumor spheres in stem cell medium, with AdsTRAIL resulted in dissociation of spheres into a single cell suspension and induction of apoptosis dose and time dependent manner, changes which were not seen in the AdEGFP control; no morphologic changes or induction of apoptosis was seen in GSC spheres treated with purified soluble TRAIL. To determine if induction of apoptosis by AdsTRAIL could be enhanced by suppressing inhibitors of TRAIL induced apoptosis, GSC were treated with AdXAF1, an adenoviral construct expressing XAF1, an endogenous inhibitor of XIAP, prior to exposure to AdsTRAIL. Viability was monitored by expression of the fluorescent marker EGFP in the treated cells. The combination of AdsTRAIL and AdXAF1 potently induced apoptosis to a greater degree than either agent alone. These results suggest that despite their resistance to conventional therapeutic agents such as chemotherapy and radiation, glioma stem cells could potentially be targeted by apoptosis inducing biological agents such as AdsTRAIL. Further characterization of the effects of AdsTRAIL against GSC is required to fully assess the potential of this agent against treatment resistant malignant gliomas. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1272.
Some Notes on the Life History of Plega banksi (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Two adults have been reared from cocoons taken in association with pupae of Cyclocephala sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in southern Arizona. In one rearing the mantispid larva had devoured the scarab pupa; in the other it had eaten the pupa of an asilid fly also associated with the scarab pupa. Since another Plega species has been reported from inside noctuid moth pupae in the soil, the larvae of part of the species of this genus must be subterranean predators, at least when nearly mature.
A variational multiscale finite element method for monolithic ALE computations of shock hydrodynamics using nodal elements

We present a monolithic arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) finite element method for computing highly transient flows with strong shocks. We use a variational multiscale (VMS) approach to stabilize a piecewise-linear Galerkin formulation of the equations of compressible flows, and an entropy artificial viscosity to capture strong solution discontinuities. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of VMS methods for highly transient shock flows, an area of research for which the VMS literature is extremely scarce.In addition, the proposed monolithic ALE method is an alternative to the more commonly used Lagrangian+remap methods, in which, at each time step, a Lagrangian computation is followed by mesh smoothing and remap (conservative solution interpolation). Lagrangian+remap methods are the methods of choice in shock hydrodynamics computations because they provide nearly optimal mesh resolution in proximity of shock fronts. However, Lagrangian+remap methods are not well suited for imposing inflow and outflow boundary conditions. These issues offer an additional motivation for the proposed approach, in which we first perform the mesh motion, and then the flow computations using the monolithic ALE framework.The proposed method is second-order accurate and stable, as demonstrated by extensive numerical examples in two and three space dimensions.
Abstract ES6-1: Quantitative Methods To Assess Eligibility for Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer is one of the few tumors where the judgment of level of protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) directly results in therapy. Although the pathologist is not the prescribing physician, their “reading” of ER, PR, and Her2 can result in prescription of life-saving therapies. As a result of that, many studies have been done to attempt to be more quantitative in the assessment of exactly how much protein is on the slide. However, these efforts have largely failed to gain clinical acceptance, even up to April 2010, when the ASCO/CAP guidelines recommended, but did not require, a quantitative approach. Key reasons for the hesitation to require quantification included lack of standardization, lack of data on pre-analytic variables and lack of a universally accepted reproducible quantitative method. This presentation will examine the current methods for quantitative measurement of ER and Her2 in breast cancer tissue including review of the current technologies and devices for both IHC and quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF). Then issues and some new data related to standardization and pre-analytic variability will be presented. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES6-1.
On the Construction of Internal Control Evaluation Systemin Colleges and Universities

Quantitative internal control evaluation index system in colleges and universities has not been established which leads to the difficulty in controlling the quantification of many indicators of internal control in colleges and universities. Based on application guidelines and evaluation guidelines in our internal control as well as fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method which helps to classify the main influencing factors of the internal control system in colleges and universities,the essay tries to establish the internal control evaluation system with weight index in order to provide an objective evaluation method which can improve the universities internal control evaluation system.
Language Faculty Science

This book explores how we can aspire to accumulate knowledge about the language faculty in line with Feynman's 'The test of all knowledge is experiment'. The two pillars of the proposed methodology for language faculty science are the internalist approach advocated by Chomsky and what Feynman calls the 'Guess-Compute-Compare' method. Taking the internalist approach, the book is concerned with the I-language of an individual speaker. Adopting the Guess-Compute-Compare method, it aims at deducing definite predictions and comparing them with experimental results. It offers a conceptual articulation of how we deduce definite predictions about the judgments of an individual speaker on the basis of universal and language-particular hypotheses and how we obtain experimental results precisely in accordance with such predictions. In pursuit of rigorous testability and reproducibility, the experimental demonstration in the book is supplemented by an accompanying website which provides the details of all the experiments discussed in the book.
CAMERA SPEEDS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT OF STRIDE-TIMING CHARACTERISTICS IN HORSES AT THE TROT

Quantitated locomotion analysis is increasingly being used during assessment and treatment of gait disorders in human beings. Locomotion analysis is also thought to have potential for enhancing the assessment of lameness in horses. Availability of high-speed video recording systems has simplified the process of quantitated locomotion analysis; however, the high cost of such systems has limited their use for routine clinical assessment in horses. The temporal resolution of 500- to 1,000-images/s (Hz) recording systems is beyond what has been considered necessary for precise quantitation of short-duration events in horses at the trot; however, it is uncertain whether the temporal resolution of more economical 60-Hz recording systems is adequate. To determine whether a recording rate of 60 Hz is satisfactory for assessment of stride-timing values in horses at the trot, the stride-timing values calculated from 60-Hz recordings were compared with those calculated from 1,000-Hz recordings that had been simultaneously made for 5 horses trotting on a horizontal treadmill at a speed of 3.0 m/s. The left forefoot of each horse was fitted with an instrumented horseshoe that illuminated and quenched light-emitting diodes (LED) in view of both cameras precisely at toe contact, heel contact, heel lift, and toe lift. The exact pattern and timing of foot placement and lift was referenced by the illumination pattern of the LED. Recordings of 10 consecutive strides were reviewed, image by image for each horse, and the elapsed time at each important stride event was tabulated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Utility of a Dengue-Derived Monoclonal Antibody to Enhance Zika Infection In Vitro

Introduction Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged in dengue (DENV) endemic areas, where these two related flaviviruses continue to co-circulate. DENV is a complex of four serotypes and infections can progress to severe disease. It is thought that this is mediated by antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) whereby antibodies from a primary DENV infection are incapable of neutralizing heterologous DENV infections with another serotype. ADE has been demonstrated among other members of the Flavivirus group. Methods We utilize an in vitro ADE assay developed for DENV to determine whether ZIKV is enhanced by a commonly available DENV serotype 2-derived monoclonal antibody (4G2). Results We show that ZIKV infection in vitro is enhanced in the presence of the 4G2 mAb. Discussion Our results demonstrate that ADE between ZIKV and DENV is possible and that the 4G2 antibody is a useful tool for the effects of pre-existing anti-DENV antibodies during ZIKV infections.
The Extrapolation and Interpolation of Spatial Correlation Functions

An accurate determination of the spatial correlation function of a radio wave envelope along a fixed line would in the first instance require a dozen or more observation points along the line. At low and mediun frequencies, the problem is further complicated by physical dimensions of several kilometers extent for the instnunentation. If the spatial correlation along the line is of the same functional form as the temporal correlation at a fixed point, then the complete spatial.correlation can be inferred from measurements at two fixed points on the line. The use of three points provides a check on the validity of the hypothesis. Experiments at medium frequencies show that the hypothesis is often satisfied with surprising accuracy. It is probable that similar results would obtain for tropospheric propagation. The results are useful in propagation physics and in the engineering design of radio systems.
132 Teaching principles and practice of injury prevention with evolving curriculum design 1988–2015

Background In 1988, the Johns Hopkins Centre for Injury Research and Policy held its first Summer Institute: Principles and Practice of Injury Prevention (SI). The 22nd SI cohort completed training in 2015. At least 750 people from diverse professional backgrounds and countries have completed this intensive, introductory training. While acknowledging the evaluative limitations imposed by missing data for early cohorts, we describe key lessons learned and applied for curriculum enhancement. Objectives Describe SI’s evolving focus and instructional design using a six-step curriculum process model: problem identification and general needs assessment; targeted training needs assessment; development of training goals and objectives; educational strategies; implementation; feedback and evaluation. Stimulate generative conversation with participants about injury prevention training priorities and strategies. Results Throughout its long history, SI’s commitment to providing excellent, current, relevant training has required extensive changes to design and delivery. The current curriculum is based on the nine Core Competencies for Injury and Violence Prevention, and focused on developing transferable skills. Participants report the systematic problem solving framework and facilitated, scenario-based practical application sessions throughout SI, develop their competence. Skills cited as most important are critical and systematic thinking; enhanced capacity to use conceptual frameworks and evaluative thinking throughout the IP process to challenge assumptions; and learning the importance of asking and answering the question, what are we doing and why? Conclusions Evolving curriculum design must be rigorous and systematic; informed by adult learning theory, stakeholders, emerging issues in the injury field, and evaluated continuously.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Production in Academic Centers: Challenges and Opportunities

The clinical applications of mesenchmyal stromal cells (MSCs) are expanding, and academic centers are increasingly involved in preclinical studies and current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) production of MSCs for human trials. MSC manufacturing is fairly straightforward, though it is highly variable across laboratories and often in need of optimization prior to clinical trials. The successful translational development of MSCs relies upon a team of individuals with diverse training and backgrounds (eg, medicine, basic and applied science, medical technology, quality assurance, and regulatory affairs). There are challenges, such as identifying qualified team members and funding sources, balancing workload, and dealing with many trial-specific issues. However, there are also many opportunities, not the least of which is the opportunity for academic centers to play a central role in the advancement of clinical trials with MSCs.
Managing rehabilitation: Negotiating performance accountability at the frontlines of reentry service provision:

Based on a three-year ethnographic study of two prisoner reentry agencies, this article explores how frontline service providers negotiate the contradictory demands of performance accountability. P...
Reconstruction of a Functional Test Sequence for Increased Fault Coverage

Simulation-based sequential test generation procedures address the high computational complexity of sequential test generation by replacing the deterministic branch-and-bound process with lower-complexity processes. These processes introduce new primary input patterns into a functional test sequence in order to increase its fault coverage. This study observes that, even without introducing new primary input patterns, it is possible to increase the fault coverage of a functional test sequence by applying the same primary input patterns in different orders. This is referred to as reconstruction of the sequence. It provides a new low-complexity option for increasing the fault coverage, and thus addressing the high computational complexity of sequential test generation. This study describes a reconstruction procedure that is based on repeating short subsequences of primary input patterns from the sequence. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the reconstruction procedure in increasing the fault coverage as part of a simulation-based sequential test generation procedure.
Sensory neuron regulation of gastrointestinal inflammation and bacterial host defence

Sensory neurons in the gastrointestinal tract have multifaceted roles in maintaining homeostasis, detecting danger and initiating protective responses. The gastrointestinal tract is innervated by three types of sensory neurons: dorsal root ganglia, nodose/jugular ganglia and intrinsic primary afferent neurons. Here, we examine how these distinct sensory neurons and their signal transducers participate in regulating gastrointestinal inflammation and host defence. Sensory neurons are equipped with molecular sensors that enable neuronal detection of diverse environmental signals including thermal and mechanical stimuli, inflammatory mediators and tissue damage. Emerging evidence shows that sensory neurons participate in host–microbe interactions. Sensory neurons are able to detect pathogenic and commensal bacteria through specific metabolites, cell-wall components, and toxins. Here, we review recent work on the mechanisms of bacterial detection by distinct subtypes of gut-innervating sensory neurons. Upon activation, sensory neurons communicate to the immune system to modulate tissue inflammation through antidromic signalling and efferent neural circuits. We discuss how this neuro-immune regulation is orchestrated through transient receptor potential ion channels and sensory neuropeptides including substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. Recent studies also highlight a role for sensory neurons in regulating host defence against enteric bacterial pathogens including Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Understanding how sensory neurons respond to gastrointestinal flora and communicate with immune cells to regulate host defence enhances our knowledge of host physiology and may form the basis for new approaches to treat gastrointestinal diseases.
Reduced Radiation in Children Presenting to the ED With Suspected Ventricular Shunt Complication.

BACKGROUND: Ventricular shunt complications in children can be severe and life-threatening if not identified and treated in a timely manner. Evaluation for shunt obstruction is not without risk, including lifetime cumulative radiation as patients routinely receive computed tomography (CT) scans of the brain and shunt series (multiple radiographs of the skull, neck, chest, and abdomen). METHODS: A multidisciplinary team collaborated to develop a clinical pathway with the goal of standardizing the evaluation and management of patients with suspected shunt complication. The team implemented a low-dose CT scan, specifically tailored for the detection of hydrocephalus and discouraged routine use of shunt series with single-view radiographs used only when specifically indicated. RESULTS: There was a reduction in the average CT effective dose (millisievert) per emergency department (ED) encounter of 50.6% (confidence interval, 46.0–54.9; P ≤ .001) during the intervention period. There was a significant reduction in the number of shunt surveys obtained per ED encounter, from 62.4% to 5.32% (P CONCLUSIONS: A new clinical pathway has rapidly reduced radiation exposure, both by reducing the radiation dose of CT scans and eliminating or reducing the number of radiographs obtained in the evaluation of patients with ventricular shunts without compromising clinical care.
Molecular Shape as a Design Criterion

Many applications of crystalline materials depend not just on the underlying molecular structures, but equally on the alignment of molecules in the crystals. An understanding of molecular arrangements is critical to the design of materials with specific bulk properties. Crystal structure reports have traditionally contained little significant discussion (frequently no mention at all) of molecular arrangements in the crystal, presumably because the motivation for many studies was the elucidation of some molecular feature. The Cambridge Structural Database [1] makes available crystal data for many thousands of organic and organometallic crystal structures, together with continually evolving retrieval and analysis software. The commitment at the Data Centre to the development of increasingly powerful software for 3-dimensional search, analysis, and display is changing the landscape of the study of crystal packing. This superb set of tools facilitates many important and innovative programs of study that are slowly but surely increasing our understanding of molecular solid state structure. This systematic study is, in turn, fueling significant progress in crystal engineering, one of the major themes of this School. Useful reviews in this area include those by Desiraju [2] and by Braga and Grepioni [3] (both of these surveying a broad range of intermolecular interactions) and those by Aakeroy [4, 5] and Zaworotko [6] (focusing more specifically on the exploitation of hydrogen-bonding as a design tool).
Load-Dependent Increases in Delay-Period Alpha-Band Power Track the Gating of Task-Irrelevant Inputs to Working Memory

Studies exploring the role of neural oscillations in cognition have revealed sustained increases in alpha-band power during the delay period of verbal and visual working memory (VWM) tasks. There have been various proposals regarding the functional significance of such increases, including the inhibition of task-irrelevant cortical areas as well as the active retention of information in VWM. The present study examines the role of delay-period alpha-band power in mediating the effects of interference arising from on-going visual processing during a concurrent VWM task. Specifically, we reasoned that, if set-size dependent increases in alpha-band power represent the gating out of on-going task-irrelevant visual inputs, they should be predictive with respect to some modulation in visual evoked potentials resulting from a task-irrelevant delay period probe stimulus. In order to investigate this possibility, we recorded the electroencephalogram while subjects performed a change detection task requiring the retention of two or four novel shapes. On a portion of trials, a novel, task-irrelevant bilateral checkerboard probe was presented mid-way through the delay. Analyses focused on examining correlations between set-size dependent increases in alpha-band power and changes in the magnitude of the P1, N1 and P3a components of the probe-evoked response and how such increases might be related to behavior. Results revealed that increased delay-period alpha-band power was associated with changes in the amplitude of the N1 and P3a event-related potential (ERP) components, and with load-dependent changes in capacity when the probe was presented during the delay. We conclude that load-dependent increases in alpha-band power likely play a role in supporting short-term retention by gating task-irrelevant sensory inputs and suppressing potential sources of disruptive interference.
Hegel and Africa

This chapter examines Hegel’s fiercely-debated views on Africa, which have often been viewed not only as Eurocentric but also as racist. Considering the debates within Hegelian scholarship, the chapter situates Hegel’s views within a broader tradition of European thought that has persistently denigrated non-European cultures, resorting even to pseudo-science in this endeavor.
Calibration and validation processing for the CYGNSS wind speed retrieval algorithm

The processing procedures used for the calibration and validation of Level 2 ocean surface wind speed data product for the CYGNSS mission will be presented in this work. The validation process is planned against a series of ground truth matchups which include buoy measurements, other existing satellite counterparts such as scatterometers, radiometers, altimeters and data from global forecast models.
The Open Access Availability of Articles from Highly Ranked Religious Studies Journals: A Study of Ten Journals

Across the past decade, open access (OA) journal scholarship has seen a massive global increase. Scant research, however, has been done to examine the effect of this trend on religious studies journal scholarship. This article seeks to explore the current state of OA scholarship among journals covering religion. To examine the state of OA scholarship among journals of religious studies, the OA availability of articles from ten, peer-reviewed, religious studies journals were examined. Using the SCImago Journal & Country Rank, a portal that includes the journals and country scientific indicators developed from the information contained in the Scopus® database, the ten most highly rated journals in mid-2015, according to the SJR indicator, were selected for evaluation. Articles that appeared in the journal volumes published in 2014 were selected for analysis, and were identified through online research databases and journal websites which provided bibliographic information. Only articles and essays dealing with research were included. A total of 377 articles were included in the study. Of the 377 articles examined, OA versions were found for 132 (35%) of them. Approximately one third of articles (33.3%) were located in multiple locations, with more than half of all OA articles found (53.0%) on either Institutional or Subject repositories, or, on the social networking sites ResearchGate.net or Academia.edu. Of the total number of OA articles found, 87 (65.9%) were found by both Google and Google Scholar, and 43 (32.6%) were found by only Google or Google Scholar, but not both. The results indicate that religious studies journal scholarship is not widely archived and made available as OA, as a regular practice. Results also indicate that those scholars who publish in journals covering religious studies and who embrace open access, make strong use of either institutional or subject repositories and/or social networking sites to make their scholarship openly available. The relatively low rate of OA religious studies journal scholarship, has limited support in previous literature. While the results of this study indicate an increase in the OA availability of religious studies journal scholarship, as compared to previous findings, scholars and journals of religion still lag behind other disciplines in the output of OA research.
Classic Endocrine Glands

An epithelial lined vesicle results from Rathke’s pouch by the tenth day of gestation in Didelphis and lies in close association with the presumptive infundibulum of the diencephalon. At this stage of development, the newly formed multichambered pituitary vesicle is of uniform thickness. The epithelial wall of the pituitary vesicle consists of spindle-shaped cells and is pseudostratified in appearance. The dorsal wall remains uniformly thin and as development continues will form the pars intermedia. In contrast, the ventral wall of the pituitary vesicle thickens due to a proliferation of cells from within this layer and ultimately gives rise to cells of the pars distalis. Just prior to birth, the lumen of the multichambered pituitary vesicle becomes reduced to a flattened, curved cleft but continues to clearly delineate the pars intermedia from the forming pars distalis (Sherman and Krause 1990). By the end of the second postnatal week the relationships between the pars distalis, pituitary cleft, pars intermedia and pars nervosa are well established, and few changes other than size are observed during the remainder of pituitary development (Wheeler 1943).
Benzodiazepines and GABA-GABAA receptor system in the cat carotid body.

Benzodiazepines (BZs) suppress ventilation possibly by augmenting the GABAA receptor activity in the respiratory control system, but precise sites of action are not well understood. The goals of this study were: (1) to identify GABAA receptor subunits in the carotid body (CB) and petrosal ganglion (PG); (2) to test if BZs exert their effects through the GABAA receptor in the CB chemosensory unit. Tissues were taken from euthanized adult cats. RNA was extracted from the brain, and cDNA sequences of several GABAA receptor subunits were determined. Subsequent RT-PCR analysis demonstrated the gene expression of α2, α3, β3, and γ2 subunits in the CB and the PG. Immunoreactivity for GABA and for GABAA receptor β3 and γ2 subunits was detected in chemosensory glomus cells (GCs) in the CB and neurons in the PG. The functional aspects of the GABA-GABAA receptor system in the CB was studied by measuring CB neural output using in vitro perfusion setup. Two BZs, midazolam and diazepam, decreased the CB neural response to hypoxia. With continuous application of bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, the effects of BZs were abolished. In conclusion, the GABA-GABAA receptor system is functioning in the CB chemosensory system. BZs inhibit CB neural response to hypoxia by enhancing GABAA receptor activity.