cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NFκB Activation in Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Nuclear Localization of c-REL and Coordinate Upregulation of NFκB Target Genes.

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (MLBCL) is a clinically distinct entity that typically presents as localized, sclerotic disease in young, female patients. We previously characterized the transcriptional profiles of MLBCLs and identified important shared features with a clinically related disorder, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) (Blood 102:3871, 2003). Given the documented role of the NFkB survival pathway in Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells, we previously assessed NFkB activation in MLBCL by determining the subcellular location of the c-REL subunit of the NFkB heterodimer with a 2-color immunofluoresence assay. In a small pilot MLBCL series, c-REL was localized to the nucleus in the majority of examined cases, consistent with NFkB activation. In the current study, we evaluated c-REL subcellular localization in an additional series of MLBCLs and DLBCLs using a broadly applicable immunoperoxidase method. 100% of MLBCLs exhibited nuclear c-REL staining whereas DLBCL c-REL subcellular localization was more variable. Thereafter, we analyzed the transcription profiles of the 34 MLBCLs and 176 DLBCLs for coordinate expression of NFkB target genes, using literature-curated NFkB target gene lists from three independent sources and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). MLBCL signatures exhibited significant enrichment of 2 of the 3 NFkB target gene sets. In addition, 32 NFkB target genes from the combined set were significantly more abundant in MLBCLs than DLBCLs (> 30% more abundant and > 99 th percentile in permutation analysis). Similar results were obtained in an independent series of MLBCLs and DLBCLs with available gene expression profiles (J. Exp. Med. 198:851, 2003). To assess the role of c-REL amplification in NFkB activation in our lymphoma series, we compared c-REL amplification, c-REL subcellular localization and coordinate expression of the identified NFkB target genes and classified the DLBCLs according to putative cell of origin. The majority of c-REL amplifications (67%) were found in DLBCLs of germinal center (GC) subtype, consistent with the observation that c-REL is part of the described GC signature. However, most (71%) of the examined GC DLBCLs had cytoplasmic c-REL expression and the GC DLBCLs did not have increased expression of NFkB target genes. Taken together with the MLBCL analyses, these studies indicate that: 1) NFkB is consistently activated in MLBCL; 2) c-REL amplification is not closely associated with NFkB activation in large cell lymphomas (LCLs); and 3) NFkB activation in LCL subtypes does not require amplification of the c-REL locus.
Glucose metabolism in Cushing's syndrome.

Purpose of review Impairment of glucose metabolism is commonly encountered in Cushing's syndrome. It is the source of significant morbidity and mortality even after successful treatment of Cushing's. This review is to understand the recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus from excess cortisol. Recent findings In-vitro studies have led to significant advancement in understanding the molecular effects of cortisol on glucose metabolism. Some of these findings have been translated with human data. There is marked reduction in insulin action and glucose disposal with a concomitant, insufficient increase in insulin secretion. Cortisol has a varied effect on adipose tissue, with increased lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue in the extremities, and increased lipogenesis in visceral and subcutaneous truncal adipose tissue. Summary Cushing's syndrome results in marked impairment in insulin action and glucose disposal resulting in hyperglycemia. Further studies are required to understand the effect on incretin secretion and action, gastric emptying, and its varied effect on adipose tissue.
Proximal phalanx shaft fracture with entrapment in the transverse retinacular ligament: a case report

We report the interesting case of a 33 years old male who underwent operative intervention for a left oblique proximal phalanx shaft fracture of the third finger which penetrated the transverse retinacular ligament (TRL). This patient required operative intervention due to entrapment of the bony fragment in the TRL which acted as a noose with traction on the fractured segment. The fracture was irreducible through a closed maneuver. The use of a dorsal approach allowed visualization of the fracture site and implementation of screws for fixation was deemed adequate secondary to the patient’s bone quality. He was placed in a volar splint at the conclusion of the case to allow for immobilization and protection of the repair. At follow-up, the patient’s radiographic images appeared appropriate and was progressing as expected. We report lessons learned from this case and describe a previously unreported fracture pattern and a possible method of reduction and fixation through a surgical approach in this report.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluoro-substituted spiro-isoxazolines as potential anti-viral and anti-cancer agents

Electrophilic fluorine-mediated dearomative spirocyclization has been developed to synthesize a range of fluoro-substituted spiro-isoxazoline ethers and lactones. The in vitro biological assays of synthesized compounds were probed for anti-viral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and cytotoxicity against glioblastomas (GBM6) and triple negative breast cancer (MDA MB 231). Interestingly, compounds 4d and 4n showed significant activity against HCMV (IC50 ∼ 10 μM), while 4l and 5f revealed the highest cytotoxicity with IC50 = 36 to 80 μM. The synthetic efficacy and biological relevance offer an opportunity to further drug-discovery development of fluoro-spiro-isoxazolines as novel anti-viral and anti-cancer agents.
NATURAL GAS: A LONG BRIDGE TO A PROMISING DESTINATION

Supporters of efforts to replace hydrocarbons with carbon-free renewable resources as our primary source of electricity often refer to natural gas as a “bridge fuel.” That reference reflects a reluctant recognition that renewable resources cannot replace hydrocarbons as our primary generating fuel in the near term. It also reflects recognition that, while natural gas is a hydrocarbon, it is less damaging to the environment than other fossil fuels. In particular, displacement of coal with natural gas as a generating fuel reduces emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, by about 50%. Thus, the “bridge fuel” metaphor refers to the expectation of many policy makers that we can move in the direction needed to mitigate climate change in the near term by displacing coal with natural gas, but that we will replace all hydrocarbons with carbon-free renewable resources in the long term. My goal is to explore and to critique the assumptions that underlie the bridge fuel metaphor. I begin by focusing on the length of the bridge that natural gas is likely to provide. I conclude the natural gas bridge to carbon-free fuels is likely to be extremely long, at least decades and probably a century. I then explore the question of what we are likely to find at the end of that bridge. Is it metaphorically like the “bridge to nowhere” the senator from Alaska famously (or infamously) inserted as an earmark in an appropriations Bill? I conclude that, while the “bridge” will not take the U.S. everywhere we would like to go, it is likely to take the U.S. to a destination that is a major improvement over the status quo, measured with reference to any plausible set of national or international goals.
A Lifetime of ICs, and Cross-field Exploration: ISPD 2021 Lifetime Achievement Award Bio

The 2021 International Symposium on Physical Design lifetime achievement award goes to Dr. Louis K. Scheffer for his outstand contributions to the field. This autobiography in Lou's own words provides a glimpse of what has happened through his career.
Evaluating Commercially Available Mobile Apps for Depression Self-Management

Clinical depression affects 17.3 million adults in the U.S. However, 37% of these adults receive no treatment, and many symptoms remain unmanaged. Mobile health apps may complement in-person treatment and address barriers to treatment, yet their quality has not been systematically appraised. We conducted a systematic review of apps for depression by searching in three major app stores. Apps were selected using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The final apps were downloaded and independently evaluated using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS), IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics functionality score, and six features specific to depression self-management. Mobile health apps for depression self-management exhibit a wide range of quality, but more than half (74%) of the apps had acceptable quality, with 32% having MARS scores ≥ 4.0 out of 5.0. These high scoring apps indicate that mobile apps have the potential to improve patient self-management, treatment engagement, and mental health outcomes.
MGST1, a new soldier of NRF2 in the battle against ferroptotic death.

In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Kuang et al. (2021) identify microsomal glutathione-S-transferase 1 (MGST1) as an NRF2 target gene that suppresses ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, MGST1 binds ALOX5 during ferroptosis induction, inhibiting lipid peroxide production. Thus, MGST1 could represent a viable therapeutic target for treating pancreatic cancer.
Anisotropic 2D layered materials for infrared photonics and polaritonics

In this talk, I will introduce MoO3 as an anisotropic photonic and polaritonic material. MoO3 is a layered material that exhibits both in and out-of-the-plane anisotropic polaritonic response at mid-IR wavelengths. We designed and experimentally demonstrated an anisotropic polaritonic absorber and showed that one can couple to all phonon modes and address them individually either using structural tunability or polarization control of incident infrared radiation. I will also discuss our experimental investigations of the birefringent optical properties of MoO3 in visible frequencies. By constructing MoO3 based Fabry-Perot resonator, we observed strong polarization-dependent tunability of the Fabry-Perot resonance due to different refractive index of MoO3 for different crystal directions.
Baseline parameters for non-activated rotational thromboelastometry tests with and without heparinase in healthy pregnant women at term gestation.

Abstract Objective To determine the normal values for non-activated thromboelastometry parameters among pregnant women. Design Prospective, observational study. Setting Tertiary care hospital. Patients Non-laboring women at term gestation without history of bleeding or clotting disorder or anticoagulation use. Interventions Venous blood samples were collected and ROTEM® was performed using NATEM and NaHEPTEM assays. Measurements Reference ranges were derived by calculating 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles for the following parameters: clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), amplitude at 10 (A10) and 20 min (A20), alpha angle, maximum clot firmness (MCF), and lysis index at 30 (LI30) and 60 min (LI60). The NATEM/NaHEPTEM CT ratio was calculated to determine the baseline ratio in term pregnant women. Main results 146 women were screened and 120 were enrolled. The median age was 34 years [31–36], median gestational age was 39.1 weeks [38.3–39.3], and median parity was 1 [0–2]. Median pre-delivery platelet and hematocrit levels were within the normal ranges. The reference ranges for NATEM parameters were: CT (232–759 (s)), CFT (69–243 (s)), alpha angle (50–77 (°)), A10 (44–69 (mm)), A20 (54–75 (mm)), MCF (57–77 (mm)), LI30 (100–100 (%)), LI60 (90–100 (%)). The reference ranges for NaHEPTEM parameters were: CT (224–717 (s)), CFT (66–210 (s)), alpha angle (53–77 (°)), A10 (44–67 (mm)), A20 (55–73 (mm)), MCF (58–74 (mm)), LI30 (99–100 (%)), LI60 (90–100 (%)). The NATEM to NaHEPTEM CT ratio reference range was 0.73–1.3. Conclusions This study is the first to our knowledge to report reference ranges for non-activated ROTEM® tests with and without heparinase in non-laboring term pregnant women. These reference ranges may serve as a baseline comparison and may be useful for future research on anticoagulation management in pregnancy.
Philosophy of the Arts: An Introduction to Aesthetics

1. Art and Pleasure: incl. Hume, Mill, Kant, Gadamer 2. Art and Emotion: Tolstoy, Croce, Collingwood 3. Art and Understanding 4. Music and meaning: incl. the implications of digital technology 5. From Painting to Film 6. Poetry and Paraphrase 7. Architecture as an Art 8. Evaluation and the Aesthetics of Nature 9. Theories of Art: incl. Marxism, Lukacs, Levi-Strauss, Derrida
Competitive influence maximization in social networks

Social networks often serve as a medium for the diffusion of ideas or innovations. An individual's decision whether to adopt a product or innovation will be highly dependent on the choices made by the individual's peers or neighbors in the social network. In this work, we study the game of innovation diffusion with multiple competing innovations such as when multiple companies market competing products using viral marketing. Our first contribution is a natural and mathematically tractable model for the diffusion of multiple innovations in a network. We give a (1-1/e) approximation algorithm for computing the best response to an opponent's strategy, and prove that the "price of competition" of this game is at most 2. We also discuss "first mover" strategies which try to maximize the expected diffusion against perfect competition. Finally, we give an FPTAS for the problem of maximizing the influence of a single player when the underlying graph is a tree.
Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome

Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is a group of rare conditions that present with high-grade urine protein (albumin) losses, hypoalbuminemia, and edema within the first 3 months of life. It is important to differentiate CNS from other presentations of nephrotic syndrome, mainly the infantile form (4–12 months of age) and childhood nephrotic syndrome (onset after the 1st year of life). Unless treatment is initiated, CNS is universally fatal.
Role of defects in ferromagnetism in Zn 1-x Co x O : A hybrid density-functional study

Experimental studies of ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$ as thin films or nanocrystals have found ferromagnetism and Curie temperatures above room temperature and that $p$- or $n$-type doping of ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$ can change its magnetic state. Bulk ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$ with a low defect density and $x$ in the range used in experimental thin-film studies exhibits ferromagnetism only at very low temperatures. Therefore defects in thin-film samples or nanocrystals may play an important role in promoting magnetic interactions between Co ions in ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$. The mechanism of exchange coupling induced by defect states is considered and compared to a model for ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic semiconductors [T. Dietl et al., Science 287, 1019 (2000)]. The electronic structures of Co substituted for Zn in ZnO, Zn, and O vacancies, substituted N, and interstitial Zn in ZnO were calculated using the B3LYP hybrid density functional in a supercell. The B3LYP functional predicts a band gap of $3.34\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ for bulk ZnO, close to the experimental value of $3.47\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. Occupied minority-spin Co $3d$ levels are at the top of the valence band and unoccupied levels lie above the conduction-band minimum. Majority-spin Co $3d$ levels hybridize strongly with bulk ZnO states. The neutral O vacancy defect level is predicted to lie deep in the band gap, and interstitial Zn is predicted to be a deep donor. The Zn vacancy is a deep acceptor, and the acceptor level for substituted N is at midgap. The possibility that $p$- or $n$-type dopants promote exchange coupling of Co ions was investigated by computing the total energies of magnetic states of ZnO supercells containing two Co ions and an oxygen vacancy, substituted N, or interstitial Zn in various charge states. The neutral N defect and the singly positively charged O vacancy are the only defects which strongly promote ferromagnetic exchange coupling of Co ions at intermediate range. Total energy calculations on supercells containing two O vacancies and one Zn vacancy clearly show that pairs of singly positively charged O vacancies are unstable with respect to dissociation into neutral and doubly positively charged vacancies; the oxygen vacancy is a ``negative $U$'' defect. This apparently precludes simple charged O vacancies as a mediator of ferromagnetism in ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$.
Interpersonal amplification of risk? Citizen discussions and their impact on perceptions of risks and benefits of a biological research facility.

Much risk communication research has demonstrated how mass media can influence individual risk perceptions, but lacks a comprehensive conceptual understanding of another key channel of communication: interpersonal discussion. Using the social amplification of risk as a theoretical framework, we consider the potential for discussions to function as amplification stations. We explore this possibility using data from a public opinion survey of residents living in potential locations for a new biological research facility in the United States. Controlling for a variety of key information variables, our results show that two dimensions of discussion-frequency and valence-have impacts on residents' perceptions of the facility's benefits and its risks. We also explore the possibility that an individual's overall attitude moderates the effect of discussion on their perceptions of risks and benefits. Our results demonstrate the potential for discussions to operate as amplifiers or attenuators of perceptions of both risks and benefits. Language: en
Integrating valve-inspired design features into poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering.

Abstract The development of advanced scaffolds that recapitulate the anisotropic mechanical behavior and biological functions of the extracellular matrix in leaflets would be transformative for heart valve tissue engineering. In this study, anisotropic mechanical properties were established in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels by crosslinking stripes of 3.4 kDa PEG diacrylate (PEGDA) within 20 kDa PEGDA base hydrogels using a photolithographic patterning method. Varying the stripe width and spacing resulted in a tensile elastic modulus parallel to the stripes that was 4.1–6.8 times greater than that in the perpendicular direction, comparable to the degree of anisotropy between the circumferential and radial orientations in native valve leaflets. Biomimetic PEG–peptide hydrogels were prepared by tethering the cell-adhesive peptide RGDS and incorporating the collagenase-degradable peptide PQ (GGGPQG↓IWGQGK) into the polymer network. The specific amounts of RGDS and PEG–PQ within the resulting hydrogels influenced the elongation, de novo extracellular matrix deposition and hydrogel degradation behavior of encapsulated valvular interstitial cells (VICs). In addition, the morphology and activation of VICs grown atop PEG hydrogels could be modulated by controlling the concentration or micro-patterning profile of PEG–RGDS. These results are promising for the fabrication of PEG-based hydrogels using anatomically and biologically inspired scaffold design features for heart valve tissue engineering.
A History of Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Management of the cuff-deficient arthritic shoulder has long been challenging. Early unconstrained shoulder arthroplasty systems were associated with high complication and implant failure rates. The evolution toward the modern reverse shoulder arthroplasty includes many variables of constrained shoulder arthroplasty designs. This review explores the development of reverse shoulder arthroplasty, specifically describing (1) the evolution of reverse shoulder arthroplasty designs, (2) the biomechanical variations in the evolution of this arthroplasty, and (3) the current issues relevant to reverse shoulder arthroplasty today. Using a PubMed search, the literature was explored for articles addressing reverse shoulder arthroplasty, focusing on those papers with historical context. Results of the early designs were apparently poor, although they were not subjected to rigorous clinical research and usually reported only in secondary literature. We identified a trend of glenoid component failure in the early reverse designs. This trend was recognized and reported by authors as the reverse shoulder evolved. Authors reported greater pain relief and better function in reverse shoulder arthroplasty with the fundamental change of Grammont’s design (moving the center of rotation medially and distally). However, current reports suggest lingering concerns and challenges with today’s designs. The history of reverse shoulder arthroplasty involves the designs of many forward-thinking surgeons. Many of these highly constrained systems failed, although more recent designs have demonstrated improved longevity and implant performance. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty requires ongoing study, with challenges and controversies remaining around present-day designs.
Some Aspects of Beam Waveguides for Long Distance Transmission at Optical Frequencies

Two types of beam waveguides are discussed in this paper, the iris-type and the lens-type. Both appear applicable to guided long distance transmission of light with theoretical losses of less than 1 db/km. However, there are problems concerning their practicability which require experimental investigation. Such problems are the alignment of the irises or the lenses, the effects of turbulence and stratification of air along the light path, and the required tolerance in the construction of the lenses. Since the lens-type guide offers a simple possibility for compensating misalignments, an experimental waveguide of this type has been constructed, having a length of approximately 1 km and comprising 10 iterations. The light path is enclosed by a 4 inch aluminum pipe which is supported within a 6 inch aluminum pipe. The first series of experiments which is reported in this paper indicated that there are no serious alignment problems. However, it was found that the effects of turbulence and air stratification are usually very severe and it appears necessary to provide an evacuated light path to obtain constant transmission conditions. It was also found that the available lenses add considerably higher iteration loss than expected. This increased loss was primarily caused by inadequate surface coating. A theoretical study of beam propagation in a misaligned lens-type guide is included in the Appendix.
Activation and Radiation Damage Characteristics of W-Based Divertor of ARIES Power Plants

AbstractCurrently, there is an ongoing international effort to develop and characterize W alloys that are suitable for fusion applications. In this report, five key W alloys were examined for the advanced divertor design of ARIES-ACT - the latest ARIES tokamak design. The most promising alloys appear to be W-1.1TiC and W-La2O3. At the end of the divertor lifetime (~4 years), the maintenance dose of these alloys very closely matches those of W with nominal impurities. Unfortunately, even with pure W, the divertor is not clearable, which indicates that it must be recycled or disposed of in a geological repository. The radiation damage and transmutation are expected to degrade the physical properties of any material. The radiation damage level in W is low compared to ferritic steel - a remarkable feature for tungsten. For ARIES-ACT operating conditions, transmutation of W does not appear to present a significant issue.
Family adaptability, cohesion, and creativity

With the awareness of the role stress plays in our lives, it is vital to gain a better insight into the family and assess its adaptability and cohesion. This study was conducted to examine the association between perceived family adaptability and cohesion levels and creativity. Eighty college students from interior design and hotel and restaurant administration classes received the How Do You Think Instrument and the Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. Results indicated that the highest creativity scores characterized highly adaptable families. The lowest creativity scores were characteristic of rigid families (low adaptability). Adaptability within the family was a significant contributor in predicting creativity scores, but family cohesion was not.
The alpha prime to delta reversion transformation in Pu-Ga alloys

The α′→δ reversion transformation in stabilized δ phase Pu-Ga alloys containing 0.5 wt.% and 0.6 wt.% Ga was studied using dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The α′→δ reversion was observed to occur as a series of transformation bursts spread over a 20°C to 40°C temperature range. The enthalpy of the endothermic α′→δ reversion transformation was estimated to be approximately 0.56 J/g for the 0.6 wt.% Ga alloy. Lower gallium was found to raise the α′→δ reversion temperature in specimens cooled to −155°C from 44–48°C for 0.6 wt.% Ga to 92°C for 0.5 wt.% Ga. Repeated cycling to −155°C caused the reversion onset temperature to decrease by ∼10°C. Raising the minimum hold temperature from −150°C to −125°C caused the reversion onset temperature to decrease by 5–10°C. Annealing at 300–400°C was required to erase all traces of the effects of cold exposure; material heated to only 200°C after thermal cycling displayed decreased reversion onset temperatures during subsequent thermal cycling.
3D Microperiodic Hydrogel Scaffolds for Robust Neuronal Cultures

Three-dimensional (3D) microperiodic scaffolds of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) have been fabricated by direct-write assembly of a photopolymerizable hydrogel ink. The ink is initially composed of physically entangled pHEMA chains dissolved in a solution of HEMA monomer, comonomer, photoinitiator and water. Upon printing 3D scaffolds of varying architecture, the ink filaments are exposed to UV light, where they are transformed into an interpenetrating hydrogel network of chemically cross-linked and physically entangled pHEMA chains. These 3D microperiodic scaffolds are rendered growth compliant for primary rat hippocampal neurons by absorption of polylysine. Neuronal cells thrive on these scaffolds, forming differentiated, intricately branched networks. Confocal laser scanning microscopy reveals that both cell distribution and extent of neuronal process alignment depend upon scaffold architecture. This work provides an important step forward in the creation of suitable platforms for in vitro study of sensitive cell types.
Transcription of Human Type I Collagen Genes. Variation in the Relative Rates of Transcription of the Proα1 and Proα2 Genes

Abstract The relative rates of transcription of the two genes for type I collagen have been measured in a runoff transcription assay using nuclei isolated from cultured human fibroblasts. Control experiments indicated that the ratio of proα(I)/proα(I) transcripts detected with a given nuclear preparation did not vary over a range of transcription times, nuclei concentrations, and amounts of filter-bound cDNA used in the assay. However, a significant difference in the ratio was observed when nuclei isolated from cells grown under different conditions were used. Nuclei from sub-confluent cultures generally transcribed the two genes in a ratio of 2:1 or lower, while nuclei from post-confluent cultures transcribed the genes in a much higher ratio of about 4:1. Analysis of the amount of proα(I) and proα(I) RNA transcribed suggests that it is the transcription of the proα(I) gene, and not the proα(I) gene, that varies with culture conditions. The steady state ratios of proα(I)/proα(I) RNA remained near 2:1 under all conditions. Thus, some post-transcriptional mechanism apparently results in maintenance of the steady-state proα(I)/proα(I) RNA ratios at approximately 2:1.
Are Family Meals as Good for Youth as We Think They Are? A Review of the Literature on Family Meals as They Pertain to Adolescent Risk Prevention

Regular family meals have been shown to reduce adolescents' engagement in various risk behaviors. In this article, we comprehensively examine the literature to review the association between family meals and eight adolescent risk outcomes: alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and other drugs; aggressive and/or violent behaviors; poor school performance; sexual behavior; mental health problems; and disordered eating patterns. The majority of the studies reviewed found associations in the relationship between family meals and adolescents' risk profiles. More specifically, studies reporting significant associations found that adolescents who frequently ate meals with their family and/or parents were less likely to engage in risk behaviors when compared to peers who never or rarely ate meals with their families. Additionally, the influence of family meal frequency on youth risk outcomes appears to be dependent on gender, with family meals being a protective factor for females and males differently, depending on the outcome examined. However, the studies available about family meals and adolescent risk only examined the effect of family meal frequency, and not other components of family meals that contribute to the protective effect, and, thus, hinder the understanding of the mechanisms unique to family meals' protective characteristics. Regardless of these limitations, the studies examined indicate that family meals may be protective and, therefore, have practical implications for parents, clinicians, and organizations looking to reduce adolescent risk behaviors. However, further examination is needed to better understand the mechanisms that contribute to the protective effect afforded by family meal frequency on adolescents.
Models and efficient algorithms for pickup and delivery problems on roadmaps

One of the most common combinatorial problems in logistics and transportation—after the Traveling Salesman Problem—is the Stacker Crane Problem (SCP), where commodities or customers are associated each with a pickup location and a delivery location, and the objective is to find a minimum-length tour ‘picking up’ and ‘delivering’ all items, while ensuring the number of items on-board never exceeds a given capacity. While vastly many SCPs encountered in practice are embedded in road or road-like networks, very few studies explicitly consider such environments. In this paper, first, we formulate an environment model capturing the essential features of a “small-neighborhood” road network, along with models for omni-directional vehicles and directed vehicles. Then, we formulate a stochastic version of the unit-capacity SCP, on our road network model, where pickup/delivery sites are random points along segments of the network. Our main contribution is a polynomial-time algorithm for the problem that is asymptotically constant-factor; i.e., it produces a solution no worse than k+o(1) times the length of the optimal one, where o(1) goes to zero as the number of items grows large, almost surely. The constant k is at most 3, and for omni-directional vehicles it is provably 1, i.e., optimal. Simulations show that with a number of pickup/delivery pairs as low as 50, the proposed algorithm delivers a solution whose cost is consistently within 10% of that of an optimal solution.
The economic thought of Norbert Wiener

Explores critically the economic thought of Norbert Wiener with special reference to automatization, of which he was the father and philosopher. Considers the concept and theory in economic science and Wiener’s economics as an axiological science. Examines long‐time and short‐time (contest‐free) economic analysis as discussed by Wiener. Further considerations include the analysis of contest and Wiener’s militarology. Automatization is given special reference and Wiener’s analysis is presented and the humane resolution of the problem discussed. Wienierian ideas are further examined and related to the human condition in a final section: The mandate of heaven.
Records of Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus) and Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wiegmann), from Santa Catarina, Brazil

AMONG unidentified material kept at the Fish and Wildlife Service Laboratory at Florianopolis, capital of the State of Santa Catarina, were several specimens of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium. These were identified as M. carcinus and M. acanthurus. The two specimens of M. carcinus, of 200 and 210 mm total length (excluding the second pair of pereiopods, which measured 230 mm), were from Lagoa da Conceicao, a brackish to freshwater lagoon on the Santa Catarina Island. The eight specimens of M. acanthurus of 80–140 mm total length (excluding the second pair of pereiopods, which measured up to 120 mm in length), were from Rio Pinheira (27° 50′ S.), a small river on the mainland, about 3 miles south of the southernmost tip of S. Catarina Island. Local fishermen stated that M. carcinus had occasionally been taken from Rio Pinheira, but this could not be verified.
Local Effects in Stiffened Composite Tubes under Generalized Plane Deformation

A two-dimensional, curvilinear, isoparametric, finite element is used to study local curvatures and interlaminar stresses in laminated composite tubes with laminated stiffeners running the length of the tube. The generalized plane problem is analyzed by considering a generic transverse cross section of the stiffened tube to provide three-dimensional states of stress. Discrete layers of the tube and the stiffener are modeled explicitly, providing an accurate and detailed representation of local effects. Cross-ply, angle-ply and general laminate configurations are studied for axial, torsional and internal pressure loadings that are constant along the length of the tube. It is shown that local curvatures and interlaminar stresses can be significant and variable and depend upon the laminate configuration and loading conditions.
Mapping the entire human corneal nerve architecture

We developed an approach to generate a three-dimensional map that facilitates the assessment of epithelial nerve density in different corneal areas to define aging and gender influence on human corneal nerve architecture. Twenty-eight fresh human eyes from 14 donors of different ages were studied. Corneal nerves were stained and consecutive images acquired with a fluorescence microscope, recorded at the same plane, and merged for viewing the complete epithelial and stromal nerve architecture. After whole mount examination, the same cornea was also used for transection. Stromal nerves entered the cornea in a radial pattern, subsequently dividing into smaller branches. Some branches connected at the center of the stroma, but most penetrated upward into the epithelium. No differences were observed between nerve densities in the four corneal quadrants. Epithelial innervation in the limbal and most of the peripheral area was supplied by a superficial network surrounding the limbal area. Central epithelial nerves were supplied by branches of the stromal nerve network. Epithelial nerve density and terminal numbers were higher in the center of the cornea, rather than the periphery. There were no differences in epithelial nerve density between genders, but there was a progressive nerve density reduction concomitant with aging, mainly in eye samples of donors 70-years of age and older. The modified technique of tissue preparation used for this study allowed for observation of new nerve structure features and, for the first time, provided a complete view of the human corneal nerve architecture. Our study reveals that aging decreases the number of central epithelial nerve terminals, and increases the presence of irregular anomalies beneath the basal layer.
Effects of Interspecific Matings of Trogoderma glabrum and T. inclusum on Oviposition and Remating

Of Trogoderma glubrum (Herbst) females that copulated with T. inclusum Le Conte males, 50% did not remate with T. glabrum males. T. inclusum females mated first to T. glabrum males remated quickly with T. inclusum males. Males transferred spermatophores in both reciprocal crosses, but sperm usually did not get to the spermathecae. Oviposition was stimulated in T. glabrum females after they mated with T. inclusum males but was not stimulated in T. inclusum females after they mated with T. glabrum males.
The Coupling of Radiation and Hydrodynamics

The coupling of radiation transport and hydrodynamics is discussed for the Eulerian frame. The discussion is aimed at developing a suitable set of equations for nonrelativistic radiation hydrodynamics (RHD) that can be numerically integrated using high-resolution methods for conservation laws. We outline how numerical methods based on a wave decomposition may be developed, along with the importance of conservation, particularly in the equilibrium regime. The properties of the RHD equations are examined through asymptotic and dispersion analyses. The conditions required to obtain the classical equilibrium limit are rigorously studied. The results show that a simple coupling term developed recently by Morel, which retains a minimum of relativistic corrections, may be sufficient for nonrelativistic flows. We also give two constraints on the relativistic corrections that result in retaining terms on the order of the truncation. In addition, the dispersion results for the P1 approximation are studied in detail and are compared with both the exact-transport results and a full relativistic treatment. We also examine some nonintuitive behavior in the dispersion results.
Children's Self-Efficacy, Motivational Intentions, and Attributions in Physical Education and Sport

The purpose of this study was to examine how differences in children's self-efficacy, age, and gender impact motivational intentions, future self-efficacy, and attributions following perceptions of failure. Children, ages 8-14 years (N = 289), were assigned to either high or low self-efficacy groups, and measures of intended effort, persistence, choice, future self-efficacy, and attributions for failure were collected following a failure scenario. Results indicated that children with higher self-efficacy chose to participate and had higher future self-efficacy scores than those with lower self-efficacy. Higher efficacy children attributed failure to lack of effort, whereas, those with lower efficacy attributed failure to lack of ability. Age-related differences were also found with choice to participate, effort, and future self-efficacy.
Fluorescence Studies Of Bilayers And Proteins: Critical Behavior And Genetic Engineering

Fluorescence decay and anisotropy studies of parinaric acid in phospholipid bilayers have demonstrated the presence of density fluctuations exhibiting critical behavior in these nominally single phase structures. The anisotropy behavior is used to extract the second and fourth rank order parameters and for comparison with models of acyl chain order. A recent study of parinaric acid in hexagonal urea inclusion complexes has demonstrated that the strongly allowed transition is polarized at an angle with respect to the chain axis. The implications of this for the interpretation of anisotropy experiments is discussed. The lysozyme from bacteriophage aq has been engineered in modified forms containing only one tryptophan residue and with substitutions near the buried tryptophan residue 138. Simple changes in the structure appear to result in large changes in the dynamics of this residue. These observations are compared with the results of molecular dynamics computations.
Syntheses and conformations of some cyclic hydroxamates. X-Ray crystal structure of 2-(p-nitrobenzoyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,2-oxazine

Alkylation of potassium p-nitrobenzohydroxamate with 1,4-dibromobutane gave 2-(p-nitrobenzoyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,2-oxazine (3). The X-ray crystal structure of 3 has been determined. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 6.749(1), b = 7.644(1), c = 21.557(2)A, β = 98.89(1), V = 1098.8(2)A3 and Z = 4. The structure, which was refined to R = 0.039 using 1340 observed reflections, shows the oxazine and carbonyl oxygen atoms trans to each other. Alkylation of potassium benzohydroxamate with 1,3-dibromobutane gave a mixture of 3-methyl-2-benzoyloxazolidine (4) and 5-methyl-2-benzoyloxazolidine (5). The 1H and 13C nmr spectra of the mixture of 4 and 5 indicates that these cyclic hydroxamates exist predominantly in the s-trans conformation.
Critical dimensions of spinning strings on group manifolds from Fujikawa's method.

We discuss the derivation of Fujikawa's method of the critical dimensions of the following models: the bosonic and N-italic = 1 locally supersymmetric nonlinear sigma models, and the N-italic = 2 and N-italic = 4 spinning strings. We argue that in the N-italic = 1 models the group-invariant measure is supersymmetric and does not lead to an extra anomaly. Our results are consistent with conjectured non-Abelian bosonization formulas for gravitational path integrals only for k-italic = 1, where k-italic is the central extension of the Kac-Moody algebra.
Teen crash victims: who are these people and why are they here?

One thing every good emergency physician learns to do is to understand the risk factors that contribute to the diseases that send patients to the emergency department (ED). For example, given a patient with congestive heart failure, the astute physician thinks about etiologic factors such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and dietary causes. Although the main focus of the ED visit may be to treat the consequences of volume overload, failure to address contributing factors simply guarantees that the patient will return to the ED sooner or later. In contrast to patients with chronic disease, most teenagers are in perfect health until the moment that their bodies are shattered by the massive amounts of energy released in a car crash. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death, serious injury, and long-term disability for US teenagers and indeed adolescents throughout the developed world. All of these injuries occur in the literal ‘‘blink of an eye.’’ Once these have happened, our medical efforts are directed to regain homeostasis and normality after the fact. Sometimes we succeed; sometimes we don’t. This makes the identification of risk factors and implementation of preventive countermeasures critically important. This raises the question: ‘‘Who are these people, and why are they here?’’ The article by Gonzales et al gives us an insight into the causal factors of teen drivers involved in fatal crashes in Colorado. As a group, their behavior differs markedly from that of older drivers aged between 25 and 49 years. Although alcohol involvement is much lower among teenagers than among older drivers, every other category of risk-taking behavior is much higher. The intoxicants of choice in this age group are youth and inexperience. The danger of inexperience is amply reflected in the literature about teen drivers. It is true that teenagers, in general, have more acute senses, better reaction times, and faster reflexes. However, none of this compensates for the poor judgment and decision errors that come from inexperience. Although younger teen drivers have the highest crash rates of all age groups, research shows that the crash risk among novice drivers decreases sharply over the first 12 months and the first 1,500 miles of driving. As is said about the practice of medicine, ‘‘Good judgment comes
The Anti-Individualistic Ideology of Hellenistic Culture1

Historical generalizations are invariably shaped by modern cultural values. One of the dominant values of modern Western culture is individualism, the origins of which tend to be claimed by historians for their own domains of research, with examples extending from sixth-century B.C. Greece through modern Europe. The generalization about a Hellenistic period of history, first made in the nineteenth-century, clearly reflects this value of individualism which became, consequently, part of the scholarly convention about the culture of this period. With reference to the thought, religious practice, and material culture of the period, this article argues to the contrary that neither Hellenistic idea nor ideal can be held to value in any way an individualistic view of the self. Alexander the Great and the Athenian general Alcibiades were typical examples of individualism taken to task by philosophers. Hellenistic ethics seem, rather, to have been dominated by a social principle of "Socratic care". Similarly, Hellenistic religions, including the early Christian associations, defined their raison d'etre on the basis of distinctive social claims. One Christian tradition even explicitly employed the Hellenistic ethical principle of "Socratic care" as its distinctive criterion. Finally, the well-known Hellenistic terracotta figurines, often adduced as examples of Hellenistic individualism, were, in fact, mass-produced and were employed in ritual, i.e., collective, contexts. Whereas the socio-political transformations that characterize Hellenistic culture did challenge traditional collective bases for identity, the intellectual, religious and artistic expressions of this culture all confirm an anti-individualistic character for the alternative social strategies of identity produced during this period.
On categories of fuzzy modules

We show that for any ring R the category R-fzmod of fuzzy left R-modules is a top category and an additive category. R-fzmod has products, coproducts, kernels and cokernels, but it is not an abelian category. Projective, injective and free fuzzy left R-modules are characterized.
Case effects in letter-name matching: A partial replication

When same-case letter pairs are to be physically matched as “same” or “different,” reaction times (RTs) are generally shorter for “same” responses. The advantage in RT increases when such pairs are intermixeid in blocks of trials also containing mixed-case pairs to be matched for name identity. These results have been interpreted as supportive of a two-code hypothesis of letter matching: In pure blocks of same-case pairs, a visual or physical code underlies letter matching, whereas in intermixed blocks, a phonetic or name code must be used for all “different” judgments. The theory predicts, however, that there should be little discrepancy in RT for same-case and mixed-case “different” pairs in intermixed blocks. Here a partial replication of Hellige and Webster (1981) is reported, showing that in fact there is a reliable discrepancy. This outcome poses problems for the two-code hypothesis, although it may be consistent with a “generation” hypothesis of letter matching.
Coupled experiment/finite element analysis on the mechanical response of porcine brain under high strain rates.

This paper presents a coupled experimental/modeling study of the mechanical response of porcine brain under high strain rate loading conditions. Essentially, the stress wave propagation through the brain tissue is quantified. A Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SPHB) apparatus, using a polycarbonate (viscoelastic) striker bar was employed for inducing compression waves for strain rates ranging from 50 to 750 s−1. The experimental responses along with high speed video showed that the brain tissue’s response was nonlinear and inelastic. Also, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the SHPB tests revealed that the tissue underwent a non-uniform stress state during testing when glue is used to secure the specimen with the test fixture. This result renders erroneous the assumption of uniaxial loading. In this study, the uniaxial volume averaged stress–strain behavior was extracted from the FEA to help calibrate inelastic constitutive equations.
Congenital Pseudohypoaldosteronism Presenting in Utero with Acute Polyhydramnios

A case of acute polyhydramnios in a fetus with pseudohypoaldosteronism is presented. Although rare, metabolic causes for polyhydramnios should be considered when no obvious cause is found in workup of the pregnant woman and when structural survey of the fetus is normal.