cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of nanoparticle-cored dendrimers by convergent dendritic functionalization of monolayer-protected nanoparticles.

This article presents a synthesis method for nanoparticle-cored dendrimers (NCDs), which have dendritic architectures around a monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle. The synthesis method is based on a strategy in which the synthesis of monolayer-protected nanoparticles is followed by adding dendrons on functionalized nanoparticles by a single coupling reaction. NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) characterizations confirmed the successful coupling reaction between dendrons with different generations ([G1], [G2], and [G3]) and COOH-functionalized nanoparticles (∼Au201L71). The dendrimer wedge density also could be controlled by reacting nanoparticles having different loading of COOH groups (∼60 and ∼10% COOH of the 71 ligands per gold nanoparticle) with functionalized dendrons. Transmission electron microscope results showed that this synthesis strategy maintains the average size of the nanoparticle core during dendron coupling reactions. This control over the compositio...
Nuclear collective flow in 197Au-emulsion interactions at 10.6 A GeV.

In ${}^{197}$Au-emulsion interactions at $10.6A\mathrm{GeV}$ from the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the projectile fragments (PFs) of charge $Z\ensuremath{\ge}2$ exhibit collective flow which is observed in all interactions with different impact parameters. Collective flow increases with the charge of the PFs. But in the case of ${}^{28}$Si-emulsion interactions at $14.5A\mathrm{GeV}$, the PFs of ${}^{28}$Si do not show collective flow.
INVESTOR RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN CORPORATE LIQUIDITY

The liquidity component from financial analysis has been found to be an important predictor of a firm's financial well being. Altman's credit worthiness and financial viability system uses, among six other financial measures, the current ratio as a liquidity discriminant variable. The Altman system itself has had considerable success in the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. Altman reported that the system correctly predicted bankruptcy 93% of the time using financial statements one period prior to failure and 87% with financial statements two periods prior. The Value Line Investment Survey also contains a measure of financial strength that incorporates a liquidity measure.
Analysis of Tempering Stresses in Bilayered Porcelain Discs

Previous studies of opaque-porcelain/body-porcelain discs have shown that compressive stresses which develop in the porcelain surface by being tempered in air can inhibit the sizes of cracks induced within the surface. The objective of this study was to develop a theoretical model for analysis of transient and residual stresses in opaque-porcelain/body-porcelain discs which were produced under variable cooling conditions. The model incorporates the effects of stress and structural relaxation. Transient and residual stresses were calculated for bilayered porcelain discs 16 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness for three opaque-porcelain/ body-porcelain combinations. Transient temperature distributions in the discs for simulated convective cooling were calculated by finite-element analysis. Data from microhardness indentations reported by Anusavice et al. (1989) indicate that crack lengths measured for bilayered porcelain discs subjected to slow cooling conditions, for which the model predicted residual tens...
Frequency modulation spectroscopy with tunable diode lasers

SRI International has designed and built several instruments that use tunable diode lasers and frequency modulation spectroscopy. These instruments have been used for flux measurements of trace gases, explosives detection, and environmental monitoring. A detection sensitivity of 2X10-6 with a stability of 0.1% over 10 hours has been demonstrated using a GaAlAs laser and an oxygen absorption line at 760.56 nm.
Coarse projective kMC integration: forward/reverse initial and boundary value problems

In "equation-free" multiscale computation a dynamic model is given at a fine, microscopic level; yet we believe that its coarse-grained, macroscopic dynamics can be described by closed equations involving only coarse variables. These variables are typically various low-order moments of the distributions evolved through the microscopic model. We consider the problem of integrating these unavailable equations by acting directly on kinetic Monte Carlo microscopic simulators, thus circumventing their derivation in closed form. In particular, we use projective multi-step integration to solve the coarse initial value problem forward in time as well as backward in time (under certain conditions). Macroscopic trajectories are thus traced back to unstable, source-type, and even sometimes saddle-like stationary points, even though the microscopic simulator only evolves forward in time. We also demonstrate the use of such projective integrators in a shooting boundary value problem formulation for the computation of "coarse limit cycles" of the macroscopic behavior, and the approximation of their stability through estimates of the leading "coarse Floquet multipliers".
Testing Competing Explanations for Policy Adoption: Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Programs

Cities were the source of a substantial amount of policy activity regarding recycling during the 1980s. This paper explores a set of variables, based on alternative conceptions of municipal policymaking, to explore differences between cities adopting residential curbside recycling programs and cities not adopting such policy changes. Probit analysis finds empirical support for explanations of policy adoption based on need, party competition, fiscal capacity and interest groups organization.
Solvatochromic Study of the Microenvironment of Surface-Bound Spiropyrans

Spiropyrans are a group of organic molecules that undergo a reversible photoinduced transformation (i.e., photochromism) from a colorless, nonplanar spiropyran form to a colored, planar merocyanine form. Photochromism is accompanied by a large change in the structure and in the dipole moment. These changes suggest that such molecules might be useful in light-controlled, “smart surface” applications. This study examines the effect of the microenvironment near the surface-bound spiropyran on its photochemistry. The surfaces were designed to exhibit a mixture of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components by using a mixed silane chemistry on a glass substrate, and the spiropyran was covalently bound to the surface via amide linkages. The solvatochromic behavior of spiropyran derivatives was studied in solution using UV−vis absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy for comparison with the surface-bound species. Spiropyrans in solution and on the surface both exhibited negative solvatochromism. Correlat...
Effect of Temperature on Heavy Oil/Water Relative Permeabilities

In the first part of this study, the accuracy of the JBN technique for the determination of heavy oil/water relative permeabilities, and the effect of temperature on relative permeabilities is examined by giving numerical as well as experimental examples. Using the JBN technique leads to a false temperature dependence of relative permeability curves. In the second part, we present unsteady state relative permeability experiments with initial brine saturation at differing temperatures conducted using South Belridge sand and heavy oil. A new three step experimental technique and an analysis procedure were developed to test the effect of temperature on relative permeabilities. In this technique, an ambient temperature unsteady-state relative permeability run is conducted in the first stage, and following that the temperature is increased twice (i.e. 122°F and 150°F). Two phase saturation profiles along the sand pack are measured using a CT scanner. A commercial black oil simulator, coupled with a global optimization code is then used to estimate two phase relative permeabilities. Experimental saturation profiles, differential pressure and recovery data collected from both the ambient and higher temperature data are used in the numerical model. It has been observed that a single set of relative permeability curves can represent both the ambient and high temperature parts of the experiment. This suggests that relative permeability is not a function of temperature at least for the system tested.
Optimal item difficulty for the three-parameter normal ogive response model

In tailored testing, it is important to determine the optimal difficulty of the next item to present to the examinee. This paper shows that the difference that maximizes information for the three-parameter normal ogive response model is approximately 1.7 times the optimal differenceθ −b for the three-parameter logistic model. Under the normal model, calculation of the optimal difficulty for minimizing the Bayes risk is equivalent to maximizing an associated information function.
The kinetics of oxidation of uranium powder and foil in carbon dioxide in the range 375 to 602°C☆

Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of uranium powder and foil with CO2 in the pressure range 24–117 torr and temperature range 390–602°C were investigated. The results were adequately represented by a model that included nucleation and radial growth of disks followed by diffusion across a product layer. The activation energies ΔE's for nucleation were 32 ± 2 kcal/mol for the coupons, 34 ± 2 kcal/mol for the powder. For radial growth ΔE's were 26 ± 2 kcal/mol for the coupons and 12 ± 1 kcal/mol for the powder. For diffusion ΔE's were 24 ± 2 kcal/mol for the foil and 22 ± 2 kcal/mol for the powder.
Laboratory‐measured nucleation rates of sulfuric acid and water binary homogeneous nucleation from the SO2 + OH reaction

[1] We have measured H2SO4-H2O nucleation rates (J) at atmospheric pressure, 288 K and 10–55 % relative humidity (RH). H2SO4 was produced from the SO2 + OH → HSO3 reaction and was measured with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). The CIMS-measured [H2SO4] that is required to produce the unit J ranged from 107–108 cm−3, but if wall loss is taken into account the threshold [H2SO4] was at the 108–109 cm−3 range, much higher than the atmospheric conditions. The measured J was proportional to [H2SO4] with the second to tenth powers and proportional to RH with the eleventh to fifteenth powers. The measured aerosol sizes were proportional to log RH, showing a weak dependence of aerosol growth on RH. But the RH effects were more pronounced at higher [H2SO4], indicating that RH is more important for aerosol growth in the H2SO4 rich environment.
Searching for sustainability: The poverty of spontaneous order

Abstract Traditional approaches to sustainability rely on models that depend upon judgments of welfare across future generations, `right prices' and some sense as to what future persons will find giving of utility. These models both accept the spontaneous order of market processes and rely on that order to derive optimal consumption paths into the future. Sustainability is, however, not a problem of divining optimal paths predicated upon right prices. Rather, sustainability, to be operational, requires a prior constructed order predicated upon rights for future persons and duties for those now living who sit in a position as dictator over the settings and circumstances that will be passed on to future persons. Rights-based approaches to sustainability do not rely upon unknowable `preferences' of future persons, but rather upon an `environmental regency' in which those now living agree to preserve `settings and circumstances' for the future. This reminds us that the issue of sustainability concerns not `how much to preserve' but `what to preserve.'
Fibrinogen‐dependent Adherence of Macrophages to Surfaces Coated with Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(propylene oxide) Triblock Copolymersa

The role of fibrinogen in the adherence of macrophages to polymer surfaces was studied using a human cell line (THP-1 cells) and polystyrene-divinylbenzene beads coated with poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide) copolymers of the form PEO alpha PPO beta PEO alpha. The amphiphilic character of the surface of the beads was varied using a series of copolymers with constant PPO core lengths but different PEO segments. Fibrinogen-dependent adherence of monocytes/macrophages to the modified beads was then assessed. The adherence of THP-1 cells to copolymer-coated beads correlates well with the amount of fibrinogen bound to the beads. Those beads coated with the most hydrophobic surfactant molecules bound the most fibrinogen and the most cells. On these surfaces, the concentration of fibrinogen was less than half that of the protein on unmodified beads. Despite the lower amount of bound fibrinogen, the number of adherent cells was 37% greater than the number of adherent cells on fibrinogen-coated, copolymer-free beads. Beads coated with the most hydrophilic surfactants bound just 10% the amount of fibrinogen bound to unmodified beads. On these surfaces, the number of adherent cells was decreased by approximately 25% with respect to the number of cells bound to beads coated with fibrinogen alone. We propose that the hydrophobic surfactant molecules may act as inflammatory agents by facilitating fibrinogen-dependent cellular adhesion.
Acute Management of Esophageal Perforation

Esophageal perforation is a challenging and potentially deadly disease process. Diagnosis can be delayed or missed despite optimal imaging, and symptoms are often nonspecific. The optimal treatment strategy continues to be debated among thoracic surgeons, adding to the therapeutic challenge that this disease process presents. While surgery remains the gold standard for treatment, less invasive and endoscopic methods are being explored, and their role is evolving. The purpose of this review is to outline some of the advances of recent years in treating esophageal perforation and to review methods and outcomes of both surgical and endoscopic management.
Pond Bottom Soil Respiration during Fallow and Culture Periods in Heavily‐Fertilized Tropical Fish Ponds

Benthic respiration in two fish culture ponds at Comayagua, Honduras, was below 1 g C02/m2 per day during culture periods. When ponds were drained for fish harvest, bottom soils were exposed to the air, and soil respiration rates as high as 10 g C02/m2 per day were recorded. High rates of soil respiration following removal of saturated conditions declined as labile organic matter was consumed and soil moisture content declined. Laboratory studies showed that the moisture content greatest for soil respiration was near saturation, and either drying soils or completely saturating them drastically reduced respiration. Although soil respiration rates were much greater during the fallow period than during the culture period, more organic matter was decomposed during the culture period because it was much longer (5 months) than the fallow period (2 weeks). After draining for harvest, fish and shrimp pond soils often are left dry for several weeks before they are refilled. Drying is thought to aerate bottom soil, encourage decomposition of organic matter, and destroy pathogens. During the fallow period, organic nitrogen is mineralized to ammonium and ammonium is oxidized to nitrate. When ponds are refilled, anaerobic conditions develop beneath the soil surface and nitrate is converted to nitrogen gas by denitrification (Diab and Shilo 1986). Sometimes, lime is applied to increase the pH of the fallow soil, and the soil may be tilled to enhance aeration. A recent study by Ayub et al. (1993) demonstrated that organic matter concentrations in pond soils increased during the culture period and that a fallow period for drying pond bottoms between crops resulted in loss of soil organic matter. Of course, input of organic matter to ponds in manure and feed applications and phytoplankton photosynthesis stops when ponds are drained. This makes it difficult to determine from soil organic matter analyses if the loss of organic matter during the fallow period results primarily from increased microbial
Decay schemes of 18Ne, 22Mg and 38Ca from (3He, nγ) measurements

Abstract The associated gamma-ray time-of-flight technique has been used to investigate the principal decay modes of several low-lying levels in 18 Ne, 22 Mg and 38 Ca via the ( 3 He, nγ) reaction. Neutron-gamma coincidence data obtained in this manner have been used to limit the possible spin-parity assignments to these levels. In the 18 Ne case neutron-gamma angular correlation measurements yielded unique spin-parity assignments of 4 + for the 3.38 MeV level and 2 + for the 3.63 MeV level. Accurate values for the excitation energies of the 18 Ne bound states were obtained from supplementary Ge(Li) detector data using a pulsed beam neutron-gamma coincidence technique. The present results for 18 Ne have been combined with published lifetime measurements for 18 Ne and 18 O to obtain experimental values of the isoscalar and isovector transition matrix elements for the 2 2 + → 2 1 + and2 2 + → 0 1 + transitions in the A = 18, T = 1 triad.
Influence of stress on granuloma formation.

SummaryMice subjected to sound stress or a combination of avoidance-learning stress and sound stress showed a highly significant decrease in their ability to produce foreign body granulomas against subcutaneously-im-planted cotton pellets. Granulomas in stressed mice were smaller with a general inhibition of capsule formation and cellular infiltration as compared to control mice.
Euclidean spanner graphs with degree four

Abstract Given a set of points S, a t-spanner for S is a subgraph G of the complete Euclidean graph determined by S having the property that dG(x,y)/d(x,y) ≤ t for all x,y ∈ S, x ≠ y, where dG(x, y) is the distance from point x to point y along edges in G, and d(x, y) is the Euclidean distance from x to y. Dobkin, Friedman, and Supowit posed the problem of determining whether every planar point set S admits a t-spanner having maximum vertex degree 3, for some constant t. We show that for each k ≥ 2, there is a constant t(k) such that every point set in R k admits a t(k)-spanner with vertex degree at most 4.
Identification of rose cultivars by restriction fragment length polymorphism

Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) were investigated as a means of identifying rose ( Rosa × hybrida) cultivars for patent protection. A library of genomic DNA was generated by shotgun cloning HindIII digested DNA fragments of the rose cultivar ‘Confection’ into the plasmid pUC8. Clones with low copy number sequences were identified and used as probes in Southern hybridization analyses of restriction digested DNA from different rose cultivars. We have identified 15 probes that display RFLP useful in cultivar identification. One of these probes, pH1.3C, can identify 12 different cultivars. Based on hybridizations with probes pH1.3C and pH1.6C, a total of 16 cultivars have been distinguished from one another. Using different restriction enzyme and probe combinations, we expect to distinguish many more rose cultivars.
Evaluation of parent material uniformity criteria in loess-influenced soils of west-central Kentucky

Abstract Parent material relations in loess-influenced soils of west-central Kentucky were studied to better understand the nature of the loess and its impact on the soils of that area. Twenty-one stable landscape positions were sampled on two adjoining transects trending northwest to southeast from the Ohio River to the Tennessee border. Profiles were described in the field, and samples were collected for particle size, mineralogical, and other laboratory analyses. The soils consisted of a variable-thickness loess mantle overlying residuum-derived materials weathered from sandstone, siltstone, shale, and limestone. Diffuse lithologic discontinuities, indicating a gradual change from loessial to residual materials, were observed in both field and laboratory data. In most cases, the laboratory data supported the presence and position of lithologic discontinuities identified by field morphology. Loessial and residual materials were best differentiated by clay-free particle size distribution, and %K 2 O in the coarse silt fraction. Soil derived from loess and residuum was mixed at the interface of those materials. The mixing was more intense where loess was thin. A simple index was used to identify relative influence from each parent material type in the mixed zones.
Geometric optics of gold nanoparticle-polydimethylsiloxane thin films

Interest in the optical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles embedded in transparent polymers is expanding due to potential uses in sustainability, biomedicine, and manufacturing. Geometric optics of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films containing uniformly or asymmetrically distributed polydisperse reduced gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or uniformly distributed monodisperse solution synthesized AuNPs were recently evaluated using a compact linear algebraic sum. Algebraic calculation of geometric transmission, reflection, and attenuation for AuNP-PDMS films provides a simple, workable alternative to effective medium approximations, computationally expensive methods, and fitting of experimental data. Generally, transmission and reflection increased with AuNP isotropy and particle density, as displayed on a novel ternary diagram. Irregular AuNP morphology and size distribution caused optical attenuation from polydisperse films to increase in proportion to log 10 increases in gold content, resulting in lower attenuation per gold mass when compared to monodisperse AuNPs. Uniform monodisperse AuNP-PDMS films attenuated light in proportion to gold content, with films attenuating 0.15 fractional units per 0.1 mass-percent AuNPs. Thin layers of concentrated AuNPs attenuated light more efficiently. A 25 micron thick layer of 1.2 mass-percent AuNPs attenuated 0.5 fractional units, the same number as a 130 micron thick 0.6 mass-percent film. Measured optical responses from asymmetric AuNP-PDMS films with an adjacent back-reflector and pairs of uniformly distributed films were predictable within 0.04 units of linear algebraic estimates based on geometric optics. This approach allows for the summative optical responses of a sequence of 2D elements comprising a 3D assembly to be analyzed.
The iron law of Erdogan: the decay from intra-party democracy to personalistic rule

Michels’ ‘iron law of oligarchy’ suggests that oligarchic party rule is inevitable, yet many parties have shown a strong commitment to intra-party democracy. However, Turkey’s akp is a typified case of Michels’ law, displaying an explicit commitment to intra-party democracy, only to later abandon it. I ask what factors have facilitated this transformation. Why does the iron law of oligarchy display itself in some parties but not in others? I argue that intra-party democracy owes its existence to three indicators – inclusiveness, decentralisation and institutionalisation. Conversely, it should be observed that a party shifting from democratic to oligarchic or personalistic intra-party rule will display decreasing levels of these three indicators in terms of policy formation and candidate selection. By tracing akp’s internal party operations since its founding in 2001, I demonstrate a gradual deterioration in these indicators, reflecting a gradual deterioration of democracy within the party to oligarchy and...
Managing operations of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) exchange stations for use with a smart grid

Abstract We consider a deterministic integer programming model for determining the optimal operations of multiple plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery exchange stations over time. The operations include the number of batteries to charge, discharge, and exchange at each point in time over a set time horizon. We allow discharging of batteries back to the power grid, through vehicle-to-grid technology. We incorporate the exchange station's dependence on the power network, transportation network, and other exchange stations. The charging and discharging at these exchange stations lead to a greater amount of variability which creates a less predictable and flat power generation curve. We introduce and test three policies to smooth the power generation curve by balancing its load. Further, tests are conducted evaluating these policies while factoring wind energy into the power generation curve. These computational tests use realistic data and analysis of the results suggest general operating procedures for exchange stations and evaluate the effectiveness of these power flattening policies.
Asthma management across the life span: applications for the adult and older adult

Asthma is one of the most common and chronic diseases of adults and creates substantial health problems. The disease must be diagnosed appropriately, its severity assessed, and treatment prescribed that matches the level of severity. Patient education in self-management techniques and attention to the problems of adherence are essential for long-term management. Comorbid conditions should be suspected and treated when asthma becomes difficult to control. Asthma in the elderly is a challenging but frequent problem that requires particular attention to controlling the causes of excessive morbidity and mortality. All health care professionals have an important role in controlling this common disease.
Melatonin receptor RNA is expressed in photoreceptors and displays a diurnal rhythm in Xenopus retina

Abstract Melatonin is an output signal of an endogenous circadian clock of retinal photoreceptors, with highest levels occurring at night. Melatonin synthesized in the retina appears to act as a paracrine signal by binding to specific receptors in the eye. We have previously demonstrated that RNA encoding the Mel 1b and Mel 1c melatonin receptor subtypes is expressed in the Xenopus laevis retina. The goal of this study was to determine the distribution of the Mel 1b and Mel 1c receptor subtype RNA expression in the retina, and to determine if the level of expression of these receptors exhibits a diurnal rhythm. Sections of frog neural retina were analyzed by in situ hybridization with 35 S-labeled Xenopus Mel 1c and Mel 1b riboprobes. Hybridization was present in cells of the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer. Moreover, there was hybridization in the photoreceptors, which has not been previously reported. To test the hypothesis that retinal melatonin receptor mRNA undergoes a diurnal rhythm of expression, total RNA was isolated from frog neural retinas obtained at 3-h intervals during a 24-h period. The total RNA was used in real-time PCR assays to quantify the differences in Mel 1b and Mel 1c receptor mRNA expression at various circadian times. Both the Mel 1b and Mel 1c receptor RNA demonstrated a diurnal rhythm of expression, with peak levels occurring late in the light period, and lowest levels late in the dark period. These results support the hypothesis that RNA encoding melatonin receptors undergo a diurnal rhythm of expression. To further investigate the possible expression of the Mel 1a receptor subtype in Xenopus retina, we generated Mel 1a PCR products in genomic DNA, and in reverse-transcribed neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) RNA. The identity of the PCR product was confirmed by sequencing. Therefore, all three known Xenopus melatonin receptor subtypes appear to be expressed in the neural retina and RPE.
Capillary zone electrophoretic separation of isomeric benzoic acids using cyclodextrin

A method using capillary zone electrophoresis has been developed for separation of a series of isomeric benzene polycarboxylic acids. The separation was found to depend largely on the geometry of the acids and their degree of ionization as well as on the buffer pH and composition. The presence of additives to the buffer such as cyclodextrin and cationic surfactants was found necessary for complete resolution of all the isomers.
Tolerance of the aorta using intraoperative iodine-125 interstitial brachytherapy in cancer of the lung.

Purpose A retrospective review to assess the efficacy and morbidity of surgical resection and (125)I interstitial lung brachytherapy placed in approximation to the aorta. Methods and materials The records and postoperative films of 278 patients who had undergone intrathoracic (125)I brachytherapy at our institution were reviewed. All patients had undergone a gross total resection of a non-small-cell lung cancer using segmental resection, wedge resection, or sublobar resection. Frozen section margins of resection were required to be negative before the intraoperative delivery of the implant. Of those reviewed, 29 patients were implanted with (125)I impregnated Vicryl mesh that contacted greater than 50% with the aorta. Implants consisted of (125)I seeds sewn into a nomographically guided geometric array. Only implants where 50% or greater of the implant volume directly approximated the aorta were selected for inclusion into this study. The mean aortic volume receiving the entire prescribed dose was 17.2cc (mean surface area=34.4cm(2)) and the mean prescribed dose was 114Gy (range, 85-120) over the permanent life of the implant calculated by isodose curve distribution at a depth of 0.5cm from the plane of the implant. Five patients have received postoperative mediastinal dose supplementation with external beam irradiation to further address occult mediastinal nodal disease not revealed during the intraoperative frozen section analysis. Results All patients tolerated the surgery and brachytherapy well with no perioperative mortality. With a median followup of 45.3 months (range, 1-117), 1 of the 29 patients suffered a fatal hemorrhage from suspected great vessel rupture. A review of this case demonstrated that the interstitial therapy had been supplemented with 4500cGy of external irradiation, which overlapped a small portion of the implant volume overlying the aorta. No other patients suffered even minor events referable to the implant and have continued to do well without symptomatic evidence of chronic sequelae as of the publication of this article or the time of their death. Local control has been achieved in all patients still living and had been achieved in all patients who died from subsequent progression of metastatic disease or other cause. Conclusions Interstitial (125)I intrathoracic brachytherapy is a safe and effective method when used with sublobar resection in high-risk stage I non-small-cell lung cancer patients and may be used even in situations that require placement of the sources in close approximation to the aorta. The tolerance of the aorta seems to be greater than previously thought, and may well exceed 12,000cGy over the permanent life of the interstitial implant. Interstitial (125)I brachytherapy can safely be used to deliver significant radiation dose in direct contact with the aorta but supplemental, overlapping external beam irradiation should be avoided.
Comparative effects of structurally related cyclodiene pesticides on ATPases

Comparative effects of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin and telodrin, on different ATPase activities in beef heart mitochondrial and rat brain synaptosomal fractions were determined in vitro. Beef heart mitochondrial fractions were prepared by the conventional centrifugation method and the rat brain synaptosomes were prepared by Ficoll-sucrose gradient centrifugation method. Na+-K+-ATPase, oligomycin-sensitive and -insensitive Mg2+-ATPases, and K+-paranitrophenylphosphatase were determined in rat brain synaptosomes. In beef heart mitochondria, only the Mg2+-ATPase activities were determined. Concentration response curves were determined by assaying the enzyme activities in the absence and presence of 10-120 microM concentrations of each test chemical. Beef heart mitochondrial (oligomycin-sensitive) Mg2+-ATPase activity was inhibited by all five chemicals at all the concentrations tested. Aldrin and telodrin were the most potent inhibitors with an IC50 of 40 and 80 microM, respectively. About 30% was observed with dieldrin, endrin and isodrin, and the inhibition was not concentration-dependent. Oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+-ATPase was not significantly inhibited by any chemical except aldrin. Rat brain synaptosomal ATPases were also sensitive to these compounds. Aldrin and telodrin were more effective than other compounds. A 50% inhibition of oligomycin-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity was obtained at 80 microM of aldrin and telodrin. Na+-K+-ATPase and oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+-ATPase activities showed a maximum inhibition of 40% at the highest concentration tested for aldrin and telodrin. K+-paranitrophenylphosphatase was not inhibited significantly by any compound tested. These results suggest that ATPase system in rat heart and CNS may be selectively inhibited by aldrin and telodrin, but not by their structural analogs.
Low temperature elastic constants and Debye temperature of NbO2

Abstract The transit times of ultrasonic waves have been measured in single crystal NbO2 from 295 K down to 1.5 K for quasilongitudinal and shear waves propagating in the [100] direction and down to 160 K for eight other waves. Values are obtained for the C44 elastic constant and for an elastic constant combination which is approximately equal to C11 for temperatures down to 1.5 K and for C11, C12, C13, C16, C33, and C66 down to 160 K. These results are used to deduce 0 K values for the elastic constants and an elastic Debye temperature of 596 ± 7 K at 1.5 K. The acoustic mode heat capacity calculated from the latter is significantly smaller than the heat capacity measured by Wenger and Keesom at low temperatures. Following Wenger and Keesom, the difference is attributed to phasons (excitations involving the phase modulation of charge density waves). An average velocity is deduced for the phasons.
On nonlinear integro-differential equations of hyperbolic type

Abstract This paper considers unified initial-boundary value problems for integro-differential equations of hyperbolic type. For such problems where the forcing functions satisfy certain monotonicity conditions, monotone sequences converging to coupled minimal–maximal solutions may be constructed from a single pair of coupled lower–upper solutions. The coupled minimal–maximal solutions coincide in a unique solution provided the problem satisfies certain one-sided Lipschitz conditions.
Studying electric fields in dipolarization fronts

In Earth's magnetotail, sharp increases in the magnetic field known as dipolarization fronts are associated with high-speed plasma flows that connect Earth's ionosphere via electric currents. Some aspects of these dipolarization fronts have puzzled scientists; in particular, the dip in magnetic field that occurs just ahead of the dipolarization front layer is not well understood. Sun et al. analyze observations made using the Cluster satellites to elucidate the details of electric fields associated with dipolarization fronts. The study shows that a type of electric current known as a Hall current dominates in the dipolarization front region and in the region where the magnetic field dips, but this current flows in opposite directions in these two regions.
Peroxidase defect in congenital goiter with complete organification block.

A 14-yr-old girl with congenital goitrous hypothyroidism is presented. Thyroidal iodide was released by perchlorate, indicating a complete iodide organification block. Serum total thyroxine was 0.6 μg/100 ml. After iv administration of 131I, thyroid uptake of 42% was reached at 30 min. Subsequently the thyroidal 131I content fell with a half time of 0.76 day. Thyroid clearance was 811 ml/min and chromatographs of serum and urine samples indicated the presence of only free iodide. The thyroid tissue obtained at thyroidectomy established a slice/medium [131I] ratio of 37, which was abolished by KC1O4 but not by methimazole. Enzymatic studies performed on the tissue demonstrated very low peroxidase activity (3% of normal values), according to results in the tyrosine iodinase, triiodide, and guaiacol assays. Preincubation of the enzyme with hematin did not increase activity. Neither digitonin nor deoxycholate + trypsin + acetone produced soluble enzyme. Catalase activity was normal and cytochrome c reductase,...
Algorithms for extracting information from remote thermal-IR observations of the Earth's surface

Abstract Thermal infrared remote sensing offers the possibility of monitoring the surface energy budget on regional and global scales. However, thermal observations have had limited utility because of difficulties associated with unknown surface emissivities, challenging atmospheric corrections, and the presence of numerous variables that affect the relationship between thermal radiance and the partitioning of energy fluxes at the surface. The importance of distinguishing between aerodynamic and radiative temperatures is discussed and definitions for each are proposed. Considerable progress is being made with atmospheric corrections and measurement of surface emissivity so that accuracies of 1° to 2°C in surface infrared temperature and 0.01 to 0.02 in surface emissivity may be within reach. Five methods are described for extracting information about the surface energy budget from a combination of satellite thermal observations and various amounts of ancillary data. Although no single method appears to work under all conditions, uncertainties in daily fluxes of surface sensible and latent heat appear to be 1 to 2 MJ m−2 based on past studies. Thermal infrared observations toill continue to play an essential role in partitioning available surface energy into sensible and latent heat components.
The Phytoavailability soil test ‐ PST

Abstract Current soil tests are based on single and multiple nutrient extractions with a wide range of chemical solutions. For most nutrients this approach provides an “index”; of plant availability, but it may not be accurate on specific soils or in certain regions. Major problems with chemical extraction soil testing cannot be solved because they are inherent in the approach. The Phytoavailability Soil Test (PST) is a simplified soil‐extraction methodology based on ion‐exchange‐resin extraction of nutrients from saturated paste soil samples. The need for drying and grinding soil samples is thus eliminated. PST provides a “universal”; extraction for all nutrients. It mimics nutrient accumulation in plants, thus providing a more theoretically accurate basis for soil testing. PST also provides a system which can be “standardized”; for use in all regions. Factors which influence the rate and amount of resin‐extracted nutrients, including type of resin, shape of resin bag, soil water content, microbial activ...
Why did Medicare spending growth slow down

So-called excess growth in Medicare spending per beneficiary has varied widely and has slowed in recent years. The annual rate of excess growth fell from 5.6 percent during 1975–1983, to 2.1 percen...
GLOSSOPETALON (CROSSOSOMATACEAE) AND A NEW VARIETY OF G. SPINESCENS FROM THE GREAT BASIN, U.S.A.

A new variety from the eastern Great Basin of western U.S.A.,Glossopetalon spinescens var.microphyllum (Crossosomataceae), is described and illustrated, and its relationship within the species is indicated by a key. The nameGlossopetalon A. Gray is used rather than the substituteForsellesia Greene, because there is little chance of confusion with the earlier nameGlossopetalum Schreber, which was illegitimately published and remains obscure.
Localization of uptake of tritiated norepinephrine by rat brain in vivo and in vitro using electron microscopic autoradiography

Previous studies have identified granular vesicles in peripheral adrenergic axons, and larger granular vesicles in various brain regions which seem to be correlated with the presence of norepinephrine. In the present study, electron microscopic autoradiography was used to localize 3H-norepinephrine taken up by brain slices in vitro and by brain in vivo after injection via the lateral ventricle. In both preparations, the label was found predominantly in relation to small, unmyelinated axons and nerve endings. Many of these contained granular vesicles in axons which were located in regions of the brain known to contain norepinephrine. It is suggested on the basis of this study and previous work, that exogenous norepinephrine is accumulated by brain axons and nerve endings which contain endogenous norepinephrine, and that the presence of granular vesicles is a common feature of such structures.
Review of Net Shape Fabrication of Thermally Conducting Ceramics

Unique combination of thermal and mechanical properties exhibited by silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum nitride (AlN) earned their applications in electronics, automotives, defense, and aerospace industries. Successful conversion of their properties into final applications lies in the fabrication of these ceramics into fully dense microstructures. Efforts were taken by the researchers until date in the development of near-net-shape fabrication processes that can produce complex-shaped ceramic components with a minimum of machining and no microstructural defects. The current article reviews the recent near net-shaping techniques (plasma assisted compaction, injection molding, pyrolysis of pre-ceramic polymers) employed on SiC and AlN ceramics. In addition, all prior reports on the densification of SiC and AlN were reviewed to understand the effect of materials and process parameters over the microstructures and thus the properties.
Modeling the Non-Uniform Distribution of Radiation-Induced Interface Traps

The incorporation of total ionizing dose (TID) effects into surface-potential-based compact models requires calculating the dependence of surface potential $({\psi}_{s})$ on radiation-induced defect densities. This dependence is obtained through the introduction of the oxide trapped charge $(N_{ot})$ and the interface trap $(N_{it})$ areal densities into the surface potential equation (SPE). In this work we present an approach for introducing a non-uniform energy distribution of interface traps into calculations of ${\psi}_{s}$ . The approach is verified experimentally through comparisons with capacitance vs. voltage ( $C$ - $V$ ) characteristics of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors exposed to ionizing radiation.
Cost and Service Capability Considerations on the Intention to Adopt Application Service Provision Services

The Application Service Provision ASP model offers a new form of IS/IT resource management option for which the vendor remotely provides the usage of applications over a network. Currently, the ASP industry appears to be more vendor-driven. But without a good understanding of how the ASP offerings might appeal to prospective customers, the industry might not survive. This study investigates empirically the intention to adopt an ASP service from the customers' perspective, using survey data collected from a national sample of IS/IT executives. Based on the Transaction Cost Theory Williamson, 1979, 1985 and service capability, a causal model is developed to examine the effects of perceived cost savings and service capability, as well as their antecedent factors, on the intention to adopt an ASP service. The results show a dominant effect of cost savings consideration on ASP adoption intention.
Locus of control and depression in students and psychiatric outpatients.

Examined the relationship among depression, locus of control of reinforcement, and age in 26 depressed, female, psychiatric outpatients, 26 nondepressed controls, and 55 undergraduate students (23 male, 32 female), of whom 18 were depressed. The mean age of the patients and controls was 40.2, and of the students 19.7. Depression (measured on the Beck Depression Inventory) and locus of control (measured on Rotter's Internal-External questionnaire) were correlated highly. Age was correlated negatively with locus of control scores and positively with depression. With age partialled out, the correlation between external locus of control and depression increased. The association between external locus of control is neither a simple function of age nor a response to hospitalization because the depressed Ss in this study were out-patients. The possible causal relationship between external locus of control and depression is discussed.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Extraktion von Eisen(III)-chlorid mit organischen Lösungsmitteln

1. Es werden neue Untersuchungen uber die Extraktion des dreiwertigen Eisens mit organischen Losungsmitteln aus wasrigen, salzsauren Losungen mitgeteilt. Im Vergleich zu dem bekannten Atherverfahren ergeben sich bei hoheren Ketonen und Estern erheblich hohere Verteilungskoeffizienten. Bei einer besonderen Gruppe von Estern, den Phosphorsauretrialkylestern (RO)3PO, [R = n-Butyl, n-Amyl] lassen sich durch eine Ausschuttelung mehr als 99,9999% Eisen entfernen. Das entspricht einem Verteilungskoeffizienten von 106. Hohere Alkohole sind zur Eisenextraktion weniger geeignet. 2. Der Verteilungskoeffizient ist von der Konzentration der Salzsaure abhangig. Hohere Konzentrationen bewirken allgemein hohere Verteilungskoeffizienten. 3. Die Salzsaure kann ganz oder teilweise durch Chloride (LiCl, MgCl2, CaCl2) ersetzt werden. 4. Die Eisenverteilung ist temperaturabhangig; der Verteilungskoeffizient nimmt mit steigender Temperatur ab. 5. Mit zunehmender Eisenmenge steigt in den untersuchten Systemen der Verteilungskoeffizient zunachst an, durchlauft ein Maximum und nimmt bei hoherer Konzentration wieder ab. 6. Das Eisen wird als Tetrachloroferrat(III) (H[FeCl4]) extrahiert, wie besonders aus den Absorptionsspektren bestatigt wird. Mitextrahiertes Wasser ist mit groser Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht an das Zentralatom Eisen, sondern an das Saurewasserstoffion gebunden. Die Extraktion des Eisens kann im wesentlichen auf ein „Aussalzen“ zuruckgefuhrt werden.
Dopamine D 3 Agonists in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is t he second most common form of neurodegenerative disorders that results from the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) triggering profound motor perturbation, as well as cognitive, sensory and mood deficits. Although these symptoms can be improved using currently available dopamine replacement strategies, they are not able to slow the neurodegenerative process that underlies PD progression. Following the discovery of the D3 receptor from molecular cloning, it has gained much attention as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PD due to their localization in the limbic regions of the brain as well as pharmacologic similarity to the D2 receptor subtype. Of particular interest, D3 receptor-selective agonists appear to have neuroprotective effects apart from their ability to relieve PD symptoms. Owing to the distinct significance of D3 receptor in mediating diverse neurological effects, it represents a unique target for therapeutic intervention in PD with much less undesirable side effects. Herein, we review progress in the development of D3 receptor-selective agonist molecules having a broad spectrum of affinities, selectivities as well as unique pharmacological properties directed at slowing the neurodegeneration process.
Oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis

Emerging evidence shows that redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways are critical for developmental processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. As a consequence, teratogens that induce oxidative stress (OS) may induce teratogenesis via the misregulation of these same pathways. Many of these pathways are regulated by cellular thiol redox couples, namely glutathione/glutathione disulfide, thioredoxinred/thioredoinox, and cysteine/cystine. This review outlines oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis through the disruption of thiol-mediated redox signaling. Due to the ability of many known and suspected teratogens to induce oxidative stress and the many signaling pathways that have redox-sensitive components, further research is warranted to fully understand these mechanisms.