cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2,5‐Hexanedione

[110-13-4] C6H10O2 (MW 114.14) InChI = 1S/C6H10O2/c1-5(7)3-4-6(2)8/h3-4H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = OJVAMHKKJGICOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used for the protection of amino groups in amino sugars and nucleosides; for the synthesis of five-membered heterocycles, in particular 2,5-dimethyl aminopyrroles, indane-type and benzannulated systems). Alternate Name: acetonylacetone, diacetonyl, 1,2-diacetylethane, and 2,5-diketohexane. Physical Data: clear to yellow liquid, bp 188–191 °C. Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Miscible with water. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR,1 IR,2 Mass spectrum (commercially available).3 Purification: distillation through a fractionating column (bp 78–79 °C /15 mm Hg). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: shelf-stable, oral rat LD50: 2076 mg/kg, NFPA ratings: health-1, flammability-2, reactivity-0.
Offspring-Perpetrated Familicide Examining Family Homicides Involving Parents as Victims

The majority of studies examining familicide involve the male head of the family killing his wife or intimate partner and children. Little research exists on familicide cases involving children killing one or both parents plus other family members (siblings, grandparents, etc.). This study used the National Incident-Based Reporting System, which currently contains arrest data for about 25% of the U.S. population, to examine familicide incidents perpetrated by adult and juvenile offenders over the 20-year period from 1991 to 2010. Fourteen cases of familicide involving two different family victim types were identified. None of these cases involved multiple offenders. Frequencies reported include victim, offender, and incident characteristics. The typical familicide offender was a White male approximately 26 years of age. Firearms predominated as murder weapons in these incidents; however, when a biological mother was one of the victims, offenders used more diverse methods. Only one case of familicide invol...
Methane Activation by Nonthermal Plasma Generated Carbon Aerosols

Activation of methane is one of the most challenging problems in catalysis due to the refractory nature of methane. Of particular interest is catalytic dissociation of methane as an attractive CO2-free route to production of hydrogen from natural gas. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of catalytic activity of plasma-generated carbon aerosols for methane decomposition reaction are reported in this work. Carbon aerosols were produced by nonthermal plasma assisted decomposition of a carbon precursor gas (methane or propane) at near-ambient conditions. Plasma-generated carbons exhibited significantly higher catalytic activity for methane decomposition than known carbon-based catalysts with a comparable surface area. The mechanism of methane activation as well as the interrelation between the nanostructure of the plasma-generated carbons and their catalytic activity are discussed. The high catalytic activity of plasma-generated carbons for methane decomposition is attributed to the increased surface ...
Relativistically Interacting Particles and World Lines

The action of the Poincare group P on the phase space Γ of two interacting relativistic particles is studied. Trajectories are defined by introducing two fixation constraints which, together with two first-class dynamical constraints, form a second-class system. By a projection followed by an injection, a pair of world lines are defined in Minkowski space. A world-line condition is determined by the commutation of the Poincare transformation with the projection-injection map. The results are compared with those of our preceding paper.
NEGATIVE RESULTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE IN SOIL CULTURES.

The use in the field of the triangular system of determining salt ratios was first attempted by the writer in the growing season of 1918. In the fall of that year, Schreiner and Skinner (10) reported on some of their field work. It has been shown previously by the author (3) that there is some evidence of a physiological balance in the soil solution extracted from the soil and set up in culture jars in the greenhouse. The study reported here was expected to show whether or not a physiological balance exists in the soil solution in situ. It is perfectly evident that such a study as this is considerably more complicated than one in water cultures. The medium of growth, a fertile soil, is indeed very complex, physically, chemically, and biologically. It must also be considered as in a dynamic state, in a condition of change. In spite of the complexities which make correct interpretations difficult, and because there are still possibilities for improvement in the generally accepted plan of applying soil fertilizers, Schreiner and Skinner (10), Lipman and Linhart (7), efforts should be made and are being made to apply the triangular system to field studies. It is quite evident that for these reasons, if not for the fact that our annual expenditure for fertilizer practice is well over a hundred million dollars a year, any and every fertilizer practice should be actively investigated. Such studies involve investigations of the salt requirements of agricultural plants, a study of the mechanism of absorption, and of the uses, functions and modifications of the various ions when finally within the plant.
Hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy: the amyloid fibrils contain a protein which is a variant of cystatin C, an inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine proteases

Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage With Amyloidosis is an autosomal dominant form of amyloidosis restricted to the cerebral vasculature. We have previously demonstrated that the amyloid protein subunit is similar to Cystatin C (or gamma-trace), an inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine proteinases, and homologous to kininogens. High pressure liquid chromatography tryptic fingerprint analysis was developed to distinguish Cystatin C from the amyloid protein. Moreover, we isolated and sequenced tryptic peptides in which the differences were detected. The data prove that the amyloid protein is 10 residues shorter than Cystatin C and has one amino acid substitution at residue 58.
Design and usability of a medical computing system for diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury

In this paper, we present a prototype design of POCTENA (Point-Of-Care Testing Environment for Neurological Assessment), a medical computing system that will be used to assist with diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury. The design includes an initial set of neurological tests that are built into the system. Component-based usability testing was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the user interface. Results from usability testing are then used to suggest possible system design revisions.
Monoids over domains

In this paper, we describe three distinct monoids over domains, each with a commutative analog, which define bag domain monoids. Our results were inspired by work by Varacca (Varacca 2003), and they lead to a constructive approach to his Hoare indexed valuations over a continuous poset $P$. We use our constructive approach to describe an analog of the probabilistic power domain, and the laws that characterise it, that forms a Scott-closed subset of Varacca's construct. We call these the Hoare random variables over $P$.
Restraint stress augments antibody production in cyclophosphamide-treated mice

Abstract These studies evaluated the effects of a psychological stressor (restraint, RST) on antibody production in male BALB/cByJ mice. In Experiment 1, mice were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH, 100 μg, i.p.) 8 h prior to 15 h of RST or food and water deprivation (FWD). RST mice exhibited higher serum anti-KLH IgM and IgG antibodies than FWD mice. In Experiment 2, mice were given either cyclophosphamide (CY, 15 mg/kg) or saline (SAL) prior to immunization with KLH and RST or FWD. ANOVA revealed serum anti-KLH IgG antibody titers in CY+RST animals to be significantly higher than in CY+FWD, SAL+FWD, and SAL+RST mice. Anti-KLH IgM titers of CY+RST mice were higher than those of other groups before and after a second immunization with KLH. In Experiment 3, we show that these changes in antibody production are not likely to be mediated via CY-induced alterations in the reactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to RST. Together, these results indicate two potentially immunomodulatory parameters (RST and CY) can interact to alter a humoral immune response. In addition, these data support the hypothesis that humoral immune response of mice can be more reactive to stress when the mice are given a low dose of an immunomodulatory drug prior to stressor exposure.
The mechanism of puparium formation in flies

The mechanism of puparium formation in the fleshfly Sarcophaga bullata Parker was studied. Several distinct morphological events take place during the hour prior to the completion of the white puparium. 1. The anterior three larval segments are irreversibly retracted. 2. The body contracts by muscular action to about two-thirds of its original length. 3. Simultaneously a longitudinal shrinkage occurs in the cuticle, giving it a smooth surface. 4. Finally the cuticle becomes stabilized in the sense that it can no longer be stretched, and no longer collapses upon release of internal pressure by bleeding. 5. Tanning starts almost as soon as the smooth barrel shape of the puparium is completed. The following observations demonstrate the largely independent nature of these processes: 1. Paralyzing the musculature, by ligation, tetrodotoxin, or bee venom, leads to tanned puparia in the shape of the larva. 2. Disabling the shrinkage system (e.g., by ryanodine or eserine) leads to puparia with a deeply folded surface. 3. Injecting smaller doses of tetrodotoxin or bee venom leads to elongated puparia with a shrunken (smooth) surface. 4. Injecting a certain ecdysone analogue leads to a puparium which is normal except for the failure of the anterior end to retract. 5. Release of internal pressure by bleeding leads to puparia which are supercontracted and folded. 6. Injection of a tanning inhibitor (α-MDH) leads to a white puparium of normal shape which fails to tan. The transformation of the larval cuticle into the tanned puparium is accompanied by a spectacular water loss in the cuticle which is particularly rapid during the brief period between completion of the white puparium and start of tanning. This water loss is almost certainly correlated with the above mentioned stabilization of the puparium.
Adrenergic Gating of Hebbian Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity in Cortical Interneurons

In pyramidal cells, the induction of spike-dependent plasticity (STDP) follows a simple Hebbian rule in which the order of presynaptic and postsynaptic firing dictates the induction of LTP or LTD. In contrast, cortical fast spiking (FS) interneurons, which control the rate and timing of pyramidal cell firing, reportedly express timing-dependent LTD, but not timing-dependent LTP. Because a mismatch in STDP rules could impact the maintenance of the excitation/inhibition balance, we examined the neuromodulation of STDP in FS cells of mouse visual cortex. We found that stimulation of adrenergic receptors enables the induction of Hebbian bidirectional STDP in FS cells in a manner consistent with a pull–push mechanism previously characterized in pyramidal cells. However, in pyramidal cells, STDP induction depends on NMDA receptors, whereas in FS cells it depends on mGluR5 receptors. We propose that neuromodulators control the polarity of STDP in different synapses in the same manner, and independently of the induction mechanism, by acting downstream in the plasticity cascade. By doing so, neuromodulators may allow coordinated plastic changes in FS and pyramidal cells.
Nonstationary Wavelets on them-Sphere for Scattered Data

Abstract We construct classes of nonstationary wavelets generated by what we call spherical basis functions, which comprise a subclass of Schoenberg's positive definite functions on the m -sphere. The wavelets are intrinsically defined on the m -sphere and are independent of the choice of coordinate system. In addition, they may be orthogonalized easily, if desired. We will discuss decomposition, reconstruction, and localization for these wavelets. In the special case of the 2-sphere, we derive an uncertainty principle that expresses the trade-off between localization and the presence of high harmonics—or high frequencies—in expansions in spherical harmonics. We discuss the application of this principle to the wavelets that we construct.
Activism, Restraint, and the Debate about Judicial Policymaking

Books reviewed in this articles: Richard A. L. Gambitta, Marlynn L. May, and James C. Foster (eds.), Governing Through Courts Stephen C. Halpern and Charles M. Lamb (eds.), Supreme Court Activism and Restraint Gary L. McDowell, Equity and the Constitution; The Supreme Court, Equitable Relief, and Public Policy
The uptake and disposition of 1,1-dichloroethylene in rats during inhalation exposure

The uptake, disposition, and respiratory elimination of 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) during inhalation exposure were evaluated to gain insight into the pharmacodynamics of the halocarbon. Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats inhaled 25, 75, 150, or 300 ppm 1,1-DCE for 3 hr from an aluminized Mylar bag through a miniaturized one-way breathing valve inserted into the trachea. Periodic air samples were taken immediately adjacent to the valve from the separate inhaled air and exhaled breath streams concurrently with blood samples from a cannulated femoral vein and analyzed for 1,1-DCE content by gas chromatography. 1,1-DCE was absorbed very rapidly, in that substantial levels were present in the venous blood at the first sampling time (i.e., 2 min). Percentage systemic uptake decreased over time after initiation of exposure until equilibrium was established. Percentage uptake after reaching equilibrium varied inversely with the exposure concentration. 1,1-DCE venous whole-blood levels in animals exposed to 25, 75, and 150 ppm 1,1-DCE increased rapidly to near steady state within approximately 45 min, as did concentrations of 1,1-DCE in the exhaled breath and alveolar air. Calculation of the amount of 1,1-DCE taken up by the body over the course of the 3-hr exposures revealed that cumulative uptake of the inhaled chemical was statistically linear for the 25-, 75-, and 150-ppm exposures. Accumulation plots for 300-ppm exposed animals, however, were best fitted to a cubic curve form. Although trends toward the establishment of equilibrium were initially seen in the 300-ppm exposed animals, levels of 1,1-DCE in the blood and breath rose progressively during the latter hour of the 3-hr exposure period. Thus, despite increased exhalation of 1,1-DCE, these animals could not prevent systemic accumulation of the chemical.
Application of Carbon Rod Atomizer for the Analysis of Mercury in Air

The analysis of air for traces of poisonous metals usually involves passing large volumes of air through filters or absorbing solutions followed by extensive manipulation before actual analysis. In order to simplify these analyses, several workers have reported upon the measurement of airborne particulates filtered onto spectroscopic electrodes. Woodriff and Lech draw air through porous graphite cups which then are inserted into a graphite furnace atomizer. Analysis of lead particulates at levels present in the atmosphere can be accomplished on only 50 cc of air. Amos and co-workers have described application of the carbon rod atomizer to the analysis of lead in air. An essentially standard cup is perforated through the bottom with many small holes. A disc of Millipore filter media is placed into the cup (a la Buchner funnel), and air is drawn through. The cup is then placed into the atomizer, the filter is ashed off, and the lead is atomized in normal fashion.
Development of Degenerative Muscle Weakness by Chronic Administration of β,β′-Iminodipropionitrile in the Drinking Water to Rats: A Model for Motorneuropathy

Abstract Kitahara, Y., T. Maki and K. Torii. Development of degenerative muscle weakness by chronic administration of β , β ′-iminodipropionitrile in the drinking water to rats: A model for motorneuropathy. Physiol Behav 62(3)443–451, 1997.—Progressive muscle weakness accompanied by progressive muscle atrophy was investigated in rats administered β , β ′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) chronically in the drinking water. Spontaneous running wheel activity declined slowly and reached a constant low level before postural muscle weakness was apparent. The rats being offered IDPN in the drinking water showed definite postural muscle weakness about 25 weeks after first being given IDPN, and muscle strength declined gradually throughout the remainder of the experiment (to 66 weeks). Flaccid paralysis became apparent in the hind limbs in the later stages of the experiment. Neurogenic muscle atrophy, measured by group atrophy of the muscle fibers, also progressed slowly, almost in parallel with the loss of muscle strength. At the end of the experiment, muscle weight of the gastrocnemius had decreased to about 20% that of control [ F (2, 12) = 40.4, p F (2, 12) = 20.1, p
Peak capacity of ion mobility mass spectrometry: the utility of varying drift gas polarizability for the separation of tryptic peptides.

Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) peptide mass mapping experiments were performed using a variety of drift gases (He, N2, Ar and CH4). The drift gases studied cover a range of polarizabilities ((0.2–2.6) × 10−24 cm3) and the peak capacities obtained for tryptic peptides in each gas are compared. Although the different gases exhibit similar peak capacities (5430 (Ar) to 7580 (N2)) in some cases separation selectivity presumably based on peptide conformers (or conformer populations), is observed. For example the drift time profiles observed for some tryptic peptide ions from aldolase (rabbit muscle) show a dependence on drift gas. The transmission of high-mass ions (m/z > 2000) is also influenced by increased scattering cross-section of the more massive drift gases. Consequently the practical peak capacity for IM-MS separation cannot be assumed to be solely a function of resolution and the ability of a gas to distribute signals in two-dimensional space; rather, peak capacity estimates must account for the transmission losses experienced for peptide ions as the drift gas mass increases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic network models and driver information systems

Abstract Dynamic network models are needed to analyze traffic congestion patterns for new real-time motorist information systems. In previous research, a dynamic network modeling framework incorporating behavioral models of drivers' route and departure time choices and their day-to-day adjustment processes was developed. Network performance in this framework is represented by time dependent arrival and departure rates, link occupancies, and queuing delays. The purpose of this paper is to extend this framework to include explicit models of drivers' information acquisition and integration. The need for these models is motivated by considering the possible beneficial and counter-productive effects that may be caused by enhanced motorist information. Information on network conditions influences the set of routes considered by a driver and also affects the perceived values of the level of service attributes. The paper presents the structure of a dynamic model in which newly acquired information may affect pretrip and en-route travel decisions. To assess the potential magnitudes of the effects that were identified further theoretical and empirical research is needed.
Factors that Influence Participation in Online Learning

AbstractThis study explored what factors influenced learner participation in two sections of a graduate online course at a Midwestern university. Findings indicated that online learner participation and patterns of participation are influenced by the following factors: technology and interface characteristics, content area experience, student roles and instructional tasks, and information overload. Effective online learning requires interdependence for a shared understanding of learning goals in a learning community. Monitoring student participation and patterns of participation closely can help instructors identify student needs and scaffold learning accordingly.
Interaction of transport distance and body weight on preslaughter stress and breast meat quality of broilers

1. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of transport distance on blood metabolites and breast meat quality of broilers slaughtered at different weights. 2. The study was conducted on Ross 308 broilers from 27 different flocks reared under similar conditions. Slaughter weight was classified as 2·4 kg. Transport distance was categorised as short (65 km), medium (115 km) and long (165 km) distance representing 90, 155 and 220 minutes at an average 45 km/h speed, for each slaughter weight. 3. Higher heterophils and heterophil:lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were obtained for broilers transported over a long distance. Long distance transport increased blood albumin, glucose, and triglycerides levels for 2·4 kg after long-distance transport. 4. Broilers slaughtered at >2·4 kg after long-distance transport had lower pHu, and paler and tougher breast meat, than those broilers slaughtered at <2·0 kg after lon...
Risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity: insights from outlier infants.

To investigate the characteristics of outlier infants for insights into ROP risk. Chart data were collected from 1,354 infants screened for ROP at Weill Cornell Medical Center and Columbia University Medical Center. ROP exam results and clinical risk factors were recorded. The cohort was stratified by weight, highest ROP stage, and need for ROP treatment. Descriptive and correlational statistics were performed. For the overall cohort, regression analysis found that birth weight (OR: 0.741 per 100 g; 95 % CI: 0.606, 0.905), gestational age at birth (OR: 0.563 per week; 95 % CI: 0.454, 0.697), multiple gestation (OR 2.02, 95 % CI: 1.15, 3.56), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR: 4.68, 95 % CI: 1.93, 11.35), and necrotizing enterocolitis (OR 2.80, 95 % CI: 1.40, 5.16) were independent risk factors for treatment-requiring ROP. Black race was found to be a protective factor for treatment-requiring ROP (OR 0.244, 95 % CI: 0.095, 0.626). Among 15 infants with BW 1500 g, the 17 (9 %) with ROP only differed from the 166 (91 %) without ROP with respect to a higher incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis among those with ROP (11.8 % vs 0 %). Although known clinical risk factors were predictive of ROP stage and need for laser treatment in this cohort, they were not significantly associated with ROP at extremes of birth weight. This suggests that other clinical, maternal, or genetic factors may protect from or predispose to ROP.
Comparative Safety of Antipsychotic Medications in Nursing Home Residents

Objectives: To compare the risk of major medical events in nursing home residents newly initiated on conventional or atypical antipsychotic medications (APMs). Design: Cohort study, using linked Medicaid, Medicare, Minimum Data Set, and Online Survey Certification and Reporting data. Propensity score-adjusted proportional hazards models were used to compare risks for medical events at a class and individual drug level. Setting: Nursing homes in 45 U.S. states. Participants: Eighty-three thousand nine hundred fifty-nine Medicaid-eligible residents aged 65 and older who initiated APM treatment after nursing home admission in 2001 to 2005. Measurements: Hospitalization for myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, serious bacterial infections, and hip fracture within 180 days of treatment initiation. Results: Risks of bacterial infections (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05�1.49) and possibly myocardial infarction (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.81�1.86) and hip fracture (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.95�1.76) were higher, and risks of cerebrovascular events (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.65�1.02) were lower in participants initiating conventional APMs than in those initiating atypical APMs. Little variation existed between individual atypical APMs, except for a somewhat lower risk of cerebrovascular events with olanzapine (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.81�1.02) and quetiapine (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79�1.02) and a lower risk of bacterial infections (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73�0.94) and possibly a higher risk of hip fracture (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.96�1.43) with quetiapine than with risperidone. Dose-response relationships were observed for all events (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.05�1.19 for high vs low dose for all events combined). Conclusion: These associations underscore the importance of carefully selecting the specific APM and dose and monitoring their safety, especially in nursing home residents who have an array of medical illnesses and are undergoing complex medication regimens.
The PCAOB’s role in past and future economic crises

This paper analyses the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s (‘PCAOB’ or the ‘Board’) effect on public accounting firms and corporate enterprises during the recent financial crisis and evaluates the Board’s plans to create and/or utilise legislative mandates, as well as various studies, to prevent the next economic collapse. Similarly, the paper utilises viewpoints of various scholars that focus on areas of improvements the PCAOB should consider in order to reduce the probability of future crises. The research in this report uses a qualitative approach and follows the framework of James R. Doty, Chairman of the PCAOB, and the Board’s interpretation of the PCAOB’s deficiencies relating to the financial crisis as well as Zoe-Vonna Palmrose’s beliefs about what the PCAOB can improve on moving forward. After discussing the flaws as seen by the PCAOB, the author of this report discusses the effect of fair value accounting on the financial system as well as the Dodd-Frank Act’s amendments to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). Furthermore, the paper introduces criticism to the Board’s interpretations through the work/opinions of various scholars and professionals in the field of finance and accounting.
How does Mycobacterium leprae target the peripheral nervous system

Mycobacterium leprae has the capacity to invade the peripheral nervous system and cause neuropathy. The molecular mechanisms responsible have remained unknown until recently. Identification of the endoneurial laminin-2 isoform and its receptor alpha-dystroglycan as neural targets of M. leprae has not only opened up a new area of scientific inquiry into the pathogenesis of neurological damage in leprosy, but has also revealed unexpected biological properties of these important host molecules.
Flow in driven cavities with a free surface

A study of the flow of viscous liquids contained in an open cavity driven by a moving wall has been undertaken as a first step toward understanding interphase heat and mass transport in polymer processing equipment where rolling pools of liquid are generated. Solutions to the equations of motion for creeping flow in cavities of different aspect ratios were obtained using a finite-differences technique for circumstances when the wall moves in the same direction as the gravitational field. Experimental studies of the flow patterns in cavities of various aspect ratios were found to be in good agreement with the creeping flow predictions for cavity Reynolds numbers Re < 50 and aspect ratios a < 1. The structure of the flow in this geometry was found to be similar to that in closed cavities of the same shape. The position and strength of the principal vortex were observed to be nearly independent of the existence of a free surface, and the gas-liquid interface was found to significantly stabilize the rotational motion in shallow cavities.
Targeted Deletion of the Calcineurin Inhibitor DSCR1 Suppresses Tumor Growth

The NF-AT transcription factors regulated by the phosphatase calcineurin play a role in breast cancer metastasis-promoting tumor cell invasion. Metastasis is a multistep process requiring angiogenesis and endothelial activation. NF-AT is also expressed in endothelial cells, and calcineurin-NF-AT signaling is an important downstream effector of the proangiogenic cytokine VEGF. One isoform of the endogenous calcineurin regulator, Down syndrome candidate region-1 (DSCR1.Ex4), suppresses calcineurin-NFAT signaling blocking endothelial proliferation. However, overexpression of the other DSCR1 isoform (DSCR1.Ex1) may promote angiogenesis. We report that targeted deletion of both isoforms leads to hyperactivated calcineurin and precocious endothelial apoptosis, inhibiting formation of an effective tumor vasculature and suppressing tumorigenesis. Treatment with the specific pharmacological calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A rescues this endothelial defect in DSCR1(-/-) mice, restoring tumor growth.
The Epidemiology of Depression in Young Children

Abstract Epidemiologie data provide information on the distribution of a disorder in the population and identify the risk factors associated with that disorder. True estimates of prevalence and incidence can be obtained only by measuring the extent to which a disorder is present in the population at risk. There is currently very little direct information available on the epidemiology of depression in young children. This paper reviews the reasons for this dearth of information which include: (1) controversies regarding the appropriateness of the diagnosis of depression in young children and (2) related delays in the development of necessary assessment techniques. Also presented are the data available which relate to this subject and provide insights on the extent of this problem for young children.
Attachment of selenocysteine in the catalytic site of glutathione peroxidase

Abstract Selenocysteine in the catalytic site of glutathione peroxidase was stabilized by conversion to the carboxymethyl derivative. A selenium-containing tryptic fragment was partially purified by column chromatography through cellulose phosphate, Sephadex G-25 superfine, DEAE-Agarose, and again through Sephadex G-25 superfine. Automated sequential Edman degradation yielded a residue of the phenylthiohydantoin of carboxymethyl-selenocysteine, indicating that the selenocysteine in the native enzyme is located within the polypeptide chain.
Preparation of N-tBoc l-glutathione dimethyl and di-tert-butyl esters: Versatile synthetic building blocks

Abstract The title l -glutathione derivatives, containing acid- and base-labile esters, respectively, were obtained in good overall yields. N-tBoc l -glutathione dimethyl ester was prepared via Fischer esterification of l -glutathione disulfide (GSSG) using HCl in dry methanol, protection of the amine with tBoc2O, and tributylphosphine cleavage of the disulfide in wet isopropanol. Alternatively, Fischer esterification and tBoc-protection of l -glutathione (GSH) also furnished N-tBoc glutathione dimethyl ester accompanied by a small amount of S-tBoc that was removed chromatographically. The di-tert-butyl ester was obtained by S-palmitoylation of GSH in TFA as solvent, N-tBoc-protection, esterification using tBuOH mediated by diisopropylcarbodiimide/copper(I) chloride, and saponification of the thioester. These l -glutathione derivatives are versatile synthetic building blocks for the preparation of S-glutathione adducts.
Influence of ligand rigidity and ring substitution on the structural and electronic behavior of trivalent iron and gallium complexes with asymmetric tridentate ligands.

Species 1−6 are [MIII(L)2]ClO4 complexes formed with the PhO-−CHN−CH2−Py imines, (LI)- and (LtBuI)-, and PhO-−CH2−NH−CH2−Py amines, (LA)- and (LtBuA)-, in which PhO- is a phenolate ring and Py is a pyridine ring and the prefix tBu indicates the presence of tertiary butyl groups occupying the positions 4 and 6 of the phenol ring. Monometallic species with d5 high-spin iron (1, 2, 3, 4) and d10 gallium (5, 6) were synthesized and characterized to assess the influence of the ligand rigidity and the presence of tertiary butyl-substituted phenol rings on their steric, electronic, and redox behavior. Characterization by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR, UV−visible, and EPR spectroscopies, and electrochemistry has been performed, and complexes [FeIII(LtBuI)2]ClO4 (2), [FeIII(LtBuA)2]ClO4 (4), and [GaIII(LtBuI)2]ClO4 (5) have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The crystal structures show the imine ligands meridionally coordinated to the metal centers, whereas the amine ligands are coordinate in...
Time Of Technology Adoption And Learning By Using

Learning by using is introduced into an adoption model to explain why larger and more educated firms adopt earlier. Dynamic economies of scale arise in learning by using that speed up adoption. The empirical estimation of time of adoption using Tobit analysis integrates the concepts of adoption and diffusion, allowing the diffusion of the technology to be derived from the time of adoption analysis. In addition, by introducing heterogeneity among the adopters, Tobit analysis is shown to provide superior results to the traditional logit and probit analysis of the dichotomous adopt/not adopt variable.
Vegetation variation across Cape Cod, Massachusetts: environmental and historical determinants

Abstract Aim We evaluate environmental and historical determinants of modern species composition for upland vegetation types across Cape Cod, Massachusetts, a region that supports numerous uncommon species assemblages that are conservation priorities. Location The study area encompasses the entire peninsula of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Methods Historical changes in land-use and land-cover across the study region were determined from historical maps and documentary sources. Modern vegetation and soils were sampled and land-use and fire history determined for 352 stratified-random study plots. Ordination and classification were used to assess vegetation variation, and G-tests of independence and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to evaluate relationships among individual species distributions, past land-use, surficial landforms and edaphic conditions. Results At the scale of this investigation, modern species distributions result from individualistic response to a range of environmental and historical factors, including geography, substrate and disturbance history, especially the pattern of past agricultural activity. The structure or composition of all vegetation types in the region have been shaped by past land-use, fire, or other disturbances, and vegetation patterns will continue to change through time. Conservation efforts aimed at maintaining early successional vegetation types may require intensive management comparable in intensity to the historical disturbances that allowed for their widespread development.
The black slum child and the problem of aggression.

The exposure to violence and life-threatening aggression from many sources caused black children from socioeconomically deprived areas to respond in certain adaptive ways. These usually are appropriate for the culture in which the child is raised. Although one response is a paranoidlike reaction, aggression is also displayed directly in an attempt at mastery of the overwhelming frustration and life-threatening aspects of the ghetto. The significance of aggression in the psychotherapeutic relationship, particularly between the white therapist and black child, is discussed, and there is a brief review of the psychoanalytic concept of aggression as it applies to the ghetto child. A case is presented exemplifying these points clinically in a typical black slum child. Language: en
Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 has 11 membrane spanning domains and a cleaved signal peptide: topology analysis using in vitro transcription/translation.

The transmembrane topology of Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 has been studied using in vitro transcription/translation of two types of fusion vectors designed to test membrane insertion properties of cDNA sequences encoding putative NHE3 membrane spanning domains (msds). These vectors encode N-terminal 101 (HKM0) or 139 (HKM1) amino acids of the H,K-ATPase α-subunit, a linker region and a reporter sequence containing five N-linked glycosylation consensus sites in the C-terminal 177 amino acids of the H,K-ATPase β-subunit. The glycosylation status of the reporter sequence was used as a marker for the analysis of signal anchor and stop transfer properties of each putative msd in both the HKM0 and the HKM1 vectors. The linker region of the vectors was replaced by sequences that contain putative msds of NHE3 individually or in pairs. In vitro transcription/translation was performed using [35S]methionine in a reticulocyte lysate system ± microsomes, and the translation products were identified by autoradiography follow...
Localizing control: Mendocino County and the ban on GMOs

In March, 2004, the rural northern California county of Mendocino voted to ban the propagation of all genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This county was the first, and only, U.S. region to adopt such a ban despite widespread activism against biotechnology. Using a civic agriculture perspective, this article explores how local actors in this small county were able to take on the agri-biotechnology industry. I argue that by localizing the issue, the citizens of Mendocino County were able to ignite a highly effective, decentralized and grassroots social movement against which powerful, and well-funded, pro-biotechnology entities were unable to compete. The social problem of biotechnology was embedded in issues of mass concern to Mendocino County residents, such as democracy, equity, distribution of power, and corporate control over local life. The campaign was an arena for “local problem-solving activities organized around food and agriculture” (Lyson 2004, p. 103). However, though localizing this issue was key for generating a successful ban against the propagation of GMOs at the county level, the local orientation of the No to GMOs movement created a barrier for scaling-up and transferring this success to the wider anti-biotechnology movement.
Direct lifetime measurements and interactions of charged defect states in submicron Josephson junctions.

We have measured the emission and capture time of individual electron traps residing within the tunneling barrier of very small-area (<0.05 ..mu..m/sup 2/) Josephson junctions. The voltage-bias dependence of the times is consistent with a simple nonequilibrium model in which the bias enhances the rate for electrons to tunnel into the trap from one side of the barrier and exit out the other. Some junctions show clear evidence of interactions between traps, and for certain bias conditions the noise displays predominantly series kinetics.
The Wisconsin Clinical Supervision Training Model

Abstract The author presents a description of a supervisory training model that was conducted in the state of Wisconsin for clinical supervisors of chemical dependency counselor supervisors. A brief account of the genesis of the project is provided, followed by a more specific description of each of the four areas of instruction. The article concludes with a summary of the project, a brief discussion of the quantitative evaluation plan, and a call for further projects of this nature to continue the development of a more professional conceptualization of clinical supervision within the chemical dependency treatment field.
Frequent loop detection using efficient non-intrusive on-chip hardware

Dynamic software optimization methods are becoming increasingly popular for improving software performance and power. The first step in dynamic optimization consists of detecting frequently executed code, or "critical regions." Previous critical region detectors have been targeted to desktop processors. We introduce a critical region detector targeted to embedded processors, with the unique features of being very size and power efficient, and being completely non-intrusive to the software's execution - features needed in timing-sensitive embedded systems. Our detector not only finds the critical regions, but also determines their relative frequencies, a potentially important feature for selecting among alternative dynamic optimization methods. Our detector uses a tiny cache coupled with a small amount of logic. We provide results of extensive explorations across seventeen embedded system benchmarks. We show that highly accurate results can be achieved with only a 0.02% power overhead and acceptable size overhead. Our detector is currently being used as part of a dynamic hardware/software partitioning approach, but is applicable to a wide-variety of situations.
Effects of Infusion of Acetylcholine on Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension and Congenital Heart Disease

Survival following surgical correction of congenital cardiovascular defects is unlikely if pulmonary hypertension cannot be decreased significantly. Infusions of acetylcholine decreased pulmonary vascular resistance in 6 of 11 patients having pulmonary hypertension associated with atrial or ventricular septal defects. When the acetylcholine was combined with the breathing of oxygen, resistance decreased further. These findings are consistent with the theory that, at some stage, the pulmonary hypertension in cases of congenital heart disease is maintained at least in part by vasoconstriction and therefore is potentially reversible.
Epistemic Closure’s Clash with Technology in New Markets

Many people, such as Adam Smith, Milton Friedman, Irving Fisher, and William Sharpe, assume that free markets full of rational people automatically lead to ethical actions and outcomes. After all, at its equilibrium point, a perfectly competitive free market maximizes utility, respects autonomy, and fulfills justice’s dictates. Unfortunately, in some technology markets, there are a significant number of people who have undergone epistemic closure. Epistemic closure entails that all reliable evidence that would challenge deeply held beliefs is dismissed as corrupted, whereas all supporting evidence, no matter how unreliable, is accepted as incontrovertible. Those who have the condition act irrationally within that domain. As a result, business decisions become much more difficult than they would be in a rational market. In this article, epistemic closure’s ethical issues are developed. First, although they are acting irrationally within the closure’s domain, those with epistemic closure can still be held accountable for their actions. Second, to deal ethically with epistemic closure and its consequences, then it is vital to know what it is and its root causes, as well as to have a practical principle that can assist in making pragmatic decisions. Because some new technologies face epistemic closure, then focusing on a particular representative case of it will help to illustrate the issue’s ethical dimensions.
Norms, reliability, and item analysis of the hopelessness scale in general psychiatric, forensic psychiatric, and college populations

Administered the Hopelessness Scale to 99 criminal psychiatric inpatients, 118 general psychiatric inpatients, and 197 upper-level college students. Normative data were reported for each group. Both of the psychiatric groups endorsed significantly more items in the hopeless direction than did the college student sample. The scale was found to be more reliable with the psychiatric patients than with the college students. This difference in reliability may reflect the restriction of range of hopelessness scores among college students. An item analysis of the Hopelessness Scale for each of the three groups was presented. These data suggest that three items (4, 5, 13) were not measuring hopelessness as reflected in the other items. Suggestions for further research with the Hopelessness Scale to clarify the components of hopelessness in nonpsychiatric populations were presented.
The silence of partition: borders, trauma, and partition history

In contrast to the story of the 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan as an epiphenomenal event of independence, this article suggests that the division of British India signaled a unique rupture in which the creation of borders became the defining traumatic event of that history. Moving away from familiar discourses of independence, I argue that the history of the 1947 Partition is a history of borders in which the geographical borders drawn to separate and establish the independent nations of India and Pakistan are at once a concretely historical division and an incomprehensible site of trauma. The border becomes the site of the simultaneity between empirically known realities that constitute specific historical contexts and the overwhelming experience of history that exceeds immediate understanding. From the borders of the 1947 Partition, the subcontinent inherited what I call “a geography of trauma” – a conceptual schema that is at once a geographical and national reality in which people live and an un...
Inter-view wavelet compression of light fields with disparity-compensated lifting

We propose a novel approach that uses disparity-compensated lifting for wavelet compression of light fields. Disparity compensation is incorporated into the lifting structure for the transform across the views to solve the irreversibility limitation in previous wavelet coding schemes. With this approach, we obtain the benefits of wavelet coding, such as scalability in all dimensions, as well as superior compression performance. For light fields of an object, shape adaptation is adopted to improve the compression efficiency and visual quality of reconstructed images. In this work we extend the scheme to handle light fields with arbitrary camera arrangements. A view-sequencing algorithm is developed to encode the images. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing light field compression techniques in terms of compression efficiency and visual quality of the reconstructed views.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Secrets of Successful (and Unsuccessful) Mediators Continued: Studies Two and Three

In a survey of 216 advocates in mediation, the successful mediator's ability to gain the confidence of the parties was cited as important to his or her success more frequently than were any of the skills used by the mediator to bring about agreement. This article discusses the means by which mediators gain the confidence of disputing parties. The article also discusses the different skill and attribute profiles of different successful mediators and the advocates' views of the reasons for mediator failure. The article considers the implications of its findings for mediators, trainers, and advocates, and concludes with suggestions for future research.