cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confirmation of phenylbutazone residues in bovine kidney by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A confirmatory method is described for phenylbutazone (PB) residues in bovine kidney tissue. Ground kidney tissue is diluted with water, and the mixture is made basic with 25% ammonium hydroxide in water; the lipids are extracted with ethyl and petroleum ethers. The ether layer is discarded, and the tissue is acidified with 6N HCl. PB residues are extracted with tetrahydrofuran-hexane (1 + 4). The extract is passed through a silica solid-phase extraction column, and the eluate is evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in acidified acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (50 + 49.4 + 0.6). A single quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to a liquid chromatograph with an electrospray interface is used to confirm the identity of the PB residues in the kidney extract. Negative-ion detection with selected-ion monitoring of 4 ions is used. Sets of control and fortified-control kidney tissues (at 50, 100, and 200 ppb PB) and several kidney tissue field samples were analyzed for method validation. The method was tested further during the course of a survey to determine the incidence of PB residues in bovine kidney samples obtained from slaughterhouses across the country. In addition, the method was tested for use with an ion-trap mass spectrometer coupled to a liquid chromatograph, which allowed confirmation of PB at lower levels (5-10 ppb) in kidney tissue.
Millennial-Length Records of Streamflow From Three Major Upper Colorado River Tributaries1

Gray, Stephen T., Jeffrey J. Lukas, and Connie A. Woodhouse, 2011. Millennial-Length Records of Streamflow From Three Major Upper Colorado River Tributaries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):702-712. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00535.x Abstract: Drought, climate change, and shifting consumptive use are prompting a widespread reassessment of water availability in the Upper Colorado River basin. Here, we present millennial-length records of water year (October-September) streamflow for key Upper Colorado tributaries: the White, Yampa, and Little Snake Rivers. Based on tree rings, these records represent the first paleohydrological reconstructions from these subbasins to overlap with a series of Medieval droughts (∼ad 800 to 1300). The reconstructions show marked interannual variability imbedded in nonstationary behavior over decadal to multidecadal time scales. These reconstructions suggest that, even in a millennial context, gaged flows from a handful of years (e.g., 1977 and 2002) were extremely dry. However, droughts of much greater duration and magnitude than any in the instrumental record were regular features prior to 1900. Likewise these reconstructions point to the unusual wetness of the gage period, and the potential for recent observations to paint an overly optimistic picture of regional water supplies. The future of the Upper Colorado River will be determined by a combination of inherent hydroclimatic variability and a broad range of human-induced changes. It is then essential that regional water managers, water users, and policy makers alike consider a broader range of hydroclimatic scenarios than is offered by the gage record alone.
Orthogonal projection to latent structures solution properties for chemometrics and systems biology data

Partial least squares (PLS) is a widely used algorithm in the field of chemometrics. In calibration studies, a PLS variant called orthogonal projection to latent structures (O-PLS) has been shown to successfully reduce the number of model components while maintaining good prediction accuracy, although no theoretical analysis exists demonstrating its applicability in this context. Using a discrete formulation of the linear mixture model known as Beer's law, we explicitly analyze O-PLS solution properties for calibration data. We find that, in the absence of noise and for large n, O-PLS solutions are simpler but just as accurate as PLS solutions for systems in which analyte and background concentrations are uncorrelated. However, the same is not true for the most general chemometric data in which correlations between the analyte and background concentrations are nonzero and pure profiles overlap. On the contrary, forcing the removal of orthogonal components may actually degrade interpretability of the model. This situation can also arise when the data are noisy and n is small, because O-PLS may identify and model the noise as orthogonal when it is statistically uncorrelated with the analytes. For the types of data arising from systems biology studies, in which the number of response variables may be much greater than the number of observations, we show that O-PLS is unlikely to discover orthogonal variation whether or not it exists. In this case, O-PLS and PLS solutions are the same. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yield and productivity management

Summary form only given. The approaches, attitudes, and methodologies used by over 20 semiconductor manufacturers to manage yield and improve productivity have been examined. Selected topics in management systems and measurements, long- and short-loop analysis, data and information generation and handling, and manufacturing operational procedures have been considered. >
Phase II trial of suramin, leuprolide, and flutamide in previously untreated metastatic prostate cancer.

PURPOSETo assess the efficacy and toxicity of suramin, hydrocortisone, leuprolide, and flutamide in previously untreated metastatic prostate cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODSPatients with stage D2 and poor-prognosis stage D1 prostate cancer were given suramin on a pharmacokinetically derived dosing schedule to maintain suramin concentrations between 175 and 300 micrograms/mL. Additionally, all patients received flutamide 250 mg orally three times daily, initiated on day 1 and continued until disease progression; depot leuprolide 7.5 mg intramuscularly begun on day 5 and repeated every 4 weeks indefinitely; and replacement doses of hydrocortisone.RESULTSFifty patients were entered onto the study: 48 with stage D2 and two with stage D1 disease. The median age was 59 years (range, 42 to 79) and 31 patients had a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) of 100%. Forty-five patients had bone metastases and 25 had measurable soft tissue disease. Forty-one (82%) had severe disease. The overall response rate in 49 assessable...
Anti-fungal immune responses to Pseudogymnoasces destructans in bats affected by white-nose syndrome (VET2P.1041)

White-nose syndrome is a devastating disease affecting bats in North America. It is caused by Pseudogymnoasces destructans, a fungal pathogen that colonizes the muzzles and wings of hibernating bats. Our study focuses on the relative differences between the immune responses of various bat species to this pathogen. The strength and type of immune response triggered by an antigen can be measured by determining the gene expression profile of cytokines. We have developed a quantitative PCR panel for bat cytokine genes in order to measure the immune responses involved in susceptibility to white-nose syndrome. We also used a cytokine ELISA to determine serum cytokine levels. In addition, we analyzed the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios from blood smears collected both during hibernation and post hibernation, as another measure of immune response over time. By comparing the relative expression of certain cytokine genes, we can determine which subsets of T cells are mediating the immune response to the fungal pathogen. Our research will shed light on the mechanisms by which some bat species have a higher survival rate, and this knowledge can be used to further develop strategies for protecting North America’s bat population.
Take advantage of uncertainty: Play for position as the economy rebounds

On 6–7 October 2009, the fifth annual Revenue Management and Price Optimization conference was held at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The conference explored ways that firms are using to survive the current economic downturn and to position themselves to quickly recover as the economy rebounds. Several strategies for building a strong business case to secure funding for projects emerged from the discussions. In addition, the critical role of communication across divisions was emphasized. Strong communication helps create support for new projects, enables different divisions to focus on a common set of objectives and understand how their decisions affect key performance metrics, and facilitates the transfer of ideas and best practices. This article summarizes key discussions that emerged from the conference and highlights the experiences of three companies portrayed in keynote addresses given by Robert Cross, Chairman and CEO of Revenue Analytics; John Peyton, Senior Vice President of North American Operations at Starwood Hotels and Resorts; and Doug Bippert, Vice President of Business Acceleration at the Coca-Cola Company.
Prolactin in cerebrospinal fluid: A probable site of prolactin autoregulation

The purpose of this study was to examine the thesis that increasing concentrations of prolactin within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) increase the activity of dopaminergic terminals within the median eminence and that this increased dopaminergic activity is temporally associated with a suppression of endogenous prolactin secretion. To avoid difficulties encountered in performing catecholamine turnovers in the undisturbed rat, the measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase was validated as an index of dopaminergic activity within the median eminence. In the median eminence, but not the medial preoptic area, parallel increases in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and the turnover of dopamine (but not norepinephrine) occurred following hyperprolactinemia. Twenty-six hours but not 2.5 h after the subcutaneous administration of ovine prolactin, the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase was increased in the median eminence, and endogenous prolactin secretion was inhibited. During a 26 h continuous intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion (88 ng/h) of rat prolactin, there was a complete suppression of endogenous prolactin secretion. Twenty-six but not 2.5 h after the initiation of the icv infusion of prolactin, there was an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the median eminence. The results of these studies suggest that: (1) measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase activity within the median eminence is a useful index of the activity of dopaminergic terminals; (2) increasing concentrations of prolactin within the CSF suppressed prolactin secretion by the anterior pituitary; (3) this suppression of prolactin is accompanied by an increased activity of dopaminergic terminals within the median eminence; (4) those neural structures concerned with the regulation of prolactin secretion respond directly to prolactin itself; (5) the autoregulation by prolactin of its own secretion manifests a certain latency more characteristic of a tonic rather than a phasic inhibitory control; and finally, (6) dopaminergic terminals in the median eminence but not the preoptic area appear uniquely sensitive to prolactin.
Laser-excited fluorescence in the A—X system of NH

Abstract Laser-excited fluorescence has been observed in a discharge flow system for the A 3 Π i —X 3 ∑ − system of NH. Excitation has been carried out in both the (1,0) band near 3050 A and the (0,0) band near 3360 A. The ratio of transition probabilities for the (0,1) and (0,0) bands is 0.0067 ±0.0012.
The reading span test and its predictive power for reading comprehension ability

This study had two major goals: to test the effect of administration method on the criterion validity of a commonly used working memory span test, the reading span task, and to examine the relationship between processing and storage in this task. With respect to the first goal, although experimenter- and participant-administered reading span tasks were equally reliable and induced similar types of strategies, the extra time taken to implement strategies in the participant-administered version reduced the correlations with reading comprehension and verbal SAT scores. With respect to the second goal, although sentence processing times were related to storage ability, they did not mediate the relationship between reading span scores and comprehension measures. Hence, theories focusing on processing as an explanation for what the reading span task really measures are incomplete.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF A PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAM

Abstract Through a detailed analysis of accident records of the previous three years, it was observed that young children (6–7 yr of age) were overrepresented in pedestrian accidents in Alabama. In the Fall of 1978, the Alabama Office of Highway and Traffic Safety in conjunction with the state education department, initiated pedestrian safety programs in the four cities of Birmingham, Montgomery, Mobile, and Huntsville. Analysis of the monthly number of pedestrian accidents in these four cities indicated that a statistically significant reduction in pedestrian accidents for the 6–7 yr age group occurred following implementation of the education safety program. Further, it was estimated that approximately 40 accidents were prevented during the evaluation period as a result of the program's effectiveness.
Nitrate analysis by capillary gas chromatography

A microanalytical gas chromatographic (GC) method for the analysis of nitrate in rat urine is described. The method involves the conversion of nitrate to nitromesitylene and quantitation using 3,4-dimethylnitrobenzene as an internal standard. The nitroaromatics were separated on a wide-bore capillary column and detected with a nitrogen-phosphorus thermionic detector. The method exhibited linearity over the range of 1.0 to 1000 microM nitrate, and the detection limit was 0.5 microM nitrate (200-microliters sample). The coefficient of variation (CV) range for intra-day precision was 2.2 to 5.8% (20 microM level) and 3.1 to 6.5% (200 microM level). Inter-day CVs ranged from 2.0 to 6.1% for the samples tested. The average recovery was 77% (20 microM level) and 80% (20 microM level). The accuracy of the GC method compared favorably with results obtained from a standard colorimetric nitrate assay. Interference by urinary chloride was eliminated by pretreatment of samples with saturated silver acetate. Both processed and unprocessed samples were stable for at least 60 days at -15 degrees C. The procedure was used to measure urinary nitrate in rats fed a custom low-nitrate diet.
A case of episodic urticaria due to saccharin ingestion

Abstract A patient with the sudden onset of episodic urticaria is described. The use of oral challenge and dietary manipulation is discussed. This appears to be one of the first recorded cases of urticaria due to saccharin ingestion.
Theory of enhanced dynamical photo-thermal bi-stability effects in cuprous oxide/organic hybrid heterostructure

Abstract We theoretically demonstrate the formation of multiple bi-stability regions in the temperature pattern on the interface between a cuprous oxide quantum well and DCM2:CA:PS organic compound. The Frenkel molecular exciton of the DCM2 is brought into resonance with the 1 S quadrupole Wannier–Mott exciton in the cuprous oxide by “solvatochromism” with CA. The resulting hybrid is thermalized with the surrounding helium bath. This leads to strongly non-linear temperature dependence of the laser field detuning from the quadrupole exciton energy band which is associated with the temperature-induced red shift of the Wannier exciton energy. A numerical up- and down-scan for the detuning reveals hysteresis-like temperature distribution. The obtained multiple bi-stability regions are at least three orders of magnitude bigger (meV) than the experimentally observed bi-stability in bulk cuprous oxide (μeV ). The effective absorption curve exhibits highly asymmetrical behavior for the Frenkel-like (above the 1 S energy) and Wannier-like (below the 1 S energy) branches of the hybrid.
External malformations in chick embryos following concomitant administration of methylxanthines and β-adrenomimetic agents: 1. Gross pathologic features

The objectives of this report are to document external malformations observed in chick embryos following concomitant administration of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline) and beta-adrenomimetic agents (isoproterenol, epinephrine) and to suggest reasonable explanations for the anomalies. Administration of caffeine or theophylline alone (2.5-5.0 mg/egg) retarded growth in a dose-dependent fashion. Doses of 5.0 mg caffeine and theophylline produced beak malformations in 4.9% and 57.1% of embryos, respectively. Limb malformations, seen in low frequency (3.6% in 56 embryos) after administration of 1 microgram isoproterenol, were not seen in 224 methylxanthine-treated embryos. Structural defects following coadministration of methylxanthines and beta-adrenomimetics were frequently observed in limbs (primarily lower limbs with predilection for left-sided oligodactyly) and beak. Other findings included limb hematomas, hygromas in the nuchal region, and prominent generalized edema. The most dramatic effects observed in this study were those induced by concomitant administration of 2.5 mg caffeine and 1 microgram isoproterenol. This combination produced at least one of the embryopathies listed above in 87.9% of treated embryos and frequently induced beak (24.2%) and lower limb defects (75.8%) in addition to nuchal hygromas (9.1%). Similar severe malformations were observed following administration of 3.8 mg theophylline with 1 microgram epinephrine. Embryos that died within 12-48 hours following drug insult demonstrated marked cardiac dilation, apparently due to congestive heart failure. The results of this study suggest that methylxanthines and beta-adrenomimetic agents are synergistic in their action in the developing chick. Doses of alpha-adrenomimetic agents that were used in this study were not synergistic with methylxanthines. Increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is offered as an explanation for digital anomalies due to inhibition of proximodistal development of limbs. Increased intracellular cyclic AMP may also explain limb hypoplasia and loss of intermediate limb structures as a result of inhibited mitosis and/or necrosis of embryonic tissue.
A Note on Theological Procedure

seek to discover and to formulate in general terms the conditions under which events of various sorts occur, the statements of such determining conditions being the explanations of the corresponding happenings. This goal can be achieved only by distinguishing or isolating certain properties in the subject matter studied and by ascertaining the repeatable patterns of dependence in which these properties stand to one another.
Comparison of Linear, Nonlinear, Hysteretic, and Probabilistic Models for Magnetorheological Fluid Dampers

Magnetorheological (MR) fluid dampers have a semicontrollable damping force output that is dependent on the current input to the damper, as well as the relative velocity. The mechanical construction, fluid properties, and embedded electromagnet result in a dynamic damper response. This study evaluates four modeling approaches with respect to predicting the multi-input single-output behavior of an experimental MR damper when the inputs are band-limited random signals typically encountered in primary suspension applications. The first two models in this study are static in the sense that there is a unique output for any given set of inputs and no dynamics is present in either model. The third model incorporates a dynamic filter with the nonlinear model to exhibit hysteretic effects, which are known to exist in actual MR dampers. The fourth model is probabilistic and illustrates the dynamic nature of an actual MR damper. The results of this study clearly show the importance of nonlinear and dynamic effects in magnetorheological damper response. This study also highlights the importance of characterizing magnetorheological dampers using excitation signals that are representative of an actual implementation.
A braking efficiency test technique

A braking efficiency test technique provides a method whereby vehicle stopping performance can be specified, measured, and compared independently of the test surface. The method provides for an independent measure of the prevailing friction potential of the test surface. This measure is used to normalize the measured stopping performance of the test vehicle. The concept presented is tailored toward a safety argument and toward rulemaking as a potential adaptation to braking effectiveness requirements which currently exist. A new mobile tire dynamometer, developed for this program, is discussed, as are the results of a demonstration test program carried out at the Bendix Automotive Development Center.
The Real Area of Contact in Polymeric Magnetic Media—II: Experimental Data and Analysis

Electrical-contact-resistance and two-beam optical-interference techniques were employed to measure the real area of contact of magnetic tapes. The former technique does not work well due to significant contributions from tunnel effect and multimolecular insulating films; the latter provides shape and size distribution of asperity-contact areas. Experiments were conducted at a pressure range of 13.8 kPa and 1.38 MPa. Normal pressure had strong dependence on both the real area of contact and the number of contact spots, and weak dependence on the mean asperity-contact diameter. This is in agreement with the theory. In the case of the two tapes tested in the pressure range, the real area of contact varied from 0.5 to 25 percent. The mean asperity-contact diameter and number of contact spots ranged from 6 to 13 μm and 200 to 2300 per mm2, respectively. The mean real pressure was in the range of 2 to 8 MPa. The real area of contact increased with an increase in the ambient temperature. Surface roughness had s...
Base-promoted 1,2-shifts in α-benzyloxy ketones

Abstract Deprotonation of representative α-p-methoxybenzyl ketones results in the formation of rearranged α-benzylated α-hydroxy ketonic products. In the present examples, formal inversion of configuration at the carbanionic center is observed.
Insulin Resistance in Diabetes Mellitus

Sinch the beginning of the insulin era, the subject of insulin resistance has become one of increasing interest. Root (1), in 1929, termed those cases insulin-resistant which required more than 100 units daily to maintain proper carbohydrate balance. He pointed out that temporary resistance to insulin, so commonly encountered for a brief period in the comatose diabetic, properly should not be included under such a designation. He estimated, on the basis of animal experiments, that a completely depancreatized man would require 200 to 300 u daily. Undisputed cases of complete insulin resistance in man would thus be those which have a daily insulin requirement above this. There have been published a number of isolated reports of patients who have required an abnormally large amount of insulin. These have been summarised during the past year in a paper by Martin, Martin, Lyster and Strouse (2).
Convergence of cAMP, TGF-β and retinoic acid signaling pathways in cells of the embryonic palate

Abstract We have previously described bi-directional cross-talk between the retinoic acid (RA) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signal transduction pathways in primary cultures of murine embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cells. In this paper we identify interactions between the TGF-β1, cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and RA signaling systems. TGF-β1 and forskolin, an activator of the cAMP pathway, inhibited RA-induced expression of RAR-β mRNA in MEPM cells, though only TGF-β1 inhibited RA-induced RAR-β protein expression. Forskolin, but not TGF-β1, abrogated RA-induced expression of a reporter construct containing 900 base pair (bp) of the RAR-β gene promoter, transfected into MEPM cells, suggesting that this portion of the promoter contains the forskolin-responsive, but not the TGF-β-responsive, element. Thus, a putative TGF-β Inhibitory Element (TIE) adjacent to the retinoic acid response element (RARE) in the RAR-β promoter is either non-functional, or requires promoter/enhancer elements not present in the promoter construct used in these experiments. These studies further clarify the complex interactions among signal transduction pathways in the regulation of retinoic acid receptor gene expression.
A high-performance, memory-based interconnection system for multicomputer environments

The objective of this paper is to outline the design and operation of a very high-performance, memory-mapped interconnection system, called Merlin. The design can be effectively utilized to interconnect processors in a wide variety on environments, ranging from closely-coupled, dedicated systems to distributed workstations. The system provides a uniform approach to parallel programming which is independent of interconnection topology, processing elements, and languages. By using dynamically mapped reflective memory, the system can support selectively shared virtual memory regions. This approach permits user selected information to be shared at high speeds and with low latency. There is no software involvement in the actual sharing of information and the system overlaps computation and communication automatically, word-by-word, to the extent possible.
Toward molecular design for hazard reduction—fundamental relationships between chemical properties and toxicity

The relationship of in-silico predicted physical/chemical properties and human toxicity is analyzed for a statistically significant sample size of chemical compounds. Results for compounds with known toxicity endpoints, as designated by EPA's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), are compared to a series of commercial chemicals that are not regulated under TRI. Physical properties for all compounds are predicted using Schrodinger's QikProp, an established tool for predicting adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics. The results of this analysis indicate that the physical/chemical property distributions of TRI chemicals are statistically significantly different from those of bulk commercial chemicals, particularly related to properties associated with bioavailability. Using a partitioning analysis, several key physical/chemical properties and ranges are identified that can be used to readily differentiate TRI chemical characteristics from those of bulk commercial chemicals.
Electronic component technology in the 1980s

Electronics in the future will involve a single design and fabrication process in which the total engineering problems from atoms to systems has to be looked at in a coherent way so that the technology is used optimally to achieve the required system performance
Papaver pygmaeum Rydb. aus den Rocky Mountains und seine Beziehung zum europäischen Papaver alpinum L. (Papaveraceae)

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Beziehung zwischen Papaver pygmaeum Rydb. aus den Rocky Mountains und dem europaischen P. alpinum L., insbesondere der Subspezies rhaeticum (Ler.) Mgf. (Sektion Scapiflora Reichenb.). Ausgehend von geographisch-morphologischen Untersuchungen an Herbarmaterial von den Rocky Mountains und von den Alpen wird P. pygmaeum Rydb. als eigenstandige Art angesehen. P. pygmaeum und P. alpinum unterscheiden sich voneinander im Umris der Blattspreite, in Farbe und Lange der Knospenhaare, in der Blutengrose, in bestimmten Merkmalen der Petalennervatur und in der Zahl der Staubgefase. Beide Arten scheinen einander sehr nahe zu stehen. Ahnliche Merkmale sind die Blattfiederung, die Petalennervatur und die Kapselform. Ubereinstimmende Merkmale sind die Form der Blattfiedern, die Merkmale des Blutenschaftes, die Form der Blutenknospen, die Kapselbehaarung und die Chromosomenzahl. Die Beziehung zwischen P. pygmaeum Rydb. und P. alpinum L. zu den asiatischen P. croceum Ledeb. subsp. tenerum P. Hanelt und P. nivale Tolm. aus der Alpinum-Gruppe wird erwahnt. Diese Arten stehen morphologisch P. alpinum naher als P. pygmaeum. Die Notwendigkeit experimenteller Untersuchungen an P. pygmaeum und den ubrigen Wildsippen der Sektion Scapiflora Reichenb. wird betont. The present paper deals with the relationship between Papaver pygmaeum Rydr. from the Rocky Mountains and the European P. alpinum L., in particular with the subspecies rhaeticum (Ler.) Mgf. (section Scapiflora Reichenb.). Based on geographical-morphological studies of herbarium specimens from the Rocky Mountains and from the Alps the species rank for P. pygmaeum Rydb. is recognized. P. pygmaeum and P. alpinum differ in shape of the blade, in colour, length and density of the hairs of the buds, in flower size, in special characters of the petal vascularisation and in number of the filaments. Both species are close related because of similar and corresponding characters. Similar characters are the leaf division, the petal vascularisation and the shape of the capsules. Corersponding characters are the shape of the leaf segments, the characters of the scape, the shape of the buds, the hairiness of the capsules and the chromosome number. The relation between P. pygmaeum Rydb. and P. alpinum L. to the Asiatic P. croceum Ledeb. subsp. tenerum P. Hanelt and P. nivale Tolm. of the Alpinum group is mentioned. These species are morphologically closer related to P. alpinum L. than to P. pygmaeum Rydb. The necessity of experimental investigations of P. pygmaeum Rydb. and the others species of the section Scapiflora Reichenb. is emphasized.
Study of the quenching of inelastic light scattering near an isolated resonance in I2 vapor

Abstract We have observed the variation in quenching behavior of inelastic light scattering near an isolated resonance in I2 vapor. A quantitative fit of our measurements to a theory which takes into account the effects of both elastic and inelastic collisions is made.
Supporting policy-driven behaviors in web services: experiences and issues

The Web services platform is gaining popularity as the technology of choice for integrating applications in diverse and heterogeneous distributed environments, such as the Internet. It is widely recognized that one of the barriers preventing widespread adoption of this technology is a lack of products that support non-functional features of applications, such as security, transactionality and reliability. Supporting such features in a service-oriented environment is more complex than traditional distributed computing environments since such behaviors cannot be assumed by applications, but some persistent representation of the behavior has to be discovered dynamically. WS-Policy has been touted as a possible future standard way to specify these features and associate them with services, but the multitude of related proposals resemble a poorly manufactured jigsaw puzzle more than a coherent vision.This paper clarifies this vision by presenting a working prototype that demonstrates how the quality features can be expressed as service policies using WS-Policy. These policies are enforced by a policy framework that allows dynamic association of such non-functional features with applications on a per-interaction basis, as well as modification of these features. The paper discusses the issues involved in the creation of such a policy framework, and how the requirements of having to support transactional and reliable services guided the design. We hope that this work encourages other efforts to create viable products based on these emerging standards and advances the science of Service Oriented Computing.
Acting on Our Values: Do Social Workers Volunteer?

Volunteer activity among social workers is explored in this article. Anecdotal evidence suggests social workers are not major contributors of volunteer time. The overriding research questions of this descriptive-exploratory study are to what extent do social workers engage in volunteer activities, what factors influence their decisions to volunteer, and what are the types of activities in which they engage. Volunteerism is defined as giving of one's talent, time, and energy to individuals, groups, communities, or organizations without compensation. A 27-item survey specific to this study was devised. Mailing lists were procured from state licensing boards representing two states in each of 10 federal regions. Random sampling was used to proportionally sample 5 percent of approximately 77,000 licensed social workers; useable surveys numbered 1,544 from a sampling pool of 3,850, yielding a 40 percent response rate. The findings demonstrate that social workers have volunteered in the past but no longer choose to do so. Respondents believe that other people should give and volunteer but that social workers give enough through their poorly paid jobs and poor working conditions. Implications suggest that the very professionals who might serve as community role models potentially have the reverse influence in regard to promoting volunteerism.
Cf-252 leukemogenesis in the C57BL mouse

Radiation-induced leukemia/lymphomas were induced in C57BL mice using four weekly acute 60Co fractionated irradiation exposures (to 188 cGy, or graded doses of low dose rate (LDR) Cf-252 irradiation given in fractionated exposure sessions at four weekly intervals. The acute 60Co radiation produced 84% thymic lymphomas with a median survival time (MST) of 162 days for mice developing tumors. Mice were exposed to Cf-252 n + gamma radiation in graded doses of 50, 62.5, 80, 112, and 188 cGy per week repeated 4X. Mice exposed to Cf-252 radiation developed thymic lymphomas on a much delayed time schedule. Mice irradiated at 50-80 cGy Cf-252 were killed after the 60Co induced thymoma mice had died to detect tumors. At Cf-252 doses of 112 or 188 rads 79 or 70% of mice, respectively, developed thymic lymphomas and had similar survival times which gave an estimated leukemogenesis RBEn of approximately 1.0-2.0. These studies show that for Cf-252 n + gamma radiation, compared to 60Co for leukemogenic efficiency, had a much longer latent period, and had a low RBE (1.0-2.0) at the large doses per fraction used in these studies. Under the experimental fractionated conditions tested, Cf-252 neutrons were leukemogenic, but only slightly more so than fractionated 60Co.
Bioavailability and genetic prescribing

Although oral drug bioinequivalence has been attributed to a number of causes (excipients, dosage form, variation in dissolution time, and aging) less is known about bioavailability problems of topical medications in ophthalmology. Factors that can alter drug absorption from solutions (pH, partition coefficient, container impurities, contact time, etc.) are noted, and cases in which bioavailability problems should be considered as causes of therapeutic failure are discussed. Various attitudes representing pharmaceutical companies, the federal government, pharmacists, consumers and physicians toward the related problems of bioinequivalence and generic prescribing are examined. Techniques for in vivo and in vitro drug testing and for establishing uniform conditions of drug manufacture and storage can contribute to identification and minimization of bioavailability problems. A rational program based on a combination of such techniques could, ultimately, lead to establishment of the terms "generic equivalency" and "therapeutic equivalency" as synonymous.
Soil quality response to tillage and crop residue removal under subarctic conditions

Abstract Little is known about the long-term effects of tillage and crop residue management on soil quality and organic matter conservation in subarctic regions. Therefore, we quantified wet aggregate stability, bulk density, pH, total organic C and N, inorganic N, microbial biomass C and N, microbial biomass C:N ratio, microbial quotient, and potential C and N mineralization for a tillage/crop residue management study in central Alaska. Soil from no-till (NT), disked once each spring (DO), and disked twice (DT, spring and fall) treatments was sampled to 20 cm depth in spring and fall of the 16th and 17th years of the study. Crop residues were either retained or removed after harvest each year. Reducing tillage intensity had greater impact on most soil properties than removing crop residues with the most notable effects in the top 10 cm. Bulk density was the only indicator that showed significant differences for the 10–20 cm depth, with values of 0.74 Mg m −3 in the surface 10 cm in NT compared to 0.86 in DT and 1.22 Mg m −3 in NT compared to 1.31 in DT for the 10–20 cm depth. Wet aggregate stability ranged from 10% in DT to 20% in NT. Use of NT or DO conserved soil organic matter more than DT. Compared to measurements made in the 3rd and 4th years of the study, the DT treatment lost almost 20% of the soil organic matter. Retaining crop residues on the soil conserved about 650 g m −2 greater C than removing all residues each year. Soil microbial biomass C and mineralizable C were highest in NT, but the microbial C quotient, which averaged only 0.9%, was not affected by tillage or crop residue treatment. Microbial biomass C:N ratio was 11.3 in DT and 14.4 in the NT, indicating an increasing predominance of fungi with decreasing tillage intensity. Barley grain yield, which averaged 1980 kg ha −1 over the entire 17 years of the study, was highest in DO and not significantly different between NT and DT, but weeds were a serious problem in NT. Reduced tillage can improve important soil quality indicators and conserve organic matter, but long-term NT may not be feasible in the subarctic because of weed problems and build up of surface organic matter.
Inhibition by kinoprene of photoperiod-induced male production by apterous and alate viviparae of the aphid Myzus persicae

Photoperiod-induced male production by apterous and alate viviparae of the green peach aphid. Myzus persicae, was reduced or prevented by treating the aphids with the JH analog kinoprene (Zoecon's insect growth regulator ZR 777). Concomitant with this reduction in the number of males was an increase in the production of females. This was most clearly demonstrated for apterous viviparae that had been raised from birth under weak long-night regimes of 10–10.5 hr dark day, and exposed to 0.1% kinoprene-treated radish seedlings for 2–3 days on reaching the fourth larval instar or adulthood. Male production by alate viviparae, whose apterous mothers were born and raised for 5 days under a long-night regime of 15 hr dark day and then maintained under a short-night regime of 8 hr dark day, was completely inhibited by exposing them to kinoprene-treated plants for 2–3 days when they had reached the fourth instar. It is concluded that the kinoprene treatment affects sex chromosome replication in the oogonia of an aphid so that these germ cells develop parthenogenetically into females (2n = 12 with two X chromosomes) rather than males (2n = 11 with one X chromosome). This may result either from a direct action of absorbed kinoprene on the oogonia or from an indirect action whereby the kinoprene stimulates the insect's hormonal system to produce a hormone that stimulates development of the oogonia into females.
High-Throughput Signal Component Separator for Asymmetric Multi-Level Outphasing Power Amplifiers

This paper presents an energy-efficient high-throughput and high-precision signal component separator (SCS) chip design for the asymmetric-multilevel-outphasing (AMO) power amplifier. It uses a fixed-point piece-wise linear functional approximation developed to improve the hardware efficiency of the outphasing signal processing functions. The chip is fabricated in 45 nm SOI CMOS process and the SCS consumes an active area of 1.5 mm2. The new algorithm enables the SCS to run at a throughput of 3.4 GSamples/s producing the phases with 12-bit accuracy. Compared to traditional low-throughput AMO SCS implementations, at 0.8 GSamples/s this design improves the area efficiency by 25× and the energy-efficiency by 2×. This fastest high-precision SCS to date enables a new class of high-throughput mm-wave and base station transmitters that can operate at high area, energy and spectral efficiency.
Inositol uptake in rat aorta.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of inositol uptake into rat thoradic aorta. 3 H-inositol uptake into deendothelialized aorta was linear for at least 2 h and was composed of both a saturable, Na + -dependent, and a nonsaturable, Na + -independent component. The Na + -dependent component of inositol uptake had a K m of 50 μM and a V max of 289 pmol/mg prot/h. Exposure to LiCl, ouabain, or Ca 2+ -free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution inhibited uptake. Metabolic poisoning with dinitrophenol, as well as incubation with phloretin, an inhibitor of carrier-mediated hexose transport, also inhibited uptake. Exposure to norepinephrine decreased inositol uptake, while phorbol myristate acetate was without effect. Isobutylmethylxanthine significantly increased inositol uptake, while the increased uptake due to dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin were not statistically significant. Sodium nitroprusside, an activator of guanylate cyclase, and 8-bromo cyclic GMP, were without effect on uptake, as was methylene blue, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase. Inositol uptake into the aorta was increased when the endothelium was allowed to remain intact, although this effect was likely due to uptake into both the endothelial and smooth muscle cells. These results suggest that the uptake of inositol into vascular smooth muscle is: (1) dependent upon an inward Na + -gradient; (2) carrier mediated, and (3) inhibited by α 1 adrenoceptor agonists.
Measurement of myocardial infarction fraction using single photon emission computed tomography

Although infarct size correlates generally with prognosis after acute myocardial infarction, an absolute measure of infarct size may have differing prognostic significance depending on absolute left ventricular mass. To test the hypothesis that single photon emission computed tomography can accurately measure myocardial infarct size as a percent of total left ventricular mass (“infarction fraction”), thallium-201 and technetium-99m pyrophosphate tomograms were acquired in 21 dogs 24 to 48 hours after fixed occlusion of the left anterior descending or circumflex coronary artery. Pathologic infarct weight was measured as the myocardial mass that showed no staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Scintigraphic infarct mass by technetium-99m pyrophosphate was calculated from the total number of left ventricular volume elements (voxels) demonstrating technetium-99m pyrophosphate uptake x voxel dimension ([0.476 cm] 3 ) × specific gravity of myocardium (1.05 g/cm3). Scintigraphic left ventricular mass was calculated in a similar fashion using an overlay of the thallium-201 and technetium-99m pyrophosphate scans. The “infarction fraction” was calculated as: infarction fraction = infarct mass/left ventricular mass. There was good correlation between single photon emission computed tomography and pathologic measurements of infarct mass (technetium-99m pyrophosphate mass = 1.01 × pathologic infarct mass + 0.96; r = 0.98), left ventricular mass (single photon emission computed tomographic left ventricular mass = 0.60 × pathologic left ventricular mass + 37.4; r = 0.86) and “infarction fraction” (single photon emission computed tomographic infarction fraction = 1.09 × pathologic infarction fraction − 1.7; r = 0.94). In conclusion, single photon emission computed tomography with thallium-201 and technetium-99m pyrophosphate can provide accurate determinations of infarct mass, left ventricular mass and “infarction fraction” in acute canine myocardial infarction.
Response inhibition predicts poor antidepressant treatment response in very old depressed patients.

Objective There have been mixed findings regarding the prognostic significance of age of onset, executive dysfunction, and hyperintensity burden on treatment outcome in late-life depression. Methods Growth curve models were fit to data from the only 8-week, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of citalopram (20–40 mg/day) in patients aged 75 years and older with unipolar depression. Baseline assessment included Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (to determine age at onset), Stroop Color-Word Test (to assess the response inhibition component of execution dysfunction), and structural magnetic resonance imaging (to determine hyperintensity burden). Results In the citalopram condition, patients with response inhibition (most impaired quartile) scored higher at endpoint than those without response inhibition. There were no effects for age of onset or hyperintensity load on response in the citalopram condition. In the placebo condition, patients with early-onset depression had higher depression scores at endpoint than patients with late-onset depression. Conclusion Only response inhibition, a fundamental executive function, predicted poor treatment response to antidepressant medication. Although patients with response inhibition also showed deficits in reaction time, adjusting for reaction time in our final response inhibition model did not substantively change the findings.
A Supramolecular Approach to an Allosteric Catalyst

The design and synthesis of a novel, supramolecular allosteric catalyst system, assembled via the weak-link approach, is presented. The catalyst contains two structural Rh(I) centers in thioether- and phosphine-rich hemilabile pockets, and two functional Cr(III) centers bound within salen-based moieties. The catalytic properties of the supramolecular catalyst are compared to those of a Cr(III)-salen monomeric analogue in the context of the asymmetric ring opening of cyclohexene oxide by TMSN3. Allosteric control is afforded via reactions that occur at distal sites which open the macrocyclic cavity and facilitate the catalytic reaction. Kinetic data show a significant rate increase upon opening of the catalyst's flexible macrocyclic cavity and enhanced selectivity and reactivity with respect to the monomeric Cr(III)-salen analogue. The work presented represents a new approach to the construction of abiotic allosteric catalysts.