cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear attenuation from the interaction between different types of seismic waves and interaction of seismic waves with shallow ambient tectonic stress

Strong seismic waves bring rock into frictional failure at the uppermost few hundred meters. Numerous small fractures slip with the cumulative effect of anelastic strain and nonlinear attenuation; these fractures should not distinguish between remote sources of stress. Still, frictional failure criteria are not evident especially when seismic waves change the normal traction on fractures. We identify three earthquakes as examples where consideration of interaction among dynamic stresses from different wave types and ambient tectonic stress provides theoretical predictions of nonlinear attenuation that are potentially testable with single station seismograms. For example, because Rayleigh waves produce shallow horizontal dynamic tension and compression, frictional failure should preferentially occur on the tensile half-cycle if no shallow tectonic stress is present and on the compressional half-cycle if the tectonic stress is already near thrust-faulting failure. We observed neither effect on records from the 2011 Mw 9.0 Great Tohoku earthquake. However, Rayleigh waves from this event appear to have brought rock beneath MYGH05 station into frictional failure at ∼10 m depth and thus suppressed high-frequency S-waves. The tensile half-cycle of high frequency P-waves reduced normal traction on horizontal planes beneath station IWTH25 during the 2008 Mw 6.9 Iwate-Miyagi earthquake, weakening the rock in shear and suppressing high-frequency S-waves. The near-field velocity pulse from the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake brought the uppermost few hundred meters of granite beneath Lucerne station into frictional failure, suppressing high frequency S-waves. These mildly positive examples support the reality of nonlinear wave interaction, warranting study future strong ground motions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Protection against an intranasal challenge by vaccines formulated with native and recombinant preparations of the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein

To compare the ability of a native and a recombinant preparation of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn; Ct-nMOMP and Ct-rMOMP) to protect against an intranasal (i.n.) challenge, BALB/c mice were vaccinated by the intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes using CpG-1826 and Montanide ISA 720 as adjuvants. Animals inoculated i.n. with live elementary bodies (EB) of Chlamydia served as a positive control. Negative control groups were immunized with either Neisseria gonorrhoeae recombinant porin B (Ng-rPorB) or with minimal essential medium (MEM-0). Mice immunized with Ct-rMOMP, Ct-nMOMP and EB developed a strong immune response as shown by high levels of Chlamydia specific antibodies in serum and a strong T-cell lymphoproliferative response. Following the i.n. challenge with 10(4) inclusion forming units (IFU) of C. trachomatis, mice immunized with Ct-nMOMP or Ct-rMOMP lost significantly less weight than the negative control animals immunized with Ng-rPorB or MEM-0 (P<0.05). However, mice vaccinated with the Ct-nMOMP lost less weight than those immunized with the Ct-rMOMP (P<0.05). Mice were euthanized at 10 days following the challenge, their lungs weighed and the number of IFU of Chlamydia determined. Based on the lung weight and number of IFU recovered, significant protection was observed in the groups of mice immunized with both Ct-nMOMP and the Ct-rMOMP (P<0.05). Nevertheless, significantly better protection was achieved with the Ct-nMOMP in comparison with the Ct-rMOMP (P<0.05). In conclusion, vaccination with a preparation of the nMOMP elicited a more robust protection than immunization with rMOMP, suggesting that the conformational structure of MOMP is critical for inducing strong protection.
Current and potential pulp therapies for primary and young permanent teeth.

Abstract Objectives: This paper aims to alert the dental practitioner to the rapidly evolving therapies for treating the pulps of primary and young permanent teeth. Data sources: Experimental research on animals, clinical studies and case reports. Study selection: Indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, pulpotomies, and pulpectomies are standard procedures for treating primary teeth. However, direct pulp capping, heretofore not very successful, is being revisited. Based on studies in animals and clinical findings in humans, there has been a movement in pediatric dentistry to find alternatives to formocresol and calcium hydroxide for pulpotomy therapy. Venues range from eradication by cautery to the possibility of healing with growth factors. New studies with iodoform paste for pulpectomies are confirming the success rates of previous publications. The new dental adhesives are being tested as agents for direct pulp capping, as well as partial and complete pulptomy protocols. Conclusions: More thought is being given by clinicians to preserving pulp, either through more ambitious indirect pulp therapy or partial pulpotomy. Formocresol and calcium hydroxide pulpotomies, while still popular, may soon be challenged by other chemical treatments, electrocautery or stimulation of reparative dentine by growth factors. Iodoform pastes are promising easier and more successful pulpectomy therapy. Total etch direct bonding materials could soon transform direct pulp capping, as well as partial and complete pulpotomy protocols.
Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines and America's Struggle For Same-Sex Marriage

Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines. By Andrew Koppelman. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. 224p. $35.00. America's Struggle For Same-Sex Marriage. By Daniel R. Pinello. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 213p. $55.00 cloth, $19.99 paper. The landscape of marriage in the United States is changing yet again, driven this time by tensions over the rights of same-sex couples to marry. States across the nation have revisited their laws in recent years to clarify the legal rights and responsibilities of same-sex couples, with widely divergent outcomes. Massachusetts permits same-sex couples to marry, currently the only state to do so. Six other states grant same-sex couples all the state-level rights and benefits of marriage, typically under the name of civil unions. On the flip side, 26 states have amended their constitutions expressly to limit marriage to opposite-sex couples; 17 also bar the establishment or recognition of alternative legal regimes designed to give the substantive rights of marriage to same-sex couples. One additional state, Hawaii, amended its constitution to give the state's legislature the sole ability to decide who may marry, a move that successfully derailed a constitutional challenge to the state's existing marriage regime. The federal government has also gotten into the game. The 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) limits marriage to opposite-sex couples for all federal purposes and authorizes states to opt out of recognizing same-sex marriages validly performed in other jurisdictions.
The Roman Catholic Charismatic Movement and Social Capital in Sub-Saharan Africa

The Roman Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) is a movement within the Catholic Church that has spread from North America and Europe to Africa, Latin America and Asia in the last several decades. Characterized by an emphasis on the power of the Holy Spirit to work through ordinary Christians, the CCR is a lay movement that has sometimes been described as “Pentecostal Catholicism” and has become immensely popular in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Given the different experiences of CCR members with methods of religious practice, involvement in group governance, and interaction with religious authority, how does participation in the CCR affect social, economic, and political attitudes and behavior in the region? Using original data collected by the authors in Kenya and Nigeria we find little evidence to indicate that the CCR is depressing civic engagement or political participation. In fact, we find that the CCR is actually increasing women’s political engagement in Kenya. We also do find evidence to suggest that the CCR is decreasing the social and political significance of ethnic identity, especially in Kenya, and increasing the social and political salience of religious identity.
Cold and carbon dioxide used as multi-hurdle preservation do not induce appearance of viable but non-culturable Listeria monocytogenes.

J . L I , G . L . K O L L I N G , K . R . M A T T H E W S A N D M . L . C H I K I N D A S . 2003. Aims: To study whether the exposure to cold (4� C) and carbon dioxide which results in the elongation of Listeria cells, induces a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Methods and Results: When cold and CO2 stressed L. monocytogenes were observed under a fluorescence microscope, using the LIVE ⁄ DEAD BacLight TM bacteria viability kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA), the healthy, mildly injured, and the putative VBNC cells accounted for 31AE0% of the stressed cell population. By using the selective plate count, 31AE4% of the same stressed cell population was found to be healthy and mildly injured (putative VBNC cells not included). If there were VBNC state cells present, we should have observed a significant difference between the above two numbers. In fact, there was no significant difference between the results obtained from those two methods. Conclusions: There were no VBNC state cells observed in the stressed cell population. We conclude that cold and CO2 do not induce L. monocytogenes to enter a VBNC state. Significance and Impact of the Study: Cold and modified atmospheres are widely used in fresh muscle food and fruit preservation. Whether they would induce L. monocytogenes into a VBNC state is of a great concern for microbial food safety.
Jundi-Shapur, Bimaristans, and the Rise of Academic Medical Centres:

With the exception of the hospital at Jundi-Shapur, hospitals as we now know them probably were not present prior to 400 AD. Prior to this era, the sanatoria and travel lodges of antiquity were either temples or temple annexes, where the infirm were minded by attendant priests.1 Most of the therapy in these sanatoria consisted of prayers and sacrifices to gods such as Asclepius or Imhotep, and cures were attributed to divine intervention.1,2 The treatments in Greek ‘Asclepia’ and Byzantine ‘Nosocomia’ were rendered as a mixture of shamanistic practices and purgative drugs.2 In contrast, treatments at the Jundi-Shapur hospital and later Islamic bimaristans were based on scientific analysis, in true Hippocratic tradition.1 ‘Bimaristan’ is a word of Persian origin meaning ‘location of disease.’ The bimaristan at Jundi-Shapur served as a stepping stone for future advancements in medical care, hospital organization and structure, medical records, physician and pharmacist licensure, and medical education. Under the patronage of the Islamic empire, near- and middle-easterners both preserved ancient knowledge and flourished to blossom into scientific innovators with originality and productivity in their own right. Following the destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258 AD, and Spain's re-conquest in the late 1400s, many Arab and Persian medical contributions were lost to the west until recently.3 This is particularly true in the case of hospitals and medical education. The bimaristans of yore were similar in philosophy, structure and function to contemporary academic medical centres, and served as a model for those to follow in Europe.
Parent Personality Traits and Psychopathology Associated with Antisocial Behaviors in Childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Although a role for family and parent factors in the development of behavioral problems in childhood is often acknowledged, the roles of specific parental characteristics in relation to specific child actions need further elucidation. We studied parental "Big Five" personality traits and psychiatric diagnoses in relation to their children's antisocial diagnoses and naturalistically observed antisocial behaviors, in boys with and without the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). First, regardless of comorbid antisocial diagnosis, boys with ADHD, more often than comparison boys, had mothers with a major depressive episode and/or marked anxiety symptoms in the past year, and fathers with a childhood history of ADHD. Second, compared to the nondiagnosed group, boys with comorbid ADHD + Oppositional Defiant or Conduct Disorder (ODD/CD) had fathers with lower Agreeableness, higher Neuroticism, and more likelihood of having Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Third, regarding linkages between parental characteristics and child externalizing behaviors, higher rates of child overt antisocial behaviors observed in a naturalistic summer program were associated primarily with maternal characteristics, including higher Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, presence of Major Depression, and absence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The association of maternal Neuroticism with child aggression was larger in the ADHD than in the comparison group. In contrast, higher rates of observed child covert antisocial behaviors were associated solely with paternal characteristics, including history of substance abuse and higher Openness. Results provide external validation in parent data for a distinction between overt and covert antisocial behaviors and support inclusion of parent personality traits in family studies. The interaction of maternal Neuroticism and child ADHD in predicting child aggression is interpreted in regard to a conceptualization of child by parent "fit."
Glycolaldehyde Is a Precursor of Pyridoxal Phosphate in Escherichia coli B

Carbon-labeled glycolaldehyde prepared from [14C]serine was used to supply the nutritional requirement of a pyridoxineless auxotroph of Escherichia coli. Pyridoxal phosphate isolated from bacteria so grown was found to have incorporated the radioactive glycolaldehyde with little dilution. The radioactivity which was unincorporated into pyridoxal phosphate was recovered almost entirely in the culture fluid. The results establish for the first time that glycolaldehyde is indeed a natural precursor of pyridoxal phosphate or it is readily converted to such a precursor.
Solvent-enabled photodissociation of CO2- in water clusters

Abstract The photofragmentation of CO 2 - ( H 2 O ) m , m = 3–20 at 355 nm yields two types of anionic products: O − (H 2 O) m − k , 1 ⩽ k ⩽ 3, and CO 2 - ( H 2 O ) m - k , 4 ⩽ k ⩽ 9, depending on the parent cluster size. The O − (H 2 O) m − k fragments, attributed to the dissociation of hydrated CO 2 - , are dominant for m = 3–7, while the water-evaporation products, CO 2 - ( H 2 O ) m - k , take precedence for m = 8–20. The dissociation of CO 2 - is proposed to proceed via a hydration-stabilized excited state, originating from a low-lying CO 2 - resonance. In the evaporation channel, the suggested routes include cluster predissociation, CO 2 - photodissociation/recombination, and charge transfer to solvent.
Observation of molecular rotational bands with a single Fabry-Perot interferometer.

A method is described for using a single Fabry-Perot interferometer to study the emissions from an entire molecular rotation band, not just a single line to determine atmospheric temperature. It is shown that if the effective line spacing of the band to free spectral range is nearly a rational number, the resulting signal is highly temperature sensitive, particularly at low temperatures. It is shown that the finesse of the instrument is not extremely important but that the instrument function must be known very precisely. The method is illustrated with the O2 atmospheric band and an interferometer flown on the Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite.
Hyponatremia: when it rains, it pours!

HYPONATREMIA is a common electrolyte abnormality, with an estimated prevalence of 15–28% of inpatients in the acute care setting. Hyponatremia, or a serum sodium level of ,135 meq/L, is found in patients with a variety of clinical disorders, including cirrhosis, heart failure, surgical irrigation or fluid administration, trauma, and neuroendocrine disorders. It is also associated with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone followed by the administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Shareholder Protection And Forecast Bias

This research explores whether shareholder protection influences analyst optimism and forecast accuracy in a global setting . The first set of empirical results suggests that , as commonly observed in the existing domestic literature, analyst optimism characterizes analysts’ forecasts in the 19 sample countries . Further empirical results provide evidence that analyst forecasts issued in countries with strong shareholder protection laws are less optimistic and more accurate than analyst forecasts published in countries with weak protection laws. It is also observed that analyst forecast is superior to a naive model of no change in earnings. (JEL: G15, G18)
Bioeffects of Long-Term Exposures of Animals

Between 1962 and 1992 at least 10 major studies have been reported in the literature of the United States on the biological effects of long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) spanning a frequency range of 800 to 9270 MHz. Exposure levels in the studies ranged from 0.48 to 100 mW/cm2 with specific absorption rates (SARs) ranging from 0.075 to 45 W/kg. The studies include the work of Prausnitz and Susskind1 on the life span and pathology in mice; Spalding et al.2 on the body weight, activity, hematopoiesis and life span of mice, Preskorn et al.3 on tumor growth and greater longevity in mice after fetal exposure; Guy et al.4 on ocular and physiologic effects in rabbits; McRee et al.5 on hematological and immunological effects in rabbits; Chou et al.6 on body weight, electroencephalogram (EEG), hematology, and morphology in rabbits; Szmigielski et al.7 on development of spontaneous and benzopyrene-induced skin cancer in mice; Chou et al.8 on body weight, food consumption, and hemotological, morphological, chemical, protein electrophoresis and lymphocyte blast transformation parameters in rabbits; Adair et al.9 on metabolic rate, internal body temperature, blood indices, and thermoregulatory behavior in squirrel monkeys; and Chou et al,10 on general health and longevity, serum chemistries, hematological values, protein electrophoretic patterns, thyroxine, plasma corticosterone levels and histopathological patterns in rats. An overview of each one of these studies is given below, followed by a table summarizing the results.
Abstract W P423: Women Perceive Differences in Stroke Prevention Care Based on their Primary Care Physician’s Specialty

BACKGROUND: Women have higher lifetime risk of stroke than men. Many women rely solely on their Ob/Gyn as their PCP; however, there are no data on women’s perceptions of stroke prevention (SP) care by their Ob/Gyn. OBJECTIVES: to explore (1) women’s perceptions of SP based on their PCP’s specialty; (2) if ethnicity or age influenced women’s selection of PCP specialty; and (3) women’s awareness of stroke prevalence and preferences for which type of PCP address their stroke risk factors. METHODS: We administered surveys to 224 women at Ob/Gyn (n = 132) and PCP (n = 94) clinics in Brooklyn, NY. Surveys consisted of 16 questions on patient demographics, awareness of stroke prevalence, stroke risk factors, specialties of physicians they regularly visit, preferences for SP and SP care received. Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare ordinal variables. Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables. RESULTS: We found a difference (p < 0.0001) in the mean age (but not in other demographic variables) of women who only visited an Ob/Gyn (30.0yrs±6.0) compared with those who visited an Ob/Gyn and another PCP (44.2±15.9) and those who visited at least one non-Ob/Gyn PCP (55.7±17.7). Women recalled: BP measurement by Ob/Gyn in 75% vs. 95% by other PCP (p<0.001); cholesterol measurement by Ob/Gyn 24% vs. other PCP 59% (p<0.0001); diabetes screening (p = 0.17) and weight measurement (p = 1.0) were similar. Awareness of stroke prevalence differed (p = 0.04) among women visiting only an Ob/Gyn (mean 0.5±0.7 correct answers), women visiting Ob/Gyn and at least one other PCP (1.0±0.8) and women visiting only a non-Ob/Gyn PCP (1.2±0.8). Women reported a greater preference for addressing SP with their non-Ob/Gyn PCP (73%) vs. their Ob/Gyn (2%) vs. no preference (26%). CONCLUSIONS: Ob/Gyn are perceived to provide less SP care than non-Ob/Gyn PCP. However, most women would prefer to address SP with their non-Ob/Gyn PCP. Women who visit only an Ob/Gyn and no other PCP were younger and less aware of stroke prevalence than women who visited other PCP. This surrogate approach to actual SP care evaluation suggests a need for assessing Ob/Gyn practices in SP.
Interaction forces between ternary lipid bilayers containing cholesterol

Interaction force–distance profiles between substrate-supported membranes composed of equimolar ternary mixtures of unsaturated phosphotidylcholine (PC) lipid, saturated PC lipid, and cholesterol were determined using the surface force apparatus. Both double and single unsaturated PC lipids were studied. In all cases, the membranes were slightly negatively charged, resulting in a weak, long-range electrostatic repulsion. Corroborative atomic force microscopy, zeta potential, and fluorescence microscopy measurements were used to establish that a small level of charged lipid impurities (∼1/400 lipid molecules) were responsible for the repulsive electrostatic interaction between the membranes. At contact, the membranes were adhesive. The magnitude of the adhesion was greater than the van der Waals interaction between pure PC membranes without cholesterol. The enhanced adhesion was primarily attributed to hydrophobic attraction due to the presence of nanoscopic membrane defects which exposed the underlying me...
Online NMR and HPLC as a reaction monitoring platform for pharmaceutical process development.

Detector response is not always equivalent between detectors or instrument types. Factors that impact detector response include molecular structure and detection wavelength. In liquid chromatography (LC), ultraviolet (UV) is often the primary detector; however, without determination of UV response factors for each analyte, chromatographic results are reported on an area percent rather than a weight percent. In extreme cases, response factors can differ by several orders of magnitude for structurally dissimilar compounds, making the uncalibrated data useless for quantitative applications. While impurity reference standards are normally used to calculate UV relative response factors (RRFs), reference standards of reaction mixture components are typically not available during route scouting or in the early stages of process development. Here, we describe an approach to establish RRFs from a single experiment using both online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and LC. NMR is used as a mass detector from which ...
Dynamics of revolving wings for various aspect ratios

High-fidelity, direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are conducted to examine the vortex structure and aerodynamic loading of unidirectionally revolving wings in quiescent fluid. Wings with aspect ratios , 2 and 4 are considered at a fixed root-based Reynolds number of 1000. Each wing is shown to generate a coherent leading-edge vortex (LEV) that remains in close proximity to the surface and provides persistent suction throughout the motion. Towards the tip, the LEV lifts off as an arch-like structure and reorients itself along the chord through its connection with the tip vortex. The substantial and sustained aerodynamic loads achieved during the motion saturate with aspect ratio resulting from the chordwise growth of the LEV along the span eventually becoming geometrically constrained by the trailing edge. Further, for , substructures develop in the feeding sheet of the LEV, which appear to directly correlate with the local, span-based Reynolds number achieved during rotation. The lower-aspect-ratio wings do not have sufficient spans for these transitional elements to manifest. In contrast, vortex breakdown, which occurs around midspan for each aspect ratio, shows a strong dependence on the spanwise pressure gradient established between the root and tip of the wing and not local Reynolds number. This independent development of shear-layer substructures and vortex breakdown parallels very closely with what has been observed in delta wing flow. Next, the centrifugal, Coriolis and pressure gradient forces are also analysed at several spanwise locations across each wing, and the centrifugal and pressure gradient forces are shown to be responsible for the spanwise flow above the wing. The Coriolis force is directed away from the surface at the base of the LEV, indicating that it is not a contributor to LEV attachment, which is contrary to previous hypotheses. Finally, as a means of emphasizing the importance of the centrifugal force on LEV attachment, the wing is simulated with the addition of a source term in the governing equations to oppose and eliminate the centrifugal force near the surface. The initial formation and development of the LEV is unhindered by the absence of this force; however, later in the motion, the outboard lift-off of the LEV moves inboard. Without the opposing outboard-directed centrifugal force to keep the separation past midspan, the entire vortex eventually separates and moves away from the surface.
304 CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION INCREASES ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY IN THE LUNG.

Purpose Chronic ethanol (EtOH) ingestion increases the incidence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of acute lung injury. Based on previous evidence that chronic EtOH stimulation increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity in pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro, we hypothesize that chronic EtOH ingestion would increase lung eNOS expression and activity in a well-established rat model of chronic EtOH ingestion. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed liquid diets containing EtOH (36% of calories) or maltose-dextrin as an isocaloric substitution for EtOH (control) for 6 weeks. Selected animals were also treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril (3 mg/L) for 6 weeks. Lung tissue was prepared for analysis of H 2 O 2 production, NOS activity, cGMP production, eNOS expression, and eNOS interactions with its regulatory proteins. Results Compared with control rats, H 2 O 2 production, eNOS expression, lungNOS activity, and cGMP levels were significantly increased in EtOH-treated rats, effects attenuated by lisinopril. Chronic EtOH ingestion also increased lung levels of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) while having no effect on caveolin 1 expression, and in co-immunoprecipitation studies decreased caveolin 1-eNOS interactions while having no effect on hsp90-eNOS interaction. Conclusions These results indicate that chronic EtOH ingestion increases lung eNOS expression and activity. The increased eNOS activity appears related in part to EtOH-induced alterations in the interaction of eNOS with regulatory proteins. Along with our previous reports, these findings provide new insight into mechanisms by which EtOH ingestion alters cell function in vivo and implicates EtOH-mediated increases in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as important mediators.
Attributing Atmospheric Methane to Anthropogenic Emission Sources

Methane is a greenhouse gas, and increases in atmospheric methane concentration over the past 250 years have driven increased radiative forcing of the atmosphere. Increases in atmospheric methane concentration since 1750 account for approximately 17% of increases in radiative forcing of the atmosphere, and that percentage increases by approximately a factor of 2 if the effects of the greenhouse gases produced by the atmospheric reactions of methane are included in the assessment. Because of the role of methane emissions in radiative forcing of the atmosphere, the identification and quantification of sources of methane emissions is receiving increased scientific attention. Methane emission sources include biogenic, geogenic, and anthropogenic sources; the largest anthropogenic sources are natural gas and petroleum systems, enteric fermentation (livestock), landfills, coal mining, and manure management. While these source categories are well-known, there is significant uncertainty in the relative magnitudes of methane emissions from the various source categories. Further, the overall magnitude of methane emissions from all anthropogenic sources is actively debated, with estimates based on source sampling extrapolated to regional or national scale ("bottom-up analyses") differing from estimates that infer emissions based on ambient data ("top-down analyses") by 50% or more. To address the important problem of attribution of methane to specific sources, a variety of new analytical methods are being employed, including high time resolution and highly sensitive measurements of methane, methane isotopes, and other chemical species frequently associated with methane emissions, such as ethane. This Account describes the use of some of these emerging measurements, in both top-down and bottom-up methane emission studies. In addition, this Account describes how data from these new analytical methods can be used in conjunction with chemical mass balance (CMB) methods for source attribution. CMB methods have been developed over the past several decades to quantify sources of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and atmospheric particulate matter. These emerging capabilities for making measurements of methane and species coemitted with methane, rapidly, precisely, and at relatively low cost, used together with CMB methods of source attribution can lead to a better understanding of methane emission sources. Application of the CMB approach to source attribution in the Barnett Shale oil and gas production region in Texas demonstrates both the importance of extensive and simultaneous source testing in the region being analyzed and the potential of CMB method to quantify the relative strengths of methane emission sources.
Design and implementation of a semi-autonomous waste segregation robot

Recycling is the process of collecting waste materials and processing it into new products. Identification of recyclable waste is the first stage of recycling. The objective of this project is to design a robot (Recyclebot) that automatically segregates recyclable and non-recyclable waste and to create awareness among people about the benefits of recycling. The Recyclebot system comprises of different modules for navigation, image acquisition, image processing and human-machine interface. It is mounted with two waste-bins on its either side to classify recyclable and non-recyclable materials and has a camera on the top. It uses image processing to analyze the object against its database and direct it towards the corresponding waste-bin using linear actuators.
Protocols to Assess Coagulation Following In Vitro Infection with Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

During the course of infection with a hemorrhagic fever virus (HFV), the checks and balances associated with normal coagulation are perturbed resulting in hemorrhage in severe cases and, in some patients, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC). While many HFVs have animal models that permit the analyses of systemic coagulopathy, animal infection models do not exist for all HFVs and moreover do not always recapitulate the pathology observed in human tissues. Furthermore, molecular analyses of how coagulation is affected are not always straightforward or practical when using ex-vivo animal-derived samples, thus reinforcing the importance of cell culture studies. This chapter highlights procedures utilizing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a model system to evaluate components of the intrinsic (prekallikrein (PK), factor XII (FXII), kininogen, and bradykinin (BK)) and extrinsic (Tissue Factor (TF)) systems. Specifically, protocols are included for the generation of a coculture blood vessel model, plating and infection of HUVEC monolayers and assays designed to measure activation of PK and FXII, cleavage of kininogen, and to measure the expression of TF mRNA and protein.
Immunogenic cross-talk between dengue and Zika viruses

At least five recent papers have shown an unexpected antigenic relationship between Zika and dengue viruses, with potential implications for vaccines and therapeutics.
Nonlinear Multivariable Decoupling PID Control Using Neural Networks

A nonlinear multivariable decoupling PID controller is derived from generalized minimum variance control law, which consists of a PID controller with decoupling design and a feedforward compensator for the unmodeled dynamics. Then a nonlinear multivariable decoupling PID control algorithm using neural networks is proposed. By using neural networks online estimating and compensating the unmodeled dynamics, the proposed algorithm has the adaptive capability to the variations of both parameters and structure of the process. Under some assumptions, it is proved that all the signals in the closed-loop system are globally bounded and the tracking error can be made less than any specified constant over a compact set by properly choosing the structures parameters of neural networks. Simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm
Multilayered metal-insulator nanocavities: toward tunable multi-resonance nano-devices for integrated optics

Plasmonic nanocavities can control light flows and enhance light-mater interactions at subwavelength scale, and thus can potentially be used as nanoscale components in integrated optics systems either for passive optical coupling, or for active optical modulation and emission. In this work, we investigated a new type of multilayered metal-insulator optical nanocavities that can support multiple localized plasmon resonances with ultra-small mode volumes. The total number of resonance peaks and their resonance wavelengths can be freely and accurately controlled by simple geometric design rules. Multi-resonance plasmonic nanocavities can serve as a nanoscale wavelength-multiplexed optical components in integrated optics systems, such as optical couplers, light emitters, nanolasers, optical sensors, and optical modulators.
seqFISH Accurately Detects Transcripts in Single Cells and Reveals Robust Spatial Organization in the Hippocampus

We recently applied multiplexed seqFISH to profile expressions of hundreds of genes at the single-cell level in situ (Shah et al., 2016) and provided a map of spatial heterogeneity within each subregion, reconciling previously contradictory descriptions of CA1 at lower spatial resolutions. The accompanying Matters Arising paper from Cembrowski and Spruston questions the spatial organization described for CA1 and raise concerns that the results were determined only by high expression, non-barcoded genes. In response, we show that the same robust spatial structure is observed when only lower average abundance genes measured by barcoded seqFISH are used. In fact, many genes with low average abundance are informative of cell states because they can be expressed strongly in specific subpopulation of cells. Our discussion highlights the importance of single-cell in situ analysis in resolving cellular and spatial heterogeneities otherwise lost in population-averaged measurements. This Matters Arising Response paper addresses the Cembrowski and Spruston (2017) Matters Arising paper, published concurrently in this issue of Neuron.
The Relationship of Social Engagement and Social Support With Sense of Community.

Background We aimed to investigate the relationship of engagement in social and cognitive activities and social support with the sense of community (SOC) and its components among older Chinese Americans. Methods The Sense of Community Index (SCI) was used to measure SOC and its four component factors: membership, influence, needs fulfillment, and emotional connection. Social engagement was assessed with 16 questions. Social support included positive support and negative strain. Principal component analysis was used to identify the SCI components. Linear regression analysis was used to detect the contribution of social engagement and social support to SOC and its components. Results After controlling for sociodemographics and self-rated health, social activity engagement and positive social support were positively related to SOC and its components. Conclusions This study points to the importance of social activity engagement and positive support from family and friends in increasing the sense of community.
Development of moisture absorber based on hydrophilic membrane mass exchanger and alkoxylated siloxane liquid desiccant

Abstract By using small, decentralized liquid desiccant dehumidification combined with radiant panels or other low exergy chiller technologies large amounts of energy can be saved. This study builds off previous work characterizing a novel liquid desiccant system using a vapor permeable Pebax® membrane in conjunction with an alkoxylated siloxane liquid desiccant. Previous work addresses the chemical viability of the membrane/desiccant pair to produce dehumidified air by leveraging partial pressure differences as well as the full scale adaptation including pumping and regeneration costs. This study considers the overall heat and mass exchange of such a system, from initial kinetics experimentation through scaling the system up to dehumidify air at building-level flow rates, and develops a 3D printed prototype mass exchanger element for kinetic optimization. The results show further progress in the development of novel mixing stages to maintain good kinetics for water vapor removal from the air stream.
Biomimetic Total Synthesis of (±)-Griffipavixanthone via a Cationic Cycloaddition–Cyclization Cascade

We report the concise, biomimetic total synthesis of the dimeric, Diels–Alder natural product griffipavixanthone from a readily accessible prenylated xanthone monomer. The key step utilizes a novel intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition–cyclization cascade between a vinyl p-quinone methide and an in situ generated isomeric diene promoted by either Lewis or Bronsted acids. Experimental and computational studies of the reaction pathway suggest that a stepwise, cationic Diels–Alder cycloaddition is operative.
Together Eating & Activity Matters (TEAM): results of a pilot randomized-clinical trial of a spousal support weight loss intervention for Black men.

Objectives The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility, participation, preliminary efficacy and retention in a couples-based weight loss intervention among Black men. Design setting participants Two-arm pilot randomized clinical trial in an academic clinical setting. Forty self-identified Black men and their female cohabitating partners (n = 80) aged 18 to 65 years with body mass index from 25 to 45 kg/m2 were randomized using computer generated tables to allocate treatments. Intervention Participants were randomized to a standard behavioural weight loss (Standard) programme or the Standard programme plus partner involvement (Enhanced). Both interventions focused on calorie reduction, physical activity and self-monitoring to facilitate weight loss. Enhanced included couples skills training and couple's communication components. Main outcome and measures Changes in weight from baseline to 3 months among men. Partner weight loss (secondary). Results Forty Black couples (men mean [SD] age, 47.4[11] years; body mass index, 35.0[6.1]), were recruited. Retention was 100% of the men and 98% of female partners. Attendance at group sessions was 63-73%. Between groups, mean (SD) weight changes among men were -3.4[.04] and -4.7[5.9] kg (p = 0.57) and among women -0.23[4.46] and -2.47[3.62] kg (p = 0.09), in the standard and enhanced groups. Conclusions Weight losses from an intervention enhanced by partner involvement and an intervention with no partner involvement were not different. Treatment choice can be based on preference rather than outcome as both treatments are effective in producing clinically significant percent weight loss.Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT02458053.
Context-aware feature query to improve the prediction performance

The decision to select which features to use and query can be effectively addressed based on the available features or context. This paper presents a novel approach based on denoising autoencoders and sensitivity analysis in neural networks to efficiently query for unknown features given the context. In this setting, a denoising autoencoder is responsible for handling unknown features. On the other hand, the sensitivity of output predictions with respect to each unknown feature is used as a measure of feature importance. We evaluated the suggested method on human activity recognition and handwritten digit recognition tasks. According to the results, using the proposed method can reduce the number of extracted features in these datasets by approximately 70% and 60%, respectively. This reduction in the number of required features can be crucially important in mobile and battery-powered IoT systems as it reduces the amount of required data acquisition and computational load substantially.
The History and Impact of the CNO Cycles in Nuclear Astrophysics

The carbon cycle, or Bethe-Weizsacker cycle, plays an important role in astrophysics as one of the most important energy sources for quiescent and explosive hydrogen burning in stars. This paper presents the intellectual and historical background of the idea of the correlation between stellar energy production and the synthesis of the chemical elements in stars on the example of this cycle. In particular, it addresses the contributions of Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker and Hans Bethe, who provided the first predictions of the carbon cycle. Further, the experimental verification of the predicted process as it developed over the following decades is discussed, as well as the extension of the initial carbon cycle to the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) multi-cycles and the hot CNO cycles. This development emerged from the detailed experimental studies of the associated nuclear reactions over more than seven decades. Finally, the impact of the experimental and theoretical results on our present understanding of hydrogen burning in different stellar environments is presented, as well as the impact on our understanding of the chemical evolution of our universe.
Accelerated Acoustic Boundary Element Method and the Noise Generation of an Idealized School of Fish

A transient, two-dimensional acoustic boundary element solver is developed using double-layer potentials accelerated by the fast multiple method for application to multibody, external field problems. The formulation is validated numerically against canonical radiation and scattering configurations of single and multiple bodies, and special attention is given to assessing model error. The acoustic framework is applied to model the vortex sound generation of schooling fish encountering 2S and 2P classes of vortex streets. Vortex streets of fixed identity are moved rectilinearly in a quiescent fluid past representative schools of two-dimensional fish, which are composed of four stationary NACA0012 airfoils arranged in a diamond pattern. The induced velocity on the fish-like bodies determines the time-dependent input boundary condition for the acoustic method to compute the sound observed in the acoustic far field. The resulting vortex noise is examined as a function of Strouhal number, where a maximum acoustic intensity is found for \(St \approx 0.2\), and an acoustic intensity plateau is observed for swimmers in the range of \(0.3< St < 0.4\). In the absence of background mean flow effects, numerical results further suggest that the value of Strouhal number can shift the acoustic directivity of an idealized school in a vortex wake to radiate noise in either upstream or downstream directions, which may have implications for the the study of predator-prey acoustic field interactions and the design of quiet bio-inspired underwater devices.
The Effect of FDA Drug Safety Communications on Patterns of Tiotropium Dispensing: A U.S. Health Plan Claims Database Study.

BACKGROUND: The FDA issued 2 main drug safety communications (DSCs) on the cardiovascular safety of tiotropium in March 2008 (warning of a potential increased stroke risk) and January 2010 (informi...
Disseminated histoplasmosis mimicking relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Histoplasma microconidia when inhaled are presented in antigenic form to T cells, limiting the extent of infection; however, defects in cellular immunity results in disseminated disease. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder resulting in functionally impaired lymphocytes, predisposing patients to various opportunistic infections. The author reports a recently treated patient with CLL presenting with constitutional symptoms accompanied by hepatosplenomegaly and diffuse adenopathy. Considering the recent diagnosis and treatment of CLL, initial suspicion was relapsed disease. However, considering the immune deficiency associated with CLL and its treatment, infectious aetiologies were strongly considered. Further investigation revealed a case of disseminated histoplasmosis mimicking CLL in this reported patient. Considering appropriate diagnosis and timely therapy, the reported patient had good prognosis despite being diagnosed with disseminated histoplasmosis. This case highlights consideration of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients presenting with diffuse adenopathy along with hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly in the right clinical setting.
Commentary: Understanding Research, Policy, and Practice Issues in Adoption Instability:

Our commentary highlights the authors’ conceptual and empirical contributions for understanding the incidence and dynamics of varying types of adoption breakdowns and their impact on adopted youth ...
Immunodiagnosis Detection of Antigens in Body Fluids

Rapid, sensitive methods have been developed to detect antigens which appear in body fluids during infections due to a wide variety of infectious agents. Antigens that are currently detectable include those of hepatitis B surface antigen, dengue, coxsackie A, and rotavirus; the capsular polysaccharides of Hemophilus influenzae types a–f, pneumococci of many types. Neisseria meningitidis groups A, B, C, and Y, Klebsiella of many types, Escherichia coli strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae), Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptococcus neoformans; antigen from Rickettsia prowazekii; and endotoxin. The purpose of this chapter is to review the newer methods of antigen detection, the problems associated with their use, their application in various clinical situations, and potential areas of future application. Specifically, the methods to be discussed include the precipitin tube test; countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE); agglutination tests, including latex agglutination (LA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and passive hemagglutination (PHA); the radioimmunoassay tests (RIA); the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and the limulus lysate test (LT). Table 1 shows which tests have been applied to each of the above antigens. None of these tests requires the presence of living or whole-killed infectious agents for the detection of antigen in body fluids. Staining, quellung, agglutination, and fluorescent labeling of whole organisms free in body fluids or attached to cells are not the subjects of this chapter. Since the complement-fixation test is rarely used, it will only be referred to in the discussion of other methods.