cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depreciation-Related Capital Gains, Differential Tax Rates, and the Market Value of Real Estate Investment Trusts

We develop a model for valuing U.S. real estate investment trusts (REITs) that considers the tax liability impounded in REITs’ property portfolios. This liability is a function of the portfolio’s accumulated depreciation and is driven by different tax rates applied to individual components of the total gain from property sales. These two components are the capital gain resulting from the sale of property at a price higher than its cost and the gain due to the recapture of depreciation taken during the use of the property. Our measure of value is the REIT’s net asset liquidation value (NALV). The metric of REIT value currently used by analysts is a REIT’s net asset value (NAV), but a REIT’s NAV will always be greater than the NALV and therefore overestimate market value, all else equal. Finally, using observed market prices for REITs, we provide evidence that NALVs give superior estimates of REIT market prices than do NAVs.
Temporal partitioning of cardiac metabolism by the cardiomyocyte circadian clock.

New Findings What is the topic of this review? This review highlights temporal partitioning of cardiac metabolism by the cardiomyocyte circadian clock. What advances does it highlight? Advances include: 1) cardiac glucose utilization peaks during the active period to meet increased energetic demands at this time; 2) synthesis of glycogen and triglyceride peak in the heart during the latter half of the active period, likely in anticipation of the upcoming sleep/fasting period; and 3) protein turnover increases in the heart at the beginning of the sleep phase, probably to promote growth and repair at this time. Cell-autonomous circadian clocks have emerged as crucial mediators of 24 h rhythms in cellular processes. In doing so, these molecular timekeepers confer the selective advantage of anticipation, allowing cells and organs to prepare for stimuli and stresses before their onset. The heart is subjected to dramatic fluctuations in energetic demand and nutrient supply in association with sleep–wake and fasting–feeding cycles. Recent studies suggest that the cardiomyocyte circadian clock orchestrates daily rhythms in both oxidative and non-oxidative glucose and fatty acid metabolism, as well as protein turnover. Here, I review this evidence and discuss whether disruption of these rhythms can contribute to cardiovascular disease.
Context Assumptions for Threat Assessment Systems

Decision support systems enable users to quickly assess data, but they require significant resources to develop and are often relevant to limited domains. This chapter identifies the implicit assumptions that require contextual analysis for decision support systems to be effective for providing a relevant threat assessment. The impacts of the design and user assumptions are related to intelligence errors and intelligence failures that come from a misrepresentation of context. The intent of this chapter is twofold. The first is to enable system users to characterize trust using the decision support system by establishing the context of the decision. The second is to show technology designers how their design decisions impact system integration and usability. We organize the contextual information for threat analysis by categorizing six assumptions: (1) specific problem, (2) acquirable data, (3) use of context, (4) reproducible analysis, (5) actionable intelligence, and (6) quantifiable decision making. The chapter concludes with a quantitative example of context assessment for threat analysis.
CAN ARTHRODIATASIS AFFECT THE NATURAL COURSE IN PERTHES' DISEASE

Aim To evaluate the influence of arthrodiatasis in the natural history of the stages of the disease radiologically and also the timing of arthrodiatasis. Materials and methods 44 patients with Perthes9 disease that had articulated hip distraction were radiologically evaluated. We assessed these based on Joseph9s modified Elizabethtown classification before, during and soon after distraction. Other parameters used were the application of common radiological grading systems and other features. Results 13 were operated before Stage 2b or before late fragmentation. Of these 10 skipped one or more stage/s during distraction or within one month from distractor removal. This phenomenon was not observed in any of the 28 patients who had the distractor put on during late fragmentation or later. However, these 28 patients had some enhancement in reossification. 3 patients had adolescent onset with destructive type in 2 and segmental collapse type in 1 where stages are not clearly seen. We also noticed that the late onset presenters with subluxation did show improvement of their subluxation and contractures. Application of the Herring and Salter–Thompson classifications could not be universally used as they were in different stages of the disease and due to incomplete frog leg views. Conclusions Timing of surgery in the early stages of the disease appears to affect the natural evolution of the disease process by skipping the stage of fragmentation. This corroborates with Joseph9s paper on osteotomies. This is an early observational study and based on this hypothesis a prospective study with clinical outcomes will follow.
Roman Artisans and the Urban Economy

This book offers the first comprehensive study of economic conditions and economic life in Roman cities during the late Republic and early Empire. By employing a sophisticated methodology based upon comparative evidence and contemporary economic theory, the author develops interlocking arguments about the relationship between four key attributes of urban economic life in Roman antiquity: the nature and magnitude of consumer demand; the structure of urban labour markets; the strategies devised by urban artisans in their efforts to navigate their social and economic environments; and the factors that served to limit both the overall performance of the Roman economy, and its potential for intensive growth. While the author's methodology and conclusions will be of particular interest to specialists in economic history, other readers will profit from his discussion of topics such as slavery and manumission, the economic significance of professional associations, and the impact of gender on economic behaviour.
Enhancing the Psychology Curriculum Through Service Learning

Educators in psychology should aspire to encourage students’ holistic growth in academic, personal, and civic domains. We propose that service learning is the most potent pedagogy for developing well-rounded, psychologically literate citizens capable of meeting the goals for the undergraduate psychology major. This article defines service learning, delineates the rationales for service learning, and summarizes research demonstrating the efficacy of this pedagogical approach. The article also describes the learning objectives derived from the American Psychological Association Guidelines for the Undergraduate Major (Version 2.0, 2013), with an emphasis on the ways in which service learning contributes to academic learning, civic learning, and personal growth. Finally, the article illustrates the four types of service learning, and it provides a concrete example for structuring reflection in order to connect community experiences with course content in a service learning psychology course.
THE MINI-ANTERIOR APPROACH: OPTIMISES THA OUTCOME – OPPOSES

There has been great enthusiasm over the last few years for the mini-anterior, or, the Direct Anterior (DA) approach. As the title of this session suggests there is a perception that there are features of this approach that result in an unusually rapid recovery with “early” return to a high level of function. There have also been claims of improved implant placement and limb length restoration. This is presumably a result of the use of intra-operative imaging. When originally described, it was stated that the DA permitted THA “without cutting any tendons.” The implication was that the alleged unique recovery was due to this particular feature. Over the last decade I have used a trans-gluteal, direct posterior (DP) approach. Incision into the ITB is not required and quadratus femoris is preserved. The conjoined tendon, occasionally the piriformis, and rarely the obturator externus are released. Over the last 5 years I have used intra-operative digital radiography to guide the procedure. A review of published DA results indicates at least clinical equivalence with the DP. Recent publications describing DA technique acknowledge that it is required, in most cases, to release conjoined tendon, and possibly piriformis. Personal communication with DA practitioners suggests even more “posterior release” is required. I will illustrate that the DP is a very close anatomic equivalent of the DA. It is therefore the handling of critical anatomic structures along with the use of image guidance that optimise outcome in THA and not mini-anterior or DA exclusively.
Does Forecast Bias Affect Financial Analysts’ Market Influence?

Prior studies find that analysts tend to bias their forecasts upward in poor information environments and downward in rich information environments, consistent with attempts to curry favor with management. We find that investors anticipate this behavior by reducing their response to upward forecasts in poor information environments and downward forecasts in rich information environments. Using Hugon and Muslu’s measure of analyst conservatism as an ex ante indicator of individual analysts’ forecast bias tendencies, we show that the stronger return response they find to conservative analysts’ forecast revisions is restricted to poor information environments, where optimistic analyst bias is prevalent. Our results suggest that analysts pay a price in market influence when their forecasts reinforce analysts’ typical forecast bias for the firm’s information environment. Conversely, analysts whose forecasts conflict with the typical bias for the firm are rewarded with larger than average return responses.
Metacoder: An R package for visualization and manipulation of community taxonomic diversity data

Community-level data, the type generated by an increasing number of metabarcoding studies, is often graphed as stacked bar charts or pie graphs that use color to represent taxa. These graph types do not convey the hierarchical structure of taxonomic classifications and are limited by the use of color for categories. As an alternative, we developed metacoder, an R package for easily parsing, manipulating, and graphing publication-ready plots of hierarchical data. Metacoder includes a dynamic and flexible function that can parse most text-based formats that contain taxonomic classifications, taxon names, taxon identifiers, or sequence identifiers. Metacoder can then subset, sample, and order this parsed data using a set of intuitive functions that take into account the hierarchical nature of the data. Finally, an extremely flexible plotting function enables quantitative representation of up to 4 arbitrary statistics simultaneously in a tree format by mapping statistics to the color and size of tree nodes and edges. Metacoder also allows exploration of barcode primer bias by integrating functions to run digital PCR. Although it has been designed for data from metabarcoding research, metacoder can easily be applied to any data that has a hierarchical component such as gene ontology or geographic location data. Our package complements currently available tools for community analysis and is provided open source with an extensive online user manual.
JOINT PRESERVATION: APPRECIATING THE PATHOLOGIES

The majority of patients who develop hip arthritis have a mechanical abnormality of the joint. The structural abnormalities range from instability (DDH) to impingement. Impingement leads to osteoarthritis by chronic damage to the acetabular labrum and adjacent cartilage. In situations of endstage secondary DJD, hip arthroplasty is the most reliable treatment choice. In young patients with viable articular cartilage, joint salvage is indicated. Treatment should be directed at resolving the structural abnormalities that create the impingement. Femoral abnormalities corrected by osteotomy or increased head-neck offset by chondro-osteoplasty creating a satisfactory head-neck offset. This can safely be done via anterior surgical dislocation or arthroscopically. The acetabular-labral lesions can be debrided and/or repaired. Acetabular abnormalities should be corrected by “reverse” PAO in those with acetabular retroversion or anterior acetabular debridement in those with satisfactory posterior coverage and a damaged anterior rim. Often combinations of the above are indicated.
Self-assembly of shapes at constant scale using repulsive forces

The algorithmic self-assembly of shapes has been considered in several models of self-assembly. For the problem of shape construction, we consider an extended version of the Two-Handed Tile Assembly Model (2HAM), which contains positive (attractive) and negative (repulsive) interactions. As a result, portions of an assembly can become unstable and detach. In this model, we utilize fuel-efficient computation to perform Turing machine simulations for the construction of the shape. In this paper, we show how an arbitrary shape can be constructed using an asymptotically optimal number of distinct tile types (based on the shape’s Kolmogorov complexity). We achieve this at O(1) scale factor in this straightforward model, whereas all previous results with sublinear scale factors utilize powerful self-assembly models containing features such as staging, tile deletion, chemical reaction networks, and tile activation/deactivation. Furthermore, the computation and construction in our result only creates constant-size garbage assemblies as a byproduct of assembling the shape.
Controlling turbulent drag across electrolytes using electric fields

Reversible in operando control of friction is an unsolved challenge that is crucial to industrial tribology. Recent studies show that at low sliding velocities, this control can be achieved by applying an electric field across electrolyte lubricants. However, the phenomenology at high sliding velocities is yet unknown. In this paper, we investigate the hydrodynamic friction across electrolytes under shear beyond the transition to turbulence. We develop a novel, highly parallelised numerical method for solving the coupled Navier–Stokes Poisson–Nernst–Planck equation. Our results show that turbulent drag cannot be controlled across dilute electrolytes using static electric fields alone. The limitations of the Poisson–Nernst–Planck formalism hint at ways in which turbulent drag could be controlled using electric fields.
Online Convex Optimization with Unconstrained Domains and Losses

We propose an online convex optimization algorithm (RescaledExp) that achieves optimal regret in the unconstrained setting without prior knowledge of any bounds on the loss functions. We prove a lower bound showing an exponential separation between the regret of existing algorithms that require a known bound on the loss functions and any algorithm that does not require such knowledge. RescaledExp matches this lower bound asymptotically in the number of iterations. RescaledExp is naturally hyperparameter-free and we demonstrate empirically that it matches prior optimization algorithms that require hyperparameter optimization.
Recursive equilibrium in Krusell and Smith (1998)

Abstract This paper uses the tools developed in the literature on dynamically incomplete markets with finite agents to study the large economy with a continuum of agents and both aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks in Krusell and Smith (1998) . It establishes the existence of sequential competitive equilibrium, generalized recursive equilibrium, recursive equilibrium with an extended-state space, and characterizes several important properties of the equilibrium variables. The equilibrium process admits an ergodic measure, which enables the application of the ergodic theorem for simulating and calibrating the model. Without aggregate shocks, the existence and some characterization results carry over to economies with only idiosyncratic shocks such as Huggett (1997) 's economy. However, the existence of recursive equilibrium with the natural minimal state space in Krusell and Smith 's economy remains elusive, as in finite-agent incomplete markets economies.
A deep learning approach to multiple kernel fusion

Kernel fusion is a popular and effective approach for combining multiple features that characterize different aspects of data. Traditional approaches for Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) attempt to learn the parameters for combining the kernels through sophisticated optimization procedures. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach that creates dense embeddings for data using the kernel similarities and adopts a deep neural network architecture for fusing the embeddings. In order to improve the effectiveness of this network, we introduce the kernel dropout regularization strategy coupled with the use of an expanded set of composition kernels. Experiment results on a real-world activity recognition dataset show that the proposed architecture is effective in fusing kernels and achieves state-of-the-art performance.
A cost minimization approach to edge detection using simulated annealing

The authors cast edge detection as a problem in cost minimization. This is achieved by the formulation of a cost function that evaluates the quality of edge configurations. The function is a linear sum of weighted cost factors. The cost factors capture desirable characteristics of edges such as accuracy in localization, thinness, and continuity. Edges are detected by finding the edge configurations that minimize the cost function. The authors give a mathematical description of edges and analyze the cost function in terms of the characteristics of the edges in minimum cost configurations. Through the analysis, guidelines are provided on the choice of weights to achieve certain characteristics of the detected edges. The cost function is minimized by the simulated annealing method. A set of strategies is presented for generating candidate states and to devise a suitable temperature schedule. >
Conjugacy growth series for wreath product finitary symmetric groups

In recent work, Bacher and de la Harpe define and study conjugacy growth series for finitary permutation groups. In two subsequent papers, Cotron, Dicks, and Fleming study the congruence properties of some of these series. We define a new family of conjugacy growth series for the finitary alternating wreath product that are related to sums of modular forms of integer and half-integral weights, the so-called mixed weight modular forms. The previous works motivate the study of congruences for these series. We prove that congruences exist modulo powers of all primes $$p \ge 5$$ p ≥ 5 . Furthermore, we lay out a method for studying congruence properties for sums of mixed weight modular forms in general.
A robust adaptive law for l/sup 1+/spl alpha// modeling errors

A new adaptive parameter update law is proposed for discrete-time model reference adaptive control to ensure robustness with respect to l/sup 1+/spl alpha// (1/spl les//spl alpha/</spl infin/) parameter variations and disturbances in the sense that all closed-loop signals are bounded and the tracking error belongs to l/sup 1+/spl alpha// (/spl alpha//spl les//spl alpha/~</spl infin/) and converges to zero asymptotically.
Formal Performance Guarantees for Behavior-Based Localization Missions

Localization and mapping algorithms can allow a robot to navigate well in an unknown environment. However, whether such algorithms enhance any specific robot mission is currently a matter for empirical validation. In this paper we apply our MissionLab/VIPARS mission design and verification approach to an autonomous robot mission that uses probabilistic localization software. Two approaches to modeling probabilistic localization for verification are presented: a high-level approach, and a sample-based approach which allows run-time code to be embedded in verification. Verification and experimental validation results are presented for two different missions, each using each method, demonstrating the accuracy of verification, and both are compared with verification of an odometry-only mission, to show the mission-specific benefit of localization.
Extended cut-off wavelength nBn detector utilizing InAsSb/InSb digital alloy absorber

We investigated a novel approach to extend a cut-off wavelength of Sb-based nBn detectors. We incorporated a series of single InSb monolayer into InAsSb bulk that allowed to realize a digital alloy absorber with an extended cut-off wavelength of λ = 4.6 μm at T = 200 K. The cut-off wavelength extension to 4.6μm is technologically important for realization of detectors covering CO2 absorption line at 4.26μm.
Open Design 3D-Printable Adjustable Micropipette that Meets the ISO Standard for Accuracy

Scientific communities are drawn to the open source model as an increasingly utilitarian method to produce and share work. Initially used as a means to develop freely-available software, open source projects have been applied to hardware including scientific tools. Increasing convenience of 3D printing has fueled the proliferation of open labware projects aiming to develop and share designs for scientific tools that can be produced in-house as inexpensive alternatives to commercial products. We present our design of a micropipette that is assembled from 3D-printable parts and some hardware that works by actuating a disposable syringe to a user-adjustable limit. Graduations on the syringe are used to accurately adjust the set point to the desired volume. Our open design printed micropipette is assessed in comparison with a commercial pipette and meets the ISO 8655 standards.
PRE-OPERATIVE PLANNING: AVOIDING CHAOS

Revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can pose significant challenges. Successful reconstruction requires a systematic approach with the ultimate goal being a well fixed and balanced knee prosthesis. Careful preoperative planning is necessary for safe exposure, component removal, and appropriate management of bone loss during revision knee surgery. Prior to surgery, the cause of failure must be understood. Revision TKA without a clear diagnosis has been shown to lead to predictable poor results. A careful history and physical examination for both intrinsic and extrinsic causes of knee pain need to be performed. An ESR and C-reactive protein should be obtained in every patient with a painful TKA and in cases of serologic abnormalities, a joint aspiration performed. The integrity of the collateral ligaments and the degree of anticipated bone loss at the time of revision needs to be established. In cases of severe collateral ligament deficiency, the need for constrained or hinged knee implants should be anticipated. Plain radiographs are needed to evaluate present component position, loosening, and osteolysis. Oblique radiographs and advanced imaging (i.e. CT or MRI) have been shown to more accurately quantify the severity of lysis compared to standard radiographs. This careful assessment can help prepare for the need of special implants, stems, wedges, or augments. Finally, patient risk stratification and medical co-management can help minimise complications following revision TKA. Optimization of potentially modifiable risk factors such as glycemic control, BMI, and preoperative hemoglobin can reduce perioperative morbidity and complications.
What is a system of parameters

In this paper we discuss various refinements and generalizations of a theorem of Sankar Dutta and Paul Roberts. Their theorem gives a criterion for d elements in a d-dimensional Noetherian Cohen-Macaulay local ring to be a system of parameters, i.e., to have height d. We chiefly remove the assumption that the ring be Cohen-Macaulay and discuss similar theorems.
A Faster Implementation of the Pivot Algorithm for Self-Avoiding Walks

The pivot algorithm is a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm for simulating the self-avoiding walk. At each iteration a pivot which produces a global change in the walk is proposed. If the resulting walk is self-avoiding, the new walk is accepted; otherwise, it is rejected. Past implementations of the algorithm required a time O(N) per accepted pivot, where N is the number of steps in the walk. We show how to implement the algorithm so that the time required per accepted pivot is O(N q ) with q<1. We estimate that q is less than 0.57 in two dimensions, and less than 0.85 in three dimensions. Corrections to the O(N q ) make an accurate estimate of q impossible. They also imply that the asymptotic behavior of O(N q ) cannot be seen for walk lengths which can be simulated. In simulations the effective q is around 0.7 in two dimensions and 0.9 in three dimensions. Comparisons with simulations that use the standard implementation of the pivot algorithm using a hash table indicate that our implementation is faster by as much as a factor of 80 in two dimensions and as much as a factor of 7 in three dimensions. Our method does not require the use of a hash table and should also be applicable to the pivot algorithm for off-lattice models.
Singular Supports for Character Sheaves on a Group Compactification

Let G be a semisimple adjoint group over C and Ḡ be the De Concini–Procesi completion of G. In this paper, we define a Lagrangian subvariety Λ of the cotangent bundle of Ḡ such that the singular support of any character sheaf on Ḡ is contained in Λ.
The Right Fit for the Wrong Reasons: Real Business Cycle in an Oil-Dependent Economy

Venezuela has an oil-dependent economy subject to large exogenous shocks and a rigid labor market. These features go straight to the heart of two weaknesses of real business cycle (RBC) theory widely reported in the literature: neither shocks are volatile enough nor real salaries sufficiently flexible as required by the RBC framework to replicate the behavior of the economy. We calibrate a basic RBC model and compare a set of relevant statistics from RBC-simulated time series with actual data for Venezuela and the benchmark case of the United States (1950-2008). Despite Venezuela being a heavily regulated economy, RBC-simulated series provide a good fit, in particular with regard to labor markets.
Languages of play: towards semantic foundations for game interfaces

Formal models of games help us account for and predict behavior, leading to more robust and innovative designs. While the games research community has proposed many formalisms for both the "game half" (game models, game description languages) and the "human half" (player modeling) of a game experience, little attention has been paid to the interface between the two, particularly where it concerns the player expressing her intent toward the game. We describe an analytical and computational toolbox based on programming language theory to examine the phenomenon sitting between control schemes and game rules, which we identify as a distinct player intent language for each game.
Algorithm Diversity for Resilient Systems

Diversity can significantly increase the resilience of systems, by reducing the prevalence of shared vulnerabilities and making vulnerabilities harder to exploit. Work on software diversity for security typically creates variants of a program using low-level code transformations. This paper is the first to study algorithm diversity for resilience. We first describe how a method based on high-level invariants and systematic incrementalization can be used to create algorithm variants. Executing multiple variants in parallel and comparing their outputs provides greater resilience than executing one variant. To prevent different parallel schedules from causing variants’ behaviors to diverge, we present a synchronized execution algorithm for DistAlgo, an extension of Python for high-level, precise, executable specifications of distributed algorithms. We propose static and dynamic metrics for measuring diversity. An experimental evaluation of algorithm diversity combined with implementation-level diversity for several sequential algorithms and distributed algorithms shows the benefits of algorithm diversity.
Synthesis of Quantum Arrays with low quantum costs from Kronecker Functional Lattice Diagrams

Reversible logic has many applications such as Quantum computing, low power CMOS circuit design, Optical computing. Hence reversible logic synthesis has attracted attention especially in quantum computing community. A logic function is reversible if it is a one-to-one mapping between input and output vectors. In this paper we present a new approach to synthesis of reversible circuits using Kronecker Functional Lattice Diagrams. Unlike other contemporary algorithms for synthesis of reversible function that use n x n Toffoli gates, our method invariably synthesizes functions using only 3 x 3 Toffoli gates, Feynman gates and NOT gates. This reduces the quantum cost. Our method adds small cost by adding extra ancilla bits. Moreover, our circuits are always (4-neighbors) regular, which is an asset when they are mapped to 2-Dimensional arrays in Ion Trap (quantum) technology.
Sympiler: transforming sparse matrix codes by decoupling symbolic analysis

Sympiler is a domain-specific code generator that optimizes sparse matrix computations by decoupling the symbolic analysis phase from the numerical manipulation stage in sparse codes. The computation patterns in sparse numerical methods are guided by the input sparsity structure and the sparse algorithm itself. In many real-world simulations, the sparsity pattern changes little or not at all. Sympiler takes advantage of these properties to symbolically analyze sparse codes at compile time and to apply inspector-guided transformations that enable applying low-level transformations to sparse codes. As a result, the Sympiler-generated code outperforms highly-optimized matrix factorization codes from commonly-used specialized libraries, obtaining average speedups over Eigen and CHOLMOD of 3.8× and 1.5× respectively.
Innocent Bystanders? Monetary policy and inequality

We study the effects of monetary policy shocks on—and their historical contribution to—consumption and income inequality in the United States since 1980 as measured by the Consumer Expenditure Survey. Contractionary monetary policy systematically increases inequality in labor earnings, total income, consumption and total expenditures. Furthermore, monetary policy shocks account for a non-trivial component of the historical cyclical variation in income and consumption inequality. Using detailed micro-level data on income and consumption, we document some of the different channels via which monetary policy shocks affect inequality, as well as how these channels depend on the nature of the change in monetary policy.
The clarity of the majority’s preference moderates the influence of lobbying on representation:

Delegate conceptions of representation require activities of legislators to reflect their constituents’ preferences. Recent research has examined the distortionary effects of lobbying activities on...
Optical and Electronic Approaches to Restoration of Sight to the Blind

Retinal degenerative diseases lead to blindness due to loss of the “image capturing” photoreceptors, while neurons in the “image-processing” inner retinal layers are relatively well preserved. Information can be reintroduced into the visual system using electrical or optical stimulation of the surviving inner retinal neurons. Some electronic retinal prosthetic systems have already been tested in human patients and approved for clinical use, while more advanced technologies are being developed. Alternatively, light sensitivity can be artificially introduced into retinal neurons using opto-genetic or opto-pharmacological methods. I will review the current state of the art with each of these approaches, their challenges, technological solutions and perspectives for restoration of sight to the blind. Article not available.
Trauma Prophylaxis: Every Physician’s Responsibility

Recognition of trauma as a major national health problem during the past 2 decades has led to concerted efforts to combat the devastating consequences of accidental death and disability. Although many medical advancements in the care of injured patients have been achieved, trauma continues to take its toll. Unfortunately, little has been accomplished in actually reducing the incidence of traumatic events that lead to serious injury. In fact, many types of accidents are becoming more frequent. The time has come to begin treating trauma as any other disease process—that is, prevention is undoubtedly the best cure. Physicians are in a unique position to assume a leadership role in this regard. Armed with anecdotal experiences in the care of trauma victims and with factual, epidemiologic data, all physicians, regardless of specialty, should actively support legislation and changes in social values aimed at trauma prophylaxis.
Fetal Hydronephrosis: Selection and Surgical Repair

Newly developed diagnostic techniques allowed us to select a fetus with potentially reversible renal damage from the usually fatal group with bilateral hydronephrosis and severe oligohydramnios early in gestation. Fetal surgery to marsupialize the fetal bladder at 24 weeks gestation restored normal amniotic fluid dynamics and allowed sufficient pulmonary and renal development to insure survival after delivery near term.
The Renaissance of Prostatectomy with Particular Reference to Minimal Hospitalization without Preliminary Drainage

During the latter half of the past decade, certain definite and well recognized factors have resulted in changes almost revolutionary in character in the conception of prostatic surgery. These changes involve a complete remodeling of both professional and lay points of view with respect to operative indications, operative hazards, operative technic, functional results and, particularly, the necessity for preoperative drainage. I propose to enumerate and discuss briefly the causes of these fundamental changes and to explain and justify the apparent heresy which the title of this article implies. On many occasions in the past I have expressed myself unequivocally with respect to the vital necessity of preprostatectomy drainage. Certainly until recently this has been the essence of successful prostatic surgery and the one factor of paramount importance responsible for the dramatic lowering of the prostatectomy mortality rate from above 40 per cent to below 3 per cent and for the
Stochastic Stability Analysis of Model Ecosystems with Time-Delay*

Abstract In this work, by applying the direct method of Lyapunov, the stability analysis of multispecies communities under stochastic and hereditary effects is investigated. The stability conditions are expressed in terms of the dominant diagonal property of community matrices, which provides a suitable mechanism to formulate and partially resolve several important issues that exist in the stochastic hereditary systems, for instance, “the complexity vs. stability”, the “nonhereditary vs. hereditary”, the “hereditary vs. stability”, and the “deterministic vs. stochastic”.
A classroom experiment on effort allocation under relative grading

Abstract Grading on the curve is a form of relative evaluation similar to an all-pay auction or rank-order tournament. When students are drawn from a population distribution into a class, their realized distribution of abilities is predictably linked to the size of the class. Increasing the class size draws students’ percentile ranks closer to their population percentiles. Since grades are awarded based on percentile ranks in the class, this reallocates incentives for effort between students with different abilities. The predicted aggregate effort and the predicted effort from high-ability students increases while the predicted effort from low-ability students decreases. Andreoni and Brownback (2017) find that the size of a contest has a causal impact on the aggregate effort from participants and the distribution of effort among heterogeneous agents. In this paper, I randomly assign “class sizes” to quizzes in an economics course to test these predictions in a real-stakes environment. My within-subjects design controls for student, classroom, and time confounds and finds that the lower variance of larger classes elicits greater effort from all but the lowest-ability students, significantly increasing aggregate effort.
Analytic derivatives for estimation of linear dynamic models

Abstract This paper develops two algorithms. Algorithm 1 computes the exact, Gaussian, log-likelihood function, its exact, gradient vector, and an asymptotic approximation of its Hessian matrix, for discrete-time, linear, dynamic models in state-space form. Algorithm 2, derived from Algorithm 1, computes the exact, sample, information matrix of this likelihood function. The computed quantities are analytic (not numerical approximations) and should, therefore, be useful for reliably, quickly, and accurately: (i) checking local identifiability of parameters by checking the rank of the information matrix; (ii) using the gradient vector and Hessian matrix to compute maximum likelihood estimates of parameters with Newton methods; and, (iii) computing asymptotic covariances (Cramer-Rao bounds) of the parameter estimates with the Hessian or the information matrix. The principal contribution of the paper is Algorithm 2, which extends to multivariate models the univariate results of Porat and Friedlander [1]. By relying on the Kalman filter instead of the Levinson-Durbin filter used by Porat and Friedlander, Algorithms 1 and 2 can automatically handle any pattern of missing or linearly aggregated data. Although Algorithm 1 is well known, it is treated in detail in order to make the paper self contained.
Aging in Place in Gentrifying Neighborhoods: Implications for Physical and Mental Health

Background and objectives In the United States, the older adult population and the proportion of neighborhoods experiencing gentrification are both growing. However, there is limited scholarship on the effects of gentrification on older adults, with most work focusing on those who leave rather than stay. This study examines the effects of remaining in a gentrifying neighborhood on older adults' self-rated health and mental health, with particular attention to outcomes for those who are economically vulnerable. Research design and methods Data are from 6,810 community-dwelling respondents in metropolitan areas from the first wave of the National Health & Aging Trends Study combined with the 1970-2010 National Neighborhood Change Database. We estimate the effects of gentrification on self-rated health and mental health separately using a quasi-experimental approach and comparing two methods: matching design and linear regression. Results Economically vulnerable older adults in gentrifying neighborhoods reported higher self-rated health than economically vulnerable older adults in low-income neighborhoods. Both economically vulnerable and higher-income older adults in gentrifying neighborhoods had more depression and anxiety symptoms than those living in more affluent areas. Higher-income older adults in gentrifying neighborhoods had poorer mental health than their counterparts in low-income neighborhoods. Discussion and implications Findings call attention to the complexity of gentrification, and the need for more research examining how the intersection of neighborhood and individual characteristics influences older adults' health. Results reinforce the need for neighborhood-level interventions as well as relocation support to promote health in later life and caution against an overemphasis on aging in place.
Internet Promotion of Direct Anterior Approach Total Hip Arthroplasty by Members of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons.

Abstract Background The direct anterior approach (DAA) in total hip arthroplasty is of significant interest to both patients and surgeons, largely due to intense marketing. This study addressed the question, “What is the level of promotion of DAA total hip arthroplasty on the internet by American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) members?” Methods An internet search was performed to identify surgeon-specific websites for each member of the AAHKS using the members' full name and a previously published set of criteria. Each website was evaluated utilizing a questionnaire to systematically identify claims made regarding proposed DAA-specific risks, benefits, as well as the presence/absence of supporting data. Results We identified 1855 qualified websites. The DAA was referenced on 22.8% (423/1855) of these websites. Claims regarding DAA-specific benefits included less invasive/muscle sparing (46.3%), quicker recovery (45.2%), decreased pain (28.1%), decreased hospital stay (22.0%), and decreased dislocation risk (16.3%). Potential DAA risks including lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury, periprosthetic/greater trochanteric fracture, and wound complication/hematoma were addressed on only 4.7%, 3.1%, and 1.7% of websites, respectively. Supporting peer-reviewed literature was identified on only 3.6% of DAA websites. Conclusion Over one-fifth of AAHKS members promoted the DAA on the internet. Member websites claimed DAA benefits such as faster recovery and decreased pain approximately 9 times more frequently than any potential risk of the procedure ( P
Surface interaction parameter measurement of solvated polymers via model end-tethered chains.

We present a method for the direct measurement of the relative energy of interaction between a solvated polymer and a solid interface. By tethering linear chains covalently to the surface, we ensured the idealized and constant configuration of polymer molecules for measurement, modeling, and parameter estimation. For the case of amine-terminated polystyrene bound to a glycidoxypropylsilane film submerged in cyclohexane-d12, we estimated the χ parameter for the temperature range 10.7–52.0 °C and found a downward sloping trend that crosses the χ = 0.5 threshold at 37–40 °C, in agreement with solution estimates for the same system. We simultaneously estimated the surface interaction parameter χs at each temperature, finding a decreasing affinity of the chains for the surface with increasing temperature, consistent with empirical observations. The theoretical model shows some limitations in a stronger solvent (toluene-d8) that prevent rigorous parameter estimation, but we demonstrate a qualitative change in χ...
Earth System Modeling 2.0: A Blueprint for Models That Learn From Observations and Targeted High‐Resolution Simulations

Climate projections continue to be marred by large uncertainties, which originate in processes that need to be parameterized, such as clouds, convection, and ecosystems. But rapid progress is now within reach. New computational tools and methods from data assimilation and machine learning make it possible to integrate global observations and local high-resolution simulations in an Earth system model (ESM) that systematically learns from both and quantifies uncertainties. Here we propose a blueprint for such an ESM. We outline how parameterization schemes can learn from global observations and targeted high-resolution simulations, for example, of clouds and convection, through matching low-order statistics between ESMs, observations, and high-resolution simulations. We illustrate learning algorithms for ESMs with a simple dynamical system that shares characteristics of the climate system; and we discuss the opportunities the proposed framework presents and the challenges that remain to realize it.
Preclinical Models for Skeletal Research: How Commonly Used Species Mimic (or Don’t) Aspects of Human Bone:

Preclinical studies play an indispensable role in exploring the biological regulation of the musculoskeletal system. They are required in all drug development pipelines where both small and large animal models are needed to understand efficacy and side effects. This brief review highlights 4 aspects of human bone, longitudinal bone growth, intracortical remodeling, collagen/mineral interface, and age-related changes, and discusses how various animal models recapitulate (or don't) these aspects of human skeletal physiology.
Theory and discretization of ideal magnetohydrodynamic equilibria with fractal pressure profiles

In three-dimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamics, closed flux surfaces cannot maintain both rational rotational-transform and pressure gradients, as these features together produce unphysical, infinite currents. A proposed set of equilibria nullifies these currents by flattening the pressure on sufficiently wide intervals around each rational surface. Such rational surfaces exist at every scale, which characterizes the pressure profile as self-similar and thus fractal. The pressure profile is approximated numerically by considering a finite number of rational regions and analyzed mathematically by classifying the irrational numbers that support gradients into subsets. Applying these results to a given rotational-transform profile in cylindrical geometry, we find magnetic field and current density profiles compatible with the fractal pressure.
Augmentation of Antitumor Immunity by Human and Mouse CAR T Cells Secreting IL-18

The effects of transgenically encoded human and mouse IL-18 on T cell proliferation and its application in boosting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are presented. Robust enhancement of proliferation of IL-18-secreting human T cells occurred in a xenograft model, and this was dependent on TCR and IL-18R signaling. IL-18 augmented IFN-γ secretion and proliferation of T cells activated by the endogenous TCR. TCR-deficient, human IL-18-expressing CD19 CAR T cells exhibited enhanced proliferation and antitumor activity in the xenograft model. Antigen-propelled activation of cytokine helper ensemble (APACHE) CAR T cells displayed inducible expression of IL-18 and enhanced antitumor immunity. In an intact mouse tumor model, CD19-IL-18 CAR T cells induced deeper B cell aplasia, significantly enhanced CAR T cell proliferation, and effectively augmented antitumor effects in mice with B16F10 melanoma. These findings point to a strategy to develop universal CAR T cells for patients with solid tumors.
GABAergic deficits and schizophrenia-like behaviors in a mouse model carrying patient-derived neuroligin-2 R215H mutation

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental disorder characterized by delusion, hallucination, and cognitive deficits. We have previously identified from schizophrenia patients a loss-of-function mutation Arg215→His215 (R215H) of neuroligin 2 (NLGN2) gene, which encodes a cell adhesion molecule critical for GABAergic synapse formation and function. Here, we generated a novel transgenic mouse line with neuroligin-2 (NL2) R215H mutation. The single point mutation caused a significant loss of NL2 protein in vivo, reduced GABAergic transmission, and impaired hippocampal activation. Importantly, R215H KI mice displayed anxiety-like behavior, impaired pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), cognition deficits and abnormal stress responses, recapitulating several key aspects of schizophrenia-like behaviors. Our results demonstrate a significant impact of a single point mutation NL2 R215H on brain functions, providing a novel animal model for the study of schizophrenia and neuropsychiatric disorders.