cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Three–Region Model of Energy, International Trade, and Economic Growth

Publisher Summary The three-region model has been designed to emphasize the role played by the substitution elasticities and the uncertainties over their numerical values. The approach avoids several defects that are inherent in “bottom-up” methods of projection. Price movements are calculated to eliminate “gaps” between the supply and demand for energy. Import and export prices of non-energy products are adjusted to limit trade gaps to plausible rates of capital transfers. Despite the advantages of logical consistency, there are inherent difficulties in this type of global modeling. With a “top-down” approach, aggregation can lead to serious difficulties. Large-scale models are time consuming, are expensive to construct, and are incomprehensible to outsiders. There should be a two-way flow of information between global models and those models that contain sufficient detail to be meaningful to individual policy-making units.
Towards scalable and high performance I/O virtualization: a case study

I/O Virtualization provides a convenient way of device sharing among guest domains in a virtualized platform (e.g. Xen). However, with the ever-increasing number and variety of devices, the current model of a centralized driver domain is in question. For example, any optimization in the centralized driver domain for a particular kind of device may not satisfy the conflicting needs of other devices and their usage patterns. This paper has tried to use IO Virtual Machines (IOVMs) as a solution to this problem, specifically to deliver scalable network performance on a multi-core platform. Xen 3 has been extended to support IOVMs for networking and then optimized for a minimal driver domain. Performance comparisons show that by moving the network stack into a separate domain, and optimizing that domain, better efficiency is achieved. Further experiments on different configurations show the flexibility of scheduling across IOVMs and guests to achieve better performance. For example, multiple single-core IOVMs have shown promise as a scalable solution to network virtualization.
The Psychology of Text Relationships

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the nature of text-based relationships, which are either synchronous, as with text messages and chat in real time, or asynchronous, as with email exchanges, message boards, and blogs. Psychology of these relationships is explored while pointing out the implications for online clinical work. Many of the psychological dimensions of text communication in general apply across the board to the various types of text communication tool in particular—chat, email, message boards, instant messaging, blogs, and others more esoteric or yet to be invented. These different modalities differ in sometimes obvious, sometimes subtle, ways that make each a unique psychological environment—a fact the online clinician might keep in mind when choosing a communication tool for working with a particular client. There are several unique aspects of text relationships for online clinical work: reading and writing skills shape the communication; there are minimal visual and auditory cues; a subjective sense of interpersonal space replaces the importance of geographical space; people can converse with almost anyone online and with multiple partners simultaneously; and conversations can be saved and later re-examined. Several of these factors cause social disinhibition. Online clinicians might strive to specialize in a particular type of text medium while recognizing its pros and cons vis-a-vis others.
A high efficiency 3.3 kW loosely-coupled wireless power transfer system without magnetic material

This paper proposes a loosely-coupled wireless power transfer (WPT) system without magnetic material, which has 95.0% dc-to-dc efficiency working at 1MHz and 3.3kW output power. The coil size is 320mm×320mm, and the coupling coefficient k is 14.0% at 150mm air-gap distance. The magnetic material is removed to increase system switching frequency to MHz level and eliminate the magnetic losses. Power loss models of the circuit components are presented to calculate the total losses and the system efficiency. It shows that, through designing the circuit parameters to minimize the power losses, the maximum achievable efficiency can be higher than 95% even at a coupling coefficient of 10%. This paper provides the guideline for high-frequency and high efficiency WPT system design.
Ultrahigh‐speed camera captures unexpected lightning attachment

A bolt of lightning takes, from start to finish, just a few fractions of a second, making lightning difficult to image, but ultrahigh-speed cameras now enable observations that show new details of the lightning process. Using multiple high-speed cameras, including one that can record at 20-microsecond intervals to capture 50,000 frames per second, Lu et al. describe the unexpected processes behind a lightning bolt that struck the 440-meter-tall International Finance Center in Guangzhou, China. From their high-speed records the authors report for the first time the observation of a lightning bolt where the downward leader attached below the tip of the upward connecting leader.
Molecular mechanism for dominance of a mutant allele of an ATP-dependent protease

Abstract We have demonstrated that the lon+ (capR+) ATP-hydrolysis-dependent protease is inhibited by the addition of an enzymatically inactive mutant form of the protein (capR9 protein). The enzymatic activity of the capR+-capR9 protein mixture is also more stable to heat than the capR+ protein alone indicating that hybrid molecules are formed. Independent measurements demonstrated that the lon+ ATP-hydrolysis-dependent protease is a tetramer of identical 94 × 103 molecular weight monomers. The pattern of defective subunit (capR9) inhibition indicates only tetramers containing three capR9 monomers and one capR+ monomer are inactive, i.e. two or more capR+ monomers are required for a tetramer to act as an ATP-hydrolysis-dependent protease. Two molecular mechanisms to explain the dominance of a mutant allele, termed anticomplementation, are considered.
Unstable myocardial ischemia after the initiation of niacin therapy

Abstract Niacin has been used as a pharmacologic agent for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia for >3 decades. 1–3 Current interest in niacin therapy has been reawakened, in part as a result of its status as a “first-line” drug in the treatment of hyperlipidemia according to the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. 4 Unfortunately, adverse effects limiting its use are frequent. These include gastrointestinal problems, flushing, atrial arrhythmias, abnormalities of liver function, hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia. We encountered an apparently unrecognized adverse effect of niacin that may be of great clinical importance in patients with active ischemic heart disease—namely, worsening of unstable ischemia, perhaps on the basis of coronary steal.
Molecular location in a nonaqueous lyotropic liquid crystal polymer

A surfactant bis[2-(10-undecenoyloxycarbonyl)ethyl] (p-vinylbenzoyl) methylammonium chloride formed a lamellar liquid crystal in native form and retained the structure after polymerization. Addition of heptadiene, of glycerylmonomethacrylate, and of both to the surfactant monomer gave an isotropic solution, which was transformed to a lamellar liquid crystal after polymerization. Low angle X-ray diffractometry was used to determine the interlayer spacing and to estimate the location of the added molecules. 1.6-Heptadiene was located between methyl group layers of the surfactant chains with 46 vol % of the molecules penetrating between the hydrocarbon chains of the surfactant. Addition of both the polar and the nonpolar monomer followed by polymerization caused the latter to be expelled from the space in between the chains.
Enteral nutrition during the treatment of head and neck carcinoma: is a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube preferable to a nasogastric tube?

BACKGROUND. Multimodality treatments for patients with squamous cell head and neck carcinoma often produce significant mucositis and dysphagia, mandating enteral nutritional support. Patient preference has resulted in the increasing use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes rather than nasogastric (NG) tubes. Anecdotal observations of prolonged PEG dependence and of a need for pharyngoesophageal dilatation in PEG patients prompted a retrospective review of the use of both types of feeding tubes. METHODS. Patients who were treated on clinical trials of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell head and neck carcinoma between 1989 and 1997 were reviewed retrospectively. Data were gathered regarding demographics, primary tumor site, T and N classifications, and the need for feeding tube placement. In patients requiring feeding tubes, the type and duration of the feeding tube, the need for tracheostomy, the need for pharyngoesophageal dilatation, and the degree of mucositis and dysphagia at baseline and at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after beginning treatment were recorded. Comparisons were then made between the NG and the PEG groups. RESULTS. Ninety-one feeding tubes were placed in 158 patients over the 8-year interval. A hypopharyngeal primary site, female gender, a T4 primary tumor, and treatment with chemoradiotherapy were predictive of a need for feeding tube placement. NG tubes were placed in 29 patients, and PEG tubes were placed in 62 patients. PEG patients had more dysphagia at 3 months (59% vs. 30%, respectively; P = 0.015) and at 6 months (30% vs. 8%, respectively; P = 0.029) than NG patients. The median tube duration was 28 weeks for PEG patients compared with 8 weeks for NG patients, (P < 0.001). Twenty-three percent of PEG patients needed pharyngoesophageal dilatation compared with 4% of NG patients (P = 0.022). These end points could not be correlated with age, stage, primary tumor site, or tracheostomy placement. CONCLUSIONS. Although patients treated for head and neck carcinoma find that the PEG tube is a more acceptable route for enteral nutrition than the NG tube, in the authors' experience, a PEG tube was required for longer periods of time and was associated with more persistent dysphagia and an increased need for pharyngoesophageal dilatation. A randomized prospective trial is needed to test these observations.
Conservation of a Rubber Terrain Model Map from World War II

AbstractThe Battleship North Carolina, one of the most decorated American warships from the Second World War, is a floating museum designated as the state's WWII memorial to the 10,000 men and women in all branches of services who gave their lives in battle. One of the unique items on loan to the museum’s collection is a rubber terrain model map shown in three-dimensional relief. While this style of map was not uncommon during World War II, these model maps are historically significant and present new challenges for conservators to preserve both the original intent of the object and the material it is made of. Working closely with the curatorial staff, several objectives for the treatment were identified including methods for transporting the map through the tight bulkheads of the ship, accommodating the museum’s unique storage needs, mitigating the deterioration factors of rubber, and ensuring the overall preventative measures would not impede the accessibility of the map. Addressing these treatment goal...
Kinetically Controlled Photoinduced Electron Transfer Switching in Cu(I)-Responsive Fluorescent Probes

Copper(I)-responsive fluorescent probes based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) switching consistently display incomplete recovery of emission upon Cu(I) binding compared to the corresponding isolated fluorophores, raising the question of whether Cu(I) might engage in adverse quenching pathways. To address this question, we performed detailed photophysical studies on a series of Cu(I)-responsive fluorescent probes that are based on a 16-membered thiazacrown receptor ([16]aneNS(3)) tethered to 1,3,5-triarylpyrazoline-fluorophores. The fluorescence enhancement upon Cu(I) binding, which is mainly governed by changes in the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) driving force between the ligand and fluorophore, was systematically optimized by increasing the electron withdrawing character of the 1-aryl-ring, yielding a maximum 29-fold fluorescence enhancement upon saturation with Cu(I) in methanol and a greater than 500-fold enhancement upon protonation with trifluoroacetic acid. Time-resolved fluorescence decay data for the Cu(I)-saturated probe indicated the presence of three distinct emissive species in methanol. Contrary to the notion that Cu(I) might engage in reductive electron transfer quenching, femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe experiments provided no evidence for formation of a transient Cu(II) species upon photoexcitation. Variable temperature (1)H NMR experiments revealed a dynamic equilibrium between the tetradentate NS(3)-coordinated Cu(I) complex and a ternary complex involving coordination of a solvent molecule, an observation that was further supported by quantum chemical calculations. The combined photophysical, electrochemical, and solution chemistry experiments demonstrate that electron transfer from Cu(I) does not compete with radiative deactivation of the excited fluorophore, and, hence, that the Cu(I)-induced fluorescence switching is kinetically controlled.
Legal Recognition and Regulation of Professional Psychology at State and Federal Levels in the U.S.A.

Abstract This paper is organized around the questions addressed to the participants by the convener of this Symposium. The answers given here are brief in comparison with the amount of information available, but the references should help the interested reader to locate further information.
Social organization of woodchucks (Marmota monax)

The social organization of woodchucks (Marmota monax) in southeast Ohio was studied at two sites, at one for two 2 years (1979–1980) and the other for 3 years (1981–1983). Spatial organization was determined by trapping and radio tracking. The home ranges of adult females did not overlap in the early spring but during late spring and summer there was some overlap (<10%) as females expanded their home ranges. Adult females tended to occupy the same home range in consecutive years. Some adult males occupied well-defined home ranges that did not overlap the home ranges of other males but did overlap extensively the home range of one to three adult females. These males tended to occupy the same home range in consecutive years. Infants used the same home range of their dam until about 2–3 months of age when most males and females apparently dispersed. About 35% of the juvenile females did not disperse until their second spring, just before their mother's new litter first emerged from their burrow. The average social group consisted of an adult male with two female kin groups comprising an adult female, an offspring (usually female) of the previous year, and the young of the year. Interactions within the kin group and with the adult male were relatively frequent and generally amicable. Interactions between kin groups both within and between different social groups were relatively rare and agonistic. The social organization of woodchucks in Ohio differs from that described in previous studies of woodchucks elsewhere and from that predicted by current models proposed by others on the evolution of social organization of marmots.
Child sexual abuse: A review and intervention framework for the school psychologist

Abstract The school psychologist is in a unique position to respond to the social, emotional, and academic needs of children whose development has been threatened by sexual abuse. To respond optimally, however, school psychologists must become familiar with relevant aspects of the child sexual abuse literature and must employ a coherent, functional framework guiding the delivery of psychological services. This paper presents and critiques descriptive and demographic data, theories of etiology, and effects of sexual abuse on the child's development. A two-level framework is presented that delineates seven role functions: establishing oneself as an informed resource; responding to disclosure; detecting and evaluating possible indicators; reporting suspected cases, a legally required function; engaging in indirect intervention; providing direct intervention; and participating in prevention activities.
Interaction of Intense Submillimeter Radiation with Plasmas

Recent advances in the development of high power submillimeter lasers have opened up new areas of investigation in the study of laser plasma interactions. These areas include studies of laser-induced gas breakdown and plasma heating at cyclotron resonance, laser-induced breakdown effects in solids, and studies of Iaser-generated parametric instabilities in arc plasmas. In addition, high power submillimeter lasers can be used for important diagnostic measurements in Tokamak plasmas. These measurements include the determination of ion temperature by Thomson scattering and the measurement of transverse thermal conductivity by resonant local heating.
Evidence for the existence of an effective interfacial tension between miscible fluids. 2. Dodecyl acrylate-poly(dodecyl acrylate) in a spinning drop tensiometer.

We studied drops of dodecyl acrylate in poly(dodecyl acrylate) (molecular weight of 25 000) in a spinning drop tensiometer to determine whether an effective interfacial tension (EIT) existed between these two miscible fluids. We found convincing evidence. We estimated the mechanical relaxation time from an immiscible analogue (1-propanol and poly(dodecyl acrylate)) and showed that the dodecyl acrylate drops maintained quasi-steady diameters long after this relaxation period. Drops continuously grew in length and became more diffuse, but the width of the transition zone did not grow with t1/2 as expected from Fick's law although this system had been shown to follow Fick's law in a static configuration (Antrim, D.; Bunton, P.; Lewis, L. L.; Zoltowski, B. D.; Pojman, J. A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 11842−11849). The EIT was determined from Vonnegut's equation, EIT = (Δρ)ω2r3/4; both the inner and outer diameters were measured, yielding values of 0.002 and 0.02 mN m-1, respectively. The EIT was found to be ...
Recycling of the ascorbate free radical by human erythrocyte membranes

Abstract Reduction of the ascorbate free radical (AFR) at the plasma membrane provides an efficient mechanism to preserve the vitamin in a location where it can recycle α-tocopherol and thus prevent lipid peroxidation. Erythrocyte ghost membranes have been shown to oxidize NADH in the presence of the AFR. We report that this activity derives from an AFR reductase because it spares ascorbate from oxidation by ascorbate oxidase, and because ghost membranes decrease steady-state concentrations of the AFR in a protein- and NADH-dependent manner. The AFR reductase has a high apparent affinity for both NADH and the AFR (
Association Between Neutral-to-Earth and Cow Contact Voltage on New York Dairy Farms

Cow contact (or "stray") voltage has been associated with various health and management problems in dairy cows. Neutral-to-earth voltage (voltage between the service entrance neutral bus and a reference ground rod) has been equated with cow contact voltage in previous research. To investigate the association between these two voltages, single ("instantaneous") and continuous voltmeter measurements were made at 97 farms in New York. A small positive correlation was found between all single neutral-to-earth and cow contact measurements. Eleven farms with continuous neutral-to-earth readings of .5 V or greater were resurveyed. Eight of the resurveyed farms showed a small or nonexistent correlation between the two voltages. Neutral-to-earth voltage is not recommended as an indicator to predict the presence or magnitude of cow contact voltage.
A study of the initial stages of oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni-Zr alloysin situ using a high-voltage electron microscope

Structural Fe-Cr-Ni alloys rely upon a thermally formed, protective, surface oxide scale to prevent rapid corrosive degradation. The protective capacity of the surface scale may be strongly influenced by the alloy composition, with minor additions of reactive elements playing an important role in the initial stages of scale formation. The influence of an addition of Zr on initial scale growth on an Fe-Cr-Ni alloy has been investigated in situ utilizing an environmental cell incorporated into a high-voltage electron microscope. Oxidation experiments were conducted on a pure ternary Fe-Cr-Ni alloy and one containing 6 wt.% Zr for durations up to 1800 s. At 500°C in a low oxygen-partialpressure environment, a continuous surface oxide layer formed more quickly on the Zr-free alloy than on the Zr-modified alloy. Also, on the Zr-modified alloy, the scale was richer in Cr, and the rate of increase in oxide grain size was also greater.
Opiates and clonidine prolong calcium-dependent after-hyperpolarizations

Opiates1,2 and α-agonists3,4 bind to separate and structurally specific sites on neurones in the central1,3 and enteric nervous systems2,4. One functional consequence of this binding is inhibition of cell firing5,6, which may be due to hyperpolarization of the resting membrane by opiates, such as has been observed in the guinea pig locus coeruleus7 and myenteric plexus8, and by clonidine in the myenteric plexus9. However, the discharge frequency of many nerve cells is limited by the membrane hyperpolarization which follows a period of activity, and which is caused by a transient increase in the intracellular calcium concentration leading to the activation of a membrane potassium conductance10. Neurones of the guinea pig myenteric plexus exhibit such a calcium-dependent potassium conductance11–13. We now report that both opiates and clonidine prolong this calcium-dependent after-hyperpolarization at concentrations (100 pM–10 nM) which are considerably lower than those usually required to hyperpolarize the resting membrane. Such a prolongation of the after-hyperpolarization will limit the frequency of discharge of neurones without altering their resting potential. The nature of the effects of morphine and clonidine are of interest in view of the similarities between the anatomical distribution of binding sites for these two drugs and the close parallels between their pharmacological effects in animals and man.
Endoscopic Evaluation and Advanced Imaging of Barrett’s Esophagus

Enhanced visualization techniques are available for Barrett's esophagus and have promise in the detection of dysplasia and cancer. Several of these techniques, such as narrow band imaging and chromoendoscopy, are being applied clinically. These techniques will allow the endoscopist to screen the surface of the Barrett's esophagus to detect areas of neoplasia. Once detected, it is hoped that either magnification techniques, such as confocal laser endomicroscopy, or spectroscopic techniques can be of value in allowing in vivo real-time diagnostic capabilities.
A Layered Approach for Fast Multi-view Stereo Panorama Generation

In this paper we propose a fast method for constructing multi-view stereo panoramas using a layering approach. Constructing panoramas requires accurate camera pose estimation and will often require an image blending or interpolation method to generate seamless results. We use a registration error correction method that provides globally corrected and fast results for paths that create cycles such as circular paths, back and forth straight sweeps, and even a single sweep. Then we apply our layering approach to generate multi-view stereo panoramas quickly for time sensitive applications that require immediate results and 3D perception.
Introduction: Reprioritizing the role of science in a realistic version of the scientist‐practitioner model

This series of articles attempts to redefine and reprioritize the role of science in search for a clinically meaningful and realistic version of the scientist-practitioner (S-P) model. To this end, science is discussed as both research-driven practice and clinically meaningful research, keeping practitioners and their needs in the center of attention. In this process, common problems in the actualization of the S-P model are discussed, and potential solutions are offered. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1195–1197, 2002.
Are You a “Transformational” Coach?

(2001). Are You a “Transformational” Coach? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 44-47.
Purification and properties of two proteinases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract A procedure is described for the purification of two intracellular proteinases from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). These enzymes (which were not separated by gel filtration or ion-exchange chromatography) are either very similar or form a complex with one another. After the final purification step, each proteinase had a specific activity 25% greater than that of crystalline trypsin. The proteinases have isoelectric points below pH 4.8, and molecular weights of 73,000 as measured by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Crude preparations, and a few of the purified fractions, showed good stability at 4 °. Most ion-exchange chromatography preparations gave low enzyme yields, possibly because of the loss of a stabilizing factor or the removal of a third proteinase. Metal chelators and alkaline earth metals had no effect on activity or stability, suggesting that these proteinases are not metallo-enzymes. Proteinase B is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) and mercury ions; PCMB inhibition is partially reversed by cysteine, while mercury inhibition is fully reversed. Eighty per cent or more of each proteinase in the yeast cell is in the zymogen form and seems to be particle-bound.
When a Student Blows the Whistle (on Himself): A Personal Experience Essay on “Delayed” Integrity in a Classroom Setting

Although various forms of dishonesty and cheating are widespread in academic and business settings, this personal experience case involves the intellectually provocative and emotionally stimulating...
Effect of OH content on phase separation behavior of soda-silica glasses

The kinetics of phase separation in a gel and ordinary soda-silica glass are followed by use of small angle X-ray scattering. Also, the influence of OH on the phase separation behavior is studied. It is found that OH accelerates the growth of the secondary phase, and that gel and ordinary glasses of similar composition and OH concentration exhibit similar phase separation characteristics.
Measuring users’ internet skills: A review of past assessments and a look toward the future

As the abilities to navigate and communicate using the internet increasingly play an important role in our social and professional lives, scholars must stay attuned to what such internet skills entail and how everyday users differ when it comes to such abilities. This article reviews the last decade of literature on measurements of everyday users’ basic internet skills, organizing how scholars have defined and measured the construct, and then systematically presenting what these past assessments tell us about internet skills and their relationship to other factors. Building on this foundation, the review concludes with a research agenda to advance this line of work, including a call for more valid and nuanced measures that capture the added layers of sophistication and sociability needed for today’s internet use.
Charge transport, optical transparency, microstructure, and processing relationships in transparent conductive indium-zinc oxide films grown by low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Indium–zinc oxide films (ZnxInyOx+1.5y), with x/y=0.08–12.0, are grown by low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using the volatile metal–organic precursors In(TMHD)3 and Zn(TMHD)2 (TMHD=2,2,6,6–tetramethyl–3,5–heptanedionato). Films are smooth (rms roughness=40–50 A) with complex microstructures which vary with composition. The highest conductivity is found at x/y=0.33, with σ=1000 S/cm (n-type; carrier density=3.7×1020 cm3; mobility=18.6 cm2/V s; dσ/dT<0). The optical transmission window of such films is broader than Sn-doped In2O3, and the absolute transparency rivals or exceeds that of the most transparent conductive oxides. X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, microdiffraction, and high resolution energy dispersive X-ray analysis show that such films are composed of a layered ZnkIn2O3+k phase precipitated in a cubic In2O3:Zn matrix.
Effects of Insulin on Cultured Rat Brain Cells: Stimulation of Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity

Growth-promoting peptide hormones, including growth hormone and insulin, stimulate rat brain ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) activity in vivo (Roger et al., 1974; Roger and Fellows, 1980). To determine if this is a result of a direct action on brain, we have investigated the effect of peptide hormones in primary cell cultures of brain from fetal rats of 20 days gestational age. Significant stimulation of ODC activity was observed 4 h after administration of porcine insulin and bovine growth hormone. On a molar basis, growth hormone was less potent than insulin. By contrast, glucagon, enkephalin, and angiotensin II did not stimulate ODC in this system. At 25 ng/ml, insulin stimulated ODC activity approximately threefold, with maximum stimulation of five- to sevenfold reached at 1 microgram/ml. After a 1-h lag, insulin-stimulated ODC activity increased to a maximum between 5 h and 8 h and returned to basal levels by 24 h. The apparent Km of ODC, 5.66 +/- 1.16 microM, was not significantly altered by insulin treatment, nor was any enzyme activator found in mediating insulin actions. Additional evidence suggests that insulin stimulation of ODC activity involves both de novo synthesis of the enzyme and a prolongation of ODC half-life by 50%. These findings, implicating insulin as a regulator of ODC activity in brain cells, suggest the possible involvement of insulin or an insulin-like peptide in the control of growth and development of the CNS.
Psychological Problems Reported by Young Adults Who Were Burned as Children

This study assessed long-term psychosocial sequelae of young adult pediatric burn survivors. Subjects were 101 young adults (43 females and 58 males) between the ages of 18 and 28 years who were at least 2 years (average, 14 years) postburn at least 30% TBSA (mean = 54 +/- 20%). Educational status was 25% high school dropouts, 28% high school graduation only, 32% some college, and 5% completed college. Seventy-seven percent either worked or attended school; 28% had had a long-term partner. When assessed by Achenbach's Young Adult Self-Report (YASR) scale and compared with its published reference group, the males reported differences only in the somatic complaints, but the females endorsed significantly more externalizing and total problems, specifically withdrawn behaviors, somatic complaints, thought problems, aggressive behavior, and delinquent behavior. Despite these problems suffered by some female pediatric burn survivors, the overall outcome revealed that most pediatric burn survivors are making the transition into adulthood with minimal unexpected difficulty. Language: en
The Occurence and Properties of Uric Acid Decomposing Anaerobic Bacteria in the Avian Caecum

Summary. Anaerobic bacteria which decompose uric acid have been found in the caeca of chickens, turkeys, ducks, pheasants and guinea-fowl at levels between 5.4 × 108 and 1.8 × 1010/g of caecal material (wet weight). A study has been made of the properties and identity of 35 strains which were present in high numbers in the chicken caecum. The isolates included strains of Bacteroides clostridiiformis var. clostridiiformis, Fusobacterium plauti, Clostridium malenominatum, Peptostreptococcus productus and a number of types which could not be identified with known species. Of these 3 were Bacteroides spp., 3 Eubacterium spp., 2 Peptostreptococcus spp. and 1 was an anaerobic Streptococcus. None of the strains had an absolute requirement for uric acid.
Characteristics of the adenohypophyseal Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase

Abstract The Ca 2+ -phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, initially described by Takai et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 254, 3692–3695, 1979), has been identified in the anterior pituitary gland of the rat and sheep. The enzyme is essentially undetectable in initial cell extracts but marked activity is manifest following DEAE chromatography, suggesting the potential presence of an endogenous inhibitor of this enzyme. Two forms of this protein kinase exist in both sheep and rat anterior pituitary gland, both of which are similarly dependent upon Ca 2+ , phosphatidyl serine and diacylglycerol. Several endogenous substrates for this protein kinase have been observed in both the pars distalis and pars tuberalis of the sheep adenohypophysis.
Analytical transmission electron microscopy with high spatial resolution — possibilities and limitations

During the past three decades, there has been a proliferation of new physical techniques for elemental analysis within a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Emphasis in analytical transmission electron microscopy (AEM) is put on the analysis of extremely small specimen volumes with high sensitivity. These physical techniques involve irradiation of the specimen with the electrons of the electron microscope in order to (i) produce a particular excitation of the elements in the specimen which can be detected by the emission of particles or of electromagnetic radiation or (ii) obtain quantitative information about the specimen by scattering or absorption of the incident electrons. In AEM, usually characteristic X-rays and electron energy losses are analyzed leading to the chemical composition of a small specimen volume. Simultaneously, information on structure and morphology of the specimen can be obtained by conventional TEM.
ESTIMATION AND MANIPULATION OF GLUTATHIONE LEVELS IN PREPUBERAL MOUSE OVARIES AND OVA: RELEVANCE TO SPERM NUCLEUS TRANSFORMATION IN THE FERTILIZED EGG

Glutathione (GSH), the major low-molecular-weight thiol in mammalian cells, is believed to be a necessary factor for the transformation of the disulfide-stabilized sperm nucleus into the male pronucleus after fertilization. Its concentration in mouse ova, isolated from the ampulla of the oviduct after hormone-induced superovulation of 3–4-week-old mice, has been determined by an enzymic cycling microassay. The level found was 1.80 pmol per ovum. Mean ovum diameter was estimated as 71–72 μm, indicating a GSH concentration of 9–10 mM in the mouse egg. Administration of L-buthionine S, R-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis, during the 2 days preceding ovulation, reduced ovum GSH content below 0.20 pmol (<1.0 mM). The mean GSH concentration of the hormone-stimulated ovaries was reduced from 3.2 mM to 0.2 mM under these conditions. It has also been demonstrated that measurement and manipulation of ovum and ovarian levels of GSH can aid in studying its function in ovaries, ova, and early embryos. Hormone-induced superovulation was achieved in BSO-treated prepuberal C57B1/6 X SJL mice whose ovaries contained less than 10% of control levels of GSH. Over 50% of the isolated ova were fertilized in vitro. However, abnormal one-cell embryos resulted in which the maternally derived pronucleus coexisted with an unchanged sperm nucleus, thus confirming that adequate levels of GSH are necessary for initiating transformation of the fertilizing sperm nucleus.
Zinc Cu, Ni and Cd in the forest floor in the Northeastern United States

A regional study was conducted to assess current levels of trace metals in the forest floor, and to establish a baseline for future studies of metal accumulation. Quantitative forest floor samples collected from 78 sites in 9 states in the northeastern United States in 1978 and 1980 were analyzed for Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd. Mean amounts present in the forest floor were 9.8 ± 1.9 (standard error of the mean), 1.7 ± 0.2, 0.86 ± 0.08, and 0.13 ± 0.01 kg ha−1, for Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd, respectively. Mean concentrations were 133 ± 25, 19.5 ± 1.6, 11 ± 0.8, and 1.7 ± 0.1 mg kg−1, respectively. Differences in metal and organic matter concentrations and amounts among forest types were attributed to geographic location of specific forest types rather than to direct biotic influence. No element was strongly correlated with elevation for the entire sample area. Regional patterns of elemental amounts showed that trace metal levels are slightly higher in the southern part than in the northern part of the study region. Regional variation of Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd in the forest floor was not indicative of atmospheric deposition except near point sources of pollution.
Central pontine myelinolysis: historical and mechanistic considerations

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a demyelinating condition affecting not only the pontine base, but also involving other brain areas. It usually occurs on a background of chronic systemic illness, and is commonly observed in individuals with alcoholism, malnutrition and liver disease. Studies carried out 25-30 years ago established that the principal etiological factor was the rapid correction of hyponatremia resulting in osmotic stress. This article reviews progress achieved since that time on its pathogenesis, focusing on the role of organic osmolytes, the blood-brain, barrier, endothelial cells, myelinotoxic factors triggered by osmotic stress, and the role of various factors that predispose to the development of CPM. These advances show great promise in providing novel therapeutic options for the management of patients afflicted with CPM.
The role of dead-end in germ-cell tumor development.

Testicular germ-cell tumors occur in human males of all age groups, from infants to men over 50 years old. Most commonly, germ-cell tumors (generally known as testicular cancer) occur in young males between the ages of 15 to 35 years. The tumor tissues are usually his-tologically diverse, and testicular tumors that occur in the different age groups tend to be of specific histological subtypes. Most germ-cell tumors originate from primordial germ cells during embryonic development, although the progression and eventual detection of the disease occurs decades later in humans. Mouse strains spontaneously develop a specific subtype of testicular germ-cell tumors, the type I germ-cell tumors, and these tumors are similar to the germ-cell tumors (or teratomas) that occur in human infants. Some mouse strains, such as the 129-Ter strain, have extremely high germ-cell tumor incidences, making such strains ideal for genetic and biological studies of germ cell-tumor development. Here a brief overview of the recently identified genetic defect in the Ter strain, inactivation of the dead-end (Dnd1) gene, and the ongoing studies on Dnd1 to understand its role in germ-cell and germ cell-tumor development, are provided.
A Method of Power Generation From Low Temperature Medium

For a long time, how to utilize waste heat to generate electricity has been an interesting and challenging field for energy scientists. This paper presents a new method, ferrofluid power generator (FPG), which takes advantage of waste heat or solar energy to generate electricity in a multiple heating and cooling tube with alternate ferrofluid slug and vapor bubble structures. Based on this method, a new device, a thermomagnetic engine (TME) composed of a straight vacuum tube, a current induced coil, and magnet & ferrofluid slugs (MFS), was designed. Experimental results show that the expanding vapor bubbles push MFSs to generate drastic and continuous oscillating movements under the effect of heat. The pulse voltage signals from the induced coil demonstrate that the TME has a practical structure, potentially higher power generating capacity, and a stable operation.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Novel joint compression and indexing approach in wavelet-compressed domain

The recent MPEG 4 and JPEG 2000 standards address the need for content based coding and manipulation of visual media. The upcoming MPEG 7 standard proposes content descriptors, which succinctly describe the visual content for the purpose of efficient retrieval. This implies that there is an impending need for efficient and effective joint compression and indexing approaches. Several compressed domain indexing techniques have been presented in the recent literature. These are based on the extraction of features from the compression parameters to derive the indices. However, there is little work in the domain of exploring the use of these features to serve the purposes of both compression and indexing. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for joint compression and indexing in the wavelet domain. We not that wavelet based compression is used in JPEG 2000 and (for texture coding) in MPEG 4. In the proposed technique, the wavelet decomposed image is first preprocessed to extract features which are then used for compressing the image as well as for deriving the indices. Extensive simulations have been performed in the JPEG 2000 compressed domain to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed technique.
Combining random and data-driven coverage planning for underwater mine detection

Unmanned autonomous vehicles are proving themselves to be effective means for conducting underwater mine hunting missions. The resulting efficiency, reduced search time, and covert search possibilities will facilitate larger mission areas requiring many agents searching for significant lengths of time (e.g., many weeks or months). In search areas of this scale, complete area coverage may not always be feasible. Therefore, this research investigates a path planning scheme for incomplete coverage. This scheme divides the search area into cells and surveys each cell using a conventional line-sweep pattern with a row spacing that is larger than the sensor footprint. The rows of the line-sweep pattern are randomly spaced near the boundaries of each cell to decrease the probability of missing a line of evenly spaced mines. The spacing of the rows near the center of each cell are specifically determined from estimated possible mine locations. Bounds placed on the row spacing limits the amount of uncovered area to maintain an acceptable probability of detection. This method results in a probability of missing a mine that is less than the percent of unsearched area.
Immunochromatography of group a trichothecene mycotoxins

A new approach involving the use of ELISA as a post‐column monitoring system for HPLC for the analysis of different group A trichothecenes was developed. Various group A trichothecenes were first separated on a C‐18 reverse‐phase column. Individual fractions eluted from the column were analyzed by ELISA using generic antibodies against group A trichothecenes. This approach can not only identify each individual group A trichothecene but can also determine their concentration quantitatively. Concentrations as low as 2 ng of T‐2 toxin and related trichothecenes as well as their metabolites can be monitored by this method. The combination of HPLC and ELISA technology proved to be an efficient, sensitive and specific method for the analysis of trichothecenes. Details of this approach as tested on the analysis of different group A trichothecenes in some fungal culture extracts and T‐2 toxin metabolites in a urine sample are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed.
Interpretation of Third Phase Formation in the Th(IV)–HNO3, TBP–n‐Octane System with Baxter's “Sticky Spheres” Model

Abstract Small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) data for the tri‐n‐butylphosphate (TBP)–n‐octane, HNO3–Th(NO3)4 solvent extraction system, obtained under a variety of experimental conditions, have been interpreted using two different models. The particle growth model led to unrealistic results. The Baxter model for hard‐spheres with surface adhesion, on the other hand, was more successful. According to this model, the increase in scattering intensity in the low Q range observed when increasing amounts of Th(NO3)4 are extracted into the organic phase, has been interpreted as arising from interactions between small reverse micelles containing three TBP molecules. Upon extraction of Th(NO3)4, the micelles interact through attractive forces between their polar cores with a potential energy of up to about 2 kBT. The intermicellar attraction, under suitable conditions, leads to third phase formation. Upon phase splitting, most of the solutes of the original organic phase separate in a continuous phase containing...
Working with parents of the disadvantaged or culturally different gifted

Teachers who work with low socio‐economic minority gifted students should be prepared to work intensely with their families for improved home‐school relations if the gifted program is to be successful.
Numerical Simulations of Plasmonic Transmission Lines

We present simulations of plasmonic transmission lines consisting of metal strips embedded in dielectric media. Our numerical method is based on calculating the eigenmodes using a finite-element method as will be illustrated by several examples.
Long-term remission of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation from matched sibling donors: a 20-year experience with the fractionated total body irradiation-etoposide regimen.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the only known curative modality for patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). Sixty-seven patients with HLA-matched sibling donors received fractionated total body irradiation (FTBI) and high-dose VP16, whereas 11 patients received FTBI/VP16/cyclophosphamide, and 1 patient received FTBI/VP16/busulfan. The median age was 36 years. At the time of HCT, 49 patients (62%) were in first complete remission (CR1) and 30 patients (38%) were beyond CR1 (> CR1). The median follow-up was 75 months (range, 14-245 months). The 10-year overall survival for the CR1 and beyond CR1 patients was 54% and 29% (P = .01), respectively, and event-free survival was 48% and 26% (P = .02), respectively. There was no significant difference in relapse incidence (28% vs 41%, P = .28), but nonrelapse mortality was significantly higher in the beyond CR1 patients, (31% vs 54%, P = .03, respectively). By univariate analysis, factors affecting event-free and overall survival were white blood cell count at diagnosis ( 30 × 109/L) and disease status (CR1 vs > CR1). The median time to relapse for CR1 and for beyond CR1 patients was 12 months and 9 months, respectively. Our results indicate that FTBI/VP16 with or without cyclophosphamide confers long-term survival in Ph+ ALL patients and that disease status at the time of HCT is an important predictor of outcome.
Supercritical-fluid solubilization of catalyst precursors: The solubility and phase behavior of molybdenum hexacarbonyl in supercritical carbon dioxide and application to the direct liquefaction of coal

Abstract A method utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide for impregnating coal with catalytic amounts of molybdenum hexacarbonyl useful for promoting coal dissolution during direct liquefaction is described. Results are presented that describe the solubility and phase behavior of molybdenum hexacarbonyl in supercritical carbon dioxide at 40, 50, and 60 °C. A model based upon the Peng-Robinson equation-of-state was used both to initially predict and subsequently model the observed solubility behavior. Preliminary liquefaction results of Illinois No. 6 coal impregnated with molybdenum hexacarbonyl from supercritical carbon dioxide are also presented.