cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slow evolution of nonlinear deep water waves in two horizontal directions: A numerical study

Abstract The two-dimensional evolution of Stokes waves over a long fetch has been studied only by means of the cubic Schrodinger equation which is accurate up to the third order in wave slope (Yuen and Ferguson [1], Martin and Yuen [2] and Litvak et al. [3]). For uniform Stokes waves unstable sidebands are known to induce modulation and demodulation at the beginning but energy leakage to higher frequencies leads to chaos eventually and invalidates the theory. For one-dimensional evolution, the fourth-order extension by Dysthe [4] has been shown to corroborate better with experiments that the third-order (Lo and Mei [5]). In this paper we pursue further the implications of the fourth-order theory on two-dimensional evolutions. For the instability of uniform wave trains due to oblique sidebands, we find that the narrower instability region and the presence of a higher-order dispersion term tend to delay the trend toward chaos. We also study the evolution of a single three-dimensional envelope with various aspect ratios. Comparisons between the third- and fourth-order theories are made. Specifically, if the initial envelope is elongated in the direction of the crests, new groups are first born near the center, with ridges parallel to the crests, then everything flattens out. If the initial envelope is elongated in the direction of wave propagation, then the tendency of group-splitting is reduced. Furthermore, the envelope elongates crest-wise to form a ridge before eventual flattening.
Overview of an undergraduate computer security administration curriculum based on regional needs

This paper describes an undergraduate computer security administration course designed with input from local organizations about regional computer security needs. The curriculum was implemented and evaluations of the curriculum are presented. A summary description of the curriculum is presented along with descriptions of the courses.
Comparison of subpixel image registration algorithms.

Research into the use of multiframe superresolution has led to the development of algorithms for providing images with enhanced resolution using several lower resolution copies. An integral component of these algorithms is the determination of the registration of each of the low resolution images to a reference image. Without this information, no resolution enhancement can be attained. We have endeavored to find a suitable method for registering severely undersampled images by comparing several approaches. To test the algorithms, an ideal image is input to a simulated image formation program, creating several undersampled images with known geometric transformations. The registration algorithms are then applied to the set of low resolution images and the estimated registration parameters compared to the actual values. This investigation is limited to monochromatic images (extension to color images is not difficult) and only considers global geometric transformations. Each registration approach will be reviewed and evaluated with respect to the accuracy of the estimated registration parameters as well as the computational complexity required. In addition, the effects of image content, specifically spatial frequency content, as well as the immunity of the registration algorithms to noise will be discussed.
A Behavior-Authoring Framework for Multiactor Simulations

Interest has been growing in the behavioral animation of autonomous actors in virtual worlds. However, authoring complicated interactions between multiple actors in a way that balances control flexibility and automation remains a considerable challenge. A proposed behavior-authoring framework gives users complete control over the domain of the system: the state space, action space, and cost of executing actions. To specialize actors, the framework uses effect and cost modifiers, which modify existing action definitions, and constraints, which prune action choices in a state-dependent manner. The framework groups actors with common or conflicting goals to form a composite domain, and a multiagent planner generates complicated interactions between multiple actors. The Web extra is a video that shows how multiactor simulations should aim to strike a happy medium between the automation of generation and the flexibility of specification.
Words as alleles: connecting language evolution with Bayesian learners to models of genetic drift.

Scientists studying how languages change over time often make an analogy between biological and cultural evolution, with words or grammars behaving like traits subject to natural selection. Recent work has exploited this analogy by using models of biological evolution to explain the properties of languages and other cultural artefacts. However, the mechanisms of biological and cultural evolution are very different: biological traits are passed between generations by genes, while languages and concepts are transmitted through learning. Here we show that these different mechanisms can have the same results, demonstrating that the transmission of frequency distributions over variants of linguistic forms by Bayesian learners is equivalent to the Wright–Fisher model of genetic drift. This simple learning mechanism thus provides a justification for the use of models of genetic drift in studying language evolution. In addition to providing an explicit connection between biological and cultural evolution, this allows us to define a ‘neutral’ model that indicates how languages can change in the absence of selection at the level of linguistic variants. We demonstrate that this neutral model can account for three phenomena: the s-shaped curve of language change, the distribution of word frequencies, and the relationship between word frequencies and extinction rates.
Red light violations and crashes at urban intersections

High approach speeds coupled with aggressive driving often lead to the running of red lights at intersections. When motorists see a yellow light as they approach an intersection, they are supposed to stop unless such sudden stopping is unsafe. Entering an intersection during the red signal is a citable offense, and several states are working to legalize video detection and enforcement using red light violation camera systems. Such enforcement is targeted toward driver behavioral modification; in the absence of an all-red interval the motorist who enters an intersection during the red signal runs an extremely high risk of being struck by cross-street traffic. A study was performed in the city of Detroit, Michigan, to compare the red light violation characteristics of intersections with properly designed all-red intervals and those intersections without all-red intervals. In the absence of before violation data, a comparative parallel experimental study was used. It was hypothesized that providing an all-re...
Ethics in nanomedicine.

Kaposi’s sarcoma is a vascular tumor of skin and viscera first described in 1872. Prior to the 1980s, this disease was rarely seen in the Western world, but was quite prevalent in Sub-Saharan African countries. Since the onset of the HIV pandemic in the 1980s, the incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma has increased markedly in Africa and continues to be a significant problem in association with AIDS in Western countries. Many therapies have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, including alitretinoin gel, interferon alpha, and various forms of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Antiretroviral therapy combined with cytotoxic agents has yielded significantly greater efficacy than chemotherapy alone. However, as reviewed in this report, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has been established as the treatment of choice for patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma in Western countries. Compelling preclinical and clinical evidence, reviewed herein, has demonstrated that the nanoparticle (pegylated liposome) delivery system of this formulation leads to greater tumor localization of doxorubicin and consequent improved efficacy, as well as reduced toxicity.
Time scales and stability in networked multi-robot systems

This paper examines the dynamic interplay between decentralized controllers and mesh networking protocols for controlling groups of robots. A proportional controller is used to maintain robots in a formation based on estimates of the robots' states observed through the network. The state information is propagated through the network using a flooding algorithm, which introduces topology-dependent time delays. The coupled interaction of information flow over the network with the dynamics of the robots is modeled as a linear dynamical system. With this model it is shown that systems made up of robots with stable first order dynamics are stable for all network update times, positive feedback gains, and connected communication graphs. With higher order robot dynamics it is found that stability is a complex and counter intuitive function of feedback gain and network update time. A performance metric is proposed for analyzing the convergence rate of the multi-robot system. Experiments with flying quadrotor robots verify the predictions of the model and the performance metric.
Options traders exhibit subadditive decision weights

Professional options traders priced risky prospects as well as uncertain prospects whose outcomes depended on future values of various stocks. The prices of the risky prospects coincided with their expected value, but the prices of the uncertain prospects violated expected utility theory. An event had greater impact on prices when it turned an impossibility into a possibility or a possibility into a certainty than when it merely made a possibility more or less likely, as predicted by prospect theory. This phenomenon is attributed to the subadditivity of judged probabilities.
Cognition Plus: Correlates Of Language Learning Success

This article examines the relationships of a variety of individual difference variables to end-of-training proficiency ratings in speaking and reading for a large sample of adults in intensive training in a wide range of languages at the U.S. Department of State. Variables included tested cognitive aptitude, learning strategies, learning styles, personality, motivation, and anxiety. Although tested cognitive aptitude showed the strongest correlations with proficiency test results in both skills, the other variables also correlated in ways that show how rich and complex the individual learner's role in language is. Results may contribute to increasingly sophisticated student counseling and to efforts to enhance student autonomy by tailoring treatments to student characteristics. They also increase knowledge of attributes that may affect language training to the upper proficiency levels.
Coerced Confessions: Self-Policing in the Shadow of the Regulator

As part of a recent trend toward more cooperative relations between regulators and industry, novel government programs are encouraging firms to monitor their own regulatory compliance and voluntarily report their own violations. In this study, we examine how regulatory enforcement activities influence organizations’ decisions to self-police. We created a comprehensive data set for the ‘‘Audit Policy,’’ a United States Environmental Protection Agency program that encourages companies to self-disclose violations of environmental laws and regulations in exchange for reduced sanctions. We find that facilities are more likely to self-disclose if they were recently subjected to one of several different enforcement measures and if they were provided with immunity from prosecution for self-disclosed violations. The pitched political battles over regulation in the 1970s and 1980s, from deregulation to Reagan’s vow to get government ‘‘off the back’’ of industry, have given way in recent years to a new wave of voluntary self-regulation programs based on a more cooperative approach between government and industry. Regulatory agencies are embracing programs that see firms as active participants in their own governance. And from the industry side, talk is increasingly about companies regulating themselves rather than trying to avoid regulation altogether. These new cooperative arrangements enjoy wide support, both from industry proponents who see self-regulation as the most flexible and efficient
THE USE OF UNDER- AND OVERSAMPLING WITHIN ENSEMBLE FEATURE SELECTION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY PREDICTION

Software quality prediction models are useful tools for creating high quality software products. The general process is that practitioners use software metrics and defect data along with various data mining techniques to build classification models for identifying potentially faulty program modules, thereby enabling effective project resource allocation. The predictive accuracy of these classification models is often affected by the quality of input data. Two main problems which can affect the quality of input data are high dimensionality (too many independent attributes in a dataset) and class imbalance (many more members of one class than the other class in a binary classification problem). To resolve both of these problems, we present an iterative feature selection approach which repeatedly applies data sampling (to overcome class imbalance) followed by feature selection (to overcome high dimensionality), and finally combines the ranked feature lists from the separate iterations of sampling. After feature selection, models are built either using a plain learner or by using a boosting algorithm which incorporates sampling. In order to assess the impact of various balancing, filter, and learning techniques in the feature selection and model-building process on software quality prediction, we employ two sampling techniques, random undersampling (RUS) and synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE), and two ensemble boosting approaches, RUSBoost and SMOTEBoost (in which RUS and SMOTE, respectively, are integrated into a boosting technique), as well as six feature ranking techniques. We apply the proposed techniques to several groups of datasets from two real-world software systems and use two learners to build classification models. The experimental results demonstrate that RUS results in better prediction than SMOTE, and also that boosting is more effective in improving classification performance than not using boosting. In addition, some feature ranking techniques, like chi-squared and information gain, exhibit better and more stable classification behavior than other rankers.
Shifting T-cell activation thresholds in autoimmunity and determinant spreading

Summary: The best-characterized autoimmune T-cell response is that to myelin basic protein (MBP), MBP has classically been regarded as a sequestered antigen that does not cause negative selection. This view has been fostered by the observation that T-cell receptor-transgenic T cells that are specific for the “immunodominant determinant” on the molecule, MBP:Ac 1–11, persist as naive cells in MBP-expressing H-Z” mice. The same T cells, however, can cause autoimmune pathology once they have been primed by environmental stimulation to become memory cells. Once the autoimmune response to Ac1-11 has been engaged, determinant spreading occurs and second-wave T-cell responses that are specific for weaker, “cryptic” determinants like MBP: 121–140 develop. Although the nature of these cryptic determinants has been enigmatic, recent studies using MBP-”-mice have provided new insights. These studies showed that MBP is not a sequestered antigen, but one that causes negative selection; as MBP: 121–140 is actually the immunodominant determinant in MBP-/- mice, it tolerizes high avidity clones in MBP+/+ mice, making it appear cryptic. Based on this new information, we attempt here to redefine the MBP-specific repertoire within the theoretical framework of the threshold model for negative selection, and we propose a model of shifting T-cell activation thresholds to explain how ignorant/naive T cells can become effector cells of autoimmune pathology and why this effector cell repertoire spreads.
Conservation Is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea

Conservation Is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea. Paige West. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. 320 pp.
Pulmonary embolism in younger adults.

To test the hypothesis that the clinical presentation and outcomes are different when pulmonary embolism occurs in younger (age 18 to 40 years) as compared to older (age >40 years) adults, 40 younger patients were compared with older patients. No risk factors could be identified in 28 percent of the younger group. Normal physical examinations were more common (58 vs 28 percent, p = 0.01) among younger as compared with older adults. Hypoxemia was absent in 29 percent of the younger and 3 percent of the older group (p = 0.004); P(A-a)O 2 was significantly lower among younger patients even after controlling for age. Mortality was decreased sevenfold (2.5 vs 18 percent, p = 0.03) among younger patients. These data indicate that pulmonary embolism tends to have a subtle presentation in younger adults. When diagnosed and treated, the mortality rate is substantially less among younger as compared with older patients.
Information technology, medical education, and anatomy for the twenty-first century.

Medicine is experiencing an escalating explosion of information. With more data available about more topics, the key questions are how to access and make sense of the medical information jungle. Skill in choosing and applying information is essential for both medical education and practice and will require new approaches to mastering data. Medical education, like medicine itself, will continue to be driven by technology, and we can expect our students to be increasingly computer literate. Thus the role of medical education will become more one of how to use this information than of obtaining the information itself. What medical education must focus on is the processing of information for appropriate medical care. This, in turn, depends upon practitioners having contexts in which the relevance and significance of information can be evaluated. New imaging technologies and molecular advances demand a broader understanding of both health and disease. With the information explosion “on line,” how can a student use this to understand the structure and function of the human body in four dimensions? Anatomy, the structural basis for life, provides a unique and necessary perspective on the human body from the molecular to the macroscopic. A solid foundation in anatomy is the best preparation for an effective physical examination and for safe, efficient basic clinical procedures. Finally, anatomy laboratories provide a context for learning other important aspects of medicine—group process, clinical problem solving, and a sensitivity to human mortality. Advocating for these unique features of our discipline in medical education is the task facing anatomists as we end this millennium. The challenges and opportunities for us have never been greater, if we don't throw out the baby with the bath water. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tuberculosis in liver transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of individual patient data

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients. We examined the efficacy of isoniazid latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment in liver transplant recipients and reviewed systematically all cases of active MTB infection in this population. We found 7 studies that evaluated LTBI treatment and 139 cases of active MTB infection in liver transplant recipients. Isoniazid LTBI treatment was associated with reduced MTB reactivation in transplant patients with latent MTB risk factors (0.0% versus 8.2%, P = 0.02), and isoniazid-related hepatotoxicity occurred in 6% of treated patients, with no reported deaths. The prevalence of active MTB infection in transplant recipients was 1.3%. Nearly half of all recipients with active MTB infection had an identifiable pretransplant MTB risk factor. Among recipients who developed active MTB infection, extrapulmonary involvement was common (67%), including multiorgan disease (27%). The short-term mortality rate was 31%. Surviving patients were more likely to have received 3 or more drugs for MTB induction therapy (P = 0.003) and to have been diagnosed within 1 month of symptom onset (P = 0.01) and were less likely to have multiorgan disease (P = 0.01) or to have experienced episodes of acute transplant rejection (P = 0.02). Compared with the general population, liver transplant recipients have an 18-fold increase in the prevalence of active MTB infection and a 4-fold increase in the case-fatality rate. For high-risk transplant candidates, isoniazid appears safe and is probably effective at reducing MTB reactivation. All liver transplant candidates should receive a tuberculin skin test, and isoniazid LTBI treatment should be given to patients with a positive skin test result or MTB pretransplant risk factors, barring a specific contraindication. Liver Transpl 15:894-906, 2009. (c) 2009 AASLD.
Reduced Radius Removal and its Effect on In-line and Field Reliability Improvements

While circuit techniques and process technology permit the fabrication of high-performance and high density chips, reliability must keep pace with the ever-increasing cir- cuit density and system complexity. The development of insitu burn-in-tests performed during burn-in to ensure that the chips are experiencing proper stress and to identify failures which may potentially be corrected - has decreased the post burn-in failure rate by a factor of 30 or more. The proper stresses, tests, and measurements at wafer and chip level have enabled us to produce "known good die" which can be mounted on multichip packages. A combination of in-line, end-of-line, sys- tem, and field data on over one million chips demonstrate our reliability improvements. A series of in-line process and electrical measurements have been defined for each production facility which provides for early detection of reliability problems. The measurements were established based on demonstrated reliability concerns. Rather than simply detecting potential reliability problems, we have developed, and implemented in manufacturing, a tough maver- ick control strategy which detects systematic process and de- fect problems with known or possible adverse product reliabil- ity impact. Manufacturing defects which produce failures at test, screens, line monitoring, and in the field are routinely submitted to failure analysis for root cause analysis and correc- tive action in the factory. The overall impact of the R3 process along with in-line and end-of-line screens have enabled us to meet our six-sigma reli- ability objectives as well as productivity and serviceability.
Bias Associated with Failing to Incorporate Dependence on Event History in Markov Models

Purpose. When using state-transition Markov models to simulate risk of recurrent events over time, incorporating dependence on higher numbers of prior episodes can increase model complexity, yet failing to capture this event history may bias model outcomes. This analysis assessed the tradeoffs between model bias and complexity when evaluating risks of recurrent events in Markov models. Methods. The authors developed a generic episode/relapse Markov cohort model, defining bias as the percentage change in events prevented with 2 hypothetical interventions (prevention and treatment) when incorporating 0 to 9 prior episodes in relapse risk versus a model with 10 such episodes. Magnitude and sign of bias were evaluated as a function of event and recovery risks, disease-specific mortality, and risk function. Results. Bias was positive in the base case for a prevention strategy, indicating that failing to fully incorporate dependence on event history overestimated the prevention’s predicted impact. For treatment...
Interpersonal Aggression Victimization Within Casual Sexual Relationships and Experiences

The frequent occurrence of aggression within committed romantic relationships is well documented. However, little is known about experiences of interpersonal aggression within casual sexual relationships and experiences. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of emotional, physical, and sexual aggression victimization within committed romantic relationships, casual dating relationships, friends-with-benefit relationships, booty-calls, and one-night stands. College students (N = 172) provided data regarding the lifetime occurrence of emotional, physical, and sexual aggression across different forms of casual sexual relationships and experiences (friends-with-benefits, booty-call, casual dating, one-night stands, committed relationships). Emotional, physical, and sexual subtypes of aggression were reported across all casual sexual relationships and experiences. While a higher percentage of individuals who had been involved in committed relationships reported experiencing at least one form of aggression (approximately 69%), prevalence of at least one form of aggression ranged from approximately 31% to 36% for the various casual sexual relationships/experiences. Across relationships/experiences, emotional and sexual aggression were more common than physical aggression. The findings from this study indicate that emotional, physical, and sexual aggression occur across types of relationships and experiences. Thus, the current study underscores the importance of considering casual dating, friends-with-benefits, booty-calls, and one-night stands when assessing interpersonal aggression.
ASSOCIATION/VALUE: CREATIVE COLLABORATIONS IN THE LIBRARY

In her recent address to a symposium of institutional and private collectors at the Library of Congress, Alice Schreyer used the notion of “ecology” to describe the network of relations that has helped sustain private collectors, dealers, and institutional curators since the modern university emerged alongside the Golden Age of book-collecting in the late nineteenth century. At least since the early 1960s, imaginative writers also have actively participated in this network while curators and librarians have become players in the literary scene. Here, I will be reading the traces of a few transactions between poets and special collections librarians over . . .
Accurate Integration of Stochastic Climate Models with Application to El Niño

Numerical models are one of the most important theoretical tools in atmospheric research, and the development of numerical techniques specifically designed to model the atmosphere has been an important discipline for many years. In recent years, stochastic numerical models have been introduced in order to investigate more fully Hasselmann’s suggestion that the effect of rapidly varying ‘‘weather’’ noise on more slowly varying ‘‘climate’’ could be treated as stochastic forcing. In this article an accurate method of integrating stochastic climate models is introduced and compared with some other commonly used techniques. It is shown that particular care must be used when the size of rapid variations in the ‘‘weather’’ depends upon the ‘‘climate.’’ How the implementation of stochasticity in a numerical model can affect the detection of multiple dynamical regimes in model output is discussed.
Cytochrome P450 and arachidonic acid bioactivation: molecular and functional properties of the arachidonate monooxygenase

The demonstration of in vivo arachidonic acid epoxidation and v -hydroxylation established the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase and v / v -1 hydroxylase as formal meta- bolic pathways and as members of the arachidonate metabolic cascade. The characterization of the potent biological activ- ities associated with several of the cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids suggested new and important functional roles for these enzymes in cellular, organ, and body physiology, including the control of vascular reactivity and systemic blood pressures. Past and current advances in cytochrome P450 biochemistry and molecular biology facilitate the char- acterization of cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for tissue/organ specific arachidonic acid epoxidation and v / v -1 hydroxylation, and thus, the analysis of cDNA and/or gene specific functional phenotypes. The combined applica- tion of physiological, biochemical, molecular, and genetic ap- proaches is beginning to provide new insights into the physi- ological and/or pathophysiological significance of these enzymes, their endogenous substrates, and products. —Cap- devila, J. H., J. R. Falck, and R. C. Harris. Cytochrome P450 and arachidonic acid bioactivation: molecular and func- tional properties of the arachidonate monooxygenase. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 163-181.
Postnatal development of adipocyte cellularity in the normal rat

It has been shown by several investigators that adipocyte number is stable in mature human beings and several species of rodents. Although the number of new cells appearing in the adipose depot can be measured histometrically and by Coulter counting of osmium-fixed cells, such methods do not distinguish between "lipid filling" of preexistent adipocytes and synthesis of new adipocytes. The experiments reported here using in vivo injection of [(3)H]thymidine show that synthesis of new adipocytes in the Sprague-Dawley rat continues after birth and ceases before sexual maturity. Furthermore, during the second and third postnatal weeks, a "bed" of preadipocytes is synthesized. Preadipocytes may take as long as 30 days to appear as mature adipocytes.
Finite volume study of electric polarizabilities from lattice QCD

Knowledge of the electric polarizability is crucial to understanding the interactions of hadrons with electromagnetic fields. The neutron polarizability is very sensitive to the quark mass and is expected to diverge in the chiral limit. Here we present results for the electric polarizability of the neutron, neutral pion, and neutral kaon on eight ensembles with nHYP-smeared clover dynamical fermions with two different pion masses (227 and 306 MeV). These are currently the lightest pion masses used in polarizability studies. For each pion mass we compute the polarizability at four different volumes and perform an infinite volume extrapolation for the three hadrons. Along with the infinite volume extrapolation we conduct a chiral extrapolation for the kaon polarizability to the physical point. We compare our results for the neutron polarizability to predictions from chiral perturbation theory.
Smoothing a Network of Planar Polygonal Lines Obtained with Vectorization

A new method of smoothing polygonal lines obtained as the result of vectorization and creating the network is suggested. This method performs not only smoothing but also filtering of vectorization errors taking into account that these errors appear not only as the errors of vertices but as errors of node coordinates as well. An important part of this algorithm is a technique of building piecewise polynomial base functions for local approximation of the polylines of the network. The suggested algorithm has a linear computational complexity for exponential weight functions. The necessity of using finite weight functions is shown. Algorithms of calculating tangents and curvatures are derived. Shrinking errors and errors of parameters are analyzed. A method of compensation of the shrinking errors is suggested and how to do smoothing with variable intensity is shown.
Bioenergy, Resource Scarcity and the Rising Importance of Land Use Definitions

The rising demand for food and bioenergy from the world’s burgeoning population has created tension between how man and nature use the land upon which cropping depends. Law as an institution likely will be the ultimate arbiter between competing uses as existing resources become more strained, greenhouse gas emissions increase due to new lands conversion, and ethical claims mount that bioenergy leads to food insecurity. One option to address this problem is to incentivize biomass cropping on lands not reserved for food production such as “marginal,” “idle,” “abandoned” and “degraded” lands (“MIDA” lands). In order to achieve balance through land use demarcation, policies first must shift from myriad, generic land use terms to a consistent definitional basis in law or regulation that currently does not exist. Existing land classification tools serve as a starting point to build legally enforceable land use definitions, which this article surveys. Significant challenges lie ahead, however, in designing and operationalizing enforceable land use categories that guide resource allocation. Legal metrics must reconcile complex interactions between the economic, cultural and ecological values inherent in such lands. Systems-level definitions for MIDA lands thus are essential to preventing possible social and environmental harms caused by isolated, generic and myopic terms confined within bioenergy policies. The constitutionally-delineated role of individual states in land use planning could get in the way of establishing a federal land use policy that provides harmonized, systems-based strategies for the definition and use of MIDA lands. Ultimately, bioenergy policies standing alone cannot solve broader, systemic structural and ethical failures of governments to manage lands for optimum social, economic and environmental benefits. Bioenergy policies can, however, serve as a platform to consider regulating land uses more proactively and comprehensively in light of certain future resource scarcity.
Dependence on Temperature, pH, and Cl− in the Uniform Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys 2024-T3, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6

Abstract With regards to localized corrosion, the role of uniform corrosion of aluminum alloys has not always been accounted for in the past. The impact of uniform corrosion on aluminum alloys 2024-T3, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6 is studied here to provide quantitative evidence of its importance. Preliminary weight loss experiments combined with optical profilometry (OP) indicate that corrosion attributed to uniform corrosion is very significant when compared to localized corrosion. A series of free immersion tests were conducted to understand the influence of environmental variables including temperature (20, 40, 60, 80 °C), initial pH without buffering (3, 5, 8, 10) and chloride concentration (0.01, 0.1, 1 M) for 1, 7, and 30 days. With time, uniform corrosion results exhibited a strong dependence on temperature accompanied by variable pH- and temperature-dependent corrosion product formation. Electrochemical approaches including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cathodic polarization were utilized to characterize the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and corrosion product formation as a function of temperature. Electron microscopy was conducted to assess the microstructure and morphology of corrosion products and provide supporting evidence for electrochemical findings.
Structure–Activity Relationships among Antifungal Nylon-3 Polymers: Identification of Materials Active against Drug-Resistant Strains of Candida albicans

Fungal infections are a major challenge to human health that is heightened by pathogen resistance to current therapeutic agents. Previously, we were inspired by host-defense peptides to develop nylon-3 polymers (poly-β-peptides) that are toxic toward the fungal pathogen Candida albicans but exert little effect on mammalian cells. Based on subsequent analysis of structure–activity relationships among antifungal nylon-3 polymers, we have now identified readily prepared cationic homopolymers active against strains of C. albicans that are resistant to the antifungal drugs fluconazole and amphotericin B. These nylon-3 polymers are nonhemolytic. In addition, we have identified cationic–hydrophobic copolymers that are highly active against a second fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, and moderately active against a third pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus.
Contributions to the Life History of the Iceryine Coccids, with Special Reference to Parthenogenesis and Hermaphroditism.

The coccid tribe Iceryini as recently defined by Morrison ('28, '30) comprises the genus Icerya and five other genera closely allied to it. Of this group the life cycle of only Icerya purchasi , the cottony cushion scale, is at all adequately known. This species presents so many unique features, especially relative to its reproductive processes, that any contributions to our knowledge of nearly related species holds an especial interest. The present study presents new data on four other members of this group—data derived from field study, from the cytological investigation of material preserved in the field, and from breeding experiments, made during two extended trips in Central America in the years 1928 and 1929. The species studied are Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard and Icerya littoralis Cockerell, two forms, which, with Icerya purchasi Maskell, represent three different sections of the genus Icerya, Crypticerya rosae Riley and Howard, and Echinicerya anomola Morrison, a new genus and species discovered during my 1928 trip in Guatemala and recently described by Dr. H. Morrison of the United States Bureau of Entomology. To Dr. Morrison I am also indebted for the identification of all the other types herein reported. Grateful acknowledgment is also made to the donor of the Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship, and to the American Association of University Women awarding it, whose support made the field work of 1929 possible. The field work of 1928 was done in collaboration with Professor Franz Schrader of Bryn Mawr College.
Aromaticity and aminopyrroles: desmotropy and solution tautomerism of 1H-pyrrol-3-aminium and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-iminium cation: a stable σ-complex.

Protonation of 3-aminopyrrole at C-2 gave the σ-complex 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-iminium cation, whereas protonation at the exoamino group gave its 1H-pyrrol-3-aminium tautomer. Both tautomers were isolated...
A Novel Approach Using Electromagnetic Neuronavigation and a Flexible Neuroendoscope for Placement of Ommaya Reservoirs

Objective Placement of intraventricular catheters in oncology patients can be associated with morbidity given their small to slit-like ventricles and underlying hematologic disorders. We studied the accuracy of placing Ommaya reservoirs using neuronavigation and a flexible neuroendoscope to verify catheter positioning. Methods Ommaya reservoirs placed in 25 oncology patients between 2013 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-five ventricular catheters were placed using the AxiEM stealth frameless neuronavigation system and a flexible neuroendoscope. Postoperative catheter accuracy, operative complications, and postoperative complications were assessed. We discuss surgical protocol and technical nuances. Results All ventricular catheters were successfully placed into the ipsilateral (84%) or contralateral (16%) foramen of Monro. A single ventricular catheter pass was needed to cannulate the ventricle in 96% of patients. The mean accuracy was 4.09 ± 3.47 mm from the target, the ipsilateral foramen of Monro. One patient had a catheter tract hemorrhage seen on postoperative imaging related to thrombocytopenia. No postoperative neurologic deficits were seen. Conclusions A combined neuronavigation and neuroendoscopic approach improved catheter tip accuracy compared with accuracy rates described in the literature using other techniques. This approach can be adapted toward routine clinical practice of placing ventricular shunt catheters and Ommaya reservoirs.
Factorizations of block triangular matrices

Abstract Transfer homomorphisms have long been used as tools in factorization theory. The idea is to transfer information about factorizations in a semigroup of interest from simpler, easier-to-understand semigroups. Unfortunately there exist noncommutative semigroups which admit no transfer homomorphism to any commutative semigroup. The weak transfer homomorphism was introduced to study such semigroups. In particular, these weak transfer homomorphisms were used to study factorizations of semigroups of upper-triangular matrices with entries coming from a commutative integral domain. In this work we extend this study, finding weak transfer homomorphisms to both commutative and noncommutative semigroups from upper triangular matrices with entries coming from noncommutative rings. In particular, we study factorizations of block triangular matrices.
On the Seasonal Cycles of Tropical Cyclone Potential Intensity

AbstractRecent studies have investigated trends and interannual variability in the potential intensity (PI) of tropical cyclones (TCs), but relatively few have examined TC PI seasonality or its controlling factors. Potential intensity is a function of environmental conditions that influence thermodynamic atmosphere–ocean disequilibrium and the TC thermodynamic efficiency—primarily sea surface temperatures and the TC outflow temperatures—and therefore varies spatially across ocean basins with different ambient conditions. This study analyzes the seasonal cycles of TC PI in each main development region using reanalysis data from 1980 to 2013. TC outflow in the western North Pacific (WNP) region is found above the tropopause throughout the seasonal cycle. Consequently, WNP TC PI is strongly influenced by the seasonal cycle of lower-stratospheric temperatures, which act to damp its seasonal variability and thereby permit powerful TCs any time during the year. In contrast, the other main development regions (s...
«La pasión del orden». Convergencias virtuales en el linealismo alegórico de «Dos ángeles y un santo arzobispo» y en la simbología teológica del auto sacramental calderoniano

«The passion for order» that characterizes the Caledonian works can be seen in the optics capacity of the dramatist to produce auto sacramentales that maintain a direct correlation with the preceding pictorial works. In this line of analysis, this study presents the convergence between the allegorical linealismo visibly present in the Roman mural paintings of the region of Castile and Leon in Two Angels and a Holy Archbishop of anonymous artist found in the Hermitage of the Vera Cruz de Maderuelo, Segovia, of the twelfth century Spain, and the implied significance of the symbolism represented in the scenic sketches of the auto sacramental The Immunity of Consecrated Ground by Pedro Calderon de la Barca written in the early modern Spain.
A Case Study on Using Corrosion Analysis in Forensic Engineering

Material failures occur in products due to changes in the original characteristics that prevent satisfactory performance of a functional system for its intended purpose and could produce losses to human life and economic infrastructure. Metals’ characteristics change due to cyclic stress, strain, and corrosion. This paper presents a case study that deal with the application of corrosion fundamentals in the determination of the origin of failures in a metallic part—galvanic corrosion failure in a water supply plumbing system. Metallographic examination, chemical analysis of the parts, and fractography were conducted, and the cause of failures was determined as a galvanic corrosion.
Physiological effects of physical therapy interventions on lumbar intervertebral discs: A systematic review

ABSTRACTBackground context: The use of physical therapy has been recommended in the treatment of low back pain based on primarily mechanical and neurophysiological effects. Recent studies have measured the physiological effects of physical therapy interventions, including manual therapy and traction, on the intervertebral discs (IVD), and these findings may have implications for the long-term management or even prevention of low back pain. Purpose: The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the literature regarding possible physiological effects of physical therapy interventions on the intervertebral disc (IVD). Study design: Systematic Review. Methods: A literature search of published articles through December 2014 resulted in the retrieval of 8 clinical studies assessing the influence of physical therapy interventions on the physiology of the IVD. Results: Three studies, including two using animal models, investigated the effects of 30-minute intermittent traction on disc height. One in v...
Designing Schools for Students on the Spectrum

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are broad terms for a group of multifaceted developmental disabilities. These are often characterized by a range of disorders. According to estimates from ...
Developing X-ray photonic microsystems for synchrotron applications

We take this opportunity to introduce our research and development effort on MEMS-based dynamic x-ray optics that exploit the properties to manipulate and control the x-ray pulses at synchrotron sources for time-resolved experiments.
Moderating role of product type in the relationship between e-retailer service attributes and customer satisfaction

This paper examines how product type (i.e., utilitarian vs. hedonic) moderates the relationship between e-retailer service attributes (i.e., customer support and product met expectations) and customer satisfaction. Using hierarchical linear regression analysis, this paper finds that customer support exerts a stronger impact on customer overall satisfaction for utilitarian goods than for hedonic goods. In contrast, product met expectations exerts a greater impact on customer overall satisfaction for hedonic goods than for utilitarian goods. Managerially, it is of strategic importance for e-retailers to account for their product types when allocating resources to service attributes. Theoretically, this is the first study to explore the moderating role of product type (i.e., utilitarian vs. hedonic) in the relationships between e-retailer service attributes and customer overall satisfaction.
Modelling and optimization of a bi-objective flow shop scheduling with diverse maintenance requirements

In real-world problems, machines cannot continuously operate and have to stop for maintenance before they fail. Lack of maintenance can also affect the performance of machines in processing jobs. I...
Early detection of multi-organ metastases.

Rare-earth-doped nanoprobes emitting short-wavelength infrared light enable the detection of metastatic lesions in multiple organs.
Diffraction and Scattering by X-Rays and Neutrons

X-ray and neutron scattering methods have played a historically pivotal role in the development of molecular biophysics and biochemistry. Today a large proportion of papers that address a question in macromolecular structure carry with them a pictorial representation based on structural features derived from scattering methods. These images are often compelling and yet it is often difficult to assess the presented information based on pictures alone. The purpose of this chapter is to allow the non-expert to develop a sense of how much can be accepted or what can be learned from the images derived from scattering methods.
We’d Like Our Clothes Back Please! Partnering with Consumers to Achieve Sustainability Goals

When fashion designer Eileen Fisher asked customers to bring back their clothes for recycling, no one expected that they would receive eight tons of clothes in the first three months. And this was just at their Madison Avenue store. Where some see an industry that has been rife with examples of human rights and environmental abuses, Eileen Fisher sees an opportunity to do things differently. EILEEN FISHER, Inc. currently has over 1100 employees and 60 stores across the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and has certainly become a force with which to be reckoned in the sustainability movement. From the initial design of the clothing all the way through use and eventual reuse, it partners with its customers to achieve its sustainability goals.