cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Could peers influence intelligence during adolescence? An exploratory study

Abstract For decades, scholars have examined various aspects concerning the development of intelligence. Little research, however, has considered the potential for peers to influence intellectual ability. To investigate this possibility, data collected on a sample of 892 adolescents and their best friends who participated in the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were analyzed. Results indicate that while a large bivariate association exists in a longitudinal model between peer and adolescent intelligence, it is reduced to non-significance after controlling for prior levels of adolescent intelligence and other background variables. As such, and contrary to a number of other literatures providing evidence of peer influences on developmental outcomes during adolescence, this study does not find evidence supporting a socialization effect of peers on intellectual ability. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
Acute and Chronic Complications Following Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch

Duodenal switch is a procedure that offers patients a higher average weight loss than other more commonly performed bariatric procedures. However, it is technically challenging, and patients have an increased risk of complications from the longer intestinal bypass. The purpose of this chapter is to explain the evolution of the operation and technical considerations and describe the complications that can arise and their management. The importance is paramount, as it is expected that DS and its modifications will grow in favor and become more commonly offered procedures.
Performance evaluation and validation of the animal trauma triage score and modified Glasgow Coma Scale with suggested category adjustment in dogs: A VetCOT registry study

OBJECTIVE: To examine the animal trauma triage (ATT) and modified Glasgow Coma Scale (mGCS) scores as predictors of mortality outcome (death or euthanasia) in injured dogs. DESIGN: Observational cohort study conducted from September 2013 to March 2015 with follow‐up until death or hospital discharge. SETTING: Nine veterinary hospitals including private referral and veterinary teaching hospitals. ANIMALS: Consecutive sample of 3,599 dogs with complete data entries recruited into the Veterinary Committee on Trauma patient registry. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We compared the predictive power (area under receiver operating characteristic [AUROC]) and calibration of the ATT and mGCS scores to their components. Overall mortality risk was 7.3% (n = 264). Incidence of head trauma was 9.5% (n = 341). The ATT score showed a linear relationship with mortality risk. Discriminatory performance of the ATT score was excellent with AUROC = 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91 to 0.94) and pseudo R² = 0.42. Each ATT score increase of 1 point was associated with an increase in mortality odds of 2.07 (95% CI = 1.94–2.21, P < 0.001). The “eye/muscle/integument” category of the ATT showed poor discrimination (AUROC = 0.55). When this component together with the skeletal and cardiac components were omitted from calculation of the overall score, there was no loss in discriminatory capacity (AUROC = 0.92 vs 0.91, P = 0.09) compared with the full score. The mGCS showed good performance overall, but performance improved when restricted to head trauma patients (AUROC = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.79–0.90, n = 341 vs 0.82, 95% CI = 0.79–0.85, n = 3599). The motor component of the mGCS showed the best predictive performance (AUROC = 0.79 vs 0.66/0.69); however, the full score performed better than the motor component alone (P = 0.002). When assessment was restricted to patients with head injury (n = 341), the ATT score still performed better than the mGCS (AUROC = 0.90 vs 0.84, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In external validation on a large, multicenter dataset, the ATT score showed excellent discrimination and calibration; however, a more parsimonious score calculated on only the perfusion, respiratory, and neurological categories showed equivalent performance.
Susan Eggers Receives Eckert-Mauchly Award for Outstanding Contributions to Computer Architecture

Susan Eggers, professor emerita at the University of Washingtons Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, has been honored with the 2018 Eckert-Mauchly Award in recognition of her outstanding contributions to the field of computer architecture. The award, which is sponsored by the ACM and IEEE Computer Society, is the computer architecture communitys most prestigious honor. Eggers was cited in particular for her work on simultaneous multithreaded processor architectures and multiprocessor memory sharing and coherency. Eggers is the first woman to receive the Eckert-Mauchly Award in its 39-year history.
An Edge Exclusion Test for Complex Gaussian Graphical Model Selection

We consider the problem of inferring the conditional independence graph (CIG) of complex-valued multivariate Gaussian vectors. A p-variate complex Gaussian graphical model (CGGM) associated with an undirected graph with p vertices is defined as the family of complex Gaussian distributions that obey the conditional independence restrictions implied by the edge set of the graph. For real random vectors, considerable body of work exists where one first tests for exclusion of each edge from the saturated model, and then infers the CIG. Much less attention has been paid to CGGMs. In this paper, we propose and analyze a generalized likelihood ratio test based edge exclusion test statistic for CGGMs. The test statistic is expressed in an alternative form compared to an existing result, where the alternative expression is in a form usually given and exploited for real GGMs. The computational complexity of the proposed statistic is $\mathcal {O}(p^{3})$ compared to $\mathcal {O}(p^{5})$ for the existing result.
Improved Student Achievement Using Personalized Online Homework for a Course in Material and Energy Balances

Personalized, online homework was used to supplement textbook homework, quizzes, and exams for one section of a course in material and energy balances. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that students using personalized, online homework earned better grades in the course. The online homework system asks the same questions of each student while changing one or more numeric values in the problem statement. A comparison of performance on common quizzes, exams, and final course grades between students using the textbook and online homeworks versus students completing textbook homework and simple, multiple choice reading quizzes showed a statistically significant increase in achievement for the students using online homework. Of note, 91% of the students using online homework achieved C or better as their final course grade compared with 72% of the students in the control group. Student evaluations show that 66% of the students prefer textbook homework in combination with online homework to maximize learning of the course material.
Abstract WP149: Post-stroke Vascular Remodeling and the Role of Neural Precursor Cells

The time course, mode, regulation, and relevance to functional recovery of post-stroke vascular remodeling are poorly defined. We tracked peri-infarct vascular remodeling in mice with repeated in v...
Proportional Ventilatory Support: A Comparison of Proportional Assist Ventilation, Proportional Pressure Support and Proportional Pressure Ventilation

Background: Proportional ventilatory support (PVS) refers to modes of ventilation that provide support that is proportional to the patient9s inspiratory effort. Research has shown that PVS improves patient ventilator synchrony. Several ventilators are now available that provide a type of PVS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate proportional assist ventilation (PAV+) on the PB 840 and PB 980, proportional pressure ventilation (PPV) on the Respironics V60, and proportional pressure support (PPS) on the Drager V500, using the IngMar Medical ASL 5000 at three different inspiratory efforts (Pmus). Methods: The ASL was set to simulate a COPD lung model: compliance 59 mL/cm H2O; resistance in 22 cm H2O/L/s; resistance out 18 cm H2O/L/s; frequency 14 breaths/min; Pmus 12 cm H2O. Ventilator settings: PAV+ % Supp 25%, 45%, and 65%, Esens 3 L/min; PPV 25%, 45%, and 65%, Max E 17 cm H2O/L, Max R 20 cm H2O/L/s; PPS flow assist 25%, 45%, and 65% of the averaged resistance, volume assist 25%, 45% and 65% of the elastance, inspiratory termination 25%; PEEP 7 cm H2O. Each ventilator was connected to the ASL using a 7.5 mm ETT. After the ventilator was connected, the mode was run at ventilator support (VS) 25%. The ventilator was given one minute after the change had been made to stabilize; data was gathered for an additional minute using the automated ASL software. Next VS was increased to 45% and 65%, following the same procedure. Then, Pmus was increased to 18 and 24 cm H2O, gathering data as described, at each level of VS. Results: As VS increased, tidal volume (VT) and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) increased on all ventilators. As VS increased, time to trigger (TT) decreased on all ventilators. As Pmus increased, TT increased. On the PB 840, PB 980 and V500, as VS increased, inspiratory time (Ti) increased; conversely, on the V60 as VS increased, Ti decreased. The PB 980 had the highest average Ti, VT, PIP, and TT. Ti on the PB 980 increased due to multiple inspiratory pauses, which resulted in AutoPEEP. The V60 had the shortest TT. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that PAV+, PPV, and PPS each provide an increase in VT and PIP as patient effort or VS increases. Using PPV and PPS requires the clinician to know the resistance and elastance of the lung. Clinicians need to be careful to input the value for elastance, not compliance. Further research needs to compare PVS in patients to determine the clinical benefit of each mode.
HDX-MS reveals structural determinants for ROR gamma hyperactivation by synthetic agonists.

Members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily regulate both physiological and pathophysiological processes ranging from development and metabolism to inflammation and cancer. Synthetic small molecules targeting NRs are often deployed as therapeutics to correct aberrant NR signaling or as chemical probes to explore the role of the receptor in physiology. Nearly half of NRs do not have specific cognate ligands (termed orphan NRs) and it's unclear if they possess ligand dependent activities. Here we demonstrate that ligand-dependent action of the orphan RORγ can be defined by selectively disrupting putative endogenous-but not synthetic-ligand binding. Furthermore, the characterization of a library of RORγ modulators reveals that structural dynamics of the receptor assessed by HDX-MS correlate with activity in biochemical and cell-based assays. These findings, corroborated with X-ray co-crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis, collectively reveal the structural determinants of RORγ activation, which is critical for designing RORγ agonists for cancer immunotherapy.
Evaluation of endocrine and transcriptomic markers of male maturation in winter-run Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Abstract Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) display a varied life-history, including precocious male maturation at age-1 or age-2. In wild fish, precocious male maturation represents an important component of a diverse life-history portfolio. In hatchery programs, however, it is undesirable if rearing practices increase rates of early male maturation and reduce numbers of anadromous male adults. Our study aimed to develop endocrine and molecular markers for identifying males at early stages of maturation in the spring (prior to smolt release) and evaluated the potential use of these markers for quantifying early male maturation rates at a hatchery scale. In a laboratory study, Skookumchuck winter-run Steelhead Trout were reared at a high growth rate in order to increase the occurrence of precocious male maturation. Fish were lethally sub-sampled in February, prior to the time of smolt release; in May, at the time of smolt release; and in September, when 1+ age maturing males that would spawn the following spring were clearly identifiable based solely on gonadosomatic index (GSI). In February and May samples, we measured GSI, plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), mRNAs for pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (fshb) and luteinizing hormone (lhb) beta subunits, and analyzed stage of spermatogenesis by testis histology. Additionally, in May, we measured testis anti-Mullerian hormone (amh) and insulin-like growth factor 3 (igf3) mRNA. Our primary goal was to evaluate the aforementioned maturation indices for their efficacy in forecasting the proportion of fish initiating early male maturation in the spring (approximately 1 year prior to spermiation), compared to the proportion that actually matured. Combining measures of GSI, plasma 11KT, and pituitary fshb and lhb mRNA expression provided a useful, but conservative, estimate of the proportion of males initiating maturation in the spring (21%) compared to the proportion that were ultimately destined to mature (37%) the following spring. These results suggest that maturation may be less synchronous than previously appreciated and some males may have initiated maturation after our census in May.
De-Conflating Religiosity/Spirituality

To the Editor: Recently, the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education published a research brief entitled, “Spirituality and Religiosity of Pharmacy Students” by Purnell and colleagues.[1][1] The authors describe their recent survey assessing the presence and impact of religiosity/
Zombies, Sirens, and Lady Gaga – Oh My! Developing a Framework for Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure for U.S. Emergency Alert Systems

Abstract U.S. emergency alert systems (EAS) run on legacy software with aging hardware and limited cybersecurity. While EASs are an essential component of the U.S. critical infrastructure, they are often under-funded, and workers frequently lack the knowledge to protect these systems adequately. Recent compromises of various EASs have not inspired public confidence. We present a method for EAS authorities to engage with external cybersecurity researchers to find, recover from, and disclose vulnerabilities using coordinated vulnerability disclosure (CVD) policies. Clearly written CVD policies set guidelines and legal bounds for cybersecurity research, taking advantage of researcher expertise while working to strengthen the cybersecurity of the patchwork public-private-government networks comprising EASs. We intended to investigate the CVD policies of EASs in seven southeastern states; however, we could find no CVD policies through the entire supply chain. Instead, we investigated the CVD policies of the top 10 technology firms on the Fortune 500 list, analyzing best practices in terms of publication of a CVD policy, as well as: setting eligibility requirements, describing the submission process, delineating researcher restrictions, outlining agreements on sharing credit, and explaining bounties (if relevant). We recommend that EAS authorities develop CVD policies in line with suggested criteria, using policies from top technology organizations combined with the proposed framework, and using cybersecurity researchers as a valuable component of the EAS supply chain.
Família e escola: crise de participação em contextos de vulnerabilidade

Apresenta um estudo realizado com pais/responsaveis e professores de duas escolas municipais da educacao basica, situadas na regiao de Valparaiso, no Chile. Objetiva investigar os obstaculos que causam a baixa participacao de pais/responsaveis nas escolas, a fim de criar propostas que facilitem a integracao dos responsaveis com o centro educacional. A metodologia adotada foi de cunho qualitativo e inspirada no paradigma interpretativo; alem disso, a entrevista em profundidade foi utilizada como tecnica de coleta de dados. As entrevistas foram realizadas com os pais/responsaveis de alunos com baixo rendimento academico e tambem com os professores. Em relacao as conclusoes, do ponto de vista dos responsaveis, relata-se desinteresse nas atividades propostas pela escola, resultando numa baixa participacao; apesar disso, descreve-se haver uma boa relacao entre responsaveis e docentes. A partir da perspectiva dos professores, ha relatos sobre estrategias empregadas pela escola para envolver os responsaveis no trabalho escolar e sobre a necessidade de se fixar limites quanto aos papeis que os docentes desempenham e a consequente sobrecarga de trabalho.
Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells have boomed within the last 10 years with more and more research being invested into them. Being a more cost-effective option to make than silicon cells and the ability to manipulate the band gap easier made them an attractive topic for research to be done with. These cells are being pushed further and further each year reaching similar if not better results than silicon and there is still room for improvement. The process provided in this abstract is the basic guideline and can be further improved to achieve more efficient cells.
Chapter 15 – Biological N Inputs

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the energetically expensive and biochemically challenging process conducted by some prokaryote species that transforms inert dinitrogen gas (N2) into biologically available NH4+. For much of the history of life on Earth, BNF provided the major input of reactive N into soil ecosystems, and only since the invention of the Haber Bosch process has fertilizer N input usurped BNF as the major N input in many terrestrial environments. In this chapter, we discuss various aspects of BNF including the nature of the microbes that carry out the process, the biochemical and physiology of the process, quantifying BNF in natural environments, the molecular biology and physiology associated with the development and functioning of symbioses between terrestrial plants and diazotrophic prokaryotes, and the factors that influence the ecology and magnitude of BNF in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
Performance Degradation of Automotive Power MOSFETs Under Repetitive Avalanche Breakdown Test

Avalanche ruggedness is one of the key factors for safe and reliable power converters deployed in various automotive subsystems. In this article, the avalanche capability of power MOSFETs is tested under different repetitive avalanche conditions to differentiate the die degradation and package degradation. While examining the degradation mechanisms, the corresponding electrical parameter shifts are analyzed to better understand the structural changes and root causes and identify potential precursors for condition monitoring. For this purpose, a high-resolution and cost-effective nanosecond current pulse generator (CPG) is designed. Due to the high-resolution pulsewidth modulation function of a digital signal processor (DSP), short current pulses can be generated in the order of 100 ps where the magnitude and duration of the current pulsewidth can be adjusted precisely. During the experiments, power MOSFETs are stressed under two different pulsewidths. It is observed that the ON-state resistance gradually increases in both cases, yet the roots of the degradations are different. The die degradation and package degradation are responsible for the changes in short pulse and long pulse, respectively. In the short pulse case, some devices show saturation in drain leakage current and ON-state resistance, while some others show a significant threshold voltage drop, which leads to a noticeable shift of transfer and output characteristics. The electrical parameter shifts indicate a possible gate degradation after the device aging. At the end of the tests, failure analyses are conducted on both devices under test (DUTs) under different stress conditions, revealing different failure mechanisms.
Citizenship Not Wanted, but Received

The United States has a lengthy history of welcoming immigrants from throughout the world and ultimately naturalizing and conferring citizenship to them. Yet, a number of indigenous and people of c...
Targeting T-cell oxidative metabolism to improve influenza survival in a mouse model of obesity

Obesity is associated with impaired primary and secondary immune responses to influenza infection, with T cells playing a critical role. T-cell function is highly influenced by the cellular metabolic state; however, it remains unknown how altered systemic metabolism in obesity alters T-cell metabolism and function to influence immune response. Our objective was to identify the altered cellular metabolic state of T cells from obese mice so that we may target T-cell metabolism to improve immune response to infection. Mice were fed normal chow or high-fat diet for 18–19 weeks. Changes in T-cell populations were analyzed in both adipose tissue and spleens using flow cytometry. Splenic T cells were further analyzed for nutrient uptake and extracellular metabolic flux. As changes in T-cell mitochondrial oxidation were observed in obesity, obese mice were treated with metformin for 6 weeks and compared to lean control mice or obese mice undergoing weight loss through diet switch; immunity was measured by survival to influenza infection. We found changes in T-cell populations in adipose tissue of high-fat diet-induced obese mice, characterized by decreased proportions of Treg cells and increased proportions of CD8+ T cells. Activated CD4+ T cells from obese mice had increased glucose uptake and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), compared to T cells from lean controls, indicating increased mitochondrial oxidation of glucose. Treatment of isolated CD4+ T cells with metformin was found to inhibit OCR in vitro and alter the expression of several activation markers. Last, treatment of obese mice with metformin, but not weight loss, was able to improve survival to influenza in obesity. T cells from obese mice have an altered metabolic profile characterized by increased glucose oxidation, which can be targeted to improve survival against influenza infection.
Learning in the Wild: When, How, and What to Learn for On-Device Dataset Adaptation

Although deep learning has been widely applied in practical applications, many embedded, mobile, and IoT systems performing deep learning tasks in the wild suffer from the problem of dataset shift, where their train and real data distributions are different, which has an adversarial effect on the quality of deep models. In this paper, we introduce a holistic online dataset adaptation strategy for on-device deep models running in the wild by tackling three challenges of dataset adaption: 1) when to start learning for adaptation, 2) how to learn for adaptation, and 3) what (examples) to learn for adaptation. To enable computing resource- and learning example-efficient online model update, we perform a model adaptation based on peroutput feature distributions, allowing efficient representation and high-level learning of new datasets. All the decisions on adaptation, i.e., when, how, and what to learn, as well as adaptation itself, are performed with the outputs of feed-forward execution without an explicit back-propagation of the model, enabling lightweight adaptation on resource-constrained devices. We implement a deep IoT device with a microcontroller and evaluate it with three datasets under various dataset shift scenarios. Our evaluation shows that the deep models effectively adapt to new data on the device, which achieves up to 28% higher and 2.5x efficient learning performance.
PREVALENCE OF HIGH X-RAY OBSCURING COLUMNS AMONG AGNs THAT HOST H2O MASERS

Of 104 AGNs known to exhibit H2O maser emission, X-ray data that enable estimation of column densities, or lower limits, are available for 42. Contributing to this, we report analysis of new and archival X-ray data for eight galaxies and collation of values for three more. Maser emission is indicative of large columns of cold gas, and in five of the eight new cases, maser spectra point toward origins in accretion disks viewed close to edge-on (a.k.a. "disk maser" systems). In these, we detect hard continuum and Fe Kα emission with equivalent widths on the order of 1 keV, which is consistent with Compton reflection, fluorescence by cold material, and obscuring columns 1024 cm−2. Reviewing the full sample of 42, 95% exhibit NH > 1023 cm−2 and 60% exhibit NH > 1024 cm−2. Half of these are now recognized to be disk masers (up from 13); in this subsample, which is likely to be more homogeneous vis-a-vis the origin of maser emission, 76% exhibit NH > 1024 cm−2. The probability of a common parent distribution of columns for disk masers and other AGN masers is 3%. Because ground-based surveys of AGNs to detect new disk masers are relatively unbiased with respect to X-ray brightness and comparatively inexpensive, they may also be efficient guides for the sensitive pointed X-ray observations required to identify Compton-thick objects outside of shallow surveys.
Writing Against the ‘Epistemology of Deceit’ on Wikipedia: A Feminist New Materialist Perspective Towards Critical Media Literacy and Wikipedia-Based Education

In this chapter we argue that a feminist new materialist perspective provides a promising theoretical lens for understanding critical literacy learning through Wikipedia-based writing projects. Employing feminist new materialist theories of intra-action and lively assemblage, we examine the ways that college students compose Wikipedia articles to address the encyclopedia’s systemic biases, especially those related to misrepresentation and uneven coverage of women and minorities. More specifically, we attend to how students work together to identify marginalized topics on Wikipedia, evaluate the coverage of multiple perspectives in these Wikipedia articles, analyze information gaps and biases, and contribute knowledge to the global Wikipedia community. The Wikipedia-based writing project, featuring the entanglement of human agents and digital technologies, challenges students to create sociomaterial assemblages that entice bodies into collective actions against the proliferation of problematic information within and beyond the encyclopedia. We ultimately contend that feminist new materialist perspectives add new vigor to the current theories and practices surrounding critical media literacy and conclude this chapter by envisioning the possibility of encouraging conscious use of the encyclopedia to more fully address the epistemic challenges of Wikipedia-based education.
Parallel evolution of urban-rural clines

Urbanization is the dominant trend of global land use change. The replicated nature of environmental change associated with urbanization should drive parallel evolution, yet insight into the repeatability of evolutionary processes in urban areas has been limited by a lack of multi-city studies. Here we leverage community science data on coat color in >60,000 eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) across 43 North American cities to test for parallel clines in melanism, a genetically based trait associated with thermoregulation and crypsis in gray squirrels. We show the prevalence of melanism in these mammals was positively associated with urbanization. Urban-rural clines in melanism were strongest in the largest cities with extensive forest cover and weakest or absent in cities with warm winter temperature, where thermal selection likely limits the prevalence of melanism. Our results demonstrate that novel traits can evolve in a highly repeatable manner among urban areas, modified by factors intrinsic to individual cities, including size, land cover, and climate.
The Horrors of American War

This chapter, The Horrors of American War. From Whitman’s traveling to the battlegrounds in search of his brother and then working and living in Washington to visit soldiers in the forty hospitals there. Ty Hawkins, Drew Gilpin Faust on the war. “By the Bivouac’s Fitful Flames,” “A March in the Ranks, Hard-Prest,” “Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One night,” and other poems.
Exosomes as Intercellular Messengers in Hypertension

People living with hypertension have a higher risk of developing heart diseases, and hypertension remains a top cause of mortality. In hypertension, some detrimental changes occur in the arterial wall, which include physiological and biochemical changes. Furthermore, this disease is characterized by turbulent blood flow, increased fluid shear stress, remodeling of the blood vessels, and endothelial dysfunction. As a complex disease, hypertension is thought to be caused by an array of factors, its etiology consisting of both environmental and genetic factors. The Mosaic Theory of hypertension states that many factors, including genetics, environment, adaptive, neural, mechanical, and hormonal perturbations are intertwined, leading to increases in blood pressure. Long-term efforts by several investigators have provided invaluable insight into the physiological mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of hypertension, and these include increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, overactivation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, impaired platelet function, thrombogenesis, vascular smooth muscle and cardiac hypertrophy, and altered angiogenesis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by all cells and carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites into the extracellular environment. They play a role in intercellular communication and are involved in the pathophysiology of diseases. Since the discovery of exosomes in the 1980s, numerous studies have been carried out to understand the biogenesis, composition, and function of exosomes. In this review, we will discuss the role of exosomes as intercellular messengers in hypertension.
Role of macroturbulence to sustain turbulent energy in decelerating flows over a gravel bed

Abstract New experimental data and turbulence analyses are used to elucidate the role of macroturbulence to sustain energy in streamwise decelerating and vertically expanding open channel flows over a gravel bed such as those found in river pools. Quality assurance of the turbulence measurements was verified by the close comparison between results of time-averaged quantities calculated with the measurements and published semiempirical equations for decelerating flow over gravel beds. The presence of macroturbulence within the flow is verified using turbulence decomposition, spectral analysis, and the distribution of time-averaged quantities. The vertical expansion velocity provided 40% of the turbulent energy production in the vertical suggesting that the expansion velocity interacts with macroturbulence in the outer region to generate and redistribute energy. Spectral analyses show that net turbulent energy is primarily lost through the decelerating flow at 1 to 10 Hz frequencies associated with the bursting process and dissipative scales while the primary streamwise energy reduction is less pronounced in the macroturbulence range. Vertical and transverse turbulent energy within the macroturbulence range actually becomes more energetic as the flow decelerates. Macroturbulence makes up ~ 50% of the total streamwise turbulent kinetic energy, and the loss of macroturbulence energy through the decelerating flow lags well behind that of the decreasing intensity of bursting as identified with quadrant analysis. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that macroturbulence is a defining feature of the fully rough expanding flow that sustains itself from bed-derived bursting as well as flow nonuniformities.
Earnings functions for the self-employed: Comment

Abstract The standard human capital earnings model is applied to data from a 1975 socioeconomic survey conducted in Tehran, Iran. Results show that the returns to schooling for the self-employed (not including street vendors, canvassers, and newsvendors) are statistically equivalent to those of wage and salary workers. Thus, in contradiction to conclusions drawn from a study by Chiswick (1976), the high rates of return to schooling found in many studies of less-developed countries do not appear to be the result of the systematic exclusion of the self-employed from the estimating samples. In other words, when wage and salary workers are compared with the self-employed in similar occupations, their earnings profiles are similar.
Solution of the $\bar{\partial}$-Neumann problem on a bi-disc

In this paper we study the behavior of the solution to the ¯ ∂-Neumann problemfor (0 , 1)-forms on a bi-disc in C 2 . We show singularities which arise at the distinguished boundary are of logarithmic and arctangent type.
Lower hybrid low power microwave active control system design, installation and testing on Alcator C-Mod

Current profile evolution will be controlled and sustained in the Alcator C-Mod advanced tokamak lower hybrid current drive experiment by use of 3 MW of 4.6 GHz lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) now being installed and tested. LHCD and an existing 5 MW ICRH capability are to be used to develop regimes with high confinement, high /spl beta//sub n/ and high bootstrap fraction and extend them to quasi-steady-state conditions. This paper will describe the design, installation and testing of the low power microwave active control system used in the experiment. The LHCD low power microwave active control system uses vector modulators to provide a phase and amplitude controlled driver for each of twelve 4.6 GHz, 250 kW klystrons. Phase and power output of each klystron are monitored by an I-Q detector and the resulting signals are used in digital controllers for closed-loop control of the klystron phase and amplitude to preset values.
The effects of total hip arthroplasty on physical functioning in the older population.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effects of total hip arthroplasty (THA) on three levels of physical functioning in a representative national sample of older adults. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Participants were interviewed in their homes. PARTICIPANTS: Participants consisted of stratified random samples of Medicare beneficiaries interviewed between 1992 and 2003. METHODS: Data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey from 1992 to 2003 and merged Medicare claims data identified participants who received (n=131) or did not receive (n=257) THA. Outcomes were three measures of physical functioning: Nagi items, instrumental activities of daily living, and activities of daily living. Baseline and follow-up measures were obtained approximately 6 months apart. Logistic regression was used to predict the effects of THA on functioning, with a wide range of covariates controlled. RESULTS: Persons who received THA significantly improved in two of three levels of physical functioning; the no-treatment group experienced declines in physical functioning. CONCLUSION: Receipt of THA is associated with significant improvements in two levels of physical functioning. These benefits are broadly applicable in that a wide variety of covariates had minimal effects on THA receipt and outcome.
The glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome in a 23-year-old woman.

for evaluation of a lifelong history of diarrhea. As an infant she had had severe diarrhea which was relieved when she was treated with a formula of protein milk,"o saccharin, and water. Since infancy she had three to four loose bowel movements a day, and at times had as many as 12. The diarrhea was occasionally associated with lower abdominal cramping pains. There were no other intestinal complaints and she was in general good health. The family history revealed that neither of the patient's parents had diarrhea, nor did her two half-brothers, who had a different mother. On physical exami­ nation, the patient was well developed, weighed 130 Ib, and was 5 feet 4 inches tall. There were no significant abnormal physical findings.
Thermodynamics of stabilization of RNA pseudoknots by cobalt(III) hexaammine.

Equilibrium unfolding (folding) studies reveal that the autoregulatory RNA pseudoknots derived from the bacteriophage T2 and T4 gene 32 mRNAs exhibit significant stabilization by increasing concentrations of divalent metal ions in solution. In this report, the apparent affinities of exchange inert trivalent Co(NH(3))(3+)(6) have been determined, relative to divalent Mg(2+), for the folded, partially folded (K(f)), and fully unfolded (K(u)) conformations of these molecules. A general nonspecific, delocalized ion binding model was developed and applied to the analysis of the metal ion concentration dependence of individual two-state unfolding transitions. Trivalent Co(NH(3))(3+)(6) was found to associate with the fully folded and partially unfolded pseudoknotted forms of these RNAs with a K(f) of 5-8 x 10(4) M(-1) in a background of 0.10 M K(+), or 3- to 5-fold larger than the K(f) obtained for two model RNA hairpins and hairpin unfolding intermediates, and approximately 40-50-fold larger than K(f) for Mg(2+). The magnitude of K(f) was found to be strongly dependent on the monovalent salt concentration in a manner qualitatively consistent with polyelectrolyte theory, with K(f) reaching 1.2 x 10(5) M(-1) in 50 mM K(+). Two RNA hairpins were found to have affinities for Co(NH(3))(3+)(6) and Ru(NH(3))(3+)(6) of 1-2 x10(4) M(-1), or approximately 15-fold larger than the K(f) of approximately 1000 M(-1) observed for Mg(2+). Additionally, the K(u) of 4,800 M(-1) for the trivalent ligands is approximately 8-fold larger than the K(u) of 600 M(-1) observed for Mg(2+). These findings suggest that the T2 and T4 gene 32 mRNA pseudoknots possess a site(s) for Mg(2+) and Co(NH(3))(3+)(6) binding of significantly higher affinity than a "duplexlike" delocalized ion binding site that is strongly linked to the thermodynamic stability of these molecules. Imino proton perturbation nmr spectroscopy suggests that this site(s) lies near the base of the pseudoknot stem S2, near a patch of high negative electrostatic potential associated with the region where the single loop L1 adenosine crosses the major groove of stem S2.
Final state hadrons in inclusive electroproduction processes

Abstract Inclusive deep inelastic electroproduction processes, in which one (or more) hadrons in the final state are observed in coincidence with the electron, are investigated using Regge-Mueller language, via the inclusive virtual photoproduction processes. The hadron distributions and generalized scaling laws are obtained. Assuming that Pomeron is the dominant Regge trajectory, it is a simple pole, and therefore factorizes at high energies. The contribution of the isospin-carrying secondary trajectories cause charge asymmetries in the central and current fragmentation regions, and these increase with Q2, for fixed total energy. Average multiplicity grows logarithmically with energy, as in the hadronic case. However, in the Bjorken limit, the major contribution comes from the current fragmentation region, contrary to the hadronic case; and the contribution of central region scales, and increases with increasing ω−1. Finally, we show that the average transverse momentum of the produced particles is limited, and this limit depends on the density of the particles in the phase space (rate of increase of average multiplicity with ln s), and ω. All the predictions are consistent with the data.
Using the Haddon Matrix in Injury Prevention Education

(1994). Using the Haddon Matrix in Injury Prevention Education. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 112-113.
Matched-field processing for broad-band source localization

In the Hudson Canyon experiment, a sound source moved at a constant depth in 73 m of water while transmitting four tonals. The signal was received on a vertical array of hydrophones that spanned the water column. The data set from this experiment has become a standard test case for studying source tracking using matched field processing. As part of that process it was important to first determine a suitable environment model and demonstrate the feasibility of matched-field processing. In this paper, we provide the background on the original data processing that was done to accomplish this. Several interesting results emerged from that study. Frequency averaging was demonstrated to be extremely beneficial when used with the Bartlett processor. However, the popular Minimum Variance processor performed poorly. Finally we discuss a very simple approach to combining the energy coherently that provided significantly improved results.
Diffuser investigation for advanced multi-megawatt MPD engine development

Steady-state testing of advanced, multimegawatt MPD engines requires vacuum facilities with pumping speeds which are not presently available. Gas dynamic diffusers have been proposed as a possible solution to this problem. An analytical investigation into the feasibility of using a diffuser for pumping the MPD engine exhaust is presented here. This analysis uses a detailed equation of state based on the partition function for the high temperature argon exhaust. On the basis of the electron-ion momentum exchange collision frequency in the exhaust plasma, it was concluded that the diffuser gas dynamics could be modeled to a first approximation with ordinary continuum equations. Calculations of the stagnation pressure in the diffuser, downstream of a strong normal shock, yielded pressures on the order of 10 torr suggesting that the diffuser is feasible for pumping the MPD engine exhaust.
A robust classification scheme for detection of food intake through non-invasive monitoring of chewing

Automatic methods for food intake detection are needed to objectively monitor ingestive behavior of individuals in a free living environment. In this study, a pattern recognition system was developed for detection of food intake through the classification of jaw motion. A total of 7 subjects participated in laboratory experiments that involved several activities of daily living: talking, walking, reading, resting and food intake while being instrumented with a wearable jaw motion sensor. Inclusion of such activities provided a high variability to the sensor signal and thus challenged the classification task. A forward feature selection process decided on the most appropriate set of features to represent the chewing signal. Linear and RBF Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers were evaluated to find the most suitable classifier that can generalize the high variability of the input signal. Results showed that an average accuracy of 90.52% can be obtained using Linear SVM with a time resolution of 15 sec.
Signaling and cell death in lymphocytes

After activation, CD4 helper T (Th) cells differentiate into Th1 or Th2 effector cells. These two subsets produce distinct profiles of cytokines and regulate different immune responses. Here we discuss transcription factors and signaling pathways that are selectively expressed or activated in Th1 and Th2 cells to regulate cytokine gene expression, cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for transaction-consistent global checkpoints in a distributed database system

Checkpointing and rollback recovery are well-known techniques for handling failures in distributed systems. The issues related to the design and implementation of efficient checkpointing and recovery techniques for distributed systems have been thoroughly understood. For example, the necessary and sufficient conditions for a set of checkpoints to be part of a consistent global checkpoint has been established for distributed computations. In this paper, we address the analogous question for distributed database systems. In distributed database systems, transaction-consistent global checkpoints are useful not only for recovery from failure but also for audit purposes. If each data item of a distributed database is checkpointed independently by a separate transaction, none of the checkpoints taken may be part of any transaction-consistent global checkpoint. However, allowing individual data items to be checkpointed independently results in non-intrusive checkpointing. In this paper, we establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for the checkpoints of a set of data items to be part of a transaction-consistent global checkpoint of the distributed database. Such conditions can also help in the design and implementation of non-intrusive checkpointing algorithms for distributed database systems.
The home-power movement and the assumptions of energy-policy analysis

Abstract Ethnographic study of the rapidly growing home-power movement, a movement involving electric power production at the home site mostly from photovoltaic systems, reveals strong associations with environmental values and with a desire to reformulate work roles and the human interactions of community life. As a part of this movement, both the adoption of radical energy efficiency measures and the choice of electricity supply systems more than twice as expensive as traditional sources go well beyond traditional models of consumer behavior. These characteristics of the movement suggest important questions about energy policies that rely on the assumption that traditional patterns of energy-related behavior are close to optimal and need only be examined at the margins. The decision making processes of movement participants also suggest a more formidable capacity for integrating the complex implications of energy choices into coherent action than is generally ascribed to ordinary consumers. In all of these respects, the movement appears to have implications for energy policy making out of proportion to the number of home-power homes (about 25,000) in place in the U.S. as of August 1989.
Dislocations in crystalline helium

It is suggested that it may be possible to use ions to detect and study dislocations in crystalline He. An experiment similar to that of Rayfield and Reif is suggested and discussed.
Voltage Driven Nondestructive Self-Reference Sensing Scheme of Spin-Transfer Torque Memory

Spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) has demonstrated great potentials as a universal memory for its fast access speed, zero standby power, excellent scalability, and simplicity of cell structure. However, large process variations of both magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) and CMOS process severely limit the yield of STT-RAM chips and prevent the massive production from happening. In this paper, we analyze and compare the impacts of process variations on various sensing schemes of STT-RAM design. On top of it, we propose a novel voltage-driven nondestructive self-reference sensing scheme to enhance the STT-RAM chip yield by significantly improving sense margin. Monte Carlo simulations of a 16-Kb STT-RAM array shows that our proposed scheme can achieve the same yield as the previous nondestructive self-reference sensing scheme while improving the sense margin by five times with the similar access performance and power.
MERCURY DETERMINATION IN BLOOD BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY

A stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method using196Hg as an internal standard is described for determining Hg in blood. In this method, the blood samples are not subjected to any digestion to avoid the loss of Hg. A solution of 0.6M HCl is used to free Hg present in blood from proteins. The pH of the solution is adjusted to 9 using borate buffer and Hg chelated using lithiumbis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate. All isotope ratio measurements are made using an organic mass spectrometer. Overall precision values for the five major Hg isotopes relative to202Hg are 1.6–2.3% when 10 ng samples of chelated Hg are analyzed. No appreciable memory or carryover effect is observed when two synthetic mixtures differing in196Hg/202Hg ratios by a factor of 30 are sequentially analyzed. The method is validated by determining Hg in blood samples using isotope dilution GC-MS.