cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flipping the Classroom in Freshman English Library Instruction: A Comparison Study of a Flipped Class Versus a Traditional Lecture Method

ABSTRACTA problem that Instruction Librarians often grapple with is the lack of time that is necessary to deliver, and assess, proper library instruction to students so the students grasp the Information Literacy concepts that are delivered especially in one or two instruction sessions. This article examines using the flipped classroom model in English library instruction classes where the works cited page of students final paper was assessed according to a rubric designed to assess the Authority, Timeliness, and Variety of the sources cited. The study compared results of flipped classroom sections against traditional lecture method classes with mixed results.
Longitudinal Impact of Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Inflammatory Markers of Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Objective—To evaluate longitudinal changes in 6 inflammatory markers that predict cardiovascular disease events among smokers making a quit attempt and to characterize their cross-sectional associa...
Development of a Novel Maternal-Fetal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model II: Verification of the Model for Passive Placental Permeability Drugs

Fetal exposure to drugs cannot be readily estimated from single time point cord blood sampling at the time of delivery. Therefore, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to estimate fetal drug exposure throughout pregnancy. In this study, we report verification of this novel maternal-fetal PBPK (m-f-PBPK) model for drugs that passively diffuse across the placenta and are not metabolized/transported there. Our recently built m-f-PBPK model was populated with gestational age-dependent changes in maternal drug disposition and maternal-fetal physiology. Using midazolam as an in vivo calibrator, the transplacental passive diffusion clearance of theophylline and zidovudine was first estimated. Then, for verification, the predicted maternal plasma (MP) and umbilical venous (UV) plasma drug concentrations by our m-f-PBPK were compared against those observed at term. Overall, our m-f-PBPK model well predicted the maternal and fetal exposure to the two verification drugs, theophylline and zidovudine, at term, across a range of dosing regimens, with nearly all observed MP and UV plasma drug concentrations falling within the 90% prediction interval [i.e., 5th–95th percentile range of a virtual pregnant population (n = 100)]. Prediction precision and bias of theophylline MP and UV were 14.5% and 12.4%, and 9.4% and 7.5%, respectively. Furthermore, for zidovudine, after the exclusion of one unexpectedly low MP concentration, prediction precision and bias for MP and UV were 50.3% and 30.2, and 28.3% and 15.0%, respectively. This m-f-PBPK should be useful to predict fetal exposure to drugs, throughout pregnancy, for drugs that passively diffuse across the placenta.
Impact of Agaricus bisporus mushroom consumption on satiety and food intake.

Previous studies on mushrooms suggest that they can be more satiating than meat, but this effect has not been studied with protein-matched amounts. The objective of this study was to assess the differences with satiety and ten-day food intake between A. bisporus mushrooms (226 g) and meat (28 g) in a randomized open-label crossover study. Thirty-two healthy participants (17 women, 15 men) consumed two servings of mushrooms or meat for ten days. On the first day, fasted participants consumed protein-matched breakfasts. Participants rated their satiety using visual analogue scales (VAS) at baseline and at regular intervals after the meal. Three hours later, participants were served an ad libitum lunch. Participants were given mushrooms or meat to consume at home for the following nine days. Energy intake was assessed at the ad libitum lunch, and participants also completed diet diaries on the day of the study, day 2, and day 10. Participants reported less hunger (p = 0.045), greater fullness (p = 0.05), and decreased prospective consumption (p = 0.03) after the mushroom breakfast. There were no significant differences in participant ratings of satisfaction (p = 0.10). There were also no statistically significant differences in energy intake at the ad libitum lunch or with the diet diaries from days 1 (p = 0.61), 2 (p = 0.77), or 10 (p = 0.69). Mushroom consumption did increase fiber intake on days 1, 2, and 10 but the difference in fiber consumption was only statistically significant on day 2 (p = 0.0001). The mushroom intervention also did not affect energy intake over the ten day feeding period.
The evaluation of critically ill transplant patients with infectious diarrhea.

Purpose of reviewThe review summarizes the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the most important etiologic agents of infectious diarrhea in critically ill transplant recipients.Recent findingsDiarrhea, frequently caused by infectious pathogens, can cause s
Test validity in morphosyntactic measures for typical and SLI incipient Spanish–English bilinguals:

This study will demonstrate that group differences on a morphosyntactic measure used for the identification of specific language impairment (SLI) do not guarantee validity for diagnosis and trackin...
Who tells a mother her baby has died? Communication and staff presence during stillbirth delivery and early infant death.

Who tells a mother her baby has died? Communication and staff presence during stillbirth delivery and early infant death
Signatures of integrability in the dynamics of Rydberg-blockaded chains

A recent experiment on a 51-atom Rydberg-blockaded chain observed anomalously long-lived temporal oscillations of local observables after quenching from an antiferromagnetic initial state. This coherence is surprising as the initial state should have thermalized rapidly to infinite temperature. In this Rapid Communication, we show that the experimental Hamiltonian exhibits nonthermal behavior across its entire many-body spectrum, with similar finite-size scaling properties as models proximate to integrable points. Moreover, we construct an explicit small local deformation of the Hamiltonian which enhances both the signatures of integrability and the coherent oscillations observed after the quench. Our results suggest that a parent proximate integrable point controls the early-to-intermediate time dynamics of the experimental system. The distinctive quench dynamics in the parent model could signal an unconventional class of integrable system.
Assessing Climate Change Effects on Mountain Ecosystems Using Integrated Models: A Case Study

Mountain systems are characterized by strong environmental gradients, rugged topography and extreme spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem structure and composition. Consequently, most mountainous areas have relatively high rates of endemism and biodiversity, and function as species refugia in many areas of the world. Mountains have long been recognized as critical entities in regional climatic and hydrological dynamics but their importance as terrestrial carbon stores has only been recently underscored (Schimel et al. 2002; this volume). Mountain ecosystems, therefore, are globally important as well as unusually complex. These ecosystems challenge our ability to understand their dynamics and predict their response to climatic variability and global-scale environmental change.
Experimental investigation of near crack tip creep deformation in alloy 800 at 650^C

Using a novel, noncontacting experimental method, the values for creep fracture parameters C(t) and C* have been experimentally quantified from full field, time-dependent surface deformation measurements in the crack-tip region for the first time. Near-tip experimental deformation results were obtained for a stationary crack in alloy IN800 at 650^C and compared to predictions based on both far-field measurement and finite element analyses. Results indicate that (a) for short times, the C(t)- integral is time and path dependent; (b) for long times, the C(t)-integral approached a constant for all paths which is agreement with C* values obtained from far-field experimental data. Comparisons of experimental results with FEM solutions were illustrated by means of radial and angular variations, full-field contour plots, as well as line integration form. Results from these comparisons indicate that (c) the experimental strain data portrays trends similar to those observed in the FEM solutions; (d) experimental, near-tip strain values were different in magnitude from the predicted values for all angles, and (e) the transition time obtained from the tests was about 10 times longer than that calculated from a formula proposed by Riedel and Rice (1980), indicating that primary creep cannot be neglected for this material.
The cost structure of transit in small urban and rural U.S. communities

Abstract The cost structure of transit agencies that provide service to small urban and rural communities in the United States is estimated, the justification for government support of these agencies on the basis of natural monopoly evaluated, and the cost implications of combining transit agencies investigated. Increasing returns to density are found at all levels of output suggesting that marginal cost pricing will not recover full costs, and that government intervention is justified. Increasing returns to size are also found suggesting that expanding transit service areas is beneficial. Economies of scope between demand-response service and fixed-route service are found for average-size agencies suggesting benefits to combining these services for mid-size organizations. In order to examine the cost implications of combining transit agencies, we investigate the necessary and sufficient condition for natural monopoly – cost subadditivity. Rural transit is found to be a natural monopoly when service to a fixed service area is considered, suggesting that combining transit agencies that have duplicative service areas is likely to be beneficial – particularly when such transit agencies provide one type of service. On the other hand, there is little evidence of rural transit being a natural monopoly when the alternative to single provision of transit service is two systems with smaller service areas. This suggests that combining transit agencies with smaller service areas into larger regional systems may not be beneficial. We also find that rural transit agencies have excess capacity, suggesting that federal guidelines regarding vehicle purchase should be reviewed.
Repairing the Relationship between Students and Nature

AbstractAs people seek out more naturalistic experiences (e.g. camping, visiting National and State Parks, etc.), it is increasingly important for students to leave our classrooms with an understanding of and relationship to nature. The NGSS exposes students to environmental problems of today and works toward the EPA’s description of environmental literacy (2004). To help foster this relationship for students, we have explicit discussions with students about: (1) what nature is, (2) the benefits (e.g. justifications) for natural experiences, (3) how nature influences humans, (4) how humans impact nature, and (5) human responsibility to conserve and preserve nature. Through such discussions, our students begin demonstrating personal justifications for nature as well as a deeper relationship to the natural world. Students recognize the importance of protecting the health of natural resources while taking or using only what is necessary for their consumption, and become responsible consumers. Most importantl...
Electrocatalysis driven high energy density Li-ion polysulfide battery

Abstract Though carbon-based porous materials have improved lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery performance remarkably, the poor adsorption of polysulfides and their sluggish reaction kinetics limits them from practical application. On the other hand, the presence of lithium metal especially under the highly reactive polysulfide environment causes safety concerns. Herein, we use electrocatalytically active cathode and metallic lithium-free anode to construct Li-ion polysulfide battery with enhanced reversibility and safety. Stabilizing lithium polysulfides and enhancing the reaction kinetics with minimal polarization using platinum/graphene composite holds the key to obtaining better performance, which is realized against conventional metallic lithium as well as pre-lithiated porous silicon electrodes. The electrocatalyst containing cathode composites are comparable with graphene-based electrodes regarding enhanced specific capacity retention and better reversibility in charge/discharge behavior. Furthermore, metallic lithium-free polysulfide batteries displayed exceptional performance with an energy density of 450 Wh kg−1 considering the weight of both the electroactive materials and a capacity retention of about 70% for 240 charge-discharge cycles.
Autonomy, cognitive development, and the socialisation of cooperation in foragers

It is well established that respect for autonomy and sharing are two core values that, along with egalitarianism have great influence over thought and action in mobile foraging society. However, re...
The Paradoxes of Tunisian Women’s Liberation

This chapter introduces readers to the research which focuses on gender and work in Tunisia. The author’s own experiences are important to the research. This chapter describes the popular discourse of the already-liberated Tunisian woman and how it depicts women’s rights as stemming from Tunisian legal codes. The introduction introduces skepticism around the ways in which women’s rights can obfuscate the realities faced by many women in the labor force and in the family, the two social institutions that are most closely scrutinized throughout the book. Further, liberated Tunisian women are the subject of societal anxiety about women’s sexuality and power.
When and How Negative News Coverage Empowers Collective Action in Minorities

Minorities often express dissatisfaction and frustration with media depictions of their ingroup motivating them to engage in strategies that can restore a positive group identity. Based on the dual...
Application of an objective structured clinical examination to evaluate and monitor interns’ proficiency in hand hygiene and personal protective equipment use in the United States

PURPOSE To determine if an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) could be used to evaluate and monitor hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) proficiency for medical interns in the United States. METHODS Interns in July 2015 (N=123, Cohort 1) without OSCE-based contact precaution evaluation and teaching were evaluated early 2016 by OSCE for hand hygiene and PPE proficiency. They performed poorly. Therefore, the new interns entering July 2016 (N=151, Cohort 2) were immediately tested in the same OSCE station as Cohort 1 and provided feedback and teaching. Cohort 2 was then retested in the OSCE station early 2017. The Mann Whitney U test was used to compare Cohort 1 vs. Cohort 2 performances on checklist items. Cohort 2 performance differences at the beginning and end of the intern year were compared using McNemar's X2 test for paired nominal data. RESULTS Checklist items were scored, summed and reported as percent correct. In Cohort 2, the mean percent correct was higher in posttest than pretest, 92% vs. 77% )(P <0 .0001). The passing rate (100% correct) was significantly higher, 55% vs. 16%. Comparing Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 at the end of intern year, the mean percent correct was higher for Cohort 2 compared to Cohort 1, 95% vs 90% (P < 0.0001). 55% of the Cohort 2 passed (a perfect score) compared to 24% in Cohort 1 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION An OSCE can be utilized to evaluate and monitor hand hygiene and PPE proficiency for interns in the United States.
A Novel Robotic Joint Actuation Concept: The Variable Mechanical Fuse, VMF

This paper presents a novel robotic joint actuation concept, the Variable Mechanical Fuse, VMF. This actuation system realizes a rigid behavior for high control performance and an elastic behavior for safer human-robot interaction. The VMF adapts its behavior throughout a motion to ensure that both endpoints have high position accuracy and the intermediate trajectory maintains safety. Since the VMF changes its behavior passively from rigid to elastic, this actuation system is intrinsically safe even when unexpected collisions occur. A compact prototype has been designed and fabricated to verify its performance and safety.
STAT: A Web-based Semantic Text Annotation Tool to Assist Building Mental Health Knowledge Base

Mental health problems are serious among American adults and many of them are turning to the Internet for help. However, online mental health information is not well-organized and in low quality. We are building a mental health knowledge base (MHKB) with evidence-based information extracted from scientific literature manually, but lacking efficiency. We envision to leverage collective wisdoms through crowdsourcing to speed up the curation of MHKB. In order to integrate with crowdsourcing platforms, we designed and prototyped a web-based annotation tool, STAT (Semantic Text Annotation Tool), with real-time annotation recommendation and annotation quality analysis, to facilitate management of laypeople annotators recruited through crowdsourcing to complete the necessary annotation tasks.
The penetration and movement of nanoparticles on membrane

In this study, we used GROMACS, a versatile package for performing molecular dynamics to simulate the interactions between different nanoparticles and Dipalmitoyl PhosPhatidyl Choline (DPPC) to understand the physical mechanisms that govern the interactions between nanoparticles and lipid membrane. Our simulations show the responses of the lipid bilayer to the nanoparticles, including the formation of an adsorbent layer on the nanoparticle surface, transmembrane ectopic movements and inconspicuous endocytosis of the nanoparticle by the membrane. Effects of the size of the nanoparticles, structural shape and charge state on the interaction and transport processes will be examined and summarized.
Bayesian selection of best subsets via hybrid search

Over the past decades, variable selection for high-dimensional data has drawn increasing attention. With a large number of predictors, there rises a big challenge for model fitting and prediction. In this paper, we develop a new Bayesian method of best subset selection using a hybrid search algorithm that combines a deterministic local search and a stochastic global search. To reduce the computational cost of evaluating multiple candidate subsets for each update, we propose a novel strategy that enables us to calculate exact marginal likelihoods of all neighbor models simultaneously in a single computation. In addition, we establish model selection consistency for the proposed method in the high-dimensional setting in which the number of possible predictors can increase faster than the sample size. Simulation study and real data analysis are conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method.
Abstract P022: Evidence For A Physiological Mitochondrial Angiotensin Ii System In The Proximal Tubules Of The Kidney

Angiotensin II (Ang II) has long been implicated in mediating mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiovascular, hypertension, and kidney diseases. However, whether it is circulating and paracrine Ang II...
Modern Analytic Techniques for Predictive Modeling of Clinical Trial Operations

The complexity of clinical trials and multi-state hierarchic structure of different operational processes require developing new predictive analytic techniques for efficient modeling and forecasting trial operation.
Restoration of Landscapes and Habitats Affected by Established Invasive Species

Preventing invasions of aquatic and terrestrial habitats is the preferred and most cost-effective approach to address the invasive species threat (see Chap. 6). However, when prevention efforts fail, invasive species can become widespread and deeply embedded in native ecosystems, causing severe impacts (see Chaps. 2, 3, and 4). In such cases, invader control (see Chap. 7) accompanied by restoration facilitates recovery of native species and prevents reinvasion (e.g., Pearson et al. 2016). Here, we summarize the current state of restoration science and highlight critical information gaps that must be overcome to advance ecosystem restoration in terrestrial and aquatic systems affected by invasive plants, insects, diseases, and vertebrates.
Low Loss Cu/Co Metaconductor Based Array Antenna in K a Band for 5G Applications

Performance enhanced array antennas are implemented using multilayer Cu/Co metaconductor in K a band for 5G applications. A $4\times 4$ array antenna has been designed and fabricated using 10 pairs of Cu/Co (150 nm/ 25 nm) nanolayers and its performance has been compared with a solid copper counterpart with the same overall dimensions. Due to eddy current cancellation and skin effect suppression, nearly 6 dB improvement in signal reception power has been demonstrated using the Cu/Co metaconductor based antenna compared to the solid Cu based antenna. The contribution of conductor loss has been extracted using signal path loss and Friis transmission equations. The effective RF conductivity of the Cu/Co metaconductor is nearly twice as large as that of the reference solid copper at 31 GHz.
Antiresonance in switched systems with only unstable modes

The authors report the emergence of antiresonance in a variation of the Stuart-Landau model, which alternates between two unstable modes but displays a stable response in a finite range of switching frequencies.
Second-Generation Live-Attenuated Candid#1 Vaccine Virus Resists Reversion and Protects against Lethal Junín Virus Infection in Guinea Pigs.

Live-attenuated virus vaccines are highly effective in preventing viral disease but carry intrinsic risks of residual virulence and reversion to pathogenicity. The classically derived Candid#1 virus protects seasonal field workers in Argentina against zoonotic infection by Junin virus (JUNV) but is not approved in the United States, in part due to the potential for reversion at the attenuating locus, a phenylalanine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 427 in the GP2 subunit of the GPC envelope glycoprotein. Previously, we demonstrated facile reversion of recombinant Candid#1 (rCan) in cell culture and identified an epistatic interaction between the attenuating I427 and a secondary K33S mutation in the stable signal peptide (SSP) subunit of GPC that imposes an evolutionary barrier to reversion. The magnitude of this genetic barrier is manifest in our repeated failures to rescue the hypothetical revertant virus. In this study, we show that K33S rCan is safe and attenuated in guinea pigs and capable of eliciting potent virus-neutralizing antibodies. Immunized animals are fully protected against lethal challenge with virulent JUNV. In addition, we employed a more permissive model of infection in neonatal mice to investigate genetic reversion. RNA sequence analysis of the recovered virus identified revertant viruses in pups inoculated with the parental rCan virus and none in mice receiving K33S rCan (P < 0.0001). Taken together, our findings support the further development of K33S rCan as a safe second-generation JUNV vaccine. IMPORTANCE Our most successful vaccines comprise weakened strains of virus that initiate a limited and benign infection in immunized persons. The live-attenuated Candid#1 strain of Junin virus (JUNV) was developed to protect field workers in Argentina from rodent-borne hemorrhagic fever but is not licensed in the United States, in part due to the likelihood of genetic reversion to virulence. A single-amino-acid change in the GPC envelope glycoprotein of the virus is responsible for attenuation, and a single nucleotide change may regenerate the pathogenic virus. Here, we take advantage of a unique genetic interaction between GPC subunits to design a mutant Candid#1 virus that establishes an evolutionary barrier to reversion. The mutant virus (K33S rCan) is fully attenuated and protects immunized guinea pigs against lethal JUNV infection. We find no instances of reversion in mice inoculated with K33S rCan. This work supports the further development of K33S rCan as a second-generation JUNV vaccine.
The north polar basal unit of Mars: An Amazonian record of surface processes and climate events

Abstract The basal unit is a sedimentary deposit of water ice and lithic fines lying within the Planum Boreum of Mars. It can be divided into two subunits, rupēs and cavi, based on their stratigraphy and age. The basal unit lies between Late Hesperian and very recent (
Descriptive and risk factor analysis of infantile cataracts: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2000-2011.

Using National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) data, we sought to estimate birth prevalence, describe clinical characteristics, and examine risk factors for infantile cataracts. We calculated birth prevalence using the numbers of NBDPS-eligible cataract cases and live births in the study area. We described case infants by the presence of associated ipsilateral eye defects (IEDs) and non-eye-related major birth defects. Using maternal exposure information collected via telephone interview, we conducted logistic regression analyses among the interviewed cases and controls. Birth prevalence of infantile cataracts was 1.07/10,000 live births. Unilateral cataracts were more often associated with IEDs, while infants with bilateral cataracts were more often preterm, full-term with low birth weight, or had non-eye-related major birth defects. Unilateral cataracts were positively associated with maternal nulliparity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18, 2.20; reference: multiparity), whereas bilateral cataracts were positively associated with maternal education 12 years), and foreign-born nativity (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.04, 3.52; reference: U.S.-born nativity). The current analysis can inform future epidemiological studies aimed at identifying mechanisms underlying the associations between infantile cataracts and complex maternal exposures, such as lower levels of education and foreign-born nativity.
Cytoskeleton in development. Introduction.

Actin organization in the sea urchin egg cortex, A. Spudich localization of "bicoid" message during "drosophila" oogenesis, E.C. Stephenson and N.J. Pokrywka actin and actin-associated proteins in "xenopus" eggs and early embryos - contribution to cytoarchitecture and gastrulation, E.L. Bearer microtubules and cytoplasmic reorganizations in the frog egg, E. Houliston and R.P. Elinson microtubule motors in the early sea urchin embryo, B.D. Wright and J.M. Scholey assembly of the intestinal brush border cytoskeleton, M.B. Heintzelman and M.S. Mooseker development of the chicken intestinal epithelium, S.N. Mamajiwalla et al developmental regulation of sarcomeric gene expression, C.P. Ordahl.
Role of PGC-1α signaling in skeletal muscle health and disease.

This paper reviews the current understanding of the molecular basis of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)–mediated pathway and discusses the role of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle atrophy caused by immobilization. PGC-1α is the master transcription regulator that stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, by upregulating nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1, 2) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), which leads to increased mitochondrial DNA replication and gene transcription. PGC-1α also regulates cellular oxidant–antioxidant homeostasis by stimulating the gene expression of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2), catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), and uncoupling protein (UCP). Recent reports from muscle-specific PGC-1α overexpression underline the importance of PGC-1α in atrophied skeletal muscle, demonstrate enhancement of the PGC-1α mitochondrial biogenic pathway, and reduced oxidative damage. Thus, PGC-1α appears to play a protective role against atrophy-linked skeletal muscle deterioration.
Membrane biogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi 137+: Cell-cycle variations in the synthesis of phospholipids of non-photosynthetic membranes

Abstract To monitor the biogenesis of non-photosynthetic membranes during Chlamydomonas reinhardi 137+ vegetative development, the syntheses of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), the alga's two major extra-thylakoid phospholipids, have been examined through the synchronous cycle. Synthesis of both phospholipids is largely confined to the photoperiod (mid-to-late G1), as is the accretion of cellular polar glycerolipid, with negligible lipogenesis in the dark (S, M, and early-to-mid G1). Coincidence between the cyclic variations of non-thylakoid and of thylakoid polar glycerolipid production during the Chlamydomonas cell cycle indicates that the synthesis of membrane molecules serves to both modulate and coordinate the biogenesis of the various cellular membranes in these actively-cycling cells.
Indonesia dan Komunitas ASEAN

The article discusses the role of Indonesia in the ASEAN Community and its implications on political and security cooperation in the region. The ASEAN Community can be designed to form a new pattern of balance of power in the region. The leaders of the Southeast Asian countries realize that it is strategically important for ASEAN to establish a regional instrument to overcome the security challanges arising from new regional interactions. Indonesia with the establishment of ASEAN Security Community can play a role as an anchor of regional stability in the Asia Pacific through multilateral structure. This shoud be the priority of Indonesia’s foreign policy.
The Magic of Multiple Emotions: An Examination of Shifts in Emotional Intensity During the Reclaiming Movement's Recruiting/Training Events and Event Reattendance1

This article examines whether emotional fluctuations predict the likelihood of future attendance at a movement's week-long recruitment and training events. I present a statistical analysis of longitudinal survey data, and then examine qualitative data on multiple emotions and "chains" of emotions over time. Qualitative and quantitative data together generate a multifaceted understanding of emotions' interactions over time and their independent and combined ability to predict who returns to the events a year later. Previous work on emotions and movement recruitment has confined itself to whether emotional experiences were positive or negative or focused in depth on one particular emotion. This article's findings show that confusion, courage, fear, and hope have a substantial and sometimes interactive impact on attendance at subsequent events.
A material-sparing method for assessment of powder deformation characteristics using data collected during a single compression-decompression cycle.

Compressibility profiles, or functions of solid fraction versus applied pressure, are used to provide insight into the fundamental mechanical behavior of powders during compaction. These functions, collected during compression (in-die) or post ejection (out-of-die), indicate the amount of pressure that a given powder formulation requires to be compressed to a given density or thickness. To take advantage of the benefits offered by both methods, the data collected in-die during a single compression–decompression cycle will be used to generate the equivalent of a complete out-of-die compressibility profile that has been corrected for both elastic and viscoelastic recovery of the powder. This method has been found to be both a precise and accurate means of evaluating out-of-die compressibility for four common tableting excipients. Using this method, a comprehensive characterization of powder compaction behavior, specifically in relation to plastic/brittle, elastic and viscoelastic deformation, can be obtained. Not only is the method computationally simple, but it is also material-sparing. The ability to characterize powder compressibility using this approach can improve productivity and streamline tablet development studies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:3687–3693, 2013
ENDURING SENSORIMOTOR GATING ABNORMALITIES FOLLOWING PREDATOR EXPOSURE OR CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR IN RATS: A MODEL FOR PTSD-LIKE INFORMATION PROCESSING DEFICITS?

A deficit in prepulse inhibition (PPI) can be one of the clinically observed features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is seen long after the acute traumatic episode has terminated. Thus, reduced PPI may represent an enduring psychophysiological marker of this illness in some patients. PPI is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating and refers to the phenomenon in which a weak stimulus presented immediately before an intense startling stimulus inhibits the magnitude of the subsequent startle response. The effects of stress on PPI have been relatively understudied, and in particular, there is very little information on PPI effects of ethologically relevant psychological stressors. We aimed to develop a paradigm for evaluating stress-induced sensorimotor gating abnormalities by comparing the effects of a purely psychological stressor (predator exposure) to those of a nociceptive physical stressor (footshock) on PPI and baseline startle responses in rats over an extended period of time following stressor presentation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed (within a protective cage) to ferrets for 5 min or left in their homecage and then tested for PPI immediately, 24 h, 48 h, and 9 days after the exposure. The effects of footshock were evaluated in a separate set of rats. The effects seen with stressor presentation were compared to those elicited by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF; 0.5 and 3 μg/6 μl, intracerebroventricularly). Finally, the effects of these stressors and CRF administration on plasma corticosterone were measured. PPI was disrupted 24 h after ferret exposure; in contrast, footshock failed to affect PPI at any time. CRF mimicked the predator stress profile, with the lowdose producing a PPI deficit 24 h after infusion. Interestingly, the high dose also produced a PPI deficit 24 h after infusion, but with this dose, the PPI deficit was evident even 9d later. Plasma corticosterone levels were elevated acutely (before PPI deficits emerged) by both stressors and CRF, but returned to normal control levels 24 h later, when PPI deficits were present. Thus, predator exposure produces a delayed disruption of PPI, and stimulation of CRF receptors recapitulates these effects. Contemporaneous HPA axis activation is neither necessary nor sufficient for these PPI deficits. These results indicate that predator exposure, perhaps acting through CRF, may model the delayed-onset and persistent sensorimotor gating abnormalities that have been observed clinically in PTSD, and that further studies using this model may shed insight on the mechanisms of information-processing deficits in this disorder. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
Specific gravity and shrinkage of open grown Ponderosa pine

Wood specific gravity and shrinkage determinations were made on disks cut at 16-foot intervals from eight open-grown wide ringed second-growth ponderosa pines. This wood differed from forest grown narrower-ringed wood by having somewhat lower values for specific gravity and radial and tangential shrinkage and slightly higher values for axial shrinkage. Wood from the lowermost (stump) disks was denser and often had excessive axial shrinkage and irregular grain. At higher levels in the tree excessive axial shrinkage was limited to a 1... 2-inch core including the first 2... 3 growth rings. With these exceptions, the wideringed wood was uniform in quality. Slightly higher stumps were advocated if more uniform quality along the length of the butt log is desired.
Effects of Media Stirring and Presence of Nutrient Channels on Functional Properties of Large Engineered Cartilage Constructs

Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising approach for the replacement of degraded joint cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Current strategies employ smaller constructs (∼20 mm2), however OA generally does not become symptomatic until defects reach ≥ 5 cm2. Therefore, small constructs may not ultimately be clinically relevant for treatment of OA. Attempts to scale up construct size are met with challenges, as inhomogeneous properties develop as a result of poor nutrient availability at the construct center due to cellular consumption at the periphery [1]. Previously, the incorporation of ∅1 mm nutrient channels in large (∅10 mm) constructs was found to improve Young’s modulus (EY) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and reproduce their native values [2]. Rotational mixing has been shown to improve properties of micro-channeled constructs [3]. As a major goal of our research is to optimize channel size and arrangement to improve the quality of large engineered cartilage constructs, it is essential to develop a simple but effective method for convecting media through channeled constructs. Therefore, this study seeks to compare the functional properties of large constructs that are subjected to different types of media stirring, by rocking or orbital motion, and to determine whether either of these conditions favors the quality of constructs with nutrient channels.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A performance study of a distributed algorithm for dynamic channel allocation

Recent demand for mobile telephone service have been growing rapidly while the electro-magnetic spectrum of frequencies allocated for this purpose remain limited. Any solution to the channel assignment problem is subject to this limitation, as well as the interference constraints between adjacent channels in the spectrum. Channel allocation schemes provide a flexible and efficient access to bandwith in wireless and mobile communication systems.In this paper, we present an efficient distributed algorithm for dynamic channel allocation based upon multual exclusion model, where the channels are grouped by the number of cells in a cluster and each group of channels can not be shared concurrently within the cluster. We describe the algorithm, and report its performance several channel systems using different types of call arrival patterns. Our results indicate that significant low denial rate, low message complexity and low acquisition time can be obtained using our algorithm.
Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) exception for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also called Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by arteriovenous malformations involving the skin, mucous membranes, lungs, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. The genetic origin of this disease appears to be a defect in transmembrane proteins that are components of the receptor complex for transforming growth factor- (endoglin, activin receptor like-kinase 1). Hepatic involvement is frequent, but it is asymptomatic in most cases. HHT is characterized by diffuse vascular malformations throughout the liver that result in multiple types of shunting (hepatic artery to hepatic vein, hepatic artery to portal vein, portal vein to hepatic vein), with hepaticartery-to-hepatic-vein shunting being the predominant type.
Mapping mental number line in physical space: Vertical and horizontal visual number line orientation in asymptomatic individuals with HIV

Abstract Multiple studies have implicated frontostriatal dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and described cognitive deficits with a focus on executive function and memory. Remarkably little is known about visuospatial and number processing in HIV, though these capacities are also supported by frontostriatal circuits and their parietal connections. We investigated the relation of numerical and spatial cognition in asymptomatic individuals with HIV and explored physical and mental number orientation using several modes of presentation and response: mental number line bisection, physical line bisection, and physical number line orientation on visually-presented horizontal and vertical number lines. The asymptomatic HIV+ group was significantly slower and produced more errors on visuospatial and number processing tasks than the HIV− group ( n = 37/group). Both groups showed significant correlations between number processing and visuospatial performance. These findings demonstrate that HIV-related brain damage early in the disease course can alter the spatial representation of numerical distance, providing evidence for disruption of frontostriatal circuits and their parietal projections underlying numerical processing in HIV. Besides disease-related effects, this study demonstrates that the physical number line preserves its numerical and spatial integrity in both the vertical and horizontal physical dimensions, as all participants exhibited underestimation of numerical distance, i.e. leftward bias (for horizontal presentation) and downward bias (for vertical). Our results also revealed a dissociation between the processing components of numerical distance and physical space, suggesting differentiation between the neural networks involved in number lines and physical line orientation.
Dietary fat saturation and cholesterol turnover in aging rats

Aging has been shown to result in changes in cholesterol metabolism resulting in Increased concentration in the serum. The turnover of cholesterol is regulated, in part, by its retention in peripheral tissues. Conversion of cholesterol to acidic form in peripheral tissues has been reported. This report examines the retention of 4-14C-cholesterol in the livers and carcasses of male and female rats fed diets containing fats of polyunsaturated to saturated ratio 0.2 (BT diet) or 1 (M diet)until they were 9, 12, 15, 18, or 21 months of age. The tracer cholesterol was given 28 days prior to necropsy and tissues were analyzed for neutral and acidic 14C, cholesterol and cholanoic acids. Age beyond 1 year resulted in an increase of retention of 14C-cholesterol in the carcass while concentration remained constant, indicating slower turnover of cholesterol. There was no consistent diet effect, but males had greater retention than females. Retention of 14C which had been transformed to an acidic form followed an age pattern similar to that of cholesterol, except M diet caused greater retention of acidic 14C after 15 months than did BT diet. Carcasses contained about 1 mg cholesterol per gm and 30–100 μg/gm of cholanoic acids regardless of weight, age, sex or diet. Changes in sterol turnover and peripheral tissue catabolism of cholesterol are concluded to be affected by age and to contribute to the mechanism of increase in serum cholesterol with advancing age.
The path to “turbulence”: Optical bistability and universality in the ring cavity

Abstract For the complex variable map describing the ring cavity dynamics period doubling sequences show a new dispersive optical bistability. A period doubling sequence is found to be consistent with Feigenbaum's universality conjecture. The feasibility of experimental observation is considered.
The CO2/O 2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase : Dependence on ribulosebisphosphate concentration, pH and temperature.

The substrate specificity factor, VcKo/VoKc, of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was determined at ribulosebisphosphate concentrations between 0.63 and 200 μM, at pH values between 7.4 and 8.9, and at temperatures in the range of 5° C to 40° C. The CO2/O2 specificity was the same at all ribulosebisphosphate concentrations and largely independent of pH. With increasing temperature, the specificity decreased from values of about 160 at 5° C to about 50 at 40° C. The primary effects of temperature were on Kc [Km(CO2)] and Vc [Vmax (CO2)], which increased by factors of about 10 and 20, respectively, over the temperature range examined. In contrast, Ko [Ki (O2)] was unchanged and Vo [Vmax (O2)] increased by a factor of 5 over these temperatures. The CO2 compensation concentrations (Γ) were calculated from specificity values obtained at temperatures between 5° C and 40° C, and were compared with literature values of Γ. Quantitative agreement was found for the calculated and measured Γ values. The observations reported here indicate that the temperature response of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase kinetic parameters accounts for two-thirds of the temperature dependence of the photorespiration/photosynthesis ratio in C3 plants, with the remaining one-third the consequence of differential temperature effects on the solubilities of CO2 and O2.
On the swimming function of crinoid cirri

Crinoid cirri are generally considered primarily as structures that anchor the animal to the substrate; however, a swimming function for cirri has also been suggested. Most notably, it has been claimed that an extant comatulid, Dorometra nana, was observed swimming with its cirri. Because no muscles have ever been found in the cirri of crinoids, cirrus movement must involve another mechanism, and recent reports of contractile properties of crinoid ligament suggest that it might be the connective tissue that is responsible. Given the reported mechanical properties of cirral ligament, and the morphology and weight in water of D. nana, we tested the claim of cirrus swimming using a biomechanical model. Our results indicate that the thrust generated by cirri can account only for a very small fraction of what would be needed to overcome the weight of the animal in water, suggesting that D. nana cannot swim with its cirri. A similar approach applied to the Jurassic isocrinid, Pentacrinus briareus (=P. dichotomus), with unusually numerous, long and flattened cirri, also fails to support previously hypothesized cirrus swimming in this taxon.
Ge deposition on Pd(111): adsorption and decomposition of Ge2H6

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of digermane (Ge2H6) on Pd(111) has been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) methods. Ge2H6 adsorbed on Pd(111) at 100 K thermally desorbs during TPD near 118 K from a weakly bound molecular state for Ge2H6 exposures near 1.0 × 1015 cm−2 and higher. Below this exposure, the desorption of Ge2H6 is minimal, indicating that thermal dissociation of Ge2H6 occurs at the Pd(111) surface. AES results indicate the thermal dissociation of Ge2H6 on Pd(111) deposits Ge at the surface. However, no ordering of these Ge overlayers is observed by LEED. Electron bombardment of Ge2H6 adsorbed on Pd(111) at 100 K alters the desorption kinetics of Ge-containing species as reflected in TPD spectra. Electron bombardment leads to enhancement of Ge deposition at the surface as measured by AES. Nitric oxide (NO) adsorption has been used as a probe of the surface reactivity of Ge Pd(111) surfaces formed by thermal dissociation of Ge2H6 on clean Pd(111). TPD, AES and electron-stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD) measurements indicate that Ge pre-coverage inhibits the adsorption of NO on Pd(111) at 300 K.
Complications Associated With Patient Positioning in Urologic Surgery

The impact of patient positioning can be profound. Urological surgeons must often exercise strategic positioning in order to access retroperitoneal and pelvic organs. However, the potential for position-related morbidity, particularly peripheral neuropraxia and compartment syndrome can be substantial. The purpose of the following review is to summarize the current literature on positioning-related concerns as they pertain to the practicing urologist. To our knowledge, this is the first such review of its kind in the urological literature.