cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Evaluation of World No Tobacco Day in Latin America

Background: World No Tobacco Day (WNTD), commemorated annually on May 31, aims to inform the public about tobacco harms. Because tobacco control surveillance is usually annualized, the effectiveness of WNTD remains unexplored into its 25th year. Objective: To explore the potential of digital surveillance (infoveillance) to evaluate the impacts of WNTD on population awareness of and interest in cessation. Methods: Health-related news stories and Internet search queries were aggregated to form a continuous and real-time data stream. We monitored daily news coverage of and Internet search queries for cessation in seven Latin American nations from 2006 to 2011. Results: Cessation news coverage peaked around WNTD, typically increasing 71% (95% confidence interval [CI] 61–81), ranging from 61% in Mexico to 83% in Venezuela. Queries indicative of cessation interest peaked on WNTD, increasing 40% (95% CI 32–48), ranging from 24% in Colombia to 84% in Venezuela. A doubling in cessation news coverage was associated with approximately a 50% increase in cessation queries. To gain a practical perspective, we compared WNTD-related activity with New Year’s Day and several cigarette excise tax increases in Mexico. Cessation queries around WNTD were typically greater than New Year’s Day and approximated a 2.8% (95% CI –0.8 to 6.3) increase in cigarette excise taxes. Conclusions: This novel evaluation suggests WNTD had a significant impact on popular awareness (media trends) and individual interest (query trends) in smoking cessation. Because WNTD is constantly evolving, our work is also a model for real-time surveillance and potential improvement in WNTD and similar initiatives.
Knightian uncertainty and moral hazard

Abstract This paper presents a principal-agent model in which the agent has imprecise beliefs. We model this situation formally by assuming the agentʼs preferences are incomplete as in Bewley (1986) [2] . In this setting, incentives must be robust to Knightian uncertainty. We study the implications of robustness for the form of the resulting optimal contracts. We give conditions under which there is a unique optimal contract, and show that it must have a simple flat payment plus bonus structure. That is, output levels are divided into two sets, and the optimal contract pays the same wage for all output levels in each set. We derive this result for the case in which the agentʼs utility function is linear and then show it also holds if this utility function has some limited curvature.
Preoperative chemotherapy for locally advanced resectable colon cancer - a new treatment paradigm in colon cancer?

Since 2004, the treatment of locally advanced, resectable colon cancer including high risk stage II or stage III disease is surgery followed by postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with an oxaliplatin containing regimen. Combination therapy with oxaliplatin and a fluoropyrimidine, including capecitabine, has shown clear superiority to fluoropyrimidine therapy alone (FU/LV) in mitigating risk of recurrence and improving long-term survival (1-6).
MULTIGRAPH: an architecture for model-integrated computing

The design, implementation and deployment of computer applications tightly integrated with complex, changing environments is a difficult task. This paper presents the Multigraph Architecture (MGA) developed for building complex embedded systems. The MGA is a meta-level architecture which includes tools and methods to create domain specific model integrated program synthesis environments. These environments support the integrated modeling of systems independently from their implementation, include tools for model analysis and application specific model interpreters for the synthesis of executable programs.
Which Are the Best Features for Automatic Verb Classification

In this work, we develop and evaluate a wide range of feature spaces for deriving Levinstyle verb classifications (Levin, 1993). We perform the classification experiments using Bayesian Multinomial Regression (an efficient log-linear modeling framework which we found to outperform SVMs for this task) with the proposed feature spaces. Our experiments suggest that subcategorization frames are not the most effective features for automatic verb classification. A mixture of syntactic information and lexical information works best for this task.
Probing Thick Vegetation Canopies with a Field Microwave Scatterometer

With a narrow-beam field microwave scatterometer having a variable slant range and a small slant-range resolution, investigators can estimate the distribution of backscattering sources in a medium as a function of slant range. From this, they can calculate the backscattering coefficient. With less confidence, they can estimate the volume extinction coefficient, the volume density of backscattering cross sections, the transmittance, and the backscattering coefficient of a semiinfinite medium with the same volumetric microwave properties. These parameters allow one to understand the interactions of microwaves with media such as vegetation canopies with their substrates.
Ecstasies of the young: sexuality, the youth movement, and moral panic in Germany on the eve of the First World War.

In 1913 the bourgeois youth movement in Germany fell under the influence of a radical minority who called for complete emancipation from adult control. The two most influential youth movement publications of that year joined the language of countercultural rebellion with unconventional discussions of adolescent sexuality. Hans Bluher's book The German Wandervogel Movement as an Erotic Phenomenon argued that the adolescent boys and young adult male leaders of Wandervogel groups were bound together by homoerotic attraction and that these male leagues were of great benefit to the German nation. Der Anfang, a monthly journal written by adolescents and university students only tangentially related to the Wandervogel, proclaimed that Germany's young people were perfectly capable of self-education in all matters, including sexuality. The countercultural trend of 1913 culminated in the Hoher Meissner festival in mid-October.
Functions of a Man-Machine Interactive Information Retrieval System.

Abstract : An effective man-machine interactive retrieval system is not achieved by simply placing a terminal on each end of an existing machine retrieval system. An interactive system requires a sequence of steps in which man and machine alternately take action. It should also provide different levels of services to experienced and inexperienced searches, recognize the difference between a narrow and broad query, furnish clues as to the next direction to be searched, reorganize the data base dynamically as the searcher changes his view- point, providing a ranking of responses in the most likely sequence and offer the searcher the option of overriding the ranking when a particular term is of extreme significance. An online interactive system meeting many of these needs was developed and tested. The objective of the development of this system, BROWSER, was to investigate the effectiveness of a free-form query with a combinatorial search algorithm and the effectiveness of various techniques and components to facilitate online browsing.
A comparison of vegetation indices for corn and soybean vegetation condition monitoring

The continuous crop condition monitoring with a full geospatial coverage and sufficient granularity throughout the season is critical to decision making in agricultural policy, production, and food prices. The USDA NASS currently uses bi-weekly 1km AVHRR NDVI composited data to monitor the US crop condition in the growing season. To improve both temporal and spatial resolution, 250m daily MODIS surface reflectance data is used and invalid, cloud pixels are reconstructed. Moreover, to compensate the sensitivity to low vegetation area and saturation at the high vegetation of NDVI, this paper proposes a new vegetation index based on NDVI and simple ratio vegetation index as an alternative for crop vegetation condition monitoring. The initial experiments indicate the proposed vegetation index is robust to the low vegetation and sensitive to high vegetation, and has potential to be an alternative to NDVI for crop condition monitoring.
THE USE OF CONTEXTUAL AND GRAPHIC INFORMATION IN WORD RECOGNITION BY SECOND-, FOURTH-, AND SIXTH-GRADE READERS

This study evaluated the relative importance of graphic and contextual information in word recognition as well as the relative importance of several specific sources of contextual information (lexical, semantic, syntactic, discourse) among students at three different grade levels (second, fourth, and sixth). In addition, word recognition behavior was compared at both target word locations where various aspects of context were disrupted and at non-target word locations where naturally occurring oral reading errors appeared. Results indicated that all students used greater graphic than contextual information at target word locations. The use of graphic information during word recognition tended to increase with development. The use of contextual information tended to decrease with development. These results are interpreted as being generally consistent with recent work by Stanovich (1980) and others who emphasize the importance of automatic context-free word recognition ability. Context use at non-target word locations occurred largely at function word locations that were rich in syntactic context. These results suggest that word recognition processing varies not only with the proficiency level of a reader, as Stanovich's model suggests, but also with the amount of contextual richness that surrounds any particular word. A central issue in understanding the reading acquisition process concerns the relationship between the use of contextual and graphic information during word recognition (Massaro, 1984; Resnick, 1979; Smith, 1979). Understanding the relationship between contextual and graphic information during word recognition is important for both practical as well as theoretical reasons. On the practical side, it has been important in the continuing debate over approaches to beginning reading
GCSF-R expression in myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders and blast dysmaturation in CML.

Objectives To characterize granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (CD114) expression in normal (n = 20), myelodysplastic (n = 34), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML; n = 5) bone marrow by flow cytometry. Methods Clinical bone marrow samples were analyzed using CD33/CD114/CD34/CD117/CD45. CD114 density (mean fluorescence intensity) and cellular distribution were evaluated on early blasts (CD33-), late blasts (CD33+), promyelocytes, and granulocytes. Results Normal CD114 acquisition occurred on early blasts, peaked on promyelocytes, and decreased on granulocytes. Forty percent of CD34+ blasts expressed CD114 and one-third were early blasts. In myelodysplastic syndromes, altered CD114 distribution was more informative than density changes. In CML, CD114 density was significantly decreased on early blasts and expression was essentially limited to late blasts. We observed a specific blast dysmaturation pattern in CML involving CD33, CD34, and CD114 that was 83% sensitive and 100% specific in initial diagnosis. Conclusions CD114 provides useful additional detail in phenotypic assessment of hematopoietic precursor maturation.
The Linear Mean Gradient Model for Two-Particle Turbulent Diffusion

Abstract The linear mean gradient model (or K-theory closure) is applied to the diffusion of a pair of particles passively advected by an inhomogeneous, nonstationary ensemble of velocity fields. The central result is a differential equation satisfied by a model joint probability density function of the particle positions, approximating that of the real ensemble. Phenomenologically determined coefficients appear in the equation. One of these is the one-particle effective eddy diffusivity tensor while the other is a tensor quantity representative of the correlation between the motions of the particles. Conditions an the tensor coefficients are found to ensure that the one-particle model is properly embedded in the two-particle model. The separation into a center-of-mass diffusion model and a relative diffusion model is accomplished. Corresponding diffusivity tensors are derived and specialized to the case of homogeneous turbulence. An application to the problem of showing the initial appearance of small-sc...
Multiple gene control of the tRNA aminoacylating system in Drosophila melanogaster.

The stimulation of in vitro tRNA aminoacylation by post-microsomal supernatant enzymes isolated from Abnormal Abdomen ( A 53 g ) adult flies is a function of the residual genome of these flies rather than of the major mutant gene, A 53 g . Genes controlling this stimulation are located on the X chromosome as well as on the autosomes. These observations are discussed in terms of the phenotypic effect of the major mutant gene in response to changes in protein synthesis which are under the control of modifier genes responsible for aberrant genetic translation mechanisms.
The cognitive Z channel

This paper considers the so-called cognitive Z channel, where two users transmit two independent messages to their respective receivers through a Z interference channel. User 1 (primary user) interferes with receiver 2 while user 2 (secondary user) does not interfere with receiver 1. In addition, user 2 overhears the transmission of user 1 through a noisy channel, hence the term ‘cognitive’. Capacity bounds for such channel in different parameter regimes are obtained and the impact of such causal cognition is carefully studied. In particular, depending on the channel parameters, the cognitive link may not be useful in terms of the capacity region. Numerical examples are also given.
Neutrality Tests of Molecular Markers and the Connection Between DNA Polymorphism, Demography, and Conservation Biology

In a recent comment on the relationship between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation, demography, and conservation issues, Avise (1995) identified some excellent points that illustrate the utility of mtDNA as a marker in conservation genetics. In particular, the patterns of mtDNA variation can be highly informative when compared to variation at other genetic markers. Different patterns of dispersal among the sexes should be reflected in predictable patterns of variation in mtDNA versus Y-chromosome markers (see Fig. 2 in Avise 1995). Moreover, mtDNA should play a special role in studies in molecular conservation genetics given its matrilineal inheritance and the fact that successful recruitment depends heavily on the demography of females in many (if not most) organisms (Avise 1995). However, in the "spirit of provocative thought," suggested by Avise (1995:686), I feel one issue of great concern in molecular population genetics-departures from neutral evolution-warrants additional comment. I call attention to the growing number of cases in which DNA sequences evolve in manners inconsistent with the neutral theory of molecular evolution and point out that these departures from neutrality can have important implications for molecular marker-based studies in conservation genetics. My intention is not to claim that molecular markers are generally compromised by the effects of selection. Rather, I argue that different tests of neutrality can serve as powerful indicators of demographic parameters beyond traditional measures of population structure. The concern for conservation genetics is to detect cases where the demography of molecular markers is decoupled from the demography of the organisms that transmit these markers. Tests of neutrality can help discover these phenomena. Two general issues of interest in molecular conservation genetics are 1) patterns of genetic variation within taxonomic entities (heterozygosity) and 2) evolutionary distinctness of these taxonomic entities (such as evolutionarily significant units or ESUs; Ryder 1986; Rojas 1992; Moritz 1994). Although mtDNA can inform us about both of these issues, it is now apparent that single marker studies can be very misleading (Pamilo & Nei 1988; Cronin 1993; Degnan 1993; Milligan et al. 1994; Moritz 1994). The obvious solution is to look at more than one gene, as Avise clearly articulates (1995). Beyond this, I suggest that the methods of analysis of multiple genes is where crucial, additional information lies and that these methods have been underexploited in the context of conservation genetics. A brief overview of some patterns of DNA polymorphism is needed to support this claim. I also consider caveats relating to these measures of heterozygosity in endangered species.
Bacterial Wall as Target for Attack Past, Present, and Future Research

When Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya separated from each other, a great deal of evolution had taken place. Only then did extensive diversity arise. The bacteria split off with the new property that they had a sacculus that protected them from their own turgor pressure. The saccular wall of murein (or peptidoglycan) was an effective solution to the osmotic pressure problem, but it then was a target for other life-forms, which created lysoymes and β-lactams. The β-lactams, with their four-member strained rings, are effective agents in nature and became the first antibiotic in human medicine. But that is by no means the end of the story. Over evolutionary time, bacteria challenged by β-lactams evolved countermeasures such as β-lactamases, and the producing organisms evolved variant β-lactams. The biology of both classes became evident as the pharmaceutical industry isolated, modified, and produced new chemotherapeutic agents and as the properties of β-lactams and β-lactamases were examined by molecular techniques. This review attempts to fit the wall biology of current microbes and their clinical context into the way organisms developed on this planet as well as the changes arising since the work done by Fleming. It also outlines the scientific advances in our understanding of this broad area of biology.
Frame Relay to ATM interworking

Frame Relay is a well-established technology that has attracted a large number of customers world-wide. It is typically used to interconnect large, multi-site company local area networks (LANs). These data connections are usually at low to medium speeds. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a newer, broadband technology that is capable of very high speed LAN interconnection. In addition, it is arguably an ideal transport medium for legacy protocols such as Frame Relay. This paper describes the data transport features of each technology and discusses how ATM may be used to interconnect existing Frame Relay networks, and how an ATM user may exchange data with a Frame Relay user.
Adsorption of Water on Tooth Components and Related Materials

By use of a novel, simply constructed, vapor-circulating apparatus, complete water adsorption isotherms, and surface areas derived therefrom, were obtained for tooth components and representative dental materials. Characteristic hysteresis loops were found for all materials studied.
N-cadherin: stabilizing synapses

Spines are sites of excitatory synapse formation in central neurons. Alterations in spine structure and function are widely believed to actively contribute to the cellular mechanisms of learning and memory. In this issue, Mendez et al. (2010. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.201003007) demonstrate a pivotal role for the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin in activity-mediated spine stabilization, offering a new mechanism for how spine dynamics and stability are regulated by activity in central neurons.
Modern Techniques for DNA and RNA Assessments

The role of molecular genetics and genomics has risen to great importance in modern medicine. Medicine has seen an exponential growth in methods used to diagnose genetic aberrations leading to better understanding of disease processes. Examples of the advancement have impacted all medical and surgical specialties including improved prenatal screening for rare diseases, pharmacogenetics, and genetic profiling of malignancies. Improved understanding of disease processes at the genetic level has led to improvements in diagnosis, prognosis, and in some cases treatment. Advancements in laboratory methods for RNA and DNA analysis and sequencing have made possible our current understanding of both simple and complex pathology at its fundamental level. Surgeons, physicians, and healthcare professionals must develop an understanding of the methods of RNA and DNA analysis. Reviewed here are the basics and advancements in genetic and genomic analysis that are used in research and clinical medicine.
Dense Poly(ethylene glycol) Brushes Reduce Adsorption and Stabilize the Unfolded Conformation of Fibronectin.

Polymer brushes, in which polymers are end-tethered densely to a grafting surface, are commonly proposed for use as stealth coatings for various biomaterials. However, although their use has received considerable attention, a mechanistic understanding of the impact of brush properties on protein adsorption and unfolding remains elusive. We investigated the effect of the grafting density of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brushes on the interactions of the brush with fibronectin (FN) using high-throughput single-molecule tracking methods, which directly measure protein adsorption and unfolding within the brush. We observed that, as grafting density increased, the rate of FN adsorption decreased; however, surface-adsorbed FN unfolded more readily, and unfolded molecules were retained on the surface for longer residence times relative to those of folded molecules. These results, which are critical for the rational design of PEG brushes, suggest that there is a critical balance between protein adsorption and conf...
Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Salicylic Acid at Carbon-fiber Electrodes

Abstract The loss of electrode activity (referred to as electrode fouling) caused by an electropolymerized passive film of salicylic acid (SA), a major hydrolysis product of aspirin, significantly decreases the accuracy and the precision of indirect electrochemical detection of aspirin. However, the electrode fouling problem for electrochemical determination of SA and ways to remove the fouling film have been sparsely discussed. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of SA on a carbon-fiber electrode (CFE), widely used for the study of neurochemicals in vivo and in vitro, has not yet been studied. Herein, we report the electrochemical behavior of SA at CFEs using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The irreversible and pH dependent electrochemical oxidation of SA produced dihydroxybenzoic acids, SA dimeric products and poly-SA films that strongly adhered to the electrode surface and passivated further reactions. The electrode fouling caused by the SA films on a CFE decreased electrode sensitivity and reproducibility for the indirect determination of aspirin. In this study, the fouling effects were characterized with Fe(CN)64−/3−. Interestingly, we found that the poly-SA films on CFE can be removed by a strong base, undergoing the intramolecular base catalyzed hydrolysis of salicylate esters. This non-destructive cleaning method of poly-SA films on the electrode improved the linear dynamic range of SA as well as the accuracy and precision of SA measurements. This new cleaning method of CFEs was further applied to the indirect determination of aspirin in commercially available pharmaceutical tablets.
Chronically altered body protein levels following lateral hypothalamic lesions in rats

Rats maintaining reduced body weights after lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH; LH rats) are characterized by smaller body protein masses. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether this reduced protein mass is actively defended. In the first, it was found that LH rats induced to overeat and restore body weight to the level of nonlesioned controls markedly increased their body fat without significantly increasing body protein. That is, LH rats at normal body weights were notably obese. In the second experiment, body protein losses produced by food restriction in LH rats were both relatively small and proportionally the same as those seen in similarly restricted nonlesioned controls. These observations demonstrate that LH rats retain the capacity for preserving body protein when challenged by either under- or overnutrition. The apparently irreversible reduction in the body protein mass thus appears to be the result of a specific lean tissue downregulation induced by LH damage.
Evaluation of blood flow in the submandibular gland of the dog by fractional uptake of ionic and particle tracers.

SummaryThis study examined the fractional uptake of 169Yb-labeled microspheres (about 25 μ in diam) and an ionic tracer (42K or 86Rb) by the same unstimulated submandibular gland as an index of its blood flow (total and/or functional). Cardiac outputs were measured to calculate a “blood flow” from these uptakes. To examine any changes in the uptake of the 42K or 86Rb with time, tissues were sampled 40-60 or 120-180 sec after injecting the ionic tracer for uptake of the ionic and particle tracers. For the 40-60-sec group of dogs, fractional uptake of the ionic tracer appeared to be similar to that of the microspheres. In the other group, uptake of the ionic tracer was significantly larger than that for the labeled microspheres. Injection of two differently labeled spheres (169Yb and 85Sr) sequentially demonstrated that uptakes of the spheres injected secondly were not different from those injected initially. Fractional uptakes of each type of sphere per unit weight were similar in the right and left gland,...
Randomized, double-blind six-month trial of prednisone in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

We performed a randomized, double-blind, controlled six-month trial of prednisone in 103 boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (age, 5 to 15 years). The patients were assigned to one of three regimens: prednisone, 0.75 mg per kilogram of body weight per day (n = 33); prednisone, 1.5 mg per kilogram per day (n = 34); or placebo (n = 36). The groups were initially comparable in all measures of muscle function. Both prednisone groups had significant improvement of similar degree in the summary scores of muscle strength and function. Improvement began as early as one month and peaked by three months. At six months the high-dose prednisone group, as compared with the placebo group, had improvement in the time needed to rise from a supine to a standing position (3.4 vs. 6.2 seconds), to walk 9 m (7.0 vs. 9.7 seconds), and to climb four stairs (4.0 vs. 7.1 seconds), in lifting a weight (2.1 vs. 1.2 kg), and in forced vital capacity (1.7 vs. 1.5 liters) (P less than 0.001 for all comparisons). There was an increase in urinary creatinine excretion (261 vs. 190 mg per 24 hours), which suggested an increase in total muscle mass. However, the prednisone-treated patients who had required long-leg braces (n = 5) or wheelchairs (n = 11) continued to require them. The most frequent side effects were weight gain, cushingoid appearance, and excessive hair growth. We conclude from this six-month study that prednisone improves the strength and function of patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. However, further research is required to identify the mechanisms responsible for these improvements and to determine whether prolonged treatment with corticosteroids may be warranted despite their side effects.
Why Eisenstein Proved the Eisenstein Criterion and Why Schönemann Discovered It First

This article explores the history of the Eisenstein irreducibility criterion and explains how Theodor Schonemann discovered this criterion before Eisenstein. Both were inspired by Gauss's Disquisit...
Role of Immune Response in HCV

The liver cell response to hepatitis C, a positive-strand RNA virus of the flaviviridiae, varies considerably from acute disease to chronic hepatitis, and from inapparent infection to cirrhosis. The cellular injury to the host depends on host-viral interactions (Table 1): in general, the more active the immune response, the greater the cellular injury. If viral infection leads to cell lysis, then the organism dies as is seen in fulminant hepatitis, a relatively rare event (<1% response seen after hepatotrophic viral infection and rare in HCV infection). If cellular dysfunction occurs, then clinical disease results. If viral replication occurs without cellular damage, then inapparent infection results. If the individual is exposed without attachment to the host, then no infection occurs Table 1 Host-Cell Response: Outcome of HCV Infection Cellular response Host response HCV Cell lysis Death of organism Fulminant failure rare Viral multiplication without cell damage Asymptomatic infection Inapparent disease <15% Cell dysfunction Climical disease Common Exposure without attachment Exposure, no infection Unknown.
Geolocation results for the SMAP passive instrument

We present an assessment of the accuracy of the geolocation of the SMAP (Soil Moisture Active and Passive) passive instrument, based on the first year of on-orbit operation. The accuracy of the geolocation is determined from analysis of the temperature (both antenna and brightness) recorded by the radiometer, and correlation of any temperature change against geophysical features with high radiometric contrast (coastlines). It is shown that the radiometer meets the project's requirement (4 km uncertainty) for geolocation accuracy with excellent margins.
Generalizability of the Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) Results to Contemporary North American Men with Prostate Cancer

Abstract The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) concluded that radical prostatectomy (RP) offered no survival benefit compared with observation in men with clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa). We identified patients within the National Cancer Database (NCDB) for the period 2004-2012 who met the inclusion criteria of PIVOT (ie, histologically confirmed PCa, clinical stage T1–2NxM0, prostate-specific antigen 10 yr, and undergoing RP or observation as initial treatment within 12 mo of diagnosis) to confirm the generalizability of the PIVOT results to the US population. Life expectancy was calculated using the US Social Security Administration life tables and was adjusted for comorbidities at diagnosis. Compared with PIVOT, men in the NCDB were younger (mean age 60.3 vs 67.0 yr) and healthier (Charlson-Deyo comorbidity index of 0: 93% vs 56%; both p Patient summary We observed that men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer within the National Cancer Database (2004–2012) were younger, healthier, and more likely to have radical prostatectomy for higher risk disease than men in the Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT), raising questions about the applicability of PIVOT conclusions to the contemporary US population.
Breeding Partnerships: Examining a Decade-Long Collaborative Praxis Between Animal Sciences and English Departments

In this chapter, the authors discuss a sustained writing across the curriculum (WAC) partnership between the Animal Sciences and English departments at their institution. Drawing on archival and interview research, they explore the decade-long collaboration between graduate student coordinators and course faculty to negotiate between learning to write and writing to learn objectives. This chapter aims to encourage WAC practitioners to engage with content experts about differing concepts of and approaches to writing instruction in STEM courses. The history of this partnership demonstrates that graduate students can make a strong impact on faculty development in writing instruction. The authors conclude with a list of recommendations for administrators who may be forming writing partnerships on campuses where there may not be a strong WAC presence.
Forecasting of Radio Frequency Identification Entropy Viscosity Parking and Forwarding Algorithm Flow Risks and Costs: Integrated Supply Chain Health Manufacturing System (ISCHMS) Approach

Our research hypothesis is that we could improve traditional supply chain management (SCM) health by designing a new integrated manufacturing enterprise system based on parking and forwarding algorithms, radio frequency identification (RFID) feedback and a Markov decision process. The goal of our research was to optimize a cost function that depends on RFID system viscosity. The viscosity of the RFID can be defined as the flow of data through the RFID network. This process can be measured by the entropy of the parking and forwarding of the signal, leading to a sustainable supply chain system. The dynamics of this system are governed by differential equations. Using this entropy model, we verified the integrated supply chain health manufacturing system risk failure reduction via simulation. Our method employs a fuzzy Kalman filter, improves the system, reduces backorders and demonstrates that RFID viscosity is an effective means to this end. A Markov blanket entropy approach demonstrated that it can capture and provide a theory of RFID viscosity parking and forwarding algorithms as a networking solution to lowering SCM costs, reducing waste, and improving sustainability.
Pharmacists’ role in harm reduction: a survey assessment of Kentucky community pharmacists’ willingness to participate in syringe/needle exchange

Pharmacists’ role in harm reduction is expanding in many states, yet there are limited data on pharmacists’ willingness to participate in harm reduction activities. This study assessed community pharmacists’ willingness to participate in one harm reduction initiative: syringe/needle exchange. In 2015, all Kentucky pharmacists with active licenses were emailed a survey that examined attitudes towards participation in syringe/needle exchange. Response frequencies were calculated for community pharmacist respondents. Ordinal logistic regression estimated the impact of community pharmacist characteristics and attitudes on willingness to provide clean needles/syringes to people who inject drugs and to dispose of used syringes/needles, where both dependent variables were defined as Likert-type questions on a scale of 1 (not at all willing) to 6 (very willing). Of 4699 practicing Kentucky pharmacists, 1282 pharmacists responded (response rate = 27.3%); the majority (n = 827) were community pharmacists. Community pharmacists were divided on willingness to provide clean needles/syringes, with 39.1% not willing (score 1 or 2 of 6) and 30% very willing (score 5 or 6 of 6). Few were willing to dispose of used needles/syringes, with only 18.7% willing. Community pharmacists who agreed that pharmacists could have significant public health impact by providing access to clean needles expressed 3.56 times more willingness to provide clean needles (95% CI 3.06–4.15), and 2.04 times more willingness to dispose of used needles (95% CI 1.77–2.35). Chain/supermarket pharmacists (n = 485, 58.6% of community pharmacies) were 39% less likely to express willingness to dispose of used needles (95% CI 0.43–0.87) when compared with independent community pharmacists (n = 342, 41.4% of community pharmacies). Independent pharmacists reported different barriers (workflow) than their chain/supermarket pharmacist colleagues (concerns of clientele). Kentucky community pharmacists were more willing to provide clean needles than to dispose of used needles. Strategies to mitigate barriers to participation in syringe/needle exchange are warranted.
“Alright, what do we need?”: A study of young coders’ collaborative dialogue

Abstract Collaboration is a vital part of the discipline of computer science, yet very little is known about how young children collaborate to learn programming in the classroom. Consequently, we have much to understand about how we can most effectively support this learning experience. We have conducted a study of fifth grade students (ages 9–11) in the United States. Students in this study enrolled in an elective computer science course in which they completed a pair programming project spanning one week of class time (45 min per day). This article reports on a deep qualitative analysis of six collaborative student pairs. We examine the ways in which pair programming practices emerge organically within elementary school collaborations, including the ways in which students’ roles arise, equity of contributions to the dialogue, and how students manage their responsibilities during the collaborative process. Our results show that for some student pairs, making suggestions in the dialogue is a natural mechanism for swapping control, whereas for other students, the transition from “driver” to “navigator” requires substantial scaffolding. The findings provide insights into the ways in which we can scaffold the collaborative process to support young students’ computer science learning.
Population Viability of Endangered Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker and the Effects of Assisted Rearing

Abstract The Lost River Sucker Deltistes luxatus and Shortnose Sucker Chasmistes brevirostris are two narrowly endemic fish species in the upper Klamath Basin of southern Oregon and northern California. Both species have been federally listed as endangered pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act since 1988 because of dramatic declines in abundance and distribution. In Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, both species have only recruited a single cohort to the adult populations since that time. Most individuals in this population are at or older than the expected life span of the species. Consequently, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Klamath Tribes have initiated assisted rearing efforts to stabilize the population. However, it is unclear how quickly these populations might become extirpated and how assisted rearing might alter population trajectories. We modeled the potential for extinction and recovery of the populations of endangered Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker in Upper Klamath Lake. We...
Reassessing the Cross-National Relationship Between Income Inequality and Homicide Rates: Implications of Data Quality Control in the Measurement of Income Distribution

A significant positive relationship between income inequality and homicide rates has been found in a large number of cross-sectional studies and a few longitudinal analyses; a theoretically interesting interaction effect between income inequality and social welfare has also been found. For the most part researchers have been willing to use generous quality criteria in collecting income-distribution data, to maximize sample size and thereby enhance statistical power and representativeness. In the present paper we use a recently developed data set with explicit quality ratings for the income-distribution data, which permits systematic assessment of the consequences of relying on income-distribution measures of varying quality in examining the inequality-homicide relationship. Our analyses reveal that the income inequality-homicide relationship is remarkably robust in cross-sectional analyses. Regardless of the quality of income-distribution data, we observe significant positive effects of the Gini coefficient on homicide rates in cross-sectional multivariate models. Consistent results are also observed when an interaction term for income inequality and decommodification is examined. The results of longitudinal analyses differ; we observe a significant positive effect of changes in inequality on changes in homicide rates only when income-distribution measures of low quality are used.
Optimizing Rebalance Scheme for Dock-Less Bike Sharing Systems with Adaptive User Incentive

Recently, the development of Bike Sharing Systems (BSSs) brings environmental and economic benefits to the public. However, BSSs frequently suffer from the imbalanced bike distribution, including dock-less BSSs. The underflow or overflow of bikes in a region may lead to a lower service level to BSSs or congestion to the city. In the paper, we consider rebalancing the dock-less BSS by providing users with monetary incentives. The long-term objective is to maximize the number of satisfied users who successfully complete their rides over a period of time. The operator of the dock-less BSS can not only encourage a user to rent bikes at the neighborhood of its source with a source incentive, but also incentivize them to return bikes at the neighborhood of its destination with a destination incentive. To learn the differentiated incentive price for rebalancing bikes across time and space, we extend a novel deep reinforcement learning framework for user incentive. The source and destination incentives are integrated in an adaptive way by adjusting the detour level at the source and/or destination by avoiding bike underflow and overflow. In the experiment, we evaluate our approach in comparison with two existing pricing schemes. The locations of sources and destinations are abstracted from a selected dataset from Mobike. The experiment results show that our adapted learning algorithm outperforms the original one that only considers source incentive as well as another state-of-the-art approach in maximizing the long-term number of satisfied users.
Serial Casting of the Ankle and Knee in a Child With Vascular Anomaly of the Calf Musculature: A Case Report.

Background and purpose Contracture and toe-walking in children due to vascular anomaly of the calf musculature is rarely described, and there is limited evidence regarding treatment. The purpose of this case is to describe the novel use of serial casting, combining the knee and ankle, to reduce contracture in a child with hemangioma of the calf. Case description An 11-year-old girl received 12 casts of the ankle and knee, followed by custom orthotics, to address chronic contracture and gait impairments caused by a vascular anomaly in the posterior compartment of the lower extremity. Outcomes After casting, the patient had fully restored knee range of motion and improved ankle range of motion by 45 degrees. She received custom orthotics and maintained her range of motion 4 months after casting. Discussion Serial casting of the knee and ankle may be a useful alternative to surgical lengthenings in patients with chronic contractures caused by vascular anomalies of the lower extremity.
Framework for Inverse Mapping Chemistry-Agnostic Coarse-Grained Simulation Models into Chemistry-Specific Models

Coarse-grained (CG) models have allowed molecular simulations to access large enough time and length scales to elucidate relationships between macroscale properties and microscale molecular interactions. However, an unaddressed inverse-design problem concerns the identification of an optimal chemistry-specific (CS) molecule that the generic CG model represents. This has been addressed here by introducing new tools for automatically generating and refining the mapping of CS-molecule candidates to the constraints of a CG model, based on representative optimization criteria. With these tools, for each CS-molecule from a candidate group, the best mapping of that molecule onto the CG model is found and their fit is assessed by an objective function designed to emphasize matching key properties of the CG model. We employ this methodology to a range of CG models from small solvent molecules up to block copolymer systems to show its ability to find optimal candidates and to uncover the underlying length scale of some of the CG models. For instances where the identity of the CG model is known a priori, the methodology identifies the correct AA chemistry. For instances where the identity is unknown and a pool of candidates is provided, the method selects a chemistry that aligns well with physical intuition. The best candidate chemistry is also found to be sensitive to changes to the CG model.
“Subjects” in and of Research: Decolonizing Oppressive Rhetorical Practices in Technical Communication Research:

Despite the recent surge in social justice and decolonial scholarship, technical and professional communication (TPC) research remains a potential site of oppression. This article is meant to be a ...
IDEAL: An Interactive De-Anonymization Learning System

In the era of digital communities, a massive volume of data is created from people's online activities on a daily basis. Such data is sometimes shared with third-parties for commercial benefits, which has caused people's concerns about privacy disclosure. Privacy preserving technologies have been developed to protect people's sensitive information in data publishing. However, due to the availability of data from other sources, e.g., blogging, it is still possible to de-anonymize users even from anonymized data sets. This paper presents the design and implementation of an Interactive De-Anonymization Learning system—IDEAL. The system can help students learn about de-anonymization through engaging hands-on activities, such as tuning different parameters to evaluate their impact on the accuracy of de-anonymization, and observing the affect of data anonymization on de-anonymization. A pilot lab session to evaluate the system was conducted among thirty-five students at Prairie View A&M University and the feedback was very positive.
Understanding the needs of rural preceptors from groups underrepresented in medicine

Abstract Introduction Community preceptors are essential in providing sufficient training opportunities for health professional students. Recently, focus has been given to the recruitment of community preceptors from groups underrepresented in medicine (UiM) for their contibutions in training a diverse and culturally competent workforce. The overall goal of this study is to review data collected from UiM preceptors and potential preceptors for unique beliefs or values that reveal their motivation for teaching. We hypothesize that community preceptors from groups underrepresented in medicine hold beliefs reflective of high levels of altruism and service. Methods This is a retrospective study of interview data collected from UiM community preceptors for developing clinical education experiences. We sought to uniquely understand the needs of these preceptors in order to develop our recruitment strategy. Each participant agreed to a structured interview and gave or denied permission to have the interview recorded. In the structured interview, community physicians were asked to answer questions about their motivation to precept medical and physician assistant students. They were further asked about their desired compensation, reservations about teaching, and interest in participating in curricular development. Results We interviewed 12 community providers- 11 physicians and one advanced practice nurse. Participants were from a broad range of specialties: Obstetrics/Gynecology (3), Surgery (3), Psychiatry (3), Family Medicine (1), Pediatrics (1), Emergency Medicine (1). Of the providers interviewed, 10 were from groups underrepresented in medicine. All 10 of the UiM participants were physicians. All participants completed the structured interview. The answers provided in the interview were able to be grouped into themes reflecting a recurring set of beliefs and motivations. Conclusions UiM preceptors hold values reflective of altruism and a willingness to serve in the creation of the future workforce. We have found UiM preceptors possess a strong desire for training as educators. Further, UiM preceptors are incentivized by financial compensation and willing to commit their personal time to advising the medical school.
Aluminum-based hybrid gratings for infrared spectral emissivity design

We use aluminum gratings to design emitters with predefined spectral response in the infrared. We create a reference library to investigate the relationship between the grating design parameters and their spectral properties. Next, we develop a search algorithm based on minimization of errors to select gratings from this library corresponding to emission peaks with desired spectral attributes. Finally, we discuss an approach for designing hybrid structures using these gratings to generate a few predefined target spectra.