cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of new drugs originated and acquired by United States–owned pharmaceutical firms, 1963–1976*

Thirty-nine United States–owned pharmaceutical firms provided data on all 956 self-originated or acquired new chemical entities (NCEs) that they first tested in man anywhere in the world or first filed as Investigational New Drugs (INDs) from 1963 through 1976. Data on 777 self-originated NCEs update our earlier reports and indicate a continuation of trends observed previously: the numbers of self-originated NCEs first taken into man and filed as INDs dropped in 1975–76 to the lowest levels seen, the proportion first given to man abroad continued to rise to 40% in 1976, and the time requirements lengthened. Allowing at least 5 yr, 11% of INDs on self-originated NCEs reached New Drug Application (NDA) submission and, allowing at least 2 more years, 73% of the submissions were approved. Mean durations of IND and NDA phases for self-originated NCEs approved in 1976 were 79 and 30 mo, a total of 9 yr. The proportion of INDs representing acquired rather than self-originated NCEs rose from generally under 20% to 36% in 1976. Acquired NCE INDs did not show the marked decline seen for self originated NCE INDs, and had double the chance of success: allowing at least 5 yr, 25% of the acquired NCE INDs reached NDA submission and, allowing at least 2 more years, 72% of the submissions were approved. Average durations of IND and NDA phases for acquired NCEs approved in 1976 were 27 and 26 mo, a total of 4.5 yr. Our data indicate major differences between self-originated and acquired NCEs and increasing time requirements, particularly for self-originated NCEs. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 270–277; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.160
The small GTPase RhoA is crucial for MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell survival

Prolongation of cell survival through prevention of apoptosis is considered to be a significant factor leading to anabolic responses in bone. The current studies were carried out to determine the role of the small GTPase, RhoA, in osteoblast apoptosis, since RhoA has been found to be critical for cell survival in other tissues. We investigated the effects of inhibitors and activators of RhoA signaling on osteoblast apoptosis. In addition, we assessed the relationship of this pathway to parathyroid hormone (PTH) effects on apoptotic signaling and cell survival. Rho A is activated by geranylgeranylation, which promotes its membrane anchoring. In serum-starved MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells, inhibition of geranylgeranylation with geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitors increased activity of caspase-3, a component step in the apoptosis cascade, and increased cell death. Dominant negative RhoA and Y27632, an inhibitor of the RhoA effector Rho kinase, also increased caspase-3 activity. A geranylgeranyl group donor, geranylgeraniol, antagonized the effect of the geranylgeranyl tranferase I inhibitor GGTI-2166, but could not overcome the effect of the Rho kinase inhibitor. PTH 1–34, a potent antiapoptotic agent, completely antagonized the stimulatory effects of GGTI-2166, dominant negative RhoA, and Y27632, on caspase-3 activity. The results suggest that RhoA signaling is essential for osteoblastic cell survival but that the survival effects of PTH 1–34 are independent of this pathway.
Reactions of thiocarbamate, triazine and urea herbicides, RDX and benzenes on EPA Contaminant Candidate List with ozone and with hydroxyl radicals

Second-order rate constants of the direct ozone reactions [formula: see text] and the indirect OH radical reactions [formula: see text] for nine chemicals on the US EPA's Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) were studied during the ozonation and ozone/hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation process (O(3)/H(2)O(2) AOP) using batch reactors. Except for the thiocarbamate herbicides (molinate and EPTC), all other CCL chemicals (linuron, diuron, prometon, RDX, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene and nitrobenzene) show low reactivity toward ozone. The general magnitude of ozone reactivity of the CCL chemicals can be explained by their structures and the electrophilic nature of ozone reactions. The CCL chemicals (except RDX) are highly reactive toward OH radicals as demonstrated by their high [formula: see text] values. Ozonation at low pH, which involves mainly the direct ozone reaction, is only efficient for the removal of the thiocarbamates. Ozonation at high pH and O(3)/H(2)O(2) AOP will be highly efficient for the treatment of all chemicals in this study except RDX, which shows the lowest OH radical reactivity. Removal of a contaminant does not mean complete mineralization and reaction byproducts may be a problem if they are recalcitrant and are likely to cause health concerns.
Emerging and Future Developments of Selected Geosynthetic Applications

This paper presents 17 separate applications within the current technology of geosynthetics. They were selected as being illustrative of the wide range of applications that can utilize geosynthetics in geotechnical, transportation, hydraulics, and geoenvironmental engineering. All are permanent and/or critical applications wherein design by function is required, thereby necessitating the calculation of a product-specific test result versus a site-specific design requirement. This calculation results in a factor of safety, which must be assessed accordingly. In this regard, geosynthetics are no different from any other engineering material. This paper, however, does not go into calculation details, which are available in the literature. References are provided in this regard. The various applications presented were selected to illustrate that both emerging developments and future possibilities are ongoing. This approach illustrates the dynamic nature of the field of geosynthetics, which is both exciting and stimulating, and speaks well for future endeavors.
Immunoprecipitating human antigens associated with vesicular stomatitis virus grown in HeLa cells.

Abstract Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) preparations made in HeLa cells, VSV(HeLa), appeared to contain non-viral structural proteins. This was suggested by neutralization of the virus with homologous and heterologous antisera made against VSV prepared in different cells. Antisera against uninfected HeLa cells failed to neutralize VSV(HeLa) but did immunoprecipitate the virus in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. These immunoprecipitated VSV(HeLa) retained their infectivity, despite the presence of antibody and bacteria. The anti-HeLa cell serum did not react with VSV grown in rodent cells nor did anti-Vero cell serum immunoprecipitate VSV(HeLa). When the anti-HeLa cell serum was absorbed with whole HeLa cells, it no longer specifically precipitated VSV(HeLa). Because over 98% of infectious VSV(HeLa) was neutralizable by anti-VSV serum and immunoprecipitable by anti-HeLa serum, these virions were called mosaics. Physical identification of HeLa cell determinants on the mosaics was accomplished by further purification and radioiodination followed by selective immunoprecipitations with antisera. Two to three major bands with molecular weights around 75,000 Da were identified as HeLa cell determinants associated with the mosaic VSV(HeLa).
COBEX: a collider beauty experiment for the LHC

Abstract The Collider Beauty Experiment (COBEX) is a proposal to build a forward detector dedicated primarily to the study of CP violation and other rare phenomena in the decays of beauty particles at the LHC. This paper describes the experiment, reasons for the choice of aperture and triggering options, with emphasis on developments since submission of the Letter of Intent. We conclude with a summary of its anticipated performance.
Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in quantum chromodynamics

We examine both dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and explicit breaking due to current quark masses in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The renormalized current and constituent quark mass are defined. The quark self-energy $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(p)={\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{D}(p)+{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{E}(p)$ has unique contributions from dynamical and explicit symmetry breaking. We determine the asymptotic behavior of ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{D}(p)$ and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{E}(p)$ as $\ensuremath{-}{p}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. Although the explicit symmetry breaking dominates in the region controlled by perturbation theory, the dynamical term, which receives contributions from instantons, dominates in the subasymptotic region. The dynamical term is often ignored in the calculations. We also discuss the possibility of a phase transition in QCD for massive quark systems. The structure of the chiral perturbation expansion for light quarks is found to have not only an essential singularity in the gauge-field coupling constant for ${g}^{2}\ensuremath{\le}0$ but also a cut for ${g}^{2}\ensuremath{\le}0$ in amplitudes for which the essential singularity is absent. We also calculate the second-order axial-vector renormalization for a quark with the result ${g}_{A}=1\ensuremath{-}\frac{{g}^{2}}{6{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}$.
The Epidemiology and Incidence of Visual Deficits Following Ocular Trauma in Pediatric Patients

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE OF VISUAL DEFICITS FOLLOWING OCULAR TRAUMA IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. Viral V. Juthani and M. Bruce Shields. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Ocular trauma has long been a significant disabling American health problem and a leading cause of unilateral visual loss in children. These injuries have many diverse costs including human suffering, long-term disabilities, loss of productivity, and economic hardship. Although several studies have evaluated the epidemiology of specific types or mechanisms of ocular trauma, there are few that describe the epidemiology and visual outcomes of a comprehensive set of ocular trauma diagnoses. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the incidence of significant deficits in visual acuity following pediatric ocular trauma and to describe the overall epidemiology of pediatric ocular trauma presenting to the Yale Eye Center or Yale Ophthalmology consult service between 1999 and 2006. A retrospective analysis of 396 cases of pediatric ocular trauma that presented to the Yale Eye Center or Yale Ophthalmology Consult Service between 1999 and 2006 was performed in which the study population was defined as children between 0 and 18 years of age with the following ICD-9 codes: 802.4-802.9 (malar, maxillary, orbital floor, and facial bone fractures), 870.0-870.9 (open wounds of the ocular adnexa), 871.0-871.9 (open wounds of the eyeball), 918.0-918.9 (superficial injury of the eye and adnexa), 921.0-921.9 (contusion of the eye and adnexa), 950.0-950.9 (injury to optic nerve and pathways), and 951.0-951.4 (injury to the other ocular cranial nerves). All data were
Effects of Soil-Applied Imidacloprid on Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Feeding Behavior

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is one of the most important pests of citrus (Citrus spp.) because of its status as a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), the bacterium associated with citrus greening disease. The use of insecticides for vector control is the primary method of managing the spread of this pathogen. Imidacloprid is an insecticide commonly applied to the root zone of young citrus trees to provide systemic protection from pests. The effects of imidacloprid on feeding behavior of D. citri have not been studied in much detail. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of imidacloprid application on feeding behavior of D. citri and to determine whether use of this systemic insecticide could have any effect on pathogen transmission by D. citri. A direct current electrical penetration graph monitor was used to record D. citri feeding behaviors for 12-h periods on mature and young leaves of imidacloprid-treated and -untreated citrus seedlings. Overall, compared with untreated plants, the feeding behavior of D. citri was disrupted on imidacloprid-treated plants via reduction in the number of probes, as well as durations of average probes, initial stylet contact with phloem, phloem salivation, and phloem ingestion. The results of this study demonstrate that soil applications of imidacloprid can reduce the probability of citrus plants becoming inoculated with Las through a reduction in the number and duration of phloem salivation events by D. citri. Furthermore, Las acquisition from infected citrus is greatly reduced as a result of decreased phloem ingestion by D. citri on imidacloprid-treated plants.
Acetylation: a new key to unlock tau's role in neurodegeneration.

The identification of tau protein as a major constituent of neurofibrillary tangles spurred considerable effort devoted to identifying and validating pathways through which therapeutics may alleviate tau burden in Alzheimer’s disease and related tauopathies, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy associated with sport- and military-related injuries. Most tau-based therapeutic strategies have previously focused on modulating tau phosphorylation, given that tau species present within neurofibrillary tangles are hyperphosphorylated on a number of different residues. However, the recent discovery that tau is modified by acetylation necessitates additional research to provide greater mechanistic insight into the spectrum of physiological consequences of tau acetylation, which may hold promise as a novel therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss recent findings evaluating tau acetylation in the context of previously accepted notions regarding tau biology and pathophysiology. We also examine the evidence demonstrating the neuroprotective and beneficial consequences of inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC)6, a tau deacetylase, including its effect on microtubule stabilization. We also discuss the rationale for pharmacologically modulating HDAC6 in tau-based pathologies as a novel therapeutic strategy.
A Comparative Study of Benzydamine Hydrochloride 0·15% w/v (‘Difflam’ Oral Rinse) and Acetyl Salicylic Acid as Analgesics following Tonsillectomy:

The efficacy of ‘Difflam’ Oral Rinse and soluble aspirin in the post-operative management of tonsillectomy in adult patients has been compared. Whilst aspirin proved slightly more effective in relieving pain and discomfort of swallowing, ‘Difflam’ Oral Rinse was superior in the relief of earache, in promoting the healing of the tonsil bed and in the duration of necessity of treatment. It is therefore suggested that the two preparations might be taken concomitantly to provide quick, as well as long-lasting, pain relief.
On the Semantics of Anonymous Identity and Reification

Reification and anonymous resources are two of the more interesting features of RDF -- an emerging standard for representing semantic information on the Web. Ironically, when RDF was standardized by W3C over three years ago [18], it came without a semantics. There is now growing understanding that a Semantic Web language without a semantics is an oxymoron, and a number of efforts are directed towards giving RDF a precise semantics [12,10]. In this paper we propose a simple semantics for reification and anonymous resources in F-logic [17] -- a frame-based logic language, which is a popular formalism for representing and reasoning about semantic information on the Web [22,9,11,8,7].The choice of F-logic (over RDF) as a basis for our semantics is motivated by the fact that F-logic provides a comprehensive solution for the problem of integrating frames, rules, and deduction, and it has been shown to provide an effective inference service for RDF [8,21].
Transient in utero nicotine exposure stimulates mechanosensory-dependent lung development

Nicotine receptors are present in the developing lung yet their function is unknown. The transient role of nicotine receptors in lung development has not been addressed. In this study, nicotine's direct effect on smooth muscle contraction, necessary for mechanosensory-dependent fetal lung development, is examined after transient nicotine stimulation to determine the relationship between nicotine exposure, smooth muscle contraction, and fetal lung development. Rat fetuses at 16 days’ gestation were exposed in utero to 5 different concentrations of nicotine or control injected directly into the amniotic fluid. Specific concentrations of in utero nicotine increased the phosphorylated Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry of muscle contraction proteins. Respiratory function tests on nicotine-exposed rat pups showed a statistically significant decrease in airway resistance earlier in life compared to control and an upward shift of the pressure-volume curve pointing towards a structural maturation of the in utero nicotine-exposed lung. These results are consistent with transient nicotine exposure during intrauterine life stimulating stretch-induced lung organogenesis by altering phosphorylation of muscle contraction proteins. The increase in smooth muscle phosphorylation may stimulate stretch-induced lung organogenesis, which affects lung development and accelerates lung maturation in rats.
Flow And Heat Transfer Prediction On Turbine Rotor With Various Tip Configurations

Calculations were performed first for a stationary blade at a pressure ratio of 1.2 and compared with the available experimental data. The predicted heat transfer coefficients are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data on the blade tip and suction side, but the heat transfer coefficients were overpredicted on the pressure side. Numerical simulations were then performed for stationary and rotating blades under high temperature, high pressure ratio, and high Mach number conditions to investigate the blade tip heat transfer characteristics under more realistic engine operating conditions. A systematic comparison of various tip configurations were made to facilitate a more detailed understanding of the leakage flow structures around the blade tip. The simulation results show that the heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing squealer cavity depth, but the shallow squealer cavity is the most effective configuration to reduce the heat load in the bl ade tip region. In general, rotation produced a somewhat stronger tip leakage flow and a slight increase of the area averaged Stanton number on the blade tip region.
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES): Transforming Clinical Trials to Neuro-Rehabilitation Clinical Practice- A Forward Perspective

Presenting a forward perspective on the topic of personalized functional electrical stimulation (FES) and discussing its critical role in clinical practice is a challenge, particularly when the goal is to provide biomedical engineers and clinicians with a guide to bridge the gap between laboratory, clinical research, and clinical practice. There are several dimensions to the complexity of the topic. First, is the prevailing and misleading terminology, inadequate evidencebased training of physicians and rehabilitation therapists, and the recognition that until recently most existing FES systems were not designed as wearable systems and are “not patient or therapist friendly”. Most importantly, is the wellestablished phenomenon, that following damage to the musculo-skeletal system or brain, patients’ profile of functional recovery and thus utilization FES as part of the recovery is highly variable, prolonged and largely unpredictable. As a result, legacy research and training methods that depend on interpretation of statistically significant and clinically meaningful findings are inherently limited addressing the needs of most patients. This monograph will focus on: 1) identifying the specific deficits and recovery profiles that each patient presents, 2) providing examples of the diverse modes of actions (mechanisms) that govern wearable FES utilization, 3) the latest developments and shortcoming of wearable FES technologies, and 4) the recognition that FES has limited value if applied in isolation. Finally, an example of personalized training paradigm, centered on individual patient’s needs and measureable progress in functional outcomes will be presented.
Enlazin, a natural fusion of two classes of canonical cytoskeletal proteins, contributes to cytokinesis dynamics

Cytokinesis requires a complex network of equatorial and global proteins to regulate cell shape changes. Here, using interaction genetics, we report the first characterization of a novel protein, enlazin. Enlazin is a natural fusion of two canonical classes of actin-associated proteins, the ezrin-radixin-moesin family and fimbrin, and it is localized to actin-rich structures. A fragment of enlazin, enl-tr, was isolated as a genetic suppressor of the cytokinesis defect of cortexillin-I mutants. Expression of enl-tr disrupts expression of endogenous enlazin, indicating that enl-tr functions as a dominant-negative lesion. Enlazin is distributed globally during cytokinesis and is required for cortical tension and cell adhesion. Consistent with a role in cell mechanics, inhibition of enlazin in a cortexillin-I background restores cytokinesis furrowing dynamics and suppresses the growth-in-suspension defect. However, as expected for a role in cell adhesion, inhibiting enlazin in a myosin-II background induces a synthetic cytokinesis phenotype, frequently arresting furrow ingression at the dumbbell shape and/or causing recession of the furrow. Thus, enlazin has roles in cell mechanics and adhesion, and these roles seem to be differentially significant for cytokinesis, depending on the genetic background.
A molecular spectroscopic view of surface plasmon enhanced resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS)

Surface plasmon enhancement of molecular resonance Raman scattering is developed by treating the molecule-metal interaction as transition dipole coupling between the electronic transitions of the molecule and the metal nanoparticle via a density matrix treatment.
Comparison of the Past Two Solar Minima from the Perspective of the Interior Dynamics and Dynamo of the Sun

Solar cycle 23 behaved differently than cycle 22 in many ways. Certain properties, namely the long minimum at the end of cycle 23, weakening of polar fields, shrinking of polar coronal holes, reduction in the terrestrial atmospheric neutral density layer, have been identified as unusual compared to several past cycles. The origin of these differences most likely lies in the ways the dynamo has operated that led to distinctly different generation and evolution of the large-scale magnetic fields in cycles 22 and 23. Certain differences in the properties of Galactic-Cosmic Rays during cycles 22 and 23 have recently been explained by the differences in evolutionary pattern of coronal holes, which are linked to the dynamo- generated large-scale magnetic fields. In this paper, I will discuss the differences in the solar interior dynamics, particularly the properties of flow fields and their influence in governing the evolution of dynamo-generated magnetic fields during cycles 22 and 23, respectively.
A computerized analysis of robotic versus laparoscopic task performance.

Robotic technology has been postulated to improve performance in advanced surgical skills. We utilized a novel computerized assessment system to objectively describe the technical enhancement in task performance comparing robotic and laparoscopic instrumentation. Advanced laparoscopic surgeons (2–10 yrs experience) performed three unique task modules using laparoscopic and Telerobotic surgical instrumentation (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). Performance was evaluated using a computerized assessment system (ProMIS, Dublin, Ireland) and results were recorded as time (s), path (mm) and precision. Each surgeon had an initial training session followed by two testing sessions for each module. A paired Student’s t-test was used to analyze the data. Ten surgeons completed the study. 8/10 surgeons had significant technical enhancement utilizing robotic technology. The ProMIS computerized assessment system can be modified to objectively obtain task performance data with robotic instrumentation. All the tasks were performed faster and with more precision using the robotic technology than standard laparoscopy.
28 GHz oscillator for endfire quasioptical power combining arrays

A 28 GHz coplanar-waveguide (CPW) active antenna oscillator element is described which is suitable for the use in an omnidirectional or sectored transmitter. The unique design contains a modified version of a Vivaldi tapered-slot antenna and is based on a pseudomorphic HEMT.
Microstructural characterization and modeling of discontinuously-reinforced aluminum composites

Models for predicting the constitutive behavior of spatially-heterogeneous microstructures such as discontinuously-reinforced aluminum (DRA) and other metallic matrix composites based on unit cell approaches generally do not incorporate higher-order microstructural features such as degree of homogeneity and spatial anisotropy of the reinforcement phase. Moreover, more complex numerical models rarely encompass the volumes of material necessary to ensure statistical relevance. The present contribution offers an alternative approach for quantifying and then incorporating the microstructural homogeneity of these materials within an elastic-plastic finite element code. An attempt is made to model both the micromechanical length scale associated with the individual reinforcement particles and the microstructural length scale associated with their spatial distribution, at a greatly-reduced computational expense, by using a volume-averaged, discretized approach. A key assumption in this approach is that below the length scale of the discretization, the microstructure can be modeled by a uniform array of reinforcement particles. The effect of the level of discretization on predictions of microstructure-property relationships are not addressed directly in the present work. Detailed comparisons of the present model with discretely-modeled matrix-particle geometries will therefore form the basis of a subsequent publication. Nevertheless, several microstructure-property relationships are developed which reveal empirical relationships between microstructural homogeneity and the elastic-plastic response.
Pubertal development of penile reflexes and copulation in male rats.

Abstract (1) Three groups of male rats were tested from 25 to 55 days of age for copulatory behavior, penile reflexes, or plasma testosterone (T). (2) Penile reflexes and copulatory behavior developed prior to the time of maximum T, but not before T had reached appreciable levels. (3) Penile reflex potential developed concurrently with copulation: the ages at which mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations first appeared were matched by the ages of appearance of penile erections, flips and cups respectively. (4) Of the behavioral measures, only penile cups and the ejaculatory pattern did not appear before preputial separation. (5) To the extent that laboratory rats are unique in having parallel development of copulatory behavior and penile reflexes, their value as a mammalian model of behavioral puberty is restricted.
Shaming Jane: A Feminist Foucauldian Analysis of How College Students Employ the Sexual Double Standard in Peer Interventions

Through dual quantitative and critical-interpretive (feminist Foucauldian) analyses, we examine how college students frame risk when trying to prevent a close friend from hooking up while drunk. Our analysis of participants’ (N = 539) open-ended responses to a hypothetical scenario revealed five discursive strategies of corporeal control: diseased body, dangerous body, marked body, gross body, and remorseful body. We argue that these strategies both reflect and reinforce the sexual double standard, serving as complex dimensions of the sexual double standard in hooking up culture as it affects heterosexual women and men. Through Foucauldian theory, we position the sexual double standard as a technology of self and of power, serving a larger ethic of care for college students.
The Continuity between Dreams and Waking Life in Individuals and Groups

In this chapter, we show that there is meaning in dreams by exploring the relationship between our dream content categories and waking thought and behavior. This is what people usually have in mind when they ask if dreams have meaning. They want to know if dreams reveal anything about a person’s psychological makeup, especially anything not previously known or understood. As should be clear by now, we do think dreams have meaning in this sense of the term. Dreams reveal people’s conceptions, concerns, and interests. It is important to understand people’s conceptions because they are one basis for their actions in the world. It is important to understand people’s preoccupations because they determine where people will expend most of their energies (Hall, 1947, 1953a).
On the Exponent of Certain Matrix Operations

A great deal of research was done in the period 1969–1987 on fast matrix operations, including [185, 212, 206, 213, 62]. Various proofs showed that many important matrix operations, such as QR-decomposition, LU-factorization, inversion, and finding determinants, are no more complex than matrix multiplication, in the big-Oh sense, see [13, Ch. 6] or [63, Ch. 28].
Cultural Frame-Switching using Accented Spoken Language by a Virtual Character

In this paper, we examine whether embodied conversational agents can be used to implement socio-cultural markers. We investigate whether the accent of a virtual character, as a marker for culture, can cause cultural frame-shifts in individuals. We report an experiment, performed among bicultural and monocultural individuals, in which we test the above hypothesis. Our results show that a virtual agent can have a socio-cultural effect on people’s cognition. This work makes unique contributions to the design and evaluation of intelligent virtual agents as well as the theoretical psychological literature.
The Effects of Particulates on Respiratory Carcinogenesis by Diethylnitrosamine

It has been shown that hamsters treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) develop a greater number of respiratory tract tumors when DEN treatment is followed by intratracheal instillations of ferric oxide. To evaluate the various factors involved in carcinogenesis in the above study, an experiment was designed to determine the effects of each of the materials used. The objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of gelatin, saline, anesthetic, and 5 particulates* (carbon, ferric oxide, aluminum oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide) on DEN carcinogenesis in hamsters. 15 groups (50 per group) of hamsters were started on experiment in the same week. Subcutaneous inoculations of DEN or saline were administered once a week for 12 weeks. The week following the last subcutaneous inoculation intratracheal instillations of each of the 5 particulates was begun and continued for a total of 30 weekly instillations. There were 4 control groups that received subcutaneous DEN with no subsequent particulate instillation.
Assessing the Stability of Psychological and Political Survey Measures

Recent research demonstrates growing scholarly interest in the relationship between personality characteristics and political attitudes and behaviors. In this article we present analysis using data from a national panel survey conducted in two waves—the first prior to the 2010 U.S. midterm election, the second after it. We assess the stability of a variety of personality measures and find high correlations between the pre- and postelection measures. We also leverage the fact that Republicans made substantial gains in Congress in the 2010 election to determine whether various personality measures are affected by the intersection of partisan attachments and political events and find little evidence that they are. The findings provide encouraging evidence for those interested in examining the relationship between personality and political attitudes using survey data.
The molecular genetic bases of Salmonella entry into mammalian cells.

virus of pigs [9]. HSV infection of man can be mimicked in the mouse, for example [lo]. Infection of the skin results in multiplication of the virus in epithelium and the generation of the cold sore and the virus can be followed into sensory nerves and into the central nervous system. Virus mutants lacking each of the known glycoproteins have been examined in this model. Although many of the mutants are attenuated, most have phenotypes in vivo that can be predicted from their behaviour in fibroblasts in vitro. One exception is a mutant lacking glycoprotein G which has no phenotype in vitro; this mutant grows to high titres in the epithelium but is found at much reduced levels in the sensory ganglia. Glycoprotein G may be required for efficient transmission at the epidermal-nerve ending junction but it appears that, in general, our view o f HSV glycoprotein function, based on in vitro experiments, are valid in vivo.
Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Myography In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neuromuscular disease characterized by muscle wasting, generalized weakness, respiratory failure, and eventually death, and there is great need for objective, quantitative methods of assessment of disease progression to assist in the evaluation of potential new treatments. Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is a tetrapolar impedance-based technique that evaluates muscle tissue health through the surface application and measurement of low-intensity, highfrequency current. The simplest form of EIM, measurement of the phase (θ) at 50 kHz, has shown sensitivity to the progression of the disease. Investigation has now been extended to multifrequency measurements covering the 10 to 300 kHz range, via a pilot study involving 10 ALS patients followed for periods up to 2 years. We find that the normal frequency dependences of θ gradually change as the disease progresses: in general θ decreases with increasing disease severity at all frequencies. Notably, the maximum normally observed in the 40-70 kHz range disappear entirely and, in the most advanced cases the slopes of phase curves become positive at the highest frequencies.
The Interlock Reason Analysis of Arouse the High Liquid of the Hydrogenation Crack Turns Hot High Pressure Separation Machine is Deceitful and Make the Countermeasure

The hydrogenation crack turns device is the most dangerous one in PetroChina Changqing Petrochemical Company,and it is operated in the heat,high pressure,face hydrogen and poison to lie quality environment,so the state of device is directly relate to device of safety and production of smoothly progress.This text introduces hydrogenation to split masquerade to place hot the gauge of the high mark system allocation,control the back track and ally lock constitute.Througb an analytical hot high mark in liquid breakdown phenomenon,combined liquid diagraph principle,tally up the reason of high living liquid.To the problem,the measure is propesed to improve and guard against a project,and draw up support of project of emergency when meeting an emergency and handling procedure and periodically compulsorily.Obtain better effect in the fulfillment.
Successful use of epidural blood patch for postdural puncture headache following lumbar sympathetic block.

Background and Objectives A 21-year-old man was scheduled for a diagnostic lumbar sympathetic block for reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the right lower extremity. Methods The patient experienced paresthesias with possible puncture of a dural sleeve during needle placement under fluoroscopy. After discharge, the patient developed a positional headache, which increased in intensity over 48 hours. An epidural blood patch was subsequently performed. Results The patient obtained complete relief from the headache. Conclusion Postdural puncture headache resulting from leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through a punctured dural sleeve may be successfully treated with an epidural blood patch should more conservative treatments fail.
Mucoid impaction of a stem bronchus.

Persistent atelectasis of the left lung was the chief finding in an elderly woman who had no background of chronic lung disease. At operation lower lobectomy was necessary because of irreversible parenchymal changes, but it was possible to salvage the upper lobe. Pathologically, the process was found to be mucoid impaction of the bronchi (MIB). Although this condition rarely involves an entire lung, its recognition is important because treatment with intrabronchial acetylcysteine may be definitive and surgery, if required, should be conservative.
Panic States and Impulsive Behavior

Prior to the 1970s little time had been spent in preparing psychiatrists for work with addicts, alcoholics, criminals, or sociopathic persons. Such people were then considered by many to be untreatable and were consistently excluded from psychiatric treatment settings.
An application of spatial Iterative Learning Control to micro-additive manufacturing

This manuscript details the first experimental application of a spatial Iterative Learning Control (SILC) update law recently described by the authors. Previous work introduced SILC, the SILC mathematical framework that was based on a 2D impulse response description of spatial dynamics, stability analyses, and a simulation study. Herein, we describe the physical system comprised of a micro-scale additive manufacturing system termed electrohydrodynamic jet printing and a spatial metrology system, atomic force microscopy. For this process, process variability is pronounced (± 15% from nominal) and thus complicates the use of heuristics-based process maps. This manuscript demonstrates that SILC applied to this combined manufacturing and in situ metrology system is capable, through successive iterations, of automatically creating a material droplet array that approximates an ideal material topography by compensating for process variability. These results give promise to more rigorous experimental trials involving multi-material and multi-layer micro additive manufacturing.
A whole-field method for the measurement of two-dimensional state of stress in thin films: A technique is proposed whereby the two-dimensional state of stress in thin films can be determined quantitatively in a whole-field manner

A method is developed whereby the two-dimensional state of stress in thin films deposited on substrate of any geometry can be measured. The method is a whole-field nondestructive technique and is simple to use. The sensitivity of the method can be changed continuously and at will to suit the problem.
Electrical properties and aging mechanisms in metallized polypropylene film capacitors

Metallized polypropylene film capacitors are attractive as replacements for the paper-foil construction because of their reduced dissipation factor and dielectric heating, smaller size, and improved performance. Their unique clearing properties provide them with high dielectric strength which, together with the high film intrinsic strength, permits considerably higher operating stresses than those commonly applied to paper dielectrics.
Tripier bipedicle musculocutaneous flap

The Tripier bipedicle myocutaneous flap was first described in 1889 as a procedure in which redundant skin and orbicularis muscle from the upper eyelid is used to reconstruct the lower eyelid. The flap is transposed as a bucket flap with both a medial and lateral pedicle. A second stage procedure may be necessary if the flap is created as a bridge (2–4 weeks after the original reconstruction). The bipedicle myocutaneous flap is useful for reconstruction of anterior lamellar lower eyelid defects. When a posterior lamella defect is present, additional support through hard palate graft, harvested cartilage, etc. may be used in conjunction with the bipedicle musculocutaneous flap.
Microarray Selection of Cooperative Peptides for Modulating Enzyme Activities.

Recently, peptide microarrays have been used to distinguish proteins, antibodies, viruses, and bacteria based on their binding to random sequence peptides. We reported on the use of peptide arrays to identify enzyme modulators that involve screening an array of 10,000 defined and addressable peptides on a microarray. Primary peptides were first selected to inhibit the enzyme at low μM concentrations. Then, new peptides were found to only bind strongly with the enzyme–inhibitor complex, but not the native enzyme. These new peptides served as secondary inhibitors that enhanced the inhibition of the enzyme together with the primary peptides. Without the primary peptides, the secondary effect peptides had little effect on the enzyme activity. Conversely, we also selected peptides that recovered the activities of inhibited enzyme–peptide complex. The selection of cooperative peptide pairs will provide a versatile toolkit for modulating enzyme functions, which may potentially be applied to drug discovery and biocatalysis.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotube-supported ruthenium nanoparticles for the catalytic degradation of Congo red dye

Abstract In this article, we describe a rapid, convenient, one-pot microwave method to synthesize Ru nanoparticles supported onto un-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Depending on the reaction temperature, small ruthenium nanoparticles, of 2.0 ± 0.5 nm or 3.5 ± 0.5 nm, were evenly distributed and stabilized onto SWNTs support without agglomeration. The structural integrity of the carbon nanotube was maintained upon microwave irradiation. The structural morphology of the SWNT-Ru nanoparticle composites was analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The SWNT-Ru nanoparticle composites demonstrated excellent catalytic properties in the decolorization and the degradation of Congo red dye within minutes at ambient temperature and without additional perturbation. The support of the SWNTs played a critical role not only in the synthesis of the non-agglomerated Ru nanoparticles but also in the efficient degradation of the Congo red dye. In addition, the effective recoverability and reusability of the catalyst establish its potential for practical catalytic applications.
Political Polarization on Twitter

In this study we investigate how social media shape the networked public sphere and facilitate communication between communities with different political orientations. We examine two networks of political communication on Twitter, comprised of more than 250,000 tweets from the six weeks leading up to the 2010 U.S. congressional midterm elections. Using a combination of network clustering algorithms and manually-annotated data we demonstrate that the network of political retweets exhibits a highly segregated partisan structure, with extremely limited connectivity between left- and right-leaning users. Surprisingly this is not the case for the user-to-user mention network, which is dominated by a single politically heterogeneous cluster of users in which ideologically-opposed individuals interact at a much higher rate compared to the network of retweets. To explain the distinct topologies of the retweet and mention networks we conjecture that politically motivated individuals provoke interaction by injecting partisan content into information streams whose primary audience consists of ideologically-opposed users. We conclude with statistical evidence in support of this hypothesis.
Electronic method for quantitation of bleeding time.

A method for determining blood loss from standardized skin punctures is described. The volume of blood lost is measured by electrical conductance. The device allows the pattern of bleeding to be recorded continuously and the volume of blood lost to be directly recorded. The method is reproducible and has been standardized on a group of normal subjects.
Multireceptor atypical antipsychotic drugs

The atypical antipsychotic drugs are those antipsychotic agents which produce fewer extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) at clinically effective anti-psychotic doses than do the typical neuroleptic drugs [23]. This definition of an atypical antipsychotic drug is still controversial [3]. Various authorities have suggested that the term be dropped completely and some other general name be used, e.g. novel antipsychotics, while others propose that the definition be broadened to include features beyond antipsychotic efficacy and low EPS, e.g. specific pharmacological features such as multi-receptor activity, efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, and ability to improve negative symptoms [3 4]. Clozapine is the prototypical atypical antipsychotic drug [5]. It was designated as an atypical anti-psychotic because it differed from the neuroleptic agents that were available at the time of its introduction in 1960 in that the neuroleptics produced catalepsy in rodents and EPS in man at clinically relevant doses and clozapine did not [6]. This term was widely used by preclinical investigators to refer to clozapine in their efforts to understand the biological basis for the difference between it and the prototypical typical neuroleptic drug, haloperidol, with regard to their effects on the limbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems, the probable sites of antipsychotic action and EPS, respectively [7]. Thus, there has been much historical precedent to the definition of atypicality that focuses on the extrapyramidal system differences between antipsychotic drugs. Furthermore, acute and chronic EPS are the most significant side-effects of the first generation of antipsychotic drugs because of their influence upon compliance, and its effect, in turn upon relapse and rehospitalization [8], as well as the sometimes fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and the ability to cause tardive dyskinesia [9]. What has complicated the issue of the essence of an atypical antipsychotic is the discovery of the many advantages of clozapine other than low EPS, including no known ability to cause tardive dyskinesia, efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, improvement in negative symptoms, decreased risk of suicide, and improvement in cognition, to name the most important [10] (see Naber et al., this volume].
Caremark in the Arc of Compliance History: Evolution of a Corporate Director's Fiduciary Duty to Oversee Compliance with the Law

In the compliance and ethics field, In re Caremark International Incorporated Derivative Litigation is one of the few judicial decisions that professionals will know by name. In 1996, the Delaware Chancery Court’s Caremark decision was the first to recognize a director’s fiduciary duty to oversee a corporation’s compliance and ethics program, which instantly raised the visibility and urgency of compliance and ethics in the boardroom. And even though this duty was later confirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court in a case by another name, the compliance and ethics community still refers to the “Caremark duty” due to the original decision’s path-breaking analysis and impact. Two decades later, we can ask where Caremark falls within the ongoing history of compliance and ethics. This article does so by describing the parallel evolutions of the Caremark duty and another compliance and ethics landmark – the 1991 United States Sentencing Guidelines for organizations that provided sentencing leniency for organizations with an effective compliance and ethics program. These two histories converge at an important point that gives us the Caremark decision. That is, the 1991 Sentencing Guidelines influenced the 1996 Chancery Court decision to recognize the Caremark duty. Over the following twenty years, the histories then diverge: subsequent amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines develop a robust account of director responsibilities, while Delaware case law stalls, leaving the Caremark duty as largely symbolic.
Central mesencephalic reticular formation control of the near response: lens accommodation circuits.

This report uses transsynaptic transport of rabies virus to provide new evidence that the central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF) contains premotor neurons controlling lens accommodation. ...