cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special political zone: urban planning, spatial segregation and the infrastructure of violence in Ahmedabad 1

The violence in Gujarat in 2002 presented a paradoxical phenomenon, namely, a spectacle of violence ostensibly enacted by non-state forces that was covertly and overtly sanctioned by the state. Violence was both spatially localized and physically concentrated on Muslims. Apologists invoked a history of communal conflict and specifically of Muslim provocation, explaining the pogrom of 2002 as having ample precedent and justifiable cause. This paper addresses Ahmedabad's urbanity as an enabling locus for such violence, and draws on historical and ethnographic research to argue that spatial and perceptual practices in the city have combined to ghettoize Muslims, and produce forms of knowledge complicit with structural and episodic violence against them. Such practices (and their discursive uptake) are enabled by political conjunctures that give structurally embedded processes form and visibility. This paper explores the issue of political violence and Muslim vulnerability in Gujarat under the explanatory rub...
Mechanism and substrate specificity of telomeric protein POT1 stimulation of the Werner syndrome helicase

Loss of the RecQ helicase WRN protein causes the cancer-prone progeroid disorder Werner syndrome (WS). WS cells exhibit defects in DNA replication and telomere preservation. The telomeric single-stranded binding protein POT1 stimulates WRN helicase to unwind longer telomeric duplexes that are otherwise poorly unwound. We reasoned that stimulation might occur by POT1 recruiting and retaining WRN on telomeric substrates during unwinding and/or by POT1 loading on partially unwound ssDNA strands to prevent strand re-annealing. To test these possibilities, we used substrates with POT1-binding sequences in the single-stranded tail, duplex or both. POT1 binding to ssDNA tails did not alter WRN activity on nontelomeric duplexes or recruit WRN to telomeric ssDNA. However, POT1 bound tails inhibited WRN activity on telomeric duplexes with a single 3′-ssDNA tail, which mimic telomeric ends in the open conformation. In contrast, POT1 bound tails stimulated WRN unwinding of forked telomeric duplexes. This indicates that POT1 interaction with the ssDNA/dsDNA junction regulates WRN activity. Furthermore, POT1 did not enhance retention of WRN on telomeric forks during unwinding. Collectively, these data suggest POT1 promotes the apparent processivity of WRN helicase by maintaining partially unwound strands in a melted state, rather than preventing WRN dissociation from the substrate.
Biofunctionalization of gold nanorods

Gold nanorods (NRs) are promising nanomaterials for biotechnology innovations that include photoassisted drug delivery, gene therapy, noninvasive cancer detection, and ultrasensitive biodetection. Owing to their unique geometry, Au NRs exhibit surface plasmon (SP) modes in the near-infrared (IR) wavelength range—ideal for carrying out optical meas- urements in biological fluids and tissue. Because NR interactions highly depend on the chemical nature of their solvent-accessible interface, it is necessary to carry out specific post- synthetic chemical modifications of the Au surface to create NRs that are biocompatible and biofunctional. In this review, we discuss various NR surface chemistries that have success- fully enabled the integration of Au NRs into biological environments, as well as current chal- lenges in designing the biofunctional NR interface for in vivo applications.
Flashback phenomenon and residual neurological deficits after the use of “bath salt” 3, 4- methylenedioxypyrovalerone

© 2014 World Journal of Emergency MedicineBACKGROUND: The use and abuse of designer drugs has been recognized for decades; however there are many derivatives of compounds that make their way into the community. Abuse of compound(s) known on the street as "bath salt" is on the rise.METHODS: We report the case of a 33-year-old man who complained of "flashbacks" and right arm shaking that followed a night of "bath salt" snorting. The active compound methylenedioxypyrovalerone methamphetamine (MDPV) was confirmed; however, analysis of three different "bath salt" products showed difference in their active components.RESULTS: The patient's symptoms remained stable and he was discharged home after observation in the emergency department with instructions to return for any symptom progression.CONCLUSION: Practitioners should be aware of the abuse of the compounds and that not all "bath salt" products contain MDPV.KEY WORDS: Residual neurological deﬁ cits; Methylenedioxypyrovalerone methamphetamine; Emergency Department
Interaction Between Dexamethasone Treatment and the Corticotropin Stimulation Test in Septic Shock

OBJECTIVE:To review dexamethasone interaction with corticotropin stimulation testing, particularly as it applies to treating septic shock.DATA SOURCES:Pertinent literature was identified through MEDLINE (1966–February 2004) using combinations of the key words dexamethasone, adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, and pretreat. Only articles written in the English language and evaluating human subjects were considered. Reference lists of identified articles were reviewed for additional citations.DATA SYNTHESIS:Accurate interpretation of the corticotropin stimulation test is important to identify patients with septic shock who may benefit from corticosteroid supplementation. In healthy volunteers, short-term dexamethasone administration prior to the corticotropin stimulation test may depress the baseline cortisol level, but does not inhibit the response to the corticotropin challenge. This may result in a slight increase in the difference between baseline and post-stimulation values.CONCLUSIONS:In 2 small ...
The networked gatekeeping process for news in the 21 st century

“Gatekeeping theory” is the conceptual framework that was developed during the 20 th century within the journalism and mass communication research discipline to help us understand the complex, multivariate factors that collectively influence the content of the media. But gatekeeping theory in its extant form is limited in its descriptive value for today's media environment because it was developed primarily to describe the media system of the 20th century. In this paper, a combined consideration of our existing knowledge of gatekeeping theory and the principles of social network analysis offers a foundation for a conceptual shift towards the development of a networked gatekeeping theory for news for the media of the public sphere in the 21 st century. Further, these conceptual considerations offer insights for approaching the empirical investigation of the gatekeeping process using social network analysis and other relevant methods facilitated by software packages such as NodeXL. I also identify in this paper some current gaps in social network analysis metrics for the study of important social network sites like Twitter. The gaps in knowledge currently limit our capacity to empirically understand the unique roles of journalists as trusted general interest intermediaries in the networked gatekeeping process.
Molecular basis for the interplay of apoptosis and proliferation mediated by Bcl-xL:Bim interactions in pancreatic cancer cells.

A major mechanism through which cancer cells avoid apoptosis is by promoting the association of anti-apoptotic members of the pro-survival Bcl-2 protein family (like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) with BH3 domain-only proteins (like Bim and Bid). Apoptosis and cell proliferation have been shown to be linked for many cancers but the molecular basis for this link is far from understood. We have identified the Bcl-xL:Bim protein–protein interface as a direct regulator of proliferation and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. We were able to predict and subsequently verify experimentally the effect of various Bcl-xL single-point mutants (at the position A142) on binding to Bim by structural analysis and computational modeling of the inter-residue interactions at the Bcl-xL:Bim protein–protein interface. The mutants A142N, A142Q, and A142Y decreased binding of Bim to Bcl-xL and A142S increased this binding. The Bcl-xL mutants, with decreased affinity for Bim, caused an increase in apoptosis and a corresponding decrease in cell proliferation. However, we could prevent these effects by introducing a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted at Bim. These results show a novel role played by the Bcl-xL:Bim interaction in regulating proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells at the expense of apoptosis. This study presents a physiologically relevant model of the Bcl-xL:Bim interface that can be used for rational therapeutic design for the inhibition of proliferation and cancer cell resistance to apoptosis.
Epidemiology of substance use disorders in women

Significant gender differences exist in the prevalence of substance use disorders in the United States. There is a trend among boys and girls aged 12 to 17 years toward comparable rates of use and initiation for alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and tobacco. If this trend continues, over time there may be a narrowing of the male-to-female prevalence ratios of substance abuse in the older age groups. This possibility is particularly disturbing because women have a heightened vulnerability to medical, physical, mental, and social consequences of substance use. Women also carry additional unique risks during pregnancy because of the effect on neonates. In addition, they have certain gender-specific cancer risks. Given this and the declining age of initiation of substance use in women, prevention and treatment efforts especially geared toward women (eg, education of all medical and paramedical staff, screening in primary care clinics, detection of drug use early in pregnancy or before conception, brief interventions and treatment programs that integrate women's needs) are exceedingly important to stop and ultimately reverse this growing trend.
A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems

Causal attribution of recent biological trends to climate change is complicated because non-climatic influences dominate local, short-term biological changes. Any underlying signal from climate change is likely to be revealed by analyses that seek systematic trends across diverse species and geographic regions; however, debates within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reveal several definitions of a 'systematic trend'. Here, we explore these differences, apply diverse analyses to more than 1,700 species, and show that recent biological trends match climate change predictions. Global meta-analyses documented significant range shifts averaging 6.1 km per decade towards the poles (or metres per decade upward), and significant mean advancement of spring events by 2.3 days per decade. We define a diagnostic fingerprint of temporal and spatial 'sign-switching' responses uniquely predicted by twentieth century climate trends. Among appropriate long-term/large-scale/multi-species data sets, this diagnostic fingerprint was found for 279 species. This suite of analyses generates 'very high confidence' (as laid down by the IPCC) that climate change is already affecting living systems.
Hepatitis C Virus Maintains Infectivity for Weeks After Drying on Inanimate Surfaces at Room Temperature: Implications for Risks of Transmission

The global burden of morbidity and mortality from hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is truly pandemic, with more than 170 million people currently infected [1]. Because there is currently no vaccine for HCV and available treatment regimens are limited by efficacy, cost, and side effects, prevention of HCV transmission remains the primary strategy for curbing the HCV epidemic. HCV is transmitted primarily through parenteral exposure to blood or body fluids contaminated with HCV. Injecting drug use (IDU), mother-to-child transmission, multiple heterosexual partners, accidental needle injuries, and transfusion of blood or blood products are among the most relevant risk factors for HCV acquisition [2–4]. The epidemiology of HCV has changed in the last decade. Transmission from blood transfusions and surgical procedures have all but disappeared in developed countries [5]. There have been modest but insufficient declines in incidence among IDUs in locations with broad implementation of syringe-exchange programs [6–12]. Nosocomial transmissions of HCV increasingly account for a large proportion of new HCV infections (ie, 20%–50%) in developed countries [13–17]. Thus, the relative impact and burden of nosocomial HCV transmission might be greater now than a decade ago. In an Italian study of 214 patients with acute HCV infections [18], the most relevant risk factors were history of medical procedures (32%; eg, hospitalization, surgery, endoscopy, dialysis, blood transfusion, dental treatment, and other invasive procedures) and intravenous drug use (30%). Interestingly, among the patients classified under medical procedures, almost half of them did not have surgery or any invasive procedures while on admission. This has been corroborated by a study from Spain where the investigators found that the only documented risk factor among patients with acute HCV infection was hospital admission [19]. One can speculate that these patients might have been exposed to HCV-contaminated surfaces during hospitalization. We hypothesized that occupational and iatrogenic HCV infections may be due, in part, to the virus's ability to remain viable on fomites and other hospital equipment for prolonged periods. We recently established a microculture assay for propagation of cell culture–derived HCV (HCVcc) in small volumes by using a genetically engineered reporter virus derived from the HCVcc clone [20, 21]. Using our microculture assay system, we performed a set of experiments to replicate the circumstances in which healthcare workers or patients may come into contact with HCV that has dried on surfaces. These circumstances include preparing plasma, handling hemodialysis equipment, and placing and removing venous lines. To our knowledge, this is the first study to closely simulate conditions that lead to nosocomial transmission of HCV.
Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on porcine adipocyte differentiation

Abstract Long-chain fatty acids (FAs) stimulate clonal preadipocyte differentiation with α-linolenic acid (C18:3) being very potent. Porcine preadipocytes were differentiated for 24 h with 0, 50, 100, or 300 μM oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), or C18:3. Differentiation was increased to a greater extent by C18:1 and C18:2 than by C18:3 (P Abbreviations: aP2, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein; C/EBPα, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha, C/EBPβ, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein beta; C/EBPδ, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein delta; C18:0, stearic acid; C18:1, oleic acid, C18:2, linoleic acid, C18:3, α-linolenic acid; C20:4, arachidonic acid; C22:6, docosaheaxaenoic acid; 9,11-CLA, cis 9, trans 11-conjugated linoleic acid; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; 18S, 18S ribosomal RNA; FA, long-chain fatty acid; F12, nutrient mixture F-12 Ham; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; RXRα, retinoid x receptor alpha.
Treatment advances for medically inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer: emphasis on prospective trials

Summary Advances in technology have changed the treatment of patients with early stage non-small-cell lung cancer who are not healthy enough for standard surgical resection. Previously, patients with severe underlying cardiopulmonary dysfunction were often dissuaded from pursuing definitive therapy, even though most patients died from their lung cancer and not as a result of comorbid medical illness. Recent advances in the technology to treat early stage disease have led to new-found enthusiasm for treating and studying high-risk patients. This Review focuses on the management of these patients, including use of conformal radiotherapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, sublobar resection, intraoperative brachytherapy, and radiofrequency ablation. Ongoing challenges are presented and prospective data are emphasised.
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Americans' Instant Messaging and E-Mail Use: A National Survey

An online survey of 884 deaf and hard of hearing adults asked about their current and past use of communication technologies, notably TTY, telecommunications relay services, e-mail, and instant messaging (IM). Results showed that respondents were using e-mail and IM far more than TTY and relay services. The study participants virtually all had e-mail and IM at home. In fact, about one quarter had a high-speed ("broadband") connection at home. While the vast majority also had and used e-mail at work, just 1 in 3 had IM at his or her place of employment. The findings have several implications. Most important for educators is that strong reading and writing skills are essential if adults who are deaf or hard of hearing are to take advantage of today's communications technologies. Another conclusion is that some workers who are deaf or hard of hearing appear to face discrimination in employment because office policies forbid the use of a highly effective reasonable accommodation, instant messaging.
In silico Biochemical Reaction Network Analysis (IBRENA)

Summary: We present In silico Biochemical Reaction Network Analysis (IBRENA), a software package which facilitates multiple functions including cellular reaction network simulation and sensitivity analysis (both forward and adjoint methods), coupled with principal component analysis, singular-value decomposition and model reduction. The software features a graphical user interface that aids simulation and plotting of in silico results. While the primary focus is to aid formulation, testing and reduction of theoretical biochemical reaction networks, the program can also be used for analysis of high-throughput genomic and proteomic data. Availability: The software package, manual and examples are available at http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/~neel/ibrena Contact: neel@eng.buffalo.edu
Cardiomegaly in tropical Africa

The term cardiomegaly is found in 5–7% of chest X-ray film evaluations in tropical Africa. However, cardiomegaly is a descriptive term, devoid of any aetiological meaning. Therefore, providing information about the aetiological factors leading to heart enlargement in a group of Africans (Nigerians) was the purpose of this study. In the years 2002–2011, 170 subjects (aged 17–80 years, mean age 42 years) in whom cardiomegaly was revealed by chest radiographs were studied at the Madonna University Teaching Hospital, Elele. The patients underwent echocardiography, electrocardiography, and several appropriate laboratory tests. Arterial hypertension was found to be most frequently associated with heart enlargement (39.4%), followed by dilated cardiomyopathy (21.76%), endomyocardial fibrosis (14.1%), valvular defects (9.4%), cardiac enlargement in the course of sickle-cell anaemia (6.47%), and schistosomal cor pulmonale (3.52%). This study is a contribution to a better aetiological elucidation of cardiomegaly in the tropics and emphasizes the importance of arterial hypertension as one of its causative factors. The dire need for effective treatment of hypertensive patients becomes evident. A high prevalence of elevated blood pressure seems to reflect an impact of civilization-related factors on the African communities.
Indications for and Outcomes of Clean Intermittent Catheterization in Children With Normal Genital Sensation

AbstractPurpose: Clean intermittent catheterization is generally accepted by parents and children with neurogenic bladder. We analyzed the indications for and feasibility of clean intermittent catheterization in children with normal genital sensation.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 2 girls and 15 boys 15 months to 15 years old (mean age 8 years) on clean intermittent catheterization with normal genital sensation. Indications for clean intermittent catheterization were urinary retention and poor urodynamic compliance with or without hydronephrosis. Parents evaluated the protocol via a questionnaire and the children were studied with age appropriate standard instruments to assess the consequences of clean intermittent catheterization on psychological development.Results: There were no medical complications related to clean intermittent catheterization. Four of the 7 children with urinary retention and 7 of the 10 with poor bladder compliance continued the protocol. There was no difference ...
Molecular determinants of glucagon receptor signaling.

A 29-amino acid polypeptide hormone, glucagon has been one of the most prolific models in the study of hormone action. The key biologic function of glucagon is to counterbalance the actions of insulin and maintain a normal level of serum glucose. Diabetes mellitus can thus be considered a bihormonal disorder with an excess of glucagon contributing to the hyperglycemic state. The effects of glucagon are mediated by the glucagon receptor, which is itself a prototypical member of a distinct category called family B receptors within the G protein-coupled superfamily of seven-helical transmembrane receptors (GPCRs). At the structural level, the peptide ligands of family B receptors are highly homologous, in particular in the N-terminal region of the molecules. The mechanism by which highly homologous peptide ligands selectively recognize their receptors involves distinct molecular interactions that are gradually being elucidated. This review focuses on structural determinants of the glucagon receptor that are important for its activity with respect to interaction with its ligand and G proteins. Information about the glucagon receptor is presented within the context of what is known about other members of the family B GPCRs.
RELIGIOUS NATURALISM OR THEOLOGICAL HUMANISM

. Loyal Rue's book Religion Is Not About God (2005) is a polemic for religious naturalism. In it Rue sets up a general model of religion based on principles of scientific materialism, tests his model against five historical religions, and speculates on the future of religion. He claims that in the West, modern science and pluralism threaten the moral authority of Christianity in facing the environmental crisis, which is fueled by a rival metareligion, consumerism. He concludes that an ecological Doomsday is likely, following which a new religion will arise: religious naturalism. I challenge Rue's account at three levels, from the standpoint of theological humanism. First, as a philosopher of religion, Rue cannot carry through his scientific materialist explanation of religion. The first-person experience of consciousness escapes such an account. Second, as a myth maker, Rue unifies the evolutionary epic retrospectively, where the evidence is thin, and projects the future overconfidently. Third, as a theologian, Rue is wrong to equate God and Nature.
O Libertarian, Where Is Thy Sting?

With the 2008 Democratic National Convention slated for Denver, the libertarian concerns of Western voters, denizens of the so-called purple states, are suddenly of high interest. Pundits and commentators see in the "live and let live" ethos of the West a chance for the Democracy to reshape its faltering coalition and enter the twenty-first century rejuve- nated and strong. Ryan Sager, a critic from the right, notes that from the Democratic perspective, "the West looks abundant with opportunities. And the same might be said of a long-neglected, long-suffering political demographic: libertarians." 1 This optimism in part underlay the party's choice of Denver over the traditional Democratic bastion of New York. Colorado is often identified as a libertarian-leaning state, and it was where the Libertarian Party was founded. But what exactly is libertarianism? What role has it played in American politics in the twentieth century? Is libertarianism truly the wave of the future or has its moment come and gone? In this article I investigate these questions by looking at the first lib- ertarian moment, the ferment of intellectual and political activity in the late 1960s and early 1970s that produced the modern Libertarian Party. Richard Hofstadter famously observed that "third parties are like bees: once they have stung, they die." 2 By this standard, the Libertarian Party seems to have been born without a stinger; its impact on national politics has been negligible, certainly far short of its nineteenth-century counter- parts the Know Nothings, the Anti-Masonic Party, and the Populists. 3 But if the Libertarian Party failed to disrupt politics across several states, alter the outcome of significant elections, or midwife a major politi- cal realignment, it has not been without influence. Indeed, a better com- parison may be with the Socialist Party, a group that achieved little electoral success but still flags for us the presence of a broad-based sensibility that
Memory circuits for multiple valued logic voltage signals

Voltage-mode CMOS multiple valued logic memory circuits have been realized in a standard 2-micron p-well polysilicon-gate CMOS technology. These circuits requantize multiple-valued logical voltages during a SETUP clock mode and latch the input value during the HOLD clock mode. Using a 5 volt supply and logical voltage increments of 1.67 volts, two similar quaternary memory circuits have worst-case total SETUP and HOLD times of about 5.7 ns and 7 ns; and best single-level transition total SETUP and HOLD times of about 0.9 ns and 1 ns.
The role of genetic screening and prophylactic surgery in surgical oncology.

It is a fundamental principle that cancer is a genetic disease. Cancer results from the accumulation of genetic damage within the nucleus of a cell. Cancer is stably inherited during cell division so that when a cancer cell divides, both daughters are also cancer cells. Division of a progenitor cancer cell eventually results in transformation of an organ into a neoplastic phenotype. There is a large amount of evidence suggesting that in most patients cancer results from one or more acquired somatic mutations caused by chemical carcinogens or mutagens in the environment, but it is estimated that 1 of every 10 patients with breast, colon, and thyroid cancer inherits the disease by a germline mutation. Identifying the genetic mutation associated with a neoplasm can be useful to physicians in four ways: 1) to screen asymptomatic patients and possibly perform a prophylactic surgical procedure; 2) to tailor chemotherapy; 3) to suggest prognosis; and 4) to apply gene therapy. This is a collective review article, the purpose of which is to update surgeons on the current role of genetic screening for inherited breast, colon, and thyroid carcinoma in patients who already have cancer and in high-risk, asymptomatic individuals. It will also discuss indications and suggested methods of prophylactic surgery, tamoxifen chemoprevention, colonoscopy screening, and screening for associated malignancies. HISTORY OF MOLECULAR GENETICS
Production of Controlled‐Morphology Pore Arrays: Implications and Opportunities

A technique, combining photolithographic methods, ion beam etching, and hot-pressing, has been developed, which permits the generation of a wide range of controlled pore structures. Pores in almost any number, and of almost any size and spacing, can be produced at grain boundaries with controlled misohentation. This new method has permitted the development of novel experiments, which are being used to study pore-drag effects during grain growth, pore morphology evolution during crack healing, faceting behavior, interfacial energies, and Ostwald ripening of pores.
Social disorganization, marriage, and reported crime: A spatial econometrics examination of family formation and criminal offending

Abstract It has long been documented that “marriage matters” for a variety of reasons. Furthermore, there has been considerable debate over the causal relationship between marriage and a number of its associated correlates, most often related to social processes of health behaviors, criminal involvement, and achievement. While most research associated with marriage and crime is concerned with the individual, little is understood concerning the ecological effect of marriage rates. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the F.B.I.'s Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), this study tests such relationships through the implementation of spatially-centered analytic approaches concerning the potential independent effects of marriage rates within a social disorganization context. It is important to understand such aggregate level effects in the face of the existing literature, which relies heavily on relational associations and is subject to ecological fallacy. Analytic techniques incorporate Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) and spatial regression.
Analysis of uterine contractions: a dynamical approach

The development of suitable techniques for quantifying mechanical and electrophysiological aspects of uterine contractions has been an active area of research. The uterus is a physiological system consisting of a large number of interacting muscle cells. The activity of these cells evolves with time, a trait characteristic of a dynamical system. While such complex physiological systems are non-linear by their very nature, whether this non-linearity is exhibited in the external recording is far from trivial. Traditional techniques such as spectral analysis have been used in the past, but these techniques implicitly assume that the process generating the contractions is linear and hence may be biased. In this tutorial review, a systematic approach using a hierarchy of surrogate algorithms is used to determine the nature of the process generating the contractions produced during labor. The results reveal that uterine contractions are probably generated by non-linear processes. The contraction segments were obtained through simultaneous recordings of the electrical and magnetic signals corresponding to the electrophysiological activity of the uterus and then analyzed. The electrical activity was recorded by placement of non-invasive electrodes onto the maternal abdomen and magnetic activity was recorded non-invasively using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID).
A fuzzy logic inference processor

This mixed analog-digital fuzzy logic inference processor chip calculates the result of an inference over a 32-rule knowledge base in parallel. Simulations predict a computation time for the array of about 2 /spl mu/sec. The processor interface behaves like a static RAM, but internal computation is performed in the analog domain to an expected precision of 6 bits. The completed chip measures 7 mm by 10 mm in a 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, and is currently undergoing preliminary testing.
N-Benzoyl-N-(1,4-dioxonaphthalen-2-yl)benzamide.

The title mol­ecule, C24H15NO4, crystallizes with two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit (Z′ = 2). For both mol­ecules, the two amide groups are not coplanar, as the dihedral angles of the respective NCO groups are similar at 50.37 (14) and 51.22 (13)°. However, the orientations of the substituent phenyl rings with the central naphthalene system are significantly different for the two mol­ecules; for one mol­ecule, these dihedral angles are 80.29 (3) and 80.95 (4)°, while for the second mol­ecule they are 86.63 (3) and 72.82 (4)°. The crystal packing shows the mol­ecules to be linked by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions.
Discussion of care, contribution, and perceived (in)gratitude in the family caregiver and sibling relationship

This qualitative analysis focuses on the discussion of care, division of labor, and perceptions of gratitude and ingratitude between an adult primary caregiver of an elderly parent and his or her sibling(s). Interviews with 20 caregivers addressed the following questions: When do caregivers feel appreciated or unappreciated by siblings? How do siblings communicate that appreciation? How does gratitude influence the experience of caregiving and family relationships during caregiving? Findings revealed that gratitude was manifested through verbal and behavioral expressions, with antithetical communication that left the caregiver feeling unappreciated. Verbal expressions of gratitude included a simple “thank you,” thanks for what the caregiver does, and for who the caregiver is. The inverse of these expressions included neglecting to say “thank you,” failing to identify the extent of the caregiver's work, and communicating criticism. Behavioral expressions took the form of following through on promises, and failing to do so presented as ingratitude.
Persistent inhibitory circuit defects and disrupted social behaviour following in utero exogenous cannabinoid exposure

Placental transfer of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during pregnancy has the potential to interfere with endogenous cannabinoid (CB) regulation of fetal nervous system development in utero. Here we examined the effect of maternal CB intake on mouse hippocampal interneurons largely focusing on cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons (CCK-INTs), a prominent CB subtype-1 receptor (CB1R) expressing neuronal population throughout development. Maternal treatment with THC or the synthetic CB1R agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) produced a significant loss of CCK-INTs in the offspring. Further, residual CCK-INTs in animals prenatally treated with WIN displayed decreased dendritic complexity. Consistent with these anatomical deficits, pups born to CB-treated dams exhibited compromised CCK-INT-mediated feedforward and feedback inhibition. Moreover, pups exposed to WIN in utero lacked constitutive CB1R-mediated suppression of inhibition from residual CCK-INTs and displayed altered social behavior. Our findings add to a growing list of potential cell/circuit underpinnings that may underlie cognitive impairments in offspring of mothers that abuse marijuana during pregnancy.
Single-Nanocrystal Reaction Trajectories Reveal Sharp Cooperative Transitions

Whereas pathways of chemical reactions involving small molecules are well-understood, the dynamics of reactions in extended solids remain difficult to elucidate. Frequently, kinetic studies on bulk materials provide a picture averaged over multiple domains or grains, smearing out interesting dynamics such as critical nucleation phenomena or sharp phase transitions occurring within individual, often nanoscale, grains, or domains. By optically monitoring a solid-state reaction with single nanocrystal resolution, we directly identified a unique, previously unknown, reaction pathway. Reaction trajectories of single cadmium selenide nanocrystals undergoing ion exchange with silver reveal that each individual nanocrystal waits a unique amount of time before making an abrupt switch to the silver selenide phase on a few hundred millisecond time scale. The gradual reaction progress of ensemble-scale cation exchange is actually comprised of these sharp single-nanocrystal switching events. Statistical distributions ...
Patterns of Fatty Liver Disease

This article reviews the imaging findings of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver disease) on cross-sectional imaging with an emphasis on various patterns of focal fat. Hepatic steatosis can herald pathology or mimic metastatic disease, the latter generating confusion and creating undue patient anxiety. Hepatic steatosis is often first detected at computed tomography imaging, which serves as the primary imaging modality for evaluating a wide variety of diseases within the abdomen and pelvis. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved as a more precise method of evaluating for the presence, severity, and distribution of hepatic steatosis. In particular, chemical shift MRI is a robust technique that is invaluable in differentiating between focal fat and its mimics, allowing the radiologist to establish a confident diagnosis while preventing unnecessary biopsies.
Source parameters of Montana earthquakes (1925-1964) and tectonic deformation in the northern Intermountain Seismic Belt

Waveform modeling and first motion analysis are used to determine the source parameters of six 5.8 ≦ M ≦ 6.8 earthquakes that occurred between 1925 and 1964 within the northern Intermountain Seismic Belt of Montana. Results of this study suggest that the 1925 Clarkston earthquake occurred along an oblique normal fault with a trend similar to the southern end of the Clarkston Valley fault. The two largest earthquakes of the 1935 Helena sequence occurred along right-lateral strike-slip faults with trends similar to the Bald Butte and Helena Valley faults. The 1947 Virginia City earthquake occurred along a northwest-southeast trending segment of the Madison fault. Movement at depth was along a fault with strike similar to that of the 1959 Hebgen Lake main shock. A reanalysis of a M = 6.0 aftershock of the 1959 Hebgen Lake sequence suggests the earthquake occurred at a depth of 8 km along a fault that is not seen at the surface. An M = 5.8 earthquake in 1964, located about 10 km from the 1959 aftershock, may have occurred along steeply dipping fault planes (48° to 80°) at depths of 8 to 14 km. Most events could be modeled as simple ruptures.
Value Innovation of Modular Organization:Principle,Mechanism and Challenge

Based on the waterfall effect principle,this paper is exploring the value innovation mechanism of modular organization,including the evolution of the coordination rules for the demand-oriented production,the formation of flagship position of the firm who is seeking to control the production,and the increasing returns in the roundabout product chain.Accordingly,this paper is arguing that the zone where market and firm shaking hands co-exist specialization and integration,diminishing returns and increasing returns as well as external uncertainty and internal uncertainty.Thus the traditional firm theory is undoubtedly challenged by such dualism.
The use of recombinant human erythropoietin in a Jehovah's Witness requiring major reconstructive surgery.

AbstractWe report on a new approach to the anemic Jehovah’s Witness patient requiring a major operation using preoperative and perioperative erythropoietin. The use of recombinant human erythropoietin in this and other clinical situations is discussed.
HIV infection in healthcare workers: How great is the risk? What can be done before and after exposure?

PreviewHealthcare workers know that there is a risk of HIV infection through exposure to AIDS patients. In both hospital and office settings, physicians have the opportunity to set standards and promote education about the degree of risk, effective precautions, and postexposure testing, prophylaxis, and treatment. Drs Henry and Thurn share the latest findings and offer policy recommendations based on their own experience.
Abstract LB-103: Molecular exploitation of oncogenic stress in melanoma management

Oncogenic B-RAF and N-RAS mutations are frequently reported in mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways of tumors. BRAF and NRAS mutations are found in more than 30% of all human tumors and 43% (88% V600E, 10% V600K) and 30% (48% Q61K, 40% Q61R) of malignant melanoma. These mutations were considered mutually exclusive except a few (0.7%) cases. BRAF and NRAS mutations are an important clinical marker and prognostic factor in metastatic melanoma. Recently developed BRAF V600E targeted therapies demonstrate significant clinical benefit but the targeted therapeutic options for NRAS -mutant melanomas are still under intense investigation. Importantly, BRAF and NRAS mutations are mutually exclusive, meaning that tumors are rarely found with these two mutations and are reported as lethal to the cancer cells. Hence, molecular behavior and interaction between BRAF and NRAS mutant proteins underline phenotypic complexity which is poorly understood. In the current study, we aimed to determine the translational significance of BRAF and NRAS mutations and their products in cell based studies with metastatic melanoma cell lines. Our lab sought to investigate the common molecular therapeutic target(s) of these genes, responsible for synthetic lethality. By using remote inducible expression system of BRAF V600E mutant gene in NRAS Q61R mutant cell lines and vice versa. It is found that 25% (2/8) NRAS Q61R mutant cell lines are sensitive to BRAF V600E and NRAS Q61R mutation co-expression and have slow-growth phenotype with cells displaying hallmarks of oncogene-induced senescence, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, more over rescued with BAP1 ectopic expression. While some NRAS mutant cell lines showed no lethal effect to BRAF V600E mutation expression which is well explained by human phospho-kinase array. These preliminary results suggest a complex interplay of tumor drivers ( BRAF and NRAS) and passengers (X-factors) in cancer biology that need to be investigated in detail in melanoma. Citation Format: Raj Kumar, Zhenyu Ji, Benchun Miao, Ching-Ni Jenny Njauw, Hensin Tsao. Molecular exploitation of oncogenic stress in melanoma management. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-103.
Through space and through bridge channels of charge transfer at p-n nano-junctions: A DFT study

Abstract Details of charge density distribution at p-n nano interface are analyzed with density functional theory techniques using model system of dimers of doped silicon quantum dots interacting through bond and through space . Spatial distributions of transition densities between the ground and excited states suggest the character of essential electronic excitations, which have a Fӧrster, bound, unbound, or charge transfer character. A redistribution of electronic density from n-impurities to p-impurities results in a ground state polarization and creates an offset of energies of the bands localized on p-doped quantum dot and the bands localized on n-doped quantum dot. Although impurities contribute very few orbitals to the total density, a ground state charge redistribution and polarization are both responsible for the presence of a large number of charge transfer excitations involving solely silicon orbitals.
RICTOR amplification identifies a subgroup in small cell lung cancer and predicts response to drugs targeting mTOR

// Nneha Sakre 1, 2 , Gary Wildey 1, 2 , Mohadese Behtaj 3 , Adam Kresak 1, 3 , Michael Yang 3 , Pingfu Fu 4 , Afshin Dowlati 1, 2 1 Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA 2 Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA 3 Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA 4 Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA Correspondence to: Afshin Dowlati, email: afshin.dowlati@case.edu Keywords: RICTOR, mTORC1/2 inhibitors, CNV, amplification, small cell lung cancer Received: May 27, 2016 Accepted: October 26, 2016 Published: November 15, 2016 ABSTRACT Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer that represents ~15% of all lung cancers. Currently there are no targeted therapies to treat SCLC. Our genomic analysis of a metastatic SCLC cohort identified recurrent RICTOR amplification. Here, we examine the translational potential of this observation. RICTOR was the most frequently amplified gene observed (~14% patients), and co-amplified with FGF10 and IL7R on chromosome 5p13. RICTOR copy number variation correlated with RICTOR protein expression in SCLC cells. In parallel, cells with RICTOR copy number (CN) gain showed increased sensitivity to three mTOR inhibitors, AZD8055, AZD2014 and INK128 in cell growth assays, with AZD2014 demonstrating the best inhibition of downstream signaling. SCLC cells with RICTOR CN gain also migrated more rapidly in chemotaxis and scratch wound assays and were again more sensitive to mTOR inhibitors. The overall survival in SCLC patients with RICTOR amplification was significantly decreased (p = 0.021). Taken together, our results suggest that SCLC patients with RICTOR amplification may constitute a clinically important subgroup because of their potential response to mTORC1/2 inhibitors.
Friedrich Schlegel: Kritische Ausgabe seiner Werke. Vols. XIV and IV

(1963). Friedrich Schlegel: Kritische Ausgabe seiner Werke. Vols. XIV and IV. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 167-168.
Analyzing structural changes in SNOMED CTs Bacterial infectious diseases using a visual semantic delta

Display Omitted We introduce a semantic delta methodology for analyzing change in SNOMED CT.Two change analysis techniques are combined into one comprehensive methodology.Changes to sets of concepts are summarized and visualized.Changes in SNOMED CT's Bacterial infectious disease subhierarchy are analyzed. Thousands of changes are applied to SNOMED CTs concepts during each release cycle. These changes are the result of efforts to improve or expand the coverage of health domains in the terminology. Understanding which concepts changed, how they changed, and the overall impact of a set of changes is important for editors and end users. Each SNOMED CT release comes with delta files, which identify all of the individual additions and removals of concepts and relationships. These files typically contain tens of thousands of individual entries, overwhelming users. They also do not identify the editorial processes that were applied to individual concepts and they do not capture the overall impact of a set of changes on a subhierarchy of concepts.In this paper we introduce a methodology and accompanying software tool called a SNOMED CT Visual Semantic Delta (semantic delta for short) to enable a comprehensive review of changes in SNOMED CT. The semantic delta displays a graphical list of editing operations that provides semantics and context to the additions and removals in the delta files. However, there may still be thousands of editing operations applied to a set of concepts. To address this issue, a semantic delta includes a visual summary of changes that affected sets of structurally and semantically similar concepts. The software tool for creating semantic deltas offers views of various granularities, allowing a user to control how much change information they view. In this tool a user can select a set of structurally and semantically similar concepts and review the editing operations that affected their modeling. The semantic delta methodology is demonstrated on SNOMED CTs Bacterial infectious disease subhierarchy, which has undergone a significant remodeling effort over the last two years.
Commercially available glutenases: a potential hazard in coeliac disease.

Background:The only treatment for celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, there is interest among patients in a medical therapy to replace or help with a GFD. Therapies include gluten-degrading enzymes (glutenases). There are glutenases available marketed as dietary supplements that have not been demonstrated to digest the toxic epitopes of gluten.Methods:We investigated the contents, claims, and disclaimers of glutenase products and assessed patient interest using Google AdWords to obtain Google search frequencies.Results:Among 14 glutenase product, all contained proteases, eight contained X-prolyl exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase IV, two did not state the protease contents, and eight failed to specify the name or origin of all proteases. Eleven contained carbohydrases and lipases and three probiotics. One declared wheat and milk as allergens, two contained herbal products (type not stated) and one Carica papaya. Thirteen claimed to degrade immunogenic gluten fragments, four claimed to...
General Theory on Biased Sampling Problems

As indicated in the beginning of this book, the biased sampling is a ubiquitous problem in many disciplines.