cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19, Climate Change, and Renewable Energy Research: We Are All in This Together, and the Time to Act Is Now

I must confess that, even though I generally understood the potential impacts of a pandemic that could propagate exponentially, the accelerating pace of this global crisis and the extent of its impacts on everyone’s daily life surprised me When I was traveling internationally in mid-February of this year to attend conferences in Australia, coronavirus was already on everyone’s mind and a common topic of discussion, but it mostly seemed to be a distant problem only for our scientist colleagues in China (or at most, from East Asia) I could not have imagined that we would be shutting down lab research activities and working from home in just another month in the small city of Madison, Wisconsin in the Midwest of the United States and that those conferences would be the last ones I would attend in the first half of 2020 (or maybe even most of this remaining year) But in retrospect, should the emergence of this crisis have been so surprising to us given the many dire warnings we have received over the years from our top infectious disease experts and global health leaders(2) and the several recent, smaller-scale but no less deadly, epidemic outbreaks? As the initial shock and confusion dissipated and the reality and routines of staying at home sank in, I began to see the connections between the COVID-19 crisis and the climate change challenge(3) that motivates many of us working on renewable energy research (Figure 1) No, I am not talking about the noticeable reduction of air pollution and carbon dioxide emission due to the shut downs,(4) which indeed has been observed and will contribute to the mitigation of climate change (though maybe temporarily) Instead, what I mean is that there are actually many parallels between the challenges in fighting this global pandemic and fighting the climate change in the longer term This clear and present COVID-19 crisis should serve as a wake-up call for us to act now and work even harder to prevent a climate crisis
BRG1 loss predisposes lung cancers to replicative stress and ATR dependency

Inactivation of SMARCA4/BRG1, the core ATPase subunit of mammalian SWI/SNF complexes, occurs at very high frequencies in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). There are no targeted therapies for this subset of lung cancers, nor is it known how mutations in BRG1 contribute to lung cancer progression. Using a combination of gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that deletion of BRG1 in lung cancer leads to activation of replication stress responses. Single-molecule assessment of replication fork dynamics in BRG1-deficient cells revealed increased origin firing mediated by the prelicensing protein, CDC6. Quantitative mass spectrometry and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that BRG1-containing SWI/SNF complexes interact with RPA complexes. Finally, BRG1-deficient lung cancers were sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of ATR. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into BRG1-mutant lung cancers and suggest that their dependency on ATR can be leveraged therapeutically and potentially expanded to BRG1-mutant cancers in other tissues. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings indicate that inhibition of ATR is a promising therapy for the 10% of non-small cell lung cancer patients harboring mutations in SMARCA4/BRG1. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/18/3841/F1.large.jpg.
Response inhibition in Veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury: The role of self-reported complaints in objective performance.

Although objective deficits in response inhibition (RI) have been detected in civilians with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), it remains unclear whether objective RI is worse in military Veteran...
Security Management in Intranet Systems

The introduction of the .NET platform by Microsoft and the growing popularity of Internet-based systems have caused major security concerns for system developers. Appropriate information security techniques must be used by system administrators to reduce the risk of information disasters. The purpose of this research paper is to examine possible information security problems and recommend possible ways to evaluate and reduce information system risks.
Simple Noetherian Non-Matrix Rings

For each integer n ≥ 2 , simple noetherian hereditary rings R are constructed such that R has uniform (Goldie) dimension n but R is: not isomorphic to a matrix ring over an integral domain. That R is not a matrix ring is verified K-theoretically, using Quillen’s machinery [3] to compute K0(R). In fact, for these examples K0(R) is free abelian of rank n.
Fine-scale Survey of Right and Humpback Whale Prey Abundance and Distribution

Abstract : The long-term goals of this project are to describe the distribution and abundance of zooplankton prey over small spatial and temporal scales, and to provide this information to scientists studying whale behavior. We are working closely with scientists studying the behavior and movement of both right and humpback whales. The combination of the two data sets will provide us with information into how the behavior of marine mammals is affected by their prey. This project measured the abundance and distribution of the major prey species (zooplankton and nekton) of humpback and right whales as well as the spatial and temporal scales (relevant to foraging and feeding marine mammals) that the preyfield varies over. Without this information, behavioral studies of marine mammals and their responses to various stimuli may be limited in their conclusions, as food presence and availability are extremely strong factors in determining marine mammal behavior. To collect this critical information, we identified the prey type (e.g., copepod, krill, fish) and numerical abundance of zooplankton and nekton in the vicinity of marine mammals by integrating multiple frequency acoustic survey data with net and video measurements. The distribution and numerical density of prey (in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions) relative to predator presence and behavior were measured. We measured the variability of the preyfield over length and time scales (1 m - 10s km, 10 sec - days) that are important for right and humpback whale feeding behavior and success. We also measured environmental parameters (hydrographic and meteorologic) during these surveys that may be correlated with marine mammal behavior, the presence of prey species, or subsurface acoustic scattering processes. We collected visual observations of surfacing marine mammals and their behavior during the survey that can be integrated with the preyfield data and observations from other vessels or instrumented tags.
Content and Context: Working with Mentally III People in Family Therapy

This article addresses the family's experience of caring for a mentally ill family member in the home. The focus is on how the family manages overt psychotic symptoms and the resulting interpersonal stresses. A model of intervention is proposed that allows therapists and families to examine the content and context of the psychotic material and to intervene in nonthreatening ways. This model has its base in psychoeducation and communications theory. The effectiveness of the content and context model is developed through the analysis of two case examples. The cases show the intervention to be helpful in decreasing family stress and in establishing empathic awareness between the family and the ill member. Implications for adapting this model to the psychoeducational model with the goal of enhancing the family's caretaking role are reviewed.
THE ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN IN PATIENTS' ADHERENCE TO ANTIDEPRESSANT THERAPY

In this study, the authors attempted to determine predictors of adherence to antidepressant therapy and to identify specific educational messages, side effects, and features of doctor-patient collaboration that influence adherence. Patients newly prescribed antidepressants for depression at a health maintenance organization were identified by using automated pharmacy data and medical records review. Patients (n = 155) were interviewed 1 and 4 months after starting antidepressant medication. Approximately 28% of patients stopped taking antidepressants during the first month of therapy, and 44% had stopped taking them by the third month of therapy. Patients who received the following five specific educational messages--1) take the medication daily; 2) antidepressants must be taken for 2 to 4 weeks for a noticeable effect; 3) continue to take medicine even if feeling better; 4) do not stop taking antidepressant without checking with the physician; and 5) specific instructions regarding what to do to resolve questions regarding antidepressants--were more likely to comply during the first month of antidepressant therapy. Asking about prior experience with antidepressants and discussions about scheduling pleasant activities also were related to early adherence. Side effects, only at severe levels, were associated with early noncompliance. Neuroticism, depression severity, and other patient characteristics did not predict adherence. Primary care physicians may be able to enhance adherence to antidepressant therapy by simple and specific educational messages easily integrated into primary care visits.
In Vivo Imaging of Neuronal Activity by Targeted Expression of a Genetically Encoded Probe in the Mouse

Genetically encoded probes show great promise in permitting functional imaging of specified neuronal populations in the intact nervous system, yet their in vivo application has been limited. Here, we have targeted expression of synapto-pHluorin, a pH-sensitive protein that reports synaptic vesicle fusion, to olfactory sensory neurons in mouse. Synapto-pHluorin selectively labeled presynaptic terminals of sensory neurons in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. Odorant stimulation evoked large-amplitude fluorescence increases that were localized to individual glomeruli in vivo, correlated with presynaptic calcium influx, graded with stimulus intensity, and stable over a period of days. Spatial patterns of odorant-activated glomeruli were distributed and did not change systematically with increasing carbon chain length, in contrast to the finely organized chemotopy that has been reported using other imaging methods. Targeted expression of synapto-pHluorin in mouse will permit the analysis of previously inaccessible neuronal populations and chronic imaging from genetically identified neurons in vivo.
Boundary integral equation solutions for solitary wave generation, propagation and run-up

Abstract The boundary integral equation method (BIEM) is developed as a tool for studying two-dimensional, nonlinear water wave problems, including the phenomena of wave generation, propagation and run-up. The wave motions are described by a potential flow theory. Nonlinear free-surface boundary conditions are incorporated in the numerical formulation. Examples are given for either a solitary wave or two successive solitary waves. Special treatment is developed to trace the run-up and run-down along a shoreline. The accuracy of the present scheme is verified by comparing numerical results with experimental data of maximum run-up.
Spatial structural sensing by carbon nanotube-based skins

The integrity and safety of metallic structures can be jeopardized by structural damage (e.g., yielding, cracking, impact, corrosion) that can occur during operation or service. While a variety of sensors have been proposed and validated for structural health monitoring, most sensors only provide data regarding a discrete point on the structure, thereby requiring densely-distributed sensors; however, such an approach may be infeasible for many structures due to geometrical and economic constraints. In this study, a nanoengineered carbon nanotube-polyelectrolyte sensing skin is proposed for monitoring strain, impact, and corrosion of metallic structures. Experimental validation studies have verified that these conformable films exhibit highly sensitive electromechanical and electrochemical responses to applied strain and corrosion processes, respectively. Here, the proposed nanocomposite is coupled with an electrical impedance tomographic (EIT) conductivity imaging technique. Unlike traditional point-based sensing transducers, EIT reconstructs two-dimensional skin conductivity distributions for damage identification of large structural components. Since EIT relies solely on boundary electrical measurements, one does not need to physically probe each structural location for data acquisition. Instead, any structural damage that affects the nanocomposite coating will produce localized changes in film conductivity detectable via EIT and boundary electrical measurements.
A system-aware optimized data organization for efficient scientific analytics

Large-scale scientific applications on High End Computing systems produce a large volume of highly complex datasets. Such data imposes a grand challenge to conventional storage systems for the need of efficient I/O solutions during both the simulation runtime and data post-processing phases. With the mounting needs of scientific discovery, the read performance of large-scale simulations has becomes a critical issue for the HPC community. In this study, we propose a system-aware optimized data organization strategy that can organize data blocks of multidimensional scientific data efficiently based on simulation output and the underlying storage systems, thereby enabling efficient scientific analytics. Our experimental results demonstrate a performance speedup up to 72 times for the combustion simulation S3D, compared to the logically contiguous data layout.
Uteroglobin: a novel cytokine?

Blastokinin or uteroglobin (UG) is a steroid-inducible, evolutionarily conserved, multifunctional protein secreted by the mucosal epithelia of virtually all mammals. It is present in the blood and in other body fluids including urine. An antigen immunoreactive to UG antibody is also detectable in the mucosal epithelia of all vertebrates. UG-binding proteins (putative receptor), expressed on several normal and cancer cell types, have been characterized. The human UG gene is mapped to chromosome 11q12.2 – 13.1, a region that is frequently rearranged or deleted in many cancers. The generation of UG knockout mice revealed that disruption of this gene causes: (i) severe renal disease due to an abnormal deposition of fibronectin and collagen in the glomeruli; (ii) predisposition to a high incidence of malignancies; and (iii) a lack of polychlorinated biphenyl binding and increased oxygen toxicity in the lungs. The mechanism(s) of UG action is likely to be even more complex as it also functions via a putative receptor-mediated pathway that has not yet been clearly defined. Molecular characterization of the UG receptor and signal transduction via this receptor pathway may show that this protein belongs to a novel cytokine/chemokine family.
Determination of carbamazepine by HPLC electrochemical detection and application for estimation of imipramine desipramine, doxepin and nordoxepin

A simple analytical procedure for the estimation of carbamazepine in serum is presented. The procedure utilizes high pressure liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detection technique. The assay was also found applicable for the simultaneous separation of imipramine from desipramine or doxepin from nordoxepin. The procedure does not require the use of UV detection, is less time consuming and provides sensitivity at ng and microgram level for the tricyclic antidepressants studied and carbamazepine, respectively. This sensitivity is within the therapeutic range required for drug monitoring. The method is useful for the separation and quantitation of carbamazepine from imipramine and desipramine which is useful in cases where one of these drugs is given concurrently with carbamazepine.
Growth and dynamical roughening of ideal quasicrystal facets

Quasicrystal growth is studied in three dimensions via Monte Carlo simulation of a solid-on-solid quasiperiodic structure. Our results are consistent with an infinite roughening temperature, and in agreement with equilibrium studies. Surfaces plots and growth rates show that for any temperature T growth takes place via two-dimensional nucleation at sufficiently small chemical-potential driving forces (\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\mu}). However, interfaces dynamically roughen for a large range of T at a nonzero value of \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\mu} that tends toward zero as T is increased. The average squared height of the growing surfaces is shown to diverge algebraically with the linear system size. Comparison is made with a similar crystal model.
A rose by any other name—communicating between hazard mitigation, climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and sustainability professionals

Sustainability calls for massive changes in all sectors which can only be accomplished through collaboration, and yet professionals from related fields still often lack sufficient common ground. Among academics and practitioners, sustainability, hazard mitigation, climate adaptation, and disaster risk reduction are often thought of as quite different professions, all with unique communities of practice. Yet despite some interdisciplinary efforts and calls to bridge the gaps between these professions, a lot of work remains to connect these groups and promote urban sustainability. It is our responsibility as professionals interested in building sustainability and reducing risk to ask “Why?” When we can find common ground, we will be better able to integrate their approaches to create sustainable cities.
Potential improvement of computerized mass detection on mammograms using a bilateral pairing technique

We are developing a bilateral pairing technique to help reduce false-positives identified by a single-view computer-aided detection (CAD) system for breast masses. In this study, we compare the performance of the proposed bilateral CAD to a single-view CAD. A database of 172 right/left breast pairs containing 205 biopsy-proven masses was used. Single-view CAD was run on each image using a lax selection threshold so that 5 objects per image were retained. The automated bilateral pairing algorithm identified all objects in a left breast mammogram "matching" a CAD detected object in the corresponding right breast image and visa-versa. Bilateral pairing was based on geometrical correspondence between objects with a matching score derived from a paired right/left object feature set and a linear discriminant analysis classifier. Leave-one out resampling was used to train/test the technique. We compared the FROC performances of the single-view CAD, the proposed bilateral technique and a modified CAD using manual pairing of bilateral structures. At a per-lesion detection sensitivity of 0.7, there were 3.8 FPs/image for the original CAD, 3.3 for the proposed technique, and 2.2 for the modified CAD using manual matching, a 12.6% and 42.1% reduction, respectively. At an FP rate of 1.0 per image, the sensitivities for the original CAD, the proposed technique and the modified CAD using manual matching were 0.47, 0.51 and 0.60, respectively. Preliminary results show that CAD with bilateral pairing did not achieve a significant FP-reduction.
Correlates of walking to school and implications for public policies: survey results from parents of elementary school children in Austin, Texas

Walking can be a healthy, sustainable, and equitable mode of transportation, but is not widely used for children’s school travel. This study identifies multi-level correlates of walking to/from school and relevant policy implications. We surveyed parents/guardians of 2,695 students from 19 elementary schools in Austin, Texas, which featured diverse sociodemographic and environmental characteristics. Among the personal and social factors, negative correlates were parents’ education, car ownership, personal barriers, and school bus availability; positive correlates were parents’ and children's positive attitude and regular walking behavior, and supportive peer influences. Of physical environmental factors, the strongest negative correlates were distance and safety concerns, followed by the presence of highways/freeways, convenience stores, office buildings, and bus stops en route. Our findings suggest that society should give high priority to lower socioeconomic status populations and to multi-agency policy interventions that facilitate environmental changes, safety improvements, and educational programs targeting both parents and children.
Diversiteit in vergrijzing: cultuursensitieve ouderenzorg voor de eerste generatie Turkse en Marokkaanse migranten

In deze klinische les wordt de zorg aan kwetsbare ouderen van niet-Nederlandse afkomst geillustreerd. Ouderen van niet-Nederlandse afkomst hebben een slechtere gezondheid en zijn op jongere leeftijd reeds kwetsbaar door een ongezondere leefstijl, lager inkomen en een geringere mate van sociaaleconomische integratie. Zij maken minder gebruik van voorzieningen. Om de zorg en welzijnsvragen van oudere migranten adequaat te kunnen beantwoorden, moeten de bestaande voorzieningen meer toegankelijk gemaakt worden en beter afgestemd op ouderen van niet-Nederlandse afkomst. De invulling van de ouderenzorg is vaak specifiek; te denken valt aan andere eetgewoonten, opvattingen over hygiene en taalproblemen. De sleutelfiguur uit de eigen groep, die als een gezondheidsmakelaar opereert tussen de instanties, de professionals en de ouderen zelf, kan daar een belangrijke rol in spelen. De sleutelfiguur kan de wensen en behoeften bundelen en onder de aandacht brengen en zo samen met de oudere migranten cultuursensitievere ouderenzorg bewerkstelligen!
A simplified resorcinol method for direct spectrophotometric determination of nitrate in seawater

Abstract A direct, spectrophotometric method has been adapted for quantitative determination of nitrate concentrations in seawater. The method is based on nitration of resorcinol in acidified seawater, resulting in a color product. The absorption spectrum obtained for the reaction product shows a maximum absorption at 505 nm, with a molar absorptivity of 1.7 × 10 4 L mol − 1 cm − 1 . This method has a detection limit of 0.5 μM and is linear up to 400 μM for nitrate. The advantage of this method is that all reagents are in aqueous solutions without involving cadmium granules as a heterogeneous reactant, as in conventional methods, and therefore is simple to implement. Application of the resorcinol to seawater analysis demonstrated that the results obtained are in good agreement with the conventional approach involving the reduction of nitrate by cadmium followed by diazotization.
Integrated analytical sensors: the use of the TISPR-1 as a biosensor

Abstract The TISPR-1 integrated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor has features that make it ideal for use in a distributed sensor environment. This sensor, combined with simple bio-films, is shown to be capable of a wide variety of bio-assays. Data for a direct-binding assay for creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), for a displacement assay for dinitrophenol-glycine (DNP-GLY) and a competition assay for trinitrotoluene (TNT) are presented. Also, current and projected TISPR-1 sensor system limits of detection are discussed.
SPIV measurements around the DELFT 372 catamaran in steady drift

The present work concerns the experimental measurements of the velocity field around a catamaran advancing in static drift. The main aim of the paper was to investigate the dynamics of the vortices generated by catamaran hulls with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of generation, detachment, downstream evolution and destabilization. In this context, a Stereo-PIV campaign has been performed to map the velocity fields on some cross-planes along and downstream of the catamaran. Froude numbers equal to 0.4 and 0.5 at drift angles as large as 6° and 9° have been selected as testing conditions. In all the tests, the model has been fixed at the dynamical values of trim and sinkage, measured in a preliminary static drift experiments. Major geometrical and kinematical characteristics of the keel vortices have been documented in the paper through the analysis of the mean and fluctuating components of the velocity and vorticity field. Vortex interaction with the wave pattern has been investigated as well through the use of a conditional average technique of the velocity snapshots with the free surface elevation. As a secondary, but important, outcome, a valuable experimental dataset for CFD benchmarking in severe off-design conditions has been collected.
A general local reconstruction approach based on a truncated Hilbert transform

Exact image reconstruction from limited projection data has been a central topic in the computed tomography (CT) field. In this paper, we present a general region-of-interest/volume-of-interest (ROI/VOI) reconstruction approach using a truly truncated Hilbert transform on a line-segment inside a compactly supported object aided by partial knowledge on one or both neighboring intervals of that segment. Our approach and associated new data sufficient condition allows the most flexible ROI/VOI image reconstruction from the minimum account of data in both the fan-beam and cone-beam geometry. We also report primary numerical simulation results to demonstrate the correctness and merits of our finding. Our work has major theoretical potentials and innovative practical applications.
Incidence and Natural History of Phrenic Neuropathy Occurring During Open Heart Surgery

Objective To study the incidence of phrenic neuropathy following coronary artery bypass grafting and determine long-term outcome. Design Prospective observational. Setting Surgical ICU in a university hospital, out-patient follow-up. Patients Ninety-two consecutive patients undergoing open heart surgery. Interventions None. Measurements Chest radiographs (CXR) 48 to 72 h postoperatively, ultrasonography of diaphragm, phrenic nerve conduction studies, diaphragmatic electromyogram, each repeated every 1 to 3 months until normal. Main results Seventy-eight of 92 (78 percent) patients had abnormal radiographs, 42 of 78 (54 percent) with abnormal CXRs had abnormal diaphragm motion, 24 of 42 (57 percent) with abnormal motion had phrenic neuropathy. Patients with normal diaphragm motion improved faster than those without; patients with normal nerve conduction (and abnormal motion) improved faster than those with abnormal nerve conduction. Conclusions Phrenic neuropathy is relatively common if sensitive tests are utilized for diagnosis. Nerve conduction studies can predict duration of morbidity. Most patients have low morbidity and recover fully. Abnormal diaphragm motion alone is not diagnostic of phrenic nerve injury.
Physical activity as a trigger of sudden cardiac arrest: the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study.

Abstract Background Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a significant public health problem and better understanding of triggers could enhance prevention. Vigorous physical activity has been suggested as a prominent trigger but has not been well-evaluated in the general population. We performed a community-based study to analyze the role of physical activity as a potential trigger of SCA. Methods Medical records of 1180 subjects who sustained SCA during the ongoing Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study (Multnomah County, Oregon, USA; 2002–05) were reviewed. Analysis was limited to first responder and hospital records of patients who experienced witnessed SCA, with information available regarding physical activity immediately prior to SCA. An estimated metabolic equivalent (MET) score was used to classify levels of physical activity. Results A total of 304 adults met criteria for analysis (mean age 69 years, 67% male). The majority ( n =193, 63%) were performing light activities, 51 (17%) subjects were sleeping, 39 (13%) were performing moderate activities, 14 (5%) were performing heavy activities, and 7 (2%) were engaged in sexual activity. Light activities were associated with older age (72 years) and heavy activities with the youngest (51 years, p p =0.04). Conclusion Vigorous physical activity was a potential trigger of SCA in a minority (5%). The vast majority (80%) of subjects were asleep or were performing light activities. The traditional view of SCA triggers may have to be re-visited, with renewed focus on factors such as emotional stress and sleep-related disorders.
Particle-in-cell beam dynamics simulations with a wavelet-based Poisson solver

We report on a successful implementation of a three-dimensional wavelet-based solver for the Poisson equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions, optimized for use in particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The solver is based on the operator formulation of the conjugate gradient algorithm, for which effectively diagonal preconditioners are available in wavelet bases. Because of the recursive nature of PIC simulations, a good initial approximation to the iterative solution is always readily available, which we demonstrate to be a key advantage in terms of overall computational speed. While the Laplacian remains sparse in a wavelet representation, the wavelet-decomposed potential and density can be rendered sparse through a procedure that amounts to simultaneous compression and denoising of the data. We explain how this procedure can be carried out in a controlled and near-optimal way, and show the effect it has on the overall solver performance. After testing the solver in a stand-alone mode, we integrated it into the IMPACT-T beam dynamics particle-in-cell code and extensively benchmarked it against the IMPACT-T with the native FFT-based Poisson solver. We present and discuss these benchmarking results, as well as the results of modeling the Fermi/NICADD photoinjector using IMPACT-T with the wavelet-based solver.
The power of 2 dividing the class-number of a binary quadratic discriminant

Abstract In this paper we study congruence conditions on class numbers of binary quadratic discriminants d , modulo powers of 2, where d has two or three distinct prime divisors.
A higher order method of interpolated cell mapping

Abstract A higher order method that extends the basic concept of Interpolated Cell Mapping is presented. It is shown that the higher order method represents a C1 perturbation of the actual Poincare map of a dynamical system for sufficiently fine cell discretizations. Therefore, it can preserve all the qualitative dynamic properties of the system itself, assuming that the original system's map is structurally stable. If the cell size is too large, qualitative errors are introduced into the overall dynamics of the system. A comparison of the higher order method and the simpler bi-linear mapping is presented and conclusions regarding the relative merits of the two approaches are drawn. It is demonstrated that the distribution of points in the cell array has a strong effect on the overall accuracy of the responses.
Microstructural characterization of a directionally-solidified Ni–33 (at.%) Al–31Cr–3Mo eutectic alloy as a function of withdrawal rate

The Ni-33 (at. %)Al-3lCr-3Mo eutectic alloy was directionally-solidified (DS) at different rates, V(sub I), varying between 2.5 to 508 mm/ h. Detailed qualitative and quantitative metallographic and chemical analyses were conducted on the directionally-solidified rods. The microstructures consisted of eutectic colonies with parallel lamellar NiAl/(Cr,Mo) plates for solidification rates at and below 12.7 mm/ h. Cellular eutectic microstructures were observed at higher solidification rates, where the plates exhibited a radial pattern. The microstructures were demonstrated to be fairly uniform throughout a 100 mm length of the DS zone by quantitative metallography. The average cell size, bar-d, decreased with increasing growth rate to a value of 125 microns at 508 mm/ h according to the relation bar-d (microns) approx. = 465 V(sup -0.22, sub I), where V(sub I) is in mm/ h. Both the average NiAl plate thickness, bar-Delta(sub NiAl), and the interlamellar spacing, bar-lambda, were observed to be constant for V(sub I) less than or = 50.8 mm/ h but decreased with increasing growth rate above this value as 0.93 bar-Delta(sub NiAl)(microns) = 61.2 V(sup -0.93, sub I) and bar-lambda (microns) = 47.7 V(sup -0.64, sub I), respectively. The present results are detailed on a microstructural map. Keywords Optical microscopy, microstructure, compounds intermetallic, directional solidification
Measurement of small‐scale oceanic motions with neutrally‐buoyant flloats

The movement of water in the ocean was studied by following the motions of instrumented neutrally-buoyant floats. Measurements were made at various depths in the Caribbean Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean several hundred miles east of Bermuda. There was a continuous vertical bobbing of the floats, and two floats at nearly the same depth separated at an uneven rate in time. Near the surface, vertical displacements of approximately 3 m took place during periods of 10 to 30 minutes, and movements of approximately 30 m took place over a period of tens of hours. The slow large-amplitude motions were probably forced by semidiurnal tides in the Caribbean. Vertical movements at depths near 1000 m in both operating areas amounted to approximately 10 m over periods of 1 to 2 hours. Floats at their equilibrium depths do not faithfully follow the movements of the water environment. An approximate solution is derived for the response of a float to an internal wave. It was found that a resonance causes the float movements to exceed the water displacements at the shorter periods whereas the stiffness of the float tends to keep it from moving in deep water where the density gradient is small. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1963.tb01398.x
Prevention of Alzheimer's disease: where we stand.

Alzheimer’s disease has been recognized as a major public health issue that will grow in prominence as life expectancy increases and as the shape of population demographics shifts toward expansion in the older age ranges with contraction in younger ages. The magnitude of the problem can be expressed in incidence, prevalence economics, and quality of life. Great strides have been made in understanding and treating this disease, but current clinical management is far from satisfactory and progression seems inevitable once the disease is diagnosed. Such forces in any disease encourage intervention strategies to move from treatment to prevention. However, this vision can only be met with reasonable success when pathology is understood and there is evidence that manipulation of that pathology leads to clinical benefit. This is the challenge that lies ahead to achieve the goal of prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. This review begins by examining the progress that has been made in this disease. Current efforts to develop prevention strategies are described and possible agents for future evaluation are discussed.
On estimating the conditional probability of discovering a new species

Based on a capture-recapture sample of size $i;n+k,n≥ l,k ≥ 0, from a population of an unknown number of distinct species (or classes), the problem of estimating the total probability of the species unobserved in the first n selections is considered. As the estimand depends on both the unknown parameters and the data, the standard theory of estimation is inadequate for this problem A suitable definition of sufficiency is introduced and used to prove a Rao-Blackwell type result and discuss uniformly minimum mean squared error unbiased estimation. An alternative proof for an inadmissibility result is presented. The new proof gives more insight and a method for deriving improved estimators. The theoretical developments may be useful in other problems concerning inferences about random parametric functions.
Codimension-2 bifurcations of the Kaldor model of business cycle

Abstract In this paper, complete analysis is presented to study codimension-2 bifurcations for the nonlinear Kaldor model of business cycle. Sufficient conditions are given for the model to demonstrate Bautin and Bogdanov–Takens (BT) bifurcations. By computing the first and second Lyapunov coefficients and performing nonlinear transformation, the normal forms are derived to obtain the bifurcation diagrams such as Hopf, homoclinic and double limit cycle bifurcations. Some examples are given to confirm the theoretical results.
Examination of Corn Dried Steep Liquor Concentrate and Various Feed Additives as Potential Sources of a Haugh Unit Improvement Factor for Laying Hens

Abstract Dried steep liquor concentrate (DSLC), a blend of fractions from the wet milling of corn, resulted in significant improvements in interior egg quality expressed as Haugh units in three experiments. The addition of ascorbic acid at .25% resulted in significant Haugh unit improvement in two of three experiments, but ascorbic acid analysis of diets containing DSLC suggest that this vitamin is not a component of the factor in DSLC responsible for improved Haugh units. Other factors in which DSLC is nutritionally potent such as lactic acid, inositol, biotin, and glutamic acid do not appear to have any influence on interior egg quality.
Simulation geometry rasterization for applications toward graphene interconnect characterization

In this work, we present a novel methodology for geometric rasterization of arbitrary 3D planar geometries, and apply it to perform electromagnetic simulation based calibration for accurate high-frequency measurements of Graphene conductivity. The conductivity measurements may find application in the area of high-frequency Graphene-based circuits, specifically that of interconnects. Preliminary experimental and simulation results are shown and discussed.
The effect of low dose dopamine on gut hemodynamics during PEEP ventilation for acute lung injury.

Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) diminishes gut and hepatic blood flow and redistributes cardiac output away from the splanchnic circulation. This flow-limited environment can aggravate underlying hypoperfusion and ischemia in the postinjury setting. To examine the effects of low dose dopamine on a lung injury PEEP model of gut hypoperfusion, six anesthetized, splenectomized canines were instrumented with arterial, pulmonary artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein catheters. Electromagnetic flow probes were placed around the hepatic artery and portal vein for continuous flow measurements. Gut and hepatic blood flow, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, and extraction ratio were calculated at four time points: baseline, 1 hr after lung injury with oleic acid, 1 hr after ventilation with 10 cm H2O PEEP, and 1 hr after the continuous infusion of dopamine. Portal flow and gut oxygen delivery fell significantly with the infusion of PEEP. These values returned to near baseline levels with the addition of dopamine. Gut oxygen extraction increased from 16 ± 2% to 35 ± 3% with PEEP but returned to near baseline with dopamine (20 ± 4%, P < 0.01 compared to PEEP). We conclude that dopamine improves blood flow and oxygen delivery to the gut in this flow-limited model. This may preserve splanchnic physiology during PEEP ventilation for acute lung injury.
New technique for antegrade collagen injection for post-radical prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence

A new modification for antegrade collagen injection into the bladder neck is described. A 16F Rusch suprapubic catheter is used to access the bladder. A 15.5F Storz cystoscope is then placed through the sheath and the collagen injection needle is then placed through the cystoscope in the usual manner. This technique permits more rapid bladder access with less bleeding and leakage of irrigation fluid than using guide wires and Amplatz dilators.
The relation between structure and function in electron-transport systems. II. Effect of solvent treatment on membrane structure

Abstract Changes in the structure of membrane fragments from beef heart mitochondrial cristae have been observed by negative staining technique following solvent treatment of the membranes. The changes in structure have been related to previously observed changes in enzyme activity. Isooctane treatment results in very little change in outer knob or inner bead structure except to cause an apparent spreading of the inner beads. Both succinoxidase and NADH-oxidase activity can be recovered. Ether treatment causes loss of outer knobs and a breakdown of inner beads to 30-A particles. Succinoxidase activity is unaffected by this treatment but NADH-oxidase activity is lost. Finally acetone extraction causes both loss of knobs and further disintegration of inner beads to less than 30-A units. Succinoxidase activity can still be restored to these membranes by addition of coenzyme Q, phospholipid and cytochrome c , whereas NADH-oxidase activity cannot be restored. In contrast to the changes observed by negative staining, membranes fixed with osmium, tetroxide and sectioned still show normal membranous structure.
Anatomical and functional evidence for lesion-specific sprouting of corticostriatal input in the adult rat.

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that cortical lesions induced by thermocoagulation of pial blood vessels, but not by acute aspiration, result in 1) the preservation of control levels of the growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 and 2) a prolonged increase in neurotransmitter gene expression in the denervated dorsolateral striatum. We have examined whether corticostriatal projections from the spared homotypic contralateral cortex contribute to these effects. Adult rats received either a thermocoagulatory or aspiration lesion of the cerebral cortex and, after 30 days, received an injection of the anterograde tracer, Fluoro-Ruby, in the contralateral homotypic cortex. Rats were killed 7 days later, and labeled fibers were examined with fluorescence microscopy in the ipsilateral and contralateral striata. Ipsilateral corticostriatal projections were detected in lesioned and unlesioned rats. Numerous labeled fibers were detected in the contralateral striatum of thermocoagulatory-lesioned but not aspiration-lesioned or control animals, suggesting that contralateral cortical neurons may undergo axonal sprouting in the denervated striatum following a thermocoagulatory lesion of the cortex. To determine whether contralateral corticostriatal fibers play a role in the changes in striatal gene expression induced by the thermocoagulatory lesions, the effects of aspiration lesions, as well as unilateral and bilateral thermocoagulatory lesions of the cortex were compared. Confirming previous results, striatal enkephalin mRNA levels were increased after a unilateral thermocoagulatory lesion. However, they were unchanged after aspiration or bilateral thermocoagulatory lesions, suggesting that sprouting or overactivity of contralateral corticostriatal input contributes to the increase seen after unilateral thermocoagulatory lesions. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Commentary on two articles by C.A. Los

Abstract Recently, C. A. Los has recommended that all previous methods for estimating linear relations from data with unknown errors be scrapped, and proposes to find an “exact objective mathematical solution” that depends only on the data. We discuss this with the conclusions that (1) his criticisms of previous methods, while overly severe, make some important points worth noting; (2) however, his solution ignores relevant information and does not exist except in very special cases; (3) the Los solution, when it exists, may be characterized as the one which would be correct if we had an infinite amount of data which led to the same data correlation matrix; (4) methods for dealing with the problem which are optimal in all cases have been known for 20 years.
The components of a threshold in experimental epizootics of Hydrmoeba hydroxena in populations of Chlorhydra viridissima

Abstract The spread of the pathogenic Hydramoeba hydroxena through host populations of the freshwater hydra provides an ideal system for the experimental study of epizootic (epidemic) processes. Initially small infected green hydra populations were allowed to expand exponentially. Using an increasing temperature regime as an environmental variant, an attempt was made to isolate and quantify the main components of an epizootic threshold level below which an epizootic or host-pathogen equilibrium condition would exist. Host and pathogen growth rates were identical at approximately 14°C, with the hydramoeba rate becoming increasingly less below this temperature and increasingly greater above. Such an environmental condition (exemplified by a particular temperature) provides, therefore, a mechanism for host-pathogen equilibrium, and in particular may explain the maintenance of the hydramoebae reservoir (with corresponding host survival) during cold seasons. Above the temperature threshold of 14°C a host-density threshold characterized by host population number, time, and fraction of host population infected, was isolated. These parameters of the threshold level, except the time component, were independent of temperature (no difference between 15° and 20°C). The characterization of the epizootic threshold in this host-pathogen system was distinguished from that conceptualized by other epizootiological and epidemiological investigators.
Matrix effects on the fast atom bombardment mass spectra of palladium complexes

In an attempt to identify and characterize the intermediates involved in multi-step palladium catalyzed coupling reactions, under fast atom bombardment (FAB) conditions, the selection of a matrix to enhance ion formation without degrading the palladium complex is critical. In general, it is observed that the analysis of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladiurn(0) using glycerol, m-nitrobenzyl alcohol or o-nitrophenyl octyl ether as the FAB matrix compound produces several ions which correspond to complexes of the type PdxLyOz+ (L = PPh3; x = 1-4; y = 1-4; z = 0-2), in addition to clusters containing one or more matrix molecules. FAB mass spectra generated using triethanolamine- or tetramethylene sulfone (sulfolane) are observed to contain ions related to the palladium(0) complex with little or no interference from ions related to the oxidation or reduction processes.
Modelling climate, CO2 and management impacts on soil carbon in semi-arid agroecosystems

In agroecosystems, there is likely to be a strong interaction between global change and management that will determine whether soil will be a source or sink for atmospheric C. We conducted a simulation study of changes in soil C as a function of climate and CO 2 change, for a suite of different management systems, at four locations representing a climate sequence in the central Great Plains of the US. Climate, CO 2 and management interactions were analyzed for three agroecosystems: a conventional winter wheat-summer fallow rotation, a wheat-corn-fallow rotation and continuous cropping with wheat. Model analyses included soil C responses to changes in the amount and distribution of precipitation and responses to changes in temperature, precipitation and CO 2 as projected by a general circulation model for a 2 x CO 2 scenario. Overall, differences between management systems at all the sites were greater than those induced by perturbations of climate and/or CO 2 . Crop residue production was increased by CO 2 enrichment and by a changed climate. Where the frequency of summer fallowing was reduced (wheat-corn-fallow) or eliminated (continuous wheat), soil C increased under all conditions, particularly with increased (640 μLL -1 ) CO 2 . For wheat-fallow management, the model predicted declines in soil C under both ambient conditions and with climate change alone. Increased CO 2 with wheat-fallow management yielded small gains in soil C at three of the sites and reduced losses at the fourth site. Our results illustrate the importance of considering the role of management in determining potential responses of agroecosystems to global change. Changes in climate will determine changes in management as farmers strive to maximize profitability. Therefore, changes in soil C may be a complex function of climate driving management and management driving soil C levels and not be a simple direct effect of either climate or management.