cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Employing Dynamic Models to Enhance Corporate IT Security Policy

Since 9/11 and the creation of the U.S. Patriot Act, the intrusion of government surveillance into the lives of ordinary Americans has become a topic of great concern to many citizens. While many Americans view surveillance as a necessity in the name of national security, the government is not the only organization conducting surveillance. As technological capacity increases, an increasing number of employers are implementing technologies that allow them to maintain vigilance over the actions of their employees in the workplace. Despite many attempts to implement surveillance technologies, there is little evidence that companies are any safer now than they were ten years ago. This paper demonstrates how System Dynamics modeling can be utilized to help model the insider threat as a system. It provides analysis of the non-linear affect of decision making, assessing the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th order impacts of decisions, and demonstrates the important impact of delays in the system. A mathematical model is presented and simulations are conducted to determine the likely affect of company decisions and individual agent behavior.
Inhibition of guinea pig aortic sarcolemmal Ca2+‐Mg2+ ATPase and cAMP phosphodiesterase activity by milrinone

Milrinone is a positive inotrope/vasodilator that inhibits cardiovascular low Km cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) and not Na+−K+ ATPase activity. To explore other possible mechanisms of action, we quantitated the effects of milrinone on Ca2+-stimulated Mg2+ ATPase activity in guinea pig aortic smooth muscle plasma membranes. Milrinone inhibited Ca2+- stimulated activity, but not basal activity, in aortic microsomes. Maximum inhibition (70%) occurred at 1 μM, which coincided with the inflection of a parabolic dose-response curve. In a sarcolemmal-enriched (F1) aortic preparation, 1 μM cAMP, 1 μM Cl-930 (another low Km cAMP PDE inhibitor), and 100 μM W-7 (a calmodulin antagonist) all inhibited Ca2 -stimulated Mg2+ ATPase activity. This F1 preparation contained cAMP PDE activity which was inhibited by 1 μM milrinone (26%) and 1 μM Cl-930 (40%) but not by 100 μM W-7. The inhibition of F1 Ca2+ -Mg2+ ATPase activity by 1 μM milrinone could be diminished by increasing the concentration of CaCl2 in reaction mixtures. In sum, these studies show that milrinone can inhibit vascular sarcolemmal Ca2+ -stimulated Mg2+ ATPase activity. However, inhibition may be direct or direct or may be secondary to cAMP PDE inhibition in vascular sarcolemma, since inhibition also occurs with cAMP and another low-Km cAMP PDE inhibitor, Cl-930.
Mexican‐American homicide in phoenix, 1980–1991: A comparative and descriptive analysis

Race and ethnicity has emerged as one of the most important variables in explaining differences in homicide perpetration and victimization patterns in the U.S. Most research on minorities and homicide has tended to focus exclusively on African‐Americans, while excluding other minority groups such as Native Americans, and Latinos. In this study we examine patterns of homicide among Mexican Americans in Phoenix from 1980 through June 1991. These patterns are compared to those displayed by non‐Latino African Americans, and non‐Latino whites in Phoenix for the same time period.
Meta-analysis of microarray data using a pathway-based approach identifies a 37-gene expression signature for systemic lupus erythematosus in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Background: A number of publications have reported the use of microarray technology to identify gene expression signatures to infer mechanisms and pathways associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, meta-analysis approaches with microarray data have not been well-explored in SLE. Methods: In this study, a pathway-based meta-analysis was applied to four independent gene expression oligonucleotide microarray data sets to identify gene expression signatures for SLE, and these data sets were confirmed by a fifth independent data set. Results: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in each data set by comparing expression microarray data from control samples and SLE samples. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software, pathways associated with the DEGs were identified in each of the four data sets. Using the leave one data set out pathway-based metaanalysis approach, a 37-gene metasignature was identified. This SLE metasignature clearly distinguished SLE patients from controls as observed by unsupervised learning methods. The final confirmation of the metasignature was achieved by applying the metasignature to a fifth independent data set. Conclusions: The novel pathway-based meta-analysis approach proved to be a useful technique for grouping disparate microarray data sets. This technique allowed for validated conclusions to be drawn across four different data sets and confirmed by an independent fifth data set. The metasignature and pathways identified by using this approach may serve as a source for identifying therapeutic targets for SLE and may possibly be used for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. Moreover, the meta-analysis approach provides a simple, intuitive solution for combining disparate microarray data sets to identify a strong metasignature. Please see Research Highlight: http://genomemedicine.com/content/3/5/30
Interactive graphics return to protein science

Visualization of molecular images is an important means of interpreting structural and other data and of communicating scientific results in the field of protein science. Long-time readers of the journal Protein Science will recall that early issues of the journal were accompanied by a floppy disk containing graphical images in the pioneering kinemage format developed by David C. Richardson and Jane S. Richardson (The kinemage: A tool for scientific communication, Protein Science (1992) 1, 3-9.). Unfortunately, kinemages disappeared from Protein Science a decade ago. In this issue, a Commentary by Li and Palmer (Protein Science (2009) 18, 678-681) returns interactive computer graphics to Protein Science. This article incorporates interactive figures, based on the open-source Jmol package (http://jmol.sourceforge.net/), that are viewable using any World-Wide-Web browser through embedded links within the electronic version of the paper. These figures are of two types. First, authors can generate figures specially designed to enhance the information presented in the article (see below). Second, any Protein Data Bank (PDB) code quoted in the manuscript will be linked to the FirstGlance in Jmol viewer (http://molvis.sdsc.edu/fgij/index.htm). This will allow the reader to immediately and interactively visualize the structure in question. No additional files or programs need to be downloaded or installed on a reader's computer in order to view these figures. The molecular images can be manipulated, either using command options provided within the figures (which requires no knowledge of Jmol) or by opening the Jmol console window (which requires a modicum of familiarity with molecular graphics packages). Jmol has been adopted by a number of other journals and organizations, including ACS Chemical Biology, Biochemical Journal, and the International Union of Crystallography, as a platform for “enhanced” figures. The level of interactivity provided by Jmol is the major benefit over animations or embedded movies; of course, animations and movies prepared in standard formats, using for example other molecular graphics software packages, also can be included as supplementary material to a paper in Protein Science. Interactive figures in Protein Science are prepared by incorporating user-generated Jmol scripts and hyertext markup language (html) content into html templates. This hybrid approach simplifies the process of generating figures for new users, but provides flexibility for more expert authors. We emphasize that this initiative is continuing to be developed. The commentary of Li and Palmer is intended to provide readers with a flavor of the system that we have in mind. Feedback is welcome. During the initial “learning phase”, authors wishing to include interactive figures in their papers in Protein Science should contact the Editor for additional information. The re-incorporation of interactive graphics into Protein Science is a long-awaited return of the journal to its roots and an exciting opportunity for authors to augment the usefulness of their papers for readers.
Inhomogeneous swelling in filled elastomers

Abstract An exact formulation is given for the inhomogeneous swelling of an elastomeric matrix containing a spherical inclusion, and is presented in a form amenable to solution for arbitrary free energy of mixing and network strain energy functions, rigid or soft inclusions, and finite or infinite matrix size. Specific examples of the deformation field, stress field, and composition variation are given as functions of distance from a rigid inclusion imbedded in an infinite matrix displaying Flory-Huggins/Gaussian swelling behavior. Interfacial stresses and extension ratios are given as functions of cross-link density and Flory-Huggins X parameter. In a related study published elsewhere, Kotani and Sternstein have obtained experimental verification of the theory using birefringence techniques on model-filled elastomers. Stein and co-workers have found similar agreement of the theory with their light scattering measurements.
Glucokinase in bird liver a membrane bound enzyme

Abstract There have been numerous reports that liver of birds contain only isoenzymes of the low K M hexokinases, but lack the high K M glucokinase. We describe here the presence of glucokinase in livers of chicken and Japanese quail. The enzyme is membrane bound and is solubilized by vigorous mechanical disruption of the tissue. With gentle homogenization the glucokinase is recovered upon centrifugation in the 1000g pellet, from which it may be liberated by prolonged sonication. It appears to be localized in the cell plasma membrane. The activities of hexokinase and glucokinase appear to be about equal in liver parenchyma of fed chicken, but in that of Japanese quail the activity of glucokinase exceeds greatly that of hexokinase.
First- and second-order phase transitions with random fields at low temperatures

It is shown, within mean-field theory of the random-field Ising model, that a maximum of the distribution function at zero field does not necessarily imply a second-order transition at low temperature, as was previously suggested. The order of the low-temperature transition is discussed in terms of the maxima of the distribution function.
Microorganisms in fresh ground meats: the relative safety of products with low versus high numbers

Abstract The two outbreaks of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) that were traced to ground beef in 1982 were the first foodborne cases known to be caused by Escherichia coli 0157:H7. The 1993 outbreak in the U.S. Pacific Northwest is the largest foodborne disease outbreak ever traced to ground beef. Why these events occurred continues to be a matter of speculation and debate. It is the thesis of this review that HC-causing strains of E. coli, which could have been in the meat supply as early as the mid-1950s, can persist in meats that contain too few of the background bacterial biota. The antagonistic effect of background organisms against pathogenic bacteria (microbial interference) is well established. Fresh ground meats that contain 10 5 –10 6 /g of background organisms are inherently safer than those that contain, say, 10 3 /g. Although the production of fresh ground meats with as few microorganisms as possible would seem to be the ideal, there is little or no evidence to support the superior safety of such products. It is suggested that when pathogen-reduction strategies are applied to animal carcasses, the carcasses should be ‘protected’ against subsequent colonization by pathogens by actually adding appropriate mixtures of harmless bacteria.
Partners in collaboration: The homan square project

Abstract The Homan Square Project, a collaborative community development effort, exemplifies the World Health Organization's model for healthy cities. This article describes the implementation of a health care component—a joint venture between the College of Nursing at Rush University and Rush Primary Care Institute of the Rush System for Health—in partnership with the North Lawndale community coalition on Chicago's West Side. The health care programs and services include a primary health care clinic, school-based health centers, family education and counseling programs, and screening services linking the community to secondary/tertiary care systems. Investment of resources toward the health care component of the Homan Square Project includes paid and contributed time of nurse practitioner faculty in areas such as prenatal care, women's health, school nursing, parenting skills, and mental health. Based on preliminary evaluation of the health program, outcomes have focused on the types, quality, and quantity of services delivered to the community. Overall, the Homan Square Project has provided a unique opportunity for the interface of service delivery and academic education with the goal of improving the quality of life for a developing inner-city community.
MODELING OF THE UNMIXEDNESS IN HOMOGENEOUS REACTING TURBULENCE

A simple mathematical model is presented for the prediction of the limiting bounds of the unmixedness parameter in non-premixed homogeneous reacting turbulence. This model is based on a Beta distribution for the PDF of a conserved Shvab-Zeldovich variable and generates statistical results which show similar trends to those previously obtained by computational experiments based on direct numerical simulations.
The influence of burner geometry on premixed turbulent flame propagation

Abstract The influence of burner geometry on premixed turbulent flame propagation has been studied experimentally by investigating the turbulent transport, turbulence production and burning rate in three flame configurations: they are rod-stabilized v-flames, tube stabilized conical flames and flames stabilized in a stagnation flow. In order to make comparisons of the three flames with different flame shapes and flow patterns, it was necessary to measure the velocity and scalar properties along flowlines through the flame zone. Under similar flow and mixture conditions, the magnitudes of turbulence transport within the three flames are significantly different. In contrast, the levels of turbulence production are more consistent and the turbulence kinetic energies evolve to the same level downstream of the flame zone. The burning rates of the v-flames and the conical flames are found to be consistent with turbulent-to-laminar-burning speed ratio of the stagnation flow stabilized flames. These results show that turbulence transport processes are sensitive to the flame geometry but the burning rates and turbulence production are not. The merits of these laboratory flames for the development of current theoretical turbulent combustion models are also discussed.
Spectral analysis of EEG's by autoregressive decomposition of time series

Abstract A technique for scalar and multidimensional spectral analysis based on the autoregressive representation of the observed data records is presented and illustrated. In an autoregressive representation the observed data set is regressed on its own past history. This results in a formula that expresses the observed data as the output of a linear filter excited by an uncorrelated sequence (“discrete white noise”). Energy spectral densities, transfer functions, and coherences are computed from the autoregressive formula. The results of this technique are compared with the older windowed periodogram methods of spectral analysis. Two potential advantages over the latter methods are observed. For spectral estimates of comparable statistical performance, the autoregressive method analysis appear smoother and easier to interpret than the older windowed periodogram analysis. Also, in contrast with the expertise required to apply the windowed periodogram analysis, use of the autoregressive representation spectral analysis method appears to require little or no subjective judgment.
A versatile synthetic approach to periodic mesoporous organosilicas

A synthetic protocol for the preparation of a variety of high-quality periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) is presented. These nanostructured organosilicas have been synthesized by the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of bis(triethoxysilyl) precursors containing different organic bridging groups. Polyoxyethylene(10) stearyl ether (Brij 76) is employed as the structure director using the surfactant template approach. Methylene, ethylene, ethenylene, and phenylene-bridged PMOs have been synthesized. Surfactant extraction is accomplished by refluxing the mesoscopic composite precipitates in acidified ethanol. The resulting PMOs have been characterized by nitrogen gas sorption, powder X-ray diffraction, 13C and 29Si solid-state NMR, and high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis. These organosilicas exhibit large surface areas, narrow pore size distributions, and large total pore volumes. This is the first report of a synthetic protocol with the versatility to make high-quality PMOs containing aliphatic, aromatic, or olefinic carbon functional groups. This versatility is discussed in terms of template and precursor structures under the acidic reaction conditions.
Polymer melt rheology with high-pressure CO2 using a novel magnetically levitated sphere rheometer

Abstract A magnetically levitated sphere rheometer (MLSR) designed to measure viscosity of fluids exposed to high-pressure carbon dioxide has been developed. This device consists of a magnetic sphere submerged inside a test fluid within a high-pressure housing and levitated at a fixed point. The housing is constructed from an optically transparent sapphire tube. The cylindrical tube can be moved vertically to generate a shear flow around the levitated sphere. The difference in magnetic force required to levitate the sphere at rest and under fluid motion can be directly related to fluid viscosity. Rheological properties, specifically zero shear viscosities, of transparent high-pressure materials can be measured to a precision of about 5% and over a wide range of viscosities. In addition, operation at constant pressure, in concentration regimes from a pure polymer to an equilibrated polymer/supercritical fluid solution, and at shear rates over several orders of magnitude is possible, eliminating many of the disadvantages associated with other high-pressure rheometers. Experiments performed at different temperatures with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) melt at atmospheric pressure are compared with data from a commercial Couette rheometer to demonstrate device sensitivity and viability. Measurements of a PDMS melt plasticized by high-pressure CO 2 are performed to illustrate the utility of the new rheometer under high-pressure conditions. Experimental data are obtained at 30 °C, for pressures up to 20.7 MPa and CO 2 concentrations reaching 30 wt%. Viscosity reductions of nearly two orders of magnitude compared with the pure polymer viscosity at atmospheric pressure are observed. Additionally, the effects of pressure on a polymer/CO 2 system are directly investigated taking advantage of the constant pressure operation mode of the MLSR. This allows us, for the first time in experiments of polymers with supercritical fluids, to decouple the effects of CO 2 concentration and pressure in a single device.
Induction of locomotor sensitization by amphetamine requires the activation of NMDA receptors in the rat ventral tegmental area.

Rationale: The activation of NMDA receptors in the rat ventral tegmental area has been proposed to be necessary for the induction of locomotor sensitization by amphetamine, yet there has been no direct assessment of this view. Objective: The present study examined the ability of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist d(–)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5) to block this effect when infused either into the ventral tegmental area or, for comparison, into the nucleus accumbens. These sites are known to be important for the induction and expression, respectively, of locomotor sensitization by amphetamine. Methods: Rats in different groups received four pairs of injections (one IC and one IP), one pair given every third day. The IC injection (0, 1 or 5 nmol/side AP-5) was administered immediately before the IP injection (saline or amphetamine, 1 mg/kg). Locomotor activity was measured following each pair of injections and again 2 weeks later when all rats were tested for sensitization following a challenge injection of amphetamine (1 mg/kg, IP). AP-5 was not administered on this test. Results: As expected, rats previously exposed to amphetamine alone showed higher levels of horizontal locomotion and rearing on the test for sensitization when compared to saline pre-exposed rats. Preceding the amphetamine pre-exposure injections with infusions of AP-5 into the ventral tegmental area, but not the nucleus accumbens, dose-dependently blocked the induction of this effect. Rats previously exposed to AP-5 alone in either site did not differ significantly from saline pre- exposed rats on the test for sensitization. Conclusion: The results indicate that NMDA receptor activation in the ventral tegmental area, but not the nucleus accumbens, is necessary for the induction of locomotor sensitization by amphetamine.
Isotherm ranking and selection using thirteen literature datasets involving hydrophobic organic compounds

Numerous isotherm expressions have been developed for describing sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), including "dual-mode" approaches that combine nonlinear behavior with a linear partitioning component. Choosing among these alternative expressions for describing a given dataset is an important task that can significantly influence subsequent transport modeling and/or mechanistic interpretation. In this study, a series of numerical experiments were undertaken to identify "best-in-class" isotherms by refitting 10 alternative models to a suite of 13 previously published literature datasets. The corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) was used for ranking these alternative fits and distinguishing between plausible and implausible isotherms for each dataset. The occurrence of multiple plausible isotherms was inversely correlated with dataset "richness", such that datasets with fewer observations and/or a narrow range of aqueous concentrations resulted in a greater number of plausible isotherms. Overall, only the Polanyi-partition dual-mode isotherm was classified as "plausible" across all 13 of the considered datasets, indicating substantial statistical support consistent with current advances in sorption theory. However, these findings are predicated on the use of the AICc measure as an unbiased ranking metric and the adoption of a subjective, but defensible, threshold for separating plausible and implausible isotherms.
Instrumented spherical micro-indentation of plasma-sprayed coatings

The mechanical response of plasma-sprayed coatings is studied by recourse to instrumented spherical micro-indentation. It is shown that the elastic moduli of the coatings can be determined in a more reliable and reproducible manner with instrumented spherical indentation than prior (Knoop) indentation methods, while at the same time minimizing damage to the coating during indentation. The results show that the values of the elastic moduli, E, of air plasma-sprayed (APS) materials are much lower than those of vacuum plasma-sprayed (VPS) materials. The VPS deposits are more homogeneous at a microstructural level as splat formation, microcracking and the development of oxide scales are suppressed. Such homogenization increases the value of E to the point where it becomes similar to that of fully dense materials. Larger amounts of inelastic flow occur in APS deposits as compared with VPS deposits. This flow is associated with fracture and sliding of splats.
Atomic-Scale Study of Plastic-Yield Criterion in Nanocrystalline Cu at High Strain Rates

Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to understand the macroscopic yield behavior of nanocrystalline Cu with an average grain size of 6 nm at high strain rates. The MD simulations at strain rates varying from 109 s−1 to 8 × 109 s−1 suggest an asymmetry in the flow stress values in tension and compression, with the nanocrystalline metal being stronger in compression than in tension. The tension-compression strength asymmetry is very small at 109 s−1, but increases with increasing strain rate. The calculated yield stresses and flow stresses under combined biaxial loading conditions (X-Y) gives a locus of points that can be described with a traditional ellipse. An asymmetry parameter is introduced that allows for the incorporation of the small tension-compression asymmetry. The biaxial yield surface (X-Y) is calculated for different values of stress in the Z direction, the superposition of which gives a full three-dimensional (3-D) yield surface. The 3-D yield surface shows a cylinder that is symmetric around the hydrostatic axis. These results suggest that a von Mises-type yield criterion can be used to understand the macroscopic deformation behavior of nanocrystalline Cu with a grain size in the inverse Hall–Petch regime at high strain rates.
A computational morphology system for Arabic

This paper describes a new algorithm for morphological analysis of Arabic words, which has been tested on a corpus of 242 abstracts from the Saudi Arabian National Computer Conference . It runs an order of magnitude faster than other algorithms in the literature.
Survey and design of diagnostic casts for removable partial dentures.

Abstract When following the suggestions incorporated in this discussion, analysis of a diagnostic cast will present the: (1)most favorable retention areas; (2)heights of contours of remaining teeth as they may affect the design of the prosthesis; (3)path of insertion most favorable to control induced stresses (along the long axis of the teeth); (4)location of and amount of preparation necessary for rest seats; (5)interlocked occlusion; (6)malposed teeth; (7)necessity for alveolectomy and/or alveoloplasty; (8)problems in occlusion to be solved; (9)modification of the occlusal vertical dimension if contemplated; (10)the treatment plan to the patient; (11)progress for reference of work; (12)fabrication of individual trays; and (13)design of the casting.
Responses to arbitrary time schedules

Time in Animal Behaviour. By M. Richelle and H. Lejeune. Pp.273. (Pergamon: 1980.) Hardback £22, $51; flexi £9.50, $23.
Acromegaloid Patients with Type A Insulin Resistance: Parallel Defects in Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptors and Biological Responses in Cultured Fibroblasts*

ABSTRACT A subset of patients with the syndrome of acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance type A is characterized by acromegaloid features in addition to hyperinsulinemia, hyperandrogenemia, and an inherent defect in insulin receptor function. It has been proposed that the acromegaloid features result from the interaction of insulin at concentrations encountered in vivo, with a functionally intact insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor closely related to the insulin receptor. We investigated this possibility by examining binding and hormone-stimulated [14C]glucose uptake, [3H]thymidine uptake, and receptor autophosphorylation by both insulin and IGF-I in cultured fibroblasts from two affected patients. In comparison to normal fibroblasts, [125I]insulin binding, insulin-stimulated [14C]glucose, and [3H]thymidine uptake, and insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation were each reduced by approximately 50– 60% of the absolute values in controls. In contrast to expectation, each of these apparent defe...
Hospital Preparation for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Using a Multidisciplinary Task Force

Abstract BACKGROUND: In March 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was recognized in China. The disease quickly spread to countries around the world and was transmitted in healthcare settings. Infection control professionals had to formulate a response to potential cases of SARS presenting to healthcare facilities. OBJECTIVE: To formulate and operationalize a plan for education and training of staff and to ensure availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) and adherence to infection control protocols to prevent SARS transmission in a large urban healthcare institution. METHODS: A multidisciplinary task force was charged with maintaining up-to-date knowledge about the SARS epidemic and providing education and training to staff in the hospital and outlying clinics. Signage for SARS triage and SARS isolation was created. Policies and checklists were developed for designated patient areas, and SARS carts and boxes stocked with PPE were obtained for these areas. A new “observer” role was created to ensure adherence to isolation procedures when caring for SARS patients. An educational video was made for distribution to healthcare workers. RESULTS: The SARS task force developed a cohesive package of policies, procedures, signage, and patient education in multiple languages. We developed a system to supply PPE and education to staff who might care for SARS patients. A new video will make staff education more accessible, especially for those working off-site or during nontraditional hours. CONCLUSION: The SARS task force responded to an emerging infectious threat and is a model for continued response to potential biological emergencies.
Measurement of conduction-electron polarization via the pairing resonance

We show that the pairing resonance in the Pauli-limited normal state of ultrathin superconducting Al films provides a spin-resolved probe of conduction-electron polarization in thin magnetic films. A superconductor-insulator-ferromagnet tunneling junction is used to measure the density of states in supercritical parallel magnetic fields that are well beyond the Clogston-Chandresekhar limit, thus greatly extending the field range of the tunneling density of states technique. The applicability and limitations of using the pairing resonance as a spin probe are discussed.
FLORAL BIOLOGY, HUMMINGBIRD POLLINATION AND FRUIT PRODUCTION OF TRUMPET CREEPER (CAMPSIS RADICANS, BIGNONIACEAE)

Trumpet creeper is self-incompatible and bears long, tubular, orange flowers from June to September. Flowering peaks rapidly, then declines and continues at low levels for several weeks. The initial burst of flowering may attract pollinators that return even during subsequent reduced flowering. Most flowers open before noon and nectar production totals 110 ,l of 26% sucrose equivalents per flower, an exceptionally high production for a temperate zone plant. Production ceases within 20-30 hr of flower opening, but corollas persist for several days and may serve to attract pollinators. Effective pollination reduces the period of stigma receptivity and speeds closing of stigma lobes. Only 1-9Wo of flowers produced mature fruits at four sites in Illinois and Missouri. Roughly 400 pollen grains had to be deposited on a receptive stigma to cause fruit development beyond an initial period of high abortion. At two sites, 17% and 89% of stigmas received over 400 pollen grains. Assuming 50% of deposited grains were from the same plant, fruit production at one site was clearly pollinator limited, that at the second site may have been. Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) deposited ten times as much pollen per stigma per visit as honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus spp.). Fruit set was highest where rubythroat visitation was most frequent. Trumpet creeper appears primarily adapted for hummingbird pollination, but can also be adequately pollinated by honeybees and bumblebees. This is one of the first attempts to relate pollen-depositing capabilities of pollinators of any plant to pollen requirements for fruit production. Several characteristics suggest that trumpet creeper may be adapted to pollination at low densities (often called traplining) in its presumed original, woodland, habitat.
In Vitro Evaluation of Tobramycin, a New Aminoglycoside Antibiotic

Abstract One hundred fifty-two strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus species, and Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited by 3.1 μg of tobramycin/ml in a broth-dilution method and showed zones of inhibition of 16 mm or more around a 10-μg tobramycin disc in the Kirby-Bauer method. Tobramycin was most active against S. aureus, 100% of strains being inhibited by 0.1 μg/ml. All strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and indole-positive Proteus species, and 80% of Enterobacter species were inhibited by 0.8 μg of tobramycin/ml, whereas only 48% of P. mirabilis strains were inhibited by this concentration. Tobramycin was approximately twice as active as gentamicin against S. aureus, four times as active against P. aeruginosa, slightly more active against E. coli and Enterobacter species, equally active against P. mirabilis, and slightly less active against K. pneumoniae. The minimal bactericidal concentrations of tobramycin and gentamicin were the same as or twice the minimal inhibitory concentrations for all strains except those of P. aeruginosa, against which greater concentrations of both gentamicin and tobramycin were required for bactericidal activity. Tobramycin sterilized cultures of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, but the rate of bactericidal action was faster with a combination of tobramycin and carbenicillin than with either antibiotic alone in the same concentrations. Tobramycin retained potency in the presence of 200 to 600 μg of carbenicillin/ml for at least 6 hr of incubation at 37 C, but lost potency in the presence of 600 μg of carbenicillin/ml by 24 hr of incubation and in the presence of 800 μg/ml by 2 hr of incubation.
Properties of RNA synthesis in HeLa nuclei by Micrococcus lysodeikticus or endogenous RNA polymerase

Abstract In addition to supporting the endogenous enzyme, HeLa cell nuclei disrupted by sonication provided template sites for RNA synthesis by Micrococcus lysodeikticus RNA polymerase. The endogenous and exogenous polymerase products differed by several criteria. RNA synthesized by the HeLa enzyme was associated with a heavy component of the nuclear debris, difficult to extract by the usual phenol procedures, and was heterogeneous and sedimented rapidly on sucrose density gradients. The product of the bacterial enzyme, made at the same time on DNA in the broken nuclei, was more readily extractable and sedimented more slowly. Nearest neighbor frequency analysis confirmed that the products of the two enzymes were different. The active HeLa enzyme in intact or sonicated nuclei synthesized RNA with high proportions of G and C as nearest neighbors to incorporated GTP or CTP. The distributions of neighbor bases in the additional RNA made by the exogenous enzyme were more like those in the RNA made on extracted HeLa DNA and more closely resembled the distribution of G and C nearest neighbors in human DNA. These results indicated that most of the active endogenous polymerase functioned in a restricted part of the DNA, although other sites in the HeLa chromatin were readily available for transcription with added exogenous enzyme.
New Spindle Tip Reduces Spinning Yarn Tension and Tension-Related Ends Down:

A newly-developed spindle tip to control yarn tension was mounted on the top of a conventional ring-frame spindle. Yarn tension was measured with a transducer located between the front drafing rolls and the thread guide. Tensions and properties were compared between yarns spun with and without the spindle tip; comparison are presented for an entire bobbin fill and for spindle speeds from 10 000 to 14 600 rpm. Spindle tips with shanks of different diameters were studied. Yarn tension was recorded for several thread-guide positions. In all tests, use of the new spindle tip reduced yarn tension by 75 to 90% and improved yarn properties slightly.
Fertility Preservation Decisions Among Newly Diagnosed Oncology Patients: A Single-Center Experience.

Objectives:To evaluate fertility preservation decisions and compare controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) and assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes between newly diagnosed cancer patients and age-matched healthy controls.Methods:Our retrospective study was conducted at Columbia University’s
Bayesian exploration for intelligent identification of textures.

In order to endow robots with humanlike abilities to characterize and identify objects, they must be provided with tactile sensors and intelligent algorithms to select, control and interpret data from useful exploratory movements. Humans make informed decisions on the sequence of exploratory movements that would yield the most information for the task, depending on what the object may be and prior knowledge of what to expect from possible exploratory movements. This study is focused on texture discrimination, a subset of a much larger group of exploratory movements and percepts that humans use to discriminate, characterize, and identify objects. Using a testbed equipped with a biologically inspired tactile sensor (the BioTac®) we produced sliding movements similar to those that humans make when exploring textures. Measurement of tactile vibrations and reaction forces when exploring textures were used to extract measures of textural properties inspired from psychophysical literature (traction, roughness, and fineness). Different combinations of normal force and velocity were identified to be useful for each of these three properties. A total of 117 textures were explored with these three movements to create a database of “prior experience” to use for identifying these same textures in future encounters. When exploring a texture, the discrimination algorithm adaptively selects the optimal movement to make and property to measure based on previous experience to differentiate the texture from a set of plausible candidates, a process we call Bayesian exploration. Performance of 99.6% in correctly discriminating pairs of similar textures was found to exceed human capabilities. Absolute classification from the entire set of 117 textures generally required a small number of well-chosen exploratory movements (median=5) and yielded a 95.4% success rate. The method of “Bayesian exploration” developed and tested in this paper may generalize well to other cognitive problems.
Life Satisfaction, Openness Value, Self-Transcendence, and Wisdom

Prior studies suggest a positive association between life satisfaction and wisdom. In a sample with 123 European American community-dwelling adults, the results suggest that wisdom and life satisfaction are positively intertwined, and that openness value is an important factor for life satisfaction, a self-transcendence orientation, and wisdom.
Calcified Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Aneurysm After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in tetralogy of Fallot often includes the pulmonic valve, its anulus, the main and branch pulmonary arteries in addition to the expected infundibular narrowing. Widening of this multiple area of obstructions frequently necessitates patch augmentation. Both synthetic (Ivalon ® , Dacron ® , Teflon ® , Gore-Tex ® , Impra ® ) and natural (dura mater and parietal pericardium) materials are used for this purpose. Debate has arisen as to which materials are preferable. 1
ICT and the tension between old and new: the human factor

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to deepen the understanding of tensions between old and new in the emerging global society driven by information and communication technology (ICT); and to argue that creation of a theory of this society would contribute in the easing of these tensions.Design/methodology/approach – The methods used in this paper are mostly analytical, descriptive, and qualitative. An analysis of the creation and development of ICT from a mathematical discipline of computer science to a universal tool and a driving force of the emerging global society, a development which is paralleled by the commercialization of ICT, is followed by two case studies illustrating the tensions between old and new and the role ICT plays in them. One case is centered on the challenges of traditional models of education by new, ICT‐friendly approaches, like the Multiple Intelligences Theory; the other addresses tensions between old and new that in many societies presently take the form of tensions between ...
Bubble migration inside a liquid drop in a space laboratory

Commercial production of glasses for advanced applications often requires processing techniques substantially different from those in common use. In particular, containerless processing is desirable where melt temperatures are sufficiently high that the container wall reacts chemically with the melt and/or promotes crystallization. An ideal environment for containerless processing is provided by the NASA Space Shuttle program because in orbit, near free fall conditions prevail and little levitation is necessary. In such an environment, however, there are serious problems associated with convective mixing and buoyant fining (bubble removal) of glass melts. Alternate techniques for the promotion of mixing and for managing bubbles in space have been proposed by Subramanian and Cole and include thermocapillarity, rotation, oscillation, etc. This paper will describe these experiments and discuss two of a number of ongoing ground-based projects in support of the flight experiments.
Brain ablation in the rat cerebral cortex using a tunable‐free electron laser

Background and Objectives We used the MARK III free electron laser (FEL) tuned to molecular vibrational absorbance maxima in the infrared (IR) wavelength range of 3.0–6.45 μm to study the effect of these various wavelengths and a power level of 5 mJ/2 microseconds macropulse on photoablation of CNS tissue. Study Design/Materials and Methods Laser lesions were produced in the parietal cortex of anesthetized rats using thermal confined mid-IR (infrared) laser pulses tuned to the -OH, -CH, amide 1, and amide 2 absorbance bands. Histological assessments following recovery periods of 4 hours, 4 days, and 3 weeks were performed to determine the size, shape, and character of the photoablative lesions. Cell density studies were done in adjacent edematous tissue. Results Significant differences in lesion size and shape were observed as a function of wavelength. Although maximum ablation and collateral damage seemed to coincide with spectral peaks in the mid-IR, area and depth/width ratios did not. Conclusions It was found in these experiments that wavelengths in the mid-IR could be selected for optimal ablative properties. Using tunable, high-peak-power pulsed lasers, it will be possible to produce well-defined photoablative lesions that conform to small, irregularly shaped neurosurgical targets. Lasers Surg. Med. 33:81–92, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Using An Expectancy-Value Approach To Examine Teachers' Motivational Strategies.

Abstract This study explored verbal motivational strategies in exemplary teachers’ classrooms. A framework derived from expectancy-value theory, which addresses student motivation for academic tasks, was applied. Audiotaped math and literacy lessons of two exemplary second-grade teachers showed a high number of comments related to expectancies and relatively fewer related to valuing tasks. In addition, teachers made more motivational statements when in the process of instruction than when introducing or concluding instructional episodes. Interviews revealed that some teacher beliefs, such as the importance of rationales or ensuring student success, were related to classroom strategies. Implications for theory, practice, and research are discussed.
Collaborative search with independent sensors and multiple observers

In this paper we address these problems. 1) Two stationary observers with two sensors independently search for a stationary target. Each sensor is characterized by individual search parameters (p∞, τ) which are different either because the sensors are at different ranges or are different because the sensors are at the same range but have different properties. The target is said to be detected when the first observer detects the target. Using this definition for time to detect, we derive an analytical expression for the mean detection time. 2) If multiple observers independently search an image obtained from a single sensor how does the mean time until the first observer detects the target vary with the number of observers. 3) If multiple observers independently search an image obtained from a single sensor how does the probability of detection vary with the number of observers. Here the target is said to be detected if any of the observers detect the target. 4) For the problem of two stationary observers searching independently for a stationary target we found the probability density function for the time to detect.
Pilot Randomized Controlled Dosing Study of Cranberry Capsules for Reduction of Bacteriuria Plus Pyuria in Female Nursing Home Residents

Cranberry products represent a non-antimicrobial method for prevention of urinary tract infection (UTI). Cranberry proanthocyanidin (PAC), a type of condensed tannin, is the active ingredient in cranberry that inhibits adherence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli (E.coli) to uroepithelial cells.1, 2 Previous cranberry studies for UTI prevention yielded conflicting results, likely because of variability of PAC dose and clinical populations studied.3, 4 In a clinical trial of 300ml of cranberry juice beverage daily (36mg PAC), older women (mean age 78.5 years) had a 58% reduction in the odds of having bacteriuria plus pyuria compared to controls.5 However, nursing home residents have difficulty ingesting the volume of juice that is necessary to prevent bacteriuria. Cranberry capsules are feasible to administer to nursing home residents, but their efficacy has not been demonstrated.6 In vitro, 36 to 108mg of PAC is efficacious at inhibiting bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells,7 but the most efficacious dose among older nursing home residents has not been identified. The goal of this study was to identify the optimal dose of cranberry capsules that reduced the incidence of bacteriuria plus pyuria over one month.
Discriminative Multi-stream Discrete Hidden Markov Models

We propose a modified discrete HMM that handles multimodalities. We assume that the feature space is partitioned into subspaces generated by different sources of information. To combine these heteregoneous modalities we propose a multi-stream discrete HMM that assigns a relevance weight to each subspace. The relevance weights are set local and depend on the symbols and the states. In particular, we associate a partial probability with each symbol in each subspace. The overall observation state probability is then computed as an aggregation of the partial probabilities and their objective relevance weights based on a linear combination. The Minimum Classification Error (MCE) objective based on the Gradient Probabilistic Descent (GPD) optimization algorithm is reformulated to derive the update equations for the relevance weights and the partial state probabilities. The proposed approach is validated using synthetic and real data sets. The results are shown to outperform the baseline discrete HMM that treats all streams equally important.
Slot array antennas for the Juno radiometer application

In this paper, the design and analysis of two planar array geometries, the conventional one and a symmetric design that exhibits significantly lower sidelobe levels is discussed.