cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gabapentin Is a Potent Activator of KCNQ3 and KCNQ5 Potassium Channels.

Synthetic gabapentinoids, exemplified by gapapentin and pregabalin, are in extensive clinical use for indications including epilepsy, neuropathic pain, anxiety, and alcohol withdrawal. Their mechanisms of action are incompletely understood, but are thought to involve inhibition of α 2 δ subunit–containing voltage-gated calcium channels. Here, we report that gabapentin is a potent activator of the heteromeric KCNQ2/3 voltage-gated potassium channel, the primary molecular correlate of the neuronal M-current, and also homomeric KCNQ3 and KCNQ5 channels. In contrast, the structurally related gabapentinoid, pregabalin, does not activate KCNQ2/3, and at higher concentrations (≥10 µ M) is inhibitory. Gabapentin activation of KCNQ2/3 (EC 50 = 4.2 nM) or homomeric KCNQ3* (EC 50 = 5.3 nM) channels requires KCNQ3-W265, a conserved tryptophan in KCNQ3 transmembrane segment 5. Homomeric KCNQ2 or KCNQ4 channels are insensitive to gabapentin, whereas KCNQ5 is highly sensitive (EC 50 = 1.9 nM). Given the potent effects and the known anticonvulsant, antinociceptive, and anxiolytic effects of M-channel activation, our findings suggest the possibility of an unexpected role for M-channel activation in the mechanism of action of gabapentin.
Surgical outcome in smaller symptomatic vestibular schwannomas. Is there a role for surgery

Currently, there is no consensus in the initial management of small vestibular schwannomas (VSs). They are routinely watched and/or referred for radiosurgical treatment, although surgical removal is also an option. We hereby evaluate clinical outcomes of patients who have undergone surgical removal of smaller symptomatic VSs. Patients with vestibular schwannomas (grade T1–T3b according to Hannover classification) were reviewed. Patients with symptomatic tumors who underwent surgery were evaluated. Their preoperative hearing status was based on the guideline of the committee on hearing and equilibrium of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) foundation. Their postoperative facial nerve function, hearing status, vestibular symptoms, and degree of tumor resection were assessed. Thirty patients were selected for surgery via a retrosigmoid approach based on their age, symptoms, and their own decision-making after discussion of management options. Most patients presented with hearing loss. Seventeen patients had useful hearing preoperatively. Among them, 10 patients (59%) preserved useful hearing (class A or B) postoperatively. MRI at 1-year follow-up confirmed complete resection in 26/29 patients. Also, 29 patients (97%) had HB grade I–II, and 1 patient had HB III at 1-year follow-up. Except for 1 patient with CSF leak, 1 patient with delayed facial nerve palsy, and 2 patients with asymptomatic sigmoid sinus occlusion, there were no other new morbidities. Although both observation and radiosurgery are valid options in the management of smaller size vestibular schwannomas, surgical treatment seems to offer a high rate of facial nerve preservation, a reasonable rate of hearing sparing, and a high total resection rate. Clinicians should consider surgical treatment as a valid option in the initial management of symptomatic small vestibular schwannomas in younger patients.
A note on classification of submodules in $H^{2}(D^{2})$

The Hardy spaces H 2 (D 2 ) can be viewed as a module over the polynomial ring C[z 1 , z 2 ]. Based on a study of core operator, a new equivalence relation for submodules, namely congruence, was introduced. This paper gives a classification of congruent submodules by the rank of core operators.
Search for Proton Medium Modifications in the 4He(e,e'p)3H Reaction

Polarization transfer in quasi-elastic nucleon knockout is sensitive to the properties of the nucleon in the nuclear medium, including possible modification of the nucleon form factor and/or spinor. In our recently completed experiment E03-104 at Jefferson Lab we measured the proton recoil polarization in the 4He(e,e'p)3H reaction at a Q^2 of 0.8 (GeV/c)^2 and 1.3 (GeV/c)^2 with unprecedented precision. These data complement earlier data between 0.4 and 2.6 (GeV/c)^2 from both Mainz and Jefferson Lab. The measured ratio of polarization-transfer coefficients differs from a fully relativistic calculation, favoring either the inclusion of a medium modification of the proton form factors predicted by a quark-meson coupling model or strong charge-exchange final-state interactions. The measured induced polarizations agree well with the fully relativistic calculation and indicate that these strong final-state interactions may not be applicable.
“Amend Thy Face”: Contagion and Disgust in the Henriad

Focusing on the character of Bardolph—who appears in more of Shakespeare’s plays than nearly any other character in the canon—Balizet explores the discourses of illness, profligacy, and disease that define the threat this figure poses to the future King Henry V. Throughout the Henriad, Bardolph’s red face is attributed to various moral and physical ailments, ranging from shame and alcoholism to syphilis and even plague. Drawing upon theories of disgust, histories of infectious illness, and plague literature, Balizet contends that Bardolph’s execution exemplifies a royal victory over contagion through the political application of disgust.
Distributed Parameter Hydrologic and Water Quality Modeling Distributed Parameter Hydrologic and Water Quality Modeling

Abstract One of the most effective tools that planners and researchers in the water resources and water quality areas can have is an accurate, comprehensive watersned hydrology and pollutant yield model. ANSWERS (Areal Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation), a distributed parameter model which was developed at Purdue University, is one such model and is detailed in this paper. General concepts behind and strengths of distributed parameter models are presented. A new, more descriptive sediment detachment and transport sub-model, which can predict the particle-size distribution of the sediment load, is described. Applications on an agricultural watershed of approximately 2, 000 hectares and on a small agricultural area being converted to home sites demonstrate the the various capabilities of the ANSWERS model.
Community-Based Strategies to Address Homelessness

Housing providers, advocates, and municipalities have been regularly called upon to develop community-based strategies to remedy the complex problem of homelessness. The push toward greater community involvement started in the 1980s with the introduction of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Continuum of Care model and continued into the 2000s with the advent of Homeless Management Information Systems (HMIS). More recently, communities have been required to engage in 10-year planning processes to address chronic homelessness and to develop innovative coordinated entry and assessment systems. In doing so, community members engage a wide variety of skills from research and service linkage to planning, policy-making, evaluation, and collaborative problem-solving. This chapter examines these community-based strategies to address homelessness – describing their key strengths as well as unintended consequences. The chapter also draws on organizational theory and illustrates key concepts using a series of case study vignettes.
Nanometer-Thick Fluorinated Ionic Liquid Films asLubricants in Data-Storage Devices

Media lubricants are critical to the reliability of hard disc drives (HDDs). Ideally, the lubricant should have high thermal stability and low monolayer (ML) thickness. Unfortunately, the state-of-...
Discrete approximations to the double-obstacle problem and optimal stopping of tug-of-war games

We study the double-obstacle problem for the p-Laplace operator, p ∈ [2,∞). We prove that for Lipschitz boundary data and Lipschitz obstacles, viscosity solutions are unique and coincide with variational solutions. They are also uniform limits of solutions to discrete min-max problems that can be interpreted as the dynamic programming principle for appropriate tug-ofwar games with noise. In these games, both players in addition to choosing their strategies, are also allowed to choose stopping times. The solutions to the double-obstacle problems are limits of values of these games, when the step-size controlling the single shift in the token’s position, converges to 0. We propose a numerical scheme based on this observation and show how it works for some examples of obstacles and boundary data.
Genetic variations in the dopamine reward system influence exercise reinforcement and tolerance for exercise intensity.

Abstract Background : Exercise is a reinforcing behavior and finding exercise highly reinforcing is characteristic of habitual exercisers. Genotypes related to dopamine metabolism moderate the reinforcing value of behaviors, but genetic moderators of exercise reinforcement have not been established. Purpose : Determine whether singular nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that moderate central reward pathways and pain neurotransmission are associated with exercise reinforcement, tolerance for exercise intensity, and usual physical activity. Methods : Adults (n = 178) were measured for the reinforcing value of exercise relative to sedentary activities (RRVexercise), minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and completed the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire. Genotyping of 23 SNPs known to influence central dopamine tone, pain, or physical activity was performed. ANOVA tested differences in RRVexercise, tolerance, and MVPA among genotype groups. Linear regression controlling for BMI, sex, and liking of exercise was used to further predict the association of genotype on RRVexercise, tolerance, and MVPA. Results : Having at least one copy of the G allele for the DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphism (rs1800497) conferred greater RRVexercise. Greater tolerance for exercise intensity was observed among those homozygous for the T allele for the CNR1 polymorphism (rs6454672), had at least one copy of the G allele for the GABRG3 polymorphism (rs8036270), or had at least one copy of the T allele for the LPR polymorphism (rs12405556). Homozygous individuals for the T allele at rs6454672 exhibited greater MVPA. Conclusion : Similar to other reinforcing behaviors, there is a genetic contribution to exercise reinforcement, tolerance for exercise intensity, and MVPA.
Automated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Manufacturing System with IoT Monitoring

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have become acknowledged as a viable replacement for the more common silicon-based solar cells. Overall, dye-sensitized solar cells can achieve higher levels of efficiency than that of their predecessor and are cheaper to produce. In this work, a prototype of an autonomous DSSC manufacturing system is presented. With the utilization of a robotic arm, a motor driven conveyor belt, automated chemical dispensers, and an improvised hot plate, almost all human interaction with the manufacturing process is removed. Alongside these automated features lies an Internet of Things (IoT) network that is utilized to display sensor readings onto a webpage. Due to the modularity of this network, multiple sensors could be utilized for monitoring purposes although no controlling aspect is put in place at the moment. The cells that have been created by the system are compared to a handmade cell to ensure that the quality of the DSSC that is produced is up to par with what is typically used.
Testing a Multi-Sensor System For Hydrocephalus Monitoring in External Ventricular Drains

We report a multi-sensor system for monitoring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in hydrocephalus shunts. Flow and biofouling sensors based on electrochemical impedance transduction were integrated into a single thin film die designed to be packaged in-line for compatibility with existing clinical workflows. Custom electronics provided remote impedance measurement, analysis, and data storage. This multi-sensor system was designed for use in external ventricular drains (EVDs), which drain CSF from the brain’s ventricles to reduce acute swelling and manage intracranial pressure. The direct fluidic connection via an implanted catheter to the ventricles is similar to that of implanted hydrocephalus shunts, making EVDs a suitable model for preliminary non-invasive sensor validation. The multi-sensor system was validated on the benchtop in an EVD model using both saline and CSF collected from human patients. Flow resolution was 48.8 μL/min within a range of -330 to 660 μL/min (average CSF flow: 50 to 317 μL/min [1]). Successful benchtop validation will inform upcoming clinical tests in patients with EVDs.
What teachers never have time to do: peer observation as professional learning

This case study involved an urban elementary school’s implementation of a peer-observation professional learning protocol, collegial visits (CVs). The study sought teachers’ perceptions of CVs as a...
Automatic and Accurate Repositioning of C-Arm Prototype Using Motion Capture Systems and Deep Learning

The C-Arm x-ray system (C-Arm) is a useful medical device commonly used in surgeries that require the use of x-ray images during operations. In some operations, surgeons rely heavily on the mobile C-Arm to effectively execute the surgery. In some cases, the success of the operation is directly correlated with the C-Arm and its ability to be repositioned to any desired position relative to the patient. In this paper, an integrated approach is provided for the automatic and accurate repositioning of a mobile C-Arm. The development of a C-Arm prototype is explained through the use of computer-aided design and manufacturing. To automatically reposition the C-Arm, a two-step integrated approach is introduced that uses motion capture systems and artificial intelligence-based repositioning. In the first step, the C-Arm is repositioned using Vicon motion capture along with a virtual platform and graphic user interface. In the second step, the accuracy of the repositioning of the C-Arm is further improved by incorporating a deep learning convolutional neural network with image processing and point feature matching. Key results indicate successful integration of the proposed method with the C-Arm prototype for the purpose of automatic and accurate repositioning.
L2 Learning During Study Abroad: The Creation of Affinity Spaces:

L2 Learning During Study Abroad: The Creation of Affinity Spaces is a dissertation-turned-book by Yoshifumi Fukada that explores how international students construct TL-mediated socialization through creating affinity spaces. Based on the experiences he and other international students had, Fukada utilized autobiography, autoethnography, and qualitative case studies to provide an in-depth understanding of the matter.
Comparison of Penile Prosthesis Cultures Within Individual Patients After Removal/Replacement and Subsequent Salvage

Abstract Introduction Infection rates for virgin inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs) range from 1 to 3%; however, this can increase to 7–18% after IPP revision or removal/replacement (RR) for mechanical malfunction. Although studies have reported various RR and salvage cultures, limited data are available that directly compare microorganisms after each of these procedures within the same patient. Comparison of these cultures may determine if the infection is due to a persistent microorganism or new inoculation. Aim Our aim is to characterize prosthesis cultures within individual patients who develop infection after RR. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing various IPP procedures at our institution from September 2002 to August 2018. RR procedures were determined by current procedural terminology codes 54,410 or 54,416. Infection, defined as salvage or explantation without replacement for infectious reasons, was described by current procedural terminology codes 54406, 54411, 54415, or 54417. Inclusion criteria consisted of IPP infection after RR and the presence of both RR and salvage cultures within the same patient. Owing to the small cohort size, only descriptive statistics were used. Main Outcome Measures Characterization of removal/replacement and salvage cultures is the main outcome measure of this study. Results A total of 202 non-infected RR procedures were performed with 9 cases (4%) of IPP infection after RR identified. Four (44%) of the RR cultures were positive and contained gram-positive (44%) and gram-negative (11%) organisms. In comparison, salvage cultures grew gram-positive bacteria (66%), gram-negative bacteria (33%), and/or fungal elements (33%). A direct comparison of the RR and salvage cultures indicated that only 2 patients (22%) grew similar organisms. Conclusions The risk of IPP infection after RR and modified washout is low. In this small series, gram-positive bacteria were most common at the time of RR and salvage. The increased incidence of fungal infections may indicate a need to modify RR protocols. Larger multi-institutional studies are needed to further investigate this relationship. Chandrapal J, Harper S, Davis LG, et al. Comparison of Penile Prosthesis Cultures Within Individual Patients After Removal/Replacement and Subsequent Salvage. Sex Med 2020;8:783–787.
The Use of Pleural Fluid to Serum Glucose Ratio in Establishing the Diagnosis of a Not So Sweet PD-Related Hydrothorax: Case Report and Literature Review.

Hydrothorax is a well-known but rare complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), with an average incidence of 2% mainly in cases of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In more than 80% of these cases, the hydrothorax is attributed to an abnormal pleuroperitoneal communication. It commonly manifests as unilateral effusion, predominantly on the right. A thoracentesis to determine pleural glucose has been a diagnostic aid well relied on, as the dextrose rich dialysate raises the pleural fluid glucose. A pleural fluid glucose to serum glucose gradient greater than 50 mg/dL is suggestive of a leak with a specificity of 100% according to some studies; however, its sensitivity is variable. Our case illustrates a diagnostic dilemma due to a relatively low pleural fluid to serum glucose gradient of 21 mg/dL that caused a delay in diagnosis. A pleural fluid to serum glucose ratio >1.0 was used as a diagnostic marker that pointed toward a peritoneal leak. For confirmation, a peritoneal scintigraphy with nuclear technetium 99 scan was performed that revealed a pleuroperitoneal fistula as the source of the recurring hydrothorax in the setting of automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). The hydrothorax completely resolved with termination of APD on follow-up as the patient was transitioned to intermittent hemodialysis (HD).
Integrin αvβ8 on T Cells is Responsible for Suppression of Anti-Tumor Immunity in Syngeneic Models and is a Promising Target for Tumor Immunotherapy

The αvβ8 integrin is a key activator of transforming growth factor β(TGFβ), which has been shown to inhibit anti-tumor immunity. Previous work has suggested that αvβ8 on tumor cells could modulate tumor growth and responses to immune checkpoint blockade. We now show that a potent blocking monoclonal antibody against avb8 (ADWA-11) causes growth suppression or complete regression in syngeneic models of squamous cell carcinoma (CCK168), mammary cancer (EMT-6), colon cancer (CT26), and prostate cancer (TRAMPC2), especially when it is combined with other immunomodulators (anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4 or 4-1BB) or radiotherapy. αvβ8 is expressed on tumor cells in some of these models, but tumor cell expression of avb8 is not essential for the beneficial effects of ADWA-11 therapy. αvβ8 is consistently expressed at highest levels on CD4+CD25+ T cells within tumors, and specific deletion of Itgb8 from T cells is as effective as ADWA-11 in suppressing tumor growth. Treatment with ADWA-11 increases expression of a suite of genes in tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells that are normally inhibited by TGFβ and are involved in tumor cell killing, including Granzyme B and Interferon-g. These findings solidify αvβ8 integrin as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy, even for tumors that do not express this integrin.
Uncovering the complexities of biological structures with network-based learning: an application in SARS-CoV-2.

Network-based learning enables the identification of possible undiscovered interactions in biological systems. In this issue of Patterns, Du et al. show that applying these methods to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reveals potential infection targets of the virus and possible interactions between SARS-CoV-2 proteins and human proteins.
A Pilot Study Testing the Efficacy of a Brief, Bystander Bullying Intervention: Reducing Bullying Victimization Among High School Students:

This study examined the efficacy of a brief, bystander bullying intervention (STAC) among high school students using a randomized controlled design. Results indicate that intervention students repo...
A combination isotope approach towards improved PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy in a murine model of prostate cancer

1204 Objectives: Radioligand therapy targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a promising treatment option for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Early clinical experiences with beta-emitter Lu-177 and alpha-emitter Ac-225 as single agents have demonstrated encouraging treatment responses; however, responses are not durable. Disease relapse may be caused by insufficient tumor dose delivery, though 225Ac injected activity is limited by salivary gland toxicity. Dual isotope combination may improve tolerability while retaining high tumor dose. The objective of this study was to directly compare alpha- vs beta-particle treatment, as well as a combination thereof, at different stages of disease in a metastatic mouse model of mCRPC. Methods: To determine comparable injected activities from 177Lu and 225Ac, biodistribution studies were carried out at five time points following treatment of C4-2 subcutaneous tumor-bearing NSG mice. Tumor doses were estimated by integrating time-activity curves according to standard medical internal radiation dose methods. To establish a metastatic model of disease, NSG mice were inoculated with luciferase-expressing C4-2 cells in the left ventricle. Mice were treated at either 3 or 5 weeks after inoculation, with equivalent tumor dose-depositing activities of 177Lu- or 225Ac-PSMA-617 or in scaled combination (n=10/group). Disease burden was assessed by weekly bioluminescence imaging. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using whole body tumor burden growth and overall survival. Results: The dosimetry studies revealed that 35 MBq 177Lu and 40 kBq 225Ac yield equivalent tumor doses in a subcutaneous C4-2 model. Untreated mice develop visceral metastases >200 μm by 3 weeks after intracardiac inoculation, increasing to millimeter scale by 5 weeks. Disease burden of mice treated at 3 weeks with 177Lu was not significantly different from untreated mice, potentially due to off-target dose deposition from the greater penetration range of beta particles. However, both the single agent 225Ac-PSMA-617 and in combination with 177Lu were associated with significant whole body tumor growth retardation and survival benefit. Preliminary results of an ongoing treatment study at 5 weeks after inoculation show increased 177Lu efficacy against larger metastases. Conclusions: Treatment of a metastatic model of prostate cancer with 40 kBq 225Ac-PSMA-617 or 20 kBq 225Ac in tandem with 17MBq 177Lu results in significantly decreased tumor growth compared with a beta-emitter alone. This works suggests a preference for alpha emitters alone or in combination in the metastatic setting.
Human Antibody Domains and Fragments Targeting Neutrophil Elastase as Candidate Therapeutics for Cancer and Inflammation-Related Diseases

Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a serine protease released during neutrophil maturation. High levels of NE are related to lung tissue damage and poor prognosis in cancer; thus, NE is a potential target for therapeutic immunotherapy for multiple lung diseases and cancers. Here, we isolate and characterize two high-affinity, specific, and noncompetitive anti-NE antibodies Fab 1C10 and VH 1D1.43 from two large phage-displayed human Fab and VH libraries. After fusion with human IgG1 Fc, both of them (VH-Fc 1D1.43 and IgG1 1C10) inhibit NE enzymatic activity with VH-Fc 1D1.43 showing comparable inhibitory effects to that of the small molecule NE inhibitor SPCK and IgG1 1C10 exhibiting even higher (2.6-fold) activity than SPCK. Their epitopes, as mapped by peptide arrays combined with structural modeling, indicate different mechanisms for blocking NE activity. Both VH-Fc and IgG1 antibodies block NE uptake by cancer cells and fibroblast differentiation. VH-Fc 1D1.43 and IgG1 1C10 are promising for the antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
Increased interhemispheric asymmetry of cerebral blood flow in comatose adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a mechanical circulatory support method that is associated with a high burden of neurologic injury, but neurologic examination and imaging of this population presents prohibitive medical and logistical challenges. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) can measure relative cerebral blood flow (rBF) non-invasively at the bedside. In this study we observed interhemispheric differences in rBF in response to mean arterial pressure (MAP) changes in adult ECMO recipients. Thirteen patients were recruited (ages 21-78, 7 with cardiac arrest, 4 with acute heart failure, 2 with acute respiratory distress syndrome). They were dichotomized via Glasgow Coma Scale Motor score (GCS-M) into comatose (GCS-M ≤ 4; n=4) and non-comatose (GCS-M > 4; n=9) groups. Comatose patients had more interhemispheric rBF asymmetry (ASYM_rBF) vs. non-comatose patients over a range of MAP values, (29% [IQR 23-34%] vs. 11% [IQR 8-13%], p=0.009). ASYM_rBF in comatose patients resolved near a MAP range of 70-80 mm Hg, while rBF remained symmetric through a wider MAP range in non-comatose patients. Associations between post-oxygenator pCO2 or pH vs. ASYM_rBF individually did not meet significance, though the linear model slopes were different between comatose and non-comatose subgroups. Here we have demonstrated asymmetric cerebral autoregulation in comatose ECMO patients.
A Primer of Discrete Mathematics

Aimed at introductory college maths students, this text provides a clear exposition of the foundation of maths and an appreciation of the creative dimensions of some mathematical concepts.
Sol–gel route for the building up of superhydrophobic nanostructured hybrid-coatings on copper surfaces

Abstract A wet chemical route is herein presented with the aim of building up a superhydrophobic coating on copper (Cu). A thin film of flower-like alumina – obtained by sol–gel – was deposited and combined with fluoroalkylsilane moieties, resulting in a hybrid coating with excellent repellence to water (static contact angle of 179 ± 1°) and self-cleaning properties (contact angle hysteresis of 5 ± 1°). The wetting performances were strictly related to the peculiar morphology of the coating's inorganic component and to the chemistry of the outer organic layer. The combination of the nanometric alumina lamellas with the micrometric roughness of sandblasted Cu surface proved to be essential to the formation of the hierarchical scaled structure allowing superhydrophobicity. However, the surface extension of alumina layer and its functional effectiveness were threatened by Cu oxides occasionally formed during the annealing steps necessary to stabilize the coating. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the surfaces, in fact, revealed the simultaneous presence of different chemical species and morphologies. Grains with cube-like aspect (attributable to Cu 2 O) were formed on coated surfaces thermally treated at 200–300 °C, while microwires of CuO appeared at higher temperature. Once the thermal conditions are carefully tuned and the temperature kept not higher than 200 °C, it is possible to limit the presence of Cu oxides which, in turn, means preserving a high level of performances, also avoiding brittleness phenomena and keeping unchanged the surface optical properties. The coating's stability and the maintenance of superhydrophobicity were preliminarily investigated following the water contact angle evolution after immersion of samples in ethanol in an ultrasonic bath.
Chapter 19. Peptides of the Hypothalamus

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the summaries of recent advances in peptide backbone modifications, the conformational studies on peptides, and the increasing evidence of their role as neurotransmitters in separate sections. The neurohypophyseal hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are transported to the neurohypophysis, where they are stored as pending release upon appropriate stimulation. It has been found that these hormones include oxytocin and arginine vasopressin. Recent progress in the design of antagonists to both oxytocin and vasopressin has demonstrated the applicability of cross-over information from the two systems and further insights from agonist models, such as the highly active and selective arginine vasopressin, can be anticipated. The nature of vasopressin-neurophysin interactions and the identification of a glycopeptide AVP-NPII precursor is complicated by the isolation of two different undecapeptide derivatives from fresh frozen bovine neurohyophysis: (Ala-Gly[Arg]) vasopressin and Val-Asp [Arg] vasopressin. Of thousands of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH–RH) analogs synthesized since 1971, the most potent agonists (super agonists) have had D-amino acid substituents at the 6-position that when combined with the fujino modification at the c-terminus (ProNHCH 2 CH 3 ) have yielded several analogs. The role of peptides as neurotransmitters is supported by evidence that such peptides as somatostatin and TRF are synthesized in many areas of the brain besides the hypothalamus. It has been found that almost all the evidence indicates that peptides of the gut are found in the brain and vice versa.
Polar bonded phase with the zwitterionic sulfobetaine functional group. Comparison to silica.

Abstract A new bonded phase has been prepared by the reaction of n-propylsultone with dimethylaminopropylsilane-modified silica. The resulting functional group is the zwitterionic ammonium propane sulfonate. Chromatographic solvents based on three strong solvents, methylene chloride, diisopropyl ether and acetonitrile, were prepared in hexane. Solutes, including substituted benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and low-molecular-weight species commonly used as solvents, were chromatographed on the zwitterionic phase and on silica from the same supplier of the dimethylamino phase. The zwitterionic phase is a weaker adsorbent than silica and retentions are less influenced by the type of strong solvent employed, compared to silica. The retention (log k′) of solutes on the zwitterionic phase is highly correlated with the free energy of transfer of solute from the vapor phase to water.
The quantum unique ergodicity conjecture for thin sets

Abstract We consider some analogs of the quantum unique ergodicity conjecture for geodesics and “shrinking” families of sets. In particular, we prove the analog of the QUE conjecture for Eisenstein series restricted to the infinite geodesic connecting 0 and ∞ inside the modular surface.
Metronidazole- and carbapenem-resistant Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron isolated in Rochester, Minnesota, in 2014.

Emerging antimicrobial resistance in members of the Bacteroides fragilis group is a concern in clinical medicine. Although metronidazole and carbapenem resistance have been reported in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a member of the B. fragilis group, they have not, to the best of our knowledge, been reported together in the same B. thetaiotaomicron isolate. Herein, we report isolation of piperacillin-tazobactam-, metronidazole-, clindamycin-, ertapenem-, and meropenem-resistant B. thetaiotaomicron from a patient with postoperative intra-abdominal abscess and empyema. Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated the presence of nimD with at least a portion of IS1169 upstream, a second putative nim gene, two β-lactamase genes (one of which has not been previously reported), two tetX genes, tetQ, ermF, two cat genes, and a number of efflux pumps. This report highlights emerging antimicrobial resistance in B. thetaiotaomicron and the importance of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of selected anaerobic bacteria.
Mothers' appreciation of chromosomal microarray analysis for autism spectrum disorder

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine mothers' experiences with chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Design and Methods This is a descriptive qualitative study using thematic content analysis of in-depth interview with 48 mothers of children who had genetic testing for ASD. Results The principal theme, “something is missing,” included missing knowledge about genetics, information on use of the results, explanations of the relevance to the diagnosis, and relevance to life-long care. Two subordinate themes were (a) disappreciation of the helpfulness of scientific information to explain the diagnosis, and (b) returning to personal experience for interpretation. Practice Implications The test “appreciated” in value when results could be linked to the phenotype.
Training in ChiRunning to reduce blood pressure: a randomized controlled pilot study

People with prehypertension (120–130/80–90 mmHg) are at increased risk of progressing to hypertension. Recommendations for prehypertension include engaging in regular physical activity. We aimed to assess feasibility and acceptability and collect preliminary outcome data on ChiRunning for people with elevated blood pressure. ChiRunning is a commercially available running program based on the mindful movements of Tai Chi, which is aimed at decreasing injury by both increasing body awareness and modifying running form. We enrolled adults with elevated systolic (130–150 mmHg) or diastolic (80–100 mmHg) blood pressure in a 12-week pilot trial. Participants were randomized 2:1:1 to 8 weeks of: 1) intervention—a trainer-led ChiRunning group (n = 10); 2) active control—a trainer-led running group (n = 6); or 3) educational control—a self-directed running group (n = 6) and followed for 4 more weeks. The active control and educational control groups were combined for analysis. This study was feasible, meeting recruitment, retention and adherence goals, and acceptable to participants. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly over the study for either the ChiRunning or control groups. Changes in BMI over time were significantly different from zero in the ChiRunning group (p = 0.04) but not in the control group (slope for ChiRunning −0.05 [−0.1 to −0.002] vs. control −0.01 [−0.06 to 0.04], between slope difference, p = 0.22). Self-reported running-related injury (i.e. discomfort leading to a decrease in running) was similar between groups (ChiRunning, 4 [1.2 to 8.4] vs. control, 3 [0.7 to 7.1] injuries per 100 h of running, p = 0.72) although self-reported running-related discomfort (i.e. discomfort that does not lead to changes in running) trended higher in the ChiRunning group (ChiRunning, 10 [5.4 to 16.8] vs. control, 4 [1.5 to 9] reports of discomfort per 100 h of running, p = 0.06). ChiRunning appears to be a feasible and acceptable exercise program for people with elevated blood pressure. We did not find that ChiRunning had a significant impact on blood pressure or self reported injury, but did see a positive change in BMI over time. ChiRunning warrants further investigation in a larger trial. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01587183
Comment on: “The measurement of tropospheric OH radicals by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy during the POPCORN Field Campaign” by Hofzumahaus et al. and “Intercomparison of tropospheric OH radical measurements by multiple folded long-path laser absorption and laser induced fluorescence” by Brauers et al.

Calibration of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) instruments that measure OH is challenging because it is difficult to reliably introduce a known amount of this reactive radical into a measurement apparatus. In a recent paper, Hofzumahaus et al., [1996] describe a novel and seemingly simple technique to accomplish this goal: they dissociate trace quantities of water vapor in air with a low pressure mercury (Hg) lamp to produce low concentrations (10^5 - 10^9 cm^(-3)) of OH (R1).
Hydrogenated Pteridine Derivatives with High Group Transfer Potential

THIS communication is an attempt to formulate a general molecular mechanism involving hydrogenated pteridine derivatives functioning as compounds with high group transfer potential. We have recently shown that there is good agreement between quantum mechanical calculations and e.s.r. data1,2, and so theoretical and experimental results have been taken into consideration.
Some critical properties of Ornstein-Zernike systems

A study is made of some critical properties of systems that satisfy the Ornstein-Zernike (OZ) condition that the direct correlation function $\mathrm{c}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$ behaves like $\ensuremath{-}{(\mathrm{kT})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ times the pair potential $V(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$ for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}$ such that $V(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})\ensuremath{\ll}\mathrm{kT}$, even at the critical point. It is pointed out that a number of models of interest that satisfy this condition exist. The relationship (and great difference) between the implication of this condition and the results of the van der Waals-Bragg-Williams-Weiss approach is clarified, and it is noted that in systems satisfying the OZ condition both Widom's homogeneity condition and Kadanoff's scaling hypothesis can be violated, although a self-similarity condition is in general satisfied. The importance of the subtle interplay between small $|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}|$ and large $|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}|$ correlations, which is lost in both the mean field and scaling picture, is discussed.
EUV observations of the equatorial aurora

The extreme ultraviolet telescope on the Apollo-Soyuz mission observed the equatorial aurora from an altitude of 220 km on four separate occasions in July 1975 in quiet geomagnetic conditions (Ap=6). In all cases signals well above ambient background in the 50 to 150-A, 114 to 150-A, 170 to 600-A, and 500 to 780-A bands were recorded as the spacecraft moved across the equator and the instrument viewed the atmosphere below it. The observed emissions are confined to a band roughly 10° to 20° in width, the peak emission occurring in the range ∼ −15° to +2° magnetic latitude. No enhancement in the 1350 to 1550-A channel was noted. The observed signals are interpreted as recombination radiation of energetic helium and, possibly, oxygen ions originating in the terrestrial ring current.
On the stability of bilinear-constant velocity-pressure finite elements

An analysis of the Babuska stability of bilinear/constant finite element pairs for viscous flow calculations is given. An unstable mode not of the checkerboard type is given for which the stability constant turns out to beO(h). Thus, the indicated spaces are not stable in general for numerical calculation.
Soybean root nodule ultrastructure during dark-induced stress and recovery

Root-nodules of soybean plants dark-stressed for 8 days and then allowed to recover for up to 17 days were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Control nodules possessed all the ultrastructural features characteristic of infected and uninfected nodule cells. Minimal changes in the appearance of host cells and bacteroids occurred during the first four days of dark stress. After 8 days of dark stress, damage was observed in the cellular and organelle membranes; however, very few changes were observed in the bacteroids. Nodule structure continued to degrade during the first two days of recovery after which time nodules either recovered or completely degraded. In the former case, structural integrity returned to all nodule cells. In the latter case all structural integrity of the host cell disappeared; however, bacteroids appeared intact suggesting that they remained viable.
COMPARISON OF FLUOROMETRIC CORTICOIDS AND PORTER-SILBER 17-HYDROXYCORTICOIDS DURING FASTING.

Abstract Simultaneous estimation of plasma cortisol levels was performed in 3 obese patients by a fluorometric technic and by the Porter-Silber reaction, during a control period, a 10 day fast and a refeeding period. During the fast a marked elevation in the values obtained by the Porter-Silber reaction was noted whereas the fluorometric measurements remained in the normal range. Evidence is presented that this elevation is due to an artifact probably caused by the elevated acetone bodies found during starvation.
Oxidation dynamics of aluminum nanorods

Aluminum nanorods (Al-NRs) are promising fuels for pyrotechnics due to the high contact areas with oxidizers, but their oxidation mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, reactive molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study thermally initiated burning of oxide-coated Al-NRs with different diameters (D = 26, 36, and 46 nm) in oxygen environment. We found that thinner Al-NRs burn faster due to the larger surface-to-volume ratio. The reaction initiates with the dissolution of the alumina shell into the molten Al core to generate heat. This is followed by the incorporation of environmental oxygen atoms into the resulting Al-rich shell, thereby accelerating the heat release. These results reveal an unexpectedly active role of the alumina shell as a “nanoreactor” for oxidation.
Transforming scandal into tragedy: A rhetoric of political apology

This essay claims that Richard Nixon, Edward Kennedy, and their apologists drew upon popular meanings of tragedy and other related terms of fiction to obscure moral responsibility for behavior connected with Watergate and Chappaquiddick. In general, the media uncritically accepted and imitated this misappropriation of fictional language and thereby contributed to a dubious rhetorical strategy of exculpation. The unstated arguments derived from the morally positive and formally satisfying suggestions of tragedy are explored and rhetorical critics are advised to be alert to similar confusion in public discourse.
The effects of π-conjugation on first hyperpolarizabilities of charged NLO chromophores

A quantum-chemical analysis of the molecular structure and first hyperpolarizabilities of a series of ionic organic and organometallic molecules have been performed and the results are compared with the corresponding neutral molecules. The molecular geometries are obtained via BL3YP /6-31G** optimization including SCRF approach, while the dynamic NLO properties are calculated with the ZINDO/CV method including solvent effects. We compare our theoretical results with the experimental values wherever available in the literature and evaluated the results in detail about the agreements and disagreements between theoretical and experimental findings.
Underlying representations in dialectology

Abstract Current generative positions in dialectology have suggested that all dialects have the same underlying representations; this hypothesis has been offered to explain inter-dialectal communication. This paper argues that such an hypothesis, although perhaps reasonable, is not a necessary conclusion in explanation of inter-dialectal communication. The paper suggests that almost no empirical evidence has been offered in support of the hypothesis; more importantly, the paper argues that there are empirical and theoretical reasons for rejecting the claim.
Cytomatrix reorganization in dimethyl sulfoxide-induced "Qi" substate murine hepatic tumor cells.

Cultured murine hepatic tumor (HT) cells respond to the polar solvent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with specific alterations in morphology, proliferative kinetics, and biochemical properties. These include entrance into a quiescent "Qi" substate (characterized by accumulation of cells in G1 phase and lowered cellular RNA content), enhanced production of liver-specific proteins, and decreased expression of growth traits characteristic of the transformed phenotype. Entrance of HT cells into Qi was associated with increased monolayer compaction and a shift from an elaborate surface fibronectin (FN) network to a sparse and restricted distribution of FN fibers. This marked decrease in the extent and complexity of the cellular FN network, as a consequence of DMSO exposure, was reflected in a 90% decline in the amount of FN secreted into the culture medium. These data complement previous studies indicating that the accumulation and composition of liver cell matrix substances reflect altered patterns of hepatocyte-specific gene expression. In the HT cell system, DMSO appears to act in a bifunctional manner, increasing the production of certain tissue-specific proteins (e.g., albumin and alpha-fetoprotein) while decreasing the secretion and deposition of other cellular components (FN). DMSO may directly regulate expression of these proteins in HT cells or alter the pattern of cellular response to specific autocrine growth factors.
Toxicologic studies on vancomycin and polyethylene glycol 200.

Abstract Vancomycin was administered intramuscularly to dogs at dose levels of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg in 50% PEG 200 every day for one month. Kidney function, as indicated by creatinine and PAH clearances, was normal. The venous CO 2 contents were not significantly changed. The renal clearance of vancomycin was 40% to 68% of the glomerular filtration rate based on total plasma concentration. At termination, none of the dogs showed gross or microscopic abnormality in the kidney, hematopoietic organs, and other tissues. PEG 200 was given to dogs, 1.0 ml/kg/day for 8 days intramuscularly, or 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 ml/kg i.v. singly. No toxic effects were apparent in any of the dogs. Venous CO 2 content, blood NPN, and blood alkaline phosphatase were normal. No gross or microscopic abnormality was found in the kidneys, circulation, and various tissues.
Cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells show increased histamine metabolism when exposed to oscillatory shear stress

Oscillatory shear stress applied to the lining of blood vessels causes endothelial cell injury, one of the essential postulated prerequisites to the development of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this investigation was to study effects of shear stress on bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), in vitro, for varying lengths of time (6 h, 12 h, 24 h) on BAEC histamine content (HC) and histidine decarboxylase activity (HD). Low intensity stress (1.6 dynes/cm2) as well as intermediate and high intensity shear stresses (3.5 dynes/cm2 and 7.6 dynes/cm2) resulted in an accelerated HD (281%) and elevated HC (144%). These data indicate that oscillatory shear stress produces increases in histamine metabolism.