cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doubly linked dinuclear transition metal complexes. Synthesis of Me2Si[C5H4FeCO]2L (L = dppe, dppm)

Abstract Photolysis of Me 2 Si[C 5 H 4 Fe(CO) 2 ] 2 [1] in the presence of bis-phosphine ligands (dppe and dppm) gives good yields of doubly linked diiron complexes. In the reaction with dppe, a mechanically linked tetranuclear species can also be isolated.
Doushantuo Fossils: Life on the Eve of Animal Radiation

Doushantuo Fossils: Life on the Eve of Animal Radiation. Xun-lai Yuan, Shu-hai Xiao, Lei-ming Yin, Andrew H. Knoll, Chuan-ming Zhou and Xi-nan Mu, eds. 2002. The University of Science and Technology of China Press, Hefei, 171 p. (In Chinese, with English summary) ISBN 7-312-01399-6/Q.32. The Neoproterozoic (1,000 ∼ 540 Ma) is a defining time in the history of eukaryote life: spiny acritarchs appeared in abundance, accompanied by a steadfast increase of macroscopic algae. Emergence of metazoan animals in the Neoproterozoic foreshadows a succession of crucial events in the history of early life: diversification of the Ediacaran organisms, and the Cambrian radiation of most animal phyla. Some of the best seats in the paleontological theater to view this high evolutionary drama of early eukaryote life are in the fossil sites of the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation of China, which yielded some spectacular fossils of acritarchs, macroscopic algae, and fossilized animal embryos. Doushantuo Fossils is the latest synthesis by several active paleontologists who have contributed much to our understanding of an important paleontological treasure of China. For the last several years, the dazzling discoveries from the Doushantuo Formation have come at such a rapid pace that many paleontologists were caught by delightful surprise. The new fossils also begged new questions for which there are not yet any definitive answers. Taking stock of what has been accomplished in the past and gauging what can be explored in the future, this book on the Doushantuo fossils provides a timely review of a topic that is inherently interesting to all who care about the early evolution of life. Chapter 1, “Origin of Life and Early Life on Earth,” is a primer for a general audience, with an overview of the Chinese fossil records on the early history of life. Professionals will find the basic scientific substance …
Rhabdomyosarcoma of striated muscle origin in preadolescent children.

Summary Six cases of rhabdomyosarcoma of striated muscle origin (soft tissue origin) in preadolescent children are reported and the literature reviewed. Three of the patients died in 2 months, 3 months, and 3 years, respectively, following clinically manifest disease. One patient, treated by forequarter amputation, is living, well, and clinically free of disease 2 1/2 years following the first clinical manifestation. Two other patients, treated by radical operation, are also living, well, and free of disease 5 and 6 months postoperatively. Rhabdomyosarcoma of striated muscle origin continues to be a rare and catastrophic disease of childhood. Early detection with immediate application of therapy is considered to be the only hope of preventing metastases and obtaining a cure. Biopsy is thought to be the most important single aid to early recognition. As with most types of cancer, close cooperation among the surgeon, the pediatrician, and the pathologist concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease is necessary. The accepted therapy is radical operation with removal of a large block of surrounding uninvolved tissues and amputation of the total part where possible and clinically deemed necessary. Roentgen therapy may be tried as a palliative measure in surgically inaccessible tumors, or in the metastases from previously excised primary neoplasms.
Proofreading systems of multiple stages for improved accuracy of biological discrimination

(Received 20 September 1979, and in revised form 8 February 1980) The phenomenal accuracy of biological discrimination is due in many cases to specific proofreading mechanisms. We have previously developed a macroscopic theory of such mechanisms and applied it to the case of single-stage proofreading. In this article we apply the theory to systems with multiple stages of proofreading. A specific relationship between improved accuracy due to proofreading and the associated energy cost is given. This is a macroscopic relationship that must be satisfied regardless of the details of the underlying mechanisms. Five factors in the design of such systems are shown to influence their overall accuracy: (1) initial discrimination, (2) number of proofreading stages, (3) proofreading discrimination of each stage, (4) distribution of proofreading effort among the stages, and (5) total energy expended for proofreading. We show that there is an optimal distribution of proofreading effort that, for a given degree of accuracy, minimizes the energy cost of proofreading. We also provide a simple physical interpretation of this minimum condition. These results are used to examine proofreading in two experimental systems for which there is appropriate data available in the literature: the valyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzed misacylation of tRNA”” with threonine and the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzed misacylation of tRNA”’ with valine. The correlation between the magnitude of a discrimination factor and the size of the corresponding enzymatic cavity is discussed.
Behavioral spillovers and cognitive load in multiple games: An experimental study

We present evidence from laboratory experiments of behavioral spillovers and cognitive load that spread across strategic contexts. In the experiments, subjects play two distinct games simultaneously with different opponents. We find that the strategies chosen and the e! ciency of outcomes in one game depends on the other game that the subject plays, and that play is altered in predictable directions. We develop a measure of behavioral variation in a normal form game, outcome entropy, and find that prevalent strategies in games with low outcome entropy are more likely to be used in the games with high outcome entropy, but not vice versa. Taken together, these findings suggest that people do not treat strategic situations in isolation, but may instead develop heuristics that they apply across games. In this paper, we describe laboratory experiments in which individuals simultaneously and repeatedly play two games with different opponents. We test whether an individual’s play in one game is influenced by the other strategic interaction she faces. Multiple games can increase cognitive load preventing individuals from choosing e! cient or even equilibrium behaviors. They can also induce behavioral spillovers in which individuals choose similar strategies in the two games. We find evidence of both psychological processes. First, we find that although individuals are free to apply distinct strategies in each game, they instead develop and apply common behaviors across the two games. For example, when playing the prisoner’s dilemma paired with a game of
Analyzing-power fluctuations in the 26Mg()26Mg reaction

Abstract Excitation functions of the cross section and analyzing power for the 26 Mg( p , p ′ ) 26 Mg reaction have been obtained for the ground state and the first two excited states of 26 Mg in the incident energy range 5.5 to 17.5 MeV, and for the fourth excited state in the energy range 6.8 to 17.5 MeV, in 50 keV intervals at 120°, 140° and 160°. Angular distributions of the cross section and analyzing power have also been measured at many energies throughout this entire energy range. The data have been analyzed in terms of the statistical model and deviations from its predicted features have been observed. The analysis of autocorrelations and cross correlations was used to obtain the average compound nucleus width for the analyzing power throughout the 13.5–25.1 MeV excitation energy range in 27 Al. In addition, distribution-free statistical tests (runs tests) were used to study apparent non-statistical structure in the excitation functions.
Natural product biosynthesis moves in vitro

Heterologous production of natural products in non-native bacteria can be used to increase yields of certain bioactive compounds; however, producing small molecules inside bacteria has numerous limitations. Two reports of the in vitro reconstruction of entire biosynthetic pathways highlight the advantages and challenges of this approach for pathway engineering.
Factors associated with entry into therapy in children evaluated for sexual abuse

It is widely accepted that therapeutic intervention is an important and effective component in the treatment of the sexually abused child. The goal of this study was to identify children who are at risk for not receiving mental health services following sexual victimization. Nine-hundred and seventy-two children were followed for 6 months, and intervention by the Department of Children's Services (DCS), law enforcement agencies, and mental health professionals was monitored. Those children who were most likely to enter therapy were Caucasian, between the ages of 7 and 13, had cases in which DCS or law enforcement were involved, were placed outside the home, and experienced abuse of greater frequency. Implications of this study for intervention with child sexual abuse victims are discussed. Recommendations are made for future research.
A comment on Gilbert's the twilight of corporate strategy'

This communication offers comment on Gilbert's critique of the strategic management paradigm for failing to recognize the role and justice of the individual purpose in business organizations.
The R-matrix with pseudo-states method: Theory and applications to electron scattering and photoionization

Abstract Until a few years ago, calculations for electron scattering from atoms and ions were typically performed using nonperturbative close-coupling-type approximations for low impact energies and perturbative Born-type methods in the high—energy regime. Especially for neutral as well as singly and even doubly ionized targets, however, neither one of those methods is particularly reliable for the “intermediate energy regime”, i.e., impact energies near and up to about five times the ionization threshold. This gap has recently been closed by several modifications to the standard close-coupling (R-matrix) formalism. In this paper, the principal ideas behind the R-matrix with pseudo-states (RMPS) method are introduced, and the similarities as well as the differences to related approaches such as the convergent close-coupling (CCC) and the intermediate-energy R-matrix (IERM) methods are discussed. Furthermore, example cases illustrating the need for using such sophisticated approaches are presented.
Women's Perceptions of the Climate in Engineering Technology Programs

A review of the literature shows that women learn and behave in ways that differ from the norm in engineering, science, and mathematics, but no research has been done specifically on women in engineering technology. In order to determine whether there is a difference between what women in engineering technology perceive as important to them and what exists in their academic programs, we conducted a survey of 100 female students from 2-year and 4-year schools throughout the country. Specifically, we were interested in their perceptions of competition and challenge, faculty support, recognition of their abilities, peer support, and inclusion in the program. The results showed significant differences between what was important to them and what they perceive exists in the program in all areas except competition and challenge. Differences were also found based upon demographic variables.
Embryonic pole cells and mycoplasmalike symbionts in Drosophila paulistorum.

Abstract Mycoplasmalike intracellular symbionts have been located in the pole cells of Drosophila paulistorum embryos. These cells are destined to form the germ cells of both sexes. The symbionts had been previously localized in larval and adult developing and mature ovaries and testes. It is via the egg cytoplasm that these microorganisms are transmitted between generations to apparently cause an infectious and hereditary hybrid male sterility.
Critical Notice: Paul Russell's The Riddle of Hume's Treatise: Skepticism, Naturalism, and Irreligion (OUP 2008)

In The Riddle of Hume's Treatise: Skepticism, Naturalism, and Irreligion (2008), Paul Russell makes a strong case for the claim that “The primary aim of Hume's series of skeptical arguments, as developed and distributed throughout the Treatise, is to discredit the doctrines and dogmas of Christian philosophy and theology with a view toward redirecting our philosophical investigations to areas of ‘common life,’ with the particular aim of advancing ‘the science of man’” (2008, 290). Understanding Hume in this way, according to Russell, sheds light on the “ultimate riddle” of the Treatise: “is it possible to reconcile Hume's (extreme) skeptical principles and conclusions with his aim to advance the ‘science of man’” (2008, 3)? Or does Hume's skepticism undermine his “secular, scientific account of the foundations of moral life in human nature” (290)? Russell's controversial thesis is that “the irreligious nature of Hume's fundamental intentions in the Treatise” is essential to solving the riddle (11). Russel...
Parents' time use: A 1967–1986 comparison

The purpose of this article is to report the different time allocations of parents with an infant in 1967 and in 1986 in order to observe changes in household production, childcare, and total obligatory activities. The sample is a subset of 84 families from a 1967 study of two-parent families and from 108 families from a study of first-time parents in 1986.
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF APPLE CORTEX

The incremental creep and recovery theory was used to develop a constitutive relationship for apple cortex without assuming the nature and the characteristics of the material. Successive loading and unloading cycles of increasing duration were applied on the cylindrically shaped specimens of apple cortex. The elastic strain component was linear with stress. The viscoelastic and permanent strain components were time dependent and nonlinear functions of stress. Three-step creep tests and stress-strain tests at various deformation rates were also conducted on cylindrically shaped specimens of apple cortex. Prediction of strains under these loading histories by using the constitutive equation showed a close agreement between the theoretical and experimental strains. An equivalence between the critical creep stress (found from the incremental creep and recovery tests) and the ultimate stress, obtained from the stress-strain tests at various deformation rates, were also established.
Sex Pheromone of the Oblique-banded Leaf Roller Moth

ALTHOUGH at least ten pheromone compounds have been reported for lepidopterous species, only three1–3 have proved to be true sex attractants in natural field conditions. We now report that the structure of the sex attractant of the oblique-banded leaf roller Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), one of the most widely distributed North American tortricids, is cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate (I).
Effect of Time Post-Mortem on Development of Pink Discoloration in Cooked Turkey Breast Meat

Abstract This study investigated effects of time post-mortem on development of pink discoloration in turkey Pectoralis major muscles. Muscles were harvested immediately after slaughter, ground, and cooked at 0 to 24 h post-mortem in 4-h increments. Changes in pH, color, and denaturation of myoglobin during cooking were observed. The pH of raw and marinated product declined post-mortem; however, this decline was 0.13 pH units less for meat that was marinated. Aging muscles less than 8 h resulted in a decrease in pH during cooking, whereas muscles aged for longer time periods had an increase in pH during cooking. Moreover, aging decreased the degree of redness and increased myoglobin denaturation in the cooked product. Data suggest that one possible reason for pink discoloration in cooked turkey meat is reduced sensitivity of myoglobin to heat denaturation due to further processing before completion of the rigor process.
LOEWE: A LOTOS engineering workbench

Abstract LOEWE is an integrated tools environment for the specification, analysis, and implementation of communication software. Although primarily based on the formal description technique LOTOS, LOEWE additionally offers multiple, semantically equivalent representations of a given protocol specification. Each format is specially adapted to support specific tool functionality: processes are used for simulation and compilation, fast state space exploration is performed on extended finite state machines, and labelled transition graphs are used for system verification. LOEWE currently contains a LOTOS syntax and static semantic verifier, a generator of extended finite state machines with associated interactive state exploration tools, a temporal logic verifier, a compiler to generate C code from LOTOS behavior expressions, a translator of LOTOS abstract data type operations to a set of LISP functions, and a graphical trace analyzer of LOTOS process interactions.
Pattern-based Policy Configuration for SOA Applications

Service component architecture (SCA) defines a component model that allows for a late binding with a concrete implementation. Similarly, the SCA policy framework defines a policy mechanism that uses intents, which are high-level declarations of desired nonfunctional features that are bound to concrete policies at a later time. The definitions of intents are simple, but the actual intent application is complex. Meeting policy requirements requires application of intents at many points in an assembly, and presumes domain knowledge about the semantics and constraints related to using a particular combination of intents. We propose pattern based policy configuration to resolve these difficulties. Our proposed configuration system has two features: policy intent patterns and pattern application rules. Domain knowledge is encoded as roles and role constraints in policy intent patterns. Pattern application rules can be used to define how patterns are applied automatically. This paper takes the original approach of thinking about policy application from a compositional perspective; this reduces the complexity of meeting nonfunctional requirements for SCA assemblies and provides a validation framework for applied intents.
The observation of stress-induced leakage current of damascene interconnects after bias temperature aging

Time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) was investigated, noting the time variation of stress-induce leakage current (SILC) between copper (Cu) lines. To clarify the TDDB mechanism, triangular voltage sweep (TVS) and bias temperature aging were alternatively performed for Cu damascene structures. The SILC was largely increased with stress time; however no Cu ion peak was detected in TVS measurements. The point-symmetric TVS hysteresis clearly indicates that the distribution of stress-induced defects is independent of electric polarity, namely it is a random or symmetric distribution. In addition, the SILC of Cu interconnect increased as slow as that of tungsten (W) in the usual bias temperature aging. Since the optimize barrier process sufficiently suppresses Cu ion drift in TDDB testing, the dielectric breakdown is only controlled by intrinsic factors. When the protection against moisture is structurally insufficient, the water-related degradation is seriously pronounced instead of Cu ion drift. The water-absorbed interconnect abruptly breaks down while the current is decreasing. Just before the breakdown, the asymmetric TVS hysteresis appears. Therefore, TVS observation enables us to distinguish whether stress-induced leakage current comes from intrinsic or extrinsic causes.
Local Fights in National Conflicts: Understanding the Location of Conflict Events during Intrastate Conflict

How do rebel groups determine their targets during intrastate conflict? We build upon two competing theories in conflict studies that emphasize either the social or economic determinants of violence during war and use geographic information systems (GIS) analysis to explore these competing theories. To do this, we utilize a subnational analysis of the most likely case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to understand whether ethnicity or natural resources motivates the location of conflict events. Accounting for geography, we find that economic endowments in the form of natural resources are highly related with the number of violent attacks, while the presence of competing ethnic groups does not offer much help in understanding the location of conflict events.
Socially relevant computing curriculum innovation

This paper is based on curriculum development over the past ten years that includes work at Howard University as well as universities in Zimbabwe, South Africa and Rwanda. The focus is the development of the computing discipline in a people-centered manner. The methodology used defined a theoretical justification and an organisational approach. The theoretical justification consists of a philosophical component that seeks to clarify ‘what is’ socially relevant computing and an ideological component that seeks to link socially relevant computing to the social and economic interests of a broad population. The organisational approach is multidimensional, crossing educational levels, educational institutions and professional organisations. Two (National Science Foundation funded) socially relevant computing workshops are examined as part of this effort. This paper details the process of advancing socially relevant computing as well as the impact this process is having on lecturers as well as students. Recomme...
Stocked spares optimization analysis for a complex electronic system

The author presents both the theory and a computer model for providing a stocked-spares optimization analysis which can be used for an electronic system with some simplifying assumptions. This program can be used on any system which would normally use the cumulative Poisson distribution function in a sparing analysis for a given probability of adequate stocked spares. The individual components comprising this system are considered to be a large number of electronic modules, each with a constant failure rate. These modules are specified as in MIL-M-28787 (General Specification for Electronic Modules). In this scheme, the total combined effect of all unique module types together comprises the overall probability of mission success. >
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy versus ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: cost-effectiveness as a frontline diagnostic modality for solitary thyroid nodules.

Background. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspi- ration biopsy (ultrasound-guided FNAB) is considered the diag- nostic test of choice when a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) returns an inconclusive diagnosis because of cytologic ambiguity or paucity of specimen. Methods. Cost-effectiveness analysis utilizing a decision tree was used to model the diagnostic strategies. The decision analysis model was parameterized using costs from a large, academic medical center and probabilities from existing litera- ture. Outcomes included the incremental cost per additional case correctly diagnosed. Results. All data are reported as frontline ultrasound-guided FNAB strategy versus FNAB strategy—expected cost: $1329 versus $1312; expected number of cases correctly diagnosed (per 1000 biopsies): 980 versus 920; incremental cost per addi- tional correctly diagnosed case: $289. Conclusion. The use of ultrasound-guided FNAB as the initial modality for tissue biopsy of a thyroid nodule is more effective
Differential odor sensitivity in PTSD: Implications for treatment and future research $

Background Given that odors enhance the retrieval of autobiographical memories, induce physiological arousal, and trigger trauma-related flashbacks, it is reasonable to hypothesize that odors play a significant role in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For these reasons, this preliminary study sought to examine self-reported, odor-elicited distress in PTSD.
Inhibition of K-ras-transformed rodent and human cancer cell growth via induction of apoptosis by irreversible inhibitors of Ras endoprotease.

Proteolytic removal of the carboxyl terminal tripeptide of Ras oncoproteins is important in the Ras function. Two chloromethyl ketones, BFCCMK and UM96001, designed to be the Ras C-terminal sequence-specific endoprotease inhibitors, at low micromolar concentrations (5.0 μM), potently inhibit the growth of ras-transformed rodent and human cancer cells, whereas untransformed NIH/3T3 cells are not affected under the same conditions. Furthermore, BFCCMK and UM96001 block more than 98% of the anchorage-independent clonogenic growth of ras-transformed rat and human cancer cells at low micromolar concentrations. The blocking of cancer cell growth may be due to the selective induction of apoptosis of ras-transformed cells by these inhibitors. These results provide the first experimental evidence that the endoproteolysis of Ras oncoproteins is important for the growth and apoptosis of ras-transformed cancer cells. Therefore, the Ras C-terminal sequence-specific endoprotease may be a potential new target for the treatment of human cancers induced by ras mutations.
Mitigation of anomalous ionosphere threat to enhance utility of LAAS Differentially Corrected Positioning Service (DCPS)

Local area augmentation system (LAAS) can be used for both Category I (CAT I) precision approach and differentially corrected positioning service (DCPS) navigation applications. Through its support of DCPS, the LAAS ground facility (LGF) is required to help meet the integrity requirements of terminal-area navigation and other operations that could use the LAAS VHF Data Broadcast in addition to precision approach. The current LAAS standards indicate that DCPS integrity risk shall not exceed 10-7 per hour [1,2]. This paper demonstrates that the requirement in current LAAS standards is hard to achieve under anomalous ionosphere and proposes potential requirements changes to improve DCPS availability. Horizontal position error (HPE) is calculated from current ionosphere threat model and is applied to individual satellites in all the subset geometries. Limited subset geometries and screening Horizontal Alert Limit (HAL) are considered as requirements changes of current LAAS MOPS for DCPS. Limited subset geometries with drill down to N-2 satellites (or SVpsilas) mitigate maximum unbounded HPE caused from 6 kilometers to 110 meters. The screening HAL of 550 meters allows maximum HPE of 300 meters.
The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice

In recent decades, the criminalization of immigration and the use of private prisons have increased in popularity. The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of prisons work hand in hand in shaping the American criminal justice response to immigration. Privatization creates a powerful opportunity for the social construction of the undocumented immigrant into a powerful potential source of revenue for for-profit corporations. Private prison corporations, such as Corrections Corporation of American and The GEO Group, stand to profit significantly from the private immigration detention center. Several investigative reports have focused on how these companies stand to profit, but little attention has been given to the psychosocial consequences that impact immigrant detainees and their families.
Reflections on Saugstad's “Social Class, Marriage, and Fertility in Schizophrenia”

Saugstad (1989) recently proposed a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia and manic depressive illness that emphasizes the importance of biological maturation. Early maturation is proposed to be critical to manic-depressive illness and late maturation to schizophrenia. There are three goals of the comments that follow: (1) to place the neurodevelopmental theory in a broader context of ongoing research in sex differences in psychopathology; (2) to address some conceptual ambiguities in the model, especially with respect to withinschizophrenia comparisons; and (3) to offer a suggestion for a critical test of a maturation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Jainism, Ethics, and Ecology

Jainism advocates the practice of nonviolence (ahimsa), combining a strict ascetic practice with a view that life pervades all beings, including elements that are considered inert in other worldviews. Many Jainas are by translating this interpretation of the world into the broader arena of ecological ethics.
Comparison between entropy net and decision tree classifiers

A class of hierarchical feedforward layered neural networks, called entropy nets, has been proposed to overcome the difficulty of the credit assignment problem and to introduce the self-configurable capability in the design and training of artificial neural networks. These networks are based on mapping binary decision trees into a three-layer structure. The authors report the results of an experimental study comparing the classification performance of the decision tree and the entropy-net classifiers. In addition to the consistently better performance of the entropy net with respect to the decision-tree classifier, it is observed that the entropy net is able to achieve its highest performance level in far fewer iterations than commonly required in the nonhierarchical feedforward networks trained using backpropagation. The reason for this lies in the coarse learning achieved during the binary tree development
Crystal structure of a 12 ANK repeat stack from human ankyrinR

Ankyrins are multifunctional adaptors that link specific proteins to the membrane-associated, spectrin- actin cytoskeleton. The N-terminal, 'membrane-binding' domain of ankyrins contains 24 ANK repeats and mediates most binding activities. Repeats 13-24 are especially active, with known sites of interaction for the Na/K ATPase, Cl/HCO(3) anion exchanger, voltage-gated sodium channel, clathrin heavy chain and L1 family cell adhesion molecules. Here we report the crystal structure of a human ankyrinR construct containing ANK repeats 13-24 and a portion of the spectrin-binding domain. The ANK repeats are observed to form a contiguous spiral stack with which the spectrin-binding domain fragment associates as an extended strand. The structural information has been used to construct models of all 24 repeats of the membrane-binding domain as well as the interactions of the repeats with the Cl/HCO(3) anion exchanger and clathrin. These models, together with available binding studies, suggest that ion transporters such as the anion exchanger associate in a large central cavity formed by the ANK repeat spiral, while clathrin and cell adhesion molecules associate with specific regions outside this cavity.
A performance bound on random-coded MIMO systems

A closed-form upper bound on the average error probability is proposed for random block codes operating in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. The bound exponentially decays to zero with increasing block length, and the obtained error exponent proves consistent with Gallager's random coding exponent and the information-theoretic channel capacity.
The role of the +or-1 number system in multibit hardware correlators

The use of commercially available 1-bit large-scale integration (LSI) correlator chips whose main function is the correlation of sequences of plus ones and minus ones (rather than zeros and ones) as building blocks in the design of multibit correlators is investigated. A radix-2 number system in which the bit values are +or-1 (no zero) is discussed. The development of a simple conversion algorithm to find the +or-1 representation of a number given in 2's complement is presented. Some of the issues raised by this conversion algorithm are discussed. It is shown that if the analog signal is available, there is a simple step to take before the analog-to-digital conversion in order to improve the overall precision. The construction of multibit correlators based on the +or-1 system is compared to alternative approaches. >
Accumulation of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid and (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid by Parenchyma Tissue as Influenced by Metabolic Inhibitors and Lecithin

Parenchyma tissue from potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet) tubers was treated with inhibitors to the release of metabolic energy in order to determine the importance of an active transport system for (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) accumulation. Results from treatments with carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an inhibitor of membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase, indicated 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T accumulation to be independent of available energy as influenced by these metabolic inhibitors. Lecithin treated parenchyma tissue accumulated more 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T than untreated tissue indicating possible binding of the herbicide to the lecithin moiety.
Implementation and performance testing of a gossip-based communication system

Computer systems today are increasingly complex, employing vast numbers of nodes connected over large geographic areas. As these types of systems become more pervasive and integral to a variety of services, there is a heightened need for scalability and reliability in the underlying communication system. We present an implementation of a gossip-based, wide-area group communication system that is resilient to process and communication failures and is scalable to a very large number of nodes. We provide implementation details and describe our performance tests. The results are presented and analyzed.
Learning and memory performance in breast cancer survivors 2 to 6 years post-treatment: the role of encoding versus forgetting.

Our previous retrospective analysis of clinically referred breast cancer survivors’ performance on learning and memory measures found a primary weakness in initial encoding of information into working memory with intact retention and recall of this same information at a delay. This suggests that survivors may misinterpret cognitive lapses as being due to forgetting when, in actuality, they were not able to properly encode this information at the time of initial exposure. Our objective in this study was to replicate and extend this pattern of performance to a research sample to increase the generalizability of this finding in a sample in which subjects were not clinically referred for cognitive issues. We contrasted learning and memory performance between breast cancer survivors on endocrine therapy 2 to 6 years post-treatment with age- and education-matched healthy controls. We then stratified lower- and higher-performing breast cancer survivors to examine specific patterns of learning and memory performance. Contrasts were generated for four aggregate visual and verbal memory variables from the California Verbal Learning Test-2 (CVLT-2) and the Brown Location Test (BLT): Single-trial Learning: Trial 1 performance, Multiple-trial Learning: Trial 5 performance, Delayed Recall: Long-delay Recall performance, and Memory Errors: False-positive errors. As predicted, breast cancer survivors’ performance as a whole was significantly lower on Single-trial Learning than the healthy control group but exhibited no significant difference in Delayed Recall. In the secondary analysis contrasting lower- and higher-performing survivors on cognitive measures, the same pattern of lower Single-trial Learning performance was exhibited in both groups, with the additional finding of significantly weaker Multiple-trial Learning performance in the lower-performing breast cancer group and intact Delayed Recall performance in both groups. As with our earlier finding of weaker initial encoding with intact recall in a cohort of clinically referred breast cancer survivors, our results indicate this same profile in a research sample of breast cancer survivors. Further, when the breast cancer group was stratified by lower and higher performance, both groups exhibited significantly lower performance on initial encoding, with more pronounced encoding weakness in the lower-performing group. As in our previous research, survivors did not lose successfully encoded information over longer delays, either in the lower- or higher-performing group, again arguing against memory decay in survivors. The finding of weaker initial encoding of information together with intact delayed recall in survivors points to specific treatment interventions in rehabilitation of cognitive dysfunction. The finding of weaker initial encoding of information together with intact delayed recall in survivors points to specific treatment interventions in rehabilitation of cognitive dysfunction and is discussed.
DOUBLE-PION PRODUCTION REACTIONS IN anti pn COLLISIONS AT 2.8 GeV/c.

The reactions $\overline{p}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{p}n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $\overline{p}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{p}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, and $\overline{p}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{n}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at $2.8\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ incident $\overline{p}$ laboratory momentum are analyzed with data from the Brookhaven National Laboratory 20-in. bubble chamber. ${N}^{*}(1238)$ isobar production in these channels is studied. It is found that the absorptive single-pion-exchange model cannot adequately explain all the features of simultaneous isobar production in these reactions. When the reactions $\overline{p}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}({\overline{N}}^{*\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}{N}^{*+} or {\overline{N}}^{*0}{N}^{*\ensuremath{-}})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{p}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ are compared with their counterpart $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{N}^{*++}{N}^{*0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pp}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, the former are found to be less peripheral than the latter, in sharp disagreement with a prediction of the model. A generalized single-pion-exchange model is discussed which gives better agreement with the nucleon-pion two-body mass and angular distributions. Some evidence for enhancements in the nucleon and antinucleon dipion systems at 1400 MeV is discussed.
Volt: A Lazy Grounding Framework for Solving Very Large MaxSAT Instances

Very large MaxSAT instances, comprising \(10^{20}\) clauses and beyond, commonly arise in a variety of domains. We present VOLT, a framework for solving such instances, using an iterative, lazy grounding approach. In each iteration, VOLT grounds a subset of clauses in the MaxSAT problem, and solves it using an off-the-shelf MaxSAT solver. VOLT provides a common ground to compare and contrast different lazy grounding approaches for solving large MaxSAT instances. We cast four diverse approaches from the literature on information retrieval and program analysis as instances of VOLT. We have implemented VOLT and evaluate its performance under different state-of-the-art MaxSAT solvers.
Translating the Science of Aging into Therapeutic Interventions

Life and health span have been extended in experimental animals using drugs that are potentially translatable into humans. Considerable effort is needed beyond the usual steps in drug development to devise the models, and realistic preclinical and clinical trial strategies are required to advance these agents into clinical application. It will be important to focus on subjects who already have symptoms or are at imminent risk of developing disorders related to fundamental aging processes, to use short-term, clinically relevant outcomes, as opposed to long-term outcomes, such as health span or life span, and to validate endpoint measures so they are acceptable to regulatory agencies. Funding is a roadblock, as is shortage of investigators with combined expertise in the basic biology of aging, clinical geriatrics, and investigational new drug clinical trials. Strategies for developing a path from the bench to the bedside are reviewed for interventions that target fundamental aging mechanisms.
Effect of ascending, descending, and irregular order of varied reward magnitude

Three groups of 12 rats each were trained in a straight alley runway. All Ss received 3 massed trials and 3 different magnitudes of reward each day for 24 days. Group A received the rewards in ascending order of magnitude, Group D in descending order, and Group C in irregular order. Following acquisition training, each S received three massed extinction trials per day for eight days. All three groups reached the same acquisition asymptote at the same rate after which Group D showed a significant decrementai trend such that Groups A and C were running faster than D at the end of acquisition. No group showed any evidence of pattern learning. Group D also extinguished at a faster rate than Groups A and C which did not differ.
Deliberate Integration of Student Leadership Development in Doctor of Pharmacy Programs.

The CAPE 2013 Outcomes answered the call for increased student leadership development (SLD) by identifying leadership as a desired curricular goal. To meet this outcome, colleges and schools of pharmacy are advised to first identify a set of SLD competencies aligned with their institution’s mission and goals and then organize these competencies into a SLD framework/model. Student leadership development should be integrated vertically and horizontally within the curriculum in a deliberate and longitudinal manner. It should include all student pharmacists, begin at the point of admission, and extend beyond extracurricular activities. The school’s assessment plan should be aligned with the identified SLD competencies so student learning related to leadership is assessed. To accomplish these recommendations, a positive environment for SLD should be cultivated within the school, including administrative backing and resources, as well as support among the broader faculty for integrating SLD into the curriculum.
Sequential ionization and energy gain of bound electrons in classical modeling of atoms in strong laser fields

Classical mechanics and classical ensembles have provided numerous insights into the dynamics of strong-field double ionization. In this paper, we show that in classical multidimensional modeling, the laser intensity at which sequential ionization begins to dominate depends on the softening of the interaction between the electron and nucleus. We show that an unsoftened interaction in two or three dimensions can lead to classical orbits in which an electron can start deep in the nuclear potential-energy well, gain energy from the oscillating laser field, and ionize over the barrier without any recollision. We discuss how this energy gain occurs, with the electron orbit favoring one side of the nucleus or the other, depending on which side corresponds with the rising potential-energy curve.
Expansion, Reversion, and Revolution in the Southern Sugar Industry: 1850–1910

Historians have properly considered the period of sectional strife to be a germinal source of major determinative forces in American history. Yet, preoccupation with the Civil War and Reconstruction, their causes and consequences, has so dominated the interests of historians of the South that they may well have neglected or misunderstood many of the basic economic developments of the region. Let us be more skeptical of the plausible and widely held assumptions that the war was responsible for the economic institutions of the New South or that radical Reconstruction can be held accountable for many of the major economic problems of the post-Reconstruction era. The primary purpose of this article is to treat in summary fashion the broad developments in one southern industry, developments which in themselves suggest that the time has arrived to study southern economic development for its own sake.
A Coin-Tossing Problem and Some Related Combinatorics

We first establish our notation. We set p = P(head) and q = 1 p = P(tail). When referring to a particular outcome of our game, we will express the result relative to the order in which the players toss their coins. For example, the permutation a = [BDCA] refers to a situation in which n = 4 players toss in the order A, B, C, D, with B being the first to achieve a head, D the second, and so on. Note that this representation of a permutation is not at all the same as cycle notation (in which the above outcome would be written (124)). Rather, our representation is just the bottom row in the
ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFERENCE OF AREA ECONOMY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCE.

the economy in China develops unevenly is analyzed from the aspects of development level of enterprises, infrastructure, fund application, state's consideration and talented personal. Aimed at existing industrial basis, rich natural resource, favorite environment and the policy of developing the west, it is put forward that implementation of the policy of developing the west should focus on changing idea introducing the talented, and developing non-state owned economy, promoting the regional superiority, leap development, adjusting industrial structure, and realizing “The two changes.”
It’s been beautiful: soul! and black power television

Gayle Wald’s book tells the particular story about the 1960s and 1970s American television show Soul! This book represents the only work that exclusively focuses on this television show – the only ...
Mastodon Found near Port Angeles, Washington

(1951). Mastodon Found near Port Angeles, Washington. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 26, No. 7-8, pp. 371-373.
How the Non-Work Environment Can Affect Worker and Family Health.

Occupational health nurses are familiar with environmental exposures workers encounter in their workplaces. However, employees are only “on-the-job” about one third of each workday, with a multitud...
Query Reformulation Patterns of Mixed Language Queries in Different Search Intents

With the increasing number of multilingual resources on the Internet, cross-language information retrieval has become an important research topic. In cultures where people speak both Chinese and English, using mixed language in oral speaking and web searching is a common phenomenon. While queries are the key element of information retrieval process, mixed-language queries have not yet been adequately studied. This study use query log analysis to examine the query reformulation patterns regarding Chinese-English mixed language queries, and how search intents may affect the query reformulation types users employ. The results can inform IR system designers to enhance cross-language controlled vocabularies and develop discovery platforms for multilingual content, and improve search engines to provide users with more relevant, personalized search results. The findings could also be expanded to other language combinations that would improve search engine designs.
Detection: (CQI) Quality Measures and Tools for Improvement

Quality in healthcare delivery is becoming more important. Due to the volume and cost expended on colonoscopy, it is a major focus area to reduce waste and inefficiencies. High-quality colonoscopy has been shown to reduce death from colorectal cancers. The primary measure for quality in colonoscopy is currently the adenoma detection rate. There is great variation among endoscopists with respect to quality. Endoscopists should know their personal quality metrics and participate in a cycle of continuous quality improvement to improve them. Physician reimbursement will be increasingly tied to quality measures.