cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treating the Trauma of Military Sexual Trauma (Not Just the Memory): Considerations for Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology

This chapter will explore the current neurobiological research on trauma with a specific focus on trauma symptoms through the lens of brain anatomy (where it’s coming from in the brain) and how psychopharmacology may treat it (what medicine the doctor may prescribe). The chapter also discusses the history of trauma treatment from Freud until modern times and aims to help the reader understand the etiology of the symptoms within the brain and how they can be seen from a whole-body, whole-person perspective. Top-down and bottom-up therapy interventions are discussed.
Cost-Effectiveness of Community-Level Approaches to HIV Prevention: A Review

Effective community-level HIV prevention strategies have the potential to reach large numbers of at-risk individuals at relatively small per-capita costs, and therefore to be highly cost-effective. We review the published literature on the cost-effectiveness of community-level HIV prevention interventions, including five studies of sexual behavior change interventions and seven risk reduction programs for injection drug users. Overall, these studies indicate that community-level strategies can be very cost-effective, and in many cases, actually save society money by averting the need for costly HIV/AIDS medical care.
Solvent-Induced and Polyether-Ligand-Induced Redox Isomerization within an Asymmetrically Coordinated Mixed-Valence Ion: Trans-(py)(NH3)4Ru(4-NCpy)Ru(2,2′-bpy)2Cl4+

Advantage is taken of oxidation-state-dependent ligand (ammine)/solvent interactions to shift redox potentials and effect redox isomerization in the title complex. In poorly basic solvents, the stable isomeric form is trans-(py)(NH[sub 3])[sub 4]Ru[sup II](NCpy)Ru[sup III](bpy)[sub 2]Cl[sup 4+] (py is pyridine; NCpy is 4-cyanopyridine; bpy is 2,2[prime]-bipyridine). In contrast, in stronger Lewis bases or in a mixture of strong and weak bases (dimethyl sulfoxide + nitromethane), the preferred isomer is trans-(py)(NH[sub 3])[sub 4]Ru[sup III](NCpy)Ru[sup II](bpy)Cl[sup 4+]. Evidence for redox isomerization was obtained, in part, from plots of formal potentials versus solvent Lewis basicity. Confirmatory evidence was obtained from a combination of electrochemical reaction entropy and resonance Raman spectroscopic experiments. UV-vis-near-IR absorption experiments, however, were not found to be useful in demonstrating isomerization. In a released series of experiments, redox isomerization was also demonstrated based on ammine binding by either a low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) species or by a macrocyclic ligand, dibenzo-36-crown-12. Much smaller molar amounts of either the polymer (substoichiometric) or crown (approximately stoichiometic) are required, in comparison to basic solvent (several-fold excess), in order to induce isomerization in nitromethane as the initial solvent. The possible general utility of the redox isomerization concept in time-resolved intramolecular charge-transfer studies and in opticalmore » studies of competitive hole- and electron hole- and electron-transfer pathways is mentioned.« less
Introduction: How This Volume Imagines Itself

This Introduction addresses some expectations about the book, leaving to its Conclusion the task of summarizing its claimed advances. It is important to appreciate that this is a mid-stream assessment, not a final synthesis, which would be premature. The achievements to which it points are, first, the kinds of institutional structures and human proclivities psychological anthropologists need to be exploring. These institutional structures are exemplified by D’Andrade’s concept of lifeworlds in Chapter 2, and Paul’s revision of Dual Inheritance Theory in Chapter 3. Lowe’s Chapter 4 offers a bridge between this discussion and the second question, about internalization, addressed in the following five chapters. All chapters reflect how psychological anthropologists have recruited ethnographic methods to these theoretical problems. Reviewed briefly next are the contrasting background literatures on which each chapter begins, reflecting these authors’ widely diverse starting points and prior lack of a common discourse. The book attempts to initiate the kind of sustained conversations with one another, among this group of authors and potential readers, needed to overcome this present shortage of common understandings. The introduction closes by briefly laying the groundwork for the arguments to come, about lifeworlds and about internalization.
Anticoagulation and stress-induced cardiomyopathy

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy (SCM), is a reversible cardiomyopathy characterized by transient systolic dysfunction following an acute physiologic stress. Thromboembolism occurs at a high frequency in patients with intracardiac thrombus secondary to SCM, with one systematic review reporting a rate of 33.3%. The risk of thrombus formation following SCM has been associated with left-ventricular (LV) contraction abnormalities, catecholaminergic surge, and other associated comorbidities. However, established guidelines for screening and management of intracardiac thrombus in the setting of SCM do not exist at present due to a lack of sufficient clinical trial data. The purpose of this article is to discuss the pathophysiological theory and previously documented evidence from cases of LV thrombus secondary to SCM, and to present our recommendations for management of intracardiac thrombus secondary to SCM.
Nano, micro, and macro-scale effects on cochlear tuning

Reconciling the highly tuned and nonlinear basilar membrane (BM) response at the base with the nearly low-pass and weakly nonlinear response at the apex has presented a longstanding challenge to cochlear mechanics modelers. Recent experiments have shown that the BM centric view of cochlear mechanics is incomplete and have highlighted the importance of modeling and measuring the dynamics of the organ of Corti (OoC). Here, we describe a new computational model of the guinea pig cochlea that can correctly simulate the response at all frequencies. The model shows that the electromotile force from the outer hair cells modulate the differential motion between the reticular lamina and the BM. Model calculations at the apex show that the geometric taper of the scalae duct as well as the cytoarchitecture of the OoC breaks the scaling symmetry observed at the base. Further, the model predicts that the neural tuning at the base is primarily governed by the macroscopic dynamics of the cochlear partition, while the micro-scale fluid dynamics and the nano-scale channel dynamics dominate the neural tuning at the apex. Overall, the model provides a physiological explanation for the differences between high and low frequency hearing observed in psychophysical experiments. [Work supported by NIH-R01-04084.]
L 1 -regularized least squares for support recovery of high dimensional single index models with Gaussian designs

It is known that for a certain class of single index models (SIMs) Y = f(Xp×1T β0, e), support recovery is impossible when X ∼ N(0; Ip×p) and a model complexity adjusted sample size is below a critical threshold. Recently, optimal algorithms based on Sliced Inverse Regression (SIR) were suggested. These algorithms work provably under the assumption that the design X comes from an i.i.d. Gaussian distribution. In the present paper we analyze algorithms based on covariance screening and least squares with L1 penalization (i.e. LASSO) and demonstrate that they can also enjoy optimal (up to a scalar) rescaled sample size in terms of support recovery, albeit under slightly different assumptions on f and e compared to the SIR based algorithms. Furthermore, we show more generally, that LASSO succeeds in recovering the signed support of β0 if X ∼ N(0, Σ), and the covariance Σ satisfies the irrepresentable condition. Our work extends existing results on the support recovery of LASSO for the linear model, to a more general class of SIMs.
Sustainable China and the Global Traveling Classroom

Since its inception in 2009, the Sustainable China Program at Lawrence University in Wisconsin has given students and faculty the chance to engage with important environmental, economic, political and cultural questions by combining interdisciplinary academic work in the classroom with an extended field experience in China. The program is built on the PERC best practices for short-term international study abroad, which includes: Preparing students directly for the experience, Engaging with partners on the ground, Reflecting on personal development, and Continuing that development by using the program as a springboard for further opportunities. Lawrence University has adopted this model, which we’ve named the “traveling classroom,” to similar programs in Sierra Leone, Jamaica, Nepal and other countries. This article briefly outlines the history and objectives of the Sustainable China traveling classroom program, including how it represents an avenue for global engagement and a launching pad for further international education.
The Effect of the Support Structure and Size of Cu-based Oxygen Carriers on the Performance of Chemical Looping Air Separation

ABSTRACT Chemical looping air separation (CLAS) is a novel and efficient method of producing high-purity oxygen because of its low-energy demands. Cu-based materials are suitable oxygen carriers (OCs) for CLAS. In the current study, Cu-based OCs in different particle sizes were prepared using various methods (viz., through mechanical mixing, impregnation, and coprecipitation) and different supporting materials (viz., ZrO2, SiO2, and Al2O3) and porosities (viz., in the mesopore range). This study evaluated the reactivity, reaction kinetics, and recyclability of these OCs by measuring their conversion rates for reduction (oxygen release) and oxidation (regeneration) in a thermogravimetric analyzer. CuO OCs on ZrO2 nanoparticles prepared through impregnation (CuZr-IM) exhibited almost complete conversion and the fastest reaction rates of all the OCs for reduction and oxidation. These characteristics are primarily attributable to the fine particles (100–250 nm) of the OCs. Furthermore, the CuO on the surface of the ZrO2 particles was distributed in a uniform pattern, as these fine particles displayed greater oxygen mobility and more rapid diffusion than the micrometer-sized particles paired with bulk materials. Kinetic analysis revealed that Avrami-Erofe’ev random nucleation and the subsequent growth reaction model with n = 2 (A2), with an observed activation energy of 140.2 kJ mol–1 in our study, is the optimal fitting for CuZr-IM OC conversion during reduction, and a long-term-stability test indicated that this OC is an appropriate candidate for CLAS.
A group preference-based privacy-preserving POI recommender system

Abstract Ubiquitous smartphones with their built-in location services enable people to explore various points-of-interest (POIs) through location-based apps, e.g., Yelp and Foursquare City Guide. With these apps, users can receive personalized recommendations on nearby places, e.g., restaurants and arcades, which not only saves them searching time, but also helps find POIs that are of interest to them. One issue with these apps and almost all existing recommender systems is that they require users to share their preference data with the service providers. This information, if not properly used, can leak users’ privacy. In this paper, we propose a group preference-based POI recommendation scheme which fuses matrix factorization and clustering techniques to provide quality recommendations without sacrificing users’ privacy.
Floral Biology of Mitreola petiolata and M. sessilifolia (Loganiaceae): Chasmogamous Flowers with Massive Post-Anthesis Precocious Pollen Germination

Mitreola petiolata and M. sessilifolia in the Loganiaceae are similar wetland annuals occurring in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions in the southeastern U.S., Africa, Asia, and Oceania. The flowers of both species have previously been described to open briefly with an apparent window for outside pollination, followed by flower closure and massive pollen germination within the anthers with pollen tubes covering the adjacent stigma. The phenomenon was documented with field observations, floral dissections, and light and scanning electron microscopy. Both species open their flowers for a brief 6–8 hour window. Subsequently, pollen germinates within the closed or closing flower with pollen tubes completely covering the stigma. The prevalence and importance of selfing by precocious pollen germination are discussed.
Late prosthetic shoulder joint infection due to Actinomyces neuii in an adult man.

A 72-year-old man with a history of right reverse shoulder arthroplasty presented with a 1-month history of erythema, pain and drainage from the right shoulder. Arthrocentesis was performed and synovial fluid gram stain revealed gram-positive rods. Clinical diagnosis of prosthetic shoulder joint infection was made. Orthopaedic surgeons performed irrigation and debridement with resection of the right shoulder prothesis and implantation of an antimicrobial spacer. Operative cultures grew Actinomyces neuii. The patient was treated with 6 weeks of ceftriaxone with improvement in both clinical symptoms and laboratory values. Actinomyces species remain a rare cause of late prosthetic joint infection (PJI) due to their slow growing and indolent course. While generalised actinomycosis is often treated with 6–12 months of antibiotics, the treatment course of Actinomyces PJI is not well characterised, with some sources suggesting a minimum of 6 weeks of antimicrobial therapy.
Victoria Symptom Validity Test: A Systematic Review and Cross-Validation Study

The Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) is a performance validity test (PVT) with over two decades of empirical backing, although methodological limitations within the extant literature restrict its clinical and research generalizability. Chief among these constraints includes limited consensus on the most accurate index within the VSVT and the most appropriate cut-scores within each VSVT validity index. The current systematic review synthesizes existing VSVT validation studies and provides additional cross-validation in an independent sample using a known-groups design. We completed a systematic search of the literature, identifying 17 peer-reviewed studies for synthesis (7 simulation designs, 7 differential prevalence designs, and 3 known-groups designs). The independent cross-validation sample consisted of 200 mixed clinical neuropsychiatric patients referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. Across all indices, Total item accuracy produced the strongest psychometric properties at an optimal cut-score of ≤ 40 (62% sensitivity/88% specificity). However, ROC curve analyses for all VSVT indices yielded statistically significant areas under the curve (AUCs; .73–81), suggestive of moderate classification accuracy. Cut-scores derived using the independent cross-validation sample converged with some previous findings supporting cut-scores of ≤ 22 for Easy item accuracy and ≤ 40 for Total item accuracy, although divergent findings were noted for Difficult item accuracy. Overall, VSVT validity indicators have adequate diagnostic accuracy across populations, with the current study providing additional support for its use as a psychometrically sound PVT in clinical settings. However, caution is recommended among patients with certain verified clinical conditions (e.g., dementia) and those with pronounced working memory deficits due to concerns for increased risk of false positives.
This is Our Lane: A Pilot Study Examining the Surgeon's Role in Social Justice Advocacy.

Abstract Background Despite the importance of social justice advocacy, surgeon attitudes toward individual involvement vary. We hypothesized that the majority of surgeons in this study, regardless of gender or training level, believe that surgeons should be involved in social justice movements. Methods A survey was distributed to surgical faculty and trainees at three academic tertiary care centers. Participation was anonymous with 123 respondents. Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used for analysis with significance accepted when p Results The response rate was 46%. Compared to men, women were more likely to state that surgeons should be involved (86% vs 64%, p = 0.01) and were personally involved in social justice advocacy (86% vs 51%, p = 0.0002). Social justice issues reported as most important to surgeons differed significantly by gender (p = 0.008). Generated themes for why certain types of advocacy involvement were inappropriate were personal choices, professionalism and relationships. Conclusions Social justice advocacy is important to most surgeons in this study, especially women. This emphasizes the need to incorporate advocacy into surgical practice.
Serum IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 Binding Antibody Level Is Strongly Associated With IgA and Functional Antibody Levels in Adults Infected With SARS-CoV-2.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and then rapidly spread causing an unprecedented pandemic. A robust serological assay is needed to evaluate vaccine candidates and better understand the epidemiology of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods: We used the full length spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 for the development of qualitative and quantitative IgG and IgA anti-S enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A total of 320 sera used for assay development were comprised of pandemic sera from SARS-CoV-2 infected adults (n=51) and pre-pandemic sera (n=269) including sera from endemic human coronavirus infected adults. Reverse cumulative curves and diagnostic test statistics were evaluated to define the optimal serum dilution and OD cutoff value for IgG anti-S and IgA anti-S ELISAs. The IgG and IgA anti-S, and three functional antibodies (ACE-2 receptor blocking antibody, lentipseudovirus-S neutralizing antibody, and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody) were measured using additional SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive sera (n=76) and surveillance sera (n=25). Lastly, the IgG and IgA anti-S levels were compared in different demographic groups. Results: The optimal serum dilution for the qualitative IgG anti-S ELISA was at 1:1024 yielding a 99.6% specificity, 92.2% sensitivity, 92.9% positive predictive value (PPV), and 99.6% negative predictive value (NPV) at a SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 5%. The optimal serum dilution for the qualitative IgA anti-S ELISA was at 1:128 yielding a 98.9% specificity, 76.5% sensitivity, 78.3% PPV, and 98.8% NPV at the same seroprevalence. Significant correlations were demonstrated between the IgG and IgA (r=0.833 for concentrations, r=0.840 for titers) as well as between IgG and three functional antibodies (r=0.811-0.924 for concentrations, r=0.795-0.917 for titers). The IgG and IgA anti-S levels were significantly higher in males than females (p<0.05), and in adults with moderate/severe symptoms than in adults with mild/moderate symptoms (p<0.001). Conclusion: We developed a highly specific and sensitive IgG anti-S ELISA assay to SARS-CoV-2 using full length S protein. The IgG anti-S antibody level was strongly associated with IgA and functional antibody levels in adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gender and disease severity, rather than age, played an important role in antibody levels.
On the Possibility of an Artificial Origin for `Oumuamua

Science offers the privilege of following evidence, not prejudice. The first interstellar object discovered near Earth, Oumuamua, showed half a dozen anomalies relative to comets or asteroids in the Solar system. All natural-origin interpretations of the Oumuamua anomalies contemplated objects of a type never-seen-before, such as: a porous cloud of dust particles, a tidal disruption fragment or exotic icebergs made of pure hydrogen or pure nitrogen. Each of these natural-origin models has major quantitative shortcomings, and so the possibility of an artificial origin for Oumuamua must be considered. The Galileo Project aims to collect new data that will identify the nature of Oumuamua-like objects in the coming years.
METHYLPHENIDATE INDUCED CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR, GROWTH HORMONE, AND PROLACTIN

ABSTRACT Intravenous methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg) caused human serum growth hormone to be significantly increased following methylphenidate infusion, an effect attenuated in schizophrenics, as contrasted to non-psychotic patients, and in antipsychotic drug treated individuals. Serum prolactin levels significantly decreased from baseline after methylphenidate infusion.
Role of selective sentinel lymph node dissection in head and neck melanoma

Selective sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) plays an important role in the staging of the regional nodal basins for head and neck (H&N) melanoma. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy is mandatory to identify the regional nodal basin(s) accurately for a newly diagnosed H&N primary melanoma of at least 1mm or greater. A wide local excision should be delayed if SLN mapping is indicated, to minimize watershed effect and maximize accuracy in identifying the "true" SLN because of the complex lymphatic network in the H&N region. An experienced multidisciplinary team is required for optimal identification of H&N SLNs. In general, selective SLND can replace ELND to minimize the complications of a neck dissection. Completion lymph node dissection is only indicated when the SLN is positive. A nerve stimulator should be used during selective SLND in the parotid and posterior triangle to minimize the injury to the facial and spinal accessory nerve.
Inactivation of heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase reduce neutrophil bactericidal activity and endothelial integrity to exacerbate host survival upon Group B Streptococcus infection (607.14)

Neutrophil recruitment and extravasation at sites of inflammation together with the barrier functions provides by the endothelial cells play a vital role for host defense. Inactivation of uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) in endothelial cells has been shown to result in enhanced neutrophil recruitment in acute sterile inflammation models. Surprisingly, under real infection situation elicited by Group B Streptococcus (GBS), the leading cause for the neonate pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis, the host survival is not beneficial from the enhanced recruitment of neutrophils in the Hs2st deficient animals. In contrast, they showed increased mortality and uncontrolled bacteria organ disseminations after GBS challenge. Moreover, neutrophils from the Hs2st deficient mice were less capable to eliminate bacteria due to reduced extracellular traps formation which is critical for neutrophil bactericidal activity. In addition, increased adhesion junction disruption and apoptosis on the endothelial cells from Hs2st de...
Cognitive Radio Architecture

This chapter develops five complementary perspectives of cognitive radio architecture (CRA), called CRA-I through CRA-V, each building on the previous in capability. Architecture is driven top-down by market needs and bottom-up by available, affordable technologies. Taking the top-down perspective requires some attention to the use cases that the functions are intended to realize. This chapter therefore reviews the substantial changes in use cases that drive cognitive wireless architecture. Often technical architectures of the kind accelerate the state of practice by catalyzing work across the industry on plug-and-play, teaming, and collaboration. The thought is that to propel wireless technology from limited spectrum awareness toward valuable user awareness, an architecture is needed. The CRA articulates the functions, components, and design rules of next-generation stand-alone and embedded wireless devices and networks.
Photochemistry and Fluorescence Emission Dynamics of Single Molecules in Solution: B-Phycoerythrin

We report the first detailed studies of the photochemistry of single molecules in aqueous solution. Photolysis of single B-phycoerythrin (B-PE) molecules, a highly fluorescent phycobiliprotein containing 34 bilin chromophores, is observed as an abrupt cessation of the fluorescence emission from individual molecules as they flow through a ∼40 pL probe volume. These measurements demonstrate that B-PE is photolyzed in a single photochemical step. The observation of abrupt photobleaching of single molecules could not be made in a bulk measurement because the signal would be averaged over many molecules to yield a continuous decay. Photon pair correlation measurements of the fluorescence detected from single B-PE molecules demonstrate that the molecule behaves as a single quantum system, not as a collection of 34 independent chromophores.
A polarization-independent liquid crystal spatial light modulator

We report our recent experimental results on a new polarization-independent, liquid crystal (LC) spatial light modulator (SLM). Based on a periodic nematic director profile, the modulator acts as a switchable diffraction grating with only 0th- and ±1st-orders at efficiencies of ≥ 99%, manifests contrast ratios ~600:1 (for laser light), switching times of ~2ms, and threshold voltages of < 1V/μm. Results of modulating broadband, unpolarized light from light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) indicates that contrast ratios are ~100:1 so far. Note that incoherent scattering for visible light is very low, and that samples are typically completely defect-free over large areas. An important feature of this diffractive polarization-independent SLM compared to its predecessors is its potential to achieve much larger diffraction angles, which enables a larger aperture (and etendue). In addition to describing the fabrication and characteristics of this SLM in general, we report on our initial progress in implementing a projection display system. All of the surprising and useful results from this grating arise from its continuous nematic director, which is most properly classed as a switchable polarization grating (PG). The SLM described here offers the inherent advantages polarization-independence at the pixel-level and fairly fast switching with nematic LCs, while maintaining similar switching voltages, cell thickness, contrast ratios, and materials.
The locally self-consistent multiple scattering code in a geographically distributed linked MPP environment

Abstract Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) are in the midst of a project through which their supercomputers are linked via high speed networks. The overall goal of this project is to solve national security and scientific problems too large to run on any single available machine. This paper describes the infrastructure used in the linked computing environment and discusses issues related to porting and running the Locally Self-consistent Multiple Scattering (LSMS) code in the linked environment. In developing a geographically distributed heterogeneous environment of high performance massively parallel processors (MPP) and porting code to it, a variety of problems were encountered and solved. Comparative performance measurements for the LSMS on a single machine and across linked machines are given along with an interpretation of the results.
Gain of using irreversible over error-free data compression in digital radiography

In our previous studies we found that excessive spatial resolution can be partially recovered by error-free compression. However, the excessive gray dynamic resolution is not reducible as far as information content is concerned. Both information evaluation and preliminary clinical tests indicated that no information existed beyond 9-bit when digitized by a sample size of 180 (mu) with laser film digitization or computed radiography. In this study, we found that a high compression method can only achieve a small fraction of true compression efficacy over an error-free compression for a well-defined digital radiographic imaging system. This implies that the following two procedures contain similar digital information: (a) digitization of a 12- bit image and processing by a moderate irreversible compression (e.g., DCT type compression) and (b) digitization of the same image 8-bit followed by an error-free compression method (e.g., DPCM/arithmetic coding). Images processed by the above methods require about the same digital storage. The image quality of 12-bit with 5:1 irreversible compression is very close to that of 8-bit with 3:1 error-free compression. Higher compression efficiency (e.g., 0.5 bit/pixel) using procedure (a) would degrade the image quality particularly in edges and small structures. This is because the quantization procedure acts as a filter in the DCT compression. Without the interference of noise, the compression efficiency of using irreversible and reversible compression techniques are comparable as far as information is concerned.
Effect of crude oil on a Louisiana Spartina alterniflora salt marsh

Abstract The effect of Louisiana crude oil on growth of Spartina alterniflora Loisel and selected anaerobic soil processes in a Louisiana salt marsh was investigated. Greenhouse and field studies indicated that S. alterniflora can tolerate a large amount of oil without a short-term decrease in above-ground biomass. Neither the biological reduction of nitrate, manganese, iron and sulphate nor the production of methane and ammonium in stirred reduced sediments were affected by additions of up to 10% oil on a soil-weight basis. Oil placed on the water surface of unstirred sediment caused a release of iron, manganese and ammonium from the sediment to the overlying water due to the absence of oxygen in the water column.
Plug-and-play control module for variable speed wind turbine under unknown aerodynamics

Renewable energy technologies have recently attracted great attentions. Several renewable energies such as wind, solar, etc. are now being investigated to solve the current energy crisis. In this paper, a novel control strategy for variable speed wind turbine to extract the maximum power from wind is proposed without knowing any of the system parameters and the aerodynamics. Lyapunov stability analysis is performed to guarantee the stability of whole system. It is shown that the proposed controller can regulate the tracking error to an arbitrary small value even if neither system parameter nor the aerodynamics is available for control design. It is expected that the proposed control algorithm can be used as an “universal controller ”for similar type of variable speed wind turbine without any modifications. The modularity of the proposed controller can benefit the plug-and-play property which will benefit distributed control of smart grid. Simulation studies are performed to validate the proposed algorithm.
Temporal fluctuations of silver, copper and zinc in the bivalve Macoma balthica at five stations in South San Francisco Bay

Concentrations of Cu, Ag and Zn were measured in the soft tissues of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica in South San Francisco Bay at near-monthly intervals for periods of two to three years at four stations, and eight years at a metal-enriched station. The amplitude and frequency of fluctuations differed among stations and among metals. Fluctuations were greatest at stations with the greatest metal enrichment and with the least dilution and flushing of wastes. A consistent seasonal pattern of fluctuation in Cu and Ag concentrations was evident in M. balthica at the metal-enriched station. These seasonal changes in tissue metal concentrations appeared to be affected by metal inputs, hydrologic processes that may affect both metal concentrations and bioavailability, and seasonal changes in the weight of the bivalve. The contributions of each of these interacting factors could not be determined quantitatively. At the metal-enriched station significant variation in the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations was also evident from year to year. Interpretation of metal concentrations in bivalves from estuaries will require careful consideration of the processes which affect metal dynamics in these complex environments.
Effects of varying schedules of timeout on high- and low-rate behaviors☆

Abstract The present study used a multiple baseline design to examine the effects of identical variable ratio timeout schedules on the high- and low-rate disruptive behaviors of a 19-year old retarded female. A variable ratio (VR8) schedule was found to be only moderately effective with a low-rate behavior, but rapidly and significantly suppressed an independent high-rate behavior after eliminating the low-rate behavior with a continuous schedule of timeout. The results indicate that variable ratio schedules can be effective in reducing disruptive behavior and that a subject's punishment history seems to be an important variable influencing the degree of suppression obtained with a given variable ratio schedule.
Idiopathic neuropathy patients are at high risk for metabolic syndrome.

Background Idiopathic neuropathy patients are at high risk of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Hyperglycemia, low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated triglycerides (TRG), hypertension and central obesity co-associate and constitute the metabolic syndrome. Patients with hyperglycemia are at high risk of having the syndrome and each of its features. Our null hypothesis was that patients with neuropathy and IGT would have a higher prevalence of other metabolic syndrome features than those without hyperglycemia. The primary objective was to determine if metabolic syndrome features other than hyperglycemia increase neuropathy risk.
Screening of the USDA peanut germplasm for oil content and fatty acid composition

Abstract Biodiesel can be produced by transesterification of plant oils. The oil content and fatty acid composition of fifty peanut accessions and two soybean accessions were analyzed and compared. In comparison of the oil content, peanut seeds contain a much higher proportion of oil (51.9% of the total seed mass) than soybean seeds (23.3%). Significant variability in oil content (45.9%–55.4%) was detected among peanut accessions. In comparison of the fatty acid composition, peanut seeds contain much higher proportions of oleic acid (43.2%) and behenic acid (3.2%) than soybean seeds (28.8% and 0.3%), and much lower proportions of linoleic acid (35.0%) and linolenic acid (0.1%) than soybean seeds (49.1% and 6.3%). The major differences in fatty acid composition imply fewer double bonds present in peanut oil than in soybean oil. In other words, peanut oil is less susceptible to oxidation than soybean oil. Significant variability in oleic acid (37.0%–55.6%), linoleic acid (25.2%–39.7%), palmitic acid (8.2%–13.8%), and stearic acid (1.7%–6.5%) was detected among peanut accessions. Significant negative correlations of oleic acid with other major fatty acids were detected. Our results indicated that higher oil content and better fatty acid composition of peanut seeds make it a better oilseed crop for biodiesel production. Moreover, based on the variability detected in oil content and fatty acid composition among peanut accessions, there is potential to increase oil content and alter fatty acid composition through peanut breeding.
Strategies and Practices in Community—Based Campaigns Promoting Nutrition and Physical Activity

The strategies and practices employed in 50 community-based nutrition and physical activity interventions are reviewed from the perspective of a four-stage social marketing model. Goals and objecti...
Distinguishing characteristics between glutamate and kainic acid binding sites in brain synaptic membranes

The demonstration of strong neuroexcitatory activity produced by extracellular application of L-glutamic and L-aspartic acid [l-4] has led to biochemical studies aimed at defining the membrane sites with which these putative neurotransmitters interact [S-lo]. The pursuit of the biochemical characterization of the excitatory amino acid receptor sites has been conducted along two lines: (1) Determination of membrane binding activity through the use of radioactively labeled glutamate or aspartate [5-81; or (2) Measurement of the receptor recognition function through the use of radioactively labeled kainic acid (2-carboxy-4-isopropenyl-3-pyrrolidine acetic acid) [9,10], a potent neuroexcitatory agent which is presumed to act on the excitatory amino acid receptors [ 11,121. We have shown that brain synaptic membranes are enriched in high affinity L-[3H]glutamic acid binding sites which have a number of the pharmacologic characteristics of the receptor for this excitatory amino acid [5,13,14]. It was also shown that this high affmity glutamate binding activity of synaptic membranes is associated with a small molecular weight glycoprotein [ 151. Glutamate binding to this protein exhibits a similar pattern of sensitivity to various glutamate analogs as does the binding of L-glutamate to the synaptic membranes [5,14,15]. However, the binding of L-[3H]glutamic acid either to the synaptic membranes [6,14] or to the purified binding protein [14] is not affected by the presence of a 103-fold greater concentration of kainic acid. Evidence is provided here which is strongly suggestive of the distinct nature of the membrane macromolecules which function as the binding sites for L-glutamic acid and those for kainic acid.
Single-chip 1×84 MEMS mirror array for optical telecommunication applications

The inherent ability of silicon micromachining to provide a multitude of precision aligned optical components on a single die naturally facilitates optical communication trends towards installing larger cross-connects and transmitting many channels on individual fibers. A micromachined mirror array has been designed and fabricated using the Analog Devices, Inc. (ADI) Optical iMEMS (R) process. The single-chip mirror die consists of 84 mirrors arranged in a linear array with an average pitch of 95 μm. Each mirror is equipped with a pair of polysilicon actuation electrodes located beneath the mirror. These two electrodes allow each mirror to be independently rotated around the axis parallel to the long dimension of the array using off-chip voltage commands. An operating mirror tilt of +/- 2 degrees is achieved with less than 130 volts of actuation. The design objectives including high mirror fill factor, optimal air damping, low mirror-to-mirror cross talk, acceptable voltage levels, and robustness posed significant challenges. This paper will describe how these challenges were overcome using an interdigitated mirror layout. The mirrors were successfully fabricated with good yield and characterized through both customer and ADI testing.
Formation of a potassium-dioxygen surface complex on Ru(001)

Abstract A new dioxygen species with the O 1s binding energy at 532.3 eV is observed in XPS spectra of a potassium (√3 × √3)R30° layer saturated with oxygen on a Ru(001) surface at 80 K. Desorption states of oxygen and potassium at 950 K are coupled to the new dioxygen species, and dioxygen in this state undergoes complete isotopic scrambling. Presence of potassium leads to a twofold increase in saturated oxygen coverage as compared with clean Ru(001). These data imply the formation of a thermally stable K-O complex with stoichiometry near to that of potassium peroxide K2O2.
NOTE ON MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION

Summary.-Glass and Hakstian (1969) recently presented a very convincing argument against the indiscriminate use of several proposed "measures of association." The emphasis in this note is on where and when these indices would be appropriate, an issue not clearly delineated by the earlier critics. An example is included, and an extension made to multivariate applications. Glass and Hakstian (1969) recently presented a very convincing argument against the indiscriminate use of several proposed "measures of statistical association," e.g., Kelley's e%nd Hays' 2, in fixed-effects analysis of variance designs. They argue that, in most fixed-effects experiments, the independent variable is "a conglomerate of treatments (e.g., instructional methods) with no conceptually meaningful or practically important characteristic in common" (p. 408). The factorial and conceptual complexity of a variable so defined makes it virtually impossible to select a random sample of treatment levels for inclusion in an experiment. As a result, the researcher typically selects, quite arbitrarily, the levels of the "independent variable" to be included in the experiment Since measures of association like these tend to encourage many to make inferences concerning the rela tionship between the "independent variable" and the dependent variable, their use is potentially misleading and, hence, ought to be avoided. They offer the analogy that "the calculation of either coefficient [Kelley's E~ or Hays' wZ] for a fixed-effects factor in an experiment is like calculating rz, on a selected, unrepresentative sample of cases" (p. 411). The argument is a sound one. Indeed, the indiscriminate use of indices like E~ and w2 can be quite misleading. This does not mean that indices like these are totally without value: the principal problem is not with the index, but how it is used. An example is presented at this point to illustrate one instance where such an index seems quite appropriate. Suppose the officials of a particular school district want to evaluate the relative effectiveness of several "instructional methods" in facilitating student achievement in, say, science. Although it may be argued that there are an infinite number of levels of "instructional methods," it is frequently the case that only a very small number of such methods (e.g., lab, lecture) is of interest to the officials in that district because of the practical constraints within which they operate (e.g., the amount of money available, the number of teachers). In such a case, the sweral welldefined teaching methods to be compared completely define the population of levels of the "independent variable" for that school district at that time. If all of these levels are included in the experiment, then a descriptive measure of association between the independent and dependent variables seems justified. This is not too different from calculating r,, for a restricted set of population
Tackling indeterminacy in overlapping generations models

Overlapping generations models may have a continuum of equilibria. Previous studies have been largely confined to the local analysis that linearizes the model around the steady state. However, what is true of the linearized system only applies for an unknown-sized open neighborhood of the steady state. In this paper I develop a method to diagnose the indeterminacy in overlapping generations models by computing the set of all equilibria. I also provide a procedure to simulate the economy with indeterminate equilibrium.
Cell surface changes associated with mutation of visna virus in antibody-treated cell cultures.

Abstract Sheep cells inoculated with a portion of a plaque suspension of visna virus developed acute cytopathic changes and produced progeny virus which was antigenically identical to the parental strain. In contrast, cultures inoculated with other portions of the same suspension and maintained in medium containing specific viral antiserum developed cytopathic changes more slowly and yielded genetically stable mutant strains of virus which were poorly neutralized by the same antiserum. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that, in the absence of antibody, cell surfaces of infected cells were covered diffusely with viral buds, whereas in the presence of antibody, viral buds were often grouped in caps and progressive aggregation of released virus occurred. Viral aggregates were strongly anchored to viral buds or long villi and sometimes became engulfed by infected cells. In addition, single maturing virions were continuously detected close to large aggregates. These morphological events suggest that selective replication of mutant virus in antibody-treated cells is favored by (1) elimination of parental virus through aggregation and endocytosis and (2) patching and capping of viral buds, which leave free cell surface areas for maturation of mutant virus.
Syncope in pregnancy.

*Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; †Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; and ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Reprint Address: David F. M. Brown, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
Yellowstone’s ungulates after wolves – expectations, realizations, and predictions

Abstract We evaluated the initial implications of wolf (Canis lupus) recovery on ungulates in Yellowstone National Park and compared expectations prior to wolf restoration with observed impacts since restoration. The numerical and functional responses of colonizing wolves in Yellowstone’s prey-rich environment were higher than expected and close to the maximum rates predicted prior to wolf restoration. Counts of northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus) decreased more (50%) than predicted (5–30%), and will likely continue to decrease given the strong preference of wolves for elk and continued high kill rates despite this substantial reduction in elk abundance. Contrary to expectations, human harvests were not reduced appreciably concurrent with wolf restoration, but instead remained similar to pre-wolf restoration years. However, antler-less permits were gradually reduced by 51% during 2000–2004 and additional reductions may be necessary while wolf densities remain high. There have been no substantial effects of wolf recovery on other ungulate species (bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), bison (Bison bison), moose (Alces alces), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)). However, wolf recovery may eventually contribute to increased bison and pronghorn abundance by decreasing elk and coyote abundance, respectively. Wolf recovery may also contribute to more-pronounced spatial structuring of sex/age classes of northern Yellowstone elk through changes in their distribution, migration, and age structure. The initial consequences of wolf recovery support the premise that wolves may naturally achieve densities above their threshold for ecological effectiveness and contribute to significant changes in ecosystems, including the amelioration of ungulate-caused landscape simplification.
Measurement of receptor cross-linking at the cell surface via multiparameter flow cytometry

Many cellular responses, particularly in the immune system, are triggered by ligand binding to a cell-surface receptor. However, as indicated by bell-shaped dose-response curves, ligand binding alone is sometimes insufficient to trigger a response. Often, ligand binding must also induce the aggregation of cell-surface receptors through crosslinking, which occurs when a ligand binds simultaneously to two or more receptors. Thus, an important goal in cell biology has been to establish quantitative relationships between the amount of ligand present on a cell surface and the number of crosslinked ligand-specific cell-surface receptors. To better understand ligand-induced receptor aggregation, we have been investigating the binding of a model multivalent antigen (DNP 25 PE) to cell-surface anti-DNP FITC-labeled IgE (FITC- IgE). To determine the kinetic and equilibrium parameters that characterize crosslinking in this system, we have developed a combined theoretical and experimental approach that is based on multiparameter flow cytometry. With this approach, we can measure both the average number of ligand molecules that are bound per cell and the average number of receptor binding sites that are bound per cell. The average number of DNP 25 PE per cell is determined by measuring the fluorescence of phycoerythrin. The average number of occupied IgE sites per cell is determined by measuring the fluorescence of FITC, which is quenched upon ligand binding. This novel approach, together with conventional methods for changes in intracellular calcium, allows us to correlate for the first time the dynamics of IgE crosslinking with cell activation.