cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Early Mathematics Experiences for Children from Low-Income Families: A Study on Opportunity to Learn Mathematics

Both the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the National Association for the Education of Young Children recognize that well-designed opportunity to learn mathematics can help improve mathematics achievement of students from low-income families and from minority backgrounds. Using data from a nationally representative sample, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten cohort, this study empirically examined a subset of children from low-income families to determine whether African American and Caucasian students have differential opportunity to learn mathematics and the extent to which opportunities to learn predict gains in mathematics achievement at kindergarten. Results indicated African American kindergartners have differential opportunity to learn mathematics than their Caucasian peers from low-income families. African American students were found to have received, on average, more reported instructional time spent on mathematics, higher use of math manipulatives, worksheets, textbooks and chalkboard work than their Caucasian peers. Moreover, greater opportunity to learn mathematics predicted higher mathematics achievement for both African American and Caucasian students from low-income families, specifically, opportunity to learn skills such as telling time, using measurement tools accurately, estimating quantities, and knowing the value of coins and cash.
Photographic study of pool boiling CHF from a downward-facing convex surface !

Abstract Heat transfer measurements and photographic studies are performed to capture the detailed evolution of the liquid–vapor interface near critical heat flux (CHF) for a 90-degree downward-facing convex surface. The test surface, with a width of 3.2 mm and a 102.6-mm radius, consists of a series of nine heaters that dissipate equal power. Instrumentation within each heater facilitates localized heat flux and temperature measurements along the convex surface, and transparent front and back windows enable optical access to a fairly two-dimensional liquid–vapor interface. Near CHF, vapor behavior along the convex surface is cyclical, repeatedly forming a stratified vapor layer at the bottom of the convex surface, which stretches as more vapor is generated, and then flows upwards along from the surface. Subsequently, heaters at the bottom of the convex surface, followed by the other heaters, are wetted with liquid before the nucleation/coalescence/stratification/release process is repeated. This study proves that despite the pronounced thickening of the vapor layer as it propagates upwards along the convex surface, CHF always commences on the bottom of the surface.
Mechanical and Geometric Changes in the Growing Femora of BMP-5 Deficient Mice

Abstract We examined the growth-related changes in femoral geometry and torsional strength in BMP-5 deficient short-ear mice over a 22-week time interval (“long-term” changes). Four groups of female mice ( n = 6 per group) were examined: short-ear animals and their heterozygous control littermates at 4 and 26 weeks of age. In agreement with findings previously observed in a mixed-gender group of adult mice (26 weeks), the femora of short-ear animals were significantly smaller in length and cross section at both ages. The magnitudes of the differences between genotypes were comparable at each age, indicating that the overall rates of appositional and endochondral growth were similar for both genotypes over the 22-week period. In the adult animals, short-ear femora were 27 ± 7% weaker in torsional strength due to their smaller cross-sectional geometry. However, bone strength in adult short-ear mice appeared to be adequate for animal size: No significant difference was detected in maximum femoral torque when normalized by body mass. In 4-week old animals, BMP-5 deficiency was associated with a 27 ± 6% lower body mass, but the torsional strength of the femur was not significantly different from that of controls. Cross-sectional geometry was smaller in 4-week old short-ear mice, but the apparent bone material ultimate shear stress was elevated by 33 ± 10%, thereby resulting in a whole bone torsional strength equivalent to that of the larger control mice. While the data suggest a higher material strength in the 4-week-old short-ear animals, no significant difference in the level of bone mineralization was detectable between genotypes at either age.
Voluntary teeth clenching facilitates human motor system excitability.

Abstract Objective : Voluntary contraction of the teeth is a common maneuver used to facilitate peripheral monosynaptic reflexes. It was the aim of this study to determine the site along the neuraxis where this effect occurs. Methods : Focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure recruitment curves, motor thresholds and intracortical inhibition and facilitation from the right first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in seven normal volunteers. Changes in excitability in subcortical structures during teeth clenching were studied using F waves, H reflexes, and brainstem magnetic stimulation. Results : Recruitment curves of FDI and TA showed significant facilitation during voluntary teeth clenching indicating an overall enhancement in the motor system excitability. Teeth clenching additionally resulted in decreased intracortical inhibition in the FDI but not in TA, pointing to an intracortical site of enhancement for the hand. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) following stimulation at the brainstem level and F waves in FDI and soleus H reflex amplitude were also facilitated by teeth clenching, indicating a subcortical site for this effect for the upper and lower extremity. M wave amplitudes did not change. Conclusions : The teeth clenching maneuver had a similar facilitatory effect on upper and lower extremities. Cortical and subcortical sites contribute to this effect in a hand muscle while only subcortical sites were identified in this facilitatory effect on the lower extremity.
Drug Treatment Graduation Ceremonies: It's Time to Put This Long-Cherished Tradition to Rest

Over past decades, graduation ceremonies have become a prominent, long-standing, traditional centerpiece of substance use disorder treatment programs and settings. In total, graduations provide clients with a platform to look back at their time in treatment, consider the things they'll take away from that experience, and voice the particularities of their own personhood (“my addict personality” or “parts of the old me”) that they wish to symbolically bury and “leave behind.” As such, graduation ceremonies are celebratory in nature and socially reinforce milestones, accomplishments, and memories of clients' journeys in treatment recovery. However, lack of survey data on client and professional perceptions of graduation ceremonies, in combination with the virtually nonexistent body of evidence on how they affect the recovery process, raise provocative and potent questions about how this tradition has perpetuated itself throughout treatment practices. This article explores the place and orientation of gradua...
Utilizing Overlooked Sources Of School Discipline

Educators have not only overused and ineffectively used some sources of social power in the schools, says this educator, they have left other sources untapped. He suggests they consider options presented here.
Hole diffusion length measurements in discharge-produced aSi:H☆

Abstract Hole diffusion measurements were done on a large-area structure consisting of an undoped layer of aSi:H with graded thickness, sandwiched between a thin p+ layer, and a thin n+ layer. A small spot of free carriers was generated on the n+ side with a beam from a HeCd laser. This produced a current due to holes collected on the p+ side. Areas of different undoped layer thickness were successively exposed to the beam. The measured variation of short-circuit current with thickness showed that the hole diffusion length was less than 350 A, the absorption depth of the laser beam.
Heparan Sulfate Regulates VEGF165- and VEGF121-mediated Vascular Hyperpermeability

VEGF was first described as vascular permeability factor, a potent inducer of vascular leakage. Genetic evidence indicates that VEGF-stimulated endothelial proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo depend on heparan sulfate, but a requirement for heparan sulfate in vascular hyperpermeability has not been explored. Here we show that altering endothelial cell heparan sulfate biosynthesis in vivo decreases hyperpermeability induced by both VEGF165 and VEGF121. Because VEGF121 does not bind heparan sulfate, the requirement for heparan sulfate suggested that it interacted with VEGF receptors rather than the ligand. By applying proximity ligation assays to primary brain endothelial cells, we show a direct interaction in situ between heparan sulfate and the VEGF receptor, VEGFR2. Furthermore, the number of heparan sulfate-VEGFR2 complexes increased in response to both VEGF165 and VEGF121. Genetic or heparin lyase-mediated alteration of endothelial heparan sulfate attenuated phosphorylation of VEGFR2 in response to VEGF165 and VEGF121, suggesting that the functional VEGF receptor complex contains heparan sulfate. Pharmacological blockade of heparan sulfate-protein interactions inhibited hyperpermeability in vivo, suggesting heparan sulfate as a potential target for treating hyperpermeability associated with ischemic disease.
Anaerobic biodegradation of methyl esters by Acetobacterium woodii and Eubacterium limosum.

The ability ofAcetobacterium woodii andEubacterium limosum to degrade methyl esters of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and isobutyrate was examined under growing and resting-cell conditions. Both bacteria hydrolyzed the esters to the corresponding carboxylates and methanol under either condition. Methanol was further oxidized to formate under growing but not resting conditions. Unlike the metabolism of phenylmethylethers, no H2 requirement was evident for ester biotransformation. The hydrolysis of methyl carboxylates is thermodynamically favorable under standard conditions and the mixotrophic metabolism of ester/CO2 allowed for bacterial growth. These results suggest that the degradation of methyl carboxylates may be a heretofore unrecognized nutritional option for acetogenic bacteria.
A Space-Time Multilevel Method For Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We present a novel multiscale approach for molecular dynamics simulations. It is aimed at bridging discrete scales with either coarse grained discrete or continuum scales. The method consists of the waveform relaxation scheme aimed at capturing the high frequency response of atomistic vibrations and a coarse scale solution in space and time aimed at resolving smooth features (in both space and time domains) of the discrete medium. The method is implicit in space and time, possesses superior stability properties and consequently enables larger time steps governed by accuracy considerations of coarse scale quantities of interest. Performance studies on polymer melts have shown significant speed-up compared to the classical explicit methods, in particular on parallel machines.
Structural salience and the nonaccidentality of a Gestalt

We perceive structure through a process of perceptual organization. Here we report a new perceptual organization phenomenon-the facilitation of visual grouping by global curvature. Observers viewed patterns that they perceived as organized into collections of curves. The patterns were perceptually ambiguous such that the perceived orientation of the patterns varied from trial to trial. When patterns were sufficiently dense and proximity was equated for the predominant perceptual alternatives, observers tended to perceive the organization with the greatest curvature. This effect is tantamount to visual grouping by maximal curvature and thus demonstrates an unprecedented effect of global structure on perceptual organization. We account for this result with a model that predicts the perceived organization of a pattern as function of its nonaccidentality, which we define as the probability that it could have occurred by chance. Our findings demonstrate a novel relationship between the geometry of a pattern and the visual salience of global structure.
Dual Level Inhibition of E2F-1 Activity by Adeno-associated Virus Rep78 *

E2F-1, a major cellular transcription factor, plays a pivotal role in regulating the cell cycle. The activity of E2F-1 is negatively regulated by its interaction with retinoblastoma protein (pRB), and disruption of the pRB-E2F-1 complex, a hallmark of cellular transformation by DNA tumor viruses, leads to cell proliferation. Adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV) is known to have onco-suppressive properties against DNA tumor viruses. Here we provide, for the first time, the molecular basis for antioncogenic activity of AAV. Rep78, a major regulatory protein of AAV, interacts at the protein level with E2F-1 and stabilizes the pRB-E2F-1 complex. At the DNA level, Rep78 binds to a putative site on the E2F-1 promoter and down-regulates the adenovirus-induced E2F-1 transcription. This dual level of Rep78 activity leads to decreased cellular levels of free E2F-1, leading to its onco-suppressive properties.
Diffuse Plaques in the Striatum in Alzheimer Disease (AD): Relationship to the Striatal Mosaic and Selected Neuropeptide Markers

Although neuritic and diffuse plaques generally coexist in Alzheimer disease (AD) neocortex, the predominance of diffuse plaques in the striatum prompted us to explore the potential influence of striatal features such as the striatal mosaic on beta-amyloid (A beta) deposition. Using double immunohistochemistry with an antibody to A beta in combination with antibodies to met-enkephalin or somatostatin, we investigated the relationship between diffuse plaques and neuropeptide distribution in the dorsal striatum. This relationship was examined in "pure" AD cases as well as in AD cases with coexisting Parkinson disease (PD) pathology, i.e. nigral degeneration and Lewy bodies at any site (AD + PD). Despite the presence of numerous A beta-positive diffuse plaques in both groups, the mosaic pattern, as exemplified by met-enkephalin-immunoreactive patches, was preserved. No obvious association was observed between the plaques and met-enkephalin-positive patches or somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the matrix was, however, diminished in AD + PD, most likely reflecting the nigral degeneration in these cases. Overall, these observations suggest that neostriatal A beta deposition in AD is not influenced by environmental factors associated with the striatal mosaic.
Comparison of Trochlear Block Recession and Trochlear Wedge Recession for Canine Patellar Luxation Using a Cadaver Model

Objective To compare trochlear block recession (TBR) to trochlear wedge recession (TWR) with regards to patellar depth (percentage of patellar volume under the trochlear ridges), patellar articular contact, percentage of recessed trochlear surface area, and resistance to patellar luxation. Study design In vitro computed tomography (CT) and biomechanical evaluation using a cadaver model. Sample population Twelve normal, large-breed canine cadavers. Methods Bilateral pelvic limb specimens with intact stifle joints were mounted on a positioning device. The femoral trochlear ridges were reduced to provide a standard shallow trochlea. TBR or TWR was performed to a standard depth randomly on paired specimens. CT and biomechanical evaluations were performed pre- and postoperatively in both an extended (148 degrees ) and flexed (113 degrees ) stifle position. CT images were digitized and measurements made using an image-analysis software program. Biomechanical testing consisted of applying 40 degrees of internal tibial rotation and documenting patellar luxation. Results The change in trochlear depth (depth of recession) was not significantly different between groups. In the extended stifle position (patella in the proximal trochlea), patellar depth and patellar articular contact with the recessed trochlea were significantly greater after TBR compared with TWR. The percentage of recessed trochlear surface area was significantly greater after TBR compared with TWR. In the extended position, a smaller percentage of the patellae luxated within 40 degrees of internal tibial rotation after TBR compared with TWR. Conclusions TBR increases proximal patellar depth, increases patellar articular contact with the recessed proximal trochlea, recesses a larger percentage of trochlear surface area, and results in a greater resistance to patellar luxation in an extended position as compared with TWR. Clinical relevance TBR may help limit the development of stifle DJD in dogs treated for canine patellar luxation.
G. W. F. Hegel: The Phenomenology of Spirit Chapter 8, Absolute Knowing

Nouvelle traduction anglaise du chapitre 8 de la «Phenomenologie de l'esprit» de Hegel. Dans un style americain, le texte propose un compromis entre l'eloquence de la traduction de J. B. Baillie (1910) et la precision de la traduction de A. V. Miller (1977).
The cognitive bases of exceptional abilities in child prodigies by domain: Similarities and differences

Abstract Child prodigies are defined as those individuals who reach a professional level of achievement in a culturally relevant domain before the age of 10 or adolescence. Although child prodigies are often the object of historical wonder and modern day awe, because of the difficulty involved with assembling a large sample of prodigies, until recently, little was known about the source of their achievements. Recent studies have begun to tackle this enigma, and a few traits have surfaced as key underpinnings of prodigiousness across domains: an average or higher IQ, extraordinary working memory, and a heightened attention to detail. The present study investigated whether the prodigies' cognitive profiles differed according to their area of specialty. Using the Stanford Binet 5th ed. intelligence test the investigator assessed the cognitive profiles of 18 child prodigies across the domains of art, music, and math. The results suggest that prodigies in each domain have distinct cognitive profiles. While all of the child prodigies had exceptional memories, the music and math prodigies scored significantly higher on working memory than the art prodigies. The math prodigies displayed the highest levels of general intelligence and extraordinary visual spatial skills. The art prodigies displayed a surprising deficit in visual spatial skills, obtaining scores much lower than both the math prodigies and music prodigies. The differences in the prodigies' cognitive underpinnings across domains may have implications for the general population.
An in situ AFM investigation of catalase crystallization

Surface morphology, growth and dissolution of crystals of the protein catalase were studied by in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). Growth of the (001) face of catalase crystals proceeds in alternating patterns by two-dimensional nucleation and successive deposition of two distinctive growth layers, each having a step height equal to half the unit cell parameter. Shapes of two-dimensional nuclei exhibit strong asymmetry due to directional anisotropy in step rates. The shapes of islands on successive layers are related by two-fold rotation axes along the 〈001〉 direction. Lattice resolution AFM images of the molecular structure of sequential surface layers were recorded. Adsorption of large three-dimensional clusters of molecules was also observed to occur on the surfaces of catalase crystals. These clusters developed into either properly aligned multilayer stacks or misaligned microcrystals. Incorporation of misoriented microcrystals as large as 50 × 3 × 0.1 μ m3 proceeded without formation of defects. Upon incorporation of microcrystals and subsequent deposition of new layers on the surface of a growing crystal, impressions with depths of up to 0.4 of the growth layer thickness formed due to misfits between the lattices of the microcrystals and those of the growth layers. This produced elastic deformations in growth layers of ≈0.6%.
Emotion-Related Hemisphere Asymmetry: Subjective Emotional Responses to Laterally Presented Films

To investigate whether the cerebral hemispheres differ in their subjective emotional responses 54 adult subjects were presented two films of different emotion-related qualities (positive and negative film) either to their left or right hemisphere. The films were exposed by means of a technique for the lateralization of visual input that allows prolonged viewing while permitting free ocular scanning. Subjective emotional responses were assessed by means of a continuous rating of emotional arousal experienced during the movie as well as by retrospective ratings of ten different emotional qualities. Presenting both films to the right hemisphere resulted in stronger subjective responses in the continuous emotion rating as well as in some retrospectively assessed ratings compared to left-hemispheric presentation. The effects were more pronounced for the negative film. Taken together, the findings suggest a higher responsiveness of the right hemisphere in subjective emotional experience.
Immunocytochemistry controls using cell culture.

A continuing problem in cytology laboratories is the lack of adequate control material for immunocytochemical testing. Usual control procedures involve testing paraffin-embedded control mate- rials along with the patient specimens. These control materials are fundamentally unlike cytologic preparations. We have developed a method to make control preparations for immunocytochemical analysis using cultured anaplastic cells with known antigenic features from commercial sources. Cell lines included melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, T-cell leukemia, and squamous-cell carci- noma. Modified Saccomano and acetone fixation coupled with the cytospin technique enabled good-quality preparations. Cell lines were tested with antibodies for HMB-45, actin, leukocyte common antigen (LCA), and cytokeratin, with avidin-biotin immunoperoxi- dase and diaminobenzidine (DAB) as chromogens. Our final preparations were easily interpretable with excellent morphologic preservation of cellular detail. Cultured cells provide a superior method for preparing almost unlimited numbers of control slides for immunocytochemistry for laboratories with access to a tissue culture facility. Diagn. Cytopathol. 17:74-79, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Binding mode of chemically activated semiquinone free radicals from quinone anticancer agents to DNA

Chemical reduction of the highly active quinone-containing antitumor drugs, adriamycin and daunorubicin formed the same partially reduced free radical previously reported [9] by microsomal activation. In vitro incubation of the chemically activated free radical intermediates with DNA resulted in covalent binding of these drugs to DNA. The adriamycin semiquinone radical has a greater affinity for DNA and covalent complexes up to one adriamycin per 12 nucleotides were obtained. The daunorubicin semiquinone radical, on the other hand, showed a lesser binding affinity and gave rise to complexes in which one drug molecule was covalently bound per 135 nucleotides. The stronger covalent binding of adriamycin to DNA may account for more severe DNA damage induced by this drug.
Acylation of several tRNAs of Escherichia coli by the phenoxyacetyl derivative of N-hydroxysuccinimide

Abstract Escherichia coli 15T− treated with chloramphenicol produces tRNAphe which is deficient in minor nucleosides. Undermodified tRNAphe chromatographs as two new peaks from a benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column. Chloramphenicol tRNAphe was purified by phenoxyacetylation of phenylalanyl-tRNA and subsequent chromatography on benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. Purified tRNAphe had an altered Chromatographie profile as a result of the purification procedure. Phenoxyacetylation of an unpurified tRNA preparation, which was either charged with phenylalanine or kept discharged, resulted in a permanent alteration of tRNAphe which was similar to the alteration of the purified tRNAphe. The altered tRNAs eluted with higher salt or ethanol concentrations from benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. The alteration was also shown for tRNAphe of phenoxyacetylated tRNA from late log phase E. coli 15T−. tRNAglu and tRNALeu were not changed, but both tRNAArg and tRNAIle were altered. tRNA2Val and tRNAMet shifted in the elution profile; tRNA1Val and tRNAfMet were not affected. Comparison of the primary structures of the alterable and nonalterable tRNA's revealed that all alterable tRNA's have the undefined nucleoside X in the extra loop. Phenoxyacetylation of nucleoside X probably was the cause of the altered profiles. tRNAphe from E. coli 15T− treated with chloramphenicol was less reactive towards phenoxyacetylation than normal tRNA, possibly because of a different conformation of the modification-deficient molecule relative to the normal tRNAphe. tRNAphe from E. coli 15T−, starved for cysteine and methionine and treated with chloram-phenicol, is more deficient in minor nucleosides and showed even less reactivity. Acceptor capacities of the altered tRNA species were not changed significantly; only the acceptor capacity for tRNAIle decreased approximately 25%. The recognition site for the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases probably is not affected.
Developmental and Molecular Characterization of Emerging β- and γδ-Selected Pre-T Cells in the Adult Mouse Thymus

The first checkpoint in T cell development, β selection, has remained incompletely characterized for lack of specific surface markers. We show that CD27 is upregulated in DN3 thymocytes initiating β selection, concomitant with intracellular TCR-β expression. Clonal analysis determined that CD27^(high) DN3 cells generate CD4^+CD8^+ progeny with more than 90% efficiency, faster and more efficiently than the CD27^(low) majority. CD27 upregulation also occurs in γδ-selected DN3 thymocytes in TCR-β−/− mice and in IL2-GFP transgenic reporter mice where GFP marks the earliest emerging TCR-γδ cells from DN3 thymocytes. With CD27 to distinguish pre- and postselection DN3 cells, a detailed gene expression analysis defined regulatory changes associated with checkpoint arrest, with β selection, and with γδ selection. γδ selection induces higher CD5, Egr, and Runx3 expression as compared to β selection, but it triggers less proliferation. Our results also reveal differences in Notch/Delta dependence at the earliest stages of divergence between developing αβ and γδ T-lineage cells.
The oxyhydrochlorination of methane on fumed silica - based Cu+1, K, La catalysts: I. Catalyst synthesis

Oxyhydrochlorination, OHC, (CH4 + x HC1 + 0.5x O2 → CH4-xClx + x H20) is an alternative to the use of chlorine to produce chlorocarbons. We have formulated a catalyst that is active for the OHC of methane at low temperatures (<200 C). The specific catalyst is prepared from CuCl, KC1, LaCl3 impregnated nonaqueously onto fumed silica. We have investigated the activity as a function of the preparation of the catalyst: Cu+1' vs. Cu+2, support, promoters, aqueous vs. nonaqueous impregnation, and coverage. We discuss possible reasons that each of these parameters contribute to the unique OHC activity of this catalyst.
Hip fracture in older persons does self‐efficacy‐based intervention have a role in rehabilitation?

Over 250,000 patients are hospitalized each year in the United States for treatment of a fractured hip, resulting in considerable medical, social, and economic costs to society. Most hip fractures occur among older persons who have fallen. The consequences of hip fractures due to falls by older persons include loss of confidence and the accompanying deterioration in global functional capacity for independent living. This article reviews the problem of hip fracture in the elderly and suggests that intervention approaches designed to enhance personal self-efficacy through patient education may have an important role to play in rehabilitation after hip fracture.
Developing corporate services in an agile environment

DoD represents an environment of continuously changing mission requirements that requires our Information Systems to adapt to accomplish new tasks, quicker, in a more efficient manner. Agility is the only way we will be able to keep up with this change. But there are subtleties that must be considered as we adopt various agile methods: secure, protect, control and authenticate are all elements needed to posture our Information Technology systems to counteract the real and perceived threats in today's environment. Many systems have been tasked to ingest process and analyze different data sets than they were originally designed for and they have to interact with multiple new systems that were unaccounted for at design time. Leveraging the tenets of security, we have devised a new framework that takes agility into a new realm where the product will built to work in a service-based environment but is developed using agile processes. Even though these two criteria promise to hone the development effort, they actually contradict each other in philosophy where Services require stable interfaces, while Agile focuses on being flexible and tolerate changes up to much later stages of development. This framework is focused on enabling a successful product development that capitalizes on both philosophies
Kolmogorov widths of the classes B_{{p,\theta}}^{\varOmega } of periodic functions of many variables in the space Lq

We obtain exact-order estimates for the Kolmogorov widths of the classes $$ B_{{p,\theta}}^{\varOmega } $$ of periodic functions of many variables in the space L q for 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞.
Accessibility and usability guidelines for mobile devices in home health monitoring

The use of tele-medicine, telecommunications, web-based applications and medical monitoring devices can provide a 'medical life-line' for the chronically ill, disabled and elderly home-bound persons. This research develops a guideline of accessibility and usability for the multimodal home-based mobile medical monitoring devices used by older adults. Field studies are used to evaluate the quantitative visualization, errors, input and time factors. Additionally, qualitative studies using surveys and interviews focus on customer satisfaction. The findings of the study will form the accessibility and usability guideline. We anticipate that this usability guideline could be used as the foundation for the design and testing of future mobile medical devices used in the home.
Detection of NH sub 3 molecules in the interstellar medium by their microwave emission.

Ammonia gas molecules in interstellar medium, discussing detection in direction of galactic center by means of microwave emission
Hybrid interconnection structures for real-time parallel processing

The use of hybrid interconnection structures that combine link connections and bus connections for real-time parallel processing is discussed. Idealistic parallel computation models for two real-time computing applications are described with attention given to a tightly coupled network model for object tracking and a network model for image processing. Consideration is given to the following different interconnection structures: the crossbar, the hypercube, the circular linked array, and the bus array.
Parent routines for managing cystic fibrosis in children

Management of cystic fibrosis (CF) is burdensome and adherence is often suboptimal. Family routines are associated with adherence and health outcomes in other disease populations. Few studies have examined routines in CF. The study’s aim was to describe parent experiences developing and utilizing CF care routines. Semi-structured interviews with a convenience sample of 25 parents of children under 13 years of age with CF were analyzed using phenomenological analysis. Three domains emerged: parent experiences developing a routine, support systems facilitating maintenance of routines, and challenges with maintaining care routines. Parents found routines difficult to establish, used trial and error, encountered barriers, and found support helpful to manage care demands. Some parents chose to deviate from their routine. Providing anticipatory guidance to promote the use of care routines and strategies to manage potential challenges may facilitate use of routines and improve CF management.
Long-term strength of an elastic body with elliptic crack filled with a viscoelastic material

We obtain the solution of the problem of limiting state of an elastic body containing an elliptic crack filled with a viscoelastic material. The parameters of the problem specifying the efficiency of hardening of the body by filling the defects with injection materials are determined. For the filler material with rheological properties of the Kelvin substance, the required solution is obtained in the closed analytic form.
Hydrogeomorphology, environment, and vegetation associations across a latitudinal gradient in highland wetlands of the northeastern USA

Undisturbed, highland wetlands in the northeastern USA are unique habitats which maintain ecological integrity in this region. These ecosystems may be threatened by a changing environment. To protect, restore, and create these wetlands, an understanding of the relationship between vegetation composition, environmental regime, and the underlying hydrogeomorphology is needed. Using a hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classification scheme, we analyzed the environmental regime and vegetation in groundwater and small-order, stream-fed wetlands in the Adirondacks and Catskills of New York, the Appalachians of Pennsylvania and of Virginia and West Virginia. The similarity of environmental regime and then species composition between wetlands across and within regions were analyzed using ordination and cluster analysis. Plant associations and distinguishing factors were determined. Within a region, wetlands with similar environmental regime or species composition were often grouped by HGM subclass. Beaver influence and groundwater sources may account for discrepancies between HGM and community composition. Similarly structured plant associations across regions included Acer/herbaceous wetlands, Acer/Fraxinus slopes, and Acer/Tsuga/herbaceous wetlands. Plant associations were primarily distinguished by soils in the Adirondacks, soils and hydrology in the Catskills, spatial location and disturbance in Pennsylvania, and spatial location in Virginia. Regional differences and non-environmental drivers of species composition will modify generalized relationships between hydrogeomorphology, environmental regime, and species composition and should be accounted for in wetland design and management activities.
Benefits of laparoscopy in middle-aged patients.

Background: The introduction of laparoscopic techniques in biliary, adrenal and thoracic surgery has shortened the patient's hospital stay and lowered costs. However, in colorectal surgery, only a limited number of patients obtain these benefits, and these controversial results have been achieved in laparoscopic appendectomy (LA). The objective of this study was to compare the results of LA performed in young patients ( 50 years. Results: A total of 405 patients were available for analysis. Average age was 35 years and 42% were females. Thirty-nine patients underwent LA. The rate of LA was 14% in women and 6% in men (p 0.05). However, patients >50 years in the LA group had a significantly shorter length of stay (2.5 days) than those in compared to the OA group (6 days) (p 50 years old. We attribute this diminution of the benefits of LA in younger patients probably diminished due to their lower rate of comorbid conditions and better tolerance of surgical stress.
Growth and Efficiency of Holstein Steers as Influenced by Live Weight and Energy Intake

Abstract This investigation was to determine the influence of two energy intakes (H and M) in various sequences on live and carcass weight and muscle gains of 162 Holstein steers between birth and slaughter at 91, 227, 340, 454, or 590kg live weight. Steers on M were fed to gain daily 60 to 70% of those on H fed ad libitum. Live and carcass weight followed the expected sigmoid curve with steers on H gaining more rapidly than those on M. Before 227kg live weight, daily increase of muscle was greater and was influenced more by energy intake than increase of fat or bone. At heavier live weights rate of fat deposition accelerated markedly and was influenced most by energy intake. Compensatory growth was noted when steers were switched from M to H at 454kg live weight. Digestible energy and fed dry matter were utilized less efficiently for live and carcass weight and muscle increase as steers were fed to heavier weights. Efficiency of utilizing digestible energy for live weight and muscle gains was either similar for the two energy intakes or higher for steers on H than those on M. Steers on H utilized digestible energy more efficiently for carcass weight gain at all live weights. However, steers on H digested the ration less efficiently and the cost of digestible energy in the H ration was higher.
Factors of the Rotter Internal-External scale.

Previous investigators have reported that the Rotter I-E scale (1966) may measure many dimensions rather than a unidimensional trait. Following Collins (1974), each of the 23 forced-choice internal...
Computer program to compute pressure forces in pipe flow junctions

Abstract A frequently occurring and difficult to solve problem in civil engineering and water resources analysis is the analysis of hydraulic phenomena in storm flow pipe systems. In the design of storm drain flood control systems, the analysis of energy losses in pipeflow junction structures is of key interest. The general practice is to use a pressure-plus-momentum balance analysis in order to estimate the change in water surface (or hydraulic grade line) elevations through the pipe structure, from which an energy loss is subsequently estimated. A computer program is presented for the evaluation of pressure forces within a pipe junction structure. The water profile or HGL is assumed to be a straight line between endpoint conditions. The program provides estimates of force for both a complete mathematical formulation as well as a popular estimate of the complete formula. The program can be substituted for other estimates in the analysis of storm drain systems.
A Comparison of NIH-Approved Human ESC Lines

In October 2003, the NIH established three extramural "Exploratory Centers for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research." Our center acquired 15 of the 22 NIH-approved cell lines. Lines were tested for: (a) freedom from mycoplasma contamination; (b) appropriate pattern of gene expression during self-renewal and differentiation; (c) ability to adapt to uniform culture conditions; (d) ability to grow at clonal densities; (e) karyotype; (f) growth efficiency; and (g) efficiency of stable transfection following electroporation. One line harbored mycoplasma. Ten lines were converted to uniform conditions. Nine lines were fully characterized. Human ESC (hESC) lines varied markedly with respect to growth efficiency as measured by the amount of time it took to plate and double (31-57 hours), cloning efficiency (0.8%-9.2%), and stable transfection rates following electroporation (0%-53% relative to a standard mouse ESC line). One hESC line had an unstable karyotype at an early passage. Modifications of the proposed Material Transfer Agreements with hESC suppliers were required to improve accessibility to hESC lines by local researchers. The NIH-approved hESC lines vary in their behavior in culture. Many hESC lines can be maintained using culture conditions less onerous than those recommended by their suppliers. Intellectual property issues pose a significant obstacle to research using NIH-approved hESC lines.
Plane Strain Indentation of Snow at the Microscale

Indentation tests are commonly used to characterize terrain properties in tire-terrain interaction. By way of motivation, in order to understand and quantify the sources of uncertainty in tire-snow interaction, we present a new direction of research studying the indentation behavior of snow at the microscale. The mechanical behavior of snow is known to be influenced significantly by its microstructure which can evolve due to environmental conditions. The traction and compaction of snow due to interfacial friction and contact exerted by various parts of the tire thus should also be dependent on snow’s microstructure. Due to the geometric scales of parts of the tire, from sipes to tread blocks, tire-snow interaction is inherently a multi-scale problem ranging from microscale to macroscale. This paper addresses the microscale behavior of medium-density snow (density 387 kg / m3 ) whose microstructure is obtained via 3-D X-Ray Microtomography (XMT). A physically based, history and rate dependent viscoplastic model for polycrystalline ice was incorporated into a meshfree Material Point Method simulation code using an implicit algorithm on a parallel computer for the indentation of a punch on snow under the plane strain condition at a nominal strain rate of 0.0014 Sec−1 . Load/pressure vs. sinkage/strain relationship was obtained and compared with macroscopic pressure-sinkage relationship. Micromechanical behavior of the indentation test was also presented and discussed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Purification and reconstitution of an outwardly rectified Cl- channel from tracheal epithelia.

We reported the identification of three outwardly rectified Cl− channel (ORCC) candidate proteins (115, 85, and 52 kDa) from bovine tracheal epithelia. We have raised polyclonal antibodies against ...
SENSORY, CHEMICAL and BACTERIOLOGICAL STABILITY of FRANKFURTERS CONTAINING MILK PROTEINS and CORN GERM PROTEIN FLOUR1

Shelf stability of frankfurters extended with milk proteins and corn germ protein flour (CGPF) stored at 1-2C for 45 days was studied by water activity, sensory evaluation, bacteriological tests, and chemical determinations of total volatile nitrogen (TVN), ammonia nitrogen, and TBA values. the incorporation of milk proteins and CGPF affected shelf stability of frankfurters as determined by sensory characteristics, bacteriological test, and chemical analysis. After 45 days of storage, the frankfurters with CGPF added had a stronger atypical aroma and atypical flavor than the all-meat control and products containing milk proteins. However, the atypical notes were relatively low, up to 10.2 on a 60-point scale, and should be considered as weak and acceptable. the all-meat control had a juicier mouthfeel than the other frankfurters. CGPF-containing frankfurters contained an intermediate count (log 3-4 CFU/g) of psychrotrophic bacteria, whereas the other products contained a low bacteria count (log 0-2 CFU/g) after 45 days of storage. There was no formulation treatment effect on TBA values. TVN in frankfurters increased with increasing storage time. the ammonia contents of treatment and control frankfurters were not different during 45 days of storage.
Alterations of morphology and microdensity in the condyle after mandibular osteodistraction in the rat.

Purpose: In this study, we examined the effects of mandibular distraction osteogenesis on the morphology and the microdensity of the rat condyle. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-nine rats were allocated to 4 experimental groups (n = 32 or 33). Each received unilateral mandibular ramus osteotomy and distraction device placement. After a 3-day latency, these were distracted once a day for 5 days. The slow distraction group was distracted a total of 1 mm (0.2 mm/d); the moderate group, 2 mm (0.4 mm/d); the rapid group, 3 mm (0.6 mm/d); and the sham group, no distraction (0.0 mm/d). Eight to 9 rats in each group were sacrificed at each of 4 time points after device placement (6, 10, 24, and 38 days). Baseline data were obtained 3 days after osteotomy and device placement without distraction from an additional 10 rats. Radiographs of the hemimandibles were scanned and measured to evaluate changes in condylar size (height, width, and area), angulation, and bone microdensity converted to equivalent bone thickness using a stepwedge. The wet weights of masseter muscle were measured at the time of harvest. Results: 1) Muscle weight gains over time were significantly lower in the treated than the untreated sides throughout the consolidation period (P < .001). 2) Condylar size and angulation on the untreated side increased postoperatively, whereas there was a significant reduction of these parameters (P < .01 to .001) on the treated side at 24 and/or 38 days. 3) Condylar microdensity significantly increased on the untreated side at 24 and 38 days (P < .05 to .01) but not on the treated side. 4) Faster or larger distraction caused more severe size reduction and more upright condylar angulation, prevented an increase in bone microdensity on the treated side, especially during the consolidation periods (P < .05 to .01), and retarded increase in muscle weight, whereas a slower distraction rate showed few negative, and even some positive effects. 5) Correlations in size, angulation, and microdensity between right and left condyles became less significant over time. 6) There were positive correlations between muscle weight and condylar size, angulation, and microdensity. Conclusion: An increased rate of mandibular distraction has significant negative effects on condylar morphology and microdensity.
Sociocultural Games for Training and Analysis

This paper presents a theory for role-playing simulation games intended to support analysts (and trainees) with generating and testing alternative competing hypotheses on how to influence world conflict situations. Simulated leaders and followers capable of playing these games are implemented in a cognitive modeling framework, called the Performance Moderator Function Server (PMFserv), which covers value systems, personality and cultural factors, emotions, relationships, perception, stress/coping style, and decision making. Of direct interest, as Section I-A explains, is codification and synthesis of best-of-breed social-science models within PMFserv to improve the internal validity of agent implementations. Sections II and III present this for leader profiling instruments and group-membership decision making, respectively. Section IV then offers two real-world case studies (The Third Crusade and SE Asia Today) where agent models are subjected to Turing and correspondence tests under each case study. In sum, substantial effort on game realism, best-of-breed social-science models, and agent validation efforts is essential if analysis and training tools are to help explore cultural issues and alternative ways to influence outcomes. Such exercises, in turn, are likely to improve the state of the science as well.
Attenuation of high frequency elastic waves in LiF

Abstract Acoustic attenuation measurements have been made on Mg2+ doped LiF in the frequency range 0.5 to 2.5 kMc/s at temperatures from 4.2 to 300°K. In the low temperature region (T
A gallon of sweat to make a pint of blood.

![Figure][1] Insight from Margaret Goodell From multipotent stem cells, the hematopoietic system undergoes continuous differentiation to generate a remarkable array of mature cells throughout life. These hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) hold promise for cell therapy through bone marrow
Fault tolerance of adaptive routing algorithms in multicomputers

An evaluation of the effectiveness of adaptive routing techniques in tolerating failures is presented. It is shown that adaptive routing techniques yield gracefully degradable systems for the workloads considered. For medium to large communication granularity and the workloads considered in this study, if adaptive-routing is used, it is shown that the problem completion time does not increase drastically due to failures. When node failures were considered, it was observed that the mismatch of problem communication structure with the physical communication structure did not result in significant loss of performance. Since adaptive routing techniques are warranted for performance reasons, it is argued that making use of this adaptive routing hardware to tolerate failures is a favorable option. >