cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water movement through a thick unsaturated zone underlying an intermittent stream in the western Mojave Desert, southern California, USA

Abstract Previous studies indicated that small amounts of recharge occur as infiltration of intermittent streamflow in washes in the upper Mojave River basin, in the western Mojave Desert, near Victorville, California. These washes flow only a few days each year after large storms. To reach the water table, water must pass through an unsaturated zone that is more than 130 m thick. Results of this study, done in 1994–1998, show that infiltration to depths below the root zone did not occur at control sites away from the wash. At these sites, volumetric water contents were as low as 0.01 and water potentials (measured as the combination of solute and matric potentials using a water activity meter) were as negative as −14,000 kPa. Water-vapor movement was controlled by highly negative solute potentials associated with the accumulation of soluble salts in the unsaturated zone. Highly negative matric potentials above and below the zone of maximum solute accumulation result from movement of water vapor toward the highly negative solute potentials at that depth. The δ18O and δD (delta oxygen-18 and delta deuterium) isotopic composition of water in coarse-grained deposits plots along a Rayleigh distillation line consistent with removal of water in coarse-grained layers by vapor transport. Beneath Oro Grande Wash, water moved to depths below the root zone and, presumably, to the water table about 130 m below land surface. Underneath Oro Grande Wash, volumetric water contents were as high as 0.27 and water potentials (measured as matric potential using tensiometers) were between −1.8 and −50 kPa. On the basis of tritium data, water requires at least 180–260 years to infiltrate to the water table. Clay layers impede the downward movement of water. Seasonal changes in water vapor composition underneath the wash are consistent with the rapid infiltration of a small quantity of water to great depths and subsequent equilibration of vapor with water in the surrounding material. It may be possible to supplement natural recharge from the wash with imported water. Recharge to the wash may be advantageous because the unsaturated zone is not as dry as most areas in the desert and concentrations of soluble salts are generally lower underneath the wash.
Sampling theorems associated with boundary value problems for elliptic partial differential equations in Rn

Signal processing methods are placed in a function theoretic setting. The Dirichlet problem associated with the elliptic partial differential equation is an entire function, is considered on a bounded star-shaped domain ω ⊃ R n with Lyapunov boundary. Solutions are constructed by sampling boundary data that are “band limited” and “finite energy” in the frequency regime. Lagrange type interpolation formulae follow.
Searching strategy of the painted turtle Chrysemys picta across spatial scales

The movement path made by an organism in search of a resource contributes strongly to the success of that search. But are similar search strategies used at very different spatial scales? Using painted turtles as our model organism, we ask (1) whether terrestrial search paths, both shape and rate, are similar at small (30 m) and large (>500 m) spatial scales, (2) whether those search paths are linear, and (3) what environmental conditions affect the shape of the search path? We found that movement paths at both small and large spatial scales were nearly straight and statistically indistinguishable from one another. The mean turning angles at small and large spatial scales were statistically similar and were best represented by an angle of 1.8°. Net displacement rates were, however, quite different between small- and large-scale paths. At small spatial scales, path shape and movement rate were most strongly affected by cloud cover and turtle size, respectively. Our results indicate that the shape of a search path is consistent over small and large spatial scales and gives support for extrapolating larger-scale path shape from small-scale observations. Net displacement rates, however, were scale dependent and thus caution must be taken in using behaviours detected at small scales to predict movement rates over larger areas. An unexpected result was that painted turtles did not follow drainages in search of aquatic habitat in this study system.
Entrainment of A Free-Running Human with Bright Light?

The case of a 40-year-old sighted woman with free-running sleep-wake and melatonin rhythms is presented. The subject was studied for 102 days. During the pre-treatment period, both the sleep-wake and melatonin rhythms had a period of 25.1 hr, similar to the average period of humans living in temporal isolation. Treatment consisted of bright artificial light exposure (2500 lx Vita-Lite) for 2 hr each day upon awakening. Clock time of light exposure was held constant for 6 days and then slowly advanced until the subject was arising at her desired time of day. The subject continued the light treatment at home and was able to live on a 24-hr day for the 30-day follow-up study. While other factors may be operating in this situation, it is possible that the light treatment caused the stabilization of the free-running rhythms, advancement to a normal phase and entrainment to the 24-hr day. We suspect that the tendency to free-run was related to sleep onsets that were abnormally delayed relative to the circadian phase response curve for light. By scheduling a 2-hr pulse of bright light each morning, this tendency to delay would be counteracted by light-induced advances, resulting in normal entrainment.
Use of faculty publication lists and ISI citation data to identify a core list of journals with local importance

A method was developed to rank journals in a specific subject area, molecular and cellular biology (MCB), in order to create a core list of journals for the MCB faculty of the Pennsylvania State University. The core list of journals was needed as the first step in a larger serials evaluation process. The method did not require use data, but incorporated various quality measures, including publication in journals by Penn State faculty, citings of journals by Penn State faculty, and Journal Citation Report data from ISI. This study produced a core list of 50 MCB journals, as well as other benefits. Although the list of core MCB journals derived from this study is specific to the needs of Penn State faculty, the method could be adapted to other situations.
The application of program theory to the evaluation of a managed mental health care system

Abstract Managed care represents one method to control costs and improve the quality of mental health care. It is a major force in mental health care: almost half of all Americans are in some form of a managed behavioral health plan [Resnick & DeLeon, (1995). Future of health care reform: Implications of the 1994 election. APA Monitor (February)]. However, no controlled studies report on the cost, quality and mental health outcomes for any of the varieties of managed mental health care. The Fort Bragg Evaluation is the first study to examine one type of managed care, the provision of a full continuum of mental health services to children and adolescents with mental health and substance abuse problems. This article provides a brief summary of that comprehensive evaluation and then describes the role of program theory in the planning, execution and interpretation of the evaluation.
Factors influencing the distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, in the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado

Oligochaetes, triactinomyxons (TAMs), and age-0 trout were sampled in the upper Cache la Poudre River, Colorado, to determine the distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis during 1997 and 1998. Densities of the intermediate host, the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, were 3.5 orders of magnitude higher in the M. cerebralis-infected Poudre Rearing Unit (PRU) trout rearing ponds than at any of the river sampling reaches. Oligochaetes, including T. tubifex, were rare in the river (1 oligochaete m -2 ), except in a few stream side alcoves and eddies (50 oligochaete m -2 ). Species composition of oligochaetes in the river reaches was more diverse than in the PRU. Tubifex tubifex constituted 50 % or less of the oligochaete community in the river and 98 % in the PRU. Infection rates of T. tubifex were 1 % in the area above the PRU, 2 % in the PRU, and 6 % below the PRU. An increased M. cerebralis intensity of infection in age-0 trout below the PRU could not be attributed entirely to the high numbers of TAMs in its effluent (3.7 TAMs l -1 ). Low densities of TAMs ranging from 0 to 0.2 TAMs l -1 were found in the river reaches, yet nearly all of the age-0 trout were infected soon after emergence. This suggests that very few TAMs, as measured by filtration, need be present in the water column to bring about infection in the majority of trout present. This also indicates that the parasite can persist and potentially cause reduced juvenile trout recruitment in cold, oligotrophic, sediment poor, high-gradient streams.
Global analysis of steady-state polarized fluorescence spectra using trilinear curve resolution

Global analysis using trilinear curve resolution is described and shown to be a powerful method for the resolution of polarized fluorescence data arrays, in which the measured fluorescence intensity is a separable function of polarization orientation, excitation wavelength, and emission wavelength. This methodology is applicable to mixtures the components of which have linearly independent excitation and emission spectra and distinct anisotropies. Normalized excitation and emission spectra of individual components can be uniquely determined without prior assumptions concerning spectral shapes (e.g., sum of Gaussians) and without the uncertainties inherent in bilinear techniques such as principal component analysis or factor analysis. The normalized excitation and emission vectors are combined with the total absorption spectrum of the multicomponent mixture to compute absolute absorption and emission spectra. The precision of this methodology is evaluated as a function of noise, overlap, relative intensity, and anisotropy difference between components using simulated mixtures of the DNA bases. The ability of this method to extract individual spectra from steady-state fluorescence data arrays is illustrated for mixtures containing two and three components.
Representing Urban Development Plans and Regulations as Data: A Planning Data Model

Using plans and regulations when making decisions about urban development requires access to the many plans and regulations of many different organizations, both private and public. Current information technologies, the Internet and the World Wide Web in particular, make access to data from such disparate sources feasible. Using these technologies to implement a ‘system of plans’ approach to urban development planning will, however, require a widely shared data model for structuring the content and meanings of plans and regulations and a widely shared language, based on this data model. This paper presents an initial version of a planning data model (PDM), several use cases that set the scope of such a data model, and illustrations of how the current version of the PDM supports these use cases. Further work can build on this data model, including an XML (extensible Markup Language) implementation for sharing the information. These tools will enable urban development decisionmakers to conceive of planning ...
Urological applications of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES)

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) can reduce or eliminate altogether the need for external incisions and might, therefore, improve the outcomes of surgery compared with open and even laparoscopic methodologies. Herein, the historical development, the current status and the future of NOTES nephrectomy, radical prostatectomy and cystectomy are discussed.
Clusters, colloids and catalysis

Abstract Metal cluster molecules containing easily displaceable ligands have been successfully exploited in organometallic cluster synthesis and to a lesser extent in homogeneous catalysis. We have extended this concept to elemental metal clusters in a fluid medium, by stabilizing colloidal transition metal particles in non-polar hydrocarbon solutions using polymers as tenuous ligands to prevent aggregation of the metal. The colloids were prepared by condensation of the metal vapor into a cold solution of the stabilizing polymer. In the absence of polymer, the metal atoms agglomerate into $ 100 μm aggregates of microcrystalline metal, containing crystallites of the order of 20–50 A in diameter. In the presence of polymer, agglomeration of the metal proceeds only to the 20–50 A stage, at which point the polymer sterically stabilizes the metal cluster and prevents further aggregation. The colloidal solutions thus obtained exhibit considerable thermal stability. The homogeneous catalytic properties of these solutions have been investigated in the hydrogenation of acenaphthylene. Colloidal metals prepared in this way also serve as sources of heterogeneous metal catalysts; copper-nickel colloids have been used in this way to probe the particle size dependency of filamentous carbon formation from ethane.
Tumor Cell Nitric Oxide Inhibits Cell Growth in Vitro, but Stimulates Tumorigenesis and Experimental Lung Metastasis in Vivo

Arginine-derived nitric oxide (NO) has been identified in some tumor cell lines and solid human tumors. The effect of tumor cell NO on tumor biology is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of NO production by EMT-6 murine breast cancer cells on tumor cell growth in vitro and subcutaneous tumor growth and experimental pulmonary metastasis in vivo. EMT-6 cells were incubated with endotoxin (LPS, 10 microgram/ml) and interferon-gamma (IFN, 50 U/ml), in the presence or absence of the NO synthase inhibitor, omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 2 mM), and NO production and cell number were assessed 24 hr later. EMT-6 cells were also treated overnight with LPS/IFN, in the presence or absence of L-NAME, washed and injected either subcutaneously in the dorsal flank (n = 40) or via the tail vein (n = 40) of syngeneic BALB/c mice. Two weeks following tumor cell injection, tumor size and number of pulmonary metastases were assessed. LPS/IFN stimulated NO production in EMT-6 cells and inhibited cell growth in vitro by 50%. L-NAME blocked LPS/IFN stimulation of NO production and restored cell growth to near control levels. When injected into BALB/c mice, LPS/IFN-stimulated tumor cells demonstrated a two-fold increase in subcutaneous tumor growth and experimental pulmonary metastases over control cells. L-NAME reduced tumor size and number of lung metastases to control levels, suggesting that tumor cell NO production was responsible for this effect. In summary, LPS/IFN-stimulated NO production in EMT-6 tumor cells inhibits tumor cell growth in vitro, yet paradoxically augments tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
The prisoner as model organism: malaria research at Stateville Penitentiary

In a military-sponsored research project begun during the Second World War, inmates of the Stateville Penitentiary in Illinois were infected with malaria and treated with experimental drugs that sometimes had vicious side effects. They were made into reservoirs for the disease and they provided a food supply for the mosquito cultures. They acted as secretaries and technicians, recording data on one another, administering malarious mosquito bites and experimental drugs to one another, and helping decide who was admitted to the project and who became eligible for early parole as a result of his participation. Thus, the prisoners were not simply research subjects; they were deeply constitutive of the research project. Because a prisoner’s time on the project was counted as part of his sentence, and because serving on the project could shorten one’s sentence, the project must be seen as simultaneously serving the functions of research and punishment. Michel Foucault wrote about such ‘mixed mechanisms’ in his Discipline and punish. His shining example of such a ‘transparent’ and subtle style of punishment was the panopticon, Jeremy Bentham’s architectural invention of prison cellblocks arrayed around a central guard tower. Stateville prison was designed on Bentham’s model; Foucault featured it in his own discussion. This paper, then, explores the power relations in this highly idiosyncratic experimental system, in which the various roles of model organism, reagent, and technician are all occupied by sentient beings who move among them fluidly. This, I argue, created an environment in the Stateville hospital wing more panoptic than that in the cellblocks. Research and punishment were completely interpenetrating, and mutually reinforcing.
Purification and characterization of an acetyl-CoA hydrolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Acetyl-CoA hydrolase, which hydrolyzes acetyl-CoA to acetate and CoASH, was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and demonstrated by protein sequence analysis to be NH2-terminally blocked. The enzyme was purified 1080-fold to apparent homogeneity by successive purification steps using DEAE-Sepharose, gel filtration and hydroxylapatite. The molecular mass of the native yeast acetyl-CoA hydrolase was estimated to be 64 ± 5 kDa by gel-filtration chromatography. SDS/PAGE analysis revealed that the denatured molecular mass was 65 ± 2 kDa and together with that for the native enzyme indicates that yeast acetyl-CoA hydrolase was monomeric. The enzyme had a pH optimum near 8.0 and its pI was approximately 5.8. Several acyl-CoA derivatives of varying chain length were tested as substrates for yeast acetyl-CoA hydrolase. Although acetyl-CoA hydrolase was relatively specific for acetyl-CoA, longer acyl-chain CoAs were also hydrolyzed and were capable of functioning as inhibitors during the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA. Among a series of divalent cations, Zn2+ was demonstrated to be the most potent inhibitor. The enzyme was inactivated by chemical modification with diethyl pyrocarbonate, a histidine-modifying reagent.
Simplified Treatment for Strong Short-Range Repulsions in N-Particle Systems. I. General Theory

A new variational approach is developed for studying the properties of systems of particles interacting through singular short-range repulsions that give rise to strong two-particle correlations. The correlated trial function ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}={e}^{S}{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ (state $\ensuremath{\gamma}$) results, with proper choice of $S$, in a simple form for the energy expectation value $〈H〉$---as well as for other matrix elements of interest---which is devoid of all reference to the strong repulsions except through ${e}^{2S}$ factors and hence is particularly suited to calculation. In many cases an independent-particle type ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ seems appropriate. The cluster evaluation of this form for $〈H〉$ is discussed, both in the few-particle and many-particle cases. Using the techniques of Iwamoto and Yamada, simplified convergent cluster expansions for the energy expectation value are derived for many-fermion and many-boson systems. A program for application of this method to nuclear problems is being initiated.
Biosynthesis of allylglucosinolate and 3-methylthiopropylglucosinolate in horseradish, Armoracia lapathifolia

Abstract 3-Methylthiopropylglucosinolate (V) has been identified as a naturally occurring glucosinolate in Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib. The biosynthesis of allylglucosinolate (VII) and 3-methylthiopropylglucosinolate (V) have been studied. The data show that 4-methylthiobutyrothiohydroximate (III), desulfo-3-methylthiopropylglucosinolate (IV), 3-methylthiopropylglucosinolate (V), and 3-methylsulfinylpropylglucosinolate (VI) are efficient precursors of allylglucosinolate (VII). They also show that 3-methylsulfinylpropylglucosinolate (VI) and homomethionine (I) are precursors of 3-methylthiopropylglucosinolate (V). A biosynthetic scheme is proposed.
Theory for image reconstruction from divergent-beam projections in SPECT

This work addresses image reconstruction from divergent-beam projections in 2D and 3D SPECT. Assuming that the attenuation map is constant in a convex region Omega that includes all activity sources, we show that the problem of reconstruction from divergent-beam projections can be reduced to solving a 1D integral equation, and this for any point that lie on an R-line, which is a segment of line that connects two vertex points. We call vertex point, the converging point of the collimator, and we call vertex path, the path followed by the vertex point during data acquisition. The 1D integral equation turns out to be one we were able to analyze in details in another work. In the context of the present work, this analysis leads to the following data sufficiency condition: accurate reconstruction is possible at any point that lies on an R-line provided the intersection of Omega with this R-line is fully visible at all time in the projection data while the vertex point moves from one extremity of the R-line to the other along the vertex path. For fan-beam SPECT, this result implies that accurate reconstruction of a region-of-interest is possible from projections that are collected on less than a short-scan and may furthermore be each truncated. For cone-beam SPECT, this result implies for example that with a helical data acquisition, accurate reconstruction is possible anywhere inside the helix cylinder when (i) there is no transaxial truncation, and (ii) the pitch of the helix is small enough so that the gamma camera captures the lines that are just within the Tam-Danielsson window. Our theoretical result is supported by 2D and 3D experimental results obtained from computer-simulated data.
Durability of Wireless Networks of Battery-Powered Devices

Given the criticality of energy awareness in wireless networks, it has become essential to devise an improved definition of the network lifetime at the system design stage. The new definition must capture the life profile of the network while accounting for its functionality and specific design parameters. This paper presents the notion of network durability, which captures the spatiotemporal life/death patterns of devices in a wireless network by examining the time evolution of spatial patterns according to which devices are progressively forced to exit the network having exhausted their energy resource. Using network durability, we show how networks can satisfy different levels of monitoring criticality, even when they exhibit the same conventionally defined lifetime. Finally, as an example application, we consider a heterogeneous location-aware modulation scheme where the proposed durability model is effectively employed to characterize the network lifetime.
Child Care in Poor Communities: Early Learning Effects of Type, Quality, and Stability

Young children in poor communities are spending more hours in nonparental care because of policy reforms and expansion of early childhood programs. Studies show positive effects of high-quality center-based care on children's cognitive growth. Yet, little is known about the effects of center care typically available in poor communities or the effects of home-based care. Using a sample of children who were between 12 and 42 months when their mothers entered welfare-to-work programs, this paper finds positive cognitive effects for children in center care. Children also display stronger cognitive growth when caregivers are more sensitive and responsive, and stronger social development when providers have education beyond high school. Children in family child care homes show more behavioral problems but no cognitive differences.
Treatment outcomes for veterans with PTSD and substance use: Impact of specific substances and achievement of abstinence

BACKGROUND: Scant longitudinal data exists about the interplay between specific substances of abuse, the achievement of abstinence, and clinical outcomes in the treatment of dually diagnosed Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: As part of a national program evaluation, Veterans admitted from the community to specialized intensive PTSD programs were assessed at intake and 4 months after discharge. Seven mutually exclusive groups were identified from admission self-report data (N=22,948): no substance use, exclusive use of alcohol, opiates, sedatives, cocaine, marijuana, and use of three or more substances. Analysis of covariance, adjusting for potentially confounding baseline variables was used to compare change among these seven groups in non-substance use outcomes (PTSD symptoms, violent behavior, suicidality, medical problems, and employment). The effect of abstinence on specific groups was evaluated as the interaction of group membership by abstinence. RESULTS: All outcome measures except for employment showed significant improvement, with few differences between the groups. Although rate of abstinence differed markedly between the groups, abstinence achievement was associated with greater improvement on all the outcomes except employment in every group. No significant differences in the effect of abstinence across the substance abuse groups were observed. CONCLUSION: The specific type of substance used prior to entry into treatment among dually diagnosed PTSD patients seems to have limited effect on treatment outcomes. However, attainment of abstinence at 4 months after treatment, irrespective of the substances abused, was strongly associated with improvement in PTSD symptoms, violence, suicidality and medical problems. Language: en
Effects of Length and Location on the Cellular Response to Double-Stranded RNA

Since double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has not until recently generally been thought to be deliberately expressed in cells, it has commonly been assumed that the major source of cellular dsRNA is viral infections. In this view, the cellular responses to dsRNA would be natural and perhaps ancient antiviral responses. While the cell may certainly react to some dsRNAs as an antiviral response, this does not represent the only response or even, perhaps, the major one. A number of recent observations have pointed to the possibility that dsRNA molecules are not seen only as evidence of viral infection or recognized for degradation because they cannot be translated. In some instances they may also play important roles in normal cell growth and function. The purpose of this review is to outline our current understanding of the fate of dsRNA in cells, with a focus on the apparent fact that their fates and functions appear to depend critically not only on where in the cell dsRNA molecules are found, but also on how long they are and perhaps on how abundant they are.
Superactivated Platelets: Thrombus Regulators, Thrombin Generators, and Potential Clinical Targets

Platelets contribute to hemostasis by forming the platelet plug and then contributing to coagulation by providing a catalytic surface where thrombin generation occurs efficiently. This catalytic activity, known as the platelet procoagulant response, is being recognized as a nuanced response. This review examines platelets' response to strong stimuli, which results in the formation of a platelet subpopulation (superactivated platelets) with several unique properties, including enhanced procoagulant activity. These platelets contribute uniquely to thrombus architecture and seem to have thrombus regulatory activity. Superactivated platelets' role in diseases of thrombosis and hemostasis, as either potentiating or mitigating factors, is not currently known, but may be an important pharmacological target.
CVXGEN: a code generator for embedded convex optimization

CVXGEN is a software tool that takes a high level description of a convex optimization problem family, and automatically generates custom C code that compiles into a reliable, high speed solver for the problem family. The current implementation targets problem families that can be transformed, using disciplined convex programming techniques, to convex quadratic programs of modest size. CVXGEN generates simple, flat, library-free code suitable for embedding in real-time applications. The generated code is almost branch free, and so has highly predictable run-time behavior. The combination of regularization (both static and dynamic) and iterative refinement in the search direction computation yields reliable performance, even with poor quality data. In this paper we describe how CVXGEN is implemented, and give some results on the speed and reliability of the automatically generated solvers.
Determination of endogenous norepinephrine levels in different chambers of the rat heart by capillary electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection.

Abstract Capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection (CE-EC) was used to determine the regional distribution of norepinephrine (NE) in the hearts of sympathetically innervated (control) and chemically sympathectomized rats. Key features of the method are (i) the sample preparation and clean-up step that involved the application of off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) with a 95% NE recovery and (ii) the use of a diamond microelectrode for detection. NE was quantified in the left and right ventricle, the ventricular septum, and the left and right atrium. The NE concentration in the atria was three to five times higher than in the ventricles and ventricular septum of control rats. Basal NE levels in the left and right ventricle and the ventricular septum were reduced to below the detection limit (0.034 μg/g tissue) in tissues treated with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), while only a moderate reduction was observed in the left and right atrium. Importantly, the diamond microelectrode provided low and stable background current and low peak-to-peak noise ≤0.65 pA at a detection potential of +0.86 V versus Ag/AgCl. A reproducible electrode response was observed for multiple injections of tissue homogenates with minimal response attenuation due to electrode fouling.
Enzymatic cleavage of RNA by RNA

The discovery and characterization of the catalytic RNA subunit of the enzyme ribonuclease P ofEscherichia coli is described.
Evidence for cave marking by Palaeolithic children

Amongst the numerous images found on the walls of Palaeolithic caves, fluted lines, made by fingers dragged through a skin of wet clay remain some of the most intriguing. In their study of images at Rouffignac, the authors undertook experiments with a range of modern subjects who replicated the flutings with their hands. Comparing the dimensions of the experimental flutings with the originals, they conclude that the patterns on the roof of Chamber A1 at Rouffignac were made by the fingers of children aged between 2 and 5 years old. Given the height of the chamber, such children would have needed to be hoisted aloft by adults. Who knows what lessons in art or ritual were thereby imparted to the young persons�
Integration of simulation with enterprise models

The Enterprise Modeling Framework (EMF) consists of a methodology for modeling the three major facets of an enterprise, viz., function, information and dynamics. Its main goal is to enable integration of enterprise through shared, consistent models. EMF activity (function) and entity (information) models have been designed to include the information needed for discrete-event simulation of the enterprise functions. The EMF-SIMAN model generator automatically generates SIMAN code from these models. This tool has been applied to solve a real-world problem whose solution required the integration of enterprise modeling with discrete-event simulation. This paper discusses how EMF integrates simulation with enterprise modeling, the resulting benefits, and a real-world application of EMF.
Risk and Protective Factors for Psychological Adjustment Among Low-Income, African American Children

This investigation identifies unique risk and protective factors for internalizing and externalizing problems among 8- to 12-year-old, low-income, African American children and tests cumulative risk and protective models. A total of 152 mother—child dyads complete questionnaires. Receipt of food stamps, mother’s distress, and child maltreatment increase children’s risk for internalizing and externalizing problems and family functioning (adaptability, cohesion), and after-school program participation (externalizing only) are protective against internalizing and externalizing problems. A cumulative risk model reveals that compared with youth with no risk factors, having one risk factor confers three- and fivefold risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms, respectively. Having two or three risk factors confers 12 and 19 times greater risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms, respectively. Compared with no protective factors, youth with two protective factors are 4 and 6 times less likely to ...
Chronic recording of vomeronasal pump activation in awake behaving hamsters

The vomeronasal organs, the receptor organs of the accessory olfactory system, are important in chemical communication. Each organ contains receptor neurons sequestered inside a blind-ending tube with a narrow access duct. Large blood vessels surrounding the vomeronasal lumen act as a pump to draw substances into the lumen, under the control of vasomotor fibers in the nasopalatine nerve. Stimulation of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion or nasopalatine nerve operates the pump (24) but its schedule of activation in awake behaving animals is unknown. Electrodes, implanted inside the vomeronasal organ capsule of male hamsters, recorded changes in electrical properties accompanying vomeronasal pump activation. Recorded signals were validated by anesthetizing the animals and recording from the same electrodes while driving the pump by nasopalatine nerve stimulation. Recordings in awake behaving animals show that the pump does not operate only in situations where the vomeronasal organ is known to be important. It appears to operate in response to any novel situation where the animal's attention is attracted. The signals recorded suggest that blood vessels are constricted repetitively by bursts of activity in the vasomotor sympathetic nerves each time the pump is triggered, while the underlying level of arousal is reflected in the ongoing sympathetic tone. The low selectivity in operation of the pump may require a greater degree of selectivity in the receptors than previously thought. The ready activation of the pump also suggests that the vomeronasal system may have other functions than the communication of reproductive events.
VICTIMIZATION, CITIZEN FEAR, AND ATTITUDES TOWARD POLICE

Respondents from 1200 randomly selected households in Colorado reported via telephone on victimization. fear of crime, and attitudes toward police. Women, older respondents, and whites expressed more favorable attitudes toward police than men, younger respondents, and non-whites. Rear of being hurt during victimization for a personal crime moderated the relation between the seriousness of victimization and attitudes toward police. We discuss these results within a community policing perspective.
The consistency across vigilance and reading tasks of individual differences in the occurrence of task-unrelated and task-related images and thoughts.

The production of task-unrelated (TUITs) and task-specific (TST) images and thoughts during vigilance, a shallow information processing task, and during reading, a semantic task requiring deep processing, was examined in thirty-nine 17- to 75-year-old men and women. High positive correlations resulted (p < .01) between the vigilance and the reading tasks on the likelihood of having both deliberate and unintentional TUITs. However, relatively low between-task correlations resulted for TST frequency. The results indicate that low and high TUIT frequency individuals in the reading task will also have, respectively, low and high TUIT frequencies in the vigilance task. Thus, support for the notion of stable individual differences in TUIT production is indicated. No between-task consistency was evident for TST frequency. TST production may be more directly influenced by the immediate task, as opposed to an individual cognitive capacity for processing information.
Inference of material properties of zooplankton from acoustic and resistivity measurements

A laboratory apparatus has been developed and used to infer the sound speed and density contrasts of live zooplankton. The sound speed contrast is determined from acoustic measurements of travel time (time-of-flight) and from the resistivity measurements of volume fraction. The density can then be inferred by applying the phase-compensated distorted wave born approximation (DWBA) model based on the attenuation measurement. For the decapod shrimp (Palaemonetes vulgaris), the inferred sound speed contrast found by using three different methods, namely the two-phase ray model (time average), the compressibility model (Wood's equation), and the DWBA model (scattering theory), is quite consistent, while the inferred density contrast agrees with the measured density reasonably well. The influence of ambient pressure on the sound speed and density contrasts has also been measured using a pressure vessel. The results indicate that the density contrast remains essentially unchanged under different pressure, but the sound speed contrast increases about 2.0% with pressure changing from 0 dbar to about 350 dbar. Although this 2.0% change in sound speed contrast only causes a moderate change in estimating biomass for a decapod shrimp, it could cause a much larger bias for weaker scatterers with the same amount of change in sound speed contrast (up to 20 dB). The most important advantage of this newly developed material properties measuring system is its potential applicability to the in situ determination of acoustic properties of zooplankton.
Can small animal imaging accelerate drug development

Better mechanistic understanding of disease through mapping of the human and mouse genomes enables rethinking of human infirmity. In the case of cancer, for example, we may begin to associate disease states with their underlying genetic defects rather than with the organ system involved. That will enable more selective, nontoxic therapies in patients who are genetically predisposed to respond to them. Because one of the major goals of molecular imaging research is to interrogate gene expression noninvasively, it can impact greatly on that process. Most of molecular imaging research is undertaken in small animals, which provide a conduit between in vitro studies and human clinical imaging. We are fortunate to be able to manipulate small animals genetically, and to have increasingly better models of human disease. The ability to study those animals noninvasively and quantitatively with new, high-resolution imaging devices provides the most relevant milieu in which to find and examine new therapies.
Quality improvement, research, and the institutional review board.

: Is an activity quality improvement (QI), or is it research? And why does the distinction make a difference? While national leaders deliberate on how to answer these questions, healthcare organizations must act to ensure patient safety in both QI and research activities. The current system used by researchers for more than 30 years has not always protected human subjects. The result has been patient injuries and even death. Could QI activities result in patient injuries and death? This article offers healthcare quality professionals information that will better equip them to ensure safe practice and protect human subjects.
Camerate Crinoids from the Nunn Member (Tournaisian, Osagean) of the Lower Mississippian Lake Valley Formation, New Mexico

The Nunn Member (early Osagean) of the Lake Valley Formation of New Mexico is known for its abundance and diversity of crinoids. Although crinoids were first reported in the late 1800s, no comprehensive study of the crinoids has been conducted and a complete list of the crinoid taxa does not exist. All subclasses of crinoids occur in the Lake Valley, but the camerates are by far the dominant group. Study of the Macurda collection from the University of Michigan, the Laudon collection from the University of New Mexico, and new collections provided more than 7000 specimens, 4,500 of which were identifiable camerates. Sixty-one species of camerates are recognized in the Nunn Member, including five new species: Blairocrinus macurdai, Iotacrinus novamexicanus, Agaricocrinus alamogordoensis, Uperocrinus kuesi, and Collicrinus laudoni. This camerate fauna is very similar to that of the lower Burlington Limestone of the Mississippi Valley. An update of the crinoid taxa in the Lake Valley Formation allows for a better understanding of the temporal and geographic relationships of crinoid faunas across North American during the Early Mississippian when camerates were at their global diversity maximum. The majority of the camerates come from the western New Mexico outcrops where the Nunn Member is thicker and the marine shelf was shallower, but several also occur in association with the deep-water Waulsortian mounds.
Leukocyte-Reduced Platelet-Rich Plasma Normalizes Matrix Metabolism in Torn Human Rotator Cuff Tendons

Background:The optimal platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for treatment of supraspinatus tendinopathy has not been determined.Purpose:To evaluate the effect of low- versus high-leukocyte concentrated PRP products on catabolic and anabolic mediators of matrix metabolism in diseased rotator cuff tendons.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Diseased supraspinatus tendons were treated with PRP made by use of 2 commercial systems: Arthrex Autologous Conditioned Plasma Double Syringe System (Llo PRP) and Biomet GPS III Mini Platelet Concentrate System (Lhi PRP). Tendon explants were placed in 6-well plates and cultured in Llo PRP, Lhi PRP, or control media (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium + 10% fetal bovine serum) for 96 hours. Tendons were processed for hematoxylin-eosin histologic results and were scored with the modified Bonar scale. Group 1 tendons were defined as moderate tendinopathy (Bonar score <3); group 2 tendons were assessed as severely affected (Bonar score = 3). Transforming growth factor β–1...
Implementing Large Programs on Microcomputers

The capabilities of running large programs on micro-computers and the size limitations imposed on software are examined. Suggestions are provided based on practical experience gained during the conversion of a large program rather than abstract theories. A test case (slope stability analysis) is run on a minimal hardware configuration. The examination is divided into three major topics: storage issues, translation issues, and economic issues. A summary of lessons learned about converting large programs is provided.
Isoperimetric Functional Inequalities via the Maximum Principle: The Exterior Differential Systems Approach

Our goal in this note is to give a unified approach to the solutions of a class of isoperimetric problems by relating them to the exterior differential systems studied by R. Bryant and P. Griffiths.
DATACOLLIDER: an interface for exploring large spatio-temporal data sets

The increasing use of social media and cell phones or the widespread setup of sensors have resulted in the production of large data sets, both time stamped and geolocated, which are a powerful window on social interactions or city dynamics. Unfortunately, the sheer size of these data sets presents difficulties for their manipulation and understanding. Visualization is often the first step to explore these data sets but the tools dedicated to spatio-temporal data are still scarce. In this paper, we present DATACOLLIDER, a web application which provides a processing engine and new templates for 2D/3D visualization housed in an interface that enables users to quickly interact with large data sets. We demonstrate that the interface can be tailored to leverage distributed computing, data set manipulation and refined visualizations, and may be used by individuals without programming knowledge.
Defect structure and conductivity in tetrahedrally coordinated metal chalcogenide amorphous semiconductors

We examined the paramagnetic defects and the electrical conductivity mechanisms in thin films of amorphous ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{6}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}{\mathrm{S}}_{9}$ deposited using rf sputtering. Electron-spin-resonance (ESR) measurements show that the defects are mainly sulfur dangling bonds. The ESR spin density is independent of temperature, a fact that suggests that the effective electron-electron correlation energies are positive for these defects. Additional ESR centers can be created by optical excitation at low temperatures. These optically induced centers anneal at temperatures above about 100 K. The electrical conductivity scales with the ESR spin density. Transient, optically induced changes in the photoconductivity and the dark conductivity are accompanied by similar transient, optically induced changes in the ESR. These results provide strong experimental evidence that the transport mechanism is controlled by S-dangling-bond defects that supply holes to the valence band for transport.
Negative Life Events and Their Mental Influence among Students of Primary and Secondary Schools and Institutions of Higher Learning

Objective To understand the prevalence of negative life events among students of primary and secondary schools and institutions of higher learning Methods A questionnaire survey on life events scale was conduced among 10580 students of primary and secondary schools and institutions of higher learning in Wuxi, Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Xuzhou, and Lianyungang cities, Jiangsu Province, by stratified cluster sampling Results (1)The prevalence rates of different negative life events among the students of primary and secondary schools and institutions of higher learning were 8 7%～76 9% with a general prevalence rate of 96 6% The top three influencing factors included study stress, self actualization, and interpersonal relation (2)The prevalence rates of negative life events at moderate and over degrees was 3 5%～39 0%, with a general prevalence rate of 81 0% and with the same three top influencing factors as above mentioned prevalence rates of different negative life events among the students of primary and secondary schools and institutions of higher learning (3)The degree of mental influence of negative life events among the students of primary and secondary schools and institutions of higher learning was different, from mild to heavy The puberty problem exerted the heaviest influence, and study stress exerted the mildest influence The students from urban areas experienced greater influence than the students from rural areas The male students experienced greater influence than the female students Conclusion The prevalence rates of negative life events and their influence on mentality were different among students of different sex, age, grade, and family background Such features is the basis of school mental health education