cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Interruption Management System for Efficient Distributed Collaboration in Multi-tasking Environments

Interruption dissemination in proactive systems remains a challenge for efficient human-machine collaboration, especially in real-time distributed collaborative environments. In this paper a real-time interruption management system (IMS) is proposed that leverages speech information, the most commonly used and available means of communication within collaborative distributed environments. The key aspect of this paper includes a proposed real-time IMS system that leverages lexical affirmation cues to infer the end of a task or task boundary as a candidate interruption time. The performance results show the proposed real-time lexical Affirmation Cues based Interruption Management System (ACE-IMS) outperforms the current baseline real-time IMS system within the existing literature. ACE-IMS has the potential of reducing disruptive interruptions without incurring excessive missed opportunities to disseminate interruptions by utilizing only the most frequently used mode of human communication: voice. Thereby, providing a promising new baseline to further the system development of real-time interruption management systems within the ever-growing distributed collaborative domain.
RF simulation of self-aligned T-shape S/D contact InAs MOSFET on silicon

Abstract This paper demonstrates the design strategy in the self-aligned quantum-well InAs MOSFETs with T-shape S/D. A 2-D TCAD simulation is performed based on the experimental data. The effect of air gap between the T-shape metal contacts is taken into account. It is found that the fringing effects induced by the air gap has significant impacts on both DC and RF performances. Further study is carried out based on this TCAD simulation platform. The channel extension region, which is simply considered as part of series resistances, needs to be properly designed to maximize fT and fMAX. RF performances can’t be further improved even if the gate length is aggressively scaled down. However, the reduction of contact resistance can improve fT and fMAX without any limitations. This contact resistance reduction can be realized by incorporating the additional annealing process in the self-aligned gate-last T-S/D process.
Current and New Frontiers: Exploring How Place Matters Through Arkansas NIBRS Reporting Practices:

The current study focuses on criminal incidents reported to the National Incident Based Reporting System for the state of Arkansas, USA, in 2016. Arkansas law enforcement agencies are mandated to r...
Mediating effects of early childhood programs and high quality home environments on the cognitive development of poor children involved in the child welfare system

Abstract The current study used the data from the National Survey of Children and Adolescents (NSCAW II) to examine the effects of early childhood program (ECE) participation and high-quality home environments on the cognitive outcomes of 16–46 months children (N = 342) living in poverty and investigated by the child welfare system (CWS) for possible child maltreatment. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect pathways from family income to children’s early cognitive development as well as the role of ECE participation and the quality of home environments in mediating the negative effects of poverty on children’s outcomes. The results of the study suggest that poverty affects children’s cognitive development indirectly via the quality of the home environment. Also, poverty was directly linked to the ECE participation of CWS involved children, however the effect of ECE attendance on cognitive development of young children was not confirmed. The findings also show that maternal education is the strongest determinant of the quality of children’s home environment as well as children’s cognitive outcomes. The study findings point to the salience of early home interventions and opportunities for low-income mothers to further their educational attainment.
Religious Ambience on Social Media: A Case Study in A Pandemic Situation

Social media has been crucially important today in the pandemic situation. This work is rooted in key questions: whether social media consumption increases during a pandemic and does the communicative action of social media target religious ambience? The findings show that the flow of messages has increased on social media platforms during pandemic. However, the communicative action of social media is not targeted toward religious ambience. This work is based on data collected through a qualitative survey in the context of Assam, a state of India. The study concludes the communicative action of social media depends on its users' profiles. Users’ profile is perhaps the determining factor regarding religious ambience on social media.
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Photodissociation of ICN in Ethanol: Effect of Solvent Polarity

In this work the photodissociation process for ICN in ethanol, a moderately polar solvent, was simulated using semi-classical molecular dynamics. Comparisons of the results with previous simulations of the photodissociation of ICN in highly polar and nonpolar solvents were made. The results that were compared include the probabilities for recombination as ICN or the isomer INC, or cage escape as I + CN or I* + CN, as well as the different kinetic and potential energy properties that allow further insight into the influence of the solvent on energy dissipation of the photoproducts. In excellent agreement with experiment, we observed a 59% recombination probability in ethanol, significantly lower than in water. The energy dissipation of the translational, rotational, and vibrational kinetic energy of the photofragments was found to be slower in ethanol than in water primarily due to a weaker caging effect exerted by ethanol.
An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Uncertainty in Marketing Promotions InvolvingFree Gifts

The authors provide a framework to predict when uncertainty will have a beneficial or detrimental impact on marketing promotions involving free gifts. While uncertainty (i.e., not knowing which free gift will be offered) decreases purchase likelihood when the decision is cognitive, it increases purchase likelihood when the decision is affective. Using field and laboratory studies, the authors demonstrate that when the decision involves affect, people like to be surprised and appreciate uncertainty in the purchase process. When the decision is cognitive, consumers appreciate having information about the product offer. This research has both theoretical implications for research on affect and uncertainty and practical implications for marketing managers designing and implementing promotional campaigns.
Analytic models for interdiffusion in dense plasma mixtures

The characteristics of atomic-scale mixing are determined by diffusive processes driven by gradients. One such process is interdiffusion, a process driven by density gradients. We consider the various options for formulating interdiffusion in terms of Green–Kubo autocorrelation functions and the thermodynamic factor. Through models for the direct correlation function, we generalize expressions for the thermodynamic factor to include different electron and ion temperatures, electron degeneracy, finite-temperature exchange, and strong coupling. Additionally, a Gaussian autocorrelation function (GAF) is employed for a binary ionic mixture, yielding a simple analytic transport model for interdiffusion. The GAF model is shown to be accurate for moderately and strongly coupled plasmas.
Recent advances in the mechanical characterization of shales at nano-to micro-scales: A review

Abstract Understanding geomechanical properties of shales, such as stiffness properties and fracture toughness, is important in different areas of petroleum industry-related activities. Nanoscale to microscale experiments on shale samples require a much smaller sample compared to macroscale experiments. This is a major advantage because irregularly-shaped drill cuttings from shales can be used for experimental analyses, such as nanoindentation or atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, characterization of mechanical properties at the nano-to micro-scale is a relatively new addition to classical geomechanical experiments on shales, and there is still a lack of both fundamental knowledge and standard procedures for conducting experiments at this scale. The theoretical principles of nanoindentation-based (Gridded Nanoindentation and Modulus Mapping) and AFM-based experimental methods (PeakForce QNM™ and AFM-IR), a review of the literature results and the major findings are explained in Sections 2 and 3, respectively. These experimental techniques are compared in Section 4. Overall, nanoindentation experiments reveal the anisotropy of organic matter (OM)-rich shales at the nanoscale, and it is shown that gridded nanoindentation is capable of characterizing different minerals with respect to their stiffness properties. The capability of AFM (PeakForce QNM™) to differentiate between different minerals within OM-rich shales with distinct mechanical properties, in particular stiffness, is also demonstrated. It is shown that AFM-based methods are more straightforward than gridded-nanoindentation to characterize OM-rich shales based on the stiffness of different constituent minerals of OM-rich shales, but nanoindentation can apply higher loads than AFM-based methods. Therefore, they can measure creep properties and fracture toughness of OM-rich shales. It is shown that the OM is the most compliant part of the OM-rich shales, but it is still unclear if thermal maturation has an impact on the stiffness of OM. It is necessary to investigate if there is a relationship between the OM type (kerogen, bitumen, etc.) and mechanical properties such as Young's modulus and Creep rate.
Force spectroscopy with electromagnetic tweezers

Force spectroscopy using magnetic tweezers (MTs) is a powerful method to probe the physical characteristics of single polymers. Typically, molecules are functionalized for specific attachment to a glass surface at one end and a micrometer-scale paramagnetic bead at the other end. By applying an external magnetic field, multiple molecules can be stretched and twisted simultaneously without exposure to potentially damaging radiation. The majority of MTs utilize mobile, permanent magnets to produce forces on the beads (and the molecule under test). However, translating and rotating the permanent magnets may require expensive precision actuators, limit the rate at which force can be changed, and may induce vibrations that disturb tether dynamics and bead tracking. Alternatively, the magnetic field can be produced with an electromagnet, which allows fast force modulation and eliminates motor-associated vibration. Here, we describe a low-cost quadrapolar electromagnetic tweezer design capable of manipulating DNA-tethered MyOne paramagnetic beads with forces as high as 15 pN. The solid-state nature of the generated B-field modulated along two axes is convenient for accessing the range of forces and torques relevant for studying the activity of DNA motor enzymes like polymerases and helicases. Our design specifically leverages technology available at an increasing number of university maker spaces and student-run machine shops. Thus, it is an accessible tool for undergraduate education that is applicable to a wide range of biophysical research questions.
Aging formula for lithium ion batteries with solid electrolyte interphase layer growth

Abstract Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) current profiles are dynamic, consisting of repeated charge and discharge pulses. Accurate prediction of the battery response to these inputs requires models with open circuit voltage and Butler–Volmer kinetic nonlinearities. This paper derives a nonlinear, electrolyte-enhanced, single particle model (NESPM) that includes aging due to solid electrolyte interphase layer growth. The model is validated with experimental full charge, discharge, HEV cycle, and aging data from 4.5 Ah graphite/LiFePO4 cells. The NESPM is capable of operating up to 3C constant charge–discharge cycles and up to 25C and 10 s charge–discharge pulses within 35–65% state of charge (SOC) with less than 2% error. The NESPM aging model is then simplified to obtain explicit formulas for capacity fade and impedance rise that depend on the battery parameters and current input history. The formulas show that aging increases with SOC, operating temperature, time, and root mean square (RMS) current. The formula predicts that HEV current profiles with the (i) same average SOC, (ii) small SOC swing, (iii) same operating temperature, (iv) same cycle length, and (v) same RMS current, will have the same cell capacity fade.
Stress and Maternal Postpartum Depression: The Importance of Stress Type and Timing

Interest in identifying social risk factors for maternal postpartum depression has increased, with a growing emphasis placed on stress exposure. Despite increased interest, questions about the importance of lifetime stress exposure relative to stress surrounding childbirth, along with the importance of different types of stressful events, remain unanswered. The stress process model has gained prominence as a guiding framework for examining stress type and timing in studies of major depression and poor pregnancy outcomes, suggesting that this framework has the potential to advance our understanding of the relationship between stress exposure and depressive symptoms in postpartum women. Using in-person interviews and medical record data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (N = 4362), we draw on a stress process framework to examine: (1) whether lifetime acute stress exposure prior to pregnancy and birth is a risk factor for postpartum depression net of more proximate acute stressors occurring after pregnancy and birth, and (2) which types of stress (acute, chronic) are most salient for this outcome. Our results show that both acute stressors and chronic strains are independently associated with postpartum depression and acute stressors occurring prior to pregnancy and birth have long-lasting effects on postpartum mental health even when more proximate acute stressors are considered. Our findings underscore the need to more fully capture stressors and strains occurring throughout a woman’s life course with regard to postpartum depression, and suggest the importance of rooting postpartum research and screening in a stress process framework.
Effects of Buoyancy on Laminar, Transitional, and Turbulent Gas Jet Diffusion Flames

Gas jet diffusion flames have been a subject of research for many years. However, a better understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena occurring in these flames is still needed, and, while the effects of gravity on the burning process have been observed, the basic mechanisms responsible for these changes have yet to be determined. The fundamental mechanisms that control the combustion process are in general coupled and quite complicated. These include mixing, radiation, kinetics, soot formation and disposition, inertia, diffusion, and viscous effects. In order to understand the mechanisms controlling a fire, laboratory-scale laminar and turbulent gas-jet diffusion flames have been extensively studied, which have provided important information in relation to the physico-chemical processes occurring in flames. However, turbulent flames are not fully understood and their understanding requires more fundamental studies of laminar diffusion flames in which the interplay of transport phenomena and chemical kinetics is more tractable. But even this basic, relatively simple flame is not completely characterized in relation to soot formation, radiation, diffusion, and kinetics. Therefore, gaining an understanding of laminar flames is essential to the understanding of turbulent flames, and particularly fires, in which the same basic phenomena occur. In order to improve and verify the theoretical models essential to the interpretation of data, the complexity and degree of coupling of the controlling mechanisms must be reduced. If gravity is isolated, the complication of buoyancy-induced convection would be removed from the problem. In addition, buoyant convection in normal gravity masks the effects of other controlling parameters on the flame. Therefore, the combination of normal-gravity and microgravity data would provide the information, both theoretical and experimental, to improve our understanding of diffusion flames in general, and the effects of gravity on the burning process in particular.
Acoustic emission applied to detect workpiece burn during grinding

Overly-aggressive or otherwise inappropriate grinding of metals can produce an undesirable change in metallurgical properties of the material being processed; usually this is referred to as workpiece burn. In this experimental paper the acoustic signature of grinding is collected, and compared to the processed workpiece condition, for thirteen data sets including both relatively hard (Inconel) and soft (52100 bearing steel) metals. This work is distinguished by its use of a high sampling rate (2.56 MHz) in data acquisition and in its processing of the raw, rather than RMS/filtered, data samples. Signs of burn are seen in the frequency domain, and in the correlation between wheel rotations.
Initial Findings on Wat Suthat: Presence, Power, and Merit-Making in the Vihara Murals and Inscriptions

This article examines the vihara mural of the Bangkok monastery Wat Suthat. Unlike most scholarship on Thai monastic murals and Buddhist murals in Southeast Asia which focus mainly on the content of the murals, this article focuses on the religious motivation for creating murals and examines the problems of viewing and understanding the mural within the context of a monastic building. This paper also examines the role of the Buddhavamsa commentary inscriptions on the walls of the vihara below the mural, showing how they like the murals assert a presence rather than a didactic function.
Salvation as a Selective Incentive: An Olsonian Analysis of the Faith vs. Works Cleavage

As club goods, religions face the problem of free riding. Smaller religious clubs, such as cults or sects, can often surmount this problem through communal pressures or by requiring their members to provide easily monitored signals. Generally, however, such tactics will be unavailable or too costly for large denominations, and, as such, these denominations must look for other techniques to avoid free riding. This paper argues that the Roman Catholic doctrine of justification by faith and works serves as an Olsonian selective incentive, and presents empirical evidence in support of this claim. It also examines the historical and theological development of the doctrine in an attempt to discern if the faith plus works model of salvation evolved in the Roman Catholic Church for economic, as opposed to theological, reasons.
A new look at parallel computing in the computer science curriculum

Parallel computing is essential: From molecular biology, astrophysics and weather prediction to aero- and hydro-dynamic engineering, robotics, and even home electronics design, parallel computing offers fast, efficient solutions to complex problems that previously could not have been attempted. Parallel computing is available and affordable: With the advent of multicore architectures and cheap, high-performance interconnection networks (Gigabit Ethernet, Myrinet, Infiniband), parallel computers and inexpensive clusters have entered the mainstream of computing. In addition, more and more supercomputing centers are established and equipped with the latest high-performance hardware to allow scientists unprecedented access to enormous computational power. Parallel computing is difficult: Parallel computing requires a different approach to algorithmic problem solving compared to traditional computing. It also requires a deeper understanding of the interaction between software and hardware, the underlying principles of programming language design, concurrent operating systems, networking, and computer architecture. While some aspects of parallel computing are natural, many are extremely challenging both in terms of understanding and implementation. Thread interleaving, shared access synchronization, race conditions, load balancing, parallel data structures are only some of the issues confronting parallel computing experts today. This panel aims to address the issues associated with the widespread advent of parallel computing and its impact on the Computer Science curriculum. Some of the questions we will explore include: • "How early should parallel computing be introduced into the curriculum?" • "How much emphasis on parallel/distributed computing vs. traditional computing should there be?" • "What types of parallel computing projects are appropriate at the freshman / sophomore / junior / senior levels of studies?" • "How much emphasis should be placed on interdisciplinary projects involving parallel computing?" The panelists will attempt to answer these questions from the points of view of a parallel algorithms/software engineer, a parallel hardware designer, scientific computing expert, and a curriculum development specialist.
Community College Budgeting and Financing Demystified

The topic of budgeting and financial resources often strikes fear in the hearts of community college administrators and faculty, as they believe it is an arcane and complex art understood only by accountants and financial specialists. This chapter attempts to demystify the basic concepts involved in budgeting and addresses approaches to budgeting, cost allocation, and using budgets for planning and control.
Efficient harmonic balance simulation using multi-level frequency decomposition

Efficient harmonic balance (HB) simulation provides a useful tool for the design of RF and microwave integrated circuits. For practical circuits that can contain strong nonlinearities, however, HB problems cannot be solved reliably or efficiently using conventional techniques. Various preconditioning techniques have been proposed to facilitate a robust and efficient analysis based on Krylov subspace linear solvers. In This work we introduce a multi-level frequency domain preconditioner based on a hierarchical frequency decomposition approach. At each Newton iteration, we recursively solve a set of smaller problems to provide an effective preconditioner for the large linearized HB problem. Compared to the standard single-level block diagonal preconditioner, our experiments indicate that our approach provides a more robust, memory efficient solution while offering a 2-9/spl times/ speedup for several strongly nonlinear HB problems in our experiments.
Applications of Lyapunov functions in the design of adaptive control for PLL systems

A model-reference adaptive control based on Lyapunov theorem is proposed for controlling several phase-locked loops (PLLs) from a single control voltage. The gain parameters of each linear oscillator (of the PLLs) in the system is identified and a control scheme is computed to minimize the phase error at the main control loop. A linear control law to reduce the control efforts to stabilize complex arrangement of nested or linked phase-locked loops is developed and applied to three different PLL systems operating at 1 MHz, 4 MHz, and 10 MHz whose v/sub in/-/spl omega/ characteristics are Lyapunov functions. Linear transformations were used to generate the linear control voltage that drives the discrete nonlinear points of the transfer characteristics. Summary of results for the three PLL examples is included. >
Multiple Incremental Themes and Figure/Path Relations

However, certain arguments in the predicate also enter into aspectual composition and partly determine the aspectual class of the predicate (Garey 1957, Verkuyl 1972, 1993, Tenny 1987, 1992, 1994, Krifka 1989, 1992, 1998, Dowty 1991, Jackendoff 1996). For example, for creation/consumption predicates (eat, drink, build) the expression of the patient argument has an effect on the aspectual class of the predicate. When the patient is expressed as a DP that has quantized reference (i.e. describes a specific quantity of the patient such that no subpart of the patient also has that quantity), then all else being equal the predicate is telic. If the patient is instead expressed as a DP that does not have quantized reference, or is omitted altogether, the predicate is atelic. This is shown in (2), where a glass of wine has quantized reference (no subpart of a glass of wine is also a glass of wine), and the predicate is telic, while wine does not have quantized reference (subparts of wine are still wine) and the predicate is atelic. I probe for telicity using the standard in and for temporal modifiers (Dowty 1979). Only telic predicates are compatible with in-modifiers, while atelic predicates are more natural with for-modifiers.
Synchronous Videoconferencing in Distance Education for Pre-Licensure Nursing.

Current nursing education practices typically include methodologies for providing access to students located at a distance from the hosting institution. The majority of methodologies make use of asynchronous formatting in which communication occurs without the benefit of simultaneous, synchronous interaction. The increasing worldwide availability of high-speed internet access in combination with emerging technologies offer the opportunity to provide high-quality education to learners in remote and distant locations. The study examined student learner responses to two survey instruments upon the conclusion of a standard course in a pre-licensure baccalaureate nursing education program. Volunteer participants were solicited from an enrolled class of 21 students; 13 of the enrolled 21 students participated in the study. The selected instruments included the Distance Education Learning Satisfaction (DELES) and Social Presence Survey (SPS). The findings demonstrated equal or superior satisfaction and social presence scores on the selected instruments when contrasted with non-nursing coursework findings established in the literature using the same instruments. Significant generalizations from the pilot study are constrained due to the single-site, single-cohort design with small sample size, yet the findings support the belief that the synchronous methodologies afford a comparable, if not superior educational environment for distance learners. The findings further support the need for additional, expanded research to validate the initial findings and increase confidence in use of the new technologies.
Star-forming loops in the IRAS sky images

Loops of heated dust and embedded young stars are seen in IRAS images of the galaxy. Some of these loops are undoubtedly OB association “bubbles”: a conclusion which revives the possibility of sequential star formation.
Process-structure-property relationships of erodable polymeric biomaterials, I: Poly (desaminotyrosyl arylates)

Polymeric biomaterials, especially new compositions, are often tested for biocompatibility, bioerosion rate or cell growth specificity without regard to the morphological structures introduced during materials processing. It will be shown that in addition to the potential influence on biological response, processing induced structure profoundly influences materials properties under bio-relevant conditions. Using a combinatorial library of erodable Polyarylates, these issues will be explored with emphasis on in-vivo dimensional stability and mechanical property retention. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silicon nanowire NVM with high-k gate dielectric stack

Three flash memory cell structures with silicon nanowire channels and high-k dielectric stacks were fabricated with a ''self-aligning'' process and their characteristics are reported and compared in this paper: a Metal/SiO"2/HfO"2/SiO"2/Si (MOHOS) cell with a SiO"2 blocking layer and two Metal/Al"2O"3/HfO"2/SiO"2/Si (MAHOS) cells with Al"2O"3, all with HfO"2 as the charge trapping layer. Compared to (control) planar cells, all three operate at higher speeds, attributed to the enhanced electric field across the tunneling oxide surrounding the channel. The MAHOS cells (Al"2O"3 blocking layer) outperform the MOHOS cells (SiO"2 blocking layer) and both have large memory window, fast operation speed, good endurance and retention.
Large-Area Chemically Modified Graphene Films: Electrophoretic Deposition and Characterization by Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

A facile, rapid, and scalable electrophoretic deposition approach is developed for the fabrication of large-area chemically derived graphene films on conductive substrates based on the electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide components. Two distinctive approaches for fabricating conformal graphene films are developed. In the first approach, graphene oxide sheets are electrophoretically deposited from an aqueous solution after the oxidation of graphite to graphite oxide and the subsequent exfoliation of graphite oxide to graphene oxide. Next, the graphene oxide films are reduced via dip-coating in an aqueous solution of hydrazine. In the second approach, graphene oxide is reduced to graphene nanosheets in a strongly alkaline solution and the reduced graphene sheets are directly electrophoretically deposited onto conductive substrates. The film thickness can be modified by the deposition time and the obtained films span several square millimeters in area. Near-edge X-ray abso...
Abstract 5574: Altered glycerophospholipid metabolism in non-small cell lung carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Objective: It is hypothesized that accumulation of specific metabolites precedes morphologic changes in human lung tumors during malignant transformation, and that this may be exploited to develop a lung cancer biomarker. Methods: We performed metabolomic profiling on 24 fresh-frozen specimens from patients with biopsy proven lung adenocarcinoma. The following tissues from each of the patients were analyzed: tumor, adjacent-to-tumor tissues, and normal lung. The metabolites were extracted by a methanol chloroform technique and separated by high resolution liquid chromatography. They were analyzed using the 6520 hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Agilent). Mass Profiler Professional software (Agilent) was used for statistical analysis and metabolite profiling. To identify a metabolite of interest, the retention time and elemental composition data were searched against databases: METLIN Personal Metabolite (Agilent). After multiple data filtering steps we derived a non-small cell lung carcinoma-specific metabolomic fingerprint. We performed metabolic network analysis to assess which gene(s) may be associated with the metabolomic biosignatures. Results: We detected an average of 2232 unique metabolites in the tumor specimens, 1795 in the adjacent-to-tumor specimens, and 1613 in the normal lung. When tumor and normal lung samples were compared, 201 metabolites were significantly over-expressed and 105 were under-expressed in the tumor tissue. The metabolic biosignature for the tumor group was highly distinct from the other lung regions (several fold change). The metabolites within the tumor-specific signature included the following families: lactate, amino acids, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and glycine derivatives. In particular, multiple phosphatidylethanolamines showed dramatic differential expression in tumor tissues compared to normal lung. Metabolic network analysis suggests that the altered metabolite levels could affect critical cellular functions, including: cell signaling, growth and invasiveness. Conclusion: Metabolomic analysis has identified metabolites that were uniquely found in human lung adenocarcinomas. The specific metabolic biosignature of lung adenocarcinoma could suggest novel biomarkers that could be used for diagnosis, as well as suggest altered molecular pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5574.
Evolution: How does increased fitness evolve?

Populations of bacteria exposed to a new environment have undergone adaptive evolutionary change over 10,000 generations. These populations provide a testing ground for alternative models of long-term evolution.
Urban coastal flood prediction: Integrating wave overtopping, flood defenses and drainage

Abstract Flood extent field observations collected following a wave overtopping event are used to evaluate the accuracy of two urban flood prediction models: a static (‘bathtub’) model that simply compares water level to land elevation, and a hydrodynamic model that resolves embayment dynamics, overland flow, concrete flood walls, and drainage into the storm water system. Time-dependent overtopping rates were estimated using empirical models parameterized with survey data and local wave heights transformed to the nearshore using Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) and subsequently input to the hydrodynamic model. The hydrodynamic model showed good agreement with field observations, whereas the static model substantially overpredicted flooding suggesting that urban backshore flood depths do not equilibrate with shoreline water levels in transient events. In the absence of a high backwater condition, storm system drainage attenuates wave overtopping flooding. Hydrodynamic model simulations suggest that bay side flood defenses may exacerbate flooding by restricting drainage and that temporary flood mitigation berms can significantly reduce backshore flooding. This study points to a promising urban coastal flood prediction and management framework.
Stearic Acid as Plasma Replacement for Intracellular in vitro Culture of Plasmodium knowlesi

A chloroform extract of Cohn9s fraction IV-4 of human plasma successfully replaced whole fraction IV-4 for the intracellular in vitro culture of Plasmodium knowlesi . We are now able to report the successful replacement of monkey plasma by stearic acid.
Diarylethenes with Electroactive Substituents: A Theoretical Study to Understand the Effect on the IR Spectrum and a Simple Way to Read Optical Memory in the Mid-IR

Diarylethenes bearing electro-donating and electro-withdrawing substituents in the 5,5‘-positions of the thiophene unit were studied theoretically (DFT, B3LYP) to understand the effect of the substituents on the infrared spectrum in the two stable forms. The photochromic molecule with the electro-donating substituent showed the largest difference in the infrared (IR) spectrum due to the push−pull−push structure. It was chosen to build a memory film with a readout process in the mid-IR. Information written on the photochromic film was read using a setup based on an infrared camera (multibolometer) and a filtered broadband Globar source. The results showed that the readout process worked without matching any specific absorption band. A good contrast was obtained also with a single camera frame (45 ms).
Multicellular models of intercellular synchronization in circadian neural networks

Abstract The circadian clock generates 24 h rhythms that drive physiological and behavioral processes in a diverse range of organisms including microbes, plants, insects, and mammals. Recent experimental advances have produced improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in circadian rhythm generation at the single cell level. However, the intercellular mechanisms that allow large populations of coupled pacemaker cells to synchronize and coordinate their rhythms remain poorly understood. The purpose of this article is to review recent progress in dynamic modeling of the circadian clock with a focus on multicellular models required to describe cell population synchronization. Mammalian systems are emphasized to illustrate the highly heterogeneous structure and rich dynamical behavior of multicellular circadian systems. Available multicellular models are characterized with respect to their single cell descriptions, intercellular coupling mechanisms, and network topologies. Examples drawn from our own research are used to demonstrate the advantages associated with integrating detailed single cell models within realistic multicellular networks for prediction of mammalian system dynamics. Mathematical modeling is shown to represent a powerful tool for understanding the intracellular and intercellular mechanisms utilized to robustly synchronize large populations of highly heterogeneous and sparsely coupled single cell oscillators. The article concludes with some possible directions for future research.
Characterization of an EPSP-like potential recorded remotely from the round window

The whole‐nerve cochlear action potential (CAP), to tone burst stimulation, was recorded before and after application of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to the intact round window (RW) membrane. TTX abolished the CAP leaving a residual negative potential without altering the summating potential (SP) or the cochlear microphonic (CM). The residual potential retained its polarity when recorded from scala vestibuli. The peak latency, amplitude, and tuning properties of the residual potential showed features similar to the CAP. Application of kainic acid to the RW membrane eliminated the residual potential, leaving the SP and CM unaltered. It is hypothesized that the sources of the residual potential are the excitatory post‐synaptic potentials from the peripheral processes of afferent dendrites under the inner hair cells.
Equianalgesic dose guidelines for long-term opioid use: Theoretical and practical considerations

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Services, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Address reprint requests to Karen J. Souter, MB, BS, MSc, FRCA, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Services, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356540, Seattle, WA 98195-6540. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1547-9951/04/2304-0000$30.00/0 Patients receiving long-term opioids for the management of chronic cancer-related and noncancer pain may develop tolerance and/or adverse effects to these drugs requiring conversion to a different opioid analgesic. There are a number of theoretical reasons for the development of tolerance to opioids. Tolerance to various opioid analgesics may develop at different rates in the same patient. Between patients, tolerance to the same opioid can develop at variable rates. Opioid conversion tables in current use were developed in general from single-dose studies in opioid-naive patients and therefore may not be accurate or safe to use when changing from one opioid to another in opioid-tolerant patients. Recent publications provide some guidelines for opioid conversions in this patient population. Opioid therapy is well established in the management of a variety of painful conditions. Short-term control of pain related to acute medical conditions and surgical procedures commonly involves opioid therapy and is generally well accepted. Long-term use of opioids for chronic pain conditions is also becoming increasingly accepted. In the management of cancer-related pain, most clinicians agree that opioids play an essential role, and there is now increasing evidence for the efficacy of opioids in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. The adequate management and persistent undertreatment of pain, however, remains a major public health concern and various professional societies, governmental, and regulatory agencies have developed standards and guidelines for long-term opioid prescription. These guidelines usually include recommendations for careful, comprehensive assessment of the pain complaint and close monitoring of the response to opioid therapy.
Nystagmus Discordance with 2-Dimensional Videonystagmography in Posterior Semicircular Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

ObjectiveThe Dix-Hallpike test is a standard component of the videonystagmography test battery and can diagnose posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of discordant, equivocal, and concordant nystagmus tracings in active posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo when compared directly with the eye video.Study DesignCase series with chart review of patients diagnosed with posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo by 2-dimensional videonystagmography from August 1, 2007, to August 1, 2012.SettingA tertiary vestibular test laboratory.Subjects and MethodsNinety-six adults (4 had bilateral involvement) with posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo were included. A total of 100 videos with accompanying videonystagmography tracings were reviewed to determine nystagmus trajectory as well as globe position. Descriptive statistics were used to describe prevale...
Cerebral cortical gray matter overgrowth and functional variation of the serotonin transporter gene in autism.

Context Autism is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder characterized biologically by enlargement of the head and brain and abnormalities of serotonin neurotransmission. Objective To evaluate whether5-HTTLPR, a functional promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter geneSLC6A4, influences cerebral cortical structure volumes in young male children with autism. Design Association study of a genetic variant with quantitative traits. Setting Autism research centers at the University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, and the University of Washington (UW), Seattle. Participants Forty-four male children, 2 to 4 years old, with autism participating in longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging studies. Main Outcome Measures Cerebral cortical and cerebellar gray and white matter volumes. Results We found that5-HTTLPRgenotype influenced gray matter volumes of the cerebral cortex (F2,23 = 7.29,P = .004) and of 3 lobe-based subregions in the UNC sample of 29 children (frontal lobe gray matter: F2,23 = 6.36,P = .01). The5-HTTLPRshort allele appeared to be additively associated with increasing gray matter volumes, an observation affirmed by tests of linear genotype effects (cortical gray matter: F1,24 = 14.11,P = .001; frontal lobe gray matter: F1,24 = 13.20,P = .001). Genotype did not influence cerebellar volumes. Confirmation was pursued by means of the UW sample of 15 children. While effects were not significant in the UW sample alone, the patterns of adjusted means resembled those found in the UNC sample. Positive Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test results supported the concordance of relationships across the 2 sites, and analyses of covariance of the combined sample that included a site covariate showed significant linear genotype effects on structure volumes (cortical gray matter: F1,38 = 5.73,P = .02; frontal lobe gray matter: F1,38 = 11.73,P = .002). Effect sizes of5-HTTLPRgenotype on total cortical and frontal lobe gray matter volumes were 10% and 16%, respectively. Conclusion TheSLC6A4promoter polymorphism5-HTTLPRinfluences cerebral cortical gray matter volumes in young male children with autism.
Focal mechanism of ventricular tachycardia in coronary artery disease.

Background Re-entry is the most common mechanism of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with coronary artery disease and prior myocardial infarction (MI). Objective This study sought to report the electrophysiological properties of a series of patients with prior MI who underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for VT originating instead from a focal source. Methods The electrophysiological properties of 46 patients with prior MI (male 89%, age 64.8 ± 10.2 years) who underwent RFA for sustained VT were studied. A total of 101 VTs were induced (92 [91%] macro–re-entrant VT and 9 [9%] focal VT). Results One patient had adenosine-sensitive idiopathic focal VT. The focal VT group had a significantly shorter pre-systolic interval (electrogram to QRS) during VT compared with the macro–re-entrant VT group (36 ± 17 ms vs. 117 ± 67 ms, P = .001). The successful ablation sites in the focal VT group also had a significantly lower ratio (in percentage) of electrogram-QRS interval to diastolic interval (VT cycle length − QRS duration) during VT (14 ± 8%) as compared with macro–re-entrant VTs (48 ± 30%, P P = .01). However, the procedure time, VT cycle length, number of RFA applications required for success, and acute success results were not significantly different in these 2 groups. Conclusion A focal mechanism is present in up to 9% of VTs in patients with CAD and prior MI that are induced during electrophysiology study for RF ablation. Mechanistic distinction from more typical macro–re-entrant VT in this population is important because ablation site characteristics are very different.
A new approach to pattern metrology

We describe an approach to pattern metrology that enables the simultaneous determination of critical dimensions, overlay and film thickness. A single optical system captures nonzero- and zero-order diffracted signals from illuminated grating targets, as well as unpatterned regions of the surrounding substrate. Differential targets provide in situ dimensional calibration. CD target signals are analyzed to determine average dimension, profile attributes, and effective dose and defocus. In turn, effective dose and defocus determines all CDs pre-correlated to the dose and focus settings of the exposure tool. Overlay target signals are analyzed to determine the relative reflectivity of the layer pair and the overlay error between them. Compared to commercially available pattern metrology (SEM, optical microscopy, AFM, scatterometry and schnitzlometry), our approach promises improved signal-to-noise, higher throughput and smaller targets. We have dubbed this optical chimera MOXIE (Metrology Of eXtremely Irrational Exuberance).
Coal pretreatment—extensions of flowtran to model solids-handling equipment

Abstract PLEXSYS and FLOWTRAN are used to simulate solids-handling equipment in the pretreatment section of the CO 2 -Acceptor coal gasification process. Programs to simulate crushers, hammer mills, cyclone separators, dryers, furnaces, and preheaters are created using the plex data structure, with thermodynamic properties of vapor and liquid mixtures computed using FLOWTRAN routines. Methods of combining PLEXSYS and FLOWTRAN are presented and the model for a hot gas swept hammer mill is described in detail.
A Gene for an Extended Phenotype

Manipulation of host behavior by parasites and pathogens has been widely observed, but the basis for these behaviors has remained elusive. Gypsy moths infected by a baculovirus climb to the top of trees to die, liquefy, and "rain" virus on the foliage below to infect new hosts. The viral gene that manipulates climbing behavior of the host was identified, providing evidence of a genetic basis for the extended phenotype.
Local Group Communication-aware MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of providing efficient communication primitives across domains of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. We argue both qualitatively and quantitatively that group communication among sensors of geographic proximity is one of the basic building blocks of many WSN applications. Furthermore, group communication awareness needs to be embedded and implemented at the MAC layer due to the broadcast nature of wireless medium. We devise a MAC protocol, called LGC-MAC to enable efficient single-hop one-to-many and many-to-one communication. We present case studies of two example applications, acoustic target tracking and propagation of information with feedback using LGC-MAC and demonstrate that LGC-MAC can improve the response time, alleviate channel contention and provide better fault tolerance to packet collisions and wireless errors.