cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem and Neural Progenitor Cells From Acutely Harvested Dura Mater Obtained During Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Surgery

Background The dura mater can be easily biopsied during most cranial neurosurgical operations. We describe a protocol that allows for robust generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural progenitors from acutely harvested dura mater. Objective To generate iPSCs and neural progenitor cells from dura mater obtained during ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. Methods Dura was obtained during ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery for normal pressure hydrocephalus from a 60-year-old patient with severe cognitive impairment. Fibroblasts were isolated from the dural matrix and transduced with nonintegrating Sendai virus for iPSC induction. A subset of successfully generated iPSC clones underwent immunocytochemical analysis, teratoma assay, karyotyping, and targeted neural differentiation. Results Eleven iPSC clones were obtained from the transduction of an estimated 600,000 dural fibroblasts after 3 passages. Three clones underwent immunocytochemical analysis and were shown to express the transcription factors OCT-4, SOX2, and the embryonic cell markers SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and Nanog. Two clones were tested for pluripotency and formed teratomas at the injection site in immunodeficient mice. Three clones underwent chromosomal analysis and were found to have a normal metaphase spread and karyotype. One clone underwent targeted neural differentiation and formed neural rosettes as well as TuJ1/SOX1-positive neural progenitor cells. Conclusions IPSCs and neural progenitor cells can be efficiently derived from the dura of patients who need to undergo cranial neurosurgical operations. IPSCs were obtained with a nonintegrating virus and exhibited a normal karyotype, making them candidates for future autotransplantation after targeted differentiation to treat functional deficits.
Preparation and Characterization of Cu2ZnGeS4-ySey

Abstract : Cu2ZnGeS4 can be prepared in both tetragonal stannite and orthorhombic wurtz-stannite phases, whereas Cu2ZnGeSe4 only exists in the tetragonal phase. Selenium can be substituted for sulfur up to 100% in the tetragonal structure of Cu2ZnGeS(4-y)Se(y) prepared at 700 C, and up to 75% in the orthorhombic structure prepared ad 900 C. The temperature at which the phase transformation takes place was found to increase with higher selenium concentration. Iron was substituted into both forms of Cu2Zn(1-x)Fe(x)GeS(4-y) Se(y) and the same in both structures. Keywords: Germanium; Copper; Zinc; Iron; Selenium; Chalcogenides; Optical properties; Semiconducting properties; Non linear optics; Antiferromagnetic interactions.
Calcium and morphogenetic fields.

Experiments on polarizing fucoid eggs indicate that they drive a steady calcium ion current through themselves as they establish a developmental axis. Moreover, the experiments strongly suggest that this current establishes a pCa gradient within the egg which is part of the mechanism which establishes this axis. It is suggested that Child's 'metabolic gradients' (as well as Bunning's unequal plant cell divisions) likewise include pCa gradients with Child's 'high' ends and Bunning's antimeristemoid ends being regions of low pCa. Evidence for other developmental calcium currents (obtained with a vibrating extracellular voltage electrode) is reviewed, and the development of a vibrating extracellular pCa electrode is proposed. Finally, progress towards direct observations of intracellular pCa gradients is reviewed. This includes visualization of an apparent steady high calcium cap at the vegetal (and perhaps, too, the animal) pole of medaka fish eggs with the aid of aequorin.
Real forms and finite order automorphisms of affine Kac-Moody algebras - an outline of a new approach

We outline a new approach to classify real forms and automorphisms of finite order of affine Kac-Moody algebras.
Psychotic features in bipolar and unipolar depression.

Background: While some prior studies have found higher rates of psychotic depression in those with bipolar disorder or a bipolar relative, others have failed to confirm these observations. We examined the relationship of psychotic depression to polarity in several large familial samples of mood disorder. Methods: A total of 4,724 subjects with major mood disorder in three family studies on the genetics of bipolar I disorder (BPI) or recurrent major depressive disorder (MDDR) were administered semi-structured interviews by clinicians. Determination of psychotic features was based on a report of hallucinations and/or delusions during the most severe depressive episode in the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version or the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies interview. Rates of psychotic depression were calculated by diagnostic category and comparisons were made between diagnoses within and across studies using the generalized estimating equation. Results: A diagnosis of BPI disorder was strongly predictive of psychotic features during depression compared to MDDR [odds ratio (OR) = 4.61, p < 0.0005]. Having bipolar II compared to MDDR was not predictive of psychosis (OR = 1.05, p = 0.260), nor was having a family history of BPI in MDDR subjects (OR = 1.20, p = 0.840). Conclusions: Psychotic features during a depressive episode increased the likelihood of a BPI diagnosis. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. The potential genetic underpinnings of psychotic depression warrant further study.
The Influence of Applied STEM Coursetaking on Advanced Mathematics and Science Coursetaking

ABSTRACTAdvanced mathematics and science coursetaking is critical in building the foundation for students to advance through the STEM pathway—from high school to college to career. To invigorate students’ persistence in STEM fields, high schools have been introducing applied STEM courses into the curriculum as a way to reinforce concepts learned in traditional mathematics and science classes and to motivate students’ interests in a long-term pursuit of these areas. The author examines the role of taking applied STEM courses early in high school on taking advanced mathematics and science courses later in high school. The results suggest a positive link between early applied STEM coursetaking and later advanced mathematics and science coursetaking—one that is delineated by specific type of applied STEM course and by individual-level demographic characteristics. The findings of this study thus support policymakers and practitioners’ efforts to expand the STEM curriculum beyond traditional subjects. Continuin...
Hybrid PO-PWTD scheme for analyzing of scattering from electrically large PEC objects

Recently, there has been growing interest in developing hybrid physical optics (PO)-integral equation schemes, both in the time and frequency domains. This paper presents a fast hybrid physical optics - time domain integral equation (TDIE) scheme for analyzing transient scattering from electrically large, perfect electrically conducting (PEC) objects. The scheme requires the user to delineate regions on the scatterer where currents are computed either using a TDIE scheme or by PO. In non-PO regions, currents are updated by solving a time domain combined field integral equation by marching on in time. Everywhere else, PO updates are effected by considering not only incident fields, but also fields radiated by all currents on the scatterer. The computation of the latter fields is accelerated by the plane wave time domain (PWTD) scheme. Multiple PO bounces are inherently captured by this formulation. Several examples that demonstrate the efficacy of this solver will be presented.
Fostering Hooks and Shifts: Tutorial Tactics for Guided Mathematical Discovery

How do instructors guide students to discover mathematical content? Are current explanatory models of pedagogical practice suitable to capture pragmatic essentials of discovery-based instruction? We examined videographed data from the implementation of a natural user interface design for proportions, so as to determine one constructivist tutor’s methodology for fostering expert visualization of learning materials. Our analysis applied professional-perception cognitive–anthropological frameworks. However, several types of tutorial tactics we observed appeared to “fall between the cracks” of these frameworks, due to the discovery-based, physical, and semantically complex nature of our design. We tabulate and exemplify an expanded framework that accommodates the observed tactics. The study complements our earlier focus on students’ agency in discovery (in Abrahamson et al., Technol Knowl Learn 16(1):55–85, 2011) by offering an empirically validated resource for researchers, instructors, and professional developers interested in preparing future teaching for future technology.
Efficiency, selectivity, and robustness of nucleocytoplasmic transport.

All materials enter or exit the cell nucleus through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), efficient transport devices that combine high selectivity and throughput. NPC-associated proteins containing phenylalanine–glycine repeats (FG nups) have large, flexible, unstructured proteinaceous regions, and line the NPC. A central feature of NPC-mediated transport is the binding of cargo-carrying soluble transport factors to the unstructured regions of FG nups. Here, we model the dynamics of nucleocytoplasmic transport as diffusion in an effective potential resulting from the interaction of the transport factors with the flexible FG nups, using a minimal number of assumptions consistent with the most well-established structural and functional properties of NPC transport. We discuss how specific binding of transport factors to the FG nups facilitates transport, and how this binding and competition between transport factors and other macromolecules for binding sites and space inside the NPC accounts for the high selectivity of transport. We also account for why transport is relatively insensitive to changes in the number and distribution of FG nups in the NPC, providing an explanation for recent experiments where up to half the total mass of the FG nups has been deleted without abolishing transport. Our results suggest strategies for the creation of artificial nanomolecular sorting devices.
Impact of vertical RRAM device characteristics on 3D cross-point array design

Resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) is one of the most promising candidates for the next-generation non-volatile memory. To enable large capacity RRAM array, the 3D architecture is needed. In this work, the analyses of different device characteristics, including the RRAM ON/OFF-state resistance (R on /R off ), I-V nonlinearity ratio and the interconnect material, are performed to find the optimal design point of the 3D RRAM array. The results show that insufficient current drivability of the vertical transistor causes a significant amount of voltage drop on the transistor. The write and read margin conflicts with each other. A high R on is preferred over a high nonlinearity to improve the write/read margin. A RRAM cell with R on =500kΩ and nonlinearity=5x can satisfy the specified programming and read sense criterion for a 128×128×16 array, Moreover, the energy consumption (<;nJ/bit) of the write operation outperforms that in NAND FLASH. Finally, a feature size (F) of 30nm and 60nm with equal array densities are compared, which suggests that the downscaling of feature size might not be as crucial as believed and the design constraint can be relaxed as a result.
Partial molar rotatory powers and optical activity in proteins and polypeptides, ii. The alpha-helix of poly-L-alanine.

Because of the number and diversity of well-characterized molecular systems containiing the peptide moiety, this chromophore provides a unique opportunity to develop an empirical expression for rotational strength. Once determined, an empirical equation would find wide application to important biological problems as well as to the determination of configuration and conformation of organic molecules in general. With these goals in mind it has recently been proposed1 that the rotational strength, R, of a transition, e.g., the n r* transition of the peptide chromophore, be written in general as the sum of products of geometric factors, Gr,m and partial molar rotatory powers, [Pnm], i.e.,
Determination of total sulfur in animal tissues

In order effectively to investigate the role of sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds in metabolism, it became essential to determine the total sulfur content of tissues. The limited amount of information on t.he total sulfur content of animal tissues (1) suggested that there were difficulties in methodology possibly in achieving complete oxidation of t.he sulfur components, This had been observed previously for plant tissues by Painter and Franke (2)) who found the combustion method gave better recoveries of cystine and methionine sulfur, as well as higher values for total sulfur, than the method of Benedict-Denis (3). Thus far, application of the combustion method to animal tissue had not been investigated. The following method, which involves oxidation of acetone-dried tissues in a Parr bomb calorimeter and determination of sulfur by classic gravimetric procedures, has proved to be simple, reliable, and reproducible.
Status of life cycle inventories for batteries

Abstract This study reviews existing life-cycle inventory (LCI) results for cradle-to-gate (ctg) environmental assessments of lead-acid (PbA), nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), sodium-sulfur (Na/S), and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. LCI data are evaluated for the two stages of cradle-to-gate performance: battery material production and component fabrication and assembly into purchase ready batteries. Using existing production data on battery constituent materials, overall battery material production values were calculated and contrasted with published values for the five battery technologies. The comparison reveals a more prevalent absence of material production data for lithium ion batteries, though such data are also missing or dated for a few important constituent materials in nickel metal hydride, nickel cadmium, and sodium sulfur batteries (mischmetal hydrides, cadmium, β-alumina). Despite the overall availability of material production data for lead acid batteries, updated results for lead and lead peroxide are also needed. On the other hand, LCI data for the commodity materials common to most batteries (steel, aluminum, plastics) are up to date and of high quality, though there is a need for comparable quality data for copper. Further, there is an almost total absence of published LCI data on recycled battery materials, an unfortunate state of affairs given the potential benefit of battery recycling. Although battery manufacturing processes have occasionally been well described, detailed quantitative information on energy and material flows are missing. For each battery, a comparison of battery material production with its manufacturing and assembly counterpart is discussed. Combustion and process emissions for battery production have also been included in our assessment. In cases where emissions were not reported in the original literature, we estimated them using fuels data if reported. Whether on a per kilogram or per watt-hour capacity basis, lead-acid batteries have the lowest cradle-to-gate production energy, and fewest carbon dioxide and criteria pollutant emissions. The other batteries have higher values in all three categories.
Linear pattern dynamics in nonlinear threshold systems

Complex nonlinear threshold systems frequently show space-time behavior that is difficult to interpret. We describe a technique based upon a Karhunen-Loeve expansion that allows dynamical patterns to be understood as eigenstates of suitably constructed correlation operators. The evolution of space-time patterns can then be viewed in terms of a ''pattern dynamics'' that can be obtained directly from observable data. As an example, we apply our methods to a particular threshold system to forecast the evolution of patterns of observed activity. Finally, we perform statistical tests to measure the quality of the forecasts. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Creating a Student Centered Learning Environment at the University of Denver

A team of faculty members at the University of Denver changed the learning environment in key courses in the Department of Engineering from predominately teacher centered to student centered. Through this funded project new grading methods were implemented, classrooms were renovated and wired with studio layouts to facilitate learning, the Engineering Circuits Laboratory was rewired and instrumented for automated data acquisition and reporting, and two new pedagogical approaches were developed. At the onset of the project, six goals were established related to student learning. The introduction of industry standard hardware and software provided students with unprecedented hands-on experience and project related activities stimulated faculty innovations in other current and future courses. Assessment results indicate that the new grading system improved the clarity of expectations for students before assignments were given resulting in increased reported motivation for learning in many courses. Even though course GPAs did not always reflect higher achievement on graded work, faculty members firmly believe that deeper understanding was achieved because more complex material was assimilated.
Geomorphometric features and tectonic activities in sub-Himalayan thrust belt, Pakistan, from satellite data

The sub-Himalayan thrust belt is an active thrust wedge which progresses southward over the north-dipping Indian plate. The north-south compression resulted in severe deformation of sedimentary rocks in this belt. Distinct thrust geometries and topography have evolved under the interaction between tectonic and erosional environments. To better understand the relationship between tectonics and topography, A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data was used to extract the geomorphic and drainage features. Based on comprehensive analyses of topographic relief, drainage density, and drainage patterns, nine topographic units were identified. The thrust wedge was divided into three physiographic assemblages with apparent lateral variations. These units match up with the interpreted main structures from the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images and published geological maps. The relationship between geomorphometric features and tectonics indicates that structural activities primarily control the topography in the sub-Himalayan thrust belt. Topographic features are indicative of tectonics in the young tectonic regions with low elevation.
A comparison of salient rewards in experiments: money and class points

Abstract We use laboratory decisions with different salient rewards to elicit individual values of a risk mitigation investment in a low probability environment. Statistically significant gender differences were found with class points; however, gender differences disappeared when monetary incentives were used.
The effects of blockade of monoamine storage processes upon limbic system excitability and behaviour in the cat

Summary The effects of α-methyl-meta-tyrosine (MMT), reserpine, and a benzoquinolizine derivative, Ro 4-1284 upon hippocampal evoked potentials, behaviour and processes that store 5HT and NE in brain were studied in the cat. Reserpine and Ro 4-1284 blocked the storage of 5HT and NE, facilitated the amygdalo-hippocampal evoked potential and produced hypokinesis, hyporeactivity, increased parasympathetic activity and other CNS effects. MMT, which specifically blocks NE storage did not facilitate the potential nor did it mimic reserpine in any other way. Pretreatment with MMT did not affect the actions of reserpine and Ro 4-1284. These results indicate that blockade of NE storage, with consequent loss of brain NE, was not responsible for the central effects of reserpine and Ro 4-1284. A causal relationship between blockage of 5 HT storage and the neurobiological effects of reserpine is possible but not proven.
Interaction between Entamoeba histolytica and Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

The interaction of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) with two strains of Entamoeba histolytica that exhibit different degrees of "virulence" was examined in animal and tissue culture systems. PMNs actively migrated toward both strains of amoebae. Less virulent amoebae (strain 303) were surrounded by PMNs (>300/amoeba), fragmented, and ingested by PMNs by means that appeared to be independent of oxygen. In contrast, contact with virulent amoebae (HM1) caused loss of PMN motility, PMN degranulation, death, and occasional phagocytosis by the amoebae, which survived concentrations of >1,000 PMNs/amoeba. PMNs that did not directly contact virulent amoebae remained alive and active. At least two separate components of cytopathogenicity by virulent amoebae were observed: first, extracellular, contact-dependent, serum-independent cytolysis that was dependent on intact microfilament function; and second, amoeba phagocytosis of human PMNs. This contact-dependent ability of virulent amoebae to kill and phagocytize host neutrophils may be important in their pathogenic capacity.
Conformational Changes of the Ca2+ Regulatory Site of the Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger Detected by FRET

The Na+-Ca2+ exchanger is a plasma membrane protein expressed at high levels in cardiomyocytes. It extrudes 1 Ca2+ for 3 Na+ ions entering the cell, regulating intracellular Ca2+ levels and thereby contractility. Na+-Ca2+ exchanger activity is regulated by intracellular Ca2+, which binds to a region (amino acids 371–508) within the large cytoplasmic loop between transmembrane segments 5 and 6. Regulatory Ca2+ activates the exchanger and removes Na+-dependent inactivation. The physiological role of intracellular Ca2+ regulation of the exchanger is not yet established. Yellow (YFP) and cyan (CFP) fluorescent proteins were linked to the NH2- and CO2H-termini of the exchanger Ca2+ binding domain (CBD) to generate a construct (YFP-CBD-CFP) capable of responding to changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations by FRET efficiency measurements. The two fluorophores linked to the CBD are sufficiently close to generate FRET. FRET efficiency was reduced with increasing Ca2+ concentrations. Titrations of Ca2+ concentration versus FRET efficiency indicate a KD for Ca2+ of ∼140 nM, which increased to ∼400 nM in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+. Expression of YFP-CBD-CFP in myocytes, generated changes in FRET associated with contraction, suggesting that NCX is regulated by Ca2+ on a beat-to-beat basis during excitation-contraction coupling.
Predictors of Health Related Quality of Life in parents of children with Down syndrome

METHODS Parents of 100 children with DS (response rate 55%) completed the TNO-AZL adult quality of life questionnaire (TAAQOL). Using linear regression analyses, scores in each of the four HRQoL-domains were predicted by socio-demographic variables, child characteristics and psychosocial variables, as measured with a self-constructed questionnaire. To limit the number of predictors, a preselection was made per category of predictors, by linear regression analyses .
In situ atomic force microscopy studies on lithium (de)intercalation-induced morphology changes in LixCoO2 micro-machined thin film electrodes ☆

Abstract Structural instability due to intercalation-induced stresses in electrode materials is one of the key degradation mechanisms of Li-ion batteries. Fragmentation of material degrades structural integrity and electrical resistance, and also accelerates harmful side reactions. In situ experiments are the appropriate approach for investigating the actual time-dependent nature of the behavior changes of an electrode material while it is charged and discharged. In the current work, a unique in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (ECAFM) measurement is made on samples of cylindrical shape, which are micro-machined by focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy. This pre-defined geometry allows the exclusion of secondary, non-active materials from the electrochemically active material as well as the removal of any vagueness owing from the irregular geometry of particles. The experimental results are also used to validate a proposed coupled electrochemical and mechanical model for determining the stress–strain state of active electrode material during electrochemical cycling. The results produced using this model correlate strongly with the experimental data. The combined results reveal the key effects of the geometry, kinetics, and mechanics of electrode materials on the stress–strain state, which acts as a barometer of the structural stability of a material.
A fast algorithm for constructing efficient event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging designs

We propose a novel, efficient approach for obtaining high-quality experimental designs for event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (ER-fMRI), a popular brain mapping technique. Our proposed approach combines a greedy hill-climbing algorithm and a cyclic permutation method. When searching for optimal ER-fMRI designs, the proposed approach focuses only on a promising restricted class of designs with equal frequency of occurrence across stimulus types. The computational time is significantly reduced. We demonstrate that our proposed approach is very efficient compared with a recently proposed genetic algorithm approach. We also apply our approach in obtaining designs that are robust against misspecification of error correlations.
Mechanisms of electroless metal plating. III. Mixed potential theory and the interdependence of partial reactions

Electroless plating reactions are classified according to four overall reaction schemes in which each partial reaction is either under diffusion control or electrochemical control. The theory of a technique based on the observation of the mixed potential as a function of agitation, concentration of the reducing agent and concentration of metal ions is presented. Using this technique it is shown that in electroless copper plating the copper deposition reaction is diffusion-controlled while the formaldehyde decomposition reaction is activation-controlled. Values of the kinetic and mechanistic parameters for the partial reactions obtained by this method and by other electrochemical methods indicate that the two partial reactions are not independent of each other.
Saurauia oroquensis, a new species of Actinidiaceae from Colombia

Saurauia oroquensis, a new species from Colombia remarkably allied toS. bullosa Wawra, is described. It is distinguished from the latter by the absence of stellate trichomes on the lower leaf surface, by the homotrichous nature of sepal pubescence (limited only to the exposed parts in bud, with the imbricated parts and inner surface completely glabrous), and by the much lower number of stamens per flower. This new taxon is endemic to the Colombia-Venezuelan border region (Tachira-Norte de Santander).
SELECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BOVINE AORTIC ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

This paper reports techniques for isolation, selection and long-term passage of bovine aortic endothelium (BAE). A [3H]thymidine-selection technique was developed to limit overgrowth of cultures by contaminating smooth-muscle cells. The resulting cultures could be passaged for a replicative life span of 35 to 40 doublings and maintained a stable, normal karyotpye throughout this period. Despite the fact that these cultures reached a stable monolayer with density-inhibited growth state, postconfluent cells showed focal areas of a second growth pattern called "sprouting." This was seen only when cultures were maintained at high densities for periods of 1 to 2 weeks. Ultrastructural analysis, as well as immunofluorescence studies with markers for endothelial cells (factor VIII) and smooth-muscle cells (actin), indicates that this phenomenon is not due to overgrowth of a residual population of smooth-muscle cells, but may represent a second growth pattern of the endothelial cells themselves.
PRPTEIN ISOLATE FROM ALKALINE EXTRACTION OF AIR‐CLASSIFIED HIGH‐PROTEIN SOFT WHEAT FLOUR

An alkaline extraction procedure was used to produce protein and starch fractions from air-classified high-protein soft wheat flour. Optimum extraction was at pH 11.1 in 0.03N sodium hydroxide with a solvent-to-flour ratio of 6:1. After centrifugation, the alkaline extract was adjusted to pH 6.1 to yield a precipitate and a supernatant. Protein content (nitrogen × 5.7) of the isolates (dried precipitates) varied between 88 and 96%, accounting for 64-72% of the total protein. The ‘isolates had from. 1.7-1.8g lysine and 3.6-4.7g total sulfur amino acids per 16g of nitrogen. The isolates had minimum solubility of around 9% near pH 6; solubility was about’ 90% at pH 2.3 and 62-93% at pH9.7. All isolates had good emulsifying activity (47-98%), emulsion stability (46-97%), and hydration capacity (2.7-3.0).
Localized electronic excitations in nickel oxide

Abstract Valence-electron ionization and optical excitation energies of NiO have been calculated by the SCF−Xα cluster method and transition-state procedure. Ni 3d-like spin orbitals are localized above the O 2p band, leading to well defined peaks in the photoemission spectra. Ligand-to-metal charge-transfer excitations are responsible for strong optical absorption between 4 and 7eV.
Climatic forcing and primary productivity in a subalpine lake: Interannual variability as a natural experiment

We analyzed a 42-yr record of primary productivity in small, subalpine Castle Lake to determine how climatic variability might influence lake primary productivity. A Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) polarity reversal in 1977 significantly affected winter air and summer water temperatures in Castle Lake. The timing of lake ice-out was explained by spring air temperature and winter total precipitation (r 2 = 0.72) and significantly affected water temperature (r 2 = 0.74). Primary productivity was negatively correlated with ice-out date and positively correlated with primary productivity during the previous year (r 2 = 0.47). Alternatively, primary productivity was positively correlated with water temperature and primary productivity during the previous year (r 2 = 0.49). Ammonium availability immediately after ice-out was significantly related to primary productivity from the previous and the current year, suggesting that nutrient availability is an important mechanism for the serial correlation. Daphnia and cyanobacteria biomass also increased during warmer years. Our results suggest that variability in air temperature and precipitation from global warming, PDO, and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence primary productivity and plankton communities in North American dimictic lakes.
Recharge, upflux and water table response for shallow water table conditions in southwest Florida

A disproportionate increase or decrease in water table in response to minor water input or drainage is observed in shallow water table conditions inside drainage lysimeters. This increase happens because the capillary fringe of the shallow water table reaches up to or near the surface (Wieringermeer effect). The correlations between water table level changes and rainfall, seepage irrigation, drip irrigation, and drainage were analysed. Correlations with rainfall, seepage irrigation, and drainage were high (R2 ranged from 0·46 to 0·97). Drip irrigation had low correlations due to the low rates of application (R2 ranged from 0·26 to 0·44). Conventional methods of calculating recharge, such as multiplying the specific yield with the water table fluctuations, cannot be used for Wieringermeer effect situations. A method using water balance data and soil moisture at different depths in the lysimeters was developed to estimate recharge and upflux. The recharge results were used to develop the apparent specific yield Sya, which could be used to calculate consequent recharge events from water table fluctuation data. Combining the water table fluctuation relationships developed with the Sya value will allow the prediction of recharge from rainfall and irrigation events without the need for soil moisture equipment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of Glutamine Hydrolysis in the Formation of Extracellular Glutamate in the Rat Hippocampus

Role of Glutamine Hydrolysis in the Formation of Extracellular Glutamate in the Rat Hippocampus
Initial Evaluation of Active Minds: A Student Organization Dedicated to Reducing the Stigma of Mental Illness

This study examined whether a new student organization, Active Minds, aimed at increasing awareness of “mental illness” and reducing stigma had an impact on students' stigma and willingness to seek psychological help. Three classes were recruited to become involved in the organization. In a pretest/posttest design, stigma and willingness to seek psychological help were compared between students who became involved in Active Minds and students who did not. Students involved in the organization showed a significant reduction in stigma if they had a history of mental illness in their families. However, willingness to seek psychological help was unaffected. The program's partial success is viewed in terms of empowerment and recovery. The peer support provided through Active Minds may help change people's negative attitudes about mental illness and encourage students to help one another in coping with their diagnoses.
Emotional sources of dysfunctional breathing

Abstract Inappropriate alterations in breathing such as breath-holding, mouth breathing, thoracic breathing and increased depth and rate are discussed in light of their role in physical survival situations. The drawbacks include disrupted oxygen delivery to the brain, respiratory alkalosis, overuse of accessory breathing muscles and weakening of the diaphragm. Pavlovian conditioning can initiate these breathing reactions, linking contextual cues or emotional aspects of a traumatic experience with associated breathing changes. The process of generalization further broadens the pool of emotional and situational triggers, and emotional states such as grief, suppressed anger, frustration and anxiety may maintain dysfunctional breathing patterns indefinitely.
Cochlear implantation in the very young child: Long‐term safety and efficacy

Objectives/Hypothesis: Widespread universal newborn hearing screening has led to increased identification of infant hearing loss. Supported by improved diagnostic tools allowing more definitive diagnosis of profound sensorineural hearing loss in young children, cochlear implantation in children <12 months of age is now common. Literature supports short-term safety and improved auditory outcomes in these young children, however long-term data is lacking. The study examines issues of long-term safety and efficacy in cochlear implant patients implanted <1 year of age. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Fifty children who received cochlear implants before 1 year of age were followed for up to 7 years. Age at implantation ranged from 5 to 11 months with a mean of 9.1 months. Three patients had simultaneous bilateral implantation at 8 to 9 months of age. Medical records were reviewed for complications incurred during length of device usage, including time of complication, management, and resolution. Auditory assessment included both the Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale and tests of speech perception. Results: All 50 patients had full insertions of the electrode array. There were a total of eight complications (16%) in seven patients, three major (6%) and five minor (10%), which occurred at or before 10 months postoperatively. There were no perioperative anesthetic complications. Conclusions: Cochlear implantation in children <12 months of age is safe and efficacious over an extended period of time. Rates and nature of both major and minor complications are comparable to studies in adults and older children and support continued monitoring of these patients over the long-term.
Community-Acquired Lower Respiratory Tract Infections : Etiology and Treatment

The current therapy for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections is often empiric, usually involving administration of aβ -lactam or macrolide. However, the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in frequently isolated respiratory tract pathogens has complicated the antimicrobial selection process. This review will discuss the incidence of various respiratory pathogens, as well as update the clinician on the various antimicrobial alternatives available, with particular emphasis on the role of the newer fluoroquinolones in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia.
Computational approaches to aspect-ratio-dependent upper bounds and heat flux in porous medium convection

Abstract Direct numerical simulation (DNS) has shown that Rayleigh–Benard convection in a fluid-saturated porous medium self-organizes into narrowly spaced plumes at (ostensibly) asymptotically high values of the Rayleigh number Ra. In this Letter a combination of DNS and upper bound theory is used to investigate the dependence of the Nusselt number Nu on the domain aspect ratio L at large Ra. A novel algorithm is introduced to solve the optimization problems arising from the upper bound analysis, allowing for the best available bounds to be extended up to Ra ≈ 2.65 × 10 4 . The dependence of the bounds on L ( Ra ) is explored and a “minimal flow unit” is identified.
Treatment of Paint Spray Booth Off-Gases in a Fungal Biofilter

Biological processes, most notably biofilters and biotrickling filters, are increasingly used to remove and biodegrade a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in gas streams emitted from industrial operations. In the research described herein, a laboratory-scale biofilter was operated for a period of more than 180 days to treat a waste gas comprised of a four-component VOC mixture representative of solvents present in off-gases emitted by painting operations. The biofilter, packed with a cubed polyurethane foam media and initially inoculated with a pure culture of the fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum, was maintained under acidic conditions throughout the duration of the experiments. The system was supplied with a mixture of n-butyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, and toluene with influent concentrations of 124, 50.5, 174, and 44.6 mg m−3 , respectively. The biofilter’s empty bed residence time (EBRT) was varied from 2.0 min to 15 s. When the influent gas stream wa...
WMD: The Career of a Concept

The danger posed by “weapons of mass destruction” (WMD) was the Bush administration's chief justification for invading Iraq. Amid the din of the chorus that ceaselessly repeated this phrase in 2002–2003, hardly anyone stopped to ask: what is “WMD” anyway? Is it not a mutable social construct rather than a timeless, self-evident concept? Guided by Nietzsche's view of the truth as a “mobile army of metaphors [and] metonyms… which have been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and rhetorically,” we present a history of the metonym WMD. We describe how it was coined by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1937, and subsequently how its meaning was “transposed” and “enhanced” throughout Cold War arms negotiations, in the aftermath of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, and in US domestic law. We also discuss how, in the run-up to the Iraq war, “WMD” did not merely describe an Iraqi threat; it was rather “embellished poetically and rhetorically” in ways that produced and inflated the threat.
The American Jewish Family: What We Know. What We Need to Know *

portion of the world's population-sometimes more, sometimes less, but never a large fraction. The cultural impact of Jews and Judaism has been disproportionate to the numbers. But numbers matter, which is why the organized Jewish community, Jewish community organizations, commentators and Jewish parents frequently discuss the Jewish family. This paper reviews what we know about Jewish families in contemporary America. I begin by comparing the current family situation of Jewish adults to that of all other American adults. I examine the extent to which adults live in families, their marital status, and their experience with divorce and cohabitation. I review what we know about the processes that create the Jewish family: marriage, divorce, and childbearing. I discuss attitudes toward family issues, comparing Jewish adults to others. Finally, I synthesize what we know
ThinPrep Pap test of endocervical adenocarcinoma with lymph node metastasis: Report of a case in a 17-year-old woman†

Endocervical adenocarcinoma is an uncommon malignancy that is composed of multiple subtypes and accounts for approximately 15% of all cervical cancers. In this article, we describe the cytomorphology and differential diagnosis of an AJCC clinical stage IIIb, FIGO IB2 endocervical adenocarcinoma in a 17-year-old woman in a ThinPrep Pap test.The patient was a 17-year-old G0P0 white woman with no significant past medical history and no prior history of cervical dysplasia. She presented to her physician with a putrid vaginal discharge. A sample was sent to cytology that was interpreted as atypical endocervical cells, favor neoplasia. A subsequent cervical biopsy was diagnosed as endocervical adenocarcinoma with villoglandular features and ultimately, a hysterectomy with lymph node dissection was performed. The final diagnosis was endocervical adenocarcinoma with metastasis to three pelvic lymph nodes.The cytomorphology of endocervical adenocarcinoma on ThinPrep Pap test is similar to that described for conventionally-processed Pap smears. This difficult diagnosis should be considered on a ThinPrep Pap test, regardless of age when the characteristic cytomorphology is observed. On a cytology sample, it is advisable to state atypical endocervical cells, adenocarcinoma in situ, or endocervical adenocarcinoma without providing a specific subtype even if there is a predominance of features for a particular subtype.
The enthalpy of formation of germanium difluoride

Abstract The energy of fluorination of germanium difluoride has been measured in a bomb calorimeter. From the combustion results the standard enthalpy of formation ΔH f o (GeF 2 ,c, 298.15 K) was determined to be −(157.4 ± 1.0) kcal mol −1 . †
Conditions and behaviour related to non-local electron heat transport on TFTR

A database of 70 distinct and randomly collected cold pulse cases from TFTR is analysed. Observations show a striking parameter regime cut-off for the presence of non-local transient transport and coincident magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) (1/1 mode) activity, as well as for changes in the radial speed of the non-local transport effect and changes in the sawtooth period. A significant link is demonstrated between electron heat transport and MHD properties through observation of a common cut-off in the parameter ne(0)/Te(0)1/2 and a common threshold for changes in the radial speed of propagation and in the sawtooth period. Auxiliary heating (via energetic neutral beams) destroys whatever process is responsible for the non-local transport effect, unless the discharge contains significant amounts of injected tritium. These observations are evidence, albeit circumstantial, that changes in the propagation of some MHD related phenomenon are responsible for a large fraction of the electron heat transport. This propagation is then probably a function of ne(0)/Te(0)1/2, ion mass and, possibly, beam power. An analysis of ohmic cases indicates the non-local transport effects that occur when the electrons are collisionally thermally decoupled from the ions.
Comparison of Raman and thermocouple temperature measurements in flames

Temperatures in the post-flame regions of methane/air and ammonia/oxygen premixed flat flames have been measured employing state-of-the-art laser Raman spectroscopy and conventional thermocouple thermometry. Theoretically calculated N/sub 2/ /sup 1/..sigma.. and O/sub 2/ /sup 3/..sigma.. rotation-vibration Raman Q-branch spectra have been least squares fit to experimentally obtained intensities. The N/sub 2/ /sup 1/..sigma.. Q-branch was monitored in the CH/sub 4//air flame. The temperatures determined by fitting the entire spectrum, including as many as five vibration bands, and by fitting only the spectral region about the first- and ground-state vibrational bands, differed by less than 2%. These were within 2% of the radiation-corrected thermocouple temperatures. Both the N/sub 2/ /sup 1/..sigma.. and the O/sub 2/ /sup 3/..sigma.. Q-branches were monitored in the NH/sub 3//O/sub 2/ flame. Comparison of the experimentally obtained intensities and the calculated ''best-fit'' Raman Q-branch revealed that some laser-induced emission other than that due to Raman scattering was included in the measured intensities. This laser-induced emission varied with wavenumber and is believed to be due to NO/sub 2/ fluorescence. A linear relation which resulted in zero intensities outside the N/sub 2/ /sup 1/..sigma.. and O/sub 2/ /sup 3/..sigma.. spectral region was assumed for the laser-induced emission as amore » function of wavenumber. This laser-induced background was subtracted from the measured intensities. The temperatures determined from these ''corrected'' intensities exceeded the radition-corrected thermocouple temperatures by about 8%. Agreement between temperatures determined from the N/sub 2/ /sup 1/..sigma.. and O/sub 2/ /sup 3/..sigma.. Q-branches differed by less than 7%. Study results demonstrate the accuracy of Raman spectroscopy as a temperature measurement technique in flames and indicate the care which must be taken when analyzing experimentally obtained Raman vibrational Q-branch intensities in systems where fluorescence may be a problem.« less
Flow Dynamics in Human Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

AbstractInhalation toxicology requires an understanding of fluid dynamics within airways because particles are transported by inhaled air. That is, since particles are entrained in airstreams, their trajectories will reflect the character of the fluid carrying them. We have addressed how airflow research can benefit from the rich tradition of blood-flow studies available in the literature. The salient point is that the Navier-Stokes and mass conservation equations governing fluid dynamics are applicable to the motion of liquids (e.g., blood flow in the circulatory system) and gases (e.g., airflow in the respiratory system). The sources cited herein suggest the study of blood flow to be more advanced than airflow, historically having received considerably more attention. Theoretical investigations of the circulatory system have been (1) more elegant and rigorous from mathematical perspectives and (2) more biologically realistic regarding considerations of complex elements such as transient motion, three-di...
From nuclear structure to nucleon structure

Abstract Similarities between nuclear structure study with many-body theory approach and nucleon structure calculations with lattice QCD are pointed out. We will give an example of how to obtain the connected sea partons from a combination of the experimental data, a global fit of parton distribution functions and a lattice calculation. We also present a complete calculation of the quark and glue decomposition of the proton momentum and angular momentum in the quenched approximation. It is found that the quark orbital angular momentum constitutes about 50% of the proton spin.