cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Care and Feeding of the Twenty-First-Century Developing Legal Writer: A Primer for the Supervising Practitioner

This article addresses how attorneys who supervise developing writers can achieve a manageable balance between their competing duties of client representation and supervision. While often excellent writers themselves, practicing attorneys are rarely trained to supervise the writing process. Moreover, their primary professional obligations pull them in other directions, and the time investment required for working with developing writers may leave supervisors feeling significant pressure about meeting their client-representation obligations. At the same time, however, their charges are embarking on a professional writing career and engaging in a particularly intensive phase of writing development — a phase whose success may well depend on a dedicated supervisor. In response to the supervision vs. representation challenge, this article focuses on how to provide a key aspect of supervision — feedback — in time and cost-efficient ways. In particular, it will provide helpful background information and step-by-step suggestions for practicing attorneys who supervise developing legal writers.
Composing Low-Overhead Scheduling Strategies for Improving Performance of Scientific Applications

Many different sources of overheads impact the efficiency of a scheduling strategy applied to a parallel loop within a scientific application. In prior work, we handled these overheads using multiple loop scheduling strategies, with each scheduling strategy focusing on mitigating a subset of the overheads. However, mitigating the impact of one source of overhead can lead to an increase in the impact of another source of overhead, and vice versa. In this work, we show that in order to improve efficiency of loop scheduling strategies, one must adapt the loop scheduling strategies so as to handle all overheads simultaneously. To show this, we describe a composition of our existing loop scheduling strategies, and experiment with the composed scheduling strategy on standard benchmarks and application codes. Applying the composed scheduling strategy to three MPI+OpenMP scientific codes run on a cluster of SMPs improves performance an average of 31 % over standard OpenMP static scheduling.
On Coordination of Energy Saving and Reduction of Pollution Policy with Electricity Market Reform in China

In order to enhance the "Energy Saving and Reduction of Pollution" policy of China, the State Council of China promulgated the "Generation Dispatch for Energy Saving Act" in August 2007. By this act the cleanest energy resources should be dispatched according to a priority order, and ordinary coal-fired thermal power plants should operate by equal incremental cost method. In this paper it is analyzed that how to coordinate the "Generation Dispatch for Energy Saving Policy" with the electricity market reform in China in order that both the goals of saving energy and electricity market reform of China can be achieved. And many problems are also discussed, such as day-ahead generation schedule considering energy saving; clearing of energy price and compensation; yearly, seasonally and weekly generation schedules; balancing market; comparison of energy saving dispatch electricity market with ordinary electricity markets; et al.
Waveform Diversity in Intelligent Sensor Systems

Waveform diversity in distributed radio frequency (RF) sensor systems offers the potential for breakthrough performance enhancements in the detection and identification of natural and manmade objects. This paper discusses advances in relevant technology and emerging applications to radar.
System Interaction Patterns

Interactions between systems are a necessity, a source of opportunity, and a source of difficulty and complication in building, implementing, and maintaining IT-reliant systems in organizations. This paper presents the new concept of "system interaction patterns", analogous to design patterns for software, but applicable to system interactions involving sociotechnical systems (where human participants perform some or all of the work) and/or totally automated systems (where machines perform all of the work). This idea emerged from ongoing research about developing a theory of system interactions that that spans social and technical disciplines ranging from organization and management science to computer science. That effort covers both intentional and unintentional interactions. It tries to encompass and integrate concepts such as interaction, interface, message, task interdependence, coordination, collaboration, modularity, coupling, and cohesion. This paper summarizes the need to develop a theory of system interactions and explains why the basic unit of analysis in that theory is an interaction between two work systems that are "purposefully constructed activity systems." It identifies 19 system interaction patterns that are subdivided into 4 categories. It explains system interaction patterns in detail after noting that those patterns provide one of several ways to describe system interactions. Elements for describing a system interaction pattern include actor role, actor type, rights, responsibilities, cause or trigger, desired outcome, generic activities, interaction states, risk factors, byproducts, constraints, and evaluation. An outsourcing example illustrates a number of different system interaction patterns. The conclusion suggests potential applications and directions for further development.
Navigating the Tavern: Digitally Mediated Connections and Relationship Persistence in Bar Settings

The widespread adoption of digital communications technologies has provided new avenues for social interaction to occur. We build on the sociological literature of fleeting encounters in bar settings to show how patrons' use of these technologies augments the bar experience and shapes the social networks that may develop through interaction. Using seven gay, lesbian, and heterosexual bars located in Southern California as research sites, we describe how patrons invoke digital technologies as props to aid the impression management strategies used to facilitate new connections. Second, we demonstrate how these encounters are subject to greater relationship persistence as a result of the way these technologies are used to quickly create a shared history. We conclude by arguing that fleeting encounters are no longer connections that either persist or completely fade away after face-to-face interaction. Rather, they often persist through technology-mediated communications in ways that result in, at minimum, the development of weak ties. This greater relationship persistence can permit more opportunity to get to know a potential partner in digitally mediated settings like Facebook or via texting, but it could also require new strategies to evade interested others given this new lack of ephemerality and the influx of weak ties.
Demand for Redistribution: Individuals’ Responses to Economic Setbacks

Although economic circumstances have been argued to be a major determining factor of attitudes to redistribution, there is little well identied evidence at the individual level. Utilizing a unique dataset, with detailed individual information,provides new and convincing evidence on the link between economic circumstances and demand for redistribution (in the form of benefits and support). The SwedishNational Election Studies are constructed as a rotating survey panel, which makes it possible to estimate the causal effect of economic changes. The empirical analysis shows that individuals who experience a job loss become considerably more supportive of redistribution. Yet, attitudes to redistribution return to their initiallevel as economic prospects improve, suggesting that the effect is only temporary.Despite the fact that a job loss also changes attitudes to the political parties, theprobability to vote for the left-wing is not affected.
Multispectral metasurface absorbers for optoelectronic devices

We demonstrate multispectral metasurfaces over wafer-scale areas exhibiting greater than 85 percent absorption, ∼100 nm linewidths from 580–1125 nm by patterning plasmonic resonators in micron-scale pixels using a fusion of bottom-up and top-down fabrication techniques.
A Primer on College Student Substance Use Disorders Screening, Assessment, and Treatment Planning

Significant numbers of college students experience negative consequences due to their misuse of alcohol and other drugs. For far too many, some of these effects are ruinous of their lives, and for ...
A NOTE ON THE FORM OF SHIP ROLL DAMPING

Abstract : The objective of the present work was to develop an approximation to the conventional mixed linear-plus-quadratic ship roll damping model so that analytical obstacles could be overcome in the application of the functional series expansion to non-linear ship rolling. A mixed linear-plus-cubic approximation was found to be reasonable for this purpose. In the course of analyses there were indications that this model may be more generally valid than had initially been thought. (Author)
An Investigation of the Large-Sample/Small-Sample Approach to the One-Sample Test for a Mean (Sigma Unknown)

In this article we investigate the large-sample/small-sample approach to the one-sample test for a mean when the variance is unknown, using the probability of a Type I error as the criterion of interest. We show that in most cases using a t-test (t critical value) provides a more robust test than does using the z-test (standard normal critical value). The only case in which z has some advantage is when using a small sample from a parent population with extremely high kurtosis or with skewness in the direction of the rejection region tail. The implications for teaching the large-sample/small-sample approach in introductory statistics classes are discussed in light of these findings.
Multiband MIMO antenna on variable-sized tablet PCs

A very small size multi-input-multi-output antenna for tablet PCs and laptop computers is designed. The MIMO antenna system consists of four antenna elements. Each antenna element occupies the area of 30×10mm2 and printed on FR4 substrate of thickness 0.8mm. The antenna structure is uniplanar. Only top surface of FR4 substrate is used to print the antenna structure. The proposed MIMO antenna system provides extensive coverage over the nine communication protocols including three LTE bands (LTE700/2300/2500), five WWAN bands (GSM850/GSM900/DCS/PCS/UMTS), and WLAN2400 band. Input impedance is better than −6dB and mutual coupling is less than −10dB which is acceptable level for portable wireless, low profile devices. The antenna is simulated successfully and a prototype of single antenna element is fabricated and measured. The results are given and discussed in the paper including reflection coefficient, S-parameters (mutual coupling/isolation), envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), radiation patterns and total efficiency (mismatch loss included) of each antenna element.
Bringing Autopsies Into the Molecular Genetic Era.

Articles, see p 2705 and p 2716 > “To investigate the causes of death, to examine carefully the condition of organs, after such changes have gone on in them as to render existence impossible, and to apply such knowledge to the prevention and treatment of disease is one of the highest objects of the physician.” > > —Sir William Osler1 Imagine the tragedy caused by the sudden and unexpected death of a loved one or family member. Without a premorbid course of worsening health or a previous diagnosis of life-threatening disease, the natural question that plagues surviving family members after sudden cardiac death (SCD) is, “why did this happen?” Autopsies in people age 1 to 40 years with sudden unexpected death identify a clear structural cardiovascular cause in approximately two-thirds of cases, with one-third designated “autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death syndrome” or SUDS.2 Whole exome molecular autopsy has the ability to clarify genetic contributions to SUDS, when properly used.3 And furthermore, postmortem DNA sequencing can also be very valuable for family members when people die with a clear genetic disorder, such as Marfan syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, which is now more commonly called arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), a term used to encompass cardiomyopathy affecting the right, left, or both ventricles with prominent arrhythmia. Two articles in the current issue of Circulation support this approach, taking on the important challenge of clarifying the genetic contributions to sudden unexplained death.4,5 Finland is somewhat geographically isolated in Northern Europe.6 Gene variation in the Finnish population has been remarkably well studied, in part because of its reduced ethnic diversity and its high level of genetic homogeneity. Junttila and colleagues4 focused on autopsies from 4031 consecutive SCD victims in Northern Finland. Coronary heart disease was the most common …
Experimental model for chondrocyte transplantation in rabbits

The aims of this research project were to 1) characterize histologically the articular cartilage surface of the rabbit’s knee 2) study rabbit’s chondrocyte cultures using electron microscopy 3) develop an experimental model for the study of chondrocyte transplantation.
Venture Capital, Private Firms, and the Capital Acquisition Process

This paper presents an empirical examination of the incentives motivating venture capitalists and sample of growth option intensive private firms with acute capital requirements to interact, the gains each group achieves through this association, the types of private firms successfully attracting venture capital, and mechanisms used in this funding process. Results show that venture capital backed firms achieve growth rates (1) greater than expected, and (2) greater than a matched sample of non-venture capital backed firms. This paper also finds that low collateral asset values, low profitability, and younger firm age to be significant determinants in which firms obtain venture capital funding. Finally, this paper shows that the use of the convertible preferred stock to be positively related to increasing firm risk, and that venture capital backed firms use convertible preferred stock more frequently than do non-venture capital backed firms.
Ideals, Filters, and Supports in Pseudoeffect Algebras

Ideals, filters, local ideals, local filters, and supports in pseudoeffect algebras are defined and studied.
EphBs and ephrin-Bs: Trans-synaptic organizers of synapse development and function.

Abstract Synapses are specialized cell-cell junctions that underlie the function of neural circuits by mediating communication between neurons. Both the formation and function of synapses require tight coordination of signaling between pre- and post-synaptic neurons. Trans-synaptic organizing molecules are important mediators of such signaling. Here we discuss how the EphB and ephrin-B families of trans-synaptic organizing proteins direct synapse formation during early development and regulate synaptic function and plasticity at mature synapses. Finally, we highlight recent evidence linking the synaptic organizing role of EphBs and ephrin-Bs to diseases of maladaptive synaptic function and plasticity.
Augmented Versus Virtual Reality in Education: An Exploratory Study Examining Science Knowledge Retention When Using Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality Mobile Applications.

Abstract The propagation of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications that leverage smartphone technology has increased along with the ubiquity of smartphone adoption. Although A...
Theory of host sensitized luminescence of rare earth doped materials II. Effective operator formulation

The crystal field potential and electron correlation terms contributing to the amplitude of the energy transfer in the case of host sensitized luminescence are discussed. The approach is based on the double perturbation theory, and the contributions are defined in the terms of effective operators expressed by unit tensor operators. In addition to one particle effective operators, two particle objects of second order are introduced that are completely new in the theory of luminescence. The radial terms of all effective operators are defined within the perturbed function approach due to which the complete radial basis sets of one electron functions of given symmetry are taken into account.
SDN helps Big Data to optimize access to data

This chapter introduces the state of the art in the emerging area of combining high performance computing (HPC) with Big Data Analysis. To understand the new area, the chapter first surveys the existing approaches to integrating HPC with Big Data. Next, the chapter introduces several optimization solutions that focus on how to minimize the data transfer time from computation-intensive applications to analysis intensive applications as well as minimizing the end-to-end time-to-solution. The solutions utilize Software Defined Network (SDN) to adaptively use both high speed interconnect network and high performance parallel file systems to optimize the application performance. A computational framework called DataBroker is designed and developed to enable a tight integration of HPC with data analysis. Multiple types of experiments have been conducted to show different performance issues in both message passing and parallel file systems and to verify the effectiveness of the proposed research approaches.
Sexting and young adolescents: associations with sexual abuse and intimate partner violence

Abstract Study Objective To explore whether sexting by young adolescent girls and boys is associated with adverse life experiences including exploitative or violent sexual relationships. Design and Setting Cross-sectional, anonymous survey of a convenience sample of minor adolescents younger than age 18 years recruited while waiting for care in clinics affiliated with a children's hospital in a low-resource, high-poverty, urban community. Participants Five hundred fifty-five adolescents aged 14-17 years, 63% girls and 37% boys. Main Outcome Measures We measured sexting by asking, “Have you ever sent a sexually suggestive or naked picture of yourself to another person through text or e-mail?” The survey also measured risk behaviors, sexual abuse, intimate partner violence (IPV), and arrest and included a validated depression scale. Results Mean age was 15.6 ± 1.1 years; 59% were Hispanic, 28% were black; 44% of girls and 46% of boys ever had sex; 24% of girls and 20% of boys ever sent a sext. More girls than boys reported sexual abuse (16% vs 3%; P Conclusion For young adolescents, sexting is independently associated with exploitative and abusive sexual relationships including sexual abuse and IPV with similarities and differences in predictors of sexting for girls and boys.
The Scintillation of Stars

Hartridge and Weale1 advance evidence for a physiological explanation of the scintillation of stars. I have made a simple observation which seems to contradict this. Sirius, seen through a misted car window, appeared as a large area of diffuse blue-white light, subtending perhaps five degrees: this light fluctuated markedly and at roughly the same frequency as the star seen through an unobscured area of the window. The effect was more readily seen when looking twenty or thirty degrees away from the star, but could be seen by direct observation.
Characterizing Chemoautotrophy and Heterotrophy in Marine Archaea and Bacteria With Single-Cell Multi-isotope NanoSIP.

Characterizing and quantifying in situ metabolisms remains both a central goal and challenge for environmental microbiology. Here, we used a single-cell, multi-isotope approach to investigate the anabolic activity of marine microorganisms, with an emphasis on natural populations of Thaumarchaeota. After incubating coastal Pacific Ocean water with 13C-bicarbonate and 15N-amino acids, we used nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) to isotopically screen 1,501 individual cells, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to assess community composition. We established isotopic enrichment thresholds for activity and metabolic classification, and with these determined the percentage of anabolically active cells, the distribution of activity across the whole community, and the metabolic lifestyle—chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic—of each cell. Most cells (>90%) were anabolically active during the incubation, and 4-17% were chemoautotrophic. When we inhibited bacteria with antibiotics, the fraction of chemoautotrophic cells detected via nanoSIMS increased, suggesting archaea dominated chemoautotrophy. With fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled to nanoSIMS (FISH-nanoSIMS), we confirmed that most Thaumarchaeota were living chemoautotrophically, while bacteria were not. FISH-nanoSIMS analysis of cells incubated with dual-labeled (13C,15N-) amino acids revealed that most Thaumarchaeota cells assimilated amino-acid-derived nitrogen but not carbon, while bacteria assimilated both. This indicates that these Thaumarchaeota do not assimilate intact amino acids, suggesting intra-phylum heterogeneity in organic carbon utilization, and potentially their use of amino acids for nitrification. Together, our results demonstrate the utility of multi-isotope nanoSIMS analysis for high-throughput metabolic screening, and shed light on the activity and metabolism of uncultured marine archaea and bacteria.
Frequency of routine testing for SARS-CoV-2 to reduce transmission among workers

Routine asymptomatic testing strategies for COVID-19 have been proposed to prevent outbreaks in high-risk healthcare environments. We used simulation modeling to evaluate the optimal frequency of viral testing. We found that routine testing substantially reduces risk of outbreaks, but may need to be as frequent as twice weekly.
State Variation in Posthospital Home Nursing for Commercially Insured Medically Complex Children

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Home nursing is essential for children with medical complexity (CMC), but provision varies substantially across states. Our objectives were to quantify state-to-state variability in distribution of posthospitalization home nursing to commercially insured CMC and to rank-order states. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of hospitalized commercially insured children with ≥1 complex chronic condition from birth to 18 years of age in the Truven MarketScan database. Cohort eligibility criteria were hospital discharge between January 2013 and November 2016 and at least 30 days of follow-up after discharge. Two primary outcome measures were used: receipt of any home nursing within 30 days of hospital discharge (yes or no) and number of days of posthospitalization home nursing (1–30 days). A composite metric encompassing both receipt and quantity was created by evaluating the 95th percentile of days of home nursing (0–30 days). RESULTS: Overall, 9.9% of the sample received home nursing. After we adjusted for patient characteristics, the probability of receiving home nursing varied across states, ranging from 3.4% to 19.2%. Among home nursing recipients, the adjusted median home nursing days across states ranged from 6.6 to 24.5 days. The adjusted 95th percentile of days of home nursing (across the entire of sample, including recipients and nonrecipients of home nursing) ranged from 6.8 to 22.6 days. CONCLUSIONS: We observed striking state-to-state variability in receipt of home nursing and mean number of days of posthospitalization home nursing among commercially insured CMC after adjustment for demographic and clinical differences. This suggests opportunities for state-level improvement.
Development of a downward-facing nucleate boiling correlation for thermal hydraulics analysis

Abstract The concept of in-vessel retention (IVR) by passive external reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) in a flooded cavity during a severe accident has now been recognized as a viable approach to retain the radioactive core melt (i.e., corium) within the reactor vessel. During the process of long-term in-vessel cooling of core melt, the heat flux must remain below the critical heat flux (CHF) level to maintain a regime of nucleate boiling such that the integrity of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is not compromised. In this study, steady-state data for downward facing boiling (DFB) obtained under simulated IVR-ERVC conditions in the Subscale Boundary Layer Boiling (SBLB) test facility is critically analyzed based upon which a new DFB correlation is derived mathematically from theoretical considerations with the coefficients resulting from the scaling analysis being determined from the DFB data. The new correlation which adequately predicts the local variation of the nucleate boiling heat flux along the outer surface of the RPV under IVR-ERVC conditions can be used to describe the long-term cooling behavior of the corium within the RPV of advanced nuclear power plants.
GenOO: A programming framework for High Throughput Sequencing analysis

Background: High throughput sequencing (HTS) has become one of the primary experimental tools used to extract genomic information from biological samples. Bioinformatics tools are continuously being developed for the analysis of HTS data. Beyond some well-defined core analyses, such as quality control or genomic alignment, the consistent development of cus- tom tools and the representation of sequencing data in organized computational structures and entities remains a challenging effort for bioinformaticians. Results: In this work, we present GenOO (jee-noo), an open-source; object-oriented (OO) Perl framework specifically devel- oped for the design and implementation of HTS analysis tools. GenOO models biological entities such as genes and tran- scripts as Perl objects, and includes relevant modules, attributes and methods that allow for the manipulation of high throughput sequencing data. GenOO integrates these elements in a simple and transparent way which allows for the creation of complex analysis pipelines minimizing the overhead for the researcher. GenOO has been designed with flexibility in mind, and has an easily extendable modular structure with minimal requirements for external tools and libraries. As an example of the framework's capabilities and usability, we present a short and simple walkthrough of a custom use case in HTS analysis. Conclusions: GenOO is a tool of high software quality which can be efficiently used for advanced HTS analyses. It has been used to develop several custom analysis tools, leading to a number of published works. Using GenOO as a core development module can greatly benefit users, by reducing the overhead and complexity of managing HTS data and biological entities at hand.
HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Epidemic Potential of Networks of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Two Cities.

BACKGROUND The speed with which a pathogen circulates in a sexual network is a function of network connectivity. Cross-sectional connectivity is a function of network features like momentary degree and assortative mixing. Temporal connectivity is driven by partner acquisition rates. The forward-reachable path (FRP) has been proposed as a summary measure of these two aspects of transmission potential. We use empirical data from San Francisco and Atlanta to estimate the generative parameters of the FRP and compare results to the HIV/sexually transmitted infection epidemics in each city. METHODS We used temporal exponential random graph models to estimate the generative parameters for each city's dynamic sexual network from survey data. We then simulated stochastic dynamic networks from the fitted models and calculated the FRP for each realization, overall, and stratified by partnership type and demographics. RESULTS The overall mean and median paths were higher in San Francisco than in Atlanta. The overall paths for each city were greater than the sum of the paths in each individual partnership network. In the casual partnership network, the mean path was highest in the youngest age group and lowest in the oldest age group, despite the fact that the youngest group had the lowest mean momentary degree and past-year partner counts. CONCLUSIONS The FRP by age group revealed the additional utility of the measure beyond the temporal and cross-sectional network connectivity measures. Other nonnetwork factors are still necessary to infer total epidemic potential for any specific pathogen.
Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Japan: Descriptive Findings and Lessons Learned through Surveillance during the First Three Waves

Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused unprecedented global morbidity and mortality. Japan has faced three epidemic "waves" of COVID-19 from early 2020 through early 2021. Here we narratively review the three waves in Japan, describe the key epidemiologic features of COVID-19, and discuss lessons learned. Methods We assessed publicly available surveillance data, routine surveillance reports, and other relevant sources-multiple indicators were monitored to improve interpretation of surveillance data. Weekly trends for each wave were described based on the number of case notifications; number of tests performed; proportion of those tests that were positive for the novel coronavirus; the prevalent number of COVID-19 hospitalizations (total hospitalizations and those categorized as severe); and number of COVID-19 deaths. For each indicator and wave, we recorded the first calendar week to show an increase over two consecutive previous weeks, along with the peak week. Results The spring wave was characterized by detection of cases imported from China, followed by notifications of sporadic cases without travel history, clusters, and mild/asymptomatic cases. The summer wave saw a large increase in notifications and a younger age distribution, but in the context of increased testing with lower test positivity. The winter wave brought considerable morbidity and mortality, surpassing the cumulative case counts and fatalities from the earlier waves, with high peak values. Overall, relative to the first wave, the burden of severe outcomes was lower in the second and higher in the third wave, but varied by prefecture. In all three waves, severe outcomes peaked after notification counts and test positivity peaked; severe outcomes were also consistently skewed toward the elderly. Conclusions Important lessons were learned from each wave and across waves-some aspects remained constant, while others changed over time. In order to rapidly detect an increase in incidence, continuous, timely, and sensitive surveillance-using multiple information sources with careful interpretations-will be key in COVID-19 control.
Aluminum-Induced Bone Disease: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease

Differences between the structure and function of bone and brain makes it difficult to extrapolate the insights gained from the study of bone aluminum toxicity to Alzheimer’s disease. To prove that aluminum plays a critical role in Alzheimer’s disease, substantial decreases in brain aluminum content and improvement in brain pathology would have to be demonstrated following chelation therapy. Observations in aluminum-related bone disease and Alzheimer’s disease suggest either increased susceptibility to aluminum in some individuals or the presence of some other unknown factor(s). The absence of aluminum accumulation and toxicity in other organs in Alzheimer’s disease patients argues against aluminum being the primary cause of this disorder. Brain aluminum deposits in Alzheimer’s disease could be an epiphenomenon of prior brain disease similar to observations in aluminum-related bone disease. Low doses of aluminum stimulate bone cell growth and activity raising the intriguing possibility of a positive role for this metal in Alzheimer’s disease. More evidence needs to be accrued to confidently state that aluminum is either an accessory or a culprit in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease.
The Teaching of Cataloging: Education or Training.

This paper examines library literature concerning the conflict in teaching cataloging, between education for librarianship and training for specific tasks performed in the library. The literature reflects fundamental trends in library education; balance between theory and practice, evolution from apprenticeship to graduate school and the role of cataloging in curricula. It has concerned six issues; practitioners as educators, differentiation of professional duties, centralization and cooperation, development of cataloging codes, technological change and anticipated professional functions. A more profound corollary issue is also addressed. Training prepares for the current environment; education prepares for change. The literature presents a dichotomous view, seeking resolution by balancing mutually exclusive elements. An historical perspective suggests a dialectical paradigm, a process of continuous interaction between opposing forces which produce a synthesis.
Elder Empowerment as a Strategy for Curbing the Hidden Abuses of Durable Powers of Attorney

The durable power of attorney (DPOA), one of the nation's most ubiquitous and powerful legal documents, is a popular planning tool for seniors anticipating a decline in cognitive or physical well-being. By executing a DPOA, seniors can grant an agent (typically an adult child) broad authority to engage in financial transactions on their behalf. While DPOAs are touted as a way for seniors to enhance their autonomy, the author argues that they often have the opposite effect. Under most states' statutory regimes, agents are given little guidance as to what standard to use to make decisions on behalf of elders, and have no duty to communicate or consult with elders. As a result, agents are prone to "over-reach" their traditional fiduciary duties and make decisions that are inconsistent with elders' values and wishes. In most states, for example, an agent who felt her mother would be safer living in a nursing home could force an unwanted move by using the DPOA to sell the mother's house without so much as notifying her. The author argues that permitting agents to act without communicating and consulting with elders is inconsistent with agents' underlying legal duty of obedience. Drawing on literature from the fields of psychology and sociology, the author shows that permitting such actions can also be expected to fundamentally alter family power structures, to the detriment of elders' well-being. The author therefore proposes that states explicitly require agents to communicate with those on whose behalf they act and to provide advance notification of certain "fundamental" transactions. This novel, yet simple, mechanism would empower elders to better monitor their agents and bring DPOAs a step closer to fulfilling their promise as autonomy-enhancing devices.
Projectively bounded Fréchet measures

A scalar valued set function on a Cartesian product of a-algebras is a Fre'chet measure if it is a scalar measure independently in each coordinate. A basic question is considered: is it possible to construct products of Frechet measures that are analogous to product measures in the classical theory? A Frechet measure is said to be projectively bounded if it satisfies a Grothendieck type inequality. It is shown that feasibility of products of Frechet measures is linked to the projective boundedness property. All Frechet measures in a two dimensional framework are projectively bounded, while there exist Frechet measures in dimensions greater than two that are projectively unbounded. A basic problem is considered: when is a FrYechet measure projectively bounded? Some characterizations are stated. Applications to harmonic and stochastic analysis are given.
The future is parallel but it may not be easy

Processor performance scaling by improving clock frequency has now hit power limits. The new emphasis on multi core architectures comes about from the failure of frequency scaling not because of breakthroughs in parallel programming or architecture. Progress in automatic compilation of serial programs into multi tasked ones has been slow. A look at parallel projects of the past illustrates problems in performance and programmability. Solving these problems requires both an understanding of underlying issues such as parallelizing control structures and dealing with the memory bottleneck. For many applications performance comes at the price of programmability and reliability comes at the price of performance.
Kurdish regional constitution within the framework of the Iraqi federal constitution: A struggle for sovereignty, oil, ethnic identity, and the prospects for a reverse supremacy clause

The Kurdish Regional Government has drafted a new constitution that must co-exist with the Iraqi Federal Constitution. While, legally, not unlike the relationship between state and federal constitutions within the U.S., politically, the relationship could not be more different. The president of the Kurdistan region maintains a standing military and formidable intelligence services, and controls vast oil and gas resources. He also maintains bilateral relations with other states in the region. The author was privileged to have been involved in the final phases of consultation with the constitutional drafting committee of the Kurdish National Assembly and provides his insights, observations and critiques here along with an English translation of the draft document.
Analytic derivation of dual gluons and monopoles from SU(2) lattice Yang-Mills theory. I. BF Yang-Mills representation

In this series of three papers, we generalize the derivation of dual photons and monopoles by Polyakov, and Banks, Myerson and Kogut, to obtain approximative models of SU(2) lattice gauge theory. The papers take three different representations as their starting points: the representation as a BF Yang-Mills theory, the spin foam representation and the plaquette representation. The derivations are based on stationary phase approximations. In this first article, we cast 3- and 4-dimensional SU(2) lattice gauge theory in the form of a lattice BF Yang-Mills theory. In several steps, the expectation value of a Wilson loop is transformed into a path integral over a dual gluon field and monopole-like degrees of freedom. The action contains the tree-level Coulomb interaction and a nonlinear coupling between dual gluons, monopoles and current.
Evaluating Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse in Custody Disputes

Thousands of sexual abuse allegations are reported to agencies each year. Of those, between 5 and 35 % are later proven to be false; within divorce and custody cases, the rate of false reports is even higher. Therefore, it is essential to separate true occurrences from false allegations. In cases where physical evidence or an adult eyewitness is not available, forensic psychologists may be asked to evaluate the veracity of the allegation. The purpose of this chapter is to describe challenges faced by psychologists, and to provide an overview of the current research to guide psychologists involved in such cases.
Causal criteria in nutritional epidemiology

Making nutrition recommendations involves complex judgments about the balance between benefits and risks associated with a nutrient or food. Causal criteria are central features of such judgments but are not sufficient. Other scientific considerations include study designs, statistical tests, bias, confounding, and measurement issues. At a minimum, the set of criteria includes consistency, strength of association, dose response, plausibility, and temporality. The current practice, methods, and theory of causal inference permit flexibility in the choice of criteria, their relative priority, and the rules of inference assigned to them. Our approach is as follows. Consistency across study designs is compelling when the studies are of high quality and are not subject to biases. A statistically significant risk estimate with a > 20% increase or decrease in risk is considered a positive finding. A statistically significant linear or otherwise regularly increasing trend reinforces the judgment in favor of a recommendation. A plausible hypothesis likewise reinforces a recommendation, although the rules of inference for biological evidence are highly variable and depend on the situation. Temporality is, for nutrition recommendations, more a consideration of the extent to which a dietary factor affects disease onset or progression. Evidence supporting these criteria provides a strong basis for making a nutrition recommendation, given due consideration of the balance between presumed benefits and presumed harms. Recommendations should make clear their breadth of application; a narrow recommendation involves a single disease or condition whereas a broad recommendation involves all relevant diseases or conditions.
The Geostrategic, Techno-Nationalist Push Into Space

The technological benefits of space hardware are universally recognized. One is hard pressed to find an area of the world where satellite dishes for television reception, satellite use for data transmission, or the Global Positioning System (GPS) for multiple purposes are not utilized. But utilization of commercial or of other countries’ space assets does not equate to being a space-faring nation. Space-faring nations have, to varying degrees, their own capabilities. The importance of status as a space-faring nation comes from two sources: not having to rely on others for access to the benefits of space assets, and prestige that can translate into geopolitical influence. Beyond users and space-faring nations, there are those countries actively asserting space leadership in some form, whether regional or global. What pushes countries to go beyond being a spacefaring nation and assert leadership potential, including potentially engaging in an implicit or explicit space race, is techno-nationalism, which for the purposes of this paper refers to nationalism that becomes the impetus for technology development as an indicator of geostrategic power. It is often triggered by a threat or perception of a threat, including a threat to perceived leadership. Techno-nationalism carries with it an inherent quest for leadership, by some definition.
The potential of machine learning techniques for expert systems

Expert systems employing current methodologies suffer from two major problems: they are brittle and their development is time-consuming and tedious. Learning, the key to intelligent human behavior and expertise, has the potential of alleviating these difficulties. The paper reviews a number of machine learning techniques and provides a framework for their classification. The description of each technique is followed by an example taken from the domain of structural design. The applicability of machine learning techniques to expert systems is discussed, including some prototype applications and their shortcomings. Three promising research directions are outlined as a partial solution for the shortcomings.
The Kuhls of Kangra: Community‐Managed Irrigation in the Western Himalaya

The Kuhls of Kangra: Community-Managed Irrigation in the Western Himalaya.. J. Mark Baker. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. 272 pp.
Medullary norepinephrine neurons modulate local oxygen concentrations in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Neurovascular coupling is understood to be the underlying mechanism of functional hyperemia, but the actions of the neurotransmitters involved are not well characterized. Here we investigate the local role of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) of the anesthetized rat by measuring O2, which is delivered during functional hyperemia. Extracellular changes in norepinephrine and O2 were simultaneously monitored using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Introduction of norepinephrine by electrical stimulation of the ventral noradrenergic bundle or by iontophoretic ejection induced an initial increase in O2 levels followed by a brief dip below baseline. Supporting the role of a hyperemic response, the O2 increases were absent in a brain slice containing the vBNST. Administration of selective pharmacological agents demonstrated that both phases of this response involve β-adrenoceptor activation, where the delayed decrease in O2 is sensitive to both α- and β-receptor subtypes. Selective lesioning of the locus coeruleus with the neurotoxin DSP-4 confirmed that these responses are caused by the noradrenergic cells originating in the nucleus of the solitary tract and A1 cell groups. Overall, these results support that non-coerulean norepinephrine release can mediate activity-induced O2 influx in a deep brain region.
Evaluation of a prediction model for long-term fracture risk.

The NOF cost-effectiveness model, based on clinical risk factors and femoral neck aBMD, predicted overall fracture risk in a cohort of postmenopausal women followed for up to 22 years. Introduction: To assess the ability of a statistical model to predict long-term fracture risk for a population of postmenopausal women, we compared observed fractures to those predicted by the National Osteoporosis Foundation's (NOF) cost-effectiveness model. Materials and Methods: In this population-based study, 393 postmenopausal Rochester, MN, women had baseline measurements of femoral neck areal BMD (aBMD) and assessment of the clinical risk factors (personal fracture history, family history of osteoporotic fracture, low body weight, and smoking status) that were included in the NOF model. They were then followed prospectively for up to 22 years. Fractures were ascertained by periodic interview and review of community medical records. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) compared observed fractures to predicted numbers. Results: During 4782 person-years of follow-up, 212 women experienced 503 fractures, two-thirds of which were caused by moderate trauma. When undiagnosed (incidentally noted) vertebral and rib fractures were excluded, there was general concordance between observed and predicted fractures of the hip (SIR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.56-1.01), distal forearm (SIR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.86-1.68), spine (SIR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.50-1.11), and all other sites combined (SIR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.97-1.42). Fracture prediction by the NOF model was about as good after 10 years as it was earlier during follow-up. Conclusions: This study validates the ability of a statistical model based on femoral neck aBMD and common clinical risk factors to predict the actual occurrence of fractures in a cohort of postmenopausal white women.
Novel Synthesis of Unbridged, Sterically Substituted Zirconocene Dichlorides from Fulvenes and Dialkylzirconium Dichlorides via Zirconium(IV) Hydride Transfer1

Unbridged, sterically substituted zirconocene dichlorides can be prepared in high yields by the interaction of a dialkylzirconium dichloride with 2 equiv of the appropriate fulvene in hydrocarbon medium with alkene displacement. The requisite dialkylzirconium dichloride can readily be produced by the alkylation of ZrCl4 in hydrocarbon media with 2 equiv of an alkyllithium reagent. Generating the R2ZrCl2 reagents in hydrocarbon media permits their use as hydrozirconating agents for a variety of polar unsaturated organic substrates.
Electron-nuclear-double-resonance of the VAl center in MgO

Abstract An ENDOR study of a hole center in MgO with g|=2.0032±0.0001 and g⊥=2.0385±0.0001 reveals that the hole interacts with an axial aluminum ion with A⊥=±0.178±0.008 MHz, A⊥=±0.074±0.008 MHz, and P= ±0.366±0.002 MHz. The structure of the center is consistent with the label, VAl. It is suggested that the VAl center may have been mistaken in the past for the V- center because of the similarity of their g-values, method of production, and thermal properties.
Translating Optical Imaging Agents from the Bench to the Clinic: Lessons Learned from Nuclear Medicine

Optical probes have shown promise as human diagnostic imaging agents. Taking these agents into clinical use presents regulatory challenges. Lessons learned from nuclear medicine provide a pathway to enable clinical translation of optical agents.