cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cure progress in epoxy systems: dependence on temperature and time

We have developed an analytical formula for the cure progress of epoxy systems as a function of both time t and temperature T. Complex viscosity η* or the storage modulus G′ are used as the measures of the cure progress. The equation is based on the shape of the isothermal viscosity vs. time curves typically found for thermoset systems; temperature dependence of the isothermal parameters is established, resulting in a single equation. The equation has been tested for two vastly different thermoset epoxy systems and found to provide reliable predictive capabilities. The equation seems applicable for predicting curing progress of most thermoset systems, without a limitation to epoxies. Moreover, the equation can be used for discriminating accurate experimental results from less accurate ones.
Calculated Height Tendencies in Two Southern Hemisphere Blocking and Cyclone Events: The Contribution of Diabatic Heating to Block Intensification

Abstract The Zwack–Okossi vorticity tendency equation was used to calculate 500-hPa height tendencies in two intensifying Southern Hemisphere blocking events. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research gridded reanalyses were used to make each of these calculations. The block intensification period for each event was associated with a deepening surface cyclone during a 48-h period beginning at 1200 UTC 28 July and 1200 UTC 8 August 1986, respectively. These results demonstrate that the diabatic heating forces height rises through the sensible and latent heating terms in these two Southern Hemisphere blocking events. The sensible heating was the larger contributor, second only to (about the same as) the vorticity advection term in the first (second) event. The vorticity advection term has been shown by several studies to be associated with block intensification.
Thyroid function during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation as part of in vitro fertilization

Objective To determine the exact nature and timing of alterations in thyroid function throughout controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting University fertility clinic. Patient(s) Fifty-seven women undergoing COH as part of planned in vitro fertilization. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Timing and magnitude of change in serum thyroid hormones, including TSH, total and free T 4 , E 2 , and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), measured at six time points from before stimulation to 2 weeks after serum pregnancy test. Result(s) Geometric mean serum TSH increased during stimulation, peaking 1 week after hCG administration compared with baseline (2.44 vs. 1.42 mIU/L), as did free T 4 (1.52 vs. 1.38 ng/dL) and TBG (32.86 vs. 21.52 μg/mL). Estradiol levels increased, peaking at hCG administration (1743.21 vs. 71.37 pg/mL). Of 50 women with baseline TSH ≤2.5 mIU/L, 22 (44.0%) had a subsequent rise in TSH to >2.5 during or after COH. The pattern of change over time in TSH concentrations was significantly influenced by baseline hypothyroidism and whether pregnancy was achieved. Conclusion(s) COH led to significant elevations in TSH, often above pregnancy appropriate targets. These findings were particularly evident in women with preexisting hypothyroidism and may have important clinical implications for screening and thyroid hormone supplementation.
Packaging of offspring by nests of the ant, Leptothorax longispinosus: parent-offspring conflict and queen-worker conflict

Models of the packaging of offspring predict that parental fitness is maximized by following a set of rules, including the rule to invest the minimal amount in each offspring. Offspring can maximize their fitness by demanding more resources than the parent is selected to give, leading to parent-offspring conflict over packaging. Social insect nests may also experience queen-worker conflict over packaging. Experiments were conducted, using two populations of the ant Leptothorax longispinosus, in order to determine the role of both parent-offspring conflict and queen-worker conflict in packaging. Parent-offspring conflict over packaging was detected towards males and workers, but not to females. This may be because both parental and offspring fitness are maximized by investing as much in possible in females so both parties benefit by cooperating over packaging of females. Queen-worker conflict over packaging was detected for females, males, and workers. The direction taken by the queen-worker conflict is best explained by asymmetries in genetic relatedness among nestmates.
Cyberterrorism: Its Effects on Health-Related Infrastructures

ABSTRACT This article examines cyberterrorism, the use of computers or the Internet against infrastructures whose systems or networks rely on computers or the Internet, and the effects it has on oil and gas utilities, water facilities, and hospitals. The main premise of this analysis is that cyberterrorism is a real threat and represents a continuous struggle. Because such critical health-related infrastructures have become increasingly dependent on computer-based technologies and the Internet, cyberterrorists are potentially a few mouse clicks away from breaching dams, damaging the control systems of hazmat companies, or compromising important hospitals databases.
Shoulder arthroscopy: principles and practice.

Arthroscopy is a valuable, effective tool in managing a variety of orthopedic conditions, and its application in musculoskeletal medicine has evolved considerably over the last several decades. Using a minimally invasive technique, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions can be undertaken in a variety of joint articulations in the body, most commonly the knee and shoulder. The use of arthroscopic techniques in the shoulder, in particular, has increased significantly since the 1990s, and technologic advancements have contributed to its expanding usage in a wider variety of shoulder pathologies. Traditionally, ‘‘open’’ surgical techniques, using larger skin incisions and soft tissue dissections, have been used in treating shoulder disorders. As arthroscopy assumes a greater role in the evaluation and treatment of shoulder pathologic conditions, it becomes increasingly important for clinicians to familiarize themselves with the arthroscopic options available in treatment, indications, and potential complications. An understanding of the fundamentals of shoulder arthroscopy allows for a more insightful appreciation of surgical decision making and postsurgical rehabilitation and ultimately provides improved care and more effective communication with patients.
Signal level fusion for multimodal perceptual user interface

Multi-modal fusion is an important, yet challenging task for perceptual user interfaces. Humans routinely perform complex and simple tasks in which ambiguous auditory and visual data are combined in order to support accurate perception. By contrast, automated approaches for processing multi-modal data sources lag far behind. This is primarily due to the fact that few methods adequately model the complexity of the audio/visual relationship. We present an information theoretic approach for fusion of multiple modalities. Furthermore we discuss a statistical model for which our approach to fusion is justified. We present empirical results demonstrating audio-video localization and consistency measurement. We show examples determining where a speaker is within a scene, and whether they are producing the specified audio stream.
Relationships between various uses of antineoplastic drug-interaction terms

In in vitro testing, no pharmacologic synergism has been found for the combination of cisplatin and etoposide in P388 leukemia in contrast to the demonstration of therapeutic synergism in the same model. No pharmacologic synergism has been found for the same combination in the treatment of four small-cell lung-cancer cell lines, although clinical results obtained using this combination in small-cell lung cancer and other cancers suggest a therapeutic advantage. The popular concept of synergy, implying a therapeutic advantage, is different from the pharmacologic meaning, which generally implies that less drug is required in a combination for an equal effect. Therapeutic advantage may be obtained regardless of whether drugs are synergistic in the pharmacologic sense in the treatment of a tumor. To gain a more comprehensive insight into concepts of drug interaction, it is important to recognize that the type of drug interaction seen is dependent on the drug doses used and may vary with the treatment of different cell lines. All of these factors complicate the use of the word synergism, or any associated term, in a categorical manner to describe the effects of combinations of antineoplastic drugs.
Copper supplementation effects on indicators of copper status and serum cholesterol in adult males.

Two 6-wk double-blind studies evaluated the effects of supplements of 2 or 3 mg Cu/d on serum copper, ceruloplasmin, red-blood-cell super oxide dismutase (RBC-SOD), total serum cholesterol, and serum lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions in adult males. Study I had 6 supplemented and 8 placebo subjects, whereas study II had 7 and 6, respectively. Copper supplementation did not appear to affect serum copper levels, RBC-SOD, hematocrit, and ceruloplasmin levels when assayed by radial immunoassay diffusion. Supplementation with 2 mg Cu/d produced an increase in LDL cholesterol and the percentage of cholesterol as LDL at wk 4 compared to the placebo group, and a concomitant decline in VLDL-cholesterol levels and the percentage of cholesterol as VLDL. At wk 6, the percentage of cholesterol as LDL increased and that of cholesterol as VLDL decreased compared to baseline values in the supplemented group. Supplements of 3 mg Cu/d increased hemoglobin levels ceruloplasmin activity, and serum total-cholesterol levels at wk 6 compared to placebos. Differences in cholesterol may be partly explained by variability in the placebo groups in both studies. Copper supplementation effects on cholesterol deserves further investigation.
An amino-terminal tryptophan derivative which is refractory to Edman degradation

Abstract A new derivative of tryptophan is proposed to account for the observation that some peptides having amino-terminal tryptophan residues become refractory to Edman degradation. An acid-catalyzed oxidation of the indole nucleus and subsequent cyclization to a unique 3-anilinopyr-rolidin-2-one derivative with cleavage of the peptide chain is the most likely chemical explanation. This amino acid is reactive with ninhydrin and contains an aryl amine. However, the amine does not bond to the α carbon so while reactive to phenyl isothiocyanate, distances are too great for the residue to be cleaved from the peptide during Edman degradation.
Differential diagnosis of malingering and factitious disorder with physical symptoms

The present article attempts to clarify the difficult diagnostic discrimination between malingering and factitious disorder with physical symptoms. It is proposed that diagnostic evaluations focusing on the patient's observed symptomatology will be limited in their accuracy and utility. Instead, a longitudinal approach is needed to include the course of the disorder over time, its response to treatment, and the proposed etiology of the disorder. It is hoped that with a better understanding of these two disorders, prompt and accurate diagnosis can lay the foundation for effective management of both malingering and factitious disorders. Language: en
The photoreceptors and visual pigments of two species of Acipenseriformes, the shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus ) and the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula )

Scanning electron microscopy, microspectrophotometry, and spectrophotometry of digitonin extracts were employed to characterize the photoreceptors and visual pigments of two freshwater Acipenseriformes. The retinas of the shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Acipenseridae), and the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula (Polyodontidae) are dominated by large rods with long, broad outer segments. A second rod, rare and much narrower than the dominant rod, is present in Scaphirhynchus but not seen in Polyodon. The absorbance maximum of the visual pigment in the rods of Polyodon is near 540 nm; that of Scaphirhynchus near 534 nm. The retinas of both species contain substantial numbers of large, single cones, about 33% of the photoreceptors in Scaphirhynchus; 37% in Polyodon. Scaphirhynchus cone pigments have absorbance maxima near 610 nm, 521 nm and 470 nm, respectively. Polyodon cone pigments absorb maximally near 607 nm and 535 nm, respectively. All visual pigments are based on vitamin A2. The data are compared to those from other Acipenseriformes and are discussed in terms of lifestyle and behavior.
Heart Failure Clinics: Arrival of Gen-3

The concept of Clinics of North America was introduced 90 years ago with the sole objective of integrating the established and current literature on a selected disease entity and then disseminating an evidence-based consensus regarding practice guidelines for optimizing diagnostic and management strategies. The Clinics issues were guest edited by acclaimed clinicians and investigators, and in the ensuing years, incorporated the gamut of important medical specialties. Clinics became instantly popular with training and community physicians and paved the way for subsequent subspecialty Clinics in over 50 disciplines. Among the many subspecialities represented, Cardiology Clinics has enjoyed an extensive readership. Enormous advances in the field of subspecialty medicine have necessitated the initiation of Generation 3 Clinics, and Heart Failure Clinics happens to be the first of this generation. This is so because of the enormous burden of heart failure (HF) and the rapid advances made in our understanding and approach. Heart Failure Clinics does not in any way pretend to simulate a HF journal and will not produce original research manuscripts; rather it will present clinical practices and clinically-relevant basic research in the field of HF and cardiac transplantation, including related topics such as devicebased therapies for HF. The sole objective remains the same as that of the 90-year-old Medical Clinics of
Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy Study of CO Adsorption and Reaction on Oxidized Pd(100)

The adsorption, desorption, and reaction of CO on the (√5×√5)R27° surface oxide on Pd(100) grown by two methods was investigated with infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. CO multilayer desorbs at ∼40 K, whereas monolayer desorption is complete at ∼210 K. The surface oxide formed at 575 K with a 600 Langmuir (L) exposure of O2 exhibits a stronger interaction with CO compared with a surface oxide formed at 575 K with a 4500 L O2 exposure, presumably due to defects in the former. The surface oxide formed with a lower exposure of O2 exhibits enhanced reactivity with CO at 400 K. Below 60 K, O2 blocks CO adsorption on the monolayer oxide.
RET selection using rigorous, physics-based computational lithography

Over the past several years, choosing the best Resolution Enhancement Technique (RET) has become more and more difficult. The RET implementation team is faced with an ever increasing number of variables to attempt to optimize. Also, for a given node, there are now more layers designated as critical pattern layers requiring RET. As design rules become more aggressive, and scanners have more process parameters such as polarization and focus drilling, RET must be optimized across a larger number of variables than before. Sorting through the best combination of all of the available process parameters could potentially require the number of wafer experiments to increase exponentially. Rigorous, physics-based computational lithography is the perfect tool for executing the large number of experiments, virtually, culling out dramatically the actual number of physical wafer experiments required for verification. Ideally, first pass RET selection needs to be made as early as possible in the technology cycle, well before the equipment is available. Traditional OPC tools, which require wafer process data to set up are not suited to this task, as they can only be used after the equipment has been installed and a stable, established process exists. Rigorous physical and chemical models, such as those found in PROLITH, are better suited to early RET selection and optimization but the Windows platform, where PROLITH is used, is computationally too slow for the massive number of calculations required. In this study, we focus on the RET selection process for a set of “typical” critical test patterns, using KLATencor’s other rigorous, physics-based computational lithography tool, LithoWare. LithoWare combines the accuracy of rigorous physical and chemical models with the computational power of distributed computing on Linux. We examine the use of cluster computing in optimizing the illuminators using model based OPC and process window analysis for critical contact hole (CH) patterns. We use the results to propose a comprehensive RET selection strategy to meet the user requirements of 45nm and 32 nm development.
Viscoelastic true-amplitude prestack reverse-time depth migration

A new true-amplitude prestack elastic depth-migration algorithm includes compensation for transmission and anelastic attenuation losses in an isotropic medium. Geometric spreading and its compensation are incorporated by extrapolating up- and downgoing waves using a full two-way wave equation. Intrinsic attenuation is simulated and compensated for using composite memory variables derived from standard linear solid relaxation mechanisms. Zoeppritz equations and their approximations are used to compute and analyze the angle-dependent reflection/transmission coefficients; converted energy is included at each interface. Transmission losses for compressional waves are compensated, based on estimation of angle-dependent elastic reflectivity using a two-pass recursive procedure. The image condition is the ratio of the compressional receiver/source wavefield amplitudes. Application to synthetic data from a dipping-layer model and a salt model accurately extracts P-velocity, S-velocity, density, and P-wave impedance beneath the target reflector, even under a salt overhang. Factors not explicitly considered include building of the smooth background velocity and attenuation models, estimates of the source time function, directivity and coupling, multipathing arrivals, and effects of attenuation and anisotropy on the reflection/transmission coefficients.
Dextromethorphan and Other N -Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists Are Teratogenic in the Avian Embryo Model

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a calcium-conducting class of excitatory amino acid receptors that are involved in neuronal development and migration. Certain well known teratogens (e.g. homocysteine, ethanol, and chloroform) that induce congenital neural tube and neural crest defects also have the capacity to act as NMDA receptor antagonists. We hypothesized that teratogenicity was a general property of NMDA receptor antagonists, and that high affinity NMDA receptor antagonists would induce neural tube and neural crest defects. Chicken embryos were given 5, 50, or 500 nmol/d of selected NMDA receptor antagonists for 3 consecutive days during the process of neural tube closure, beginning 4 h after the beginning of incubation. Selected NMDA receptor antagonists represented three classes of antagonists: ion channel blockers, glycine site antagonists, and glutamate site agonists and antagonists. All classes of NMDA receptor antagonists induced embryonic death and congenital defects of the neural crest and neural tube; however, the channel blockers were the most potent teratogens. Dextromethorphan at 500 nmol/embryo/d killed more than half the embryos and induced congenital defects in about one-eighth of the survivors; dextromethorphan was also highly lethal at 50 nmol/embryo/d. Glutamate site NMDA receptor agonists (NMDA and homoquinolinic acid) displayed weak toxicity relative to their known NMDA receptor potency. Taken together, these data indicate that NMDA receptor antagonists, particularly channel blockers, are potent teratogens in the chicken embryo model. Because dextromethorphan is a widely used nonprescription antitussive, its strong teratogeneticity using this model is particularly noteworthy.
Integrated and Chemical Control of the Oystershell Scale in Maine

From 1961 to 1963, oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), populations in an orchard maintained on an integrated control program were 2.06, 1.75, and 26.84%, respectively, of those found in a comparable orchard in which no effort was made to protect beneficial insects and mites. In 1961 the principal natural enemy was determined to be Aphytis mytilaspidis (LeBaron), but this hymenopterous parasite was apparently reduced in numbers by low temperatures during the winter of 1962. Delayed dormant applications of superior oil-ethion sprays were only moderately effective. When applied after the completion of overwintering egg hatch, excellent control resulted from the use of Geigy 13005 ( O,0 -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with 4-mercaptomethyl)-2- methoxy-∆2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one), Imidan® ( O,O -dimethyl 5-phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate), Guthion® ( O,O -dimethyl-S- (4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3 (4 H )- ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate), carbaryl, Chipman RP- 11783 ( O,O -dimethyl dithiophosphoryl methyl-3-benzoxazolone), Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-1- (2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), and dioxathion EC; slightly less effective were Banol® (Upjohn TVC U-12927) (6- chloro-3,4-xylyl methylcarbamate), Chemagro B-37344 (4- (methylthio) -3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate) and Union Carbide 19786 (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl isopropyl carbonate) ; while DDT and dioxathion WP gave only moderate control. The addition of Triton B-1956 at the rate of 4 oz/100 gal to Guthion and carbaryl decreased the level of effectiveness of the materials below that obtained when they were used without the wetting agent.
Ranked set sample sign test for quantiles

A ranked set sample version of the sign test is proposed for testing hypotheses concerning the quantiles of a population characteristic. Both equal and unequal allocations are considered and the relative performance of different allocations is assessed in terms of Pitman's asymptotic relative efficiency. In particular, for each quantile, the allocation that maximizes the efficacy is identified and shown to not depend on the population distribution.
Myocardial enzyme patterns and energy metabolism in endotoxin shock

Abstract The activities of some key enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucose were studied in the hearts of normal rats and of rats in endotoxin shock. The enzymes determined were: (a) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, to represent the phosphogluconate oxidative pathway; (b) aldolase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase to represent the Embden-Meyerhof pathway; and (c) the isocitrate dehydrogenase to evaluate the activity of the citric acid cycle. In addition, the oxidative rates and phosphorylation were studied in the heart mitochondria using alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate as substrates. In comparison to normal controls the hearts from endotoxin-treated animals showed significant increases in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. There was only a slight increase in aldolase activity but the isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was considerably lowered. Both the respiratory rates and phosphorylation efficiency decreased in the heart mitochondria isolated from animals in endotoxin shock. The observed changes suggest that in endotoxin shock there is impairment of oxidative phosphorylation in the heart and this is accompanied by increase in anaerobic phosphorylation. The rise in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase with only slight change in aldolase activity suggests that in endotoxin shock the heart depends more on the availability of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate via the energy-saving phosphogluconate oxidative pathway.
A once-daily dose of tadalafil for erectile dysfunction: compliance and efficacy

Selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) have revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. As an on-demand treatment, PDE5Is have excellent efficacy and safety in the treatment of ED due to a broad spectrum of etiologies. Nevertheless, these drugs do have side-effect profiles that are troublesome to some patients, eg, headache, dyspepsia, myalgia, etc. Furthermore, many patients and their partners dislike the necessity of on-demand treatment for ED, citing a desire for greater spontaneity with sexual interactions. In 2008, approximately 10 years after the release of the first commercially available PDE5I, a paradigm shift in the management of ED occurred with the approval of once-daily dose of tadalafil by the US Food and Drug Administration for the management of ED. The prolonged half-life of tadalafil lends itself well to this dosing regimen and conveys the advantage of separating medication from sexual interactions; lower dose therapy also carries the theoretical benefit of lower incidence of side effects. In this study, we review the current state of the art with respect to this new management strategy for ED, highlighting published reports of the efficacy and tolerability of the daily dose tadalafil regimen.
Do Filopodia Enable the Growth Cone to Find Its Way

Ena/VASP family proteins are required for accurate axon pathfinding in developing Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mouse nervous systems. Recent papers by Bear et al. and Svitkina et al. provide evidence that Ena/VASP proteins regulate actin filament elongation in the lamellipodia and filopodia of nonneuronal cells. Neuronal growth cones use filopodia as their "sensory organs" that steer the growth cone by reading guidance cues in the environment. Together, these studies suggest that Ena/VASP proteins regulate axon guidance by controlling the formation or rearrangement of growth cone filopodia.
Dietary intakes and selected characteristics of women ages 19–50 years and their children ages 1–5 years by reported perception of food sufficiency

Abstract In order to explore dietary intakes and selected socio-demographic, economic and health related characteristics associated with self-reported perception of food sufficiency status (FSS), data from the USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), One-Day Data, Low-Income for 1985 and 1986 were analyzed. These surveys consist of a partial probability sample of over 3,000 U.S. households containing at least one female member between 19 and 50 years old. The data indicated that lower levels of intake were associated with reported food insufficiency for women. This relationship did not appear to be as strong for children. Also the perception of food sufficiency status was negatively correlated to level of household income as a percent of poverty. It appears that individuals have, on average, the ability to reliably estimate their own FSS. It is unclear, however, if a proxy would be as reliable a source of information for the children's intake.
Urban Emergency Department Utilization by Adolescents

This study describes urban emergency department (ED) utilization and follow-up referral patterns among adolescents. ED visits for 14-19-year-old patients at an urban university hospital with adjacent adult and pediatric emergency departments during specified months in 1993 were retrospectively reviewed. A subgroup (n=150) was randomly selected for detailed chart review. One thousand six hundred and thirty-six adolescents were seen in the ED during the study period. Public assistance (n=763; 47%) and commercial insurance (n=480; 29%) were the most common forms of insurance, followed by self-pay (n=357; 22%). The majority of triage codes for ED visits were nonurgent (n=140; 93%). Twenty-five patients (17%) were not referred for follow-up upon ED discharge. Adolescents on public assistance or without insurance may frequently utilize an urban ED for nonurgent medical problems. A group of patients did not identify a primary care provider at triage and were not referred for follow-up. Defining medical problems for which adolescents utilize the ED may help health professionals to tailor community resources to better serve adolescent health care needs.
Martensite structure in polycrystalline Fe–Pd

Abstract The martensite structure in polycrystalline Fe–Pd has been examined from a mechanics and a crystallographic point of view. The structure consists of dark and bright plates, parallel to {110}, which, under no stress, exist in an equal amount. A plate has a fine structure, in which a set of twin-related variants adjoining on {110} interfaces is stacked together. That is, the dark plate contains two twin-related variants as does the bright plate. One variant in the bright plate is the same as one in the dark. The others are twin-related. In total, a grain is covered by equal amounts of three variants when transformation is completed. Straining caused by uniaxial loading is evaluated.
Anti-EBV Titers and the Application of a Prognostic Score to North American Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

This collaborative, prospective study of 182 North American patients, mostly white, with different histopathologic types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) (1–3), was conducted at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) and at participating centers; it began in 1978. Detailed information was collected on each patient. Tumor stage was determined on the basis of the clinical data and was classified according to several systems (4–6). Blood for the anti-EBV serologic assays was collected at the time of diagnosis and at approximately 3-month intervals thereafter. Tissue specimens, removed to establish the diagnosis in all patients, were evaluated by a group of pathologists who classified them according to the standards (7–9) of the World Health Organization (WHO): squamous cell carcinoma (WHO type 1), nonkeratinizing carcinoma (WHO type 2), and undifferentiated carcinoma (WHO type 3). This classification has been accepted as the international standard.
Adolescent Depression Stressful Interpersonal Contexts and Risk for Recurrence

High rates of diagnosable depression in adolescence, especially among young women, present challenging clinical and research issues. Depression not only portends current maladjustment but may also signal risk for recurrent or chronic depression and its associated impairment. Because depression is most often a response to stressful events and circumstances, it is important to understand the stress context itself. Individuals with depression histories are known to contribute to the occurrence of interpersonal and other stressors at a high rate, and for young women particularly, the occurrence of interpersonal stressors and conditions in turn predicts recurrences of depression, in a vicious cycle. Interpersonal dysfunction in early adolescence predicts the likelihood of continuing maladaptive functioning in peer, family, romantic, and parenting roles. The transmission of depression from one generation to the next involves not only heritable factors but also the likelihood that depressed youth become caught i...
Hausdorff dimension for fractals invariant under multiplicative integers

We consider subsets of the (symbolic) sequence space that are invariant under the action of the semigroup of multiplicative integers. A representative example is the collection of all 0–1 sequences ( x k ) such that x k x 2 k =0 for all k . We compute the Hausdorff and Minkowski dimensions of these sets and show that they are typically different. The proof proceeds via a variational principle for multiplicative subshifts.
Time, Species, and the Generation of Trait Variance in Clades

supports?” Because uniform topological priors imply inappropriately informative clade priors, the latter interpretation is required. The Bayes factor (Jeffreys, 1960) allows an interpretation of such posteriors; it estimates how the evidence at hand has borne out prior assertions, regardless of how meaningful these priors are. Pickett and Randle (2005) advocated the use of Bayes factors when non-uniform clade priors are used, for this exact reason. If we do not interpret clade posteriors as a measure of evidentiary support, but they are also not reflections of actual prior knowledge or ignorance, one must ask what is the benefit of invoking a prior distribution at all. Brandley et al. claim that the undesirable influence of priors, regardless of their design, is unimportant, because the prior is eventually overwhelmed. Brandley et al. suggest that advocates “hope” that “inappropriately informative” priors will either be overwhelmed or, if possible, avoided altogether. And so, it seems, they want their phylogenetic hypothesis to be free of prior influence, one way or another. Why make prior assertions if the goal is to eliminate their influence? If this goal is desired, then “we may solve the real problem directly” (Fisher, 1912:156), by employing a method that avoids the confounding effects of priors from the start; that method is maximum likelihood.
LABOUR'S BRITAIN, FIGHT FOR IT NOW!

This article argues for the central role of publicity and propaganda in the Labour party's 1945 landslide election victory. While the ‘swing to the left’ in the first years of the war provided an opportunity for Labour, popular radicalism did not automatically translate into support for the party. The following discussion shows how the national party leadership made use of the BBC, print media, and visual propaganda to associate itself in the popular mind with the successes of the coalition government and the promises of the Beveridge report. While the Conservatives' propaganda machinery fell into abeyance during the war, Labour deftly exploited new means of mass communication which had grown up during the interwar period to build a broad national constituency in favour of its return to power. In order properly to understand the link between ‘high politics’ and popular opinion, political historians need to consider not only the languages through which elite policies were translated and communicated to the public, but also the media of communication. This article argues that, contrary to common perceptions, Labour was successful in 1945 in part because of its ability to embrace and exploit the new mass media to its political advantage.
Restoration of Vancomycin Susceptibility in Enterococcus faecalis by Antiresistance Determinant Gene Transfer

We assessed the ability of gene transfer to reverse vancomycin resistance in class A (VanA) glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Recombinant shuttle vectors containing a vanH promoter-vanA antisense gene cassette fully restored vancomycin susceptibility through a combined transcriptional activator binding domain decoy and inducible vanA antisense RNA effect.
High-level synthesis with pin constraints for multiple-chip designs

The authors describe an approach to multi-chip data path synthesis, given a behavorial description which has already been partitioned into a number of clusters, with the feasibility of clusters determined. The problem is divided into interchip connection determination and scheduling. A heuristic search technique is described for interchip connection determination. A pipelined RTL design consisting of multiple chips was produced by the software. A set of communication buses among the chips was determined, and the values to be transferred were scheduled on the pins and buses. The RTL design produced satisfied user-supplied constraints, including the number of input-output pins on individual chips. >
Fidelity of Select Restriction Endonucleases in Determining Microbial Diversity by Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

An evaluation of 18 DNA restriction endonucleases for use in terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was performed by using richness and density indices in conjunction with computer simulations for 4,603 bacterial small-subunit rRNA gene sequences. T-RFLP analysis has become a commonly used method for screening environmental samples for precursory identification and community comparison studies due to its precision and high-throughput capability. The accuracy of T-RFLP analysis for describing a community has not yet been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, we attempted to classify restriction endonucleases based upon the ability to resolve unique terminal-restriction fragments (T-RFs) or operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from a database of gene sequences. Furthermore, we assessed the predictive accuracy of T-RFLP at fixed values of community richness (n = 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100). Classification of restriction endonuclease fidelity was performed by measuring richness and density for the entire database of T-RFs. Further analysis of T-RFLP accuracy for determining richness was performed by iterative, random sampling from the derived database of T-RFs. It became apparent that two constraints were influential for measuring the fidelity of a given restriction endonuclease: (i) the ability to resolve unique sequence variants and (ii) the number of unique T-RFs that fell within a measurable size range. The latter constraint was found to be more significant for estimating restriction endonuclease fidelity. Of the 18 restriction endonucleases examined, BstUI, DdeI, Sau96I, and MspI had the highest frequency of resolving single populations in model communities. All restriction endonucleases used in this study detected ≤70% of the OTUs at richness values greater than 50 OTUs per modeled community. Based on the results of our in silico experiments, the most efficacious uses of T-RFLP for microbial diversity studies are those that address situations where there is low to intermediate species richness (e.g., colonization, early successional stages, biofilm formation).
For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning

Abstract This paper explores the nature of people's emotional relationships to places in order to learn about the kinds of places that are meaningful for people, the role these places play in their lives and the processes by which they develop meaning. Because such relationships have been most commonly explored through positive experiences of the residence, this research was undertaken to explore other dimensions of our relationships to places. To accomplish this, in-depth interviews were conducted with 40 participants in the New York metropolitan area. Qualitative analysis reveals the diversity and richness of people's emotional relationships to places, indicating that place meaning develops from an array of emotions and experiences, both positive and negative. Moreover, findings demonstrate the socio-political underpinnings of our emotional relationships to places, particularly the impact of gender, race, class and sexuality, suggesting a need to further incorporate the full magnitude of the human experience into the current discourse on people–place relationships.
Possible selves: An adult education perspective

The possible selves construct is presented as a useful and largely untapped perspective on adult learning. Special attention is given to the role of educational helping relationships in fostering positive possible selves among adult learners.
The sewall-boyden flap: An external approach to frontal sinusotomy

The purpose of this report is to review the details of the Sewall-Boyden method of external frontoethmoidectomy and the creation of a nasofrontal duct lined by a medially based mucoperiosteal flap that has resulted in a high degree of long-term patency even in the difficult patient group.
Characterizing processor architectures for programmable network interfaces

The rapid advancements of networking technology have boosted potential bandwidth to the point that the cabling is no longer the bottleneck. Rather, the bottlenecks lie at the crossing points, the nodes of the network, where data traffic is intercepted or forwarded. As a result, there has been tremendous interest in speeding those nodes, making the equipment run faster by means of specialized chips to handle data trafficking. The Network Processor is the blanket name thrown over such chips in their varied forms. To date, no performance data exist to aid in the decision of what processor architecture to use in next generation network processor. Our goal is to remedy this situation. In this study, we characterize both the application workloads that network processors need to support as well as emerging applications that we anticipate may be supported in the future. Then, we consider the performance of three sample benchmarks drawn from these workloads on several state-of-the-art processor architectures, including: an aggressive, out-of-order, speculative super-scalar processor, a fine-grained multithreaded processor, a single chip multiprocessor, and a simultaneous multithreaded processor (SMT). The network interface environment is simulated in detail, and our results indicate that SMT is the architecture best suited to this environment.
Are Adults Benefiting From State Coverage Expansions

This study provides a rigorous evaluation of state efforts to expand insurance coverage in California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Overall, parents in Wisconsin and parents and childless adults in Massachusetts experienced the largest expansions in public coverage, with few, if any, offsetting reductions in private coverage. In contrast, the coverage expansions for parents in California and New Jersey led to increased enrollment, but often at the expense of private coverage. Because constraints on state resources are putting pressure on expansion efforts, we find evidence that cutbacks will place more adults at risk of being uninsured.
Different rates of glucose and fructose metabolism in rat liver tissue in vitro.

Abstract The rate of conversion of uniformly labeled fructose and glucose into various intermediates of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied in rat liver slices. Fructose was converted into every compound measured more rapidly than was glucose. The ratio of the rate of fructose metabolism to the rate of glucose metabolism ( F G ) ranged from a low of three for lactic acid, pyruvic acid, carbon dioxide and fatty acids, to a high of 19 for glyceride-glycerol. These results suggest that fructose-induced hyperlipemia may result, at least in part, from the relatively efficient conversion of fructose to α-glycerophosphate in liver,
Thermal physiology of the fingered limpet Lottia digitalis under emersion and immersion

SUMMARY Marine animals living high in the rocky intertidal zone experience long durations of aerial emersion, sometimes enduring rapid increases in temperature. To date, much of our understanding of the thermal physiology of intertidal organisms comes from studies in which organisms are exposed to increasing temperatures when immersed, with the added effect of aerial emersion rarely considered. In this study, we examined the physiological response of the finger limpet, Lottia digitalis , to increases in temperature under both immersed and emersed conditions. We investigated the thermal sensitivity and upper temperature tolerance of limpets through assessment of cardiac performance, metabolic rate, glycogen depletion and maintenance of protein integrity. Cardiac performance in response to ecologically relevant increases in temperature was similar in emersed and immersed limpets from 15 to 35°C and showed multiple break patterns in heart rate as temperature was increased. Overall, emersed limpets had a greater upper thermal limit on cardiac performance, with the ability to maintain heart rate at a temperature 3–5°C higher than that for immersed limpets. Metabolism in limpets also differed significantly between emersion and immersion, where a significant depression in aerobic metabolic rate was observed under immersion with increasing temperature. Greater levels of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins were found under emersed conditions compared with immersed limpets. Maintaining cardiac performance and aerobic metabolism to higher temperatures under emersed conditions is likely reflective of physiological adaptations to live in an aerially exposed environment. Measured field temperatures where fingered limpets were collected demonstrated that limpets have a narrow thermal safety margin for aerobic performance, and currently experience multiple days where summer temperatures might exceed their threshold limits.
Towards Services Computing Curriculum

Services computing has been recognized as a new foundational discipline of the modern services industry. But there are few systematic guidelines for undergraduate and graduate programs. Services computing curriculum initiative (SCCI) is an attempt to systematically integrate the best practices and result in the creation of services computing degree programs that are suitable for accreditation processes. Several such initiatives have been launched in a number of countries and regions. The Technical Committee on Services Computing (TC-SVC) within the IEEE computer society is leading the SCCI, which are being contributed by a broad, internationally based group of volunteers and participants from industry, academia, and professional societies. It is the belief of this broad based community that an innovative and agile approach to curriculum creation to meet the fast emerging needs for educating and producing more future service-centric professionals must be employed in the 21st century. This paper presents the objectives, architectural framework, body of knowledge, guidelines, recommended methods for course composition, and future directions of SCCI.
Rediscovering the Presettlement Landscape: Making the Oak Savanna Ecosystem “Real”

The North American landscape has changed considerably since European settlement, and ecological restorationists are responding to these changes by attempting to restore “natural” areas to their presettlement conditions. Through participant observation, interviews, and document analysis, this work details the physical and conceptual reconstruction of the oak savanna ecosystem. The construction of the “oak savanna” is shown to be more than the creation of a new classification of nature; it is the remaking of a natural community in situ. The “creation story” of the oak savanna is told through the examination of the contested creations of the scientific claim, the expertise to make such a claim, and of nature itself. Finally, the implications of this research for environmental science and the place of the constructivist sociologist are discussed.
THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF SEX OF PROGENY ON THE LETHAL EXPRESSION OF THE SONLESS GENE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The sex-linked maternally influenced lethal gene, sonless (snl), in D. melanogaster was shown to affect the survival of daughters as well as sons of snl/snl mothers but to a lesser degree. Interaction studies of sonless with the sex altering mutants transformer (tra) and doublesex (dsx) revealed that any alteration toward increased masculinity of progeny from snl/snl females reduced their zygotic viability, independent of snl dosage or Y chromosome presence or absence. Possible implications of these results are discussed and the original gene action hypothesis for snl is extended to incorporate these new findings.-Sonless is non-allelic but closely linked to rudimentary (r) and fused (fu), two mutants with similar sex-ratio patterns.