cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why The Critics Of Globalization Are Mistaken

Being invited to give the Tinbergen Lecture is a privilege for any economist. But for me it is also a great pleasure as it brings back to me memories of, not just a great economist who won the first Nobel prize in Economics, but of a great humanist whose example affected me deeply. I first met him in Cambridge, Massachusetts, when I was a student at MIT and he was a Visiting Professor at Harvard. He was kind enough to invite me, among other students, to his home for dinner. I recall his saying, with a sense of puzzlement rather than deprecation, that many of his Harvard students had come to him just before the final examination, and had asked him: When you put down dy/dx, why don’t you cancel out the ‘d’? Well, that could not have been a question asked by MIT students! Perhaps that was why, when Professor Paul Samuelson, my teacher and then colleague and now friend, wished us to understand why the Stolper–Samuelson theorem worked because the tradeinduced reallocation of resources changed the capital/labor ratios in both goods in the same direction, he said: imagine that the worst student at MIT flunks out and joins Harvard; the average IQ in both MIT and Harvard goes up. But my next meeting was more dramatic. I had gone as a youthful OECD “consultant” to work for 3 months in the Devlet Planlama Teskilati, Turkey’s Planning Commission, in 1962. There I was, staying at a posh hotel, earning ∗ This is the final text of the Tinbergen Lecture delivered to the Royal Netherlands Economic Association in Amsterdam in October 2006. The author is University Professor, Economics and Law, Columbia University, and Senior Fellow in International Economics at the Council on Foreign Relations. His latest books, Free Trade Today (Princeton, 2002) and In Defense of Globalization (Oxford, 2004) present the economic case and the social case for globalization and for free trade, respectively in far greater depth than a Lecture permits. Some of the arguments in this Lecture will be developed further in a substantial Afterword to the new edition of In Defense of Glob
Multiregional Perspectives on the Archaeology of the Andes During the Late Intermediate Period (c. A.D. 1000–1400)

During the Late Intermediate period (LIP, c. A.D. 1000–1400), the central Andes experienced the decline of the Wari and Tiwanaku states, as well as processes of state formation, regional population growth, and competition culminating in the imperial expansion of the Chimu and Inka polities. The LIP holds the potential to link the archaeological features of early Andean states with the material signatures of the later ones, providing a critical means of contextualizing the intergenerational continuities and breaks in state structures and imperial strategies. The recent proliferation of LIP research and the completion of a number of regional studies permit the overview of six LIP regions and the comparison of highland and lowland patterns of political and economic organization, social complexity, and group identity.
Low-density, mutually interpenetrating organic-inorganic composite materials via supercritical drying techniques

Low-density SiO 2 aerosols are an interesting class of materials for which commercial applications have been hampered by their brittle mechanical properties, hygroscopic nature, and sometimes limited transparencies. We have been interested in addressing these key problems by developing methods of homogeneously incorporating organic polymers within the SiO 2 framework. The formation of low-density organic-inorganic aerogel materials that show improved properties over conventional aerogels is reported. Two approaches are presented, both of which rely on supercritical CO 2 exchange during the drying process
Voyager 2 Uranus and Neptune targeting

Targeting strategies are developed for the Voyager 2 flybys of Uranus and Neptune/Triton. The need to maximize science return, conserve propellant, and maintain spacecraft safety presents a challenge, given the difficulty in estimating the spacecraft orbit relative to these outer planets. Expected propellant usage, science return, and targeting complexity are presented for each targeting strategy. For the dual encounter of Neptune and its satellite Triton, split targeting conditions are proposed to fix the most important conditions at each body, and thus minimize science losses resulting from Triton ephemeris uncertainties.
Amiodarone: historical development and pharmacologic profile

Although synthesized as a coronary dilator for use as an antianginal agent over 20 years ago, amiodarone hydrochloride has recently drawn much attention as a potent antiarrhythmic compound for the control of a variety of cardiac dysrhythmias. The rapidly expanding clinical and experimental data continue to emphasize the unusual electrophysiologic, pharmacologic, and especially pharmacokinetic properties of this benzofuran derivative. The compound is a potent coronary dilator and has minimal negative inotropic propensity of a direct nature while exhibiting a mild degree of noncompetitive sympathetic antagonism. Pharmacokinetically, it has a long elimination half-life with a correspondingly long and variable latency of onset of therapeutic effect. Electrophysiologically, the drug has the propensity to lengthen the action potential duration and hence the voltage-dependent effective refractory period in all cardiac tissues after long-term, rather than short-term, administration. It has little effect on depolarization, conduction velocity, or the slow response. The precise ionic mechanisms mediating its effects on repolarization are not known. Clinically, the electrophysiologic effects of the drug differ significantly when it is given by mouth over a longer period and when it is given intravenously, a difference that remains to be explained in terms of mechanism. These differences, however, account for the varying spectrum of the drug's action after single intravenous doses (when its antiarrhythmic effects are essentially explained by the drug's action on the atrioventricular node and possibly its antiadrenergic actions) in comparison to long-term oral administration, which predictably suppresses ectopic activity and lengthens the effective refractory period in all cardiac tissues. These features may account for the drug's remarkable efficacy in the control of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The safe and rational therapeutic uses of amiodarone as an antiarrhythmic agent presuppose detailed understanding of its manifold pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties.
The California Rangeland Conservation Coalition

has made clear is that conserving working landscapes often means working across property lines and in col-laboration with planners, agencies, conservation groups, landowners, and the ranching industry. A ranch in the San Francisco Bay Area was the backdrop for a meeting between environmentalists, ranchers, and resource profes-sionals from federal and state agencies. From this meeting of former foes in the Summer of 2005, participants drafted a resolution documenting common ground for the conserva-tion of the rangeland encircling the central valley, including the Sierra foothills and interior coast ranges. The resolution recognized that these wildlife-rich rangelands have been shaped by grazing and the other land stewardship practices of the ranchers who own and manage them. Recent research contributed to this alliance, by showing how well-managed grazing can provide improved habitat values.The resolution is currently signed by 64 agricultural orga-nizations, environmental interest groups, as well as state and federal agencies (see The California Rangeland Resolution). Together these signatories form the California Rangeland Conservation Coalition. The signatories have pledged to work together to preserve and enhance California’s rangeland for species of special concern, while supporting the long-term viability of the ranching industry. An important part of the group’s effort will focus on educating the public about the beneﬁ ts of grazing and ranching on these rangelands.The value of grazing and other land stewardship practices of California’s ranchers is being increasingly acknowledged not only as a preferred land use but also as an
Acoustic landmine detection: Poroelastic model and elastic wave models

Acoustic waves can be a viable tool for the detection and identification of landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO). Design of acoustic instruments and interpretation and processing of acoustic measurements require accurate numerical models for acoustic wave propagation in heterogeneous soil with buried objects. Two numerical models will be compared in this work: the soil is treated as an elastic material in the first model, and as a poroelastic material in the second model. A multidomain pseudospectral time‐domain method is used for the elastic model, while a finite‐difference method is used to solve Biot equations in the poroelastic model. Acoustic wave response of a buried landmine is investigated with both methods. When the soil is treated as a fluid‐saturated poroelastic medium, additional attenuation is automatically introduced via the relative motion between solid frame and pore fluid. Thus the poroelastic model is presumably a more accurate model; however, the elastic model requires less computation time. This work will study several important scenarios such as landmines buried in dry sand, in wet sand, and in mud. A comparison between results of the PSTD model and results of the poroelastic model is performed to characterize the regime of validity for the elastic model.
The western roots of sustainable biotechnology and the promise of Mulla Sadra's Islamic cosmology

The authors review the three major western cosmological roots of biotechnology and the interdisciplinary challenges that face its sustainable environmental impact. They delineate the Islamic environmental philosophy of Mulla Sadra to provide a non–western cosmological framework for the global challenge presented by sustainable biotechnology. Comparisons and contrasts between the western cosmologies and the cosmology of Mulla Sadra are drawn and two useful human responsibilities in Mulla Sadra's environmental philosophy are treated.
INTERFACIAL AREA PRODUCTION AT A TEE JUNCTION

Abstract Kerosene was dispersed in water at a tee junction. The Sauter mean droplet size was determined as a function of flow parameters. It is shown that significant differences exist between this system and others which have been reported. Some of these differences can be attributed to the hypothesis that the system has not achieved dynamic equilibrium.
Programmed Learning and Spelling in a Junior School.

The author undertook a two‐year investigation to consider how far programmed learning was a valid instrument for use in a junior school class over an extended period of time. As part of that study, spelling was chosen as a main topic for a teacher‐constructed program to test an assumption that incidental learning was more satisfactory than a systematic method of teaching spelling. It was shown that a teacher‐produced program in spelling was an effective learning instrument with the programmer's own class group and with parallel groups from other schools. However, it was possible to detect that the program would show more beneficial results for the programmer's own class group.
Serum creatine kinase activity following repeated bouts of isometric exercise with different muscle groups.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the muscle mass involved in exercise and post-exercise serum creatine kinase (CK) elevation. Twelve untrained college-aged men completed three isometric exercises: one arm flexion (OAF), two arm flexion (TAF) and one leg knee extension (OLE). These exercises were balanced over subjects and days and separated by two week intervals. Each exercise consisted of 40 maximal isometric concentrations lasting for 10 s with a 20 s rest between contractions. Relative increases in serum CK for OAF, TAF, and OLE were 181±70% (SD), 222±69% and 297±67%, respectively. An ANOVA using a latin square design for analysis of carry over effects showed that these CK increases were not significantly different (p>0.05). However, the increase in serum CK following the first exercise (379±90%), regardless of what it was (OAF, TAF, or OLE), was significantly greater (p 0.05) nor to muscle tension developed (r=0.28, p>0.05). We conclude that post-exercise serum CK elevation is not necessarily related to the muscle mass involved in the exercise. Because each exercise involved the use of different muscle groups, factors outside the exercising muscle may contribute to post-exercise serum enzyme activity.
Necrolytic migratory erythema, presenting as candidiasis, due to a pancreatic glucagonoma

A 54-year-old male with diabetes, weight loss, glossitis and Candidiasis presented with the typical cutaneous eruption of necrolytic migratory erythema. The suspicion of pancreatic glucagonoma was confirmed by an elevated plasma glucagon level. Surgical removal of the pancreatic alpha cell tumor resulted in a complete disappearance of all symptoms. The importance of the recognition of the skin eruption of necrolytic migratory erythema as a clue to the presence of pancreatic glucagonoma is emphasized. Cancer 44:558-563, 1979.
The miRNA Pathway Intrinsically Controls Self-Renewal of Drosophila Germline Stem Cells

Stem cells uniquely self-renew and maintain tissue homoeostasis by differentiating into different cell types to replace aged or damaged cells [1]. During oogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster, self-renewal of germline stem cells (GSCs) requires both intrinsic signaling mechanisms and extrinsic signals from neighboring niche cells [2]. Emerging evidence suggests that microRNA (miRNA)-mediated translational regulation may also control Drosophila GSC self-renewal [3, 4]. It is unclear, however, whether the miRNA pathway functions within stem cells or niche cells to maintain GSCs. In Drosophila, Dicer-1 (Dcr-1) and the double-stranded RNA binding protein Loquacious (Loqs) catalyze miRNA biogenesis [3-5]. Here, we generate loqs knockout (loqs(KO)) flies by ends-out homologous recombination and show that loqs is essential for embryonic viability and ovarian GSC maintenance. Both developmental and miRNA processing defects are rescued by transgenic expression of Loqs-PB, but not Loqs-PA. Furthermore, mosaic germline analysis indicates that Loqs is required intrinsically for GSC maintenance. Consistently, GSCs are restored in loqs mutant ovaries by germline expression, but not somatic expression, of Loqs-PB. Together, these results demonstrate that Loqs-PB, but not Loqs-PA, is necessary and sufficient for Drosophila development and the miRNA pathway. Our study strongly suggests that miRNAs play an intrinsic, but not extrinsic, role in Drosophila female GSC self-renewal.
Cholesterol and vitamin D content of eggs in the U.S. retail market

Abstract Nationwide sampling in the U.S. of whole large eggs, to update values in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR) ( http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata ), was conducted in 2000–2001 and in 2010. Retail cartons of large eggs were obtained from 12 supermarket locations using statistical sampling plans based on market share and census data. Cholesterol was analyzed at three laboratories using standard methods involving gas chromatography of the saponified total lipid extract. Vitamin D3 and 25-OH-vitamin D3 (2010 samples only) were analyzed by HPLC and UHPLC–MS/MS. Quality control materials were included to validate the accuracy and precision of measurements. The mean cholesterol content decreased 51 mg/100 g (12%; p
Towards a network-of-networks framework for cyber security

Network-of-networks (NoN) is a graph-theoretic model of interdependent networks that have distinct dynamics at each network (layer). By adding special edges to represent relationships between nodes in different layers, NoN provides a unified mechanism to study interdependent systems intertwined in a complex relationship. While NoN based models have been proposed for cyber-physical systems, in this position paper we build towards a three-layered NoN model for an enterprise cyber system. Each layer captures a different facet of a cyber system. We present in-depth discussion for four major graph-theoretic applications to demonstrate how the three-layered NoN model can be leveraged for continuous system monitoring and mission assurance. A longer version of this paper can be accessed from arXiv [1].
Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding for human FA-1 antigen.

The cDNA encoding for the human FA-1 sperm antigen was cloned and sequenced from the in-house constructed subtractive human testis cDNA expression library in λZiplox using the FA-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). The full-length sequence was obtained by using the 5′ rapid amplification of 5′-cDNA end (5′-RACE) procedure. It is 1,576-bp long, and has an open reading frame (ORF) of 283 amino acids (aa) with the first ATG Met start codon at nucleotide (nt) 57 and the stop codon TAG at nt 906. It has two termination codons at the 5′ end before the ATG start codon. The translated protein has a calculated molecular weight of 32.1 kDa and estimated isoelectric point (pI) of 11.59. It has one potential N-linked glycosylation site and one tyrosine phosphorylation site, besides several O-linked glycosylation and serine and threonine phosphorylation sites. Hydrophilicity analysis of the deduced aa sequence showed it to be a membrane-anchored protein. Extensive computer search in the database did not identify any known nt/aa sequence having homology with FA-1 cDNA or deduced aa, indicating it to be a novel gene. The Northern blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)–Southern blot analyses indicated the testis-specific expression of FA-1 antigen at the mRNA level. The ORF of the FA-1 was subcloned into pGEX-1λT for expression. The expressed FA-1 recombinant protein had a molecular size of ∼40 kDa, and was recognized by the FA-1 mAb, and not by the myeloma control Ig. The rabbit antibodies (Ab) raised against the recombinant (r) FA-1 antigen recognized the rFA-1 antigen as well as the native (n) FA-1 antigen. The rFA-1 Ab specifically recognized a protein band of ∼50 kDa in human testis extract in the Western blot involving 11 types of human tissue extracts, indicating the testis-specific expression of FA-1 at the protein level. The Ab showed binding with live and methanol-fixed human sperm at the post-acrosomal, mid-piece, and tail regions. The Ab caused a significant (P < 0.001) and concentration-dependent inhibition of human sperm capacitation/acrosome reaction by blocking tyrosine phosphorylation of the FA-1 antigen. The sperm-specific human FA-1 recombinant antigen may find applications in immunocontraception, and diagnosis and treatment of immunoinfertility in humans. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 63: 256–268, © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Organic matter of the troposphere—II.∗ Natural background of biogenic lipid matter in aerosols over the rural western united states☆

Higher plant waxes are the predominant natural components in the lipid fractions (> C15) of aerosols sampled over rural and oceanic regions. Hydrocarbon, fatty acid, ketone and fatty alcohol fractions of the lipids were characterized in terms of their contents of homologous compound series and specific biogenic molecular markers. Particulate samples from the rural western United States have been analyzed and compared with samples from urban Los Angeles and remote areas over the Atlantic Ocean. The samples from rural sites contained predominantly vascular plant wax and lesser amounts of higher plant sterols and resin residues. Urban samples and, to varying degrees, some rural samples contained primarily higher weight residues of petroleum products. The loadings of hydrocarbons derived from higher plant waxes ranged approximately from 10 to 160 ng m−3 of air (for fatty acids, 10–100 ng m−3 and for fatty alcohols, 10–200 ng m−3). Higher molecular weight lipids (i.e. plant epicuticular wax, terpenes, etc.) from flora comprise a significant component of the organic carbon in rural aerosols. Primary biogenic residues are major components of aerosols in all areas and they are important components in the global cycling of organic carbon.
First Observation of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Race T2P7 Isolated from Pepper in the Philippines

Thirteen strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, causal agent of bacterial spot of pepper (Capsicum spp.) and tomato (Lycopersicum spp.), were isolated from six different pepper fields in the vicinity of Bongabon, Luzon, the Philippines. The strains were characterized based on sensitivity to copper and streptomycin, physiological tests, analysis of whole cell fatty acids (fatty acid methyl ester; FAME), serology, amplification of the 16S-23S rDNA spacer region, pathogenicity, and virulence on pepper and tomato differential genotypes as previously described (1,2). All of the Philippine strains were copper resistant (50 μg/ml), and streptomycin sensitive (20 μg /ml). None of the strains were pectolytic or amylolytic. FAME analysis showed that all strains had similar fatty acid profiles, and matched the strains to X. campestris (similarity indices [S.I.] = 0.186-0.455). With the universal primers 4F/7R, a DNA fragment (680 bp) was amplified from 16S-23S rDNA spacer regions of all Philippine strains. Serological fingerprints of the strains with a set of eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that all Philippine strains were serovar A1. Existence of the avrRxv gene in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria race T1 strains was also confirmed for all Philippine strains by amplifying a DNA fragment (approximately 0.7 kb) with the primer set RST 27/28. This is genetic evidence for race identity of the Philippine strains with T1. However, hypersensitive test results on pepper and tomato differential lines identified the Philippine strains as T2P7. These results showed that X. campestris pv. vesicatoria strains may contain the avrRxv gene, but it may not be functional. This is the first report of the observation of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria race T2P7 on pepper. References: (1) H. Bouzar et al. Phytopathology 84:664, 1994; (2) F. Sahin and S. A. Miller. Plant Dis. 82:794, 1998.
GLOBAL MOBILITY, SHIFTING BORDERS AND URBAN CITIZENSHIP

tesg_567 610..622 Global migration has reached historic levels affecting every single country in the world. One of the most significant effects of this heightened mobility has been that a growing proportion of the residents of migrant receiving places lack national citizenship and are thus deprived of effective sociopolitical inclusion, representation, and participation in the localities where they have moved toforwork,refugeorretirement.Thisdisjuncturebetweenthespacesofcitizenshipanddailylife, in turn, has led to a devolution of citizenship claims-making from national to urban space. This paper begins by identifying four key political economic developments operating at the global scale that have unsettled the established view of the close correspondence between nationhood and citizenship.Itthenfocusesontheusesandlimitsoftheincreasinglyvolublediscourseon‘theright to the city’ as a way to create alternative political spaces in which variously excluded groups of urban inhabitants might empower themselves. Three strikingly different examples of widely diverse group actions and state responses to illustrate the practical strengths and limits of ‘the right to the city’ discourse are narrated. We end by offering what we believe to be a more useful way to envisage and analyse the interplay between global mobility and urban citizenship.
Optical interference coatings: third topical meeting.

The second collection of papers presented at the Third OSA Topical Meeting on Optical Interference Coatings is introduced.
Glutamyl hydrolase: pharmacological role and enzymatic characterization

gamma-Glutamyl hydrolase (GH, EC 3.4.19.9) is a lysosomal and secreted glycoprotein that hydrolyzes the gamma-glutamyl tail of antifolate and folate polyglutamates. Tumor cells that have high levels of GH are inherently resistant to classical antifolates, and further resistance can be acquired by elevations in GH following exposure to this class of antitumor agents. The highest level of expression in normal tissues occurs in the liver and kidney in humans. When panels of tumors are compared with normal tissues, GH expression is elevated in cancerous hepatic and breast tissue. A second poly-gamma-glutamate hydrolyzing enzyme, glutamate carboxypeptidase II, is a transmembrane protein whose active site is on the outside of the cell, occurring in the prostate gland, small intestine, brain, kidney, and tumor neovasculature. It is a high-affinity (nanomolar), low-turnover, zinc co-catalytic enzyme. In contrast, GH is a low-affinity (micromolar), high-turnover enzyme that has a cysteine at the active site. Data are presented suggesting that Cys110 is the nucleophile that attacks the gamma-amide linkage and causes hydrolysis. GH is being evaluated as an intracellular target for inhibition in order to enhance the therapeutic activity of antifolates and fluorouracil.
Design and teamwork: a must for freshmen

This paper presents the philosophy, content, and operation of a freshman-level course designed to introduce the basic principles of problem solving and decision making while the students are engaged in a semester-long design project. One of the major components of this course is the incorporation of teamwork into every facet of student activity. >
Abstract 2424: Conditioned media enhances proliferation and mobility in triple negative breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive forms of breast cancer and disproportionally affects African American women. This subtype of breast cancer is characterized by the absence of the estrogen, progesterone, and HER2/neu receptors. Our research has provided insight on understanding that the microenvironment, specifically noncancerous cells, play in enhancing cancer progression and metastasis. However, the role of adjacent noncancerous cells in the metastatic phenomenon is poorly understood. Therefore, the aims of this project were: 1) to determine if conditioned media from MCF-10A cells would enhance proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells and 2) to evaluate the ability of the effects of migration of the conditioned media on the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Methods. Crystal violet and alamar blue dye exclusion assays were performed to measure proliferation in the different medias. The trans well migration assay was used to evaluate motility enhancement based on the media used, either conditioned media and the Cellometer was used to evaluate whether the MDA-MB-468 and MCF-10A cells shared the same microenvironment. Results. Conditioned media is made from base medium with a concentration of 1.0 g/L glucose with .5% FBS exposed to non-cancerous MCF-10A cells that have been driven into crisis. This conditioned media encouraged robust and continuous proliferation of the tumorigenic MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines. HGCM was extracted in our lab using sterile technique and reused to analyze the proliferative effects on cancerous and non-cancerous cells. MDA-MB-231 cells demonstrated significant proliferation when compared to the control. MDA-MB-468 cells demonstrated a similar response. The trans well migration assay demonstrated that the GFP labeled MDA-MB-468 cells had a higher percentage of motility than with MCF-10A cells in standard media. Conclusions: Taken together, these data indicate that factors secreted into the microenvironment from noncancerous cells may contribute to the mobility of TNBC cells and the conditioned media contains unknown factors that promote the cell mobility of the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2424. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2424
Local field brownian motion

A local field is any locally compact, non-discrete field other than the field of real numbers or the field of complex numbers. There is a natural notion of Gaussian measures on a local field vector space. We construct and study a specific local field Gaussian stochastic process taking values in a finite dimensional local field vector space and indexed by another finite dimensional local field vector space. This process has a structure that strongly reflects the algebraic and geometric structure of the underlying index space and, as such, plays the same role in the local field setting that standard Brownian motion and the related multiparameter processes such as Levy's multiparameter Brownian motion play in a Euclidean context. We investigate the theory of ‘additive functionals’ and the related potential theory for this process and show that it strongly resembles the Euclidean prototype. As a particular consequence of this investigation, we find that a local time process exists when the process hits points. We give two intrinsic constructions of the local time at a given level. These constructions are analogous to the dilation construction of Kingman and the Hausdorff measure construction of Taylor and Wendel in the Euclidean case. Finally, the local time is shown to be continuous as a measure valued stochastic process indexed by the level at which it is evaluated.
Dosimetric properties of a proton beamline dedicated to the treatment of ocular disease

Purpose: A commercial proton eyeline has been developed to treat ocular disease. Radiotherapy of intraocular lesions (e.g., uveal melanoma, age-related macular degeneration) requires sharp dose gradients to avoid critical structures like the macula and optic disc. A high dose rate is needed to limit patient gazing times during delivery of large fractional dose. Dose delivery needs to be accurate and predictable, not in the least because current treatment planning algorithms have limited dose modeling capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to determine the dosimetric properties of a new proton eyeline. These properties are compared to those of existing systems and evaluated in the context of the specific clinical requirements of ocular treatments. Methods: The eyeline is part of a high-energy, cyclotron-based proton therapy system. The energy at the entrance of the eyeline is 105 MeV. A range modulator (RM) wheel generates the spread-out Bragg peak, while a variable range shifter system adjusts the range and spreads the beam laterally. The range can be adjusted from 0.5 up to 3.4 g/cm{sup 2}; the modulation width can be varied in steps of 0.3 g/cm{sup 2} or less. Maximum field diameter is 2.5 cm. All fields can be delivered with a dosemore » rate of 30 Gy/min or more. The eyeline is calibrated according to the IAEA TRS-398 protocol using a cylindrical ionization chamber. Depth dose distributions and dose/MU are measured with a parallel-plate ionization chamber; lateral profiles with radiochromic film. The dose/MU is modeled as a function of range, modulation width, and instantaneous MU rate with fit parameters determined per option (RM wheel). Results: The distal fall-off of the spread-out Bragg peak is 0.3 g/cm{sup 2}, larger than for most existing systems. The lateral penumbra varies between 0.9 and 1.4 mm, except for fully modulated fields that have a larger penumbra at skin. The source-to-axis distance is found to be 169 cm. The dose/MU shows a strong dependence on range (up to 4%/mm). A linear increase in dose/MU as a function of instantaneous MU rate is observed. The dose/MU model describes the measurements with an accuracy of ±2%. Neutron dose is found to be 146 ± 102 μSv/Gy at the contralateral eye and 19 ± 13 μSv/Gy at the chest. Conclusions: Measurements show the proton eyeline meets the requirements to effectively treat ocular disease.« less
Gradiently Alloyed ZnxCd1-xS Colloidal Photoluminescent Quantum Dots Synthesized via a Noninjection One-Pot Approach

High-quality colloidal photoluminescent (PL) ZnCdS quantum dots (QDs) with gradient distribution of components, consisting of Cd-rich inner cores and Zn-rich outer shells, were synthesized via a noninjection one-pot approach. This newly developed synthetic approach uses zinc stearate (Zn(St)2), cadmium acetate dihydrate (Cd(OAc)2·2H2O), and elemental sulfur as Zn, Cd, and S source compounds, respectively. The growth of the cubic-structured QDs was carried out at 240 °C in a reaction flask consisting of the source compounds, together with stearic acid (SA), 2,2‘-dithiobisbenzothiazole (MBTS), and 1-octadecene (ODE); all of these chemicals were loaded at room temperature. The temporal evolution of the optical properties of the growing QDs, including absorption and photoemission, was monitored in detail; the evolution monitored indicates that the growth kinetics, the composition, and the distribution of the Zn and Cd in the resulting ternary ZnxCd1-xS QDs are sensitive to feed Zn−Cd−S molar ratios. Detailed ...
Commentary on a 10-year single institutional study of the biofragmentable anastomosis ring

In this paper, the authors describe their experience over a 10-year period with the “biofragmentable anastomosis ring.” Although this article does not have a control group (e.g., stapled anastomosis or hand-sewn anastomosis), the incidence of anastomotic leaks and other complications was similar to historical control groups. Other studies have compared anastomoses made with the biofragmentable anastomosis ring to stapled or hand-sewn anastomoses and have found complications equivalent for each of the techniques [1– 4]. The biofragmentable anastomosis ring is composed mostly of polyglycolic acid, and eventually fragments, and is passed per rectum. The device has been used on esophageal gastric enteric and colonic anastomoses, but has most often been used on colonic anastomoses. The device consists of 2 rings, with outer dimensions of 25, 28, 31, or 34 mm, sized appropriately depending on the lumen of the bowel. The bowel segment to be anastomosed is secured around each of these rings in a manner similar to that employed for the end-to-end stapler with the exception that no extra enterotomy is needed for placement of the stapler, since the 2 rings are bioabsorbable and need not be removed. When the 2 rings are locked together, they compress the edges of the bowel with a space of 1.5 or 2 mm, depending on the thickness of the bowel segment to be anastomosed. One point five (1.5) corresponds to the blue load stapler and 2 mm to the green load (US Surgical, Norwalk, CT). The procedure is relatively simple, but would probably require a similar amount of time as a handsewn anastomosis, since a purse string suture is required to secure each end of intestine around the ring. The biofragmentable ring is less expensive than the staples required for a stapled anastomosis. Interestingly, this technique is not frequently used in the United States, and most of the data come from Europe and Asia. It is difficult to say why it has not gained popularity in the United States. I would guess that the reason is that it offers no advantages over the hand-sewn or stapled anastomoses. In fact, I suspect it would be difficult to use in low anterior anastomoses, whereas the stapler is easier. Other factors might be the aesthetics of leaving a foreign body (although only temporarily) in the intestine. In spite of its lack of popularity in the United States, I believe that we can say that the biofragmentable anastomosis ring is a safe and effective method of intestinal anastomosis with equal efficiency compared to other intestinal anastomotic techniques presently used.
Ca2+ Permeable AMPA Channels in Diseases of the Nervous System

Since the discovery and molecular characterization of Ca2+ permeable AMPA channels just over 2 decades ago, a large body of evidence has accumulated implicating contributions of these unusual glutamate activated channels to selective neurodegeneration in certain conditions, including ischemia and ALS. Factors likely involved in their contributions to disease include their distinct patterns of expression in certain neuronal populations, their upregulation via various mechanisms in response to disease associated stresses, and their high permeability to Zn2+ as well as to Ca2+. However, full characterization of their contributions to certain diseases as well as development of therapeutics has been limited by the lack of selective and bioavailable blockers of these channels that can be employed in animals or humans. This review summarizes some of the clues that have emerged over recent years to the contributions of these channels in disease.
Postural variation in second sound splitting.

Phonocardiograms were obtained of 30 normal men in the supine and sitting positions. They demonstrated significantly greater S2 splitting and respiratory variation in S2 in the sitting position. However, several individuals showed wider splitting or greater variation while supine. Fixed splitting occurred in three subjects while supine and five others while sitting, but in no normal subject was splitting fixed in both positions.
Daniel Berlyne's contributions to empirical aesthetics

This article reviews the four types of evidence relevant to arousal as a determinant of aesthetic preference: (a) preference as related to arousal-producing attributes of objects, (b) preference changes through time as a function of such attributes, (c) preference as a function of the arousal level of the observer, and (d) perception of art objects as revealed by multidimensional scaling. Some evidence, but not all, underscores the importance of arousal, but the arousal framework rightly continues to inspire empirical work.
The structural covariates of urban homicide: reassessing the impact of income inequality and poverty in the post-Reagan era

Numerous studies have explored the relationship between rates of homicide and income inequality and poverty. However; a general consensus on the theoretical and empirical connections among these variables has yet to be reached. This article reports the findings of a city-level analysis of this relationship, using 1990 data for the 190 largest cities in the United Stares. In order to address several methodological and theoretical concerns in prior literature, three separate measures of inequality and three categories of disaggregated homicide rates are analyzed. The results suggest that both inequality and poverty have significant and independent positive effects on rates of homicide in U.S. cities following the largess increase in the economic gap between rich nd poor in our nation's history. Language: en
Chelation therapy in β-thalassemia: An optimistic update☆

Iron chelation therapy with desferrioxamine (DFO) has dramatically improved the outlook in beta-thalassemia. Parenteral DFO reduces tissue iron stores, prevents iron-induced organ damage, and reduces morbidity and mortality, with little serious toxicity. However, the burden of prolonged subcutaneous portable pump infusions, high cost, and patient noncompliance have prompted the development of new methods of administration and new formulations of DFO as well as oral iron chelators. Deferiprone (L1), the only oral iron chelator studied in large long-term clinical trials, is less effective and more toxic than DFO and may not adequately control iron overload; however, compliance and quality of life are improved. Combinations of two iron chelators (such as parenteral DFO plus oral L1, or 2,3-DHB; or oral L1 plus HBED) have been shown to produce additive and synergistic effects, explained by the shuttle hypothesis. Iron bound to a "shuttle"--an oral agent that mobilizes tissue iron--is exchanged in the bloodstream with a "sink"--such as parenteral DFO--and excreted via the kidneys, while the shuttle is reutilized. Combination therapy may produce enhanced iron excretion, target specific iron compartments, minimize side effects, increase treatment options, improve compliance, and facilitate individualization of therapy. Better understanding of the kinetics of iron metabolism, iron overload, and chelation should improve therapeutic strategies.
Design of Local Bus Service with Demand Equilibration

Local bus service design options are analyzed in this paper, including route spacing, headway, and fare, both with and without vehicle size constraints. Optimal levels of these variables are obtained analytically for three objective functions, including profit maximization, maximization of a combination of net user benefit and operator profit, and maximization of net user benefit subject to a deficit constraint. The analysis uses an equilibrium framework with transit ridership sensitive to the level of service provided by the bus system. The major results consist of closed-form solutions for the optimal local area operating policies, which are dependent upon local conditions, transit service objectives, and coefficients of the demand and cost functions.
Functioning of neural systems supporting emotion regulation in anxiety-prone individuals

Previous neuroimaging studies suggest that prefrontal cortex (PFC) modulation of the amygdala and related limbic structures is an underlying neural substrate of effortful emotion regulation. Anxiety-prone individuals experience excessive negative emotions, signaling potential dysfunction of systems supporting down-regulation of negative emotions. We examined the hypothesis that anxious individuals require increased recruitment of lateral and medial PFC to decrease negative emotions. An emotion regulation task that involved viewing moderately negative images was presented during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants with elevated trait anxiety scores (n = 13) and normal trait anxiety scores (n = 13) were trained to reduce negative emotions using cognitive reappraisal. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) changes were contrasted for periods when participants were reducing emotions versus when they were maintaining emotions. Compared to healthy controls, anxious participants showed greater activation of brain regions implicated in effortful (lateral PFC) and automatic (subgenual anterior cingulate cortex) control of emotions during down-regulation of negative emotions. Left ventrolateral PFC activity was associated with greater self-reported reduction of distress in anxious participants, but not in healthy controls. These findings provide evidence of altered functioning of neural substrates of emotion regulation in anxiety-prone individuals. Anxious participants required greater engagement of lateral and medial PFC in order to successfully reduce negative emotions.
Children and adolescents with obesity-associated high blood pressure

Hypertension and obesity are both common health problems in children and adolescents. More than 17% of children are obese and even more children are overweight. Hypertension, although defined differently in children than in adults, can be detected in 3% to 4% of children, and approximately 30% of obese adolescents have high blood pressure (BP) associated with obesity. Children with high BP and obesity frequently have other risk factors that are components of the metabolic syndrome. Evidence of target organ damage, including left ventricular hypertrophy, is detectable in many children with hypertension and is more commonly found in children with high BP and obesity. Both obesity and hypertension are considered inflammatory conditions. There are some emerging data in the young that show an association of insulin resistance, obesity, and high BP with inflammatory markers. Children and adolescents with hypertension and especially obesity-associated hypertension can be identified and should be evaluated for additional metabolic risk factors. Considering the heightened risk for premature cardiovascular (CV) disease, therapeutic interventions, including lifestyle changes and medications, when indicated, are important for all children and adolescents with obesity-associated hypertension.
Use of catalytic reactions to probe Mg-Al mixed oxide surfaces

In this work, we investigated the effect of catalyst composition on the surface reactivity of magnesium-aluminum mixed oxides using three probe reactions: dehydrogenation of 2-propanol to propanone, dehydration of 2-propanol to propene, and isomerization of 1-butene. Turnover rates were calculated from the total CO2 adsorption capacity of the mixed oxides, assuming one adsorption site corresponds to one active site. Turnover rates for the dehydrogenation of 2-propanol were independent of the catalyst composition, which is consistent with the structure insensitivity of dehydrogenation reactions. The other two probe reactions followed opposite trends with the Mg:Al ratio: as the Al content of the mixed oxides increased, the turnover rate for 2-propanol dehydration increased while that for 1-butene isomerization decreased. The magnitude of these changes confirms that the mixed oxides are truly interdispersed and not present as separate phases.
Determination of amino acid profiles in biological samples by gas chromatography.

Abstract Based on solvent-free gas chromatography of the n -propyl. N-acetyl derivatives, procedures are described for the routine determination of amino acid profiles in biological samples including protein hydrolysates, plant tissue extracts, urines and sera. Derivatization is carried out in a 25-mifn two-step procedure. Use of a basic acylation environment allows derivatization of arginine and histidine. Chromatography using capsule injection on to a polar column with temperature programming gives resolution of 21 common amino acids within 15 min. Norleucine used as the internal standard provides quantitative capability. Sensitivity of the method permits quantitation at the nanomote level. Recoveries of amino acids added to sera ranged over 90–99%; an exception was arginine which gave 78%. Typical reproducibility data indicate that a coefficient of variation of 2–5% is attainable.
Selection and analysis of superoxide dismutase mutants of Neurospora.

Abstract A survey of 12 genetically distinct, heat-sensitive mutants of Neurospora revealed three (un-1, un-3, un-17) that are specifically deficient in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes SOD-2 (mitochondrial), SOD-3 (mitochondrial), SOD-4 (exocellular), respectively. Genetic analysis of the three mutants indicates that the enzyme deficiencies are probably the cause of the heat-sensitive phenotype. The phenotypes of the mutants are (1) no growth at the normally optimal temperature 35°C and comparatively inferior growth at 15–30°C; (2) inferior resistance to the oxidants paraquat or oxygen; (3) female sterility; and (4) inferior conidial viability and longevity. Paraquat or O2 inhibition is alleviated respectively by desferrioxamine-Mn (a SOD mimic) and tocopherol. Diverse antioxidants, including tocopherol, are therapeutic for the heat-sensitive and female-sterile phenotypes, and for inferior growth of wild type at stressfully high temperatures. The results support previous theories that heat stress is a form of oxyradical/oxidant stress and that antioxidant enzymes such as SOD are essential for normal growth, development, and longevity. Since the three genes may encode the three enzymes and are not closely linked to either one another or the family of antioxidant-enzyme regulatory genes Age-1, the latter apparently trans-regulate their expression.