cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The behavioral styles of computer programmers

This paper describes a part of the research conducted for a doctoral dissertation. The purpose of the research was to test an approach to job analysis, specifically focusing on the utility of a certain set of constructs, those underlying the scales of the principal instrument used in the study, for job analysis purposes. Because a rather substantial part of the study and the background for the study would not be of interest to any but a few of the people assembled here, much explanatory material has been omitted. What will hopefully be of more general interest will be the manner in which the job analysis was conducted, the outcomes of various phases of the job analysis, and the implications of these outcomes. This is because the occupation at which the job analysis is directed is the computer programming group (business programmer type), the reason for this choice being that the author has spent a much larger portion of his career as a computer programmer than he has as a job analyst.
HIV Risk Behaviors Among Three Classes of Female Sex Workers in Vietnam

Increases in the rate of HIV infection in Vietnam among female sex workers and their clients require more effective preventive interventions based on a better understanding of this population and important subgroups within it. Because little was known about women in the hospitality sex industry, this study compared demographic and work characteristics, history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and condom use among a sample of 310 female sex workers in low-, middle-, and high-class hospitality businesses in Ho Chi Minh City (mean age = 26.77 years, SD = 6.17). Data were collected through individual, face-to-face, semistructured interviews. Logistic regression models were used to identify demographic predictors of the incidence of STIs and reported condom use. Low occupational status was most strongly associated with a history of STIs, and use of condoms with new and regular clients also differed by occupational class. Implications are discussed.
Transforming Growth Factor‐ β Type II Receptor Is Infrequently Expressed in Human Breast Cancer

: TGFβ has been shown to suppress tumor growth in vitro through interaction with TGFβ type II receptor (TGFβ-RII). Although a significant percentage of breast carcinomas have been shown to express TGFβ, TGFβ expression was not found to influence survival of patients with breast cancer. In order to determine whether the lack of influence of TGFβ expression on the biologic behavior of breast cancer is due to lack of or infrequent expression of TGFβ-RII, we studied the expression of TGFβ-RII in 11 1 cases of invasive breast carcinoma by immunohistochemistry. The percent of breast cancer cells which stained for TGFβ-RII was subjectively scored as 0 (negative), >10%, 10–25%. 25–50%, and >50%. Of the invasive breast carcinomas, 81 (73%) were completely negative, 22 (20%) had 40% of the cells positive, and only 3 (3%) had >50% of the cells positive for TGFβ-RII. In benign breast tissue in the same tissue sections, myoepithelial cells were always positive for TGFβ-RII, whereas stromal cells were negative, and benign epithelial cells were rarely positive. We conclude that TGFβ-RII is consistently expressed in myoepithelial cells of the human breast, and rarely in epithelial cells, and that the infrequent expression of TGFβ-RII by invasive breast carcinomas, may explain why TGFβ expression does not appear to influence the outcome of patients with breast cancer.
Diagnosis and management of desmoid tumors and fibrosarcoma

Fibrous tumors represent a diverse subtype of soft tissue tumors and can represent benign conditions as well as frankly malignant sarcomas. Desmoid tumors and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans are more difficult to classify and tend to be considered in the intermediate risk category. They are distinct entities, but both are locally aggressive processes which are plagued with attendant morbidity and high recurrence rates. Complete surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:554–558. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aphasia type and aging.

Abstract We analyzed the relationship between age and clinical type of aphasia in 167 right-handed men who had suffered cerebrovascular accidents. Patients with unequivocal diagnoses as Broca's, Wernicke's, anomic, conduction, and global aphasics were considered. The median age of the Broca's group (51 years old) was significantly lower than that of the total group (55.8 years old), while the median age of the Wernicke's group was significantly higher (63 years old). Moreover the incidence of Wernicke's aphasia increased steadily with age, while incidence of the other types of aphasia peaked in the sixth decade and then diminished with increasing age.
Graffiti, Art, and Advertising: Re-Scaling Claims to Space at the Edges of the Nation-State

Physical barriers are an increasingly popular political mechanism for central government control over the flows of goods and people at borders. This medium also, however, serves as a canvas for unsanctioned expressions of belonging. Just as graffiti and art are deployed in the urban landscape as unconventional means of claiming space, they are utilised on international border barriers to contest prevalent political winds and re-claim local and alternative senses of who belongs and what is deemed important in debates over border policy. This paper considers unauthorised text and visual imagery on the border barriers of the Arizona-Sonora section of the US-Mexico boundary as a therapeutic reaction to a state-dominated border policy which downplays local impacts. It is argued that such imagery serves to re-scale border space and thereby re-capture a sense of belonging by those whose roles are marginalised by national politics and the neoliberal global economy.
Resonant Interactions Between Unstable and Neutral Baroclinic Waves: Part II.

Abstract Spacial and temporal changes in the mean field, due to the presence of finite-amplitude marginally un-stable and two neutral baroclinic waves, which form a resonant triad, are investigated in a quasi-geostrophic, inviscid, two-layer model on the beta plane. It is shown that the triad introduces, in each layer, mean horizontal Reynolds stresses which are responsible for a continuous north-south redistribution of the mean momentum in a vertical column. In the region π2/2½<F<10.5, where F represents the internal rotational Froude number, the time change of the mean zonal velocity in the upper layer is affected mainly by the divergence of the mean horizontal Reynolds stresses. In the region Fgt;10.5, it is affected strongly by both the horizontal component of the mean meridional circulation and the divergence of the mean horizontal Reynolds stresses. In the lower layer, in both regions of F, the time change of the mean zonal velocity is affected mainly by the horizontal component of the mean meridion...
Stability of the aphid transmission phenotype in cucumber mosaic virus

The stability of the aphid transmission phenotype in seven field isolates of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was studied, using aphids Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae. Field isolates, obtained from four vegetable crops, were propagated in squash and Nicotiana glutinosa, and passaged by either aphid transmission or mechanical transfer. All seven isolates were transmissible by both aphids and this aphid transmission phenotype was stable after 20-24 mechanical passages. Upon further mechanical passaging, one of the seven isolates, CMV-2 A1-MT 60x, lost its transmissibility by Myzus persicae but was still transmissible by Aphis gossypii, although at a reduced rate. Isolates maintained by both aphid transmission and mechanical transfer were transmitted more efficiently by Aphis gossypii than by Myzus persicae. A comparison of the RNA profiles showed no major differences among the CMV isolates before and after mechanical passage.
Accuracy in Mooring Motion Temperature Corrections

Moored temperature sensors, whether fixed or profiling, routinely need to be corrected to remove the signals associated with the vertical motion of the sensors when the moorings “blow over” in strong flow events (for profiling sensors the problems occur only at the upper end of the profiling range). Hydrographic data are used to estimate the accuracy with which moored temperature sensors in the Gulf Stream can be corrected for mooring motion aliasing using standard correction techniques, and the implications for other ocean regions are discussed. Comparison with hydrographic data and coincident inverted echo sounder (IES) data from the Synoptic Ocean Prediction Experiment (SYNOP) shows that the errors inherent in mooring motion corrected temperatures during significant pressure deflections are potentially 2–3 times as large as previous estimates based on a smaller dataset of observations in the Kuroshio at approximately the same latitude in the Pacific. For sensors with a nominal level of 400 dbar and a typical root-mean-square pressure deflection of 150 dbar, accuracy limits of up to 0.7°C on the “corrected” temperatures are applicable. Deeper sensors typically have smaller accuracy bounds. There is a suggestion that the presence of a mode water layer near the nominal depth of the shallowest sensor can result in much higher errors in mooring motion corrected temperature data. The accuracy estimates derived herein should apply not only to moorings deployed in the Gulf Stream but also to all currents that exhibit similar velocity amplitudes and thermal gradients such as the Agulhas or Kuroshio.
Data Base Support For Automated Photo Interpretation

This paper is concerned with the use of a database to support automated photo interpretation. The function of the database is to provide an environment in which to perform photo interpretation utilizing software tools, and represent domain knowledge about the scenes being interpreted. Within the framework of the database, image interpretation systems use knowledge stored as map, terrain, or scene descriptions to provide structural or spatial constraints to guide human and machine processing. We describe one such system under development, MAPS (Map Assisted Photo interpretation System), and give some general rationales for its design and implementation.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
More Rare Males in Ostrinia: Response of Asian Corn Borer Moths to the Sex Pheromone of the European Corn Borer

A previous flight tunnel study showed that 3-5% of European corn borer (ECB) moths, Ostrinia nubilalis (Z/E11-14:OAc), could fly upwind and make contact with sources releasing the sex pheromone of the related Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (2:1 Z/E12-14:OAc). In this study, we show that rare males (3-4%) are also present in South Korean ACB that respond to the sex pheromone blends of the ECB UZ (97:3 Z/E11-14:OAc) and BE (1:99 Z/E11-14:OAc) pheromone races. We also show that the upwind flight response of a significant proportion of male ACB was antagonized by the addition of 1% Z9-14:OAc to the ACB blend, a compound that also antagonizes the upwind flight of ECB males. Male ACB flight behavior was not, however, affected by adding either of the ECB blends to the ACB blend, or by the addition of 50% 14:OAc, a compound identified from female pheromone glands of ACB and a number of other Ostrinia species. Additional flight tunnel tests with ACB to study the comparative aspects of ECB and ACB pheromone response specificity showed that male ACB exhibited maximal levels of upwind flight and source contact with doses of pheromone (30 and 100 microg on rubber septum sources) that also elicited maximal levels in the two ECB pheromone races. The maximal level of source contact for ACB (66%) was lower than observed with the UZ race of ECB to its pheromone blend (>95%), but comparable to those for the BE race of ECB (65-70%). Male ACB also flew upwind in high proportions to a broader range of ratios of Z/E12-14:OAc (80:20 to 20:80) than was previously observed for either of the ECB races.
Inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the kidney cortex by γ-hydroxyglutamate and γ-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate

Abstract γ-Hydroxyglutamate, γ-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate and glyoxylate inhibit kidney gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and lactate strongly but have little effect on glucose synthesis from Krebs cycle intermediates. The inhibitory effect in the presence of pyruvate appears to result from a block in the Krebs cycle between citrate and α-ketoglutarate.
377 Survival to Transplant in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support as Bridge: Retrospective Analysis of LVAD, BiVAD and TAH Strategy

Survival to Transplant in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support as Bridge: Retrospective Analysis of LVAD, BiVAD and TAH Strategy O.E. Pajaro, A.V. Kalya, R.S. Gopalan, L.L. Staley, K.L. Diane, J.M. Spadafore, C.N. Pierce, B.N. Noble, C. Krishnaswamy, R.L. Scott, F.A. Arabia. Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ.
Convergence rates for empirical Bayes estimation of the scale parameter in a Pareto distribution

Abstract Let f(χ∣θ) = αθ α χ α+1 I (θ,∞) (χ) be the pdf of a Pareto distribution with known shape scale parameter α > 0 and unknown scale parameter θ. We study the problem of estimating the scale parameter θ under a squared-error loss through the nonparametric empirical Bayes approach. An empirical Bayes estimator is proposed and the corresponding asymptotic optimality is also investigated. It is shown that under certain weak conditions the proposed empirical Bayes estimator is asymptotically optimal and the associated rate of convergence is of order O(n − 2 3 ) .
The overlap in predicting alcohol outcome for two measures of the level of response to alcohol.

Background Two different measures have been used to establish a person’s level of response (LR) to alcohol as a risk factor for alcohol use disorders. LR values established by the alcohol challenge protocol and the Self-Report of the Effects of Ethanol (SRE) questionnaire usually correlate at 0.3 to 0.4, up to 0.6. However, it is not clear how this correlation relates to the ability of each measure to predict alcohol outcomes. This paper evaluates that overlap.
Circulation and Heat Flux in the Bermuda Triangle

Abstract Data from the Atlantis 215 cruise from Cape Henry to Bermuda to Fort Pierce is analyzed to determine absolute geostrophic velocities in the region. The search procedure that Fiadeiro and Veronis (1982) proposed for finding an empirical level of no motion is used to obtain 3500 m as the average level which satisfies mass balance for the bottom three of the five layers that appeared to be conservative ones. Mass in the two upper layers is not conserved for any choice of a reference level. Since those two layers contain the Gulf Stream, which is known to have finite velocities near the bottom, an inverse calculation is used to provide a velocity correction in the boundary region so that all layers satisfy mass conservation. An improved method, summarized in the Appendix, is used to carry out the inverse calculation. The results include mass transports of 31 Sverdrups (Sv) through Fort Pierce 64 Sv past Cape Romain, and 91 Sv past Cape Hatteras in agreement with direct determination of transports. Al...
How do APIs evolve? A story of refactoring

Frameworks and libraries change their APIs. Migrating an application to the new API is tedious and disrupts the development process. Although some tools and ideas have been proposed to solve the evolution of APIs, most updates are done manually. To better understand the requirements for migration tools, we studied the API changes of four frameworks and one library. We discovered that the changes that break existing applications are not random, but tend to fall into particular categories. Over 80% of these changes are refactorings. This suggests that refactoring-based migration tools should be used to update applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pareto-optimal contracts for a supply chain with satisficing objectives

We analyse a decentralized supply chain consisting of a supplier and a retailer, each with a satisficing objective, that is, to maximize the probability of achieving a predetermined target profit. The supply chain is examined under two types of commonly used contracts: linear tariff contracts (including wholesale price contracts as special cases) and buy-back contracts. First, we identify the Pareto-optimal contract(s) for each contractual form. In particular, it is shown that there is a unique wholesale price that is Pareto optimal for both contractual types. Second, we evaluate the performance of the Pareto-optimal contracts. In contrast to the well-known results for a supply chain with the traditional expected profit objectives, we show that wholesale price contracts can coordinate the supply chain whereas buy-back contracts cannot. This provides an additional justification for the popularity of wholesale price contracts besides their simplicities and lower administration costs.
Thresholded scalogram and its applications in process fault detection

Scalograms provide measures of signal energy at various frequency bands and are commonly used in decision making in many fields including signal and image processing, astronomy and metrology. This article extends the scalogram's ability for handling noisy and possibly massive data. The proposed thresholded scalogram is built on the fast wavelet transform, which can capture non-stationary changes in data patterns effectively and efficiently. The asymptotic distribution of the thresholded scalogram is derived. This leads to large sample confidence intervals that are useful in detecting process faults statistically, based on scalogram signatures. Application of the scalogram-based data mining procedure (mainly, classification and regression trees) demonstrates the potential of the proposed methods for analysing complicated signals for making engineering decisions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings.

The discovery of benefits from living with adversity has been implicated in psychological well-being in numerous investigations, is pivotal to several prominent theories of cognitive adaptation to threat, and can be predicted by personality differences. This article summarizes the prevalence and adaptive significance of finding benefits from major medical problems, locates the place of benefit-finding in stress and coping theories, and examines how it may be shaped by specific psychological dispositions such as optimism and hope and by broader personality traits such as Extraversion and Openness to Experience. The distinction between beliefs about benefits from adversity (benefit-finding) and the use of such knowledge as a deliberate strategy of coping with the problem (benefit-reminding) is underscored and illustrated by daily process research on coping with chronic pain.
Interface waves propagated along a fracture

Abstract The existence of interface waves along fractures depends on the specific stiffness of the fracture. With increasing fracture stiffness, the velocity of the interface wave increases and the spectral content of the signal is altered. We used interface wave measurements and wavelet analysis to examine the effect of normal and shear stresses on fracture shear stiffness. Fracture shear stiffness is more sensitive to changes in shear stress than to normal stress. Compressional waves propagated along a fracture appear to contain a delayed wave that is sensitive to changes in the fracture stiffness. Using acoustic wavefront imaging, we are able to visualize the delayed produced in the compressional-wave by the fracture from the spatial distribution of the arriving energy.
Load-Relaxation Properties of the Human Trunk in Response to Prolonged Flexion: Measuring and Modeling the Effect of Flexion Angle

Experimental studies suggest that prolonged trunk flexion reduces passive support of the spine. To understand alterations of the synergy between active and passive tissues following such loadings, several studies have assessed the time-dependent behavior of passive tissues including those within spinal motion segments and muscles. Yet, there remain limitations regarding load-relaxation of the lumbar spine in response to flexion exposures and the influence of different flexion angles. Ten healthy participants were exposed for 16 min to each of five magnitudes of lumbar flexion specified relative to individual flexion-relaxation angles (i.e., 30, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), during which lumbar flexion angle and trunk moment were recorded. Outcome measures were initial trunk moment, moment drop, parameters of four viscoelastic models (i.e., Standard Linear Solid model, the Prony Series, Schapery's Theory, and the Modified Superposition Method), and changes in neutral zone and viscoelastic state following exposure. There were significant effects of flexion angle on initial moment, moment drop, changes in normalized neutral zone, and some parameters of the Standard Linear Solid model. Initial moment, moment drop, and changes in normalized neutral zone increased exponentially with flexion angle. Kelvin-solid models produced better predictions of temporal behaviors. Observed responses to trunk flexion suggest nonlinearity in viscoelastic properties, and which likely reflected viscoelastic behaviors of spinal (lumbar) motion segments. Flexion-induced changes in viscous properties and neutral zone imply an increase in internal loads and perhaps increased risk of low back disorders. Kelvin-solid models, especially the Prony Series model appeared to be more effective at modeling load-relaxation of the trunk.
An Introduction to Ranking and Selection

Abstract This expository paper explains the philosophy of the indifference-zone approach and the subset-selection approach to ranking and selection procedures. It includes examples of operating characteristic curves and data applications for selection problems based on the binomial and normal distributions. A variety of different models and goals are provided with a list of references.
New Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Method for Defining the Extent of Left Atrial Wall Injury After the Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

Objectives We describe a noninvasive method of detecting and quantifying left atrial (LA) wall injury after pulmonary vein antrum isolation (PVAI) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Using a 3-dimensional (3D) delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence and novel processing methods, LA wall scarring is visualized at high resolution after radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Background Radiofrequency ablation to achieve PVAI is a promising approach to curing AF. Controlled lesion delivery and scar formation within the LA are indicators of procedural success, but the assessment of these factors is limited to invasive methods. Noninvasive evaluation of LA wall injury to assess permanent tissue injury may be an important step in improving procedural success. Methods Imaging of the LA wall with a 3D delayed-enhanced cardiac MRI sequence was performed before and 3 months after ablation in 46 patients undergoing PVAI for AF. Our 3D respiratory-navigated MRI sequence using parallel imaging resulted in 1.25 × 1.25 × 2.5 mm (reconstructed to 0.6 × 0.6 × 1.25 mm) spatial resolution with imaging times ranging 8 to 12 min. Results Radiofrequency ablation resulted in hyperenhancement of the LA wall in all patients post-PVAI and may represent tissue scarring. New methods of reconstructing the LA in 3D allowed quantification of LA scarring using automated methods. Arrhythmia recurrence at 3 months correlated with the degree of wall enhancement with >13% injury predicting freedom from AF (odds ratio: 18.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.27 to 268, p = 0.032). Conclusions We define noninvasive MRI methods that allow for the detection and quantification of LA wall scarring after RF ablation in patients with AF. Moreover, there seems to be a correlation between the extent of LA wall injury and short-term procedural outcome.
Vector interactions of steady-state planar solitons in biased photorefractive media.

A theory describing the steady-state propagation of orthogonally polarized planar bright beams in biased photorefractive media is developed. Interactions between soliton states of each polarization in a strontium barium niobate photorefractive crystal are then investigated numerically. Our results indicate that such vector interactions can lead to a number of interesting effects such as beam compression and beam steering.
Current and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD)

Meibomian gland (MG) dysfunction (MGD) is a multifactorial, chronic condition of the eyelids, leading to eye irritation, inflammation and ocular surface disease. Initial conservative therapy often includes a combination of warm compresses in addition to baby shampoo or eyelid wipes. The practice of lid hygiene dates back to the 1950s, when selenium sulfide-based shampoo was first used to treat seborrhoeic dermatitis of the eyelids. Today, tear-free baby shampoo has replaced dandruff shampoo for MGD treatment and offers symptom relief in selected patients. However, many will not achieve significant improvement on this therapy alone; some may even develop an allergy to the added dyes and fragrances in these products. Other manual and mechanical techniques to treat MGD include MG expression and massage, MG probing and LipiFlow(®). While potentially effective in patients with moderate MGD, these procedures are more invasive and may be cost prohibitive. Pharmacological treatments are another course of action. Supplements rich in omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to improve both MGD and dry eye symptoms. Tea tree oil, specifically the terpenin-4-ol component, is especially effective in treating MGD associated with Demodex mites. Topical antibiotics, such as azithromycin, or systemic antibiotics, such as doxycycline or azithromycin, can improve MGD symptoms both by altering the ocular flora and through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Addressing and treating concurrent ocular allergy is integral to symptom management. Topical N-acetylcysteine and topical cyclosporine can both be effective therapeutic adjuncts in patients with concurrent dry eye. A short course of topical steroid may be used in some severe cases, with monitoring for steroid-induced glaucoma and cataracts. While the standard method to treat MGD is simply warm compresses and baby shampoo, a more tailored approach to address the multiple aetiologies of the disease is suggested.
The effects of PVP(Fe(III)) catalyst on polymer molecular weight and gene delivery via biodegradable cross-linked polyethylenimine.

Purpose Crosslinked, degradable derivatives of low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine (PEI) are relatively efficient and non-cytotoxic gene delivery agents. To further investigate these promising materials, a new synthetic approach was developed using a poly(4-vinylpyridine)-supported Fe(III) catalyst (PVP(Fe(III))) that provides more facile synthesis and enhanced control of polymer molecular weight.
Embryogenesis in Higher Plants: An Overview

The sporophytic generation of higher plants is initiated with the double fertilization event that results in the formation of a single-celled zygote and a progenitor cell of the endosperm. Embryogenesis describes the subsequent period of development, during which the zygote undergoes a complex series of morphological and cellular changes resulting in the formation of a developmentally arrested mature embryo comprised of an embryonic axis with shoot and root poles and cotyledon(s), which often contains high levels of storage macromolecules such as proteins and lipids. Thus, the events that occur during embryonic development establish the organization of the plant body and prepare the embryo for both dormancy and germination. Higher plant embryogenesis has been studied intensively during the past century. Studies using light and electron microscopy have provided detailed descriptions of the morphological and anatomical changes that characterize embryonic development (Maheshwari, 1950; Wardlaw, 1955; Natesh and Rau, 1984; Raghavan, 1986). Cellular differentiation has been studied largely in relationship to the biosynthesis and accumulation of storage proteins, lipids, and starch, macromolecular reserves that ultimately serve as nutrients for postgerminative seedlings (Jenner, 1982; Slack and Browse, 1984; Casey et al., 1986; Shotwell and Larkins, 1989). The focus of attention on these reserves reflects their agricultura1 importance and the fact that the abundance of these macromolecules facilitates studies of their accumulation. By contrast, much less is known about the processes that underlie embryo morphogenesis, although increasing attention is being devoted to this area. In this review, we will provide an overview of the processes that occur during embryonic development, focusing primarily on dicotyledonous plants. Additionally, we will discuss some of the critical processes involved in embryo formation, about which relatively little is known. This review is meant to provide a conceptual summary of embryonic development rather than to cover all aspects of embryogenesis in detail or to describe events that occur in all species of plants. Readers are referred to other reviews on embryogenesis for additional coverage of the topic (Natesh and Rau, 1984; Dure, 1985; Raghavan, 1986; Crouch, 1987; Goldberg et al., 1989; Meinke, 1991a; De Jong et al., 1993; Lindsey and Topping, 1993).
Nursing Intervention Classification Systems

Purpose: To analyze the features, development, and research of the Omaha System, the Iowa Nursing Intervention Classification, and the Home Health Care Classification and provide a critical review of the unique components of each. Organizing Framework: Five elements: achievement of original purpose, language used, ease of computerizing format, clinical utility, and linkage of the Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) nursing care elements. Conclusions: Further testing and development of nursing classification systems should be done to determine the general value of nursing classification, the extent to which the original goals and purposes of classification are met, and to identify the unique features and contributions of each system. Further testing is important to determine the strengths, weaknesses, and applicability of the various systems for capturing the elements of the NMDS for different care settings, care givers, and patient populations. Implications: Nursing classification may eventually lead to naming and describing the work of nurses. Research findings will continue to provide information leading to a unified nursing language system that describes the practice of nursing in local, regional, national, and international health-care data sets used for research, clinical, education, policy, and administrative purposes.
IL-4 induced CD23 (FcεRII) up-regulation in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pulmonary alveolar macrophages

Abstract The objectives of this study were to quantify the induction of equine CD23 transcripts in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and pulmonary alveolar macrophages cultured with recombinant equine IL-4 (rEq IL-4). PBMCs were isolated from blood drawn from four healthy horses. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected from three healthy horses and alveolar macrophages were purified using adherence to plastic for 120 min. PBMCs and alveolar macrophages were cultured using four different conditions: rEq IL-4 and LPS, LPS alone, rEq IL-4 alone and a media control. Total RNA was isolated from cells cultured for 24 or 48 h. Reverse transcribed mRNA was amplified and quantified in real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) using a fluorescein labeled internal TaqMan® probe for CD23 expression. Without exception, the relative value for CD23 mRNA transcripts from equine PBMCs and pulmonary alveolar macrophages cultured with rEq IL-4 for 24 and 48 h were higher than those cultured with LPS alone or the untreated control. Furthermore, morphologic changes were noted in alveolar macrophages cultured with rEq IL-4 prompting an investigation of cytokine expression levels. Alveolar macrophages cultured with LPS exhibited increased IL-8 and IL-12 p40 expression when compared to rEq IL-4, rEq IL-4 + LPS or the untreated control. These findings support two conclusions, (1) equine CD23 has a role in IL-4 mediated immune responses in the horse and (2) rEq IL-4 can modulate LPS-induced, pro-inflammatory cytokine production by equine pulmonary alveolar macrophages.
Alice Munro's "Fits": secrets, mystery, and marital relations.

In Alice Munro’s heralded compilation, Selected Stories (1996), the short story “Fits” (originally published in The Progress of Love, 1986), presents a challenge to interpretation in its provocative, disturbing portrayal of human behavior, specifically the behavior of individuals involved in committed heterosexual relationships. Certain crucial actions of these characters are, on the surface, baffling; however, when they are appraised from a psychodynamic perspective, they become fathomable. The principal conundrum in the story is posed by the motive or motives behind the deception promulgated by Peg Kuiper on her husband Robert, whose point of view is the central focus of the story. By chance, Peg is the first to discover the bodies of middle-aged neighbors, Nora and Walter Weeble, Nora murdered by her husband, who has then killed himself. Mystifyingly, Peg lies to Robert about the nature of her first sight when she approached the bedroom door; she says she observed Mr. Weeble’s leg with the foot in its shoe, but Robert knows this allegation is a falsehood since earlier that day, at a diner, Robert has run into the constable who investigated the deaths, and his description of the scene contradicts Peg’s in one significant detail: What Peg first witnessed was not a clothed leg but rather what was left of Mr. Weeble’s head, blown off by the force of the shotgun whose trigger he manipulated with his toe after slaying his wife. Peg’s deception, in its connection with a lethal level of domestic violence occurring between an affluent, apparently congenial, long-married older couple, invites scrutiny not only of The author thanks her friend and colleague Howard Faulkner for his excellent suggestions on earlier versions of this essay.
Generating political will for safe motherhood in Indonesia.

In 1987 an international conference brought global attention to an issue that previously had been ignored: the world's alarmingly high number of maternal deaths in childbirth. The conference ended with a declaration calling for a reduction in maternal mortality by at least half by the year 2000. As the deadline approached, safe motherhood activists lamented the fact that the world was nowhere near to achieving this objective. They attributed this failure to a variety of causes, but were in agreement that the medical technology was available to prevent maternal deaths in childbirth, and the key was generating the political will to make such technology widely available to women in developing countries.What 'political will' means, however, has been left as an unopened black box. What causes governments to give priority to the issue of safe motherhood, given that national political systems are burdened with thousands of issues to sort through each year? In marked contrast to our extensive knowledge about the medical interventions necessary to prevent maternal death, we know little about the political interventions necessary to increase the likelihood that national leaders pay meaningful attention to the issue. Drawing from a scholarly literature on agenda setting, this paper identifies four factors that heighten the likelihood that an issue will rise to national-level attention: the existence of clear indicators showing that a problem exists; the presence of effective political entrepreneurs to push the cause; the organization of attention-generating focusing events that promote widespread concern for the issue; and the availability of politically palatable policy alternatives that enable national leaders to understand that the problem is surmountable. The paper presents a case study of the emergence, waning and re-generation of political priority for safe motherhood in Indonesia over the decade 1987-1997, to highlight how these four factors interacted to raise safe motherhood from near obscurity in the country to national-level prominence. While there are contextual factors that make this case unique, some elements are applicable to all developing countries. The paper draws out these dimensions in the hope that greater knowledge surrounding how political will actually has been generated can help shape strategic action to address this much neglected global problem.
The Long-term Outcome of Nonsuppurative Otitis Media with Effusion

Seventy-four children were enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled study to define the outcome of nonsuppurative otitis media with effusion (OME) over a 12-week period. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: pseudoephedrine (4 mg/kg/day), chlorpheniramine (0.35 mg/kg/day), or placebo. The children were reexamined at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after enrollment unless earlier dismissed from the study because OME resolved or acute suppurative otitis media developed. Of the 66 children completing the study protocol, 44 percent had resolved OME, 38 percent developed acute suppurative otitis media, 14 percent had unresolved OME, and 4 percent developed severe hearing loss or medication side effects by the end of 12 weeks. The greatest incidence of both suppurative otitis media and resolution of OME occurred by 2 weeks of follow-up. There was no significant difference in resolution of effusion between treatment groups. Children who were 18 months of age or older with unilateral ef...
Hexagonal sub-band coding for images

An image coding system is proposed in which hexagonally sampled images are decomposed into subbands that are selective in both frequency and orientation. Nine high-frequency bands each of one octave and 60 degrees of angular orientation are built on a pyramidal structure along with one low-frequency band. Bits are then allocated optimally to the subbands under a mean-squared-error distortion measure. Optimal quantizers are designed for each subband for entropy coding under a Laplacian distribution assumption. An adaptive version of the coding scheme is also implemented, and the results are compared at rates of 0.5 and 1.0 bits per pixel. >
Selling Canada to Canadians: Collective Memory, National Identity, and Popular Culture

Two media endeavours, the Heritage Minutes and the CBC documentary Canada: A People's History, hope to serve as a corrective to Canadians' lack of interest in their history and to bolster national identity. However, the producers do not want to appear propagandistic in a country where there is conflict about what the shape of the nation should be. They accomplish this by appealing to the “on the spot” authority of journalistic representation and the emotional immediacy of dramatic story-telling. They also emphasize the multi-cultural and multi-perspectival nature of Canada's past. Ultimately these efforts exist within a larger narrative about the “story of Canada,” where events of the past are framed in terms of their contribution or relevance to the present shape of the nation-state. In this way, these programs reveal their purpose and, as collective memory scholars might predict, press the past into the service of present aims.
Pregnancy in the syphilitic mother

Abstract The bad results for a pregnancy occurring in a syphilitic mother are well known. That these ill effects can be prevented by careful prenatal therapeutic procedures has been established beyond a question of a doubt. It is the purpose of this essay to present the results of therapy in a large series of cases from the Cook County Hospital obstetric department. In 1937 the writer, in collaboration with Dr. Hillis, 1 presented a review of a series of 418 cases, part of which has been incorporated in this study which, together with the 517 cases observed since the first series, create a total of 935 cases. With the advent of syphilis control programs, congenital syphilis should practically disappear within one or two generations. The acme of antisyphilitic legislation has been attained in Denmark 2 where anti-syphilitic legislation has been in effect since 1790. Following World War I in 1919, the number of new cases reported each year in Copenhagen had dropped from 3,000 in 1919 to less than 200 in 1933. Congenital syphilis naturally was proportionately infrequent.
Habitat Characteristics of Spiraea virginiana Britton, a Federally Threatened Riparian Shrub, in North Carolina

ABSTRACT We studied the habitat characteristics of Spiraea virginiana Britton (Virginia spiraea), a federally threatened riparian shrub, along eight rivers in western North Carolina. Comparisons between plots with and without S. virginiana revealed that S. virginiana plots were on steep, south-facing slopes and had a higher percentage of large substrate, lower herbaceous and vine cover, higher non–S. virginiana shrub density, lower tree influence, and higher visible sky than control plots. When relating these habitat attributes to the presence/absence of S. virginiana using conditional logistic regression, only substrate size and non–S. virginiana shrub density had significant effects on S. virginiana presence. Principal components analysis (PCA) of all plots (S. virginiana and control) found S. virginiana plots separating from controls that had higher vine and herb cover and lower non–S. virginiana shrub density and slope. Spiraea virginiana plots at the Cheoah River separated from other sites by having...
Partners in Crime: Friendly Renditions to Muslim Torture Chambers

Rendition is one of those words that bureaucracies craft to hide official monstrosities. As an artistic term, rendition means a performance of a dramatic role. Webster's 1913 dictionary defines rendition as the act of surrendering fugitives from justice at the claim of a foreign government. In its brand new usage, rendition has come to mean surrender of aliens.
Increased palmitate intake: higher acylcarnitine concentrations without impaired progression of β-oxidation.

Palmitic acid (PA) is associated with higher blood concentrations of medium-chain acylcarnitines (MCACs), and we hypothesized that PA may inhibit progression of FA β-oxidation. Using a cross-over design, 17 adults were fed high PA (HPA) and low PA/high oleic acid (HOA) diets, each for 3 weeks. The [1-13C]PA and [13-13C]PA tracers were administered with food in random order with each diet, and we assessed PA oxidation (PA OX) and serum AC concentration to determine whether a higher PA intake promoted incomplete PA OX. Dietary PA was completely oxidized during the HOA diet, but only about 40% was oxidized during the HPA diet. The [13-13C]PA/[1-13C]PA ratio of PA OX had an approximate value of 1.0 for either diet, but the ratio of the serum concentrations of MCACs to long-chain ACs (LCACs) was significantly higher during the HPA diet. Thus, direct measurement of PA OX did not confirm that the HPA diet caused incomplete PA OX, despite the modest, but statistically significant, increase in the ratio of MCACs to LCACs in blood.
Process of granophyre crystallization in the Long Mountain Granite, southern Oklahoma

The primary objective of this study is to assess the origin of granophyre in the A-type Long Mountain Granite of southwestern Oklahoma. The magma was emplaced as a thin sheet of crystal-poor, water-undersaturated liquid at or near the base of ∼1.4-km-thick, comagmatic rhyolite cover. Phenocrysts of anorthoclase and quartz were the first products of crystallization, and skeletal to subhedral morphologies indicate their growth involved ∼50 °C of thermal and constitutional undercooling. This initial crystallization, ∼50 vol% of the magma in a wt% ratio of anorthoclase:quartz ≈3:1, resulted from decompression and concomitant migration of the alkali feldspar-quartz cotectic boundary. This residual magma represents the liquid present when crystallization culminated with granophyric intergrowth of quartz and alkali feldspar. Sluggish diffusion of silica away from the growth surfaces of anorthoclase phenocrysts resulted in boundary-layer liquids that were supersaturated in quartz, producing initial granophyric intergrowths in which the modal proportions of quartz were greater than that of the liquid composition. From initial quartz-rich compositions, intergrowths do not follow a consistent trend of fractionation. Instead, following variable or oscillating chemical pathways, they approach and hover around a composition appropriate to the pressure and low water content of magma at the emplacement level. Compositional trends of granophyre demonstrate that the intergrowth records a process in which its growth rate exceeded the rate at which aluminosilicate components could diffuse away through magma. Granophyre in both nature and experiment is formed under a variety of pressures and activities of water but in all cases involves the simultaneous crystallization of quartz and alkali feldspar from a viscous granitic liquid that is cooled well below its liquidus temperature. The estimated undercooling for granophyre growth at Long Mountain, and observed in experiments with granitic compositions, is in the range of 70–150 °C. This magnitude of undercooling is similar to that which produces graphic granite, and it is in the cooling regime between spherulitic obsidian (or felsite) and hypidiomorphic-granular granite.
Time-dependent density functional methods for Raman spectra in open-shell systems.

We present an implementation of a time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) linear response module in NWChem for unrestricted DFT calculations and apply it to the calculation of resonant Ra...
La vérification du succès des manipulations expérimentales en marketing

Si on observe des variations de la variable dependante, le chercheur souhaiterait alors conclure que la variable independante etudiee en est la cause. La repartition aleatoire des sujets aux modalites du traitement facilite certainement l'interpretation causale. Elle elimine en effet des differences systematiques possibles entre modalites de traitement, provenant de facteurs associes aux caracteristiques memes des individus testes (Keppel, 1982). Mais que se passe-t-il si les manipulations elles-memes sont sujettes a contamination, c'est-a-dire si les manipulations censees representer une certaine variable independante peuvent etre interpretees de plusieurs facons, a l'aide de plusieurs concepts? Dans une telle situation, la confiance en l'explication causale des resultats experimentaux donnes par le chercheur au niveau theorique est considerablement reduite, puisque la validite conceptuelle de la manipulation comme operationnalisation des variables independantes supposees serait remise en cause.
To Query Data Stream Continuously Based on Variable Size Windows

At present,the research work which inquires data stream continuously is all based on a sliding-window whose size is invariable.This article embarks from the finiteness of the memory resources and the veracity of the inquiry result using the variable window technology.The window controller was put in the buffer.When the data arrived,the window was changed dynamically according to the user proposed question and the speed of data stream flow.The window assignment-operators carry on the division of the window to make the best use of the system resources and reduce the utilization ratio of the EMS memory.Contemporary,the inquired results are all in the permission erroneous scope.The feasibility of this method is proved through test.