cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Effect of Light on the Electron Emission from Hot Filaments

Photo-electric currents from hot, oxide-coated platinum filaments.\char22{}The increase in the electron emission from hot, oxide-coated platinum filaments when illuminated by the full radiation from a water-cooled quartz mercury arc was measured, for different filament temperatures, as a function of potential between filament and anode. The photo-electron currents were large enough to be readily measurable with a galvanometer. Measurements on one filament showed the photo-electron current increasing with potential to a maximum at about 14 volts. For another filament, twice as thick, the maxima were between 2 and 4 volts. In the case of both filaments increasing the temperature shifted the maximum to lower values of potential. No photo-electric fatigue was observed. By the use of various absorbing screens and different sources of light it was found that the photo-currents are, for the most part, due to radiations of wave-lengths shorter than \ensuremath{\lambda}3000; but that the long wave-length limit is somewhat above that value.
Taku Glacier (Alaska, U.S.A.) on the move again: active deformation of proglacial sediments

Taku Glacier is one of the few glaciers in Alaska, U.S.A. that has advanced over the last century: 7 km since 1890. This advance slowed substantially during the past decade, but in summer 2001 the glacier terminus began to readvance at a rate of 30 cm d -1 . The advance produced dramatic proglacial sediment deformation up to 200 m in from of the terminus. Two to three large bulges and several secondary bulges developed in the proglacial sediments as a result of glacial compression along a 1 km wide portion of the terminus. The bulge nearest the terminus was 10 m high and 65 m wide. The middle bulge (7 m-high) advanced at 15 cm d 1 and the distal bulge (3 m high and 50 m wide) at 9 cm d -1 . Crenulations and prominent fractures developed in the overlying vegetation layer. The frontal lobes of the bulges were steep and overlaid a shear zonc, where sediments were being thrust up and over the ground surface. Ice-proximal push moraines, 1-10 m high, formed along much of the 9 km wide terminus, although deformation was minimal at some locations.
Herbal and complementary and alternative medicine therapies for liver disease. A focus on Chinese traditional medicine in hepatitis C virus.

This article presents herbal and alternative therapies used in the treatment of liver disease both as adjunctive or complementary treatment to Western pharmaceutical strategies and as an alternative treatment in liver disease, particularly for hepatitis C Virus (HCV). There is a special emphasis on traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The author also discusses several other contemporary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies currently used to treat liver disease.
Improving the oxidative stability of polyunsaturated vegetable oils by blending with high-oleic sunflower oil

Mixing different proportions of high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) with polyunsaturated vegetable oils provides a simple method to prepare more stable edible oils with a wide range of desired fatty acid composition. Oxidative stability of soybean, canola and corn oils, blended with different proportions of HOSO to lower the respective levels of linolenate and linoleate, was evaluated at 60°C. Oxidation was determined by two methods: peroxide value and volatiles (hexanal and propanal) by static headspace capillary gas chromatography. Determination of hexanal and propanal in mixtures of vegetable oils provided a sensitive index of linoleate and linolenate oxidation, respectively. Our evaluations demonstrated that all-cis oil compositions of improved oxidative stability can be formulated by blening soybean, canola and corn oils with different proportions of HOSO. On the basis of peroxide values, a partially hydrogenated soybean oil containing 4.5% linolenate was more stable than the mixture of soybean oil and HOSO containing 4.5% linolenate. However, on the basis of volatile analysis, mixtures of soybean and HOSO containing 2.0 and 4.5% linolenate were equivalent or better in oxidative stability than the hydrogenated soybean oil. Mixtures of canola oil and HOSO containing 1 and 2% linolenate had the same or better oxidative stability than did the hydrogenated canola oil containing 1% linolenate. These studies suggest that we can obviate catalytic hydrogenation of linolenate-containing vegetable oils by blending with HOSO.
Vortex scattering in the Abelian Higgs model

Abstract We report on extensive simulations of the interaction of parallel line-vortices and antivortices of the Ginzburg-Landau or Abelian-Higgs model. It is shown that a head-on collision of two vortices results in 90° scattering independent of the initial conditions provided that the zeros of the Higgs field come in contact. Vortices and antivortices annihilate at low velocities, but they reform after a collision at highly relativistic speeds. The metric in the moduli space of two critically coupled vortices is calculated from its field-theoretic definition and the scattering angles derived from the metric components are shown to agree with the numerical results.
Understanding the Pathobiology of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the leading cancers in the world, although wide geographical variations do exist. HNSCC can be subcategorized into conventional HNSCC and HPV-associated HNSCC, exhibiting distinct clinical and histopathologic features. Awareness of the risks of smoking has fortunately contributed to the decreasing incidence of conventional HNSCC in the USA. However, the prevalence of HPV-associated HNSCC in the USA has been significantly increasing. Much progress has been made in the research of development and progression of HNSCC. In this article, we review the current concepts of the pathobiological mechanisms of HNSCC.
Constitutive expression of types 1 and 2 cytokines by alveolar macrophages from feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats.

Abstract Evidence suggests that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), causes pulmonary immunodeficiency. The overall objective of this study was to explore FIV-induced alterations in cell counts and cytokine gene expression in the pulmonary compartment during the acute stage infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells were collected from FIV-infected and control cats at 0, 4, 10, and 16 weeks post-FIV infection for phenotype and cytokine analysis. The major change in BAL cellular populations following FIV-infection was the development of a neutrophilia. Total BAL cell counts and relative numbers of alveolar macrophages (AM), eosinophils, and lymphocytes remained similar in both groups. The RT-qcPCR analyses of AM purified from BAL showed constitutive expression of TNFα, IL6 and IL10 mRNAs that peaked during the acute stage of infection then declined. The TNFα and IL6 bioactive protein secretion showed a similar response. In contrast, IFNγ expression increased progressively with time after infection and paralleled a progressive increase in FIV-gag mRNA in AM. The IL12 p40 expression also differed from the other cytokines in that there was a progressive decrease in the number of cats with AM IL12 expression following FIV infection. Infection of AM in vitro with FIV also caused an increase in TNFα and IL6 mRNA and bioactive protein suggesting that the increased cytokine response by AM following infection of cats with FIV is an intrinsic characteristic of FIV-infected AM. In summary, pulmonary immune changes seen in FIV-infected cats are similar to those seen in HIV-infected human patients.
Schistosoma: a 200-kDa chemotherapeutic target antigen is differentially localized in African vs Oriental species.

A 200-kDa protein of the African schistosome Schistosoma mansoni has been identified as a target of antibodies that act in synergy with praziquantel. Treatment of worms with praziquantel exposes selective epitopes of the 200-kDa protein on the surface of S. mansoni and transfer of a monoclonal antibody recognizing the 200-kDa protein at the time of drug treatment restores the effectiveness of praziquantel against infections in B-cell-depleted mice. In the present study, a cross-reactive 200-kDa protein was identified in the three major schistosome species by Western blot analysis using a polyclonal rabbit antiserum recognizing the 200-kDa protein from S. mansoni. Surprisingly, three monoclonal antibodies generated against immunogenic epitopes of the 200-kDa protein did not recognize the 200-kDa protein of the Oriental species Schistosoma japonicum, although they did recognize the 200-kDa protein of another African species Schistosoma haematobium. Furthermore, in the case of S. japonicum, treatment with praziquantel did not expose the 200-kDa protein on the worm surface. Even acetone treatment, which makes surface epitopes more accessible, did not expose the 200-kDa protein on the surface of S. japonicum. In contrast, the 200-kDa protein of S. haematobium was exposed following treatment with praziquantel, and acetone fixation resulted in significantly increased reactivity of the rabbit a200-kDa antiserum with the surface of both S. mansoni and S. haematobium worms.
Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric stroke

Stroke in children is rarely due to traditional stroke risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes. Rather, stroke in this patient group typically results from the simultaneous occurrence of multiple stroke risk factors, the presence of which necessitates a thorough evaluation to determine the cause of this disorder. Several challenges exist in the care of children with stroke. Of note, recognition of pediatric stroke onset by parents and caregivers is often delayed, highlighting the need for increased awareness of and education regarding this condition. Moreover, various neurological conditions resemble stroke in pediatric patients and a definite diagnosis of this disorder requires MRI; adding to the diagnostic challenge, young children may need to be sedated to undergo acute MRI. Perhaps the most significant challenge is the need for clinical research studies focusing on pediatric stroke treatment, so as to allow evidence-based treatment decision-making. A final challenge is the standardization of outcome assessment after stroke for a wide range of ages and developmental levels. In this Review, we examine recent findings and diagnostic issues pertaining to both arterial ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in children.
Computed radiography: User-programmable Features and Capabilities

Digital or computed radiography (CR) using photostimulable storage phosphor plate technology is becoming increasignly popular in certain clinical applications, such as bedside radiography, where it possesses clear advantages over conventional screen-film imaging. The majority of CR systems in clinical use have been manufactured by Fuji Medical Systems USA, Inc (Stamford, CT) and provide a surprising degree of flexibility. Fuji CR units are delivered with preset menus, hardcopy format, and image-processing parameters for each examination. Of practical importance is that users may change the exam menu and printed film format as well as the image-processing parameters for each examination. There is, however, a lack of documentation describing these features and how they are programmed. This paper addresses these issues. Examples are given on how to change: 1) the printed film format, 2) the contrast and gray-scale processing, 3) spatial frequency enhancement, and 4) the appearance of the operator interface menus.
Development of a micro in-situ oil detection device

The Gulf of Mexico oil spill is the largest offshore oil spill in U.S. history and great disaster. In situ and real-time monitoring the crude oil concentration is a critical topic after the oil spill. A new generation instrument is reported in this paper which miniaturizes the physical sizes while still maintaining the sensitivity of sensors. The key point is to miniaturize the extraction processing and also to integrate the extraction and detection on the same chip substrate. The sample handling and sensing units will be integrated on the chip itself and can be used as an independent and replaceable detecting head. The fabrication process of the device is introduced. Surface modification need to be done to keep extraction two phases stable. Other parameters of the device are well set. The test experiment result shows that this device can magnitude as high as 7 times concentration after 15 mins extraction.
Cell surface expression and functional significance of adhesion molecules on human myeloma‐derived cell lines

Multiple myeloma is characterized by the presence of malignant plasma cells predominantly localized in bone marrow. Our prior studies have suggested that human myeloma derived-cell lines adhere specifically to fibronectin and to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) via beta 1 and beta 2 integrins as well as RGD peptide, and that tumour cell to BMSC contact triggers interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion from BMSCs. Since IL-6 is a growth factor for myeloma, adhesion may be important in paracrine IL-6 mediated tumour cell growth. We therefore examined phenotypic expression of adhesion molecules on the U266 and IM-9 human myeloma-derived cell lines using the panel of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed at adhesion molecules submitted to the Vth International Conference on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens. U266 and IM-9 myeloma cell lines express mainly CD29, CD49d, VLA-1, CD18, CD54, ICAM-2 and ICAM-3. In contrast, CD49b, VLA-3, CD49f, CD11b, VCAM-1, selectins and selectin-ligands were not expressed on these cell lines. Specific adherence of IM-9 cells to BMSC line LP101 was demonstrated which could be partially blocked by pre-incubation and culture of tumour cells with anti-beta 1 integrin, anti-beta 2 integrin, anti-CD49d, anti-VLA-5, anti-CD11a, anti-CD44 and anti-CD54 MoAbs. The combination of these MoAbs (anti-CD29, CD18, CD11a, CD49d, VLA-5, CD44, CD54, ICAM-2, ICAM-3 MoAbs) decreased but did not completely abrogate binding of IM-9 to BMSCs. Moreover, increases in IL-6 secretion from BMSCs after adherence of IM-9 cells were also partially blocked by these MoAbs. These findings suggest that multiple adhesion pathways may mediate adherence of myeloma cell lines to BMSCs, localizing tumour cells in the marrow microenvironment and triggering IL-6 secretion by BMSCs which may augment tumour cell growth.
Modules with Noetherian Spectrum

Let M be a module over a commutative ring R. A submodule P of M is called prime if P ≠ M and, whenever r ∈ R, e ∈ M, and re ∈ P, we have rM ⊆ P or e ∈ P. We let Spec(M) denote the set of all prime submodules of M. Using a topology analogous to the Zariski topology for Spec(R), we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for Spec(M) to be a Noetherian space. We produce some examples of modules with Noetherian spectrum that have not appeared in the literature previously. In particular, Laskerian modules and faithfully flat modules over Laskerian rings have Noetherian spectra. (The term Laskerian is defined in Section 3.)
Ligand Modification Transforms a Catalase Mimic into a Water Oxidation Catalyst

The catalytic reactivity of the high-spin MnII pyridinophane complexes [(Py2NR2)Mn(H2O)2]2+ (R=H, Me, tBu) toward O2 formation is reported. With small macrocycle N-substituents (R=H, Me), the complexes catalytically disproportionate H2O2 in aqueous solution; with a bulky substituent (R=tBu), this catalytic reaction is shut down, but the complex becomes active for aqueous electrocatalytic H2O oxidation. Control experiments are in support of a homogeneous molecular catalyst and preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the catalyst is mononuclear. This ligand-controlled switch in catalytic reactivity has implications for the design of new manganese-based water oxidation catalysts.
Aspergilloma: An Unusual Cause of Late Failure of Aortocoronary Bypass Graft

A young woman abruptly developed the return of angina pectoris after a successful coronary bypass graft. Angiography and repeated surgery revealed a proximal occlusion of the vein graft, not related to poor distal run-off. Pathologic examination of the removed vein graft revealed thrombotic occlusion associated with an intimal mycotic abscess.
Regional Dissemination of KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Production of a Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) is the most common mechanism of carbapenem resistance in the United States; however, until now, KPC-producing isolates have not been found in western Michigan. Molecular typing of two KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates from Michigan showed their similarity to other Midwestern isolates. They were also unrelated to the dominant sequence type observed throughout the United States, multilocus sequence type 258. This could represent regional dissemination of another KPC-producing K. pneumoniae strain.
The Microcircuit Concept Applied to Cortical Evolution: from Three-Layer to Six-Layer Cortex

Understanding the principles of organization of the cerebral cortex requires insight into its evolutionary history. This has traditionally been the province of anatomists, but evidence regarding the microcircuit organization of different cortical areas is providing new approaches to this problem. Here we use the microcircuit concept to focus first on the principles of microcircuit organization of three-layer cortex in the olfactory cortex, hippocampus and turtle general cortex, and compare it with six-layer neocortex. From this perspective it is possible to identify basic circuit elements for recurrent excitation and lateral inhibition that are common across all the cortical regions. Special properties of the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells are reviewed that reflect the specific adaptations that characterize the functional operations in the different regions. These principles of microcircuit organization provide a new approach to understanding the expanded functional capabilities elaborated by the evolution of the neocortex.
Distal humeral physeal injuries in child abuse: MR imaging and ultrasonography findings

Distal humeral physeal injuries, in particular, fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis, can be seen in abused infants. Detection of physeal injury in an infant or toddler may indicate the possibility of unsuspected abuse, particularly when an appropriate history explaining the circumstance of the fracture is lacking. In addition, the extent of injury can be difficult to characterize on plain radiographs. Ultrasonography (US) and MR imaging (MRI) may be of value in diagnosis and may obviate the need for intraoperative arthrography. We present MRI findings in three abused children with distal humeral physeal injuries. Sonographic correlation is alos presented in one case.
CRT-15 Outcomes In Patients Undergoing Rural Interhospital Transfer Of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction For Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is superior to fibrinolytic therapy (FT) in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, treatment delays in patients with STEMI presenting at rural hospitals that are transferred for PCI may result in longer door to balloon time and
JNK modulates FOXO3a for the expression of the mitochondrial death and mitophagy marker BNIP3 in pathological hypertrophy and in heart failure

Bcl-2 E1B 19-KDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) is a mitochondrial death and mitophagy marker, which is involved in inducing cardiac remodeling post myocardial infarction. In this study, we show that BNIP3 expression increases in stressed cardiomyocytes in vitro and in response to pressure overload in vivo, and that its transcription is directly related to JNK activity. BNIP3 expression gradually increased in the first weeks after pressure overload and peaked at the heart failure stage. Ultrastructurally, the mitochondrial area was inversely proportional to BNIP3 expression. Both JNK and AKT activities increased with pressure overload; however, JNK signaling dominated over AKT signaling for the activation of the transcription factor FOXO3a and for the transcription of its effector, BNIP3. 3-methyladenine attenuated JNK signaling and significantly decreased BNIP3 expression and reversed cardiac remodeling in heart failure. Ultrastructurally, the mitochondrial area was significantly increased in the 3-methyladenine group compared with placebo. Moreover, adenoviral gene delivery of dominant negative JNK in a rat model of pressure overload hypertrophy abolished the increase in BNIP3 expression in response to pressure overload. These results suggest that JNK signaling is a critical modulator of the transcription factor FOXO3a driving the expression of its effector, BNIP3, in heart failure and that JNK, through BNIP3, induces mitochondrial apoptosis and mitophagy.
Influence of in vitro plating density on rat granulosa cell responsiveness to follicle-stimulating hormone.

Abstract The effects of cell plating density on granulosa cell sensitivity to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were investigated, using a serum-free culture of cells obtained from immature, estrogen-treated rats. The cells were incubated at densities of 0.25 to 5 × 10 5 cells/dish with increasing concentrations of FSH for 2 days, and medium estrogen and progestin accumulation were measured by radioimmunoassay. Per-cell estrogen and progestin production rose with increasing FSH concentration and cell density up to 2 × 10 5 cells/dish. At a higher density (5 × 10 5 /dish), per-cell estrogen production fell; progestin production remained constant, although the major progestin produced was no longer progesterone, but rather its metabolite, 20α-hydroxy-progesterone. The effects of changing cell density could not be accounted for by medium steroids or cytotoxic substances. It is concluded that in vitro plating density can markedly affect granulosa cell sensitivity to FSH. In vivo , changing intrafollicular cell densities may thus affect the ability of the whole cell complement to respond to gonadotropin.
Alterations in gene expression after chronic treatment of glioma cells in culture with methylmercuric chloride.

Abstract The cellular and molecular mechanisms of methylmercuric chloride (CH 3 HgCl)-induced damage to the nerve tissue were studied in a monolayer culture of glioma cells (C-6). Chronic treatment of glioma cells with low concentrations (0.05–0.1 μM) of CH 3 HgCl produced a significant alteration in gene expression, as evidenced by changes in the amounts and net phsophorylation profiles of specific proteins. However, the morphology and doubling time did not change.
Time-resolved dynamics of laser-induced micro-jets from thin liquid films

Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is a high-resolution direct-write technique, which can print a wide range of liquid materials without a nozzle. In this process, a pulsed laser initiates the expulsion of a high-velocity micro-jet of fluid from a thin donor film. LIFT involves a novel regime for impulsively driven free-surface jetting in that viscous forces developed in the thin film become relevant within the jet lifetime. In this work, time-resolved microscopy is used to study the dynamics of the laser-induced ejection process. We consider the influence of thin metal and thick polymer laser-absorbing layers on the flow actuation mechanism and resulting jet dynamics. Both films exhibit a mechanism in which flow is driven by the rapid expansion of a gas bubble within the liquid film. We present high-resolution images of the transient gas cavities, the resulting ejection of high aspect ratio external jets, as well as the first images of re-entrant jets formed during LIFT. These observations are interpreted in the context of similar work on cavitation bubble formation near free surfaces and rigid interfaces. Additionally, by increasing the laser beam size used on the polymer absorbing layer, we observe a transition to an alternate mechanism for jet formation, which is driven by the rapid expansion of a blister on the polymer surface. We compare the dynamics of these blister-actuated jets to those of the gas-actuated mechanism. Finally, we analyze these results in the context of printing sensitive ink materials.
Peroxidase-mediated formation of glutathione conjugates from polycyclic aromatic dihydrodiols and insecticides

Using two peroxidative systems (prostaglandin H synthase/arachidonic acid and horseradish peroxidase/H2O2) we observed GSH conjugate formation with a number of compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-diols (PAH-diols), insecticides, and steroids. Several of the conjugates were characterized by chromatography, uv-vis spectrophotometry, and FAB mass spectroscopy. Conjugate formation is dependent upon a functioning peroxidase, GSH, and is markedly enhanced (3- to 10-fold) by the inclusion of a number of reducing cosubstrates including phenol, uric acid, phenylbutazone, and acetaminophen. The mechanism of conjugate formation appears to involve addition of thiyl radical to alkene bonds conjugated to an electron releasing group probably by resonance stabilization of the carbon-centered radical intermediate. Thiyl radicals are formed either directly by GSH reduction of the peroxidase or indirectly by GSH reduction of radicals formed from reducing cosubstrates. The nitrone spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, which traps thiyl radicals, totally inhibits production of GSH conjugates in both peroxidative systems. Conjugation of PAH-diols, some of which are penultimate carcinogens, would prevent their metabolism to the diol-epoxides, an ultimate carcinogenic species of PAH. Conjugation by peroxidases appears to be a general pathway for glutathione conjugate formation that may lead to potential detoxification of chemicals.
Liquid Crystal Polymer for microwave and millimeter-wave multi-layer packages and modules

Hermetic packages are used to protect microwave and millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) against harsh environmental conditions, including changes in atmospheric pressure, humidity, moisture, and other natural hazards that would otherwise disrupt electrical connections or damage delicate electronics. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) require hermetic packaging to prevent against contaminating particles and moisture. Hermetic packages have a fine helium leak rate of around 1×10−11 atm-cc/sec and are known to provide the reliability in harsh environments. Current hermetic packages are based on metal and ceramic materials. Ceramic and metal packages are heavier, bulkier, and more expensive than organic counterparts. At the wafer-level packaging, high temperature wafer bonding is used to form hermetic cavities that result in tall structures. While organic packaging technology cannot provide true hermeticity, can it have a low enough leak rate to achieve competitive reliability? This is referred as “reliability without hermeticity” or near hermetic packaging. In this lecture, we will review the concept of hermeticity and near-hermeticity in electronic packages. Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP), which has permeation close to glass, will be introduced as the next generation organic material for near-hermetic packaging. We will discuss results of LCP material characterization. We will then present the development of sealing techniques of LCP onto LCP and LCP onto semiconductor materials to form near hermetic cavities for housing MEMS and MMICs. Using the newly developed sealing techniques, we will demonstrate LCP wafer-level packages, surface mount packages and multi-chip modules to 40 GHz. Examples of wafer-level packages include the lamination of LCP onto Si to cap or package RF MEMS switches and a phase shifter with LCP-packaged MEMS. We will also present the development of low-loss surface mount LCP packages to 40 GHz. These surface mount packages are designed with novel feedthroughs that achieve a measured insertion loss of ∼0.2 dB to 0.4dB up to 40 GHz and provide embedded filters. We will discuss bond wire compensation schemes, package to printed circuit board transition design techniques, electrical repeatability, and thermal performance of millimeter-wave surface mount packages. Reliability evaluation will be presented to demonstrate the robustness and reliability of LCP packages. Examples of the environmental tests include 1000 hours of 85°C and 85% humidity, temperature cycles, thermal shock, etc. Finally, we demonstrate the development of compact wide bandwidth passive components, multi-chip modules, and phased array antennas in multi-layer LCP boards at Ka-band.
A comparison of the clinical profile of cavernous malformations with and without associated venous malformations.

Objective Little is known about the clinical behavior of cavernous malformations (CMs) associated with venous malformations (VMs) of the brain. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical profile of patients harboring CMs with and without associated VMs. Methods A retrospective analysis of 55 consecutive patients harboring CMs of the brain who presented to a single neurovascular team during a 4-year period was performed. Forty-two patients (76%) had CMs alone (CM group), and 13 patients (24%) had CMs associated with VMs (CM + VM group). Detailed clinical information regarding each patient was gathered. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test for binary variables and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Results The lesion location was infratentorial for 19 of the 70 CMs (27%) in the CM group and for 14 of the 21 CMs (67%) in the CM + VM group (P = 0.001). Familial histories of CMs were documented for 7 of the 42 patients (17%) in the CM group and none of the 13 patients in the CM + VM group. There was a female-to-male gender bias of 1.6:1 in the CM group and 3.3:1 in the CM + VM group. Sixteen of the 42 patients (38%) in the CM group and 8 of the 13 patients (62%) in the CM + VM group presented with symptomatic hemorrhage. Seizure presentation was documented in 11 of the 42 patients (26%) in the CM group and in 1 of the 13 patients (8%) in the CM + VM group. Repeated symptomatic hemorrhage was diagnosed in 4 of the 42 patients (9.5%) in the CM group and in 3 of the 13 patients (23%) in the CM + VM group. There were no apparent differences in the mean age at presentation, lesion size, or multiplicity between the two groups. Conclusion Patients with CMs associated with VMs are more likely to be female patients, have associated symptomatic hemorrhage, have lesions in the posterior fossa (statistically significant), suffer from repeated symptomatic hemorrhage, and are less likely to present with seizures or to have familial histories when compared with patients with CMs alone. The possible mechanisms for these apparent differences in clinical profile are discussed.
Evaluation of clinical outcomes and aesthetic results after autologous fat grafting for contour deformities of the reconstructed breast.

BACKGROUND Autologous fat grafting is gaining widespread acceptance for the management of soft-tissue deformities of the reconstructed breast. However, published data on long-term outcomes and aesthetic results of fat grafting to the breast are lacking. The purpose of this study was to review the authors' early experience of fat grafting in the correction of acquired contour deformities after postmastectomy breast reconstruction. METHODS A detailed retrospective review of 49 patients who underwent fat grafting to 68 reconstructed breasts was carried out. Clinical outcomes were analyzed and aesthetic results were assessed with objective grading of preoperative and postoperative photographs by two independent, blinded plastic surgeons. RESULTS On average, 67 cc of fat was injected into each breast per session. There were 111 fat injection procedures, as more than one injection was required in 51.5 percent of cases. Average follow-up time was 2.4 years. Complications occurred in 6.3 percent of procedures, including fat necrosis (3.6 percent), oil cysts (1.8 percent), and infection (0.9 percent). Aesthetic outcome was significantly improved across all measurements, including volume, contour, placement, and superomedial fullness (p<0.001 for all). CONCLUSION Although further studies are required to provide surgeons with definitive guidelines for the implementation of this technique, fat injection is a safe intervention and significantly improves the aesthetic results in patients with contour deformities of the reconstructed breast. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.
Exposure to particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and other air pollutants inside patrol cars.

People driving in a vehicle might receive an enhanced dose of mobile source pollutants that are considered a potential risk for cardiovascular diseases. The exposure to components of air pollution in highway patrol vehicles, at an ambient, and a roadside location was determined during 25 work shifts (3 p.m. to midnight) in the autumn of 2001, each day with two cars. A global positioning system and a diary provided location and activity information. Average pollutant levels inside the cars were low compared to ambient air quality standards: carbon monoxide 2.7 ppm, nitrogen dioxide 41.7 microg/m3, ozone 11.7 ppb, particulate matter smaller 2.5 microm (PM2.5) 24 microg/m3. Volatile organic compounds inside the cars were in the ppb-range and showed the fingerprint of gasoline. PM2.5 was 24% lower than ambient and roadside levels, probably due to depositions associated with the recirculating air conditioning. Levels of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and some metals (Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Sr) were highest in the cars, and roadside levels were higher than ambient levels. Elevated pollutant levels were related to locations with high traffic volumes. Our results point to combustion engine emissions from other vehicles as important sources of air pollutants inside the car.
Phase stability for the Cu–Zr system: First-principles, experiments and solution-based modeling

Abstract First-principles calculations and experimental methods were employed to investigate the relative stability of intermetallic phases in the Cu–Zr system. Computed enthalpies of formation indicate that Cu 51 Zr 14 -β and CuZr 2 -C11 b are stable phases, while Cu 5 Zr-C15 b , Cu 10 Zr 7 -ϕ and CuZr-B2 are metastable at 0 K. Heat treatment and microanalysis revealed two important findings which clarify the phase equilibria. First, the stability range for the Cu 5 Zr-C15 b phase was found to have a lower bound associated with an eutectoid invariant between 802 and 955 K, below which it decomposes to face-centered cubic Cu plus Cu 51 Zr 14 -β. Second, the Cu 5 Zr 8 phase, previously reported as stable, was not observed in a Cu–56.4 at.% Zr alloy after holding at 955 and 1036 K for >100 h. This phase, therefore, was not considered to be stable. Based on computational and experimental results, Gibbs free energies were modeled, including the Cu 2 Zr-σ, Cu 24 Zr 13 -μ and metastable CuZr-(B19′ and B33) phases. The associated phase diagrams are presented.
In the Eye of the Perfect Storm The Convergence of Policy and Latina/o Trends in Access and Financial Concerns, 1975-2008

The authors paint a national portrait of Latina/o trends over more than 30 years in terms of demographic and financial concerns that pertain to access at 4-year institutions. Using a multiple policy streams framework, the authors contend that growing numbers of Latina/os are in the eye of the perfect storm in a global economy that calls for more skilled workers at the same time that there are significant policy shifts converging in college finance. Trends over time reveal that Latina/os have remained more sensitive to financial assistance than non-Hispanic Whites in deciding where to go to college. The data also reveal several alarming trends that indicate Latina/os are not benefiting from policy directions established in the past. Realizing the potential for a new policy window of opportunity to reverse adverse effects for Latina/os will be key to the vitality of the nation.
Identification of the chick neural retina cell surface N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase using monoclonal antibodies.

Intact embryonic chick neural retina cells have at their surface an N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase which catalyzes the incorporation of N-acetylgalactosamine from UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine into endogenous macromolecular acceptors. The enzyme along with its endogenous acceptors can be isolated as a particulate complex following treatment of membrane-enriched fractions with Triton X-100. In this paper we report on two separate fusions generating monoclonal antibodies: one using as immunogen the particulate complex and the second using as immunogen a soluble N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase found in tissue-culture-conditioned medium which lacks endogenous acceptor activity. Antibodies from both fusions recognize an antigen which is tightly associated with the particulate transferase/acceptor complex and a soluble antigen having N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase activity toward exogenously added acceptors. The antibodies recognize a component of ca Mr 220,000, which shows N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity after SDS-gel electrophoresis and transfer to nitrocellulose. This component comigrates on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with an iodinatable cell surface component whose presence at the cell surface correlates with endogenous transferase activity. We conclude that the antibodies recognize the transferase enzyme itself. Immunohistochemical analysis shows that the enzyme is initially localized throughout the embryonic neural retina in a pattern indicative of a cell surface disposition but becomes restricted to the outer plexiform layer and to outer segments in the adult.
Characterization of ferredoxin from nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L., and other species with a high photosynthetic capacity.

Abstract Ferredoxin has been isolated from five plants which are characterized by having a high photosynthetic capacity and which photosynthetically reduce carbon dioxide through the C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle (C4 cycle). The ferredoxins from C4 cycle plants have been characterized as to their biological activity and chemical and physical properties and then compared with ferredoxin from plants such as spinach with a low photosynthetic capacity which photosynthetically reduce carbon dioxide through the reductive pentose phosphate cycle (pentose cycle). The ferredoxins from C4 cycle plants are completely interchangeable on a molar basis with spinach ferredoxin in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and cytochrome c photoreduction and in photophosphorylation in the presence and absence of an exogenous electron acceptor utilizing either spinach or bermudagrass chloroplasts. Nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L., ferredoxin has been studied intensively and it resembles spinach ferredoxin in: absorption spectrum; electron spin resonance signal; moles of iron and labile sulfur per mole of protein, 2:2:1; molecular weight, 11,700; electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point pI = 3.6; amino acid composition and total residues, 97–98; and it is a one-electron acceptor protein. The carboxyterminal amino acid of nutsedge ferredoxin is glycine and the amino-terminal amino acid is serine which differs from spinach ferredoxin in which both terminal amino acids are alanine. The fingerprint pattern of a nutsedge ferredoxin hydrolysate had only one major peptide out of seven peptides with similar mobility properties as a peptide from a similar spinach ferredoxin hydrolysate. When compared on a chlorophyll basis, C4 cycle plants contain higher levels of ferredoxin (an average of 50% higher) than pentose cycle plants. The results are discussed to partially explain the high photosynthetic capacity of C4 cycle plants and to propose that C4 cycle plants are the evolutionary link between pentose cycle plants and photosynthetic bacteria.
The Enneagram: A Review of the Empirical and Transformational Literature

The enneagram is an ancient system of personality development represented by a symbol signifying 9 character orientations composed of habitual patterns of perception, emotion, and behavior. By exploring their orientation, individuals can identify and transcend the strengths and limitations of their value systems and work toward an integrated worldview conducive to others' growth.
Diversification of host use in two polyphagous butterflies: differences in oviposition specificity or host rank hierarchy?

Novel host usage may represent an initial step towards diversification or radiation onto novel hosts within an evolutionary lineage, particularly if a shift in host plant preference ranking takes place. Polyphagous stages of evolutionary lineages may represent transitional states in which novel host associations are more likely to develop, but may be more difficult to detect experimentally. The polyphagous sister species Papilio glaucus L. and Papilio canadensis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae; these Papilio = Pterourus) are known to exhibit differences in host-plant use, despite significant overlap in host-use abilities, providing an opportunity to examine how host shifts in polyphagous species may occur and what the implications for future divergence may be. In particular, we were interested in (i) determining whether differences in oviposition behavior of these species were due to changes in specificity or shifts in host-plant hierarchy, (ii) whether the varying preference for primary hosts also affected the preference for secondary hosts, and (iii) what the oviposition preferences of a new hybrid swarm population are. We examined more than 40 000 oviposition bouts from more than 400 P. glaucus, P. canadensis, and hybrid females placed in seven-, three-, or two-choice assays. In each of the choice assays, leaves from plants in different plant families of varying suitability for P. glaucus and P. canadensis larvae were used. We found the primary difference between P. glaucus and P. canadensis to be limited to a Z-linked shift in host rank hierarchy due to an acceptance of Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae) and reduced specificity for Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae) in P. canadensis. In addition, we found the absence of the Z-linked oviposition acceptance of P. tremuloides in a recently formed allochronically separated hybrid swarm population found in P. canadensis territory at the northern border of the P. glaucus and P. canadensis hybrid zone.
Dimethylaluminium alkoxides: a physico-chemical investigation

Compounds of the type [Me2Al(µ-OR)]x(R = Me, Et, Prn, Pri, Bun, Bui, Bus, But, n-C5H11, CH2CH2Pri, CH2But, n-C6H13, n-C8H17, n-C10H21 or n-C12H25) have been synthesised and studied by 1H, 13C, 17O and 27Al NMR, IR and mass spectrometry. With the exception of R = CH2CH2Pri, all the compounds with branched-chain alkoxide substituents are purely dimeric (x= 2), while the former and the n-alkyl derivatives exist in solution as an equilibrium between dimeric (x= 2) and trimeric (x= 3) forms. Equilibrium constants and ΔH and ΔS for the trimer–dimer equilibria in solution were obtained for R = Prn. These results, and the NMR spectroscopic data, are interpreted on the basis of steric interactions and ring strain. The kinetics of conversion of [Me2Al(OPrn)]3 into [Me2Al(OPrn)]2 has been investigated, ΔH‡ and ΔS‡ determined, and the identity of the reaction intermediates probed by NMR and mass spectrometry. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been carried out on the model compounds [H2Al(µ-OH)]2 and [H2Al(µ-OH)]3. Their relative energies and calculated structures are considered in relation to experimental data.
Shipboard magnetic field “noise” reveals shallow heavy mineral sediment concentrations in Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Shipboard magnetic field data collected over Chesapeake Bay exhibit low-amplitude, short-wavelength anomalies that most likely indicate shallow concentrations of heavy mineral sediments. Piston core layers and black sand beach samples exhibit enhanced magnetic susceptibilities and carry remanent magnetization, with mineralogical analyses indicating ilmenite and trace magnetite and/or maghemite and hematite. The anomalies are subtle and would be filtered as noise using traditional approaches, but can instead be highlighted using spectral methods, thus providing nearly continuous coverage along survey tracks. The distribution of the anomalies provides constraints on relevant sorting mechanisms. Comparisons to sonar data and previous grab samples show that two of three areas surveyed exhibit short-wavelength anomalies that are clustered over sand-covered areas, suggesting initial sorting through settling mechanisms. This is supported by a correlation between core magnetic susceptibility and grain size. Near the Choptank River, where sediment resuspension is wave-dominated, anomalies show a sharp decrease with seafloor depth that cannot be explained by signal attenuation alone. In Pocomoke Sound, where both tidal currents and wave-action impact sediment resuspension, anomalies show a more gradual decrease with depth. Near the mouth of the bay, where there is a higher influx of sediments from the continental shelf, short-wavelength anomalies are isolated and do not appear to represent heavy mineral sand concentrations. These combined observations suggest the importance of further sorting by erosional processes in certain parts of the bay. Additionally, comparisons of these data to cores sampling pre-Holocene sediments suggest that the sorting of heavy minerals in higher energy, shallow water environments provides a mechanism for correlations between core magnetic susceptibility and sea-level changes.
TH‐C‐I‐611‐03: Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction of An Asymmetric Vessel Phantom Using Two X‐Ray Projections

Purpose: Vascular lumen shape often predicts potential lumen occlusion and inadequate blood supply. Three‐dimensional (3D) lumen information can facilitate diagnosis and interventional therapies. We present a technique for 3D reconstruction of asymmetric vessel lumens using two x‐ray projections. Method and Materials:Images were acquired of a contrast‐filled vessel phantom with an asymmetric lesion. For two‐view reconstruction, lumen diameters, lesion geometric characteristics in each view, and correspondence between views were determined using previously described methods. Intensity profiles across the vessel lumen were extracted along epipolar lines. The profiles were fit using an elliptical model, and the deviation from ellipticity was taken to correspond to intruding plaque. The fitted profiles from the two views were used to generate elliptical cross sections, and the plaque information was used to deform these cross sections asymmetrically. The 3D lumen was created by combining individual 2D cross sections along the vessel length. To verify the method, 3D reconstructions were obtained in two ways from a set of digital subtraction angiography(DSA)images of the phantom obtained using a high‐resolution microangiographic detector (43 micron pixels): (a) using two orthogonal projections and our two‐view method, and (b) using 180 projections and a Feldkamp algorithm. The two reconstructed lumens were superimposed and the root‐mean‐square (RMS) distance between the lumen boundaries and percent overlap of the lumen volumes were calculated. Results: The RMS distance between the boundaries of the two‐view and the micro‐CT reconstructed lumens was less than 0.2 mm over the entire length of the vessel which had a diameter of 3.6 mm in non‐lesion segments; the volume overlap was 94%. Conclusion: Accurate 3D reconstruction of an asymmetrically stenosed vessel lumen was obtained using two radiographic projections as verified by comparison with microangiographic cone‐beam CTreconstruction. Supported by NIH EB002873, HL52567, NS43924 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation.