cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermomagnetic properties of Bi 2 Te 3 single crystal in the temperature range from 55 K to 380 K

Magnetothermoelectric transport provides an understanding of coupled electron-hole-phonon current in topological materials and has applications in energy conversion and cooling. In this work, we study the Nernst coefficient, the magneto-Seebeck coefficient, and the magnetoresistance of single-crystalline ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ under external magnetic field in the range of $\ensuremath{-}3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ to 3 T and in the temperature range of 55 K to 380 K. Moreau's relation is employed to justify both the overall trend of the Nernst coefficient and the temperature at which this coefficient changes sign. We observe a nonlinear relationship between the Nernst coefficient and the applied magnetic field in the temperature range of 55 K to 255 K. An increase in both the Nernst coefficient and the magneto-Seebeck coefficient is observed as the temperature is reduced which can be attributed to the increased mobility of the carriers at lower temperatures. First-principles density functional theory calculations were carried out to physically model the experimental data including electronic and transport properties. Simulation findings agreed with the experiments and provide a theoretical insight to justify the measurements.
A simplified approach to a wheeled mobile robot control on uneven terrain

The control of wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) has been widely studied and yet it remains a challenging task. The use of the WMRs varies and extends to different fields. Many approaches have been used for the wheeled robots' control. In this paper, we present a brief state of the art of some of the methods that were used for the WMRs control and we propose a simple control method that could be used for the individual robots deployed in a Swarm. The proposed control method ensures a stable trajectory tracking results on an uneven ground.
The Nocturnal Polysomnogram – Approaches to Recording, Scoring, and Interpretation in Infants and Children

This chapter is a summary of the methods for recording, scoring, and interpreting level 1 overnight polysomnograms in pediatric age groups using the AASM Scoring Manual rules.
Introduction: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Political Dynamics, and Future Challenges of the SGPC and SAD at their Centennial Anniversary

The SGPC and SAD have been two of the Sikh community's premier religious/political institutions in Punjab, India over the past century. They have helped define the parameters of Sikh ethnic/religio...
A decision-making framework for life-cycle energy and seismic loss assessment of buildings

The integration of building seismic losses and environmental impacts is a key step toward the improvement of building design approaches accounting for resilience and sustainability in parallel. A d...
Routine Cholesterol Screening in Childhood

In Reply.— Dr Robertson is concerned about cholesterol screening in childhood as it relates to changing the diet of American children and subjecting a large number of children to pharmacotherapy for hypercholesterolemia. He raises several questions regarding the cost of a cholesterol screening program and whether or not there is evidence that dietary therapy (or drug therapy) will really make a difference as far as future coronary artery disease is concerned. The purpose of the cholesterol screening program was to identify children with hypercholesterolemia and to discuss with their families the various coronary risk factors which are recognized as important for future coronary artery disease.
Applications of neural networks to ultrasound tomography

Ultrasound tomography holds promise in the area of medical diagnosis but is limited by the inadequacies of current reconstruction algorithms. An alternative method using neural networks is presented. The theory begins with X-ray tomography and is extended to ultrasound. After theoretical relevance is introduced, several experiments are discussed to illustrate the effectiveness of neural networks. The model was a circular cylinder with acoustic properties of tissue, insonated by a line source at 2 MHz. The transducers were arranged in a ring surrounding the cylinder, with one being the transmitter. The experiments involved varying the acoustic speed and the radius of the cylinder. In both cases, the neural network was able to generalize to parameters other than the ones used during the training. >
Negative Ion Photodetachment in a Static External Field

The photodetachment of negative ions in an external magnetic field is a prototype for nonseparable quantum mechanical systems currently being studied in a variety of contexts and in this volume in particular. The motion of an escaping photoelectron begins with spherical symmetry at small distances, while at large distances the diamagnetic term in the Hamiltonian permits escape of the photoelectron only along the field axis. In this outer region, therefore, the electron wavefunction must have the cylindrical form expected for a Landau-level-type “quantized continuum.” This problem represents one of the simplest possible types of nonseparability since the Schroedinger equation is locally separable in either spherical or cylindrical coordinates at essentially each point in space. This simplification will be seen below to permit an analytical solution through a “local frame transformation” of the type used by Harmin1 and Fano2 to solve the nonhydrogenic Stark effect problem. In that problem the required transformation is from spherical to parabolic coordinates, while in the present photodetachment problem a spherical-to-cylindrical transformation is necessary.
Structure of T-phase superconductors: Anomalous x-ray-diffraction study of cation ordering in LA0.9Gd0.9Sr0.2CuO4.

Although it has been postulated on the basis of relative ionic sizes that the heavy cations in the newly discovered ${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$-phase cuprate superconductors are ordered between the two available sites in the space group P4/nmm, there has been no direct experimental evidence that such ordering actually takes place. We have carried out a detailed x-ray-diffraction study of ${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$-phase ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{Gd}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{CO}}_{4}$ at four x-ray wavelengths, including one each near the absorption edge of each heavy cation in order to obtain the contrast variation necessary to gain information about cation ordering. We find the smaller ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ are located in the smaller T'-phase (${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$) positions (M' site) and (with less certainty) that ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{2+}$ are located in the larger T-phase (${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$) positions (M site). The ${\mathrm{La}}^{3+}$ is located mostly in the M site, with the remainder in the M' site, to fill the occupancies in both sites. In addition, diffraction data taken at low temperature show the crystal symmetry to be the same at both room temperature and 19 K.
Reconfigurable pipelined data converter architecture

A reconfigurable pipelined data converter architecture suitable for implementing Field Programmable Mixed analog and digital Array (FPMA) is described. The proposed architecture can be reconfigured to a number of different analog-to-digital converters and/or digital-analog converters for a given number of conversion stages with different resolutions.
Graffiti in four types of institutions of higher education

(1971). Graffiti in four types of institutions of higher education. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 62-71.
An analysis of apparent slip flow of polymer solutions

Theapparent slip flow phenomenon of polymer solutions in capillary tubes is analyzed by a thermodynamic diffusion model. An approximate solution of the developing concentration profiles shows a significant decrease in the polymer wall concentration. The approximate concentration profiles are coupled with the concentration-dependent viscosity for aqueous polyacrylamide solutions to provide a priori predictions of the magnitude of the effective slip velocity at the wall. The results are in a reasonable agreement with the available apparent slip data for 1% and 0.5% solutions of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide.
Analysis of decentralized control structures for nonlinear systems

Configuration of feedback loops between input and output variables of a given plant constitutes a subtask of control system synthesis. In the past, this subtask has been tackled through direct decomposition of either the process or the set of input-output variables. Linear interaction analysis has been used in both approaches to assess and minimize sub-system interactions. Since most chemical processes exhibit nonlinear behavior, it is evident that a measure is needed for assessment of interactions in the presence of system nonlinearities. In this paper we focus on input-output variable set decomposition and introduce the notion of nonlinear block relative gain (NBRG) as a nonlinear interaction measure. Both the statistic and dynamic versions of NBRG are discussed, and a computational procedure is presented for their evaluation. Direct simulations on a CSTR verify the interactions predicted by NBRG for different feedback configurations. Moreover, nonsymmetry of the effect of one loop on another, a fact not captured by the linear BRG, is accurately predicted by NBRG.
Technical assistance and trade servicing to increase overseas demand for grass seed

With few exceptions, the study of market development for domestic and export markets has used program expenditures as a measure of promotional activities. This study examines market development using the novel approach of measuring market development by using the number of personal contacts in export markets as the measure of market development activity. Contacts are divided into those who receive training (technical assistance) versus those who were contacted to facilitate trade (trade servicing). As a method of comparison, this study evaluates import demand in two ways: using market development expenditures as well as the numbers of technical assistance or trade service contacts. The study is applied to the grass seed industry, using cross-section time series data. Among the cross-sectional units are years and countries in which no promotion was undertaken, to improve the statistical significance levels for market development activities. [JEL codes: Q130, Q170, Q180, C230]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 22: 281–295, 2006.
Production of Ethylene by Fungi

Ethylene was detected by gas chromatography, and verified by chemical means, as a metabolic product of 22 species of fungi. Because 58 of 228 species of fungi produced a gaseous compound with retention time identical to that of authentic ethylene, we believe that this compound is a common metabolic product of fungi.
Chemical composition and relative hydrophobicity of microbial exopolymeric substances (EPS) isolated by anion exchange chromatography and their actinide-binding affinities

Abstract Understanding the chemical and physical properties of microbially produced, actinide-carrying biopolymers is essential for the prediction of their relative binding affinities and particle-interaction propensities that are affecting the transport of actinide elements. In addition, they form the basis for their oceanographic applications, such as using POC/ 234 Th ratios to determine organic carbon fluxes and for tracing upper ocean particle dynamics. Furthermore, environmental applications of bioflocculation and bioremediation can benefit from such improved understanding. Exopolymeric substances (EPS) in “attached” and “non-attached” forms, produced by two bacteria and one alga, were extracted and purified using improved procedures. These biopolymers produced by the two bacteria, which were previously shown to contain strong 234 Th complexing ligands, were further fractionated by semi-preparative HPLC-anion exchange chromatography in order to relate Th(IV)-binding ability to chemical composition. Eluted fractions were further characterized at both semi-molecular and molecular levels. It was found that the EPS consisted of more than one biopolymer, with distinct monosaccharide and amino acid compositions, but very similar molecular weight (~ 25 kDa). 234 Th binding strength was correlated to their uronic acid to organic carbon ratios, suggesting that uronic acids are the actual binding agents of 234 Th, or more likely, proxy compounds for the actual macromolecular 234 Th binding ligands. These compounds were, however, not pure uronic acids, but rather amphiphilic glycoproteins or proteoglycans. Hydrophobic contact areas (HCA) of “attached” EPS, as measures of their relative hydrophobicity and amphiphilicity, were higher than those of “non-attached” EPS, and all were highly correlated to the ratios of the FTIR areas of amide-I bands from proteins to those of C O C bands from carbohydrates. This suggests that the relative hydrophobicity of the carrier biopolymers, which can be responsible for gel formation, particle aggregation and bioflocculation, was mainly regulated by their relative protein to polysaccharide contents.
Structure and dynamics of the Rhodes Gyre system and dynamical interpolation for estimates of the mesoscale variability

Abstract A coastal quasigeostrophic (QG) methodology is extended in an exploration of the mesoscale variability of the Rhodes Gyre region of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, given multiscale data taken as part of the POEM program. Standard objective analysis procedures are modified to include a coastal constraint that prohibits geostrophic flow normal to the coastline and imposes a characteristic nearshore variability in the coastal portion of the domain. Objectively analyzed fields are dynamically adjusted in short QG model integrations and then interpreted for the structure and characteristics of the subbasin scale flow system and the mesoscale. Two-week simulations are then performed to explore the stability of the subbasin scale flow, the dynamical balances, and the variabilities and interactions of the mesoscale. A matrix of simulation experiments is described to test the sensitivities to two variations in initial conditions, and three parameterizations of the bottom topography. An energy and vorticity...
Fracture and deformation of bulk metallic glasses and their composites

Abstract Bulk metallic glasses represent an exciting new class of materials with a wide range of potential applications. Plastic deformation of metallic glasses occurs by the formation of shear bands; however, the effect of stress state and the extent of local structural rearrangement during flow are under active investigation. In this work, we review our investigations of the mode II deformation and fracture behavior of a zirconium-based bulk metallic glass. The mode II fracture toughness was found to be ∼75 MPa√m, ∼4–5 times larger than the mode I toughness. This may be explained by the sensitivity of flow to normal stresses. The fracture and fatigue behavior of a BMG composite utilizing a ductile reinforcement phase has also been examined and compared with that of the monolithic alloy. The second phase blocks the propagation of shear bands and distributes the plastic deformation, resulting in extensive stable crack growth at stress intensities double the intrinsic toughness of the unreinforced glass. The composite also exhibits an improved fatigue endurance limit. Implications for future composite microstructures are discussed.
EVIDENCE FOR A BIDIRECTIONAL PROMOTER COMPLEX WITHIN THE X GENE OF WOODCHUCK HEPATITIS VIRUS

Abstract The genetic organization of hepadnaviruses is unusual in that all cis -acting regulatory sequences are located within genes. Thus, in the mammalian hepadnavirus genome, the presurface, surface, and X transcript promoters reside within the polymerase gene while the pregenome transcript promoter is located within the X gene. In this study we have identified two additional promoters within the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) X gene that stimulate production of transcripts in vitro. First, we cloned regions of the WHV X gene into a promoterless expression vector (pGL2) to examine their ability to promote expression of firefly luciferase and mapped a previously unidentified promoter to positions 1475–1625 of the WHV8 genome. Deletion analysis revealed that the essential domain of this promoter, termed the ORF5/ΔX transcript promoter, mapped to nucleotides 1525–1625. Analysis revealed that this transcript initiated at nucleotide 1572 in both human (HuH-7) and woodchuck (WLC-3) hepatoma cell lines. Consistent with this finding, DNA footprinting analysis revealed protection of nucleotides 1567–1578 on the positive strand of the WHV8 genome. The function of this transcript in vivo is unclear, however, it may be used to produce a truncated form of the X protein that initiates at an AUG codon at position 1743–1745 on the WHV8 genome. Next, a second promoter was identified at positions 1625–1975 that was responsible for production of an antisense transcript. The activity of this promoter was comparable to that of the previously characterized surface transcript promoter of WHV in the absence of an enhancer. The antisense transcript promoter resides immediately upstream of open reading frame (ORF) 6, a previously identified ORF on the strand opposite of the known WHV protein-encoding sequences, that is thought to represent a vestigial gene. Analysis indicates that the antisense transcript had multiple start sites: nucleotides 1683 and 1762 on the WHV8 genome when assayed in HuH-7 cells, and nucleotide 1786 when assayed in WLC-3 cells. These data are consistent with footprinting analysis of supercoiled WHV DNA that revealed that the regions encompassing nucleotides 1696–1685, 1781–1766, and 1801–1787 on the negative sense DNA strand were protected from nuclease degradation. It is possible that such a transcript was once used in protein expression in an ancestral virus and may now be used for genetic control of WHV replication and/or gene expression. Overall, these data are consistent with the presence of a bidirectional promoter complex within the WHV X gene.
Changes in the approval process for contrast media.

This paper discusses, from an academic perspective, the changes proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding the approval process for contrast media. The proposed changes are extensive, covering indications, safety and efficacy assessments, and image acquisition and handling. The draft guidance unfortunately grouped together therapeutics and diagnostics. Indications were divided into the following categories: a) structure delineation, b) functional physiological, or biochemical assessment, c) disease or pathology detection/assessment, and d) diagnostic or therapeutic patient management. Such a division would greatly complicate the approval process, requiring multiple trials to gain approval. The draft guidance also disregarded that indications for imaging agents are often general and not disease specific. As issued, it implied that separate trials would be required for each clinical setting where lesions might be important. As the standard of truth, blinded reads with no clinical information were proposed as the primary endpoint. This ignores how diagnostic exams are interpreted and the value of medical history. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:485–488. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Fight for Home Rule

The general assembly shall provide for the organization of cities, and incorporated villages, by general laws, and restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, so as to prevent the abuse of such power. [Constitution of Ohio, 1851, Article XIII, Section 6]. Municipalities shall have authority to exercise all powers of local self-government and to adopt and enforce within their limits such local police, sanitary and other similar regulations, as are not in conflict with general laws. [Constitution of Ohio as amended September 3, 1912, Article XVIII, Section 3].
PATIENT-REPORTED HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE (EQ-5D) PREDICTS READMISSION RISK

It is unknown whether patient-reported health related quality of life (QoL) amongst patients transitioning from hospital-to-home after hospitalization for cardiovascular related illness is associated with all cause 30-day readmissions risk. We studied consecutive patients entering a telemonitoring
Resolution and independence in the work of Alice Munro

(1977). Resolution and independence in the work of Alice Munro. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 340-343.
Measurement of high altitude air quality using aircraft

The minor atmospheric constituents associated with and affected by aircraft exhaust emissions at altitudes from 6 to 20 km will be monitored in flight programs presently being implemented. Preliminary in situ data are available from flight tests of dedicated instruments to be used in these programs. A Global Atmospheric Sampling Program using Boeing 747 airliners was determined to be feasible in studies conducted by airlines and airframe companies. Worldwide monitoring in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere is planned. Stratospheric air sampling on a more local basis will be done with a U2 aircraft. Measuring system evaluations and improvements have been required to detect the low background levels.
Injuries to the posterolateral structures of the knee

Abstract In recent years, injuries of the posterolateral structures of the knee are being increasingly recongnized because of improved clinical awareness and diagnostic skills, as well as technological advances in magnetic resonance imaging. The functional anatomy and biomechanical concepts of the posterolateral structures of the knee are briefly discussed to improve our understanding of the posterolateral corner injury in the clinical setting. A good history and a systematic, detailed physical examination are required to make an early, accurate diagnosis. In turn, early diagnosis is necessary so that an appropriate treatment plan can be followed to achieve optimum knee stability and function. In athletically active patients who are involved in strenuous recreational and competitive sports, surgical repair of the torn posterolateral structures should be performed when the acute inflammatory phase has subsided (usually within 7–10 days). If knee swelling is present, a judgement must be made as to the risk of stiffness versus mobility of the knee after surgery. Generally, for posterolateral corner injuries, early surgery with a greater local healing response is of value and therefore we recommend early repair even in the face of swelling and limited knee motion. If the torn posterolateral structures of the knee are not repaired acutely, a state of chronic posterolateral rotatory instability may result. Patients with such an instability may present with persistent symptoms of pain, recurrent swelling and giving-way, that interfere with a sporting lifestyle and/or activities of daily living. Therefore in patients involved with high sporting demands, our goald is to acutely repair (and augment when necessary), the torn posterolateral structures to restore knee stability and function. Prospective studies with a long-term follow-up are needed to clarify the role of various surgical procedures that are used for the management of patients with acute injuries of the posterolateral corner or chronic posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee.
Characterization of the specific binding of rat apolipoprotein E-deficient HDL to rat hepatic plasma membranes

We have used a preparation of rat liver plasma membranes to study the binding of rat apolipoprotein E-deficient HDL to rat liver. The membranes were found to bind HDL by a saturable process that was competed for by excess unlabeled HDL. The binding was temperature-dependent and was 85% receptor-mediated when incubated at 4, 22 and 37 degrees C. The affinity of the binding site for the HDL was consistent at all temperatures, while the maximum binding capacity increased at higher temperatures. The specific binding of HDL to the membranes did not require calcium and was independent of the concentration of NaCl in the media. The effect of varying the pH of the media on HDL binding was small, being 30% higher at pH 6.5 than at pH 9.0. Both rat HDL and human HDL3 were found to compete for the binding of rat HDL to the membranes, whereas rat VLDL remnants and human LDL did not compete. At 4 degrees C, complexes of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and apolipoproteins A-I, A-IV and the C apolipoproteins, but not apolipoprotein E, competed for HDL binding to the membranes. At 22 and 37 degrees C, all DMPC-apolipoprotein complexes competed to a similar extent, DMPC vesicles that contained no protein did not compete for the binding of HDL. These results suggest that the rat liver possesses a specific receptor for apolipoprotein E-deficient HDL that recognizes apolipoproteins A-I, A-IV and the C apolipoproteins as ligands.
Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in LVAD Recipients With Pulmonary Hypertension

Abstract Background . Pulmonary vascular resistance is often elevated in patients with congestive heart failure, and in those undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) insertion, it may precipitate right ventricular failure and hemodynamic collapse. Because the effectiveness of inotropic and vasodilatory agents is limited by systemic effects, right ventricular assist devices are often required. Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is an effective, specific pulmonary vasodilator that has been used successfully in the management of pulmonary hypertension. Methods . Eleven of 23 patients undergoing LVAD insertion met criteria for elevated pulmonary vascular resistance on weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (mean pulmonary artery pressure >25 mm Hg and LVAD flow rate −1 · m −2 ) and were randomized to receive either inhaled NO at 20 ppm (n = 6) or nitrogen (n = 5). Patients not manifesting a clinical response after 15 minutes were given the alternative agent. Results . Hemodynamics for the group at randomization were as follows: mean arterial pressure, 72 ± 6 mm Hg; mean pulmonary artery pressure, 32 ± 4 mm Hg; and LVAD flow, 2.0 ± 0.3 L · min −1 · m −2 . Patients receiving inhaled NO exhibited significant reductions in mean pulmonary artery pressure and increases in LVAD flow, whereas none of the patients receiving nitrogen showed hemodynamic improvement. Further, when the nitrogen group was subsequently given inhaled NO, significant hemodynamic improvements ensued. There were no significant changes in mean arterial pressure in either group. Conclusions . Inhaled NO induces significant reductions in mean pulmonary artery pressure and increases in LVAD flow in LVAD recipients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. We conclude that inhaled NO is a useful intraoperative adjunct in patients undergoing LVAD insertion in whom pulmonary hypertension limits device filling and output.
Standard cell routing via boolean satisfiability

We propose a flow for routing nets within a standard cell that 1) generates candidate routes for point-to-point segments; 2) finds conflicts (electrical shorts and geometric design rule violations) between candidate routes; and 3) solves a SAT instance producing a legal and complete routing for all nets in the standard cell. This approach enables routing automation for cutting-edge process technology nodes. We present how to make this technique more effective by introducing pruning techniques to reduce the work required in all three steps. We also show how we can further optimize routing quality within the SAT formulation through the use of successively more stringent constraints. Recent improvements in the speed of SAT solvers make such a formulation practical for even complex standard cells. A routing tool based on our SAT formulation is currently being used to route real industrial standard cell layouts. It demonstrates acceptable runtime and 89% coverage of our industrial standard cell library, including scan flip-flops, adders, and multiplexers. We also observe a significant reduction in amount of metal 2 routing in comparison with industrial hand-crafted standard cells.
Nonlinear fracture mechanics of flexural–shear crack induced debonding of FRP strengthened concrete beams

Abstract External bonding of FRP plates or sheets has emerged as a popular method for strengthening reinforced concrete structures. Debonding along the FRP–concrete interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. In this study, the FRP–concrete interface debonding induced by a flexural–shear crack is analyzed using a nonlinear fracture mechanics approach. A bilinear bond-slip model is used to simulate the shear traction-separation law of the FRP–concrete interface; while the normal traction-separation law of the interface is approximated by a triangular model. Closed-form solutions of interfacial stresses, the axial force of the FRP plate are obtained for the whole debonding process and verified with numerical analysis using finite element analysis. The peeling effect induced by the flexural–shear crack is accounted for and its effect on the interface debonding is examined in detail in this study. Parametric studies are conducted to provide a better understanding of the mode-dependent debonding process induced by the flexural–shear crack. The present model provides a unified description of the debonding initiation and propagation, which can be used to analyze mixed-mode debonding of the FRP–concrete interface efficiently and effectively.
HIV-1 gp120-induced neuroinflammation: Relationship to neuron loss and protection by rSV40-delivered antioxidant enzymes

Abstract HIV-1 gp120 neurotoxicity and oxidant injury are well documented, but consequent neuroinflammation is less understood. Rat caudate–putamens (CPs) were challenged with 100–500 ng HIV-1BaL gp120, with or without prior rSV40-delivered superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase. CD11b-positive microglia were increased 1 day post-challenge; Iba-1- and ED1-positive cells peaked at 7 days and 14 days. Astrocyte infiltration was maximal at 7–14 days. MIP-1alpha was produced immediately, mainly by neurons. ED1- and GFAP-positive cells correlated with neuron loss and gp120 dose. We also tested the effect of more chronic gp120 exposure on neuroinflammation using an experimental model of continuing gp120 exposure. SV(gp120), a recombinant SV40-derived gene transfer vector was inoculated into the rat CP, leading to chronic expression of gp120, ongoing apoptosis in microglia and neurons, and oxidative stress. Increase in microglia and astrocytes was seen following intra-CP SV(gp120) injection, suggesting that continuing gp120 production increased neuroinflammation. SV(SOD1) or SV(GPx1) significantly reduced MIP-1alpha and limited neuroinflammation following gp120 administration into the CP, as well as microglia and astrocytes proliferation after injection of SV(gp120) in the striatum. Thus, gp120-induced CNS injury, neuron loss and inflammation may be mitigated by antioxidant gene delivery.
Women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa: An institutional theory analysis from a social marketing point of view

This paper takes an international marketing (IM) approach to the study of women entrepreneurs (WEs) in sub-Saharan Africa by examining factors in the environments in which WEs operate. The goal is to understand better how environmental barriers of many types impact the efforts of WEs. Using institutional theory-driven analysis, findings from a wide range of literature are integrated, with special attention to issues of the social legitimacy of women as entrepreneurs. Results of this study demonstrate that WEs in sub-Saharan Africa face a daunting array of challenges arising from the socio-cultural, economic, legal, political, and technological environments in which they live. Moreover, unfavourable conditions in local regulatory, normative, and cognitive systems place additional burdens on women who desire to become entrepreneurs or to expand an entrepreneurial business. In order to address these gender-specific problems, social marketing is recommended with the goals of (1) changing social beliefs, attit...
Weight variance associated with atypical neuroleptics in nursing home dementia patients.

Objective Atypical antipsychotics have been reported to cause significant weight gain. This study examined potential weight gain associated with the use of olanzapine or risperidone. Design A retrospective chart review. Setting Three long-term care facilities. Participants Dementia patients (n = 50) given olanzapine or risperidone for the management of noncognitive behavioral disturbances. Measurements Weight changes over a 4-month period. Results Overall, patients in both groups lost weight over a 4-month period. Four (16%) of the risperidone patients and no olanzapine patients gained more than 5 pounds. Conclusion Weight change does not seem to be a significant clinical issue for older dementia patients taking low doses of atypical neuroleptics
Scaling invariance of the von Smoluchowski rate law

The kinetics of flocculation for colloidal suspensions that occur in natural environments have often been studied in terms of the von Smoluchowski rate law. Recent theoretical studies have analyzed scale-invariant flocculation processes leading to the formation of fractal structures which, in turn, have been observed in experiments on synthetic colloids. In this paper, these processes are described in terms of the scaling invariance of the von Smoluchowski equation itself and are shown to be consistent with asymptotic limits of two of its well known exact solutions, corresponding to transport- or reaction-controlled flocculation. The resulting self-similar forms of these solutions and the associated fractal properties of the floccules are discussed in the context of proposed universality classes. The results are applied to the characterization of heterogeneous colloids found in natural aqueous systems.
Experimental verification of aeolian saltation and lee side deposition models

We report results of experiments intended to test the validity of a model for aeolian saltation and the resulting pattern of deposition on the lee side of aeolian dunes. In steady sea-breeze conditions on a 3-m-tall dune at Point Ano Nuevo, California, we measured simultaneously the near-brink wind speed and the deposition on both horizontal and lee face collector platforms. We then used the details of the deposition patterns to constrain approximate values of parameters in a numerical model of the deposition rate that incorporates the essence of the saltation process. Best fits to the data constrain a parameter that controls the probability distribution of liftoff speeds. In addition, the total vertical number flux of grains is constrained to roughly 107−108 grains m−2 s−1 at shear velocities of 0.33–0.40 m s−1. The lee side deposition pattern, which shows the expected maximum in deposition rate at a distance of several decimetres from the brink, is also well fit by the model. In addition, simultaneous collection of horizontal and lee deposition patterns, along with the numerical simulation of these patterns, strongly implies that the windfield in the lee of this particular dune is best described as a non-recirculating wake. Grainflows on the lee face are caused by failure of grainfall depositional bumps. Our results suggest that the principal effect of increased wind speed is to increase the frequency of grainflows. rather than to increase their size, implying that very large, thick grainflows require a different mechanism.
The subcellular distribution of polyphosphoinositides in myelinated and unmyelinated rat brain.

Abstract 1. 1. The distribution of polyphosphoinositides from 7- and 34-day-old rat brain was investigated in subcellular fractions prepared by differentia! and density gradient centrifugation. Fractionation in an alkaline medium produced greatly improved recoveries ofdiphosphoinositide and triphosphoinositide, especially in the synaptosomerich and microsomal fractions. 2. 2. On fractionation of 34-day-old brain, over half of the diphosphoinositide and more than three-quarters of the triphosphoinositide were recovered in myelin-containing fractions. The molar ratio of di- to triphosphoinositide in the myelin-rich band from the density gradient was 0.47. The corresponding ratio in the synaptosome-rich band was 1.96. During myelination, the amount of each polyphosphoinositide did not change in the synaptosomal fraction and declined slightly inthemicrosomes. 3. 3. In primary fractions from 7-day-old brain, more than 60 % of each lipid was recovered in the crude mitochondrial pellet. When this pellet was further fractionated, the greatest amounts of the compounds were found in the synaptosome-rich fraction. Both polyphosphoinositides were most enriched, more than 3-fold on a protein basis as compared to whole homogenate, in a band which migrated to a position on the gradient occupied by a myelin-rich fraction when mature rat brains are used. 4. 4. The distribution of polyphosphoinositides on the density gradient resembled those of acetylcholinesterase and 5′-nucleotidase much more than those of lactic acid dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase. 5. 5. Evidence from marker enzyme data and electron microscopic examination of the density gradient fractions leads us to suggest that in unmyelinated rat brain di-and triphosphoinositides are concentrated in neuronal and glial plasma membranes.
Motivated to Penalize: Women's Strategic Rejection of Successful Women:

Two studies tested the hypothesis that females penalize women who succeed in male gender-typed jobs to salvage their own self-views regarding competence. The authors proposed that women are motivated to penalize successful women (i.e., characterize them as unlikable and interpersonally hostile) to minimize the self-evaluative consequences of social comparison with a highly successful female target. Results supported the hypothesis. Whereas both male and female participants penalized successful women, blocking this penalization reduced female--but not male--participants' self-ratings of competence (Study 1). Moreover, positive feedback provided to female participants about their potential to succeed (Study 2) weakened negative reactions to successful women without costs to subsequent self-ratings of competence. These results suggest that the interpersonal derogation of successful women by other women functions as a self-protective strategy against threatening upward social comparisons.
Advanced age for sexual maturity in the ocean quahog Arctica islandica (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

A study of gonadal state in 39 small specimens of Arctica islandica Linne collected in April 1976 from the Middle Atlantic shelf of North America suggests that sexual maturity is reached at a later age than has been reported for other shelf bivalves. Eight of the specimens had gonads in the undifferentiated state. On the basis of annual internal growth banding in the shells of these immature specimens, age ranged between 4 and 14 years. Average age was 9.38 years (standard deviation, s,= 3.54). Shell length ranged from 24 to 47 mm (average 38.85 mm, s=9.25). Differentiated gonads were found in specimens as young as 6 years. Age of maturity shows a wide range and may be dependent upon growth rate and locality.
A new approach to global minimization

A new algorithm is presented for the location of the global minimum of a multiple minima problem. It begins with a series of randomly placed probes in phase space, and then uses an iterative Gaussian redistribution of the worst probes into better regions of phase space until all probes converge to a single point. The method quickly converges, does not require derivatives, and is resistant to becoming trapped in local minima. Comparison of this algorithm with others using a standard test suite demonstrates that the number of function calls has been decreased conservatively by a factor of about three with the same degree of accuracy. A sample problem of a system of seven Lennard)Jones particles is presented as a concrete example. Q 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonlinear contrast enhancement in photoacoustic molecular imaging with gold nanosphere encapsulated nanoemulsions.

A composite contrast agent, a nanoemulsion bead with assembled gold nanospheres at the interface, is proposed to improve the specific contrast of photoacoustic molecular imaging. A phase transition in the bead's core is induced by absorption of a nanosecond laser pulse with a fairly low laser fluence (∼3.5 mJ/cm2), creating a transient microbubble through dramatically enhanced thermal expansion. This generates nonlinear photoacoustic signals with more than 10 times larger amplitude compared to that of a linear agent with the same optical absorption. By applying a differential scheme similar to ultrasound pulse inversion, more than 40 dB contrast enhancement is demonstrated with suppression of background signals.
Research on Fathering: Social Policy and an Emergent Perspective

Three historical conceptualizations of fathering are described: the traditional perspective, marked by the model of the aloof and distant father; the modern perspective, concerned with child outcome variables of sex-role identity development, academic achievement, and moral development, all of which may be furthered by father-child contact; and the emergent perspective, exploring the premise that men have the capacity to be effective nurturers of their children. It is suggested that social science has lagged or run parallel to society's discussions about fathering. With increasing social attention on families and the relationship between family life and work life, social scientists have an opportunity to rethink understandings of fathering and to contribute to evolving social policies that affect families in the United States.
A Clinician’s Perspective on Treating Patients Suffering from Insomnia and Pain

It is not uncommon for a patient to appear at a therapist’s practice and describe experiencing chronic pain together with difficulties sleeping. Sufferers often report high levels of continuous pain, daytime sleepiness, difficulties concentrating, negative mood states, difficulties with daily functioning and a general dissatisfaction with their lives. This article discusses the current state of sleep and pain therapies, looks at three clinical cases in which patients suffered from primary insomnia and chronic pain, and proposes a treatment protocol.
Main memory evaluation of recursive queries on multicore machines

Supporting iteration and/or recursion for advanced big data analytics requires reexamination of classical algorithms on modern computing environments. Several recent studies have focused on the implementation of transitive closure in multi-node clusters. Algorithms that deliver optimal performance on multi-node clusters are hardly optimal on multicore machines. We present an experimental study on finding efficient main memory recursive query evaluation algorithms on modern multi-core machines. We review Seminaive, Smart and a pair of single-source closure (SSC) algorithms. We also propose a new hybrid SSC algorithm, named SSC12, which combines two previously known SSC algorithms. We implement these algorithms on a multicore shared memory machine, and compare their memory utilization, speed and scalability on synthetic and real-life datasets. Our experiments show that, on multicore machines, the surprisingly simple SSC12 is the only transitive-closure algorithm that is consistently fast and memory-efficient on all test graphs.
Muscarinic Cholinergic and β-Adrenergic Contribution to Hindquarters Vasodilation and Cardiac Responses to Cocaine

Cocaine produces a pressor response associated with an initial hindquarters vasoconstriction followed by a prolonged vasodilation in conscious rats. Propranolol pretreatment prevented the vasodilation and enhanced the pressor response, whereas atropine methylbromide pretreatment reduced the increase in systemic vascular resistance. We studied the role of selective muscarinic and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on responses to cocaine in rats with an increase in systemic vascular resistance to cocaine (vascular responders). Arterial blood pressure and ascending aortic and distal descending aortic blood flow using pulsed Doppler flowmetry were measured. In conscious rats, cocaine (5 mg/kg i.v.) elicited consistent pressor responses but variable systemic and hindquarters vascular resistance responses that were directly correlated, suggesting that skeletal muscle resistance responses comprise an important component of systemic vascular resistance. ICI 118551 [(+/-)-1-[2,3-(dihydro-7-methyl-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl)-amino]-2-butanol] (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) pretreatment prevented the hindquarters vasodilation, enhancing the increase in systemic vascular resistance and the pressor response while further depressing the cardiac output response, similar to the effects of propranolol. Atenolol (1 mg/kg) pretreatment attenuated the stroke volume and cardiac output responses while enhancing the increase in systemic vascular resistance without affecting the hindquarters responses. In contrast, M2 antagonist methoctramine (0.3 mg/kg) pretreatment had similar effects as atropine in reducing the decrease in cardiac output by reducing the increase in systemic vascular resistance, whereas the M1 antagonist pirenzipine (0.02 mg/kg) did not alter responses. Therefore, the cocaine-induced pressor response is ameliorated by beta2-adrenoceptor mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation, whereas the decrease in cardiac output and the increase in systemic vascular resistance are dependent on M2-cholinoceptor activation.
Exon/intron structure of the human transferrin receptor gene.

Abstract A PCR-based intron jumping strategy has been utilized to investigate the exon/intron structure of the human transferrin receptor gene and determine the sequences of exon/intron junctions. There are 18 exons and introns 5′ to a large exon encoding the last translated segment and a sizable 3′ untranslated segment. All of the translated segments are encoded by exons 2–19. The tight turn motif, which is critical to the process of endocytosis, is encoded by exon 3. Based on recent studies of human/chicken receptor chimeras, it appears that the residues most likely to be involved in transferrin binding are encoded by exons 17–19. Exon 12 exhibits the greatest degree of homology with the gene for the prostate specific membrane antigen. A polymorphism has been tentatively identified at nucleotide position 519 in exon 4; the presence of either adenine or guanine should result in either serine or glycine, respectively, at position 142 of the amino acid sequence. This analysis of genomic structure will permit further detailed studies of the regulation, expression and evolution of the human transferrin receptor gene.
A Beam Condenser/Miniature Diamond Anvil Cell Accessory for the Infrared Microspectrometry of Paint Chips

Beam condensers are economical accessories for infrared (IR) spectrometers and can very effectively reduce IR detection limits to the nanogram range (and below). Sample presentation to the beam condenser has commonly been the microdisk, a miniature pellet pressed from a mixture of the analyte and an alkali halide salt. The sample must be ground prior to pressing of the pellet. For some small samples, such as paint chips, fibers, and polymers in general, grinding is not practical; however, frequently these samples are too thick for IR transmission measurements. As a rule of thumb, pathlengths of 10 to 30 μm of neat material give good spectral representations in the mid-IR region. This report describes the coupling of the miniature diamond anvil cell (High Pressure Diamond Optics, Tucson, AZ) to a new 5× beam condenser (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, CT, P/N 0186-0794). The combination provides an easily implemented method of obtaining spectra from small, optically thick polymeric samples and offers advantages over sampling with the high-pressure diamond anvil cell.