cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Natural Reproduction of Lake Trout in Western Lake Huron

Wild young-of-the-year (YOY) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were taken in bottom trawls from Thunder Bay in 1984 and in every year from 1986 to 1993. All lake trout stocked in Lake Huron had one or more fins clipped (removed). The proportion of lake trout without clipped fins was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in spring gillnet assessments and sport catches from MH-2 (Thunder Bay area) than from other management districts in western Lake Huron. The proportion of the MH-2 survey catch that was undipped was significantly higher (p < 0.001) among the 1984–90 year classes than previous cohorts. A spawning population of predominantly undipped lake trout was discovered on Mischley Reef in Thunder Bay. The trawl catch of YOY and the increasing incidence of undipped older lake trout in MH-2 suggest, therefore, that the lake trout stock is partly supported by reproduction. However, the mean age of undipped lake trout in assessment catches did not increase appreciably in 1986–1993. Total mortality rates for lake trout in MH-2 during this period ranged near 50%. Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) wounding rates were as high as 40 wounds per 100 lake trout. Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) abundance was high in June on near-shore reefs, but low on Mischley Reef where lake trout reproduced successfully. Development of wild lake trout stocks in Thunder Bay may be stymied by a combination of factors, including sea lamprey-induced mortality and predation on swim-up fry by alewives.
Simulating the Manufacturing Process and Subsequent Structural Stiffness of Composite Wind Turbine Blades with and without Defects

Traditional ply-based and zone-based models are limited in their ability to account for the fiber directions resulting from the forming of fabric-reinforced composite wind turbine blades. Compounding the problem is the presence of defects such as resin-rich pockets of the polymer matrix due to out-of-plane and in-plane waves resulting from the manufacturing process. As a result, blades are typically overdesigned, unnecessarily increasing weight and material costs. In the current research, a methodology is presented for simulating the manufacturing process for fabric-reinforced composite wind turbine blades using ABAQUS/Explicit. The methodology captures the evolution of the yarn directions during the forming process thereby allowing for a map of the fiber orientations throughout the blade. A hybrid approach using conventional beam and shell elements is used to model the various fabric layers. Using experimental shear, tensile, bending, and friction data to characterize the mechanical behavior of the fabric layers, the model captures in-plane yarn waviness and changes in the in-plane yarn orientations as they conform to the shape of the mold, as well as out-of-plane wave defects as a result of the manufacturing process. Subsequently, after the fabric layers have been laid into the mold and the final yarn orientations are known, the structural stiffness of the blade resulting from the resin-infused fabrics can be calculated. The methodology can thereby link the resulting bending and torsional stiffnesses of the blade back to the manufacturing process. This paper discusses the methodology for determining the material properties of the beam and shell elements in their final orientations in the cured composite to predict the structural stiffness of a wind turbine blade.
Vibrational-rotational Einstein coefficients for HF/DF and HCl/DCl

Abstract The RKR potential functions have been combined with the best experimentally based dipole functions to calculate the Einstein coefficients for HF/DF and HCl/DCl. Calculations were done for the Δν = 1,2,3 transitions for a wide range of ν′ (⩽15 for HF/DF and ⩽8 for HCl/ DCl) and J ′ (⩽25). Experimental tests involving comparison of P - and R -branch line intensities for high- J ′ transitions of the HF (ν 1 → ν 0 , ν 2 → ν 1 and ν 3 → ν 2 bands) and the Δν = 2 and Δν = 1 transitions for HF/DF and HCl are done to examine the reliability of the Einstein coefficients for the rotational and vibrational levels, respectively. Good agreement is obtained for HF/DF even for the high- J ′ R -branch intensities which vary markedly with J ′. But the data suggest improvement is needed in the dipole functions for HCl (and DCl).
Stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in an adrenergic clone of mouse neuroblastoma by dibutyryl cyclic AMP.

Regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis can be studied in mouse neuroblastoma cells growing in tissue culture. We have isolated adrenergic clones1 and have studied in particular clone N1E-115 which has very high levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.3a), the first enzyme within the adrenergic cell in the biosynthetic pathway to catecholamines. We found that tyrosine hydroxylase activity in N1E-115 is related inversely to the rate of cell division and/or cell density in culture (ref. 2 and E. R. and M. Nirenberg, manuscript in preparation) so that from early log to late stationary phase of growth, its activity increases more than 30-fold. The catecholamine precursors, phenylalanine and tyrosine, enter these cells by high affinity transport systems3 and are converted into catechols (E. R., unpublished data).
Vertex Correction Contribution to the Decay Rate of Concentration Fluctuations in Binary Liquid Critical Mixtures

Recently, a self-consistent scheme for the mode-mode coupling theory of critical fluctuations was developed by Kawasaki in which the decay rate of concentration fluctuations for a binary critical mixture was obtained in the simplest approximation of ignoring all the vertex corrections. In this paper we calculate the contribution of the simplest vertex corrections. We find that the corrections are 2.44% for $q\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\kappa}$, and 0.40% for $q\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\kappa}$, where $q$ and $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ are the wave number and the inverse correlation range of concentration fluctuations, respectively.
First record of interspecific breeding of Least Bell's Vireo and White-eyed Vireo

Abstract We provide the first known documentation of a male Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) breeding with a female White-eyed Vireo (V. griseus) and the first report of a White-eyed Vireo breeding in California at the San Luis Rey River, Oceanside, San Diego County. We discovered the pair building a nest on 12 May 2010. The female laid four eggs, and the pair successfully raised and fledged four nestlings. We collected DNA samples from each nestling and the female during the nestling stage and banded them with a numbered federal leg band for future identification. We obtained detailed nest measurements after fledging and monitored the territory for further nesting attempts. No additional nesting attempts were detected.
PbS Quantum Dots for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging

In this phantom-based study, we assessed the imaging potential of lead sulfide (PbS) near-infrared quantum dots (QDs) as novel contrast agents for deep tissue fluorescence imaging applications.
Variable response of plasma GH in acromegalic patients treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate.

ABSTRACT Eleven active acromegalic patients were given 40–80 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) daily by mouth for 5 months to 1 yr. Three patients had significant reductions in mean 24-hr growth hormone concentration (MGHC) from pretreatment levels of 547, 348 and 237 to 34, 61 and 80 ng/ml, respectively, at 5 months post MPA. This decrease was associated with subjective improvement. Five patients with lower initial plasma GH levels developed significant increases in their MGHC while taking MPA. In the doses given, MPA produced no abnormality of PBI, T4, cholesterol, triglyceride, folic acid, glucose tolerance, or insulin during 5 months of administration.
Renal Tolerance With The Use Of Intralipid-Amphotericin B In Low Birthweight Neonates. ♦ 1311

Introduction: Amphotericin B (AmB) is still the first-line therapy for neonatal fungal infections. Recently, lower renal and hematologic toxicity profiles have been observed for Intralipid-based Amphotericin B(IL-AmB) in critically ill patients. Based on initial empirically observed benefits of this admixture in selected neonates, we reviewed the renal tolerance and infection outcome in low birthweight infants treated with IL-AmB in our NICU.
The Distinctive Wrong in Lying

In this essay I will argue, as does Bernard Williams, that lying and misleading are both commonly wrong because they involve an aim to breach a trust. I will also argue, contrary to Williams, that lying and misleading threaten trust differently, and that when they are wrong, they are wrong differently. Indeed, lying may be wrong when misleading is not.
The Role of Peroxisomes in Cholesterol Metabolism

There is now considerable evidence that peroxisomes not only have a role in cholesterol oxidation but also in cholesterol biosynthesis. Specifically, peroxisomes contain at least two enzymes necessary for the initial steps in cholesterol synthesis, i.e., thiolase and mevalonate kinase. The rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, is also localized in peroxisomes and exhibits a cyclic variation distinct from that of the reductase found in the endoplasmic reticulum. The largest concentration of cellular sterol carrier protein-2 is localized in peroxisomes as well as a number of enzymes required for the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. Furthermore, peroxisomes are involved in the in vitro synthesis of cholesterol and dolichol from mevalonate and have been shown to contain significant levels of apolipoprotein E, a major constituent of several classes of plasma lipoproteins. Moreover, cholesterol synthetic capacity is impaired in cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from patients with peroxisomal deficiency diseases.
SU-GG-T-518: Comparison of Measured and Calculated Dose to the Contralateral Breast During Breast Irradiation with Tangential Fields

Purpose: To compare calculated and measured dose to the contralateral breast for breast irradiation with tangential fields. Method and Materials:Doses to 14 points distributed throughout the contralateral breast were calculated and measured in a female anthropomorphic RANDO phantom for tangential‐field breast treatment. Traditional and forward tangential treatment plans with 6 MV and 15 MV beams were generated for the target breast using the Varian Eclipse (version 7.7.51, algorithm PBC) and Nucletron Oncentra MasterPlan (OTP) (version 1.4.3.1) treatment planning systems. Doses were measured in the contralateral breast by placing thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) at the 14 points during radiation delivery of the plans. The target breast was treated to a dose of 180 cGy per fraction for each plan. Results: For 6 MV beams, the mean measured dose was 4.1 cGy, and the Eclipse‐ and OTP‐calculated mean doses were 2.5 and 5.3 cGy, respectively. For 15 MV beams, the mean measured dose was 5.2 cGy, and the Eclipse‐ and OTP‐calculated doses were 1.8 and 5.6 cGy, respectively. However, the OTP‐calculated doses were in better agreement with the measured doses: the mean percent differences between the Eclipse‐calculated and measured doses were −67%, and −40% for the 6 MV beams and 15 MV beams, respectively, while the mean percent differences for OTP were 29% and 6%. In addition, the percent difference between the Eclipse‐calculated and measured doses increased with increasing distance from midline, while for OTP this difference diminished. Conclusion: Calculation of the dose outside the primary radiation field is difficult for most model‐based treatment planning systems unless a Monte‐Carlo‐based algorithm is used. The Eclipse‐calculated dose to the contralateral breast was less than the measured dose, while for 83% of the points the OTP‐calculated dose was greater than the measured dose. However, the OTP‐calculated dose was in better agreement with the measured dose.
HIERARCHIES, JOBS, BODIES: A Theory of Gendered Organizations

In spite of feminist recognition that hierarchical organizations are an important location of male dominance, most feminists writing about organizations assume that organizational structure is gender neutral. This article argues that organizational structure is not gender neutral; on the contrary, assumptions about gender underlie the documents and contracts used to construct organizations and to provide the commonsense ground for theorizing about them. Their gendered nature is partly masked through obscuring the embodied nature of work. Abstract jobs and hierarchies, common concepts in organizational thinking, assume a disembodies and universal worker. This worker is actually a man; men's bodies, sexuality, and relationships to procreation and paid work are subsumed in the image of the worker. Images of men's bodies and masculinity pervade organizational processes, marginalizing women and contributing to the maintenance of gender segregation in organizations. The positing of gender-neutral and disembodie...
Glucose and lactate kinetics in septic rats.

Abstract Glucose turnover was measured in rats subjected to experimental peritonitis. Fifteen hours following cecal ligation and puncture or sham surgery, rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and glucose metabolism was estimated by constant infusion tracer techniques. Septic rats demonstrated significantly elevated rates of glucose appearance without any elevation of plasma glucose concentration. There was also significant hyperlactacidemia in the cecally ligated rats. The elevated plasma lactate was not accompanied by a lowering of blood pH. Arterial blood pressures were not different between groups, however the blood pressure of septic rats did fall during the infusion experiment. Septic rats demonstrated significantly elevated initial heart rates and blood hematocrit. The turnover of lactate was also elevated in the septic rats. By calculation of the relative percentage of glucose production from labeled lactate, it is obvious that septic rats had elevated rates of gluconeogenesis. Determination of plasma immunoreactive insulin indicated that septic rats were not insulin resistant.
Multiple Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON) Signals Identified through Split Root Analysis of Medicago truncatula sunn and rdn1 Mutants

Nodulation is energetically costly to the host: legumes balance the nitrogen demand with the energy expense by limiting the number of nodules through long-distance signaling. A split root system was used to investigate systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) in Medicago truncatula and the role of the AON genes RDN1 and SUNN in the regulatory circuit. Developing nodule primordia did not trigger AON in plants carrying mutations in RDN1 and SUNN genes, while wild type plants had fully induced AON within three days. However, despite lacking an early suppression response, AON mutants suppressed nodulation when roots were inoculated 10 days or more apart, correlated with the maturation of nitrogen fixing nodules. In addition to correlation between nitrogen fixation and suppression of nodulation, suppression by extreme nutrient stress was also observed in all genotypes and may be a component of the observed response due to the conditions of the assay. These results suggest there is more than one systemic regulatory circuit controlling nodulation in M. truncatula. While both signals are present in wild type plants, the second signal can only be observed in plants lacking the early repression (AON mutants). RDN1 and SUNN are not essential for response to the later signal.
The persistence of musical memories: A descriptive study of earworms

We describe some characteristics of persistent musical and verbal retrieval episodes, commonly known as "earworms." In Study 1, participants first filled out a survey summarizing their earworm experiences retrospectively. This was followed by a diary study to document each experience as it happened. Study 2 was an extension of the diary study with a larger sample and a focus on triggering events. Consistent with popular belief, these persistent musical memories were common across people and occurred frequently for most respondents, and were often linked to recent exposure to preferred music. Contrary to popular belief, the large majority of such experiences were not unpleasant. Verbal earworms were uncommon. These memory experiences provide an interesting example of extended memory retrieval for music in a naturalistic situation.
Energy density, energy intake and weight status in a large free-living sample of Chinese adults: exploring the underlying roles of fat, protein, carbohydrate, fiber and water intakes.

Objective: This paper uses observational data to explore what dietary constituents might be responsible for associations between energy density, energy intake and weight status among free-living individuals. Design: Cross-sectional data on 5783 Chinese adults (aged 20–59 y) from the 1991 China Health and Nutrition Surveys were used to test for associations between energy density, energy intake and weight status, controlling for age, sex, height, activity level, smoking status, urban residence and income. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to identify nutrient intake correlates of energy density. Replacing energy density with its nutrient correlates (3 day mean estimates of fat, protein, fiber and water intakes) in the models predicting energy intake and overweight status, the independent effects of specific nutrients were investigated. Results: Energy density was positively and significantly associated with energy intake and overweight status. Energy density was significantly correlated with every nutrient examined, although the correlations were weak for most variables except water intake. Only water intake behaved consistently across analyses. It was negatively correlated with energy density, negatively, significantly and independently associated with energy intake as well as overweight status. Despite positive associations with energy intake, fat and protein intake were not significant predictors of overweight status. Fiber intake was strongly and positively associated with overweight status. Conclusions: Of the nutrients examined, only water intake appeared to explain the effects of energy density on energy intake and overweight status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2001) 55, 349–359
Developmental Resource (D.R.) Utilization and Health Outcome in Extremely Low Birthweight (ELBW) (401-1000gm) Infants † 1343

Developmental Resource (D.R.) Utilization and Health Outcome in Extremely Low Birthweight (ELBW) (401-1000gm) Infants † 1343
Use of velocity transducers in low-frequency modal testing of structures

One challenge in performing modal testing of structures at low frequencies is obtaining deflection sensors that provide reasonable output in this frequency range. Deflection sensors that require a fixed datum are generally not practical on full-scale structures. Sensors that use an inertial reference such as accelerometers and geophones are necessary. Velocity transducers are typically used at frequencies above their resonant frequency where their amplitude and phase response is flat. They can be used at frequencies near and below their resonant frequency. Thought, in this region, their response is frequency dependent. The advantage of using velocity transducers at low frequencies is that velocity is equal to displacement times frequency, the output of a velocity transducers falls off more gradually with decreasing frequency than the output of an accelerometer. Using velocity transducers at low frequencies requires characterization of the low frequency response of the transducer. A velocity transducer's response can be modeled accurately as a single- degree-of-freedom, damped resonator. Laboratory methods of calibrating velocity transducers to determine the coefficients that describe their behavior are presented. Methods of correcting the amplitude and phase measurements to account for the transducers response are demonstrated. These procedures are illustrated on modal testing data from highway bridges.
Joint Instability of Latitudinal Differential Rotation and Concentrated Toroidal Fields below the Solar Convection Zone

Motivated by observations of sunspot and active-region latitudes that suggest that the subsurface toroidal field in the Sun occurs in narrow latitude belts, we analyze the joint instability of solar latitudinal differential rotation and the concentrated toroidal field below the base of the convection zone, extending the work of Gilman & Fox (hereafter GF). We represent the profile of the toroidal field by Gaussian functions whose width is a variable parameter and solve the two-dimensional perturbation equations of GF by relaxation methods. We reproduce the results of GF for broad profiles, and we find instability for a wide range of amplitudes of differential rotation and toroidal fields (103-106 G fields at the base of the solar convection zone), as well as a wide range of toroidal-field bandwidths. We show that the combination of concentrated toroidal fields and solar-type latitudinal differential rotation is again unstable, not only to longitudinal wavenumber m=1 as in GF, but also to m>1 for sufficiently narrow toroidal-field profiles. For a fixed peak field strength, the growth rate first increases as the toroidal-field band is narrowed, reaching a peak for bandwidths between 10° and 20° in latitude, depending on the peak field strength, and then decreases to a cut-off in the instability for toroidal field bands of 3°-4°. Irrespective of bandwidth, the differential rotation is the primary energy source for the instability for weak fields, and the toroidal field is the primary source for strong fields. The weaker (stronger) the peak toroidal field is, the narrower (broader) is the bandwidth for which the toroidal field becomes the primary energy source. The Reynolds, Maxwell, and mixed stresses required to extract energy from the differential rotation and toroidal field are most active in the neighborhood of the singular or turning points of the perturbation equations. This first study focuses on toroidal fields that peak near 45° latitude, as in GF; later papers will place the toroidal-field peak at a wide variety of latitudes, as we might expect to occur at different phases of a sunspot cycle.
Enrollment, Persistence and Graduation of In-State Students at a Public Research University: Does High School Matter?

Educational research has shown that individual-level background characteristics, such as parental socio-economic status and academic ability, influence college going behavior. This study tests for the existence of aggregate-level high school effects on college enrollment, persistence and degree attainment. It links institutional data on students enrolling within a year after graduation from in-state high schools with state data on high schools’ performance and populations. Three high school aggregate-level factors were found to affect enrollment and persistence. Specifically, the high schools’ percent of SAT takers has a concave-shape effect on enrollment, retention and graduation. Additionally, students coming from schools with a higher percent of those receiving free lunch are less likely to persist, and students coming from schools located within a 60 mile radius are more likely to matriculate and to persist to the second year. These results suggest that aggregate-level high school characteristics should be accounted for in enrollment management.
Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a world of strangers

Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a world of strangers, by Kwame Anthony Appiah, New York, W.W. Norton & Co. Inc., 2006, 256 pp., $23.95, ISBN: 0-393-06155-8 Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a world of stranger...
Complex adaptive systems and game theory: An unlikely union

A Complex Adaptive System is a collection of autonomous, heterogeneous agents, whose behavior is defined with a limited number of rules. A Game Theory is a mathematical construct that assumes a small number of rational players who have a limited number of actions or strategies available to them. The CAS method has the potential to alleviate some of the shortcomings of GT. On the other hand, CAS researchers are always looking for a realistic way to define interactions among agents. GT offers an attractive option for defining the rules of such interactions in a way that is both potentially consistent with observed real-world behavior and subject to mathematical interpretation. This article reports on the results of an effort to build a CAS system that utilizes GT for determining the actions of individual agents. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 16,24–42, 2010
Comparison of plasma etch chemistries for MgO

Abstract Fluorine, chlorine, and methane/hydrogen plasma chemistries were investigated for dry etching of thin film MgO, intended for gate dielectric formation on GaN. The chlorine-based chemistry produced much higher etch rates than the other two mixtures, consistent with the relative volatility of the expected etch products. The surface roughened only slightly upon etching with all three chemistries. Small (∼1.6 at.%) concentrations of chlorine-containing residues were identified on the MgO surface after Cl2/Ar etching. Highly anisotropic features were formed in the MgO under these conditions, with good selectivity (∼7) to conventional photoresist masks. The etch selectivity for MgO over GaN ranged from 0.7 to 5 in Cl2/Ar discharges, depending on the plasma source power.
Response of ELA-A1 horses immunized with lipopeptide containing an equine infectious anemia virus ELA-A1-restricted CTL epitope to virus challenge.

Abstract Lipopeptide containing an ELA-A1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope from the envelope surface unit (SU) protein of the EIAV WSU5 strain was used to immunize three horses having the ELA-A1 haplotype. Peptide-specific ELA-A1-restricted CTL were induced in all three horses, although these were present transiently in PBMC. These horses were further immunized with lipopeptide containing the corresponding CTL epitope from the EIAV PV strain. Then, the three immunized horses and three non-immunized horses were challenged by intravenous inoculation with 300 TCID 50 EIAV PV . All horses developed cell free viremia, fever and thrombocytopenia. However, there was a statistically lower fever and thrombocytopenia severity score in the immunized group. Shorter duration of plasma viral load in two of the three immunized horses likely explains the less severe clinical disease in this group. Results indicate that lipopeptide immunization had a protective effect against development of clinical disease following virus challenge.
Anoxic contractile failure in rat heart myocytes is caused by failure of intracellular calcium release due to alteration of the action potential

Anoxia of the heart causes failure of contraction before any irreversible injury occurs; the mechanism by which anoxia blocks cardiac excitation-contraction coupling is unknown. Studies in whole muscle are confounded by heterogeneity; however, achieving the low oxygen tensions required to study anoxia in a single myocyte during electrophysiological recording has been a barrier in experimental design. Guided by calculations of oxygen transport, we developed a system to insulate myocytes in an open dish from oxygen by a laminar counterflowing argon column, permitting free access to the cell by microelectrodes while maintaining a PO2 less than 0.02 torr (1 torr = 133 Pa). In the absence of glucose, the amplitude of stimulated contraction of anoxic ventricular myocytes fell to zero over 2 min after a lag period attributable to the consumption of endogenous glycogen. The cytosolic calcium concentration transient, measured by indo-1 fluorescence, fell to zero simultaneously with contraction. After the twitch had failed, microinjection of caffeine around the cell still caused a large calcium release and contraction, indicating that sarcoplasmic reticular calcium stores were not depleted. Twitch failure was accompanied by shortening and then failure of the action potential; under voltage clamp, large outward currents, reversing at the resting potential, developed during contractile failure. After failure of action potential-mediated contraction, voltage-clamp depolarization, with a large command voltage to compensate for the series-resistance error due to outward currents, restored normal twitch contraction. We conclude that anoxic contractile failure in the rat myocyte is due to alteration of the action potential and the distal pathways of excitation-contraction coupling remain essentially intact.
GENDER-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN ACTIVITY AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF COCAINE CARBOXYLESTERASE IN RAT TISSUES

Abstract The gender-specific differences in the content of cocaine methyl esterase and ethyl transferase activities are examined in rat tissues and related to differences in hydrolase A protein in rat liver, lung, and kidney reported previously. The rat hydrolase A catalyzes the conversion of cocaine to benzoylecgonine and the ethyl transesterification of cocaine to form cocaethylene. An HPLC assay was used to quantitate and compare cocaine esterase activities in male and female rat tissues. The cocaine methyl esterase and ethyl transferase activities are 1.4 to 2.5 fold greater in male than in female liver and slightly greater in female than in male lung. No gender-specific differences were detected in the kidney. Gel electrophoresis was used to separate three non-specific carboxylesterases (hydrolases A, B, and C) in rat tissues and the isoenzymes were visualized with a hydrolase activity stain using 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate as substrate. The activity of cocaine methyl esterase and content of hydrolase A protein are not consistently different in the lung or the kidney of male versus female rats. Activity of hydrolase A in gels of male liver is greater than in female liver. Similarly, the content of the corresponding hydrolase A immunoreactive protein in male liver is 1.6 fold greater than in female liver. In contrast to hydrolase A, hydrolase C activity is greater in gels of female than male liver extracts. The greater content of cocaine methyl esterase and ethyl transferase activity in male versus female rat livers suggests that there may be gender-specific differences in pharmacokinetics of cocaine metabolism and extent of cocaineinduced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Several digital realizations of two-dimensional E-filters applied to image processing

This paper presents several digital implementations for two-dimensional E-filters. The E-filter is based on a non-linear transformation into the spatial domain. Its response is essentially independent of the frequency of the incoming signal under certain conditions, but depends largely on the digital amplitude. Several digital realizations and attendant problems are presented for E-filters applied to biomedical images obtained from an Anger scintillation camera. The associated sensitivity of the digital E-filter to changes of its parameters is examined. A two-dimensional linear filter is realized by the use of a bi-cubic spline interpolation scheme. The boundary detection of unprocessed and filtered images is also investigated using the hexagonal Golay transform. Several examples of abnormal heart and brain-scans are presented including the filtered images and bounded areas of infarcted and abnormal tissue.
An asymptotic output tracking problem for a nonlinear control system with fewer outputs than inputs

An asymptotic output tracking problem is studied for a class of nonlinear control systems with fewer outputs than inputs. The development is based on a standard relative degree assumption. The most interesting feature of the development is that the extra control degrees of freedom can be used to influence the closed loop characteristics, including the zero dynamics. Conditions are developed for when this approach is successful. >
Factors contributing to the poor performance of a soybean aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on an herbivore resistant soybean cultivar.

ABSTRACT Host plant resistance and biological control are important components of integrated pest management programs. However, plants expressing resistance to herbivores may also have direct or indirect negative effects on natural enemies simultaneously providing pest suppression. Soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) are invasive and serious pests of soybean (Glycine max L.) in the United States. Several soybean lines with aphid resistance have been identified, but the long-term impact of these resistant plants on soybean aphid biological control agents is uncertain. In a previous study, we reported that a soybean aphid parasitoid, Binodoxys communis (Gahan) had lower mummy production on resistant plants compared with a near isogenic susceptible soybean line, but the reason for this was unclear. Therefore, we examined three possible mechanisms to explain these findings: 1) resistant plants directly impact wasp emergence and longevity, 2) varying aphid density influences parasitism rates, and 3) resi...
The transactional psychobiological nature of cognitive appraisal during exercise in environmentally stressful conditions

Background and Purpose: Successful adaptation to the stress of physical exertion in adverse environmental conditions (heat, cold, high altitude) is of great concern when optimal performance within safe parameters is the goal. The perception of the psychophysical demands imposed by the stressful situation and the perceived capability to cope with these demands is a process that can dramatically alter the intensity of the ensuing physiological activation. Thus, exercise in environmentally stressful conditions provides an excellent model for examining the relationship between the cognitive appraisal of the physical stress and the ensuing stress response. A brief review of the research on cognitive appraisals during exercise in stressful environments provides evidence of the connection between cognitive appraisals and the stress response during exercise under environmental stress and demonstrates a need for a transactional psychobiological model proposed in this paper. This model attributes a central role to the continuous cognitive appraisal of the situation by the individual. Methods: Computer searches of psychological, sport science, and medical databases using the terms exercise, heat, cold, high altitude, environmental stress, and ratings of perceived exertion were conducted. Additionally, the reference citations in the obtained articles were searched for relevant studies. An abridged integrated review summarizes the critical findings and limitations. Furthermore, literature supporting the proposed transactional psychobiological model is presented. Results and Conclusions: Further investigation into the psychophysical and the affective responses to exercise in adverse environmental conditions can be facilitated through the utilization of the proposed transactional psychobiological model. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Easy Camera Calibration From Inter-Image Homographies

This paper addresses the problem of calibrating a pinhole camera using images of a symmetric object. Assuming a unit aspect ratio, and zero skew, we show that inter-image homographies can be expressed as a function of the principal point. By minimizing the symmetric transfer error of geometric distances, we thus obtain an accurate solution for the calibration parameters. We show that the approach can also be extended to a calibration technique using images of a 1D object with a fixed pivoting point. The advantage of our approach over existing methods is that we rely only on inter-image homgraphies, and hence no knowledge of the world to image homography is required. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach both in the case of symmetric objects and 1D objects, we present the processing results for both synthetic and real images, and provide a quantitative comparison with Zhang's flexible calibration technique (2000), and his 1D calibration method (2002).
Effects of Combined Photodynamic Therapy and Ionizing Radiationon Human Glioma Spheroids

The effects of combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and ionizing radiation are studied in a human glioma spheroid model. The degree of interaction between the two modalities depends in a complex manner on factors such as PDT irradiation fluence, fluence rate and dose of ionizing radiation. It is shown that gamma radiation and PDT interact in a synergistic manner only if both light fluence and gamma radiation dose exceed approximately 25 J cm(-2) and 8 Gy, respectively. Synergistic interactions are observed only for the lower fluence rate (25 mW cm(-2)) investigated. The degree of interaction appears to be independent of both sequence and the PDT or ionizing radiation time intervals investigated (1 and 24 h). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assays show that low-fluence rate PDT is very efficient at inducing apoptotic cell death, whereas neither high-fluence rate PDT nor ionizing radiation produces significant apoptosis. Although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated, the data imply that the observed synergism is likely not due to gamma-induced cell cycle arrest or to PDT-induced inhibition of DNA repair.
Nectar Feeding by Wandering Spiders on Cotton Plants

Spiders are assumed to be strictly carnivorous in assessments of their nutritional and energetic requirements, their habitat preferences, and their potential as biological control agents. However, members of Salticidae (jumping spiders), Thomisidae (crab spiders), and the fast-moving Miturgidae, Anyphaenidae, and Corinnidae, all non-webbuilding wandering spiders, have been observed at floral and extrafloral nectaries of plants, presumably feeding on nectar. To test spiders in the field for nectar feeding, we used a cold anthrone test to detect the presence of ingested fructose, a plant-derived sugar, in wandering spiders occupying cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.), which have floral and extrafloral nectaries. Field collections focused on three ecologically similar, highly active nocturnal spiders: Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Miturgidae), Hibana futilis (Banks), and H. arunda (Platnick) (Anyphaenidae). During 2002 and 2003, 27 and 21%, respectively, of all field-collected adults and subadults tested positive for fructose, indicating consumption of extrafloral nectar. In both years, significantly more females were positive than males (38 versus 11% in 2002; 26 versus 12% in 2003). Immatures tested positive at a lower rate than adults (3 and 13%, respectively). Smaller numbers of spiders in the Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, and Thomisidae were also tested. Among the thomisids, 38% in 2002 and 41% in 2003 tested positive for fructose. None of the lycosids (wolf spiders) tested positive; two of nine oxyopids (lynx spiders) did test positive. Oxyopidae is new to the list of nectarivorous spiders. These results suggest that nectarivory is common for foliage wandering spiders and may contribute to fitness.
Model Comparison, Model Checking, and Hypothesis Testing

In most real data analysis situations, researchers consider several statistical models that might be appropriate for the application. They establish criteria for determining which of the candidate models is best, and whether even that model is good enough to use as the basis for inference. This chapter considers Bayesian methods of comparing models, testing hypotheses, and assessing model adequacy.
Using digital pedometers to monitor travel of cows grazing arid rangeland

Abstract Cows grazing large (3000+ ha) arid rangeland paddocks were fitted with digital pedometers. Raw pedometer readings should be corrected for instrument and cow biases by calibrating the pedometers to individual cows, because both cows and pedometers exhibited substantial variability. If routine procedures are followed for recording pedometer readings and adjusting them with the calibration information, digital pedometers appear to be a promising tool to monitor travel of grazing cows. In the context of this study, age of cow and pregnancy status had no apparent effect on the distance these mature cows traveled. However, genotype, external parasites and movement of the herd to a new paddock did have an influence. Because mean daily travel of grazing cows appears to be influenced by management decisions, the impact of various management alternatives deserves further research. Bipedometered cows can contribute to such research, but this work shows that accurate comparisons of distances traveled require a substantial number of bipedometered cows.
Improvement of Keeping Quality of Butteroil by Selective Trace-Hydrogenation and Winterization,

Abstract The effect of very slight hydrogenation on the keeping quality of butteroil has been studied. Under selective conditions of low pressure, low catalyst concentration, and at 140 C, such trace-hydrogenation proceeded at a controllable and moderately rapid rate. Samples of deodorized hydrogenated butteroil having iodine values reduced by 1.4, 2.5, 3.5, and 6.0 units were compared against deodorized unhydrogenated butteroil after storing at 60 C. Both organoleptic evaluation and peroxide number determinations showed hydrogenated samples to have much improved keeping quality. A significant improvement was achieved by reducing the iodine value by only 1.4 units, whereas a reduction greater than 2.5 units did not offer any further improvement. Hence, it has been shown that butteroil of greatly improved keeping quality may be otained by very slight hydrogeneration with only a little loss of unsaturation. The level of unsaturation may be restored conveniently by winterization from a solvent such as n-hexane. Analysis of fatty acid composition of the hydrogenated and unhydrogenated butter oils indicated that the improvement of keeping quality by selective trace-hydrogenation is due to the diminishing of the highly unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic and arachidonic acids.
Greatest common divisors of polynomials given by straight-line programs

Algorithms on multivariate polynomials represented by straight-line programs are developed. First, it is shown that most algebraic algorithms can be probabilistically applied to data that are given by a straight-line computation. Testing such rational numeric data for zero, for instance, is facilitated by random evaluations modulo random prime numbers. Then, auxiliary algorithms that determine the coefficients of a multivariate polynomial in a single variable are constructed. The first main result is an algorithm that produces the greatest common divisor of the input polynomials, all in straight-line representation. The second result shows how to find a straight-line program for the reduced numerator and denominator from one for the corresponding rational function. Both the algorithm for that construction and the greatest common divisor algorithm are in random polynomial time for the usual coefficient fields and output a straight-line program, which with controllably high probability correctly determines the requested answer. The running times are polynomial functions in the binary input size, the input degrees as unary numbers, and the logarithm of the inverse of the failure probability. The algorithm for straight-line programs for the numerators and denominators of rational functions implies that every degree-bounded rational function can be computed fast in parallel, that is, in polynomial size and polylogarithmic depth.
Who's Taking Care of the Caregiver?

Throughout the last decade, caring for a loved one with a cancer diagnosis has developed both in the sheer numbers of people providing the service and in the complexity of tasks required by cancer patients. Between 1997 and 2005, the number of Americans diagnosed with cancer has grown from 900,000 to 1.3 million, and the number of survivors has grown from 7.4 million to 9 million. 1 With cancer care now routinely being delivered on an outpatient basis, informal caregivers’ responsibilities have gone far beyond the tasks of transportation, shopping, household chores, and personal care. Administering oral and parenteral medications, performing wound care, and monitoring signs and symptoms are a few of the more demanding, yet routine tasks. The selection of an informal caregiver, like the diagnosis of cancer itself, is a random event, and there are no training programs to prepare individuals to be one. Thus, it comes as no surprise when we read of a new study, once again, highlighting the physical, emotional, and economic burdens that caregiving has placed on families and friends. What have these studies taught us throughout the years? Just as we have learned that cancer is not one disease,
Identity by Descent: Variation in Meiosis, Across Genomes, and in Populations

Gene identity by descent (IBD) is a fundamental concept that underlies genetically mediated similarities among relatives. Gene IBD is traced through ancestral meioses and is defined relative to founders of a pedigree, or to some time point or mutational origin in the coalescent of a set of extant genes in a population. The random process underlying changes in the patterns of IBD across the genome is recombination, so the natural context for defining IBD is the ancestral recombination graph (ARG), which specifies the complete ancestry of a collection of chromosomes. The ARG determines both the sequence of coalescent ancestries across the chromosome and the extant segments of DNA descending unbroken by recombination from their most recent common ancestor (MRCA). DNA segments IBD from a recent common ancestor have high probability of being of the same allelic type. Non-IBD DNA is modeled as of independent allelic type, but the population frame of reference for defining allelic independence can vary. Whether of IBD, allelic similarity, or phenotypic covariance, comparisons may be made to other genomic regions of the same gametes, or to the same genomic regions in other sets of gametes or diploid individuals. In this review, I present IBD as the framework connecting evolutionary and coalescent theory with the analysis of genetic data observed on individuals. I focus on the high variance of the processes that determine IBD, its changes across the genome, and its impact on observable data.
Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus by spot hybridization with probes prepared from cloned cDNA sequences.

A cytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was purified from infected cell culture fluids by isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation. Genomic RNA was extracted and tailed with aden...
General Onganía and the Argentine [Military] Revolution of the Right: Anti-Communism and Morality, 1966-1970

This project analyzes the relationship between the rhetoric of Argentina's fifth military dictatorship on youth, morality, and communism, and the government's cultural campaigns executed from 1966-1973. During "La Revolucion Argentina," General Juan Carlos Ongania and his cabinet targeted the "immorality" of the youth because they believed the internal threat of communism had degraded the country's traditional Catholic values. By constructing a moral and spiritual culture through a crusade against immorality, intervention in the national universities, censorship and anti-communist legislation, conservative officers thought they could shield Argentina's youth from further infiltration of leftist ideologies and preserve the nation's future leaders.
Recording/archiving in IBM lotus sametime based collaborative environment

Archiving video conferences is an important feature that allows storing conferences for later playback or for any other possible usage. This part of videoconferencing has never been an active area for most conferencing solutions. Many aspects of archiving conferencing solutions, including application sharing as well as document sharing among the participants, are not properly considered. In this paper we discuss IBM Streaming Engine based archiving solution. This recording and archiving facility leverages IBM Sametime collaborative conferencing solution. Apart from the discussion on the archiving facilities, a brief description of IBM Streaming Engine as well as its features is presented.