cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE TIME VARIATIONS OF SOLAR COSMIC RAYS DURING THE SEPTEMBER 3, 1960, EVENT

Analysis of results of a series of high-altitude balloon flights concerned with solar flare events and cosmic ray emission
Spontaneous exchange bias: Unidirectional anisotropy in an otherwise isotropic system

We propose a mechanism that is capable of inducing a unidirectional anisotropy in an otherwise isotropic ferromagnet-antiferromagnet system just by the mere application of the first field point in the hysteresis loop evaluation. The connection between this mechanism and the nonzero exchange bias obtained in a hard-axis hysteresis loop is also discussed. The system of ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}∕{\mathrm{Ni}}_{50}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{50}$ has been simulated using a large-scale micromagnetic model to illustrate this effect.
Nanostructured La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3/Y0.08Zr0.92O1.96/La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (LSCF/YSZ/LSCF) symmetric thin film solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Functional all-oxide thin film micro-solid oxide fuel cells (μSOFCs) that are free of platinum (Pt) are discussed in this report. The μSOFCs, with widths of 160 μm, consist of thin film La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3 (LSCF) as both the anode and cathode and Y 0.08 Zr 0.92 O 1.96 (YSZ) as the electrolyte. Open circuit voltage and peak power density at 545 °C are 0.18 V and 210 μW cm −2 , respectively. The LSCF anodes show good lattice and microstructure stability and do not form reaction products with YSZ. The all-oxide μSOFCs endure long-term stability testing at 500 °C for over 100 h, as manifested by stable membrane morphology and crack-free microstructure.
Scoring the NBAS: To recode or not to recode

Abstract Lester (1984) proposed a set of six clusters for the standard 27 items of the National Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Nine of these items were recorded to change the scale values for the categories. This analysis examined the impact of recording on the psychometric properties of the NBAS. First, correlations were compared between recorded and nonrecorded items within the clusters. Second, iteritem consistencies were computed within each cluster to determine the extent to which the variables measured a common behavioral dimension. Third, a principal components analysis was done to determine the extent to which recoding makes the clusters more distinguishable. The results indicated that the original scale resulted in greater within-cluster correlations and higher interitem consistencies. The recoding method did not result in more distinguisable behavioral clusters. Overall, the original scale provided more optimal psychometric properties.
Mineral oil addition as a means of foam control for plant cell cultures in stirred tank fermenters

The addition of light mineral oil was found to be effective in preventing foaming during plant cell cultivation in stirred tank fermenters without any adverse effect on cell growth. The optimum amount of oil is about 5% (by volume) of the total liquid medium. The best time for the addition is after the lag period of the cell growth cycle, which is about 2 days after cultivation.
Towards genome-scale signalling-network reconstructions

Biological signalling networks allow living organisms to issue an integrated response to current conditions and make limited predictions about future environmental changes. Small-scale dynamic models of signalling cascades, including mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, have been developed to generate hypotheses about signal transduction. Owing to technical limitations, these models and the hypotheses they generate have focused on a limited subset of signalling molecules. Now that we can simultaneously measure a substantial portion of the molecular components of a cell, we can begin to develop and test systems-level models of cellular signalling and regulatory processes, therefore gaining insights into the 'thought' processes of a cell.
The medical consequences of cure

As more children are now being cured of cancer, increasing attention needs to be focused on the long-term sequelae of cancer therapy, principally late-appearing second cancers and damage to organ systems. To this end, the authors have established an oncology follow-up clinic specifically designed to examine former pediatric cancer patients who are likely to be cured. Patients receive a physical examination and appropriate organ function studies based upon initial diagnosis, pre-existing conditions, treatment received, and any complications experienced during the course of therapy. The late effects noted among the first 200 such survivors examined reveal a high proportion of severe sequelae secondary to radiation therapy in early childhood. Second malignant neoplasms may also be related to alkylating agent chemotherapy and to genetic conditions. Although certain therapeutic practices have improved the outlook for these patients, and, in some cases, reduction in intensity of therapy has been found to be effective, increased survival and newer treatment modalities have made extended follow-up increasingly necessary in order to detect and possibly prevent the occurrence of such late effects. Cancer 58:524-528, 1986.
On modifications to the algebraic reconstruction techniques.

Abstract The Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART) for estimating an unknown picture from its projections have many variants. In this note we examine one proposed by Barbieri, named by him Modified Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (MART). This makes use of a complementary picture, which has to be reconstructed in parallel with the estimating picture. It is shown that the sequence of estimating pictures produced by a version of MART is the same as that produced by another variant of ART, but one which requires about half as much computer storage and time as MART. Convergence properties of these techniques are also discussed.
Study on Fall Protection from Scaffolds by Scaffold Sheeting During Construction

Abstract The frequency of fall accidents is one of the most serious problems in construction industries, and the countermeasures, such as guidelines, etc., for falls from scaffolds have been tightened in Japan. These countermeasures particularly affect the decrease in the number of the fatal accidents by falls from scaffolds. However, the rate of such accidents from falls is still high in the construction industries. In order to examine further countermeasures to reduce falls, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare has established a committee at the authors’ institute. That committee's work experimentally confirmed the effectiveness of using scaffold sheeting as a covering around scaffolds to protect against falling construction materials (a method widely used in Japan). Based on those results, the scaffold sheeting was improved for fall protection, and the effect of the improved sheeting could be confirmed experimentally.
Sectoral Effects of Monetary Policy: The Evidence from Publicly Traded Firms

This article examines the impact of monetary policy on net sales of publicly traded firms in various sectors of the U.S. economy. We find that monetary policy has a heterogeneous effect on firms in different industries, with the strongest effect on firms in Retail and Wholesaling. Balance sheet characteristics, especially size, influence the impact of policy. Larger firms in several industries are able to mitigate the effect of policy. We find mixed results for firms' working capital, short-term debt ratio, and leverage ratio with respect to the operation of the credit channel of monetary transmission mechanism.
Variations in family constellation: Effects on gender schemata

Assumptions have often been made that gender stereotypes unfold in children with little variation in content or sequence. But children's gender schemata do differ. What family characteristics influence these different outcomes?
Automatic flare transition penetrating wind shears

In this paper, the development of a digital three-dimensional automatic control law designated to achieve an optimal transition of a large commercial aircraft between the glideslope conditions and the desired final touchdown condition is presented. The linearized equations representing the perturbed motion of the aircraft from the nominal glideslope trajectory are presented. A method of incorporating the spatial, low-level wind shears into these perturbed equations of motion is indicated. It is shown that the system equations then assume the familiar form of the linear regulator problem, acted upon by a constant disturbance. A design procedure is presented to compute a digital, time-invariant, optimal control law for the discrete regulator problem acted upon by a constant disturbance. The response trajectories presented demonstrate the capability of this controller to perform optimal flare maneuvers in the presence of various wind shear conditions.
Antisymmetric stresses in suspensions: vortex viscosity and energy dissipation

When the individual particles in an otherwise quiescent suspension of freely suspended spherical particles are acted upon by external couples, the resulting suspension-scale fluid motion is characterized by a non-symmetric state of stress. Viewed at the interstitial scale (i.e. microscopic scale), this coupling between translational and rotational particle motions is a manifestation of particle-particle hydrodynamic interactions and vanishes with the volume fraction Φ of suspended spheres. The antisymmetric portion of the stress is quantified by the suspension-scale vortex viscosity μ v , different from the suspension's shear viscosity μ. Numerical boundary element method (BEM) simulations of such force-free suspensions of spheres uniformly dispersed in incompressible Newtonian liquids of viscosity μ 0 are performed for circumstances in which external couples (of any specified suspension-scale position-dependence) are applied individually to each of the suspended particles in order to cause them to rotate in otherwise quiescent fluids. In the absence of external forces acting on either the spheres or boundaries, such rotations indirectly, through interparticle coupling, cause translational motions of the individual spheres which, owing to the no-slip boundary condition, drag neighbouring fluid along with them. In turn, this combined particle-interstitial fluid movement is manifested as a suspension-scale velocity field, generated exclusively by the action of external couples. Use of this scheme to create suspension-scale particle-phase spin fields Ω and concomitant velocity fields v enables both the vortex and shear viscosities of suspensions to be determined as functions of 0 in disordered systems. This scheme is shown, inter alia, to confirm the constitutive equation, T a = 2μ v e · [(1/2)∇ x v - Ω], proposed in the continuum mechanics literature for the linear relation between the antisymmetric stress T a and the disparity existing between the particle-phase spin rate Ω and half the suspension's vorticity, V x v (with the third-rank pseudotensor e the permutation triadic). Our dynamically based BEM simulations confirm the previous computations of the Prosperetti et al. group for the dependence of the vortex viscosity upon the solids volume fraction in concentrated disordered suspensions, obtained by a rather different simulation scheme. Moreover, our dynamically based rheological calculations are confirmed by our semi-independent, energetically based, calculations that equate the rates of working (equivalently, the energy dissipation rates) at the respective interstitial and suspension scales. As an incidental by-product, the same BEM simulation results also verify the suspension-scale Newtonian constitutive equation, T s = μ[∇v + (∇v) † ], as well as the functional dependence of the shear viscosity μ upon Φ found in the literature.
Broadcast encryption: paving the road to practical content protection systems

Broadcast encryption is a well established alternative to public key encryption for use in content protection systems. It offers significant performance benefits, as well as useful features such a one-to-many delivery, dynamic membership in the authorized receivers group, and provides anonymous access to content, permitting content protection systems to preserve privacy for consumers. Broadcast encryption has been successfully deployed to users for protection of commercial content on digital media such as flash memory devices and optical media for both standard-definition and high-definition content. In this paper, we present the Advanced Secure Content Cluster Technology which applies broadcast encryption to content protection for home media networks
Analytic algorithmics, combinatorics, and information theory

Analytic information theory aims at studying problems of information theory using analytic techniques of computer science and combinatorics. Following Hadamard's and Knuth's precept, we tackle these problems by complex analysis methods such as generating functions, Mellin transform, Fourier series, saddle point method, analytic poissonization and de-poissonization, and singularity analysis. This approach lies at the crossroad of computer science and information theory. In this talk, we concentrate on one facet of information theory (i.e., source coding better known as data compression), namely the redundancy rate problem and types. The redundancy rate problem for a class of sources is the determination of how far the actual code length exceeds the optimal (ideal) code length. The method of types is a powerful technique in information theory, large deviations, and analysis of algorithms. It reduces calculations of the probability of rare events to a combinatorial analysis. Two sequences are of the same type if they have the same empirical distribution. We shall argue that counting types can be accomplished efficiently by enumerating Eulerian paths (Markov types) or binary trees with a given path length (universal types). On the other hand, analysis of the redundancy rate problem for memoryless and Markov sources leads us to tree generating functions (e.g., arising in counting labeled rooted trees) studied extensively in computer science.
Asymmetry of Early Paleozoic trilobites

Asymmetry in fossils can arise through a variety of biological and geological mechanisms. If geological sources of asymmetry can be minimized or factored out, it might be possible to assess biological sources of asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a general measure of developmental precision, is documented for nine species of lower Paleozoic trilobites. Taphonomic analyses suggest that the populations studied for each taxon span relatively short time intervals that are approximately equal in duration. Tectonic deformation may have affected the specimens studied, since deviations from normal distributions are common. Several measures of FA were applied to 3–5 homologous measures in each taxon. Measurement error was assessed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements of individual specimens and by analysis of the statistical moments of the distributions of asymmetry measures. Measurement error was significantly smaller than the difference between measures taken on each side of a specimen. However, the distribution of differences between sides often deviated from a mean of zero, or was skewed or kurtosic. Regression of levels of FA against geologic age revealed no statistically significant changes in levels of asymmetry through time. Geological and taphonomic effects make it difficult to identify asymmetry due to biological factors. Although fluctuating asymmetry is a function of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, the results suggest that early Cambrian trilobites possessed genetic or developmental mechanisms used to maintain developmental stability comparable to those of younger trilobites. Although the measures are biased by time averaging and deviations from the normal distribution, these data do not lend strong support to ‘genomic’ hypotheses that have been suggested to control the tempo of the Cambrian radiation.
Multiple fractions of leucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity from Escherichia coli

Abstract Multiple fractions of leucyl-tRNA synthetase ( l -leucine: tRNA ligase (AMP), EC 6.1.1.4) activity were obtained from Escherichia coli K-12 and E. coli K-10 using continuous elution disc gel electrophoresis. Two types of enzymatic specificities could be distinguished by charging experiments using a given amount of tRNA. One type of enzymatic activity catalyzes the formation of leucyl-tRNA from about half of the tRNA molecules specific for leucine. The other type of enzymatic activity charges all the leucyl-tRNA.
Structure characterization of pulsed laser deposited MoS x –WSe y composite films of tribological interests

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was employed to grow MoS x –WSe y composite films, where x = 1.18, y = 0.78. Scanning electron micrographs show that the films have a dense granular morphology. Crystallization, d-spacing and hexagonal sheet curvature within the film were studied with X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. A predominant hexagonal MoS x phase was formed but contained W and Se, which were most likely present as substituents for Mo and S. There was no evidence for two separate crystalline phases. MoS x –WSe y composite films exhibited a larger expansion along the c-axis (d-spacing between basal planes) than PLD MoS2 and WSe2 films grown by laser ablation of pure targets. The lattice spacing along the a-axis was expanded in comparison to the MoS2 film, and compressed in comparison to the WSe2 film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a significant sulfur deficiency, and verified both of S and Se bonding in the film. High-resolution electron microscope images exhibited significant curvatures of the (002) basal planes in the films. The bending behavior of basal planes was explained by S vacancies and Se substitution on the atomic site of S layers. The tribological properties of the composite films were measured in dry and wet conditions using a ball-on-disc tribometer. The reduced friction was correlated with the increased crystallinity and increased separation of basal planes in the composite films.
Biopolymer Synthesis on Polypropylene Supports: Oligonucleotide Arrays

High-density oligonucleotide arrays have been constructed on clear, aminated polypropylene film using conventional phosphoramidite-based synthesis chemistries. A semiautomated 64-channel fluidic chemical delivery system is used to prepare the 64 x 64 array containing 4096 oligonucleotide elements. The completed array has been successfully used in the hybridization and fluorescence (Streptavidin-FITC) detection of a biotinylated 18-mer oligonucleotide target complementary to the F508 codon region of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. A hybridization simulation model based upon Nearest Neighbor approximations is used to predict the outcome of the array hybridization experiment.
Intake, Digestibility, and Nitrogen Balance of Steers Fed Gamagrass Baleage Topdressed at Two Rates of Nitrogen and Harvested at Sunset and Sunrise

Maximum diurnal accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in warm-season grasses is an economic way of increasing hay quality; however, in the humid East, haymaking is diffi cult. This study evaluated gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.), topdressed with either 56 (LO) or 168 (HI) kg N ha –1 , direct baled after mowing in the afternoon (PM/LO and PM/HI) or morning (AM/LO and AM/HI), wrapped with plastic fi lm, and conserved as baleage. The four baleage treatments were evaluated by steers for dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, and N retention. Neither harvest time nor N rate altered DMI (mean = 1.87 kg 100 –1 kg body weight). Diges
Leakage of phosphate compounds from ultraviolet-irradiated yeast cells

A study was made of the action of ultraviolet radiations on the leekage of radioactive phosphate, P/sup 32/, from uniformly labeled yeast cells. At low dosages leakage is slow and steady for a 24-hr period; at high dosages leakage is rapid and the maximum amount occurs within 4 hr after irradiation. At high dosages 5O% of labeled phosphate of the cells is found in the medium after 4 hr. The pH of the medium influences leakage caused by ultraviolet light. Minimum leakage occurs in the region of pH 6. Above pH 8.7 and below pH 2.6 leakage occurs to a considerable extent in nonirradiated cells. Sodium azide and 2,4- dinitrophenol cause increased leakage in irradiated cells, but these poisons do not cause leakage from nonirradiated cells. Leakage from irradiated cells metabolizing glucose is five times that from irradiated cells having no exogenous substrate. The temperature coefficient or Q/sub 10/ for leakage caused by irradiation is 1.5 for the interval 20 to 30 deg C. A paper chromatographic analysis was made of the leakage products. Positive identification was made of inorganic orthophosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, and adenylic acid. Unique substances appear to be present among the leakage products that are not presentmore » in the cells. Leakage is selective. Certain substances that are present in the cell do not leak out following irradiation. The leakage substances resulting from ultraviolet irradiation differ from those resulting from heating the cells at 55 deg C. Cells rendered nonviable by heating leak a considerable additional amount of phosphate which is chromatographically similar to that from cells irradiated but not heated. The possible causes of leakage of phosphate from irradiated cells are discussed. The process is not a simple one but the evidence points to membrane damage allowing diffusion of cellular constituents to the exterior as well as to interference with energy--coupled processes in the cell. (auth)« less
Facilitating Factors for Colorectal Cancer Screening

Background. In this retrospective study, we examined factors that facilitated receipt of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in a sample of low-income, predominantly African Americans participating in a tailored telephone education intervention. Methods. A total of 61 individuals who received CRC screening were matched on age and sex with 61 individuals who had not received screening. Using records collected as part of the intervention, we identified facilitating factors and compared them between groups. Results. We identified 8 facilitating factors, of which there were significant bivariate relationships with 6 factors. These 6 factors were stated familiarity with CRC test, seemed to only need reminder calls, seemed ready to screen, primary care physician (PCP) encouraged CRC screening, had an upcoming PCP appointment, and being prevention oriented. Conclusions. Identifying facilitating factors in those who receive screening may lead to insights about what factors need to be cultivated in those who do not receive screening.
1582 AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH SECRETORY DIARHEA: A NEW SYNDROME

A 1 year old male had features of autonomic dysfunction including lack of axon flare in response to intradermal histamine, abnormal pupillary response to conjunctival instillation of methacholine, absent fungiform papillae of the tongue, lack of overflow tears, decreased response to deep pain, and a history of recurrent aspiration pneumonias and failure to thrive. The patient differed from individuals with familial dysautonomia (FD) in that 1) he was not of Jewish heritage, 2) sweating was absent, 3) corneal reflexes were present, 4) temperature and vasomotor instability were absent. The patient differed from individuals with congenital sensory neuropathy with anhidrosis (CSN) in that 1) overflow tearing and fungiform papillae of the tongue were absent, 2) deep tendon reflexes were present, and 3) methacholine caused prompt pupillary miosis. True secretory diarrhea is a feature of neither FD or CSN, but was present in our patient. During a 9-day fast stool volume averaged 20 gm/kg/day. Stool electrolytes were Na 111 mEq/L, K 26 mEq/L, Cl 55 mEq/L. There was no evidence of malabsorption. Enteropathic bacteria and parasites were absent from the stool. No histologic abnormalities were evident in biopsies of the small bowel or rectum. The diarrhea improved during treatment with tincture of opium. Studies in animals and man have demonstrated that the autonomic nervous system contributes to the control of secretion from the small bowel and colon. This is the first report of a syndrome of a congenital autonomic dysfunction associated with secretory diarrhea.
Encapsulation and Functionalization of Nanoparticles in Crosslinked Resorcinarene Shells

Two resorcinarene-derived tetrathiols with terminal alkene sidechains (tetraarylthiol cavitand 3 and tetrabenzylthiol cavitand 4) were determined to be efficient at extracting colloidal gold nanoparticles from aqueous solutions and stabilizing their dispersion in organic solvents. Treatment of these nanoparticle dispersions with the Grubbs olefin metathesis catalyst resulted in crosslinked resorcinarene shells that were highly resistant to alkanethiol-induced desorption at high temperatures. Nanoparticles in crosslinked shells of tetrabenzylthiol cavitand 4 were particularly robust, and could be precipitated and redispersed many times with minimal attrition. These shells could also withstand oxidative conditions and were amenable to synthetic modifications involving epoxidation and dihydroxylation.
PROTEIN DISSECTION OF THE ANTIPARALLEL COILED COIL FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI SERYL TRNA SYNTHETASE

The alpha-helices of coiled-coil proteins are predominantly parallel, in contrast to the general preference for an antiparallel orientation of interacting alpha-helices found in globular proteins. One intriguing exception is the antiparallel, two-stranded coiled coil comprising the long helical arm of the bacterial seryl tRNA synthetases (SRS). A recombinant 82-residue peptide corresponding to the helical arm of Escherichia coli SRS folds into a stable, monomeric, helical structure in the absence of the rest of the protein, as shown by circular dichroism (CD) and equilibrium sedimentation centrifugation. However, peptides corresponding to the individual helices of SRS are unstructured at neutral pH and do not associate appreciably at total peptide concentrations up to 100 microM. Covalent attachment of the the two peptides through a nonnatural, disulfide-containing linker restores structure and allows study of variants in which the individual helices are constrained to interact in either an antiparallel or a parallel orientation. We find that the antiparallel species are substantially more helical and more stable to thermal denaturation than their parallel counterpart. Thus, the SRS helical arm is an autonomously folding unit, and, unlike most other coiled coils, has an intrinsic preference for an antiparallel orientation of its constituent helices.
Effect of combined cyclic stretch and fluid shear stress on endothelial cell morphological responses.

Endothelial cells in vivo are normally subjected to multiple mechanical stimuli such as stretch and fluid shear stress (FSS) but because each stimulus induces magnitude-dependent morphologic responses, the relative importance of each stimulus in producing the normal in vivo state is not clear. Using cultured human aortic endothelial cells, this study first determined equipotent levels of cyclic stretch, steady FSS, and oscillatory FSS with respect to the time course of cell orientation. We then tested whether these levels of stimuli were equipotent in combination with each other by imposing simultaneous cyclic stretch and steady FSS or cyclic stretch and oscillatory FSS so as to reinforce or counteract the cells' orientation responses. Equipotent levels of the three stimuli were 2% cyclic stretch at 2% /s, 80 dynes/cm 2 steady FSS and 20′10 dynes/cm 2 oscillatory FSS at 20 dyne/cm 2 - s. When applied in reinforcing fashion, cyclic stretch and oscillatory, but not steady, FSS were additive. Both pairs of stimuli canceled when applied in counteracting fashion. These results indicate that this level of cyclic stretch and oscillatory FSS sum algebraically so that they are indeed equipotent. In addition, oscillatory FSS is a stronger stimulus than steady FSS for inducing cell orientation. Moreover, arterial endothelial cells in vivo are likely receiving a stronger stretch than FSS stimulus.
Mechanism-based inhibition of lactoperoxidase by thiocarbamide goitrogens. Identification of turnover and inactivation pathways

Direct evidence is presented in support of mechanism-based (suicide) inactivation of lactoperoxidase by thiocarbamide thyroid inhibitors. The turnover of 1-methylbenzimidazolidine-2-thione was demonstrated by identifying the inhibitor-derived products 1-methylbenzimidazole and bisulfite ion that are formed concurrent to enzyme inactivation. The turnover of a hydroperoxide cosubstrate, 5-phenyl-4-pentenyl hydroperoxide, was quantitated from formation of the corresponding alcohol during enzyme inactivation. A specific inactivation pathway is suggested by the covalent binding of 1 mol of 14C- and 35S-labeled benzimidazolidine-2-thione and 1-methylbenzimidazolidine-2-thione per mole of inactivated lactoperoxidase. These results are explained by partitioning of inhibitor-derived S-oxygenated intermediates between turnover and inactivation pathways. The properties of the inactivation process are unique among thiono-sulfur compounds and suggest that benzimidazolinesulfenic acids are the reactive intermediates.
T-Lymphoblast Cell Lines from Laron Dwarfs Augment Basal Colony Formation in Response to Extremely High Concentrations of Growth Hormone*

The clinical entity of Laron dwarfism is characterized by resistance to both endogenous and exogenous GH and may be due to a deficiency or absence of functional GH receptors. We previously showed that two types of hematopoietic cells derived from these patients are resistant to the in vitro growth-promoting action of GH at concentrations below 500 μg/L. In the current study we found that Laron T-cell lines had a mean peak augmentation of basal colony formation of 22 ± 3.4% above baseline in response to a GH concentration of 10,000 μg/ L. Since cloned cDNAs for human and rabbit GH receptors and rat PRL receptors show a high degree of sequence homology, we undertook studies of PRL action in cells from patients with Laron dwarfism to determine if the Laron defect was also associated with PRL unresponsiveness. Quantitating the augmentation of colony formation by T-lymphoblast cell lines established from three Laron dwarfs, we found normal responsiveness to PRL at concentrations of 25–10,000 μg/L. It is, thus,...
A Study on Flow Through a Periodic Array of Porous Medium Cylinders by Immersed-Boundary Methods

Numerical simulations with an immersed-boundary method are presented for the incompressible flow past a periodic array of porous-medium cylinders. Fluid/porous-medium interactions are greatly influenced by the accuracy on the interface between the surface of the porous cylinder and the flow around it, because of the sudden change in the governing equations for the fluid and for the porous material. In order to retain the smoothness on the interface, momentum fluxes near the interface are discretized using several schemes, including the 2nd - and 3rd -order upwind schemes and the 5th -order Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) scheme. These schemes are combined with a direct-forcing immersed-boundary method to remove the discontinuity between the fluid and the porous material, and thus accuracy near the interface can be improved. Low and moderate Reynolds number flows, both outside and inside the porous cylinders, are computed simultaneously by solving a combined governing equation set for incompressible flow. The simulation is first validated using flow over an array of impermeable cylinders. The advantage of high-order schemes is then investigated by looking at the flow parameters near the interfaces between the porous cylinders and the outside flow. Species transport in flow with the porous-cylinder-array configuration is also studied.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Time-Dependent Double-Diffusive Instability in a Density-Stratified Fluid along a Heated Inclined Wall

We consider a stably stratified fluid contained between two parallel sloping plates. At t = 0, the lower plate is given a step increase in temperature; a time-dependent convective flow is generated. Stability of such a flow with respect to double-diffusive mechanism is analyzed. The method is the same one used by Chen [6] in treating a similar problem with vertical walls. The predicted critical values of Rayleigh number and wavelength compare favorably with those observed experimentally. No overstability is encountered up to 75 deg of inclination of the heating wall to the vertical. For a horizontal layer, however, instability starts in an overstable mode. The frequency of the overstable mode compares favorably with that predicted by Veronis [7] for a free-free layer.
An architecture for heterogeneous groupware applications

The proliferation of wireless networks and small portable computing devices raises the need for applications that are adaptable to heterogeneous computing and communication environments and the contexts in which they are used. However, most current groupware systems as well as other software applications are not well prepared to handle the heterogeneity. The Manifold framework presented here provides a software architecture for synchronous groupware applications to deal with heterogeneity. The framework's main characteristic is data centricity. The users collaborate on and exchange data, and the data is dynamically transformed to adapt to the particular computing/network platform. The design is based on multi-tier architecture and uses eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as a generic means for information exchange. The resulting design is simple yet very powerful and scalable. Manifold is implemented and tested by developing several complex groupware applications.
â€˜Pop culture is our religionâ€™: Paulo Freire, LGBTQ Rights and Radical Love

Media coverage of LGBT teen bullying and suicides portrays a national crisis. If students “read the world” (Freire, 1998, p. 76) around them, they understand a world that often does not bother to recognize their humanity, and worse, vilifies them. Freire imagines a different way, one where “progressive education. . . must never eradicate the learner’s sense of pride and self worth” (Freire, 2004, p. 8). At the essence of many of Freire’s writings was the idea of our collective humanity in the classroom and as we re-imagined the world together. It is here where radical love becomes a powerful force within education. In the absence of meaningful and “safe” learning spaces for queer students, we maintain that alternate curricula, those within the realm of popular culture offer possibilities of resistance to these dangerous climates. As Giroux and Simon (1988) write, “popular culture is appropriated by students and helps authorize their voices and experiences while pedagogy authorizes the voices of the adult world, the world of teachers and administrators” (p. 11). The intersection of the student and adult worlds offers a pop culture pedagogy, a tool for alternative learning and a site of resistance. This intersection reveals a significant impact on societal views, ultimately leading to advocacy and action. While there are many examples of these sites of resistance, for the purposes of this piece, we focus on three: the television series, Glee, the music and advocacy work of Lady Gaga, and the It Gets Better project.
Multispectral Bilateral Video Fusion

We present a technique for enhancing underexposed visible-spectrum video by fusing it with simultaneously captured video from sensors in nonvisible spectra, such as Short Wave IR or Near IR. Although IR sensors can accurately capture video in low-light and night-vision applications, they lack the color and relative luminances of visible-spectrum sensors. RGB sensors do capture color and correct relative luminances, but are underexposed, noisy, and lack fine features due to short video exposure times. Our enhanced fusion output is a reconstruction of the RGB input assisted by the IR data, not an incorporation of elements imaged only in IR. With a temporal noise reduction, we first remove shot noise and increase the color accuracy of the RGB footage. The IR video is then normalized to ensure cross-spectral compatibility with the visible-spectrum video using ratio images. To aid fusion, we decompose the video sources with edge-preserving filters. We introduce a multispectral version of the bilateral filter called the "dual bilateral" that robustly decomposes the RGB video. It utilizes the less-noisy IR for edge detection but also preserves strong visible-spectrum edges not in the IR. We fuse the RGB low frequencies, the IR texture details, and the dual bilateral edges into a noise-reduced video with sharp details, correct chrominances, and natural relative luminances
RECENT TRENDS IN AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

AMERICAN anthropology as an organized science is only one hundred years old. The American Ethnological Society of New York, founded in 1842, was the first organization of its kind on the continent. In 1851 "the first scientific account of an Indian tribe" appeared-Lewis H. Morgan's League of the Iroquois. In 1866 the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology was founded in Cambridge. In 1879 the Bureau of American Ethnology was organized as the first agency to be supported by a national government for the systematic study of the aboriginal groups under its jurisdiction. In the same year the Anthropological Society of Washington was founded. The first number of the American Anthropologist appeared in 1888 and the Journal of American Folklore began the following year. These early milestones were conceived and set up by men who, for the most part, had begun in other fields such as geology (McGee), medicine (Matthews) or law (Morgan). Some, like Matthews, subsisted from their original profession ancLpractised anthropology as an avocation. Others, like Powell and Putnam, became affiliated with the Bureau of American Ethnology or with a museum. The universities were slow in adding anthropology to their course of study. The first Ph.D. (1892) was awarded to Chamberlain by Clark University only a little over fifty years ago and exactly fifty years after the founding of the first American society for anthropology. In this first half century the foundations were laid and the pioneer work in American archeology, linguistics, physical anthropology and ethnography was done. This did not stop at simple description. These men were interested in interpreting what they saw, although the facts they possessed were few compared with the number available today.' The outstanding efforts in this direction were made by Morgan. In Systems of consanguinity and affinity (1870) he attempted to classify kinship systems and relate them to each other. Ancient society (1877) is one of the most substantial attempts in Europe or America to contribute to an understanding of the evolution of our social system. In Houses and house-life of the American aborigines (1881) he tried to show the correlation between architectural forms and social organization. This is the true scientific attitude: facts are of value only for the generalizations that can be derived from them and applied to a better understanding of our own life. From 1892 to about 1925 Boas and his students dominated American anthropology. They found much to criticize in the evolutionary approach. When they tried to apply the evolutionist's sequences of development to particular tribes or peoples they discovered that the history of few if any of them con-
A Highly Convergent Approach toward (−)-Brevenal

Progress toward a highly convergent, asymmetric synthesis of brevenal is reported. Construction of the AB-ring and E-ring cyclic ether fragments was achieved through asymmetric alkylation/ring-closing metathesis strategies. A Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons olefination was used in a key bond-forming step to couple the advanced cyclic fragments and enable rapid access to the AB-E ring system.
Thermal Conduction and Viscous Heating in Microscale Couette Flows

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is used to investigate heat conduction and viscous heating in microscale Couette flows. When augmented by the slip boundary conditions, the continuum equations are found to predict thermal conductance accurately even in the transition and ballistic flow regime for Couette flows. The viscous heat generation rate, in contrast, is significantly underpredicted by the slip flow theory. We propose an alternative approach based on kinetic theory and present a compact analytic expression for the viscous dissipation rate
Experiments on strong interactions between solitary waves

Experiments on the interaction between solitary shallow-water waves propagating in the same direction have been performed in a rectangular channel. Two methods were devised to compensate for the dissipation of the waves in order to compare results with Hirota's (1971) solution for the collision of solitons described by the Korteweg-de Vries equation. Both qualitative and quantitative agreement with theory is obtained using the proposed corrections for wave damping.
Microwave magnetic field effects on high-power microwave window breakdown

Microwave window breakdown in vacuum is investigated for an idealized geometry, where a dielectric slab is located in the center of a rectangular waveguide with its normal parallel to the microwave direction of propagation. An S-band resonant ring with a frequency of 2.85 GHz and a power of 60 MW is used. With field enhancement tips at the edges of the dielectric slab, the threshold power for breakdown is observed to be dependent on the direction of the microwaves; i.e., it is approximately 20% higher for the downstream side of the slab than it is for the upstream side. Simple trajectory calculations of secondary electrons in an RF field show a significant forward motion of electrons parallel to the direction of microwave propagation. Electrons participating in a saturated secondary avalanche on the upstream side are driven into the surface, and electrons on the downstream side are driven off the surface, because of the influence of the microwave magnetic field. In agreement with the standard model of dielectric surface flashover for dc conditions (saturated avalanche and electron-induced outgassing), the corresponding change in the surface charge density is expected to be proportional to the applied breakdown threshold electric field parallel to the surface.
Sofosbuvir, simeprevir, and ribavirin for the treatment of hepatitis C virus recurrence in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus-coinfected liver transplant recipients.

TO THE EDITORS: For human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), poor graft survival after liver transplantation (LT) has prompted concerns about their suitability for LT.1 The availability of oral direct-acting antiviral drugs for HCV offers new opportunities for managing HCV disease in LT recipients with HCV and HIV and potentially improving long-term survival,2 as shown by the 2 patients reported here.
Forensic engineering techniques for VLSI CAD tools

The proliferation of the Internet has affected the business model of almost all semiconductor and VLSI CAD companies that rely on intellectual property (IP) as their main source of revenues. The fact that IP has become more accessible and easily transferable, has influenced the emergence of copyright infringement as one of the most common obstructions to e-commerce of IP.In this paper, we propose a generic forensic engineering technique that addresses a number of copyright infringement scenarios. Given a solution SP to a particular optimization problem instance P and a finite set of algorithms A applicable to P, the goal is to identify with a certain degree of confidence the algorithm Ai which has been applied to P in order to obtain SP. We have applied forensic analysis principles to two problem instances commonly encountered in VLSI CAD: graph coloring and boolean satisfiability. We have demonstrated that solutions produced by strategically different algorithms can be associated with their corresponding algorithms with high accuracy.
An interactive visualization environment for data exploration

Exploratory data analysis is a process of sifting through data in search of interesting information or patterns. Analysts' current tools for exploring data include database management systems, statistical analysis packages, data mining tools, visualization tools, and report generators. Since the exploration process seeks the unexpected in a data-driven manner, it is crucial that these tools are seamlessly integrated so analysts can flexibly select and compose tools to use at each stage of analysis. Few systems have integrated all these capabilities either architecturally or at the user interface level. Visage's information-centric approach allows coordination among multiple application user interfaces. It uses an architecture that keeps track of the mapping of visual objects to information in shared databases. One result is the ability to perform direct manipulation operations such as drag-and-drop transfer of data among applications. This paper describes Visage's Visual Query Language and visualization tools, and illustrates their application to several stages of the exploration process: creating the target dataset, data cleaning and preprocessing, data reduction and projection, and visualization of the reduced data. Unlike previous integrated KDD systems' interfaces, direct manipulation is used pervasively, and the visualizations are more diverse and can be customized automatically as needed. Coordination among all interface objects simplifies iterative modification of decisions at any stage.
Treating Child Obesity and Associated Medical Conditions.

With American children on course to grow into the most obese generation of adults in history, Sonia Caprio argues that it is critical to develop more effective strategies for preventing childhood obesity and treating serious obesity-related health complications. She notes that although pediatricians are concerned about the obesity problem, most are ineffective in addressing it. Treatment should begin, Caprio explains, with a thorough medical exam, an assessment of nutrition and physical activity, an appraisal of the degree of obesity and associated health complications, a family history, and full information about current medications. Caprio also summarizes the current use of medications and surgery in treating child obesity and argues, that for severe forms of obesity, the future lies in developing new and more effective drugs. Caprio explains that today's most effective obesity treatment programs have been carried out in academic centers through an approach that combines a dietary component, behavioral modification, physical activity, and parental involvement. Such programs, however, have yet to be translated to primary pediatric care centers. Successfully treating obesity, she argues, will require a major shift in pediatric care that builds on the findings of these academic centers regarding structured intervention programs. To ensure that pediatricians are well trained in implementing such programs, the American Medical Association is working with federal agencies, medical specialty societies, and public health organizations to teach doctors how to prevent and manage obesity in both children and adults. Such training should be a part of undergraduate and graduate medical education and of continuing medical education programs. Caprio also addresses the problem of reimbursement for obesity treatment. Despite the health risks of obesity, patients get little support from health insurers, thus putting long-term weight-management programs beyond the reach of most. Caprio argues that obesity should be recognized as a disease and receive coverage for its treatment just as other diseases do.