cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women's Land Rights and Rural Social Movements in the Brazilian Agrarian Reform

This article examines the evolution of the demand for women's land rights in the Brazilian agrarian reform through the prism of the three main rural social movements: the landless movement, the rural unions and the autonomous rural women's movement. Most of the credit for raising the issue of women's land rights rests with women within the rural unions. That women's formal land rights were attained in the constitutional reform of 1988 was largely a by–product of the effort to end discrimination against women in all it dimensions. The achievement of formal equality in land rights, nonetheless, did not lead to increases in the share of female beneficiaries of the reform, which remained low in the mid–1990s. This was largely because securing women's land rights in practice was not a top priority of any of the rural social movements. Moreover, the main social movement determining the pace of the agrarian reform, the landless movement, considered class and gender issues to be incompatible. By the late 1990s, nonetheless, there was growing awareness that failure to recognize women's land rights was prejudicial to the development and consolidation of the agrarian reform settlements and thus the movement. The growing consensus among all the rural social movements of the importance of securing women's land rights, coupled with effective lobbying, encouraged the State in 2001 to adopt specific mechanisms for the inclusion of women in the agrarian reform.
Noninfarctional QSII, III, AVF complexes as seen in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and left bundle branch block

Abstract We have presented 34 instances of tracings which showed QS complexes in Leads II, III, and AV F or Leads III and AV F , from patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and complete left bundle branch block. Superficially, this electrocardiographic configuration may simulate that of acute or residual posterior wall myocardial infarction. This QS configuration results from the right ventricular potential (QS complex) being reflected in Leads II, III, and AV F , with the left ventricular potential (slurred R or rR′ complex) being projected to the left shoulder (Leads I and AV L . The QS configuration is characterized by and initial downward notching, due to the delta wave in instances of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and the initial right-to-left septal depolarization in instances of left bundle branch block. The inscription time of this Q wave measures 0.07 to 0.09 second, being equal to the inscription time of the slurred R or rR′ complexes in the left ventricular leads. In sharp distinction, the Q wave of a posterior wall myocardial infarction measures 0.035 to 0.04 second in duration, and the QS or Qr complex is often notched on the upstroke, with preservation of a late r wave, albeit of low amplitude. Coronary artery disease and hypertensive heart disease are the two most common clinical entities associated with complete left bundle branch block. None of the 34 patients currently reported on, however, had a history of myocardial infarction. Autopsy, which was available on 6 patients, failed to reveal residuals of myocardial infarction. A broader appreciation of the QS configuration in Leads II, III, and AV F associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or left bundle branch block is required. Failure in this regard may result in serious misinterpretation of the electrocardiogram.
The size, concentration and evolution of corporate R&D spending in U.S. firms from 1976 to 2010: Evidence and implications☆

Abstract The use of research and development (R&D) spending as an empirical proxy for managerial discretion, information asymmetry and growth opportunities, is pervasive in empirical corporate finance research. Underlying this is the implicit assumption that firms choose levels of R&D to maximize value, given firm and industry characteristics. An alternative framework views the level of R&D spending as subject to idiosyncratic behavior as managers myopically manipulate R&D expenditures to meet short-term earnings goals. Using aggregate firm and industry level data, we find evidence consistent with the view that R&D is determined by firm and industry characteristics. Time invariant firm and industry fixed effects explain most of the cross-sectional variation in observed R&D spending, while time-varying factors like size, profitability, or market-to-book explain little of the cross-sectional variation. We find that R&D spending continues to grow faster than advertising and capital expenditures. We also find no evidence of managerial myopia as corporate aggregate R&D expenditures are growing faster than aggregate profitability and the number of firms that undertake R&D has increased over the period from 1976 to 2010.
Structures of the transition states of some intermolecular hydride transfer reactions

The large kH/kD isotope effects, 7–9, obtained in the hydride transfer reactions of triarylmethanes with triarylmethyl cations support linear rather than nonlinear transition states.
Multi-band linear and circular polarized, electrically small, near field resonant parasitic antennas

We have developed a variety of electrically small, near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) antennas. Several examples and their performance characteristics will be presented. These are based on capacitively-loaded loop (CLL) NRFPs with both electric and magnetic couplings to the driven element; both varieties will be compared and contrasted. Integrating multiple NFRP CLL elements with coaxially-fed electrically-small monopoles or semi-circular loop antennas, both single- and dual-band, linearly (LP) and circularly polarized (CP) antenna designs are achieved. The CP designs rely on two orthogonal equivalent magnetic dipoles tuned at slightly different resonance frequencies to achieve the requisite 90° phase shift between them at an intermediate frequency. Two driven monopoles are required for the electrically-coupled version; one driven semi-loop antenna is required for the magnetically-coupled version. However, only the electrically-coupled design has enough tuning parameters to lead to a dual-band, NFRP CLL-based CP antenna. This dual-band CP design will be discussed in our presentation.
Identification of endogenous ligands bound to bacterially expressed human and E. coli dihydrofolate reductase by 2D NMR

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a well-studied drug target and a paradigm for understanding enzyme catalysis. Preparation of pure DHFR samples, in defined ligand-bound states, is a prerequisite for in vitro studies and drug discovery efforts. We use NMR spectroscopy to monitor ligand content of human and Escherichia coli DHFR (ecDHFR), which bind different co-purifying ligands during expression in bacteria. An alternate purification strategy yields highly pure DHFR complexes, containing only the desired ligands, in the quantities required for structural studies. Interestingly, ecDHFR is bound to endogenous THF while human DHFR is bound to NADP. Consistent with these findings, a designed “humanized” mutant of ecDHFR switches binding specificity in the cell.
Staff Members' Beliefs About Seclusion and Restraint in Child Psychiatric Hospitals

BACKGROUND: Staff members beliefs about seclusion and restraint are influential in determining how and when these interventions are employed. Yet there are few studies of staff beliefs in individual hospitals and no comparative studies across hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To measure staff members' beliefs about the rationale for and efficacy of the use of seclusion and restraint with children and adolescents. METHODS: A survey of staff members (N = 320) from 13 public and private child psychiatric hospitals. RESULTS: Results indicate a low to moderate level of confidence among all staff groups regarding the efficacy of seclusion and restraint. Staff members from private hospitals were significantly more positive in their assessment of these interventions than were staff members from the public sector. CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that the persistent use of coercive interventions in which staff have a low level of confidence reflect both the influence of tradition in the management of aggressive behavior and unacknowledged avoidant/coercive staff responses to patents labeled as deviant. Differences between the public and private sectors and between hospitals within each sector imply that the practice of seclusion and restraint may be idiosyncratic to each institution, and suggest the need for a generally accepted standard for their use.
Temporal regulation of gene expression during the mammalian cell cycle.

To divide, a typical eukaryotic cell must accomplish three major tasks: it must approximately double its mass; it must replicate its chromatin, and it must accurately distribute its components to its progeny. The apparent order, with which these events are accomplished in cultured animal cells and the genetic dissection of cell growth in yeasts, has led to the concept of the cell cycle. One approach toward understanding the biochemical mechanisms controlling progression through this cycle is to delineate the molecular events which ultimately result in the temporal activation of gene expression as cells proceed to division. For example, a detailed knowledge of the regulation of genes whose activity is increased during cellular DNA synthesis and of the cascade of events that lead to their induction as cells enter S-phase, could significantly contribute to our understanding of the signals required for the transition from Gl to S-phase. In this review, I will consider several recent contributions that directly address the temporal regulation of gene expression in actively cycling cultured animal cells. I have omitted recent studies concerning the activation of genes upon stimulation of resting cells to enter the cell cycle as beyond the scope of this review, and because it is not clear whether the temporal programme initiated in the GO to Gl transition is also employed during transit of Gl in continuously cycling cells [ 1,2].
High-resolution measurements of the ν2 band of HNO3 and the ν3 band of trans-HONO

Abstract New tunable diode laser measurements of the ν 2 band of HNO 3 from 1688 to 1737 cm −1 are used to derive an improved set of rovibrational constants. When these constants are used to calculate the spectrum in the region from 1660 to 1750 cm −1 the calculated spectrum matches very closely the observed spectrum in both line position and relative intensity. Improved rovibrational constants are also reported for the ν 3 band of trans -HONO as a result of diode laser measurements in the region 1222 to 1266 cm −1 . The subbands with K a = 10 thru 14 show signs of a weak perturbation that systematically displaces the transitions by small amounts (up to 0.05 cm −1 ).
The relationship of role model influences to the career salience and educational and career plans of college women

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of the perceived influence of female and male role models, gender role, and performance self-esteem to college women's career salience and career-related aspirations and choices. One hundred and seven senior women responded to a survey assessing the variables of interest. Results of stepwise regression analyses revealed that perceived role model influences, in isolation, were significantly related to career salience, level of educational aspirations, and nontraditionality of occupational choices. Role model influences were also significantly, but not very strongly, predictive of college major choices. Finally, performance self-esteem in addition to role model influences significantly predicted career salience, educational aspirations, and the nontraditionality of career choices, while the gender-role variables were largely nonpredictive. Implications of the findings for research and counseling are discussed.
Characteristics of the hibernating heart.

Abstract 1. 1. The hearts of the hibernating hedgehog, Arctic group squirrel, and Franklin ground squirrel have been studied electrocardiographically. 2. 2. Heart rate: 2.1. (a) Heart rates are best described during the periods when animals are going into, in, and coming out of hibernation. Heart rate can in these periods be shown with reference to time and body temperature. With reference to time they are cyclic in periods of several days. With reference to temperature the function is different going into hibernation than it is coming out of hibernation. 2.2. (b) Going into hibernation the heart shows a hyperirritability beginning at a body temperature of about 20°C., which precludes heart standstill as it would occur in most other mammals on cooling. In deep hibernation the heart rate is greatly slowed to values as low as 2.2 beats per minute but stabilizes at body temperatures somewhat above ambient temperatures, on an average 2.1° C. above ambient temperatures in the three species. The heart rate may show unusual patterns such as pairing of beats or beats in bursts. Coming out of hibernation the rise in heart rate precedes the rise in body temperature. 3. 3. Electrocardiograms: 3.1. (a) Since the heart rates have descended to very low values, the components of the electrocardiograms in deep hibernation in all three species have been greatly stretched or extended by comparison to the components of nonhibernating lightly anesthetized animals of the same species. The stretch or extension of these components is of the following order of magnitude: 3.1.1. (1) The T-P interval is lengthened far and beyond all other components. That is, the automaticity of the SA node is most particularly slowed in hibernation. 3.1.2. (2) The P-R interval is lengthened next most. That is, the conduction time is increased next most. 3.1.3. (3) The QRS interval, P interval, and Q-T interval are in decreasing order. The RS-T interval shows the least amount of extension or stretch due to hibernation. If this is strictly representative of a temperature effect, it may be an indication that the RS-T reflects the time of a cellular electrolytic reaction. It is reasonable that the Q-T stretch be intermediate in value between the QRS and RS-T since it is largely composed of these two intervals. 3.2. (b) Although complete heart block was not observed, a marked lengthening of the P-R interval (conduction time of the heart) does occur, primarily at hibernating body temperatures below 10° C.
Y2K, The Apocalypse, and Evangelical Christianity: The Role of Eschatological Belief in Church Responses

Apocalyptic beliefs in Christianity have endured for two thousand years and on occasion have motivated and justified radical and even revolutionary collective action (Boyer 1992). Why apocalyptic visions are part of some Christians' belief system is grounded in their beliefs about the end times, or eschatologies, that shape church cultures and subsequent behaviors. This paper considers culural aspects of collective action, applying the concept of frames that give events meaning and inspire and legitimize collective behavior to Christian church responses to Y2K as a recent example of an anticipated apocalyptic event. Five interpretive frames linking eschatological ideation with specfic collective behaviors are identified and discussed, as well as three corresponding strategic responses to Y2K that were taken by various kinds of Protestant Christian churches as they prepared for the ushering in of a new millennium. Apocalyptic beliefs in Christianity have endured for two thousand years, occasionally motivating and justifying radical collective action (Boyer 1992). Berger's (1969) concept of plausibility structures offers an explanation for the adoption and retention of beliefs, such as apocalyptic endings of the world, even when those endings do not come as predicted. Plausibility theodicy explains how those advocating religious beliefs make sense out of events, giving events a "place" in the larger picture (1969:58-59). Linking plausibility structures imbedded in eschatological belief systems with subsequent behavior offers a sociological interpretation of the Y2K event as experienced by Protestant Christians. Collective action and social movement theories have not often been utilized to explain the emergence and decline of religious phenomenon. Historically this was probably due to the reluctance to grant religious movements legitimacy along with political social movements (Hannigan 1991). Social movement studies tended to link politically motivated social change and emphasize
Building a Temporal Biology: Simpson's Program for Paleontology During an American Expansion of Biology

A central, though overlooked, dimension of George Simpson's (1944) book, Tempo and Mode in Evolution, involved its emphasis on cooperative and historical approaches to evolutionary studies. Together, these two orientations formed Simpson's program in temporal biology, and during the late 1930's and early 1940's, Simpson not only pursued this program, he loudly advocated and actively promoted it. Vertebrate paleontology had lost considerable prestige in evolutionary studies during this period (both at Simpson's home institution and within biology generally), and Simpson fought to empower and enfranchise his discipline. Tempo and Mode was part of that effort, which took place in the broader context of the evolutionary synthesis.
Thoracic metastasectomy for adoptive immunotherapy of melanoma: A single-institution experience

Objectives Although refractory to chemotherapy, metastatic melanoma may respond to adoptive immunotherapy. As novel treatments evolve, surgeons may be asked to perform metastasectomy not only for palliation or potential cure but also for isolation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This study was undertaken to examine outcomes of patients with melanoma undergoing thoracic metastasectomy in preparation for investigational immunotherapy. Methods A retrospective review identified 107 consecutive patients who underwent 116 thoracic metastasectomy procedures from April 1998 to July 2009. Indications for surgical intervention included procurement of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, rendering of patients to no evaluable disease status, palliation, and diagnosis. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria were used to assess tumor response. Results Thoracotomy, lobectomy, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with nonanatomic resection were the most common procedures. Major complications included 1 death and 1 coagulopathy-induced hemothorax. Seventeen patients were rendered to no evaluable disease status. Virtually all patients with residual disease had tumor specimens cultured for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; approximately 70% of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cultures exhibited antitumor reactivity. Of the 91 patients with residual or recurrent disease, 24 (26%) underwent adoptive cell transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, of whom 7 exhibited objective responses (29% response rate and 8% based on intent to treat). Rapid disease progression precluded tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy in most cases. Actuarial 1- and 5-year survival rates for patients rendered to no evaluable disease status or receiving or not receiving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were 93% and 76%, 64% and 33%, and 43% and 0%, respectively. Conclusions Relatively few patients currently having thoracic metastasectomy undergo adoptive cell transfer. Continued refinement of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte expansion protocols and improved patient selection might increase the number of patients with melanoma benefiting from these interventions.
Noise-affected I-V curves in small hysteretic Josephson junctions.

We investigate the noise-affected I-V curves of small-area Josephson junctions through experiment, simulation, and theory. In particular, we consider I-V curves in which two different states of finite voltage coexist at the same dc bias: a high-voltage state that corresponds to the usual quasiparticle branch and a low-voltage state that is characterized by thermally activated phase diffusion. The observed hysteresis between the phase-diffusion and quasiparticle branches cannot be explained within the context of the simple resistively and capacitively shunted junction (RCSJ) model but is explained by extended models in which the damping increases with frequency. Frequency-dependent damping is shown to produce a qualitative change in the attractors of the noise-free system which allows the two voltage states to be simultaneously stable. This picture is confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations which accurately reproduce the experimental I-V curves of two different samples over a wide range of temperatures. In addition we develop analytic expressions for three key parameters of the I-V curve of junctions displaying hysteresis between the phase-diffusion and quasiparticle branches: the initial slope of the phase-diffusion branch, the bias level at which the junction switches from the phase-diffusion branch to the quasiparticle branch, and the bias level at which it returns to the phase-diffusion branch.
Milk composition of Majaheim camels.

To determine composition, milk samples were obtained at random from camels at two camel rearing areas near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Proximate analyses indicated 3.15% fat, 2.81% protein, 4.16% lactose, 10.95% total solids, .15% acidity, .83% ash, and 88.33% water. Mineral composition was (milligrams per gram) 30.03, Ca; 72.48, K; 43.10, Na; .28, Fe; .18, Pb; and 4.50, Mg. Results should contribute to the overall knowledge of camels as a food source, but much still needs to be learned if efficient improvement programs are to be initiated.
Junctional region of the myelin basic protein-specific T cell receptor β chain in mice

Evidence for the existence of both conserved and diverse amino acid sequences in the junctional regions of the myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cell receptors (TCR) in mice is presented. The junctional region of the Nac1-11 MBP peptide-specific, H-2u-restricted TCR beta-chains is characterized by the utilization of similar amino acid sequences. In contrast, diverse junctional sequences within the TCR beta-chains of the p89-101 MBP peptide and H-2s-restricted T cell clones are reported. These findings demonstrate that a limited heterogeneity of the MBP-specific T cell clones does exist. However, it may not be universal even in inbred mouse strains.
The use of planning methodologies in local economic development decisionmaking

In this paper the nature and extent of local planning and evaluation practices and their impact on economic development policies are examined. Based on data from a survey of Canadian and US cities with populations over 10 000, several conclusions are drawn; (1) it appears that the extent of planning and evaluation of local economic development policies is limited in cities in both nations; (2) conditions which appear to be associated with planning and evaluation include expected growth in economic base, more land available for development, larger local budgets for economic development, and greater professionalism among economic development officials; and (3) although more planning and evaluation activity is related to an increased use of all types of economic development techniques, planning appears to interact with other local forces in a manner which may lead to more entrepreneurial, demand-side, or redistributive economic development policies.
Does Product Platform Strategy Mediate the Effects of Supply Chain Integration on Performance? A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective

This study depicts supply chain integration (SCI) for new product development (NPD) as a dynamic capability and explores its relationship with a product platform strategy (PPS), NPD performance, and overall firm performance. Supplier, internal, and customer integration are modeled as antecedents to PPS, while product innovation and relative profitability are modeled as direct and/or indirect consequences. The model examines whether a PPS mediates the effects of SCI on performance. An analysis of 214 US manufacturers revealed that supplier integration and internal integration are positively related to PPS, and that their effects on product innovation and profitability are fully mediated by PPS. In contrast, customer integration had no effect on PPS and thus no indirect effect on performance measures. The research showed that PPS both directly and indirectly (though product innovation) affects profitability. The findings suggest the value of aligning the domains of integration and performance and considering the domain strategy when examining the effects of SCI on performance.
Arousing patriotic feelings in men and women.

In a sample of college students, 31 men responded more patriotically on a questionnaire after viewing violent scenes of war while 56 women responded more patriotically after viewing nonviolent scenes of soldiers.
Identification of a spin 5 state in Cr52

Abstract The state at 3.614-MeV in Cr 52 was found to have a spin of 5 by low temperature nuclear orientation techniques. It is thus reasonable to identify this state with the spin 5 seniority-four state predicted by Edmonds and Flowers for an ( f 7 2 ) 4 configuration. The angular distribution parameters for the 1.246-MeV γ-ray, connecting this state with the 4+ state at 2.369-MeV, require that the amplitude mixing ratio δ( E 2 M 1 ) be negative. It is probable that this transition is 3–23% quadrupole.
Ground-water, large-lake interactions in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron: A geochemical and isotopic approach

Delineating the nature and extent of ground-water inputs is necessary to understand the hydrochemistry of large lakes. Characterizing the interaction between ground water and large lakes (e.g., the Great Lakes) is facilitated by the use of geochemical and isotopic data. In this study, pore waters were extracted from sediment cores collected from Saginaw Bay and the surrounding Saginaw lowland area; the geochemistry and stable isotope signature of these pore waters were used to identify sources for the water and solutes. Cores from Saginaw Bay and the Saginaw lowland area yielded strong vertical gradients in chloride concentrations, suggesting that a high-chloride source is present at depth. The spatial distribution of cores with elevated chloride concentrations corresponds to the regional distribution of chloride in ground water. Most of the Saginaw lowland area cores contain water with significantly lower δ 18 O values than modern meteoric water, suggesting that the water had been recharged during a much cooler climate. The δ 18 O values measured in pore waters (from Saginaw Bay cores) containing high chloride concentrations are similar to modern meteoric water; however, values lighter than modern meteoric water are encountered at depth. Chloride:bromide ratios, used to distinguish between different chloride sources, identify formation brine as the likely source for chloride. Transport models indicate that a combination of advection and diffusion is responsible for the observed Saginaw lowland area pore-water profiles. Pore-water profiles in Saginaw Bay sediments are produced primarily by diffusion and require significantly less time to evolve. An upward flux of solutes derived from formation brine could occur elsewhere within the Great Lakes region and significantly affect the geochemical cycling of chloride and other contaminants (e.g., trace metals).
Low temperature stability of baculovirus virions from tissue culture and from inclusion bodies

Preparations of large quantities of virions are generally needed to ensure uniformity of the inoculum of tissue culture-derived nonoccluded vii-ions (BV) or occluded virions alkali-liberated from inclusion bodies (PDV). This, in turn, necessitated determining infectivity’ of these preparations after storage for extended periods under refrigeration. Our objective herein was to determine the long-term infectivity of BV and PDV of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), Baculovirus Group A, of species of Heliothis (HzSNPV) when stored at 4°C. Earlier studies indicated that PDV of the Bombyx mori NPV (BmNPV) retained in vivo infectivity for 14 to 21 days at 4°C (G. H. Bergold, Ad. Virus Res. 1, 91-139, 1953) but most infectivity was lost after 65 days (S. Watanabe, Japan J. Exp. Med. 21, 229-3 13, 195 1). Infectivity decreased slightly when BmNPV virions were suspended in hemolymph and stored at 4°C for 30 days (K. Aizawa, Sansi Kenkyu 3, 7577, 1953). In studies with Group C nonoceluded baculoviruses no loss in in vivo infectivity of Oryctes virions was detected after 18 weeks at 4°C (A. M. Crawford and C. Sheehan, J. Econ. Entomol. 77, 16101611, 1984). Infectivity at 28”C, however, decreased ca. lOOO-fold after 18 weeks; virion half-life was estimated at ca. 2 weeks. Intracellular, nonoccluded virions (purified from infected larvae of Orgyia pseudotsugata) were stable at 2”-4”C for up to 554 days when tested in vivo via intrahemocoelic injections (M. E. Martignoni, P. T. Iwai, and G. F. Rohrmann, J. Znvertebr. Pathol. 36, 12-20, 1980; M. E. Martignoni, pers. commun.). In this study we obtained BV from an
Determination of palladium and platinum by atomic absorption.

Abstract Palladium and platinum are determined by atomic absorption after fire-assay concentration into a gold bead. The limit of determination is ~0·06 ppm in a 20-g sample. Serious depressive interelement interferences are removed by buffering the solutions with a mixture of cadmium and copper sulphates with cadmium and copper concentrations each at 0·5%. Substantial amounts of Ag, Al, Au, Bi, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Te, Ti, V, Y, Zn, and the platinum metals do not interfere in the atomic-absorption determination.
Successful Internet Entrepreneurs Don't Have To Be College Dropouts: A Model for Nurturing College Students to Become Successful Internet Entrepreneurs

Some of today's most successful Internet entrepreneurs didn't graduate from college. Many young people today followed the same path to pursue their dreams however ended up failing, not a surprise because 80% of the startups fail in first 5 years. As technology innovation and market competition on Internet continue to accelerate, college students need guidance and support more urgently now than ever before. Meanwhile most entrepreneurship programs offered in colleges and universities provide only general strategy-innovation-finance guidance for broad entrepreneurship while lack concentration on online startups or connection to Internet technology. We proposed a technology-business-environment model that could help guide universities in nurturing, building, and shaping their students' dreams and goals towards creating a successful Internet startup business. Finally, we demonstrated a course outline for an Internet entrepreneurship course designed for undergraduate students. Such course can be used as a core course in an entrepreneurship program or an elective course in Information Systems (IS), other sub-disciplines of computing programs, or business programs.
The BRIDGE awareness workspace: tools supporting activity awareness for collaborative project work

The BRIDGE awareness workspace is a synchronous collaborative tool supporting activity awareness for long-term (weeks/months) group projects. This workspace features integrated timeline and concept map views of the same document space. The concept map affords graphically organizing and planning the project, and the timeline displays and gives access to historical versions of project documents with support to show scheduled events.
A tube-excited x-ray fluorescence spectrometer for use in small-diameter boreholes

A portable in-situ x-ray fluorescence analytical system that uses an x-ray tube excitation source and a cooled Si(Li) spectrometer for detecting characteristic emission x rays has been developed for use in small-diameter wells and boreholes. The 15-watt, iron-anode x-ray tube operates up to 30 kV. Three wells at the Sandia National Laboratory Chemical Waste Landfill, lined with 76 {mu} thick polyethylene, were logged specifically for Cr contamination. Detection limits below 50 ppM were achieved with counting intervals of 600 seconds and with the Si(Li) detector operating at 450-eV resolution (full width at half maximum [FWHM] for the Mn K-alpha x ray).
An electronic pulse multiplier for applications in nuclear physics

Abstract A relatively simple method is proposed for multiplying together the two voltage pulses corresponding to E and d E /d x for a charged particle and for gating a pulse height analyzer to record only those E pulses whose E d E /d x product is equal to some preselected value. To form the product, the amplitude-to-time conversion in the multi-channel analyzer handling the E pulse is further exploited. The time analogue of the E pulse is obtained from the analyzer and is fed to a separate circuit to be combined with the d E /d x pulse to form a pulse whose height is proportional to the product of E and d E /d x . The product pulse is then sorted by a single channel analyzer, in time to allow an inhibiting pulse to be fed back into the multi-channel analyzer if the product pulse is not of the desired value. The inhibiting pulse prevents the E pulse from being recorded in the memory of the analyzer; in the absence of an inhibiting pulse, the E pulse height is recorded in the memory.
Substrate Comparability vs. Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Ethrel and Ultraviolet-Treated «Little Marvel» Dwarf Pea (Pisum sativum) Tissue

Summary The exposure of «Little Marvel» dwarf pea ( Pisum sativum ) seedlings to Ethrel and ultraviolet irradiation, both in dark and visible light, either alone or in combination, reveals that UV and Ethrel exposure has either an enhancement or depressant effect on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. This is apparently a differential and tissue-specific response in terms of the four seedling areas assayed (root tip, dorsal root, proximal stem and leaves). PPO activity was assayed with four different substrates: catechol, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). With respect to PPO enzymic response, DOPA appears to be the best substrate for measuring PPO activity. Also, results with DOPA show PPO activity to be within similar magnitudes to that of peroxidase enzyme activity, measured in earlier studies. Chlorogenic acid was the next best substrate compared to DOPA, with caffeic acid and catechol apparently being the least promising for PPO activity assays in the particular tissue used in the present investigation. The comparable PPO activity levels are discussed with respect to individual substrates in relation to the particular type of seedling tissue treatment.
External memory: High speed, low speed, and no speed

This paper describes potential constraints on the selection of external memory devices (stimulus sources) and suggests options available to the would-be user of such systems for estimating research requirements and the functional parameters of the available external memory devices.
Limb reconstruction with decellularized, non-demineralized bone in a young leporine model.

Limb salvage from a variety of pathological processes in children is often limited by the unavailability of optimal allograft bone, or an appropriate structural bone substitute. In this study, we sought to examine a practical alternative for pediatric limb repair, based on decellularized, non-demineralized bone grafts, and to determine whether controlled recellularization prior to implantation has any impact on outcome. Growing New Zealand rabbits (n = 12) with a complete, critical-size defect on the left tibiofibula were equally divided into two groups. One group received a decellularized, non-demineralized leporine tibiofibula graft. The other group received an equivalent graft seeded with mesenchymal stem cells labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), at a fixed density. Animals were euthanized at comparable time points 3–8 weeks post-implantation. Statistical analysis was by the Student t-test and Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of non-union between the two groups, including on 3D micro-CT. Incorporated grafts achieved adequate axial bending rigidity, torsional rigidity, union yield and flexural strength, with no significant differences or unequal variances between the groups. Correspondingly, there were no significant differences in extracellular calcium levels, or alkaline phosphatase activity. Histology confirmed the presence of neobone in both groups, with GFP-positive cells in the recellularized grafts. It was shown that osseous grafts derived from decellularized, non-demineralized bone undergo adequate remodeling in vivo after the repair of critical-size limb defects in a growing leporine model, irrespective of subsequent recellularization. This methodology may become a practical alternative for pediatric limb reconstruction.
Relationship Between Drug Concentration in Plasma or Serum and Amount of Drug in the Body

It is shown that the apparent volume of distribution at the steady state (Vd)ss in a two-compartmental open system cannot be used to relate the drug concentration in the plasma to the amount of drug in the body, except at the one point in time when the rate of change of the amount of drug in the peripheral compartment is zero. A new concept of apparent volume of distribution, recently introduced for the pharmacokinetic analysis of a three-compartmental open system, is now applied to the two-compartmental open system. This concept leads to the definition of the constant (Vd)β, which relates drug concentration in the plasma to the total amount of drug in the body at all times during the terminal exponential elimination phase (β phase), (Vd)β is shown to be identical to the apparent volume of distribution obtained from the area under the plasma curve equation for a two-compartmental open system. Since the area equation is independent of route of administration, (Vd)β can be obtained readily without having to resort to intra venous injection and very intensive blood sampling.
Small Low Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Lithium-Polymer Battery Monitoring System

Lithium-Polymer (LiPo) batteries are becoming a popular choice for electric small low cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). In case of a multirotor UAVs, a battery failure means a certain loss of the air frame. To fully utilize their potential and maintain mission safety, a monitoring system predicting battery behaviour is required. In this study a change in battery dynamics during discharge, and its effect of thrust produced by actuators is measured. Experiments simulating flight conditions are performed, and measured data are interpolated with double exponential and polynomial curves. An obvious similarity between the battery state-of-charge and produced thrust is observed. Due to conventional altitude controllers’ inability to cope well with changes in battery dynamics, a controller invariant to those changes is presented.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Methadone exposure in utero: effects on open-field activity in weanling rats.

In a 4 group design, pregnant rats were injected with 0, 4, or 16mg/kg of methadone hydrochloride daily. The fourth group served as a nonhandled, nontreated control. All females in the first three groups were injected from Day 8 of gestation until term. At birth, litters were weighed, culled to eight pups each, and given to other nontreated surrogate mothers. Daily observation was made to determine infant mortality. At Day 28 of age, offspring were weaned, weighed, and separated by sex. Body weights were low at birth among the high methadone offspring and infant mortality was high. By weaning, mortality remained high, although weights were similar to controls. At weaning, high dose offspring showed depressed open-field activity when compared to low dose and control offspring. Methadone appears to cause deficits in behavioral development which can be detected at weaning.
X. Shielding characteristics of radio-frequency cables

THE PROBLEM of cable shielding from the standpoint of this discussion involves keeping energy inside or outside the cable. Shielding serves other useful purposes such as ground protection around high-voltage circuits.
Antibody Blockade of Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A in Rabbit Corneal Endothelial Tight Junctions Produces Corneal Swelling

Purpose The ultrastructure of tight junctions in the corneal endothelium has been studied extensively, yet little is known about their molecular composition. Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is a tight junction-associated adhesion protein previously implicated in tight junction assembly and regulation of barrier function. In this study, we sought to investigate the expression and function of JAM-A in the corneal endothelium. Methods Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to investigate expression of JAM-A and the related proteins JAM-C, CAR, and AF-6 in the rabbit corneal endothelium. Corneal endothelial perfusion specular microscopy was then used to test the effects of antibodies to JAM-A on corneal swelling. Results The expression of JAM-A was observed in the tight junctions of rabbit corneal endothelium in a localization pattern identical with that of ZO-1, a known marker of the tight junction and binding partner of JAM-A. Expression of related proteins JAM-C and CAR (Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor) was also observed in the corneal endothelium, but their distribution was diffuse and not limited to the tight junction. Expression of AF-6, a known binding partner of JAM-A, was also observed in the tight junction in a pattern similar to ZO-1. Last, functional experiments were performed in which a monoclonal antibody to JAM-A was shown to increase rabbit corneal swelling by 63% compared with the control. Conclusions The results provide new evidence that JAM-A and its binding partner AF-6 are expressed in tight junctions of the corneal endothelium and that JAM-A has a major role in maintaining the corneal endothelial barrier function.
Communication and cultural interpretation

(1991). Communication and cultural interpretation. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 336-342.
Smooth and sparsely-spined stellate cells in the visual cortex of the rat: A study using a combined golgi-electron microscope technique

The visual cortex of the rat was impregnated by the rapid Golgi procedure. From these preparations, smooth (spine-free) and sparsely-spined multipolar stellate cells with well impregnated axons were selected and drawn in the light microscope using a camera lucida. Five suitably impregnated cells were then gold-toned and deimpregnated by removal of the silver chromate produced by the Golgi impregnation, so that they could be examined in the electron microscope to determine both their cytological features and their pre- and postsynaptic relationships. A sixth neuron was not deimpregnated, and was examined in the electron microscope only to evaluate the types of synapses formed by its axons terminals. Five of these cells had extensive local axonal plexus and the sixth had a plexus which was less profuse. In the electron microscope the various portions of the deimpregnated neurons were readily identified by their content of fine gold particles, and it was found that their perikarya possessed a rather dark cytoplasm containing many ribosomes. Both symmetric and asymmetric synapses were present on the perikarya, and some of the perikarya had spines. The dendrites of the cells had relatively smooth contours and contained rather closely packed microtubules. The dendrites also had both symmetric and asymmetric synapses along their shafts, with the symmetric synapses being more frequent on the proximal portions of the dendrites. The axons of the neurons were unmyelinated and all of them formed symmetric synapses with their postsynaptic partners. The synapses occurred at dilatations of the axons at both en passant and terminal boutons. Neuronal elements identified as being postsynaptic to the axon terminals of the stellate cells included the perikarya and apical dendritic shafts of pyramidal neurons, the perikarya and dendritic shafts of other stellate cells, and an axons initial segment. Reasons are given for concluding that these multipolar, smooth and sparsely-spined stellate cells are inhibitory in function, and their relationships with some other neuronal components of the rat visual cortex are considered.
Unification of neural and statistical methods as applied to materials structure-property mapping

A wide variety of neural and statistical methods are available for nonlinear empirical modeling based on different modeling approaches. Selecting the best method for a given task requires deep understanding of their similarities and differences and a systematic approach to method selection. This paper presents a common framework for gaining insight into neural and statistical modeling methods. The framework is then used to unify methods that combine inputs by linear projection before applying the basis function. The result of this unification is a new method called nonlinear continuum regression (NLCR) that unifies ordinary least squares regression (OLS), partial least squares regression (PLS), principal components regression (PCR) and ridge regression (RR), and nonlinear methods such as, backpropagation networks (BPN) with a single hidden layer, projection pursuit regression (PPR), nonlinear partial least squares regression (NLPLS), and nonlinear principal component regression (NLPCR), by spanning the continuum between these methods. The unification is facilitated by developing a common objective function for all methods in this category, and an efficient hierarchical training algorithm, illustrative examples on synthetic data and materials structure-property prediction demonstrate the ability of NLCR to specialize to the best existing method based on linear projection, or to a method between existing methods, resulting in the most general model from this class of methods.
The use of theraputic plasma exchange (TPE) in the setting of refractory burn shock.

Abstract Introduction This study examines the physiologic effects of theraputic plasma exchange (TPE) in the setting of refractory burn shock and attempts to identify variables that correlate with the eventual need for TPE. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of 40 patients over 24 months with >20% TBSA burns who experienced complicated resuscitations. TPE was utilized in 21 patients when the patients’ total resuscitation volumes exceeded 1.2 times the amount predicted by the modified Baxter formula (3 cm3 LR/kg/%TBSA). Nineteen matched, contemporaneous patients served as controls. Demographic, injury severity, and acute clinical variables were abstracted for comparison between the two groups. Additionally, the TPE group was analyzed for blood lactate levels, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and urine output (UOP) before and after TPE. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used for comparisons, where appropriate. Results In response to TPE, MAP increased by 24% (p 400% (p = Conclusions This is the largest study to date examining TPE as an adjunct in burn resuscitation and suggests that TPE may be effective as a salvage intervention for refractory burn shock. Physiologic parameters clearly improved after the use of TPE without any detected adverse consequences. Also, admission lactate may be a useful indicator to determine who will fail standard burn resuscitation and require TPE.
Sintering inhomogeneous glasses: Application to optical waveguides

Abstract Variations in viscosity or pore size within a glass body cause uneven contraction during sintering. Consequently, stresses develop which alter the local sintering rate and, in some cases, produce bulk flow. This paper illustrates how these stresses can be analyzed by analogy to thermal stress. As a particular example, sintering of optical waveguide preforms made by the OVPO process is examined in detail. The magnitude of the self-stresses, and the conditions required for bulk flow are determined.