cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of a subgrid-scale parameterization for the transport of pollutants in a nonprecipitating cumulus cloud ensemble

Abstract The mass flux based subgrid-scale parameterization technique of Gidel (1983, J. geophys. Res.88, 6587–6599) is re-examined for use in Eulerian long-range transport models. Specifically, the parameterization scheme is incorporated into the STEM-II Eulerian transport/transformation/removal model and the model is used to investigate pollutant transport in a nonprecipitating cumulus cloud ensemble. The effects of entrainment, detrainment, evaporation and the transport by subsidence, updrafts and turbulent diffusion are included in the analysis. Presented simulation results indicate that the parameterization is able to treat the rapid vertical transport by cloud updrafts, enables the calculation of reaction rates based on subgrid-scale concentrations, and is readily adopted by Eulerian models.
Nitric oxide in obstructive uropathy: role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Nitric oxide (NO) ameliorates fibrosis in experimental obstructive uropathy. Previously, we demonstrated that renal fibrosis was decreased after 2 weeks of unilateral ureteral obstruction in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knock-out mice given L-arginine supplemented drinking water. We proposed that the 2 constitutive isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mediated down-regulation of renal fibrosis in response to prolonged ureteral obstruction. To determine the specific role of endothelial NOS (eNOS) versus neuronal NOS in modulating renal fibrosis due to obstructive uropathy, we evaluated renal injury following unilateral ureteral obstruction in C57BL/6J mice subjected to biochemical inhibition of the constitutive isoforms of NOS and in eNOS knockout mice.Materials and Methods: Four groups of C57BL/6J mice were studied. Complete unilateral ureteral obstruction was created by ligating the right ureter at age 8 weeks. A single daily intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg./kg. S-methyl-...
Short-term and long-term linkages among the Colombian capital market indexes

Abstract Emerging capital markets are complex and interesting. Colombia's capital, although thin and small, is not the exception. A major restructuring underway makes this market more appealing to study. In effect, the three Colombian exchanges just merged into one, the “Bolsa de Colombia.” The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the short-term and long-term linkages among the several stock indices of the former Medell inodot; n Stock Exchange, traditionally the most important equity market of Colombia. To answer relevant questions such as Do these indices behave similarly? Do they influence each other? Which is the direction of causality? How strongly do these indices respond?, etc., a methodology that includes tests of stationarity, causality, cointegration, impulse response and variance decomposition is used as well as a VEC model to a data set that covers daily prices from January 2, 1988 through August 9, 1994. The empirical findings reported might also be valid for other emerging markets around the world.
Methodological problems in the study of psychosocial influences on the AIDS process

Recent psychosocial research on the onset and course of AIDS is reviewed toward the goal of identifying major methodological problems in carrying out such research. The problems are identified as related to guiding theoretical statements, sampling plans, validity of measurement models, and analytic strategies. Increased understanding of the onset and course of AIDS will depend on the speed and effectiveness with which the methodological problems are addressed.
Quantitative determination of specimen properties using computational differential-interference contrast (DIC) microscopy

The theoretical development of a new iterative method based on a diffraction imaging model for the computation of a specimen's complex transmittance function (magnitude and phase) from DIC images is presented. This new method extends our initial work (RD method presented by Preza1) which was based on the assumption that the specimen does not absorb light and thus only the specimen's phase function or optical path length (OPL) distribution was computed from rotationally-diverse (RD) DIC images. In this paper, we quantify this approximation by modeling the magnitude of the synthetic object as a deviation from unity by a small perturbation. Synthetic, noiseless DIC data are generated from these test objects and processed with the RD method. Our results show that although for weakly absorbing objects the RD method may be adequate for some applications, in general the results can be quantitatively unacceptable. This supports the development of the new alternating minimization method presented in this paper. Preliminary results from the current implementation of the AM method show that the discrepancy measure utilized in the method goes to zero as iterations increase but a constrain on the estimated magnitude is necessary in order to obtain quantitative specimen properties.
Including endophenotypes as covariates in variance component heritability and linkage analysis

The purpose of these analyses was to determine if incorporating or adjusting for covariates in genetic analyses helped or hindered in genetic analyses, specifically heritability and linkage analyses. To study this question, two types of covariate models were used in the simulated Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 dataset in which the true gene locations are known. All four populations of one replicate were combined for the analyses. The first model included typical covariates of sex and cohort (population) and the second included the typical covariates and also those related endophenotypes that are thought to be associated with the trait (phenotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, and L). A final best fit model produced in the heritability analyses was used for linkage. Linkage for disease genes D1, D3, and D4 were localized using models with and without the covariates. The use of inclusion of covariates did not appear to have any consistent advantage or disadvantage for the different phenotypes in regards to gene localization or false positive rate.
Overview of NASA's 2006 SSE Strategic Roadmap

In the 2003 solar system exploration (SSE) decadal survey, the national research council (NRC) prioritized scientific targets and recommended missions to explore them. Taking these into account, NASA's 2006 solar system exploration (SSE) strategic roadmap (SRM) identified a set of large flagship, medium new frontiers (NF) and small discovery class missions, addressing key exploration objectives. Discovery and NF missions are competed, and due to their lower cost caps, address fewer science objectives than the large missions, while mostly utilizing existing technologies. Directed flagship class missions are considered necessary to answer some of the most important questions on solar system formation and habitability. They also provide drivers for technology development, which in turn would benefit all mission classes. Additionally, this SSE SRM offers a comprehensive discussion on science objectives for solar system exploration, and technologies enabling these missions. It outlines research and analysis (R&A), which is required to maintain the proposed program, and to post process scientific data. Education and public outreach (E/PO) communicates NASA's activities to the public of all ages, and as discussed, is considered an important part of the agency's programs. These elements are connected through interdependencies and links to other programmatic activities, including the mars and new millennium programs. The roadmap also explores potential implementation trades, suggesting multiple ways to execute a balanced program that consist of all mission classes and supported by technology development, R&A, and E/PO, while staying within a projected budget allocation for SSE. In this paper we outline this proposed SSE strategic roadmap, representing NASA's exploration plans for the next three decades.
Isotopic fractionation of nitrogen and carbon in the synthesis of amino acids by microorganisms

Abstract Two classes of procaryotic organisms were cultured on specific inorganic and organic nitrogenous substrates. The organisms fractionated these substrates in characteristic ways during the synthesis of their cellular biochemical compounds. Blue-green algae, Anabaena sp., were raised on molecular nitrogen, nitrate and ammonia in the presence of excess carbon dioxide. The difference between δ15N of either nitrate or ammonium and the δ15N of the algae grown on either source was 13%o. The δ15N of Anabaena that fixed N2 was 2% lighter than the nitrogen gas supplied to the algae. These fractionations are associated with enzymatic incorporation of the nitrogen into the cell. A heterotrophic bacterium, Vibrio harveyi was grown on a single amino acid as its source of both nitrogen and carbon. Cells grown on glutamic acid were enriched in 15N relative to substrate, whereas those grown on alanine were depleted in 15N compared to source nitrogen. The bacterial cultures were enriched in 13C relative to the substrate. These cultures were then hydrolyzed and individual amino acids isolated and isotopically analyzed. The isotopic compositions of the amino acids have a wide range of values; most appear to have isotope fractionations associated with the metabolic pathways in their synthesis. These results and the application of the coupled separation-isotopic analysis of amino acids yield a better understanding of comparative biochemistry for these organisms. Such analyses offer valuable information for the tracing of biosynthesis and early diagenesis to help explain the fossil record.
A Hierarchical Syntactic Shape Analyzer

In many cases a picture is described in terms of various plane objects and their shape. This paper describes a parser whose input is a piecewise linear encoding of a contour and whose output is a string of high-level descriptions: arcs, corners, protrusions, intrusions, etc. Such a representation can be used not only for description but also for recognition. Previous syntactic techniques for contour description have often used high-level languages for the description of contours. This has been necessary in order to guarantee contour closure and eliminate the noise. In the present approach the numerical preprocessing of the contour removes most of the noise and also produces the answers to certain simple questions about its shape. Therefore, simpler grammars can be used for the contour description. Examples of descriptions of contours are given for handwritten numerals, white blood cells, and printed wiring circuit boards.
Two transfer RNA sequences abut the large ribosomal RNA gene in Tetrahymena mitochondrial DNA: tRNA(leu) (anticodon UAA) and tRNA(met) (anticodon CAU).

The sequence of a 1,427 base pair restriction fragment, HaeIII fragment 6, of the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena mitochondrial DNA, is presented. The first 780 nucleotide sequence aligns well with the terminal segment of the large rDNA sequence of Paramecium mitochondria. Immediately abutting this rDNA termination sequence, a tRNA sequence was found with anticodon UAA for leucine. The derived tRNA sequence is 81 bases long without the 3′ CCA end, has a high G+C content of 48.1%, and can be folded into a normal cloverleaf structure with mostly conserved bases and normal stems and loops. The tRNA sequence found at an analogous position of the Paramecium mitochondrial DNA is tRNAtyr. Following a highly A+T rich sequence of 300 base pairs, another tRNA-like sequence is present; this putative tRNA has only 67 bases with anticodon CAT (Met) and forms standard aminoacyl, anticodon and TψC stems with a conventional TψC loop. However, the DHU loop and stem are unusually short and irregular; the base at position 8 is G instead of T; and the base following the anticodon, which is normally a purine, is T. The significance of these tRNA structures is discussed.
Sex-diagnosticity in 100 Personality Trait Adjectives

Normative ratings of 100 personality trait adjectives on (1) probability that the word would be used to describe a male or a female, (2) general likability (sex undefined), (3) likability in a male, and (4) likability in a female, are presented. Analyses of these normative ratings provided information of substantive interest to both impression formation and sex-role research.
The Effectiveness of Assigned Goals in Complex Financial Decision Making and the Importance of Gender

Evidence suggests that men are more confident and less risk averse in financial decision making. Researchers did not address how men and women respond differently to goals in financial decision situations, however. In the present study, men set more challenging personal goals and risked more resources than women in a complex financial decision task. Men did not report higher self-efficacy versus women. As expected, gender interacted with assigned goals to predict self-efficacy, risk behavior, and personal goals. Results concur with recent financial decision research that suggests men and women differ in their use of externally-provided information such as assigned goals. Suggestions for future research are offered and limitations are discussed.
Toll‐Like Receptors in Older Adults

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize a limited number of conserved elements in pathogens and, by activating antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and monocytes and macrophages, play a crucial role in the immune response to infection and vaccination. Most data on TLR function in the context of human aging focus on responses to lipopolysaccharide, an integral component of gram-negative bacteria, which signals through TLR4. However, such studies have not led to a consensus conclusion and are limited by differences in epidemiological and laboratory methods. A recent comprehensive evaluation of TLR function in monocytes from older adults was conducted using a multivariable mixed statistical model to account for covariates. It was found that cytokine production after TLR1/2 engagement, which is essential for the recognition of triacylated lipopeptides found in a variety of bacteria, is substantially lower in monocytes from older adults. The upregulation of costimulatory proteins such as CD80, essential for optimal activation of T cells, on monocytes from older adults was less for all TLR ligands tested than for cells from young individuals, and the extent of CD80 upregulation predicted subsequent antibody response to influenza immunization. These and other consequences of aging on human TLR function may impair activation of the immune response and contribute to poorer vaccine responses and greater morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases in older adults. Such age-associated alterations have particular relevance in view of the interest in TLR agonists as therapeutic agents not only for infections, but also for allergic, autoimmune, and malignant disease.
The Effect of Worker's Location, Orientation, and Activity on Exposure

The impact of a worker's location, orientation, and activity was studied in an experimental room (2.86 m × 2.35 m × 2.86 m) at known flow rates of 5.5 m 3 /min and 3.3 m 3 /min. A person in the room, wearing a full-facepiece, air-supplied respirator represented a worker. Propylene tracer gas was emitted at a constant rate from a 1-m pedestal at the center of the room and a continuous air sample was drawn from a point midway between the worker's mouth and nose. Breathing zone concentration (BZC) was monitored at 12 worker locations within the room for a stationary worker. At each location, BZCs were measured separately for four worker orientations: east, west, south, and north. BZCs of a walking worker were also monitored along the path defined by the 12 worker locations used in the stationary experiments. In a separate set of experiments, area concentration was monitored to see whether the worker's activity disturbed the contaminant concentrations at a fixed sampling point located behind the source lookin...
Pavement Preservation: Performance Goal and Its Implications

Preserving the asset value of existing pavement infrastructure requires resources to perform maintenance and rehabilitation (MR it will also result in an increase in other costs, such as vehicle operating costs and deferred maintenance costs incurred from losing pavements that were eligible for less expensive treatment options, for example, preventive maintenance. Making an informed decision in setting an appropriate performance goal has always been a challenge to highway engineers and administrators because of the lack of a systematic procedure. A methodological framework is proposed as a rational tool for evaluating the effect of different performance goals on a highway agency’s network needs and examining the goals’ implications for overall costs and benefits. This framework is based on a comprehensive consideration of the M&R needs, vehicle operation costs, and deferred maintenance costs incurred during the analysis period. With a comparison of the long-term effects of an agency’s performance goals, the benefits of adopting a particular performance goal can be demonstrated. In a case study of the proposed methodological framework, three performance goals were examined for the highway network managed by the Texas Department of Transportation. Conclusions and recommendations drawn from this study are presented.
Patients with disease of brain, cerebral vasculature, and spine.

Several structural abnormalities involving the brain and surrounding structures have perioperative implications. This article reviews the preoperative assessment and preparation of patients with intracranial masses, vascular lesions, cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, traumatic injuries, and dementia. Until definitive treatment of the underlying condition occurs, prevention of secondary injury to the patient�s brain is the goal of medical management and final functional outcome
Multi-dimensional state smoothing in the presence of non-linear interference

Component-by-component state smoothing is discussed for multi-dimensional dynamic systems with non-linear random interference such as jamming. Each component of the observation model is a non-linear function of only one state component, arbitrary random interference, and observation noise. Each state component is first approximated by a finite state machine and then, using the Viterbi decoding algorithm of information theory, the state components are sequentially smoothed in parallel. This results in a memory reduction for the implementation of the state smoothing. Simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme performs well, whereas the classical estimation schemes cannot be used, in general, to estimate the states of dynamic models with arbitrary random interference.
Anisotropic elastic properties of thermal spray coatings determined via resonant ultrasound spectroscopy

Abstract It is difficult to determine the elastic properties of thermal-sprayed ceramic and metallic coatings owing to the microstructural complexity, sample size and geometry, heterogeneity and availability of suitable techniques. Furthermore, the splat-based build-up of the coating results in transverse anisotropy in the elastic properties. This work reports on such anisotropic elastic properties of these coatings determined by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. This approach, along with the analysis presented, enables the elastic properties to be determined for the first time as a function of direction and temperature, essential information for design. Coating systems investigated include plasma-sprayed yttria stabilized zirconia and nickel. An additional nickel coating deposited by the high-velocity oxygen-fuel process was also investigated and compared with the plasma-sprayed coating. Average Young’s moduli of the coatings were independently measured by indentation. The elastic properties determined enabled the coating microstructure–elastic property relationships to be described.
Real-Time Hybrid Simulation of a Steel MRF with Large Scale Passive Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dampers under Selected Ground Motions

Experimental evaluation of large scale MR fluid dampers for seismic hazard mitigation in buildings is presented in this paper. A simplified design procedure is applied to design a two-story, four-bay steel moment resisting frame (MRF) prototype structure with MR fluid dampers in passive mode. Real-time hybrid simulations are conducted to experimentally evaluate the performance of the MRF. The simulation results show that the simplified design procedure enables an efficient design to be achieved for an MRF with MR fluid dampers in passive-on mode.
How to Respond to the Crisis Victim with PTSD Symptoms: An Intervener's Guide

The purpose of this article is to educate crisis interveners about specific strategies that can be used in the field when dealing with a victim with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The commonly encountered symptoms of PTSD are discussed, so that interveners can develop a more thorough understanding of crisis from the perspective of the person suffering from PTSD symptoms. The goal of this article is to assist crisis interveners in developing skills that can be applied in the field when they encounter persons exhibiting PTSD symptoms.
Differential expression of mRNAs for the NGF family of neurotrophic factors in the adult rat central olfactory system.

The cellular localization of mRNAs for nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT3), in the rat central olfactory system was evaluated with in situ hybridization of 35S-labeled cRNA probes. In the main olfactory bulb, low levels of NGF and BDNF mRNA expression were detected. NGF mRNA was restricted to the glomerular region while BDNF mRNA was predominantly localized to the granule cell layer. No cellular hybridization to NT3 cRNA was seen. The accessory olfactory bulb did not express detectable levels of mRNA for any of the three related neurotrophic factors. Areas which receive olfactory nucleus and in layers 2 and 3 of rostal piriform cortex. BDNF mRNA expression in these areas appeared more robust than that of NGF mRNA, while NT3 mRNA was not detectable. In contrast, tenia tecta exhibited dense labeling with the cRNAs for all three neurotrophic factors. The localization of NGF mRNA to primary target neurons of the olfactory nerve in the periglomerular region of the main olfactory bulb suggests that bulb cells may influence the ingrowth and continual turnover of olfactory sensory afferents. However, as there is a strong correlation between the distribution of neurotrophic factor mRNAs within rostral olfactory structures and the distribution of centrifugal cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain.
The bright side of boredom.

Boredom proneness is commonly assessed and measured using self-report scales and questionnaires. The only full-scale measure of boredom that has been extensively used to assess boredom proneness is the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS) (Farmer and Sundberg, 1986). BPS takes boredom proneness to be the tendency to experience boredom in a wide range of situations (Farmer and Sundberg, 1986). Although there is a close semantic relationship between the terms “tendency” and “disposition,” boredom proneness should not be understood as a dispositional state or property. A subject can possess the disposition to Φ even if the subject never actually Φ s. For that reason, I wish to suggest that one is prone to boredom not only if one possesses characteristics that make one susceptible to being bored, but also if one frequently experiences boredom1. Unlike a disposition that can remain hidden or non-actualized, boredom proneness, I hold, has visible and significant for the subject manifestations. Indeed, the frequent experience of boredom forms something akin to a pervasive lens through which the world is filtered. The boredom prone individual often and easily finds herself to be bored, even in situations that others, typically, find interesting and stimulating. Furthermore, she regularly becomes incapable of maintaining sustained attention, and interest in one's activities (Damrad-Frye and Laird, 1989; Eastwood et al., 2012; Malkovsky et al., 2012), she lacks excitement for, or can find no purpose in, what she is doing (Barbalet, 1999; Fahlman et al., 2009; van Tilburg and Igou, 2012), and she easily becomes frustrated, restless, or weary by either stimuli-poor or challenging situations (Farmer and Sundberg, 1986). Boredom proneness is associated with a plethora of significant bodily, psychological, and social harms (Vodanovich, 2003). Boredom proneness is positively correlated with depression and anxiety (Ahmed, 1990; Blaszczynski et al., 1990; Sommers and Vodanovich, 2000; Goldberg et al., 2011; LePera, 2011), anger and aggression (Gordon et al., 1997; Rupp and Vodanovich, 1997; Dahlen et al., 2004), a lower tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking (Watt and Blanchard, 1994; Seib and Vodanovich, 1998), a propensity to make mistakes in completing common tasks (Wallace et al., 2002), poor interpersonal and social relationships (Leong and Schneller, 1993; Watt and Vodanovich, 1999), lower job and life satisfaction (Farmer and Sundberg, 1986; Kass et al., 2001), problem gambling (Blaszczynski et al., 1990; Mercer and Eastwood, 2010), and drug and alcohol abuse (Lee et al., 2007; LePera, 2011).
Fundamental processing techniques for automatic target detection

We present a fundamental approach to the processing of signals for the detection of targets immersed in clutter in any type of digitized image (synthetic aperture radar, optical, acoustical, etc.), analogous to the standard theory of target detection for pulsed radars, with applications to aided target recognition (ATR). Expanding upon recent results of DiPietro and Fante, we derive a new ATR detection probability function analogous to the Swerling Type-4 detection probability function of pulsed-radar detection theory. We carry out a comparative theoretical and numerical analysis of the single- look and single-pulse probabilities of detection of targets in the general ATR and pulsed-radar cases, and also provide a comparative analysis of the noncoherent integration of multiple samples of image data in the ATR and pulsed-radar cases. We derive expressions for the binary integration of all single-look ATR detection probabilities, and perform a comparative theoretical and numerical analysis of the performance characteristics of binary integration versus noncoherent integration. A detailed numerical analysis of the optimization of parameters for peak ATR binary integration performance in low-resolution and/or low signal-to-clutter ratio images is performed, and a comparative analysis of optimization of parameters for the pulsed-radar theory in low signal-to-noise ratio environments is carried out.
Term premia comovement in German, Japanese, and U.S. domestic markets

This paper gauges the openness of German, Japanese, and U.S. capital markets by examining their term premia comovement. The term premia appear to move together. This result suggests that the risky excess returns in the term structure behave as if the assets in the three countries were traded in a single integrated market.
Circulation and larval fish transport within a tidally dominated estuary

In March 1996 two surveys of larval fish abundance and water flow were carried out within the estuarine region near Beaufort Inlet, NC. Each survey extended over two full semidiurnal tidal cycles and included measurements of larvae concentration and velocity distribution at several locations. There was a large across-channel variation in the subtidal flow passing through Beaufort Inlet, with net inflow over the eastern and central portions of the inlet and net outflow on the western side of the inlet. This pattern was consistent with moored current meter measurements of a previous study, and was reproduced by a numerical model circu-lation forced only by the M2 tide. A net ingress of larvae from the open ocean into the estuary was observ-ed during both surveys. Most larvae entered the estuary over the eastern and central portions of the inlet, where the subtidal flow was up-estuary. However, the mean circulation played a minor role in the net movement of larvae into the estuary. Rather, net up-estuary transport of larvae was principally due to variation of larval abundance with tidal flow; with abundance during flood tide usually far exceeding ebb tide abundance. This mode of transport was likely driven by a behavioural response to tidal flow in which larvae tended to descend to the bottom on falling tides and reside throughout the water column on rising tides.
Issues and solutions for storage, retrieval, and searching of MPEG-7 documents

The ongoing MPEG-7 standardization activity aims at creating a standard for describing multimedia content in order to facilitate the interpretation of the associated information content. Attempting to address a broad range of applications, MPEG-7 has defined a flexible framework consisting of Descriptors, Description Schemes, and Description Definition Language. Descriptors and Description Schemes describe features, structure and semantics of multimedia objects. They are written in the Description Definition Language (DDL). In the most recent revision, DDL applies XML (Extensible Markup Language) Schema with MPEG-7 extensions. DDL has constructs that support inclusion, inheritance, reference, enumeration, choice, sequence, and abstract type of Description Schemes and Descriptors. In order to enable multimedia systems to use MPEG-7, a number of important problems in storing, retrieving and searching MPEG-7 documents need to be solved. This paper reports on initial finding on issues and solutions of storing and accessing MPEG-7 documents. In particular, we discuss the benefits of using a virtual document management framework based on XML Access Server (XAS) in order to bridge the MPEG-7 multimedia applications and database systems. The need arises partly because MPEG-7 descriptions need customized storage schema, indexing and search engines. We also discuss issues arising in managing dependence and cross-description scheme search.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
How does sequence length heterogeneity affect the dilute solution conformation of copolymers

Sequence length heterogeneity (SLH) is defined as the change, as a function of copolymer molar mass (M), in the average number of continuous monomers of a given repeat unit. SLH can influence polymeric properties such as thermal stability, mechanical behavior, transparency, and the ability of copolymers to reduce interfacial surface tension. Here, we demonstrate the relation between SLH and the change as a function of molar mass of a dimensionless size parameter, the ratio of the viscometric radius and the radius of gyration, irrespective of chemical heterogeneity or molar mass polydispersity. Multi-detector size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) provides for a convenient method by which to experimentally establish this relation and, consequently, a method by which to determine whether SLH is present in a copolymer, whether the degree of randomness of a copolymer changes across the molar mass distribution (MMD), or whether two copolymers differ from each other in degree of randomness at a given M and/or across their MMDs. Results from our SEC and FT-IR measurements of block, random, alternating, and gradient copolymers of styrene (S) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) and their respective homopolymers agree with results from a probability theory based model of SLH in linear random copolymers. The multi-detector SEC method employs instrumentation available in most polymer separations laboratories and the relations developed should be applicable to copolymers other than the S-MMAs studied here.
A general kinetic scheme for ziegler‐type polymerizations

A general kinetic scheme is postulated for Ziegler-type polymerizations. The scheme may be used to explain either qualitatively or quantitatively the dependence of rate on monomer, alkyl, and metal halide concentrations, and on catalyst ratio. Molecular weight and temperature considerations are discussed in the light of the general kinetic scheme. Dual active sites, upon which monomer molecules may be adsorbed and oriented in a unique manner and which could explain the stereospecific polymerization of α-olefins as well as the activities of Ziegler-type catalysts are also discussed.
Orthogonal Latin Square Configuration for LSI Memory Yield and Reliability Enhancement

When errors occur which exceed the correction capability of an error correcting code, the only recourse to restore the original memory function is to physically replace the failed entity. In this paper the authors propose an automatic reconfiguration technique which uses the concept of address skewing to disperse such multiple errors into correctable errors. No additional redundancy other than that required for the error correcting code is needed. The skewing mechanism is derived using the theory of orthogonal Latin squares.
Purification of the transfer enzymes from reticulocytes and properties of the transfer reaction

Abstract The transfer of 14 C-amino acids from 14 C-aminoacyl-RNA into globin polypeptides on reticulocyte ribosomes required guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) and two soluble enzyme fractions. The detailed purification of these transfer enzymes is described. The transfer reaction occurred at concentrations of MgCl 2 and KCl which were optimal for cell-free synthesis of hemoglobin. Other nucleoside triphosphates could not substitute for GTP. About 70% of the radioactivity of the ribosome-bound product was found in acid-precipitable polypeptides. The remaining 30% was found in an acid-soluble fraction containing mostly small peptides. A comparison suggests that amino acids are added on to existing polypeptide chains on the ribosomes in this hemoglobin transfer system, whereas chain initiation is the predominant reaction in a transfer system stimulated with polyuridylic acid.
Spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and nociception-evoked release of primary afferent substance P

Dorsal horn N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors contribute significantly to spinal nociceptive processing through an effect postsynaptic to non-primary glutamatergic axons, and perhaps presynaptic to the primary afferent terminals. The present study sought to examine the regulatory effects of NMDA receptors on primary afferent release of substance P (SP), as measured by neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r) internalization in the spinal dorsal horn of rats. The effects of intrathecal NMDA alone or in combination with D-serine (a glycine site agonist) were initially examined on basal levels of NK1r internalization. NMDA alone or when co-administered with D-serine failed to induce NK1r internalization, whereas activation of spinal TRPV1 receptors by capsaicin resulted in a notable NK1r internalization. To determine whether NMDA receptor activation could potentiate NK1r internalization or pain behavior induced by a peripheral noxious stimulus, intrathecal NMDA was given prior to an intraplantar injection of formalin. NMDA did not alter the formalin-induced NK1r internalization nor did it enhance the formalin paw flinching behavior. To further characterize the effects of presynaptic NMDA receptors, the NMDA antagonists DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5) and MK-801 were intrathecally administered to assess their regulatory effects on formalin-induced NK1r internalization and pain behavior. AP-5 had no effect on formalin-induced NK1r internalization, whereas MK-801 produced only a modest reduction. Both antagonists, however, reduced the formalin paw flinching behavior. In subsequent in vitro experiments, perfusion of NMDA in spinal cord slice preparations did not evoke basal release of SP or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Likewise, perfusion of NMDA did not enhance capsaicin-evoked release of the two peptides. These results suggest that presynaptic NMDA receptors in the spinal cord play little if any role on the primary afferent release of SP.
Proteomics knocks on hematology's door

REVIEW ARTICLE / HEMATOPOIESIS The completion of the human genome project and the availability of highly sensitive and accurate mass spectrometers have led to the ongoing proteomics revolution. The proteome represents the population of proteins, whereas the transcriptome describes the population of
EC does it with HIF

Comment on Licht et al, page [584][1] Expression of a dominant-negative form of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) in endothelial cells (ECs) disrupts cardiovascular development in mouse embryos, providing further evidence that HIFs exert both non–cell-autonomous and cell-autonomous control
An Analysis of the Vibrational Characteristics of Zeolites Using Factor Group Methods

The complete group theoretical representations for the normal modes of twelve high-symmetry zeolite crystal structures (including sodalite, offretite, and zeolite rho, as well as A, X, Y, and L-type zeolites) have been determined by factor group analysis. Comparisons of the predicted number of Raman and infrared active vibrations were made with existing experimental data in cases where such data were available. The prospects for conducting detailed analyses of the vibrational dynamics of zeolite framework structures based on the factor-group-derived representations were also examined. Much of the accepted intuitive understanding of zeolite vibrational spectra is confirmed by the findings of this work: e.g., that the number of predicted Raman and infrared frquencies (1) is consistently far greater than the number actually observed and (2) depends more on the level of symmetry of the zeolite crystal than on the number of atoms in the Bravais unit cell. Tight overlapping of frequencies, particularly those that are primarily bond stretching in nature, is to be expected.
Depth versus (age) 1/2 : A perspective on mid-ocean rises

Abstract The straight-line relationship between depth and the square root of age predicted by recent variations of the thermal contraction model for ocean rise elevation is confirmed to an age of 80 m.y. We then examine this relationship in the immediate vicinity of the rise crest in an attempt to determine the sensitivity of the slopes thus obtained. Depth versus t 1/2 profiles from a variety of rise types ranging from the topographically smooth, fast-spreading Pacific-Antarctic rise to the rough, slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic rise are discussed, ages having been assigned using a finite rotation pole. Because of the variety of superimposed anomalous features concentrated within a limited and well-surveyed region, the Galapagos Spreading Center has provided a suitable arena for determining the precision with which the method can decompose such an agglomeration into distinctly recognizable components. Although topographic “noise” precludes precise quantification of the slopes, it is concluded that, by removing the first-order effect of thermal contraction, the method can be quite revealing when topography is examined in relation to other data. Slopes for several profiles across the Pacific-Antarctic and Pacific-Nazca rises reveal the pattern expected in the case of asymmetric spreading, a conclusion which has independently been derived from the magnetic anomalies. In the Galapagos region “jumps” of the spreading center, a basic compositional difference, and uplift from below are exposed by their predictable effect on the slopes obtained from the depth versus t 1/2 plots.
Chloroplast Lipids as Carbohydrate Reservoirs.

While the diurnal deposition of starch within the chloroplast has long been recognized, little has been known of the photosynthate reservoirs more intimately associated with the photochemical apparatus. This paper reports recognition of chloroplast and chromatophore lipids containing significant concentrations of available carbohydrate. A high degree of orientation of lipids within the chloroplast has been revealed by observation of positive dichroism (1, 2) when dye molecules were adsorbed in the lipid regions. Positional relationships of the photoacceptors, chlorophylls and carotenoids (3), and the chloroplast lipids almost certainly exist. Most concepts of chloroplast structure embrace these observations. It now appears that these lipids may participate in carbohydrate metabolism as well. They consist largely of galactosyl monoglycerides (4) and phosphatidyl glycerols (5). Both have the requisite long chain fatty acids and hydrophylic groups essential for orientation at lipid-pigment-protein interfaces. Their remarkable metabolic activity (6) suggests their auxiliary role as energy storage reservoirs.
Evaluation of immunologic crossreaction of antiasparaginase antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoma patients.

To evaluate how well antibodies to one asparaginase preparation predict or correlate with antibodies to another preparation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoma patients who did and did not have hypersensitivity reactions during chemotherapy. In all, 24 children with newly diagnosed ALL or lymphoma, who received Escherichia coli asparaginase 10 000 IU/m2 IM thrice weekly for nine doses as part of multiagent induction and reinduction chemotherapy, and seven monthly doses during the first 7 months of continuation treatment, were studied. Plasma samples were collected at postinduction and at postreinduction. Six of 24 patients had no overt clinical reactions (nonreacting) and received only the E. coli preparation. Of these, 18 patients who had allergic reactions were switched to Erwinia asparaginase. A total of 18 patients had an anaphylactoid reaction to Erwinia asparaginase and were switched to receive polyethylene glycol (PEG) asparaginase. Antibody levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay against all the three asparaginase preparations. At postinduction, antibodies against E. coli were higher in reacting patients (0.063±0.066) than in nonreacting patients (0.019±0.013) (P=0.03). At postreinduction, anti-Erwinia antibodies were significantly higher in reacting patients (0.431±0.727) than in nonreacting patients (0.018±0.009) (P=0.007). Anti-E. coli antibodies correlated with anti-PEG antibodies at postinduction (r=0.714, P<0.001) and at postreinduction (r=0.914, P<0.001), but did not correlate with anti-Erwinia antibodies at postinduction (r=0.119, P=0.580) and at postreinduction (r=0.078, P=0.716). The results indicate a crossreactivity between patient antibodies raised against natural E. coli and PEG asparaginase but not Erwinia asparaginase.
The Beginnings of Word Segmentation in English-Learning Infants.

Abstract A series of 15 experiments was conducted to explore English-learning infants' capacities to segment bisyllabic words from fluent speech. The studies in Part I focused on 7.5 month olds' abilities to segment words with strong/weak stress patterns from fluent speech. The infants demonstrated an ability to detect strong/weak target words in sentential contexts. Moreover, the findings indicated that the infants were responding to the whole words and not to just their strong syllables. In Part II, a parallel series of studies was conducted examining 7.5 month olds' abilities to segment words with weak/strong stress patterns. In contrast with the results for strong/weak words, 7.5 month olds appeared to missegment weak/strong words. They demonstrated a tendency to treat strong syllables as markers of word onsets. In addition, when weak/strong words co-occurred with a particular following weak syllable (e.g., “guitar is”), 7.5 month olds appeared to misperceive these as strong/weak words (e.g., “taris”). The studies in Part III examined the abilities of 10.5 month olds to segment weak/strong words from fluent speech. These older infants were able to segment weak/strong words correctly from the various contexts in which they appeared. Overall, the findings suggest that English learners may rely heavily on stress cues when they begin to segment words from fluent speech. However, within a few months time, infants learn to integrate multiple sources of information about the likely boundaries of words in fluent speech.
Risk factors for retention of subretinal perfluorocarbon liquid in vitreoretinal surgery.

Purpose:To analyze factors that may lead to inadvertent subretinal retention of perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) after vitreoretinal surgery and compare surgical outcomes and complications associated with these events.Design:Consecutive retrospective study.Methods:The authors retrospectively reviewed t
Robust Stabilization under Mode Truncation and Parameter Variations

This paper addresses the issue of stability robustness under mode truncation and parameter variations with emphasis on Large Space Structure (LSS) models. The recent development of elemental (structured) upper bounds on the perturbation of an asymptotically stable linear system to maintain stability is extended to the problem of LSS control in which both mode truncation (model reduction) as well as parameter variations (uncertainty in modal frequencies, dampings, and mode shape slopes at actuator/sensor locations) are considered as perturbations acting on the control design model. A simple algorithm is proposed to design a robust controller, with vibration suppression as the control objective, for robust stability and acceptable nominal performance under mode truncation and parameter errors. The algorithm is such that it clearly delineates the trade off between the control effort needed for acceptable regulation and the number of modes one needs to control for robust stability.
Direct numerical simulations of fluid flow, heat transfer and phase changes

Direct numerical simulations of fluid flow, heat transfer, and phase changes are presented. The simulations are made possible by a recently developed finite difference/front tracking method based on the one-field formulation of the governing equations where a single set of conservation equations is written for all the phases involved. The conservation equations are solved on a fixed rectangular grid, but the phase boundaries are kept sharp by tracking them explicitly by a moving grid of lower dimension. The method is discussed and applications to boiling heat transfer and the solidification of drops colliding with a wall are shown.
Cavernous hemangioma with extensive sclerosis masquerading as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma — A pathologist's perspective

A patient presented with an acute episode of bright red blood in her stool. The incidental liver mass seen in segment 4 was suspected to represent a cholangiocarcinoma due to associated mild intrahepatic biliary ductal dilatation and suspicion for capsular retraction. Pathology confirmed that this lesion represented a sclerosing hemangioma. This case report corroborates prior observations that degenerative changes in hemangiomas—sclerosis, narrowing of vascular channels, thrombosis, infarct, hemorrhage—may produce atypical radiographic findings. Since these atypical radiographic features may suggest a primary or metastatic malignancy, the protean appearance of hemangiomas remains an important consideration in the evaluation of hepatic masses.