cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controversies in resuscitation Patient selection in emergency thoracotomy

Emergency thoracotomy has become a standard lifesaving procedure for severely injured patients who otherwise would not survive. Although Hill performed the first cardiorrhaphy in this country in 1902 [l], early management of penetrating cardiothoracic trauma was largely based on thoracostomy and pericardiocentesis with delayed, or no surgery in some cases, until as late as 1965 [2]. Almost all the experience until that time was military with civilian experience being very limited. With the steady increase in civilian penetrating cardiothoracic trauma since the late 1950s [1,3,4], several studies began to support early thoracotomy in the management of these injuries [2,3,5]. Several investigators [ 1,3-6,10,1 l] found that patients with penetrating wounds to the chest with cardiac injuries, with or without tamponade, fared well when they underwent vigorous resuscitation and early thoracotomy. Sauer’s [3] conclusion best summarizes what was to become the standard of care in the 1970s and 1980s. ‘The simplest, safest, and most effective management of possible penetrating wounds of the heart or great vessels or both, is immediate thoracotomy on suspicion, with simultaneous diagnosis, resuscitation and definitive therapy’. Also recognized early on was the important role of a well trained and efficient EMS system to rapidly transport these seriously injured patients. [5] With the experience gained in the 196Os, the emergency thoracotomy literature in the early 1970s specifically addressed three basic issues: (1) why should this procedure be performed? (2) where should it be performed? and (3) when to perform emergency thoracotomy, or more importantly, when not to perform thoracotomy. These first two issues were addressed early with the initial flurry of activity followed by several publications [1,3-121. However, the third issue is still controversial to this day and deals with a more fundamental problem; the ability to predict outcome. We would only like to perform emergency thoracotomy on those patients who have a reasonable chance to survive and return to their premorbid state.
Specificity in recognition of amyloid-beta peptide by the serpin-enzyme complex receptor in hepatoma cells and neuronal cells.

The serpin-enzyme complex (SEC) receptor was originally identified using a synthetic peptide (peptide 105Y) based on the sequence of a candidate receptor-binding domain of α1-antitrypsin (1-AT) and was subsequently shown to be a receptor on the surface of hepatocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils for recognition of α1-AT-elastase and several other serpin-enzyme complexes (Perlmutter, D. H., Glover, G. I., Rivetna, M., Schasteen, C. S., and Fallon, R. J. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87, 3753-3757). Studies of the minimal requirements for binding to SEC receptor (SEC-R) showed that a pentapeptide FVFLM within the carboxyl-terminal tail of α1-AT was sufficient for binding to SEC-R and interacted with SEC-R in a sequence-specific manner (Joslin, G., Krause, J. E., Hershey, A. D., Adams, S. P., Fallon, R. J., and Perlmutter, D. H.(1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 21897-21902). Sequence motifs bearing homology with this pentapeptide domain were found in the amyloid-β peptide, and amyloid-β peptide 1-42 was shown to compete for binding to SEC-R on hepatoma cells (Joslin, G., Fallon, R. J., Bullock, J., Adams, S. P., and Perlmutter, D. H.(1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 11281-11288). In this study we examined the sequence specificity by which amyloid-β peptide competes for binding to SEC-R and examined the possibility that SEC-R is expressed in cells of neuronal origin. The results show that amyloid-β-(25-35) and amyloid-β-(31-35) compete for binding to SEC-R as effectively as amyloid-β-(1-39), amyloid-β-(1-40), and amyloid-β-(1-42). Amyloid-β-(1-16) does not compete for binding to SEC-R. There is cross-competition for binding to the same site by 125I-peptide 105Y and 125125amyloid-β-(25-35) as well as by 125I-Y amyloid-β-(25-35) and peptide 105Y. By deletions and substitutions within amyloid-β-(25-35) and generation of chimeric amyloid-β-α1-AT peptides, amyloid-β-(31-35) is shown to be critical for binding to the SEC receptor. However, the upstream region, amyloid-β-(25-30), also contributes to recognition by SEC-R. The SEC-R is present on the surface of a neuronal cell line PC12 as well as that of murine cortical neurons in primary culture, and the specificity of neuronal SEC-R for amyloid-β peptide is identical to that on hepatoma cells. Finally, SEC-R mediates internalization and degradation of amyloid β-peptide in PC12 cells. These results provide evidence that SEC-R plays a role in metabolism of amyloid-β peptide in the nervous system.
Silicate Melt Inclusion Evidence for Extreme Pre-eruptive Enrichment and Post-eruptive Depletion of Lithium in Silicic Volcanic Rocks of the Western United States: Implications for the Origin of Lithium-Rich Brines*

To evaluate whether anatectic and/or highly fractionated lithophile element-enriched rhyolite tuffs deposited in arid lacustrine basins lose enough lithium during eruption, lithification, and weathering to generate significant Li brine resources, pre-eruptive melt compositions, preserved in inclusions, and the magnitude of post-eruptive Li depletions, evident in host rhyolites, were documented at six sites in the western United States. Each rhyolite is a member of the bimodal basalt-rhyolite assemblage associated with extensional tectonics that produced the Basin and Range province and Rio Grande rift, an evolving pattern of closed drainage basins, and geothermal energy or mineral resources. Results from the 0.8 Ma Bishop tuff (geothermal) in California, 1.3 to 1.6 Ma Cerro Toledo and Upper Bandelier tephra (geothermal) and 27.9 Ma Taylor Creek rhyolite (Sn) in New Mexico, 21.7 Ma Spor Mountain tuff (Be, U, F) and 24.6 Ma Pine Grove tuff (Mo) in Utah, and 27.6 Ma Hideaway Park tuff (Mo) in Colorado support the following conclusions. Melt inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from rhyolite tuffs associated with hydrothermal deposits of Sn, Mo, and Be are extremely enriched in Li (1,000s of ppm); those from Spor Mountain have the highest Li abundance yet recorded (max 5,200 ppm, median 3,750 ppm). Forty-five to 98% of the Li present in pre-eruptive magma was lost to the environment from these rhyolite tuffs. The amount of Li lost from the small volumes (1–10 km3) of Li-enriched rhyolite deposited in closed basins is sufficient to produce world-class Li brine resources. After each eruption, meteoric water leaches Li from tuff, which drains into playas, where it is concentrated by evaporation. The localized occurrence of Li-enriched rhyolites may explain why brines in arid lacustrine basins seldom have economic concentrations of Li. Considering that hydrothermal deposits of Sn, Mo, Be, U, and F may indicate potential for Li brines in nearby basins, we surmise that the world’s largest Li brine resource in the Salar de Uyuni (10 Mt) received Li from nearby rhyolite tuffs in the Bolivian tin belt.
Black—white contrast of dislocation loops in anisotropic cubic crystals†

The electron microscope image contrast of pure edge dislocation loops in cubic crystals is calculated by taking into account elastic anisotropy. In copper and nickel, the black—white contrast of a Frank loop is stretched considerably and is aligned exactly along the 〈111〉 direction of the Burgers vector. In niobium, the black—white contrast direction of a perfect loop is approximately halfway between the Burgers vector and the diffraction vector. These reslts are in good agreement with the anisotropic elastic properties of these crystals. Der elektronenmikroskopische Bildkontrast von rein stufenartigen Versetzungsringen in kubischen Kristallen wird unter Berucksichtigung der elastischen Anisotropie berechnet. In Kupfer und Nickel ist der Schwarz—Weis-Kontrast eines Frank'schen Versetzungsringes deutlich gestreckt und exakt parallel zur 〈111〉-Richtung des Burgers-Vektors ausgerichtet. In Niob liegt die Richtung des Schwarz—Weis-Kontrastes eines vollstandigen Versetzungsringes annahernd in der Mitte zwischen Burgers-Vektor und Beugungsvektor. Diese Ergebnisse befinden sich in guter Ubereinstimmung mit den anisotropen elastischen Eigenschaften dieser Kristalle.
Sensitivity analysis enables comparison of how realistic morphology and other intrinsic properties influence neuronal firing

Several studies have shown that dendritic morphology and spatial distributions of active ion channels contribute significantly to neuronal firing dynamics and signal processing, however the relative importance and interactions between these mechanisms are not well understood. Within computational models these intrinsic properties are represented by parameters with different units and magnitudes that interact nonlinearly to simulate experimentally observed behaviors. Mathematical sensitivity analysis provides a tool to assess how strongly these parameters influence model output. For a given model neuron, the normalized sensitivity coefficient ('sensitivity') of its output to a particular parameter describes the percentage change in its output for a one percent increase in that parameter. The sensitivity magnitude indicates how much the measured output changes under the perturbation, while its sign indicates whether the output increases or decreases. One such sensitivity can be computed to each parameter; its sign and magnitude may vary for models represented by different points in a space defined by morphologic, active membrane, and passive cable parameters. We perform this sensitivity analysis on a compartmental model comprising a soma and cylindrical active dendrite, with output measured by firing rates under current injections and by firing rate gain. Across the parameter space, sensitivity of these output variables to perturbations of dendritic length, diameter and surface area was compared with sensitivity to active and passive conductance parameters. For spontaneous firing rate, sensitivity increased most with increasing levels of persistent sodium and A-type potassium conductance, whereas for gain, sensitivity increased most as high-threshold calcium conductance decreased. Particularly in regions of space with slow calcium removal from the cytoplasm in the model cells, sensitivities of firing rates and gain to dendritic diameter and surface area were greater than to almost all active parameters. The sensitivity analysis was extended to a model neuron from the precerebellar nucleus Area II of goldfish. Area II neurons are necessary for eye velocity storage, a mechanism that displays persistent activity after extinguishing visual or vestibular stimuli. Parameter optimization identified sets of active and passive model parameters consistent with Area II electrophysiology for a morphology obtained in vivo and traced in 3D. Sensitivities to perturbations of dendritic length, diameter and surface area were compared with those of active and passive parameters. These data indicate that, as in the simple model, there are regions of parameter space where dendritic morphology influences firing rate and gain more strongly than active conductances or passive cable parameters.
Hepatitis B prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy for lymphoma: A decision analysis model†

Hepatitis B reactivation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing chemotherapy for lymphomas. These patients may experience direct liver-related complications or reduced cancer survival because of interruptions in chemotherapy. Our aim was to compare the costs and outcomes of 2 different chronic hepatitis B management strategies. In hepatitis B carriers undergoing chemotherapy, we pursued a decision analysis model to compare the costs and clinical outcomes of using lamivudine prophylaxis versus initiating lamivudine only when clinically overt hepatitis occurred. Our results indicate that the use of lamivudine prophylaxis is cost-effective. Even though the use of lamivudine prophylaxis was associated with an incremental cost of $1530 per patient ($18,707 versus $17,177), both the number and severity of hepatitis B reactivations were reduced. None of the patients in the prophylaxis group had liver-related deaths versus 20 who died in the no-prophylaxis group. Cancer deaths were also reduced from 47-39 with lamivudine prophylaxis, presumably because of the increased need for cessation or modification of chemotherapy in patients who had severe hepatitis B virus flares. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of using lamivudine prophylaxis was $33,514 per life year saved. Conclusion: Our results provide pharmacoeconomic support for the use of lamivudine prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy for lymphoma treatment. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Modified primary sutureless repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in heterotaxy

Early and late mortality remain high after palliative open heart surgery in low-weight neonates. In addition, the need for neonatal repair and the presence of pulmonary venous obstruction are risk factors for mortality in right isomerism. We describe a modified primary sutureless repair of infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a 1,600 g neonate with heterotaxy. Endarterectomy of intimal hyperplasia localized to the anastomotic site was required at bilateral bidirectional cavopulmonary connection 6 months after the initial repair. The patient underwent a successful fenestrated Fontan procedure using an extracardiac conduit at the age of 2 years.
Effects of Administration Regime on the Psychotomimetic Properties of d-amphetamine in the Squirrel Monkey ( Saimiri sciureus )

Studies have reported that d-amphetamine can induce a schizophreniform psychosis in humans and can induce abnormal behaviour patterns in monkeys that resemble the psychotic symptoms observed in man. The purpose of the present study was to identify a drug administration regime that in squirrel monkeys reliably could induce such behaviours in order to use this as a model of schizophrenia. The behavioural effects of acute, subchronic and continuous administration of d-amphetamine were determined in male and female squirrel monkeys during short term separation from the colony and in the home cage. It was found that abnormal behaviours developed in both male and female subjects and that they were most evident in the home cage. The number of subjects responding was highest during continuous infusion followed by subchronic treatment. The study indicated that prolonged administration of high doses of d-amphetamine is necessary for the development of abnormal behaviours. These findings suggest that animal models of schizophrenia based on d-amphetamine should be based on chronic administration or continuous infusion of d-amphetamine instead of acute injections.
Role identity, role investments, and paternal involvement: Implications for parenting programs for men.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and attitudes of fathers and mothers about their own and their spouse's parental roles, and to identify relationships between those perceptions and attitudes and variations in fathers' actual involvement in child rearing. Self-report and interview data were collected from 89 middle-class families to measure each parent's participation in three categories of parental involvement (i.e., interaction, accessibility, and responsibility), as well as perceptions of role expectations for fathers and perceived parental role investments. Several significant relationships between levels of father involvement, perceptions of the paternal role, and perceived role investments were revealed. Multiple regression procedures indicated that mothers' perceptions of their partners' investments in parent, spouse, and worker roles were the best predictors of total father involvement. Implications are drawn from the findings for the development and implementation of parenting programs for men.
Exploration of Predictors of Teaching Effectiveness: The Professor’s Perspective

This research is an exploratory investigation of what attributions college professors place upon the cause of teaching effectiveness and success. Student evaluations of teaching are used as a proxy for teaching effectiveness. The study is supported by Attribution Theory in that perceptions and attributions of causality affect motivation and success. The research evaluates data that supported Attribution Theory. The data was collected using Qualtrics through a web-based survey. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the survey data, with interesting conclusions. The most interesting difference was that between the perceptions of causal attribution of tenured and non-tenured professors. The data show that tenured professors attribute teaching effectiveness to factors outside their control such as characteristics of the students and the institution, while non-tenured professors do not attribute teaching effectiveness to external factors. The implications of this study are support for Attribution Theory in the college teaching context, and may be useful for university administration in motivating professors for effective teaching. Future research includes deductive study to further explore the scope and boundary conditions of Attribution Theory in college teaching.
Effects of ultraviolet-B light and polyaromatic hydrocarbon exposure on sea urchin development and bacterial bioluminescence

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are relatively common contaminants of the Gulf of Mexico and may be activated to more toxic metabolites by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light. A marine bacterial bioassay system (Vibrio fischeri) which focused on the reduction of luciferase-mediated bioluminescence was utilized as a measure of toxicity to concurrent exposure to anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene and UV-B light (λ=280–320 nm). Inhibition of bacterial bioluminescence was observed following exposure to naphthalene (5 and 10 ppm) and phenanthrene (5 and 10 ppm) for 5 and 15 min. UV-B significantly (p<0.05) decreased the average bacterial bioluminescence in all treatments by 23.8%, as compared to control. No significant decrease in bioluminescence was observed with anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene at concentrations up to 24 and 1.6 ppm, respectively. Anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene are relatively insoluble in water (<45 ppb); therefore, the bioavailability of the two PAHs may significantly influence the exposure and effects of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene to V. fischeri. Results of bacterial bioluminescence experiments were compared to a sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) development assay. Development of sea urchin embryos to the four- and 32-cell stage was utilized as a measure of toxicity to the combined effects of UV-B light and the PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene. Developing sea urchins demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent decrease in growth rate following exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (1, 5, 50, and 100 ppb) and phenanthrene (1, 5, 50, and 100 ppb), with UV-B light (5.8 μW/cm2). Interaction analysis demonstrates that concurrent exposure to UV-B and PAHs results in additive toxicological effects in both marine organisms tested. Results of the present study suggest that environmental conditions present in the Gulf of Mexico, including both UV-B light and PAH exposure, have the potential to cause adverse toxicological effects to marine organisms.
Immunohistochemical analysis of NY‐ESO‐1 antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues

NY-ESO-1, a member of the CT (cancer/testis) family of antigens, is expressed in normal testis and in a range of human tumor types. Knowledge of NY-ESO-1 expression has depended on RT-PCR detection of mRNA and there is a need for detecting NY-ESO-1 at the protein level. In the present study, a method for the immunochemical detection of NY-ESO-1 in paraffin-embedded tissues has been developed and used to define the expression pattern of NY-ESO-1 in normal tissues and in a panel of human tumors. No normal tissue other than testis showed NY-ESO-1 reactivity, and expression in testis was restricted to germ cells particularly spermatogonia. In human tumors, the frequency of NY-ESO-1 antigen expression corresponds with past analysis of NY-ESO-1 mRNA expression e.g., 20-30% of lung cancers, bladder cancers and melanoma, and no expression in colon and renal cancer. Co-typing of NY-ESO-1 antigen and mRNA expression in a large panel of lung cancers showed a good correlation. There is great variability in NY-ESO-1 expression in individual tumors, ranging from an infrequent homogeneous pattern of staining to highly heterogeneous antigen expression.
Cubic splines with infinite derivatives at some knots

A generalization of cubic spline interpolation with vertical slopes at some knots is proposed. An existence theorem including an algorithm for constructing such generalized splines is proved. The resulting splines are obtained in closed form and they are partition invariant.
The Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Climate Change on Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Tracks

AbstractThe impact of natural and anthropogenic climate change on tropical cyclone (TC) tracks in the western North Pacific (WNP) is examined using a beta and advection model (BAM) to isolate the influence of changes in the large-scale steering flow from changes in genesis location. The BAM captures many of the observed changes in TC tracks due to El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), while little change is noted for the Pacific decadal oscillation and all-India monsoon rainfall in either observations or BAM simulations. Analysis with the BAM suggests that the observed shifts in the average track between the phases of ENSO are primarily due to changes in the large-scale steering flow, with changes in genesis location playing a secondary role.Potential changes in TC tracks over the WNP due to anthropogenic climate change are also assessed. Ensemble mean projections are downscaled from 17 CMIP3 models and 26 CMIP5 models. Statistically significant decreases [~(4%–6%)] in westward moving TCs and increases [~(...
Writing in Geography: Student Attitudes and Assessment

This paper presents the results of two independent studies that assessed the impact of writing as a learning tool in introductory-level geography courses. Student attitudes toward writing and their performance on exams were analyzed to determine the impact of writing for comprehension and application of geographical concepts. Student perceptions were mostly positive; however, there was no significant improvement in grades. As both students and instructors view writing as valuable for learning, these results underscore the need to develop alternative methods of assessment and additional studies to quantitatively determine the impact of writing on learning.
Domine Everhardus Bogardus

The arrival of Domine Bogardus in April of 1633 is an event worth recalling because his career in the Dutch settlement interests us in more than one way. The would-be heirs of the Anneke Jans Estate, now owned by Trinity Church, who get taken in by clever gentlemen now and then, may be glad to learn that Bogardus was the second husband of Anneke Jans. In fact, a popular encyclopedia stresses this feature almost exclusively, saying that "he is noted as the husband of Anneke Jans".2 There are other things which are more important, however. For example, he served the Reformed Church under two governors, Wouter Van Twiller and Willem Kieft, with whom he was involved in hot disputes. He was also in conflict with the competent and honest Lubbertus Van Dincklagen. A Dutchman hailing from the little republic across the sea, Bogardus was a leader of the faction which violently protested against a governor's tyranny. His person and work illustrate the fact that the colonial church was a home-mission enterprise, which more often attracted adventurers than scholars or saints. Moreover, the independence of this minister over against the governors reflects the spirit of the home church in the Netherlands, a church which had just vanquished politically the Arminians at the Synod of Dordt. Everhardus Bogardus3 was born in Woerden, 1607. He studied at the University of Leiden from 1627 to 1630, and was on
Soluble factors from biofilms of wound pathogens modulate human bone marrow-derived stromal cell differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, and cytokine secretion

Chronic, non-healing wounds are often characterized by the persistence of bacteria within biofilms - aggregations of cells encased within a self-produced polysaccharide matrix. Biofilm bacteria exhibit unique characteristics from planktonic, or culture-grown, bacterial phenotype, including diminished responses to antimicrobial therapy and persistence against host immune responses. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are host cells characterized by their multifunctional ability to undergo differentiation into multiple cell types and modulation of host-immune responses by secreting factors that promote wound healing. While these characteristics make MSCs an attractive therapeutic for wounds, these pro-healing activities may be differentially influenced in the context of an infection (i.e., biofilm related infections) within chronic wounds. Herein, we evaluated the effect of soluble factors derived from biofilms of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the viability, differentiation, and paracrine activity of human MSCs to evaluate the influence of biofilms on MSC activity in vitro. Exposure of MSCs to biofilm-conditioned medias of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa resulted in reductions in cell viability, in part due to activation of apoptosis. Similarly, exposure to soluble factors from biofilms was also observed to diminish the migration ability of cells and to hinder multi-lineage differentiation of MSCs. In contrast to these findings, exposure of MSCs to soluble factors from biofilms resulted in significant increases in the release of paracrine factors involved in inflammation and wound healing. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that factors produced by biofilms can negatively impact the intrinsic properties of MSCs, in particular limiting the migratory and differentiation capacity of MSCs. Consequently, these studies suggest use/application of stem-cell therapies in the context of infection may have a limited therapeutic effect.
Extraction of the lanthanides with acetylacetone

Abstract Acetylacetone extracts the lanthanides from aqueous solution at pH values between four and six. The solubility and extractability of the rare earth acetylacetonates vary with the ionic radii of the central metal ions. Extraction of the lanthanides with acetylacetone is enhanced by the decrease in basicity of the central metal ion. While separations based on differences in the pH 1 2 values of these chelates would be at best fractional, the variations in solubility and in the partition coefficients of these chelates make separations possible.
Micro-Architecture of Software Components and The Need For Good Mental Models of Software Subsystems

Because of similar interests, these two groups initially met together, and then decided to jointly pursue both topics. ?From the micro-architecture perspective, the group was interested in the details of both the structure and the behavior of software component interfaces and on the implementations of individual components, sets of components, and how they compose and "interoperate" with each other. From the mental models perspective the group was interested in exploring the methods by which humans develop good mental models of generic software subsystems, the methods by which one can design software interfaces that "project" easy-to-assimilate mental models, and how existing programming languages support/hinder these efforts.
Modified Hybrid Multiagent Swarm Optimization Algorithms for Mixed-Binary Nonlinear Programming

Motivated by many social phenomena such as bird flocking and fish schooling, in this paper three types of constrained hybrid multiagent swarm optimization (HMSO) algorithms are presented to address the constrained optimization problem by incorporating the fly-back mechanism into the update formula for the particle's position. The original HMSO algorithm is proposed for solving unconstrained, continuous optimization problems by using a simple logic switching structure to achieve superior performance. However, this method cannot be directly used to solve discrete optimization problems like the binary programming. Since the application of the mixed-binary nonlinear programming (MBNLP) problem is widespread in many system engineering problems, it is necessary to develop an HMSO based optimization algorithm to address the mixed-binary optimization so that one can achieve the better performance for MBNLP with a simple algorithm structure. In this context, first a binary version of the constrained type of the HMSO algorithm is provided by introducing communication topologies for the particles to exchange their position information, which is well studied under multiagent coordination problems in control theory. By taking advantage of the fly-back mechanism dealing with constraints in optimization, a new architecture for HMSO is introduced to form a constrained HMSO algorithm for constrained optimization. Finally, we combine the proposed binary HMSO and constrained HMSO to create a modified HMSO algorithm to address the MBNLP problem. Several benchmark functions are used for the evaluation of the binary HMSO, constrained HMSO, and modified HMSO algorithm and compared with the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm.
Bone imaging—Tracer uptake in non-neoplastic osseous and nonosseous disease processes

A 60-YR-OLD black male had resection of carcinoma of sigmoid colon. A bone scan was performed which showed no evidence of skeletal disease except increased 99mTc-phosphate uptake (Fig. 1) in the abdominal scar (Fig. 2). Due to postoperative complications, the patient died. At autopsy, gross calcification was noted in the site of abdominal scar. This case represents an example of nonosseous tracer uptake on a bone scan. The following is the gamut of uptake of 99mWc phosphate in a number of non-neoplastic osseous as well as nonosseous disorders. !. Osseous Causes A. Physiologic Variants Common: Growing epiphysis Shoulder uptake corresponding to handedness Multiple sternal ossification centers Uncommon: Spine curvature resulting in changes in spine distance from the collimator B. Traumatic (Iatrogenic) Common: Recent surgery (osteotomy, amputation, bone grafting, metallic fixation devices) on bone Cutting rib during thoracotomy Recent biopsy site of the bone or bone marrow II. Extraosseous Causes A. Soft Tissue Calcification Common: Myositis ossificans Post surgical healing
Prediction Based DRAM Row-Buffer Management in the Many-Core Era

Modern processors are experiencing interleaved memory access streams from different threads/cores, reducing the spatial locality that is seen at the memory controller, making the combined stream appear increasingly random. Traditional methods for exploiting locality at the DRAM level, such as open-page and timer-based policies, become less effective as the number of threads accessing memory increases. Employing closed-page policies in such systems can improve performance but it eliminates any possibility of exploiting locality. In this paper, we build upon the key insight that a history-based predictor that tracks the number of accesses to a given DRAM page is a much better indicator of DRAM locality than timer based policies. We extend prior work to propose a simple Access Based Predictor (ABP) that tracks limited access history at the page level to determine page closure decisions, and does so with much smaller storage overhead than previously proposed policies. We show that ABP, with additional optimizations, can improve system throughput by 12.3% and 21.6% over open and closed-page policies, respectively. The proposed ABP requires 20 KB of storage overhead and is outside the critical path of memory access.
Training phoneme to grapheme conversion for patients with written and oral production deficits: A model‐based approach

Background: A previous study (Kiran, Thompson, & Hashimoto, 2001) investigated the effect of training sublexical conversion on improving oral reading of regular words in two individuals with aphasia. Results revealed that training grapheme to phoneme conversion improved acquisition of trained items and facilitated generalisation to trained and untrained stimuli during oral naming, written naming, and writing to dictation as well. Aims: The aim of the present study was to extend this work to investigate if training phoneme to grapheme conversion would result in improvement of writing to dictation of trained items and facilitate generalisation to untrained stimuli and untrained tasks. Methods & procedures: Using a single subject experimental design across three participants with aphasia, the effects of phoneme to grapheme conversion treatment were evaluated by periodic probing of both trained and untrained regular words across lexical tasks: writing to dictation, written naming, oral spelling, and oral nami...
Analysis of an energy recovery system for reformate-based PEM fuel cells involving a binary two-phase mixture

A comprehensive analysis on a novel energy recovery system for reformate-based proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems is presented. The energy recovery system includes a throttling valve, a heat exchanger, a compressor, and is coupled with a coolant loop for the fuel cell stack. The feed stock of the fuel reformer, which is primarily a mixture of water and fuel, is vaporized in the heat exchanger and is then compressed to a sufficiently high pressure before it is ducted into the fuel reformer. The analysis includes the throttling of two-phase fuel/water mixture and vaporization in the heat exchanger to obtain the temperature and pressure of the mixture at the inlet of the compressor. The results indicate that the power plant efficiency with the energy recovery system can be increased by more than 20% compared to that of a fuel cell power plant without the energy recovery system. Additionally, more than 25% of the waste heat generated by the fuel cell stack can be removed due to the energy recovery system, and the fuel burned for the fuel reforming purpose is reduced by more than 70%.
ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS FOR THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SERIAL CORRELATIONS

. Let X1, …, Xn be a random sample from a population with a distribution function F and let E(X1) = 0, E(X12) < ∞. Let r1=Σt=1n-1XtXt+1/Σt=1n-1(Xt2+Xt+12). We derive a proper Edgeworth type expansion for the sampling distribution of r1 under the assumption that F is a mixture of Gaussian distributions of one of two given types. The result can easily be extended to the sampling distributions of serial correlations of arbitrary lag s.
Fundic gland polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis: neoplasms with frequent somatic adenomatous polyposis coli gene alterations.

Fundic gland polyps (FGPs) are the most common gastric polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). FGPs have traditionally been regarded as nonneoplastic, possibly hamartomatous lesions, but the pathogenesis of FGPs in both FAP and sporadic patients remains unclear. FGPs in FAP can show foveolar dysplasia, and rarely invasive gastric adenocarcinoma has been reported in patients with FAP and fundic gland polyposis. Using direct gene sequencing and allelic loss assays at 5q, we analyzed somatic adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene alterations in 41 FAP-associated FGPs (20 with foveolar dysplasia, six indefinite for dysplasia, and 15 nondysplastic) and 13 sporadic FGPs. The foveolar epithelium and dilated fundic glands of the polyps were separately microdissected and analyzed in 25 of 41 FAP-associated FGPs and 13 of 13 sporadic FGPs. Somatic APC gene alterations were identified frequently (21 of 41 cases, 51%) in FAP-associated FGPs. Both the foveolar epithelium and the dilated fundic gland epithelium comprising the FGPs were shown to carry the same somatic APC gene alteration in 24 (96%) of 25 cases. Furthermore, there was no difference in the frequency of somatic APC gene alterations between FGPs with foveolar dysplasia (10 of 20, 50%), indefinite for dysplasia (four of six, 67%), and nondysplastic (seven of 15, 47%) in FAP patients (P = 0.697). In contrast, FGPs from non-FAP patients showed infrequent (one of 13, 8%) APC gene alterations (P = 0.008). These results show that FGPs in FAP patients are pathogenetically distinct from sporadic FGPs. Somatic, second-hit APC gene alterations, which precede morphological dysplasia in many FAP-associated FGPs, indicate that FGPs arising in the setting of FAP are neoplastic lesions.
Construction of the mesh and the torus tolerating a large number of faults

Suppose each node and each edge of a network is independently faulty with probability at most p and q respectively, where 0 p, q d ≥ 2, we construct a network with O(N) nodes and with degree O(log log N) such that, after removing all the faulty nodes and edges, it still contains the N-node d-dimensional N1/d × … × N1/>d torus, and hence the mesh of the same size, with probability 1–N–O(loglog N). This is derived as a consequence of a simple constant-degree construction which tolerates random faults where the failure probability of each node is O(log–3d). We also give a simple constant-degree construction with O(N) nodes that tolerates O(N(1–2-d)/d worst case faults.
Sirolimus Reduces the Incidence and Progression of UVB-Induced Skin Cancer in SKH Mice even with Co-administration of Cyclosporine A

Transplant immunosuppressants have been implicated in the increased incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in transplant recipients, most of whom harbor considerable UVB-induced DNA damage in their skin prior to transplantation. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of two commonly used immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporine A (CsA) and sirolimus (SRL), on the development and progression of UVB-induced non-melanoma skin cancer. SKH-1 hairless mice were exposed to UVB alone for 15 weeks, and then were treated with CsA, SRL, or CsA+SRL for 9 weeks following cessation of UVB treatment. Compared with vehicle, CsA treatment resulted in enhanced tumor size and progression. In contrast, mice treated with SRL or CsA+SRL had decreased tumor multiplicity, size, and progression compared with vehicle-treated mice. CsA, but not SRL or combined treatment, increased dermal mast cell numbers and TGF-β1 levels in the skin. These findings demonstrate that specific immunosuppressive agents differentially alter the cutaneous tumor microenvironment, which in turn may contribute to enhanced development of UVB-induced skin cancer in transplant recipients. Furthermore, these results suggest that CsA alone causes enhanced growth and progression of skin cancer, whereas co-administration of SRL with CsA causes the opposite effect.
DIETARY EFFECTS ON ANEMIA PLUS HYPOPROTEINEMIA IN DOGS : II. THE FINDINGS WITH MILK PRODUCTS, WHEAT, AND PEANUT FLOURS AS COMPARED WITH LIVER

Casein (purified or commercial) in this type of experiment falls in the top bracket as a protein consistently favorable for maximal new hemoglobin and plasma protein production in doubly depleted dogs (anemic and hypo-proteinemic). Lactalbumin is less favorable for total blood protein production and the ratio of plasma protein to hemoglobin is high-that is lactalbumin favors plasma protein production as compared with casein, or is less favorable for hemoglobin production. Peanut flour (purified or commercial) is less than half as effective as casein in promoting new blood protein production. The ratio of plasma protein to hemoglobin is about the same as casein. Wheat gluten as tested is distasteful to dogs. It is neither very good nor very poor for blood protein production when it is eaten. There is nothing unusual about the response. Weight loss usually confuses the picture. Liver stands as a control base line for the above experiments. Its capacity to further hemoglobin and plasma protein production is well established. The production of hemoglobin was about 3 times that of plasma protein in the experiments.
Prevalence of maltreatment among youths in public sectors of care.

Few studies have investigated the prevalence of maltreatment among youths in public sectors of care despite the critical public health concern and the burden of suffering on such youths. The current study examined the prevalence of multiple types of maltreatment across five public sectors of care. Youths aged 11-18 (n = 1,135) enrolled in one of five public sectors of care reported on their maltreatment history using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Across all sectors, 78% of youth reported experiencing at least moderate levels of maltreatment with the majority (58%) reporting multiple types of maltreatment. The prevalence of maltreatment was highest for youths involved in the alcohol/drug (86%) and child welfare (85%) sectors, and lowest in the serious emotional disturbance sector (72%). Logistic regressions were conducted to examine differences in the likelihood of multiple types of maltreatment by sector affiliation, controlling for the effects of gender, race/ethnicity, and age. The results indicate that rates of maltreatment across sectors do not differ greatly from those in child welfare. The high incidence of maltreatment across all sectors, not solely child welfare, indicates that all youth in public sectors of care should be screened for a history of maltreatment when they enter into care. Language: en
Theoretical analysis of the achievement of random close packing of hard spheres and a conjecture on spinodal decomposition

We report the results of an analysis of bifurcation points of the nonlinear equation for the density distribution in an inhomogeneous system. The theory used predicts the freezing transition. In addition, if the unstable fluid branch of the solution beyond the freezing point is followed to higher density, another bifurcation point is found. This latter bifurcation point is identical with the limit of compression of the system, i.e., achievement of random close packing in the fluid. The density of random close packing of hard spheres is predicted to be 1.202, in very good agreement with computer simulation data. We show that the second bifurcation point is a limit of the first bifurcation point and that no freezing transition is possible beyond this point. Comparison of the behavior of the hard-sphere and Lennard-Jones fluids leads to the conjecture that spinodal decomposition of the Lennard-Jones fluid occurs when the density, computed with a temperature- and density-dependent effective hard-sphere diameter, reaches the value corresponding to random close packing of hard spheres.
Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface soils of Hassi Messaoud, Algeria

An increase in heavy metal pollution in the soils of Hassi Messaoud (Algeria) due to intense industrialization and urbanization has become a serious environmental problem. There are three large industrial complexes that have been established in the region of Hassi Messaoud for petroleum extraction field and refinery. The region hosts several industrial facilities which are the main sources for hazardous wastes. Surface soil samples from 58 sampling sites (systematically sampled; 1 × 1 km regular grid), including different functional areas in Hassi Messaoud, were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn in soil of Hassi Messaoud were up to 13.17, 35.78, 121.21, 130.97 and 61.08 mg/kg, respectively. Ni concentrations were comparable to background values, while Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations were higher than their corresponding background values. Among the functional areas, the industrial regions displayed the highest metal concentrations, while the lowest concentrations occurred in rural soil. Principal component analysis coupled with cluster analysis showed that: (1) Pb and Zn had anthropogenic sources; and (2) Ni, Cu and Mn were associated with parent materials. Contaminations in soils were classified as geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor. Pollution index values of Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn varied in the range of 0.04–5.41, 0.46–2.49, 0.01–5.73, 0.62–152.9 and 0.09–53.01, with mean values of 1.32, 1.08, 1.26, 5.64 and 3.1, respectively. The integrated pollution index (IPI) of all the analyzed samples varied from 0.42 to 31.59, with a mean of 2.48, and more than 5.45 % of samples are extremely contaminated; 18.18 % are heavily contaminated; 60 % are moderately contaminated; and others are low contaminated. The spatial distribution of IPI showed that desert and rural areas displayed relatively lower heavy metal contamination in comparison with other areas.
A whole-moon thermal history model of Europa: Impact of hydrothermal circulation and salt transport

Abstract A whole-moon numerical model of Europa is developed to simulate its thermal history. The thermal evolution covers three phases: (i) an initial, roughly 0.5 Gyr-long period of radiogenic heating and differentiation, (ii) a long period from 0.5 Gyr to 4 Gyr with continuing radiogenic heating but no tidal dissipative heating (TDH), and (iii) a final period covering the last 0.5 Gyr until the present, during which TDH is active. Hydrothermal plumes develop after the initial period of heating and differentiation and transport heat and salt from Europa’s silicate mantle to its ice shell. We find that, even without TDH, vigorous hydrothermal convection in the rocky mantle can sustain flow in an ocean layer throughout Europa’s history. When TDH becomes active, the ice shell melts quickly to a thickness of about 20 km, leaving an ocean 80 km or more deep. Parameterized convection in the ice shell is non-uniform spatially, changes over time, and is tied to the deeper ocean–mantle dynamics. We also find that the dynamics are affected by salt concentrations. An initially non-uniform salt distribution retards plume penetration, but is homogenized over time by turbulent diffusion and time-dependent flow driven by initial thermal gradients. After homogenization, the uniformly distributed salt concentrations are no longer a major factor in controlling plume transport. Salt transport leads to the formation of a heterogeneous brine layer and salt inclusions at the bottom of the ice shell; the presence of salt in the ice shell could strongly influence convection in that layer.
Variations in the Shape of the Rod-like Granule of the Chicken Heterophil Leucocyte and Its Possible Significance

Abstract INTRODUCTION ONE of the controversial aspects of the hematology of chicken blood centers around the morphology of its polymorphonuclear leucocytes (heterophils and eosinophils), especially when the Wright and Giemsa staining procedures are used. Unlike the neutrophil (heterophil) of the dog and man, both the heterophil and eosinophil of the chicken stain acid in reaction. For this reason, the difference in the shape of their respective cytoplasmic granules has been the main criterion for distinguishing the hererophil from the eosinophil. Thus, the cells have been designated in the literature, respectively, as polymorphonuclear leucocytes with rod-like and spherical granules. Studies in this laboratory on the leucocytes of chickens reveal that, contrary to the generally accepted descriptions of the heterophil, the shape of the granules of this cell shows extreme variation, from rod-shaped or spindle-like, to a definite spherical shape (Figures 1–3). Because of this variation, differentiation of the heterophil granule from …