cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychology and epistemology: The place versus response controversy

Abstract The conduct of any science is influenced by methodological commitmetns of its scientists. These commitments vary between theoretical schools, and become most apparent in the context of a theoretical conflict. Psychology is particularly influenced by psychologist's epistemological views, views on the nature of scientific knowledge and how it is best obtained. The notion of “epistemological parity” is here introduced as a mechanism by which a psychologist's substantive theory and epistemological views are adjusted one to another. The interaction between epistemology and substantive theory is examined in a historical case study of the “place versus response” controversy. This dispute matched a group of S-R behaviorists against a group of cognitive psychologists headed by E.C. Tolman. The issue is commonly calles a “pesudoproblem” by behaviorists. It is argued tha the great difficulty in resolving the issue was due to unacknowledged differences in epistemology between the parties. The two sides of the dispute each achieved epistemological parity, but in very different ways. Such theory/epistemology interactions influence the course of debate and experiment in ways unique to psychology. A second contribution of this study is its discussion of the pre-1950 roots of modern cognitive psychology.
A novel phosphorylation site at Ser130 adjacent to the pseudosubstrate domain contributes to the activation of protein kinase C-δ.

Protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) is a signaling kinase that regulates many cellular responses. While most studies focus on allosteric mechanisms that activate PKCδ at membranes, PKCδ also is controlled via multi-site phosphorylation. This study uses MS-based methods to identify PKCδ phosphorylation at Thr 50 and Ser 645 (in resting and PMA-treated cardiomyocytes) as well as Thr 37 , Thr 38 , Ser 130 , Thr 164 , Thr 211 , Thr 215 , Ser 218 , Thr 295 , Ser 299 and Thr 656 (sites that increase with PMA). We focused on the consequences of phosphorylation at Ser 130 and Thr 141 (sites just N-terminal to the pseudosubstrate domain). We show that S130D and T141E substitutions cooperate to increase PKCδ’s lipid-independent activity and that Ser 130 /Thr 141 di-phosphorylation influences PKCδ’s substrate specificity. We recently reported that PKCδ preferentially phosphorylates substrates with a phosphoacceptor Ser residue and that this is due to constitutive phosphorylation at Ser 357 , an ATP-positioning G-loop site that limits PKCδ’s Thr kinase activity. This study shows that S130D and T141E substitutions increase PKCδ’s Thr kinase activity indirectly by decreasing G loop phosphorylation at Ser 357 . A S130F substitution (mimicking a SNP identified in some human populations) also increases PKCδ’s maximal lipid-dependent catalytic activity and confers Thr kinase activity. Finally, we show that Ser 130 /Thr 141 phosphorylations relieve autoinhibitory constraints that limit PKCδ’s activity and substrate specificity in a cell-based context. Since phosphorylation sites map to similar positions relative to the pseudosubstrate domains of other PKCs, our results suggest that phosphorylation in this region of the enzyme may constitute a general mechanism to control PKC isoform activity.
The “Empty Vessel” Physician: Physicians’ Instrumentality Makes Them Seem Personally Empty

Although much research examines how physicians perceive their patients, here we study how patients perceive physicians. We propose patients consider their physicians like personally emotionless ‘‘empty vessels’’: The higher is individuals’ need for care, the less they value physicians’ traits related to their personal lives (e.g., self-focused emotions), but the more they value physicians’ traits related to patients (e.g., patient-focused emotions). In an initial study, participants recalled fewer personal facts (e.g., marital status) about physicians who seemed more important to their health. In subsequent experiments, participants in higher need for care believed physicians have less personal emotions. Although higher need individuals, such as patients in a clinic, perceived their physicians to be personally emotionless, they wanted the clinic to hire physicians who displayed patient-focused emotion. We discuss implications of perceiving physicians as empty vessels for health care.
The effect of atropine on certain gastric functions in patients with duodenal ulcer.

Summary 1.Six hospitalized male patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer were studied to determine the effects of atropine sulfate by mouth on certain functions of the stomach. 2.A dye dilution technique was employed in order to calculate the rates of gastric secretion and pyloric evacuation. 3.Marked diminution in free and total acid production, rate of gastric secretion and rate of pyloric evacuation was observed while the patients were receiving atropine.
Serum testosterone concentrations during the 4-day estrous cycle in normal and adrenalectomized rats.

AbstractWe investigated the role of the adrenal glands in the maintenance of serum testosterone concentrations during the 4-day estrous cycle in the rat. Animals were untreated, adrenalectomized (ADX), or sham-ADX. The operations did not alter with the length of the estrous cycle. Three to five estrous cycles after surgery, we decapitated rats for the collection of trunk blood and measured the FSH, LH, and testosterone in the serum by radioimmunoassays. Serum FSH and LH concentrations were similar in the three groups of rats during the estrous cycle except at 1000 hr of estrus when serum FSH levels were lower in the untreated rats than in the other two groups. In untreated rats, serum testosterone concentrations were lowest during estrus and highest after the onset of the preovulatory surges of FSH and LH in serum during the afternoon of proestrus. No significant differences in serum testosterone concentrations were observed between groups except that levels in the ADX rats were lower than levels in the u...
Ovipositional Sites of Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Sugarcane

Oviposition habits of Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) were examined in sugarcane in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Moths oviposited in cryptic sites located on dead, dry leaves and whorls. Plant samples indicated that 96.0% of the total number of eggs collected were located in the basal portion (between ground level and 80 cm height) of the sugarcane plant. Early in the growing season (June to July), initial oviposition was predominantly on dead leafblades (73%), but as dead shoots became more abundant (August to November) oviposition shifted to whorls of dead shoots (84%). Overall, eggs were predominately laid on leaves and whorls of dead shoots (89.4%) as opposed to dead leaves attached to green plants (10.6%). Several egg masses were found parasitized by Trichogramma retorridum (Girault).
Surface Stress Effects on the Elastic Behavior of Nanoporous Metals

Atomic scale computer simulations were used to investigate the surface stress induced deformation in nanoporous metals. A phase field model was used to generate digital nanoporous structures that are quantitatively similar to those created experimentally via dealloying. We analyze the important effects of surface relaxations on the macroscopic deformation in these samples as well as in small spherical clusters.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CORTISOL KINETICS AT DIFFERENT RUNNING INTENSITIES

Cortisol is an acute stress hormone that modulates inflammation and metabolism. To date, the dose response relationship between cortisol and exercise remains incompletely understood. We conducted a repeated measures, longitudinal study in which healthy male volunteers (n=12; age = 20.8 ± 0.6 years
A completely covert audio channel in Android

Exfiltration of private data from mobile devices is a potential security threat. Previous research concerning such threats has generally focused on techniques that are only valid over short distances (e.g., NFC, Bluetooth, electromagnetic emanations) or fail to be entirely covert. In this research, we develop and analyze an exfiltration attack that has no distance limitation and is completely covert. Specifically, we take advantage of vulnerabilities in Android that enable us to covertly record and exfiltrate a voice call. This paper presents a successful implementation of our attack, which records a call (both uplink and downlink voice streams), and subsequently transmits the recorded voice over an inaudible call. No visual or audio indication is given to the victim during the record or replay phases of the attack. We provide a detailed exposition of our attack, and we briefly consider the challenge of providing strong counter measures to such attacks.
Asbestos-catalysed lipid peroxidation and its inhibition by desferroxamine

In an effort to understand the properties of asbestos fibres that might contribute to their being toxic, we incubated three different varieties of asbestos with phospholipid emulsions and looked for evidence of lipid peroxidation. Although all three types of asbestos were able to catalyse lipid peroxidation in the native state, this catalytic activity was inhibited by pre-washing of the asbestos with the iron chelator desferroxamine. This suggests that: lipid peroxidation may be one of the mechanisms by which asbestos produces tissue injury, and treatment with iron chelators might diminish the potential to produce this injury.
61 IDENTIFYING STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF ISLET AMYLOID POLYPEPTIDE USING SITE-DIRECTED SPIN LABELING.

Pancreatic amyloid deposits are found in over 90% of patients with type II diabetes mellitus. These deposits are primarily composed of a 37-residue islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). While evidence suggests an association between these amyloid plaques and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, elucidating the structure of these deposits can help further the understanding of its toxicity. We use electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to analyze spin-labeled derivatives of IAPP to determine structural features of the peptide in the fibrillar amyloid deposit form. A number of derivatives are made in which each residue of IAPP is spin-labeled one amino acid at a time and studied with EPR spectroscopy in order to obtain information about the local environment and structure in the region of the labeled site. While we are furthering our structural studies of the core amyloidgenic region, we have identified structural features of the amino and carboxy terminus. Analysis of the spin mobility and comparison to the amyloid found in Alzheimer9s patients (ABeta) indicates a high degree of order throughout the fibrillar peptide, but the N-terminal and C-terminal regions are less ordered and more mobile. Evidence suggests that these regions are not part of the ordered core region that gives rise to fibril formation. Based upon side-chain mobilities, we will present the structural features of different regions of IAPP. Combining these structural features can lead us to creating a 3-D model of IAPP and perhaps give way to methods of treatment or dissolution of the pancreatic deposit.
Percutaneous Mitral Valvulotomy

Rheumatic mitral stenosis remains a common mitral valve disorder in the developing world. Percutaneous Mitral Valvotomy is an important therapy for rheumatic mitral stenosis. This chapter will review the critical role that echocardiography plays in the diagnosis, assessment of suitability and guidance of percutaneous mitral valvotomy.
NASA's Physics of the Cosmos and Cosmic Origins programs manage Strategic Astrophysics Technology (SAT) development

The strategic astrophysics missions of the coming decades will help answer the questions "How did our universe begin and evolve?" "How did galaxies, stars, and planets come to be?" and "Are we alone?" Enabling these missions requires advances in key technologies far beyond the current state of the art. NASA’s Physics of the Cosmos2 (PCOS), Cosmic Origins3 (COR), and Exoplanet Exploration Program4 (ExEP) Program Offices manage technology maturation projects funded through the Strategic Astrophysics Technology (SAT) program to accomplish such advances. The PCOS and COR Program Offices, residing at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), were established in 2011, and serve as the implementation arm for the Astrophysics Division at NASA Headquarters. We present an overview of the Programs' technology development activities and the current technology investment portfolio of 23 technology advancements. We discuss the process for addressing community-provided technology gaps and Technology Management Board (TMB)-vetted prioritization and investment recommendations that inform the SAT program. The process improves the transparency and relevance of our technology investments, provides the community a voice in the process, and promotes targeted external technology investments by defining needs and identifying customers. The Programs’ priorities are driven by strategic direction from the Astrophysics Division, which is informed by the National Research Council’s (NRC) "New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics" (NWNH) 2010 Decadal Survey report [1], the Astrophysics Implementation Plan (AIP) [2] as updated, and the Astrophysics Roadmap “Enduring Quests, Daring Visions” [3]. These priorities include technology development for missions to study dark energy, gravitational waves, X-ray and inflation probe science, and large far-infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV)/optical/IR telescopes to conduct imaging and spectroscopy studies. The SAT program is the Astrophysics Division’s main investment method to mature technologies that will be identified by study teams set up to inform the 2020 Decadal Survey process on several large astrophysics mission concepts.
Group Work in Foundation Generalist Education: The Necessity for Curriculum Change

Identifying group work content in social work education was the primary purpose of a survey of 212 faculty in BSW and MSW programs. Respondents assessed their knowledge in teaching practice with individuals, families, groups, and communities. Several contradictory findings are reported. The authors found that faculty assigned themselves high self-ratings in teaching practice. Yet, they had difficulty identifying key concepts in group work and requested various forms of assistance. The authors analyze the results and conclude with recommendations for aligning group work content with practice in social work curricula.
A Review of "Dynamic Research Support for Academic Libraries"

Starr Hoffman's edited volume, Dynamic Research Support for Academic Libraries, attempts to bring together a number of library services that are traditionally dealt with independently, including re...
An analytical design methodology for dispersion-corrected metamaterial lenses

An analytical method based on paraxial ray-tracing equations is proposed for designing gradient-index (GRIN) metamaterial lenses with dispersion-correction. An instructive example is considered to demonstrate the effectiveness.
Pelvic Tilt Evaluation From Frontal Radiographs: The Validity, Interobserver Reliability and Intraobserver Reproducibility of the Sacro-Femoral-Pubic Parameter

Abstract Background The sacro-femoral-pubic (SFP) parameter, calculated using the SFP angle measured on a frontal pelvis radiograph, has previously been shown to have a strong correlation with sagittal pelvic tilt (PT) measured on a lateral x-ray. The purpose of this study is to assess the validity, interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the SFP parameter in predicting the sagittal PT. Methods This is a retrospective study of 100 patients with frontal and lateral radiographs of the pelvis. Two observers independently measured the SFP angle on frontal x-ray (midpoint of S1 end plate to centroid of acetabula to upper midpoint of the pubic symphysis) and PT on lateral x-ray (midpoint of sacral plate to the centroid of acetabula to vertical plane). The SFP parameter was defined using the equation: SFP parameter = 75 − SFP angle. The interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility were calculated using interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Validity of the SFP parameter was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results The intraobserver reproducibility of the SFP parameter was excellent (ICC >0.90) for both observers. The interobserver reliability of all measurements was substantial for the SFP parameter (ICC >0.80) and PT (ICC >0.70). The concurrent validity of the SFP parameter was substantial ( r = 0.70). Conclusion Calculating PT from a frontal radiograph using the equation for the SFP parameter is a valid, reliable, and reproducible formula that may be used to predict sagittal PT.
Classification of Chronic Rhinosinusitis—Working Toward Personalized Diagnosis

An estimated 4.5% of total US health care dollars have been devoted to mitigating chronic rhinosinusitis. The most recalcitrant of these patients undergo surgery, which fails to improve symptoms in approximately 25% of patients. Recent advances in informational, microbiomic, and genomic analysis have introduced the first set of tools that patients, physicians, politicians, and payers can apply to better forecast which patients will respond favorably to endoscopic sinus surgery. This article summarizes the forces driving the application of personalized medicine to CRS and how new advances can be applied to clinical practice.
Stereochemical Aspects of T3P Amidations

Propanephosphonic acid anhydride (T3P) is a process-friendly commercial reagent that is useful for direct carboxamide formation from the carboxylic acid and amine components. For amidation reactions of certain tetrahydroisoquinolonic carboxylic acids and electron-poor anilines, the phosphonate carboxylate mixed anhydride intermediate evidently eliminates under basic conditions to give a ketene, whose addition reaction in turn leads to a mixture of diastereomeric amide products. For example, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, used as the base, provides mostly the 3,4-cis product, whereas N-methylimidazole leads efficiently to the 3,4-trans product. A mechanistic rationale, along with compelling evidence for the intermediate ketene, is provided, as are several examples of the efficient T3P-mediated preparation of carboxamides that are of interest as active antimalarials.
Immunobiology of Human Pregnancy

ABSTRACT The immune system is designed to protect against both disease and contamination of the host genome by foreign RNA or DNA. Mammalian pregnancy, which features gametes expressing unique antigens and embryos expressing proteins derived from disparate maternal and paternal genes, presents a serious challenge to the maternal immune system. This powerful and highly successful physiological system must be circumvented so as to permit the intimate associations between maternal and fetal cells that characterize follicle development, implantation and, in many mammals, hemochorial placentation. In this chapter, structural features of the human female reproductive organs and specific mechanistic strategies that protect against immune-mediated embryonic loss are described. Critical concepts are that both the mother and the fetus contribute to successful pregnancy, that multiple immune evasion mechanisms are employed, and that adaptations to permit internalization of the fetus are initiated prior to and concurrently with implantation. Major features include (a) seclusion of female gametes within the ovary; (b) changes in the distribution of leukocyte subpopulations in the uterus; (c) production of immune suppressive molecules by both maternal and fetal cells; (d) restrictions on fetal trophoblast cell expression of the HLA molecules that stimulate graft rejection; (e) selection of an inhibitory member of the B7 family of immune cell co-stimulatory proteins for expression on trophoblast cells; and (f) high expression on placenta cells of the regulatory proteins that interfere with complement activation. Collectively, these strategies comprise a novel, generally successful circumlocution of the immune system that permits implantation and facilitates semiallogeneic pregnancy.
A First Record of the Gecko Gonatodes ceciliae for the Island of Gaspar Grande, Trinidad and Tobago

Early on the afternoon of 29 July, 2006 while ex­ploring the mouth of a limestone sinkhole near the path to the World War II guns at Point Baleen, Gaspar Grande Island, the author located and captured a male Gonatodes ceciliae in a small nook in the cave wall a few metres from the lip of the sinkhole.
The Information Function

When you speak of having information, it implies that you know something about a particular object or topic. In statistics and psychometrics, the term information conveys a similar, but somewhat more technical, meaning. The statistical meaning of information is credited to Sir R.A. Fisher, who defined information as the reciprocal of the variance with which a parameter could be estimated.
Orientational Glass Formation in Substituted Hybrid Perovskites

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have gained notoriety in the photovoltaic community for their composition-tunable band gaps and long-lived electronic excited states, which are known to be related to the crystalline phase. While it is known that the inorganic and organic components are coupled through structural phase transitions, it remains unclear as to what role each plays in directing the structure of hybrid perovskites such as methylammonium lead halides (CH3NH3PbX3). Here, we present crystallographic and spectroscopic data for the series (CH3NH3)1–xCsxPbBr3. CH3NH3PbBr3 behaves as a plastic crystal in the high temperature cubic phase, and substitution of CH3NH3+ with Cs+ leads to the formation of an orientational glass. While the organic molecule exhibits slow, glassy reorientational dynamics, the inorganic framework continues to undergo crystallographic phase transitions. These crystallographic transitions occur in the absence of thermodynamic signatures in the specific heat from molecular orie...
Liver injury after pulsed methylprednisolone therapy in multiple sclerosis patients.

Objectives High-dose pulsed methylprednisolone-related liver injury cases have been reported in the literature, but a prospective study in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has never been performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of liver injury in patients with MS after pulsed methylprednisolone therapy. Methods We performed a prospective observational single-center study on patients with MS treated with i.v. methylprednisolone 1,000 mg/day for 5 days. We tested the liver functionality before and 2 weeks after the treatment. In case of severe liver injury, defined according to "Hy's law," a comprehensive hepatologic workup was performed. Results During a 12-month observation period, we collected data on 251 cycles of i.v. steroid treatment of 175 patients with MS. After excluding eight cycles presenting a basal alteration of the biochemical liver tests, we observed a prevalence of 8.6% of liver injury in MS patients treated with pulsed methylprednisolone for clinical and neuroradiological relapses. In 2.5% of the patients, the liver injury was severe according to Hy's law; after a comprehensive hepatologic workup, three of them received a diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury and the other three of autoimmune hepatitis. Conclusions Liver injury after pulsed methylprednisolone therapy in patients with MS is not infrequent, and a close monitoring of aminotransferase level before treatment and 2 weeks later seems advisable.
Identifying and detecting applications within TLS traffic

Internet traffic is increasingly becoming encrypted, making the forensic analysis of packet content yield diminishing returns. Much traffic (web, email, chat, VoIP, etc.) is now protected using the cryptographic protocol known as Transport Layer Security (TLS). In 2014, Google encouraged increased TLS usage by favoring HTTPS in its search (SEO) rankings1. As a result, by 2016, approximately 30 percent of the top page search results on Google used HTTPS (SSL/TLS)1. While the largest fraction of traffic is now video (e.g. Netflix, YouTube), these communications too now use TLS2. Traditional traffic analysis leverages port numbers, domain names, certificate fields, and the available cryptographic suites. TLS fingerprinting3 for traffic classification4 has recently been used, but this is still insufficient to expose suspicious communication. In the absence of actual payload content, additional information such as the inter-packet arrival times, flow direction, TCP headers, and frequencies can be leveraged to estimate the application and data protected with SSL/TLS. For example, researchers leveraged supervised machine learning and a set of features such as previously suggested (packet arrival times, length, etc.) and achieved a 96% accuracy when predicting the 3-tuple of <Operating System, Browser, Application< of various SSL/TLS applications5. Our novel technique leverages data mining techniques and the TLS record size frequencies. We then leverage Multinomial Naive Bayes and the K-means algorithm to respectively classify TLS sessions to a website and cluster the TLS sessions. We have achieved an accuracy of 90.5% in Multinomial Naive Bayes Classification of websites and a V-measure of 89.9% and a Silhouette Coefficient of 54.6% in K-means clustering of TLS Sessions according to websites.
Women’s Appraisals of Victimization Risk: Current Status, Methodological Challenges, and Future Directions

Abstract In this chapter, the current state of the literature regarding women’s appraisals of risk of sexual victimization is discussed with an emphasis on the situational and individual difference variables that appear to influence women’s ability to recognize risk. Further, the chapter highlights the methodological issues in the risk perception literature as well as the implications of the current literature on risk perception for programming efforts with women.
RecBCD, SbcCD and ExoI process a substrate created by convergent replisomes to complete DNA replication

The accurate completion of DNA replication on the chromosome requires RecBCD and structure specific SbcCD and ExoI nucleases. However, the substrates and mechanism by which this reaction occurs remains unknown. Here we show that these completion enzymes operate on plasmid substrates containing two replisomes, but are not required for plasmids containing one replisome. Completion on the two-replisome plasmids requires RecBCD, but does not require RecA and no broken intermediates accumulate in its absence, indicating that the completion reaction occurs normally in the absence of any double-strand breaks. Further, similar to the chromosome, we show that when the normal completion reaction is prevented, an aberrant RecA-mediated recombination process leads to amplifications that drive most of the instabilities associated with the two-replisome substrates. The observations imply that the substrate SbcCD, ExoI and RecBCD act upon in vivo is created specifically by two convergent replisomes, and demonstrate that the function of RecBCD in completing replication is independent of double-strand break repair, and likely promotes joining of the strands of the convergent replication forks.
Multi-Resolution Modeling of Shapes in Contact

We describe an efficient method to model shapes undergoing contact and self-contact. Previous shape modeling methods mostly focused on deformations (without contact), and, if used directly for contact, suffer from excessively long calculation times when new contacts are detected. In our work, we demonstrate fast, output-sensitive shape modeling that does not substantially degrade when new contacts are detected and that degrades gracefully with contact complexity, even for complex geometries. We achieve this by constructing a rotationally invariant linear-precision multi-resolution hierarchy of shape deformation bases. Inspired by the active set method, we propose a new contact model suitable for shape modeling that greatly outperforms prior work in contact quality and smoothness. Our method requires no extensive precomputation and works with triangle meshes embedded in solid tetrahedral meshes. We apply our method to the widely used as-rigid-as-possible energy, enabling modeling of shapes in contact, with arbitrarily large rotations, smoothness and locality.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting after bariatric surgery and dexmedetomidine anesthetic: a propensity-weighted analysis

Abstract Background Patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery have high rates of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Dexmedetomidine based anesthetic could reduce PONV rates. Objectives To determine if PONV rates differ in patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery with anesthesia primarily based on dexmedetomidine or standard anesthetic management with inhalational agents and opioids. Setting University hospital. Methods From January 2014 to April 2018, 487 patients underwent laparoscopic bariatric surgery and met inclusion criteria (dexmedetomidine, n = 174 and standard anesthetic, n = 313 patients). In both groups, patients received preoperative PONV prophylaxis. We analyzed rates of PONV and moderate-to-deep sedation. A propensity score was calculated and outcomes were assessed using generalized estimating equations with inverse probability of treatment weighting. Results Perioperative opioids and volatile anesthetics were reduced in dexmedetomidine patients. During anesthesia recovery the incidence of PONV was similar between dexmedetomidine and standard anesthetic patients (n = 37 [21.3%] versus n = 61 [19.5%], respectively; inverse probability of treatment weighting odds ratio = 1.35; 95% confidence interval .78–2.32, P = .281), and the incidence of sedation higher in dexmedetomidine patients (n = 86 [49.4%] versus n = 75 [24.0%]; inverse probability of treatment weighting odds ratio = 2.43; 95% confidence interval 1.47–4.03, P Conclusions While dexmedetomidine-based anesthesia was associated with reduced opioid and volatile agents use, it was not associated with a reduction of PONV. The higher rates of moderate-to-deep sedation during anesthesia recovery observed with dexmedetomidine may be undesirable in morbidly obese patients.
Initial effects of supplemental forages and feedstuffs on bovine rumen ecology in vitro as determined by DNA-based molecular procedures

This research aided in determining the impacts on rumen microbial ecology when supplemental forages and feedstuffs were added for 48 h after an initial 24-h in vitro rumen fermentation of orchardgr...
Predictors of research productivity among physical therapy programs in the United States: an observational study.

This study targeted the association of program characteristics of 203 Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) programs in the United States (US) reported by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) in their 2017 Annual Accreditation Report (AAR) with measures of core faculty research volume. The association of institutional, program, and faculty characteristics of an institution with core faculty research volume was investigated. This observational study analyzed data provided in the AAR about program research volume. Predictor variables included institutional, program and faculty characteristics. Research volume was measured as a ratio of 1) number of peer-reviewed publications, 2) National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding, and 3) faculty with grants, per number of core faculty. Research volume was stratified by quartiles and analyzed using logistic regression analyses. The highest 25% were analyzed against the lowest 75%. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, research Carnegie classification was positively associated with NIH funding (OR = 4.04; 95% CI = 1.92, 8.48) and number of peer reviewed publications (OR = 7.63; 95% CI = 3.39, 17.14). Square footage of research space was positively associated with number of peer reviewed publications (OR = 4.58; 95% CI = 2.08, 10.11). Private status was negatively associated with NIH funding (OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.17, 0.83) and faculty holding grants (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.19, 0.76). There is strong evidence that research culture (e.g., research Carnegie status and dedicated research space) is related to research productivity in DPT programs in the US. Private status was indicative of a non-research intensive environment, which may be reflective of a current trend of small, non-research based private institutions initiating DPT programs.
Logistics Network Design: A Response to the Challenges of Logistic Systems Management

The plight of organizations in the global market has been the pursuit of strategies to gain and maintain competitive advantage. One popular tactic has been employing logistical systems to increase the operational efficiency within the supply chain. On paper, this approach projects an excellent return on investment, however, limitations have challenged operational leaders to rethink and re-engineer strategies to meet regulations. Ultimately, logistics managers must harness all available resources to properly manage the challenges posed to every logistics function of the typical global business.
On primes, log-loss scores and (no) privacy

Membership Inference Attacks exploit the vulnerabilities of exposing models trained on customer data to queries by an adversary. In a recently proposed implementation of an auditing tool for measuring privacy leakage from sensitive datasets, more refined aggregates like the Log-Loss scores are exposed for simulating inference attacks as well as to assess the total privacy leakage based on the adversary's predictions. In this paper, we prove that this additional information enables the adversary to infer the membership of any number of datapoints with full accuracy in a single query, causing complete membership privacy breach. Our approach obviates any attack model training or access to side knowledge with the adversary. Moreover, our algorithms are agnostic to the model under attack and hence, enable perfect membership inference even for models that do not memorize or overfit. In particular, our observations provide insight into the extent of information leakage from statistical aggregates and how they can be exploited.
Analytical Dynamics Development of the Canonical Equations

It is most common to construct the Hamiltonian function and Hamilton's canonical equations through a Legendre transformation of the Lagrangean function or through the central equation. These common perspectives, however, seem abstract and detached from classical analytical dynamics. A new and different approach is presented in which the Hamiltonian function is created as one investigates d'Alembert's equation of motion. This formulation directly ties the Hamiltonian function and Hamilton's canonical equations to the root of classical analytical dynamics more than any other approach.
Fourier Analysis-Based Evolutionary Multi-Objective Multiphysics Optimization of Liquid-Cooled Heat Sinks

Optimal heat dissipation in power modules can significantly increase their power density. Removing the generated heat is critical for capturing the benefits of advanced semiconductor materials and improving the reliability of the device operation. This article proposes a design optimization method for liquid-cooled heat sinks that use a Fourier analysis-based tool and an evolutionary optimization algorithm to optimize the heat sink geometry for specified objectives. The optimized heat sink geometry is then compared with state-of-the-art solutions in literature based on finite element analysis of different designs. The proposed methodology can develop complex geometries that outperform the conventional heat sink geometries.
A perceptual eyebox for near-eye displays

In near-eye display systems that support three-dimensional (3D) augmented and virtual reality, a central factor in determining the user experience is the size of the eyebox. The eyebox refers to a volume where the eye receives an acceptable view of the image with respect to a set of criteria and thresholds. The size and location of this volume are primarily driven by optical architecture choices in which designers trade-off a number of constraints, such as field of view, image quality, and product design. It is thus important to clearly quantify how design decisions affect the properties of the eyebox. Recent work has started evaluating the eyebox in 3D based purely on optical criteria. However, such analyses do not incorporate perceptual criteria that determine visual quality, which are particularly important for binocular 3D systems. To address this limitation, we introduce the framework of a perceptual eyebox. The perceptual eyebox is the volume where the eye(s) must be located for the user to experience a visual percept falling within a perceptually-defined criterion. We combine optical and perceptual data to characterize an example perceptual eyebox for display visibility in augmented reality. The key contributions in this paper include: comparing the perceptual eyebox for monocular and binocular display designs, modeling the effects of user eye separation, and examining the effects of eye rotation on the eyebox volume.
The Relationship Between Developmental Coordination Disorder and Concurrent Deficits in Social Communication and Repetitive Behaviors Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), characterized by core deficits in social communication and restrictive behaviors, can exhibit concurrent motor incoordination and/or intellectual disability (ID). While pervasive delays in motor behavior are common, formal diagnosis of Development Coordination Disorder (DCD) is uncommon. It is not clear how DCD and ID impact core deficits in ASD. This study utilized the Simons Foundation SPARK cohort to describe the scope of motor incoordination among children with ASD and examine the interrelationships between DCD risk, ID, and ASD core deficits. 10,234 children with ASD, between the ages of 5 and 15 years, were included in the analysis. Parents completed online versions of the DCD Questionnaire (DCD-Q), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and Restrictive Behavior Scale (RBS-R). 85% of children with ASD had DCD-Q scores consistent with being at-risk for DCD, but only 14% reported a formal diagnosis. Children with ID exhibited significantly greater motor incoordination compared to children without ID (P < 0.001). Significantly, greater core deficits were identified in both children at-risk for DCD (P < 0.001) and with ID (P < 0.001). However, the effects of DCD risk were independent of ID and exhibited a medium effect size for SCQ (η2p = 0.063) and a small effect size for RBS-R (η2p = 0.04) scores. Collectively, study outcomes reinforce the pervasiveness of motor incoordination among children with ASD, both with and without concurrent ID, and provide further justification for the inclusion of motor behavior in the early intervention and prescription for children with ASD. LAY SUMMARY: This secondary data analysis of the Simons Foundation SPARK cohort found high rates (85%) of DCD risk among children with ASD. Deficits in motor coordination were greater among children with ASD with concurrent ID diagnoses. Meaningful differences in ASD core deficits (social communication and repetitive behaviors) were independently found in children at risk for DCD, both with and without ID. Autism Res 2021, 14: 804-816. © 2021 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Association between environmental quality and prostate cancer stage at diagnosis.

Prostate cancer (PC) etiology is up to 57% heritable, with the remainder attributed to environmental exposures. There are limited studies regarding national level environmental exposures and PC aggressiveness, which was the focus of this study SEER was queried to identify PC cases between 2010 and 2014. The environmental quality index (EQI) is a county-level metric for 2000–2005 combining data from 18 sources and reports an overall ambient environmental quality index, as well as 5 environmental quality sub-domains (air, water, land, built, and sociodemographic) with higher values representing lower environmental quality. PC stage at diagnosis was determined and, multivariable logistic regression models which adjusted for age at diagnosis (years) and self-reported race (White, Black, Other, Unknown) were used to test associations between quintiles of EQI scores and advanced PC stage at diagnosis. The study cohort included 252,164 PC cases, of which 92% were localized and 8% metastatic at diagnosis. In the adjusted regression models, overall environmental quality EQI (OR 1.20, CI 1.15–1.26), water EQI (OR: 1.34, CI: 1.27–1.40), land EQI (OR: 1.35, CI: 1.29–1.42) and sociodemographic EQI (OR: 1.29, CI: 1.23–1.35) were associated with metastatic PC at diagnosis. For these domains there was a dose response increase in the OR from the lowest to the highest quintiles of EQI. Black race was found to be an independent predictor of metastatic PC at diagnosis (OR: 1.36, CI: 1.30–1.42) and in stratified analysis by race; overall EQI was more strongly associated with metastatic PC in Black men (OR: 1.53, CI: 1.35–1.72) compared to White men (OR: 1.18, CI: 1.12–1.24). Lower environmental quality was associated with advanced stage PC at diagnosis. The water, land and sociodemographic domains showed the strongest associations. More work should be done to elucidate specific modifiable environmental factors associated with aggressive PC.
Individual differences predict drivers hazard perception skills

Detecting dangerous driving scenarios has been shown to be affected by driving experience, risk-taking or risk perception, and visual search. Given that the results are largely mixed, it is important to understand which individual differences affect drivers' hazard perception abilities. Three hundred ninety-eight drivers recruited throughout the USA participated in an online study by completing a hazard perception video task, two visual perception tasks, and surveys. A latent structural equation model was evaluated finding that visual perception skills and knowledge of traffic laws predicted hazard perception skills. Unlike much of the existing literature, driving experience and risk perception did not predict hazard perception skills. Additionally, the results of a latent structural equation mediation model revealed that driving experience did not mediate the relationship between hazard perception skills and knowledge of traffic laws. These results may prove useful in redesigning training programs and targeting the most susceptible individuals to decrease crash risks.
Investigation 5. Recalibrating Reference Within a Dual-Space Interaction Environment

In this paper we examine how two groups of middle school students arrive at shared understandings of and solutions to mathematical problems. Our data consists of logs of student participation in the Virtual Math Teams (VMT) system as they work on math problems. The project supports interaction both through chat and through a virtual whiteboard. We have examined in detail the sequential work these students do to constitute and specify “the problem” on which they are working in the ways they produce whiteboard objects and text postings. Solutions emerge as students come to understand the problem on which they are working. This understanding is achieved through gradual respecification of the math problem on which they are working.
Toxic Leadership in Education

There has been sparse research explicitly looking at toxic leadership, a more complex and comprehensive destructive leadership style in higher education settings, despite the breadth of literature on destructive leadership styles and their impact on organizational culture, mission, and individuals. With the introduction of the term “toxic leadership” in 1996, the corporate world and military agencies began to examine whether leadership could lead to a toxic culture. As of 2007, studies have been unable to connect the concept of learning in higher education systems to the phenomenon of "social learning." To better understand how studies have changed since they were conducted in the 2000s, the authors use their analysis of the literature on toxic leadership in higher ed from three different perspectives: 1) Understanding how toxic leadership affects organizational culture and employee morale. 2) Summarizing the role of toxic leadership in shaping the environment in which employees operate. 3) Speculating on what can be done to manage the risk of building and sustaining such environments.
Factors that influence non-word repetition performance in children with and without persistent speech sound disorders.

Background Nonword repetition (NWR) is a common phonological processing task that is reported to tap into many cognitive, perceptual, and motor processes. For this reason, NWR is often used in assessment batteries to aid in verifying the presence of a reading or language disorder. Aims To examine the extent to which child- and item-level factors predict the probability of a correct response on a non-word repetition (NWR) task in a sample of children with persistent speech sound disorders (P-SSDs) compared with their typically developing peers. Methods & procedures A total of 40 American-English-speaking children were tested on an NWR task for which the stimuli were manipulated for phonological neighbourhood density and list length. Additional measures of vocabulary and word reading were also administered. Outcomes & results Children who were typically developing were 1.82 times more likely than children with P-SSD to respond correctly. The item-level factor of phonological neighbourhood density influenced performance, but only for the P-SSD group, and only at certain list lengths. Vocabulary and word-reading ability also influenced NWR task performance. Conclusions & implications Children with P-SSD present as a complex and heterogeneous group. Multiple factors contribute to their ability to perform phonological tasks such as NWR. As such, attention to the item-level factors in screenings and assessments is necessary to ensure that appropriate decisions are made regarding diagnosis and subsequent treatment. What this paper adds What is already known on the subject? Good expressive vocabulary is important for children with speech sound disorders; it can aid in their performance on phonological processing tasks like NWR. Nonword repetition may be a helpful test/ subtest to add to assessment batteries when evaluating children with speech sound disorders. What this paper adds to existing knowledge? Vocabulary and word reading abilities must also be measured for children with SSDs, to observe the bigger picture of their linguistic abilities. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The relation between word reading and speech sound production influences performance on phonological processing tasks.
Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability

Women were historically excluded from research participation partly due to the assumption that ovarian hormone fluctuations lead to variation, especially in emotion, that could not be experimentally controlled. Although challenged in principle and practice, relevant empirical data are limited by single measurement occasions. The current paper fills this knowledge gap using data from a 75-day intensive longitudinal study. Three indices of daily affective variability-volatility, emotional inertia, and cyclicity-were evaluated using Bayesian inferential methods in 142 men, naturally cycling women, and women using three different oral contraceptive formulations (that "stabilize" hormone fluctuations). Results provided more evidence for similarities between men and women-and between naturally cycling women and oral contraceptive users-than for differences. Even if differences exist, effects are likely small. Thus, there is little indication that ovarian hormones influence affective variability in women to a greater extent than the biopsychosocial factors that influence daily emotion in men.