cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does disadvantage start at home? Racial and ethnic disparities in health-related early childhood home routines and safety practices.

Background: Little is known about whether racial/ ethnic differences exist in household family activities, safety practices, and educational opportunities known to impact young children’s healthy development and school success. Objective: To examine whether racial/ethnic disparities exist in early childhood home routines, safety measures, and educational practices/resources. Methods: The 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health is a telephone survey of a nationwide sample of parents of 2608 children aged 4 to 35 months. Differences in family activities, safety measures, and educational practices/resources were examined for white, black, and Hispanic children. Results: Minority children are less likely than white children to have consistent daily mealtimes and bedtimes, and more frequently never eat lunch or dinner with their family. Minority parents are less likely to install stair gates or cabinet safety locks and to turn down hot water settings. Minority parents less often read daily to their child, Hispanic parents more often never read to their child, and minority households average fewer children’s books. Black children average more hours watching television daily. Disparities persisting in multivariate analyses included: minority children having increased odds of never eating lunch or dinner with their family, black children not having regular mealtimes (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.7) and watching 1 more hour of television daily, black parents not installing cabinet locks, minority parents having twice the odds of not installing stair gates and not reading to their child daily, and minority homes having fewer children’s books (black homes, �30; and Hispanic homes, �20). Children whose parents completed surveys in Spanish also experienced several disparities. Conclusions: Young minority children experience multiple disparities in home routines, safety measures, and educational practices/resources that have the potential to impede their healthy development and future school success. Such disparities might be reduced or eliminated through targeted education and intervention by pediatric providers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:158-165
A 10-mW 435-MHz differential CMOS LNA for low-IF receivers in space applications

A low-power 435 MHz differential low-noise amplifier with on-chip spiral inductors was implemented in a 0.5 /spl mu/m standard CMOS process. The LNA is intended for use in a low-power low-IF receiver under development for deep space communication. A current reuse technique is employed for low-power operation. Low-noise layout techniques are used to improve the noise performance. Design trade-offs to achieve low-power and low-noise at UHF frequencies are addressed. The LNA has a noise figure of 0.94 dB, input 1 dB compression point of -32 dBm, input third-order intercept point of -27 dBm and forward gain of 25 dB. The active area of the LNA is 1.3 mm/spl times/1.1 mm.
TIMAP, a novel CAAX box protein regulated by TGF-β1 and expressed in endothelial cells

Representational difference analysis of the glomerular endothelial cell response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) revealed a novel gene, TIMAP (TGF-β-inhibited membrane-associated protein)...
Management of Lead Encephalopathy with DMSA After Exposure to Lead-Contaminated Moonshine.

Background Lead encephalopathy is a severe manifestation of lead poisoning that can present with altered mental status and seizures and has been associated with illicit moonshine consumption. Lead encephalopathy has traditionally been treated using dimercaprol (British anti-Lewisite, BAL) and calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CaNa2EDTA).
Multi-dynamic Bayesian Networks

We present a generalization of dynamic Bayesian networks to concisely describe complex probability distributions such as in problems with multiple interacting variable-length streams of random variables. Our framework incorporates recent graphical model constructs to account for existence uncertainty, value-specific independence, aggregation relationships, and local and global constraints, while still retaining a Bayesian network interpretation and efficient inference and learning techniques. We introduce one such general technique, which is an extension of Value Elimination, a backtracking search inference algorithm. Multi-dynamic Bayesian networks are motivated by our work on Statistical Machine Translation (MT). We present results on MT word alignment in support of our claim that MDBNs are a promising framework for the rapid prototyping of new MT systems.
Wasting illness as a disorder of body weight regulation

Recent major breakthroughs in our understanding of the negative feedback control of body weight have modified our understanding of disorders characterized by both too much and too little body fat. On the one hand, defective negative feedback signalling in the form of leptin contributes to certain forms of obesity, at least in rodent models. On the other, excessive leptin-like signalling, potentially resulting from the elaboration of inflammatory cytokines, may contribute to the pathogenesis of wasting illness. With the rapid pace of progress that has occurred in this field in recent years, it seems likely that breakthroughs in the treatment of these catastrophic illnesses may follow in the wake of new insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of body weight regulation.
Extensive Podocyte Loss Triggers a Rapid Parietal Epithelial Cell Response

Damage to podocytes is a central pathomechanism of proteinuric kidney disease. However, it is not fully understood how podocyte injury evolves to progressive glomerulopathies such as FSGS or collapsing glomerulopathy. In particular, the role of parietal epithelial cells remains controversial. Here, we show that adriamycin induces DNA damage and podocyte lysis in mice without evidence of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, or necroptosis. After extensive podocyte loss, activated parietal cells mediated tuft re-epithelialization by two distinct mechanisms. In the majority of glomeruli, vacuolized parietal epithelial cells attached to denuded glomerular basement membrane and, occasionally, disengaged from the parietal basement membrane. Less frequently, parietal epithelial cells covered the denuded visceral basement membrane via formation of proliferative pseudocrescents. Notably, “visceralized” parietal epithelial cells did not express vascular endothelial growth factor but upregulated hypoxia-inducible factor 1 expression. The presence of visceralized parietal epithelial cells in sclerosing and collapsing lesions in a kidney biopsy from a patient with diabetes underscores the human relevance of our findings. In conclusion, repopulation of the glomerular tuft by parietal cells may represent a compensatory response to extensive podocyte loss. Our results suggest, however, that visceralized parietal epithelial cells cannot induce revascularization of the hyalinized tuft, resulting in hypoxic cell death and irreversible destruction of the glomerulus.
Fashion Discourses in Fashion Magazines and Madame de Girardin's Lettres parisiennes in July-Monarchy France (1830–48)

(2005). Fashion Discourses in Fashion Magazines and Madame de Girardin's Lettres parisiennes in July-Monarchy France (1830–48) Fashion Theory: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 205-227.
Reconsidering the Constitutionality of the 'Convenience of the Employer' Doctrine

The author takes a critical look at the "convenience of the employer" test that some revenue departments use to determine whether work performed outside their state is taxable in their state. The time has come to repudiate the "convenience of the employer" doctrine, he writes.
Terminal Values, Multiples, and Competitive Advantage

This technical note discusses the links between terminal-value estimation and a firm's ability to maintain a competitive advantage on new investments. The note discusses specific formulations of terminal values in a discounted-cash-flow setting as well as their links to multiples of cash flow, earnings, and book values.
Sustained Akt Activity Is Required to Maintain Cell Viability in Seborrheic Keratosis, a Benign Epithelial Tumor

Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are common benign skin tumors that share many morphological features with their malignant counterpart, squamous cell carcinoma. SKs frequently have acquired oncogenic mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling cascade. We developed a reliable culture system to study SKs in vitro and screened these cells using a library of selective kinase inhibitors to evaluate effects on cell survival. These benign tumors are sensitive to inhibition by ATP-competitive Akt inhibitors, including A-443654 and GSK690693. RNA interference-mediated Akt suppression mimicked the effects of enzyme inhibition in cultured cells. Akt inhibition suppressed phosphorylation of downstream targets of Akt kinase that are critical for cell survival, including MDM2 and FOXO3a, and induced apoptosis. Cell death was also dependent on p53, mutations in which, although common in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, have not been identified in SKs. Intact explants of SKs were also sensitive to Akt inhibition. In addition to the obvious therapeutic implications of these findings, identifying the signaling characteristics that differentiate benign and malignant tumors may inform our understanding of the malignant state.
Reach Profiles for Males and Females under Restrained and Unrestrained Conditions

This paper provides reach envelope data based on samples of 25 males and 24 females between 18 and 42 years and 18 to 22 years of age respectively. Language: en
International Perspectives of Cyber Warfare

The goal of this paper is to investigate international aspects regarding cyber security, cyber war, and terrorism. These aspects are legal issues, social implications, technical parameters, and the ethical bearing. As this article contains research pertaining to the Stuxnet worm and aims to predict the future of cyber war using recent statistics, the journal is most pertinent to this article's contents. Researchers and practitioners alike will reviewthe twenty-first century concept of cyber war which is subtler, yet just as dangerous as traditional confrontation methods.
A New Type of Travelling Wave Fault Location equipment used in smart transfomer substation

Smart transformer substation is a importance content to building the smart grid.Problems appeared when the oldly-type distance measuring equipment is been used in smart transformer substation.trouble signal of travelling wave fault is difficult to obtain.a new-type of distance measuring equipment is been developed and applied practically in Xinguo 110 kV substation and achieved good results.
The Effect of Under- and Over-Benefited Support Gaps on Hurt Feelings, Esteem, and Relationships

Although the supportive communication people receive from others during stressful times can be helpful, it can also result in negative outcomes. One explanation for these different effects might be how closely the support people receive matches their desires. This study extends optimal matching theory and examines how the discrepancy between the support people want and what they receive (called support gaps) corresponds with hurt feelings, perceived negative relational consequences, and esteem improvement. People can either receive less support than the desire (i.e., be under-benefited) or receive more support than they desire (i.e., be over-benefited), and these different types of support gaps produce distinct patterns of results. Specifically, action-facilitating support, which includes informational and tangible support, and nurturant support, which includes emotional, esteem, and network support, were studied. Results showed that being over-benefited in informational support and being under-benefited ...
Postcolonial Life Narratives: Testimonial Transactions, by Gillian Whitlock

Postcolonial Life Narratives: Testimonial Transactions Gillian Whitlock Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 242
Chemical Reactions on Solid Surfaces

Catalysts are substances or materials that increase the reaction rates while emerged unaltered after reaction. Solid catalysts are particularly important because of their ease of separation from reaction mixture and stability. In other occasions, solid substrates are employed to produce a desired product. Reactions involving solid surface are thus common. Reactions occurring on solid surface start with reactants or catalyst from the fluid phase collide and associate with active centers (or sites) on the surface, i.e. adsorption. Adsorption can be described as Langmuir isotherm if uniform surface activity (or ideal surface) is assumed. Nonideal surfaces can be modeled by a distribution of interaction energy or multiple adsorption layers. Exland and UniLan are two models based on exponential and uniform distributions of active sites with adsorption energy. The adsorption isotherms exhibit different dependence on the bulk adsorbate concentration: Types I through V. LHHW kinetics is derived from Langmuir adsorption isotherm. PSSH is more general and a better approximation than FES as PSSH can be traced back to the overall effect of all the fluxes on the reaction network or pathway. However, the final rate expressions are quite similar when the rate constants are lumped together. Both ExLan and UniLan isotherms can also be employed to derive at reaction rate expressions. The rate expression can also appear to be of power-law form if Freundlich or Temkin approximation were applied to UniLan isotherms. The multilayer adsorption can also be applied to describe reactions on nonideal surfaces as steric interactions and interaction potential differences can be effectively modeled by multilayers. Rate expressions for non catalytic reactions involving solids can be derived in the same manner as LHHW. The participation of the surface active centers in actual reactions can affect the site balance, either active center renewal or depletion occurs. For catalytic surfaces, the activity can decrease with increase duration of service. The surface activity decline can be treated the same way as the concentration of a reacting component in the mixture.
The Effectiveness of Donation Advertising: An Experimental Study for Felt Ethnicity and Messages on In-Groups and Out-Groups

Natural disaster is inevitable and people’s cooperation is indispensable. With the power of advertising, in-group and out-group donors perceive a different “need” to donate to the respective groups of victims (domestic vs. international). However, past research has yet to clarify the type of messages that differentiates individual’s donation behavior. This study seeks to further the understanding of prosocial behavior by exploring the motivation behind donation, attitude toward helping others, one ethnic identity, and one’s attitude toward different types of donation ads and their impact on charitable donation advertising effectiveness that is tied to one’s ethnic identity. By utilizing TPB and ELM theory as well as the SIT, this study looks at how ethnic identity on donation behavior can influence donor’s attitude toward the different types of ads and advertising effectiveness based on their feelings toward their ethnic identity.
Abstract P180: Dopamine D2 Receptors Regulate Wnt Signaling and Apoptosis in Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cells

Previous work from our laboratory indicates that the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in the kidney has a direct role in regulating renal inflammation and injury and blood pressure. Some common single nucleotide polymorphisms (D2R SNPs; rs 6276, 6277, and 1800497) in the human DRD2 gene are associated with decreased D2R expression and function. Immortalized renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs) from subjects carrying D2R SNPs (RPTC-D2R SNPs) express less D2Rs than RPTCs carrying no D2R SNPs (RPTC-D2R WT) (62±4 vs 100±6%; P<0.04) and a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic phenotype with markers of epithelial mesenchymal transition. RPTC-D2R SNPs showed increased apoptosis compared with RPTC-D2R WT (11± 0.8 vs 2.3±0.4% TUNEL positive cells, P<0.01, n=5/group). We hypothesized that the D2R regulates renal cell survival through effects on Wnt signaling. We found that Wnt3 expression was increased in RPTC-D2R SNPs compared with RPTC-D2R WT (mRNA: 2.6±0.35 vs 1±0.11 fold; P<0.05; protein: 133±4 vs 100±5%; P<0.05). RPTC-D2R SNPs showed activated Wnt3/β-catenin signaling pathway demonstrated by decreased β-catenin phosphorylation (64±4 vs 100±8%; P<0.05) and increased expression of downstream pro-apoptotic factors Bax (136±4.6 vs 100±5%, P<0.05) and FasL (128±5.6 vs 100±6.5%, P<0.05). Silencing D2R in RPTC-D2R WT (siRNA; 0.30±0.02 vs 1±0.07 fold, P<0.05) increased Wnt 3 expression, decreased β-catenin phosphorylation, and increased expression of Bax and FasL. By contrast, treatment of RPTC-D2R WT with a D2R agonist (quinpirole,1μM, 24h) or transfection of RPTC-D2R SNPs with a DRD2 which restored D2R expression decreased Wnt3 expression, increased β-catenin phosphorylation, and decreased Bax and FasL expression. Moreover, Wnt3 silencing (siRNA) in RPTC-D2R SNPs increased β-catenin phosphorylation (132±5 vs100±9%, P<0.05), decreased Bax and FasL expression, and reduced the number of apoptotic cells (6±1.0 vs12± 0.9 % TUNEL positive cells, P<0.01). Our results indicate that D2R function is important in the regulation of the Wnt pathway and that the alterations in D2R function result in modifications in the pathway potentially leading to fibrosis, cell death, and hypertension. These results may have clinical relevance for subjects bearing D2R SNPs.
Warming drives a front of white spruce establishment near western treeline, Alaska

Regional warming has led to increased productivity near the boreal forest margin in Alaska. To date, the effects of warming on seedling recruitment have received little attention, in spite of forecasted forest expansion. Here, we used stand structure and environmental data from ninety-five white spruce (Picea glauca) plots sampled across a longitudinal gradient in southwest Alaska to explore factors influencing spruce establishment and recruitment near western treeline. We used total counts of live seedlings, saplings, and trees, representing five life stages, to evaluate whether geospatial, climate, and measured plot covariates predicted abundance, using current abundance distributions as a surrogate for climate conditions in the past. We used generalized linear models to test the null hypothesis that conditions favorable for recruitment were similar along the environmental gradient represented by longitude, by exploring relationships between per-plot counts of each life stage and the covariates hypothesized to affect abundance. We also examined the relationship between growing degree days (GDD) and seedling establishment over a period of three decades using tree-ring chronologies obtained from cores taken at a subset of our sites (n=30). Our results indicated that seedling, sapling and tree abundance were positively correlated with temperature across the study area. The response to longitude was mixed, with earlier life stages (seedlings, saplings) most abundant at the western end of the gradient, and later life stages (trees) most abundant to the east. The differential relationship between longitude and life stage abundance suggests a moving front of white spruce establishment through time, driven by changes in environmental conditions near the species’ western range limit. Likewise, we found a positive relationship between periods of seedling establishment and GDD, suggesting that longer summers and/or greater heat accumulation might enhance establishment, consistent with the positive relationship we found between life stage abundance and temperature. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Revisiting the Anionic Polymerization of Methyl Ethacrylate

Synthesis of poly(methyl ethacrylate), (PMEA), in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C using anionic polymerization techniques results in high molar mass (>30 kg mol−1), low dispersity (1.3), and high conversion (>81%). The molar masses of a series of samples are consistent with values anticipated by the monomer-to-initiator ratio and conversion. These results represent a significant improvement to earlier reported attempts to prepare PMEA using anionic methods. Successful diblock polymerization of polystyrene-block-PMEA, (PS-PMEA), and poly(4-tert-butylstyrene)-block-PMEA, (PtBS-PMEA), is achieved through sequential anionic polymerization techniques with dispersities as low as 1.06 and segment molar fractions close to those targeted. Broad principal scattering peaks observed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for symmetric PS-PMEA at relatively high molar mass (39 kg mol−1) suggests an effective interaction parameter (χeff) that is smaller than for PS-block-poly(methyl methacrylate). On the other hand, PtBS-PMEA block polymers form a well-ordered morphology based on SAXS measurements and is attributable to the more hydrophobic PtBS segment. These results confirm the viability of PMEA as a new constituent in the expanding suite of polymers suitable for preparing nanostructured block polymers.
Activity-induced instability of phonons in 1D microfluidic crystals

One-dimensional crystals of passively-driven particles in microfluidic channels exhibit collective vibrational modes reminiscent of acoustic 'phonons'. These phonons are induced by the long-range hydrodynamic interactions among the particles and are neutrally stable at the linear level. Here, we analyze the effect of particle activity - self-propulsion - on the emergence and stability of these phonons. We show that the direction of wave propagation in active crystals is sensitive to the intensity of the background flow. We also show that activity couples, at the linear level, transverse waves to the particles' rotational motion, inducing a new mode of instability that persists in the limit of large background flow, or, equivalently, vanishingly small activity. We then report a new phenomenon of phonons switching back and forth between two adjacent crystals in both passively-driven and active systems, similar in nature to the wave switching observed in quantum mechanics, optical communication, and density stratified fluids. These findings could have implications for the design of commercial microfluidic systems and the self-assembly of passive and active micro-particles into one-dimensional structures.
Potentially inappropriate medication use in older patients with breast and colorectal cancer.

Background The objective of this study was to determine patient characteristics associated with potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use and its impact on outcomes for patients with breast or colorectal cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, linked to Medicare claims, was used. The cohort included patients who were 66 years old or older and were diagnosed with stage II or III breast or colorectal cancer between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2009. The Drugs to Avoid in the Elderly (DAE) list and the Beers criteria were used to identify PIM use. Univariate/multivariate logistic regression determined the association of baseline PIMs with covariates. Event-free survival (EFS) was defined as the time from chemotherapy initiation to the first emergency room (ER) visit, hospitalization, death, or a composite until 3 months after chemotherapy. Cox proportional hazards modeling determined the association of PIMs with EFS. Results The analysis included 1595 patients with breast cancer and 1528 patients with colorectal cancer. The baseline PIM frequencies were 22.2% (according to the DAE list) and 27.6% (according to the Beers criteria) in the breast cohort and 15.5% (according to the DAE list) and 24.8% (according to the Beers criteria) in the colorectal cohort. Among patients with breast cancer, 37.5% had at least 1 adverse outcome; associations included the use of ≥5 medications, an advanced stage, higher comorbidity, and prior ER visits/hospitalizations. Baseline PIM use according to the DAE list was associated with an increased risk of death in patients with breast cancer. Among patients with colorectal cancer, 45% had at least 1 adverse outcome, and associations included the use of ≥5 medications, older age, female sex, and higher comorbidity. A time-to-event analysis revealed no association between baseline PIM use and most outcomes. Conclusions These findings require further prospective confirmation, but they support a correlation between polypharmacy and adverse outcomes for cancer patients and call into question the association with PIMs. Cancer 2018;124:3000-7. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Reflections of Others and of Self: The Mirror Neuron System’s Relationship to Empathy

Abstract Mirror neurons have generated intense interest since their discovery in the early 1990s because they offer a potential neural mechanism for linking the observation of a conspecific’s action to the representation of the motor plan for that action in the observer’s brain. Much progress has been made in the last two and one-half decades, but much remains mysterious as well. In this chapter, we discuss research in macaque monkeys and what has been revealed about the functional, anatomical and connectivity characteristics of mirror neurons (MNs). We also discuss the use of noninvasive brain imaging to measure MNs, considering the pros and cons. Further discussion concerns what role MNs play in action understanding as well as various models of MN function.
Modeling Heat Explosion for a Viscoelastic Material

In the scope of material science, it is well understood that the mechanical behavior of a material is temperature dependent. The converse is also true and for specific loading cases contributes to a unique thermal failure mechanism known as heat explosion. We will model the heat conduction across a cylinder to help predict heat explosion created by cyclic loading by electrical pulses. This is done by using a computational analysis to solve for an internal heat parameter that determines thermal failure at a critical value. This critical value is calculated under conditions either accounting for or negating the effect of heat dissipated by the material. We will then use the Maxwell–Cattaneo equation to determine the heat propagation through the material subjected to cyclic loading. Given the temperature gradients and heat propagation determined by the Maxwell–Cattaneo equation, we can use the critical thermal failure value to determine if and how the heat explosion phenomenon will occur.
Human colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) receptor confers CSF-1 responsiveness to interleukin-3-dependent 32DC13 mouse myeloid cells and abrogates differentiation in response to granulocyte CSF.

Interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent mouse myeloid 32DC13 cells differentiate to neutrophils in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G- CSF). Introduction of the human c-fms gene, which encodes the receptor for CSF-1, into 32DC13 cells gave rise to variants that were able to proliferate in medium containing either murine IL-3 or human recombinant CSF-1, but were unable to differentiate to granulocytes in response to G-CSF. Unlike parental 32CD13 cells, CSF-1-responsive derivatives expressed nonspecific esterase when grown in CSF-1, but did not exhibit many other morphologic, immunologic, or functional properties of mononuclear phagocyte differentiation, or express murine CSF-1 receptors. Accelerated turnover of the human CSF-1 receptor was observed in response to CSF-1 and phorbol esters, but not after stimulation with IL-3 or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Although both CSF-1 and IL-3 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of heterologous substrates in the dually responsive cells, differences in the patterns of substrate phosphorylation were observed in response to the two hematopoietins. We conclude that expression of the human CSF-1 receptor in 32DC13 cells not only induces CSF-1 responsiveness, but alters its phenotype in a way that prohibits granulocyte differentiation.
Estimates and Temporal Trend for US Nationwide 30-Day Hospital Readmission Among Patients With Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke.

Importance Readmission reduction is linked to improved quality of care, saves cost, and is a desirable patient-centered outcome. Nationally representative readmission metrics for patients with stroke are unavailable to date. Such estimates are necessary for benchmarking performance. Objectives To provide US nationwide estimates and a temporal trend for overall, planned, and potentially preventable 30-day hospital readmission among patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke; to investigate the association between hospitals’ stroke discharge volume, teaching status, and 30-day readmission; and to highlight reasons for 30-day readmission and explore the association of 30-day readmission in terms of mortality, length of stay, and cost of care among patients with stroke. Design, Setting, and Participants Cohort, year-wise analysis of the Nationwide Readmissions Database between January 1, 2010, and September 30, 2015. The setting was a population-based cohort study providing national estimates of 30-day readmission. The database represents 50% of all US hospitalizations from 22 geographically dispersed states. Participants were adult (≥18 years) patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage, acute ischemic stroke, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hospitals were categorized by their annual stroke discharge volume and were classified as teaching hospitals if they had an American Medical Association–approved residency program or had a ratio of full-time equivalent interns and residents to beds of 0.25 or higher. Main Outcomes and Measures Readmission was defined as any admission within 30 days of index hospitalization discharge. Using Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services–defined algorithms, events were classified as planned or unplanned and as potentially preventable. Results Based on study criteria, 2 078 854 eligible patients were included (mean [SE] age, 70.02 [0.07] years; 51.9% female). Thirty-day readmission was highest for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (13.70%; 95% CI, 13.40%-13.99%), followed by patients with acute ischemic stroke (12.44%; 95% CI, 12.33%-12.55%) and patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (11.48%; 95% CI, 11.01%-11.96%). On average, there was a 3.3% annual decline in readmission between 2010 and 2014, which was statistically significant for the period of investigation (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.95-0.97). Patients discharged from nonteaching hospitals with high stroke discharge volume were at a significantly higher risk of 30-day readmission, and the top 2 reasons for readmission were acute cerebrovascular disease and septicemia. Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that nationally representative readmission metrics can be used to benchmark hospitals’ performance, and a temporal trend of 3.3% may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of readmission reduction strategies.
Scaling of Mass and Force Using Electrical Metrology

The impending redefinition of the International System of Units (SI) allows realization of the kilogram using electrical metrology. It can be shown that electrical metrology can also be used to scale mass using electrostatic forces. An approach to mass metrology at the milligram scale using an Electrostatic Force Balance (EFB) is described. The relative uncertainty in EFB mass measurements is found to be substantially lower than those obtained with the current method based on subdivision of the artifact kilogram.
Screen of drug use: Diagnostic accuracy for opioid use disorder.

Abstract Aims Opioid related deaths have more than tripled in recent years. Identifying and referring individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) to treatment is one of the promising approaches to reduce opioid related deaths. However, using urine toxicology to identify opioid misuse is not reliable. This study validates the Screen of Drug Use (SoDU) to screen for OUD in the primary care setting, and establish its concurrent diagnostic validity among diverse subgroups of patients, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, educational level, and PTSD status. Methods We used data from 1283 primary care patients recruited in the VA in CA. This sample matched patient characteristics general VA population with mean age = 62, and 95% men. A total of 10.4% met DSM-5 criteria for any drug use disorder and 2.7% met criteria for OUD (with or without other drug use disorders). An opioid use abuse or dependence diagnosis based on the Mini International Diagnostic Interview was used as the criterion for having a DSM-5 opioid use disorder. Results The SoDU was 100% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.9%–100%), and 86.3% specific (95% CI, 84.3%–88.1%). When tested in subgroups of patients, the SoDU maintained 100% sensitivity in all subgroups. Specificity ranged from 74.5% to 94.2% for diverse subgroups of patients. Conclusions The SoDU is an appropriate instrument to screen for opioid use disorder in primary care. It is brief, easy to use, and has good concurrent diagnostic validity for diverse groups of patients.
Developing Teachers’ Expertise in Mathematics Instruction as Deliberate Practice through Chinese Lesson Study

This study explored how two lesson study groups developed the teachers’ expertise in mathematics instruction in China from the perspective of deliberate practice. The two lesson study groups, respectively, rehearsed and taught six research lessons on the same topic of division with fractions. They collaborated with knowledgeable others to develop research lessons based on a hypothetical learning trajectory. Guided by the learning trajectory, through exploring the deliberate practice of perfecting teaching of division of fraction, teachers developed their expertise with enacting two core practices of teaching mathematics, including revision of mathematical tasks and revision of mathematical representations.
Learning with and from immigrant mothers: implications for adult numeracy

This paper focuses on a group of mothers of immigrant origin as they engage in explorations and conversations about mathematics. We examine how bringing in tasks that draw on their children’s school mathematics, and on the participants’ knowledge and experiences, can inform us about their understanding of mathematics and provide opportunities to further enhance this understanding. Our analysis centers on two different types of mathematical tasks, both with rich potential for adult numeracy education. The first type of task engages the mothers in school mathematics through an exploration of addition and subtraction. In the second type of task, we look at mothers as adult learners working on two mathematical problem solving tasks, with different levels of connections to their everyday experiences. The findings point to a relationship between the type of context (everyday based versus school based) and the nature of the adult learners’ mathematical sense making and engagement with the tasks. While there was some initial apprehension towards the school based tasks, the direct connection to what their children are learning was a strong motivator. The everyday based tasks bring up the potential tension between everyday mathematics and academic mathematics. The more the task connected to their everyday knowledge, the more the mothers drew on their experience to offer approaches that made sense from a practical point of view. We argue that these different types of tasks can complement each other in working with adult learners to enhance their numeracy skills.
Supercritical Methanol Depolymerization and Hydrodeoxygenationof Maple Wood and Biomass-Derived Oxygenates into Renewable Alcoholsin a Continuous Flow Reactor

Supercritical methanol depolymerization and hydrodeoxygenation (SCM-DHDO) of biomass is a technology to produce C2–C9 alcohols in a single reaction step. Previous research has shown that this techn...
24.2 A Reconfigurable Series/Parallel Quadrature-Coupler-Based Doherty PA in CMOS SOI with VSWR Resilient Linearity and Back-Off PAE for 5G MIMO Arrays

Modern mm-wave 5G links rely extensively on phased arrays to achieve high array gain for sufficient coverage. However, the proximity of antenna elements often results in element-to-element coupling, which leads to significant element-level antenna-impedance mismatches (i.e., poor VSWR), depending on element locations and beamforming settings. Such array VSWR, often rapidly changing due to fast beamforming, severely degrades mm-wave front-ends, reduces scan-angles, and renders DPD ineffective or intractable [1]–[3].
Chemical Cleavage of Proteins

I have been charged with introducing the topic of chemical cleavage of proteins and also with “presenting new data.” Since virtually all of the new developments in this area in the last five years concern techniques for cleaving peptides at tryptophanyl residues, I will briefly review the methods available for cleaving at sites other than tryptophan and then discuss tryptophanyl bond cleavage in more detail. My evaluations of the various techniques will be from the distinctly biased perspective of the researcher interested in producing fragments of proteins suitable for sequence analysis by modern automated sequencing equipment, and given the title of this conference, I suspect those biases are widely shared in this audience.
Burn Wound Colonization, Infection, and Sepsis

Background: Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among burn patients, and it is important to understand the progression of wound colonization to wound infection to systemic sepsis. Methods: After a review of the literature we describe the clinical characteristics of burn wound colonization, infection, and sepsis, and conclude with best practices to decrease these complications. Results: Burn wounds are initially sterile after the thermal insult but become colonized by gram-positive organisms and subsequently by gram-negative organisms. Some populations are especially susceptible to initial or subsequent colonization by drug-resistant organisms. An increase in fungal colonization has been observed because of the widespread use of topical antibiotic agents. Male gender, older age, lower extremity burn, scald burn, full-thickness burn, delay in treatment, and pre-existing diabetes place patients at increased risk of infection. These infections range from cellulitis that requires systemic antibiotic agents, to invasive burn wound infection that requires prompt treatment with antibiotic agents and excision. Fungal wound infections pose a special challenge and cause substantial morbidity. Infection that leads to systemic sepsis is difficult to define in burn patients because of the body's compensatory hypermetabolic response to the burn injury. Potential sources of sepsis include wound infections and common nosocomial infections. The American Burn Association Sepsis criteria, defined in 2007, has demonstrated poor specificity for identifying sepsis and septic shock. The best approach to decrease wound infections is prevention. Practices that have been beneficial include isolation rooms, handwashing, appropriate wound care, early excision and grafting, antibiotic stewardship, and nutritional support. Conclusions: A burn patient remains at a substantial risk of wound infection despite advances in care. A burn care provider must understand the natural progression of colonization to infection to sepsis, and the multidisciplinary approach to wound care to limit the morbidity and mortality from these infectious.
Reconstructing smell

Odorant signal transduction and neurogenesis are fundamental properties of the olfactory epithelium. Many preparations have been used to elucidate some of the mechanisms underlying these properties. In this article, we briefly review these research areas and describe some of the techniques used to obtain the data. We focus specifically on the cell-culture paradigm and the data obtained from various immortal cell lines in their attempts to reconstruct the olfactory epithelium in vitro.
Principles of design for a multiple viewpoint problem formation support system

The world is filled with multiple views. There are multiple political philosophies, multiple economic models, multiple scientific theories and multiple management science models. This research explores the architecture of a computer system that creates, displays and manages multiple views. Three basic questions are answered: "What are the characteristics of a multiple viewpoint system?" "Can a multiple viewpoint computer system be constructed?" and "What design principles guide the development of a multiple viewpoint system?" The answers to these questions are discovered using two approaches. The analytic approach uses aspects of set theory and logic to specify system characteristics. This approach also leads to some general design principles, including the principle of viewpoint normalization. The second approach is system prototyping. In particular, a multiple viewpoint system, DOVE, is created which supports management problem formulation. This system is capable of creating and managing multidimensional financial models, causal models, Forrester flow models, goal hierarchy models, linear programming models and many other types of views. This second approach lead to more detailed design principles concerning the architecture of frames and rules. This dissertation develops the basic characteristics of a multiple viewpoint system, demonstrates that such a system can be constructed and illustrates principles which can guide the future development of a multiple viewpoint system. It contributes to the information systems field since past research has focused almost exclusively on the design of systems which promote a single point of view.
SU-E-T-402: Evaluation of the Accuracy of a Novel Open Mask System for Immobilization of Cranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery Patients

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of a novel open mask for intracranial SRS and to investigate the capability of monitoring intrafraction motion of the patient within this mask using the optical surface monitoring system (OSMS) on a linac-based platform. Methods: Efficiency was evaluated by measuring mask fabrication time during CT simulation and setup time in the treatment room. Mask shrinkage was assessed by comparing shim settings during treatment to simulation and also by measuring the distance between anterior and posterior sections of the mask on CBCT and Sim CT. Mask comfort was evaluated qualitatively post-treatment by surveying patients. Intrafraction motion was examined using 2D-3D autofusion of orthogonal kV images at mid-treatment. The intrafraction motion accuracy of the OSMS was analyzed by measuring the surface area of mask opening in Eclipse and pictures from the OSMS cameras. Results: The average preparation time for mask setup during simulation and treatment was 12.7 ± 2.3 min and 1.8 ± 0.9 min, respectively. Shims needed to be increased on average 0.8 mm, 0.8 mm, and 0.6 mm for right, left, and superior positions, respectively. CBCT measurements showed mask shrinkage, 0.8 mm both anteriorly and posteriorly. Greatest discomfort was reported on forehead followed by neck and chin. Intrafraction motion was less than 1 mm/1°. Accuracy of OSMS monitoring depended on the selected ROI. The OSMS monitored motion within 1 mm and 1° when the open surface area measured in Eclipse and captured by the camera > 147 cm2 and 33 cm2, respectively. When such conditions were not met, the accuracy somewhat degraded, an issue which can be mitigated by increasing the superior area or by angling the mask to expose greater surface to the camera. Conclusion: The new mask system rigidly immobilizes with sub-mm accuracy during treatment according to optical camera (OSMS) measurements. Research supported in part by a grant from QFix (Avondale, PA) and Varian Medical System (Palo Alto, CA)
Inverse spectral problems in riemannian geometry

Over twenty years ago, Marc Kac posed what is arguably one of the simplest inverse problems in pure mathematics: "Can one hear the shape of a drum?" [19]. Mathematically, the question is formulated as follows. Let /2 be a simply connected, plane domain (the drumhead) bounded by a smooth curve 7, and consider the wave equation on /2 with Dirichlet boundary condition on 7 (the drumhead is clamped at the boundary):
A theory of concentric, kink, and sinusoidal folding and of monoclinal flexuring of compressible, elastic multilayers. II. Initial stress and nonlinear equations of equilibrium

Abstract Part of the necessary background for our theory of folding of multilayered elastic materials is a nonlinear theory of equilibrium. The nonlinear theory presented here is for plane-strain conditions and it is a special case of a three-dimensional theory developed by V.V. Novozhilov. The nonlinear theory accounts for finite deformations as well as for finite distortions of bounding surfaces of bodies or elements of bodies. The theory is linearized so that it can be used to describe the initiation of folds but the linearized theory is quite different from the classical linear theory of elasticity. For example, the linearized theory indicates that an elastic material subjected to high uniaxial compression is more easily deformed by simple shear along planes normal than along planes parallel to the direction of compression. Thus, the material behaves as though it were anisotropic with respect to shear, or as though it were a deck of slippery cards layered normal to the direction of axial compression. Further, the compression can become so large that the material has no resistance to shear stress along those planes; the material then behaves much as a plastic except that strains are completely recoverable if the stresses are relaxed. The theory suggests that the problem of estimating rheological properties of rocks at times of folding is even more complicated than we have believed heretofore.