cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of dyslipidemia in patients with metabolic syndrome.

ABSTRACT Objective To review the management of dyslipidemia in patients with metabolic syndrome. Data Sources Medline search (2000–2002) conducted for English language articles using the search terms metabolic syndrome , impaired fasting glucose , glucose intolerance , and antilipemic agents ; selective search for clinical trials of lipid therapy conducted in dialogue databases (1990–2002). In addition, current dyslipidemia treatment guidelines reviewed. Study Selection By the author. Data Extraction By the author. Data Synthesis The metabolic syndrome is increasingly recognized as a strong predictor of patient risk for developing coronary artery disease (CAD). It is associated with an atherogenic dyslipidemia characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides, reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and a preponderance of small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Controlled clinical trials show similar or greater cardiovascular benefits from lipid-modifying therapies in patient subgroups with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and metabolic syndrome, compared with overall study populations. Current guidelines recommend intensified lipid management. Therapeutic lifestyle changes, with emphasis on weight loss, are particularly important for patients with metabolic syndrome. Statins are first-line therapy for all patients whose LDL-C levels are above goal. Combination therapy may often be necessary to control all lipid abnormalities adequately. Both niacin and fibrates provide additional benefits, particularly on triglyceride and HDL-C levels. Recent clinical studies show that these agents, in combination with statins, are safe and effective for the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Conclusion Atherogenic dyslipidemia represents an important modifiable CAD risk factor. Combination therapy with agents that focus on all of the components of the mixed dyslipidemia that often occurs in persons with diabetes and the metabolic syndrome may be expected to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Quantum action for time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations

Abstract A gauge-invariant formula is derived for the quantum action of a dirty superconductor with strong pair breaking. The major complication is the coupling between the order parameter and the electro-chemical potential, which is most simply expressed as an imaginary time integral. The perturbative modes of excitation are identified.
Dewey and Rawls on Education

In this paper I compare the roles that the explicit and implicit educational theories of John Dewey and John Rawls play in their political works to show that Rawls’s approach is skeletal and inappropriate for defenders of democracy. I also uphold Dewey’s belief that education is valuable in itself, not only derivatively, contra Rawls. Next, I address worries for any educational theory concerning problems of distributive justice. Finally, I defend Dewey’s commitment to democracy as a consequence of the demands of productive public inquiry and education.
Monotherapy versus combination drug therapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Abstract Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a medical condition occurring in older men (ie, those aged >60 years) resulting from enlargement of the prostate gland. Consequently, affected men may experience bother-some urinary tract symptoms and diminished quality of life. The risk of lower urinary tract symptoms and complications such as acute urinary retention (AUR) may increase if BPH is untreated. Currently, 2 classes of drugs—α-adrenergic blockers (α-blockers) and 5α-reductase inhibitors—are indicated for the treatment of BPH. Although the 2 classes are commonly used in combination, the evidence has frequently not been supportive of this practice. Results from the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms (MTOPS) trial, the largest and longest clinical trial on this topic to date, revisited the role of combination therapy in the treatment of BPH. Objective: This review presents published trials evaluating α-blockers or 5α-reductase inhibitors used alone or in combination for the treatment of BPH. Methods: A MEDLINE search was conducted (December 1974 to November 2004) using the MeSH term prostatic hyperplasia limited to the subheading of drug therapy. These results were cross-referenced with the MeSH term combination drug therapy. An additional search was conducted using the MeSH terms finasteride and adrenergic α-antagonists limited to adverse effects and therapeutic uses. These results were cross-referenced with prostatic hyperplasia and combination drug therapy. Review articles and meta-analyses were also used. Results: The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Study Group and the Prospective European Doxazosin and Combination Therapy studies were well-designed trials that failed to support the theory that combination therapy is preferred over α-blockers alone. Finasteride was also shown to be no better than placebo for the outcomes of symptom score and peak urinary flow rates. Other trials suggested that combination therapy (which included finasteride) was more effective at reducing symptom scores in men with enlarged prostates at 1 year and that α-blockers may be successfully discontinued once patients are stabilized on finasteride. Although it was a prespecified secondary end point, the incidence of surgery or AUR was reduced by 51% using finasteride over placebo. The additive benefit finasteride provides in reducing symptoms, risk of AUR, and invasive surgery was observed within the first year of treatment and correlated with larger prostate sizes (mean [SD], ∼55 [26] mL). The MTOPS trial further demonstrated a relative risk reduction of 66% in clinical progression rates for the combination-therapy group versus 39% for the doxazosin group compared with placebo (P Conclusion: Based on the literature, combination therapy has been proven to relieve symptoms and delay progression of BPH in men with moderate to severe symptoms and moderately enlarged prostate glands.
Red spruce ecosystem level changes following 14 years of chronic N fertilization

In the early 1980s, nitrogen (N) deposition was first postulated as a cause of N saturation and spruce mortality across the northeastern US. In 1988, a series of high elevation spruce-fir forest N addition plots were established on Mt. Ascutney (southeastern) Vermont to test this hypothesis. The paired plots each received, in addition to ambient N deposition, 15.7 kg N ha-1 year-1 (low N addition), 31.4 kg N ha-1 year-1(high N addition) or no N addition (control) from 1988 to 2002. Over the years, potential and annual in situ forest floor net N mineralization and net nitrification, foliar and forest floor elemental concentrations, and basal area growth by species were measured on each plot. Live basal area decreased by 18% on the low N addition plots, and by 40% on the high N addition plots between 1988 and 2002, while the control plots had a 9% increase in basal area over the same time period. Initially, none of the plots had measurable rates of in situ nitrification, but by 2002,21% of the mineralized N was being annually nitrified on the high N addition plots, compared to no net nitrification on the control plots. We also observed a significant increase in forest floor N concentration on the high N plots from 1988 to 2000. Reductions in live basal area, and increased net nitrification suggest that we induced late stage N saturation on the high N addition plots. The low N addition plots exhibited symptoms of mid-stage N saturation, with a smaller reduction in live basal area and net N mineralization, and a smaller increase in net nitrification compared to the high N addition plot values. Other correlations between forest floor and vegetation composition and function, and N saturation will be discussed in the paper.
Super-Flexibility for Real-Time Adaptation: Perspectives from Silicon Valley

Real-time adaptation is crucial in today's unpredictable world. A plethora of revision triggers force organizations to adapt to a fluid reality. This article suggests that leaders need to develop the capacity for real-time adaptation since it is impossible to anticipate and plan for every eventuality. Super-flexibility is one way to achieve real-time adaptation. The term is an umbrella concept that encompasses agility and versatility, as well as resilience and robustness. In a practical sense, it is a dialectical capacity of withstanding turbulence, like a camel surviving in desert conditions, while transforming, like a chameleon changing its color. Based on the second edition of the book Super-Flexibility for Knowledge Enterprises (Springer, 2010) and distilling the authors' experience in Silicon Valley, this article describes the conceptual foundations of super-flexibility and presents five action principles for becoming super-flexible.
Induction of Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by TNFα: Modulation by Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

Our objective was to examine the induction of endothelial cell apoptosis by the proinflammatory ligand, TNF alpha. We hypothesized that TNF alpha influences endothelial cell viability by altering the balance of regulatory molecules that either induce or suppress apoptosis. Since the identity of these regulators is unknown, our approach was to examine induction of endothelial cell apoptosis by TNF alpha alone and in the context of an inhibitor of transcription or translation. TNF alpha was able to induce bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion. Inhibition of transcription with actinomycin D or translation with cycloheximide also resulted in apoptosis, which reached a maximum value of approximately 35 to 40% of cells after 24 h. TNF alpha induction of apoptosis was either potentiated or abrogated by cycloheximide, depending on the timing of TNF alpha exposure in relation to inhibition of protein synthesis. When cycloheximide was added concomitantly with midrange concentrations of TNF alpha, there was both a dramatic acceleration and a synergistic increase in the observed apoptotic response, with all endothelial cells dying within 24 h. When cycloheximide was added as a function of time after termination of TNF alpha exposure, the synergistic induction of apoptosis was maintained at > 70% of its maximum value for 1 h, declining monotonically in a time-dependent fashion to baseline values after 6 h. In contrast, when TNF alpha was added after protein synthesis was inhibited, no additional increase in apoptosis above that observed with inhibition of protein synthesis alone was observed. Our results are consistent with the concept that endothelial cell viability depends on an interaction of inducers and suppressors of apoptosis, which are susceptible to modulation by TNF alpha.
A Type VI secretion system encoding locus is required for Bordetella bronchiseptica immunomodulation and persistence in vivo.

Type VI Secretion Systems (T6SSs) have been identified in numerous Gram-negative pathogens, but the lack of a natural host infection model has limited analysis of T6SS contributions to infection and pathogenesis. Here, we describe disruption of a gene within locus encoding a putative T6SS in Bordetella bronchiseptica strain RB50, a respiratory pathogen that circulates in a broad range of mammals, including humans, domestic animals, and mice. The 26 gene locus encoding the B. bronchiseptica T6SS contains apparent orthologs to all known core genes and possesses thirteen novel genes. By generating an in frame deletion of clpV, which encodes a putative ATPase required for some T6SS-dependent protein secretion, we observe that ClpV contributes to in vitro macrophage cytotoxicity while inducing several eukaryotic proteins associated with apoptosis. Additionally, ClpV is required for induction of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-10 production in J774 macrophages infected with RB50. During infections in wild type mice, we determined that ClpV contributes to altered cytokine production, increased pathology, delayed lower respiratory tract clearance, and long term nasal cavity persistence. Together, these results reveal a natural host infection system in which to interrogate T6SS contributions to immunomodulation and pathogenesis.
Space-charge flows and electric fields in the magnetospheres of rotating magnetic stars

We illustrate a method for determining self-consistently the spacial distribution of space-charge currents and electric fields close to the surface of a rotating magnetic star. The unique solution for simple geometries shows that the space-charge flow, required to maintain the surface potentials and to bring the surface electric field parallel to the magnetic field to zero, simultaneously sets E·B to zero at all heights above the surface. Thus this result questions the previous estimates of the parallel electric fields near pulsars.
Strategy of Escherichia coli for Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier

A major contributing factor to high mortality and morbidity associated with bacterial meningitis is the incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease: It is unclear how circulating bacteria cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent studies with Escherichia coli K1 show that successful traversal of the BBB requires a high degree of bacteremia, invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), host cell actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and related signaling pathways, and traversal of the BBB as live bacteria. Several microbial determinants such as the K1 capsule, OmpA, Ibe proteins, AslA, TraJ, and CNF1 contribute to BMEC invasion. Of interest, E. coli K1 trafficking mechanisms differ from those of other meningitis-causing bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and group B streptococcus. Complete understanding of bacteria-BMEC interactions contributing to translocation of the BBB should assist in developing novel strategies to prevent bacterial meningitis.
Binding of pyridine derivatives to cytochrome P‐450

The spectral binding constants, Ks, of pyridine, methylpyridine, and dimethylpyridines were determined. The Ks values of the compounds were discussed in terms of mechanisms of possible bonding to cytochrome P-450.
Multiple Models for Library Outreach Initiatives

Special programming and advanced technologies were used to attract diverse, underserved and expanded user populations to University Libraries resources and events. Arts and Humanities Team librarians collaborated with other University units and community organizations, adapted programming models from enterprise settings and non-academic libraries, and used multi-media technologies to deliver a variety of events over one calendar year. Library exhibits, book talks, teaching assistant workshops, and multi-media kiosks were planned, implemented and evaluated.
Learning to speculate: Experiments with artificial and real agents

Abstract This paper employs an artificial agent-based computational approach to understanding and designing laboratory environments in which to test Kiyotaki and Wright's search model of money. The behavioral rules of the artificial agents are modeled on the basis of prior evidence from human subject experiments. Simulations of the artificial agent-based model are conducted in two new versions of the Kiyotaki–Wright environment and yield some testable predictions. These predictions are examined using data from new, human subject experiments. The results are encouraging and suggest that artificial agent-based modeling may be a useful device for both understanding and designing human subject experiments.
Constraint logic programming framework for integrated decision supports

Abstract Decision support systems provide decision-makers with an interactive environment for analyses of information with various models to help solve unstructured problems. Constraint logic programming as an improvement of logic programming can be used as a tool for the development of such decision support systems. Constraint logic programming is an integrated paradigm of logic modelling and mathematical programming. It has a modelling and analysis capacity for problems containing both qualitative and quantitative constraints; it has well-established declarative and procedural semantics, which reduce the model builder's burden to specify problem solving procedures as a part of a model. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of constraint logic programming as a potential decision support system tool, focusing on the model representation and analysis aspects.
Pharmaceutical excipient development: the need for preclinical guidance.

Pharmaceutical excipients have a vital role in drug formulations, a role that has tended to be neglected as evidenced by the lack of mechanisms to assess excipient safety outside a new drug application process. Currently, it is assumed that an excipient is "approved" when the new drug formulation, of which it is a constituent, receives regulatory acceptance. Existing regulations and guidelines indicate that new (novel) excipients should be treated as new chemical entities with full toxicological evaluation. No guidance is available for potentially useful materials (essentially new excipients) available from other industries, e.g., food additives or for established excipients with a new application, e.g., dose route change. However, despite this situation, drug companies are actively evaluating new materials or applying new uses to established excipients. Recently developed excipients (e.g., materials giving "sugar-free" status to medical preparations, the cyclodextrins, and the hydrofluoroalkane inhalation propellants) and excipients undergoing development (e.g., chitosan, various enteric coating substances, liposomes, polymers derived from glycolic and lactic acids, and vaccine adjuvants) are all discussed. In light of many other areas of drug development having recently benefited from new or updated regulatory guidance, specific guidance to assist companies in the development of their excipients is urgently needed. Also, an excipient testing strategy would be an excellent topic for inclusion for International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) consideration. Such guidance/discussion would complement the current advances in pharmacopoeial standardization of excipient quality. As a consequence, it may be possible to have excipients reviewed by a committee of an international pharmacopoeia with the safety data assessed by elected experts and published.
Single cell sequencing approaches for complex biological systems

Biological phenotype is the output of complex interactions between heterogeneous cells within a specified niche. These interactions are tightly governed and regulated by the genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional states of single cells, with deregulation of these states resulting in disease. As such, genome wide single cell investigations are bound to enhance our knowledge of the underlying principles that govern biological systems. Recent technological advances have enabled such investigations in the form of single-cell sequencing. Here, we review the most recent developments in genome wide profiling of single cells, discuss some of the novel biological observations gleaned by such investigations, and touch upon the promise of single cell sequencing in unraveling biological systems.
Increased temperature sensitivity and divergent growth trends in circumpolar boreal forests

[1] Tree rings have been used to both reconstruct past climate, and to estimate and project carbon uptake of forest ecosystems. Here we show that large groups of trees of the dominant tree species within widely-distributed circumpolar forest sites show opposing growth trends during recent warming. These opposing growth trends are present at a sub-chronology level and, if averaged into chronologies, may have contributed to the widely reported overall decreased temperature sensitivity of high-latitude chronologies over recent decades. Unlike previous studies, we find that temperature sensitivity has actually increased for most individual trees at these sites. This recent, widespread divergence in growth response seems unique over the past three centuries, and may relate to different microsite responses of individual trees to temperature-induced drought stress or other factors. This divergence needs to be taken into account in dendroclimatic reconstructions, estimations of global warming impacts, and carbon uptake projections.
The physiological control of reproduction in Microdeutopus gryllotalpa (Crustacea: Amphipoda). I. The effects of exogenous ecdysterone on the females' molt and behavioral cycles

In most amphipod crustacean females, the molt is followed shortly by copulation, and this is followed shortly by ovulation. Thus, the ovarian, molt, and behavioral cycles are hypothesized to be coordinated by a master physiological control system. This study presents evidence that the behavioral cycle is tied to the molt cycle. Injections of females with the crustacean molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone or ecdysterone, hastened the onset of the molt and receptive sexual behavior. This suggests that the behavioral cycle is either tied directly to the level of ecdysterone or tied to some other physiological change associated with the molt that is stimulated by the hormone.
Growth kinetics of tetragonal lysozyme crystals

A method for immobilizing protein crystals in small volumes to determine growth rates on various faces is applied to study the growth kinetics of the (100) face of tetragonal hen-egg white lysozyme crystals at different degrees of bulk saturation. In normal gravity, transport is found to be dominated by convection for crystal sizes larger than a few microns, while in a microgravity environment, transport is diffusion-limited for sizes up to a few mm. It is found that convection can be significant even in microgravity for crystals approaching cm sizes, and that lysozyme growth is limited by surface kinetics in normal gravity.
Faith and the ways of science

One World: The Interaction of Science and Theology. By John Polkinghorne. SPCK, London/Fortress Press, Philadelphia: 1986. Pp.114. Pbk 4.50, 7.50.
Forward Scatter of Radio Signals via Meteor Trails and Short-lived Solar Radio Bursts

IN 1948 Allen1 discussed the reflexions of very high frequency radio waves from meteoric ionization, and recently Thompson2 has reported on meteor scatter bursts as recorded with a sweep frequency receiver. Similar observations have been made in Canada by a spectrum radiometer at the National Research Council's Radio Observatory in Algonquin Park, Ontario. The system is one in which twenty receivers having band-widths of 3 Mc./s. (now being changed to 1 Mc./s.) are spaced 5 Mc./s. apart in the frequency-range of 20–120 Mc./s., and the receiver outputs are commutated at a rate of 100 times per second. Since the input of the system is ‘wide open’ and the scanning rate is fast with respect to events having durations greater than 0.1 sec., the system has 100 per cent interception probability for such events. The display of the frequency-time domain of the bursts on an intensity modulated cathode ray tube is photographed on moving 35 mm. film. The output of the N.R.C. 10.7-cm. solar patrol radiometer is also recorded on the same film and appears in the illustrations as a horizontal line at the bottom of each photograph. This spectrum radiometer was designed to observe fine structure in solar radio emissions at metre wave-lengths. It has been operating since March 1961.
Long-Term Effects of Gastric Stimulation on Gastric Electrical Physiology

Introduction This study evaluates the modeling of gastric electrophysiology tracings during long-term gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis. We hypothesized that serosal electrogastrogram may change over time representing gastric remodeling from gastric stimulation.
Chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy of perfluoroiodoethane

Abstract The pure rotational spectrum of perfluoroiodoethane between 8.0 and 11.9 GHz has been measured on a search accelerated, correct intensity Fourier transform microwave (SACI-FTMW) spectrometer. The spectra is dense with 247 measured transitions in the given region. Only the anti conformer was observed for which rotational constants are reported. Nuclear electric quadrupole coupling constants due to the iodine-127 were determined and are reported. Also, two dipole forbidden/quadrupole allowed Δ J = 2 transitions were observed in the spectra. The observation of these transitions has been rationalized on the basis of near degeneracies between energy levels connected by χ ab .
Determination of serotonin in whole blood, platelet-rich plasma, platelet-poor plasma and plasma ultrafiltrate

Abstract The important biogenic amine, serotonin (5HT), was determined in whole blood, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-poor plasma (PPP), and plasma ultrafiltrate after simple deproteinization. Following ion-pair chromatography on standard or narrow-bore reverse-phase columns, 5HT and the internal standard (N-methylserotonin-NMS) were detected by flourometry with absolute detection limits of 2–4 pg. Levels obtained for whole blood and PRP were in agreement with previous methods. However, mean (±SD) values obtained for platelet-poor plasma (PPP) of 578±277 pg/ml (N=7) were approximately 3-fold lower than the lowest previous reports. We also report the first determination of 5HT in plasma ultrafiltrate, having observed mean levels of 387±222 pg/ml (N=7).
Using Technology-Based Teacher Support Tools to Scale up the ClassWide Peer Tutoring Program

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of computer and information technology in scaling up research-validated instructional strategies like ClassWide Peer Tutoring (CWPT). Recently, implementation software, the CWPT Learning Management System, web and e-mail communications, and interactive multimedia resources have been developed to support teachers' and schools' use of CWPT. Preliminary findings suggest that this technology improves access and use of CWPT, and that when local school factors of implemenatation are in place, improvement in student academic scores replicate past CWPT results. Results suggest that the initial and ongoing professional development, the strength of local school leadership, and a building faculty's ability to work with information technology are key elements to widespread implementation and accelerated student learning. The implications of such are discussed.
Examining the relationship between coping strategies and suicidal desire in a sample of United States military personnel

Abstract Suicidal desire in the military has been previously examined through the lens of the Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS). However, no research has examined the impact of specific coping strategies on perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and suicidal ideation in a large population of individuals serving in the US military. Furthermore, the factor structure of previously utilized coping clusters did not apply to our sample of military personnel. Therefore, we found a three-factor solution to be tested in this sample. We hypothesized that specific types of coping behavior clusters (Adaptive and Maladaptive) would predict both IPTS constructs and suicidal ideation. Results indicated that Adaptive and Maladaptive coping clusters predicted the IPTS constructs in the hypothesized directions. However, only the Maladaptive cluster predicted suicidal ideation. These findings implicate the need for further research and suicide prevention efforts focusing on coping strategies, specifically those that are maladaptive in nature, in relation to suicidal ideation in military members.
Unexpected, Unexplained Sudden Death in Young Asthmatic Subjects

The clinical course of asthma in four patients younger than 25 years was considered. Three died unexpectedly of their disease, and the fourth was successfully resuscitated after cardiopulmonary arrest. None of these patients met the criteria for status asthmaticus in the period preceding their death. The time course of the illness from apparent wellness to death was documented as seconds to minutes. No obvious cause of the severe disease was found at postmortem in two patients or by clinical analysis in all four. Patients with bronchial asthma may die with this disease unexpectedly, rapidly and with no obvious cause for the severity of this process.
A critical review of ohmic and rectifying contacts for silicon carbide

Abstract For more than three decades, SiC has been investigated as a wide band gap semiconductor. This paper reviews ohmic and rectifying metal contacts on n- and p-type α- and β-SiC reported throughout that time period. Electrical characteristics, Schottky barrier heights (SBHs), thermal stability, and chemical reactions are discussed. Most metals formed very good rectifying contacts in the as-deposited condition on both n- and p-type 6H-SiC with Schottky barrier heights ⪖ 1 eV. Low ideality factors (n 1100 V) have been displayed in this material. The electrical properties of contacts on 3C-SiC have been more dependent on the quality of the 3C-SiC films, which have been plagued by higher defect densities than 6H-SiC. In general, a partial pinning of the Fermi level has been evidenced by positive correlations, which are less than 1 (≈ 0.2–0.6), between the SBHs and the metal work functions. Ohmic contacts with low contact resistivities (⪕ 10−5 Ω cm2), especially important for high power applications, on any of the SiC polytypes have been exceptionally difficult to achieve. Most of the ohmic contacts have relied on high doping concentrations in combination with annealing at temperatures between 800 and 1300 °C. Annealed Ni and Al have primarily been used in ohmic contact metallizations for n- and p-type SiC, respectively. The tendency of SiC to react with metals to form carbides and/or silicides at potential device operating temperatures ( ∼ 600 °C) can be a problem for potential long term applications at high temperature. These critical issues are discussed along with future perspectives for research approaches.
Measurement and Theory of Hydrogen Bonding Contribution to Isosteric DNA Base Pairs

We address the recent debate surrounding the ability of 2,4-difluorotoluene (F), a low-polarity mimic of thymine (T), to form a hydrogen-bonded complex with adenine in DNA. The hydrogen bonding ability of F has been characterized as small to zero in various experimental studies, and moderate to small in computational studies. However, recent X-ray crystallographic studies of difluorotoluene in DNA/RNA have indicated, based on interatomic distances, possible hydrogen bonding interactions between F and natural bases in nucleic acid duplexes and in a DNA polymerase active site. Since F is widely used to measure electrostatic contributions to pairing and replication, it is important to quantify the impact of this isostere on DNA stability. Here, we studied the pairing stability and selectivity of this compound and a closely related variant, dichlorotoluene deoxyriboside (L), in DNA, using both experimental and computational approaches. We measured the thermodynamics of duplex formation in three sequence contexts and with all possible pairing partners by thermal melting studies using the van't Hoff approach, and for selected cases by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Experimental results showed that internal F-A pairing in DNA is destabilizing by 3.8 kcal/mol (van't Hoff, 37 °C) as compared with T-A pairing. At the end of a duplex, base-base interactions are considerably smaller; however, the net F-A interaction remains repulsive while T-A pairing is attractive. As for selectivity, F is found to be slightly selective for adenine over C, G, T by 0.5 kcal mol, as compared with thymine's selectivity of 2.4 kcal/mol. Interestingly, dichlorotoluene in DNA is slightly less destabilizing and slightly more selective than F, despite the lack of strongly electronegative fluorine atoms. Experimental data were complemented by computational results, evaluated at the M06-2X/6-31+G(d) and MP2/cc-pVTZ levels of theory. These computations suggest that the pairing energy of F to A is ~28% of that of T-A, and most of this interaction does not arise from the F···HN interaction, but rather from the CH···N interaction. The nucleobase analogue shows no inherent selectivity for adenine over other bases, and L-A pairing energies are slightly weaker than for F-A. Overall, the results are consistent with a small favorable noncovalent interaction of F with A offset by a large desolvation cost for the polar partner. We discuss the findings in light of recent structural studies and of DNA replication experiments involving these analogues.
The treatment of vocal fold paralysis with injectable collagen: Clinical concerns

Summary Over the past several years, the treatment of vocal cord paralysis has been substantially improved by the availability of injectable Teflon. This substance, suspended in glycerin, has provided consistent results in laryngeal rehabilitation due to its tissue tolerance and lack of resorption. Recently, moified bovine collagen has been proposed as an additional substance for use in vocal cord injections to treat vocal fold paralysis. Collagen is currently being used for augmentation of dermatologic scarring, especially on the face. It has undergone clinical trials and has now been approved for clinical use in this setting. Bovine collagen has proven very useful in scar modification. The injections are generally well tolerated and adverse responses do not often occur. Most of the adverse local reactions can be avoided by using a skin test on the forearm 1 month prior to treatment and excluding those patients with positive responses.
Acculturation and Cardiovascular Behaviors Among Latinos in California by Country/Region of Origin

Despite generally lower socioeconomic status and worse access to healthcare, Latinos have better overall health outcomes and longer life expectancy than non-Latino Whites. This “Latino Health Paradox” has been partially attributed to healthier cardiovascular (CV) behaviors among Latinos. However, as Latinos become more acculturated, differences in some CV behaviors disappear. This study aimed to explore how associations between acculturation and CV behaviors among Latinos vary by country of origin. Combined weighted data from the 2005 and 2007 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) were used to investigate associations between acculturation level and CV behaviors among Latinos by country of origin. Among all Latinos, increased acculturation was associated with more smoking, increased leisure-time physical activity, and greater consumption of fast foods, but no change in fruit/vegetable and less soda intake. These trends varied, however, by Latino sub-groups from different countries of origin. Country of origin appears to impact associations between acculturation and CV behaviors among Latinos in complex ways.
What did the Sinkov Mission receive from Bletchley Park

This paper spans a period from early pioneers in electrical telegraphy and telephony to the roots of the Geheimschreiber: the (electric) Siemens Schnelltelegraphy and the development of the first electrical teletypewriter “T25” by Wernerwerk 1, Berlin, in 1928. The paper expresses the opinion that the Geheimschreiber: T52d/e was not cracked by Bletchley Park's deciphering machines during WWII.
Interstate highway crash injuries during winter snow and nonsnow events

Many regions across the United States experience a number of winter snow events every year, during which a multitude of vehicular crashes occur. The authors formally compare crashes and occupant injuries reported on Interstate highways in Iowa during winter snow event periods with those reported during equivalent winter nonsnow event periods. The comparison is fairly comprehensive because it includes detailed crash, weather, and roadway geometry information on seven different sections of the Iowa Interstate highway system. Further, the analysis utilizes traffic count data specific to snow event and comparable nonsnow event periods. The comparison was facilitated by using a geographic information system that merged data from a variety of sources, resulting in the creation of a unique data set with significant spatial and temporal coverage. After explicitly controlling for seasonal, monthly, weekly, hourly, and locational variations in crash occurrence, significant increase was observed when winter snow event injury and noninjury crash rates (crashes per million vehicle kilometers) were compared with equivalent winter nonsnow event injury and noninjury crash rates. The data were then analyzed for injury occurrence. Results of a logit model indicated that crash injury occurrence on Interstate highways in Iowa depended on traffic, road geometry, and number of vehicles involved in a crash. Another finding from the logit model was that crashes during snow events were less injurious compared with equivalent nonsnow event crashes. Snow event-specific crash data were then analyzed to study the effects of snow event elements (e.g., snowfall intensity) on injury occurrence in vehicular crashes.
The Econometric Growth Curve

Stephen Broadberry and Kevin H. O’Rourke, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe, Volume 1: 1700–1870 . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 344 pp., $40.00. ISBN: 978-0-5...
Analysis of human chromosome 11 by somatic cell genetics: Reexamination of derivatives of human-hamster cell line J1

Through the fusion of a CHO cell population to a human cell population, a hybrid cell line which has lost all human chromosomes except chromosome 11 was derived. This cell line, J1, does not appear to segregate human chromosome 11 during growth. A series of deletion segregants were isolated from J1 which had lost a portion of either the long, short, or both arms of chromosome 11. This panel of deletion segregants was used for mapping a number of genetic markers on the short arm of chromosome 11. Karyotypic analysis led to the interpretation that derivatives of J1 selected for the loss of cell surface antigens encoded by genes on the short arm of the chromosome had simple terminal deletions of this chromosome arm. More recently, we have applied recombinant DNA and in situ hybridization techniques to the analysis of the structure of chromosome 11. In the course of this analysis, we have obtained data that indicate that all J1 deletion segregants retain a small chromosomal segment containing the structural genes for insulin and HRAS1. Analysis of in situ hybridization data indicates that in cell lines in which a chromosome 11 fragment cannot be identified by karyotype analysis, human DNA has been translocated to a Chinese Hamster chromosome. These results suggest that the original interpretation of the karyotypes of deletion segregants derived from J1 as simple terminal deletions is not correct. A reanalysis of gene localization studies based on these deletion segregants suggests that some assignments of genes to specific bands on chromosome 11 should be reconsidered. In particular, data on additional deletion segregants are consistent with localization of the beta-globin gene complex to band 11p15. The data presented here suggest that in several hybrid derivatives of J1, a continuous DNA segment of approximately 10(7) base pairs in length which includes the insulin and HRAS1 (cellular homolog of retroviral oncogene Harvey ras) genes has been isolated from the remainder of the human genome. We propose that the stability of chromosome 11 in the original hybrid was due to complementation of a genetic defect in the original CHO cell parent by a gene located in close physical proximity to the insulin and HRAS1 genes on chromosome 11. Data are presented which test and support this hypothesis.
Thermal transport properties and size effects in very dilute superfluid mixtures of3He in4He

The effective thermal conductivity κeff has been measured for 1.6 K<T<λ for mixtures with 10−6<X<10−2. Both κeff and the derived impurity mass diffusion coefficient Diso show an unexpected dependence on the height h of the fluid layer. A scaled representation of Diso leads to a purely phenomenological model involving an effective length scale, proportional to X−1 and temperature independent. The relations so obtained are consistent with the observations as well as with the observed transition curve QC(X) to non-linear behavior.
Monoamines and Neurosteroids in Sexual Function During Induced Hypogonadism in Healthy Men

Context: Although the behavioral effects of high-dose androgen administration may involve alterations in serotonergic activity, few studies have investigated the impact of androgen withdrawal on the central nervous system in humans. Objective: To examine the effects of pharmacologically induced hypogonadism on several cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) systems that could mediate the behavioral concomitants of hypogonadism. Design: Double-blind assessment of the effects of the short-term induction of hypogonadism and subsequent replacement with testosterone and placebo in a crossover design. Setting: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. Participants: Twelve healthy male volunteers. Interventions: We administered the gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonist leuprolide acetate (7.5 mg intramuscularly every 4 weeks) to the healthy male volunteers, creating a hypogonadal state, and then either replaced testosterone (200 mg intramuscularly) or administered a placebo every 2 weeks for 1 month. Main Outcome Measures: Mood and behavioral symptoms were monitored with daily self-ratings, and lumbar punctures were performed during both hypogonadal (placebo) and testosterone-replaced conditions for CSF levels of steroids and monoamine metabolites. Results: The CSF testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androsterone levels were significantly lower during hypogonadism (P=.002, .04, and .046, respectively), but no significant changes were observed in CSF measures of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, dehydroepiandrosterone, or pregnenolone. Decreased sexual interest was observed during the hypogonadal state compared with both baseline and testosterone replacement (P=.009) and correlated significantly with CSF measures of androsterone during both hypogonadism and testosterone replacement (r=�0.76 and �0.81, respectively; P.01). Moreover, the change in severity of decreased sexual interest correlated significantly with the change in CSF androsterone levels between testosterone replacement and hypogonadism (r=�0.68; P.05). The CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid levels did not correlate significantly with any behavioral or CSF measure. Conclusion: These data suggest that the neurosteroid androsterone contributes to the regulation of sexual function in men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:450-456
OXIDATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS OF 1-NITROPYRENE UNDER SIMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

The oxidation of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), adsorbed on silica gel, with dimethyldioxirane (DMD) leads to the formation of 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide and 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide in a ratio of 74/26 (4,5-o...
The Effects of Mite Galling on the Ecophysiology of Two Arctic Willows

Abstract Deciduous plants in the Arctic are increasing in abundance due to warming trends, and this increase will likely contribute to changes in regional carbon dynamics. One of the dominant deciduous-shrub genera, Salix, is highly susceptible to leaf galls, but the influence of arthropod herbivores on plant-level carbon uptake in the Arctic remains poorly studied. We examined the impacts of galling by two eriophyoid mites on a suite of ecophysiological traits in leaves of two species of willows (Salix pulchra Cham, and Salix glauca L.) in Alaskan arctic tundra. Galled leaves showed significant declines in maximum photosynthetic capacity (Amax), photosystem II efficiency (FV /FM ), stomatal conductance (gs ), and instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE) in S. pulchra leaves and in Amax and Fv /FM of S. glauca leaves. Neighboring gall-free leaves on the same shoot as galled leaves had higher Amax and gsthan nearby controls suggesting compensatory responses. Gall-infested tissue had significantly higher co...
Overview of biomass gasification in the USA

Abstract Gasification in the United States advanced rapidly in research and application from 1978 to 1984. Few gasifiers have been installed since then and several have been shut down. Large fluidized-bed gasifiers are used to dry clay and to generate power. Most gasifiers are retrofitted to small boilers, dryers and kilns. Until energy price increases can stimulate further growth, new activities in gasification are oriented toward refuse conversion to energy and small power generation.
Coronary Artery Spasm

A 50-year-old male patient presented with severe chest pain and right arm tightness. On arrival, he was hypotensive and had an initial slow atrial fibrillation with acute ST-segment elevation across the anterior and inferior leads (Figure 1). This required external …
Semi-leptonic news

We present our recent results for the semi-leptonic decays K {yields} {pi}e{nu}, D {yields} Ke{nu}, D {yields} {pi}e{nu} and some exploratory data on B {yields} De{nu} and B {yields} {pi}e{nu}. 20 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.
Effect of exogenous somatotropin in Holstein calves on mammary gland composition and proliferation

Abstract Pubertal mammary gland growth and development are hormonally regulated, but the details are poorly understood in calves. Our purpose was to evaluate the effects of exogenous growth hormone (GH) on the biochemical composition of the prepubertal mammary gland, mRNA expression of selected genes, and histological characteristics of the developing parenchyma (PAR). In this experiment, 19 calves (7 ± 4 d of age) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: bovine somatotropin (bST, 500 mg; n = 10) or placebo (Sal; 0.9% saline; n = 9). Animals were treated every 3 wk beginning on d 23. Calves were assigned to an early (65 d; tissue harvested after 2 treatment injections) or late collection time (107 d; tissue harvested after 4 treatment injections). Calves were fed milk replacer and calf starter for 8 wk and starter and hay thereafter. Parenchyma and mammary fat pad (MFP) from one udder half were harvested for analysis of protein, lipid, and DNA. Additional tissues were preserved for histological analysis or snap-frozen for quantitative real-time PCR. Somatotropin treatment did not significantly alter the mass of PAR or MFP or the general pattern of development of epithelial structures. Significant increases were observed in protein/100 kg of body weight (BW), total protein, DNA concentration, DNA/100 kg of BW, and total DNA in 107-d calves, and a significant treatment by day interaction was observed for DNA and lipid concentrations in PAR. In MFP, a significant decrease was observed in protein/100 kg of BW in bST-treated calves and in total MFP protein in 65-d calves. A treatment by day interaction was found for total protein, DNA, and protein/100 kg of BW. In PAR, relative expression of ATPase-binding cassette 3 and growth hormone receptor were reduced by bST and both were lower in 107-d-harvest calves. Epithelial cell retention of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; possible indicator of stem-like cells) was greatest in 65-d bST-treated calves, and a significant time of sampling response and treatment × time interaction were observed. Expression of the proliferation marker protein Ki67 was numerically higher in bST-treated calves but the difference was nonsignificant. Retention of the BrdU label was reduced in 107-d calves. Exogenous growth hormone given to calves may affect mammary tissue composition and epithelial cell gene expression in subtle ways but exogenous supplementation with bST alone is not likely to alter overall development patterns or affect the mass of mammary parenchymal tissue. Whether such subtle changes have an effect on subsequent development or function is unknown.