cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward efficient and equitable distributed air traffic flow control

In order to ensure efficient and equitable use of the National Airspace, the problem of air traffic flow control is posed as a PDE constrained optimization program which explicitly incorporates distinct preferences for independent airlines. Novel cost metrics are introduced to capture the real-world cost of delays to the airlines, and control parameters are aligned with the actual inputs the FAA can manipulate in dealing with adverse weather conditions, which include ground-delay programs, miles-in-trail restrictions and flight reroutes. A market mechanism is proposed that allows for distributed computation of efficient and equitable solutions. The resulting solution preferentially reduces delays for expensive flights, but compensates less expensive flights via transfer payments.
Effects of competition on the fitness of wild and crop-wild hybrid sunflower from a diversity of wild populations and crop lines.

Gene flow between crop fields and wild populations often results in hybrids with reduced fitness compared to their wild counterparts due to characteristics imparted by the crop genome. But the specifics of the evolutionary outcome of crop-wild gene flow may depend on context, varying due to local environmental conditions and genetic variation within and among wild populations and among crop lines. To evaluate context-dependence of fitness of F1 hybrids, sunflower crop lines were crossed with nine wild populations from across the northern United States. These crop-wild hybrids and their wild counterparts were grown under agricultural conditions in the field with and without wheat competition. Hybrids were far less fecund than wild plants, yet more likely to survive to reproduce. There was considerable variability among wild populations for fecundity and the specific crop line used to generate the crop-wild hybrid significantly affected fecundity. The fitness deficit suffered by crop-wild hybrids varied by population, as did the rankings of the crop-wild hybrids from three different crop lines. Wheat competition decreased fecundity and survival considerably and hampered seed production of wild plants more than that of hybrids. Genotype × environment interactions indicated that the response of fitness to competition differed by population. Consequently, the fitness of hybrids relative to wild plants varied considerably among wild populations and was not consistent across environments. Notably, relative fitness of hybrids was greater under competitive conditions. This research is the first study of its kind to demonstrate that the consequences of crop-wild gene flow are context dependent and contingent on the genetics of the specific wild populations and the local biotic and abiotic conditions.
Spatial Data Models

A geographic space must be partitioned into a finite number of discrete pieces to accommodate a finite and discrete computing environment. Spatial data models describe the design of the discretization. Vector and raster data models are two commonly used spatial data models. Vector data models partition the space according to the form of spatial features, such as points, lines, polygons, and their derivatives. Raster data models, on the other hand, partition the space into regularly arranged cells to approximate spatial features. The store and management of spatial data are often separated from the phenomena that the data represent. Choosing appropriate data models for an intended study is critical, because it could affect the subsequent selection of methods for modeling and analysis, as well as the outcome. Spatial phenomena can be perceived as spatial objects, spatial regions, and fields. The spatial scale, the presence of boundary, the spatial variation and dynamics of attributes and processes, and mobility distinguish between the three types. Both vector and raster data models can be used to represent spatial objects, spatial regions, or fields, but to various degrees. The appropriate choice of a spatial model depends on whether a spatial data model is conceptually compatible with the perceived phenomenon.
Alternate Day Fasting: Effects on Body Weight and Chronic Disease Risk in Humans and Animals

Dietary restriction regimens are commonly employed to facilitate weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. The dietary restriction regimen most frequently implemented is daily calorie restriction (CR), which involves decreasing energy intake by a certain percentage daily. Another dietary restriction regimen employed, although far less commonly, is alternate day fasting (ADF). ADF regimens include a "feed day" where food is consumed ad libitum, alternated with a "fast day," where food intake is fully or partially reduced. The present review examines the ability of ADF regimens to facilitate weight loss in human and animal models. I also discuss the ability of this fasting regimen to reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
Managing Congressional Papers: A View of the Senate

"The United States Senate of today is undeniably over-pressured, overworked and undermanaged."1 That statement prefaced a recently completed year-long study of the Senate's administrative structure. It suggests considerable problems for tomorrow's archivists and researchers as they search for understanding of the Senate's role through today's documentary source materials. The Senate is, by constitutional design and historical evolution, an administratively fragmented institution.
Structural Dynamics and Charge Transfer in Electronically Excited N,N′-Dimethylpiperazine

Two identical ionization centers, one on each nitrogen atom, make N,N′-dimethylpiperazine an important model to explore how the transfer of a (partial) charge is linked to the structural deformations of the molecular skeleton. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy uncovered that upon excitation to the 3p Rydberg level at 207 nm only one of the initially symmetry-equivalent nitrogen atoms acquires the charge, creating an asymmetric molecular structure with a localized charge. Rapid internal conversion to 3s leads to a multitude of conformeric structures with the charge localized on one nitrogen atom (230 fs time constant) and a rigid structure with the charge delocalized over both nitrogen atoms (480 fs time constant). Structural motions continue while the molecule samples the 3s potential energy landscape, leading to an equilibrium between charge-localized and charge-delocalized conformeric structures that is approached with a 2.65 ps time constant.
Device to control constriction of main renal artery for production of hypertension in small animals.

SummaryAn instrument has been described which permits accurate control of degree of constriction of the main renal artery in small animals and facilitates production of hypertension in a large percentage of such animals.
A clinical hepatologist's predictions about non-absorbed carbohydrates for the early twenty-first century.

To put these predictions into perspective, the primary indication for lactulose therapy in the treatment of HE and SHE is presented and discussed. Six secondary indications for lactulose therapy are also listed and briefly commented upon. A dozen predictions about the status of lactulose are presented and briefly discussed. A. Lactulose will be the treatment of choice for HE. B. TIPS will be the most common cause of HE. C. Lactulose will not be approved in Mexico. D. Lactulose plus anti-diarrheal drugs will be agents for treatment of HE. E. Lactulose will be the treatment of choice for constipation. F. Lactulose will not be used for Salmonella or Shigella carrier states. G. Lactulose will be routinely administered prophylactically after TIPS. H. Lactulose will be administered prophylactically to cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. I. Lactulose plus anti-diarrheal drugs will be used for a variety of diverse purposes: (i) Suppression of bacterial growth; (ii) prevention of bacteriuria; (iii) diminu...
Posture and Web Browsing: An Observational Study:

This study was designed to identify the postures assumed by Web users and to compare these postures to those assumed during conventional text-entry tasks. Twenty-four participants were observed while performing various Web and typing tasks on a standard computer workstation. Across all postural measures, there were many instances where Web browsing postures differed in kind or frequency from typing postures. Further, there were some postural variances attributed to the different requirements of the three Web tasks (searching vs. learning vs. browsing). Overall, many postures were observed during the course of Web browsing that can be classified as detrimental towards the development of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD). Based on the results of this study, we provide guidelines for improving the posture of Web users.
Discovery of a potentially deleterious variant in TMEM87B in a patient with a hemizygous 2q13 microdeletion suggests a recessive condition characterized by congenital heart disease and restrictive cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare cause of heart muscle disease with the highest mortality rate among cardiomyopathy types. The etiology of RCM is poorly understood, although genetic causes have been implicated, and syndromic associations have been described. Here, we describe a patient with an atrial septal defect and restrictive cardiomyopathy along with craniofacial anomalies and intellectual disabilities. Initial screening using chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) identified a maternally inherited 2q13 microdeletion. The patient had many of the features reported in previous cases with the recurrent 2q13 microdeletion syndrome. However, the inheritance of the microdeletion from an unaffected mother combined with the low incidence (10%) and milder forms of cardiac defects in previously reported cases made the clinical significance of the CMA results unclear. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) with trio-based analysis was performed and identified a paternally inherited TMEM87B mutation (c.1366A>G, p.Asn456Asp) in the patient. TMEM87B, a highly conserved, transmembrane protein of currently unknown function, lies within the critical region of the recurrent 2q13 microdeletion syndrome. Furthermore, a recent study had demonstrated that depletion of TMEM87B in zebrafish embryos affected cardiac development and led to cardiac hypoplasia. Thus, by combining CMA and WES, we potentially uncover an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by a severe cardiac phenotype caused by mutations in TMEM87B. This study expands the spectrum of phenotypes associated with the recurrent 2q13 microdeletion syndrome and also further suggests the role of TMEM87B in its etiology, especially the cardiac pathology.
305 INHIBITION BY ACETAMINOPHEN OF HEMOGLOBIN-INDUCED OXIDATION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID, A POTENTIAL PREVENTION OF OXIDATIVE INJURY IN SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE PATIENTS.

Background Hemoglobin released from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is rapidly followed by the oxidation of the heme from the ferrous form (FeII) to the ferric state (FeIII). In this state of oxidation, hemoglobin can catalyze the oxidation of free or membrane-bound lipids by ferric-ferryl (FeIV) redox cycling. The reaction of oxidation is initiated by the reaction of the ferric heme with peroxides present in the milieu. Such peroxides can be hydrogen peroxide generated by activated phagocytes but can also be endogenous lipid peroxides. An accumulating body of evidence has suggested that these oxidation processes are responsible for the oxidative injuries associated with the hemolytic event following subarachnoid hemorrhage. We hypothesized that acetaminophen (ApAP) could inhibit the peroxidase activity of hemoglobin in a mechanism similar to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthases and therefore inhibit lipid peroxidation and formation of F2-isoprostanes (products of lipid peroxidation with a powerful vesoconstrictive effect). That could prevent cerebral vasoconstriction and subsequent ischemia and neuron death in SAH patients. Method Ferryl hemoglobin was produced by oxidation of ferric hemoglobin with H2O2. Reduction of ferryl hemoglobin by ApAP was assessed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at 415 nm for ferryl hemoglobin and 406 nm for ferric hemoglobin. The ability of ApAP to inhibit hemoglobin-induced lipid peroxidation was determined by incubation of ferryl hemoprotein with [14 C] arachidonic acid. Unoxidized radiolabeled arachidonic acid and its more polar oxidized products were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and counted by a radio-TLC scanner. The ratio of oxidized to residual arachidonic acid was calculated to give the percentage of the oxidized arachidonic acid. Results ApAP inhibited the oxidation of arachidonic acid by ferryl hemoglobin with IC50 of 17 μM. Spectrophotometric analysis of hemoglobin in visible wavelengths indicated that ApAP could also reduce ferryl hemoglobin to its ferric form. Conclusion ApAP reduces ferryl hemoglobin to ferric hemoglobin in vitro; ApAP prevents ferryl hemoglobin-induced lipid peroxidation in vitro at concentrations much lower than the normal therapeutic plasma concentration in humans; treatment with ApAP may prevent subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm.
Parenting Foster Children with Chronic Illness and Complex Medical Needs

The experience of parenting foster children with chronic illness and complex medical needs was explored in a phenomenological inquiry with 10 foster families. Thirteen participants currently fostering chronically ill children with complex medical needs were interviewed. Recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using van Manen's method. Data analysis yielded five essential themes: Foster parents described being committed to the child in their care, coming to know the needs of a medically complex foster child, and identifying effective and ineffective interventions encountered through day-to-day living with a medically complex child. Furthermore, they shared what it was like to experience loss of a child through relinquishment and death. Last, for these parents, fostering children with complex health care needs was a life-changing experience. The findings show that parenting a chronically ill foster child with complex medical needs is a multifaceted experience having implications for multiple disci...
Cognitive Constructs and Psychomotor Tracking

Psychomotor assessment tasks have been shown to be predictive of individual performance in aviation training. Predictive relationships have also been shown between performance in training and cognitive measures such as intelligence, processing speed, and spatial reasoning. The present study seeks to better understand the relationships between basic cognitive measures and a modern psychomotor tracking task. Participants completed a matrix reasoning task, a working memory capacity (WMC) span task, two reaction time tasks and a multiphase psychomotor tracking task. Only processing speed measures were correlated with psychomotor tracking tasks. Results support using psychomotor tracking tasks as a selection tool in addition to aptitude testing.
Abstract 4410: ZEB2 drives cell motility and metastasis in ER+ breast cancer cells through a novel, E-cadherin independent pathway

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women, with the second highest mortality rate. The overwhelming majority of breast cancer deaths are a direct result of distant metastatic spread to vital organs such as lung, bone, and brain. The zinc finger transcription factor ZEB2 has been implicated as a driver of cancer cell motility, tissue invasion and metastasis in a number of diverse malignancies, but its role in breast cancer is not completely understood. We chose to examine the effects of direct overexpression of ZEB2 in the MCF-7 cell line, a luminal and estrogen receptor positive (ER+) derived breast cancer line. MCF-7-ZEB2 cells demonstrated significantly increased migration and invasion as well as an altered morphology in vitro compared to that of vector. Additionally, MCF-7-ZEB2 cells exhibited increased lung metastasis in vivo when implanted in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. ZEB2 function in metastasis has canonically been attributed to transcriptional repression of the cell junction protein E-Cadherin. Here we establish that in ER+ breast cancer cells, ZEB2 fails to repress E-cadherin and promotes cell motility and metastasis through the induction of an E-cadherin independent signaling cascade. Next generation RNA sequencing analysis of the MCF-7-ZEB2 cells compared to vector revealed alteration of the MAPK signaling cascade, evidenced by enhanced expression of key motility and MAPK associated genes, including PLAU, EGF, ACTA2, and MMP9. Pharmacological inhibition of MAPK pathway completely abrogated ZEB2 induced migration, cell morphology changes and expression of target motility genes, confirming a necessary role for MAPK signaling in ZEB2-driven cell motility in ER+ breast cancer. Together these results indicate that the ZEB2 transcription factor drives motility in breast cancer cells through a novel MAPK dependent pathway, warranting further investigation into the mechanisms involved in ZEB2 action. Elucidating the pathways involved in ZEB2 function which are specific to ER+ breast cancer is an important step in understanding the processes underlying metastasis and has the potential to yield new therapeutic targets. Citation Format: Hope E. Burks, Lyndsay V. Rhodes, Elizabeth C. Martin, Van T. Hoang, Steven Elliott, Melody Badoo, Theresa Phamduy, Aaron Buechlein, Douglas Rusch, Douglas Chrisey, Erik Flemington, Kenneth Nephew, Bridgette Collins-Burow, Matthew E. Burow. ZEB2 drives cell motility and metastasis in ER+ breast cancer cells through a novel, E-cadherin independent pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4410.
Membrane Cholesterol Substantially Alters the Free Energy Topology of Oxygen Transport

Molecular oxygen delivery to mitochondria is essential for aerobic metabolism. Oxygen must diffuse across multiple membranes on the cellular and tissue levels. A steady supply of oxygen is essential for normal cellular bioenergetics, so even modest membrane resistance could generate intracellular hypoxia and promote pathological shifts in energy metabolism. The extent to which the membranes resist oxygen diffusion depends on their composition and physical properties. In particular, the presence of cholesterol is known to slow oxygen diffusion, but the physical details of the phenomenon remain to be clarified. We have undertaken a systematic study of oxygen transport thermodynamics, using GPU-accelerated, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. From microsecond-timescale, unrestrained simulations, we have calculated free energy and diffusion coefficient profiles tracking oxygen permeation in model bilayer systems consisting of POPC and/or 0 to 100 mol% cholesterol. With increasing cholesterol content, we observe a steady and dramatic increase in the activation energy associated with membrane crossing. Ongoing study addresses the kinetic impact and biological significance of this diffusional barrier.
Application of metamorphic testing monitored by test adequacy in a Monte Carlo simulation program

One of the grand challenges for adequately testing complex software is due to the oracle problem. Metamorphic Testing (MT) is a promising technique to alleviate the oracle problem through using one or multiple Metamorphic Relations (MRs) as test oracles. MT checks the satisfaction of every MR among the outputs of the MR-related tests instead of the correctness of individual test outputs. In practice, it is fairly easy to find MRs for testing any program, but it is very difficult to develop “good” MRs and evaluate their adequacy. A systematic approach for developing MRs and evaluating their adequacy in MT remains to be developed. In this paper, we propose a framework for evaluating MT and iteratively developing adequate MRs monitored by MT adequacy evaluation. The MT adequacy is measured by program coverages, mutation testing, and testing MRs with mutation tests. The MT evaluation results are used for guiding the iterative development of MRs, generating tests, and analyzing test outputs. We explain the framework through a testing example on an image processing program that is used for building the 3-dimensional structure of a biology cell based on its confocal image sections. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, we reported a case study of testing a complex scientific program: a Monte Carlo modeling program that simulates photon propagations in turbid tissue phantoms for accurate and efficient generation of reflectance images from biological tissues. The case study has shown the effectiveness of proposed MT framework for testing scientific software in general and the necessity of the MT enhancement in the development of adequate MRs. The case study results can be easily adapted for testing other software.
Vertical cavity lasers forced into the red

Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), in which light is emitted from the top surface of the laser, offer significant advantages over traditional edge-emitting semiconductor lasers. The most notable is that the laser beam is circular, which is ideal for the many applications where focusing to a small spot, or coupling to an optical fibre, is needed. Infrared VCSELs that operate continuously at room temperature are already available commercially.
Tracheostomy Among Infants With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Undergoing Cardiac Operations: A Multicenter Analysis

Background Less than 2.7% of infants undergoing congenital heart disease operations have difficulty weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation. In such instances, clinicians may choose to perform tracheostomy. Limited literature has examined tracheostomy placement specifically in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). This study evaluated the risk factors for tracheostomy placement in infants with HLHS and examined the outcomes of these infants before their first hospital discharge. Methods This retrospective analysis of the Pediatric Heath Information System data set included infants with HLHS who underwent stage 1 Norwood operation, a hybrid procedure, or heart transplant from 2004 through 2013. Results We identified 5721 infants with HLHS, and 126 underwent tracheostomy placement. Infants in the tracheostomy group had more morbidities and a higher mortality rate across the study period. Diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities, anomalies of the trachea and esophagus, larynx, diaphragm and nervous system, bilateral vocal cord paralysis, and necrotizing enterocolitis, and procedures including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, cardiac catheterization, and gastrostomy tube were independently associated with tracheostomy placement in the study population. Despite an overall increase in rates of tracheostomy performed in infants with HLHS during the study period, the mortality rate did not improve among tracheostomy patients. Conclusions Several risk factors were identified in infants with HLHS in whom a tracheostomy was placed during their first hospitalization. Despite an overall increase in rates of tracheostomies during the study period, the mortality rate did not improve among these patients. Appropriate family counseling and thorough preoperative case selection is suggested when discussing possible tracheostomy placement in infants with HLHS.
A Temporary, Intermediary Organization at the Helm of Regional Education Reform: Lessons from the Bay Area School Reform Collaborative

The Bay Area School Reform Collaborative (BASRC) was invented in 1995 as an ad hoc intermediary organization. It was created in response to a national challenge from philanthropist Walter Annenberg and his half-billion-dollar gift to American public education. The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation responded with $25 million to support the creation of a San Francisco Bay Area regional education reform initiative. BASRC was charged with the goal of stimulating and supporting education reform in the Bay Area and working to close the achievement gap among students of different race and language backgrounds. During its 10-year history, BASRC pursued its mission by making grants to support schools’ reform work and establishing a regional collaborative of member schools, districts, support organizations, and funders. BASRC’s reform efforts proceeded in two phases. During Phase I of its work (1996–2001), BASRC funded 86 “Leadership Schools” in 6 Bay Area counties. By the fall of 1999 the initial $50 million had been matched by $62 million more in public and private funds.1 During Phase II (2001–2006), BASRC invested in reform efforts in four focal districts and featured coaching as a reform strategy. The Hewlett and Annenberg Foundations provided $40 million in funds and other sources contributed a total of about the same amount. Throughout, the Collaborative’s signature reform tool was the school-based Cycle of Inquiry, in which teachers used student data to assess and plan for instruction.
Primate Primordial Germ Cells Acquire Transplantation Potential by Carnegie Stage 23

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the earliest embryonic progenitors in the germline. Correct formation of PGCs is critical to reproductive health as an adult. Recent work has shown that primate PGCs can be differentiated from pluripotent stem cells; however, a bioassay that supports their identity as transplantable germ cells has not been reported. Here, we adopted a xenotransplantation assay by transplanting single-cell suspensions of human and nonhuman primate embryonic Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque) testes containing PGCs into the seminiferous tubules of adult busulfan-treated nude mice. We discovered that both human and nonhuman primate embryonic testis are xenotransplantable, generating colonies while not generating tumors. Taken together, this work provides two critical references (molecular and functional) for defining transplantable primate PGCs. These results provide a blueprint for differentiating pluripotent stem cells to transplantable PGC-like cells in a species that is amenable to transplantation and fertility studies.
Non-Uniform Microphone Arrays for Robust Speech Source Localization for Smartphone-Assisted Hearing Aid Devices

Robust speech source localization (SSL) is an important component of the speech processing pipeline for hearing aid devices (HADs). SSL via time direction of arrival (TDOA) estimation has been known to improve performance of HADs in noisy environments, thereby providing better listening experience for hearing aid users. Smartphones now possess the capability to connect to the HADs through wired or wireless channel. In this paper, we present our findings about the non-uniform non-linear microphone array (NUNLA) geometry for improving SSL for HADs using an L-shaped three-element microphone array available on modern smartphones. The proposed method is implemented on a frame-based TDOA estimation algorithm using a modified Dictionary-based singular value decomposition method (SVD) method for localizing single speech sources under very low signal to noise ratios (SNR). Unlike most methods developed for uniform microphone arrays, the proposed method has low spatial aliasing as well as low spatial ambiguity while providing a robust low-error with 360° DOA scanning capability. We present the comparison among different types of microphone arrays, as well as compare their performance using the proposed method.
Incentive policies and china’s economic development: Change and challenge

Incentive policies have been emphasized by many governments as one of the major policy tools to promote economic development in their societies. For this paper I have examined the application of incentive policies in China to improve economic performance during China’s reform years. In the paper are theoretical reviews about various types of incentive policies and different arguments about their effects. The development of Chinese incentive policies is introduced and analysis of their achievements in improving economic growth and attracting foreign investment is presented. Challenging issues of incentive policies have been related to concerns about effectiveness and equity, accountability and transparency, as well as economic upgrade and balance. Implications of the Chinese development experience are provided for future study of incentive policies.
External-cost continuous-type wardrop equilibria in routing games

We propose a bi-criterion Wardrop equilibrium which we call an external cost continuous type Wardrop equilibrium for nonatomic routing games where agents incur some type dependent cost to have access to different sets of available routes. Rather than being anonymous, the population is described by a distribution over the type parameter (that can be supported on any compact interval of the real line). At equilibria, no member of the population can improve their type dependent cost either by switching sets of routes or by switching routes within their chosen set. From this equilibrium condition, we derive how the population mass will divide up among the various routing options. We then formulate a potential function optimization program for finding the equilibrium mass distribution. This work revisits the cost-vs-time equilibria of Leurent [1] and Marcotte [2] while specifically allowing the type parameter to be positive or negative. Applications include modeling the value of information in routing, the effect of privacy concern on congestion, and how commuters make tradeoffs between different forms of transportation.
Torn or Todd’s: tend to the postictal immobilised arm

A middle-aged woman became unresponsive while speaking to her son on the phone and was subsequently found at home unconscious with foam around her mouth. En route to the emergency department, paramedics witnessed a generalised tonic-clonic seizure with left eye deviation and left arm flexion. In the emergency department, she remained unresponsive, was intubated, received a loading dose of levetiracetam and was transferred to the neurosciences intensive care unit. On examination, she was drowsy. There was an increased tone in all four limbs but particularly in the right arm, failure of the left arm to withdraw to pain and generally brisk reflexes. Pertinent results included significant lactic acidosis (plasma lactate 19.6 mmol/L (0.6–1.8)) and elevated serum creatine kinase at 1181 U/L (24–170). CT/CT angiogram/CT venogram head showed a small sulcal subarachnoid haemorrhage in the right precentral sulcus and a small arteriovenous malformation in the same region. Cerebrospinal fluid examination found no evidence of infection or xanthochromia. She remained intubated and sedated in the intensive care unit for several hours, where continuous video electroencephalography showed diffuse delta waves due to sedative effect with no …
RADIOENZYMATIC ASSAYS FOR CATECHOLAMINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

Synthetic radioenzymatic assays using either catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) or phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) and radiolabeled S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) have been developed for a variety of endogenous substances and drugs.
Characterizing Deletion Transformations across Dialects using a Sophisticated Tying Mechanism

In this work, we propose extensions of our Phone-based Pronunciation Model (PPM) for analyzing dialect differences. We compared these systems using 3 metrics and 2 datasets of English. Empirical results suggest that (1) sophisticated tying is suitable in modeling deletion transformations across dialects, beating standard tying by 33% relative, and (2) APM (Acousticbased Pronunciation Model) improves performance in generating dialect-specific pronunciations, dialect identification and rule retrieval, achieving relative gains beyond 34%. Index Terms: acoustic model, pronunciation model, phonetic rule, phonetic transformation, dialect recognition
Isolation of coenzyme B12 from liver.

The identity of the major cobamide in liver has not been satisfactorily established. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12, 5,6dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide cyanide), which has been obtained in crystalline form with liver as a source material (1, 2), is certainly a very minor component of the cobalamins in liver. Analyses of liver concentrates, both by a paper chromatographicbioautographic method (3) and by a chemical method (4), have shown that cyanocobalamin is usually not present in detectable amounts and seldom constitutes as much as 10% of the total cobalamin. The preparation of cyanocobalamin from liver probably was made possible by the presence of cyanide in the charcoal used in the isolation process. Examination of a liver extract by the chromatographic-bioautographic method (3) indicated that hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12b, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide hydroxide) was the most abundant cobalamin. This compound was also obtained in pure form from liver (1, 5). However, the recent discovery of the cobamide coenzymes in bacteria (6,7) and the demonstration that they constitute a large part of the total cobamides in these organisms (8,9) raised the possibility that coenzyme Bit (5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide coenzyme, DMBC coenzyme, DBC coenzyme) may be a constituent of liver. Since coenzyme B12, like the adenylcobamide coenzyme (lo), is relatively unstable and is readily converted to hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin by treatment with light or cyanide,’ respectively, the inadvertent decomposition of the coenzyme, if present in liver extracts, could account for previous observations on the occurrence of the two cobalamin vitamins. The present paper reports some observations on the occurrence and abundance of a cobamide coenzyme, which has been identified as coenzyme Blz, in livers of rabbit, chicken, sheep, and man. A brief report of the occurrence of coenzyme Blz in rabbit liver has already appeared (7).
Clinical Annotation and Data Management in Biorepositories

Biospecimens are a valuable but limited resource. Effective deployment of specimens for optimal scientific discovery requires information systems that can report biobank inventory in the context of clinical, epidemiological, pathological, and molecular annotations. Giving researchers access to all of the annotations that could be relevant to a specimen is challenging. Consequently, specimen information systems should be designed to collect critical annotations as coded values. When this is not possible, NLP can be considered as a scalable way to extract coded data from free text. Annotations may be stored in a data mart or in a federated system, but either system must be designed to protect patient privacy and confidentiality while maximizing researcher access. To ensure that specimen assets are utilized for high-impact research, many biobanks create tissue use committees to vet specimen requests for scientific merit and impact on the bank before the biological material is transferred.
Retrospective review of 500 patients treated with abobotulinumtoxinA.

BACKGROUND Prior international clinical experience and domestic controlled clinical trials provide useful guidance for dosing of a new botulinum toxin type A, abobotulinumtoxinA. Nonetheless, aftermarket experience is paramount in providing confirmatory "real world" information on any recently introduced drug. This report describes the incorporation of abobotulinumtoxinA into an established clinical practice that previously only utilized onabotulinumtoxinA for facial rejuvenation. DESCRIPTION Retrospective review of 500 patients who received abobotulinumtoxinA injections. RESULTS A total of 736 abobotulinumtoxinA treatments were administered to 500 patients. The most common areas treated were corrugators, "crow's feet", frontalis, brow and platysma, respectively. A dose conversion ratio of 1:2.67 (onabotulinumtoxinA: abobotulinumtoxinA) was determined. The majority of adverse events were considered to be mild and self-limiting. There were three (0.6%) cases of ptosis. CONCLUSION Since its recent approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), experience with abobotulinumtoxinA is evolving. Utilizing a dose conversion ratio of 1:2.67 units (onabotulinumtoxinA: abobotulinumtoxinA) and the same injection techniques, one can safely and effectively incorporate this new neurotoxin into his or her practice.
Spin-Flip Scattering of Electrons from Atoms Embedded in Metals

The problem of electric screening in metals has been of great interest to theorists in recent years, along two main lines of attack, the first being that of the many-bodied school and the second being considerations such as those of Friedel. There has also been a wide variety of experimental studies.
The Impact of Rape

Any really useful discussion of rape must begin with an exploration of the meaning of rape, because empathic treatment of rape victims is contingent on one’s comprehension of the meaning of the crime. The profound impact of the rape stress must be understood in the context of a crime against the person and not against the hymen. Bard and Ellison1 remind us that victims of violent crimes in general frequently experience a life crisis which goes unrecognized. Burglary, for example, is experienced as a violation of the self in that one’s home and possessions are symbolic extensions of the self. Armed robbery intensifies the stress by the added dimension of an encounter between victim and criminal. The self-violation is thus compounded by a forced deprivation of independence and autonomy, in which the victim surrenders his/her controls under the threat of violence. An actual physical assault in addition to the robbery further stresses the victim for whom the injury to the body (or envelope of the self) serves as concrete evidence of the coercive surrender of autonomy. Rape, then, becomes the “ultimate violation of the self”1 short of homicide, with invasion of one’s inner and most private space, as well as the loss of autonomy and control. In this schema, it becomes irrelevant to differentiate vaginal from oral or anal violation; it is the self and not an orifice that has been invaded. Thus, for the virgin, the prostitute, the housewife, and the lesbian, the core meaning of rape is the same.
Big Free-Tailed Bat (Nyctinomops macrotis) Discovered at a Wind Energy Facility in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas

We collected the skeleton of a big free-tailed bat (Nyctinomops macrotis) at a wind energy facility in Starr County, Texas. This is the first specimen record from the Lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas.
So You Want to Be an Academic Library Director: Harris, Colleen S., ed. Chicago: ALA Editions, 2017, 120 pp., $59.00, ISBN: 978-0-8389-1496-0

At first glance, the title So You Want to Be an Academic Library Director may evoke images of an authoritative guide to library leadership—a real A-to-Z of what it takes to serve at the top of the ...
Comparison of the responses of two Great Lakes lineages of Peromyscus leucopus to climate change

Animal populations can react to climate change by adapting to selection pressures, dispersing to new habitats, or undergoing plastic development at the individual level. These processes interact to form a net response, but it is difficult to determine the relative contributions of each process. In central and northern Michigan, two distinct mitochondrial lineages of Peromyscus leucopus (Upper Peninsula [UP] and Lower Peninsula [LP]) appear to have responded to climate change differently; one lineage (UP) has migrated into new geographic areas, while the other (LP) cannot. Six Michigan populations were sampled using genetic and geometric morphometric methods to test the effects of expansion versus nonexpansion demographic histories on genetic diversity and phenotypic variation. In pairwise population comparisons, there were no differences in genetic population structure or diversity between LP and UP populations or between older and newly established populations. However, the morphology of the cranium and especially the mandible were localized to each population, although moderate overlaps between the crania of UP populations and between the mandibles of Cheboygan (LP) and Menominee (UP) mice were observed. The results indicate that the UP lineage has rapidly dispersed into new areas without losing nuclear genetic diversity and that the morphological differences displayed among the populations are most likely due to plastic responses to local conditions.
The Unbearable Requirement of Informed Consent.

In the spirit of full disclosure, I have been a member of the Delphi panels discussed in this article (Beskow and Weinfurt 2019) since their inception and was one of the people who was recently int...
Co-Offending and Arrest: An Examination of the “Group Hazard” Hypothesis:

Research on offending has long noted the prevalence of co-offending, and researchers have argued that an important component of the decision to co-offend is the risk of arrest. Following this, the ...
Differentially private distributed convex optimization via objective perturbation

This paper studies the problem of differentially private distributed convex unconstrained optimization for multi-agent systems. A group of agents seek to minimize the aggregate sum of their individual objective functions. Each agent only knows its own objective function and wants to keep it private from other agents or eavesdroppers listening to the network communications. Our design strategy consists of perturbing the objective functions with Laplace noise so that any query on the functions or their attributes is differentially private. This, together with the fact that differential privacy is immune to post-processing, allows us to employ any distributed algorithm that solves the unconstrained convex optimization problem on the perturbed objective functions. Our technical approach carefully describes how these perturbations can be selected so that the resulting functions retain the requirements on smoothness and convexity critical to many optimization algorithms. We quantify the magnitude of the expected deviation of the algorithm output from the true optimizer. The specific choice of distributed optimization algorithm determines the requirements on the network communication graph. Simulations illustrate the strengths of the proposed approach.
7.21 Biomaterials and Their Application in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery

Biomaterials for craniomaxillofacial applications may be derived from purely synthetic materials or from animal or human tissues, and used to preserve, to some degree, native tissue structure, morphology, and esthetics. Their main advantages of synthetic, allo- and xeno- biomaterials are their off-the-shelf availability and lack of donor-site morbidity, which make them invaluable alternatives to autologous tissue reconstruction and augmentation procedures in craniomaxillofacial surgery. The recent decade has been an increasing number of available biomaterials as alternatives to standard reconstruction (eg, autologous bone grafts). This article provides a brief history and overview of biomaterials currently used in craniomaxillofacial bone and soft tissue replacement and augmentation.
Threshold responses of songbirds to forest loss and fragmentation across the Marcellus-Utica shale gas region of central Appalachia, USA

Since 2005, unconventional gas development has rapidly altered forests across the Marcellus-Utica shale basin in the central Appalachian region of the eastern United States, an area of high conservation value for biodiversity. Much is still unknown about ecological impacts of associated land cover change. Our goal was to identify threshold responses among bird species and habitat guilds to (1) overall forest loss and fragmentation in affected landscapes, and (2) distance from anthropogenic disturbance, both related and unrelated to shale gas. We conducted 2589 bird surveys at 190 sites across this region, and quantified community-level and species-specific thresholds relating to forest cover and distance to anthropogenic disturbance, using Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN). Forest interior species decreased abruptly in abundance and frequency of occurrence above a threshold of 17.0% overall forest loss, while early successional and synanthropic species increased abruptly above 30.5–36.5% forest loss, respectively. Broad quantile intervals around responses to distance from anthropogenic disturbance suggest these were not sharp threshold responses, but more gradual or linear responses. Among forest interior species evaluated, 48.1% increased in abundance farther from shale gas development, while 55.6% of early successional and synanthropic species decreased. We found evidence of avian threshold responses to overall forest loss and fragmentation in affected landscapes across the Marcellus-Utica shale region. Our results suggest that efforts to avoid shale gas development in regional core forests—particularly those still retaining ≥ 83% forest cover—can reduce negative effects on area-sensitive, forest interior dependent species.
The Second Chance Act of 2007

The Second Chance Act of 2007: Community Safety Through Recidivism Prevention ("SCA") is an initiative "to reduce recidivism, increase public safety and help State and local governments better address the growing population of ex-offenders returning to their communities." Part I of this article sets out the reentry landscape in which the SCA was passed and examines the new rehabilitative model that is reflected in the SCA. Part II of this article examines the SCA’s expansion of drug-related programming, including its call for prosecution drug treatment alternatives to incarceration and its amendment of the definition of "violent offender." It also examines the call for family-based substance abuse treatment in community settings and in prisons. Part III of this article analyzes the SCA’s authorization for the creation of reentry courts, its expansion of authorized reentry services and its creation of recidivism reduction targets as a condition of funding. Part IV of this article considers the federal prison reentry initiative, which requires the Director of the Bureau of Prisons to remove obstacles to reentry, expands drug treatment and placement in community correctional facility, and pilots an early release program for non-violent offenders over the age of sixty-five. Finally, Part V of this article highlights the limitations of the SCA, including its failure to amend federal laws that create obstacles to reentry in the first instance and its authorized funding allocations.
Testing Hypnotizability by Phone: Development and Validation of the Remote Hypnotic Induction Profile (rHIP)

Standard hypnotizability scales require physical contact or direct observation by tester and participant. The authors addressed this limitation by developing and testing the remote Hypnotic Inducti...
Platinum Acetylide Oligomers as Nonlinear Absorbing Materials

This is a copy of the slides presented at the meeting but not formally written up for the volume. We have explored the properties of triplet excited states in a series of platinum acetylide oligomers of the type [trans-Pt(PBu3)2(-CC-Ar)2], where Ar is a highly conjugated two-photon absorbing organic chromophore. Incorporation of two-photon absorbers into a pi-conjugated system produces short-lived excited states (fs/ps) with high efficiency. Platinum acetylide units introduce strong spin-orbit coupling into the pi-conjugated system to give rise to high yields of long-lived triplet excited states (ns/us) having large triplet-triplet absorption cross sections. Thus, a platinum acetylide having two-photon absorbers will, in principle, feature a strong non-linear absorption in broad time domain. The presentation will focus on (1) the synthesis and photophysical characterization under one- and two-photon excitation, (2) the effect of two-photon absorbing chromophores on nonlinear absorption properties of platinum acetylides and (3) the evidence for reverse saturable absorption.