cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpartner conflict and child abuse risk among African American and Latino adolescent parenting couples

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to identify links between observed conflict interactions and risk for child abuse and harsh parenting among a multiethnic sample of adolescent mothers (14–19 years) and young fathers (14–24 years). Methods Prior to childbirth (T1), observation-based relationship data were collected from 154 expectant adolescent couples as well as information about physical aggression between partners. Two years after childbirth (T2), data relevant to harsh disciplinary practices and child abuse-prone attitudes were collected from both young mothers and fathers. Multiple regression analyses were run to examine the correspondence between (a) couples’ relationship quality prior to childbirth and (b) subsequent risk for harsh and potentially abusive parenting practices. Results Findings indicated that interpartner violence prior to childbirth predicted physically punitive parenting behavior for fathers, but not for mothers. Young mothers and fathers observed to be more warmly engaged with each other during their pre-birth couple interactions (T1) reported lower rates of physically punitive parenting behavior with their children at T2. Couples’ hostility at T1 predicted fathers’ level of observed hostility toward his child during a structured play activity at T2. Conclusions Results underscore the importance of addressing the quality of couples’ relations as means of preventing dysfunctional parenting practices among adolescent mothers and their partners. Adolescent mothers and their partners are at heightened risk for engaging in dysfunctional parenting, including child abuse. Focusing on pregnant adolescents and their partners, this study sought to identify interpersonal predictors of child abuse risk. Although this study did not involve administering prevention or intervention services, the goal was to test hypotheses that would inform the development of programs for young at-risk couples. Practice implications The decision to recruit young couples prior to childbirth was based on the presumption that this period of time could provide a window of opportunity to administer couple-based child abuse prevention programs. Consistent with previous research on marital relations and parenting, results of this study support the idea that efforts to develop and administer preventive-intervention programs targeting at-risk couples could help reduce the occurrence of harsh parenting behavior and abuse.
Enhanced Pulmonary Inflammatory Response to Ozone During Lactation in Rats: Evaluation of the Influence of Inhaled Dose

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that rats in a late stage of pregnancy and throughout lactation were more susceptible to pulmonary inflammation induced by exposure to 1 ppm ozone than were age-matched virgin females or rats following lactation. The purpose of the study reported here was to extend the comparison of ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation in lactating and postlactating rats to lower concentrations of ozone and to investigate the hypothesis that the enhanced response demonstrated by lactating rats is attributable to a greater inhaled ozone dose. During pregnancy and lactation the metabolic demands on the female are substantially increased above prepregnancy levels. In response to this metabolic demand, it was shown in this study that the minute volume of air-breathing postpartum rats on day 13 of lactation increased to approximately 150% of that of age-matched postlactating rats with the same lung size. Heightened ventilation in lactating rats was maintained during exposure to 0.3, 0.5, and ...
A dynamic model for tool wear detection using acoustic emission

Abstract In this paper we present a dynamic model that can be used for monitoring those processes that gradually deteriorate from an acceptable condition(process in control)to an unacceptable condition(process out of control).Monitoring of a cutting tool for detection of wear is an example of such a process, where a cutting tool is sharp until it becomes worn. The model is tested, using the spectral components of acoustic emission signals generated in an earlier work, the results are very promising.
Spatial and temporal patterns of root distribution in developing stands of four woody crop species grown with drip irrigation and fertilization

In forest trees, roots mediate such significant carbon fluxes as primary production and soil CO2 efflux. Despite the central role of roots in these critical processes, information on root distribution during stand establishment is limited, yet must be described to accurately predict how various forest types, which are growing with a range of resource limitations, might respond to environmental change. This study reports root length density and biomass development in young stands of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoidies Bartr.) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) that have narrow, high resource site requirements, and compares them with sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), which have more robust site requirements. Fine roots ( 5 mm) were sampled to determine spatial distribution in response to fertilizer and irrigation treatments delivered through drip irrigation tubes. Root length density and biomass were predominately controlled by stand development, depth and proximity to drip tubes. After accounting for this spatial and temporal variation, there was a significant increase in RLD with fertilization and irrigation for all genotypes. The response to fertilization was greater than that of irrigation. Both fine and coarse roots responded positively to resources delivered through the drip tube, indicating a whole-root-system response to resource enrichment and not just a feeder root response. The plastic response to drip tube water and nutrient enrichment demonstrate the capability of root systems to respond to supply heterogeneity by increasing acquisition surface. Fine-root biomass, root density and specific root length were greater for broadleaved species than pine. Roots of all genotypes explored the rooting volume within 2 years, but this occurred faster and to higher root length densities in broadleaved species, indicating they had greater initial opportunity for resource acquisition than pine. Sweetgum’s root characteristics and its response to resource availability were similar to the other broadleaved species, despite its functional resemblance to pine regarding robust site requirements. It was concluded that genotypes, irrigation and fertilization significantly influenced tree root system development, which varied spatially in response to resource-supply heterogeneity created by drip tubes. Knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns of root distribution in these stands will be used to interpret nutrient acquisition and soil respiration measurements.
Scattering of a plane harmonic SH wave by multiple layered inclusions

Abstract Scattering of a plane harmonic SH wave by an arbitrary number of layered inclusions in a half-space is investigated by using a direct boundary integral equation method. The inclusions of arbitrary shape and placement are embedded within an elastic half-space. The effects of multiple scattering, the geometry, and the impedance contrast of the materials for layered inclusions and pipes are considered in detail.
The effect of Mg doping on GaN nanowires

We present a comparison between the structural, chemical, and electrical properties of Mg-doped GaN nanowires grown by hot-wall chemical vapour deposition using two different Mg sources, namely, metallo-organic bis(methylcyclopentadienyl) magnesium and magnesium nitride powder. We find that Mg from the solid nitride source is more effectively incorporated into the nanowires while better maintaining the nanowire integrity. After Mg activation, the nanowires are partially or fully compensated. In comparison, vapour phase doping results in an obvious degradation of the nanowire morphology in spite of lower Mg incorporation levels.
Design Of Single-Mode Mid-IR Heavy Metal Fluoride Fibers For Telecommunication Systems

In this paper a discussion on the design of single-mode mid-IR optical fibers operating in the 2-5 μm wavelength range for use in repeaterless telecommunication systems is made. First, the different factors affecting the single-mode fiber design are identified and then applied to the mid-IR materials case. Then, theoretical evaluations are made for the chromatic dispersion, both material and waveguide, and the excess losses caused by microbending, macrobending and fiber splicing, for several single-mode step-index fiber structures having different fluoride-glass compositions. Optimum fiber parameters such as material composition, core and cladding diameters and relative index difference are obtained based on these evaluations which lead to various fiber designs either from the minimum dispersion or the minimum loss point of view, or a tradeoff between these two.
Protection of rhesus monkeys from fatal Lassa fever by vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene.

Abstract Lassa fever is an acute febrile disease of West Africa, where there are as many as 300,000 infections a year and an estimated 3000 deaths. As control of the rodent host is impracticable at present, the best immediate prospect is vaccination. We tested as potential vaccines in rhesus monkeys a closely related virus, Mopeia virus (two monkeys), and a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene, V-LSGPC (four monkeys). Two monkeys vaccinated with the New York Board of Health strain of vaccinia virus as controls died after challenge with Lassa virus. The two monkeys vaccinated with Mopeia virus developed antibodies measurable by radioimmunoprecipitation prior to challenge, and they survived challenge by Lassa virus with minimal physical or physiologic disturbances. However, both showed a transient, low-titer Lassa viremia. Two of the four animals vaccinated with V-LSGPC had antibodies to both Lassa glycoproteins, as determined by radioimmunoprecipitation. All four animals survived a challenge of Lassa virus but experienced a transient febrile illness and moderate physiologic changes following challenge. Virus was recoverable from each of these animals, but at low titer and only during a brief period, as observed for the Mopeia-protected animals. We conclude that V-LSGPC can protect rhesus monkeys against death from Lassa fever.
How do programs become more concurrent: a story of program transformations

In the multi-core era, programmers need to resort to parallelism if they want to improve program performance. Thus, a major maintenance task will be to make sequential programs more concurrent. Must concurrency be designed into a program, or can it be retrofitted later? What are the most common transformations to retrofit concurrency into sequential programs? Are these transformations random, or do they belong to certain categories? How can we automate these transformations?To answer these questions we analyzed the source code of five open-source Java projects and looked at a total of 14 versions. We analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively the concurrency-related transformations. We found that these transformations belong to four categories: transformations that improve the responsiveness, the throughput, the scalability, or correctness of the applications. In 73.9% of these transformations, concurrency was retrofitted on existing program elements. In 20.5% of the transformations, concurrency was designed into new program elements. Our findings educate software developers on how to parallelize sequential programs, and provide hints for tool vendors about what transformations are worth automating.
Trauma and Intraveneous Drug Use among Pregnant Alcohol/Other Drug Abusing Women: Factors in Predicting Child Abuse Potential

ABSTRACT Because there is limited empirical literature addressing child abuse potential (CAP) in pregnant substance users, our study investigated associations between trauma, route of drug administration (IV use), and CAP in pregnant substance abusers. We explored this association using CAP as both a continuous and dichotomous measure, and with both narrow-band (i.e., PTSD) and broad-band (i.e., anxious arousal, depression, and anger/irritability) trauma symptoms. Participants were 44 ethnically diverse substance using pregnant women (61.4% Hispanic, 15.3% Native American, and 15.3% Caucasian women) who had completed a NIDA clinical trial. We found that women in our sample reported high CAP, with 43% reaching the conservative CAP cutoff, and the majority of women (56%) meeting the more liberal CAP cutoff. Trauma symptoms, both narrow- and broad-band, as well as IV status, accounted for significant and unique CAP variance. Specifically, women with greater trauma symptomatology and women who were IV users r...
Collaborative Innovation with Customers: A Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Future Research*

Collaborative innovation with customers or users is increasingly important for the development of new products and services. In this paper we provide a review of the literature, placing emphasis on how firms engage in collaborative innovation with individual and business customers. Our review develops a synthesized conceptual framework from three existing models, and other streams of research, to organize this diverse body of literature. We review studies from several disciplines including innovation, strategy, management, marketing and information technology. Although much of the literature assumes net positive benefits from such collaboration, we also discuss contrary perspectives. We highlight areas in which research is needed for greater understanding of the strategic issues and for managing the collaborative process, and provide suggestions for future studies.
Meromorphic D-similarity transformation for linear time-varying systems

This study constitutes an effort in identifying a class of unbounded coordinate transformations for vector linear time-varying systems of the form x/spl dot/=A(t)x. Main results of this paper include: (i) the definition and properties of meromorphic D-similarity transformations, (ii) two theorems on stability preserving meromorphic transformations. The results appear to be somewhat restrictive, but certainly shed some light on this intriguing yet difficult problem. >
NextGen flight security risk assessment information concept

One of the foundational elements of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) Secure Airspace concept is the flight security risk assessment. This risk assessment is continually performed and updated based on changes to security-related information pertaining to a particular flight, as well as changes to the security environment external to the flight; e.g., other flights, airports, and airspace. This dynamic risk assessment is part of the NextGen layered, adaptive security concept in which technologies, policies, and procedures are adaptively scaled and deployed to counter a particular threat. This paper describes key information concepts for dynamic flight security risk assessment.
A chemiluminescence immunoassay for evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum growth in vitro.

A chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) was developed to detect Cryptosporidium parvum growth in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell cultures. Optimal results were obtained when MDCK cells were plated at a density of 1 × 104 cells/well (96-well plate) and maintained as a monolayer for 4 days prior to infection with 2 × 104 parasites/well. Two compounds (paromomycin and maduramicin) were evaluated and shown to have selective activity against C. parvum in a dose-dependent manner. There was excellent correlation between CLIA and immunofluorescence assay when assessing anti-C. parvum agents in MDCK cells. CLIA offers advantages over conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence assay methods in that it is more sensitive and efficient. The combination of CLIA and MDCK culture provides an efficient tool for evaluating potential anti-cryptosporidial compounds prior to testing in animal models.
Theory in the organizational sciences: How will we know it when we see it?

In this essay, we further delineate the defining characteristics of theory as well as what constitutes a theoretical contribution in organizational research cultivated by our collective experiences...
Self calibrating circuit design for variation tolerant VLSI systems

Increasing leakage current and aggravating process variations are showing impact on dynamic circuit performance and robustness as technology scales into the nanometer regime. This paper describes a self-calibrating process compensating dynamic (PCD) circuit technique for maintaining the performance benefit of dynamic circuits and reducing the variation in delay and robustness. A variable strength keeper that is optimally programmed based on the die leakage enables 10% faster performance, 35% reduction in delay variation, and 5/spl times/ reduction in the number of robustness failing dies compared to conventional designs. A new leakage current sensor design is also presented that can detect leakage variation and generate the keeper control signals for the PCD technique. The proposed 6-channel leakage current sensor enables high-resolution on-chip leakage measurements from multiple locations of a die, saving testing cost and realizing both die-to-die and within-die process compensation. Results based on measured leakage data show 1.9-10.2/spl times/ higher signal-to-noise ratio and reduced sensitivity to supply and P/N skew variations compared to prior leakage sensor designs. The PCD technique with the on-die leakage current sensor is applied to a 2-read, 2-write ported 128 /spl times/ 32b register file and a test chip is fabricated in 1.2V, 90nm dual-V, CMOS process.
Learning exponential state-growth languages by hill climbing

Training recurrent neural networks on infinite state languages has been successful with languages in which the minimal number of machine states grows linearly with the length of the sentence, but has faired poorly with exponential state-growth languages. The new architecture learns several exponential state-growth languages in near perfect by hill climbing.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α 2 Isoform Suppression in Primary Breast Cancer Alters AMPK Growth Control and Apoptotic Signaling

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic regulator that promotes energy conservation and restoration when cells are exposed to nutrient stress. Given the high metabolic requirement of cancer cells, AMPK activation has been suggested as a potential preventative and therapeutic target. However, previous findings have shown that AMPK activity is diminished in some cancers. Expression of the 2 catalytic isoforms, AMPKα1 and AMPKα2, was evaluated in primary breast cancer and matched nontumor-adjacent tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. AMPK-dependent growth signaling events were examined in primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) using RNAi to understand the importance of AMPKα2 in normal growth regulation. To test whether AMPKα2 would reinstate growth control and apoptotic mechanisms in breast cancer cells, metabolic stress assays and tumor xenografts were performed in MCF-7 cells, expressing low levels of AMPKα2, with stable transfection of either green fluorescent protein (GFP) or AMPKα2 expression constructs. AMPKα2 was found to be significantly suppressed in breast cancer tissue samples, whereas AMPKα1 was not. In normal HMECs, low glucose stress resulted in AMPK-driven growth inhibition. Interestingly, this response was ablated when AMPKα2 was silenced. Metabolic stress assays in MCF-7 cells indicated that AMPKα2 expression reduced both mTOR signaling and cyclin D1 expression, contributing to G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Cells expressing AMPKα2 underwent apoptosis more readily than GFP control cells. Xenograft studies demonstrated that MCF-7 tumors expressing AMPKα2 display reduced proliferation and increased apoptotic events. Furthermore, AMPKα2 xenografts exhibited diminished cyclin D1 levels along with an increased amount of nuclear p53, thereby implicating the AMPKα2-p53 signaling axis as a mediator of cell apoptosis. Together, these results highlight the significance of reduced AMPK activity contributing to human carcinogenesis and, specifically, the role of AMPKα2 with respect to its control of normal mammary epithelial cell growth and its reduced expression in breast cancer.
Binge-Like Eating Attenuates Nisoxetine Feeding Suppression, Stress Activation, and Brain Norepinephrine Activity

Stress is often associated with binge eating. A critical component of the control of stress is the central norepinephrine system. We investigated how dietary-induced binge eating alters central norepinephrine and related behaviors. Young male Sprague Dawley rats received calorie deprivation (24 h) and /or intermittent sweetened fat (vegetable shortening with sucrose; 30 min) twice a week for 10 weeks. The groups were Restrict Binge (calorie deprivation/sweetened fat), Binge (sweetened fat), Restrict (calorie deprivation), and Naive (no calorie deprivation/no sweetened fat). Dietary-induced binge eating was demonstrated by Restrict Binge and Binge, which showed an escalation in 30-min intake over time. Feeding suppression following nisoxetine (3 mg/kg; IP), a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, was not evident in Restrict Binge (Restrict Binge: 107±13, Binge: 52±9, Restrict: 80±8, Naive: 59±13% of saline injection at 1 h). In subsequent experiments with Restrict Binge and Naive, Restrict Binge had reduced corticosterone (Restrict Binge: 266±25; Naive: 494±36 ng/ml) and less feeding suppression (Restrict Binge: 81±12, Naive: 50±11% of non-restraint intake at 30 min) following restraint stress (1 h). Dietary-induced binge eating in Restrict Binge was not altered by a dorsal noradrenergic bundle lesion caused by N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4), but frontal cortex norepinephrine was positively correlated with the average 30-min intake post-lesion (0.69; p<0.01). In a separate set of animals, single-unit in vivo electrophysiological recording of locus coeruleus–norepinephrine neural activity demonstrated reduced sensory-evoked response as a consequence of the Restrict Binge schedule (Restrict Binge: 8.1±0.67, Naive: 11.9±1.09 Hz). These results, which suggest that a consequence of dietary-induced binge eating is to attenuate the responsiveness of the brain norepinephrine system, will further our understanding of how highly palatable foods dampen the stress neuraxis.
Organophosphate spin-label studies of inhibited esterases, α-chymotrypsin and cholinesterase

Abstract A new ESR spin-label has been synthesized which parallels the action of the standard DIFP (diisopropylfluorophosphate) inhibitors for esterase enzymes. The labels differ from DIFP in that one or more of the ester linkages is an organic nitroxide molecule. Preliminary inhibition studies of α-chymotrypsin, trypsin, choline-esterase, and thrombin show strikingly different spectra for the spin-labelled inhibited enzymes indicating a variation in the structure of the active site in the vicinity of the active serine. It is suggested that such labels should be of a very general use in studying the nature of the active site under catalytic conditions.
Widespread colonization of the lung by Tropheryma whipplei in HIV infection.

Rationale:LunginfectionscausedbyopportunisticorvirulentpathogensareaprincipalcauseofmorbidityandmortalityinHIVinfection. It is unknown whether HIV infection leads to changes in basal lung microflora, which may contribute to chronic pulmonary complications that increasingly are being recognized in individuals infected with HIV. Objectives: To determine whether the immunodeficiency associated with HIV infection resulted in alteration of the lung microbiota. Methods: We used 16S ribosomal RNA targeted pyrosequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyze bacterial gene sequences in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and mouths of 82 HIV-positive and 77 HIV-negative subjects. Measurements and Main Results: Sequences representing Tropheryma whipplei, the etiologic agent of Whipple’s disease, were significantly more frequent in BAL of HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative individuals. T. whipplei dominated the community (.50% of sequence reads) in 11 HIV-positive subjects, but only 1 HIV-negative individual (13.4 versus 1.3%; P ¼ 0.0018). In 30 HIV-positive individuals sampled longitudinally, antiretroviral therapy resulted in a significantly reduced relative abundance of T. whipplei in the lung. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on eight BAL samples dominated by T. whipplei 16S ribosomal RNA. Whole genome assembly of pooled reads showed that uncultured lung
Developing new neurophysiological signatures of general anesthesia induced loss of consciousness

General anesthesia is currently defined in the context of its use in clinical care [1]. The mechanism by which anesthetic drugs induce general anesthesia is not well understood. There is therefore a need to incorporate neurophysiological characterizations into the definition and understanding of anesthesia. Distinct patterns in the electroencephalogram have been associated with anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness [2-4] and are used as part of protocols to monitor integrity of brain function [5]. However, the transition to unconsciousness during a gradual induction of general anesthesia has not been studied systematically.
DEGENERATION IN THE EFFERENT NERVE ENDINGS IN THE COCHLEA AFTER AXONAL SECTION

Both roots of the olivo-cochlear nerve bundle to one ear were transected in the brain stems of 12 chinchillas. The animals were sacrificed at times ranging from 2 to 35 days after surgery. The normal olivo-cochlear terminals on the external hair cells in the cochleas of the control ears contained many mitochondria and small vesicles of constant size. The earliest evidence for degeneration was the presence of fine 100 A filaments in the proximal parts of the terminals. These were visible at 2 days. Animals sacrificed at later times showed a greater number of filaments and fewer vesicles, but few mitochondrial changes. After 1 week, disintegration of the terminals was more prominent. A few terminals showed mitochondrial swelling and lysis of the plasma membrane but few or no filaments within the first week. These latter terminals were interpreted as representing a more rapid process of disintegration than those terminals characterized by numerous filaments and seemingly unchanged mitochondria.
Single surgeon coelioscopic orchiectomy of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) for population management

Orchiectomy in chelonians is a challenging procedure, especially in large species with deep and elongated testes and extensive mesorchial attachments. Single surgeon coelioscopic orchiectomy was performed in seven adult desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii), maintained at the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center (DTCC) in Las Vegas, for population management. Surgery was successfully conducted through a bilateral prefemoral approach via sequential vascular clip ligation and radiosurgery (monopolar/bipolar). Bipolar endoscopic forceps were considered indispensable due to the extensive mesorchial attachments and their close association with the kidney. A mechanical arm was effectively used to permit orchiectomy to be completed by a single surgeon. Six of seven animals recovered from anaesthesia. Necropsy demonstrated that the death of the other was unrelated to surgical complications. One animal experienced surgically significant haemorrhage, but still made a clinical recovery. The six tortoises were returned to the DTCC and, six months postoperatively, remain healthy. This small study suggests this minimally invasive technique is an effective method for bilateral orchiectomy in desert tortoises and might be preferable in large chelonians with elongated testes.
An offset between scatterometer directional anisotropy and wind direction across the equatorial Pacific Ocean

The functional form usually employed for retrieving global winds constrains the cross-sectional maxima into lines parallel to the wind. The authors propose a generalized form allowing cross-section maxima offset from these streamlines. They fit parameters from these two models using collocated ERS-1 spacecraft scatterometer and equatorial buoy measurements. These models exhibit similar residuals but different directional dependencies for each of three years. Consequently, neither of these two models can convincing be identified as more accurate than the other when fit to extensive measurements unless other factors are considered. For example, the generalized model exhibits an average offset, near 10/spl deg/, for each of these years lending confidence to the significance of this modeled offset. Equatorial swell systematically oriented at an angle to the local prevailing wind could cause this offset.
“Perpetually Self-Reflective” Lesbian Daughters of Mothers With Severe Mental Illness

Twelve lesbians from various locales throughout the United States were interviewed regarding their experiences as sexual minorities and daughters of mothers with severe mental illness (SMI). Using resiliency and intersectionality as theoretical frameworks, and consensual qualitative research as methodology, we identified six domains: (a) childhood responses to mother’s SMI, (b) childhood/adolescent coping with mother’s SMI, (c) responses of others, (d) managing in adulthood, (e) coming out to self and others, and (f) relating sexual orientation to mother’s SMI. Results show that all participants navigated adulthood by being “perpetually self-reflective.” For many, dealing with their mothers’ SMI gave them coping skills that made coming out much less challenging. For some, their mothers’ SMI made it more difficult to come out to others. Participants discussed the complexly interwoven relation between these sources of marginalization, consistent with intersectionality theory.
Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence in Hypertensive Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

This systematic review applied meta-analytic procedures to synthesize medication adherence interventions that focus on adults with hypertension. Comprehensive searching located trials with medication adherence behavior outcomes. Study sample, design, intervention characteristics, and outcomes were coded. Random-effects models were used in calculating standardized mean difference effect sizes. Moderator analyses were conducted using meta-analytic analogues of ANOVA and regression to explore associations between effect sizes and sample, design, and intervention characteristics. Effect sizes were calculated for 112 eligible treatment-vs.-control group outcome comparisons of 34,272 subjects. The overall standardized mean difference effect size between treatment and control subjects was 0.300. Exploratory moderator analyses revealed interventions were most effective among female, older, and moderate- or high-income participants. The most promising intervention components were those linking adherence behavior with habits, giving adherence feedback to patients, self-monitoring of blood pressure, using pill boxes and other special packaging, and motivational interviewing. The most effective interventions employed multiple components and were delivered over many days. Future research should strive for minimizing risks of bias common in this literature, especially avoiding self-report adherence measures.
NO is more important than PGI2 in maintaining low vascular tone in feto-placental vessels

The endothelial cells of the human umbilical artery and vein release the vasodilators prostacyclin [prostaglandin (PG) I2] and nitric oxide (NO). However, the role of these two substances in the maintenance of vasodilator tone in the feto-placental circulation is not known. Studies were therefore undertaken to compare the relative release of PGI2 and NO from perfused segments (10 cm) of endothelium-intact human umbilical artery (HUA) and vein (HUV) utilizing the cascade bioassay. The endothelium-denuded bovine pulmonary arterial strip was used as the detector tissue because this tissue relaxes equally to various concentrations of PGI2 and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillimine (SNAP), which acts by releasing NO. The basal release of NO from the HUA was approximately five times greater than that of PGI2. After stimulation with A-23187, the release of NO from HUV was five to six times greater, and from the HUA, the release was three times greater compared with the PGI2. SNAP was significantly more potent compared with PGI2 in relaxing endothelium-denuded rings of human umbilical and chorionic plate arteries in vitro. These studies suggest that NO is more important than PGI2 for maintenance of low vascular tone in feto-placental vessels, because there is a greater release of NO from the HUA and HUV, and NO is more potent in relaxing endothelium-denuded feto-placental vessels in vitro relative to PGI2.
Postexercise Bronchospasm: Clinical Conference in Pulmonary Disease from Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago

Dr. Allen: The phenomenon of postexercise bronchospasm in an otherwise asymptomatic asthmatic and nonatopic patient has been discussed and a representative case presented. The patient had episodes of severe dyspnea and wheezing following prolonged exercise, but not at rest. His symptoms were reproduced and bronchospasm demonstrated following treadmill exercise and were reversed to normal with isoproterenol. His end-tidal Pco2 remained normal following exercise suggesting that in this patient a decrease in airway CO2 was not responsible for the phenomenon.
Transient Response of Nonlinear Systems

The transient response of nonlinear, nonconservative structures, idealized as lumped parameter chains, is treated by a combination graphical-numerical method. The step-by-step solution of the set of ordinary second-order nonlinear differential equations is in the form of trajectory curves in multiple phase-plane space. Examples of one and two-degree-of-freedom systems with cubic hardening springs are treated in which the forcing function is a prescribed foundation velocity. Relative displacement response curves obtained from an analog computer show good agreement with the graphical-numerical results. A scaling law is derived for nonlinear multi-degree-of-freedom systems. Prescribed restrictions are imposed on the parameters and input of the model system and the prototype system. Application of the scaling law is made for a system consisting of a finite number of masses connected by cubic hardening springs and linear dashpots.
Effect of Riboflavin Intake on Egg Production and Riboflavin Content of Eggs

Abstract IT WAS reported by Norris and associates (1936) that a ration containing 130 ug riboflavin per 100 grams was as effective in promoting egg production as a similar ration to which was added 5.0 per cent dried whey and that riboflavin in relation to egg production was not a limiting factor. Davis, Norris, and Heuser (1938) obtained normal production with a ration computed by them to contain 100 Cornell units per 100 grams. The work of Lepkovsky and associates (1938) indicates that these values might be low for normal production during all seasons of the year. These workers fed a ration which computed 164 ug riboflavin per 100 grams calculated from average figures given by the National Research Council (1944), and it did not promote maximum egg production during the winter months of December, January, and February. The same ration plus riboflavin resulted in greatly increased egg production during this . . .
Variable-Intensity Sampling: A New Technique for Decision Making in Cabbage Pest Management

A variable-intensity sampling method was developed to efficiently monitor all cabbage pests in commercial fields in New York while concentrating on the most important pests, Pieris rapae (L.) and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). The field is walked in a V-shaped pattern which is divided into 10 segments. Along each segment, one to four randomly selected cabbage plants are inspected, the number depending on an estimate of population density of P. rapae and T. ni derived from previous segments. Computer simulations of this procedure were run, using random numbers from the appropriate negative binomial distribution, and the 95% confidence intervals calculated contained the true mean with frequencies between 93 and 97%. In a commercial cabbage field, a comparison of estimates of the means obtained by variable intensity sampling and fixed sample sizes of 40 and 264 plants revealed only small differences.
Reactive oxygen species–associated molecular signature predicts survival in patients with sepsis

Veterans Administration Health System grant [1IK2BX001477]; National Institutes of Health [R01HL91899]
Reduction in plasma desoxyribonuclease activity on circulation through the liver: index of liver function.

Summary1. DNase activity was determined by the methyl green method at pH 7.5 in the portal vein, hepatic vein and aortic plasma and bile of fed, normal (except for the anesthesia and terminal surgery) albino rats, and of rats rendered anoxic, injected with carbon tetrachloride, or made icteric by hepatic duct ligation. 2. The hepatic vein plasma regularly demonstrated lower DNase activity than did that of the portal vein in normal rats (73% hepatic extraction). 3. In normal rats, the bile demonstrated DNase activity similar to that of the portal vein plasma. 4. Hepatic damage by anoxia or carbon tetrachloride injection suppressed the capacity of the liver to “extract” DNase from the blood. This hepatic function is abolished 24 hours after the injection of CC14; after 48 hours there appears to be partial recovery. 5. Hepatic duct obstruction for as long as 96 hours did not impair the liver's capacity to “extract” DNase. Thus, excretion of DNase in the bile is probably not the principal means by which it is...
Hydrogenation of Penta-Graphene Leads to Unexpected Large Improvement in Thermal Conductivity

Penta-graphene (PG) has been identified as a novel two-dimensional (2D) material with an intrinsic bandgap, which makes it especially promising for electronics applications. In this work, we use first-principles lattice dynamics and iterative solution of the phonon Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) to determine the thermal conductivity of PG and its more stable derivative, hydrogenated penta-graphene (HPG). As a comparison, we also studied the effect of hydrogenation on graphene thermal conductivity. In contrast to hydrogenation of graphene, which leads to a dramatic decrease in thermal conductivity, HPG shows a notable increase in thermal conductivity, which is much higher than that of PG. Considering the necessity of using the same thickness when comparing thermal conductivity values of different 2D materials, hydrogenation leads to a 63% reduction in thermal conductivity for graphene, while it results in a 76% increase for PG. The high thermal conductivity of HPG makes it more thermally conductive tha...
Book Review:....New Books in Review, Journal of Marketing Research, Random Factors in Anova

Sage Publications has a fine tradition of publishing succinct, readable books on various quantitative methods. These books are an enormously valuable resource for graduate- or self-training. In Random Factors in Anova, Sally Jackson and Dale Brashers present the distinction between fixed-effect and random factors. Random factors are those with levels chosen randomly by the researcher, whereas the levels of fixed factors are selected purposively or nonarbitrarily. This difference in operationalizing the levels of a factor has implications for the form of the F-statistic in hypothesis testing and the extent to which the results may be generalized beyond the tested conditions.
Multi-class open set recognition for SAR imagery

Supervised multi-class target recognition algorithms label an input pattern according to the most similar training class. Typically, the number of training classes is fixed and known a priori. In practice, however, a classifier may encounter novel targets that were not seen in training and label them incorrectly. Recent work in open set recognition (OSR) develops classifiers that can identify training targets as well as previously unknown targets. This results in a reduced number of forced misclassifications by "ejecting" targets that were not present in training. Several OSR algorithms are based on support vector machines (SVMs), namely, the 1-vs-set machine, W-SVM, and POS-SVM. The 1-vs-set machine, a linear classifier, forms a "lab" around each training class to discriminate it from the remaining training classes and limit the risk of labeling open space as target space. The W-SVM uses a novel dual-calibration technique to map the SVM outputs to posterior probabilities, which are then subjected to a pair of user-specified thresholds. The POS-SVM relies on a single calibration step, but features data-driven posterior probability thresholds that are chosen automatically. Both the W-SVM and POS-SVM have the capability to use nonlinear SVM kernel functions and perform particularly well with the popular Gaussian RBF kernel. Past works have shown that these algorithms can be effective for classifying ladar and IR images with a rejection option. In this paper, we apply these algorithms to the MSTAR SAR dataset and analyze their performance for classifying known targets and rejecting unknown targets in the presence of clutter.
The dilute whole blood clot lysis assay: a screening method for identifying postoperative patients with a high incidence of deep venous thrombosis

A dilute whole blood clot lysis assay was used to identify patients with a high incidence of DVT. Of 191 orthopedic and urologic patients who underwent surgery, the over-all incidence of DVT as determined by 125I-fibrinogen leg scan was 35% in the 92 individuals with abnormal assays and 1% in the 99 patients with normal assays. The likelihood that an individual patient might have developed DVT increased progressively with the number of abnormal assays (p less than 0.001). The incidence of DVT increased from 28% in patients who had one abnormal assay, to 35% in patients with two abnormal assays, to 56% in patients with three abnormal assays. These studies establish the clot lysis assay as a simple means to screen for patients with a high incidence of DVT. A normal assay can eliminate patients from consideration for more extensive studies (venography, fibrinogen scan, impedance plethysmography), whereas those patients with one or more abnormal assays should be seriously considered for these additional studies.
Acidic ammonothermal growth of gallium nitride in a liner-free molybdenum alloy autoclave

Abstract This paper discusses promising materials for use as internal, non-load bearing components as well as molybdenum-based alloys for autoclave structural components for an ammonothermal autoclave. An autoclave was constructed from the commercial titanium–zirconium–molybdenum (TZM) alloy and was found to be chemically inert and mechanically stable under acidic ammonothermal conditions. Preliminary seeded growth of GaN was demonstrated with negligible incorporation of transition metals (including molybdenum) into the grown material ( 560 °C). The possibility of a ‘universal’, inexpensive, liner-free ammonothermal autoclave capable of exposure to basic and acidic chemistry is demonstrated.
Length-preserving intramedullary femoral fixation for traumatic leg amputation

Case: We present the case of a twenty-one-year-old woman with a traumatic left leg amputation, substantial proximal skin degloving, and an ipsilateral femoral fracture treated with revision amputation distal to the fracture site and retrograde femoral nailing through the amputation site. Conclusion: A short retrograde femoral nail is a surgical option to fix a femoral shaft fracture proximal to a traumatic amputation in order to preserve limb length for effective prosthetic fit and ambulation.
The Role of Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Race in Intergenerational High-Risk Smoking Behaviors.

Introduction A history of adversity in childhood is associated with cigarette smoking in adulthood, but there is less evidence for prenatal and next-generation offspring smoking. We investigated the association between maternal history of childhood adversity, pregnancy smoking, and early initiation of smoking in offspring, overall and by maternal race/ethnicity. Methods Data on maternal childhood exposure to physical abuse, household alcohol abuse, and household mental illness, prenatal smoking behaviors, and offspring age of smoking initiation were analyzed from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79, n = 2999 mothers) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults Survey (NLSYCYA, n = 6596 children). Adjusted risk ratios were estimated using log-linear regression models. We assessed multiplicative interaction by race/ethnicity for all associations and a three-way interaction by maternal exposure to adversity and race/ethnicity for the association between prenatal and child smoking. Results Maternal exposure to childhood physical abuse was significantly associated with 39% and 20% increased risks of prenatal smoking and child smoking, respectively. Household alcohol abuse was associated with significantly increased risks of 20% for prenatal smoking and 17% for child smoking. The prenatal smoking-child smoking relationship was modified by maternal exposure to household alcohol abuse and race. There were increased risks for Hispanic and white/other mothers as compared to the lowest risk group: black mothers who did not experience childhood household alcohol abuse. Conclusions Mothers in this national sample who experienced adversity in childhood are more likely to smoke during pregnancy and their offspring are more likely to initiate smoking before age 18. Findings varied by type of adversity and race/ethnicity. Implications These findings support the importance of a life-course approach to understanding prenatal and intergenerational smoking, and suggest that maternal early-life history is a potentially important risk factor that could be targeted with screening and interventions to reduce smoking in pregnant women and their children.
Participant Perspectives on Benefits and Challenges of Engaging in an Online Pain Self-Management Program

The purpose of this study was to evaluate participants' perspectives after engaging in an 8-week online pain self-management program. Unexplored qualitative data for this analysis were collected via secure online surveys distributed during a previously published randomized controlled trial. Participants for the present study were 47 adults prescribed opioid medicines for chronic pain. A qualitative descriptive approach using content analysis methods was used to identify common themes regarding online participation. Three themes described the benefits of the program and included: positive reframing, improved accountability, and feeling supported. Two themes described how participants would like to improve the program experience and included: ease of use and desire for personalizing. Participants' insights can assist health care providers and program developers in understanding how online programs may improve chronic disease self-management for a multitude of health problems.