cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faculty development and curricular change: A process and outcomes model for substance abuse education

Health care reform carries with it an imperative to change nursing education to address emphases on primary care, community-based practice, managed care, and cost-containment. Comprehensive curricular revision must be accompanied by faculty development if those changes are to be supported. This article traces the process of faculty development and curriculum change and defines outcomes that resulted from a 5-year Faculty Development Project grant to increase nursing expertise in alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and abuse issues. The model has broad applicability to faculty development and to curricular revision in general. Strategies outlined include independent learning experiences, consultations, workshops, seminars, and retreats. A comprehensive evaluation plan that measured the impact of the project on faculty, students, institution, and community is discussed.
Demand for Farm Output in a Complete System of Demand Functions

Demand interrelationships for farm outputs that are theoretically consistent with consumer demand and marketing group behavior provide important linkages between retail and farm prices. A conceptual model, based on reduced-form specifications for retail and farm prices, is formulated and applied empirically to a set of eight disaggregated food commodities. This approach circumvents the need for retail quantities, which are frequently unavailable for disaggregated food commodities. The results are consistent with theory and generally indicate significant substitution between farm and marketing inputs. Except for poultry, derived demand elasticities are at least 40% larger compared to those derived assuming fixed proportions.
The Cost of Skepticism: Who Pays?

Those who favor externalist accounts of knowledge and justi fication often accuse their internalist opponents of playing into the hands of skeptic. According to this line of thought, internalists characteristically set overly demanding require ments for knowledge and justification, requirements which ordinary believers infrequently satisfy: the internalist is thus committed by his or her own theory to a massive and implausible revisionism about the extent of what we know and justifiably believe. For reasons that I explore below, the version of internalist foundationalism developed by BonJour might seem particularly vulnerable to this charge. Given this, one of the most striking and provocative claims of the pres ent work is BonJour's insistence that his theory fares no worse than-and indeed, compares favorably with-Sosa's externalist virtue theory with respect to the issue of skepti cism.1 My primary concern in what follows will be to evalu ate this claim.
Graphical representation of programs in a demonstrational visual shell—an empirical evaluation

An open question in the area of Programming by Demonstration (PBD) is how to best represent the inferred program. Without a way to view, edit, and share programs, PBD systems will never reach their full potential. We designed and implemented two graphical representation languages for a PBD desktop similar to the Apple Macintosh Finder. Although a user study showed that both languages enabled nonprogrammers to generate and comprehend programs, the study also revealed that the language that more closely reflected the desktop domain doubled users' abilities to accurately generate programs. Trends suggest that the same language was easier for users to comprehend. These findings suggest that it is possible for a PBD system to enable nonprogrammers to construct programs and that the form of the representation can impact the PBD system's effectiveness. A paper-and-pencil evaluation of the two versions of the PBD desktop prior to the study supported these finding and provided interesting feedback on the interaction between usability evaluations and user studies. In particular, the comparison of the paper-and-pencil evaluation with the empirical evaluation suggested that nonempirical evaluation techniques can provide guidance into how to interpret empirical data and, in particular, that PBD systems need to provide support for programming-strategy selection in order to be successful.
Quantum Mechanical Calculations of the U-Center force Constants

It is now well known that a hydride ion can replace a halide ion in alkali-halide crystals. The resulting defect, the U center, gives rise to absorption lines or bands in both the ultraviolet and infrared regions of the spectrum. Absorption in the former region is associated with electronic transitions between localized levels, while that in the latter region is associated with a localized vibrational mode whose frequency lies well above those of the transverse optical branch. Properties associated with electronic transitions have already been extensively investigated,(1) whereas the vibrational properties associated with the local mode have only recently received much attention.(2)
Effect of Serum on the Plasma Membrane Fluidity of Hybridomas: An Insight into Its Shear Protective Mechanism

We have previously shown that decreasing the concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) increased the fragility of a mouse hybridoma (HB-32) during agitated batch cultivation and that increasing the plasma membrane fluidity (PMF) increased the shear sensitivity during exposure to laminar flow. In this study, the effect of FBS concentration on the PMF of HB-32 was investigated. PMF was evaluated by steady-state fluorescence anisotropy (rs) of 1-[4-(trimethylamino)phenyl]-6-phenylhexa-1,3,5-triene. Increasing serum concentration increased the rs of hybridomas, indicating a decrease in their PMF. The effect of cholesterol modulation on the PMF and shear sensitivity was also evaluated. Hybridomas were exposed to turbulent fluid shear after modification of PMF by cholesterol modulation. Direct cholesterol enrichment of the plasma membranes caused a decrease in the PMF and shear sensitivity, while cholesterol depletion caused an increase in PMF and shear sensitivity. Low- and high-density lipoprotein supplementation to cultures in serum-free or complete medium decreased their shear sensitivity. Lipoprotein supplementation to serum-free cultures decreased the PMF. Altogether, these results suggest that the protective mechanism of serum against hydrodynamic damage relies, at least partially, on its ability to decrease the PMF of hybridomas possibly through the transfer of cholesterol from the serum lipoproteins into the plasma membrane.
Emerging technologies for chip-level optical interconnects

Interconnect bottleneck in emerging integrated circuitry (IC) has generated a need for alternative signal transmission solutions, such as optical technologies, in chip-level applications. The present paper discusses target parameters for chip-level optical interconnects (CLOIs) that yield superior performance starting with the 70 nm IC node, and possibly extending down to the 25-15 nm node. The benefits and disadvantages of various CLOI system and component solutions are reviewed. In particular, this paper discusses critical fundamental and technological challenges that need resolution to enable massively parallel CLOI links with a total throughput of 10-25 Tb/s, reduced power consumption in comparison with electrical wires, and enhanced density. Recent results from the presenting authors are summarized with an emphasis on CLOI specific solutions. These results include the development of InAs quantum dot gain medium to increase the operating temperature of laser arrays above that of Si ICs. Controllable routing of VCSEL- emitted beams is carried out through a microsystem-based reconfigurable free-space interconnect system which employs optical diffractive or reflective structures. This work also explores a novel hybrid integration protocol that allows self-aligned bonding of massive arrays of III-V components to Si electronics, and ensures low thermal budget and reduced stress.
The role of the public sector in technology development: generalisations from general purpose technologies

In the science and technology policy literature that emerged in the early 1980s, it was held that, while public support for science is appropriate, public support for technology development represents an unproductive use of public resources. The perspective that emerges in my recent book, Technology, Growth and Development: An Induced Innovation Perspective (Oxford, 2002) is quite different. Government has played an important role in technology development and transfer in almost every US industry that has become competitive on a global scale.
The guru, the logician, and the deflationist: Truth and logical consequence

The deflationary view of truth and reference as I’ve presented it ... applies only to words and sentences that we understand. This may well seem worrisome, and it is important to ask both whether it should seem worrisome and whether it could be avoided. Field (1994, 260)
Effect of flooding and order of cue presentation on extinction of a serial conditioned avoidance response.

Summary.-The present study sought to investigate the effect of flooding and che order of ser~al.cue presentation on the extinction of a conditioned avoidance response. Prevlous research efforts have investigated the effect of flooding on extinction using a single conditional stimulus. 40 female albino rats, approximately 100 days old and weighing 250 to 300 gm., were tested. Flooding significantly facilitated the extinction of the conditioned avoidance response. Partial reversal of the order in which the serial cues were presented to the animals during flooding produced no significant differential effects. A brief analogy is drawn between the serial-cue conditioned avoidance learning model and the human phobic response. This study lends support to a current therapeutic technique which treats human phobic clients with a flooding procedure. The conditioning of fear responses has been frequently reported in the literature. Levis (1966) discussed the traditional conditioned avoidance paradigm used in many animal studies. Conditioned avoidance, according to Levis, involved the association of a conditional stimulus, e.g., tone, lighc with an aversive unconditional stimulus, usually electric shock. Subsequently, the animal learned to avoid the conditional stimulus by escaping into a shock-safe compartment. Stampfl ( 1966), utilizing the conditioned avoidance model, argued that human psychopathology could be conceptualized in a similar manner. Then Stampfl and Levis collaborated in proposing that the central issue in human psychopathology involved the avoidance pattern of behavior on the part of the individual which resulted from an anxiety reaction to either internal or external stimuli. The anxiety reaction, according to these cwo writers, was originally acquired as one underwent the administration of some aversive unconditional stimulus, e.g., actual punishment, threat of punishment. They argued that since events in the world never occur spatially and temporally isolated from other events, the aversive unconditional stimulus was always associated with multiple and sequential neutral cues which preceded the UCS. Levis labeled this serialcue phenomenon with humans sequential stimulus patterns. He further stated that the conditioned avoidance model effectively explained the resistance to extinction which characterized human psychopathology. In order to cope with the anxiety aroused by the sequential stimulus pattern, the individual reduced the anxiety by producing avoidance behavior when he was confronted with the first 'Requests for reprints may be sent to James P. McCullough, Psychological Services Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 West Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284.
Limiting behavior of mixtures of discrete lifetime distributions

In this article a mixture of discrete lifetime distributions is considered. Sufficient conditions are given for establishing results on the limiting behavior of the failure rate of the mixture. A connection between this limiting behavior and burn in is shown. The limiting behavior of the mean residual life of the mixture is also considered. The mixed Poisson, geometric, negative binomial, and Weibull distributions are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of the dose equivalent of leakage radiation through an isocentric gantry used for neutron therapy

The leakage radiation through the shielding on an isocentric gantry of a neutron therapy machine was measured with a Rossi-type proportional counter. The dose equivalent of the leakage radiation was determined at two positions: (1) in the plane of the patient and (2) in the plane of the target. The dose equivalent of the leakage radiation is approximately the same as the leakage of a high-energy x-ray linac.
Reduced telomere length in ataxia-telangiectasia fibroblasts

Chromosomal instability with a high frequency of telomere fusion is characteristic of ataxia-telangiectasia cells both in vivo and in vitro. We have measured telomere length and found it to be consistently reduced in both diploid and SV40-transformed cells A-T fibroblasts, relative to control cells. We examined a few possible mechanisms which might account for telomeric length reduction, including telomerase activity in transformed cells and endogenous nuclease activities, but found no differences between A-T and control cells in these parameters.
The Party Isn't Over: Incentives for Activism in the 1980 Presidential Nominating Campaign

Based on evidence from a survey of 17,628 delegates attending twenty-two state party conventions in connection with the 1980 presidential nominating campaign, this article argues that the fears expressed by Kirkpatrick and other scholars concerning the dangers to the parties from the growing involvement of issue-oriented activists have been exaggerated. While our evidence does support the conclusions of earlier studies regarding the importance of purposive motivations among contemporary party activists, we also find strong party attachments among these activists. Candidate and issue orientation were not at odds with partisanship; indeed, they were positively related. Finally, we show that party loyalty played an important role in determining the outcome of the Democratic nominating campaign among these activists by dampening the influence of ideology on candidate preference.
Power handling capability improvement of high-temperature superconducting microwave circuits

The focus of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) microwave circuit development has now shifted to improving the high power handling capability. This paper reviews our latest results in this area including: HTS material improvement; new concepts and rules for HTS high power circuit design; and the latest high power filter test results. For HTS materials, the surface resistance versus rf magnetic field test results and the third harmonic test results for both YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ and Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ thin films are presented. For HTS microwave circuits, novel design concepts and rules for high power HTS filters are discussed. Several compact planar HTS filters were designed, fabricated, packaged and tested. The performance of a 3-pole, 1.3% equal-ripple bandwidth planar HTS filter showed no measurable degradation for transmitted power levels up to 74 watts at 77 K. The performance of a 2-pole, 1% equal-ripple bandwidth planar HTS filter showed no measurable degradation for transmitted power levels up to 115 watts at 77 K. To our knowledge, these test results represent the highest power handling of compact planar HTS filters operating at 77 K, sufficient for use in telecommunication transmitters.
Use of a Phosphorus‐Enriched Dialysis Solution to Hemodialyze a Patient with Lithium Intoxication

: A normophosphatemic patient suffering from lithium intoxication was hemodialyzed with a phosphorus-enriched, bicarbonate-based dialysis solution. A post-dialysis fall in plasma phosphorus level was prevented.
Variable Hα Line Emission from the Central Star of the Helix Nebula

The central star of the Helix Nebula is a hot white dwarf with unexpected hard X-ray emission. With an effective temperature of ~100,000 K, the star is a powerful source of H-ionizing radiation; the atmosphere of a stellar or planetary companion, if present, will be ionized and emit recombination lines. To probe the origin of hard X-ray emission from the Helix Nebula's central star, we have obtained multiepoch, high-dispersion spectra of the star and have found temporal variation in the Hα line profile over a time span of 1 week. The observed width and strength of the variable Hα emission component are consistent with the hypothesized dMe companion proposed to explain the hard X-ray emission. A dMe companion, however, cannot explain the possible detection of variable He II and [N II] emission. Follow-up spectroscopic monitoring of the Helix Nebula central star is needed to better establish the identification of the spectral lines and their temporal behavior in order to determine the origin of the optical variability and hard X-ray emission.
Decreased viability of nitric oxide synthase double knockout mice.

Nitric oxide acts as an important intracellular messenger in a variety of systems, including reproduction. Previous studies have shown the importance of nitric oxide in embryo development. NO is produced from l-arginine by the enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which has three isoforms: endothelial (NOS3), neural (NOS1), and inducible (NOS2). We hypothesize that, because of the importance of NOS in development, at least two NOS isoforms are required in order for normal embryo development to occur. Through the generation of NOS3/NOS2, NOS3/NOS1, and NOS2/NOS1 double knockout mice, we found that while litter size remains unchanged, the expected number of generated double knockout mice varies significantly from what would be predicted by Mendelian genetics. Estrous cycles were similar for both DKO and the wild-type mice, and both groups were deemed fertile by their ability to mate with wild-type (CD-1) mice. Together, these results lead us to conclude that the lack of two NOS isoforms leads to a decreased viability in mice because of a developmental problem in the double knockout embryo.
Medical clinic patients with emotional disorders.

Abstract Demographic, psychologic, social, and medical characteristics of 327 patients in a general medical clinic who were judged in need of psychiatric treatment were compared with those of 371 patients who were judged not in need of such treatment. Significant differences were found in such factors as age, sex, family relationships, history of treatment for “nerves,” and scores on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist.
Modeling of wave behavior of substrate noise coupling for mixed-signal IC design

A new full-wave method is introduced for substrate noise analysis and simulation. The method is based on solution of the wave equation for the magnetic potential and can be implemented using standard circuit simulators. We compare the new method with the standard quasi-static method for typical substrate profiles and investigate the limits of validity of the quasi-static method.
Failed Healing of Rotator Cuff Repair Correlates With Altered Collagenase and Gelatinase in Supraspinatus and Subscapularis Tendons

Background:Despite improvements in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair technique and technology, a significant rate of failed tendon healing persists. Improving the biology of rotator cuff repairs may be an important focus to decrease this failure rate. The objective of this study was to determine the mRNA biomarkers and histological characteristics of repaired rotator cuffs that healed or developed persistent defects as determined by postoperative ultrasound.Hypothesis:Increased synovial inflammation and tendon degeneration at the time of surgery are correlated with the failed healing of rotator cuff tendons.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Biopsy specimens from the subscapularis tendon, supraspinatus tendon, glenohumeral synovium, and subacromial bursa of 35 patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were taken at the time of surgery. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tissue remodeling genes, and angiogenesis factors was evaluated by quantitative real-time poly...
Women, Motivation, and Achievement

Women's educational and occupational achievements are crucial to the economic productivity and prosperity of the nation, as well as to the mental health of women and their families. In this article we review psychological research on motivation and on educational achievement, focusing on gender and the contributions that have been made by feminist researchers. Feminist psychologists noted the sex bias and methodological flaws in traditional research on achievement motivation and proposed vastly improved models, such as Eccles's expectancy x value model of achievement behavior. Contrary to stereotypes, gender similarities are typically found in areas such as mathematics performance. Policymakers should be concerned about gender bias in the SAT and about the Female Underprediction Effect. Additional threats to girls' and women's achievements include stereotype threat and peer sexual harassment in the schools.
How They Vote: Issue-Adjusted Models of Legislative Behavior

We develop a probabilistic model of legislative data that uses the text of the bills to uncover lawmakers' positions on specific political issues. Our model can be used to explore how a lawmaker's voting patterns deviate from what is expected and how that deviation depends on what is being voted on. We derive approximate posterior inference algorithms based on variational methods. Across 12 years of legislative data, we demonstrate both improvement in heldout predictive performance and the model's utility in interpreting an inherently multi-dimensional space.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha increases human cerebral endothelial cell Gb3 and sensitivity to Shiga toxin.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is associated with intestinal infection by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains that produce Shiga toxins. Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is the functional receptor for Shiga toxin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) upregulates Gb3 in both human macrovascular umbilical vein endothelial cells and human microvascular brain endothelial cells. TNF-α treatment enhanced Shiga toxin binding and sensitivity to toxin. This upregulation was specific for Gb3 species containing normal fatty acids (NFA). Central nervous system (CNS) pathology in HUS could involve cytokine-stimulated elevation of endothelial NFA-Gb3 levels. Differential expression of Gb3 species may be a critical determinant of Shiga toxin toxicity and of CNS involvement in HUS.
Presumptive tenosynovial osteochondromatosis in a horse

A 5 year old Arabian mare was evaluated for a non-painful swelling located dorsal to the right carpus which had been present for 2 years. Radiographically, multiple mineralized bodies were identified dorsal to the distal radius and carpus in the region of the tendon sheath of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. The radiographic appearance of the carpal bones was within normal limits. On ultrasound examination, multiple hyperechoic foci with posterior shadowing were seen adjacent to the extensor carpi radialis tendon. There was minimal distension of the tendon sheath and no abnormalities within the substance of the extensor carpi tendon were identified. Considering the radiographic and sonographic findings, a presumptive diagnosis of tenosynovial osteochondromatosis was made. Histological confirmation of this diagnosis was not obtained as the owner declined further diagnostic evaluation.
The Use of a Citizen Leader Model for Teaching Strategic Leadership.

Strategic leadership is perhaps the area where undergraduate students have the least experience. Therefore, a focus on developing these skills is critical for college-level leadership educators. Teaching strategic leadership requires that educators design programs that make explicit, direct, and formal links between theory and practical experience, opportunity to reflect, solve problems, work in teams, and engage in active learning. The Citizen Leader Model (CLM) for student engagement goes beyond volunteerism and service learning through its focus on bringing about substantive change in organizations and communities. This article describes a teaching method for teaching strategic leadership using the CLM, sample projects, and outcomes.
High-yield expression and purification of isotopically labeled cytochrome P450 monooxygenases for solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), which represent the major group of drug metabolizing enzymes in humans, also catalyze important synthetic and detoxicative reactions in insects, plants and many microbes. Flexibilities in their catalytic sites and membrane associations are thought to play central roles in substrate binding and catalytic specificity. To date, Escherichia coli expression strategies for structural analysis of eukaryotic membrane-bound P450s by X-ray crystallography have necessitated full or partial removal of their N-terminal signal anchor domain and, often, replacement of residues more peripherally associated with the membrane (such as the F-G loop region). Even with these modifications, investigations of P450 structural flexibility remain challenging with multiple single crystal conditions needed to identify spatial variations between substrate-free and different substrate-bound forms. To overcome these limitations, we have developed methods for the efficient expression of 13C- and 15N-labeled P450s and analysis of their structures by magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy. In the presence of co-expressed GroEL and GroES chaperones, full-length (53 kDa) Arabidopsis13C,15N-labeled His4CYP98A3 is expressed at yields of 2–4 mg per liter of minimal media without the necessity of generating side chain modifications or N-terminal deletions. Precipitated His4CYP98A3 generates high quality SSNMR spectra consistent with a homogeneous, folded protein. These data highlight the potential of these methodologies to contribute to the structural analysis of membrane-bound proteins.
Evaluating juvenile thermal tolerance as a constraint on adult range of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus): A combined laboratory, field and modeling approach

article i nfo Climate change is expected to cause a poleward shift of many temperate species, however, a mechanistic un- derstanding of how temperature and species' life histories interact to produce observed adult range is often lacking. We evaluated the hypothesis that juvenile thermal tolerance determines northern range in gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus), a species commonly caught as juveniles along the US Atlantic coast well north of their adult distribution, using a combined laboratory, field and modeling approach. The cumulative degree days below 17 °C (CDDb17) survived by individuals maintained in the laboratory under ambient seasonal cooling conditions were used to quantify the chronic effects of prolonged but non-lethal low temperatures. Under ambient conditions, juveniles stopped feeding below 11.3 °C, and the mean temperature at death was 10.2 °C (+/−0.74 S.D.). The CDDb17 endured by individuals ranged from 61.9 to 138.8 (83.54+/− 22.44 S.D.), and was positively related to fish size. The relation between CDDb17 and fish size was extrapo- lated to the maximum juvenile size in fall to provide an upper limit for survival in the wild (CDDb17= 210 days). Acute low temperature tolerance was evaluated in a second experiment that exposed juveniles to a constant rate of temperature decline (3 °C d −1
From Circles to Nets: On the Signification of Spatial Sound Imagery in New Music

As Bas van Fraassen observes in his introduction to the philosophy of time and space, ‘‘with respect to space, it is not easy to make a plausible preliminary list of basic relations’’ (van Fraassen 1985). And yet we try: the number of studies of spatial topics has gradually increased with the evergrowing variety of thematic subcategories and types of approaches. In the domain of music, theorists like to discuss ‘‘musical space,’’ usually equating it with a two-dimensional pitch-time space, not the space of performance (e.g., Kurth 1969, originally published 1931; Bernard 1983, 1987; Lerdahl 1988; cf. Harley 1994a). In the area of electroacoustics, we deal with sound projection spaces and composed spaces, the latter being integral to the compositions themselves. Still different types of spatial imagery are represented by sonorities or hinted at by the works’ titles (e.g., Krzysztof Penderecki’s Dimensions of Time and Silence, 1961; Witold Lutoslawski’s Les espaces du sommeil, 1975; Kaija Saariaho’s Lichtbogen, 1985– 1996; Joan La Barbara’s Space Testing, 1977). In other words, there are a plurality of ‘‘spaces’’ that might be associated with music. An insight into this diversity of spaces is provided by Francis Dhomont’s poetic program notes for his electroacoustic composition Espace/Escape (1989), which has the word ‘‘space’’ in its title and explores the associative and symbolic aspects of space and movement:
Is the siesta an adaptation to disease

Why does the practice of the siesta vary across human cultures? One explanation is that it is a form of energy conservation in environments with high temperatures and/or agricultural labor. Disease palliation and prevention represents another area where the siesta might be beneficial. A preliminary study used the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) to examine the characteristics associated with siesta occurrence. Siestas were not statistically associated with high temperatures or agricultural labor (p>.05). They were, however, statistically associated with the occurrence of malaria (p<.05) and marginally associated with parasitic and chronic infectious disease. Preliminary results suggest that siestas could be adaptive in environments with chronic infectious disease.
Engineering education in the post modern era

Modernism, especially as it embodies scientific rationality, continues to be essential to cultural identity. Science and analytic reason, for instance, remain at the core of engineering practice. Yet, engineering education, as preparation for engineering practice, though it has traditionally embraced the modernist project, is already well on its way toward an incorporation of some principles and strategies that can only be called post modern. In this paper the author points out where he sees post modern ideas becoming important in engineering and what new directions for engineering education might be possible in the wake of the post modern turn.
Spatial transferability of travel forecasting models: a review and synthesis

This paper provides an extensive review of the literature on spatial transferability of travel forecasting models. From the review, a synthesis is prepared on: (1) the theoretical and practical considerations related to model transferability, (2) the approaches and metrics used to assess model transferability, (3) the methods used to transfer models, and (4) the empirical evidence on model transferability. Building on this review, an agenda is developed for future research focusing on how best to assess transferability and to enhance model transferability. Potentially fruitful avenues for further research are identified throughout the paper. Further, a detailed discussion is presented on the various aspects that need to be considered while assessing the transferability of activity-based travel demand model systems.
A review of palaeomagnetic data on the timing and origin of multiple fluid-flow events in the Arbuckle Mountains, southern Oklahoma

A synthesis of palaeomagnetic/geochemical studies on Palaeozoic rocks in the Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, indicates that basinal and meteoric fluids, as well as burial diagenetic processes, caused multiple remagnetization events. Basinal fluids migrated laterally through palaeoaquifers and vertically through faults/fractures, causing localized remagnetization and alteration in, and around, the fluid conduits. These fluids migrated during multiple flow events that spanned an approximately 60 Ma time interval in the late Palaeozoic. Based on the timing of remagnetization, most of the basinal fluids can be considered orogenic fluids. The palaeomagnetic results from the Arbuckle Mountains are consistent with migration of orogenic-type fluids during and after orogeny, although there were multiple flow events rather than one event as has been hypothesized for the central Appalachians. Meteoric fluids also caused localized alteration and remagnetization whereas a burial diagenetic mechanism (e.g. maturation of hydrocarbons) is a likely explanation for pervasive chemical remagnetization in an impermeable unit.
Comparison of high-resolution structures of the diphtheria toxin repressor in complex with cobalt and zinc at the cation-anion binding site

The diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a divalent-metal activated repressor of chromosomal genes responsible for siderophore-mediated iron-uptake and of a gene on several corynebacteriophages that encodes diphtheria toxin. Even though DtxR is the best characterized iron-dependent repressor to date, numerous key properties of the protein still remain to be explained. One is the role of the cation-anion pair discovered in its first metal-binding site. A second is the reason why zinc exhibits its activating effect only at a concentration 100-fold higher than other divalent cations. In the presently reported 1.85 A resolution Co-DtxR structure at 100K, the sulfate anion in the cation-anion-binding site interacts with three side chains that are all conserved in the entire DtxR family, which points to a possible physiological role of the anion. A comparison of the 1.85 A Cobalt-DtxR structure at 100K and the 2.4 A Zinc-DtxR structure at room temperature revealed no significant differences. Hence, the difference in efficiency of Co2+ and Zn2+ to activate DtxR remains a mystery and might be hidden in the properties of the intriguing second metal-binding site. Our studies do, however, provide a high resolution view of the cationanion-binding site that has most likely evolved to interact not only with a cation but also with the anion in a very precise manner.
Calcium-Independent Negative Inotropy by β-Myosin Heavy Chain Gene Transfer in Cardiac Myocytes

Increased relative expression of the slow molecular motor of the heart (β-myosin heavy chain [MyHC]) is well known to occur in many rodent models of cardiovascular disease and in human heart failure. The direct effect of increased relative β-MyHC expression on intact cardiac myocyte contractility, however, is unclear. To determine the direct effects of increased relative β-MyHC expression on cardiac contractility, we used acute genetic engineering with a recombinant adenoviral vector (AdMYH7) to genetically titrate β-MyHC protein expression in isolated rodent ventricular cardiac myocytes that predominantly expressed α-MyHC (fast molecular motor). AdMYH7-directed β-MyHC protein expression and sarcomeric incorporation was observed as soon as 1 day after gene transfer. Effects of β-MyHC expression on myocyte contractility were determined in electrically paced single myocytes (0.2 Hz, 37°C) by measuring sarcomere shortening and intracellular calcium cycling. Gene transfer-based replacement of α-MyHC with β-MyHC attenuated contractility in a dose-dependent manner, whereas calcium transients were unaffected. For example, when β-MyHC expression accounted for ≈18% of the total sarcomeric myosin, the amplitude of sarcomere-length shortening (nanometers, nm) was depressed by 42% (151.0±10.7 [control] versus 87.0±5.4 nm [AdMYH7 transduced]); and genetic titration of β-MyHC, leading to 38% β-MyHC content, attenuated shortening by 57% (138.9±13.0 versus 59.7±7.1 nm). Maximal isometric cross-bridge cycling rate was also slower in AdMYH7-transduced myocytes. Results indicate that small increases of β-MyHC expression (18%) have Ca2+ transient-independent physiologically relevant effects to decrease intact cardiac myocyte function. We conclude that β-MyHC is a negative inotrope among the cardiac myofilament proteins.
Diverse republics: French & American responses to racial pluralism

Daedalus Winter 2005 At 1⁄2rst glance, a comparison of French and American responses to ethnic and racial diversity may seem arbitrary and unproductive. One response emerges from an old European country with more than a thousand years of continuous existence, the other from a country formed by European settlement and then constituted as a nation scarcely two centuries ago. To avoid turning a historical comparison between France and the United States into a mere set of contrasts, it will be useful to begin with four salient similarities. First and most obviously, both France and the United States revolted against kingly rule to establish republics in the late eighteenth century.1 In the process, they became the world’s 1⁄2rst nationstates of substantial size based on popular sovereignty and government by consent. By abolishing or prohibiting nobility as well as monarchy, they created a presumption of legal and political equality for all citizens. The Declaration of Independence and the Declaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen set forth the principle that merely being human entitles individuals to basic natural rights. The kind of nationalism that developed to defend this radical political project is usually categorized as ‘civic’ or ‘territorial,’ as opposed to the ‘ethnic’ or ‘organic’ type that developed in nineteenth-century Europe, especially in Germany.2 The civic type meant that, in theory at least, one belonged to the nation simply by being there; by contrast, membership according to the ethnic type required the right ancestry. As Anthony D. Smith has pointed out, all nations–including France and the United States–have combined “ethnic George M. Fredrickson
Sports participation with arachnoid cysts

OBJECT There is currently no consensus on the safety of sports participation for patients with an intracranial arachnoid cyst (AC). The authors' goal was to define the risk of sports participation for children with this imaging finding. METHODS A survey was prospectively administered to 185 patients with ACs during a 46-month period at a single institution. Cyst size and location, treatment, sports participation, and any injuries were recorded. Eighty patients completed at least 1 subsequent survey following their initial entry into the registry, and these patients were included in a prospective registry with a mean prospective follow-up interval of 15.9 ± 8.8 months. RESULTS A total 112 patients with ACs participated in 261 sports for a cumulative duration of 4410 months or 1470 seasons. Of these, 94 patients participated in 190 contact sports for a cumulative duration of 2818 months or 939 seasons. There were no serious or catastrophic neurological injuries. Two patients presented with symptomatic subdural hygromas following minor sports injuries. In the prospective cohort, there were no neurological injuries CONCLUSIONS Permanent or catastrophic neurological injuries are very unusual in AC patients who participate in athletic activities. In most cases, sports participation by these patients is safe.
Courts and Democracy: The Production and Reproduction of Constitutional Conflict

In 2007, the United States Supreme Court issued the Carhart decision, the first since the 1973 ruling of Roe v. Wade to uphold the facial validity of a statute that limits access to abortion without express provision of an exception for a woman's health, as contrasted with her life. Carhart offers broad lessons about the role of courts in democracy, the effects of national and transnational movements on the meaning of law, and the autonomy of women, health professionals, Congress, and judges, including those sitting on the Supreme Court. A brief foray into comparative and transnational law finds the debate about abortion in courts, legislatures, and intergovernmental bodies around the world. By considering the bases of the judgments from these various jurisdictions, one sees that analyses of abortion have moved beyond the framework of privacy, liberty, and equality, which are the frequently proffered premises for supporting women's abortion rights in the United States. Transnationally, the issue of reproduction is framed in relation to health and safety; to the human rights of dignity and autonomy, nondiscrimination on the basis of race, age, and gender; economic opportunity; and to freedom of speech, conscience, and religion. Instead of presuming that judicial review displaces or silences democratic processes, the interaction of Roe, Carhart, and the transnational exchanges make plain that the practices of democracies depend on dialogic interaction among the many groups within and across social orders. Rather than presume courts are a problem for democracy, this essay explores why courts should be seen as resources. Legal generativity, from all sides of the political spectrum, is an artefact of adjudication in democratic polities.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A and vorinostat inhibit TGFβ2-induced lens epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition.

Purpose Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery is due in part to proliferation of the adhering lens epithelial cells and transdifferentiation into mesenchymal cells. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA) and vorinostat (suberoylanilidehydroxamic acid [SAHA]) are known to modulate cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Studies have shown that TGFβ2 can induce EMT similar to that seen during PCO. This study evaluated the effects of TSA and SAHA on TGFβ2-induced EMT in lens epithelial explants. Methods Epithelial cells adherent to lens capsules were isolated from fresh pig lenses and human donor lenses and cultured for 12 hours. Explants were pretreated with TSA or SAHA for 1 hour and then treated with TGFβ2 for up to 3 days. Scratch wound healing assay was used to determine epithelial cell proliferation and migration in the samples. The effects of TSA and SAHA on histone acetylation and HDAC 1 to 6 levels were analyzed by Western blotting. Results Western blotting and immunocytochemistry demonstrated high expression of α-SMA in lens epithelial cells treated with TGFβ2. The HDAC inhibitors exerted dose-dependent inhibition of α-SMA expression, with complete inhibition occurring with 0.5 μM of TSA and 2.5 μM of SAHA. Transforming growth factor β2-induced EMT was suppressed by TSA and SAHA. Histone deacetylase inhibition in pig lens epithelia led to increased acetylation of histone 3 and 4 at multiple sites. Conclusions Histone deacetylase inhibitors, TSA, and SAHA prevent EMT in lens epithelial explants. The results also suggest that the epigenetic modifiers are the potential targets to control PCO after cataract surgery.
Mantle 3He and CO2 degassing in carbonic and geothermal springs of Colorado and implications for neotectonics of the Rocky Mountains

Helium isotope ( 3 He/ 4 He) data from geothermal springs in the Colorado Rocky Mountains (western United States) provide unequivocal evidence for a remarkable mantle-to-groundwater connection, with contributions of up to 27% mantle-derived helium. Hydrochemical modeling of springs shows the mantle helium is associated with high p CO 2 with 76 ± 20% of the CO 2 also derived from endogenic (deep geologic) sources. These springs occur preferentially along faults, have highest 3 He/ 4 He values above domains of low mantle velocity, and demonstrate unexpectedly widespread neotectonic mantle degassing. Total CO 2 flux through these springs is 3 × 10 8 mol/yr, a small but persistent contribution to the CO 2 budget and an important baseline for carbon sequestration/leakage studies.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Ammonium Nitrate Samples Fabricated Using Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Technology

The United States Army and the first responder community are increasingly focusing efforts on energetic materials detection and identification. Main hazards encountered in theater include homemade explosives and improvised explosive devices, in part fabricated from simple components like ammonium nitrate (AN). In order to accurately detect and identify these unknowns (energetic or benign), fielded detection systems must be accurately trained using well-understood universal testing substrates. These training substrates must contain target species at known concentrations and recognized polymorphic phases. Ammonium nitrate is an explosive precursor material that demonstrates several different polymorphic phases dependent upon how the material is deposited onto testing substrates. In this paper, known concentrations of AN were uniformly deposited onto commercially available surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates using a drop-on-demand inkjet printing system. The phase changes observed after the deposition of AN under several solvent conditions are investigated. Characteristics of the collected SERS spectra of AN are discussed, and it is demonstrated that an understanding of the exact nature of the AN samples deposited will result in an increased ability to accurately and reliably "train" hazard detection systems.
Diffusing Colloidal Probes of Protein–Carbohydrate Interactions

We present diffusing colloidal probe measurements of weak, multivalent, specific protein–polysaccharide interactions mediated by a competing monosaccharide. Specifically, we used integrated evanescent wave and video microscopy methods to monitor the three-dimensional Brownian excursions of conconavilin A (ConA) decorated colloids interacting with dextran-functionalized surfaces in the presence of glucose. Particle trajectories were interpreted as binding lifetime histograms, binding isotherms, and potentials of mean force. Binding lifetimes and isotherms showed clear trends of decreasing ConA–dextran-specific binding with increasing glucose concentration, consistent with expectations. Net potentials were accurately captured by superposition of a short-range, glucose-independent ConA–dextran repulsion and a longer-range, glucose-dependent dextran bridging attraction modeled as a harmonic potential. For glucose concentrations greater than 100 mM, the net ConA–dextran potential was found to have only a nonsp...
The effect of increasing age on the latency for saccadic eye movements

The latency for saccadic eye movements to a visual stimulus was studied in 59 adults whose ages ranged from 20.7 to 79.5 years. All were free of neurologic disease and drug use. Horizontal eye movements were recorded by electrooculography and the latency from the onset of a peripheral visual stimulus to the onset of a saccadic refixation eye movement was determined. A linear regression analysis revealed a correlation between increasing age and increasing latency for saccadic refixation eye movements. The direct relationship between increasing age and increasing latency for saccadic eye movements is a factor that should be taken into account in eye-movement studies as well as other methodologies such as tachistoscopic studies in which saccadic eye movements play a role in study design.
Accomplishing Authority in Collaborative Work

The purpose of our study is to explore the issue of authority in collaborative work, with a focus on overcoming or transforming existing forms of authority. To accomplish this we begin by reviewing the literatures on collaboration, organizational authority, and communicative constitution to provide a theoretical framework for our empirical investigation. Next we present a case study of a large scientific laboratory and members’ attempts to achieve collaboration as they expanded into a new facility. This case demonstrates that authority in collaboration involves both authoring and de-authoring, as people create new systems of influence and accountability while simultaneously erasing prior authoritative forces that undermine collaborative work. We conclude with a discussion about the contributions of our research.