cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bill Carey as a scientist, motivator, sponsor, and colleague

Bill Carey's long association with the Applied Research Laboratories at the University of Texas at Austin (ARL:UT), gave us the pleasure and good fortune to be associated with him in a wide range of pursuits, over many years. His insight and fortitude as a scientist and motivator led a number of us into productive scientific research that we may not have otherwise undertaken. As a sponsor at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), he posed visceral questions with unique viewpoints, sometimes in forceful terms, which led us to undertake difficult and productive projects. Some of these projects are linked to the series of shallow water sea trials called the Area Characterization Tests, which proposed and tested hypotheses, while collecting invaluable data to delineate the acoustics of significant scenarios in littoral ocean environments. We were privileged to participate in these experiments as well as analyze and model the results. As a colleague, while at other institutions, Bill provided t...
One-carbon metabolism factors and endometrial cancer risk

BACKGROUND This is the largest prospective cohort analysis to assess how dietary factors involved in one-carbon metabolism are associated with endometrial cancer incidence, using 26 years of follow-up data from the Nurses' Health Study. METHODS The prospective cohort analysis of one-carbon metabolism dietary factors used the Cox proportional hazards model, and incorporated 788 incident endometrial cancer events from 1980 to 2006. Genotyping and unconditional logistic regression were performed on 572 endometrial cancer cases and their matched controls to examine 29 mostly non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms involved in one-carbon metabolism. RESULTS There were no significant dose-response relationships between intake of any of the one-carbon metabolism dietary factors and endometrial cancer incidence, but alcohol consumption of <1 drink a day was significantly protective (hazard ratio: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.94). Those with the MTHFR 677 TT or MTHFR 1298 CC genotype had more protective associations for many of the dietary factors and endometrial cancer, but statistical power was limited in this analysis. CONCLUSION Dietary levels of folate, choline, methionine, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 or vitamin B12 do not appear to influence endometrial cancer incidence. Moderate alcohol intake may protect against developing endometrial cancer.
Adolescent Peer Networks and the Potential for the Diffusion of Intervention Effects

Many evaluation studies assess the direct effect of an intervention on individuals, but there is an increasing interest in clarifying how interventions can impact larger social settings. One process that can lead to these setting-level effects is diffusion, in which intervention effects spread from participants to non-participants. Diffusion may be particularly important when intervention participation rates are low, as they often are in universal family based prevention programs. We drew on socialization and diffusion theories to articulate how features of peer networks may promote the diffusion of intervention effects. Then, we tested the measurement properties of ten social network analytic (SNA) measures of diffusion potential. Data were from 42 networks (n = 5,784 students) involved in the PROSPER intervention trial. All families of sixth-grade students were invited to participate in a family based substance use prevention program, and 17 % of the families attended at least one session. We identified two dimensions of network structure—social integration and location of intervention participants in their peer network—that might promote diffusion. Analyses demonstrated that these SNA measures varied across networks and were distinct from traditional analytic measures that do not require social network analysis (i.e., participation rate, how representative participants are of the broader population). Importantly, several SNA measures and the global network index predicted diffusion over and above the effect of participation rate and representativeness. We conclude by recommending which SNA measures may be the most promising for studying how networks promote the diffusion of intervention effects and lead to setting-level effects.
Accurate monotonicity- and extrema-preserving methods through adaptive nonlinear hybridizations

The last 20 years have seen a wide variety of high-resolution methods that can compute sharp, oscillation-free compressible flows. Here, we combine a complementary set of these methods together in a nonlinear (hybridized) fashion. Our base method is built on a monotone high-resolution Godunov method, the piece-wise parabolic method (PPM). PPM is combined with WENO methods, which reduce the damping of extrema. We find that the relative efficiency of the WENO methods is enhanced by coupling them with the relatively inexpensive Godunov methods. We accomplish our hybridizations through the use of a bounding principle: the approximation used is bounded by two nonlinearly stable approximations. The essential aspect of the method is to have high-order accurate approximations bounded by two non-oscillatory (nonlinearly stable) approximations. The end result is an accuracy-, monotonicity- and extrema-preserving method. These methods are demonstrated on a variety of flows, with quantitative analysis of the solutions with shocks.
Fluctuations of observed breeding Rough-legged Hawks and Gyrfalcons: regularity reconsidered

We recently assessed regularity in fluctuation of annual numbers of breeding pairs observed for several raptor species, and found no indication of reputed regular or cyclic fluctuations in our Colville River, Alaska sample for Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) or Rough-legged Hawks (Buteo lagopus) (Mindell et al. 1987). Discussions with colleagues have prompted us to expand our analysis and clarify key points. We present time series analyses, using the Colville River sample size and interval (13 surveys during a 27 year period) for a data set on lynx (Lynx canadensis) (Elton and Nicholson 1942) and for a hypothetical Gyrfalcon population. Indication of regular 10-year fluctuations (P<0.05) in these analyses supports the adequacy of our Colville River sample size and interval in assessing a possible 10-year cycle for Gyrfalcons. We provide dates and methods used for the annual Colville River surveys in discussing applications and limitations of the survey findings. We use the annual Colville River surveys as an index of fluctuation in actual numbers of Gyrfalcons and Rough-legged Hawks present in the study area at the time, based on similarity in timing of surveys between years, use of boat surveys in 12 of 13 years, evidence indicating similarity in sampling error between years, and demonstration of the adequacy of the sample interval. Whether or not numbers of breeding Gyrfalcons and Rough-legged Hawks fluctuate regularly remains an open question. We have provided a first assessment of regularity in fluctuation of observed numbers of breeding pairs, and find regularity for this parameter unsupported considering the Colville River study area as a whole. If other researchersare stirred to test “conventional wisdom” presuming regularity, our study will have served its purpose.
Xylem and nonxylem cell formation in cytokinin-stimulated root tissue: Quantitative analysis of temperature effects

Abstract Xylogenesis in mature root parenchyma is elicited in vitro by the concerted action of the hormones cytokinin and auxin. Decreasing the temperature delayed the initiation of xylogenesis relative to the initiation of nonxylem cell formation. Once xylem or nonxylem cell formation was initiated, its rate was not temperature-sensitive within the 10-25°C range. Lowering the temperature after xylem formation had been initiated had little effect on xylem cell formation. Xylogenesis sensitivity to low temperature was demonstrable from the time cultures were established, even though cell division did not occur until 48-72 hr later and overt xylogenesis did not occur until 6 or 7 days later. The cold sensitivity of xylogenesis is not limited to a unique or early phase of culture.
Dissolution of PCB congeners from an Aroclor and an Aroclor/hydraulic oil mixture

Few measurements of the dissolution of individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners dissolved from Aroclor mixtures in water have been reported, and there is no available information on how the aqueous solubilities of these compounds are affected by their presence in organic liquids such as hydraulic oils. A series of experiments were performed to study the dissolution of specific PCB congeners from Aroclor 1242 alone and from mixtures of Aroclor 1242 in an hydraulic oil (Fyrquel 220). Batch dissolution experiments were performed for time periods up to 20 weeks. The principal solutes from Aroclor 1242 were dichlorobiphenyls and trichlorobiphenyls, for a total PCB concentration of approximately 97 μg/L. In comparison to the composition of pure Aroclor 1242, the distribution of the mass of PCB congeners in the aqueous phase comprised significantly more dichlorobiphenyl congeners with less tetrachloro- and pentachlorobiphenyl congeners. PCB congener dissolution from 5% v/v Aroclor in hydraulic oil was decreased substantially relative to that observed for the pure Aroclor. Dissolution of PCBs from Aroclor and Aroclor/hydraulic oil mixtures occurred in approximate proportion to the congener pure liquid solubility and the mole fraction in organic liquid. This work demonstrates for a pure Aroclor and Aroclor mixtures in hydraulic oil that the aqueous leaching potential is skewed towards the lower-chlorinated homologs.
Software for the analysis of mutations at the human hprt gene.

Abstract Mutations at the human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene (hprt) are currently of great interest because mutations at this locus are being used as a biomonitor of human mutagenic exposure. Not only can somatic hprt mutants arising in vivo in humans be recovered and sequenced, but there is also a considerable body of information about the in vitro mutational spectra of different carcinogens at this locus. Previously, we reported the creation of a computerized database containing DNA-sequence information on human hprt mutants (Cariello et al. (1992) Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 20, 81–83). In the present manuscript, software for the analysis of mutations in the hprt database is described. Numerous routines have been developed for the analysis of single-base substitutions, including programs to (i) determine if two mutational spectra are different, (ii) display the number of mutations and mutable sites in each exon, (iii) determine if mutations show a DNA-strand bias, (iv) determine the frequency of transitions and transversions, (v) display the number and kind of mutations observed at each base in the coding region, (vi) perform nearest-neighbor analysis and (vii) display mutable amino acids in the hprt protein. The software runs only on IBM-compatible machines with MS-DOS. The software and hprt database is freely available via the INTERNET using remote file-transfer protocol. These programs simplify the analysis of the rapidly increasing information about hprt mutation. The programs permit the facile comparison between in vitro and in vivo data, as well as the identification of mutational patterns that may be of importance to experimenters using hprt as a biomonitor and of importance to researchers studying mechanisms of mutation.
Regular nonsmooth equations

Abstract This paper uses notions of regular points and values for nonsmooth functions introduced by Rader (1973) to establish local uniqueness and sensitivity results for solutions to equations involving nonsmooth functions, and as the basis for an approach to degree theory for nonsmooth functions. This paper shows that if y is a regular value of a continuous function ⨍, then the solutions to the equation ⨍(x) = y are locally unique, and the degree of ⨍ on an open set A at y is given by the formula d(⨍, A, y) = Σ x∈⨍ -1 (y) sgn det D ⨍(x) . These results are used to extend Dierker's (1972) results on the number of equilibria in regular exchange economies to nonsmooth exchange economics.
Adverse Stress, Hippocampal Networks, and Alzheimer’s Disease

Recent clinical data have implicated chronic adverse stress as a potential risk factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and data also suggest that normal, physiological stress responses may be impaired in AD. It is possible that pathology associated with AD causes aberrant responses to chronic stress, due to potential alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent study in rodent models of AD suggests that chronic adverse stress exacerbates the cognitive deficits and hippocampal pathology that are present in the AD brain. This review summarizes recent findings obtained in experimental AD models regarding the influence of chronic adverse stress on the underlying cellular and molecular disease processes including the potential role of glucocorticoids. Emerging findings suggest that both AD and chronic adverse stress affect hippocampal neural networks in a similar fashion. We describe alterations in hippocampal plasticity, which occur in both chronic stress and AD including dendritic remodeling, neurogenesis, and long-term potentiation. Finally, we outline potential roles for oxidative stress and neurotrophic factor signaling as the key determinants of the impact of chronic stress on the plasticity of neural networks and AD pathogenesis.
Reflexive Positioning and Culture

Etude du concept de positionnement reflexif dans le cadre de l'analyse psychologique des processus intrapersonnels de l'identite. Rejetant le modele dramaturgique du soi defini comme role, l'A. developpe une conception dynamique de la personnalite qui transcende les limites culturelles des pratiques conversationnelles de positionnement
Serious Mental Illness and Nursing Home Quality of Care

Objective To estimate the effect of a nursing home's share of residents with a serious mental illness (SMI) on the quality of care.
Large Vertex-Disjoint Cycles in a Bipartite Graph

Let s≥2 and k be two positive integers. Let G=(V 1,V 2;E) be a bipartite graph with |V 1|=|V 2|=n≥s k and the minimum degree at least (s−1)k+1. When s=2 and n >2k, it is proved in [5] that G contains k vertex-disjoint cycles. In this paper, we show that if s≥3, then G contains k vertex-disjoint cycles of length at least 2s.
Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we present a family of adaptive protocols, called SPIN (Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation), that efficiently disseminates information among sensors in an energy-constrained wireless sensor network. Nodes running a SPIN communication protocol name their data using high-level data descriptors, called meta-data. They use meta-data negotiations to eliminate the transmission of redundant data throughout the network. In addition, SPIN nodes can base their communication decisions both upon application-specific knowledge of the data and upon knowledge of the resources that are available to them. This allows the sensors to efficiently distribute data given a limited energy supply. We simulate and analyze the performance of two specific SPIN protocols, comparing them to other possible approaches and a theoretically optimal protocol. We find that the SPIN protocols can deliver 60% more data for a given amount of energy than conventional approaches. We also find that, in terms of dissemination rate and energy usage, the SPlN protocols perform close to the theoretical optimum.
Effect of sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, on frog skin potential difference and short circuit current.

Sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, causes an initial stimulation of frog skin short circuit current Isc when present in the mucosal bathing medium at 10−4 M. The stimulation is accompanied by an increase in spontaneous potential difference (PD) and increase in D.C. resistance. No effects are seen with sanguinarine in the serosal bathing medium. The initial stimulation is followed by a decrease in Ise and PD, but a continued increase in resistance. In skins whose initial spontaneous PD is high, no initial stimulation in se and PD is seen; however, clamping these skins to a lower potential does not alter their initial inhibitory response to sanguinarine. Likewise, clamping the lower potential skins to higher potential does not alter their initial stimulatory response. Sanguinarine seems to be acting on the permeability barriers at the outer surface of the frog skin.
Dangerous Alliances: Proponents of Peace, Weapons of War

Dangerous Alliances: Proponents of Peace, Weapons of War. By Patricia A. Weitsman. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 264p. $49.50.Patricia Weitsman sets out to provide a unified theory of alliance politics that explains when states will manage threatening neighbors by allying with them rather than allying against them, when allies will undertake different types of military obligations, when alliances will be more or less cohesive, and how alliances aimed at preserving peace sometimes provoke war. Although she is not entirely successful in fulfilling this extensive agenda, Dangerous Alliances is nevertheless a constructive contribution to several ongoing debates about alliance politics.
Prompting drivers to stop for crossing pedestrians

Abstract This study used an ABA reversal design to evaluate the effectiveness of written signs with social assistance to increase the proportion of drivers stopping for pedestrians in crosswalks. In Weeks 1 and 3, observers obtained baseline data on the proportion of drivers stopping for pedestrians at two sites. In Week 2, the observers instituted the signs with social assistance, and observed stopping behavior among motorists. If the driver stopped, the pedestrian crosser held up a green “Thank you for stopping” signs to drivers. If the driver did not stop, a confederate down road held up a pink “Please stop next time”. The study also looked at the generalization of the effect by counting stops at a crosswalk (without treatment) downstream from the test crosswalk. Observers tracked the behavior of 410 drivers at the intervention site and 420 drivers downstream. The analysis revealed a significant increase in stopping behavior during the treatment condition (50.9%) from the baseline conditions (46% and 37.3%). It also showed a higher level of stopping downstream during the treatment week (44%) than in the baseline weeks (38% and 42%). The results suggest that hand-held signs may encourage drivers to stop for pedestrians.
Mapping Properties of Layer Potentials Associated with Higher-Order Elliptic Operators in Lipschitz Domains

The method of layer potentials has been applied with tremendous success in the treatment of boundary value problems for second-order differential operators for a very long time; the literature on this topic is enormous. By way of contrast this method is disproportionally underdeveloped in the case of higher-order operators; the difference between the higher-order and the second-order settings is striking in term of the scientific output. This paper presents new results which establish mapping properties of multiple layer potentials associated with higher-order elliptic operators in Lipschitz domains in ℝ n .
Style transfer for headshot portraits

Headshot portraits are a popular subject in photography but to achieve a compelling visual style requires advanced skills that a casual photographer will not have. Further, algorithms that automate or assist the stylization of generic photographs do not perform well on headshots due to the feature-specific, local retouching that a professional photographer typically applies to generate such portraits. We introduce a technique to transfer the style of an example headshot photo onto a new one. This can allow one to easily reproduce the look of renowned artists. At the core of our approach is a new multiscale technique to robustly transfer the local statistics of an example portrait onto a new one. This technique matches properties such as the local contrast and the overall lighting direction while being tolerant to the unavoidable differences between the faces of two different people. Additionally, because artists sometimes produce entire headshot collections in a common style, we show how to automatically find a good example to use as a reference for a given portrait, enabling style transfer without the user having to search for a suitable example for each input. We demonstrate our approach on data taken in a controlled environment as well as on a large set of photos downloaded from the Internet. We show that we can successfully handle styles by a variety of different artists.
Perioperative β-blockers in high-risk patients

Abstract One major risk to patients in the preoperative period is that of myocardial ischemia or infarction and cardiovascular death in high-risk patients. Historically, attempts to decrease the incidence of perioperative cardiac complications have focused on preoperative evaluation and identification of patients at risk for complications with referral for additional testing and/or revascularization. Evidence suggests that the use of perioperative β-blockers in high-risk individuals can reduce the incidence of perioperative cardiac events. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has identified that the use of perioperative β-blockers can reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality. The focus of this article is to describe the evidence supporting perioperative β-blocker use, to discuss potential barriers to their use, and to propose a strategy to improve their use. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Ion trapping in the CESR B-factory

Analysis of the ion trapping expected for the Cornell B-factory shows that the presence of 10% gap in the bunch train will be very effective in reducing the ultimate ion density. With a gap the average ion lifetime is seen from simulations to be under 10/sup -5/ seconds or about a few turns. While the average lifetime is short both simulation an analysis show that there exists near the center of the beam a small core of long lived ions. The resulting ion density distribution is then substantially different from the (Gaussian) beam distribution. >
Enzymatic synthesis and properties of glycoconjugates with legionaminic acid as a replacement for neuraminic acid

In addition to sialic acid, bacteria produce several other nonulosonic acids, including legionaminic acid (Leg). This has exactly the same stereochemistry as sialic acid, with the added features of 9-deoxy and 7-amino groups. In order to explore the biological effects of replacing sialic acid residues (Neu5Ac) in glycoconjugates with Leg in its diacetylated form, diacetyllegionaminic acid (Leg5Ac7Ac), we tested CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac as a donor substrate with a selection of bacterial and mammalian sialyltransferases. The CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac was synthesized in vitro by means of cloned enzymes from the bacillosamine portion of the Campylobacter jejuni N-glycan pathway and from the Leg pathway of Legionella pneumophila. Using fluorescent derivatives of lactose, Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ and T-antigen (Galβ1,3GalNAcα) as acceptors, we tested eight different sialyltransferases and found that the Pasteurella multocida PM0188h and porcine ST3Gal1 sialyltransferases were significantly active with CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac, showing ∼60% activity when compared with CMP-Neu5Ac. The Photobacterium α2,6 sialyltransferase was weakly active, with ∼6% relative activity. The Leg5Ac7Ac-α-2,3-lactose product was then tested as a substrate with six sialidases of viral, bacterial and mammalian origin. All showed much lower activities than with the corresponding sialic acid substrate, with the influenza virus N1 being the most active and human NEU2 being the least active. These results show the feasibility of producing glycoconjugates with Leg5Ac7Ac residues as the terminal sugars, which should display novel biological properties.
Time course of microbiologic outcome and gene expression in Candida albicans during and following in vitro and in vivo exposure to fluconazole

ABSTRACT Pharmacodynamics (PD) considers the relationship between drug exposure and effect. The two factors that have been used to distinguish the PD behaviors of antimicrobials are the impact of concentration on the extent of organism killing and the duration of persistent microbiologic suppression (postantibiotic effect). The goals of these studies were (i) to examine the relationship between antimicrobial PD and gene expression and (ii) to gain insight into the mechanism of fluconazole effects persisting following exposure. Microarrays were used to estimate the transcriptional response of Candida albicans to a supra-MIC F exposure over time in vitro. Fluconazole at four times the MIC was added to a log-phase C. albicans culture, and cells were collected to determine viable growth and for microarray analyses. We identified differential expression of 18% of all genes for at least one of the time points. More genes were upregulated (n = 1,053 [16%]) than downregulated (174 [3%]). Of genes with known function that were upregulated during exposure, most were related to plasma membrane/cell wall synthesis (18%), stress responses (7%), and metabolism (6%). The categories of downregulated genes during exposure included protein synthesis (15%), DNA synthesis/repair (7%), and transport (7%) genes. The majority of genes identified at the postexposure time points were from the protein (17%) and DNA (7%) synthesis categories. In subsequent studies, three genes (CDR1, CDR2, and ERG11) were examined in greater detail (more concentration and time points) following fluconazole exposure in vitro and in vivo. Expression levels from the in vitro and in vivo studies were congruent. CDR1 and CDR2 transcripts were reduced during in vitro fluconazole exposure and during supra-MIC exposure in vivo. However, in the postexposure period, the mRNA abundance of both pumps increased. ERG11 expression increased during exposure and fell in the postexposure period. The expression of the three genes responded in a dose-dependent manner. In sum, the microarray data obtained during and following fluconazole exposure identified genes both known and unknown to be affected by this drug class. The expanded in vitro and in vivo expression data set underscores the importance of considering the time course of exposure in pharmacogenomic investigations.
On the interaction of power distribution network with substrate

In this paper, we investigate the interaction between a chip's power distribution network and its substrate to understand its impact on power supply noise and substrate-coupled noise. The study is set in the context of low-voltage, low-power, mixed signal chip designs based on low resistance, epitaxial process, substrate technology. We believe the findings of this study are significant to both the chip integration engineer and the analog circuit designer. We attempt here to answer two important questions: (1) To what extent can substrate modify the power supply noise, and what parameters of substrate design, if any, are salient? (2) What is the extent of coupling from the noisy digital power supply to the analog circuits through the substrate? We propose a method to simulate the power grid along with the substrate and present findings of case studies conducted on three low-power processor designs.
Impact of failure on interconnection networks for large storage systems

Recent advances in large-capacity, low-cost storage devices have led to active research in design of large-scale storage systems built from commodity devices for supercomputing applications. Such storage systems, composed of thousands of storage devices, are required to provide high system bandwidth and petabyte-scale data storage. A robust network interconnection is essential to achieve high bandwidth, low latency, and reliable delivery during data transfers. However, failures, such as temporary link outages and node crashes, are inevitable. We discuss the impact of potential failures on network interconnections in very large-scale storage systems and analyze the trade-offs among several storage network topologies by simulations. Our results suggest that a good interconnect topology be essential to fault-tolerance of a petabyte-scale storage system.
The Lottery and Education: Robbing Peter to Pay Paul?

Despite the promises of some states to use lottery revenues to fund education, they may be guilty of robbing Peter to pay Paul. This study examines the question of revenue fungibility in the case of state lotteries. Using time-series analysis, the research suggests that education is not a big winner in state lotteries. Two different patterns of fungibility emerge from the analysis that are suggestive of underlying budgetary politics.
Power control and transmit diversity in multipath CDMA systems

We integrate power control with transmit diversity in the down-link to increase the capacity of third-generation (3-G) CDMA systems. First, we investigate the system performance by using power control with the conventional receiver. Here our goal is to minimize the total transmitted power by the system subject to the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) requirements of users. We select the antenna weights of a user in such a way that the received power of that user is maximized. It is observed that the conventional system fails quickly to meet the SIR requirements as the number of users grows. To handle this situation, we propose an interference suppression technique with power control in the down-link. Under the proposed scheme, a base station simply employs the same weights at all the antennas and a user requires to know only its spreading sequences. In both cases, the power control algorithms are iterative, distributed and asynchronous. Convergence of those iterative algorithms have been shown for a multi-cell CDMA system. An experimental study is performed to compare the performance of both power control algorithms.
Daily Self-Weighing to Control Body Weight in Adults: A Critical Review of the Literature

The objective of this study is to review the history of daily self-weighing for weight control, discuss the possibility that self-weighing may cause adverse psychological symptoms, and propose mechanisms that explain how self-weighing facilitates weight control. A systematic forward (citation) tracking approach has been employed in this study. In the early literature, experimental tests did not demonstrate a benefit of adding daily self-weighing to traditional behavioral modification for weight loss. More recent studies have shown that daily self-weighing combined with personalized electronic feedback can produce and sustain weight loss with and without a traditional weight loss program. Daily self-weighing appears to be effective in preventing age-related weight gain. Apart from these experimental findings, there is considerable agreement that the frequency of self-weighing correlates with success in losing weight and sustaining the weight loss. The early literature suggested frequent self-weighing may be associated with negative psychological effects. However, more recent experimental trials do not substantiate such a causal relationship. In conclusion, daily self-weighing may be a useful strategy for certain adults to prevent weight gain, lose weight, or prevent weight regain after loss. More research is needed to better understand the role of different types of feedback, who benefits most from self-weighing, and at what frequency.
Reflections on the Constitution of the Fifth French Republic

ALMOST EXACTLY THIRTY-THREE YEARS AGO, I had the good forA4 tune to receive from the late Andre Siegfried, whose death all persons who are interested in matters French will deeply regret, a long personal letter, in which he wrote out carefully and at length certain views which he had been kind enough to express to me in conversation at Geneva during the summer of 1926. The subject of the conversation and of the written views was the parliamentaxy crisis iTn France. Thus, although it seems scarcely necessary, it is perhaps not useless to reflect that a full generation ago a situation existed which, though of course characterized by certain specific differences, had a number of striking resemblances to that which preceded establishment of the Fifth Republic. In 1925, the Interparliamentary Union, at its 23rd conference, held in Washington and Ottawa, had made reference in a unanimously adopted resolution to "the crisis through which the parliamentary system is now passing in almost every country, the criticism, and even attacks to which it is subjected from the most diverse quarters." During the following summer, at a conference in Geneva, consideration of the same subject was on the agenda; and it was here that I had the good fortune of hearing the discussion, initiated, if I remember, by a delegate from Yugoslavia, and the even better fortune of learning something of the views of Andre Siegfried. Andre Siegfried at that time considered himself to be, and so far as I know continued to consider himself to be, in the French sense a republican. This means that he identified republicanism with political democracy and both with the Parliamentary Regime as it was developed during the Third Republic. He was scarcely enthusiastic about the regime, but he considered it a necessity. He knew that it was not a traditional national system, and he was fully aware that it was far from perfect. At the same time, he objected to companson of it with the English system, from which, as he
InSb As A Material For Optical Computer Components

InSb has been recognized in recent years as a very good material for nonlinear optical devices because of the extremely high nonlinear index of refraction near its band edge. It has proven valuable in investigating bistable optical etalon performance, and nonlinear processes in semiconductors. Numerous schemes for using bistable etalons as basic elements for optical logic and optical computing have been recently developed. Some considerations for using InSb as a material for developing optical bistable devices, and some design considerations for a method of applying bistable optical elements to array processing for do all optical computer are discussed.
Procedures for static compaction of test sequences for synchronous sequential circuits based on vector restoration

We propose several compaction procedures for synchronous sequential circuits based on test vector restoration. Under a vector restoration procedure, all or most of the test vectors are first omitted from the test sequence. Test vectors are then restored one at a time or in subsequences only as necessary to restore the fault coverage of the original sequence. Techniques to speed-up the restoration process are investigated. These include limiting the test vectors initially omitted from the test sequence, consideration of several faults in parallel during restoration, and the use of a parallel fault simulator.
Blue light generation in single-pass frequency doubling of femtosecond pulses in KNbO3

Abstract We study the generation of blue light in single-pass frequency doubling of femtosecond pulses in a thick KNbO 3 crystal. Depending on the input IR power, the maximum amount of generated blue light is a function of the position of the nonlinear crystal relative to the focusing lens. At certain focusing distance, the efficiency of blue light generation is substantially degraded. The issue of beam quality of the generated blue light is discussed.
The Impact of Historical Designation on Property Values Before and Following Hurricane Ike: The Case of Galveston Texas

Executive Summary. The desire to preserve architectural heritage ensures that the historic districts continue to contribute to Galveston's economy. After Hurricane Ike, it became more challenging for homeowners in historic districts on Galveston Island to renovate damaged properties. A study of property values in Galveston, Texas indicates that increases in property values in historic districts were generally comparable to those in nonhistoric regions. Property values in the historic districts are less sensitive to negative macroeconomic shocks. In addition, property values that are above 95th percentile and below 5th percentile respond differently to macroeconomic shocks than those with average values.
A Framework for Assessing the Resilience of Infrastructure and Economic Systems

Recent U.S. national mandates are shifting the country’s homeland security policy from one of asset-level critical infrastructure protection (CIP) to allhazards critical infrastructure resilience, creating the need for a unifying framework for assessing the resilience of critical infrastructure systems and the economies that rely on them. Resilience has been defined and applied in many disciplines; consequently, many disparate approaches exist. We propose a general framework for assessing the resilience of infrastructure and economic systems. The framework consists of three primary components: (1) a definition of resilience that is specific to infrastructure systems; (2) a quantitative model for measuring the resilience of systems to disruptive events through the evaluation of both impacts to system performance and the cost of recovery; and (3) a qualitative method for assessing the system properties that inherently determine system resilience, providing insight and direction for potential improvements in these systems.
Dynamically Created HTML Documents

The simplicity of the HTML markup tagset and the fact that all documents are ASCII files, facilitates the dynamic or automatic generation of HTML documents. Frequently generated reports or tables of data which are to be shared using WWW are good candidates for automatic generation. While such documents may not reflect the careful design of those written by humans, they do provide the flexibility of use shared by HTML documents.
General Characteristics of Inorganic Membranes

The separation efficiency (e.g. permselectivity and permeabihty) of inorganic membranes depends, to a large extent, on the microstructural features of the membrane/support composites such as pore size and its distribution, pore shape, porosity and tortuosity. The microstructures (as a result of the various preparation methods and the processing conditions discussed in Chapter 2) and the membrane/support geometry will be described in some detail, particularly for commercial inorganic membranes. Other material-related membrane properties will be taken into consideration for specific separation apphcations. For example, the issues of chemical resistance and surface interaction of the membrane material and the physical nature of the module packing materials in relation to the membranes will be addressed.
Heterozygous p53(V172F) mutation in cisplatin-resistant human tumor cells promotes MDM4 recruitment and decreases stability and transactivity of p53.

Cisplatin is an important antitumor agent, but its clinical utility is often limited by multifactorial mechanism of resistance. Loss of tumor suppressor p53 function is a major mechanism that is affected by either mutation in the DNA-binding domain or dysregulation by overexpression of p53 inhibitors MDM2 and MDM4, which destabilize p53 by increasing its proteosomal degradation. In the present study, cisplatin-resistant 2780CP/Cl-16 ovarian tumor cells expressed a heterozygous, temperature-sensitive p53V172F mutation, which reduced p53 half-life by two- to threefold compared with homozygous wild-type (wt) p53 in parental A2780 cells. Although reduced p53 stability in 2780CP/Cl-16 cells was associated with moderate cellular overexpression of MDM2 or MDM4 (<1.5-fold), their binding to p53 was substantially enhanced (five- to eightfold). The analogous cisplatin-resistant 2780CP/Cl-24 cells, which express loss of p53 heterozygosity, retained the p53V172F mutation and high p53-MDM4 binding, but demonstrated lower p53-bound MDM2 that was associated with reduced p53 ubiquitination and enhanced p53 stability. The inference that p53 was unstable as a heteromeric p53wt/p53V172F complex was confirmed in 2780CP/Cl-24 cells transfected with wt p53 or multimer-inhibiting p53L344P mutant, and further supported by normalization of p53 stability in both resistant cell lines grown at the permissive temperature of 32.5 °C. Surprisingly, in 2780CP/Cl-16 and 2780CP/Cl-24 models, cisplatin-induced transactivity of p53 was attenuated at 37 °C, and this correlated with cisplatin resistance. However, downregulation of MDM2 or MDM4 by small interfering RNA in either resistant cell line induced p53 and restored p21 transactivation at 37 °C, as did cisplatin-induced DNA damage at 32.5 °C that coincided with reduced p53-MDM4 binding and cisplatin resistance. These results demonstrate that cisplatin-mediated p53V172F mutation regulates p53 stability at the normothermic temperature, but it is the increased recruitment of MDM4 by the homomeric or heteromeric mutant p53V172F complex that inhibits p53-dependent transactivation. This represents a novel cellular mechanism of p53 inhibition, and, thereby, induction of cisplatin resistance.
Authenticity Assessment of Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Evaluation of Desmethylsterols and Triterpene Dialcohols

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has a long history of economic adulteration, the detection of which presents significant challenges due to the diverse composition of cultivars grown around the world and the limitations of existing methods for detecting adulteration. In this study, using Method COI/T.20/Doc. No. 30/Rev. 1 of the International Olive Council, the authenticity of 88 market samples of EVOO was evaluated by comparing total sterol contents, desmethylsterol composition, and contents of triterpene dialcohols (erythrodiol and uvaol) with purity criteria specified in the United States Standards for grades of olive oil and olive-pomace oil. Three of the 88 samples labeled as EVOO failed to meet purity criteria, indicating possible adulteration with commodity oil and/or solvent-extracted olive oil. Detection of adulteration was also evaluated by spiking an EVOO sample with commodity oil at the 10 % level. As expected, eight of the spiked samples (canola, corn, hazelnut, peanut, safflower, soybean, and sunflower oils, and palm olein) failed to meet purity criteria. Two of the three samples spiked with 10 % hazelnut oil went undetected for adulteration. Overall, a low occurrence rate of adulteration (<5 %), based on purity criteria for desmethylsterols and triterpene dialcohols, was detected for the 88 products labeled as EVOO.
J-Integral and Crack Opening Displacement as Crack Initiation Criteria in Natural Rubber in Pure Shear and Tensile Specimens

Abstract For PS and SEN specimens: 1) Jδ (one half Jθ) can be determined from one specimen and is independent of crack size and specimen geometry. 2) J and T at initiation differed. 3) J at initiation increased with carbon black content, but the critical crack-tip radius did not.
A Chemically Cross-Linked Knottin Dimer Binds Integrins with Picomolar Affinity and Inhibits Tumor Cell Migration and Proliferation

Molecules that target and inhibit αvβ3, αvβ5, and α5β1 integrins have generated great interest because of the role of these receptors in mediating angiogenesis and metastasis. Attempts to increase the binding affinity and hence the efficacy of integrin inhibitors by dimerization have been marginally effective. In the present work, we achieved this goal by using oxime-based chemical conjugation to synthesize dimers of integrin-binding cystine knot (knottin) miniproteins with low-picomolar binding affinity to tumor cells. A non-natural amino acid containing an aminooxy side chain was introduced at different locations within a knottin monomer and reacted with dialdehyde-containing cross-linkers of different lengths to create knottin dimers with varying molecular topologies. Dimers cross-linked through an aminooxy functional group located near the middle of the protein exhibited higher apparent binding affinity to integrin-expressing tumor cells compared with dimers cross-linked through an aminooxy group near...
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Microbiological Contamination in New York State Produce Fields following Extensive Flooding from Hurricane Irene, August 2011.

ABSTRACT Although flooding introduces microbiological, chemical, and physical hazards onto croplands, few data are available on the spatial extent, patterns, and development of contamination over time postflooding. To address this paucity of information, we conducted a spatially explicit study of Escherichia coli and Salmonella contamination prevalence and genetic diversity in produce fields after the catastrophic flooding that occurred in New England during 2011. Although no significant differences were detected between the two participating farms, both random forest and logistic regression revealed changes in the spatial pattern of E. coli contamination in drag swab samples over time. Analyses also indicated that E. coli detection was associated with changes in farm management to remediate the land after flooding. In particular, E. coli was widespread in drag swab samples at 21 days postflooding, but the spatial pattern changed by 238 days postflooding such that E. coli was then most prevalent in close ...
Analysis and Modelling of Explosive Containment Box for Aircraft In-Flight Protection

This paper details the investigations into the requirements of an explosive containment box for in-flight usage. The container can provide a new level of safety to the crew, passengers and aircraft if an explosive device was located inside the aircraft during flight. The effects created by a typical explosive device were assessed and the materials and sizes of a usable box determined. Based on a parametric study conducted, the most appropriate box topology design is proposed leading to development of an efficient containment box for inflight applications.
New Strategies, New Strategists

The Kennedy Administration which assumed power in Washington in 1961 represented a sharp break with the preceding Eisenhower regime not only in public style, but also in operational approaches and to some extent the substance of policy. Arguably, almost every new presidential administration brings to the scene a comparatively immoderate self-image and estimate of the degree to which the future is going to be quite different from the recent past. More than one former aide has commented on the tendency of new presidents to adopt this stance. No doubt some are more conscious of so doing than others. Soon, of course, the great forces of inertia in policy, the precedent of past actions, and the objective restrictions of the international and domestic political environments come into play to circumscribe new courses of action. Hence, even a change in party does not normally bring a true transformation in the overall direction of foreign policy.
CLL: an acquired immunodeficiency disease.

In this issue of Blood , [Ahn et al][1] report on Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) complicating ibrutinib monotherapy for progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These clinically important data evoke important questions about PCP, CLL, and ibrutinib therapy.[1][2] ![Figure][3]
Coliform Analyses at 30 C

The literature directly pertinent to coliform analyses at 30 C was reviewed. Original data were presented on effects of time of incubation of violet red bile (VRB) agar plates at 30 C and the effects of autoclave-sterilization and storage of VRB agar. When boiled VRB agar was used, an incubation period of at least 24 h was required for dairy products; an incubation period of 48 h was required for water, frozen vegetables, and other materials that contained coliforms that were slow in growth initiation. Additional observations should be made after incubation of plates for another 24 h to discover if substantial increases in colony count occurred. If autoclave-sterilized VRB agar was used, the recommended incubation periods should be extended for an additional 12–24 h. The pH of prepared VRB agar should be 7.2. A pH of 6.9 or below was indicative of extensive flaws in the method of preparation and/or storage. although some deterioration occurred in the absence of marked pH changes.