cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2% Miconazole nitrate powder in aerosol spray form: its efficacy in treating tinea pedis

Forty-six patients with acute tinea pedis were treated with either 1% tolnaftate aerosol spray powder or 2% miconazole nitrate aerosol spray powder, not previously available. Products were coded, and the study was conducted in a double-blind manner. At the end of 28 days of therapy, 68% of the miconazole-treated group achieved therapeutic cure, versus 50% in the tolnaftate-treated group. Symptomatic relief and mycological clearing based on potassium hydroxide examination took place in less time for the patients treated with miconazole nitrate. The aerosol spray powder form is an effective alternative vehicle to both cream and solution.
Phylocom: software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and trait evolution.

Motivation: The increasing availability of phylogenetic and trait data for communities of co-occurring species has created a need for software that integrates ecological and evolutionary analyses. Capabilities: Phylocom calculates numerous metrics of phylogenetic community structure and trait similarity within communities. Hypothesis testing is implemented using several null models. Within the same framework, it measures phylogenetic signal and correlated evolution for species traits. A range of utility functions allow community and phylogenetic data manipulation, tree and trait generation, and integration into scientific workflows. Availability: Open source at: http://phylodiversity.net/phylocom/
Pharmaceutical spray drying: solid-dose process technology platform for the 21st century

Requirement for precise control of solid-dosage particle properties created with a scalable process technology are continuing to expand in the pharmaceutical industry. Alternate methods of drug delivery, limited active drug substance solubility and the need to improve drug product stability under room-temperature conditions are some of the pharmaceutical applications that can benefit from spray-drying technology. Used widely for decades in other industries with production rates up to several tons per hour, pharmaceutical uses for spray drying are expanding beyond excipient production and solvent removal from crystalline material. Creation of active pharmaceutical-ingredient particles with combinations of unique target properties are now more common. This review of spray-drying technology fundamentals provides a brief perspective on the internal process 'mechanics', which combine with both the liquid and solid properties of a formulation to enable high-throughput, continuous manufacturing of precision powder properties.
Genetic improvement of reproductive efficiency of sheep and goats

Sheep and goats are produced in a wide range of production systems and climatic conditions and possess great genetic diversity in reproductive potentials. Mean litter sizes range from near 1 to 3 or more, and patterns of seasonal reproduction are often strongly synchronised to local conditions. Thus, optimisation, rather than maximisation, of reproductive potentials is required, and optimum reproductive rates are often well below those which could be achieved. However, changing employment patterns, increasing urbanisation, and emergence of new markets provide corresponding opportunities for sustainable intensification of small ruminant production, potentially requiring enhancements in reproductive potentials. Heritabilities for most reproductive traits are less than those for many other traits, usually ranging from 0.05 to 0.15, and opportunities for within-breed selection are therefore limited. Substantial changes in litter size or major changes in seasonal breeding patterns are thus best achieved by crossing of divergent breeds to rapidly reset genetic potentials for these traits, followed by within-breed selection to optimise reproductive potentials. Various mutations influencing ovulation rate and litter size in sheep provide additional opportunities to rapidly adjust genetic potentials, but require careful breeding management. Comparable major genes have not yet been found in goats or for traits associated with breeding season.
Double Level Metallurgy Defect Study

A double level metallurgy test chip having purposely induced nonrandom quartz insulation defects (cracks and holes) is used to study the behavior of the defects under accelerated temperature/voltage stress conditions. Data obtained from this stress is analyzed and used to calculate activation energies for an Arrhenius - voltage dependent model.
Labelling the Ottoman Empire as ‘Turkey’ in the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893

Through an examination of government, media, and commercial sources published during the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893, this article demonstrates the co-existence of three dominant ideological movements that helped create a unified social identity for the Ottoman Empire against threats of nationalism and imperialism from the Great Western Powers, in specific, the United States, during the late nineteenth century. The three ideologies that found a representation at the World’s Fair were: Ottomanism, Islamism, and Turkism. First-hand accounts of the Ottoman Empire through these three ideologies reveal American and Western nations’ political and cultural power and influence over the Ottoman Empire, which was made possible through the external labelling of the Ottoman Empire as ‘Turkey’, and its people as ‘Turkish’, as well as through the representation of the Ottoman Empire as a ‘Muslim state’. This article will also examine how American Orientalism was perpetuated at the fair, through juxtaposing the United States’ modern and democratic institutions visually and textually with the Ottoman Empire’s conservative and authoritarian ones.
Population Genetics and Phylogenetics of the Endangered American Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus americanus (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

The burying beetle Nicrophorus americanus Olivier is an endangered species known to occur in disjunct populations in 6 states. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) sequences from 10 Nicrophorinae species revealed N. americanus to form a distinct clade with N. orbicollis Say. Genetic variation within and among 5 N. americanus populations, collected from South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Rhode Island, was studied. Ribosomal DNA ITS1 sequences from 14 beetles revealed 48 polymorphic and 20 informative nucleotide sites. N. americanus genetic divergence was between 0.16 and 4.76%. We found little evidence that these 5 populations have maintained unique genetic variation. No nucleotide sites were found that were diagnostic for any of the 5 populations examined, indicating that these populations may not be necessarily treated as separate, independent objects of conservation. However, further genetic investigation is warranted before translocations are attempted among the remaining populations of the American burying beetle.
Abstract 3664: Comparison of the Short-Form 12 to the Modified Rankin Scale Score at 3 and 12 Months Post Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: The modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) is routinely used to evaluate functional outcome following stroke. The Short Form 12 version 2 (SF-12v2) is a 2 minute physical and mental health survey that measures 8 domains of health and is: widely used, norm-based, and comprehensive. We sought to compare physical component summary (PCS) scores, mental component summary (MCS) scores, and their sub-scores to the mRS scores. Each metric provides unique and relevant health information. Methods: Consecutive ICH patients were prospectively enrolled in the Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (DASH) study. Three month evaluations were done in clinic when possible, while 1-year evaluations were obtained via semi-structured telephone interviews. Responses were adjusted for age and gender based on published data. Physical functioning ([PF] ability to perform activities), limitation in the amount and types of physical activities to the point that less is accomplished than desired (role physical [RP]), mental health ([MH] feelings of anxiety and depression), and PCS scores were compared to the mRS and to each other as they have the highest internal consistency based on published data. Significant depressive symptoms was defined as >10 points (1 standard deviation) below the mean. Results: Seventy-nine ICH patients had the SF12v2 and mRS available for assessment: mean age 59±17 years and ICH volume 22±27cc. Physical functioning at 3 months was correlated with mRS as assessed by: the PCS (R 2 =0.39); PF (R 2 =0.56); and RP (R 2 =0.52). At 12 months the mRS was more correlated with each sub component score and the PCS (R 2 =0.53). Feelings of anxiety and depression were not correlated with either 3 or 12 month mRS (R 2 = 0.06 and 0.15 respectively). At 3 months 6 (14%) patients with a mRS ≤2 had signs of depression and 6 (19%) of patients with mRS 3-4 had signs of depression as assessed by MH. More patients with mRS ≥2 had depressive symptoms (22% vs 4%, p=0.09) at 3 months and at 12 months (14% vs 0%, χ 2 =4.7, p=0.04) compared to those with a mRS of 0-1. Conclusions: The self reported physical components of the SF12v2 have only a fair correlation with the mRS at 3 and 12 months after intracerebral hemorrhage. Feelings of depression do not have a linear relationship with mRS, but a higher proportion of patients with increased mRS have significant depressive symptoms at one year.
Vulnerable Plaques Versus Patients-How to Reduce Acute Coronary Events in the Future

Cardiovascular disease including acute myocardial infarction and sudden death is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Important advances in prevention and therapy have been able to recently reduce their prevalence and improve therapeutic outcomes. However, much more work needs to be done. While standard risk factors can identify those most likely to succumb from these conditions, most of these events unfortunately occur in the low to intermediate risk populations.
Polaronic Relaxation by Three-Electron Bond Formation in Graphitic Carbon Nitrides

We apply density functional and ionization potential equation of motion coupled cluster theories to investigate hole transport in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), an organic photocatalyst which drives water splitting and oxidative organic reactions. Calculations on small cationic model clusters suggest that the formation of two-center, three-electron bonds involving lone pair electrons on the nitrogen atoms of adjacent monomer units in g-C3N4 results in the localization of positive charge; reorganization energies for polaron hopping range from 1.3 to 2.1 eV depending on whether the material is fully condensed into a two-dimensional sheet or linearly polymerized. Similarly, the chemical character of the valence band maximum (VBM) is determined by the strength of the antibonding interaction between lone pair electrons on neighboring monomers; the fully condensed material has a VBM composed predominantly of nitrogen lone pair electrons, whereas the polymer exhibits a VBM of π character.
The Historian and the Federal Government

OR specialists in United States history, nothing has more influence upon research than the policies of the federal government-policies that also affect teaching and employment. The way in which the government documents its operations, maintains records of lasting significance, protects them against destruction, insures equal access to all scholars at the earliest possible date, and provides finding aids is of primary concern to our profession. Appropriations for the National Archives, the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian Institution, and other facilities can shape the course of writing in many fields. Publication of source materials is a practice as old as the republic. Recently, the allocation of federal funds has supported advanced research, teaching abroad, graduate training, and the preservation of manuscript collections. Although there is no book-length account of the influence of governmental policies on historical writing from the early nineteenth century to the present, several individuals have dealt with parts of the subject. John Higham, Walter Rundell, Lester J. Cappon-among others-have noted the government's contribution to an emergent profession, have described the wide range of federal historical activities, and have stressed the interests shared with archivists and editors.1 The purpose of this essay is neither to retrace the trail blazed by earlier authors nor to break new ground in unexplored areas, but rather to discuss some of today's important questions and to see how the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association have responded to them. It will consider the renewed drive for an independent National Archives, the changing focus of the National Historical Publications Commission, the continuing controversy over presidential libraries, the future course of the
Factors influencing the effect of severe psychotics' treatment and rehabilitation in community

Objective To investigate the factors influencing the effect of severe psychotics' treatment and rehabilitation in community.Methods We used the Social Disability Screening Schedule(SDSS)to evaluate the rehabilitation of 435severe psychotics undergoing treatment and rehabilitation in community for years,including recovery time,course of disease,relapses,marital status,social participation,treatment compliance,family financial condition,guardian information,family attitude,etc.by sing single factor and multiple factors analysis method to explore the main influence factors.Results Social participation,treatment compliance,family financial condition and family attitude were the main influence factors.Conclusions We must strengthen the intervention of the main influence factors in the management of severe psychoses,which can improve the effect of treatment and rehabilitation in community.
A no-flush, core-cooling technique for successful cardiopulmonary preservation in heart-lung transplantation.

In order to determine whether a no-flush, core-cooling technique could provide extended heart-lung preservation, we placed donor calves on cardiopulmonary bypass and instituted rapid cooling to 15° C during the continuous infusion of isoproterenol The heart and lungs were harvested after the administration of a cardioplegic solution through the aortic root. In the control group (N = 5), heart and lungs were orthotopically allotransplanted immediately. In the preserved group (N = 5), heart and lungs were similarly excised but were stored in a normal saline bath at 4° C for approximately 4 hours and then transplanted. Both groups received isoproterenol during reperfusion and were studied for 6 hours after implantation. A load independent analysis of myocardial function was done by determining with a sonomicrometer the ratio of the end-systolic pressure to the end-systolic dimension. Pulmonary preservation was evaluated by measurement of extravascular lung water with a double-indicator dilution method, arterial oxygenation on 100% inspired oxygen, and serial lung biopsies. Myocardial and pulmonary function after 4 hours of static preservation was found to be similar to controls. No-flush, core-cooling with cardiopulmonary bypass provides adequate cardiorespiratory function after acute bovine heart-lung allotransplantation. With the use of this technique, successful extended cold ischemic cardiopulmonary preservation for heart-lung transplantation may be achieved.
Deep-UV Resonance Raman Spectral Properties of Membrane Proteins

Deep-UV resonance Raman (λex < 210 nm) spectroscopy has proven a valuable tool for assessing secondary structure content in globular proteins. Recent studies have shown that predominantly α-helical transmembrane proteins have a much stronger amide I feature, when compared to their globular counterparts due to desolvation of the peptide backbone. Although β-sheet transmembrane proteins are less common, β-barrel proteins are a major class of membrane proteins. Comparison of the amide I band of the globular protein Aurocyanin and the membrane protein OmpA, show a modest increase in the intensity of this feature. Although, it appears that the mode remains solvent sensitive, the β-barrel structure may result in greater exposere of the protein backbone to solvent versus multi-helix bundles. Aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine also have strong features in the deep-UVRR spectra of proteins. Using a model leucine-alanine peptide with either a single tyrosine or phenylalanine residue, we investigated the effect of the membrane environment on the deep-UVRR spectral features of these amino acids. As expected, the intensity of the aromatic features increased in lipid and surfactant environments with respect to aqueous environments. Additionally, the 7a’ band (C-O str), which typically has two features at ∼1235 (proton-accepting) and ∼1265 cm-1 (weakly or non-hydrogen bonded), exhibited only the higher feature in DLPG liposomes. A small increase in the intensity at ∼1235 cm-1 was observed in DDM micelles, indicating that the peptide is more solvent exposed in the surfactant environment.
TU-E-TOUR-I-01: Dosimters for QC in Diagnostic Imaging

Tour Leader: Xia Jiang, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Tour Guides: Xia Jiang, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Kevin Little, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Christina Sammet, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL Participating Vendors: IBA PTW - New York Radcal Corporation RTI Electronics, Inc. Exhibit Hall Guided Tours is a new program launching this year at the Annual Meeting. The Guided Tours are designed to enhance the interaction between meeting attendees and exhibitors. This year's Imaging Guided Tours are organized around the theme of dosimeters for quality control in diagnostic imaging. Tours will begin with an introduction and background given by Dr. Xia Jiang, the Tour Leader. The introduction will cover the types and properties of different radiation dosimeters used for quality assurance in clinical radiology. Attendees will then break into smaller groups, each lead by an AAPM-member Tour Guide. The tour groups will visit the exhibit booths of vendors who provide appropriate dosimeters, and a vendor representative will give a presentation to the group about their particular product(s). The vendor representatives as well as the Tour Guides will be available to answer questions. Outline: 1.Types and properties of radiation detectors and dosimeters 2.Ionization chamber dosimeters 3.Solid state dosimeters 4.Dosimeter calibration: Primary and secondary standards dosimetry laboratories 5.Instruments for measuring tube voltage and exposure time Vendor presentations will likely cover features and innovations of different dosimeter systems, as well as their practical use. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the types and properties of different instrumentations used for quality control in diagnostic imaging. 2.Understand the process of dosimeter calibration. 3.Gain familiarity with the latest commercial dosimeter systems from different vendors.
The application one-dimensional and quasi one-dimensional Thomas-Fermi equation for the modelling of an intra-atomic potential in the ultrathin gate dielectric

The statement of the one-dimensional Thomas-Fermi equation is considered. Its analytical solution is obtained. The procedure of adaptation of a solution of the three-dimensional Thomas-Fermi equation for an one-dimensional case is offered in connection with a problem of tunneling of charge carriers through ultrathin gate dielectric.
Mechanistic Study of the Role of Substrate Steric Effects and Aniline Inhibition on the Bis(trineopentylphosphine)palladium(0)-Catalyzed Arylation of Aniline Derivatives

The mechanism of the bis(trineopentylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PNp3)2)-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides and aniline derivatives was studied in an effort to understand the role of substrate steric effects on the reaction. Prior studies had shown that the rate of Pd/PNp3-catalyzed coupling of aryl bromides and aniline derivatives was largely unaffected by substrate steric demand. The oxidative addition of aryl bromides to Pd(PNp3)2 is found to follow first-order kinetics with a rate that is independent of both ligand and aryl halide concentration. Thus, the rate limiting step for oxidative addition of aryl bromides is irreversible ligand dissociation. In the case of aryl chlorides, the oxidative addition rate has a first-order dependence on [ArCl] and an inverse dependence on [PNp3], indicating a mechanism involving reversible dissociation of the ligand followed by rate limiting oxidative addition. This difference in aryl halide effect was also found for the catalytic coupling reaction. Aryl bromide ster...
The blindfolded code training exercise.

BACKGROUND Communication errors are the leading cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. There is little description in the literature of advanced techniques to teach crisis resource management (CRM) communication strategies, or how to improve real-time ineffective behaviour or habits that may persist despite appropriate behaviour and leadership witnessed in the simulation lab. CONTEXT This article presents an advanced teaching technique to force the adoption of closed-loop communication strategies. This technique is typically reserved for more advanced learners involved in acute care, or for those struggling to effectively lead medical resuscitations. INNOVATION We describe a relatively well-established, yet not well-described, teaching technique that blindfolds the team leader, known as the blindfolded code training exercise. This advanced method of instruction is cost-effective and does not require special equipment. IMPLICATIONS This was both a successful and popular method of instruction for closed-loop communication. The simple method of blindfolding requires the learner to use both critical thinking skills and a conceptual framework to organise their management of the resuscitation. This provides an avenue for instructors to further develop advanced learners' skills for high-risk communication. Communication errors are the leading cause of preventable patient harm in medicine.
Measuring Corporate Tax Avoidance: Effective Tax Rates and Book-Tax Differences

I examine differences between effective tax rates (ETRs) and book-tax differences (BTDs) as alternative measures of corporate tax avoidance or tax aggressiveness. When BTDs are scaled by pretax income, the scaled BTD is statistically equivalent to the ETR. When BTDs are scaled by assets the resulting BTD measure is equivalent to the ETR multiplied by the firm's pretax return on assets (ROA), potentially adding measurement error unless ROA differences are part of the research design. Adding a control variable for ROA doesn't solve this problem. Any theoretical reason to use BTDs rather than ETRs in empirical research should be based on the effect of ROA. Simulated regression results demonstrate that, when ETR is the correct theoretical measure, BTDs don't provide any information beyond that provided in ETRs, and scaling by assets results in lower regression coefficients, potentially reflecting measurement error.
Technical skill improvement with surgical preparatory courses: What advantages are reflected in residency?

Abstract Introduction Sustainability of skill acquisition gained from graduating medical student (GMS) preparatory courses remains uncertain. GMS skills were assessed before (T1) and after a preparatory course (T2) and then again 2 (T3) and 4 (T4) months into residency and compared to surgical interns without such a course. Methods In April, GMS took the preparatory course. In July–August all interns participated in a basic skills curriculum. Learners completed four technical exercises pre/post each course. Three surgeons scored performances. GMS scores were compared across the 4 time points. Control interns were compared at T3 and T4. Results Thirty-two interns completed all pre/post course assessments (T3 and T4); seven of those were GMSs. GMS scores increased from 74.5%(T1) to 94.2%(T2) (p Conclusions These findings support existing literature and demonstrate that students maintain their skills into residency. Preparatory courses provide a head start. Without such course, interns require a steep learning curve.
Accuracy of Smartphone-Based Pulse Oximetry Compared with Hospital-Grade Pulse Oximetry in Healthy Children.

Abstract Background: Pulse oximetry, a ubiquitous, noninvasive method to monitor oxygen saturation (SpO2), requires larger, nonportable equipment. Smartphone pulse oximeter applications (apps) provide a portable, cost-effective option, but are untested in children. We hypothesize that smartphone pulse oximetry will not be inferior to standard pulse oximetry measured in healthy children. Materials and Methods: Two main types of pulse oximetry apps, a camera-based app (CBA) that uses a phone camera flash and lens and a probe-based app (PBA) that uses an external plug-in probe, were compared with standard pulse oximetry measured in children ages 2–13 years without a respiratory complaint and a triage SpO2 ≥97% seen in a pediatric Emergency Department. Two investigators obtained heart rate and SpO2 using each app. Inter-rater reliability was tested using interclass correlations (ICCs), and Bland–Altman method was used to compare app values to triage measurements. Results: Eighty-one patients were enrolled. IC...
The Influence of Bladder Fullness on Upper Urinary Tract Dimensions and Renal Excretory Function

AbstractNearly full bladders (375ml.) produced significantly greater dimensions of the renal calices, pelves and ureters on excretory urograms compared to nearly empty bladders. These dimensions were frequently to the point of being considered pathological dilatations. On planimetry the urographic areas of the pelviocaliceal systems decreased by 43 per cent on the right side and 38 per cent on the left side when the nearly full bladder was compared to the nearly empty bladder in 10 patients. Renal excretory function also was affected by nearly full bladders. Urea clearances after 1 hour were 24 per cent lower and creatinine clearances were 9 per cent lower when starting with a nearly full bladder as compared to starting with an empty bladder. The implications of these findings are of potential significance with respect to 1) interpretation of excretory urograms and 2) chronic urine holding in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections, impaired renal function and/or urolithiasis.
Indigenous and Western Ways of Knowing

Western philosophers have suggested that it is teleology1 along with ontology2 and axiology3 that make human beings different from other animals. But what does that actually mean, and how does it affect everyday people? Basically, we see ourselves as apart from other living beings because we think about the end product or result of our pursuits, we consider the meaning of our existence, we pose questions with regard to value, morals, aesthetics, and we are creative.
Diet and Heart Disease

Dietary factors have long been demonstrated to influence risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease (CHD). Epidemiologic and clinical research indicates that types of fats and carbohydrates are more important than total amounts of fats and carbohydrates in determining risk of CHD. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats have been associated with lower risk of CHD, whereas saturated and trans fats increase CHD risk. Higher consumption of whole grains reduces CHD risk. There is convincing evidence that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with lower risk of CHD. The role of antioxidant vitamins, folate, and phytochemicals in the prevention of CHD is not yet settled.
Abstract 15891: Relationship Between Peripheral Vascular Responses With Mental Stress and Mental Stress-induced Myocardial Ischemia

Background: Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI) in patients with CAD is unrelated to its severity and is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The impact of vascular function and its response to mental stress (MS) on the development of MSIMI remains unclear. We measured endothelial function and arterial stiffness, and their change with MS, with the hypothesis that abnormalities in the vascular functional responses will contribute to MSIMI. Methods: Patients with stable CAD underwent 99mTc sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging during MS testing using a public speaking stressor. MSIMI was defined as impaired myocardial perfusion using a 17-segment model. Endothelial function [endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD)], microvascular reactivity [reactive hyperemia index (RHI, Endo-PAT2000)] and arterial stiffness [pulse wave velocity (PWV), Sphygmocor Inc.] were measured at rest and 30-min after MS. Results: Of 457 patients with CAD aged 63±9 years (75% male), 87 (15.5%) developed MSIMI. FMD decreased [Median (IQR) change: -0.8 (-2.5 - 0.6)%, p=0.002], PWV increased [median (IQR) change: 0.3 (-0.7 - 1.2) m/s, p=0.025], but there was no change in RHI after MS (Figure). There were no significant differences in either the baseline or post-MS vascular measures between patients with and without MSIMI (Figure). Conclusion: MS is associated with impairment of conductance vessel but not microvascular endothelial dysfunction and with increased arterial stiffness. The magnitude of these alterations is not a predictor of MSIMI in CAD.
Abstract 3042: Nuclear morphology predicts prostate cancer metastasis at diagnosis

Background: Prostate needle biopsies (PNBX) that are obtained during the initial diagnostic workup are often the only source of tumor tissue that is available to determine the severity of prostate cancer (PC). Interestingly, tumor grades and pathologic features in PNBXs of men with lethal metastatic disease (M1 stage) are indistinguishable from those of high-grade nonmetastatic tumors of patients who do not progress after treatment (M0 stage). We hypothesize that the morphology of tumor nuclei can be used as a source of biomarker development to distinguish M1 tumors from high-grade localized M0 tumors. Methods: Our study consists of a cohort of 85 high-grade M0 and 78 M1 cases, within a biorepository of 2150 patients at the Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs hospital. PNBX slides were digitized at 40X and pathologists annotated all cancer foci. These annotated regions were divided into smaller image tiles (dimensions) and fed into our digital image analysis pipeline for nuclear segmentation and feature extraction. We applied two distinct feature extraction methods to capture morphologic information within tumor nuclei. The 64 Handcrafted (HC) features describe nuclear properties such as shape, area, and chromatin conformation. The 62 Autoencoder (AE) features are abstract descriptors generated by a deep learning algorithm, which learns to redraw the nuclei. We built 2 machine learning models using AE or/and HC features for classification of M1 versus M0 cases. We divided our patients into 3 groups: training, testing and validation. A 7-fold cross-validation was performed in the training and testing sets and the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was calculated in the validation set. Results: Model 1 utilizes processed features derived from patient-level distributions and generalized linear model. The estimated AUC for predicting M1 stage is 0.79 and 0.74 for HC and AE features, respectively. Model 2 uses the average of each features obtained from dominant group of nuclei within individual tiles and neural network models. Nuclei groups were assigned by unsupervised clustering method. For this model, the AUC of predicting M1 stage is 0.77 and 0.75 for HC and AE features, respectively. Conclusion: By applying two distinct feature extraction methods and two approaches to summarize features, we obtain similar prediction accuracies. These results demonstrate that quantitative nuclear features contain information to classify M1 and M0 cases, which cannot be classified based on tumor grade or pathologic features. Citation Format: Fangjin Huang, Nathan Ing, Eric N. Miller, Hootan Salemi, Michael S. Lewis, Isla P. Garraway, Arkadiusz Gertych, Beatrice S. Knudsen. Nuclear morphology predicts prostate cancer metastasis at diagnosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3042.
Opioid Prescribing Practice and Needs in Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery.

Importance In recent years, the medical community’s inadvertent contribution to opioid addiction has been recognized. Objective To determine the opioid prescribing practices and opioid needs for patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery to help reduce postoperative opioid administration. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included 1788 opioid-naive patients who underwent thyroid and parathyroid surgery from January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2017, at the high-volume academic endocrine surgery center at Oregon Health and Sciences University. Patients with long-term opioid treatment and those who underwent other head and neck procedures or robotic thyroidectomy were excluded. For analysis, 1765 procedures were available (723 parathyroidectomy, 400 hemithyroidectomy, and 642 total thyroidectomy). Main Outcomes and Measures The quantity of prescribed opioids was determined in morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Opioid refill data after discharge were also analyzed. Patients were then divided into past (1336 in group 1 [January 1, 2012, to September 30, 2016]) and current (429 in group 2 [October 31, 2016, to December 31, 2017]) prescribing practices. For each procedure, the mean quantity prescribed for each group, difference between the means, 95% CI for the difference, and effect size were calculated. Results A total of 1702 patients (80.0% female [n = 1361]; mean age, 51.2 years [range, 7-97 years]) undergoing 1765 procedures were included in the analysis. For parathyroidectomy, the mean (SD) opioid quantity prescribed was 176.20 (86.66) MME in group 1 vs 80.08 (74.43) MME in group 2 (effect size, 1.139); for hemithyroidectomy, 204.65 (112.24) MME in group 1 vs 112.24 (102.31) MME in group 2 (effect size, 0.842); and for total thyroidectomy, 214.87 (161.09) MME for group 1 vs 102.29 (87.72) MME for group 2 (effect size, 0.754). In the last quarter of 2017, the numbers of patients discharged without any opioid prescription were 15 of 26 (57.5%) for parathyroidectomy, 12 of 32 (37.5%) for hemithyroidectomy, and 9 of 27 (33.3%) for total thyroidectomy. Patient calls requesting pain medications for group 2 were similar or fewer, depending on the procedure. Those who were prescribed less than 75.0 MME postoperatively did not call for additional opioid prescriptions. Conclusions and Relevance Our study suggests that patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery need little, if any, postoperative opioids.
Network Neuroscience of Creative Cognition: Mapping Cognitive Mechanisms and Individual Differences in the Creative Brain.

Network neuroscience research is providing increasing specificity on the contribution of large-scale brain networks to creative cognition. Here, we summarize recent experimental work examining cognitive mechanisms of network interactions and correlational studies assessing network dynamics associated with individual creative abilities. Our review identifies three cognitive processes related to network interactions during creative performance: goal-directed memory retrieval, prepotent-response inhibition, and internally-focused attention. Correlational work using prediction modeling indicates that functional connectivity between networks — particularly the executive control and default networks — can reliably predict an individual’s creative thinking ability. We discuss potential directions for future network neuroscience, including assessing creative performance in specific domains and using brain stimulation to test causal hypotheses regarding network interactions and cognitive mechanisms of creative thought.
Behavioral interventions in epilepsy.

Purpose of reviewBehavioral intervention describes multiple modalities of treatments which are of increasing interest in epilepsy. This review addresses recent behavioral clinical trials in epilepsy including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), and s
Contribution of Extragalactic Infrared Sources to Cosmic Microwave Background Foreground Anisotropy

We estimate the level of confusion to cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy measurements caused by extragalactic infrared sources. CMB anisotropy observations at high resolution and high frequencies are especially sensitive to this foreground. We use data from the COBE satellite to generate a Galactic emission spectrum covering millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Using this spectrum as a template, we predict the microwave emission of the 5319 brightest infrared galaxies seen by IRAS. We simulate sky maps of extragalactic infrared sources over the relevant range of frequencies (30-900 GHz) and instrument resolutions (10'-10° FWHM). An analysis of the temperature anisotropy of these sky maps shows that a reasonable observational window is available for CMB anisotropy measurements.
Two-Dimensional Lateral Epitaxy of 2H (MoSe2)–1T′ (ReSe2) Phases

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) heterostructures have been proposed as potential candidates for a variety of applications like quantum computing, neuromorphic computing,...
Does Probability Weighting Drive Lottery Preferences

We propose a test of the theory of skewness preferences. The probability weighting feature that is the basis of their theory relies on investors overweighting the probability of extreme, positive r...
Attention Mechanism-Incorporated Deep Learning for AM Part Quality Prediction

Abstract To improve the consistency of part quality in Additive Manufacturing, it is critical to understand the relationship between the mechanisms underlying the layer-by-layer printing process and the resulting product quality. This paper investigates this relationship by incorporating attention mechanism into a Long Short-term Memory network, using Fused Deposition Modeling as a case study. In-process thermal variations, as reflected in the in-situ temperature measurement, are fused with machine settings to establish a data-driven model for part tensile strength prediction. Analysis using attention mechanism quantified the relative influence of each printed layer on the predictive result, providing insight into the network operation.
Peacebuilding as State Building? Lessons from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This chapter on the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a comparative study of two major intervention attempts of the UN Peacekeeping mission in Congo (MONUSCO) in different theaters of conflict in North Kivu: one that was seen as a success (against the M23 rebellion, 2012–2013), and the other a failure (against the ADF rebellion, 2014–present). The chapter examines how differences in armed groups’ social embedment within local communities shaped resistance against the intervention and produced these varied outcomes of success/failure. The comparison allows for the examination of an emerging trend in peacekeeping—its militarization—as well as a consideration of how differences in civilian relations shape the possibility for peacebuilding. As the largest mission in UN history, these experiences offer empirical lessons for thinking about the future trajectory of peacebuilding.
Generalizing Starobinskii's Formalism to Yukawa Theory & to Scalar QED

During inflation quantum effects from massless, minimally coupled scalars and gravitons can be strengthened so much that perturbation theory breaks down. To follow the subsequent evolution one must employ a nonperturbative resummation. Starobinski\u{\i} has developed such a technique for simple scalDuring inflation quantum effects from massless, minimally coupled scalars and gravitons can be strengthened so much that perturbation theory breaks down. To follow the subsequent evolution one must employ a nonperturbative resummation. Starobinski\u{\i} has developed such a technique for simple scalar theories. I discuss recent progress in applying this technique to more complicated models.
“I always wanted to be a nurse”: Politics, Culture, and Nursing

This chapter provides the historical context that situates the eight women in this work within the post-World War II era in the United States with its culture of domesticity, anti-communist sentiment, and the ongoing Cold War. Focusing on their childhood, familial relationships, and the cultural, social, and political assumptions that informed their choices, using the oral histories of these eight women, Tanner explains their decision to become a nurse. A discussion of their early life, expectations, education, financial status, and identity as nurses and women outlined in this chapter helps us understand their perspective, their reactions to wartime nursing, and the effects of their participation in the Vietnam War on their lives which will be documented in subsequent chapters.
Reexamining Decision-Making Processes in International Environmental Law

Article examining decision-making processes in international environmental law, appearing in the Iowa Law Review.
High-salinity brine desalination with amine-based temperature swing solvent extraction: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract Solvent extraction desalination (SED) is a promising technique for efficiently treating high salinity brines. However, only a few studies in the literature have investigated the influence of the molecular characteristics of the organic solvents on the emergent performance of the separation process. Thus, in this work we investigate the influence of the molecular structure of four different secondary amines on the desalination process of a concentrated aqueous solution of NaCl. Molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations are used to obtain the thermodynamic and structural properties of the pure solvent bulk phase, as well as a homogeneous solvent-water bulk mixture. Furthermore, solvent-water and solvent-brine interfacial systems are used to explicitly analyze the water partitioning behavior in the relevant temperature range for SED. The water solubilization in these secondary amines is found to be an exothermic process. Additionally, although the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the water and solvent molecules are beneficial, this interaction is not necessarily the dominant factor for ranking the water solubility performance of the different solvents. The excess volume of mixing of the bulk solvent-water mixture, as well as the electrostatic surface features of the solvents are also found to provide important clues for screening solvent behavior.
Control of a shape memory alloy–actuated rotary manipulator using an artificial neural network–based self-sensing technique:

Shape memory alloys are a class of smart materials that can recover their original shape by heating above a temperature called austenite transformation temperature when subjected to deformation at ...
The Monotonicity of the Option-Value/Risk Relation: A Note

The belief that option value increases monotonically as risk increases is widely held. This note shows that the hypothesis derives from the special structure of stochastic processes and option types considered in the early literature on the determinants of option pricing. I show that the monotonicity hypothesis leads to the conclusion that similar options can have the same value only if the underlying distributions are identical, which is implausibly restrictive. I also invoke an earlier literature that has demonstrated that more complex underlying assets and contingent claims have non-monotonic option-value/risk relations, even under restricted stochastic processes. Thus, the monotonicity hypothesis is true in only limited situations and is not a general result.
Optical database machine using spatial light rebroadcasters

An optical database machine using spatial light rebroadcasters (SLRs) is proposed to speed up relational operations on large databases. A SLR is a nonvolatile memory device with large storage capacity and high read/write speed. Since most of the database operations can be performed directly on the SLRs, one doesn't have the I/O bottleneck, which is a major problem in other database machine architecture. One can search data stored in the SLR in parallel by a single search operation. Parallel relational operation algorithms are developed for the proposed architecture, and the author evaluates the performance of the machine for various cases. Compared to the other database machines, performance of the proposed architecture is at least a order of magnitude faster due to the parallel processing capability and high read/write speed of the SLR. >
Ectoparasitic Syndemics: Polymicrobial Tick-borne Disease Interactions in a Changing Anthropogenic Landscape

Based on an assessment of the available research, this article uses syndemic theory to suggest the role of adverse bio-social interactions in increasing the total disease burden of tick-borne infections in local populations. Given the worldwide distribution of ticks, capacity for coinfection, the anthropogenic role in environmental changes that facilitate tick dissemination and contact, evidence of syndemic interaction in tick-borne diseases, and growing impact of ticks on global health, tick-borne syndemics reveal fundamental ways in which human beings are not simply agents of environmental change but objects of that change as well.
Implementation of a Program of Outcomes Research in Residential Care Settings: Outcomes for Children and Youth.

Background There is a need to examine behavioral and mental health outcomes for children in out-of-home care across settings.
Stem rot disease evaluation of mass-selected peanut populations

Stem rot is a widespread, devastating disease of the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). This disease is caused by the soilborne pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Resistant cultivars are needed to reduce cost of peanut production. ‘Toalson’ and ‘Southern Runner’ are two genetically diverse cultivars with partial stem rot resistance; whereas, ‘Florunner’ and ‘Sunbelt Runner’ are two stem rot susceptible cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate mass-selected populations derived from different combinations of crosses among these two resistant and two susceptible cultivars. Four mass-selected populations, two unselected bulks, and four parental cultivars were evaluated in the F6–F9 generations for pod yield and stem rot resistance in replicated field tests during 1993–1996, respectively. The resistant cultivar Toalson produced 40% higher pod yields and had 50% fewer stem rot disease loci than the other partially resistant cultivar Southern Runner. Mass-selected populations derived from the Sunbelt Runner×Toalson cross combination also had significantly higher yield and better stem rot resistance than mass-selected populations derived from the Florunner×Southern Runner cross combination.
The exterior Dirichlet problem for quasi-linear elliptic equations with small boundary data

It is shown that if the order of non-uniformity of a quasi-linear elliptic equation is h,1<h≤2,then the critical norm separating existence and non-existence of a bounded solution to the exterior Dirichlet problem with small boundary data is the C0,2(h−1)/h norm. For 0≤h≤1,existence of a bounded solution is guaranteed without any smallness assumption on the given boundary data.More precise information is given for the special case of the minimal surface equation.