cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments with approximate radiation boundary conditions for computational aeroacoustics

We present a series of numerical experiments on the accuracy of approximate radiation boundary conditions for computational aeroacoustics based on Pade approximants. Our test problem is described by an infinite periodic array of pressure pulses, for which we can independently evaluate the exact solution by numerical quadrature. It is demonstrated that acceptable long time accuracy can be achieved, but only if conditions of high order are employed. As predicted by theory, the order required for a given accuracy is proportional to the time of the simulation.
Massive intractable hematuria secondary to cyclophosphamide

Abstract A case of massive intractable hematuria following cyclophosphamide therapy is presented. This patient had bilateral vesicoureteral reflux. The treatment consisted of occluding both ureters with Fogarty catheters while formalin was instilled into the bladder. The urine has cleared with no further gross hematuria. This has been accomplished in another patient with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux with equal success.
Compliance with EMTALA: A guide for hospitals

This article presents the mandates of the Emergency Medical Labor and Treatment Act promulgated through the Department of Health and Human Services, and through the courts' interpretations. In addition, the conflict between statutory mandates and managed care requirements, and the unsettled issue of whether the statute applies to inpatient circumstances, are presented.
Improved methods for investigating the external redox potential in hybridoma cell culture

Because of the interest in understanding and optimizing secretion of proteins from mammalian cells, reliable and more reproducible methods are needed to monitor the external redox potential of animal cells in suspension culture. An improved off-line method was established that greatly reduces the typically long response time of redox electrodes in cell culture media and improves the standardization of redox probes. In addition, the dependence of medium redox potential on dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH was investigated using cell-free medium. Off-line as well as on-line redox potential measurements were then applied to spinner or bioreactor cultures of murine hybridoma cells. Serum containing or protein-free medium were used. The time dependence of the experimentally determined external redox potential was found to be affected not only by oxygen, pH, and medium composition. but to a significant extent by the rate of generation of reductants by hybridoma cells. The observed specific rate of medium reduction by generation of reductants (ΔmV h−1 viable cell−1) decreased during exponential growth while cell number increased from 2×105 viable cells ml−1 to 3.5×106 viable cells ml−1. This rate, however, was essentially constant at −7.3 mV h−1±3.7 mV h−1 per 1010 viable cells during growth under conditions of constant dissolved oxygen tension and constant pH. Using these observations, the quantity of reductants synthesized and secreted into the medium by viable hybridoma cells was estimated to be approximately 1.3 mole h−1 per 1010 viable hybridoma cells. The time course of specific monoclonal antibody secretion rate did not correlate with changes in the external oxidation/reduction potential in either serum containing or protein-free medium.
Black urine due to urobilinogen in a patient with alcoholic pellagra.

Abstract Objectives Systemic exposure to drugs, chemicals and foods can cause abnormally colored urine. Food exposures are typically benign, but urine discoloration due to chemicals or drugs may indicate a potentially dangerous condition. Discolored urine can also be caused by medical problems. This brief report reviews the laboratory findings leading to lactic acidosis and elevated urine urobilinogen in an alcoholic patient with pellagra. Design and methods A 66-year-old male, found unconscious in his hotel room, was brought to the emergency department (ED). Upon arrival he had hypothermia, a diffuse rash and altered mental status. During ED evaluation, a urinary catheter was placed and demonstrated black urine. Medical history noted chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, and poor self-care. Results Evaluation in the hospital suggested that his rash and neurologic changes were a result of malnutrition and vitamin deficiency. A thorough biochemical workup demonstrated that elevated urobilinogen was likely causing the patient's black urine. Serum niacin concentration was undetectable. His dermatitis improved with multivitamins, thiamine, and niacin as well as topical steroids. His mental status returned to baseline and he was discharged to a skilled nursing facility following a brief hospital stay. Conclusions The patient's abnormal laboratory results were explained by his alcoholism and poor nutrition. Furthermore, urine color returned to normal with decreased concentration of urobilinogen, after vitamin supplementation and supportive medical care.
The native and the heat-induced denatured states of alpha-chymotrypsinogen A: thermodynamic and spectroscopic studies.

We report the first protein phase-diagram characterized by a combination of volumetric, calorimetric, and spectroscopic techniques. More specifically, we use ultrasonic velocimetry, densimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry, in conjunction with UV absorbance and CD spectroscopy to detect and to characterize the conformational transitions of alpha-chymotrypsinogen A as a function of both pH and temperature. As judged by the CD spectra, we find that, at room temperature, the protein remains in the native state over the entire pH range investigated (pH 1 to 10). The melting profiles of the native state reveal three distinct pH domains in which protein denaturation produces different final states. Below pH 3.1, we find the heat-induced denatured state of the protein to be molten globule (MG), lacking the native-like tertiary structure, while exhibiting significant secondary structural elements. At neutral and alkaline pH, we find the heat-induced denatured state to be unfolded (U), lacking both tertiary and secondary structures, while being structurally similar to the urea-unfolded state. At intermediate pH values (between pH 3.1 and 7), we find the heat-induced denatured state to exhibit properties characteristic of both the MG and U states. Although at room temperature the protein remains native within the whole pH range studied (pH 1 to 10), our volumetric data reveal that the native state slightly "softens" at low pH, probably, due to pH-induced alterations in electrostatic forces causing the packing of the protein interior at low pH and room temperature to become less "tight". This softening of the protein at low pH is reflected in an 8% increase in the intrinsic compressibility, kM, of the protein "native" state. Our volumetric data also allow us to conclude that the heat-induced MG state retains a liquid-like, water-inaccessible core, with a volume that corresponds to about 40% of the solvent-inaccessible core of the native state. By contrast, our volumetric data are consistent with the U state of the protein being essentially unfolded, with the majority of its constituent atomic groups being solvent exposed and, therefore, strongly hydrated.
Synthetic Ligand-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Microfluidic Bacterial Separation from Blood

Bacterial sepsis is a serious clinical condition that can lead to multiple organ dysfunction and death despite timely treatment with antibiotics and fluid resuscitation. We have developed an approach to clearing bacteria and endotoxin from the bloodstream, using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) modified with bis-Zn-DPA, a synthetic ligand that binds to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Magnetic microfluidic devices were used to remove MNPs bound to Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium commonly implicated in bacterial sepsis, from bovine whole blood at flows as high as 60 mL/h, resulting in almost 100% clearance. Such devices could be adapted to clear bacteria from septicemic patients.
Ureteral stump carcinoma incidentallyfound at cystectomy for bladder cancer

We report on a sixty-five-year-old man with hematuria secondary to superficial bladder cancer. Because of previous urethral trauma, a complete transurethral resection of his bladder tumor could not be done. He, therefore, underwent cystectomy, at which time we incidentally found a transitional cell carcinoma of the left ureteral stump that had been left from a previous left nephrectomy for a World War II-related injury. This case underscores the importance of a thorough investigation of the complete urinary tract in a patient with hematuria or other urinary tract symptoms even if an obvious cause is found for his symptoms.
Diagnosis and management of sleep disorders in posttraumatic stress disorder:a review of the literature.

Objective: International and societal conflicts and natural disasters can leave physical and mental scars in people who are directly affected by these traumatic experiences. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the clinical manifestation of these experiences in the form of re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and persistent symptoms of hyperarousal. There is growing evidence that sleep disruption that occurs following trauma exposure may in fact contribute to the pathophysiology of PTSD and poor clinical outcomes. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of recognition and management of sleep disorders in patients with PTSD. Data Sources: English-language, adult research studies published between 1985 and April 2014 were identified via the PubMed database. The search terms used were PTSD AND sleep disorders. Study Selection: The search identified 792 original and review articles. Of these, 53 articles that discussed or researched sleep disorders in PTSD were selected. Fourteen randomized controlled trials of therapy for PTSD are included in this review. Results: Impaired sleep is a common complaint mainly in the form of nightmares and insomnia among people with PTSD. Sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder are particularly prevalent in patients with PTSD and, yet, remain unrecognized. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective in improving PTSD global symptoms, they have a variable and modest effect on sleep disorder symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral treatment targeted to sleep and/or the use of the centrally acting selective α1 antagonist prazosin have been more successful in treating insomnia and nightmares in PTSD than other classes of medications. In view of the high occurrence of sleep apnea and periodic leg movement disorder, a thorough sleep evaluation and treatment are warranted. Conclusions: Patients with PTSD have a high prevalence of sleep disorders and should be queried for insomnia, nightmares, periodic limb movement disorder, and sleep-disordered breathing.
Helper T-cell-regulated B-cell immunity

Helper T-cell-regulated B-cell responses constitute a major component of the immune response to many pathogens. Spatially and temporally organized cognate intercellular communication within secondary lymphoid organs is the critical regulating event in this complex adaptive response to antigen. Here, we discuss what is known of these molecular exchanges and their cellular consequences in a serial synapsis model of adaptive immunity.
Organizational Variations in Women Scientists' Representation in Academia.

Using a nationally representative sample of college faculty from a wide array of institutions and science disciplines, this study investigates links between organizational conditions and women's representation on college faculties. Hypotheses derive from competing explanations for the sharp differences found in women's and men's career outcomes in academia: institutionalized discrimination that protects men's dominant group privileges, statistical discrimination based on expectations of gender differences in academic preparation and scholarship, variations in the female doctoral labor supply by science discipline and locality, political restraints on discrimination and pressure for equal employment opportunity. A multivariate analysis examines organizational conditions associated with women's likelihood of holding faculty appointments at different tenure levels. Results indicate that although the female doctoral labor supply and political constraints are powerful factors in the representation of women faculty, selective organizational contexts play a substantial role as well. Although we find little evidence that insulation from competition or segmented faculty labor markets strongly influence the gender composition of science faculties, women are more often found in entn-level positions where institutionalized discrimination may be checked by unionization and proportionally sizable constituencies of women administrators and students. Consistent with statistical discrimination, women scientists and engineers are poorly represented at the entry level in research-oriented institutions and are more scarce in tenured positions within highly prestigious departments and institutions with very selective admissions. These organizational influences on women's faculty representation hold even after controlling for gender differences in the prestige of academic credentials, level of work experience, and marital and child-rearing responsibilities.
The arboreal leaping theory of the origin of pterosaur flight

Three theories about the origin of flight in pterosaurs have been proposed: 1) the arboreal parachuting theory (passive falling from trees leading to gliding and eventually to powered flight); 2) the cursorial theory (bipedal running and leaping leading directly to powered flight); and 3) the arboreal leaping theory (active leaping between branches and trees leading to powered flight). The available evidence as to the functional morphology of pterosaurs, and in particular their hindlimb, is reviewed and used to test the three theories. Pterosaurs were well suited for arboreality and their hindlimb morphology argues against cursoriality, but supports an arboreal leaping lifestyle for early pterosaurs or their immediate ancestors.
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma After Augmentation Gastrocystoplasty

Purpose: Augmentation gastrocystoplasty has been proposed as an alternative to enterocystoplasty because of potential benefits, including decreased risk of mucus production, stone formation and urinary tract infections. Although cancer has rarely been reported in this patient population, it is a well recognized potential risk of all augmentation cystoplasties. To define better the risk of malignancy associated with gastric augmentation and the appropriate surveillance protocol for these patients, we describe our experience in 2 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma following gastrocystoplasty.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients who had undergone augmentation gastrocystoplasty between 1990 and 1994. Of the 72 patients identified 2 were diagnosed with a primary malignancy arising from the augmented bladder. Charts were reviewed for medical history, clinical outcomes and pathology.Results: Two patients were identified with a primary bladder malignancy after gastroc...
Parallel distributed simulation and modeling methods: SyncSim: a synchronous simple optimistic simulation technique based on a global parallel heap event queue

We developed and implemented two highly optimized optimistic discrete event simulation techniques based on an efficient and scalable Parallel Heap data structure as a global event queue. The primary results are (i) the design of an optimistic simulation algorithm, namely SyncSim, which does not rely on traditional state and message saving data structures, but employs only one backup state per state variable, (ii) a demonstration, through implementation of SyncSim, of an optimistic technique which overcomes the two main mutually conflicting and unbounded overheads of the existing optimistic simulation algorithms: SyncSim bounds the additional space requirements to just one copy per state variable and drastically limits the number of rollbacks encountered. Furthermore, SyncSim beats the highly optimized traditional simulator simglobal on a wide variety of large networks on an Origin-2000 computer. The algorithm SyncSim could form a basis for a good parallelizing engine attachable relatively easily to an existing serial simulator.
Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of a tandem satellite array from the rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus (Rodentia).

A tandem satellite array (herein named MSAT-160) has been isolated and characterized from the rodent Microtus chrotorrhinus. Sequence data from 15 partial or complete monomers revealed a repeat unit length of 160 bp. This unit length was apparently derived from two shorter sub-motifs, one a tetramer (GAAA), the other a hexamer (CTTTCT), through polymerase slippage and mutation. Collectively, perfect or imperfect variants of these two motifs comprise nearly 60% of the component. Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA digested with 14 different restriction endonucleases indicated that most enzymes yielded either classical type A or type B restriction patterns, while RsaI yielded a pattern that combined features of both the A and B types, and BamHI appeared to lack sites altogether in MSAT-160. An examination of restriction patterns from 16 individuals with three enzymes failed to identify intraspecific variation, while a related study compared 11 species and documented interspecific distinctiveness (Modi, submitted). Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that the satellite DNA was located at the centromeres of several autosomes and at sex chromosome heterochromatin (GenBank accession No. M86843).
Water vapour pollution in the stratosphere by the supersonic transporter

ENTRY of water vapour into the stratosphere has hitherto been controlled by natural processes. Air is usually transferred from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere by large scale rising motions which are part of the tropical Hadley cell circulation. It passes through a region near the tropical tropopause where the temperature is extremely cold, typically 193 K, and moisture is precipitated out in the form of ice crystals. Stratospheric air therefore has very low mixing ratios, typically 2 × 10−6 g of H2O per g of air1,2. Changes in the temperature at the tropical tropopause are accompanied by changes in the moisture content of air in the lower stratosphere, low moisture values being associated with low temperatures2. These temperatures, in turn, seem to be controlled by the intensity of the tropical Hadley cell circulation3,4, with the January values in both hemispheres being lower than those in July5.
A Tractable Class of Algorithms for Reliable Routing in Stochastic Networks

The goal of this article is to provide the theoretical basis for enabling tractable solutions to the "arriving on time" problem and enabling its use in real-time mobile phone applications. Optimal routing in transportation networks with highly varying traffic conditions is a challenging problem due to the stochastic nature of travel-times on links of the network. The definition of optimality criteria and the design of solution methods must account for the random nature of the travel-time on each link. Most common routing algorithms consider the expected value of link travel-time as a sufficient statistic for the problem and produce least expected travel-time paths without consideration of travel-time variability. However, in numerous practical settings the reliability of the route is also an important decision factor. In this article, the authors consider the following optimality criterion: maximizing the probability of arriving on time at a destination given a departure time and a time budget. The authors present an efficient algorithm for finding an optimal routing policy with a well bounded computational complexity, improving on an existing solution that takes an unbounded number of iterations to converge to the optimal solution. A routing policy is an adaptive algorithm that determines the optimal solution based on en route travel-times and therefore provides better reliability guarantees than an a-priori solution. Novel speed-up techniques to efficiently compute the adaptive optimal strategy and methods to prune the search space of the problem are also investigated. Finally, an extension of this algorithm which allows for both time varying traffic conditions and spatio-temporal correlations of link travel-time distributions is presented. The dramatic runtime improvements provided by the algorithm are demonstrated for practical scenarios in California.
Modeling superheat removal during continuous casting of steel slabs

To investigate superheat dissipation in a continuous slab casting machine, mathematical models have been developed to compute fluid flow velocities, temperature distribution within the liquid pool, heat transfer to the inside of the solidifying shell, and its effect on growth of the shell. Three-dimensional (3-D) velocity and heat-transfer predictions compare reasonably with pre-vious experimental measurements and two-dimensional (2-D) calculations. The results indicate that the maximum heat input to the shell occurs near the impingement point on the narrow face and confirm that most of the superheat is dissipated in or just below the mold. Superheat tem-perature and casting speed have the most important and direct influence on heat flux. The effects of other variables, including mold width, nozzle jet angle, and submergence depth, are also investigated. Calculated heat flux profiles are then input to a one-dimensional (1-D) solidifi-cation model to calculate growth of the shell. Shell thickness profiles down the wide and narrow faces are compared with the predictions of conventional heat conduction models and available measurements.
Anharmonic Vibrational Spectroscopy of the F-(H2O)n Complexes, n = 1, 2

We report anharmonic vibrational spectra (fundamentals, first overtones) for the F-(H(sub 2)O) and F-(H(sub 2)O)2 clusters computed at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theory with basis sets of triple zeta quality. Anharmonic corrections were estimated via the correlation-corrected vibrational self-consistent field (CC-VSCF) method. The CC-VSCF anharmonic spectra obtained on the potential energy surfaces evaluated at the CCSD(T) level of theory are the first ones reported at a correlated level beyond MP2. We have found that the average basis set effect (TZP vs. aug-cc-pVTZ) is on the order of 30-40 cm(exp -1), whereas the effects of different levels of electron correlation [MP2 vs. CCSD(T)] are smaller, 20-30 cm(exp -1). However, the basis set effect is much larger in the case of the H-bonded O-H stretch of the F-(H(sub 2)O) cluster amounting to 100 cm(exp -1) for the fundamentals and 200 cm (exp -1) for the first overtones. Our calculations are in agreement with the limited available set of experimental data for the F-(H(sub 2)O) and F-(H(sub 2)O)2 systems and provide additional information that can guide further experimental studies.
Cometary collisions on the Moon and Mercury

Unusual swirl patterns of bright and dark material on the moon and Mercury are proposed to be remnants of collisions with gas/dust-rich regions within a cometary coma. This interpretation provides important new clues for understanding cometary fine structure, impact effects of low-density material, and the origin of certain pronounced magnetic anomalies.
An immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene is formed by at least two recombinational events.

The events of B-cell differentiation can be reconstructed in part through an analysis of the organisation of heavy-chain gene segments in differentiated B cells. A mouse immunoglobulin α heavy-chain gene is composed of at least three noncontiguous germ-line DNA segments—a VH gene segment, a JH gene segment associated with the Cμ gene segment, and the Cα gene segment. These gene segments are joined together by two distinct types of DNA rearrangements—a V–J joining and a CH switch.
Landscape Analysis of the Forest-Tundra Ecotone in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado*

Landscapes in the ecotone between forest and tundra contain a mosaic of patches of trees, meadows, lakes, disturbed areas, and other features. The structure of this mosaic affects species habitat and potential ecotone response to global change. However, the alpine forest-tundra ecotone may be insensitive to climatic change if it is a climatic relict or is frequently disturbed. We used GIS and multivariate statistics to (1) analyze landscape structure in transects across the ecotone in Rocky Mountain National Park, (2) identify the major variants of forest-tundra ecotone, and (3) identify the influence of the environment and natural disturbances on variation in the landscape structure of the ecotone. There are six major types of ecotone varying in the amount of natural disturbances, permanent features (e.g., lakes), closed forest, patch forest, and krummholz. Variation is primarily related to slope, elevation, aspect, and geology associated with the morphology of the mountains and the disturbances they pro...
Electromyographic biofeedback and tricyclic antidepressants in myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome: psychological predictors of outcome

Twenty-three patients with diagnosed myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome received either biofeedback training or tricyclic antidepressants, or both, and their success with treatment was correlated with psychological factors assessed earlier. Training in muscle relaxation using electromyographic biofeedback was successful in relieving myofascial pain—dysfunction symptoms in 15 of 23 patients. Half of the remainder were helped by tricyclic antidepressants. Effects of the therapies corresponded to psychological factors assessed before treatment. The implications of these factors are discussed.
Neurotoxic effects of low-level chronic acephate exposure in rats

Rats were administered the organophosphorus insecticide acephate at 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg · day for 15 weeks. Blood and brain samples were collected at the end of the treatment and analyzed for cholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities and catecholamine and amino acid levels. No significant inhibition in the activity of brain AChE was noted at doses of 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg · day. Low levels of acephate exposure (1.0 mg/kg · day), which did not alter plasma cholinesterase or RBC acetylcholinesterase activity levels, resulted in a significant elevation of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. Decreased GABA, dopamine, and tyrosine levels and glutamic acid decarboxylase activity were observed in brains of these rats. Similar changes occurred in rats exposed to 10 mg of acephate/kg · day; however, plasma cholinesterase and RBC acetylcholinesterase activities were inhibited. These observations suggest that chronic exposure to acephate altered the activity of the noncholinergic system without altering the cholinergic activity, and that low-level chronic exposure to organophosphorous compounds cannot be predicted by measuring the ChE or AChE enzyme activities.
Piloted ignition of live forest fuels

Abstract The most unpredictable and uncontrollable wildfires are those that burn in the crowns of live vegetation. The fuels that feed these crown fires are mostly live, green foliage. Unfortunately, little is known about how live fuels combust. To understand how live fuels burn, piloted ignition experiments were performed with lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. The thermal behavior (thick versus thin) of both live and dead needles was explored. Both live and dry needles were shown to behave as thermally intermediate solids in this apparatus. Additionally, samples were collected throughout the growing season to take advantage of the natural variation in moisture content and chemical composition. This data set was then compared to several correlations found in the literature to determine whether live fuel ignition can be predicted by moisture content alone and to test the applicability of these models to the wildland fire problem. Many of the correlations from the literature for ignition time with moisture content fail to capture the trends with live fuels. A linear regression of the ignition time with moisture content only predicts 74–80% of the variability suggesting that there is another mechanism controlling ignition time of live fuels. Based on the hypothesized difference in water storage between live and wet dead fuels, the chemical composition of the live needles was included in an empirical model for ignition time. Including chemical composition improved the prediction accuracy for Douglas-fir needles only. Because the thermal properties of live foliage are largely unknown, it is possible that the predictions from more physically-based models would show improvement with more accurate values of density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat.
Coherent control of laser-induced breakdown

We demonstrate coherent control of laser-induced optical breakdown in Ar and Xe with a femtosecond time-scale pulse train. By using a genetic algorithm to set the relative phases of seven optical sidebands that span two octaves of bandwidth, we enhance or suppress the probability of breakdown, vary the onset time of the spark, and to some extent, vary the position of the spark and the timing of the laser-produced shock wave.
Young children's plans differ for writing and drawing

Abstract Forty-eight children (mean age= 64.4 months, range = 52–75 months), unschooled in writing, were asked to draw a picture of and write the name for common objects depicted in line drawings. Analyses of the children's videotaped action sequences while drawing and writing revealed reliable, systematic differences. For example, drawings were often made with continuous outlines that could be filled in, and marks were put on the page in a random fashion. “Writing” was characterized by discrete marks on the page arranged in a linear fashion and generated from left to right. We propose that young children's plans for drawing and writing are constrained by domain-specific knowledge about words and objects. It follows that they have implicit knowledge of the fact that different notation systems must honor structural differences between the domains being notated.
Multimodal therapy including neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) for stage IIB to IV cervical cancer

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the survival rates and toxicity levels that are associated with multimodal therapy (including neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin [MVAC]) in patients with stage IIB to IVB cervical cancer. Study Design: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 49 patients who were treated between 1989 and 1997 with neoadjuvant MVAC for advanced cervical cancer. Results: The clinical response rate was 90% (27 partial responders, 17 complete responders). Grade 3 or greater toxicity was mostly limited to neutropenia; no deaths were attributed to MVAC. Combined therapy after MVAC included operation in 34 patients (69%) and radiation in 41 patients (84%). Twenty-one patients (43%) had Conclusion: For patients with advanced cervical cancer, neoadjuvant MVAC had a high response rate (90%) and an acceptable toxicity level. Compared with historic control subjects, multimodal treatment may be associated with improved rates of pelvic control. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1167-73.)
Statistical Probes of Reionization with 21 Centimeter Tomography

We consider the degree to which 21 cm tomography of the high-redshift universe can distinguish different ionization histories. Using a new analytic model for the size distribution of H II regions that associates these ionized bubbles with large-scale galaxy overdensities, we compute the angular power spectrum and other statistical properties of the 21 cm brightness temperature during reionization. We show that the H II regions imprint features on the power spectrum that allow us to separate histories with discrete bubbles from those with partial uniform ionization (by, for example, X-rays). We also show that double reionization scenarios will modify the morphology of the bubbles in ways that depend on the mechanism through which the first generation of sources shuts off. If, for example, the transition occurs globally at a fixed redshift, the first generation imprints a persistent feature on the 21 cm power spectrum. Finally, we compare our model to one in which voids are ionized first. While the power spectra of these two models are qualitatively similar, we show that the underlying distributions of neutral hydrogen differ dramatically and suggest that other statistical tests can distinguish them. The next generation of low-frequency radio telescopes will have the sensitivity to distinguish all of these models and strongly constrain the history and morphology of reionization.
Technological lock-in, positive institutional feedback, and research on laboratory animals

Abstract There has been considerable debate over the efficacy of animal research. The focus here is on bridging the gap between the current animal research debate and ongoing work in economics regarding lock-in and path dependency. Animal research is analyzed for its fit with the circumstances that cause path dependence. The discussion provides a real world “case study” of possible path dependency with particular focus on the psychological dimensions of path dependency as well as the role of academic research institutions in the process. The general conclusion is that animal research is a good candidate for the path dependency concept.
Microstructure-based multiscale modeling of elevated temperature deformation in aluminum alloys

Abstract A multiscale model for predicting elevated temperature deformation in Al–Mg alloys is presented. Constitutive models are generated from a theoretical methodology and used to investigate the effects of grain size on formability. Flow data are computed with a polycrystalline, microstructure-based model which accounts for grain boundary sliding, stress-induced diffusion, and dislocation creep. Favorable agreement is found between the computed flow data and elevated temperature tensile measurements. A creep constitutive model is then fit to the computed flow data and used in finite-element simulations of two simple gas pressure forming processes, where favorable results are observed. These results are fully consistent with gas pressure forming experiments, and suggest a greater role for constitutive models, derived largely from theoretical methodologies, in the design of Al alloys with enhanced elevated temperature formability. The methodology detailed herein provides a framework for incorporation of results from atomistic-scale models of dislocation creep and diffusion.
Mares admitted to a referral hospital for postpartum emergencies: 163 cases (1992–2002)

Objective: To identify and describe the physical, historical, and clinicopathologic characteristics of diseases requiring emergency treatment in postpartum mares, and to evaluate the utility of these characteristics in making an accurate diagnosis in these mares. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: University large animal hospital. Animals: One hundred and sixty-three mares admitted for emergency treatment within 30 days following parturition between the years 1992 and 2002. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Information obtained from the medical records included age, breed, date of admission, sex of the foal from this parturition, time from parturition to admission, duration of clinical signs prior to admission, and any report of dystocia or normal attended delivery, physical examination and clinicopathologic findings and diagnosis. Urogenital hemorrhage and large colon volvulus were the most common diagnoses, comprising 16.6% and 15.9% of total cases, respectively. Older mares were more likely to have a diagnosis of urogenital hemorrhage than younger mares. Mares with urogenital hemorrhage had a median age of 13 years and were admitted to the hospital significantly closer to parturition than mares with other diagnoses. Anemia, hypoproteinemia, and hypofibrinogenemia were significantly associated with a diagnosis of urogenital hemorrhage and occurred in 32%, 36%, and 26% of the mares with urogenital hemorrhage, respectively. Dystocia was more commonly reported (70%) in mares with metritis. Leukopenia was more common (88%) in mares with uterine tears. Conclusions: Careful evaluation of clinicopathologic data can aid the emergency clinician in making a correct diagnosis in postpartum mares with emergent problems.
Chopstick surgery: a novel technique improves surgeon performance and eliminates arm collision in robotic single-incision laparoscopic surgery

Introduction Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is limited by the coaxial arrangement of the instruments. A surgical robot with wristed instruments could overcome this limitation, but the arms often collide when working coaxially. This study tests a new technique of “chopstick” surgery to enable use of the robotic arms through a single incision without collision.
Attractive n-type contact processes

Interacting particle systems are continuous time Markov processes which are used to construct stochastic spatial models. Monotonicity is a useful property which simplies certain calculations, one of which is the ability to use computational algorithms to sample exactly from the stationary distribution for certain processes. A monotone interacting particle system is called attractive. Monotonicity is well understood for spin systems which only include two particle types, such as the contact process, however, when constructing applied models, it is often desirable to include more. In this paper, an interaction map is used to describe the interactions that occur in a model and to understand monotonicity for a certain class of multitype contact processes.
Within-study measurement invariance of the UTAUT instrument

Establish within-study measurement invariance with variables within a single study.Analyzed invariance of UTAUT scales with six users' technology engagement variables.Conducted the full suite of seven different measurement invariance tests.Identified invariant UTAUT scale items that can be safely used in future studies.Also provide guidelines for conducting within-study measurement invariance analyses. We assess within-study invariance of key UTAUT scales considering a total of six respondent group characteristics: five variables pertaining to users' two technology engagement facets (prior technology knowledge and technology usage pattern) and one variable pertaining to their gender. Data collected from 250 respondents about their perceptions and usage of online blogs were analyzed to test six invariance hypotheses. The results indicate that the UTAUT instrument showed full or partial invariance for respondents' technology usage pattern and gender. With respect to prior IT knowledge, the UTAUT scales were found to be invariant for general IT knowledge but non-invariant for specific IT knowledge.
From Calamity Mesa to Boyertown, Pennsylvania: Risk, Radon, and Regulation in Cold War America

In the boom uranium mining industry in the American Southwest during the postwar 1940s and 1950s, the first casualty was occupational safety, and that lapse engendered a harsh legacy: roughly fifty percent of the miners developed lung cancer over the next ten to twenty years, apparently due to their excessive exposure to the decay products of radon gas emitted by the uranium ore. Several decades later, in the mid-1980s, radon returned to the realm of public health and public policy when high levels of radon gas found in private homes in Pennsylvania and New Jersey set off an indoor radon scare and compelled the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set standards for residential environments. In this paper, these two related crises about radon exposure are employed as a heuristic for extracting and examining the multiplicity of social, economic, political, and cultural concerns that are mobilized around a scientifically-informed regulatory decision.
Price and Exchange Rate Transmission in Russian Meat Markets

This paper examines transmission between changes in (a) world trade prices for meat and Russian exchange rates and (b) Russian consumer meat prices. We find that for both trade prices and the exchange rate, the transmission is low. This indicates that Russia's integration into world meat markets is poor. The economic cost to Russia of poor transmission is that at any point in time, the country is not at its optimal volumes and mix of agricultural trade that would maximise the gains from trade. The transmission estimates are therefore important for forecasting Russian agricultural production and trade.
Hypertension and Cognitive Functioning: A Perspective in Historical Context

Our objective is to characterize the development of the literature on hypertension and cognitive functioning from a historical perspective. This goal was stimulated by the review on “Historical Trends and Milestones in Hypertension Research” in the October 2012 issue of Hypertension .1 Our specific aims are threefold: (1) to trace and describe the history of this area of research; (2) to identify milestones in knowledge and methods; and (3) to discuss briefly how this literature translates into patient care. The topic is of major relevance to research and practice because hypertension is a well-known risk factor for decline in cognitive performance within the normal range of cognitive functioning, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. It is important to emphasize 3 features of the review: (1) it is not designed as a critical review of the literature, but rather to describe the historical influences on our current knowledge base (poor, mediocre and outstanding papers from the past have all shaped our present); (2) word-count limitations require that we omit statistical detail except to emphasize effect sizes in pivotal papers; and (3) each milestone topic is addressed by noting the earliest work then followed by examples of papers representing pivotal events. A number of comprehensive reviews of this literature are available,2–6 including a seminal paper summarizing the formative years of this research.7 Please see http://hyper.ahajournals.org for citations to additional reviews of the literature and papers published in Hypertension . We recognize the importance of the emerging literature on hypotension and cognitive function, but refer the readers to previous reviews which include this topic.8–10 ### Measurement of Cognitive Functioning In this paper, the term cognitive performance is used to describe the outcome of studies measuring a full range of ability from low to high. The term cognitive functioning is used …
Parenchyma-chlorenchyma water movement during drought for the hemiepiphytic cactus Hylocereus undatus.

Background and Aims Hylocereus undatus, a hemiepiphytic cactus cultivated in 20 countries for its fruit, hasfleshy stems whose water storage is crucial for surviving drought. Inter-tissue water transfer during drought was therefore analysed based on cell volumes and water potential components. Methods In addition to determining cell dimensions, osmotic pressures and water potentials, a novel but simple procedure leading to an external water potential of zero was devised by which cells in thin sections were perfused with distilled water. The resulting volume changes indicated that the parenchyma‐chlorenchyma water movement was related to more flexible cell walls in the water-storage parenchyma with its lower internal turgor pressure (P) than in the chlorenchyma. Key Results Under wet conditions, P was 045MPa in the chlorenchyma but only 010MPa in the water-storage parenchyma. During 6 weeks of drought, the stems lost one-third of their water content, becoming flaccid. About 95% of the water lost came from cells in the water-storage parenchyma, which decreased by 44% in length and volume, whereas cells in the adjacent chlorenchyma decreased by only 6%; the osmotic pressure concomitantly increased by only 10% in the chlorenchyma but by 75% in the water-storage parenchyma. Conclusions The concentrating effect that occurred as cellular volume decreased indicated no change in cellular solute amounts during 6 weeks of drought. The ability to shift water from the parenchyma to the chlorenchyma allowed the latter tissue to maintain a positive net CO2 uptake rate during such a drought.
Comparison of the Dye Method with the Thermocouple Psychrometer for Measuring Leaf Water Potentials

The dye method for measuring water potential was examined and compared with the thermocouple psychrometer method in order to evaluate its usefulness for measuring leaf water potentials of forest trees and common laboratory plants. Psychrometer measurements are assumed to represent the true leaf water potentials. Because of the contamination of test solutions by cell sap and leaf surface residues, dye method values of most species varied about 1 to 5 bars from psychrometer values over the leaf water potential range of 0 to −30 bars. The dye method is useful for measuring changes and relative values in leaf potential. Because of species differences in the relationships of dye method values to true leaf water potentials, dye method values should be interpreted with caution when comparing different species or the same species growing in widely different environments. Despite its limitations the dye method has a usefulness to many workers because it is simple, requires no elaborate equipment, and can be used in both the laboratory and field.
Flow-induced instabilities of a mucus serous bilayer

In this paper we investigate the stability of a bilayer exposed to air flow. The bilayer consists of a viscoelastic solid layer (mucus), which rests on a viscous fluid film (serous fluid). The motivation behind this work is to examine the coupled, fluid/elastic instabilities related to mucus clearance in the lung where breathing and cough apply shear forces from the air flow onto the bilayer. Previous research on mucus transport due to air flow has not addressed the effects of the underlying serous layer nor those of surface tension at the mucus–air interface, two new features incorporated into the model. Surface tension effects are governed by the new parameter κ′ = (σ/dG′) where σ is the air–mucus surface tension, G′ is the elastic shear modulus of the mucus, and d is a characteristic thickness of the bilayer. The model predictions for the onset of unstable waves as a function of the parameters are compared to previous theories and experiments to provide physical interpretations and to compare results. The comparison with experiments show good qualitative and quantitative agreement. The results are compared, also, to flow over a single, viscoelastic layer, with no viscous fluid underneath, to demonstrate the appearance of new wave behaviour when the viscous fluid is added.