cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graft failure: III. Glaucoma escalation after penetrating keratoplasty

Glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty is a frequently observed post-operative complication and is a risk factor for graft failure. Penetrating keratoplasty performed for aphakic and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy and inflammatory conditions are more likely to cause postoperative glaucoma compared with keratoconus and Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy. The intraocular pressure elevation may occur immediately after surgery or in the early to late postoperative period. Early postoperative causes of glaucoma include pre-existing glaucoma, retained viscoelastic, hyphema, inflammation, pupillary block, aqueous misdirection, or suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Late causes include pre-existing glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma, ghost cell glaucoma, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, and steroid-induced glaucoma. Determining the cause of IOP elevation can help guide therapeutic intervention. Treatments for refractory glaucoma include topical anti-glaucoma medications such as beta-adrenergic blockers. Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, miotic agents, adrenergic agonists, and prostaglandin analogs should be used with caution in the post-keratoplasty patient, because of the possibility of corneal decompensation, cystoid macular edema, or persistent inflammation. Various glaucoma surgical treatments have reported success in post-keratoplasty glaucoma. Trabeculectomy with mitomycin C can be successful in controlling IOP without the corneal toxicity noted with 5-fluorouracil. Glaucoma drainage devices have successfully controlled intraocular pressure in post-keratoplasty glaucoma; this is, however, associated with increased risk of graft failure. Placement of the tube through the pars plana may improve graft success compared with implantation within the anterior chamber. In addition, cyclophotocoagulation remains a useful procedure for eyes that have refractory glaucoma despite multiple surgical interventions.
Towards Building Asset Registry in Emergency Response

This work proposes an algorithm for asset registry in emergency situations. Specifically, we take the view that first responders need to harvest the unknown capabilities of sensors in an area affected by an emergency. We show how a first responder can estimate the number of sensors with a desired sensing capability in an efficient fashion. At the heart of our algorithm is a simple probabilistic counting strategy. Our theoretical predictions were confirmed both by simulation and by implementation on IRIS sensor motes. Our theoretical and experimental results show that the error percentage of the capability collection is very low.
Educational documentary video segmentation and access through combination of visual, audio and text understanding

Educational documentary videos play an important role in enriching learning experience. However, due to unstructured and linear features, documentary videos are much more difficult to access than text-based documents and have not been effectively utilized. In this paper, we propose a multimodal, hierarchical documentary video segmentation procedure based on image, audio and text understanding. The coincidence of scene-level audio breaks and text (transcript) breaks from domain independent text segmentation determines documentary video scenes/paragraphs. Each video scene/paragraph is further segmented into video shots based on video visual features. To effectively utilize composite documentary video learning materials generated, we propose a documentary video access platform that supports hierarchical organization of video content, multimodal presentation of information, augmented video content and multi-level flexible search. A prototype platform is implemented to demonstrate the idea
Offspring Birth Weights after Maternal Intrauterine Undernutrition: A Comparison within Sibships

The authors examined the effects of maternal intrauterine undernutrition on offspring birth weights in a cohort of women born between August 1944 and April 1946 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. This period included the Dutch Hunger Winter, a war-induced famine. Undernutrition was defined separately for each trimester of pregnancy as an average supply of less than 1,000 calories per day from government food rations. For maximum control of potential maternal confounding factors related to offspring birth weight, the authors performed a within-family analysis, including 437 families with two siblings and 107 families with three siblings born between 1960 and 1985. As in other studies of the famine, maternal birth weight itself was decreased after third trimester intrauterine exposure but not after first trimester exposure. The expected increase in offspring birth weights with increasing birth order was not seen after maternal intrauterine exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy. In this group, second born infants weighed, on average, 252 g less at birth than their firstborn siblings (95% confidence interval (CI) -419 to -85), and thirdborn infants weighed 419 g less (95% CI -926 to 87), even after adjustment for trimester of maternal intrauterine exposure, maternal birth weight, smoking during pregnancy, and sex of infants in the sibling pairs. Additional adjustment for the birth weight of the elder sibling did not materially change this abnormal pattern. There were no abnormal patterns in offspring birth weights after maternal intrauterine exposure in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. The study outcomes could not be explained by other selected determinants of birth weight, by lack of control for socioeconomic status, or by loss to follow-up of the 1944-1946 birth cohort. This study suggests that there may be long-term biologic effects, even into the next generation, of maternal intrauterine undernutrition which do not correspond to the effects on the mothers' own birth weights.
High performance circuits for the i486 processor

Three high-performance circuit blocks of the i486 processor are described: a large, on-chip cache; a 1* clock generator; and a high-speed, 32-b adder. In addition, a summary of the methodology used to design these circuits are given. The circuit used to regulate the clock duty cycle used a feedback technique to adjust timer delays, preventing clock overlap. The timer circuit uses current mirror transistors and capacitors to create a delay interval controlled by the reference voltages. The 1* clock circuit on the i486 processor eases board design requirements by eliminating the need for double frequency clocks with tight timing. >
Elevated vitamin A intake and serum retinol in preadolescent children with cystic fibrosis

Background Persons with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency (PI) are at risk of vitamin A deficiency because of steatorrhea, despite pancreatic enzyme replacement. Long-standing vitamin A supplementation may increase the risk of vitamin A toxicity. Objective The aim was to describe the vitamin A intake and serum retinol concentrations of preadolescent children with CF, PI, and mild-to-moderate pulmonary disease, who were cared for under current practice recommendations. Design This cross-sectional study evaluated children aged 8.0-11.9 y with CF and PI from 13 US CF centers. Dietary and supplemental vitamin A intakes were compared with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for healthy children, CF recommendations, and data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2000. Serum retinol concentrations were compared with NHANES data. Results The 73 subjects with CF had a dietary vitamin A intake of 816 +/- 336 microg retinol activity equivalents (165 +/- 69% of the recommended dietary allowance), which was similar to the NHANES value. The supplement intake provided 2234 +/- 1574 microg retinol activity equivalents/d and exceeded recommendations in 21% of the subjects with CF. Total preformed retinol intake exceeded the DRI tolerable upper intake level in 78% of the subjects with CF. The serum retinol concentration was 52 +/- 13 microg/dL (range: 26-98 microg/dL), which was significantly higher than the NHANES value (37 +/- 10 microg/dL; range: 17-63 microg/dL; P Conclusion Although supplementation helps to prevent vitamin A deficiency in children with CF and PI, their high vitamin A intakes and serum retinol concentrations suggest that usual care may result in excessive vitamin A intake and possible toxicity that would increase the risk of CF-associated liver and bone complications.
Synchronizing self and object movement: How child and adult cyclists intercept moving gaps in a virtual environment

Two experiments examined how 10- and 12-year-old children and adults intercept moving gaps while bicycling in an immersive virtual environment. Participants rode an actual bicycle along a virtual roadway. At 12 test intersections, participants attempted to pass through a gap between 2 moving, car-sized blocks without stopping. The blocks were timed such that it was sometimes necessary for participants to adjust their speed in order to pass through the gap. We manipulated available visual information by presenting the target blocks in isolation in Experiment 1 and in streams of blocks in Experiment 2. In both experiments, adults had more time to spare than did children. Both groups had more time to spare when they were required to slow down than when they were required to speed up. Participants' behavior revealed a multistage interception strategy that cannot be explained by the use of a monotonic control law such as the constant bearing angle strategy. The General Discussion section focuses on possible sources of changes in perception-action coupling over development and on task-specific constraints that could underlie the observed interception strategy.
Effect of the reaction state on the polymerization of p‐xylenesulfonium salts

1,4-Phenylenebis(methylene) sulfonium salts were polymerized under different conditions to yield p-xylylene sulfonium salt polyelectrolytes in a broad range of molecular weights. The aqueous reaction mixture formed a reversible gel at initial monomer concentrations higher than 1.0M, but at lower concentrations it remained as an emulsion until reaction completion. The effect of reaction time on intrinsic viscosities and polymer yields for both the emulsion and the gel state is discussed. The higher yields obtained when the reaction was carried out in the presence of a water-immiscible organic solvent were apparently due to the effect of this solvent on increasing the concentration of the reactive intermediate that led to the polyelectrolyte. Both the addition of an organic solvent and the variation of the initial monomer concentrations allowed some control over the molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte formed.
Computer Forensics for Graduate Accountants: A Motivational Curriculum Design Approach

Computer forensics involves the investigation of digital sources to acquire evidence that can be used in a court of law. It can also be used to identify and respond to threats to hosts and systems. Accountants use computer forensics to investigate computer crime or misuse, theft of trade secrets, theft of or destruction of intellectual property, and fraud. Education of accountants to use forensic tools is a goal of the AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants). Accounting students, however, may not view information technology as vital to their career paths and need motivation to acquire forensic knowledge and skills. This paper presents a curriculum design methodology for teaching graduate accounting students computer forensics. The methodology is tested using perceptions of the students about the success of the methodology and their acquisition of forensics knowledge and skills. An important component of the pedagogical approach is the use of an annotated list of over 50 forensic web-based tools.
The no slot wasting bandwidth balancing mechanism for dual bus architectures

A bandwidth balancing (BWB) mechanism has been added to the distributed queueing algorithm of the distributed-queue dual bus (DQDB) network. BWB can provide the requested throughputs by lightly loaded stations and evenly distribute the remaining channel bandwidth among overloaded stations. However, its operation requires the wastage of channel slots. The authors introduce a new bandwidth balancing mechanism for DQDB. The operation of the new mechanism requires one additional bit in the access control field (ACF) of the slot but has the advantage of exhibiting a similar behavior with the current BWB mechanism of DQDB without wasting any channel slots. For this reason, it can converge faster to the steady state in which fair bandwidth allocation is achieved. The authors investigate the throughput and delay performance of the proposed mechanism under one traffic class and examine its capacity to support multiple priority classes of traffic. They also compare its performance with the corresponding performance of the BWB mechanism of DQDB. >
Towards understanding international graduate student isolation in traditional and online environments

A mixed-methodology approach was employed to gain a better understanding of international graduate students’ perceptions of academic and social isolation, both in traditional and online environments, to see if these differ, and to explore suggestions for improving their sense of engagement within their learning communities. A survey was completed by 54 respondents and ten individuals participated in focus group sessions or individual interviews. The results show that international students, both in traditional and online programs, experience/perceive high levels of isolation, academically and socially. However, online international students may feel even more isolated than their traditional counterparts. The independent variables gender, type of degree, and family presence appear to also have some influence on some of the respondents’ answers. Participants suggested several types of potential interventions they would find useful.
Physical and Genetic Interaction between Ammonium Transporters and the Signaling Protein Rho1 in the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis

Dimorphic transitions between yeast-like and filamentous forms occur in many fungi and are often associated with pathogenesis. One of the cues for such a dimorphic switch is the availability of nutrients. Under conditions of nitrogen limitation, fungal cells (such as those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Ustilago maydis) switch from budding to pseudohyphal or filamentous growth. Ammonium transporters (AMTs) are responsible for uptake and, in some cases, for sensing the availability of ammonium, a preferred nitrogen source. Homodimer and/or heterodimer formation may be required for regulating the activity of the AMTs. To investigate the potential interactions of Ump1 and Ump2, the AMTs of the maize pathogen U. maydis, we first used the split-ubiquitin system, followed by a modified split-YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) system, to validate the interactions in vivo. This analysis showed the formation of homo- and hetero-oligomers by Ump1 and Ump2. We also demonstrated the interaction of the high-affinity ammonium transporter, Ump2, with the Rho1 GTPase, a central protein in signaling, with roles in controlling polarized growth. This is the first demonstration in eukaryotes of the physical interaction in vivo of an ammonium transporter with the signaling protein Rho1. Moreover, the Ump proteins interact with Rho1 during the growth of cells in low ammonium concentrations, a condition required for the expression of the Umps. Based on these results and the genetic evidence for the interaction of Ump2 with both Rho1 and Rac1, another small GTPase, we propose a model for the role of these interactions in controlling filamentation, a fundamental aspect of development and pathogenesis in U. maydis.
The flow of thermoplastic melts: Experimental and predicted

The flow of polypropylene, nylon 6,6, and 33-percent glass-fiber-filled nylon 6,6 into a tensile bar mold was investigated. Pressures needed to fill the cavity and runner system were measured as a function of fill time and melt temperature. The experimental results were compared to pressures predicted using the Moldflow flow-analysis programs. Correlation between experimental and predicted pressures was good provided that accurate input data to the computer programs were used. The choice of runner diameter in the approximation of the irregular shaped runner of this tensile bar mold was found to be important, since the runner length was approximately 40 percent of the total flow length. Material properties of particular importance were thermal conductivity, viscosity, and no-flow temperature (the temperature at which the resin will no longer flow). Viscosity/shear rate/temperature data are needed for the computer programs and two methods of obtaining the data were examined: an Instron capillary rheometer and a capillary nozzle on an injection-molding machine. Good agreement between the two methods was found for polypropylene over a shear rate range of 100 to 10,000 s−1. Only the injection-molding capillary nozzle could be used for the nylon- and glass-filled nylon due to the thermal degradation that occurred in the Instron rheometer.
The Impact of Outsourcing on Client Project Managers

In this article the offshore outsourcing of IT work (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), which details the client-side roles of chief information officers, program management officers, and client project managers and identifies characteristics that distinguish successful projects. The study sample included interviews with 67 project managers. Whereas senior IT leaders design global outsourcing strategies, project managers are responsible for integrating supplier employees and delivering the promised value. We found that offshore outsourcing made their jobs easier in four ways but also created 20 "challenges" - our collective term for what they actually described as "problems," "headaches," or "crises."
Flow, hydrography, turbulent mixing, and dissipation at Fieberling Guyot examined with a primitive equation model

[1] The extensive set of measurements previously taken at Fieberling Guyot provides a backdrop for model results on flow, hydrography, turbulent mixing, and derivative variables. A z-level primitive equation model driven at subinertial and superinertial tidal frequencies allows the nonlinear interaction of free and topographically trapped motions to jointly determine model outcomes. Model residual flows, mean hydrographic features, topographic amplification of oscillatory currents, turbulent dissipation (ɛ) and vertical diffusivity (KV) profiles are all examined in the light of the observations. Azimuthal residual flows are toroidal above the summit with maximum speed ∼20 cm s−1. Diurnal flow over the summit is intensified by a factor >20. Downward vertical flow as a time-mean (〈w〉t) occurs from ∼150 m above the summit apex to summit rim depth, with radially inward flow above the apex and radial outward flow below. Upward 〈w〉t rings the summit at larger r. The existence of the observed cold dome is shown to depend on 〈w〉t in the summit circulation cell. Vertical current shear is concentrated in a 150 m thick cap above the summit, accounting for a domed distribution of ɛ and KV with maxima of ∼10−7 W kg−1 and ∼30 cm2 s−1, respectively. Profiles most like the observations of KV are obtained with a subgrid-scale parameterization in which the turbulent Prandtl number (Pr) depends on the shear Richardson number (Ri).
The Relationship Between Attorney Involvement, Claim Duration, and Workers’ Compensation Costs

Objective: To determine the relationship between attorney involvement, claim duration and workers’ compensation claim costs. Methods: We identified and compared 738 claims with attorney involvement and 6191 claims without attorney involvement submitted by individuals injured between August 1, 2003 and July 31, 2004 whose claims were paid by the Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Corporation (LWCC). At the time of assessment (March 20, 2006), 97.7% of claims not involving attorneys and 57.5% of claims involving attorneys were closed (resolved). Results: After controlling for lost time (temporary/total days paid), attorney involvement was associated with consistently higher medical, indemnity and claims handling costs, as well as increasing claim duration (accident date to closing date). Conclusion: Attorney involvement in workers’ compensation claims is associated with increasing claims duration and costs.
The effects of mentoring on salesperson commitment

Abstract This paper examines the impact of having a mentor on mentoree affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization and occupation. Hypotheses are developed comparing salespeople with and without mentors, and mentorees with mentors inside and outside of the organization. Data was collected from a national sample of salespeople. The results indicate that having a mentor is positively associated with mentoree affective and normative organizational commitment, and affective, continuance and normative occupational commitment. Results also indicate that organizational mentors, as opposed to external mentors, are more strongly associated with mentoree affective and normative organizational commitment. Finally, organizational mentors do not have a greater impact on the facets of mentoree occupational commitment than mentors outside of the organization.
Occupational mental health promotion: A prevention agenda based on education and treatment

Purpose of the Review.Psychological disorders are one of the 10 leading work-related diseases and injuries in the United States according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. This article addresses occupational mental health and preventive stress management in the workplace. The individual and organizational costs are briefly considered with concern for reducing the burden of suffering associated with these problems.Search Method.As an American Psychological Association interdisciplinary panel, we searched the psychological, medical, public health, and organizational literature. We selected articles relevant to the problem of psychological disorders in the workplace and to enhancing occupational mental health and preventive stress management.Important Findings.The panel proposed a national agenda of education and treatment, combined with a program of evaluation research, for addressing these issues. Target populations are identified, and the need for collaboration among a variety ...
A Power Estimation Method for Combinational Circuits

In this chapter we describe a technique for the power estimation of logic circuits. This technique is based on symbolic simulation and was first presented in [3]. A variable delay model is used for combinational logic in the symbolic simulation method, which correctly computes the Boolean conditions that cause glitching (multiple transitions at a gate) in the circuit. In some cases, glitching may account for a significant percentage of the switching activity [5,2]. For each gate in the circuit, symbolic simulation produces a set of Boolean functions that represent the conditions for switching at different time points. Given input switching rates, we can use exact or approximate methods to compute the probability of each gate switching at any particular time point. We then sum these probabilities over all the gates to obtain the expected switching activity in the entire circuit over all the time points corresponding to a clock cycle. This method takes into account correlation caused at internal gates in the circuit due to reconvergence of input signals (reconvergent fanout).
Adaptive Immune System and the Eye: T Cell-Mediated Immunity

T cells contribute to defense against ocular pathogens by recognizing pathogen proteins processed into peptides and presented by the major histocompatibility complex on the cell surface. CD8+ T cells are primarily lytic effectors, whereas CD4+ T cells primarily prod0uce cytokines, which orchestrate immune responses by inducing immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching in B cells, and by activating innate immune cells to promote inflammation. Immunosuppressive molecules within the eye normally attenuate T-cell responses to prevent tissue damage caused by inflammation. However, certain ocular pathogens induce T-cell responses that break this ocular immune privilege causing blinding immunopathology.
Differential effect of Hg(II) on [d(A)n.d(T)n] and [d(A-T)n.d(A-T)n] sequences: circular dichroism (CD) measurements and endonuclease digestion studies using poly[d(A).d(T)] and poly[d(A-T).d(A-T)] as substrates.

The long-wavelength positive CD bands of poly[d(A).d(T)] and poly[d(A-T).d(A-T)] become inverted upon the addition of Hg(ClO4)2. Poly[d(A).d(T)] requires higher levels of mercury to undergo inversion than poly[d(A-T).d(A-T)]. Mercurated poly[d(A).d(T)] is digested more rapidly than the control by DNase I or staphylococcal nuclease at low levels of Hg(ClO4)2. Let r identical to [Hg(ClO4)2]added/[DNA-P]. A 4- to 5-fold rate increase occurs with DNase I at r = 0.25; a 2-fold increase with staphylococcal nuclease at r = 0.2. By contrast, digestion of poly[d(A-T).d(A-T)] decreases immediately with increasing r. The noted rate increases appear to be due to a modification of poly[d(A).d(T)] helix structure prior to the chiroptical conversion. The modification is interpreted as a widening of the minor groove, permitting, thus, a better binding of DNase I to its substrate. The overall changes in CD as well as enzymatic digestion rates are taken to signal mercury-induced alterations in helix screwness from right-to-left. They are totally reversible subsequent to the removal of mercury.
Wrestling with Decoupling

The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) dealt a fiscal blow to state governments by repealing the state death tax credit, a mechanism by which the Federal government effectively shared estate tax revenues with the states. Between 2001 and 2005, the repeal gradually took effect and is now complete. When EGTRRA repealed the state death tax credit, it also effectively repealed all state estate taxes calculated by reference to that credit. This change impacted state estate taxes nationwide and completely eliminated 38 state estate tax regimes. In a process known as "decoupling," some of the affected states have responded by imposing new, independent, state estate taxes. This brief Article highlights three areas in which this decoupling of Federal and state death tax regimes has impacted modern estate planning: (1) forcing estate planning lawyers to rethink the fundamental structure of modern estate plans, (2) dramatically increasing the potential tax savings to be achieved by taxpayers changing their state of domicile, and (3) imposing new administrative burdens on decedent's estates.
LATE DEVONIAN (FRASNIAN AND FAMENNIAN) CONODONTS FROM THE WADLEIGH LIMESTONE, SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA

Conodont faunas from the upper part of the Wadleigh Limestone, Alexander terrane, southeastern Alaska, are of Frasnian to early Famennian age and include the new taxa Polygnathus aspelundi nanus n. subsp., Polygnathus decorosus dutroi n. subsp., Polygnathus elegantulus sparus n. subsp., Polygnathus gracilis n. subsp. A, Polygnathus n. sp. A, Palmatolepis subrecta youngquisti n. subsp., and Icriodus subterminus uyenoi n. subsp. Four distinct age-determined faunal assemblages are recognized. The lowest is assigned to the Lower Palmatolepis rhenana Zone (the chronozones of Ziegler and Sandberg, 1990, are treated herein as time-rock equivalent assemblage zones). The next is exposed on three small islands just south of Wadleigh Island and is correlated with part of the Lower to Upper Palmatolepis rhenana Zones. The third assemblage, on the eastern side of Wadleigh Island from close to the top of the section, is correlated with part of the Palmatolepis linguiformis Zone. Nearby and overlying this is the fourth assemblage, which is correlated with part of the Lower Palmatolepis triangularis Zone and thus appears to be within the lower Famennian. These Wadleigh Limestone conodont faunas have affinities with faunas from equivalent horizons of the cratonic regions of the Northwest Territories and Alberta in Western Canada and to other faunas globally. The more provincial conodont taxa lend weak but positive support to brachiopod faunal evidence that places the Alexander terrane close to the North American craton during the Late Devonian.
The Language of Ageism: Why We Need to Use Words Carefully

Purpose: Language carries and con veys meaning which feeds assumptions and judgments that can lead to the development of stereotypes and discrimination. As a result, this study closely examined the specific language that is used to communicate attitudes and perceptions of aging and older adults. Design and Methods: We conducted a qualitati ve study of a twitter assignment for 236 students participating in a senior mentoring program. Three hundred fifty-four tweets were qualitatively analyzed to explore language-based age discrimination using a thematic analytic approach. Results: Twelve percent of the tweets ( n = 43) were found to contain discriminatory language. Thematic analysis of the biased tweets identified 8 broad themes describing language-based age discrimination: assumptions and judgments, older people as different, uncharacteristic characteristics, old as negative, young as positive, infantilization, internalized ageism, and internalized microaggression. Implications: The language of ageism is rooted in both explicit actions and implicit attitudes which make it highly complex and difficult to identify. Continued examination of linguistic encoding is needed in order to recognize and rectify language-based age discrimination.
Transverse Instability Studies in a Subscale Chamber

High-frequency combustion instabilities result from a coupling between modes of heat release and chamber acoustics. Because the geometric dimensions of the chamber define the relevant acoustic modes, it is particularly difficult to study transverse instabilities in anything other than a full-scale chamber. In this paper, results from experimental studies of a two-dimensional subscale chamber that can nearly replicate full-scale acoustic modes are described. The acoustic modes are primarily driven by injector elements at the endwalls of the rectangular chamber. They were designed to be unstable, based on a vortex-shedding mechanism postulated on earlier results from longitudinal studies. The 27-cm-wide by 19-cm-long chamber produced transverse instabilities with a first width-mode frequency of about 2000 Hz, with no longitudinal mode content in the pressure signal. The chamber comprises a linear array of seven gas-centered swirl coaxial liquid injectors, designed to flow either bipropellants, only oxidizer...
The Original Pan-American Games? The 1937 Dallas Pan-American Olympics

AbstractIn 1937, Dallas, Texas, hosted a sporting festival that drew teams from across the Americas to a ‘Pan American Olympics’. Organized under the umbrella of the Greater Texas and Pan-American Exposition, the games drew hundreds of athletes for track and field contests, soccer football matches, and a boxing tournament. Though historians generally consider the 1951 Buenos Aires Pan-American Games as the genesis of the Western Hemisphere’s biggest sporting carnival, the Dallas games certainly inspired even if they did not directly inaugurate the Pan-American Games movement. Directed by George Preston Marshall, the owner of a professional gridiron football franchise and an ardent leader of segregation in that sport, the Pan-American Olympics paradoxically produced an interracial set of contests that matched black, white, and Latino athletes against one another in the heart of the segregated US South. The Dallas Pan-American festival reveals the enigmatic visions of their architect, illumines the racial a...
Copper(I) and copper(II) uranyl heterometallic hybrid materials.

Two copper–uranium heterometallic compounds, [(UO2)3CuIIO2(C6NO2)5] (1) and [(UO2)CuI(C6NO2)3] (2), have been synthesized by the reaction of uranyl acetate with copper salts in the presence of isonicotinic acid. Both compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR, Raman, and UV–vis spectroscopy. In compound 1, interactions between copper and uranium centers occur and result in a three-dimensional pillar layered structure. Compound 1 is also the first example of a heterometallic uranyl organic framework with a trinuclear U3O18 building block. Compound 2 is the first uranyl organic framework that contains monovalent copper, which arises from the reaction of Cu(II) chloride and is assumed to be due to the oxidation of chloride at low pH.
Dominance hierarchies and helper contributions in Harris' hawks

-We examined dominance hierarchies, mating relationships, and helping by individually marked Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus) at 64 nests in Arizona (1984-1988). Dominance hierarchies were linear and always contained an adult female as the most dominant member. We placed hawks into three dominance categories (alpha, beta, and gamma) based on frequencies of supplanting. Pairs without helpers (16%, n = 64) and groups that contained a beta male helper (63%) were the most common social structures. Some groups (11%) contained a second alpha female (alpha-2) that was subordinate to the alpha female and dominant over the alpha male. Of 68 observations of copulatory behavior, 45 (66%) were copulations between alpha males and alpha females. Beta males attempted to copulate with alpha females (23 observations; 34%) but were unsuccessful because of a lack of female compliance. Observations of movements by marked hawks suggested that most gamma helpers were offspring of the alpha pair and that beta males and alpha-2 females were probably unrelated to the alpha pair. Alpha hawks restricted access to the nest by both beta and gamma helpers, but beta males were tolerated closer to the nest than were gamma helpers. Consequently, beta and gamma helpers rarely participated in the direct care of eggs and young but were active in procuring prey, transporting prey to the nest area, and defending the nest from predation by Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus). Received 29 May 1990, accepted 15
Applying Kukhtarev's Charge Transport Model to Multiple Quantum-Well Hetero-Nipis

We present a model for light-induced charge transport in long-period multiple-quantum-well hetero-nipi structures that is based on Kukhtarev's transport model developed for understanding photorefractive grating formation. We give a simple analytical expression for the steady-state space-charge field in a hetero-nipi under illumination as a function of light intensity.
Authorizing Female Voice and Experience: Ghosts and Spirits in Kingston's The Woman Warrior and Allende's The House of the Spirits

Authors have long woven supernatural elements into their fiction for a variety of reasons: to heighten suspense, enhance setting, or complicate plot. The use of the supernatural, however, can also reveal alternative experiences that formal realism can neither portray nor contain sufficiently, and while present in both maleand femaleauthored texts, the use of the supernatural by women may also serve as a specific rhetorical strategy both to expose and counter the androcentric social and literary scripts that circumscribe "acceptable" behavior. In the Eurocentric canon, however, the presence of the supernatural as a plot device has traditionally marginalized the workwhether male or female authored-reflecting the dominant values of Western culture, which privilege formal realism, the understandable and ordinary rather than the unexplained and fantastic. In The Rise of the Woman Novelist, Jane Spencer analyzes this privileging of formal realism against the romantic and fantastical qualities of much women's writing (181-82), asserting that it "has meant that much of women's fiction has been devalued as unrealistic" (183). Similarly Terry Lovell, in Consuming Fiction, addresses this coupling of women's fiction with the unrealistic, arguing that with the nineteenth century, fiction became male dominated and returned to realism (74). What happens, though, when the female writer produces supernatural fiction within a culture that embraces the other-worldly? How is that fiction received not only in her own culture but in terms of the Western literary canon? Does she find her writing doubly marginalized-first because it articulates female experience and then because it reproduces that which seems "unrealistic" ? Maxine Hong Kingston and Isabel Allende are two such writers who establish significant connections between the supernatural and female voice; more specifically, The Woman Warrior (1975) and The House of the Spirits (1985) explore the authority provided by ghosts
Maximal tree clustering method based on dyadic semantic information processing

With respect to multiple attribute clustering analysis problems with linguistic assessment information,a new maximal tree clustering analysis method is proposed.In the method,based on the traditional ideas of maximal tree clustering method,the dyadic semantic representation is used to process the linguistic assessment information,and the clustering objects are classified.The method has the characteristics of clear conception,simple calculation steps and exact information processing.Finally,a numerical example is given to illustrate the applicability of the proposed clustering method.
Migrational Fractionation of Neutral Nitrogen Compounds of Crude Oil in Tarim Basin

The absolute concentration and relative proportionality of neutral nitrogen compounds of crude oil in Tarim Basin reveal that obvious migrational fractionation is caused vertically from Ordovician reservoirs to TI reservoirs, of which the obsolute concentration goes low from high, the content of nitrogen-shielded compounds of dimethylcarbazoles is relatively abundant,but the contents of nitrogen-partially-shielded compounds and nitrogen-exposed compounds of dimethylcarbazoles are lower. The proportionality of benzo[a] carbazole to benzo[c] carbazole becomes low from high. The distributional characteristics of the neutral nitrogen compounds in crude oil in the reservoirs of Lunnan Well 14 not only reflect obvious migrational fractionation of the neutral nitrogen compounds in single well, but also reflects that when the oil originated from Cambrian-Ordovician marine source rocks is mixed with that from carboniferous source rocks, the distributional patterns of dimethylcarbazoles in oil are changed.
Acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis.

A minor illness is described which is present continuously in the population. From the data presented and from more detailed data which are in the process of publication, the conclusion can be drawn that the gastrointestinal tract of man is subject to bombardment with a nonbacterial agent in a manner very similar to that in which the upper respiratory tract is assailed by the agents of the common respiratory diseases.
Double-pulse 2-μm integrated path differential absorption lidar airborne validation for atmospheric carbon dioxide measurement.

Field experiments were conducted to test and evaluate the initial atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement capability of airborne, high-energy, double-pulsed, 2-μm integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar. This IPDA was designed, integrated, and operated at the NASA Langley Research Center on-board the NASA B-200 aircraft. The IPDA was tuned to the CO2 strong absorption line at 2050.9670 nm, which is the optimum for lower tropospheric weighted column measurements. Flights were conducted over land and ocean under different conditions. The first validation experiments of the IPDA for atmospheric CO2 remote sensing, focusing on low surface reflectivity oceanic surface returns during full day background conditions, are presented. In these experiments, the IPDA measurements were validated by comparison to airborne flask air-sampling measurements conducted by the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. IPDA performance modeling was conducted to evaluate measurement sensitivity and bias errors. The IPDA signals and their variation with altitude compare well with predicted model results. In addition, off-off-line testing was conducted, with fixed instrument settings, to evaluate the IPDA systematic and random errors. Analysis shows an altitude-independent differential optical depth offset of 0.0769. Optical depth measurement uncertainty of 0.0918 compares well with the predicted value of 0.0761. IPDA CO2 column measurement compares well with model-driven, near-simultaneous air-sampling measurements from the NOAA aircraft at different altitudes. With a 10-s shot average, CO2 differential optical depth measurement of 1.0054±0.0103 was retrieved from a 6-km altitude and a 4-GHz on-line operation. As compared to CO2 weighted-average column dry-air volume mixing ratio of 404.08 ppm, derived from air sampling, IPDA measurement resulted in a value of 405.22±4.15 ppm with 1.02% uncertainty and 0.28% additional bias. Sensitivity analysis of environmental systematic errors correlates the additional bias to water vapor. IPDA ranging resulted in a measurement uncertainty of <3 m.
What explains former rebel party name changes after a civil conflict ends? External and internal factors and the transition to political competition

The transformation of rebel groups into political parties has captured the attention of scholars of both conflict studies and of party transformation. In this paper we examine the question of rebel...
Growth and characterization of ErAs:GaBixAs1-x

We explore the growth and characterization of ErAs:GaBiAs as a candidate material for terahertz generation and detection via photoconductive switches. Spectrophotometry shows that the incorporation of small amounts of bismuth causes a reduction in the band gap, making these materials compatible with fiber-coupled lasers. ErAs pins the Fermi level within the band gap, causing high dark resistance while maintaining high mobility, shown by Hall effect measurements. Finally, transient absorption (optical pump, optical probe) measurements show that the ErAs provides a carrier recombination pathway, causing short carrier lifetimes. These material properties make ErAs:GaBiAs an interesting choice for fiber-coupled photoconductive switches.
Provisioning of Public Health Can Be Designed to Anticipate Public Policy Responses

Public health policies can elicit strong responses from individuals. These responses can promote, reduce, and even reverse the expected benefits of the policies. Therefore, projections of individual responses to policy can be important ingredients in policy design. Yet our foresight of individual responses to public health investment remains limited. This paper formulates a population game describing the prevention of infectious disease transmission when community health depends on the interactions of individual and public investments. We compare three common relationships between public and individual investments and explain how each relationship alters policy responses and health outcomes. Our methods illustrate how identifying system interactions between nature and society can help us anticipate policy responses.
Molecular communication for drug delivery systems: A survey

Abstract Drug delivery systems (DDS) are engineered methods to enable the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents at the right rate and location while minimizing the undesired side effects. The recent advances in bioengineering and nanotechnology make it possible to design molecular compounds with specific sizes, shapes, structures and chemical properties to improve the drug uptake and minimize its side effects. Despite all of this progress, overcoming the biological barriers to drug delivery remains challenging. Observing the parallels between the delivery of drugs and the delivery of data, a new paradigm in communication systems research, called molecular communication (MC), has been devised to approach this problem. This paper presents the state-of-the-art, challenges and research opportunities in studying DDS through the MC paradigm. First, the constituting elements of a DDS are presented, highlighting the contributions from MC research. Second, an overview is given of the novel modeling approaches based on communication theory and several simulation platforms applicable to the study of drug delivery systems are presented. Finally, lessons are drawn from the efforts of the MC community on this research topic and future research opportunities and challenges are discussed.
Between the Sheets: Postsynthetic Transformations in Hybrid Perovskites

Hybrid perovskites combine the optical and electronic versatility of ionic inorganic solids with the synthetic diversity and tunability of covalent organic molecules. Their multicomponent, crystalline architectures, incorporating a wide array of metals, ligands, and organic molecules, can be synthetically fine-tuned to accommodate diverse target technologies. In this Perspective, we highlight how the utility of hybrid perovskites can be further extended through chemical and physical postsynthetic transformations, with an emphasis on the design of functional solids. We describe strategies that we and other researchers have developed for using the parent perovskite to direct the structure or morphology of the product. We further show how the perovskite structure provides a unique reaction vessel for performing chemical transformations that cannot be accessed through conventional methods. We hope this Perspective motivates both organic and inorganic chemists to further expand the versatility of these technol...
Home-Based Outpatient Telepsychiatry to Improve Adherence With Treatment Appointments: A Pilot Study

Objective:This study examined whether patients who had been nonadherent with outpatient appointments and who were randomly assigned to receive treatment through a telepsychiatry intervention (home-based video teleconferencing) would show improvement in adherence to appointments, compared with a treatment-as-usual group.Methods:Participants (N=22) were randomly assigned to home-based video teleconferencing or to outpatient treatment as usual during a six-month study. The primary outcome measure was improvement in visit adherence, which was analyzed using a two-sample t test.Results:Percentage improvement in visit adherence did not differ significantly between the telepsychiatry and treatment-as-usual groups (14%, compared with 15%). A greater number of participants in the telepsychiatry group reported less subjective difficulty in keeping appointments.Conclusions:A small number of participants, short study period, selection bias, and the Hawthorne effect may have limited measured impact in this study. The ...
New Phases of SU(3) and SU(4) at Finite Temperature

The addition of an adjoint Polyakov loop term to the action of a pure gauge theory at finite temperature leads to new phases of SU(N) gauge theories. For SU(3), a new phase is found which breaks Z(3) symmetry in a novel way; for SU(4), the new phase exhibits spontaneous symmetry breaking of Z(4) to Z(2), representing a partially-confined phase in which quarks are confined, but diquarks are not. The overall phase structure and thermodynamics is consistent with a theoretical model of the effective potential for the Polyakov loop based on perturbation theory.