cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Truth and proof in a lawyer's story

Abstract There is a distinction between commonly known truth and truth as established for legal purposes. The latter requires proof. This distinction between ordinary truth and legal truth is available to speakers as a discursive resource (although differently available in different cultures). In this paper, after a brief discussion of some matters relating to evidence, proof, and truth, I analyze a short, generic story told by a lawyer in the Federal Trade Commission, in which the representatives of companies allegedly violating the law say “You can’t prove it.” The violation is relatively minor and there is some controversy about whether to include the charge in the case. The story, I argue, provides a motivation which goes beyond the strictly legal. The company representatives capitalize on the distinction between “mere truth” and legally established truth. I conclude with a discussion of the place of proof—the word, its variants, and the things which constitute proof—in conversation, including a discussion of sequential placement, deniability, nonverbal signals and implicature, and a distinction between “official” and “unofficial” communication. It is the disparity between their official and unofficial stances that gives the company representatives’ behavior its distinctive interactional force.
Remarks on "The mechanics of bilinear transformation"

The entries in X matrix of Power [1]-[3] and in Q matrix of Fielder [4] are further simplified. In fact, for n even one needs to calculate n/2 × n/2 elements, and for n odd, (n - 1)/2 × (n - 1)/2 elements of these matrices. This simplification is based on certain properties of the rows and columns of the Q and X matrices.
Functional Specification Of Neighborhoods In An Image Processing Language

Many image processing languages support the concept of a neighborhood or structuring element. In such image processing languages, a neighborhood is usually defined similarly to an image. Operations involving an image and a neighborhood yield a resultant image by some kind of convolution of this single fixed neighborhood with the source image. In this paper we show how generalizing the neighborhood concept to permit neighborhoods that are functionally specified and can vary from pixel to pixel within an image can provide a powerful algebraic language for image processing. Many complex image processing procedures requiring multiple operations to describe in other languages, such as rotation of an image by an arbitrary angle, can be described by a single algebraic operation involving a functionally specified neighborhood. We give examples of the use of functionally specified neighborhoods and argue that this general approach to neighborhood operations is appropriate for implementation on state of the art computer architectures.
Long-term outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease.

This Practice Point commentary discusses a recent paper by Menon et al. that described the natural history of a cohort of nondiabetic patients with stage 2–4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) who had been recruited from nephrology practices and screened for entry into the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) trial. Kidney failure was the most common outcome during long-term follow-up among these patients and there was a low competing risk of death, findings in contrast to observations in other cohorts of patients with CKD. Patients with lower glomerular filtration rate and greater proteinuria at baseline were at increased risk for both kidney failure and death, but kidney failure remained more likely than death in all glomerular filtration rate subgroups. These results emphasize the heterogeneity of the CKD population. Nephrologists should not rely on CKD staging alone to direct management of or risk-stratify patients with CKD, but should also consider the etiology and rate of progression of kidney disease, patient age and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The effect of protamine on the action of ACTH.

Bei Ratten verursachen 0,5µg ACTH/100 g keine Verminderung des Ascorbinsauregehaltes der Nebenniere, wenn gleichzeitig 20 mg/kg Protaminsulfat gegeben werden.
The natural history, skeletal complications, and management of bone metastases in patients with prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND. Prostate carcinoma poses a significant public health problem. Although a minority of men with newly diagnosed prostate carcinoma manifest bone metastases or skeletal abnormalities, a significant proportion of men will develop these complications over the course of their lives. Patients at highest risk for bone metastases include those with high grade, high stage neoplasms, those who fail primary curative therapies such as radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy, and those who develop biochemical recurrence after hormonal therapy. METHODS. The relative risks and prognostic factors for bone metastases in each of these settings will be reviewed. RESULTS. In comparison with men without prostate carcinoma, benign skeletal complications (osteopenia and fractures) occur at significantly increased rates among men with untreated prostate carcinoma. Moreover, the incidence rate of these conditions increases dramatically among those men who are receiving endocrine therapy. The duration and intensity of the endocrine therapy may be associated with the incidence rate and severity of skeletal complications. CONCLUSIONS. Given the significant incidence rate and quality of life implications of skeletal complications and bone metastases, there is an urgent need to identify effective preventive therapies and treatments. Bisphosphonates may have a role in preventing osteopenia and, potentially, bone metastases among men with prostate carcinoma.
Intake fractions of primary conserved air pollutants emitted from on-road vehicles in the United States

Abstract Vehicular air pollutant emissions are characterized by a high degree of spatial variability that is correlated with the distribution of people. The consequences of the spatial association between emissions and exposed populations have not been fully captured in lifecycle and other impact assessments. The intake fraction (iF) quantifies aggregate air-pollutant exposures attributable to sources. Utilizing source–receptor (S–R) relationships derived from the US Environmental Protection Agency's AERMOD steady-state plume model, we quantify the intake fraction of conserved pollutants emitted from on-road mobile sources and report here the first characterization across approximately 65,000 census tracts of the conterminous United States. Considering exposures out to 50 km from the source, the population-weighted mean iF is 8.6 parts per million (ppm). The population-weighted median generally increases with geographic scale, from 3.6 ppm for census tracts to 4.2 ppm for counties, and 5.1 ppm for states, while the population-weighted interquartile range (IQR) progressively narrows as geographic scale increases: 0.85–8.8 ppm for census tracts, 1.5–8.5 ppm for counties, and 3.2–7.5 ppm for states. Across the four US Census regions, the population weighted median iF varies from 2.2 ppm (South) to 7.5 ppm (West), and the census-tract IQR spans an order of magnitude in each region (2.1–17 ppm in the West; 0.55–6.9 ppm in the Midwest; 0.45–5.5 ppm in the South; and 1.8–18 ppm in the Northeast). The population-weighted mean intake fraction for populous urban counties is about two orders of magnitude greater than for sparsely populated rural counties. On a population-weighted average basis and considering the 50 km analysis range, 75% of the intake occurs in the same county as emissions.
Sustainability Gives New Meaning to Greening

Abstract NARRATIVE BY KARENLEE SPENCER: In September 1984, my husband, Chuck, and I embarked upon a journey that was to take us to unexplored territory. We made a conscious decision to live “off the grid,” since the property which Chuck's family had purchased was a forested, unspoiled piece of land in east-central Illinois that did not have access to water, electricity, or gas. A portion of the 136 acres (30 or so) had been farmed at one time, but the remainder of the property was heavily wooded. The terrain posed challenges as well. Quite hilly by Illinois standards, the ground marks the spot where glaciers stopped and spilled their remains many thousands of years ago. “Radiometric dating of wood and soil samples indicates that the Wisconsin glacier reached Illinois about 30,000 years ago and spread out to its maximum extent” (180 miles south of Chicago in central Illinois) about 23,000 years ago (Hansel and Johnson 1992, p. 18). Chuck had started clearing 30 or so acres of the densely overgrown and unin...
What we know about dyslexia and Web accessibility: a research review

Compared to the online interaction behavior of other users, little is known about the difficulties dyslexic Web users encounter online. This paper reviews existing literature at the intersection of dyslexia and accessibility research to determine what useful knowledge exists regarding this important and relatively large group of users. This review uncovers that, although there are few published usability tests with dyslexic users, there is a considerable body of knowledge on dyslexia as well as many design guidelines for authoring dyslexic-accessible interfaces. Through a comparison of existing accessibility guidelines for dyslexic and non-dyslexic users and discussion of the plain language movement, it is argued that dyslexic-accessible practices may redress difficulties encountered by all Internet users. This conclusion suggests that usability testing yielding a clearer profile of the dyslexic user would further inform the practice of universal design, but also that enough knowledge is already available to allow doing more to increase accessibility for dyslexic Internet users.
The restoration of porous methylsilsesquioxane (p-MSQ) films using trimethylhalosilanes dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide

Repair and capping of porous methylsilsesquioxane (JSR LKD 5109) low-k films using a series of trimethylhalosilanes (trimethylchlorosilane-TMCS, trimethylbromosilane-TMBS, and trimethyliodosilane-TMIS) dissolved in supercritical CO"2 (scCO"2) was studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry, goniometry, and electrical measurements. FTIR results showed that all trimethylhalosilanes reacted with silanol (SiO-H) groups in the fluid and on the surface of oxygen ashed porous methylsilsesquioxane (p-MSQ) films depositing trimethylsilyl -O-Si-(CH"3)"3 moieties. XPS results showed that no Br and I were detected after processing. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and goniometry showed that the total film thickness and contact angle increased in the series TMCS
Effects of blocking of the avoidance response on the elimination of the conditioned fear response

The effects of fear extinction on the subsequent extinction of the instrumental avoidance response was investigated in the albino rat. Statistical analyses and graphic representation revealed that blocked Ss gave fewer responses during extinction than controls, this difference diminishing as a function of the number of extinction trials. Latency results were supportive. The authors concluded that blocking of the avoidance response in the presence of conditioned fear producing stimuli results in only a temporary suppression of the avoidance behavior.
The Influence of an Antistrike Injunction.

Injunction proceedings in a four-week teacher strike are analyzed in terms of the French-Raven model ofpower and influence. The analysis suggests a reconsideration of both practice and policy affecting the use of injunction actions in teacher strikes.
Insulin inhibits the glucocorticoid‐mediated increase in hepatocyte EGF binding

Hydrocortisone and dexamethasone produced a time-dependent increase [125I]epidermal growth factor [( 125I]EGF) binding in primary cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes. Maximally effective doses of glucocorticoids resulted in a 70-100% increase in binding. The effect was similar when hepatocytes were maintained on collagen-coated plates or directly on culture dishes. The glucocorticoid-mediated increase in [125I]EGF binding could be detected after 4 h exposure to glucocorticoid and was substantial by 8 h. The major effect of glucocorticoid appeared to be to increase the number of EGF receptors. While insulin (100 nM) had no effect on basal [125I]EGF binding, it significantly inhibited the increase produced by the glucocorticoid. Since the inhibitory effect of insulin was only observed when insulin was added with the inducing glucocorticoid, insulin appears to inhibit an early hydrocortisone-mediated event.
Simplex shrink-wrap algorithm

An iterative algorithm for fitting a simplex around a set of data vectors is proposed. The algorithm is a gradient descent on an objective function defined on the vertices. This objective function is the sum of two terms: the first term is the volume of the simplex, which we would like to minimize, and the second term is a penalty term which has the effect of 'pushing' the faces of the simplex away from the data points. The gradient of each of these terms is determined analytically, and used in the gradient descent algorithm. The penalty term includes a multiplicative constant which approaches zero as the gradient descent algorithm progresses, causing the iterates to converge to the vertices of a simplex which fits tightly around the given data points. The performance of this algorithm is demonstrated using simulated data generated from real spectral libraries.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An approach for designing self-checking logic using residue codes

It is generally agreed now that the major portion of faults in logic system are not of permanent nature. Current testing strategies are incapable of detecting nonpermanent faults. The characteristics of such faults requires that logic circuits be designed in a way so that if there is a fault in the circuit, its effect will be detected during the normal operation of the circuit, i.e. the circuits be self-checking. In this paper the authors propose two rules based on the mode 3 residue coding scheme for designing circuits for online error detection. >
Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) of Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.

The Ephemeroptera (Insecta) fauna of Yellowstone National Park consists of 46 species in 24 genera among eight families. These species are listed, and fifteen of the species (including collection data) are reported for the first time. Another 13 species have been taken adjacent to the park in Wyoming and Montana and noted as expected to occur in the park.
Don’t Turn Your Head!

A 67-year-old healthy man presented for evaluation of vertigo. The patient had had intermittent vertiginous symptoms and near syncope with extreme head turning for 1 year. Previous workup included a carotid ultrasound that revealed <29% bilateral stenosis. Transcranial Doppler revealed low flow in the left vertebral artery with high velocities in the right vertebral artery; however, there was no evidence of velocity shift in the basilar artery with head turning. The patient continued to have debilitating symptoms despite conservative therapy for cervicogenic vertigo. Cerebral angiogram with head turning to the left demonstrated a normal right vertebral …
High-Amplitude Pitch of a Flat Plate: An Abstraction of Perching and Flapping

We compare water tunnel experiment and 2D vortex-particle computation for a generalization of the classical problem of flat-plate constant-rate pitch and related motions, at frequencies and Reynolds numbers relevant to Micro Air Vehicle applications. The motivation is problems of maneuvering, perching and gust response. All of the examined flows evince a strong leading edge vortex. Increasing pitch rate tends to tighten the leading edge vortex and to produce a trailing-edge vortex system dominated by a counter-rotating pair. Pitch pivot point location is crucial to the leading edge vortex size and formation history, and to its subsequent behavior in convecting over the airfoil suction-side. Despite the respective limitations of the experiment and computations, agreement in vorticity fields between the two at an overlapping case at Re = 10,000 is good, whence it is possible to use the computation to obtain integrated force data unavailable in the experiment. These were studied for Re= 100 and 1000. Lift pr...
Effect of Colchicine on Platelet-Platelet and Platelet-Leukocyte Interactions: a Pilot Study in Healthy Subjects

The cardioprotective mechanisms of colchicine in patients with stable ischemic heart disease remain uncertain. We tested varying concentrations of colchicine on platelet activity in vitro and a clinically relevant 1.8-mg oral loading dose administered over 1 h in 10 healthy subjects. Data are shown as median [interquartile range]. Colchicine addition in vitro decreased light transmission platelet aggregation only at supratherapeutic concentrations but decreased monocyte- (MPA) and neutrophil-platelet aggregation (NPA) at therapeutic concentrations. Administration of 1.8 mg colchicine to healthy subjects had no significant effect on light transmission platelet aggregation but decreased the extent of MPA (28 % [22-57] to 22 % [19-31], p = 0.05) and NPA (19 % [16-59] to 15 % [11-30], p = 0.01), platelet surface expression of PAC-1 (370 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) [328-555] to 333 MFI [232-407], p = 0.02) and P-selectin (351 MFI [269-492] to 279 [226-364], p = 0.03), and platelet adhesion to collagen (10.2 % [2.5-32.6] to 2.0 % [0.2-9.5], p = 0.09) 2 h post-administration. Thus, in clinically relevant concentrations, colchicine decreases expression of surface markers of platelet activity and inhibits leukocyte-platelet aggregation but does not inhibit homotypic platelet aggregation.
Differences in passenger car and large truck involved crash frequencies at urban signalized intersections: an exploratory analysis.

The influence of intersection features on safety has been examined extensively because intersections experience a relatively large proportion of motor vehicle conflicts and crashes. Although there are distinct differences between passenger cars and large trucks-size, operating characteristics, dimensions, and weight-modeling crash counts across vehicle types is rarely addressed. This paper develops and presents a multivariate regression model of crash frequencies by collision vehicle type using crash data for urban signalized intersections in Tennessee. In addition, the performance of univariate Poisson-lognormal (UVPLN), multivariate Poisson (MVP), and multivariate Poisson-lognormal (MVPLN) regression models in establishing the relationship between crashes, traffic factors, and geometric design of roadway intersections is investigated. Bayesian methods are used to estimate the unknown parameters of these models. The evaluation results suggest that the MVPLN model possesses most of the desirable statistical properties in developing the relationships. Compared to the UVPLN and MVP models, the MVPLN model better identifies significant factors and predicts crash frequencies. The findings suggest that traffic volume, truck percentage, lighting condition, and intersection angle significantly affect intersection safety. Important differences in car, car–truck, and truck crash frequencies with respect to various risk factors were found to exist between models. The paper provides some new or more comprehensive observations that have not been covered in previous studies.
Association between 5-HTTLPR and borderline personality disorder traits among youth

This study provides the first genetic association examination of borderline personality disorder traits (BPD) traits in children and adolescents (ages 9-15) using two independent samples of youth recruited from the general community. We tested the a priori hypothesis that the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) would relate specifically to BPD traits in youth. This association was hypothesized based on prior genetic association research with BPD adults and theory positing that emotion dysregulation may be a core risk process contributing to BPD. Youth provided DNA via buccal cells. Both youth and a parent completed self-report measures assessing youth’s BPD traits and depressive symptoms. Results from both Study 1 (N = 242) and an independent replication sample of Study 2 (N = 144) showed that carriers of the short allele of 5-HTTLPR exhibited the highest levels of BPD traits. This relation was observed even after controlling for the substantial co-occurrence between BPD traits and depressive symptoms. This specific association between 5-HTTLPR and BPD traits among youth supports previous genetic associations with adults diagnosed with BPD and provides preliminary support for a developmental extension of etiological risk for BPD among youth.
Computed tomography of an exophytic gastric hemangioma with torsion and intratumoral hemorrhage

Abstract A case of exophytic gastric hemangioma with intratu-moral bleeding due to torsion of the tumor pedicle is reported. A radiograph showed a mass without phleboliths. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a 14-cm mass with high densities due to hemorrhage, which was contiguous to the stomach and extended to the pelvis. The tumor showed no remarkable enhancement on post-enhanced CT due to torsion of the tumor pedicle.
MALESTAR EN LA LITERATURA: ESCRITURA Y BARBARIE EN ESTRELLA DISTANTE Y NOCTURNO DE CHILE DE ROBERTO BOLAÑO

This essay examines the relationship between writing and barbarism in Roberto Bolano'snovels Estrella distante (1996) and Nocturno de Chile (2000), analyzing how the author portrays the intimate coexistence between art and violence in the context of Chile's military dictatorship. By portraying the world of ultra-right-wing intellectuals and literati, the author expresses the impossibility of fully disentangling literature and barbarism. I argue that Bolano develops an anti-humanist view of literature which hints at the solidarity between high culture and barbarism, and thus indicates the exhaustion of a redemptive view of literature in Latin America.
A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations

Background Ad libitum, low-carbohydrate diets decrease caloric intake and cause weight loss. It is unclear whether these effects are due to the reduced carbohydrate content of such diets or to their associated increase in protein intake. Objective We tested the hypothesis that increasing the protein content while maintaining the carbohydrate content of the diet lowers body weight by decreasing appetite and spontaneous caloric intake. Design Appetite, caloric intake, body weight, and fat mass were measured in 19 subjects placed sequentially on the following diets: a weight-maintaining diet (15% protein, 35% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 2 wk, an isocaloric diet (30% protein, 20% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 2 wk, and an ad libitum diet (30% protein, 20% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 12 wk. Blood was sampled frequently at the end of each diet phase to measure the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) for insulin, leptin, and ghrelin. Results Satiety was markedly increased with the isocaloric high-protein diet despite an unchanged leptin AUC. Mean (+/-SE) spontaneous energy intake decreased by 441 +/- 63 kcal/d, body weight decreased by 4.9 +/- 0.5 kg, and fat mass decreased by 3.7 +/- 0.4 kg with the ad libitum, high-protein diet, despite a significantly decreased leptin AUC and increased ghrelin AUC. Conclusions An increase in dietary protein from 15% to 30% of energy at a constant carbohydrate intake produces a sustained decrease in ad libitum caloric intake that may be mediated by increased central nervous system leptin sensitivity and results in significant weight loss. This anorexic effect of protein may contribute to the weight loss produced by low-carbohydrate diets.
Extinction‐Debt Trajectories and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Destruction

Extinction-debt theory holds that following habitat destruction, some extant species in remnants of habitat are doomed to eventual extinction. The extinction debt will affect the interpretation of ongoing impacts and extinctions, because little is understood about the changes in species abundance through time in remnants following surrounding habitat destruction. In some models, thresholds in mean time to extinction are sensitive to the spatial configuration of the remnants, but changes in abundance through time could also be affected. A simulation that includes hierarchical competition, reproduction, dispersal, and mortality was run on two-phase landscapes varying in spatial pattern and extent of habitat destruction. In this article, the courses of temporal change in species abundance, or trajectories, are examined. Thresholds are not evident among different amounts of extant habitat or across a range of spatial patterns. Instead, trends exist in the amount of impact per unit reduction in habitat. Better...
The Time Divide in Cross-National Perspective: The Work Week, Education and Institutions That Matter

Prior empirical studies have found that American workers report longer hours than do workers in other highly industrialized countries, and that the highly educated report the longest hours relative to other educational levels. This paper analyzes disparities in working hours by education levels in 17 high- and middle-income countries to assess whether this finding holds cross-nationally, for both men and women. In contrast to many prior studies of working time, we use a measure of weekly rather than annual hours worked, which we argue provides a better window on the discretionary time available to individuals and households. We find that the within-country gradient in average hours by education is not uniform: higher income countries are more likely to show the U.S. pattern, and middle-income countries show the reverse pattern, with the less educated reporting longer hours. We conclude by assessing some possible macrolevel explanations for this variation, including per capita gross domestic product, tax rates, unionization, country-level regulations, earnings inequality, and the regulation of weekly work hours.
Diffusion Sintering: I, Initial Stage Sintering Models and Their Application to Shrinkage of Powder Compacts

Consideration is given to several geometrical models that contribute to shrinkage. Various shapes of particles, vacancy sinks, and diffusion paths are described as they affect sintering shrinkage. These simplified models are extended to compacts of nonuniform particles so that much of the kinetics of sintering of a substance can be determined by measuring shrinkage rates of powder compacts. A nonideal compact may sinter as though it had once been an ideal compact after a specific amount of shrinkage has occurred. This shrinkage is characteristic of the particular compact and its origin and is independent of temperature.
DNA methylation profiles differ between field- and in vitro-grown leaves of apple

Summary A reliable method has been previously developed to detect cytosine methylation at the 5′-CCGG-3′ sequence using isoschizomers (Msp I and Hpa II) and a modified amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. With this method, DNA methylation profiles were investigated in leaf tissues of apple (Malus × domestica cv. Gala) grown under two different growth conditions, field and tissue culture. A total of 1,622 AFLP bands were detected using 32 pairs of primers, and these banding patterns were assembled into three groups. Type I AFLP bands were present in both EcoR I/Hpa II and EcoR I/Msp I lanes. Type II bands were present in the EcoR I/Msp I lanes, but not in EcoR I/Hpa II lanes. Type III bands were present in EcoR I/Hpa II lanes, but not in the EcoR I/Msp I lanes. For leaf tissues of field- and in vitro-grown apples, the ratios of types I, II, and III to the total number of amplified fragments were 70 %, 24 %, and 6 %, and 71 %, 23 %, and 6 %, respectively. Although the ratios of the three types of banding patterns were similar in both leaf tissues, a few bands specific to either field-grown trees or in vitro-grown shoots were observed. This study provided evidence that changes in methylation occurred in apple leaf tissues subjected to tissue culture growth conditions.
Beyond the 'failed state': Toward conceptual alternatives

The article advances conceptual alternatives to the ‘failed state.’ It provides reasons why the concept is deficient, showing especially how counterproductive it is to aggregate states as diverse as Colombia, Malawi, Somalia, Iraq, Haiti, and Tajikistan. I argue for distinguishing among capacity gaps, security gaps, and legitimacy gaps that states experience. Importantly, I show that these gaps often do not coincide in a given country, and that the logical responses to each of the three gaps diverge in significant ways. I offer brief case examples of the logic of response to the gaps and of the tensions that must be managed among them. The article advances the debate over an important and under-theorized emergent concept in global politics.
Fabrication of two-layer microphotonic structures without planarization

A novel nanofabrication scheme for two-layer microphotonic structures were proposed and applied to the fabrication of integrated, mode-evolution-based polarization splitters and rotators. Prototype devices demonstrated effective splitting and rotating of polarization with low cross-talk.
Nanotransistors: A Bottom-Up View

This talk describes how new understanding of conduction at the molecular scale can inform nanoscale MOSFET device engineering. A `bottom-up' approach developed to explain conduction in molecules will be applied to the analysis of nanotransistors. The generalization of the simple approach to a rigorous treatment of quantum transport with dissipation will be introduced. Some results on the ultimate silicon MOSFET, the carbon nanotube MOSFET, and the possibility of molecular transistors will be discussed. The objective is to convey the essence of the approach and to demonstrate its ability to simply and clearly described the nanoscale MOSFET.
Determination of the Role of Target Tissue Metabolism in Lung Carcinogenesis Using Conditional Cytochrome P450 Reductase-Null Mice

Critical to mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis and the design of chemopreventive strategies is whether procarcinogen bioactivation in an extrahepatic target tissue (e.g., the lung) is essential for tumor formation. This study aims to develop a mouse model capable of revealing the role of pulmonary microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450)–mediated metabolic activation in xenobiotic-induced lung cancer. A novel triple transgenic mouse model, with the NADPH-P450 reductase ( Cpr ) gene deleted in a lung-specific and doxycycline-inducible fashion (lung- Cpr -null), was generated. CPR, the obligate electron donor for microsomal P450 enzymes, is essential for the bioactivation of many procarcinogens. The lung- Cpr -null mouse was studied to resolve whether pulmonary P450 plays a major role in 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1–(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)–induced lung cancer by producing carcinogenic metabolites in the target tissue. A liver- Cpr -null mouse was also studied to test whether hepatic P450 contributes predominantly to systemic clearance of NNK, thereby decreasing NNK-induced lung cancer. The numbers of NNK-induced lung tumors were reduced in the lung- Cpr -null mice but were increased in the liver- Cpr -null mice, relative to wild-type control mice. Decreased lung tumor multiplicity in the lung- Cpr -null mice correlated with reduced lung O 6 -methylguanine adduct levels, without decreases in NNK bioavailability, consistent with decreased NNK bioactivation in the lung. Moreover, lung tumors in lung- Cpr -null mice were positive for CPR expression, indicating that the tumors did not originate from Cpr -null cells. Thus, we have confirmed the essential role of pulmonary P450-mediated metabolic activation in NNK-induced lung cancer, and our mouse models should be applicable to studies on other procarcinogens that require P450-mediated metabolic activation. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7825–32]
Control of Phase in Tin Sulfide Thin Films Produced via RF-Sputtering of SnS 2 Target with Post-deposition Annealing

Tin (II) Monosulfide (SnS) has become an interesting new material for thin film photovoltaics. SnS-based devices have achieved limited success in improved solar cell efficiency. While annealing is a typical post-deposition treatment used to improve thin film quality, sulfur volatility is an issue, despite strong Sn-S bonds in tin sulfide compounds. Annealing of sulfur-rich sputtered tin sulfide thin films in a vacuum environment has not been previously reported. In the present work, we investigated the optoelectronic properties, crystallographic phase, and morphology of annealed, sputtered tin sulfide thin films. Specifically, we studied the phase change and improvement in material quality as a result of post-deposition heat treatments. Tin sulfide thin films were sputtered with and without substrate heating. These samples were then annealed between 300°C and 500°C under moderate vacuum (<1 × 10−4 Pa) in the deposition chamber to find the optimal annealing process for producing α-SnS. Significantly improved crystallinity and morphology were seen in sulfur-rich thin films annealed at 400–500°C for 60 min. Annealed films had resistivity in the range of 30–300 Ω-cm. Experimental observations were confirmed by calculated phase diagrams, which show that annealing around 400°C at low pressure is optimal to obtain a phase-pure α-SnS film from an amorphous SnS2 film.
International Trends in Prison Upsizing and Downsizing: In Search of Evidence of a Global Rehabilitation Revolution

AbstractOur review of global trends in the use of incarceration reveals that both the number of people incarcerated worldwide and the global rate of incarceration continue to increase in every global region. In addition, there have been sizable global increases in the use of pretrial detention, the proportion of female prisoners, the proportion of foreign prisoners, prison privatization, and prison crowding. After reviewing these global trends, we examine the available data on correctional performance, focusing on global crime trends in the subgroup of countries (n = 20) where three-quarters of the world’s prison population is currently located. While most (17/20) of these countries continued to increase their prison population despite decreases in most crime categories, three countries—the Russian Federation, South Africa, and Pakistan—have reduced their reliance on incarceration (number and rate) while also reducing their crime rates. Compared to other countries with large prison populations, the United...
Tracking Myself: African American High School Students Talk About the Effects of Curricular Differentiation

Research on the merit of school tracking policies has long been at the center of heated educational debate. Unfortunately, while the trend in studies looking at tracking in schools has continued, the student perspective has been underutilized in much of this previous research. Recently, however, there has been a surge in research that focuses on the benefits of student-centered research This research recognizes the legitimacy of student perspectives in reform efforts. This paper focuses on the student perspectives in a qualitative project with seven black students to understand the insights and contributions they have for school leaders. Findings revealed that students can contribute nuanced perspectives on complex educational reform issues, such as tracking, and provide powerful insights that should be considered in school reform conversations.
Opposing roles for serotonin in cholinergic neurons of the ventral and dorsal striatum

Little is known about the molecular similarities and differences between neurons in the ventral (vSt) and dorsal striatum (dSt) and their physiological implications. In the vSt, serotonin [5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] modulates mood control and pleasure response, whereas in the dSt, 5-HT regulates motor behavior. Here we show that, in mice, 5-HT depolarizes cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) of the dSt whereas hyperpolarizing ChIs from the vSt by acting on different 5-HT receptor isoforms. In the vSt, 5-HT1A (a postsynaptic receptor) and 5-HT1B (a presynaptic receptor) are highly expressed, and synergistically inhibit the excitability of ChIs. The inhibitory modulation by 5-HT1B, but not that by 5-HT1A, is mediated by p11, a protein associated with major depressive disorder. Specific deletion of 5-HT1B from cholinergic neurons results in impaired inhibition of ACh release in the vSt and in anhedonic-like behavior.
Refocusing our Attention to the Impact of Nature on Human Development. Review of Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations. Edited by P. H. Kahn, Jr., & S. R. Kellert

(2003). Refocusing our Attention to the Impact of Nature on Human Development. Review of Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations. Edited by P. H. Kahn, Jr., & S. R. Kellert. Anthrozoos: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 181-185.
Epileptogenesis Following Neocortical Trauma From Two Sources of Disinhibition

Yang, Lie and Larry S. Benardo. Epileptogenesis following neocortical trauma from two sources of disinhibition. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2804–2810, 1997. Intracellular and field potential recordings we...
Decline in the Development of New Anesthetics

The number of new anesthetics approved by the USA FDA over the past 30 years (1985–2014) is much smaller than during the preceding 30 years (1955–1984): four versus ten. Investigational anesthetics clinically tested since 1990 have been almost exclusively intravenous anesthetics (nine compounds), with only one now approved by the FDA. All nine agents represent modifications of anesthetics introduced approximately 40–50 years ago; none demonstrates a truly novel mechanism of action. The apparent drought of novel anesthetics is difficult to explain. While there may be multiple reasons, we believe that one is especially noteworthy: the dramatic improvement in anesthesia safety owing to the context in which anesthetics are administered, effectively decreasing the pressure to develop new drugs with better safety margins.
On map-centric programming environments: vision paper

2D maps and 3D globes can be used as programming toys to help students learn programming in contrast to using robots, visual, or multimedia components in Computer Science I introductory programming courses. This paper studies research challenges related to supporting this concept, and presents one instance of a 2D and 3D map-based programming environment to motivate these challenges.
Studies on mechanism of inhibition of cardiac muscle contractile tension by ryanodine. Mechanical response.

Ryanodine is an alkaloid which exhibits a negative inotropic effect on adult mammalian heart muscle. As a first step in the analysis of the mechanism of this inhibitor, the mechanical responses to ryanodine were studied in two types of vertebrate heart muscle, batracian and mammalian. It was found that the alkaloid, even at very high concentrations, did not inhibit the contractile response of muscles obtained from summer toads and from fetal mammalian hearts (human, cat, rabbit) and from newborn kittens and rabbits. However, within a few days after birth, the characteristic adult sensitivity to the alkaloid appeared at the same time as the transverse tubular system (T system) developed. It is suggested, therefore, that the T system may be the site of action of ryanodine.
Abstract 7: Sex Differences in Financial Barriers and the Relationship to Recovery After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: Financial barriers to healthcare services and medications have been associated with worse outcomes following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Their prevalence and impact may be even greater in younger adults without access to Medicare and, specifically, in young women, who are more likely than men to forego needed medical care in the face of economic hardship. We assessed sex differences in the prevalence and potency of financial barriers in young patients with AMI and whether they help explain poorer outcomes in women. Methods: We used data from the VIRGO (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients) study, the largest multicenter prospective study of young adults (≤55 years old) with AMI. Patients were characterized as having financial barriers to medications, services, both, or none based on self-report responses at the index hospitalization for AMI. One-year outcomes after AMI were assessed including general health status (Short Form-12 physical and mental health component scores) and angina-related quality of life (Seattle Angina Questionnaire). Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the relationship between financial barriers and outcomes, testing for interactions with sex. All models were adjusted for baseline health status, socio-demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentation, and inpatient care. In a secondary analysis, we investigated the unadjusted association of financial barriers with healthcare access and utilization at 1-month. Results: Of the 3437 patients in the study, financial barriers to healthcare services (30.5%) and medications (20.6%) were common. Significantly more women than men reported financial barriers to medication (22.3% vs. 17.2%, P 0.1 for all outcomes). Rates of 1-month healthcare access and utilization were similar in men and women. However, 1-month after AMI, patients with at least one financial barrier reported significantly lower adherence to medications, higher rates of not participating in cardiac rehabilitation after referral, and greater difficulty scheduling follow-up visits than patients with no financial barriers. Conclusion: Financial barriers are common among young adults and are associated with worse health outcomes 1-year after AMI. While the potency of financial barriers on health outcomes did not vary by sex, the greater prevalence of financial barriers among women may in part explain why young women have worse outcomes than their male peers.
Analysis of risk factors associated with prevalence of typhoid/paratyphoid in Yuxi city

Objective To understand the risk factors associated with prevalence of typhoid/paratyphoid in Yuxi city.Methods The 1:1 match case-control method was used to analyze 700 typhoid/paratyphoid cases in Yuxi.city.Results Significant risk factors associated with prevalence of typhoid and paratyphoid were noticed among areas with different prevalent intensity.In high prelent intensity areas,the rick factors were often eating outside(χ~2=8.28,P 0.05,OR=1.68),often eating cold dish(χ~2=6.78,P 0.05) and often barbecuing(χ~2=4.27,P 0.05).In moderate prevalent intensity areas,the risk factors were often drinking unboiled water(χ~2=21.99,P 0.05) and well water(χ~2=17.35,P 0.05).In low areas,the risk factors were history of contact with the diseases(χ~2=10.06,P 0.05),often drinking unboiled water(χ~2=11.81,P 0.05) and well water(χ 2=10.06,P 0.05).Conclusion There were different risk factors associated with the prevalence of typhoid and paratyphoid in areas with different prevalent intensity in Yuxi.The risk factors were often eating in the outside,often eating cold dish and often barbecuing in high prevalent intensity areas,and often drinking unboiled water and well water were risk factors in moderate intensity areas,while in low areas,the risk factors were history of contact with the diseases,often drinking unboiled water and well water.Thus concrete control measures be taken in prevalent intensity areas.
365 EFFECTS OF COMBINED CATARACT SURGERY AND TRABECULECTOMY WITH MITOMYCIN-C ON OCULAR DIMENSIONS

Objective To compare the efficacy and survival of trabeculectomy with intraoperative application of mitomycin-C (MMC) in Asian Americans and Caucasians at the University Glaucoma clinic in a retrospective case-controlled comparison. Methods Trabeculectomies performed between July 1997 and April 2003 (69 months) were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty-nine Asian Americans (29 eyes) older than 30 with at least one year of follow-up were case-matched with 29 Caucasians. Primary matching criteria included age, glaucoma subtype, and preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary matching criteria included gender, surgeon who performed the operation, and ocular history. The two groups were compared for IOP control, visual outcome, complication rate, hypotony rate, surgical success rate, and survival. Criteria of success included: (1) IOP reduction at least 20% of the preoperative IOP, or final IOP equal 10 mmHg or less, (2) final IOP was greater than 5 mmHg and less then 22 mmHg, and (3) without additional glaucoma surgery, loss of light perception, or devastating complication. Results Mean follow-up durations of Asian American and Caucasian group were 28.6± 16.9 months and 31.2± 14.6 months, respectively. (p=0.52). One year after trabeculectomy, IOP decreased from 18.7±6.1 mmHg to 10.9±3.9 mmHg (p≤0.0001) in the Asian American group, and 19.0± 5.5 mmHg to 10.6± 3.4 mmHg (p≤0.0001) in the Caucasian group. At the final visits, IOP decreased to 11.9± 4.6 mmHg in the Asian American group (p≤0.0001) and 11.0± 3.8 mmHg in the Caucasian group (p≤0.0001). There were no significant differences between the groups in postoperative IOP levels at 6 months, 1 year, and at the final follow-up visit, at a power of 90% and 80% to detect a difference of 3.2 mmHg and 2.8 mmHg, respectively, between the groups at an a = 0.05. The probability of trabeculectomy survival at 12 and 36 months was 75.9% and 54.8% in the Asian American group, and 75.9% and 70.8% in the Caucasian group (p = 0.54). There were no significant differences in the rates of surgical success, failure, complication, vision decrease, hypotony, and cataract development. Conclusions In a case-controlled comparison of trabeculectomies, Asian Americans have a similar efficacy and survival probability as Caucasians.
Logging impacts on avian species richness and composition differ across latitudes and foraging and breeding habitat preferences

Understanding the causes underlying changes in species diversity is a fundamental pursuit of ecology. Animal species richness and composition often change with decreased forest structural complexity associated with logging. Yet differences in latitude and forest type may strongly influence how species diversity responds to logging. We performed a meta-analysis of logging effects on local species richness and composition of birds across the world and assessed responses by different guilds (nesting strata, foraging strata, diet, and body size). This approach allowed identification of species attributes that might underlie responses to this anthropogenic disturbance. We only examined studies that allowed forests to regrow naturally following logging, and accounted for logging intensity, spatial extent, successional regrowth after logging, and the change in species composition expected due to random assembly from regional species pools. Selective logging in the tropics and clearcut logging in temperate latitudes caused loss of species from nearly all forest strata (ground to canopy), leading to substantial declines in species richness (up to 27% of species). Few species were lost or gained following any intensity of logging in lower-latitude temperate forests, but the relative abundances of these species changed substantially. Selective logging at higher-temperate latitudes generally replaced late-successional specialists with early-successional specialists, leading to no net changes in species richness but large changes in species composition. Removing less basal area during logging mitigated the loss of avian species from all forests and, in some cases, increased diversity in temperate forests. This meta-analysis provides insights into the important role of habitat specialization in determining differential responses of animal communities to logging across tropical and temperate latitudes.