cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid proliferation of the parasitic copepod, Salmincola californiensis (Dana), on kokanee salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), in a large Colorado reservoir.

Ecologically and economically valuable Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) are widespread and susceptible to the ectoparasite Salmincola californiensis (Dana). The range of this freshwater copepod has expanded, and in 2015, S. californiensis was observed in Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado, USA, an important kokanee salmon (O. nerka, Walbaum) egg source for sustaining fisheries. Few S. californiensis were detected on kokanee salmon in 2016 (<10% prevalence; 2 adult S. californiensis maximum). By 2020, age-3 kokanee salmon had 100% S. californiensis prevalence and mean intensity exceeding 50 adult copepods. Year and kokanee salmon age/maturity (older/mature) were consistently identified as significant predictors of S. californiensis prevalence/intensity. There was evidence that S. californiensis spread rapidly, but their population growth was maximized at the initiation (the first 2-3 years) of the invasion. Gills and heads of kokanee salmon carried the highest S. californiensis loads. S. californiensis population growth appears to be slowing, but S. californiensis expansion occurred concomitant with myriad environmental/biological factors. These factors and inherent variance in S. californiensis count data may have obscured patterns that continued monitoring of parasite-host dynamics, when S. californiensis abundance is more stable, might reveal. The rapid proliferation of S. californiensis indicates that in 5 years a system can go from a light infestation to supporting hosts carrying hundreds of parasites, and concern remains about the sustainability of this kokanee salmon population.
Assessing the potential hydrological impacts of hydraulic redistribution in Amazonia using a numerical modeling approach

[1] Most evidence for hydraulic redistribution is from ecosystems in relatively dry regions. Recent data indicate that hydraulic redistribution (HR) may also exist in the central Amazon forest. Assuming that HR can take place in all plant types in the Amazon region, this numerical modeling study examines how the hydrological impact of HR varies spatially and temporally. HR influences transpiration and total evapotranspiration the most in places and during seasons of intermediate soil wetness. Although HR increases the long-term mean of dry season transpiration, it can reduce transpiration toward the end of the dry season in extremely dry years when the HR-induced acceleration of moisture depletion leaves less water available later in the dry season. Deep roots may, however, mitigate some of this negative impact. This HR-induced reduction of water availability is contrary to the general notion of HR increasing plant water availability; the spatial and temporal variation of the HR impact documented in this study may help interpret field observational data and locate future field experiment sites to evaluate the HR hypothesis in the Amazon region.
Understanding How Elderly Patients Process Drug Information: A Test of a Theory of Information Processing

Purpose. The goal of this research was to apply a well-known model of consumer behavior, the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), to 'direct-to-consumer' advertising of prescription drugs aimed at elderly consumers. In particular, the specific aim was to determine whether the effect of promotional aspects of consumer drug advertising predicted by the ELM could be demonstrated on elderly consumers' product attitudes and perceptions of risk.
Electronic structure of FeAl(1 1 0) using upgraded 6 m-TGM at CAMD

Abstract A new endstation has recently been commissioned at 6-m toroidal grating monochromator beamline to perform high-resolution photoemission studies in the photon energy range of 10–180 eV. The new endstation is equipped with Phoibos-150 analyzer with a channelplate and charge coupled device (CCD) camera readout to measure the kinetic energy of the electron and its emission angle simultaneously. The initial energy resolution test of the analyzer from He-I discharge lamp excited Argon 3p gas phase spectra reveals ∼20 meV full-width-half-maximum (FWHM). With this new set-up, we have investigated the electronic structure of FeAl(1 1 0). Preferential sputtering of clean FeAl(1 1 0) surface results in depletion of Al in the near surface region. The surface forms reconstructed phases at different annealing temperature regions. The electronic structure of these phases is presented.
Analysis of guided-resonance-based polarization beam splitting in photonic crystal slabs

We present an analysis of the phase and amplitude responses of guided resonances in a photonic crystal slab. Through this analysis, we obtain the general rules and conditions under which a photonic crystal slab can be employed as a general elliptical polarization beam splitter, separating an incoming beam equally into its two orthogonal constituents, so that half the power is reflected in one polarization state, and half the power is transmitted in the other state. We show that at normal incidence a photonic crystal slab acts as a dual quarter-wave retarder in which the fast and slow axes are switched for reflection and transmission. We also analyze the case where such a structure operates at oblique incidences. As a result we show that the effective dielectric constant of the photonic crystal slab imposes the Brewster angle as a boundary, separating two ranges of angles with different mechanisms of polarization beam splitting. We show that the diattenuation can be tuned from zero to one to make the structure a circular or linear polarization beam splitter. We verify our analytical analysis through finite-difference time-domain simulations and experimental measurements at infrared wavelengths.
Effect of an Extract of Withania somnifera Root on Estrogen Receptor-positive Mammary Carcinomas

The chemopreventive activity of an extract of Withania somnifera (WS) roots was examined in female Sprague-Dawley rats that received the mammary carcinogen methylnitrosourea (MNU). The dose of the extract, administered by gavage, was 150 mg/kg body weight daily for 155 days, after injection of MNU. Rats in the treated group (N=15) had an average of 3.47 tumors, and rats in the control group (N=15) had 4.53, a reduction of 23%. The average weights of tumors were 4.98 g for rats in the treated group and 6.30 g for the controls, a difference of 21%. Labeling indices for Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) markers in cancers of the treated group were 42% and 38% lower, respectively, than those of the corresponding indices for the control group. These results indicate that the root extract significantly reduced the rate of cell division in the mammary tumors.
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-2, But Not c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase, Activation Correlates with Surface IgM-Mediated Apoptosis in the WEHI 231 B Cell Line

Both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) have been implicated in mediating the signaling events that precede apoptosis. We studied the activation of these kinases during apoptosis of WEHI 231 B cells. Surface IgM ligation induces apoptosis of WEHI 231 cells. This effect is augmented by simultaneous engagement of CD95 and is inhibited by costimulation with either CD40 or IL-4R. We determined that surface IgM ligation activates ERK2 to a much greater level than JNK, and that IgM-mediated ERK2 activation is enhanced by costimulation with anti-CD95. Costimulation with either IL-4 or anti-CD40 interferes with anti-IgM-stimulated ERK2 activation. Transient expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) inhibits both ERK2 activation and cell death following stimulation with anti-IgM and the combination of anti-IgM plus anti-CD95. CD40 engagement alone activates JNK, but IL-4 stimulation does not. N-acetyl-L-cysteine pretreatment, which blocks CD40-mediated JNK activation, does not affect the ability of CD40 to inhibit anti-IgM-mediated ERK2 activation and apoptosis. Together, these data suggest that JNK activation is not required for CD40 inhibition of surface IgM-induced cell death and that ERK2 plays an active role in mediating anti-IgM-induced apoptosis of WEHI 231 B cells.
Brown pigmented Mycobacterium mageritense as a cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis and bloodstream infection

Mycobacterium spp. are a rare cause of endocarditis. Herein, we describe a case of Mycobacterium mageritense prosthetic valve endocarditis. This organism produced an unusual brown pigment on solid media. Cultures of valve tissue for acid-fast bacilli might be considered in some cases of apparently culture-negative prosthetic valve endocarditis.
Specificity of the Autolysin of Streptococcus (Diplococcus) pneumoniae

A Streptococcus ( Diplococcus ) pneumoniae autolysin, partially purified from cellular autolysates, was optimally active at pH 7.0 and was stimulated by monovalent cations. Addition of autolysin to walls resulted in the appearance of only N-terminal l-alanine, whereas no glycosidase activity was observed. Walls which had been solubilized by autolysin were separated by gel filtration into a low-molecular-weight peptide containing amino acids in the same ratios found in intact walls and a high molecular fraction containing the amino acid-deficient peptidoglycan backbone. Thus, the major activity is an N -acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase. In addition, walls undergoing spontaneous lysis revealed no glycosidase activity but showed an increase in only N-terminal alanine. Autolysin, which was bound to walls in saline, was almost completely removed when walls were washed in distilled water, and all of the activity was recovered in the water wash fluid.
Psychosocial aspects of functional gastrointestinal disorders

Increased numbers of psychiatric diagnoses and increased levels of psychological distress are seen in the majority of medical clinic patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders. In IBS, psychological symptoms are believed to be comorbid conditions, which do not cause the motility disorder but which do influence the patient's decision to consult a physician. In functional dyspepsia, psychological symptoms are present in many patients, but their role is not known; the available data suggest that psychological symptoms do not predict which patients will consult a physician. Among constipated patients, anxiety is believed to contribute to the development and course of pelvic floor dyssynergia by increasing pelvic floor muscle tension. Constipated patients without physiologic abnormalities to explain their constipation appear to have more psychological symptoms than those with delayed colonic transit, but there is significant psychological distress even in patients with slow transit constipation. Psychological symptoms do not seem to predict which constipated patients will consult a physician. There is an increased incidence of psychiatric diagnoses in patients with esophageal motility disorders as well, but the role that these psychological symptoms play in the course of the disorder is not known. Patients with the most common gastrointestinal motility disorders, IBS and dyspepsia, report experiencing more stressful life events, and IBS patients appear to show a greater increase in gastrointestinal symptoms when exposed to stressors. Laboratory studies document that acute psychological stressors do alter gastric, small bowel, and colonic motility, and patients with IBS appear to show a greater change in colonic and ileal motility with stress than healthy controls. Greater reactivity has not been demonstrated for the esophagus or stomach, however, and it has not been demonstrated for other gastrointestinal motility disorders. A characteristic of many patients who consult gastroenterologists for IBS and other motility disorders is a tendency to report multiple somatic complaints (including many nongastrointestinal complaints) and to overuse medical resources. This pattern of behavior is referred to as somatization or abnormal illness behavior. One source of abnormal illness behavior is childhood social learning, which occurs (1) when parents provide gifts or special privileges to a child who reports somatic symptoms or (2) when parents model abnormal illness behaviors themselves.
Flame retarding polymer nanocomposites: Synergism, cooperation, antagonism

Abstract Three systems of FR treatments of polyamide 6 with conventional flame retarding additives in the absence and in the presence of nanoparticles are discussed: I. ammonium sulfamate (AS) and dipentaerythritol (Di) II. melamine cyanurate (MC) III. pentabromobenzyl acrylate in the monomeric (PMA) and the polymeric (PPA) form. Depending on the concentration of the nanoparticles; synergism, antagonism, and cooperation in flame retardancy as well as in mechanical properties are observed. Cooperation between the OMMT in the concentration range of 0.5–1.0 wt% and the FR in all three systems is observed. The decrease in PHRR (ΔPHRR) is different for the three systems. In system III the brominated FR behaves similarly to OMMT with respect to ΔPHRR. The interaction between the molten polymeric matrix and the nanoparticles increases the viscosity in all three systems, which slows down the supply of the flame retarding moieties to the flame and lowers the FR rating, as measured by the UL-94 and OI tests. A new approach for assessing the viscosity of the pyrolyzing nanocomposite is presented by determining the size and mass of the drops formed during the UL-94 test. Dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer decreases the HRR and MRR and decreases the UL-94, OI ratings, and the mechanical properties, as evidenced by the different behavior of OMMT and Na+MMT. The time of ignition decreases markedly by the addition of the nanoparticles, due to the low thermal conductivity and heat transfer of the protective barrier on the surface of the pyrolyzing nanocomposite in the pre-ignition phase. A possibility of restoring the high FR rating in the presence of higher concentrations of nanoparticles is indicated. The significance of the results obtained for the future of the use of nanoparticles in FR is discussed.
Diseases of Myrica faya (firetree, Myricaceae) in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands.

Myrica faya, native to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, was introduced to Hawaii where it has become a noxious weed. Exploration of the native habitats for potential biocontrol agents yielded several new or noteworthy disease records: cankers caused by Nectria galligena and Cryphonectria sp., dieback caused by Ramularia destructiva and Botryosphaeria ribis, and root rot caused by Armillaria me Ilea.
Regulatory guideline for biosimilar products in Korea

The regulatory framework of biosimilar products in Korea is a 3-tiered system: 1) Pharmaceutical Affairs Act; 2) Notification of the regulation on review and authorization of biological products; 3) Guideline on evaluation of biosimilar products. A biosimilar product is regulated under the same regulation as biological products. The difference from new biological product is that biosimilar product requires full comparability data with reference product. Based on these data, some of the non-clinical and clinical data could be abbreviated. As Korean guideline for biosimilar products was developed along with that of the WHO's, most of the recommendations were based on similar principle except the clinical evaluation to demonstrate similarity. No biosimilar products are licensed yet, however, 4 IND products have been approved for phase I or III clinical trials. The addressed issues during review were as follows: acceptability of reference products manufactured in different sites, determination of acceptable criteria for differences and selection of analytical tests for the comparability exercise to detect potential differences in quality attributes, relevant species for non-clinical study, and duration of toxicity study, etc. These and other future issues will be dealt with scientific advancement, experiences of collaborating work with WHO or other NRAs, which will be reflected in the guidelines on regulations of biosimilar products in Korea.
Strain gradient plasticity solution for an internally pressurized thick-walled spherical shell of an elastic–plastic material

Abstract An analytical solution is presented for an internally pressurized thick-walled spherical shell of an elastic strain-hardening plastic material. A strain gradient plasticity theory is used to describe the constitutive behavior of the material undergoing plastic deformations, whereas the generalized Hooke’s law is invoked to represent the material response in the elastic region. The solution gives explicit expressions for the stress, strain and displacement components. The inner radius of the shell enters these expressions not only in non-dimensional forms but also with its own dimensional identity, unlike classical plasticity-based solutions. As a result, the current solution can capture the size effect. The classical plasticity-based solution of the same problem is shown to be a special case of the present solution. Numerical results for the maximum effective stress in the shell wall are also provided to illustrate applications of the newly derived solution. The new solution can be used to construct improved expanding cavity models in indentation mechanics that incorporate both the strain-hardening and indentation size effects.
Information at Your Fingertips: Online Services for the New User

It is now possible while located in an office or home to search large journal collections, a Central Intelligence Agency world map database and world fact book, federal grant programs, law library catalogs, United States Supreme Court decisions, public opinion poll data, hundreds of general and specialized library catalogs, and many other information sources via computer. This article is intended for those who presently make little use of computers but who want to become familiar with the advantages and likely problems associated with performing such searches using one of the databases available online (by telephone line) on the Internet and five commercial online services. The article also discusses other uses for telephone-computer combinations such as electronic mail (e-mail).
Quantitation and visualization of tumor-specific T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs during and after tumor elimination by PET.

Abstract Increased understanding in the area of trafficking behavior of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells could help develop better therapeutic protocols. We utilized the DUC18/CMS5 tumor model system in conjunction with a microPET scanner to study the DUC18 T cell distribution pattern in spleens and lymph nodes in live mice. Anti-Thy1.2 antibodies conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- N , N ′, N ′′, N ′′-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and radiolabeled with 64 Cu were administered to three groups of BALB-Thy1.1 mice on days 4, 7, or 14 post-DUC18 T cell transfer. We were able to detect the transferred cells in all the major lymph nodes, spleens, and in tumors. Our findings suggest that tumor-specific T cells do not all preferentially localize to the tumors but they also home to all the major lymphoid organs; additionally the number of DUC18 T cells remains relatively constant during and after tumor elimination within each lymphoid organ.
Filament metal contamination and Raman spectra of hot filament chemical vapor deposited diamond films

Abstract Chemical vapor deposited diamond films grown in a hot filament reactor using three filament metals (tungsten, tantalum, and rhenium) have been analyzed for their metal impurity content. This is the first report wherein all three common CVD filament metals have been examined and a single technique used for diamond film analysis. Tungsten carbide filaments yielded the lowest impurity level (few ppm by mass), whereas rhenium yielded the highest (parts per thousand). The effects of filament temperature and addition of ammonia or oxygen to the reactant gas mixture were examined. A correlation was observed between the metal content of the product films and their quality, as judged using Raman spectroscopy. Films with the highest metal content yielded Raman spectra showing the lowest fluorescence background, the smallest sp2 carbon contribution, and the narrowest 1332 cm−1 diamond line.
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF Na-LIKE Fe XVI INNER-SHELL SATELLITES BETWEEN 14.5 Å AND 18 Å

We have used the University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's EBIT-I electron beam ion trap to perform measurements of the wavelengths and relative intensities of the X-ray lines from inner-shell satellite transitions in sodium-like Fe XVI. The measurements were carried out with high-resolution crystal and grating spectrometers and covered the 14.5-18 A wavelength band. In contrast to some predicted line strengths and positions found in the literature, our results show that the strongest relatively unblended inner-shell satellites of Fe XVI are located near 15.2 A. This is near the location of the 3d→ 2p intercombination line in Fe XVII. Calculations using the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC) are presented. The average deviation between the EBIT-I measurements and the FAC calculations for the wavelength positions and line ratios are 22 mA and a factor of 2.3, respectively, where the average is taken over the ten features included in this work.
Automated segmentation of seafloor bathymetry from multibeam echosounder data using local Fourier histogram texture features

Abstract Patterns of seafloor topography represent regions of geomorphological feature types and the physiography governing the spatial distributions of benthic habitats. Topographic variability can be considered seafloor texture and can be remotely sensed by acoustic and optical devices. Benthic habitat delineations often involve distinctions based upon seafloor morphology and composition based upon acoustic data maps that are ground-truthed by optical imaging tools. Habitat delineations can be done manually, however, automation of the procedure could provide more objectivity and reproducible map products. Recently a technique using Fourier transforms (FT) to produce texture features called local Fourier histograms (LFH) has been used successfully to classify standard textures in grayscale images and automatically retrieve digital images from archives according to texture content [Zhou, F., Feng, J., Shi, Q., 2001. Texture feature based on local Fourier transform, ICIP Conference Proceedings, IEEE 0-7803-6725-1/01.]. We implemented a modified form of that approach by varying the spatial scales at which local Fourier histograms were calculated. A modified LFH texture feature classification technique was applied to multibeam echosounder (MBES) data from Piscataqua River, New Hampshire, USA, for automatic delineation of a seafloor topographic map into regions of distinct geomorphology and apparent benthic habitats. Automated segmentations were done by the LFH method on 1-m gridded MBES data, applying the local Fourier transform, used to generate the LFH, at spatial scales from 1 to 5 m. Seven seafloor texture classes were identified, corresponding to the primary substrate types and configurations in the study area as well as some previously unidentified regions and transitional zones. The texture regions serve as a physical habitat model for the seafloor, a basis for predicting benthic faunal inhabitants, their areal distributions, and serving as sampling strata for ground-truthing efforts.
Ion distribution and temperature in the topside ionosphere obtained from the Alouette satellite

Electron-density distributions are obtained from Alouette topside soundings recorded at Stanford University. Plasma scale height profiles are then determined, from which information can be deduced about relative ion concentrations, electron temperature, and ion temperature. Results are obtained for dip latitudes between 48° and 78°N, and altitudes from 400 to 900 km. The lower-latitude nighttime data can be interpreted in terms of a three-constituent (O+, He+, H+) diffusive equilibrium model with an (O+) - (He+, H+) transition occurring at about 550 km in the summer and 500 km in the winter. The variation of the transition altitude with local time and with latitude is obtained. The transition level is found to rise with increasing latitude, rising above 900 km at about 62° dip latitude. It is also observed to rise very quickly at local sunrise and to descend quickly at local sunset. The data suggest that the (O+) - (He+, H+) transition is at least as high as 1000 km during the day. Under these conditions the daytime scale heights at all observed latitudes and the nighttime scale heights at dip latitudes north of 63° can be interpreted in terms of temperature variations in an O+ ionosphere.
Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Steamer-Ducks (Anatidae: Tachyeres)

-An earlier phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters (Livezey, 1986a) indicates that Tachyeres is a member of a specialized clade of Southern Hemisphere shelducks (Tadorninae). Within Tachyeres, the three flightless species appear to be monophyletic, with the two Atlantic species-T. leucocephalus and T. brachypterus-being closest relatives. This phylogenetic hypothesis mirrors the pattern of morphometric similarities among the four species. Speciation in the genus is explainable by the isolation caused by two major glaciations in southern South America and related fluctuations in sea level, and intervening dispersals. The biogeographic model is compared to a morphometric assessment of populations of T. patachonicus and electrophoretic analyses of the four species of Tachyeres. [Anatidae; flightlessness; glaciation; historical biogeography; Patagonia; phylogenetics; Pleistocene; South America; steamer-ducks; Tachyeres.J 'Ihe importance of knowledge of phylogenetic relationships is appreciated widely, not only for the construction of natural classifications of organisms (Cracraft, 1974; Farris, 1976; Wiley, 1981), but also as a basis for an understanding of historical constraints on morphology (Alberch, 1981; Lauder, 1981, 1982; Felsenstein, 1985) and biogeography (Wiley, 1981). Historical constraints are especially important in closely related species-groups in which some members share a strong, derived morphological trend (Grehan and Ainsworth, 1985). Four species of steamer-duck are recognized (Humphrey and Thompson, 1981): (1) flying steamer-duck (Tachyeres patachonicus) of freshwater and marine habitats throughout southern Argentina, Chile, and the Falkland Islands; (2) Magellanic flightless steamer-duck (T. pteneres) of coastal habitats of southern Chile and Tierra del Fuego; (3) white-headed flightless steamer-duck (T. leucocephalus) of coastal Chubut, Argentina; and (4) Falkland flightless steamer-duck (T. brachypterus) of the marine shores of the Falkland Islands. I review previous evaluations of the relationships of Tachyeres to other waterfowl and present a morphologically based phylogenetic analysis of the four species of steamer-ducks. The resultant phylogenetic hypothesis is related to the current knowledge of the geological history of the region, especially the role of glaciations as vicariance events in the marine littoral of southernmost South America. A speciation model then is compared to morphometric analyses and electrophoretic studies of the genus. OPINIONS REGARDING RELATIONSHIPS
USE AND NONUSE OF VICTIM SERVICES PROGRAMS: IMPLICATIONS FROM A STATEWIDE SURVEY OF CRIME VICTIMS*

Research Summary: We explored the reasons for use and/or nonuse of victim services programs through a statewide survey of crime victims who did not use services, and a survey of clients of such programs in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The survey instrument included questions about victim characteristics, the crime event, whether victims used services, victims’ use of other social services, and individual coping mechanisms. Only type of crime and age were significant predictors of use of victim services programs, with older victims of violent crimes more likely to report using services than younger victims of nonviolent crimes. Policy Implications: Our findings mirror other studies that indicate very little usage of services by crime victims. Those who did not use services reported getting assistance from friends or family members, not being told about services, or not thinking it was worth the trouble to seek out such services. Also, victims demonstrated very little knowledge about the types of services provided by victim services programs. We conclude that a victim's decision not to seek assistance could be akin to the reason why so many crime victims never report their experience to the police in the first place. To increase the use of services by crime victims, a greater emphasis will need to be placed on educating the public about such services, adequately staffing programs with better trained individuals who can meet the needs of crime victims, and broadening the types of services provided to crime victims.
Smiling in older infants: Form and maternal response

Abstract Two studies examined the social significance of perceptible differences among the smiles of older infants. Seventeen-month-old infants smiled both at their mothers and at their toys while engaged in nonsocial play. The infants' smiles were categorized by the visual properties of mouth and jaw position as “closed-lip”, “bored-teeth”, and “open-mouth” smiles. Smiles with different mouth positions were distributed differently between social and nonsocial smiling targets. Moreover, mothers' initial responses to infants' smiles in their direction varied qualitatively with the infants' smiling mouth position. These findings suggest that by 18 months of age infants produce more than one smiling signal. The implications of the results for the origins of meaning in facial expressions are explored.
Spin states and hyperfine interactions of iron incorporated in MgSiO3 post-perovskite

Abstract Using density functional theory + Hubbard U (DFT + U ) calculations, we investigate the spin states and nuclear hyperfine interactions of iron incorporated in magnesium silicate (MgSiO 3 ) post-perovskite (Ppv), a major mineral phase in the Earth's D″ layer, where the pressure ranges from ~ 120 to 135 GPa. In this pressure range, ferrous iron (Fe 2 + ) substituting for magnesium at the dodecahedral (A) site remains in the high-spin (HS) state; intermediate-spin (IS) and low-spin (LS) states are highly unfavorable. As to ferric iron (Fe 3 + ), which substitutes magnesium at the A site and silicon at the octahedral (B) site to form (Mg,Fe)(Si,Fe)O 3 Ppv, we find the combination of HS Fe 3 + at the A site and LS Fe 3 + at the B site the most favorable. Neither A-site nor B-site Fe 3 + undergoes a spin-state crossover in the D″ pressure range. The computed iron quadrupole splittings are consistent with those observed in Mossbauer spectra. The effects of Fe 2 + and Fe 3 + on the equation of state of Ppv are found nearly identical, expanding the unit cell volume while barely affecting the bulk modulus.
Transformation of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea to hygromycin B resistance

Low frequency, integrative transformation of three fertile hermaphroditic strains of Magnaporthe grisea has been achieved using plasmid pAN7-1 and cosmid pAN7-2, which contain an Escherichia coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene linked to Aspergillus nidulans regulatory sequences.
On the detection of rare, and moderately rare, nuclear events

Some of the more important developments in science and practical demands in commerce have been linked to attempts to detect rare events and rare contaminants, ranging from the early “counting” of solar neutrinos to the occurrence of dodder seeds in clover. For moderately rare events (≈5 to 50 counts) we consider limitations of the Poisson-normal approximation, together with the apparent problem of excessive false positives when a common expression is (mis-)used for detection decisions. For very rare events, rigorous approaches published more than half a century ago are applicable to such current problems as trace actinide contamination and nuclear treaty monitoring.
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of organisms isolated from acute soft-tissue abscesses secondary to dental caries

Abstract Culture and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing of exudates from sixty-six outpatients with acute soft-tissue abscesses secondary to dental caries revealed that Streptococcus viridans was the most common isolate. This organism was isolated from forty-two (70 per cent) of the viable exudates, including thirty-six (60 per cent) in pure culture. Strep. viridans was susceptible to all antibiotics recommended for use in dental practice, except tetracycline. Eight (19 per cent) isolates of Strep. viridans were resistant to tetracycline. A sufficient number of other acrobic and anaerobic organisms, with varying antibiotic susceptibility patterns, were isolated to warrant routine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing of these exudates.
Network Hypervisors: Managing the Emerging SDN Chaos

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has been widely recognized as a promising way to deploy new services and protocols in future networks. The programmability and control offered by SDN networks enables users and applications to define virtually every aspect of the network architecture. Unfortunately, this flexibility comes at a cost - a cost that has the potential to significantly limit its adoption. First, in order to offer complete flexibility, today's SDN networks provide low-level API's on which almost any type of service can be written. In the process, it can actually become more difficult to implement the higher level complex services needed by future networks. Second, emerging SDN networks exhibit a heterogeneity reminiscent of the early Internet, with limited ability to piece together the various SDN platforms being deployed. In this paper we propose a new way to construct SDN networks consisting of multiple SDN providers offering virtualizable networking resources across the Internet. At the heart of our approach is a Network Hypervisor service that is capable of internetworking various SDN providers together. Moreover, our Network Hypervisor builds on the low-level APIs provided by SDNs to create a unified set of high-level abstractions and APIs that greatly simplify the task of building and deploying complex network services over SDN.
Changes in prolactin receptor expression during pregnancy in the mouse ovary

We have isolated the cDNA encoding the cytoplasmic domain of a long form of the mouse PRL receptor (PRL-R). The mRNA for this long form PRL-R and the three mRNAs encoding short mouse PRL-R that have been previously characterized are all expressed in both the liver and ovary. The relative amounts of these receptor forms differ between tissues, however. In addition, the structure of one of the short receptor forms may not be identical in the liver and ovary. Within the ovary, the abundance and sites of synthesis of the four PRL-R mRNAs vary during pregnancy. Expression of the two most abundant PRL-R mRNAs increases significantly at midgestation. Expression of PRL-R mRNA is detected in the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy, while increased receptor mRNA levels are evident in the granulosa cells of a subset of Graafian follicles toward the end of pregnancy and during lactation. Some differences are also observed in the expression patterns of the individual receptor forms. Most notably, one of the short form PRL-R mRNAs is uniquely detected in atretic follicles in early to midgestation.
PRESERVICE TEACHERS’ THOUGHTS AND FEARS ABOUT DISCIPLINING CHILDREN

The purposes of this study were threefold: (1) to determine if fears and concerns about guiding children's behavior and misbehavior is a generalized feeling, or more related to specific circumstances and scenarios; (2) to determine which situations may give students the greatest and least amounts of anxiety; and (3) to explore the relationship between students’ beliefs about the causes of children's misbehavior and their anxiety about specific discipline situations. After completing a questionnaire, preservice teachers in this study rated children's challenges to their authority as the most difficult. Discipline situations involving conflicts between children (e.g., refusing to share, not joining in activities) were rated as the least difficult to handle. Most of the preservice teachers believed children misbehaved because of a lack of social skills and developmental sophistication rather than because of bad parenting, inherent personality characteristics, or too many adult restrictions. Preservice teache...
Three-dimensional macroscopic scaffolds with a gradient in stiffness for functional regeneration of interfacial tissues†

A novel approach has been demonstrated to construct biocompatible, macroporous 3-D tissue engineering scaffolds containing a continuous macroscopic gradient in composition that yields a stiffness gradient along the axis of the scaffold. Polymeric microspheres, made of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and composite microspheres encapsulating a higher stiffness nano-phase material (PLGA encapsulating CaCO3 or TiO2 nanoparticles) were used for the construction of microsphere-based scaffolds. Using controlled infusion of polymeric and composite microspheres, gradient scaffolds displaying an anisotropic macroscopic distribution of CaCO3/TiO2 were fabricated via an ethanol sintering technique. The controllable mechanical characteristics and biocompatible nature of these scaffolds warrants further investigation for interfacial tissue engineering applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Athletics at the Beijing Olympics: how much faster can anyone run?

Record after record was broken at the Beijing Olympic Games. Some were truly shattered. But how much faster can a man or a woman run and swim? How much further can a human being jump? Joseph Hilbe examines the forecasts.
Effect of aromatase inhibitors on the histology of the cycling rat ovary.

Two aromatase inhibitors, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA) and testololactone (Teslac), were tested to determine their effects on folliculogenesis, particularly ovarian histologic alterations, in the cycling rat. Adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with continuous infusion of both inhibitors at concentrations of 10––8, 10––4, and 10––2M for 30 days. The effect of the inhibitors on cultured granulosa cells harvested on proestrus was determined in vitro. The in vivo administration of each inhibitor induced significant reduction in ovarian-vein estradiol levels. Estradiol synthesis in cultured granulosa cells was inhibited by both aromatase inhibitors in a dose-dependent fashion. These observations indicate that 4-OHA and Teslac significantly inhibit basal estradiol synthesis in vivo and in vitro. This effect on estrogen synthesis was not reflected in alteration of the ovarian histology in the cycling rat.
Journal Scan: Foot and Ankle

Intra-articular block compared with conscious sedation for closed reduction of ankle fracture-dislocations: a prospective randomized trial. White BJ, Walsh M, Egol KA, Tejwani NC. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:731–734.
Nanoscale surface chemistry in self-and directed-assembly of organic molecules on solid surfaces and synthesis of nanostructured organic architectures

This is the published version. Copyright 2008 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Cytotoxic T cells in influenza immunity

Abstract A key role for CD8 + CTL in influenza virus clearance has been defined in the mouse model. This is supported by the demonstration of linkage of CTL kinetics to viral clearance and disease modulation, by direct lysis of cells infected with non-neutralizable subtypes, and by adoptive transfer and deletion of CTLs. Further, immunization with DNA encoding influenza nucleoprotein protects in the absence of antibody. While the documentation of a parallel role in human infection is limited, the mouse model provides a conceptually valid surrogate for human infection and immunity. Rapid memory CTL recall should be of most value in the presence of infection where antibody is inadequate, such as in the elderly and those with chronic disease.
THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL CORE AREAS AND PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE

ABSTRACT The German economist Andreas Predohl has proposed a model of worldwide spatial economic organization which relates the flow of trade to industrial location. Basically, Predohl's model distinguishes between industrial core areas, the focal centers of world commerce, and peripheral regions which supply the core areas with raw materials in return for a share of the core areas' output of manufactured goods. Considering the almost universal drive toward industrialization, the question arises whether Predohl's model can be useful in projecting the growth of new core areas and related changes in the direction of trade. Special interest attaches to the recognition of core areas in their early stages of development. The simple criterion of steel production, used by Predohl as the primary index of the stage of industrial development, is found wanting. Paths of industrial growth can be expected to differ with the advance of technology, consumer preferences, and the availability of local resources.
Automated bone and joint-region segmentation in volumetric ultrasound

Ultrasound (US) is being increasingly used in the assessment of joints for disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Pathologies related to RA in joints, manifest themselves commonly as changes in the bone (e.g. erosions) and the region enclosed by the joint-capsule (e.g. synovitis). Automated tools for detecting and segmenting such structures would help significantly towards objective and quantitative assessment of RA in joints. In this paper we present a novel method for automatic extraction of the 3D bone surface and segmentation of the joint-capsule region from volumetric (3D) scans of commonly affected joints such as the metacar-pophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints. We improve and extend the cost function proposed in [1] to 3D such that it is more robust to loss of acoustic intensity due to the surface normals facing away from the incident acoustic beam. The extracted bone coupled with a simple anatomical model of the MCP joint provides a coarse localization of the joint-capsule region. A probabilistic speckle model is then used to iteratively refine the capsule segmentation. We illustrate the performance of proposed methods through quantitative comparisons with expert annotations as well as qualitative results on over 30 scans obtained from 11 subjects.
Association between teriparatide adherence and healthcare utilization and costs among hip fracture patients in the United States.

article Purpose: This study examined the association between teriparatide (TPTD) adherence, and healthcare utilization and costs among hip fracture (HFx) patients. Methods: Individuals aged 50 years and older with an HFx between 1/1/2002-12/31/2010 were identified from a large US administrative claims database. The first HFx date during this period was designatedas the index. Selected patients had at least 6 months of pre-index continuous enrollment (baseline) and no baseline TPTD use, cancer, or Paget's disease. Patients initiating TPTD post-index were followed until censoring at switch to bisphosphonates, disenrollment, 36 months post-index, or diagnosis of cancer or Paget's disease. Teriparatide adherence was mea- sured as the proportion of days covered (PDC) by TPTD prescriptions, during the follow-up period, to construct three adherence groups: low (PDC ≤ 0.5), medium (0.5 b PDC ≤ 0.8), and high (PDC N 0.8) adherence. Outcome measures were repeated HFx, number of inpatient admissions, and per-patient-per-month (PPPM) healthcare costs. Multivariable generalized linear models examined the association between the TPTD adherence groups and the outcomes, adjusting for cross-group differences in patient characteristics. Results: A total of 824 patients (mean age 75 years, 90% female) were included: 30% low, 27% medium, and 44% high adherence. In multivariable analyses, high adherence was significantly (all p b 0.05) directly associated with increased PPPM pharmacy costs ($621 low, $1093 medium, and $1572 high), but also with the lowest inpa- tient ($963 low, $960 medium, and $629 high) and outpatient ($1087 low, $1068 medium, and $776 high) costs, leading to the highest total costs in the medium adherence group but similar costs in the high and low adherence groups ($2599 low, $3163 medium, and $2869 high). The high adherence group also had the lowest number of inpatient admissions. Conclusions: Significantly increased pharmacy costsassociated with the high TPTD adherence group were offset by significantly fewer inpatient admissions, fewer repeated HFx, and lower inpatient and outpatient costs.
Variations in sintering kinetics and microstructure of alumina with chromium and molybdenum additions

Chromium and molybdenum were introduced into alumina through gel synthesis. Both elements are soluble in aluminium hydroxide and low-temperature (<1400°C) aluminium oxide. In the course of transformation from hydroxide to oxide, the evaporation-condensation of vapour phase (below 1000° C) causes shrinkage of the porous compact due to particle rearrangement and growth through capillary drag and adsorption. Subsequently, differences in agglomerate structure, grain growth, solute atmosphere and densification arise because of variations in the crystal lochemical behaviour of chromium and molybdenum. The solute atmospheres of chromia-vacancy and molybdenum metal reveal sub-grain boundaries and dislocations. In chromia-alumina solid solution these defects annihilate and contribute to densification (98%th) with increase in temperature to 1600° C. However, with further rise in temperature to 1700° C, the solid solution desinters to 85%th and creep cavities show transition from grain boundary to lattice creep. In Mo-Al2O3 composite the defects are locked by molybdenum solute, and as a result there is an insignificant increase in densification (30%th at 1600°C).
Nucleation and growth of GaSe on GaAs by Van der Waal epitaxy

Nucleation and growth of GaSe on GaAs(1 1 1)B substrate was studied to develop a better understanding of the Van der Waals epitaxy (VDWE) process. A complementary combination of RHEED, XPS, AFM and HREM were used. The initial GaAs(1 1 1)B surface reacts with incoming flux, forming a compound similar to GaSe at the surface. After one monolayer coverage, further growth of GaSe is on GaSe; the system changes from a heteroepitaxial to homoepitaxial system. Nucleation in the VDWE process is characterized by the formation of small oriented clusters with the weak Van der Waals bond dictating the orientation relationship. Further growth is found to be limited by surface kinetics, with a large diffusion barrier at the growing step edge. This barrier leads to islanding with the island shape dictated by the substrate temperature. A modified deposition procedure was developed to obtain uniform layer-by-layer growth of well-aligned flat GaSe domains without islanding.
Production, purification and characterization of rat interferon

Priming with heterologous mouse interferon, increased production of an antiviral substance induced in rat diploid fibroblasts by Newcastle disease virus. This substance was characterized as an acid stable interferon. This rat interferon exhibited marked cross-species antiviral activity when tested in mouse L929B cells, guinea pig embryo fibroblasts, human fibroblasts and bovine cells but was not active on chick embryo cells.