cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Underfeeding on Milk Secretion

Summary It was shown that when the ration fed to dairy cows was reduced 50 per cent that there was a decided increase in the per cent of fat in the milk. The peak of the increase in the per cent of fat was reached about the third day. The per cent of fat remained abnormally high as long as the reduced ration was continued (ten days). When the ration was brought back to normal the per cent of fat decreased and remained below that of the preliminary period during the entire ten-day period. The quantity of milk produced was reduced, the amount of reduction depending on the length of the feeding period and the stage of the lactation period. The total yield of fat was not significantly changed. Underfeeding did not appear to cause a feverish condition of the udder. The effect of underfeeding should be taken into consideration in interpreting data on feeding trials of short duration, the effect of drugs on the per cent of fat, pasture experiments, and other experiments of this type where significance is placed upon a variation in the per cent of fat.
Energy levels of 237Np (I). The alpha decay of 241Am

Abstract The γ-ray spectrum of 241Am from 80 to 850 keV was studied with a high resolution semiconductor γ-ray spectrometer; α-γ- and α-electron-coincidence spectra were studied with semiconductor and scintillation detectors. From these data and previous results, a decay scheme is constructed. Theoretical α-intensity calculations aided in establishing the decay scheme. Nilsson assignments 5 + 2 [642], 5 − 2 [523] and 1 + 2 [400] for rotational bands based on levels at 0, 59.54 and 332.36 keV are confirmed. A new 1 − 2 [530] band, whose lowest member is the well-known 267.54 keV 3 − 2 level, is positively identified, and a K = 5 − 2 beta-vibrational band established. The latter band decays primarily by M1 transitions, in violation of the vibrational selection rule. A new level at 770 keV with a probable I π = 7 + 2 assignments is also of probable vibrational character. A brief study of 243Am decay reveals a similar structure for 239 Np.
Mechanisms of oxidation and its role in microstructural evolution of metallic thermal spray coatings—Case study for Ni–Al

Abstract Thermal spray coatings are formed by successive impingement and interbonding among the splats (solidified individual molten particles). Depending on the processing conditions employed during the spray process, deposits are produced with an assortment of microstructures and properties. This study brings out how the basic microstructural differences are influenced by mechanisms involved during the spraying processes. The Ni–5 wt.% Al metallic system is chosen for a systematic study of cross comparison across different spraying techniques because of the potential variety in coating microstructure and phases possible through application of the different spray processes as indicated in the literature. Spray techniques such as Air Plasma spraying (APS), Wire Arc Spraying and, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF), each differ with respect to their feedstock injection and melting methods, spraying parameters and deposition efficiency as well as oxidation involved during spraying. The goal of this study is to address the mechanisms of oxidation involved and present schematic models to explain their role in the microstructural evolution of Ni–5 wt.% Al coatings in case of different processes. In-flight oxidation and post-impact oxidation occurring on top surface of splats are discussed in detail and the effects of these mechanisms on intersplat contact and coating buildup are addressed.
Field strength in neuro-MR imaging: A comparison of 0.5 T and 1.5 T

ABSTRACT A study was undertaken comparing neurological magnetic resonance imaging at high (1.5 T) and mid (0.5 T) field strengths. Twenty-eight patients (20 head and 8 spine) from our routine case load volunteered to undergo two consecutive and identical MR studies on the two systems. The two MR systems were built by the same manufacturer and were equipped with essentially identical hardware and software. Individual patient studies were performed consecutively in adjacent MR suites, and pulse sequence parameters were replicated exactly at the two field strengths. One exception to this rule was that the second echo of the long TR sequence in the head was acquired with a narrow receiver bandwidth on the 0.5 T system. The resulting axial double echo long repetition time (TR) and sagittal short TR head images and sagittal short and double echo long TR spine images were graded by two blinded observers (senior staff neuroradiologists) on two levels. First, the images were graded for image quality, i.e., conspicuousness of artifacts and clarity in depiction of normal and pathologic anatomy. Second, diagnostic accuracy of MR was assessed relative to the clinical-pathologic diagnosis in each case. The image quality of the 1.5 T system was rated superior in both the head and spine for most specific items assessed. This observer preference for 1.5 T images did not, however, translate into greater diagnostic accuracy for the 1.5 T system in the head. Although the 1.5 T system did have a slight advantage in diagnostic accuracy in the spine, a significant difference was not found.
Effect of phenoxybenzamine on luteinizing hormone release in the female rat.

To clarify the mode of action of phenoxybenzamine an alpha adrenergic blocking agent its effects upon plasma LH levels in ovariectomized rats and upon the ovulatory LH surge expected between 1400 and 1600 the critical period on the day of proestrus in normal rats were studied. A single injection of phenoxybenzamine 20 mg/kg given at 1300 on the day of proestrus bokced ovulation (1 out of 7 ovulating) while plasma LH did not differ from controls between 1500 and 1600. An additional injection of 20 iu HCG at 1500 prevented the ovulation block (83% ovulating). A single phenoxybenzamine injection at 1700 failed to prevent ovulation (5 out of 7 ovulating). The beta adrenergic blocking agents propanolol and MJ 1999 did not affect ovulation. Treatment with phenoxybenzamine for 2 days 20mg/kg/day for 8 days 10mg/kg/day were did not prevent the rise causing a reduction in blood flow through the ovary rather than acting as a neurogenic stimulus in the hypothalamus.
Oligonucleotides containing modified bases. I. Inhibition of DNA and RNA polymerases by partially thiolated oligocytidylic acids

Abstract A series of oligomers of cytidylic acid were prepared and partially (6–9% of the bases) thiolated in the 5 positions. The modified oligomers showed increasing inhibition with increasing chain length of both the DNA polymerase-α from regenerating rat liver and the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of E. coli , but the minimum chain length for observable inhibitory activity was 5 nucleotide units for the DNA polymerase-α and 16 units for the RNA polymerase.
Spiritualism in Antebellum America

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Foreword by Catherine L. Albanese and Stephen J. Stein 1. Introduction: Spiritualist Religion and the Search for Order 2. American Spiritualism and the Swedenborgian Order 3. Spiritualist Republicanism 4. The Structure of the Spirit World 5. The Ministry of Spirits 6. The Structure of Spiritualist Practice 7. The Structure of Spiritualist Society Conclusion Notes List of Abbreviations Bibliography Index
On Sparse Sets with the Green Function of the Highest Smoothness

Let E be a regular compact subset of the real line, let Open image in new window be the Green function of the complement of E with respect to the extended complex plane \({\overline {\rm C}}\) with pole at ∞. We construct two examples of sets E of the minimum Hausdorff dimension with Open image in new window satisfying the Holder condition with p = 1/2 either uniformly or locally.
A human genetics database management system

Abstract Human genetics research involves a large number of complex data sets naturally organized in hierarchical structures. Data collection is performed on different levels, e.g.. the project level, pedigree level, individual level, and sample level. Different aspects of a study utilize different views of the data, requiring a flexible database management system (DBMS) which satisfies these different needs for data collection and retrieval. We describe HGDBMS, a comprehensive relational DBMS, implemented as an application of the GENISYS I DBMS, which allows embedding the hierarchical structure of pedigrees in a relational structure. The system's file structure is described in detail. Currently our Melanoma and Chromosome 17 map studies are managed with HGDBMS. Our initial experience demonstrates the value of a flexible system which supports the needs for data entry, update, storage, reporting, and analysis required during different phases of genetic research. Further developments will focus on the integration of HGDBMS with a human genetics expert system shell and analysis programs.
Moral Judgment Research and the Cognitive‐Developmental Approach to Moral Education

Describing Kohlberg's interview test and his own Defining Issues Test (DIT), Rest assures us that we now have usable, reliable ways of assessing an individual's moral judgment development level. There is evidence for accepting a developmental sequence in moral judgment, from low stage thinking to higher stage thinking. Rest reviews the evidence for three aspects of morality as part of the cognitive domain, although numerous other factors beyond moral judgment influence concrete behavior. The author offers impressions about educational interventions. Moral judgment theory is considered the current best choice for “theoretical richness, practical implications, validated findings.”
Carcinogenicity Studies on MTBE: Critical Review and Interpretation

Chronic inhalation of toxic concentrations of MTBE caused renal tubular cell neoplasms in male Fischer 344 rats and hepatocellular adenomas in female CD-1 mice. In Sprague-Dawley rats the oral administration of MTBE was associated with increased incidences of Leydig cell tumors and of lymphomas and leukemias (combined) in males and females, respectively. Neither lymphomas nor leukemias were individually increased in treated females. leydig cell tumors are common in rats and do not predict human responses to drugs and chemicals. Neither MTBE nor its metabolite, t-butyl alcohol, possess mutagenic potential and a second metabolite, formaldehyde, is mutagenic in vitro but in vivo results are equivocal. MTBE-induced neoplasms are most likely produced through a nongenetic mechanism which requires chronic exposure to toxic doses. Because of the intense odor (and taste) of MTBE, humans will not tolerate either air or water concentrations sufficient to produce the cytotoxic precursors required to promote cellular proliferation.
The effects of dietary selenium on the immune system in healthy men

Eleven men were fed foods naturally high or low in selenium for 120 d. Selenium intake was stabilized at 47 µg/d for 21 d, then changed to either 13 or 297 µg/d for 99 d, leading to significantly different blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase concentrations. Serum immunoglobulins, complement components, and primary antibody responses to influenza vaccine were unchanged. Antibody titers against diphtheria vaccine were 2.5-fold greater after reinoculation in the high selenium group. White blood cell counts decreased in the high-selenium group and increased in the low-selenium group, resulting primarily from changes in granulocytes. Apparent increases in cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and activated T-cells in the high-selenium group only approached statistical significance. Lymphocyte counts increased on d 45 in the high-selenium group. In vitro proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes in autologous serum in response to pokeweed mitogen was stimulated in the high-selenium group by d 45 and remained elevated throughout the study, whereas proliferation in the low selenium group did not increase until d 100. This study indicates that the immune-enhancing properties of selenium in humans are the result, at least in part, of improved activation and proliferation of B-lymphocytes and perhaps enhanced T-cell function.
Toward coopetition within a multinational enterprise: A perspective from foreign subsidiaries

This article presents a conceptual and typological framework that delineates coopetition within a globally coordinated multinational enterprise—simultaneous cooperation and competition between geographically dispersed subunits. With heightened interdependence in resource or knowledge sharing, value-chain rationalization, and common function integration, foreign subsidiaries increasingly cooperate between themselves, bilaterally or multilaterally, in pursuit of synergistically collective gains while synchronically competing for parent resources, corporate support, system position, and market expansion. This article explains why coopetition occurs and in what areas they cooperate and compete, augments a typology that classifies subunits along the various levels of simultaneous cooperation and competition (aggressive demander, silent implementer, ardent contributor, and network captain), discusses respective determinants of cooperation and competition, and explicates the internal infrastructure needed to help maximize consolidated returns from coopetition.
Parental beliefs and knowledge about male human papillomavirus vaccination in the US: A survey of a pediatric clinic population

The purpose of this study is to examine US parental knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) in males, views on vaccination, and correlation to vaccination rates. The survey was conducted of clinic population about parental knowledge and beliefs of male HPV health outcomes and vaccination. There were a total of 102 participants who completed the survey. Perceived parental knowledge about the virus was reported as "a lot" by 11%, "some" by 50%, and "very little/nothing" by 38% of the participants. However, knowledge of HPV was moderate, with only 14% of the respondents answering all knowledge questions correctly; 64% of the respondents correctly identified HPV as a cause of genital warts in males, 43% identified at least one HPV-related cancer, and 30% were unable to identify any health outcomes in males. There was a statistically significant correlation between perceived and actual knowledge, with >15% of the survey respondents correctly identifying that HPV does not clear up on its own (p=0.004). Of the participants who did not vaccinate, reasons included the following: 54% fulfilled the child's wish not to be vaccinated, 38% reported belief vaccine is unsafe, and 38% indicated that their children are too young and/or expressed fear that the vaccine would negatively affect behavior. This study supports the fact that parental beliefs and attitudes are more important than actual knowledge about HPV or HPV vaccination. The implication to physicians is to tailor discussions to address fears about the dangers or complications, emphasize the safety of the vaccine, and address sources of misinformation.
Pulmonary Hypertension Presenting as a Panic Disorder

\�,7hile it is widely recognized that patients with a major medical illness often have psychiatric symptoms, it is less commonly appreciated that psychiatric symptoms may be the first presentation of the illness. This has been documented by several authors’-3 who report that 9 percent’ to 40 percent2 of patients undergoing treatment for presumed psychiatric disease may actually have a medical illness accounting for their symptoms. We present the case of a woman who was given the diagnoses of panic disorder, psychogenic hyperventilation, and endogenous depression. Following medical and physiologic evaluations, however, it was apparent that her hyperventilation and symptoms of panic most likely resulted from the physiologic derangements consequent to pulmonary vascular disease. The purpose of this report is to describe how these derangements could precipitate such symptoms.
Comparative MSH release-inhibiting activities of tocinoic acid (the ring of oxytocin), and L-Pro-L-Leu-Gly-NH2 (the side chain of oxytocin)

Abstract Synthetic tocinoic acid, the ring structure of oxytocin (L-Cys-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-Gln-L-Asn-L-Cys-OH), inhibits MSH release from the rat pituitary in vitro at less than nanogram (10−10 g/ml) levels. A similar inhibitory activity could not be demonstrated on the amphibian ( Rana pipiens ) pituitary. The synthetic tripeptide side chain of oxytocin (L-Pro-L-Leu-Gly-NH2) was devoid, in vitro , of MSH release inhibition in either the rat or the frog.
On Whether One Can(not) Not Communicate: An Examination via Traditional Communication Postulates.

Despite the popularity of the Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) axiom that one cannot not communicate, the position warrants reexamination in light of other popular claims about the nature of communication. This paper reviews four traditional communication postulates‐namely, that communication is interactive, involves encoding, involves the exchange of symbols, and has a fidelity dimension‐and finds each to be a contradiction of the popular axiom. The contradictions force a rejection of the axiom or a rejection of the postulates. Neither decision need affect the kinds of human behavior studied as relevant to communication, but the decision does affect general conceptualizations and specific claims about communication.
Allocation formulas in the literature: A review

Librarians have been writing about the allocation of resources for most of the twentieth century. For about 60 years, many of the writings have focused on devising formulas to assist with the allocation problem. While many individual formulas have been offered in the past, differences among them are frequently subtle and constitute variations on a theme. The present paper examines the existing literature that centers on formulation and ties together the concerns that have been expressed by writers in the past several decades.
Synthesis and Characterization of Photorefractive Polymers Containing Transition Metal Complexes as Photosensitizer

This paper reports detailed synthesis and characterization of a hybridized polymer system which combines the ionic transition metal complexes and a conjugated polymer backbone bearing NLO chromophores to manifest a large photorefractive (PR) effect. In this system, the conjugated polymer backbone was chosen to play the dual role of a transporting channel for the charge carriers and a macroligand to chelate with the transition metal complex. Ru(II)−tri(bispyridyl) complexes were chosen as the photocharge generator by utilizing their metal-to-ligand charge transfer properties. The Heck coupling reaction was applied to synthesize these multifunctional polymers. A large net optical gain (>200 cm-1) at a zero electric field was observed on poled samples. The synthetic approach is versatile and was extended to the synthesis of PR polymers containing Os complexes. The resulting polymer showed photorefractivity at a wavelength in the near IR region (780 nm). This approach also offers the opportunity to fine-tune ...
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) suppresses concanavalin A-stimulated human T cell proliferation through monocytes

Abstract 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (calcitriol) inhibits mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation by blocking the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2). The present study was initiated to determine the role of monocytes (Mo) in this process. Either Mo or T cells were preincubated with calcitriol for 24 or 48 hr and were thoroughly washed prior to concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated coculture period. The inhibitory effect of calcitriol was Mo mediated; pretreatment of Mo resulted in inhibition of T cell proliferation, whereas pretreatment of T cells lacked the suppressive effect. Similar results were obtained by using 7-to 20-day-old IL-2-dependent human cultured T cells instead of fresh T cells. Calcitriol did not diminish the IL-1 secretion or intracellular IL-1 production of fresh Mo and actually increased the secretion of 24-hr-old Mo. Furthermore, addition of recombinant IL-1 to Mo-T cell coculture failed to reconstitute proliferative defect. Thus, these experiments clearly demonstrate that the suppression of Con A-driven T cell proliferation by calcitriol is Mo mediated and works by a non-IL-1 mechanism. At least, under these experimental conditions of Con A-driven T cell proliferation in which Mo play an obligatory role, antiproliferative action of calcitriol is Mo dependent.
Anoxic decrease in potassium outward currents of hippocampal cultured neurons in absence and presence of dithionite.

Abstract The effect of brief anoxia on voltage dependent K+-currents of hippocampal cultured neurons was studied. The oxygen scavenger dithionite (hydrosulphite) was previously used for creating zero oxygen pressure. However, dithionite consumes O2 in parallel with generation of superoxide radicals and is a strongly reducing agent. In this study anoxia was produced by perfusion of the neurons with a solution bubbled with nitrogen for 1 h using a chamber with an argon layer isolating the anoxic bath flow from atmospheric oxygen in presence and absence of dithionite. Oxygen partial pressure of dithionite-free solution was determined by oxygen dependent quenching of the phosphorescence of Pd-coproporphyrin to be 0.15±0.02 Torr (values are given as mean±S.D., n=6). Slow (IK)- and fast (IA)-inactivating K+-currents were measured with the patch clamp technique in the whole cell configuration. Exposure of the neurons to anoxia reversibly decreased the amplitude of IK at a test pulse of 0 mV to 77±12% (n=7) in absence and to 83±7% (n=6) in presence of 2 mM dithionite; the amplitude of IA decreased to 78±11% in absence and to 82±9% in presence of 2 mM dithionite. Voltage dependence of activation and inactivation shifted 5 min after exposure to anoxia reversibly by about 6 mV in depolarizing direction. The decay times of inactivation were insensitive to anoxia. Dithionite had no significant effects on K+-currents. In 15 of 21 neurons not employed for analysis on K+-currents, a reversible increase in holding current under dithionite was observed. In absence of dithionite in 4 of 19 neurons the holding current reversibly increased during anoxia. Although dithionite does not affect K+-currents, changes in holding current show that the dithionite may affect neurons independently of oxygen deprivation.
CLONING OF LINEAR DNAS IN VIVO BY OVEREXPRESSED T4 DNA LIGASE : CONSTRUCTION OF A T4 PHAGE HOC GENE DISPLAY VECTOR

A method was developed to clone linear DNAs by overexpressing T4 phage DNA ligase in vivo, based upon recombination deficient E. coli derivatives that carry a plasmid containing an inducible T4 DNA ligase gene. Integration of this ligase-plasmid into the chromosome of such E. coli allows standard plasmid isolation following linear DNA transformation of the strains containing high levels of T4 DNA ligase. Intramolecular ligation allows high efficiency recircularization of cohesive and blunt-end terminated linear plasmid DNAs following transformation. Recombinant plasmids could be constructed in vivo by co-transformation with linearized vector plus insert DNAs, followed by intermolecular ligation in the T4 ligase strains to yield clones without deletions or rearrangements. Thus, in vitro packaged lox-site terminated plasmid DNAs injected from phage T4 were recircularized by T4 ligase in vivo with an efficiency comparable to CRE recombinase. Clones that expressed a capsid-binding 14-aa N-terminal peptide extension derivative of the HOC (highly antigenic outer capsid) protein for T4 phage hoc gene display were constructed by co-transformation with a linearized vector and a PCR-synthesized hoc gene. Therefore, the T4 DNA ligase strains are useful for cloning linear DNAs in vivo by transformation or transduction of DNAs with nonsequence-specific but compatible DNA ends.
Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for high-risk ALL.

The role of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) in the treatment of ALL remains unclear.1 Several phase III studies have failed to demonstrate the superiority of AHCT over conventional chemotherapy.2, 3, 4, 5 We hypothesized that an intensified approach might improve the outcomes of AHCT for adults with ALL. We used an intensive consolidation treatment with high-dose cytarabine and etoposide that has been used in AHCT for AML and has produced excellent hematopoietic cell mobilization.6 The aims of this consolidation therapy were to decrease leukemia cell burden in the patient, produce good progenitor cell mobilization and provide in vivo purging of the graft. We performed ex vivo purging of the graft with a combination of monoclonal antibodies and complement in order to further reduce leukemic contamination.7 We developed an intensified preparative regimen that would be unsuitable for allogeneic transplantation, but that we thought would be appropriate for autologous transplantation, based on the high-dose fractionated TBI (FTBI) plus etoposide program developed at the City of Hope National Medical Center,8 by adding CY 100 mg/kg. In order to ascertain the efficacy of the overall approach in a phase II study, we enrolled only high-risk patients who would be expected to have a very poor outcome if treated with chemotherapy alone and in whom no allogeneic hematopoietic cell donor was available or AHCT was not appropriate.
Synthesis and assay of tyrosinated analogs of a crustacean pigment‐dispersing neuropeptide hormone

In an effort to obtain biologically active tyrosine analogs of the octadecapeptide pigment-dispersing hormone (β-PDH) of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator, we have synthesized [Tyr15]- and [Nle18]-β-PDH, as well as eight tyrosine analogs of [Nle15]-β-PDH by the solid-phase method. Each analog was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and partition chromatography. When tested for melanophore pigment-dispersing activity in destalked Uca, [Nle15, Tyr16]-β-PDH and [Nle15]-β-PDH were found to be 31-fold and 16-fold more potent, respectively, than β-PDH. Somewhat reduced potency was displayed by [N-Tyr,Nle15]-β-PDH (81%) and [Nle15, Tyr17]-β-PDH (26%). All other analogs, including [Nle15, Tyr19]-β-PDH and the four derivatives of [Nle15]-β-PDH obtained through substitution for nonpolar amino acid residues at positions 4, 5, 8, and 11 in the primary structure, showed marked decrease in biological activity (0.01 to 2% potency).
The impact of statistical adjustment on conditional standard errors of measurement in the assessment of physician communication skills.

The use of standardized patients to assess communication skills is now an essential part of assessing a physician’s readiness for practice. To improve the reliability of communication scores, it has become increasingly common in recent years to use statistical models to adjust ratings provided by standardized patients. This study employed ordinary least squares regression to adjust ratings, and then used generalizability theory to evaluate the impact of these adjustments on score reliability and the overall standard error of measurement. In addition, conditional standard errors of measurement were computed for both observed and adjusted scores to determine whether the improvements in measurement precision were uniform across the score distribution. Results indicated that measurement was generally less precise for communication ratings toward the lower end of the score distribution; and the improvement in measurement precision afforded by statistical modeling varied slightly across the score distribution such that the most improvement occurred in the upper-middle range of the score scale. Possible reasons for these patterns in measurement precision are discussed, as are the limitations of the statistical models used for adjusting performance ratings.
Evaluation of a standardized wellness protocol to improve anthropometric and physiologic function and to reduce health risk factors: a retrospective analysis of outcome.

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine whether a standardized, commercial wellness protocol (Creating Wellness) that focuses on diet, exercise, vitamin supplementation, and one-on-one coaching improves anthropometric and physiologic function and reduces health risk factors. Methods: Using a retrospective analysis of subject data collected through a central data repository, several measures of anthropometric and physiologic function were analyzed for changes in outcome. Results: There were 197 private chiropractic clinics in the United States utilizing the Creating Wellness protocol in 2007. A total of 178 subjects completed an 18-week protocol and had initial and final assessments. All anthropometric and physiologic measures showed improvement following the intervention; therefore, this standardized wellness protocol was shown to improve weight, heart rate, blood pressure, strength, body–mass index, and forced vital capacity. Paired sample t tests and significance testing for th...
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN ACCOUNTING FIRMS: DO MALE AND FEMALE CPAs INTERPRET SEXUAL HARASSMENT DIFFERENTLY?

Abstract This study investigated gender differences in the interpretation of “actionable” sexual harassment. Male and female respondents were placed in the role of the jury in scenarios based on actual federal court cases of alleged sexual harassment. The respondents were asked to determine the verdict and resulting punishment (if appropriate) of male defendants in six alleged sexual harassment incidents. In addition, male and female CPAs were asked whether they would prefer to have the alleged sexual harassment investigations handled internally (in-house) or externally. The results indicate that male CPAs are less apt to find a man guilty of sexual harassment as compared to female CPAs. In addition, female CPAs were more apt to want an in-house investigation of an alleged sexual harassment incident as compared to their male colleagues. These results are not surprising especially since CPA firms have more men in senior management and partner level positions than women.
MEAT MASSAGING: EFFECTS OF SALT AND PHOSPHATE ON THE MICROSTRUCTURAL COMPOSITION OF THE MUSCLE EXUDATE

Samples of the tacky exudate formed on meat surfaces as a result of massaging muscle in the presence of salt and/or phosphate were removed at intervals during 24 hr of massaging and observed using a light microscope. Samples without added salt or phosphate showed broken fibers and fragments from fiber disruption. Samples with salt or phosphate showed both solubilized protein and fragments from fiber disruption. Samples with salt and phosphate showed primarily clouds of solubilized protein. Length of massaging enhanced the effects in all samples.
SERUM FACTORS OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES FROM NORTH QUEENSLAND.

HAPTOGLOBIN polymorphism was first discussed by Smithies and Walker1,2. When subjected to purification and reductive cleavage in the presence of 8 M urea the haptoglobins have recently been found by Connell et al.3 to exhibit sub-types corresponding to two forms of the gene Hp1 (Hp1F and Hp1S). Thus after reductive cleavage the Hp 2–1 heterozygote can be identified as either Hp 2–1F or Hp 2–1S, and the Hp 1–1 phenotype exists as either homozygous Hp 1F–1F or Hp 1S–1S or heterozygous Hp 1F–1S. Racial distinctions are marked in regarS to the frequencies of the Hp1F and Hp1S genes. Smithies et al.4 have reported a gene frequency for Hp1F and Hp1S of 0.16 and 0.24 in 93 Caucasians; Giblett and Brooks5 report a corresponding frequency of 0.133 and 0.251 in 66 Caucasians, 0.259 and 0.293 in 222 Negroes, and 0.005 and 0.256 in Orientals. In American Indians, Flory6 found a frequency of 0.005 for Hp1F genes and 0.472 for Hp1S genes.
Technology for infrared sensors produced in low volume

Infrared sensors are generally considered a specialized product for military applications. With the reduction in the projected volume to be procured by the military, industry is actively pursuing new applications of IR sensors in security, surveillance, medical, and process control systems. With this expansion of the potential application base, rapid response to customer requirements and further cost reductions are essential to respond to the future marketplace. Initiatives to develop new detector and JR sensor technologies must maintain this new market perspective. This paper reviews market potential and describes technology initiatives necessary to produce a wide variety of JR sensors in low volume and at affordable cost. The initiatives address all aspects of the JR sensor module production, including the detector, packaging, cryogenics, and electronics. Since the sensor design is an integral part of the overall electro-optical system design, software tools linking sensor specifications to system requirements are also essential to the production of affordable sensors in small quantities. Utilization of this integrated sensor/system design trade space early in the design process provides the capability to make cost/performance tradeoffs that are useful in guiding the selection of detector configuration, packaging, and electronics. Integration of these design activities with factory process capabilities provides the potential for rapid production of new sensor designs at an affordable cost, even in low volume.
Optical Cloak of Invisibility

We present the design and analysis of an optical cloak of invisibility with non-magnetic metamaterials. The general recipe for the implementation of such a device is provided. The cloaking performance is illustrated with finite-element simulations.
Design of Adaptive Procedures for Fault Detection and Isolation

An algorithm is presented for designing minimum-expected-cost test trees for detecting and isolating single faults in a system. A test is specified by the subset of components that must be good for the test to pass, and with each test is associated a fixed cost. Each component is assumed to have an a priori probability of failure. The test tree specifies an adaptive testing procedure that detects a failure and isolates the faulty component while minimizing the expected cost of testing.
Apical Extrusion of Thermoplasticized Obturating Material in Canals Instrumented with Profile 0.06 or Profile GT

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the extrusion of thermoplacticized gutta-percha in teeth instrumented with Profile 0.06 or Profile GT, and obturated with Thermafil Plus and Thermafil GT, respectively. A total of 120, extracted, human maxillary central incisors were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was instrumented with Profile 0.06 and obturated with Thermafil Plus. Group 2 was instrumented with Profile 0.06 and obturated using warm vertical condensation (negative control). Group 3 was instrumented with Profile GT and obturated with Thermafil GT. Group 4 was instrumented with Profile GT and obturated like Group 2 (negative control). Extrusion was graded as present or absent. Results found 9 of 30 extruded for group 1, 1 of 30 for group 2, 15 of 30 for group 3, and 2 of 30 for group 4. The results suggest that, in vitro, Thermafil GT may be more prone to extruding gutta-percha past the apical foramen than Thermafil Plus.
Approximation Method for Double-Scattering Integrals

A method is suggested for approximately evaluating matrix elements for double-scattering processes. The method of performing integrals is illustrated in the cases of inelastic $p\ensuremath{-}d$ scattering and $p\ensuremath{-}p$ bremsstrahlung. The correction to $p\ensuremath{-}p$ bremsstrahlung is found to be not greater than 7%.
Evaluation of a powered ankle-foot prosthetic system during walking.

Abstract Ferris AE, Aldridge JM, Rabago CA, Wilken JM. Evaluation of a powered ankle-foot prosthetic system during walking. Objective To determine whether a powered ankle-foot prosthesis improves gait mechanics, physical performance, and user satisfaction after traumatic transtibial amputation. Design Pre-post. Setting Gait analysis laboratory. Participants Young individuals with traumatic transtibial amputation (n=11) and matched controls (n=11). Interventions Wearing an energy-storing and -returning (ESR) foot and a powered ankle-foot prosthesis. Main Outcome Measures Gait mechanics, physical performance, and user satisfaction. Results The powered prosthesis ankle range of motion (ROM) was significantly larger (∼30%) than that of the ESR limb. However, both devices demonstrated significantly less ankle ROM than the control and intact limbs. At preswing, the ESR limb generated approximately 40% less peak ankle power than control and intact limbs. In contrast, the powered prosthesis generated significantly greater peak ankle power than control (35%) and ESR (∼125%) limbs, resulting in the powered limb absorbing twice the peak knee power observed in the control and intact limbs. The powered prosthesis limb peak hip power generation was approximately 45% greater at preswing than that of the intact limb. Walking velocity increased with the powered prosthesis compared with the ESR limb and was greater than that of the control group. However, physical performance measures were not significantly different between ESR and powered conditions. User satisfaction scores indicated a preference for the powered prosthesis over the ESR limb. Conclusions Compensatory strategies during gait with the ESR and powered prosthetic devices were similar to those reported in the literature. However, the addition of ankle power and ROM by the powered prosthesis appeared to increase compensatory strategies at proximal joints.
Four (more) arguments against the Torrance Tests.

I want to thank Division 10, and especially Kyung Hee Kim, for making this debate possible. It has been interesting and illuminating, and I look forward to future Division 10 debates. I have space here to counter only a few of Kim’s arguments (this issue), most of which I’ve already addressed (Baer, this issue). In this short response, I’d like to focus on four ideas: (a) the use of multiple measures of giftedness, (b) interpretation of Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) subscale scores, (c) what polymaths mean for domain specificity theory, and (d) the need for TTCT proponents to be consistent in their standards. (a) Like Kim, I strongly endorse the use of multiple measures of ability, and especially ones that tap creativity—but not ones that lack validity, which is the problem with TTCT scores. I agree with the many authors Kim cited (in her Is Using the TTCT Inappropriate? section) who have argued for more diverse and inclusive measures of ability. But it’s important to note that none of these experts has endorsed the use of the TTCT, and some of them are actively working on measures of creativity that can be used instead of the TTCT. This certainly isn’t due to lack of familiarity—no one would argue that the TTCT lacks a substantial track record—and one can only conclude that, although all of these authors endorse and encourage the use of multiple measures of ability, none of them has found the TTCT a sufficiently valid or useful tool. They all seem to agree with Simonton’s (2003) summary of the current state of creativity assessment:
The GH-IGF-I axis and diabetes complications.

Over 60 yr ago, Houssay demonstrated that removal of the pituitary improved the diabetes of animals and made them particularly sensitive to insulin (Carbohydrate metabolism. BA Houssay. N Engl J Med 1936; 214: 971–975), and Young reported that permanent diabetes could be produced by injection of pituitary extract (Permanent diabetes produced by pituitary (anterior lobe) injections. FG Young. Lancet 1937; ii: 372–374). Rolf Luft and colleagues in Sweden translated the Houssay model to humans by performing hypophysectomy in the hope of ameliorating vascular complications (Hypophysectomy in man. R Luft, H Olivecrona, B Sjogren. Nord Med 1952; 47: 351–354). At the same time, remission of diabetic retinopathy was reported in a woman with long-standing type 1 diabetes when she developed postpartum anterior pituitary insufficiency (Sheehan's syndrome) (The Houssay phenomenon in man: recovery from retinopathy in a case of diabetes with Simmonds' disease. JE Poulsen. Diabetes 1953; 2 : 7–12). In the 1960s and 1970s, there was considerable enthusiasm for pituitary ablation in the treatment of proliferative retinopathy, an approach happily supplanted by retinal photocoagulation.
Inhibition of Ca2+ channels and adrenal catecholamine release by G protein coupled receptors.

Catecholamines and other transmitters released from adrenal chromaffin cells play central roles in the “fight-or-flight” response and exert profound effects on cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and nervous system function. As such, precise regulation of chromaffin cell exocytosis is key to maintaining normal physiological function and appropriate responsiveness to acute stress. Chromaffin cells express a number of different G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that sense the local environment and orchestrate this precise control of transmitter release. The primary trigger for catecholamine release is Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, so it makes sense that these channels are subject to complex regulation by GPCRs. In particular G protein βγ heterodimers (Gβγ) bind to and inhibit Ca2+ channels. Here I review the mechanisms by which GPCRs inhibit Ca2+ channels in chromaffin cells and how this might be altered by cellular context. This is related to the potent autocrine inhibition of Ca2+ entry and transmitter release seen in chromaffin cells. Recent data that implicate an additional inhibitory target of Gβγ on the exocytotic machinery and how this might fine tune neuroendocrine secretion are also discussed.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SPERMATIUM LIBERATION IN THE MARINE RED ALGA PTILOTA DENSA1

SUMMARY The differentiation of male gametes of the marine red alga Ptilota densa was studied by electron microscopy. Mature primary spermatangia are enveloped by a single cell wall and possess a clearly polar subcellular organization. The nucleus is situated apical to large, striated, fibrous vacuoles which are apparently formed by the repeated fusion of dictyosome vesicles. The transformation and liberation of spermatia from spermatangia involve both the secretion of the fibrous vacuoles at the base of the cell and the subsequent rupturing of the spermatangial cell wall. Liberated spermatia are coated with a thin mucilage layer and contain numerous small vesicles and several mitochondria and dictyosomes. The nucleus is cup-shaped and generally lacks a limiting envelope. These findings are discussed in relation to other light and electron microscopic studies of differentiating spermatangia in red algae.
Correction of Malunion after Pediatric Supracondylar Elbow Fractures

Malunion is the most common complication after pediatric supracondylar fractures. Cubitus varus may be cosmetically disturbing, consolidation in hyperextension restricts flexion. There is a considerable rate of complications for corrective osteotomies reported in the literature (incomplete correction, loss of correction, and unsightly scars). 13 patients (six boys and seven girls), average age 11 years (5–23 years), underwent supracondylar closing wedge osteotomies and lateral external fixation. Cubitus varus deformity averaged 23° (15–50°). Four patients were treated by flexion osteotomies, six by valgus osteotomies, and three by combined flexion-valgus osteotomies. Nine patients showed symmetric carrying angles, three had 5° more valgus on the operated arm. One patient had 10° more varus which still resulted in a physiologic valgus. One patient had slight lateral bony prominence despite symmetric carrying angles. Three patients complaint about unsightly scars. All three had previous open reduction of their fractures with keloids. All patients had already reached a range of motion at the time of metal removal which was within 15° of the values at the time of the latest follow-up. Seven patients with significantly decreased elbow flexion regained an average of 28° of flexion (20–35°). Two superficial pin track infections healed under oral antibiotics. External fixation facilitates correction by empirically searching for the desired carrying angle, cosmetic appearance, and function of the elbow. Functional aftertreatment shortens the recovery period. Metal removal is easy. Our experience confirms the excellent results in previous series on external fixators.
Factory Automation as an Enabler in Leading-Edge Semiconductor Manufacturing

Key innovations in factory automation systems have enabled many millions of leading-edge products to be developed and ramped at very high yields and speed in multiple factories in a very short time. These include fully automated operations which have been deployed pervasively, manufacturing, engineering and cycle-time breakthroughs, and automated process control and analysis capabilities that enable the output and quality predictability needed when manufacturing highly complex products on such a large scale. The talk will also discuss use of common platforms for rapid automation solutions deployment across the manufacturing chain, and cover the use of modeling and machine learning techniques that are used extensively to optimize development and manufacturing.
Hypovalent titanium and Ti(II)-Ti(III) interconversions.

Treatment of pink titanium(III) triflate (0.045 M) with HF in triflic acid (CH3SO3H) converts Ti(III) rapidly to a 1 : 1 mixture of TiIV and green TiII: (2 TiIII + 4 HF → TiF4 + TiII + 4 H+). This disproportionation is half complete when [HF] added is 0.027 M. Substituted 1,4-benzoquinones are reduced rapidly by Ti(III) in the absence of fluoride, yielding straightforward logarithmic curves, but reactions of the same quinones with Ti(II) in fluoride media exhibit more complex profiles, the major portions of which are zero order in oxidant. These reactions are strongly catalyzed by added Ti(IV). Analyses of complex curves are consistent with a reaction sequence initiated by Ti(II)–Ti(IV) disproportionation, forming Ti(III), which reacts with the quinone, yielding the quinhydrone, QH˙. The latter is rapidly reduced by Ti(II). Values of rate constants obtained from these analyses are in agreement with those for reductions of quinones by Ti(III), in the absence of fluoride.
Anatomy of the Hip: Open and Arthroscopic Structure and Function

Hip arthroscopy offers a less invasive alternative for hip procedures that would otherwise require surgical dislocation of the hip. In addition, this procedure allows surgeons to address intra-articular derangements that were previously undiagnosed and untreated. Current indications for hip arthroscopy include management of labral tears, osteoplasty for decreased femoral head-neck junction offset, rim trimming for pincer lesions, rotational instability and capsular laxity, ligamentum teres injuries, lateral impact and chondral injuries, osteochondritis dissecans, internal and external snapping hip, removal of loose bodies, synovial biopsy, subtotal synovectomy, synovial chondromatosis, infection, and certain cases of mild-to-moderate osteoarthritis with associated mechanical symptoms. This article discusses the relevant open and arthroscopic anatomy of the hip and related pathologic and anatomic variations that are commonly encountered during this procedure.
Extension of the ADC Charge-Collection Model to Include Multiple Junctions

The ADC charge-collection model was derived for silicon diodes containing a single reverse-biased p-n junction. The present paper extends the model to include two junctions, and the goal is to estimate how collected charge is shared between them. The extended model identifies the conditions needed to produce either of three possibilities. One possibility is that charge is shared by both junctions, and the total collected charge from the two junctions is less than the total amount of liberated charge. A second possibility is that collected charge is shared by both junctions, and the total collected charge from the two junctions is equal to the total amount of liberated charge. The third possibility is that all liberated charge is collected by one junction, and no charge is collected by the other. Examples show excellent agreement with TCAD simulations.