cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: Current treatments and future directions ☆

Modern pharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders are safer and more tolerable than they were 30 years ago. Unfortunately, treatment efficacy and duration have not improved in most cases despite a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of anxiety. Moreover, innovative treatments have not reached the market despite billions of research dollars invested in drug development. In reviewing the literature on current treatments, we argue that evidence-based practice would benefit from better research on the causes of incomplete treatment response as well as the comparative efficacy of drug combinations and sequencing. We also survey two broad approaches to the development of innovative anxiety treatments:the continued development of drugs based on specific neuroreceptors and the pharmacological manipulation of fear-related memory. We highlight directions for future research, as neither of these approaches is ready for routine clinical use.
The influence of elevated carbon dioxide and water availability on herbaceous weed development and growth of transplanted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were grown in competition with native weeds using soil and seed bank collected from recently chopped and burned areas near Appomattox, Virginia. One-year-old seedlings were planted and weeds allowed to germinate from the native seed bank while being exposed to CO2 (ambient and elevated — approximately 700 ppm) and water (water stressed and well watered) treatments for approximately one growing season in a greenhouse. Elevated CO2 did not influence total weed biomass; however, C3 weed community development was favored over C4 weed community development in elevated CO2 regardless of water availability. This suggests that weed community composition may shift toward C3 plants in a future elevated CO2 atmosphere. Pine growth was significantly greater in the well watered and elevated CO2 treatments compared to the water stressed and ambient treatments, respectively, even though they were competing with native herbaceous weeds for resources. There was a significant water and CO2 interaction for pine root:shoot ratio. Under elevated CO2, root:shoot ratio was significantly greater in the water stressed treatment than the well watered treatment. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the root:shoot ratio under the ambient CO2 treatment for either water treatment. These results suggest that loblolly pine seedlings will respond favorably in an elevated CO2 atmosphere, even under dry conditions and competing with herbaceous weeds. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Musculoskeletal adaptations in chronic spinal cord injury: effects of long-term soleus electrical stimulation training.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether long-term electrical stimulation training of the paralyzed soleus could change this muscle’s physiological properties (torque, fatigue index, potentiation index, torque-time integral) and increase tibia bone mineral density.Methods. Four men with chronic (>2 years) complete spinal cord injury (SCI; American Spinal Injury Association classification A) trained 1 soleus muscle using an isometric plantar flexion electrical stimulation protocol. The untrained limb served as a within-subject control. The protocol involved ~ 30 minutes of training each day, 5 days a week, for a period of 6 to 11 months. Mean compliance over 11 months of training was 91% for 3 subjects. A fourth subject achieved high compliance after only 5 months of training. Mean estimated compressive loads delivered to the tibia were ~110% of body weight. Over the 11 months of training, the muscle plantar flexion torque, fatigue index, potentiation index, and torque-time integral we...
Analysis of the Function of a Putative 2,3-Diphosphoglyceric Acid-Dependent Phosphoglycerate Mutase from Bacillus subtilis

A Bacillus subtilis gene termed yhfR encodes the only B. subtilis protein with significant sequence similarity to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutases (dPGM). This gene is expressed at a low level during growth and sporulation, but deletion of yhfR had no effect on growth, sporulation, or spore germination and outgrowth. YhfR was expressed in and partially purified from Escherichia coli but had little if any PGM activity and gave no detectable PGM activity in B. subtilis. These data indicate that B. subtilis does not require YhfR and most likely does not require a dPGM.
Segmented canonical discriminant analysis of in situ hyperspectral data for identifying 13 urban tree species

A total of 458 in situ hyperspectral data were collected from 13 urban tree species in the City of Tampa, FL, USA using a spectrometer. The 13 species include 11 broadleaf and two conifer species. Three different techniques, segmented canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), segmented principal component analysis (PCA) and segmented stepwise discriminate analysis (SDA), were applied and compared for dimension reduction and feature extraction. With each of the three techniques, 10 features were extracted or selected from four spectral regions, visible (VIS: 1412-1797 nm), near-infrared (NIR: 707-1352 nm), mid-infrared 1 (MIR1: 1412-1797 nm) and mid-infrared 2 (MIR2: 1942-2400 nm), and used to discriminate the 13 urban tree species with a linear discriminate analysis (LDA) method. The cross-validation results, based on training samples that were used in the feature reduction step, and the results calculated from the test samples were used for evaluating the ability of the in situ hyperspectral data and performance of the segmented CDA, PCA and SDA to identify the 13 tree species. The experimental results indicate that a satisfactory discrimination of the 13 tree species was achieved using the segmented CDA technique (average accuracy (AA) = 96%, overall accuracy (OAA) = 96% and kappa = 0.958 from the cross-validation results; AA = 90%, OAA = 90% and kappa = 0.896 from the test samples) compared to the segmented PCA and SDA techniques, respectively (AA = 76% and 86%, OAA = 78% and 87%, and kappa = 0.763 and 0.857 from the cross-validation results; AA = 79% and 88%, OAA = 80% and 89%, and kappa = 0.782 and 0.879 from the test samples). In this study, the segmented CDA transformation is effective for dimension reduction and feature extraction for species discrimination with a relatively limited number of training samples. It outperformed the segmented PCA and SDA methods and produced the highest accuracies. The NIR and MIR1 regions have greater power for identifying the 13 species compared to the VIS and MIR2 spectral regions. The results indicate that CDA or segmented CDA could be applied broadly in mapping forest cover types, species identification and/or other land use/land cover classification practices with hyperspectral remote sensing data.
Optical characterization of ultrabright LEDs

Ultrabright light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a new light source for visual psychophysics and microscopy. The new LEDs are intended primarily for room and exterior illumination, and the manufacturers' specifications are adequate for that. However, we use them as light sources in situations where a more complete characterization may be useful. For one set of LEDs we have measured the radiometric intensity and its distribution in space and wavelength, and we have tested for interactions of these variables and their dependence on driver configuration. We describe techniques for making these measurements and give a link to a simple calculator for converting among radiometric and photometric measures, as well as an evaluation of the safety considerations these very bright sources demand.
Visual memory for natural scenes: Evidence from change detection and visual search

This paper reviews research examining the role of visual memory in scene perception and visual search. Recent theories in these literatures have held that coherent object representations in visual memory are fleeting, disintegrating upon the withdrawal of attention from an object. I discuss evidence demonstrating that, far from being transient, visual memory supports the accumulation of information from scores of individual objects in scenes, utilizing both visual short-term memory and visual long-term memory. In addition, I review evidence that memory for the spatial layout of a scene and memory for specific object positions can efficiently guide search within natural scenes.
Minireview: Branded from the Start—Distinct Oncogenic Initiating Events May Determine Tumor Fate in the Thyroid

Thyroid follicular neoplasms commonly have aneuploidy, presumably due to chromosomal instability. This property is associated with a greater malignant potential and worse prognosis. Recently, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of mechanisms that may account for chromosomal instability in cancer cells. Many tumors with chromosomal instability have abnormalities in the cell cycle checkpoint that monitors the fidelity of mitosis. Mutations of Bub1 or BubR1, genes coding for kinases involved in mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling, are found in a small subset of aneuploid tumors. Other components of protein complexes responsible for attachment of kinetochores to microtubules, or for cohesion between sister chromatids, may also be subject to alterations during tumor progression. Here, we also discuss the evidence that certain oncogenic events, such as Ras mutations, may predispose cells to chromosomal instability by favoring inappropriate posttranslational changes in mitotic checkpoint components through activation of upstream kinases during tumor initiation or progression.
Synthesis and characterization of 4,6-dichloroindole-based radioligands for imaging the glycine site of the NMDA ion channel

To provide effective PET or SPECT ligands for the glycine binding site of the NMDA ion channel, we have synthesized and characterized in vitro four substituted derivatives of the potent glycine site antagonist 3-[2-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]ethenyl]-4,6-dichloroindole-2-carboxylic acid (Ki=3.0 nM). These new ligands contain groups amenable to labeling with C-11 for PET, or I-123 for SPECT. In vitro analysis of these compounds revealed that placement of a methoxy group at either the ortho or para position of the phenylaminocarbonyl group significantly reduced receptor affinity (Ki=74.0±8.1 and 26.5±4.9 nM, respectively), as did placement of an iodine at the para position (Ki=60.4±8.2 nM). However, the meta-methoxy derivative (4b) maintained high affinity (Ki=4.8±0.9 nM) for the glycine site and was therefore labeled with carbon-11 by reacting the corresponding desmethyl derivative with [11C]methyl iodide. Radiochemical yields of 14±10% (EOS), and high specific activity (1.2±0.5 Ci/μmol (EOS, n=7)) were realized, and the product was prepared in a sterile saline solution suitable for in vivo use. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Stretching and Contraction of Stress Fibers In Vivo

To study the dynamics of stress fiber components in cultured fibroblasts, we expressed α-actinin and the myosin II regulatory myosin light chain (MLC) as fusion proteins with green fluorescent protein. Myosin activation was stimulated by treatment with calyculin A, a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor that elevates MLC phosphorylation, or with LPA, another agent that ultimately stimulates phosphorylation of MLC via a RhoA-mediated pathway. The resulting contraction caused stress fiber shortening and allowed observation of changes in the spacing of stress fiber components. We have observed that stress fibers, unlike muscle myofibrils, do not contract uniformly along their lengths. Although peripheral regions shortened, more central regions stretched. We detected higher levels of MLC and phosphorylated MLC in the peripheral region of stress fibers. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed more rapid exchange of myosin and α-actinin in the middle of stress fibers, compared with the periphery. Surprisingly, the widths of the myosin and α-actinin bands in stress fibers also varied in different regions. In the periphery, the banding patterns for both proteins were shorter, whereas in central regions, where stretching occurred, the bands were wider.
Chapter 6 – Integration

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses multiple integrals and iterated integrals. It describes the integral of a real valued function of n variables. It is theoretically possible to evaluate a multiple integral from its Riemann sums. However, this is impractical for all but the simplest integrals. The chapter discusses the evaluation of an n-fold multiple integral by considering n successive integrals, each with respect to a single variable. It is sometimes easier to evaluate an iterated integral by replacing it with an equivalent iterated integral with the opposite order of integration. The determination of the limits of integration of the latter is a geometrical problem. The chapter explains through examples that iterated integrals in n variables can be written with n! different orders of integration. It is convenient and legitimate to rearrange the integrand of an iterated integral so that factors that do not depend on the earlier variables of integration appear as far to the left as possible. In evaluating ordinary integrals, it is often convenient to introduce a new variable of integration. The justification for this is provided by a theorem in the chapter. The multiple integral allows the study of mechanical systems comprised of parts with nonzero dimensions. The chapter focuses on the line integral, which has its physical origins in the notion of work done in moving a particle along a curve in a force field and its properties. It discusses surface integrals of scalar fields and surface integrals of vector fields.
Confronting Therapeutic Failure: A Conversation Guide

We reflect on the impact of bad news on both clinician and patient in the setting of cancer treatment failure. We review the classic six-step SPIKES (setting, perception, invitation for information, knowledge, empathy, summarize and strategize) protocol for giving bad news that has been widely adopted since it was first published in this journal in 2005. The goal of such a conversation guide is to describe both the process and the tasks that constitute vital steps for clinicians and to comment on the emotional impact of the conversation on the clinician. Confronting therapeutic failure is the hardest task for oncologists. We offer practical tips derived from a thorough review of the evidence and our clinical experience.
Meeting report – New York Symposium on Quantitative Biology of the Cell

In the city that never sleeps, great science never takes a break. On 15 January 2016, the 'New York Symposium on Quantitative Biology of the Cell', a one-day local meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB), took place at Columbia University Medical Center in upper Manhattan. Focusing on the quantitative understanding of cellular and multicellular systems, this meeting created an otherwise rare opportunity for interaction among scientists at various career levels with differing but complementary backgrounds. Highlighting cutting-edge experimental measurements and theoretical modeling, the symposium broke the barrier between disciplines and ignited a hopefully continuing regional dialogue on the emergent topic of quantitative biology of the cell.
Effects of particle size and pelleting on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology in finishing pigs.

The effects of particle size and pelleting on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology were determined using 160 finishing pigs. The pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet with the corn milled to particle sizes of 1,000, 800, 600, or 400 microns. The diets were fed in meal or pellet form. Pelleting the diets resulted in 5% greater ADG (P < .01) and 7% greater grain/feed (P < .001). Also, pelleting increased digestibilities of DM, N, and GE by 5 to 8% (P < .001). Reducing particle size increased electrical energy required for milling and decreased milling production rates, especially as particle size was decreased from 600 to 400 microns. Reducing particle size of the corn from 1,000 to 400 microns increased gain/feed by 8% (linear effect, P < .001) and digestibility of GE by 7% (quadratic effect, P < .03). Improved nutrient digestibility and lower ADFI resulted in 26% less daily excretion of DM and 27% less daily excretion of N in the feces as particle size was reduced from 1,000 to 400 microns (linear effects, P < .001). Stomach lesions and keratinization increased with reduced particle size (P < .003) and keratinization increased with pelleting (P < .02), although they were unrelated to growth performance (i.e., gain/feed actually improved as lesion scores increased). Considering milling energy, growth performance, stomach morphology, nutrient digestibility, and nutrient excretion, a particle size of 600 microns, or slightly less, is an acceptable compromise for corn in both meal and pelleted diets for finishing pigs.
An "eye" for rhythm

A new analytical method allows reconstruction of circadian gene expression in human biopsy samples.
Using implementation science to guide the integration of evidence-based family interventions into primary care.

This article is a demonstration of how an implementation-science (IS) framework can be coupled with the measurement of implementation outcomes to effectively integrate evidence-based family interventions in primary care. The primary care environment presents a number of challenges for successfully integrating such interventions. However, IS methods can improve the prospect of successfully implementing a new intervention while simultaneously and rigorously evaluating the impact on salient outcomes. We used our experiences across 2 pilot trials in which the family check-up (Smith, Montano, Mauricio, Berkel, & Dishion, 2016), an evidence-based family intervention, was integrated into primary care. In these pilot trials, the exploration, preparation, implementation, and sustainment (EPIS) framework and the Proctor et al. taxonomy of implementation outcomes were used to guide the implementation and evaluate its success. Grounding our presentation in our pilot work offers an illustration of applying the EPIS framework and outcomes measurement to real-world problems and contexts. When embarking on new efforts to integrate behavioral interventions into health-care settings, the application of IS frameworks and measurement strategies can create generalizable knowledge that substantively contributes to a sparse literature. Today, those "in the trenches" who are translating evidence-based interventions to their setting can contribute to the corpus of research in integrated care by using IS methods to plan a new program and evaluate its feasibility, adoption, and reach. (PsycINFO Database Record
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction and mortality following lung transplantation.

Preliminary evidence suggests that postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common after lung transplantation. The impact of POCD on clinical outcomes has yet to be studied. The association between POCD and longer-term survival was therefore examined in a pilot study of posttransplantation survivors. Forty-nine participants from a prior randomized clinical trial underwent a neurocognitive assessment battery pretransplantation and 6 months posttransplantation, including assessments of the domains of Executive Function (Trail Making Test, Stroop, Digit Span), Processing Speed (Ruff 2 and 7 Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test), and Verbal Memory (Verbal Paired Associates, Logical Memory, Animal Naming, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test). During a 13-year follow-up, 33 (67%) participants died. Greater neurocognition was associated with longer survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.49 [0.25-0.96], P = .039), and this association was strongest on tests assessing Processing Speed (HR = 0.58 [0.36-0.95], P = .03) and Executive Function (HR = 0.52 [0.28-0.97], P = .040). In addition, unadjusted analyses suggested an association between greater Memory performance and lower risk of CLAD (HR = 0.54 [0.29-1.00], P = .050). Declines in Executive Function tended to be predictive of worse survival. These preliminary findings suggest that postoperative neurocognition is predictive of subsequent mortality among lung transplant recipients. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in a larger sample and to examine mechanisms responsible for this relationship.
Decision modelling in evaluating information management strategy in manufacturing industry

Information technologies are exerting ever increasing influences on corporate growth and profitability. However, very little is understood of the mechanisms through which information technologies impact upon long-term organisational growth. We hypothesised several relationships between information technologies and organisational financial performance. We then analysed those relationships through a structural equation model (SEM) using data collected for a national survey of US manufacturing companies. The major findings of the research are: an organisation's financial performance is dependent on its information management and technology management strategies; knowledge management strategies indirectly influence financial performance. These findings are important in framing long-term strategies for sustainable development.
Stoichiometric shifts in soil C: N:P promote bacterial taxa dominance, maintain biodiversity, and deconstruct community assemblages

Imbalances in C:N:P supply ratios may cause bacterial resource limitations and constrain biogeochemical processes, but the importance of shifts in soil stoichiometry are complicated by the nearly limitless interactions between an immensely rich species pool and a multiple chemical resource forms. To more clearly identify the impact of soil C:N:P on bacteria, we evaluated the cumulative effects of single and coupled long-term nutrient additions (i.e., C as mannitol, N as equal concentrations NH4+ and NO3-, and P as Na3PO4) and water on communities in an Antarctic polar desert, Taylor Valley. Untreated soils possessed relatively low bacterial diversity, simplified organic C sources due to the absence of plants, limited inorganic N, and excess soil P potentially attenuating links between C:N:P. After six years of adding resources, an alleviation of C and N colimitation allowed one rare Micrococcaceae, an Arthrobacter species, to dominate, comprising 47% of the total community abundance and elevating soil respiration by 136% relative to untreated soils. The addition of N alone reduced C:N ratios, elevated bacterial richness and diversity, and allowed rare taxa relying on ammonium and nitrite for metabolism to become more abundant (e.g., nitrite oxidizing Nitrospira species (Nitrosomonadaceae), denitrifiers utilizing nitrite (Gemmatimonadaceae) and members of Rhodobacteraceae with a high affinity for ammonium). Based on community co-occurrence networks, lower C:P ratios in soils following P and CP additions created more diffuse and less connected communities by disrupting 73% of species interactions and selecting for taxa potentially exploiting abundant P. Unlike amended nutrients, water additions alone elicited no lasting impact on communities. Our results suggest that as soils become nutrient rich a wide array of outcomes are possible from species dominance and the deconstruction of species interconnectedness to the maintenance of biodiversity.
PLASTICITY | Possible Role of Synaptic Reorganization in Epileptogenesis after Experimental Status Epilepticus

Although many animal models have been used to study the hypothetical mechanisms of acquired epilepsy, the spontaneous recurrent seizures that occur after experimental status epilepticus have served as a test system for studying how brain injury leads to chronic epilepsy. Histopathological and electrophysiological data strongly support two hypothetical mechanisms for epileptogenesis: the selective loss of specific, vulnerable, GABAergic interneurons; and the progressive formation of new recurrent excitatory circuits. This article develops the argument that these two processes do occur after status epilepticus, contribute to the generation of spontaneous recurrent seizures, and may account for the properties of acquired epilepsy.
New Selection Indices for University Admissions: A Quantile Approach

All universities seek to admit a freshmen cohort of a specified size who will be successful in graduating from college. Previous work has shown a high correlation between students’ eventual success and their ability to do well in their first term. This objective translates into admitting students whose first term grade point average (GPA) exceeds a minimum acceptable level. Current admissions decisions are based however on a selection index that is constructed from a GPA regression that estimates expected GPA. We consider a new approach in which the selection index is based directly on the quantiles of the GPA distribution. The new approach realistically assumes that student characteristics have differential impacts at different parts of the GPA distribution. Since impacts usually vary for the low, middle and upper parts of the GPA distribution, the quantile approach provides additional information. The quantile method also provides admissions officers the flexibility to target different GPA properties for the freshman class. They can directly implement a criterion that selects students with maximal probability of a first term GPA that is better than any specified value. We illustrate the quantile method by application to actual admission practices at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Plug-and-play Radiation Sensor Components for Unmanned Aerial System Platform

Mobile radiation sensing techniques for surge deployment and wide area search are important for nuclear security applications. Radiation sensors were developed for the use with robotic platforms of unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Ambient temperature neutron and gamma CLYC sensor and high resolution CZT gamma sensor were integrated into the UAS as plug-and-play interchangeable components allowing easy attachment to a robot in field conditions. The time and position data were added via Robot Operating System to measured intensities of photon peaks and neutron rates enabling the input for the UAS flight control. The contour mapping of a radiation area by multiple UAS was simulated.
Claims-Based Approach to Predict Cause-Specific Survival in Men With Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSETreatment decisions about localized prostate cancer depend on accurate estimation of the patient’s life expectancy. Current cancer and noncancer survival models use a limited number of prede...
The transformative influence of social media: an exploratory case study of empowerment in repressive society

The literature and the theoretical foundation in this discipline shows that little research has explored the complex decisions faced by transgender entrepreneurs in India. Our work describes a case study that serves as a first step in addressing this research gap and investigates the factors that influence entrepreneurism among transgender individuals in this restrictive culture. This qualitative research constructs a model to explain the relationships between factors that affect entrepreneurial behaviour among transgender, and then modify the model based on interview data collected from our key informant. A key finding points out the important role that social networking plays in entrepreneurial success when the transgender entrepreneur's skill set is an integral part of a small scale or family business endeavour. This study suggests future research directed at understanding the unique aspects of transgender entrepreneurism in India and informs on entrepreneurism and public policy in India about this population of entrepreneurs.
Killing Spinor in Linearly Confining Supergravity

The killing spinor of a linearly confining supergravity background previously proposed and argued to produce features of pure N=1 SU(N) gauge theory in four dimensions is constructed directly using the supersymmetry variations of the gravitino and the dilatino.
Five-Year Risk of Conversion to Total Knee Arthroplasty After Operatively Treated Periarticular Knee Fractures in Patients Over 40 Years of Age.

Abstract Background Periarticular knee fractures present a significant challenge to minimize post-traumatic osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study is to compare the rates of conversion to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for different periarticular knee fractures, investigate the rate of knee injections as a more rapid assessment of knee symptoms, and identify risk factors that lead to conversion to TKA following periarticular fractures. Methods A comprehensive retrospective review of the Humana administrative claims database was performed. A total of 2813 patients greater than 40 years of age with diagnosis code for tibial plateau fracture or distal femur fracture linked to a Current Procedural Terminology code of open reduction internal fixation between 2007 and 2011 were evaluated. The rates of TKA and knee injections within 5 years were compared. Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate risk factors for conversion. Results Of 2813 periarticular fractures, the 5-year rate of conversion to TKA was 3.3%. The rate of conversion for tibial plateau fractures was significantly higher at 4.5% compared to 2.3% for distal femur fractures (P = .001). Tibial plateau fracture, obesity, and female gender were risk factors found to portend an increased risk of conversion to TKA with hazard ratios of 1.77, 1.69, and 1.88, respectively. The overall rate of knee injections was 12.8% with an average time to injection of 18.2 months after open reduction internal fixation. Conclusion The rate of conversion to TKA for periarticular knee fractures overall was 3.3%, while the rate of knee injections within 5 years of surgery was 12.8%, suggesting a not insignificant minority of patients require treatment for symptomatic knee pain. Level of Evidence Therapeutic Level III.
The diagnostic value of ultrasound detection of the fetal middle cerebral artery, umbilical artery blood flow and fetal movement reduction in fetal distress

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasound detection of the fetal middle cerebral artery, umbilical artery blood flow and fetal movement reduction in fetal distress. METHODS A total of 30 cases of pregnant women with fetal distress (FIUD) in our hospital were selected as the observation group, and 60 cases of normal pregnant women in the same period were selected as the control group. The fetal umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), the ratio of peak systolic blood flow velocity to end-diastolic blood flow velocity (S/D) and fetal movement reduction were detected. The diagnostic value of the above indicators alone and in combination for fetal distress was observed. RESULTS The RI, PI and S/D of umbilical artery in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.001). The S/D, RI and PI of the middle cerebral artery in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.01). The number of cases with decreased fetal heart rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) of umbilical artery S/D, umbilical artery RI, umbilical artery PI, middle cerebral artery S/D, middle cerebral artery PI, middle cerebral artery RI, fetal movement reduction and combined above indexes were 0.788, 0.870, 0.847, 0.852, 0.802, 0.658, 0.750 and 1.000 respectively (all P<0.05). The combined diagnosis has a higher diagnostic value for fetal distress. CONCLUSION Umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery hemodynamics combined with fetal movement has a specific value in diagnosing fetal distress, which is worth of clinical application.
Mineralogy of a Uranium-Copper Breccia Pipe

In northern Arizona, uranium-rich breccia pipes are common, however, these deposits are rarely found to contain 36% copper. Energy Fuels sent fifteen drill-core samples from their Canyon mine to Montana Tech. These samples contain varying amounts of copper and uranium from different areas of the deposit. The samples were cut, trimmed, placed into epoxy, and polished. A total of 36 polished “plugs” were made. The plugs were scanned using an X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) device to determine rough estimates of element composition. Each plug was then carefully observed under a reflected-light microscope. The mineralogy and estimated amounts of minerals were noted. Plugs that were seen to have interesting features, high amounts of unusual elements, or unknown minerals were placed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM uses electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to obtain a chemical analysis of a specific point on the plugs which aids in mineral identification. Some specimens were also examined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The most abundant mineral found in our samples was tennantite (Cu6[Cu4(Fe,Zn)2]As4S13) followed by chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). We also found the minerals uraninite (UO2), pyrite (FeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS), and rammelsbergite (NiAs2). These minerals were deposited by hydrothermal fluids into a quartz grain matrix, in which they act as a cement holding the grains together. The discovery of rammelsbergite, a nickel mineral, was an unexpected find. The results of this project will be sent to Energy Fuels where they will use the data to help in milling and metallurgy. This mineralogy study may also help the mine understand potential sources of metal contamination for future mining wastes. One of our recommendations to Energy Fuels will be to assay their ore for recoverable nickel in addition to the other metals (Cu, U, Pb).
Pathology Residents as Testing Personnel in the Hematology Laboratory.

Context.— Clinical laboratories and the training of pathology residents are tightly regulated environments. Compliance with regulatory requirements must be addressed when developing entrustable professional activities (EPAs) for pathology residents. Objective.— To describe the development of EPAs for peripheral blood and body fluid review in compliance with Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments and College of American Pathologists personnel and testing requirements. To examine the impact of EPA implementation on the workflow in a busy hematology laboratory. Design.— A training program was designed to prepare pathology residents to function as independent testing personnel in compliance with Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments. After a series of lectures, hands-on microscopy sessions, self-assessment quizzes, and achievement of a passing score on a training assessment exam, residents were deemed competent to release certain results independently. The volume and the turnaround time of hematology tests were compared before and after residents were integrated into the laboratory workflow. Faculty and residents were surveyed to assess satisfaction with the training. Results.— Empowering residents to independently release noncritical results from peripheral blood and body fluid reviews had no adverse impact on test turnaround time. The resident contribution to workflow resulted in a corresponding decrease in the number of cases that required attending pathologist review. Faculty and residents viewed the EPAs as beneficial to service and education. Conclusions.— The implementation of the EPAs had a beneficial effect on the laboratory, the trainees, and faculty. Our experience may be helpful to other training programs as EPAs become more widely implemented in residency training.
An Application of the Consumer Involvement Matrix of a Product Evaluation Task

Although "involvement" has the potential of being an important mediator of consumer behavior, our current understanding of it is limited. What is involvement? How do we operationalize it? What impact does it have on decision making? This paper addresses these issues. Specifically, an application of the Consumer Involvement Matrix is presented to identify the impact of involvement on a product evaluation task.
Quo Vadis Answer Set Programming

We discuss the development, current state and the future of Answer Set Programming, making predictions that are not necessarily accurate.
O Jornalismo Mágico de Gabriel García Márquez

This paper examines the literature and the journalism created by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, focusing on the concept of a Latin American literary journalism. It compares Garcia Marquez’ Chronicle of a Foretold Death to Tom Wolfe’s prescription for literary journalism. The analysis confirms the hypothesis that Chronicle is an example of “magical journalism”. Also it discusses the ethical and professional implications faced by those who cross the boundaries between reality and imagination, myth and history, journalism and literature.
Achieving the promise of reuse with agent components

Using software agents as next generation flexible components and applying reuse technologies to rapidly construct agents and agent systems have great promise to improve application and system construction. Whether built on conventional distributed computing and application management platforms, on a specialized agent platform, on web service technology or within a P2P infrastructure, agents are a good match for independent development, for scalable and robust systems and dynamic evolution of features, and for autonomic self-managing systems. In this paper we describe the vision and progress we have made towards developing a robust infrastructure, methods, and tools for this goal.
Quantitative aspects of inhibition of virus replication by interferon in chick embryo cell cultures.

Hallum, J. V. (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.), and J. S. Youngner. Quantitative aspects of inhibition of virus replication by interferon in chick embryo cell cultures. J. Bacteriol. 92:1047–1050. 1966.—The effect of interferon on single cycles of replication of vesicular stomatitis virus and Mahoney poliovirus ribonucleic acid was studied in chick embryo cell cultures. The results showed that the titer of a given interferon preparation was independent of the input multiplicity of the challenge virus. In addition, the increase in virus yield with increasing virus challenge was a function of the number of infected cells, each of which yielded progeny at a level determined by the concentration of interferon to which the cells were exposed. These findings are not compatible with the concept that increases in the size of the virus challenge reverse or overcome protection of cells by interferon.
Line feature-based recognition using Hausdorff distance

A point-based (edge pixels) correlational method using the Hausdorff distance to determine if there is any model pattern in a given image was proposed by Huttenlocher et al. (1993). While this approach works well and it is computationally efficient in the presence of model translation in the image, it is significantly time consuming when the model has been rotated and scaled. We propose a line-feature based approach for model based recognition using the Hausdorff distance. This new approach reduces the problem of finding the rotation and scaling to the problem of finding two translations, therefore exploiting the efficiency of the Huttenlocher algorithm. The use of line features separates the rotation, scaling and translation so that each of them can be handled individually. The line features in the original domain are first transformed into a new 2D domain consisting of the orientation and the logarithm of the length of the line. In this way, rotation and scaling in the original domain correspond to a translation in the new domain and the Hausdorff point-based matching is used to find it. Next, the model is rotated and scaled using the result from first matching and second Hausdorff distance matching is performed to determine the model translation. The method performance and sensitivity to segmentation problems are characterized using and experimental protocol with simulated data. It was found that the algorithm performs well, degrading nicely as the segmentation problems increase. The algorithm was also tested with real images.
Plasma histamine, epinephrine, cortisol, and leukocyte β‐adrenergic receptors in nocturnal asthma

Plasma histamine, cortisol, epinephrine, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors were measured in asthmatic patients with (n = 7) and without (n = 10) nocturnal asthma at 4 PM and 4 AM and compared with those of normal subjects (n = 10). A twofold higher plasma histamine concentration was observed at 4 AM compared with 4 PM in all groups, with no change in plasma cortisol, epinephrine, and cAMP concentrations. At 4 AM compared with 4 PM, only patients with nocturnal asthma had a significant 33% decrease (p < 0.05) in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocyte β-adrenergic receptor density, with no difference in binding affinity in all three groups. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with nocturnal asthma had significantly impaired response to iso-proterenol at 4 AM (17% ± 7.3% SEM increase in cAMP; p < 0.05) compared with those of patients without nocturnal asthma (69.4% ± 13.7%) and normal (80.2% ± 21.3%) subjects. A significant change in β-adrenergic receptor density and function occurs at night in patients with nocturnal asthma. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 49, 59–68; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.11
Structural characterization of deep-water deposits in a foreland basin, Silla Syncline (Chilean Patagonia), with applications to depositional processes

Abstract Based on our detailed structural characterization, we examine possible relationships between thrust faults and strike-slip faults and thrust-cored folds and depositional units in the Silla Syncline, a 4 km wide fold composed of fine-grained mudstone, coarse sandstone and conglomerate deposits of the Cerro Toro Formation in the Magallanes foreland basin, Chilean Patagonia. The syncline is bounded on its western flank by an asymmetric anticline and on its eastern flank by a broad zone of thrust faults and associated folds, which are oriented sub-parallel to the syncline axis. Deposition of the coarse-grained units of the Silla Syncline appears to have taken place in this structurally defined trough controlled primarily by thrust fault related growth structures flanking the syncline. The syncline and surrounding area have also been deformed by two sets of strike-slip faults, one right-lateral and one left-lateral. The strike-slip and thrust faulting operated contemporaneously for much of their active periods, although it appears that thrust faulting, confined within the fine-grained units, initiated slightly earlier than strike-slip faulting. In addition, younger igneous intrusions at high angle to bedding generally localize along the strike-slip faults. The cross-cutting relationships among the intrusions, strike-slip faults, and flexural slip faults show that all these structures were active during the same period, which extends beyond mid-Miocene. These conclusions support the premise that structures in deep-water sediments are important for understanding not only the deformation of a foreland basin, but also its depositional architecture.
Biomolecular release triggered by glucose input – bioelectronic coupling of sensing and actuating systems

A drug-mimicking release process was triggered by a glucose signal resulting in the formation of a negative potential on an electrode modified with PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. This electrode was coupled with another electrode coated with an Fe+3-crosslinked alginate polymer film, which was dissolved upon formation of the negative potential releasing entrapped species.
The prediction of the critical heat flux in water-subcooled flow boiling

Abstract The prediction of water-subcooled flow boiling critical heat flux (CHF) in peripherally non-uniform heated tubes with or without swirl flow promoters is accomplished using a model based on the liquid sublayer dryout mechanism recently proposed by the authors. Peripheral nonuniform heating and/or twisted-tape inserts are properly and simply accounted for in the model, originally developed for uniform heating and straight flow. Simultaneous occurrence of the two events is also well predicted by the model. Although initially formulated for operating conditions typical of the thermal hydraulic design of fusion reactor high heat flux components, the model is proved to give a satisfactory answer for the prediction of the CHF under more general conditions, provided local thermodynamic conditions of the bulk flow at the CHF are sufficiently far from the saturated state.
Charges for outpatient rehabilitation: growth and differences in provider types.

Abstract Objective: This study compares Medicare program charges through time for outpatient rehabilitation services across different types of institutional providers. Design: Observational study of Medicare Part B claims. The analytic methods include a decomposition analysis and analysis of variance via regression. Setting: Data come from six different institutional provider types: community hospital outpatient departments, rehabilitation hospital outpatient departments, skilled nursing facilities, independent rehabilitation agencies, comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facilities, and home health agencies. Patients: Five percent random sample of Medicare beneficiaries who used any institutionally based Part B physical, occupational, or speech therapy during the calendar years 1987 to 1990. Main Outcome Measure: Charges for Medicare Part B rehabilitation therapies (physical and occupational therapy, speech pathology). Results: Charges for rehabilitation services grew more than 86% during this period across all provider types. Both the likelihood of using rehabilitation services and the average annual charges per patient grew rapidly. We found large differences in average annual per person charges and in the growth in charges across the six institutional provider types. Analyses that controlled for patient demographic characteristics and diagnoses across five provider types did not explain observed differences. Hospital outpatient departments were consistently the least costly type of institutional provider and independent rehabilitation agencies the most expensive. Diagnostic data were not available for home health agency claims, so these were omitted from the multivariate analysis of annual charges. Conclusions: The large increases in charges cannot be explained by increases in the Medicare eligible population, aging, or inflation. The level and differential in growth is highest among new provider types and those dominated by proprietary ownership. These observations suggest that therapy services are profitable and that provider incentives may be an important component in overall growth.
Integrated Photonics for Robust and Reconfigurable Communication Systems

It might be desirable for a future optical network to be more efficient, robust, and reconfigurable. This paper will highlight three main functionalities that can be decisively impacted by photonic integration: (a) advanced modulation formats, (b) heterogeneous networking, and (c) optical performance monitoring.