cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic and molecular basis for copper toxicity

Recent studies resulted in the cloning of the genes responsible for Menkes syndrome and Wilson disease. Despite the distinct clinical phenotypes of these disorders, each gene encodes a highly homologous member of the cation-transport P-type ATPase family. The remarkable evolutionary conservation of these proteins in bacteria, yeast, plants, and mammals reveals a fundamental protein structure essential for copper export in all life forms. Characterization of a molecular defect in the rat homologue of the Wilson ATPase in the Long-Evans Cinnamon rat identifies an animal model of Wilson disease and will permit experimental analysis of the precise role of this ATPase in copper transport, the effects of specific inherited mutations on transport function, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue injury resulting from copper accumulation. Finally, recent molecular genetic analysis of a distinct group of patients with low serum ceruloplasmin and basal ganglia symptoms identified a series of mutations in the ceruloplasmin gene. The presence of these mutations in conjunction with the clinical and pathologic findings clarifies the essential biological role of this abundant copper protein in metal metabolism and identifies aceruloplasminemia as a novel autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism.
Vector radix fast Fourier transform

A new radix-2 two-dimensional direct FFT developed by Rivard is generalized in this paper to include arbitrary radices and non-square arrays. It is shown that the radix-4 version of this algorithm may require significantly fewer computations than conventional row-column transform methods. Also, the new algorithm eliminates the matrix transpose operation normally required when the array must reside on a bulk storage device. It requires the same number of passes over the array on bulk storage as efficient matrix transpose routines, but produces the transform in bit-reversed order. An additional pass over the data is necessary to sort the array if normal ordering is desired.
A case study in the electrification of Class-8 trucks

This paper presents truck electrification developments from an ongoing program sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE). The industrial partners in this program are Caterpillar Inc. (lead company), Kenworth Truck Co., Emerson Electric Co., and Engineered Machine Products Inc. In this project a high-efficiency flywheel-mounted generator/starter provides electrical power to drive several accessories on a "flow-on-demand" approach. Accessory electrification provides the following benefits: fuel savings, thermal load reductions, emission reductions, significant flexibility in placing components inside the engine compartment, and a great potential for enhancements over current Class 7/8 truck design configurations. This system provides the on-board infrastructure needed to enable operators to use shore power, or auxiliary power units, to provide heat and/or air-conditioning for the cabin, and supply hotel type loads. These developments are well aligned with truck stop electrification programs, and make it possible to curtail overnight idling, reducing emissions and realizing sizable fuel savings. Analysis and test results are presented to illustrate the fuel savings potential provided by truck electrification.
Possible physiological control of morphine analgesia in mice

Several laboratories have reported that dynorphin and vasopressin may be present in the same neurons and released together in a fixed ratio. In this study, we report that vasopressin and dynorphin can regulate morphine-induced analgesia in the mouse tail-flick test. Its action is opposite that observed for dynorphin because, when administered simultaneously with morphine, vasopressin in a dose-related manner potentiated morphine-induced analgesia while dynorphin antagonized it. When vasopressin and dynorphin is administered together with morphine, morphine ED50 returned to control level.
Surgical site infections and the surgical care improvement project (SCIP): evolution of national quality measures.

Abstract Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) continues to be a common if oftentimes preventable infection. Considerable patient morbidity and economic cost are the consequences. Methods: Review of the pertinent English-language literature. Results: The National Surgical Infection Prevention (SIP) Project was an initiative sponsored jointly by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to decrease the incidence of SSI in major surgical procedures. Three performance measures were developed to improve the timing of antibiotic administration and the selection of the drug and to reduce needless postoperative administration of antibiotics. The success of SIP led to the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP), which is expanding performance measures in the area of prevention of SSI, and also is undertaking preventive measures against postoperative venous thromboembolism and cardiac events. Federal legislation has required hospitals to report rate...
Standpoint Epistemology and the Uses of Self‐Reflection in Feminist Ethnography: Lessons for Rural Sociology*

Abstract We explore how feminist researchers informed by standpoint theoretical frameworks employ the process of self-reflection to counter the reproduction of inequalities in ethnographic investigation. Although it is not a cure for this dilemma, we argue that researchers can be self-conscious about the ways in which they reproduce power in the course of their work; furthermore, sustained attention to these dynamics will enrich ethnographic accounts. We begin by outlining the diverse ways in which feminist ethnographers draw on standpoint epistemology to generate strong reflexive methodological strategies. Then we describe challenges posed by postmodern and postcolonial critics, and outline how feminists have contributed to these debates and have responded with innovative methodological strategies, especially in relation to self-reflexive techniques. In conclusion, we discuss how rural sociologists might incorporate these methodological insights into their ethnographic investigations.
Effect of ultrasonic vibration on unmixed zone formation

Ultrasonic vibration was applied to molten super-austenitic stainless weld metal during the shielded metal arc–welding process. It was observed that the unmixed zone in the weld metal was completely eliminated by high-intensity ultrasonic vibrations. This is mainly due to a complete mixing of the molten filler metal and base metal, at the freezing front, caused by acoustically induced cavitation and streaming.
‘Gelatinase-like’ activity from articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture

Abstract In addition to releasing collagenase and proteoglycanase activity, rabbit articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture released into the culture medium, latent, neutral enzyme activity which when activated by p -aminophenylmercuric acetate degraded fluorescein-labeled polymeric rat tail tendon Type I collagen and the tropocollagen TC A and TC B fragments of human Type II collagen into smaller peptides at 37°C. Enzyme activity was abolished if p -aminophenylmercuric acetate-activated culture medium was preincubated with 1,10-phenanthroline, a metal chelator. Thus, articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture are capable of producing neutral proteinases which acting together can result in complete degradation of tendon and cartilage collagen to small peptides.
Development and Application of Process Control System to the Pilot Hot Rolling Mill

Pilot hot rolling mill is developed with perfect measuring devices and automation system. The hot rolling experimental studies of the plate and strip can be done on this mill. Automation system for this pilot mill is composed with Basic Automation System (BAS), Process Control System (PCS) and Human Machine Interface system (HMI). PC server is used as the PCS hardware, and Microsoft software is used as the operation system and developing software. With the coordination of the functions such as date communication, process tracking, data management, and model calculation, the PCS software function is realized. The effect on the model calculation accuracy with the pilot mill using condition was analyzed. This pilot hot rolling mill gets a lot of application. The practical application shows that the PCS’s setup has a high precision.
Water and Electrolyte Contents, Cell pH, and Membrane Potential of Primary Cultures of Astrocytes from DBA, C57, and SW Mice

Summary: Some basic properties of primary cultures of astrocytes derived from the cerebral cortex of an audiogenic seizure-sensitive strain of mice, DBA/2J (DBA), were studied with different approaches. The results were compared with those of audiogenic seizure-resistant strains, C57BL/6J (C57) and Swiss Webster (SW). Contents of intracellular water, protein, and DNA of DBA astrocytes were 0.673 ± 0.019 ml/g cells, 0.082 ± 0.006 g/g cells, and 0.0072 ± 0.0005 g/g cells, respectively. These results are not different from those of either C57 or SW astrocytes. Intracellular concentration of K+, Na+, and Cl− ([K+]1, [Na+]1, and [Cl−]1) derived from the flame photometric and from the radioisotope uptake data of DBA astrocytes were 120.4 ± 8.5,25.9 ± 3.2, and 26.8 ± 1.8 mM/L cell H2O, respectively. [Na+]1 and [Cl−]1 in DBA astrocytes were lower than those in C57 and SW astrocytes. In DBA astrocytes, SITS decreased the cell/ medium ratio (C/M) of 36Cl− and increased the C/M of 125I−; ouabain increased the C/M of 22Na+ and decreased the C/M of 125I−; bumetanide decreased the C/M of both 36Cl− and 22Na+; and NaClO4 decreased the C/M of 125I−. Similar results were observed in both C57 and SW astrocytes. Intracellular pH (pHi) as determined with 14C-DMO of astrocytes in HEPES-buffered saline solution averaged 7.04 ± 0.03 for DBA, 7.01 ± 0.02 for C57, and 6.97 ± 0.02 for SW mice when pH of medium was maintained at 7.4. Modification of ion (HCO3-, Cl−, Na+, and K+) concentration and pH of culture medium all changed the pHi of astrocytes. Membrane potential as derived from the distribution of Tl-204 in cells of DBA astrocytes was -78.2 ± 1.8 mV, lower than that of C57 and SW astrocytes. In cultured astrocytes of these three strains of mice, membrane potential was correlated with K+ of medium [K+]o between 1.2 and 90 mM. A 10-fold increase in [K+]o depolarized the astrocytes by ∼54–58 mV. The results of this study demonstrate that primary cultures of astrocytes derived from the cerebral cortex of DBA mice have biochemical and biophysical properties similar to those of the C57 and SW mice except that they have slightly lower membrane potentials despite lower concentrations of [Na+]1 and [Cl−]1. Their responses to various transport inhibitors and environmental changes of electrolytes are similar.
Depressed Mood and Other Variables Related to Bone Marrow Transplantation Survival in Acute Leukemia

Routine psychiatric evaluations of 100 adult patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia were reviewed to examine the possible relationship of psychiatric and psychosocial factors to duration of survival following the procedure. Three variables were found to independently affect outcome: illness status (first remission vs. other status), presence of depressed mood, and the extent of perceived social support. Patients transplanted while in their first remission had significantly improved survival; patients with depressed mood, regardless of specific psychiatric diagnosis, had poorer outcomes; and patients with a high level of perceived social support had improved survival. The possible mechanisms by which these variables affect outcome are discussed.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary artery sling in infancy

The vascular anomaly in which the left pulmonary artery arises from the right pulmonary artery and passes posteriorly and leftward between the trachea and the esophagus is termed a pulmonary artery sling. Two-dimensional echocardiograms were performed in five infants with this anomaly and successfully identified it in four, including one patient with truncus arteriosus communis. The subxiphoid long-axis sweep was useful in identifying the origin and initial course of the left pulmonary artery, and short-axis subxiphoid views showed both its origin from the right pulmonary artery and its initial posterior course. Angulation toward the cardiac apex displayed the right pulmonary artery in cross section anteriorly and the left pulmonary artery in cross section posteriorly. A transducer orientation midway between the subxiphoid long- and short-axis positions was helpful in distinguishing a large right upper lobe branch of the right pulmonary artery from a pulmonary artery sling. The precordial short-axis plane displayed the origin and initial posterior and leftward course of the left pulmonary artery, while the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery, usually easily seen in this view, could not be demonstrated. Two-dimensional echocardiography offers a rapid, noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary artery sling in infants.
The pathogenesis of vascular thrombosis and its impact in microvascular surgery.

As the use of free tissue transfer becomes more widespread, it is important for both the ablative surgeon and the reconstructive surgeon to understand the factors that contribute to successful revascularized tissue transfer. The purpose of this two part review is to provide a basic science overview of the problem of failed free tissue transfers. The first part will focus on the pathogenesis of thrombosis at the anastomotic site, and part two will discuss the pathogenesis of the no-reflow phenomenon. The pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions to prevent and treat anastomotic thrombosis and the no-reflow phenomenon will be discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 21: 355–362, 1999.
On the edge-integrity of some graphs and their complements

Abstract In this paper the authors study the edge-integrity of graphs. Edge-integrity is a very useful measure of the vulnerability of a network, in particular a communication network, to disruption through the deletion of edges. A number of problems are examined, including some Nordhaus-Gaddum type results. Honest graphs, i.e. those which have the maximum possible edge-integrity, are also investigated. A number of interesting open problems are also posed.
Mitochondrial functioning of constitutive iron uptake mutations in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Randomly obtained, constitutive plasma membrane ferric reductase/ferrous uptake mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans were mapped to four distinct loci by meiotic analysis. One of those loci, FRR1 , was previously found homologous to MRS3 and MRS4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which determine proteins involved in mitochondrial transport of iron. We were able to complement, clone, sequence and thereby identify two of the three remaining constitutive uptake loci. FRR3 was found to be homologous to ISU1 and ISU2 of S. cerevisiae, which form mitochondrial iron–sulfur complexes; FRR4 was found to be homologous to YFH1, the yeast frataxin homologue, which also participates in iron–sulfur cluster biogenesis. Because of the constitutive iron uptake seen in these mutants, mitochondria appear to have a central role in the cellular iron economy; moreover, as judged by our mutational statistics, the genetic machinery for mitochondrial iron accumulation may be more complex than that of the cytoplasm.
Facial types and tooth arrangement.

To summarize the above data, it may be said that if protractive tendencies exist in either the maxillary or mandibular areas, the gingival of the anterior teeth become more prominent than the incisal. As retractive tendencies exist the incisal of the anterior teeth become more prominent than the gingival. Lips are supported primarily by the gingival third or half of the centrals and laterals and not by the incisal portion of the labial surface of the teeth. Facial contours should be studied in the rest position and with the proper free-way space present if natural appearance is to be observed. The information from this study is of primary value in those cases where adequate pre-extraction records are not available; however, the data presented may also be found of value when modification of existing natural conditions is required in order to improve esthetic values. If edentulous patients are studied and classified in accordance with the Simon classification, the above data may be applied in the majority of cases. If this is done, the anterior teeth thus may be arranged in harmony with individual facial types and the esthetic value of artificial dentures will enhance rather than detract from the appearance of the patient wearing them. The above data have been presented as a preliminary report as only 105 cases were studied. It is hoped that the study will be continued until sufficient typical cases are available to make a complete analysis of all possible combinations of facial types. It is recognized that individual arrangement of human teeth is infinite in number, but it was hoped that some semblance of uniformity might be ascertained for the typical arrangement in accordance with facial types. It is felt that there is sufficient evidence to indicate typical harmonious arrangement of teeth for the major facial types as has been shown. Further investigation may call for a classification of faces more suitable than the Simon classification. However, until such investigation is completed, it is believed that the material presented herewith shall be of considerable value to students, teachers, and practitioners in the field of denture prosthesis.
Effect of Lateral Cracks on Fracture Toughness Determined by the Surface‐Crack‐in‐Flexure Method

The surface-crack-in-flexure (SCF) method uses a Knoop indenter to create small, semielliptical surface precracks in beam specimens. Lateral cracks may interfere with the primary median crack and cause errors of up to 10% in determination of fracture toughness, particularly for materials for which the fracture toughness is ∼3 MPa·m1/2 or less. Although the residual-stress-damage zone is ground or polished away by hand by removing 4.5–5 times the indentation depth, this amount may not be sufficient to completely remove the lateral cracks in low-fracture-toughness materials. A series of tests were conducted on sintered alpha silicon carbide with different amounts of material removed after indentation. Once the lateral cracks were fully removed, the SCF results concurred with single-edged-precracked-beam and chevron-notched-beam data collected in accordance with ASTM Designation C1421. A simple remedy for the SCF method is to examine the outer ground surface for remnants of lateral cracks before fracture and to remove more material if necessary.
The use of blended raw whole egg and albumin as deer repellents at feeding stations

The application of blended fresh whole egg to ears of corn provided an effective repellent to consumption by white-tailed deer at feeding stations. Albumin applied in a similar manner was also highly effective. Neither rain nor snow significantly reduced the repellent properties of either substance.
Bond strength measurement in composites—Analysis of experimental techniques

Abstract Two of the most common techniques used to measure fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength, the single-fiber fragmentation test and the microbond, have been analyzed and compared. Photoelastic and finite element analyses were performed to obtain the stress distribution at the fiber-matrix interface and its dependence on the loading and geometrical parameters. The effect of a penny-shaped crack in the fiber, in the fiber fragmentation test is shown to be one of the parameters governing the interfacial failure mode. It is also shown that loading conditions, meniscus formation, and fiber free length have a large effect on the distribution of interfacial stresses in the case of the microbond, which may explain the large observed scatter of experimental results. Furthermore, it is shown that the effect of the stress distribution is highly non-uniform, thus making the calculation of shear stress very inaccurate when single averages are considered. It appears that the single-fiber fragmentation test is more reliable than the microbond test because of its simplicity and the smaller number of parameters involved in its analysis.
HIV and Menopause: A Systematic Review of the Effects of HIV Infection on Age at Menopause and the Effects of Menopause on Response to Antiretroviral Therapy

More than half of persons living with HIV infection in the United States (U.S.) will be ≥50 years of age by 2020, including postmenopausal women. We conducted a systematic literature review about the effects of (1) HIV infection on age at menopause and (2) menopause on antiretroviral therapy (ART) response, in order to inform optimal treatment strategies for menopausal women living with HIV infection. We used the Ovid Medline database from 1980 to 2012. We included studies that focused on HIV-infected persons, included postmenopausal women, and reported outcome data for either age at menopause or response to ART across menopause. We identified six original research articles for age at menopause and five for response to ART across menopause. Our review revealed that current data were conflicting and inconclusive; more rigorous studies are needed. Disentangling the effects of menopause requires well-designed studies with adequate numbers of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women, especially disproportionately affected women of color. Future studies should follow women from premenopause through menopause, use both surveys and laboratory measurements for menopause diagnoses, and control for confounders related to normal aging processes, in order to inform optimal clinical management for menopausal women living with HIV.
Simultaneous sharp estimation of functions and their derivatives

A data-driven estimate is given that, over a Sobolev space, is simultaneously asymptotically sharp minimax for estimating both the function and its derivatives under integrated squared error loss. It is also shown that linear estimates cannot be simultaneously asymptotically sharp minimax over a given Sobolev space.
TNF-α/NF-κB signaling in the CNS: possible connection to EPHB2

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α, is a cytokine that is a well-known factor in multiple disease conditions and is recognized for its major role in central nervous system signaling. TNF-α signaling is most commonly associated with neurotoxicity, but in some conditions it has been found to be neuroprotective. TNF-α has long been known to induce nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB, signaling by, in most cases, translocating the p65 (RelA) DNA binding factor to the nucleus. p65 is a key member of NF-κB, which is well established as a family of transcription factors that regulates many signaling events, including growth and process development, in neuronal cell populations. NF-κB has been shown to affect both the receiving aspect of neuronal signaling events in dendritic development as well as the sending of neuronal signals in axonal development. In both cases, NK-κB functions as a promoter and/or inhibitor of growth, depending on the environmental conditions and signaling cascade. In addition, NF-κB is involved in memory formation or neurogenesis, depending on the region of the brain in which the signaling occurs. The ephrin (Eph) receptor family represents a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases, RTKs, which received much attention due to its potential involvement in neuronal cell health and function. There are two subsets of ephrin receptors, Eph A and Eph B, each with distinct functions in cardiovascular and skeletal development and axon guidance and synaptic plasticity. The presence of multiple binding sites for NF-κB within the regulatory region of EphB2 gene and its potential regulation by NF-κB pathway suggests that TNF-α may modulate EphB2 via NF-κB and that this may contribute to the neuroprotective activity of TNF-α.
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome and Autoimmune Diseases

The arbitrary division between antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome has not proven useful. Antiphospholipid antibodies in the absence of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome often occur as epiphenomena in many autoimmune diseases. They are very common in systemic lupus erythematosus. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is a significant comorbidity in lupus but is uncommon in Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and systemic vasculitis. Evidence is growing that antiphospholipid antibodies may have a pathogenic role in pulmonary hypertension and accelerated atherosclerosis of autoimmune diseases.
An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace

A comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace posits that empowerment mediates the relationship between the social structural context and behavioral outcomes. The social structural context is operationalized as perceptions of role ambiguity, sociopolitical support, access to strategic information and resources, and work unit culture, whereas behavioral outcomes are operationalized as innovativeness and effectiveness. The model is examined on a sample of 324 middle managers from different units of a Fortune 50 organization. Survey data are examined using a series of regression analyses to assess the mediating effect of intrapersonal. Results suggest that intrapersonal empowerment mediates the relationship between some elements of workplace social structure and innovativeness, but not effectiveness. Although not a mediating mechanism for effectiveness, intrapersonal empowerment is nonetheless directly related to effectiveness (as assessed by the respondent's subordinates). Implications of the results are discussed as are study limitations and directions for future research.
Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of titanium(IV) complexes supported by proximally bridged p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene ligands

Abstract Treatment of dilithium or dipotassium salt of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene with tBuPCl2 or PhPCl2 produced 1,2-alternate phosphorus-bridged p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene derivatives (tBuPC)H2 (1) and (PhPC)H2 (2), respectively. An X-ray diffraction study of 2 showed that it exists in 1,2-alternate conformation. Reaction of 2 with sulfur gave (PhSPC)H2 (3), which exists in cone conformation. Treatment of TiCl4 with 1–3 produced the corresponding dichlorides L2TiCl2 [L2=tBuPC (5); PhPC (6); and PhSPC (7)]. Reaction of R2Mg·2THF (R=Me or CH2Ph) with (DMSC)TiCl2 (8) yielded (DMSC)TiMe2 (9) and (DMSC)Ti(CH2Ph)2 (10), respectively. Cationic derivatives [(DMSC)Ti(NCCH3)Me2]BArF4 (11) and [(DMSC)Ti(NCCH3)(CH2Ph)]BArF4 (12) were prepared from the respective reactions of 9 and 10 with [Ph3C]BArF4 [ArF=(CF3)2C6H3] in the presence of CH3CN. Similarly, 9 and 10 reacted with [Ph3C]OTf (one equivalent) to yield [(DMSC)Ti(OTf)Me2] (13) and [(DMSC)Ti(OTf)(CH2Ph)] (14), respectively. NMR data showed that the more exposed exo-alkyl was abstracted. Complexes 5–10 and 14 showed modest ethylene polymerization activities at 25°C with 500 molar equivalents of methylalumoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst.
Toward information retrieval Web services for digital libraries

Information retrieval (IR) functions serve a critical role in many information systems. There are many techniques and operations have been developed in IR that do not require radical changes or re-implementation. The implemented IR algorithms can be distributed or their functions made available through the framework of web services. A key idea behind web services is that frequently used functions can be implemented once and offered to other application or software environments through programmatic interfaces. Web services in the IR domain have not been widely tested. Library of User-Oriented Concepts for Access Services (LUCAS) offers IR functions such as term extraction, term clustering, and document classification as web services. It has successfully served other information systems such as the Biological Knowledge through Ontologies (BioKnOT) and the Extensible Networked Association-based Bioinformatics Learning Environment (ENABLE) Knowledge Base. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of LUCAS to the ENALBE system.
Experience with Nonmem: Analysis of Routine Phenytoin Clinical Pharmacokinetic Data

NONMEM, a program package the produces the extended least squares estimates of population parameters for a nonlinear mixed-effect model, has been applied to two data sets from patients routinely receiving phenytoin. A general model for the data is proposed. The models used in previous, standard-method analyses of each data set are compared to the general model using NONMEM. The comparison involves two questions: The first asks whether the parameters estimated previously agree with NONMEM estimates when the original model is used. We find that for fixed-effect parameters they generally do, while for interindividual random-effect parameters the previous methods' estimates appear upward biased relative to NONMEM. Second, the original model per se is compared to the general model by comparing the best fit to each. The general model is clearly superior. NONMEM's ability to distinguish among models, and to precisely estimate their parameters from sparse individual data, is illustrated and verified.
Development of an apparel design graduate programme emphasising creative scholarship

The purpose of this article is to propose methods that could be employed to educate apparel design graduate students as creative scholars. Universities have been increasingly receptive to broadening the definition of scholarship beyond that of traditional research. In the field of textiles and apparel, many schools allow faculty to conduct creative scholarship as all or part of their performance portfolio. However, graduate education in the apparel field remains focused on traditional research requirements. This article describes an apparel design graduate programme to prepare students as creative design scholars. The programme is described in relationship to the four elements identified by Edstrom (Edstrom, A.M., 2008, International Journal of Education and the Arts, 9 (3), 1–24) as common to Master of Fine Arts programmes in Sweden: artistic development, analysis and evaluation, theoretical awareness and independent process development.
Reduced inflammatory potential of peritoneal macrophages recruited in mice pretreated with a glycolipid synthesis inhibitor.

Integral components of mammalian cell membranes, glycosphingolipids (GSL) reside in specialized plasma membrane microdomains critical for cell signaling. N-alkylated nojirimycins are compounds developed for GSL substrate deprivation therapy, blocking GSL synthesis by specifically inhibiting an essential enzyme, ceramide glucosyltransferase. Peritoneal macrophages recruited in mice pretreated with an inhibitory N-alkylnojirimycin displayed a reduced capacity to release either TNFα or interleukin-6 when re-exposed to whole killed E. coli in vitro. Cell viability and protein content were not affected. A nojirimycin analogue without GSL inhibitory capacity had no effect. The results show inhibition of GSL synthesis in vivo by an Nalkylnojirimycin can reduce the response to an inflammatory stimulus and indicate N-alkylnojirimycins have experimental and potential clinical value for modulating innate immune responses in vivo.
An extended Kalman filter for NO x sensor ammonia cross-sensitivity elimination in selective catalytic reduction applications

Vehicle NO x emission regulations are becoming more and more stringent worldwide. A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system which uses ammonia as the reductant to reduce tailpipe NO x emissions is widely adopted by Diesel engine applications. For SCR control, a NO x sensor is commonly used to monitor the emissions, however it has been discovered that NO x sensors typically are cross-sensitive to the presence of ammonia. Such a feature becomes a critical problem as ammonia slip can be present downstream of a SCR catalyst where the NO x sensor is located. To address this issue, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is designed in this paper to estimate the actual exhaust gas NO x concentration and the cross-sensitive factor such that the cross-sensitivity error can be eliminated.
Nicotine residues in field-treated cauliflower, celery, green beans, kale, mustard greens and spinach.

In these tests, normal dosages of Black Leaf 40 left no appreciable residues on green beans, celery or cauliflower curds. A slight residue occurred in cauliflower greens but it disappeared within a day or two after treatment. Kale and spinach retained moderate nicotine residues for about a week, and Texas mustard greens retained sizeable residues for nearly 2 weeks.
Measuring contour degradation in natural image utility assessment: methods and analysis

Utility estimators predict the usefulness or utility of a distorted natural image when used as a surrogate for a reference image. They differ from quality estimators in that they should provide accurate estimates even when images are extremely visibly distorted relative to the original, yet are still sufficient for the task. Our group has previously proposed the Natural Image Contour Evaluation (NICE) utility estimator. NICE estimates perceived utility by comparing morphologically dilated binary edge maps of the reference and distorted images using the Hamming distance. This paper investigates perceptually inspired approaches to evaluating the degradation of image contours in natural images for utility estimation. First, the distance transform is evaluated as an alternative to the Hamming distance measure in NICE. Second, we introduce the image contour fidelity (ICF) computational model that is compatible with any block-based quality estimator. The ICF pools weighted fidelity degradations across image blocks with weights based on the local contour strength of an image block, and allows quality estimators to be repurposed as utility estimators. The performances of these approaches were evaluated on the CU-Nantes and CU-ObserverCentric databases, which provide perceived utility scores for a collection of distorted images. While the distance transform provides an improvement over the Hamming distance, the ICF model shows greater promise. The performances of common fidelity estimators for utility estimation are substantially improved when they are used in ICF computational model. This suggests that the utility estimation problem can be recast as a problem of fidelity estimation on image contours.
The renal applications of the 1994 diabetes guidelines

Abstract Diabetes is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease today. Optimal blood glucose control and blood pressure control are basic in preventing or delaying the progression of diabetic nephropathy. A moderate protein intake is also recommended. The 1994 nutrition recommendations from the American Diabetes Association can provide guidelines for developing meal plans for patients with diabetes and nephropathy.
A Frequency Dictionary of Portuguese: Core Vocabulary for Learners by DAVIES, MARK, & ANA MARIA RAPOSO PRETO–BAY

The article reviews the book "A Frequency Dictionary of Portuguese: Core Vocabulary for Learners," by Mark Davies and Ana Maria Raposo Preto-Bay.
Are Hemodynamics Surrogate End Points in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background—Although frequently assessed in trials and clinical practice, hemodynamic response to therapy has never been validated as a surrogate end point for clinical events in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Methods and Results—We performed a patient-level pooled analysis of 4 randomized, placebo-controlled trials to determine whether treatment-induced changes in hemodynamic values at 12 weeks accounted for the relationship between treatment assignment and the probability of early clinical events (death, lung transplantation, atrial septostomy, PAH hospitalization, withdrawal for clinical worsening, or escalation in PAH therapy). We included 1119 subjects with PAH. The median (interquartile range) age was 48 years (37–59 years), and 23% were men. A total of 656 patients (59%) received active therapy (101 [15%] iloprost, 118 [18%] sitaxsentan, 204 [31%] sildenafil, and 233 [36%] subcutaneous treprostinil). Active treatment significantly lowered right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure...
Comparing the Risks of Social Security with and without Individual Accounts

The introduction of individual accounts as part of Social Security reform has received a great deal of attention in the United States and the rest of the world. There have been arguments for or against converting the existing unfunded defined-benefit Social Security system into a two-tier program with both definedbenefit and funded individual-account segments (see e.g., Henry J. Aaron and Robert D. Reischauer, 1998; Aaron and Shoven, 1999; Sylvester J. Schieber and Shoven, 1999; President's Commission on Strengthening Social Security, 2001; Martin Feldstein and Jeffrey B. Liebman, 2002). One of the arguments against introducing the second tier of individual accounts is the risks that their stock and bond investments would impose on Social Security participants-particularly low income and wealth households that do not otherwise participate in financial markets. The basic idea is that partial privatization would substitute risky individual accounts for safe defined-benefit plans. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the merits of that argument within the context of stylized two-tier plans. Existing Social Security cannot accurately be characterized as offering risk-free defined benefits. Such safe benefits require that the financial risk of the system be transferred to other agents in the economy. Corporate defined-benefit plans transfer the investment risk from participants to the company's stockholders. Additional layers of insurance are provided by the Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation and the U.S. taxpayers. However, since Social Security is essentially a universal program, such risk transference is impossible. Our position is that, while Social Security appears to be a defined-benefit program, without the ability to transfer risks, it retains the
Coil Design in Electromagnetic Induction-controlled Automated Steel-teeming System and Its Effects on System Reliability

To guide the application of a new automated steel-teeming system which in continuous casting is controlled by electromagnetic induction technology, the parameters of the induction coil and system reliability need to be analyzed. The teeming time of an industrial ladle (1.5 t) with the new system was investigated using experimental and numerical methods. The calculated results were consistent with experimental data. The dependence of teeming efficiency on coil parameters for a larger ladle (300 t) was investigated; the influence of the electromagnetic induction system on the temperature and equivalent stress distribution in the ladle system was also analyzed. The results provided optimum coil parameters for a larger ladle normally used in continuous casting processing. An installed coil with surrounding insulating material had little influence on temperature distribution, thermal stability, and structural safety of the ladle. The ladle lining and insulation met safety requirements established for the system. The coil and the steel shell performed reliably during induction heating of steel while teeming. Therefore, the electromagnetic induction-controlled automated steel-teeming system can be safely used in steel production.
25th Anniversary Article: Interfacing Nanoparticles and Biology: New Strategies for Biomedicine

The exterior surface of nanoparticles (NPs) dictates the behavior of these systems with the outside world. Understanding the interactions of NP surface functionality with biosystems enables the design and fabrication of effective platforms for therapeutics, diagnostics, and imaging agents. In this review, we highlight the role of chemistry in the engineering of nanomaterials, focusing on the fundamental role played by surface chemistry in controlling the interaction of NPs with proteins and cells.
Synthesis and structural characterization of a coordinatively unsaturated ruthenium complex, Cp∗Ru(Ph2nacnac), and its CO adduct

Abstract Two new half sandwich ruthenium complexes with 2-N-phenylamino-4-N-phenylimino-2-pentene (Ph2nacnac) ligands have been synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the monomeric, highly air sensitive complex Cp∗Ru(Ph2nacnac) (4) has a coordinatively unsaturated structure and the coordination environment around Ru(II) is effectively a triangle made up of Ct(Cp∗)–N(1)–N(2). An air stable complex Cp∗Ru(Ph2nacnac)(CO) (5) is prepared by reaction of 4 with CO, and has a pseudo-tetrahedral geometry around the Ru(II) center, made up of Ct(Cp∗)–N(1)–N(2)–C(28).
Dynamic Analysis of BHA with Bent Housing

During horizontal well drilling, to reduce buildrate or drill the holding section, the drillstring should be rotated, so it is necessary to study dynamic performances of the bottomhole assembly (BHA) with bent housing. Based on finite element theory, this paper presents dynamic model to study the effects of rotary speed, WOB, bent angle and inclination on dynamic characteristics of BHA with bent housing. By full transient simulation, we obtained side force on the bit varying with the time, tilt angle of the bit varying with the time and orbital path of arbitrary traverse section along the drillstring. Dynamic simulation results can be used to select proper drilling parameters, drillstring configuration in order to control trajectory of horizontal wells and prevent drillstring fatigue failure. 3 medium radius horizontal wells were drilled in Karamay oilfield in China by using our research results.
Critical issues for critical loads

In the United States and most other countries, primary air quality standards are designed to protect human health and are based on concentrations of pollutants in the air. However, from the perspective of ecosystem health, a more appropriate metric for the impacts of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) pollutants is the total atmospheric deposition (or “load,” in kg⋅ha−1⋅y−1) of N and S, because ecosystem effects are more strongly determined by cumulative annual loading than by short-term atmospheric concentrations. The European Commission has adopted the concept of a “critical load,” defined as the load of a pollutant “below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur according to present knowledge” (1). In PNAS, Payne et al. (2) provide new information on the impact of N deposition on European grassland ecosystems and illustrate some of the important complexities involved in quantifying and implementing critical loads.
ADAM - an Ada based language for multi-processing

Adam is a high level language for parallel processing. It is intended for programming resource scheduling applications, in particular supervisory packages for runtime scheduling of multiprocessing systems. An important design goal was to provide support for implementation of Ada and its runtime environment. Adam has been used to implement Ada task supervision and also as a high level target language for compilation of Ada tasking. Adam provides facilities that match the Ada sequential constructs (including subprograms, packages, exceptions, generics). In addition there are specialized module constructs for implementation of packages that may be shared between parallel processes. Adam omits the Ada real types but includes some new predefined types for scheduling. The parallel processing constructs of Adam are more primitive than Ada tasking. Some restrictions are enforced on the ways in which parallel processes can interact. A compiler for Adam has been implemented in MacLisp on DEC PDP-10 computers. Runtime support packages in Adam for scheduling (on a single CPU) and I/O are also provided. The compile contains a library manipulation facility for separate compilation. The Adam compiler has been used to build an Ada compiler for most of the July 1980 Ada language design including task types and rendezvous constructs. This was achieved by implementing algorithms translating Ada tasking into Adam parallel processing as a preprocessor to the Adam compiler. This present Ada compiler, which has been operational since December 1980, uses a procedure call implementation of tasking (due to Haberman and Nassi and to Stevenson). It can be easily modified to other implementations. Compilation of Ada tasking into a high level target language such as Adam facilitates studying questions of correctness and efficiency of various compilation algorithms, and code optimizations specific to tasking, e.g. elimination of unnecessary thread of control. This paper gives an overview of Adam and examples of its use. Emphasis is placed on the differences from Ada. Experience using Adam to build the experimental Ada system is evaluated. Design of runtime supervisors in Adam and algorithms for translating Ada tasking to Adam processing are discussed in detail.
Multilayer x-ray optics produced by atomic layer epitaxy

Thin film deposition techniques currently being used to produce multilayer x-ray optics (MXOs) have difficulty producing smooth, uniform multilayers with d-spacings less than about twelve angstroms. We are investigating atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) as an alternative to these techniques. ALE is a relatively new thin film deposition technique which we believe can produce MXOs with very small d-spacings. ALE accomplishes this by depositing a single layer of atoms during each cycle of the deposition process. Multilayers deposited by ALE should have sharp interfaces and smooth, uniform layers with precise d-spacings.
Regional analysis of cloud chemistry at high elevations in the eastern United States

Abstract Results from the collection and chemical analysis of cloudwater samples collected from May to October 1986–1988 from the five high-elevation ( ⪆950 m MSL ) Mountain Cloud Chemistry Program (MCCP) sites (Whiteface Mountain, NY; Mt Moosilauke, NH; Shenandoah Park, VA; Whitetop Mountain, VA; Mt Mitchell, NC) in the eastern United States are summarized. The resulting database documents the regional chemical climatology of high-elevation forest ecosystems in the eastern U.S. Clouds occured at these sites on 32–77% of the days during the sample collection period. More than 90% of cloud samples were acidic (prmpH
Approximating chaotic time series through unstable periodic orbits

There are many noise reduction methods for chaotic signals, but most only work over a limited signal to noise range. If chaotic signals are to be used for communications, noise reduction techniques which can handle larger amounts of noise (or deterministic noise) are needed. Here I describe a method of approximating a chaotic signal by constructing possible sequences based on unstable periodic orbits. The approximation is good enough to distinguish between chaotic attractors, even when large amounts of noise are added to the chaotic signal.
Mechanistic study of silver nanoparticle formation on conducting polymer surfaces.

Conducting polymer (polyaniline) sheets are shown to be active substrates to promote the growth of nanostructured silver thin films with highly tunable morphologies. Using the spontaneous electroless deposition of silver, we show that a range of nanostructured metallic features can be controllably and reproducibly formed over large surface areas. The structural morphology of the resulting metal−polymer nanocomposite is demonstrated to be sensitive to experimental parameters such as ion concentration, temperature, and polymer processing and can range from densely packed oblate nanosheets to bulk crystalline metals. The deposition mechanisms are explained using a diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) model to describe the semi-fractal-like growth of the metal nanostructures. We find these composite films to exhibit strong surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) activity, and the nanostructured features are optimized with respect to SERS activity using a self-assembled monolayer of mercapto-benzoic acid as a model Raman...