cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopamine-mediated increases in nigral substance P-like immunoreactivity

The results reported herein strongly suggest that increased dopaminergic and not increased serotonergic activity is responsible for methamphetamine-induced increases in the nigral concentration of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI). Thus, treatment of rats with the specific dopamine (DA) uptake blockers amfonelic acid (AFA) and nomifensine caused elevations in the SPLI levels within the substantia nigra similar to that of methamphetamine (METH). In contrast, the specific serotonin uptake blockers citalopram and chlorimipramine were without significant effects on this substance P (SP) system. Additional studies revealed that the mechanisms whereby the DA uptake blockers and METH influence the striatonigral SP pathway are likely different. Specifically, AFA, unlike METH, altered the SP system without causing changes in the monoaminergic synthesizing enzymes tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase; in addition, pretreatment with reserpine abolished the AFA effect on nigral SPLI but did not interfere with METH-mediated changes in the SP system.
A Historical Sketch of Olympiads: U.S.A. and International.

(1985). A Historical Sketch of Olympiads: U.S.A. and International. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 330-335.
Adsorption Equilibrium of Water Vapor on F-200 Activated Alumina

Adsorption isotherm data for water vapor on F-200 7 × 14 Tyler mesh activated alumina are obtained at (5, 15, 25, and 35) °C in the range 0% to approximately 95% relative humidity using a static gravimetric technique. F-200 is a commercially available adsorbent that has become very popular in industry for drying compressed air via pressure or temperature swing adsorption. The equilibrium isotherms are presented in tabular as well as in graphical form. The equilibrium data are measured in both directions: adsorption and desorption. A pronounced hysteresis between the adsorption and the desorption legs is present at all temperatures. When plotted versus the relative humidity, the equilibrium data are essentially independent of temperature. The complete removal of the adsorbed water requires regeneration at elevated temperature (290 °C) under vacuum. The data reported in this study can be used in industrial design as well as in the theoretical studies on the adsorption/desorption mechanisms of water vapor o...
Prevalence of and Attitudes About Distracted Driving in College Students

Objective: To identify current distracted driving (DD) behaviors among college students, primarily those involving cell phone use, and elucidate the opinions of the students on the most effective deterrent or intervention for reducing cell phone use.Methods: Students enrolled at 12 colleges and universities were recruited to participate in an online, anonymous survey. Recruitment was done via school-based list-serves and posters. School sizes ranged from 476 to over 30,000. The validated survey included 38 questions; 17 were specifically related to distracted driving.Results: Four thousand nine hundred sixty-four participants completed the surveys; the average age was 21.8, 66% were female, 82.7% were undergraduates, and 47% were white/non-Hispanic. Additionally, 4,517 (91%) reported phoning and/or texting while driving; 4,467 (90%) of drivers said they talk on the phone while driving; 1,241 (25%) reported using a hands-free device “most of the time”; 4,467 (90%) of drivers reported texting while driving;...
Stress-Induced p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation Mediates κ-Opioid-Dependent Dysphoria

The molecular mechanisms mediating stress-induced dysphoria in humans and conditioned place aversion in rodents are unknown. Here, we show that repeated swim stress caused activation of both kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) coexpressed in GABAergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens, cortex, and hippocampus. Sites of activation were visualized using phosphoselective antibodies against activated kappa receptors (KOR-P) and against phospho-p38 MAPK. Surprisingly, the increase in P-p38-IR caused by swim-stress exposure was completely KOR dependent; P-p38-IR did not increase in KOR(-/-) knock-out mice subjected to the same swim-paradigm or in wild-type mice pretreated with the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine. To understand the relationship between p38 activation and the behavioral effects after KOR activation, we administered the p38 inhibitor SB203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (i.c.v.)] and found that it selectively blocked the conditioned place aversion caused by the kappa agonist trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]-benzeneacetamide (U50488) and the KOR-dependent swim stress-induced immobility while not affecting kappa-opioid analgesia or nonselectively affecting associative learning. We found that the mechanism linking KOR and p38 activation in vivo was consistent with our previous in vitro data suggesting that beta-arrestin recruitment is required; mice lacking G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 also failed to increase p-p38-IR after KOR activation in vivo, failed to show swim stress-induced immobility, or develop conditioned place aversion to U50488. Our results indicate that activation of p38 MAPK signaling by the endogenous dynorphin-kappa-opioid system likely constitutes a key component of the molecular mechanisms mediating the aversive properties of stress.
Dirac Neutrino Masses with Planck Scale Lepton Number Violation

It is shown how pure Dirac neutrino masses can naturally occur at low energies even in the presence of Planck scale lepton number violation. In a 5D setting this is achieved by explicitly breaking the lepton number on the Planck brane while the right-handed neutrino is localized on the TeV brane. A small wave function overlap then naturally leads to a small Dirac Yukawa coupling. In the 4D dual description the right-handed neutrino is identified as a composite CFT bound state and lepton number violation is highly suppressed by CFT operators with large anomalous dimensions.
Instantaneous clock recovery for burst-mode optical label and payload by using a conventional data receiver

We have demonstrated a novel method using a conventional receiver to detect preamble free label and payload in burst-mode transmission in an optical label switched network. The extracted clock exhibits shows small jitter, which can be used for clock recovery and data regeneration.
MobileDeluge: A Novel Mobile Code Dissemination Tool for WSNs

In this demonstration we present MobileDeluge, a general mobile network-reprogramming tool based on Deluge for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). MobileDeluge effectively addresses the weaknesses of Deluge and other traditional over-the-air reprogramming approaches for WSNs. It enables efficient code dissemination for heterogeneous WSN motes regularly operating over low-power links through a mobile base station. MobileDeluge has been evaluated in a real-world outdoor environmental WSN testbed.
The renin-angiotensin system: Revised concepts and implications for renal function

In the classic concept of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), kidney-derived renin interacts with liver-derived angiotensinogen in the peripheral circulation to form angiotensin I (Ang I). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is formed from Ang I, in the lung, by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Ang II is then transported in the circulation to effector target sites (blood vessels, kidney, adrenal) where it interacts with specific receptors to exert its action. New research over the past decade suggests that this classic concept of a circulating renin-angiotensin system based exclusively on the actions of Ang II requires revision (Fig. 1). Several new concepts regarding the RAS have emerged including: (1) the importance of local tissue production of angiotensins; (2) the discovery of biologically active peptides other than Ang II; (3) the discovery of angiotensin processing enzymes other than ACE; and (4) identification of multiple angiotensin receptor subtypes (receptor heterogeneity).
A Sensitive Period for Song Acquisition in the Song Sparrow, Melospiza melodia: A Case of Age‐limited Learning

Variation in the timing of vocal learning during the first year of life was studied in male song sparrows. Subjects were hatched in nests in the wild, reared in the laboratory from 2–10 days of age and tutored twice daily with tape-recorded songs from 10–350 days of age. Tutor songs were changed frequently. Half were conspecific and half heterospecific (swamp sparrow) songs. Timing of acquisition was determined by comparing analyses of crystallized songs with tape-recorded models for evidence of imitations. Learning began, on average, at 22 days of age and was heavily concentrated in the following 40-day period. Occasional cases of learning occurred as late as 200 days of age. There was a strong preference for conspecific songs. Imitations of songs acquired early in the sensitive period were more complete than those of songs acquired later. In song production, elements acquired at different times were sometimes detached from their original context and combined with others by a process of syntactical rearrangement. With the sensitive period defined in this manner, the song sparrow may be characterized as an “age-limited” song learner, as contrasted with species that are “age-independent” learners.
Electron-Ion Recombination of Neutral Iron

The total and state-specific electron-ion recombination rate coefficients are obtained for Fe I. The calculations are carried out using a new ab initio method that incorporates both the radiative and the dielectronic recombination processes in an unified and self-consistent manner. The computations employ the close coupling approximation and the R-matrix method from atomic collision theory. A 52 state close coupling eigenfunction expansion dominated by the states of the ground 3d64s and excited 3d7, 3d64p, 3d54s2, and 3d54s4p configurations of Fe II are used in the present calculations. The important electron correlation and radiation damping effects are included via explicit coupling of autoionization and radiative channels. This is the first detailed atomic calculation for the recombination rates for Fe I. The present rates are considerably higher than the radiative recombination rates being used currently in the low-temperature region, T ≤ 104 K, whereas they are about 4 times lower than those given by the Burgess general formula for dielectronic recombination at higher temperatures. The implications of the new recombination rate coefficients and photoionization cross sections for Fe I on the ionization structure of iron in the cold neutral interstellar medium are studied. It is found that the ratio of Fe II to Fe I obtained with the new atomic data increases by a factor of about 3-30 over previous calculations.
Anchor structure of staphylococcal surface proteins. IV. Inhibitors of the cell wall sorting reaction.

Surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus are covalently linked to the bacterial cell wall by a mechanism requiring a COOH-terminal sorting signal with a conserved LP X TG motif. Cleavage between the threonine and the glycine of the LP X TG motif liberates the carboxyl of threonine to form an amide bond with the amino of the pentaglycine cross-bridge in the staphylococcal peptidoglycan. We asked whether antibiotic cell wall synthesis inhibitors interfere with the anchoring of surface proteins. Penicillin G, a transpeptidation inhibitor, had no effect on surface protein anchoring, whereas vancomycin and moenomycin, inhibitors of cell wall polymerization into peptidoglycan strands, slowed the sorting reaction. Cleavage of surface protein precursors did not require a mature assembled cell wall and was observed in staphylococcal protoplasts. A search for chemical inhibitors of the sorting reaction identified methanethiosulfonates and p- hydroxymercuribenzoic acid. Thus, sortase, the enzyme proposed to cleave surface proteins at the LP X TG motif, appears to be a sulfhydryl-containing enzyme that utilizes peptidoglycan precursors but not an assembled cell wall as a substrate for the anchoring of surface protein.
Real-time magnetic resonance imaging guidance for cardiovascular procedures

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cardiovascular system has proven to be an invaluable diagnostic tool. Given the ability to allow for real-time imaging, MRI guidance of intraoperative procedures can provide superb visualization, which can facilitate a variety of interventions and minimize the trauma of the operations as well. In addition to the anatomic detail, MRI can provide intraoperative assessment of organ and device function. Instruments and devices can be marked to enhance visualization and tracking, all of which is an advance over standard X-ray or ultrasonic imaging.
Salicylate-induced pulmonary edema: clinical characteristics in children

A five-year retrospective study of pediatric salicylate intoxications (serum level greater than 300 micrograms/ml) revealed that 2/20 patients developed salicylate induced pulmonary edema. These patients had significantly higher initial anion gaps (P less than 0.02) and serum salicylate determinations (P less than 0.001) and tended to be younger with lower initial serum potassium and arterial carbon dioxide measurements. Both patients in the salicylate-induced pulmonary edema group died, whereas none in the non-pulmonary edema group died. Unlike other reports, these data suggest that pulmonary edema is not rare in severe pediatric salicylate ingestion and correlates with high serum salicylate levels and anion gaps. Early, aggressive detoxification, supportive therapy, and hemodynamic monitoring would appear to be indicated in these patients.
Breast Microcalcifications: How To Answer Women’s Questions

One of your patients, a 57-year-old woman, presents to the primary care setting, clutching the results of her routine mammography screening test. She says she was told that her mammogram shows microcalcifications and that she needs further testing. She's fearful, asking you, "Does this mean I have cancer?" How do you help her interpret her mammogram results and give her guidance? A thorough understanding of the significance of pathophysiologic positive findings on routine mammograms in asymptomatic women will inform your choice of anticipatory guidance and continued care.
Reply to "MEDLINE definitions of race and ethnicity and their application to genetic research"

Reply to "MEDLINE definitions of race and ethnicity and their application to genetic research"
Influence of Host Plants on Insecticide Metabolism and Management of Variegated Cutworm

Midgut microsomal aldrin epoxidase of Peridroma saucia (Hubner), when fed peppermint leaves Mentha piperita L., was up to 9 times more active than larvae that were fed leaves of other host plants, such as, alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., bush snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., garden beets, Beta vulgaris L., or a weed host, curly dock, Rumex crispus L. Epoxidase levels in larvae fed peppermint leaves were ca. 6 times more active than those fed a semidefined artificial diet. Larvae collected from peppermint fields had higher levels of the enzyme than laboratory-reared cutworms, and activity was much higher in instars 5-6 than in instar 4. Larvae fed peppermint leaves were more tolerant of acephate, methomyl, and malathion than larvae fed bush snap bean leaves.
Jagged2 promotes the development of natural killer cells and the establishment of functional natural killer cell lines

Emerging evidence indicates that Notch receptors and their ligands play important roles in the development of T cells and B cells. However, little is known about their possible roles in the development of other lymphoid cells. Here we demonstrate that Jagged2, a Notch ligand, stimulates the development of natural killer (NK) cells from Lin(-) Sca-1(+) c-kit(+) hematopoietic stem cells. Our culture system supports NK cell development for 2 to 3 months, often leading to the establishment of continuous NK cell lines. The prototype of such cell lines is designated as KIL. KIL depends on interleukin-7 for survival and proliferation and is NK1.1(+) CD3(-) TCRalphabeta(-) TCRdeltagamma(-) CD4(-) CD8(-) CD19(-) CD25(+) CD43(+) CD45(+) CD49b(-) CD51(+) CD94(+) NKG2D(+) Mac-1(-/low) B220(-) c-kit(+) perforin I(+) granzyme B(+) Notch-1(+), and cytotoxic. Like normal natural killer cells, the T-cell receptor-beta loci of KIL remain in the germ-line configuration. In response to interleukin-2, KIL proliferates extensively (increasing cell number by approximately 10(10)-fold) and terminally differentiates into adherent, hypergranular NK cells. Our findings indicate that Jagged2 stimulates the development of natural killer cells and the KIL cell line preserves most properties of the normal NK precursors. As such, KIL provides a valuable model system for NK cell research.
Oral, Post-Oral and Genetic Interactions in Sweet Appetite

Inbred mouse strains differ in their preferences for sweeteners, due in part to variations in their T1R3 sweet taste receptor. Recent studies of sweet sensitive C57BL/6J (B6) and subsensitive 129P3/J (129) mice indicate that experiential and post-oral effects of sugar substantially modify sweetener preference. In fact, the strain difference in sucrose preference disappeared after the mice were given 23 h/day tests with sucrose at ascending concentrations (0.5-32%). Intragastric infusions of sucrose (16%) also conditioned increased preference for and absolute intake of flavored sweet solutions in B6 and 129 mice. An operant analysis of sweetener appetite revealed, unexpectedly, that sugar-experienced 129 mice respond more vigorously than B6 mice for 16% sucrose rewards. These findings indicate that experiential and nutritional factors can, to some degree, override genetic differences in peripheral taste sensitivity in determining food appetite.
Conservation of plasmids among plant-pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae isolates of diverse origins.

Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, pv. angulata (pathogens on tobacco), pv. coronafaciens, and pv. striafaciens (pathogens on oats) were examined for plasmid DNAs. The strains were obtained from plants throughout the world, some over 50 years ago. Of the 22 tobacco pathogens, 16 contain predominantly one type of plasmid, the pJP27.00 type. The remaining six tobacco-specific strains do not harbor detectable plasmids. The oat pathogens contain one, two, or three plasmids. DNA homology studies indicate that the plasmid DNAs are highly conserved. More importantly, the plasmids harbored by strains isolated from one host plant are conserved most stringently; e.g., the plasmids from the tobacco pathogens are, with one exception, indistinguishable by restriction endonuclease digestion and Southern hybridization. There is also extensive homology among plasmids indigenous to the oat-specific P. syringae pv. coronafaciens and pv. striafaciens strains.
Canonical kernels for density estimation

The kernel function in density estimation is uniquely determined up to a scale factor. In this paper, we advocate one particular rescaling of a kernel function, called the canonical kernel, because it is the only version which uncouples the problems of choice of kernel and choice of scale factor. This approach is useful for both pictorial comparison of kernel density estimators and for optimal kernel theory.
Race, Ethnicity, and Income Factors Impacting Human Papillomavirus Vaccination rates

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer disproportionately affect low-income and minority women. HPV vaccines have the potential to either reduce or exacerbate racial disparities in HPV-related diseases and cervical cancers, depending on the equitability of vaccine uptake. Objectives This review aims to identify barriers and facilitators of equitable uptake of HPV vaccination among low-income and minority girls. This review discusses factors related to race, ethnicity, and income that are associated with initiation and completion rates of the 3-dose HPV vaccine series and presents targets for intervention. Methods We reviewed relevant English-language literature to identify current vaccination rates and factors associated with vaccine uptake. Study findings related to race (black, Latino, Asian), and incomes were summarized. Results Current trends in the United States indicate low uptake among all adolescents, and that rates stagnated between 2011 and 2012. Low-income and minority adolescents are equally or more likely to start the HPV vaccination series than are white and higher-income adolescents, but are less likely to complete all 3 shots. Provider recommendation is a key factor in HPV vaccination, and minorities are less likely to report receiving recommendations for HPV vaccination. Conclusions As black, Hispanic, and Asian populations continue to grow in the United States over the next several decades, it is imperative that we not only improve HPV vaccination rates overall, but also focus on high-risk populations to prevent an increase in cervical cancer disparities.
Modeling Effect of Residual Nitrogen on Response of Corn to Applied Nitrogen

Abstract The logistic model has been used extensively to describe crop response to applied nutrients and water availability. It contains three parameters that can be estimated from data by regression analysis. One of the parameters refers to the reference state of the system, either at zero applied nitrogen (N) or applied N to reach 50% of maximum yield (N 1/2). A negative value of N 1/2 indicates that the soil already contains more than enough N to reach 50% of maximum yield. In the present analysis, data from a field study at Watkinsville, Georgia, which measured response of corn [Zea mays (L.) Pers.] to applied N following plowunder of grass sod is used to verify this point. It was found that N 1/2 shifted from –50 kg ha−1 in the first year to +25 kg ha−1 after several years. Availability of N from decaying vegetation declined exponentially with time. The time constant for decomposition and nitrification was 2 years. Total amount of N released from the vegetation was estimated as 190 kg ha−1.
Accommodative state of young adults using reading spectacles.

Abstract We examined the accommodative state of young adults wearing +2D and +3D reading spectacles under normal conditions and with the elimination of accommodative cues. Subjects’ refractions were measured with an infrared PowerRefractor. Power of the vertical meridian was recorded for subjects viewing far and near targets in free space and through a Badal lens apparatus with and without reading spectacles. Additionally, refractive measurements were taken after subjects wore +2D reading spectacles for 30 min (post-adaptation). In free viewing and viewing through the Badal lens, subjects uniformly over-accommodated relative to the target while wearing reading spectacles (i.e., with the spectacles, they focused at a plane in front of the target). Subjects in the first post-adaptation test showed no significant difference in accommodation between viewing a near target with and without +2D spectacles after having read with them for 30 min, though they had without post-adaptation. Subjects in the second post-adaptation test were not significantly differently accommodated before and after reading when binocularly viewing a near target with +2D reading spectacles. The results imply that no adaptation of the subjects’ accommodative postures while viewing visual targets occurred as a result of a 1/2 h near work task with the spectacles. The over-accommodation of subjects using reading spectacles while they are performing visual tasks shows the necessity of measurement if their true accommodative posture is to be determined.
The negative wake in a second-order fluid

To investigate the origin of negative wakes in viscoelastic fluids, we used a perturbation method to calculate the flow induced by a solid sphere falling slowly through a viscoelastic fluid in a vertical column of square cross-section. The effects of normal stresses and inertia were determined by solving the perturbation problems numerically using a finite element method. The normal stresses give rise to a negative wake behind the sphere and a reversed flow at the front stagnation point.
Look-ahead control approach for thermostatic electric load in distribution system

One of the most important goals of smart grid is sustainability. Load management in coordinated manner may help in saving more energy and hence move towards sustainability. Advanced metering infrastructures (AMI) and bidirectional communication between electricity grid and endusers, novel technologies and designs are required to exploit full potential of smart grid investments. New analysis tools and control strategies are needed for distribution systems to augment these investments. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, as thermostatic controllable loads, consume major portion of electric energy. In this work, a detailed load model of thermostatic electric loads is used to develop a novel approach of look-ahead controller over different time frames. Developed controller has been tested for cooling mode operation on a typical summer day and shows satisfactory performance.
Enhanced antitumor effect and reduced vector dissemination with fiber-modified adenovirus vectors expressing herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase

Enhanced antitumor effect and reduced vector dissemination with fiber-modified adenovirus vectors expressing herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase
Children born from artificial reproductive technology: Implications for children, parents, and caregivers

One in six couples in the United States suffer infertility. Reproductive technology has been advancing at an astonishing rate. Thousands of children are being born from artificial reproductive technology (ART) that has existed for only a few years. These children are in your classrooms-as teachers do you know who they are? This article summarizes information on infertility treatments and the needs of parents and children, and it provides examples of what child care providers can do to assist in the healthy development of these families.
Elution of the catalytic subunits of the type I and type II forms of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase within the type I chromatographic peak.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the elution location upon ion-exchange chromatography of the catalytic subunits of both the type I and type II isozyme forms of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We show that ion-exchange chromatograpohy with DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B yields an apparent type I chromatoraphic peak of cAMP-dependent protein kinase which can represent not only tyupe I holoenzyme activity but also catalytic activity derived from either the type I or type II enzyme forms. Such knowledge of the elution location of the dissociated catalytic subunits can prevent incorrect identification of the distribution of cAMP-dependent protein kinase isozymes in studies which estimate the isozyme concentrations base on the relative proportions of the kinase activity peaks.
USING LITERATURE TO EDUCATE STUDENTS: IMAGES OF CAREGIVERS IN POETRY AND PROSE

Curricula in the health professions typically emphasize the sciences, technology, and acquisition of clinical skills. There is growing recognition that teaching students to empathize with and understand the values and concerns of those for whom they care is a critical component of the educational process. Using literature to illustrate ethical and clinical issues is an effective means of educating students and sensitizing them to the impact they have on their patients. In this discussion, selections from literature describing caregivers as perceived by patients and their families and friends were identified. Two methods for using these selections in the classroom were suggested.
What We Really Disagree About: a Reply to Robert P. Morgan

I have no interest in arguing about unity no more now than in 'Senses of Sensemaking' (Dubiel 1992). The concept is too diffuse to be the object of coherent endorsement or rejection, and its negative inherits the deficiency. The most useful thinking on the subject tries to sort out the disparate meanings aggregated to the term, a project common to writers otherwise as dissimilar as Jonathan Kramer (1993) and Fred Everett Maus (1999). Much as I value this work, what I have learned from it only reinforces my disposition to do without such an unproductive generalisation and stick to matters better defined. The analysis in my article addresses a very specific issue: whether a composition need proceed at every point by presenting consequences of what it has already done, or whether it might at some points introduce something genuinely new and thus whether analysis is free to represent either condition. I consider the answer obvious; indeed it was as an obvious case that I adduced bar 32 of the first movement of Haydn's Op. 76 No. 2 in support of my article's main discussion of certain remarkable writings of J. K. Randall (Randall 1975 and 1976, in particular). It surprises me that anyone would be provoked by this, especially in the name of unity. Thus I cannot believe that Robert P. Morgan's recent reaction to my work correctly identifies the source of his distress. The substance of our disagreement emerges more clearly in what his article does than in what he says about it, and in the alternative he presents, than in the complaints he makes. His response to me embodies a conception of analysis that takes the identification of resemblances between bits of music as its defining and selfevidently significant activity. In this, 'unity' amounts to no more than an aggrandising name for the quality that such resemblances are supposed to secure; inexpressive accolades of lesser order, such as 'coherence', 'preparation', and 'sounding right', help to insinuate that motivic connectedness entails intelligibility and defines character. Naturally I agree that a sense of logical, prepared progression is among the qualities that music might project, that relations of similarity are among those that might affect the experienced character of musical events, and that similarity might contribute to effects of rational consecution; but I recognise these only as some possibilities among many, not as predominant or normative. Morgan's effort to sustain a less flexible conception elicits a certain amount of hyperbole, confusion and
SES, ethnic, and gender differences in young children's informal addition and subtraction: A clinical interview investigation

The main goal of this study was to examine possible socioeconomic status (SES) differences in 4- and 5-year-old children's informal mathematical knowledge. One hundred and two children, 32 from lower, 39 from middle, and 31 from upper SES families participated in the study. Each participant was given a clinical interview involving several addition and subtraction problems and a related representation task. With and without scaffolding, the children from the upper SES group showed higher rates of success on many problems than did the children from the lower and middle SES groups. At the same time, the results fail to reveal significant differences in the performance levels of children from lower and middle SES families. Furthermore, all of the SES groups used very similar strategies. Although the children from the upper SES group showed higher levels of performance, their underlying knowledge (strategies) differed little from that of children from the lower and middle SES groups. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that both common biological inheritance and a common environment rich in opportunities for mathematical learning insure the development of basic mathematical competence in virtually all children. The study also found almost no gender or ethnic differences in performance and underlying knowledge. The results suggest that evaluators and educators should employ flexible methods, like the clinical interview, to assess mathematical knowledge and that preschoolers can benefit from a rich mathematics education.
Heats, entropies and adsorption hysteresis studies for argon on prefrozen ethylene layers

Abstract Isosteric heats and differential entropy curves were measured for argon adsorbed on one, two, and six nominal ethylene layers in the range 65–84°K. Adsorption hysteresis behavior was observed at low temperatures (65–75°K) and was investigated in detail on both one and two ethylene layers. Further evidence for phase transitions involving two-dimensional condensed. states, rather than capillary pore filling, is presented.
Update on counseling the family with a first-degree relative with a congenital heart defect

Updated recurence risks figures are presented for genetic counseling of families with a congenital heart defect (CHD) in a first-degree relative. Substantial changes are recommended for counseling the family in which a parent has CHD. The risk is much greater if it is the mother rather than the father who has the heart defect. The updated figures for recurrence risks in sibs have been revised, but are not greatly changed. Our central tenet in counseling is to base risk projections on the genetic and teratogenic history in the individual family and pregnancy.
Large Scale Recovery of Haplotypes from Genotype Data Using Imperfect Phylogeny

Critical to the understanding of the genetic basis for complex diseases is the modeling of human variation. Most of this variation can be characterized by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which are mutations at a single nucleotide position. To characterize an individual’s variation, we must determine an individual’s haplotype or which nucleotide base occurs at each position of these common SNPs for each chromosome. In this paper, we present results for a highly accurate method for haplotype resolution from genotype data. Our method leverages a new insight into the underlying structure of haplotypes which shows that SNPs are organized in highly correlated “blocks”. The majority of individuals have one of about four common haplotypes in each block. Our method partitions the SNPs into blocks and for each block, we predict the common haplotypes and each individual’s haplotype. We evaluate our method over biological data. Our method predicts the common haplotypes perfectly and has a very low error rate (0.47%) when taking into account the predictions for the uncommon haplotypes.
Reliability benefits of distributed generation as a backup source

The power system especially at the distribution level is prone to failures and disturbances due to weather related issues and human errors. Having distributed generation (DG) as a backup source ensures the reliability of electric power supply. Therefore, distributed generation is expected to play a key role in the residential, commercial and industrial sectors of the power system. In this paper, the value of DG installed as a backup generator is quantified in terms of its contribution to the reliability improvement of a residential distribution network. The reliability improvement is measured by reliability indices that include SAIDI, CAIDI and ENS. In addition, the value of placing DG at various distances from the substation, as well as the impacts of installing a large-scale DG vs. several small-scale distributed DGs, are presented. The research findings are expected to be useful to electric utility companies in evaluating the reliability benefits of DG of various sizes and penetration levels installed at various distances from a distribution substation.
Breast Cancer Detection Among Older Latinas: Is It Worth the Risk?

Fifty-eight Latinas participated in focus group interviews to assess their perceptions about screening to detect breast cancer (BC). Grounded theory methods helped uncover a cultural explanatory model that explained how cultural and psychosocial dynamics influence BC screening decisions. According to this model, Latinas generally perceived BC screening as a risky behavior. Three themes emerged that influenced the amount and type of perceived risks: feeling healthy (i.e., perceptions about the etiology of the illness and its nature), feeling indecent (i.e., the behaviors involved in screening), and feeling threatened (i.e., the anticipated consequences of BC detection). Screening was perceived as risky because of many personal and interpersonal consequences associated with detecting BC. Latinas’ subjective assessment that detecting BC is too risky might influence their participation in screening procedures. Health education programs should aim at helping Latinas perceive that the early detection of BC is a...
At and below the chu limit: passive and active broad bandwidth metamaterial-based electrically small antennas

The solution to the canonical problem of a radiating infinitesimal electric dipole antenna that is centred in a multilayered, concentric metamaterial-based spherical shell system is presented. It is demonstrated that when this system is electrically small, a specifically designed homogenous and isotropic epsilon-negative (ENG) layer can function as a distributed matching element to the antenna enabling a resonant radiation behaviour. A finite element model of the corresponding centre-fed cylindrical dipole antenna-based resonant system confirms that such designed ENG-based spherical layers can act as a distributed matching element, which can be optimised to produce a reactance free, resistively matched and, hence, efficient radiating system. Several limits on the dispersion properties of the homogenous and isotropic ENG media used in these matching layers are considered and their impact on the bandwidth of these resonant systems is established. Although the dispersionless resonant antenna-ENG system has a bandwidth substantially below the Chu limit, the bandwidths of the corresponding dispersive systems are shown to be at or just slightly below the Chu limit. An analytical model of an idealised gaseous plasma-based ENG layer sandwiched between two glass layers, a potential realisation of these metamaterial-based ENG spherical shell systems, is introduced and its solution is used to study these efficiency and bandwidth issues further. Resonant systems based on active ENG metamaterial layers realised with two types of idealised gain medium models are shown to have bandwidths that approach the idealised dispersionless medium values and, consequently, are substantially below the Chu limit
Gas Phase Reactions of CH3+ with a Series of Homo- and Heterocyclic Molecules

In gas phase ion chemistry, the growth of larger molecules is known to occur through association of ions and neutrals. Where the ion attaches to the neutral is important because it can influence the possibility of additional associations, effectively enabling or terminating further molecular growth. This was investigated by using a Selected Ion Flow Tube (SIFT) at 300 K to study the reactions of CH(3)(+) with the following series of single-ring homocyclic and heterocyclic molecules: benzene (C(6)H(6)), cyclohexane (C(6)H(12)), pyridine (C(5)H(5)N), pyrimidine (C(4)H(4)N(2)), piperidine (C(5)H(11)N), 1,4-dioxane (C(4)H(8)O(2)), furan (C(4)H(4)O), pyrrole (C(4)H(5)N), and pyrrolidine (C(4)H(9)N). Most of the reactions, except for 1,4-dioxane, pyrrole, and pyrrolidine, proceed at the gas kinetic rate. In the ion product distributions, charge transfer, hydride ion abstraction, proton transfer, fragmentation, and association were observed. In particular, proton transfer is seen to be small in all cases even though these channels are energetically favorable. Association is appreciable when the molecules are aromatic (except for furan) and nonexistent when there are no pi electrons in the ring. CH(3)(+) ions are an important intermediate in molecular synthesis in interstellar clouds and in the Titan ionosphere and ring molecules have also been detected in these media. The significance of the studied reactions to these media is discussed.
504: Indications for delivery of the fetus with isoimmune conduction system disease after optimal in utero management

DISEASE AFTER OPTIMAL IN UTERO MANAGEMENT MAUREEN LEE, JAMES HUHTA, JENNY LESHKO, ANDREA KEMP, BARBARA PARILLA, BETTINA CUNEO, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, University of South Florida, Pediatrics, St. Petersburg, Florida, University of Illinois at Chicago, Park Ridge, Illinois, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oak Lawn, Illinois OBJECTIVE: The optimal time for delivery of the fetus with isoimmune 2° or 3° AV block (AVB) is at term and without heart failure. We evaluated the indications for delivery after basing our in utero management on fetal heart rate (FHR) and degree of heart failure, based on a cardiovascular profile score (CVPS). STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed medical records, echocardiograms and ultrasounds of fetuses with AVB from 2 perinatal-cardiology centers over 12 years. Weekly, from diagnosis to delivery, we monitored FHR, the CVPS (a 10-point score assessing cardiothoracic area, venous and arterial Doppler flow patterns, hydrops, and valvular insufficiency), the presence of endocardiofibroelastosis (EFE), fetal growth, and after 30 weeks, biophysical profile. Dexamethasone was given to the mother at diagnosis; we added terbutaline if CVPS 8 or FHR 55 bpm; and digoxin if CVPS was 7. Fetuses were divided into group 1 if they delivered at term and group 2 if they delivered at 36 weeks. Groups differences were tested using Fisher Exact’s test. RESULTS: All fetuses (group 1: n 13 with 3° AV block; group 2: n 8; 2 with 2° and 6 with 3° AV block) were born alive. Indications for early delivery were abnormal BPP(2), ventricular dysfunction alone(3) or with abnormal BPP(1) and oligohydramnios (1) or IUGR (1). Both group 2 fetuses with 2° AVB were delivered because of abnormal BPP. More group 2 fetuses required terbutaline (62.5% vs. 37.5%) for low FHR, had EFE (63% vs. 6 %, p .014), had lower pre-delivery CVPS (p .028), and were diagnosed earlier (p .03). CONCLUSION: The CVPS, fetal HR and the presence of EFE, but not the degree of AVB, correlated with the need for early delivery. Ventricular dysfunction is an indication for one third of premature deliveries. The CVPS is useful in monitoring the in utero management of isoimmune AVB.
The Effect of Children on the Mental Health of Women in the Paid Labor Force

Previous research regarding the effect of children on mental health is mixed, with some studies suggesting that mothers are more depressed than their childless counterparts, and others finding no difference. Using a sample of 500 Canadian women, I test how resources and demands in the primary roles of parent, worker, and partner account for variation in the mental health of employed women. Demands are measured as job demands and as chronic strains in home roles. Resources are measured as job control and as partner support. Results indicate that when partner support and job control are high or average, employed mothers are significantly less distressed than employed nonmothers. Conversely, when role demands are high and resources are low, mothers are significantly more distressed than nonmothers. These results are discussed with respect to the interrelationships between social roles, resources, and mental health, and in terms of directions for future research.
Principles of Protection for Internally Displaced Persons

For forced migrants who have not left their country but are internally displaced persons, human rights law provides an important framework through which to analyse and address their plight. Two principal reasons underpin this assertion. First, owing to the compelling need: human rights violations cut across all phases of internal displacement, causing its occurrence, characterizing the conditions of physical insecurity and material deprivation in which the internally displaced often find themselves, and impeding equitable and lasting solutions. Second, as internally displaced persons remain within the territory of their state, refugee law does not apply and, instead, human rights law provides the fundamental basis for addressing their plight. In addition to human rights law, other standards of international law are also relevant, namely international humanitarian law when displacement occurs in situations of armed conflict and refugee law by analogy. Drawing on these three standards of international law, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement have been developed which set out what protection should mean for internally displaced persons in all phases of displacement. This article traces the origins and provides an overview of the content of the Guiding Principles, the text of which is reproduced in full in the Appendix.
Many-body treatment of the collisional frequency shift in fermionic atoms.

Recent experiments have measured collisional frequency shifts in polarized fermionic alkaline-earth atoms using $^{1}S_{0}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}P_{0}$ Rabi spectroscopy. Here, we provide a first-principles nonequilibrium theoretical description of the interaction frequency shifts starting from the microscopic many-body Hamiltonian. Our formalism describes the dependence of the frequency shift on excitation inhomogeneity, interactions, temperature, and many-body dynamics, provides a fundamental understanding of the effects of the measurement process, and explains the observed density shift data.
Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in local and metastatic prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 receptor is currently being targeted in clinical trials in prostate cancer. Despite this targeting, there are conflicting data on the presence of this receptor in human tumor samples, largely because of differences in technique. Materials and Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the presence of IGF-1 receptor in frozen normal prostate and prostate cancer specimens. Clinical and pathologic parameters were correlated with IGF-1 receptor intensity and frequency of staining. Only 2–3+ staining on a scale of 0–3 was considered positive in this evaluation. Results IGF-1 receptor was expressed in normal prostate epithelium in 6 of 6 patients without cancer and in morphologically normal epithelium adjacent to tumor cells in 21 of 22 patients with cancer studied. IGF-1 receptor was present in the prostate tumor epithelium of 28 of 28 primary tumors, 3 of 5 locally recurrent androgen-independent tumors, and in 4 of 5 metastatic lymph nodes. Stromal staining patterns were positive in 2 of 28 specimens near benign epithelium compared to 19 of 30 specimens of stroma surrounding tumor epithelium (P Conclusions This study using frozen tissue shows widespread IGF-1 receptor expression in normal prostate, prostate cancers, and metastases. These data support investigations into IGF-1 receptor as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
The scan-copier mechanism and the positional level of language production: Evidence from phonemic paraphasia

In this paper I argue that phonemic paraphasia in the fluent aphasias is best characterized as a computational disruption in the processes that map the Functional Level onto the Positional Level of the model of sentence production developed by Merrill Garrett. I claim that a scan-copying mechanism of the sort proposed by Shattuck-Hufnagel operates among the computations leading to the Positional Level and that mechanism, when it derails, gives rise to the production of phonemic level errors in the language of fluent aphasies with posterior left cerebral lesions. I then argue that phonetic level errors in non-fluent, verbal apraxia cannot be handled by the scan-copier, nor can they be accounted for at the Positional Level.