cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new representation of the generalized oscillator strength for bound-free transitions in hydrogenlike systems

The concept of generalized oscillator strength (GOS) associated with atomic transitions was introduced by Bethe [ 1 ]. It has, since then, been employed extensively in the evaluation of excitation and ionization cross sections at high projectile impact energies. The generalized oscillator strength is a function of K2a 2 where ao is the first Bohr radius and hK is the change in momentum of the projectile due to scattering. For the optically allowed transitions, GOS reduces to the optical oscillator strength as Kao goes to zero. This fact has been utilized by a number of investigators to derive photoionization cross sections over a wide range of photon energies for various atoms and molecules from the high energy electron scattering experimental data [2,3 ]. If one expands GOS as a power series in K2a 2, the series has only a finite radius of convergence. In particular, this same series representation of the generalized oscillator strength in powers ofKEa 2 would not be a good representation at the large values of K2a 2 ( ~> 1 ). This difficulty was overcome by Lassettre [ 4] who replaced, for the boundbound transitions, K2a 2 by another variable ( which varied only from 0 to 1 as K2a 2 changed from 0 to ~. He showed that the new series, in powers of (, converges for all physically attainable values of K2a 2. Using this series expansion of GOS in powers of ( and only a few available experimental values of the generalized oscillator strengths for the weak transition 1 ~S-,2 zS in helium, he obtained a simple analytical expression for the generalized oscillator strength which was correct asymptotically, predicted a correct position of the peak of GOS and was in good agreement with the experiment. Lassettre's idea was extended by Vriens [ 5 ] to obtain a suitable power series representation of GOS for the excitation process in which an electron jumps from 1 s to ns, np and nd orbitals. He also applied the method to study excitation of helium by electron and proton impacts. Along the same line, Wadehra and Spruch [ 6 ] provided convergent power series representations for the matrix elements associated with elastic and discrete inelastic transitions in helium. For the case of boundfree transitions, Vriens [ 5 ] discussed the position of poles of the generalized oscillator strengths in the complex K2a 2 plane. However, to the best of our knowledge no further investigation in this direction for the boundfree transitions has been carried out. In the present paper we give a general expression for the bound-bound generalized oscillator strengths for hydrogenlike systems, valid for any n, as a product of the corresponding optical oscillator strength and a second factor. This second factor, representing the ratio of the generalized to the optical oscillator strengths for bound
Comparison of glycoconjugates at the surface of developing type II pneumocytes and Clara cells

The apical surface coat of type II pneumocytes and Clara cells in pre- and post-natal rat lung was examined with lectin histochemical methods. Lectins fromHelix pomatia (HPA), peanut (PNA) andMaclura pomifera (MPA) were conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and used to stain paraffin sections of fixed lung with or without certain pre-treatments. HPA and MPA were observed to react with almost all type II pneumocytes at postnatal day 1. Type II pneumocytes that stained with a sialidase—PNA sequence increased from a few positive cells at postnatal day 5 to many in the adult. It has been reported that the surface coat of type II pneumocytes closely resembles that of Clara cells in its staining with histochemical methods employing cationic dyes or lectins including MPA and PNA. However, staining with HPA, especially after periodic acid oxidation, revealed many type II pneumocytes with strong reactivity but showed only a few Clara cells that were faintly positive. HPA also stained alveolar macrophages. The HPA affinity of macrophages, however, was labile to oxidation with periodic acid or galactose oxidase unlike that of type II pneumocytes. This difference suggests that HPA recognizes more than one type of sugar structure.
The long and short of money and prices: a market equilibrium approach

Abstract The paper examines the exogeneity of money and prices within a money demand function. Two modifications to traditional money demand vector error correction modeling are made. The first modification is to introduce a money supply function, while the second is to estimate the behavior of the money sector and real sector simultaneously. Incorporating the additional information removes many of the possible biases and, therefore, allows for more efficient estimation of money and price behavior. Overall, significantly more support is found for the existence of ‘buffer stock’ relationships than has been found in the previous research.
Chemical reaction as a quantum transition

In this theory a chemical reaction is treated as a quantum transition from reactants to products. The approach leads to a Franck–Condon-like factor for the evaluation of product energy distributions. Second-quantization representation is used to enable a Hamiltonian for reaction to be defined. A specific adiabatic method is used to describe the dynamics of nuclear motion. The theory is applied to the reactions HO + D OD + H and ClI + D Cl + ID. Polyatomic photodissociation can also be treated by a similar formalism.
The effects of dosage and duration of auditory training for older adults with hearing impairment

This study explored a range of training dosages and durations for a word-based auditory-training procedure for older adults with hearing impairment. Three groups received a different “dose”: 2x/week; 3x/week; no training. Fifteen training sessions comprised a “cycle” which was repeated three times for each dosage. Groups that completed training performed significantly better than controls for speech-in-noise materials included in the training regimen, with no significant difference observed between the 2x or 3x/week training groups. Based on these results, as well as prior literature on learning theory, training 2x or 3x/week for 5–15 weeks appears to be sufficient to yield training benefits with this training regimen.
Neuroepithelial interactions in prostate cancer are enhanced in the presence ofprostatic stroma

Abstract Objectives To develop an in vitro model that tests the involvement of prostatic stroma in the active reciprocal interactions between malignant epithelial cells and nerves that occur in perineural invasion. Methods Each of three metastatic prostate cancer cell lines (LnCaP, PC3, and DU-145 at 10 3 ) was co-cultured in sextuplet experiments with a human prostate stromal cell line (HTS-40C at 10 3 ) and a mouse dorsal root ganglion in matrigel for 13 days. Carcinoma/ganglia co-cultures (10 6 cells) in the absence of stroma served as controls. Areas of carcinoma cell growth (day 1), neurite growth (days 1 and 3), and perineural invasion (neuroepithelial halo area, day 11) were quantified. Results Mean neurite outgrowth was enhanced in the presence of stroma with LnCaP and PC3, but not with DU-145. Perineural invasion and carcinoma cell growth were enhanced in the presence of stroma in experiments with all three cell lines. The mean cell area (in square millimeters) increased 54.7% with LnCaP in the presence of stroma ( P Conclusions These novel findings strongly suggest active stromal participation in perineural invasion. The identification of specific stromal factors may suggest ways of preventing the progression of prostate cancer.
"STEM academies" and their effect on student perceptions of engineering

For the past 3 years, engineering students from Ohio Northern University have spent a full day running STEM activities with 4th–6th graders at a public middle school, which has been called a STEM Academy by the organizers and participants. The academy begins with a guest speaker who gives a presentation on a topic under the STEM umbrella, then students participate in multiple activities that typically involve science or engineering. While these academies had been received positively by the faculty, the effectiveness of communicating engineering to the students was uncertain. Is one day of activities truly enough to clear misconceptions of engineering? A post survey was administered where students were asked questions in a similar fashion to the "Draw an Engineer Test." The sample was composed of 6th grade students (N=60) at a small public middle school. The 6th grade students were selected in particular by the investigator in order to draw comparisons to a similar outreach previously done at another school. Responses from the survey provided a degree of insight as to how effective a STEM Academy is at informing students about engineering with its current model. Common misconceptions arose frequently in addition to common trends. The misunderstandings surprisingly manifested as the resistance of students to explore a new field by not deviating from their idealized profession. Also, students were drawn to engineering based on misinformed preconceptions. Suggestions based on this study can lead to improvements in how such an outreach is conducted to properly introduce students to STEM, particularly engineering. This paper will present the results of the first survey and provide discussion on student responses. Comparisons between other outreaches will be made to establish the nature of a STEM Academy in contrast to other K-12 programs designed to promote student interest in science and engineering. Suggestions to improve the effectiveness of STEM academies will be noted along with steps to meaningfully compare advancements in student perceptions for future efforts.
Electrostatic polarization is crucial for reproducing pKa shifts of carboxylic residues in Turkey ovomucoid third domain.

We have computed pKa shifts for carboxylic residues of the serine protease inhibitor turkey ovomucoid third domain (residues Asp7, Glu10, Glu19, Asp27, and Glu43). Both polarizable and nonpolarizable empirical force fields were employed. Hydration was represented by the surface generalized Born and Poisson−Boltzmann continuum model. The calculations were carried out in the most physically straightforward fashion, by directly comparing energies of the protonated and deprotonated protein forms, without any additional parameter fitting or adjustment. Our studies have demonstrated that (i) the Poisson−Boltzmann solvation model is more than adequate in reproducing pKa shifts, most likely due to its intrinsically many-body formalism; (ii) explicit treatment of electrostatic polarization included in our polarizable force field (PFF) calculations appears to be crucial in reproducing the acidity constant shifts. The average error of the PFF results was found to be as low as 0.58 pKa units, with the best fixed-char...
Changes in extracellular collagen matrix alter myocardial systolic performance

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that acute disruption of fibrillar collagen will decrease myocardial systolic performance without changing cardiomyocyte contractility. Isolated...
Steady states, charge movements, and rates for a cloned GABA transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Voltage-clamp analysis was applied to study the currents associated with the uptake of extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by the cloned transporter GAT1 expressed at high efficiency in Xenopus oocytes. Steady-state GABA currents were increased at higher extracellular [GABA], [Na+], and [Cl-] and at more negative potentials. The Hill coefficient for Na+ exceeded unity, suggesting the involvement of two Na+ ions. In the absence of GABA, voltage jumps produced transient currents that behaved like capacitive charge movements; these were suppressed by the uptake inhibitor SKF-89976A, were shifted to more negative potentials at lower external [Na+] and [Cl-], and had an effective valence of 1.1 elementary charge. A turnover rate per transporter of 6-13/s at maximal [GABA] (-80 mV, 96 mM NaCl, 22 degrees C) is given both by the kinetics of voltage jump relaxations and by the ratio between the maximal GABA currents and the charge movements. These quantitative data are necessary for evaluating the roles of GAT1 in synaptic function.
Development of an inventory of teachers' attitudes towards sex-role stereotyping and knowledge of sex differences

The Scott Sex-Role Inventory (SSRI) is a 37-item questionnaire of teachers' knowledge of sex differences and attitudes toward sex-role stereotyping. Norms, reliability, and validity were developed on a suburban southeastern school system. Responses of male and female teachers were comparable on both sections of the test. The SSRI offers an index of teachers' knowledge and attitudes toward sex roles which may help to assess (1) needs for attitude change and (2) the effectiveness of intervention programs.
Fast group communications in multihop wireless networks subject to physical interference

In this paper, we present short communication schedules for broadcast, data aggregation, data gathering, and gossiping in multihop wireless networks subject to physical interference. We assume that all communications proceed in synchronous time-slots, each node can transmit at most one packet of fixed size in each time-slot, and all nodes have fixed and equal transmission power. Under mild assumptions, all of our communication schedules for those four group communications have constant approximation bounds. These communication schedules are built upon a general technique which enables a unified graph-theoretic treatment of the communication scheduling subject to the physical interference constraint.
Selenium compounds in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)--I. Uptake, distribution, and elimination of orally administered selenate, selenite and l-selenomethionine.

Abstract 1. 1. Treatment of fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) with either [ 75 Se]selenate, -selenite or- l -selenomethionine by gavage at 20 ng Se/g resulted in organ uptake and early distribution patterns which differed significantly between compounds. The greatest differences in uptake between compounds was observed in liver tissue which accumulated much less [ 75 Se]selenate than either selenite or l -selenomethionine. 2. 2. The 75 Se burdens and relative distribution among the various organs were nearly identical during the elimination phase for [ 75 Se]selenate and -selenite. This suggests that selenium derived from these compounds converge to a common metabolic pool. 3. 3. The whole body T 1 2 , rate of 75 Se uptake and magnitude of 75 Se accumulation were generally greater for [ 75 Se]selenomethionine than the inorganic forms. 4. 4. Selenium-75 was present in the bile following the oral administration of each compound. 5. 5. The partitioning of selenate and selenite into the plasma and cellular fraction of blood differs with both the compound and time following exposure.
The Green Bay ecosystem and assessment of climate change impacts

Climate change will have major impacts in the Great Lakes region of North America. Particularly vulnerable are shallow freshwater estuaries, such as Lake Michigan’s Green Bay, located in the north-eastern part of the State of Wisconsin. Green Bay and the Lower Fox River, its major tributary, were considered to be severely polluted as early as 1925. As a result of large expenditures of money and a major research effort that has been conducted over the past 40 years or more, some progress has been made toward the restoration of ecosystem integrity. However, work remains, and within this context, potential climate change impacts pose additional challenges. We discuss in this paper a methodology that can be used to assess climate change impacts on ecosystems, and describe an application to the Green Bay ecosystem. The methodology employs numerical methods to evaluate the inputs from scientific, policy, and management experts who are knowledgeable about the ecosystem under study. The Green Bay ecosystem application reveals that runoff from agriculture and urban sources, already a major ecosystem stressor, will be exacerbated in the future as a result of climate change impacts.
Environmental risk assessment model for low dose extrapolation

Use of experimental data from animal studies to estimate human risk due to long-term exposure to very low doses of chemicals in the environment poses a number of biological and statistical problems. One of the statistical problems is to extrapolate the animal dose-response relation from the high dose levels where data are available to low dose, which humans might encounter. Here, a quantal dose-response model is developed based on a multi-hit theory of toxic response. The development of the model utilizes a weighted Lagrange-Poisson distribution for the number of hits. When spontaneous background toxic response is included, the model involves three unknown parameters. The maximum likelihood estimators for these parameters are given as the solution of a nonlinear iterative algorithm. The use of this model for low-dose extrapolation is indicated. The results are applied to nine sets of toxic response data.
A polar, solvent-exposed residue can be essential for native protein structure.

Abstract Background: A large energy gap between the native state and the non-native folded states is required for folding into a unique three-dimensional structure. The features that define this energy gap are not well understood, but can be addressed using de novo protein design. Previously, α 2 D, a dimeric four-helix bundle, was designed and shown to adopt a native-like conformation. The high-resolution solution structure revealed that this protein adopted a bisecting U motif. Glu7, a solvent-exposed residue that adopts many conformations in solution, might be involved in defining the unique three-dimensional structure of α 2 D. Results: A variety of hydrophobic and polar residues were substituted for Glu7 and the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the resulting proteins were characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The majority of substitutions at this solvent-exposed position had little affect on the ability to fold into a dimeric four-helix bundle. The ability to adopt a unique conformation, however, was profoundly modulated by the residue at this position despite the similar free energies of folding of each variant. Conclusions: Although Glu7 is not involved directly in stabilizing the native state of α 2 D, it is involved indirectly in specifying the observed fold by modulating the energy gap between the native state and the non-native folded states. These results provide experimental support for hypothetical models arising from lattice simulations of protein folding, and underscore the importance of polar interfacial residues in defining the native conformations of proteins.
Statistical Retrieval Of Precipitation Cell-top Altitude using Passive118-ghz Observations

A nonlinear statistical-retrieval operator for precipitation cell-top altitude using high-spatial-resolution passive 118-GHz O2 brightness spectra is demonstrated. The retrieval operator consists of a Karhunen-Loeve transformation followed by a rank reduction, a linearization, and a linear minimum mean-square-error estimator. Information from the 118-GHz data on the ambient atmospheric-temperature profile and the precipitation cell size is also incorporated into the linear stage of the retrieval operator. The rms retrieval error is 1.5 km for cumulus-stage cells with tops ranging from 1.5 to 16 km. The sensitivity of nadiral 118-GHz spectra to the cell-top altitude is predominantly due to the scattering and absorption of radiation originating from low, warm atmospheric levels by colder liquid and frozen precipitation This effect causes cold perturbations in the brightness spectrum, which typically become stronger with increasing cell-top altitude.
Locating strategies for personal communication networks, a novel tracking strategy

The partition of location areas is designed to minimize the total costs of finding users' location and tracking their movement in personal communication networks (PCNs). A new scheme to partition and track mobile users and its implementation based on cellular architecture are proposed. According to the tracking strategy, the mobile station (MS) transmits only update messages at specific reporting cells, while the search for a mobile user is done at the vicinity of the cell to which the user has just reported. We use the cost analysis model to demonstrate the feasibility of updating and searching costs to reduce the amount of resources when using wireless channels. Simulations are performed to compare the performance of three schemes: always update, always search, and our new scheme.
Leaf venation: structure, function, development, evolution, ecology and applications in the past, present and future

The design and function of leaf venation are important to plant performance, with key implications for the distribution and productivity of ecosystems, and applications in paleobiology, agriculture and technology. We synthesize classical concepts and the recent literature on a wide range of aspects of leaf venation. We describe 10 major structural features that contribute to multiple key functions, and scale up to leaf and plant performance. We describe the development and plasticity of leaf venation and its adaptation across environments globally, and a new global data compilation indicating trends relating vein length per unit area to climate, growth form and habitat worldwide. We synthesize the evolution of vein traits in the major plant lineages throughout paleohistory, highlighting the multiple origins of individual traits. We summarize the strikingly diverse current applications of leaf vein research in multiple fields of science and industry. A unified core understanding will enable an increasing range of plant biologists to incorporate leaf venation into their research.
A closed-form structural model of planar fibrous tissue mechanics

Structural models of tissue mechanics, in which the tissue is represented as a sum or integral of fiber contributions for a distribution of fiber orientations, are a popular tool to represent the complex mechanical behavior of soft tissues. A significant practical challenge, however, is evaluation of the integral that defines the stress. Numerical integration is accurate but computationally demanding, posing an impediment to incorporation of structural models into large-scale finite-element simulations. In this paper, a closed-form analytic evaluation of the integral is derived for fibers distributed according to a von Mises distribution and an exponential fiber stress-strain law.
Mice Lacking the Nkx6.2 (Gtx) Homeodomain Transcription Factor Develop and Reproduce Normally

The Nkx homeobox genes are expressed in a variety of developing tissues and have been implicated in controlling tissue patterning and cell differentiation. Expression of Nkx6.2 (Gtx) was previously observed in the embryonic neural tube, testis, and differentiating oligodendrocytes. To investigate the role of Nkx6.2 in the control of cell specification and differentiation, we generated mice with null mutations in Nkx6.2 using the standard gene targeting approach. Null mutant mice were viable and fertile without apparent histological and immunohistochemical changes in the central nervous systems and testis. The absence of detectable phenotypes suggests a redundant function of Nkx6.2 in mouse development.
A comparison of the infant car seat challenge and the polysomnogram at the time of hospital discharge

Objective The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all infants born at Study design Retrospective chart review of all infants in our institution who had an ICSC and a PSG between January 2005 and December 2008. Result 785 infants had ICSCs. In addition, 313 infants (56.6%) had an abnormal PSG, even though the vast majority, 158 (88.3%), passed their ICSC. There were no significant differences in gestational age at birth, birth weight, chronological age at study or postmenstrual age at study between infants who either passed or failed the ICSC with those who passed or failed the PSG. The sensitivity of the ICSC was 0.11 and specificity was 0.96. The positive predictive value of the ICSC was 0.77 and the negative predictive value was 0.45. Conclusions The ICSC has a low negative predictive value (0.45) when compared with the PSG as a reference standard for identifying adverse cardiorespiratory events. Although less time consuming and cumbersome than extended polysomnography, the ICSC is not a reliable substitute.
HbA1c and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Among Diabetic Patients

Objective Clinical trials to date have not provided definitive evidence regarding the effects of glucose lowering with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk among diabetic patients. Research Design and Methods We prospectively investigated the association of HbA1c at baseline and during follow-up with CHD risk among 17,510 African American and 12,592 White patients with type 2 diabetes. Results During a mean follow up of 6.0 years, 7,258 incident CHD cases were identified. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of CHD associated with different levels of HbA1c at baseline (<6.0% [reference group], 6.0-6.9%, 7.0-7.9%, 8.0-8.9%, 9.0-9.9%, 10.0-10.9%, and ≥11.0%,) were 1.00, 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97-1.18), 1.16 (1.04-1.31), 1.15 (1.01-1.32), 1.26 (1.09-1.45), 1.27 (1.09-1.48), and 1.24 (1.10-1.40) (P trend =0.002) for African Americans, and 1.00, 1.04 (0.94-1.14), 1.15 (1.03-1.28), 1.29 (1.13-1.46), 1.41 (1.22-1.62), 1.34 (1.14-1.57), and 1.44 (1.26-1.65) (P trend <0.001) for white patients, respectively. The graded association of HbA1c during follow-up with CHD risk was observed among both African American and white diabetic patients (all P trend<0.001). Each one percentage increase of HbA1c was associated with a greater increase in CHD risk in white versus African American diabetic patients. When stratified by gender, age, smoking status, use of glucose-lowering agents and income, this graded association of HbA1c with CHD was still present. Conclusions The current study in a low income population suggests a graded positive association between HbA1c at baseline and during follow-up with the risk of CHD among both African American and white diabetic patients with low socio-economic status.
Atomistic Simulation of Ferroelectric Domain Walls

Atomistic simulation of moving discommensurations is most useful when atomic details have a strong influence on the outcome. A classical example is the problem of dislocation core and movement in which the nature of atomic bonding has a direct effect on the configuration of the dislocation core, which in turn affects the manner the dislocation moves [1]. The final macroscopic characteristics of plastic deformation are intimately related to these details, of which a complete understanding can only come from the atomistic simulation of both the static and the (activated) non-equilibrium configurations of dislocations. The extension to the interface problem is encountered in martensitic transformations, involving either the parent/product interface or the product/product interface, which we call variant interface [2]. Variant interfaces are mobile and may be regarded as a group of dislocations, and like dislocations they move under a stress. The problem is relevant to shape memory alloys in which the stress and rate dependence of shape change is ultimately controlled by the atomic configurations at variant interfaces during their movement, even though the final (presumably equilibrium) multi-variant configurations are dictated by crystallography and elastic energy minimization. As a further extension to the interface problem, domain walls in ferroelectric crystals are like variant interfaces in that, crystallographically, both belong to the class of twin boundaries, but domain walls are complicated by electrostatic considerations [3, 4].
Betaines and Related Osmoprotectants. Targets for Metabolic Engineering of Stress Resistance

Osmoprotectants (also termed compatible solutes) occur in all organisms from archaebacteria to higher plants and animals. They are highly soluble compounds that carry no net charge at physiological pH and are nontoxic at high concentrations. Osmoprotectants serve to raise osmotic pressure in the
A network model of rational versus irrational choices on a probability maximization task

Humans have a drive to maximize knowledge of the world, yet decision making data also suggest a contrary drive to minimize cognitive effort using simplifying heuristics. The trade-off between maximizing knowledge and minimizing effort is modeled by simulation of a challenging decision task. The task is to choose which of two gambles has the highest probability of success when the alternative with higher success probability also has lower success frequency.
PROGRESS ON THE FABRICATION OF ON-CHIP, INTEGRATED CHALCOGENIDE GLASS (CHG)-BASED SENSORS

In this paper, we review ongoing progress in the development of novel on-chip, low loss planar molecular sensors that address the emerging need in the field of biochemical sensing. Chalcogenide glasses were identified as the material of choice for sensing due to their wide infrared transparency window. We report the details of manufacturing processes used to realize novel high-index-contrast, compact micro-disk resonators. Our findings demonstrate that our device can operate in dual modalities, for detection of the infrared optical absorption of a binding event using cavity enhanced spectroscopy, or sensing refractive index change due to surface molecular binding and extracting micro-structural evolution information via cavity enhanced refractometry.
Test of Nonhost Angiosperm Volatiles and Verbenone to Protect Trap Trees for Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) from Attacks by Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Northeastern United States

ABSTRACT Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is an invasive woodwasp, currently established in northeastern North America. In other regions of the world, stressed trap trees are used to monitor populations of S. noctilio and to provide inoculation points for the biological control nematode Deladenus siricidicola Bedding. However, the operational use of trap trees for S. noctilio in North America may be compromised by the large community of native organisms that inhabit stressed and dying pine trees. Common bark beetles such as Ips pini (Say) and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) could potentially compete with S. noctilio and associates for resources on trap trees, possibly reducing the efficacy of trap trees as habitats for the woodwasp. In an attempt to develop a technology to mitigate this potential issue, three common semiochemical interruptants—conophthorin, green leaf volatile mix, and verbenone—were tested for effectiveness in reducing arrivals of I. pini and I. grandicolli...
On Achieving and Evaluating Language-Independence in NLP

Language independence is commonly presented as one of the advantages of modern, machine-learning approaches to NLP, and it is an important type of scalability. In this position paper, I critically review the widespread approaches to achieving and evaluating language independence in the field of com- putational linguistics and argue that, on the one hand, we are not truly evaluating language independence with any systematicity and on the other hand, that truly language-independent technology requires more linguistic sophistication than is the norm.
Ecological Forest Site Classification

An ecological method of multi-factor site classi­ fication, operational in southwestern Germany for aver 30 years, was applied on the Cyrus H. McCormick Experimental Forest in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Strong interrela­ tionship was found among physiography, soils, and vegetation, and these factors were used simultaneously in the field to distinguish and map ecosystems that l'ecur in the landscape . . Such ecosystem units form the basis for intensive multiple-use management. The method illustrates an alternative to single­ factor and component methods and indicates the trend toward integration of the important factors in classifying and mapping ecosystems. The 'classification of land and .forest sites is a major challenge of the 1980s. Not only is more intensive multiple-use resource management anticipated but enacted legislation (such as the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, the Federal Land Policy and Man- . agement Act of 1976, and the National Forest Manage­ ment Act of 1976) mandates a structured ecological data base to help in decision-making. Hirsch et al. (978) stress the need for continuing research. testing of new approaches, and scrutinizing of the classifications used in other countries. We describe here a method of eco­ logical site classification that has been used in West Germany for over 30 years but has not been applied in the United States. This method is the basis for the intensive multiple-use resource management of the Ger­ man state of Baden-Wiirttemberg. Like similar methods in Canada .(Hills and Pierpoint 1960, Jurdant et al.
Search worms

Worms are becoming more virulent at the same time as operating system improvements try to contain them.Recent research demonstrates several effective methods to detect and prevent randomly scanning worms from spreading [2, 13]. As a result, worm authors are looking for new ways to acquire vulnerable targets without relying on randomly scanning for them. It is often possible to find vulnerable web servers by sending carefully crafted queries to search engines. Search worms1 automate this approach and spread by using popular search engines to find new attack vectors. These worms not only put significant load on search engines, they also evade detection mechanisms that assume random scanning. From the point of view of a search engine, signatures against search queries are only a temporary measure as many different search queries lead to the same results. In this paper, we present our experience with search worms and a framework that allows search engines to quickly detect new worms and take automatic countermeasures. We argue that signature-based filtering of search queries is ill-suited for protecting against search worms and show how we prevent worm propagation without relying on query signatures. We illustrate our approach with measurements and numeric simulations.
Algorithmic Design Paradigm Utilizing Cellular Automata for the Han-ok

This paper investigates using a Cellular Automata (CA) as a generative design strategy that creates a design framework for a contemporary house. This is done in a way to reflect the unique spatial configuration of the Han-ok with Chae and Madang. When the Han-ok, the traditional Korean house, was modified to adapt to social change and urbanization in the modern era, the spatial diversity and order of the Han-ok with Chae and Madang were lost. This study aims to define the spatial configurations of the Han-ok, then uses CA to offer numerous possibilities that accommodate today’s life-style while keeping these core relationships. The significance of this study is in seeking the application of CA in a generative design process for modernization of the Han-ok.
Breeding Albinistic Strains of the Monilia Bread Mold

Asci from cultures in which strains Arl.6 and Arl.10 of Neurospora sitophila are mated are not all alike. Some asci produce spores which differ primarily only as to their sex. All 8 spores in the a...
A study of stimulus generalization by the method of concurrent training

Concurrent training is a proposed method for studying generalization by giving additional reinforced trials on new stimuli and assessing the effect on response strength to the training stimulus. Forty-seven rats run according to this method showed no difference in degree of generalization from alleys of white, light-gray, and dark-gray to black. Twenty-four rats run in the same apparatus by the usual procedure involving non-reinforced test trials did show the expected decremental gradient.
SOME RESULTS OF A DIRECTIONAL WAVE RECORDING STATION

An experimental deep water wave recording station has been operated in Lake Ontario, Canada, from 1969 to 1971. The station included a triangular array with four wave sensors and a stable platform. The aim of the study was to obtain a better understanding of the usually rather vaguely defined wavelength parameter of a wind-generated sea and to record the direction of wave propagation directly in the wave generation field. The station has also been used to test newly developed wave sensors, or to check and calibrate some of the existing wave recording systems, including staff gauges, pressure cells and accelerometers. The paper describes briefly the mooring system of the floating stable platform and the triangular array. A comparison is made between various wave recorders, mainly by using spectral analysis, and some results of the wavelength and wave direction study are discussed.
Overcoming history: attitudes of resource professionals and farmers toward silvopasture in southwest Wisconsin

In the Midwestern US, both forestry and agriculture advisors have advocated against combining trees and livestock for more than 50 years. This established stance poses a potential barrier to the adoption of silvopasture, an agroforestry practice that integrates grazing with trees. We conducted three focus group interviews in southwestern Wisconsin, two with foresters and agriculture professionals, and one with farmers to assess their attitudes toward silvopasture. Although resource professionals were reluctant to endorse livestock access to woodlands, they were cautiously interested in exploring silvopasture as a means to improve the management of grazing in wooded areas and as a management tool for savanna restoration. Foresters, agricultural professionals, and farmers identified similar potential benefits and concerns associated with silvopasture, and requested better information on establishment, economics, and best management practices for silvopasture in the Midwest. Their questions and concerns provide direction for future silvopasture research and outreach efforts in the Midwest.
SWOT Analysis on the“Double Hundred”to the Countryside of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences

This paper summarized the main contents and the achieved effects of the"Double hundred"to the countryside which implemented by Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences(FAAS)in 2009,and analyzed the advantages,disadvantages,opportunities and threats of operating process of"Double hundred"to the countryside.Based this analysis,the strategy selections of long-term mechanism of"Double hundred"to the countryside were discussed.
Discrimination of Straight Handle Bolt Cutter from Hydraulic Bolt Cutter Using the Angle Between Burglarproof Grid and Top Plane on the Cutting Surface

Objective To establish a rapid method of distinguishing straight handle bolt cutter from hydraulic bolt cutter by the cut burglarproof grid at crime scenes. Methods One type of hydraulic bolt cutter and three different types of straight handle bolt cutter with respective length of 450, 600, 1050 mm were employed as experimental tools. Eight various types of burglarproof grids were simulated using steel bars on the ground. The distances between bars were 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50 and 40 mm, respectively. The tools were used to cut burglarproof grids under some limited conditions, and the cut created a plane on the top of the cutting surface of the steel bar. The angle between the top plane on the cutting surface and burglar-proof grid was measured and analyzed. Results On the burglarproof grids with eight different spacing distance, the angles created by straight handle bolt cutter were measured in a range of 30°~150°, meanwhile, the angles created by hydraulic bolt cutter ranged from 0° to 75° or 105° to 180°. Conclusions Except for the overlapped range of angle created, the rest has distinguishing characteristics which can be utilized to differentiate the two types of bolt cutters. According to the angle between the top plane on the cutting surface and burglarproof grid found at the crime scene, 75°~105° indicates the related tool as a straight handle bolt cutter, while 0°~30°or 150°~180° indicates a hydraulic one. Hence, the angle between the top plane on cutting surface and burglarproof grid can be an effective index to differentiate straight handle bolt cutter from the hydraulic one.
Manual Gelatinizing Plan Design Process of the Inner Plate of a Vehicle's Truck

The article introduces the design process of a munal gelatinizing of the inner plate of a vehicle' s truck,and sets forth a design idea based on its functions.
The Design and Implementation of Hydro-plant's Remote Centralized Control Networks

The paper introduces the design and implementation of hydro-plant's remote centralized control networks and elaborates the apphcations of secondary security of power system in the regard of prevention..
Intraluminal management of acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism.

Clinical experience with acute massive thromboembolism from 1975 to 1977 has been reviewed. The series consists of 15 patients treated by transvenous intraluminal catheter embolectomy and insertion of a vena caval filter. Twelve patients were in shock and receiving vasopressor therapy (Class IV), and the remainder had acute thromboembolism superimposed on chronic pulmonary hypertension (Class V). Emboli were extracted from 13 patients (87 percent) but could not be removed from two patients, one of whom had cardiac arrest at the time of pulmonary angiography. One additional death occurred after angiography and one patient died after embolectomy because the Swan-Ganz catheter balloon caused rupture of the pulmonary artery (27 percent mortality rate). The number of emboli removed had little effect on pulmonary vascular resistance, and both cardiac output and PaO2 increased in all but one of the surviving patients. Complications included postoperative myocardial infarction in two patients, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two patients, and groin wound hematomas in two patients. Nine vena cavograms have been obtained in six patients at intervals in excess of 1 year after operation, and all show patency of the vena caval filter. No recurrent pulmonary embolism has been seen, and only one late death has occurred from pancreatic carcinoma. Intraluminal management of acute massive thromboembolism can be performed without general anesthesia or cardiopulmonary bypass and achieves satisfactory survival rates (73 percent) and control of recurrent thromboembolism.
Relationship between genotype and arcuate fasciculus morphology in six young children with global developmental delay: Preliminary DTI stuy.

PURPOSE To investigate whether different genetic mutations observed in children with global developmental delay (GD) are associated with unique patterns of the arcuate fasciculus dysmorphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six children with GD (age: 36.8 ± 14.1 months, 5 boys) having mutations in MID1, CDK4, SFRP1, EN2, RXRG-GLRB, or MECP2, and five children with typical development (TD, age: 38.5 ± 20.5 months, 4 boys) underwent a 3 Tesla MRI including diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Five language pathway segments in the left hemisphere, "C1 : Broca's to Wernicke's area," "C2 : Broca's to premotor area," "C3 : premotor to Wernicke's area," "C4 : Wernicke's to inferior parietal area," and "C5 : premotor to inferior parietal area" were objectively identified using the DWI "maximum a posteriori probability" classifier. RESULTS Affinity propagation clustering analysis found that three arcuate pathway segments, C1,2,4 , of MID1, CDK4, EN2, and MECP2 had a similar pattern of volume ratio while those of SFRP1 and RXRG-GLRB had a heterogeneous pattern of volume ratio (net similarity = -0.01). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the fiber ratios of C1,2,4 showed a high probability to discriminate between GD and TD, yielding an accuracy of 0.91, 0.91, 1.00, respectively. The fiber volumes of C1 and C4 showed a strong correlation with expressive language (R2 = 0.6019; P-value = 0.033) and receptive language (R2 = 0.6379; P-value = 0.028), respectively. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study provide preliminary evidence to suggest that different segments of the arcuate fasciculus are formed under the regulation of different genes which, when mutated, may result in developmental delay. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1504-1512.
International Perspective of Tourette Syndrome

The findings from a multisite, international database of 3500 individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) from 22 countries are reported from the British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
Sinorhizobium meliloti chemotaxis to quaternary ammonium compounds is mediated by the chemoreceptor McpX.

The bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti is attracted to seed exudates of its host plant alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Since quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are exuded by germinating seeds, we assayed chemotaxis of S. meliloti towards betonicine, choline, glycine betaine, stachydrine and trigonelline. The wild type displayed a positive response to all QACs. Using LC-MS, we determined that each germinating alfalfa seed exuded QACs in the nanogram range. Compared to the closely related nonhost species, spotted medic (Medicago arabica), unique profiles were released. Further assessments of single chemoreceptor deletion strains revealed that an mcpX deletion strain displayed little to no response to these compounds. Differential scanning fluorimetry showed interaction of the isolated periplasmic region of McpX (McpXPR and McpX34-306 ) with QACs. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments revealed tight binding to McpXPR with dissociation constants (Kd ) in the nanomolar range for choline and glycine betaine, micromolar Kd for stachydrine and trigonelline and a Kd in the millimolar range for betonicine. Our discovery of S. meliloti chemotaxis to plant-derived QACs adds another role to this group of compounds, which are known to serve as nutrient sources, osmoprotectants and cell-to-cell signalling molecules. This is the first report of a chemoreceptor that mediates QACs taxis through direct binding.
Front Line Diplomats: African Diplomatic Representations of the Zimbabwean Patriotic Front, 1976–1978

This article examines front line state (FLS) and Nigerian diplomatic support for the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe during the crucial years of war and negotiations that ultimately led to independence for Zimbabwe in 1980. The diplomatic role of Nigeria in the process, particularly during 1978, is explored as a contrast to the role of FLS diplomats from Mozambique and Zambia. Based on archival sources from the UK and US, this article presents evidence indicating that while there did exist strong alliances between Joshua Nkomo and his ZAPU party with Zambia and Botswana, and Robert Mugabe’s ZANU party counted on the support of Julius Nyerere’s Tanzania and Samora Machel’s Mozambique, there were periods when these alliances were less than clear cut, and FLS diplomats often defined the relative support provided to each of these parties by the UK and US. The fragile and contested nature of the Patriotic Front alliance between ZAPU and ZANU is analysed as a major stumbling block in independence negotiations, but ...
High-speed axial-scanning wide-field microscopy for volumetric particle tracking velocimetry

The ability to understand and visualize complex flow structures in microfluidic and biological systems relies heavily on the resolving power of three-dimensional (3D) particle velocimetry techniques. We propose a simple technique for acquiring volumetric particle information with the potential for microsecond time resolution. By utilizing a fast varifocal lens in a modified wide-field microscope, we capture both volumetric and planar information with microsecond time resolution. The technique is demonstrated by tracking particle motions in the complex, three-dimensional flow in a high Reynolds number laminar flow at a branching arrow-shaped junction.