cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure‐based prediction of transcription factor binding sites using a protein‐DNA docking approach

Accurate identification of transcription factor binding sites is critical to our understanding of transcriptional regulatory networks. To overcome the issue of high false-positive predictions that trouble the sequence-based prediction techniques, we have developed a structure-based prediction method that takes into consideration of interactions between the amino acids of a transcription factor and the nucleotides of its DNA binding sequence at structural level, along with an efficient protein-DNA docking algorithm. The docked structures between a protein and a DNA are evaluated using a knowledge-based energy function, in conjunction with van der Waals energy. Our docking algorithm supports quasi-flexible docking, overcoming a number of limiting issues faced by similar docking algorithms. Our rigid-body docking algorithm is tested on a dataset of 141 nonredundant transcription factor-DNA complex structures. The test results show that 63.1% of the 141 complex structures are reconstructed with accuracies better than 1.0 A RMSDs (root mean square deviation) and 79.4% of the complexes are predicted with accuracies better than 3.0 A RMSDs when using the native DNA structures. Our quasi-flexible docking algorithm, assuming that the DNA structures are not known, is tested on a separate set of 45 transcription factor-DNA complexes, of which 57.8% of the docked complex conformations achieve better than 1.0 A RMSDs while 71.1% of the complexes have RMSDs less than 3.0 A. We have also applied our method to predict the binding motifs of the ferric uptake regulator in E. coli and showed that most of the experimentally identified sites can be predicted accurately.
Electron Microscopic Alterations at the Alveolar Level in Pulmonary Edema

The electron microscopic alterations of the alveolar septum in advanced hemodynamin and alloxan-induced pulmonary edema were compared. Pulmonary edema was produced in anesthetized dogs by means of increased lefy atrial pressure and hemodilution and by allocan administration. Sections of pulmonary tissue from these dogs and similarly anesthetized controls were processed for and examined by light and electron microscopy. In the hemodynamic form of edema the interstitial fluid collects only in the collagen-containing portions of the septum. The endothelium, epithelium, their respective basement membranes and large portions of the air-blood barrier are unaffected. Alloxaninduced edema, in contrast, is characterized by degeneration of both endothelium and epithelium and by the appearance of fibrin within the alveoli. The hemodynamic type of pulmonary edema appears to result from an accentuation of the normal process of fluid exchange within the lung. Allocan-induced edema, on the other hand, is a pathologic process. The functional implications of these results are discussed.
Methods in Environmental Sampling for Radionuclides

This paper reviews methods of environmental sampling for radionuclides around operational and preoperational nuclear power plants. We examine in detail the implications of the established radiation standards and their effect on sampling procedures. Transport mechanisms of radionuclides in liquid effluent, and the deposition of airborne radionuclides onto soil and vegetation are discussed. We evaluate water- and soil-sampling procedures. The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory program of terrestrial gamma-ray surveys at preoperational nuclear power plants is described.
On conditional variance estimation in nonparametric regression

In this paper we consider a nonparametric regression model in which the conditional variance function is assumed to vary smoothly with the predictor. We offer an easily implemented and fully Bayesian approach that involves the Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling of standard distributions. This method is based on a technique utilized by Kim, Shephard, and Chib (in Rev. Econ. Stud. 65:361---393, 1998) for the stochastic volatility model. Although the (parametric or nonparametric) heteroscedastic regression and stochastic volatility models are quite different, they share the same structure as far as the estimation of the conditional variance function is concerned, a point that has been previously overlooked. Our method can be employed in the frequentist context and in Bayesian models more general than those considered in this paper. Illustrations of the method are provided.
Forty Years with Emerging Viruses

I was raised in a middle-class family in West Texas and was lucky in my preparation through high school faculty, short government programs arising from the politics of Sputnik, inspiring high school mentors, and university training at a first-rate institution. My educational background led me to apply to medical school. With some financial aid, I managed to graduate and then obtain a first-class internal medicine residency at Parkland Hospital, where I acquired skills in discerning evaluation and treatment of patients with complicated diseases. In spite of a liking for and ability in clinical medicine, I entered the Public Health Service and worked for 5 years at the National Institutes of Health laboratory in Panama; there, I began to see the fascination of ecological impacts on virus transmission in nature and its spillover into human populations. I shifted my interests to these themes and their interaction with viral pathogenesis. At each stage of my career, I picked an institution to work where there were strong leaders and other inspiring scientists. I think the young scientist should choose the best available institution and one that offers a career direction that leads to a life where he or she awakens and cannot wait to arrive at his or her job-regardless of the details of each choice, the outcome will be a satisfied person who will contribute greatly to his or her chosen field.
Enterocyte Proliferation and Intestinal Hyperplasia Induced by Simian Virus 40 T Antigen Require a Functional J Domain

Transgenic mice expressing the simian virus 40 large T antigen (TAg) in enterocytes develop intestinal hyperplasia that progresses to dysplasia with age. This induction requires TAg action on the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of tumor suppressors and is independent of the p53 pathway. In cell culture systems, the inactivation of Rb proteins requires both a J domain in TAg that interacts with hsc70 and an LXCXE motif that directs association with Rb proteins. Together these elements are sufficient to release E2Fs from their association with Rb family members. We have generated transgenic mice that express a J domain mutant (D44N) in villus enterocytes. In contrast to wild-type TAg, the D44N mutant is unable to induce enterocyte proliferation. Histological and morphological examination revealed that mice expressing the J domain mutant have normal intestines without loss of growth control. Unlike mice expressing wild-type TAg, mice expressing D44N do not reduce the protein levels of p130 and are also unable to dissociate p130-E2F DNA binding complexes. Furthermore, mice expressing D44N in a null p130 background are still unable to develop hyperplasia. These studies demonstrate that the ectopic proliferation of enterocytes by TAg requires a functional J domain and suggest that the J domain is necessary to inactivate all three pRb family members.
Perioperative selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor administration is a marker of poor outcomes after surgery

Commentary on: Auerbach AD, Vittinghoff E, Maselli J, et al. Perioperative use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risks for adverse outcomes of surgery. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:1075–81.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2] With a lifetime prevalence of 6–11%, depression is a common comorbidity in surgical patients. Owing to their high efficacy and safety, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants.1 Some studies suggest that SSRIs may increase surgical bleeding. However, SSRI discontinuation may exacerbate psychiatric illness or precipitate withdrawal symptoms. Therefore, controversy exists over their perioperative management. Auerbach and colleagues used administrative data from 530 416 patients in 375 US hospitals to determine the association between SSRI use and adverse surgical outcomes. They applied sensitivity analyses and propensity matching to control for the presence of … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%2BIntern%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D15%26rft.spage%253D107%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1192%252Fapt.bp.107.004770%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1192/apt.bp.107.004770&link_type=DOI
Effect of metabolic syndrome on perioperative outcomes after liver surgery: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) analysis.

The indications and use of liver resection have increased during the last decade in the United States.1–3 Although advances in perioperative care, as well as intraoperative techniques, have led to a decrease in the morbidity and mortality associated with liver surgery, certain subsets of patients may remain at greater risk for complications and death. One such group of patients may be those patients who are obese. The problem of obesity has risen to epidemic levels in the United States, with estimates of 60% to 70% of the population being overweight or obese.4 A subset of patients with obesity can be characterized as having metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of clinical features, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, elevated fasting glucose, and increased abdominal circumference.5,6 Metabolic syndrome can be associated with a range of metabolic disturbances, including increased free fatty acid levels, as well as low-grade systemic inflammation with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 and a decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines such as adiponection.7,8 Whether through oxidative stress secondary to lipid accumulation or growth signals from adipokines, metabolic syndrome has been associated with an increased risk of genitourinary and gastro-intestinal cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).9–12 Metabolic syndrome frequently can be found in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and may predispose patients not only to a greater incidence of NAFLD but also more severe disease.7 The effect of NALFD on outcomes after hepatic resection, which can include fatty liver disease in the absence (steatosis) or presence (steatohepatitis) of inflammation, has been reported.13–19 Similarly, the impact of obesity alone on perioperative outcomes after complex hepato-pancreaticobiliary surgery has been delineated previously.20–23 In contrast, the impact of the composite exposure of metabolic syndrome—obesity, hypertension, diabetes—on outcomes after liver resection remains ill defined. We sought to examine the perioperative outcomes of patients under-going hepatic resection by using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Specifically, the objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of metabolic syndrome on the risk of morbidity and mortality among a large cohort of patients who underwent hepatic resection.
Adolescent Substance Use Prevention Interventions Outside of Classroom Settings

Substance use prevention programs empowering individual adolescents to resist substance use through education and skills training are crucial to reducing substance use within this population. However, existing programs of this type are designed primarily for classroom use, and may not meet the needs of social workers intervening with adolescents outside classroom settings. A literature review identified six programs that have demonstrated statistically significant reductions in substance use when implemented outside the classroom. The current study describes these programs, identifies their common characteristics, and draws on additional prevention research to outline recommendations for practitioners seeking to apply the field’s most current knowledge base in community settings.
Community-Based Prevention and Chronic Disease Self-Management Programmes

There is considerable merit in undertaking to shift disease patterns at the community level. Typical problems reflect difficulties in the application of community-based prevention programmes, rather than inherent deficiencies in the concept itself. Scientific issues bear as much on successful outcomes as project management and practice considerations. Nonetheless, given their limited success, it can be asked whether advocates of community-based programmes have been carried away with the rhetoric of health promotion, pursuing a romanticised vision of community. In this regard, some of the disappointments that have prevailed in recently published community trials may reflect an intentional avoidance of programmes or activities that serve people on a one-to-one level.
Endonasal endoscopic orbital decompression

This is defined as the surgical procedure that permits freeing the orbital contents by endonasal techniques and instrumentation. This surgery is used primarily to treat the orbital consequences of Graves disease and is recommended whenever there is orbital disease, or when there is a severe ocular neuropathy that may or may not be rapidly progressive. The ocular manifestations of this disease are known as dysthyroid orbitopathy and are caused in part by accumulation of T lymphocytes that are sensitized to antigens shared by orbital fibroblasts (Fig. 1). The result of this immunological reaction is that there is orbital congestion with thickening of the extrinsic muscles and of the periorbital fat. This produces exophthalmos and can cause severe consequences that range from cosmetic to vision loss. Dysthyroid orbitopathy seems to follow certain progression that is very independent of the thyroid gland or of its treatment. The severity and extent of the ocular involvement are not proportional to the degree of thyroidal anomalies. Common treatment that is directed towards the thyroidal disease only corrects this and does not control the fundamental process affecting the eye. The acute, initial phase of the orbital involvement typically lasts 6-18 months where there is inflammation and congestion of the orbital content. The increase in volume of the soft tissues raises the intraorbital pressure that leads to displacement of the eye and exophthalmos appears. In severe cases there may be keratosis due to exposure and diplopia with optic neuropathy and vision loss. Corticosteroids may be useful in the initial phase of the flammatory process and improve symptoms, but these return unless the treatment is continued long term.
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: Five new things

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain an important cause of cognitive dysfunction. Current nomenclature for HAND includes HIV-associated dementia and milder forms known as asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) and mild neurocognitive disorder (MND). ANI and MND remain highly prevalent despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). These mild forms of HAND must be diagnosed through neuropsychological testing. If a patient has HAND, it remains unclear whether using a cART regimen with theoretically superior CNS penetration improves the prognosis. Nevertheless, a CNS penetration effectiveness score for antiretrovirals is available. Other factors to consider when diagnosing and treating HIV infection and HAND include the HIV clade or subtype. Data suggest that HAND occurs more often in association with certain clades, and higher vigilance for cognitive dysfunction may be recommended. Finally, comorbidities, such as diseases associated with advanced age, other infections, and drug abuse, need to be considered as cofactors for cognitive dysfunction and treated accordingly.
Changes in turtle brain neurotransmitters and related substances during anoxia

Freshwater turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) were exposed to 0.5-13 h of anoxia at 25 degrees C, whereupon the brain concentrations of 14 amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters and related substances were measured. Monoamines are of particular interest, because their synthesis and (in part) degradation require molecular oxygen. During anoxia, the level of the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) increased (2.3-fold after 13 h) and the level of the excitatory transmitter Glu fell. Furthermore, anoxia caused increases in the levels of Ala (14 times after 13 h), Tau, Gly, and Ser, whereas the Gln level fell. The increase in Ala is likely to inhibit pyruvate kinase, thereby mediating the decreased rate of glycolysis seen after prolonged anoxia. The increased level of Tau might protect the turtle brain against Ca2(+)-mediated anoxic damage. The monoamine metabolites almost vanished within a few hours of anoxia, indicating a halt in monoamine synthesis and breakdown, and the dopamine level fell. Nevertheless, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine levels were maintained during 13 h of anoxia, at levels extremely high compared with mammals, suggesting adaptive mechanisms such as stockpiling. It is hypothesized that the pattern of change in levels of amino acids (notably GABA and Glu) and monoamines is of functional significance, because it promotes the decrease in brain activity and energy consumption seen in anoxic turtles.
An examination of the equivalency of self-report measures obtained from crowdsourced versus undergraduate student samples

Increasingly, researchers have begun to explore the potential of the Internet to reach beyond the traditional undergraduate sample. In the present study, we sought to compare the data obtained from a conventional undergraduate college-student sample to data collected via two online survey recruitment platforms. In order to examine whether the data sampled from the three populations were equivalent, we conducted a test of equivalency using inferential confidence intervals-an approach that differs from the more traditional null hypothesis significance testing. The results showed that the data obtained via the two online recruitment platforms, the Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing site and the virtual environment of Second Life, were statistically equivalent to the data obtained from the college sample, on the basis of means of standardized measures of psychological stress and sleep quality. Additionally, correlations between the sleep and stress measures were not statistically different between the groups. These results, along with practical considerations for the use of these recruitment platforms, are discussed, and recommendations for other researchers who may be considering the use of these platforms are provided.
Metabolism and Mechanism of Action of Neplanocin A — A Potent Inhibitor of S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase

Neplanocin A [(-)-9-[trans-2, trans-3-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl) cyclopent-4-enyl] adenine] (Figure 1) is a cyclopentenyl analog of adenosine which has been isolated from the culture filtrate of the microorganism Ampullariella regularis (Yaginuma et al., 1980, 1981; Hayashi et al., 1981). Despite having minimal antibacterial and antifungal activity, this novel antibiotic was initially observed to be cytotoxic at 0.2 µg/ml against cultured L5178Y lymphoma cells (Yaginuma et al., 1981). It also exhibited significant antitumor activity in mice bearing L1210 leukemia, increasing the life span by 120% at 5 mg/kg/day (Tsujino et al., 1980; Yaginuma et al., 1981).
Numerical study of collisional particle dynamics in cluster-induced turbulence

We present a computational study of cluster-induced turbulence (CIT), where the production of fluid-phase kinetic energy results entirely from momentum coupling with finite-size inertial particles. A separation of length scales must be established when evaluating the particle dynamics in order to distinguish between the continuous mesoscopic velocity field and the uncorrelated particle motion. To accomplish this, an adaptive spatial filter is employed on the Lagrangian data with an averaging volume that varies with the local particle-phase volume fraction. This filtering approach ensures sufficient particle sample sizes in order to obtain meaningful statistics while remaining small enough to avoid capturing variations in the mesoscopic particle field. Two-point spatial correlations are computed to assess the validity of the filter in extracting meaningful statistics. The method is used to investigate, for the first time, the properties of a statistically stationary gravity-driven particle-laden flow, where particle‐particle and fluid‐particle interactions control the multiphase dynamics. Results from fully developed CIT show a strong correlation between the local volume fraction and the granular temperature, with maximum values located at the upstream boundary of clusters (i.e. where maximum compressibility of the particle velocity field exists), while negligible particle agitation is observed within clusters.
Conventional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy in the current era

their relevance in predicting a system-exchange-retrospective analysis of 265 cases. PLoS One. 2014;9:e112316. 68. Yu K, Long C, Hei F, Li J, Liu J, Ji B, et al. Clinical evaluation of two different extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems: a single center report. Artif Organs. 2011;7:733-7. 69. Cheng R, Hachamovitch R, Kittleson M, Patel J, Arabia F, Moriguichi J, et al. Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of 1,866 adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;97:610-6. 70. Mazzeffi M, Greenwood J, Tanaka K, Menaker J, Rector R, Herr D, et al. Bleeding, transfusion, and mortality on extracorporeal life support: ECLS working group on thrombosis and hemostasis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101:682-9. 71. Lidegran MK, Mosskin M, Ringertz HG, Frrenckner BP, Linden VB. Cranial CT for diagnosis of intracranial complications in adult and pediatric patients during ECMO: clinical benefits in diagnosis and treatment. Acad Radiol. 2007;14:62-71. 72. Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Genereux P, Piazza N, van Mieghem NM, Blackstone EH, et al. Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;50:1438-54. 73. Cavarocchi NC, Pitcher HT, Yang Q, Karbowski P, Miessaue J, Hastings HM, et al. Weaning of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using continuous
Bayesian Calibration of Coupled Aerothermal Models Using Time-Dependent Data

Accurately quantifying the uncertainty in coupled aerothermoelastic response predictions for hypersonic aircraft structures is a critical and difficult challenge. A dynamic Bayesian network is constructed to enable Bayesian model calibration and confidence assessment of transient, coupled aerothermal models. Time-dependent temperature data from historic hypersonic wind tunnel experiments are incorporated into the dynamic Bayesian network to calibrate uncertain model parameters and model discrepancies through time. Global and incremental model discrepancy implementations are investigated and compared using the Bayes factor metric.
Preparation of an Unsupported Iron Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst by a Simple, Novel, Solvent-Deficient Precipitation (SDP) Method

Recent breakthroughs in the preparation of transition metal oxide nanoparticles by solvent-deficient precipitation (SDP) provide exciting new possibilities for simpler and faster methods to prepare heterogeneous catalysts with small uniformly sized crystallites of the active phase. In this study, the authors apply the SDP method to prepare an unsupported iron Fischer–Tropsch (FT) catalyst with a nominal composition of 100 Fe/5 Cu/4 K/16 SiO2 (relative mass) and an average crystallite size of 10–11 nm. Three preparations of this catalyst were made using SDP, and each was tested for over 200 h in a fixed-bed reactor to determine activity, selectivity, and stability. Values of the apparent first-order rate constants for syngas consumption at 260 °C were 215–251 mmol gFe–1 h–1 MPa–1 for our catalyst compared to 155–265 mmol gFe–1 h–1 MPa–1 for literature catalysts not using a proprietary pretreatment (Bukur, D. B.; Lang, X. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1999, 38, 3270−3275). Our catalyst was tested for more than 500 h...
Current application,problems and countermeasures of food preservative

As a kind of food additive,food preservative can inhibit microbial growth,avoid food spoilage within the warranty period and prolong the conservancy period of food.Therefore,it has been widely used in the food industry.With the economic and social development,food safety issues are pay more attention,especially for the application of food preservative in food process.To protect the security and development of food preservative,various forces should work together to play their positive role.Here,classification and application foreground of the food preservative were described chiefly.Additionally,the current and main problems during the practical using of food preservative were analyzed and the corresponding strategies were put forward in this paper.
Analysis about Explosive Energy Absorption of Filled Fluid Cylindrical Shell

It is of great significance for the defend engineering that the absorbing energy of the filled fluid structure on the action of the explosion load.According to experiment result of filled fluid structure,analyze the attenuation instance of explosive wave crest value on the instance of infused fluid and no infused fluid, and put up elementary theory analysis,calculate result and experiment result receive better agreement.
Magnetically Tuned Varistor and Its Embedded Transistors

This paper describes the properties and potential applications of a hybrid device consisting of a varistor diode and its embedded transistor whose origin lies in a magnetically tuned varistor diode. It is shown how the output current (or voltage) of a varistor based on a magnetic oxide semiconductor can be manipulated by the application of a magnetic field to produce an embedded device with characteristics similar to that of a conventional transistor. Following the tradition of microelectronics, we name it the HFET transistor where H stands for a magnetic field. Two types of embedded HFET devices are described here; one with the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics and the other with voltage–current (V–I) characteristics. Both I–V and V–I devices exhibit high degree of nonlinearly but only in the V–I mode of the HFET device well-developed saturation regions of output signals are found. The room temperature HFET in its V–I mode appears to be also a good electronic switch with well-defined “off” and “on” states. Saturated regions of output signals and electronic switching are the signature property of these HFET transistors along with the capacity of providing a good level of signal amplification. When cooled to 100 K the HFET V-I device appears to lose partially the electronic switching property but gain in signal amplifying potential. The HFET device in I–V mode does not display the defining properties of electronic switching but can amplify signals by almost 400%.
Prevention of cyclophosphamide cystitis with 2-mercaptoethane sodium sulfonate: a histologic study.

Abstract The ability of 2-mercaptoethane sodium sulfonate to prevent histologic damage to the bladder from cyclophosphamide was studied. Male rats receiving 2-mercaptoethane sodium sulfonate in conjunction with cyclophosphamide had a statistically significant decrease in ulceration, inflammation and edema of the bladder compared to those treated wtih cyclophosphamide alone. Most bladders of animals given prophylactic 2-mercaptoethane sodium sulfonate with a dose of cyclophosphamide were histologically indistinguishable from controls receiving neither drug. The relevance of these findings to the short and long-term effects of cyclophosphamide on the urothelium is discussed.
The effect of methylphenidate and prolintane on the metabolism of ethyl biscoumacetate

Following the oral administration of ethyl biscoumacetate to 12 patients and the determination of the half-life of the drug and the plasma prothrombin time, either prolintane, methylphenidate, or placebo were orally administered in double-blind fashion to the same patients for a period of 4 days. Twelve hours following the last administration, an identical dose of ethyl biscoumacetate was again administered and the half-life and plasma prothrombin time again determined. The results presented here did not confirm a previous report that methylphenidate inhibits the metabolism of ethyl biscoumacetate. No significant difference could be found in the plasma half-life of ethyl biscoumacetate before and after the 3 treatments. It is concluded that neither prolintane nor methylphenidate inhibit the metabolism of ethyl biscoumacetate in man.
The Role of Non-Numerical Stimulus Features in Approximate Number System Training in Preschoolers from Low-Income Homes

Recent findings have suggested that adults’ and children’s approximate number system (ANS) acuity may be malleable through training, but research on ANS acuity has largely been conducted with adults and children who are from middle- to high-income homes. We conducted 2 experiments to test the malleability of ANS acuity in preschool-aged children from low-income homes and to test how non-numerical stimulus features affected performance. In Experiment 1, mixed-effects models indicated that children significantly improved their ratio achieved across training. Children’s change in probability of responding correctly across sessions was qualified by an interaction with surface area features of the arrays such that children improved their probability of answering correctly across sessions on trials in which numerosity conflicted with the total surface area of object sets significantly more than on trials in which total surface area positively correlated with numerosity. In Experiment 2, we found that children w...
When Is an Image Telling the Truth? Discordant Lessons From Imaging TAVR.

Since the first randomized control trial of aortic valve replacement by a transcatheter approach by Leon et al. in 2010 [(1)][1], the field of interventional cardiology has witnessed a revolution in minimally invasive cardiovascular care. Rigorous studies have substantiated its use in an
Transapical Mitral Valve-in-Valve Replacement in Patient With Previous Complex Sternal Reconstruction.

Abstract We present a complex case of a transapical redo mitral valve-in-valve replacement. Repeat mitral valve replacement was indicated for severe symptomatic bioprosthetic stenosis. In addition to the patient's numerous comorbidities that included diabetes, hepatic cirrhosis, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and atrial flutter, he had undergone a previous open mitral valve replacement that was complicated by sternal dehiscence requiring extensive chest wall reconstruction. Transapical approach was performed through left minithoracotomy incision with balloon-expandable valve. Transapical valve-in-valve replacement of a stenotic mitral bioprosthesis is a viable solution in a patient with previous complex chest wall reconstruction and multiple comorbidities.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Elicits Mouse Taste Buds to Release Serotonin

Gustatory afferent fibers receiving taste signals from corresponding taste bud cells store transmitters such as glutamate and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). However, to date, the effect of...
Chapter 14 – Nutrition

Bone is a living tissue that requires all essential nutrients. Nutrients likely to be at risk of being deficient are calcium, the major mineral in hard tissue, and vitamin D, whose active metabolite facilitates calcium absorption. Magnesium is another mineral in bone that is at risk of suboptimal intake and contributes to bone quality. Protein is the dominant nutrient in connective tissue and is necessary, along with calcium, to reduce risk of fracture. Several micronutrients facilitate cross-linking of connective tissue. Bioactive compounds are being explored for their unique benefits to bone. The diet as a whole is important for bone health as it not only contributes essential nutrients but also determines many things that influence bone balance and quality, such as energy balance, acid-base balance, and salt intake. Sodium is the largest predictor of urinary calcium excretion. Because diets are complex and have long latency effects on bone, it is not easy to study the role of individual constituents on bone health. Deficiencies are more apparent during periods of rapid bone turnover such as growth or menopause. Dietary patterns that include milk and dairy products are associated with bone health and reduced risk of fracture.
Using quantitative sensory testing as an early predictor of chronic oxaliplatin neuropathy in gastrointestinal cancer patients.

3540 Background: Acute oxaliplatin neurotoxicity has been shown to be predictive of chronic neuropathy, a devastating irreversible adverse effect of oxaliplatin. Our study was designed to test the utility of quantitative sensory testing (QST) to measure acute oxaliplatin neurotoxicity at early time points to identify those at risk for developing chronic neuropathy. Methods: Gastrointestinal cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) chemotherapy were evaluated over a 1 year period for development of acute and chronic oxaliplatin neurotoxicity: before starting FOLFOX, 1 hour into oxaliplatin infusion, before cycles 2, 4 and 12, and 1 year after start of treatment. Patients underwent QST to measure thermal and mechanical sensitivities, vibration detection, pain sensation, and fine motor skills. Chronic neuropathy was measured using National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events version 4. Results: We conducted analysis of 18 patients that have reach...
Nrf2, cellular redox regulation, and neurologic implications.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), encoded by the NFE2L2 gene, is a major regulator of cellular homeostasis. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that promotes the production of components of antioxidant systems, including the glutathione and thiol systems, enzymes of pathways that generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and proteins involved in iron metabolism, xenobiotic detoxification, proteostasis, and lipogenesis. Nrf2 protects mitochondrial function and promotes clearance of misfolded proteins, and thus prevents initiation of cell death programs. The regulation and effects of Nrf2 signaling have been reviewed recently.1–5 Ntf2 activation is neuroprotective in models of neurologic disorders such as Parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis; impaired Nrf2 signaling may contribute to oxidative stress in Friedreich ataxia.6–10 Thus, activation of Nrf2 signaling is an attractive pharmacologic target for neuroprotection.10–12 This review focuses on some fundamental aspects of Nrf2 effects on redox systems, mitochondrial function, and proteostasis.
Prospective association between β2-microglobulin levels and ischemic stroke risk among women.

Objective: To determine whether elevated β 2 -microglobulin (B2M) levels were associated with an increased risk of incident ischemic stroke events among women. Methods: We performed a nested case-control study among women enrolled in the Nurses9 Health Study who provided blood samples between 1989 and 1990 and were free of prior stroke and cancer. We measured B2M levels in 473 ischemic strokes cases confirmed by medical record review and in 473 controls matched 1:1 to the cases on age, race, date of blood collection, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, and smoking status. We analyzed the association between B2M and ischemic stroke using multivariable conditional logistic regression to adjust for traditional stroke risk factors. Results: Median levels of B2M were higher among cases (1.86 mg/L) than controls (1.80 mg/L, p = 0.009, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Women in the highest B2M quartile had a multivariable-adjusted increased risk of ischemic stroke compared to those in the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–2.39). Results were similar when restricted to those without evidence of chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL·min −1 ·1.73 m −2 ) (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.08–2.06). In an exploratory analysis, the association between B2M and thrombotic stroke was similar to the overall ischemic stroke results, but no association was observed for embolic stroke risk. Conclusion: High levels of B2M were associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke among women.
Effect of deposition method on tribological performance and corrosion resistance characteristics of CrxN coatings deposited by physical vapor deposition

Abstract Cr x N thin film coatings are technologically attractive due to their desirable wear and corrosion resistance attributes. However, the tribological and corrosion performances of these coatings greatly depend upon their material properties and deposition processes. Environmental regulations concerning electro-deposited and electro-less chromium have motivated the development of PVD Cr x N coatings as a replacement for electroplated hard chrome. In this study, two types of PVD processes were used to apply the Cr x N coatings on bearing grade AISI 52100 steel specimens: a closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system (CFUMS) and an ion beam assisted e-beam deposition (IBAD) system. Tribological performances of coated specimens were evaluated under boundary layer lubrication in sliding contact tribometers, and corrosion resistance properties were determined by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray (ASTM B117 ) tests. CFUMS deposited Cr x N coating provided superior corrosion protection to the substrate in both salt spray and EIS testing, whereas IBAD deposited Cr x N outperformed CFUMS Cr x N coating in the tribological tests.
Self-Interest and the Design of Rules

Rules regulating social behavior raise challenging questions about cultural evolution in part because they frequently confer group-level benefits. Current multilevel selection theories contend that between-group processes interact with within-group processes to produce norms and institutions, but within-group processes have remained underspecified, leading to a recent emphasis on cultural group selection as the primary driver of cultural design. Here we present the self-interested enforcement (SIE) hypothesis, which proposes that the design of rules importantly reflects the relative enforcement capacities of competing parties. We show that, in addition to explaining patterns in cultural change and stability, SIE can account for the emergence of much group-functional culture. We outline how this process can stifle or accelerate cultural group selection, depending on various social conditions. Self-interested enforcement has important bearings on the emergence, stability, and change of rules.
Improving Genetic Engineering Secondary Education Through a Classroom-Ready Online Resource

Genetic engineering has long been used in food production in the United States. However, consumers' science literacy in genetic engineering is poor. Teacher knowledge, time, and resources are lacki...
In a heartbeat

A closeted boy runs the risk of being outed by his own heart after it pops out of his chest to chase down the boy of his dreams.
Holzman South: A Late Pleistocene Archaeological Site along Shaw Creek, Tanana Valley, Interior Alaska

This report introduces the newly discovered Holzman South site with Pleistocene-aged components dated prior to the appearance of Clovis in North America. The site contains evidence for mammoth–huma...
Nonlinear Elastic Scaffold Design, Modeling and Fabrication for Soft Tissue Engineering

Biologic soft tissues exhibit nonlinear elastic behavior under physiologic forces. It is widely postulated that within tissue engineering, biomaterial scaffolds should be designed to replicate native tissue behavior. For soft tissue engineering, this implies that scaffolds should be designed to exhibit nonlinear elasticity. However, unlike linear elasticity, there is no single constitutive model for nonlinear elasticity. In this chapter, we discuss candidate strain energy functions that can be used to both model soft tissue behavior and biodegradable elastomer behavior. We further demonstrate how designed pore architecture not only reduces the tangent stiffness of nonlinear elastic biomaterials, but decreases the non14 linearity of such materials in accordance with known upper bounds on effective nonlinear elastic properties. Finally, we demonstrate that nonlinear elastic finite element analysis on porous scaffold unit cell models can be used to predict the effective nonlinear elastic properties of elastomeric scaffolds.
The effect of implementing a tobacco treatment service on adherence to evidence-based practice in an inpatient state-owned psychiatric hospital.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) requires reporting of specific tobacco treatment (TT) measures. We examined compliance to these measures before and after initiation of a specialized TT service in a state-psychiatric hospital. METHODS Using a retrospective analysis, patient records (N = 3669) were examined, using one-way ANOVAs, for changes in rates of tobacco use screening and treatment between September-December 2015 (pre-implementation of CMS requirements), and January-April, May-August, and September-December 2016 (post-implementation of the CMS requirements). RESULTS We found significant increases, between Sep-Dec 2015 and Sep-Dec 2016, in the rates of tobacco use screening (93.4-95.3%, F [3, 12] = 7.39, p = .005), offering TT counseling (68.1-76.5%, F [1] = 18.59, p = .001) and medications (71.7-76.5%, F [1] = 5.86, p = .032). CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our findings can provide guidance to enhance compliance with TT measures in psychiatric settings. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:1-4).
Ralph E. Gomory

Observers of operations research(OR) in the 1950s were faced with a curious phenomenon: While OR was established in some departments of industrial engineering and a few schools of business, it continued to be ignored by mainstream, scientifically oriented departments, especially mathematics departments. This seemed strange as OR rests heavily on aspects of both theoretical and applied mathematics. This explains how, in those days, Ralph Gomory, a student with both a B.A. (Williams College, 1950) and Ph.D. (Princeton University, 1954) in mathematics, could leave the academic environment without ever hearing of OR. Soon after, however, he was introduced to OR while on naval duty with the Office of Naval Research (ONR). He then worked for IBM’s Research Division, rising to the positions of Director of Research and Senior Vice-President for Science and Technology.
Gender Equity in Mathematics Education.

Edited by Anne Reynolds, areynolds@ou.edu, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, and Jim Dorward, jimd@coe.usu.edu, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322. Readers are encouraged to send manuscripts appropriate for this section to “Research into Practice,” NCTM, 1906 Association Drive, Reston VA 20191-9988. Gender equity in mathematics edu cation is a complex issue. Although males and females take similar mathematics classes and achieve similar scores on standardized texts throughout the K–12 school years (Kimball 1989; National Science Board 1998), males’ participation in mathematics after high school is far greater than females’ (National Science Board 1998). Many educators are studying the K–12 school experience in an attempt to understand gender differences in mathematics participation. For example, as we make advancements in assessing children’s thinking, we are starting to find gender differences in young children’s mathematics achievement. In a large study of first through third graders, in which individual interviews were used to assess children’s thinking, researchers found gender differences in children’s solution strategies (Fennema et al. 1998). Other researchers are asking teachers what information they can offer to advance our understanding of gender equity in mathematics. I interviewed elementary school teachers to see how they address the problem of gender equity in mathematics education (Levi 1995). Although all the teachers whom I interviewed believed that they had a role in addressing gender equity, their responses revealed a range of beliefs about actions that they could take to increase equity in females’ and males’ learning of mathematics. As I listened and worked to understand these teachers’ ideas, I found myself reexamining and redefining my own beliefs. Just as we can learn about mathematics by working with others, so can educators learn more about addressing the problems of gender equity by regularly discussing these issues among themselves. Discussing the problem of gender equity can be particularly difficult. Even when we have time for such discussions, we might assume that others believe as we do; but if we suspect that others hold different beliefs, having such a discussion might be awkward. Unfortunately, it is difficult to improve our problem-solving skills if we are working and thinking in isolation. What follows are descriptions of three different roles that teachers play in approaching the issue of gender equity. These “roles” became evident during the course of the interviews. I hope that reading about these perspectives will help you reexamine how you solve the problems of gender equity in your classroom. These perspectives might also give you some impetus to discuss this issue with your colleagues.
Sedative-Hypnotics: Animal Pharmacology

The separate classification of CNS depressants into general anesthetics and sedative-hypnotics is based primarily on clinical usage, which in turn is determined largely by pharmacokinetic factors. Thus, volatile anesthetics are not used as sedative-hypnotics because of difficulties with administration and short duration of action, and the sedative-hypnotics, although anesthetics in higher doses, are not routinely used as anesthetics in humans, except for induction, because there is less control over the level of anesthesia. The progressive dose-related effects of all CNS depressants may be indicated as follows: sedation→hypnosis→anesthesia→coma→death. These different states lie on a continuum and, except for an early excitatory phase that is often seen with many agents, there is no convincing evidence that the drug actions that produce sedation are qualitatively any different from those that produce anesthesia for a particular agent. Therefore, much of the research on CNS depressants has focused on their anesthetic action with the belief that such results will also apply to their sedative-hypnotic action.
5. Metabolic Effects of Bariatric Surgery

Obesity is associated with a host of weight-related metabolic comorbidities. In addition to substantial weight loss, bariatric surgery has been observed to induce extraordinary effects on all obesity-related comorbidities, particularly remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The mechanisms underlying such effects are under intense investigation. It is emerging that the metabolic consequences of bariatric surgery not only attributable to weight loss, but there are also weight independent mechanisms at play. Herein, we explore the postulated mechanisms for the metabolic effects of bariatric surgery.