cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecogenomics of Deep-Ocean Microbial Bathytypes

The deep ocean is one of the largest and least studied biomes on Earth. The microbes inhabiting these locales require physiological adaptations to handle the associated extreme environmental conditions, including high hydrostatic pressure, low temperatures, and low organic carbon. Few microbes have been successfully cultured that are capable of growth under in situ high-pressure conditions, especially at hadal depths, thanks to the relative inaccessibility of these sites, an inability to collect samples and maintain them under in situ conditions, and difficulties in culturing methodology. However, genome sequencing and high-throughput community analyses have provided insight into the prokaryotes which inhabit the deep sea and their lifestyles. This review discusses our current understanding of microbial adaptation to the deep-ocean through genomic comparisons of deep-ocean adapted microbial ecotypes and their shallow-water counterparts, including opportunistic heterotrophic microbes belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria and the fastidious taxa SAR11 and Thaumarchaea. These comparisons are addressed in the context of culture-independent metagenomics and community diversity analyses on deep, oligotrophic pelagic communities. Both culture-dependent and—independent analyses suggest the presence of bathytypes as both isolates and whole communities are distinct from those found above them. While these studies show many attributes indicative of deep-ocean genomes, including genes for particle-association, heavy-metal resistance, the loss of a UV photolyase, and increased abundances of mobile elements, they also suggest that high-pressure adaptation seems to arise from the accumulation of many small changes, such as differences in gene expression or the accumulation of compatible solutes. Genomic analyses on a larger dataset of samples and piezophilic isolates are necessary to distinguish attributes specific to deep-sea adaptation.
Early mortality and overall survival of acute myeloid leukemia based on facility type.

Cancer health disparities may exist based on the facility type. We aimed to determine the association between the academic status of centers and outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using the National Cancer Data Base, we compared one-month mortality and longer-term overall survival (OS) of 60,738 patients with AML, who received first course treatment between 2003-2011 at academic or non-academic centers (community cancer program, comprehensive community cancer program, and others). Multivariate analysis was done using logistic regression for one-month mortality and Cox regression with backward elimination approach for OS. Patients treated at academic centers differed from those at non-academic centers in that they were younger with a median age of 62 versus 70 years (p <0.0001), more often an ethnic minority (p <0.0001), had lower education level (p=0.005), lower co-morbidity score (p <0.0001), a different income (p<0.0001) and insurance profile (p<0.0001), and more often received chemotherapy (p<0.0001) and transplant (p<0.0001). Receipt of care at non-academic centers was associated with worse one-month mortality (29% vs. 16%, p<0.0001) and five-year OS (15% vs. 25%; p<0.0001). After adjusting for prognostic covariates, the one-month mortality (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.46-1.59; p <0.0001) and OS were significantly worse in non-academic centers, compared to academic centers. Our large database study suggests that the receipt of initial therapy at academic centers is associated with lower one-month mortality and higher long-term OS. Investigation of the underlying reasons may allow reducing this disparity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Covariance J-resolved spectroscopy: Theory and application in vivo.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a powerful tool capable of investigating the metabolic status of several tissues in vivo. In particular, single-voxel-based 1 H spectroscopy provides invaluable biochemical information from a volume of interest (VOI) and has therefore been used in a variety of studies. Unfortunately, typical one-dimensional MRS data suffer from severe signal overlap and thus important metabolites are difficult to distinguish. One method that is used to disentangle overlapping resonances is the two-dimensional J-resolved spectroscopy (JPRESS) experiment. Due to the long acquisition duration of the JPRESS experiment, a limited number of points are acquired in the indirect dimension, leading to poor spectral resolution along this dimension. Poor spectral resolution is problematic because proper peak assignment may be hindered, which is why the zero-filling method is often used to improve resolution as a post-processing step. However, zero-filling leads to spectral artifacts, which may affect visualization and quantitation of spectra. A novel method utilizing a covariance transformation, called covariance J-resolved spectroscopy (CovJ), was developed in order to improve spectral resolution along the indirect dimension (F1 ). Comparison of simulated data demonstrates that peak structures remain qualitatively similar between JPRESS and the novel method along the diagonal region (F1 = 0 Hz), whereas differences arise in the cross-peak (F1 ≠0 Hz) regions. In addition, quantitative results of in vivo JPRESS data acquired on a 3T scanner show significant correlations (r2 >0.86, p<0.001) when comparing the metabolite concentrations between the two methods. Finally, a quantitation algorithm, 'COVariance Spectral Evaluation of 1 H Acquisitions using Representative prior knowledge' (Cov-SEHAR), was developed in order to quantify γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate from the CovJ spectra. These preliminary findings indicate that the CovJ method may be used to improve spectral resolution without hindering metabolite quantitation for J-resolved spectra.
Advancing Patient Care Through Specialty Pharmacy Services in an Academic Health System.

BACKGROUND: With the rapid growth of specialty pharmacies, including those within academic health systems, pharmacists have the opportunity to improve patient care through the management of specialty medications. Specialty pharmacists within academic health systems are uniquely positioned to overcome restrictions to medication access, financial constraints, and provider burdens that often lead to obstacles for patients to start and maintain necessary treatments. The Vanderbilt Specialty Pharmacy (VSP) model at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) provides an example of a patient-centered, collaborative care prototype that places pharmacists directly into specialty clinics to assist with comprehensive management of patients on specialty medications. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: VSP integrates specialty pharmacy services within existing specialty clinics based on the needs of each individual clinic. Each clinic is staffed with at least 1 clinical pharmacist and 1 pharmacy technician. The pharmacist is integr...
Maternal Serum Eye Drops in the Management of Pediatric Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defects: A Case Series.

Purpose:We report our experience with the use of maternally derived serum eye drops as adjunctive treatment in the management of pediatric persistent corneal epithelial defects.Methods:Five eyes of 4 patients were identified in a retrospective review of pediatric patients with persistent corneal epi
Graphene-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites: A Review of Synthesis Methods and Properties

Graphene-reinforced aluminum (Gr-Al) matrix nanocomposites (NCs) have attracted strong interest from both research and industry in high-performance weight-sensitive applications. Due to the vastly different bonding characteristics of the Al matrix (metallic) and graphene (in-plane covalent + inter-plane van der Waals), the graphene phase has a general tendency to agglomerate and phase separate in the metal matrix, which is detrimental for the mechanical and chemical properties of the composite. Thus, synthesis of Gr-Al NCs is extremely challenging. This review summarizes the different methods available to synthesize Gr-Al NCs and the resulting properties achieved in these NCs. Understanding the effect of processing parameters on the realized properties opens up the possibility of tailoring the synthesis methods to achieve the desired properties for a given application.
PROPERTIES OF HORSE LIVER ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE SS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the properties of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase SS. Km values for SS isozyme with aliphatic substrates decrease with increasing chain length and in this respect SS isozyme resembles EE isozyme. However, the large Michaelis constants for 2 and 3 carbon substrates with SS isozyme are in sharp contrast to those for EE isozyme that are almost one order of magnitude lower. SS isozyme displays lower Km values for NADH than for NADPH when either a steroidal or a nonsteroidal substrate is kept constant indicating that SS isozyme like EE isozyme is NAD(H)-dependent. The maximal turnover numbers for nonsteroidal substrates are constant and independent of substrate structure for SS isozyme as for EE isozyme, although the values for SS isozyme are 30% of those for EE isozyme. As the maximal turnover in the oxidative direction for SS isozyme approaches the value of the off-velocity constant for NADH, the overall rate of the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols is probably limited by the rate of dissociation of reduced coenzyme.
United States Air Force Support of Radio Frequency Radiation Health and Safety: Bioeffects, Dosimetry, and Standards

The United States Department of Defense (DoD) is one of the world’s largest developers and users of radio frequency radiation (RFR) emitting systems, with an estimated 8000 different types in the inventory. Technology exploiting RFR for radar, communications, and anti-electronic weapons supports U. S. and allied defense forces globally and is likely to become even more critical in the future [1]. In the use of such systems, humans and the environment invariably incur some exposure to low levels of RFR and military personnel, in particular, run a risk of accidental exposure to higher levels. There are well established bioelectromagnetic interactions from exposures in excess of standardized limits that can pose health and safety concerns for humans, including burns, stimulation of excitable tissue, shock, and increased thermal burden. Since our knowledge of the physical world is never complete, there is always the possibility of yet to be discovered hazards, especially relating to long-term or repeated exposures. For example, some epidemiological studies have suggested greater health risk for military personnel engaged in occupational specialties that provide the possibility of greater RFR exposure [2, 3].
Automatic recognition of self-reported and perceived emotions

Abstract Emotion transmits important information that allows us to interpret an individual's intention and behavior. The goal of automatic emotion recognition is to distill emotion from behavioral data. However, emotion itself may have many definitions; it could be defined as the emotion that a person believes that he/she conveyed or experienced (self-report) or it could be how others would perceive that person's behavior (perceived emotion). The selection of a definition fundamentally influences system design and performance. This chapter provides an overview of emotion theories, empirical observation, resources, ongoing research, challenges, and future opportunities in the domain of self-report and perceived emotion recognition.
Spectrum Sensing Falsification Detection in Dense Cognitive Radio Networks using a Greedy Method

This paper presents a method for detecting a set of spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attacks, in a geographic database (GDB) enabled cognitive radio (CR) system. Viewing the GDB as a type of non-orthogonal CS dictionary, the composite power spectral density (PSD) estimate at a candidate user is approximated by a small number of sensor nodes listed in the GDB. In a dense CR network, the PSD estimate at a CR may contain a mixture of spectrally overlapping signals. An implementation of the greedy algorithm orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) is proposed to return a set of sensor nodes which are suspected to be in the vicinity of the CR. A sufficient match between the PSD estimate reported by a candidate user and the PSD that is sparsely approximated from the SNs in its area provides a confidence/trust metric, which can be used to detect potential SSDF attacks. Specific SSDF attacks are reviewed and some recent methods in optimal sensing matrix construction for CS using an overcomplete dictionary are applied to address some of the key operational challenges in this scenario. Simulations provide insight into the detection performance and show that the specified SSDF attacks can be detected amidst additive white Gaussian noise and dictionary mismatches.
Data governance and the emerging university

Knowledge and information governance questions are tractable primarily in institutional terms, rather than in terms of abstractions such as knowledge itself or individual or social interests. This chapter offers the modern research university as an example. Practices of data-intensive research by university-based researchers, sometimes reduced to the popular phrase “Big Data,” pose governance challenges for the university. The chapter situates those challenges in the traditional understanding of the university as an institution for understanding forms and flows of knowledge. At a broad level, the chapter argues that the new salience of data exposes emerging shifts in the social, cultural, and economic identities of the university, from missions defined in terms of knowledge as such to missions now defined in terms of data and evidence. University-based knowledge production practices framed by the distinction between basic research and “technology transfer” may no longer be sufficient as a comprehensive rhetorical and institutional paradigm for aligning the university with broad social goals or with intellectual property and information law and policy. The concept of the data-intensive university offers a general outline of a new paradigm.
Measuring Damaged Area is More Reliable than Counting Damaged Myofibers in Cross Sections of Injured Skeletal Muscle

BACKGROUNDHistological studies of dystrophic and/or injured skeletal muscle, often involve quantifying the extent of myofiber damage. Our laboratory’s current standard operating procedure is to cou...
Infinite families of asymmetric graphs

A graph G is asymmetric if its automorphism group of vertices is trivial. Asymmetric graphs were introduced by Erdős and Renyi in 1963. They showed that the probability of a graph on n vertices bei...
Postpartum meloxicam administration alters plasma haptoglobin, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and oxylipid concentrations in postpartum ewes

Postpartum inflammation is a natural and necessary response; however, a dysfunctional inflammatory response can be detrimental to animal productivity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (meloxicam) on ewe postpartum inflammatory response, ewe plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid and oxylipid concentrations, and lamb growth. After lambing, 36 Hampshire and Hampshire × Suffolk ewes were sequentially assigned within type of birth to control (n = 17) or meloxicam orally administered on d 1 and 4 of lactation (MEL; 90 mg, n = 19). Milk and blood samples were collected on d 1 (prior to treatment) and d 4. Milk glucose-6-phosphate was not affected by MEL. Plasma haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations were less for MEL ewes; control ewes with greater d 1 Hp concentrations had elevated Hp on d 4, but this was not the case for MEL-treated ewes. Treatment with MEL increased plasma arachidonic acid concentration by more than 4-fold in ewes rearing singles but decreased concentrations of 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, prostaglandin F2α, 8-iso-prostaglandin E2, and 8,9-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Nine oxylipids in plasma had interactions of treatment with d 1 Hp concentration, all of which revealed positive associations between d 1 Hp and d 4 oxylipid concentrations for CON, but neutral or negative relationships for MEL. MEL decreased 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid:13-oxooctadecadienoic acid ratio and tended to increase 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid:9-oxooctadecadienoic acid ratio (both dependent on d 1 values), indicating progressive metabolism of linoleic acid-derived oxylipids occurred by enzymatic oxidation after MEL treatment. Meloxicam reduced oxylipids generated across oxygenation pathways, potentially due to an improved redox state. Postpartum MEL treatment of ewes decreased plasma concentrations of Hp and several oxylipids, with the greatest impact in ewes with biomarkers reflecting a greater inflammatory state before treatment. Anti-inflammatory strategies may help resolve excessive postpartum inflammation in some dams.
Adaptation of a hands-on veterinary surgical training course from a traditionally taught laboratory to a remotely taught laboratory during a global pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate and report details of a remotely taught surgical laboratory. STUDY DESIGN: Observational. SAMPLE POPULATION: Second-year veterinary students (n = 143) enrolled in a surgical laboratory; 9 weeks were taught traditionally, and 6 weeks were taught remotely. METHODS: Because of the global pandemic, remote laboratories were developed and delivered. Students performed surgical procedures in model organs remotely while being observed by and receiving feedback from instructors on an internet-based video platform. Methods for remote surgical teaching were explored, and successes and challenges were detailed. Surveys were administered to the students and faculty to gather perspectives on their experience and subsequent confidence. RESULTS: Surveys were completed by 81 of 143 (57%) students and seven of seven (100%) instructors. The mean overall student satisfaction score (1 not at all satisfied, 10 very satisfied) for in-person instruction was 8.2, and the mean score for remote instruction was 6.2 (P < .001). Overall, the instructors had a mean satisfaction score of 8 for in-person laboratories and a mean satisfaction score of 6 for remotely taught laboratories. Most students had a perception of greater one-on-one instructor attention in remote laboratories. Students reported similar confidence levels for three surgical procedures. CONCLUSION: The described remote teaching method resulted in the perception of greater instructor attention given to students. Student and instructor satisfaction was lower with remote teaching than with in-person teaching. IMPACT: The described method of remote teaching may be applied to teaching surgical students in settings when face-to-face instruction cannot be achieved and may be developed further to create an experience equivalent to face-to-face instruction.
Deep Learning in Mining and Mineral Processing Operations: A Review

Abstract In this paper, the application of deep learning in the mining and processing of ores is reviewed. Deep learning is strongly impacting the development of sensor systems, particularly computer vision systems used in mining and mineral processing automation, where it is filling a gap not currently achievable by traditional approaches. To a lesser extent, deep learning is also being considered in the automation of decision support systems. There is significant scope for the application of deep learning to improve operations, but access to industrial data and big data infrastructure in operational environments are critical bottlenecks to the development and deployment of the technology.
EXPLORATION OF PERSONAL ETHICS: AN IN-CLASS CASE EXERCISE FOR BUSINESS ETHICS STUDENTS TO HELP THEM DEVELOP PERSONAL VALUES

espanolEl articulo presenta un ejercicio de caso en clase que tiene como objetivo ayudar a los estudiantes a aprender como aplicar los valores eticos en su vida personal y profesional. El desarrollo de valores eticos a menudo se enuncia de una manera muy simple y parece facil de aplicar a situaciones objetivas en un curso etico. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de que los estudiantes lo apliquen en sus vidas, parece haber una desconexion, debido a un nivel de desconocimiento de las propias acciones. Por tanto, el ejercicio esta disenado para ayudar a los estudiantes a adquirir conciencia de las practicas personales en diferentes contextos. El ejercicio ayudara a los estudiantes a desarrollar valores eticos individuales en cada uno de esos contextos, especialmente si sus practicas personales parecen inadecuadas para ayudarlos a lograr sus deseos. Si bien la audiencia inmediata incluye estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado, seria una valiosa herramienta de autoexploracion para usar en cualquier entorno laboral para capacitar a los empleados. EnglishThe paper presents an in-class case exercise that aims to help students learn how to apply ethical values in their personal and professionallives. Development of ethical values are often stated in a very simple way and seem easy to apply to objective situations in an ethical course. However, when it comes to having students apply it in their lives, there seems to be a disconnect, due to a level of unawareness of one’s own actions. The exercise is thus designed to help students gain self-awareness of personal practices in different contexts. The exercise will help students develop individual ethical values in each of those contexts especially if their personal practices seem inadequate in helping them achieve their desires.While the immediate audience includes undergraduate and graduate students, it would be a valuable self-exploratory tool to use in any workplace setting to train employees.
Current Management of Angiosarcoma: Recent Advances and Lessons From the Past

Despite their rarity, angiosarcomas are one of the most aggressive soft tissue sarcomas. Management can often be challenging due to their location and infiltrative nature. A multidisciplinary treatment approach is always warranted, but the recurrence remains high even for localized tumors despite multimodality treatment. In the metastatic setting, cytotoxic chemotherapies, targeted therapies, and, more recently, immunotherapy are used. The sequence of systemic therapies remains currently a topic of active investigation. Over the last couple of years, there have been significant advances in understanding angiosarcoma biology, most notably via patient-driven initiatives like the Angiosarcoma Project. The knowledge derived from such translational work has led to identifying potential biomarkers of response to treatments and exploring new therapeutic avenues. More clinical trials are underway to expand treatment options and improve patient outcomes.
Evaluation of a fluid resuscitation protocol for patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Introduction : We previously developed an institutional, evidence-based fluid resuscitation protocol for neonates with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) based on the severity of electrolyte derangement on presentation. We aim to evaluate this protocol to determine its efficacy in reducing the number of preoperative lab draws, time to electrolyte correction, and overall length of stay. Methods : A single center, retrospective review of 319 infants with HPS presenting with electrolyte derangement from 2008-2020 was performed; 202 patients managed pre-protocol (2008-2014) and 117 patients managed per our institutional fluid resuscitation algorithm (2016-2020). The number of preoperative lab draws, time to electrolyte correction, and length of stay before and after protocol implementation was recorded. Results : Use of a fluid resuscitation algorithm decreased the number of infants who required four or more preoperative lab draws (20% vs 6%) (p Conclusion : Implementation of a fluid resuscitation algorithm for patients presenting with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis decreases the frequency of preoperative lab draws, time to electrolyte correction, and total length of hospital stay. Use of a fluid resuscitation protocol may decrease discomfort through fewer preoperative lab draws and shorter length of stay while setting clear expectations and planned intervention for parents. Level of Evidence : III – Retrospective comparative study
Relative Size and Dispersity of Isolated Chromaffin Granules

Chromaffin granules of the adrenal medulla are membrane bound vesicles containing proteins, ATP, adrenalin and noradrenalin. The release of the granules’ contents occurs by exocytosis subsequent to the fusion of the granule and the chromaffin cell membrane.1 However, the mechanism by which the granules are rapidly brought into contact with the cell membrane is not known. The surface properties of the granules are assumed to play an important role in this mechanism.2
A study of the kinetic energy generation with general circulation models

The history data of winter simulation by the GLAS climate model and the NCAR community climate model are used to examine the generation of atmospheric kinetic energy. The contrast between the geographic distributions of the generation of kinetic energy and divergence of kinetic energy flux shows that kinetic energy is generated in the upstream side of jets, transported to the downstream side and destroyed there. The contributions from the time-mean and transient modes to the counterbalance between generation of kinetic energy and divergence of kinetic energy flux are also investigated. It is observed that the kinetic energy generated by the time-mean mode is essentially redistributed by the time-mean flow, while that generated by the transient flow is mainly responsible for the maintenance of the kinetic energy of the entire atmospheric flow.
Signal Transduction in the Arc System for Control of Operons Encoding Aerobic Respiratory Enzymes

Aerobic respiration is the most efficient way to extract energy from carbon and energy sources. It has long been known that aerobically grown Escherichia coli contain elevated levels of many enzymes associated with aerobic metabolism. Examples of the enzymes include members of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the cytochrome o complex, the major terminal oxidase. Because the synthesis of so many enzymes apparently depends on a single variable, O2 tension, there is reason to suspect the existence of a global control mechanism. Supposing further that such a regulation would likely be transcriptional, the authors decided to search for pleiotropic mutants that highly express operons of aerobic function under anaerobic conditions. To this end, they constructed a chromosomal merodiploid bearing both sdh + (encoding the succinate dehydrogenase complex) and a (sdh-lacZ) operon fusion using a Δlac strain and picked a red papilla from each colony on MacConkey lactose agar after anaerobic incubation for 5 days. ArcB variants deprived of the receiver module were significantly diminished in ArcA-phosphorylating activity. As a membrane sensor, a special feature of ArcB is its possession of a receiver module, but a surprising feature is the cytosolic origin of at least some of the signals. It is tempting to suggest that other sensors with a receiver module can also detect changes within the cell, including those in yeast and plants. These sophisticated sensors might have arisen from a simpler two-component system by some mechanism involving gene duplication.
A research program on the human impact of wireless telecommunications and other electromagnetic-field-emitting systems

The Italian government - specifically, the Ministry for the Instruction, University, and Research - is to be applauded for its decision to provide the financial support for a comprehensive research program. A three-day conference was convened at the official conclusion of the coordinated research program, which was devoted to the assessment of the biological and environmental impact of wireless telecommunication systems and other systems that emit electromagnetic energy, and the development of new knowledge and techniques for the control and mitigation of already existing electromagnetic-field-emitting sources. It is interesting to note that within the past few years - in contrast to the United States - several counties in Europe have initiated nationwide research programs to investigate the biological effects and health implications of electromagnetic fields from wireless telecommunication systems. Comprehensive interdisciplinary research programs, which take into account field emissions both from base stations and personal handsets, are found in Finland, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Indeed, at this moment in time, there are a far greater number of research projects taking place in Japan and several countries in Europe than in the US.
Full Interpretation of Optimal Labeling

This article proposes that the label for each syntactic node/set is fully derivable from Agree operating on edge-features of lexical items. It is also proposed that the derivations of labels transparently carve the path for θ-marking at the semantic interface. When tied with the label asymmetry condition at the Sensorimotor-interface and principles of derivational economy, this theory of labeling/Agree derives effects of what is traditionally called the θ-Criterion at the semantic interface. Ramifications for the principle of Full Interpretation are also discussed.
Nuclear Waste Vitrification in the United States: Recent Developments and Future Options

Nuclear power plays a key role in maintaining current world wide energy growth while minimizing the greenhouse gas emissions. A disposition path for used nuclear fuel (UNF) must be found for this technology to achieve its promise. One likely option is the recycling of UNF and immobilization of the high-level waste (HLW) by vitrification. Vitrification is the technology of choice for immobilizing HLW from defense and commercial fuel reprocessing around the world. Recent advances in both recycling technology and vitrification show great promise in closing the nuclear fuel cycle in an efficient and economical fashion. This article summarizes the recent trends developments and future options in waste vitrification for both defense waste cleanup and closing the nuclear fuel cycle in the U.S.
SINGLE-STAGE IMPACTION DEVICE FOR PARTICLE SIZING BIOLOGICAL AEROSOLS.

Abstract : In many aerobiological studies, the size of particles containing viable, infective organisms is of interest, since nasal and upper respiratory tract penetration is dependent on the particle size spectrum of an aerosol breathed by an animal. Using the theoretical calculations of Ranz and Wong, a single-stage impactor has been developed. This device, when affixed to an impinger sampler, divides the total aerosol sample into two particle-size fractions. A series of these instruments, with particle-size cutoffs spanning the range from one to nineteen microns, is used to determine the size distribution of aerosol particles containing viable cells. The device is described and results are presented from experiments in which it was used to determine the size distribution of particles containing viable cells in aerosols of two bacterial species. (Author)
Enzymatic characterization of beta-D-galactoside alpha 2,3-trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi

The substrate specificity, physico-chemical, and kinetic properties of the trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi have been investigated. The enzyme demonstrates activity towards a wide range of saccharide, glycolipid, and glycoprotein acceptors which terminate with a beta-linked galactose residue, and synthesizes exclusively an alpha 2-3 sialosidic linkage. Oligosaccharides which terminate in Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc, Gal beta 1-3(Fuc alpha 1-4)GlcNAc, or Gal alpha 1- are not acceptor-substrates. The enzyme utilizes alpha 2,3-linked sialic acid when the donor species is an oligosaccharide and can also transfer, at a low rate, sialic acid from synthetic alpha-sialosides such as p-nitrophenyl-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid, but NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)Glc is not a donor-substrate. The trans-sialidase has an apparent pH optimum of 7.9 and a temperature optimum of 13 degrees C. The kinetic properties of the enzyme suggest that the trans-sialylation reaction may occur via a rapid equilibrium random or steady-state ordered mechanism. A method for immobilizing the enzyme is described together with examples of its use for the synthesis of oligosaccharide and glycoprotein precursors of sialyl-Lewis and sialyl-Lewis.
Determining Query Readiness for Structured Data

The outcomes and quality of organizational decisions depend on the characteristics of the data available for making the decisions and on the value of the data in the decision-making process. Toward enabling management of these aspects of data in analytics, we introduce and investigate Data Readiness Level (DRL), a quantitative measure of the value of a piece of data at a given point in a processing flow. Our DRL proposal is a multidimensional measure that takes into account the relevance, completeness, and utility of data with respect to a given analysis task. This study provides a formalization of DRL in a structured-data scenario, and illustrates how knowledge of rules and facts, both within and outside the given data, can be used to identify those transformations of the data that improve its DRL.
Intracranial venous thrombosis in early pregnancy.

Abstract Intracranial venous thrombosis occurred in 2 patients in the first trimester of pregnancy. Cerebral veins were occluded in one, cerebellar veins in the other. In both instances there was progressive development of focal neurological manifestations associated with headache, stupor, and increased intracranial pressure. In the first instance, a craniotomy for decompression was lifesaving, and further permitted the gestation to proceed satisfactorily. In the second case, where the lesion was in the posterior fossa, a Torkildsen procedure was followed by prompt recovery of the patient. Diagnosis of this condition should be considered when rapidly developing focal signs occur during pregnancy, even in the earlier months.
Coordinate transcriptional control in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus.

The existence of a global gene regulatory system in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is described. The system is responsive to carbon source quality and acts at the level of transcription to coordinate synthesis of three physically unlinked glycosyl hydrolases implicated in carbohydrate utilization. The specific activities of three enzymes, an α-glucosidase (malA), a β-glycosidase (lacS), and an α-amylase, were reduced 4-, 20-, and 10-fold, respectively, in response to the addition of supplementary carbon sources to a minimal sucrose medium. Western blot analysis using anti-α-glucosidase and anti-β-glycosidase antibodies indicated that reduced enzyme activities resulted exclusively from decreased enzyme levels. Northern blot analysis of malA and lacS mRNAs revealed that changes in enzyme abundance arose primarily from reductions in transcript concentrations. Culture conditions precipitating rapid changes in lacS gene expression were established to determine the response time of the regulatory system in vivo. Full induction occurred within a single generation whereas full repression occurred more slowly, requiring nearly 38 generations. Since lacS mRNA abundance changed much more rapidly in response to a nutrient down shift than to a nutrient up shift, transcript synthesis rather than degradation likely plays a role in the regulatory response.
Strategies of Inhibition: U.S. Grand Strategy, the Nuclear Revolution, and Nonproliferation

The United States has gone to extraordinary lengths since the beginning of the nuclear age to inhibit—that is, to slow, halt, and reverse—the spread of nuclear weapons and, when unsuccessful, to mi...
Literature from the Field

Mourning Dove. A Salishan Autobiography. Jay Miller. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991. Notes, glossary, bibliography, xxxix. 265 pp. $30.00 (cloth)
Dimensions of Citizenship through the Lens of The Hunger Games: Fiction and the Visual and Performing Arts as Springboards for Citizenship Education

The authors take an interdisciplinary approach to frame current conceptions of citizenship and practices of citizenship education. Using the popular young adult novel The Hunger Games (Collins 2008) as a basis for learning, they discuss theories of teaching and learning about citizenship through multiliteracies and art to explore the challenges associated with teaching citizenship as a complex, multidimensioned construct. They also describe the benefits of drawing on literature, visual art, and dramatic art to prompt learning about difficult social concepts. Finally, they provide a hypothetical example of a social studies miniunit involving popular literature (The Hunger Games), visual art, and dramatic art. Elements of the unit have been employed in their work with preservice teachers.
Bilateral sixth nerve palsy after head trauma

Gaze deficits are not uncommon after head trauma and might be caused by injury to the central nervous system, the peripheral nerve, or the motor unit. Traumatic bilateral sixth cranial nerve palsies are a rare condition and are typically associated with additional intracranial, skull, and cervical spine injuries. We describe a case of a complete bilateral sixth nerve palsy in a 44-year-old male patient with trauma with no intracranial lesion, no associated skull or cervical spine fracture, and no altered level of consciousness. The emergency physician should be aware of the differential diagnosis, initial workup, and injuries associated with a traumatic gaze deficit.
Probabilistic Model of Payment Cost Minimization Considering Wind Power and Its Uncertainty

The penetration of wind energy sources to power systems has significantly increased in recent years. With variable and uncertain wind power output, the payment and market-clearing price (MCP) may vary in different cases. In this paper, a methodology to quantitatively model the payment cost minimization (PCM) considering the effects of wind power from a probabilistic viewpoint is presented. The autoregressive moving average (ARMA) method with normal distribution of wind forecast error is used to model a time series of wind speed. Based on the wind turbine power curve, the probability distribution of wind power output can be obtained. Then, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used to produce random samples of wind speed, and the genetic algorithm is applied to solve PCM for each sample. The proposed methodology and its solution are verified with simulation studies of two sample systems. The probabilistic distribution results can give consumers an overview of how much they should pay in a probabilistic sense. Further, the simulation results can serve as a lookup table to provide useful input for more refined unit commitment, and also provide a benchmark for future research works on PCM considering wind power.
Perceived Need for Care among Low-Income Immigrant and U.S.-Born Black and Latina Women with Depression

Abstract Purpose: To examine perceived need for care for mental health problems as a possible contributor to ethnic disparities in receiving care among low-income depressed women. Methods: The role of ethnicity, somatization, and stigma as they relate to perceived need for care is examined. Participants were 1577 low-income women who met criteria for depression. Results: Compared with U.S.-born depressed white women, most depressed ethnic minority women were less likely to perceive a need for mental health care (black immigrants: OR 0.30, p < 0.001; U.S.-born blacks: OR 0.43, p < 0.001; immigrant Latinas: OR 0.52, p < 0.01). Stigma-related concerns decreased the likelihood of perceiving a need for mental health care (OR 0.80, p < 0.05). Having multiple somatic symptoms (OR 1.57, p < 0.001) increased the likelihood of endorsing perceived need. Conclusions: Findings suggest that there are ethnic differences in perceived need for mental healthcare that may partially account for the low rates of care for depr...
Factors influencing lung histamine content

Histamine is an important amine within the lung. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate in rats the factors that affect the measurement of lung histamine concentration. We found that the lung content was not clearly altered by pentobarbital anesthesia or by freezing of the lung. Heparin administration and inhalational ether anesthesia appeared to result in elevated lung histamine contents by an unknown mechanism. Pulmonary edema rapidly lowered the histamine content. The histamine content is better related to DNA content than to the amount of protein in the lung.
Inversion Recovery with Embedded Self-Calibration (IRES)

With self-calibrated parallel acquisition, the calibration data used to characterize coil response are acquired within the actual, parallel scan. Although this eliminates the need for a separate calibration scan, it reduces the net acceleration factor of the parallel scan. Furthermore, this reduction gets worse at higher accelerations. A method is described for 3D inversion recovery gradient-echo imaging in which calibration is incorporated into the sequence but with no loss of net acceleration. This is done by acquiring the calibration data using very small (≤4°) tip angle acquisitions during the delay interval after acquisition of the accelerated imaging data. The technique is studied at 3T with simulation, phantom and in vivo experiments using both image space-based and k-space-based parallel reconstruction methods. At nominal acceleration factors of three and four, the newly described Inversion Recovery with Embedded Self-calibration (IRES) method can retain effective acceleration with comparable SNR and contrast to standard selfcalibration. At a net 2D acceleration factor of four, IRES can achieve higher SNR than standard self-calibration having a nominal acceleration factor of six but the same acquisition time.
Calibration Wave-Lengths for Infra-Red Spectrometers

About 20 wave-lengths which have been measured on grating spectrometers have been given for the calibration of prism spectrometers in region from about 2μ to 24μ. A number of lines due to H2O and CO2 can be normally observed due to atmospheric absorption. Since not many sharp bands have been measured on grating spectrometers from 7μ to 13μ, several sharp bands in ethyl alcohol and amyl alcohol in the liquid state have been measured in this region. The values found in the present work check well with those previously found by Weniger except those in the 9μ and 10μ region. Here some of the bands differ by about 0.2μ from those found in this work. This difference is probably due to the fact that Weniger did not have the more accurate values of the index of refraction of rocksalt due to Paschen at his disposal.
Hairy cell leukemia. Disease pattern and prognosis

The authors reviewed the clinical course of 31 consecutive patients with hairy cell leukemia seen at the University of California Los Angeles. The clinical presentation included varying degrees of pancytopenia, splenomegaly, and bone marrow infiltration with hairy cells. Ten patients were identified as having an "atypical" disease, which is defined as absence of palpable splenomegaly and/or marrow cellularity of less than 45%. These atypical patients had clinically milder disease and significantly less anemia than the usual patient (mean hemoglobin, 12.1 g/dl versus 9.4 g/dl; P = 0.016), although neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were comparable. Mortality and infection rates were similar in both groups. Infections were common in all patients, but opportunistic infections and septicemia were rare in patients prior to initiation of therapy. Two thirds of the patients who received corticosteroids and/or cytotoxic agents had serious infections, with a 50% mortality rate. Nearly 70% of the neutropenic patients (leukocyte count less than 1000) who received any form of treatment had a serious infection. The most important factors predicting mortality were chemotherapy and an age older than 50 years. Patients who survived 2 years with their disease had an excellent prognosis, and four patients in this series are alive and well with their disease for more than 10 years.
Some Characteristics of Rete Testis Fluid from Rabbits

Summary The composition of rete testis fluid collected from the efferent ducts of ligated testes of the rabbit is similar to that obtained from other species. However, sodium and chloride ion concentrations decrease with time after ligation of the efferent ducts. Zusammenfassung Die Zusammensetzung der Flussigkeit des Rete testis - gewonnen aus den Ductuli efferentes von abgebundenen Hoden des Kaninchens - ist der Zusammensetzung, die man von anderen Species erhalt, ahnlich. Die Ionenkonzentration von Na+ und Cl- nimmt allerdings mit der Zeit nach der Ligation der Ductuli efferentes ab. Resumen La composicion del fluido de la rete testis coleccionado de los conductos eferentes de testiculos ligados del conejo es similar al obtenido de otras especies. No obstante, la concentration ionica de sodio y cloro disminuye con el tiempo despues de la ligadura de los conductos eferentes. Resume Composition partielle du fluide du rete testis chez le lapin La composition du fluide obtenu du rete testis par cannulation des canaux efferents apres ligature de ces derniers chez le lapin est semblable a celle determinee chez d'autres especes. Cependant la concentration en sodium et en chlore diminue dans le temps apres ligature des canaux efferents.
The Economic Impact of the Civil War on Manufacturing Enterprise

(1979). The Economic Impact of the Civil War on Manufacturing Enterprise. Business History: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 148-162.
Transferring concepts in nuclear technology with computer-generated films

Abstract The historical role of educational computer animation is discussed. The economic as well as practical needs for improved training aids in nuclear engineering are shown to be served by computer generated films. The main part of the paper outlines some basic nuclear technological topics such as radioactive decay chains and reactor control which can be presented via computer animation. Examples of how the animation could be accomplished by sequential photographing of a cathode ray oscilloscope output of a computer is then described. The general advantages of such films (about 15 minutes in duration each) are compiled in order to show the applicability in general, engineering, and public education. A description and evaluation of one such film produced by the authors is presented. The film portrays the spatial and time dependence of neutron flux and its time constants during a self-limiting reactivity excursion in a simple representation of a water moderated reactor. Details of the film and results of the questionnaire can be obtained directly from R.B. Jones.
Prodrugs forming high drug loading multifunctional nanocapsules for intracellular cancer drug delivery.

Anticancer drugs embedded in or conjugated with inert nanocarriers, referred to as nanomedicines, show many therapeutic advantages over free drugs, but the inert carrier materials are the major component (generally more than 90%) in nanomedicines, causing low drug loading contents and thus excessive uses of parenteral excipients. Herein, we demonstrate a new concept directly using drug molecules to fabricate nanocarriers in order to minimize use of inert materials, substantially increase the drug loading content, and suppress premature burst release. Taking advantage of the strong hydrophobicity of the anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT), one or two CPT molecule(s) were conjugated to a very short oligomer chain of ethylene glycol (OEG), forming amphiphilic phospholipid-mimicking prodrugs, OEG-CPT or OEG-DiCPT. The prodrugs formed stable liposome-like nanocapsules with a CPT loading content as high as 40 or 58 wt % with no burst release in aqueous solution. OEG-DiCPT released CPT once inside cells, which sh...