cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The formation of the Mughal Empire

This history of the Mughal empire examines the rituals of the Mughal court, the process of the empire's expansion, and Akbar's political and administrative initiatives in order to explain the fundamental characteristics of the Mughal polity. Streusand also places Mughal institutions and practices in their political and cultural contexts to explain how the Mughal ruling class coalesced from heterogeneous groups that retained their own identities.
Biotic resistance via granivory: establishment by invasive, naturalized, and native asters reflects generalist preference

Escape from specialist natural enemies is frequently invoked to explain exotic plant invasions, but little attention has been paid to how generalist consumers in the recipient range may influence invasion. We examined how seed preferences of the widespread generalist granivore Peromyscus maniculatus related to recruitment of the strongly invasive exotic Centaurea stoebe and several weakly invasive exotics and natives by conducting laboratory feeding trials and seed addition experiments in the field. Laboratory feeding trials showed that P. maniculatus avoided consuming seeds of C. stoebe relative to the 12 other species tested, even when seeds of alternative species were 53-94% smaller than those of C. stoebe. Seed addition experiments conducted in and out of rodent exclosures revealed that weakly invasive exotics experienced relatively greater release from seed predation than C. stoebe, although this was not the case for natives. Seed mass explained 81% of the variation in recruitment associated with rodent exclusion for natives and weak invaders, with larger-seeded species benefiting most from protection from granivores. However, recruitment of C. stoebe was unaffected by rodent exclusion, even though the regression model predicted seeds of correspondingly large mass should experience substantial predation. These combined laboratory and field results suggest that generalist granivores can be an important biological filter in plant communities and that species-specific seed attributes that determine seed predation may help to explain variation in native plant recruitment and the success of exotic species invasions.
Word Problem Solving Tasks in Textbooks and Their Relation to Student Performance

The author examined the potential influence of learning opportunities provided in 1 U.S. and 1 Chinese mathematics textbook series on students' problem-solving performance. Also, the author studied learning opportunities provided in the textbooks by analyzing word problem distribution across various problem types, as well as the potential influence of learning opportunities on students' ability to solve arithmetic word problems, by determining student success rate (i.e., item difficulty measure) in relation to word problem distribution in adopted textbooks. Results indicated a different pattern with respect to word problem distribution in U.S. and Chinese textbooks. The relation between adopted textbook word problem task presentation and student success in solving problems suggests that the ability of U.S. participants to solve certain problem types better than other problem types may be related directly to the design of U.S. textbooks (e.g., unbalanced word problem distribution).
Forward-backward eccentricity and participant-plane angle fluctuations and their influences on longitudinal dynamics of collective flow

We argue that the transverse shape of the fireball created in the heavy-ion collision could be strongly influenced by event-by-event fluctuations of the eccentricity vectors for the forward-going and backward-going wounded nucleons: ${\stackrel{P\vec}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{n}^{\mathrm{F}}\ensuremath{\equiv}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{n}^{\mathrm{F}}{e}^{in{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}^{*\mathrm{F}}}$ and ${\stackrel{P\vec}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{n}^{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\equiv}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{n}^{\mathrm{B}}{e}^{in{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}^{*\mathrm{B}}}$. Due to the asymmetric energy deposition of each wounded nucleon along its direction of motion, the eccentricity vector of the produced fireball is expected to interpolate between ${\stackrel{P\vec}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{n}^{\mathrm{F}}$ and ${\stackrel{P\vec}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{n}^{\mathrm{B}}$ along the pseudorapidity, and hence exhibits sizable forward-backward (FB) asymmetry (${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{n}^{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\ne}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{n}^{\mathrm{F}}$) and/or FB twist (${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}^{*\mathrm{F}}\ensuremath{\ne}{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}^{*\mathrm{B}}$). A transport model calculation shows that these initial-state longitudinal fluctuations for $n=2$ and 3 survive the collective expansion, and result in similar FB asymmetry and/or a twist in the final-state event-plane angles. These novel event-by-event longitudinal flow fluctuations should be accessible at RHIC and the LHC using the event-shape selection technique proposed in earlier papers. If these effects are observed experimentally, it could improve our understanding of the initial-state fluctuations, particle production, and collective expansion dynamics of the heavy-ion collision.
Noise from a jet discharged into a duct and its suppression

This study addresses unwanted high intensity noise sometimes encountered in engine test facilities. Model-scale experiments are conducted for a round jet discharged into a cylindrical duct. In most cases, the unwanted noise is found to be due to longitudinal resonance modes of the duct excited by the random turbulence of the jet. When the ‘preferred mode’ frequency of the jet matches a duct resonant frequency there can be a locked-in ‘super-resonance’ accompanied by a high intensity tone or ‘howl’. Various techniques are explored for suppression of the unwanted noise. Tabs placed on the ends of the duct are found ineffective; so are longitudinal fins placed inside the duct. Arod inserted perpendicular to the flow ('howl stick') is also found generally ineffective; however, it is effective when there is a super-resonance. By far the most effective suppression is achieved by a wire-mesh screen placed at the end of the duct. The screen not only eliminates the super-resonance but also the duct mode spectral p...
Transmembrane Orientation of Hydrophobic α-Helices Is Regulated Both by the Relationship of Helix Length to Bilayer Thickness and by the Cholesterol Concentration†

A fluorescence-based approach to evaluate the regulation of transmembrane orientation of α-helices has been developed to examine the behavior of a membrane-inserted α-helical peptide with a 19 resi...
Determinants of Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy.

Background Although takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) has been reported to have a favorable outcome, many complications may occur in the acute phase. Heart failure is the most common clinical complication in patients with TTC. We aimed to investigate determinants of secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with TTC. Methods This study consisted of 55 patients with TTC. Detailed echocardiographic measurements were taken, including pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP). PH was identified PASP >35 mmHg. The severity of mitral regurgitation (MR) was evaluated by measuring effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA). Follow-up echocardiography was performed in 45 patients (81.8%) within 4 weeks after initial presentation. Results All patients were stratified into PH or no PH (NPH) group (average PASP: 46.2 ± 6.7 vs. 29.8 ± 3.3 mmHg, P < 0.001); 25 patients (45.5%) were categorized into the PH group. Left ventricular (LV) volume, LV ejection fraction, and troponin I levels did not significantly differ between the two groups. Age and EROA were significantly greater in PH group than NPH group (age; 74.6 ± 9.1 vs. 63.5 ± 17.7, EROA; 0.22 ± 0.17 vs. 0.03 ± 0.05 cm2, all P < 0.01). The multivariate analysis revealed that age and EROA were independent predictors for PH in patients with TTC (all P < 0.001). PASP was significantly improved at follow-up compared to those at initial presentation (35.8 ± 8.4 vs. 30.3 ± 7.9 mmHg, P < 0.01). Conclusion Age and the severity of MR were independent predictors for secondary PH in patients with TTC.
Use of non-nutritive materials to satisfy hunger

Evidence is presented indicating that, although non-nutritive materials dispel the desire to eat only transiently by filling the stomach, they tend to dispel the desire to eat more thoroughly by filling the intestines. It is believed that relatively pure cellulosic bulk-formers which resist breakdown in the digestive tract serve the purpose best.
Extended Molecular Gas in FSC 10214+4724

We report high resolution imaging of the CO (3-2) emission in the luminous infrared source FSC 10214+4724 at z = 2.2853. Maps at resolutions of 23 × 30 and 45-90 km s-1 show the CO emission peak coinciding with those of Hα and radio continuum. Two components are identified in the CO emission: an unresolved core and an extended source (~19 × 44)—elongated southeast-northwest. The implied size is 9 × 24 kpc for H0 = 75 km s-1 Mpc-1 and q0 = 0.5. The extent of the CO emission is significantly greater than that of either the optical or the radio continuum (~1'') and the CO extent varies between the line core and the wings. If the gravitational lensing is occuring in FSC 10214+4724 (as has been suggested based on the near infrared morphology), the magnification factor for the CO emission is likely to be lower than for the near-infrared and the observed CO extent is probably an upper limit to the true source size. The mass of molecular gas implied by the observed CO line flux is ~2 × 1011 M☉, assuming no lens magnification. In order that the derived gas mass does not exceed the dynamical mass, the gas would have to be in a nearly face-on (i < 20°) disk. However, this configuration appears inconsistent with the elongated morphology of the CO (which suggests an inclined disk or an interacting galaxy system). We suggest that the "dynamical" mass might be reconciled with the derived gas mass if substantial support for the gas is provided by radiation pressure from the nucleus of FSC 10214+4724. For the observed ratio of infrared luminosity-to-gas-mass (103 L☉ M☉−1), we find that a column density ≤2.4 × 1022 H2 cm-2 (AV ~ 24) could be supported; this is consistent with the average gas column that is observed. The very high luminosity-to-mass ratio strongly also favors a nonthermal origin for the luminosity since a starburst would require consumption of the entire ISM on a timescale significantly shorter than the dynamical times (2 × 107-2 × 108 yr) estimated from the CO data. These conclusions are not critically dependent on the presence or abscence of gravitational lensing since the molecular emission, the far-infrared flux, and the "dynamical" mass are similarly effected and the ratios therefore remained almost unchanged.
Exercise Increases Average Longevity of Female Rats Despite Increased Food Intake and No Growth Retardation

In previous studies, male rats given access to voluntary running wheels showed improved survival. Because the male runners did not increase food intake, it was not clear whether their improvement in average longevity was due to decreased availability of energy for cell proliferation and growth or to another effect of exercise. In this study, female rats, which increase their food intake in response to wheel running, were used to determine whether exercise can increase longevity when availability of energy for cell proliferation and growth is not decreased. At age 5 mo, the female voluntary wheel runners were running 9173 +/- 3640 m/day (mean +/- SD); running distance declined to 965 +/- 483 m/d by age 34 mo. From 5 mo to 10 mo of age, the runners ate approximately 37% more than the sedentary rats. Thereafter, the runners ate approximately 20% more. The runners and sedentary rats attained similar peak body weights. However, the runners gained weight more rapidly, attaining steady state by 11 mo; the sedentary rats' weights did not plateau until approximately 15 mo. The runners had a significant prolongation of average longevity without an increase in maximal life span. The sedentary rats' average age at death was 924 +/- 155 days (mean +/- SD; range, 619-1263 d) compared to 1009 +/- 132 days (range, 693-1259 d) for the runners, p < .001. These results show that exercise improves average longevity of rats independent of decreased availability of energy for cell proliferation and growth. They also provide evidence that an increase in food intake is not harmful when balanced by an increase in energy expenditure.
Growth of a bubble at a heated surface in a pool of liquid metal

Abstract A theoretical investigation of the initial vapor bubble growth from a heated surface wall in a pool of liquid sodium is reported. The analysis assumes the bubble to have the shape of a spherical sector, at the base of which a thin liquid microlayer is retained on the heating surface. The effects of time-and-space dependent heat conduction in the solid, microlayer vaporization, and non-equilibrium condensation on the bubble upper surface are considered. A two-term expression for the bubble growth rate is obtained by a collocation procedure. Calculated results predict the growth of the bubble on a heated surface as a function of the heat flux, the external pressure and the thermophysical properties of the liquid and solid. An expression due to Ruckenstein, modified to take into account the effective contact angle, is used to determine the departure bubble diameter. This turns out to be sensitive to the contact angle, and less strongly influenced by the bubble drag coefficient. The growth is initially inertiacontrolled, but heat-transfer effects become significant before departure. In this pressure range (0·1–1 atm) the presence of inert gas, by reducing the effective accommodation coefficient for condensation, increases bubble growth rate moderately.
The Food and Drug Administration’s Deliberations on Antidepressant Use in Pediatric Patients

On February 2, 2004, the Food and Drug Administration organized a joint meeting of the Neuro-Psychopharmacologic Advisory Committee and Pediatric Subcommittee of the Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee to examine the occurrence of suicidality in clinical trials that investigate the use of the newer antidepressant drugs in pediatric patients. Committee members reconvened on September 13–14, 2004, and concluded that there was a causal link between the newer antidepressants and pediatric suicidality. This article provides a summary of the Food and Drug Administration deliberations for the pediatric clinician. We also provide research, regulation, education, and practice implications for care for children and adolescents who may be eligible for treatment with these medications.
Work Function and Bonding Energy of Rare-Gas Atoms Adsorbed on Metals

It is shown that the substantial bonding-energy and work-function changes associated with inert gases adsorbed on metal surfaces arise from an admixture of polar excited configurations that occurs as the excited-state charge-transfer instability is crossed.
Determination of glutaraldehyde and phenol in germicide products by capillary gas chromatography

A capillary gas chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of glutaraldehyde and phenol present in germicidal formulations. Glutaraldehyde breaks down over time following activation with alkaline-buffered media and products must be used within certain time limits. Some germicidal products contain either glutaraldehyde or phenol and these are also used in combination. It is necessary to have suitable methodology for determining the concentration of glutaraldehyde and phenol as a means of evaluating the effective levels of these active ingredients. Various analytical methods are described in the literature for the determination of either glutaraldehyde or phenol. Using capillary gas chromatography with a column for compounds of intermediate polarity, both ingredients can be assayed from a single determination.
Magnetic phase stability of 3d-metals and plutonium

Abstract We have performed self-consistent spin-polarized calculations for the magnetic structure and exchange parameters of pure 3d-metals and Pu. Local field effects and the strength of non-Heisenberg interactions are estimated. For α-Mn and α-Pu antiferromagnetic structures are dominant, and a complexe magnetic ordering was found for the low temperature structures. An analytical expression for the magnetic torque and a non-collinear low energy magnetic state of γ-Fe are presented.
Conservation laws generated by pairs of non-Hamiltonian symmetries

We consider systems of partial differential equations of the form w-here u = (u’,..., u”) are dependent variables and K is .a q-tuple of “partial differential functions,“- i.e., smooth functions of x = (or ,..., x,) and, the various derivatives- z& = 8ui, .I =,(jr ,..., j,), 8 = (3, ,“., aP), ai = 3/L+. The system is autonomous: K does not depend on the time t explicitly. Our point of view is that of the formal variational calculus as in Gel’fand and Dikii [I--4], Gel’fand and Dorfman [5.], and Olver [7-IO]. The essential elements of this calculus will be set out in Section 2. A scalar partial differential function T (which may also depend explicitly on time) is conserved under the flow of u, = K if i T dx is independent of time, ” IPP This is formally equivalent to D, T = a divergence expression, say, D,P, + -.- + D,D,, where the (Pi) are partial functions and {Di\ and D, are total derivatives. For example, whereas D,(tu’) = 2tuK + uJ,
SOURCES OF STRESS IN AN AUTOMATED PLANT

Computer-integrated manufacturing implementation is often hindered by human resource issues like stress. By focusing on one type of potential human obstacle to the integration of islands of automation in our exploratory case study, we examine the sources of stress and the lack of job control experienced in three functional departments: computer-aided design and manufacturing, manufacturing planning and control, and computer numerical control/robot manufacturing; we also suggest management interventions to alleviate stress in each group of workers. We used three methods to collect data: self-reporting, observation at the job level, and physiological screening. Our results indicated little difference in stress levels among the three groups. However, we found that each group faced a different set of pressures and exercised different levels of control over their jobs. We suggest specific managerial action to overcome the most critical pressures.
Technical Considerations in the Delivery of Audio-Visual Course Content:

Use of the internet for instructional purposes is pervasive. In an attempt to provide students with the benefit of the latest technology, some instructors include multimedia content on their class ...
Purification on hydroxyapatite of liver ribosomes and polysomes from unfasted mice.

Abstract Batchwise purification of liver ribosomal and polysomal preparations on hydroxyapatite removes glycogen, bound hemoglobin, ribonuclease and other proteins contaminating ribosomal preparations. This procedure eliminates mandatory fasting and thus provides pure ribosomes and polysomes from animals maintained under normal physiological conditions. Ribosomes and polysomes purified on hydroxyapaptite and eluted at low salt concentrations (0.4 M KH 2 PO 4 ) can be dissociated into subunits in the presence of puromycin and 0.3–0.5 M KCl. These subunits are active in poly(U)-directed phenylalanine synthesis. Sodium dodecylsulfate—acrylamide gel electrophoresis detected no degradation of the ribosomal RNA. The ability of polysomes to direct amino acid incorporation into hot trichloroacetic acid precipitate is not lost during purification on hydroxyapatite. In addition, the resolution of polysome profiles was greatly improved following hydroxyapatite purification. Incubation of purified murine liver polysomes in the absence of ribonuclease inhibitor resulted in no polysome breakdown. Identical treatment of unpurified polysomes resulted in a partial conversion to 80-S monomers, and suggested that ribonuclease was washed from the polysome preparations during purification. Ribosomes and polysomes from both mouse liver and rat liver can be purified batchwise on hydroxyapatite. In addition, this procedure can be used to purify ribosomes from both fed animals, with large amounts of cellular glycogen, and fasted animals with significantly less glycogen contamination.
Flexible kinesthetic distance perception: when do your arms tell you how far you have walked?

ABSTRACT Given the flexible organization of locomotion evidenced in the many ways the limbs can be coordinated, the authors explored the potentially correspondingly flexible organization of nonvisual (kinesthetic) distance perception. As kinesthetic distance perception is known to be affected by how the limbs are coordinated, the authors probed the potential perceptual contribution of the arms during locomotion by manipulating arm–leg coordination patterns in blind-walked distance-matching tasks. Whereas manipulation of arm–leg coordination for walking with free-swinging arms had no observable perceptual consequences, comparable manipulation for walking with hiking poles did affect distance matching. These results suggest that under conditions in which the arms act to propel the body (e.g., crawling or stair-climbing) a person's nonvisual sense of movement is conveyed in the coordinated actions of all four limbs.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of cDNA Encoding Rat Brain Cytosolic Acyl-Coenzyme A Thioester Hydrolase

The cDNA encoding rat brain cytosolic acyl-CoA thioester hydrolase (ACT) has been cloned and sequenced, and the primary structure of the enzyme has been deduced. A partial amino acid sequence (38 amino acids) of the enzyme was determined using the peptides generated after CNBr digestion of the purified enzyme. Primers synthesized on the basis of this information were used to isolate two cDNA clones, each encoding the full length of the enzyme. The nucleotide sequences of these clones contained an open reading frame encoding a 358-amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 39.7 kDa, similar to that determined for the purified enzyme (40.9 kDa). The deduced ACT sequence showed no homology to the known sequences of any other thioesterases nor to any other known protein sequence. However, there was a strong homology to a number of expressed sequence tag human brain cDNA clones. The identity of the ACT cDNA was confirmed by the expression of ACT activity in Escherichia coli. There was a 10-15-fold increase in ACT-specific activity in the bacterial extracts after induction with isopropyl thiogalactoside, and the properties of the expressed enzyme (fusion protein) were the same as those of the purified rat brain ACT. Northern blot analysis showed that a 1.65-kilobase ACT transcript was present in rat brain and testis but not in any other rat tissues examined. However, the ACT mRNA was induced in the liver of rats that were fed Wy-14,643, a peroxisome proliferator and inducer of rodent liver cytosolic acyl-CoA thioesterase. These results indicate that the induced rat liver ACT is homologous to the constitutive rat brain ACT.
Effect of pressure and sample type on decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and high pressure DSC (HP-DSC) have been used to study the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate samples in the form of 2-mm monocrystals, 265- and 3-μm powders, and pellets pressed at 4 and 7 tons. HP-DSC runs have been performed to determine the effect of pressure on decomposition. TGA and DSC techniques have been employed to examine the effect of sample type on the kinetics of the process. The effects have been evaluated as changes in the temperature, reaction heat, and rate of decomposition. Isoconversional kinetic analysis has been carried out to detect changes in the effective activation energy of the process. These measurements and calculations show sublimation and decomposition for ammonium perchlorate to be highly dependent on sample preparation and applied pressure. This calculation finds that the activation energy for the early stages of sublimation/decomposition for all samples starts at ∼120 kJ mol−1, which is followed by a dramatic drop to ∼60 kJ mol−1 at 20% mass loss. The activation energy for the later stages of sublimation/decomposition varies with sample type ranging from ∼95 to 145 kJ mol−1.
Kansas City Does its Duty

A report on desegregation in the Kansas City, Missouri, schools is, on the whole, a story of a job well begun. Exactly two months (July 29, 1954) after the Supreme Court of the United States handed down its decision (May 29, 1954) stating that the maintenance of separate schools for white and Negro pupils was unconstitutional, the Kansas City School Board decided that in September, 1954, a Negro Junior College would be closed and the Kansas City Junior College desegregated and that the Vocational division of the Negro Junior High School would be transferred to the city-wide Manual High and Vocational School on a nonsegregated basis. As a matter of fact, the summer programs at the High School and Junior College were desegregated in June. Furthermore, it was decided that within one year, beginning in September of 1955, all schools in the Kansas City school system would be desegregated, and the administrative staff was set to work establishing new boundary lines for the schools. Even though the Missouri Attorney General had given an opinion that state laws supporting segregation were now no longer valid, the local action seemed precipitous to a small number of Kansas Citians; but to most, the Board of Education was only doing what it ought to do. To those some distance from Kansas City, this straightforward reaction to a new definition of the situation might have seemed out of character. Kansas City is known as a city with a considerable Southern exposure. In and about Kansas City were fought some of the ugliest battles of the War between the States. In many respects, Kansas City, Missouri, has tried to sustain a Southern tradition; but--and this is m re telling-Kansas City has been successfully fighting for a place among the mercantile cities of the United States, and increasingly its head is turned from the South to the North, the West, and the East. Desegregation reveals that, although Kansas Citians have conflicting feelings, they have little doubt as to what has to be done.
Computationally efficient implementation of combustion chemistry in parallel PDF calculations

In parallel calculations of combustion processes with realistic chemistry, the serial in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) algorithm [S.B. Pope, Computationally efficient implementation of combustion chemistry using in situ adaptive tabulation, Combustion Theory and Modelling, 1 (1997) 41-63; L. Lu, S.B. Pope, An improved algorithm for in situ adaptive tabulation, Journal of Computational Physics 228 (2009) 361-386] substantially speeds up the chemistry calculations on each processor. To improve the parallel efficiency of large ensembles of such calculations in parallel computations, in this work, the ISAT algorithm is extended to the multi-processor environment, with the aim of minimizing the wall clock time required for the whole ensemble. Parallel ISAT strategies are developed by combining the existing serial ISAT algorithm with different distribution strategies, namely purely local processing (PLP), uniformly random distribution (URAN), and preferential distribution (PREF). The distribution strategies enable the queued load redistribution of chemistry calculations among processors using message passing. They are implemented in the software x2f_mpi, which is a Fortran 95 library for facilitating many parallel evaluations of a general vector function. The relative performance of the parallel ISAT strategies is investigated in different computational regimes via the PDF calculations of multiple partially stirred reactors burning methane/air mixtures. The results show that the performance of ISAT with a fixed distribution strategy strongly depends on certain computational regimes, based on how much memory is available and how much overlap exists between tabulated information on different processors. No one fixed strategy consistently achieves good performance in all the regimes. Therefore, an adaptive distribution strategy, which blends PLP, URAN and PREF, is devised and implemented. It yields consistently good performance in all regimes. In the adaptive parallel ISAT strategy, the type and extent of redistribution is determined ''on the fly'' based on the prediction of future simulation time. Compared to the PLP/ISAT strategy where chemistry calculations are essentially serial, a speed-up factor of up to 30 is achieved. The study also demonstrates that the adaptive strategy has acceptable parallel scalability.
N'Balance: A Community-Based Fall-Prevention Intervention With Older Adults—Lessons Learned

An examination of a community-based fall-prevention intervention, N'Balance, for adults age 55 and older was completed. N'Balance is a multidimensional intervention. A quasi-experimental intervention trial with a control group, using two sites, was the research design. This 6-week intervention met twice weekly for 50 minutes and included pre- and post-tests of physical and psychosocial aspects. Results indicated that N'Balance was associated with improved balance, a reduction in the fear of falling, and approached significance with leisure self-efficacy. The RE-AIM model was used with this intervention to explore its reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance in community recreation settings.
Silicon Hot-Electron Bolometers

We discuss a new type of direct detector, a silicon hot-electron bolometer, for measurements in the far-infrared and submillimeter spectral ranges. High performance bolometers can be made using the electron-phonon conductance in heavily doped silicon to provide thermal isolation from the cryogenic bath. Noise performance is expected to be near thermodynamic limits, allowing background limited performance for many far infrared and submillimeter photometric and spectroscopic applications.
Limited Network Connections and the Distribution of Wages

It is well-known that 50% or more of all jobs are obtained through informal channels i.e. connections to family or friends. As well, statistical studies show that observable individual factors account for only about 50% of the very wide variation in earnings. We seek to explain these two facts by assuming that the linking of workers and firms is mediated by limited network connections. The model implies that essentially similar workers can have markedly different wages and further that the inequality of wages is partly explained by variations in the sizes of workers' networks. Our results indicate that differences in the number of ties can induce substantial inequality and can explain roughly 15% of the unexplained variation in wages. We also show that reasonable differences in the average number of links between blacks and whites can explain the disparity in black and white income distributions.
In vitro method for cultivating eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in teleost embryos.

Summary and ConclusionEastern equine encephalomyelitis virus has been propagated in a new host, Gambusia sp. embryos obtained from field specimens. A simple method for obtaining sterile embryonic material has been evolved. Standard in vitro conditions have been maintenance of embryos in 3-5 ml of 5 parts of Hanks' salt solution plus one part of ox serum-ultrafiltrate, at room temperature (23-25°C) in roller tubes rotating at 150-200 r.p.h. Virus potencies in individual cultures have varied from 10-3.7 to 10-6.3 by mouse intracerebral tests, through 8 culture generations. Multiple neutralization tests with the cultured virus have established the specific nature of the propagated agent. Latent mouse viruses in the embryonic material have been ruled out.
Parsimony and Complexity: Developing and Testing Theories of Affective Intelligence

The theory of affective intelligence posits that an individual's emotions help govern a reliance on political habits or, alternatively, deliberation and attention to new political information. Some of the evidence adduced draws on the fact that voters who are anxious about their own party's candidate do not rely blindly on their partisanship but instead consider policy and personality when they vote. In a provocative paper, Ladd and Lenz (2008) argue that emotions reflect an evaluative judgment, akin to likes and dislikes, that has little to say about attention and habit. Here we examine the ANES data from 1980 to 2004 and find that the affective intelligence theory's original findings remain statistically robust. On closer examination, we also learn that Ladd and Lenz reformulated the theoretical test by using a different operationalization of affect and a different dependent variable and found results at variance from ours. We find it an inappropriate test. In the end, we agree with Ladd and Lenz that cross-sectional data cannot crisply test the short-term impact of emotions on attention and habit and concur that ultimately experiments will move the debate forward. We further observe that Brader's (2005, 2006) powerful field experiments explicitly test the special effect of emotions on attention and judgment and support the affective intelligence model.
Developing a Strategic Plan for School Health Services in Massachusetts

School health service programs underwent rapid changes to meet the health needs of today's students. These needs stem largely from: a) increased number of students with special health care needs attending school, b) increased stress and time pressure on families, c) rapid restructuring of the health care system serving children, and d) recognition that schools provide opportunities to identify students with health risks. This paper describes seven components of a statewide Massachusetts plan to develop school health services by: a) setting standards, b) reviewing and revising statutes and regulations, c) promoting credentialing of school health personnel, d) providing continuing education on subjects pertinent to school health, e) exploring reimbursement systems and new funding sources, including funds from the tobacco settlement, f) exploring new models of care, and g) implementing data systems. The plan focuses on developing school nurse-managed school health services within a public health model.
From Wage Migration to Debt Migration? Easy Credit, Failure in El Norte, and Foreclosure in a Bubble Economy of the Western Guatemalan Highlands

In the 1990s there were two new ideas to make the Ixil Mayas of Nebaj, Guatemala, self-sufficient. The first idea, conceived by microcredit consultants, was to make it easier for the Ixils to borro...
Comparing evaluations of forest health based on aerial surveys and field inventories: Oak forests in the Northern United States

Aerial sketch-map surveys and systematic forest field inventories may be used separately or in combination to indicate the status of regional forest health. During recent decades, aerially conducted sketch-maps of forest damage and forest inventories have been used to assess oak (Quercus spp) forest health across a 24-state region spanning the northern U.S. In order to more fully inform the monitoring of oak forest health and integrate these independent datasets, the effect of the quality, timing, and repeated sampling of aerial data on correlations with field-based oak forest assessments was assessed. Study results indicated that aerial damage surveys were weakly correlated with indicators of oak forest sustainability (e.g., oak seedlings and saplings), but more highly correlated with overstory attributes such as tree mortality and standing dead. The highest correlations between aerial damage surveys and oak mortality/standing dead were found when the time between the aerial survey and subsequent forest inventory was 4–6 years. Aerial surveys may have their greatest efficacy in supplementing field inventories of oak forest health when they are conducted in a high quality manner with bi-annual or longer remeasurement periods (due to rare pest damage events).
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in inverted papilloma

A retrospective review of all cases of inverted papilloma at the University of Michigan from 1975 to 1992 revealed 51 cases of inverted papilloma. Of these, 14 (27%) had an associated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Eight (16%) were metachronous and 6 (11%) were synchronous. At a mean follow-up of 53 months, the disease-free survival of patients with carcinoma limited to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses was 57% (4/7) compared to 14% (1/7) of those patients presenting with disease extending beyond the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The data also support the lateral rhinotomy approach with medial maxillectomy and ethmoidectomy as a minimum procedure followed by postoperative radiation therapy. The mean interval between the diagnosis of inverted papilloma and development of SCC was 63 months (range, 6 months to 13 years). Therefore, long-term follow-up with clinical examination and computed tomography (CT) scan is indicated for all patients with inverted papilloma.
Progression of neuropsychological deficits following toluene diisocyanate exposure

Three wharf workers were acutely exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) during an accidental chemical spill. Toluene is neurotoxic as a solvent, while cyanates can cause nervous tissue injury or death by hypoxia. Chronic symptoms which occurred following the incident included headache, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, depression, sleep disturbance, memory and sexual dysfunction. Compared with two months post-exposure, at 16 months post-exposure Full Scale IQ dropped an average of 23 points. Results from additional neuropsychological testing at 16 months post-exposure indicated severe deficits in all three subjects in memory, manual dexterity, visuomotor tracking, mental flexibility, ability to detect figure-ground relationships, and word fluency. Nerve conduction velocity testing indicated abnormal peripheral nervous system function in two of the three workers; however, its etiology is not certain. These results may be relevant to the neurotoxicity of methyl isocyanate exposure, such as occurred in Bhopal, India, where an increasing magnitude of depression, anxiety, fatigue, restlessness, and headaches 18 months post-exposure have been reported. In general, continuing decrement in mental function without concomitant environmental exposure should be considered in neuropsychological assessment of chemical toxicity.
Sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis

Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis is a rare penile lesion consisting of a minimally tender, indurated cord involving the coronal sulcus and occasionally adjacent distal penile skin. This disorder most often occurs after vigorous sexual activity and resolves spontaneously. However, as evidenced by 2 of the 3 cases reported, this condition also may be associated with underlying sexually transmitted disease that necessitates specific therapy.
Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor activation enhances voltage-dependent Ca2+ conductances: relevance to brain aging.

Abstract Glucocorticoids (GCs) activate several biochemical/molecular processes in the hippocampus through two receptor types. In addition, GCs influence cognitive behaviors and hippocampal neural activity and can also increase the rate of aging-dependent cell loss in the hippocampus. However, the ionic mechanisms through which GCs modulate hippocampal neuronal function are not well understood. We report here direct evidence that activation of cytosolic steroid receptors, specifically of the type II GC receptor, can enhance voltage-dependent Ca2+ conductances in brain neurons. Ca2+ current was assessed by current-clamp measures of Ca2+ action potentials and by sharp electrode voltage-clamp analyses of voltage-sensitive currents in cesium-, tetrodotoxin-, and tetraethylammonium-treated CA1 neurons in hippocampal slices. Both Ca2+ action potentials and voltage-activated Ca2+ currents (N- and L-like) were increased by 2-hr exposure to the synthetic GC receptor agonist, RU 28362. This effect of RU 28362 was blocked by coincubation with cycloheximide, indicating that the GC receptor-Ca2+ channel interaction depends on de novo protein synthesis. Dysregulated calcium homeostasis is also viewed as a candidate mechanism in brain aging. Thus, present results are consistent with the hypothesis that excessive GC-receptor activation and resultant increased Ca2+ influx may be two sequential phases of a brain-aging process that results initially in impairment of function and eventually in neuronal loss.
Henry George and the Classical Scientific Research Program: The Economics of Republican Millennialism

. Henry George's classicism was evident in his acceptance of “hard core” assumptions inherent in classical economic analysis, notably that rational self-interested behavior exercise in competitive markets maximized economic welfare. However, George's “stage theory,” the “Law of Human Progress,” led him to reject the classical nexus between social and economic welfare. The emergence of an exchange economy improved efficiency and economic welfare, but institutional changes lagged behind, particularly the redefinition of property rights. Consequently, economic growth based on land as a private rather than public good widened the gap between economic efficiency and social welfare. Hence George's paradox of poverty amidst progress. George resolved the equity efficiency conflict by treating land as a public good. Then, the sale of monopoly rights to land through the “single tax” on land rents captured the difference between the private and social costs of land use.
Active multimodal vibration suppression of a flexible structure with piezoceramic sensor and actuator by using loop shaping

This paper represents active multimodal vibration control of a flexible beam structure with piezoceramic (PZT) actuators and sensors using the loop shaping method. With surface-bonded PZT patch actuators and sensors, the flexible beam has both sensing and actuating capacities. Due to its flat auto spectrum in the specified frequency range, the Schroeder wave is used as an excitation signal for the non-parametric identification of the flexible beam structure. The identified open loop model is then used for the closed loop design by using the loop shaping method based on the extended sensitivity charts. A loop shaping compensator is designed to achieve multimodal vibration suppression. Numerical results showed a reduction of 8 decibels for the first mode and 12–14 decibels for the second and third modes. Experimental results closely match the simulation results. Furthermore, the results of loop shaping method are compared with those of the methods of linear quadratic regulator and pole-placement control, wh...
Penetrating injury from high-speed motor vehicle collision

We present the case history of a post motor vehicle crash victim with lower extremity fractures and decreased blood flow. Emergent Angipgraphy revealed a foreign body which was later operated and removed. The case emphasizes that High-speed motor vehicle accidents commonly lead to penetrating injury from objects within and outside of the vehicle.
Strongyloides ratti: acquired resistance in the rat to the preintestinal migrating larvae.

Abstract Potential sites for expression of acquired resistance to Strongyloides ratti larvae in rats were investigated. In rats immunized by exposure to a single live infection and challenged 30 to 40 days later, 46 to 98% of the challenge larvae failed to reach the small intestine. Multiply immunized rats nearly completely eliminated migrating challenge larvae. This early killing of migrating larvae occurred during the first 48 hr after challenge infection. Resistance to migrating challenge larvae was also induced by repeated injections with heat-killed infective larvae. That the intestine may also serve as an effective site for worm expulsion was confirmed by intestinal transfers of worms from rats with primary infections into resistant rats.
Social Values and Relationships with Parents among American College Women of Chinese and European Descent

This study compared social values and relationships with parents among American college women of Chinese and European descent.Chinese-American women scored higher on a measure of practicality and pragmatism (mastery), hierarchy, and traditionality. The Euro-American women showed a greater interest in voluntary prosocial behaviour and philanthropy. Both groups of women reported having a sense of self, autonomous of their parents. Withinthe Chinese-American group, ethnic identification and religion, but not generation, moderated scores on a measure of traditionality of outlook regarding issues of law and order and social equality. We discuss the implications of our findings for recent debates in cross-cultural psychology, including the growing challenge tothe individualism-collectivism dimension. Cette etude compare les valeurs sociales et les relations avec les parents chez des etudiantes universitairres americaines d'origine chinoise et europeenne. Les etudiantes sino-americaines obtiennent des cotes plus...
Locus of control, self-control, and family income as predictors of young children's mathematics and science scores

Locus of control, self-control, and family income were investigated as possible predictors of 138 young children's mathematics and science scores. The children, 60 boys and 78 girls, ranging from 4 to 8 years of age (M = 5.4, SD = 1.3) were administered the Stephens-Delys Reinforcement Contingency Interview Scale, the Self-control Rating Scale, the Comprehensive Mathematics Inventory, and a science test based on the work of D. K. Dickinson. Analysis showed mathematics scores were positively related to income, locus of control, and science scores. Mathematics and science scores were negatively related to lack of self-control. Also, science scores were positively related to locus of control. Multiple regression analysis with mathematics as the dependent variable indicated income had the greatest predictive value followed by self-control and locus of control. The multiple regression model of science was also significant, with locus of control having the greatest influence followed by self-control.
Articulatory characteristics of fricatives and affricates in Hindi: an electropalatographic study

This study investigates articulatory characteristics of /s, z, ∫, t∫, d[zcy ]/ in disyllabic nonsense words of the form [biCib], [buCub] and [baCab], where C represents the consonants listed above. The words were produced in a carrier sentence. Using the technique of electropalatography, quantitative and qualitative data were obtained from a speaker of Hindi. The results showed that the area of tongue-palate contact was significantly greater for the voiced fricative [z] than for the voiceless fricative [s]. In affricates, however, the contact area was significantly greater for the stop part of the voiceless affricate [t∫] than for the stop part of the voiced affricate [d[zcy ]]. On the other hand, the area of contact for the fricative part of [t∫] and [d[zcy ]] and the fricative [∫] was about the same. The area of contact for [s] and [z] was also significantly greater than for [∫] and the fricative part of [t∫] and [d[zcy ]]. The place of articulation for [∫] was significantly more posterior than for [s] and [z]. The place of articulation for the stop and fricative parts of [t∫] and [d[zcy ]] partly overlapped, but did not coincide. The width of the groove for [∫] and the fricative part of [t∫] and [d[zcy ]] was significantly greater than for [s] and [z]; however, the length of the groove for these segments was about the same. Numerical and electropalatographic data are presented and discussed in the light of the published numerical, palatographic and/or x-ray data on the fricatives and affricates. Coarticulatory effects of vocalic context on articulatory parameters of the investigated consonants are also discussed.