cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade.

On average, there are 3–5 million severe cases of influenza virus infections globally each year. Seasonal influenza vaccines provide limited protection against divergent influenza strains. Therefore, the development of a universal influenza vaccine is a top priority for the NIH. Here, we report a comprehensive summary of all universal influenza vaccines that were tested in clinical trials during the 2010–2019 decade. Of the 1597 studies found, 69 eligible clinical trials, which investigated 27 vaccines, were included in this review. Information from each trial was compiled for vaccine target, vaccine platform, adjuvant inclusion, clinical trial phase, and results. As we look forward, there are currently three vaccines in phase III clinical trials which could provide significant improvement over seasonal influenza vaccines. This systematic review of universal influenza vaccine clinical trials during the 2010–2019 decade provides an update on the progress towards an improved influenza vaccine.
Do Taxes for Soda and Sugary Drinks Work? Scanner Data Evidence from Berkeley and Washington

Curbing obesity through taxation of certain beverage products has been a priority in the policy agenda across many U.S. jurisdictions. We assess the effectiveness of this highly debated policy instrument through two measures of its impact: the pass-through rate (the extent to which the tax actually translates into a retail price increase) and the impact on consumption (volume sales). We evaluate the actual effect of two excise taxes on the beverages market: the sugar-sweetened-beverages (SSB) tax of 1¢ per ounce in the city of Berkeley that has been effect since 2015 and the tax of 1/6¢ per ounce on carbonated drinks (soda) that the state of Washington imposed from July through December of 2010. We carry out the analysis with a barcode-level dataset containing price and volume sales information from a large number of retail outlets. Our identification relies on sales data from stores located in taxed areas as well as from stores in nearby localities. We find differences across the two tax events on pass-through: retail prices in Washington reacted sharply (by a larger magnitude than the tax) and promptly whereas in Berkeley retail prices reacted only marginally (by less than 30% the magnitude of the tax). In terms of volume sales, we find a 5% volume reduction in Washington but fail to find any evidence of an effect in Berkeley.
Toward Full Configuration Interaction for Transition-Metal Complexes

An efficacious approximation to full configuration interaction (FCI) is adapted to calculate singlet-triplet gaps for transition-metal complexes. This strategy, incremental FCI (iFCI), uses a many-body expansion to systematically add correlation to a simple reference wave function and therefore achieves greatly reduced computational costs compared to FCI. iFCI through the 3-body expansion is demonstrated on four model transition-metal complexes involving the metals Zn, V, and Cu. Screening techniques to increase the computational efficiency of iFCI are proposed and tested, showing reduction in the number of 3-body terms by more than 90% with controlled errors. The largest complex treated herein by iFCI has 142 valence electrons, all of which are correlated among the full set of 444 active orbitals. Computed spin gaps approach experimental results for the four complexes, though room for improvement remains.
The CSI Effect

The “CSI Effect” in fact has been used to refer to three distinct phenomena: the potential for crime dramas to increase college student interest in criminal justice careers, the potential for crime dramas to increase jury expectations for scientific evidence in trials, and the potential for crime dramas to teach criminals how to commit better crimes. All three of these phenomena are discussed. Overall, evidence is best in support for the first of these, that student demand for criminal justice and forensics-related careers may be propelled by crime dramas, which may also distort knowledge about such careers. Evidence is less certain for the effect of crime dramas on jury expectations or criminal behaviors.
Mammalian Cell Survival Responses after Exposure to Elevated Temperatures

Current concepts of cancer treatment focus on the killing of neoplastic cells. In the case of surgery this is accomplished by excision and physical removal of the cancerous tissue. Radiation and drug treatments require the inactivation in situ of the vast majority of individual malignant cells. This must be done without damaging normal tissue to the point where its function is permanently compromised. For many normal tissues such as bone marrow, skin, and the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, functional level is largely determined by the number of stem cells that have maintained reproductive integrity at the end of the radiation or drug treatment. For all of these reasons, the survival kinetics of malignant and normal cells exposed to heat are of considerable importance. Experiments are much easier to perform on cultured cells than on cells in vivo, although of course the contribution to cancer research of such investigations depends on their ability to predict behavior of cell populations in vivo. Historically, in research on heat effects the tissue culture studies enjoy a rather unique position. It is largely the results of such studies that have fanned the current clinical interest, not the reverse, as tended to be the case with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
SU-E-J-115: Correlation of Displacement Vector Fields Calculated by Deformable Image Registration Algorithms with Motion Parameters of CT Images with Well-Defined Targets and Controlled-Motion

Purpose: To investigate correlation of displacement vector fields (DVF) calculated by deformable image registration algorithms with motion parameters in helical axial and cone-beam CT images with motion artifacts. Methods: A mobile thorax phantom with well-known targets with different sizes that were made from water-equivalent material and inserted in foam to simulate lung lesions. The thorax phantom was imaged with helical, axial and cone-beam CT. The phantom was moved with a cyclic motion with different motion amplitudes and frequencies along the superior-inferior direction. Different deformable image registration algorithms including demons, fast demons, Horn-Shunck and iterative-optical-flow from the DIRART software were used to deform CT images for the phantom with different motion patterns. The CT images of the mobile phantom were deformed to CT images of the stationary phantom. Results: The values of displacement vectors calculated by deformable image registration algorithm correlated strongly with motion amplitude where large displacement vectors were calculated for CT images with large motion amplitudes. For example, the maximal displacement vectors were nearly equal to the motion amplitudes (5mm, 10mm or 20mm) at interfaces between the mobile targets lung tissue, while the minimal displacement vectors were nearly equal to negative the motion amplitudes. The maximal and minimal displacementmore » vectors matched with edges of the blurred targets along the Z-axis (motion-direction), while DVF’s were small in the other directions. This indicates that the blurred edges by phantom motion were shifted largely to match with the actual target edge. These shifts were nearly equal to the motion amplitude. Conclusions: The DVF from deformable-image registration algorithms correlated well with motion amplitude of well-defined mobile targets. This can be used to extract motion parameters such as amplitude. However, as motion amplitudes increased, image artifacts increased significantly and that limited image quality and poor correlation between the motion amplitude and DVF was obtained.« less
Her Honor: An Islamic Critique of the Rape Laws of Pakistan from a Woman-Sensitive Perspective

In 1979, Pakistani President Zia ul-Haq purported to "Islamize" the laws of Pakistan with a new criminal code, the Hudood Ordinance, which included, among other things, the crime of zina (extramarital sex). Four eyewitnesses were required for prosecution of the hadd crime of zina, following Quranic text and established Islamic legal doctrine. However, the zina provisions of the Ordinance added the crime of rape, termed "zina-bil-jabr" (zina by force) as a subset of zina, and consequently required four eyewitnesses to prosecute this crime as well. This legislation had the tragic result of rape victims being suspected of zina for lack of four eyewitnesses to prove the non-consensual nature of the sexual intercourse. This article explains how the rape provisions of Pakistan's Hudood Ordinance directly contradict established Islamic law on zina and rape. I begin with a review of the crime of zina in classical Islamic law, exploring the jurisprudential rationale for the four witness requirement, and detailing why rape is not treated as a subset of zina, but as a fundamentally a different type of crime (i.e. a forcible taking, rather than a mutually-consented act). I then comment upon the textual and historical contexts of the Qur'anic verses on zina, suggesting a woman-sensitive understanding of the topic. The ultimate goal of the article is, first, to debunk the idea that Islamic law demands zina prosecutions as they have been legislated and carried out in Pakistan recently, as well as to reorient the discourse on zina in the direction of seeing Islamic law as a tool for women's empowerment rather than oppression.
The Efficacy of VNS in Patients With Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy of Temporal Versus Extra-Temporal Locations (P7.281)

OBJECTIVE: Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of VNS therapy in patients with refractory epilepsy of temporal versus extra-temporal locations. BACKGROUND: Vagal Nerve Stimulator (VNS) is approved by FDA since 1997 as adjunctive therapy for drug resistant epilepsy in patients 12 years or older. Recently some reports suggest that VNS is more effective in frontal than temporal lobe epilepsy. DESIGN/METHODS: The medical records of 31 patients implanted with VNS for refractory epilepsy were reviewed. All the patients were admitted to Epilepsy Monitoring Unit for phase 1 presurgical evaluation. Patients were offered VNS therapy if their surgical evaluation indicated that they would not benefit from resective surgery. Patients were divided into TLE group and extra TLE group based on the epileptogenic foci. Changes in seizures frequency was assessed at one year following VNS implant. Those with >50% reduction in seizures frequency from the base line were considered responders to VNS therapy. RESULTS: Out of 31 patients one died of unrelated cause, and another asked their device to be removed due adverse effects. There were 9 patients with TLE (5 males and 4 females), age range 27-61 yrs, with epilepsy duration of 4-40 yrs, and seizures frequency of 1-450/month and taking an average of 2-5 AEDs a day. There were twenty patients with extra TLE (9 males and 11 females), age range 14-62 yrs, epilepsy duration of 8-54 yrs, and seizures frequency of 3-900/month and taking 2-4 AEDs a day. No significant differences in demographic characteristics or seizures frequency between the groups. Six out of 9 with TLE (66%) and 11 out of 20 with extra TLE (55%) were considered responders to VNS therapy (>50% reductions in seizure frequency) at one year following the implant. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that VNS is an effective therapy in epilepsy patients irrespective of the location of the epileptogenic foci. Study Supported by: None Disclosure: Dr. Abubakr has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wambacq has nothing to disclose.
Complications of strabismus surgery

All surgeries carry risks of complications, and there is no way to avoid ever having a complication. Strabismus surgery is no different in this regard. There are methods to reduce the risk of a complication during or after surgery, and these steps should always be taken. When a complication occurs, it is important to first recognize it and then manage it appropriately to allow for the best outcome possible. This article will discuss some of the more common and/or most devastating complications that can occur during or after strabismus surgery as well as thoughts on how to avoid them and manage them should they happen.
A new family of binary pseudorandom sequences having optimal periodic correlation properties and large linear span

A collection of families of binary {O,l} pseudorandom sequences (referred to as the families of No sequences) is introduced in this paper. Each sequence within a family has period N = 2"- 1, where n = 2.m is an even integer. There are 2"' sequences within a family and the maximum over all (nontrivial) auto and cross-correlation values equals 2"+ 1. Thus these sequences are optimum with respect to the Welch bound on the maximum correlation value. Each family contains a Gordon-Mills-Welch (GMW) sequence and the collection of families includes as a special case, the small set of Kasami sequences. The linear span of these sequences is large. The balance properties of such families are evaluated and a count of the number of distinct families of given period N that can be contructed also provided.
A genomics approach identifies senescence-specific gene expression regulation

Replicative senescence is a fundamental tumor-suppressive mechanism triggered by telomere erosion that results in a permanent cell cycle arrest. To understand the impact of telomere shortening on gene expression, we analyzed the transcriptome of diploid human fibroblasts as they progressed toward and entered into senescence. We distinguished novel transcription regulation due to replicative senescence by comparing senescence-specific expression profiles to profiles from cells arrested by DNA damage or serum starvation. Only a small specific subset of genes was identified that was truly senescence-regulated and changes in gene expression were exacerbated from presenescent to senescent cells. The majority of gene expression regulation in replicative senescence was shown to occur due to telomere shortening, as exogenous telomerase activity reverted most of these changes.
The reactions of rhenium isocyanide complexes with acetonitrile. Formation of carbon—carbon and carbon—nitrogen bonds en route to rhenium containing heterocycles

When the complexes (CO)4Re(CH2C6H4-p-X)(CNR) (X  Cl or OMe, R  p-tolyl or 2,6-xylyl) are allowed to react with triethylphosphine in refluxing acetonitrile the metallacyclic complexes (CO)3(PEt3)Re[C(C(H)C6H4-p-X)N(R)C(Me)N(H)] (1) (a, X  Cl, R = p-tolyl; b, X  OMe, R = p-tolyl; c, X  Cl, R = 2,6-xylyl; d, X  OMe, R = 2,6-xylyl) are formed. The structure of 1d has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The times for the formation of 1 range from 3 to 24 h and follow the order 1b < 1d < 1a < 1c. Formation of complexes 1a–d is proposed to proceed through several intermediates including the acetonitrile substitution complexes (CO)3(MeCN)Re(CH2C6H4-p-X)(CNR) (3). Complexes 3a–d can be prepared independently. Heating these complexes in acetonitrile in the presence of PEt3 causes their conversion to 1a–d. The times required for the formation of 1 are shorter when starting with complexes 3a–d, than with (CO)4 Re(CH2C6H4-p-X)(CNR), but they still follow the order 3b < 3d < 3a < 3c. When complexes (CO)4Re(CH2C6H4-p-X)(CNR) or 3a–d are heated in acetonitrile alone, the metallacyclic complexes (CO)3(MeCN)Re[C(C(H)C6H4-p-X)N(R)C(Me)N(H)] (4) are formed. The terminal acetonitrile ligands of complexes 4a–d are very labile as evidenced by their rapid replacement by more nucleophilic compounds such as PEt3 and PPh3. Because the rate of formation of the metallacycle 1 is increased substantially when the reaction is carried out using the acetonitirile-containing complexes 3a–d as compared to that of the tetracarbonyl complexes, it is thought that the loss of CO is the slow step in the mechanism of these reactions. The rate of metallacycle formation is also affected by the steric bulk and electron-withdrawing ability of substituents on the isocyanide and benzyl ligands, respectively.
Clinical course of patients with serologic evidence of recurrent genital herpes presenting with signs and symptoms of first episode disease.

Background and Objectives: The care of patients with first episode and recurrent genital herpes differs with respect to therapy and source partner evaluation. Of 498 persons who presented with what appeared by history and symptoms to be a first episode of genital herpes, we identified 41 who had serologic evidence of remotely acquired herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection. Goals: To define the natural history of these individuals with previously unrecognized HSV-2 and to evaluate if any clinical or historical features could differentiate these people from persons with true first episode infection. Study Design: Observational cohort study. Results: Clinical overlap existed in the frequency of local symptoms, fever, and size of genital lesions between those with remotely acquired versus recently acquired genital herpes. The frequency of new sexual partners and recent sexual history were also similar in the two groups. However, on follow-up, the lesions of persons with remotely acquired HSV-2 healed more rapidly and subsequently recurred less frequently than those of true primary HSV-2. Conclusions: Even in a referral clinic with experienced clinicians, almost 10% of persons who are judged to have first episode genital herpes have evidence of remotely acquired HSV-2, suggesting that clinical differentiation of first episode genital herpes from previously acquired infection is difficult. Type-specific serologic testing assists the clinician in correctly classifying the infection and determining the potential source partner.
The Age of Tukey

John Tukey ushered in a new era of statistics. He questioned the Fisherian assumptions of regular uncertainty and gave us insights into the irregularity of the real world. His life's work consisted largely in discovering how to collect and analyze data. As he learned, he gladly taught us ways of coping with a world in which there was not only uncertainty but uncertainty about uncertainty. As an academic couple, John and Elizabeth Tukey achieved the highest standards for wisdom and kindness.
Resources on a plate

Economic Geology and Geotectonics. Edited byD.H. Tarling. Pp.213. ISBN UK 0-632-00738-9/ISBN US 0-470-27145-0. (Blackwell Scientific/Halsted Press: 1981.) £15, $54.95.
Yttrium enrichment and improved magnetic properties in partially melted Y-Ba-Cu-O materials

The yttrium-rich compositions in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system were mapped out in a systematic manner to quantify their magnetic properties and to correlate them with the microstructure and phase composition as determined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. It is found that the microstructure of Y-Ba-Cu-O compositions is a sensitive function of both their composition and processing conditions. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility and maximum (low-field) and remanent magnetization for the system Y:Ba:Cu = x:2:3 show highest values for x = 2. The corresponding structures involve numerous small crystals of Y2BaCuO5 (211) embedded in highly ordered assemblages of continous YBa2Cu3O(7-y) (123) layers.
Induction of interleukin 1 activity from macrophages by direct interaction with C8-substituted guanine ribonucleosides.

Abstract Production of an IL-1-like activity in cultures of irradiated splenic adherent cells can be elicited by the C8-substituted guanin ribonucleosides 8-bromoguanosine (8BrGuo) and 8-mercaptoguanosine (8MGuo). This report constitutes the first evidence for activation of a non-lymphocytic cell type by these agents to secrete an immunologically-active mediator. The secreted activity is mitogenic for murine thymocytes, co-stimulates these cells synergistically in the presence of concanavalin A, and co-stimulates low cell density cultures of purified B-cells in the presence of anti-μ antibodies. Production of this activity increases in a dose-dependent manner as the concentration of nucleoside is increased, both in cultures of splenic adherent cells and of the macrophage cell line P388D 1 . The P388D 1 results indicate that this effect of the nucleoside is not mediated by another cell type, but can proceed by direct nucleoside - cell interaction. Optimal amounts of IL-1-like activity are produced after about 24 h of culture. Anti-IL-1 antibodies that neutralize the biologic activity of an IL-1 standard also eliminate the IL-1-like activity induced by 8BrGuo. These antibodies, however, fail to alter the magnitude of the primary humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes amplified by 8BrGuo. These data indicate that C8-substituted guanosines, known intracellular stimuli for B-lymphocytes, can also induce non-lymphocytic cells (including a macrophage-like cell line) to elaborate an active principle which exhibits IL-1-like activity. These nucleosides thus are apparently able to elicit secretion of monokines, lymphokines and immunoglobulin from macrophages, T-cells and B-cells, respectively.
The detrimental impact of unresected primary tumors in patients with metastatic midgut carcinoid tumors

METHODS: Preoperative thyroid ultrasounds of 98 patients operated forGDbetween2009 and 2011were included.After size normalization, the shape of thyroid lobes was studied by Fourier approach, characterizing an outline by a series of harmonics (1 to n), each defined by amplitude (Cn), and phase (Fn). Two groups of patients were defined, using principal component analysis of Fourier coefficients: (1) BAL group, showing ball-shaped lobes, (2) TRI group, showing triangular-shaped lobes. These groupswere compared for demographical variables, and the incidence of complications.
Sodium Coumarin 6-Sulfonate, A Fluorometric Ion-Pairing Reagent for Tertiary Amines. Application to the Determination of Chlorpheniramine Maleate

Abstract A study of sodium coumarin 6-sulfonate as a fluorescent ionpair reagent indicated that it could be useful in the analysis of tertiary amines such as chlorpheniramine maleate. The physical properties of the coumarin sulfonate that make it suitable as a fluorescent ion-pair reagent for basic drugs are its high relative quantum yield (0.76) and its acidity (pKa of −7.66). Methylene chloride containing 5% n−pentanol was used to extract the coumarinchlorpheniramine ion-pair from aqueous solution. It was found that a 10−2 M coumarin concentration yielded a 92% recovery of chlorpheniramine at pH 5. Following phase separation, the coumarin species was completely ionized by the addition of tetrabuty1 ammonium hydroxide to the organic phase. After irradiation for 30 min using long wavelength ultraviolet light (365 nm), the fluorescence intensity of the sample was measured using excitation and emission wavelengths of 400 and 540 nm, respectively. Comparison of fluorescence data of spiked aqueous samples to ...
Utility of age, gender, ANA titer and pattern as predictors of anti-ENA and -dsDNA antibodies

Monovariate and multivariate analyses including logistic regression were performed to determine associations among predicting variables [age, gender, immunofluorescence pattern, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titer] and anti-extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) and -dsDNA antibodies (Abs) in 1089 patients with positive fluorescent ANA (FANA) test results. Samples with high titer ANAs had an increased frequency of anti-ENA and -dsDNA Abs. The receiver operating (ROC) curves of the ANA titer for anti-ENA Abs had a larger under the curve area compared to the ROC curve for anti-dsDNA Abs, indicating that ANA titer is better for predicting anti-ENA Abs than anti-dsDNA Abs. There was no relation noticed between immunofluorescence patterns and anti-ENA and -dsDNA Abs except an increased frequency of anti-dsDNA Abs found in samples with a homogeneous pattern. Probability calculations on the basis of the ANA pattern and the titer showed that samples with low titer ANAs (1:160 or less) had low probabilities for anti-ENA Abs (0.002–0.009) regardless of immunofluorescence patterns. However, samples with a homogeneous pattern at any titers including low titers had high probabilities for anti-dsDNA Abs. A decreased frequency of anti-dsDNA Abs as measured by Crithidia assay was noticed in samples from patients aged 50 or older. In contrast, no association was noticed between age and anti-ENA Abs. There was no female preponderance found in the presence of anti-ENA and -dsDNA Abs. In conclusion, our study shows that the ANA titer but not the immunofluorescence pattern is useful in predicting anti-ENA Abs. In contrast, both the ANA titer and the immunofluorescence pattern help in predicting anti-dsDNA Abs. Samples with low titer ANAs (1:160 or less) may not need a further test for anti-ENA Abs unless an ANA-associated disease is highly suspected. However, a test for anti-dsDNA Abs should be considered in samples with a homogeneous pattern at any titer including low titers.
Building a 1903 Wright 'Flyer' - By committee

This is a summary of a lecture intended primarily as a progress report of the Los Angeles AIAA Section Wright Flyer Project. Begun in late 1978, the project is devoted chiefly to construction of two replicas of the 1903 Wright 'Flyer.' The first, now being covered, is an exact replica intended for full-scale wind tunnel tests. The second will be a flying replica, incorporating minimal modifications to produce a less unstable aircraft. Partly in preparation for the second aircraft, considerable attention has been given to the aerodynamics, stability, and control of the 1903 'Flyer.' Wind tunnel tests have been conducted with a 1/6 flexible model, and a 1/8 scale steel model tested at full-scale Reynolds numbers. The data have provided basis for analyzing both the closed-loop and open-loop performance of the aircraft. Another aspect of the Project has been concerned with the history of early aeronautics, especially as related to the Wright Brothers' work. Thus a significant portion of the lecture is given to aeronautical history both before and after 1903, to provide a better appreciation for the Wrights' achievements and a clearer perspective of their work in the context of aeronautical progress.
Ultrastructural findings in an autopsy eye from a patient with Usher's syndrome type II.

We studied an eye taken at autopsy from a 55-year-old woman with retinitis pigmentosa and partial deafness (Usher's syndrome type II). Two years before her death, her visual acuity was R.E.: 20/80 and L.E.: 20/50, and visual fields were constricted to a 30- to 40-degree diameter with a V 4e white test light. Both rods and cones were present across the retina except for areas of the midperiphery; remaining photoreceptors had shortened or disrupted outer segments, or both, and some cones had inclusion bodies in inner segments. In the macula, most of the connecting cilia of photoreceptors appeared abnormal, with either extra microtubules or an apparent disruption of the nexin link between doublet microtubules. The pigment epithelium was abnormal across the eye, with diminished apical microvilli and basal infoldings of the plasma membrane. Possible mechanisms by which abnormal cilia could lead to photoreceptor cell death are considered.
Cognitive therapy of anger management: Theoretical and practical considerations

Cognitive therapy, known for its treatment of depression, is fast becoming an approach to treating a wide variety of psychosocial phenomena. This article explores a model for anger management that incorporates elements of cognitive theory. The basic premises of cognitive theory will be presented. The application of these premises to the control of anger will be discussed. The anger arousal hypothesis by Novaco provides the foundation for the theoretical and clinical issues pertinent to psychiatric mental health nurses.
Photocatalytic decomposition of halogenated organics over nanocrystalline titania

Abstract A systematic study of particle size effect on nanocrystalline TiO 2 photocatalysts was performed by evaluating their photoreactivity in the decomposition of chloroform. TiO 2 anatase particles with well-controlled sizes (6, 11, and 21 nm) and high surface areas were synthesized via chemical precipitation with hydrothermal treatment or post calcination. The powders derived were found to have narrow size distribution by TEM. A blue shift of the absorption edge with decreasing particle size was observed in UV-visible photoabsorption spectroscopy, corresponding to the size-quantization effect in the nanocrystalline particles. The highest photoreactivity was achieved by hydrothermally synthesized particles with an intermediate nanocrystallite size of 11 nm.
Crystal structures of a low-molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its complex with the substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate.

Low-molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatases are virtually ubiquitous, which implies that they have important cellular functions. We present here the 2.2 A resolution X-ray crystallographic structure of wild-type LTP1, a low-molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We also present the structure of an inactive mutant substrate complex of LTP1 with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) at a resolution of 1.7 A. The crystal structures of the wild-type protein and of the inactive mutant both have two molecules per asymmetric unit. The wild-type protein crystal was grown in HEPES buffer, a sulfonate anion that resembles the phosphate substrate, and a HEPES molecule was found with nearly full occupancy in the active site. Although the fold of LTP1 resembles that of its bovine counterpart BPTP, there are significant changes around the active site that explain differences in their kinetic behavior. In the crystal of the inactive mutant of LTP1, one molecule has a pNPP in the act...
Attentional strategies in dichotic listening

A person can attend to a message in one ear while seemingly ignoring a simultaneously presented verbal message in the other ear. There is considerable controversy over the extent to which the unattended message is actually processed. This issue was investigated by presenting dichotic messages to which the listeners responded by buttonpressing (not shadowing) to color words occurring in the primary ear message while attempting to detect a target word in either the primary ear or secondary ear message. Less than 40% of the target words were detected in the secondary ear message, whereas for the primary ear message (and also for either ear in a control experiment), target detection was approximately 80%. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between buttonpressing performance and secondary ear target-detection performance. The results were interpreted as being inconsistent with automatic processing theories of attention.
CERENKOV COUNTING AS A COMPLEMENT TO LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING

Abstract A commercially available spectrometer was calibrated for liquid scintillatoion (LS) and Cerenkov counting efficiency (CCE) using National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable solutions. The CCE increased linearly over a 3 order of magnitude range in 40 K β activity, and by 42% per MeV as β-energies increased from 0.300 to 3.54 MeV, achieving a maximum value of 80% for 106 Ru/ 106 Rh. The CCE can be enhanced by 10–15% when a wavelength shifter is used. A comparison of the data showed that the CCE was typically 20–50% less than the LS counting efficiency for β-particles with maximum energies >1 MeV. Applications that utilize sequential CCE and LS counting to quantitate activity concentrations are discussed for samples containing two β-emitting nuclides of differing energies.
Composite Speech Spectrum for Hearing Aid Gain Prescriptions

Average long-term RMS 1/3-octave band speech spectra were generated for 30 male and 30 female talkers. The two spectra were significantly different in both low and high frequency bands but were similar in the mid-frequency region. It was concluded that a single spectrum could validly be used to represent both male and female speech in the frequency region important for hearing aid gain prescriptions: 250 Hz through 6300 Hz. In addition, the male and female spectra were compared with analogous spectra reported by Byrne (1977) and Pearsons, Bennett, and Fidell (1977). For each sex, significant differences were found among the three spectra in a few frequency bands. The best estimate of the average speech spectrum for each sex was obtained from a weighted average of the three sets of data, excluding the significantly different data points. The long-term RMS 1/3-octave band speech spectrum for male and female talkers combined was derived for use in hearing aid gain prescriptions.
Staple fixation for akin proximal phalangeal osteotomy in the treatment of hallux valgus interphalangeus.

Background:The Akin proximal phalangeal osteotomy is commonly used in conjunction with metatarsal osteotomies to treat hallux valgus. Multiple fixation methods including suture, wire, screw, and staple fixation have been described. The aims of this study were to assess the intraoperative and postoperative complications and to evaluate short-term postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent Akin osteotomy with staple fixation.Methods:Forty-four patients (51 feet) with painful hallux valgus were retrospectively reviewed at an average of 40.4 ± 15.8 (range, 25.9 to 79.9) weeks following an Akin osteotomy with staple fixation. Patient reported preoperative and postoperative Visual Analog Score (VAS) (0 to 10, 0 = no pain) was recorded. Level of activity was reported postoperatively. Hallux valgus angles (HVAs), intermetatarsal angles (IMAs), and hallux valgus interphalangeus angles (IPAs) were evaluated on preoperative as well as final postoperative radiographs. Postoperative clinical and radiographic exa...
Climbing a stairway to heaven: Led Zeppelin's Celtic embrace

Carry the book, Stairway to Heaven: Led Zeppelin Uncensored (2002), onto a plane and you'll be amazed at the responses you get. The studied detachment of the middle‐aged flight attendance breaks do...
A fiber-optic-based multichannel time-correlated single-photon-counting device with subnanosecond time resolution

A fiber-optic-based multichannel time-correlated single-photon-counting device with subnanosecond time resolution was developed. A passively mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser provided the excitation source for 12 separate time-correlated single-photon counting channels in which three single-photon avalanche diode detectors were used to analyze the fluorescence from the channels. Single-mode optical fibers provided the conduit for the excitation light as well as the fluorescence emission. We determined that the excitation pulses undergo a temporal spread of 50 fs, a spectral spread of 0.2 nm, and remained nearly transform limited. The average instrument response function of each channel was determined to be 181 ps (full width at half maximum). The fluorescence lifetime of a representative near-infrared dye, aluminum tetrasulfonated naphthalocyanine, was determined to be 3.08 ns using this fiber-optic-based multichannel time-correlated single-photon-counting device.
Computer simulation of the correlation factor for impurity diffusion

Abstract A Monte Carlo method for calculating the correlation factor for impurity diffusion is described. Specific application is made to impurity diffusion via the vacancy mechanism in the face-centred-cubic lattice. Following the ‘five-frequency’ model of Manning (1964), we assume that vacancy jumps not involving nearest neighbours of the impurity are unaffected by the impurity, but impurity/vacancy associative and dissociative jumps, which do involve nearest neighbours of the impurity, are affected. Computer simulated results for the impurity correlation factor are in excellent agreement with the analytical equation derived by Manning (1964).
Economic transition and the distribution of policy rents: The case of the wheat-flour-bread chain in Bulgaria

Ivanova et al. (1994) calculate disaggregated PSE/CSE transfers between different stages of the agro-food chain in Bulgaria since 1990. Some of their results appear counter-intuitive given the stylised facts. This note attempts to explain these results, using a more detailed study of the wheat-flour-bread chain. The first conclusion is that transitional excess profits and product quality improvements may explain part of the calculated transfers in favour of retailers but that this explanation is insufficient. A second conclusion is that the large net transfers to "retailers" are mostly rents collected by flour wholesale trading enterprises. A third conclusion is that transition business practices, including monopolistic and collusive behaviour in the agro-food chain, create rents which are not included in the calculated transfers. Fourth, including indirect transfers caused by exchange rates substantially affects the results. Finally, our analysis supports the previous conclusions on the inefficiency of Bulgarian policies. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.
Identification of low molecular weight aliphatic esters from rates of alkaline hydrolysis

The second-order rate constants for the alkaline hydrolysis of 27 low molecular weight aliphatic esters have been determined at 25° in 37.27% acetone-water solution. These rate constants are characteristic of the entire ester molecule, and there-fore provide more information for identification purposes than do other chemical methods for the characterization of esters.
Multimedia consultation session recording and playback using Java-based browser in global PACS

The current version of the Global PACS software system uses a Java-based implementation of the Remote Consultation and Diagnosis (RCD) system. The Java RCD includes a multimedia consultation session between physicians that includes text, static image, image annotation, and audio data. The JAVA RCD allows 2-4 physicians to collaborate on a patient case. It allows physicians to join the session via WWW Java-enabled browsers or stand alone RCD application. The RCD system includes a distributed database archive system for archiving and retrieving patient and session data. The RCD system can be used for store and forward scenarios, case reviews, and interactive RCD multimedia sessions. The RCD system operates over the Internet, telephone lines, or in a private Intranet. A multimedia consultation session can be recorded, and then played back at a later time for review, comments, and education. A session can be played back using Java-enabled WWW browsers on any operating system platform. The JAVA RCD system shows that a case diagnosis can be captured digitally and played back with the original real-time temporal relationships between data streams. In this paper, we describe design and implementation of the RCD session playback.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of pediatricians as advocates for incarcerated youth.

In the United States an estimated 88000 youth are released from juvenile detention facilities each year.1 Youth exiting the juvenile detention system suffer from high rates of health risk behaviors and a disproportionate share of adolescent morbidity and mortality.2–5 These youth often lack access to the health care system, and their incarceration is their only contact with a physician outside of any emergency setting.6–8 The time of their release provides a critical opportunity for connecting these youth with the medical system to establish a medical home. During their reemergence into the community, these youth need as much support as possible, and physicians can play an important role. In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued a policy statement stating that children and adolescents confined to correction care facilities should have special attention focused on, among other things, the establishment of a medical home before release.7 The AAP's “medical home” concept is an ideal model of health care delivered or directed by a physician who provides preventive, acute, and chronic care that is accessible, continuous, comprehensive, compassionate, and coordinated with specialized services such as mental health provided by community agencies.9 One big obstacle for youth exiting detention to establishing medical homes is their insurance status. Uninsured individuals are less likely to have a usual source of care.10 Not only are incarcerated youth less likely to be enrolled in federally sponsored health insurance programs before incarceration, in most states those who were enrolled previously have their insurance terminated at … Address correspondence to Mana Golzari, MD, 505 Parnassus Ave, M 691, San Francisco, CA 94143. E-mail: mana.golzari{at}gmail.com
Outlook on fertilizer use efficiency in the tropics

In this paper efficiency of applied fertilizers under tropical conditions is examined. Understanding of the fertilizer efficiency is particularly important for the developing countries mainly because there is need for enhancement of crop yields at a reduced cost. Many of the soil, plant and climatic factors of the tropical regions that contribute to the efficiency of the applied fertilizers have been discussed. Many of the tropical soils are acidic in nature and in these soils efficiency of applied fertilizer is relatively poor, mainly because plant roots are unable to grow and function to their fullest extent in utilizing the soils available nutrients. To enhance yield potentials there is need for understanding of interaction between crop species and soil and climatic variables. Incorporation and adoptation of a suitable application time can greatly enhance efficiency of urea form of nitrogen. Research findings in tropical soils have shown that an initial broadcast application of P and subsequent band treatment is more effective than either method of application alone. Current crop yields in tropical countries are far below the known yield potentials. Such low production potentials are attributed to the lack of suitable crop germplasms and understanding of improved agronomic practices. Intensification of research activities in fertilizer use efficiency in tropical countries is suggested.
Prediction of the allergenicity of a molecule

Resume This presentation addresses the question as to whether it is possible to predict whether proteins will become allergens. The molecular properties of inhaled allergens and food allergens are now well known and detailed analysis of their structures have not revealed common structural features or specific motifs that are associated with induction of IgE responses. Rather, allergen dose, route of exposure and aerodynamic properties appear to be key properties that promote IgE responses in genetically predisposed individuals. These include repeated exposure to low doses of allergen (1–10 μg/year) without adjuvant on airborne particles of 10–40 μ diameter. Food allergens tend to be heat stable and pH resistant proteins that account for a high percentage of the total protein in foods such a milk, egg, peanut, fish and soybeans. Predictions of allergenicity have particular relevance to the food biotechnology industry, where proteins that would not normally be part of the food supply are being introduced in genetically modified foods. Decision tree based approaches have been developed to assess whether genetically modified foods have the potential to become allergenic. Using structural information and exposure assessments, it is possible to make rational predictions about the potential allergenicity of protein molecules.
THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN BARGAINING

This essay classifies, reviews, and critiques the current literature on the role of communication in the bargaining process. As such, it provides an up-to-date review of the research findings within four areas: communication opportunity, information exchange, message strategies, and categories of interaction. These areas illustrate three different perspectives of communication: the mechanistic, the psychological, and the pragmatic views. Integration of this literature reveals that bargaining interaction differs from group problem solving in the types of messages used and in the evolution of bargaining stages, and that communication patterns distinguish between the initial and the latter stages of bargaining.
Notes on the opening of hazel nuts (Corylus avellana) by mice and voles

A difference was noticed in the type of hole made by captive wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) when opening hazel nuts. To find the reason for this they were observed when actually opening the nuts.
Minimizing Effects of CO2 Storage in Oceans

The potential negative biological and environmental impacts of sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean by means of ocean fertilization ([1][1]) or direct CO2 injection ([2][2]) are discussed in a Policy Forum and Perspective, respectively, in Science 's 12 October issue. However, the oceans
Inhomogeneous artificial dielectrics for the THz region

Starting from the parallel-plate waveguide technique which mimics an artificial dielectric, we develop an inhomogeneous medium suitable for the THz region, whose effective refractive index has a non-uniform distribution.
Anatomical Evidence of Electroreception in the Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)

Serial sections of an immature female Latimeria brain were studied to describe the octavolateral area. Sections were stained with cresyl violet (for cell bodies) and with Kluver-Barrera method for myelinated fibers. The presence of a well-developed dorsal nucleus of the octavolateral area suggests that Latimeria probably possesses the electroceptive capacity with ampullary organs.
Stranger Visions: A Provocation

Genetic monitoring has been the subject of science fiction for years, but with biotechnology's decreasing costs and increasing accessibility through "DIY bio" and community laboratories, it's becoming a reality. In this new world, the very things that make us human, such as hair, skin, and saliva, become a liability as we constantly shed them in public, leaving artifacts for anyone to mine for information.
Quantitative and qualitative characterization of the acute changes in myocardial structure and function after distal coronary microembolization using MDCT.

Rationale and Objectives To determine the potential of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in assessing, at 72 hours, the effects of distal coronary microembolization on myocardial structure and function. Materials and Methods Microembolic material (total volume=16 mm 3 of 40–120 μm diameter) was selectively delivered in the left anterior descending coronary artery under x-ray fluoroscopy ( n = 6 pigs). After 72 hours, 64-slice MDCT was used to assess LV function, perfusion, and viability. For comparison between the measurements at 80 kV, 120 kV, and postmortem we used Bland-Altman and Pearson correlation. Histochemical and histopathological staining was used for quantitative and qualitative characterization of microinfarct. Results Cine MDCT showed the deleterious effects of microembolization on systolic wall thickening, LV volumes, and ejection fraction. Perfusion parameters, such as max upslope, peak attenuation, and time to peak, differed between microinfarct territory and remote myocardium. Inconsistency in visualizing microinfarct was observed using tube voltages of 80 kV and 120 kV. The extent of heterogeneous microinfarct was 4.5 ± 1.0 % of LV mass at 80 kV, 6.1 ± 0.9% LV at 120 kV, and 5.9 ± 1.1% LV on postmortem. There was significant difference in the extent of microinfarct measured on 80 kV MDCT compared with 120 kV and postmortem. Microscopic examination revealed the random distribution of obstructed microvessels surrounded by myocardial necrosis and inflammatory cells in all animals. Conclusion Both visible and nonvisible microinfarct cause perfusion deficit and LV dysfunction. MDCT is sensitive for quantifying early functional changes in LV caused by microembolization. Further improvement in spatial resolution of this technology is needed to improve visualization of microinfarct.