cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The equipartite Oberwolfach problem with uniform tables

We consider the following generalization of the Oberwolfach problem: "At a gathering there are n delegations each having m people. Is it possible to arrange a seating of mn people present at s round tables T1, T2, ..., Ts (where each Ti can accommodate ti ≥ 3 people and Σ ti = mn) for k different meals so that each person has every other person not in the same delegation for a neighbor exactly once?". In this paper, we give a complete solution to the problem when all tables accommodate the same number t of people, thereby extending the well-known result on the original Oberwolfach problem.
Multiple sites of action of volatile anesthetics in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract The mechanism and site(s) of action of volatile anesthetics are unknown. In all organisms studied, volatile anesthetics adhere to the Meyer-Overton relationship--that is, a ln-ln plot of the oil-gas partition coefficients versus the potencies yields a straight line with a slope of -1. This relationship has led to two conclusions about the site of action of volatile anesthetics. (i) It has properties similar to the lipid used to determine the oil-gas partition coefficients. (ii) All volatile anesthetics cause anesthesia by affecting a single site. In Caenorhabditis elegans, we have identified two mutants with altered sensitivities to only some volatile anesthetics. These two mutants, unc-79 and unc-80, confer large increases in sensitivity to very lipid soluble agents but have little or no increases to other agents. In addition, a class of extragenic suppressor mutations exists that suppresses some altered sensitivities but specifically does not suppress the altered sensitivity to diethyl ether. There is much debate concerning the molecular nature of the site(s) of anesthetic action. One point of discussion is whether the site(s) consists of a purely lipid binding site or if protein is involved. The simplest explanation of our observations is that volatile anesthetics cause immobility in C. elegans by specifically interacting with multiple sites. This model is in turn more consistent with involvement of protein at the site(s) of action.
Assessment of shock discrimination in rats with signal detection theory

Nociception in six rats was evaluated with signal detection theory (TSD) techniques using a modified “yes-no” paradigm. A .1-sec, .075-mA shock was the discriminative stimulus for a choice to one side of a T-maze, and a .1-sec, .25-mA shock (capable of reliably eliciting a “flinch”) was the discriminative stimulus for the opposite choice. Response bias was manipulated through differential reinforcement for the two choices, and signal sensitivity was manipulated by varying the intensity of the higher intensity shock signal. Individual detection ROCs appeared linear with slopes of one when plotted on double-probability scales. Indices of signal sensitivity and response bias were independent, as predicted by TSD. Morphine sulfate (4 mg/kg) significantly reduced d’ but did not affect β, suggesting that, if appropriate parameters are used, TSD analyses may have value in assessing nociception in rats.
Concepts of Dental Occlusion

The otolaryngologist frequently encounters problems related to the form and function of the stomatognathic system. Much has been published over the past 50 years regarding the "ideal occlusion," but controversy continues to rage over the relevance of various occlusal parameters to the evaluation and management of problems involving occlusal dysfunction. A review of the literature on occlusion is offered, maintaining historical perspective while expanding each theory with relevant clinical correlates. A concept of occlusion is offered that may help in the evaluation and management of otolaryngologic problems involving the stomatognathic system.
The spectrum of scattered X-rays

The spectrum of molybdenum $\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ rays scattered by graphite at 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} has been compared with the spectrum of the primary beam. A primary spectrum line when scattered is broken up into two lines, an "unmodified" line whose wave-length remains unchanged, and a "modified" line whose wave-length is greater than that of the primary spectrum line. Within a probable error of about 0.001 A, the difference in the wave-lengths ($\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}$) increases with the angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ between the primary and the scattered rays according to the quantum relation $(\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0})=\ensuremath{\lambda}(1\ensuremath{-}cos\ensuremath{\theta})$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}=\frac{h}{\mathrm{mc}}=0.0242$ A. This wave-length change is confirmed also by absorption measurements. The modified ray does not seem to be as homogeneous as the unmodified ray; it is less intense at small angles and more intense at large angles than is the unmodified ray.An x-ray tube of small diameter and with a water-cooled target is described, which is suitable for giving intense x-rays.
Maize Transposable Elements in Development and Evolution

Transposable elements were first discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock more than 40 years ago. Today it is apparent that transposable elements are a common component of the genetic material in virtually all organisms. The best studied maize transposable elements belong to the Activator-Dissociation and Suppressor-mutator families. They are short DNA sequences that consist of genes required for mobility and regulation. Both the expression and the mobility of transposable elements are regulated in development by a mechanism that relies on the methylation of element sequences critical for expression. Elements can be stably inactivated by the same mechanism, persisting in the genome in a cryptic form for long periods. The ability of the host organism to regulate the highly mutagenic transposable elements may be critical to their survival, as well as their utility as agents of genomic change.
Landmark Estimation of Survival and Treatment Effect in a Randomized Clinical Trial

In many studies with a survival outcome, it is often not feasible to fully observe the primary event of interest. This often leads to heavy censoring and thus, difficulty in efficiently estimating survival or comparing survival rates between two groups. In certain diseases, baseline covariates and the event time of nonfatal intermediate events may be associated with overall survival. In these settings, incorporating such additional information may lead to gains in efficiency in estimation of survival and testing for a difference in survival between two treatment groups. If gains in efficiency can be achieved, it may then be possible to decrease the sample size of patients required for a study to achieve a particular power level or decrease the duration of the study. Most existing methods for incorporating intermediate events and covariates to predict survival focus on estimation of relative risk parameters and/or the joint distribution of events under semiparametric models. However, in practice, these mod...
STRUCTURED SEPARATION FOR MARITAL TREATMENT AND DECISION-MAKING*

Structured marital separation is an intervention method designed to assist distressed marital couples during their critical period of decision-making either to divorce or maintain the marriage. This paper presents a brief review of separation models and addresses separation counseling including: assessment, contracting, initial adjustment to separation, relationship enhancement and individual change. Particular attention is given to the terms of marital separation contracting and a complete sample contract is provided.
Population dynamics of the virunga gorillas: 1959–1978

Abstract The Virunga gorilla population declined from 400–500 individuals in 1959–1960 to 260–290 in 1971–1973. Most of this decline is attributed to heavy hunting pressure in the Zairian sector. Large-scale habitat destruction and cattle disturbance in the Rwandan and Ugandan sectors are held responsible for further gorilla losses. Changes are documented in group size and composition, as well as in total numbers. Between 1971–1973 and 1976–1978, the population stabilised in the range of 252–285 gorillas. A tendency toward larger group sizes was observed in certain sectors, and the overall percentage of infants increased. Comparison of the 1976–1978 group compositions with a simulated stable age structure model indicates a more healthy population than in 1971–1973. Potential for population growth is shown to be greater than previously predicted. Failure to increase in the inter-census period is attributed to continued poaching pressure. Current conservation efforts are described.
Topical cocaine prior to treatment of penile tourniquet syndrome.

Abstract A case of the penile tourniquet syndrome is reported in a 5-year-old boy. Release of the constructing strands of hair was possible only after topical cocaine achieved adequate local anesthesia. The syndrome is briefly reviewed and emergency care recommendations are made.
A community based approach in developing health policies: implications for Asia-Pacific nations.

Only a few state in the US have followed up on the Nations 1990 health objectives and almost all used professional experts and planners to do so. Hawaii has taken the extra step and involved the community in studying and preparing its health objectives. Hawaii used the US Public Health Services framework which included preventive health services health protection and health promotion. Some of the priority areas under preventive health services included family planning pregnancy and infant health and sexually transmitted diseases. In 1985 the State organized 15 groups each studying a different health priority area with 8-20 members each from the community and various organizations. Members consisted of public health professionals (31%) health professionals from private voluntary organizations (15%) practicing physicians (13%) voluntary health associations members (11%) university faculty (8%) and the remaining members represented the military health care institutions business labor State Department of Education and special interest groups. The study groups met monthly and arrived at 92 high 82 medium and 27 low priority areas. At each of 3 public forums 5 different study groups presented their findings. Prior to the Governors Conference on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention each participant received a preconference report consisting of detailed summaries of each study groups findings. After the conference the study groups met again to incorporate conference feedback into their final working papers. In December 1988 the Department of Health hosted a conference to evaluate progress and developments relating to achieving the states health objectives. Broad based community involvement and intersectorial cooperation and political commitment in health planning are essential to meeting health objectives policies and actions.
Effects of relaxation and music on postoperative pain: a review

Postoperative patients differ in their response to pain and opioids. It is therefore important that nurses offer other options as adjuvants to medication. Relaxation and music may reduce pain by interrupting the postoperative cycle of pain, muscle tension and sympathetic activity. This review summarizes and critiques studies on the effectiveness of relaxation and music use during postoperative pain. Relaxation and music were effective in reducing affective and observed pain in the majority of studies, but they were less often effective in reducing sensory pain or opioid intake. However, the between-study differences in surgical procedures, experimental techniques, activities during testing, measurement of pain, and amount of practice make comparisons difficult. Furthermore, within studies, the problems of inadequate sample size, lack of random assignment, no assurance of pretest equivalence, delayed post-test administration and no control for opiates at the time of testing reduces the validity of the studies' conclusions. Randomized controlled studies of the types of relaxation and music that are most helpful to postoperative patients should be explored in various contexts.
Early detection of pneumothorax by oscilloscope monitor in the newborn infant

Dr. James R. Marquis, Director of Pediatric Radiology at Children's Hospital of Newark, reviewed all of the films. R E F E R E N C E S 1. Berenberg, W., and Kevy, S.: Acute epiglottitis in childhood, N. EngL J. Med. 258: 870, 1958. 2. Rapkin, R. H. : Acute epiglottitis: Pitfalls in diagnosis and management, Clin. Pediatr. 10: 312, 1971. 3. Poole, C. A., and Altman, D. H.: Acute epiglottitis in children, Radiology 80: 798, 1963. 4. Baxter, J. D.: Acute epiglottitis in children, Laryngoscope 77: 1358, 1967. 5. Jones, H. M.: Acute epiglottitis and supraglottitis, J. Laryngol. Otol. 73: 932, 1958. 6. I-tolinger, P. H., and Johnston, K. C.: Factors responsible for laryngeal obstruction in infants, J. A. M. A. 143: 1229, 1950. 7. Dunbar, J. S.: Epiglottitis and croup, J. Can. Assoc. Radiol. 12: 86, 1961. 8. Rabe, E. F.: Acute inflammatory disorders of the larynx and taryngotracheal area, Pedlar. Clin. North Am. 4: 169, 1957.
Nitrate in waters from sewage-sludge amended lysimeters.

Abstract Nitrate nitrogen was measured in runoff and tile-drainage during two years of operation of instrumented, large-scale lysimeters planted to corn ( Zea mays L.) and amended with sewage sludge which was applied at rates supplying total N amounting to 2292 kg ha − in 1972 and 3286 kg ha −1 in 1973. Other lysimeters were amended with inorganic fertiliser at the rate of 336 kg N ha −1 year −1 . Annual losses in runoff and tile-drainage from sludge treatments were 0·9 and 5·1 and 371 and 663 kg NO 3 − -N ha −1 . Losses from lysimeters treated with inorganic fertiliser were 1·1 and 3·3 kg NO 3 − -N ha −1 year −1 in runoff and 31 and 79 kg NO 3 − -N ha −1 year −1 in tile-drainage. Given the nitrogen inputs accounted for in the study design, unaccounted for losses of 1800 to 2400 kg ha −1 year −1 were calculated for sludge and 277 kg ha −1 year −1 for inorganic fertiliser treatments. For one year there was a 300 kg ha −1 increase in N in the lysimeters receiving inorganic fertiliser. Median NO 3 − -N concentrations ranged from 8·9 to 14·0 mg litre −1 in runoff from sludge-treated lysimeters and 3·6 to 5·9 mg litre −1 in runoff from lysimeters receiving inorganic fertiliser. In tile-drainage the median NO 3 − -N concentrations were 148 to 223 mg litre −1 and 24 to 44 mg litre −1 for sludge and inorganic fertiliser treatments, respectively. Highest runoff levels occurred in early summer storms, whereas highest tile-drainage concentrations occurred in late winter and early spring.
Present and future problems concerning lasers in the far-infrared spectral region

Basic problems of far-infrared molecular lasers are discussed with respect to present and future developments. The topics of interest are those of excitation methods, molecular physics, energy exchange and relaxation processes, resonator design, and laser modeling and analysis. While great strides have been made in far-infrared molecular laser research in the last seven years, it is concluded that present efforts are largely in the exploratory stage and that detailed understanding and development of the area is still in the future.
An electron microscope study of spermiogenesis in the teleost fish Oligocottus maculosus.

The fine structure of spermatid differentiation in the sculpin Oligocottus maculosus is described. The chromatin material becomes highly condensed into the form of the mature sperm head before the nuclear envelope conforms to the condensation. Nuclear volume and surface area increase in the early spermatid. Later there is a remarkable reduction of nuclear volume to an estimated 3.0% and of the nuclear surface area to about 19.0% that of the spermatid at its largest size. This great reduction in nuclear size is accompanied by the pinching off of vesicles of nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm. Nuclear pores show a consistent and highly specific arrangement which may have functional significance. No acrosome is formed in this species. Two large mitochondria are segregated in the final stages to a cytoplasmic sleeve surrounding the base of the flagellum.
Novel uncooled detector based on gallium nitride micromechanical resonators

This work presents measured results demonstrating an uncooled infrared (IR) detector based on gallium nitride (GaN) micromechanical resonators. GaN-based photonic detectors are typically designed to operate in the ultraviolet (UV) regime as the absorption spectrum of wide-band gap GaN peaks at a wavelength of ~360 nm. In contrast, the transduction mechanism of the device presented in this work is the pyroelectric perturbation of a GaN micromechanical resonator, allowing the detection of radiation in the IR regime. IR radiation within the absorption spectrum of the resonating stack material (mainly the IR absorber) is converted into heat causing pyroelectric charge release, which in turn shifts the resonant frequency via changes in the acoustic velocity of GaN. A thin-film IR absorber based on carbon-nanotube nanocomposite is proposed, which offers IR absorptivity of more than 95%. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a GaN resonant detector operated at 119 MHz, which exhibits an IR sensitivity of ~4 Hz/10nW.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children and young adults

a Department of Pediatrics, Di6ision of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital at Strong, Uni6ersity of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood A6enue, Box 631, Rochester, NY 14642, USA b Department of Pediatrics, Di6ision of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA c Department of Pediatrics, Di6ision of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Children’s Hospital at Strong, Uni6ersity of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood A6enue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
Eexperimental Investigation of Heat Characteristics of Liquid Flow With Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Material

This experimental study investigates the effect of presence of Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Material (MEPCM) within the working fluid on thermal performances of the cooling system. To conduct this study, an experimental setup consisting of a steel tube with an inner diameter of 4.3mm, outer diameter of 6.3mm and a length of 1,016mm is selected. 5%, 10% and 20% mass concentration MEPCM slurries with particle diameter ranging between 5–15μm were included in this study. Tube wall temperature profile, fluid inlet, outlet temperatures, the pressure drop across the tube are measured and corresponding heat transfer coefficients are determined for various operating conditions. Differential Scanning Calometery (DSC) test results for an iterative method for local variables calculation. The experimental results showed significant enhancement in heat transfer coefficient higher than 50% and reduction in tube wall temperature higher than 35%. The controlling parameters are identified and their effects on the heat transfer characteristics are evaluated and analyzed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Cortical M1 Receptor Concentration Increases Without a Concomitant Change in Function in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract Although the M 1 muscarinic receptor is a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on its wide spread distribution in brain and its association with learning and memory processes, whether its receptor response is altered during the onset of AD remains unclear. A novel [ 35 S]GTPγS binding/immunocapture assay was employed to evaluated changes in M 1 receptor function in cortical tissue samples harvested from people who had no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or AD. M 1 function was stable across clinical groups. However, [ 3 H]-oxotremorine-M radioligand binding studies revealed that the concentration of M 1 cortical receptors increased significantly between the NCI and AD groups. Although M 1 receptor function did not correlate with cognitive function based upon mini-mental status examination (MMSE) or global cognitive score (GCS), functional activity was negatively correlated with the severity of neuropathology determined by Braak staging and NIA-Reagan criteria for AD. Since M 1 agonists have the potential to modify the pathologic hallmarks of AD, as well as deficits in cognitive function in animal models of this disease, the present findings provide additional support for targeting the M 1 receptor as a potential therapeutic for AD.
Macrophages regulate induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL mice.

The relationship between the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was examined using a unique age-dependent defect in the DTH response in an EAE-susceptible mouse strain. Young adult male SJL mice ( 10 weeks of age) and young adult females (6 weeks of age), which are both DTH responders and susceptible to EAE. By contrast, all three groups are susceptible to EAE mediated by the transfer of activated effector T cells, suggesting that the defect in young adult males is in the induction of effectors. Furthermore, transfer of a macrophage population from female responders to young male non-responders mediates the induction of both DTH responsiveness and EAE susceptibility. The phenotype of this antigen-presenting cell is (I-A+, Mac-1+, Mac-2-, Mac-3+), identical to the phenotype of the macrophage regulating DTH responsiveness in this strain of mice. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a defect in this cell inhibits induction of both CD4+Th1 DTH and EAE effector T cells.
Incidental diagnosis of gastric cancer in transplant recipients improves patient survival

Background. Gastric cancer in the United States is often diagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in dismal outcomes. In the immunosuppressed transplant recipient population, little is known about the clinical staging and outcome of these compromised patients. Methods. All US cases reported to the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry were retrospectively examined for patient demographics, immunosuppressive therapy, tumor characteristics, therapeutic modalities, and mortality. Statistical analysis was performed with Students t test, chi-square analysis, and log-rank analysis by the method of Kaplan-Meier. Results. Gastric cancer was identified in 34 recipients: 28 (82%) were male; 24 (71%) were white. Mean age at diagnosis was 58 ± 11 years. Twenty-four (71%) patients received kidney transplants, 7 (21%) received heart transplants, and 3 (9%) received liver transplants. Fifty percent received induction therapy, whereas 94% were maintained on calcineurin inhibitors and corticosteroids. Thirty-five percent of patients were diagnosed during evaluation for gastrointestinal symptoms, with the remaining cases discovered incidentally during endoscopy (53%) or during computed tomography (12%) performed for other reasons. Stage varied at presentation as follows: stage I (n = 6), stage II (n = 11), stage III (n = 13), and stage IV (n = 4). Incidental diagnoses resulted in a lower stage malignancy (P <.001) and greater 1-year and 5-year survivals (P <.05) compared with those patients whose were diagnosed after being evaluated of gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion. In the United States, because gastric cancer in the transplant recipient is frequently identified at an earlier stage (50% were stages I and II) than in the general population, survivals are equivalent despite continued administration of immunosuppression. This early identification may be attributed to more frequent presymptom diagnosis and staging, resulting from incidental detection of these malignancies during posttransplant upper endoscopy or computed tomography. Early detection has resulted in a 29% 5-year survival for the entire transplant recipient group compared with a 5% to 15% 5-year survival in the general population. (Surgery 2002;132:754-60.)
Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the genital tract of sexually abused prepubertal females

Vaginal cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis were obtained from 195 prepubertal female children (2–12 years of age) evaluated for reported sexual abuse. The rate of positive cultures for C. trachomatis in this population was 2.6% (5/195). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was also recovered in 2.6% (5/195) of these patients. Concomitant infection with N. gonorrhoeae was found in one girl who was culture positive for C. trachomatis. Only 21 (11%) of the evaluated patients had a vaginal discharge, however, purulent vaginal discharge was noted in all children with positive vaginal cultures (9/9). The positive predictive value of vaginal discharge for these sexually transmitted diseases was 43% (9/21). C. trachomatis was isolated as often as N. gonorrhoeae in this population of prepubertal children. The data suggest that although these organisms are not often recovered from prepubertal girls being evaluated for sexual abuse, those with purulent vaginal discharge should be cultured for both C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae.
Analysis of Main‐Spike Yield Components in Salt‐Stressed Wheat

Grain yield potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) main spikes is genetically determined and depends upon the number of spikelets per spike, the number of kernels per spikelet, and the weight of individual kernels. Environmental factors may interact with the genotype to influence the expression of these components. This study was initiated to determine the effects of salinity on main-spike yield components of two Mexican semidwarf, hard red spring wheat cultivars, Yecora Rojo and Anza (...)
Thermal Communication Between the Sea Surface and the Lower Troposphere

Abstract Seasonal mean sea surface temperatures and 1000–700 mb thicknesses are correlated by pattern and also for 5° squares over the eastern North Pacific in order to find out more about bulk heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere. The results bring out the importance of static stability as a primary variable in heat exchange—the stability being varied by air mass modifications associated with advection, by cyclonic and frontal lifting, and by heating or cooling of the mean surface. Geographical and temporal effects are described against this background.
Huntingtin Fragments that Aggregate Go Their Separate Ways

Abstract N-terminal region of mutant huntingtin forms intranuclear and cytoplasmic aggregates in neurons that may contribute to neuronal death in Huntington's disease. Lunkes et al. (2002) show that different endoprotease-cleaved huntingtin fragments form nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions.
A Four Beam Cesium Injector for MBE-4

Construction of a four beam injector for the MBE-4 induction linac at LBL [1] was completed in March of this year. First measurements of the four beams demonstrate that the design specifications have been met. The pulses of singly ionized cesium ions last for 2 microseconds and have variable currents up to 15 mA at, a kinetic energy of 200 keV. The emittances are low, at 5mA the normalized emittance of each beam is 1.2 × 10-7 ? m rad.
N-acetyl-d-glucosamine binding lectins. A model system for the study of binding specificity

Abstract Synthetic glycoconjugates prepared by the direct reductive amination of di-N-acetylchitobiose and tetra-N-acetyl-chitotetraose to poly- l -lysine with sodium cyanoborohydride have been used to explore the binding specificities of the lectins wheat germ agglutinin and Bandeiraea simplicifolia II. These conjugates are effective precipitating antigens for these lectins, and hapten inhibition experiments, employing the per-N-acetylated oligomers of chitin as inhibitors, demonstrate that wheat germ agglutinin and Bandeiraea simplicifolia II lectin have binding sites complementary to three and two contiguous β 1,4-linked N-acetyl- d -glucosamine residues, respectively, in agreement with conclusions reached using other methods. Conjugates prepared by this technique should be useful for examining the binding specificities of other lectins, and the results of a study of the effect of chain length of the hapten on the affinity of the lectin for these conjugates should provide guidance in selection of the hapten most appropriate for these studies.
The effect of surface preparation on metal/bone cement interfacial strength.

This study is concerned with finding practical ways for strengthening metal/bone cement (M/BC) interfaces via surface alterations and identifying fundamental mechanisms underlying M/BC adherence. Shear strengths have been inferred from torsion tests using shear lag analysis. The variables examined with regard to their effects on interfacial strength are substrate material, surface roughness, interface porosity, passivation and sterilization, surface cleaning procedures, and use of bone cement precoated metals. M/BC interfaces can be substantially strengthened by applying the bone cement to the metal with high pressure. This would be a practical way to strengthen interfaces for precoated implants. The acrylic polymerized in vivo would employ the usual low pressure method. Otherwise, the main method for improving M/BC interfaces is through changing surface topography. Cleaning or chemical treatments have relatively minor effects. Roughened surfaces, as expected, produce stronger interfaces. Dramatic strength improvements occurred with a porous arc plasma sprayed layer on the substrate. Surprisingly, highly polished surfaces also improve interface strength (compared to less polished surfaces). The hypothesis is advanced that M/BC adherence depends upon superposition of mechanical interlocking and atomic interaction effects, with the latter predominating for finer finishes and vice versa. Differences exist between materials which are independent of roughness.
Novel therapies, high-risk pediatric research, and the prospect of benefit: learning from the ethical disagreements.

Despite recent efforts by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to improve the quality and quantity of clinical research data,1 two-thirds of drugs prescribed currently to children have not been studied for safety and efficacy in pediatric populations, and information on the efficacy and safety of drugs in children is not methodically collected and analyzed.2 According to some studies, the majority of pediatric drugs prescribed for children involve unlicensed drugs or off-label prescribing across all medication categories.3 There is evidence of a greater risk of a severe adverse drug reaction occurring in association with the off-label or unlicensed use of drugs in children.4
A Demographic Study of the Practice of Ophthalmololgy in the State of Utah

Abstract A demographic survey of the practice of ophthalmology in the State of Utah has disclosed that there has been tremendous increase in the number of practicing ophthalmologists, particularly in the last 8 years. This increase has severely decreased the number of surgeries performed per ophthalmologist in the state, with notable regional differences.
Post-fire tree establishment patterns at the alpine treeline ecotone: Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA

Questions: Does tree establishment: (1) occur at a treeline depressed by fire, (2) cause the forest line to ascend upslope, and/or (3) alter landscape heterogeneity? (4) What abiotic and biotic local site conditions are most important in structuring establishment patterns? (5) Does the abiotic setting become more important with increasing upslope distance from the forest line? Location: Western slopes of Mount Rainier, USA. Methods: We performed classification analysis of 1970 satellite imagery and 2003 aerial photography to delineate establishment. Local site conditions were calculated from a LIDAR-based DEM, ancillary climate data, and 1970 tree locations in a GIS. We used logistic regression on a spatially weighted landscape matrix to rank variables. Results: Considerable establishment after 1970 caused forest line elevation to increase over 150 m in specific locations. Landscape heterogeneity increased with distance from the 1970 forest line. At a broad spatial context, we found establishment was most common near existing trees (0-50 m) and at low elevations (1250-1350 m). Slope aspect (W, NW, N, NE, and E), slope angle (40-60°), and other abiotic factors emerged as important predictors of establishment with increasing upslope distance from the forest line to restricted spatial extents. Conclusions: Favorable climatic conditions likely triggered widespread tree establishment. Readily available seed probably enhanced establishment rates near sexually mature trees, particularly in the less stressful environment at low elevations. The mass effect of nearly ubiquitous establishment in these areas may have obscured the importance of the abiotic setting to restricted spatial extents. Topographic variability apparently produced favorable sites that facilitated opportunistic establishment with increasing upslope distance from the forest line, thereby enabling additional trees to invade the alpine tundra.
Detecting dark matter annihilation with CMB polarization: Signatures and experimental prospects

Dark matter (DM) annihilation during hydrogen recombination ($z\ensuremath{\sim}1000$) will alter the recombination history of the Universe, and affect the observed CMB temperature and polarization fluctuations. Unlike other astrophysical probes of DM, this is free of the significant uncertainties in modelling galactic physics, and provides a method to detect and constrain the cosmological abundances of these particles. We parametrize the effect of DM annihilation as an injection of ionizing energy at a rate ${ϵ}_{\mathrm{DM}}$, and argue that this simple ``on the spot'' modification is a good approximation to the complicated interaction of the annihilation products with the photon-electron plasma. Generic models of DM do not change the redshift of recombination, but change the residual ionization after recombination. This broadens the surface of last scattering, suppressing the temperature fluctuations and enhancing the polarization fluctuations. We use the temperature and polarization angular power spectra to measure these deviations from the standard recombination history, and therefore, indirectly probe DM annihilation. The modifications to the temperature power spectrum are nearly degenerate with the primordial scalar spectral index and amplitude; current CMB data are therefore unable to put any constraints on the annihilation power. This degeneracy is broken by polarization; Planck will have the sensitivity to measure annihilation power ${ϵ}_{\mathrm{DM}}(z=1000)g{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{\text{proton}}$, while high sensitivity experiments (e.g. NASA's CMBpol) could improve that constraint to ${ϵ}_{\mathrm{DM}}(z=1000)g4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{\text{proton}}$, assuming a fractional detector sensitivity of $\ensuremath{\Delta}T/T\ensuremath{\sim}1\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ and a beam of ${3}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. These limits translate into a lower bound on the mass of the DM particle, ${M}_{\mathrm{DM}}g10\ensuremath{-}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, assuming a single species with a cross section of $⟨{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{A}v⟩\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}{\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$, and a fraction $f\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\ensuremath{-}1$ of the rest mass energy used for ionization. The bounds for the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) 4y data are significantly lower, because of its lack of high $S/N$ polarization measurements, but it can strongly constrain $\mathcal{O}(\mathrm{MeV})$ particles such as those proposed by Boehm et al. (2004).
Spectroscopic studies of oxidized manganese catalase and μ-oxo-bridged dimanganese(III) model complexes: Electronic structure of the active site and its relation to catalysis

Spectroscopic and electronic structure studies of oxidized manganese catalase (OxMnCAT) and μ-oxo-di-μ-carboxylato-bridged dimanganese(III) model complexes are presented and discussed, providing, for the first time, a detailed experimental description of the catalytically relevant Mn(III)/Mn(III) binuclear active site of MnCAT. The absorption and MCD spectra of the synthetic complexes are similar to one another, indicating that the transitions below 30 000 cm-1 are inherent to the [MnIII2O(OAc)2]2+ core. A combination of Raman excitation profile and polarized single-crystal absorption measurements on [Mn2O(OAc)2(Me3tacn)2](ClO4)2·H2O and density functional electronic structure calculations are used to identify the key spectral features of the model complexes and their relation to the dominant Mn−O(oxo) bonding interaction in these dimers. On the basis of these results, analysis of the spectroscopic data of OxMnCAT leads to the proposal that the active site consists of two ferromagnetically coupled five-co...
Stability of Ti/Al/ZrB 2 /Ti/Au ohmic contacts on n-GaN

Abstract Ohmic contacts on n-GaN using a novel Ti/Al/ZrB 2 /Ti/Au metallization scheme were studied using contact resistance, scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements. A minimum specific contact resistivity of 3 × 10 −6 Ω cm 2 was achieved at an annealing temperature of 700 °C. The lowest contact resistance was obtained for 60 s anneals. The contact resistance was essentially independent of measurement temperature, indicating that field emission plays a dominant role in the current transport. The Ti and Al in the contact stack began to outdiffuse to the surface at temperatures of ∼500 °C, while at 1000 °C the B also began to migrate to the surface. By this latter temperature, AES showed almost complete intermixing of the metallization even though the contact morphology was still smooth. The boride appears susceptible to getting of residual water vapor during sputter deposition.
Azines. Effect of basis set on calculated vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman intensities

Abstract The vibrational spectra of six azabenzenes were calculated using the 6–31−G* and 6–31+G* basis sets. The two basis sets gave essentially the same predicted frequencies. A comparison with the available experimental data suggested some changes for the vibrational assignments. Some of the calculated force constants for these compounds were compared and were found to be rather similar for a given type of vibration. The calculated infrared intensities were significantly different for the two basis sets, but neither one reproduced the experimental data quantitatively.
ED-DESIGN: An engineering drawing based design model for computer understanding

Abstract Constructing a solid model through computer understanding of engineering drawings could resolve the input problem of solid models. For computer understanding, however, the engineering drawing has to be defined and represented with clear semantics. The conventional engineering drawing is usually described by showing examples and represented as a set of curve segments on a drawing plane, so that it can only be understood by human engineers. In this paper, an engineering drawing based design model, ED-DESIGN, which is much more computer understandable than the conventional one is proposed. In this model, an engineering drawing is represented in a drawing space rather than in a drawing plane. In other words, the scheme of engineering drawing is interpreted as pseudo-3D surface design scheme rather than a 2D design scheme. With this design model, it is possible to develop definite knowledge for constructing a solid model through computer understanding.
Climate and hydrographic variability in the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool during the last millennium

Planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and delta O-18 derived sea surface temperature and salinity records from the Makassar Strait, Indonesia, show a long-term cooling and freshening trend, as well as considerable centennial-scale variability during the last millennium. The warmest temperatures and highest salinities occurred during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), while the coolest temperatures and lowest salinities occurred during the Little Ice Age (LIA). These changes in the western Pacific, along with observations from other high resolution records indicate a regionally coherent southern displacement of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone during the LIA, with more arid conditions in the northern tropics and wetter conditions in the southern tropics.
Sulfate attack research — whither now?

Sulfate attack research is at a critical stage. In spite of meaningful advances in the past few years, this problem is still not well understood. Due to its complicated mechanism, the reaction between cement hydration products and sulfate-bearing solutions manifests itself in a variety of ways. In order to provide adequate means for selection of materials for concrete exposed to such aggressive environments, additional research is necessary to further clarify the interaction between concrete and sulfate-bearing solutions. Specifically, the role of the cation in the sulfate solution, and the effects of formation of various products like gypsum, ettringite, and thaumasite, on the extent of damage need to be investigated. The available testing methods for sulfate attack have been subject to some criticism lately. Although these test methods can give an indication of the mechanisms involved in sulfate attack, prediction of field performance using lab studies is difficult. Efforts are needed to introduce appropriate changes in the tests in order to obtain field-like conditions in the laboratory. Combined with good monitoring methods, this would enable the prediction of service life of structures exposed to sulfate solutions. Recent advances in nondestructive testing techniques can be applied to the task of monitoring field structures, although there is a significant effort necessary to calibrate these methods for sulfate attack-related scenarios. In order to produce efficient concrete designs for service in aggressive environments, it is imperative to develop reliable models. Modeling can help in selecting the appropriate materials and their proportions, as well as in determining service life parameters. As a first step towards modeling, critical parameters, which serve as an indicator of deterioration, need to be recognized and established. This paper discusses these issues, and cites some interesting recent developments. Finally, some recommendations for future studies are provided.
Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhabitors on ovulation in hCG-stimulated mares.

Recent studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO) may have a role in regulating ovarian physiology. To investigate the role of NO during ovulation in mares, inhibitors of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were administered to estrous mares. Forty cycling mares (20 horses and 20 pony mares) were allotted to one of the three treatment groups. Once a follicle was at least 27 mm in diameter, but smaller than 35 mm, mares were given one of the following treatments: saline solution 0.9% (n = 20, w/v, i.v., every 12 h), Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME; n = 10, 148 micromol/kg, i.v., every 12 h), or aminoguanidine hemisulfate (AG; n = 10, 406 micromol/kg, i.v., every 12 h). When a follicle >30 mm was present on one of the ovaries, ovulation was induced with hCG (2,500 IU, i.v.). The median time of ovulation (+/-6 h) after hCG administration for the treatment groups was 42, 84 and 54 h for mares treated with saline solution, L-NAME and AG, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups treated with AG or L-NAME (P = 0.06); however, these groups were different from the control group (P < 0.05). The delayed ovulation caused by the administration of NOS inhibitors suggests a role for NO in follicular growth and ovulation in horses.
Brief Robust control of parabolic PDE systems with time-dependent spatial domains

We synthesize robust nonlinear static output feedback controllers for systems of quasi-linear parabolic partial differential equations with time-dependent spatial domains and uncertain variables. The controllers are successfully applied to a typical diffusion-reaction process with moving boundary and uncertainty.
Application of a blind-deconvolution restoration technique to space imagery

An application of a blind-deconvolution technique to defocused images is described. The power spectrum of the out-of-focus blurring function is estimated by averaging the spectrums of subimages of the blurred image. The phase response is then identified from both the power spectrum and the power cepstrum of the blurring function. The identified blurring function is used with both Wiener and homomorphic filters to perform restoration.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The controlled dispersion of silica supported Mo03: The role of ammonia

Abstract The morphology of silica supported catalysts, prepared by impregnation of ammonium heptamolybdate and for various weight loadings up to 35 wt%, was studied using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition to the orthorhombic phase, the behavior of the rarely studied hexagonal phase was fully characterized. All morphologies of silica supported Mo03 appear to be thermodynamically driven. At low loadings there appeared one stable dispersion, independent of initial precursor dispersion. For high loaded catalysts there appeared three states: a metastable sintered hexagonal state and a well dispersed hexagonal state at moderate temperature calcinations (300°C), and the sintered orthorhombic state at high temperature (500°C). Whereas the sintered orthorhombic phase is detected by XRD at loadings in excess of 1.1 atom Mo/nm2, the well dispersed hexagonal phase is not evident until 4.0 atoms Mo/nm2. It is possible to produce the well dispersed hexagonal phase from the sintered orthorhombic phase with an ammonia impregnation and subsequent calcination at 300°C. The apparently higher dispersion of the hexagonal phase may arise from some role of ammonia which results in a stronger MoO3-surface interaction.
Occupational Socialization and Mid-Career Orthodoxy Among Academic Psychologists

The level and variability of science-oriented attitudes among different cohorts of graduate students and faculty in academic psychology provided evidence bearing on the course of occupational socialization and selective attrition in the discipline. Clear differences were found among the cohorts. New students were less science-oriented and more diverse than mid-career faculty but older students and recent graduates were very similar to their faculty mentors. Faculty showed little attitudinal differences from cohort to cohort. Thus occupational socialization and/or selective attrition have ample room to operate on the science-oriented attitudes of psychology students as they develop into academic psychologists.
Effect of surface plasmon excitations on the irradiance pattern of the return beam in optical disk data storage.

The excitation of surface plasmons at a dielectric–metal interface is responsible for dips in the zeroth order diffraction efficiency of a metal grating at certain angles of incidence. The dips appear as dark bands in the returning irradiance pattern in an optical disk system and are seen only when there is a component of incident polarization that lies perpendicular to the tracks. The location of these bands is derived from theoretical considerations and is shown to depend on the track pitch and the materials involved, but not on the groove depth or width. The band locations are confirmed by zeroth order diffraction efficiency measurements as a function of incident angle. A possible negative effect of these bands on an optical disk system is the introduction of additional fluctuations and noise into the focusing and push–pull tracking signals.