cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lexical access in bilingual speakers: What's the (hard) problem?

Models of bilingual speech production generally assume that translation equivalent lexical nodes share a common semantic representation. Though this type of architecture is highly desirable on both theoretical and empirical grounds, it could create difficulty at the point of lexical selection. If two translation equivalent lexical nodes are activated to roughly equal levels every time that their shared semantic representation becomes activated, the lexical selection mechanism should find it difficult to “decide” between the two (the “hard problem”) – yet in some cases bilinguals benefit from the presence of a translation equivalent “competitor”. In this article, we review three models that have been proposed as solutions to the hard problem. Each of these models has difficulty accounting for the full range of findings in the literature but we suggest that these shortcomings stem from their acceptance of the assumption that lexical selection is competitive. We argue that without this assumption each proposal is able to provide a full account of the empirical findings. We conclude by suggesting that the simplest of these proposals should be rejected before more complicated models are considered.
Systematic Bias and Nontransparency in US Social Security Administration Forecasts

Abstract We offer an evaluation of the Social Security Administration demographic and financial forecasts used to assess the long-term solvency of the Social Security Trust Funds. This same forecas...
Inaccurate projection of rat soleus motoneurons: a comparison of nerve repair techniques.

The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the degree to which soleus motoneurons find their appropriate target following crush and transection injuries to the sciatic nerve, and 2) to determine whether repair of a transected nerve with a silicone tube leads to greater specificity of reinnervation and recovery of muscle function than the standard epineurial suture repair method. Sixty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of three sciatic nerve injury groups : crush injury, transection with epineurial suture repair, or transection with a silicone tube repair. The degree to which soleus motoneurons were able to find their appropriate target following a sciatic nerve injury was examined using a double labeling dye technique in which the original soleus motor pool was labeled with fast blue and reinnervating motoneurons were labeled with Dil. Soleus motoneurons were able to find their appropriate target following a crush injury. The accuracy of reinnervation following a transection injury and repair, however, was relatively poor. Only 14% of the original soleus motoneurons found the correct target following a transection injury. Repair of a lesioned nerve with a silicone tube and a 5-mm gap as opposed to epineurial sutures did not increase the specificity of reinnervation or the degree of muscle recovery.
Phosphorylation of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4G1 (eIF4G1) by Protein Kinase Cα Regulates eIF4G1 Binding to Mnk1

Signal transduction through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is implicated in growth and proliferation control through translation regulation and involves posttranslational modification of translation initiation factors. For example, convergent MAPK signals to Mnk1 lead to phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which has been linked to malignant transformation. However, understanding the compound effects of mitogenic signaling on the translation apparatus and on protein synthesis control remains elusive. This is particularly true for the central scaffold of the translation initiation apparatus and ribosome adaptor eIF4G. To unravel the effects of signal transduction to eIF4G on translation, we used specific activation of protein kinase C (PKC)-Ras-Erk signaling with phorbol esters. Phospho-proteomic and mutational analyses revealed that eIF4G1 is a substrate for PKCα at Ser1186. We show that PKCα activation elicits a cascade of orchestrated phosphorylation events that may modulate eIF4G1 structure and control interaction with the eIF4E kinase, Mnk1.
The Corrsin conjecture and anomalous transport

The present paper examines several models of turbulent transport in which the use of the Corrsin conjecture is effective. We discuss applying the diffusive approximation of correlation effects for a scaling description of turbulent transport in a system of random drift flows. The renormalization method of quasi-linear equations to treat the diffusion of magnetic force lines is considered. The factorization applied by Corrsin makes it possible to obtain transport, estimates on the basis of power approximations of the spatial correlation function. The diffusive approximation of correlation effects is effectively used in percolation and fractal models of anomalous transport. We point out the close relation among the Corrsin conjecture, renormalized quasi-linear equations and scaling estimates in which the characteristic spatial scale also appears to he the diffusive displacement. In the present paper we focus on sealing arguments that play an important role in obtaining the estimates of transport effects.
No Movement on the Border: Why Immigration Reform Fell Short Under Bush

Comprehensive immigration reform was one of President George W. Bush’s top priorities during his second term in office, and to get it done he would need to persuade a divided public and a divided Congress to unite behind a single plan. To do so would call for far more than exploiting an opportunity ripe for change. By analyzing the path immigration reform took through Congress and the roll call votes taken in the House and the Senate, I find that the Bush’s strong public stances hindered his efforts of persuading individual legislators, that his public appeals failed to shift public opinion in favor of his policy positions, and that Bush failed to unify even his own party members on this issue. Through this analysis of past efforts to pass comprehensive immigration reform, we can spot the potential pitfalls President Obama may find in his attempts to address this issue over the coming years.
Gender Differences in Within-Year Changes in Motivation and Achievement in Mathematics

This study examined gender differences in the longitudinal associations between changes in motivation and achievement in mathematics in a sample of 495 early adolescents (51% girls). Growth curve analyses indicated that gender did not have a significant effect on both initial levels of and rates of change in self-concept and achievement. However, gender had a significant effect on the rates of change in intrinsic value such that girls showed a slower rate of decline than boys. The analyses also indicated that the associations between motivation and achievement are stronger for boys than for girls. This suggests that the decline in motivation overtime is more likely to negatively impact boys’ achievement than that of girls’.
The Jurisprudence of Vulnerability: Property Rights, Domestic Violence and HIV/AIDS Among Women in Uganda

In Uganda a complex system linking property rights, domestic violence, and subordinating traditions leads to women's disproportionate vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection. In order to dismantle this system we must recognize the gendered pattern of HIV/AIDS transmission and acknowledge that vulnerability to HIV/AIDS is the result of a patriarchal system of subordination. It is in the interstices between local custom and formal law that women suffer the effects of this system. Focusing on the situation in Uganda, this article examines cultural practices that contribute to women's disproportionate susceptibility to HIV/AIDS infection and posits that by relying on an international women's rights framework, grassroots organizations can support women's efforts to address HIV/AIDS, poverty and gendered violence.
Pathology Analysis Simulation of Heart Failure Based on Ion Channels

Simulating cardiac electrophysiology activities through the computer can economically and safely develop the treatment medicine of heart disease. Based on the mathematical model of myocardial cell ion channels,a myocyte ion channels functional simulation platform was achieved,including action potentials for Purkinje fibres cell,the endocardium cell,the mid-myocardium cell and the epicardium cell. Pathological conditions were also simulated on the four kinds of cells in the designed system. By analyzing the normal and pathological simulation results,it is showed that the simulation results are consistent with the actual experimental data. The simulation system is reliable.
First reported association of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and interstitial granulomatous dermatitis

Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis (IGD), a rare disease, is well known to be associated with connective tissue disorders, malignancies and several drugs. We describe this first case of IGD in association with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). A 66-year-old woman with a 6-year history of untreated CLL/SLL, presented with a 2-month history of progressively worsening eruption of the left thigh, along with fatigue, lymphadenopathy and night sweats. Skin biopsy showed findings consistent with IGD and infiltration of CLL. The eruption was non-responsive to treatment with antibiotics and local steroids. There was a significant improvement in the rash after an initial cycle of chemotherapy (combination therapy with bendamustine and rituximab) and complete resolution by the third cycle, for the treatment of her CLL. We suggest that the possibility of an underlying haematological malignancy should be investigated in patients with a skin rash non-responsive to conventional therapy.
POST-IRRADIATION MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA

BACKGROUND Approximately 30 patients with malignant mesothelioma following radiotherapy have been described. Population-based studies of this occurrence have not been reported. METHODS Patients with malignant mesothelioma of the pleura were collected. All of the patients had a prior cancer and had received radiotherapy to the region in which the malignant mesothelioma developed. Data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program and the Connecticut Tumor Registry were evaluated for cases of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura occurring in patients with a previous cancer. The literature on post-irradiation malignant mesotheliomas was reviewed. RESULTS Eight patients (4 men, 4 women) with malignant mesothelioma occurring in sites of radiotherapy for a prior tumor were identified. The mean age at diagnosis of mesothelioma was 45 years (range: 22–78 years), and the average interval between radiotherapy and the mesothelioma was 21 years (range: 11–29 years). Three of the patients had also received chemotherapy. Histologically, the mesotheliomas were epithelial in five cases, biphasic in one, and sarcomatous in one. One hundred forty-two patients were identified in the epidemiologic survey. The majority were men (89%), with a median age for all patients of 68.5 years (range: 35–86 years) and a median latency between first cancer and mesothelioma of 4.3 years (range: 2 months–29.9 years). CONCLUSIONS Mesotheliomas rarely develop as second malignant neoplasms. Within a large, population-based survey of patients with cancer, temporal patterns and demographic features of most second primary mesotheliomas were similar to asbestos-related tumors, although the late effects of cancer treatment might have contributed to the occurrence of cancer in some patients. Cancer 1996;77:1379-85.
Close-range photogrammetry in underground mining ground control

Monitoring underground mine deformation and support conditions has traditionally involved visual inspection and geotechnical instrumentation. Monitoring displacements with conventional instrumentation can be expensive and time-consuming, and the number of locations that can be effectively monitored is generally limited. Moreover, conventional methods typically produce vector rather than tensor descriptions of geometry changes. Tensor descriptions can provide greater insight into hazardous ground movements, particularly in recently excavated openings and in older workings that have been negatively impacted by high stress concentrations, time-dependent deformation, or corrosion of ground support elements. To address these issues, researchers with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane Mining Research Division are developing and evaluating photogrammetric systems for ground control monitoring applications in underground mines. This research has demonstrated that photogrammetric systems can produce millimeter-level measurements that are comparable to conventional displacement-measuring instruments. This paper provides an overview of the beneficial use of close-range photogrammetry for the following three ground control applications in underground mines: monitoring the deformation of surface support, monitoring rock mass movement, and monitoring the corrosion of surface support. Preliminary field analyses, case studies, limitations, and best practices for these applications are also discussed.
A population-based analysis of mortality in patients with Turner syndrome and hypoplastic left heart syndrome using the Texas Birth Defects Registry.

Background Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is strongly associated with Turner syndrome (TS); outcome data when these conditions coexist is sparse. We aimed to investigate long-term survival and causes of death in this population. Methods The Texas Birth Defects Registry was queried for all live born infants with HLHS during 1999–2007. We used Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses to compare survival among patients with HLHS with TS (HLHS/TS+) to patients who had HLHS without genetic disorders or extracardiac birth defects (HLHS/TS−). Results Of the 542 patients with HLHS, 11 had TS (2.0%), 71 had other extracardiac birth defects or genetic disorders, and 463 had neither. The median follow-up time was 4.2 y (interquartile range [IQR] 2.1–6.5). Comparing those with HLHS/TS+ to HLHS/TS−, 100% versus 35% were female (P < .001), and median birth weight was 2140 g (IQR 1809–2650) versus 3196 g (IQR 2807–3540, P < .001). Neonatal mortality was 36% in HLHS/TS+ versus 27% in HLHS/TS− (log rank = 0.431). Ten of the 11 TS+ patients died during the study period for cumulative mortality of 91% versus 50% (hazard ratio (HR) for TS+: 2.90, 95% CI 1.53–5.48). Six patients died prior to surgery, 5 underwent Stage 1 palliation (S1P), 3 died after S1P, 2 survived past S2P, and one of these died at age 19 mo. The underlying cause of death was listed as congenital heart disease on all the death certificates of HLHS/TS+ patients. In multivariable analysis controlling for low birth weight (<2500 g), TS remained associated with significantly increased cumulative mortality, although females without TS had higher mortality than males (HR for TS+ versus males: 2.42, 95% CI 1.24–4.73; HR for TS− females versus males: 1.41, 95% CI 1.08–1.83). Conclusion TS with HLHS is associated with significant mortality. The increased mortality in females without documented TS calls to question if TS is undetected in a portion of females with HLHS.
Distributed Concept Reviews Improve Exam Performance

Distributed practice is a learning strategy in which studying is distributed, or spaced, across multiple study sessions. Another learning technique, interleaved practice, mixes material from multip...
Stigma and recognition of different types of symptoms in OCD

Abstract Since stigma and poor illness recognition are two major barriers in seeking treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), it is necessary to investigate the public's knowledge and perception of OCD in its many forms. The goal of the present study was to identify how stigma and recognition rates differed across four distinct symptom dimensions of OCD: contamination, symmetry, harm, and taboo content. In an online survey, 738 adults from the United States were randomly assigned to one of five vignettes describing an individual with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, followed by questionnaires assessing their reactions. The symmetry/incompleteness and contamination dimensions were significantly more likely to be labeled as OCD (84.5% and 76.1% recognition rates, respectively) than the responsibility for harm or taboo dimensions (36.9% and 30.9%, respectively). Participants in the taboo condition endorsed significantly higher levels of stigma for their character described in the vignette. Participants who labeled their vignette as OCD desired significantly less social distance and reported lower levels of fear than those who did not, regardless of condition. Our findings suggest that symptom content is a salient component of the social perception of OCD, and we discuss the relationship between mental illness recognition and stigma for this disorder.
Local terms and understandings of mental health problems in Burundi.

A pilot study and two intensive studies were conducted to document the local vocabularies used by Burundians to describe mental health problems and their understandings about the causes. The pilot ...
Predicting drug–drug interactions through drug structural similarities and interaction networks incorporating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics knowledge

Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) may lead to adverse effects and potentially result in drug withdrawal from the market. Predicting DDIs during drug development would help reduce development costs and time by rigorous evaluation of drug candidates. The primary mechanisms of DDIs are based on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). This study examines the effects of 2D structural similarities of drugs on DDI prediction through interaction networks including both PD and PK knowledge. Our assumption was that a query drug (Dq) and a drug to be examined (De) likely have DDI if the drugs in the interaction network of De are structurally similar to Dq. A network of De describes the associations between the drugs and the proteins relating to PK and PD for De. These include target proteins, proteins interacting with target proteins, enzymes, and transporters for De. We constructed logistic regression models for DDI prediction using only 2D structural similarities between each Dq and the drugs in the network of De. The results indicated that our models could effectively predict DDIs. It was found that integrating structural similarity scores of the drugs relating to both PK and PD of De was crucial for model performance. In particular, the combination of the target- and enzyme-related scores provided the largest increase of the predictive power. Graphical abstract .
Macrophage‐derived apoptotic bodies promote the proliferation of the recipient cells via shuttling microRNA‐221/222

Bacterial pneumonia is a common and serious clinical entity. Alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages are the first line of defense in the innate immunity against bacterial pathogens. Epithelial cells are known to release chemokines/cytokines that recruit and activate phagocytic cells. However, the signals sent from alveolar macrophages back to the lung epithelial cells remain largely unexplored. We found that LPS, a well-recognized stimulator derived from gram-negative (G-) bacteria, rapidly and robustly induces the secretion of macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). The main type of EVs found in the early stages after LPS stimulation are apoptotic bodies (ABs) and not microvesicles (MVs) or exosomes (Exos). Furthermore, LPS markedly up-regulate the levels of a repertoire of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the macrophage-derived ABs, including miR-221 and miR-222. Functionally, the LPS-induced, macrophage-derived ABs promote the proliferation of malignant and/or normal lung epithelial cells. We next directly transfected miR-221 and/or miR-222 inhibitors into the LPS-induced ABs. Deletion of miR-221/222 in ABs significantly reduces the AB-mediated proliferation of lung epithelial cells. Mechanistically, AB-shuttling miR-221/222 promote cell growth by modulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) pathways. Collectively, LPS-induced, macrophage-derived ABs promote the proliferation of their recipient epithelial cells, partially via AB-shuttling miRNAs.
Benefit-cost analysis of SBIRT interventions for substance using patients in emergency departments

Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) has been widely implemented as a method to address substance use disorders in general medical settings, and some evidence suggests that its use is associated with decreased societal costs. In this paper, we investigated the economic impact of SBIRT using data from Screening, Motivational Assessment, Referral, and Treatment in Emergency Departments (SMART-ED), a multisite, randomized controlled trial. Utilizing self-reported information on medical status, health services utilization, employment, and crime, we conduct a benefit-cost analysis. Findings indicate that neither of the SMART-ED interventions resulted in any significant changes to the main economic outcomes, nor had any significant impact on total economic benefit. Thus, while SBIRT interventions for substance abuse in Emergency Departments may be appealing from a clinical perspective, evidence from this economic study suggests resources could be better utilized supporting other health interventions.
Providing brand guidance for independent businesses: A supplement to District Signage Standards

If downtown retail districts are to compete with franchise-heavy commercial districts and malls, their small independent businesses must communicate a vibrant, alternative message through graphic identities. The identity that represents each business is the most important aspect of this message, and it needs to be planned and implemented with great care. Based upon our research we propose ways to assist business owners and communities with graphic messaging and its application to signage by providing the communication guidance that is missing in design standards and sign regulations. Through an understanding of communication theory and examining both positive and negative examples of business signs and community design standards, we demonstrate how communities and regulations can be improved to better serve of the unique communication needs and goals of small, independent businesses and the community.
The Impact of the Role of Doctor of Nursing PracticeNurses on Healthcare and Leadership

ced nursing roles that include clinical practice and leadership. These individuals are well positioned to meet the Institute of Medicine’s mandate for nurses to add their unique perspective to the interprofessional efforts to improve health care. This article demonstrates how DNP graduates design, evaluate and create innovative patient care models, evaluate the cost effectiveness of patient care strategies and influence health policy at multiple levels. The DNP project is the culmination of the educational process where core competencies and the clinical scholarship of the graduate become evident. A discussion of projects is included. Nurses who have completed the DNP are making significant impact on quality, efficiencies, and effectiveness of health care systems through their contributions in clinical practice, advocacy in health policy, implementation and evaluation of evidence-based practice, and contribution to nursing education.
Maximum and Minimum

When we studied functions of one variable, we found maxima and minima by first finding critical points, i.e. points where the derivative is equal to 0, and then determining by inspection which of these are maxima or minima We can carry out a similar investigation for functions of several variables. The condition that the derivative is equal to 0 must be replaced by the vanishing of all partial derivatives.
Start II and Beyond

At the June 1, 1990, summit, leaders of the US and USSR agreed to pursue new talks to further reduce the possibility of war, particularly nuclear war, and bring about additional stabilizing reductions in their strategic arsenals. They agreed that the new negotiations should emphasize removing incentives for a nuclear first strike, reducing the concentration of warheads on strategic weapons, and giving priority to highly survivable systems. Based on that approach, one could expect that the next stage will be aimed at structuring strategic forces so that neither side will fear a first strike. This can only be accomplished by eliminating weapons systems that each side regards as most dangerous and provocative. Stage two should focus not so much on numerical reductions as on a profound structural reorganization of Soviet and US strategic forces, and on blocking destabilizing arms developments. Such a treaty would create an unprecedented strategic situation. It would make possible - and require - a new set of confidence-building measures, and new standards of openness. The history of START shows that there is an inherent relationship between trust and nuclear disarmament. One manifestation of this relationship is that confidence-building and disarmament measures are complementary and reinforce eachmore » other.« less
Series Manipulation Methods

The purpose of this study is to describe and to make illustrative use of some effective methods for obtaining generating functions. We define a generating function for a set of functions {f n (x)} as follows: Let G(x, t) be a function that can be expanded in powers of t such that $$ G(x,t) = \mathop{\Sigma }\limits_{{n = 0}}^{\infty } {c_n}{f_n}(x){t^n} $$ where c n is a function of n that may contain the parameters of the set {f n (x)}, but is independent of x and t. Then G(x, t) is called a generating function of the set {f n (x)}.
A multiple discriminant analysis of smoking status and health-related attitudes and behaviors

Using multiple discriminant analysis, we examined several health-related attitudes and behaviors (HABs) simultaneously across groups of university students differing by smoking status (n = 1,077). Nine HABs were considered: health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal support, stress management, alcohol consumption, drug use, caffeine consumption, and safety practices. Overall, the findings indicated that HABs, particularly those involving substance use, differed among the smoking and nonsmoking groups. Furthermore, current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers represented a continuum of less healthful to more healthful attitudes and behaviors. In general, compared to men, women exhibited more positive HABs with respect to interpersonal support, health responsibility, alcohol consumption, and drug use, but less positive HABs with respect to stress management. More complex relationships emerged in comparisons of occasional and regular smokers, light and heavy smokers, and consonant and dissonant smokers. We discuss implications of the findings for smoking intervention programs.
Early-Onset Progressive Dementia with Persistent Extensive Cortical Diffusion Restriction (P1.174)

Objective: To report the clinical, imaging and neuropathological features of a rare case of sporadic prion disease. Background: Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is a recently described sporadic prion disease with distinctive clinical and histopathological features as well as unique characteristics of the abnormal prion protein. Often misdiagnosed as non-Alzheimer dementias, most VPSPr cases have negative CSF 14-3-3 protein, absence of periodic complexes on EEG, and no gray matter signal changes of restricted diffusion by MRI. Design/Methods: Case report. Results: A 46 year-old man presented with a 6 month history of rapidly progressive cognitive and functional decline, psychobehavioral disturbances and weight loss. Initial evaluation revealed severe cognitive impairment (10/30 on Montreal Cognitive Assessment) with no focal neurological deficits. His cognitive and behavior symptoms progressed rapidly. He developed hand tremor, unsteady gait, frequent falls and urine incontinence and died 12 months after the initial visit. Throughout his disease course, work-up for rapid progressive dementia was unremarkable including normal CSF cell count, protein, glucose, paraneoplastic panel and anti-NMDA receptor antibody. MRI-DWI at initial visit, 2 months and 8 months showed persistent diffuse cortical and thalamic signal abnormality. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was highly suspected, however two EEGs (8 months apart) demonstrated only non-specific cerebral dysfunction. CSF 14-3-3 protein was negative at initial visit and 8 months later. CSF RT - QuIC and total tau level were normal. Brain biopsy routine histology showed diffuse spongiform degeneration involving neocortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum. 3F4 immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffuse synaptic staining with superimposed plaque-like staining throughout the neocortex and cerebellar molecular layer. 1E4 immunoblot showed multiple bands including one at 7 kDa. PRNP sequencing was negative for mutations, and showed heterozygosity at codon 129. Final pathology diagnosis: Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy. Conclusions: Our case underlines the importance of consideringVPSPr in the spectrum of prion disease phenotypes when evaluating patients with rapidly progressive dementia. Disclosure: Dr. Huang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cohen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Safar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Auchus has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with in the past year, Dr. Auchus has received personal compensation for medical-legal consultation from several law firms.
Gross Total Resection of Large Cerebellopontine Angle Meningioma with a Supratentorial Extension via Retrosigmoid Approach with Suprameatal Drilling and Tentorial Sectioning

Meningiomas are the second most common neoplasm in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), and are challenging lesions to treat surgically. With significant refinements in surgical techniques, operative morbidity, and mortality have been substantially reduced. Total or near-total surgical resection can be accomplished in the majority of cases via appropriately selected approaches, and with acceptable morbidity. In this video, we present a 51-year-old woman, who had a 2-year history of vertigo with symptoms that progressed over time. She presented with blurry vision, sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, left-sided facial numbness, and double vision. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a left-sided homogeneously enhancing mass at CPA with a supratentorial extension. MRI appearance was consistent with a CPA meningioma with supratentorial extension. The patient underwent surgical resection via a retrosigmoid approach. Suprameatal drilling and tentorial sectioning were necessary to achieve gross total resection. The surgery and postoperative course were uneventful. The histopathology was a WHO (world health organization) grade I meningioma. MRI showed gross total resection of the tumor. After a 1.5-year follow-up, the patient is continuing to do well with no residual or recurrent disease. In this video, microsurgical techniques and important steps for the resection of this challenging meningioma of the cerebellopontine angle are demonstrated. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/CDto52GxrG4 .
Mitochondrial fusion and Bid-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis are perturbed by alcohol with distinct dependence on its metabolism

Environmental stressors like ethanol (EtOH) commonly target mitochondria to influence the cell’s fate. Recent literature supports that chronic EtOH exposure suppresses mitochondrial dynamics, central to quality control, and sensitizes mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening to promote cell death. EtOH-induced tissue injury is primarily attributed to its toxic metabolic products but alcoholism also impairs tissues that poorly metabolize EtOH. We embarked on studies to determine the respective roles of EtOH and its metabolites in mitochondrial fusion and tBid-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. We used HepG2 cells that do not metabolize EtOH and its engineered clone that expresses EtOH-metabolizing Cytochrome P450 E2 and alcohol dehydrogenase (VL-17A cells). We found that fusion impairment by prolonged EtOH exposure was prominent in VL-17A cells, probably owing to reactive oxygen species increase in the mitochondrial matrix. There was no change in fusion protein abundance, mitochondrial membrane potential or Ca2+ uptake. By contrast, prolonged EtOH exposure promoted tBid-induced outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cell death only in HepG2 cells, owing to enhanced Bak oligomerization. Thus, mitochondrial fusion inhibition by EtOH is dependent on its metabolites, whereas sensitization to tBid-induced death is mediated by EtOH itself. This difference is of pathophysiological relevance because of the tissue-specific differences in EtOH metabolism.
Children's education and their financial transfers to ageing parents in rural China: mothers and fathers’ strategic advantages in enforcing reciprocity

This investigation examined the impact of children's education on their financial support to older parents in rural China based on a theoretical framework that regards financial transfers from adult children as motivated by parents’ earlier investments on children's education, and mothers and fathers having different strategic advantages to enforce reciprocity. The sample derived from six waves of panel data from the Longitudinal Study of Older Adults in Anhui Province, China, from 2001 to 2015, based on which we constructed five stacked intervals (2001–2003, 2003–2006, 2006–2009, 2009–2012, 2012–2015). The random-effects models showed that the highest educated child provided more financial support than other children and that the amount was conditional on the actual educational attainment of the highest educated child. Our results also suggested that fathers and mothers have different strategic advantages in the process. Mothers’ emotional bonds with their highest educated children enforced financial returns. In contrast, fathers’ stronger identification with traditional filial norms was more consequential for receiving financial support from the highest educated children. We discuss these findings in the context of the patrilineal family system and social changes, including rapid population ageing and the decline of fertility rates.
Effect of inotuzumab ozogamicin on the QT interval in patients with haematologic malignancies using QTc‐concentration modelling

AIM The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of inotuzumab ozogamicin on QT interval in patients with B-cell malignancies. METHODS Data were pooled from three clinical studies including 250 patients (n = 2743) who received inotuzumab ozogamicin monotherapy. Patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (NCT01564784 and NCT01363297) received 1.8 mg m-2 per cycle in divided doses (mean Cmax 371 ng ml-1 ; considered therapeutic) and patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NCT00868608) received 1.8 mg m-2 per cycle as a single dose (mean Cmax 569 ng ml-1 ; considered supratherapeutic). Triplicate 12-lead electrocardiograms were performed at baseline and predefined time points postdose with paired pharmacokinetic collections. The exposure-response relationship between corrected QT interval (QTc: QT interval corrected using population-specific formula [QTcS] or QT interval corrected using Fridericia's formula [QTcF]) and inotuzumab ozogamicin concentration was characterized using a linear mixed-effects model, and simulations were performed using the final validated model. Full model development involved testing for covariates that may account for part of the identified variability. RESULTS QTc intervals had a small but positive correlation with inotuzumab ozogamicin concentration. Based on 1000 simulations, median (upper 95% CI) QTcS and QTcF changes from baseline were <10 ms at both therapeutic (2.70 ms [5.40 ms] and 2.53 ms [4.92 ms], respectively) and supratherapeutic (4.14 ms [8.28 ms] and 3.87 ms [7.54 ms], respectively) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Inotuzumab ozogamicin (1.8 mg m-2 per cycle) is not predicted to pose a clinically significant safety risk for QT prolongation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Wideband Dielectric-Loaded Venetian-Blind Polarizer for a Short f/D Lens Antenna

A compact, shaped polarizer fitting into the feed of a lens antenna with flD = 0.7 is described. By physically combining a dielectric polarizer with a “Venetian-blind” type polarizer a polarization isolation of greater than 15 dB from 9.0 GHz to 11.5 GHz was demonstrated. The polarization isolation was increased to a maximum of 22 dB by shaping the polarizer to better match the curved phase-front of the electric field from the feed horn.
Unrelated but together: Trust and intergroup relations in multi-family businesses

Abstract While family businesses are the dominant form of enterprise in most economies, multi-family businesses with two or more unrelated founding families are not common in the family business environment. The involvement of family in a firm makes these entities and their operations more complex; managing a family firm with multiple unrelated families is even more challenging due to their higher susceptibility to inter- and intra-family conflicts. In this study, we examine why some multi-family businesses are able to avoid or manage intergroup conflicts, and how multi-family businesses can work harmoniously. We utilize a qualitative and grounded theory approach to explore five multi-family businesses using in-depth interviews with nineteen organizational members. Our analysis indicates that trust within and between families emerges as a core construct for these entities. We present a theoretical framework that explains the antecedents and outcomes of this trust and a moderating effect on the antecedent-trust relationship.
Abstract TP496: Placental Ischemia Exposure Leads to Increased Cerebral Microbleeds in Embryonic Day 19 Rat Offspring

Perinatal stroke (cerebrovascular injury) affects more than 1 in 3000 live births and is associated with preeclampsia and low placental perfusion. Previous studies have shown that placental ischemi...
Multitiered Systems of Support in Preschool Settings: A Review and Meta-Analysis of Single-Case Research:

Multitiered systems of support provide a framework for matching the needs of a struggling student with an appropriate intervention. Experimental evaluations of tiered support systems in grade schoo...
Molecular analysis of inverted tumors of the urinary bladder

3148 Aim: Inverted papilloma of the urinary tract (IP) is thought to be benign, but some urothelial carcinomas show a prominent inverted growth pattern (invUC) which may pose a diagnostic dilemma to the pathologist and clinician. Ancillary markers may help to resolve diagnostically challenging cases and may contribute to the ongoing discussion of a possible malignant potential of some IP. We previously detected a frequent inverted growth pattern in urothelial carcinomas of the ureter and renal pelvis with microsatellite instability and loss of mismatch repair protein expression, raising the possibility that inverted growth of urothelial tumors in general could be associated with a mutator phenotype. The aim of the present study was to characterize the most frequent molecular alterations detected in urothelial carcinomas in a well defined cohort of inverted tumors of the urinary bladder. Methods: Seventy-two cases diagnosed as IP were reviewed by 5 uropathologists. Final diagnosis was IP in 63 and invUC in 9 cases. Expression of CK20, p53, Mib-1, MSH2, MLH1 and MSH6 was studied by immunohistochemistry. Mutation in FGFR3 was analyzed by SNAPShot analysis. Promoter methylation of p16, DAPK, E-cadherin, RASSF1 and MLH1 was investigated by methylation-specific PCR. Microsatellite analysis to detect deletions of chromosome 9p/q and 17p (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) using the Bethesda consensus marker panel for HNPCC diagnosis was performed. Tissue microarrays of the inverted tumors were constructed and investigated for aneuploidy and p16 homozygous deletions using FISH (Urovysion). Results: In contrast to inverted tumors of the upper urinary tract, microsatellite instability in IP or invUC of the bladder was not detected. Mismatch repair protein expression was retained in all tumors. IP had very infrequently deletions at chromosomes 9p/q or 17p and promoter methylation of the genes investigated (all 10% favour a diagnosis of invUC, which could help resolve histologically ambiguous cases. A mutator phenotype with microsatellite instability and loss of mismatch repair protein expression is infrequent in bladder tumors, even in a selected cohort with inverted growth pattern.
Identification of starch granules from oak and grass species in the central coast of California

Abstract Starch granule analysis is commonly used to describe the incorporation of plants into past human diets. However, assigning starch granules to particular plant taxa can be problematic. Here we take a statistical approach to analyzing multiple diagnostic characteristics of starch granules from three species of oak, Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak), Q. douglasii (blue oak), Q. lobata (valley oak) and one species of wild rye (Elymus elymoides) that were collected and consumed by hunter-gatherers in California. Results show significant differences in maximum length and the presence of morphological features (e.g., lamellae, extinction cross, mesial longitudinal clefts, fissures, shape, hilum position, etc.), suggesting that taxonomic assignment of archaeological starch granules can be made with measurable degrees of confidence.
Music perception and training for pediatric cochlear implant users.

Cochlear implants (CIs) are biomedical devices that restore sound perception for people with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss. Most postlingually deafened CI users are able to achieve ...
Progression of Frailty in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Report.

BACKGROUND Some adult survivors of childhood cancers develop frailty at higher rates than expected based on their chronological age. This study examined the incidence of frailty among survivors at 10 or more years after diagnosis, frailty prevalence 5 years later, and risk factors for becoming frail. METHODS Frailty was measured at study entry and 5 years later. Logistic regression tested the associations of several factors with having frailty at 5 years for all participants and separately by sex and by study entry frailty status. Cox models evaluated the hazard of death associated with entry frailty considering covariates. RESULTS Cancer survivors (range = 0-22 years at diagnosis, median = 7 years) were ages 18-45 years (median = 30 years) at study entry. Frailty prevalence increased from 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.0% to 7.5%) to 13.6% (95% CI = 11.9% to 15.4%) at 5 years. Risk factors for frailty at follow-up among all survivors included chest radiation 20 Gy or higher (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.29 to 3.05), cardiac (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.46), and neurological (OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.69 to 3.92) conditions; lack of strength training (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.14 to 2.66); sedentary lifestyle (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.59); and frailty at study entry (OR = 11.12, 95% CI = 6.64 to 18.61). The strongest risk factor for death during follow-up was prior frailty (OR = 3.52, 95% CI = 1.95 to 6.32). CONCLUSIONS Prevalent frailty more than doubled at 5 years after study entry among adult childhood cancer survivors. Frailty at entry was the strongest risk factor for death. Because treatment exposures cannot be changed, mitigation of other risk factors for frailty, including lack of strength training and sedentary lifestyle, may decrease risk of adverse health events and improve longevity in survivors.
Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling regulates ER-mitochondria contacts

Abstract Interactions between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria (Mito) are crucial for many cellular functions, and their interaction levels change dynamically depending on the cellular environment. Little is known about how the interactions between these organelles are regulated within the cell. Here we screened a compound library to identify chemical modulators for ER-Mito contacts. Multiple agonists of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), beta-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) in particular, scored in this screen. Analyses in multiple orthogonal assays validated that these agonists promote physical and functional interactions between the two organelles. Inhibiting EPAC (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP) or CDC42 (cell division cycle 42) activity blocked the β-AR signaling-induced ER-Mito contacts. Furthermore, our data implicate that actin filament assembly, likely triggered by CDC42 upon β-AR activation, is a driving force for ER-Mito interaction. Together our study identifies β-AR signaling as an important regulatory pathway for ER-Mito coupling and highlights the role of these contacts in responding to physiological demands or stresses. Significance Statement Here we identify β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling as an essential pathway controlling ER-Mito contacts. Uncovering the potential downstream effectors, our results provide novel insights into how GPCRs can modulate the ER-Mito coupling to elicit appropriate cellular responses. Our successful compound screen demonstrates that the split-Rluc assay is an optimal, valid assay for screening, as it readily adapts to a high throughput detection in live cells without artifacts associated with fixation or complications related to image analysis. Furthermore, our findings propose a novel mechanism of action for β-AR agonists, shown beneficial in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and suggests β-AR signaling as a potential druggable target for multiple conditions associated with ER-Mito contact dysregulation.
Promoting Cultural Awareness, Professionalism, and Communication Skills in Medicine through Anatomy: The Deaf Culture Session.

The anatomy curriculum is a place where professionalism can be learned and practiced, including training in cultural competence and communication skills for working with diverse populations. One population that has received little attention in terms of medical education are d/Deaf and hard of hearing (d/DHH) patients, although there is much evidence to support health care disparities in this population. Several major contributing factors include differing views of deafness between medical professionals and those who are culturally Deaf, a lack of understanding of Deaf culture and American Sign Language (ASL) by medical professionals, a lack of educational resources in ASL, and poor experiences in health care. To address this need, a Deaf Culture Applied Anatomy session was incorporated into the first-year curriculum at Morehouse School of Medicine while medical students were studying anatomy of the ear and hearing. Panelists, who were culturally Deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing children of deaf adults, shared their experiences in healthcare, including challenges they faced with communication and care. Surveys were provided to students before and after the panel session. Surveys indicated a lack of knowledge prior to this session, while also demonstrating that this 90-min session improved students' understanding of effective communication with future patients and issues related to deafness. Qualitative feedback also suggested that the students found the session to be personally and professionally beneficial. Implementing the Deaf Culture session was an effective means for introducing students to Deaf culture and working with d/DHH patients.