cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The SL5 procedure mechanism

This paper describes an integrated procedure mechanism that permits procedures to be used as recursive functions or as coroutines. This integration is accomplished by treating procedures and their activation records (called environments) as data objects and by decomposing procedure invocation into three separate components at the source-language level. In addition, argument binding is under the control of the programmer, permitting the definition of various methods of argument transmission in the source language itself. The resulting procedure mechanism, which is part of the SL5 programming language, is well suited to goal-oriented problems and to other problems that are more readily programmed by using coroutines. Several examples are given.
Using total fluorescence increase (signal mass) to determine the Ca2+ current underlying localized Ca2+ events

The feasibility of determining localized Ca 2 � influx using only wide-field fluorescence images was explored by imaging (using fluo-3) single channel Ca 2 � fluorescence transients (SCCaFTs), due to Ca 2 � entry through single openings of Ca 2 � -permeable ion channels, while recording unitary channel currents. Since the image obtained with wide-field optics is an integration of both in-focus and out-of-focus light, the total fluorescence increase ( � F total or "signal mass") associated with a SCCaFT can be measured directly from the image by adding together the fluorescence increase due to Ca 2 � influx in all of the pixels. The assumptions necessary for obtaining the signal mass from confocal linescan images are not required. Two- and three-dimensional imaging was used to show thatF total is essentially independent of the position of the channel with respect to the focal plane of the microscope. The relationship between Ca 2 � influx andF total was obtained using SCCaFTs from plasma membrane caffeine-activated cation channels when Ca 2 � was the only charge carrier of the inward current. This relationship was found to be linear, with the value of the slope (or converting factor) affected by the particular imaging system set-up, the experimental conditions, and the properties of the fluorescent indicator, including its binding capacity with respect to other cellular buffers. The converting factor was used to estimate the Ca 2 � current passing through caffeine-activated channels in near physiological saline and to estimate the endogenous buffer binding capacity. In addition, it allowed a more accurate estimate of the Ca 2 � current underlying Ca 2 � sparks resulting from Ca 2 �
Nuclear receptors in drug metabolism and beyond.

We are happy to present this nuclear receptor thematic issue of Drug Metabolism Reviews.The drug responsive regulation of the expression and activity of enzymes or transporters has long been apprec...
Kinetics of free radical polymerizations in reactive polymer processing

A kinetic model has been developed for radical chain growth type of reactive polymer processing operations. This model incorporates considerations of the molecular diffusion that is described by a free volume theory and the basic reaction mechanism of the free-radical chain polymerization. Experimental results from the bulk styrene polymerization and a reaction of sheet molding compound (SMC) showed good agreement with the model.
Explicit versus implicit fat-stigma

Objectives: Human biologists are increasingly engaging with current global trends toward obesity. However, little is considered about how variation in cultural views of “fat” might shape the biology of obesity, such as through pathways related to socially induced stress. Recent research indicates elevated levels of explicit fat-stigma in middle income nations, suggesting potentially high levels of psychosocial stress around “being fat.” We use the case of Paraguay to test if high levels of explicit prejudice around “being fat” also suggest internalization of those ideas in ways that might predict stress effects. Methods: Using a sample of women in Paraguay (N = 200), we test if the statement of anti-fat beliefs on standard scales correlates with similarly strong level of cognitive bias against fat based on an implicit association test. We confirm reasonable comparability of the findings to prior published studies by collecting data for U.S. undergraduates (N = 66) using the same set of tools. Results: Women in Paraguay reveal high levels of explicit anti-fat bias in an interview on a standard (Attitudes to Obese People) scale, suggesting a shared cultural norm of fat-is-bad. However, Paraguayan women display, on average, no anti-fat stigma in cognitive testing. Conclusion: In contrast to what has been observed in industrialized nations, the high levels of explicit fat-stigma does not necessarily correlate with high levels of implicit fat-stigma. This means that pathways between obesity, psychosocial stress, and health outcomes may be very different across socioecological contexts. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Accuracy of Marine Shadow-Band Sun Photometer Measurements of Aerosol Optical Thickness and Ångström Exponent

Abstract An analytical uncertainty propagation model is used in conjunction with laboratory and field data to quantify the uncertainty in measurements of the direct-normal irradiance, aerosol optical thickness, and Angstrom exponent made with a ship-mounted fast-rotating shadow-band radiometer (FRSR). Total uncertainties in FRSR measurements of aerosol optical thickness are found to be 0.02–0.03 at the 95% confidence level (two standard deviations). The “lever-arm” effect, a salient characteristic of the Langely technique in which uncertainties in aerosol optical thickness measurements are reduced as the solar zenith angle increases, is essentially offset by orientation uncertainty. Lack of a lever-arm effect precludes Langley calibration of FRSRs while at sea; they must be calibrated on land. Uncertainties in FRSR measurements of the two-wavelength Angstrom exponent are shown to depend strongly on the aerosol optical thickness, with the maximum uncertainty of 0.6 associated with clean, maritime air masses.
Can a Computerized Simulator Assess Skill Level and Improvement in Performance of ERCP

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) is a challenging procedure with considerable risk. Computerized simulators are valuable in training for flexible endoscopy, but little data exist for their use in ERCP training. To determine a simulator’s ability to assess the level of ERCP skill and its responsiveness over time to increasing trainee experience. In this prospective parallel-arm cohort study, six novice gastroenterology fellows and four gastroenterology faculty with expertise in ERCP completed four simulated baseline cases and the same four cases at a later date. This study took place at a surgical skills center at an academic tertiary referral center. The primary outcome was the total time to complete the ERCP procedure. For the baseline session, experts had a shorter total procedure time than novices (444.0 vs. 616.9 s; least squares mean; p = 0.026). There was no significant difference between experts and novices in the difference of total procedure time between session 1 and session 2 (−200.3 vs. −164.4; least squares mean; p = 0.402). The simulator was able to differentiate experts from novices for the primary outcome of total procedure time. The simulator was not responsive to an increase in trainee experience over time.
Did The Labor Contracts Between The UAW And The Big Three Automakers Work

In the Fall 2007, there were landmark labor contracts agreed upon between the United Autoworkers (UAW) and the Big Three Automakers—General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler LLC. The impetus for these truly historic labor agreements was to afford the automakers to remain competitive in the global market while labor was to be protected. Since the passage of these labor contracts, auto sales have continually declined to record lows due to the recession in the United States. This paper will trace the major contractual provisions of these labor agreements and also analyze how effective they were in accomplishing the stated goals for both the UAW and the Big Three automakers. Additionally, the paper will examine the necessary changes needed in these labor contracts if the automakers are to survive in the global economy.
GEOGRAPHIC AND ECOLOGICAL VARIATION IN CLUTCH SIZE OF TREE SWALLOWS

Abstract In many birds, populations breeding at higher latitudes have larger clutch sizes. It has been hypothesized that this relationship results from the greater availability of food at higher latitudes. We examined geographic variation in clutch size of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in relation to latitude, longitude, laying date, breeding density, elevation, and summer actual evapotranspiration (AE). AE is a measure of terrestrial primary productivity, and we assumed that it was correlated with resource abundance. Clutch size data were compiled from nest records throughout the breeding range in the United States and Canada (n = 7,459). Summer AE estimates were made from long-term climatological records, and breeding density was estimated from Breeding Bird Surveys. All variables were averaged for each 1° block of latitude and longitude (n = 85 latilong blocks). We found a strong positive relationship between clutch size and latitude. Absolute levels of resource abundance (summer AE) were not rel...
Nitric oxide attenuates hydrogen peroxide-mediated injury to porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells

To examine the role of nitric oxide (.NO) in vascular endothelial cell injury, cultured porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) were treated with H2O2 (100-500 microM) for 30 min in the presence or absence of the .NO donors (+/-)S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or diethylamine nitric oxide (DEANO). H2O2 caused dose-dependent PAEC cytotoxicity detected 2 h after H2O2 treatment as the release of lactate dehydrogenase. SNAP (100 microM) and DEANO (100 microM) attenuated H2O2-induced cytotoxicity if present during H2O2 treatment. In contrast, restricting treatment with .NO donors to periods before (30 min) or after (2 h) incubation with H2O2 did not prevent PAEC injury. Furthermore, the .NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (1 mM) sensitized PAEC to H2O2-induced injury. SNAP also attenuated H2O2-induced PAEC lipid peroxidation even if restricted to periods before or after exposure to H2O2. Thus, although .NO effectively attenuated H2O2-mediated PAEC lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity, these effects were clearly dissociated, suggesting that the antiperoxidative effects of .NO are not sufficient to account for its cytoprotective properties.
Dynamics modelling of constraints for reconfigurable systems

With classical dynamics modeling techniques, dynamics equations for different multibody systems must be derived individually and separately prior to the simulation and control. This is only suitable to systems with a fixed topology or configuration. In our previous works, we derived a dynamics equation methodology for open branch reconfigurable systems, called reconfigurable dynamics equation (RDE), and developed a numerical solving algorithm that is used to simulate the dynamic behavior of any complex system with open branches. However, if a reconfigurable system has constraints or contacts it becomes a closed systems and the conventional constraint equation cannot be used to solve the reconfigurable system. In this paper, we develop a new approach and derive constraint equations for reconfigurable systems. We present a two-step numerical solving algorithm. Two examples are presented to validate the constraint modeling and algorithm.
Disparity in liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality by nativity in Hispanics: The Multiethnic Cohort

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic liver disease (CLD) are major causes of morbidity and mortality among Hispanics. Disparities in the incidence of HCC and in CLD deaths by nativity in Hispanics have been reported. Whether individual-level risk factors could explain these disparities was assessed in a prospective study of 36,864 Hispanics (18,485 US-born and 18,379 foreign-born) in the Multiethnic Cohort. METHODS Risk factors were assessed with a baseline questionnaire and Medicare claim files. During a 19.6-year follow-up, 189 incident cases of HCC and 298 CLD deaths were identified. RESULTS The HCC incidence rate was almost twice as high for US-born Hispanic men versus foreign-born Hispanic men (44.7 vs 23.1), but the rates were comparable for women (14.5 vs 13.4). The CLD mortality rate was about twice as high for US-born Hispanics versus foreign-born Hispanics (66.3 vs 35.1 for men and 42.2 vs 19.7 for women). Heavy alcohol consumption was associated with HCC and CLD in foreign-born individuals, whereas the current smoking status, hepatitis B/C viral infection, and diabetes were associated with both HCC and CLD. After adjustments for these risk factors, the hazard rate ratios for HCC and CLD death were 1.58 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.51) and 1.85 (95% confidence interval, 1.25-2.73), respectively, for US-born Hispanics versus foreign-born Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS US-born Hispanics, particularly males, are at greater risk for HCC and death from CLD than foreign-born Hispanics. Overall known differences in risk factors do not account for these disparities. Future studies are warranted to identify factors that contribute to the elevated risk of HCC development and CLD death in US-born Hispanics. Cancer 2016;122:1444–1452. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Method for reconstruction of complex surface shapes from a reflection-based non-null interferometric measurement

Complex surface forms are becoming increasingly prevalent in optical designs, requiring advances in manufacturing and surface metrology to maintain the state of the art. Non-null interferometry extends the range of standard interferometers to test complex shapes without the need for complicated and expensive compensating elements. However, non-null measurements will accumulate significant retrace errors, or interferometer-induced errors, which can be difficult to isolate from surface figure errors. Methods discussed in the literature to correct for retrace errors in a reflection-based interferometer are computationally intensive and limited in spatial resolution. A method is presented for reconstructing complex surface shapes in a reflection-based non-null interferometer configuration, which is computationally efficient, easy to implement, and can produce high spatial resolution surface reconstructions. The method is verified against simulated surfaces that contain more than 200 μm of surface departure from a null configuration. Examples are provided to demonstrate the effects of measurement noise and interferometer model uncertainties, as well as an experimental validation of the method.
Life History of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Reared from Mock Orange in Hawaii

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was reared at three larval densities in ripe mock orange, Murraya paniculata (L.), obtained from five locations in the field. Larvae and preadult survival decreased with increase in larval density. C. capitata field infestation rates varied between locations from 0.5 to 148.4 larvae/kg of fruit. More Dacus dorsalis Hendel were reared from field collected fruits than C. capitata . The weight of mock orange fruit varied between locations from 0.31 to 4.0 g/fruit. Survival and reproduction parameters are discussed in relation to availability of fruit in the field. We conclude that the availability of ripe mock orange fruit in the field ultimately influences the number of fruit flies that survive to the next generation.
A nonperturbative description ofN\(\bar N\) annihilation

A nonperturbative picture ofN\(\bar N\) annihilation is proposed. In particular, different parts of the nucleon and the antinucleon do not behave independently, but are tied together by their topological charge. We describe theN\(\bar N\) state as a coherent soliton-antisoliton configuration, and argue that vector mesons play an important role in the decay process. SomeS-wave selection rules are derived. Their relevance to the present LEAR experiments is discussed.
The Oldest American Business Corporation in Existence

There is a good deal of doubt as to which was the earliest business corporation in America. One view is that a whale-fishing company established in New York City in 1675 was the first, but, although a joint-stock company (a kind of partnership), there is no evidence that it was also a corporation. A second view is that the first was The New London Society United for Trade and Commerce, chartered, apparently, in Connecticut in 1732. The life of these and other colonial concerns was short. Claims might be made for the priority of other colonial companies but our main interest is in existing companies. And this interest does not lie in the age of the concern itself but in the priority of its incorporation.
Standardization of surgical care in a high-volume center improves survival in resected pancreatic head cancer.

Abstract Background Durable clinical gains in surgical care are frequently reliant on well-developed standardization of practices. We hypothesized that the standardization of surgical management would result in improved long-term survival in pancreatic cancer. Methods Seventy-seven consecutive, eligible patients representing all patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and received comprehensive, long-term postoperative care at the University of Florida were analyzed. Patients were divided into prestandardization and poststandardization groups based on the implementation of a pancreatic surgery partnership, or standardization program. Results Standardization resulted in a reduction in median length of stay (10 vs 12 days; P = .032), as well as significant gains in disease-free survival (17 vs 11 months; P = .017) and overall survival (OS; 26 vs 16 months; P = .004). The improvement in overall survival remained significant on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio=.46, P = .005). Conclusions Standardization of surgical management of pancreatic cancer was associated with significant gains in long-term survival. These results suggest strongly that management of pancreatic head adenocarcinoma be standardized likely by regionalization of care at high performing oncologic surgery programs.
Determination of selenium in Ningde Large yellew croaker by microwave digestion-hydrde generation- atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Objective:To establish the method of microwave digestion—hydrde generation—atomic fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of selenium in Ningde Large yellow croaker.Methods:Sample was digested by microwave,in ferricyanide potassium and hydrochloric acid,using potassium borohydride as the reducer,then determined by hydrde generation—atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Results:Good linearity was presented within the selenium concentration range of 0 μg / L ~ 50.0 μg / L,correlation coefficient r = 0.9998,the detection limit was 0.15μg / L,the sample detection limit was 0.019 mg / kg,the relative standard deviation was 0.91% ~ 4.22% and the recovery rate was 94% ~ 104%.Conclusion The method has the advantages of high sensitivity,high accuracy,high precision,less interference,simple operation,it suitable for determination of selenium in Large yellow croaker.
Personal and social considerations of wearable light therapy for seasonal affective disorder

We explored the social acceptability and user experience of wearable form factors as a portable option for Bright Light Therapy (BLT). BLT remains the predominant therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder despite a non-compliance rate of ~70% commonly attributed to the inconvenience of prolonged daily sitting in front of light boxes. To date, attempts to address convenience using wearable/portable light treatment options have been met with limited success for nuanced reasons (i.e., stigma, efficacy, etc.). In an effort to more substantively explore factors related to the wearability, convenience, contextual appropriateness, and social acceptability of on-body light therapy usage, we developed and evaluated six fashion-aligned wearable therapy prototypes leveraging light-emitting materials and low-profile hardware. Our results showed that participants preferred more mainstream and convenient form factors (e.g., glasses, golfer's hat, scarf), were open to wearing their BLT in certain public and private locations, and appreciated device duality and the fashionable potential of treatment (to counter stigma).
Real time Rome

In today's world, wireless mobile communications devices an creating new dimensions of interconnectedness between people, places, and urban infrastructure. This ubiquitous connectivity within the environment can be observed and interpreted in real-time through aggregate records collected from communication and transportation networks. The real-time acquisition can regard traces of information and communication networks, mavement patterns of people and transportation systems, spatial and social usage of streets and neigbbourboods. This paper reports on the Real Time Rome project, exhibited at the 10th Internationl Architecture Exhibition in Venice, Italy. The Real Time Rome project is the first example of an urban-wide real-time monitoring system that collects and processes data provided by telecommunications networks and transportation systems in order to understand patterns of daily life in Rome. Obseriwg the real-time city becomes a means to understanding the present and anticipating the future urban environement 1 .
Safety Study: Intraventricular Injection of a Modified Oncolytic Measles Virus into Measles-Immune, hCD46-Transgenic, IFNαRko Mice

The modified Edmonston vaccine strain of measles virus (MV) has shown potent oncolytic efficacy against various tumor types and is being investigated in clinical trials. Our laboratory showed that MV effectively kills medulloblastoma tumor cells in both localized disease and when tumor cells are disseminated through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Although the safety of repeated intracerebral injection of modified MV in rhesus macaques has been established, the safety of administering MV into CSF has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we assessed the safety of MV-NIS (MV modified to express the human sodium iodide symporter protein) injected into the CSF of measles-immunized and measles virus-susceptible transgenic (CD46, IFNαRko) mice. Treated animals were administered a single intraventricular injection of 1 × 105 or 1 × 106 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) of MV-NIS. Detailed clinical observation was performed over a 90-day period. Clinically, we did not observe any measles-related t...
The effects of brand experience and an advertisement’s disclaimer speed on purchase: speak slowly or carry a big brand

Research on disclaimers (messages intended to fully disclose all information that could affect decision making and elucidate possibly misunderstood statements) in radio advertisements has drawn little attention. Using the same words in the disclaimer, the speed with which the disclaimer was read at the end of a food advertisement, and whether the product had a well-known or unknown (established via a pilot study) brand was manipulated and the resulting effects on purchase were assessed. Though the speed with which a disclaimer is read does not have an effect on purchases of well-known branded products, when the product is unknown to consumers, the speed with which the disclaimer is read is very important. Specifically, a slow disclaimer (read in six seconds) engenders significantly more purchasing than a fast disclaimer (read in three seconds). In other words, if people are not familiar with a product, and thus have little experience consuming it, it is best to read a disclaimer slowly. If, on the other h...
Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma

The introduction of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation more than 30 years has revolutionized the treatment landscape for patients with multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell disorder which is characterized by accumulation of clonal plasma cells (myeloma cells) in the bone marrow and increased production of atypical immunoglobulins leading to end organ damage with bone destruction, renal insufficiency, anemia and/or hypercalcemia. In this chapter the author provides an overview of current and past innovations in treatment of multiple myeloma using stem cell transplantation as consolidation therapy. Moreover, the role of stem cell transplantation in the era of novel anti-myeloma agents is discussed, and controversial topics related to stem cell transplantation in myeloma are addressed, such as single versus tandem transplantation, stem cell transplantation in elderly or relapsed myeloma patients, and allogeneic transplantation.
A New Perspective on the Apparent Solubility of Dissolved Black Carbon

Black carbon (BC), pyrogenic organic matter generated from the incomplete combustion of biomass, is ubiquitous in the environment. The molecular structures which comprise the BC pool of compounds are defined by their condensed aromatic core structures polysubstituted with O-containing functionalities (e.g., carboxyl groups). Despite the apparent hydrophobicity of BC molecules, a considerable portion of BC is translocated from terrestrial to aquatic systems in the form of dissolved BC (DBC). However, the specific biogeochemical mechanisms which control the transfer of BC from the land to the water remain elusive. In the current study, the apparent solubility of DBC was inferred from octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) modeled for proposed DBC structures with varying degrees of polycondensation and polar functionality. Modeled Kow values indicated that DBC molecules with small aromatic ring systems and high degrees of hydrophilic functionality may be truly solubilized in the aqueous phase. However, large and highly condensed DBC structures yielded high Kow values, which suggested that a considerable portion of the DBC pool which has been quantified in aquatic environments is not truly dissolved. We hypothesized that other DOM components may act as mediators in the solubilization of condensed aromatic molecules and serve to increase the solubility of DBC via hydrophobic, intermolecular associations. This hypothesis was tested through controlled leaching experiments to determine whether the mobilization of DBC from particulate soils and chars became enhanced in the presence of DOM. However, we observed that characteristics inherent to each sample type had a greater influence than added DOM on the apparent solubility of DBC. In addition, the direct comparison of molecular marker (benzenepolycarboxylic acids) and ultrahigh resolution mass spectral data (FT-ICR/MS) on leachates obtained from the same set of soils and char did not show a clear overlap in DBC quantification or characterization between the two analytical methods. Correlations between FT-ICR/MS results and BPCA were not significant possibly due to differences in the methodological windows and/or small sample size. Our results were unable to provide evidence in support of proposed hydrophobic interactions between DOM and DBC, suggesting that other physical/chemical mechanisms play important roles in the dissolution of BC.
A Reliable Mouse Model of Hind limb Gangrene.

Background Lack of a reliable hind limb gangrene animal model limits preclinical studies of gangrene, a severe form of critical limb ischemia. We develop a novel mouse hind limb gangrene model to facilitate translational studies. Methods BALB/c, FVB, and C57BL/6 mice underwent femoral artery ligation (FAL) with or without administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Gangrene was assessed using standardized ischemia scores ranging from 0 (no gangrene) to 12 (forefoot gangrene). Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) and DiI perfusion quantified hind limb reperfusion postoperatively. Results BALB/c develops gangrene with FAL-only (n = 11/11, 100% gangrene incidence), showing mean limb ischemia score of 12 on postoperative days (PODs) 7 and 14 with LDI ranging from 0.08 to 0.12 on respective PODs. Most FVB did not develop gangrene with FAL-only (n = 3/9, 33% gangrene incidence) but with FAL and L-NAME (n = 9/9, 100% gangrene incidence). Mean limb ischemia scores for FVB undergoing FAL with L-NAME were significantly higher than for FVB receiving FAL-only. LDI score and capillary density by POD 28 were significantly lower in FVB undergoing FAL with L-NAME. C57BL/6 did not develop gangrene with FAL-only or FAL and L-NAME. Conclusions Reproducible murine gangrene models may elucidate molecular mechanisms for gangrene development, facilitating therapeutic intervention.
Development of Physics-Based Tsunami Fragility Functions Considering Structural Member Failures

AbstractA probabilistic framework is presented for the development of physics and simulation-based parametrized tsunami fragility functions for structures accounting for structural member failures....
Ethnography: Bridging the Qualitative-Quantitative Divide:

This analytic autoethnographic and autobiographical essay addresses several interrelated questions regarding the use of ethnographic and otherwise ‘qualitative’ research methods in the study of con...
Trends in child passenger safety practices in Indiana from 2009 to 2015

Objective: This study reviews trends in rear-facing direction, top tether use, booster seat use, and seating position for children 12 years or younger among motor vehicle passengers in Indiana.Meth...
An Alternative Path to Exceptionality: Prenatal Effects of Teratogenic Substances on Developmental Processes

When one thinks of exceptionality, ideas such as “above average” or “varying from standard and typical norms” come to mind. In the area of behavioral teratology (the study of the effects of prenatal exposure to substances on developmental processes), the usual focus is also on how individuals deviate or vary from normative development. These effects are primarily pervasive and adverse in nature. It is important for readers to realize that the research described here entails effects not amenable to transient, environmental, or situational determinants of development (e.g., examining educational settings and promotion of giftedness), and that individuals who have been prenatally exposed to harmful agents display enduring, atypical developmental behaviors. Thus, exceptionality here is based on the premise that individuals do not undergo normal, typical developmental processes in the same fashion as those who were prenatally free from exposure to teratogenic agents.
Resistance to Frogeye Leaf Spot in Selected Soybean Accessions in MG I through MG VI

Frogeye leaf spot (FLS) caused by Cercospora sojina Hara is a disease of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that causes significant seed yield loss in warm, humid environments worldwide. The Rcs3 gene in soybean has been reported to condition resistance to all known races of C. sojina. The objectives of this study were to: (i) identify maturity group (MG) I to VI accessions resistant to C. sojina race 11 by field screening at two locations; and (ii) determine if the FLS resistance of the symptomless soybean accessions is likely to be conditioned by the Rcs3 allele. A total of 260 accessions including 12 differentials were evaluated for reaction to race 11 in field trials in Missouri and Illinois during 2009, and 20 accessions that did not develop symptoms were retested in 2010 to validate their resistance. The 20 accessions remained resistant and were tested for the potential presence of Rcs3 allele using molecular markers; and none was predicted to carry the Rcs3 allele. These accessions may contain novel loci for FLS resistance and may be used to broaden the base for developing soybean cultivars with frogeye leaf spot resistance.
Enriching Undergraduate Entomology Coursework through the Integration of Evolutionary Developmental Biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) is a recently established discipline that connects evolutionary theory with developmental biology. However, despite evo-devo9s integral use of diverse insect taxa as model systems and its interdisciplinary approach, current introductory entomology textbooks fail to fully integrate evo-devo into the undergraduate curriculum. We argue that an evo-devo case-study-based approach, focused on adult development, will not only familiarize students with exciting findings in this field, but will also help them deepen their understanding of basic entomological concepts. After a short background of the most important findings and methods currently used in evo-devo, we outline five case vignettes that span a variety of insect groups and entomological topics, including morphology and sexual selection.
Fracture toughness for engineering application: There is a need for more suitable testing standards

Abstract Fracture toughness testing standards such as ASTM E1820 or ASTM E 1921 ISO 12350 are seldom used in practice. Estimates of KIc or JIc by empirical correlations with classical Charpy impact tests are much more popular and often preferred. The reasons for this unsatisfying situation is that the standard procedures of fracture toughness testing are much more demanding than the Charpy test, in terms of costs, test material, test equipment and expertise of the laboratory personal, whereas the much simpler CV-test still delivers useful estimates. However, between standard fracture toughness testing and classical Charpy impact testing there is a wide space for possible new tests that are similarly simple as Charpy tests and similarly informative as a fracture toughness tests. In the present paper, some suggestions for such more practical fracture toughness tests are made.
The Army and Technology

Lake analyzes the organizational culture of the Army and its way of war, emphasizing both its traditional emphasis on the human element and its more recent embrace of technology. This chapter examines how the Army, with its human centric yet still materialist understanding of war, has reacted when confronted by the problems and potentials inherent in rapid technological change. By exploring the Army’s adoption of helicopters, its cancelled RAH-66 Comanche and Future Combat System (FCS) programs, and its nascent interest in unmanned systems, Lake shows how the Army is subject to enthusiasm about technology, and how its preparation for high-intensity conventional war creates the conditions for future overstretch.
Contextualizing mistreatment in cognitive impairment in Latin America

Mistreatment is an important social outcome of the growing cognitive impairment epidemic, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to bring to light what is known about mistreatment in cognitively impaired individuals in Latin American Countries. We identified a gap in the literature on this topic that opens the door for future research.
A Singular Disease

The convergence of thought engendered by Pasteur’s confirmation of the germ theory of disease, along with technological advances in the laboratory spearheaded by Koch, led to the premise by the latter part of the nineteenth century that many of the most notorious illnesses of the time could be ascribed a specific bacterial origin. Traditional rational empiricism—careful observations filtered through the lens of reason—that had been the guiding force of physicians through the ages could at last be wed to science.
Impact of land cover on groundwater quality in the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Florida, United States.

Abstract Although agricultural lands are generally assumed to correlate negatively with groundwater quality, the intricate relationship between general land cover and contaminant concentrations present in an aquifer may vary substantially; contingent upon the land type, interacting factors, and scale considered. The Upper Floridan Aquifer (UFA) is a primary source of potable water supply for the state of Florida. The Suwannee River Water Management District (SRWMD), located in northcentral Florida, relies exclusively on the UFA for water supplies. Over much of the SRWMD in the UFA is unconfined, rendering it vulnerable to contamination from surface sources. This study analyses groundwater concentrations of Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3–N) and Potassium (K) from shallow wells across the SRWMD for assessing the effect of different land covers on groundwater quality over time. Annual potentiometric surface maps were used to delineate semicircular recharge zones of 500 m, 1000 m, and 2000 m radii upstream of sampled well stations. Proportions of agriculture, forest, and urban lands were identified for each buffer zone using USDA Cropland Data Layer. Multivariate regression models were developed to infer relationships between land cover and NO3–N and K concentrations. Results show significant associations among land cover type, water table height, and groundwater quality parameters. Specifically, we find a large proportion of agricultural cover consistently associated with larger increases in groundwater pollutant loads relative to urban or forest cover across all models, after controlling for depth to water table. Our study suggests a need for widespread adoption of cost-effective agricultural best management practices (BMPs) that could help in securing regional water supply.
On Transferability of Performance Metrics for Redox-Active Molecules

Because of their lower material costs, redox-active organic molecules (ROMs) are increasingly used in flow cells. Quantification of their electrochemical stability is important for choosing between different battery chemistries. Ad hoc performance metrics such as cycle numbers have been used to guide materials discovery, but it is unclear whether such metrics are suitable for the intended use. Here, we suggest a kinetic model allowing a narrower definition of cyclability by interpreting it through intrinsic parameters. Using this model, we examine systematic data on cycling and calendar stabilities for dialkoxyarene ROMs in stationary cells. Even for these closely related ROMs, the cycling numbers strongly depend on minor changes in test protocols and structure, which argue against the universality and transferability of these commonly used metrics. Recommendations regarding the standardization of testing protocols are suggested in light of these findings.
Systemic therapy without radiation may be appropriate as neoadjuvant therapy for localized pancreas cancer

Background The utility of neoadjuvant treatment for resectable pancreas cancer is yet to be determined, but has commonly included chemoradiation. We evaluated outcomes in patients with radiographically resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy without chemoradiation. Methods A retrospective review of patients in our institutional pancreatic cancer registry was performed, which identified 36 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma between 2012 and 2016. Results Median age at diagnosis was 66.3 years. Chemotherapy regimens included gemcitabine (n=17), gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (n=8), or 5-FU/leucovorin/irinotecan/oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) (n=11). Surgical resection was performed in 69% of patients (n=25), with an R0 resection rate of 92% (n=23 patients). During chemotherapy, distant disease became apparent in 19% of patients (n=7), while no patients had evidence of local progression. Resection rates were similar between chemotherapy regimens (single agent =59%, multiple agent =79%). Median overall survival for all patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 30.3 and 34.4 months for those who underwent surgical resection. There was no difference in median survival for patients treated with gemcitabine (31.3 months) or multi-agent chemotherapy (29.7 months). Conclusions A short course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy without chemoradiation may improve patient selection prior to surgical resection for pancreas cancer. Further, local disease progression did not limit surgical resection in this small series.
A Brief Comment on “Percent Change as a Measure of Price Escalation in Water and Energy Utilities” by Jordi Honey-Rosés and Claudio Pareja:

This comment discusses the article by Honey-Roses and Pareja (2019). It attempts to provide additional insights into their analysis by placing it in a price index framework. A simple example is pro...
Antidepressant effects of moxidectin, an antiparasitic drug, in a rat model of depression.

Abstract Substantial data indicate that an imbalance in gut microbiome (GM), also referred to as dysbiosis, may play an important role in depression. Moreover, drugs that normalize GM can result in an antidepressant-like effect. It was reported recently that moxidectin (MOX), an antiparasitic drug commonly used in veterinary medicine, has a positive influence on microbiota implicated in mood regulation. We undertook this study to determine whether MOX would actually show antidepressant-like properties in an animal model of depression and whether it would affect the hippocampal and frontal cortex levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, peptides that have been implicated in pathogenesis of depression and effectiveness of various antidepressants. Adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats, a putative animal model of depression, were treated with a single dose of MOX (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and their performance in the open field locomotor activity (OFLA) as well as in the forced swim test (FST) was evaluated at 24 h, one week and two weeks after the single injection. A separate group of rats were injected with 2.5 mg/kg MOX and sacrificed 24 h later for neurochemical evaluations. MOX resulted in a decrease in immobility score after 24 h, whereas OFLA was not affected. Concomitant with the 24 h behavioral effects, the levels of hippocampal and frontal cortical BDNF were significantly increased, whereas the levels of TNF-alpha in both these areas were significantly decreased. The decrease in immobility scores was still evident after one week, but not 2 weeks of rest. These results indicate long lasting antidepressant effects of a single MOX dose and suggest potential utility of this drug in treatment-resistant depression.
1996 Community evolution due to indirect effects

Abstract Interacting species may have direct effects on each other due to predation or competition or they may have indirect effects that are passed through a chain of species interactions. Miller and Travis (1996) develop predictions about the evolution of traits that affect species interactions based on the impact of these direct and indirect effects.
Therapeutic Potential of Citrulline as an Arginine Supplement: A Clinical Pharmacology Review

Supplemental arginine has shown promise as a safe therapeutic option to improve endogenous nitric oxide (NO) regulation in cardiovascular diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction. In clinical studies in adults, L-arginine, an endogenous amino acid, was reported to improve cardiovascular function in hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, preeclampsia, angina, and MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) syndrome. L-citrulline, a natural precursor of L-arginine, is more bioavailable than L-arginine because it avoids hepatic first-pass metabolism and has a longer circulation time. Although not yet well-studied, arginine/citrulline has immense therapeutic potential in some life-threatening diseases in children. However, the optimal clinical development of arginine or citrulline in children requires more information about pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationships at appropriate ages and under relevant disease states. This article summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies of arginine/citrulline in both adults and children, including currently available pharmacokinetic information. The pharmacology of arginine/citrulline is confounded by several patient-specific factors such as variations in baseline arginine/citrulline due to developmental ages and disease states. Currently available pharmacokinetic studies are insufficient to inform the optimal design of clinical studies, especially in children. Successful bench-to-bedside clinical translation of arginine supplementation awaits information from well-designed pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, along with pharmacometric approaches.
Multifunctional Electrocatalysts: Ru–M (M = Co, Ni, Fe) for Alkaline Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers

Moving from proton exchange membrane fuel cells to anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) enables the use of non-Pt-group (NPG) metals as cathodes for the oxygen reduction reaction, since the ...
Effects of music nursing on PICC catheterization in premature infant

Objective To explore the effects of music nursing on relieving vasospasm and pain in premature infant during peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) , so as to provide reference for the popularization and utilization of music nursing. Methods A total of 35 premature infants with vasospasm during the course of PICC catheterization from June 2015 to January 2017 were selected as the experimental group, and given music nursing. Another 35 premature infants with vasospasm during the course of PICC catheterization between January 2014 and June 2015 were selected as the control group, and given routine nursing care. The pain degree was compared by Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) , and the relieving degree of vasospasm was monitored at the same time. Results After the intervention, the score of PIPP of the two groups both decreased. The PIPP score of the experimental group was (7.12±2.03) , while that of the control group was (8.14±2.12) , and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.600, P<0.05) . In the experimental group, there were 11 cases of complete remission and 24 cases of mild remission. In the control group, there were 8 cases of complete remission, 20 cases of mild remission and 7 cases of no remission. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=7.837, P<0.05) . After the intervention, the sleep time of the children increased in both groups (P<0.05) . The sleep time of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . Conclusions Music nursing can effectively relieve vasospasm and pain in children during PICC catheterization which is worthy of popularization and application. Key words: Infant, premature; Pain; Vasospasm; Peripherally inserted central catheter; Music nursing
Should Individuals Think Like Their Group? A Descriptive-to-Prescriptive Tendency Toward Group-Based Beliefs

Across three pre-registered studies with children (ages 4-9) and adults (N = 303), we examined whether how a group is predicted evaluations of how group members should be (i.e., a descriptive-to-prescriptive tendency), under conditions in which the descriptive group norms entailed beliefs that were fact-based (Study 1), opinion-based (Study 2), and ideology-based (Study 3). Overall, participants tended to disapprove of individuals with beliefs that differed from their group, but the extent of this tendency varied across development and as a function of the belief under consideration (e.g., younger children did not show a descriptive-to-prescriptive tendency in the context of facts and ideologies, suggesting that they prioritized truth over group norms). Implications for normative reasoning and ideological polarization are discussed.