cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leary Lecture: Aberrations No More

September 11, 2001 marked the beginning of a new era in American law. Combating terrorism became a matter of great public urgency and as part of that endeavor policies have been pursued that compromise once sacred principles of the Constitution. These policies were initiated by President Bush, but with some exceptions, other branches of government soon endorsed them, and remarkably, they are now being continued by President Obama. In his campaign, Obama denounced Bush’s policies governing the treatment of suspected terrorists, and in his inaugural vowed to continue the fight against terrorism without compromising our ideals.Much in keeping with this promise, on his first day in office, Obama issued an Executive Order banning torture by American officials. In so doing, Obama gave expression to the international Convention against Torture, the federal criminal statute enacted to implement that treaty, a provision of the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, and most importantly, the constitutional ban on torture rooted in the Fifth and Eighth Amendments. On its face, this order might not be seen as much of an accomplishment. In truth, it put to rest the doubts created by Bush as to his fidelity to these basic laws of the nation. Obama did not confine himself to this exercise in nominalism. He also tried to minimize the risk of torture as a practical matter. On the same day, he issued his ban on torture, he closed the secret prisons maintained abroad by the CIA - the so-called black sites - and required the CIA to follow the Army Field Manual when interrogating suspects. On the other hand, Obama brushed aside calls for criminal prosecutions and truth commissions to investigate the abusive interrogation practices of the previous administration. He said that he was only interested in the future, not the past without understanding that how he treated the past will partly determine what will happen in the future.
Ambient help

In this paper we present Ambient Help, a system that supports opportunistic learning by providing automatic, context-sensitive learning resources while a user works. Multiple videos and textual help resources are presented ambiently on a secondary display. We define and examine a collection of design consideration for this type of interface. After describing our implementation details, we report on an experiment which shows that Ambient Help supports finding more helpful information, while not having a negative impact on the user's productivity, as compared to a traditional help condition.
Management of temporomandibular joint Coccidioidomycosis

Purpose: The aim of this report was to present the first known case of coccidioidomycosis involving the temporomandibular joint, review the literature regarding dissemination to the mandible, and to provide treatment recommendations for this challenging condition.Methods: Coccidioidomycosis of the mandibular condyle was identified in a 30-year-old Somali male residing in Arizona. Due to the difficulty of surgical access and the anticipated temporomandibular joint morbidity of radical condylar debridement, primary medical management was performed.Results: Marked symptomatic improvement was observed after 10 days of IV antifungal therapy. Resolution of the abscess with residual bony destruction was observed on CT scan. Based on the results of this patient and review of the literature, an algorithm is presented to help guide management of coccidioidomycosis dissemination to the mandible.Conclusion: Prolonged antifungal therapy should be attempted for initial management of a Coccidioides abscess involving the...
Qualitative Interviews: A Methodological Discussion of the Interviewer and Respondent Contexts

Interviews are a staple method used in qualitative research. Many authors hold face-to-face interviews to be the gold standard, or the assumed best mode in which to conduct interviews. However, a large number of research projects are based on conducting interviews via telephone. While some scholars have addressed the advantages and disadvantages of using telephones to conduct interviews, this work is scattered across multiple disciplines and lacks a cohesive, comprehensive framework. The current article seeks to rectify this gap in the literature, by explicitly developing the constructs of the interviewer context and the respondent context. By examining key components in each of these contexts, the qualitative interviewer can make an informed, reflective decision about the best interview mode to use for a particular project. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1602156
Abstract P74: Regional Variations in Physicians' Attitudes Towards Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators

Introduction: The use of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICDs) varies markedly by region of the country. One possible contributor to regional variation could be variability in physicians' attitudes towards ICDs. The objective of this study was to determine if physicians' attitudes torwards ICDs vary by region. Methods: A national sample of 10,080 members of the American College of Cardiology were surveyed regarding their attitudes towards ICDs. The survey included a hypothetical scenario asking respondents if they would recommend an ICD to an eligible patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy, followed by questions modifying the scenario by age, sex, and frailty as well as questions measuring attitudes towards ICDs and important factors in ICD decision-making. Respondents were placed into a hospital referral region (HRR) by zip code of their practice. Data were then merged with data from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry where rates of ICD implantation were determined for all Medicare beneficiaries in a given HRR. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses determined associations between the regional ICD utilization rate and respondents attitudes. Results: We received 1210 responses (response rate 12%) with no difference between responders and non-responders with respect to physician demographics. Physicians in regions of high and low ICD use were equally likely to recommend an ICD in the 60 yo male with ischemic cardiomyopathy scenario (~99%; p = N/A). They were also equally likely to recommend an ICD if the 60 yo patient was female (~99%; p = N/A) or if the 60 yo patient had non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (85 vs. 88% p = 0.85). Multivariate analyses determined that physicians in higher utilization regions were more likely to recommend ICD therapy if the patient was ‘frail’ (32% vs. 21%; p = 0.03) or if he had a life expectancy of less than one year (10% vs 5%; p = 0.05). Conclusions: Even when patient-level causes of regional variation are removed through alterations in hypothetical scenarios, cardiologists in regions of high ICD use are more likely to recommend ICDs in frail patients or patients with a life expectancy of less than one year. This suggests that variations in physician attitudes may contribute to regional variations in ICD use.
Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: neurosurgical management of 37 patients

Transsphenoidal exploration was performed on 37 patients with hyperprolactinemia and a sellar polytomographic picture consistent with an adenoma. Twenty-two patients were found to have a microadenoma, and 14 were found to have macroadenomas. In one patient who had recently received bromocriptine, no tumor was found. Seventy-two percent of patients with microadenomas had complete resolution of all signs and symptoms; only 35% of the patients with nmcroadenoma were cured. There was no mortality and minimal morbidity. Seventy-five percent of those patients who desired pregnancy delivered normal children. Transsphenoidal resection is a safe and effective therapeutic modality. The present diagnostic tests and therapeutic management of these patients at our institution is the subject of this report.
Inhibition of caffeine elimination by short-term ethanol administration

Short-term ethanol ingestion has been shown to inhibit the metabolism of a number of drugs metabolized by cytochrome P-450 in both man and laboratory animals. However, the effects of short-term ethanol administration on the metabolism of cytochrome P-448-dependent drugs in man is unknown. Caffeine is a commonly used drug that is metabolized predominantly by a component of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase complex, known as cytochrome P-448. Therefore the elimination of caffeine given orally was studied in normal volunteers after receiving either orange juice or 0.8 gm/kg ethanol as a 25% solution in orange juice. Short-term administration of ethanol resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma clearance of caffeine from 96.6 +/- 13.4 ml/min to 60.7 +/- 10.5 (mean +/- S.E., p less than 0.05). There was also a corresponding significant increase in the elimination half-life of caffeine from 4.03 +/- 0.52 hr to 6.04 + 0.73 (mean + S.E., p less than 0.01). To determine whether the decrease in caffeine elimination was due to an inhibition of caffeine metabolism by ethanol or to an effect on caffeine absorption, caffeine disposition was studied in four healthy, mongrel dogs after intravenous administration. Each animal served as its own control. Caffeine clearance decreased significantly from a baseline value of 19.6 +/- 1.5 ml/min to 8.0 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- S.E., p less than 0.05) after administration of 3.0 gm/kg ethanol given orally 1 hr before intravenous caffeine injection. These results imply that short-term administration of ethanol inhibits the metabolism of caffeine, a predominantly cytochrome P-448-dependent substrate, in both man and dogs.
Reduced‐dimension reconstruction of the equatorial Pacific SST and zonal wind fields over the past 10,000 years using Mg/Ca and alkenone records

We develop a multiproxy, reduced-dimension methodology to blend magnesium-calcium (Mg/Ca) and alkenone (U 37k) paleo sea surface temperature (SST) records from the eastern and western equatorial Pacific, to recreate snapshots of full field SSTs and zonal winds from 10 to 2 ka B.P. in 2000 year increments. Single-proxy reconstructions (Mg/Ca only versus U 37K′ only) reveal differences in the timing and duration of maximum cooling across the east-central equatorial Pacific. The largest zonal temperature differences (average west Pacific SST minus average east Pacific SST) occur at 6 ka B.P. for the Mg/Ca-only reconstruction (0.61°C) and at 10 and 4 ka for the U 37K′-only reconstruction (0.55°C and 0.47°C, respectively). Disagreements between SST trends suggested by each proxy call for methods that can resolve the common patterns between each and have motivated the work presented in this study. In combining inferences from these proxies, we treat both Mg/Ca and U 37K′ reconstructions of SST as annual average values, but we recognize that they may be sensitive to different seasons. In the multiproxy reconstruction, the zonal SST difference is largest at 10 ka (0.26°C), with coldest SST anomalies of ∼ −0.9°C in the eastern equatorial Pacific and concurrent easterly maximum zonal wind anomalies of 7 m s−1 throughout the central Pacific. From 10 to 2 ka, the entire equatorial Pacific warms, but at a faster rate in the east than the west, and the average central Pacific easterly winds weaken gradually to approximately 2 m s−1. These patterns are broadly consistent with previous inferences of reduced El Nino-Southern Oscillation variability associated with a “La Nina-like” state during the early to middle Holocene.
Molecular Modeling of Charge Selectivity in Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

One of the most unique properties of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) is that the superfamily contains both anion- and cation-selective members; understanding the relationship between the primary sequence and charge selectivity in these channels has been an active field for many years. This concept has historically been explored electrophysiologically owing to the lack of structural models, but recent advances in X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy have provided the field with several structures. We now have structural models for both anion- and cation-selective pLGICs. Therefore, it seems pertinent to perform computational simulations on these various structures in order to elucidate the molecular basis by which charge selectivity in these channels is achieved, and to understand how mutations that alter this selectivity perturb the ion-permeation free-energy landscape. Although electrophysiological studies of charge selectivity are often limited to the estimation of reversal potentials under dilution conditions, computational simulations provide a broad array of techniques to tackle this issue. Using both molecular dynamics and Brownian dynamics (BD), we calculated potential-of-mean-force profiles along the permeation axis. Using BD, we also calculated reversal potentials under dilution conditions, which are directly comparable to those obtained experimentally. Also using BD, we calculated the fraction of the current carried by either cations or anions under symmetric-salt conditions. We compared these different methods for computing the selectivity of multiple pLGICs both among different computational methods and with experiments. Our simulations recapitulate the notion that charge selectivity does not necessarily arise from charged side chains, suggest that the barrier to anions presented by cation-selective pLGICs and the barrier to cations presented by anion-selective pLGICs are located in different regions of the pore, and show that some open-channel structural models do not display, in simulations, the selectivity observed in experiments.
The Discovery of Suvorexant, the First Orexin Receptor Drug for Insomnia

Historically, pharmacological therapies have used mechanisms such as γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor potentiation to drive sleep through broad suppression of central nervous system activity. With the discovery of orexin signaling loss as the etiology underlying narcolepsy, a disorder associated with hypersomnolence, orexin antagonism emerged as an alternative approach to attenuate orexin-induced wakefulness more selectively. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) block the activity of orexin 1 and 2 receptors to both reduce the threshold to transition into sleep and attenuate orexin-mediated arousal. Among DORAs evaluated clinically, suvorexant has pharmacokinetic properties engineered for a plasma half-life appropriate for rapid sleep onset and maintenance at low to moderate doses. Unlike GABAA receptor modulators, DORAs promote both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep, do not disrupt sleep stage-specific quantitative electroencephalogram spectral profiles, and allow somnolence indistinct from normal sleep. The preservation of cognitive performance and the ability to arouse to salient stimuli after DORA administration suggest further advantages over historical therapies.
Guatemala as a Site for Critical Historiography

In this book, I have argued that writing pedagogies should be inclusive of the histories of underrepresented populations. These inclusive pedagogies must entail inclusion on two levels: first, the curricula should include contested histories as a source for critical thinking and analysis through writing. Second, the curricula should present opportunities for those students previously underrepresented in “official histories” taught in public high schools to see themselves represented in alternative histories in writing classrooms.
Bacterial Catabolism of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

Recent work indicating that there may be a flow of fixed nitrogen to Rhizobium bacteroids is discussed in light of a hypothesis that such a flow may be important to nodule function. Evidence that nitrogen is transported to the microsymbiont includes analysis of auxotrophic mutants, consideration of proline metabolism in nodules, and the finding of unusual amino compounds within nodules that can specifically support bacteria growth. We describe experiments that implicate an NAD dependent glutamate dehydrogenase in glutamate catabolism by free living bacteria.
Incomplete coronary revascularization: a cautionary tale

Recently, Chang et al . found that incomplete coronary revascularization using drug-eluting stents demonstrated similar mortality to complete coronary revascularization in multivessel coronary artery disease (1). The authors found a higher risk of post-intervention myocardial infarction in patients with incomplete revascularization, but other important outcomes such as death, stroke, and repeat revascularization were no different. These results suggest that a less rigorous approach to percutaneous revascularization might be tolerable, but must be interpreted with caution due to several significant limitations of the study.
THEOLOGICAL HUMILITY IN THE WORLD OF LAW

“Legal theology” must mean more than theological reflection on legal topics just as “feminist theology” means more than theological reflection on “women's issues.” This is no simple application procedure, but a dynamic interaction between two fields of play, each with an internal variety of methods, considerations, and arguments. Amidst the varieties of Christian theology, Christian feminist theology has distinct methodological features that reflect experiences of subjugation and political commitments to equality and mutuality. Similarly, Christian legal theology—should it in fact develop—cannot claim to represent all Christian reflection as though Christian theology is monolithic and neutrally applied to a stagnant list of legal topics. Rather, Christian legal theology would reflect a distinctive way of doing theology in light of experiences, commitments, and practices within the “world of law.” Given the variety internal to Christian theology and the world of law, the configurations for Christian legal theology are indeed myriad.
Conversion of a wet waste feedstock to biocrude by hydrothermal processing in a continuous-flow reactor: grape pomace

Wet waste feedstocks present an attractive opportunity for biomass conversion to fuels by hydrothermal processing. In this study, grape pomace slurries from two varieties, Montepulciano and cabernet sauvignon, have been converted into a biocrude by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in a bench-scale, continuous-flow reactor system. Carbon conversion to gravity-separable biocrude product up to 56% was accomplished at relatively low temperature (350 °C) in a pressurized (sub-critical liquid water) environment (20 MPa) when using grape pomace feedstock slurry with a 16.8 wt% concentration of dry solids processed at a liquid hourly space velocity of 2.1 h−1. Direct biocrude recovery was achieved without the use of a solvent and biomass trace mineral components were removed by precipitation and filtration so that they did not cause processing difficulties. In addition, catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) was effectively applied for HTL byproduct water cleanup using a Ru on C catalyst in a fixed bed producing a gas composed of methane and carbon dioxide from water-soluble organics. Conversion of 99.8% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) left in the aqueous phase was demonstrated. As a result, high conversion of grape pomace to liquid and gas fuel products was found with residual organic contamination in byproduct water reduced to <150 mg/kg COD.
Das Spiel der Logik

Gedanken mussen nicht immer zweckhaft oder zielgerichtet sein, denn der menschliche Geist hat es an sich, dass er in einem fort denkt – selbst wenn es gerade gar keine Probleme zu losen gilt. Solche Gedanken sind lediglich eine Aneinanderreihung von Schlussen, die in eine Erkenntnis oder eine Meinung munden. Mal begeben wir uns bewusst in Gedankengange hinein, mal laufen sie ganz automatisch ab. Die Grundeinheit eines Gedankens ist eine Proposition – eine (logische) Aussage, die festgestellt oder bestritten werden kann. Wenn wir uber etwas nachdenken, entwickeln wir eine Reihe von Propositionen, die logisch miteinander verbunden sind. Dasselbe tun wir, wenn wir eine andere Person von unserer Meinung zu uberzeugen suchen. In der Logik, mit der sich dieses Kapitel befasst, geht es im Kern darum, wie die Wahrheit einiger Propositionen mit der Wahrheit anderer verbunden ist.
Social-ecological predictors of externalizing behavior trajectories in at-risk youth

Extant research consistently links youth externalizing problems and later maladaptive outcomes, and these behaviors are particularly detrimental given their relative stability across development. Although an array of risk and protective factors for externalizing problems have been identified, few studies have examined factors reflecting the multiple social-ecological levels that influence child development and used them to predict longitudinal trajectories of externalizing problems. The current study examined externalizing behavior trajectories in a sample of 1,094 at-risk youth (539 boys, 555 girls) from the Longitudinal Studies in Child Abuse and Neglect multisite longitudinal study of child maltreatment. Normed Child Behavior Checklist externalizing scores were used to estimate group trajectories via growth-based trajectory modeling at ages 10, 12, 14, and 16 using the SAS PROC TRAJ procedure. Model fit was assessed using the Bayes information criterion and the Akaike information criterion statistics. Analyses revealed optimal fit for five distinct behavioral trajectories: low stable, mid-increasing, mid-decreasing, medium high, and high stable. Multinomial logistic regressions revealed that a combination of risk and protective factors at individual, family, school, and neighborhood levels contribute to distinct trajectories of externalizing problems over time. Predictors of low and decreasing trajectories can inform interventions aimed at addressing externalizing problems among high-risk adolescents.
Climbing the Intervention Ladder to handwashing compliance: A review and directions for future research

Abstract Proper handwashing is a simple, cost effective means for reducing the risk of foodborne disease transmission. Low compliance rates are often observed among food handlers, and a wide range of interventions have attempted to increase compliance, often with little success. Promoting lasting behavior change is difficult, and theoretical models like the Intervention Ladder developed by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics function as useful paradigms to help guide and promote behavior change. While the Intervention Ladder was developed to address issues like infectious disease, obesity, and drug use, it is applicable to the food industry with regards to promoting food safety practices like handwashing. The aim of this review is to expand on the Intervention Ladder and describe its application in the food industry. We believe the Intervention Ladder can serve as a model to benefit food industry stakeholders through providing strategies to promote handwashing compliance. We have modified the original model to include various levels of employee freedom that might impact which strategy is most appropriate depending on the circumstances. Limitations for each strategy are also considered, and directions for future research are included to help guide and expand the knowledge base of food safety behavior change strategies.
Song Sweeter than Orpheus’: Euripides’ Medea 542-544

In Euripides’ Medea, Jason expresses a preference for fame over riches or musical talent such as that which Orpheus possesses. Orpheus was well-known for the supernaturally persuasive qualities of his music, and as the play makes clear, Jason’s rejection of Orpheus’ talents is not purely rhetorical—he lacks the persuasive skill of Orpheus, skill which he needs to reconcile Medea to his new marriage. Medea is persistently compared to things which Orpheus is able to influence through his song, such as rocks, lions, and bulls, highlighting Jason’s failure to persuade where the mythical singer succeeds. Jason is, however, successful in persuading his new bride; as a lover rather than a husband, he possesses Orpheus’ abilities. The implied comparison between Jason and Orpheus foreshadows the death of Jason’s Corinthian bride and Jason’s downfall at the hands of a woman.
A multi-site feasibility study to assess fever and wheezing in children after influenza vaccines using text messaging.

Abstract Background Using text messaging for vaccine safety monitoring, particularly for non-medically attended events, would be valuable for pandemic influenza and emergency vaccination program preparedness. We assessed the feasibility and acceptability of text messaging to evaluate fever and wheezing post-influenza vaccination in a prospective, observational, multi-site pediatric study. Methods Children aged 2–11 years old, with an emphasis on children with asthma, were recruited during the 2014–2015 influenza season from three community-based clinics in New York City, and during the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 seasons from a private practice in Fall River, Massachusetts. Parents of enrolled children receiving quadrivalent live attenuated (LAIV4) or inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) replied to text messages assessing respiratory symptoms (day 3 and 7, then weekly through day 42), and temperature on the night of vaccination and the next seven nights (day 0–7). Missing data were collected via diary (day 0–7 only) and phone. Phone confirmation was obtained for both presence and absence of respiratory symptoms. Reporting rates, fever (T ≥ 100.4 °F) frequency, proportion of wheezing and/or chest tightness reports captured via text message versus all sources (text, phone, diary, electronic health record) and parental satisfaction were assessed. Results Across both seasons, 266 children were analyzed; 49.2% with asthma. Parental text message response rates were high (>70%) across sites. Overall, fever frequency was low (day 0–2: 4.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3–7.4%]; d3–7: 6.7% [95% CI 4.1–10.8%]). A third (39.2%) of parents reported a respiratory problem in their child, primarily cough. Most (88.2%) of the 52 wheezing and/or chest tightness reports were by text message. Most (88.1%) participants preferred text messaging over paper reporting. Conclusions Text messaging can provide information about pediatric post-vaccination fever and wheezing and was viewed positively by parents. It could be a helpful tool for rapid vaccine safety monitoring during a pandemic or other emergency vaccination program. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02295007 .
Introduction: Chastity and the Question of Value

The early modern English stage frequently renders female chastity, virginity as well as married fidelity, in economic terms. Images of jewels, pearls and treasure abound, indicating chastity's immeasurable worth. Leontio in Thomas Middleton's Women Beware Women , for example, refers to his chaste wife Brancha as a ‘most matchless jewel’ and sequesters her, believing that ‘’tis great policy / To keep choice treasures in obscurest places’. In many instances, this conventional imagery is replaced with the more overtly commercial terms of commodity, usury and currency. Paroles in William Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends Well , for example, calls virginity a ‘commodity will lose the gloss with lying; the longer kept, the less worth’. Monticelso in John Webster's The White Devil compares unchaste women to ‘the guilty counterfeited coin / Which whosoe'er first stamps it brings in trouble / All that receive it’, and in Middleton's The Revenger's Tragedy , Lussurioso hopes that Castiza's chastity will be ‘br[ought] … into expense, for honesty / Is like a stock of money laid to sleep / Which ne'er so little broke, does never keep’. This economic discourse is as common as it is imprecise, often conflating the woman, her spiritual essence and her genitalia in its attempt to identify the source of chastity's value. In each case, the drama calls attention to chastity's interpolation into, or its resistance to, economic forces. Chaste Value: Economic Crisis, Female Chastity and the Production of Social Difference on Shakespeare's Stage considers chastity's significance in light of this ubiquitous economic imagery, situating dramatic representations of chastity within broader anxieties about the social, ethical and epistemological effects of early capitalism. As I will demonstrate, many plays by Shakespeare and his contemporaries invoke chastity – itself a virtue, a symbol of stability, a quasi-commodity and a mode of selfhood – to interrogate competing understandings of personal value and to explore the ramifications of incorporating people, their labour and their productions into commercial exchange. As such, I argue, chastity informs the theatre's staging of subjectivities born of commoditisation as well as its articulation of emerging distinctions between human and economic value. Chastity, moreover, figures centrally in the process whereby the stage disrupts pre-capitalist understandings of intrinsic personal value and, in response to this disruption, reallocates personal value according to hierarchies of gender, race, class and nationality.
Correlation Function Profile Analysis in Laser Light Scattering. III. An Iterative Procedure

In photoelectron correlation function profile analysis, the inversion of the Laplace transform $$\left| {{g^{\left( l \right)}}\left( \tau \right)} \right| = \int\limits_0^\infty {G\left( \Gamma \right){e^{ - \Gamma \tau }}} d\Gamma $$ (1) to obtain the normalized linewidth distribution function G(Γ) from the net electric field correlation function g(l)(τ) is essentially an unresolved ill-conditioned problem, where Γ and τ are, respectively, the characteristic linewidth and the delay time. In practice, g(l)(τ) contains noise and the integral has upper (b) and lower (a) bounds. Consequently, in order to remove the ill-conditioning, we need to have estimates of both the signal-to-noise ratio and the width, in terms of the support ratio γ(≡ b/a), of the linewidth distribution function. However, asg(l)(τ) depends upon the delay time range of our experiment, we now encounter a problem whereby our experimental conditions and the results we hope to obtain are interactive. Then, the success of a laser light scattering experiment depends upon (1) a proper choice of experimental conditions, as well as (2) appropriate inversion of the measured g(l)(τ) to obtain G(Γ). Thirdly, further analysis of G (Γ) is often required to obtain the desired information, such as molecular weight distribution, internal motions, etc. These three requirements are highly interdependent and the experimenter must be aware of the uncertainties introduced at each step. In this article, we propose an iterative procedure that tries to meet the above requirements.
Taxonomical Classification of Closely Related Reads of Genus Bacillus

The genus Bacillus contain spore-forming gram-positive/variable rod-shaped bacteria. Species of the Bacillus genus have long believed to have medical, veterinary and agricultural importance. In agricultural biotechnology and its applications, discriminating short environmental Bacillus DNA fragments into its various species members plays a crucial role in the pipeline of agronomic trait discovery and insect control. We here constructed a classification model for this challenging task based on consensus decision-making of support vector machines and BLAST hit strategies. We first took advantage of both the hexamer signatures of Bacillus genomes and the Bacillus species-specific toxin signatures to build the attribute space. We then explored and filtered the otherwise high dimensional attribute space with a weighted version of principal component analysis to mitigate computational cost and avoid possible overfitting of the classification model for discriminating Bacillus species. Our extensive experimental results showed that our method can perform well on differentiating Bacillus species.
When and How Party Identification Works

Political parties play a vital role in democracies by linking citizens to their representatives. Yet, a long standing concern is that active parties hamper citizen decision-making. This occurs when individuals selectively perceive and analyze information based on whether it is sponsored by their party or another party, and not on the substantive content. Citizens may accept (reject) information that they would otherwise reject (accept) had they analyzed the content of the information. We explore the extent and conditions that moderate this type of partisan motivated reasoning with a novel experiment focused on support for an energy law. We offer some of the most explicit evidence to date on the conditions under which parties generate partisan motivated reasoning. Specifically, we identify three conditions that moderate such reasoning: (1) explicit inducements to form “accurate” decisions, (2) decreased individual trust/identification with a party, and (3) bi-partisan or cross-partisan support but only if that support is not universalistic. We also provide evidence on how partisan motivated reasoning works and how it affects opinion strength. We discuss the implications for opinion formation, normative issues, and the role of parties in democracies.
Ties in Baseball (and Beyond)

This article considers neckties in baseball (and elsewhere too). For baseball it focuses on the sartorial habits of Joe DiMaggio, Ted Williams, and Bill Veeck (with references to the dugout attire of Connie Mack and Burt Shotton). But it also has things to say about the dress of Charles de Gaulle, Richard Nixon, and J. Robert Oppenheimer.
Utilizing stillage in the biorefinery: Economic, technological and energetic analysis

Abstract The goal of this study is to evaluate the economics and energy efficiency of different biorefinery configurations which include stillage valorization strategies for bioproducts synthesis. Specifically, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is developed to identify the optimal process network, and the impact of various parameters (e.g., bioproduct selling price, production cost, and energy requirement) on the performance of the biorefinery is investigated. Results show that the optimal strategy leading to a minimum ethanol selling price of $3.44/GGE includes γ-valerolactone deconstruction, glucose and xylose co-fermentation, heat and power generation, and does not include stillage valorization. Economic analyses indicate that the stillage valorization becomes economically viable at bioproduct selling prices above $2.0/kg for a base unit production cost and conversion coefficient of $2.0/kg bioproduct and 0.3 kg bioproduct/kg sugars, respectively. Further studies suggest that under certain scenarios, the biorefinery does not generate sufficient energy if all stillage is utilized for bioproducts production. Therefore, the utilization of stillage has to be optimized in order to achieve an energy self-sufficient biorefinery. Finally, analyses are performed to study how improvements in combinations of parameters can lead to lower cost and higher energy efficiency.
Yes, we need a neuroscience of play

Ethnology, the cross-cultural comparative approach of cultural anthropology, has long recognized that people and animals play at all stages of their lives; that human play is culturally universal; ...
Insights From a Temporal Assessment of Increases in US Private Payer Coverage of Tumor Sequencing From 2015 to 2019.

Abstract Objectives To examine the temporal trajectory of insurance coverage for next-generation tumor sequencing (sequencing) by private US payers, describe the characteristics of coverage adopters and nonadopters, and explore adoption trends relative to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ National Coverage Determination (CMS NCD) for sequencing. Methods We identified payers with positive coverage (adopters) or negative coverage (nonadopters) of sequencing on or before April 1, 2019, and abstracted their characteristics including size, membership in the BlueCross BlueShield Association, and whether they used a third-party policy. Using descriptive statistics, payer characteristics were compared between adopters and nonadopters and between pre-NCD and post-NCD adopters. An adoption timeline was constructed. Results Sixty-nine payers had a sequencing policy. Positive coverage started November 30, 2015, with 1 payer and increased to 33 (48%) as of April 1, 2019. Adopters were less likely to be BlueCross BlueShield members (P Conclusions We found an increase, but continued variability, in coverage over 3.5 years. Temporal analyses revealed important trends: the possible contribution of the CMS NCD to a faster pace of coverage adoption, the interdependence in coverage timing among BlueCross BlueShield members, the impact of using a third-party policy on coverage timing, and the importance of small payers in early adoption. Our study is a step toward systematic temporal research of coverage for precision medicine, which will inform policy and affordability assessments.
Chapter 16 – Structure, behavior, and manipulation of nanoscale biological assemblies

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on three different aspects of biologically derived nanostructured materials. One of the aspects—use of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in studying biological assemblies that specifically support biological membranes, nucleic acids, and nucleoprotein complexes. Second, the use of more general protein phospholipid assemblies as nanostructured materials for the study of protein function at interfaces and the development of operational molecular devices. Another aspect is the use of general surface immobilization techniques to engineer nanostructured materials from functional proteins. SPM combines independent mobility in all three spatial directions (scanning) with a detection system capable of detecting some characteristic of the surface (probing). The scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) scans a surface with a conductive tip made of a metal wire etched to a fine point, and the microscopes' electronics detects the tunneling current passing between the tip and the surface, typically from a distance of about 10 A. Scanning force microscope (SFM) can provide atomic resolution on hard surfaces like mineral crystals. Achieving such a high resolution requires an exceptionally sharp tip, and the scan must be conducted at a relatively high force level, in the tens of nanonewtons range. The resolution attainable on biomolecules is lower because they are often deformed or damaged at such high tip forces and because it is generally difficult to bind them to a surface sufficiently rigidly to withstand high scan forces.
INCORPORATING A DUAL-TASK ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL WITH FUNCTIONAL HOP TESTING.

Background Hop tests are commonly used within a testing battery to assess readiness for return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, yet athletes still experience a high rate of re-injury. Simultaneous performance of a secondary task requiring cognitive processing or decision-making may test the athlete under more realistic contexts. Purpose To examine a clinically feasible, dual-task assessment paradigm applied during functional hop tests in healthy individuals. Study design Repeated measures. Methods Participants performed the crossover triple hop for distance (XHOP) and medial triple hop for distance test (MHOP) under three separate conditions: standard procedures and two dual-task protocols including the backward digit span memory task and a visuospatial recognition task. The visuospatial task involved briefly displaying an image consisting of 18 randomly placed red and blue circles on a screen, where the participant was asked to identify the number of red circles in each image. The backward digit span task was applied by introducing a sequence of random numbers to the participants, who were required to repeat the sequence in reverse order. Each motor and cognitive task was performed independently and simultaneously, in accordance with the dual-task paradigm. Results Thirty-four healthy participants (age: 24.0 ± 3.9 years) completed testing procedures. No differences in hop distance were observed with the simultaneous application of a cognitive task, with the exception of the backward digit span memory task resulting in decreased hop distance (p = 0.04, d = 0.14). There were no differences in cognitive accuracy according to hop test type, although the effect size was greater for the XHOP (p = 0.08, d = 0.49) compared to the MHOP (p = 1.0, d = 0.07). The dual-task protocol revealed good-excellent within- (ICC3,1 = 0.85 - 0.99) and between-session (ICC3,k = 0.94 - 0.99) intrarater reliability for hop distance across all dual-task conditions. The addition of a cognitive task to the XHOP and MHOP resulted in a lower standard error of measurement and decreased minimal detectable change, as compared to standard testing procedures. Conclusion The simultaneous application of a cognitive task did not alter hop distance, with the exception of the backward digit span memory task resulting in decreased hop distance with a trivial effect size. There were no differences in cognitive accuracy according to task type (sitting, XHOP, MHOP). All combinations of dual-task assessment demonstrated good-excellent within- and between-session intrarater reliability among healthy individuals, but measurement precision was deficient. Level of evidence 2b.
Broadband X-Ray Constraints on the Accreting Black Hole in Quasar 4C 74.26

X-ray data for quasar 4C 74.26 have previously been modeled with a broad Fe Kα emission line and reﬂection continuum originating in the inner part of the accretion disk around the central supermassive black hole (SMBH), i.e., the strong-gravity regime. We modeled broadband X-ray spectra from Suzaku and NuSTAR with MYTORUS, self-consistently accounting for Fe Kα line emission, as well as direct and reﬂected continuum emission, from matter with a ﬁnite column density. A narrow Fe Kα emission line originating in an X-ray reprocessor with solar Fe abundance far from the central SMBH is sufﬁcient to produce excellent ﬁts for all spectra. For the ﬁrst time, we are able to measure the global column density, out of the line of sight, to be in the range ∼1.5 to ∼2.9 ´ 10(exp 24) per sq.cm, i.e., in the Compton-thick regime, while the line-of-sight column density is Compton-thin in all observations. The Fe Kα emission line is unresolved in all observations but one. The Compton-scattered continuum from distant matter removes the need for relativistic broadening of the Fe Kα emission line, which is required for SMBH spin measurements. The resolved line observation can alternatively be modeled with a relativistic model but we do not ﬁnd evidence for a truncated accretion disk model. We conclude that the X-ray emission in these 4C 74.26 data is unlikely to originate in the inner accretion disk region and thus cannot be used to measure SMBH spin.
Believing is Seeing: Using Mindlessness (Mindfully) to Improve Visual Acuity

Contrary to the assumption that vision worsens over time, the current experiments show that vision be improved by manipulating mindsets. Experiment 1 primed the mindset that pilots have excellent vision. Vision improved for participants who experientially became pilots through instructions and by flying a realistic flight simulator compared to control participants who pretended they were pilots and performed the same task in a “broken” flight simulator. Participants in two further conditions, an “eye exercise” condition (mindset: improvement occurs with practice), and a “motivation” condition (mindset: try and you will succeed) demonstrated visual improvement relative to the “pretend pilot” group. Experiment 2 primed the mindsets that athletes have superior vision. Controlling for arousal, more athletic jumping jacks resulted in greater visual acuity than skipping. Experiment 3 took advantage of the mindset primed by the traditional eye chart: since letters get progressively smaller, soon we will not be able to see and we expect to be able to read the first few lines of the chart. By using a “reversed chart” and a “shifted chart” participants could now see what they couldn’t see before. Thus, mindset manipulation can counteract physical limits imposed on vision.
ocean circulation and climatic changes

Ocean circulation as climate regulator, discussing role in redistributing climate-changing energy input from solar radiation or lunar tidal friction into atmosphere
The Effect of the Angular Coherence of Each Beam, in a Crossed Beam Experiment, on Observations of the Small-Angle Elastic Scattering

We present the results of a crossed electron-potassium beam scattering experiment which, we believe, demonstrates that at very small angles a plane-wave treatment of the scattering event is incorrect if the unscattered particles are not themselves in pure plane-wave states. We suggest instead that one must treat the particles as coherent packets and that this will result in interference effects similar to those which occur in the forward direction in a plane-wave treatment but in this case will occur in a range of angles about zero degrees. The scattering amplitude will now be an integral of the plane-wave amplitude over a range of angles. This presents the possibility of making observations of the phase of the scattering amplitude at angles other than zero degrees (i.e., at zero degrees one could determine the phase of the scattering amplitude from a measurement of the total cross section and the differential elastic cross section at zero degrees by applying the optical theorem).
Computer Modeling of Flow Induced In-Reactor Vibrations

An assessment of the reliability of finite element method computer models, as applied to the computation of flow induced vibration response of components used in nuclear reactors, is presented. The prototype under consideration was the East Flux Test Facility reactor being constructed for US-ERDA. Data were available from an extensive test program which used a scale model simulating the hydraulic and structural characteristics of the prototype components, subjected to scaled prototypic flow conditions as well as to laboratory shaker excitations. Corresponding analytical solutions of the component vibration problems were obtained using the NASTRAN computer code. Modal analyses and response analyses were performed. The effect of the surrounding fluid was accounted for. Several possible forcing function definitions were considered. Results indicate that modal computations agree well with experimental data. Response amplitude comparisons are good only under conditions favorable to a clear definition of the structural and hydraulic properties affecting the component motion.
Fetal weight estimation from ultrasonic three-dimensional head and trunk reconstructions: Evaluation in vitro

Abstract The theoretical usefulness of volume as a predictor of fetal weight was assessed on 25 dead neonates with weight ranges between 364 and 3,650 gm. The correlation between volume, measured by water displacement, and weight was r = 0.999, with a standard error of 37 gm. A method is described for using volume, calculated from three-dimensional ultrasonic head and trunk reconstructions, to predict fetal weight. For the dead neonates, the correlation between measured weight and calculated head plus trunk volume was r = 0.985, with a standard error of 190 gm. The regression coefficient was 1.73, thus indicating that head and trunk volumes underestimate weight, as might be expected since limbs were not included. We conclude from this “ideal” situation that volume measurements will eventually provide the best estimates of fetal weight, and that three-dimensional head trunk reconstructions are reasonably accurate measures of overall volume.