cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The spatial response of CdZnTe gamma-ray detectors as measured by gamma-ray mapping

Abstract We have developed a system to measure the spatial response of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) radiation detectors. Using this system we have measured the response of several novel detector designs including several variations of the unipolar design. We have observed a wide range of energy resolution and efficiency among the different device designs. Each design has unique strengths and weaknesses which affect the device performance. In addition to design effects on performance, several instances of poor material uniformity degrading the device performance have been observed. In this paper we will discuss the spatial detector response focusing on the effects of the detector design. Where appropriate, we will also discuss the observed effects of material uniformity on device performance.
Micromachined pressure sensors: review and recent developments

Since the discovery of piezoresistivity in silicon in the mid 1950s, silicon-based pressure sensors have been widely produced. Micromachining technology has greatly benefited from the success of the integrated circuit industry, borrowing materials, processes, and toolsets. Because of this, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are now poised to capture large segments of existing sensor markets and to catalyse the development of new markets. Given the emerging importance of MEMS, it is instructive to review the history of micromachined pressure sensors, and to examine new developments in the field. Pressure sensors will be the focus of this paper, starting from metal diaphragm sensors with bonded silicon strain gauges, and moving to present developments of surface-micromachined, optical, resonant, and smart pressure sensors. Considerations for diaphragm design will be discussed in detail, as well as additional considerations for capacitive and piezoresistive devices. Results from surface-micromachined pressure sensors developed by the authors will be presented. Finally, advantages of micromachined sensors will be discussed.
Hybrid Oligomer Duplexes Formed with Phosphorothioate DNAs: CD Spectra and Melting Temperatures of S-DNA‚RNA Hybrids Are Sequence-Dependent but Consistent with Similar Heteronomous Conformations †

Knowledge of the relative stabilities of S-DNA·RNA hybrids of different sequences is important for choosing RNA targets for hybridization with antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides (S-DNAs). It is also important to know how hybrid secondary structure varies with sequence, since different structures could influence thermal stability and the activity of RNase H. Our approach has been to study relatively simple sequences consisting of repeating di-, tri-, and tetranucleotides, which allow the maximum resolution of nearest-neighbor effects. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra and melting temperatures were acquired for 16 hybrid sequences that could be formed by mixing S-DNA and RNA oligomers of 24 nucleotides in length. CD spectra of S-DNA·RNA hybrids were sequence-dependent and were similar to those of analogous unmodified hybrids. From singular value decomposition, the major CD spectral component was like that of the A-conformation. Three nearest-neighbor relationships among the hybrid CD spectra...
The Best Question

Suppose we get a chance to ask an angel a question of our choice. What should we ask to make the most of our unique opportunity? Ned Markosian has shown that the task is trickier than it might seem. Ted Sider has suggested playing safe and asking: What is the true proposition (or one of the true propositions) that would be most beneficial for us to be told? Let's see whether we can do any better than that.
X-ray crystal structure and characterization of halide-binding sites of human myeloperoxidase at 1.8 A resolution.

Abstract The x-ray crystal structure of human myeloperoxidase has been extended to 1.8 A resolution, using x-ray data recorded at −180 °C (r = 0.197, freer = 0.239). Results confirm that the heme is covalently attached to the protein via two ester linkages between the carboxyl groups of Glu242 and Asp94 and modified methyl groups on pyrrole rings A and C of the heme as well as a sulfonium ion linkage between the sulfur atom of Met243and the β-carbon of the vinyl group on pyrrole ring A. In the native enzyme a bound chloride ion has been identified at the amino terminus of the helix containing the proximal His336. Determination of the x-ray crystal structure of a myeloperoxidase-bromide complex (r = 0.243, free r = 0.296) has shown that this chloride ion can be replaced by bromide. Bromide is also seen to bind, at partial occupancy, in the distal heme cavity, in close proximity to the distal His95, where it replaces the water molecule hydrogen bonded to Gln91. The bromide-binding site in the distal cavity appears to be the halide-binding site responsible for shifts in the Soret band of the absorption spectrum of myeloperoxidase. It is proposed that halide binding to this site inhibits the enzyme by effectively competing with H2O2 for access to the distal histidine, whereas in compound I, the same site may be the halide substrate-binding site.
Continuous-flow ultrasonic washing system for fresh produce surface decontamination

Abstract A pilot-scale continuous-flow washing system with three pairs of ultrasonic transducers operating at 25, 40, and 75 kHz was designed and fabricated, and used to investigate the efficacy of ultrasound treatment for produce sanitization. A uniform ultrasound distribution in the channel was achieved, as shown by pitting on aluminum foil and log reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 population on spinach held at different locations in the channel. The inactivation normalized by acoustic power density for one-minute treatments at 25, 40, and 75 kHz was 0.056, 0.061, and 0.057 log CFU/(W/L), respectively. “Blockage” reduces the exposure of “screened” leaves to ultrasound, and results in significantly lower microbial count reduction. Compared to treatment with chlorine alone, combined treatment with chlorine and ultrasound in the continuous-flow system achieved additional log reductions of 1.0 and 0.5 CFU/g for E. coli cells inoculated on spinach, for washing in single-leaf and batch-leaf modes, respectively. Industrial relevance Continuous-flow ultrasonic washing of fresh produce has the potential to provide the produce industry with a means to significantly enhance microbial safety. However, care must be taken to minimize the screening/blockage of ultrasound by produce leaves, minimize the variance in the residence-time distribution, and assure a near-uniform acoustic field distribution in the washing facility.
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back

A Chinese proverb reminds us that a journey of a thousand miles begins with a first step. I find this less encouraging than I suspect it is meant to be, since once that step is made the journey will still be pretty long. With a little lateral thinking, we can think of this metaphor as an apt description of natural science. Forward progress is made and researchers rarely look back. As I write, I am looking at a syllabus for a graduate course in molecular biology being taught right now, and the oldest reference in it is to a paper from 2003. Sociologists face a different situation: we have to remember—and relearn—our traditions while ambling forward. As a result, we learn by taking steps both forward and backward. We advance the field with new ideas and findings but must also step back and appreciate old ideas and old findings. This distinction explains why, for example, Sigmund Freud’s contribution to psychoanalysis has a continuing relevance that his earlier work on the physiology of eels does not. Randall Collins helps us take a step forward by combining Durkheimian and Goffmanian themes in a new way—and then by showing us that this synthesis can be used to produce interesting empirical analyses. Tom Morrione, Stanford Lyman, REVIEW ESSAY
First Report of Boscalid and Penthiopyrad-Resistant Isolates of Alternaria solani Causing Early Blight of Potato in Michigan.

Early blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum) is caused by Alternaria solani and occurs annually in Michigan. If left uncontrolled, it can result in yield losses exceeding 20% and impact stored potatoes. The disease is commonly managed using succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides (1). Unfortunately, recent studies have shown that SDHI resistance has increased dramatically over the past 2 years in A. solani populations (1,2). To investigate the occurrence of SDHI resistance in Michigan, potato leaves with early blight symptoms were collected from fields in Montcalm and Ionia counties, MI, in 2012. To obtain A. solani isolates from leaves, small pieces of leaf tissue (5 × 5 mm) were excised from the center of lesions and transferred on to water agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C overnight to allow conidia to germinate. Single germinated A. solani conidia were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. The identity of cultures was confirmed by colony and conidial m...
Characterization of presumptive histone messenger RNA from a cell line of Aedes aegypti.

Abstract Four presumptive histone messenger RNAs were characterized from a cell line of Aedes aegypti , and their molecular weights were determined by electrophoresis. They were shown to be associated with polysomes during the peak of DNA synthesis, but not when DNA synthesis was inhibited by cytosine arabinoside or when DNA was not being synthesized. These mRNAs are associated with polysomes containing less than 8 ribosomes and having a high ratio of incorporation of lysine to tryptophan into their nascent peptides. The mRNAs released from these polysomes were translated in vitro and histone products were synthesized. Histones were not synthesized when the mRNAs were obtained from large polysomes or from small polysomes during the non-DNA synthetic period.
SU-FF-I-05: Evolution of Adrenal Gland Perfusion with Anti-Angiogenic Therapy: A CT-Based Study

Purpose: In radiological diagnoses, it is important to understand and interpret anatomical changes, specifically those observed in CT scans, which correlate with treatment plans. There are currently many anticancer agents, which affect tumor vasculature growth as well as normal organ vessel growth. Monitoring these effects with imaging may be useful to guide selection and dosing of different treatments. By observing perfusion of certain organs, it is possible to monitor vessel competency. In cases where perfusion is constant over time, it can be assumed that there is no significant change in vasculature, and thus no damage as an effect of chemotherapeutic agents. In contrast, significant changes in perfusion over time, may suggest decease in normal vessel growth as a result of therapy. Methods & Materials: Patients receiving the VEGF inhibitor sorafenib, underwent CTimaging every six weeks, beginning with a baseline study prior to treatment. A “jog scan” was used to track perfusion through the adrenal glands (chosen due to their significant fenestration). Sixteen pairs of adrenal images were obtained per jog scan, and manually contoured using a contouring program. Each of the sixteen scans represents different perfusion time intervals from 0–150 seconds. The mean pixel values of each gland were obtained, and these values were compared over time for any significant changes in pixel value, and thus change in vasculature perfusion over time. Results: The average change in maximum pixel values from baseline to six weeks after treatment initiation shows a change of 4.58% increase in peak pixel value for both adrenal glands. Conclusion: The manual contouring of adrenal glands in conjunction with calculated maximum pixels values shows changes in adrenal perfusion between baseline and beginning therapy. The continued monitoring of perfusion could prove beneficial to the radiologic diagnosis of significant anatomical changes as a result of continuous chemotherapy.
An isotopic study of biogeochemical relationships between carbonates and organic carbon in the Greenhorn Formation.

Carbon-isotopic compositions of total carbonate, inoceramid carbonate, micritic carbonate, secondary cements, total organic carbon, and geoporphyrins have been measured in 76 different beds within a 17-m interval of a core through the Greenhorn Formation, an interbedded limestone and calcareous shale unit of Cretaceous age from the Western Interior Seaway of North America. Results are considered in terms of variations in the processes of primary production and in secondary processes. It is shown that the porphyrin isotopic record reflects primary isotopic variations more closely than the TOC isotopic record and that, in these sediments, TOC is enriched in C-13 relative to its primary precursor by 0.6 to 2.8 percent. This enrichment is attributed to isotope effects within the consumer foodweb and is associated with respiratory heterotrophy. Variation in this secondary enrichment are correlated with variations in the isotopic composition of marine carbonate.
Secondary Ionization of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants: Atmospheric Pressure Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

For the first time, the use of a traditional ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry (radioactive nickel (63Ni) β emission ionization) and three alternative ionization sources (electrospray ionization (ESI), secondary electrospray ionization (SESI), and electrical discharge (corona) ionization (CI)) were employed with an atmospheric pressure ion mobility orthogonal reflector time-of-flight mass spectrometer (IM(tof)MS) to detect chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants from both aqueous- and gas-phase samples. For liquid-phase samples, ESI was used as the sample introduction and ionization method. For the secondary ionization (SESI, CI, and traditional 63Ni ionization) of vapor-phase samples, two modes of sample volatilization (heated capillary and thermal desorption chamber) were investigated. Simulant reference materials, which closely mimic the characteristic chemical structures of CWA as defined and described by Schedule 1, 2, or 3 of the Chemical Warfare Convention treaty verification, were use...
COMMON ANORECTAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY

Arguably, the most important role of the primary care physician is that of the diagnostician. Therapeutic modalities normally are implemented with each patient encounter, but with an incorrect diagnosis, the best thought-out and most complex plans are for naught. When a thorough, competent doctor hears a patient's complaint or discovers a physical finding, a mental differential diagnosis is generated quickly, and by weighing pertinent information from the history and physical, a probable diagnosis is made, and appropriate tests and exams are undertaken. The volume of patients being seen for anorectal disorders varies from practice to practice. For the busy primary care physician who sees a true mix of young and old, men and women patients in the office, the pathophysiology and disease processes of the anorectum can seem complex and overwhelming; however, the symptomatology and approach to the patient regarding anorectal disease generally is straightforward. As a rule, anorectal symptomatology is divided into a few simple categories, which sometimes overlap: bleeding, pain and irritation, and change in stooling habits. When a patient presents with one or more of these symptoms, a list should be generated rapidly, and physician's should begin the appropriate course of work-up and management. This article establishes a framework for the physician so that a clear, logical, and thorough work-up and plan can be pursued for the patient with anorectal symptomatology. The diagnosis and management of each condition discussed is addressed more thoroughly in subsequent articles in this issue.
Personality similarity in unrelated look-alike pairs: Addressing a twin study challenge

Abstract Numerous twin studies have demonstrated genetic influence on personality traits, yet twin methods continue to be challenged. A common misconception is that monozygotic co-twins’ personality resemblance results from similar treatment by others, due to their matched physical appearance. The present study brings unique evidence to this question by assessing the similarities in personality and self-esteem of 23 pairs of unrelated look-alike individuals. Intraclass correlations for the Big Five personality traits (ris = −.27 to .29) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (ri = −. 03) demonstrated little within-pair resemblance. It is concluded that (1) MZ co-twins’ personality similarity mostly reflects their shared genes, and (2) reactive gene-environment correlation best explains MZ co-twins’ similar treatment by others.
Perceptual processing at adjacent location son a single finger: Masking and response competition

When target patterns and nontarget patterns are presented either to the same or to adjacent locations on the distal pad of the index finger, the amount of interference in identifying targets depends on both the shape and the location of the nontarget (Horner, 1997). In the present study, the question of whether such interference is caused by masking (the masker in some way distorts the initial representation of the target) or by response competition (the observer mistakenly responds with the masker, rather than with the target) was investigated. A 4-to-2 paradigm was used (Craig, 1995), in which four stimuli were mapped to only two responses. Targets and nontargets were randomly selected from the set of four stimuli and presented to the same or adjacent locations on the same fingerpad. Both the distal pad and the medial pad of the index finger were tested, because innervation density varies proximodistally on the distal pad, but not on the medial pad. The results indicated that response competition was an important factor limiting perception. Furthermore, perception was affected by varying location on the distal pad, but not on the medial pad. Finally, varying location on the distal pad affected perception only when responses were based on pattern shape, not when responses were based on direction of motion. The results are discussed in terms of differences in innervation density between adjacent locations and possible resultant differences in the spatial filtering properties of the skin.
Light scattering from hard-sphere fluids☆

Abstract The light scattering intensity is calculated for a classical, polarizable, hard-sphere gas. The low density width parameter is found to be δ o = 3(kT/mb 2 ) 1 2 , which is in exact agreement with experimental results for rare-gas fluids.
The emerging role of palliative medicine in the treatment of lung cancer patients.

Abstract The symptom burden of patients with lung cancer is extensive and includes loss of appetite, dyspnea, and other symptoms that lead to decreased quality of life. Randomized controlled trial data indicate that early palliative care improves quality of life and depressive symptoms and may extend survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer compared with standard care. Combining an appetite stimulant (megestrol acetate) with an atypical antipsychotic (olanzapine) leads to greater weight gain and appetite improvement compared with an appetite stimulant alone. Cancer-related dyspnea appears to be a "central" effect that stems from altered afferent inputs in the setting of ventilatory muscle weakness; various treatment options that have shown success in treating cancer-related dyspnea are opioids, tunneled pleural catheters, bilevel positive airway pressure, and nebulized furosemide. Buprenorphine is a unique opioid with activity at mu and nociceptin receptors (also called opioid-receptor-like receptors); it improves pain states dominated by central sensitization.
The Critical Equilibrium Activity of Nonfeeding Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acarina: Acaridae)

The lowest relative humidity from which non-fed Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) can take up water is between 75% and 84%. The critical equilibrium activity is thus between 0.75 and 0.84. This value is higher than that reported in the literature for fed T. putrescentiae. The major cause of the discrepancy probably is the free water content of the food and the behavier of the mite.
Mutual forbearance in international business

Abstract As many industries and businesses become increasingly globalized, firms often find themselves competing against the same rivals simultaneously across many nations as well as many product markets. The purpose of this conceptual article is to build on extant literature on multiple market competition (MMC) and extend MMC research into the international business arena.
Heuristic methods for gang-rip saw arbor design

Abstract We consider the problem of design and scheduling of arbors for a computer assisted gang-rip saw system. Such systems are typically used within the furniture manufacturing industry for processing lumber. We discuss the computational complexity of the problem, and develop several heuristic procedures for solving it. These procedures are based on the principles of local improvement, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms. The results of a computational experiment are also presented.
River incision or diversion in response to bedrock uplift

INTRODUCTIONMany researchers have examined the long-term behavior of alluvialrivers (i.e., Schumm et al., 1987; Snow and Slingerland, 1990; Paola et al.,1992). On long time scales, alluvial rivers act as sediment-transport systemsthat broadly deposit sediment over low areas in their basins (i.e.,Tucker andSlingerland, 1996). The behavior of bedrock rivers is less well understood,although most workers agree that bedrock erosion is some function of streampower (Howard and Kerby, 1983; Seidl and Dietrich, 1992; Howard et al.,1994). Accordingly,researchers addressing a river’s response to bedrock up-lift equate incision with relatively high stream power and diversion with rela-tively low stream power (e.g., Burbank et al., 1996). However, these studiesassume that the erosion rate of the bedrock channel across the mountainrange controls the eventual outcome; they have not examined the behavior ofthe alluvial river upstream and downstream of the uplift. We propose to lookat the entire erosional and depositional river system and examine the long-term response of a coupled alluvial-bedrock river system to tectonic uplift.Our motivation is general and aims at a greater understanding offluvial and tectonic interactions, but our model is necessarily both specificand simplified:the tectonic uplift of a bedrock massif into the path of a later-ally unconstrained alluvial river. Such a scenario has two possible out-comes: either the river maintains its original course and incises through theuplift, or the river diverts and forms a new course around the uplift. A sig-nificant complication in the analysis of this scenario is that the evolvingriver system is partial alluvial and partial bedrock channeled. Because thebehaviors of these two river types are different, modeling requires couplingdiverse systems. We construct an analytical model to perform a first-orderanalysis of this coupled system. Our objective is to identify the specific fac-tors that determine the final outcome of river diversion or incision.Our model focuses on long time scales (10
Evaluation of histocompatibility as a factor in the repair of nerve with a frozen nerve allograft

Host axons in dogs can regenerate through a long nerve allograft provided that the allograft bears only minor transplantation antigens, and is frozen and thawed before transplantation. The authors have tried to confirm this important observation in rats. Host rats received a 4-cm fresh or frozen nerve isograft (that is, a non-antigenic nerve), or a fresh or frozen nerve allograft with cells containing only minor transplantation antigens. The results showed that after 2 and 9 months only a fresh isograft permitted many host axons to traverse its entire length. Only a few host axons grew into the proximal 1 to 2 cm of a frozen isograft or into an allograft (fresh or frozen). Because frozen grafts failed, the authors examined some specimens after 2 weeks and found that freezing killed most of the Schwann cells. on the other hand, many proliferating Schwann cells were found in 2-week fresh isografts. In addition, hosts that received a frozen nerve allograft underwent regrafting after 9 months with an isograft and allograft (of the same genotype as th original nerve allograft) of nodose ganglion. These rats accepted the isograft but rejected the allograft of ganglion. It is concluded that axonal regeneration through a long frozen nerve graft fails in rats because freezing destroys Schwann cells. Moreover, a frozen nerve allograft does not induce a state of immunological tolerance, as has been suggested, because these recipients reject a second allograft. Since the present data failed to confirm findings obtained in dogs, the clinical use of a frozen nerve allograft is not recommended.
Nerve growth factor-hypersecreting Schwann cell grafts augment and guide spinal cord axonal growth and remyelinate central nervous system axons in a phenotypically appropriate manner that correlates with expression of L1.

Schwann cells contribute to efficient axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury and, when grafted to the central nervous system (CNS), also support a modest degree of central axonal regeneration. This study examined (1) whether Schwann cells grafted to the CNS exhibit normal patterns of differentiation and association with spinal axons and what signals putatively modulate these interactions, and (2) whether Schwann cells overexpressing neurotrophic factors enhance axonal regeneration. Thus, primary Schwann cells were transduced to hypersecrete human nerve growth factor (NGF) and were grafted to spinal cord injury sites in adult rats. Comparisons were made to nontransfected Schwann cells. From 3 days to 6 months later, grafted Schwann cells exhibited a phenotypic and temporal course of differentiation that matched patterns normally observed after peripheral nerve injury. Schwann cells spontaneously aligned into regular spatial arrays within the cord, appropriately remyelinated coerulospinal axons that regenerated into grafts, and appropriately ensheathed but did not myelinate sensory axons extending into grafts. Coordinate expression of the cell adhesion molecule L1 on Schwann cells and axons correlated with establishment of appropriate patterns of axon-Schwann cell ensheathment. Transduction of Schwann cells to overexpress NGF robustly increased axonal growth but did not otherwise alter the nature of interactions with growing axons. These findings suggest that signals expressed on Schwann cells that modulate peripheral axonal regeneration and myelination are also recognized in the CNS and that the modification of Schwann cells to overexpress growth factors significantly augments their capacity to support extensive axonal growth in models of CNS injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 413:495–506, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Research conducted in library schools

Abstract Library and information science research in library schools, apart from personal research of faculty, has been characterized as non-cumulative fragmentary, weak, and oriented to immediate practical needs. The record is examined and this criticism found justified in part. In the recent past library research efforts have been strengthened as they have become more involved in extending the boundaries of knowledge. To develop a stronger research tradition in library schools will require not only more research-trained faculty but also a number of other changes in academic policies and procedures, including productive interaction between formal research centers and teaching activity. It is concluded that library research in the future, whether conducted by library schools, libraries, or by other organizations, can escape from its legacy of past inadequacy only through improved planning and co-ordination at all levels.
Synthesizing data and models for the spread of MERS-CoV, 2013: Key role of index cases and hospital transmission

The outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has caused 209 deaths and 699 laboratory-confirmed cases in the Arabian Peninsula as of June 11, 2014. Preparedness efforts are hampered by considerable uncertainty about the nature and intensity of human-to-human transmission, with previous reproduction number estimates ranging from 0.4 to 1.5. Here we synthesize epidemiological data and transmission models for the MERS-CoV outbreak during April–October 2013 to resolve uncertainties in epidemic risk, while considering the impact of observation bias. We match the progression of MERS-CoV cases in 2013 to a dynamic transmission model that incorporates community and hospital compartments, and distinguishes transmission by zoonotic (index) cases and secondary cases. When observation bias is assumed to account for the fact that all reported zoonotic cases are severe, but only ∼57% of secondary cases are symptomatic, the average reproduction number of MERS-CoV is estimated to be 0.45 (95% CI:0.29–0.61). Alternatively, if these epidemiological observations are taken at face value, index cases are estimated to transmit substantially more effectively than secondary cases, (Ri = 0.84 (0.58-1.20) vs Rs = 0.36 (0.24–0.51)). In both scenarios the relative contribution of hospital-based transmission is over four times higher than that of community transmission, indicating that disease control should be focused on hospitalized patients. Adjusting previously published estimates for observation bias confirms a strong support for the average R < 1 in the first stage of the outbreak in 2013 and thus, transmissibility of secondary cases of MERS-CoV remained well below the epidemic threshold. More information on the observation process is needed to clarify whether MERS-CoV is intrinsically weakly transmissible between people or whether existing control measures have contributed meaningfully to reducing the transmissibility of secondary cases. Our results could help evaluate the progression of MERS-CoV in recent months in response to changes in disease surveillance, control interventions, or viral adaptation.
The Interaction Between Dynamics and Chemistry of Ozone in the Set-Up Phase of the Northern Hemisphere Polar Vortex

The morphology and evolution of the stratospheric ozone (O3) distribution at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) are examined for the late summer and fall seasons of 1999. This time period sets the O3 initial condition for the SOLVE/THESEO field mission performed during winter 1999-2000. In situ and satellite data are used along with a three-dimensional model of chemistry and transport (CTM) to determine the key processes that control the distribution of O3 in the lower-to-middle stratosphere. O3 in the vortex at the beginning of the winter season is found to be nearly constant from 500 to above 800 K with a value at 3 ppmv +/- approx. 10%. Values outside the vortex are up to a factor of 2 higher and increase significantly with potential temperature. The seasonal time series of data from POAM shows that relatively low O3 mixing ratios, which characterize the vortex in late fall, are already present at high latitudes at the end of summer before the vortex circulation sets up. Analysis of the CTM output shows that the minimum O3 and increase in variance in late summer are the result of: 1) stirring of polar concentric O3 gradients by nascent wave-driven transport, and 2) an acceleration of net photochemical loss with decreasing solar illumination. The segregation of low O3 mixing ratios into the vortex as the circulation strengthens through the fall suggests a possible feedback role between O3 chemistry and the vortex formation dynamics. Trajectory calculations from O3 sample points early in the fall, however, show only a weak correlation between initial O3 mixing ratio and potential vorticity later in the season consistent with order-of-magnitude calculations for the relative importance of O3 in the fall radiative balance at high latitudes. The possible connection between O3 chemistry and the dynamics of vortex formation does suggest that these feedbacks and sensitivities need to be better understood in order to make confident predictions of the recovery of NH O3.
An L-Tyrosine Derivative and PPARγ Agonist, GW7845, Activates a Multifaceted Caspase Cascade in Bone Marrow B Cells

Apoptosis is a critical event in the deletion of B lymphocytes prior to their migration to the periphery. Synthetic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor g (PPARg) agonists, including the drug GW7845 and the environmental contaminant mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, as well as an endogenous ligand, 15-deoxy-D 12,14 -prostaglandin J2, induce clonally unrestricted apoptosis in pro/pre-B cells. Considering that PPARg agonists are used clinically for the treatment of diabetes and postulated to be useful as chemotherapeutics, we used GW7845 as a model PPARg agonist to examine the mechanism of cell death that may contribute to tumor killing as well as normal bone marrow B lymphocyte toxicity. GW7845 induced rapid mitochondrial membrane depolarization and release of cytochrome c, along with nearly concurrent activation of capases-2, -3, -8, and -9 in primary pro-B cells and BU-11 cells, a nontransformed pro/pre-B cell line. GW7845-induced apoptosis was reduced significantly in Baxdeficient and Apaf-1 mutant primary pro-B cells, supporting the conclusion that GW7845-induced apoptosis is mitochon dria- and apoptosome-dependent. Using benzyloxycarbonylVAD-fluoromethyl ketone (VAD-FMK) as a pan-caspase inhibitor, we demonstrated that an initial cytochrome c release occurred independently of caspase activation and that only caspase-9 activation was partially caspase independent. The attenuation of GW7845-induced apoptosis by multiple FMK-labeled peptide sequences suggests that multiple caspase pathways are responsible for initiating and executing apoptosis. The strong activation of Bid provides a mechanism by which caspases-2, -3, and -8 may amplify the apoptotic signal. These data support the hypothesis that pharmacologic concentrations of PPARg agonists induce an intrinsic apoptotic pathway that is driven in normal bone marrow B cells by multiple amplification loops.
Reducing sports heat illness risk.

1. Michael F. Bergeron, PhD 1. Executive Director, National Youth Sports Health & Safety Institute, Sanford USD Medical Center, Sioux Falls, SD. 1. Exertional heatstroke is the leading cause of preventable death in youth sports. The American Academy of Pediatrics in 2011 issued guidelines designed to reduce exertional heat illness. With adequate hydration, youth athletes do not have less effective thermoregulatory and insufficient cardiovascular capacities compared with adults during exercise in the heat. However, youth athletes are capable of incurring significant body water and sodium deficits during training and competition that can affect performance negatively and increase the risk for exertional heat illness. 2. Exertional heat illness risk-reduction strategies and measures for youth should focus on readily modifiable contributing risk factors, such as acclimatization status, activity modification, uniform and protective equipment configurations, and scheduling of practice, training, and play. Close monitoring of youth athletes and a prompt response to signs of evolving exertional heat illness are critical priorities for all who are involved with youth participating in sports in the heat. After reading this article, readers should 1. Appreciate that exertional heatstroke is the leading cause of preventable death in youth sports. 2. Know the importance of progressive acclimatization to minimize the risk of exertional heat illness in youth sports. 3. Be able to identify other contributing risk factors and effective ways to improve exercise-heat tolerance and reduce exertional heat illness risk in youth sports. 4. Be prepared to educate others on their roles and responsibilities in improving safety and well-being of youth participating in outdoor sports in the heat. Regular appropriate exercise and other physical activity can provide numerous psychological and social advantages, as well as improvements in overall health and fitness for school-age youth. (1) Participation in youth sports and associated training and practice also can be an effective way …
Toward a More Eventful Environmental Sociology

and the subtleness, of contemporary religion and in doing so also elucidate the encrusted and emergent character of more general societal and institutional processes. I invite all sociologists to take a look at the books noted here; the result of that effort should make readers think differently about religion, and perhaps prompt some to encompass it as a relevant dimension to their own analytical digging.
Monoesterification of styrene–maleic anhydride copolymers with alcohols in ethyl benzene: Catalysis and kinetics

A kinetic investigation on the monoesterification reaction of the maleic anhydride residue (MA) in styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers with aliphatic alcohols was carried out in ethyl benzene solution. By comparison to classic catalysts such as tributylamine (TBA) and pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4DMAP) is by far the most effective catalyst for this reaction. While both general base and nucleophilic mechanisms contribute to the reaction catalyzed by TBA or pyridine, a nucleophilic mechanism prevails with 4DMAP. This reaction is reversible, and its chemical equilibrium constant decreases significantly with increasing temperature. Both kinetic and thermodynamic results showed that in the presence of 4DMAP, the forward and reverse reactions are second and first order, respectively. The existence of side reactions, reactivity of two styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers of different MA contents as well as two aliphatic alcohols of different lengths are also addressed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Early Social Isolation in Male Long‐Evans Rats Alters Both Appetitive and Consummatory Behaviors Expressed During Operant Ethanol Self‐Administration

Background: Postweaning social isolation in rats produces profound and long-lasting cognitive and behavioral deficits in adult animals. Importantly, this housing manipulation alters sensitivity to a number of drugs of abuse including ethanol. However, most studies with ethanol have utilized continuous or limited home-cage access to examine interactions between juvenile social experience and drinking. More recently, social isolation was shown to increased ethanol responding in a ‘‘dipper’’ model of self-administration (Deehan et al., 2007). In the current study, we utilize a ‘‘sipper’’ operant self-administration model to distinguish the effects of isolation rearing on ethanol seeking- and drinking-related behaviors. Methods: Postweaning juvenile male Long-Evans rats were placed into 2 housing groups for 6 weeks: one group consisted of individually housed animals; the second group was housed 4 animals per cage. Following the isolation period, anxiety-like behavior was assessed to confirm the efficacy of the isolation procedure. In some animals, ethanol drinking in the home cage was assessed using a continuous access, 2-bottle choice paradigm. All animals were then individually housed and trained to lever-press for a sipper tube containing either an ethanol solution or a sucrose solution. Results: Postweaning social isolation increased the expression of anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze but not the light-dark box. Ethanol consumption was also increased during continuous home-cage access with the 2-bottle choice paradigm. During operant selfadministration, isolation housing increased the response rate and increased ethanol consumption but did not alter responding for or consumption of sucrose. The housing manipulation did not change the total number of lever responses during extinction sessions. Paired-pulse inhibition deficits that are characteristic of juvenile isolation remained intact after prolonged experience with sucrose self-administration. Discussion: The effects of postweaning social isolation on ethanol drinking in the home cage are also manifest during operant self-administration. Importantly, these alterations in adult operant self-administration are ethanol-specific.
Relationship between Narcissism and Sensation Seeking

This study investigated the relationship between narcissism and sensation seeking. It was hypothesized that a positive relationship would be found between the two personality variables. Undergradua...
Population Determinants of Serum Lycopene Concentrations in the United States: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994

Serum lycopene is inversely related to the risk for cancer and cardiovascular diseases. We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994, to investigate the relation between serum lycopene concentrations and sex, age, geographical location, race-ethnicity, education, alcohol, smoking, BMI, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol, and intakes of fat, tomatoes and tomato-based products in 3413 individuals aged 17-90 y. Multivariate adjusted mean lycopene concentrations were 48.3% lower in individuals ≥70 y old than in those 17 to <30 y old (P < 0.0001), 7.6% lower in women than in men (P = 0.0045), 15.1% lower in people living in the South than those in the West (P < 0.0001), 10.3 and 61.0% lower in the 1st quartile than in the 4th quartile for dietary fat intake (P = 0.0173) and serum cholesterol (P < 0.0001), respectively, 11.1% lower in tomato noneaters than those who ate tomatoes ≥31 times/mo (P = 0.0085), 13.5% lower in pizza noneaters than those who ate pizza ≥16 times/mo (P = 0.0016), and 20.6% lower in pasta noneaters than those who ate pasta (with tomato sauce) ≥16 times/mo (P < 0.0001). Race-ethnicity, alcohol, BMI, blood pressure, and consumption of non-tomato vegetables, and fruits and juices had no association with serum lycopene concentrations. Sex, age, geographical region, socioeconomic status, serum total cholesterol, smoking, and intakes of fat, tomatoes, pizza, and pasta were significant determinants of serum lycopene concentrations in the United States.
Bypass using V2-V3 segment of the vertebral artery as donor or recipient: technical nuances and results.

Objective Surgical revascularization (bypass) technique has been used to treat vascular diseases of the posterior circulation, including ischemia, aneurysms, and tumors encasing a major artery. We focused on procedures using the V2-V3 segment of the vertebral artery (VA) as either the donor or recipient of the bypass. We have described technical nuances developed over time and evaluated the surgical results of those cases. Methods Data on all patients who underwent bypasses using the V2-V3 segment were collected retrospectively from a prospectively maintained database. Results Twenty patients had bypasses using V2-V3 distal VA as either the donor (13) or recipient (7); 19 patients had an intervening graft and in 1 patient, the VA was used for reimplantation of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Except for 1 patient, who died during the perioperative period, the mean follow-up time for the rest of the patients was 24.7 months (range 1–72 months). One patient developed postoperative stroke. One radial artery graft occluded, and a redo saphenous vein graft also occluded in the same patient. All the other bypasses were patent without flow limitation at the latest follow-up. Fourteen patients had a modified Rankin Scale score of 2 or better at the latest follow-up, and 2 died of unrelated causes as the result of their tumors. Conclusions The V2-V3 segment of the VA can be used both as a donor and a recipient for bypass surgery. Using the technical steps perfected over time, we are able to achieve surgical results with high rate of graft patency and good functional outcome in patients.
Access to Resources for Substance Users in Harlem, New York City: Service Provider and Client Perspectives

The Urban Research Center (URC) in Harlem, New York City, is a collaboration of community members, service providers, and academics. A Community Advisory Board (CAB) meets regularly to formulate priorities for action and to direct research. A conceptual model of social determinants of health relevant to the Harlem community was developed. Early meetings of the CAB identified substance use as a health concern in the Harlem community. Access to social services was identified as a key social determinant that should guide research and intervention efforts of the URC. Surveys of service providers and of substance users were carried out to quantify availability of information and barriers to access. This article discusses the CAB process that led to the model of social determinants, development of surveys, and interpretation of results. The authors also discuss survey results and how the URC will use these results to develop interventions.
Hypertonicity increases cAMP in PMN and blocks oxidative burst by PKA-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

Hypertonic stress (HS) suppresses neutrophil (PMN) functions. We studied the underlying mechanism and found that HS rapidly (<1 min) increased intracellular cAMP levels by up to sevenfold. cAMP lev...
Family Structure and the Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Advantage

I examine whether the effect of parents’ education on children’s educational achievement and attainment varies by family structure and, if so, whether this can be explained by differential parenting practices. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, I find that as parents’ education increases, children in single mother families experience a lower boost in their achievement test scores, likelihood of attending any post-secondary schooling, likelihood of completing a 4-year college degree, and years of completed schooling relative to children living with both biological parents. Differences in parents’ educational expectations, intergenerational closure, and children’s involvement in structured leisure activities partially explain these status transmission differences by family structure. The findings imply that, among children with highly educated parents, children of single mothers are less likely to be highly educated themselves relative to children who grow up with both biological parents.
The basis of the doctoral degree for psychology licensure

Abstract The doctoral degree has been established as the educational requirement for psychology licensure in most states. It has been accepted as the standard for independent practice by most psychological organizations since the profession emerged, but it continues to be a source of controversy. The rationale for the doctoral standard and historical developments are reviewed. The benefits of maintaining the doctoral standard are also presented. Comparisons between master's and doctoral-level training and practitioners are reviewed. Potential roles for nondoctoral practitioners are discussed.