cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber–matrix interfacial constitutive relations for metal matrix composites

Abstract This article presents a three dimensional fiber–matrix debonding model for weakly bonded composites based on a modified Needleman [1] type cohesive zone model. In this model the fiber–matrix interface is fully described by its strength and ductility under normal and shear loading. Debonding initiates when a quadratic interaction of the interfacial tractions attains a critical value (the interfacial strength). Coulombic frictional forces resist sliding after debonding initiates. Complete interfacial separation occurs when the magnitude of the resultant interfacial displacement exceeds the ductility of the interface. The debonding model is implemented, along with the Bodner–Partom viscoplastic model, in the method of cells micromechanical model of Aboudi [2] to take advantage of the model’s computational efficiency. Model predictions for cyclic loading are observed to agree well with the experimentally obtained transverse tensile and axial shear responses of silicon carbide/titanium.
Moving beyond multiple regression analysis to algorithms: Calling for adoption of a paradigm shift from symmetric to asymmetric thinking in data analysis and crafting theory

Abstract This editorial suggests moving beyond relying on the dominant logic of multiple regression analysis (MRA) toward thinking and using algorithms in advancing and testing theory in accounting, consumer research, finance, management, and marketing. The editorial includes an example of testing an MRA model for fit and predictive validity. The same data used for the MRA is used to conduct a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The editorial reviews a number of insights by prominent scholars including Gerd Gigerenzer's treatise that “Scientists' tools are not neutral.” Tools impact thinking and theory crafting as well theory testing. The discussion may be helpful for early career scholars unfamiliar with David C. McClelland's brilliance in data analysis and in introducing business research scholars to fsQCA as an alternative tool for theory development and data analysis.
Genética del síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos

El sindrome de ovarios poliquisticos (SOP) es una enfermedad heterogenea. Las pruebas de que posee un componente genetico se basan en la existencia de casos familiares. La mayoria de estas pruebas demuestran una forma de transmision autosomica dominante. En el SOP, la sintesis de esteroides se encuentra sobrerregulada en las celulas de la teca, lo que sugiere que la anomalia genetica afecta a las vias de transduccion de las senales que controlan la expresion de una familia de genes. Aunque se han propuesto muchos como candidatos, todavia no se ha identificado el gen o genes del SOP. Existen estudios de ligamiento y de asociacion que implican a una region cercana al gen del receptor de la insulina a nivel del cromosoma 19p13.3. Nuevos enfoques geneticos, como la tecnologia de las microrredes, han confirmado sus buenas perspectivas en relacion con la fisiopatologia del SOP.
A better way to crack it

Locking up products with patents is an unfair and ineffective way to reward innovation, says Nobel prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz
Clinical determinants of aspirin resistance in diabetes

Recent studies indicate that not all diabetic subjects benefit from aspirin therapy. Our objective is to characterize diabetic subjects with aspirin resistance using urine thromboxane, and VerifyNow measures. Our results suggest that cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria, poor diabetes control, and increased waist circumference help identify aspirin resistance in diabetes.
Which treatment worked better for whom? Moderators of group cognitive behavioral therapy versus adapted mindfulness based stress reduction for anxiety disorders

Abstract Objective Identifying treatment moderators facilitates treatment matching and personalized medicine. No previous studies have investigated treatment moderators for a mindfulness-based versus traditional cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders to determine for whom each is most effective. The current study examined three putative moderators of principal anxiety disorder severity outcomes for adapted mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) and group CBT – baseline depression symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and diagnostic severity. Method Seventy-one patients with a DSM-IV anxiety disorder were randomized to adapted MBSR or group CBT and assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow up. Results CBT outperformed adapted MBSR among those with no to mild depressive symptoms and, at post-treatment only, among those with very high anxiety sensitivity. At follow up, adapted MBSR outperformed CBT among those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms and among those with average anxiety sensitivity (for this sample). Baseline severity affected post-treatment outcomes differently in CBT than in adapted MBSR. Conclusion Baseline levels of depression, anxiety sensitivity, and to some extent diagnostic severity, differentially moderated outcomes in CBT and adapted MBSR for anxiety disorders. Recommendations and clinical implications are discussed.
Integrating the herbicide imazapic and the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda to control Bromus tectorum

Summary Bromus tectorum is a winter annual grass that affects rangeland in western North America. A glasshouse pot experiment was conducted that integrated imazapic application and inoculation of the soil-borne fungal pathogen, Pyrenophora semeniperda, for the purpose of providing greater control of B. tectorum. We hypothesised that P. semeniperda inoculation would reduce B. tectorum emergence and integration of imazapic and P. semeniperda would result in a greater reduction in B. tectorum biomass and density compared with either treatment applied alone. This study revealed that P. semeniperda significantly reduced B. tectorum emergence and density and the responses were greatest for seed placed below the soil surface. Further, B. tectorum biomass was similar between imazapic and P. semeniperda treatments. This indicates that P. semeniperda could be applied in advance of B. tectorum germination and emergence. After emergence, imazapic application could reduce B. tectorum biomass and kill seedlings. A two-pronged approach to controlling B. tectorum that combines P. semeniperda inoculation and post-emergent imazapic application may provide a greater opportunity to limit invasion of this weed in rangeland of western North America. Future work should be directed towards the pathogen–plant relationship and how it relates to integrating biological control with traditional methods, towards the effect of varying P. semeniperda inoculum and imazapic rates and lastly, to how environmental conditions in the field may affect implementation and efficacy of this two-pronged approach.
Failure of T3 to potentiate tricyclic antidepressant response

Despite a lack of documented efficacy in controlled trials, triiodothyronine (T3) is frequently administered as an adjunctive therapy for tricyclic resistant depressions. In this study, we tested the efficacy of T3 as an adjunctive treatment using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Sixteen depressed patients who were unresponsive to 4 weeks of imipramine therapy (mean dose = 206 +/- 54 mg daily, mean combined blood level = 220 +/- 132 ng/dl) received T3 25 micrograms and placebo for 2 weeks each. There was no evidence of a T3 effect using both Hamilton depression scores and global improvement. No subgroup of responders using baseline TRH stimulation tests could be identified. T3 treatment lowered plasma free T4 (P = 0.001) and TSH (P greater than 0.02) while raising plasma T3 levels (P less than 0.01), indicating the physiological effect of the drug.
Cases, Conflict, and Accommodation: Patterns of legal Interaction in an American Community

This article provides an overview of an empirical study of a civil trial court and the environment of indigenous law and conflict resolution in which the court operates. The article combines an analysis of civil cases and litigants with an investigation of alternative nonjudicial approaches used by residents of the community. The first section of the article examines the emergence of legal conflicts from the fabric of social relationships in the community and compares cases and parties in the court with those that gravitate toward nonjudicial settings. The second section compares processes and outcomes available in the court with those that may be obtained nonjudicially. The article concludes that different categories of cases emerge from different kinds of social relationships and for this reason are associated with fundamentally dissimilar patterns of values, norms, procedures, and outcomes. It also emphasizes the benefits to be obtained from investigating the complex relationships and interchanges that link local level trial courts to their communities.
Present Status of the Use of Male Sex Hormones and Chorionic Gonadotropins as Growth Stimulating Factors

The value of chorionic gonadotropin as a therapeutic agent in hypogenitalism and cryptorchidism, and of the testosterone compounds in eunuchoids and castrates, has been well established. Coincident with the improvement in the genital development of boys under chorionic gonadotropin therapy, an increase in the growth rate beyond the expected average was observed by Lurie and Hertzman (1), Dorff (2), Thompson (3), and by us. Rubinstein and Solomon (4–7) demonstrated an increase in body length of white rats following the administration of moderate doses of testosterone compounds. Webster and Hoskins (8) Rapfogel (9), Albright et al. (10), Brown and Ross (11) and Goldgieher (12) used testosterone propionate in children presenting growth deficiency and observed an increase in growth rate in these children and a few adolescents. There are several contradictory reports pertaining to the effect of various hormones on bone growth, bone density and epiphyseal union in rats, mice and guinea pigs.
Laser ablation of dyed acrylic bone cement

Polymethylmethacrylate (PIMMA) is a compound used extensively in orthopaedic surgery for the fixation of prosthetic components to bone in total joint arthroplasty. PMMA has proven to be successful due to its excellent strength and durability, especially in older more sedentary patients. However, studies have shown a high incidence of loosening, notably in younger more active patients. Revision of cemented implants is often more difficult than the initial operation. Current surgical procedures are mechanical and tend to cause trauma to the surrounding bone tissue. A nonmechanical method to remove bone cement would greatly minimize bone damage. Attempts have been made to remove bone cement by laser, but with very little success. This study illustrates the use of dyes to selectively alter the ablation characteristics of PMMA in order to enhance cement ablation.
The human HNRPD locus maps to 4q21 and encodes a highly conserved protein

Abstract The hnRNP D protein interacts with nucleic acids both in vivo and in vitro. Like many other proteins that interact with RNA, it contains RBD (or “RRM”) domains and arg-gly-gly (RGG) motifs. We have examined the organization and localization of the human and murine genes that encode the hnRNP D protein. Comparison of the predicted sequences of the hnRNP D proteins in human and mouse shows that they are 96.9% identical (98.9% similar). This very high level of conservation suggests a critical function for hnRNP D. Sequence analysis of the human HNRPD gene shows that the protein is encoded by eight exons and that two additional exons specify sequences in the 3′ UTR. Use of two of the coding exons is determined by alternative splicing of the HNRPD mRNA. The human HNRPD gene maps to 4q21. The mouse Hnrpd gene maps to the F region of chromosome 3, which is syntenic with the human 4q21 region.
Working Memory Deficits in Boys with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Contribution of Central Executive and Subsystem Processes

The current study investigated contradictory findings from recent experimental and meta-analytic studies concerning working memory deficits in ADHD. Working memory refers to the cognitive ability to temporarily store and mentally manipulate limited amounts of information for use in guiding behavior. Phonological (verbal) and visuospatial (nonverbal) working memory were assessed across four memory load conditions in 23 boys (12 ADHD, 11 typically developing) using tasks based on Baddeley’s (Working memory, thought, and action, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007) working memory model. The model posits separate phonological and visuospatial storage and rehearsal components that are controlled by a single attentional controller (CE: central executive). A latent variable approach was used to partial task performance related to three variables of interest: phonological buffer/rehearsal loop, visuospatial buffer/rehearsal loop, and the CE attentional controller. ADHD-related working memory deficits were apparent across all three cognitive systems—with the largest magnitude of deficits apparent in the CE—even after controlling for reading speed, nonverbal visual encoding, age, IQ, and SES.
John Updike's Thought Experiment on Ageism

This article extracts from John Updike's novel, Seek My Face (2002), a thought experiment in which intergenerational learning enables a younger person to overcome ageism by recognition of an older person's inner beauty. The fictional interaction entails an interview of a 78-year-old female artist by a 27-year-old female journalist from New York City at the older woman's home in central Vermont during a single day in the early spring of 2001. The literary thought experiment is a viable tool for gerontological research.
Prospective evaluation of clinical characteristics of orthostatic hypotension.

Objective To undertake a prospective study of the clinical characteristics of orthostatic intolerant patients referred to the Mayo Autonomic Reflex Laboratory with suspected orthostatic hypotension (OH). Design Autonomic function tests were performed to quantify the severity of sudomotor, adrenergic, and cardiovagal failure and generate a composite autonomic symptom score (CASS). CASS was related to a symptom score, which was derived from the frequency of orthostatic intolerance and syncope and the standing time until occurrence of symptoms. Results Three groups were defined by their response to a tilt study: group I, 90 patients with symptomatic OH, mean age, 63.6 years; group II, 60 patients who had symptoms without OH, mean age, 48.9 years; and group III, 5 patients with asymptomatic OH, mean age, 68.0 years. Group I had a significantly higher CASS (P Conclusion Patients with generalized autonomic failure have a recognizable pattern of symptoms and aggravating factors that relate, albeit imperfectly, to the severity of autonomic failure.
From protein–protein interaction to therapy response: Molecular imaging of heat shock proteins

HSP70 promoter-driven gene therapy and inhibition of HSP90 activity with small molecule inhibitors are two shining points in a newly developed cohort of cancer treatment. For HSP70 promoters, high efficiency and heat inducibility within a localized region make it very attractive to clinical translation. The HSP90 inhibitors exhibit a broad spectrum of anticancer activities due to the downstream effects of HSP90 inhibition, which interfere with a wide range of signaling processes that are crucial for the malignant properties of cancer cells. In this review article, we summarize exciting applications of newly emerged molecular imaging techniques as they relate to HSP, including protein-protein interactions of HSP90 complexes, therapeutic response of tumors to HSP90 inhibitors, and HSP70 promoters-controlled gene therapy. In the HSPs context, molecular imaging is expected to play a vital role in promoting drug development and advancing individualized medicine.
Barriers to Effective Natural Resource Planning in a "Messy" World

In the increasingly wicked and messy world in which natural resource planners function, traditional rational-comprehensive planning processes seem to function poorly, exacerbating already contentious situations, leading to decision paralysis and public dissatisfaction. New paradigms for natural resource planning have been recommended by many academics, planning theorists, and practitioners. Understanding the barriers experienced in current planning processes may suggest design criteria for these new processes. This study of planners, using a qualitative methodology, in four typical Western U.S. planning situations revealed some fundamental barriers to their effectiveness. These included lack of agreement on goals, rigidity in process design, procedural obligations and requirements. and a lack of trust. More fundamentally, institutional barriers in the design of natural resource planning processes often lead to these more operational level issues. The authors pose a heuristic model for understanding the linkages among these barriers.
Automatically Evaluating Content Selection in Summarization without Human Models

We present a fully automatic method for content selection evaluation in summarization that does not require the creation of human model summaries. Our work capitalizes on the assumption that the distribution of words in the input and an informative summary of that input should be similar to each other. Results on a large scale evaluation from the Text Analysis Conference show that input-summary comparisons are very effective for the evaluation of content selection. Our automatic methods rank participating systems similarly to manual model-based pyramid evaluation and to manual human judgments of responsiveness. The best feature, Jensen-Shannon divergence, leads to a correlation as high as 0.88 with manual pyramid and 0.73 with responsiveness evaluations.
Disciplinary variables that affect the shape of Bradford's bibliograph

The influence of various factors upon the shape of Bradford's bibliograph was assessed through an examination of 16 bibliographies, of which ten were comprehensive. We obtained a curvature score for each bibliograph plotted in a standard landscape format so as to permit comparison; we found that the amount of concave up curvature (“convexity”): (a) is negatively correlated with a bibliography's overall publication density; (b) depends on the status (“technical” vs. “nontechnical”) of the disciplinary source of a bibliography, with technical disciplines showing less convexity; and (c) is complexly affected by the historical changes in the discipline. Findings are discussed in the context of questions about the graphical formulation of Bradford's Law.
Extended Monotropic Programming and Duality

We consider the problem $$\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l}\mbox{min}&\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{m}f_{i}(x_{i}),\\[12pt]\mbox{s.t.}&x\in S,\end{array}$$ where xi are multidimensional subvectors of x, fi are convex functions, and S is a subspace. Monotropic programming, extensively studied by Rockafellar, is the special case where the subvectors xi are the scalar components of x. We show a strong duality result that parallels Rockafellar’s result for monotropic programming, and contains other known and new results as special cases. The proof is based on the use of e-subdifferentials and the e-descent method, which is used here as an analytical vehicle.
Finding the missing link

The discovery of an ancient protein complex reveals the evolutionary relationships between the proteins that help to form vesicles.
New bent core mesogens with exceptionally high clearing points

A homologous series of novel two-ring alkoxythiophene-containing liquid crystals has been synthesized using a recently developed cyclization methodology to construct the heterocyclic core. The new heterocyclic unit is expected to confer high negative dielectric anisotropy and high dielectric biaxiality when incorporated into suitable mesogenic structures. The materials reported here possess nematic phases, with the longer chain homologues displaying smectic mesomorphism. In all cases the clearing points are significantly enhanced when compared with other two-ring thiophene-based mesogens. The synthesis, mesomorphic behaviour and stability are discussed, and the mesomorphic behaviour is compared with the analogous 4-alkoxy-4′-cyanobiphenyl derivatives synthesized by Gray.
Projection structure of a plant vacuole membrane aquaporin by electron cryo-crystallography.

The water channel protein α-TIP is a member of the major intrinsic protein (MIP) membrane channel family. This aquaporin is found abundantly in vacuolar membranes of cotyledons (seed storage organs) and is synthesized during seed maturation. The water channel activity of α-TIP can be regulated by phosphorylation, and the protein may function in seed desiccation, cytoplasmic osmoregulation, and/or seed rehydration. α-TIP was purified from seed meal of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by membrane fractionation, solubilization in diheptanoylphosphocholine and anion-exchange chromatography. Upon detergent removal and reconstitution into lipid bilayers, α-TIP crystallized as helical tubes. Electron cryo-crystallography of flattened tubes demonstrated that the crystals exhibit plane group p2 symmetry and c222 pseudosymmetry. Since the 2D crystals with p2 symmetry are derived from helical tubes, we infer that the unit of crystallization on the helical lattice is a dimer of tetramers. A projection density map at a resolution of 7.7 A revealed that α-TIP assembles as a 60 A × 60 A square tetramer. Each subunit is formed by a heart-shaped ring comprised of density peaks which we interpret as α-helices. The similarity of this structure to mammalian plasma membrane MIP-family proteins suggests that the molecular design of functionally analogous and genetically homologous aquaporins is maintained between the plant and animal kingdoms.
Delegating Death Military Intervention and Government Killing

Does military intervention affect civilian death tolls? Existing research has focused on international actors’ ability to limit ongoing slaughter but has not examined their ability to prevent the e...
Cultural Politics and China's Minorities

China's Minority Cultures. Colin Mackerras. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. 252 pp. Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic Frontiers. Stevan Harrell. ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995. 379 pp.
Aspen in the Sierra Nevada: Regional Conservation of a Continental Species

Abstract Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), a common species in North America, is a minor species in the Sierra Nevada of California. However, the limited coverage of aspen in this area appears to carry a disproportionate biodiversity load: numerous species are dependent on the unique components of aspen forests for habitat. Land managers in the region believe the species is declining due to fire suppression policies of the past century. Recent research from other regions shows mixed results when assessing the extent of decline. This review focuses on the crossroads between human and natural history to describe a broader picture of aspen ecology in the Sierra Nevada. The method used here combines a review of the ecological literature with historical synthesis. A central conclusion is that the current “decline” in aspen must be placed in the context of an unusual regeneration pulse brought on by intensive Euro-American resource extraction activities of the late 19th century. We address unique feat...
B-Cell and Monocyte Contribution to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Identified by Cell-Type-Specific Differential Expression Analysis in RNA-Seq Data:

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by complex interplay among immune cell types. SLE activity is experimentally assessed by several blood tests, including gene expression profiling of heterogeneous populations of cells in peripheral blood. To better understand the contribution of different cell types in SLE pathogenesis, we applied the two methods in cell-type-specific differential expression analysis, csSAM and DSection, to identify cell-type-specific gene expression differences in heterogeneous gene expression measures obtained using RNA-seq technology. We identified B-cell-, monocyte-, and neutrophil-specific gene expression differences. Immunoglobulin-coding gene expression was altered in B-cells, while a ribosomal signature was prominent in monocytes. On the contrary, genes differentially expressed in the heterogeneous mixture of cells did not show any functional enrichment. Our results identify antigen binding and structural constituents of ribosomes as functions altered by B-cell- and monocyte-specific gene expression differences, respectively. Finally, these results position both csSAM and DSection methods as viable techniques for cell-type-specific differential expression analysis, which may help uncover pathogenic, cell-type-specific processes in SLE.
Interpreting the effects of landscape connectivity on community diversity

Landscape connectivity is considered a key factor regulating species diversity of natural and managed landscapes, yet the influence of connectivity relative to other factors remains poorly resolved. In this issue of Journal of Vegetation Science, Jakobsson and colleagues illustrate how grassland plant species richness is more strongly affected by the age and management of grassland patches than by connectivity.
Laplace’s Equation

In Chapter 4 we have discussed the PDEs that control the heat flow in two and three dimensional spaces given by $$ \begin{gathered} u_t= \bar k(u_{xx}+ u_{yy} ), \hfill \\ u_t= \bar k(u_{xx}+ u_{yy}+ u_{zz} ), \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (7.1) respectively, where \( \bar k \) is the thermal diffusivity. If the temperature u reaches a steady state, that is, when u does not depend on time t and depends only on the space variables, then the time derivative ut vanishes as t→∞. In view of this, we substitute ut=0 into (7.1), hence we obtain the Laplace’s equations in two and three dimensions given by $$ \begin{gathered} u_{xx}+ u_{yy}= 0, \hfill \\ u_{xx}+ u_{yy}+ u_{zz}= 0. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (7.2) The Laplace’s equation [2,3,5] is used to describe gravitational potential in absence of mass, to define electrostatic potential in absence of charges [4,7], and to describe temperature in a steady-state heat flow. The Laplace’s equation is often called the potential equation [10] because u defines the potential function.
Book Review: Joyce Lee Malcolm, Guns and Violence: The English Experience

Joyce Lee Malcolm’s Guns and Violence: The English Experience offers both an interesting history of guns and gun laws in England and a policy polemic that attempts to establish, through the English experience, that strict gun laws do not reduce violent crime. As explained in this book review, Malcolm’s book succeeds better as history than as advocacy. Malcolm took on a big challenge in attempting to trace the history of guns and crime in England from medieval times to the present. She pulled it off admirably, constructing a cohesive survey of importance not only to historians, but to anyone interested in firearms policy. The weakness of the book lies in Malcolm’s attempt to go one big step further and argue that gun restrictions in England have led to increased crime, rather than, as gun control advocates assert, less crime (or at least, less violent crime).
Solving Problems Using Properties of Functions

Many students struggle to understand functions and their behavior, especially such concepts as the domain and range of a function. We very often start manipulations with an equation without thinking first about the properties of the functions. For example, the solution to the equation, \( \sqrt{x}+\sqrt{x+16}=8 \), can be found immediately as x = 9 if, instead of the standard squaring of both sides technique, we notice that the left side of the equation is the sum of two monotonically increasing functions. This means that if a solution exists, it must be unique. We can see that x = 9 makes the equation true; therefore, it is the only solution.
Effects of Postweaning Rate of Gain on Onset of Puberty and Productive Performance of Heifers of Different Breeds

Angus, (n = 78), Hereford (93), Red Poll (61), Brown Swiss (47), Charolais (36) and Simmental (90) heifers were used in a study designed to evaluate the effects of breed and postweaning rate of gain (low, L = .4 kg/d; medium, M = .6 kg/d; high, Hi = .8 kg/d) on the onset of puberty and subsequent maternal performance. After a 184 d feeding period, one-half of the heifers in each group were moved to pasture and one-half were kept in the feedlot through breeding (70 d), then moved to pasture. Breeds differed (P less than .01) in weight, height and condition. Increased postweaning rates of gain resulted in increased heifer weight (P less than .01), height (P less than .10) and condition (P less than .01) before calving (198 to 635 d) but these differences were not observed after rebreeding (930 d). Quadratic regressions of percentage pubertal vs age were significantly influenced by the interaction between breed and postweaning rate of gain. Both mean age and weight at puberty were influenced by breed (P less than .01) and postweaning rate of gain (P less than .01). No interactions were observed (P greater than .10). Calf birth weight was influenced (P less than .01) only by breed. Milk production was influenced by breed (P less than .01) and postweaning rate of gain (P less than .10). Significant time after parturition and time X breed interaction effects on milk production were observed. Calf weight at 120 d and at weaning was influenced by breed (P less than .01), heifer postweaning rate of gain (P less than .05) and sex (P less than .05). These data suggest moderate underfeeding or overfeeding during the postweaning period may have a prolonged influence on the productive performance of heifers and demonstrate that breeds differ widely in age at puberty and later productivity under the type of management and environment of this study.
Bolted Friction Connections with Weathering Steel

One hundred twenty-six slip tests were conducted on friction-type bolted connections fabricated from A588 weathering steel. The tests were conducted mainly on specimens with mill scale or blasted surfaces which were exposed to the atmosphere for periods up to one year. The test results indicate that A588 mill scale surface has a 33 percent lower slip resistance than those reported for other steels. Suggested revisions to the AASHTO Bridge Specifications based on this behavior are presented.
The genital aspects of exstrophy.

AbstractGenital anomalies associated with exstrophic deformities are mainly caused by the wedge effect of the cloacal membrane. The more primitive the exstrophy the more severe are the genital defects. With exstrophy of the cloaca genital tract duplication in female subjects and double penis in male subjects are almost invariable. The main practical problem relates to the male subject with epispadias alone or in association with bladder exstrophy. Correction of the penile deformity requires release of the chordee by freeing the short urethra from the corpora cavernosa and lengthening the organ by partial separation of the crura from the bony rami. The possession of an adequate phallus is generally the prime consideration of the patient and his parents, and surgical reconstruction should aim to provide maximal correction of the anomalies at an early age.
Clinical assessment of ventricular function after surgical treatment of congenital heart defects.

The current methods, issues, and importance of assessing systolic and diastolic function after surgical repair of congenital heart defects are discussed. In addition to general considerations, issues pertinent to the management of transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, and Fontan operation are presented as examples.
Limited Surgery and Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Localized Breast Cancer: An Overview

Conservative surgery and modern radiotherapy has been found to be as effective as mastectomy in treating early breast cancer. There is no difference in survival or local control. Irradiation following tumorectomy has a low incidence of complications, and yields excellent cosmetic results and breast preservation.
Consumption as communication in nineteenth-century Paradise Valley, Nevada

Historical archaeologists have studied consumption practices to identify social categories like class or ethnicity, and processes like emerging capitalism and industrialism. This paper examines the material culture of 19th-century Paradise Valley, Nevada, in terms of consumption as a process of communication. This model allows the integration of a broad range of material culture categories, from the bottles and tin cans of consumer goods to agricultural machinery, household appliances, and residential and commercial architecture. It also describes connections between local and national scale changes in the material culture and avoids a more limited causality focused on either measures of the penetration of capitalist social and economic organization, or the resistance of local forms and norms to national trends.
The Impact of Ultrasound on Prenatal Attachment Among Disembodied and Embodied Knowers

Utilizing data from three studies that each focused on a different population (expectant mothers, expectant grandmothers, expectant fathers), this study sought to explore the perceived impact of ul...
Iliotibial Band Lengthening: An Arthroscopic Surgical Technique

Iliotibial (IT) band syndrome is a common cause of lateral knee pain in runners and cyclists. Many can be treated nonoperatively; however, some may require surgical lengthening of their IT band to achieve optimal pain relief and a return to preinjury level of activity. Several studies have been published detailing surgical lengthening procedures and satisfactory outcomes after these procedures. However, it is important to continue to improve on and optimize outcomes. We present our arthroscopic IT band–lengthening procedure.
Hydrophobicity of proteins and nanostructured solutes is governed by topographical and chemical context

Hydrophobic interactions drive many important biomolecular self-assembly phenomena. However, characterizing hydrophobicity at the nanoscale has remained a challenge due to its nontrivial dependence on the chemistry and topography of biomolecular surfaces. Here we use molecular simulations coupled with enhanced sampling methods to systematically displace water molecules from the hydration shells of nanostructured solutes and calculate the free energetics of interfacial water density fluctuations, which quantify the extent of solute–water adhesion, and therefore solute hydrophobicity. In particular, we characterize the hydrophobicity of curved graphene sheets, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with chemical patterns, and mutants of the protein hydrophobin-II. We find that water density fluctuations are enhanced near concave nonpolar surfaces compared with those near flat or convex ones, suggesting that concave surfaces are more hydrophobic. We also find that patterned SAMs and protein mutants, having the same number of nonpolar and polar sites but different geometrical arrangements, can display significantly different strengths of adhesion with water. Specifically, hydroxyl groups reduce the hydrophobicity of methyl-terminated SAMs most effectively not when they are clustered together but when they are separated by one methyl group. Hydrophobin-II mutants show that a charged amino acid reduces the hydrophobicity of a large nonpolar patch when placed at its center, rather than at its edge. Our results highlight the power of water density fluctuations-based measures to characterize the hydrophobicity of nanoscale surfaces and caution against the use of additive approximations, such as the commonly used surface area models or hydropathy scales for characterizing biomolecular hydrophobicity and the associated driving forces of assembly.
Hyperbolization of Fibrations

Let S be a Riemann surface of finite hyperbolic type, \(\Gamma = \pi_1(S)\). We assume that \(\Gamma\) is embedded in \(PSL(2, \mathbb{R})\) as Fuchsian group so that \(S = \mathbb{H}^{2}/\Gamma\). Recall that \(\bar{S} = (\widehat{\mathbb{C}} - {\rm cl}(\mathbb{H}^2))/\Gamma\) has the same marked hyperbolic structure as S and the opposite orientation. These surfaces are identified via projection of the complex conjugation \(Z \mapsto \bar{Z}\) to a map \(S \rightarrow \bar{S}\). There is a continuous length function $$\ell : \mathcal{T}(S) \times \mathcal{M}\mathcal{L}(S) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$$ That extends the length function for the closed geodesics in S; see Section 11.16.
Therapeutic Recreation: Processes and Techniques. By David R. Austin.

(1983). Therapeutic Recreation: Processes and Techniques. By David R. Austin. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 175-178.
A comparison of the fascia iliaca block to the lumbar plexus block in providing analgesia following arthroscopic hip surgery: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Abstract Study objective This randomized controlled single blinded clinical trial compared the fascia iliaca block (FIB) and the lumbar plexus block (LPB) in patients with moderate to severe pain following hip arthroscopic surgery. Design Single blinded randomized trial. Setting Postoperative recovery area, postoperative days 0 and 1. Patients Fifty patients undergoing hip arthroscopy were approached in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) if they had moderate to severe pain (defined as > or equal 4/10 on the numeric rating scale). Twenty-five patients were allocated to the FIB and twenty-five patients to the LPB. Interventions Fascia iliaca block or lumbar plexus block. Measurements A blinded observer recorded pain scores just prior to the block, 15 min following the block (primary endpoint), and then every 15 min for 2 h (or until the patient was discharged). Total PACU time and opioid use were recorded. Pain scores and analgesic use on postoperative day (POD) 0, and POD 1 were recorded. At 24 h post block the Quality of Recovery 9 questionnaire was administered. Results The mean pre-block pain scores were comparable between the two groups ( P = 0.689). There was no difference in mean post block pain scores between the two groups at 15 min ( P = 0.054). In the PACU patients who underwent a LPB consumed less opioids compared to FIB patients ( P = 0.02), however no differences were noted between the two groups in PACU length of stay, or POD 0 or 1 opioid use. Conclusion A fascia iliaca block is not inferior to a lumbar plexus block in reducing PACU pain scores in patients with moderate to severe pain following hip arthroscopic surgery and is a viable option to help manage postoperative pain following hip arthroscopic surgery.
Altered Interleukin-12 Responsiveness in Th1 and Th2 Cells Is Associated With the Differential Activation of STAT5 and STAT1

T-cell activation in response to interleukin-12 (IL-12) is mediated through signaling events that include the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT4. IL-12 responsiveness and the ability of IL-12 to activate STAT4 is different in T cells induced to differentiate into a Th1 or Th2 phenotype. In this report, we show that STAT5, STAT1alpha, and STAT1beta, in addition to STAT4, are tyrosine phosphorylated in response to IL-12 in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated human T cells. To understand how the activation of these STATs contributes to T-cell IL-12 responsiveness, we analyzed the IL-12-induced activation of STAT5 and STAT1 in T cells stimulated to undergo Th1 or Th2 differentiation. The IL-12-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 and STAT1, but not STAT4, is augmented in T cells activated into Th1 cells with PHA + interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) compared with T cells activated with PHA alone. STAT5 DNA binding induced by IL-12 is also augmented in T cells activated with PHA + IFN-gamma compared with T cells activated with PHA alone, whereas STAT4 DNA binding is not increased. In contrast, the IL-12-induced activation of these STATs is inhibited in T cells activated into Th2 cells with PHA + IL-4. The enhancement of IL-12 signaling by IFN-gamma is not a direct effect of IFN-gamma on T cells, but rather is mediated by IL-12 that is produced by antigen-presenting cells in response to IFN-gamma. This positive autoregulatory effect of IL-12 on the activation of select STATs correlates with an increase in T-cell IFN-gamma production in response to IL-12. These findings suggest that the activation of STAT5 and STAT1 may augment select STAT4-dependent functional responses to IL-12 in Th1 cells.
Tuning Rule-Based Systems to Their Environments

Abstract L amp presents a general-purpose, knowledge-poor learning strategy for incrementally improving the performance of rule-based systems operating in reactive environments. The LAMP critic observes the performance of an MEA planner vis-a-vis a set of computed relations that define the interface between the real world and the reasoning engine's model of that world. Planning successes and failures are traced back through action definitions to the underlying, primitive relations. A domain-independent success criterion describes the performance of the system and suggests modifications to the relation definitions in order to tune the system to the particular environment and task.
Opportunities and Incentives: How Individual Academics Respond to the Local Industry

This paper explores the individual antecedents that incentivize university scientists to engage in research that is relevant to the local industry. Exploiting the agribusiness incumbents's entry in...
Shoulder Injuries: Conservative Management, Operative Management, and Return to Sport

Shoulder injuries are common in the athletic population. The aging athlete represents a unique population as shoulder pathologies encountered can differ significantly from younger athletes and, therefore, alter evaluation and optimal management. As life expectancy increases and the population of older patients engaged in active lifestyles increases, the aging athlete will inevitably make up an ever-increasing subset of athletes who seek orthopedic care. As with all athletes, optimal management of shoulder injuries in the aging athlete should focus on optimizing long-term functional outcomes while preserving pre-injury activity level and athletic participation. This chapter will discuss five of the most common conditions that affect the aging athlete population, including pathology of the superior labrum and long head biceps tendon, shoulder dislocation, impingement and rotator cuff injury, acromioclavicular joint dislocation instability and arthritis, and glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Discussion will be centered around the best evidence-based recommendations for patient evaluation, non-operative management, and operative management with focus on functional outcomes and return to sport.
Relationship-Specific Unsupportive Social Interactions and Depressive Symptoms Among Women Living with HIV/AIDS: Direct and Moderating Effects

Although unsupportive social interactions have demonstrated strong relations with psychological adjustment to illness, little research has been directed at the differential effects of unsupportive interactions from different relationship sources (i.e., family, friends, or a lover/spouse). The present study examines whether the source of unsupportive social interactions has differential main and interactive relations with depressive symptoms among an ethnically diverse sample of women living with HIV/AIDS (N = 146). After imposing demographic controls, unsupportive social interactions from family were found to have a main effect predicting more depressive symptoms. Furthermore, a significant interaction was identified between unsupportive interactions from a lover/spouse and from friends, such that high levels of unsupportive interactions from either or both sources predicted high levels of depressive symptoms. Only when neither source of unsupportive interactions was at a high level were nonclinical levels of depressive symptoms predicted.
2030 Global Education Agenda and Challenges Before India

Education of which both the individual and society are beneficiaries has a key role in the implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Education is the foundation of development and ...
Reversible adhesion to rough surfaces both in and out of water, inspired by the clingfish suction disc

Adhesion is difficult to achieve on rough surfaces both in air and underwater. In nature, the northern clingfish (Gobiesox maeandricus) has evolved the impressive ability to adhere onto substrates of various shapes and roughnesses, while subject to strong intertidal surges. The suction disc of the clingfish relies on suction and friction to achieve and maintain adhesion. Inspired by this mechanism of attachment, we designed an artificial suction disc and evaluated its adhesive stress on rough surfaces and non-planar geometries. The artificial suction disc achieved adhesion strengths of 10.1±0.3 kPa in air on surfaces of moderate roughness (grain size, 68 μm), and 14.3±1.5 kPa underwater on coarse surfaces (grain size, 269 μm). By comparison, a commercially available suction cup failed to exhibit any significant adhesion in both scenarios. The roughly 2 g heavy clingfish-inspired suction discs gripped concave surfaces with small radii of curvature (12.5 mm) and supported payloads up to 0.7 kg. We correlated the effect of key bioinspired features (i.e. slits, a soft outer layer, and body geometry) to adhesion performance using contact visualization techniques and Finite Element Analysis. The suction discs were then tested on a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) to demonstrate their utility in the soft manipulation of fragile objects.