cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 256 by 256 HgCdTe hybrid focal plane for low-background earth resources and astronomy applications

This paper describes a 256 x 256 HgCdTe hybrid focal plane with a 0.9- to 2.6-micron spectral range. The silicon FET switch multiplexer (mux) is based on previous hybrid work with a 128 x 128 Reticon mux. The high-density device described has a 40-micron pixel pitch vs 60-micron pixel pitch for the 128 x 128 devices. A read noise of about 1,000 e(-) has been obtained on developmental hybrid structures, along with full well capacities of about 1 x 10 to the 6th e(-). Preliminary device characterization for the 256 x 256 device, along with the first low-background astronomy test results for the 128 x 128 devices, will be presented.
Privacy policy-driven mashups

Mashups is novel content created by extracting and combining data from diverse data sources. In this paper, we present a framework of privacy-preserving data sharing and integration for mashup services. The mashup privacy protection system evaluates privacy preferences expressed in a distributed privacy policy network, i.e., personal privacy policies (PPP), data source organisation’s privacy policies (SPP) and mashup organisation’s privacy policies (MPP). The privacy policy is expressed in terms of sensitive data to be protected, mashup provider, mashup-operations, and purposes. These parameters can link to the open semantic resources on the web, such as a friend of a friend (FOAF), service industry classification codes and UN product and service classification codes, providing richer semantic reference and avoiding data ambiguity. The mashup privacy protection system allows the specification of privacy policies and enforces distributed privacy policies in creating a new content by a third party mashup provider.
Enantiomeric impurities in chiral catalysts, auxiliaries, synthons and resolving agents. Part 2

Abstract The enantiomeric purity of reagents used in asymmetric synthesis is of fundamental importance when evaluating the selectivity of a reaction and the product purity. In this work, 109 chiral reagents (many recently introduced) are assayed. Approximately 64% of these reagents had moderate to high levels of enantiomeric impurities (i.e. from >0.1% to
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Spine

Abstract Study Objective:Evaluation of demonstrated clinical efficacy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the central nervous system. Design:Information synthesis of studies before January 1987. ...
A Role for Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interferon-γ in the Regulation of Interleukin-4-Induced Human Thymocyte Proliferation In Vitro . Heightened Sensitivity in the Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Thymus

ABSTRACT: The influence of recombinant interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) on IL-4-induced proliferation of postnatal human thymocytes from eight children with Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21) and 18 control children was evaluated. DS thymuses were studied because they are characterized by cortical depletion and abnormal thymocyte differentiation. IL-4, without mitogen, induced a dose-dependent proliferation of both DS and control thymocytes. The proliferation was comparable to that induced by IL-2 and far greater than the proliferation mediated by IL-1β in the absence of mitogen. The level of IL-4 responsiveness correlated with the proportion of cells expressing the γ,δ chains of the T cell receptor. Furthermore, thymocyte preparations greatly enriched for T cell receptorγ,δ-bearing cells were found to vigorously proliferate when treated with IL-4. Both IFN-γ and TNF inhibited IL-4-driven proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, but DS thymocytes were found to be significantly more sensitive to inhibition by both cytokines. Our studies suggest an important role for IL-4 in the proliferation of T cell receptorγ,δ+ thymocytes and demonstrate regulatory functions for IFN-γ and TNF in human thymocyte proliferation. The increased sensitivity of DS thymocytes to IFN-γ and TNF may explain anatomical abnormalities in DS thymuses and suggests the involvement of genes encoded on human chromosome 21 in the responses to both IFN-γ and TNF.
Surface properties of bacteria from different wastewater treatment plants

The surface properties of the individual members of degradative biocommunities isolated from different laboratory and natural populations were characterized. The bacterial strains isolated from a given origin and degrading a given substrate varied with respect to their hydrophobic and electrostatic properties (e.g. contact angle, adsorption to hexadecane, isoelectric point, adsorption of anionic orcationic dyes). However, despite their specific surface characteristics, in most cases the net charge properties of different bacterial strains (characterized by the zeta potential profiles of the bacteria in relation to the pH) were found to be related to the substrate the bacteria were able to degrade as well as to the consortium the bacteria were isolated from. For one group of specialized bacteria, only oneor at most two characteristic zeta potential profiles were measured. Compared to the differences between different strains, the zeta potential profiles of individual strains were only slightly affected by either growth state or changes in the actual nutrient composition. Even if isolated strains were cultivated in standard nutrient broth for several months, only slight differences in the zeta potential profiles were measured. Only the isoelectric focusing experiments indicated thatcultivation in a complex medium favoured a progressively decreased uniformity of surface charge properties. Thus, measurement of zeta potential profiles under standardized conditions may be a useful means to compare the surface structures of bacteria from different origins.
Forced-choice testing provides evidence of malingering.

Abstract Assessment of motivation using forced-choice testing is described and illustrated with case reports. Two injured workers with protracted disability complained of numbness and loss of sensation in their fingers. Each patient received a forced-choice, multiple-choice finger graphesthesia test, with a 0.5 probability of guessing correctly on each item. Both patients performed significantly below the chance level, indicating that they had deliberately provided wrong answers. One patient did not exaggerate until the difficulty level of the task was enhanced. Forced-choice testing, particularly with enhancement of difficulty levels, is proposed as a specific measure to detect faked poor performance. Identification of malingering reduces the risk of iatrogenic damage. The subjective complaints of malingerers must be viewed with skepticism.
Kinetic modeling of heptane combustion and PAH formation

A kinetic model for high-temperature oxidation and pyrolysis of heptane has been developed. This model is based on new results for heptane decomposition, decomposition and isomerization of heptyl radicals, and decomposition of olefins and olefinic radicals. It is combined with kinetic data from Grimech-3.0 model on the reactions of C 1 -C 2 species. The subset on C 3 -C 4 chemistry is based on the works of Marinov et al. (1998) and Laskin et al. (2000). The database for PAH formation is based on the results from kinetic models on heptane suitably modified from various soot formation models. The model was validated against experimental data on burning velocity, ignition delays, and OH time history during heptane ignition behind shock wave. The reactions determining burning velocity were established through sensitivity analysis. The main reactions determining burning velocity of heptane are similar to the reactions determining burning velocity of C 1 -C 4 hydrocarbons. The influence of product distribution of heptyl radical decomposition on PAH production was analyzed.
The unsteady continuous culture of phosphate-limited Monochrysis lutheri droop: Experimental and theoretical analysis

Abstract A three-state variable model for phosphate-limited phytoplankton growth in a continuously lit continuous culture is proposed. In the model, the phosphate uptake rate per cell is a Michaelis-Mententype hyperbolic function of ambient nutrient concentration and the growth rate is a Droop-type hyperbolic function of cell quota. Steady-state and short-term uptake experiments with unialgal cultures of Monochrysis lutheri Droop, a marine chrysophyte, were used to calibrate the proposed model. For the long-term unsteady experiments, the model predicts well the culture's dynamic response in terms of cell density to steps down and up in influent concentration of limiting nutrient. For step changes in dilution rate, the model predicts well the culture's response to a step down but predicts poorly the culture's response to a step up. The long-term responses of the cultures to impulses in influent concentration show that the model fails to predict, even qualitatively, the behavior of the phytoplankton. Not unexpectedly, the model fails most dramatically in those experiments involving a rapid increase in cell quota, thereby demonstrating both the inherent flaws in the concept of the instantaneous growth rate as a function of instantaneous cell quota and the need for further dynamic characterization of phytoplankton behavior.
Reduction of energy absorption by phonons and spin waves in a disordered solid due to localization

It is argued on the basis of the Chirikov overlap of resonances criterion for the development of chaos and ergodicity that Anderson localization of the phonon modes or the spin-wave modes (in the case of ferromagnetic resonance) can result in a large reduction in the rate of energy absorption by a solid from an oscillating external field. This phenomenon is illustrated by numerical calculations on simple model systems. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Mucosally delivered peptides prime strong immunity in HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits

DNA vaccines delivered subcutaneously by gene-gun have generated strong protective and therapeutic immunity in rabbits. Recent studies have shown that peptides delivered by the mucosal routes also stimulate local and systemic immune responses. Since mucosal delivery is easier to administer and more cost-effective when compared to gene-gun delivery, we were interested to learn whether mucosally delivered peptides would prime protective immunity comparable to that of gene-gun-delivered DNA in rabbits. Our newly developed HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model was used to test the hypothesis. We chose an HLA-A2.1 restricted cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E1 epitope (E1/303-311, MLQEKPFQL) for the peptide immunization studies because it provided complete protection when used as a DNA vaccine. Adjuvant has been widely used to boost immunity for vaccines. In this study, three adjuvants reported to be effective for rabbits (TT helper motif, PADRE and CpG2007) were tested with the peptide vaccine. Peptide alone or fused to TT helper or PADRE to create chimeric peptides was delivered by two mucosal routes (ocular and intranasal) together. Partial protection was found in HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits when peptide was delivered mucosally in the presence of adjuvant. When a subsequent booster of a half-dose of the corresponding DNA vaccine was delivered, complete protections were achieved. We conclude that mucosal peptide immunization can be combined with a single DNA vaccination to provide strong protective immunity in rabbits.
Drug Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease in the Elderly

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) may be asymptomatic, may be associated with intermittent claudication or may be associated with critical limb ischaemia. Coronary artery disease (CAD) and other atherosclerotic vascular disorders may coexist with PAD. Persons with PAD are at increased risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and mortality from CAD. Smoking should be stopped and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and hypothyroidism treated. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) reduce the incidence of intermittent claudication and improve exercise duration until the onset of intermittent claudication in persons with PAD and hypercholesterolaemia. Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin or clopidogrel (especially the latter), ACE inhibitors and statins should be given to all persons with PAD. β-Adrenoceptor antagonists should be given if CAD is present. The phosphodiesterase type 3 inhibitor cilostazol improves exercise time until intermittent claudication. Chelation therapy should be avoided. Correct implementation of medical therapy significantly reduces the excess mortality associated with PAD. In addition, medical therapy may result in significant improvements in walking ability that may obviate the need for lower extremity angioplasty with stenting and bypass surgery.
Measurement of cardiac output with first-pass determination during rubidium-82 PET myocardial perfusion imaging

In addition to providing useful clinical information, cardiac output determined during rubidium-82 positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion studies can be used in the measurement of absolute regional myocardial blood flow using Sapirstein's method. This investigation was conducted to compare cardiac output values obtained by post-processing data acquired in a list mode PET myocardial perfusion study with those obtained using a technetium-99m-labeled red blood cell method on the same patients. Results from 14 patients showed that cardiac output can be accurately measured simultaneously in a82Rb PET myocardial study, allowing determination of multiple perfusion and functional parameters of the heart, thus improving the cost-effectiveness of the82Rb PET study.
REFLICS: real-time flow imaging and classification system

An accurate analysis of a large dynamic system like our oceans requires spatially fine and temporally matched data collection methods. Current methods to estimate fish stock size from pelagic (marine) fish egg abundance by using ships to take point samples of fish eggs have large margins of error due to spatial and temporal undersampling. The real-time flow imaging and classification system (REFLICS) enhances fish egg sampling by obtaining continuous, accurate information on fish egg abundance as the ship cruises along in the area of interest. REFLICS images the dynamic flow with a progressive-scan area camera (60 frames/s) and a synchronized strobe in backlighting configuration. Digitization and processing occur on a dual-processor Pentium II PC and a pipeline-based image-processing board. REFLICS uses a segmentation algorithm to locate fish-egg-like objects in the image and then a classifier to determine fish egg, species, and development stage (age). We present an integrated system design of REFLICS and performance results. REFLICS can perform in real time (60 Hz), classify fish eggs with low false negative rates on real data collected from a cruise, and work in harsh conditions aboard ships at sea. REFLICS enables cost-effective, real-time assessment of pelagic fish eggs for research and management.
Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution and a Legal Response to the Demand for Prostitution

ABSTRACT Since the mid-1980s, the debate about how to address prostitution legally has become a subject of legislative action. Some countries in Europe, most notably the Netherlands and Germany among others, have legalized and/or decriminalized systems of prostitution, which includes decriminalizing pimps, brothels and buyers, also known as “customers or johns.” Other governments, such as Thailand, legally prohibit prostitution activities and enterprises but in reality tolerate brothels and the buying of women for commercial sexual exploitation, especially in its sex tourism industry. Sweden, has taken a different legal approach-penalizing the buyers while at the same time decriminalizing the women in prostitution.
Effect of portal ligation and of Eck's fistula on hepatic blood flow and concentration of blood ammonia.

Abstract The incidences of portal encephalopathy in dogs with ligated portal veins, portacaval transpositions, or Eck's fistulas made de novo and after ligation of portal veins have been determined, and factors responsible for this complication have been sought by measuring total hepatic blood flow and by studying ammonia metabolism in these animals. Signs of portal encephalopathy developed spontaneously in 6 of 13 dogs with only Eck's fistulas and in 3 additional ones after a meat tolerance test. Portal systemic encephalopathy was not evident in any of the other animals studied except for one dog with an Eck's fistula made after ligation of portal vein; this dog became ill after a meat tolerance test. The results indicate that the signs of portal encephalopathy observed in dogs with Eck's fistulas made in the absence of a previously established portal systemic collateral circulation do not result solely from the combination of decreased hepatic blood flow and increased concentration of ammonia in the blood.
A study of structural and bonding variations in the homologous series [Mo(2)(CN)(6)(dppm)(2)](n-) (n = 2, 1, 0).

Reaction of Mo 2 Cl 4 (dppm) 2 (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) with 6 equiv of [n-Bu 4 N][CN] or [Et 4 N][CN] in dichloromethane yields [n-Bu 4 N] 2 [Mo 2 (CN) 6 (dppm) 2 ] (1) and [Et 4 N] 2 [Mo 2 (CN) 6 (dppm) 2 ] (2), respectively. The corresponding one- and two-electron oxidation products [n-Bu 4 N][Mo 2 (CN) 6 (dppm) 2 ] (3) and Mo 2 (CN) 6 (dppm) 2 (4) were prepared by reactions of 1 with the oxidant NOBF 4 . Single-crystal X-ray structures of 22CH 3 CN, 32CH 3 . CN2H 2 O, and 42CH 3 NO 2 were performed, and the results confirmed that all three complexes contain identical ligand sets with trans dppm ligands bisecting the Mo 2 (μ-CN) 2 (CN) 4 equatorial plane. The binding of the bridging cyanide ligands is affected by the oxidation state of the dimolybdenum core as evidenced by an increase in side-on π-bonding overlap of the μ-CN in going from 1 to 4. The greater extent of π-donation into Mo orbitals is accompanied by a lengthening of the Mo-Mo distance (2.736(1) A in Mo 2 I I , I I (2), 2.830(1) A in Mo 2 I I , I I I (3), and 2.936(1) A in Mo 2 I I I , I I I (4)). A computational study of the closed-shell members of this homologous series, [Mo 2 -(CN) 6 (dppm) 2 ] n (n = 2-, 0), indicates that the more pronounced side-on π-donation evident in the X-ray structure of 4 leads to significant destabilization of the δ orbital and marginal stabilization of the δ' orbitals with respect to nearly degenerate 6 and δ* orbitals in the parent compound, 2. The loss of δ contributions combined with the reduced orbital overlap due to higher charges on molybdenum centers in oxidized complexes 3 and 4 is responsible for the observed increase in the length of the Mo-Mo bond.
Robust fast model-based recognition of partially occluded objects using normalized interval vertex descriptors

This paper deals with the problem of robust fast recognition of partially occluded or incomplete views of `flat' objects. Robustness is accomplished through hypothesis confirmation using complementary or supporting information available for the current hypothesis and by model-based hypothesis verification. Classification speed is obtained by pruning the hypothesis hierarchy using simple pruning procedures based on structural properties derived from current object representation. In addition, classification speed is also improved through the use of simple model-based decision making procedures instead of computationally expensive transformations. Normalized Interval Vertex Descriptors (NIVD) are used to represent objects. NIVDs are representations derived from the physical characteristics of an object (vertices and sides) that are easy to obtain, especially for polygon like shapes. They provide not only a compact representation, but they also allow the definition of features that can be used to speed up the classification process. Experimental results of this process are also included.
Confronting “Victim” Discourses: The Identity Work of Battered Women

In this article I explore how battered women both draw from and reject victim discourses in their processes of self-construction and self-representation. Data gathered from semistructured interviews with forty women who experienced violence from an intimate partner in a heterosexual relationship demonstrate that available “victim” discourses are both enabling and constraining. Four common representations of a victim emerged as most influential to women’s identity work: as someone who suffers a harm she cannot control; as someone who deserves sympathy and/or requires some type of action be taken against the victimizer; as someone who is culpable for her experiences; and as someone who is powerless and weak. “Victim empowerment” and “survivor” discourses also played a role in how women understood and made sense of their experiences. In their attempts to construct identities for themselves, battered women become caught between notions of victimization, agency, and responsibility. “I hate to be called a victim. I feel like then it’s my fault. Then it’s like I’m this weak person that couldn’t do things right and get out [of an abusive relationship], you know?” This was the response given by Gina—a woman I met through a counseling group at a shelter for battered women—when I asked her whether she saw herself as a “victim.” Because she has experienced physical, verbal, and emotional abuse from her husband, some people might perceive her as a victim. However, while Gina believed that she had been wronged by her husband, she herself rejected such an identity because she assigned it negative connotations. She did not want to be perceived by others as weak, helpless, or culpable for her husband’s behavior. Current cultural discourses surrounding violence against women commonly depict them as blameworthy or as weak and powerless. As a result, many abused women have a difficult time using available victim discourses to articulate their experiences and construct and present selves that are meaningful to them.
Quantum Statistical Theory of Plasmas and Liquid Metals

A Debye‐Huckel‐type theory is described for an assembly of completely ionized atoms, the nuclei being treated classically and the electrons by the Thomas‐Fermi method. The thermodynamic functions are derived by considering the Debye charging process, and the virial theorem is shown to hold. Numerical results are given for hydrogen and iron near normal solid densities, and are probably accurate only at high temperatures (kT>5 ev for hydrogen and kT>100 ev for iron). At these temperatures, the results do not differ greatly from those of the ordinary Thomas‐Fermi theory of the atom except for the additional contributions of the nuclei.
Fiber Augmented Steel Technology Pipe (FAST-Pipe™): An Alternative to High Strength Steel

A key imperative to the transportation of natural gas for long distance is the continued technological advances to reduce the development and life cycle cost of high pressure gas pipeline while maintaining the required high level of safety, reliability and environmental stewardship. Therefore, advances in high strength steels such as X100 and X120 have been pursued by several companies. This paper presents an alternative solution namely FAST-Pipe™ (Fiber Augmented Steel Technology - Pipe). The FAST-Pipe™ Concept involves wrapping a conventional strength steel pipe (X70) whose thickness is selected to satisfy axial and bending load requirement with dry fiberglass to achieve the pressure load requirement. The FAST-Pipe™ offers several technical and economical advantages over High strength steel concepts. The paper presents the results of the proof of concept validation program that included cost analysis and performance testing. The paper also summarizes the results of the rigorous qualification program that was implemented subsequent to the successful results of the proof of concept phase.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Strategy for Analyzing ANOVA Designs Having One or More Random Factors.

A general analysis strategy is proposed such that the universe of inference is increased incrementally. The strategy prevents logically incongruent findings that occasionally result when the conven...
Invasive congeners are unlikely to hybridize with native Hawaiian Bidens (Asteraceae)

 Premise of the study: Invasive plant species threaten native plants in multiple ways, one of which is genetic assimilation through hybridization. However, information regarding hybridization between related alien and native plant species is generally lacking. In Hawaii, the invasive Central American species Bidens pilosa and Bidens alba have colonized natural areas and often grow alongside the native Hawaiian Bidens species, a clade representing an adaptive radiation of 27 endemic taxa, many of which are threatened or endangered.  Methods: To assess the risk of hybridization between introduced and native Hawaiian Bidens (which will readily hybridize with one another), we undertook crosses in cultivation between the invasive species and nine native Bidens taxa.  Key results: The majority of the crosses formed no viable seed. Although seed did mature in several of the crosses, morphological screening of the resulting seedlings indicated that they were the result of self-pollination.  Conclusions: This result suggests that B. alba and B. pilosa are incapable of hybridizing with these Hawaiian Bidens taxa. Further, we found that B. alba in Hawaii was self-compatible, despite self-incompatibility throughout its native range, and that the tetraploid species B. alba and the hexaploid species B. pilosa were cross-compatible, although pollen fertility was low.
Folk Management, "Soft Evolutionism," and Fishers' Motives: Implications for the Regulation of the Lobster Fisheries of Maine and Newfoundland

This paper uses an examination of the relations between indigenous management practices and formal regulations in the lobster fisheries of Maine and Newfoundland to revise some current assumptions about the nature of indigenous practices. It argues that many current conceptions of indigenous practices are based on a flawed theoretical position referred to as "soft evolutionism." A rejection of "soft evolutionism" leads to the realization that the greatest contribution of indigenous practices to the formation of formal regulations is not to be found in their unintended conservative effects, but in their ability to reveal the conscious goals and values of fishers.
Spectral broadening due to non-uniform strain fields in fibre Bragg grating based transducers

An experimental investigation of strain gradient induced spectral broadening in fibre Bragg grating (FBG) based transducers is carried out. Closed form analytical results describing measurand induced strain gradients in circular geometry transducers are derived, which allow experimental demonstration of novel FBG bonding approaches which eliminate spectral broadening and should lead to the development of advanced FBG based transducers.
Simplified Method for Evaluating the Impact of a Transportation Network on Posthurricane Access to Healthcare Facilities

AbstractTo estimate the impact of Hurricane Ike of 2008 on local communities, service areas of hospitals and corresponding service populations were calculated at both the county and facility levels within the Houston metropolitan statistical area. A hospital access indicator was defined to measure the level of access to medical services when compared to the prestorm level. The result indicated that the hospital access indicator reached its lowest value on the next day after the hurricane landfall due to lane closures and hospital shutdowns before showing a steady comeback. However, the recovery was briefly interrupted around September 18, 2008, as a result of road closures to remove debris on State Highway 146. Access to hospitals nearly returned to the prestorm level by the end of October 2008. Simulations were then performed to identify priorities for repairing damaged roads in order to minimize storm’s adverse impact. This paper offered a simplified method to measure, monitor, and analyze the effect of...
Serial quantification of the human immunodeficiency virus in an arthroscopic effluent

We describe a case in which a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with high plasma viral titers underwent an arthroscopic partial meniscectomy allowing us the opportunity to measure the HIV titer of serial aliquots of the arthroscopic effluent using the polymerase chain reaction. Two out of six aliquots were found to be HIV positive with 598 and 486 viral copies per milliliter noted. The plasma viral load at the time of surgery was 149,000 copies per milliliter, whereas the prearthroscopy synovial fluid failed to show any detectable virus. This is the first report to our knowledge of HIV detected in an arthroscopic effluent. The clinical implications for the arthroscopist are also discussed.
Real-time tracking and targeting computations and rocket vehicle aeroballistics for the PLACES ionospheric plasma test series

The PLACES (Position Location And eunication Effects Simulations) test program, conducted in December 1980 at Eglin Gulf Test Range, involved a series of ionospheric releases of bariumlbarium-nitrate vapor. The Defense Nuclear Agency sponsored program investigated effects of a structured ionospheric plasma (similar to that produced by a high-altitude nuclear explosion) on satellite navigation systems and provided in situ measurement of plasma structure. Terrier-Tomahawk rocket systems boosted the barium payloads, beacon payloads (plasma occultation experiment), and probe payloads (plasma in situ measurement). Drifting plasma tracking procedures, beaconand probe-vehicle targeting procedures, and vehicle flight test results are presented.
Efficient Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure C2-Symmetric Diols via the Allylboration of Appropriate Dialdehydes

Abstract The reaction of the enantiomers of B-allyldiisopinocampheylborane with 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-benzenedialdehydes, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde, glyoxal, and glutaric dialdehyde, provides the corresponding enantiomers of the bis-homoallylic alcohols in 88–98% de, and ≥98% ee. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Quantitative high-speed imaging of burned gas temperature and equivalence ratio in internal combustion engines using alkali metal fluorescence

Alkali metal atoms show an intense natural fluorescence in the burned gas region of internal combustion engines. This fluorescence offers great opportunity for spectroscopic combustion analysis in ...
Marital Shopping and Epidemic AIDS

HIV risks decline sharply at age 30 for women in South Africa, long before coital frequencies or pregnancies decrease. I evaluate several prominent behavioral models of HIV, and find that these do not suggest sharply decreasing risks with age. I formulate a model of spousal search and find that "marital shopping" can generate epidemic HIV prevalence despite low transmission rates because search behavior interacts with dynamics of HIV infectiousness. The implied age-infection profile closely mimics that in South Africa, and the suggested behavior matches that reported by South Africans. Condom use in new relationships and transmission rate reductions are both found to be effective policies and, when used together, eliminate the potential of spousal search to spread HIV. In contrast, antiretroviral treatment is found to have only a minimal effect on the epidemic.
Radiation‐induced copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and 3,3,4,4,5,5,5‐heptafluoropentene‐1 under pressure

An investigation was made of the γ-ray-induced copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoropentene-1. At 22°C at 5000 and 10 000 atm the polymerization rate changes little between 0 and 75 mole-% tetrafluoroethylene. Above 90 mole-% the rate increases greatly. Molecular weights vary with composition in a fashion similar to the variation of the rates. Crystallization occurs in the bulk pentene at 13 500 atm at 24°C. The polymerization rate is very low in the solid state. Under some conditions polymerization continues long after irradiation is ended. Both reactivity ratios favor the pentene. Several copolymer properties were studied. The polymers are amorphous and soluble in perfluoro ethers, perfluoro alkanes, and perfluoroaromatics if they contain less than 80% tetrafluoroethylene. The glass temperatures of the amorphous polymers decrease and the thermal and radiation stability increases as the tetrafluoroethylene content increases.
Prevalence and etiology of acquired anemia in Medieval York, England

This paper presents three distinct models for the development of acquired anemia: iron-deficiency anemia produced by the inadequate intake and/or absorption of iron, the anemia of chronic disease (ACD) caused by the body's natural iron-withholding defense against microbial invaders, and megaloblastic anemia caused by insufficient intake and/or absorption of vitamin B(12) or folic acid. These etiological models are used to interpret the distribution and etiology of anemia among adult individuals interred at the Medieval Gilbertine Priory of St. Andrew, Fishergate, York (n = 147). This bioarchaeological analysis uncovered not only a strong relationship between decreasing status and increasing prevalence of anemia for both men and women, but also identified clear sex-based differences at this site. Within the high-status group, blood and iron loss as a result of rampant parasitism likely produced an environment ripe for the development of iron-deficiency anemia, while the parasitic consumption of vitamin B(12) may have caused occasional cases of megaloblastic anemia. As status decreases, the interpretation of anemia becomes more complex, with megaloblastic anemia and ACD emerging as viable, potentially heavy contributors to the anemia experiences of low-status people at St. Andrew's. Apart from status effects, women (especially young women) are disproportionately affected by anemia when compared to men within their own status group and, on average, are also more likely to have experienced anemia than their male peers from other status groups. This suggests that high iron-demand reproductive functions helped to make iron-deficiency anemia a chronic condition in many women's lives irrespective of their status affiliation.
Effects of Gravity on Gastric Emptying, Intestinal Transit, and Drug Absorption

The effects of microgravity on the physiologic response of the human body, the physical properties of gastrointestinal contents, and the influence these responses have on drug absorption are becoming more and more critical as the duration of humans in the hostile space environment dramatically increases. In this environment, some conventional oral dosage forms may be severely limited as an effective drug regimen. To understand the effects of microgravity, one must first understand the basic forces acting on a particle moving through a walled-tube such as the small intestine: gravity (FG), buoyancy (FB), and drag (FD). These forces can be combined and rearranged into a dimensionless ratio of gravitational forces to viscous forces. This is the most important dimensionless group influencing the motion of a particle relative to the fluid. Gastric emptying is highly influenced by several factors: volume, calories, exercise, size, density, temperature, viscosity, osmolality as well as those factors associated with physiologic responses: splanchnic blood flow, body position, and electrolyte balance. This array of factors can lead to variability in drug plasma levels. In the absence of gravity, the factors of size and density would appear to be most directly altered due to their dependence on the force of gravity. Intestinal transit rate in a gravity environment is highly dependent on the motility state of the GI tract either fasted or fed partly due to the higher viscosities of chyme in the fed state. In space, the absence of gravity may tend to increase the transit rate along the small intestine by decreasing the dimensionless ratio of gravitational forces to viscous forces. In zero gravity, therefore, these alterations in GI emptying and intestinal transit rate could lead to erratic plasma levels and inefficient absorption.
Autoradiographic Study of Cellular Proliferation During Early Development of the Mandibular Condyle in Mice

Tritiated thymidine labeling of cells in the fibroarticular and chondrogenic zones of the mandibular condyle during early differentiation indicated independent proliferation in each zone. Cells of the cartilaginous zone, unlabeled during the two-hour post-thymidine interval, presumably arose by maturation from the cells of the chondrogenic zone.
The Chemistry of Failure Analysis

This paper discusses the chemistry of failure analysis in sufficient detail to serve as a practical guide for the failure analyst. It includes a discussion of the chemistry of plastic composition formulation. This discussion is preparatory to the main body of the paper which covers the chemistry and mechanics of decapsulation and, also, an explanation of the principles of chemical etch of semiconductor building blocks and interconnect materials. Included in the paper is a general procedure of decapsulation and several examples are contained in Table 1. Source materials are cited that will provide additional information on actual decapsulation procedures for thermoplastics and single and composite thermo-setting encapsulation systems. The list of chemicals employed in failure analysis has evolved over the years into a rather impressive list of toxic and extremely dangerous organic and inorganic chemicals. These chemicals when mixed in the proper proportions and used in appropriate environmental conditions are capable of selectively removing plastic encapsulations and semiconductor building blocks to uncover semiconductor failure mechanisms. The safe use of these chemicals and others that may be presented in the future can and will provide the analyst with an excellent tool for determining the precise cause of failure.
Comparative effectiveness of the treatments for thoracic aortic transaction

Objectives To synthesize the available evidence regarding the outcomes associated with nonoperative management, open repair, and endovascular repair of thoracic aortic transection. Methods We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus) for studies that enrolled patients with aortic transection and measured the outcomes of interest. Two reviewers determined study eligibility and extracted data. We estimated the event rate associated with the different approaches from case series and the relative risk from comparative studies. Estimates from each study were pooled using the random effects model. Results We found 139 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, the majority of which were noncomparative surgical case series, retrospective, and none were randomized. Studies included 7768 patients, the majority of which were males. The mortality rate was significantly lower in patients who underwent endovascular repair, followed by open repair and nonoperative management (9%, 19%, and 46%, respectively, P Conclusions Very low-quality evidence suggests that, compared with open repair or nonoperative management, endovascular repair of thoracic aortic transection is associated with better survival and decreased risk of spinal cord ischemia, renal injury, and graft and systemic infections. Nonoperative management is associated with the least favorable outcomes.
Social perception and early visual processing in schizophrenia.

Abstract Persons with schizophrenia experience deficits in social cognition—the cognitive processes involved in how people perceive and interpret information about themselves, others, and social situations. These deficits may be related to the neurocognitive impairments often experienced by persons with schizophrenia. Our primary objective was to examine associations between social perception and early visual processing in schizophrenia. Our secondary objective was to examine whether outpatients with schizophrenia and healthy persons differ in social perception. Forty outpatients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy persons completed a measure of social perception (the Half-Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity), visual masking procedures, and ratings of positive and negative symptoms. Within patients, performance on visual masking procedures was related to performance on the Half-Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity. Patients with schizophrenia and the healthy persons differed significantly in their performance on the Half-Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity, but this difference became nonsignificant when education was a covariate. These findings suggest that social perception in schizophrenia is related to very early aspects of visual processing.
Impact of in-home defibrillators on postmyocardial infarction patients and their significant others: an interview study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of automated external defibrillator (AED) placement in the homes of postmyocardial infarction (MI) patients and their significant others. DESIGN: This qualitative study used a semistructured interview to examine a nonrandomized convenience sample recruited from a larger study of home AEDs. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients (and their significant others) were recruited from an ongoing study of AED use in the home. Seventeen interviews with 15 patients (14 men, 1 woman) and 16 significant others (1 man, 15 women) aged 39 to 80 years were performed in patients' homes. METHODS: Verbatim transcripts of audiotaped interviews were reviewed, and responses were categorized. Other data were obtained from hospital chart abstraction. RESULTS: The majority of subjects noted only positive effects of the presence of home AEDs (eg, giving them feelings of security and control). There was no evidence that AED presence in the home caused excessive anxiety or stress either in patients or their significant others, nor were they perceived to cause relationship stress. On average, patients and their significant others estimated a 38% and 43% (respectively) risk of cardiac arrest and a 92% and 87% likelihood of a successful resuscitation with the use of the AED. Subjects' perceived risk of cardiac arrest were subjectively related to their estimate of current health status, size of infarction, and symptoms during their MI. Subjects also related their estimates of risk to their likelihood of traveling with their AED and whether they would consider purchasing one. Significant others had high confidence in their ability to properly use the AED. CONCLUSIONS: AEDs were valued highly by subjects and enhanced their perceived control over their heart disease. This was especially true for subjects who believed that their risk of cardiac arrest was high. The possible effects of providing education regarding expert estimates of the likelihood of cardiac arrest and of a successful resuscitation at the time of AED placement are discussed.
Precision measurement of ocean depth

Abstract An instrument for recording ocean depth to an accuracy better than one fathom in 3,000 fathoms has been constructed and tested at sea. The instrumentation includes the electronic portion of any of the standard deep sea echo sounders, a modified facsimile receiver, an additional open scale recorder, and appropriate gating, switching, filtering, and monitoring equipment for connecting them. Data from over 1,300 miles of track has been obtained from the following general topographic provinces of the North Atlantic: the Continental Rise, the basin west of Bermuda, the Bermuda Rise, the Nares Basin, the Outer Ridge, and the Puerto Rico Trench. Recent studies of submarine topography, deep sea sediments, and suboceanic crustal structure have emphasized the need for an accurate instrument of high resolution. The relationship between the seaward extension of submarine canyons and the gradients of the abyssal plains, in particular, can now be explored in detail. The data provided by this instrument greatly aid in the efficient utilization of deep sea corers, dredges and cameras, and in the intelligent interpretation of the data obtained from these and other instruments of oceanographic research. With further development of this instrument, it is anticipated that data will be obtainable on such phenomena as waves and tides in the deep ocean.
Lo spazio duale di un prodotto di algebre di Boole e le compattificazioni di Stone

This paper is concerned with the Stone space X of a direct product\(B = \prod\limits_{i \in I} {B_i }\) of infinitely many Boolean algebras. In paragraph 2, after recalling that X is the Stone-Cech compactification of the sum (disjoint union)\(\sum\limits_{i \in I} {X_i }\) of the Stone spaces of the algebras Bi, we exhibit a compactification of\(\sum\limits_{i \in I} {X_i }\) which is not a Stone space and we give a method to construct all the «Stone compactifications» of\(\sum\limits_{i \in I} {X_i }\) (the corresponding Boolean algebras are easily characterised). In paragraph 3, a set of ultrafilters of B (the «decomposable» ultrafilters) are introduced: this set properly contains\(\sum\limits_{i \in I} {X_i }\), but, as is shown in paragraph 5, there are direct products that admit nondeeomposable ultrafilters (this is the case iff the set {Card Bi: i e I } is not bounded by a natural number). In paragraph 4, among other things, we prove, for the set of decomposable ultrafilters, a weak form of countable compactness, in the sense that every countable clopen cover has a finite subcover; then, we deduce that the set of decomposable ultrafilters is pseudocompact, while obviously\(\sum\limits_{i \in I} {X_i }\) is not. Lastly, in paragraph 6, we give a second characterisation of the Stone space of B, showing that every ultrafilter of B can be obtained by iterating in a suitable way the procedure which leads to the construction of decomposable ultrafilters.
Modification and enhancement of cryogenic quenching heat transfer by a nanoporous surface

Abstract Since the average chilldown efficiency for cryogenic systems is only about 8%, significant improvements to heat transfer are needed for many applications. An experiment was performed to evaluate the modification and enhancement on the quenching heat transfer by a nanoporous heat transfer surface in this study. For comparison purposes, two sample surfaces were used. One is the mechanically polished conventional normal aluminum surface serving as the base case and the other is an aluminum surface with the anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) nanoporous finish. In this work, the effect of the nanoporous surface on the heat transfer during chilldown in a liquid nitrogen pool is investigated. The results indicated that the nanoporous surface completely modified and enhanced the phase-change heat transfer in all three quenching regimes. Comparing to the conventional surface case, the Leidenfrost temperature was increased by 32 K and the critical heat flux (CHF) was raised by 160% due to the nanoporous surface. However, the most significant modification on the boiling mechanisms by the nanoporous surface was found in the transition regime that is composed of transitional film and transitional nucleate sub-regimes with quite different quenching curve slopes. For cryogenic quenching applications, it is estimated that the nanoporous surface could save 20% in the amount of cryogen consumption by shortening the chilldown time. The modification and enhancement are mainly attributed to the superhydrophilic property and nanoscale nucleation sites offered by the nanoporous surface.
Rural-Urban Locational Choices of Medical Doctors: A County-Level Analysis

Health care access and availability are fundamental measures of economic development and well-being. This article focuses on the availability of health care in rural versus urban areas, rather than the more complex issue of access or entitlement to health care.' Although the number of physicians in both rural and nonrural areas of the U.S. has recently been increasing, more than twice as many doctors per capita are located in urban than in rural areas (Frenzen). While agricultural economists have conducted research relating to the provision of other services within rural areas, they have with a few notable exceptions neglected medical services.