cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber degeneration associated with hyperphagia-inducing knife cuts in the hypothalamus

Abstract The pattern of axonal degeneration associated with hyperphagia-producing hypothalamic knife transections was investigated using the Fink-Heimer method for staining of degenerating axons and their terminal endings. Histological analysis of silver-stained material after parasagittal knife cuts which result in hyperphagia and obesity revealed fiber degeneration coursing longitudinally in the medial forebrain bundle including the perifornical component to reach the nucleus accumbens, the diagonal band, the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic junction, the lateral hypothalamus, the zona incerta, the periventricular thalamus, the parafascicular thalamic nucleus, the substantia nigra pars compacta, the central gray matter, the ventral tegmental area of T'sai and the superior colliculus. The data obtained in the present study lend support to the suggestion that projections coursing in the medial forebrain bundle interconnect the anteriomedial hypothalamus and the midbrain tegmentum and may underlie the hyperphagia and obesity produced by hypothalamic knife cuts.
Status of power generation experiments in the NASA Lewis closed cycle MHD facility

The design and operation of the closed cycle MHD facility is discussed and results obtained in recent experiments are presented. The main components of the facility are a compressor, recuperative heat exchanger, heater, nozzle, MHD channel with 28 pairs of thoriated tungsten electrodes, cesium condenser, and an argon cooler. The facility has been operated at temperatures up to 2100 K with a cesium-seeded argon working fluid. At low magnetic field strengths, the open circuit voltage, Hall voltage and short circuit current obtained are 90, 69, and 47 percent of the theoretical equilibrium values, respectively. Comparison of this data with a wall and boundary layer leakage theory indicates that the generator has shorting paths in the Hall direction.
Regulation of prostacyclin synthesis by angiotensin II and TNF-α in vascular smooth muscle

We had previously established that in a model of Ang II-induced hypertension, administration of an anti-TNF-α antibody caused additional increases in mean arterial pressure. Production of vasodilator prostanoids (i.e. PGI2 and PGE2) is increased by Ang II in vascular smooth muscle and is part of a counter-regulatory mechanism that opposes increases in vascular tone. We, therefore, examined the effects of TNF-α on Ang II-induced increases in PGI2 production in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Addition of Ang II caused an increase in the production of PGI2, while addition of TNF-α had no effect. However, pretreatment with TNF-α potentiated the stimulatory effects of Ang II. The potentiating effect of TNF-α was neither at the level of prostacyclin synthetase nor at the level of acyl hydrolase activity. This potentiation was dependent on tyrosine kinase activity, as preincubation with genistein completely abolished the effect of TNF-α. TNF-α upregulated AA-induced PGI2 synthesis, indicating that the effect of TNF-α is at the level of cyclooxygenase (COX). These data suggest that TNF-α potentiates Ang II-induced synthesis of PGI2 and PGE2 in a tyrosine kinase-dependent manner, an effect that may contribute to the counter-regulatory influence of prostaglandins on the pressor effects of Ang II in the vasculature.
Is high mobility group protein 17 phosphorylated in vivo? re-examination of the HeLa cell cycle data

Abstract When in vivo [32P] phosphate labeled HMG proteins from unsynchronized HeLa cells are separated by electrophoresis in acid-urea polyacrylamide gels, as opposed to separation in SDS-polyacrylamide, HMG 17 does not show any 32P incorporation. Likewise, no 32P radioactivity was found in HMG 17 protein isolated at different stages of the cell cycle from synchronized cells. By contrast, HMG 14 reveals a previously reported (Bhorjee, J.S. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 6944–6948) cell cycle stage-specific dependent phosphorylation with maximum 32P radioactivity in the G2 phase relative to G1. Furthermore, HMG 14 is resolved into multiple electrophoretic forms as phosphoprotein in the acid-urea system. The results presented seriously question the data on the in vivo phosphorylation of HMG 17, and suggest that these be reevaluated.
Possible detrimental effect of large doses of vitamin D in familial hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets

Observations in presumably monozygotic twins with familial hypophosphatemicvitamin D-resistant rickets (FHVDRR) have shown that continued vitamin D therapy in one of the twins was associated with occurrence of pseudofractures and histologic evidence of active rickets; her untreated sister did not develop any pseudofractures, had a less severe defect histologically in bone mineralization, and had no evidence of an abnormally increased amount of osteoid. It is suggested that the efficacy of treatment of FHVDRR with high doses of vitamin D should be reinvestigated.
A Protein-Free Medium for Primary Isolation of the Gonococcus and Meningococcus:

It is desired to report the development of a transparent, reproducible medium, containing no heat-labile material such as serum, which is sufficiently stable to withstand autoclave sterilization and storage, and which will support satisfactory primary growth of either meningococci or gonococci. The latter were used as the test organisms during the experimental work, since a constant source of primary cultures of the meningococcus is ordinarily not available. The similarity between the two organisms, and the reputedly greater difficulty expected in the cultivation of the gonococcus, indicated that a medium suitable for this organism should prove equally satisfactory for the meningococcus.As a basis for comparison, the Difco “Proteose No. 3 Chocolate Agar” has been used. This medium has been adopted as a standard in certain laboratories for the diagnosis of gonorrhoea1 and one of us (J.H.) was thoroughly familiar with its use.The plan as formulated in beginning the experiments was essentially that followed ...
Polycistronic coexpression and nondenaturing purification of histone octamers

Histone octamers are the basic building blocks of chromatin and are platforms for diverse genetic mechanisms. We report a simple method for preparing recombinant histone octamers by overexpressing all four histones from a single polycistronic vector followed by standard chromatography under native conditions. This approach reduces the time needed for the octamer preparation to a single day and should be applicable to making a variety of unmodified and modified histone octamers.
Contingencies of stimulation: Effects on learning and emotion in neonates

One group of four infants could produce vocal music only by appropriately spacing bursts of nonnutritive sucking. Within 24 hours the same singing was presented independent of sucking. A second group of four infants encountered a reverse order of conditions: noncontingent singing occurred first, followed by response-contingent presentation. Infants exposed to contingent singing first learned to space sucking bursts, but infants having previous noncontingent experience did not learn to do so. Moreover, noncontingent singing was upsetting to infants having prior contingent experience, but was not upsetting when it occurred first. This pattern of results was predicted by, and thus supports, a contingency view of operant learning. Contingency theories may be more useful than the traditional contiguity view for understanding newborn behavior.
'In vivo' uterine lumen pH values of the bovine

Abstract The hydrogen ion concentration of the fluids of the uterine lumen was determined in six mature cows at 2 day intervals throughout the normal oestrous cycle. Determinations were made with a pH cardiovascular catheter electrode inserted into the uterus and a reference electrode placed externally over the sacrum of the cow. The grand mean of the determinations was pH 7.30. The pH changed with the period of the cycle. The lowest values occurred within 2 days prior to ovulation and a second low mean value occurred about 10 days following ovulation.
Inhibition of histamine-stimulated secretion by topical application of antihistaminics to the canine mucosa.

Summary and conclusions1. Topical application of several antihistaminic drugs to the mucosa of canine corpus pouches significantly inhibited the acid secretory responses of these pouches to parenterally administered histamine. One local anesthetic agent elicited similar inhibition. These inhibitory substances were effective also against a vagomimetic stimulant, urecholine. 2. In an effort to explain these phenomena, 3 possible modes of action of the antihistaminics present themselves: (1) a specific (antihistaminic) effect, (2) an atropine effect, (3) a local anesthetic effect. The evidence presently available does not as yet permit of any preference among these several hypotheses.
magu is required for germline stem cell self-renewal through BMP signaling in the Drosophila testis

Understanding how stem cells are maintained in their microenvironment (the niche) is vital for their application in regenerative medicine. Studies of Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs) have served as a paradigm in niche-stem cell biology. It is known that the BMP and JAK-STAT pathways are necessary for the maintenance of GSCs in the testis (Kawase et al., 2004; Kiger et al., 2001; Schulz et al., 2004; Shivdasani and Ingham, 2003; Tulina and Matunis, 2001). However, our recent work strongly suggests that BMP signaling is the primary pathway leading to GSC self-renewal (Leatherman and DiNardo, 2010). Here we show that magu controls GSC maintenance by modulating the BMP pathway. We found that magu was specifically expressed from hub cells, and accumulated at the testis tip. Testes from magu mutants exhibited a reduced number of GSCs, yet maintained a normal population of somatic stem cells and hub cells. Additionally, BMP pathway activity was reduced, whereas JAK-STAT activation was retained in mutant testes. Finally, GSC loss caused by the magu mutation could be suppressed by overactivating the BMP pathway in the germline.
Middle School Special Education Teachers' Perceptions and Use of Assistive Technology in Literacy Instruction.

In this research the authors examined middle school special education teachers’ perceptions of assistive technology during literacy instruction with students with high incidence disabilities. A survey explored the use, effectiveness, and factors impacting use or effectiveness of assistive technology for literacy teaching and learning. Results suggested teachers’ perceived assistive technology to be an effective tool for literacy, but use it minimally. When assistive technology was used, teachers indicated it was an effective literacy support. Teachers also reported barriers to using assistive technology in literacy including cost, usability, and lack of training/experience. However, factors such as previous successful experiences with assistive technology and assistive technology supporting students’ learning encouraged assistive technology use. The consistency of teachers’ reports of needing more experience and knowledge in assistive technology to fully use it suggests implications for preservice prepara...
Non-detection of post-eclipse changes in Io's Jupiter-facing atmosphere: Evidence for volcanic support?

Abstract We present observations of Io’s tenuous lower atmosphere on the Jupiter-facing hemisphere at ultraviolet wavelengths, from 2100 to 2250 A, using the Hubble Space Telescope’s Cosmic Origins Spectrometer, during the period immediately after Io emerges from Jupiter eclipse. The density of an atmosphere dominantly controlled by frost sublimation is highly dependent on the thermal properties of the surface frost and frost temperature, and the changing solar illumination conditions as Io enters and exits eclipses allow us to study the atmospheric response due to frost sublimation and its relative role compared to volcanic output. These new eclipse emergence observations were obtained to better understand the relative roles that frost sublimation and volcanoes play in supporting the overall atmosphere on Io. The observations were obtained on two separate dates, and in both cases, we observe Io post Jupiter eclipse, from approximately 2 min after egress to approximately 2 h post-egress. On both of these occasions, the atmospheric density was observed to be constant with time to within 15%, implying that the atmosphere did not collapse while in Jupiter eclipse. We use a thermal model to explore combinations of volcanic support and sublimation support with a variety of SO2 frost thermal inertias and bond albedos, which are consistent with these new observations. We find that a pure sublimation-supported atmosphere with a single surface component (100% frost coverage) is difficult to reconcile with the observed lack of post-eclipse atmospheric changes, unless the SO2 frost thermal inertia is very high (⩾500 MKS) accompanied with moderate bond albedos (∼0.55). However, atmospheric support by high thermal inertia frost is difficult to reconcile with the dramatic cooling of much of Io’s surface in eclipse, which should lead to condensation of the atmosphere on the cold surface components. Alternatively, a Jupiter-facing atmosphere entirely dominated by volcanic emissions in which frost sublimation plays only a minor role fits the data well. The results are surprising given the previous observations of reduced FUV auroral emissions in eclipse that suggest that the atmosphere does collapse in eclipse. Future improvements to incorporate non-frost components into the thermal model will help improve our interpretations.
A Review of the Psychometric and Administrative Features of the PIAT-R: Implications for the Practitioner.

Abstract The PIAT-R, a revision of the well-known and widely used 1970 version of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, is reviewed. Administration and scoring criteria, psychometric properties, and new features of test design are described. Implications for the practitioner are emphasized.
Gender specific effects of neonatal limited nesting on viscerosomatic sensitivity and anxiety-like behavior in adult rats.

Background Evidence exists to suggest that early life stress (ELS), such as neglect or abuse has profound effects on the developing brain. The current study tests the hypothesis that ELS in the form of neonatal limited nesting (LN) may serve as a predisposing factor for the development of altered nociceptive processing and comorbid increases in anxiety-like behavior in adulthood. Methods Both male and female neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to LN from postnatal day (PND) 2-9, while a control group was exposed to standard cage bedding. In adulthood, visceral sensitivity was assessed by quantifying a visceromotor behavioral response to graded isobaric pressures of colorectal distension. Hindpaw withdrawal thresholds in response to von Frey filaments were used to measure somatic sensitivity. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed in adult life using both the elevated plus maze and open field assay. Key Results Early life stress in the form of neonatal LN induced visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in adult male rats and augmented anxiety-like behavior. However, in adult cycling females, neonatal LN did not alter nociceptive processing or lead to changes in the levels of anxiety-like behavior. Conclusions & Inferences Our findings suggest that in male rats the LN model is a novel tool to investigate the long-term consequences of adverse early life experience on adult health.
EFFECT OF SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE AND SOY FIBER ON COLOR, PHYSICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF BAKED PRODUCTS

Quick breads were formulated to contain 0%, 40%, 50% or 60% Soy Protein Isolate and Fiber (SPI/Fiber), and yeast breads were formulated to contain 0%, 14%, 21% or 28% SPI/Fiber replacement for wheat flour. Physical and sensory data were collected. As SPI/fiber level increased, muffin batter specific gravity, baked product air cell number, Instron peak force to compress by 75%, a value, beany flavor, grain-like flavor, aftertaste, moistness and denseness increased while muffin peak height at the crown, baked volume, L and b values, hue angle, sweetness and crumbliness decreased. There were significant negative correlations between increased level of SPI/fiber in muffins and acceptability of flavor and texture, as well as willingness to purchase or purchase the product at a higher price. As SPI/fiber level increased, bread dough pH after fermentation, air cell number, Instron peak force to compress by 75%, a and b values, beany flavor, grain-like flavor, and aftertaste increased while loaf volume, peak height at the crown, L value, hue angle, cohesiveness and crumbliness decreased. There were significant negative correlation coefficients between level of SPI/fiber and acceptability of flavor and texture, as well as willingness to purchase the product or to purchase it at a higher price.
Transition metal complexes of vitamins B6-related compounds. 2. Synthesis and properties of several iron(III) complexes of pyridoxylideneglycine and 5′-phosphopyridoxylideneglycine

Abstract Iron(III) complexes of pyridoxylideneglycine and 5′-phosphopyridoxylideneglycine have been prepared and their electronic and structureal properties investigated. The compounds are the essentially monomeric five-coordinate complexes, Fe(PLgly)(H2O)X, where PLgly is the pyridoxylideneglycine Schiff-base dianion and X is Cl, Br, or OAc and Fe(PlPgly)(H2O)(OAc), where PLPgly is 5′-phosphopyridoxylideneglycine. Infrared spectra indicate that PLgly and PLPgly are coordinated to iron(III) through their azomethine nitrogen, phenolic oxygen, and carbpxylic oxygen donor atoms. These spectra also indicate the presence of coordinated water. The complexes are predominantly high-spin with magnetic moments which decrease from ca. 5.8 μB at room temperature to ca. 5.40 μB at 120 K. This behavior is explained in terms of weak intermolecular anti-ferromagnetic coupling. Mossbauer effect spectral parameters for these compounds are consistent with five-coordinate iron(III) but do not eliminate the possibility of weak bonding at the sixth coordination site. The chemical isomer shifts are in the range of 0.40–0.50 mm/s (relative to natural αiron foil) and the quadrupole interactions are ca. 0.70 mm/s. The magnetically perturbed Mossbauer spectrum of Fe(PLgly)(H2O)Cl obtained at 6 Tesla and 4.2 K indicates a large asymmetry parameter and an internal hyperfine field which is the same as the applied field. These compounds exhibit several intense charge-transfer and intraligand absorption bands and, as a result, only a single d-d band is observed at ca. 11000 cm−1.
Equivalent systems for inelastic analysis of non-prismatic members

Abstract The research in this paper involves the analysis of non-prismatic members where the material is permitted to be stressed well beyond its elastic limit, thus causing the modulus of elasticity to vary along the length. The deflection characteristics of such members are determined by using the first author's method of the equivalent systems (see for example Fertis [D. G. Fertis, Dynamics and Vibration of Structures . John Wiley, New York (1973); D. G. Fertis, Dynamics and Vibration of Structures (revised edition). Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, FL (1984)], Fertis and Keene [D. G. Fertis and M. E. Keene, J. struct. Engng, Proc. ASCE 16 (1990)] and Fertis and Pallaki [D. G. Fertis and S. Pallaki, J. Engng Mech., Proc. ASCE 115 (1989)]), which permits replacement of the original member of variable stiffness E x I x with one of uniform stiffness E 1 I 1 , whose elastic line is identical to the one of the original variable stiffness member. It is proven mathematically that the inelastic analysis of members with variable moment of inertia I x and variable modulus of elasticity E x can be carried out by using equivalent linear systems of constant stiffness E 1 I 1 and applying known methods of linear elementary mechanics. The member can be analyzed for both elastic and inelastic ranges, all the way to failure, thus permitting observation of progressive deterioration of the member's ability to resist stress and deformation, and establish useful practical critical limits regarding these properties.
Evaluation of light emitting diode characteristics for a space-based plant irradiation source.

Abstract Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a promising irradiation source for plant growth in space. Improved semiconductor technology has yielded LED devices fabricated with gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) chips which have a high efficiency for converting electrical energy to photosynthetically active radiation. Specific GaAlAs LEDs are available that emit radiation with a peak wavelength near the spectral peak of maximum quantum action for photosynthesis. The electrical conversion efficiency of installed systems (μmol s −1 of photosynthetic photons per watt) of high output LEDs can be within 10% of that for high pressure sodium lamps. Output of individual LEDs were found to vary by as much as 55 % from the average of the lot. LED ratings, in mcd (luminous intensity per solid angle), were found to be proportional to total photon output only for devices with the same dispersion angle and spectral peak. Increasing current through the LED increased output but also increased temperature with a consequent decrease in electrical conversion efficiency. A photosynthetic photon flux as high as 900 μmol m −2 s −1 has been produced on surfaces using arrays with LEDs mounted 7.6 mm apart, operating at a current of 50 mA device −1 and at an installed density of approximately 17,200 lamps m −2 of irradiated area. Advantages of LEDs over other electric light sources for use in space systems include long life, minimal mass and volume and being a solid state device.
Effects of hyperandrogenemia and increased adiposity on reproductive and metabolic parameters in young adult female monkeys

Many patients with hyperandrogenemia are overweight or obese, which exacerbates morbidities associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To examine the ability of testosterone (T) to generate PCOS-like symptoms, monkeys received T or cholesterol (control) implants (n = 6/group) beginning prepubertally. As previously reported, T-treated animals had increased neuroendocrine drive to the reproductive axis [increased luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency] at 5 yr, without remarkable changes in ovarian or metabolic features. To examine the combined effects of T and obesity, at 5.5 yr (human equivalent age: 17 yr), monkeys were placed on a high-calorie, high-fat diet typical of Western cultures [Western style diet (WSD)], which increased body fat from <2% (pre-WSD) to 15-19% (14 mo WSD). By 6 mo on WSD, LH pulse frequency in the controls increased to that of T-treated animals, whereas LH pulse amplitude decreased in both groups and remained low. The numbers of antral follicles present during the early follicular phase increased in both groups on the WSD, but maximal follicular size decreased by 50%. During the late follicular phase, T-treated females had greater numbers of small antral follicles than controls. T-treated monkeys also had lower progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Although fasting insulin did not vary between groups, T-treated animals had decreased insulin sensitivity after 1 yr on WSD. Thus, while WSD consumption alone led to some features characteristic of PCOS, T + WSD caused a more severe phenotype with regard to insulin insensitivity, increased numbers of antral follicles at midcycle, and decreased circulating luteal phase progesterone levels.
Assessment of Pain in the Nonverbal or Cognitively Impaired Older Adult

The inability of nonverbal older adults to communicate pain represents a major barrier to pain assessment and treatment. This article focuses on nonverbal older adult populations with dementia, delirium, and severe critical illness. A comprehensive approach to pain assessment is advocated encompassing multiple sources of information. Selected behavioral tools for nonverbal pain assessment are critiqued. Although there are tools with promise, there is currently no standardized behavioral tool that may be recommended for broad adoption in clinical practice and continued concerted effort to this end is needed.
Polarization of Radiation Scattered by an Electronic System in a Magnetic Field

The polarization of radiation scattered by an electronic system in a magnetic field is worked out on the classical theory. It is shown that it is improbable that the experimental facts can be accounted for on a classical analogy. Instead, a quantum hypothesis is made which appears to account for the phenomena more satisfactorily.
The Validity of the Vane Kindergarten Test in Predicting Achievement in Kindergarten and First Grade

The ability of the Vane Kindergarten Test (VKT) to predict academic achievement was assessed with 148 pre-kindergarten children (Group I) and 141 kindergarten children (Group II). Approximately one year after the administration of the VKT, Group I was administered the Metropolitan Readiness Tests. Comparably, Group II was given the Stanford Achievement Test, Primary I Battery approximately ten months after the VKT administration. Metropolitan-VKT and Stanford-VKT scores were correlated. Metropolitan-VKT coefficients, which were all significant (p < .01), ranged from .40 to .53. Several of the Stanford-VKT coefficients were significant (p < .01); the largest one was the VKT Vocabulary-Stanford Vocabulary (.47). Although most of the correlations obtained in the present study were significant, the VKT does not appear to have sufficiently high validity for use in assessment and program planning for individual children.
Building the Brontes: Rationale, Problems and Solutions for a Scholarly Hypertext.

The Brontes: A Hypertext Edition is a work in progress, an attempt to provide students and scholars with cross-referenced editions, annotations, nineteenth-century critical accounts, and contextual...
Single particle char combustion and gasification

Abstract A comprehensive mathematical model is developed to predict the gasification behavior of coal-derived char particles when contacted with a gaseous mixture containing seven species at known temperature and composition. Various physical, chemical and transport effects are incorporated into the transient mass and energy balances inside the porous particle as well as in the surrounding gaseous phase. Significant ignition and quenching phenomena are predicted at the reaction conditions of practical interest, especially in the oxygen rich environment. Consequently, substantial differences in the burn-off rates and overall gasification behavior are observed over a narrow range of ambient temperatures. Such phenomena indicate the need to develop detailed heterogeneous reactor models for the reliable design and operation of commercial gasifiers.
Impact of active surveillance on meticillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and hospital resource utilisation

The utility of active surveillance cultures (ASCs) for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been a controversial aspect of infection prevention. This prospective cohort study analyses the effect of ASCs for MRSA on hospital-acquired infections in a tertiary care hospital (hospital 1) and a community-based hospital (hospital 2). Both hospitals have high MRSA prevalence and are part of a large healthcare system in southeastern Michigan. Hospital-acquired infections in the intensive care unit (ICU) and in the rest of the hospital were compared before and after the implementation of ASCs in the ICUs. Patients in hospital 1 with evidence of MRSA colonisation from ASCs were placed in contact isolation during their stay in the ICU; patients from hospital 2 remained in contact isolation throughout their hospital stay. Prevalence of MRSA colonisation on admission to the ICU was 23% and 13% in hospitals 1 and 2, respectively. Average incidence of new colonisation during the study period was 1.85 per 1000 patient-days and 3.47 per 1000 patient-days in hospitals 1 and 2, respectively. A decrease in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurred in both hospitals, whereas decrease in hospital-wide nosocomial MRSA infection was demonstrated only in hospital 2. We conclude that, in addition to standard infection prevention initiatives, ASC with contact precautions can be effective in reducing the incidence of VAP and nosocomial MRSA infection in healthcare communities with endemic MRSA.
Experimental design for assessing the effectiveness of autonomous countermine systems

The countermine mission (CM) is a compelling example of what autonomous systems must address to reduce risks that Soldiers take routinely. The list of requirements is formidable and includes autonomous navigation, autonomous sensor scanning, platform mobility and stability, mobile manipulation, automatic target recognition (ATR), and systematic integration and control of components. This paper compares and contrasts how the CM is done today against the challenges of achieving comparable performance using autonomous systems. The Soldier sets a high standard with, for example, over 90% probability of detection (Pd) of metallic and low-metal mines and a false alarm rate (FAR) as low as 0.05/m 2 . In this paper, we suggest a simplification of the semi-autonomous CM by breaking it into three components: sensor head maneuver, robot navigation, and kill-chain prosecution. We also discuss the measurements required to map the system's physical and state attributes to performance specifications and note that current Army countermine metrics are insufficient to the guide the design of a semi-autonomous countermine system.
On the visibility of very thin specimens in annular bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy

Annular bright field (ABF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is emerging as an important observation mode for its ability to simultaneously image both heavy and light elements. However, recent results have demonstrated that in the limit of a very thin specimen (a few atomic layers), the ABF and high angle annular dark field (HAADF) signals cease to be intuitively related: a phenomenon which is generally irrelevant when imaging “normal” specimens. ABF/HAADF STEM observations and multislice image simulations of two catalyst samples of differing atomic weights are presented; it is shown that the nature of the ABF signal is specimen dependent.
Examining the interrelationships between social anxiety, smoking to cope, and cigarette craving

Smokers with symptoms of social anxiety often report smoking as a way to cope with negative affect. These individuals have lower success rates when attempting cessation compared with the general population. However, there is a paucity of research examining the role of social anxiety in nicotine dependence. The present study explored the relationships between symptoms of social anxiety, smoking to cope with these symptoms during social situations (STC), and cigarette craving. Thirty-eight participants completed measures of social anxiety and STC at baseline. Cigarette craving was subsequently assessed pre and post exposure to smoking-related images during periods of nicotine satiation and deprivation. Regression analyses revealed that greater symptoms of social anxiety predicted the frequency of STC behaviors and the number of cigarettes participants thought they would need in order to feel more comfortable in social situations. Symptoms of social anxiety and several behaviors associated with STC (e.g., avoiding social situations in which smoking is not permitted) predicted increases in craving during nicotine deprivation, but not satiation. These findings suggest that symptoms of social anxiety and STC behaviors may play a role in the maintenance of smoking behaviors. Further, targeting symptoms of social anxiety within the context of smoking cessation treatment may be particularly helpful and may improve the rates of smoking cessation among individuals with symptoms of social anxiety.
Shock waves in an extensible elastica

Abstract This work is a sequel to one in which we have analyzed the propagation of acceleration waves in a planar elastic rod that is capable of stretching and bending. The constitutive equations initially used here are in the form of force-stretch and moment-curvature relations. These relations, which may be non-linear, allow for a description of kinematical and material non-uniformities of the rod. We show that at a shock wave the unit tangent vector to the rod is continuous but the stretch suffers a jump discontinuity at the wave. The speeds of this wave are derived. The evolutionary behavior of the stretch wave is shown to be similar to that of a planar longitudinal shock wave propagating into an inhomogeneous elastic body. However, the two waves are not identical, since the shear force and curvature of the rod at the wave influence the evolutionary behavior of the former wave. Discontinuities induced by the stretch wave are also considered. Constitutive equations more general than force-stretch and moment-curvature relations are also considered, and their effect on the analysis of shock waves is discussed.
Induction of T-cell proliferation by an Ia+ monocytic tumor clone.

Abstract Ia+ immature malignant monocyte clones were isolated from retrovirus-induced lymphomas. These lymphomas contained a predominant population of Ly-1+ T cells. In order to explain this anomaly, the functional capacity of one of these clones, ORA I-a, was assessed. The results indicated that ORA I-a could present protein antigen to syngeneic and semisyngeneic antigenprimed lymph node T cells. Allogeneic stimulation, however, could not be induced. Furthermore, ORA I-a-conditioned medium could augment mitogen-dependent and -independent thymocyte proliferation. These studies suggest that the unique populations of malignant antigen-presenting cells can interact with distinct T-cell subpopulations. Functional analyses of these tumor cell lines may thus be useful in elucidating some of the cellular interactions which occur during the course of immunity.
Ethical issues in physical therapy

Healthcare professionals can be confronted with a wide range of ethical and regulatory issues in today’s ever-changing practice environments. While achieving best practice standards, physical therapists may need to compromise what is best for patients due to fiscally driven rules, regulations, and limited benefits. Scenarios may surface where ethical issues and associated dilemmas become paramount between what is versus what should be. A challenge that should be in the forefront of professional endeavors is staying current with published rules, regulations, and conditions of participation, as applied to various practice models and environments while still adhering to ethical codes. Knowing and utilizing available resources especially American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), websites, documents, and references can strengthen practice patterns and treatment options.
Lymphoid source and target of murine leukocyte adherence inhibition factor (LAIF)

The cellular source of murine LAIF detected by an indirect leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay using capillary tubes was investigated using non-inducing peritoneal cells (PC) from normal and spindle-cell sarcoma-bearing A/J mice. Cell populations containing greater than 95% T-cells, B-cells or macrophages were prepared from PC using a series of elimination and enrichment procedures. The in vitro incubation of enriched T-cell populations (less than 0.05% macrophages) from tumor-bearing mice with the specific soluble tumor antigen did not result in the release of detectable levels of LAIF; however, the addition of 10% normal isologous macrophages to the T-cells resulted in a significant release of LAIF. Enriched B-cell populations did not release LAIF either by themselves of when 10% normal isologous macrophages were added. Cell populations containing both T-cells and B-cells produced significant levels of LAIF, but only when suitable numbers of macrophages were present. Treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 alloantiserum and complement resulted in the abrogation of LAIF production by mixed cell populations. Using Lyt-1.2 and Lyt-2.2 alloantisera and complement to prepare either Lyt-1.2 or Lyt-2.2 depleted T-cell populations, it was found that the Lyt-1.2 subpopulation was responsible for the release of LAIF in this test system. LAIF was found to be effective in reducing the glass adherence of macrophages but not of T-cells or B-cells.
Stability of fixation of proximal phalanx unicondylar fractures of the hand: a biomechanical cadaver study.

Purpose To determine the relative stability of various fixation methods for proximal phalanx intra-articular unicondylar fractures during simulated early active motion. Methods We created proximal phalangeal intra-articular unicondylar fractures in 13 fresh-frozen human cadaveric hands. Using a saw through a dorsal approach, we made an osteotomy beginning in the intercondylar notch and extending proximally at a 45° angle to the radial border of the proximal phalanx. We fixed each of the 4 fingers on each hand with a 1.5-mm headless compression screw, a 1.5-mm lag screw, two 1.1-mm smooth K-wires, or one 1.1-mm smooth K-wire. We rotated the order of constructs randomly for each hand. We simulated active range of motion on a custom-loading device at 0.25 Hz from full finger extension to full flexion for 2,000 cycles and measured displacement by a differential variable reluctance transducer. Results We found no significant differences in displacement of the fracture site among the 4 methods of fixation. Movement in the control specimen with no osteotomy fixation was significantly higher than with each of the other fixation methods. Conclusions Biomechanical stability did not differ among the fixation methods for proximal phalanx unicondylar fractures in a flexion-extension active range of motion model. Clinical relevance Fixation of these fractures with any of the methods tested may provide sufficient stability to withstand postoperative therapy when there is no substantial resistance to active motion.
Urban planning in Rome from 1870 to the first world war

City plans are political documents and changes in the content of plans often reflect changes in the urban political environment. At the time of its annexation into a newly unified Italy in 1870, divergent views abouth the future development of Rome began to emerge. The politically dominant views were expressed in city development olans adopted in 1873 and 1883. These plans stressed eastward expansion and the opening up of the pre-1870 portion of the city with new wider streets. The plans, however, were circumvented by building speculators who developed in areas beyond their boundaries. By the turn of the 20th century a reaction to speculative growth emerged resulting in the adoption of the 1909 plan which stressed core area preservation and peripheral open space protection.
On the evolution of texture and yield loci in axisymmetric deformation of F.C.C. polycrystals

Abstract A comprehensive analysis of texture formation and the evolution of macroscopic yield loci in face-centered cubic polycrystalline metals is presented for each of axisymmetric tension and compression, based upon the classic aggregate model of Taylor [1938a]. The nonuniqueness of slip rates corresponding to rate-independent hardening theories is resolved in two alternative ways: the average slip method ( Bunge [1970]) and minimum plastic spin ( Fuh & Havner [1989]). Calculations to logarithmic strains of 1.61 in tension and compression are carried out for each of four hardening rules: the “simple theory” ( Havner & Shalby [1977]), Taylor hardening ( Taylor & Elam [1923]), the “P.A.N. tule” ( Peirce, Asaro, & Needleman [1982]), and a two-parameter rule ( Nakada & Keh [1966]). The results compared with each other, with other computational studies (for both rate-independent theories), and with experimental information on texture.
SFCP-006 – Urologie – Le gène œstrogeno-dépendant ATF3 est directement impliqué dans la survenue des hypospadias

Introduction ATF3, gene œstrogeno-dependant exprime durant le developpement genital, est considere comme un gene candidat de l’hypospadias du fait de son expression anormalement elevee dans le prepuce d’hypospades, et du fait de son implication dans l’arret du cycle cellulaire qui pourrait interferer avec la croissance uretrale. Le but de cette etude est de preciser l’implication d’ATF3 dans l’hypospadias en realisant son sequencage chez des patients hypospades et en etudiant son expression dans le tubercule genital de fœtus humains. Materiel et methode Le sequencage des exons codants et des sites d’epissage d’ATF3 a ete realise chez 41 garcons porteurs d’hypospadias de severite variable et chez 30 controles. L’expression d’ATF3 dans le tubercule genital de fœtus humains avec et sans hypospadias a ete etudiee par immunohistochimie. Resultats - La mutation missense (Leu23Met) a ete identifiee chez un garcon porteur d’un hypospadias anterieur. Cette acide amine, habituellement hautement conserve a travers les especes, pourrait avoir un role fonctionnel significatif. - Trois mutations (C53070T, C53632A, Ins53943A) ont ete identifiees dans ou a proximite de l’exon 6. Cette region importante comprend une zone d’epissage alternatif a l’origine de la fomre ATF3Δ zip. Cette forme alternative est impliquee dans la regulation de la fonction d’ATF3. Ces mutations pourraient donc etre alterer sa formation et ainsi la regulation de l’action d’ATF3. Les phenotypes associes a ces mutations etaient des hypospadias perineal, penoscrotal et anterieur. Aucune mutation n’a ete identifiee chez les controles. - ATF3 n’est pas exprime dans l’uretre du fœtus normal. Il est par contre exprime de facon aberrante dans la plaque uretrale chez le fœtus hypospade, en particulier au niveau de l’orifice uretral ectopique. Conclusion Nous rapportons les premieres mutations du gene ATF3 chez des patients porteurs d’hypospadias. Ces resultats, associes a une expression aberrante d’ATF3 dans l’uretre de fœtus hypospade, confirment le role de ce gene dans la survenue de cette malformation.
Ethical Systems and Economic Development

The possible role of ethical systems in accounting for the wide economic and social gap betweeri developed and underdeveloped countries is examined in the light of the Weberian thesis on the relationship between the Protestant Ethic, capitalism and economic development. Materials from various cultures seem to support Weber, but suggest that the crucial factor in economic development is not necessarily THE PROTESTANT ETHIC, but any ethical system which produces the following results: rational attitudes toward experiences, personal responsibility, a disciplined work force, and worldly asceticism. An ethic which encourages underconsumption and deferred gratification and which creates social motivations and legitimization for worldly work and economic enterprise seems to facilitate economic development in the takeoff period.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as an Oncolytic Agent against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic agent against a variety of cancers. However, it has never been tested in any pancreatic cancer model. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the most common and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer. In this study, the oncolytic potentials of several VSV variants were analyzed in a panel of 13 clinically relevant human PDA cell lines and compared to conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds), Sendai virus and respiratory syncytial virus. VSV variants showed oncolytic abilities superior to those of other viruses, and some cell lines that exhibited resistance to other viruses were successfully killed by VSV. However, PDA cells were highly heterogeneous in their susceptibility to virus-induced oncolysis, and several cell lines were resistant to all tested viruses. Resistant cells showed low levels of very early VSV RNA synthesis, indicating possible defects at initial stages of infection. In addition, unlike permissive PDA cell lines, most of the resistant cell lines were able to both produce and respond to interferon, suggesting that intact type I interferon responses contributed to their resistance phenotype. Four cell lines that varied in their permissiveness to VSV-ΔM51 and CRAd dl1520 were tested in mice, and the in vivo results closely mimicked those in vitro. While our results demonstrate that VSV is a promising oncolytic agent against PDA, further studies are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms of resistance of some PDAs to oncolytic virotherapy.
On a new class of codes for identifying vertices in graphs

We investigate a new class of codes for the optimal covering of vertices in an undirected graph G such that any vertex in G can be uniquely identified by examining the vertices that cover it. We define a ball of radius t centered on a vertex /spl upsi/ to be the set of vertices in G that are at distance at most t from /spl upsi/. The vertex /spl upsi/ is then said to cover itself and every other vertex in the ball with center /spl upsi/. Our formal problem statement is as follows: given an undirected graph G and an integer t/spl ges/1, find a (minimal) set C of vertices such that every vertex in G belongs to a unique set of balls of radius t centered at the vertices in C. The set of vertices thus obtained constitutes a code for vertex identification. We first develop topology-independent bounds on the size of C. We then develop methods for constructing C for several specific topologies such as binary cubes, nonbinary cubes, and trees. We also describe the identification of sets of vertices using covering codes that uniquely identify single vertices. We develop methods for constructing optimal topologies that yield identifying codes with a minimum number of codewords. Finally, we describe an application of the theory developed in this paper to fault diagnosis of multiprocessor systems.
Mechanism of nonphotochemical hole burning: Cresyl Violet in polyvinyl alcohol films

Polarized nonphotochemical hole-burned spectra of Cresyl Violet in polyvinyl alcohol films are presented for various burn temperatures (TB). For TB = 15 K, but not for TB = 2.2 K, a significant rotation of Cresyl Violet is indicated. The broad, tailing antihole is observed to depend on TB. The quantum efficiency distributions for the zero-phonon hole and pseudo-phonon sideband are quite similar, proving that the phonons created by excitation of the phonon sideband are not important for hole burning. The quantum efficiency is independent of TB over the range studied, 1.6–15 K. Over this range essentially 100% of the zero-phonon lines can be burned. The results show that the standard two-level-system (extrinsic) model for nonphotochemical hole burning is inadequate. The results are discussed in terms of an outside-in hierarchy of configurational relaxation events model [ Chem. Phys.141, 447 ( 1990)] as well as other models.
The Effectiveness of Prophylactic Etodolac on Postendodontic Pain

To determine if prophylactic etodolac would significantly reduce postendodontic pain, when compared with ibuprofen or placebo, 36 patients consented to single blind oral administration of either 400 mg of etodolac, 600 mg of ibuprofen, or a placebo, before conventional one-appointment root canal therapy. Patient-reported visual analog scale ratings of pain intensity were conducted upon initial clinical presentation, immediately postoperative, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after initiation of root canal therapy. Results showed that prophylactic ibuprofen administration significantly reduced postendodontic pain at 4 and 8 h after initiation of root canal therapy, when compared with etodolac and a placebo. Patients with a periapical diagnosis of acute apical periodontitis or with a Phoenix abscess showed a significant increased need for additional medication after completion of root canal therapy, compared with all other periapical diagnoses.