cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proposed standards for medical education submissions to the Journal of General Internal Medicine

To help authors design rigorous studies and prepare clear and informative manuscripts, improve the transparency of editorial decisions, and raise the bar on educational scholarship, the Deputy Editors of the Journal of General Internal Medicine articulate standards for medical education submissions to the Journal. General standards include: (1) quality questions, (2) quality methods to match the questions, (3) insightful interpretation of findings, (4) transparent, unbiased reporting, and (5) attention to human subjects’ protection and ethical research conduct. Additional standards for specific study types are described. We hope these proposed standards will generate discussion that will foster their continued evolution.
Implicit and Explicit Knowledge in Second Language Learning, Testing and Teaching edited by ELLIS, ROD, SHAWN LOEWEN, CATHERINE ELDER, ROSEMARY ERLAM, JENEFER PHILP, & HAYO REINDERS

The article reviews the book "Implicit and Explicit Knowledge in Second Language Learning, Testing and Teaching," edited by including Rod Ellis, Shawn Loewen, Catherine Elder, Rosemary Erlam, Jenefer Philp, and Hayo Reinders.
Imagination The What-if in Thinking

Teaching-learning environments in nursing education encourage students to think and recall hordes of factual information while checking off a skills list too numerous to mention. In efforts to impart all of this information to students, has the use of imagination been ignored? The author in this column presents a discussion on imagination. First, there is a discussion of the literature, followed by a discussion of imagination in light of the humanbecoming school of thought. A glimpse at the presence of imagination in qualitative research methodologies is also highlighted. The author also presents the limits of imagination, and perhaps, its fading existence in current teaching-learning practices. The column concludes with encouragement toward a greater utilization of imaginative thought in nursing pedagogies.
Superdirective receiving arrays

Some of the characteristics of arrays designed for maximum directive gain subject to a tolerance constraint are described. Numerical data are presented which illustrate trade-offs between array size, directive gain, SNR, efficiency, bandwidth, tolerances, and farfield patterns. The results of an experimental study are found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Influence of an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on experimentally induced synovitis in horses.

Summary Dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation has previously been shown to modify joint-related inflammation in several species, although information in the horse is lacking. We investigated whether dietary supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA would modify experimentally induced synovitis in horses. Twelve, skeletally mature, non-pregnant mares were randomly assigned to either a control diet (CONT) or an n-3 long-chain fatty acid-enriched treatment diet (N3FA) containing 40 g/day of n-3 LCPUFA for 91 days. Blood samples taken on days 0, 30, 60 and 90, and synovial fluid collected on days 0 and 90 were processed for lipid composition. On day 91, joint inflammation was stimulated using an intra-articular (IA) injection of 100 ng of recombinant equine IL-1beta (reIL-1β). Synovial fluid samples taken at post-injection hours (PIH) 0, 4, 8 and 24 were analysed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and routine cytology. Synovium and articular cartilage samples collected at PIH 8 were analysed for gene expression of MMP 1 and MMP 13, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), tumour necrosis factor-alpha and the aggrecanases, a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5. A 90-day feeding period of n-3 LCPUFA increased serum phospholipid and synovial fluid lipid compositions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to CONT horses. The reIL-1β injection caused an inflammatory response; however, there was no effect of dietary treatment on synovial fluid PGE2 content and MMP activity. Synovial tissue collected from N3FA horses exhibited lower expression of ADAMTS-4 compared to CONT horses. Despite the presence of EPA and DHA in the synovial fluid of N3FA horses, dietary n-3 LCPUFA supplementation did not modify synovial fluid biomarkers compared to CONT horses; however, the lower ADAMTS-4 mRNA expression in N3FA synovium warrants further investigation of n-3 LCPUFA as a joint therapy.
Nutrient composition of fresh retail pork.

The nutrient composition of fresh pork was studied in samples from 71 carcasses. On separable lean, nutrient composition was determined for 7 raw retail cuts from one side of each of 11 carcasses, and nutrient retention was determined on the 7 matching cuts from the other side that had been cooked by common household methods. Loins from 60 additional carcasses were analyzed to determine whether USDA grades 1, 2, and 3 and region of production affected nutrient composition. The data indicated that variation in nutrient composition of pork is more dependent on the retail cut within the carcass than either the grade or the region of production of the carcass. Cooking method significantly affected retention of most of the nutrients analyzed.
Coefficient inverse problem for a parabolic equation in a domain with free boundary

We establish conditions for the local existence and uniqueness of a solution of an inverse problem for a parabolic equation with unknown minor coefficients in a domain with free boundary.
Tiebout sorting, aggregation and the estimation of peer group effects

Growing up in a higher socioeconomic status neighborhood and attending school with socioeconomically advantaged classmates is associated with better academic, social, and labor market outcomes. The extent to which this association reflects a causal relationship is much debated, and the conclusions reached often depend upon the estimation method used to account for the endogeneity of school and neighborhood choice. This paper uses a sample of students from the High School and Beyond Longitudinal Survey to examine whether the use of aggregate county and metropolitan area level data as instruments for school peer group background ameliorates the problem of endogeneity bias. The pattern of estimates does not support the belief that aggregation reduces specification error in the estimation of peer group effects. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. JEL classification:I21
Warthin's Tumors and Their Relationship to Lung Cancer

Warthin's tumors (WT) are frequently encountered in clinical practice and can be easily mis-identified. To date, there has been no proven association between WT and lung cancer. A retrospective chart review was conducted of records from 2008 to 2013 in the University of Pennsylvania Health System. Nineteen percent of patients had a diagnosis of lung cancer, compared to the general patient population, where 7.62% of males and 6.26% of females have a lifetime risk of developing lung cancer. Patients with WT are at heightened risk of lung malignancy; detection of WT may lead to earlier diagnosis of lung cancer.
Robust Asynchronous Optimization for Volunteer Computing Grids

Volunteer computing grids offer significant computing power at relatively low cost to researchers, while at the same time generating public interest in different scientific projects. However, in order to be used effectively, their heterogeneity, volatility and restrictive computing models must be overcome. As these computing grids are open, incorrect or malicious results must also be handled. This paper examines extending the BOINC volunteer computing framework to allow for asynchronous global optimization as applied to scientific computing problems. The asynchronous optimization method used is resilient to faults and the heterogeneous nature of volunteer computing grids, while allowing scalability to tens of thousands of hosts. A work verification strategy that does not require the validation of every result is presented. This is shown to be able to effectively reduce the need for verification done to less than 30% of the reported results, without degrading the performance of the asynchronous search methods. An asynchronous version of particle swarm optimization (APSO) is presented and com- pared to previously used asynchronous genetic search (AGS) using the MilkyWay@Home BOINC computing project. Both search methods are shown to scale to MilkyWay@Home’s current user base, over 75,000 heterogeneous and volatile hosts, something not possible for traditional optimization methods. APSO is shown to provide faster convergence to optimal results while being less sensitive to its search parameters. The verification strategy presented is shown to be effective for both AGS and APSO.
Amygdala Response to Happy Faces as a Function of Extraversion

Cognitive neuroscience aims to delineate principles of brain-behavior relations by characterizing both common mechanisms across, and individual differences among, individuals. Both approaches are relevant for the study of the amygdala, a critical structure for the processing of emotional signals ([1
Term Abdominal Pregnancy, Meconium Aspiration, and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

This report describes a term gestation abdominal pregnancy resulting in meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) complicated by pulmonary hypertension. These cases occur infrequently. In this instance, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was successfully utilized to support the infant after conventional neonatal medical support failed to yield sufficient oxygenation.
System mechanisms for distributed object-based fault-tolerant computing

A scheme for comprehensive fault tolerance must address both consistency and forward-progress requirements of applications. We propose one such novel scheme for distributed applications based on the shared memory paradigm and structured using objects. Since no fixed set of existing transaction models meets the requirements of all applications, our scheme provides system mechanisms that can be used, directly or, to implement generalized and replicated transaction models that correspond to policies for fault tolerance. We demonstrate how our mechanisms can be used by implementing the nested transaction model. We have implemented the mechanisms in the Clouds distributed operating system and present a performance study of the system primitives.
The CT20 peptide: More than a Piece of Bax

Use of cytotoxic peptides for cancer treatment is an emerging therapeutic direction with promising potential; however, in many instances the intracellular actions of these peptides remain unknown. Finding ways to systematically decipher the intercellular targets and functions of rationally designed or endogenously sourced therapeutic peptides to better define clinical use is a significant challenge that needs to be addressed. Here we describe our recent results outlining the activity of CT20p, a peptide derived from the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, which specifically kills metastatic cancer cells but not normal epithelial cells. Using breast cancer as a model system to test the peptide, we found that CT20p can be delivered to cells by polymeric hyperbranched nanoparticles and that, once intracellular, has profound effects on cytosolic proteins and organelles in a cancer-specific fashion that are different from the parent protein. In cancer cells, CT20p localizes to the mitochondria, forms pores in mitochondrial-like membranes, alters mitochondrial movement and membrane polarization, and impairs cytoskeletal reorganization, leading to cell detachment and death. Further, we discuss our strategy for determining the molecular actions of CT20p that could help inform the activities of other currently available antimicrobial and anticancer therapeutic peptides.
NLRP3 Inflammasome Is a Target for Development of Broad-Spectrum Anti-Infective Drugs

We describe the molecular mode of action and pharmacodynamics of a new molecular entity (NME) that induces the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated innate immune response. This innate response reduces the pathogen load in an experimentally induced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcos aureus infection, enhances survival in an experimentally induced Gram-negative bacteremia, and overrides the escape mechanism of an obligate intracellular pathogen, viz. Chlamydia pneumoniae. Furthermore, the NME is more effective than standard-of-care antibiotic therapy in a clinically established multifactorial bacterial infection. Analysis of transcriptional regulation of inflammasome signaling genes and innate/adaptive immune genes revealed consistent and significant host changes responsible for the improved outcomes in these infections. These studies pave the way for the development of first-in-class drugs that enhance inflammasome-mediated pathogen clearance and identify the NLRP3 inflammasome as a drug target to address the global problem of emerging new infectious diseases and the reemergence of old diseases in an antibiotic-resistant form.
High precision semiautomated computed tomography measurement of lumbar disk and vertebral heights.

Purpose: Evaluation of treatments of many spine disorders requires precise measurement of the heights of vertebral bodies and disk spaces. The authors present a semiautomated computer algorithm measuring those heights from spine computed tomography (CT) scans and evaluate its precision. Methods: Eight patients underwent two spine CT scans in the same day. In each scan, five thoracolumbar vertebral heights and four disk heights were estimated using the algorithm. To assess precision, the authors computed the differences between the height measurements in the two scans, coefficients of variation (CV), and 95% limits of agreement. Intraoperator and interoperator precisions were evaluated. For local vertebral and disk height measurement (anterior, middle, posterior) the algorithm was compared to a manual mid-sagittal plane method. Results: The mean (standard deviation) interscan difference was as low as 0.043 (0.031) mm for disk heights and 0.044 (0.043) mm for vertebral heights. The corresponding 95% limits of agreement were [−0.085, 0.11] and [−0.10, 0.12] mm, respectively. Intraoperator and interoperator precision was high, with a maximal CV of 0.30%. For local vertebral and disk heights, the algorithm improved upon the precision of the manual mid-sagittal plane measurement by as much as a factor of 6 and 4, respectively. Conclusions: The authors evaluated the precision of a novel computer algorithm for measuring vertebral body heights and disk heights using short term repeat CT scans of patients. The 95% limits of agreement indicate that the algorithm can detect small height changes of the order of 0.1 mm.
Heat transfer analysis of a diffusion flame leading edge near a cold, chemically inert surface

Abstract This numerical investigation of lifted diffusion flames examines the interaction of flame and surface from a heat transfer perspective. Conduction is the primary mode of heat loss from the laboratory-scale flame. Heat flux profiles to the lower chemically inert boundary are obtained for three different models: a finite-rate chemistry model, a simplified heat conduction model, and the limiting case Burke–Schumann model. Generalizations are made about the shape of the heat flux profiles to the anchoring boundary, as well as the practical usefulness of the presented models. A characteristic flame thickness is also defined from the generalized heat flux shape.
Cholinergic regulation of arterial pressure by the C1 area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla

In anesthetized, paralyzed rats intravenous administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (PHY) (100 micrograms/kg) evoked a dose-related rise in arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) and an associated increase in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). The responses to PHY were blocked by electrolytic lesions of, or microinjection of kainic acid into, a specific site in the rostral ventrolateral medulla containing a cluster of neurons immunoreactive for the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine N- methyltransferase and corresponding to the C1 area of the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis (RVL). The C1 area and its surround contain a heretofore unrecognized network of varicose neuronal processes and perikarya labeled immunocytochemically with a monoclonal antibody to the ACh-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (CAT). PHY increased, by over 3-fold, the spontaneous activity of reticulospinal cardiovascular neurons in the C1 area which excite preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the intermediolateral spinal column. The effects of PHY on AP, SNA, and the discharge of reticulospinal neurons were blocked by systemic administration of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. Microinjections within the C1 area of the RVL of scopolamine, the M2-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist AF-DX 116, or the high-affinity choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium-3 blocked the pressor effects of PHY. The nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium and the M1-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist pirenzepine were without effect. We conclude that (1) the increases in AP, HR, and SNA elicited by the systemic administration of PHY result from the augmented action of ACh released from cholinergic terminals within the C1 area of the RVL; (2) the locally released ACh acts through muscarinic receptors of the M2 subtype within the C1 area to produce excitation of intrinsic reticulospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons, thereby increasing the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons and consequently elevating AP and HR; and (3) while the specific function of the cholinergic innervation of the C1 area in cardiovascular regulation is unknown, it may contribute to the tonic regulation of AP.
Morphogenetic disturbances from timed inhibitions of protein synthesis in Fundulus

The reversible inhibition of protein synthesis at the 75–95% level in the early zygote of Fundulus results in a specific series of developmental failures dependent upon the times of inhibitor pulse initiation. The severity of the morphogenetic failure is inversely related to the time of initiation and directly to the length of the pulse. The defects reflect the time dependent serial order of events in morphogenesis. The defects range from failure of cleavage through disorders of blastulation, failure of axiation, anencephaly to microcephaly and are entirely predictable. With the exception of cleavage failure the pattern is identical with that found using pulses of actinomycin D in a similar manner. The agent used was pactamycin, an antibiotic which reversibly inhibits amino acid incorporation into protein by disturbing the assembly of the functional ribosomal complex. The significance of time dependent protein synthesis as an active expression in morphogenesis of similarly time dependent information flow via RNA synthesis is discussed.
Neutron detection in a high-gamma field using solution-grown stilbene

Abstract A solution-based technique for growing large-volume stilbene scintillators was developed in 2013; crystals up to diameters of 10 cm, or larger, have been grown while preserving excellent pulse shape discrimination (PSD) properties. The goal of this study is to evaluate the PSD capabilities of 5.08 by 5.08-cm stilbene crystals grown by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Inrad Optics when exposed to a 1000 to 1 gamma ray-neutron ratio and operating at a 100-kHz count rate. Results were compared to an equivalent EJ-309 liquid scintillation detector. 252 Cf neutron pulses were recorded in two experiments where 60 Co and 137 Cs sources created the high-gamma field. The high count rate created numerous double pulses that were cleaned using fractional and template approaches designed to remove double pulses while preserving neutron counts. PSD was performed at a threshold of 42 keVee (440-keV proton) for stilbene and 60 keVee (610-keV proton) for EJ-309 liquid. The lower threshold in stilbene resulted in a neutron intrinsic efficiency of approximately 14.5%, 10% higher than EJ-309 liquid, for bare 252 Cf and 13% for 252 Cf in the high-gamma field. Despite the lower threshold, the gamma misclassification rate in stilbene was approximately 3×10 −6 , nearly a factor-of-five lower than what we found with the EJ-309 liquid.
An Application of Multiagent Learning in Highly Dynamic Environments

We explore the emergent behavior of game theoretic algorithms in a highly dynamic applied setting in which the optimal goal for the agents is constantly changing. Our focus is on a variant of the traditional predator-prey problem entitled Defender. Consisting of multiple predators and multiple prey, Defender shares similarities with rugby, soccer, and football, in addition to current problems in the field of Multiagent Systems (MAS). Observations, communications, and knowledge about the world-state are designed to be information-sparse, modeling real-world uncertainty. We propose a solution to Defender by means of the well-known multiagent learning algorithm fictitious play, and compare it with rational learning, regret matching, minimax regret, and a simple greedy strategy. We provide the modifications required to build these agents and state the implications of their application of them to our problem. We show fictitious play's performance to be superior at evenly assigning predators to prey in spite of it being an incomplete and imperfect information game that is continually changing its dimension and payoff. Interestingly, its performance is attributed to a synthesis of fictitious play, partial observability, and an anti-coordination game which reinforces the payoff of actions that were previously taken.
Joint POS Tagging and Transition-based Constituent Parsing in Chinese with Non-local Features

We propose three improvements to address the drawbacks of state-of-the-art transition-based constituent parsers. First, to resolve the error propagation problem of the traditional pipeline approach, we incorporate POS tagging into the syntactic parsing process. Second, to alleviate the negative influence of size differences among competing action sequences, we align parser states during beam-search decoding. Third, to enhance the power of parsing models, we enlarge the feature set with non-local features and semisupervised word cluster features. Experimental results show that these modifications improve parsing performance significantly. Evaluated on the Chinese TreeBank (CTB), our final performance reaches 86.3% (F1) when trained on CTB 5.1, and 87.1% when trained on CTB 6.0, and these results outperform all state-of-the-art parsers.
The chemical nature of encephalitogenic proteolipide A and B.

ConclusionsOf 4 fractions prepared by chloroform-methanol extraction of mouse brain, only one, proteolipide A and B, is encephalitogenic in mice. Its desiccation which brings about a split in the b...
A simple alternative to the Theis type curve solution

Aquifer analysis is often concerned with determining two important aquifer properties: transmissivity and the storage coefficient. Current methods require either semilogarithmic or logarithmic graphs. Although these methods are not difficult, they are tedious and subjective, because either a linear slope must be constructed or a type curve must be matched to a series of plotted data points. A method has been developed that is a simple but viable alternative to the Theis type curve solution for confined aquifers. It is a Theisian solution, but it does not require a graph or a Theis type curve. Subjective interpretation is eliminated, because data points do not need to be plotted on any type of graph paper, and the process of matching a curve to these data points is eliminated. A computer program has been developed that further enhances the simplicity and accuracy of this method. Its results are compared with Theis type curve results using historical aquifer test data. Results indicate that this method is accurate.
Assessment of the role of international travel and unauthorized immigration on measles importation to the United States.

Background : Concerns have been raised about unauthorized immigrants importing measles to the United States (US). This potential risk has not been rigorously evaluated nor compared with the potential risk of measles importation by US residents traveling internationally or international travellers coming to the US. We compared the potential risk of measles importation from each of these populations. Methods : Using a cross-sectional, ecological design, we compared country-level measles vaccination and incidence data, for top (i) US resident international travel destinations, (ii) US-bound international travellers’ home countries and (iii) home countries of unauthorized immigrants to the US. Results : In 2014, US residents made 52.5 million trips to one of the top 10 international destinations. Five of these countries (10 958 000 US resident trips) had average first-dose measles vaccine coverage below 90%, and five (9 881 000 US resident trips) had average measles incidence over 1 case/100 000 population. Two of the 10 top US-bound international travellers’ home countries (5 597 259 international visitors) had average first-dose measles vaccine coverage below 90%, whereas five (13 333 545 international visitors) had average annual measles incidence over 1 case/100 000 population). In 2012, of 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants living in the US, 8.9 million (79·0%) were born in one of the top 10 unauthorized immigrant home countries. Four of those countries had average first-dose measles vaccine coverage below 90% (1.3 million unauthorized immigrants), whereas three of these countries had average measles incidence over 1 case/100 000 population (950 000 unauthorized immigrants). Overall, there are 10 times more annual US visitors to high measles incidence countries than there are unauthorized immigrants in the US from high measles incidence countries. Conclusions : Efforts to prevent reestablishment of indigenous measles transmission in the US should focus on evidence-based risk assessments, highlighting a greater potential measles importation risk of from US residents travelling internationally than unauthorized immigrants coming to the US.
Influence of Shape on the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Tungsten Bronze Nanocrystals

Localized surface plasmon resonance phenomena have recently been investigated in unconventional plasmonic materials such as metal oxide and chalcogenide semiconductors doped with high concentrations of free carriers. We synthesize colloidal nanocrystals of CsxWO3, a tungsten bronze in which electronic charge carriers are introduced by interstitial doping. By using varying ratios of oleylamine to oleic acid, we synthesize three distinct shapes of these nanocrystals—hexagonal prisms, truncated cubes, and pseudospheres—which exhibit strongly shape-dependent absorption features in the near-infrared region. We rationalize these differences by noting that lower symmetry shapes correlate with sharper plasmon resonance features and more distinct resonance peaks. The plasmon peak positions also shift systematically with size and with the dielectric constant of the surrounding media, reminiscent of typical properties of plasmonic metal nanoparticles.
A Functionalist Manifesto: Goal-Related Emotions From an Evolutionary Perspective

Functional theories posit that emotions are elicited by particular goal-related situations that represented adaptive problems and that emotions are evolved features of coordinated responses to those situations. Yet little theory or research has addressed the evolutionary aspects of these theories. We apply five criteria that can be used to judge whether features are adaptations. There is evidence that sadness, anger, and anxiety relate to unique changes in physiology, cognition, and behavior, those changes are correlated, situations that give rise to emotions are consistent, and emotions are complex. To date, there is little experimental evidence regarding whether discrete emotions resolve adaptive problems and do so relatively efficiently. Evidence supporting all criteria is required to claim that discrete emotions are evolved features.
An empirical analysis and some policy recommendations of Beijing technological innovation talent development environment

According to the basic theories on technological innovation talent environment, this paper got hold of first-hand data of the need and satisfaction of technological innovation talent on the macro and micro environment through investigation of 20 enterprises in Beijing. And based on the analysis of this information, the paper put forward some policies and recommendations of improving technological innovation talent environment for the government and enterprises.
Analysis of PTHRP binding and signal transduction mechanisms in benign and malignant squamous cells.

We have explored a potential autocrine role for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) in malignant squamous carcinoma cells (SqCC) and their nonmalignant counterpart, human epidermal keratino...
Dispositional Affect Moderates the Stress‐Buffering Effect of Social Support on Risk for Developing the Common Cold

Objective The aim was to examine whether trait positive and negative affect (PA, NA) moderate the stress-buffering effect of perceived social support on risk for developing a cold subsequent to being exposed to a virus that causes mild upper respiratory illness. Method Analyses were based on archival data from 694 healthy adults (Mage = 31.0 years, SD = 10.7 years; 49.0% female; 64.6% Caucasian). Perceived social support and perceived stress were assessed by self-report questionnaire and trait affect by aggregating responses to daily mood items administered by telephone interview across several days. Subsequently, participants were exposed to a virus that causes the common cold and monitored for 5 days for clinical illness (infection + objective signs of illness). Results Two 3-way interactions emerged—Support × Stress × PA and Support × Stress × NA. The nature of these effects was such that among persons with high trait PA or low trait NA, greater social support attenuated the risk of developing a cold when under high but not low perceived stress; this stress-buffering effect did not emerge among persons with low trait PA or high trait NA. Conclusions Dispositional affect might be used to identify individuals who may be most responsive to social support and support-based interventions.
Bestandteile der Präsentation

In diesem Kapitel werden die vom Verfasser dieses Buches fur notwendig erachteten Elemente und Mechanismen der Prasentation zusammengestellt und erlau-tert. Als Leitfaden dienen hierbei die Begriffe des Referenzgraphen, wobei auch auf die aus Ubersichtlichkeitsgrunden dort nicht enthaltenen eingegangen wird.
An Electron Transport Particle from Yeast: Purification and Properties

Previously, Crane, Glenn, and Green (1) have described the purification and properties of an electron transport particle (ETP)’ from beef heart. The ETP was similar in composition and properties to the reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase described earlier by Mackler and Green (2, 3) and, in addition, carried out the oxidation of succinate by molecular oxygen. The ETP preparation contained copper, nonheme iron, lipid, coenzyme Q, flavin, and cytochromes b, cl, c, and a.% Succinate and DPNH oxidase activities were inhibited by antimycin A, but only the DPNH oxidase was inhibited by Amytal. Other electron transport particles, isolated from hotobacter v&elan&i (4) and from cauliflower buds (5), differ from the beef heart ETP in their cytochrome composition. The ETP from A. vinelandii contained copper, nonheme iron, flavin, and lipid in amounts similar to the beef heart system but was antimycin-insensitive and did not catalyze the reduction of mammalian cytochrome c. The present paper describes the purification and properties of an ETP prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Differences in composition, structure, and kinetic properties between this enzyme system and the previously reported preparations of ETP from other sources (1, 4, 5) will be discussed.
Implementation and evaluation of a community-based interprofessional learning activity

Implementation of large-scale, meaningful interprofessional learning activities for pre-licensure students has significant barriers and requires novel approaches to ensure success. To accomplish this goal, faculty at Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA, used the Ottawa Model of Research Use (OMRU) framework to create, improve, and sustain a community-based interprofessional learning activity for large numbers of medical students (N = 177) and nursing students (N = 154). The model guided the process and included identification of context-specific barriers and facilitators, continual monitoring and improvement using data, and evaluation of student learning outcomes as well as programme outcomes. First year Case Western Reserve University medical students and undergraduate nursing students participated in team-structured prevention screening clinics in the Cleveland Metropolitan Public School District. Identification of barriers and facilitators assisted with overcoming logistic and scheduling issues, large class size, differing ages and skill levels of students and creating sustainability. Continual monitoring led to three distinct phases of improvement and resulted in the creation of an authentic team structure, role clarification, and relevance for students. Evaluation of student learning included both qualitative and quantitative methods, resulting in statistically significant findings and qualitative themes of learner outcomes. The OMRU implementation model provided a useful framework for successful implementation resulting in a sustainable interprofessional learning activity.
Synthesis and NMR Analysis of a Conformationally Controlled β-Turn Mimetic Torsion Balance

The molecular torsion balance concept was applied to a new conformationally controlled scaffold and synthesized to accurately evaluate pairwise amino acid interactions in an antiparallel β-sheet motif. The scaffold’s core design combines (ortho-tolyl)amide and o,o,o′-trisubstituted biphenyl structural units to provide a geometry better-suited for intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Like the dibenzodiazocine hinge of the traditional torsion balance, the (ortho-tolyl)amide unit offers restricted rotation around an N-aryl bond. The resulting two-state folding model is a powerful template for measuring hydrogen bond stability between two competing sequences. The aim of this study was to improve the alignment between the amino acid sequences attached to the upper and lower aromatic rings in order to promote hydrogen bond formation at the correct distance and antiparallel orientation. Bromine substituents were introduced ortho to the upper side chains and compared to a control to test our hypothesis. Hydrogen bond...
Memories of (Ancient Roman) War in Tolkien’s Dead Marshes

The dark, malodorous wetland called the Dead Marshes ranks among the most memorable and enigmatic landscapes in fantasy literature. While one influential line of scholarship connects the passage to Tolkien’s experiences in the Great War, this article argues that the Marshes should also be read as a reception of Tacitus’s depiction of the Teutoburg Forest. The link between the two texts is both simple and complex. Tolkien read Tacitus, and the latter’s influence has been detected elsewhere in The Lord of the Rings ; yet Tolkien identified William Morris as an even more important source for the Marshes than the Great War, and the relevant passage in Morris is also a reception of Tacitus. It will be shown that Tolkien comes closer to Tacitus than Morris in his vision of the way landscapes manifest—to sight, hearing, and touch—the memory and meaning of military losses. Recognizing this reception both explains Tolkien’s ascription of such importance to Morris and offers an important example of a modern author reaching outside his own era and genre to participate in a distinctly Roman tradition of representing war-dead, landscape, and memory. Le marecage malodorant et sombre appele les Marais Morts se classe parmi les paysages les plus memorables et enigmatiques de la litterature fantastique. Bien qu’une tendance influente de la recherche rattache ce passage a l’experience de Tolkien pendant la Grande Guerre, cet article soutient que les Marais devraient egalement etre interpretes comme une reception de la representation de la foret de Teutoburg chez Tacite. La connexion entre les deux textes est a la fois simple et complexe. Tolkien a lu Tacite, et l’influence de ce dernier a ete detectee ailleurs dans Le Seigneur des anneaux ; mais Tolkien a identifie William Morris comme une source encore plus importante pour les Marais que la Grande Guerre, et le passage en question chez Morris est egalement une reception de Tacite. On verra que Tolkien se rapproche de Tacite plus que de Morris dans sa vision de la facon dont les paysages rendent sensible a la vue, a l’ouie et au toucher, le souvenir et la signification des morts militaires. La mise en evidence de cette reception explique l’importance que donne Tolkien a Morris tout en offrant un exemple important d’incursion d’un auteur moderne hors de son epoque et de son genre, pour participer a une tradition nettement romaine dans la representation des victimes militaires, des paysages et de la memoire.
Hedonic Motivations vs. Economic Pains: Consumption Choices in Emerging Markets—An Abstract

Emerging markets (EMs) continue to undergo large-scale political, economic, social, and cultural transition affecting consumer behavior and consumption patterns. Western theories do not sufficiently explain the dynamics of consumption in EMs and contradictions between the hedonic motivations and limited income. These subjects are in need of further conceptual and empirical research in order to understand and predict consumer behavior.
Family involvement meetings: Engagement, facilitation, and child and family goals

Abstract Family Group Decision Making (FGDM) is a strategy to engage family members and social service professionals in child welfare to make decisions for the child and family (Olson, 2009). Family Involvement Meeting (FIM) is a mid-Atlantic state implementation of FGDM in the United States. The current study sample is comprised of 460 participants who attended FIMs at local Departments of Social Services (DSS). The objectives of this study are to examine relations among participants' engagement, facilitators' practices, and child and family service planning outcomes during the FIM. Results of ANOVA tests show that family members, DSS workers and supervisors, and other professionals have significant differences in engagement levels and evaluations of facilitators' practice; and facilitators' practice also varied significantly based on reasons for FIM meeting. Logistic regression results indicate that participants' engagement and facilitators' practice are significant predictors of service planning on achievement of family's goals and protection of child's safety. Results imply that facilitators should improve facilitation performance and make more efforts in engaging family members to improve FIM outcomes and child well-being.
Application of the 4-D XCAT Phantoms in Biomedical Imaging and Beyond

The four-dimensional (4-D) eXtended CArdiac-Torso (XCAT) series of phantoms was developed to provide accurate computerized models of the human anatomy and physiology. The XCAT series encompasses a vast population of phantoms of varying ages from newborn to adult, each including parameterized models for the cardiac and respiratory motions. With great flexibility in the XCAT’s design, any number of body sizes, different anatomies, cardiac or respiratory motions or patterns, patient positions and orientations, and spatial resolutions can be simulated. As such, the XCAT phantoms are gaining a wide use in biomedical imaging research. There they can provide a virtual patient base from which to quantitatively evaluate and improve imaging instrumentation, data acquisition, techniques, and image reconstruction and processing methods which can lead to improved image quality and more accurate clinical diagnoses. The phantoms have also found great use in radiation dosimetry, radiation therapy, medical device design, and even the security and defense industry. This review paper highlights some specific areas in which the XCAT phantoms have found use within biomedical imaging and other fields. From these examples, we illustrate the increasingly important role that computerized phantoms and computer simulation are playing in the research community.
Recent Progress Using Matheuristics for Strategic Maritime Inventory Routing

This chapter presents an extensive computational study of simple, but prominent matheuristics (i.e., heuristics that rely on mathematical programming models) to find high quality ship schedules and inventory policies for a class of maritime inventory routing problems. Our computational experiments are performed on a test bed of the publicly available MIRPLib instances. This class of inventory routing problems has few constraints relative to some operational problems, but is complicated by long planning horizons. We compare several variants of rolling horizon heuristics, K-opt heuristics, local branching, solution polishing, and hybrids thereof. Many of these matheuristics substantially outperform the commercial mixed-integer programming solvers CPLEX 12.6.2 and Gurobi 6.5 in their ability to quickly find high quality solutions. New best known incumbents are found for 26 out of 70 yet-to-be-proved-optimal instances and new best known bounds on 56 instances.
Uranyl adsorption kinetics within silica gel: dependence on flow velocity and concentration

Trace quantities of a uranyl dissolved in water were measured using a simple optical method. A dilute solution of uranium nitrate dissolved in water was forced through nanoporous silica gel at fixed and controlled water flow rates. The uranyl ions deposited and accumulated within the silica gel and the uranyl fluorescence within the silica gel was monitored as a function of time using a light emitting diode as the excitation source and a photomultiplier tube detector. It was shown that the response time of the fluorescence output signal at a particular volumetric flow rate or average liquid velocity through the silica gel can be used to quantify the concentration of uranium in water. The response time as a function of concentration decreased with increasing flow velocity.
Herding with costly information

Abstract This paper incorporates costly information into a model of observational learning. Individuals would like to avoid the cost of buying information and free-ride on the public history. The paper characterizes when learning is nevertheless complete. Necessary and sufficient conditions for complete learning follow from an elementary principle: a player purchases information only if it can influence her action. With a “coarse” action space, learning is complete if and only if for every cost c > 0 , a positive measure of types can acquire, at cost less than c, an experiment that can overturn the public history. With a “rich” action space, learning is complete if and only if for every cost c > 0 , a positive measure of types can acquire any informative signal at cost weakly less than c. The results are applied to financial markets to evaluate when markets are informationally efficient despite information being costly.
Sex Roles and Adolescent Drinking

In the United States, as in most other societies, men and boys drink more alcohol more frequently than do women and girls (Cahalan, Cisin, & Crossley, 1969; Child, Barry, & Bacon, 1965; Johnson, 1978; Rachal, Williams, Brehm, Cavanaugh, Moore, & Eckerman, 1975). The sex differences occur across all age levels, ethnic groups, and socioeconomic levels. The consistency of sex differences in drinking behavior suggests that drinking may be associated with traditional sex roles, that is, with traditional ideas about what constitutes appropriate and distinctive behavior for men and for women.
Basal Spontaneous Firing of Rabbit Sinoatrial Node Cells Is Regulated by Dual Activation of PDEs (Phosphodiesterases) 3 and 4

Background: Spontaneous firing of sinoatrial node cells (SANCs) is regulated by cAMP-mediated, PKA (protein kinase A)-dependent (cAMP/PKA) local subsarcolemmal Ca 2+ releases (LCRs) from RyRs (ryanodine receptors). LCRs occur during diastolic depolarization and activate an inward Na + /Ca 2+ exchange current that accelerates diastolic depolarization rate prompting the next action potential. PDEs (phosphodiesterases) regulate cAMP-mediated signaling; PDE3/PDE4 represent major PDE activities in SANC, but how they modulate LCRs and basal spontaneous SANC firing remains unknown. Methods: Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunostaining, cellular perforated patch clamping, and confocal microscopy were used to elucidate mechanisms of PDE-dependent regulation of cardiac pacemaking. RESULTS: PDE3A, PDE4B, and PDE4D were the major PDE subtypes expressed in rabbit SANC, and PDE3A was colocalized with α-actinin, PDE4D, SERCA (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATP-ase), and PLB (phospholamban) in Z-lines. Inhibition of PDE3 (cilostamide) or PDE4 (rolipram) alone increased spontaneous SANC firing by ≈20% ( P P >0.05), respectively, but concurrent PDE3+PDE4 inhibition increased spontaneous firing by ≈45% ( P 2+ current (I Ca,L ) by ≈60% ( P P >0.05), respectively, and PLB phosphorylation by ≈20% ( P >0.05) each, but dual PDE3+PDE4 inhibition increased I Ca,L by ≈100% ( P P P 2+ refilling time ( P 2+ transient to subsequent LCR; P P Conclusions: Basal cardiac pacemaker function is regulated by concurrent PDE3+PDE4 activation which operates in a synergistic manner via decrease in cAMP/PKA phosphorylation, suppression of LCR parameters, and prolongation of the LCR period and spontaneous SANC cycle length.
Urban Water Demand

Water demand generally referred to as future water requirements will be a function of the demanding entity. The demand characteristics such as trending, jumps, periodicity and stochasticity are different for an urban demand, irrigation and agriculture demand, industrial and hydropower demands. The variation in demand can be large as well. For example, urban water demand will vary hourly, daily, weekly, seasonally and annually. Whereas, irrigation demand in the Western United States, where appropriative water rights exists (first in time, first in right), although quite seasonal is much more predictable as most water rights specify a specific amount of water delivered during a specified period of time. If the demand exceeds the supply, the water rights having the highest priority will be supplied first and those rights having a lower priority may not receive any water at all.