cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental measurements during combustion of moist individual foliage samples

Individual samples of high moisture fuels from the western and southern United States and humidified aspen excelsior were burned over a flat-flame burner at 987° ± 12°C and 10 ± 0.5 mol% O2. Time-dependent mass and temperature profiles of these samples were obtained and analysed. It was observed that significant amounts of moisture remained in the individual samples after ignition occurred. Temperature histories showed a plateau at 200°–300°C at the leaf perimeter rather than at 100°C, with a plateau of 140°C for the leaf interior. Implications are that classical combustion models should be altered to reflect the behaviour of moisture in high moisture (live) samples. Mass release rates were determined at ignition and maximum flame height; these appeared to vary due to surface area and perimeter, but no significant correlation was found for all species.
Effects of diluents, equilibration time, and freezing rates on the storage of ram semen

Summary Homogenized milk (HM), Norman-Johnson-2 (N-J-2), egg yolk-citrate (EYC), and egg yolkglycine (EYG) diluents can all be employed to recover relatively high percentages of motile frozen-thawed ram sperm. Significant factors involved in the procedure include: cooling the semen from 20 to 5°C in about 2 1/2 hrs; equilibration of the sperm with 7% glycerol for 15 min, a standard freezing rate of 1°C per min from 5 to −10°C, 2°C per min from −10 to −18°C, 4°C per min from −18 to −35°C, and 5°C per min from −35 to −70°C. Ram semen diluted in homogenized milk, equilibrated with 7% glycerol for 1 hr, and frozen at the standard rate can maintain a high post-thaw motility when stored at −196°C for up to 14 months. A 6-hr equilibration with glycerol was more detrimental than a 1-hr equilibration to semen frozen in each of the four egg yolk-containing diluents. Higher recovery of motile frozen-thawed ram sperm was attained when the semen was cooled from 20 to 5°C in 2 1/2 hrs, rather than from 38 to 5°C in 45 min. However, differences in motility between the cooling rates were not discernible at the termination of cooling. Ram spermatozoa did not survive well when frozen at a rate of 1°C per min under a variety of treatments. Recovery of viable ram sperm was significantly higher for samples frozen at the standard rate than at 1°C per min. However, the freezing point, at least in egg yolkcitrate, was recorded before the two rates had differentiated. Therefore, the differences in survival due to the freezing rates were produced after the samples had frozen.
A QoE preserving M2M-aware hybrid scheduler for LTE uplink

The 4th Generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless networks are expected to be used for the majority of Machine to Machine (M2M) communication. M2M communication over 4G networks faces some challenges. The main challenge is how to accommodate the massive number of M2M devices without negatively impacting the human subscribers' Quality of Experience (QoE). This paper discusses the challenges of scheduling UEs and M2M terminals in LTE networks. The LTE scheduler plays an important role in distributing radio resources to user equipments (UEs) and M2M terminals. We present a hybrid uplink scheduler that balances the radio resources allocation to preserve human users QoE and fairly fulfills M2M terminals communication requests. The simulation results show that the proposed solution provides fair scheduling of M2M terminals without impacting the UE.
Patterning of a compound eye on an extinct dipteran wing

We have discovered unexpected similarities between a novel and characteristic wing organ in an extinct biting midge from Baltic amber, Eohelea petrunkevitchi, and the surface of a dipteran's compound eye. Scanning electron microscope images now reveal vestigial mechanoreceptors between the facets of the organ. We interpret Eohelea's wing organ as the blending of these two developmental systems: the formation and patterning of the cuticle in the eye and of the wing. Typically, only females in the genus carry this distinctive, highly organized structure. Two species were studied (E. petrunkevitchi and E. sinuosa), and the structure differs in form between them. We examine Eohelea's wing structures for modes of fabrication, material properties and biological functions, and the effective ecological environment in which these midges lived. We argue that the current view of the wing organ's function in stridulation has been misconstrued since it was described half a century ago.
Hemodynamic Support in Fluid-refractory Pediatric Septic Shock

Objective. Assess outcome in children treated with inotrope, vasopressor, and/or vasodilator therapy for reversal of fluid-refractory and persistent septic shock. Design. Survey; case series. Setting. Three pediatric hospitals. Patients. Fifty consecutive patients with fluid-refractory septic shock with a pulmonary artery catheter within 6 hours of resuscitation. Interventions. Patients were categorized according to hemodynamic state and use of inotrope, vasopressor, and/or vasodilator therapy to maintain cardiac index (CI) >3.3 L/min/m 2 and systemic vascular resistance >800 dyne-sec/cm 5 /m 2 to reverse shock. Outcome Measures. Hemodynamic state, response to class of cardiovascular therapy, and mortality. Results. After fluid resuscitation, 58% of the children had a low CI and responded to inotropic therapy with or without a vasodilator (group I), 20% had a high CI and low systemic vascular resistance and responded to vasopressor therapy alone (group II), and 22% had both vascular and cardiac dysfunction and responded to combined vasopressor and inotropic therapy (group III). Shock persisted in 36% of the children. Of the children in group I, 50% needed the addition of a vasodilator, and in group II, 50% of children needed the addition of an inotrope for evolving myocardial dysfunction. Four children showed a complete change in hemodynamic state and responded to a switch from inotrope to vasopressor therapy or vice versa. The overall 28-day survival rate was 80% (group I, 72%; group II, 90%; group III, 91%). Conclusions. Unlike adults, children with fluid-refractory shock are frequently hypodynamic and respond to inotrope and vasodilator therapy. Because hemodynamic states are heterogeneous and change with time, an incorrect cardiovascular therapeutic regimen should be suspected in any child with persistent shock. Outcome can be improved compared with historical literature.
Numerical simulator for superconducting integrated circuits

A numerical simulator for the analysis of Josephson logic circuits that uses numerical methods and dynamic memory allocation, and is capable of simulating a wide variety of superconducting and conventional circuits, is described. The program uses SPICE-like input syntax and is capable of both static and dynamic analysis. The basic operation of Josephson logic is explained and an example simulation is given. >
The Functional Anatomy of Ventricular Contraction

Changes in dimensions of the ventricular chambers and the displacement of specific points on the walls of the heart have been studied by the cinefluorographic technic. The contributions of the various myocardial layers to ventricular ejection have been considered in terms of the anatomic architecture of the heart. The mechanical effectiveness of myocardial contraction is closely related to the degree of diastolic distension and the magnitude of the stroke volume. During contraction, the various layers must exert tension on the connections between them. Energy expended in this manner does not contribute to ventricular ejection but could theoretically promote rapid filling during the early diastolic period.
Measuring the Informal Economy: A Validation Study of the Resource Generating Strategies Scale

Objective: This article reports on the reliability and validity of a new instrument called the Resource Generating Strategies (RGS) Scale, which was created to measure participation in the informal...
Barotropic Rossby wave radiation from a model Gulf Stream

[1] The barotropic Rossby wave field in the North Atlantic Ocean is studied in an eddy-resolving ocean model simulation. The meandering model Gulf Stream radiates barotropic Rossby waves southward through preferred corridors defined by topographic features. The smoother region between the Bermuda Rise and the mid-Atlantic Ridge is a particularly striking corridor of barotropic wave radiation in the 20–50 day period band. Barotropic Rossby waves are also preferentially excited at higher frequencies over the Bermuda Rise, suggesting resonant excitation of topographic Rossby normal modes. The prevalence of these radiated waves suggests that they may be an important energy sink for the equilibrium state of the Gulf Stream.
Effects of dehydration processes on colour and rehydration of fruits

The effects of conventional hot-air dehydration, dehydro-freezing and freeze-dehydration on colour and rehydration of apples, apricots, and peaches were investigated. The freeze-dehydration process minimised colour changes and promoted retention of the original fruit structure. The rehydration rates of freeze-dehydrated fruits were more rapid than those associated with other dehydration processes studied.
Alexander George Ogston: 30 January 1911-29 June 1996.

For science is more than the search for truth, more than a challenging game, more than a profession. It is a life that a diversity of people lead together, in the closest proximity, a school for so...
Dental utilization among Hispanic adults in agricultural worker families in California's Central Valley

Objective: To examine past-year dental visits among underserved, Hispanic farmworkerfamiliesusingtheAndersenBehavioralModelofHealthServicesUtilization, which posits that predisposing, enabling, and need factors influence care-seeking behavior. Methods: Oral health survey and clinical data were collected in 2006-2007 from families in Mendota, California (Fresno County) as part of a larger, populationbased study. Generalized estimating equation logit regression assessed effects of factors on having a dental visit among adults (N = 326). Predisposing variables included sociodemographic characteristics, days worked in agriculture, self-rated health status, and dental beliefs. Enabling factors included resources to obtain services (dental insurance, income, acculturation level, regular dental care source). Needmeasuresincludedperceivedneedforcareandreportedsymptoms,alongwith clinically determined untreated caries and bleeding on probing. Results: Only 34% of adults had a past-year dental visit, despite 44% reporting a regular dental care source. Most (66%) lacked dental insurance, and nearly half (46%) had untreated caries. Most (86%) perceived having current needs, and on average,reported a mean of 4.2 dental symptoms (of 12 queried).Regression analyses indicated those with more symptoms were less likely to have a past-year dental visit.Those who would ask a dentist for advice and had a regular dental care source were more likely to have a past-year dental visit. Conclusions: The final model included predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Despite low utilization and prevalent symptoms, having a regular source of care helps break this pattern and should be facilitated.
The effects of bupropion in vivo in the neostriatum of 5-day-old and adult rats

Infusion of six concentrations of the dopamine uptake inhibitor bupropion into the neostriatum increased extracellular dopamine in a dose-dependent manner in 5-day-old and adult rats. There was no age-related difference when calculated as a percentage of predrug dopamine baseline levels, but the absolute increase of dopamine was greater in the adult rats. Bupropion had only a minor effect on extracellular levels of DOPAC.
Evidence for variations in magma production along oceanic spreading centers: a critical appraisal.

Recent geologic, geophysical, and geochemical studies of the oceanic lithosphere near fracture zones have resulted in the proposal that the 'magma budget,' defined as the amount of magma delivered to magma chambers or conduits beneath a spreading center for a given amount of spreading, decreases as fracture zones are approached. Seismic reflection and refraction studies indicate that the crust becomes anomalously thin near fracture zones, but reference must be made to the boundary between residual upper mantle peridotites and overlying cumulate rocks in order to assess potential variations in the magma budget. The position of this interface, however, generally is not constrained by geophysical studies. Geochemical variations in basaltic glasses collected near fracture zones are consistent with a decrease in partial melting as fracture zones are approached, but they could also be produced by variations in open-system magmatic processes with no change in the extent of partial melting. Although a decrease in the magma budget as fracture zones are approached is consistent with these data, so are alternative models that incorporate a constant magma budget.
Generating Recombinant Antibodies against Putative Biomarkers of Retinal Injury

Candidate biomarkers, indicative of disease or injury, are beginning to overwhelm the process of validation through immunological means. Recombinant antibodies developed through phage-display offer an alternative means of generating monoclonal antibodies faster than traditional immunization of animals. Peptide segments of putative biomarkers of laser induced injury in the rabbit, discovered through mass spectrometry, were used as targets for a selection against a library of phage-displayed human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies. Highly specific antibodies were isolated to four of these unique peptide sequences. One antibody against the retinal protein, Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Protein Beta 5 (GBB5), had a dissociation constant ~300 nM and recognized the full-length endogenous protein in retinal homogenates of three different animal species by western blot. Alanine scanning of the peptide target identified three charged and one hydrophobic amino acid as the critical binding residues for two different scFvs. To enhance the utility of the reagent, one scFv was dimerized through a Fragment-crystallizable hinge region (i.e., Fc) and expressed in HEK-293 cells. This dimeric reagent yielded a 25-fold lower detection limit in western blots.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION WITH THE NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES

Antigens capable of fixing complement specifically with the appropriate antibodies have been prepared from brain tissue of hamsters and mice infected with the viruses of St. Louis, Japanese, Western, and Eastern encephalitis, and with the West Nile virus. The antigens were freed of the material which reacts with normal serum by means of centrifugation at relatively high speed. In addition, the infectivity of the preparation was destroyed by irradiation with ultraviolet light. Cross reactions were demonstrated by means of the complement-fixation technique with materials from animals infected with the viruses of Eastern and Western equine encephalitis. No relationship was detectable by this procedure between St. Louis, Japanese, and West Nile viruses. These findings emphasize the need for further investigation and correlation of the immunological reactions of the groups of neurotropic viruses, since the equine agents are apparently unrelated when studied by neutralization and cross-immunity tests while these methods provide evidence of the presence of common antigenic structures in the St. Louis, Japanese, and West Nile agents.
Estimating the prevalence of illicit opioid use in New York City using multiple data sources

Despite concerns about its health and social consequences, little is known about the prevalence of illicit opioid use in New York City. Individuals who misuse heroin and prescription opioids are known to bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality. Service providers and public health authorities are challenged to provide appropriate interventions in the absence of basic knowledge about the size and characteristics of this population. While illicit drug users are underrepresented in population-based surveys, they may be identified in multiple administrative data sources. We analyzed large datasets tracking hospital inpatient and emergency room admissions as well as drug treatment and detoxification services utilization. These were applied in combination with findings from a large general population survey and administrative records tracking prescriptions, drug overdose deaths, and correctional health services, to estimate the prevalence of heroin and non-medical prescription opioid use among New York City residents in 2006. These data were further applied to a descriptive analysis of opioid users entering drug treatment and hospital-based medical care. These data sources identified 126,681 cases of opioid use among New York City residents in 2006. After applying adjustment scenarios to account for potential overlap between data sources, we estimated over 92,000 individual opioid users. By contrast, just 21,600 opioid users initiated drug treatment in 2006. Opioid users represented 4 % of all individuals hospitalized, and over 44,000 hospitalizations during the calendar year. Our findings suggest that innovative approaches are needed to provide adequate services to this sizeable population of opioid users. Given the observed high rates of hospital services utilization, greater integration of drug services into medical settings could be one component of an effective approach to expanding both the scope and reach of health interventions for this population.
Post-approval Uses of Clinical Data, Phase IV Data, and Sales and Marketing Data Visualizations

This chapter discusses some useful graphics in Phase IV and Sales and Marketing applications. In the first half of the chapter we show some useful presentations of existing clinical trial data and post-approval Phase IV studies’ data. Then, we undertake some applications in Sales and Marketing ranging from various trend analyses to in-depth analysis of field force optimization; in each section, a brief introduction to the application followed by some simple graphics highlighting findings in an easy to interpret manner are presented.
The Effect of Athletic Identity and Locus of Control on the Stress Perceptions of Community College Student-Athletes

AbstractOver 72,000 student-athletes compete annually in athletic programs at the community college level. However, research addressing the effect of athletic participation on the psychological well-being of the community college student-athlete is sparse. This study represents an attempt to address this gap by examining the relationship among perceived stress, athletic identity, and locus of control in 144 student-athletes enrolled across three community colleges located in the southern United States. Utilizing hierarchical multiple regression analyses, the hypothesized two-factor predictor model was determined to account for 20% of the variance in student-athletes’ perceived stress. Additionally, results indicated that athletic identity represents a unique contribution to the variance in perceived stress. Suggestions for future research and implications for community college athletic department personnel, administrators, and college counselors were presented.
A Default of Critical Intelligence ? The Scholar of Religion as Public Intellectual'

Il existe un defaut d'intelligence critique parmi les historiens des religions qui proclament leur apolitisme en meme temps qu'ils reproduisent immediatement les histoires sacrees autorisees. Le role des intellectuels specialistes des religions n'est pas de sauver la vitalite de la culture religieuse dans le monde. Le role est avant tout critique. L'intellectuel public specialiste des religions doit etre arme d'outils methodologiques et de theories destines a identifier les strategies ideologiques qui sont a l'oeuvre parmi les communautes humaines, meme parmi les communautes savantes
Control of Soybean-Insect Pests with Certain Systemic Insecticides

Several plant systemic insecticides were tested for control of certain phytophagous insects which attack soybeans. Carbofuran granules applied at rates of 2 or 4 pounds active ingredient per acre side-dress in mid-July gave significant control of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna rarivestis Mulsant, the green cloverworm, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner. Aldicarb granules applied at the rate of 4 lb side-dress in mid-July or at the rate of 6 lb broadcast preplant gave significant control of Mexican bean beetle for part of the season but was ineffective against foliage-feeding caterpillars. Methomyl grandules applied in furrow at planting gave significant control of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). This material applied side-dress in mid-July also gave significant control of the Mexican bean beetle and the velvet bean caterpilla. Carbaryl as a foliar spray was effective against the Mexican bean beetle, green clover worm, and southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.). A “time-release” formulation of carbofuran appeared to have somewhat more residual effectiveness than the conventional formulation, although it was not significantly better. A noninsecticidal carbamate material, PPG124, was only partially effective in extending the period of residual activity of carbofuran or aldicarb. Increased soybean yields generally followed use of carbofuran or aldicarb granules as a side-dress in mid-July.
The Sites of Nitrogen Absorption from the Alimentary Tract of the Chicken

Abstract SITES OF nutrient absorption in humans have been investigated by Borgstrom et al. (1957) and Cummins and Jussila (1955). Gage and Fish (1924) reported that fat absorption occurred from the jejunum of cats. Fat and nitrogen absorption were investigated in dogs by Clatworthy et al. (1952) and Kremen et al. (1954). Renner (1961) reported that the middle portion of the small intestine was the most active site with regard to fat absorption in the chick. Price and Zolli (1961) reported that oxytetracycline was absorbed to the greatest extent from the jejunum of chickens. Bolton (1961), using cellulose as a marker, presented data which indicated that much of the protein absorption in the chicken occurred beyond the duodenum. Results of the present experiment indicate that, in chickens, there are differences in the amount of nitrogen absorbed from various segments of the small intestine. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was used as an indicator.
Abstract 1030: Pathology, BRCA status, and ancestry among Hispanics with breast cancer

Purpose: Classical epidemiologic approaches to breast cancer (BC) causation may benefit from the identification of particularly high-risk subsets such as BRCA carriers, given that Hispanics appear to have one of the highest rates (25%) of BRCA mutations among women with BC. A pilot study suggested a lower rate of progesterone receptor (PR) BC among BRCA-positive Hispanics vs non-Hispanic whites (Lagos, BreastCancerResTreat, 2011). Methods: We investigated the pathological characteristics of BC in Hispanics, along with ancestral admixture, stratified by BRCA status in a large cohort of Hispanics with a personal or family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. All subjects were enrolled in an IRB-approved registry and underwent genetic cancer risk assessment (GCRA) and BRCA testing within a consortium of 14 high-risk clinics across the US. Multigenerational pedigrees and data on grandparental geographic origins, as well as epidemiologic factors, were obtained at the initial GCRA visit. Clinical information was abstracted from pathology reports. Genotyping of 59 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and STRUCTURE analysis was performed to determine differences in ancestry. Results: Of the 746 Hispanic individuals enrolled, 610 were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Among the BC cases, 152 (25%) had deleterious BRCA mutations (98 in BRCA1, 54 in BRCA2), 30 (5%) had one or more unclassified variants, and 428 (70%) had a negative result. The overall mean age of diagnosis was 40.5 years (±8.8); no difference was observed by BRCA status. Overall, 39.9% of cases were estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, 50.2% were PR-negative and 74.2% HER2-negative (7.4% were negative for ER, PR and HER2). BRCA1 carriers were more likely to have ER-negative and PR-negative tumors than either BRCA2 carriers or non-carriers (P 0.05). Mean percentage of European ancestry was highest among BRCA2 carriers (54.5%) compared to non-carriers (51.6%) and BRCA1 carriers (46.3%; P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1030. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1030
Motivation of participants in an interprofessional quality improvement leadership team

Abstract Research is needed on motivational factors inducing participants to engage in interprofessional quality improvement (QI). Responses to an open ended question about motivation for participation in a unit-based QI leadership team were qualitatively examined. Three organizing themes were identified: “Participating in a Highly Functioning Interprofessional Team” (49% of concepts), “Facilitating Positive Patient-Centric Outcomes” (31%), and “Professional Development” (14%). This analysis suggests intra-team relationships are key drivers of participation in QI.
Does education influence wildlife friendly landscaping preferences

In sprawling metropolitan areas, residential landscaping is a major concern with respect to biodiversity conservation, and it could play a critical role in conserving wildlife habitat. In the United States, residential landscaping typically consists of maintained lawns with specimen plantings of non-native trees and shrubs; such designs provide poor habitat for urban wildlife species. We conducted a case study of Raleigh, North Carolina residents to determine how providing information about the benefits of native plant landscaping to bird species influenced urban residents’ landscaping preferences. We used Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests to determine if respondent preferences for 0, 50, 75 and 100 % native plant landscaping coverages changed after residents were informed about the benefits that native plants provide for birds. Initially, the 50 % native landscaping coverage was most preferred by residents; however, preferences for all four native plant landscaping coverage designs were significantly different after the informational treatment. Neutrality changed to opposition for the 0 % native plant coverage, while opposition changed to support and neutrality for the 75 and 100 % native plant coverage designs, respectively. After the informational treatment, the 50 and 75 % native plant landscaping coverage had the highest mean preference levels, although the 100 % design was ranked first more than any other design. Our findings suggest that residential support for native plant landscaping is higher than is reflected by typical residential landscaping practices, and that dissemination of information regarding the benefits of native plant landscaping to birds could alter public preferences for native plant landscaping.
Examining Consumers’ Thoughts during a Telemarketing Message

We report the results of a study which examined consumers’ thoughts while listening to a salesperson deliver a telemarketing message. Although telemarketing does not involve a face to face sales encounter, our results suggest that the salesperson continues to play a vital role in the telemarketing sales process. Consumers think about the salesperson throughout the encounter, even when the telemarketing presentation is dominated by product information. Consumers’ product attitudes, developed during the telemarketing presentation, appear to be influenced by thoughts about both the salesperson (source-oriented) and the product (message-oriented). In addition, attitudes appear to form during the early stages of the sales process. Managerial implications of these findings are discussed.
Suppressing Wind Turbine Signatures in Weather Radar Observations

Unwanted radar echoes, colloquially referred to as “clutter,” impede the mission effectiveness of radar systems. Depending on radar’s application, clutter examples can include weather, buildings, vegetation, and more. Techniques to mitigate clutter and improve the performance of radar systems are continuously being developed and refined. In this paper, wind turbines used for commercial power generation, which present a Doppler velocity signature that is time-varying, are considered a source of radar clutter. A wind turbine clutter mitigation technique is developed for fixed-pointing weather radar applications, approximating the turbine’s radar signature as a cyclostationary process. The cyclostationary model for the wind turbine and the suppression technique is then validated using observations of wind turbines and precipitation.
Toward a unified model of human information behavior: an equilibrium perspective

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to build a unified model of human information behavior (HIB) for integrating classical constructs and reformulating the structure of HIB theory. Design/methodology/approach This paper employs equilibrium perspective from partial equilibrium theory to conceptualization and deduction, starting from four basic assumptions. Findings This paper develops two models to incorporate previous HIB research approaches into an equilibrium-analysis-oriented information supply-demand (ISD) framework: a) the immediate-task/problem-based and everyday life information seeking (ELIS)-sense-making approaches are incorporated into the short-term ISD model; b) the knowledge-construction-oriented and ability-based HIB research approaches are elaborated by the long-term ISD model. Relations among HIB theories are illustrated via the method of graphical reasoning. Also, these two models jointly reveal the connection between information seeking in immediate problematic situations and long-term ...
Brief Report: Physical Activity, Body Mass Index and Arterial Stiffness in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Preliminary Findings.

We examined the association between physical activity (PA), body mass index (BMI) and novel measures of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 15 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (mean age 7 ± 2 years, 2 girls). PA was objectively assessed using accelerometry as time spent in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Arterial stiffness was measured via aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and taken as a marker of subclinical CVD risk. MVPA was inversely associated with aortic PWV (r = − 0.46, p < 0.05). BMI percentile was positively associated with aortic PWV (r = 0.61, p < 0.05). Overall findings suggest that reduced PA and higher body mass in children with ASD are associated with increased arterial stiffness which may have a detrimental impact on overall cardiovascular health.
HCV genotype 4, 5 and 6: Distribution of viral subtypes and sustained virologic response rates in clinical trials of approved direct-acting antiviral regimens.

Multiple direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based regimens are now available for all hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes (GTs). Because HCV GT 4, 5 and 6 are less common in the United States (US) and worldwide, relatively small numbers of participants with these GTs were evaluated in individual clinical trials. To provide a comprehensive description of subtype diversity and treatment outcomes in clinical trials for these less common GTs, we analysed data from 744 participants with HCV GT4 (n = 573), GT5 (n = 81), or GT6 (n = 90) across 18 clinical trials of DAA regimens. These data are from US New Drug Applications submitted between 2014 and 2017, and our analyses included only approved regimens. Excluding unresolved or mixed subtypes, the distribution of reported GT4 subtypes was 49% 4a, 31% 4d and 16% for one of 14 other subtypes. The distribution of GT6 subtypes was 39% 6a, 27% 6e, 8% 6 L and 23% for one of 11 other subtypes. Across approved regimens, sustained virologic response rates 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12) for GT 4, 5 and 6 ranged from 91% to 100%, 93% to 97% and 96% to 100%, respectively. SVR12 by GT4 subtype ranged from 96% to 100% for 4a and 81% to 100% for 4d. Virologic failures occurred in GT 4a, 4b, 4d and 4r. For GT6, SVR12 was 100% for all subtypes except 6 L, for which 1 of 7 participants experienced virologic failure. To our knowledge, this is the largest compilation of HCV GT 4, 5 or 6 clinical trial data. These analyses may be useful for clinicians treating HCV GT 4, 5 or 6.
Un impulso para la Geografía Electoral: el uso de tecnologías geoespaciales para el análisis del voto de las comunidades hispanas en Estados Unidos

Las primeras investigaciones electorales analizaban las elecciones considerando unidades de area ecologica compactas, tales como los estados, para examinar como se votaba. Sin embargo, en la decada de 1920, la ciencia politica comenzo a centrarse en el comportamiento del votante individual, volviendose cada vez mas dependiente de los datos de la encuesta. La geografia electoral que tambien recurria a encuestas encontraba problematica esta aproximacion metodologica debido a la dificultad de conectar patrones de votacion geografica con las encuestas individuales. En la decada de 1960, el surgimiento del positivismo recondujo a los geografos/as electorales hacia el estudio del comportamiento electoral de grupos grandes sobre datos agregados, no individuales. Si bien los metodos cualitativos aun tienen un papel importante en la investigacion electoral, el crecimiento de las tecnologias geoespaciales y el aumento de los intereses en la cartografia electoral podrian proporcionar hallazgos importantes y deberian utilizarse mas en el estudio de las elecciones. Este articulo senalara una variedad de tecnicas de analisis espacial (es decir, metodos cartograficos, estadisticas espaciales y autocorrelacion espacial) aplicadas al analisis de los patrones electorales mas recientes del voto de las comunidades hispanas en Estados Unidos. Al proporcionar una discusion solida de los metodos de analisis geoespacial, nuestro objetivo es proporcionar nuevas lineas de debate sobre el papel de la geografia en las elecciones de estudio.
CHAPTER 59 – Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), fi rst used successfully in the 1950s, remains the keystone on which much of modern cardiac surgery rests. On a worldwide basis, approximately 2000 CPB procedures are performed every 24 hours.1 In addition to its primary role in cardiac surgery, CPB has also found a place in the management of severe respiratory failure, particularly in neonates, and in emergency hemodynamic support following massive pulmonary embolism, trauma, environmental hypothermia, and cardiac arrest.2,3 Although the procedure has clearly benefi ted millions of patients, it is not without complications. These include primarily pulmonary dysfunction, renal dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, neurocognitive defects,4 and hemostatic abnormalities.5-10Although this chapter focuses on hemostatic abnormalities, particularly platelet effects, it is important to recognize that the normal physiologic interaction of the hemostatic and infl ammatory systems11,12 implies a possible role for platelet pathobiology in almost all of the clinical abnormalities seen with CPB.
2000-Times Repeated Imaging of Strontium Atoms in Clock-Magic Tweezer Arrays.

We demonstrate single-atom resolved imaging with a survival probability of 0.99932(8) and a fidelity of 0.99991(1), enabling us to perform repeated high-fidelity imaging of single atoms in tweezers for thousands of times. We further observe lifetimes under laser cooling of more than seven minutes, an order of magnitude longer than in previous tweezer studies. Experiments are performed with strontium atoms in 813.4 nm tweezer arrays, which is at a magic wavelength for the clock transition. Tuning to this wavelength is enabled by off-magic Sisyphus cooling on the intercombination line, which lets us choose the tweezer wavelength almost arbitrarily. We find that a single not retro-reflected cooling beam in the radial direction is sufficient for mitigating recoil heating during imaging. Moreover, this cooling technique yields temperatures below 5 μK, as measured by release and recapture. Finally, we demonstrate clock-state resolved detection with average survival probability of 0.996(1) and average state detection fidelity of 0.981(1). Our work paves the way for atom-by-atom assembly of large defect-free arrays of alkaline-earth atoms, in which repeated interrogation of the clock transition is an imminent possibility.
“The Soldier, the State, and the People—Costs and Benefits of Military Regimes”: Evaluating the Essay “Guns and Butter: Child Mortality and the Mediators of Militarization”:

The article “Guns and Butter: Child Mortality and the Mediators of Militarization” addresses the important subject of the social and political roles of militaries in nations above a minimum populat...
UNIT 1.18 Characterization of the Picrotoxin Site of GABAA Receptors

This unit describes an in vitro assay for characterization of the picrotoxin site of GABAA receptors in rat brain membranes using various radioligands. Methods and representative data for Scatchard analysis (Kd, Bmax determination), association kinetics, dissociation kinetics, and competition assays (IC50, Ki determination) are included. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 63:1.18.1-1.18.18. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: GABAA receptor; picrotoxin binding site; allosteric regulation; convulsants
Comparison of Three Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests and Culture for Detection of Group B Streptococcus from Enrichment Broth.

Colonization of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts of pregnant women with group B Streptococcus (GBS) can result in vertical transmission to neonates during labor/delivery. GBS infections in neonates can cause severe complications, such as sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia. Accurate detection is critical because administration of intrapartum antibiotics can significantly reduce transmission. We compared the clinical sensitivities of three nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), the Hologic Panther Fusion GBS, Luminex Aries GBS, and Cepheid Xpert GBS LB assays, to that of the standard of care culture method recommended for GBS screening using 500 vaginal-rectal swab specimens after 18 to 24 h of broth enrichment. We identified 108 positive specimens (21.6%) by culture, while at least 1 of the 3 NAATs was positive for GBS in 155 specimens (31.0%). All 108 specimens positive by culture were also detected by the Panther Fusion assay, while 107/108 (99.1%) were detected by the Cepheid Xpert and Luminex Aries assays. Of the 61 specimens positive by at least 1 NAAT but negative by culture, 24 (39.3%) were positive by all 3 NAATs, suggesting that they represent true positives (TPs). NAATs offer less hands-on time, greater throughput, faster time to result, and potentially greater sensitivity than culture methods, and they should be considered the new gold standard for intrapartum GBS screening.
Cybersecurity Insurance: Modeling and Pricing

Cybersecurity risk has attracted considerable attention in recent decades. However, the modeling of cybersecurity risk is still in its infancy, mainly because of its unique characteristics. In this...
Not by Bread Alone: Mobility Experiences, Religion, and Optimism about Future Mobility:

Americans are quite optimistic about their chances of upward mobility, but sometimes even they have their doubts. The authors examine how mobility experiences boost or dampen American optimism abou...
1 RFID and the Infrastructural Imagination

The world has become more and more mobile. More people travel across national borders. Products travel farther and more frequently in the global economy. Roads handle an increasing number of drivers. Mobility infrastructure is used more heavily than ever before. At the same time, people have also become more interested in data of all types and tracking mobility in new ways. We live in what has been called an "information society" that seeks to record everything it can. 1
Public Health Implementation Considerations for State-Level Ebola Monitoring and Movement Restrictions.

OBJECTIVE This article describes implementation considerations for Ebola-related monitoring and movement restriction policies in the United States during the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted between January and May 2017 with 30 individuals with direct knowledge of state-level Ebola policy development and implementation processes. Individuals represented 17 jurisdictions with variation in adherence to US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, census region, predominant state political affiliation, and public health governance structures, as well as the CDC. RESULTS Interviewees reported substantial resource commitments required to implement Ebola monitoring and movement restriction policies. Movement restriction policies, including for quarantine, varied from voluntary to mandatory programs, and, occasionally, quarantine enforcement procedures lacked clarity. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to improve future monitoring and movement restriction policies may include addressing surge capacity to implement these programs, protocols for providing support to affected individuals, coordination with law enforcement, and guidance on varying approaches to movement restrictions.
Evidence That Hurricanes Are Getting Stronger

On average, over the past 50 y, tropical cyclones have killed 10,000 people and incurred damages of $15 billion annually around the globe, while, over this interval, the population exposed to tropical cyclone hazards tripled, owing to migration into coastal areas (1). Theoretical work published more than 30 y ago predicted that greenhouse gas-induced climate change would increase the thermodynamic upper bound on tropical cyclone winds and thereby lead to a higher frequency of intense storms. The high toll of tropical cyclones and the human migration to coastal regions make it vital to find out whether the predicted increase of intense cyclones is actually occurring. But the paucity of intense storms, coupled with poor data quality, has made it difficult to detect theoretically predicted trends in the tropical cyclone record. In PNAS, Kossin et al. (2) attack this problem by analyzing satellite imagery over the period 1979–2017 and show a statistically significant upward trend in the global proportion of intense tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclone intensity is limited by the rate at which heat can be extracted from the ocean, the rate at which the energy of the winds is dissipated, and the thermodynamic efficiency of the process, which depends on difference of temperature across the troposphere (3). The limiting surface wind speed is referred to as the potential intensity, and increasing greenhouse gases lead to an increase in this limit (4). It is straightforward to calculate the potential intensity from … [↵][1]1Email: emanuel{at}mit.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Evans Syndrome Associated with Pregnancy and COVID-19 Infection

Background Evans syndrome (ES) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by autoimmune hemolytic anemia along with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Few case reports of ES in pregnancy have been published, and ES may be difficult to distinguish from other diagnoses more common in pregnancy. Guidelines for treatment of ES are not well-defined. Case A 23-year-old multigravid woman in active labor was found to have severe anemia and thrombocytopenia. She was diagnosed with ES and started on immunosuppressive treatments for persistent immune thrombocytopenic purpura. In the postpartum period, she was found to have coronavirus (COVID-19) infection and acute pulmonary embolism. Conclusion Evans syndrome is a challenge to diagnose in pregnancy and poses important considerations for intrapartum and postpartum management.
The Impact of Pf Bacteriophages on the Fitness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; A Mathematical Modeling Approach

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is a major bacterial pathogen responsible for chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. Recent work by ourselves and others has implicated Pf bacteriophages, non-lytic filamentous viruses produced by Pa, in the chronicity and severity of Pa infections. Pf phages act as structural elements in Pa biofilms and sequester aerosolized antibiotics, thereby contributing to antibiotic tolerance. Consistent with a selective advantage in this setting, the prevalence of Pf+ bacteria increases over time in these patients. However, the production of Pf phages comes at a metabolic cost to bacteria, such that Pf+ strains grow more slowly than Pf- strains in vitro. Here, we use a mathematical model to investigate how these competing pressures might influence the relative abundance of Pf+ versus Pf- strains in different settings. Our model predicts that Pf+ strains of Pa can only outcompete Pf- strains if the benefits of phage production falls solely onto Pf+ strains and not onto the overall bacterial community in the lung. Further, phage production only leads to a net positive gain in fitness at antibiotic concentrations slightly above the minimum inhibitory concentration (i.e., concentrations for which the benefits of antibiotic sequestration outweigh the metabolic cost of phage production), but which are not lethal for Pf+ strains. As a result, our model predicts that frequent administration of intermediate doses of antibiotics with low decay rates favors Pf+ over Pf- strains. These models inform our understanding of the ecology of Pf phages and suggest potential treatment strategies for Pf+ Pa infections. Importance Filamentous phages are a frontier in bacterial pathogenesis, but the impact of these phages on bacterial fitness is unclear. In particular, Pf phages produced by Pa promote antibiotic tolerance but are metabolically expensive to produce, suggesting that competing pressures may influence the prevalence of Pf+ versus Pf- strains of Pa in different settings. Our results identify conditions likely to favor Pf+ strains and thus antibiotic tolerance. This study contributes to a better understanding of the unique ecology of filamentous phages and may facilitate improved treatment strategies for combating antibiotic tolerance.
Changes in flight period predict trends in abundance of Massachusetts butterflies.

Phenological shifts are well-documented in the ecological literature. However, their significance for changes in demography and abundance is less clear. We used 27 years of citizen science monitoring to quantify trends in phenology and relative abundance across 89 butterfly species. We calculated shifts in phenology using quantile regression and shifts in relative abundance using list length analysis and counts from field trips. Elongated activity periods within a year were the strongest predictor of increases in relative abundance. These changes may be driven in part by changes in voltinism, as this association was stronger in multivoltine species. Some species appear to be adding a late-season generation, whereas other species appear to be adding a spring generation, revealing a possible shift from vagrant to resident. Our results emphasise the importance of evaluating phenological changes throughout species' flight period and understanding the consequences for such climate-related changes on viability or population dynamics.
They, Them, Theirs: Rewriting with Gender-Neutral English.

Responsible development of technology involves applications being inclusive of the diverse set of users they hope to support. An important part of this is understanding the many ways to refer to a person and being able to fluently change between the different forms as needed. We perform a case study on the singular they, a common way to promote gender inclusion in English. We define a re-writing task, create an evaluation benchmark, and show how a model can be trained to produce gender-neutral English with <1% word error rate with no human-labeled data. We discuss the practical applications and ethical considerations of the task, providing direction for future work into inclusive natural language systems.