cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative processes in LSP annihilation

Abstract We calculate the O(α) corrections to the annihilation cross section for dark matter candidates in the minimal supersymmetric standard model. In particular, the radiative process χχ→q q g is shown to be at most 15% of the total cross sections (except for very massive binos). We apply our results to the relic abundance of neutralinos left over in the Big Bang. We also comment on the importance of these channels for dark matter annihilation in the galactic halo.
A Portable Air‐Minipermeameter for Rapid In Situ Field Measurements

Measurements of air-permeability in outcrops provide a means of obtaining numerous spatially distributed measurements for statistical analysis and subsequent parameterization of ground-water flow and transport modeling. The air-minipermeameters previously used for such studies generally consist of a compressed air source, rotameters, and diaphragm gauges. We present a lightweight syringe-based air-minipermeameter (LSAMP) design that is significantly more portable than previous instruments. The prototype model is contained in a 12.7 × 15.2 × 23 centimeter (5 × 6 × 9 inch) electrical box and weighs approximately 2 kilograms. The prototype LSAMP has a sampling range of 0.5 to 200 darcys. Individual measurements in this range require less than one minute. Permeability measured with the LSAMP closely correspond to permeability measured with a traditional minipermeameter and those measured on cores. Measurement error caused by soil moisture is less than 5 percent for volumetric water contents less than 5 percent. An analysis of variance on 38 triplicate measurements indicates that the variability associated with measurement error is much less than the range of measured values. Repeated permeability measurements under field conditions on two standard cores indicate that while the measurement error is greater under field conditions, the prototype device field performance is consistent with laboratory calibration results.
Serum lipids and acyl group composition of alcoholic patients.

Abstract The lipid content and acyl group composition of serum from a group of alcoholic patients at a VA Medical Center were compared to control subjects sampled either from University of Missouri personnel or from subjects who were undergoing a preemployment physical examination at the same VA Medical Center. Plasma of alcoholic patients indicated an elevated triacylglycerol level (24–35%) as compared to both control groups. In addition, the acyl groups of triacylglycerols of alcoholic patients showed a markedly lower proportion of 18:2 and a higher proportion of 18:0 and 18:1 as compared to the control groups. The level of phosphatidylcholines in the plasma of alcoholic patients was not different from controls. However, acyl group composition of phosphatidylcholines from alcoholics indicated a lower proportion of 22:6 (n−3) as compared to controls. Although the cholesteryl ester level in serum was higher in alcoholics than in controls, the difference did not reach a level of significance. There was a similar decrease in 18:2 and an increase in 18:0 in cholesteryl esters of alcoholics as compared to controls. Results indicate that alcoholics in the United States show a similar change in certain serum lipids as reported for the Swedish alcoholics. This study also shows the complexities involved in selecting appropriate control groups to be compared with alcoholic patients.
Can Deception by Salespersons and Customers Be Detected Through Nonverbal Behavioral Cues?1

Experiments on behavioral lie detection have indicated that observers can detect a communicator's lies with above-chance accuracy, and that detection accuracy may be enhanced when observers pay special attention to certain vocal and body-movement cues. The present experiment asked whether deception in (simulated) sales communications by retail salespersons and automobile customers could likewise be detected nonverbally. Contrary to much of the prior literature, deception-detection in this study was not above chance, apparently because the salespersons' and customers' nonverbal cues simply were not correlated with lying. Though the observers seemed quite suspicious and did not give communicators the “benefit of the doubt”, they could not discriminate the communicators' deceptive communications from their truthful ones. Many—perhaps most—of the lies in sales communications may be told by confident, well-practiced deceivers whose nonverbal behavior is unlikely to reveal their lying.
Growth and Nutrient Status of Quercus rubra L. in Response to Al and Ca

Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings were grown for 63 d in a complete nutrient solution (pH 3-8) containing one of three concentrations of Al (0, 0-75 or 2 0 mol m~3) and either 10 or 250 mmol m~3 Ca. Of all solution variables, the In of (Al3+)/(Ca2+), the solution activities ratio, was most closely correlated with declines in shoot and root growth. Ln (Al3+)/(Ca2+) also most closely predicted leaf and root [Mg], [Al], and [Al]/[Ca], These three variables in turn were closely related to growth. Toxic levels of (Al3+) and (Al3+)/(Ca2+) in solution are compared to levels in forest soils.
Thyroid storm complicated by fulminant hepatic failure: case report and literature review.

Objectives:Thyroid storm is a presentation of severe thyrotoxicosis that has a mortality rate of up to 20% to 30%. Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) entails encephalopathy with severe coagulopathy in the setting of liver disease. It carries a high mortality rate, with an approximately 60% rate of overall survival for patients who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Fulminant hepatic failure is a rare but serious complication of thyroid storm. There have been only 6 previously reported cases of FHF with thyroid storm.Methods:We present a patient from our institution with thyroid storm and FHF. A literature review was performed to analyze the outcomes of the 6 additional cases of concomitant thyroid storm and FHF.Results:Our patient underwent thyroidectomy followed by OLT. Her serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and transaminase normalized, and she was ready for discharge within 10 days of surgery. She has survived without complication. There is a 40% mortalit...
Colloidal quantum dot light-emitting devices

Colloidal quantum dot light-emitting devices (QD-LEDs) have generated considerable interest for applications such as thin film displays with improved color saturation and white lighting with a high color rendering index (CRI). We review the key advantages of using quantum dots (QDs) in display and lighting applications, including their color purity, solution processability, and stability. After highlighting the main developments in QD-LED technology in the past 15 years, we describe the three mechanisms for exciting QDs - optical excitation, Fo¨ rster energy transfer, and direct charge injection - that have been leveraged to create QD-LEDs. We outline the challenges facing QDLED development, such as QD charging and QD luminescence quenching in QD thin films. We describe how optical downconversion schemes have enabled researchers to overcome these challenges and develop commercial lighting products that incorporate QDs to achieve desirable color temperature and a high CRI while maintaining efficiencies comparable to inorganic white LEDs (>65 lumens per Watt). We conclude by discussing some current directions in QD research that focus on achieving higher efficiency and air-stable QD-LEDs using electrical excitation of the luminescent QDs. Keywords: nanocrystals; optoelectronics; displays; lighting (Published: 7 July 2010) Citation: Nano Reviews 2010, 1: 5202 - DOI: 10.3402/nano.v1i0.5202
Utility of Shallow-Water ATRIS Images in Defining Biogeologic Processes and Self-Similarity in Skeletal Scleractinia, Florida Reefs

Abstract A recently developed remote-sensing instrument acquires high-quality digital photographs in shallow-marine settings within water depths of 15 m. The technology, known as the Along-Track Reef-Imaging System, provides remarkably clear, georeferenced imagery that allows visual interpretation of benthic class (substrates, organisms) for mapping coral reef habitats, as intended. Unforeseen, however, are functions new to the initial technologic purpose: interpretable evidence for real-time biogeologic processes and for perception of scaled-up skeletal self-similarity of scleractinian microstructure. Florida reef sea trials lacked the grid structure required to map contiguous habitat and submarine topography. Thus, only general observations could be made relative to times and sites of imagery. Degradation of corals was nearly universal; absence of reef fish was profound. However, ∼1% of more than 23,600 sea-trial images examined provided visual evidence for local environs and processes. Clarity in many ...
Electrochemical reduction of perchlorate ions on platinum-activated nickel

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of perchlorate anion has been studied in a cell with a nickel working electrode and a platinum counter electrode in concentrated solutions of HClO4. Significant reduction of perchlorate to chloride ions occurs on the nickel cathode in the potential region where hydrogen evolution occurs. It is shown that the mechanism of this process involves platinum deposited in small amounts on the cathode as a result of oxidation of the platinum anode in the perchloric acid solution. The reduction of perchlorate is accompanied by oxidation of the nickel cathode, which is attributed to chlorate ions formed in the initial step of perchlorate reduction. Changes in the surface structure of the nickel electrode have been followed using atomic force microscopy.
Modeling Transcription Initiation By Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme of gene expression, and initiation of transcription by RNAP is both the first step and a major point in regulation of gene expression. As a first step of transcription initiation, RNAP binds to double stranded DNA and opens the two strands of DNA, which is referred to as the open complex formation. A question of how the open complex is formed still remains open, despite significant experimental efforts over the last two decades [1].We develop the first quantitative model of the open complex formation by bacterial RNAP, which provides a theoretical framework needed to analyze the assembled experimental data. The model is based on statistical physics and establishes an explicit relationship between the rate of transcription initiation and biophysical properties of promoter sequence and promoter-RNAP interactions [2]. We compare our model with both biochemical measurements and genomics data and report a very good agreement with the experiments, with no free parameters used in model testing. Qualitatively, our model strongly supports a hypothesis by which the open complex formation is a two step process, where the transcription bubble is first formed in the -10 region and consequently extended to the transcription start site. Quantitatively, our results allow efficient estimation of promoter kinetic parameters for any given DNA sequence, as well as ‘engineering’ of promoter sequences with the desired kinetic properties. Finally, we discuss how our biophysical model can be used to investigate kinetic properties of promoter sequences on a genome wide scale [3].[1] Young, B.A., T.M. Gruber, and C.A. Gross. Science 303:1382-1384 (2004).[2] M. Djordjevic and R. Bundschuh. Biophysical Journal 94: 4233-4248 (2008).[3] M. Djordjevic. Quantitative analysis of promoter kinetic properties on a genome-wide scale (to be submitted, 2008).
Cofinite subsets of asymptotic bases for the positive integers

Abstract Let A be an infinite set of integers containing at most finitely many negative terms. Let hA denote the set of all integers n such that n is a sum of h elements of A. Let F be a finite subset of A. Theorem . If hA contains an infinite arithmetic progression with difference d, and if gcd {a−a′¦a,a′∈A\F} = d , then there exists q such that q(A\F) contains an infinite arithmetic progression. In particular, if A is an asymptotic basis, then A\F is an asymptotic basis if and only if gcd{a−a′|a,a′∈A\F} = 1. Theorem . If A is an asymptotic basis of order h, and if F⊆A, card(F) = k, and A\F is an asymptotic basis, then the exact order of A\F is O(hk+1).
An automated colorimetric mutarotase assay

Abstract A fully automated mutarotase assay capable of measuring thirty samples per hour or monitoring the effluent from a column is presented. A procedure for partially purifying tissue extracts for the assay is described. Comparisons with a polarimetric assay are given.
Interaction of plant chimeric calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase with a homolog of eukaryotic elongation factor-1alpha

A chimeric Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) was previously cloned and characterized in this laboratory. To investigate the biological functions of CCaMK, the yeast two-hybrid system was used to isolate genes encoding proteins that interact with CCaMK. One of the cDNA clones obtained from the screening (LlEF-1alpha1) has high similarity with the eukaryotic elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha). CCaMK phosphorylated LlEF-1alpha1 in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent manner. The phosphorylation site for CCaMK (Thr-257) was identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Interestingly, Thr-257 is located in the putative tRNA-binding region of LlEF-1alpha1. An isoform of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) phosphorylated multiple sites of LlEF-1alpha1 in a Ca2+-dependent but calmodulin-independent manner. Unlike CDPK, CCaMK phosphorylated only one site, and this site is different from CDPK phosphorylation sites. This suggests that the phosphorylation of EF-1alpha by these two kinases may have different functional significance. Although the phosphorylation of LlEF-1alpha1 by CCaMK is Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent, in vitro binding assays revealed that CCaMK binds to LlEF-1alpha1 in a Ca2+-independent manner. This was further substantiated by coimmunoprecipitation of CCaMK and EF-1alpha using the protein extract from lily anthers. Dissociation of CCaMK from EF-1alpha by Ca2+ and phosphorylation of EF-1alpha by CCaMK in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent manner suggests that these interactions may play a role in regulating the biological functions of EF-1alpha.
Multivariate analysis of countries' government and health-care system influences on opioid availability for cancer pain relief and palliative care: more than a function of human development.

Background:Many international governmental and nongovernmental organizations regard unrelieved cancer pain as a significant global public health problem. Although opioids such as morphine are considered essential medicines in the provision of palliative care and for treating cancer pain, especially when the pain is severe, low- and middle-income countries often lack such medications.Aim:The primary aim of this study was to examine countries’ government and health-care system influences on opioid availability for cancer pain and palliative care, as a means to identify implications for improving appropriate access to prescription opioids.Design:A multivariate regression of 177 countries’ consumption of opioids (in milligrams/death from cancer and AIDS) contained country-level predictor variables related to public health, including Human Development Index, palliative care infrastructure, and health system resources and expenditures.Results:Results were highly explanatory (adjusted R2 = 82%) and Human Develop...
Interactive Graphical Minimax Location of Multiple Facilities with General Constraints

Abstract An optimal algorithm for solving constrained minimax location problems has been previously reported, with the major limitation that only a single new service facility is allowed. Algorithmic extensions have now been developed and implemented on an advanced color-graphics system for the location of any number of new facilities to collectively serve the set of existing facilities. The minimax criterion is again considered for the optimization, and nonconvex constraint sets are permitted.
Surface-diffusion mechanism versus electric field: Pt/Pt(001)

Ab initio calculations agree with field ion microscopy (FIM) that the barrier to substitutional diffusion of a Pt atom on Pt(001) varies linearly with external electric field, changing \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 eV per V/\AA{} and increasing for fields oriented to push electrons into the surface. But with a computed hopping barrier remaining g0.5 eV higher than that for substitution, they contradict the idea that a change in FIM site visitation at fields of 1.5--2 V/\AA{} and temperatures \ensuremath{\sim}265--284 K can be attributed to the onset of hopping.
USE OF PACIFIC HAKE (Merluccius productus) IN A FRANKFURTER FORMULATION

Studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of using minced flesh of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) as a partial replacement of red meat in a frankfurter formulation. Frankfurters were evaluated by a sensory panel and by physical and chemical methods. Changes in parameters were monitored over 8 wk of storage at 2°C. Increased percentages of hake in the formulation resulted in decreased ratings for all sensory parameters. No significant differences in ratings for odor, flavor, or appearance and color were found for 0% vs 10% hake frankfurters. Frankfurters containing 10% hake were rated significantly lower in texture, juiciness, and color and appearance, but inconsistant results were observed on a weekly basis. Thiobarbituric acid numbers increased during storage, and shear values decreased as the percentage of hake in frankfurters was increased. Microbial analyses showed low counts for all formulations, and little or no growth occurred during storage.
Effects of locking granularity in a database management system

Many database systems guarantee some form of integrity control upon multiple concurrent updates by some form of locking. Some “granule” of the database is chosen as the unit which is individually locked, and a lock management algorithm is used to ensure integrity. Using a simulation model, this paper explores the desired size of a granule. Under a wide variety of seemingly realistic conditions, surprisingly coarse granularity is called for. The paper concludes with some implications of these results concerning the viability of so-called “predicate locking”.
What Is Violence Against Women? Defining and Measuring the Problem

Violence against women (VAW) is a prevalent problem with substantial physical and mental health consequences throughout the world, and sound public policy is dependent on having good measures of VAW. This article (a) describes and contrasts criminal justice and public health approaches toward defining VAW, (b) identifies major controversies concerning measurement of VAW, (c) summarizes basic principles in identifying and measuring VAW cases, and (d) recommends changes to improve measurement of VAW. In addition to reviewing recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Workshop on Building Data Systems for Monitoring and Responding to Violence Against Women and the World Health Organization World Report on Violence and Health, the article concludes that changes are needed in the FBI Uniform Crime Reports and National Crime Victimization Survey to improve measurement of rape and sexual assault.
Electrosynthesis of new polysilynes: poly(methylsilyne) and poly(cyclohexylsilyne-co-methylsilyne)

The electrochemical synthesis and optical properties of poly(methylsilyne) and a series of poly(cyclohexylsilyne-co-methylsilyne) network copolymers are described. The new polymers, which are not accessible via the Wurtz coupling reaction, are prepared by electrochemical reduction of methyltrichlorosilane, or mixtures of the monomers methyltrichlorosilane and cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, utilizing copper electrodes in a one-compartment cell. The polymers have optical properties expected for polymers in this class of materials. The poly(methylsilyne) is proposed as a potential soluble precursor for SiC.
Dose-Volume Differences for Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Segmentation and Planning for Proton Prostate Cancer Therapy

Purpose: To determine the influence of magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI)-vs. computed-tomography (CT)-based prostate and normal structure delineation on the dose to the target and organs at risk during proton therapy. Methods and Materials: Fourteen patients were simulated in the supine position using both CT and T2 MRI. The prostate, rectum, and bladder were delineated on both imaging modalities. The planning target volume (PTV) was generated from the delineated prostates with a 5-mm axial and 8-mm superior and inferior margin. Two plans were generated and analyzed for each patient: an MRI plan based on the MRI-delineated PTV, and a CT plan based on the CT-delineated PTV. Doses of 78 Gy equivalents (GE) were prescribed to the PTV. Results: Doses to normal structures were lower when MRI was used to delineate the rectum and bladder compared with CT: bladder V50 was 15.3% lower (p = 0.04), and rectum V50 was 23.9% lower (p = 0.003). Poor agreement on the definition of the prostate apex was seen between CT and MRI (p = 0.007). The CT-defined prostate apex was within 2 mm of the apex on MRI only 35.7% of the time. Coverage of the MRI-delineated PTV was significantly decreased with the CT-based plan: themore » minimum dose to the PTV was reduced by 43% (p < 0.001), and the PTV V99% was reduced by 11% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Using MRI to delineate the prostate results in more accurate target definition and a smaller target volume compared with CT, allowing for improved target coverage and decreased doses to critical normal structures.« less
Warm-Ups: The Key to the Beginning of a Great Lesson.

(2011). Warm-Ups: The Key to the Beginning of a Great Lesson. Strategies: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 14-15.
Sacrectomy and Spinopelvic Reconstruction

Patients with malignant lumbosacral pelvic lesions present a difficult surgical challenge. Because of the insidious onset of symptoms, lesions are often diagnosed late in their course, and by that time they have attained a large size. Surgical resection is made more difficult by the complex surrounding anatomy and involvement of the sacral nerves responsible for bowel, bladder, and sexual function. Spinopelvic reconstruction is often required after resection. This article presents techniques for sacral resection and subsequent spinopelvic reconstruction. Biomechanical studies are summarized on construct stability, and recommendations are made as to when reconstruction is required. The expected bowel and bladder functional outcomes are summarized, based on the level of sacral resection.
A Tunable Semiconductor Laser for Pollution Studies

Tunable semiconductor lasers have been utilized for detecting and measuring atmospheric pollutants. By adjusting the stoichiometry of the junction, one can fabricate diodes that oscillate in desired wavelength ranges. Experiments have shown that it is possible to use such lasers to detect typical pollutants, in concentrations ranging from parts per million to parts per billion, by measuring the infrared absorption spectrum of a sample.
Human cytochrome P450 2E1 is a major autoantigen associated with halothane hepatitis

Autoantibodies against specific human cytochrome P450s have been found in the sera of patients suffering from a variety of diseases, including those caused by drugs. In the cases of tienilic acid- and dihydralazine-induced hepatitis, patients have serum autoantibodies directed against cytochromes P450 2C9 and P450 1A2, respectively. In the present study, we have found that 25 of 56 (45%) patients diagnosed with halothane hepatitis have autoantibodies that react with human cytochrome P450 2E1 that was purified from a baculovirus expression system. The autoantibodies inhibited the activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 and appeared to be directed against mainly conformational epitopes. In addition, because cytochrome P450 2E1 became trifluoroacetylated when it oxidatively metabolized halothane, it is possible that the covalently altered form of cytochrome P450 2E1 may be able to bypass the immunologic tolerance that normally exists against cytochrome P450 2E1. A similar mechanism may explain the formation of autoa...
Plasmonics: An Emerging Field Fostered by Nano Letters

While studies of surface plasmons on metals have been pursued for decades, the more recent appearance of nanoscience has created a revolution in this field with "Plasmonics" emerging as a major area of research. The direct optical excitation of surface plasmons on metallic nanostructures provides numerous ways to control and manipulate light at nanoscale dimensions. This has stimulated the development of novel optical materials, deeper theoretical insight, innovative new devices, and applications with potential for significant technological and societal impact. Nano Letters has been instrumental in the emergence of plasmonics, providing its readership with rapid advances in this dynamic field.
The binding of ATP and ADP by nitrogenase components from Clostridium pasteurianum

Abstract A simple gel equilibration method differing from gel filtration was used for the measurement of ATP binding by purified nitrogenase components from Clostridium pasteurianum . It was clearly established that the binding site in on the iron protein of nitrogenase (Fe protein). Mg 2+ is required for the binding. The Fe protein also binds MgADP. The number of binding sites and the dissociation constants of the MgATP- and MgADP-Fe protein complexes were measured. Inhibition studies indicate that MgADP inhibits MgATP binding by occupying one of the two MgATP sites; MgADP appears to increase slightly the binding of MgATP at its second site.
Influence of soil inoculum and redox potential on the degradation of several pyridine derivatives

Abstract The potential of four different soils to degrade several pyridine derivatives under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was investigated. There was little difference observed in the metabolic potential of unpolluted surface and unpolluted subsurface soils used as inocula from the same area. Under aerobic conditions, pyridine and hydroxylated pyridines were more rapidly transformed than the methylated pyridine derivatives. Under anaerobic conditions, none of the methylated or hydroxylated pyridine derivatives was completely degraded in 3 months by the unpolluted soil inocula. In using surface and subsurface soils which had been exposed to these compounds for several decades, all pyridine derivatives tested were biotransformed within 2 weeks in the presence of oxygen. However, under anaerobic conditions longer exposure was required. In the presence of sulfate, 3- and 4-picoline and 2- and 4-hydroxypyridine disappeared completely within 3 months when exposed to subsurface soil. On the other hand, the dimethylated and trimethylated pyridine derivatives were only partially transformed during this exposure period. Some of the heterocyclic compounds behaved quite differently when exposed to soil in the presence of either nitrate or sulfate under anaerobic conditions, indicating that the available electron acceptor influences the rate at which certain compounds are transformed.
Regional myocardial function after repetitive brief episodes of ischemia: effect of altering the duration of the reperfusion period.

Abstract How recovery of regional contractile function in myocardium is influenced by alterations in the duration of reperfusion after repetitive brief coronary artery occlusions was investigated in chronically instrumented, conscious dogs. All animals underwent five 5 minute left anterior descending coronary artery occlusions with a final 5-hour reperfusion period. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three groups determined by the duration of reperfusion (5, 10, or 15 minutes) between successive 5-minute occlusion periods. A shortening of the duration of the reperfusion period between occlusions led to reduced recovery and progressive deterioration in systolic shortening after multiple occlusion-reperfusion sequences. With 15-minute reperfusion periods, the percentage of segment shortening (%SS) during the first through fourth reperfusion periods ranged from 17.1 ± 2.6% to 18.2 ± 1.8% and did not differ from the preocclusion control value (18.8 ± 1.7%) by the end of the final reperfusion period. In contrast, in those dogs with 5-minute reperfusion periods, % SS was significantly reduced from the preocclusion control value (20.2 ± 2.2%) at the completion of the final 5-hour reperfusion period (11.4 ± 1.5%). Results of the present study indicate that after only a few brief periods of coronary artery occlusion, rapid and cumulative deterioration in regional contractile function can occur when the duration of intermittent reperfusion is sufficiently brief.
Hybrid multiobjective optimization genetic algorithms for graph drawing

In this paper we introduce an application of multiobjective optimization with genetic algorithms to the problem of graph drawing and explore the potential contribution of the genetic algorithms for this particular problem.
Case definitions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The objective of this study was to evaluate the definitions for classification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) recommended by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Using data from the U.S. population-based third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), we compared the number of individuals in the U.S. population who met definitions of airflow obstruction based on the fixed ratio of FEV /FVC < 0.70 criterion and on the ATS lower 95% confidence limit (lower limits of normal LLN) criterion. Further, we evaluated the definitions in the context of physician-diagnosed obstructive airways diseases and respiratory symptoms. In comparison to the FEV1/FVC < LLN and FEV1 < 100% predicted definition, the fixed ratio-based definition for mild COPD underestimates airflow obstruction by 29% in 20-49-year-olds and overestimates it by 58% in 50-80-year-olds. In comparison to the FEV1/FVC < LLN and FEV1 < LLN definition, the fixed ratio-based definition for moderate COPD underestimates airflow obstruction by 31% in 20-49-year-olds and overestimates it by 37% in 50-80 year olds. Based on our estimation, approximately 0.9 million (26%) of symptomatic individuals out of the 3.6 million U.S. adults aged 20-49 years who have airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC < LLN and FEV1 < LLN definition) may have undiagnosed respiratory disease. In conclusion, using the FEV1/FVC < 0.70 criterion will substantially under-diagnose airway obstruction in younger individuals and substantially over-diagnose COPD in older individuals.
Measurement of the polarization effects of an instrument using partially polarized light

Accuracy of a radiometer is adversely affected by scene polarization if the receiving optical system is sensitive to polarization. It is therefore necessary to specify and measure the sensitivity of the system to polarized light. The Mueller-Stokes matrix of an instrument may be determined experimentally and used to predict the effects of the instrument on any beam. The specification of a maximum polarization sensitivity stated in terms of the degree of polarization produced in an unpolarized beam can be experimentally verified even though an unpolarized beam is not available in the laboratory for direct measurement.
Inspection and measurement of a DWDM core with two stacked glass objects

In this paper, a smart algorithm is presented to accurately recognize and measure three transparent objects, GRIN lens (circle), thin-film filter (square), and epoxy (random) which are essential parts of a DWDM core. After trial-and-errors, a specially arranged illumination and a black color metal coated 10x10 tray, which was applied to perfectly absorb the light traveled to the bottom surface of the core, were chosen to simplify the algorithm. During the image capturing procedure, the first image was focus on the filter’s top surface and the second images were taken after the stage was moved 0.7 mm lower onto the GRIN lens’ top surface. Threshold and filtering were then used to process images. Blob analysis, edge detection and Angle-of-sight (AOS) signature were utilized to find the exact centers of the lens and the filter. During the preliminary tests, the successful recognition rate was 95% (34 out of 36 pcs.). The two failures were due to the severely damaged edges of the filter. As shown in the results, the computer can easily perform the vision functions just like human beings as long as the human thinking had been considered in the algorithm. As mentioned above, a special light source can simplify the challenging task such as the separation of several transparent objects. By teaching the machine to analyze the AOS signature, it can recognize an object naturally. This is one kind of approaches for human to solve problems. The computer programs were initially developed using the script language provided by the Matrox’s Inspection 3 and ported into the Microsoft Visual Basic (VB) with the Matrox’s MIL image library for VB later. The entire hardware was designed as a plug-in module and the software used the object oriented (OO) concept which can be straightforwardly employed by other programmers.
Effects of electrochemical treatment of granular activated carbon on surface acid groups and the adsorptive capacity for phenol

An electric current was passed through a granular activated carbon (GAC) column to investigate changes in the surface characteristics of the GAC and the adsorptive capacity for phenol. Using potentiometric titration, it was observed that the GAC was less acidic after cathodic treatment and more acidic after anodic treatment. Oxic and anoxic isotherms were compared using statistical methods to evaluate changes in the adsorptive capacity of GAC for phenol. Under oxic conditions, the adsorptive capacity of GAC decreased after anodic and cathodic treatment. Under anoxic conditions, a decrease in adsorptive capacity in the lower range of phenol concentrations investigated was observed after anodic treatment, while cathodic treatment may not have significantly altered the adsorptive capacity. The observed changes in adsorptive capacity could not be definitely correlated with the observed changes in the measured surface acid group concentrations in this study.
A biomimetic approach to active self-microencapsulation of proteins in PLGA

A biomimetic approach to organic solvent-free microencapsulation of proteins based on the self-healing capacity of poly (DL)-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres containing glycosaminoglycan-like biopolymers (BPs), was examined. To screen BPs, aqueous solutions of BP [high molecular weight dextran sulfate (HDS), low molecular weight dextran sulfate (LDS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparin (HP), hyaluronic acid (HA), chitosan (CH)] and model protein lysozyme (LYZ) were combined in different molar and mass ratios, at 37 °C and pH7. The BP-PLGA microspheres (20-63 μm) were prepared by a double water-oil-water emulsion method with a range of BP content, and trehalose and MgCO3 to control microclimate pH and to create percolating pores for protein. Biomimetic active self-encapsulation (ASE) of proteins [LYZ, vascular endothelial growth factor165 (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FgF-20)] was accomplished by incubating blank BP-PLGA microspheres in low concentration protein solutions at ~24 °C, for 48 h. Pore closure was induced at 42.5 °C under mild agitation for 42h. Formulation parameters of BP-PLGA microspheres and loading conditions were studied to optimize protein loading and subsequent release. LDS and HP were found to bind >95% LYZ at BP:LYZ>0.125 w/w, whereas HDS and CS bound >80% LYZ at BP:LYZ of 0.25-1 and 2% w/w of LYZ). Sulfated BP-PLGA microspheres were capable of loading LYZ (~2-7% w/w), VEGF (~4% w/w), and FgF-20 (~2% w/w) with high efficiency. Protein loading was found to be dependent on the loading solution concentration, with higher protein loading obtained at higher loading solution concentration within the range investigated. Loading also increased with content of sulfated BP in microspheres. Release kinetics of proteins was evaluated in-vitro with complete release media replacement. Rate and extent of release were found to depend upon volume of release (with non-sink conditions observed 90% of protein being enzymatically active. Nearly 72% of immunoreactive VEGF was similarly released over 42 days, without significant losses in heparin binding affinity in the release medium.
Psychophysical evidence that central sensitization contributes to secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in human subjects

Abstract Tissue damage as a consequence of traumatic and inflammatory processes can, in many instances, increase pain sensitivity in areas of the body remote from the site of injury. Increased pain sensitivity in the uninjured tissue surrounding the primary site of injury is referred to as secondary hyperalgesia. In most experimental models of tissue injury, secondary hyperalgesia is characterized psychophysically as enhanced pain to mechanical, but not heat stimuli. It is generally accepted that mechanisms related to the neurophysiologic phenomenon of central sensitization correspond to the psychophysical phenomenon of hyperalgesia. The purpose of this article is to review recent human psychophysical data supporting the hypothesis that secondary mechanical hyperalgesia reflects mechanisms related to central sensitization. Novel therapeutic approaches for a number of chronic pain conditions can be expected to evolve as the central mechanisms of secondary hyperalgesia become better understood.
Evidence-Based Secondary Transition Practices for Enhancing School Completion

Approximately 28% of students with disabilities do not complete high school (National Longitudinal Transition Study-2, 2005). This increases the likelihood that these students will experience low wages, high rates of incarceration, and limited access to postsecondary education. This article reviews evidence-based secondary transition practices that show promise for enhancing school completion of students with disabilities. For conceptual purposes, the article uses and describes evidence using the Taxonomy for Transition Programming (Kohler, 1996) which includes (a) student focused-planning, (b) student development, (c) interagency collaboration, (d) family involvement, and (e) program structures. Suggestions for practice and future research are provided.
Embryonic CNS Tissue Transplantation for Studies of Development and Regeneration

Abstract Neural tissue transplantation techniques have been used to study neuronal-target interactions during development and to study CNS repair and recovery of function after injury. We describe methods of neural tissue transplantation after spinal cord injury in newborn and adult mammals, with an emphasis on preparation of embryonic spinal cord tissue for transplantation and subsequent analysis of host-transplant interactions.
International Migration and the Education of Left-Behind Children in Fujian, China:

This study examines the educational consequences of the migration of parents on the children who are left behind in Fujian Province, China. Specifically, we compare the school enrollment of children from emigrant households with those from non-emigrant households. The data are drawn from the 1995 China 1% Population Sample Survey. We find consistent evidence that emigration affects the educational opportunity of the left-behind children in a positive way. First, children from emigrant households are more likely to be enrolled in schools than children from non-emigrant households. Second, emigration also has positive consequences in reducing the gender gap in education. While girls from non-emigrant households still experience a lower enrollment rate, the overall school enrollment for boys and girls from emigrant households has been approaching convergence.
Activity Assay of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Using Peptide-Conjugated Magnetic Beads

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer with limited treatment options. Epidermal growth factor receptor I (EGFR) has emerged as a promising target in TNBC. Limited success of the EGFR kinase inhibiting small molecules in clinical trials may be attributed in part to inaccuracy in identifying EGFR signatures in patient tumors. In light of the absence of a simple correlation between EGFR expression and its degree of activation, a simple and reliable tool that can quantify EGFR kinase activity in tumor samples may be of therapeutic value in predicting patient-specific EGFR targeted therapies. This study reports the development of an assay that can quantitatively profile EGFR kinase activities and inhibitor sensitivities in TNBC cell lysates by using peptide reporters covalently tethered to magnetic beads in a controlled orientation. The use of magnetic beads provides rapid sample handling and easy product isolation. The potential of this approach was demonstrated by screening a set of five clinically relevant EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Formatted for microwell plates, this magnetic bead-based kinase assay may be used as a complementary approach for direct high-throughput screening of small molecule inhibitors.
Use of synthetic peptides to study the substrate specificity of a thylakoid protein kinase

Seven synthetic peptide analogs of the phosphorylation site of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex II (LHC II) were used to examine the substrate specificity of thylakoid-bound LHC II kinase in higher plants. The peptides were phosphorylated by spinach and pea thylakoid membranes in which LHC II kinase had been activated by illumination. Phosphorylation was under redox control, as shown by the inhibitory ability of 20μM diuron. Apparent Km(peptide) values ranged from 26 μM for a highly basic peptide with multiple sites for phosphorylation to 1.2 mM for a peptide lacking basic residues on the N-terminal side of the phosphorylation site. Both serine and threonine residues were phosphorylated but the relative rates depended on peptide sequence. A comparison of our data with published LHC II sequences indicates that almost all known LHC II molecules have phosphorylatable sequences.
Volatile earmarked revenues and state highway expenditures in the United States

Heavy use of transportation-related revenues earmarked for highways is one of the distinguishing characteristics of state highway finance in the United States. This is the first study to examine the potentially differential effects of earmarked revenue volatility on state highway expenditures. Using panel data for over 30 years, I found in both OLS and 2SLS estimations that state highway expenditures did not respond to upward cyclical deviations in earmarked revenues. Also, a one-percentage-point downward deviation of earmarked revenues from trend was associated with a decline of between 0.24 and 0.32 % in state highway expenditures. This finding has potential policy implications for state budgets and efforts to maintain or expand transportation infrastructure and, by extension, efforts to spur economic growth.
Communication: Constrained search formulation of the ground state energy as a functional of an idempotent one-matrix.

Despite the fact that idempotent one-particle reduced density matrices are pervasive in quantum chemistry, the understanding of a general energy functional of such idempotent density matrices for the ground state energy has been lacking. By a constrained search, we show the structure of the general functional, illuminating the contributions from various terms. For the examples of the “best idempotent density matrix” and Kohn–Sham idempotent density matrices, we contrast the functional forms and suggest how the best idempotent density matrix approach may be a good starting point for further development.
Detection of Rotor Eccentricity Faults in a Closed-Loop Drive-Connected Induction Motor Using an Artificial Neural Network

A new method for the detection of rotor eccentricity faults in a closed-loop drive-connected induction motor is reported in this paper. Unlike a line-fed electric motor, the eccentricity-related fault signals exist in the current as well as the voltage of a drive-connected motor. Meanwhile, since the speed and therefore the mechanical load can change widely in variable speed applications, the amplitudes of the fault signals will vary accordingly. An artificial neural network is used in the detection to learn the complex relationship between the eccentricity-related harmonic amplitudes and the operating conditions. The neural network can estimate a threshold corresponding to an operating condition, which can then be used to predict the motor condition. The neural network is trained and tested with data collected on drive-connected 4-pole, 7.5 Hp, three-phase induction motors. The experimental results validate that the detection method is feasible over the whole range of operating conditions of the experimental motors.
Vibrational intensity distributions for the various electronic states of O2/+/, N2/+/ and CO/+/ produced by photoionization

Vibrational intensity distributions obtained with many discrete emission lines are presented for all major electronic states of O2(+), N2(+) and CO(+) subjected to photoionization. The vibrational distributions are reported as a function of wavelength between 745 and 304 A. The data, provided by photoelectron spectroscopy with an electron energy analyzer of known luminosity, appear to be consistent with calculated Franck-Condon Factors. Evidence for autoionization in the data is also discussed.
Thin layer chromatography of some Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids

Abstract The R F values for Δ 5 -pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxy-Δ 5 -pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and 16-dehydro-Δ 5 -pregnenolone in 19 different solvent systems for thin layer chromatography on silica gel are given. A general method of determining the optimal solvent system for the separation of a group of compounds from a variety of possible systems is described.
FRATERNITIES AND RAPE ON CAMPUS

Despite widespread knowledge that fraternity members are frequently involved in the sexual assaults of women, fraternities are rarely studied as social contexts-groups and organizations-that encourage the sexual coercion of women. An analysis of the norms and dynamics of the social construction of fraternity brotherhood reveals the highly masculinist features of fraternity structure and process, including concern with a narrow, stereotypical conception of masculinity and heterosexuality; a preoccupation with loyalty, protection of the group, and secrecy; the use of alcohol as a weapon against women's sexual reluctance; the pervasiveness of violence and physical force; and an obsession with competition, superiority, and dominance. Interfraternity rivalry and competition-particularly over members, intramural sports, and women-encourage fraternity men's commodification of women. We conclude that fraternities will continue to violate women socially and sexually unless they change in fundamental ways.
On Stiffness and Strength of an Aligned Short-Fiber Reinforced Composite Containing Penny-Shaped Cracks in the Matrix:

A model study is conducted on the prediction of the stiffness and fracture toughness of an unidirectional short-fiber reinforced composite containing numerous cracks in the matrix. It is assumed in our model that short-fibers are aligned in the uniaxial loading direction and that cracks in the matrix are perpendicular to the loading axis and are penny-shaped. Then the longitudinal Young's modulus of the composite weakened by those cracks and the energy release rate of a representative penny-shaped crack are com puted by a combination of Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method and Mori- Tanaka's back stress analysis. The interaction between fibers and that be tween fibers and cracks are taken into account by Mori-Tanaka's back stress analysis. Hence our results are valid even for a large volume fraction of fiber and crack.