cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: Koolhaas HouseLife by Ila Bêka, Louise Lemoîne; Gehry's Vertigo by Ila Bêka, Louise Lemoîne

Ila Beka and Louise Lemoine , directors, Koolhaas HouseLife . BekaFilms, Paris, 2008, HDV and DVD, 58 min., with book, 200 pp. BekaFilms, www.koolhaashouselife.com €65, http://www.koolhaashouselife.com/html/buy.html Ila Beka and Louise Lemoine , directors, Gehry's Vertigo . BekaFilms, Paris, 2008, HDV and DVD, 60 min., release forthcoming, trailer http://www.living-architectures.com/html/trailers.html In their documentary film series Living Architectures , Ila Beka and Louise Lemoine capture the intimacy of daily life within five icons of contemporary architecture.1 Each project was designed by a “star” architect and past winner of the Pritzker Prize, which is given to celebrate the “art of architecture” and “its impact on human behavior.”2 The filmmakers are intrigued by the latter, and rather than feature the buildings themselves, they treat the architecture as a background for the action taking place within and around it. Erasing the split between art and life, commingling the formal and the social, these documentaries chronicle the events within a house, an office, a church, a refectory, and a museum. Those events include the mundane tasks of upkeep and cleaning in Koolhaas HouseLife (2008), worship in Xmas Meier , celebrating the harvest with a party in Pomerol (2010), touring the office in Inside Piano (2010), and window washing in Gehry's Vertigo (2010). By foregrounding the action, the documentaries portray the architecture through the events. Their ambition is not to demonstrate academic expertise or to present a matter-of-fact account with the interjections by authority figures or scholars—none of whom appear here—but to convey an everyday view of these exceptional buildings. To do this, the filmmakers use informal filming techniques such as handheld cameras standing in close to human subjects, who offer refreshingly unscripted and spontaneous conversations while obscuring the architecture. This presentation of contemporary architecture with all of its imperfections marks a significant shift in the ideology of representation from a collection of fixed, beautiful, and flawless photographs of buildings without life to the buildings’ messy and actual reality. These films reintroduce the figure in a way that deepens a view into the discipline of architecture by engaging a recent anxiety—the problem of post-occupancy …
BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY IN THE PARTHENOGENETIC GRASSHOPPER WARRAMABA VIRGO (KEY) AND ITS SEXUAL RELATIVES. 1. THE EASTERN AUSTRALIAN POPULATIONS.

In recent years, studies on parthenogenetic organisms have generated considerable interest and controversy among evolutionary biologists. Much of the controversy has focused on the consequences of genetic recombination and the resultant evolutionary potential of parthenogenetic species. This has been particularly true for thelytoky, a type of parthenogenesis in which virgin females produce entirely female offspring by a process that does not involve fertilization. Until very recently, studies on thelytokous organisms have focused primarily on cytogenetic analyses of meiotic mechanisms (reviews in White, 1970, 1973) or on theoretical discussions about the absence of recombination and its relation to genetic variability and on the possible evolutionary role of thelytoky (Crow and Kimura, 1965, 1969; Maynard Smith, 1968, 1971, 1974; Nace et al., 1970; Asher, 1970; Asher and Nace, 1971; Williams and Mitton, 1973; Templeton and Rothman, 1973; Templeton, 1974; Felsenstein, 1974; and Williams, 1975). This state of affairs led White (1973) to conclude that ". . . the genetic consequences of thelytoky still rest largely on inference from general theoretical considerations rather than on direct factual evidence." Recently, however, progress has been made on providing direct evidence on the amount on variability in thelytokous organisms. Suomalainen and Saura (1973), Lokki et al. (1975), Saura et al.
Growth of Single Crystal Tungsten Nanorods by Oblique Angle Sputter Deposition

We report the creation of single crystal tungsten nanorods with unusual simple cubic β-phase. These novel nano-structures were grown by oblique angle sputter deposition with substrate rotation through a shadowing effect. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) diffraction patterns from individual nanorods clearly show the single crystal structure. It is evident from TEM diffraction measurements, during the oblique angle deposition, both β-phase W(100) and α-phase W(110) islands exist at the initial stages of growth. However, at later stages of the growth the β-phase structure dominates. This is in contrast to the sputter deposition at normal incidence where only the thermodynamically stable bcc α-phase W(110) polycrystalline films were formed when the film grew to a certain thickness. We explain our results by using the shadowing and adatom mobility mechanisms: At the initial stages of growth, the β-phase W(100) islands grow taller due to the lower adatom mobility on these islands. The taller β-phase W(100) islands survive in the competition during oblique angle growth and form isolated nanorods in the later stages, while the shorter α-phase W(110) islands stop growing due to the shadowing effect. In addition, our Monte Carlo simulation results agree well with the experimental measurements.
INTERACTION OF TWIN JETS FROM NOZZLES OF SPANWISE OBLIQUE GEOMETRY

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the coupling of twin jets of complex geometry. The study was motivated by the need for nozzles with spanwise oblique exits on modem stealth aircraft and the possibility of plume coupling that could result in structural damage. Although several studies have examined aspects of twin jet coupling, very little data is available on the coupling of jets from nozzles of complex geometry. Our study focuses on twin convergent nozzles with an aspect ratio of 7 with spanwise oblique exits operated over the fully expanded Mach number range from 1.3 to 1.6. The internozzle spacing (sh) was varied from 7.5 to 13.5. Several interesting results were produced by this study: (a) Coupling of twin single beveled nozzles was observed only when the beveled edges faced each other and the nozzles formed a 'V' shape in the internozzle region. (b) Despite the presence of spanwise antisymmetric, spanwise symmetric and spanwise oblique modes for the single nozzles, only the first two coupling modes were seen. (c) The symmetric coupling produced higher dynamic pressures in the internozzle region. (d) Dynamic tests conducted by moving the nozzles apart while they were operating or by rapidly changing the operating pressure at fixed internozzle spacing revealed that coupling modes could co-exist at non-harmonically related frequencies. These dynamic tests reproduced the static test data. (e) The frequency of both coupling modes agrees with the higher order waveguide modes based on Tam's theory. Our results provide an understanding of complex twin jet coupling and will serve as benchmark data for validating computational models.
State-Mandated Hospital Infection Reporting Is Not Associated With Decreased Pediatric Health Care-Associated Infections.

OBJECTIVES State governments increasingly mandate public reporting of central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSIs). This study tests if hospitals located in states with state-mandated, facility-identified, pediatric-specific public CLABSI reporting have lower rates of CLABSIs as defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Pediatric Quality Indicator 12 (PDI12). METHODS Utilizing the Kids' Inpatient Databases from 2000 to 2009, we compared changes in PDI12 rates across three groups of states: states with public CLABSI reporting begun by 2006, states with public reporting begun by 2009 and never-reporting states. In the baseline period (2000-2003), no states mandated public CLABSI reporting. A multivariable, hospital-level random intercept, logistic regression was performed comparing changes in PDI12 rates in states with public reporting to changes in PDI12 rates in never-reporting states. RESULTS 4,705,857 discharge records were eligible for PDI12. PDI12 rates significantly decreased in all reporting groups, comparing baseline to the post-public reporting period (2009): Never Reporters 88% decrease (95% CI, 86%-89%), Reporting Begun by 2006 90% decrease (95% CI, 83%-94%), and Reporting Begun by 2009 74% decrease (95% CI, 72%-76%). The Never Reporting Group had comparable decreases in PDI12 rates to the Reporting Begun by 2006 group (P = 0.4) and significantly larger decreases in PDI12 rates compared to the Reporting Begun by 2009 group (P < 0.001), despite having no states with public reporting. CONCLUSIONS Public CLABSI reporting alone appears to be insufficient to affect administrative data-based measures of pediatric CLABSI rates or children may be inadequately targeted in current public reporting efforts.
High-fidelity simulation of drop collision and vapor–liquid equilibrium of van der Waals fluids

Abstract The availability of a method to accurately predict the interaction of fuel drops and vapor–liquid equilibrium is crucial to the development of a predictive spray combustion model. The objective of this paper is to present such a method. A numerical method, based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), was coupled with a cubic equation of state for simulating the fuel drop dynamics and liquid–vapor distributions at various temperatures in the present study. SPH is a Lagrangian particle-based method, which is useful to simulate the dynamics of fluids with large deformations without the need for a transport equation to track the interface. The present study, furthermore, coupled SPH with van der Waals equation of state to simulate the phenomena of liquid oscillation, drop collisions at high velocity and characteristics of vapor–liquid equilibrium. This approach was found to offer the convenience of using a single set of equations, without the need for submodels, to predict drop breakup or vaporization. A hyperbolic spline kernel function was employed to eliminate the tensile instability that often has been reported in the literature. The numerical method presented here was found to successfully model the merging, stretching separation, fragmentation, and generation of secondary droplets in high-velocity collisions. In predicting vapor–liquid equilibrium, a variable-smoothing-length function was implemented to better facilitate the evaluation of vapor density at low temperatures. Finally, the results of this study indicate that, as the critical temperature was approached, no clear distinction was observed between the liquid and gas phases.
Study of the effect of the Purcell enhancement factor on the photodegradation of the p3ht polymer

We studied photoinduced reduction of absorption and emission in p3ht semiconducting polymer and found that the rate of photodegradation does not correlate with the luminescence intensity and does not depend on the excited state concentration.
A finger touch force detection method for textile based capacitive tactile sensor arrays

The use of touch-based technology to interact with electronic devices pre-dates modern day multi-touch technology and even the personal computer. It has recently been growing in popularity in wearable computing devices especially in the form of textile based tactile sensor. These sensors often target the detection of not only touch but also force applied. A significant problem arises here in differentiating inputs from an intended finger touch and just a bend of the sensor or other objects touching the sensor. In this work, we present our initial efforts to differentiate between a finger and an insulated object touch event on a custom textile based tactile sensor we developed before. Our experiments show that the two cases could be differentiated using the capacitance change of the neighboring cross-over points.
Myocardial fibrosis with T1 mapping and right ventricular performance in pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) leads to progressive right ventricular (RV) dilatation, hypertrophy, and systolic dysfunction. PH is also associated with the presence of late gadolinium enhancement in the interventricular septum (IVS). Post-contrast T1 mapping is a previously validated non-invasive technique for the quantification of extracellular volume increase as a surrogate of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of septal fibrosis in PH patients with T1 mapping, and to investigate potential correlations with RV performance and hemodynamic status. Methods
Food Environment, Policy and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption in U.S. Adolescents

Increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a critical nutrition problem in the U.S. and has been identified as a key contributor to the current epidemic of obesity among adolescents. Up to date, little is known on how this high level of SSBs consumption can be reduced. Recently, environmental and policy interventions have been advocated as powerful strategies to address the epidemic. While there is a growing consensus that food environments and policies play important roles in influencing individuals’ food choice, reviews of studies linking the food environment (i.e. fast food restaurants density, conventional stores density, school cafeteria and vending machines) and policies (i.e. food price and tax) with the SSBs consumption in adolescents indicate the research is equivocal and data for policy making is lacking. In addition, little research has been done to compare the relative importance of the various aspects of food environment in influencing SSBs intake in youth. Part of the research barriers could be lack of database that includes validated measures of multiple environmental and policy factors. In this review, we summarized the environments and policy determinants of SSB consumptions in U.S. adolescents and the challenges in measuring environmental contexture factors. We also proposed the future research directions and believed findings from research in these areas will inform policy and guide future environmental and policy interventions on reducing the SSBs consumption and lower the obesity rate in U.S. adolescents. [N A J Med Sci. 2017;10(2):73-77. DOI: 10.7156/najms.2017.1002073]
DEVELOPING MATH MODULE OF LINE MATERIAL AND CORNER IN SETTING COOPERATIVE LEARNING TYPE THINK PAIR SHARE (TPS) FOR CLASS VII SMP

The study aims at producing package of learning module of cooperative learnig setting of think pair share type which fulfills the criteria of valid, practical, and effective. The study is research and development. The package of product to be produced consists of three components, namely lesson plan (RPP), Mathematics module learning (MPM), and test of learning result (THB). The development of the package employs 4-D Thiagarajan which conducted in four steps, namely defining phase, design phase, development phase, and dissemination phase. The result of study reveal that the package of the module is valid, practical, and effective based on the evaluation of the experts and the result of limited tryout. The validity of package of Matematics module based o the validation of experts has met valid criteria that (1) the co-efficient validity of RPP is 100%, (2) the co-efficient validity of Mathematics module is 85%, and (3) the co-efficient validity of THB is 83,3%. These indicate that the package of Mathematics module is in valid category. The practicality of the package based on the observation of the implementation of the package has met the category of completely implemented. The effectiveness of the package has met four indicators of effectiveness which shown on (1) the percentage of classical graduates of learning result by 90,1%, (2) the fulfillment of 8 categories of students’ activity, (3) positive response by 80% students on learning process and Mathematics module, (4) teacher’ ability in managing the learning which in good category
Elevated phospholipase D isoform 1 in Alzheimer's disease patients' hippocampus: Relevance to synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits

Abstract Introduction Phospholipase D (PLD), a lipolytic enzyme that breaks down membrane phospholipids, is also involved in signaling mechanisms downstream of seven transmembrane receptors. Abnormally elevated levels of PLD activity are well-established in Alzheimer's disease (AD), implicating the two isoforms of mammalian phosphatidylcholine cleaving PLD (PC-PLD1 and PC-PLD2). Therefore, we took a systematic approach of investigating isoform-specific expression in human synaptosomes and further investigated the possibility of therapeutic intervention using preclinical studies. Methods Synaptosomal Western blot analyses on the postmortem human hippocampus, temporal cortex, and frontal cortex of AD patient brains/age-matched controls and the 3XTg-AD mice hippocampus (mouse model with overexpression of human amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1 gene, and microtubule-associated protein tau causing neuropathology progressing comparable to that in human AD patients) were used to detect the levels of neuronal PLD1 expression. Mouse hippocampal long-term potentiation of PLD1-dependent changes was studied using pharmacological approaches in ex vivo slice preparations from wild-type and transgenic mouse models. Finally, PLD1-dependent changes in novel object recognition memory were assessed following PLD1 inhibition. Results We observed elevated synaptosomal PLD1 in the hippocampus/temporal cortex from postmortem tissues of AD patients compared to age-matched controls and age-dependent hippocampal PLD1 increases in 3XTg-AD mice. PLD1 inhibition blocked effects of oligomeric amyloid β or toxic oligomeric tau species on high-frequency stimulation long-term potentiation and novel object recognition deficits in wild-type mice. Finally, PLD1 inhibition blocked long-term potentiation deficits normally observed in aging 3XTg-AD mice. Discussion Using human studies, we propose a novel role for PLD1-dependent signaling as a critical mechanism underlying oligomer-driven synaptic dysfunction and consequent memory disruption in AD. We, further, provide the first set of preclinical studies toward future therapeutics targeting PLD1 in slowing down/stopping the progression of AD-related memory deficits as a complementary approach to immunoscavenging clinical trials that are currently in progress.
Role of the Macrophage in the Regulation of Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis, the growth of new capillary blood vessels, is one of the most pervasive and essential biological processes encountered in the mammalian organism (Auerbach, 1981; Folkman and Cotran, 1978; Folkman, 1985; Folkman and Klagsbrun, 1987). A wide array of physiological and pathological conditions such as embryonic development, the formation of inflammatory granulation tissue during wound repair, and the growth of malignant solid tumors are strictly dependent upon the recruitment of new capillaries. In the adult organism, angiogenesis occurs infrequently yet can be rapidly induced by a number of physiologic stimuli. In recent years the macrophage (Mo) has been shown to be one of the key players in the regulation of physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis (Polverini et al., 1977b; Polverini, 1989). These cells perform multiple diverse functions within the immune system and influence the course of certain primitive yet fundamentally important processes such as nonspecific inflammation and wound healing (Leibovich and Ross, 1975). This functional versatility is due in large part to their ability to respond rapidly to environmental signals that induce them to acquire new or enhanced properties (Nathan, 1987). One of these functions is the capacity to induce and subsequently down-regulate the formation of new capillary blood vessels.
Using simulation to help beginning nursing students learn about the experience of poverty: A descriptive study.

Abstract Background Increased numbers of individuals and families in the United States are living below the poverty level. Beginning nursing students must start to develop an understanding of the constraints of living in poverty and its relationship with health. Objectives To describe the effects of a poverty simulation implemented in a freshman-level course as a beginning preparation for working with patients who face financial hardship. Design Descriptive study with a pre-test and post-test design. Setting School of Nursing within a private, religiously-affiliated university in the northeastern United States. Participants 170 freshman-level Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) students. Methods Students participated in a poverty simulation designed to sensitize participants to the experience and realities of living in a typical low-income family. Using the Undergraduate Perceptions of Poverty Tracking Survey, data were collected on students' general attitudes toward poverty, empathy for those living in poverty, and commitment to addressing poverty, two weeks prior to and one week after the poverty simulation experience. Results A significant decrease was noted in total scores from pre-simulation to post-simulation with a mean decrease of 7.9 ± 10.1 points (±standard deviation), p Conclusions This poverty simulation contributed to building empathy among freshman, BSN students and preparing them, early on, to provide more sensitive care to economically-disadvantaged populations. Nursing programs should include similar learning experiences at the beginning of curricula, so that this knowledge becomes an integral part of the care students provide throughout their clinical experiences.
Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality since 1700

People often see the United States as a dynamic, freewheeling capitalist economy, especially when compared with a stagnant and slow-growing Europe.1 1 See, for example, Krugman (2010) for a critiqu...
A prospective, longitudinal cohort study: The impact of child maltreatment on delinquency among South Korean youth in middle and high school.

Abstract Background Cultural groups vary in how they understand child maltreatment and children's misbehavior and these cultural variations may impact the relationship between maltreatment and delinquency. Objective This study investigated the impact of maltreatment on delinquency among South Korean youth. Participants and Setting: Using Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey data, this study followed two cohorts of middle (n = 2,275) and high (n = 2,272) school youth for their first self-reported delinquency over 4 years. Method Discrete-time hazard model was used for the analyses. Results Approximately 19% of middle and 11% of high school youth engaged in delinquency for 4 years. Maltreatment is associated with delinquency only for high school youth (HR = 1.42). In both cohorts, male youth with high levels of aggression were more likely to engage in delinquency. Additional risk factors included high levels of depression (HR = 1.36) and negative attitudes toward school rules (HR = 0.68), father's education less than high school (HR = 0.63), low levels of self-control (HR = 0.63). Findings also identified culturally unique factors that place Korean youth at heightened risk of delinquency: mother's education more than high school (HR = 1.49) and higher family income (HR = 1.93). Conclusion Preventive interventions need to identify culturally specific risk factors for youth at increased risk of delinquency and thus these preventive interventions should be culturally tailored.
Generalized Ricci flow, I: Higher-derivative estimates for compact manifolds

We consider a generalized Ricci flow with a given (not necessarily closed) three-form and establish higher-derivative estimates for compact manifolds. As an application, we prove the compactness theorem for this generalized Ricci flow. Similar results still hold for a more generalized Ricci flow.
Compressibility effects on the transition to turbulence in a spatially developing plane free shear layer

The compressibility effects on the transition to turbulence in a spatially developing, compressible plane free shear layer are investigated via direct numerical simulation using a high-order discontinuous spectral element method for three different convective Mach numbers of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7. The location of the laminar–turbulent transition zone is predicted by the analyses of vorticities, Reynolds stresses, and the turbulent dissipation rate. In the turbulence transition and self-similar turbulence regions, the effects of compressibility on the flow properties, such as the velocity autocorrelation function, integral time scale, momentum thickness, Reynolds stress, and turbulent kinetic energy budget, are investigated. The compressibility effects on the onset and length of the turbulence transition zone are studied based on the analyses of such flow properties. The mean velocity, momentum thickness, and Reynolds stress profiles compare well with published experimental data. Vorticity contours and iso-surface of the second invariant of velocity gradient tensor identify the characteristic of flow structures. The two-point correlation functions of velocity components, the one-dimensional (1D) spanwise energy spectrum, and the balance of the turbulent kinetic energy transport equation validate the domain size and resolution of the adopted grid for turbulence simulation. An increase in the convective Mach number leads to a reduction in the sizes of the largest-scale structures, resulting in a significant decrease in Reynolds stresses and turbulence production. The onset of turbulence transition and the location where the transition completes shift downstream, while the length of the transition zone increases with increasing convective Mach number.
Poe and Democracy’s Biopolitical Immunity

The management of a dynamic and raucous democracy, as Jacksonian democracy proved to be, resulted in the deployment of a biopolitical order capable of disciplining an intractable citizenry. This chapter reads Poe’s work as a thoughtful meditation on democracy’s somatic investment in the regulation of the lives of citizens.
Application of Absorb-Do-Connect learning framework to foster experiential, practice, and career-ready learners

Abstract Introduction As educators, we have the opportunity to produce experiential-ready, practice-ready, and career-ready practitioners. Student attitudes and values influence how learned knowledge and skills will be enacted, and therefore are key determinants of career-readiness. However, attitudes and values can be challenging to see and measure in learners. In this commentary, the authors propose purposeful selection and application of an educational framework to foster those less tangible, but powerful, factors. Perspective To illustrate this perspective, authors describe key components of the Absorb-Do-Connect learning framework and provide rationale for the framework's alignment with self-efficacy theory. The authors propose that Absorb-Do-Connect can be applied within pharmacy education to design learning activities that establish relevance in learning and subsequently foster self-efficacy through growth in attitudes and values. Implications The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standards emphasize connecting current education to past experiences and future practice to establish relevance in learning. In this manner, authors suggest Absorb-Do-Connect can be used by schools and colleges of pharmacy to inform new innovations and revise existing coursework to meet the standards. Opportunity exists to formally assess the relationship between absorbing, engaging with and purposely connecting knowledge and skills, and the development of self-efficacy in student pharmacists.
The impact of El Nio-Southern Oscillation on U.S. food and agricultural stock returns

Abstract The paper examines the response of twelve U.S. agricultural stock returns to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) shocks using a recursive VAR model. Baseline results indicate that for seven of the stock returns, an ENSO shock has positive and significant effects. The effects, however, are shortlived, generally becoming statistically indistinguishable from zero three to six months after the shock. Variance decomposition analyses show that ENSO shocks have little explanatory power for fluctuations in U.S. agricultural stock returns. We also provide evidence that historically, movements in the stock returns of U.S. food and agricultural companies have been driven by other shocks, rather than ENSO shocks.
The immune microenvironment of uterine adenosarcomas.

Uterine adenosarcoma (UA) is an extremely rare sarcoma subtype. There has been limited evaluation of the immune microenvironment in these tumors. The objective of this study is to examine and describe the immune infiltrate and PD-1/PD-L1 expression in UA and to correlate these changes in the tumor micro-environment with the overall survival status or the disease-free survival status (DFSS), respectively. Patients (pts) treated at our center from 1982 to 2014 with UA were identified. Fifteen cases had tumor paraffin-embedded blocks available. Immunohistochemistry studies for CD3, CD8, FOXP3, CD163, PD-1 and PD-L1 (clone 22C3) were performed. Image analysis was used to assess the density (cells/mm2), except in PD-L1, where the percentage of membranous staining on tumor cells was noted. Immune infiltrate analysis median (range) density in cells/mm2 varied broadly: CD3 178 (15–802); CD8 117 (11–661); FoxP3 4.8 (0.2–82); CD163 791 (264–1861); and PD1 5 (1–65). 3 cases had rare (1%) PD-L1 tumor membranous labeling. The reports yielded that ten pts were alive, and 5 were dead. Pts who were alive had significant higher CD3 and CD8 median densities in tumors than those who were dead (p = 0.040). There was no correlation between DFSS and CD3 or CD8 median densities. Patients who had no local recurrence had significantly higher CD3 and CD8 median densities in tumors than those who had local recurrence (p = 0.040). In conclusion, this is the first report characterizing the presence of immune infiltrate and PD-1/PD-L1 expression in UA. CD3+ CD8+ T-cells density may be prognostic. The immune-responsiveness of UA needs to be further investigated in a larger study.
For and Against Spatial Coding of Saccades

Are target locations coded in retinotopic or in spatial coordinates? Recent neurophysiological experiments supporting these opposite points of view are reviewed. We start with the classical Hallett and Lightstone's double-step paradigm (1976) which established that, in the absence of other cues, an internal representation of eye position is available to locate flashed targets. However, this internal signal is quite distorted at the time of saccades and thus is responsible for considerable mislocalizations. We then look at the evidence for spatial (absolute) coding in single-unit recordings from various brain structures and conclude that this approach has not yet been successful in arriving at a consensus of opinions on the mode of coding and the place where it is effected in the brain. Studies using microstimulation to probe the role of oculomotor structures (colliding saccade paradigm) suggest that the egocentric anchoring of maps occurs in the brain stem and that such maps deal with objects and are essentially allocentric.
Early learning in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): Behavior in the family group is related to preadolescent cognitive performance.

Early environment can have a major impact on development, with family life known to play an important role. Longitudinal studies can therefore help increase our understanding of variance in cognitive abilities in young animals, as well as over time. We followed 22 marmosets (11 male and 11 female) from infancy through to early adolescence. At 3 months old, the marmosets were trained to reliably touch a rewarded stimulus. At 5 months, behavior was observed within the natal group. At 9 months, the marmosets were given a visual discrimination task to assess learning ability. Mann-Whitney U tests found no sex or family size differences in number of errors at 3 or 9 months. While no significant relationships were found between behavior in the family and learning at 3 months, significant negative correlations were found between duration spent in locomotion and learning errors (p = .05), as well as between frequency of calm vocalizations and learning errors (p = .001) at 9 months. A U-shape curve was found between amount of social play and learning at 9 months. Positive family interactions, including moderate amounts of play, as well as calm individual behavior, may therefore be important in learning. This study sheds light on cognitive development in much younger marmosets than previously studied, and helps increase understanding of how individual differences in learning may arise.
Orphans of the Empire: Lhasa’s Chinese Community from the Qing Era to the Early Twentieth Century:

This article analyzes the transformation of Lhasa’s Chinese community from the embodiment of an expansionist power in the early eighteenth century to the orphan of a fallen regime after the Qing Em...
Quantification of insecticide spatial distribution within individual citrus trees and efficacy through Asian citrus psyllid reductions under different application methods.

BACKGROUND Citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing, HLB) has infected >90% of Florida's oranges and thus growers are desperate to improve pest management strategies. In this field study, insecticide application efficacy was investigated with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to determine if insecticide concentration and distribution were effective at killing the target pest Asian citrus psyllids (ACP). Sample discs attached to leaves were sprayed with imidacloprid and malathion at a field site in Florida. Application method, canopy height and depth, cardinal side of tree, and leaf side were considered to assess the spatial distribution of insecticides throughout citrus trees. Furthermore, ACP were inspected before and after insecticide applications to quantify psyllid population response. RESULTS Our findings show that although insecticide concentrations were high enough to kill ACP, the spatial distribution of insecticides throughout individual trees was highly variable and live ACP were detected after insecticide application. The top side of leaves received significantly more insecticide than the underside of leaves. Additionally, inadequate distribution to different areas of the tree canopy was observed for all application methods tested (aerial, ground speed-sprayer, and ground side-sprayer). Inspections of ACP populations before and after insecticide applications resulted in reductions of 85% (malathion) and 48-80% (imidacloprid). CONCLUSIONS The variability in insecticide spatial distribution due to application method allows remaining ACP to continue spreading citrus greening disease to unprotected trees. Further research is needed to improve insecticide application methods and technology for citrus trees in order to implement effective pest management strategies and fully target ACP to eliminate HLB. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Case-based learning for group intervention in social work

Author Jacqueline Corcoran has created an important foundational tool for social group work learning. This book contains an abundance of introductory group work wisdom as well as numerous case exam...
Multidimensional Caputo Left Side Fractional Landau Inequalities

Relied on author’s first ever found multivariate Caputo fractional Taylor’s formula ([1], Chap. 13), we develop and prove several multivariate left side Caputo fractional uniform Landau type inequalities. It follows [2].
Restoring order at the cell cycle border: Co-targeting CDK4/6 and CDK2.

Overcoming resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors is a major clinical challenge. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Freeman-Cook et al. study mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors by employing a CRISPRa screen. They identify the cyclin E-CDK2 axis and Myc signaling as key pathways of resistance and develop PF-06873600, a selective CDK2/4/6 inhibitor.
Effects of sex and APOE on Parkinson's Disease-related cognitive decline

Introduction Cognitive impairment is common in Parkinson's Disease, but the impact of predictive factors on incidence and rate of cognitive decline is incompletely understood. We aimed to determine the effects of sex and APOE allele status on cognitive performance in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Material and methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 325 clinically diagnosed PD patients who underwent one or more cognitive screenings with a Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) or Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS-2). We used proportional odds regression models to estimate odds ratios for higher versus lower cognitive scores in association with age, sex, education, disease duration, and APOE allele status. Results Higher cognitive scores were independently associated with female sex on the MMSE (OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.14, 5.14) and DRS-2 total (OR 4.14; 95% CI 2.01, 8.53). APOE e4 dose was associated with lower DRS-2 totals (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22, 0.81), but there was no evidence of association with MMSE. Higher education level was also associated with higher scores on the MMSE (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.07, 1.38) and DRS-2 total (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.15, 1.50). Disease duration was not associated with cognitive performance on any measure when adjusting for age. Conclusion Male sex and APOE e4, along with age and lower education level, were associated with poorer cognitive performance among a population of predominantly non-demented PD patients.
Who’s Smart? Whose City? The Sociopolitics of Urban Intelligence

Visions of the “smart city” are becoming reality, translated from the realm of concepts into actual urban space. Proponents of smart city technologies invoke their potential to free us from the drudgery of urban life and solve our environmental problems. But can “smart cities” save us? There has been long-standing resistance to the scientific, positivist basis for planning. What happens when intelligent plans encounter messy politics, social systems, and divergent scales of urban governance? This paper explores the promises of “smart cities” and their stated rationale, and grounds a review of theoretical paradigms with new empirical research in Singapore and London. I present two key findings: First, there is no one “smart city,” even within a city. Second, differences in scales and ideologies of urban governance across cities have significant impact on the way that actors frame their priorities and objectives around the role of urban technologies. Finally, I speculate on the ways that urban networked systems might enable and empower a transformative planning.
Detrifluoroacetylative Diazo Group Transfer: (E)‐1‐Diazo‐4‐Phenyl‐3‐Buten‐2‐One

Detrifluoroacetylative diazo group transfer: (E)-1-diazo-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one product: (E)-1-diazo-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one product: α-diazoacetophenone Keywords: acylation; acylation; condensation, ester-active methylene condensation; deacylation; diazo transfer; acetonitrile; assay methods, for butyllithium, with 2-butanol, menthol, 2-pentanol, or 2-propanol, 1,10-phenanthroline indicator; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane; tetrahydrofuran; triethylamine; acetonitrile; diazo compounds; methanesulfonyl azide, shock sensitive
Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of poly(arginine)‐derived cancer‐targeting peptides in HepG2 liver cancer cells

The solid-phase synthesis, structural characterization, and biological evaluation of a small library of cancer-targeting peptides have been determined in HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells. These peptides are based on the highly specific Pep42 motif, which has been shown to target the glucose-regulated protein 78 receptors overexpressed and exclusively localized on the cell surface of tumors. In this study, Pep42 was designed to contain varying lengths (3-12) of poly(arginine) sequences to assess their influence on peptide structure and biology. Peptides were effectively synthesized by 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-based solid-phase peptide synthesis, in which the use of a poly(ethylene glycol) resin provided good yields (14-46%) and crude purities >95% as analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Peptide structure and biophysical properties were investigated using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Interestingly, peptides displayed secondary structures that were contingent on solvent and length of the poly(arginine) sequences. Peptides exhibited helical and turn conformations, while retaining significant thermal stability. Structure-activity relationship studies conducted by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy revealed that the poly(arginine) derived Pep42 sequences maintained glucose-regulated protein 78 binding on HepG2 cells while exhibiting cell translocation activity that was contingent on the length of the poly(arginine) strand. In single dose (0.15 mM) and dose-response (0-1.5 mM) cell viability assays, peptides were found to be nontoxic in human HepG2 liver cancer cells, illustrating their potential as safe cancer-targeting delivery agents.
Circular dichroism of reduced and oxidized mammalian lipoamide dehydrogenase.

Abstract The ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism spectra of lipoamide dehydrogenase have been analyzed in the region 290 to 420 nm. Marked differences in spectra between free FAD and FMN, oxidized and reduced enzyme, can be accounted for with the same set of Gaussian bands, suggesting that the binding of FAD to the apoprotein does not generate new transitions. Rather, the optical properties of the enzyme in the region 290 to 420 nm can be described with the same set of bands belonging to free FAD, whether the enzyme is in the oxidized or reduced state. The bands have been identified by studies of pH and temperature dependence of their optical activity. The circular dichroism of the reduced enzyme is characteristic of the reducing substrate, NADH, or dihydrolipoic acid. It appears unlikely that either the conformation or environment of the flavin is equivalent in these two reduced states. Moreover, irrespective of oxidation state, the preliminary circular dichroism and absorption spectra results presented suggest that the intramolecular interactions which generate the optical activity of the free coenzyme are altered on binding.
A probabilistic approach to some of Euler’s number theoretic identities

Probabilistic proofs and interpretations are given for the q-binomial theorem, q-binomial series, two of Euler's fundamental partition identities, and for q-analogs of product expansions for the Riemann zeta and Euler phi functions. The underlying processes involve Bernoulli trials with variable probabilities. Also presented are several variations on the classical derangement problem inherent in the distributions considered.
Hierarchical Basis Functions for Triangles and Tetrahedra

This chapter contains sections titled: The Importance of Proper Choice of Finite Element Bases Two-Dimensional Finite Element Spaces Relationship Among 2D Finite Element Spaces Gradient, Curl and Divergence Matrices for 2D Finite Element Spaces Three-Dimensional Finite Element Spaces Relationship Among 3D Finite Element Spaces Gradient, Curl and Divergence Matrices for 3D Finite Element Spaces The Spaces Hp(curl) and Hp(div) The Issue of Orthogonality in Hierarchical Bases ]]>
Semi-metal clusters: laser vaporization and photoionization of antimony and bismuth

Abstract Gas-phase metal clusters of antimony, bismuth, or antimony-bismuth alloys are prepared by laser vaporization and probed with UV laser photoionization in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Unusual size distributions are observed, ending at five-atom clusters. Fragmentation processes are extremely efficient at 193 nm for tetramer species regardless of elemental composition. There are striking similarities in cluster stability and fragmentation patterns in these systems.
Effect of film thickness on the antifouling performance of poly(hydroxy-functional methacrylates) grafted surfaces.

The development of nonfouling biomaterials to prevent nonspecific protein adsorption and cell/bacterial adhesion is critical for many biomedical applications, such as antithrombogenic implants and biosensors. In this work, we polymerize two types of hydroxy-functional methacrylates monomers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) into polymer brushes on the gold substrate via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). We systematically examine the effect of the film thickness of polyHEMA and polyHPMA brushes on their antifouling performance in a wide range of biological media including single-protein solution, both diluted and undiluted human blood serum and plasma, and bacteria culture. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results show a strong correlation between antifouling property and film thickness. Too thin or too thick polymer brushes lead to large protein adsorption. Surfaces with the appropriate film thickness of ∼25−45 nm for polyHPMA and ∼2...
Appendicitis and its mimickers

Unenhanced helical CT is an accurate technique for the evaluation of patients with suspected acute appendicitis. This non-operator-dependent examination can be performed without the risk of intravenous contrast material or the delay associated with the use of oral and rectal contrast material. This article reviews the unenhanced helical CT findings of acute appendicitis and those entities that commonly mimic acute appendicitis clinically.
Racial Differences in the Ability of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Testing to Predict CVD

Despite decreases in rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) nationwide, racial differences in incidence of CVD persist. In fact, the racial disparity in incidence of CVD may only be increasing as CVD rates have been declining unequally in certain ethnicities. As prior risk stratification calculators such as the Framingham Risk Score do not take into account ethnicity, other measures of CVD risk from biomarkers and subclinical measurements of atherosclerosis may be potentially important to help clinicians close the racial disparity in CVD rates. Through measurement of coronary artery calcium, ankle-brachial index, biomarkers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, carotid intima-media thickness, and family history, investigators have improved the prediction of subclinical measurements of atherosclerosis across all races. Yet not all of these tools are equally effective in predicting CVD across ethnicities, as will be discussed in this paper.
Clinical decision consultation service

Since 1978, decision analysis consultations have been offered to help physicians manage particularly vexing clinical problems. Consultations were requested for decisions perceived as difficult because: the diagnosis was uncertain; the available therapy had uncertain efficacy or risks; the patient had a short life expectancy that limited the potential benefit of therapy; the risk of a given test or therapy was increased and the usual rules for applying the test or giving the treatment did not apply; the need for a therapeutic procedure was acknowledged, but competing risks created uncertainty about the optimal timing of the procedure; the optimal sequence of multiple necessary procedures could not be discerned readily; explicit patient input into decision-making was required; certain medical information could not be interpreted easily; and a rare, unique, or new problem was encountered. To carry out these consultations, standard techniques were used, including decision tree models, Bayes' theorem, Markov analysis, and utility assessment, but old approaches were modified to adapt decision analysis to individual patient problems. This experience demonstrates that decision analysis can be carried out effectively on a consultative basis for individual patients. A consultation service can also train analysts in decision-making and drive research in medical problem solving.