cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reviving Tocqueville's America: The Supreme Court's New Jurisprudence of Social Discovery

This article offers a retrospective on the Rehnquist Court. It argues that the Rehnquist Court has been pursuing a coherent jurisprudence that invigorates decentralization and private ordering of the kind Alexis De Tocqueville celebrated in Democracy in America as being the essence of the social order generated by our original Constitution. In four disparate areas - federalism, freedom of association, the religion clauses, and the balance of power between juries and judges - the Court is helping sustain a civil order that bubbles up from below - from localities or from citizens voluntarily gathered together or randomly selected. While I draw on the Court's entire jurisprudence to make these points, I single out seven cases from last term as illustrative. This article is the first to seek to do for the Rehnquist Court what John Hart Ely did for the Warren Court in Democracy and Distrust - ground the full range of its jurisprudence in a coherent theory of governance. Political theories, such as public choice, have shown that the disproportionate influence of special interest groups and the inattention of the general citizenry can prevent centralized democracy from measuring majority will and producing good social norms. In contrast, civil society engages the citizen and restrains special interests through competition, whether the competition is among different states or among different associations. The Court's new jurisprudence, therefore, is designed to protect the autonomy of decentralized "discovery machines" for social norms, like mediating institutions and local government, in order to supplement the norms generated by national democracy.
Enhanced Multiple Exciton Generation in PbS|CdS Janus-like Heterostructured Nanocrystals

Generating multiple excitons by a single high-energy photon is a promising third-generation solar energy conversion strategy. We demonstrate that multiple exciton generation (MEG) in PbS|CdS Janus-like heteronanostructures is enhanced over that of single-component and core/shell nanocrystal architectures, with an onset close to two times the PbS band gap. We attribute the enhanced MEG to the asymmetric nature of the heteronanostructure that results in an increase in the effective Coulomb interaction that drives MEG and a reduction of the competing hot exciton cooling rate. Slowed cooling occurs through effective trapping of hot-holes by a manifold of valence band interfacial states having both PbS and CdS character, as evidenced by photoluminescence studies and ab initio calculations. Using transient photocurrent spectroscopy, we find that the MEG characteristics of the individual nanostructures are maintained in conductive arrays and demonstrate that these quasi-spherical PbS|CdS nanocrystals can be inco...
Incidence and considerations of 90-day readmissions following posterior lumbar fusion.

Abstract Background Context Posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) is a commonly performed procedure. The evolution of bundled payment plans is beginning to require physicians to more closely consider patient outcomes up to 90 days after an operation. Current quality metrics and other databases often consider only 30 postoperative days. The relatively new Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Readmissions Database (HCUP-NRD) tracks patient-linked hospital admissions data for up to one calendar year. Purpose To identify readmission rates within 90 days of discharge following PLF and to put this in context of 30 day readmission and baseline readmission rates. Study Design Retrospective study of patients in the HCUP-NRD. Patient Sample Any patient undergoing PLF performed in the first 9 months of 2013 were identified in the HCUP-NRD. Outcome Measures Readmission patterns up to a full calendar year after discharge. Methods PLFs performed in the first 9 months of 2013 were identified in the HCUP-NRD. Patient demographics and readmissions were tracked for 90 days after discharge. To estimate the average admission rate in an untreated population, the average daily admission rate in the last quarter of the year was calculated for a subset of PLF patients who had their operation in the first quarter of the year. This study was deemed exempt by the institution's Human Investigation Committee. Results Of 26,727 PLFs, 1,580 patients (5.91%) were readmitted within 30 days of discharge and 2,603 patients (9.74%) were readmitted within 90 days of discharge. Of all readmissions within 90 days, 54.56% occurred in the first 30 days. However, if only counting readmissions above the baseline admission rate of a matched population from the 4th quarter of the year (0.08% of population/day), 89.78% of 90 day readmissions occurred within the first 30 days. Conclusions The current study delineates readmission rates after PLF and puts this in the context of 30-day readmission rates and baseline readmission rates for those undergoing PLF. These results are important for patient counseling, planning, and preparing for potential bundled payments in spine surgery.
Quantifying the Oligomeric State of hZIP4 on the Surface of Cells.

The human (h) zinc transporter ZIP4 is expressed on the plasma membrane and functions to increase cytosolic zinc levels. Mutations in hZIP4 cause the disease acrodermatitis enteropathica. Dysfunction in the regulation of hZIP4 has also been indicated in solid tissue cancers, including pancreatic and prostate cancer. Although structural studies of the extracellular domain and computational modeling of the membrane domain suggest hZIP4 exists as a dimer, the oligomerization status of hZIP4 in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells has not been directly quantified in vivo. Here, the oligomeric state of hZIP4 expressed in HEK293 cells was quantified using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. hZIP4 was tagged with eGFP, and by comparing brightness values (e) of monomer and tandem eGFP constructs to that of an hZIP4/eGFP, we show that hZIP4 is a dimer. Determining that hZIP4 is a dimer is an important step toward understanding the function and processing of the protein, which can provide more insight into how diseases affected by hZIP4 occur and can be managed.
Outcomes of Art Therapy Treatment for Military Service Members with Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-traumatic Stress at the National Intrepid Center of Excellence

Recent conflicts of war have resulted in what are being referred to as the “invisible wounds of war.” Complex, comorbid conditions in military service members (SMs) and veterans, including TBI and PTSD, have prompted clinicians and researchers to explore treatments which address this population’s unique needs, including personalized care in which the SM can meaningfully engage. Since 2010, the National Intrepid Center of Excellence (NICoE) has designed and implemented an interdisciplinary care model which incorporates the creative art therapies for SMs with TBI/PTSD and other associated psychological health conditions. Art therapy programming and research outcomes were presented at the 2017 International Conference on Mobile-Brain Body Imaging and the Neuroscience of Art, Innovation, and Creativity conference held in Valencia, Spain. Key findings when examining art therapy for SMs with TBI/PTSD include the need for individualized care for this unique population, including treatment which allows for safe expression of traumatic and emotional content, the fostering of a sense of belonging within community, as well as the use of art therapy as an assessment tool. Future need for prospective, controlled, multi-site research in art therapy has been implicated and is outlined in the Creative Forces®: NEA Military Healing Arts Network’s Clinical Research: A Strategic Framework and Five-Year Agenda (2018–2022).
The Vestibular System

Recent progress in the vestibular system has included research into vestibular function and clinical considerations. Vestibular Function Special interest has continued to be centered on the phenomenon of habituation as demonstrated in the vestibular system. Habituation or response decline are terms used here to indicate that one or several parameters of nystagmic reaction, such as duration of the reflex or velocity of the slow component, diminishes as vestibular stimulation is repeated. The experimental evidence indicates that habituation of vestibular reflexes is a central phenomenon presenting, as in a learning process, the characteristics of acquisition, retention, and transfer. The term "acquisition" stands for the progressive decrement of the nystagmic response. The extent of acquisition may range from moderate response decline to extinction. The term "retention" is used for indicating long-lasting persistence of the neural process underlying the response decline. It is the most important characteristic, because without retention the phenomenon of
Liver Biochemistries in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) leads to elevated liver biochemistries in approximately half of patients on presentation. To date, data are limited regarding the trend of liver biochemistries over the course of illness. We aimed to evaluate the trend, etiology, and outcomes associated with liver biochemistries in COVID-19. APPROACH AND RESULTS: A total of 60 patients with COVID-19 were admitted between March 21 and March 28, 2020. The mean age was 57 years, 65% were male, and 28% were Hispanic. At the study conclusion, 6 patients were deceased, 28 were discharged, and 26 remained admitted. Patients who remained admitted were followed for a median of 12 days. Of 60 patients, 41 (69%) had at least one abnormal liver biochemistry on admission. Median aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was higher than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at admission (46 vs. 30 U/L) and during the hospital course. Aminotransferases rose above normal in 54 (93%) patients, whereas alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin elevations were rare. Ten (17%) patients developed aminotransferases more than 5 times the upper limit of normal. AST highly correlated with ALT throughout the illness course (r = 0.97; P < 0.0001), whereas correlations with markers of muscle injury and inflammation were weak. Statin use was common before (40%) and during admission (80%) at our center, with no difference in peak liver biochemistries between users and nonusers. No demographic or comorbid illness was associated with liver injury. Admission AST (69 vs. 49; P < 0.05), peak AST (364 vs. 77; P = 0.003), and peak ALT (220 vs. 52; P = 0.002) were higher in intubated patients. CONCLUSIONS: AST-dominant aminotransferase elevation is common in COVID-19, mirrors disease severity, and appears to reflect true hepatic injury.
Hydroponic Crop Cultivation (HCC) for Food Security in Small Island Developing States

The Atlantic hurricane season brings devastation to Small Island Developing States (SIDS) each year. SIDS, as designated by the United Nations, are developing countries with specific vulnerabilities due to their small size and susceptibility to environmental disasters [1]. These disasters have led to episodic food insecurity and disruption of agricultural livelihoods. In order to address this problem, a 3-Cavaliers research group at the University of Virginia partnered with Babylon Micro-Farms (BMF), a company in Charlottesville, VA, to develop a hydroponic crop cultivation (HCC) system for use in the Caribbean as a test case for SIDS. Hydroponics refers to the cultivation of plants through a nutrient rich solution without the need for soil. The research team worked with previous Capstone teams to develop and test a low-cost HCC system in the island of Dominica after Hurricane Maria. The current Capstone project aims to enhance this design by strengthening its resilience to storms and hurricanes. The resulting hydroponics system design for SIDS has four main parts: the plant growth unit, the nutrient water system, the solar power unit, and the structure. The plant growth unit is made up of PVC pipes that are on a top base and covered by an agricultural fabric to protect from insects. This base is angled to initiate the gravitational flow of the nutrient enriched water that is pumped in by the system. The solar power unit provides power to the system of pumps that move the water and nutrients throughout the system. The plant growth unit is supported by a collapsible wooden frame to reduce wind loading on the structure. Once the structure is collapsed, a durable plastic cover can be pulled over the unit to further protect the plants from wind. Both the plant growth unit and the base of the structure are designed to be easily transportable so users can safely store the unit inside during intense storms.Ultimately, we will create blueprints of the structure and design plans for a prototype that will be used and monitored in Abaco, Bahamas. We will also deliver a conditional recommendation on which crops to grow with respect to five specific criteria: harvest period, yield, seed price, market price, and nutritional value. This will allow the farmer to determine his particular crop species based on his own unique goals for hydroponic farming.
From Patient Engagement to Precision Oncology: Leveraging Informatics to Advance Cancer Care

Objectives: Conduct a survey of the literature for advancements in cancer informatics over the last three years in three specific areas where there has been unprecedented growth: 1) digital health; 2) machine learning; and 3) precision oncology. We also highlight the ethical implications and future opportunities within each area. Methods: A search was conducted over a three-year period in two electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) to identify peer-reviewed articles and conference proceedings. Search terms included variations of the following: neoplasms[MeSH], informatics[MeSH], cancer, oncology, clinical cancer informatics, medical cancer informatics. The search returned too many articles for practical review (23,994 from PubMed and 23,100 from Google Scholar). Thus, we conducted searches of key PubMed-indexed informatics journals and proceedings. We further limited our search to manuscripts that demonstrated a clear focus on clinical or translational cancer informatics. Manuscripts were then selected based on their methodological rigor, scientific impact, innovation, and contribution towards cancer informatics as a field or on their impact on cancer care and research. Results: Key developments and opportunities in cancer informatics research in the areas of digital health, machine learning, and precision oncology were summarized. Conclusion: While there are numerous innovations in the field of cancer informatics to advance prevention and clinical care, considerable challenges remain related to data sharing and privacy, digital accessibility, and algorithm biases and interpretation. The implementation and application of these findings in cancer care necessitates further consideration and research.
Self-modeling Agents Evolving in Our Finite Universe

This paper proposes that we should avoid infinite sets in definitions of AI agent and their environments. For agents that evolve to increase their finite resources it proposes a self-modeling agent definition that avoids assumptions about the agent’s future form. And it proposes a consistent and complete logical theory for reasoning by AI agents in our finite universe.
Inconsistency in Brain Death Determination Should Not Be Tolerated

Since it was proposed in 1980, the Uniform Determination of Death Act has provided the legal basis for determination of death by neurological criteria. The act contains language that allows for acceptable medical standards to be used to determine death. Since 1995, the American Academy of Neurology has provided guidelines for brain death determination (revised in 2010), but nationwide adherence to these guidelines has been incomplete. This variability could lead to misdiagnosis and erosion of public trust in this important medical practice. Physicians must work together as a profession to push for uniformity and accuracy in death diagnosis.
Stem Cells for Aging-Related Disorders

This review captures recent advances in biological and translational research on stem cells. In particular, we discuss new discoveries and concepts regarding stem cell treatment of aging-related disorders. A myriad of stem cell sources exists, from hematopoietic to mesenchymal and neural cell lineages. We examine current applications of exogenous adult bone marrow-derived stem cells as an effective and safe transplantable cell source, as well as the use of electrical stimulation to promote endogenous neurogenesis for Parkinson's disease. We also explore the potential of transplanting exogenous umbilical cord blood cells and mobilizing host resident stem cells in vascular dementia and aging. In addition, we assess the ability of small molecules to recruit resident stem cells in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we evaluate mechanisms of action recently implicated in stem cell therapy, such as the role of long non-coding RNAs, G-protein coupled receptor 5, and NeuroD1. Our goal is to provide a synopsis of recent milestones regarding the application of stem cells in aging.
Knowledge-Based Planning for Robustly Optimized Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy of Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

Purpose To assess the performance of a proton-specific knowledge-based planning (KBP) model in the creation of robustly optimized intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans for treatment of advanced head and neck (HN) cancer patients. Methods Seventy-three patients diagnosed with advanced HN cancer previously treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were selected and replanned with robustly optimized IMPT. A proton-specific KBP model, RapidPlanPT (RPP), was generated using 53 patients (20 unilateral cases and 33 bilateral cases). The remaining 20 patients (10 unilateral and 10 bilateral cases) were used for model validation. The model was validated by comparing the target coverage and organ at risk (OAR) sparing in the RPP-generated IMPT plans with those in the expert plans. To account for the robustness of the plan, all uncertainty scenarios were included in the analysis. Results All the RPP plans generated were clinically acceptable. For unilateral cases, RPP plans had higher CTV_primary V100 (1.59% ± 1.24%) but higher homogeneity index (HI) (0.7 ± 0.73) than had the expert plans. In addition, the RPP plans had better ipsilateral cochlea Dmean (-5.76 ± 6.11 Gy), with marginal to no significant difference between RPP plans and expert plans for all other OAR dosimetric indices. For the bilateral cases, the V100 for all clinical target volumes (CTVs) was higher for the RPP plans than for the expert plans, especially the CTV_primary V100 (5.08% ± 3.02%), with no significant difference in the HI. With respect to OAR sparing, RPP plans had a lower spinal cord Dmax (-5.74 ± 5.72 Gy), lower cochlea Dmean (left, -6.05 ± 4.33 Gy; right, -4.84 ± 4.66 Gy), lower left and right parotid V20Gy (left, -6.45% ± 5.32%; right, -6.92% ± 3.45%), and a lower integral dose (-0.19 ± 0.19 Gy). However, RPP plans increased the Dmax in the body outside of CTV (body-CTV) (1.2 ± 1.43 Gy), indicating a slightly higher hotspot produced by the RPP plans. Conclusion IMPT plans generated by a broad-scope RPP model have a quality that is, at minimum, comparable with, and at times superior to, that of the expert plans. The RPP plans demonstrated a greater robustness for CTV coverage and better sparing for several OARs.
Experiential Learning: The Bridge to the “Real World”

Academics are constantly faced with the challenge of how to most effectively bridge the gap from academia to the “real world” for our students. These challenges present several questions. What paradigm best enables students to learn in college? Was what was learned in the classroom meaningful to the students who graduated and started careers? When should a new paradigm of teaching be applied in the classroom? This paper describes a unique application of experiential learning and reports the results of implementing such a technique over a five-year period.
Nonparametric entropy estimation using kernel densities.

Abstract The entropy of experimental data from the biological and medical sciences provides additional information over summary statistics. Calculating entropy involves estimates of probability density functions, which can be effectively accomplished using kernel density methods. Kernel density estimation has been widely studied and a univariate implementation is readily available in MATLAB. The traditional definition of Shannon entropy is part of a larger family of statistics, called Renyi entropy, which are useful in applications that require a measure of the Gaussianity of data. Of particular note is the quadratic entropy which is related to the Friedman–Tukey (FT) index, a widely used measure in the statistical community. One application where quadratic entropy is very useful is the detection of abnormal cardiac rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation (AF). Asymptotic and exact small-sample results for optimal bandwidth and kernel selection to estimate the FT index are presented and lead to improved methods for entropy estimation.
Direct-Coupling O2 Bond Forming a Pathway in Cobalt Oxide Water Oxidation Catalysts

We report a catalytic mechanism for water oxidation in a cobalt oxide cubane model compound, in which the crucial O–O bond formation step takes place by direct coupling between two CoIV(O) metal oxo groups. Our results are based upon density functional theory (DFT) calculations and are consistent with experimental studies of the CoPi water oxidation catalyst. The computation of energetics and barriers for the steps leading up to and including the O–O bond formation uses an explicit solvent model within a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) framework, and captures the essential hydrogen-bonding effects and dynamical flexibility of this system.
Quantum random walks in a programmable nanophotonic processor

Quantum random walks (QRWs) implemented in photonic media have seen significant recent attention for their applicability to problems in quantum simulation and quantum transport. However, performing statistically robust and high-fidelity studies of these problems has required either manual tuning of optical elements or the fabrication of multiple integrated photonic chips. Here, we present our recent theoretical and preliminary experimental results on the role of disorder and decoherence in QRWs implemented in a large-scale, programmable nanophotonic processor (PNP).
Monetary Operations and Government Debt Management Under Islamic Banking

This paper outlines the recent progress in developing Islamic financial instruments for the management of monetary policy and public borrowing requirements and provides details on new instruments currently being developed in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Sudan. The paper also touches on the institutional arrangements for interbank market operations and the design of effective central bank credit facilities that are needed under Islamic banking to support the development and operation of these new instruments.
Generation of Quadratic Force Fields from Potential Flow Fields for Distributed Manipulation

Distributed manipulation systems induce motions on objects through the application of many external forces. Many of these systems are abstracted as planar programmable force fields. Quadratic potential fields, which belong to such a class of fields, lend themselves to analytical study and exhibit useful stability properties. This paper introduces a new methodology to build Quadratic fields with simple devices using the naturally existing phenomena of airflow which is an improvement to the traditional use of the complicated programmable actuator arrays. It also provides a basis for the exploitation, in distributed manipulation, of natural phenomena like airflow, which require rigorous analysis and display stability difficulties. A demonstration and verification of the theoretical results for the special case of the elliptic field with air flows is also presented.
Corynebacterium aquaticum urinary tract infection in a neonate, and concepts regarding the role of the organism as a neonatal pathogen.

Corynebacterium aquaticum urinary tract infection developed in a neonate 8 days after uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Prior to definitive identification, the isolate was thought to be Listeria monocytogenes because of its microscopic morphology, catalase positivity, and tumbling motility. The infant responded to intravenous ceftriaxone. Because the presentation of C. aquaticum in this patient suggested systemic involvement, C. aquaticum may be regarded as a bona fide neonatal pathogen. Images
Explaining business cycles in small open economies

Abstract This paper analyzes the role of world price shocks – fluctuations in the prices of capital, intermediate, and primary goods, and in the world real interest rate – in the generation and propagation of business cycles in small open developing countries. I construct a stochastic dynamic multi-sector small open economy model. The model is a variant of the specific-factors model and reflects the major structural characteristics of developing economies. I utilize variance decomposition methods to quantitatively evaluate the impact of world price shocks. The results indicate that world price shocks account for a significant fraction of business cycle variability in developing countries.
Vehicular HF antenna fabrication

Exchange of information through different modes of communication has gained unprecedented importance in recent times. Amidst the plethora of communication platforms available today, HF communications still proves to be the most reliable and robust means of communication over large distances. The adoption of HF into the tactical on the move type of communications has given rise to a new set of challenges. HF antennas typically operate within the 2–30 MHz frequency band. The size of these antennas is defined by their lowest frequency of operation. In such cases, the design and fabrication of these antennas for the vehicular platforms is particularly challenging in terms of the weight, physical size and performance specifications of the antenna over the vehicular platform.
What is a dialysate

IN Nature of November 22, 1947, p. 720, H. G. Derx has commented upon the confusion caused by the lack of a suitable name for the material retained by a dialysing membrane. He has proposed the use of the term ‘residue'. We have found the term ‘impercneate', coined by Dr. Howard Eder in our laboratories some years ago, a very descriptive and helpful one to apply to such material
Gaussian basis sets for use in correlated molecular calculations. IV. Calculation of static electrical response properties

An accurate description of the electrical properties of atoms and molecules is critical for quantitative predictions of the nonlinear properties of molecules and of long‐range atomic and molecular interactions between both neutral and charged species. We report a systematic study of the basis sets required to obtain accurate correlated values for the static dipole (α1), quadrupole (α2), and octopole (α3) polarizabilities and the hyperpolarizability (γ) of the rare gas atoms He, Ne, and Ar. Several methods of correlation treatment were examined, including various orders of Moller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2, MP3, MP4), coupled‐cluster theory with and without perturbative treatment of triple excitations [CCSD, CCSD(T)], and singles and doubles configuration interaction (CISD). All of the basis sets considered here were constructed by adding even‐tempered sets of diffuse functions to the correlation consistent basis sets of Dunning and co‐workers. With multiply‐augmented sets we find that the electrical properties of the rare gas atoms converge smoothly to values that are in excellent agreement with the available experimental data and/or previously computed results. As a further test of the basis sets presented here, the dipole polarizabilities of the F− and Cl− anions and of the HCl and N2 molecules are also reported.
Pyrimido[5,4‐b]quinolines. II. Reactions at the heterocyclic ring‐carbon and nitrogen atoms

10-Chloro-7,8-dimethylpyrimido[5,4-b]quinolin-2,4(1H,3H)dione (I) was unreactive toward ammonia but it reacted with 2 molecules of n-butylamine, presumably via Dimroth-type ring-opening and closure, to give the N3-butyl, N10-butylamino derivative (IV). In similar reactions of 10-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-7,8-dimethylpyrimido[5,4-b]quinoline (II) only the 4-meth-oxyl was displaced by either ammonia or n-butylamine. Alkyllithium reagents also displaced the 4-methoxyl as well as added to the 3,4 double bond of II to yield the corresponding gem-dialkyl substituted (C4) derivatives; the C10 chlorine remained unreactive. 2,4-Dimethoxy-7,8-di-methylpyrimido[5,4-b]quinoline-10-one (III) could be alkylated only in the form of the thallium salt. Treatment of the benzyl derivative of III with methylmagnesium bromide led only to the displacement of the 4-methoxyl by a methyl group.
Roentgen manifestations of erythema exudativum multiforme: Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

SUMMARY 1.Erythema exudativum multiforme is usually an acute, mild exanthematous disease of little apparent consequence. 2.Syndrome may appear in severe forms manifested by bulbous erythematous lesions involving the mucocutaneous areas of the body. 3.The mucosa of the respiratory tract may be involved producing pneumonitis which is radiographically, serologically and clinically indistinguishable from primary atypical pneumonia.
A micro sustained release system for epidermal growth factor

A technique for ensuring the controlled release of microgram and smaller amounts of biologically active epidermal growth factor (EGF) from polymeric delivery systems is described. We show that albumin in milligram quantities can facilitate the sustained release of picogram amounts of EGF for at least 3 wk. The EGF-containing polymer matrix can be placed directly into cell culture and will increase the proliferation rate of serum-starved cells. The method reported here should be suited particularly to the delivery of biologically active growth factors that are obtainable in only microgram or smaller amounts.
The binding of 5 s ribosomal ribonucleic acid to ribosomal subunits

Abstract The 75 s ribosomes of the aquatic fungus, Blastocladiella emersonii dissociate at 10 −4 m -Mg 2+ into 63 s and 45 s subunits. Only the 63 s subunit contains 5 s rRNA, about one molecule per subunit being present. When these subunits are treated with EDTA, the 63 s particle is unfolded to a 47 s particle without extensive release of protein but with the release of 5 s rRNA. Using 32 P-labeled 5 s rRNA, we have demonstrated that 5 s rRNA will exchange with the 5 s rRNA on the 63 s subunit. Binding studies demonstrate that 2 molecules of 5 s rRNA will bind to ribosomal subunits or to the isolated 47 s large subunit. Binding to one of the two sites is displaced by transfer RNA.
Plantar Loading Comparisons between Women with a History of Second Metatarsal Stress Fractures and Normal Controls

BackgroundStress fractures are common in athletics and are more prevalent in women. The current literature has not identified a reason for this gender difference.HypothesisWomen with a history of a second/third metatarsal stress fracture will demonstrate differences in loading in the middle forefoot.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsFifteen men, 15 control women, and 9 women with a history of a second/third metatarsal stress fracture were asked to run at 3.3 m/s ± 5% along a 10-m runway. Plantar loading parameters were recorded using a Pedar-X system.ResultsThe women with fractures demonstrated a decrease in contact area and maximum force beneath the middle forefoot when compared with the female controls. Men demonstrated a decreased contact area in the medial and middle forefoot when compared with the control women. In addition, the women with fractures had decreased maximum force in the middle forefoot when compared with the control women.ConclusionsThe decrease in maximum force in the midd...
Surface force measurements at the basal planes of ordered kaolinite particles.

Abstract An experimental procedure is presented to order kaolinite particles on substrates for interrogation of the two basal plane surfaces by atomic force microscopy. Surface force measurements were performed between a silicon nitride tip and each of the two faces (silica tetrahedral face and alumina octahedral face) of kaolinite in 1 mM KCl solution at pH 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10, using atomic force microscopy. The colloidal force measurements reveal that the silica tetrahedral face of kaolinite is negatively charged at pH > 4, whereas the alumina octahedral face of kaolinite is positively charged at pH 8. Such measurements have not been reported previously and the results suggest that the iso-electric point of the silica tetrahedral face is at pH
Organizing the poor

Piven and Cloward aimed to be provocative, but they did so by badly overstating their argument. They are too fair-minded to ignore completely the contribution and courage of organizers in these movements. In spite of their thesis, they pay occasional obeisance to movement organizers and exemplars. “There were nevertheless organizers in these [labor] struggles,” they acknowledge. “Some of these organizers were insurgents from the rank and file; others were radicals whose vision of an alternative future helped to account for their exemplary courage. Wherever these organizers came from, their vision helped goad workers into protest, and their courage gave workers heart and determination” (148). Nor can they ignore the role of organizational activists in the civil-rights movement. They seek exemption from the implications of this activity by noting that these organizations were not much concerned with building formal membership and were “cadre organizations.” But the idea of cadre organizations doesn't appear in the index, is introduced in an ad hoc manner to preserve their argument, and is never developed. In their account of the National Welfare Rights Organization, Piven and Cloward advocate a cadre organization, modelled on the successes of the civil-rights movement and of SCLC in particular (, 282–85). When Poor People's Movements goes from general thesis to specific case analysis, the argument becomes less provocative but more reasonable. Apparently, it is not every organization that discourages insurgency, aspires to create a mass membership and hierarchical bureaucracy, and is willing to sell its birthright for a mess of elite pottage. Some movement organizations' stimulate anger and defiance, and escalate the momentum of the people's protests. Some use their communication networks to spread disruptive forms of collective action and their organizational planning to chart strategy and timing, and to increase the effectiveness of collective action. Some institutionalize their dependence on their own constituency rather than come to rely on elite resources for survival. If some militant organizations later become tame and abandon their oppositional politics, other formerly docile organizations sometimes become centers of militancy - as the black churches and colleges did in the Southern civil rights movement. The intellectual task becomes the more exacting one of figuring out what types of organization are likely to facilitate insurgency or abandon their oppositional politics under different historical conditions. Poor People's Movements might be interpreted as providing one kind of answer to this question, an argument against mass-membership organizations. This is certainly a much less dramatic and provocative thesis. But in the end, an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of organization is a great deal more useful to students of social movements than the anti-organizational phillipic that the authors offer us.
Effects of social isolation until adulthood on maternal behavior in guinea pigs

Five female guinea pigs were separated from their mothers at birth and reared in social isolation until adulthood. Following impregnation and parturition the maternal behavior of these females was compared to that of a mother-reared group. No differences were found on nursing time, nursing posture, pup-oriented responses, or on weight gain of offspring.
Aggregate properties of fracture populations

Abstract Empirical studies indicate that the individual attributes of both faults and extension fractures follow power-law scaling. Aggregate properties of fracture populations are important in a variety of problems and can be specified in terms of the scaling parameters of individual fracture attributes. Development of an expression for an aggregate property requires consideration of a number of independent factors, including the topologic dimension of the aggregate property, the topologic dimension of sampling and the possibility of scaling changes for fractures that span some mechanically significant layer. The Riemann zeta function provides an alternative to integration for the analytical and numerical solution of aggregate problems. Previous work regarding aggregate properties of fracture populations has focused on the strain due to faulting. New expressions are developed here for other aggregate properties of interest: fracture surface area, fracture porosity, fracture permeability and shear-wave anisotropy. A general characteristic of these aggregate properties is that, for most values of scaling exponents, the aggregate properties are dependent on the size of the sampling domain. This implies that the aggregate properties are scale-dependent. Additionally, it appears that fracture surface area is concentrated in the smallest fractures of many populations. Fracture porosity is concentrated in the largest fractures of most populations but not as strongly as fracture permeability, which probably derives almost entirely from the largest fractures in populations.
Evaluation of a new high-density shielding material

A new high-density material is evaluated for use as shielding at medical radiation therapy facilities. The substance is supplied in the form of prefabricated interlocking blocks that contain steel scrap as the aggregate in a matrix of Portland cement. This material, called Ledite by its manufacturer, permits the dimensions of radiation therapy room walls to be reduced by a factor of approximately 2 when compared with rooms made from ordinary concrete. The neutron absorption required for high-energy linear accelerators is present.
Surgical management of subclavian vein obstruction, including six cases of subclavian vein bypass.

Background. The indications are still being developed for the various procedures available to treat thrombotic and nonthrombotic subclavian vein obstruction. This article explores our experience with the surgical options, primarily with chronic venous occlusion, but also with acute thrombosis. Methods. Twelve patients presented with acute or chronic venous thrombosis or nonthrombotic venous obstruction. Treatment included thrombolysis, vein patch angioplasty, thrombectomy, first rib resection, venolysis, and/or subclavian vein bypass by either jugular vein transposition or prosthetic axillojugular bypass. Results. Six patients experienced relief of all symptoms; the other six have had relief from pain but continue to have occasional swelling. Conclusions. On the basis of our anecdotal experiences and those of others, the following protocol has been developed. After acute thrombosis, lytic therapy is recommended. If successful, first rib resection and venolysis should be considered; if unsuccessful and the patient has significant symptoms, immediate thrombectomy is indicated. If patency is established, rib resection and venolysis should follow. Persistent stenosis is treated by angioplasty, either with a vein patch or percutaneously. Complete occlusion is managed by jugular vein transposition or axillojugular bypass. Temporary arteriovenous fistulas accompany all open venous repairs.
MMP-2 and MMP-9 increase the neurite-promoting potential of schwann cell basal laminae and are upregulated in degenerated nerve.

Compared to degenerated nerves, the ability of normal adult peripheral nerve to support axonal regeneration is poor and may be attributed to the inhibition of endoneurial laminin by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). In cryoculture assays, neuritic growth of neonatal and adult peripheral neurons was increased on sections of normal nerve by pretreatment with CSPG-degrading enzymes, including the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. Axonal regeneration is known to occur within the Schwann cell basal laminae of degenerated nerve. Similarly, deconvolution microscopy revealed that neuritic growth on nerve tissue sections occurred principally on the lumenal surface of enzymatically modified basal laminae. Compared to normal nerve, there was a marked increase in the neurite-promoting activity of the degenerated nerve, and this activity was not increased significantly by subsequent MMP treatment. Additionally, the expression and activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were elevated in degenerated nerve, suggesting that degradation of inhibitory CSPG by the MMPs contributes to the growth-promoting properties of degenerated nerve.
On the importance of points-to analysis and other memory disambiguation methods for C programs

In this paper, we evaluate the benefits achievable from pointer analysis and other memory disambiguation techniques for C/C++ programs, using the framework of the production compiler for the Intel® Itanium™ processor. Most of the prior work on memory disambiguation has primarily focused on pointer analysis, and either presents only static estimates of the accuracy of the analysis (such as average points-to set size), or provides performance data in the context of certain individual optimizations. In contrast, our study is based on a complete memory disambiguation framework that uses a whole set of techniques including pointer analysis. Further, it presents how various compiler analyses and optimizations interact with the memory disambiguator, evaluates how much they benefit from disambiguation, and measures the eventual impact on the performance of the program. The paper also analyzes the types of disambiguation queries that are typically received by the disambiguator, which disambiguation techniques prove most effective in resolving them, and what type of queries prove difficult to be resolved. The study is based on empirical data collected for the SPEC CINT2000 C/C++ programs, running on the Itanium processor.
Spinal cord stimulation is effective in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in patients with symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), a disabling clinical condition with significant consequences of morbidity and loss of productivity. METHODS: We have used epidural SCS for pain control during the past 15 years. An analysis of our records revealed 12 consecutive patients diagnosed as having RSD before undergoing SCS. Eight of the 12 patients had undergone previous ablative sympathectomy. The mean age of the nine men and three women was 38.2 years. All suffered extremity injuries from a variety of causes. RESULTS: All 12 patients experienced relief of pain after trial stimulation and had their systems permanently implanted. At an average of 41 months follow-up, all patients were using their stimulators regularly and only two were receiving adjunctive minor pain medication. The level of pain present pre- and postoperatively was determined by administering a modified McGill Pain Questionnaire and a visual analog scale to each patient. Eight patients reported excellent pain relief, and four patients described good results. Five minor complications occurred. CONCLUSION: SCS is an effective treatment for the pain of RSD, including recurrent pain after ablative sympathectomy. The low morbidity of this procedure and its efficacy in patients with refractory pain related to RSD suggest that SCS is superior to ablative sympathectomy in the management of RSD.
Imaging and therapy of degenerative spine diseases—A neurosurgeon's view

Diagnostic imaging and therapy of degenerative spine disease are presented from a neurosurgical standpoint. No single image modality is considered to be the solution to the wide variety of pathology. We caution against the overestimation of MRI. An individualised, patient- and problem-oriented, surgical approach is advocated.
Strategies for antiracist representation: ethnic tourism guides in Chicago

Researchers often frame tour guides in narrow and agency-revoking ways and theorize an ethnic tourism industry in which marginalized racial/ethnic communities are represented as the Other. In this research, I argue that tour guides in Chicago's urban ethnic neighborhoods resist some of the prevailing racialized constructions of their communities by employing strategies of antiracist representation. As ‘representational strategists’, tour guides use ethnic tourism to develop strategies that put forward alternative – even antiracist – representations of marginalized communities. Through a Chicago tourism project, guides construct representations of their communities that (1) invert the relationship of the host community and visitors by constructing the tourists as the Other; (2) articulate a social history of oppression and resistance; (3) expose the community's social problems such as gentrification, and identify their structural causes; and (4) connect the shared experiences between communities of color. ...
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine in Neuropsychiatry

Despite the need for more effective treatments for psychiatric disorders, development of new medications has stalled. Here we discuss the promise of personalized medicine in developing more efficacious and individualized pharmacotherapies that take into account genetic variation and target groups of patients who share biology, not just symptoms.
CdS thin film grown by aerosol-assisted deposition method

Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) thin films are often deposited on glass substrates coated with TCO layers by the close-spaced sublimation (CSS) or sputter techniques in industrial because in-line production integration It is seldom reported that CdS is deposited by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) batch process. The bottleneck of CBD for commercial application is its low production rate and waste water treatment. In this paper, we report how to produce different thickness large area (100cm2) CdS thin film by CBD. We study how to increase the production rate. The influence of the solution temperature and concentration on the thickness of CdS is investigated.
The core mechanism of dry eye disease is inflammation.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to review the evidence for the hypothesis that the core mechanism of Dry Eye Disease (DED) is inflammation, including evidence from recent basic, clinical and translational research involving human patients, animal models, and cell cultures.
Intrinsic localized modes in nonlinear photonic crystal waveguides

Abstract A discussion is given of the theory of intrinsic localized modes (ILM) for nonlinear waveguide impurities in photonic crystals. Conditions are determined for the existence of both even- and odd-parity ILM modes and kink ILM modes. A study is also made of ILM modes in a two-dimensional array of Kerr impurities.