cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 12493: Comparison of Prehospital Stroke Scales

Introduction: Stroke is a major cause of death and disability. The availability of time dependent therapies for stroke makes accurate triage critical. Recent data demonstrates superior outcomes in large vessel occlusion (LVO) after the adjunctive use of endovascular therapy. A sufficiently accurate pre-hospital scale is needed to appropriate LVO patients to the closest endovascular-capable center. Various prehospital stroke scales have been described in an attempt to help identify strokes. The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the four most commonly used stroke scales, CPSS, LAPSS, LAMS and RACE in terms of their accuracy in identifying strokes and stroke severity. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale serves as the gold standard for comparison. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of a total of 1,293 patients transported from 2010 to 2013 by STAT MedEvac. Subjects had a suspected stroke, a prehospital NIHSS and a discharge diagnosis of stroke. The prehospital data were recorded in EMS charts by the EMS provider and used to establish scores for each of the four stroke scales analyzed. The hospital record was used to identify ischemic stroke (final discharge diagnosis) and the presence of LVO. Stroke identification and severity was determined by using the best cut off points for each of the scales. Using STATA12 the receiver operating characteristics were calculated for each scale. Conclusions: Prehospital stroke scales differ significantly in sensitivity and specificity for stroke and LVO identification with most scores having low sensitivity for both stroke and LVO detection. Although the commonly used CPSS has a fairly high sensitivity its specificity is low which could lead to a potential over-triage of patients. The results of the study show that none of these scales has sufficient accuracy to identify strokes and eliminate stroke mimics. A new tool is needed to improve prehospital stroke and LVO.
Teacher Research and Adult Learning in Music Education

The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of seven music educators who designed and implemented teacher research in their classrooms in relation to the Merriam, Caffarella, and Baumgartner (2007) theory of adult learning. Findings are presented within participant profiles and suggest that motivations to participate included a desire to be a better teacher and an interest in collaborating with the University. The collaboration helped the participants to continue with their studies as did their curiosity about the learning of their students. The issue of time hindered some of the participants’ ability to complete their studies.
Abstract A108: DNA damage repair targeting upregulates PD-L1 level and potentiates the effect of PD-L1 blockade in small cell lung cancer

Background: Effective targeted therapies for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), the most aggressive form of lung cancer, are urgently needed. SCLC has a relatively immunosuppressed phenotype with relatively low levels of infiltrating T-cells and reduced antigen presentation. Only a minority of SCLC patients responds to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors as monotherapy. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop strategies to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy in SCLC. We previously discovered that DNA damage repair (DDR) protein, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), is overexpressed in SCLC; CHK1 inhibitor, LY2606368, has activity in preclinical models of SCLC, a finding that supported the phase 2 clinical trial of LY2606368 for SCLC patients (NCT02735980). We hypothesize that targeting CHK1 by inducing DNA damage can enhance immunogenicity, antitumor immunity, and response to immune checkpoint targeting. Methods: SCLC cell lines and immune competent murine models were treated with single agent LY2606368, anti-PD-L1, or combination. End point analyses were done by Western blot, real-time RT-PCR, multicolor flow cytometry, and reverse phase protein array (RPPA). Result: SCLC tumors with higher DDR mutation burden have a higher expression of PD-L1 (p 30 years. Citation Format: Triparna Sen, Limo Chen, B. Leticia Rodriguez, Carl M. Gay, Lerong Li, Yanli Li, Youhong Fan, Bonnie Glisson, Jing Wang, Helen Piwnica-Worms, Julien Sage, John V. Heymach, Don L. Gibbons, Lauren A. Byers. DNA damage repair targeting upregulates PD-L1 level and potentiates the effect of PD-L1 blockade in small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A108.
Community Approaches to Dietary Modification and Obesity

This report of the Stanford Three Community Study shows how community wide efforts can be effective in educating the public about the serious effects of problems such as obesity.
Economic Load Dispatch with Prohibited Operating Zones Using Genetic Algorithms

This paper present an efficient and reliable Genetic Algorithm for solving Economical Load Dispatch problem with prohibited operating zones in power plant. The main objective is to minimize the total fuel cost of generating unit having quadratic cost characteristic subjected to limits on generator true and reactive power output, transmission losses, prohibited operating zones. This paper present an application of genetic algorithms to economic load dispatch problem with prohibited operating zones of power plants for 3 generator test case system [3]. Economic load dispatch problem is applied and compared its solution quality and computational efficiency to GA other optimization techniques. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform previous optimization method.
Time-frequency localization operators of Cohen’s class

A technique of producing signals whose energy is concentrated in a given region of the time-frequency plane is examined. The degree to which a particular signal is concentrated is measured by integrating a time-frequency distribution over the given region. This procedure was put forward by Flandrin, and has been used for time-varying filtering in the recent work of Hlawatsch, Kozek, and Krattenthaler. In this paper, the operators associated with the Wigner distribution and the spectrogram are considered. New results on the decay rate of the eigenvalues and the smoothness and decay of the eigenfunctions are presented.
Neural Stem Cell Differentiation in 2D and 3D Microenvironments

Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) have tremendous potential for tissue engineering applications because of their high regenerative capacity to promote functional recovery following disease and injury in the central nervous system. Despite their great potential, current methods to culture NSCs are limited; e.g., adherent 2D cultures are greatly simplified vs. the in vivo microenvironment by imposing altered tissue-specific architecture and mechanical and biochemical cues, and cell morphology. Environmental cues are critical for cellular maturation and function and in vivo these are presented in a 3D environment. Recent studies with non-neuronal cells demonstrate that in a 3D matrix, cells dramatically alter their morphology and signaling pathways, with in vitro 3D environments being a better representation of in vivo systems. The main goal of this study is to define how NSC differentiation and cell-matrix signaling is altered in 2D and 3D systems. We hypothesize that 3D culture imposes changes in matrix-ligand organization and alters NSC behavior by modulating cytoskeletal signaling and differentiation outcome. To test our hypothesis we cultured mouse embryonic NSCs in 2D and 3D biomaterials and observed differences in cell behavior and β1 - integrin signaling with altered culture dimensionality using immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. In this study we show that NSCs sense the dimensionality of their environment and alter motility: in 3D, individual cells adapt a random migration pattern and extend longer neurites than in 2D where the cells undergo chain migration. In addition, the differentiation of the NSCs into the neuronal phenotype is increased in 2D vs 3D culture. These results confirm our hypothesis and provide a foundation to design optimal biomaterials towards the development of therapeutics for nerve repair and neurodegenerative disorders.
Blacklist Core: Machine-Learning Based Dynamic Operating-Performance-Point Blacklisting for Mitigating Power-Management Security Attacks

Most modern computing devices make available fine-grained control of operating frequency and voltage for power management. These interfaces, as demonstrated by recent attacks, open up a new class of software fault injection attacks that compromise security on commodity devices. CLKSCREW, a recently-published attack that stretches the frequency of devices beyond their operational limits to induce faults, is one such attack. Statically and permanently limiting frequency and voltage modulation space, i.e., guard-banding, could mitigate such attacks but it incurs large performance degradation and long testing time. Instead, in this paper, we propose a run-time technique which dynamically blacklists unsafe operating performance points using a neural-net model. The model is first trained offline in the design time and then subsequently adjusted at run-time by inspecting a selected set of features such as power management control registers, timing-error signals, and core temperature. We designed the algorithm and hardware, titled a BlackList (BL) core, which is capable of detecting and mitigating such power management-based security attack at high accuracy. The BL core incurs a reasonably small amount of overhead in power, delay, and area.
A STUDY OF MILK LOSSES AS INFLUENCED BY RATE OF EMPTYING MILK CANS

The amount of loss of milk due to stickage was estimated at various dumping rates under plant conditions. The dumping rates ranged from five to ten cans per minute. The losses at these rates ranged from 0.20 to 0.75% respectively. The fat test of the milk lost due to stickage was higher than that of a composite sample of all the milk delivered. The results were in agreement with those of previous workers. These estimates may be used by farmers to estimate their losses from this source and by milk handlers to estimate their losses at the receiving room.
The morphologically right and left ventricles cannot be distinguished by their coronary arterial pattern.

Objectives The morphologically right and left ventricles are distinguished from each other based on their internal anatomical features, because their external (epicardial) surfaces do not appear to have any distinguishing mark for such ventricular identification. Nevertheless, ventricular identification based on epicardial characteristics, if these were possible, would be interesting to surgeons, because this would enable them to identify each ventricle rapidly upon opening the chest. This made us curious as to whether or not the two ventricles may be distinguished based on their epicardial coronary arterial patterns, because this is the most obvious epicardial ventricular feature. Methods This idea led us to formulate the following 2 hypotheses: (i) The morphologically left ventricle is always the one that receives the higher number of the marginal arteries as compared to the morphologically right ventricle. (ii) Only the morphologically left ventricle receives the diagonal arteries from the anterior and posterior interventricular arteries. These hypotheses were tested in this anatomical observational study by examination of 98 normal and 398 congenitally malformed formaldehyde-preserved hearts encompassing most malformations, including rare ones and hearts in which 1 ventricle is hypoplastic. Results These examinations show that both hypotheses are false. Conclusions The two ventricles cannot be distinguished from each other based on the number of marginal arteries that they receive or which one receives diagonal arteries; both ventricles may receive diagonal arteries from either or both interventricular arteries.
Predicting long-term cognitive and neuropathological consequences of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: Review and theoretical framework

Prognostic modeling in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) has historically focused primarily on the projection of crude outcomes such as the risk of mortality and disability. Initial work in this area has perpetuated the notion that prognosis after moderate to severe TBI can be measured as a single, static, and dichotomous outcome. However, more recent conceptualizations describe moderate to severe TBI as the initiation of a chronic disease state with high levels of inter-individual variability in terms of symptom manifestation and disease progression. Unfortunately, existing prognostic models provide limited insight into the extent of chronic cognitive and neurodegenerative changes experienced by moderate to severe TBI survivors. Though prior research has identified a variety of acute factors that appear to influence post-injury cognitive and neuropathological outcomes, an empirically supported framework for prognostic modeling of these injury-distal outcomes does not exist. The current review considers the literature on an expanded array of empirically supported predictors (both premorbid and injury-related) in association with long-term sequelae of moderate to severe TBI. We also provide a theoretical framework and statistical approach for prognostic modeling in moderate to severe TBI in order to unify efforts across research groups and facilitate important progress in this research area.
Sperm Processing and Selection

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) use sperm sorting methods to select viable sperm from semen samples. Conventional sperm sorting techniques currently use swim-up and density gradient centrifugation. These methods use multiple centrifugation steps, which have been shown to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that decrease DNA integrity and damage sperm. Newer technologies, such as motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME), electrophoresis and magnetically activated cell sorting, and microfluidics, eliminate the centrifugation steps, reduce oxidative stress, and improve the selection of sperm with higher DNA integrity, normal morphology, and motility and may help improve assisted reproductive outcomes. In this chapter, we discuss some centrifugation- and non-centrifugation-based techniques for sperm selection and their effect on sperm quality and ART outcomes.
mTORC1 couples cyst(e)ine availability with GPX4 protein synthesis and ferroptosis regulation

Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) utilizes glutathione (GSH) to detoxify lipid peroxidation and plays an essential role in inhibiting ferroptosis. As a selenoprotein, GPX4 protein synthesis is highly inefficient and energetically costly. How cells coordinate GPX4 synthesis with nutrient availability remains unclear. In this study, we perform integrated proteomic and functional analyses to reveal that SLC7A11-mediated cystine uptake promotes not only GSH synthesis, but also GPX4 protein synthesis. Mechanistically, we find that cyst(e)ine activates mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and promotes GPX4 protein synthesis at least partly through the Rag-mTORC1-4EBP signaling axis. We show that pharmacologic inhibition of mTORC1 decreases GPX4 protein levels, sensitizes cancer cells to ferroptosis, and synergizes with ferroptosis inducers to suppress patient-derived xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Together, our results reveal a regulatory mechanism to coordinate GPX4 protein synthesis with cyst(e)ine availability and suggest using combinatorial therapy of mTORC1 inhibitors and ferroptosis inducers in cancer treatment. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibits ferroptosis, but protein synthesis is inefficient and costly. Here, the authors reveal that cystine uptake promotes GPX4 synthesis by activating mTORC1 and show that cancer cells are sensitized to ferroptosis by mTORC1 inhibition.
Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries: A Critical Analysis Review.

» The incidence of brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) in the United States is declining and now occurs in <1 per 1,000 births. » The gold standard for predicting the need for early intervention remains serial examination. » Early treatment of BPBI with reconstructive surgery requires the ability to perform both interposition nerve grafting and nerve transfers. » Given the heterogeneity of lesions, the evidence is largely limited to retrospective comparative studies and case series.
Intersection of REE and Probability Measure Theory: Getting Down to Brass Tacks

This study reviews the literature on modeling of Rational Expectations Equilibriums (REE) with respect to pragmatism of inferences. Regardless of evidence for feasibility or existence of REE, none of studies which assume either of Bayesian updating of information, and/or Borel (Quantitative) Probability Measures provide any pragmatic rubric for modeling of REE. While studies, which proffer econometric (`bounded rationality') approaches to modeling of REE have some pragmatism, all such approaches have robustness only if they are adopted prior to entry into a market. In presence of highlighted restriction, and normative importance of metrics that enable a regaining of REE subsequent to arrival of some perturbation, econometric approaches generate REE that inherently are unstable, as such, are lacking in pragmatism. The evidence shows all studies that pragmatically model REE specify qualitative probabilities over preferences, and explicitly characterize qualitative probabilities as having character of probability measures. Modeling of qualitative probability measures is shown to generate a Borel Space. While quantitative probability measures that facilitate Bayesian updating within Borel Spaces are required, however, to have concave distributions, qualitative probability measures can have either of concave or convex distributions, as such, are robust to any specification of preferences. Importantly, all studies that adopt qualitative probability measures for modeling of REE generate procedures, equivalently, mechanisms that either enable reestablishment of a preceding REE, or tattonement towards a new REE.
Construction of Disease-specific Cytokine Profiles by Associating Disease Genes with Immune Responses

The pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases is a coordinated process involving metabolic dysfunctions and immune response--usually modulated by the production of cytokines and associated inflammatory molecules. In this work, we seek to understand how genes involved in pathogenesis which are often not associated with the immune system in an obvious way communicate with the immune system. We have embedded a network of human protein-protein interactions (PPI) from the STRING database with 14,707 human genes using feature learning that captures high confidence edges. We have found that our predicted Association Scores derived from the features extracted from STRINGs high confidence edges are useful for predicting novel connections between genes, thus enabling the construction of a full map of predicted associations for all possible pairs between 14,707 human genes. In particular, we analyzed the pattern of associations for 126 cytokines and found that the six patterns of cytokine interaction with human genes are consistent with their functional classifications. In order to define the disease-specific roles of cytokines we have collected gene sets for 11,944 diseases from DisGeNET. We used these gene sets to predict disease-specific gene associations with cytokines by calculating the normalized average Association Scores between disease-associated gene sets and the 126 cytokines; this creates a unique profile of inflammatory genes (both known and predicted) for each disease. We validated our predicted cytokine associations by comparing them to known associations for 171 diseases. The predicted cytokine profiles correlate (p-value<0.05) with the known ones in 147 diseases. We further characterized the profiles of each disease by calculating an "Inflammation Score" that summarizes different modes of immune responses. Finally, by analyzing subnetworks formed between disease-specific pathogenesis genes, hormones, receptors, and cytokines, we identified the key genes responsible for interactions between pathogenesis and inflammatory responses. These genes and the corresponding cytokines used by different immune disorders suggest unique targets for drug discovery.
Evidence for two genetic variants of Pneumocystis carinii coinfecting laboratory rats.

Abstract Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is an oftentimes fatal infection for hosts in an immunocompromised state. The disease occurs in a wide variety of mammals, but the etiologic agent of this disease has been referred to as P. carinii regardless of the host species. However, even within a single host species, such as laboratory rats, distinct varieties of P. carinii have been identified from differences in the electrophoretic migration of chromosomes in agarose gels. Here we present evidence indicating that some laboratory rats can contain two different genetic variants of P. carinii that differ not only in electrophoretic karyotype but also in the presence of a particular repeated DNA sequence, in the presence of an intron in the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, and in the sequence of part of the 18S rRNA gene. Most of the rat colonies studied were infected with P. carinii that contained the repeated DNA and the 18S rRNA gene intron. The other type of rat-derived P. carinii, which lacked the repeated DNA and the intron in the 18S rRNA gene, was found as a coinfection with the first. Parasite populations from different coinfected rats contained the two variants in different proportions.
Crack Pipes and Policing: A Case Study of Institutional Racism and Remedial Action in Cleveland

This article uses a case study of selective drug law enforcement in Cleveland, Ohio, to explore the contours of institutional racism in criminal justice policy and practice. Using the multilevel theoretical framework developed by Ian Haney Lopez (2000) that highlights the processes underlying how institutional racism is manifested, I analyze how and why racially discriminatory arrest and charging practices were able to persist in this case as well as how they were eventually reformed. In doing so, I explore the role of institutional empathy (and its withholding) in institutional racism and illustrate how the exploitation of empathy can be used strategically to effect policy change.
Effect of multiple phosphorylations of smooth muscle and cytoplasmic myosins on movement in an in vitro motility assay

Abstract The Nitella-based in vitro motility assay developed by Sheetz and Spudich (Sheetz, M.P., and Spudich, J. A. (1983) Nature 303, 31-35) is a quantitative assay for measuring the velocity of myosin-coated beads over an organized substratum of actin. We have used this assay to analyze the effect of phosphorylation of various sites on the 20,000-Da light chain of smooth muscle and cytoplasmic myosins. Phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase at serine 19 on the 20,000-Da light chain subunit of smooth muscle myosin from turkey gizzard, bovine trachea and aorta, and of cytoplasmic myosin from human platelets was required for bead movement. The individual phosphorylated myosin-coated beads moved at characteristic rates under the same conditions (turkey gizzard myosin, 0.2 micron/s; aorta or trachea myosin, 0.12 micron/s; and platelet myosin, 0.04 micron/s; in contrast, rabbit skeletal muscle myosin, 2 micron/s). Myosin light chain kinase can also phosphorylate threonine 18 in addition to serine 19, and this phosphorylation resulted in an increase in the actin-activated MgATPase activity (Ikebe, M., and Hartshorne, D.J. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 10027-10031). Phosphorylation at this site had no effect on the velocity of smooth muscle myosin-coated beads. Protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme) can also phosphorylate two to three sites on the 20,000-Da light chain, and this phosphorylation alone did not result in the movement of myosin-coated beads. When myosin that had been previously phosphorylated by myosin light chain kinase at serine 19 was also phosphorylated by protein kinase C, myosin-coated beads moved at the same velocity as beads coated with myosin phosphorylated by myosin light chain kinase alone. Tropomyosin binding to actin also had an activating effect on the actin-activated MgATPase activity through an effect on the Vmax and also resulted in an increase in the velocity of myosin-coated beads.
Reflections from a convex surface

This paper discusses the results of a study both theoretical and experimental, to evaluate the effects on an antenna system, due to the scattering from a smooth, perfectly-conducting convex surface, simulating a portion of an airframe.
God and the Reach of Reason: C. S. Lewis, David Hume, and Bertrand Russell

1. The love of God and the suffering of humanity 2. Beyond nature 3. Miracles 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Debating miracles in the 18th century 3.3 A preliminary skirmish 3.4 Hume's main assault 3.5 Lewis's counter-attack 3.6 The fitness of the incarnation 3.7 Lewis's mitigated victory and the trilemma 3.8 Conclusion 4. Faith, design, and true religion.
Participation in Governance from a Comparative Perspective: Citizen Involvement in Telecommunications and Electricity in the UK, France and Sweden

This paper draws on empirical research to compare modes of citizen participation in administrative actions between the United States and three European countries: England, France and Sweden. It addresses the methods not adopted by Europeans - ex parte and open meetings rules; those adopted that have U.S. parallels, including consultation procedures similar to notice and comments, working groups and consumer panels, and shows the differences between the way these methods were implemented in Europe and the U.S.; and areas where the Europeans went beyond what is used in the U.S., using municipal advisers in Sweden and interactive internet tools in France. The examples are drawn from the newly liberalized telecommunications and electricity sectors in the three countries.
Basics of Affine Geometry

Geometrically, curves and surfaces are usually considered to be sets of points with some special properties, living in a space consisting of “points.” Typically, one is also interested in geometric properties invariant under certain transformations, for example, translations, rotations, projections, etc. One could model the space of points as a vector space, but this is not very satisfactory for a number of reasons. One reason is that the point corresponding to the zero vector (0), called the origin, plays a special role, when there is really no reason to have a privileged origin. Another reason is that certain notions, such as parallelism, are handled in an awkward manner. But the deeper reason is that vector spaces and affine spaces really have different geometries. The geometric properties of a vector space are invariant under the group of bijective linear maps, whereas the geometric properties of an affine space are invariant under the group of bijective affine maps, and these two groups are not isomorphic. Roughly speaking, there are more affine maps than linear maps.
A case study of classroom experience with client-based team projects

Today's software landscape requires an enormous amount of team effort in order to efficiently and effectively design and implement a significant information system. Employers increasingly seek computer science graduates with team project experiences. Employers also value good communication skills, and those that are well-rounded in technical skills and are able to work well with other people. In academia, teaching a team-based project course places additional demands on the instructor beyond the traditional lecture-style classroom. Issues faced include assessment and evaluation of each student's participation and contribution in a project, evaluating and correcting technical documents written by students, project management of the teams, and resolving conflicts that arise within a team. A substantial amount of time and effort outside the classroom is needed to successfully teach team project courses. As a result, many instructors are reluctant to pursue such courses in a computer science curriculum. This paper is a case study of four specific team-based projects that happened within a one semester time frame. Its purpose is to provide best practices for teaching team project courses. Management and assessment procedures used during the semester are described. The four projects are then explained in more detail. Next, issues that arise within each project are discussed. Finally, observations about each project are provided.
Invited Editorial: Mediation for ChallengingPatients-A Promising Approach

Mediation offers the promise of being the dispute resolution technique of choice for polarized conflict between an end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient and one or more of the nephrology, dialysis, or transplant pro­ fessionals attending the patient. The case re­ port in this issue of Advances in Renal Replace­ ment Therapyl shows the effectiveness of mediation in the care of a "difficult and disrup­ tive" dialysis patient. The report reviews me­ diation and its use in a dialysis unit. It was written not only by the dialysis professionals but also by the patient who "had dialyzed at multiple other clinics (two of which had dis­ charged him from their care)" and who had failed to live up to the terms of a behavioral contract only 2 days after it was written. In contrast, the mediation agreement was still being respected at the end of a 9-month period of follow-up. The article illustrates the media­ tion technique in detail and reviews the per­ spectives of the multiple stakeholders in their own words. Potentially, all patients and all dialysis professionals in the clinic could have been affected; there seemed to be unanimous satisfaction with the agreement that was reached by the two primary disputants (the patient and a staff nurse who attended him) assisted by a skilled mediator who was a member of the unit's staff. Conflicts in dialysis units are often complex, and if not dealt with promptly may lead to disruption of unit proto­ col and relationships. Such disruptions may inconvenience other patients and staff and may even jeopardize the proper care of pa­ tients. The management of noncompliant, disrup­ tive, and abusive patients was recognized in
Progress on the fossil Xanthoidea MacLeay, 1838 (Decapoda, Brachyura)

Identification and utilization of proxy characters in extant families has been accomplished with success for fossil members of the Calappidae, Hepatidae, Necrocarcinidae, Matutidae, and Hexapodidae. The fossil and extant Raninidae have been revised using primarily hard-part morphology preserved in the fossil record although formal designation of “proxy characters” has not occurred. Hard-part characters can also be used to differentiate among members of the Atelecyclidae and the Cheiragonidae. Thus, the method of using proxy characters is demonstrably suitable for application to a difficult group like the Xanthoidea.
Use of databases in the kinetic analysis of two parallel first-order reactions

Abstract Experimental and calculated values are compared in the analysis of two parallel first-order reactions. The method used here to obtain the two rate constants is less tedious and more rapid than the method of Brown and Fletcher.
Histopathology of Cornea and Iris in Chandler's Syndrome

• Corneal and iris tissue were examined from a 72-year-old woman with Chandler's syndrome. Light and electron microscopy showed posterior, corneal, collagenous-layer production by metaplastic corneal endothelium. In areas of iridocorneal contact, there were several layers of metaplastic endothelial cells that covered iris stroma and melanocytes, which were directly subjacent to Descemet's membrane. Cells similar to the metaplastic endothelium covered the anterior surface of the iris specimen. Similar corneal endothelial metaplasia has been described in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Presumptive growth of corneal endothelium on the anterior iris surface has been observed in typical essential iris atrophy and in Cogan-Reese syndrome, both of which share several features with Chandler's syndrome. Proliferation of endothelium over the anterior chamber angle and the iris may play a role in glaucoma and in the iris abnormalities that occur in these disorders.
Polymerizing Actin Fibers Position Integrins Primed to Probe for Adhesion Sites

Migrating cells extend protrusions, probing the surrounding matrix in search of permissive sites to form adhesions. We found that actin fibers polymerizing along the leading edge directed local protrusions and drove synchronous sideways movement of beta1 integrin adhesion receptors. These movements lead to the clustering and positioning of conformationally activated, but unligated, beta1 integrins along the leading edge of fibroblast lamellae and growth cone filopodia. Thus, rapid actin-based movement of primed integrins along the leading edge suggests a "sticky fingers" mechanism to probe for new adhesion sites and to direct migration.
The UBX Protein SAKS1 Negatively Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation and p97-dependent Degradation

Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) is an essential quality control process whereby misfolded proteins are exported from the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded by the proteasome in the cytosol. The ATPase p97 acts as an essential component of this process by providing the force needed for retrotranslocation and by serving as a processing station for the substrate once in the cytosol. Proteins containing the ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) ubiquitin-like domain function as adaptors for p97 through their direct binding with the amino terminus of the ATPase. We demonstrate that the UBX protein SAKS1 is able to act as an adaptor for p97 that negatively modulates ERAD. This requires the ability of SAKS1 to bind both polyubiquitin and p97. Moreover, the association between SAKS1 and p97 is positively regulated by polyubiquitin binding of the UBX protein. SAKS1 also negatively impacts the p97-dependent processing required for degradation of a cytosolic, non-ERAD, substrate. We find SAKS1 is able to protect polyubiquitin from the activity of deubiquitinases, such as ataxin-3, that are necessary for efficient ERAD. Thus, SAKS1 inhibits protein degradation mediated by p97 complexes in the cytosol with a component of the mechanism being the ability to shield polyubiquitin chains from ubiquitin-processing factors.
Beyond Demand Driven: Incorporating Multiple Tools in a Consortial Collection Strategy

OhioLINK has a long history of sharing print resources among its members. When e-books began to enter the market, OhioLINK was an early adopter of the new format. However, as e-books grew in importance and OhioLINK institutions began buying them individually in large numbers, we realized that our existing methods of acquiring e-books for the consortium were not completely meeting our needs. In April 2013, OhioLINK began a pilot project with Yankee Book Peddler (YBP), ebrary, Ashgate, Rowman and Littlefield, and Cambridge University Press to purchase e-books for our members. The pilot combines automatic purchase of titles that fit two separate profiles and a demand-driven component. It is our hope that this model will be sustainable for both our members and our publisher partners.
Treatment of perineal hernia in the dog—a reassessment

The results of treatment of fifty-four dogs seen at the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital with perineal hernia were analysed. Conservative treatment was not satisfactory for dogs which strained to defaecate. Perineal herniorrhaphy was followed by recurrence of the hernia in 37% of the dogs; continued straining to defaecate, urinary problems and rectal prolapse were other post-herniorrhaphy sequelae. Anal splitting was performed in eight dogs; soiling of the anal area and occasional incontinence were reported in some dogs.
Early Stage Financing of Clean Technology Industries: Does Private Equity Backing Matter?

Clean technology has the ability to transform the global economy by lessening climate change and providing for energy independence and strategic economic growth. This article examines the early stage financing of clean technology industries and the involvement of private equity. Financial comparisons between clean technology firms and other small-cap firms are made in terms of performance, price-toearnings ratios, capital expenditures, and research and development. The influence of private equity due diligence within the clean technology sector is also examined. A survey is used to gather information regarding early stage financing of clean technology firms and use of government grants.
Fracture behavior of colloidal polymer particles in fast-frozen suspensions viewed by cryo-SEM

Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) is a powerful technique of visualizing the state of microstructure, or nanostructure, of colloidal polymer suspensions, or dispersions, after they have been immobilized by fast-freezing and fractured for imaging. The fracture is done at −196 °C, the normal boiling point of liquid nitrogen, which is far below the glass transition temperature of both bulk and fully coalesced particles of the polymers examined. The cryo-SEM images show a range of responses of particles to the fracture that propagated past them through ice: cleanly sliced through, i.e., broken, partially drawn and unbroken, drawn to breakage, and neither drawn nor broken. The drawn particles often display curious features called “pullouts” that have been generated by plastic deformation of parts of the particles that remain in a fracture surface, or sometimes both surfaces near the tip of a fracture that halted. The main morphologies of pullouts are mushroom shaped, spool shaped, and awl shap...
The Radius of Attraction for Newton's Method and TV-Minimization Image Denoising

Abstract This paper presents an estimate of the radius of convergence for Newton’s method applied to a regularized TV-minimization problem often employed to denoise images. Strong Frechet differentiability of this iteration is established and an estimate of the radius of attraction for this method is shown.
Study of corneal ablation with picosecond laser pulses at 211 nm and 263 nm

Background and Objective Corneal ablation has been studied by picosecond laser pulses in the far-UV region. Study Design/Materials and Methods Laser pulses of 25 ps duration at 211 nm and 263 nm wavelengths and a 1 kHz repetition rate have been used to ablate human and rabbit corneas. The dependence of the etch rate on laser fluence has been measured at both wavelengths. The collateral tissue damage has been investigated by electron microscopy. Results The ablation threshold for human cornea is determined to be about 3.0 mJ/cm2 at 211 nm, while the thresholds for rabbit cornea are about 2.3 mJ/cm2 at 211 nm and 8.0 mJ/cm2 at 263 nm. The slopes of the ablation curves and the dimensions of the damage zones have also been determined. Conclusion We compare these results to the existing data on corneal ablation by nanosecond UV pulses and discuss the deficiency of the photochemical model. Experimental results are analyzed in terms of a model that features plasma ablation assisted by chromophore absorption. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Purging disorder: subthreshold variant or full-threshold eating disorder?

Objective: To review evidence of the clinical significance, distinctiveness, and prevalence of a newly characterized form of eating disorder not otherwise specified, purging disorder (PD). Method: Articles were identified by computerized and manual searches. Results: PD is a clinically significant disorder of eating that does not appear to differ meaningfully in severity from bulimia nervosa (BN). Preliminary evidence supports the distinctiveness of PD from BN, but no studies have directly examined PD in comparison with anorexia nervosa (AN). Epidemiological studies indicate that PD affects between 1.1 and 5.3% of young adult women in their lifetimes, reflecting lifetime prevalence rates comparable with those for AN and BN. Conclusion: More research on PD is needed, particularly with regard to etiology, treatment, course, and outcome. Such work would be greatly facilitated by standardization of the syndrome's definition. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
The crystal structure and RNA-binding of an orthomyxovirus nucleoprotein.

Genome packaging for viruses with segmented genomes is often a complex problem. This is particularly true for influenza viruses and other orthomyxoviruses, whose genome consists of multiple negative-sense RNAs encapsidated as ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. To better understand the structural features of orthomyxovirus RNPs that allow them to be packaged, we determined the crystal structure of the nucleoprotein (NP) of a fish orthomyxovirus, the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) (genus Isavirus). As the major protein component of the RNPs, ISAV-NP possesses a bi-lobular structure similar to the influenza virus NP. Because both RNA-free and RNA-bound ISAV NP forms stable dimers in solution, we were able to measure the NP RNA binding affinity as well as the stoichiometry using recombinant proteins and synthetic oligos. Our RNA binding analysis revealed that each ISAV-NP binds ∼12 nts of RNA, shorter than the 24–28 nts originally estimated for the influenza A virus NP based on population average. The 12-nt stoichiometry was further confirmed by results from electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Considering that RNPs of ISAV and the influenza viruses have similar morphologies and dimensions, our findings suggest that NP-free RNA may exist on orthomyxovirus RNPs, and selective RNP packaging may be accomplished through direct RNA-RNA interactions.
Hard X-ray time profiles and acceleration processes in large solar flares

The hard X-ray time profiles of the (1972) August 4 and 7 flares are investigated, taking into account a comparison of the time profiles of different energy channels. It is shown that for these flares the temporal features of the intensity profiles of higher energy channels are delayed with respect to those of channel 1. The delay time gradually increases to approximately 5 sec as the channel number increases from 1 to 5, and it jumps to approximately 15 sec for channels 6 and 7. A description is presented of a model in which the delay and other characteristics of the observed time profiles in channels 1-5 are self-consistently explained by the increase of the electron energy loss time with electron energy.
Creating Ethnicity: The Process of Ethnogenesis

The Making of Natural Feelings Problems, Concepts and Theoretical Starting Point Indian Status The Hurons of Quebec Indian Political Ideology and Harder Facts `French' Expertise and `French' Autochthony Closer to Reality Coversations with Huron Citizens The Aymara of Turco, Hurons in Reverse The Luba of Kasai (Zaire) New `White' Ethnics Ethnic Minorities in Belgium Among Potential Equals Final Reflections Ethnic Subtleties
The incidence of vasoplegia in adult patients with right-sided congenital heart defects undergoing cardiac surgery and the correlation with serum vasopressin concentrations

Background In adults with right-sided congenital heart disease, vasoplegia during and after cardiopulmonary bypass appears to be a frequent complication. The incidence of vasoplegia in the general adult and pediatric cardiac surgical population has been investigated, but the incidence in adult patients with right-sided congenital heart disease is unknown. Perioperative vasopressin levels during cardiac surgery have been studied in other cardiac surgical patients, but are not known in adults with right-sided congenital heart disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of vasoplegia in adult patients undergoing right-sided cardiac surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass and to determine the vasopressin response to cardiac surgery in this population. Methods Twenty patients were enrolled and demographic, hemodynamic, cardiopulmonary bypass, and use of vasoactive medication data were collected. In addition, perioperative serum vasopressin levels were measured. Sixty adult patients undergoing left-sided cardiac surgery served as controls. Results The incidence of vasoplegia in the control patients was 10% and the incidence in the adult patients with right-sided congenital heart disease was 20%. Vasopressin levels were low at baseline (0.5 ± 0.5 pg/mL), increased slightly after induction of anesthesia (0.6 ± 0.6 pg/mL), increased after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (99.7 ± 168.2 pg/mL), and decreased after surgery (31.3 ± 43.6 pg/mL). Conclusions This study showed that the incidence of vasoplegia (20%) in patients with right-sided congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery was double that of a population of patients undergoing aortic valve surgery (10%). Serum vasopressin concentration was not associated with vasoplegia in this population of congenital cardiac surgical patients.
Suburban Characteristics and Aged Net Migration

This article attempts to determine the extent to which the elderly are attracted to or leave suburban communities in American metropolitan areas and to evaluate the push-pull and gravity theories of mobility for their ability to explain the phenomenon. The 825 suburbs of the 212 SMS As are used in a multiple regression analysis of net migration of persons aged 65 and over from and into suburbs between 1960 and 1970. The analysis indicates that during the decade, 672 suburbs lost aged populations due to migration and that the combination of the two theories explains 43% of the variance in the net migration of the elderly. Implications for central cities are discussed.
Modeling G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Complex With Biased Agonists

The biological response to the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) typically originates from the simultaneous modulation of various signaling pathways that lead to distinct biological consequences. Hence, ‘biased agonists' (i.e., compounds that selectively activate one of the pathways while blocking the others) are highly sought-after molecules to provide fine-tuned pharmacological interventions. This review describes strategies that can be deployed to model the conformation of GPCRs in complex with ligands endowed with specific signaling profiles useful for the generation of hypotheses on the structural requirements for the activation of different signaling pathways or for rational computer-aided ligand discovery campaigns. In particular, it focuses on strategies potentially applicable to model the global or local conformational states of GPCRs stabilized by specific ligands.