cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations of anabolic-androgenic steroid use with other behavioral disorders: an analysis using directed acyclic graphs

Background Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is known to be associated with other psychiatric disorders, such as body image disorders, conduct disorder/sociopathy, and other substance use disorders (SUD) - but the causal pathways among these conditions remain poorly delineated. Methods We created a directed acyclic graph to diagram hypothesized relationships among AAS use and dependence, body image disorder (BID), conduct disorder/sociopathy, and other SUD. Using proportional hazards models, we then assessed potentially causal relationships among these variables, using a dataset of 233 male weightlifters, of whom 102 had used AAS. Results BID and conduct disorder/sociopathy both strongly contributed to the development of AAS use, but did not appear to contribute further to the progression from AAS use to AAS dependence. Other SUD beginning prior to first AAS use - whether broadly defined or restricted only to opioids - failed to show an effect on AAS use or progression to AAS dependence. Conversely, AAS use contributed significantly to the subsequent first-time development of opioid use disorders but did not significantly increase the risk for first-time development of non-opioid SUD, taken as a whole. Conclusions Our analysis suggests that AAS use and other SUD are mutually attributable to underlying conduct disorder/sociopathy. SUD do not appear to represent a 'gateway' to subsequent AAS use. AAS use may represent a gateway to subsequent opioid use disorder, but probably not to other SUD.
The Effect of Laminate Thickness on Fiber/Matrix Debonding in Metal Matrix Composites

In this paper an analysis is performed on laminated metal matrix composites to determine the effects of the edge ply free surface on both effective composite properties and interface stresses between the matrix and fiber when the matrix is elastoplastic and the fiber diameter is almost equal to the ply thickness. The matrix is assumed to be characterized by classical rate independent strain hardening plasticity theory, and the analysis is performed using the finite element method. Results indicate that there is a significant variation in the interfacial stresses for one-, two-, and three-ply laminates. Therefore, it is concluded that composite structures with the characteristics described above may need to be modelled by nonlocal constitutive models in order to predict the evolution of both fiber and matrix cracking.
Food texture and sweetener type modify sweetness perception in whey protein‐based model foods

In an effort to formulate healthier food products, sugar is often reduced or replaced with artificial or natural non‐nutritive sweeteners. However, the removal of sucrose often changes food texture, and non‐nutritive sweeteners inherently exhibit differences in sweetness quality, onset, and overall intensity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of texture on sweetness dose‐response profiles of whey protein solutions sweetened with sucrose, sucralose, stevia, or monk fruit extracts, and to assess temporal progression of dominant attributes. Whey protein‐based model foods with different textural properties were generated without modifying composition by varying heating time. Dose‐response power functions and iso‐sweet equivalencies were determined using magnitude estimation scaling. Temporal profiles of dominant texture, taste, and flavor attributes were evaluated using temporal dominance of sensations (TDS). A significant texture‐sweetener interaction effect was observed (p < .05), where more viscous or semisolid textures required greater amounts of sweetener for iso‐sweetness. Moreover, the dose‐response slope decreased with increasing thickness for sucralose, stevia, and monk fruit‐sweetened textures. Results of TDS indicated that increased thickness prolonged the dominance of several attributes. This study shows that sugar reduction strategies are not universal; food matrix, sweetener type, and usage level need to be considered when attempting to modify texture or reduce sucrose. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Sucrose reduction, use of nonnutritive sweeteners, and texture modification are all ways in which food manufacturers can increase the healthful quality of the food supply. However, these types of modifications can alter the overall sensory properties of a food. Texture‐taste interactions are not currently well understood, and knowledge in this area is important for designing ways to modify texture or reduce sucrose for health and enjoyment. The results of this study provide insight into texture‐taste interactions, indicating that sugar reduction or replacement strategies are not one size fits all and are likely product and sweetener‐specific.
Biomedical Approaches to Treatment

Are mental and emotional problems simply malfunctions of the body? Are mind and body separate phenomena as ontological dualists suggest? Or are the subjective experiences of the mind simply brain activities as ontological monists such as Buchner suggest? The mind-body dialectic has influenced modern thought in many ways. Most religions believe the mind or soul survives after the body’s death. The legal system views the mind in control of the body and, before holding an individual responsible, considers whether an action was intentional. In contrast, many medical model theorists adopt the scientific modernist assumption that the mind is nothing more than the sum of its underlying biological processes. They view emotional or cognitive problems as biochemical processes that may be relieved by psychoactive drugs.
Indoor Environmental Quality Research and Education at Harvard University

Harvard University was chosen as one example of the development of research and graduate education in the field of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) at a major United States (US) university. Indeed, it was the first institution in the world to establish a course of instruction and research in industrial hygiene. Harvard has a long history of research in IEQ, first through its strong research in industrial hygiene and later through its combined focus on ambient and indoor air pollution. As such, the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) provides an educational paradigm that has advanced healthful indoor environments.
Laboratory Investigation of Higher Order Elastic Coefficients in Timber

Timber bridges are used on all types of rail lines including important main transcontinental routes. The large number of these structures makes it critical that the limited maintenance funds available be targeted to structures in greatest need of repair. A combined structural dynamic and ultrasonic inspection approach has been proposed for identification of suspect structural members and in-situ evaluation of suspect elements [1]. Results of preliminary field tests were presented which showed the potential for this technique. Dynamic excitation of the system is used for a global test to identify suspect elements in the bridge system. Ultrasonic inspection is used for more extensive local evaluation of the suspect elements identified in the global testing. Preliminary testing of a single bridge member using an ultrasonic technique was shown to be possible under field conditions. This work extends these concepts to a small scale laboratory investigation to test the validity of the method used. The concept of higher order elastic coefficients for strength prediction is explored. It is found that the performance of these measures is not superior to the prediction of strength by elastic coefficients. Initial ideas are presented on the apparent success of techniques used in commercial testing equipment which use purely elastic measures of the properties of wood. These elastic properties are used for the prediction of wood strength by wood scientists. Future areas of exploration are suggested.
Female Reproductive System

The reproductive system of Didelphis (Fig. 16) consists of two ovaries, oviducts, uteri, cervices, a median vaginal apparatus (fused vaginal culs-de-sac), two lateral vaginal canals, a urogenital sinus and urogenital strand tissue (Tyson 1698; Blainville 1818; Meigs 1847; Pappenheim 1847; Nelson and Maxwell 1942; Morgan 1946a,b,c; Hartman 1952; Lierse 1965). The ovaries are typically mammalian and the normal (Martinez-Esteve 1942) and abnormal (Hartman 1927) adult morphological features have been described. Stefenson et al. (1981) described the adrenergic innervation of the opossum ovary and noted that nerve terminals are present in the follicular walls and often show a greater density at this location than in the surrounding cortical stroma. The oviducts follow a torturous course in Didelphis, the loops of which are anchored firmly together by adjacent connective tissue. The lining epithelium of the oviduct consists of a simple ciliated columnar epithelium which lies on a delicate lamina propria (Anderson 1928). The last few millimeters of the oviduct exhibit a concentration of well developed mucosal glands (Anderson 1928). Secretions from these glands are thought to contribute to the shell membrane which surrounds the ovum and developing zygote of Didelphis. The supporting wall of the oviducts consists of outer longitudinal and inner circular layers of smooth muscle (Hartman 1924a). Like the oviducts, the uteri and cervices are paired and completely separate. The uteri consist of an outer muscular myometrium and an inner glandular mucosa, the endometrium. The myometrium consists primarily of an outer longitudinal and an inner circular layer of smooth muscle.
Autophagy in ischemic aged livers

Abstract Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury inevitably occurs during liver resection and transplantation. Elderly patients poorly recover from these surgeries. This reduced reparative capacity with aging is causatively associated with decreased mitochondrial function after reperfusion. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) is a vital cellular process that timely clears abnormal and dysfunctional mitochondria. Impaired or insufficient autophagy can contribute to hepatocyte death after I/R. This review describes our current understanding of I/R injury and highlights new mechanistic correlation between sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), mitofusin 2 (MFN2), and autophagy in the pathogenesis of age-dependent hypersensitivity to reperfusion injury. The deacetylation of MFN2 by SIRT1 plays a pivotal role in the recovery from reperfusion injury by modulating the onset of autophagy. Targeting the SIRT1-MFN2 axis could be a new therapeutic target to reduce I/R injury in aged livers.
Transformer Fuse Sizing - The NEC is not the Last Word

It is widely accepted that transformer primary side fuses should be appropriately sized to protect load side transformers. Proper sizing involves consideration of fault and overload conditions. The basis for such sizing is commonly derived from National Electrical Code (NEC) limits. The NEC imposed limits are the legal limits, but direct application of the NEC maximum values to size transformer primary side fuses is ill advised. The primary side fuse for medium voltage (MV) applications greater than 1000 V, as with most MV protective devices, is not intended to provide overload protection for the transformer, that is achieved by design (considering the intended loading on the transformer). The NEC recognizes this by permitting the fuse to be sized up to 300% of the transformer full-load ampere rating. It is clearly not a good idea to apply the maximum limits of the NEC as an absolute standard for fuse sizing to protect transformers in the absence of the application of other techniques (such as plotting the ANSI/IEEE thermal-mechanical damage characteristic for transformers on a time current curve along with the primary side (MV) fuse time current curve characteristic). These considerations are discussed in the course of this paper. The focus here is on dry type, low voltage transformers, although the content can be easily extended to liquid-filled transformers by using the equations from the appropriate standard.
Milestones on a Shoestring: A Cost-Effective, Semi-automated Implementation of the New ACGME Requirements for Radiology.

Rationale and Objectives The advent of the ACGME's Next Accreditation System represents a significant new challenge for residencies and fellowships, owing to its requirements for more complex and detailed information. Material and Methods We developed a system of online assessment tools to provide comprehensive coverage of the twelve ACGME Milestones and digitized them using freely available cloud-based productivity tools. These tools include a combination of point-of-care procedural assessments, electronic quizzes, online modules, and other data entry forms. Using free statistical analytic tools, we also developed an automated system for management, processing, and data reporting. Results After one year of use, our Milestones project has resulted in the submission of over 20,000 individual data points. The use of automated statistical methods to generate resident-specific profiles has allowed for dynamic reports of individual residents' progress. These profiles both summarize data and also allow program directors access to more granular information as needed. Conclusion Informatics-driven strategies for data assessment and processing represent feasible solutions to Milestones assessment and analysis, reducing the potential administrative burden for program directors, residents, and staff.
Understanding the Dynamics and Structure of Lead Soaps in Oil Paintings Using Multinuclear NMR

To understand the mechanisms and factors that trigger soap formation and the dynamics of the reactive compounds in paints, advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray analyses, complemented by analysis with FTIR spectroscopy, were performed on a series of lead carboxylates and model paint samples. Similar spectroscopy and lead coordination were observed for lead carboxylates of carbon chain length of 9 to 11 and 16 (palmitic acid) and 18 (stearic acid). Experiments as a function of temperature and humidity provided insight into the factors that increase soap formation. The local dynamics of palmitic acid and lead palmitate, in a linseed oil matrix at different temperatures (T) were measured by 2H NMR spectroscopy. The results show the extent of mobility of palmitic acid and lead palmitate in the paint matrix, how they differ, and how they depend on T. The kinetics of soap formation in model paint films subjected to different relative humidities was monitored by 13C NMR spectroscopy; the rate of soap formation increases with relative humidity. The results are discussed in the context of their implications for the conservation and preservation of works of art affected by lead soap formation.
Optical and Physical Probing of Thermal Processes in Semiconductor and Plasmonic Nanocrystals.

This article reviews thermal properties of semiconductor and emergent plasmonic nanomaterials, focusing on mechanisms through which hot carriers and phonons are produced and dissipated as well as t...
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Expedite Surgical Hip Fracture Care

Introduction:In 2014, we implemented a geriatric hip fracture patient care pathway at our institution which was designed to improve outcomes and decrease time to surgery.Materials and Methods:We an...
O04.5 Point-of-care magnetofluidic assay cartridge for neisseria gonorrhoeae detection and antimicrobial resistance determination

Background The rise of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) has prompted worldwide concern over the looming possibility of untreatable gonococcal infections. A reduction of antimicrobial use by transitioning from generalized prescriptions to targeted pathogen-specific treatments would aid in treatment efficacy and reduce the risk of AMR NG development. However, actual implementation of such targeted treatments has been limited by the lack of rapid diagnostic tools that can provide antimicrobial susceptibility results at the point-of-care (POC). Methods To address the need for a rapid NG screening test, we have developed a portable magnetofluidic instrument and corresponding assay cartridge. The assay cartridges use functionalized magnetic beads to couple nucleic acid extraction directly to a PCR-based duplexed nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). The NAAT targets the opa gene for NG identification and the gyrA gene for characterization of ciprofloxacin susceptibility. In order to assess assay performance, we analyzed 27 well characterized NG strains and 29 swabs (20 urethral, 9 penile meatal) previously tested by culture. Results The instrument has a compact footprint (5’x5.3’x3.3’) and runs on a 5V, 2A power supply that can be provided by a small portable battery pack. Detection of NG and genotypic characterization of ciprofloxacin susceptibility was completed in Conclusion Magnetofluidic assay cartridges allow automation of NAAT-based testing for NG and assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility. The portability, low power consumption, and ease-of-use of our platform has potential for enabling rapid diagnostics at the POC and in low-resource settings to guide targeted use of antimicrobials. Further studies with clinical samples are warranted. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Perspectives on Literacy by Four Adolescents, Their Teachers, and Family Members.

Introduction:To better understand the process students with visual impairments experience in learning and using braille as a literacy medium, the researchers conducted interviews. The role of techn...
Advancing interpretation of stable isotope assignment maps: comparing and summarizing origins of known-provenance migratory bats

Probability-of-origin maps deduced from stable isotope data are important for inferring broad-scale patterns of animal migration, but few resources and tools for interpreting and validating these maps exist. For example, quantitative tools for comparing multiple probability-of-origin maps do not exist, and many existing approaches for geographic assignment of individuals have not been validated or compared with respect to precision and accuracy. To address these challenges, we created and analyzed probability-of-origin maps using stable hydrogen isotope values from known-origin individuals of three species of migratory bat. We used a metric of spatial overlap to group individuals by areas of origin without a priori knowledge of such regions. The metric of spatial similarity allowed for quantitative comparison of geographic origins and grouping of individuals with similar origins. We then compared four approaches for inferring origins (cumulative-sum, odds-ratio, quantile-only, and quantile-simulation) across a range of thresholds and probable minimum distance traveled. The accuracy of geographic origins and minimum distance traveled varied across species at most threshold values for most approaches. The cumulative-sum and quantile-simulation approaches had generally higher precision at a given level of accuracy than the odds-ratio and quantile-only approaches, and many threshold values were associated with a relatively high degree (> 300 km) of variation in minimum distance traveled. Overall, these results reinforce the importance of validating assignment techniques with known-origin individuals when possible. We present the tools discussed as part of an R package, ‘isocat’ (“Isotope Origin Clustering and Assignment Tools”).
Post-transcriptional air pollution oxidation to the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway promotes pulmonary stress phenotypes

The impact of environmentally-induced chemical changes in RNA has been fairly unexplored. Air pollution induces oxidative modifications such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) in RNAs of lung cells, which could be associated with premature lung dysfunction. We develop a method for 8-oxoG profiling using immunocapturing and RNA sequencing. We find 42 oxidized transcripts in bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells exposed to two air pollution mixtures that recreate urban atmospheres. We show that the FDFT1 transcript in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is susceptible to air pollution-induced oxidation. This process leads to decreased transcript and protein expression of FDFT1, and reduced cholesterol synthesis in cells exposed to air pollution. Knockdown of FDFT1 replicates alterations seen in air pollution exposure such as transformed cell size and suppressed cytoskeleton organization. Our results argue of a possible novel biomarker and of an unseen mechanism by which air pollution selectively modifies key metabolic-related transcripts facilitating cell phenotypes in bronchial dysfunction. Gonzales-Rivera et al. develop a method for 8-oxoG profiling using immunocapturing and RNA sequencing. They show that the FDFT1 transcript is susceptible to air pollution-induced oxidation, after identifying 42 transcripts that are differentially oxidized in bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells under air pollution conditions relative to clean air. FDFT1 oxidation affects cholesterol synthesis pathway, leading to phenotypes associated with several lung diseases.
Component-Based Evaluation for Question Answering

This chapter describes the component-based evaluation of automatic question answering (QA) systems, which was pioneered in the NTCIR-7 ACLIA challenge and has became a fundamental part of QA system development, especially for difficult real-world datasets which require a multi-strategy, multi-component approach. We summarize the history of component evaluation for QA and describe more recent work at Carnegie Mellon (on TREC Genomics, BioASQ, and LiveQA datasets) which has descended directly from our experiences in NTCIR.
Managerial Motives and Merger Financing

Weexamine how managerial motives influence the choice of financing for a sample of 209 completed mergers from 1981-1988. Our evidence indicates that bidding firm management is more likely to finance mergers with cash when target firm ownership concentration is high, preventing the creation of an outside blockholder. This suggests bidding firm managers prefer to keep ownership structure widely diffused to reduce external monitoring. We also find that bidding firm management is more likely to finance mergers with stock when the variance of bidding firm's stock return is high. This suggests managers of risky firms prefer leverage-reducing transactions to reduce their personal risk.
Agreement Between A 2-Dimensional Digital Image-Based 3-Compartment Body Composition Model and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for The Estimation of Relative Adiposity.

The purpose of this study was to compare relative adiposity (%Fat) derived from a 2-dimensional image-based 3-component (3C) model (%Fat3C-IMAGE) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (%FatDXA) against a 5-component (5C) laboratory criterion (%Fat5C). 57 participants were included (63.2% male, 84.2% White/Caucasian, 22.5±4.7 yrs., 23.9±2.8 kg/m2). For each participant, body mass and standing height were measured to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively. A digital image of each participant was taken using a 9.7 inch, 16g iPad Air 2 and analyzed using a commercially available application (version 1.1.2, made Health and Fitness, USA) for the estimation of body volume (BV) and inclusion in %Fat3C-IMAGE . %Fat3C-IMAGE and %Fat5C included measures of total body water derived from bioimpedance spectroscopy. The criterion %Fat5C included BV estimates derived from underwater weighing and bone mineral content measures via DXA. %FatDXA estimates were calculated from a whole-body DXA scan. A standardized mean effect size (ES) assessed the magnitude of differences between models with values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 for small, moderate, and large differences, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. A strong correlation (r = 0.94, p <.001) and small mean difference (ES = 0.24, p <.001) was observed between %Fat3C-IMAGE (19.20±5.80) and %Fat5C (17.69±6.20) whereas a strong correlation (r = 0.87, p <.001) and moderate-large mean difference (ES = 0.70, p <.001) was observed between %FatDXA (22.01±6.81) and %Fat5C. Furthermore, %Fat3C-IMAGE (SEE = 2.20 %Fat, TE= 2.6) exhibited smaller SEE and TE than %FatDXA (SEE = 3.14 %Fat, TE = 5.5). The 3C image-based model performed slightly better in our sample of young adults than the DXA 3C model. Thus, the 2D image analysis program provides an accurate and non-invasive estimate of %Fat within a 3C model in young adults. Compared to DXA, the 3C image-based model allows for a more cost-effective and portable method of body composition assessment, potentially increasing accessibility to multi-component methods.
Non-A, Non-B Posttransfusion Hepatitis—A Decade Later

We have followed up 69 patients who developed non-A, non-B posttrans fusion hepatitis in 1972-1978. Chronic hepatitis, defined by biochemical criteria, was observed in 46 patients (67%), the majority of whom subsequently failed to resolve the abnormalities. Chronic hepatitis was a sequela of non-A, non-B posttrans f usion hepatitis less often after the blood bank changed to a policy of all volunteer donors: (However, this association may be explained by other coexistent factors.) The alanine aminotransferase level was more likely to be abnormal than the aspartate aminotransferase level during the chronic phase of non-A, non-B posttrans fusion hepatitis. By actuarial means it was calculated that the probability of developing normal enzymes after 6-10 yr was 0.47. However, in spite of this high incidence of biochemical disease, virtually all of the patients have remained asymptomatic. Histologic evidence of cirrhosis has been obtained in 4 of these patients, but in only 2 patients at most has clinical evidence of hepatic failure supervened.
The role of green infrastructure in climate change adaptation in London

Climate change may create risks that, without sufficient adaptation measures in place, endanger lives and damage natural, semi-natural and designed landscapes. This article explores the use of green infrastructure in climate change adaptation in London. A review of the current literature identifies how and where green infrastructure can deliver climate adaptation services and considers the benefits of taking a green infrastructure (or ecosystems services) approach to development. Selected examples are used to demonstrate how green infrastructure is being integrated into London's urban landscape. The article considers how existing mechanisms are facilitating the growth of green infrastructure in the capital and identifies three key focus areas for future research and policy. It concludes by suggesting that a more collaborative and imaginative approach to optimising the potential for green infrastructure benefits is needed.
Stratified atmospheric boundary layers

Various features of different stability regimes of the stable boundary layer are discussed. Traditional layering is examined in terms of the roughness sublayer, surface layer, local similarity, z-less stratification and the region near the boundary-layer top. In the very stable case, the strongest turbulence may be detached from the surface and generated by shear associated with a low level jet, gravity waves or meandering motions. In this case, similarity theory and the traditional concept of a boundary-layer break down. The elevated turbulence may intermittently recouple to the surface. Inability to adequately measure turbulent fluxes in very stable conditions limits our knowledge of this regime.
Nonlinear analysis of electromyography time seriesas a diagnostic tool for low back pain

Background: A number of studies have evaluated lumbar spinal muscle fatigue using the electromyography (EMG) signal. However, back muscle fatigue studies do not consistently report endurance levels for patients with or without low back pain (LBP). In this case report, we investigated a nonlinear analysis of EMG time series that characterizes their complexity. Material/Methods: A 37-year-old male with chronic LBP and an age- and gender-matched volunteer were compared. The endurance of the erector spinae muscle was determined using a modified version of the isometric Sorensen fatigue test. Nonlinear time series analysis techniques reveal the presence of long-range, power-law correlations. After checking that the signal was stationary, the original time series of 60,000 entries was reduced to 6,000 entries by averaging over 10 consecutive entries. Results: There was a difference between the entropy time dependence exhibited by entropy time dependence exhibited by the healthy subject and the LBP subject. The entropy associated with the LBP subject saturates at very short-times - two orders of magnitude shorter than for the healthy subject. Conclusions: The characterization of the nonlinear time series in this case study provides a consistent measure of back muscle activities. It is important to understand the potential limitations before undertaking an EMG analysis in the field of ergonomics or biomechanics. Further studies are needed to investigate the characteristics of back muscles.
Isolation and Characterization of the K1 (L) Antigen of Escherichia coli

Bolanos, Roger (Tulane University, New Orleans, La.), and Charles W. DeWitt. Isolation and characterization of the K1 (L) antigen of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 91:987–996. 1966.—An acidic polysaccharide with the serological properties of the K1 (L) antigen has been isolated from Escherichia coli O2:K1:H4 by means of phenol-water extraction, fractionation with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (Cetavlon), filtration through Sephadex G-200, and chromatography on anion-exchange cellulose columns. Nucleic acid and protein content were reduced to a nondetectable level. There is no contamination with O antigen. The active material appears in two different positions in the Cetavlon fractionation, each with a slightly different serological specificity, as followed by the inhibition of passive hemagglutination. By paper chromatography, the polysaccharide moiety of the O antigenic fraction is composed of glucose, galactose, hexosamine and rhamnose. The absence of colanic acid in either K1 fraction was not proven, although its participation in our assay system, as well as the participation of the common or cross-reacting antigen, was ruled out by serological means.
Semiconductor Process Representation

The sections in this article are 1 Information Model 2 User and Program Interfaces 3 Process Libraries 4 Application Programs 5 Application: Factory Design 6 Application: Computer Integrated Manufacturing 7 Application: Simulation 8 Standardization
Symptom profile variability of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome by age.

Study Type – Diagnostic (symptom prevalence) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Symptom variability is profound in the population of patients diagnosed with interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome because these diagnoses represent a very heterogeneous patient population. Recently, younger patients are being diagnosed with these pain syndromes, without any specific investigation into the symptoms they experience. We identified that patients diagnosed with interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome have variable clinical symptom profiles depending on the age at the time of their diagnosis. Dyspareunia, external genitalia pain, urgency, frequency and dysuria were more common in younger patients whereas nocturia, urinary incontinence and the presence of Hunner's ulcers were more common in older patients. Better defining symptom profiles for patients at the time of evaluation may potentially aid in more accurate and expedited diagnosis of these conditions, particularly in the youngest patient population which is being recognized more commonly in recent times. OBJECTIVE • To investigate the clinical profile differences among patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) based upon age at the time of diagnosis from childhood into the geriatric age group. METHODS • An analysis of 268 patients with IC/PBS seen between 1990 and 2008 was performed. • Three age cohorts were analysed: <30 years, ≥30 years but <60 years, and ≥60 years of age at time of diagnosis. • Patient demographics, disease characteristics and IC/PBS-associated symptoms were compared across the three groups. RESULTS • Of the 268 patients, 60 were <30 years of age at the time of IC diagnosis (median 22, range 11–29), 105 were ≥30 but <60 years (median 48, range 30–59) and 103 patients were ≥60 years of age (median 69, range 60–88). • Of the patients in the youngest, middle and oldest age cohorts: 12.0, 42.0 and 39.8% had Hunner's ulcers, respectively (P < 0.001). • Dyspareunia and external genitalia pain were more common in the youngest age cohort, P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively. • Urinary urgency (P = 0.033), frequency (P = 0.006) and dysuria (P < 0.001) were also more common in patients diagnosed before 30 years of age. • The reported rate of nocturia and urinary incontinence increased with age, P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively. CONCLUSIONS • Patients with IC/PBS analysed across a wide spectrum of ages at time of diagnosis portrayed a unique symptom profile pattern. • Patients diagnosed at the youngest ages experienced significantly more urinary urgency, frequency, dysuria, dyspareunia and pain in their external genitalia. • Older patients had higher rates of nocturia, urinary incontinence and Hunner's ulcer disease.
Lithium inhibits carcinoid cell growth in vitro.

Carcinoids are slow growing neuroendocrine tumors that often cause debilitating symptoms due to excessive secretion of hormones such as serotonin. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment, but many patients have unresectable metastatic disease. Lithium is a non- competitive inhibitor of GSK-3 with an established safety profile. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of lithium on carcinoid cell growth in vitro. Lithium treatment caused a dose-dependent reduction in carcinoid cancer cell (BON and H727) growth. Western blot analysis revealed increased expression of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), indicating the induction of apoptosis. Lithium treatment also suppressed cellular levels of serotonin and chromogranin A. In summary, lithium inactivates GSK-3, induces apoptosis, and suppresses carcinoid cancer cell growth in vitro. The drug has been used clinically since the 19th century to treat a variety of diseases including bipolar disorder, and its safety profile is well documented. Therefore, based on these findings, we have undertaken a clinical trial of lithium chloride in the treatment of patients with unresectable carcinoid cancer.
The GLUT3 glucose transporter is the predominant isoform in primary cultured neurons: assessment by biosynthetic and photoaffinity labelling

Cerebellar granule neurons in primary culture express increasing levels of two glucose transporter isoforms, GLUT1 and GLUT3, as they differentiate in vitro. We have determined the relative abundance of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in these neurons by three different labelling methods. (1) Photoaffinity cell surface labelling of neurons with an impermeant bis-mannose photolabel revealed 6-10-fold more GLUT3 than GLUT1 and dissociation constants (Kd) for the photolabel of 55-68 microM (GLUT3) and 146-169 microM (GLUT1). Binding to both transporters was inhibited by cytochalasin B. (2) Photoaffinity labelling of neuronal membranes with a permeant forskolin derivative showed 5.5-8-fold more GLUT3 than GLUT1, whereas in rat brain membranes containing both neuronal and glial membranes, GLUT3 and GLUT1 were detected in similar proportions. (3) Biosynthetic labelling of neurons with [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine showed GLUT3 to be 6-10-fold more abundant than GLUT1. Thus GLUT3 is quantitatively the predominant glucose-transport isoform in cultured cerebellar granule neurons.
Relationship Between Aerosolized Microbial Load and Contamination of Fully Cooked Then Frozen Meat Products

The relationship between microbial loads in air and contamination of fully cooked meat products was investigated in a commercial processing facility. Air and product were sampled in the packaging area. No correlation existed between microbial caunts from air samples and product samples (P > 0.05, r < 0.06). Micro-bial counts from air samples ranged from 0.30 to 2.54 log 13 colony-forming units (CFU)/300 L and from 0.30 to 3.78 log 30 CFU/g in the product samples. These data suggest that no direct relationship exists between microbial air quality and product contamination, but other environmental conditions may account for up to 1/5 of the variation in air contamination and 1/3 of the variation in product contamination.
EFFECT OF JP-8 JET FUEL EXPOSURE ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SKIN

Fuel system maintenance usually requires direct, prolonged exposure to fuel. Thus, both military and commercial aircraft workers are at risk of dermal exposure and toxicity from JP-8 jet fuel. At present, there are no standards for U.S. Air Force personnel regarding dermal exposure to jet fuel. Hence, there are needs for data and approaches to understand the human hazard from dermal exposure to JP-8. In this study, we investigated the alteration in porcine skin at ultrastructural level, after a 24-h exposure to JP-8, with the help of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Many ultrastructural modifications were noticed in the photomicrographs. Large-scale expansion in intercellular lipid domains of stratum corneum and disruption in its structural integrity; alteration in configuration of basal cells; rupture of hemidesmosomes and desmosomes; and diminished dendritic processes in Langerhans cells were observed. It is concluded that JP-8 exposure can cause alteration in skin anatomy, which may lead to derm...
The occurrence and diversity of Coal Measure insects

Insects are generally considered to be rare in the Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures. However, recent work in the Westphalian D of SW England suggests that many have been overlooked in the past. This is because wings, which are the most characteristic insect fossils, may be mistaken for detached ‘fern’ pinnules, which are much more common. The resemblance may be functional convergence rather than leaf-mimicry. The earliest members of the class Insecta in the strict sense occur in the Upper Carboniferous. Eleven major divisions or orders are represented in the Coal Measures of which only four are still living. Primitively wingless insects (Archaeognatha) are present, relatives of familiar living insects such as the silverfish. There are numerous winged insects, some of which could fold their wings (Neoptera) and others which could not (Palaeoptera). Palaeopterous insects were more diverse than today. They include three extinct orders (Palaeodictyoptera, Megasecoptera, Diaphanopterodea) which were probably plant suckers like present clay bugs. Other extinct palaeopterous insects (order Protodonata) were probably aerial predators like modern dragonflies, and included some of the largest insects of all time (‘giant dragonflies’). By far the most common neopterous insects were cockroaches (Blattodea) which outnumber all other insects in the Upper Carboniferous. This abundance is perhaps less surprising when one considers the general picture of the coal forests as warm, humid, and rich in organic matter. Another important neopterous group was the extinct order Protorthoptera, which is probably related only in part to extant Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and locusts). There is no evidence at this time of higher insects such as flies, fleas, beetles, moths and butterflies, ants, bees and wasps.
Noble-gas-rich separates from ordinary chondrites

Acid-resistant residues were prepared by HCl-HF demineralization of three H-type ordinary chondrites: Brownfield 1937 (H3), Dimmitt (H3, 4), and Estacado (H6). These residues were found to contain a large proportion of the planetary-type trapped Ar, Kr, and Xe in the meteorites. The similarity of these acid residues to those from carbonaceous chondrites and LL-type ordinary chondrites suggests that the same phase carries the trapped noble gases in all these diverse meteorite types. Because the H group represents a large fraction of all meteorites, this result indicates that the gas-rich carrier phase is as universal as the trapped noble-gas component itself. When treated with an oxidizing etchant, the acid residues lost almost all their complement of noble gases.
Studies of pathways of glucose metabolism of endocrine tissues.

Pathways of glucose oxidation using glucose-1-C14 and glucose-6-C14 have been studied in vitro in adrenal, ovary, testis, pituitary and parathyroid slices. The results indicate the existence of an active hexose monophosphate pathway in all endocrine glands studied. Although in similar experiments TSH in vitro was capable of stimulating glucose oxidation in thyroid (1), no effects of FSH, LH, chorionic gonadotrophin or anterior pituitary powder were observed in ovary or testis. Neither ACTH nor 3′5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate inhibited glucose oxidation in slices of adrenal cortex. Possible causes for this absence of inhibition are discussed in light of the recent work by Haynes on the mechanism of action of ACTH (6). The hexose monophosphatc pathway for glucose metabolism in endocrine tissue is a source of TPNH, and this cofactor may be of importance in the regulation of hormone production.
Insights into hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by menstrual dysfunction and hyperandrogenism in the absence of other known causes. While the pathogenesis of PCOS remains elusive and is likely to involve abnormalities in several systems, there has long been an association of abnormal gonadotropin secretion with this disorder. In recent studies we have determined that 94% of women meeting the broad criteria for PCOS have an increased LH/FSH ratio. Several lines of evidence suggest that the mechanisms underlying the increased LH/FSH ratio in PCOS include an increased frequency of GnRH secretion. Decreased sensitivity to progesterone negative feedback on the GnRH pulse generator may play a role in this neuroendocrine defect. Additional factors which may contribute to the low to normal FSH levels in the face of increased LH include chronic mild estrogen increases and possibly inhibin. In addition to these effects on the differential control of FSH, there is increased pituitary sensitivity of LH secretion to GnRH. Both estrogen and androgens have been proposed as candidates mediating these effects. Superimposed on these underlying abnormalities in gonadotropin secretion is a marked inhibitory effect of obesity on LH secretion which may be mediated at either a pituitary or hypothalamic level.
Virtual Reality Simulation of 5dof Upper-Limb Rehabilitation Robot Based on Fuzzy Neural Network

In this paper, aiming at the structure of upper-limb rehabilitation robot, establish the model of algorithmic control based on fuzzy neural network and virtual reality simulation model for 5dof upper-limb rehabilitant robot, and take the elbow joint for example to do simulation analysis. The result of simulation shows the fuzzy neural network control is practicable and its control accuracy takes the precedence over the traditional methods. The virtual-reality simulation of 5dof upper-limb rehabilitation robot, which is benefit to understand the complex relationships among the objects, can emulate the features of real rehabilitation robot, laying a solid foundation for rehabilitation evaluation system and telemedicine.
An input-powered active AC/DC converter with zero standby power for energy harvesting applications

AC/DC converters in energy harvesting systems are typically powered from either external power supplies or load-side energy storage elements. This paper presents an active AC/DC converter that is directly powered by the input AC signal generated from the energy harvester. This approach eliminates the need for external power supplies, reduces the pin count, and avoids standby power consumption when the input amplitude is too low for energy harvesting. For demonstration, the circuitry is realized in AMI 3M−2P 0.5 µm CMOS process. The measured input amplitude range is from 0.65 V to 2.5 V, and the operating frequency range is from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. A maximum efficiency of 82% is achieved. When the input voltage amplitude drops below 0.6 V, the converter automatically enters standby mode with no standby power consumption. The circuit also functions properly in tests with an electrodynamic vibrational energy harvester.
Can good news lead to a more pessimistic choice of action

Adapting a definition introduced by Milgrom (1981) we say that a signal about the environment is good news relative to some initial beliefs if the posterior beliefs dominate the initial beliefs in the sense of first-order stochastic dominance (the assumption being that higher values of the parameter representing the environment mean better environments). We give an example where good news leads to the adoption of a more pessimistic course of action (we say that action a1, reveals greater pessimism than action a2, if it gives higher payoff in bad environments and lower payoff in good environments). We then give sufficient conditions for a signal not to induce a more pessimistic choice of action.
A Simulation-Based Expert System for Nuclear Power Plant Diagnostics

An expert system for diagnosing operational transients in a nuclear power plant is discussed. Hypothesis and test is used as the problem-solving strategy with hypotheses generated by an expert syst...
Identification of mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) by N-terminal sequencing of purified bovine MRPs and comparison to data bank sequences: the large subribosomal particle.

Bovine mitochondrial ribosomes are presented as a model system for mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes. An alternative system for identifying individual bovine mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) by RP-HPLC is described. To identify and to characterize individual MRPs proteins were purified from bovine liver, separated by RP-HPLC, and identified by 2D PAGE techniques and immunoblotting. Molecular masses of individual MRPs were determined. Selected proteins were subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequencing. The peptide sequences obtained were used to screen different databases to identify several corresponding MRP sequences from human, mouse, rat, and yeast. Signal sequences for mitochondrial import were postulated by comparison of the bovine mature N-termini determined by amino acid sequencing with the deduced mammalian MRP sequences. Significant sequence similarities of these new MRPs to known r-proteins from other sources, e.g., E. coli, were detected only for two of the four MRP families presented. This finding suggests that mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes contain several novel proteins. Amino acid sequence information for all of the bovine MRPs will prove invaluable for assigning functions to their genes, which would otherwise remain unknown.
Laminar Air Purge of Microorganisms in Dental Aerosols: Prophylactic Procedures with the Ultrasonic Scaler

Studies of 50 patients undergoing prophylaxis in a dental operatory equipped with laminar airflow showed that from more than 40,400 viable particles containing one or more microbes collected from dental aerosols, about 40,267 were recovered when laminar air was not in use. Airborne contamination reductions of 99.7% were effected in the dental office when a vertical downflow of laminar, high efj"zcieney particulate filtered air was present.
A fire risk analysis model for assessing options for flammable and combustible liquid products in storage and retail occupancies

A fire risk analysis modeling framework was developed to analyze options for fire-safe handling and storing of flammable and combustible liquids in containers. The model illustrates the application of general risk analysis modeling principles to a current, highly visible problem and introduces some new modeling elements. Risk is driven by relative success in providing a complete, operational sprinkler system adequate for controlling fires that start in ordinary combustibles, well away from the liquid products.