cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redesigning a Large Enrollment Course: The Impact on Academic Performance, Course Completion and Student Perceptions in Introductory Psychology

Increasing college enrollments, and decreased funding have led institutions and instructors to focus on developing courses that can be taught effectively in a large class format. This article presents the effectiveness of a redesigned, blended format of Introductory Psychology taught in large sections. The goals of the project included improving academic performance and student engagement through the use of empirically supported pedagogical methods, increasing course completion rates, reducing course drift, and reducing instructional costs. Student data from traditional sections taught in fall 2011 (n = 284) were compared to data obtained from students in redesigned sections in fall 2012 (n = 1340). Results indicated significant increases in academic performance in the redesigned course compared to the traditional sections. Performance with online course materials predicted overall exam performance and all pedagogical enhancements were, on average, perceived by students as effective. While course completi...
Partial Reinforcement with Chronic Schizophrenics

The partial reinforcement effect was studied using a modified slot machine with chronic schizophrenics as Ss. A short acquisition series, using four different percentages of reinforcement, was followed by an extinction series. The partial reinforcement effect was not obtained, using mean log trials to extinction as a criterion measure.
ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE FOR PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WOODPECKERS

ALTHOUGH the functional anatomy of woodpeckers has long been a subject of interest, their internal anatomy has not been used extensively for determining probable phylogenetic relationships within the family. In part this is probably due to the reluctance to use highly adaptive features in phylogenetic studies because of the likelihood of convergent evolution. Bock (1967) and others have pointed out that adaptiveness in itself does not rule out taxonomic usefulness, and that the highly adaptive features will probably be the ones having conspicuous anatomical modifications, and Bock emphasizes the need for detailed studies of function before using features in studies of phylogeny. Although valuable, functional conclusions are often based on inferences not backed up by experimental data. As any similarity between species is possibly due to functional convergence, I believe what is needed most is detailed study of a number of features in order to distinguish between similarities resulting from convergence and those based on phylogentic relationship. Simple structures are not necessarily more primitive and morphological trends are reversible, as Mayr (1955) has pointed out. Individual variation may occur and various investigators may interpret structures differently. Despite these limitations, speculation concerning phylogeny will continue in the future, and I believe that it should be based on more, rather than fewer anatomical studies.
Suicide and Attempted Suicide

Studies have shown that the majority of suicides consult physicians within weeks or even hours before their deaths. The author spells out the questions that can identify well-defined prodromal symptoms and details the differences between truly suicidal persons and those who are primarily suicide “attempters.” Guidelines are given for dealing with drug overdose, the method used by four out of five attempters, mainly young women.
ImmuneQuest: Assessment of a Video Game as a Supplement to an Undergraduate Immunology Course.

The study of immunology, particularly in this day and age, is an integral aspect of the training of future biologists, especially health professionals. Unfortunately, many students lose interest in or lack true comprehension of immunology due to the jargon of the field, preventing them from gaining a true conceptual understanding that is essential to all biological learning. To that end, a new video game, ImmuneQuest, has been developed that allows undergraduate students to “be” cells in the immune system, finding and attacking pathogens, while answering questions to earn additional abilities. The ultimate goal of ImmuneQuest is to allow students to understand how the major cells in the immune system work together to fight disease, rather than focusing on them as separate entities as is more commonly done in lecture material. This work provides the first assessment of ImmuneQuest in an upper-level immunology course. Students had significant gains in learning of information presented in ImmuneQuest compared with information discussed in lecture only. Furthermore, while students found the game “frustrating” at times, they agreed that the game aided their learning and recommended it for future courses. Taken together, these results suggest that ImmuneQuest appears to be a useful tool to supplement lecture material and increase student learning and comprehension.
In Vivo Distribution of Boronated Monoclonal Antibodies and Starburst Dendrimers

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) are theoretically among the most specific of all tumor targeting agents. In the span of ten years a voluminous literature has developed on their potential use for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Drugs, radionuclides, and toxins have been linked to MoAbs, but, unfortunately, their therapeutic efficacy has been limited due to a variety of problems1. Attempts to use MoAbs to target 10B to tumors for BNCT have been unsuccessful for many of these same reasons. In order to sustain a lethal 10B (n,α)Li7 reaction at the cellular level, approximately ≈109 10B atoms must be delivered to each tumor cell2. This requirement has led to the use of macromolecules such as boronated poly-D,L-lysine (BPL) or boronated starburst dendrimers (BSD), which can be linked to MoAbs by means of heterobifunctional reagents3,4. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo distribution of a MoAb directed against the murine B16 melanoma5 that has been boronated using a starburst dendrimer, and to compare this to the distribution patterns of native MoAb and unmodified dendrimers of varying molecular weights.
SUMMARIZATION OF DATA BY OBJECTIVE MEASURES

This chapter discusses several objective measures for summarizing sample data, either discrete or continuous. Although a frequency table and a graph such as a histogram will give one quite a bit of information about the data, most of it is rather subjective. To describe the data more objectively and to provide tools for analysis, it is desirable to use what are called sample statistics. Such statistics are of three kinds: averages, measures of variability, and measures of curve shape. The first two are used with most samples, the last only with large samples. The aim of an average is to give a one-number description of the sample of numbers. If all the numbers are identical, the average would be this number. If the numbers vary, but still show some central tendency, then it is the object of the average to locate this level. Different kinds of averages have various characteristics: advantages and disadvantages, and each kind has its special use and interpretation.
The Fourth Energy Wave: The Sustainable Consumer Is Knocking

America sharply redefined its non-transportation energy supply systems during three historical periods. Each period has changed not only how we provide energy but how we use it, with those forces working interactively. During each of these periods, there was a growing consumer awareness leading to the development of a fourth energy period in which the Sustainable Consumer resides. The first energy period was created by the infant electric energy industry of 1880–1910. The second energy period brought technological progress, consolidation, extension of electric service to most locations, and utility regulation. This era of progress, stability, and growth proceeded from 1910 through about 1970. The third energy period—from about 1965 through 2015—brought growing concerns about air, water, and soil pollution, as well as the potential dangers of nuclear power. While demands for “green” electricity have lagged behind some of these other initiatives, the electric power industry is unlikely to escape a robust response. In the future, consumers and suppliers will interact differently than they do today and bring dramatic changes that include an increasing focus on advancing sustainability. Sustainability is not just good business, it is the only business. Tomorrow’s needs and the success of energy and energy services providers in the marketplace will depend on their response to the Sustainable Consumer.
Criticisms of Cicovacki's the analysis of wonder

The Analysis of Wonder is a stimulating and worthy introduction to the difficult and unique thought of Nicolai Hartmann. In this venue, the focus is upon criticisms of Cicovacki’s book. The opportunity to elicit further clarification and argumentation from Cicovacki should be fruitful. Hartmann’s philosophy is truly unique in nature and vast. As such, it is worth noting at the outset that, given the nature of Cicovacki’s book and a lack of deeper familiarity with Hartmann’s philosophy, the concerns raised herein may very well be issues in Hartmann that Cicovacki is replicating. The criticisms addressed herein present five sets of worries related to The Analysis of Wonder. The first three may be relatively minor concerns having to do with (1) what is meant by the rediscovery of the world; (2) Cicovacki’s criticisms of post-modernism and existentialism; and (3) Cicovacki’s use of Arendt as a way of framing Hartmann’s value to contemporary philosophy and beyond. The latter two sets of worries are more substantive. They involve (4) Hartmann’s account of the importance of a loving attitude and (5) Hartmann’s theory of personality. Again, these are presented in the spirit of an invitation to dialogue more about Hartmann, a figure who Cicovacki represents well in The Analysis of Wonder.
Comparing Modelled Productivity to Historical Data in New England Potato Production Systems

Potato yields in Northern Maine have remained fairly constant for the last 70 years. Many long-term projects have sought to identify the limitations to potato yield, but identifying limiting factors is difficult without first identifying the upper limits of potato production. A simple, light-driven mechanistic model is validated with specific case studies, and then, potential yield limitations to potato production in this region are identified based on analysis of the model. It was found that meteorologically-limited productivity peaks at about 55 Mg ha−1, which is about 80% higher than historical averages. Most yield increases in those specific case studies examined were due to enhancement of radiation capture, which was achievable either by improved water management or disease suppression. Strategies for sustained yield improvements should continue to improve on radiation capture, either by increasing the peak radiation capture potential, prolonging the radiation capture duration, or by shifting radiation capture to coincide with available light. This model is useful to set realistic productivity goals for this region, can be easily adapted to other regions, and indicates strategies for potato yield improvement.
Mixed Chimerism-Based Regimens in VCA

Amputations and devastating injuries throughout the body can now be reconstructed by transplanting vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) of the extremities, face, penis, scalp, skull, abdominal wall, and even the uterus. While functional and quality of life outcomes have been highly promising, the requirement for, and complications from long-term immunosuppression have predictably been reported in VCA recipients as with solid organ transplantation. Immunologic tolerance represents an alternative strategy to prevent rejection of VCAs without the need for immunosuppression. Clinically, long-term tolerance of allografts without maintenance immunosuppression has been achieved in kidney transplantation patients through the induction of mixed chimerism, whereby both donor and recipient-derived lymphohematopoietic elements co-exist within the recipient. This paper serves to review the currently available evidence from both clinical and experimental studies on mixed chimerism based regimens in VCA.
Production of micro- and nanoscale chitosan particles for biomedical applications

Chitosan biopolymer possesses several properties that make it advantageous as a biomaterial for biomedical applications, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and solubility in dilute aqueous acidic solvents. Chitosan micro- and nanoparticles have been investigated for potential use in diagnosis and treatment of many different diseases with applications of therapeutic delivery, tissue engineering, and bioimaging. In therapeutic delivery, micro- and nanoparticles provide significant improvements over traditional oral and intravenous methods of administration in terms of efficacy and ease of use. For efficacy and safety of therapeutic treatments, chitosan particles must possess biocompatibility after synthesis. This chapter describes several different techniques of chitosan micro- and nanoparticle preparation for numerous biomedical applications, including conventional methods and recently developed methods.
The capaciousness of sound studies: Keywords in sound, edited by David Novak and Matt Sakakeeny

Toward the beginning of James Baldwin’s 1948 short story “Sonny’s Blues”, the narrator listens to a series of sounds wafting into his New York City schoolroom window:One boy was whistling a tune, a...
Polymetallic nodules, sediments, and deep waters in the equatorial North Pacific exhibit highly diverse and distinct bacterial, archaeal, and microeukaryotic communities.

Concentrated seabed deposits of polymetallic nodules, which are rich in economically valuable metals (e.g., copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese), occur over vast areas of the abyssal Pacific Ocean floor. Little is currently known about the diversity of microorganisms inhabiting abyssal habitats. In this study, sediment, nodule, and water column samples were collected from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone of the Eastern North Pacific. The diversities of prokaryote and microeukaryote communities associated with these habitats were examined. Microbial community composition and diversity varied with habitat type, water column depth, and sediment horizon. Thaumarchaeota were relatively enriched in the sediments and nodules compared to the water column, whereas Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant sequences associated with nodules. Among the Eukaryota, rRNA genes belonging to the Cryptomonadales were relatively most abundant among organisms associated with nodules, whereas rRNA gene sequences deriving from members of the Alveolata were relatively enriched in sediments and the water column. Nine operational taxonomic unit (OTU)s were identified that occur in all nodules in this dataset, as well as all nodules found in a study 3000-9000 km from our site. Microbial communities in the sediments had the highest diversity, followed by nodules, and then by the water column with <1/3 the number of OTUs as in the sediments.
Comb-Assisted Cyclostationary Analysis of Wideband RF Signals

Signals arising in nearly all disciplines, including telecommunications, mechanics, biology, astronomy, and nature are generally modulated, carrying corresponding signatures in both the temporal and spectral domains. This fact was long recognized by cyclostationary and cumulant analysis, providing qualitatively better means to separate stochastic from deterministically modulated radiation. In contrast to simple spectral analysis, the cyclostationary technique provides a high level of spectral discrimination, allowing for considerable signal selectivity even in the presence of high levels of background noise and interference. When performed with sufficient resolution, cyclostationary analysis also provides the ability for signal analysis and classification. Unfortunately, these advantages come at a cost of large computational complexity posing fundamental detection challenges. In the case of modern ultrawideband signals, the requirements for persistent cyclostationary analysis are considerably beyond the processing complexity of conventional electronics. Recognizing this limit, we report a new photonically assisted cyclostationary analyzer that eliminates the need for high-bandwidth digitization and real-time Fourier processors. The new receiver relies on mutually coherent frequency combs used to generate a Fourier representation of the received signal in a computation-free manner. With the advent of practical, cavity-free optical frequency combs, the complexity for cyclostationary analysis can be greatly reduced, paving a path toward persistent wideband cyclostationary analysis in an ultrawideband operating regime.
Implications of biofuel-induced changes in land use and crop management on sustainability of agriculture in the Texas High Plains

Abstract Texas High Plains (THP), which is an important cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing region in the United States faces challenges from declining/deteriorating groundwater levels/quality, recurring droughts and severe wind erosion. Growing cover crops after harvesting cotton and/or changing land use from cotton to perennial bioenergy crops could not only address above challenges, but also assist in meeting the national biofuel target. The objective of this study is to assess the implications of changes in land use (replacing cotton with Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Miscanthus × giganteus) and crop management (growing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop) on hydrology and wind erosion in the Double Mountain Fork Brazos Watershed using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model. Simulated average annual wind erosion, total nitrogen (TN) loss to surface water and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching to groundwater reduced by more than 37%, 43% and 73%, respectively, when winter wheat was grown as a cover crop under the 457 mm (18-inch) annual groundwater pumping limit setup by the High Plains Water District. In addition, winter wheat produced about 0.20–0.26 kg m−2 of biomass for biofuel purposes. Land use change from irrigated cotton to switchgrass and rainfed cotton to Miscanthus decreased the TN load, NO3-N leaching and soil loss by wind erosion by > 89% relative to the baseline scenario. Under the groundwater pumping restrictions, multiple harvests of perennial grasses were found to be better in terms of biomass production (>2 kg m−2), and protection of groundwater and soil.
Technical Note: Feasibility study of titanium markers in choroidal melanoma localization for proton beam radiation therapy

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of the use of titanium fiducial markers to minimize the metallic artifact seen with tantalum markers which causes significant distortion on postoperative orbital CT scans. Method We designed and constructed the titanium markers in the shop of Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, UC Davis, CA. The markers were placed on an eyeball phantom. The eyeball was inserted into the Rando phantom in the orbital space. The Rando phantom was imaged with coplanar x rays on Nucletron simulator at UCSF, on digital panel on the eye beam line at CNL eye treatment facility and on CT scanner at UCSF. Results The titanium markers can be clearly seen on the hard copy of x rays and on digital panel. The CT scan of an orbit using tantalum markers on the right eye and titanium markers on the left eye shows the metal artifact from tantalum markers. Titanium markers show very little distortion on CT images. Conclusion The present study describes these markers and their relative benefit in comparison with tantalum marker, which has been used for localizing ocular tumor for decades.
Scope, Objectives, and Summary of Investigations

This series of research efforts were designed to effectively support the individual warfighter wounded forward of hospitals and possible field aid stations. The scope of this investigation spans: Barrier dressings (liquid and particulate) for soft tissue wounds Sutureless tissue adhesives Antibacterial nanoemulsions One-hand operated and automatic tourniquets for the battlefield
Trace and Determinant

Throughout this book our emphasis has been on linear maps and operators rather than on matrices.
The Role of Semiosis in L. S. Vygotsky’s Theory of Human Cognition

One of the twentieth century’s most imaginative accounts of how human mental activity derives from social activity was outlined by the Soviet psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896–1934). Although nearly half a century has passed since his death, Vygotsky’s ideas continue to motivate a great deal of interesting research in psychology and semiotics in the USSR and are beginning to be more widely utilized in the West. In this chapter I will outline three central themes in Vygotsky’s account of social and psychological functioning. I will examine these themes one by one, but I will also demonstrate how they are interrelated in a single theoretical framework. The three themes to be examined are: (1) the use of developmental, or genetic, analysis; (2) the claim that individuals’ psychological processes emerge out of social processes; and (3) the claim that the mediational means used in individuals’ psychological processes result from the mastery and internalization of social sign systems, especially language.
Prevalence of Apparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension in the United States

In 2018, the American Heart Association published a Scientific Statement on resistant hypertension. We compared the prevalence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH) among US adults as...
The relationship of language anxiety with noticing and oral production of L2 forms: A study of beginning learners of Arabic

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between foreign language anxiety (FLA) and the noticing and integration of second language (L2) forms. 80 beginning-level learners of Arabic were assigned to two treatment conditions, Output and Input, to explore whether FLA differentially associates with noticing under different task conditions. The Output group participants provided an oral description of a picture story, listened to, read, and underlined an Arabic speaker's description, and re-described pictures. The Input group participants answered pre-text exposure questions, listened to, read, and underlined a description, and answered post-text exposure questions. An immediate posttest, a delayed posttest, and interviews were administered afterwards. Interestingly, FLA positively associated with general form noticing and integration but did not predict learner noticing and integration of the future tense. No differential anxiety influences on learner noticing were detected across the Input and Output conditions.
Assessing the effectiveness of a web-based tutorial for interlanguage pragmatic development prior to studying abroad

This manuscript reports the results of a research study that investigated the effect of a web-based tutorial (WBT) on 13 Spanish language learners’ pragmatic development during the semester prior to studying abroad in Spain. Students who anticipate living abroad with a host family may be particularly motivated to acquire pragmatic competence in order to better assimilate into the target language culture. The WBT was designed to teach the speech acts of complaints and requests to Spanish language learners whose first language is English. The content in the WBT is based upon available empirical evidence at the time of development. Data were collected at pretest and posttest and the analysis employed a mixed methods approach. The results revealed that the WBT was more effective with intermediate- than with novice-level learners of Spanish. In addition, learners’ comprehension gains were greater than their production gains. In other words, learners improved in their ability to recognize appropriate pragmatic strategy use; however, they still had difficulty producing pragmatically appropriate features after completing the WBT. It is possible that pragmatic awareness may precede learners’ ability to use appropriate pragmatic strategies in their linguistic output.
The police invention of humanity: Notes on the “thin blue line”:

This article unpacks the idea of police as a “thin blue line” as narrating a story about the police invention of the human through a civilizing and exterminating war against beasts. To speak in the...
Activation of Bacterial Cellulose Biosynthesis by Cyclic di-GMP

Microbes frequently decorate their surfaces with complex carbohydrates to form cell walls, mediate host interactions, or to reduce the efficacies of immune defenses. In a biofilm, bacteria are embedded in a three-dimensional polysaccharide-rich matrix whose formation is often controlled by cyclic di-GMP. In this chapter, I will summarize our current knowledge of the mechanism by which cyclic di-GMP activates bacterial cellulose synthase. Cellulose is a common biofilm component and its biosynthesis is allosterically regulated by cyclic di-GMP. As an exopolysaccharide, cellulose is synthesized and secreted by a membrane-embedded processive glycosyltransferase that contains a C-terminal cyclic di-GMP-binding PilZ domain. Many exopolysaccharide synthases are allosterically regulated by cyclic di-GMP, either by partnering with or being covalently linked to cyclic di-GMP-binding domains. The structural and functional characterizations of Rhodobacter sphaeroides cellulose synthase in resting and activated states provided unique insights into how cyclic di-GMP modulates enzymatic functions. This will be reviewed by discussing (1) biochemical analyses leading to cyclic di-GMP’s discovery and elucidation of its activation mechanism; (2) the structural basis for allosteric activation of cellulose biosynthesis; and (3) additional cyclic di-GMP-regulated control mechanisms of bacterial cellulose synthase complexes.
Syria’s ordeal: A modern state’s disintegration in an age of fake news and superpower regional rivalry

The negative impact of globalization is readily observed in today’s Syria. Ravished by seven years of internal conflict stimulated initially by Tunisia’s Arab awakening, this once proud state has become a magnet for religious fanatics and their wealthy sponsors in conservative Saudi Arabia and other countries far and near seeking geopolitical advantage. Not least Syria has experienced the seemingly futile endeavors by those in the United Nations and elsewhere seeking a solution to this country’s enduring turmoil. Military intervention by Iran and Russia has changed the configuration of the conflict at the critical point in time when Israeli and American intervention provides a dangerous environment for superpower conflict. All the while, Syrians remaining in the country suffer, and those seeking safety elsewhere are threatening to destabilize Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan and, farther afield, the cohesion of the European Community.
The Complexities of Sexual Health Among Adolescents Living with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The complexities of living with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can derail an adolescent’s opportunity to engage in healthy sexual relationships. Social connection, a large component of healthy sexual relationships, is often a major obstacle for adolescents diagnosed with ASD. Sexual health goes beyond the physical component and relies on emotional and social skillsets that directly influence appropriate sexual behaviors and connection with others. The concept of appropriate psychosexual norms is quite important and can be adopted by exposing adolescents with ASD to social environments that form healthy interactions with others. The sexual behavior of adolescents with ASD is often observed from a problem-based perspective rather than a strength-based approach. There is a lack of evidence-based sexual education curriculums geared towards the needs of adolescents with ASD which bring closer together the dynamical relationship between sexual socialization and sexual behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this conceptual paper is to describe that dynamic relationship and how inadequate sexual socialization often leads to socially “inappropriate” sexual behaviors of adolescents with ASD.
Ultralow Thermal Conductivity in Cs–Sb–Se Compounds: Lattice Instability versus Lone-Pair Electrons

The presence of lone-pair electrons (LPE) is known to lead to large anharmonicities in materials and thus to low lattice thermal conductivity (κ). Materials with LPE typically have κ values that ar...
Arachnoid Web Fenestration: Diagnostic and Surgical Nuances.

Arachnoid web (AW) is a rare phenomenon that has only been described in small case reports and case series, 1 most commonly presenting with upper motor neuron signs and subtle radiographic findings, such as the classically described “scalpel sign.” 2 In this report, we demonstrate the use of imaging and operative techniques that have not been previously shown in the literature as a video for AW. These include high-definition magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences for preoperative diagnosis, use of intraoperative ultrasonography for identification of adhesions, and operative technique for AW fenestration ( Video 1 ). The patient consented to this manuscript. A 64-year-old female patient developed progressive difficulty with balance and ambulation that particularly worsened over the last 4 months associated with tingling and numbness in the bilateral lower extremities. Physical examination revealed spastic gait and upper motor neuron signs in the lower extremities along with left foot drop. MRI revealed a chronic noncontrast-enhancing intramedullary lesion, along with a spinal cord indentation at the level T6 with an associated fiber between the cord and the posterior dura. Surgical intervention was performed with the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy and ultrasound for real-time identification of the surgical site and the AW. Under the microscope, the dura was incised while preserving the arachnoid. The AW was carefully dissected, leaving the portions that were tethered onto the cord. Two weeks postoperatively, the patient's gait was markedly improved, with resolved neurologic function in the lower extremities. Follow-up MRI at 3 months demonstrated resolved medullary syrinx and normalization of the spinal cord contour.
A Teenager Friendly Community in Tehran

“Collaborative planning is an interactive process of consensus building and implementation using stakeholder and public involvement” (Margrum, 2002, p. 237). Recognizing the value of such collaboration, I developed my master’s thesis about making a teenager-friendly community by collaborating with 14- to 17-year-olds in Tehran. When I started working with the teenagers*, I did not expect the extent of the valuable spatial knowledge I was able to learn from them.
Immunotoxicity of organophosphorus compounds: Modulation of cell-mediated immune responses by inhibition of monocyte accessory functions

Several organophosphorus compounds (OP) used commercially as flame retardants and plasticizers and related chemicals were evaluated for their effects on human in vitro cell-mediated immune responses. At nontoxic concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 20 microM, two of the tested compounds, triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and tetra-o-cresylpiperazinyl diphosphoamidate (TCPD) caused significant suppression of antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation (P less than 0.01). Mitogenesis was less sensitive to OP treatment and was affected only by TCPD. When monocytes and lymphocytes were treated separately with OP, washed, and recombined, it appeared that these OP mediated their suppressive effects by interfering with a monocyte function rather than acting directly on lymphocytes. Further, triphenyl phosphate (TPP), triphenyl thiophosphate (TPTP) as well as TPPO and TCPD were tested for direct inhibition of monocyte antigen presentation, and all four compounds were found to cause significant inhibition at concentrations as low as 1 microM (P less than 0.001).
Shock in obstetrics

Abstract A review of maternal mortality in any area of the United States indicates that a significant number of patients continue to lose their lives from shock. These deaths are largely preventable through more careful obstetrics when performed in hospitals with the facilities to meet the emergency treatment of shock. Except for the case of myocardial infarction and the occasional case of sepsis, the treatment of shock as herein defined depends on early administration of blood in amounts adequate to restore the effective blood volume. Lack of adequate blood replacement, if it does not result in death, may lead to severe renal and pituitary damage. It is apparent that shock in obstetrics can-not be treated effectively by blood obtained from a blood repository outside the hospital or from donor lists. It can be met only by the hospital's own blood bank and by the storage of suitable blood in adequate amounts on the delivery floor. It is suggested that no hospital be allowed to care for pregnant women if it is unable to meet this essential requirement.
Role of sodium in determining alternate pathways of aerobic citrate catabolism in Aerobacter aerogenes.

In contrast to the absolute Na+ requirement for anaerobic growth of Aerobacter aerogenes on citrate as sole carbon source, aerobic growth of this microorganism did not require the presence of Na+. However, Na+ (optimal concentration, 10 mm) did increase the maximal amount of aerobic growth by 60%, even though it did not change the rate of growth. This increase in growth was specifically affected by Na+, which could not be replaced by K+, NH4+, Li+, Rb+, or Cs+. Enzyme profiles were determined in A. aerogenes cells grown aerobically on citrate in media of varying cationic composition. Cells grown in Na+-free medium possessed all the enzymes of the citric acid cycle including α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, which is repressed by anaerobic conditions of growth. The enzymes of the anaerobic citrate fermentation pathway, citritase and oxalacetate decarboxylase, were also present in these cells, but this pathway of citrate catabolism was effectively blocked by the absence of Na+, which is essential for the activation of the oxalacetate decarboxylase step. Thus, in Na+-free medium, aerobic citrate catabolism proceeded solely via the citric acid cycle. Addition of 10 mm Na+ to the aerobic citrate medium resulted in the activation of oxalacetate decarboxylase and the repression of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, thereby diverting citrate catabolism from the (aerobic) citric acid cycle mechanism to the fermentation mechanism characteristic of anaerobic growth. The further addition of 2% potassium acetate to the medium caused repression of citritase and derepression of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, switching citrate catabolism back into the citric acid cycle.
Magnetotransport studies of mobility limiting mechanisms in undoped Si/SiGe heterostructures

We perform detailed magnetotransport studies on two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) formed in undoped Si/SiGe heterostructures in order to identify the electron mobility limiting mechanisms. By analyzing data from 26 different heterostructures, we observe a strong correlation between the background oxygen concentration in the Si quantum well and the maximum mobility. The highest-quality wafer supports a 2DEG with mobility $\ensuremath{\mu}=160\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}000 \mathrm{cm}{}^{2}/\mathrm{Vs}$ at a density $n=2.17\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}/\mathrm{cm}{}^{2}$ and exhibits a metal-to-insulator transition at a critical density ${n}_{c}=0.46\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}/\mathrm{cm}{}^{2}$. We extract a valley splitting ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{v}\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$ at a magnetic field $B=1.8$ T. These results provide evidence that undoped Si/SiGe heterostructures are suitable for the fabrication of few-electron quantum dots.
A parallel implementation for determining genomic distances under deletion and insertion

As the need for comparing genomes of different species has grown dramatically with the fast progress of the Human Genome Project, the evolution at the level of whole genomes has attracted more and more attention from both biologists and computer scientists. They are especially interested in the scenarios in which the genome evolves through insertions, deletions, and movements of genes along its chromosomes. Marron et al proposed a polynomial-time approximation algorithm to compute (near) minimum edit distances under inversions, deletions, and unrestricted insertions. Our work is based on their algorithm, which carries out lots of comparisons and sorting to calculate the edit distance. These comparisons and sorting are extremely time-consuming, and they result in decrease of computational efficiency. We believe the time of the algorithm can be improved through parallelization. We parallelize their algorithm via OpenMP using Intel C++ compiler for Linux 7.1, and compare three levels of parallelism: coarse grain, fine grain and combination of both. The experiments are conducted for a varying number of threads and different lengths of the gene sequences. The experimental results show that either coarse grain parallelism or fine grain parallelism alone does not improve the performance of the algorithm very much. However, the use of combination of both fine grain and coarse grain parallelism improves the performance of the algorithm drastically.
Alzheimer's Disease and the Amyloid-β Peptide

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is widely believed to be driven by the production and deposition of the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta). For many years, investigators have been puzzled by the weak to nonexistent correlation between the amount of neuritic plaque pathology in the human brain and the degree of clinical dementia. Recent advances in our understanding of the development of amyloid pathology have helped solve this mystery. Substantial evidence now indicates that the solubility of Abeta, and the quantity of Abeta in different pools, may be more closely related to disease state. The composition of these pools of Abeta reflects different populations of amyloid deposits and has definite correlates with the clinical status of the patient. Imaging technologies, including new amyloid imaging agents based on the chemical structure of histologic dyes, are now making it possible to track amyloid pathology along with disease progression in the living patient. Interestingly, these approaches indicate that the Abeta deposited in AD is different from that found in animal models. In general, deposited Abeta is more easily cleared from the brain in animal models and does not show the same physical and biochemical characteristics as the amyloid found in AD. This raises important issues regarding the development and testing of future therapeutic agents.
BRIEF SEARCH FOR LOW-MASS OBJECTS.

Observations of the nearby white dwarfs EG 5 (van Maanen 2) and EG 290 obtained in the J, H, K, L, L-prime, and M bands using an RC1 photometer at the Cassegrain focus of the 3.3-m IR telescope at Mauna Kea on Dec. 2, 1983 are reported. The L-band fluxes are analyzed to search for low-mass companion objects, but none is found. Upper limits of Te = 850 K and L = 5 x 10 to the -6th solar luminosity are established for the putative companions of both dwarfs, corresponding to a mass of 0.027 solar mass or less for an age of 3 Gyr.
Intimate Technology: A Tool for Teaching Anti-Racism in Social Work Education.

In this article, the authors introduce a new conceptual tool, intimate technology, to mobilize social work students' commitment to anti-racism. Intimate technology is marked by its emotional intensity and accessibility, and its effect of de-centering knowledge and authority. This teaching strategy integrates the modality of intimate technology via selected YouTube videos and the content of anti-racism and racism, illustrated through a lesson plan based on Hurricane Katrina. A qualitative analysis of students' responses revealed that intimate technology enabled the students to relate to a variety of peoples' responses to, and experiences of, racism, through images, personal stories, and music.
Success Factors for Avian Influenza Vaccine Use in Poultry and Potential Impact at the Wild Bird–Agricultural Interface

Thirty-two epizootics of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) have been reported in poultry and other birds since 1959. The ongoing H5N1 HPAI epizootic that began in 1996 has also spilled over to infect wild birds. Traditional stamping-out programs in poultry have resulted in eradication of most HPAI epizootics. However, vaccination of poultry was added as a control tool in 1995 and has been used during five epizootics. Over 113 billion doses of AI vaccine have been used in poultry from 2002 to 2010 as oil-emulsified, inactivated whole AIV vaccines (95.5%) and live vectored vaccines (4.5%). Over 99% of the vaccine has been used in the four H5N1 HPAI enzootic countries: China including Hong Kong (91%), Egypt (4.7%), Indonesia (2.3%), and Vietnam (1.4%) where vaccination programs have been nationwide and routine to all poultry. Ten other countries used vaccine in poultry in a focused, risk-based manner but this accounted for less than 1% of the vaccine used. Most vaccine “failures” have resulted from problems in the vaccination process; i.e., failure to adequately administer the vaccine to at-risk poultry resulting in lack of population immunity, while fewer failures have resulted from antigenic drift of field viruses away from the vaccine viruses. It is currently not feasible to vaccinate wild birds against H5N1 HPAI, but naturally occurring infections with H5 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses may generate cross-protective immunity against H5N1 HPAI. The most feasible method to prevent and control H5N1 HPAI in wild birds is through control of the disease in poultry with use of vaccine to reduce environmental burden of H5N1 HPAIV, and eventual eradication of the virus in domestic poultry, especially in domestic ducks which are raised in enzootic countries on range or in other outdoor systems having contact with wild aquatic and periurban terrestrial birds.
Porous hydroxyapatite grafts in chronic subcrestal periodontal defects in rhesus monkeys: a histological investigation.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the histologie response to replamineform (porous) hydroxyapatite grafts in chronically inflamed, surgically created, periodontal pockets in Rhesus monkeys. Forty-eight subcrestal defects were surgically created in 8 Rhesus monkeys. Orthodontic wires were adapted to the base of the defects and left in place for 8 weeks. The defects were randomly assigned a treatment modality so that 8 granular porous and 8 block porous hydroxyapatite grafts were done. Eight sites were left as unoperated controls. Twenty-four contralateral sham-operated sites were treated by open curettage. Histometric measurements of the length of regenerated connective tissue attachment were recorded. Block hydroxyapatite, granular hydroxyapatite, and sham-operated sites exhibited similar amounts of regenerated connective tissue attachment, which was significantly greater than that which occurred in unoperated controls. Newly formed bone was observed within the porous channels of the hydro...
Study of Neurovascular Coupling via Simultaneous MEG DOI Acquisition

Our simultaneous magnetoencephalography and diffuse optical imaging measurements in five subjects during median nerve stimulation show a good correlation of the hemodynamic evoked response with MEG deflection N20 and Peak 3, but not with P35.
Millennials among the Professional Workforce in Academic Libraries: Their Perspective on Leadership

Abstract This study explores possible leadership perceptions of Millennials working in academic libraries, specifically their definition, the attributes they associate with leadership, whether they want to assume formal leadership roles, whether they perceive themselves as leaders, and whether they perceive leadership opportunities within their organizations and LIS professional associations. An online survey was utilized to gather the responses and the study participants comprised of Millennials (born 1982 or after) currently working full-time in libraries that were a member of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC), a consortium of the Big Ten universities and the University of Chicago in 2011–12.
Consequences of hyperoxia and the toxicity of oxygen in the lung.

Oxygen (O2) is life essential but as a drug has a maximum positive biological benefit and accompanying toxicity effects. Oxygen is therapeutic for treatment of hypoxemia and hypoxia associated with many pathological processes. Pathophysiological processes are associated with increased levels of hyperoxia-induced reactive O2 species (ROS) which may readily react with surrounding biological tissues, damaging lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Protective antioxidant defenses can become overwhelmed with ROS leading to oxidative stress. Activated alveolar capillary endothelium is characterized by increased adhesiveness causing accumulation of cell populations such as neutrophils, which are a source of ROS. Increased levels of ROS cause hyperpermeability, coagulopathy, and collagen deposition as well as other irreversible changes occurring within the alveolar space. In hyperoxia, multiple signaling pathways determine the pulmonary cellular response: apoptosis, necrosis, or repair. Understanding the effects of O2 administration is important to prevent inadvertent alveolar damage caused by hyperoxia in patients requiring supplemental oxygenation.
Timekeeping Issues in Ultra-Quality Metering Systems

The improvements made to smart metering systems in terms of performance and accuracy have in many cases created a gap in the requirements for timekeeping performance. When clock errors accumulate in different metrology systems, data collected from one system cannot be compared to data collected from another system. This paper recommends the use of a common timebase for all data gathering systems, and that systems clocks are corrected with numerous minor corrections when possible rather than major corrections.
Will concern for biodiversity spell doom to tropical forest management

Arguments against active tropical forest management are analyzed in light of available data and new research that shows tropical forests to be more resilient after disturbances than previously thought. Tropical forest management involves a diverse array of human activity embedded in a complex social and natural environment. Within this milieu, forest structure and composition adjust to change and reflect the human and natural economy of regions. Critics of active forest management overestimate problems and underestimate human capacity to solve them. They isolate parts of a complex issue, i.e. the biodiversity component of tropical forest management, to generalize about the negatives of logging. This view of the tropics is consistent with past treatment of tropical issues by those that evaluate the situation from a non-tropical perspective. The literature reveals that conservation of biodiversity can be compatible with measured use of tropical forests. However, the conservation of biodiversity could be hurt should society not approach the tropical forestry issue holistically and act on misinformation. Active forest management is the means towards the goal of conservation and the best available way to simultaneously address human needs and conservation of biodiversity.