cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracking particle-associated processes in nearshore environments by use of 234Th/238U disequilibrium

Measurement of excess 234Th (t1/2 = 24.1 days) in surface sediment from 12 stations throughout Long Island Sound, U.S.A., demonstrates: (1) a mean (summer) sediment inventory of 3.6 dpm/cm2 consistent with complete, nearly instantaneous removal of 234Th from the overlying water and capture within the estuary, and (2) preferential association of excess 234Th with small particles and inventory build-ups in muddy bottom areas. There may also be a tendency for higher inventories in areas of high physical or biogenic reworking of surface sediments. A range of particle reworking rates (0–5 cm) from <0.01 × 10−6 to 1.6 × 10−6 cm2/s is found in the Sound with most values ∼0.2−0.5 × 10−6 cm2/s. The inventory and reworking patterns demonstrate the high mobility, both horizontal and vertical, of particles in the estuary on 234Th decay time scales and are unequivocal evidence for control of reactive element distribution in the water column by the muddy regions of the basin.
The relationship between ovarian steroids and uterine estrogen receptors during late pregnancy

Although a direct interdependence exists between the ovarian steroids, estrogen and progesterone, the exact role of these two hormones during pregnancy, especially late pregnancy, is not completely understood. Investigations have been conducted to determine whether the circulating levels of progesterone and estrogen or changes in the ratio of progesterone/estrogen in relation to the concentration of uterine estrogen receptors are associated with triggering parturition. Ninety-day old female rats were sacrificed at gestation days 14, 16, 18, 20 and two days post-partum. The plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone were measured by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Uterine cytosol was subjected to a charcoal binding assay to determine the concentration of estrogen receptors. Our findings demonstrate that there is a significant (p less than 0.05) drop in both plasma progesterone and estradiol during late pregnancy. Also indicated is a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in uterine estrogen receptors throughout late pregnancy. Finally, during this period there is a direct correlation between the shift in the progesterone/estrogen ratio and the increase in the concentration of uterine estrogen receptors in late pregnancy.
Pt/Ru-functionalized magnetic spheres for a magnetic-field stimulated methanol and oxygen redox processes: Towards on-demand activation of fuel cells

Pt/Ru-functionalized magnetic spheres were used for a magnetic-field stimulated methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction processes. The electrocatalytic alloy magnetic particles were prepared by a galvanostatic co-deposition of platinum and ruthenium onto nickel spheres. The electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol and reduction of oxygen could be triggered by switching the position of an external magnet below the surface of the carbon electrode to confine the Pt/Ru-coated particles. The magnetic stimulation of the redox processes of methanol and oxygen allowed the reversible activation and deactivation of the operation of direct-methanol fuel cells. Such switching of fuel cells would enable on-demand power generation, for meeting the specific needs of power consuming units.
Indicators of science: Notes and queries

Some science indicators can be found inSocial Indicators 1976 as well asScience Indicators-1976, but the coverage of science is limited. Neither volume contains data on cognitive aspects of science and technology or on their social consequences. The authors make suggestions for then-and-there assessments of cognitive advance in science and for prospective and retrospective checks on the validity of these assessments.
The fine structure of autonomic nerves after vital staining with methylene blue

Autonomic nerves in the rat, mouse, guinea-pig and cat were vitally stained with methylene blue and examined electron-microscopically after fixation in potassium permanganate. Dense patches in the axoplasm and swelling of mitochondria were found in the stained axons. By controlling the pH and saturating with oxygen, only cholinergic axons were stained at pH 6.5–7.0 whereas at pH 5.0–5.3 both cholinergic and adrenergic axons stained. Similar results were obtained by immersion in a bath at controlled temperature as with close arterial perfusion of dye into pelvic viscera. The intermediate pH at which adrenergic axons begin to stain could not be determined. However, as a means of identifying cholinergic axons, particularly those sectioned at a level where no agranular vesicles occur, M B staining is unreliable because not all cholinergic axons respond. In sympathectomized rat iris lacking adrenergic axons altogether, some of the persisting cholinergic axons remained unstained. Experiments with M B thiocyanate and M B chloride in phosphate-citrate or succinate-HCl buffer indicated that purity of dyestuff was less important than pH control. Methods for electron-microscopical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase are more useful for distinguishing cholinergic axons especially if adrenergic nerve vesicles are I reserved in the same preparation by the initial fixation.
Organic Carbon, Texture, and Quantitative Color Measurement Relationships for Cultivated Soils in North Central Iowa

The quantification of soil organic C (SOC) concentrations is becoming increasingly more desirable because of environmental and economic concerns regarding the reactivity of SOC with pesticides, fertilizers, and waste materials. The objectives of this study were to quantify soil color organic C relationships and to quantify soil particle-size organic C relationships for Ap horizons in north central Iowa. All of the 130 soils examined developed in glacigenic diamicton or local hillslope sediment derived from glacigenic diamicton. A Minolta CR-310 chroma meter was used to quantify the percentage of reflectance, and Munsell value and chroma for both air-dry and moist soils. Organic C concentration of the sample set ranged from 4.4 to 70.8 g kg -1 . Significant relationships were observed between organic C concentration and percentage of reflectance (r 2 = 0.77 moist, r 2 = 0.74 air-dry), Munsell value (r 2 = 0.77 moist, r 2 = 0.74 air-dry), Munsell chroma (r 2 = 0.68 moist, r 2 = 0.77 air-dry), the percentage of sand (r 2 = 0.74), the percentage of clay (r 2 = 0.71), and geometric mean particle diameter (GMPD) (r 2 = 0.74). Logarithmic relationships existed for reflectance, Munsell value and chroma, and GMPD while linear relationships were observed for sand and clay contents. Chroma meter soil color measurements and particle-size data are useful predictors of organic C concentrations for Ap horizons in north central Iowa. Evidence from this study and the literature suggest that unique relationships exist for different soil landscapes.
Bone Infarction in Gout

A retrospective analysis of 28 consecutive cases of gout revealed nine (32%) with radiographic evidence of bone infarction. The radiographic manifestations of bone ischemia and the possible mechanism of infarction in gout are discussed.
Modeling of drug release from Swellable polymers

The water Swelling and drug diffusion from initially hydrophilic, glassy polymer matrices were modeled using concentration-dependent diffusion equations for water and drug. The transport equation for water incorporated a relaxation-dependent mechanism. These equations were solved with an appropriate boundary condition incorporating a relaxation-dependent Deborah number. Experimental results from drug release from PVA and PHEMA samples were used to determine the validity of the model.
Uropharmacology: X. Central nervous system stimulants and depressants

Abstract Several drugs that are utilized primarily for their effects on the central nervous system also affect lower urinary tract function. Most of these effects are produced by the action of these drugs on adrenergic and cholinergic receptors or by direct action on lower urinary tract musculature. Central nervous system stimulants and depressants which are known to affect the storage or evacuation role of the lower urinary tract are discussed.
Web-based intervention for adolescent nonsmokers to help parents stop smoking: A pilot feasibility study

A novel approach to tobacco control is to engage adolescent nonsmokers in support roles to encourage and help their parents stop smoking. This pilot study examined the feasibility and potential efficacy of a web-based support skills training (SST) intervention for adolescents to help a parent stop smoking. Forty nonsmoking adolescents 13-19 years of age (70% female, 93% White) were enrolled and randomly assigned to a health education (HE) control group (n=20) or SST (n=20). Both consisted of written materials and five weekly, 30 min, web-based, counselor-facilitated group sessions. Parents were enrolled for assessments only. Adolescents and parents completed assessments at baseline, week 6 (post-treatment), week 12 and 6-months follow-up. Both interventions were feasible based on treatment acceptability ratings, study retention and treatment compliance. The biochemically confirmed 6-month smoking abstinence rate was higher for parents linked to teens in HE (35%, 7/20) than in SST (10%, 2/20), p=0.13. About half of parents in each group reported a quit attempt since study enrollment. Teens can be engaged to help parents stop smoking. Future research is warranted on determining effective intervention approaches.
The impact of uncertain nuclear masses near closed shells on the r-process abundance pattern

Calculations of rapid neutron capture nucleosynthesis involve thousands of pieces of nuclear data for which no experimental information is available. Of the nuclear data sets needed for r-process simulations—masses, -decay rates, -delayed neutron emission probabilities, neutron capture rates, fission probabilities and daughter product distributions, neutrino interaction rates—masses are arguably the most important, because they are a key ingredient in the calculations of all other theoretical quantities. Here, we investigate how uncertainties in nuclear masses translate into uncertainties in the final abundance pattern produced in r-process simulations. We examine the influence of individual mass variations on three types of r-process simulations—a hot wind, cold wind, and neutron star merger r process—with markedly different r-process paths and resulting final abundance patterns. We find the uncertainties in the abundance patterns due to the mass variations exceed the differences due to the astrophysics. This situation can be improved, however, by even modest reductions in mass uncertainties.
Non-toxic liquid metal microstrip resonators

In this paper, we report for the first time the design and fabrication of non-toxic liquid metal (Galinstan) half-wavelength (λ g /2) microstrip resonator. Patterning techniques of Galinstan microstrip resonators are presented. Resonators of different lengths are measured to cover a frequency range of 3-20 GHz. We have characterized the conductivity of Galinstan by matching the measured quality factor with finite element model of the resonators. The conductivity of Galinstan is found to be 3.83 ± 0.16 × 106 S/m. The liquid metal holds great promises as a low contact resistance, highly reliable, high temperature tolerant material. This work will benefit future implementations of Galinstan based RF/Microwave reconfigurable devices and systems with high reliability.
Perylene as an Organic Photocatalyst for the Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers through Oxidative Quenching with Alkyl Bromides and Visible Light

The generation of carbon-centered radicals from alkyl bromides through an oxidative quenching pathway using perylene as an organic visible-light photocatalyst is described. This methodology is used to initiate the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and other functionalized vinyl monomers. The polymers possess bromide chain-end groups that can be used to reinitiate polymerization to produce block copolymers. Control over the polymerization propagation can be achieved through pulsed light sequences while the ability to use natural sunlight to promote carbon–carbon bond formation produces polymers with dispersity as low as 1.29.
Speaker-independent recognition of spoken English letters

A description is presented of EAR, an English alphabet recognizer that performs speaker-independent recognition of letters spoken in isolation. During recognition, (a) signal processing routines transform the digitized speech into useful representations, (b) rules are applied to the representations to locate segment boundaries, (c) feature measurements are computed on the speech segments, and (d) a neural network uses the feature measurements to classify the letter. The system was trained on one token of each letter from 120 speakers. Performance was 95% when tested on a new set of 30 speakers. Performance was 96% when tested on a second token of each letter from the original 120 speakers. The recognition accuracy is 6% higher than that of previously reported systems. The high level of performance is attributed to accurate and explicit phonetic segmentation, the use of speech knowledge to select features that measure the important linguistic information, and the ability of the neural classifier to model the variability of the data
Effects of Helmet Loader Cues on Simulator Pilot Performance

In high-performa nce aircraft, the g forces on the pilot's helmet provide important feedback concerning the aircraft's dynamic state, as well as limiting the pilot's ability to move his head when the g forces are high. A helmet loader has been designed to provide the effects of these forces in aircraft simulators. The design is such that the forces applied to the helmet are independent of the pilot's head and shoulder position. The device is easily installed in a simulator cockpit, quickly attaches to the pilot's flight helmet, and is safe for use in simulators. The helmet loader has been installed in Langley Research Center's differential maneuvering simulator (DMS) and subjectively rated as providing realistic forces on the head and shoulders during high g simulator tasks. In order to determine the effect of the helmet loader on a pilot's performance, an experiment was performed in the DMS, consisting of a tracking task using an F-14 aircraft simulation. Pertinent system states were recorded and analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical algorithms. Analysis of the data indicates that pitch control increases significantly during the transition phases of the task when the helmet loader is activated. Overall, the variation in the performance measures are reduced under the helmet loader activated condition, indicating more precise control of the aircraft simulator for this task.
Evaluation of the biases in execution cost estimation using trade and quote data

We use order data to assess the accuracy of execution cost estimation with trade and quote data. For our sample, estimates of the effective spread overstate actual execution costs by up to 17%. The biases result fromerrors in the inference of the trade direction and errors in the assignment of the benchmark quote. We find the accuracy of two popular trade direction algorithms improve marginally when trades are not lagged 5 seconds. Evaluation of the biases in execution cost measurement reveal the Ellis et al. (Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (2000) 529) trade direction algorithm, combined with assigning benchmark quotes contemporaneous with trades, provides the least amount of bias. In general, biases are lower for relative effective spread estimates than effective spread estimates. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: G10
Sustainable supply chain management: Evolution and future directions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic review of the sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) literature in the principal logistics and supply chain management journals, across a 20‐year time frame.Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a systematic literature review methodology. This methodology allows for the minimization of researcher bias and the maximization of reliability and replicability. The study's empirical validity is further enhanced by demonstrating high levels of inter‐coder reliability across families of codes.Findings – The field of SSCM has evolved from a perspective and investigation of standalone research in social and environmental areas; through a corporate social responsibility perspective; to the beginnings of the convergence of perspectives of sustainability as the triple bottom line and the emergence of SSCM as a theoretical framework. While the SSCM research has become more theoretically rich and methodologically rigorous, there are numerous oppo...
An assessment of the thermal performance of the PBGA family

The plastic Ball Grid Array (PBGA) has generated significant interest as a cost effective packaging alternative for high I/O ULSI devices. This study assesses thermal performance of the PBGA family using the metric of power dissipation capability-"power rating" for IC packages. The metric chosen is the power dissipated for constraints of junction temperature (<105/spl deg/C), and board temperature (<90/spl deg/C), in low aspect ratio enclosures (portable products), as well as natural and forced air convection (/spl sim/1.0 m/s) equipment operating conditions. The free and forced air conditions are typical of PC/workstation environments. Simulation studies using a finite difference based software for thermal performance of IC packages investigated the relative roles of package enhancements towards the thermal performance. Experimental data for the 106 PBGA in free air and portable radio mockup, and the 119 PBGA in free and forced air were used to validate the methodology. The study covers 68 to 324 pincount PBGAs and compares the performance with comparable pincount PQFPs (plastic Quad Flat Package) and other contemporary package styles. The study also addresses system level enhancements for extending the thermal performance of PBGAs for applications. The power dissipation for PBGAs in portable products is projected at 0.6 W. The power dissipation capability of the PBGA is projected to lie in the range 1.5-1.75 W in free and forced air environments. Coupling a motherboard ground plane to the package thermal vias and bumps allows performance enhancement to 2.8 W. A heat-sink attached PBGA allows heat dissipation in excess of 8 W in high end systems. The thermal performance of the PBGA is comparable to PQFP-even when no advantage is taken of the package thermal vias and bumps by the system. Furthermore, the performance of the PBGA compares well with CPGA, CQFP and the CBGA packages.
Surgical Resident Evaluations of Portable Laparoscopic Box Trainers Incorporated Into a Simulation-Based Minimally Invasive Surgery Curriculum:

Introduction. Box trainers have been shown to be an effective tool for teaching laparoscopic skills; however, residents are challenged to find practice time. Portable trainers theoretically allow for extended hands on practice out of the hospital. We aimed to report resident experience with laparoscopic home box trainers. Methods. Over 2 years, all residents rotating through a minimally invasive service were given a portable trainer and access to a surgical simulation lab for practice. Each trainer contained a collapsible frame, a webcam with USB port, trocars, and laparoscopic instruments (needle driver, shears, Maryland and straight dissecting graspers) as well as Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery skills testing materials. Residents were asked to log hours, usages, and their experience anonymously. Results. Twenty-three residents received a portable trainer. Fifty percent of the participants found the trainer useful or very useful, 25% said it was not useful, and 25% did not access the trainer. Those...
Evidence-Based Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy in Clinical Plastic Surgery

Background The initial development of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy and its evolution over the last century for use in clinical surgery has been slow, primarily because of lack of scientifically-derived, evidence-based knowledge of the mechanism of action. Objective Our objective was to review the major scientific breakthroughs and current understanding of the mechanism of action of PEMF therapy, providing clinicians with a sound basis for optimal use. Methods A literature review was conducted, including mechanism of action and biologic and clinical studies of PEMF. Using case illustrations, a holistic exposition on the clinical use of PEMF in plastic surgery was performed. Results PEMF therapy has been used successfully in the management of postsurgical pain and edema, the treatment of chronic wounds, and in facilitating vasodilatation and angiogenesis. Using scientific support, the authors present the currently accepted mechanism of action of PEMF therapy. Conclusions This review shows that plastic surgeons have at hand a powerful tool with no known side effects for the adjunctive, noninvasive, nonpharmacologic management of postoperative pain and edema. Given the recent rapid advances in development of portable and economical PEMF devices, what has been of most significance to the plastic surgeon is the laboratory and clinical confirmation of decreased pain and swelling following injury or surgery. (Aesthetic Surg J 2009;29:135–143.)
Potentiating mGluR5 function with a positive allosteric modulator enhances adaptive learning.

.Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) plays important roles in modulating neural activity and plasticity and has been associated with several neuropathological disorders. Previous work has shown that genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of mGluR5 disrupts fear extinction and spatial reversal learning, suggesting that mGluR5 signaling is required for different forms of adaptive learning. Here, we tested whether ADX47273, a selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGluR5, can enhance adaptive learning in mice. We found that systemic administration of the ADX47273 enhanced reversal learning in the Morris Water Maze, an adaptive task. In addition, we found that ADX47273 had no effect on single-session and multi-session extinction, but administration of ADX47273 after a single retrieval trial enhanced subsequent fear extinction learning. Together these results demonstrate a role for mGluR5 signaling in adaptive learning, and suggest that mGluR5 PAMs represent a viable strategy for treatment of maladaptive learning and for improving behavioral flexibility. The ability of animalsto adapt their behaviorsto a changing environment is essential for survival. Acquisition of new memories and behavioral flexibility is inherently linked to enable the organism to modify its response to novel information. To study the biological underpinnings of adaptive learning, a number of behavioral models have been established that have enabled us to better understand the circuits and molecular mechanisms involved. One of the most prominent models of adaptive learning is fear extinction in which a previously conditioned aversive memory can be suppressed or extinguished by repeated presenta
AVAILABLE LYSINE IN HEATED FORTIFIED RICE MEAL

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of thermal processing on available lysine retention in fortified rice meal. Ranges of temperature (115–185°C), moisture (15–20%) and lysine fortification level (2–4%) were used in the investigation. The kinetic constants of degradation were determined, postulating a fist order model. Results indicate that available lysine degradation can be described by the mono-molecular reaction and the effect of temperature on the reaction rate constant is described by the Arrhenius equation. Results also indicate that moisture level does not have significant effect on the rate constants in the degradation reaction.
Issues and assumptions on the road from raw signals to metrics of frontal EEG asymmetry in emotion

There exists a substantial literature examining frontal electroencephalographic asymmetries in emotion, motivation, and psychopathology. Research in this area uses a specialized set of approaches for reducing raw EEG signals to metrics that provide the basis for making inferences about the role of frontal brain activity in emotion. The present review details some of the common data processing routines used in this field of research, with a focus on statistical and methodological issues that have captured, and should capture, the attention of researchers in this field.
Rover: a toolkit for mobile information access

The Rover toolkit combines relocatable dynamic objects and queued remote procedure calls to provide unique services for roving mobile applications. A relocatable dynamic object is an object with a well-defined interface that can be dynamically loaded into a client computer from a server computer (or vice versa) to reduce client-server communication requirements. Queued remote procedure call is a communication system that permits applications to continue to make non-blocking remote procedure call requests even when a host is disconnected, with requests and responses being exchanged upon network reconnection. The challenges of mobile environments include intermittent connectivity, limited bandwidth, and channel-use optimization. Experimental results from a Rover-based mail reader, calendar program, and two non-blocking versions of World-Wide Web browsers show that Rover's services are a good match to these challenges. The Rover toolkit also offers advantages for workstation applications by providing a uniform distributed object architecture for code shipping, object caching, and asynchronous object invocation.
BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION IN HEALTH CARE WORKERS : Risks and Prevention Strategies*

In recent years, transmission of bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) has emerged as an important occupational hazard for health care workers (HCWs). Information on occupational transmission of BBPs in health care settings has been obtained from several sources, including individual case reports, surveillance projects, and epidemiologic studies. Knowledge of how the BBPs are transmitted and how exposures occur are important for the development of prevention strategies. Important determinants of the risk for occupational transmission of BBPs are the prevalence of infection in the patient population, the likelihood of acquiring infection after a single blood contact from an infected patient, and the nature and frequency of blood contact. These factors have been assessed by seroprevalence studies, prospective studies of HCWs after occupational exposure to BBPs, and observational studies of occupational contact with blood and other body fluids. Risk factors for transmission of bloodborne pathogens as a result of occupational exposure are likely related to the source patient (e.g., titer of virus in source patient's blood or body fluid), the injury (e.g., quantity of blood or body fluid transferred to HCW during exposure), and the HCW (e.g., immunologic status for hepatitis B virus). This article discusses the risk for occupational transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the epidemiology of blood exposure, strategies for prevention of blood contacts, and postexposure management.
Stability of lasers mode locked by two saturable absorbers

An analytic model that takes into account dispersion, chirp, self-phase modulation, bandwidth limitation, frequency walkoff, and cavity length detuning is applied to lasers passively mode locked by two saturable absorbers-one fast and one slow. This general model predicts that the balance between slow gain and slow absorber affects pulse timing shifts and frequency changes. Such shifts limit the range of permitted intracavity dispersion. >
General Analysis of Feedback DAC's Clock Jitter in Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulators

This brief describes a framework for the analysis of continuous-time sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulators (CTSDM) in the presence of a feedback digital-to-analog converter (DAC)'s clock jitter using the discrete-time Volterra series. A time-domain mixing operation between jitter and CTSDM's digital output sequence is modeled with a second-order Volterra operator. The resulting closed-form jitter-induced CTSDM's output power spectral density is simple and includes the effects of the following: 1) quantization noise power; 2) input signal power and frequency; 3) CTSDM's quantization noise transfer function; 4) DAC's pulse shape; and 5) colored jitter. A third-order CTSDM is analyzed as a test bed. Excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and behavioral simulations is observed.
“Meaningful” social inferences: Effects of implicit theories on inferential processes

Abstract Perceivers’ shared theories about the social world have long featured prominently in social inference research. Here, we investigate how fundamental differences in such theories influence basic inferential processes. Past work has typically shown that integrating multiple interpretations of behavior during social inference requires cognitive resources. However, three studies that measured or manipulated people’s beliefs about the stable versus dynamic nature of human attributes (i.e., their entity vs. incremental theory, respectively) qualify these past findings. Results revealed that, when interpreting others’ actions, perceivers’ theories selectively facilitate the consideration of interpretations that are especially theory-relevant. While experiencing cognitive load, entity theorists continued to incorporate information about stable dispositions (but not about dynamic social situations) in their social inferences, whereas incremental theorists continued to incorporate information about dynamic social situations (but not about stable traits). Implications of these results for how perceivers find meaning in behavior are discussed.
Controlled Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Using Passive Acoustic Emissions Monitoring

The ability of ultrasonically-induced oscillations of circulating microbubbles to permeabilize vascular barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) holds great promise for noninvasive targeted drug delivery. A major issue has been a lack of control over the procedure to ensure both safe and effective treatment. Here, we evaluated the use of passively-recorded acoustic emissions as a means to achieve this control. An acoustic emissions monitoring system was constructed and integrated into a clinical transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound system. Recordings were analyzed using a spectroscopic method that isolates the acoustic emissions caused by the microbubbles during sonication. This analysis characterized and quantified harmonic oscillations that occur when the BBB is disrupted, and broadband emissions that occur when tissue damage occurs. After validating the system's performance in pilot studies that explored a wide range of exposure levels, the measurements were used to control the ultrasound exposure level during transcranial sonications at 104 volumes over 22 weekly sessions in four macaques. We found that increasing the exposure level until a large harmonic emissions signal was observed was an effective means to ensure BBB disruption without broadband emissions. We had a success rate of 96% in inducing BBB disruption as measured by in contrast-enhanced MRI, and we detected broadband emissions in less than 0.2% of the applied bursts. The magnitude of the harmonic emissions signals was significantly (P<0.001) larger for sonications where BBB disruption was detected, and it correlated with BBB permeabilization as indicated by the magnitude of the MRI signal enhancement after MRI contrast administration (R2 = 0.78). Overall, the results indicate that harmonic emissions can be a used to control focused ultrasound-induced BBB disruption. These results are promising for clinical translation of this technology.
Displacement Rate and Temperature Effects in Fracture of a Hot‐Pressed Silicon Nitride at 1100° to 1325°C

An MgO-fluxed hot-pressed silicon nitride was fractured in four-point flexure between 1100/sup 0/ and 1325/sup 0/C at three crosshead speeds. Above 1200/sup 0/C, a temperature and strain-rate dependence of fracture stress and K /sub IC/ was seen. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze asreceived and fractured material. A map of temperature vs crosshead speed was drawn showing regions where subcritical cracking was or was not observed and a transition region where microcracks and voids were detected.
Pulmonary toxicity in patients receiving low-dose amiodarone

Rationale: Although there have been reports of pulmonary toxicity with low-dose amiodarone, it is generally believed that low-dose therapy is safe. Methods: The clinical data for eight patients identified from a retrospective chart review are presented. Results: All of the patients were receiving amiodarone, 200 mg/d, for an average of 2 years. The average age was 77 years (range, 65 to 89 years). Seven of the eight patients were male. Seven of the eight patients presented with dyspnea on exertion, and three of the eight patients presented with cough. All of the patients had a clinical diagnosis of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Open-lung biopsies were obtained on two patients that were consistent with amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. None of the patients were in congestive heart failure. Treatment involved cessation of amiodarone. In addition, three patients received corticosteroids. Five of the patients improved symptomatically with this conservative approach, and four patients improved radiographically. One patient died with progressive respiratory insufficiency (presumably from amiodarone pulmonary toxicity). One patient was unavailable for follow-up. Conclusion: Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity can occur at a daily dose of 200 mg. Clinicians must remain alert to this possibility even with this low-dose therapy.
Augmented norepinephrine and renin output in response to maximal exercise in hypertensive coarctectomy patients.

To evaluate a possible neural or renal contribution to the hypertension that occurs in some patients following coarctation of aorta repair, 35 patients underwent graded bicycle exercise with serial measurements of plasma norepinephrine concentrations and plasma renin activity. Sixteen patients with coarctectomy who had systolic or diastolic hypertension at peak exercise were compared with 19 normotensive patients with coarctectomy. The average time interval between coarctation repair and study was significantly longer (p < 0.05) in the hypertensive group than in the normotensive patients (12.8 +/- 4.8 versus 8.7 +/- 2.2 years). The heart rate response to exercise was similar for both patient groups. The systolic blood pressure in the hypertensive group was higher than in the normotensive group at rest in the supine and upright positions and at 5 minutes of recovery, in addition to peak exercise, and the diastolic blood pressure was increased at peak exercise. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were significantly higher at peak exercise and during recovery in the hypertensive group than in the normotensive patients. Plasma renin activity was also significantly higher in the hypertensive group at peak exercise. These data suggest that patients with coarctectomy who have a hypertensive response to exercise have an augmented sympathetic nervous system output and increased plasma renin activity that may lead to peripheral vasoconstriction at peak exercise and that may contribute to the development of their hypertension.
Numerical modeling of non-steady-state river profile evolution using a sediment-flux-dependent incision model

We use a numerical model to investigate disequilibrium conditions in detachment-limited river networks. Erosion rates are modeled using two different equations that include sediment flux as a variable for determining incision rates into bedrock. A number of numerical simulations are performed to explore erosion patterns, channel profile shape, and network concavity after an increase in uplift rate across the net work. In the case where an increase in sediment flux (relative to carrying capacity) is considered only to decrease incision rates, the main channel has a two-part response to a faster uplift rate; initially a knickpoint steepens channel slopes locally, but at later times channel slopes rise throughout the network. However, in the case where an increase in sediment flux can both enhance and suppress incision rates, the transient network response can be much more dynamic; channel slopes (and also elevations) can both rise and fall, all in response to a single increase in uplift rate. The response varies depending on the magnitude of change in uplift rate and the initial ratio of sediment flux to sediment carrying capacity. In all examples, the lower parts of the network respond quickly to an increase in uplift rates by increasing channel slopes, while the response of erosion rates in the upper parts of the network occurs later. As a result, the change in sediment flux delivered to higher order channels lags the ini tial changes in the slope of these channels and causes a complex response in erosion rates. These findings highlight that erosion rates at any point in the network respond to changes both downstream and upstream, and therefore variables such as sediment flux that integrate the upstream response can play an important role is shaping the transient morphology of river networks.
Amphiphilic hyperbranched polyglycerol-block-polycaprolactone copolymer-grafted nanoparticles with improved encapsulation properties

Abstract Amphiphilic block copolymer was grafted onto a silica nanoparticle core to template their micelle-like conformation when suspended in water. Such amphiphilic “nanoparticle micelles” will not disaggregate upon dilution, unlike the traditional self-assembled micelles. These nanodispersants were prepared by grafting successive blocks of linear poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and hyperbranched poly(glycerol) (HPG), from functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) using surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization. The swellable hydrophobic PCL inner block enabled the encapsulation of a hydrocarbon payload while the hydrophilic HPG outer block afforded stable dispersions in aqueous media. These nanoparticle-based micelles are proposed as improved dispersants that exhibit stability to high dilution unlike traditional small molecule surfactants. Their capacity for hydrocarbon encapsulation was confirmed by their sequestration of hydrophobic ultraviolet active dyes when dispersed in water. Additional characterization using light scattering-based methodologies combined with ultraviolet spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis experiments confirmed the nanodispersant structure and their “unimolecular micelle-like” behavior.
PSYCHOLOGY OF THE SCIENTIST. XIV. EXPERIMENTERS' HYPOTHESIS-CONFIRMATION AND MOOD AS DETERMINANTS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.

26 Es, each running about 6 Ss on a photo-rating task, were led to expect one of two opposite experimental results. Within each of these two groups of Es, half had their expectancies confirmed and half had their expectancies disconfirmed by their first 2 Ss (who were actually accomplices). Within each condition, half of the Es were praised and half were reproved for their experimental technique by one of two critics. The data obtained by any given E were found to depend on: (1) which of two critics had supervised him; (2) whether he was praised or reproved; (3) whether his early data returns confirmed or disconfirmed his initial hypothesis; (4) the initial hypothesis itself (when confirmed by early returns); and (5) certain of his more enduring personal characteristics.
Edge remap for solids

We review the edge element formulation for describing the kinematics of hyperelastic solids. This approach is used to frame the problem of remapping the inverse deformation gradient for Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) simulations of solid dynamics. For hyperelastic materials, the stress state is completely determined by the deformation gradient, so remapping this quantity effectively updates the stress state of the material. A method, inspired by the constrained transport remap in electromagnetics, is reviewed, according to which the zero-curl constraint on the inverse deformation gradient is implicitly satisfied. Open issues related to the accuracy of this approach are identified. An optimization-based approach is implemented to enforce positivity of the determinant of the deformation gradient. The efficacy of this approach is illustrated with numerical examples.
Ultrarelativistic electron butterfly distributions created by parallel acceleration due to magnetosonic waves

The Van Allen Probe observations during the recovery phase of a large storm that occurred on 17 March 2015 showed that the ultrarelativistic electrons at the inner boundary of the outer radiation belt (L* = 2.6–3.7) exhibited butterfly pitch angle distributions, while the inner belt and the slot region also showed evidence of sub-MeV electron butterfly distributions. Strong magnetosonic waves were observed in the same regions and at the same time periods as these butterfly distributions. Moreover, when these magnetosonic waves extended to higher altitudes (L* = 4.1), the butterfly distributions also extended to the same region. Combining test particle calculations and Fokker-Planck diffusion simulations, we successfully reproduced the formation of the ultrarelativistic electron butterfly distributions, which primarily result from parallel acceleration caused by Landau resonance with magnetosonic waves. The coexistence of ultrarelativistic electron butterfly distributions with magnetosonic waves was also observed in the 24 June 2015 storm, providing further support that the magnetosonic waves play a key role in forming butterfly distributions.
A first-principles study of carbon-related complexes and energy levels in GaN using heyd-scuseria-ernzerhof hybrid functionals

Carbon (C) is a common and important impurity in GaN. C doping is employed to obtain semi-insulating buffer layers, which are used for high electron mobility transistors. However, increasing C concentration means the increase of C-related trap levels in GaN, which causes detrimental effects to the device performance. These unexpected C-related trap levels are observed in a number of experiments, but the physical origins of these levels are still unknown. We performed first-principles calculations within density functional theory using hybrid density functionals. Our focuses were on the C-related complexes, about which very little is known so far. From the formation energies of various C-related complexes we obtained thermal and optical activation energies of the trap levels and directly compared them with the experimental values in order to identify the physical origins of the experimentally observed trap levels.
Historicizing social inequality: A Victorian archive for contemporary moral discourse

Starting from the uniformity of moral statements about social inequality during the Obama presidency, this article historicizes those statements by analyzing an archive of discourse drawn from Victorian England. Despite its distance in time and place, the archive reveals striking commonalities with the terms and phrases that invariably populate debates about social inequality in the American political field today. Drawing on critical theories of the archive, this article leverages those commonalities for the hermeneutic purpose of historicizing moral discourse. As I argue, moral statements like “equality of opportunity” and “equality of reward/outcome” resulted from the application of civil ideas and oppositions to interpret phenomena like poverty and social inequality during the eventful history of the Victorian period. The findings challenge T.H. Marshall’s classic argument about the origin of social rights as descendent of civil rights. The article concludes by discussing the broader implications of historicizing moral discourse, demonstrating the reflexive use of the archive to engage in a politics of meaning about social inequality.
Using Cryoem to Understand How Phages Evade Bacterial CRISPR Defense System

Bacteria and archaea have evolved different CRISPR based adaptive immune system for defense against phage infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has type I-F CRISPR-cas defense system, where the cas-crRNA surveillance complex (csy-complex) binds to foreign DNA and recruits the cas-2/3 nuclease for degradation of the foreign DNA. Bacteriophages have evolved mechanisms of evading this CRISPR defense system by encoding different anti-CRISPR (ACR) proteins. ACR1F and ACR2F are two such ACRs that bind to specific regions of the csy-complex and suppress the immune system. We present here a 3.4A cryo-EM reconstruction of the ACR-bound csy-complex. This structure not only shows the overall organization of the type I-F csy-complex, but also reveals how ACRs interact with this complex and prevent the binding of phage DNA.
Uncommon cause of adult onset cyanosis: single left ventricle.

A native American man aged 41 years presented with progressive shortness of breath and discolouration of his lips. Physical examination was significant for central cyanosis and clubbing. Given his cardiac history, echocardiogram and cardiac MRI were ordered to look at the cardiac anatomy and physiology. MRI revealed that the patient has laevorotation of the heart with the cardiac apex pointing posterior to the left midaxillary line with double-inlet morphologic left ventricle (DILV), which was enlarged …
High-Dimensional Intrinsic Interpolation Using Gaussian Process Regression and Diffusion Maps

This article considers the challenging task of estimating geologic properties of interest using a suite of proxy measurements. The current work recast this task as a manifold learning problem. In this process, this article introduces a novel regression procedure for intrinsic variables constrained onto a manifold embedded in an ambient space. The procedure is meant to sharpen high-dimensional interpolation by inferring non-linear correlations from the data being interpolated. The proposed approach augments manifold learning procedures with a Gaussian process regression. It first identifies, using diffusion maps, a low-dimensional manifold embedded in an ambient high-dimensional space associated with the data. It relies on the diffusion distance associated with this construction to define a distance function with which the data model is equipped. This distance metric function is then used to compute the correlation structure of a Gaussian process that describes the statistical dependence of quantities of interest in the high-dimensional ambient space. The proposed method is applicable to arbitrarily high-dimensional data sets. Here, it is applied to subsurface characterization using a suite of well log measurements. The predictions obtained in original, principal component, and diffusion space are compared using both qualitative and quantitative metrics. Considerable improvement in the prediction of the geological structural properties is observed with the proposed method.