cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of alternative macrophage activation in the liver following acetaminophen intoxication by stem cell-derived tyrosine kinase

Stem cell-derived tyrosine kinase (STK) is a transmembrane receptor reported to play a role in macrophage switching from a classically activated/proinflammatory phenotype to an alternatively activated/wound repair phenotype. In the present studies, STK⁻/⁻ mice were used to assess the role of STK in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity as evidence suggests that the pathogenic process involves both of these macrophage subpopulations. In wild type mice, centrilobular hepatic necrosis and increases in serum transaminase levels were observed within 6h of acetaminophen administration (300 mg/kg, i.p.). Loss of STK resulted in a significant increase in sensitivity of mice to the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen and increased mortality, effects independent of its metabolism. This was associated with reduced levels of hepatic glutathione, rapid upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and prolonged induction of heme oxygenase-1, suggesting excessive oxidative stress in STK⁻/⁻ mice. F4/80, a marker of mature macrophages, was highly expressed on subpopulations of Kupffer cells in livers of wild type, but not STK⁻/⁻ mice. Whereas F4/80⁺ macrophages rapidly declined in the livers of wild type mice following acetaminophen intoxication, they increased in STK⁻/⁻ mice. In wild type mice hepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-12, products of classically activated macrophages, increased after acetaminophen administration. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor, CCR2, as well as IL-10, mediators involved in recruiting and activating anti-inflammatory/wound repair macrophages, also increased in wild type mice after acetaminophen. Loss of STK blunted the effects of acetaminophen on expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-12, MCP-1 and CCR2, while expression of IL-10 increased. Hepatic expression of CX3CL1, and its receptor, CX3CR1 also increased in STK⁻/⁻ mice treated with acetaminophen. These data demonstrate that STK plays a role in regulating macrophage recruitment and activation in the liver following acetaminophen administration, and in hepatotoxicity.
Measurement of nonlinear phase of a SOA using an asymmetric loop mirror

We use a setup based on an asymmetric Sagnac interferometer to demonstrate an experimental methodology to characterize the nonlinear phase of a semiconductor optical amplifier as a function of input intensity.
Clinical and pathologic staging as a guide in the management of Wilms' tumor.

Experience with 50 cases of Wilms' tumor at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital has demonstrated that the most important factor determining the prognosis is the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis and initial treatment. A method of clinical and pathologic staging that has proved to be practical and useful in developing an effective plan of management is presented: Stage I—Tumor confined to kidney; Stage II—Tumor confined to renal fossa; Stage III—Tumor confined to abdomen; Stage IV—Metastatic tumor outside abdomen. By applying the above staging to 32 cases of Wilms' tumor seen prior to 1967, 2-year disease-free survival figures ranged from 11/11 for Stage I, 3/7 for Stage II, 2/12 for Stage III, and 0/2 for Stage IV. Nephrectomy followed by radiation therapy and short-term chemotherapy with dactinomycin and vincristine has proved to be effective in controlling Stage I tumors, but not the more advanced stages of the disease. Using the clinical stage as a guide, a treatment plan is presented integrating surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy with dactinomycin and vincristine. The more advanced disease is now being treated with larger radiation ports and long-term chemotherapy. Early results with this treatment protocol at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital appear favorable.
Unplanned Nutrition Education in the Schools: Sugar in Elementary Reading Texts

Analysis of food content in 1,666 readers, prereaders and reading workbooks for grades K-3 revealed an undue emphasis upon sweets in both words and pictures. Cake alone accounted for one of every 12 food appearances. While fruits and vegetables were pictured slightly more often than sugar-rich foods, they were related to actual food consumption far less frequently than sweets. By publisher, other food groups accounted for 10% or less of all food pictures and 15% or less of all food words. Snacks, treats and parties appeared more often as occasions for eating than regular meals, excluding picnics. Families were rarely presented eating together and little attention was devoted to the nutritional value of food. Knowledge children acquire from the media and other sources before attending school has been identified as a force counteracting nutrition education, but unintended messages conveyed in K-3 readers also may work against the promotion of healthy eating habits. Reading texts should be screened for nutritional content before adoption and revised to reduce the appearance of sweets in accord with national dietary goals. Nutrition education must extend beyond teaching the basic four food groups to help children recognize how their food choices are affected by environmental influences, inside as well as outside of school.
Response functions for sine- and square-wave modulations of disparity.

Depth sensations cannot be elicited by modulations of disparity that are more rapid than about 6 Hz, regardless of the modulation amplitude. Vergence tracking also fails at similar modulation rates, suggesting that this portion of the oculomotor system is limited by the behavior of disparity detectors. For sinusoidal modulations of disparity between 1/2 to 2 deg of disparity, most depth-response functions exhibit a low-frequency decrease that is not observed with square-wave modulations of disparity.
Language Switching and Mexican Americans' Emotional Expression

This study examined the effects of counselor language switching and counselor ethnicity on bilingual Mexican American participants' emotional self-disclosure. Counselor language (English only and Spanish with English) was crossed with counselor ethnicity (Mexican American and European American) to produce 4 treatment conditions. Judges' observations revealed that the European American counselor who language switched elicited the most emotional expression from participants. Este estudio examino los efectos que un cambio de idioma por parte del consejero y la etnicidad del consejero tienen sobre la auto-revelacion emocional de los participantes Mexico Americanos bilingues. El idioma del consejero (solo ingles, y espanol con ingles) se combino con su etnicidad (Mexico Americano y Euro Americano) para generar 4 condiciones de tratamiento. Las observaciones de los jueces revelaron que el consejero Euro Americano que cambio de idioma obtuvo el mayor numero de expresiones emocionales de los participantes.
Objective and subjective results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using cisapride to treat gastroparesis.

Cisapride, a relatively new gastrointestinal prokinetic agent, has been reported to increase gastric emptying and improve symptoms of gastroparesis. We investigated these effects of cisapride in patients with severe idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis during an eight-week trial. The study design was a two-week single-blind placebo run in period to exclude placebo responders, followed by a six-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment phase. Delayed gastric emptying of solids on radionuclide scan and a minimum symptom intensity score were inclusion criteria. Forty-three patients were entered: four placebo responders and one other patient were excluded, leaving 19 patients randomized to cisapride (20 mg per os three times a day before meals), and 19 patients to placebo. Seven individual symptoms of gastroparesis were scored in a daily diary and reviewed at two-week visits. Sixteen patients in the cisapride group were able to complete the trial compared to 12 on placebo. The gastric emptying study was repeated at the end of treatment or at the time of withdrawal for those who dropped out. Cisapride significantly increased solid gastric emptying relative to baseline (P = 0.005) whereas placebo did not (P > 0.10). Cisapride did not significantly improve any symptom of gastroparesis relative to baseline or to placebo. We conclude that in a population of severe, refractory gastroparetic patients cisapride significantly accelerates gastric emptying of a solid meal without significantly reducing symptoms during a short-term treatment trial compared to placebo. Further trials of cisapride in less advanced and "end-stage" gastroparetics than studied here or combining cisapride with other prokinetic agents or antiemetics, are warranted.
Effect of adsorbed alumina on the solubility of amorphous silica in water

Abstract The adsorption of small amounts of alumina on the surface of amorphous silica reduces the rate of solution as well as the equilibrium solubility of silica in water even when much less than a monolayer of aluminum ions is present. It is postulated that negative aluminosilicate ion sites on the surface prevent the approach of hydroxyl ions which are required to catalyze the dissolution of silica, and that the solubility depends on the proportions of silica and alumina on the surface at equilibrium.
Chimpanzee bipedal locomotion in the Gombe National Park, East Africa

An adult male chimpanzee in the natural habitat has been observed to walk predominantly bipedally after a total forelimb paralysis in 1966. The major differences from previously described bipedal chimpanzee gait are (1) one third of the femoral extension is posterior to the hip joint in propulsion, (2) excursion of the swinging foot is close to midline, due to adduction of the lower hindlimb in swing and propulsive phases, (3) depressed pelvic tilt is on the side of the swinging limb, (4) thoracic vertebrae rotate and are vertical and erect, and (5) there is only a moderate lateral sway of the midline. This locomotory complex is interpreted as individual variability and suggests an evolutionary model for the origin of hominid bipedal locomotion.
Multiracialism on The Real World and the Reconfiguration of Politics in MTV's Brand During the 2000s

The Real World's focus on multiracial identity is part of the MTV's efforts to rebrand itself as being more tolerant of all political opinions in the 2000s. Post-2000 seasons of The Real World contain two different portraits of multiracialism that appeal to viewers across the political spectrum. The liberalism in these seasons comes from multiracialism functioning as a liberal utopia free of racism, one where fluidity, not hostility, defines race relations. At the same time, these seasons appeal to conservative sensibilities by making multiracial cast members models of neoliberal self-management that conservatives recently have used to justify dismantling the welfare state and civil rights initiatives. While neither the liberal nor the conservative portraits of multiracialism on post-2000 seasons of The Real World appear to be overtly racist, I unearth subtext where The Real World articulates multiracialism to white supremacy and anti-blackness.
Bacterial Degradation of Dissolved Organic Matter from Two Northern Michigan Streams

This study used high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) to measure the changes in molecular weight distributions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of two Northern Michigan streams following inoculation with bacterial concentrates from the same locations. During the initial 12 h of the experiment, weight average molecular weight (M w ) of DOM decreased, as high molecular weight components were lost from solution. After 12 h, the M w of DOM increased, primarily because of a loss of intermediate to lower molecular weight components. Leucine incorporation showed little or no bacterial metabolism during the first 12 h, but metabolism increased substantially after 12 h. The initial loss of high molecular weight components during the period of little or no bacterial metabolism suggests preferential adsorption of these components to the bacterial surfaces, perhaps followed by metabolism. This suggested interpretation is consistent with previous observations of preferential adsorption of higher molecul...
Transfer-Student Performance in Upper-Division Chemistry Courses: Implications for Curricular Reform and Alignment

ABSTRACT Using a statewide database of student records, the grades of students enrolled in organic chemistry and biochemistry at a large state university were analyzed to determine if there was a difference in performance between community college transfers and “native” students. Although only small differences were found for the organic chemistry sequence, much larger differences were found in biochemistry. Given the importance of grades in these classes for admission to competitive professional schools, these results suggest that transfer students, often disproportionately minority and economically disadvantaged, may face greater hurdles in the admissions process. The results further highlight the importance of establishing meaningful articulation agreements between 2-year and 4-year schools.
Mr. Barber or a Barber: Remembering Names and Occupations

Most individuals more easily recall the occupation of an acquaintance than that person's name. Three experiments (ns = 117, 42, and 36) were designed to investigate whether this shortcoming arises because people are likely to ignore any meaningful information provided by a name. In Exp. 1 college students viewed a series of faces, each given a name and occupation rated high or low in imageability. The students were told to picture the names, picture the occupations or were given no picturing instructions. In Exp. 2 the same words were identified as occupations of depicted individuals for some participants and as names for others. In Exp. 3 students wrote words that came to mind in response to words sometimes labeled as names and sometimes as occupations. Analysis showed that occupations were recalled better than names (Exps. 1 and 2). Picturing instructions improved face-name but not face-occupation recall (Exp. 1). Increased imageability enhanced occupation but not name recall (Exps. 1 and 2), and colleg...
Polarization of charge-transfer bands and rectification in hexadecylquinolinium 7,7,8-tricyanoquinodimethanide and its tetrafluoro analog

A Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayer film of the unimolecular rectifier hexadecyl-gamma-quinolinium-7,7,8-tricyanoquinodimethanide (C(16)H(33)gammaQ-3CNQ) has two distinct polarized charge-transfer bands, one at lower film pressures (28 mN m(-1)) with a peak at 530 nm, due to an intramolecular charge transfer or intervalence transfer (IVT); past the collapse point (32 to 35 mN m(-1)), this band disappears, and a new intermolecular charge-transfer band appears with peak at 570 nm. An LB multilayer film of the tetrafluoro analogue, hexadecyl-gamma-quinolinium-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8-tricyanoquinodimethanide (C(16)H(33)gammaQ-3CNQF(4)) shows, for all film pressures, only one IVT band with a peak at 504 nm; when sandwiched between gold electrodes, (C(16)H(33)gammaQ-3CNQF(4) is also an LB monolayer electrical rectifier.
The Effect of Short-term Muscle Fatigue on the Masseteric Silent Period:

It has been reported that masticatory pain and dysfunction patients have an increased silent period duration. It has also been reported that conditions of the muscles, such as fatigue, may be causative factors in the masticatory pain and dysfunction syndrome. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of experimental, short-term muscle fatigue on the silent period duration. Analysis of the data from group results indicated that short-term muscle fatigue did not significantly alter the silent period duration.
Comparison of the fine structure of cortical and collicular terminals in the rat medial geniculate body

Neurons throughout the rat medial geniculate body, including the dorsal and ventral divisions, display a variety of responses to auditory stimuli. To investigate possible structural determinants of this variability, measurements of axon terminal profile area and postsynaptic dendrite diameter were made on inferior colliculus and corticothalamic terminal profiles in the medial geniculate body identified by anterograde tracer labeling following injections into the inferior colliculus or cortex. Over 90% of the synapses observed were axodendritic, with few axosomatic synapses. Small ( 1.0 microm(2)) collicular profiles were found throughout the medial geniculate, but were smaller on average in the dorsal division (0.49+/-0.49 microm(2)) than in the ventral division (0.70+/-0.64 microm(2)). Almost all corticothalamic profiles were small and ended on small-caliber dendrites (0.57+/-0.25 microm diameter) throughout the medial geniculate. A few very large (>2.0 microm(2)) corticothalamic profiles were found in the dorsal division and in the marginal zone of the medial geniculate. GABA immunostaining demonstrated the presence of GABAergic profiles arising from cells in the inferior colliculus. These profiles were compared with GABAergic profiles not labeled with anterograde tracer, which were presumed to be unlabeled inferior colliculus profiles or thalamic reticular nucleus profiles. The distributions of dendritic diameters postsynaptic to collicular, cortical and unlabeled GABAergic profiles were compared with dendritic diameters of intracellularly labeled medial geniculate neurons from rat brain slices. Our results demonstrate a corticothalamic projection to medial geniculate body that is similar to other sensory corticothalamic projections. However, the heterogeneous distributions of excitatory inferior collicular terminal sizes and postsynaptic dendritic diameters, along with the presence of a GABAergic inferior collicular projection to dendrites in the medial geniculate body, suggest a colliculogeniculate projection that is more complex than the ascending projections to other sensory thalamic nuclei. These findings may be useful in understanding some of the differences in the response characteristics of medial geniculate neurons in vivo.
Explicit and implicit remembering: When is learning preserved in amnesia?

Amnesic patients can learn and retain a variety of skills. To investigate what distinguishes tasks that are within the learning abilities of amnesic patients from those that are not, we administered two tests to individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome and two control groups. One was a visual reaction time task with an embedded repeating sequence of stimulus positions. Response times of Korsakoff patients indicated that they learned this sequence and retained it normally for a week. The second task was a tactual stylus maze in which all blind alleys were blocked. Korsakoff patients were impaired in learning this maze, as assessed by the time required to trace it. Differences between the two tasks are outlined and the implications of these differences are discussed.
Proof of a conjecture on sloshing frequencies in a half-space

A conjecture is proved about the sum of the squares of the reciprocal sloshing eigenvalues for a half-space.
HIV-1 Nef Selectively Activates Src Family Kinases Hck, Lyn, and c-Src through Direct SH3 Domain Interaction

Nef is an HIV-1 virulence factor that promotes viral pathogenicity by altering host cell signaling pathways. Nef binds several members of the Src kinase family, and these interactions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS. However, the direct effect of Nef interaction on Src family kinase (SFK) regulation and activity has not been systematically addressed. We explored this issue using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a well defined model system for the study of SFK regulation. Previous studies have shown that ectopic expression of c-Src arrests yeast cell growth in a kinase-dependent manner. We expressed Fgr, Fyn, Hck, Lck, Lyn, and Yes as well as c-Src in yeast and found that each kinase was active and induced growth suppression. Co-expression of the negative regulatory kinase Csk suppressed SFK activity and reversed the growth-inhibitory effect. We then co-expressed each SFK with HIV-1 Nef in the presence of Csk. Nef strongly activated Hck, Lyn, and c-Src but did not detectably affect Fgr, Fyn, Lck, or Yes. Mutagenesis of the Nef PXXP motif essential for SH3 domain binding greatly reduced the effect of Nef on Hck, Lyn, and c-Src, suggesting that Nef activates these Src family members through allosteric displacement of intramolecular SH3-linker interactions. These data show that Nef selectively activates Hck, Lyn, and c-Src among SFKs, identifying these kinases as proximal effectors of Nef signaling and potential targets for anti-HIV drug discovery.
Heat transfer adjacent to the attached end of a cylinder in crossflow

Abstract Wind tunnel experiments were performed to determine heat transfer coefficients in the region of wall-cylinder interaction for a wall-attached cylinder in crossflow. Quasi-local transfer coefficients were measured with a small (one-quarter diameter long) disk-like sensing element positioned at various axial stations along the cylinder. The experiments spanned the Reynolds number range from 3500 to 23 000 and were supplemented by velocity profile measurements and flow visualization. It was found that the wall-cylinder interactions were confined to a length of the cylinder extending about one diameter from the wall. In the interaction region, the quasi-local coefficients were lower than those in the wall-unaffected region. The decreases were accentuated with decreasing distance from the wall, but this trend was reversed in the immediate neighborhood of the wall due to the presence of a compact, vigorous vortex. The largest decrease was in the 15% range, while the average decrease for the entire wall-affected region was about 9%.
Management accounting (1984-1994): development of new practice and theory

Abstract The past 10 years has seen a revolution in management accounting theory and practice. This paper reviews the development of three management accounting innovations: activity-based costing, operational control systems, and the balanced scorecard. It describes how these practice innovations were initially documented, and then elaborated and disseminated through publications. From the experience of this decade of investigation, documentation and theory development, the author advocates empirical research based on close longitudinal association with innovative organizations as one method for advancing management accounting practice and education.
Climatic Forcing: Effects of El Niño on a Small, Temperate Lake

Temperature profiles measured regularly for 21 years reveal the interannual differences in winter-to-summer heat gain in Castle Lake, California, a small subalpine lake. Year-to-year changes in large-scale climatic surface forcing, especially the amount of snowfall from February through April (which determines the date of thaw) coupled with the early heating and wind mixing after thaw, causes this interannual variation. The seasonal thermal structure for years in which the lake gains significantly more or less heat than normal—all of the El Nino years and several others—shows that the depth of the mixed layer and the mixing of heat into the stratified thermocline region control the storage of heat. The temperature of the mixed layer does not reflect abnormal thermal storage. Variations in mixing during early spring, which controls the heat content at Castle Lake, may also affect the annual average of the primary productivity.
Binding of multiple H atoms to solute atoms in bcc Fe using first principles

Abstract We previously performed a series of density functional theory calculations to investigate the interaction between single H atoms and point defects in body-centered cubic (bcc) Fe (Counts W, Wolverton C, Gibala R. Acta Mater 2010;58:4730). Here, we extend that work to a systematic study of binding between multiple H atoms and solute atoms in bcc Fe. We investigate the binding of multiple H atoms to one another, to interstitial C and to substitutional solutes. Our study shows the following: (i) H–H interactions are weak. The maximum attractive H–H binding energy is around 0.03 eV, which agrees with experimental values. (ii) The maximum attractive incremental binding energy of a second H atom to a C–H defect pair is 0.07 eV. (iii) We investigate the ability of 3d transition metal solutes to bind up to five H atoms. The binding energy of the second H to a 3d transition metal solute is attractive with a value ∼0.03 eV greater than binding of energy of the first, independent of solute. The binding energies of the third to fifth H atoms vary but are generally positive. Based on a stability analysis of the H binding energies, we find that the largest H–solute defect complex for V, Cr, Co, Ni and Zn contains two H atoms, while for Sc, Ti, Mn, and Cu the largest defect complex contains four H atoms.
BiVO4 as a Visible-Light Photocatalyst Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis

BiVO4 powders with unique particle architectures have been synthesized using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP). Gases created from the evaporation of solvent and the decomposition of precursor materials shape the morphology of the particles as the solids are formed in the heated aerosol. The BiVO4 powder was tested as oxygen evolving photocatalysts by monitoring the kinetics of O2 formation from a AgNO3 solution irradiated with λ > 400 nm light. USP prepared BiVO4 was found to have significantly superior photocatalytic activity compared to commercial BiVO4 and WO3, likely due to differences in particle morphology.
An urban geographer before his time: C. Warren Thornthwaite's 1930 doctoral dissertation:

In 1930, a time when human geography was not considered to be among the emerging analytic social sciences and when urban geography barely existed as an identifiable subfield, C. Warren Thornthwaite...
Molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of the rat sigma1 receptor

Abstract In an effort to further understand the pharmacology of sigma receptors, we have cloned the rat homolog of the sigma 1 receptor. We isolated a cDNA clone (rs2-2) from rat brain tissue using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) that encoded a full-length sequence of 223 amino acids. The predicted protein sequence of the clone has high homology with that of the murine (93.3%), guinea pig (93.7%), and human (96%) sigma 1 receptors. Northern analysis showed a major mRNA band of approximately 1.8 kb. RT-PCR revealed the presence of the mRNA in all the tissues tested, with high levels in the brain, spinal cord, liver, thymus, adrenal glands, and kidneys. When expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the level of sigma 1 binding increased markedly, and the binding profile was consistent with sigma 1 sites. However, measurable levels of sigma 1 binding present in the cell lines before transfection made the interpretation of these results difficult. To ensure that the binding reflected the transfected protein, we tagged the receptors with a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope at the amino terminus and examined binding in immunoprecipitated receptors. Western analysis using an antisera against the HA epitope revealed a molecular weight of ∼28 kDa, close to the predicted value. The receptor binding profile of the immunopurified receptor was consistent with that seen with traditional sigma 1 binding sites. Thus, rs2-2.HA encodes a high-affinity [ 3 H](+)-pentazocine binding site with characteristics of a rat sigma 1 receptor.
Adolescent pathways to adulthood drinking: sport activity involvement is not necessarily risky or protective.

AIMS: Use pattern-centered methods to examine how adolescents' alcohol use and sports activities are related both to childhood sport and problem behavior and to heavy drinking in early adulthood. DESIGN: The data used in this study come from four waves of the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions (MSALT) that began in 1983, when participants were approximately age 12, and continued into early adulthood, when participants were approximately age 28. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty per cent of the approximately 1000 MSALT youth living in south-eastern Michigan were females and 97% were European American. Approximately 28% of one or both parents held at least a college degree, and 45% held a high school diploma or lower. FINDINGS: Pattern-centered analyses revealed that the relation between adolescent sport activity and age 28 heavy alcohol use obtained primarily for sport participants who were also using more than the average amount of alcohol and other drugs at age 18. Similarly, children who were characterized by relatively high levels of sport participation, aggression and other problem behavior at age 12 were more likely than expected by chance to become sport participants who used more than the average amount of alcohol and other drugs at age 18. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that childhood problem behavior and adolescent sport participation can, but do not necessarily, presage heavy drinking in adulthood and that pattern-centered analytical techniques are useful for revealing such theoretically generated predictions. Language: en
PARENTHOOD AND CRIME: THE ROLE OF WANTEDNESS, RELATIONSHIPS WITH PARTNERS, AND SES.

Abstract Purpose Parenthood may play a pivotal role in the criminal desistance process, but few studies have examined the conditions under which becoming a mother or father is most likely to lead to reductions in criminal behavior. Methods The current longitudinal study draws on four waves of adolescent and young adult interview data (N = 1,066) and HLM regression models to examine the impact of parenthood on criminal trajectories, as well as the degree to which the prosocial potential of parenthood is modified by socioeconomic factors, the nature of the relationship between the biological parents, and pregnancy wantedness. The analysis also draws on narrative life history accounts elicited from a subset of these respondents (N = 22). Results SES and the wantedness of the pregnancy condition the relationship between parenthood and criminal involvement, however some gender differences emerged. Status of the relationship (married or cohabiting and single) was in general not a strong predictor. Conclusions Highly disadvantaged young men and women are not as likely as more advantaged young adults to evidence lower levels of criminal behavior after becoming parents, however wanted pregnancies may reduce female involvement in crime regardless of socioeconomic status. In-depth qualitative data further elucidate the conditional nature of the parenthood-crime relationship.
Tarnish Protection of Silver Using a Hexadecanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayer and Descriptions of Accelerated Tarnish Tests

Abstract A four-step procedure was developed for depositing a hexadecanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) onto the surface of silver in order to provide tarnish resistance. The four steps may be characterized as cleaning, etching, monolayer self-assembly, and rinsing. A key observation in this work is that an optimal deposition time exists for a given concentration of the hexadecanethiol. For example, a 2 vol% solution (2 mL hexadecanethiol in 98 mL trichloroethylene) required 30 min to 60 min for optimum coating formation. The quality of the coatings was characterized using water drop contact angle measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition, two tarnish tests were developed specifically for this project. One test was a lab bench vapor test that could tarnish silver, copper, or brass to a dark color within a few hours. A second test exposed the silver to a stream of a sulfide-containing foam and could tarnish silver to black within several minutes. The degree of tarnishi...
Facilitative glucose transporter gene expression in human lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages: a role for GLUT isoforms 1, 3, and 5 in the immune response and foam cell formation

Cellular glucose uptake is mediated by a family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) exhibiting differences in kinetics, substrate specificity, and tissue-specific expression. GLUT isoform expression has not been comprehensively studied in human leukocytes, which participate in immune and inflammatory responses and are critical for host defense. Therefore, we studied the regulated expression of GLUT 1-5 mRNA and protein in isolated human lymphocytes and monocytes and in human THP-1 macrophages and foam cells. Lymphocytes expressed GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 proteins, and cellular levels of both isoforms were augmented 3.5- to 6-fold following activation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Monocytes expressed 8.4-fold more GLUT 3 protein and 88% less GLUT 1 than lymphocytes, and activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to a 1.9-fold increase in GLUT 1. At the level of mRNA expression, GLUT 3 mRNA was the most prevalent GLUT mRNA species in monocytes, while lymphocytes expressed equal numbers of GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 transcripts. Differentiation of THP-1 monocytes into macrophages was associated with marked induction of GLUT 3 and GLUT 5 protein expression, and high levels of GLUT 1, GLUT 3, and GLUT 5 were maintained after transformation to foam cells. GLUT 5 mRNA was expressed in 2-fold greater abundance in macrophages and foam cells than that observed for GLUT 1 mRNA, while the level of GLUT 3 mRNA was intermediate. This facilitative glucose transporters are differentially expressed and regulated in human leukocytes in a pattern that could facilitate cellular functions. Speculatively, high GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 expression could provide cellular fuel for the immune response, and high levels of high-affinity GLUT 3 in macrophages might allow the cell to compete with pathogens for hexoses, even in the presence of low interstitial glucose concentrations. Ample expression of GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 in foam cells could also provide hexose substrates and promote lipid loading. The role for high levels of the fructose transporter GLUT 5 in macrophages and foam cells is unknown since interstitial and circulating fructose concentrations are low in these cells.
Cognitive anchoring on self-generated decisions reduces operator reliance on automated diagnostic aids

Automation users often disagree with diagnostic aids that are imperfectly reliable. The extent to which users' agreements with an aid are anchored to their personal, self-generated diagnoses was explored. Participants (N = 75) performed 200 trials in which they diagnosed pump failures using an imperfectly reliable automated aid. One group (nonforced anchor, n = 50) provided diagnoses only after consulting the aid. Another group (forced anchor, n = 25) provided diagnoses both before and after receiving feedback from the aid. Within the nonforced anchor group, participants' self-reported tendency to prediagnose system failures significantly predicted their tendency to disagree with the aid, revealing a cognitive anchoring effect. Agreement rates of participants in the forced anchor group indicated that public commitment to a diagnosis did not strengthen this effect. Potential applications include the development of methods for reducing cognitive anchoring effects and improving automation utilization in high-risk domains.
Metabolism of Oral Iodide and 3,5-Diiodosalicylic Acid in the Pregnant Cow

Abstract Three near-term pregnant cows were studied. Two of these were each given simultaneous oral tracer doses of I 131 as 3.5-diiodosalicylic acid (DI 131 S) and I 125 . The third cow was given both radioisotopes as iodide. One was sacrificed at 144 and two at 168 hr after dosage. For the animals given DI 131 S, the percentage of dose of each isotope excreted (urinary and fecal) in 144 hr was I 131 , 83.6%; I 125 , 43.1%. The average percentage of the dose in the thyroids at the time of sacrifice was I 131 in the maternal thyroid, 2.3%; I 131 in the fetal a thyroid, 2.1%; I 125 in the maternal thyroid, 18.0%; I 125 in the fetal thyroid, 15.9%. Iodine fed as DIS was not as available to either maternal or fetal thyroid and did not cross the placenta as readily as iodine fed as iodide. The animal given both isotopes as iodide exhibited no differences between the two isotopes in excretion or in concentrations in the various tissues.
VORTICES IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRING THEORY

We discuss the role of XY-like vortices on the world-sheet for the free energy of strings at high temperatures. There is a Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition at the Hagedorn temperature, above which the vortices contribute to the free energy in genus zero and generate a mass gap. We speculate that high-temperature “string” theory could be essentially discrete.
Realizing Boolean Functions on Disjoint Sets of Variables

For switching functions $f$ let $C(f)$ be the combinatorial complexity of $f$. We prove that for every $\varepsilon < 0$ there are arbitrarily complex functions $f:\{0,1\}^{n} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{n}$ such that $C(fxf) \leq (1+ \varepsilon) C(f)$ and arbitrarily complex functions $g:\{0,1\}$ such that $C(v c(fxf)) \leq (1 + \varepsilon)C(f)$. These results and the techniques developed to obtain them are used to show, that Ashenhurst decomposition of switching functions does not always yield optimal circuits and to prove a new result concerning the trade-off between circuit size and monotone circuit size.
Auxin activity of phenylacetic acid in tissue culture

The ability of phenylacetic acid (PAA), a naturally occurring auxin, to initiate and support growth of callus and suspension cultures of several species is reported. Callus tissue of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. var. WI-38), initiated and maintained on a medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), was transferred to and maintained on media supplemented with 25–500 μM PAA as the only plant growth regulator (PGR). Optimal concentrations of PAA were determined for tobacco callus proliferation in the dark (250 μM PAA) and with a 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod (500 μM PAA). Tobacco suspension cultures were maintained for over 28 transfers in media containing 20–40 μM PAA as the sole PGR. When tobacco callus tissue maintained on PAA-supplemented media for over 18 months was transferred to liquid media containing kinetin, plantlets were regenerated. Callus of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. var. Russian Mammoth) proliferated on media containing PAA at 5–250 μM as the sole PGR. Similar PAA concentrations inhibited normal development and promoted callus formation in tobacco and pea (Pisum sativum L. vars. common, Frogel, and Frimas) epicotyl tissue. PAA as the sole PGR did not support the growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill var. Fiskeby) callus or suspension cultures. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. var. UC-5) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medic. var. Laird) callus cultures proliferated on media containing 25–500 μM PAA, but habituation of the cultures was common. PAA was not toxic to tobacco, chickpea, and lentil tissues at levels as high as 500 μM.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ASSAY CURVES AS ANOMALOUS INDICATORS OF PROTEOLYSIS OF OILSEED PROTEINS

The methods of Anson (1938) and Lowry et al. (1951) were used to measure proteolysis of peanut proteins with and without papain. Spectrophotometric and colorimetric measurements of optical density for continuous assay of proteolysis in reaction mixtures yielded apparent hydrolysis curves, even in reactions that did not contain an added protease. Acceptance of these values as the sole criterion for proteolysis could lead to anomalous interpretations of results. The combined use of the above methods with disc gel electrophoresis gives a more accurate analysis of protein degradation by proteolysis.
Covariant Poisson Brackets for Classical Fields

Poisson brackets that are spacetime covariant are presented for a variety of relativistic field theories. These theories include electromagnetism, general relativity, and general relativistic fluids and plasmas in Eulerian representation. The examples presented suggest the development of a general theory; the beginnings of such a theory are presented. Our covariant bracket formalism provides a general setting for, amongst other things, clarifying the transition from the covariant formalism to the dynamical 3 + 1 Hamiltonian formalism of Dirac and Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner. We illustrate the relevant procedures with electromagnetism.
Line (Block) Size Choice for CPU Cache Memories

The line (block) size of a cache memory is one of the parameters that most strongly affects cache performance. In this paper, we study the factors that relate to the selection of a cache line size. Our primary focus is on the cache miss ratio, but we also consider influences such as logic complexity, address tags, line crossers, I/O overruns, etc. The behavior of the cache miss ratio as a function of line size is examined carefully through the use of trace driven simulation, using 27 traces from five different machine architectures. The change in cache miss ratio as the line size varies is found to be relatively stable across workloads, and tables of this function are presented for instruction caches, data caches, and unified caches. An empirical mathematical fit is obtained. This function is used to extend previously published design target miss ratios to cover line sizes from 4 to 128 bytes and cache sizes from 32 bytes to 32K bytes; design target miss ratios are to be used to guide new machine designs. Mean delays per memory reference and memory (bus) traffic rates are computed as a function of line and cache size, and memory access time parameters. We find that for high performance microprocessor designs, line sizes in the range 16-64 bytes seem best; shorter line sizes yield high delays due to memory latency, although they reduce memory traffic somewhat. Longer line sizes are suitable for mainframes because of the higher bandwidth to main memory.
Realization and costs: reply to Goldstein

This is a reply to an article which argued that supply-side costs are solely responsible for cyclical contractions and that demand plays only a negligible role. My reply emphasizes that cyclical downturns are caused by both limited demand and rising costs. The limited demand is caused by shifts in income distribution away from workers, while the rising costs include raw material prices as well as interest rates.
Photo-cross-linkable polyelectrolyte multilayers for 2-D and 3-D patterning.

We report the synthesis of poly(acrylic acid-ran-vinylbenzyl acrylate) (PAArVBA), a photo-cross-linkable weak polyelectrolyte, and its incorporation into polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films. PEM films assembled from PAArVBA and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) are found to exhibit similar thickness trends with assembly pH as those previously reported for poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/PAH multilayers. Swelling properties of the as-built and photo-cross-linked films are studied by in situ ellipsometry. Two-dimensional masking techniques are used to pattern regions of high and low swelling, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and to provide spatial control over the low-pH-induced microporosity transition exhibited by PAH/PAA PEMs. Films containing alternating blocks of PAH/PAArVBA bilayers and PAH/PAA bilayers were assembled, laterally photopatterned, and exposed to low-pH solution to generate nanoporosity leading to patterned Bragg reflectors, thereby demonstrating three-dimensional control ove...
Foreign-gas broadening of HF by CO2

Hydrogen fluoride fundamental vibration rotation band spectral line shift and broadening due to carbon dioxide
Effect of ribonucleotide substitution on nucleic acid bulge recognition by neocarzinostatin.

Abstract Bulged RNA structures are not as good substrates for cleavage by the enediyne antibiotic neocarzinostatin chromophore in the general base-catalyzed reaction as are DNA bulges. In an effort to determine why this is so, we have systematically substituted ribonucleotide residues in a DNA bulged structure (CCGATGCG·CGCAG T TCGG) (cleaved residue is underlined) known to be an excellent substrate. It was found that ribonucleotide substitution at the bulge target site, as well as at other regions involving duplex formation had a small effect on the cleavage reaction, unless either of the two strands was entirely of the ribo form. By contrast, changing the A·T base pair on the 5′ side of the target nucleotide ( T residue) to ribo A·U resulted in an 87% decrease in cleavage; in fact, conversion of the A alone to the ribo form caused a 68% loss in cleavage. This result can be understood from the recent solution structure of the complex formed between an analogue of the drug radical species and a bulged DNA (Stassinopoulos, A.; Ji, J.; Gao, X.; Goldberg, I.H. Science 1996 , 272 , 1943), since the 2′ hydroxyl group of the ribo A would be expected to clash sterically with the 7″- O -methyl moiety of the drug. Additional studies on substrate bulge-dependent drug product formation and protection against spontaneous drug degradation support the cleavage experiments, and imply that bulge-specific drug binding is required for efficient cleavage.
A sensitive LC–MS/MS assay for the simultaneous analysis of the major active components of silymarin in human plasma

Silymarin, an extract of crushed achenes of the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum is a multi-constituent mixture, 70-80% of which consists of a complex assortment containing the flavonolignans silybin A and B, isosilybin A and B, silydianin, and silychristin, and the flavonoid taxifolin. To date, numerous pharmacological actions of the silymarin extract have been documented in the biomedical literature, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-fibrotic activities. The present study describes a novel liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for simultaneous analysis of silychristin, silydianin, silybin A and silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B, and taxifolin in human plasma employing liquid-liquid extraction. This assay provides excellent resolution of the individual silymarin constituents via utilization of a 100 A 250 mm × 2 mm, 5 μm C(18) column with the mobile phase consisting of 51% methanol, 0.1% formic acid, and 10mM ammonium acetate. The lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/ml for each constituent. Calibration curves were linear over the range from 2 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml for all analytes (r(2)>0.99). The intra- and inter-day accuracies were 91-106.5% and 95.1-111.9%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision was within 10.5%. Additionally, recovery, stability, and matrix effects were fully validated as well. This method was successfully applied to human plasma samples from subjects treated with the milk thistle extract Legalon(®).
A Hybrid Quantum Dot−Antibody Fragment Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based TNT Sensor

We demonstrate the use of luminescent QDs conjugated to antibody fragments to develop solution-phase nanoscale sensing assemblies, based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for the specific detection of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in aqueous environments. The hybrid sensor consists of anti-TNT specific antibody fragments attached to a hydrophilic QD via metal-affinity coordination. A dye-labeled TNT analogue prebound in the antibody binding site quenches the QD photoluminescence via proximity-induced FRET. Analysis of the data collected at increasing dye-labeled analogue to QD ratios provided an insight into understanding how the antibody fragments self-assemble on the QD. Addition of soluble TNT displaces the dye-labeled analogue, eliminating FRET and resulting in a concentration-dependent recovery of QD photoluminescence. Sensor performance and specificity were evaluated.