cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using social network analysis to investigate interorganizational relationships and capacity building within a sport for development coalition

Abstract Sport for development (SFD) agencies often face issues with resource dependency, where they encounter resource deficiencies and rely upon other organizations to build capacity and attain their organizational goals and objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate what resource networks existed among agencies within a city-wide SFD coalition and the advantages and disadvantages of their participation. The authors examined an SFD coalition involving 27 agencies and their five resource networks: information, finance, human resources, infrastructure, and strategic planning. Results indicate the SFD agencies developed relationships across the five networks. A subgroup of well-connected agencies shared numerous relationships spanning multiple networks, and they assumed central positions with greater access to resources and more capacity in these networks. Coalition advantages, such as better service delivery to clients, outweighed disadvantages, such as limited time. The findings indicated the potential for SFD agencies to cultivate relationships, gain access to resources, and build capacity within these interorganizational networks.
Techniques to distinguish the ureter from the uterine artery in photoacoustic-guided hysterectomies

Gynecologic surgery requires the clamping, cauterization, and transection of arteries that lie within mil- limeters of the ureter, posing significant potential risk for ureteral injury. By leveraging the optical absorption properties of hemoglobin and methylene blue (an FDA-approved contrast agent), we propose intraoperative pho- toacoustic imaging during hysterectomies to simultaneously visualize the uterine arteries and ureter, respectively. Three experiments were performed to test the feasibility of a spectroscopic system aimed at intraoperative visual- ization. At 690 nm, the contrast from blood and urine mixed with 200 uM methylene blue was 13.83 dB and 11.06 dB, respectively, representing a 2.77 dB contrast difference. Conversely, at 750 nm, the contrast from blood was similar (14.61 dB), and the contrast from urine mixed with 200 uM methylene blue decreased to 1.74 dB, which produced a greater contrast difference of 12.87 dB. When tissue was added, similar contrast differences were observed at these wavelengths. Finally, a laparoscopic tool was additionally visualized in real time in proximity to the ureter and uterine arteries, which supports the feasibility of a spectroscopic photoacoustic approach to differentiating the ureter from the uterine arteries in relationship to a laparoscopic tool during hysterectomies.
Phase transformations and capacity fade mechanism in LixSn nanoparticle electrodes revealed by operando 7Li NMR

Operando 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ex situ7Li magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR and pair distribution function (PDF) methods are used to investigate the electrochemical lithiation and delithiation of 60 nm particles of tin. While the structural transformation pathways between Li–Sn intermetallics during lithiation and delithiation of Sn nanoparticles are somewhat consistent with the structural evolution of Li–Sn phases expected from the equilibrium binary phase diagram, there are some notable exceptions with the observation of a metastable phase Li2Sn3, and two vacancy rich metastable phases, Li7−ζSn3, and Li13−δSn5 during delithiation. The capacity fade of ∼30% per cycle is not attributed to particle cracking, but rather to particles losing contact with the carbon/PVDF binder. The disconnecting particles are associated with LixSn phases undergoing large decreases in diameters on delithiation, i.e., Sn, Li2Sn5, LiSn, and Li7Sn3. A peculiar behavior of capacity fade in this system is that it only occurs during delithiation. This is explained by a model of disconnecting–reconnecting LixSn-containing particles which remain in the electrode and become reconnected every cycle by the volume increase of neighboring connected particles during the lithiation process.
Distal revascularization and interval ligation for dialysis access-related ischemia is best performed using arm vein conduit.

Abstract Objective Distal revascularization and interval ligation (DRIL) is an effective approach to the management of hemodialysis access-related ischemia that offers both symptom relief and access salvage. The great saphenous vein (GSV) has been the most commonly used conduit. However, the use of an ipsilateral arm vein will allow for performance of the operation with the patient under regional anesthesia and might result in lower harvest site morbidity than the GSV. We sought to determine the suitability of DRIL using an arm vein compared with a GSV conduit. Methods All patients who had undergone DRIL from 2008 to 2019 were retrospectively identified in the electronic medical records. The characteristics and outcomes of those with an arm vein vs a GSV conduit were compared using the Wilcoxon log-rank and χ2 tests. Access patency was examined using Kaplan-Meier methods, with censoring at lost to follow-up or death. Results A total of 66 patients who had undergone DRIL for hand ischemia were included in the present study. An arm vein conduit was used in 40 patients (median age, 65 years; 25% male) and a GSV conduit in 26 patients (median age, 58 years; 19% male). No significant differences in comorbidities were found between the two groups, with the exception of diabetes mellitus (arm vein group, 78%; GSV group, 50% GSV; P = .02). No difference in the ischemia stage at presentation was present between the groups, with most patients presenting with stage 3 ischemia. Also, no differences in patency of hemodialysis access after DRIL between the two groups were found (P = .96). At 12 and 24 months after DRIL, 86.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 68.3%-94.9%) and 82.0% (95% CI, 61.3%-92.3%) of patients with an arm vein conduit had access patency compared with 93.8% (95% CI, 63.2%-99.1%) and 76.9% (95% CI, 43.0%-92.2%) of those with a GSV conduit, respectively. All but one patient had symptom resolution. The incidence of wound complications was significantly greater in the GSV group than in the arm vein group (46% vs 11%; P = .003). DRIL bypass had remained patent in all but one patient in each group, with a median follow-up of 18 months (range, 1-112 months) in the arm vein conduit group and 15 months (range, 0.25-105 months) in the GSV conduit group. Conclusions DRIL procedures using an arm vein have advantages over those performed with the GSV. In our series, symptom resolution and access salvage were similar but distinctly fewer wound complications had occurred in the arm vein group. Additionally, the use of an arm vein conduit avoids the need for general anesthesia. If an ipsilateral arm vein is available, it should be the conduit of choice when performing DRIL.
Differentiating Centralization and Overlap in Swap Regulation

This chapter explains how legislative changes to, and the broader commentary on, US derivatives regulation illustrate the value of parsing the overlap/distinct and centralization/decentralization dimensions in assessing the tradeoffs of regulatory allocations. The Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission have been tasked with decentralized authority over securities and futures, respectively. Over time, their jurisdictions have increasingly overlapped as the futures and securities markets converged. Reorganization proposals and legislation to correct perceived problems with the overlapping, decentralized regulatory regime (such as Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act) have usually failed to parse the various tradeoffs between overlap and distinct or between centralized and decentralized authority. By limiting their analysis, policymakers and observers of derivatives regulation may have misdiagnosed problems with the existing allocation or missed potential opportunities to craft different regulatory configurations that might have better accommodated policy tradeoffs or been more politically viable.
Study on the recent application of ear correction model in children with congenital auricular deformity

Objective:To study the short-term effect of Earwell ear correction model on congenital auricular deformity in children. Method:Selected 38 children with ear malformation, a total of 42 ears, born at the age of 7 days to 176 days, and the average age was 62.40 days, and all of patients were used the U.S. Earwell correction model for correction. Result:Final auricular morphologic results were classified as excellent (normal shape), good (nearnormal shape), and poor (slight or no improvement). And the patients were divided into group 1 (neonatal period), group 2 (28-90 days) and group 3 (more than 90 days) according to age, after using the Earwell ear correction device, the result which evaluated excellent are 100.00%, 89.47% and 72.73% respectively, and the average correction times are 16.75 days, 26.26 days and 38.91 days respectively, the ratio of complications are 0, 73.68% and 100.00% respectively. Conclusion:The effection of Earwell ear correction model is significant for the correction of children with congenital auricular deformity , the earlier treatment cause the better result, the shorter of the correcting time , and the lower of the complication rate.
Mucus blocks probiotics but increases penetration of motile pathogens and induces TNF‐α and IL‐8 secretion

The mucosal barrier in combination with innate immune system are the first line of defense against luminal bacteria at the intestinal mucosa. Dysfunction of the mucus layer and bacterial infiltration are linked to tissue inflammation and disease. To study host-bacterial interactions at the mucosal interface, we created an experimental model that contains luminal space, a mucus layer, an epithelial layer, and suspended immune cells. Reconstituted porcine small intestinal mucus formed an 880 ± 230 µm thick gel layer and had a porous structure. In the presence of mucus, sevenfold less probiotic and nonmotile VSL#3 bacteria transmigrated across the epithelial barrier compared to no mucus. The higher bacterial transmigration caused immune cell differentiation and increased the concentration of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α; p < .01). Surprisingly, the mucus layer increased transmigration of pathogenic Salmonella and increased secretion of TNF-α and IL-8 (p < .05). Nonmotile, flagella knockout Salmonella had lower transmigration and caused lower IL-8 and TNF-α secretion (p < .05). These results demonstrate that motility enables pathogenic bacteria to cross the mucus and epithelial layers, which could lead to infection. Using an in vitro coculture platform to understand the interactions of bacteria with the intestinal mucosa has the potential to improve the treatment of intestinal diseases.
Are obstetricians following best-practice guidelines for addressing pregnancy smoking? Results from northeast Tennessee.

Background: In 2000, the American College of Obstetricians/Gynecologists (ACOG) established the 5 A's method of brief smoking cessation counseling (ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange) as a standard component of prenatal care. The purpose of this study was to describe use of the 5 A's in prenatal care in Northeast Tennessee, where pregnancy smoking rates are three times the national average, and to evaluate provider attitudes toward addressing pregnancy smoking. Method: Surveys were distributed to all obstetric practices in a 6-county area. Results: One-quarter of respondents indicated they always asked pregnant patients about smoking, with two-thirds always giving their pregnant smokers advice to quit. Over half reported always assessing willingness to quit, while one-quarter or fewer always provided quit assistance, or arranged follow up. Over half believed addressing smoking was of significant value. Secondhand smoke was infrequently addressed. Demographics, efficacy, and outcome beliefs predicted use of the 5 A's. Conclusions: Most obstetric providers in Northeast Tennessee are not following ACOG recommendations for pregnancy smoking. Efforts to address pregnancy smoking and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes in the region should include facilitation of smoking cessation interventions in prenatal care.
The Handbook of Art Therapy and Digital Technology (Manuel d'art-thérapie et de technologie numérique) edited by C. Malchiodi

In the rapidly expanding world of digital technology, art therapy students and therapists are challenged and encouraged to participate in and integrate digital modalities into their scope of practi...
Acute Kidney Injury Instigates Malignant Renal Cell Carcinoma via CXCR2 in Mice with Inactivated Trp53 and Pten in Proximal Tubular Kidney Epithelial Cells.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common urologic malignancies with the highest mortality rates worldwide. However, relevant mouse models that recapitulated the genetic alterations found in RCC have been lacking. In this study, we crossed Trp53 and Pten conditional knockout mice with Ggt1-Cre mice to generate a Ggt1-Cre; Trp53LoxP/LoxP ; PtenLoxP/LoxP ; YFPLoxP/LoxP (GPPY) mouse model, which resulted in the formation of dysplastic lesions involving kidney tubular epithelial cells (TEC), with only approximately 25% of mice developing RCC at an advanced age. Combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Vhl knockout in these mice increased the frequency of dysplasia, but failed to increase the incidence of RCC. Assessments of whether ischemic injury of TECs in the GPPY kidney without Vhl knockout influences the emergence of RCC revealed that advanced RCC predominantly emerged in the contralateral, noninjured kidney with 100% penetrance at a younger age, but rarely in the injured kidney due to severely damaged ischemic TEC. Injured TEC released CXCL1 into the microenvironment that traveled systemically to activate fibroblasts and recruit neutrophils to enable emergence of RCC in the contralateral kidney. Fibroblasts responded to CXCL1 via CXCR2 and recruited tumor-associated neutrophils, which in turn mediated tumor-promoting inflammation and angiogenesis. Treatment with anti-CXCR2 antibodies abolished the emergence of malignant RCC. Collectively, these results demonstrate a defining functional role of systemic inflammation and microenvironment in the emergence of malignant cancer from preestablished dysplastic precursor lesions. SIGNIFICANCE: These results identify a role for CXCL1/CXCR2 and the tumor microenvironment in the development of RCC. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/10/2690/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Kusmartsev, p. 2584.
A centrifugal microfluidic cross-flow filtration platform to separate serum from whole blood for the detection of amphiphilic biomarkers

The separation of biomarkers from blood is straightforward in most molecular biology laboratories. However, separation in resource-limited settings, allowing for the successful removal of biomarkers for diagnostic applications, is not always possible. The situation is further complicated by the need to separate hydrophobic signatures such as lipids from blood. Herein, we present a microfluidic device capable of centrifugal separation of serum from blood at the point of need with a system that is compatible with biomarkers that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. The cross-flow filtration device separates serum from blood as efficiently as traditional methods and retains amphiphilic biomarkers in serum for detection.
Heretical Orthodoxy: Eastern and Western Esotericism in Thomas Moore Johnson’s “Platonism”

Despite being isolated in a small town in rural Missouri, his extensive international correspondence, his rare book collection, his editorial work for the journal The Platonist, and his leadership involvement in the Theosophical Society and the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor set Thomas Moore Johnson (1851–1919) at the center of a network of ideas and activities that characterized the blossoming of the Anglo-American interest in esotericism and the occult in the 1870s–1880s.
Effect of Femoral Head Material on Head-to-Trunnion Impaction Motion and Taper.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of femoral head material on the impaction force, relative motion, and stability of the trunnion. There were three groups with different head materials (n = 5 per group)-CoCr Group: 36 mm CoCr heads, Ceramic Group: 36 mm ceramic heads, Ceramic + Sleeve Group: 36 mm ceramic heads with a titanium sleeve-that were all impacted twice and disengaged onto titanium alloy (Ti6al4V) trunnions in in vitro conditions. A high-speed camera system was utilized to characterize relative displacement behavior of the head-trunnion junction motion. The first impact force of Ceramic + Sleeve Group (14,241 SD, 935) was significantly lower than the first impact force in Ceramic Group (14,961 N, SD = 184). Ceramic + Sleeve Group had a lower magnitude bounce-back displacement following the first impact (17.7 μm, SD = 11), p < 0.05) compared to CoCr Group (298.8 μm, SD = 84) and Group 2 (196.5 μm, SD = 31). Ceramic + Sleeve Group sat further on the trunnion (cumulative final displacement, 366.8 μm, SD = 71, p < 0.001) compared to CoCr Group (142.5 μm, SD = 41.8) and Ceramic Group (183.8 μm, SD = 30). Ceramic + Sleeve Group demonstrated two distinct disengagement patterns-(a) the sleeve disengaged from the trunnion (pull-off force 6810 N), and (b) the femoral head disengaged from the sleeve (pull-off force 18,620 N), with large fluctuations in pull-off force. The presence of a titanium sleeve with a ceramic head resulted in significant differences in impaction force on the trunnion, motion and displacement, and unique mechanisms for disengagement. Further investigation is required to determine potential clinical impact.
Disparate cancer risk reduction among hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome patients at an urban hospital center

Objectives: Risk reducing surgery remains the most effective strategy to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer in women with a Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome. Despite the substantial survival benefit, women often do not undergo risk reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRBSO) within the NCCN-recommended timeframes. The aim of this study was to examine factors impacting the timing and surgical uptake of RRBSO in high-risk patients receiving care at our academic urban health care system. Methods: Patients who underwent RRBSO between January 1, 2017 and September 1, 2020 at our health care system were identified using ICD codes. Demographic information collected included age, race, mutation type, personal history of cancer, family history of cancer, and type of insurance. Dates of initial gynecologic presentation, genetic testing, and surgery were recorded. Descriptive statistics were completed using SPSS 2.0 software and multiple linear regression modeling was performed to assess factors impacting timing to RRBSO. Results: One hundred sixty seven patients underwent gynecologic RRBSO during the study period. The median age of patients at time of RRBSO was 47 years (range 30-74), 134 (80.5%) identified as White, 155 (92.8%) as non-Hispanic, 159 (95.2%) spoke English as their primary language, 135 (80.8%) had private insurance. 62 (37.1%) had a BRCA1 mutation, 69 (41.3%) a BRCA2 mutation, and 17 (10.1%) another HBOC-related mutation. 61 (36.4%) had a personal history of cancer while 19 (11.5%) had a family history of cancer. Of the 167 patients who underwent RRBSO, 5 (2.9%) had a serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma precursor lesion or occult invasive cancer diagnosed at time of surgery.Privately insured patients underwent RRBSO at a median age of 40 (range 28-74) whereas publicly insured patient were 46 (range 23-69) (p=0.849). The median age for genetic testing was 40 years (range 28-74) in privately insured patients and 46 years (range 23-69) in publicly insured (p=0.849). The median time from genetic testing to surgery was 51 weeks (range 3-650). On multivariate analysis, age (p Conclusions: In our cohort, publicly insured HBOC patients underwent genetic testing and RRBSO at a later median age compared to privately insured patients. While this difference was not statistically significant, it suggests a socioeconomic disparity in the age at which genetic testing and RRBSO are being completed, with RRBSOs falling outside the age recommendation of guideline-directed care. Optimizing implementation of genetic testing and RRBSO among publicly insured HBOC patients could lead to earlier identification of those at increased risk and a better opportunity to reduce the risk of cancer.
Improving Mortality Attribution in Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Mortality attribution can have significant implications for reimbursement, hospital/department rankings, and perceptions of safety. This work seeks to compare the accuracy of externally assigned diagnosis-related group (DRG)-based service line mortality attribution in otolaryngology to an internal review process that assigns mortality to the teams that cared for a patient during hospitalization. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Mortality events at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) from 2012 to 2018 were compared. Included events were assigned to the otolaryngology service line (OSL) via the following methods: an external agency (Vizient) using DRG, utilization management assignment based on the service that provided care at admission (admission service), discharge (discharge service), or throughout hospitalization (major service line), or through the internal VUMC mortality review committee. Internal review was considered the standard for comparison. RESULTS Of the 28 mortality events assigned to OSL by the DRG-based external method, nine (32%) were actually attributable to OSL. Of the 23 total mortality events attributable to OSL at our institution, external DRG-based review captured nine (39%). The designation of major service during hospitalization was correct 95% of the time and captured 87% of mortality events. Differences between external and internal attribution methods were statistically significant (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS DRG-based models are frequently utilized but can be inaccurate when attributing mortality for an individual otolaryngology department. Otolaryngology mortalities appear to be captured and assigned more accurately by assigning deaths to the service that renders the majority of care during hospitalization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1805-E1810, 2021.
Training Inadequacies Among Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Surgical Specialties

Study Objective To compare general trends in residency training operative experience between Obstetrics & Gynecology (OBGYN), Urology, and General Surgery as determined by ACGME, the governing body that sets the standards for US graduate medical education training programs. Design All available ACGME residency case log data was collected. OBGYN data was available from 2002-2019, Urology from 2015-2019, and General Surgery from 1999-2019. Operative experience was assessed, with particular attention to retroperitoneal dissection/ureterolysis and small bowel repair. The mean case numbers reported per resident were compared between the 2 groups using unpaired 2-tailed t tests, with P values Setting N/A. Patients or Participants We reviewed data from approximately 865 ACGME-accredited institutions. Case log data was self-reported by residents as cases were performed each year of their training program. Interventions N/A. Measurements and Main Results The mean number of total gynecologic cases logged by OBGYN residents was 315.48 (SD 46.09). The mean number of cases logged by urology residents was as follows: intestinal diversion 5.25 (SD 1.02); ureteral exposure 207.23 (SD 3.44); gynecologic cases 35.9 (SD 1.22). The mean number of cases logged by general surgery residents was as follows: small bowel repair 14.13 (2.78); ureteral exposure 11.08 (2.54); gynecologic cases 4.19 (1.33). Conclusion Notably, both urology and general surgery training programs require cross-specialty exposure and familiarity with retroperitoneal dissection, ureterolysis, bladder and bowel repairs, whereas OBGYN training does not. We propose multiple potential solutions for addressing these inadequacies in surgical training among OBGYN residents, including amending the base ACGME requirements for graduation to include some exposure to retroperitoneal dissection and bowel surgery in order to increase comfort level with operating in these spaces frequently encountered by gynecologic surgeons.
The Technique of Pseudodifferential Operators

Pseudodifferential operators arise naturally in the solution of boundary problems for partial differential equations. The formalism of these operators serves to make the Fourier-Laplace method applicable for nonconstant coefficient equations. This book presents the technique of pseudodifferential operators and its applications, especially to the Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. The treatment uses 'Leibniz formulas' with integral remainders or as asymptotic series. A pseudodifferential operator may also be described by invariance under action of a Lie-group. The author discusses connections to the theory of C*-algebras, invariant algebras of pseudodifferential operators under hyperbolic evolution and the relation of the hyperbolic theory to the propagation of maximal ideals. This book will be of particular interest to researchers in partial differential equations and mathematical physics.
Economic Growth and Sustainable Development

Economic growth, reflected in increases in national output per capita, makes possible an improved material standard of living and the alleviation of poverty. Sustainable development, popularly and concisely defined as ‘meeting the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs,' directly addresses the utilization of natural resources, the state of the environment, and intergenerational equity. Now in its second edition, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development features expanded discussion of income distribution, social capital and the insights of behavioural economics for climate change mitigation. Boxed case studies have been added which explore the impact of economic growth on people and countries in both the developed and developing world. This text addresses the following fundamental questions: What causes economic growth? Why do some countries grow faster than others? What accounts for the extraordinary growth in the world’s population over the past two centuries? What are the current trends in population and will these trends continue? How do we measure sustainable development and is sustainable development compatible with economic growth? Why is climate change the greatest market failure of all time? What can be done to mitigate climate change and global warming? With a blend of formal models, empirical evidence, history and policy, this text provides a coherent and comprehensive treatment of economic growth and sustainable development. It is suitable for those who study development economics, sustainable development and ecological economics.
An Empirical Analysis of Community Center Rents

This article is the winner of the Retail Real Estate manuscript prize (sponsored by the International Council of Shopping Centers) presented at the 2001 American Real Estate Society Annual Meeting....
Middleware for large distributed systems and organizations

Modern computational environments are complex, dynamic and highly distributed. These environments include multiple independent or grouped objects that communicate, collaborate and perform various activities. We describe Middleware++, a unifying system and computational construct that makes the use and operation of these large, fully distributed environments feasible and manageable. In this paper we present the basic Middleware++ mechanisms that provide the computational building blocks for constructing and managing dynamic relationships in rapidly changing, decentralized environments.
Can Foreign Aid Create an Incentive for Good Governance? Evidence from the Millennium Challenge Corporation

The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) awards aid to countries that perform well on a set of independently compiled governance indicators. Proponents of this new form of aid argue that 1) aid will be more effective when given to well-governed countries and 2) countries will respond to such rewards by pursuing sound policies. This paper is the first systematic attempt to evaluate the second hypothesis. By exploiting discontinuities in the MCC rules and reform patterns before and after the MCC was created, we are able to estimate the MCC incentive effect. Even though the MCC is still in its infancy, we find substantial evidence that countries respond to MCC incentives by improving their indicators. Controlling for general time trends, potential recipients of MCC funds improve 25 percent more indicators after the MCC was created than before it. While still to early to make a final assessment, a range of specifications yield similar results. We do not find any corresponding increase in growth rates.
The Rise and Fall of Science Education: A Content Analysis of Science in Elementary Reading Textbooks of the 19th Century

In the 19th century the textbook dominated the curriculum and methods of instruction. The most important textbook was the textbook of reading known as the reader. In the early 1800s science was not established as a separate primary grade subject. The science students encountered in these reading textbooks may have been their only formal science education. This study used content analysis to determine the type of science and the quantity of science in popular U.S. readers of the 19th century. The percent of science rose in the middle of the century and declined at the end. This decline may have been due to the desire to make the study of reading literary based. The percentage of science that was biological increased throughout the century, and the percentage of Earth science declined.
Leaf temperatures of alpine plants in the field

1. Leaf temperatures of Colorado alpine plants on Mount Evans (4300 m) and near the Trail Ridge Road (3800 m) were measured along with air temperature, wind velocity, maximum and zenith light intensities, net radiation, and in one study humidity. 2. When skies were clear above Mount Evans, plant temperatures were clearly dependent upon insolation, being as much as 22° C above ambient. Under uniformly cloudy skies, plant temperatures did not deviate far from air temperatures. 3. Under typically fluctuating alpine conditions, correlations between leaf temperature and certain environmental factors are imperfect. Failure of the correlation is ascribed to factors not measured, mechanics of the analysis, changing environment, and position effects. 4. Application of these findings to controlled environment (growth chamber) studies poses an interesting and inherently difficult problem.
Multiscale adaptive estimation of the conductivity field from head and tracer data

Large scale fluctuations in the conductivity field are regionalized and estimated via a maximum likelihood, adjoint-state methodology. Small-scale fluctuations within each region are estimated adaptively via a Kalman-like stochastic filter. The variance and integral scale within each region are assumed to control the small-scale fluctuations. A Monte Carlo technique is used to examine the distribution of large-scale conductivity estimates.
Emission Spectra of KI: Tl at 12°K

Emission spectra were measured for separate excitation by light absorbed in the $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$ impurity absorption bands of single crystals of KI: Tl at 12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Five emission bands are reported. Three emission bands are identified as direct transitions from the energy levels related to the $A$, $B$, and $C$ absorption bands. Excitation in the $D$ absorption band is found to excite an additional low-energy emission band which corresponds to a forbidden transition in absorption.
Liquid chromatographic retention behavior of organometallic compounds and ligands with amine-, octadecylsilica- and β-cyclodextrin-bonded phase columns

Abstract Effects of solvent composition and ligand variation on the retention of organometallic compounds have been studied using an amino, an octadecylsilica (ODS) and a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) bonded phase column in either a normal-phase or a reversed-phase mode. The retention behavior for the organometallic compounds with the amino column can be rationalized using the displacement model. The “apparent” molecular areas are greater for compounds capable of strong hydrogen bonding. The retention in the ODS column roughly follows an argument based on the expected solubility behavior while mixed retention mechanisms are involved for the β-CD column, i.e. both inclusion process and solubility or solvophobic interactions are possibly operative.
Low Temperature Lactose Hydrolysis of Concentrated Whey Permeates

Abstract Whey permeates containing 5, 15, and 25% lactose were hydrolyzed at 4°C with β -D-galactosidase. The 15 and 25% lactose permeates were partly demineralized. Approximately 75 to 90% lactose hydrolysis occurred in 48h at 4°C and 60 to 70% in 24h at 4°C. Lowest hydrolysis was with 25% lactose permeates. Demineralization attained at 220 ohmcm compared with 160 ohm-cm coincided with decreased lactace activity; but enzyme reactivation occured when potassium + ions were added to adjust pH to 6.8.
A Geometric Condition for a Hyperplane Arrangement to be Free

Abstract Let G ( r , 1, l ) be the complex arrangement { x i , x j − ξ h x k }, where ξ is a primitive r th root of unity. The matroids of these arrangements are the Dowling matroids Q l ( Z r ), where Z r is the group of r th roots of unity. We show that if E is a subset of G ( r , 1, l ) which does not contain any matroid line, then deleting E gives an arrangement G ( r , 1, l )\ E which is free. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions on a set E containing at least one matroid line but no matroid planes so that the deletion G ( r , 1, l )\ E has a characteristic polynomial which factors completely over the integers. Two types of arrangements can be obtained in this way. We show that one type is always non-free. This yields examples of non-free complex arrangements whose characteristic polynomials factor completely over the integers. The same ideas also yield examples of non-free arrangements over any sufficiently large field (and hence, over the reals) with characteristic polynomials which factor completely over the integers. The matroids of these arrangements are non-supersolvable matroids whose characteristic polynomials factor completely over the integers.
Mapping Social Change: A Visualization Method Used in the Monongahela National Forest

Many communities in and around national forests are experiencing social change. It is important for public land managers to keep abreast of this change to provide appropriate forest uses while considering resource impacts, conflict management, and potential partnerships with local communities. The social assessment is one tool used to follow sociodemographic trends, but it can be difficult to wade through the volumes of tables and visual displays to make informed management decisions. To improve decision making, literature suggests presenting information in a usable manner, such as the weather (color isopleth) map. By creating an index of overall social change and presenting the results in the form of an isopleth, social assessments can be made more usable by reducing multiple variables into one composite map. A method is described to compute an overall index and map of social change, followed by a discussion of management implications, limitations, and avenues of future research.
Self-Perceived Competencies and Depression among Middle School Students in Japan and the United States

Predictors of self-reported depressive symptoms were investigated within groups of 125 middle school students from the United States and 99 middle school students from Japan. Multiple regression analyses indicated that self-perceptions of physical attractiveness, social acceptance, and behavioral conduct independently contributed to self-reported depression among United States students. Self-perceptions of interpersonal connectedness, peer social acceptance, behavioral conduct, and physical attractiveness independently contributed to self-reported depression among Japanese students. Self-perceptions of academic competence were not an independent predictor of depression in either group. In addition to revealing critical relations between specific domains of perceived competence and depression during early adolescence within each group of students, results indicated that common beliefs regarding associations between Japanese students' perceived academic competence and level of emotional distress may reflect...
Racial/ethnic group and socioeconomic status variation in educational and occupational expectations from adolescence to adulthood

Abstract This longitudinal study examined the development of educational and occupational expectations from adolescence to adulthood in relation to racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) group membership. Hierarchical linear modeling on national data (NELS:88) spanning 12 years yielded several findings: (a) African American participants reported the highest educational expectations, followed by Hispanic and Asian American/Pacific Islander, European American, and American Indian/Alaskan Native participants, (b) African American and Asian American/Pacific Islander participants reported the highest occupational expectations, followed by Hispanic, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and European American participants, (c) racial/ethnic group patterns persisted from adolescence to adulthood, and (d) SES positively predicted expectations. Results highlight the importance of considering SES when examining educational and occupational expectations across racial/ethnic groups.
Algebras from diagrams

Abstract A method of constructing an algebra directly from a diagram representing a preconceived structure is described, and various conditions sufficient to insure the feasibility of the construction are presented.
Boric acid catalysis of decomposition of the N-nitrosohydroxylamine-N-sulfonate anion

Abstract The decomposition of SN2O52− to N2O and sulfate is catalyzed both by protons alone and jointly by protons and H3BO3 according to the rate law: d ln [SN 2 O 5 2− ] dt = k 1 [ H + ] + k 2 [ H + ][ H 3 BO 3 ] . The activation enthalpy and entropy for k2 are, respectively, 7.8 kcal/mol and −43 cal/degree K. Consideration of these values as well as the influence of [H+], [H3BO3], and ionic strength suggest that the k1 reaction involves reactants of opposite charge whereas for the k2 reaction one of the species entering the rate-determining step is of zero electric charge. A mechanism of the latter reaction is postulated in which B(OH)3 acts as an acceptor of electrons from the nitrosyl nitrogen and one of the OH groups of B(OH)3 interacts with the SO3 moiety of the SN2O52− anion resulting in a sulfur penta-coordinated species.
Host range mutants and semitemperate mutants of bacteriophage T3.

Abstract Host range mutants of phage T3 are produced in the phage yield from irradiated bacteria or from some exceptional infected bacteria, or “lasting complexes,” in which lysis is long delayed. In these complexes, phage development is arrested at a stage later than establishment of infection but prior to the appearance of mature phage. Small plaque mutants of T3 are described, which give rise to lasting complexes in about 50% of the infected cells. These complexes can increase in length, divide, and give phage-sensitive, uninfected segregants before lysis. It is suggested that the lasting complexes represent infected cells in a prelysogenic state, which ends in lysis because the phage is unable to establish stable lysogeny. A study of the host range mutants revealed a number of complexities, which made regular genetic analysis impossible. Many mutants differ from the wild type in several loci separable by recombination. A large proportion of mutant plaques, on first isolation, yield a mixture of two stable mutant strains. These may have been formed in a single event. These observations are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that the host range mutants of T3 may be formed by an interaction between the genetic material of the phage and that of the uninfected cell.
Standard pairs and group relaxations in integer programming

Abstract The main result of this paper is a non-Buchberger algorithm for constructing initial ideals and Grobner bases of toric ideals, based on the connections between toric ideals and integer programming. The tools used are those of standard pair decompositions of standard monomials of a toric initial ideal, localizations of such ideals at their associated primes and group relaxations of integer programs. We give an algorithm for constructing standard pair decompositions, provide degree bounds for certain elements in the reduced Grobner bases of toric ideals, and derive bounds on the arithmetic degree of initial ideals of monomial curves. We also exhibit new results for the localizations of initial ideals arising from toric ideals of codimension two.
Pasteurization Requirements for Concentrated Whole Milk

Summary Using a pure culture of a Micrococcus (MS18s) as the test organism, the pasteurization requirements for concentrated whole milk (3:1) were studied. A temperature of 142.8° F. for 30min. and one of 163.0° F. for 15sec. were found to effect bacterial destructions in concentrated milk equivalent to those observed in whole milk pasteurized, respectively, at 143° F. for 30min. and 161° F. for 15sec. Because of the experimental errors involved, however, it was recommended that 144 or 145° F. be used at the 30-min. holding time, and 164 or 16° F. be used at the 15-sec. holding time, until further data are obtained.
Unique determination of the form-factor ratio in radiative pion decay.

A new experiment studying radiative pion decay, ..pi../sup +/..-->..e/sup +/..nu../sub e/..gamma.., has been performed with the Crystal Box detector at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility. From a maximum-likelihood analysis of the Dalitz-plot distribution of 2364 coincident and random events, we obtain a unique value for ..gamma.., the ratio of the axial-vector to vector weak pion form factors, of 0.25 +- 0.12. The new world average is ..gamma.. -- 0.39 +- 0.06. .AE
A ideologia não acontece simplesmente: esporte e neoliberalismo

La investigacion sobre el deporte en la sociedad se ve desalentada por las creencias existencialistas que lo definen como una expresion fija, innata de los impulsos humanos. Esto ha perjudicado los intereses del deporte como una practica cultural y como forma de organizacion social, lo que se utiliza comunmente para reafirmar los procesos nacionales y mundiales del neoliberalismo. En este articulo se aclara el significado del neoliberalismo contemporaneo y sugiere que el esta estrechamente relacionado con la aparicion y el apoyo del deporte de elite, organizado, competitivo y comercial. A su vez, estos deportes son a menudo promovidos y representados para establecer, reafirmar y reproducir los ideales y las creencias neoliberales. A pesar de la resistencia, el neoliberalismo continua ganando aceptacion entre las personas alrededor del mundo por la amplia gama de estrategias utilizadas por sus defensores. A pesar de las estrategias mas visibles se centraren en las politicas publicas y la economia, el exito a largo plazo de estas politicas depende de la incorporacion de las ideas y las creencias neoliberales en la vida social y cultural. Por lo tanto, la resistencia efectiva y el establecimiento de viables estrategias alternativas requieren una comprension basadas del cultural y social, asi como las manifestaciones economicas y politicas del neoliberalismo. Parte de esa estrategia implica esfuerzos para reclamar las actividades fisicas y deportivas como parte de la esfera publica y cambiar las prioridades de financiacion para apoyar las actividades mas alla de las manifestaciones fisicas del deporte de elite, organizado y competitivo. Estrategias para producir estos cambios son identificadas.
Wine, Poetry and History: Du Mu's "Pouring Alone in the Prefectural Residence"

Du Mu's "Pouring Alone at the Prefectural Residence"1 is notable for its full explication of the literary motif of pouring wine alone. This motif (duzhuo) suggests those times when a poet contemplates his exclusion from the community of scholars, from his family, and from the high office and institutional glory he covets. The usual cause for this isolation is some manner of career dislocation. Common then in the poems composed on such occasions are elements of biography and history. Also present is the larger motif of wine-drinking, with its relevant philosophical and political implications. "Pouring Alone at the Prefectural Residence" is interesting as well for the narrative technique it employs. The poem is built thematically of segments of usually four, six or eight lines, which vary greatly in content from one to the next. Juxtaposed are stylized quotations, bare personal statements, historical anecdotes, heroic description, snatches of biographical data, flashbacks both in personal and in historical time, and classic formulations of basic Chinese foreign and domestic policy tenets. Taken together the effect is like that of a stream-of-consciousness narrative, but here, dependent precisely on the reader's knowledge of the history of the years covered and of the facts of Du Mu's life, the poem can be understood as a tightly woven statement of the poet's political views, of his life and career up to the moment of the poem, and certainly
Basic concepts and use of cyclazocine in the treatment of narcotic addiction.

Resume— Des developpements recents dans le champ des intoxications avec des narcotiques ont etabil les necessites prealables pour un acces rationnel a ces intoxications. Ceci ne denote pas qu'un procede definitif a eteetabli; cependant, une methode qui peut conduire a une variete de modalites significatives en rapport avec ces differents types, peut etre mis en pratique et evaluee. Puisque la structure de la societe contribue elle-meme a la genese et au maintien de l'intoxication, la resolution finale peut necessiter des changements sociaux. La strategie doit etre une telle dans laquelle un debut est fait le long de lignes qui sont practicables pour qu'on puisse proceder ainsi systematiquement au traitement et finalement empecher les types varies d'intoxications. Les types non justiciable de techniques courantes, seront traites par le developpement de nouvelles methodes. Zusammenfassung— Kurzliche Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiete der Rauschsuchtergebenheit haben die Voraussetzung fur eine rationelle Inangriffsnahme dieses Ubels an den Tag gebracht. Das soil nicht besagen, dass ein definites Vorgehen festgelegt wurde sondern, dass eine Methode, die zu einer Reihe von bedeutungsvollen Ausfuhrungsarten fuhren kann, welche ihrerseits fur die verschiedenen Typen belangvoll sind, praktisch eingesetzt und eingeschatzt werden kann. Da unsere Gesellschaftsstruktur aus sich selbst zum Entstehen und Weiterbestehen derartiger Suchtergebenheiten beitragt, konnte eine endgultige Schlussfolgerung zur Notwendigkeit von sozialen Umwandlungen gelangen. Die Taktik musste so gestaltet sein, dass als Anfang, durchfuhrbare Bahnen eingeschlagen werden, damit wir systematisch zur Behanglung und schliesslich Verhutung der verschiedenen Arten von Rauschsucht fortschreiten konnen. Gewisse Arten, bei denen die derzeitigen Methoden undurchfuhrbar sind, werden durch Entwicklung neuer Verfahren behandelt werden konnen.
Palaeoclimate: End of the African Humid Period

The Sahara was more humid and habitable thousands of years ago. Reconstructions of North African hydroclimate show that the onset of aridity started in the north, with the monsoon rains weakening progressively later at lower latitudes.