cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of PTSD and Chronic Daily Headache

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often comorbid with chronic migraine (CM) and chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral psychotherapies, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and venlafaxine have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of PTSD. Amitriptyline, topiramate, sodium valproate, and botulinum toxin A are efficacious for treatment of chronic daily headache (CDH). Treatment studies on individuals with CDH and comorbid PTSD, however, are limited. As such, multiple therapeutic agents or modes of interventions typically are necessary, such that comprehensive treatment simultaneously utilizes approaches with established efficacy for each individual condition.
Beach-cusp formation

Abstract Field experiments on beach-cusp formation were undertaken to document how the cuspate form develops and to test the edge-wave hypothesis on the uniform spacing of cusps. These involved observations of cusps forming from an initially plane foreshore. The cuspate form was observed to be a product of swash modification of an intertidal beach ridge as follows. A ridge, cut by a series of channels quasi-equally spaced along its length, was deposited onto the lower foreshore. The ridge migrated shoreward with flood tide, while the longshore positions of the channels remained fixed. On ebb tide, changes in swash circulation over the ridge allowed the upwash to flow shoreward through the channels and the channel mouths were eroded progressively wider until adjacent mouths met, effecting a cuspate shape. Measured spacings of cusps, ranging in size from less than 1 m to more than 12 m, agree well with computed spacings due to either zero-mode subharmonic or zero-mode synchronous edge waves. Edge-wave-induced longshore variations in run up will cause water ponded behind a ridge to converge at points of low swash and flow seaward as relatively narrow currents eroding channels spaced at one edge-wave wavelength for synchronous edge waves or one half wavelength for subharmonic edge waves. The channels are subsequently modified into cusp troughs as described above.
Modeling the Indiana coal rail transportation infrastructure

Summary form only given. The United States possesses a vast railroad infrastructure. Nearly one hundred forty thousand miles of rail exist across the country that are shared by over five hundred railroad companies. The railroad infrastructure is a driving force in the globalization of the US economy. As cross country container traffic has increased, traditional rail transport commodities such as coal have been forced to compete for scarce locomotive and track right resources. This competition has increased the cost of coal transportation. The state of Indiana ranks ninth nationally in the number of miles of railroad tracks. Indiana also possesses vast coal reserves. This paper presents the results of a project that used simulation to examine the coal transportation rail infrastructure capacity in the state of Indiana from the standpoint of increasing coal exports.
The role of varicocele repair in nonobstructive azoospermia must be evaluated with controlled trials rather than observational studies

Certainly, varicoceles can have a substantive effect on sperm production in infertile males. In addition, varicocele repair may optimize sperm production. However, additional studies and evaluation of the role of varicocele repair in men with this condition (nonobstructive azoospermia) are warranted.
The Surgical Looking Glass: A Readily Available Safeguard Against Eye Splash Injury/Contamination During Infiltration of Anesthesia for Cysts and Other “Porous” Lesions of the Skin

Background. “Breaks” in barrier precautions are a definite abrogating influence on the effectiveness of “universal precautions.” Dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons are exposed to significant infectious agents on a daily basis, especially due to the high number of minor surgical procedures performed. Backsplash, spray, and eye splash of bodily fluids during these procedures place the surgeon at a high risk of contamination/infection via the conjunctival membranes. The surgical looking glass is a simple utility based on inexpensive equipment already in place in the physician's office which protects the eyes and face during infiltrative anesthesia or incision of cysts and other lesions. Objective. To offer a simple and inexpensive utility to assist with protection from and reduction of contamination/infection of the ocular mucous membranes during surgical procedures. Methods. Utilizing one or two readily available microscope slides overlying the injection site during local infiltrative anesthesia, backsplash or spray can be contained. Results. This utility is effective in containment of backsplash or spray of anesthesia or bodily fluids during even minor surgical procedures. Conclusion. The surgical looking glass can enhance safety and promote “universal precautions” during even minor surgical procedures or infiltration of anesthesia into more porous areas or lesions for the practicing dermatologist or dermatologic surgeon. The pragmatic, practical, and inexpensive nature of the surgical looking glass invites its use on a daily basis by the practicing dermatologist.
Fifteen-year experience with minimally invasive approach for reoperations involving the mitral valve

Objective Reoperative sternotomy to address mitral valve pathology carries substantial risk, especially with patent bypass grafts or an aortic valve prosthesis. We previously reported our early experience with minimally invasive right thoracotomy and peripheral cannulation as an alternative strategy, and we recently reviewed our cumulative 15-year hospital outcomes with this approach. Methods Between June 1996 and April 2010, we performed right minithoracotomy for reoperations involving the mitral valve on 167 patients, 85 (51%) of these since 2006. Seventy-one percent had undergone previous coronary artery bypass grafting and 38% a previous valve procedure. Fibrillatory arrest was used in 77% and aortic clamping and root cardioplegia in 23%. Nineteen procedures were performed with robotic assistance. Results Mitral repair frequency increased during each 5-year interval of our experience (1996–2000, 43%; 2001–2005, 53%; 2006–2010, 72%; P = .019), including 80% of native mitral valves without stenosis. Concomitant procedure frequency, most commonly atrial fibrillation ablation, also increased during each 5-year interval (0%, 21%, 48%; P P = .037) was the only independent predictor of mortality in multivariable analysis. Conclusions Our updated experience confirmed the effectiveness of minimally invasive right thoracotomy to treat mitral pathology while avoiding reoperative sternotomy risk. We found fibrillatory and cardioplegic arrest methods to be safe myocardial preservation strategies with this approach.
Attraction of Heliothis virescens (F). (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) to volatiles from extracts of cotton flowers

Mated and virgin female and virgin male tobacco budworm moths,Heliothis virescens (F.), responded via directed upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays to volatiles from floral extracts of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L. Significantly more male and female moths landed on cloth dispensers treated with a methylene chloride extract of debracted flowers than on control dispensers treated only with methylene chloride. Only mated females landed in significant numbers on the dispensers treated with extract of cotton squares, flowers (including bracts), or flower petals. After landing, most of the moths examined the dispensers by probing with their antennae, proboscis, and/or ovipositor.
Different Signaling Roles of SHPTP2 in Insulin-induced GLUT1 Expression and GLUT4 Translocation

Insulin activates hexose transport via at least two mechanisms: a p21ras -dependent pathway, leading to an increase in the amount of cell surface GLUT1; and a metabolic, p21ras -independent pathway, leading to translocation of the insulin-responsive transporter GLUT4 to the cell surface. Following insulin stimulation, SHPTP2, a non-transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase, associates with insulin receptor substrate 1 via its Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. Microinjection of a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein encoding the N- and C-terminal SH2 domains of SHPTP2 (GST-NC-SH2) or anti-SHPTP2 antibodies into NIH-3T3 fibroblasts overexpressing the insulin receptor blocks insulin-induced DNA synthesis. Microinjection of either GST-NC-SH2 or anti-SHPTP2 antibodies into 3T3-L1 adipocytes inhibited the insulin-stimulated increase in expression of GLUT1. In contrast, translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface was unaffected by either GST-NC-SH2 or anti-SHPTP2 antibodies. These data confirm a role for SHPTP2 in insulin-stimulated mitogenesis and indicate that whereas SHPTP2 is necessary for insulin-stimulated expression of GLUT1, it is not required for activation of the metabolic pathway leading to GLUT4 translocation.
Imaging of fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly: A guide to management and outcome

Ultrasound imaging is the screening modality of choice for initial evaluation of the fetal central nervous system. However, there are times when fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides information additional to that available from ultrasound. This review will: (1) discuss the ultrasound evaluation of ventriculomegaly and its associated anomalies; (2) illustrate and expand upon the type of additional information MRI can provide beyond that which is available from ultrasound; and (3) discuss how this additional information can alter diagnosis as well as change maternal counselling and case management.
A Forward-Backward Time Integration Scheme to Treat Internal Gravity Waves

Abstract A forward time difference in the momentum equations and a backward time difference in the thermodynamic equation is conditionally stable according to von Neumann’s stability analysis of linearized anelastic equations. In an anelastic-hydrostatic system, this scheme is also conditionally stable in a staggered coordinate, but it is unstable for a two-grid-interval wave in a non-staggered coordinate. This unstable two-grid-interval wave can he avoided by applying the trapezoidal rule to calculate the pressure field from the hydrostatic equation.
Enhanced selectivity in ion mobility spectrometry analysis of complex mixtures by alternate reagent gas chemistry

Abstract Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) analysis of a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) at vapor levels of 10–40 mg/m 3 produced mobility spectra with broad profiles illustrating limitations of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for screening such mixtures. Preseparation of this mixture with a gas Chromatograph inlet to an ion mobility spectrometer enhanced analytical selectivity although OPC detection was complicated by co-elution with other VOCs. Water reagent gas in the ion source of the ion mobility spectrometer yielded 46 gas Chromatographic peaks in a mixture of 45 VOCs and 19 OPCs. Co-elution of two materials was observed in eight of the Chromatographic peaks and co-elution of three materials occurred in four instances. Further selectivity was gained using reagent gases of elevated proton affinity in the ion source. Reagent gas chemistry for acetone and dimethylsulfoxide reduced the number of GC peaks to 26 and 20, respectively. Moreover, spectral integrity and quantitative response for OPCs were retained at 50 to 1000 pg levels with these reagent gases. For OPCs, analyte ions were shown to be of the type M 2 H + under these conditions of analysis and the mobilities of the product ions were independent of reagent gas. Reduced mobility values were assigned to OPC spectra using a well-characterized OPC ion as the reference. Spectral profiles and reduced mobilities suggested that the OPC product ions were not clustered with reagent gas molecules at 100 °C.
Variolation and vaccination in South Asia, c. 1700–1865: A preliminary note

Abstract This paper is a report on continuing research on colonial public health measure in South Asia from the 18th to 20th centuries. Accounts of smallpox variolation and vaccination in South Asia are examined from 1700 to 1865. The transition from variolation to vaccination is examined in four phases: variolation, variolation-vaccination, limited vaccination, and intensified vaccination.
Effects of Breast and Formula Feedings on Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Methods The researcher reviewed the electronic medical records of all opioid-dependent women who were on methadone maintenance therapy or buprenorphine maintenance therapy when admitted for labor and delivery and their neonates. Infant feeding methods were examined in relation to neonatal abstinence syndrome. Results Infant feeding method did not predict neonatal length of stay for neonatal abstinence syndrome; however, there were statistically significant differences between formulaand breastfed infants in relation to the initiation of pharmacologic treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome. For the group of methadone maintenance therapy or buprenorphine maintenance therapy exposed neonates receiving neonatal abstinence syndrome treatment, those infants who were breastfed began first line therapy with phenobarbital 1.1 day later (p = .008) and their length of stay was shorter by 9.4 days (p = .016) as compared to formula-fed neonates or neonates who received formula and breast milk. An analysis of variance with the three infant feeding methods (formula, breast or mixed formula and breast) revealed significant differences in neonatal abstinence syndrome treatment between formulaand breastfed infants but not between the formulafed infants and infants fed formula and breast milk.
Midcourse multitarget tracking using continuous representation

The thrust of this paper is to present a new approach to multi-target tracking for the mid-course stage of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). This approach is based upon a continuum representation of a cluster of flying objects. We assume that the velocities of the flying objects can be embedded into a smooth velocity field. This assumption is based upon the impossibility of encounters in a high density cluster between the flying objects. Therefore, the problem is reduced to an identification of a moving continuum based upon consecutive time frame observations. In contradistinction to the previous approaches, here each target is considered as a center of a small continuous neighborhood subjected to a local-affine transformation, and therefore, the target trajectories do not mix. Obviously, their mixture in plane of sensor view is apparent. The approach is illustrated by an example.
DECENTRALIZED DIAGNOSIS OF EVENT-DRIVEN SYSTEMS FOR SAFELY REACTING TO FAILURES

Abstract We introduce the notion of safe-codiagnosability , extending the notion of safe-codiagnosability (Paoli and Lafortune, 2003) to the decentralized setting, where there exist multiple diagnosers performing diagnosis using their own observations without communicating to each other. For a system, a certain sub-behavior is deemed safe (captured via a safety specification), and a further sub-behavior is deemed non-faulty (captured via a non-fault specification). Safe-codiagnosability requires that when the system executes a trace that is faulty, there exists at least one diagnoser that can detect this within bounded delay and also before the safety specification is violated. The above notion of safe-codiagnosability may also be viewed as an extension of the notion of codiagnosability (Qiu and Kumar, 2004), where the latter did not have any safety requirement. We show that safe-codiagnosability is equivalent to codiagnosability together with “zero-delay codiagnosability” of “boundary safe traces”. (A safe trace is a boundary safe trace, if exists a single-event extension that is unsafe.) We give an algorithm of polynomial complexity for verifying safe-codiagnosability. For a safe-codiagnosable system, the same methods as those proposed in (Qiu and Kumar, 2004) can be applied for off-line synthesis of individual diagnosers, as well as for on-line diagnosis using them.
The Reactatron-A Low-Noise, Semiconductor Diode, Microwave Amplifier

A low-noise, microwave amplifier has been constructed using two non-linear capacitor microwave p-n junction diodes in a balanced hybrid system. Power gains in excess of 30 db with effective input noise temperatures less than 290°K have been observed at a frequency of 2900 mc.
Structural and functional variation within the alanine-rich repetitive domain of streptococcal antigen I/II.

Members of the antigen I/II family of cell surface proteins are highly conserved, multifunctional adhesins that mediate interactions of oral streptococci with other oral bacteria, with cell matrix proteins (e.g., type I collagen), and with salivary glycoproteins, e.g., gp340. The interaction of gp340 (formerly designated salivary agglutinin) with Streptococcus mutans requires an alanine-rich repetitive domain (A region) of antigen I/II that is highly conserved in all members of this family of proteins. In this report, we show that the A regions from the two Streptococcus gordonii M5 antigen I/II proteins (SspA and SspB) interact differently with the salivary gp340 glycoprotein and appear to be structurally distinct. Recombinant polypeptides encompassing the A region of SspA or from a highly related S. mutans antigen I/II protein (SpaP) competitively inhibited the interaction of gp340 with intact S. gordonii and S. mutans cells, respectively. In contrast, an A region polypeptide from SspB was inactive, and furthermore, it did not bind to purified gp340 in vitro. Circular dichroism spectra suggested that all three polypeptides were highly alpha-helical and may form coiled-coil structures. However, the A region of SspB underwent a conformational change and exhibited reduced alpha-helical structure at pH 8.5, whereas the A region polypeptides from SspA and SpaP were relatively stable under these conditions. Melt curves also indicated that at physiological pH, the A region of SspB lost alpha-helical structure more rapidly than that of SspA or SpaP when the temperature was increased from 10 to 40 degrees C. Furthermore, the SspB A region polypeptide denatured completely at a temperature that was 7 to 9 degrees C lower than that required for the A region polypeptide of SspA or SpaP. The full-length SspB protein and the three A region peptides migrated in native gel electrophoresis and column chromatography with apparent molecular masses that were approximately 2- to 2.5-fold greater than their predicted molecular masses. However, sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation data showed that the A region peptides sedimented as monomers, suggesting that the peptides may form nonglobular intramolecular coiled-coil structures under the experimental conditions used. Taken together, our results suggest that the A region of SspB is less stable than the corresponding A regions of SspA and SpaP and that this structural difference may explain, at least in part, the functional variation observed in their interactions with salivary gp340.
Acts of Faith: Churches and Political Engagement

Many observers suggest that white evangelical Protestant churches serve to mobilize their members into politics, while others argue that they encourage withdrawal from political life. This paper reconciles these two claims. I hypothesize that the time members of evangelical Protestant denominations spend in service to their church comes at the expense of participation in the wider community, contrary to the way mainline Protestant and Catholic churches foster civic activity among their members. However, I further hypothesize that the tight social networks formed through this intensive church activity can at times facilitate rapid and intense political mobilization. Data from the Citizen Participation Study supports the first hypothesis, while applying King's method of ecological inference to two elections in Alabama supports the second.
Assessment of recently developed density functionals for the calculation of enthalpies of formation in challenging cases

Abstract The errors in computed enthalpies of formation for a test set of molecules are compared for some recently developed density functional theory (DFT) functionals (PBE, VSXC, and PBE1PBE) with B3LYP and experiment. The test molecules studied here are an atypical set that includes molecules found to have larger enthalpy of formation errors for DFT methods. Overall, the B3LYP and VSXC functionals yield the best results, with VSXC yielding slightly better results even though, unlike B3LYP, VSXC does not contain any Hartree–Fock exchange.
An Affordance-Based Framework for Human Computation and Human-Computer Collaboration

Visual Analytics is “the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by visual interactive interfaces” [70]. The goal of this field is to develop tools and methodologies for approaching problems whose size and complexity render them intractable without the close coupling of both human and machine analysis. Researchers have explored this coupling in many venues: VAST, Vis, InfoVis, CHI, KDD, IUI, and more. While there have been myriad promising examples of human-computer collaboration, there exists no common language for comparing systems or describing the benefits afforded by designing for such collaboration. We argue that this area would benefit significantly from consensus about the design attributes that define and distinguish existing techniques. In this work, we have reviewed 1,271 papers from many of the top-ranking conferences in visual analytics, human-computer interaction, and visualization. From these, we have identified 49 papers that are representative of the study of human-computer collaborative problem-solving, and provide a thorough overview of the current state-of-the-art. Our analysis has uncovered key patterns of design hinging on humanand machine-intelligence affordances, and also indicates unexplored avenues in the study of this area. The results of this analysis provide a common framework for understanding these seemingly disparate branches of inquiry, which we hope will motivate future work in the field.
Learning when school is not in session: a reading summer day‐camp intervention to improve the achievement of exiting First‐Grade students who are economically disadvantaged

During the summer vacation children who are economically disadvantaged experience declines in reading achievement, while middle- and high-income children improve. Previous research has demonstrated that the most widely implemented intervention – sending economically disadvantaged students to summer school – has not led to increases in reading achievement. In this longitudinal randomised trial, a randomly assigned group of exiting First-Grade children who were economically disadvantaged was enrolled in a seven-week summer reading day camp. The intervention students' reading achievement was then compared to control group participants at four time points. Results showed noteworthy differences for intervention students in reading comprehension.
Linear free energy correlation in the low‐energy tandem mass spectra of sodiated tripeptides Gly‐Gly‐Xxx

The backbone cleavages of 14 sodiated tripeptides of the series Gly-Gly-Xxx, where Xxx = Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Met, Glu, Pro, Trp, Lys, His and Arg, were studied in a hybrid tandem mass spectrometer. A C-terminal y-type ion of the form y1 + Na + H was noted in all cases studied. N-Terminal bn + Na + 17, bn + Na - H and an + Na – H ions, along with internal fragments, were also noted. Because information on sodium affinities of amino acids is limited, the sodiated tripeptides studied were compared not only with the rank ordering of amino acid sodium affinities, but also on the basis of available proton affinities. A linear relationship between log[(y1 + Na + H)/(b2 + Na + 17)] and the proton affinity of the C-terminal amino acid substituents was found: as the proton affinity of the C-terminal residue increases, the fraction of y1 ion formation increases. When the C-terminal substituent was more basic than Trp, the correlation does not hold, probably because the highly basic amino acids, Lys, His, and Arg, are cationized on the side-chain instead of on the terminal amino group.
Obligations to future generations and acceptable risks of human extinction

Abstract This paper addresses the question, ‘what is the acceptable risk of human extinction?’ Three qualitative obligations to future generations – The Fairness Criterion, The Unfinished Business Criterion, and the Maintaining Options Criterion – are used to produce quantitative estimates of the acceptable risk. The resulting acceptable risks are all at or below 10−20, a very stringent standard.
Human gamma globulin: substrate for polyphenol oxidase.

In view of the problem of impaired body immunity in senescence the possible oxidation of human gamma globulin by the enzyme polyphenol oxidase was studied. Oxidation of denatured globulin by the enzyme was evidenced and measured by spectroscopic methods. Compounds such as ascorbate that lower the redox potential of body fluids act as inhibitor.
Missing In Interaction: Diversity, Narrative, and Critical Multicultural Social Studies

Abstract This article examines the production of historical knowledge in elementary and middle school classrooms. Drawing on an analysts of two qualitative case studies of the curriculum in use, the author argues that efforts to create narratives that embody diversity are flawed, due to their failure to represent the interactions between diverse groups and whites in US history. Because diverse groups and whites are “missing in interaction,” school-based historical knowledge is a poor resource for enabling students to develop a discourse of contemporary race and ethnic relations that addresses institutional racism, structural inequality, and power. The author concludes by arguing that a critical multicultural social studies must focus on the actions and interactions between diverse groups to make visible power relations in US history and society.
Humor in medicine.

The role of humor in medicine is becoming increasingly apparent. Humor helps individuals narrow interpersonal and cultural gaps, communicate difficult messages, express frustration and anger, and cope with anxiety. Primary care providers need to be able to interpret humor used by patients and can learn to use humor to create a healing environment. This article reviews the roles played by humor in the doctor-patient relationship and provides a brief guide to using one's sense of humor to improve and enrich patient care.
Variability of step kinematics in young and older adults

Fall-related injuries are the most common and serious medical problems facing older adults. Recent studies of older adults have focused on the variability of step kinematics and the relationship to falling. The accuracy of step variability estimates is proportional to the number of steps that are collected. The use of an instrumented treadmill allows simultaneous collection of spatial and temporal step kinematics for a large number of continuous steps. The current study was conducted to determine the influence of age, walking velocity and handrail use on the variability of step kinematics using a treadmill protocol. Eighteen young adults (average age: 27.7 +/- 3.3 years) and 12 healthy older adults (average age: 73.4 +/- 2.3 years) were recruited from the community. Temporal and spatial gait parameters were quantified using custom designed software from measurements collected during treadmill walking. The primary independent variables were the variability of step length, step width, and step time. Step width variability of older adults was significantly larger than that of young adults. Walking velocity did not influence step kinematic variability. Handrail usage influenced the variability of step length and step width, but not of step time. The present results, and those of previous studies, point to a consistent relationship between age and step width variability. Since step width variability has been implicated in falls, further research is warranted.
Coupled molecular dynamics/continuum simulations of Joule heating and melting of isolated copper–aluminum asperity contacts

Atomic-level dynamics of Joule heating, melting and plastic dynamics at loaded nanometer-scale Cu and Al asperity contacts are modeled using an ad hoc coupling between a numerical solution to a heat transport equation, a virtual resistor network for describing electric current flow and a molecular dynamics simulation using the embedded atom method. Under constant voltage conditions the simulations demonstrate the formation of an Al melt that removes faceting from a Cu asperity via surface disordering at the melt–solid interface. Constant current simulations demonstrate initial disordering of both copper and aluminum at the interface. Flow from the aluminum melt increases the contact area, which lowers the resistance and drops the voltage to below that needed for melting. For the system with a loaded copper asperity, the interface recrystallizes and the dynamics transition from molten flow to plastic damage via dislocation emission. For an aluminum asperity, the asperity remains disordered after the voltage drop and no dislocation emission occurs into the copper or aluminum substrate.
Methodological issues in coding sleep states in immature infants

Thirty-five healthy, premature infants, ranging from 30–39 weeks postconceptional age, were observed continuously for 6 to 24 hr. Behavioral state and electroencephalographic patterns were coded for each minute. Using these data, three questions regarding coding of states of sleep were addressed: What is the concordance between behavioral codes and specific EEG patterns? Does the concordance between behavioral codes and EEG patterns change with postconceptional age? What range of error can be expected when observation periods shorter than 24-hr are used to estimate the daily distribution of quiet sleep (QS) and active sleep (AS)? With behavioral codes as the standard, concordances of EEG patterns for QS and AS were 72.5 and 92.1% respectively. With EEG patterns as the standard, behavioral codes for QS and AS agreed 83.0 and 88.9%. Agreement between behavioral codes and EEG patterns for QS increased with age. Finally, variation in estimates of the daily distribution of QS and AS decreased dramatically as the length of observation increased from 3 to 24 hr. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of detector size to the broadening of the penumbra—a computer simulated study

The effect of detector size to the broadening of the measured beam penumbra has been a subject of numerous studies. Based on measured data, linear and quadratic curves have been proposed to describe the relationship between the measured penumbra width, between 10%–90% and 20%–80% intensities, and the detector size. Extrapolations of these curves to zero detector size also suggest that the inherent penumbras can be deduced. However, due to experimental noise, especially when a small ionization chamber is used, and the inherent penumbra is not known, it is difficult to discern the superiority of either model. In this study, one‐dimensional convolution using a thin circular disk shape detector was employed to analyze the effect of detector size to the broadening of the penumbra. A set of beams with different inherent penumbra widths, ranging from 0 to 350 in arbitrary unit, was first generated. Each beam was then convoluted with the response function of the detectors with different sizes from 10 to 280, in arbitrary unit. The result is an output signal with penumbra that is wider than the inherent penumbra. The plots of penumbra widths to detector radii are a family of concave parabolic curves with different inherent penumbra widths. The concave portions of the curve represent results from scanning with detectors equal to or smaller than the penumbra width, and the linear portions represent results from scanning with detectors much larger than the penumbra. The curves are nothing but different scales of one curve. The extrapolations of the curves to the penumbra axis when the detector radius approaches zero give the deduced inherent penumbra widths. The deduced inherent penumbra widths approximate the inherent penumbra widths satisfactorily. From the graphs provided, the inherent penumbra can be deduced using the detector radius and the measured penumbra width.
Effect of moisture content on selected physicochemical properties of two commercial hen egg white powders

After short-term storage at 23°C, selected physicochemical properties of two hen egg white powders (with and without hydrolysis) were studied. Overall, the effect of moisture content on physicochemical properties of Hydrolysed Egg White powder (HEW) was more severe than those of Dried Egg White powder (DEW). The denaturation temperature (Td) and its enthalpy change (ΔHd) of ovalbumin in DEW followed an exponential model, as well as the Td of HEW. The Gordon-Taylor equation modelled well the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of HEW and DEW. The Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model fitted well to the type II moisture sorption isotherm. At the critical moisture content (12.0%, dry basis), compared with DEW, the colour of HEW began to darken dramatically and its hardness started to change significantly. These changes were closely related to the inherent characteristics of the two products. The mechanisms relevant to these physicochemical changes were discussed.
Psycotherapeutic Possibilities of New Fantasy-Enhancing Drugs

(1969). Psycotherapeutic Possibilities of New Fantasy-Enhancing Drugs. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 209-224.
Leverage Points, Paradigms, and Grounded Action: Intervening in Educational Systems

This article discusses connections between grounded action, leverage points, and paradigm transformation and transcendence. Part one provides background on Meadows' (1999) approach to leverage points as well as the concept of paradigms. Part two argues that grounded action is inherently suited for leverage points analysis and paradigm-based interventions. Part three offers an example of individual paradigm transformation in the educational context vis-a-vis Olson's (2006) grounded theory of driven succeeding. The article concludes with considerations of how the application of grounded action in one classroom might leverage system-wide paradigm transformation.
Novel approach to right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction using a stentless porcine valve.

Background The use of a stentless aortic bioprosthesis offers the advantages of a larger effective valve orifice size, reduced transvalvular gradients, and improved hemodynamics versus stented valves. We hypothesized that these features would make the Toronto stentless porcine valve a preferred choice for patients with congenital abnormalities of the right ventricular outflow tract. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 21 patients with tetralogy of Fallot who subsequently underwent right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction during a 6-year period. Results The majority of patients received a 29-mm valve (n = 13), 5 received a 27-mm valve, with 1 each additional implant of a 19-, 22-, and 23-mm prosthesis. The mean age and weight were 24.5 years (range, 7 to 54 years) and 55.6 kg (range, 13.9 to 98.0 kg), respectively. Preoperatively, all patients had severe pulmonary insufficiency, mixed with mild to moderate stenosis in 2. The duration of postoperative echocardiographic follow-up ranged from 10 to 70 months (mean, 37.7 months). At the time of most recent follow-up, pulmonary insufficiency was graded as zero to trace in 47.4% (9 of 19 patients), mild in 42.1% (8 of 19 patients), and moderate in 10.5%, with 6 patients (31.6%) having concomitant pulmonary stenosis. The most recent mean and peak transvalvular gradients averaged 17.4 mm Hg (range, 11 to 24 mm Hg) and 26 mm Hg (range, 13 to 42 mm Hg), respectively. There have been no valve-related complications or explants, with one late death as a result of a noncardiac cause. Conclusions The stentless porcine valve is well suited for valve replacement in children, adolescents, and adults with congenital abnormalities of the right ventricular outflow tract, regardless of patient or valve size, particularly when significant downstream hemodynamic abnormalities exist.
Apolipoprotein L gene family: tissue-specific expression, splicing, promoter regions; discovery of a new gene

Previously we identified and cloned the cDNA for a new protein, apolipoprotein L (apoL), present in plasma and mainly associated with large high density lipo- protein particles. Using 5 9 rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RT-PCR and comparison with three Human Genome Project and three expressed sequence tag sequences, we have characterized the gene for apoL and for three addi- tional, highly homologous proteins that constitute a new family of proteins that display no homology with previously described apolipoproteins. The genes for all four proteins, apoL-I, apoL-II, apoL-III, and apoL-IV, are located at chro- mosome 22q12.1-13.1 within a 127,000-bp region. The apoL-I gene is in the opposite orientation to the other three. All four genes have TATA-less promoters, which contain pu- tative sterol regulatory elements, suggesting that transcrip- tion of these genes may be coordinated with that of the low density lipoprotein receptor and genes in pathways involv- ing the synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol. The gene family has a consensus eight-exon structure with alternative splice sites that could produce as many as eight distinct gene products. The apoL-II and apoL-III genes have alter- native transcriptional start sites as a result of additional 5 9 exons. apoL-I, apoL-II, and apoL-III are expressed to the highest degree in the lung. Other tissues with high expres- sion are the pancreas, prostate, spleen, liver, and pla- centa . Four clustered common polymorphisms, three of which altered the protein sequence, were found in apoL-I, all in linkage disequilibrium, and describing two haplo- types: the more common Lys 166 /Ile 244 /Lys 271 and the rarer Glu 166 /Met 244 /Arg 271 . —Duchateau, P. N., C. R. Pullinger, M. H. Cho, C. Eng, and J. P. Kane. Apolipoprotein L gene family: tissue-specific expression, splicing, promoter regions; discovery of a new gene. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 620-630.
Marmite: Towards End-User Programming for the Web

Many information tasks on the web require users to make use of multiple websites, for both content as well as information processing or visualization features. Programmers have created "mashups," which customize or combine the functionality of multiple websites by extracting information from web pages or accessing web services APIs. Non-programmers lack the tools or skills create such customizations because of the programming obstacles involved. Marmite is a tool that empowers non-programmers to create functionality similar to those found in mashups.
Robust nonlinear feedback control for robotic manipulators

Nonlinear feedback control algorithms for manipulators utilise the complete (coupled and nonlinear) dynamic model to decouple the robot joints. In this framework, we present a comparative evaluation of the computed-torque and direct-design control algorithms, and outline the practical problems introduced by modelling inaccuracies, unmodelled dynamics and parameter errors. We then formulate the α-computed-torque nonlinear feedback control algorithm which is robust in the presence of the aforementioned error sources. Numerical experiments with cylindrical robots confirm the robustness and applicability of our α-computed-torque algorithm.
Thermal adaptation of heterotrophic soil respiration in laboratory microcosms.

Respiration of heterotrophic microorganisms decomposing soil organic carbon releases carbon dioxide from soils to the atmosphere. In the short term, soil microbial respiration is strongly dependent on temperature. In the long term, the response of heterotrophic soil respiration to temperature is uncertain. However, following established evolutionary tradeoffs, mass-specific respiration (Rmass) rates of heterotrophic soil microbes should decrease in response to sustained increases in temperature (and vice-versa). Using a laboratory microcosm approach, we tested the potential for the Rmass of the microbial biomass in six different soils to adapt to three, experimentally imposed, thermal regimes (constant 10, 20 or 301C). To determine Rmass rates of the heterotrophic soil microbial biomass across the temperature range of the imposed thermal regimes, we periodically assayed soil subsamples using similar approaches to those used in plant, animal and microbial thermal adaptation studies. As would be expected given trade-offs between maximum catalytic rates and the stability of the binding structure of enzymes, after 77 days of incubation Rmass rates across the range of assay temperatures were greatest for the 101C experimentally incubated soils and lowest for the 301C soils, with the 201C incubated soils intermediate. The relative magnitude of the difference in Rmass rates between the different incubation temperature treatments was unaffected by assay temperature, suggesting that maximum activities and not Q10 were the characteristics involved in thermal adaptation. The time taken for changes in Rmass to manifest (77 days) suggests they likely resulted from population or species shifts during the experimental incubations; we discuss alternate mechanistic explanations for those results we observed. A future research priority is to evaluate the role that thermal adaptation plays in regulating heterotrophic respiration rates from field soils in response to changing temperature, whether seasonally or through climate change.
Adaptive noise cancellation schemes for magnetic flux leakage signals obtained from gas pipeline inspection

Nondestructive evaluation of the gas pipeline system is most commonly performed using magnetic flux leakage (MFL) techniques. A major segment of this network employs seamless pipes. The data obtained From MFL inspection of seamless pipes is contaminated by various sources of noise, including seamless pipe noise due to material properties of the pipe, lift-off variation of MFL sensor due to motion of the pipe and system noise due to on-board electronics. The noise can considerably reduce the detectability of defect signals in MFL data. This paper presents a new technique for improving the signal-to-noise-ratio in MFL data obtained from seamless pipes. The approach utilizes normalized least mean squares adaptive noise filtering coupled with wavelet shrinkage denoising to minimize the effects of various sources of noise. Results from application of the approach to data from field tests are presented. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and data-independent.
Sincalide in Patients with Parenteral Nutrition—Associated Gallbladder Disease

OBJECTIVETo review the role of sincalide in treating and preventing parenteral nutrition (PN)–associated gallbladder disease.DATA SOURCESA MEDLINE (1996–March 2004) search was performed using the key terms cholecystokinin, sincalide, parenteral nutrition, cholelithiasis, cholestasis, and sludge.DATA SYNTHESISFive human studies investigated the safety and efficacy of sincalide in patients with PN-associated gallbladder disease. Sincalide at intravenous doses of 0.04 μg/kg 3 times daily increased bile flow and improved serum bilirubin levels. However, patients with advanced liver disease did not respond to sincalide therapy. Long-term follow-up data on sincalide effects on liver disease progression are not yet available.CONCLUSIONSSincalide improved the signs of cholestasis. However, its long-term effects in preventing and treating PN-associated gallbladder disease remain unknown and its routine use for this indication cannot be recommended at this time.
The Use of Structure Functions and Spectra from Numerical Model Output to Determine Effective Model Resolution

Abstract The effective model resolution of three numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is determined from analyses of spatial structure functions and spatial spectra. In this paper, the effective resolution is defined as the dimensions of the rectangular spatial filter that describes the net effect of all of the NWP model’s numerical filtering and smoothing effects. These effects are determined by comparison of spatial statistics of the NWP model output with statistical climatologies derived from aircraft data for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The comparisons are based on both spatial structure functions and spatial spectra. The structure function approach has fewer assumptions and fewer numerical artifacts. Accurate estimates of NWP effective model resolution require a robust climatology of the spatial statistics, which are a function of latitude and location, such as over mountainous regions. An artifact in the climatology of the velocity statistics resulting from mountain waves is i...
Manual Manipulation of Engine Throttles for Emergency Flight Control

If normal aircraft flight controls are lost, emergency flight control may be attempted using only engines thrust. Collective thrust is used to control flightpath, and differential thrust is used to control bank angle. Flight test and simulation results on many airplanes have shown that pilot manipulation of throttles is usually adequate to maintain up-and-away flight, but is most often not capable of providing safe landings. There are techniques that will improve control and increase the chances of a survivable landing. This paper reviews the principles of throttles-only control (TOC), a history of accidents or incidents in which some or all flight controls were lost, manual TOC results for a wide range of airplanes from simulation and flight, and suggested techniques for flying with throttles only and making a survivable landing.
Testing the Protestant Ethic Thesis with Quantitative Historical Data: A Research Note

We provide a test of the thesis that Protestantism influenced the development of modern capitalism by using quantitative data from 1500 through 1870. Results show that during this period the percentage of a country's population that is Protestant is unrelated to both its level of per capita GDP and the average rate of its annual growth in per capita GDP. We conclude that the thesis that the Protestant ethic has been an important factor in the growth of modern capitalism is not supported.
Troubles with bubbles

The bubbles method is a recently developed variant of reverse correlation methods that have been used in psychophysics and physiology. We show mathematically that for the broad and important class of noisy linear observers, the bubbles method recovers much less information about how observers process stimuli than reverse correlation does. We also show experimentally that the unusual type of noise used in the bubbles method can drastically change human observers' strategies in psychophysical tasks, which reduces the value of the information that is obtained from a bubbles experiment. We conclude that reverse correlation is generally preferable to the bubbles method in its present form, but we also give suggestions as to how the bubbles method could be modified to avoid the problems we discuss.