cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capturing expression using linguistic information

Recognizing similarities between literary works for copyright infringement detection requires evaluating similarity in the expression of content. Copyright law protects expression of content; similarities in content alone are not enough to indicate infringement. Expression refers to the way people convey particular information; it captures both the information and the manner of its presentation. In this paper, we present a novel set of linguistically informed features that provide a computational definition of expression and that enable accurate recognition of individual titles and their paraphrases more than 80% of the time. In comparison, baseline features, e.g., tfidf-weighted keywords, function words, etc., give an accuracy of at most 53%. Our computational definition of expression uses linguistic features that are extracted from POS-tagged text using context-free grammars, without incurring the computational cost of full parsers. The results indicate that informative linguistic features do not have to be computationally prohibitively expensive to extract.
A spectrum of gene regulatory phenomena at mammalian β-globin gene lociThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 30th Annual International Asilomar Chromatin and Chromosomes Conference, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.

The β-globin gene cluster in mammals, consisting of a set of erythroid-specific, developmentally activated, and (or) silenced genes, has long presented a model system for the investigation of gene ...
Thermodynamic Analysis of Syngas Production and Sulfur Capturing from a Mixture of Methane and Hydrogen Sulfide Using a Solar Thermochemical Redox Cycle

Syngas production and sulfur capturing from a mixture of methane and H2S via a novel two-step solar thermochemical cycle based on metal oxide/metal sulfide redox reactions is thermodynamically anal...
C‐reactive protein from dried blood spots: Application to household air pollution field studies

Household air pollution (HAP) is estimated to be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but little clinical evidence exists and collecting biomarkers of disease risk is difficult in low-resource settings. Among 54 Nicaraguan women with woodburning cookstoves, we evaluated cross-sectional associations between 48-hour measures of HAP (eg, fine particulate matter, PM2.5 ) and C-reactive protein (CRP) via dried blood spots; secondary analyses included seven additional biomarkers of systemic injury and inflammation. We conducted sub-studies to calculate the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in biomarkers collected over four consecutive days in Nicaragua and to assess the validity of measuring biomarkers in dried blood by calculating the correlation with paired venous-drawn samples in Colorado. Measures of HAP were associated with CRP (eg, a 25% increase in indoor PM2.5 was associated with a 7.4% increase in CRP [95% confidence interval: 0.7, 14.5]). Most of the variability in CRP concentrations over the 4-day period was between-person (ICC: 0.88), and CRP concentrations were highly correlated between paired dried blood and venous-drawn serum (Spearman ρ = .96). Results for secondary biomarkers were primarily consistent with null associations, and the sub-study ICCs and correlations were lower. Assessing CRP via dried blood spots provides a feasible approach to elucidate the association between HAP and cardiovascular disease risk.
Classifying Meteorological Echoes in Weather Radar Images with Transfer Learning

One of the limiting factors in any research into meteorological phenomena is in locating data where the phenomena of interest is present. In the case of weather radar data, it is often required to aggregate notes, storm reports, and historical references to cross reference the vast repositories of image data available to the researcher, allowing the researcher to then manually examine the appropriate scans. In this work we present a method for classifying meteorological regimes by applying computer vision techniques, including a convolutional neural network, using weather radar imagery from the CASA DFW X-band radar network in Dallas-Fort Worth, TX. This work demonstrates the utility and validity of using Transfer Learning to apply image insights gained from careful and exhaustive training on photographic images to an unrelated data domain and achieve valuable results. This strategy is expected to assist scientists in reducing time and effort in data discovery and reducing time to science.
Surviving COVID-19: A disease tolerance perspective.

In December 2019, an epidemic of pneumonia of unknown cause emerged in Wuhan, China. In early January 2020, a virus was sequenced and identified as a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. By March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a pandemic with current numbers reaching over one million individuals infected and approximately 75,000 deaths globally. There has always been a disconnect between our methods for treating infectious diseases and our understanding of the mechanisms that promote the survival of infections ( 1 ). This global pandemic has underscored the necessity to understand how it is that we survive infections, and why this may be different from the ways we often think about the treatment of infectious diseases. A successful response to any infectious disease outbreak requires a multipronged approach. With COVID-19, governments are enforcing unprecedented quarantines and social distancing measures to facilitate the containment and reduce transmission of the virus – efforts that are proving to be effective. Scientists from private and public sectors are racing to identify a successful vaccine, which will be essential for the prevention of future infections and mortalities, thereby reducing pressures on the healthcare system, economy and society. Where these efforts fall short are with the current approaches for developing treatments for those that are sick with and dying from a COVID-19 infection. The current potential COVID-19 treatments being tested include anti-virals already in use for HIV, anti-malarial drugs and other compounds that may prevent viral replication, and convalescent serum. The WHO has a similar focus on identification of therapies that destroy the virus with their launch of the SOLIDARITY trial that is streamlining the testing of multiple anti-viral strategies that may be effective against COVID-19 ( 2 ). The unifying goal for these …
Nucleophosmin 1 Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a ubiquitously expressed nucleolar protein involved in ribosome biogenesis, the maintenance of genomic integrity and the regulation of the ARF-p53 tumor-suppressor pathway among multiple other functions. Mutations in the corresponding gene cause a cytoplasmic dislocation of the NPM1 protein. These mutations are unique to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a disease characterized by clonal expansion, impaired differentiation and the proliferation of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. Despite our improved understanding of NPM1 mutations and their consequences, the underlying leukemia pathogenesis is still unclear. Recent studies that focused on dysregulated gene expression in AML with mutated NPM1 have shed more light into these mechanisms. In this article, we review the current evidence on normal functions of NPM1 and aberrant functioning in AML, and highlight investigational strategies targeting these mutations.
The Trojan War at the Court of Ivan the Terrible

The Illustrated Chronicle Compilation, one of the great projects of Ivan the Terrible’s reign, included a full Russian translation of the History of the Destruction of Troy by the thirteenth century Sicilian judge, Guido delle Colonne. A prose version of a French romance of chivalry, the text fits poorly with our conceptions of sixteenth century Russian culture. Was it history or fiction? Was it secular, or is that term not useful? Partial answers come from references to the text by the boyar V. M. Tuchkov, Ivan himself, and the use of the text by later authors after the Time of Troubles.
Graphene/ZnO van der Waals Stacks for Thermal Management

The weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions and the unique interface that dominates layered 2D materials provide a powerful platform for materials engineering. The proximity effects in vdW heterostru...
The Spread of Covid-19 Disclosure

Investors rely on corporate disclosure to make informed decisions about the value of companies they invest in The COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique opportuni
Limited sun safety education in high school curricula: a pilot study and call to action.

Although tanning is widespread, the use of both indoor and outdoor tanning most often begins in adolescence and young adulthood and is more prevalent in adolescents and young adults (AYA) than any other age group. Despite this, information regarding sun safety education in high school curricula is limited. In this pilot study, we sought to characterize the presence of education regarding sun safety in the curricula of US public high schools. Cross-sectional survey administered to random sample stratified by state of public high schools in the US. 31 high schools from 22 states submitted survey responses (Fig. 1). Ten high schools (32.2%) provided curricula regarding sun safety. Southern high schools were less likely to provide sun safety education (p = 0.01). The lack of an association between sociodemographic characteristics of the high school and the provision of sun safety curricula suggests that the lack of sun safety education may be widespread. These findings support a call to action regarding further research to better characterize the efficacy of implementing sun safety education in high school curricula. Educational interventions designed to inform high school students about sun safety present a unique opportunity to intervene in the rising skin cancer rates in the AYA population. As rates of skin cancer in AYA continue to rise, it is vital to develop strategies to implement education regarding sun safety and skin cancer risk factors in high school curricula.
Would firm generators facilitate or deter variable renewable energy in a carbon-free electricity system?

Abstract To reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions and mitigate impacts of climate change, countries across the world have mandated quotas for renewable electricity. But a question has remained largely unexplored: would low-cost, firm, zero-carbon electricity generation technologies enhance—or would they displace—deployment of variable renewable electricity generation technologies, i.e., wind and solar photovoltaics, in a least-cost, fully reliable, and deeply decarbonized electricity system? To address this question, we modeled idealized electricity systems based on historical weather data and considered only technoeconomic factors. We did not apply a predetermined use model. We found that cost reductions in firm generation technologies (starting at current costs, ramping down to nearly zero) uniformly resulted in increased penetration of the firm technologies and decreased penetration of variable renewable electricity generation, in electricity systems where technology deployment is primarily driven by relative costs, and across a wide array of future technology cost assumptions. Similarly, reduced costs of variable renewable electricity (starting at current costs, ramping down to nearly zero) drove out firm generation technologies. Yet relative to deployment of “must-run” firm generation technologies, and when the studied firm technologies have high fixed costs relative to variable costs, the addition of flexibility to firm generation technologies had only limited impacts on the system cost, less than a 9% system cost reduction in our idealized model. These results reveal that policies and funding that support particular technologies for low- or zero-carbon electricity generation can inhibit the development of other low- or zero-carbon alternatives.
First study of Hohlraum x-ray preheat asymmetry inside an ICF capsule

In indirect drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF), laser induced Hohlraum preheat radiation (so-called M-band, >1.8 keV) asymmetry will lead to asymmetric ablation front and ablator–fuel interface hydrodynamic instability growth in an imploding capsule. First experiments to infer the M-band asymmetries at the capsule were performed on the National Ignition Facility for high density carbon (HDC) ICF capsules in low density fill (0.3 mg/cc 4He) Au Hohlraums by time resolved imaging of 2.3 keV fluorescence emission of a smaller Mo sphere placed inside the capsule. Measured Mo emission is pole hot (P2 > 0) since M-band is generated mainly by the outer laser beams as their irradiance at the Hohlraum wall is 5× higher than for the inner beams. P2 has a greater negative than positive swing vs time [Δ(P2/P0)/Δt ∼ 0.2/ns], giving insight into laser heated Hohlraum dynamics. P4 asymmetry is small at the sphere due to efficient geometric smoothing of Hohlraum asymmetries at large Hohlraum-to-capsule ratios. The M-band P2 history is qualitatively reproduced by radiation hydrodynamic HYDRA simulations. The smaller P2 than that calculated earlier suggests either less outer beam spot motion and/or preheat emission. At late times, the observed P2 swing is larger and P4 is more negative than simulated, which could be due to inner beams being stopped more in the outer beams wall plasma bubble than simulated. Asymmetry at the HDC capsule inner surface (“ice–ablator interface”) is also inferred from the Mo emission asymmetry by an analytic viewfactor model, accounting for the Mo/HDC radius difference and HDC capsule opacity.
“A critical theory of communication in capitalist society?” A review: Communication and capitalism: a critical theory: by Christian Fuchs, London, University of Westminster Press, 2020, 386 pages, $34.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-912656-71-4

This new text by Christian Fuchs focuses on the way capitalist logics incorporate communication and information processes and media. Fuchs analysis takes a critical perspective, arguing that capita...
Toward a pragmatics of relating in conversational interaction

Abstract Across a range of widely cited articles and books, Michael Haugh has advanced insightful, empirically grounded perspectives on implicature, intention, conversational interaction, social practices, im/politeness, face, cultural perspectives, meta-linguistics, corpora, and more as core issues in pragmatics. Among these perspectives are Haugh's argument that if scholars of language pragmatics are to continue to advance their understandings, research must focus not only on the phenomena involved in forming action and meaning for utterances in conversational interaction, but also on key socio-cognitive phenomena entailed in forming actions and meanings. Tracing Haugh's careful, long term development of this argument reveals that it is one essential basis for his argument that im/politeness phenomena are best understood not in terms of inferring intentions, but as evaluative social practices constituted by persons in everyday interaction. Engaging im/politeness practices requires at least two persons, just as do the practices through which persons constitute relationships in everyday interacting. It follows that Haugh's argument for studying the pragmatics of forming actions and meanings within conversational interaction is also one essential basis for advancing research on the pragmatics of human relating in conversation.
A política de um cenário de dados transformado: estatísticas etnorraciais no Brasil em uma perspectiva comparativa regional / The politics of a datascape transformed: ethnoracial statistics in Brazil in regional comparative perspective

As primeiras decadas do seculo XXI presenciaram uma dramatica transformacao do cenario de dados para a producao de estatisticas etnorraciais na America Latina. Essa transformacao e mais evidente nos censos nacionais da regiao. Ha algumas decadas, quase nenhum pais latino-americano incluia questoes sobre raca ou etnia em seu censo nacional. Ja no censo de 2010, quase todos os paises da regiao coletaram informacoes sobre identificacao etnica ou racial. Este artigo argumenta que a producao de dados populacionais etnorraciais na America Latina e tanto um produto da politica quanto produz a politica. Tais dados contribuem para moldar o terreno que parecem meramente descrever, mas nem sempre da maneira prevista ou pretendida. Colocar a experiencia brasileira em uma perspectiva comparativa regional revela como essas estatisticas oficiais podem produzir resultados que sao simultaneamente producentes e contraproducentes para os objetivos daqueles que lutam, primeiramente, por sua producao. *** Abstract The first decades of the 21 st century witnessed a dramatic transformation of the datascape for the production of ethnoracial statistics in Latin America. This transformation is most strikingly evident in national censuses in the region. A few decades ago almost no Latin American countries included questions about race or ethnicity in their national census. By the 2010 census round, almost every country in the region collected information about ethnic or racial identification. This article argues that the production of ethnoracial population data in Latin America is both product of politics and productive of politics. Ethnoracial statistics contribute to shaping the terrain they seem to merely describe, but not always in ways that are predicted or intended. Placing the Brazilian experience in regional comparative perspective illuminates how official ethnoracial statistics can produce outcomes that are simultaneously productive and counterproductive to the aims of those who struggle for their production in the first place.
Figure-of-Merit for Laterally Diffused MOSFETs with Rectangular and Semi-Circular Field Oxides

We derive an analytical relation between on-resistance and breakdown voltage for LDMOS devices with different Field-OXide (FOX) configurations. We consider two FOX shapes: rectangular and semi-circular. We solve the Poisson equation in Cartesian and polar coordinates to deduce the electric field and potential profiles for the rectangular case and the semi-circular case. We use a Taylor expansion approximation to simplify the on-resistance equation for the semi-circular case. We calculate the on-resistance under doping dependent electron mobility assumptions. We find and optimum value for drift doping concentration which minimizes the on-resistance at each breakdown voltage. We provide a range for the drift doping concentration in which LDMOS transistors with semi-circular FOX outperform LDMOS transistors with rectangular FOX. Finally, we validate our analytical findings with TCAD simulations.
Impact and Bubble Radiation from Obliquely Incident Raindrops

The sound generated by rainfall at sea is caused by drops of a wide range of sizes which fall at their terminal velocities and strike the water at various angles of incidence. Complete acoustical measurements have been made of the sound generated by single water drops of diameters 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 mm striking a laboratory water surface at terminal velocities, at normal and oblique incidence. The measurements have included the total acoustic energy, peak axial pressure, frequency spectrum, polar radiation pattern, and probability of bubble creation. When normal incidence drops create bubbles, their radiated energy is much greater than from the impact. However, as the angle of incidence becomes more oblique, the probability of formation of a bubble decreases greatly. For example, a 1 mm drop, which always creates a bubble at normal incidence and terminal velocity, does so only 10% of the tests at incidence 20° away from normal. Furthermore, at increasingly oblique incidence, the bubble resonance frequency increases while the impact sound peak frequency decreases and its acoustical energy increases. These results provide specific reasons for the previously unexplained broadening, frequency increase, and magnitude decrease of the 15 kHz spectral peak of rain noise in the presence of increasing winds at sea.
Past and Future

In this concluding chapter I have two purposes. First, I wish to give a brief overview of the development of the “economics of gambling” research field. Second, I discuss important new areas of research and explain the direction in which I expect gambling research to move in the near future.
Learning from Good and Bad Data

I Identification in the Limit from Indifferent Teachers.- 1 The Identification Problem.- 1.1 Learning from Indifferent Teachers.- 1.2 A Working Assumption.- 1.3 Convergence.- 1.4 A General Strategy.- 1.5 Examples from Existing Research.- 1.6 Basic Definitions.- 1.7 A General Algorithm.- 1.8 Additional Comments.- 2 Identification by Refinement.- 2.1 Order Homomorphisms.- 2.2 Refinements.- 2.2.1 Introduction.- 2.2.2 Upward and Downward Refinements.- 2.2.3 Summary.- 2.3 Identification by Refinement.- 2.4 Conclusion.- 3 How to Work With Refinements.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Three Useful Properties.- 3.3 Normal Forms and Monotonic Operations.- 3.4 Universal Refinements.- 3.4.1 Abstract Formulation.- 3.4.2 A Refinement for Clause-Form Sentences.- 3.4.3 Inductive Bias.- 3.5 Conclusions.- 3.6 Appendix to Chapter 3.- 3.6.1 Summary of Logic Notation and Terminology.- 3.6.2 Proof of Theorem 3.32.- 3.6.3 Refinement Properties of Figure 3.2.- II Probabilistic Identification from Random Examples.- 4 Probabilistic Approximate Identification.- 4.1 Probabilistic Identification in the Limit.- 4.2 The Model of Valiant.- 4.2.1 Pac-Identification.- 4.2.2 Identifying Normal-Form Expressions.- 4.2.3 Related Results about Valiant's Model.- 4.3 Using the Partial Order.- 4.4 Summary.- 5 Identification from Noisy Examples.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Prior Research Results.- 5.3 The Classification Noise Process.- 5.4 Pac-Identification.- 5.4.1 Finite Classes.- 5.4.2 Infinite Classes.- 5.4.3 Estimating the Noise Rate ?.- 5.5 Probabilistic Identification in the Limit.- 5.6 Identifying Normal-Form Expressions.- 5.7 Other Models of Noise.- 5.8 Appendix to Chapter 5.- 6 Conclusions.
Supreme Court Confirmation Hearings and Constitutional Change

1. A confirmation process worth celebrating 2. How it works: the nuts and bolts of the confirmation process 3. Public opinion and precedent at confirmation hearings 4. An issue-by-issue look at the hearings 5. The discussion of precedent at the hearings 6. Confirmation conditions 7. The 104th justice 8. Currently contested constitutional questions 9. Our Constitution.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE RELATIVE SHARE OF LABOR: THE CASE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTION IN THE U.S.

Tobacco production traditionally has been a highly labor-intensive operation in this country. Although the entire crop is grown on only .3 of 1 percent of the total cropland, tobacco requires more labor than is required for all vegetable crops and about the same amount as needed for cotton and food grains combined (USDA, Agricultural Statistics) . However, in recent years a growing trend toward mechanization of harvesting-curing operations has, among other effects, greatly reduced labor usage. During the time period 1949–1976, total man-hours in tobacco production in the United States declined from 747 million to only 275 million—a reduction of more than 63 percent (USDA, Agricultural Statistics ). Much of this reduction has been due to the introduction of bulk curing barns and mechanical harvesters (multipass and once-over types), which have replaced tying by hand or machines, conventional barns, and walking or riding primers. Mechanization of tobacco production has been relatively slow because of the special growing, harvesting, and curing requirements. However, the present state of mechanization is not insignificant.
Naproxen, aspirin, and codeine in postpartum uterine pain.

A 2-part double-blind test was used to assess the analgesic effect of oral naproxen an aspirin-like drug as a pain reliever for postpartum uterine pain. In 2 separate trials single doses of 300 and 600 mg naproxen and 275 mg of its sodium salt were compared for efficacy with either 650 mg aspirin 60 mg codeine or a placebo. Changes in pain intensity and development of side effects were determined through periodic interviews. Results are graphed and tabulated. Patient characteristics did not differ from 1 group to another. With all the naproxen doses onset and peak of analgesic effects took 2 or more hours to appear but the duration was long 7-8 hours. Results with the codeine were indistinguishable from placebo throughout the test indicating that normal doses of codeine are inadequate for postpartum pain. Pain reliever effects with aspirin were satisfactory. The effects began and ended 2 hours earlier with the aspirin dosages. It was concluded that naproxen and aspirin were equieffective at the p > 005 level. The most commonly-reported side effects in both trials were headache dizziness and drowsiness. There were no significant differences among treatment groups as to the incidence of side effects and there were no dose-dependent side effects with naproxen. The naproxen did seem to cause a .5-.7 lowering of body temperature. Comparable reductions were seen with the aspirin. Results fron this study confirmed earlier test results.
Maxwell's and Boltzmann's Triumphant Contributions to and Misconceived Interpretations of Thermodynamics

The statistical interpretation is discussed and found to be inadequate to explain thermodynamic phenomena. Two alternative approaches to the statistical interpretation are summarized, one purely thermodynamic, and the other quantum-theoretic and thermodynamic.
Longitudinal study of semen quality of unexposed workers. Sperm motility characteristics.

As part of a longitudinal study of human semen characteristics of unexposed workers, sperm motility measure- ments were made using computer-assisted sperm analysis. Mo- tility analyses were conducted on monthly samples from 46 men for 9 months. Measurements of curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity (VSL), linearity, amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), and beat-cross frequency were collected in eight micro- scope fields for each semen sample. The variability within a sample, between samples from the same individual (between monthly samples), and between individuals were calculated us- ing a nested analysis of variance. For all sperm motility mea- surements, at least 90% of the variation was observed between cells within a semen sample. For all variables, the component of variation between subjects was the smallest percentage (rang- ing from 1.3% for ALH to 4.0% for VSL). When sample means were used in the nested analysis of variation, at least 75% of the variation was observed between samples from the same individ- ual. These results will be useful in power calculations for future studies.
Cytoprotection by endogenous zinc in the vertebrate retina

Our recent studies have shown that endogenous zinc, co-released with glutamate from the synaptic terminals of vertebrate retinal photoreceptors, provides a feedback mechanism that reduces calcium entry and the concomitant vesicular release of glutamate. We hypothesized that zinc feedback may serve to protect the retina from glutamate excitotoxicity, and conducted in vivo experiments on the retina of the skate (Raja erinacea) to determine the effects of removing endogenous zinc by chelation. These studies showed that removal of zinc by injecting the zinc chelator histidine results in inner retinal damage similar to that induced by the glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid. In contrast, when an equimolar quantity of zinc followed the injection of histidine, the retinal cells were unaffected. Our results are a good indication that zinc, co-released with glutamate by photoreceptors, provides an auto-feedback system that plays an important cytoprotective role in the retina.
Anomalous C-12H4:C-13H4 strengths in 3 NY sub 3

The C-12:C-13 ratios in the atmospheres of the outer planets are important parameters with which to test models for isotope formation and fractionation during the early history of the solar system, yielding insight into processes occurring in the primitive solar nebula. The 3 ny sub 3 spectra of methane were obtained using the Kitt Peak Solar Fourier Transform Spectrometer and a 6 m White cell. The experimental results are summarized in a table. The strength ratios for the R-branch of 3 ny sub 3 exhibit strong anomalies, with C-13H4 lines consistently weaker than their C-12H4 counterparts. The C-12:C-13 abundance ratios for the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn have been redetermined using the 3 ny sub 3 line-strength ratios measured.
Disorders of the pancreas in children

In the past year, major advances in understanding pancreatic disease have been made through the tools of molecular biology. Genes responsible for both hereditary pancreatitis and pancreatic agenesis have been identified. The first description of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, a new noninvasive imaging study of the pancreatobiliary tree, was reported in children. Reviews of autoimmune pancreatitis, a newly described condition, pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease, tropical pancreatitis, and pancreatitis following liver transplantation were also published, as well as surgical and endoscopic therapy of pancreatitis.
DNA synthesis in irradiated intestinal epithelium.

Abstract 1. 1. DNA synthesis in the intestinal epithelium of X-irradiated mice was studied by means of autoradiography following labeling with tritiated thymidine. Radiation doses used varied from 200 to 3000 rads whole-body irradiation. The label was administered once or 5 times, at times ranging from one day before to 3 days after irradiation. The time from irradiation to sacrifice varied from 0 to 3 days. 2. 2. Irradiation results in reduction of thymidine incorporation. The rapidity of development and the ultimate severity of this effect increase with dose. 3. 3. An analysis of possible mechanisms indicates that the initial phase of the effect observed is a block of DNA synthesis in cells in the DNA synthesis phase. 4. 4. The fate of cells irradiated while in DNA synthesis phase was studied. Some of them die, the majority mature precociously and emigrate into the region occupied by mature cells, and some remain in the zone of proliferation. 5. 5. After moderate to heavy doses, DNA synthesis is resumed long before cell division. In heavily irradiated mice, the remaining crypt cells go through one to two cycles of DNA synthesis not followed by division. 6. 6. The migration of mature cells along the villi is not markedly affected by irradiation. Emptying of the crypts occurs in heavily irradiated animals chiefly on the first and third day after irradiation, at times when there is no or little DNA synthesis. 7. 7. These observations, combined with the results of previous studies, shed some light on the mechanisms which control cell movements, particularly the transitions from crypts to villi. 8. 8. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the population of mature cells on the villi reflect the lack of cell proliferation and changes of cell retention in the crypts.
Mechanisms of mechanical signaling in development and disease.

The responses of cells to chemical signals are relatively well characterized and understood. Cells also respond to mechanical signals in the form of externally applied force and forces generated by cell–matrix and cell–cell contacts. Many features of cell function that are generally considered to be under the control of chemical stimuli, such as motility, proliferation, differentiation and survival, can also be altered by changes in the stiffness of the substrate to which the cells are adhered, even when their chemical environment remains unchanged. Many examples from clinical and whole animal studies have shown that changes in tissue stiffness are related to specific disease characteristics and that efforts to restore normal tissue mechanics have the potential to reverse or prevent cell dysfunction and disease. How cells detect stiffness is largely unknown, but the cellular structures that measure stiffness and the general principles by which they work are beginning to be revealed. This Commentary highlights selected recent reports of mechanical signaling during disease development, discusses open questions regarding the physical mechanisms by which cells sense stiffness, and examines the relationship between studies in vitro on flat substrates and the more complex three-dimensional setting in vivo.
Microcomputer Software for the Unmanned Free Swimming Submersible

A microcomputer guidance and control system for the Unmanned Free Swimming Submersible (UFSS) has been designed, fabricated and tested. The UFSS is a laminar flow submersible developed to demonstrate long range, autonomous operation in open water. The operation of the vehicle is centered in the guidance/control computer. The central computer is aided by separate computers for navigation and acoustic telemetry. This paper will describe the software associated with the guidance/control computer. The major responsibilities of the guidance/control computer software are: (1) mission sequencing and guidance and (2) depth and heading control. These areas are subdivided into several functional blocks described herein. During shakedown tests in the summer of 1979, the guidance/control computer performed satisfactorily in all phases of the test runs.
Palmitoylation of the Murine Leukemia Virus Envelope Protein Is Critical for Lipid Raft Association and Surface Expression

To investigate the association of the murine leukemia virus (MuLV) Env protein with lipid rafts, we compared wild-type and palmitoylation-deficient mutant Env proteins by using extraction with the mild detergent Triton X-100 (TX-100) followed by a sucrose gradient flotation assay. We found that the wild-type MuLV Env protein was resistant to ice-cold TX-100 treatment and floated to the top of the gradients. In contrast, we observed that the palmitoylation-deficient mutant Env protein was mostly soluble when extracted by ice-cold TX-100 and stayed at the bottom of the gradients. Both the wild-type and mutant Env proteins were found to be soluble when treated with methyl-β-cyclodextrin before extraction with ice-cold TX-100 or when treated with ice-cold octyl-β-glucoside instead of TX-100. These results indicate that the MuLV Env protein is associated with lipid rafts and that palmitoylation of the Env protein is critical for lipid raft association. Although the palmitoylation-deficient Env mutant was synthesized at a level similar to that of the wild-type Env, it was found to be expressed at reduced levels on the cell surface. We observed syncytium formation activity with both the wild-type and mutant Env proteins, indicating that palmitoylation or raft association is not required for MuLV viral fusion activity.
Foveate wavelet transform for moving target indexing

In this paper, a novel video indexing scheme is proposed for moving target in videos acquired from active visual systems. By virtue of the object-centered nature of active videos, the extremely difficult correspondence problem is simplified greatly. With the Foveate Wavelet Transform, a novel variable resolution technique with desirable emulation of the animate vision system and direct image processing, as the representation of active videos, the object description for the object of primary interest during smooth pursuit can be generated in the foveal area based on the behavior of the motion field estimated from the two-pass MRF-MAP algorithm for motion estimation based on Mean Field theory. Afterwards, an illumination-invariant compressed histogram, merely 36 numbers, is generated as the index for this object.
Bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding using soft feedback

A new iterative decoding (ID) scheme is suggested for bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM). The bit-metric generation at the demodulator is optimised with the soft-output feedback from the convolutional decoder. Computer simulation results indicate that BICM-ID, with a few iterations, significantly outperforms conventional trellis coded modulation and is therefore another promising technique to achieve large coding gain without bandwidth expansion.
Binding energy of on-axis hydrogenic and nonhydrogenic donors in a GaAs/Ga1-xAlxAs quantum-well wire of circular cross section.

In the present work we calculate, by a variational approach, the binding energy of an on-axis hydrogenic donor as a function of the radius of the quantum-well wire. In addition, we also discuss the screening of a (point) donor ion by the valence electrons of GaAs and calculate, again by a variational approach, the binding energy of an on-axis nonhydrogenic donor as a function of the radius of the quantum-well wire. In these calculations we use a wave function suggested a few years ago by Lee and Spector.
Effects of Scleral Collagen upon the Healing of Experimental Osseous Wounds

Standardized wounds were created in the femurs of 13 female white New Zealand rabbits and implanted with autogenous scleral connective tissue, Achilles bovine tendon collagen chips and cores of cancellous autogenous bone and marrow. A blood-filed wound served as a control. The dynamics of the healing of these wounds over periods of time ranging from 12 days to 3 months was studied by routine histology, fluorescent microscopy and by radiography. Rapid healing of the control and bone implant wounds occurred but was retarded by the implantation of sclera. Collagen chips provoked an active lymphocytic response and severely impeded the healing of the experimental wounds. These experiments were discussed in light of the current interest in allogenic scleral implants in periodontal therapy.
Calibration database system for the Hubble Space Telescope and the World Wide Web

The Calibration Database System for the Hubble Telescope is a system for calibration data reception, data processing, cataloging, archiving, and delivery to Space Telescope's ground system calibration pipeline and to public on-line archives. A description of this system and access to the calibration data is now available through the Internet on the World Wide Web. The data consists of spectral standards, stellar and galaxy atlases, and the calibration reference data from the five science instruments on Hubble. The calibration data of the instruments; cameras, spectrographs, and the fine guidance sensor; are used to correct for such properties as field flatness, distortion, and sensitivities, among others. Descriptions of the database system, the data, and the web site will be presented here.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differences in Promotion Stress across Career Stage and Orientation

Promotion stress is the experienced feelings of anxiety, concern, or tension with one's career reality in terms of the level one has reached in the organization. This study considers how promotion stress may differ depending on an individual's internal career orientation (balance, high, free, ahead, secure) as well as an individual's external, professional career stage (apprentice, colleague, mentor, sponsor). The results suggest no clear pattern of differences based on internal career orientation; however, there is a clear pattern with regard to external career stage such that as an individual progresses in his/her professional career, promotion stress decreases. Implications for research and practice are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Resistance Spectroscopy Based Assessment of Degradation in Cu-Al Wire Bond Interconnects

Escalation of the expense of gold has resulted in industry interest in use of copper as alternative wire bonds interconnect material. Copper wire has the advantage of lower price and comparable electrical resistance to gold wire. In this paper, 32-pin copper-aluminum wire bond chip scale packages are aged at three types of environment conditions separately. Environmental conditions included: 200°C for 10 days, 85°C and 85% RH for 8 weeks and −40°C to 125°C for 500 thermal cycles. The resistances of the wire bond are obtained every 24 hours for 200°C environment, every 7 days for 85C/85RH environment and every 5 days (50 thermal cycles) for the thermal cycling environment. A leading indicator has been developed in order to monitor the progression effect of the different thermal aging condition on the package and prognosticate remaining useful life based on the resistance spectroscopy. The Cu-Al wire bond resistance has been measured using a modified Wheatstone bridge. It has been shown previously that precise resistance spectroscopy is able to offer the failure of a leading indicator prior to the traditional definition of failure. The prognostic health management is qualified to be an efficient and accuracy tool for assessment of the remaining life of the wire bond. The ability to predict the remaining useful life of Cu-Al wire bond provides several advantages, including increasing safety by providing warning ahead of time before the failure.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Surrogate duality in a branch‐and‐bound procedure

Recent research has led to several surrogate multiplier search procedures for use in a primal branch-and-bound procedure. As single constrained integer programming problems, the surrogate subproblems are also solved via branch-and-bound. This paper develops the inner play between the surrogate subproblem and the primal branch-and-bound trees which can be exploited to produce a number of computational efficiencies. Most important is a restarting procedure which precludes the need to solve numerous surrogate subproblems at each node of a primal branch-and-bound tree. Empirical evidence suggests that this procedure greatly reduces total computation time.
Polysomes and RNA synthesis during early development of the surf clam Spisula solidissima

Abstract RNA and protein synthesis and polysome formation were studied during early development of Spisula embryos. The oocyte has a small number of polysomes and a low but measurable rate of protein synthesis (leucine- 3 H incorporation). After fertilization, there is a continual increase in the percentage of ribosomes sedimenting in the polysome region. Newly synthesized RNA (uridine-5- 3 H incorporation) was found in polysomes as early as the 2-cell stage. During cleavage, the newly formed RNA is associated mainly with the light polysomes. RNA extracted from polysomes labeled at the 4-cell stage is polydisperse, nonribosomal, and non-4 S. Actinomycin D causes a reduction of about 30% of the polysomes formed between fertilization and the 16-cell stage. In the early cleavage stages the light polysomes are mostly affected by actinomycin.
Peak shifts in thermal desorption experiments due to vacuum time constants—a generalized solution

The shift in the maximum (T m ) of the pressure transient during a thermal desorption experiment from the maximum ( T p ) of the sample desorption rate due to the influence of the vacuum time constant τ is considered. It is shown that ΔT/ΔW, where ΔT = T m − T p and ΔW is the full width at half height of the sample desorption rate, is determined by the quantity βτ/ΔW where β is the temperature sweep rate. A general solution of ΔT/ΔW as a function of βτ/ΔW is given for 10 −3 ≤ βτ/ΔW ≤ 10 3 for both first and second order desorption transients. In addition an optimization criterion for thermal desorption experiments is described and the implications of this criterion considered. It is found in particular that the simultaneous requirements of negligibly low distortion with maximum measured signal amplitude are satisfied for βτ/ΔW − 0.1 for an elementary first or second order desorption transient.
Thermodynamic Properties (ΔHf(298), S(298), and Cp(T) (300 ≤ T ≤ 1500)) of Fluorinated Propanes

Thermodynamic properties (ΔHf°298, S°298, and Cp(T) (300 ≤ T/K ≤ 1500)), frequencies, geometries, and internal rotational barriers for 1-fluoropropane, 1,1-difluoropropane, 1,1,1-trifluoropropane, 1,2-difluoropropane, 1,1,2-trifluoropropane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane, and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane are calculated using ab initio methods. Enthalpies of formation (ΔHf°298 in kcal/mol) for the above eight compounds are estimated using the G2MP2 composite calculation method and isodesmic reactions. Entropies (S°298 in cal mol-1 K-1) and heat capacities (Cp(T) in cal mol-1 K-1) are estimated using HF/6-31G(d) determined frequencies and MP2(full)/6-31G(d) determined geometries. ΔHf°298 for the above compounds are −67.37, −123.66, −183.09, −109.75, −164.68, −216.38, −221.57, and −271.14 kcal/mol, respectively. Rotational barriers are determined, and hindered internal rotational contributions for S°298 and Cp(T) are calculated using the rigid rotor harmonic oscillator approximation ...
Binding of Nitric Oxide to a Synthetic Model of Iron-Containing Nitrile Hydratase (Fe-NHase) and Its Photorelease: Relevance to Photoregulation of Fe-NHase by NO

The activity of the non-heme iron enzyme nitrile hydratase (Fe-NHase) is modulated by nitric oxide (NO). The inactive (dark form) NO-bound enzyme is activated when exposed to light via the release of NO from the iron center. In order to determine whether oxygenation of active site Fe-bound Cys-S centers are involved in this process of NO regulation, a model complex (Et4N)[(Cl2PhPepS)Fe(NO)(DMAP)] (8) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Complex 8 does not exhibit any NO photolability. However, following oxygenation of the Fe-bound thiolato-S centers to sulfinates (with the aid of oxaziridine), the resulting complex (Et4N)[(Cl2PhPep{SO2}2)Fe(NO)(DMAP)] (9) releases NO readily upon illumination with visible light. Spectroscopic properties of 8 and 9 confirm that these species do mimic the active site of Fe-NHase closely, and the results indicate that NO photolability is related to S-oxygenation. Results of density functional theory and time-dependent DFT studies on both 8 and 9 indicate that...
A different type of differentiability

ABSTRACT The authors discuss the possibility of whether the tangent lines of a given function pass through specified points on the x-axis. Based on insightful student questions from calculus, they define and examine a differentiability property for functions possessing such tangent lines.
Assessment of PV module durability using accelerated and outdoor performance analysis and comparisons

Photovoltaic modules have been operating in the outdoor environment for more than 30 years now. These modules have been exposed to a wide range of stresses including UV and visible radiation, high and low temperatures, seasonal and diurnal temperature variations, internal electric field, localized heat, moisture including rain, humidity and condensation, abrasion and other mechanical stresses. Over these 30 years, qualification requirements have been imposed to identify infant mortality failures in module design and materials, but much work remains in understanding the durability issues related to module performance and safety. In this paper, we will review analysis of modules taken from the field and discuss changes in the module performance as they relate to materials performance and changes. We will also discuss our work in simulating these stresses in accelerated durability testing and compare changes in module performance and safety to those observed in the field. Finally, we will review progress in simulating outdoor conditions using combinations of stresses applied to the module to better simulate outdoor conditions.