cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expanding the Field: Revisiting Environmental Education Principles Through Multidisciplinary Frameworks

In response to calls for discourse that builds on the substantive structure of environmental education in efforts to further the scope of the field, this article reexamines key principles of environmental education through the multidisciplinary lenses of critical pedagogy, the environmental justice movement, and more recent definitions of place-based education. Understanding that environmental education's key concepts of environment and environmental literacy are culturally specific—not universal—ideas opens the field for more diverse, locally appropriate, and inclusive pedagogies. By reflecting on environmental education's shortcomings in the field, revisiting its foundational concepts and themes, and integrating multidisciplinary methodologies, the author makes a case for broadening the scope of what is included in environmental education discourse and continuing to challenge the present and future of its theory and practice.
Surface potential study of Au(111) surfaces

Abstract The structure of the one-dimensional surface potential barrier of the gold (111) surface has been investigated by the analysis of the deflection of the central spot of a microdiffraction pattern which is easily obtained by using a HB-5 scanning transmission electron microscope. The result shows direct evidence for the existence of this surface barrier potential up to about 25 A away from surface. From a suggested modified image potential barrier model, the streaking length on the central spot has been obtained from calculation and compared with the experimental measurement. The agreement is good within the limitations of the experimental technique.
The relationship between microstructure and wear of mica-containing glass-ceramics

Abstract A series of mica-containing glass-ceramics with three different mica platelet sizes were tested for wear against a harder alumina counterface in a pin-on-disk tribometer under distilled water lubrication. Under all test conditions (i.e. different loads and number of passes), the wear rate increased with the increase in mica platelet diameter. Examination of the wear scars on the glass-ceramic samples using a scanning electron microscope indicated that the wear process was dominated by a microfracture mechanism either along the mica cleavage planes or along the weak mica-glass interfaces. Three wear modes were observed. (1) At low loads and small number of passes, wear occurred by formation of isolated fracture sites on the wear track. No measurable wear took place during this ‘localized fracture’ wear mode. (2) The number of fracture sites increased and covered the entire contact width as the load or number of passes increased. This ‘contact fracture’ mode resulted in wear factors on the order of 10 −4 mm 3 Nm −1 . (3) At higher loads or after a large number of passes, accumulation of subsurface microfracture damage led to ‘spallation’ wear mode which resulted in wear factors on the order of 10 −2 mm 3 Nm −1 . The mica platelet diameter was found to be an important factor in controlling the wear modes and wear transfusion. The transitions from ‘localized fracture’ to ‘contact fracture’ and to ‘spallation’ occurred at lower loads and smaller number of passes as the mica plate diameter was increased.
The Korean connective nuntey in conversational discourse

Abstract This paper examines the interactional use of the Korean connective nuntey in spontaneous conversational discourse in the framework of conversation analysis. Nuntey has mainly been discussed as a clause connector, linking a subordinate nuntey-clause to a main clause. As such it has been glossed as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘so’, or ‘given that’. Using conversation analysis, this study reveals that nuntey-clauses often occur without main clauses in actual conversations and presents an analysis of this type of use: nuntey in these types of clauses provides background information as well as setting up an ‘accountability-relevance point’. In this way, nuntey-clauses without main clauses can frame interactionally delicate actions such as requests, disagreements and denials and allow the speakers to avoid explicitly stating their intentions — a characteristic which is highly valued in Korean conversation. The speaker can thus avoid saying the bottom-line and achieve ‘being indirect’. Also, nuntey-clauses function as a ‘telling-my-side’ device (cf. Pomernatz, 1980). That is, with nuntey-clauses, the speaker provides what s/he found out, saw, or heard from his/her side as circumstantial and evidential ground to be shared and invites the interlocutor to infer the speaker's intention (Park, 1996).
Nouvelle méthode d'identification de thioalcools volatils par chromatographie sur papier

On dcrit une methode d'identification de thioalcools volatils par chromatographie sur papier. La technique consiste dans l'analyse des dinitro-2,4-phenyl-hydrazones des alcoylmercapto-3-propanals, formes par l'addition de ces thioalcools a l'acroleine.
Defining the problem: psychiatric and behavioral comorbidity in children and adolescents with epilepsy

A variety of comorbid psychiatric conditions are frequently identified in children and adolescents with epilepsy, including depression, anxiety, psychosis, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Data regarding the epidemiology and precise prevalence of comorbid disorders in childhood epilepsy are incomplete and just now beginning to be compiled. Psychiatric and behavioral comorbidities are believed to affect approximately 40-50% of children and adolescents with epilepsy. Optimal diagnosis, clinical evaluation, and choice of treatment are predicated on the proper identification of coexisting psychiatric and behavioral disorders. Comorbid conditions in children and adolescents with epilepsy should be evaluated and treated as soon as they are recognized.
First-Principles Simulations of Endohedral Bromine in BC3 Nanotubes

Using first-principles calculations, we investigate the stability of composite systems consisting of BC3 nanotubes with a linear chain of bromine atoms inside. For the BC3 (n,n) nanotubes considered here (n = 2, 3, 4), we find that the binding energy per bromine atom exceeds its corresponding value in solid, liquid-phase, or gas-phase bromine. Charge transfer from the BC3 nanotube to the bromine chain results in hole pockets in the valence σ bands of the BC3 wall.
Abstract IA11A: Tumor heterogeneity: Making the most of diversity.

Initial genome wide association studies (GWAS) of common cancers focused on combining all available cases in order to maximize the statistical power of the studies. While many genome wide significant associations (p < 5 × 10−8) were observed, this approach overlooked the possibility that certain genetic risk factors might have greater effects in specific populations. With this in mind more recent studies have focused on associations between common genetic variants and disease in populations other than those of northern European ancestry. In addition, GWAS of predisposed individuals, such as carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, have been conducted based on the hypothesis that unique modifiers of breast and ovarian cancer risk might influence disease in these populations. More recently, associations with histological subtypes of tumors have been observed for a number of different cancer types. In the setting of breast cancer, specific associations with estrogen receptor status of tumors and even triple negative tumors (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 negative) have been reported. Ongoing studies further suggest that specific associations with histochemical markers and tumor grade may also exist in the general population. Here we will discuss recent associations between genetic variants and subpopulations of disease using breast cancer as a model, and consider the importance of these findings for an improved understanding of the etiology of breast cancer and enhanced cancer risk assessment. Citation Format: Fergus J. Couch. Tumor heterogeneity: Making the most of diversity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA11A.
Nitric oxide: novel therapy for osteoporosis.

Background: Relative nitric oxide (NO) deficiency is responsible for many pathophysiological processes, including in postmenopausal women providing a plausible biological basis for use of NO replacement therapy in humans. Excess or inappropriate local production of NO aggravates bone destruction in some diseases such as septic shock, rheumatoid and other inflammatory arthropathies. Results: A variety of in vitro and in vivo data have revealed the efficacy of nitroglycerin and nitrates on bone cells. Since some part of the beneficial effects of estrogen on bone is mediated via the NO–cGMP pathway, NO donor therapy is an attractive alternative to estrogen therapy to prevent and treat osteoporosis. When the body cannot generate adequate amounts of NO for biological homeostasis, administration of exogenous NO or prolongation of the actions of endogenous NO are practical ways to supplement NO, especially in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Postmenopausal NO deficiency is rectified with hormone replacement the...
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Acidities of Substituted 1-Benzyl-1-methoxy-2-nitroethylenes. Strong Reduction of the Transition State Imbalance Compared to Other Nitroalkanes

Acidity constants of six substituted 1-benzyl-1-methoxy-2-nitroethylenes (2-Z with Z = m-NO2, m-CF3, m-Cl, H, p-Me, p-MeO) and their respective nitronic acids were determined in 50% DMSO−50% water (v/v) at 20 °C. Kinetic data were obtained on the reversible deprotonation of all six 2-Z by OH- and piperidine and on the reversible deprotonation of 2-NO2 by piperazine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, and morpholine in the same solvent. These data allowed a determination of the Bronsted coefficients α (dependence on acidity of 2-Z) and β (dependence on amine basicity). The fact that α > β indicates the presence of a transition state imbalance which, however, is much smaller than that for the deprotonation of arylnitromethanes. The reasons for this reduction in the imbalance and their relevance to a recent study of the deprotonation of Fischer carbene complexes are discussed.
Developmental and Light-Regulated Expression of Individual Members of the Light-Harvesting Complex b Gene Family in Pinus palustris

Angiosperms require light for multiple aspects of chloroplast development, including chlorophyll synthesis and induction of expression of the mRNAs encoding the major polypeptides of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (Lhcb genes). In contrast, many conifers, including pines, firs, and spruces, can accumulate chlorophyll and the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of photosystem II in complete darkness. To understand the factors responsible for the regulation of expression of individual Lhcb mRNAs in the pine Pinus palustris, we have prepared sequence-specific cDNA probes for each of three family members, Lhcb1*Pp1, Lhcb2*Pp1, and Lhcb2*Pp2, and have studied the expression of two of these, Lhcb1*Pp1 and Lhcb2*Pp2, in detail. The levels of expression of each sequence were disparate, and Lhcb1*Pp1-encoded transcripts were the most abundant in the light. Both Lhcb1*Pp1 and Lhcb2*Pp2 mRNAs were expressed in stems and cotyledons, but Lhcb1*Pp1 mRNA was present at about 10-fold lower levels in stems than in cotyledons, in contrast to Lhcb2*Pp2 mRNA, which was expressed at higher levels in stems than in cotyledons. Both Lhcb1*Pp1 and Lhcb2*Pp2 mRNAs were absent in embryos but were expressed during seedling development. The levels increased with age in both the light and the dark and in both cases were about 2-fold higher in the light than in the dark. Despite the expression of Lhcb1*Pp1 and Lhcb2*Pp2 mRNAs during development in darkness, the levels of both mRNAs increased in dark-grown seedlings given red light in the low fluence range within 2 h of treatment.
Bone Mineral Density in Children and Adolescents with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Objective To assess whether children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Study design Bone densitometry of the whole body, hip, and lumbar spine was used in a case-to-control design (84 individuals with NF1: 293 healthy individuals without NF1). Subjects were 5 to 18 years old. Subjects with NF1 were compared with control subjects by using an analysis-of-covariance with a fixed set of covariates (age, weight, height, Tanner stage, and sex). Results Subjects with NF1 had decreased areal BMD (aBMD) of the hip ( P P P = .0025), and whole body subtotal ( P P Conclusions These data suggest that individuals with NF1 have a unique generalized skeletal dysplasia, predisposing them to localized osseous defects. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry may prove useful in identifying individuals with NF1 who are at risk for clinical osseous complications and monitoring therapeutic trials.
ABO(H) antigens and beta‐2 microglobulin in transitional cell carcinoma. Predictors of response to intravesical bacillus calmette‐guerin

The response of patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (STCB) to intravesical chemotherapy is variable; some patients enjoy a long period without recurrence, whereas others have recurrence of tumor within 2 years of removal of the primary lesion. Previously, others have demonstrated that the loss of normal cell surface antigens, such as ABO(H) blood group antigens or beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) has been correlated with more aggressive behavior by tumor. In this study, using immunohistochemical techniques, the authors evaluated the initial pretreatment biopsy specimen of bladder tumors for the presence of ABO(H) antigens and B2M. Data from this sample patient population, all with biopsy-proven STCB, indicate that expression of these two markers is predictive of a therapeutic response to prophylactic intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Tice strain) after resection, and that expression of the two markers is of greater predictive value than expression of either antigen alone.
Severe sensory and sympathetic deficits in mice lacking neurotrophin-3

During development, neurotrophins help shape the nervous system by regulating neuronal survival and differentiation. Neurotrophin-3 (refs 1-5) is the most abundant neurotrophin during early development. Neurons responsive to neurotrophin-3 in vitro include primary sensory, sympathetic, motor, enteric, locus coeruleus, hippocampal and cerebellar neurons (ref. 9 for example). Here we report that mice lacking neurotrophin-3 have severe deficits in sensory and sympathetic populations. These mice lack muscle spindles and show abnormal limb positions. In contrast, motor neurons, the enteric nervous system, and the major anatomical regions of the central nervous system seem to develop normally. Comparisons with mutants deficient in other neurotrophins or their receptors indicate that some neurons require more than one neurotrophin during embryogenesis and suggest that neurotrophin-3 functions by binding receptors in addition to its primary receptor trkC (ref. 16). In particular, neurotrophin-3 is essential for survival of sympathetic and sensory neurons that later become dependent on nerve growth factor or brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Diastolic Heart Failure Clinical Trials

Congestive heart failure (CHF) affects nearly five million Americans, and more than 550,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.1 The leading cause for hospitalization in those over 65 years of age, CHF accounts for more than 800, 000 hospital visits each year and carries a 20-30% risk of death in the year following the first visit.1 CHF may occur in the setting of either reduced ejection fraction (LVEF), systolic heart failure (SHF) or normal LVEF, diastolic heart failure (DHF). Although DHF is also known as heart failure with preserved or normal LVEF, for the purposes of this review it will simply be referred to as DHF. Community based epidemiology studies have demonstrated that more than 50 % of people living with CHF have DHF.2-3 The Cardiovascular Health Study demonstrated that DHF is even more prevalent in individuals over 65 years of age. In this study, 69% of men and 90% of women with CHF had DHF defined as current heart failure symptoms and EF greater than 45%.4 In fact, the prevalence of DHF has been increasing since 1986 and is attributed to a combination of factors, including an increase in the elderly population, increased awareness of the condition, increased detection due to the development of non-invasive echocardiography diagnostic techniques, and improvements in the treatment of coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular diseases that has resulted in preservation of LVEF.
The syndrome of palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis and premature periodontal destruction of the teeth

Statistical analysis of 46 well-documented cases of the syndrome of (a) hyperkeratosis palmoplantaris and (b) premature periodontoclasia has suggested that possibly an additional component should be added making the syndrome a triad: (c) calcification of the dura. The family history data are compatible with the hypothesis that the syndrome results from homozygosity for autosomal recessive genes. There is no evidence for nongenetic causes. The frequency of the disorder is estimated roughly at 1 to 4 per million persons in the general population. Careful documentation of additional cases with permit more adequate genetic analysis. The carrier frequency appears to be 2 to 4 per 1,000 population.
Carbonaceous species emitted from handheld two-stroke engines

Small, handheld two-stroke engines used for lawn and garden work (e.g., string trimmers, leaf blowers, etc.) can emit a variety of potentially toxic carbonaceous air pollutants. Yet, the emissions effluents from these machines go largely uncharacterized, constraining the proper development of human exposure estimates, emissions inventories, and climate and air quality models. This study samples and evaluates chemical pollutant emissions from the dynamometer testing of six small, handheld spark-ignition engines—model years 1998–2002. Four oil–gas blends were tested in each engine in duplicate. Emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and gas-phase hydrocarbons were predominant, and the PM emitted was organic matter primarily. An ANOVA model determined that engine type and control tier contributed significantly to emissions variations across all identified compound classes; whereas fuel blend was an insignificant variable accounting for <5% of the observed variation in emissions. Though emissions rates from small engines were generally intermediate in magnitude compared with other gasoline-powered engines, numerous compounds traditionally viewed as motor vehicle markers are also present in small engine emissions in similar relative proportions. Given that small, handheld two-stroke engines used for lawn and garden work account for 5–10% of total US emissions of CO, CO2, NOx, HC, and PM2.5, source apportionment models and human exposure studies need to consider the effect of these small engines on ambient concentrations in air polluted environments.
Pharmacokinetics of insulin uptake by ocular tissues and the role of cerebrospinal fluid in optic nerve insulin accumulation following topical insulin application

Background As part of our ongoing studies concerning the efficacy of using topically applied medications to treat retinal and optic nerve diseases, we previously showed that insulin accumulated in the retina, optic nerve, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following topical application. The purpose of this study was to investigate which route insulin takes to get to the posterior segment of the eye, and to specifically assess the rale of the CSF in optic nerve insulin accumulation. Methods Lewis rats that received 125I–insulin eye drops were killed at different time points and their ocular tissues counted in a gamma counter. In order to determine whether elevated levels of CSF insulin could lead to optic nerve insulin accumulation, a separate cohort of animals was injected in their lumbar cistern with unlabeled insulin and their optic nerves later assessed for the presence of insulin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results All ocular tissues (except the lens) showed at least one significant time point elevation in 125I–insulin compared to baseline. Both the combined cornea/iris/ciliary body and the sclera showed a notable, overall increase in counts over baseline, with values at 20 and 30 minutes being significantly elevated. The highest numbers of counts were seen in the aqueous humor. Animals injected intralumbar cisternally with insulin showed elevated insulin concentrations in their optic nerves and cisterna magna-derived CSF that did not appear to be due to uptake of insulin from the circulation. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that the insulin that accumulates in the retina and optic nerve following topical application arrives there after diffusing through the sclera, though an intraocular route—while unlikely—cannot be ruled out.
Lhermitte's sign in a patient with herpes zoster

A 34-year-old, previously healthy man developed herpes zoster (shingles) involving the C4 dermatome. This was accompanied by Lhermitte's sign, i.e. an electric shock-like sensation radiating from the neck to the sacrum, elicited by flexion of the neck. Lhermitte's sign resolved in this patient after several days, and probably reflected acute inflammation together with changes in sensory axon excitability. This positive manifestation of dorsal column dysfunction can be present in the absence of fixed neurological deficits, and can reflect dorsal column dysfunction caused by a wide spectrum (demyelinating, traumatic, compressive, toxic/deficiency, infectious and inflammatory) of etiologies.
A noun scale semantic differential

Twenty concepts chosen randomly from the Semantic Atlas were rated by 31 undergraduate Ss on a semantic differential consisting of 40 scales defined by concrete high-frequency nouns. Principal component analysis produced a “semantic space” apparently based on associative or category clustering among the scale nouns.
Acetonitrilversuche und Kaulquappenversuche Mit Struma Ovarii

Material von 3 Ovarialstrumen, die histologisch typisches Schilddrusengewebe enthielten, wurde im Acetonitrilversuch und im Kaulquappenversuch auf Schilddrusenwirkung untersucht.
Evanescent states and the CdTe/HgTe superlattice

Abstract The electronic states of the CdTe/HgTe (001) superlattice on the CdTe layers are analyzed in terms of bulk CdTe evanescent states. The evanescent states are found using a tight-binding calculation with complex values of the wave vector k . The state at the superlattice conduction band minimum is found to be relatively delocalized across the superlattice layers. This is explained in terms of the CdTe/HgTe valence band discontinuities used and the zero band gap of HgTe.
A solid lithium electrolyte via addition of lithium isopropoxide to a metal-organic framework with open metal sites.

The uptake of LiOiPr in Mg2(dobdc) (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate) followed by soaking in a typical electrolyte solution leads to the new solid lithium electrolyte Mg2(dobdc)·0.35LiOiPr·0.25LiBF4·EC·DEC (EC = ethylene carbonate; DEC = diethyl carbonate). Two-point ac impedance data show a pressed pellet of this material to have a conductivity of 3.1 × 10–4 S/cm at 300 K. In addition, the results from variable-temperature measurements reveal an activation energy of just 0.15 eV, while single-particle data suggest that intraparticle transport dominates conduction.
Public Choice in Education: Markets and the Demand for Quality Education

School choice is an increasingly popular education reform. Proponents of choice argue that market forces can improve education through the mechanism of competition-the schools that best satisfy the demands of parents and students will attract clientele and prosper and those that do not will close. A key assumption of choice theorists is that the engine driv ing an education marketplace will be a demand for a higher quality educa tion. This demand for quality assumption rests heavily on comparisons between public and private schools. This paper empirically tests the demand for quality education assumption and finds it wanting. Supplying a demand for religious services and racial segregation are found to be the more likely outcomes of an education marketplace.
Chemisorption induced luminescence from color centers

Abstract Adsorboluminescence spectra associated with the adsorption of oxygen on CaO and MgO have been measured using an optical multichannel analyzer. Broad emission bands are observed which are only slightly shifted from bulk F center photoluminescence bands. The shift is larger (about 0.2 eV) for MgO. The widths of these adsorboluminescence bands are comparable to F center photoluminescence bands. A shift might be accounted for by postulating emission from near-surface or surface analogs (Fs centers) of bulk F centers. Possible luminescence mechanisms are discussed.
Tensile fracture toughness measurements in ceramics

A novel procedure is outlined whereby fracture toughness values for ceramics can be measured under uniaxial tension (mode I) in specimens containing a fatigue crack. Circumferentially notched rods of a polycrystalline aluminum oxide were precracked in cyclic compression to introduce a fatigue crack at room temperature. Subsequently, the precracked rods were fractured in pure tension. Highly reproducible values of fracture toughness were obtained using this method.
The role of calcium in the energetics of contracting skeletal muscle.

In its second messenger role in skeletal muscle, calcium coordinates the function of muscle (contractile activity) with its overall energetics, thereby controlling the provision of ATP in a time of need. Not only is ATP required for crossbridge turnover in the myofibrils, but it is also needed for the maintenance of ion pumps, nuclear activity, and so forth. When oxygen is limiting, the sustained contractions of both fast and slow muscle (after the immediate burst of activity) is primarily supported by glycogenolysis and the glycolytic pathway (anaerobic). Calcium is important to this process, and the compartmentation of the glycogen particle and some of the enzymes associated with the glycolytic pathway in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ensures that the provision of glucose-6-phosphate to the glycolytic pathway for the generation of the needed ATP proceeds rapidly. The activation of phosphorylase and glycogenolysis by calcium-troponin-C is another example of the tight control of cellular energetics deemed possible by compartmentation within the cell. The regulation by calcium, therefore, is only dependent on the diffusion of calcium rather than diffusion of substrate. When oxygen is not limiting (i.e. when a new steady-state is reached), the aerobic metabolism of pyruvate and fatty acids may be regulated in part by calcium at least in slow skeletal muscle. Oxidative phosphorylation, where ADP is phosphorylated to ATP, is though to be controlled by the concentration of ADP in skeletal muscle. However, because of the obvious compartmentation of the mitochondria within the slow muscle fibre and the higher free calcium required for peak force development (5 mumol/L), the kinetics are theoretically favourable for the calcium cycle in slow muscle mitochondria to play an important role in the regulation of aerobic substrate oxidation, as it does in the heart. Although this hypothesis is attractive based on the available data, the direct demonstration of a major role for calcium as a regulator of substrate oxidation in slow muscle awaits experimentation.
Sum rules for leptonic decays

As a consequence of SU3breaking interactions it is assumed that the hadronic current of leptonic decay acquires a part that transforms as jk3i3: This leads to various relations among the different leptonic decay (or reaction) amplitudes of the baryon octet.
Research and development of a backstop energy technology in a growing economy

Abstract The sequential search for a backstop energy technology is examined using an optimal growth model with an exhaustible energy resource. It is assumed that an economic planner periodically reviews the outcomes of a stochastic R&D process. A stopping rule for R&D is obtained in terms of a minimum acceptable quality level for the innovation. The dependence of the quality standard upon capital and natural resource stocks and on the state of basic research is analysed.
Energy and environment in the ASEAN: challenges and opportunities

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of the most dynamic economic regions of the world. Its economy is linked with its diverse energy resources, high-level urbanization, and rapid industrialization. ASEAN's growing economy in the last two decades has increased the concern of sustainable development in the face of deteriorating energy security, environmental pollution, and economic hardship in energy investment. However, opportunities exist to tackle these issues. Increasing energy efficiency (both supply and demand side), exploitation of renewable energy resources (mostly hydro), and an integrated approach on energy resource management are some of the important approaches toward the sustainable energy path. Because the options are capital-intensive, cooperation and development of appropriate institutional structures and decision mechanism across the region are urgently needed.
Electrical characterization of deep level systems in semiconductor junctions by admittance measurements

Deep level impurities in a semiconductor junction can be characterized by the frequency, temperature and bias dependence of the junction admittance. It will be shown briefly, that the build-up of the junction admittance from the bulk semiconductor to the junction interface can be given in terms of a first order differential equation. For a general case, the admittance of a junction device can then be obtained via a numerical integration of the differential equation. However, under certain simplifying assumptions one can obtain a simple analytic solution which can be modeled by an equivalent circuit consisting of lumped constant elements. The experimentally determined admittance of a Hf-In doped p-type Si as a function of temperature, frequency and bias, is correlated to the admittance determined from a numerical integration of the differential equation wherein four temperature independent parameters, via. the concentration, the ground state energy level and it’s associated degeneracy of the In in Si and the Schottky barrier height of Hf on p-type Si, determined by independent measurements, are used, and one temperature invariant parameter, the shallow level impurity concentration, Ns, and a temperature dependent parameter, the hole capture cross-section of In in Si, σp, are adjusted for the best fit. The value of Ns is found to agree within 19% of the volume average determined from Hall measurement and the magnitude and temperature dependence of σp is found to agree well with several previously reported values.
miR-154* and miR-379 in the DLK1-DIO3 MicroRNA Mega-Cluster Regulate Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Bone Metastasis of Prostate Cancer

Purpose: MicroRNAs in the delta-like 1 homolog–deiodinase, iodothyronine 3 (DLK1-DIO3) cluster have been shown to be critical for embryonic development and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). DLK1-DIO3 cluster miRNAs are elevated in the serum of patients with metastatic cancer. However, the biologic functions of these miRNAs in the EMT and metastasis of cancer cells are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated the oncogenic and metastatic role of miR-409-3p/5p, a member of this cluster, in prostate cancer. In this study, we defined the role of miR-154* and miR-379, two key members of this cluster, in prostate cancer progression and bone metastasis in both cell line models and clinical specimens. Experimental Design: Genetic manipulation of miR-154* and miR-379 was performed to determine their role in tumor growth, EMT, and bone metastasis in mouse models. We determined the expression of miR-154* in prostate cancer clinical samples and bone metastasis samples using in situ hybridization and quantum dot labeling. Results: Elevated expression of miR-154* and miR-379 was observed in bone metastatic prostate cancer cell lines and tissues, and miR-379 expression correlated with progression-free survival of patients with prostate cancer. Intracardiac inoculation (to mimic systemic dissemination) of miR-154* inhibitor-treated bone metastatic ARCaP M prostate cancer cells in mice led to decreased bone metastasis and increased survival. Conclusion: miR-154* and miR-379 play important roles in prostate cancer biology by facilitating tumor growth, EMT, and bone metastasis. This finding has particular translational importance because miRNAs in the DLK1-DIO3 cluster can be attractive biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets to treat bone metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 20(24); 6559–69. ©2014 AACR .
Abuses of socioeconomic and demographic data: a comment on Ekanem's study and Janowitz's note.

In a recently published article, Ekanem (1972) presents the data, used for a crosssection study of the effects of economic development on fertility. The basic data are for crude biirth rate, illiteracy, labor force in agriculture, urbanization, infant mortality, and per capita gross national product in 32 less developed countries for two points in time: the 1950 decade and the 1960 decade. In a subsequent note, Janowitz (1973) uses Ekanem's data to study the relation between changes in the indices of socioeconom.ic development and changes in fertility between the two points in time and questions the validity of the results of crosssection studies for predicting trends in birth rates. However, upon a, casual examination of Ekanem's data, one observes several implausible figures. For example, there is a change from, seven percent to 84 percent for the labor force in agriculture between the 1950 and 1960 decades in Madagascar. The Moroccan infant mortality rate is chara.cterized as low as 54.2 in 1935 and 46.7 in 1963, and there are illiteracy rates of 16.9 and 11.8 percent for the two points in time reported for Honduras. Reported data divergent from expected values led us to check Ekanem's data with the data in the sources cited in Ekanem (1972). Surprisingly enough, we discovered a host of serious mistakes in the reported data. Conclusions based on such defective data are suspect. Admittedly, the available data on indices of socioeconomic developmnent and fertility in the less developed countries are fraught with problems of unreliability, inaccuracy, and incomparability. Ekanem quite adequately makes note of all these problems and warns his reader to keep in mind the limitations of the data when interpreting the results of his study. However, we want to point out in this note the failure on the part of the users to exercise the necessary ca.utions in the selection, collection, and evaluation of the available data, not the inherent defects of such data. Since the mistakes we have discovered in the da.ta are too numerous to be described individually, we will simply group them into three broad categories of (a) inconsistency in the selection of the dates and the bases of estimation of the data (e.g., whether crude birth rate is based on registered birth data. or is estimated from analyses of population censuses and surveys); (b) incomparability in age groups and populations, and (c) clerical mistakes of transcription. These categories will be referred to as we describe below some of the most important mistakes for each of the variables of socioeconomic development and fertility that we were able to cross-check. The following procedure was used for checking the data reported by Ekanem (1972). In all cases the sources of data we used were those cited by Ekanem. Using the standa.rd cited sources we attempted to collect data for the specific years indicated by Ekanem. Where there was a discrepancy between Ekanem's data. and the "correct" data, an effort was made to ascertain the inature
Fate of selected estrogens in two laboratory scale sequencing batch reactors fed with different organic carbon sources under varying solids retention times

Abstract This study compared the performances of two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors to remove 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinyl estradiol. Both SBRs were operated to achieve organic carbon oxidation and nitrification. However, the overall bacterial population in both SBRs was targeted to be different by feeding the SBRs with peptone and glucose. Furthermore, the reactors were also run at different solid retention times (SRTs) to evaluate the effect of SRT on estrogen removal. The more diverse heterotrophic and ammonia oxidizing bacterial community in the peptone fed SBR1 had superior estrogen removal than the glucose fed SBR 2 which enriched less diverse community, particularly for 17α-ethinyl estradiol. Under a solids retention time (SRT) of 40 days, the total 17β-estradiol mass was 30% of the amount under the SRT of 20 days, and the total 17α-ethinyl estradiol mass was likewise 40% of the amount under the shorter SRT.
Testing the density matrix expansion against ab initio calculations of trapped neutron drops

Microscopic input to a universal nuclear energy density functional can be provided through the density matrix expansion (DME), which has recently been revived and improved. Several DME implementation strategies are tested for neutron drop systems in harmonic traps by comparing to Hartree-Fock (HF) and ab initio no-core full configuration (NCFC) calculations with a model interaction (Minnesota potential). The new DME with exact treatment of Hartree contributions is found to best reproduce HF results and supplementing the functional with fit Skyrme-like contact terms shows systematic improvement toward the full NCFC results.
A strictly-positive mass theorem

We show that the ADM 4-momentum of an isolated gravitational system (spatially asymptotically flat spacetime) satisfying the dominant energy condition cannot be null-like unless it is flat. Together with the positive mass theorem, this implies that the ADM 4-momentum of an isolated gravitational system must be strictly time-like.
Biogenic amine-depleting effects of benzimidazole-5(6)-DL-alanine.

Abstract Studies in vivo on benzimidazole-5(6)- dl -alanine were carried out by administering the compound in aqueous solutions intraperitoneally to male Wistar rats. Benzimidazole alanine (278 mg/kg) decreased heart norepinephrine (80 per cent), brain norepinephrine (58 per cent) and brain dopamine (70 per cent) within 3 hr and brain serotonin (70 per cent) within 1 hr of administration. Benzimidazole ethylamine (100 mg/kg) produced a 60 per cent decrease in heart norepinephrine within 3 hr of administration and benzimidazole alanine was not able to reduce heart norepinephrine in animals pretreated with the decarboxylase inhibitor, dl -seryl-2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride (Ro-4-4602 before benzimidazole alanine administration). Benzimidazole alanine, administered prior to tranylcypromine completely blocked the increase in brain norepinephrine and dopamine after monoamine oxidase inhibition and reduced the increase in brain serotonin by 65 per cent.
Student attitudes toward inmate privileges

Although corrections researchers have examined criminal justice students’ attitudes toward offender punishment and the death penalty, they have overlooked the important area of inmate privileges. Using data collected from 570 students enrolled at four different Southern universities, this study examines attitudinal differences between criminal justice and noncriminal justice majors in terms of providing inmates with psychological counseling, college education programs, television, cigarettes, weightlifting, and conjugal visits. No statistically significant attitudinal differences emerged between criminal justice and noncriminal justice majors.
The effect of verbal context on olfactory perception.

Three experiments were conducted to examine how verbal context and sensory stimulation interact to influence odor hedonic perception. Eight common odors were presented in their natural and synthetic forms, and verbal labels designating name and source (natural, synthetic) information were either explicitly given, self-generated, falsely provided, or not provided. Results revealed that verbal information about source influenced hedonic ratings whether or not the odorant itself was also present. When odorants were presented without verbal labels, olfactory evaluations were based in sensation. Name and source information contributed different levels of meaning and influence to perceptual evaluations. The findings are discussed with reference to an experiential-collocation model for odor-label interactions and a dual-coding hypothesis for olfactory perception.
Internal-external factorization in Lumer's Hardy spaces

Abstract The theory of inner-outer factorization in the Hardy spaces H p in the unit disc D is well known and has many applications. It does not carry over to the spaces H p on the polydisc D n or the ball B n when n > 1. However, for Lumer's Hardy spaces (LH) p on any simply connected complex analytic manifold, we introduce the notions of internal and external functions and prove that every f ϵ (LH) p has a factorization f = I e × E e , where I e is internal and E e is external, and E e ϵ (LH) p − e , for any e > 0. The factorization is not unique and an example of Rudin shows that the e is needed, at least when p = 2 m , where m is an integer.
Implications for the evolution of continental crust from Hf isotope systematics of Archean detrital zircons

Results from the fractionation of zircon by sedimentary processes into continental margin sandstone yield information on the preservation of preexisting continental crust in the form of zircon, making it possible to distinguish between the contrasting theories of gradual growth versus constant volume of continental crust over geologic time. In this work, Hf-176/Hf-177 ratios were determined for detrital zircon fractions from 2.0-2.5, 2.6-3.0, and pre-3.0 Gyr old sandstones from the Canadian-Shield, the North-Atlantic, the Wyoming, and the Kaapvaal Cratons. Results pointed to small amounts of continental crust prior to 3.0 Gyr ago and a rapid addition of continental crust between 2.5 and 3.0 Gyr ago, consistent with the gradual growth of continental crust, and giving evidence against no-growth histories.
Clinical management of HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the current management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in persons coinfected with HIV. Data sources: Comprehensive review of current scientific literature derived from electronic databases, article bibliographies, and conference abstracts. Conclusions: HCV treatment is feasible in the individual coinfected with HIV; however, therapy is complex and requires intensive monitoring and support to achieve the outcome of viral eradication. New strategies to improve HCV treatment rates, adherence to therapy, and virological response rates are needed in this patient population. Implications for practice: Nurse practitioners are crucial to the management of the HIV/HCV–coinfected patient. This patient population requires detailed clinical monitoring, education, side effect management, and strategies to improve adherence to therapy.
Vergence eye movements and visual suppression

Abstract Visual sensitivity was measured during vergence eye movements in order to determine whether a suppression of vision similar to that associated with saccades is also present during vergence. Suppression was evaluated psychophysically by determining sensitivity to briefly presented, full-field decrements of light in a Ganzfeld. Subjects were roughly 0.5 log unit less sensitive when stimuli were presented at the beginning of a 2–3 deg convergent or divergent eye movement, than during steady fixation. Thus, the concept of saccadic suppression must be broadened to include visual suppression that also accompanies nonsaccadic eye movements. These results support the hypothesis that vision is affected by signals that accompany initiation of oculomotor activity.
Assessment of temperature-dependent development in the general population and among isofemale lines of Coccinella trifasciata (Col.: Coccinellidae)

Temperature-dependent development ofCoccinella trifasciata LeConte from Corvallis, Oregon, was assessed for the general population and compared among a subset of isofemale lines. All eggs died at 10 and 34°C. Survival ranged between 63.3–96.7% from 18–34°C. Development from oviposition to adult ranged from 44.2 days at 18°C to 11.1 days at 34°C. Mean adult weight did not differ among temperatures, and was 15.2 mg overall. For the species, heat-unit requirements for development from egg to adult were 227 degree-days above a developmental threshold of 12.7°C. Values for the developmental threshold differed among isofemale lines, and ranged from 11.4–14.5°C with heat-unit requirements ranging from 186–260 degree-days above their respective threshold. The isofemale line producing the fastest rate of immature development at 18°C was characterized by a heat-unit requirement of 260 degree-days above a developmental threshold of 11.4°C. The isofemale line producing the slowest rate of immature development at 18°C was characterized by a heat-unit requirement of 186 degree-days above a developmental threshold of 14.5°C. Implications of using isofemale lines in culturing biological control agents are discussed.
Membrane-bound glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and multiphasic erythrocyte sugar transport.

Net sugar import by human erythrocytes consists of ATP-modulated rapid and slow phases while sugar export consists of a single slow phase. We have proposed that this behaviour results from obligate substrate tunnelling from transporter to bulk cytosol through a complex containing high-affinity, low-capacity sugar binding sites (Cloherty, Sultzman, Zottola & Carruthers, 1995). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is known to compartmentalize ATP delivery to erythrocyte membrane ATPases and interact directly with the erythrocyte glucose transporter in vitro. The present study examines the possibility that GAPDH is an obligate component of the hypothesized sugar-binding complex. GAPDH remains associated with the erythrocyte membrane following cell lysis and remains associated with the cytoskeleton under conditions where more than 99% of the membrane glucose transport protein (GLUT1) is released by detergent (Triton X-100). GAPDH is released from erythrocyte membranes upon exposure to Mg.ATP or to NADH. ATP displacement of membrane-bound GAPDH is half-maximal at 200 microM ATP and appears to involve ATP interaction with multiple, co-operative sites. GAPDH interaction with purified tetrameric GLUT1 is saturable, co-operative and also inhibited by ATP. ATP inhibition of GAPDH binding to purified tetrameric GLUT1 is less effective than ATP inhibition of GAPDH binding to intact erythrocyte membranes. Removal of cellular GAPDH by exposing erythrocyte membranes to NADH prior to membrane resealing neither affects ATP modulation of sugar transport nor reduces biphasic net sugar uptake to a single phase. We conclude that ATP-sensitive GAPDH interaction with the cytoplasmic surface of erythrocyte membranes and GLUT1 is responsible neither for ATP modulation of sugar transport nor for multiphasic net sugar import by human red cells.
Cutting a Controversy Down to Size

Shankman evaluates both the scientific issues and media coverage of the controversy generated by Derek Freeman9s claims against Margaret Mead and her work in Samoa.