cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
JunD stabilization results in inhibition of normal intestinal epithelial cell growth through P21 after polyamine depletion

Abstract Background & Aims: Normal intestinal mucosal growth requires cellular polyamines that regulate expression of various genes involved in cell proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. We have recently shown that growth inhibition after polyamine depletion is associated with an increase in JunD/AP-1 activity in normal intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 line). The current study tests the hypothesis that polyamine depletion-induced JunD/activator protein 1 (AP-1) activity results from the activation of junD gene expression and plays a critical role in regulation of intestinal epithelial cell growth. Methods: The junD gene transcription was examined by nuclear run-on assays, and messenger RNA (mRNA) stability was measured by determination of JunD mRNA half-life. Functions of JunD were investigated by using JunD antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides and transient transfection with the junD -expressing vector. Results: Depletion of cellular polyamines by DL-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) induced levels of JunD mRNA and protein, which was associated with an increase in G 1 phase growth arrest. Polyamine depletion did not increase the rate of junD gene transcription but significantly increased the stability of JunD mRNA. Decreasing JunD protein by using JunD antisense oligomers promoted cell growth in polyamine-deficient cells. Growth arrest following polyamine depletion also was accompanied by increases in both p21 expression and its promoter activity. Treatment with JunD antisense oligomers inhibited the p21 promoter and prevented the increase in p21 expression in the presence of DFMO. Ectopic expression of the wild-type junD increased p21-promoter activity and inhibited epithelial cell growth. Conclusions: Polyamines negatively regulate junD gene expression posttranscriptionally, and increased JunD/AP-1 inhibits intestinal epithelial cell proliferation at least partially through the activation of p21 promoter. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:764-779
DETERMINATION OF 3-HYDROXYTYRAMINE AND DOPA IN VARIOUS ORGANS OF DOG AFTER DOPA-INFUSION.

Some fluorimetrical techniques used for the determination of catecholamines have been studied in order to establish their reliability for determinations in organs after infusion of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa).
Preschoolers' Use of Desires to Solve Theory of Mind Problems in a Pretense Context.

K. Bartsch and H. M. Wellman (1995) have suggested that 3-year-old children's preference to construe behavior in terms of desire may interfere with their ability to reason according to belief in standard false belief tasks. Other researchers have suggested that young children fail typical measures of theory of mind because they have a reality bias (e.g., P. Mitchell, 1994). Study 1 demonstrates that even young children are able to correctly attribute a false belief to an agent when that belief is about the status of a pretense. Study 2 shows that children find it easier to attribute a false belief when the desires of the agent are eliminated. However, Study 3 suggests that a reality bias also influences children's ability to consider beliefs. Implications for recent accounts of theory of mind development are discussed. Language: en
Measurements of thermospheric response to auroral activities

Abstract The Joule heating produced by auroral electrojets and its thermospheric response can be studied by monitoring the thermospheric temperatures by means of optical methods; simultaneously investigating the concurrent auroral electrojet activities using geomagnetic records obtained from stations along a meridian close to the observation site of optical measurements. We report, in this paper, the measurements of thermospheric response to auroral activities which were made at Albany (42.68°N, 73.82°W), New York on 2 September 1978 (U.T.) when an isolated substorm occurred. The thermospheric temperatures were measured by using a high-resolution Fabry-Perot interferometer that determines the line profiles of the [OI] 6300 A line emission. The intensities and latitudinal positions of auroral electrojets were obtained by the analysis of magnetograms from the IMS Fort Churchill meridian chain stations.
The effects of pretraining on the bar-pressing performance of VMH-lesioned rats.

Abstract Ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned rats preoperatively trained on an FR-128 schedule displayed postoperative improvements in performance which were a direct function of the degree of hyperphagia. The postoperative performance by the pretrained VMH-lesioned animals did not significantly differ from that of control animals during short test sessions following periods of deprivation, but substantially exceeded that of controls with continuous opportunity to respond. The increase in the number of pellets obtained was achieved by increases in both the meal size and the rate of bar-pressing. Previous attempts to account for the deficit in performance by nonpretrained VMH-lesioned animals in terms of decreased motivation or lowered activity are rejected in favor of an explanation based on a modification of affective response following such lesions.
High-temperature Oxidation of Carborane–Siloxane–Acetylene-based Polymer

A processable new thermosetting polymer containing carborane and siloxane groups with acetylenic linkages was examined for antioxidative properties during high-temperature oxygen exposure. Samples of the polymer were annealed in argon or air at 320-400 °C or argon at 900°C and oxidized at 400 and 500°C. Their structure and composition were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning Auger microprobe scattering and Raman microprobe scattering. Samples heated to 400 °C in argon exhibited little or no inorganic segregation, but developed surface layers of boron and silicon oxide when heated to 400°C in air. Samples annealed in argon to 900°C and then oxidized at 500°C for up to 100 h developed a continuous silicon oxide surface layer with almost no underlying boron oxide. The layer retarded oxidation of the sample bulk at 500°C.
Ethics and Subjectivity Practices of Self-Governance in the Late Lectures of Michel Foucault

Contemporary accounts of individual self-formation struggle to articulate a mode of subjectivity not determined by relations of power. In response to this dilemma, Foucault's late lectures on the a...
Perceptually standardized imaging of digitized film for comparative ROC measurements

Primary diagnostic reading of digitized film, displayed on a CRT, requires a quality assurance (QA) that all of the perceptual information, which is accessible from the film when displayed on a light table, can be reproduced on the CRT display. Some of the CRT display parameters are already defined. The DICOM standard 3.14 introduces a contrast transfer function (grayscale display function standard) for minimum contrasts which are defined as single just-noticeable- differences (JND) in luminance. It establishes, throughout the entire intensity range of the data, contrast recognition of single JND resolution and implies linearity of contrast perception. Conventionally, the CRT QA utilizes a SMPTE contrast test pattern of 5% contrast ]13 digital driving levels (DDLs)[ resolution. We developed for the QA of the new standard a perceptual contrast pattern with single DDL resolution (perceptual contrast pattern equals P-pattern). It allows the visual assessment and measurement of perceived contrast linearity at a minimum level 1.2% contrast (3 DDLs). We analyzed, at various room light conditions (0 - 300 cdm-2) and on DICOM 3.14-standardized CRTs of various maximum luminance (110 - 400 cdm-2), the minimum luminance of the CRT that is required for establishing perceptual contrast linearity. We compared the use of the SMPTE pattern and the P-pattern for QA of linearity. The SMPTE pattern was not effective for a statistically significant correlation of contrast linearity with room light and monitor luminance. However, the P-pattern furnished an effective tool for the assessment, measurement or adjustment of contrast linearity. We found that perception of linearity for 3 JND contrasts at low room light conditions (0 - 6 cdm-2) requires a minimum luminance of 10 cdm-2 which is not directly derived from the background luminance of the light reflected from the monitor but may indicate a perceptual threshold value for task performance.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of Interfacial Modifiers on Mechanical and Physical Properties of the PHB Composite with High Wood Flour Content

To explore the commercial viability of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)/wood flour (WF) composites, systems were produced at industry-standard levels of fiber loading. Further, four interfacial modifiers were selected to improve the mechanical properties of PHB/WF composites, including maleated PHB (PHB-g-MA), a low molecular weight epoxy, a low molecular weight polyester, and polymethylene-diphenyl-diisocyante (pMDI). Results showed that all modifiers resulted in improvements in tensile strength and modulus, however, pMDI showed the highest improvements. The pMDI modifier also improved water uptake of the composites. Study of the fracture surfaces showed signs of improved fiber bonding, as did morphological studies by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Interpretation of the DSC and DMA results indicate possible reactions with lubricant, and interactions between PHB and wood fibers with the addition of pMDI.
An entire real range plotting algorithm via computer graphics

Abstract This paper presents a general computer algorithm that has been successfully implemented and uses computer-aided graphics techniques to plot the representative behavior of any arbitrary function over its entire real range, that is, - ∞ to + ∞. Several interesting graphics plots, for both two- and three-dimensional functions are shown as examples.
Characterization of differentiated Syrian golden hamster pancreatic duct cells maintained in extended monolayer culture.

Epithelial cells isolated from fragments of hamster pancreas interlobular ducts were freed of fibroblast contamination by plating them on air-dried collagen, maintaining them in serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's (DME):F12 medium suppleneted with growth factors, and selecting fibroblast-free aggregates of duct cells with cloning cylinders. Duct epithelial cells plated on rat type I collagen gel and maintained in DME:F12 supplemented with Nu Serum IV, bovine pituitary extract, epidermal growth factor, 3,3′, 5-triodothyronine, dexamethasone, and insulin, transferrin, selenium, and linoleic acid conjugated to bovine serum albumin (ITS+), showed optimal growth as monolayers with a doubling time of about 20 h and were propagated for as long as 26 wk. Early passage cells consisted of cuboidal cells with microvilli on their apical surface, complex basolateral membranes, numerous elongated mitochondria, and both free and membrane-bound ribosomes. Cell grown as monolayers for 3 mo. were more flattened and contained fewer apical microvilli, mitochondria, and profiles of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum; in addition, there were numerous autophagic vacuoles. Functional characteristics of differentiated pancreatic duct cells which were maintained during extended monolayer culture included intracellular levels of carbonic anhydrase and their capacity to generate cyclic AMP (cAMP) after stimulation by 1×10−6 M secretin. From 5 to 7 wk in culture, levels of carbonic anhydrase remained stable but after 25 to 26 wk decreased by 1.9-fold. At 5 to 7 wk of culture, cyclic AMP increased 8.7-fold over basal levels after secretin stimulation. Although pancreatic duct cells cultured for 25 to 26 wk showed lower basal levels of cAMP, they were still capable of generating significant levels of cAMP after exposure to serretin with a 7.0-fold increase, indicating that secretin receptors and the adenyl cyclase system were both present and functional. These experiments document that pancreatic duct monolayer cultures can be maintained in a differentiated state for up to 6 mo. and suggest that this culture system may be useful for in vitro physiologic and pathologic studies.
Analysis of modal parameters of adhesively bonded double-strap joints by the modal strain energy method

This paper presents the analysis of modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping and mode shapes) of a simply supported beam with adhesively bonded double-strap joint by the finite-element based Modal Strain Energy (MSE) method using ANSYS 4.4A software. The results obtained by the MSE method are compared with closed form analytical solutions previously obtained by the author for flexural vibration of the same system. Good agreement has been obtained between the two methods for both the natural frequencies and system loss factors. The effects of structural parameters and material properties of the adhesive on the modal properties of the joint system are also studied which are useful in the design of the joint system for passive vibration and noise control. In order to evaluate the MSE and analytical results, some experiments were conducted using aluminum double-strap joints with 3M ISD112 damping material. The experimental results agreed well with both analytical and MSE results indicating the validity of both analytical and MSE methods. Finally, a comparative study has been conducted using various commercially available damping materials to evaluate their relative merits for use in the design of these joints.
Cavitation phenomena within regions of flow separation

The phenomenon of cavitation inception was studied on four axisymmetric bodies whose boundary layers underwent a laminar separation and subsequent turbulent reattachment. The non-cavitating flow was studied by holographic and schlieren flow-visualization techniques. Surface distributions on the mean and the fluctuating pressures were also measured. The conditions for cavitation inception and desinence were determined and holograms were recorded just prior to and at the onset of cavitation. The population of microbubbles and the subsequent development of visible cavitation was determined from the reconstructed image. In every case the appearance of visible cavitation was preceded by a cluster of microscopic bubbles in a small portion of the flow field providing clear evidence that cavitation is initiated from small nuclei. The inception zone was located within the turbulent shear layer downstream of transition and upstream of the reattachment region of the bodies with large separation regions. The location and the shape of this cavitation suggested a relation to the mixing-layer eddy structure. The inception region on the body with the smallest separation zone, a hemisphere-cylinder body, was located in the reattachment region, but the cavities were still detached from the surface. Instantaneous minimum-surface-pressure measurements do not account for observed cavitation-inception indices except for the hemisphere body, where the correlation is satisfactory. The rate of cavitation events was estimated from measurements of nuclei population, and fluctuating-pressure statistics in the portion of the flow susceptable to cavitation. It was demonstrated for the hemisphere body that at least one such cavitation event could occur every second. These findings are consistent with what is observed visually at the onset of cavitation and support the location of inception determined holographically.
Radar target discrimination using wavelet transforms

In this paper, we describe a new approach to radar target discrimination. Specifically, we will apply it to the problem of exo-atmospheric object discrimination from UHF radar returns. The method uses wavelet transforms, pattern recognition techniques such as feature spaces, vectors and neural net classifiers. Feature vectors for each object are constructed from the wavelet transforms of the input data samples. The feature vectors are based on energies at each scale of the wavelet transforms and therefore effectively circumvent the problem of noncoherence due to target and ionospheric effects. This is a very important consideration when coherent signal processing is not feasible. The feature vectors are input to an unsupervised learning neural network for classification of the objects. In unsupervised learning, the network output is not forced towards a desired response for each input pattern but allowed to learn proximity to past input patterns. Limited results from simulated radar cross-section (RCS) data indicate that most objects can be correctly classified. The results also show that the overall scheme is quite immune to fair amounts of gaussian as well as uniformly distributed noise. Further efforts are under way to test the methodology against real object data as well as more extensive simulations.
Including school libraries in national bibliographic systems

Internationally, the development of school libraries, or more properly, school media centers, is both a recent and a modest phenomenon. Nonetheless, the year 1978 may well constitute a turning point in the history of these centers, marked as it has been by the UNESCO publication of “Guidelines for the Planning and Organization of School Library Media Centers,” and by the emergence of a Section of School Libraries within the International Federation of Library Associations. The IFLA conference theme, “Universal Availability of Publications,” provides a forum for the consideration of appropriate roles for school libraries in national programs designed to support this goal. A reflection of the profession’s growing concern for the development of effective media programs within schools, the fledging School Section identifies as a priority the effort to bring school libraries into the mainstream of national bibliographic and network planning. Further, it has chosen to address the double-edged problem of the school library’s function in creation of national bibliography and in national networks tihich support the bibliographic component. A comprehensive national bibliography would contain information about monographs and serials, as well as non-print and other informational materials within a given nation. According to Henrietta Arram, Library of Congress, the process of controlling that bibliographic information includes
The Acute Effect of Bipolar Radiofrequency Energy Thermal Chondroplasty on Intrinsic Biomechanical Properties and Thickness of Chondromalacic Human Articular Cartilage

Radio frequency energy (RFE) thermal chondroplasty has been a widely-utilized method of cartilage debridement in the past. Little is known regarding its effect on tissue mechanics. This study investigated the acute biomechanical effects of bipolar RFE treatment on human chondromalacic cartilage. Articular cartilage specimens were extracted (n = 50) from femoral condyle samples of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Chondromalacia was graded with the Outerbridge classification system. Tissue thicknesses were measured using a needle punch test. Specimens underwent pretreatment load-relaxation testing using a spherical indenter. Bipolar RFE treatment was applied for 45 s and the indentation protocol was repeated. Structural properties were derived from the force-time data. Mechanical properties were derived using a fibril-reinforced biphasic cartilage model. Statistics were performed using repeated measures ANOVA. Cartilage thickness decreased after RFE treatment from a mean of 2.61 mm to 2.20 mm in Grade II, II-III, and III specimens (P < 0.001 each). Peak force increased after RFE treatment from a mean of 3.91 N to 4.91 N in Grade II and III specimens (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively). Equilibrium force increased after RFE treatment from a mean of 0.236 N to 0.457 N (P < 0.001 each grade). Time constant decreased after RFE treatment from a mean of 0.392 to 0.234 (P < 0.001 for each grade). Matrix modulus increased in all specimens following RFE treatment from a mean 259.12 kPa to 523.36 kPa (P < 0.001 each grade). Collagen fibril modulus decreased in Grade II and II-III specimens from 60.50 MPa to 42.04 MPa (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). Tissue permeability decreased in Grade II and III specimens from 2.04 ∗10(-15) m(4)/Ns to 0.91 ∗10(-15) m(4)/Ns (P < 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively). RFE treatment decreased thickness, time constant, fibril modulus, permeability, but increased peak force, equilibrium force, and matrix modulus. While resistance to shear and tension could be compromised due to removal of the superficial layer and decreased fibril modulus, RFE treatment increases matrix modulus and decreases tissue permeability which may restore the load- bearing capacity of the cartilage.
Assessment, age and proximity in dispersal contests among cooperative wrens: field experiments

Abstract Experimental removals of breeding females were conducted in a completely marked population of 35–85 territories in the cooperatively breeding stripe-backed wren, Campylorhynchus nuchalis, over 3 years in central Venezuela. The ability of non-breeders to discriminate among 19 vacancies with varying reproductive potential was tested and competitive asymmetries among contestants were examined. Significantly more females responded to openings (both experimental and natural) in large groups (four or more adults) than to openings in smaller ones. Data from 12 years show that breeders in large groups have much greater reproductive success than those in smaller groups. As many as 10 contestants fought with intense aggression for several days over vacancies in large groups. In contrast, vacancies in small groups attracted few contestants with little aggression and frequent abandonment of the opportunity. Nearly all older females (greater than 1 year of age) in the population competed for at least one vacancy, while only half of the younger females did so. When competitors responded from both age classes, an older female normally gained the position. Females from adjacent territories won valuable vacancies in large groups more often than did competitors from farther away. The escalation of these contests to intense aggression can be attributed mainly to the scarcity and necessity of the resource (multiple helpers) and the potential for monopolizing it. Advantages of a e and proximity probably promote delayed short-distance dispersal that is characteristic of this and other cooperative species.
Eyes on the Prize or Nose to the Grindstone? The Effects of Level of Goal Evaluation on Mood and Motivation

These studies tested the hypothesis that evaluating goal feedback in terms of a primary, longer term goal can be risky for future motivation. Study 1 was a 2 × 2 experiment in which framing level (primary goal/subgoal) and feedback valence (success/failure) were manipulated for participants during a verbal skills task. In the primary goal failure condition, there was increased negative mood and decreased positive mood and expectancy for subsequent trials, even while controlling for goal difficulty and importance. Study 2 was an 8-week study throughout which participants were asked to evaluate their progress regarding a primary goal (class grade goal) or subgoal (weekly study hours goal), and success or failure varied naturally. When progress was lacking, participants in the primary goal condition experienced the largest decreases in mood and expectancy. These results suggest that it is optimal to evaluate goal progress at the lower, subgoal level, particularly after failure feedback.
Stress and well-being among parents of children with potocki-lupski syndrome

Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS) or duplication 17p11.2 syndrome is a newly characterized condition causing a variety of health problems with variable severity, including failure to thrive in infancy and childhood, hypotonia, structural heart anomalies, cognitive impairments, speech and learning difficulties, and autism. Due to its recent clinical characterization little is known about the psychosocial impact of this condition on patients and their families. This study evaluated whether parental psychosocial outcomes were associated with children’s PTLS disease severity. Parents of 58 children with PTLS completed a cross-sectional survey that assessed parental stress, quality of life, and coping skills. Parental functioning was associated with greater severity of feeding difficulty and with lower severity of a cardiovascular defect. Findings from this study highlight potential support needs of parents of children affected by PTLS and suggest ways in which these needs may be addressed.
Executive functioning in the first year after pediatric traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Children with traumatic brain injuries often show impaired executive function (the ability to carry out goal-directed behavior). The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, a caregiver-report questionnaire, measures executive function in everyday activities. In this study, our goal was to use the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function to document changes in children's executive function in the first year after traumatic brain injury and identify child, family, and injury variables associated with greater dysfunction. We predicted that children with traumatic brain injury would have more executive dysfunction than children hospitalized for orthopedic fractures and that more severe traumatic brain injury would predict greater dysfunction. Children's premorbid functioning and family characteristics were expected to moderate their executive function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Caregivers of children aged 5 to 15 years (330 mild-to-severe traumatic brain injury, 103 control orthopedic fractures) enrolled onto a longitudinal study of executive function. Caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function by telephone at baseline (obtained retrospectively) and 3 months and 1 year after the injury. RESULTS: Traumatic brain injury groups and controls showed no baseline differences in Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores. Three months after the injury, children with traumatic brain injury had more dysfunction than controls on the Global Executive Composite. One year after injury, all traumatic brain injury groups differed from the controls on the Behavioral Regulation Index, Metacognition Index, and Global Executive Composite. The working memory scale was the only scale to discriminate between the control group and all 3 traumatic brain injury severity groups at both 3 and 12 months after injury. Executive-function ratings remained stable from 3 to 12 months after injury. Across time points, preexisting learning/behavior problems, lower respondent education, and poor family functioning predicted greater Global Executive Composite dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Between 18% and 38% of the children with traumatic brain injury had significant executive dysfunction in the first year after injury, with greater dysfunction reported for children with more severe traumatic brain injury. Our findings support previous reports that preinjury learning and behavior problems, limited family resources, and poor family functioning adversely affect executive function. These results suggest a need for more systematic screening for executive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury to increase recognition of cognitive disability and improve access to appropriate services. Language: en
QUANTUM NUMBERS FOR A SYSTEM OF NUCLEONS AND ANTINUCLEONS

In the general case it can be shown that there are no additive quantum numbers for the nucleon-antinucleonpion system in addition to I, I/sub 3/, and K/ sub 3/ which are strictly conserved (if one accepts the usual chargeindependent PS(PS) or PS(PV) interaction). It is emphasized that even within the framework of chargeindependent interactions, not all final states are necessarily equivalent, and the additlonal quantum numbers labeling these states may be sufficiently well conserved.
Rescue of Sight by Gene Therapy—Closer than It May Appear

This review will cover the state of the field in retinal degeneration and gene therapy with a focus on the great strides that have been made in retina gene therapy. Topics ranging from the development of animal models to clinical trials (for the treatment of Leber congenital amaurosis, age-related macular degeneration, and retinoblastoma) will be discussed. In addition, the results of gene therapy studies targeting the photoreceptors will be presented. Finally, strategies and progress in overcoming the challenges of photoreceptor-directed gene therapy will be presented.
HLA Association Studies in Black Sarcoidosis Patients

The frequencies of HLA antigens were determined in 32 black sarcoidosis patients and in 89 normal black controls. Aw23 was found in 23.6% of controls as compared with a lower frequency (6.2%) in patients (P = 0.06). No other associations were found.
Participation as an Interaction, Communication and Influence Process

Employee participation is conceived as a four‐stage process (interaction, communication to and from management, influence by and on management, employee effect on decisions). Eighty‐two lower supervisory managers perceived the four stages as highly related except for influence by management. Further, the four processes of participation were found in approximately equal amounts (except for managerial influence). An examination by decision type showed that employee and managerial influence were inversely related on corporate and departmental decisions, but were unrelated on departmental employee and operational decisions. Employees engaged most in participation on departmental employee decisions and least on departmental staffing decisions. This difference in participation was greater for organisations of small size.
Multiple-Sulphur Isotope Biosignatures

Variations in sulphur isotope ratios have been used as biosignatures in early rock records and Martian meteorites because some microbial sulphur metabolisms are known to produce large magnitude mass-dependent sulphur isotope fractionation. In order to establish the sulphur isotope biosignature, however, it becomes critically important to evaluate abiogenic processes that fractionate sulphur isotope ratios. A brief review is given here for the fundamental systematics and characteristics of multiple-sulfur isotope effects associated with (1) biological, (2) hydrothermal, and (3) photochemical processes. High-precision analysis of all four isotope abundance of sulphur may provide a unique constraint to establish biosignatures in space exploration.
The growth of InSb using alternative organometallic Sb sources

The growth of InSb was investigated using triisopropylantimony (TIPSb) or tertiarybutyldimethylantimony (TBDMSb) and trimethylindium (TMIn) or triethylindium (TEIn) over a temperature range of 350 to 475°C and pressures between 200 and 660 Torr. The growth rates of InSb using TMIn or TEIn and either TIPSb or TBDMSb at temperatures ≤ 425°C were proportional to both the TMIn or TEIn flow rate and the temperature. The surface morphology of InSb grown using either TIPSb or TBDMSb and TMIn or TEIn was very rough for growth temperatures ≤ 425°C. The InSb with the highest mobility was grown at 400°C and a V/III ratio of 3 using TIPSb and TMIn. It was n-type with a carrier concentration of 2.5 × 1015 cm−3 and a mobility of 78,160 cm2/Vs at 77 K. Both n- and p-type InSb were grown using TBDMSb with mobilities up to 67,530 and 7773 cm2/Vs respectively, at 77 K. Only p-type InSb could be grown using TEIn and TIPSb. The mobility for InSb using either TIPSb or TBDMSb and TMIn was optimized by reducing temperatures, pressures and V/III ratios. The opposite was true for surface morphology, which improved with higher temperature, pressure, and V/III ratio. The growth of high mobility InSb with smooth surfaces at T ≤ 425°C was not achieved with TIPSb or TBDMSb and TMIn or TEIn for the growth conditions examined in this investigation.
Effects of diltiazem, a calcium antagonist, on regional myocardial function and mitochondria after brief coronary occlusion

Abstract The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of the calcium antagonist diltiazem on mechanical and mitochondrial function of ischemic myocardium of the dog. Persistent depression of developed tension following brief coronary occlusion was measured in anesthetized and thoracotomized dogs. The extent of persistent depression of developed tension during reperfusion depended on the duration of occlusion and also on the pressure-rate index during occlusion. Diltiazem prevented the marked drop in developed tension of the ischemic segment of the myocardium following 5 min or 10 min of coronary occlusion. The inactive optical isomer of diltiazem had no effect on developed tension before or after coronary occlusion. Depression of the state 3 rate of respiration of mitochondria observed following 10 min of occlusion of coronary artery was almost completely reversed by pretreatment with diltiazem. Diltiazem may reduce the damage of ischemic myocardium during occlusion by hemodynamic action of the drug, and possibly by preventing damage to mitochondria.
Determination of elastic-plastic stresses and strains from measured surface strain data

A rigorous approach founded in the fundamental principles of plasticity is used to develop an accurate numerical algorithm for the determination of stresses and elastic and plastic strains from total strain data measured on a structure surface. The approach used to develop the algorithm and its relationship to both the flow theory of plasticity and recent advances in tangent stiffness-based numerical solution procedures for elastic-plastic boundary value problems are presented. Verification of the method for plane stress problems is demonstrated. A discussion of how the method can be used with measured surface displacement data is proved.
In utero exposures and endometriosis: the Endometriosis, Natural History, Disease, Outcome (ENDO) Study

Objective To assess in utero exposures and the odds of an endometriosis diagnosis. Design Matched cohort design. Setting Fourteen participating clinical centers in geographically defined areas in Utah and California. Patient(s) Operative cohort comprised 473 women undergoing laparoscopy/laparotomy, and an age- and residence-matched population cohort comprising 127 women undergoing pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 2007–2009. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Women completed standardized interviews before surgery or MRI regarding in utero exposures: mothers' lifestyle during the index pregnancy, and the index woman's gestation and birth size. Endometriosis was defined as visually confirmed disease in the operative cohort, and MRI visualized disease in the population cohort. The odds of an endometriosis diagnosis and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for each exposure by cohort using logistic regression and adjusting for current smoking, age at menarche, body mass index, and study site. Result(s) Endometriosis was diagnosed in 41% and 11% of women in the operative and population cohorts, respectively. In the primary analysis, adjust odds ratios (AORs) were elevated for maternal vitamin usage (1.27; 95% CI, 0.85–1.91), maternal cigarette smoking (1.16; 95% CI=0.61–2.24), and low birth weight (1.1; 95% CI, 0.92–1.32). Reduced odds were observed for maternal usage of caffeine (0.99; 95% CI, 0.64–1.54), alcohol (0.82; 95% CI, 0.35–1.94), paternal cigarette smoking (0.72; 95% CI, 0.43–1.19), and preterm delivery (0.98; 95% CI, 0.47–2.03). Sensitivity analyses mostly upheld the primary results except for a decreased AOR for preterm birth (0.41; 95% CI, 0.18–0.94) when restricting to visualized and histologically confirmed endometriosis in the operative cohort. Conclusion(s) In utero exposures were not statistically significantly associated with the odds of an endometriosis diagnosis in either cohort.
Was That a Result of My Teaching? A Brief Exploration of Value-Added Assessment

In this article, the author explores the challenges and promises of value-added assessment. As NCLB approaches the end of statistically possible achievement gains in schools, value-added assessment is being employed to longitudinally measure student learning to determine a school's effect. Yet, value-added assessment is limited in its explanatory powers because it focuses only on certain types of knowledge and needs to be used in conjunction with other estimates. As such, the author provides a variety of perspectives to help educational stakeholders explore the assessment not just as a new test but rather as a promising and potentially damaging lever of change in school cultures.
Modular Organization of Phylogenetically Conserved Domains Controlling Developmental Regulation of the Human Skeletal Myosin Heavy Chain Gene Family

The mammalian skeletal myosin heavy chain locus is composed of a six-membered family of tandemly linked genes whose complex regulation plays a central role in striated muscle development and diversification. We have used publicly available genomic DNA sequences to provide a theoretical foundation for an experimental analysis of transcriptional regulation among the six promoters at this locus. After reconstruction of annotated drafts of the human and murine loci from fragmented DNA sequences, phylogenetic footprint analysis of each of the six promoters using standard and Bayesian alignment algorithms revealed unexpected patterns of DNA sequence conservation among orthologous and paralogous gene pairs. The conserved domains within 2.0 kilobases of each transcriptional start site are rich in putative muscle-specific transcription factor binding sites. Experiments based on plasmid transfection in vitro and electroporation in vivo validated several predictions of the bioinformatic analysis, yielding a picture of synergistic interaction between proximal and distal promoter elements in controlling developmental stage-specific gene activation. Of particular interest for future studies of heterologous gene expression is a 650-base pair construct containing modules from the proximal and distal human embryonic myosin heavy chain promoter that drives extraordinarily powerful transcription during muscle differentiation in vitro.
The Burst-Suppression Electroencephalogram

The burst-suppression (BS) pattern of the EEG occurs in a rather limited number of conditions. It has been observed in deep stages of general anesthesia and in conjunction with sedative overdoses. It is also known to occur in the wake of cardiorespiratory arrest. Undercutting of the cortex has been found to result in BS activity. Rare neonatal epileptic encephalopathies also give rise to BS. Our personal interest was prompted by the consistent finding of BS activity in rats following cerebral anoxia (nitrogen inhalation, airway obstruction): after periods of EEG flatness, BS activity developed, followed by periodic bursts and diffuse slowing. On the other hand, earlier literature (before 1960) showed virtually no observation of BS, neither in anoxic patients, nor in animal experiments. It is likely that the introduction of modern intensive care treatment has engineered episodes of BS activity, probably due to modifications of the anoxic cerebral pathology.
An Analytical Study of Cryosurgery in the Lung

The process of freezing in healthy lung tissue and in tumors in the lung during cryosurgery was modeled using one-dimensional close form techniques and finite difference techniques to determine the temperature profiles and the propagation of the freezing interface in the tissue. A thermal phenomenon was observed during freezing of lung tumors embedded in healthy tissue, (a) the freezing interface suddenly accelerates at the transition between the tumor and the healthy lung, (b) the frozen tumor temperature drops to low values once the freezing interface moves into the healthy lung, and (c) the outer boundary temperature has a point of sharp inflection corresponding to the time at which the tumor is completely frozen.
Microbes in the Upper Atmosphere and Unique Opportunities for Astrobiology Research

Microbial taxa from every major biological lineage have been detected in Earth's upper atmosphere. The goal of this review is to communicate (1) relevant astrobiology questions that can be addressed with upper atmosphere microbiology studies and (2) available sampling methods for collecting microbes at extreme altitudes. Precipitation, mountain stations, airplanes, balloons, rockets, and satellites are all feasible routes for conducting aerobiology research. However, more efficient air samplers are needed, and contamination is also a pervasive problem in the field. Measuring microbial signatures without false positives in the upper atmosphere might contribute to sterilization and bioburden reduction methods for proposed astrobiology missions. Intriguingly, environmental conditions in the upper atmosphere resemble the surface conditions of Mars (extreme cold, hypobaria, desiccation, and irradiation). Whether terrestrial microbes are active in the upper atmosphere is an area of intense research interest. If, in fact, microbial metabolism, growth, or replication is achievable independent of Earth's surface, then the search for habitable zones on other worlds should be broadened to include atmospheres (e.g., the high-altitude clouds of Venus). Furthermore, viable cells in the heavily irradiated upper atmosphere of Earth could help identify microbial genes or enzymes that bestow radiation resistance. Compelling astrobiology questions on the origin of life (if the atmosphere synthesized organic aerosols), evolution (if airborne transport influenced microbial mutation rates and speciation), and panspermia (outbound or inbound) are also testable in Earth's upper atmosphere.
Modeling correlated traffic with a generalized IPP

Abstract Modelers of telecommunication and computer network traffic have been increasingly concerned with the need for good analytical models which allow easy inclusion of correlated traffic in analytical queueing models, or in simulations of such models. This work shows that the generalized interrupted Poisson process (GIPP) and the generalized interrupted Bernoulli process (GIBP) have attractive properties for the modeling of correlated teletraffic, and are susceptible to analytic solution. In particular, they possess an invariance property which allows convenient matching of empirical and hypothetical behavior. Matrix algebraic solutions for stationary marginal distributions, and for covariance structures, of the interdeparture stream are derived for both models using generally distributed on- and off-times. The invariance of the covariance to all but the mean of the off-time marginal distribution is proved and exploited. The model is exercised showing the lag-times and marginals for certain on/off distributions, and demonstrating a practical ability to match empirical data to the parameters of the models.
Children who witness women battering: Concerns and dilemmas in the construction of a social problem

Abstract The paper addresses major concerns and dilemmas involved in the process of constructing the phenomenon of children who witness woman battering as a social problem. Three main, interrelated aspects of this processdefinition, legislation and intervention — are discussed. We conclude with proposed implications for policymakers in this domain.
Vinblastine-induced aggregates of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in proximal tubular cells of rat kidney.

Vinblastine sulfate was given to adult rats by two tail-vein injections. After a total treatment time of five hours, kidney cortex was fixed and prepared for examination by routine transmission electron microscopy. Cells of proximal convoluted tubules from treated animals were found to contain focal aggregates of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Such aggregates were not normally present in cells of control animals. The smooth membranes of these aggregates bear some resemblance to phenobarbital-induced proliferations of smooth endoplasmic reticulum described in liver cells by many previous investigators, and the suggestion is made that the aggregates described here may reflect a vinblastine-induced increase within proximal tubule cells of enzymes which function in drug metabolism. That molecules of vinblastine actually entered proximal tubule cells was evidenced by the fact that cytoplasmic microtubules were greatly reduced in number and paracrystals of microtubular protein were occasionally observed.
Analysis of carotid chemoreceptor responses to substance P analogue in anaesthetized cats.

Abstract Analogues of Substance P (SP) have been shown to act as SP receptor antagonists in various physiological systems. We have previously shown that the carotid body sensory response to hypoxia could be attenuated by d -Pro 2 - d -Trp 7,9 -SP (DPDT-SP) and suggested that SP may be important for chemoreception. In the absence of detailed characterization of the antagonistic effects of DPDT-SP, the role of SP in carotid body chemoreception remains uncertain. The present study was undertaken to analyze the effects of DPDT-SP on carotid body activity in anaesthetized cats ( n = 18). Intra-carotid infusion of DPDT-SP antagonized SP-induced chemoreceptor stimulation. 90% blockade of SP responses was obtained at infusion rates of 15 μg/kg per min of DPDT-SP for 15 min. By contrast, infusions of either saline (controls) or at doses below 10 μg/kg per min had no effect on SP responses. The doses that effectively antagonized SP excitation (i.e., 15 μg/kg per min) also blocked or markedly attenuated the chemoreceptor responses to hypoxia, without affecting the carotid body stimulation caused by nicotine. The effects of DPDT-SP were associated with significant reduction in baseline activity in normoxia. The antagonistic effects were reversible after terminating the infusion of DPDT-SP. Increasing the dose to 25 μg/kg per min, however, abolished the carotid body excitation by any of the stimuli tested (i.e., SP, hypoxia and nicotine), indicating that at higher doses DPDT-SP is non-selective. These results demonstrate that DPDT-SP given in adequate doses to block SP response also attenuates or abolishes the carotid body excitation by hypoxia. The antagonistic effects are reversible and appear to be selective. These observations, taken together with the previous studies, support the notion that SP is coupled to hypoxic response of the cat carotid body.
A hybrid airship concept for Naval missions

A preliminary analysis of a hybrid semibuoyant delta-planform airship was performed using a computer synthesis program. The delta-planform hull shape was studied parametrically to determine the effects on vehicle performance for two Navy antisubmarine missions. The effects of buoyancy ratio, design speed, and altitude were also studied. The results suggest that long-range mission vehicles require a near buoyant or fully buoyant design and that there is no special advantage to the use of a lifting-body hull shape. For shorter-range missions, hybrid vehicles may have merit, and optimum vehicle buoyancy varies depending on whether a minimum-weight or minimum-fuel-consumption design is desired. As compared with conventionally shaped airships, the benefits, if any, from a lifting-body configuration will be limited to missions requiring relatively higher flight speeds.