cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solitary hepatic cysts.

The treatment of liver cysts continues to evolve in terms of diagnosis and surgical therapy. In the past, hepatic cysts were usually discovered at laparotomy, but they have become an increasingly common incidental finding on radiographic studies such as ultrasonography and CT scan. Occasionally liver cysts present as symptomatic abdominal masses. Hepatic cysts can be divided into two general categories: congenital and acquired (Table 1). Because the cause and treatment of cystic lesions of the liver differ, depending on the lesion and on the presence or absence of symptoms, it is important to be familiar with the appropriate evaluation and management of these masses. This article reviews common presentations, diagnostic methods, and treatment of congenital and acquired liver cysts. Discussion of infectious cysts, including amoebic, pyogenic, and hydatid cysts, and complex multicystic liver disease, has been excluded from this review.
All‐electron molecular Dirac–Hartree–Fock calculations: Properties of the XH4 and XH2 molecules and the reaction energy XH4→XH2+H2, X=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

Dirac–Hartree–Fock (DHF) calculations have been carried out on the ground states of the Group IV di‐ and tetrahydrides. Geometries and infrared data are presented for both sets of molecules, dipole moments for the dihydrides, and the SCF (self‐consistent field) reaction energies for the reaction XH4→XH2+H2. The effects of relativity can be seen in shorter bond lengths, higher frequencies for XH4 but lower stretching frequencies for XH2, higher infrared intensities for stretching modes and lower intensities for bending modes, a more positive dipole moment, and decreased stability for XH4 relative to XH2+H2. The results are also compared with relativistic effective core potential (RECP) calculations, first‐order perturbation theory (PT) calculations, and with the limited experimental data. PT predicts all properties well for the Ge hydrides, but deviations are noted for the Sn hydrides, which become serious for the Pb hydrides. The full‐core RECP calculations generally do not give results as good as PT. The addition of the (n−1)d orbital improves many of the properties. Overall, the quality of the RECPs used is somewhat variable, and no consistent pattern in the deviations from the DHF results is found for the set of RECPs used in this study.
Developing a Writing Assessment THEME of Candidates for Admission to Teacher Education Charles R. Duke

Research shows that many students entering teacher education programs are deficient in writing skills. Research like wise suggests that to obtain a complete ly accurate picture of an applicant's skills, the assessment process needs to include both an objective test and a writ ing sample. In this article, the author focuses on how to develop, administer, and score a writing sample. He also pro vides guidelines for the training of read ers who will be making holistic writing sample assessments.
Pharmacist addition to the post-ED visit review of discharge antimicrobial regimens.

Objective Our objective was to evaluate whether pharmacist addition to the postvisit review of discharged adult emergency department (ED) visits' prescriptions/cultures would reduce the prevalence of revised antimicrobial regimen inappropriateness. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study of discharged adult ED visits to a single center with positive cultures requiring antimicrobial regimen revision (May 1 to October 31, 2012, nurse process; February 1 to July 31, 2013, nurse/pharmacist process). Investigators abstracted cohorts' medical records for demographic, ED diagnosis, original/revised antibiotic regimen, culture result, medical history, medications, and patient instruction data and determined whether the revised regimen was inappropriate based on Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and clinical guidelines. We used the large sample z-test to compare the prevalence of revised antimicrobial regimen inappropriateness between the 2 cohorts. Results In the prepharmacist cohort, there were 411 positive ED discharge cultures. Seventy-three (17.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.1%-21.5%) required antimicrobial regimen revision; 34 of these met 1 or more level of inappropriateness (46.6%; 95% CI, 35.1%-58.0%). In the postpharmacist cohort, there were 459 positive ED discharge cultures. Seventy-five (16.3%; 95% CI, 13.0%-19.7%) required revision; 11 of these met 1 or more level of inappropriateness (14.7%; 95% CI, 6.7%-22.7%; z = 4.2; P < .0001 for comparison). Conclusion In this single-center study, pharmacist addition to the postvisit review of discharged adult ED patients' prescriptions/cultures reduced the prevalence of revised antimicrobial regimen inappropriateness.
The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh: Helping Poor Women with Credit for Self-Employment

Summary Social work with poor women should include options for self-employment as avenues out of poverty. The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh exemplifies one micro-lending strategy to overcome traditional barriers and assist very poor women to earn an income and participate in the local economy. Credit lending principles combined with social development goals are highlighted, and the impact of this model discussed in terms of its success in alleviating poverty. Transferability of the model to the United States is discussed, and implications for social work offered.
Multi-mechanism crack closure simulations in various steels

A multi-mechanism modeling of fatigue crack growth is presented in this paper. The model accounts for the combined effect of plasticity-induced crack closure, oxide-induced crack closure and embrittlement effects near the crack tip. The development of oxide debris behind the crack tip causing oxide-induced crack closure is relevant at low stress intensity factor ranges, in the near-threshold regime. The oxide build-up is empirically modeled to account for fretting oxidation. Embrittlement is assumed to be the result of hydrogen diffusion in the near crack-tip region. Several parametric studies are performed to understand the computing limits of the model. Fatigue crack growth simulations are performed for various steels, and fatigue crack growth rates are determined. The model calculations are shown to match experimental data from literature.
Nanomembrane-based materials for Group IV semiconductor quantum electronics

Strained-silicon/relaxed-silicon-germanium alloy (strained-Si/SiGe) heterostructures are the foundation of Group IV-element quantum electronics and quantum computation, but current materials quality limits the reliability and thus the achievable performance of devices. In comparison to conventional approaches, single-crystal SiGe nanomembranes are a promising alternative as substrates for the epitaxial growth of these heterostructures. Because the nanomembrane is truly a single crystal, in contrast to the conventional SiGe substrate made by compositionally grading SiGe grown on bulk Si, significant improvements in quantum electronic-device reliability may be expected with nanomembrane substrates. We compare lateral strain inhomogeneities and the local mosaic structure (crystalline tilt) in strained-Si/SiGe heterostructures that we grow on SiGe nanomembranes and on compositionally graded SiGe substrates, with micro-Raman mapping and nanodiffraction, respectively. Significant structural improvements are found using SiGe nanomembranes.
Justice and the American Metropolis

Clarissa Rile Hayward and Todd Swanstrom (eds), Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 2011, 280 pp. As the empirical evidence of spiraling economic and racial inequality mounts, th...
Measurements along the Melting Curve of He 3 at Millikelvin Temperatures

The melting curve of pure ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ has been measured in the region of the "$A$" and "$B$" phenomena discovered by Osheroff, Richardson, and Lee. Within a 2% precision there is no effect of the "$A$" phenomenon on the slope of the equilibrium melting curve. This indicates that "$A$" is not related to the properties of solid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$. Also, we describe a new effect on thermal relaxation of a powdered-cerium-magnesium-nitrate thermometer immersed in ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$.
The Directed Evolution of Radiation Resistance in E. coli

E. coli AB1157 (a wild-type, K-12 strain having no known defects in DNA repair capability) was irradiated daily with a very large X-ray dose to develop a series of strains unusually resistant to both X rays and ultraviolet (UV) photons. An understanding of how wild-type strains mutate and become more resistant should lead to a better understanding of DNA repair processes and their effects on radiation sensitivity.
Evidence for the automatic processing of prelexical codes in an orthographic but not a phonological task

The automatic activation of phonological and orthographic information in auditory and visual word processing was examined using a task-set procedure. Participants engaged in a phonological task (i.e., determining whether the letter “a” in a word sounded like /e/ or /ae/) or an orthographic task (i.e., determining whether the sound /s/ in a word was spelled with an “s” or a “c”). Participants were cued regarding which task to perform simultaneously with, or 750 ms before, a clear or degraded target. The stimulus clarity effect (i.e., clear words responded to faster than degraded words) was absorbed into the time that it took participants to identify the task on the basis of the cue in a simultaneous cue–target as compared to a delayed cue–target condition, but only for the orthographic task. These data are consistent with the claim that prelexical processing occurs in a capacity-free manner upon stimulus presentation when participants are trying to extract orthographic codes from words presented in the visual and auditory modalities. Such affirmative data were not obtained when participants attempted to extract phonological codes from words, since here the effects of stimulus clarity and cue delay were additive.
Effects of experience on food-searching behavior in the antFormica schaufussi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Foragers of the ant Formica schaufussitend to return to and search at a site of a previous food find. The search tactic employed by a forager on its return trip is related to the type of food previously encountered: search is more persistent in response to carbohydrate than to protein food. Using different reinforcement schedules with carbohydrate and protein food rewards, we show that, on a short-term as well as on a long-term basis, the basic pattern of search observed in naive foragers is only slightly modified through foraging experience. Foragers do not increase their search effort or adjust their search pattern when either type of food is systematically renewed on a fixed reward schedule and thus do not seem to be able to learn to assess the food predictability. Collective responses that could compensate for this lack of individual flexibility and increase foraging efficiency at the colony level are discussed.
Atherosclerosis in rabbits following treatment with heterologous lipoprotein.

Summary Rabbits were treated by injection with hypercholesteremic-rooster lipoprotein antigen to protect them from cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in accordance with the published observations of Gero et al . During the 6-week lipoprotein-injection period 28 rabbits received weekly intramuscular injections of lipoproteins which supplied 22.5 mg protein per rabbit. Following the immunization period the rabbits were given cholesterol-supplemented feed for 16 weeks. Atherosclerosis was evaluated on the basis of grading of aortal lesions at three sites, development of arcus senilis, aorta cholesterol content, and serum-cholesterol level. On the basis of these criteria, the lipoprotein pre-treatment did not exert any protective effect in the 23 surviving rabbits. It was noted that these rabbits had serum-cholesterol levels approximately twice as high as those reported by Gero et al ., and that the serological responses were no higher than 10- 3 compared with responses at a dilution of 10- 4 obtained by the above authors; in the absence of absorption studies a high degree of serological specificity for lipoprotein cannot be assumed.
The neuropathological basis for depression in Parkinson’s disease

Depression is found in 30-40% of all patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), but its etiology is unclear. Using neuropathology as a signpost for neurotransmitter function, we investigated the prevalence of pathological features found at postmortem and sought to uncover differences between depressed (n=11) and non-depressed (n=9) elderly PD patients. The results indicate a higher prevalence of pathological features in depressed compared to non-depressed PD patients, particularly in catecholamine areas of the brain; the locus coeruleus (neuronal loss: odds ratio=7.2, p=08; gliosis: odds ratio=18.0, p=008); dorsal vagus nerve (gliosis: odds ratio=7.63, p<0.05), and substantia nigra pars compacta (gliosis: odds ratio=2.85, ns). However, neuropathological differences were absent in the dorsal raphe nuclei, amygdala, and cortical regions. Our evidence suggests that depression in PD is related more to catecholaminergic than serotonergic system dysfunction.
Consumption loans under uncertainty

Abstract A stationary equilibrium for a sequence of markets under uncertainty is defined as a stationary stochastic process of temporary market equilibria. The purpose of this paper is to apply this equilibrium concept to a consumption-loans model with stochastic resources. Given that agents live for only two periods, that resources are allocated independently and identically, and that traders make “admissible” consumption decisions, it is shown that the sequence of equilibrium trades on forward markets is a Markov chain. When this chain is strictly stationary with a unique invariant distribution, the sequence of markets is in stationary equilibrium. Using Gale's classification scheme, a strictly stationary chain exists for each type of economy (classical, Samuelson, mixed). Questions concerning convergence to the invariant distribution for each type of economy are addressed by determining when the chain satisfies various recurrence conditions.
Amplified Electrical Transduction of DNA Hybridization Based on Polymeric Beads Loaded with Multiple Gold Nanoparticle Tags

A new strategy for amplifying particle-based electrical DNA detection based on oligonucleotides functionalized with polymeric beads carrying numerous gold nanoparticle tags is described. The gold-tagged beads were prepared by binding biotinylated metal nanoparticles to streptavidin-coated polystyrene spheres. Such use of carrier-sphere amplification platforms is combined with catalytic enlargement of the multiple gold tags and an ultrasensitive electrochemical stripping detection of the dissolved gold tags. The gold-nanoparticle loaded beads and the resulting DNA-linked assembly were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Factors affecting the performance have been optimized. Such amplified electrical transduction allows detection of DNA targets down to the 300amol level, and offers great promise for ultrasensitive detection of other biorecogntion events.
The absolute bound for coherent configurations

Abstract In this paper we generalize the absolute bound for association schemes to coherent configurations. We examine this bound in the context of quasi-symmetric and strongly regular designs. In particular, we use it to derive a new feasibility condition for strongly regular designs and give examples of parameter sets ruled out by this condition but which pass all other feasibility conditions known to us.
Estimating demand for cellular phone services in Japan

Abstract Since the 1990s, the telecommunications industry has changed dramatically with the wide diffusion of mobile telecommunications. In spite of this, the nature of the cellular phone market has not yet been explored sufficiently. This paper analyzes the demand for cellular phone services using data on the Japanese cellular phone market in the late 1990s. It finds that the market is highly product-differentiated and conventional network externalities are no longer decisive factors in choosing a mobile phone carrier. The evidence also shows that the demand for cellular phone services is quite price-elastic, with estimated elasticity from 1.30 to 2.43 in absolute value.
Mefloquine effects on ventral tegmental area dopamine and GABA neuron inhibition: A physiologic role for connexin-36 GAP junctions

Connexin-36 (Cx36) gap junctions (GJs) appear to be involved in the synchronization of GABA interneurons in many brain areas. We have previously identified a population of Cx36-connected ventral tegmental area (VTA) GABA neurons that may regulate mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, a system implicated in reward from both natural behaviors and drugs of abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the effect mefloquine (MFQ) has on midbrain DA and GABA neuron inhibition, and the role Cx36 GJs play in regulating midbrain VTA DA neuron activity in mice. In brain slices from adolescent wild-type (WT) mice the Cx36-selective GJ blocker mefloquine (MFQ, 25 μM) increased VTA DA neuron sIPSC frequency sixfold, and mIPSC frequency threefold. However, in Cx36 KO mice, MFQ only increased sIPSC and mIPSC frequency threefold. The nonselective GJ blocker carbenoxolone (CBX, 100 μM) increased DA neuron sIPSC frequency twofold in WT mice, did not affect Cx36 KO mouse sIPSCs, and did not affect mIPSCs in WT or Cx36 KO mice. Interestingly, MFQ had no effect on VTA GABA neuron sIPSC frequency. We also examined MFQ effects on VTA DA neuron firing rate and current-evoked spiking in WT and Cx36 KO mice, and found that MFQ decreased WT DA neuron firing rate and current-evoked spiking, but did not alter these measures in Cx36 KO mice. Taken together these findings suggest that blocking Cx36 GJs increases VTA DA neuron inhibition, and that GJs play in key role in regulating inhibition of VTA DA neurons. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acceptance of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in a minority population: determinants and potential points of intervention

We sought to understand pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine acceptance in a minority community including corre- lates of vaccine hesitancy and refusal. We identified intervention points to increase H1N1 vaccine coverage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Minority parents and caregivers of children 18 years participated in a cross-sectional survey. Statistical analy- ses included bivariate correlations, exploratory factor analyses, internal-consistency assessment, and logistic regressions. RESULTS: The sample (N 223) included mostly lower-income (71% (n 159)) and black (66% (n 147)) participants. Potential and actual receipt of pediatric H1N1 vaccination was low (36% (n 80)). Pediatric H1N1 vaccine acceptance was associated with lack of insurance (odds ratio (OR): 3.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26 -7.37)), perceived H1NI pediatric susceptibility (OR: 1.66 (95% Cl: 1.41-1.95)), child vacci- nation prioritization in family (OR: 3.34 (95% CI: 1.33- 8.38)), believing that H1N1 is a greater community concern than other diseases (OR: 1.77 (95% CI: 1.01-3.09)), believing that other methods of containment (eg, hand-washing, masks) are not as effective as the H1N1 vaccine (OR: 1.73 (95% CI: 1.06 -2.83)), and a desire to promote influenza vaccination in the community (OR: 2.35 (95% CI: 1.53-3.61)). CONCLUSIONS: We found low acceptance of the H1N1 vaccine in our study population. Perceived influenza susceptibility, concern about H1N1 disease, and confidence in vaccinations as preventive methods were associated with vaccine acceptance. Physician support for HIN1 vaccination will aid in increasing immunization coverage for this pop- ulation, and health departments are perceived as ideal community locations for vaccine administration. Pediatrics 2011;127:S113-S119
What Constitutes a Nurturing Environment for the Growth of Mathematically Gifted Students

This article describes a qualitative study to determine the influential forces in the development of mathematically gifted students. In-depth interviews were, conducted with four mathematically gifted students, the teacher/coach of these students, and a parent of one of the students. The content of the interviews was supplemented with survey data gathered from a select group of 12 teachers and two parent/gifted student pairs. An attitude survey inventory was given to the four gifted students, and their results were compared with two other groups of students generally looked upon as mathematically gifted. A discussion of the influential sources in the lives of gifted students, along with aspects that contributed to creating a nurturing environment, emerged from the data analysis.
A method for computing flight emissions and identifying potential Point-to-Point aviation markets

This research incorporates the prediction of carbon emissions of the current (2007) Hub-and-Spoke based air traffic system with the development of potential Point-to-Point air traffic routes. To accomplish this a Hub-and-Spoke carbon emission calculator is developed and a Spoke-To-Hub-To-Destination Passenger Demand Estimator is incorporated into the Hub-and-Spoke carbon emission calculator. This estimator predicts passenger demand from all Spoke Origins within 240 km of each of the 35 major hubs in the United States to all of the other 35 major hubs. These Spoke-To-Hub-To-Destination route demands were sorted from highest to lowest. Routes with annual demands of 4500 passengers were isolated. Three of the largest domestic (excluding Hawaii) demands were further analyzed as case studies to determine carbon emission savings by initiating alternate Point-to-Point routes. Hypothetical extrapolation of these three case studies to the greater air traffic system suggests substantial dioxide of carbon (CO 2 ) emission reductions as well as hub congestion reduction along with many other environmental and service oriented advantages.
A Review of Factors That Affect Artifact From Metallic Hardware on Multi-Row Detector Computed Tomography

Artifact arising from metallic hardware can present a major obstacle to computed tomographic imaging of bone and soft tissue and can preclude its use for answering a variety of important clinical questions. The advent of multirow detector computed tomography offers new opportunities to address the challenge of imaging in the presence of metallic hardware. This pictorial essay highlights current strategies for reducing metallic hardware artifacts and presents some illustrative clinical cases.
Does Time Really Slow Down during a Frightening Event

Observers commonly report that time seems to have moved in slow motion during a life-threatening event. It is unknown whether this is a function of increased time resolution during the event, or instead an illusion of remembering an emotionally salient event. Using a hand-held device to measure speed of visual perception, participants experienced free fall for 31 m before landing safely in a net. We found no evidence of increased temporal resolution, in apparent conflict with the fact that participants retrospectively estimated their own fall to last 36% longer than others' falls. The duration dilation during a frightening event, and the lack of concomitant increase in temporal resolution, indicate that subjective time is not a single entity that speeds or slows, but instead is composed of separable subcomponents. Our findings suggest that time-slowing is a function of recollection, not perception: a richer encoding of memory may cause a salient event to appear, retrospectively, as though it lasted longer.
Space-time joint truncated multistage Wiener filtering for asynchronous DS-CDMA in multipath

A novel self-synchronizing receiver with a J-element antenna array is developed for asynchronous DS-CDMA multipath fading channels in this paper. The primary requirement is knowledge of the desired user's signature sequence. There's no training period of signal-free observations is required. Also, no information is presumed about the interfering users. Multipath diversity is exploited via two combining schemes, namely the maximal ratio combining (MRC) and the equal gain combining (ECG). A computationally efficient receiver was developed to utilize the concept of the truncated multistage Wiener filter (TMWF) introduced by Goldstein and Reed. This technique obviates the necessity of either a covariance matrix inversion or an eigen-decomposition. Moreover, this multistage scheme achieves a rapid adaptive convergence under limited observation-data support. Simulation results indicate that the proposed detector provides superior performance as an increasing function of the size of the J-element antenna array and is nearly independent on the number of signals.
Interconnect Network Analysis of Many-Core Chips

This paper presents the first intercore interconnect technology optimization and wiring demand calculation for mesh, concentrated mesh, flattened butterfly, and concentrated flattened butterfly network-on-chip topologies. Global wire dimensions are optimized to achieve maximum bandwidth and minimum delay. The core-to-core channel width is then determined by taking into account the available wiring area and area occupied by the router within each core. It is shown that the router area limits the channel width for all topologies. In mesh and concentrated mesh topologies, a smaller channel width results in underutilization of the available wiring area; less than 10% of the area available in two orthogonal wiring levels if the router area is constrained to 20% of the core area. For flattened butterfly and concentrated flattened butterfly topologies, the required wiring areas can be as high as 80% of two orthogonal wiring levels for the same routing area constraint. However, flattened butterfly topology does not scale for a larger number of cores due to the rapid increase in the number of ports and, consequently, router area.
Voter Turnout and the National Election Studies

Though the overreporting of voter turnout in the National Election Study (NES) is widely known, this article shows that the problem has become increasingly severe. The gap between NES and official estimates of presidential election turnout has more than doubled in a nearly linear fashion, from 11 points in 1952 to 24 points in 1996. This occurred because official voter turnout fell steadily from 1960 onward, while NES turnout did not. In contrast, the bias in House election turnout is always smaller and has increased only marginally. Using simple bivariate statistics, I find that worsening presidential turnout estimates are the result mostly of declining response rates rather than instrumentation, question wording changes, or other factors. As more peripheral voters have eluded interviewers in recent years, the sample became more saturated with self-reported voters, thus inflating reported turnout.
Reconfigurable FPGA's in the 1-20 GHz band with HBT BiCMOS

This paper describes the operation of a field Programmable gate array (FPGA), the basics of current mode logic, and examines the idea of creating a SiGe heterojunction bipolar (HBT) version of the Xilinx 6200 FPGA. A new proposed device would be bitwise compatible with the 6200, but would operate in the 1-20 GHz range due to the HBT technology being used for the logic and routing and CMOS for storing the configuration bits. This is possible due to the IBM cointegration process of a HBT with a BiCMOS process. Information in this paper is based on an HBT having a f/sub T/ of 50 GHz, but later in 1999 IBM will be unveiling a process that will double the speed. By replacing and redesigning key parts of the 6200 FPGA, a 100-200X operating speedup is possible. The core logic cell in the 6200 consists of two input multiplexers and nip-flops, which can easily be converted to current mode logic (CML). Routing in a conventional FPGA is done via pass transistors, which can act like a low pass filter for a high-speed signal. A SiGe HBT CML multiplexer can be used for routing which can pass signals with a 12-14 picoseconds delay. Through the use of a side decoder, memory planes of configuration could be used to store current and future configurations. Interchange could occur between memory planes if the old flip-flop values are stored, new flip-flop values are restored, and then the new configuration plane is activated. Countless applications such as DSP, Ethernet routing, missile control, and artificial intelligence could utilize a SiGe HBT FPGA.
Bite force and occlusal stress production in hominin evolution

Maximum bite force affects craniofacial morphology and an organism's ability to break down foods with different material properties. Humans are generally believed to produce low bite forces and spend less time chewing compared with other apes because advances in mechanical and thermal food processing techniques alter food material properties in such a way as to reduce overall masticatory effort. However, when hominins began regularly consuming mechanically proc- essed or cooked diets is not known. Here, we apply a model for estimating maximum bite forces and stresses at the second molar in modern human, nonhuman pri- mate, and hominin skulls that incorporates skeletal data along with species-specific estimates of jaw muscle archi- tecture. The model, which reliably estimates bite forces, shows a significant relationship between second molar bite force and second molar area across species but does not confirm our hypothesis of isometry. Specimens in the genus Homo fall below the regression line describing the relationship between bite force and molar area for non- human anthropoids and australopiths. These results suggest that Homo species generate maximum bite forces below those predicted based on scaling among australopiths and nonhuman primates. Because this decline occurred before evidence for cooking, we hypothesize that selection for lower bite force production was likely made possible by an increased reliance on nonthermal food processing. However, given substantial variability among in vivo bite force magnitudes meas- ured in humans, environmental effects, especially varia- tions in food mechanical properties, may also be a factor. The results also suggest that australopiths had ape-like bite force capabilities. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:544- 557, 2013. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TCDD suppression of tissue transglutaminase stimulation by retinoids in malignant human keratinocytes.

The human keratinocyte line SCC-4 is a model system in which to explore the mechanism by which 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) interferes with the action of hormones in the steroid receptor superfamily. In present work, retinoid induction of tissue transglutaminase mRNA was suppressed 60 ‐70% by 10 nM TCDD in the human squamous carcinoma cell line SCC-4. This effect occurred without enhanced degradation of the mRNA and thus appeared to result from altered transcription. The actions of all-trans-retinoic acid and the synthetic retinoid TTNPB ((E)4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthylenyl)-1propenyl] benzoic acid), which resists metabolic degradation, were suppressed to the same extent without obvious changes in their EC50s. In addition, TCDD suppression of reporter transcription, driven by a retinoic acid response element, was not evident in transient or stable transfections of SCC-4 cells. Sodium butyrate (3 mM) alone induced tissue transglutaminase and augmented retinoid induction. In the presence of butyrate, TCDD acted as an inducer and did not reduce retinoid stimulation. Retinoic acid induction of tissue transglutaminase displayed a lag phase of >24 h, indicating that the induction has an indirect component. Rather than depleting active retinoid in the culture medium or generally inactivating retinoid receptor function, TCDD may suppress retinoid action in this case by interfering with the late phase of induction.
Interface as Exordium: The Rhetoric of Interactivity

In this article, I outline how the interface of new media functions rhetorically as an exordium to engage users and to dispose them to persuasion. The modular, networked, and interactive nature of new media requires an interface: a central place of interaction for the technological, human, social, and cultural aspects of new media. I propose that the interface functions rhetorically through three modes of interactivity, including multi-directionality, manipulability, and presence. By understanding these modes of interactivity and how they function to create various degrees of interaction and engagement, we can begin to develop the analytic tools needed to increase critical awareness of the interface. A rhetorical understanding of the interface enables us and our students to see that the shape and design of the interface is not natural and inevitable. The design of the interface is a design of human experience and, as such, the interface becomes a locus of power. The modes of interactivity it deploys are capable of enabling empowerment and enacting rhetorical patterns of control.
Some connections between epistemology and cognitive psychology

Abstract This is a prolegomenon to a comprehensive account of the relation between epistemology and experimental cognitive psychology (ECP). It provides a clarification of some of the crucial ways in which epistemology is related to ECP (and vice versa), supplementing the few contributions already made on this topic. In so doing, it gives a broader-based explanation of the connection between epistemology and ECP.
Extensions and Improvements to the Chordal Graph Approach to the Multistate Perfect Phylogeny Problem

The multistate perfect phylogeny problem is a classic problem in computational biology. When no perfect phylogeny exists, it is of interest to find a set of characters to remove in order to obtain a perfect phylogeny in the remaining data. This is known as the character removal problem. We show how to use chordal graphs and triangulations to solve the character removal problem for an arbitrary number of states, which was previously unsolved. We outline a preprocessing technique that speeds up the computation of the minimal separators of a graph. Minimal separators are used in our solution to the missing data character removal problem and to Gusfield's solution of the perfect phylogeny problem with missing data.
Epoxide-metabolizing Enzymes in Mammary Gland and Liver from BALB/c Mice and Effects of Inducers on Enzyme Activity

Epoxide hydrolases (EC 3.3.2.3) (EH) are hydrolytic enzymes which may play an important role in the activation and detoxification of mammary carcinogens. In this study, microsomal, cytosolic, and cholesterol epoxide hydrolases along with glutathione S-transferase were characterized in liver and mammary gland from nulliparous and lactating BALB/c mice and from mice transplanted with preneoplastic hyperplastic outgrowths. Clofibrate, butylated hydroxyanisole, and beta-naphthoflavone were used to induce EH. Significant epoxide hydrolysis was observed in microsomal and cytosolic subcellular fractions assayed with cis- and trans-stilbene oxide, benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide, and cholesterol epoxide. The hydrolysis rates were significantly different for nulliparous and lactating animals, in both mammary gland and liver. Clofibrate increased the activity of all forms of EH in liver, but not mammary gland. Butylated hydroxyanisole and beta-naphthoflavone appeared to induce cytosolic glutathione S-transferase as well as some, but not all, forms of EH in liver and mammary gland regardless of hormonal stimuli. The inducers produced different effects in mammary gland as compared with liver. This may be due to either differing amounts of inducer reaching the target site or different regulation of the enzymes in mammary gland and liver. Hyperplastic outgrowths and liver from hyperplastic outgrowth-transplanted animals demonstrated significantly different EH and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activities from those of nulliparous and lactating animals. This observation offers preliminary evidence that levels of epoxide-metabolizing enzymes are altered when mammary tissue is transformed. Mammary gland cytosolic EH was purified by affinity chromatography and compared to that from liver by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, isoelectric focusing, and enzyme inhibition by 4-phenylchalcone oxide. Cytosolic EH from the mammary gland appears to be identical to the liver enzyme by all the above mentioned biochemical and biophysical parameters.
The Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Balance

When discussing the causes of obesity, it is easy to point fingers at the individual. “Gluttony” and “sloth” after all are two of the seven “deadly sins.” Obese adults and their children are assumed to have “free choice” with regard to food intake and energy expenditure and are therefore “responsible” for their metabolic “fates” (1). But no child chooses to become obese; indeed the quality of life of an obese child is similar to that of children receiving cancer chemotherapy (2). Furthermore, the striking increases in obesity prevalence in 2- to 5-year-old children (3) suggest that there are other explanations for the obesity epidemic. Here I explore the biochemical determinants that control energy balance and argue that difficulties in achieving and/or maintaining weight loss reflect the potency of central reinforcement systems, the effects of stress, and the resilience of the body’s adaptive responses.
Transport of passive scalar in turbulent shear flow under a clean or surfactant-contaminated free surface

Direct numerical simulation is performed to study the turbulent transport of passive scalars near clean and surfactant-contaminated free surfaces. As a canonical problem, a turbulent shear flow interacting with a flat free surface is considered, with a focus on the effect of splats and anti-splats on the scalar transport processes. Using conditional averaging of strong surface flux events, it is shown that these are associated with coherent hairpin vortex structures emerging from the shear flow. The upwelling at the splat side of the oblique hairpin vortices greatly enhances the scalar surface flux. In the presence of surfactants, the splats at the surface are suppressed by the surface tension gradients caused by spatial variation of surfactant concentration; as a result, scalar flux is reduced. Conditional averaging of weak surface flux events shows that these are caused by anti-splats with which surface-connected vortices are often associated. When surfactants are present, the downdraught transport at the surface-connected vortices is weakened. Turbulence statistics of the velocity and scalar fields are performed in terms of mean and fluctuation profiles, scalar flux, turbulent diffusivity and scalar variance budget. Using surface layer quantification based on an analytical similarity solution of the mean shear flow, it is shown that the depth of the scalar statistics variation is scaled on the basis of the Schmidt number. In the presence of surfactants, the scalar statistics have the characteristics of those near a solid wall in contrast to those near a clean surface, which leads to thickened scalar boundary layer and reduced surface flux.
Chondroitin sulfate-binding peptides block chondroitin 6-sulfate inhibition of cortical neurite growth.

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) expression is increased in the glial scar following spinal cord injury demonstrating the importance understanding the role of CS in the central nervous system (CNS). There have been conflicting studies on the effects of the most abundant types of CS, chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) and chondroitin 6-sulfate (C6S), found in the CNS. In this study, the effects of C4S and C6S on rat embryonic day 18 cortical neurons were investigated. C4S had no effect on neuron behavior whereas C6S inhibited neurite outgrowth at higher concentrations (>10 μg/ml). Two C6S-binding peptides (C6S-1 and C6S-2) were tested for their ability to block the inhibitory activity of C6S on neurite outgrowth. Neurons cultured with C6S and C6S-binding peptide at higher peptide concentrations had neurite lengths similar to neurons cultured without C6S. Therefore, the C6S-binding peptides were effective at blocking the inhibitory activity of C6S. The C6S-1 peptide had a higher binding affinity than the C6S-2 peptide and was consequently more effective at blocking C6S inhibition of neurite growth. To date, this is the first study to employ an alternative strategy from enzymatic digestion of CS chains to increase neurite outgrowth. These studies warrant further investigation of the use of C6S-binding peptides to increase nerve regeneration following spinal cord injury.
Enhancement of immunohistochemical staining of scrapie proteins and immune cells within lymph nodes of early scrapie-infected sheep

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect animals as well as humans. The oldest of these diseases is Scrapie seen in sheep. Scrapie is caused by an altered form (PrPsc), capable of inducing “self-replication” of the normal host prion protein(PrPc). There is currently no universal standard for antigen retrieval when using immunohistochemistry to simultaneously stain the PrPc protein and other cellular markers. The use of formalin-fixed tissue creates a challenge by concealing the antigenic sites where an antibody would bind, and lengthy antigen retrieval methods must be applied in order to facilitate staining. Further complicating sheep tissue immunohistochemistry is a significant lack of commercial antibodies to sheep cell markers available in research. Here we developed a novel immunohistochemical technique using trypsin, formic acid, and hydrated autoclaving using citraconic anhydride buffer to increase sensitivity of staining for scrapie proteins and immune cell subsets. This allowed us to stain and identify cells within lymphoid tissue associated with early lymphoid pathogenesis in scrapie.
Analysis of the He + on He Collision

This paper is the second of two consecutive papers dealing with resonant electron capture in ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ on He collisions. The first of these, by Lockwood, Helbig, and Everhart, describes differential measurements of electron capture probability ${P}_{0}$ made over a wide range of incident energy and scattering angle. The present paper treats these data within the framework of an improved theory for charge transfer due to Bates and McCarroll. The theory requires a knowledge of the energy levels of the ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}^{+}$ molecular ion at all internuclear distances. Using values of these energy levels given by Lichten, the present paper computes the location of the maxima and minima of ${P}_{0}$ at all impact parameters and velocities. The repulsive potential energy of the ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}^{+}$ system is also calculated here so that these impact parameters can be related to the scattering angle. These results allow the values of ${P}_{0}$ to be predicted over a wide range of impact parameters (0.05 to 1.4 \AA{}), scattering angles (\textonehalf{} to 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}), and energies (0.4 to 1000 keV). There is fair quantitative agreement with the data curves. However, a detailed comparison of theory and data shows discrepancies. At high velocities and low impact parameters there is rather good agreement and there is again fair agreement at low velocities and large impact parameters. In between, however, at intermediate impact parameters the data curves are such that the interaction appears to be different depending on whether the velocity is above or below a critical value of about 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ cm/sec. This behavior of the data is not predicted by the present theory.
The changing profile of anesthetic practice: an update for internists.

BACKGROUND Internists are commonly consulted to "clear" patients for anesthesia and surgery. Newer anesthetic agents and techniques now extend limits and possibilities beyond what many internists were taught. OBJECTIVE To update internists on recent changes in anesthetic management and how they affect the preoperative evaluation. SUMMARY Recent advances in anesthetic management include new monitoring standards, balanced anesthetic technique, new agents, equipment changes, better understanding of human factors, and expanded pain management techniques. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative care will likely assume increasing importance in determining anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. For this reason, increased interaction and cooperation between surgeons, internists, and anesthesiologists are needed. Advances in anesthesiology over the last decade present new options for internists asked to “clear” patients for surgery.
Song versatility and social context in the Bobolink

We contextually analyzed the song of the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) to examine the role of sexual selection on song versatility. Recordings were obtained as territorial males were randomly presented with a caged male (a conspecific intruder), a caged female (a potential breeding partner), and an empty control cage. Sound spectrograms created from the recordings were analyzed and an index of versatility was calculated for each male in each manipulation so that individual song variation could be compared among behavioral contexts. These analyses suggest that more complex or versatile song production is being selected intersexually, whereas short repetitive song is intrasexually selected.
Entomology Looks at its Mission: Entomology in the New Biology Curriculum

What I have to say this morning has been said (Steinhaus, 1964) before but as Entomology looks at its mission it is important that its relationship to biology as a whole and to biological instruction in particular be restudied. It is also desirable that these important relationships be expressed in different ways so that no significant facet is unexplored. Like the Gospel, the lesson deserves retelling.
Creep behavior of magnetorheological elastomers under combined magnetic and mechanical loads

In this work, creep behavior of magnetorheological elastomers is investigated under combined magnetic and mechanical loading conditions. For the first time, a creep behavior model of MR elastomer is presented in this work in compression mode. A Weibull distribution function is used to model this behavior of MRE very well for both magnetic and mechanical loading conditions. This new model, which have been used previously for modeling recovery of thermosetting polymeric materials, is able to demonstrate the MRE creep behavior more accurately compared to previous models in the literature. The results show that the creep intensity is highly dependent on the carbonyl iron particle volume percentage of MRE samples, as well as the applied magnetic field.
Genome Size and Structure, Bacterial

Bacteria genomes are small, ranging from 100 to 15 000 kb in length, but they harbor a vast reservoir of genetic and physiological diversity. Research initiated over 50 years ago began characterizing many features of bacterial genomes – their sizes, their structures, their contents – but until large numbers of sequenced bacterial genomes became available, it was difficult to establish the principles guiding their organization and evolution. Through comparative analyses involving thousands of sequenced bacterial genomes, we have gained broad knowledge of the variation within and among bacterial genomes, and have elucidated the processes that contribute to their dynamics.