cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
cAMP increases synthesis of surfactant-associated protein A by perfused rat lung.

Synthesis and secretion of surfactant-associated protein were studied in isolated rat lungs perfused with [3H]phenylalanine or [35S]methionine in synthetic medium. Surfactant was isolated by lung lavage and density-gradient centrifugation followed by dialysis to remove unincorporated amino acid and extraction with ethanol-ether to yield a delipidated protein fraction. Incorporation of [3H]phenylalanine into the delipidated surfactant protein fraction showed a lag phase of approximately 3 h followed by progressive increase over the next 3 h at a rate of 1.6 nmol.mg protein-1.h-1. With 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP, 0.1 mM) added to the perfusate, the incorporation rate between 3 and 6 h was increased by 75%. 3H specific activity in a delipidated lamellar body-rich fraction isolated from lung homogenates was unchanged by 8-BrcAMP at 3 h but was increased by 45% at 6 h. The major peak of radioactivity on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of surfactant and lamellar bodies corresponded to proteins of 27-36 kDa that were identified as surfactant protein A (SP-A) by immunoblot. In the presence of 8-BrcAMP during 6 h of perfusion, specific activity of 35S-labeled SP-A in immunoprecipitated protein was increased by 93% and the SP-A mRNA content of lung was increased 145%. These results show that isolated perfused lungs synthesize and secrete surfactant-associated proteins and that the presence of a permeable cAMP analogue in the lung perfusate leads to increased secretion followed by induction of synthesis for SP-A.
Heavy-Particle Spacetime Symmetries and Building Blocks

What is heavy particle effective theory? Imagine a charged particle ϕ with mass M in its rest frame, interacting with other particles of energy \(\Lambda \ll M\) through exchange of photons. The momentum transfer in such collisions are of order \(\Lambda \), allowing the heavy particle to be off-shell by only that amount. Hence, to a good approximation, the heavy particle remains at rest and appears to the light degrees of freedom as a static source of charge.
High-temperature crystal structure of pyroxmangite

Etude a differentes temperatures jusqu'a 600˚C. La dilatation de la structure se fait par la dilatation des polyedres contenant le cation M et de l'espace vide entre les polyedres, avec rotation concomitante des tetraedres relativement rigides autour des oxygene portants. Discussion du mecanisme possible pour l'inversion pyroxurangite-rhodonite
Institutionalizing Japanese Philanthropy Beyond National and Sectoral Borders: Coevolution of Philanthropy and Corporate Philanthropy from the 1970s to 1990s

Building on an analytical framework of agent-based institutionalization, this qualitative study uses narrative accounts to explore a historical evolution of Japanese philanthropy and corporate philanthropy from the 1970s to 1990s. Using primary data, such as interviews with key actors and archival resources, as well as secondary and publication data, I examine the process of how Japanese philanthropy and corporate philanthropy progressed simultaneously and how the American concept of philanthropy was integrated into different cultural contexts and emerged as the Japanese concept of philanthropy, firansoropii. This study also reveals that the three-decade process of institutionalizing Japanese philanthropy was driven by Japanese institutional actors who bridged the philanthropic, political, and economic boundaries between Japan and the United States.
The Practice of Human Rights: Tracking Law Between the Global and the Local

Introduction - locating rights, envisioning law between the global and the local Mark Goodale Part I. States of Violence: 1. Introduction Sally Engle Merry 2. The violence of rights - human rights as culprit, human rights as victim Daniel Goldstein 3. Double-binds of self and secularism in Nepal - religion, democracy, identity and rights Lauren Leve Part II. Registers of Power: 4. Introduction Laura Nader 5. The power of right(s) - tracking empires of law and new modes of social resistance in Bolivia (and elsewhere) Mark Goodale 6. Exercising rights and reconfiguring resistance in the the Zapatista Shannon Speed Part III. Conditions of Vulnerability: 7. Introduction Sally Engle Merry 8. Rights to indigenous culture in Colombia Jean Jackson 9. The 2000 UN Human Trafficking Protocol - rights, enforcement, vulnerabilities Kay Warren Part IV. Encountering Ambivalence: 10. Introduction Balakrishnan Rajagopal 11. Transnational legal conflict between peasants and corporations in Burma - human rights and discursive ambivalence under the US Alien Tort Claims Act John Dale 12. Being Swazi, Being Human - custom, constitutionalism and human rights in an African monarchy Sari Wastell 13. Conclusion - Tyrannosaurus Lex - The Anthropology of human rights and transnational law Richard Ashby Wilson.
The President of Talk Radio: The Crystallization of a Social Movement:

The recent ascendency of Trumpism calls for a historical review of nativist movements and the social appeal they gained. This article will focus on talk-radio and how it shaped and influenced the American psyche and became a cornerstone for conservatism. The article illustrates common themes between contemporary talk-radio hosts and previous antiprogressive figures. Understanding the success of Rush Limbaugh, which started in the late 1980s, created a whole social movement that ought to be analyzed in order to understand the current mood of Trumpism. The author draws from historical events and personal anecdotes to analyze the nativist sentiments that keep reemerging in the public discourse.
Ghetto: the invention of a place, the history of an idea

The title lettering on the front cover of sociologist Mitchell Duneier’s book is oversized, precisely centred, and in all capitals: GHETTO. You cannot read it in public without your neighbour immed...
Rebuilding Community Spaces: Integrating Resilience into STEPWISE

Worldwide, communities are engaged in citizen-driven environmental practices. However, teaching activism can be challenging, given the other pressures teachers currently face. Science teachers have an opportunity to promote environmental justice practices that focus on improving lives for all. Specific strategies, such as STEPWISE, can assist teachers in ensuring that the approach is inquiry-based, relevant, and context-based, all hallmarks of environmental education. However, as teachers work to infuse these practices, resilience theory can provide support for students that face resistance during activism. This chapter provides an example of how one high school environmental class was able to persist in their activism through a STEPWISE approach, despite resistance from those in power. By beginning with a student concern about mosquito spraying at the school, the students conducted an investigation by employing aspects of STEPWISE including research, inquiry, and presenting their findings. The students used this place-based problem as a platform to become more active in their school. STEPWISE-informed practices bolsters the current narrative of traditional environmental education, which tends to expose youth to green spaces (e.g., hiking, camping), instead of providing them opportunities for action on spaces that are able to be transformed. Environmental education without context-based, real-life situations for students to discuss their perspectives about environmental sustainability cannot realistically engage civic action and bring about change. The chapter concludes with recommendations for science teachers and teacher educators on teaching resilience through STEPWISE approaches.
Intradural extramedullary cavernous malformation with extensive superficial siderosis of the neuraxis: Case report and review of literature.

Background Spinal cavernous malformations usually affect the vertebral bodies and are seldom intradural. Here, we report a rare spinal intradural-extramedullary cavernous malformation associated with extensive superficial siderosis along the neuraxis in a patient with radicular complaints. Case description A 60-year-old male presented with subacute headaches, intermittent fever, and acute back and radicular leg pain for 1-2 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intradural-extramedullary lesion just below the conus medullaris (at the L2 level). There was associated subarachnoid hemorrhage in the lumbar cistern and superficial siderosis along the entire spinal neuraxis. Following surgical resection, the patient's symptoms resolved. Histopathology of the lesion was of a cavernous malformation. Conclusions There are only 56 cases of spinal intradural-extramedullary cavernous malformations published in the literature; however, only 3 described superficial neuraxis siderosis as noted in this case. In the present case, slowly recurring hemorrhages of the lesion located at the conus likely contributed to the complete neuraxis superficial siderosis. Timely evaluation and treatment of these lesions is warranted to avoid further compressive and/or hemorrhagic complications.
Structural brain development: birth through adolescence

Abstract This discussion will cover the major features of human structural brain development during the period from birth through adolescence, as viewed with magnetic resonance imaging, and the ways in which these phenomena relate to concurrent cognitive advancements. A special focus will be put on the prominent sex-specific, pubertal, regional, and temporal variations that characterize this dynamic process.
Detecting and harmonizing scanner differences in the ABCD study - annual release 1.0

In order to obtain the sample sizes needed for robustly reproducible effects, it is often necessary to acquire data at multiple sites using different MRI scanners. This poses a challenge for investigators to account for the variance due to scanner, as balanced sampling is often not an option. Similarly, longitudinal studies must deal with known and unknown changes to scanner hardware and software over time. In this manuscript, we have explored scanner-related differences in the dataset recently released by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) project, a multi-site, longitudinal study of children age 9-10. We demonstrate that scanner manufacturer, model, as well as the individual scanner itself, are detectable in the resting and task-based fMRI results of the ABCD dataset. We further demonstrate that these differences can be harmonized using an empirical Bayes approach known as ComBat. We argue that accounting for scanner variance, including even minor differences in scanner hardware or software, is crucial for any analysis.
Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomy

Prevention of stroke related to carotid stenosis can be surgically managed with carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This chapter focuses on the anesthetic management of patients for CEA. Preoperative considerations include the urgency and timing of the intervention, as well as the need for further workup for coronary atherosclerosis. Both general and regional anesthesia are acceptable techniques. Intraoperative monitoring for neurologic deficits is required, regardless of the anesthetic technique. This can be achieved with EEG, SSEPs, transcranial dopplers, stump pressures or by evaluating the awake patient. During carotid cross clamping, ipsilateral blood flow via collateral circulation can be improved by increasing the patient’s baseline pressure. However, in some patients shunting is required while the cross clamp is applied. Other intraoperative anesthetic implications include monitoring and treatment of hemodynamic lability. Current evidence does not clearly define a “best” anesthetic management plan. Considering the patient’s characteristics, surgeon’s comfort, and access to specific neurologic monitoring devices, can assist in guiding the anesthesiologist in creating an appropriate anesthetic plan.
Studying Archaeological Ceramics

The first step in any study of archaeological materials is, necessarily, ordering the material into some sort of classificatory system. A pile of undifferentiated sherds can tell us nothing about their producers other than that they made pottery. Classifications may vary considerably, both in how they are generated and in their level of specificity. Bowls versus Jars or Plain versus Decorated are simple binary typologies that provide one way of ordering a body of material. Classing a bowl as a Plain Bowl with Out-turning Rim and Shell Temper provides a more detailed and inclusive definition of a group of vessels.
Characteristics of Earthworm Washings Detected by the Vomeronasal System of Snakes

Garter snakes of the genus Thamnophis respond in a species-typical manner, by rapidly tongue-flicking and attacking objects coated with aqueous washes of their preferred prey (Burghardt, 1966, 1967a, 1967b, 1968, 1969; Campbell, 1970; Wilde, 1938). The snakes are highly selective in this response, responding with greatest vigor to washes of prey that form part of their natural diet. Although prey wash preference can be altered (Arnold, 1978; Burghardt et al., 1973; Fuchs and Burghardt, 1971), newborn garter snakes with no previous neonatal feeding experience demonstrate a strong preference for the washes of prey that form the diet of adult members of their species or subspecies living in similar geographic areas and ecological niches (Arnold, 1977, 1980, 1981; Burghardt, 1970b; Gove and Burghardt, 1975).
The role of substance use, smoking, and inflammation in risk for suicidal behavior.

Abstract Background Alcohol and substance use disorders are important predictors for suicidal behavior. However, the role of individual substances as proximal risk factors for suicidal behavior and the mechanisms through which substance use affect risk are not entirely clear. We examine whether the frequency of substance use and whether biological markers in the HPA axis and inflammatory pathways are associated with clinical risk factors of suicidal behavior of aggression, impulsivity, hopelessness, and poor sleep. Methods The sample consisted of psychiatric inpatients, aged 15–30 years, admitted for suicide attempt (n = 38), suicidal ideation (n = 40); and healthy controls (n = 37). We measured hair cortisol concentrations, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) sensitivity, stimulated production of interleukin- or IL-6, C-reactive protein, and mRNA expression of GR, SKA2, FKBP5, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Results Smoking was associated with increased aggression [β = 2.9, 95% CI (–0.03, 6), p = 0.05], impulsivity [β = 3.1, 95% CI (1.6, 4.6), p Limitations Study limitations include the cross-sectional design, retrospective assessment, and relatively small sample size. Conclusions Future longitudinal studies are needed to test whether inflammatory markers mediate the relationships between smoking, clinical risk factors, and suicidal behavior; and to examine whether smoking cessation could reduce the risk for suicidal behavior in at-risk patients.
Selinexor, a selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE), in patients with unresectable melanoma.

e21014Background: Limited effective therapies exist for patients with melanoma after progression on immune- and targeted-therapies. Treatment with selinexor, a potent small molecule inhibitor of ex...
EPR Evidence for the Origin of Nonlinear Effects in an Enantioselective Cu(II)-Catalyzed Spiroannulation

Herein, we describe an enantioselective Cu(II)-catalyzed spiroannulation of N-Boc-iminooxindoles with allylsilanes where a significant positive nonlinear effect (NLE) is observed. EPR spectroscopic studies of the copper(II) species present under synthetically relevant conditions reveal explicit spectroscopic evidence based on analysis of the metal center for the species responsible for the positive NLE in a metal-catalyzed system. EPR spectroscopy indicates that formation of a heterochiral ML2 species under scalemic conditions enriches the effective enantiopurity of the catalytically active species, leading to the asymmetric amplification observed in the spiroannulation. Mathematical analysis of the positive NLE reveals a high thermodynamic preference toward formation of the heterochiral ML2, which has a low relative reactivity when compared to the homochiral ML2.
Communication With Friends and the Academic Adjustment of First- and Non-First-Generation Students in the First Year of College:

This study examines the role of communication with on-campus friends on first-year students’ college adjustment, measured by academic self-efficacy, among first- and non-first-generation students. ...
Keyframe Sampling, Optimization, and Behavior Integration: Towards Long-Distance Kicking in the RoboCup 3D Simulation League

Even with improvements in machine learning enabling robots to quickly optimize and perfect their skills, developing a seed skill from which to begin an optimization remains a necessary challenge for large action spaces. This paper proposes a method for creating and using such a seed by (i) observing the effects of the actions of another robot, (ii) further optimizing the skill starting from this seed, and (iii) embedding the optimized skill in a full behavior. Called KSOBI, this method is fully implemented and tested in the complex RoboCup 3D simulation domain. To the best of our knowledge, the resulting skill kicks the ball farther in this simulator than has been previously documented.
Genetics of Oral Cancer

In recent years, precision medicine and genomics have become key topics among surgeons and researchers seeking to understanding head and neck cancers. A delicate interaction between host immune response, oncogenic viruses and proteins, and regulatory genes drives the carcinogenesis. Mutagenic agents cause irreversible cell injury which leads to malignant transformation of preinvasive cell populations. For nearly a century, toxins such as cigarette smoke, alcohol, or chronic traumatic injury (e.g., Marjolin’s ulcer) have been implicated in the development of head and neck cancer. There is a modern shift from these classically held beliefs, however, toward understanding host genetic polymorphisms which may ultimately contribute to carcinogenesis to a greater degree than extrinsic injury. Eludicating the causal relationship between the genetics of oral cancer development and the treatment of the tumors themselves is critical to advancing the field of head and neck oncology and is a key focus of federal and foundation-based funding agencies.
Carbon Capture and Storage

Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology to reduce anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere. CO2 is captured at large stationary sources, such as fossil fuel–fired power plants, and is injected into the deep subsurface for long-time storage. In this chapter, the three main components of CCS are discussed: (1) capture of CO2 at large stationary sources, (2) transport of captured CO2 to storage sites, and (3) injection into the subsurface for storage. Potential roadblocks for implementation of this technology are also discussed.
Are plant hybrid zones centers of vertebrate biodiversity? A test in the Quercus grisea × Quercus gambelii species complex

The plant-hybrid-zones-as-centers-of-biodiversity (hereafter, PHZCB) hypothesis posits that plant hybrid zones represent areas of elevated biodiversity, and supports the inclusion of plant hybrid zones in conservation efforts. Support for the PHZCB hypothesis is limited to a handful of cases involving insect and fungal species and to two studies involving higher trophic levels. The PHZCB hypothesis requires further testing before plant hybrid zones can be established with any certainty as centers of biodiversity. We test whether the PHZCB hypothesis holds for higher trophic levels by examining the community structure of birds and reptiles associated with the Quercus grisea × Quercus gambelii species complex. Specifically, we compare patterns of species richness and abundance of these taxa in 10 hybrid zones and 11 contact zones (i.e., zones where both parental species occur but hybrids do not). In contrast to predictions of the PHZCB hypothesis, contact zones supported significantly more species of birds and reptiles than did hybrid zones. Species abundances exhibited idiosyncratic responses to zone type, but were higher generally in the contact zones.
Using Narrative Inquiry to Portray Learning in Jazz

Historically, jazz musicians learned to play by ear as they developed their individual voices to express their musical ideas. When jazz entered the schools, however, learning to play jazz became relegated to reading printed music, and directors rehearsed jazz ensembles similar to concert bands. Jazz, then, moved almost entirely into the realm of formal music learning in school music programs and the aural aspects of learning became diminished. Not all of these voices in jazz disappeared, and exemplary examples of learning jazz music via aural, oral, and physical ways still occur. As jazz musicians and narrative researchers, we explore how narrative inquiry can aid with portraying the varied dimensions of learning in jazz. Using Lefebvre’s (Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life. A&C Black Publishing, London, 2004) theoretical framework of sociological and historical orientation of human spatial experience, we define how we use the term narrative inquiry followed by an exploration into how the processes of narrative inquiry and learning in jazz share many parallels. We then use examples from our research to demonstrate how narrative inquiry can aid with portraying all voices embedded in the spaces where learning jazz music occurs.
The Influence of Shared or Separate Partner Residence on HIV Testing Among Latino Immigrants in the United States

The relationship context is influential in shaping HIV risk and preventive behaviors. Yet, there is little understanding about how shared or separate residence of partners shapes perceptions that affect HIV prevention. We explored how shared or separate residence from one’s partner impacts HIV testing intentions among Latino immigrants in the USA. We analyzed data from 206 Latino immigrants residing in New York City, and examined three potential models to assess the relationships between partner residence, partner approval of HIV testing, and HIV testing behaviors. Results indicated that shared residence was associated with greater partner approval to test for HIV (B = 0.48, 95% CI 0.01, 0.96, p = .04), and in turn, higher partner approval was associated with greater intention to test for HIV in the next 12 months (B = 0.38, 95% CI 0.15, 0.62., p < .01). Results suggest the need to consider partner residency as an important factor in shaping determinants of HIV testing behaviors. Conceptualization of couples as living separately, across national borders, is warranted for couple-based health interventions given the current socio-political climate in the USA. Future research focused on couple-based HIV prevention should examine strategies and policies to preserve or strengthen partner dynamics among couples living apart.
From early adopters to early quitters

Research has studied what makes people adopt electric vehicles since before they were commercially available. Now, a new study examines the next important issue for the future of electrification of personal transportation: what makes electric vehicle owners ditch them.
Iron flies higher

Electrolyte materials that consist of metals with organic ligands represent a promising direction for flow battery research. Now, an iron complex with the combination of bipyridine and cyanide ligands is demonstrated to have improved voltage and solubility over the commonly used ferrocyanide couple.
Random sequence oligonucleotide primers detect polymorphic DNA products which segregate in inbred strains of mice.

The random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence has been extremely valuable in identifying heritable markers in a variety of systems. The present studies examined whether the RAPD technique can identify large numbers of polymorphisms that can be used to construct genetic maps in inbred strains of mice. By screening the inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J with 481 random 10-mer oligonucleotide primers, we identified 95 polymorphisms and mapped 76 of these by use of the BXD series of recombinant inbred (RI) strains. The results clearly demonstrate that the RAPD technique allows for the identification of large numbers of DNA-based polymorphisms that distinguish these two inbred strains of mice,and that such markers can readily be used to construct molecular genetic linkage maps.
Advances in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs.

In the last 20 years, the diagnosis of pancreatitis has become more frequent as a result of improved diagnostic modalities such as abdominal ultrasound examination, advanced imaging, and immunoassays for the measurement of pancreatic lipase. Our aim is to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) in dogs with a particular focus on pancreatic lipase assay validation and clinical performance, in addition to advanced imaging modalities. We also discuss the potential indications for cytology and histopathology in dogs with suspected AP.
The economic costs to society of motor vehicle accidents

An estimate was made of the economic cost to society of motor vehicle accidents in 1980, including medical costs, productivity losses, property damage, legal actions, coroner expenses, emergency services, and insurance and public administration. Both total and unit costs were estimated for each of these categories. The sensitivity of the total was estimated for changes in the incidence of serious injury and for different discount rates.
Management of pregnancies complicated by reduced fetal metabolic reserve

During labor, the obstetrician’s role is to prevent maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. High on the list of potential complications is intrapartum fetal acidemia leading to asphyxia. Factors that increase the risk of acidemia and poor fetal outcome include conditions that had affected the fetus prior to labor such as: intrauterine growth restriction, oligohydramnios and placental abruption. Recent advances in the antepartum assessment of fetal and placental reserve provide us with a better ability to predict the fetal tolerance of labor and delivery. Using this information helps to decrease the risk of intrapartum fetal
Passport to Toledo: CUNO, the WTO and the ECJ

On September 27, 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari in the case of Cuno v. DaimlerChrysler, a case involving interstate tax competition that had drawn numerous comments from academics and the bar. The case is controversial for holding that some state tax incentives to business are a violation of the Commerce Clause. Because of that controversy and the ubiquitous prevalence of such incentives, it is widely expected that if the Supreme Court reaches the merits, it will reverse. The purpose of this article is to try to place the debate about Cuno in a broader perspective by connecting it with the overall discussion of harmful tax competition. Specifically, the article will address two (admittedly highly unlikely) hypotheticals: First, suppose (like the London borough of Pimlico in the classic British film, Passport to Pimlico) the City of Toledo, Ohio, seceded from the United States and became a separate country? Second, suppose in addition that the new country of Toledo somehow became a Member State of the European Union? The reason these hypotheticals are interesting is because it is clear that if the first hypothetical were true, the tax incentives offered by Toledo (which was at issue in Cuno) would violate the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO); and if the second hypothetical were true, the tax incentives would also violate the Treaty of Rome, as interpreted by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Moreover, the reason for these outcomes is that tax incentives such as those at issue in Cuno violate well established policies of both the WTO and the ECJ designed to prevent harmful tax competition from skewing trade and investment patterns. Thus, consideration of the two hypotheticals may shed some light on the policy issues at stake in Cuno, as well as on the desirable outcome if the Supreme Court were to decide Cuno on the merits.
Graphics and user interfaces in C++ with Qt

Graphical user interfaces are often not covered in a programming language course. One exception seems to be Java, possibly because it provides a standard for graphical user interface development regardless of the computer being used. However, students new to programming come from using software largely dependent on graphical user interfaces and write software that looks quite dull by comparison. On the other hand, most instructors are familiar with the student who submits a wonderful looking program, above and beyond the call of duty, that fails to fulfill the requirements of the assignment; they have no desire to replace software design, algorithm implementation, and data structure selection and implementation with the art of making programs prettier. Qt is a cross-platform graphical user interface library that now comes with a user interface design tool that generates C++ code. The library is designed in a clear, object-oriented fashion. The only extension to C++ is the use of a slot and signal metaphor for connecting user interface events (signals) to one of the methods (slots) of an object that responds to the event. The only difference between a standard C++ application and a Qt GUI application is the creation and invocation of a QApplication object that handles the typical event message loop. Because of its object-oriented design, it is quite easy to teach students the use of objects since the things they create and manipulate are visible elements on the display. It has a straightforward set of simple graphics functions as well as support for OpenGL, so a wide range of graphics projects are possible. The tutorial will introduce attendees to simple user interface creation in Qt, basic graphics tools provided by the library, and an example used to teach polymorphism in the presenter's CS 2 course (source code will be made available to attendees).
Escherichia coli contains a protein that is homologous in function and N-terminal sequence to the protein encoded by the nifS gene of Azotobacter vinelandii and that can participate in the synthesis of the Fe-S cluster of dihydroxy-acid dehydratase.

In this paper, I report the purification of a protein from Escherichia coli that is very similar in sequence, molecular weight, and the reactions it can catalyze to the protein encoded by the Azotobacter vinelandii nifS gene. This E. coli protein contains pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor and catalyzes the removal of sulfur from cysteine to form alanine and S0. When dithiothreitol is present along with cysteine, the S0 formed is reduced to S2−. This protein has a reactive sulfhydryl group that is essential for activity. As isolated, this sulfhydryl group appears to be in a disulfide linkage with the sulfhydryl group from the phosphopantetheine moiety of the acyl carrier protein. The purified E. coli protein can mobilize the sulfur from cysteine and contribute it to the formation of a [4Fe-4S] cluster on the apoprotein of E. coli dihydroxy-acid dehydratase. A mechanism is proposed for the early stages of the synthesis of Fe-S clusters using this protein and sulfur in the S0 oxidation state.
Pro‐choice and pro‐life

The terms pro-choice and pro-life were coined in the United States in the context of a heated national debate about the legalization of abortion. The term pro-choice is a designation for a loosely structured social and political campaign that supports women's constitutional right to safe and legal abortion. The term pro-life, by contrast, refers to the movement that insists that the government has a responsibility to protect all human life, regardless of “viability.” The terms, as much as the belief systems that they name, are partly responsible for the contentious nature of the debates that surround them. Polls consistently indicate that while the U.S. population are often reluctant to call themselves “pro-choice,” they still believe that abortion should be legal. Keywords: abortion; pro-choice; pro-life; reproductive rights; women's rights
DNA sequence of the purC gene encoding 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide synthetase and organization of the dapA-purC region of Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract 5'-Phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide synthetase (EC 6.3.2.6), encoded by the purC gene of Escherichia coli K-12, catalyzes the synthesis of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide from 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid. The mature protein, as deduced from the purC structural gene sequence, contains 237 amino acids and has a calculated Mr of 26,998. The control region of the purC gene was identified by primer extension mapping of the 5' end of the purC mRNA. The purC control region contains a binding site for and is regulated by the purine repressor, the product of the purR gene. An unusual feature of the 5' untranslated region of the purC mRNA is the presence of a repetitive extragenic palindrome sequence normally found in intercistronic or 3' untranslated regions. The DNA sequence was extended 1.281 kilobases upstream of the purC structural gene and overlapped with the previously determined dapA sequence. Termination of transcription from the dapA-purC intercistronic region may occur within the -35 region of the purC control region. The purC gene has been positioned on the E. coli restriction map and is transcribed in a counterclockwise direction.
19 - Pulsed Laser Raman Spectroscopy of Dynamic Systems

Raman spectroscopy can be applied to study a wide variety of systems undergoing change, and many more examples may be found in this chapter. The applications are astonishingly diverse, including femtosecond dynamics of photodissociation, determining nuclear displacements upon excitation of complex molecules, and studying isomerization, radicals, combustion, and even living bacteria in situ. The ingenious apparatus which has been developed for this work is almost as diverse as the applications. One of the more unusual features of Raman studies is that the time scale of the phenomena studied may be very much faster than the time scale of the experiment. Rapid motions of nuclei on a potential energy surface (PES), which are the essence of chemical reactions, are captured by the information contained in Raman scattering.
An Examination of Views of Science Held by English‐Trained Chinese Students

The purpose of the study was to examine what science views were accepted or rejected by the Chinese university students. We administered the Thinking about Science Survey Instrument (TSSI) to 75 Chinese students in the Sichuan province who were enrolled in Science and Technology English classes. The TSSI focuses on nine key areas of science and aims at identifying whether an individual agrees or disagrees with a model science view. Chi-square tests were applied to the data. Three idealized science views were found to be accepted regarding Science and the Economy, Science for All, and Science and Public Health. The same three science views were also found to be accepted in prior U.S. studies. Directions for further research are discussed including the examining views held by diverse populations and the potential development of a global view of science.
System optimal and user equilibrium time-dependent traffic assignment in congested networks

This paper formulates two dynamic network traffic assignment models in which O-D desires for the planning horizon are assumed known a priori: the system optimal (SO) and the user equilibrium (UE) time-dependent traffic assignment formulations. Solution algorithms developed and implemented for these models incorporate a traffic simulation model within an overall iterative search framework. Experiments conducted on a test network provide the basis for a comparative analysis of system performance under the SO and UE models.
Using computed tomography scans and patient demographic data to estimate thoracic epidural space depth.

Background and Objectives. Previous studies have used varying methods to estimate the depth of the epidural space prior to placement of an epidural catheter. We aim to use computed tomography scans, patient demographics, and vertebral level to estimate the depth of the loss of resistance for placement of thoracic epidural catheters. Methods. The records of consecutive patients who received a thoracic epidural catheter were reviewed. Patient demographics, epidural placement site, and technique were collected. Preoperative computed tomography scans were reviewed to measure the skin to epidural space distance. Linear regression was used for a multivariate analysis. Results. The records of 218 patients were reviewed. The mean loss of resistance measurement was significantly larger than the mean computed tomography epidural space depth measurement by 0.79 cm (). Our final multivariate model, adjusted for demographic and epidural technique, showed a positive correlation between the loss of resistance and the computed tomography epidural space depth measurement (, ). Conclusions. The measured loss of resistance is positively correlated with the computed tomography epidural space depth measurement and patient demographics. For patients undergoing thoracic or abdominal surgery, estimating the loss of resistance can be a valuable tool.
Physiologic Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Gastrointestinal Blood Flow as a Rate-Limiting Step in the Oral Absorption of Digoxin: Implications for Patients with Congestive Heart Failure Receiving Epoprostenol

Abstract A previously validated physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was used to examine whether epoprostenol-induced increases in gastrointestinal blood flow ( Q g ) could alter digoxin systemic bioavailability to a clinically significant extent in severe congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. A series of simulations was conducted in which the influences of apparent gut tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient ( K g ) and Q g on digoxin bioavailability were evaluated. Since epoprostenol also increases blood flow to the liver and kidneys, the effect of concurrent increases in regional blood flow to these organs on digoxin bioavailability also was evaluated. A range of Q g was studied from 25 L/h (assumed mesenteric arterial low in CHF) to 65 L/h (portal venous flow in normal adults), and the area under the simulated digoxin concentration–time curve was used to calculate absolute digoxin bioavailability in each case. Simulations were onducted at a range of K g from 1 to 50 (physiologically relevant range 5–25). At low values of K g , the influence of changes in Q g on digoxin bioavailability was minimal. However, as apparent distribution into gut tissue increased (consistent with visceral congestion), the effect of changes in Q g was more substantial. In the physiologically relevant range of K g , 40–160% increases in Q g were associated with approximately 6–40% increases in digoxin bioavailability. Therefore, the decrease in digoxin oral clearance previously observed in CHF patients receiving epoprostenol may be ascribed to increases in digoxin bioavailability, secondary to epoprostenol-induced increases in Q g .
Measurement of Ocean Surface Currents from Space with Multifrequency Microwave Radars-A System Analysis

The use of multifrequency microwave radars to measure ocean surface currents from satellites is considered in this paper. We discuss the effects that satellite motion background backscatter from the ocean surface, and receiver noise have on the ability of such systems to obtain current maps. We present an example which shows that radars in geostationary orbit have the potential to map ocean currents over large areas of the ocean surface.
Chemical mass balancing with ill defined sources: Regional apportionment in the California desert

Abstract Many potential applications of the chemical mass balance involve more sources than species, or sources whose emissions vary with time. This paper demonstrates how standard methodology can be extended to accomodate such situations. Procedures are illustrated with data from a unique study in southern California which characterized fine particle composition in distinct polluted airsheds (sources) and the high desert (receptor). The sample apportionments are consistent with observed meteorological patterns, and identify the San Joaquin Valley as a major contributor to fine particle loadings in the high desert.
Achieving autonomous power management using reinforcement learning

System level power management must consider the uncertainty and variability that come from the environment, the application and the hardware. A robust power management technique must be able to learn the optimal decision from past events and improve itself as the environment changes. This article presents a novel on-line power management technique based on model-free constrained reinforcement learning (Q-learning). The proposed learning algorithm requires no prior information of the workload and dynamically adapts to the environment to achieve autonomous power management. We focus on the power management of the peripheral device and the microprocessor, two of the basic components of a computer. Due to their different operating behaviors and performance considerations, these two types of devices require different designs of Q-learning agent. The article discusses system modeling and cost function construction for both types of Q-learning agent. Enhancement techniques are also proposed to speed up the convergence and better maintain the required performance (or power) constraint in a dynamic system with large variations. Compared with the existing machine learning based power management techniques, the Q-learning based power management is more flexible in adapting to different workload and hardware and provides a wider range of power-performance tradeoff.
Equilibrium constants under physiological conditions for the condensation of acetaldehyde with tetrahydrofolic acid.

Abstract The nonenzymatic reaction of ethanol-derived CH 3 CHO with tissue constituents continues to be of interest as a potential mechanism underlying the toxicity of alcohol. The current study has focused on the spontaneous condensation of CH 3 CHO with H 4 folate under physiological conditions (38 °C, pH 7.0, I = 0.25 M). Computer analysis of uv spectral changes with increasing CH 3 CHO concentrations demonstrated the presence of at least two different adducts. The observed equilibrium constant ( K obs ) for the formation of the first adduct is 91 ± 2 m −1 (121 ± 2 m −1 at 25 °C), a value which is unaffected by variations in ionic strength (0.06–1.0 m ) or by free [Mg 2+ ] up to 5 m m . The NMR spectrum is compatible with the structure: 5,10-CH 3 CH-H 4 folate analogous to the naturally occurring 5,10-CH 2 -H 4 folate. The formation of the latter compound from HCHO and H 4 folate, however, is much more favorable under the same conditions [ K obs = 3.0 ± 0.2 × 10 4 M −1 (38 ° C ), 3.6 ± 0.1 × 10 4 M −1 (25 °C)]. At the levels of CH 3 CHO which accumulate during ethanol metabolism in vivo only a small fraction of the H 4 folate will exist as the CH 3 CHO derivative, yet it may ultimately be the ratio of free CH 3 CHO to free HCHO in tissue which determines the physiological importance of the CH 3 CHO adduct. Other adduct(s) of CH 3 CHO with H 4 folate are observed at very high levels of CH 3 CHO but are unlikely to be of physiological significance.
Puromycin as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase

Abstract A kinetic analysis of the interaction of puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, with bovine red cell acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) shows that puromycin is a reversible mixed inhibitor of this enzyme. Puromycin inhibition is similar to that of the pachycurares, such as d- tubocurarine , and is quite distinct from inhibition by the leptocurares, such as decamethonium. The Hill coefficient of the interaction of puromycin with bovine red cell membrane-bound acetyl-cholinesterase at 100 μM substrate is 0.87 which indicates that puromycin causes negative cooperativity in the interaction with this enzyme. The apparent I0.5 for puromycin inhibition of bovine red cell enzyme at 100 μM substrate is 126 μM.
EEI-Manufacturers 500/550 KV CableE Research Project. Cable D-High Pressure Oil Paper Pipe Type

This paper covers General Cable Corporation's development and testing of a 500 KV high pressure pipe type oil filled cable. It also covers the installation of a sample length of this cable at the Edison Electric Institute test site at Waltz Mill, Pennsylvania.
Demographics and correlates of five-year change in echocardiographic left ventricular mass in young black and white adult men and women: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study ☆

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to determine the presence and correlates of change (Δ) in left ventricular (LV) mass by echocardiography in young adults. Background Left ventricular mass is known to be a powerful independent predictor for cardiovascular disease events in adults. However, little is known about Δ in LV mass over time in young adults. Methods Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) is a multicenter, longitudinal, population-based study of black and white men and women who were ages 23 to 35 at the time of their initial two-dimensionally directed M-mode echocardiography exam (year 5); half the cohort had a repeat echocardiography exam five years later (year 10). Data were analyzed from 1,189 participants who had paired echocardiography studies. To minimize reader variability, blinded measurements on initial and repeat echocardiography were performed nearly contemporaneously by the same reader. Results In multilinear regression analyses, significant (p Conclusions Particularly in black women, weight and blood pressure control may be important community health and treatment goals to prevent LV hypertrophy.
Endotoxin Stimulates Leptin in the Human and Nonhuman Primate

Leptin, which plays a key role in regulating energy homeostasis, may also modulate the inflammatory response. An inflammatory challenge with endotoxin has been shown to stimulate leptin release in the rodent. This finding has not been reproduced in humans or in nonhuman primates, although leptin levels have been reported to increase in septic patients. We have therefore examined the effects of endotoxin injection on plasma leptin levels in nine ovariectomized monkeys and four postmenopausal women. In an initial study in five monkeys, mean leptin levels did not increase during the first 5 h after endotoxin treatment, but did increase significantly from 6.4 ± 2.1 ng/ml at baseline to 12.3 ± 4.4 ng/ml at 24 h (P = 0.043). In a second study, a significant increase in leptin over time was noted after endotoxin treatment (P < 0.001); leptin release during the 16- to 24-h period after endotoxin injection was 48% higher than during the control period (P = 0.043). A similar stimulatory effect of endotoxin on lepti...