cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Julius Caesar: New Critical Essays

I: INTRODUCTION Julius Caesar and the Critical Legacy Horst Zander II: CENTRAL ASPECTS History's Alternative Caesars: Julius Caesar and Current Historiography Martin Jehne Caesar On and Off the Renaissance English Stage Clifford Ronan Shakespeare's Sources: Translations, Transformations and Intertextuality in Julius Caesar Vivian Thomas From Monarchy to Tyranny: Julius Caesar Among Shakespeare's Roman Works Barbara L. Parker "Time ... Come Round": Plot Construction in Julius Caesar Joseph Candido "That every like is not the same": The Vicissitudes of Language in Julius Caesar Barbara J. Baines From Theater to Globe: The Construction of Character in Julius Caesar J. L. Simmons Buying and Selling So(u)les: Marketing Strategies and the Politics of Performance in Julius Caesar Naomi Conn Liebler "There is Restitution, no End of Restitution, only not for us": Experimental Tragedy and the Early Modern Subject in Julius Caesar Andreas Mahler III: CURRENT DEBATES Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: Marxist and Post-Marxist Approaches David Hawkes Constructing Caesar: A Psychoanalytic Reading David Willbern "It's an actor, boss. Unarmed": The Rhetoric of Julius Caesar Simon Barker Julius Caesar's Analogue Clock and the Accents of History Dennis Kezar Major Among the Minors: A Cultural Materialist Reading of Julius Caesar Graham Holderness and Marcus Nevitt "Passion of some difference": Friendship and Emulation in Julius Caesar Coppelia Kahn IV: JULIUS CAESAR ON STAGE Stage Worlds of Julius Caesar: Theatrical Features and Their History James Rigney Orson Welles and After: Julius Caesar and Twentieth Century Totalitarianism Michael Anderegg Royal Caesar Tom Matheson Multi-cultural and Re-gendered Romans: Julius Caesar in North America, 1969-2000 Michael L. Greenwald Political Caesar: Julius Caesar on the Italian Stage Mariangela Tempera
The Ideologically Colonized Metropole: Dutch Racism and Racist Denial

Many in The Netherlands deny the existence of race and racism even as significant research strongly suggests otherwise. This paper synthesized existing literature to illuminate The Netherlands' unique form of racism, which is rooted in racial neoliberalism, anti-racialism (i.e. the denial of race), racial Europeanization, and the particular Dutch history of colonial exploitation. This article summarizes existing scholarship addressing racism in wide array of social institutions in The Netherlands before addressing the historical roots of Dutch racism and how Dutch aphasia and racial Europeanization deny the links between contemporary and historical oppression before, finally, offering an explanation for this disconnect.
Modulation of social deficits and repetitive behaviors in a mouse model of autism: the role of the nicotinic cholinergic system

Rationale Accumulating evidence implicates the nicotinic cholinergic system in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pathobiology. Neuropathologic studies suggest that nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (nAChR) subtypes are altered in brain of autistic individuals. In addition, strategies that increase ACh, the neurotransmitter for nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, appear to improve cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders and ASD.
Religiosity and Social Network Diversity: Decomposing the “Divided by Faith” Theoretical Framework†

Objectives Our objective is to extend previous structural explanations of religious belonging and denominational variations concerning “closed communities” and the “divided by faith” thesis to the individual level by testing the effect of religious affiliation and church membership on levels of self-reported social network diversity among a nationally representative sample. Methods Survey data from the Panel Study—American Religion and Ethnicity (PS-ARE) were used to examine individual-level variations in social network diversity. A multifaceted measure of diversity was decomposed to examine racial, gender, educational, and occupational variations in network diversity using a series of hierarchical linear models. Results Our results show that while previous structural explanations suggest that religious belonging is likely to lower the diversity of one's close social network at the individual level, the current findings indicate a positive relationship between religious membership and the diversity of one's close friendship network above and beyond the effects of denominational affiliation. Conclusions The results of the decomposition component analyses along with the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) strategy highlight the relatively distinct role of race in understanding the differing dynamics associated with the many indicators of diversity and religious belonging.
Histoplasma capsulatum strain variation in both H antigen production and β-glucosidase activity and overexpression of HAG1 from a telomeric linear plasmid

The H antigen of the dimorphic fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum was first described over 40 years ago. It is a secreted glycoprotein that is immunogenic during infection. Recent cloning of the H antigen gene (HAG1) indicated sequence homology with genes for fungal β-glucosidases. To understand the biological role of this immunodominant antigen in H. capsulatum, enzymatic assays were performed to determine whether H. capsulatum contained a β-glucosidase enzyme activity and whether this activity was encoded by the HAG1 gene. Substrate gels with H. capsulatum culture supernatants revealed β-glucosidase activity near the predicted mobility of the H antigen. Quantitative microtiter plate assays revealed marked differences in secreted β-glucosidase activities from three H. capsulatum restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) classes, with RFLP class II strains displaying high levels of enzyme activity, in contrast to the low levels of activity exhibited by class I and III strains. Immunoblotting of culture supernatants with an H antigen-specific antiserum demonstrated differences in H protein expression levels between the H. capsulatum classes, with a correlation between secreted enzyme activity and H protein levels. We took advantage of these class differences to demonstrate multicopy plasmid H gene overexpression by transformation of an HAG1 plasmid into H. capsulatum. Both a class II strain (G217Bura5-23) and a class III strain (G184ASura5-11) transformed with the telomeric overexpression plasmid pMAD401 displayed increased levels of β-glucosidase enzyme activity and H protein expression compared to the levels in control transformants containing only the single genomic copy of HAG1. This is the first demonstration of telomeric plasmid-mediated protein overexpression in this pathogenic fungus, and the findings support the identification of the H antigen as a β-glucosidase.
Tandem Van de Graaff accelarator production of positron labeled radiopharmaceuticals for routine clinical use

Abstract This paper describes a facility to produce positron labeled radiopharmaceuticals with a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. 11 C labeled carbon monoxide ( 11 CO), 15 O labeled H 2 O (H 2 15 O) and 18 F labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro- D -glucose ([ 18 F]2FDG), were chosen so that physiological measurements of cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, and the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose could be made routinely in our PET center. This facility uses a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator which is relatively remote from the clinical area. Measurements of radionuclide yield and beam penetration showed that it was feasible to deliver sufficient amounts of radioactivity for the measurements. Both 11 CO and H 2 15 O presented significant delivery problems due to their shorter half-lives. For H 2 15 O a continuous delivery system for water vapour and an infusion system for the administration of H 2 15 O in saline were designed and constructed. 11 CO and [ 18 F]2FDG were hand carried. This facility has demonstrated that a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator can routinely supply a PET center with adequate quantities of these three radiopharmaceuticals.
A thermoelasticity theory for damage in anisotropic materials

A thermoelasticity theory for damage in anisotropic materials is developed. This theory can be applied to evaluate the damage parameter D, the normalized effective mess density ρe/ρ, and the effective modulus Ee quantitatively in some metals and composites by incorporating the thermographic stress analysis method (TSA; also, SPATE method). The effective moduli due to fatigue damage and static loads in a glass fiber/epoxy laminate obtained by the TSA method are compared with the values measured by an extensometer. The correlation between the measurements using the two methods is very good.
Increasing Public Involvement in Structural Biology

Public participation in scientific research can be a powerful supplement to more-traditional approaches. We discuss aspects of the public participation project Foldit that may help others interested in starting their own projects.
Director configurations of a nematic microdroplet in a ferroelectric medium

Abstract Micron-scale droplets of nematic liquid crystal, embedded in a solid polymer matrix, are the active conponents of polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) shutters. An electric field is used to orient the director fields in PDLC droplets and thereby control the transmission of light through the film. We have calculated the director configurations of PDLC droplets dispersed in a ferroelectric matrix, which could be used to stabilize the oriented state. Our approach is based on the Landau-de Gennes model free energy and determines the stable configuration by numerical solution of the Euler-Lagrange equations for the director field. Unlike earlier work on this subject, we take into explicit account the effects of spatial variations in the electric field that arise due to the liquid crystal's anisotropic polarizability. We find that these inhomogeneities are significant in determining the stable director configuration, and predict a greater range of stability for the radial phase than that obtained us...
Photoinduced Electron Attachment to N2 Adsorbed on Platinum

Theoretical calculations on ground and excited electronic states of N2 adsorbed on Pt(100) are carried out to investigate the properties of photoinduced electron attachment states. The metal−adsorb...
Valve replacement in the octogenarian

Abstract Twenty-five patients (11 men and 14 women) aged 80 to 88 years (mean age, 82 years) underwent valve replacement at St. Louis University from August 1980 to June 1988. Isolated valve replacement was performed in 11 patients. Combined procedures included valve replacement with myocardial revascularization (7 patients), multiple valve procedures (5 patients), and ascending aortic plication (2 patients). Fifteen patients (60%) were in New York Heart Association functional class III and 10 (40%) were in class IV preoperatively. The operative mortality was 20% and late mortality was 20% (mean follow-up, 36 months). Isolated valve replacement carried a 9% early and 0% late mortality, whereas combined procedures of any type had a 16% early and 20% late mortality. Only 7 patients (28%) had a completely uncomplicated postoperative hospitalization. Twenty patients were discharged after a mean hospital stay of 18 ± 16 days. Their mean New York Heart Association functional class was 1.6 ± 0.66. The 1-year and 2-year actuarial survival rate is 79% and 69%, respectively. A significant increase in operative mortality is seen when valve replacement is combined with myocardial revascularization or an additional valve procedure. Late clinical improvement, as judged by return to an independent life-style, justifies this approach for select patients.
Genistein and daidzein/glycitein content in Tofu

The consumption of soyfoods is of great interest because of their proposed anticancer and antiatherogenic activity. It has been suggested that the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein are responsible for these activities. The objective of this study was to determine the variation of the isoflavone content of commercially available packaged tofu by brands and batches. The content of total genistein and daidzein/glycitein aglycones in tofu samples was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after acid hydrolysis in 23 different brands and different batches of four of these brands. Between different tofu brands the genistein and daidzein/glycitein content varied from 0.07 to 0.34 mg/g and 0.10 to 0.24 mg/g wet weight, respectively. The isoflavone content from batch to batch of the same brand varied between 7 and 28% based on dry weight. Assuming a daily consumption of 30 g soy products, the isoflavone intake could vary between 5.4 and 17.1 mg/day.
Tinnitus Retraining Therapy for patients with tinnitus and decreased sound tolerance

Our experience has revealed the following: (1) TRT is applicable for all types of tinnitus, as well as for decreased sound tolerance, with significant improvement of tinnitus occurring in over 80% of the cases, and at least equal success rate for decreased sound tolerance. (2) TRT can provide cure for decreased sound tolerance. (3) TRT does not require frequent clinic visits and has no side effects; however, (4) Special training of health providers involved in this treatment is required for this treatment to be effective.
Cubic β-silicon carbide films on silicon substrates

Abstract Highly adherent films of cubic β-silicon carbide have been grown on single-crystal silicon substrates by heating in the presence of graphite in an argon atmosphere. The reaction process and film characteristics were investigated by electron diffraction. Initially, a single-crystal β-silicon carbide film is formed, having an epitaxial relationship to the silicon substrate. Growth proceeds by diffusion of a carbon-bearing species, from the gas phase, inward to the silicon-silicon carbide interface. Beyond a certain thickness, growth becomes polycrystalline. Both n - and p -type films resulted from spontaneous doping, but high resistivities were not observed.
Role of food subsidies and habitat structure in influencing benthic communities of shell mounds at sites of existing and former offshore oil platforms

Mussels (Mytilus californianus, M. galloprovincialis) and other organisms sloughed from offshore oil platforms provide a food subsidy to benthic consumers and alter underlying soft bottom habitat by creating hard substrate. The removal of overlying platforms eliminates this food subsidy, but large shell mounds remain. The distribution, abundance, and population characteristics of mobile macroinvertebrates differed among shell mounds beneath existing offshore oil platforms, shell mounds at the former sites of offshore oil platforms, and soft bottom. Predatory and omnivorous echinoderm and mollusk species were more abundant and generally larger on shell mounds under platforms than on shell mounds without platforms. Omnivorous and deposit feeding echinoderms were the most abundant macroinvertebrate taxa sampled on mound-only sites. The brown rock crab (Cancer antennarius), known to have a strong preference for hard substrate, was significantly more abundant on shell mounds, with or without platforms, than adjacent soft bottom sites. Results suggest that the effects of platform removal differed among benthic species according to trophic level, degree of mobility, and substrate preference. Although the shell mound habitat persists after removal of platform structures, species abundance and the composition of the associated benthic community is altered by removal of the platform structure.
A high-grain protein content locus on barley (Hordeum vulgare) chromosome 6 is associated with increased flag leaf proteolysis and nitrogen remobilization

Leaf senescence and nitrogen remobilization from senescing tissues are two important factors determining grain protein content (GPC) in cereals. We compared near-isogenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germplasm varying in the allelic state of a major GPC quantitative trait locus on chromosome 6, delineated by molecular markers HVM74 and ABG458 and explaining approximately 46% of the variability in this trait. High GPC was consistently associated with earlier whole-plant senescence. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis of flag leaf proteins indicated earlier leaf protein [including ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)] degradation in high-GPC germplasm. This was accompanied by enhanced availability of ammonium and glutamine in developing kernels, suggesting increased phloem retranslocation of nitrogen. Based on previous microarray analysis, we performed a detailed expression study of six leaf genes, tentatively involved in plastidial proteolysis, vacuolar proteolysis, intermediary N metabolism and N transport. All of these were upregulated in high-GPC barley, mostly around 21 to 28 days past anthesis, prior to or around the time demonstrating maximal differences in leaf protein (including Rubisco) levels. Therefore, these genes represent potential targets to manipulate grain protein accumulation. It appears likely that their functional analysis will enhance our understanding of whole-plant N recycling. Additionally, earlier leaf (photosynthetic) protein degradation may lead to reduced N carbon assimilation in high-GPC germplasm, explaining past studies demonstrating a negative correlation between GPC and yield.
R2D2 Leads the Silencing Trigger to mRNA's Death Star

During RNA interference (RNAi), Dicer generates short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which then guide target mRNA cleavage by the RISC complex. Now, Liu et al. identify R2D2, a Dicer-associated protein that is important for siRNA incorporation into RISC, thus linking the initiation and execution phases of RNAi.
Extinction times in experimental populations

Predicting population extinctions is a key element of quantitative conservation biology and population ecology. Although stochastic population theories have long been used to obtain theoretical distributions of population extinction times, model-based predictions have rarely been tested. Here I report results from a quantitative analysis of extinction time in 281 experimental populations of water fleas (Daphnia magna) in variable environments. To my knowledge, this is the first quantitative estimate of the shape of the distribution of population extinction times based on extinction data for any species. The finding that the distribution of population extinction times was extraordinarily peaked is consistent with theoretical predictions for density-independent populations, but inconsistent with predictions for density-dependent populations. The tail of the extinction time distribution was not exponential. These results imply that our current theories of extinction are inadequate. Future work should focus on how demographic stochasticity scales with population size and effects of nonrandom variable environments on population growth and decline.
Differential expression and interaction of host factors augment HIV-1 gene expression in neonatal mononuclear cells

We have previously shown a higher level of HIV-1 replication and gene expression in neonatal (cord) blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) compared with adult blood cells (PBMC), which could be due to differential expression of host factors. We performed the gene expression profile of CBMC and PBMC and found that 8013 genes were expressed at higher levels in CBMC than PBMC and 8028 genes in PBMC than CBMC, including 1181 and 1414 genes upregulated after HIV-1 infection in CBMC and PBMC, respectively. Several transcription factors (NF-kappaB, E2F, HAT-1, TFIIE, Cdk9, Cyclin T1), signal transducers (STAT3, STAT5A) and cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10) were upregulated in CBMC than PBMC, which are known to influence HIV-1 replication. In addition, a repressor of HIV-1 transcription, YY1, was down regulated in CBMC than PBMC and several matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-7, -12, -14) were significantly upregulated in HIV-1 infected CBMC than PBMC. Furthermore, we show that CBMC nuclear extracts interacted with a higher extent to HIV-1 LTR cis-acting sequences, including NF-kappaB, NFAT, AP1 and NF-IL6 compared with PBMC nuclear extracts and retroviral based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for STAT3 and IL-6 down regulated their own and HIV-1 gene expression, signifying that these factors influenced differential HIV-1 gene expression in CBMC than PBMC.
Development of a litigaphobia scale: measurement of excessive fear of litigation.

Stmmzary.-The przsent investigation was directed toward the development of a psychometricdly sound instrument that would permit measurement and understanding of the phenomenon of litigaphobia. An initial item pool of 143 items was subiected to a Thurstone analysis. 47 items survived this screening for low ambiguity and uniform spread of fearfulness. These 47 items were administered to 123 physicians and psychologists in a six-point Liken format. The Kuder-Richardson-20 split-half analysis was .90. Next a series of facror analyses were performed. A main factor was identified as generalized litigaphobia and a second factor was labelled invulnerability to litigation. A Guttman scaling procedure for Factor I yielded a four-item scale with a reproducibility coefficient of .92. Litigation seems common to both mental hezlth and medical professionals practicing today. Newspapers often report large settlements against physicians, and psychological publications increasingly publish articles discussing malpractice cases. Contrary to acnouncements of findings against professionals, Brahains (1983) and S. L. Brodsky (1983a, 1983b) among many others, have reported cases of unwarranted charges against physicians and findings for the defendant in malpractice s~its. The rate of actual suits against psychologists has more than quadrupled in the past ten years (Cummings & Sobel, 1985; Wright, 1981) as have malpractice insurance premiums. Over a thousand suits a year are filed against the 17,000 physicians in just Cook County, Illinois (Charles, Wilbert, & Kennedy, 1984), a sign of the extent of these events. Physicians' fear of malpractice litigation is so widespread that Williams ( 1981) suggested calling it 'paranoia malprzcticum'. S. L. Brodsky (1983a, 1983b) described this phenomenon as litigaphobia or the irrational and excessive fear of litigation, especially physicians' and psychotherapists' fear of patients' lawsuits. The plethora of litigation is not restricted to physicians. Two books have been published which offe; suggestions to mental health professionals on how to avoid litigation. Both Barton and Sanborn (1978) and Schutz (1982) discuss methods of preventing litigation and recommend various procedures for protecting one's self in the event of litigation. These actions go beyond merely good practice and documenting all procedures and extend to actions best described as practitioner-protective treatments. In fact, litigaphobia may have a detrimental effect as practitioners think about being sued as a primary work
Perceived continuing education needs and job relevance of health education competencies among health education and promotion practitioners in college health settings.

Objective and Participants: The author conducted this study to determine college health education and promotion practitioners' perceived continuing education needs and perceived job relevance in relation to national health education responsibilities and competencies. Methods: In Spring 2006, the author invited college health education and promotion professionals to participate in an online survey, using 3 listservs. Of 276 individuals visiting the Web site, 141 participants completed the survey (51%). Participants rated their perceived training needs and job relevance for the 35 National Commission for Health Education Credentialing (NCHEC) competencies as well as preferred training formats. Results: Participants identified the following competencies as those in which they needed additional training: designing data-collection instruments, securing fiscal resources, interpreting evaluation and research results, carrying out evaluation and research plans, and developing plans for evaluation and research. Th...
Human Clostridium difficile infection: inhibition of NHE3 and microbiota profile.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is principally responsible for hospital acquired, antibiotic-induced diarrhea and colitis and represents a significant financial burden on our healthcare syste...
Starch Molecular Mass and Size by Size‐Exclusion Chromatography in DMSO‐LiBr Coupled with Multiple Angle Laser Light Scattering

ABSTRACT The weight average molar mass (Mw) and root mean square radii of starches from waxy maize (Amioca), waxy rice flour, cassava, Hylon V, Hylon VII, and potato amylose were determined by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and multiple-angle laser light scattering (MALLS). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) containing 50 mM LiBr was used to dissolve the starches and also served as the mobile phase. SEC with large particle size polystyrene divinylbenzene packing materials and MALLS instrumentation were evaluated for the ability to separate and determine molar mass (MM) of starch polymers, respectively. The determination of Mw by MALLS is necessary because the Mw of many cereal starches exceeds the available molecular standards by one or two orders of magnitude. The Mw depends on the method of calculation. The Mw (Berry method) of starch from waxy corn was 2.27 × 108 Da, waxy rice 8.9 × 107 Da, cassava 5.7 × 107 Da, Hylon V 2.7 × 107 Da, Hylon VII 4.8 × 106 Da, and potato amylose 1.9 × 105 Da. Recovery dropped ...
Predicting, prophecying, divining and foretelling from Nostradamus to Hume

(1984). Predicting, prophecying, divining and foretelling from Nostradamus to Hume. History of European Ideas: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 117-135.
Ten Steps in Establishing a Nurse‐Midwifery Service/Private Practice: FOR THE NURSE‐WIDWIFE WHO'S LOOKING FOR A JOB IN THE SYSTEM

Abstract Most nurse-midwives find that getting an education is the most important part of becoming a nurse-midwife. In actuality this represents only about fifty percent of the effort required. the remaining fifty percent involving the problems of seeking and securing employment that is other than temporary in nature. The following is a look at the source of the many common problems in establishing a nurse-midwifery service and a discussion of some recommended solutions.
Bodies that Shatter: A Rhetoric of Exteriors, the Abject, and Female Suicide Bombers in the “War on Terrorism”

Pairing literature on constitutive rhetoric with Julia Kristeva's work on the abject as a theoretical framework, we examine the rhetoric of U.S. media that report with alarm and dismay on the activities of female suicide bombers in the so-called war on terrorism. By examining the media-described actions of female suicide bombers as abject, and their acts as a type of “situated utterance,” we are able to trace the ways in which both are articulated by U.S. mass media with cultural tropes that constitute a particular identity or subjectivity of the American audience in which these discourses circulate. Audiences are invited to articulate the violence of these women with already existing cultural understandings of violent women and their bodies. Through these mediated discourses, the U.S. audience is invited to understand these actions as the insane acts of uncontained sociopaths, not as meaningful, although acutely violent, situated utterances.
Modulation of Agrin Binding and Activity by the CT and Related Carbohydrate Antigens

Agrin is a nerve-derived signal that is essential for the proper organization of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. It is likely that carbohydrates play a significant role in regulating agrin activity, as agrin binds multiple glycan structures and is itself a highly glycosylated protein. Here we provide support for this contention by showing that agrin can be modified with the CT antigen, a carbohydrate structure expressed at the neuromuscular junction, and by describing the resulting changes in agrin binding to neoglycoconjugates and cultured myotubes, as well as changes in agrin-dependent AChR clustering. Glycosylation of agrin with the CT antigen required the mucin domain and the dystroglycan/heparin-binding domain. The presence of the mucin domain lowered agrin binding to several N-acetyllactosaminyl-containing saccharides and C2 myotubes and lowered agrin activity in AChR clustering. Glycosylation of agrin with the CT antigen, by contrast, increased agrin binding to myotubes and potentiated its AChR clustering activity at subsaturating concentrations. Last, sialylated and nonsialylated variants of N-acetyllactosamine differentially modulated AChR clustering and agrin activity, and these changes correlated with the ability of MuSK, an agrin-stimulated kinase, to bind to these structures. These experiments demonstrate that the glycosylation state of agrin affects its activity and suggest a role for the CT antigen in modulating agrin function.
Advanced Guidance and Control Project for Reusable Launch Vehicles

The goals of this project are to significantly reduce the time and cost associated with guidance and control design for reusable launch vehicles, and to increase their safety and reliability. Success will lead to reduced cycle times during vehicle design and to reduced costs associated with flying to new orbits, with new payloads, and with modified vehicles. Success will also lead to more robustness to unforeseen circumstances in flight thereby enhancing safety and reducing risk. There are many guidance and control methods available that hold some promise for improvement in the desired areas. Investigators are developing a representative set of independent guidance and control methods for this project. These methods are being incorporated into a high-fidelity off is being conducted across a broad range of flight requirements. The guidance and control methods that perform the best will have demonstrated the desired qualities.
Medical school gift restriction policies and physician prescribing of newly marketed psychotropic medications: difference-in-differences analysis

Objective To examine the effect of attending a medical school with an active policy on restricting gifts from representatives of pharmaceutical and device industries on subsequent prescribing behavior. Results For two of the three medications examined, attending a medical school with an active gift restriction policy was associated with reduced prescribing of the newly marketed drug. Physicians who attended a medical school with an active conflict of interest policy were less likely to prescribe lisdexamfetamine over older stimulants (adjusted odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.22 to 0.88; P=0.02) and paliperidone over older antipsychotics (0.25, 0.07 to 0.85; P=0.03). A significant effect was not observed for desvenlafaxine (1.54, 0.79 to 3.03; P=0.20). Among cohorts of students who had a longer exposure to the policy or were exposed to more stringent policies, prescribing rates were further reduced. Conclusion Exposure to a gift restriction policy during medical school was associated with reduced prescribing of two out of three newly introduced psychotropic medications.
Alterations in proline metabolic enzymes with mammalian development.

Abstract Through the use of specific radioisotopic assays, the activities of enzymes degrading and synthesizing proline were examined in rat liver and kidney as a function of development. Proline oxidase (PO), the enzyme converting proline to Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate (PC), undergoes 15- and eight-fold increases in liver and kidney, respectively, as rats mature from termfetal to adult life (6–12 wk). The differences are not due to enzyme inhibitors or activators, and kinetic analysis reveals the change to be one of greater tissue content of the same enzyme. Δ 1 -Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, which converts PC to glutamate, shows a two- to three-fold increase in both tissues, paralleling the changes in PO with development. Δ 1 -Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PCR), the enzyme which catalyzes the committed step in endogenous proline formation, undergoes oppositely directed changes, such that adult levels are only 20%–25% of fetal levels in liver and kidney. PO/PCR ratios are 25- to 50-fold greater in adult central tissues than they are in fetal tissues. Thus, the central tissues of adult rats appear to function as proline utilizers, whereas those of young rats are chiefly proline formers. This difference may relate to different rates of utilization of proline for protein synthesis in young and adult rats.
An Array of Coactivators Is Required for Optimal Recruitment of TATA Binding Protein and RNA Polymerase II by Promoter-Bound Gcn4p

Wild-type transcriptional activation by Gcn4p is dependent on multiple coactivators, including SAGA, SWI/SNF, Srb mediator, CCR4-NOT, and RSC, which are all recruited by Gcn4p to its target promoters in vivo. It was not known whether these coactivators are required for assembly of the preinitiation complex (PIC) or for subsequent steps in the initiation or elongation phase of transcription. We find that mutations in subunits of these coactivators reduce the recruitment of TATA binding protein (TBP) and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) by Gcn4p at ARG1, ARG4, and SNZ1, implicating all five coactivators in PIC assembly at Gcn4p target genes. Recruitment of Pol II at SNZ1 and ARG1 was eliminated by mutations in TBP or by deletion of the TATA box, indicating that TBP binding is a prerequisite for Pol II recruitment by Gcn4p. However, several mutations in SAGA subunits and deletion of SRB10 had a greater impact on promoter occupancy of Pol II versus TBP, suggesting that SAGA and Srb mediator can promote Pol II binding independently of their stimulatory effects on TBP recruitment. Our results reveal an unexpected complexity in the cofactor requirements for the enhancement of PIC assembly by a single activator protein.
Organizational Diversity and the Production of Social Capital One of These Groups Is Not Like the Other

Much of the latest debate about the relationship between social capital and civil society has focused on the importance of voluntary associations as settings for the production of social capital. This article develops an analytical framework that incorporates organizational diversity and the multidimensionality of social capital. The author then applies this framework to an ethnographic account of membership in two choral groups. Even in these ostensibly similar groups, the relationships and processes out of which networks, norms, and collective facilities are produced vary, being strongly influenced by organizational characteristics.
Long‐term changes in synaptic strength along specific intrinsic pathways in the cat visual cortex.

1. The dense system of horizontal connections that arise and course within the striate cortex are thought to inform single cells about stimuli arising in disparate points in visual space and to modulate responses evoked from within the receptive field. To learn whether or not the strength of the horizontal connections could vary over the long term, and if such changes could affect the integration of vertical, interlaminar inputs, we have recorded intracellularly from the superficial layers in slices of the adult cat's visual cortex. 2. The monosynaptic EPSP evoked by stimulating horizontal fibres showed long-term facilitation in twelve of the twenty cells that were conditioned by repetitively pairing synaptic responses with depolarizing pulses of current; the maximum increase observed was 200%. Strong inhibition present in the postsynaptic response usually indicated that facilitation would not occur. 3. In instances where horizontal input evoked both mono- and polysynaptic EPSPs, both early and late events showed facilitation, with the most dramatic enhancement contributed by the polysynaptic components. 4. For the twenty-eight cells whose responses to stimulation of interlaminar as well as horizontal pathways were assessed, all were found to receive non-overlapping inputs from each source. Conditioning produced long-term changes in the strength of the interlaminar inputs. 5. Changes in synaptic strength were usually confined to the conditioned pathway, though in four out of twenty-six times we observed heterosynaptic facilitation of polysynaptic EPSPs. 6. The conditioning protocol led to lasting depression rather than facilitation in three out of eleven instances; the reduction was only observed in the multisynaptic components. 7. We suggest that the synaptic changes observed here may be related to certain dynamic changes in receptive field properties that have been characterized in vivo.
Cermet coatings for solar Stirling space power

Cermet coatings, molecular mixtures of metal and ceramic, are being considered for the heat inlet surface of a solar Stirling space power convertor. The role of the cermet coating is to absorb as much of the incident solar energy as possible. The ability to mix metal and ceramic at the atomic level offers the opportunity to tailor the composition and the solar absorptance of these coatings. Several candidate cermet coatings were created and their solar absorptance was characterized as-manufactured and after exposure to elevated temperatures. Coating composition was purposely varied through the thickness of the coating. As a consequence of changing composition, islands of metal are thought to form in the ceramic matrix. Computer modeling indicated that diffusion of the metal atoms played an important role in island formation while the ceramic was important in locking the islands in place. Much of the solar spectrum is absorbed as it passes through this labyrinth.
A tropomyosine receptor kinase inhibitor blocks spinal neuroplasticity essential for the anti-hypersensitivity effects of gabapentin and clonidine in rats with peripheral nerve injury.

Abstract Spinally released brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) after nerve injury is essential to anatomic and functional changes in spinal noradrenergic and cholinergic systems, which are engaged or targeted by commonly used treatments for neuropathic pain. Since BDNF signals via tropomyosine receptor kinases (trks), we tested whether trk blockade by repeated spinal injection of the trk inhibitor K252a would reduce anatomical (spinal noradrenergic and cholinergic fiber density), functional (α2-adrenoceptor-mediated direct stimulation of spinal cholinergic terminals), and behavioral (anti-hypersensitivity from systemic gabapentin and spinal clonidine) plasticity, which depends on BDNF. Spinal K252a treatment did not alter hypersensitivity from spinal nerve ligation (SNL), but blocked the SNL-associated increase in dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) fiber density in the spinal cord dorsal horn while reducing spinal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactivity. K252a treatment also abolished the facilitatory effect of dexmedetomidine on KCl-evoked acetylcholine release in spinal cord synaptosomes and reduced the anti-hypersensitivity effects of oral gabapentin and spinal clonidine. These results suggest that spinal trk signaling is essential for the anatomic and functional plasticity in noradrenergic and cholinergic systems after nerve injury and consequently for the analgesia from drugs that rely on these systems. Perspective Many drugs approved for neuropathic pain engage spinal noradrenergic and cholinergic systems for analgesia. This study demonstrates that spinal trk signaling after nerve injury is important to neuroplasticity of these systems, which is critical for the analgesic action of common treatments for neuropathic pain.
Current transport modeling of carbon nanotube field effect transistors

In the present work, analytical modeling equations describing the current transport in carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNT-FETs) have been developed from physical electronics, which have strong dependence on the chiral vector and device geometries. These model equations for the CNT-FETs have been compared with the available experimental data and then used to generate voltage transfer characteristics of basic logic devices based on complementary CNT-FETs. The voltage transfer characteristics exhibit characteristics similar to the voltage transfer characteristics of standard CMOS logic devices, with a sharp transition near the logic threshold voltage depending on the input conditions. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Role of Opportunity to Learn in Teacher Preparation: An International Context:

This article examines the teacher preparation program learning opportunities afforded future lower secondary mathematics teachers and future elementary teachers who may teach mathematics. Data from...
Palladium(II) complexes of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane ([9]aneN3)

Abstract The syntheses of several Pd(II) complexes of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, [9]aneN3, and the molecular structure of two complexes by X-ray diffraction are reported. The diprotonated bis complex, [Pd(HL)2](ClO4)4·H2O, contains the ligands in the anti conformation and is structurally similar to the previously reported non-protonated PdL22+ in [PdL2]PF6. The acidity constants (pKa) of Pd(HL)24+ in 0.1 M ClO4− at 25 °C are 2.40 and 4.72, respectively. The structure of the protonated mono complex, [PdHLBr2]ClO4, is also determined.
The Premises Is the Premise: Understanding Off- and On-Premises Alcohol Sales Outlets to Improve Environmental Alcohol Prevention Strategies

Environmental strategies to prevent the misuse of alcohol among youth—e.g., use of public policies to restrict minors’ access to alcohol—have been shown to reduce underage drinking. However, implementation of policy changes often requires public and private partnerships. One way to support these partnerships is to better understand the target of many of the environmental strategies, which is the alcohol sales outlet. Knowing more about how off-premises outlets (e.g., liquor and convenience stores) and on-premises outlets (e.g., bars and restaurants) are alike and different could help community-based organizations better tailor, plan, and implement their environmental strategies and strengthen partnerships between the public and commercial sectors. We conducted a survey of managerial or supervisory staff and/or owners of 336 off- and on-premises alcohol outlets in six counties in South Carolina, comparing these two outlet types on their preferences regarding certain alcohol sales practices, beliefs toward underage drinking, alcohol sales practices, and outcomes. Multilevel logistic regression showed that while off- and on-premises outlets did have many similarities, off-premises outlets appear to engage in more practices designed to prevent sales of alcohol to minors than on-premises outlets. The relationship between certain Responsible Beverage Service (RBS) practices and outcomes varied by outlet type. This study furthers the understanding of the differences between off- and on-premises alcohol sales outlets and offers options for increasing and tailoring environmental prevention efforts to specific settings.
Duality in testing multivariate hypotheses

SUMMARY This paper derives a duality result for a general class of hypothesis testing problems in multivariate analysis utilizing the relationship between convex cones and their polar cones together with the properties of minimum norm problems between points and cones in Euclidian space. Special cases of this result yield generalizations of a well-known duality relation in multivariate equality constraints testing. For example, any multivariate inequality constraints test on the parameters of a multivariate normal random vector has an equivalent multivariate one-sided test in terms of the vector of dual variables associated with the constraints. Also, any combination multivariate inequality and equality constraints test has an equivalent combination multivariate one-sided and two-sided test in terms of the vector of dual variables associated with both sets of constraints.
The Unintended Consequences of Volunteerism

SUMMARY With over one-half of all college students volunteering for community service activities and increasing numbers of colleges and universities moving towards a greater infusion of service-related learning experiences into the curriculum, it is important to understand the impact volunteerism has on those who serve. This paper presents the results of a qualitative study of the meaning and impact of volun-teerism as described by experienced college student volunteers in a Head Start-based Family Literacy Project. Volunteers reported benefits in the areas of self-knowledge, academics, and social awareness. Positive outcomes in the areas of personal growth, self-esteem, and personal efficacy were noted. Service and traditional academics were viewed as mutually enhancing learning strategies; volunteering gave coursework more meaning and what was learned in the classroom increased the volunteers' effectiveness in the community. Increased awareness of important social issues, greater appreciation for divers...
Masked Michael Acceptors in Poly(phenyleneethynylene)s for Facile Conjugation

Poly(phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs) capable of reacting with thiol-containing molecules have been designed and synthesized with number-average molecular weights ranging from 8000 to 11 000. The PPEs contain pendent masked maleimide units available to participate in conjugate additions and Diels−Alder chemistries after being thermally activated. If the maleimide group is left unmasked during palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling polymerization, it leads to side reactions and the production only of short chain oligomers (Mn < 3000, DP ∼ 4). Reversible Diels−Alder reactions between the maleimides and furan were determined to be a very effective method to produce a masked Michael acceptor that can be unveiled after polymerization under relatively mild thermal conditions. Cycloreversion to the maleimide has been monitored by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), TGA-MS, IR, and NMR. A PPE containing the masked maleimide unit has been modified with a thiolated carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX) dye, and the resulting absorbance ...
EARLY RESIDENT EXPERIENCES AT A NEW MIXED-INCOME DEVELOPMENT IN CHICAGO

ABSTRACT: Mixed-income development is an increasingly popular poverty deconcentration strategy in the United States but there have been few in-depth studies about the experiences of residents once they move in to the new housing developments. This article explores the early experiences of residents of all income levels who have moved into a new mixed-income development on the south side of Chicago. In-depth interviews have been conducted with 46 residents of the development, including 23 former public housing residents. Interviews were also conducted with a comparison group of 69 public housing residents who did not move to the development. I find that public housing movers appear to be a substantially different group than non-movers. I find that overall satisfaction with the new development is quite high among residents of all income levels. Early social relations are limited, particularly across income levels, and there are key barriers to interaction, such as physical design, stigma and assumptions based on class and housing status, and segregated associational structures.