cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Descending Sequences of Degrees

Our unexplained notation is that of Rogers [4]. Let P ⊆ 2 N × 2 N . We call a sequence A n : n ∈ N > of subsets of N a P-sequence iff ∀n(A n +1 = the unique B such that P(A n , B)) . Theorem. Let P ⊆ 2 N × 2 N be arithmetical. Then there is no P-sequence n : n ∈ N> such that ∀n(A′ n +1 ≤ T A n ) . This theorem improves a result of Friedman [2] who showed that for no arithmetical P is there a P -sequence A n : n ∈ N > such that A n + 1 is a code for an ω-model of the relative arithmetic comprehension schema, and A n + 1 is present in the model coded by A n , for all n . Other related results are those of Harrison [3], who showed there is a sequence A n : n ∈ N > such that ∀n n + 1 ≤ T A n >, and of Enderton and Putnam [1], who showed there is no sequence A n : n ∈ N > with ∀n(A′ n + 1 ≤ T A n ) and A 0 hyperarithmetic. Our theorem is closely connected to Godel's second incompleteness theorem. Its proof is a recursion theoretic parallel to the proof of Godel's theorem. In §2 we draw a version of Godel's theorem as a corollary to ours.
On the vertical transport due to fingers in double diffusive convection

Salt fingering across a density interface produced by sugar and salt is investigated experimentally for varying values of initial concentrations and for times sufficiently long to observe the regimes of growth, equilibrium and final decay. Simultaneous measurements of sugar and salt concentrations and interface geometry are made. Calculations based on Stern's collective instability model allow explicit evaluation of the coefficients of the -law for the sugar flux in the form suggested by Stern & Turner (1969) for the equilibrium regime. The results are verified by the experimental data. Predictions of the finger wavelengths from this model are in general agreement with the results of previous authors, while the flux-law coefficient is an order of magnitude smaller. It is concluded that the collective instability mechanism is an adequate physical description of the salt-finger mechanism.
Electrochemomechanical energy conversion efficiency in silica nanochannels

The electrochemomechanical energy conversion efficiency has been investigated using a new theoretical and numerical framework for modeling the multiphysiochemical transport in long silica nanochannels. Both the chemical dissociation effects on surface charge boundary conditions and the bulk concentration enrichment caused by double layer interactions are considered in the framework. The results show that the energy conversion efficiency decreases monotonically with the increasing ionic concentration at pH = 8. For a given ionic concentration, there is an optimal channel height for the highest efficiency. The efficiency does not increase with the pH value monotonically, and there is an optimal pH value for the maximum energy conversion efficiency as the other conditions are given. The energy conversion efficiency increases with the environmental temperature. The present results may guide the design and optimization of nanofluidic devices for energy conversion.
Empirical models for melt blowing

A large data set obtained for melt blowing using a single hole die has been used to develop empirical models which express final average fiber diameter as a function of dimensionless independent variables. The resulting empirical models or equations have been compared to multihole melt-blowing die data. The conclusion of this investigation is that appropriate first-order variables have been identified and the dependence of average final fiber diameter on the independent variables has been established. The resulting model should prove very useful for use in melt-blowing process control and in the design of melt-blowing equipment for polypropylene with an MFR between 500 and 900. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predicting Social Work Students’ Interest in Gerontology: Results From an International Sample

The need for social workers with a specialization in gerontology has become a global priority. The purpose of this study was to explore social work students' interest in gerontology. This cross-sectional survey was completed by 1,042 students from the United States, England, and Australia, and only 5.4% of the sample indicated an interest in gerontology. Results of the logistic regression found that personal aging beliefs and the frequency of time spent with an older adult were significant in explaining gerontological interest. The infusion of aging content may facilitate further advancement in the field, but additional strategies may also be needed.
Why Do Women Use Intimate Partner Violence? A Systematic Review of Women's Motivations

Studies report that women use as much or more physical intimate partner violence (IPV) as men. Most of these studies measure IPV by counting the number of IPV acts over a specified time period, but counting acts captures only one aspect of this complex phenomenon. To inform interventions, women’s motivations for using IPV must be understood. A systematic review, therefore, was conducted to summarize evidence regarding women’s motivations for the use of physical IPV in heterosexual relationships. Four published literature databases were searched, and articles that met inclusion criteria were abstracted. This was supplemented with a bibliography search and expert consultation. Eligible studies included English-language publications that directly investigated heterosexual women’s motivations for perpetrating nonlethal, physical IPV. Of the 144 potentially eligible articles, 23 met inclusion criteria. Over two thirds of studies enrolled participants from IPV shelters, courts, or batterers’ treatment programs....
TNF-α and antibodies to periodontal bacteria discriminate between Alzheimer's disease patients and normal subjects

The associations of inflammation/immune responses with clinical presentations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unclear. We hypothesized that TNF-alpha and elevated antibodies to periodontal bacteria would be greater in AD compared to normal controls (NL) and their combination would aid clinical diagnosis of AD. Plasma TNF-alpha and antibodies against periodontal bacteria were elevated in AD patients compared with NL and independently associated with AD. The number of positive IgG to periodontal bacteria incremented the TNF-alpha classification of clinical AD and NL. This study shows that TNF-alpha and elevated numbers of antibodies against periodontal bacteria associate with AD and contribute to the AD diagnosis.
Reproducibility of Direct Shear Tests Conducted on Granular Backfill Materials

Intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory testing was conducted to assess the bias, repeatability, and reproducibility of the shear strength of compacted granular backfill materials tested in direct shear using AASHTO T 236. Inter-laboratory testing was conducted by ten laboratories using four granular backfill materials. Triaxial compression tests were also conducted on the granular backfill materials to establish a reference friction angle (ϕ′) for computing bias. Comparison of failure envelopes and friction angles from the intra-laboratory study showed that the test method is highly repeatable (ϕ′±0.1°) when conducted in a single laboratory by a single operator using the same equipment. In contrast, data from the inter-laboratory study showed high variability in the failure envelopes and friction angles, with ϕ′ varying by as much as 18.2° for a given backfill. Analysis of the data from the inter-laboratory study showed that the reproducibility of direct shear tests on granular backfill is 8.8°. The bias in ϕ′ is −2.5° when area corrections are not applied and −1.5° when area corrections are applied.
Orientation distribution in the noncrystalline regions of biaxially drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) film: A chain‐intrinsic fluorescence study

We have studied development of the in-plane distribution of “amorphous orientation” during sequential and simultaneous biaxial drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, using polarized intrinsic fluorescence. The machine direction (MD) draw ratio was always fixed at 3.5, and the transverse direction (TD) draw ratio was varied. The rate of increase in the proportion of TD-oriented chains with increasing TD draw ratio is almost identical in the sequential and simultaneous processes up to a draw ratio of 2.7. At this point, sequential drawing starts to involve transverse realignment of MD-oriented chains, which accelerates redistribution of orientation from the MD to the TD. Consequently, in sequential drawing, a “balanced” biaxial orientation distribution is achieved at a TD draw ratio significantly below the MD draw ratio, whereas at the same TD draw ratio in the simultaneous process, MD orientation remains dominant. At equal MD and TD draw ratios, the non-crystalline chains in sequentially drawn film are predominantly oriented along the TD, but their orientation distribution is isotropic in simultaneously drawn film. High-temperature annealing at fixed dimensions diminishes the proportion of TD-oriented chains in films with transverse draw ratios < 2.5. We attribute this to a more highly developed crystallite network in the MD, which constrains orientational relaxation along the MD. A balanced distribution of amorphous orientation is directly responsible for achieving balanced tensile strength and balanced extensibility. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Initial analysis of ocean color data from the ocean color and temperature scanner. II. Geometric and radiometric analysis

We assessed the geometric and radiometric performance of the ocean color and temperature scanner (OCTS) using data acquired over the United States. Initial results indicated a geometric offset in the along-track direction of 4–5 pixels that was attributed to a tilt bias. OCTS radiometric data appeared to suffer from near-field and possibly far-field scatter effects. Analysis of radiometric stability was inconclusive because of daily variability and the absence of a full seasonal cycle. Comparison of OCTS-computed water-leaving radiances with colocated in situ measurements showed that the prelaunch calibration required adjustment from -2% to +13%. Minor modification of OCTS data processing based on these results and avoidance of near-field scatter effects can enable improved and more-reliable OCTS data for quantitative scientific analyses.
Habitat selection, breeding success and conservation of the endangered American burying beetle Nicrophorus americanus

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that the decline of the endangered American burying beetle Nicrophorus americanus resulted primarily from its relatively large size and its specialized breeding requirements (vertebrate carcasses which, after burial, are used to nourish their young). Because it is the largest member of the burying beetle guild, N. americanus requires larger carcasses for breeding (optimal carcass mass is between 100 and 300 g). In comparison to smaller carcasses, larger carcasses are more rare and more difficult to bury. Therefore, while N. americanus may feed in many habitats, its optimal breeding habitats may be limited to those with a substantial litter layer and relatively deep, loose soils. Given this, Anderson (1982 Coleopt. Bull., 36) hypothesized that the decline of N. americanus resulted from deforestation in North America. The results of our regional- and local-scale field studies, and manipulative field experiments, support Anderson's hypothesis. At a regional scale (i.e. across its range in Oklahoma), distributions of N. americanus populations were biased toward forested sites with relatively deep soils (p
Expression profiles of collagens, HSP47, TGF-β1, MMPs and TIMPs in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a chronic, uncommon, sub-epidermal blistering disease involving the skin and mucous membranes that heals with scar formation and milia. Collagens, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are important components that play an essential role(s) in matrix remodeling during scar formation. However, the possible involvement of these components in EBA-induced scarring is not yet known. In the present study, we examined the expression profile of collagens, collagen-binding heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), MMPs and their inhibitory enzymes, TIMPs, in matrix remodeling during conjunctival scarring. The involvement of TGF-beta1, a fibrogenic factor, was also studied. Compared to the controls, an increased expression of type I collagen, type III collagen and HSP47 was detected in conjunctival biopsy sections of patient with EBA using immunohistochemistry. Similar increase in the expression of type I collagen, type III collagen and HSP47 was noted in conjunctival fibroblasts obtained from the patient with EBA. Up-regulation in the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-14 was also noted in conjunctival fibroblasts isolated from the patient with EBA, while no significant changes in the expression of MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9 and MMP-13 were seen. As for TIMPs, conjunctival fibroblasts isolated from the patient with EBA, grown in vitro, exhibited increased expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3, when compared with fibroblasts grown from control conjunctival tissues, although the expression level varies with different molecules of the same family. Additionally, compared to the control conjunctival fibroblasts, an increased expression of TGF-beta1 was detected in fibroblasts isolated from the conjunctival tissues of patient with EBA. This study suggests that there is up-regulation in the production of collagens (type I and III), collagen-binding protein (HSP47), matrix degrading collagenases (MMP-1 and 14), and their inhibitory enzymes (TIMP-1, 2 and 3) during the process of conjunctival matrix remodeling in the patient with EBA. The presented data is preliminary and could serve as a basis for further studies to enhance our understanding about the molecular mechanisms of conjunctival scarring in patients with EBA.
Prostacyclin in experimental septic acute respiratory failure.

Manipulation of prostaglandins (PG) in animal models of sepsis and acute respiratory failure (ARF) is promising. Prostacyclin (PGI2), a short-acting vasodilator, was evaluated in a porcine model of ARF produced by continuous infusion of live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps.). Cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored in three groups of spontaneously breathing animals that received 0.1 μg PGI2/kg/min begun 20 min after baseline (Group I); 2 × 108Ps./20 kg/min (Group II); identical Ps. infusion and then PGI2 begun at 20 min (Group III). The decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac index with Ps. infusion was improved by PGI2 treatment. In Groups II and III, mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) doubled (P < 0.005) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) tripled (P < 0.01) by 15 min. Both PAP and PVR were decreased significantly with PGI2 treatment. In both Ps. groups, significant hypoxemia occurred. PGI2 improves cardiac output and acts as a pulmonary vasodilator, but does not improve oxygenation in this porcine model of severe ARF.
Flexible interaction of Drosophila Smad complexes with bipartite binding sites

A subset of BMP-responsive enhancer elements are characterized by pairing of a GC-rich Smad1 binding site and an SBE-type Smad4 binding site. Such paired, or bipartite, sites are in some cases just 5 bp apart and thus might be contacted by a single Smad1-Smad4 complex. Other potential pairings are separated as much as 60 bp but it is not known whether such longer distances can be spanned by a Smad1-Smad4 complex, indeed binding of native Smad1-Smad4 complexes to any of these bipartite elements has yet to be reported. Here we report that a complex of the homologous Drosophila Smad proteins, Mad and Medea, is capable of concerted binding to GC-rich and SBE sites separated by as much as 20 bp. The wider the separation, the more severely binding affinity was reduced by shortening of the linker region that tethers the DNA binding domain of Medea. In contrast, length of the Mad linker did not affect the allowed distance between paired sites, rather it contributes specifically to Mad contact with the GC-rich site. Finally, we show that Smad1 and Smad4 can participate in binding to bipartite sites.
“Blogging” As an Educational Enhancement Tool for Improved Student Performance: A Pilot Study in Undergraduate Nursing Education

Improving learning and synthesis of new knowledge is often a challenge for nursing faculty in the twenty-first century. Faculty are urged to use new technologies and to embrace methodologies that include more interactions by the student. Today's students are less adept in written and oral communication and, consequently, more hesitant to speak out or write independently for fear of ridicule by others. These same students, by virtue of their adaptation and immersion in technological advances, need support in using these same mechanisms to improve their communication skills. Interpersonal communication across many levels is very important in nursing. This article summarizes a study of nursing students at North Carolina Central University in the spring of 2011 and their use of social networking to communicate about nursing education and medical errors. This qualitative pilot study used new social media known as web logs (blogs) to enable students to become more secure communicating with one another. The tool...
Parent‐ and Patient‐ Validated Content for Pediatric Epilepsy Quality‐of‐Life Assessment

Summary: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the parent- and patient-validated content of quality-of-life measurement for use in children with epilepsy. Methods: We asked the parents of 80 consecutive children and adolescents with epilepsy to list in order of importance their concerns about living with or caring for their children with epilepsy. Patients were 3 months to 18 years of age (mean, 10 years) and identified at the outpatient clinic or during hospital stay. To minimize investigator bias, parents and children listed their concerns in a private setting without staff involvement. Results: Twenty-six distinct domains were generated by the parents and children. Concerns listed by more than 20 of parents included medication adverse effects (58), cognitive effects of epilepsy (46), prospects for the future (41), safety (35), independence (31), and brain damage caused by seizures (30). Concerns ranked by parents as most important included safety (18), brain damage from seizures (12), enigma of epilepsy (12), cognitive effects of epilepsy (11), and prospects for the future (10). Concerns listed by more than 20 of children included social problems (35), cognitive effects of epilepsy (29), driving (29), sports (27), medication adverse effects (25), and schooling (21). Concerns ranked by children as most important included issues related to medication adverse effects (13), cognitive effects of epilepsy (10), hatred of epilepsy (8), social embarrassment (6), fear of seizures (6), injury (6), and dislike of hospital visits (6). Conclusion: The effect of epilepsy on health-related quality of life in pediatric patients is defined by a limited number of domains. A 20-item inventory was chosen from the 26 domains generated by the parents and children. Our study provides insight into parents' and children's perception of seizures and the impact of epilepsy on everyday life.
Comparative study of selenite adsorption on carbon based adsorbents and activated alumina.

Abstract The Sorption characteristics of carbon‐based adsorbents such as activated carbon and chitin for the removal of selenite, Se (IV), an anionic, hazardous contaminant, are compared with those of a and y alumina. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the influence of pH, concentration of adsorbate, adsorbent loading and temperature on the sorption characteristics of the adsorbents. Generally, low pH of the solution resulted in favorable selenium removal. With the exception of activated carbon, uptakes decreased with increase in temperature. In comparison, chitin was found to be far less effective for the removal of Se (IV) from aqueous solutions. The data also showed that y alumina provided higher selenium removal percentages (99%) compared to α alumina (94%), activated carbon (87%) and chitin (49%). The selenite removal was found to decrease with increasing initial Se (IV) concentration in the solution. Adsorption capacities of the adsorbents are reported in terms of their Langmuir adsorptio...
Girder Load Distribution for Seismic Design of Integral Bridges

Current seismic design practice related to integral bridge girder-to-cap beam connections allows little or no lateral seismic load to be distributed beyond the girders immediately adjacent to the column. However, distribution results from several large-scale tests have shown that the distribution of column seismic moment typically engages all the girders. An approach utilizing simple stiffness models to predict distribution in integral bridge structures is presented in detail; distribution predictions based on grillage analyses also are compared. The experimental results and the analytical results from the stiffness and grillage models show that current design methods related to vertical load distribution are sufficiently accurate. However, when applied to the distribution of lateral load, similarly obtained results reveal that current design practice does not appropriately account for the amount of load that is distributed beyond the girders adjacent to the column to the nonadjacent girders. The current practice leads to excessive girder-to-cap connection reinforcement, increased girder depth, unnecessarily high seismic mass, and increased construction cost. Finally, this paper makes recommendations for more appropriate distribution of seismic lateral load in integral bridge superstructures.
Pyrolysis and Oxidation of Cellulose in a Continuous-Feed and -Flow Reactor: Effects of NaCl

A dual-zone, continuous-feed tubular reactor is used to assess the potential for formation of products from the incomplete combustion in thermal oxidation of cellulose. Solid cellulose powder is fed continuously into a volatilization oven, where it fragments and vaporizes under steady-state conditions. The gas-phase polymer fragments flow directly into a second, constant-temperature, main flow reactor and undergo further pyrolysis and oxidation. Temperatures in the main flow reactor are varied independently to observe conversion, intermediates, and final products. Combustion products are monitored at main reactor temperatures from 400 to 750 °C at a 2.0-s residence time and fuel equivalence ratios (φ) of 0.25 and 0.8 with four on-line GC/FID instruments. Polymer reaction products and intermediates are further identified by GC/MS; 41 species are positively identified in the pyrolysis and oxidation of cellulose, and an additional 59 species are tentatively identified. Increasing reactor temperature at const...
Improved high resolution grasshopper monochromator

Abstract The grasshopper monochromator [1] is a bakable ultrahigh vacuum instrument specifically designed for constant deviation with a synchrotron source. It can be used as low as 10 eV with a grating of small ruling density and above 1000 eV with a high density X-ray grating. Especially high flux is available at its exit slit when the monochromator is properly matched to the synchrotron source. Flux figures will be given as well as remarks on the performance of the first version of this instrument in operation at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. Several improvements have been made in new versions of the monochromator now installed or under construction. These include adjustable slits, improved vacuum and relatively easy interchange of gratings.
Elastic instability of bcc cobalt.

General-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave calculations of the elastic properties of body-centered cubic Co are presented. The bcc structural phase of Co, which is not found in nature, is calculated to be unstable with respect to a volume-conserving tetragonal distortion. The total energy of body-centered tetragonal Co decreases monotonically as the c/a ratio is varied from 1, which corresponds to the bcc structure, to \ensuremath{\surd}2 , which corresponds to the face-centered-cubic structure. This means that bcc Co is not a true metastable phase of bulk Co and suggests that the existing samples of bcc Co that have been grown in the laboratory are stabilized by interactions with the substrate and/or defects.
PLANT PATHOLOGY: A Discipline at a Crossroads

The Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California at Berkeley was destroyed as a consequence of a contentious reorganization. The circumstances that led to the reorganization provide some insight into the challenges facing the discipline of plant pathology. The underlying basis for plant pathology as a science is to address problems of plant disease. This requires a balance between disciplinary and problem-solving research and a continuum from achieving fundamental advances in knowledge to the development and implementation of problem-solving approaches. Changes in colleges and universities have placed extreme stress on this essential structure. The dilemma that must be addressed is how to reestablish the problem-solving continuum where it has been broken and strengthen it where it has been weakened. Plants are essential for life, and they will always be affected by disease. The understanding and management of these diseases is the responsibility and the challenge of plant pathology today and in the future.
Non-statistical behavior in the dissociative photoionization of the 1,3-butadiene/sulfur dioxide van der Waals complex

Abstract Dissociative photoionization of the van der Waals complex of 1,3-butadiene and SO2 to yield the fragment ion C4H6-SO+ is reported. From
Nucleotide sequence and characterization of human papillomavirus type 83, a novel genital papillomavirus.

Studies of human papillomaviruses (HPV) are hampered by the lack of a conventional culture system, because HPV completes its life cycle only in fully differentiated human tissue. To overcome this obstacle, the athymic mouse xenograft system has been used to study the pathogenesis of a limited number of HPV types. We recently reported the propagation of a novel HPV type in the mouse xenograft system and the cloning of its genome. Consensus primer PCR had previously identified this virus as MM7, LVX82, or PAP291. Here we report the nucleotide sequence of the 8104-bp genome of this virus, now called HPV 83. HPV 83 is most closely related to HPV 61 and HPV 72, placing it in the papillomavirus genome homology group A3. Based on limited epidemiological data, the histological appearance of infected human foreskin implants, and the structure of the predicted HPV 83 E7 protein, this virus is probably of at least intermediate cancer risk. Like other papillomaviruses, HPV 83 produces an E1 E4, E5 transcript, but the position of the splice acceptor differs from that of other HPVs. The presence of an E5 open reading frame in the HPV 83 genome is uncertain; the most likely candidate to be the HPV 83 E5 protein has some structural similarity to the bovine papillomavirus 1 E5 oncoprotein, and is unlike most other HPV E5 proteins. HPV 83 is a relatively prevalent genital papillomavirus that has the largest genome of any characterized HPV and several other novel structural features that merit further study.
Pediatric neurology and clinical child psychology: The development of a specialized training practicum

This article describes the implementation and development of a collaborative effort between a clinical psychology training program and a pediatric neurology clinic within a medical school to provide multidisciplinary services to children and families experiencing neurological and psychological problems. The article provides a description of the neurologist's views concerning the advantages of psychological consultation in a neurology clinic, as well as a description of the activities of the new specialized psychology practicum. Case examples as well as possible directions for future delivery of services are also provided.
Bayes factors for nonlinear hypotheses and likelihood distributions

SUMMARY New methods are proposed which allow Bayes factors to be computed for hypotheses which impose nonlinear restrictions on the parameters. Projection methods are used to induce the prior distribution over the restricted parameter space which is required for computation of the Bayes factor. Various distance metrics are introduced to define the projection, including a utility-based metric which gives Kullback-Leibler divergence as a special case. Draws from the restricted and unrestricted prior distributions are used to construct marginal distributions of the likelihood which is shown to have additional diagnostic value over and above the Bayes factor. These methods are applied to hypotheses Statisticians are frequently asked to entertain hypotheses which are nonlinear in the model parameters. Nonlinear hypotheses arise both from subject matter theory as well as from the process of model selection. To address nonlinear hypotheses, researchers use frequentist methods which are usually implemented using asymptotic approximations. Berger (1987), Zellner (1971, 1978, 1984) and others have discussed the weaknesses of the classical significance testing approach and suggest Bayesian alternatives such as odds ratios. The odds ratio is the ratio of posterior probabilities of two competing hypotheses and is the product of the prior odds ratio and the Bayes factor. The odds ratio has the conceptual advantages of providing a natural probability metric for assessing the strength of data and prior beliefs. Because of the difficulties of assessing priors under the nonlinear restrictions and the computation of the required integrals, few Bayes factors have been computed for nonlinear hypotheses; see Lindley (1988) for an exception. In the present paper, we outline a general method for computing Bayes factors which is flexible, conceptually appealing and computationally tractable. The literature on Bayes factors starts with the work of Jeffreys (1961). Other references include Berger & Delampady (1987), Dickey (1971), Good (1985), Kass & Vaidyanathan (1992), Smith & Spiegelhalter (1980) and Zellner (1971, 1978, 1984). These papers deal with the testing of linear restrictions on the parameter space, often in the context of linear models. Even the widely-used Schwarz (1978) model selection criterion considers only linear restrictions in models of the exponential family form. The key difficulty which has kept researchers from developing Bayes factors for nonlinear hypotheses is the
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer patients in greater Rochester, NY : Is empirical triple therapy justified?

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Peptic Ulcer Patients in Greater Rochester, NY: Is Empirical Triple Therapy Justified?
FLASH PHOTOLYSIS AND INACTIVATION OF AQUEOUS LYSOZYME

— –Flash photolysis of aqueous lysozyme has shown that the initial photochemical products are photo-oxidized tryptophan residues (Λmax= 500 nm), hydrated electrons (Λmax= 720 nm), and the cystine residue electron adduct (Λmax= 420 nm). Comparisons with mixtures of the chromophoric amino acids show that 1 to 2 tryptophan residues provide electrons at a quantum yield of 0.018 (25 per cent). Part of the ejected electrons are captured by cystine residues via a short-range, intramolecular process with essentially unit efficiency. The remainder become hydrated and back react with oxidized tryptophan residues before 10-4sec. The cystine residue electron adduct decays with 2 msec halftime (25°C) and 1.5 kcal/mole activation energy. The surviving oxidized tryptophan residues decay with a comparable time constant in a hydroxyl ion catalyzed process. In acid solutions the oxidized tryptophan residue and long-lived H atom adduct are observed (Λmax= 380 nm). The quantum yield of lysozyme inactivation induced by xenon flash irradiation above 250 nm is 0.023 (20 per cent), which is not sensitive to oxygen or pH. Comparison to the primary photochemical reactions indicates that electron ejection from the essential tryptophan residues inactivates the enzyme, irrespective of the electron trap and subsequent reactions. On the basis of the structure and supporting information it is proposed that the tryptophan residues of the active site are involved. Direct disruption of cystine residues does not contribute more than 10 per cent to the inactivation quantum yield in this wavelength region. Lysozyme inactivation may differ from other enzymes because the chromophores include essential residues located in the active center.
Brief announcement: an incentive-compatible capacity assignment algorithm for bulk data distribution using P2P

In recent years, the rapid growth of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks has provided a new paradigm for content distribution. To improve the efficiency of a P2P system, it is important to provide incentives for the peers to participate and contribute their resources. In this work, we address the incentive provisioning problem for distribution of large-volume content in P2P networks, and present a "seeing-is-believing" incentive-compatible mechanism in which a peer will decide how much resources will be assigned to which neighbors based on what it has experienced. The protocol applies a utility-based resource-trading concept where peers will maximize their contributions for a fair or better return, and we show that by adopting this protocol, the system will achieve Cournot Equlibrium. Our protocol is light-weight, completely decentralized, and cheat-proof.
Information theoretic limits to the capacity of volume holographic optical memory

We derive the information theoretic limit to storage capacity in volume holographic optical memories for the limiting cases of dominant intensity noise (Gaussian noise) and dominant field noise (Rician noise). These capacity bounds are compared with the performance achievable using simple Reed–Solomon error-correcting codes.
Interoceptive signals and postingestive consequences produced by regulatory peptides.

Regulatory peptides may influence food intake via a variety of mechanisms. For instance, such peptides may produce interoceptive stimulus consequences similar to “hunger” or “satiety”. They may also alter the rewarding after-affects of eating. We examined the first possibility by training rats to use internal cues produced by either 24 h or 1 h food deprivation as discriminative stimuli. After training was completed, we tested the rats for generalization between deprivation-induced cues and cues produced by ghrelin (i3vt and ip), leptin (i3vt and ip), and CCK (ip), respectively. We found that ghrelin (both i3vt and ip) produced cues similar to 24 h food deprivation, whereas leptin (ip, but not i3vt) and CCK produced cues that generalized to 1 h food deprivation. Previous research showed that rats must consume food when food deprived to learn that deprivation enhances the reward value of food; similarly food must be consumed when sated for rats to learn that the value of food reward has been reduced. We examined the extent to which administration of (a) ghrelin in sated rats and (b) leptin in food deprived rats had effects on food reward value like those produced by eating under respective food deprivation and satiation. We found that ghrelin had effects like food deprivation and leptin had effects like food satiation on the rewarding consequences of eating. Collectively, these studies indicate that peptides involved with intake regulation may produce interoceptive cues and postingestive consequences similar to those produced by food-deprivation manipulations.
Technicolor-assisted leptogenesis with an ultra-heavy Higgs doublet

If fermion condensation is a main source of electroweak symmetry breaking, an ultra-heavy Higgs doublet of mass $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ can yield naturally small Dirac neutrino masses. We show that such a scenario can lead to a new leptogenesis mechanism based on the decays of the ultra-heavy Higgs. Given its very large mass, the requisite Higgs doublet can be considered an elementary particle and would point to a cutoff scale $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{10}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. We outline how our scenario can also naturally lead to composite asymmetric dark matter. Some potential signals of this scenario are discussed.
Effects of macroeconomic policies on income growth, inflation, and output growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract This study investigates the effects of macroeconomic policies on nominal income growth, inflation, and output growth with data for 33 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa during 1970–1987. The main results, which are consistent with several theoretical regularities, can be summarized as follows: (1) money growth, currency devaluations, and increases in the budget deficit ratio are all inflationary, although the impact of money growth dominates the inflation process; (2) increases in the budget deficit ratio and the rate of inflation have adverse effects on output growth; and (3) currency devaluations have expansionary effects on output growth.
The circular travelling-wave antenna

The circular traveling-wave antenna consists of a conductor formed into a circle, which is fed at one point and so terminated at the diametrically opposite point that only a traveling wave exists cn the antenna. Consequently the beam of the antenna can be steered in azimuth by moving the feed point and the load point around the circumference of the circle. Azimuthal radiation patterns have been calculated for antennas having circumferences of 3, 4, 5, and 6 wavelengths. In addition, experimental patterns have been obtained for antennas having circumferences cf 1.75 tc 14 wavelengths. The patterns for both the radiation intensity and the \phi -polarized component of the electric field display a single main lobe in the direction of the load end of the antenna, with rather high-level side lobes. In an attempt to obtain radiation patterns having lower side lobe levels, the effect of using two and three concentric circular traveling-wave antennas of different radii has been investigated. The patterns of these antennas, which have diameters of less than two wavelengths are comparable in side-lobe levels to those obtained with rhombic antennas.
A VLSI-based biological interface for extracellular potentials

The authors describe the design of an IC-based interface from a living biological neuron to an arbitrary electromechanical device. Implemented on a custom VLSI IC, the circuit contains a high-gain buffer, band-pass filter, a neuron-like threshold discriminator, and a dedicated four-phase output driver for a stepper motor. The CMOS circuit is comprehensive, compact, noise immune, and very power efficient, making it appropriate for the control of robotic or prosthetic devices based on an extracellular activitiy in biological neurons. >
Models of Various Forms of Batching

Grouping individual jobs into sets, called batches, is a strategy frequently used in industry. One cause of batching is for the purpose of transportation between workstations. For instance, workers may require mechanical help for moving heavy items between two machines. If the mechanical help is a large machine such as a forklift, then a pallet might be loaded first before a forklift truck is requested. Another form of batching occurs when items are batched by type for the purpose of sharing a machine setup step even though the items are actually processed individually.
The Effect of Single-Sex Instruction in a Large, Urban, At-Risk High School

The authors used mixed methods to evaluate over 2 years the effectiveness of single-sex instruction (SSI) on achievement outcomes, instructional practices, teacher efficacy, student behaviors, and classroom culture in an urban, at-risk high school primarily composed of individuals from disadvantaged populations. Students grouped according to sex in algebra and English classes were compared with coeducational students by assessment of course grades, standardized test scores, classroom observations, surveys, teacher interviews, and a focus group discussion. Achievement results associated with SSI were inconsistent, with gains shifting between groups. The authors observed gains in algebra achievement for SSI in Year 1 but not in Year 2. Differences in English achievement were not observed between SSI and coeducational groups. Standardized test results indicated superior performance for coeducational students. SSI provided a supportive environment for girls, inducing greater participation and academic risk-ta...
Against Idiosyncrasy in Ontology Development

The world of ontology development is full of mysteries. Recently, ISO Standard 15926 (“Lifecycle Integration of Process Plant Data Including Oil and Gas Production Facilities”), a data model initially designed to support the integration and handover of large engineering artefacts, has been proposed by its principal custodian for general use as an upper level ontology. As we shall discover, ISO 15926 is, when examined in light of this proposal, marked by a series of quite astonishing defects, which may however provide general lessons for the developers of ontologies in the future.
River Warren boulders, Minnesota, USA: catastrophic paleoflow indicators in the southern spillway of glacial Lake Agassiz

Boulders resting on meltwater-sculpted and striated-granite bedrock near the head of the southern outlet spillway of glacial Lake Agassiz are used to generate paleodischarge calculations. The rounded nature of many boulders suggests fluvial transport and a corestone origin. The distribution of boulders in clusters and linear trains records the interaction of clasts during transport and deposition. The geomorphology of the spillway with streamlined erosional remnant hills is characteristic of other large flood spillways. Using the Manning equation and a variety of empirical equations to determine paleovelocity, preferred discharges between 0.364 and 0.102 Sv are calculated. These discharges agree well with flood discharges using modeling methodologies, and most likely represent ephemeral and catastrophic flood events linked to either episodic incision at the outlet or the result of rapid inputs of meltwater to Lake Agassiz.
An Enterprise Electronic Contract Management System Based on Service-Oriented Architecture

Electronic contract systems deal with the lifecycle automation and management of contract documents from their establishment to expiry. Many existing contract systems are built as monolithic, vertical stand-alone applications that are inflexible and difficult to scale and interoperate with other enterprise systems. This paper proposes a service-oriented electronic contract system that leverages a number of common middleware services to provide an open, extensible and interoperable solution. The basic common services include the content repository services, the workflow and document routing services, the security services, and the notification services. A standard data model is defined to specify the metadata properties for managing, tracking and storage of contract documents in a central repository. Integration services are also introduced to enable the system to collaborate and share contract data with external applications such as contract authoring and fulfillment tracking tools. The implementation of an enterprise multi-party electronic contract system using standard commercial middleware components will be presented to illustrate the simplicity, reusability, interoperability and flexibility of this service- based approach.
Fabrication and characterization of a micromachined acoustic sensor with integrated optical readout

Implementation and characterization of a micromachined acoustic sensor with integrated optoelectronic readout is described. The mechanical part of the sensor is surface micromachined on a quartz substrate and consists of an aluminum membrane which is electrostatically actuated by a back electrode shaped in the form of a diffraction grating. Optical detection is performed by measuring the reflected diffraction orders when the grating is illuminated through the quartz substrate. This scheme provides interferometric displacement detection sensitivity as well as a compact optical interconnect to a custom designed silicon photodetector array fabricated with n-well CMOS technology. The array also contains optical apertures formed by post-CMOS deep reactive ion etching for backside illumination. A compact hybrid packaged sensor array is formed by bonding the silicon photodetector array to the quartz substrate, resulting in an integrated acoustic sensor volume of 2.5 mm/sup 3/. Experimental characterization has been performed on integrated sensors with 200-mm-diameter, 1-mm-thick aluminum membranes. The results show a minimum detectable membrane displacement of 2.08/spl times/10/sup -4/ /spl Aring///spl radic/Hz at 20 kHz and 1.35/spl times/10/sup -4/ /spl Aring///spl radic/Hz at 100 kHz with 61-mW laser power detected on the integrated photodetector. Operation of the device with a pulsed vertical cavity surface emitting laser as the light source and differential detection of diffraction orders for noise reduction are demonstrated to show the potential for low-power, low-cost micromachined acoustic sensors.
Conduction block induced by high frequency AC stimulation in unmyelinated nerves

The potential neurophysiological applications of high frequency AC stimulation (HFAC) in blocking conduction has led to a series of experimental and modeling studies analyzing the effect of HFAC conduction block on mixed nerves. However, many of these computational studies have been based on axon models that are perhaps not valid for the nerves under study. The isolated response of unmyelinated nerves to HFAC has also not been previously studied. In this study, 5-50 kHz sinusoidal HFAC stimulation waveforms were used to reversibly block conduction through the unmyelinated nerve fibers of Aplysia. Unlike myelinated nerves, the minimum HFAC amplitude for blocking conduction in these nerves showed a non-monotonic behavior with frequency. The Hodgkin-Huxley model did not accurately predict the experimentally observed trends but modifying the model to incorporate a frequency-dependent membrane capacitance resulted in a significant change in the high frequency response of the model while still preserving the standard characteristics of action potential propagation.
The First Billion Years: When Did Life Emerge?

There are three principal lines of evidence from which we can infer the timing of the origin of life on Earth: stromatolites, microfossils, and carbon isotope data. All indicate that life emerged earlier than ∼3500 million years ago, but the details and exact timing of life's beginnings remain unknown.
All-optical label swapping for same wavelength data switching using optical carrier suppression, separation and without regular wavelength converter

A novel optical label-swapping scheme using optical carrier suppression and separation (OCSS) technique without requiring any conventional wavelength converter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in an optical label switched (OLS) network over 140-km transmission distance. The transmission performance for both 10-Gb/s differential phase-shift keying payload and 2.5-Gb/s on-off keying label and the effectiveness of the label-swapping scheme has been evaluated for a three-node OLS network.
Short to midterm clinical and radiographic outcomes of the Salto total ankle prosthesis.

Background:Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) has become an increasingly effective treatment option for tibiotalar arthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short to midterm clinical and...