cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the epidermis and other epithelia in wound healing: selected concepts.

Abstract In its normal state, the epidermis is a complex organ in which several cell types, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, and melanocytes coexist and interact in complex ways about which little is currently known. The keratinocytes undergo, first, cell division in the deeper layers of the stratum malpighii, then active migration and differentiation to rearrange themselves in the stratum granulosum for final differentiation into keratinized cells. The process by which these cells migrate in an orderly fashion from the undulating dermal-epidermal interface to the flat interface with the keratinized layer is not understood. It is known that few of the basalar cells are undergoing replication at any one time, so that a large, reserve "G O " pool of cells exists. When there is an injury to the epidermis so that, for example, a portion is removed without damage being done to the dermis, the cell migration pattern changes, so that an increased number of keratinocytes is produced to replace those that have been damaged, killed, or removed. The kinetics of this process is, however, poorly characterized. Also, in states of inflammatory or metabolic injury to the epidermis, there are marked changes, again rather poorly characterized, in epidermal cell migration patterns, which often produce the parakeratotic crust and scale characteristic of many of those pathologic states. Finally, there are diseases—of which the prototype is psoriasis—in which there is a marked change in cellular proliferation and differentiation that, itself, constitutes or produces the major manifestations of the disease. Although the kinetic considerations in psoriasis have been well studied, the studies are difficult to interpret and questions regarding them abound. Recently this problem in nonwounded skin has been reviewed and critically analyzed by Gelfant. 1 We face a large number of uncertainties about the division, migration, and differentiation of keratinocytes in normal, damaged, or pathologically altered epidermis. Further, there are many unanswered questions regarding other epidermal cell types, their interactions with each other and with keratinocytes, and the chemical and other signals that mediate those interactions. Thus, the problem of analyzing the role of the epidermis in wound healing, in which there is damage to the dermis as well as to the epidermis, becomes difficult, if not insolvable. Nevertheless, there are rather extensive experimental data regarding several aspects of the problem, including changes in cell morphology, mechanisms of cell migration, kinetics and patterns of cell migration, and factors controlling cell division. Some of these data on the role of the epidermis in wound healing will now be briefly examined.
Image fusion for improved perception

We developed a method to fuse imagery for from different sensor types. The core of our method uses different forward transforms of input images and a common transform to reconstruct the final result. When measuring the entropy and power of the fused result, we found that our method gave generally better results when compared to a more conventional approach. Our method could form the basis of a new image fusion approach because it offers results not possible with a conventional approach.
Bond-Graph Based Simulation of Thermodynamic Models

Conventional bond graphs are incompetent to handle thermodynamic systems with flowing fluid and phase change, such as heat engines and refrigeration cycles. Sophisticated bond-graph software for purposes of simulation is widely available for the systems addressable by conventional bond graphs, but heretofore there was no bond-graph software that could simulate the thermodynamic systems of concern. The author has previously published descriptions of a compatible extension to conventional bond graphs, which accommodates these systems through the use of what are known as convection bonds. Simulation of these models required ad hoc writing of the differential equations, however, a difficult task. The present brief announces the availability of software, based on a combination of convection and conventional bond graphs, which considerably expedites the simulation of thermodynamic and hybrid systems. The software is written in MATLAB ® and is freely downloadable from the internet. It allows modeling and simulation to be carried out with a minimum knowledge of thermodynamics. Data characterizing the thermodynamic properties of 35 different pure substances and wet air are accessed as needed.
Microscopic origin of piezomagnetism of αFe2O3

Abstract The piezomagnetism constants of αFe 2 O 3 are predicted from the stress dependence of the g-factor of Fe 3+ in Al 2 O 3 as measured in an EPR experiment at 26 Gc. The predicted constants [P 11 = 2.6 × 10 −5 , P 14 = 2.4 × 10 −4 (emu/g) / (kg/cm 2 )] are in acceptable agreement with the observed constants [P 11 = 3.6 × 10 −5 , P 14 = 6.4 × 10 −5 (emu/g) / (kg/cm 2 )].
El Niño-La Niña Events Simulated with Cane and Zebiak's Model and Observed with Satellite or In Situ Data. Part II: Model Forced with Observations

In this paper, we examine the conditions under which the Cane and Zebiak's model can be run so that the simulated anomalies of wind and SST agree better with the observations.
A lymphosarcoma of thymic origin in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

. A rainbow trout with a malignant lymphoma of probable thymic origin showed direct spread of the tumour to the gills, metastases to the liver and head kidney, and the presence of abnormal circulating lymphocytes. The cells of the tumour possessed plasma membrane immunoglobulin detectable by immuno–fluorescence. Examination of the tumour cells by transmission electron microscopy revealed no evidence of virus associated with the cells. Infectious viruses could not be detected in the tumour tissue, and the tumour was not transmissible by injection of live tumour cells into young rainbow trout. Attempts to establish the tumour in long–term culture were unsuccessful.
International Bribery: Does a Written Code of Ethics Make a Difference in Perceptions of Business Professionals

This article analyzes the attitudes of United States business professionals toward the issue of international bribery, and in particular, whether or not having a written code of ethics has an effect on these attitudes. A vignette relating to international bribery from a widely used survey instrument was employed in a nationwide survey of business professionals to gather information on ethical attitudes of respondents. Data were also collected on gender of respondents, whether or not respondents were self-employed, whether or not the respondents’ firms had a written code of ethics, and to what extent the respondents’ firms generated revenues from international operations. Attitudes concerning whether or not international bribery is ever acceptable exhibited wide dispersion. Respondents from firms that have a written code of ethics were significantly less likely to find international bribery acceptable. Firms that generate revenues from international operations were significantly more likely to have a written code of ethics than were firms which did not generate revenues from international operations. Implications of the findings for business policy are discussed.
Insect Distribution and Insecticide-induced Mortality in Corn and Potatoes as Affected by Plot Size and Location

This study was designed to determine if results of insecticide tests were affected by size and location of field plots used. Population density of insects in plots treated with carbaryl varied with plot size. Feeding damage by the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), to potato foliage dropped rapidly as the treated plot size increased from 4 to 99 m2 and then continued to decline gradually to 1,000-m2 plots. Thus, a plot of ca. 100 m2 may be the minimum size to accurately determine insecticidal effect on the potato leafhopper. Corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), egg numbers changed the most sharply as plot size increased from 3 to 31 m2. Larval numbers dropped most sharply when plot size was increased from 3 to 14 m2. A minimum plot size of ca. 30 m2 appears to be necessary for corn earworm infesting sweet corn for tests done under similar conditions. Taylor’s index of aggregation and Lloyd’s mean crowding index and patchiness index were calculated for potato leafhopper injury in potatoes, caterpillar feeding damage in sweet corn ears, and numbers in sweet corn plots of Orius insidiosus (Say), Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer), corn earworm eggs and larvae, and European cornborer larvae, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in treated and untreated areas of plots.
Thermodynamic principles for the engineering of pH-driven conformational switches and acid insensitive proteins

The general thermodynamic principles behind pH driven conformational transitions of biological macromolecules are well understood. What is less obvious is how they can be used to engineer pH switches in proteins. The acid unfolding of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) was used to illustrate different factors that can affect pH-driven conformational transitions. Acid unfolding is a structural transition driven by preferential H+ binding to the acid unfolded state (U) over the native (N) state of a protein. It is the result of carboxylic groups that titrate with more normal pKa values in the U state than in the N state. Acid unfolding profiles of proteins reflect a balance between electrostatic and non-electrostatic contributions to stability. Several strategies were used in attempts to turn SNase into an acid insensitive protein: (1) enhancing global stability of the protein with mutagenesis or with osmolytes, (2) use of high salt concentrations to screen Coulomb interactions, (3) stabilizing the N state through specific anion effects, (4) removing Asp or Glu residues that titrate with depressed pKa values in the N state, and (5) removing basic residues that might have strong repulsive interactions in the N state at low pH. The only effective way to engineer acid resistance in SNase is not through modulation of pKa values of Asp/Glu but by enhancing the global stability of the protein. Modulation of pH-driven conformational transitions by selective manipulation of the electrostatic component of the switch is an extremely difficult undertaking.
1524 SYSTEMIC DISEASE IN EPIMEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY (EN) OF CHILDHOOD

Approximately 2% of nephrotic children and 20% of nephrotic adults have EN. Recent reports have shown a high incidence of etiologically associated conditions for EN. At a renal referral center, 5 children had EN in a series of 422 renal biopsies over a period of 7 yrs. There were 3 boys and 2 girls ages 2-15 yrs at onset. The mean follow up is 6 yrs with a range of I to II yrs. The initial finding in each was massive proteinuria with nephrotic syndrome (NS) except for I child who had isolated hematuria at age 2 yrs associated with a family history of renal failure. This boy developed NS 3 yrs later, at which time renal biopsy showed EN, tubular fluorescence with IgG and C′3 and circulating antitubular antibodies. The two females demonstrated evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus at the time of onset of renal disease. One boy had asymptomatic hepatitis with positive Hb-s antigen and antibody (rising titer). The other boy had negative hepatitis antigen and negative anti-DNA antibody. He progressed to renal insufficiency within 2 yrs and has had a successful kidney transplant with normal GFR for 4 years. Three others had normal GFR and one had progressive renal insufficiency at the time of follow up. Our findings confirm the high incidence of primary systemic disease (3/5 in our series) in children with EN and the very low incidence of this form of renal disease in children.
Radiation-induced segregation and phase stability in ferritic-martensitic alloy T 91

Abstract Radiation-induced segregation in ferritic–martensitic alloy T 91 was studied to understand the behavior of solutes as a function of dose and temperature. Irradiations were conducted using 2 MeV protons to doses of 1, 3, 7 and 10 dpa at 400 °C. Radiation-induced segregation at prior austenite grain boundaries was measured, and various features of the irradiated microstructure were characterized, including grain boundary carbide coverage, the dislocation microstructure, radiation-induced precipitation and irradiation hardening. Results showed that Cr, Ni and Si segregate to prior austenite grain boundaries at low dose, but segregation ceases and redistribution occurs above 3 dpa. Grain boundary carbide coverage mirrors radiation-induced segregation. Irradiation induces formation of Ni–Si–Mn and Cu-rich precipitates that account for the majority of irradiation hardening. Radiation-induced segregation behavior is likely linked to the evolution of the precipitate and dislocation microstructures.
Systemically delivered antisense oligomers upregulate gene expression in mouse tissues

Systemically injected 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-O-MOE)-phosphorothioate and PNA-4K oligomers (peptide nucleic acid with four lysines linked at the C terminus) exhibited sequence-specific antisense activity in a number of mouse organs. Morpholino oligomers were less effective, whereas PNA oligomers with only one lysine (PNA-1K) were completely inactive. The latter result indicates that the four-lysine tail is essential for the antisense activity of PNA oligomers in vivo. These results were obtained in a transgenic mouse model designed as a positive readout test for activity, delivery, and distribution of antisense oligomers. In this model, the expressed gene (EGFP-654) encoding enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) is interrupted by an aberrantly spliced mutated intron of the human beta-globin gene. Aberrant splicing of this intron prevented expression of EGFP-654 in all tissues, whereas in tissues and organs that took up a splice site-targeted antisense oligomer, correct splicing was restored and EGFP-654 expression upregulated. The sequence-specific ability of PNA-4K and the 2'-O-MOE oligomers to upregulate EGFP-654 provides strong evidence that systemically delivered, chemically modified oligonucleotides affect gene expression by sequence-specific true antisense activity, validating their application as potential therapeutics.
Low-Noise Gallium-Arsenide Field-Effect Transistor Preamplifiers for Stochastic Beam Cooling Systems

The present noise performance, bandwidth capability and gain stability of bipolar and field-effect transistors, parametric amplifier, Schottky diode mixer and maser are summarized and compared in the 100 MHz to 40 GHz frequency range for stochastic beam cooling systems. Stability factor of GaAs FET's as a function of ambient temperature is presented and discussed. Performance data of several low-noise wide-band cryogenically cooled preamplifiers are presented including one with a noise figure of 0.35 dB over a bandwidth range of 150-500 MHz operating at ambient temperature of 20°K. Also, data are given on a broadband 1-2 GHz preamplifier having a noise figure of approximately 0.2 dB. The gain, operating noise temperature, stability, gain nonuniformity and phase-shift as function of frequency of interest for beam cooling systems are discussed.
Do the CMS proposed breast cancer quality measures actually predict improved outcomes

Abstract Background In 2007, professional collaborations developed a unified set of quality standards for breast cancer care. Methods This was an Institutional Review Board–approved, retrospective review of all breast cancer patients treated initially at University of Oklahoma Medical Center from 2000 to 2008. All tumor registry data were reviewed to test compliance with the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) (Medicare) quality standards. Results Overall and disease-free survival was better for patients meeting the radiation for breast conservation standard (P Conclusions We believe the current CMS standards are a reasonable first step at monitoring breast cancer quality of care. Our data suggest that these may be improved by including combination chemotherapy in ER+ disease when data show a net survival benefit over hormonal therapy alone.
Global climate signals and equatorial SST variability in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans during the 20th century

[1] Oceanic global and individual basin (i.e., Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans) sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) are analyzed jointly, using MTM/SVD technique. Besides global and individual secular variability, differences in low-frequency climate signals are evidenced: that is, an inter-decadal signal dominates in the Indian and Pacific oceans, while a quasi-decadal signal dominates in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Two inter-annual global and individual climate signals dominate: i.e., ENSO and quasi-biennial (QB). Moreover, significant correlations are found between three known equatorial SST indices (i.e., IO1 in Indian Ocean, NINO3 in Pacific Ocean, and ATL2 in Atlantic Ocean), and SST time-series obtained by summing-up only global lead-frequency signals identified here: i.e., 0.74, 0.82, and 0.56 respectively. These results should help improving long-term climate numerical forecasts and mitigating societal impacts by using observed specific equatorial SSTs time-series, in a climate change context.
On the Source and Composition of Cloud Nuclei in a Subsident Air Mass over the North Atlantic

Abstract Measurements of the concentration of cloud nuclei, which are activated at a supersaturation of 0.75%, were made aboard an aircraft at various altitudes in a subsident air mass over the North Atlantic Ocean and on the cast coast of Barbados, West Indies. The measurements were made on air samples at normal temperatures as well as on air samples heated to various temperatures up to 600C. In this way the volatility of the cloud nuclei was compared to the volatility as measured in a similar manner in the laboratory on nuclei artificially generated and of a known composition. The measurements at Barbados showed that ∼50% of the cloud nuclei were nonvolatile at the temperatures used and thus were similar to artificially generated nuclei composed of sea salt; the remaining nuclei were destroyed by temperatures ≳320C. The aircraft measurements showed the fraction of volatile cloud nuclei to increase with altitude with all nuclei being volatile above the inversion layer. These measurements indicate that in...
Differential regulation of arylamine and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases in human retinoblastoma (Y-79) cells.

Abstract For the first time, arylamine and arylakylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activities are shown to be differentially regulated. In a human retinoblastoma (Y-79) cell line, arylalkylamine NAT activity, but not arylamine NAT activity increased (3–5-fold) rapidly (1–3 h) in response to treatment with dibutyryl cAMP. In contrast, treatment with butyrate showed a delayed (3–5 days) increase (3–5-fold) in arylamine NAT activity but not in arylalkylamine NAT activity. The differential response to these agents in Y-79 cells provides a model system for future studies on the regulatory relationship between the two enzyme activities.
A new method for the determination of branching in polymers

The transfer constant for the butadiene-polybutadiene system at 50°C. has been calculated from data obtained from a graft polymerization study of that system. This constant (K = 1.1 × 10−3) has been used to calculate that polybutadiene prepared in an emulsion system at 50°C. contains an average of one branch for every 800 monomer units.
The Contextual Specificity of Masculinity and Femininity in Early Adolescence

Using a social constructionist perspective, we investigated the flexibility of early adolescents' (N = 80, 40 boys, 40 girls; M age = 13.14; SD = .65) masculinity and femininity as a function of the interpersonal context (same‐ or other‐sex partner) and situational demands (co‐operation or competition). Participants played a block‐building game with a girl and a boy peer and were instructed either to play the game co‐operatively or competitively. Boys' and girls' femininity scores were greater when working with a girl peer rather than a boy peer. Stereotypical gender differences in masculinity were most apparent when instructions emphasized co‐operation. These findings provide empirical support for a social constructionist theory of gender development by demonstrating how the proximal situation changes adolescents' views of gendered aspects of their identity. A conceptualization of masculinity and femininity as flexible states is discussed as supplementing the idea that masculinity and femininity are enduring personality traits. Implications of the study for understanding how social situations maximize or minimize gender differences and similarities are discussed.
Transfection of mammalian cells using linear polyethylenimine is a simple and effective means of producing recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors

We have developed a simple protocol to transfect mammalian cells using linear polyethylenimine (PEI). Our linear PEI protocol is as effective as commercial reagents in the transfection of HeLa cells and XDC293 cells, a derivative of HEK293 cells, but at a fraction of the cost. Greater than 90% of XDC293 cells and 98% of HeLa cells transfected using our method were positive for EGFP expression as determined by flow cytometery. Our protocol should be useful for many different applications such as large-scale production of recombinant protein and viruses, which requires transient transfection of mammalian cells in large batches. We have used this protocol to produce recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) in XDC293 cells and in HeLa cells. This requires transient expression of three adenovirus gene-products (E2A, E4orf6, and VA RNAs) as well as the AAV replication (Rep78, Rep68, Rep52, and Rep40) and capsid (VP1, VP2, and VP3) proteins. Production of a recombinant AAV that expresses green fluorescent protein was assessed by quantitative PCR and by transduction of HeLa cells. Linear PEI is a better transfection reagent than calcium phosphate for the production of recombinant AAV in both HEK293 and HeLa cells. In addition, when both HeLa and XDC293 cells were by our method, HeLa cells in the absence of E1A generated three-fold more recombinant AAV than XDC293 cells, which constitutively express E1A.
Stereocontrol in aldol condensations. The role of solvent and cation in the condensation of acetaldehyde with the anion derived from benzyl 6,6-dibromopenicillanate.

Abstract Unique stereocontrol in aldolization at C6 of penicillanates through modification of solvent and cation has been observed.
Semidiurnal Temperature Changes Caused by Tidal Front Movements in the Warm Season in Seabed Habitats on the Georges Bank Northern Margin and Their Ecological Implications

Georges Bank is a large, shallow feature separating the Gulf of Maine from the Atlantic Ocean. Previous studies demonstrated a strong tidal-mixing front during the warm season on the northern bank margin between thermally stratified water in the Gulf of Maine and mixed water on the bank. Tides transport warm water off the bank during flood tide and cool gulf water onto the bank during ebb tide. During 10 days in August 2009, we mapped frontal temperatures in five study areas along ∼100 km of the bank margin. The seabed “frontal zone”, where temperature changed with frontal movment, experienced semidiurnal temperature maxima and minima. The tidal excursion of the frontal boundary between stratified and mixed water ranged 6 to 10 km. This “frontal boundary zone” was narrower than the frontal zone. Along transects perpendicular to the bank margin, seabed temperature change at individual sites ranged from 7.0°C in the frontal zone to 0.0°C in mixed bank water. At time series in frontal zone stations, changes during tidal cycles ranged from 1.2 to 6.1°C. The greatest rate of change (−2.48°C hr−1) occurred at mid-ebb. Geographic plots of seabed temperature change allowed the mapping of up to 8 subareas in each study area. The magnitude of temperature change in a subarea depended on its location in the frontal zone. Frontal movement had the greatest effect on seabed temperature in the 40 to 80 m depth interval. Subareas experiencing maximum temperature change in the frontal zone were not in the frontal boundary zone, but rather several km gulfward (off-bank) of the frontal boundary zone. These results provide a new ecological framework for examining the effect of tidally-driven temperature variability on the distribution, food resources, and reproductive success of benthic invertebrate and demersal fish species living in tidal front habitats.
A COLLOQUIUM EXPERIENCE FOR UNDERGRADUATE MATHEMATICS MAJORS

ABSTRACT A good colloquium experience for undergraduate mathematics majors can provide a wide range of benefits for the students. These benefits include improved speaking skills, a broader knowledge of mathematics, improved self-confidence, and a greater sense of community. This paper details one effort to provide this experience.
The Spontaneous Use of "Thank You" by Preschoolers As A Function of Sex, Socioeconomic Status, and Listener Status.

This study investigated whether preschoolers would spontaneously say thank you in a familiar context without their parents' presence. Two hundred and fifty 3 1/2- to 4 1/2-year-olds played a game with their teachers and received a reward from either an unfamiliar peer or adult. Across conditions, 37 percent of the children said thank you spontaneously, more than in previous studies. The frequency of the spontaneous use of thank you was assessed as a function of sex, socioeconomic status, and listener status. Preschool-aged girls said thank you spontaneously more than boys, χ2(1) = 7.95, p < .01. Also, children from families of low economic status said thank you spontaneously more than children from middle income families, χ2(1) = 7.17, p < .01. This finding does not appear to be due to racial differences. Finally, the preschoolers said thank you spontaneously more to the adult than to the peer, χ2(1) = 4.27, p < .05. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for pragmatic socialization and the acquisition of politeness formulas such as thank you. (Routines, politeness formulas, pragmatic socialization, sex differences, socioeconomic differences, language and status)
GLAUBER THEORY OF ATOMIC-HYDROGEN EXCITATION BY ELECTRON IMPACT.

Hydrogen atom excitation at various energy levels by electron impact, applying Glauber theory
THE ECONOMICS OF AEROBICS

This study presents a simple model that weighs the benefits and costs of aerobic exercise to the individual. The model assumes that adding years to life serves as the primary benefit of exercise, and that hours of exercise over a lifetime serve as the cost. Given previous estimates of individual rates of time preference this study finds that people act rationally when they choose to watch a track event rather than choose to run themselves. (JEL I1)
Use of a Bioactive Scaffold to Stimulate Anterior Cruciate Ligament Healing Also Minimizes Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis After Surgery

Background:Although anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the treatment gold standard for ACL injury, it does not reduce the risk of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Therefore, new treatments that minimize this postoperative complication are of interest. Bioenhanced ACL repair, in which a bioactive scaffold is used to stimulate healing of an ACL transection, has shown considerable promise in short-term studies. The long-term results of this technique and the effects of the bioenhancement on the articular cartilage have not been previously evaluated in a large animal model.Hypotheses:(1) The structural (tensile) properties of the porcine ACL at 6 and 12 months after injury are similar when treated with bioenhanced ACL repair, bioenhanced ACL reconstruction, or conventional ACL reconstruction, and all treatments yield results superior to untreated ACL transection. (2) After 1 year, macroscopic cartilage damage following bioenhanced ACL repair is similar to that in bioenhanced ACL reconstruction an...
Incorporation of physical fitness in a tactical infantry simulation

While physical fitness is generally accepted to influence the outcome on the battlefield, it is currently not incorporated into tactical infantry simulations. Infantry soldiers are modeled with equal physical capabilities representing the average of soldiers on the field. However, humans have varying physical capabilities. This research asked the question ‘Does modeling human physical capabilities have an impact upon the tactical success of operations in a simulation?’ Physical fitness data and rushing times were collected, as rushing is a battlefield task influenced by physical fitness. Two scenarios, a helicopter extraction of a squad and rushing for cover in an attempt to throw a grenade, were implemented in agent-based simulations to demonstrate the effect of rushing speed upon the outcome of a tactical infantry scenario. These scenarios used experimentally obtained rushing velocities as input and were compared to real world scenarios to ensure plausibility. In both simulations rushing speed significa...
Reduction of first-pass metabolism of propranolol after oral administration of ester prodrugs

For orally administered drugs, first=pass metabolism by the liver is a formidable barrier to efficient delivery. Extensive first-pass metabolism, in addition to decreasing the percentage of dose reaching its intended site of action, often leads to significant variability in bioavailability, necessitating careful monitoring of patient blood levels. While first-pass metabolism can be avoided by selecting alternate routes of administration (i.v., transdermal, rectal, etc.), the oral route is generally preferred. Rational approaches for minimizing first-pass metabolism would therefore be quite valuable. Propranolol, used extensively in the treatment of angina pectoris, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmia, has been shown to undergo extensive presystemic metabolism after oral administration leading to reduced bioavailabihty (Paterson et al., 1970; Shand et al., 1970; Lo et al., 1982) and significant inter-subject variability in blood levels (Kornhauser et al., 1978). Garceau et al. (1978) have shown that the hemisuccinate ester of propranolol, when administered orally to beagle dogs, yields propranolol levels 8 times higher than after an equivalent dose of propranolol hydrochloride.
The future of journalism in emerging deliberative space

The future of journalism will continue unfolding within the ongoing process of globalization, which brings particularly important pressures toward transparency. Within this context, journalism now confronts multiple global audiences with the capacity to fi nd alternative media, compare news accounts with their own experience, and challenge mainstream reports. Through a larger structure of online platforms and networks, ‘professional’ journalism has been placed in dialog with citizens with their own forms of journalism and in juxtaposition to alternative accounts readily available across national borders. Within these networks are embedded the deliberative spaces of democratic life. Among the important sites where this process is playing out is China, where in spite of remarkable strides in economic and social development the likelihood of greater transparency has been brought into question. This is the kind of timely example that suggests to me our need for better concepts and research to understand these changes. Neither authoritarian nor free, in the western dualism, it is more helpful to recast journalism within the spaces opening up at different moments and places, spaces for public deliberation created by fl uid networks of expression that don’t always track national boundaries or traditional distinctions between the political and non-political. In the case study provided by China, the most visible manifestation of this phenomenon was provided by the 2008 Olympics and the infl ux of some 20,000 journalists, whose very presence created an unprecedented pressure for a more expansive journalistic space. According to Victor Cha, Director of Asian Studies at Georgetown University, the Olympics created social change in one of the world’s most rigid systems, change that cannot easily be undone (Cha, 2008). A similar ratcheting up of expectations has been occurring for some time with citizen expression online, where the vast Chinese social networks, online chat forums, and blogosphere have opened new space for public deliberation. Although western reports have often seen blogs as
High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis

The output of an array of sansors is considered to be a homogeneous random field. In this case there is a spectral representation for this field, similar to that for stationary random processes, which consists of a superposition of traveling waves. The frequency-wavenumber power spectral density provides the mean-square value for the amplitudes of these waves and is of considerable importance in the analysis of propagating waves by means of an array of sensors. The conventional method of frequency-wavenumber power spectral density estimation uses a fixed-wavenumber window and its resolution is determined essentially by the beam pattern of the array of sensors. A high-resolution method of estimation is introduced which employs a wavenumber window whose shape changes and is a function of the wavenumber at which an estimate is obtained. It is shown that the wavenumber resolution of this method is considerably better than that of the conventional method. Application of these results is given to seismic data obtained from the large aperture seismic array located in eastern Montana. In addition, the application of the high-resolution method to other areas, such as radar, sonar, and radio astronomy, is indicated.
Fertility-Sparing Surgery for Advanced Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor of the Ovary

Abstract Background Juvenile granulosa cell tumors (JGCT) of the ovary are rare. They usually present in children and adolescents. About 90% are diagnosed in early stage (FIGO I) with a favorable prognosis. More advanced stages (FIGO II-IV) usually have a poor clinical outcome. Case We report a case of long-term survival of a teenager with Stage III JGCT treated with aggressive debulking and thorough staging, but conservative surgery relative to the uterus, contralateral uninvolved ovary, and fallopian tube, plus combination chemotherapy. Her tumor recurred twice, 18 months and 17 years later, for which she had 2 additional surgeries and more chemotherapy. Our patient achieved 2 pregnancies and had 3 children. Summary and conclusions With fertility sparing surgery, patients may be able to achieve pregnancies and children.
Chaos and the Kubo formula

Abstract Much of condensed matter theory makes copious use of linear response theory, often not in the sense of macroscopiclly based regression relations of Onsager type, but in the sense of the Kubo formulation, which is formally based on microscopic equations of motion. Van Kampen has cast doubt on the validity of the latter approach, noting that the extreme sensitivity of the orbits of many-particle systems to small deviations invalidates a microscopically derived linear theory. Here I show that its validity can be reestablished by treating real time as a stochastic function of collision number, and deferring the return to real time to the end of the calculation. However, the constants in the final formula do charge.
A Drop Size Distribution (DSD)-Based Model for Evaluating the Performance of Wet Radomes for Dual-Polarized Radars

A novel analytical method is presented for evaluating the electrical performance of a radome for a dualpolarized phased-array antenna under rain conditions. Attenuation, reflections, and induced cross polarization areevaluated for different rainfallconditionsand radome types. The authors presenta modelfor estimating the drop size distribution on a radome surface based on skin surface material, area, inclination, and rainfall rate. Then,amultilayerradomemodelbasedonthetransmission-line-equivalentcircuitmodelisusedtocharacterize the radome’s scattering parameters. Numerical results are compared with radar data obtained in the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) and Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) systems, and good agreement is found.
Thiophene hydrodesulfurization over transition metal foils: Comparison with metal sulfides

The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene has been investigated over polycrystalline metal foils of cobalt, molybdenum and rhenium. The measured activities for the Mo and Re foils are similar to those previously determined for low miller index single crystals of Mo and Re. In agreement with published results of HDS studies over unsupported and supported metal sulfides, the HDS activities of the three metal foils were found to increase in the order Co < Mo < Re. These results suggest that it is most probably correct to think of cobalt as a promoter of molybdenum in Co-Mo catalysts, and that metal surfaces are suitable substrates for model studies of HDS.
Primary Central Nervous System Vasculitis Presenting as Spinal Subdural Hematoma

Background Primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV) is a rare and poorly described vascular inflammatory condition confined within the central nervous system (CNS). Typical presentations of PCNSV include headache, hemiparesis, cerebral edema, and altered cognition. Vasculitic processes in the spinal cord are exceedingly rare. Although intracranial vasculitis has been associated with certain systemic inflammatory disorders and lymphomas, the etiology of spinal cord vasculitis is unclear. We report the first case of a patient in whom spinal subdural hematomas were the first presenting signs of PCNSV. Case Description A 69-year-old woman presented with sudden-onset severe back pain and paraplegia following an acute hypertensive event. Multiple spinal subdural hematomas were noted on magnetic resonance imaging, and emergent laminectomies were performed for evacuation. Vasculitic abnormalities confined to the CNS were noted intraoperatively and on imaging, leading to the unique diagnosis. Conclusions This previously unreported etiology of nontraumatic acute spinal subdural hematomas suggests that spinal cord vasculitis as part of PCNSV should be included in the differential diagnosis.
Correlation states in the valence XPS spectrum of ethylene

Abstract A theoretical study of the origin of the intense satellite structure observed in the carbon (2s) derived region of the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of ethylene is reported. The structure is found to arise because of a highly correlated motion of the electrons in the final ionic state.
Reduced postprandial blood glucose levels in recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetics secondary to pharmacologically induced delayed gastric emptying

In a previous study we demonstrated that patients with recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) had significantly increased gastric emptying rates of glucose solutions compared with those of nondiabetic sex- and age-matched controls. This finding of rapid gastric emptying contrasts with the delayed gastric emptying often exhibited as a late manifestation of diabetes mellitus that is attributed to autonomic neuropathy. The purpose of this study was to determine, in seven of the patients previously studied, whether (1) an intravenous infusion of cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) would delay the gastric emptying of a liquid glucose meal and, if so, (2) whether the delay in gastric emptying would result in reduced postprandial blood glucose concentrations due to prolongation of the absorption of the glucose in the liquid meal. Each patient underwent two separate gastric emptying studies, one during a saline infusion and one during a CCK-8 infusion. Blood samples were obtained at 15-min intervals for measurement of glucose, insulin, CCK-8, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) concentrations. The average gastric half-emptying time was 41 min with the saline infusion and 94 min with the CCK-8 infusion (P=0.0042). The average glucose concentration over the 2-hr period following glucose ingestion was 17.1 mmol/liter with the saline infusion and 14.0 mmol/liter with the CCK-8 infusion (P=0.0073). The average glucose excursion value over the 2-hr period was reduced from 5.6 mmol/liter to 3.7 mmol/liter with the CCK-8 infusion (P=0.0550). Average CCK-8 (P=0.0247) and GIP (P=0.0032) excursion values were significantly different when patients received the CCK-8 infusion compared to concentrations after the saline infusion. Agents that delay gastric emptying may have therapeutic applications in patients with NIDDM.
Par-4 inhibits choline uptake by interacting with CHT1 and reducing its incorporation on the plasma membrane.

Abstract CHT1 is a Na+- and Cl–-dependent, hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)-sensitive, high affinity choline transporter. Par-4 (prostate apoptosis response-4) is a leucine zipper protein involved in neuronal degeneration and cholinergic signaling in Alzheimer's disease. We now report that Par-4 is a negative regulator of CHT1 choline uptake activity. Transfection of neural IMR-32 cells with human CHT1 conferred Na+-dependent, HC-3-sensitive choline uptake that was effectively inhibited by cotransfection of Par-4. Mapping studies indicated that the C-terminal half of Par-4 was physically involved in interacting with CHT1, and the absence of Par-4·CHT1 complex formation precluded the loss of CHT1-mediated choline uptake induced by Par-4, indicating that Par-4·CHT1 complex formation is essential. Kinetic and cell-surface biotinylation assays showed that Par-4 inhibited CHT1-mediated choline uptake by reducing CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane without significantly altering the affinity of CHT1 for choline or HC-3. These results suggest that Par-4 is directly involved in regulating choline uptake by interacting with CHT1 and by reducing its incorporation on the cell surface.
Confounder adjustment in vaccine safety studies: Comparing three offset terms for case-centered approach

The case-centered approach (CCA) can be useful in vaccine safety studies to adjust for time varying confounders, especially seasonality. The method compares the observed odds of vaccination in the time interval prior to the event with the expected odds of vaccination during this interval. The log of the expected odds is included in the analysis model as an offset term and it is critical to correctly estimate vaccine effects. In a recent Zostavax® safety study, we used three alternative sources of reasonable expectations for the offset term. We conducted a simulation study to compare the performance of the three offset terms with different types of seasonal confounders and at different degrees of confounding. The offset term calculated by modeling the timing of vaccination based on predictors such as age, sex and site resulted in the least biased estimate of relative risk (RR).
Regulation of Photosynthetic Capacity in Chlamydomonas mundana

A regulatory system has been described in the obligately phototrophic green alga Chlamydomonas mundana. Cells grown in acetate media are unable to fix carbon dioxide in the light but carry out a photoassimilation of acetate to carbohydrate: cells cultured with carbon dioxide as the sole source of cellular carbon carry out typical green plant photosynthesis. The control appears to take place at the level of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. The presence of sodium acetate in the medium strongly inhibits formation of ribulose-1.5-diphosphate carboxylase, ribulose-5-phosphate kinase, and one of the 2 fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase activities of the cell. Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is present in higher activity in autotrophic cells. Changes in the levels of triose phosphate dehydrogenase were also noted. The total pigment content of the cell and the photosynthetic electron transport reactions are not altered under different conditions of growth.
Some social and personality correlates of heroin use.

Two groups of Ss, one heroin knowledgeable and one heroin naive, were administered tests of personality and degree of contact with the drug culture. It was predicted that: (1) drug use is related to association with other users, (2) personality measures would distinguish heroin from non-heroin users, and (3) heroin-knowledgeable Ss would be more impulsive in their judgments than heroin-naive Ss.
Reevaluation of the effect of mandatory interpreter legislation on use of professional interpreters for ED patients with language barriers

Abstract Objective We sought to compare emergency department (ED) use of professional interpreters in 2008 to previously reported 2002 data. Methods We surveyed consecutive adult patients for two 24-h periods at 4 Boston EDs in 2008. We used identical questions as in our 2002 study to assess English language barriers and to measure use and type of interpreter for those with language barriers. Results We enrolled 498 patients (66% of eligible). Of these, 8% had a significant English language barrier, but any interpreter was used for only 69% of these patients; the corresponding data for 2002 were 11% and 89%, respectively. In 2008, compared to 2002, professional interpreter use was similar (18% vs. 15%; p = 0.70), but a friend or family member interpreted more often (59% vs. 24%; p Conclusion We found that use of professional interpreters by Boston ED patients with language barriers remained low, despite publicity of the state mandatory interpreter law. However, a majority were comfortable with a friend or family member serving as the interpreter for the clinical encounter, a finding that may contribute to the limited usage of professional interpreters.
Love Not the World

AbstractAn argument is presented for the reconsideration of amok, shooting sprees, and Islamic suicide bombings as different expressions of a central dissociative psychopathology. These ritualized acts of aggression share an irreducible correlation with Western notions of cognitive and affective aspects of progressive derealization, and can be generally described through diagnostic ethnopsychology, but cannot be well understood without also recognizing their relationships via comparable historical contexts and similar, deeply rooted cultural narratives. Tying these seemingly disparate behaviors together requires a qualified assessment of hypothetical prehistoric human traditions, wherein derealization is presumed to have been an intentionally induced altered state widely conducted as part of (or central to) important rituals, involving long-established psychological processes and concepts that now primarily exist as paler yet still recognizable codes embedded within popular mass media and religious texts.
Emerging treatments in management of prostate cancer: biomarker validation and endpoints for immunotherapy clinical trial design

The rapidly emerging field of immunotherapy and the development of novel immunologic agents that have been approved in melanoma and successfully studied in lung cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer have mandated that there be uniformity in clinical trial analysis beyond conventional survival endpoints and imaging. This includes some measure of determining whether the immunologic target is hit and how the treatment has impacted on the immune system in toto. While melanoma is leading the field towards these ends, there is some doubt that not all of the recent successes with immune therapies, for example, checkpoint inhibitors, will be effective for every cancer, and that the toxicities may also be different depending on the malignancy. This review serves to elucidate the current issues facing clinical investigators who perform immunologic trials targeted at patients with prostate cancer and discusses the challenges in assessing the right immunologic endpoints to demonstrate biologic/immunologic targeting leading to clinical benefit.