cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Luminal narrowing after autoanastomosis and intraluminal slough in intussusception: A case report and historical review

Historical literature notes slough of an intussusceptum with autoanastomosis as an infrequent natural course of childhood intussusception resulting in survival. The case of an 8-year-old boy with abdominal pain several years after an apparent untreated childhood intussusception is presented. Cecal resection shows evidence of previously sloughed intussusceptum with cicatral luminal narrowing at site of autoanastomosis. This case illustrates a rare cause of abdominal pain and partial intestinal obstruction in childhood.
Infrared and Raman studies of dichromate, oxalate, and permanganate anions in the presence of their crown ether-cation complexes

Abstract Vibrational spectroscopy has been used to investigate three systems of weakly-solvated anions in which their countercations are complexed by the crown ether, 18-crown-6. Questions that are addressed include the extent of ion-pairing occurring, and the possible orientation of the anion with respect to the cation-crown ether complex.
Visualization of subtle contrast-related intensity changes using temporal correlation.

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising method for investigating the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). However, subtle intensity changes due to low concentrations of contrast agent can be difficult to detect without observer bias. In this study, we developed a temporal correlation method for detecting these subtle signal intensity changes. The method was evaluated in eyes with chemically induced retinal lesions of known size. A time series of MRI data were collected following i.v. administration of different doses of gadolinium-diethylaminetriaminepentaacetic acid (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mmol/kg). These time course images were analyzed by temporal correlation to a reference enhancement curve. The reference curve was generated based on a validated theoretical enhancement curve. The temporal correlation method detected signal intensity changes in cases where the changes were too subtle to be visible on a postinjection image or a subtraction image (obtained by subtracting the precontrast image from the final image in the time course set). In addition, assessment of leakage was performed by viewing each image in the set with an eight gray-level palette. Areas of leakage identified in this manner corresponded to those identified by temporal correlation, a finding which supports the validity of the temporal correlation method. These results suggest that temporal correlation may be a time-efficient way to screen large numbers of image data sets using an objective, user-independent criterion.
Learning Styles—Liberal Arts and Technical Training: What's the Difference?:

In a study comparing the learning types of undergraduate students at two higher education institutions having different educational missions, 222 participants representing three academic divisions took the original Kolb Learning Style Inventory and the Learning Style Questionnaire. Data were subjected to a stepwise discriminant analysis, and canonical discriminant functions were derived. Eight questionnaire items and three Kolb Learning Styles significantly discriminated among the groups of arts, science, and business students. Results indicated that the learning styles of career-oriented students are relatively predictable and that differences exist in learning styles of groups of students choosing different experiences in higher education.
RESPONSE OF MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION TO DIETARY MANAGEMENT

An experimental protocol was designed to treat minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) and/or motor communicative disorder by elimination of common food allergens. Patients considered for the protocol received social, psychological, and medical evaluations, together with buccal smear, urine aminoacid, Guthrie, and dermatoglyphics screens. The criteria for entering this protocol were the diagnosis of MBD and/or speech delay together with physical signs of allergy and/or a family history of allergy. Twelve children ranging in ages from 4 to 9 years were placed on strict milk, wheat, corn, and chocolate elimination diets and followed for a period of 3 months. Independent observation by several clinicians and teachers corroborated that ten of the children registered significant improvements. All children demonstrated a substantial diminution of hyperactivity and two boys who had been on high doses of methylphenidate and thioridazine were able to suspend medication within one week of diet initiation. All children demonstrated substantial improvement in expressive skills within 18 to 20 days of diet initiation. Speech became more moderate in speed, of greater clarity, and proper syntax. Two boys who had violent components to their MBD became more passive. Aftern definitive improvement was registered, the children were rechallenged and all demonstrated regression to prior problems within one to two days. The most common offending agents were milk and wheat. Possible food allergy should be explored in children with MBD and motor speech disorders.
Ecomethodology for organoosmotrophs: Prokaryotic unicellular versus eukaryotic mycelial.

Although they are very unlikely to play large direct roles in water-column microbial loops, eukaryotic mycelial decomposers (the mycelial true fungi, eumycotes, and zoosporic “fungi,” oomycotes) have the potential to be important secondary producers in decaying plant material in shallow aquatic systems. Their secondary productivity may lead to important exchanges of material with microbial loops: output of ascospores, conidia, zoosporic flagellates, leaked lysates, and particles of decayed plants containing mycelium; input of dissolved organics and inorganic nutrients. Development of methods for ecological study of the aquatic mycelial eukaryotic decomposers has not advanced as rapidly as that for the prokaryotes of microbial loops, probably because (1) there are fewer aquatic microbial ecologists with mycological training and inclination than with prokaryotic leanings; and (2) the mycelial decomposers are difficult to work with, because they produce their mycelial mass virtually entirely within opaque solid substrates. Direct microscopic methods have emerged as prime tools for the measurement of prokaryotic mass, whereas an index-chemical assay (ergosterol) is currently the most efficient way to measure the mass of eumycotes. For measuring productivity of prokaryotes of microbial loops, microbial ecologists may choose from several (>10) published and field-tested methods, involving direct microscopy or monitoring of radiotracers. Extensive reviews of distribution and dynamics of aquatic bacterial mass and productivity have appeared. For measuring productivity of eukaryotic mycelial decomposers, one has only two published methods from which to choose, a direct-microscopic and a radiotracer method, neither of which has had adequate field testing. We are, furthermore, much less well equipped to obtain mass and productivity information for the poorly known mycelial oomycotes than we are for the eumycotes. Application of productivity techniques and nucleic-acid technology, may within the next decade allow knowledge of ecology of aquatic eukaryotic mycelial decomposers to advance to levels approaching that for the prokaryotes of microbial loops.
And…action! Using film to learn about foreign policy

Here we recount the experience of designing and executing an experimental summer course, at two different universities, that used popular films as primary texts to facilitate active learning about foreign policy. One course, designed for non–political science majors, was offered at the introductory level as credit/no credit; the other, intended for students with some background in political science and international affairs, was offered as an upper-level graded course. We held many of the films and readings constant across the two courses so that we could track similarities and differences between the courses. Here we report on why and how we designed the movie courses and what films and readings we used. We also evaluate the courses by drawing on the assessment mechanisms we employed as well as the students' evaluations. In short, although there are some important trade-offs involved in designing a movie course, we found the experience to be a positive one that prioritized student learning in a relaxed and novel way and achieved with some success the procedural and conceptual learning goals that we set forth.
Comparison of Ocean and Island Rainfall in the Tropical North Pacific

Abstract Recent estimates of oceanic rainfall were compared with measured amounts at 35 islands in the central and western North Pacific. A group of stations on small atolls in a region of convective rainfall had amounts that were 1.2 times that over the open ocean; but other low islands in an area of frontal rain received over twice as much rainfall as at sea. The greatest rainfall occurred at a group of high islands in the western Pacific. Even on small atolls, island data are not reliable indices of oceanic rainfall.
Importance of crustal corrections in the development of a new global model of radial anisotropy

[1] Accurately inferring the radially anisotropic structure of the mantle using seismic waveforms requires correcting for the effects of crustal structure on waveforms. Recent studies have quantified the importance of accurate crustal corrections when mapping upper mantle structure using surface waves and overtones. Here, we explore the effects of crustal corrections on the retrieval of deep mantle velocity and radial anisotropy structure. We apply a new method of nonlinear crustal corrections to a three-component surface and body waveform data set and invert for a suite of models of radially anisotropic shear velocity. We then compare the retrieved models against each other and a model derived from an identical data set but using a different nonlinear crustal correction scheme. While retrieval of isotropic structure in the deep mantle appears to be robust with respect to changes in crustal corrections, we find large differences in anisotropic structure that result from the use of different crustal corrections, particularly at transition zone and greater depths. Furthermore, anisotropic structure in the lower mantle, including the depth-averaged signature in the core-mantle boundary region, appears to be quite sensitive to choices of crustal correction. Our new preferred model, SAW642ANb, shows improvement in data fit and reduction in apparent crustal artifacts. We argue that the accuracy of crustal corrections may currently be a limiting factor for improved resolution and agreement between models of mantle anisotropy.
Efficiency of activation of complement by anti-hapten antibodies at the red cell surface: effect of patchy vs random distribution of hapten.

Abstract Binding and activation of complement (C) by anti-hapten IgG and IgM antibodies (Abs) bound to a cell surface are dependent on the density and presumably on the distribution of cell-bound hapten. The purpose of this study was to find out if altering the distribution of the hapten on a red cell surface could modify the ability of anti-hapten IgG or IgM Ab to activate C. To test this we devised methods for comparing the C binding and activating efficiency of Abs bound to a hapten distributed randomly or in patches on cells. Random distribution was achieved by the covalent binding of methotrexate (MTX) directly to sheep red blood cells (E), while patchy distribution was achieved by the convalent binding to E of bovine serum albumin-MTX complexes. We considered bound albumin molecules as patches of MTX molecules. The results showed that, for IgG Ab, the number of hapten/E and the number of anti-hapten Ab molecules/cell required to generate one C-activating IgG complex were about an order of magnitude lower for hapten bound in patches than for randomly bound hapten. In contrast, IgM Ab bound to a hapten distributed in patches on an E surface lacked the ability to activate the lytic sequence of C, although maintaining a full ability to binding Cl.
The influence of the substratum on mesenchyme spreading in vitro

Abstract The in vitro spreading behavior of several mesenchymes, including normally migratory and non-migratory types, were compared on a variety of artificial and natural substrata. The spreading behavior of neural crest, somite and limb mesenchyme were compared in Eagle's MEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum. All of the mesenchymes behaved similarly on a particular substratum. Mesenchyme spread only slightly on collagen derived from Rana pipiens tadpole tail lamella or rat tail collagen gels. Hyaluronic acid was a poor substratum for attachment, whether in the form of a cross-linked hyaluronate gel or mixed in collagen gels. Tadpole tail basal lamina provided a substratum that promoted extensive spreading of all the mesenchymes tested. Spreading cells acquired a morphology similar to that of migratory cells in vivo, with cells having broad lamellipodia. Similar behavior was observed on NaOH-extracted chick embryo lens capsules, in which largely the collagenous component remains. These results support the notion that mesenchyme behavior is largely determined by the properties of the available substratum.
C2–C10 nonmethane hydrocarbons measured in Dallas, USA—Seasonal trends and diurnal characteristics

Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are important precursors of ozone and other photo oxidants. We presented continuous hourly average concentrations of 45 C2–C10 NMHCs measured in urban area of Dallas, USA from 1996 to 2004. Most of the selected compounds are good variables with less noise. The top 10 species with high ozone-generating potential were identified according to their concentrations and reactivities. The ambient concentrations of abundant anthropogenic emission hydrocarbons measured in Dallas were about 2–4 times of the background values measured in the remote areas with adjacent latitude. The time series for anthropogenic emission hydrocarbons showed an obvious seasonal cycle with relatively high concentration in winter and low concentration in summer. The sinusoidal function with a linearly decreasing factor could well fit the time series of NMHCs. The phase of seasonal cycle for the aromatic hydrocarbons of toluene, m/p xylene and o-xylene that might come from both vehicle emission and solvent utilities evaporation was about 1 month earlier than that for alkanes and alkenes that mainly came from vehicle emission. Ambient NMHCs in Dallas decreased with a stable rate during 1996–2004. For most of compounds with high ozone-generating potential, the rate of ambient concentration decrease was higher or much higher than the rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) source emission reduction estimated by EPA's National Emission Inventory. On weekdays, the morning hydrocarbon concentration peak was coincident with morning traffic rush time in Dallas. Another concentration peak was delayed to afternoon traffic rush time. The characteristics of VOCs sources, photochemical removal processes and atmospheric dilution could be interpreted by the diurnal variations of benzene/ethylbenzene (B/E), toluene/ethylbenzene (T/E) and xylene/ethylbenzene (X/E). The ratio of VOC/NOx measured in Dallas was substantially smaller than that calculated for USA cities. Ozone formation in Dallas was VOC sensitive.
Sandstone acidizing design with a generalized model

Acidizing of sandstones with HF/HCl mixtures is most frequently applied to remove near-wellbore damage, often in reservoirs with considerable vertical heterogeneity. A previously presented model for such processes in which an organic resin diverting agent was used has been extended to account for any type of particulate diverting agent and to allow for injection of multiple sequences of acid and diverting agent at either constant rates or constant bottomhole pressures (BHP's). When used to design treatments for a typical U.S. gulf coast reservoir, the model has shown that the optimal treatment strategy depends on both diverting-agent efficiency and the desired depth of live acid penetration and that relatively high injection rates appear advantageous for the conditions imposed by the model. A general model of diverting-agent behavior was developed from filtration theory. A single parameter, the specific cake resistance, is needed to model the diverting-agent behavior in the acidizing simulator. Calculation procedures to determine this parameter from laboratory tests of diverting agents were developed. These tests are either constant-rate, constant-pressure, or variable-rate and variable-pressure experiments; in each case, the specific cake resistance can be extracted from the experimental data. These procedures allow the efficiencies of various diverting agents to be comparedmore » on an equal basis. The sandstone acidizing model was used to design a treatment for a typical gulf coast sandstone reservoir. On the basis of an overall skin factor for the well, various assumptions were made about the distribution of formation damage around this multilayered completion. Treatment results were found to be fairly sensitive to the details of the damage distribution, suggesting that the skin factor alone may not be an adequate design parameter.« less
Partial Purification and Characterization of Alkaline Thermostable Proteases of Jack Mackerel (Trachurus murphyi)

Abstract The objective of this research was to carry out the extraction, partial purification, characterization and inhibition of the alkaline thermostable proteases of jack mackerel white muscle (Trachurus murphyi). It was determined that the better extraction medium of proteolyt-ic enzymes was 60 mM bicarbonate buffer pH 9.5. The partial purification of protease was carried out applying a thermal shock at 50 °C for 10 min and gel filtration chromatography. Two peaks were collected with proteolytic activity and specific activity of 13.70 and 0.33 U'/mg, respectively. Frozen storage at −18 °C increased proteolytic activity of the extracts from 0.53 U′/ml to 7.1 U′/ml after 161 h. Inactivation constants ranged between 4.65 ×10−3 and 10.78 ×10−3 min−1 for a temperature of 40-65°C. The activation energy of denaturation was 31.85 KJ/ mol, the transition temperature and enthalpy were 59.01°C and 1.16 J/g, respectively. The protease was partially inactivated with 1.0 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and ...
Object views: language support for intelligent object caching in parallel and distributed computations

Object-based parallel and distributed applications are becoming increasingly popular, driven by the programmability advantages of component technology and a flat shared-object space. However, the flat shared-object space introduces a performance challenge: applications that rely on the transparent coherent caching of objects achieve high performance only on tightly coupled parallel machines. In distributed environments, the overheads of object caching force application designers to choose other solutions. Consequently, most applications sacrifice programmability, relying instead on either the explicit coherence management of cached objects, or on vastly different middleware abstractions such as multicast and events.In this paper, we describe object views — language support for efficient object caching in parallel and distributed computations. Object views specify restrictions on how computation threads can use an object, providing the underlying implementation with information about the potential side effects of object access, and thereby enabling construction of scalable, low-overhead caching protocols customized to application requirements. We present extensions to the Java programming language for expressing object views, and describe the design and implementation of a translator and run-time system for executing view-augmented Java programs on a distributed cluster of workstations. Experimental results based on a shared whiteboard application demonstrate that view-based object caching can achieve performance superior to multicast- and event-based implementations, while retaining essentially a shared object interface.
CGA: A high resolution, high sensitivity, three-dimensional imaging system for nuclear medicine

Abstract A new nuclear medicine imaging system using cylindrically-shaped coded apertures (CGA) and computerized image reconstruction is described. The system's salient features are: (1) full three-dimensional image, (2) very large geometric acceptance, (3) 0.1 mm resolution independent of depth for reasonable design parameters, (4) all photons, scattered as well as unscattered, are used, (5) energy discrimination, although useful, is not needed, (6) gamma rays of any energy can be utilized, and (7) absolute amounts of activity can be determined very accurately. Results of extensive computer studies on design parameters, image quality, and system sensitivity are presented.
Surfactants, Salt, and pH Alter Nanoparticle-Model Cell Membrane Interactions

Due to their small size, nanoparticles have the ability to penetrate pulmonary and vascular tissue, and as a result, are classified as potential human carcinogens. On the other hand, nanoparticle insertion into targeted cells can play a key role in drug delivery and gene therapy applications, prompting a need to more thoroughly characterize nanoparticle/membrane interactions. Polystyrene nanoparticles with modifications in surface functionalization and detergent conditions remain monodisperse in a variety of aqueous solutions as measured by dynamic light scattering, but tend to aggregate in phosphate buffered saline at neutral pH potentially due to electrostatic screening effects. Calcein leakage assays with small unilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles were run to measure their interactions with nanoparticles and determine applicability of previous experiments performed with lipid monolayers at the air-water interface that modeled the outer leaflet of a cell membrane. In pure water, adding surfactant to detergent-free nanoparticle solutions increased the magnitude of membrane permeabilization compared to nanoparticles alone. In a buffered solution, the opposite was true; addition of surfactant decreased the nanoparticle induced membrane permeabilization. To better understand nanoparticle-detergent-membrane interactions, either nanoparticles or detergents were individually introduced to the vesicles, and following a time lapse, the other component was introduced. A model of detergent sequestration by the polystyrene nanoparticles explains these results and provides insight to the mechanism of vesicle leakage caused by surfactant-nanoparticle mixtures.
Sociological Not Political Rawls and the Reconstructive Social Sciences

Like many critics of Rawls, Habermas believes that the Original Position (OP) implicitly utilizes normative (and unargued for) assumptions. The author defends the OP by arguing that its basic concepts are the product of a rational reconstruction of the everyday know-how, or common sense, employed by citizens in democratic practices. The author identifies this reconstruction in Rawls’s work but suggests that while this answers the charge of circularity, it raises the problem of contextual relativism. It is concluded that Rawls can avoid such relativism only on a stronger commitment to social scientific research in support of a more transcendental form of rational reconstruction.
Glucolipid synthesis in Acanthamoeba castellanii.

SYNOPSIS. Cell-free preparations of Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites transfer glucose from UDP-[U-14C]glucose to a chloroform-soluble form. This radioactive material has been isolated by thin-layer chromatography; it contains an alkali-labile and an alkali-stable (unsaponifiable) component. Treatment of the enzymic product with 0.1 N KOH for 15 min at 0 C or 20 C releases radioactivity into the aqueous phase as glucose. During this treatment, 30–60% of the original glycolipid remains chloroform-soluble. It is considered to be an alkali-stable glycolipid because no further loss of radioactivity occurs during an additional 45-min of treatment with 0.1 N KOH. During incubation with 0.1 N HCI at 100 C glucose is released quantitatively from both the untreated glycolipid and the alkali-stable glycolipid with a half-time of 6 min. Glycolipid formation is inhibited by UDP and is reversible; extracts catalyze the formation of UDP-glucose from the alkali-stable glucolipid and UDP. The chemical and physical properties of the alkali-stable glycolipid are consistent with a glucosyl phosphoryl polyprenol structure. Extracts prepared from cysts catalyze the formation of glycolipids aiso, but the glucosyltransferase activity/cell decreases during the course of encystment. Radioactivity is incorporated into the fraction insoluble in chloroform-methanol-water (1:1:1:) during these incubations when UDP-[U-14C]glucose or [14C]glycolipid is the substrate.
Accurate Temperature Imaging Based on Intermolecular Coherences in Magnetic Resonance

Conventional magnetic resonance methods that provide interior temperature profiles, which find use in clinical applications such as hyperthermic therapy, can develop inaccuracies caused by the inherently inhomogeneous magnetic field within tissues or by probe dynamics, and work poorly in important applications such as fatty tissues. We present a magnetic resonance method that is suitable for imaging temperature in a wide range of environments. It uses the inherently sharp resonances of intermolecular zero-quantum coherences, in this case flipping up a water spin while flipping down a nearby fat spin. We show that this method can rapidly and accurately assign temperatures in vivo on an absolute scale.
Divine Inspiration: From Benin to Bahia

Divine Inspiration: From Benin to Bahia. Phyllis Galembo Essays by Robert Thompson, Joseph Nevadonsky, Norma Rosen, and Zeca Ligiero, foreword by David Byrne. Albuquerque. University of New Mexico Press, 1993. 169 pp. $60.00 (cloth), $35.00 (paper). ISBN 0-8263-1377-9, ISBN 0-8263-1378-7.
Induced vasodilation in the treatment of posttraumatic digital cold intolerance

Induced vasodilation was used in 10 patients with posttraumatic cold intolerance. Eight of 10 patients improved. Before the treatment program and cold exposure, the injured digits were an average of 1.5° C cooler than the control digits. After cold exposure, the mean temperature difference was 3.2° C. At the conclusion of the study, the temperature differences between the injured and control digits were an average of 0.1° C before cold stress and 1.0° C after. Associated with this measured improvement was an improvement in cold tolerance. This was maintained 1 year later by 67% of the patients. One year after the completion of this study, nine patients were treated at home on a less controlled program with improvement in 67% of patients.
Stress and coping in families of children with Smith‐Magenis syndrome

To describe stress and coping in families of children with Smith-Magenis syndrome, the present authors interviewed and received questionnaires from families of 36 children with this disorder. For measures of total stress, and of parent and family problems, the best predictors were the family's number of friends and the child's degree of impairment on the Vineland socialization domain; the single best predictor of parental pessimism was the child's degree of maladaptive behaviour. Although the stress levels of the families of children with Smith-Magenis syndrome are comparable to the levels shown by the families of children with Prader-Willi and 5p- syndromes, these levels are much higher than the stress levels reported by families of children with mixed or non-specific developmental disabilities. Stress levels may be similar across aetiologies involving high levels of maladaptive behaviour, but the correlates of family stress--particularly the moderating role of family friends--seem specific to Smith-Magenis syndrome.
Coral reefs reduce tsunami impact in model simulations

[1] Significant buffering of the impact of tsunamis by coral reefs is suggested by limited observations and some anecdotal reports, particularly following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Here we simulate tsunami run-up on idealized topographies in one and two dimensions using a nonlinear shallow water model and show that a sufficiently wide barrier reef within a meter or two of the surface reduces run-up on land on the order of 50%. We studied topographies representative of volcanic islands (islands with no continental shelf) but our conclusions may pertain to other topographies. Effectiveness depends on the amplitude and wavelength of the incident tsunami, as well as the geometry and health of the reef and the offshore distance of the reef. Reducing the threat to reefs from anthropogenic nutrients, sedimentation, fishing practices, channel-building, and global warming would help to protect some islands against tsunamis.
Purification and architecture of the ubiquitous Wave complex

The Wave proteins are major activators of the Arp2/3 complex. The ubiquitous Wave-2 is required for actin polymerization at the leading edge of migrating cells. Here we purify Wave-2 from HeLa cells. Five proteins, Sra, Nap, Wave-2, Abi, and Hspc, are copurified, indicating that they form a tight complex. These proteins are only present in the complexed form, with the exception of Hspc, which displays a free pool. We reconstitute the Wave-2 complex by cotranslating in vitro the five subunits and use this system together with specific immunoprecipitations to study the molecular architecture of the complex. The complex is organized around a core of Nap and Abi. Sra is a peripheral subunit recruited on the Nap side, whereas the Wave and Hspc subunits are recruited on the Abi side of the core.
On-Line Coloring of Sparse Random Graphs and Random Trees

The performance of the greedy coloring algorithm “first fit” on sparse random graphsGn,c/nand on random trees is investigated. In each case, approximatelylog2logncolors are used, the exact number being concentrated almost surely on at most two consecutive integers for a sparse random graph and on at most three consecutive integers for a random tree.
Enhanced Information Scent, Selective Discounting, or Consummate Breakdown: The Psychological Effects of Web-Based Search Results

We report results from three experiments that broadly examined Web users' psychological responses to search results featured on a mock search engine. Study 1 examined the interplay between search result relevance and ad relevance and showed that the former is the critical variable in affecting user attitudes toward both the search engine and the ad. Study 2 offered further evidence regarding the overwhelming influence of search relevance, with study results suggesting that neither individual motivations nor ad relevance played a significant role in affecting user attitudes. Finally, Study 3 supported the proposition that the persuasiveness of a relevant text-based ad appearing with relevant search results can be enhanced by adding a visual image to the ad. We point out the implications of the findings and recommend future directions for media effects research in the domain of search engines.
Experimental study on quenching of a small metal sphere in nanofluids

The objective of this research is to systematically investigate the quenching characteristics of a hot sphere in nanofluids. The experiments are carried out with a small (9.5 mm) stainless steel sphere with initial temperatures near 1000 °C. Alumina nanofluids and deionized water are tested at low volume concentrations (less than 0.1% by volume) and saturated conditions (100 °C). The results show that the quenching behavior in nanofluids is nearly identical to that in pure water. Moreover it is found that some nanoparticles accumulate on the sphere surface during the quenching process. Such accumulation of nanoparticles on the surface promotes the destabilization of the vapor film in subsequent quenching experiments, thus accelerating the return to nucleate boiling at higher temperature than that in the clean surface case.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Hip arthroplasty in chronic dialysis patients.

Abstract We retrospectively reviewed 15 patients (24 hips) on chronic renal dialysis who underwent hip arthroplasty between 1970 and 1990. The average age at surgery was 39 years; the average follow-up was 8 years (range, 1–19 years). All follow-up of less than 5 years relates to those patients who died. Of these 24 hips, 14 (58%) failed or were failing due to loosening; the average time to revision was 7 years (range, 1.5–14 years). A complicated course was experienced in 16 hips (66%), primarily related to medical difficulties. There was one perioperative death. The following orthopedic complications afflicted 5 hips (21%): one femur fracture during revision; one femur fracture at 2 months after revision; one dislocation during seizure; one displacement of acetabular cup requiring recementing; and late generalized septic death of one patient (with both hips involved). Within an average of 3 years (range, 15 months to 7 years) after their index surgery, 6 of the 15 patients (40%) died. The patients who lived were chronically ill, and all but three remained on long-term dialysis. The functional level of all those remaining on dialysis steadily declined, and none reached a quality of life comparable to an osteoarthritic patient. This study confirms a previously reported high mortality and morbidity rate in this population. Despite their difficulties, 22/24 primary hips were relieved of pain and increased in function; six patients returned to work. We see no better alternative for pain relief in total hip arthroplasty, particularly in view of contemporary surgical techniques and improved medical management.
Thermospheric airglow emissions: A comparison of measurements from ATLAS‐1 and theory

A comprehensive thermospheric model is presently used to derive conditions appropriate to the time of the Atlas-1 Space Shuttle mission, comparing the slant-path intensities thus computed as a function of altitude, latitude, and local time with a dozen major emissions measured in the course of a specific observing sequence. The agreement thus obtained is found to be reasonably good, implying that the major thermospheric airglow-controlling processes are essentially understood.
Copper Sensor System for Unattended Marine Operations II: Development of a Polymer Sensor and Field Tests

A major source of ionic copper (Cu(I) and (II)) trace metal contamination in the marine environment is the copper containing antifoulant coatings on ship hulls. Tracing this contamination is difficult. Difficult because the ionic copper released from the coatings complexes rapidly with organic and inorganic ligands in the water column. This research examines the potential for using the organic dye 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroine (BCP) embedded in the ionomeric polymer, Nafion 117, as a membrane probe sensor for quickly measuring ionic copper in seawater. Results of this study show the Nafion 117 containing BCP measures Cu(I) within 17 percent of measurements made with the Standard Method bathocuproine di-sulfonic acid (BCS) procedure. To measure total ionic copper with the membrane probe, the reductant, hydroxylamine-hydrochloride, is added to the sample. The use of the polymer with BCP allows for a rapid optical measurement. Optical measurements are possible in two ways, as a comparator and as a modification to a fiber optic probe. Response times for these devices depend on the size of the membrane used. Presently, the optical comparator using a 2 X 3 membrane takes 20 minutes to develop color. The fiber optic probe uses a 0.5 cm diameter membrane that takes 1 minute. A comparator has no electronic parts and requires only a comparison of color depth to determine the level of ionic copper in the sample. This makes it useful for monitoring. The fiber optic probe is more suitable to buoy installation and long term monitoring where data logging and archiving are needed. Therefore, the Nafion 117 polymer impregnated with BCP is a rapid method useful for detecting ionic copper released in to the marine environment.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anti-platelet antibodies in a natural animal model of sulphonamide-associated thrombocytopaenia

Delayed hypersensitivity (HS) reactions to sulphonamide antimicrobials occur in both humans and dogs with a similar clinical presentation, and may include thrombocytopaenia. Drug-dependent anti-platelet antibodies have been identified in humans with sulphonamide-associated thrombocytopaenia. Our purpose was to determine whether similar antibodies were present in dogs with sulphonamide-associated thrombocytopaenia. Flow cytometry was used to detect anti-platelet antibodies in sera from 32 dogs with sulphonamide HS, eight dogs that tolerated sulphonamide therapy without adverse reactions and nine healthy control dogs were used as controls. Anti-platelet antibodies were found more frequently, with significantly stronger fluorescence signals, in HS dogs (75%) compared to 'tolerant' dogs (38%), and in HS dogs with thrombocytopaenia (90%) compared to HS dogs with normal platelet counts (46%). Binding to platelets was enhanced in the presence of soluble sulphonamide in 42% of positive samples. Experiments with canine Glanzmann's platelets, and competition assays with fibrinogen fragments or anti-GP antibodies, did not support the hypothesis that these canine antibodies target the fibrinogen receptor. In conclusion, anti-platelet antibodies were identified in dogs with sulphonamide-associated thrombocytopaenia, which suggests a similar immunopathogenesis for this reaction in dogs as seen in humans. Further work in both species will determine whether these antibodies are pathogenic in vitro.
The leadership role of health services managers.

This is an overview of the home care sector’s evolution in Canada, including current models and delivery structures, funding, eligibility criteria, and services provided. Cost escalations of the traditional healthcare system and a reduction in federal funding has driven health reform in Canada. This has been accompanied by a major but sporadic expansion of the home care sector across the country. For the home care sector to develop in a more rational, cost‐effective and client‐focused manner, the development of common standards, a common database and programme evaluation will be required. This will also be necessary for political, planning, and administrative officials to understand and justify the reallocation of resources from institutional to community health sectors. Addressing issues such as the impact of health reform, the role of the private sector, realignment of system incentives, and developing effective partnerships with hospitals is critical if home care is to be recognized as an essential, cost‐effective component in Canada’s healthcare system.
Sublethal effects of cadmium on arm regeneration in the burrowing brittlestar, Microphiopholis gracillima.

To assess the sublethal effects of sediment-bound cadmium on arm regeneration of Microphiopholis gracillima, a burrowing brittlestar, experiments were conducted to quantify the tissue and morphology of regenerating arms, the uptake of cadmium in various tissues and the effect M. gracillima had on the cadmium pools in muddy sediments. Regenerated arms of cadmium-exposed M. gracillima are thinner, with proportionally less soft and skeletal tissue and a greater number of developing ossicles than animals held in sediment without cadmium. Microphiopholis gracillima decreased pore water cadmium concentrations in muddy sediments. Uptake of cadmium in tissues dominated by the calcium carbonate endoskeleton was proportional to the measured sediment cadmium concentration, while concentrations in whole regenerating arms were more closely related to the pore water concentration. Both calcium and cadmium are accumulated in the early stages of arm regeneration with an apparent interaction which interferes with ossicle construction. Sediment-bound cadmium has a negative effect on the organism's recovery from sublethal tissue loss and, ultimately, its long-term survival.
Radical pairs from photolysis of phenoxy dimers

Abstract Ultraviolet photolysis of solid samples of the dimers of phenoxy radicals has been found to produce closely associated radical pairs in some cases. An electron spin resonance investigation of these trapped radical pairs is reported in this note.
Chewing and spitting out food as a clinical feature of bulimia.

Patients with bulimia may engage in a variety of behaviors designed to prevent calorie absorption or to promote weight loss, including self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, diuretic abuse, and prolonged fasting. Another eating-related behavior that is prevalent in this population but practiced intermittently or at a low frequency is chewing and spitting out food without swallowing it. The authors present detailed information on a series of 25 patients who practice this behavior.
On the plasticity parameters in elastic-plastic analysis of underground openings

Abstract A simple and direct procedure for calculating the plasticity parameters used in the Drucker-Prager yield theory and the associated dilatant flow rule is presented. The procedure uses the conventional test data usually employed in calculating the plasticity parameters of the Mohr-Coulomb yield theory and does not require any additional observation or involve any additional effort in data reduction. It does, however, hold the promise of uniform applicability and avoids the different formulations available in the literature relating the Drucker-Prager and the Mohr-Coulomb plasticity parameters. Some available triaxial compression test data on several different rock types are studied to see if the materials exhibit any preference for either of the two yield criteria. The results of several analyses, carried out to observe the effects of small variations in the plasticity parameters on the solution, are presented. Also included are the results of analyses using several different material idealizations usually employed in the structural analysis of openings in geologic formations. The geometric and loading configurations considered are those commonly encountered in underground openings.
AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELLING AND MONEY-INCOME CAUSALITY DETECTION

Abstract A step-wise procedure based on Granger's concept of causality and Abaike's final prediction error criterion is suggested as a practical means to identify the order of lags of each variable in a multivariate autoregressive process. The model seems useful because it can serve as a reduced form formulation to avoid imposing often spurious or false restrictions of the model. It also provides a reasonably powerful test of causality. The idea is applied to U.S. postwar money and income data. It is found that between M1 and GNP a bivariate feedback model fits the data best; between M2 and GNP a one way causal model (from money to income, performs better. Diagnostic checks applied to our model seem to indicate the adequacy of our approach.
Electronic structure and magnetism in Ru-based perovskites

The magnetic properties of ruthenates with perovskite-derived structures, particularly ${(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a},\mathrm{S}\mathrm{r})\mathrm{RuO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{YRuO}}_{6}$, are studied within the context of band-structure-based Stoner theory. First principles calculations are used to demonstrate that in all cases the correct magnetic behavior and order can be obtained without recourse to strong correlation effects and that the insulating character of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{YRuO}}_{6}$ is reproduced. The different magnetic states of ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$ are shown to be due to the different structural distortions in these materials, most significantly the larger rotation of the octahedra in the Ca compound. ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$ is found to be on the verge of a ferromagnetic instability, leading to the expectation of giant local moments around magnetic impurities and other anomalous effects in analogy with fcc Pd metal. Oxygen $2p$-derived states hybridize strongly with Ru $d$ states in all three compounds, and O, through this hybridization, plays an unusually large role in the magnetic properties. This involvement of O is responsible for the strong magnetostructural coupling that is found in the calculations. Transport properties of ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ are analyzed using the calculated Fermiology. Unusually large magnon and paramagnon couplings are found, which are consistent with reported measurements of the low-temperature specific heat and the resistivity coefficient.
Ground Corn Cobs as a Source of Roughage for Lactating Dairy Cows

Summary Two studies were conducted with milking cows to compare ground corn cobs with alfalfa hay for roughage, and a high protein (20.8 to 22.6%) grain mix was fed to supply Morrison's (9) minimum TDN standards, assuming that the corn cobs had the same TDN value as the alfalfa hay. In Trial I, corn cobs were substituted for hay at the rate of 8.0 and 16.0lb. per day without affecting milk production, fat test, or body weight. An alfalfa-brome grass hay, which had a TDN value of 47.8%, was used for comparison. In Trial II, corn cobs replaced alfalfa hay up to 60% of the total roughage intake without affecting milk production, and up to 80% of the total roughage without seriously affecting milk production. The TDN content of the alfalfa hay was 52.0 to 53.0%. When the cows were fed 0.4lb. of hay and 2.1lb. of corn cobs per 100lb. of body weight, consumption of total roughage decreased 1.6lb. per cow daily. Corn cobs appear to be equal to medium-quality alfalfa hay up to the limit of the cow's ability to consume them. Digestion trials were conducted in both studies, but no significant trends were noted.
Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction for SPECT with Monte Carlo Modeling: Asymptotic Behavior

Inverse Monte Carlo (IMOC) reconstruction for SPECT uses a Maximum Likelihood (EM) estimator with detection probabilities generated as Monte Carlo solutions to the photon transport equation (PTE). To evaluate the behavior of the iterative EM algorithm, reconstructions from experimental projection data for up to 1000 iterations were examined. Compensation for scatter and attenuation was achieved by including those effects in the PTE. For uniform activity distributions, noise increased monotonically with iteration. With line sources included, both noise and resolution improved between 1 and 30 iterations after which resolution was slightly improved at the expense of noise. Contrast (for a nonactive region surrounded by activity) improved from 0.32 at 5 iterations to 0.90 at 200 iterations, and 0.97 at 1000. Uncertainty in the measurement increased due to increased noise in the active region.
Specific language impairment: preliminary investigation of factors associated with family history and with patterns of language performance

To examine patterns that might suggest etiologic subgroups of specific language impairment (SLI), information, including history of speech-language-learning (SLLD) problems in family members, was o...
Satellite Navigation Systems for Land Vehicles

Today's motorists often must confirm their route by referring to a roadmap. Looking at a map while driving creates a poor traffic situation, one even more acute for drivers of emergency service vehicles. To address this problem, development engineers at the General Motors Technical Cener and Delco Electronics integrated an experimental GPS receiver into a GM Buick Park Avenue. The receiver is designed to acquire and sequentially track signals from four satellites. The vehicle's precise latitude, longitude, and altitude are determined and presented on a color cathode ray tube (CRT) map display in the car's instrument panel.