cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhalant allergen sensitization is an independent risk factor for the development of angioedema.

Abstract Background/objective The etiology and risk factors for angioedema remain poorly understood with causative triggers often going undiagnosed despite repeated reactions. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between inhalant allergen sensitization and angioedema. Methods A retrospective review of patients who had in vitro inhalant allergy testing from 2006 to 2010 was performed. Patients with a diagnosis of angioedema who underwent inhalant allergy testing were identified. Analyses for co-morbidities, class of sensitization, seasonal timing of angioedema, and concurrent use of known hypertensive medications that can cause angioedema were performed. Results There were 1000 patients who underwent inhalant allergy testing and qualified for the study. 37/1000 had at least one episode of angioedema and of these patients, 34 had positive inhalant sensitization testing results. Multivariate regression models showed overall sensitization status, seasonal allergen and epidermal/mite sensitization as independent risk factors ( p p = 0.005, p = 0.025 respectively) when controlling for ACE inhibitor use and other covariates. Tree, and epidermal/mite sensitizations were independent risk factors for angioedema in mono-sensitized subject analysis ( p = 0.028, p = 0.029, respectively). Conclusion Both seasonal and perennial allergen sensitizations are independent risk factors for the development of angioedema. In patients with angioedema and an unknown trigger, inhalant allergen sensitization should be considered as a potential contributing factor to the development of angioedema.
Therapeutic benefits of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have therapeutic benefits in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice that may occur via paracrine factors. Studies suggest that MSC-derived exosomes may act as paracrine effectors. However, whether exosomes can replicate the therapeutic effects of whole-cell MSCs in fibrosis has not been established. We investigated the therapeutic potential of intravenous delivery of MSC-derived exosomes in an established model of BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice. 22 month old C57BL/6 male mice were administered intra-tracheal BLM (2.0 units/kg). Exosomes were isolated from adipose-derived MSCs from young male human and mouse donors. Mice were treated with BLM, BLM + whole-cell human or mouse MSCs, BLM + human or mouse MSC-derived exosomes (n=5/group). Pulmonary fibrosis was assessed at 21-day sacrifice by histology, lung collagen content, expression of TGF-β and Smad2 mRNA, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity. In addition, human skin was used to assess measureable effects on wound healing by human MSC or exosomes. All treatment groups resulted in decreased pulmonary fibrosis compared to BLM only controls (p
Ribulose Biphosphate Oxygenase

Ribulose biphosphate oxygenase/carboxylase is a very interesting enzyme in several respects. It is the enzyme that provides the glycolate associated with photorespiration in C3 plants by catalyzing the reaction of the substrate with molecular oxygen (Metzler, 1977). If carbon dioxide is encountered instead of dioxygen, the product of the reaction is 3-phosphoglycerate (2 equivalents), which enters the Calvin cycle via reduction to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Figure 17–1). This enzyme thus accounts for all light-dependent carbon fixation as well as the substrate for photorespiration. Since the purpose of photorespiration is not understood, the competing reactions of this enzyme are fascinating.
The Global Prohibition Regime Against Trafficking in Persons: Understanding the Limited Results

Campaigns to suppress human trafficking began in the nineteenth century with Josephine Butler’s effort to stop “white slavery” and the traffic in women and girls for prostitution. Today’s campaign was launched in the 1990s by the UN and heavily supported by the US Department of State. The target of the campaign has broadened to include males and victims of labor exploitation. This campaign is an example of an attempt to establish a global prohibition regime. Such regimes have successfully prohibited certain international crimes but they are notably ineffective at suppressing activities with the characteristics that mark human trafficking. Thus the modest numbers of convictions for trafficking are not surprising. Suppressing the trafficking for prostitution is the most problematic aspect of the campaign. Many states permit prostitution and refuse to try to abolish it. The existence of legal prostitution is believed by some to encourage trafficking for prostitution. Others disagree. The matter is hotly debated. The success of the anti-human trafficking campaign is likely to continue to be modest for the foreseeable future.
Primary pleural neoplasia: Entities other than diffuse malignant mesothelioma

Abstract Context.—Overwhelmingly, the most common neoplasm involving the pleura is metastatic carcinoma. In contrast, diffuse malignant mesothelioma occurs relatively rarely; however, it is nonethe...
Symposium on the Shema

A panel of scholars ostensibly addressed “Shema in the Synoptic Gospels” at the 2017 Boston meeting of the National Association of Professors of Hebrew. “Ostensibly” because while all the essays ac...
Factors associated with 21-gene assay receipt among women with lymph node positive breast cancer.

6554Background: The 21-gene Breast Recurrence Score (RS) assay predicts breast cancer (BC) recurrence and adjuvant chemotherapy benefit in select patients with lymph node-positive (LN+), hormone re...
Real time temperature measurement with embedded thin-film thermocouples in milling

Abstract The objective of this work is to accurately measure the transient tool-chip interface temperature of a rotating tool with embedded thermocouples. Aluminum masks with 50 µm x 50 µm planar junction were micro-machined to sputter type-K thin-film thermocouple traces onto the rake face of commercially available uncoated tungsten carbide cutting inserts. The measurement junction is 1.3 µm below the rake face and 20 µm from the cutting edge of the instrumented cutting tool. Dry milling experiments on AISI 4130 alloy steel were conducted to investigate the effect of conventional and climb milling on cutting temperature rise. The response of the thin-film thermocouples were compared with a cutting forces measured to study the time delay in rake-face heating. This method enables in-process temperature measurements within micrometers of the cutting interface, which can be used to monitor and control an important process variable for smart manufacturing applications (i.e., Industry 4.0).
MMP-12–Induced Pro-osteogenic Responses in Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells

Abstract Background Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an age-related and slowly progressive valvular disorder. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) has been found in atherosclerosis, stiffed vascular tissue, and calcified aortic valves. We hypothesized that MMP-12 may induce the pro-osteogenic responses in human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). Methods Human AVICs were isolated from normal and calcified aortic valves. Cells were treated with MMP-12. The pro-osteogenic marker Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as MMP-12–associated signaling molecules, were analyzed. Results Human calcified aortic valves expressed significantly higher MMP-12 than normal human aortic valves. MMP-12–induced the expression of RUNX-2, BMP-2, ALP, and calcium deposit formation. Suppression of MMP-12 by its inhibitor decreased the expression of RUNX-2, BMP-2, and ALP. MMP-12–induced osteogenic responses were associated with higher levels of phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), low density lipoprotein-related protein 6 (LRP-6), and β-catenin signaling molecules. Calcified aortic valves exhibited markedly higher levels of LRP-6 and β-catenin levels. Inhibition of either p38 MAPK or LRP-6 attenuated MMP-12–induced expression of RUNX-2, BMP-2, and ALP. Suppression of p38 MAPK abrogated MMP-12–induced activation of LRP-6 and β-catenin signaling pathways. Conclusions MMP-12 induces pro-osteogenic responses in AVICs by activation of p38 MAPK-mediated LRP-6 and β-catenin signaling pathways. The study revealed that the potential role of MMP-12 in the pathogenesis of CAVD and therapeutically targeting MMP-12 may suppress the development of CAVD.
Correction to: Investigating the Construct Validity of Performance Comments: Creation of the Great Eight Narrative Dictionary

A correction has been made to the original online version of this manuscript pertaining to Table 8, which has been updated to include asterisks indicating statistical significance for each numerical value within the table, per the original table footnote.
Russell in Transition 1914–1918: From Theory of Knowledge to “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism”

Readers of Russell’s 1918 lectures, “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism” will not only notice some continuity with The Problems of Philosophy and Theory of Knowledge, but also some radical differences. Russell had used the term “logical atomism” as early as 1911, but he did not then adopt the position that we now usually think of as logical atomism. In fact, his atomism in these lectures, and even in his 1924 paper, is less of a full-blown atomism than what is found in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. In this paper, I look in particular at his position on logic, universals, facts, and judgment (with special attention to what he calls “the new beast in the zoo”) as they change from his thoughts in 1913 to “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism.” Many of these changes stem from his discussions with Wittgenstein and his reading of the Notes on Logic. Several of them can be seen as incorporated in his lectures in Massachusetts as early as the spring of 1914. Comparisons are made between Russell’s view, Wittgenstein’s, and that of Ramsey in his 1925 “Facts and Propositions.”
Evaluating the Utility of Species Distribution Models in Informing Climate Change-Resilient Grassland Restoration Strategy

Tallgrass prairie ecosystems in North America are heavily degraded and require effective restoration strategies if prairie specialist taxa are to be preserved. One common management tool used to restore grassland is the application of a seed-mix of native prairie plant species. While this technique is effective in the short-term, it is critical that species’ resilience to changing climate be evaluated when designing these mixes. By utilizing species distribution models (SDMs), species’ bioclimatic envelopes–and thus the geographic area suitable for them–can be quantified and predicted under various future climate regimes, and current seed-mixes may be modified to include more climate resilient species or exclude more affected species. We evaluated climate response on plant functional groups to examine the generalizability of climate response among species of particular functional groups. We selected fourteen prairie species representing the functional groups of cool-season and warm-season grasses, forbs, and legumes and we modeled their responses under both a moderate and more extreme predicted future. Our functional group ‘composite maps’ show that warm-season grasses, forbs, and legumes responded similarly to other species within their functional group, while cool-season grasses showed less inter-species concordance. The value of functional group as a rough method for evaluating climate-resilience is therefor supported, but candidate cool-season grass species will require more individualized attention. This result suggests that seed-mix designers may be able to use species with more occurrence records to generate functional group-level predictions to assess the climate response of species for which there are prohibitively few occurrence records for modeling.
Cryo-EM visualization of an active high open probability CFTR ion channel

The Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel, crucial to epithelial salt and water homeostasis, and defective due to mutations in its gene in patients with cystic fibrosis is a unique member of the large family of ATP-binding cassette transport proteins. Regulation of CFTR channel activity is stringently controlled by phosphorylation and nucleotide binding. Structural changes that underlie transitions between active and inactive functional states are not yet fully understood. Indeed the first 3D structures of dephosphorylated, ATP-free and phosphorylated ATP-bound states were only recently reported. Here we have determined the structure of inactive and active states of a thermally stabilized CFTR with very high channel open probability, confirmed after reconstitution into proteoliposomes. The unique repositioning of the TMHs and R domain density that we observe provide insights into the structural transition between active and inactive functional states of CFTR.
An Expansively-framed Unplugged Weaving Sequence Intended to Bear Computational Fruit of the Loom

We report on a late-breaking project that centralizes the Maker practice of loom-based weaving as a locus for unplugged computational thinking. While unplugged activities are appealing for making computation accessible, they also come with the risk of developing inert knowledge. To address and mitigate that risk, we introduce a new framework that we are developing called "Expansively-framed Unplugged" (EfU) computing education. We report on some initial testing and refinement of a learning sequence that starts with weaving on a loom and ends with optimizing code in Scratch. The testing was done with a school librarian who is will be implementing a coding program with students at a middle school library using this EfU sequence.
Stem cell-driven lymphatic remodeling coordinates tissue regeneration

Tissues rely on stem cells (SCs) for homeostasis and wound repair. SCs reside in specialized microenvironments (niches) whose complexities and roles in orchestrating tissue growth are still unfolding. Here, we identify lymphatic capillaries as critical SC-niche components. In skin, lymphatics form intimate networks around hair follicle (HF) SCs. When HFs regenerate, lymphatic-SC connections become dynamic. Using a mouse model, we unravel a secretome switch in SCs that controls lymphatic behavior. Resting SCs express angiopoietin-like protein 7 (Angptl7), promoting lymphatic drainage. Activated SCs switch to Angptl4, triggering transient lymphatic dissociation and reduced drainage. When lymphatics are perturbed or the secretome switch is disrupted, HFs cycle precociously and tissue regeneration becomes asynchronous. In unearthing lymphatic capillaries as a critical SC-niche element, we have learned how SCs coordinate their activity across a tissue.
Walking Refrains for Storied Movement

In this article, I describe my narrative walking project, StoryWalks, as a methodology that underscores the concept of movement in relation to place-based narratives. I describe several community m...
The Extended Manifold for Antenna Arrays

The paper investigates a general parametric model for the manifold of polarization sensitive arrays based on representing each antenna by a collection of short dipoles. The manifold has a simple form consisting of an extended isotropic manifold, vertical and horizontal direction vectors and a constant non-square coupling matrix. The resulting manifold captures the effects of coupling, polarization and antenna characteristics. It provides an accurate representation of the analytic manifold which is based on electromagnetic theory. Three methods for computing the Coupling Matrix are described based on: (i) the current distributions in the antennas, (ii) its approximation by a sum of Kronecker products, and (iii) least-squares fit of the analytic and extended manifolds. The accuracy of these manifolds is illustrated by numerical examples.
Inflammation in Hypertension

For more than 50 years, evidence has accumulated that inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Immune cells have been observed in vessels and kidneys of hypertensive humans. Biomarkers of inflammation, including high sensitivity C-reactive protein, various cytokines, and products of the complement pathway are elevated in humans with hypertension. Emerging evidence suggests that hypertension is accompanied and indeed initiated by activation of complement, the inflammasome, and by a change in the phenotype of circulating immune cells, particularly myeloid cells. High-dimensional transcriptomic analyses are providing insight into new subclasses of immune cells that are likely injurious in hypertension. These inflammatory events are interdependent and there is ultimately engagement of the adaptive immune system through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, modification of endogenous proteins, and alterations in antigen processing and presentation. These observations suggest new therapeutic opportunities to reduce end organ damage in hypertension might be used and guided by levels of inflammatory biomarkers.
Abstract WP331: Does Successful Reperfusion Mean Successful Outcome in Elderly Stroke Patients?

Background: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) suggest a benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) even for individuals ≥ 80 years of age; however, this population has not been consistently included i...
Intra-carotid chemo (ICC) followed by radiation (RT) with concomitant temozolamide (TMZ) and subsequent maintenance TMZ therapy in patients (pts) with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)

1554 Background: Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most resistant malignant tumors. Surgery provides only temporary, palliative relief. Radiation therapy affords additional, though short, benefit. Systemic, intravenous and/or oral chemotherapy with nitrosoureas and TMZ, increases survival only slightly. Median survival (MS) after all these modalities incorporated remains unimpressive, less than 14 months. Intracarotid chemotherapy with cisplatin and VP-16, a standard treatment at Stony Brook University Hospital since 1999, prior to RT, results in MS of 20 months. A year later we added TMZ as a part of standard treatment with or without ICC in patients with GBM. Provided here is a retrospective analysis of the treatment consisting of surgery, ICC, RT with concomitant TMZ followed by 2 years of TMZ maintenance. Methods: Fifteen patients with pathologically confirmed, newly diagnosed GBM were treated from year 2000 to 2005; 11 men; median age 53 (range 25-68); 80% with PS over 70. They underwent a surgic...
What Else Did Pre-service Teachers Learn in a Maker Education Course in a Teacher Education Program Beyond Content?

Making has become increasingly prevalent in PK-12 education; thus, it calls for teacher educators to design instruction to prepare pre-service teachers for integrating maker education. This preparation encompasses not only the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) involved in maker education but also the soft skills, belief, and a maker mindset. Research on these topics is limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate what skills, belief, mindset, and practices pre-service teachers gained from a maker education course. The findings revealed that pre-service teachers acquired the so-called “twenty-first-century skills”. They cultivated a maker mindset. They changed their teaching beliefs and aspired to adopt more student-centered active learning strategies in their instruction. Moreover, pre-service teachers gained a reflective skillset. Meanwhile, pre-service teachers made concrete plans for designing and teaching making lessons in practice, offering professional development, and taking on leadership roles. The implications of this study were discussed.
The molecular mechanism of the photocatalytic oxidation reactions by horseradish peroxidase in the presence of histidine

Oxidation reactions catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) involve the conversion of ferric heme to the ferryl state by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). As a result, HRP is typically considered unreactive without the presence of H2O2. Herein, we report the first use of histidine (His) and HRP in the presence of daylight and oxygen to initiate photocatalytic oxidation reactions without the addition of H2O2. We demonstrate that the oxidation reactions of norbixin (NBX) molecules proceed 2-times faster using this HRP/His system in comparison with HRP/H2O2. Most importantly, we also demonstrate that new species of NBX oxidized products are formed using HRP/His. In this work, we investigate the key steps of the HRP mechanism in the presence of His using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Bearing in mind that H2O2 is normally thought indispensable for initiating the oxidation reactions of HRP, this work suggests a potential paradigm shift in our understanding of possible HRP mechanisms in the catalysis of biochemical reactions. The use of His, a natural essential amino acid, to mediate the formation of ferryl heme intermediates suggests the HRP/His system could serve as a natural catalyst for applications in photochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis.
Laparoscopic Posterior Versus Lateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Gynecology.

Background and objectives Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a safe and effective type of regional anesthesia technique used in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery to minimize postoperative pain. Our study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of the posterior versus lateral approaches to laparoscopic-assisted TAP block in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery. Methods We performed a randomized controlled trial with 82 patients allocated to either posterior (n = 38) or lateral (n = 44) TAP block groups. Laparoscopic-assisted posterior or lateral TAP block was administered using liposomal bupivacaine mixture. All subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire, which included postoperative pain scores at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, as well as narcotic utilization postoperatively. Both groups were compared for postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, perioperative, and demographic characteristics. Results A total of 67 patients were analyzed in our study (n = 33 in posterior arm, n = 34 in lateral arm). Demographic characteristics including race, body mass index, comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, pre-operative diagnosis, complication rates, length of stay, and estimated blood loss were comparable between the two groups. The distribution of different operative procedures was similar between the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference in pain scores at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively between the two groups. However, patients receiving posterior TAP had a significant reduction in narcotic intake (p = 0.0009). Conclusion Laparoscopic-assisted TAP block is a safe and effective option for regional analgesia in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. Posterior TAP block may help to reduce narcotic usage postoperatively.
Transnational Television Distribution and Co-Production Challenges: A KirchMedia and Sony Pictures Television Case Study

This article explores the production and distribution process for television co-productions and explains the potential benefits and risks compared to other media joint ventures, like television formatting. Using a detailed case study of one television series within a larger co-production agreement between a German rights trader and a Hollywood studio, the author analyzes production and distribution challenges and complex contractual arrangements within the context of global media trade. Co-productions are situated in between, and as a transition from, acquiring rights to canned television programs, and acquiring rights to television formats. The author contends that a range of difficulties in co-productions has contributed to a turn to television formatting, where the production process is more easily controlled and customized by the partner acquiring the property, leading to more predictable and successful distribution outcomes.
Compressive Cervical Myelopathy in Patients With Demyelinating Disease of the Central Nervous System: Improvement After Surgery Despite a Late Diagnosis.

Objective We aimed to assess the impact of surgical intervention on outcome in patients diagnosed with demyelinating disorders and cervical degenerative disease warranting surgical intervention. Methods The records of patients with a diagnosis of a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system who underwent cervical spine surgery at a single institution from 2016 to 2020 were reviewed. Demyelinating disease included multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica, and transverse myelitis (TM). The dates of initial spine symptom onset, recognition of spinal pathology by the primary provider, referral to spine surgery, and spine surgery procedures were collected. Hospital length of stay (LOS) and postoperative outcomes and complications were recorded. Results A total of 19 patients with a diagnosis of demyelinating disorders underwent cervical spine surgery at our institution. Seventeen patients had MS. The average time interval between a documented diagnosis of myelopathy or radiculopathy and referral to the Spine clinic was 67.95 months (M=40, SD=64.87). Twelve patients had imaging studies depicting degenerative spine disease that would warrant surgical intervention at the time of examination by their primary physician. The average delay for referral to the Spine clinic for these patients was 16.5 months (M=5; SD=25.36). More than 89% of patients experienced significant neurologic improvement postoperatively. Conclusions There is a delay in the recognition of cervical spine disease amenable to a surgical resolution in patients with demyelinating disorders. Surgical treatment can lead to significant clinical improvement in this patient population even if delayed, and likely carries similar risk to that of the general population.
Issues in Evaluating Risks of Fatalities

Significant attention by both governments and individuals is devoted to addressing problems including the possible loss of life among their concerns. Aspects of the attention concern acquiring an understanding of the problems and identifying manners in which these problems might be resolved. Once a specific problem is reasonably well understood, it can be represented as a decision problem. This would involve a choice among alternatives, each of which would have implications for the potential fatalities that might result. In addition, however, there would be potential economic, social, and environmental implications associated with each of the alternatives. Given that the decision problem is structured, an attempt is made to select the most responsible alternative utilizing the information that one has available at the time the decision must be chosen.
Monitoring sound pressure at the eardrum for hearing conservation

A study was conducted to describe a probe microphone assembly to monitor sound pressures at the eardrum for hearing conservation. The probe microphone assembly permitted the uncertainty in probe-tip position to be eliminated and the transfer function to the eardrum to be estimated. The device was attached to an ear mold designed to self-locate within the concha and ear canal and position the probe tip reproducibly. The device consisted of a miniature probe microphone and a customized ear-mold. The ear mold was fabricated from an ear impression that was obtained for each subject following established audiological procedures. The ear impression provided the contour of the perimeter of the concha and cymba, which was required to produce the 'C'-structure used to position the ear mold external to the ear canal.
Electrochemical Oxidant Generation for Wastewater Treatment

Publisher Summary A number of chemical oxidants are currently being used either as disinfectants for potable or swimming pool waters, or for the destruction of organic and inorganic chemical species found in wastewaters. The most commonly used oxidants for these purposes are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, and potassium permanganate. This chapter discusses the electrochemical synthesis of these oxidants in relation to their use in treating organic wastewaters. Ozone is the second most powerful oxidant molecule, exceeded in its oxidizing power only by fluorine. The use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in conjunction with UV light or ozone for treating wastewaters contaminated with organics has shown promise as it leads to the formation of hydroxyl radicals which are more powerful in reacting with organics than ozone or peroxide alone. The use of chlorine and hypochlorites is well established in the sterilization of potable and swimming pool waters, sewage treatment, and paper and wood pulp bleaching. The electrochemical synthesis of chlorine takes place through the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride.
Hydration theory for molecular biophysics.

Publisher Summary Protein stabilization by the presence of water may in part be a manifestation of hydration water destabilizing the unfolded state. This chapter presents a molecular theory of hydration that highlights the role of water in protein stabilization. The focus is on potential distribution theorem whose physical basis and statistical thermodynamic framework with applications to protein solution thermodynamics and protein folding is discussed. The chapter also presents the derivation of an extension of the potential distribution theorem, the quasi-chemical theory, and proposes its implementation to the hydration of folded and unfolded proteins. The perspective and current optimism are justified by the understanding gained from successful applications of the potential distribution theorem to the hydration of simple solutes. The developments shown in the chapter illustrate a thoroughgoing reconstruction of molecular statistical thermodynamic theory of solutions. There are several motivations for this effort, but particularly, the conventional molecular theories are not compelling for biophysical applications and do not make strong connections to the molecular intuitions involved in consideration of simulation and experiment. Some of the discussion treats basic elements of statistical thermodynamics, known in specialized settings but weightier than is typical for this setting. The chapter includes examples to clarify and reinforce the basic concepts.
Spectroscopic Observations of Solar System Objects: Pushing the Limits

Targets within the solar system generally fall into one of two types: a) major planets (except Pluto) and our Moon; b) minor planets, comets, Pluto and planetary satellites. The first group is noteworthy for being reasonably bright. Most are also spatially extended. The inner planets never achieve large solar elongation. The second group comprises bodies which are generally faint. Comets are spatially extended. The minor planets and comets may be in orbits which are highly inclined or viewed at small solar elongations. Comets may even be in retrograde orbits. Planetary satellites may be bright or faint but suffer from being in the glare of the parent planet.
The Influence of Muscular Work on the Rate of the Pulse

(1903). The Influence of Muscular Work on the Rate of the Pulse. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 232-236.
Quantifying expected gains from implementing a prognostics algorithm on systems with long logistics delay times

Many modern systems are themselves composed of smaller subsystems, which are composed of individual parts. Most prognostics algorithms attempt to provide a Remaining Useful Life (RUL) value for lower level components. Since the RUL prediction would allow for a replacement component to be requisitioned prior to a failure, it is anticipated the operational availability will be increased due to the reduction in system downtime attributed to logistics delay. For systems where logistics time is the major contributor to downtime, prognostics may yield large gains in operational availability. This paper provides an analysis of a hypothetical system that implements a prognostics algorithm and examines the system-level gains for different RUL prediction values. The analysis uses the BlockSim and a Monte Carlo-based simulation tool that is able to take multiple redundancies into account when calculating metrics. Finally, two metrics are proposed to help quantify the benefit of prognostics: Relative Downtime Reduction and Relative Availability Gain.
Land versus Territory: Evaluating Indigenous Land Policy for the Mapuche in Chile

What are the challenges associated with translating indigenous territorial demands into land policy? While most land policy prioritizes the economic utility of land, indigenous territorial demands call for governments to more broadly conceptualize the definition and utility of land. Since the 1990s, most Latin American countries have formally recognized a range of indigenous territorial rights and worked to translate these rights into practice. Drawing on the Chilean experience, this paper argues that these alternative conceptualizations of land and territory complicate the implementation of government efforts to recognize indigenous demands. Specifically, the insufficiently defined scope of the policy exacerbates tension between communities' territorial rights demands and the government's capacity to return land. This tension is gradually and bureaucratically resolved, hindering both the policy's ability to meaningfully respond to indigenous territorial demands and the government's objective of promoting rural development. Future discussions and research must consider how these competing conceptualizations of land affect indigenous and land policy.
GM-CSF-expanded CD1dhiCD5+ B cells suppress experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (THER3P.886)

IL-10-competent subset within CD1dhiCD5+ B cells, also known as B10 cells, has been shown to regulate autoimmune diseases. Whether B10 cells can prevent or suppress the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) has not been studied. In this study, we investigated whether low dose granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can expand B10 cells in vivo, and whether adoptive transfer of CD1dhiCD5+ B cells would prevent or suppress EAMG. We found that treatment of EAMG mice with low-dose GM-CSF increased the proportion of CD1dhiCD5+ B cells and B10 cells. In vitro co-culture studies revealed that CD1dhiCD5+ B cells altered T cell cytokine profile but did not directly inhibit T cell proliferation. On the other hand, CD1dhiCD5+ B cells inhibited B cell proliferation and its autoantibody production in an IL-10-dependent manner. Adoptive transfer of CD1dhiCD5+ B cells to mice could prevent disease and suppress ongoing EAMG. This was associated with downregulation of mature dendritic cell markers and expansion of regulatory T cells resulting in the suppression of acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-specific T cell and B cell responses. Thus, our data have provided significant insights into the mechanisms underlying the tolerogenic effects of B10 cells in EAMG. These observations suggest that in vivo or in vitro expansion of CD1dhiCD5+ B cells or B10 cells may represent an effective strategy in the treatment of human myasthenia gravis.
Development of the enhanced self-adaptive hybrid genetic algorithm (e-SAHGA)

[1] Genetic algorithms allow solution of more complex, nonlinear groundwater remediation design problems than traditional gradient-based approaches, but they are more computationally intensive. One way to improve performance is through inclusion of local search, creating a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA). The inclusion of local search helps to speed up the solution process and to make the solution technique more robust. This technical note focuses on the development and application of a new HGA, the enhanced self−adaptive hybrid genetic algorithm (e-SAHGA), which is an enhancement of a previously developed HGA called SAHGA. The application of the e-SAHGA algorithm to a hypothetical groundwater remediation design problem showed 90% reliability in identifying the optimal solution faster than the SGA, with average savings of 64% across 100 random initial populations. These results are considerably improved over SAHGA, which attained only 80% reliability and 14% average savings on the same initial populations.
The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology.

In 2008, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) included in its new Strategic Plan the following aim: “Develop, for research purposes, new ways of classifying mental disorders based on dimensions of observable behavior and neurobiological measures”. The implementation of this aim was named the Research Domain Criteria project, or RDoC. RDoC is a programmatic initiative that will fund grants, contracts, early-phase trials, and similar activities for the purpose of generating studies to build a research literature that can inform future versions of psychiatric nosologies based upon neuroscience and behavioral science rather than descriptive phenomenology. RDoC departs markedly from the DSM and ICD processes, in which extensive workgroup meetings generate final and finely-honed sets of diagnoses that are modified in field tests only if problems with clinical utility arise. Rather, in keeping with its provenance as an experimental system, the RDoC provides a framework for conducting research in terms of fundamental circuit-based behavioral dimensions that cut across traditional diagnostic categories. While an important aim of the project is to validate particular dimensions as useful for eventual clinical work, an equally important goal is to provide information and experience about how to conceive and implement such an alternative approach to future diagnostic practices that can harness genetics and neuroscience in the service of more effective treatment and prevention. This paper summarizes the rationale for the RDoC project, its essential features, and potential methods of transitioning from DSM/ICD categories to dimensionally-oriented designs in research studies.
Abstract P1-02-10: Contrast enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is a new breast imaging contrast study: A review of indications, protocol, interpretation and pitfalls

Purpose: This presentation is to discuss the indications, protocol, interpretation and pitfalls of CESM using illustrations of breast malignant and benign cases performed in our institution, after a brief literature review. CESM characteristics for both benign and malignant lesions are defined after comparison to other imaging studies and correlation to final tissue diagnosis. Methods: 1000 CESM cases including 100 breast cancer and 200 benign lesions were retrospectively analyzed. These cases were performed in our institution from October 2012 to March 2014. GE Senographe Essential Full Field Digital System (SenoBright) was utilized for CESM studies. Both low and high energy images were obtained after intravenous 75-100cc Isovue 370 administration at flow rate of 1.5-2cc per second. Both low energy and subtracted images were reviewed on GE Centricity Imagecast on 5 megapigxel monitor. Abnormal CESM lesions underwent further evaluation and tissue sampling for a final diagnosis to determine the presence of breast cancer. Results: CESM is one of the contrast studies. It provides both morphologic and functional information of breast lesions. The sensitivity of CESM for cancer detection was 93-100% per patient in contrast to 95-100% of breast MRI. There are morphological and enhancement features for both malignant and benign lesions on CESM. CESM could pick up lesions when regular digital mammography and ultrasound are negative. CESM is a part of diagnostic study on selected patients. It has a short duration exam time and results are easily accessible. Some CESM artifacts are unique and commonly occurred. Conclusion: CESM is a new breast imaging contrast study. The sensitivity for breast cancer detection is comparable to breast MRI. With its easy accessibility and cost effectiveness, CESM may play an important role in breast cancer detection in conjunct with diagnostic mammography and breast ultrasound. Recognition of CESM artifacts helps to increase diagnostic accuracy. Citation Format: Lydia Liao, Luna Li, Pauline Germaine, Elizabeth Tinney, Kristin Brill, Karen Hendershott. Contrast enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is a new breast imaging contrast study: A review of indications, protocol, interpretation and pitfalls [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-02-10.
Bayesian Analysis of Stellar Optical Interferometer Data

I describe a work in progress that uses Bayes’ theorem, model selection, and marginalization in the analysis of photon count data frames from a stellar optical interferometer (the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer). These data frames in general have between 1–6 stellar fringes (baselines) present. I show how Bayes factors provide a direct way of determining the number of fringes that are present in each data frame. I describe briefly the traditional Fourier‐based technique for computing optical interferometry data products. A Bayesian approach, in addition to providing model selection directly from the data frames, also provides a way of combining the computed data products from each data frame in a manner that intrinsically handles the varying SNRs between the data frames. I use simulated data to show comparisons between my Bayesian approach and the traditional Fourier‐based technique for the analysis of such data.
Traveling compressions regions

Traveling compression regions (TCRs) are short duration, ∼1-3 min, small amplitude, ΔB/B ∼ 10%, perturbations of the lobe magnetic field caused by the downstream passage of plasmoids. Their characteristic signature, a north-then-south tilting of the lobe field centered upon a smooth compression, was first noted in the Explorer 35 observations about a decade prior to the first definitive observations of plasmoids by ISEE 3. Since that time, TCRs have been studied extensively using observations from the ISEE 3, IMP 8, Galileo and GEOTAIL missions. In addition to providing a unique example of magnetic field draping in a low p plasma (i.e., tail lobes), TCRs have been used very successfully to determine the number and size of plasmoids being ejected down the tail during substorms and to infer the time of near-Earth neutral line formation relative to substorm onset. In this article we review the previous experimental and theoretical investigations of traveling compression regions and discuss new research directions and applications involving this space physics phenomenon.
The Hybrid Submental Flap for Tongue Reconstruction.

Purpose To describe a hybrid submental flap using pedicled and microvascular techniques to circumvent a restricting vascular anatomy and increase the rotational arc of the skin paddle. Methods and Materials This case report and literature review describes a hybrid submental flap. A standard submental island flap was planned and elevated for reconstruction of an acquired lateral tongue defect secondary to oncologic ablation. Aberrant venous anatomy was encountered in which the submental vein drained directly into the internal jugular vein, thus limiting the arc of rotation. The facial vein was ligated at its branch point from the internal jugular vein and anastomosed to the external jugular vein. Medical records were reviewed, including clinical and operative notes. A standard free flap postoperative protocol was adhered to, including aspirin, enoxaparin sodium, flap checks, and internal monitoring using a venous Flow Coupler (Synovis Micro Companies Alliance, Inc, Birmingham, AL). Results The hybrid submental flap was used effectively for lateral tongue reconstruction. Hybridization of the flap allowed for increased pedicle length and mobilization of the skin paddle. The flap remained well perfused postoperatively, with excellent speech and swallow function after adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Conclusion The hybrid submental flap is technically feasible and can be a valuable bailout procedure when aberrant vascular anatomy limits the arc of rotation. Ligation and anastomosis of the vein, versus the artery, is more likely to be required because of the more variable drainage patterns and potential valves that would prevent retrograde flow in a Y-V procedure. Retrograde arterial perfusion through the angular branch of the facial artery, by ligation of the submental artery at its proximal takeoff from the facial artery, is a well-documented method to gain cephalad arc of rotation in cases of restrictive arterial anatomy.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale: Evidence of the Dimensionality of Expressed Emotion:

Using a convenience sample of 152 married couples, the present study tested models that alternately considered family members' perceptions of Expressed Emotion to be a one-, two-, three-, or four-factor construct as measured by the Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale. Results of confirmatory factor analysis procedures indicated that perceptions of Expressed Emotion were best represented by a four-factor model that consisted of involvement, criticism, upset feelings, and approval. The methodological implications of these findings are discussed.
How I Manage Neonatal Ebstein's Anomaly

Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve is characterized by a wide spectrum of severity. The condition involves more than a malformation of the tricuspid valve alone; a substantial portion of the right ventricle may be involved as well. Those patients presenting with symptoms in the first month of life represent a challenging group with a high mortality and uncertainty as to the best treatment options. In this review, the practical decision making process and the outcomes for neonates at one center are discussed.
America's New War on Terror: The Case for Self-Defense under International Law

The use of armed force against states in response to the actions of terrorists or other non-state actors has been a controversial topic under the U.N. Charter paradigm for many years. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2011, however, present an unusually compelling case for the use of armed force by a state acting in self-defense. The scope, scale, location and nature of those attacks brought them within the recognized parameters of an "armed attack" for purposes of self-defense; they further conformed to evolving notions of the broader concept of an illegal use of force. While attribution of responsibility for an armed attack is a central problem in the case of terrorist attacks, an unusually close and widely recognized connection between the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Al Qaeda terrorist organization was present. Furthermore, the Taliban regime had been the subject of unprecedented sanctions by the U.N. Security Council for its harboring and support of the Al Qaeda organization. The United States also pursued an aggressive public relations campaign with its allies to provide evidence of the Taliban's and Al Qaeda's roles in the attacks. The result was widespread support in the international community for America's use of force in self-defense. This support was reflected in: statements by the U.N. Security Council generally affirming the right of self-defense; explicit statements of support for self-defense by the North Atlantic Council of NATO; the Organization of American States and the European Union; statements of support by the diplomatic representatives and leaders of the vast majority of states in the world, and; various concrete and important actions by states to support U.S. counterterror operations in response to the 9/11 attacks.