cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of supplementing fat to pregnant nonlactating cows on colostral fatty acid profile and passive immunity of the newborn calf.

Abstract The objectives were to evaluate the effect of supplementing saturated or unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (FA) to nulliparous and parous Holstein animals (n=78) during late gestation on FA profile of colostrum and plasma of newborn calves and on production and absorption of IgG. The saturated FA supplement (SAT) was enriched in C18:0 and the unsaturated FA supplement (ESS) was enriched in the essential FA C18:2n-6. Fatty acids were supplemented at 1.7% of dietary dry matter to low-FA diets (1.9% of dietary dry matter) during the last 8wk of gestation. Calves were fed 4L of colostrum within 2h of birth from their own dam or from a dam fed the same treatment. Feeding fat did not affect prepartum dry matter intake, body weight change, or gestation length. Parous but not nulliparous dams tended to give birth to heavier calves if fed fat prepartum. Parous dams were less able to synthesize essential FA derivatives, as evidenced by lower desaturase indices, compared with nulliparous dams, suggesting a greater need for essential FA supplementation. The FA profile of colostrum was modified to a greater degree by prepartum fat feeding than was that of neonatal calf plasma. The placental transfer and synthesis of elongated n-3 FA (C20:5, C22:5, and C22:6) were reduced, whereas the n-6 FA (C18:2, C18:3, and C20:3) were increased in plasma of calves born from dams fed ESS rather than SAT. Supplementing unsaturated FA prepartum resulted in elevated concentrations of trans isomers of unsaturated monoene and diene FA, as well as C18:2n-6 in colostrum. Serum concentrations of IgG tended to be increased in calves born from dams fed fat compared with those not fed fat, and prepartum feeding of SAT tended to improve circulating concentrations of IgG in newborn calves above the feeding of ESS. Apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG was improved in calves born from dams fed fat, and SAT supplementation appeared more effective than supplementation with ESS. Feeding SAT prepartum may be of greater benefit based upon greater circulating IgG concentrations of calves after colostrum feeding. Feeding moderate amounts of saturated or unsaturated long-chain FA during the last 8wk of gestation changed the FA profile of colostrum and plasma of neonates to reflect that of the supplements.
Atomic parameters for carbon-like S XI

Calculations of radiative rates and collision strengths of S XI for 46 levels of the six configurations 2s2 2p2, 2s 2p3, 2p4, 2s2 2p 3s, 2s2 2p 3p, and 2s2 2p 3d are presented concurrently so that all the atomic data are self-consistent. Collision strengths are calculated at an incident electron energy of 25 Rydbergs above the ground level 2p2(3P0) in order to include collisional excitation to the highest level considered. Good agreement with previous results is found, and it is suggested that the given electric dipole rates are accurate to within at least 20 percent.
Interval distribution in parent-daughter decay in the presence of background

Abstract The interval distribution for parent-daughter decay is presented for the case in which the beginning of each interval is tagged by a parent decay and the interval end is tagged by a daughter decay. Allowance is made for constant background, branching ratio
Surgical treatment of lateralankle instability

Abstract Most patients with chronic lateral ankle instability requiring surgical intervention can be managed successfullywith a modified Brostrom procedure. Those with longstanding instability, generalized ligamentous laxity, or a previous failed repair can be stabilized with an anatomic tendon graft reconstruction. Calcaneal osteotomy in conjunction with ligament reconstruction is indicated in patients with ankle instability and a fixed heel varus deformity.
Organizational Changes Among CDCs: Assessing the Impacts and Navigating the Challenges

Since the 1970s, community development corporations (CDCs) have gained skills, visibility, and prominence in their efforts to rebuild very low-income distressed communities. While the net number of...
Multimodality Computer-Aided Breast Cancer Diagnosis with FFDM and DCE-MRI

Rationale and Objectives To investigate a multimodality computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme that combines image information from full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for computerized breast cancer classification. Materials and Methods From a retrospective FFDM database with 432 lesions (255 malignant, 177 benign) and a retrospective DCE-MRI database including 476 lesions (347 malignant, 129 benign), we constructed a multimodality dataset of 213 lesions (168 malignant, 45 benign). Each lesion was present on both FFDM and DCE-MRI images and deemed to be a difficult case given the necessity of having both clinical imaging exams. Using a manually indicated lesion location (ie, a seed point on FFDM images or a region of interest on DCE-MRI images, the computer automatically segmented the mass lesions and extracted lesion features). A subset of features was selected using linear stepwise feature selection and merged by a Bayesian artificial neural network to yield an estimate of the probability of malignancy. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the selected features in distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions. Results With leave-one-lesion-out cross-validation on the multimodality dataset, the mammography-only features yielded an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.74 ± 0.04, and the DCE-MRI-only features yielded an AUC of 0.78 ± 0.04. The combination of these two modalities, which included a spiculation feature from mammography and two kinetic features from DCE-MRI, yielded an AUC of 0.87 ± 0.03. The improvement of combining multimodality information was statistically significant as compared to the use of single modality information alone. Conclusions A CAD scheme that combines features extracted from FFDM and DCE-MRI images may be advantageous to single-modality CAD in the task of differentiating between malignant and benign lesions.
Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were more sensitive to the diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin than normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Thus, 10 days after intravenous administration of 25 mg/kg streptozotocin in SHR, mean pancreatic insulin content was decreased by 42% (p < 0.05), and mean plasma glucose concentration was increased from 85 to 215 mg/dl (p < 0.001), whereas between 37.5 and 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin was required to produce similar effects in normotensive WKY rats. Also, there was a progressive decrease in blood pressure in SHR injected with 25, 35.7, or 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin, whereas blood pressure was progressively increased after streptozotocin in normotensive WKY rats. The opposite effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on blood pressure in SHR and WKY rats could be observed at similar degrees of hyperglycemia and are presently unexplained.
COMMENTARY: Is Japan Deaf to Mumps Vaccination?

In this issue of the Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, Hashimoto et al1 show that mumps in Japan is accompanied by sudden deafness. To physicians in countries that use MMR vaccine, this will come as a surprise only to those too young to have seen mumps before the introduction of vaccination. Ind
Boron utilization by potato in nutrient cultures and in field plantings

Abstract Analysis of soil and plant tissue for boron (B) is routine, but more information is needed to clarify the interpretations of test results as a basis for B fertilization of potato (Solarium tuberosum L.). Experiments were conducted in nutrient cultures and in the field to relate the utilization of B by potato plants to visual symptoms of deficiency and toxicity. Without added B the nutrient cultures produced B‐deficient potato plants, but the field plots with 0.3 to 0.4 mg of hot water soluble B/kg of soil did not. Plant shoots from nutrient cultures had a minimum of 13 mg B/kg as compared with plants in field plots with 30 mg B/kg in vines. Concentrations to 50 mg B/kg of dry matter were obtained in plant shoots from nutrient cultures with 1 mg B/L added and in field‐grown plants fertilized with 2.2 kg B/ha. Toxicity to B appeared or was eminent from either adding 3 mg B/L or more to nutrient solutions or 4.5 kg B/ha or more to the field plots. These results suggest the feasibility of developing ...
Spall and dynamic yield behavior of an annealed aluminum–magnesium alloy

The dynamic yielding and tensile fracture (spalling) behavior of an annealed aluminum–magnesium alloy is investigated using symmetric plate impact experiments. The Hugoniot elastic limit displays upper and lower yield points, with the lower yield point remaining constant near 0.33 GPa and the upper yield point increasing from 0.38 to 0.48 GPa with increasing peak stress. The dynamic fracture (spall) strength also increases with peak stress from 0.84 to 0.92 GPa.
Podosome rosettes precede vascular sprouts in tumour angiogenesis

Expansion of a vascular network requires breaking through the basement membrane, a highly crosslinked barrier that tightly adheres to mature vessels. Angiogenic endothelial cells are now shown to form podosome rosettes that are able to focally degrade the extracellular matrix, prior to vascular sprouting in tumour angiogenesis.
Object-oriented simulation of computer architectures using C++

Object-oriented languages such as C++ allow class definitions which eliminate the need for writing special-purpose simulators in many cases. Simulating digital logic components and computer architectures is one case where the simulation model can be effectively and conveniently expressed in the programming language itself.A class library supporting: schematic organization, multi-level digital-signal representation, and implementations of a modest set of component primitives has been developed. This library supports two forms of hierarchical arrangements; first, the digital signals themselves can be expressed as vectors (as for a bus), either directly or by composition, and second, the digital components can be arranged hierarchically as modules, and the modules can be used in an identical manner in which the primitives are used.The library code described here is available from the author.
A general method for the direct isolation of the 3'-terminal fragments derived from transfer RNA molecules.

Abstract A general procedure for the isolation of 3′-linked fragments derived from tRNA molecules is described. Purified N -2-naphthoxyacetylglycyl derivatives of the tRNA 1 Gly and tRNA 2 Gly of yeast were exhaustively digested with RNase T 1 and the 3′-linked fragments (bearing the derivative) were separated from other degradation products (lacking the derivative) by stepwise chromatography on BD-cellulose. Subsequent chromatographic resolution and base-composition analysis allowed tentative identification of the 3′-terminals of tRNA 1 Gly and tRNA 2 Gly as Gp(Cp,Ap)CpCpA and Gp(Cp,Cp,Up,Ap)CpCpA, respectively. The potential utility of this procedure for development of a novel approach to nucleic acid sequence analysis is discussed.
Alerations in the development of the main olfactory bulb of the mouse after ethanol exposure.

The effect of ethanol on the development of the main olfactory bulb (OB) was examined by light and electron microscopy in 21-day-old Swiss mice (CD-1), exposed to ethanol from embryonic day 13 to postnatal day 21. Two control groups were included in the study to rule out changes due to malnourishment: a normal control group, whose dams were fed rodent lab chow throughout the study and a pairfed group, whose dams were fed the same amount of liquid diet as the dams in the ethanol group but with sucrose replacement of ethanol. Somatic growth, measured by length and body weight, was retarded to the same degree in ethanol and pairfed mice, indicating a similar level of malnourishment in both groups without an additional ethanol effect. The most striking change in olfactory bulb development was the stunted growth of this structure in the ethanol-exposed animals with reductions in the volume of the glomerular. external plexiform and granular cell layers. The laminar organization and cellular cytoarchitecture were not substantially altered by ethanol or malnourishment except for a retarded migration of the periglomerular cells in the ethanol-treated group. Examination of synaptogenesis in the external plexiform layer (EPL) of olfactory bulb from 21-day-old mice in the three groups revealed no treatment-related changes in synaptic structure, appositional length or ratios of the two dominant type of EPL synapses, which are formed between dendrites of the output neurons (mitral and tufted cells) and granule cells. However, morphometric analysis revealed elevated densities of both synaptic types in the ethanol-exposed group but with no change in the total synaptic number per olfactory bulb. The results suggest that ethanol exposure of mice after the latter half of gestation and during the postnatal period primarily affects the growth of the olfactory bulb probably by decreasing neuronal cell growth, and/or proliferation but has little affect on other aspects of maturation such as formation of cortical structure, differentiation and synaptogenesis.
MicroRNA and cancer: Current status and prospective

Gene expression in normal cells is highly regulated by complex gene regulatory networks. Disruption of these networks may lead to cancer. Recent studies have revealed the existence of an abundant class of small nonprotein-coding regulatory RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs may regulate diverse biological processes including development, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, through suppressing the expression of their target genes. Posttranscriptional silencing of target genes by miRNAs occurs either by cleavage of homologous target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), or by inhibition of target protein synthesis. Computational predictions indicate that 1 miRNA may target on hundreds of genes, and suggest that over 50% of human protein-coding genes might be regulated by miRNAs. MiRNAs are receiving increased attention in cancer genomic research. We are beginning to understand that miRNAs may act as oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes within the molecular architecture of gene regulatory networks, thereby contributing to the development of cancer. MiRNAs may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as serving as potential therapeutic targets or tools.
Direct cannulation of myocardial blood vessels without interfering with regional blood flow distribution, resting blood flow, or reactive hyperemia.

Abstract An in vivo technique of directly cannulating coronary arteries and veins for sampling blood and measuring hemodynamic parameters is described. The cannulation procedure was evaluated for its effects on regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF), transmural RMBF distribution, and reactive hyperemia. In a group of ten dogs, RMBF was measured by using radionuclide microspheres. Values for left anterior descending (LAD) perfusion zone (with catheter) and circumflex (CX) zone (no catheter) did not differ significantly (119 ± 14 mL/min/100 g v 123 ± 14 mL/min/100 g, respectively). Likewise, endocardialto-epicardial RMBF ratio was similar for the two areas (0.99 ± 0.06 and 1.04 ± 0.06, respectively). In five dogs, aortic and left ventricular pressures agreed closely with the LAD coronary artery pressure measured with the described catheter system. Arterial flow during rest and reactive hyperemia was measured in five additional dogs by using electromagnetic flow probes placed around the LAD and CX coronary arteries. During both rest and reactive hyperemia, flow was greater in the CX than in the LAD (65.46 ± 4.12 and 169.62 ± 9.04 in the CX v 30.24 ± 0.78 and 102.28 ± 5.38 in the LAD; P P > 0.05). Because it does not significantly affect coronary blood flow or transmural flow distribution, this cannulation technique allows drug infusion and blood sampling with minimal reduction in coronary conductance. It may therefore have applicability to the experimental study of myocardial blood flow and its responses to pharmacologic and physiologic interventions.
Estimating Components of Demand Elasticities from Cross-Sectional Data

Purchase of a product or service involves two types of adjustment to changes in demand determinants: (a) possible exit from, or entry into, the market, and (b) changes in quantities purchased by those already purchasing the good or service (Haidacher). Time-series observations on changes in total consumption reflect both types of adjustment. However, it is impossible to estimate the separate types of adjustment from aggregate time-series data based on per capita consumption. Cross-sectional data, on the other hand, include observations of individual consumers-some of whom are purchasers and others who are not. Although one could estimate quantity adjustment coefficients for various demand determinants by exclusion of those who did not purchase from the sample of cross-sectional observations, it is possible to estimate both the quantity adjustments of consumers actively purchasing and the quantity adjustment due to entry-exit of consumers. This article presents the formal relationship between these two types of adjustment and suggests the usefulness of the Tobit model to provide estimates of these adjustments.
Successful use of intravenous steroids and pentoxifylline in the treatment of bullous hemorrhagic cellulitis

Bullous hemorrhagic cellulitis is a severe bacterial infection characterized by the rapid development of hemorrhagic bullae, skin necrosis and possible progression to necrotizing fasciitis. It is caused by a number of organisms including group A beta hemolytic streptococcus, gram negatives and anaerobes. The pathogenesis of group A beta hemolytic streptococcal infection, apart from the inherent strain virulence, is felt to be in part due to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha production by the host. We present a case of bullous hemorrhagic cellulitis due to group A beta hemolytic streptococcus successfully treated with the addition of IV steroids and pentoxifylline to the antibiotic regimen. Both corticosteroids and pentoxifylline inhibit TNF alpha activity and its secretion by macrophages.
A sorting and searching computer program to index electron diffraction patterns from crystals of low symmetry

Electron diffraction patterns generated from phases that have low crystallographic symmetry are difficult and tedious to analyze by conventional techniques. This paper describes a computation scheme that can index electron diffraction patterns efficiently and quickly and be easily implemented on a personal computer. The technique is based on sorting and searching and is especially useful when rapid analyses of electron diffraction patterns are necessary and the crystalline phase under study has a low symmetry.
Watch Your Mouth! An Analysis of Profanity Uttered by Children on Prime-Time Television

This study examines the frequency and types of offensive language spoken on prime-time television in 2001, particularly on programs rated acceptable for children and teenagers, and the use of profane language by characters under the age of 21. The findings are compared to similar studies conducted in 1990, 1994, and 1997 to determine whether the use of profanity by child and young adult characters has increased over an 11-year period. Age and content warnings inadequately protect children from profanity. TV-PG programs contain as much off-color language as TV-14 programs, and more coarse language could be found in programs not given an L warning. Further, the earliest hour of prime time, when children are more likely to be viewing, contains significantly more instances of profanity than the time period of 10 to 11 p.m. However, characters under the age of 21 rarely utter profane words, and they are just as infrequently spoken to with such language.
Measurement and modeling of mirror distortion in a high-power FEL

Mirror heating in a high power FEL can alter the optical mode and affect the gain of the laser. This can lead to a large reduction of the laser power from ideal values. Measurements of the power and mode size in the Jefferson Lab IR Demo laser have shown clear evidence of mirror distortion at high average power leading (up to 17 kW incident on the mirrors and over 40 W absorbed per mirror). The measurements and comparisons with modeling will be presented. Both steady state and transient analyses and measurements are considered.
Maggie III; the prototypical library system

Maggie III is an integrated system that supports a public access catalog, cataloging interface, bibliographic maintenance, circulation, electronic mail, and community information databases. Acquisitions and serials modules are under development. The system, available from the Eyring Research Institute, is based on software created for the Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries (CARL). Sidebars describe 1) the structure of the community information databases, 2) the planned use of the CARL software by other libraries in Colorado, and 3) the mounting and use of the non‐bibliographic database, “A Matter of Fact”, on the CARL system.
Conditions that Promote Breakups as a Consequence of Extradyadic Involvements

This study examined the conditions under which extradyadic sexual involvements are likely to lead to a breakup or a continuation of the primary relationship. The issue was investigated by comparing a group of 44 men and women who had all been sexually involved outside their marital or cohabiting relationships, and who had since broken up, with a matched control group of 44 people who also had been involved in such relationships, but who were still living with their primary partners. The results indicated that, compared to the control group, the breakup group reported a significantly higher level of relationship dissatisfaction; attributed their own and their partners' extradyadic relationships more to motives of aggression and deprivation; and mentioned a higher level of conflict generated by these relationships. Furthermore, the breakup group indicated greater disapproval of long-term extradyadic relationships. However, the two groups did not differ in the number of extradyadic relationships, the degree ...
Attenuated enzootic (pestoides) isolates of Yersinia pestis express active aspartase

It is established that Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, recently evolved from enteropathogenic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by undergoing chromosomal degeneration while acquiring two unique plasmids that facilitate tissue invasion (pPCP) and dissemination by fleabite (pMT). Thereafter, plague bacilli spread from central Asia to sylvatic foci throughout the world. These epidemic isolates exhibit a broad host range including man as opposed to enzootic (pestoides) variants that remain in ancient reservoirs where infection is limited to muroid rodents. Cells of Y. pseudotuberculosis are known to express glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf) and aspartase (AspA); these activities are not detectable in epidemic Y. pestis due to missense mutations (substitution of proline for serine at amino position 155 of Zwf and leucine for valine at position 363 of AspA). In this study, functional Zwf was found in pestoides strains E, F and G but not seven other enzootic isolates; enzymic activity was associated with retention of serine at amino acid position 155. Essentially, full AspA activity occurred in pestoides isolates where valine (pestoides A, B, C and D) or serine (pestoides E, F, G and I) occupied position 363. Reduced activity occurred in strains Angola and A16, which contained phenylalanine at this position. The kcat but not Km of purified AspA from strain Angola was significantly reduced. In this context, aspA of the recently described attenuated enzootic microtus biovar encodes active valine at position 363, further indicating that functional AspA is a biomarker for avirulence of Y. pestis in man.
Transcriptional Regulators: Dynamic Drivers of Multicellular Formation, Cell Differentiation and Development

In this chapter, we examine what is known about the roles of individual transcription regulators in mediating development in Dictyostelium discoideum. We present a broad review of the field, covering genetic, biochemical, molecular, and bioinformatic experiments that illuminate transcriptional regulation in the context of developmental events. We highlight evidence for evolutionary conservation where it exists, and have sought to underscore the power of RNA sequencing as a tool for comparative studies and global analysis. We believe that as next generation, omics approaches are more widely applied, we may paint a more complete picture of the gene regulatory networks governing dictyostelid development, and gain insight into general evolutionary processes that shape developmental biology.
Describing Protein Folding Kinetics by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. 1. Theory

A rigorous formalism for the extraction of state-to-state transition functions from a Boltzmann-weighted ensemble of microcanonical molecular dynamics simulations has been developed as a way to stu...
Element agglomeration coarse Raviart–Thomas spaces with improved approximation properties

SUMMARY We propose a new technique based on element agglomeration for constructing coarse subspaces of the lowest-order tetrahedral Raviart–Thomas finite element space. The coarse spaces are spanned by local basis functions associated with each coarse face (i.e., with an interface between two agglomerated elements). Each such face is associated with up to four coarse basis functions. The support of these functions extends into the neighboring agglomerated elements, and the construction of these functions involves solution of certain local mixed finite element problem on each neighboring agglomerated element. In contrast to some previous work, the thus constructed coarse subspace exhibits improved approximation properties because under certain conditions, it locally contains (i.e., interpolates exactly) all vector constants. Our construction is general; in particular, we do not assume that the coarse faces are planar. Possible applications of the coarse Raviart–Thomas spaces are in constructing multigrid methods for the H(div) bilinear forms and (on the basis of the approximation properties of these spaces) in upscaling of mixed formulation of diffusion problems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disease classification and the organization of large-scale web sites

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) has been employed by the world's public health officials to chart the nature, frequency, and geographic origins of diseases and causes of death in human populations since the late nineteenth century. The ICD has been modified every decade since the 1890s. A study by Bowker and Star (2000) of these changes, in concert with the work of others on the practices employed in information mapping, can be used to better understand the organization of large-scale web sites. Specifically, web designers must adapt classification schemes to fit multiple social worlds. Additionally, we need to understand that these systems can become so entrenched in our thinking that they become "invisible", thus undermining our ability to adapt them as future needs or insights arise.
Liquid Fuels and Propellants for Aerospace Propulsion: 1903-2003

Introduction M AJOR increases in liquid-fueled propulsion performance have occurred in the past 100 years.TheWright brothers rst  ew on 14 December 1903 with an engine that generated slightly more than 130 lb of thrust for  ights that ranged from 120 to 850 ft (Ref. 1). Contrast that with current aircraft such as the Boeing 777, which can  y 8000 n miles, equipped with engines from the GE90 and PW4000 series that generate over 100,000 lb of thrust. The Wright brothers probably consumed less than a gallon of gasoline in that  rst day of  ight tests. In 1997, airlines consumedan average of 177 million gal/day of jet fuel worldwide.2¤ Robert Goddard’s  rst  ight of a liquid rocket on 16March 1926 reachedan altitudeof 41 ft and landed184 ft from the launchpoint (seeRef. 3). Again, the contrast with current vehicles such as the space shuttle, which can lift over 50,000 lb to 200C miles into low Earth orbit, is dramatic. The intent of this paper is to describe the evolution of liquid fuels for aircraft and rockets as the engines and vehicles they fuel have undergone these signi cant increases in performance.
Internal Short Circuit Fault Diagnosis for PM Machines Using FE-Based Phase Variable Model and Wavelets Analysis

This paper presents a procedure using the finite-element (FE)-based phase variable model combined with wavelet analysis to facilitate the fault diagnostic study for permanent magnet machines with internal short circuit faults. Our efforts are dedicated to the aspects of fault modeling and fault extraction. The FE-based phase variable model is developed to describe the PM machine with internal short circuit faults. This model is built with the parameters [inductances and back Electromotive Force (EMF)] obtained from FE computations of the machine with the same type of fault. The developed model has two features. It includes the detailed information of the fault including the location of the shorted turns and the number of turns involved. It keeps the accuracy of the FE model by taking only a fraction of time needed by FE operation. This is particularly desired for diagnosing faults in machines connected to a control circuit. The wavelet transform is used to perform machine current/voltage signature analysis. Excellent results were obtained providing information that would not be otherwise available except by measurement
Third Market Reforms: The Overlooked Goal of the SEC's Order Handling Rules

In 1997, the Securities and Exchange Commission enacted significant reforms in U.S. markets. Several studies document that the new order handling rules increased competition for Nasdaq stocks, but the reforms were designed with an additional goal in mind-to increase quote competition for the trading of NYSE-listed securities on Nasdaq (i.e., third market trading). An evaluation of the reforms in the third market indicates that they did not achieve this objective. Instead, both quote quality and quoting frequency were diminished, due primarily to elimination of the excess spread rule. This suggests that more significant changes are needed to increase inter-exchange competition.
The Evolution of the Study of Executive-Legislative Relations in Latin America: Or How Theory Slowly Catches Up with Reality

The last twenty years have witnessed an explosion in the number of books and articles that focus on executive-legislative relations in Latin America. Since the publication of the seminal Linz article on the “perils of presidentialism” (1990), we have learnt a lot about the interaction between the executive and the legislative branch of government. This review article attempts to make sense of the evolution of the study of executive-legislative relations, by focusing on the inconsistencies between the mainstream theoretical approaches and the reality of executive-legislative relations in the region. Three major changes in the study of executive-legislative relations (unpacking of the “black box” of presidentialism, study of presidential coalitions, and analysis of impeachment processes) are discussed.
Proteasome inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for hematologic malignancies.

The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway is a principal intracellular mechanism for controlled protein degradation and has recently emerged as an attractive target for anticancer therapies since several cell cycle regulators and modulators of apoptosis are degraded through this pathway. The current state of the field of proteasome inhibitors and their prototypic member, bortezomib, which was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced multiple myeloma, is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the preclinical research data that became the basis for eventual clinical applications of proteasome inhibitors, an overview of the clinical development of this exciting drug class in multiple myeloma, and an appraisal of possible uses in other hematologic malignancies, such as non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
The design organization test: further demonstration of reliability and validity as a brief measure of visuospatial ability.

Neuropsychological assessments are frequently time-consuming and fatiguing for patients. Brief screening evaluations may reduce test duration and allow more efficient use of time by permitting greater attention toward neuropsychological domains showing probable deficits. The Design Organization Test (DOT) was initially developed as a 2-min paper-and-pencil alternative for the Block Design (BD) subtest of the Wechsler scales. Although initially validated for clinical neurologic patients, we sought to further establish the reliability and validity of this test in a healthy, more diverse population. Two alternate versions of the DOT and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) were administered to 61 healthy adult participants. The DOT showed high alternate forms reliability (r = .90–.92), and the two versions yielded equivalent levels of performance. The DOT was highly correlated with BD (r = .76–.79) and was significantly correlated with all subscales of the WASI. The DOT proved useful when used in lieu of BD in the calculation of WASI IQ scores. Findings support the reliability and validity of the DOT as a measure of visuospatial ability and suggest its potential worth as an efficient estimate of intellectual functioning in situations where lengthier tests may be inappropriate or unfeasible.
Necessary and sufficient condition that the limit of Stieltjes transforms is a Stieltjes transform

The pointwise limit S of a sequence of Stieltjes transforms (Sn) of real Borel probability measures (Pn) is itself the Stieltjes transform of a Borel p.m. P if and only if iyS(iy) → -1 as y → ∞, in which case Pn converges to P in distribution. Applications are given to several problems in mathematical physics.
Vibration Reduction in Electric Machines by Interlocking of the magnets

A principal source of vibration in permanent magnet (PM) motors and generators is the traveling attractive forces from the rotating permanent magnets acting on the stator. To reduce the vibration, it is necessary to modify the vibration source and the system characteristics. This vibration source and its reduction were investigated by the finite-element method (FEM), the Maxwell stress tensor, and Fourier decomposition. To avoid coincidence with structural resonances of the machine, it is desirable to reduce both the number of frequency components of the magnetic force and their amplitudes. Interlocking of the magnets, by changing the magnet geometry and including the higher energy magnet materials at the pole transitions, is proposed to reduce the contribution of driving frequencies. Interlocked higher-energy PMs play a favorable role in reducing the overall variation of the magnetic force by compensating the sudden change of the magnetic force at the pole transitions without affecting the torque. >
Carcinoma of the Breast Mimicking an Areolar Dermal Lesion

Objective This report describes the sonographic features of 2 patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast that sonographically mimicked benign epithelial cysts of the areola. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 2 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma that initially were diagnosed as dermal lesions in the areola after sonographic evaluation. Results Sonographically, the 2 lesions were centered between the echogenic lines of the deep dermis of the areola. Neither sonogram showed a deeper component arising from the underlying breast tissue that would suggest a breast origin. Conclusions Lesions in the subcutaneous tissue superficial to the anterior pectoral fascia are extraparenchymal in origin and typically are benign. The areolar tissue, however, is not extraparenchymal because the dermis of the areola contains lactiferous ducts; these ducts extend from a more deeply placed mammary gland and are associated with modified sebaceous glands. All types of breast abnormalities, including malignancies, may affect deeper lactiferous glands and ducts and extend into the areola, independent of nipple involvement.
Optimal Stocking Density for Juvenile Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus

.— A 12-wk experiment was conducted to test the effects of 50, 100, 200, and 300% stocking densities (ventral fish area to bottom tank area ratio) on growth, survival, and aggressive behavior in 2-moold juvenile winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Over the course of the experiment, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in growth between treatments at any given week. Survival decreased in all treatments over time, however, proportionately more fish died in the high (200 and 300%) density treatments. At the end of 12 wk, the 300% treatment had significantly lower survival (P 0.05) suggesting that aggressive behavior. such as fin nipping, was not affected by stocking density. However, fish size was inversely related to caudal fin damage. When fish were sorted by length, the two smallest size categories (<2 cm and 2-3 cm) suffered the greatest fin nipping compared to each other (P < 0.001) and all larger size categories (P < 0.001). These results indicate that 50 to 300% stocking densities do not affect growth or aggressive behavior in juvenile winter flounder. Although survival was affected by density, the final yield (weight per treatment) at higher densities was still greater than at lower densities. Our hatchery recommendations are to stock at ≥200% but to monitor fish health carefully. Size grading should be employed to minimize aggression between fish size classes.
The Role of Vertical Exchange in the Growth of GaAs/AlAs Lateral and Vertical Superlattices

We report on the formation of lateral superlattices in short period vertical GaAs/AlAs superlattices. To explain the observed self-organized phase separation, we propose a model of vertical intermixing, driven by the exchange of Ga on the surface with impinging Al atoms. The model correctly describes the formation of lateral superlattices for both integer and fractional monolayer deposition. It also predicts a far-reaching intermixing at GaAs-AlAs interfaces. Insito RHEED studies of the initial growth stage of both GaAs-AlAs and AlAs-GaAs interfaces support the assumption of an asymmetric exchange at the growing surface and confirm the long-range Ga migration predicted by the model.
Eigenreverberations, eigenmodes and hybrid combinations: A new approach to propagation in layered multiwave media

Abstract Coupling of wave species at interfaces and boundaries in a medium composed of plane multiwave layers creates a proliferation of ray fields even after relatively few multiple reflections. This inhibits a ray treatment of propagation from source to observer. The difficulty may be overcome by diagonalizing, in a plane wave spectral representation of the Green's function, the reverberation matrix F descriptive of the boundary coupling. The resulting eigenvectors of F represent combinations of the original Q wave species, to be referred to as eigenrays, which, except for multiplication by the eigenvalue λq, q = 1 … Q, remain unaltered after one complete reverberation. Thus, eigenrays may be traced through successive reverberations like ordinary rays in a single-wave medium. This feature also permits the original multiwave Q × Q matrix problem to be decoupled into a sequence of scalar problems. Conventional eigenmodes are generated from eigenrays by imposing self-consistency (λq = 1) after one reverberation. Alternative representations for the multiwave Green's function by use of these new concepts include plane wave spectral integrals, normal and leaky modes, ray expansions, and hybrid ray-mode expansions. The latter are based on the formulation of an eigenray-eigenmode equivalent. After comparing the new representation with the conventional one, P-SV coupling in an elastic three-layer medium is treated as a special example.
The effect of land use regulation on housing price and informality: A model applied to Curitiba, Brazil

This study examines the relationship between land use regulation, housing price, and informality, in the metropolitan area of Curitiba, Brazil. Using a simultaneous equation model, the study conducts a spatial regression analysis to understand the magnitude of the effect of urban regulation on formal housing price and the effect of rising formal housing price on the quantity of informal housing.The study finds that for three regulatory variables – minimum plot area, minimum front setback and minimum frontage – land use regulations that limit the density of occupation have a significant positive effect on price. Regulatory variables that affect building height – maximum number of floors and floor-to-area ratio – have the opposite effect, possibly because single and multifamily units are not being analyzed separately. The study also finds that the price of formal housing has a negative effect on the quantity of informal housing in the same location, but this effect turns positive in the adjacent and more distant locations. As expected, the rise in formal housing price in one locality pushes people to the informal sector in more distant neighborhoods. However, in the same locality, a rise in price decreases the quantity of informal housing. The results indicate that high priced areas act as a bar to the development of the informal sector in the same locality, while the informal sector is pushed to the outskirts of the city.
The long-term circulation driven by density currents in a two-layer stratified basin

Experimentation and theory are used to study the long-term dynamics of a two-dimensional density current flowing into a two-layer stratified basin. When the initial Richardson number, Ri in ρ , characterizing the ratio of the background stratification to the buoyancy flux of the density current, is less than the critical value of Rip = 21-27, it is found that the density current penetrates the stratified interface. This result is ostensibly independent of slope for angles between 30° and 90°. If the current does not initially penetrate the interface, then it slowly increases the density of the top layer until the interfacial density difference is reduced sufficiently to drive penetration. The time scale for this to occur, t p = (Ri in ρ - Ri* ρ )L/B 1/3 , is explicitly a function of the buoyancy flux B and the length of the basin L. The initial Richardson number, Ri in ρ , is a function of depth, the initial reduced gravity of the interface and a weak function of slope angle. In the absence of initial penetration for very steep slopes of 75° and 90°, we observe that penetrative convection at the interface leads to significant local entrainment. In consequence, the top layer thickens and the interfacial entrainment rate increases as the fifth power of the interfacial Froude number. In contrast, such a process is not observed at comparable interfacial Froude numbers on lower slopes of 30°, 45° and 60°, thereby demonstrating the important role of impact angle on penetrative convection. We attribute the increased interfacial entrainment by the steep density currents as the result of the transition from an undular bore to a turbulent hydraulic jump at the point where the density current intrudes. We discuss the applicability of the observed circulation to the stability of the Arctic halocline where we find 0.56 ≤t p ≤1.2 years for a range of contemporary oceanographic conditions.
The predator pendulum revisited: Social conflict over wolves and their management in the western United States

The reintroduction, recovery, and management of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in the western United States has long been a source of controversy and acrimonious public debate. I discuss 3 factors that perpetuate confusion and conflict over wolves and their management: 1) the role of science and politics in wildlife management, 2) rhetoric and political actions of elected officials and political appointees, and 3) justification of wolf harvest and specific practices employed during hunting and trapping seasons. Wildlife professionals could reduce the controversy surrounding wolves by 1) clearly delineating policy decisions from the scientific input used to inform these decisions; 2) clearly articulating scientific concepts when they are used in agency communications; 3) employing collaborative public-involvement processes designed to reduce conflicts (e.g., collaborative learning, alternative dispute resolution); and 4) setting hunting and trapping regulations with public input concerning the timing of seasons, and methods and locations of take. Longitudinal studies designed to assess how human attitudes and behaviors change in response to changing policies would be particularly valuable for understanding and potentially reducing conflicts over wolves (and other wildlife) in the future. Such data could be collected through collaborations between social scientists, who possess expertise in relevant research methods and theoretical knowledge, and state Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research units, who possess experience working with state agencies. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Beyond the Generational Stereotypes: A Study of U.S. Generation Y Employees in Context

This case study examined the extent to which expected Gen Y traits surfaced in a well-managed U.S. company. The results indicate that certain Gen Y traits typically regarded as undesirable in the w...
The Poincaré Upper Half-Plane

In Chap. 2, we considered a model for elliptic geometry, in which any two geodesics intersect, so that there are no parallels. Now we want to investigate a model for hyperbolic geometry, in which there are infinitely many geodesics through a given point which are parallel to a given geodesic. This sort of geometry was discovered by Bolyai, Gauss, and Lobatchevsky in the 1820s. However, Gauss never published his results, perhaps because the idea was controversial. In fact, Gauss embittered Bolyai by claiming precedence in a letter to Bolyai’s father (see Gauss [199, Vol. 8, pp. 220–225]). The subject of non-Euclidean geometry was still controversial when Lewis Carroll “repudiated hyperbolic geometry in 1888 as being too fanciful” (see the article of Coxeter in COSRIMS [110, p. 55]). Models for hyperbolic geometry were obtained first by Liouville, then by Beltrami in 1868, and by Klein in 1870. Poincare rediscovered the Liouville–Beltrami upper half-plane model in 1882 and this space is usually called the Poincare upper half-plane, though some call it the Lobatchevsky upper half-plane (but see Milnor [469]). Poincare [517] also considered discontinuous groups of transformations of the hyperbolic upper half-plane as well as the functions left invariant by these groups and we intend to do the same. The geometric foundations for such work were laid by Gauss in 1827 (see Gauss [199, Vol. 4, pp. 217–258]) and by Riemann in 1854 (see Riemann [542, pp. 272–287]). These important papers of Gauss and Riemann are discussed from a modern perspective in Spivak [615, Vol. II].