cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auricular tachycardia with Wenckebach phenomenon occurring during the course of cardiac catheterization.

Abstract 1. 1. A case is presented of rapid auricular rhythm with Wenckebach type of A-V block occurring during the course of cardiac catheterization in a 9-year-old girl with congenital cyanotic heart disease. 2. 2. The aid of intracardiac leads and pressure tracings from the right atrium in establishing the nature of the arrhythmia is demonstrated. 3. 3. The various factors influencing the development of the Wenckebach phenomenon are discussed with particular emphasis on the influence of the autonomic nervous system, auricular rate, hypoxia, and digitalis, and it is seen that attention to all of the factors involved may bring about rapid reversion to normal rhythm.
Influence of Desorption Conditions on Analyte Sensitivity and Internal Energy in Discrete Tissue or Whole Body Imaging by IR-MALDESI

Analyte signal in a laser desorption/postionization scheme such as infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is strongly coupled to the degree of overlap between the desorbed plume of neutral material from a sample and an orthogonal electrospray. In this work, we systematically examine the effect of desorption conditions on IR-MALDESI response to pharmaceutical drugs and endogenous lipids in biological tissue using a design of experiments approach. Optimized desorption conditions have then been used to conduct an untargeted lipidomic analysis of whole body sagittal sections of neonate mouse. IR-MALDESI response to a wide range of lipid classes has been demonstrated, with enhanced lipid coverage received by varying the laser wavelength used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Targeted MS2 imaging (MS2I) of an analyte, cocaine, deposited beneath whole body sections allowed determination of tissue-specific ion response factors, and CID fragments of cocaine were monitored to comment on wavelength-dependent internal energy deposition based on the “survival yield” method.
Supplier–supplier relationships in the buyer–supplier triad: Building theories from eight case studies

Abstract Many researchers have studied how the buying company manages its relationship with suppliers (i.e. buyer–supplier relationship). Extending this genre of study, researchers have recently shown interest in investigating how the buying company manages relationships between the suppliers (i.e. supplier–supplier relationship). In other words, just as the relationship with the suppliers does, the relationships between suppliers have strategic implications for the buyer. We present in this study eight cases that describe supplier–supplier relationship dynamics. Using theory building through case studies, we identify five archetypes of supplier–supplier relationships. Each type of relationship is a unique configuration of the relational characteristics. We also present working propositions that associate the antecedent conditions that lead to these archetypes and eventual performance implications.
Identifying the export component of industries that produce partly for local consumption

Identification of the export nature of an industry in a center within a region has proven difficult because of the complexities, dynamic nature and maturation of regional economies. Location Theory and the work of Jan Tinbergen imply that some industries (hybrid industries) in a center may produce both for local consumption and for export within a region. We focus on hybrid industries in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the Census Midwest region. We present new statistical tests designed to identify the export component of three different types of hybrid industries. The first type of industry is present in virtually all MSAs, and appears to produce for export in a subset of those MSAs. We present a test to identify the subset of MSAs for which the industry is hybrid. The second type of hybrid industry is absent in a number of MSAs and appears to produce for export in some or all the MSAs in which it is present. Our statistical technique seeks to identify the portion of employment in the industry in the region which produces for export production. Finally, we focus on high-order business services in the five largest MSAs in the Midwest region. While these industries typically produce for local consumption they may produce for export, especially in large MSAs. We present a statistical test for identifying the export component of these industries in large MSAs. To varying degrees, we compare our tests with results obtained using location quotients.
Studies of effect of dynamic preloads on mechanical properties of steel

In order to determine the effect of load history upon the yield characteristics of a low-carbon steel, specimens of low-carbon steel have been subjected to initial dynamic compressive or tensile loads. The load-time function was approximately that of a sine wave of half-period duration with a half-period time of about 1 msec. The intensity of the load was varied; scme specimens were subjected to elastic strains for loads in excess of the static yield stress but less than the dynamic yield stress, while in others gross yield was initiated. These specimens were then aged for a short time at temperatures ranging from 68 to 250°F and then retested dynamically or in static tension. Upper and lower yield stresses and the inelastic microstrain which preceded gross yield on the retest have been used to evaluate the extent of damage and recovery. The results of these studies tend to confirm a yield phenomenon predicted by dislocation theory.
Imaging objects in an opaque scattering medium

In this paper a 2D homodyne and heterodyne technique for imaging objects embedded in an opaque scattering medium is introduced. Our imaging approach is based on heterodyning of light with different Doppler shifts scattered from objects of two different textures or from an opaque object and a textured scattering medium. We report on the initial demonstration of pulling signals out of noise for an object hidden behind a scattering medium. Enhancements of signal- to-noise ratio of the order of 50 have been achieved utilizing a 2D holographic phase-sensitive detector.
Promoting effective social work policy in end-of-life and palliative care.

Policy developments in the health care arena in general, and in end-of-life and palliative care in particular, strongly influence the practice environment for the delivery of hospice and palliative care services and the diverse roles of social work practitioners. This article analyzes policy developments in two crucial areas—ethics and law and disenfranchisement and health disparities. It focuses on the recent social work literature and other key sources and provides recommendations to promote the roles of social workers in ethics consultation, public policy, and advocacy and to integrate better the perspectives and concerns of diverse communities into palliative care practice, education, and policy.
Synthesis and Characterization of [Cp3iM(CO)3]2 (M = Mo, W; Cp3i = 1,2,4-Triisopropylcyclopentadienyl Ligand). X-ray Crystal Structure of [Cp3iMo(CO)3]2

We report the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of sterically hindered organometallic dimer complexes of Mo and W. The single-crystal X-ray analysis of [Cp3iMo(CO)3]2 showed several provocative features, including a unit cell containing four monomer units with two distinctive dimers. Flash photolysis and electrochemical results provide insight into the electronic and structural factors that contribute to the photochemistry of these complexes.
Sleep: a good investment in health and safety

Sleep management is critical to both good health and safety. Most people do not know how much sleep is needed and place themselves and sometime others at risk for medical problems and increased risk for injuries or fatal accidents. Sleep need is discussed and the amount of sleep required as a function of age is provided. Agriculture is a high-risk industry with many injury-related or fatal accidents. SLEEP Model, a Web-based simulation model, was used to predict increase in odds ratio for injuries for farmers and other professionals who tend to work with a buildup of sleep debt because of the nature of their work. Results are given for working the day after a night of no sleep with and without use of caffeine and for a gradual buildup of sleep debt for daily sleep amounts of 0, 2, 4, 5, and 5.5 hours of sleep for a 58-year-old person with predicted sleep need of 6.2 hours per day. Results were also compared to some measurements reported in the literature. Odds ratio of about 10 times normal for average of caffeine and non-caffeine use are associated with working a day after no sleep and no previous sleep debt or with a gradual buildup of sleep debt typical of farmers involved in planting and harvesting seasons. Generally, caffeine use can reduce risks by about 70 times but may have little benefit for a night of no sleep after a buildup of severe sleep debt.
Psammoma bodies in cervicovaginal cytology specimens: A clinicopathological analysis of 31 cases

Abstract Background. Psammoma bodies in cervicovaginal cytology specimens are associated with malignant and benign conditions. Few studies have evaluated which features distinguish patients with underlying malignancy from those with benign conditions. Methods. Pathology files were searched for cervicovaginal specimens having psammoma bodies. The cytology specimen was assessed for the background, glandular atypia, squamous atypia, and presence of non-psammomatous calcifications. Clinical data was obtained from chart review. Results. Nineteen women (mean age 42.7 years) had benign outcomes. None had signs or symptoms suggesting malignancy. None had highly atypical or malignant appearing glandular cells. Twelve women had malignant neoplasms (mean age 56 years), including 6 with recurrent disease. Four women without prior malignancy had worrisome signs including bleeding or mass. All six women with prior malignancy had signs of recurrent disease. All specimens contained highly atypical or malignant glandular cells. Conclusions. The only cytologic feature predictive of outcome was the presence of highly atypical gladular cells in the specimen ( P = 0.001), but these cells may be few. Women with underlying malignancy were older than those with benign outcome ( P = 0.014) and more likely to be postmenopausal ( P = 0.05). Women with malignancy had signs that warranted additional investigation whereas those with benign outcome were usually asymptomic ( P = 0.001).
Terror Management and Reactions to Undocumented Immigrants: Mortality Salience Increases Aversion to Culturally Dissimilar Others

The authors examine the idea, derived from Terror Management Theory, that concerns about undocumented immigrants stem from the need to protect death-buffering cultural values against the symbolic threat posed by dissimilar others. It is hypothesized that reminders of death will intensify aversion to culturally dissimilar immigrants. Forty-six university students were randomly assigned to a mortality salience or a control condition prior to evaluating either an illegal alien named Ben Johnson from Vancouver or Carlos Suarez from Mexico City. Consistent with the hypothesis, reactions to the Canadian target did not differ in the control and mortality salience conditions, whereas reactions to the Mexican immigrant were more negative in the mortality salience than in the control condition.
Expanding the chemical versatility of colloidal nanocrystals capped with molecular metal chalcogenide ligands.

We developed different strategies toward the synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals stabilized with molecular metal chalcogenide complexes (MCCs). Negatively charged MCCs, such as SnS44−, Sn2S64−, SnTe44−, AsS33−, MoS42−, can quantitatively replace the organic ligands at the nanocrystal surface and stabilize nanocrystal solutions in different polar media. We showed that all-inorganic nanocrystals composed of metals, semiconductors, or magnetic materials and capped with various MCC ligands can be synthesized using convenient and inexpensive chemicals and environmentally benign solvents such as water, formamide, or dimethylsulfoxide. The development of mild synthetic routes was found to be crucial for the design of highly luminescent all-inorganic nanocrystals, such as CdSe/ZnS and PbS capped with Sn2S64− MCCs, respectively. We also prepared conductive and luminescent layer-by-layer assemblies from inorganically capped colloidal nanocrystals and polyelectrolytes. In close-packed films of 5-nm Au nanocrystals s...
Attenuation of β-amyloid induced toxicity by sialic acid-conjugated dendrimeric polymers

beta-amyloid (Abeta) is the primary protein component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease and is believed to be associated with neurotoxicity in the disease. We and others have shown that Abeta binds with relatively high affinity to clustered sialic acid residues on cell surfaces and that removal of cell surface sialic acids attenuate Abeta toxicity. In the current work, we have prepared sialic acid conjugated dendrimeric polymers and assessed the ability of these sialic acid conjugated dendrimers to prevent Abeta toxicity. Flow cytometry was used to analyze viability of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the effects of soluble and clustered sialic acid mimics on Abeta cell toxicity. Soluble sialic acid attenuation of Abeta induced toxicity was effective only at high sialic acid concentrations and low Abeta concentration. The sialic acid conjugated dendrimeric polymers were able to attenuate Abeta toxicity at micromolar concentrations, or approximately three orders of magnitude lower concentrations than the soluble sialic acid. The toxicity prevention properties of the sialic acid modified dendrimers were a function of dendrimer size. This work may lead to the development of new classes of therapeutics for the prevention of Abeta toxicity.
Photocurable oil/water interfaces as a universal platform for 2-D self-assembly.

We present a novel platform, dubbed fossilized liquid assembly, for the creation of 2-D assemblies from nanoscale building blocks. The system consists of an oil/water interface in which the oil phase can be flash-cured upon UV exposure. The photopolymerizable material, 1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate, solidifies in as little as 1 s when exposed to UV light. The rapid cross-linking allows one to obtain a “snapshot” of the assembly process for particles that segregate to the oil/water interface. Among the particles investigated were nonpolar 0.39 μm poly(methyl methacrylate) latex spheres, nonpolar 10 μm polystyrene latex spheres, highly polarizable 5 nm Au nanocrystals, dipolar 10 nm CdTe quantum dots, and magnetic 25 nm magnetite nanoparticles. The aggregates formed by this process were typically either globular or fractal in appearance. By comparing with simulation, we can perform quantitative image analysis on the resulting micrographs to define a rigorous set of standards for distinguishing among the ...
Genetic diversity and purifying selection in West Nile virus populations are maintained during host switching

To investigate differential evolutionary rates and selective forces of WNV in hosts and vectors, we measured the genetic diversity that arose during alternating passage in mosquitoes and birds. Within-host genetic diversity was monitored in each of three experimentally passed replicates, and the complete genome sequence of each WNV strain was determined after passage. The intrahost genetic diversity that arose during alternating passage was significantly greater than the diversity generated during chicken-only passage and similar to mosquito-only passage. dN/dS ratios suggested purifying selection similar to chick-passed virus, but not to mosquito-passed virus. Thus, the abundant genetic variation contributed to WNV populations through infection of mosquitoes and the strong purifying selection contributed by infection of birds may be maintained despite frequent host switching.
DNA adducts: effects of low exposure to ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride and butadiene

Dose-response relationships of genotoxic agents differ greatly depending on the agent and the endpoint being evaluated. Simple conclusions that genotoxic effects are linear cannot be applied universally. The shape of the molecular dose of DNA adducts varies from linear, to supralinear, to sublinear depending on metabolic activation and detoxication, and repair of individual types of DNA adducts. For mutagenesis and other genotoxicity endpoints, the dose-response reflects the molecular dose of each type of DNA adduct, cell proliferation, as well as endogenous factors that lead to mutagenesis such as the formation and repair of endogenous DNA adducts. These same factors are important when interpreting the shape of dose-response data for carcinogenesis of genotoxic agents, however, tumor background variability adds additional complexity. Endogenously formed DNA adducts may be identical to those formed by chemicals, as in the case of vinyl chloride and ethylene oxide, or they may be those associated with oxidative stress. Data presented in this paper demonstrate that the exogenous number of adducts induced by 5 days of exposure to 10 ppm vinyl chloride is only 2. 2-fold greater than that present as a steady-state amount in unexposed control rats. Similar data are shown for ethylene oxide. Extremely sensitive methods have been developed for measuring the molecular dose of genotoxins. These methods can detect DNA adducts as low as 1 per 10(9) to 10(10). However, in view of the high number of endogenous DNA adducts that are present in all cells, it is unlikely that causal relationships can be attributed to very low numbers of such DNA adducts. Effects of both exogenous and endogenous DNA adducts need to be factored into the interpretation of chemical exposures.
Understanding the Sexome: Measuring and Reporting Sex Differences in Gene Systems

The current male bias in biomedical research should be eliminated. The large sex differences in incidence and progression of diseases mean that sex-biased factors are an untapped source of factors that protect from disease. Greater understanding will come from intensified study of the “sexome,” which is the sum of sex-biased effects on gene networks and cell systems. The global search for sites and mechanisms of sex-specific regulation in diverse tissues will provide unanticipated insights into physiological regulation and targets for novel therapies.
THE ANCHOR FOR THE SERIAL POSITION CURVE

Two experiments were carried out to determine the cue used by Ss to anchor the serial position curve in rote learning. Experiment I was designed to evaluate the role of starting position and facilitated (pretrained) syllable in lists that contained no other cues as to beginning or end (closed cycle lists). The results show that the Ss anchor the curve on the starting position. These findings contradict both facilitation and inhibition explanations of the serial position curve. On the basis of facilitation constructs it would be predicted that serial position curve should anchor on a facilitated syllable. On the basis of inhibition constructs it would be predicted that there should be no serial position effect in a closed cycle list. As an alternative to these it is suggested that the S makes a choice of anchor position and that any cue, position or list characteristic may serve as anchor for the curve. From this it follows that E should be able to instruct the S as to the anchor point. In Exp. II the E varied the indication of the beginning of the list by means of verbal instructions. The results show that the anchor point can be manipulated in this manner.
Differences Between Novices' and Experts' Solving Ill-Structured Problems

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe differences in the cognitive processes of novice and expert public health nurses (PHNs) as they solved ill-structured problems commonly found in public health practice. Design and Sample This descriptive/exploratory small group design used the think-aloud method, a qualitative technique of collecting verbal data about cognitive processes. Data were coded and analyzed using theoretical thematic analysis. The purposive sample consisted of 12 registered nurses: six novices and six experts. Measures Participants were asked to think-aloud as they solved two ill-structured public health problems (underage drinking and obesity). Results Findings indicated that novice and expert PHNs solve ill-structured problems differently. Experts used cognitive strategies, such as conversion, to propel the problem-solving process forward, forming complex, detailed problem representations and solutions. Novices asked questions as a strategy in defining the problem and developed broad, superficial problem representations and solutions. Conclusions This study suggests the need for the development of strategies in the workplace and in academia that support PHNs in identifying and solving ill-structured problems as they transition from novice to expert.
Alcohol's role in men's use of coercion to obtain unprotected sex.

Past sexual victimization has been identified as a predictor of women's sexual risk-taking. In order to develop effective prevention and treatment programs, research is needed that examines perpetrators' characteristics. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine predictors of men's willingness to use coercive strategies to obtain sex without a condom. Male college students (n = 72) completed a survey that assessed past sexual assault perpetration, hostility, past misperception of women's sexual cues, usual alcohol consumption, and usual condom use. One month later, they participated in an alcohol administration study and watched a video about a couple in a consensual sexual situation. Participants were asked to evaluate how justified they would be in using a variety of coercive strategies to make the woman have unprotected sex. In hierarchical multiple regression analyses, there was a significant main effect of past perpetration such that men who had previously committed sexual assault felt more justifi...
The impact of presenteeism in work place: an empirical study

This paper describes an empirical study on the existence of presenteeism – a term defined as 'employees keep coming to work while sick'. The presenteeism is different from absenteeism, which has been addressed in published researches, that it covers more than practical issues, but also presents an economical burden for employers in terms of additional high indirect costs that are not perceived by the employees as a cost. A unique questionnaire was developed and used to collect all data for this research. The results of this research are discussed along with managerial socio-economic implications and suggestions for future research in enterprise development and human resource management.
The interaction of phenothiazine derivatives with synaptosomal membranes: the use of fluorescent probes as an indicator of drug-induced conformational perturbations.

The effects of two phenothiazine derivatives, chlorpromazine and chlorpromazine sulfoxide, were studied on synaptic membranes derived from rat cerebral cortex. The fluorescent probe 1 -anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) was used to determine whether these drugs were capable of altering membrane structure. The results of this study indicate that the probe is bound to the membrane resulting in an enhanced fluorescence of the ANS and a blue spectral shaft of some 43 nm in its emission spectrum. Titration of the ANS-membrane complex in the presence of 1 × 10−4 M chlorpromazine indicated that the drug alters the membrane structure in such a way as to create additional ANS binding sites. This finding was verified by the use of double-reciprocal plots of protein versus fluorescence in the presence and absence of the drug. When chlorpromazine sulfoxide was used as the neuro-perturbant the same general effect was noted but to a much smaller degree. These findings substantiate theories regarding the mechanism of...
Improving the performance of LDGM codes over indoor channels by exploiting the channel statistics

We propose a scheme for improving the decoding of linear codes with low-density generator matrix (LDGM codes) over indoor-like channels. The key idea is to model the channel of interest as a hidden Markov model, which is estimated and exploited in the decoding process. No a priori knowledge about the hidden Markov model is assumed at the decoder site. The proposed system clearly outperforms systems in which the channel statistics are not considered in the decoding process.
Calcium, magnesium, and potassium uptake by crested wheatgrass grown on calcareous soils

Forage intake with potassium/(calcium + magnesium) (K/(Mg + Ca)) values in excess of 2.2 are associated with grass tetany and Mg deficiencies in ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the degree to which forage K and Mg concentrations and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios could be predicted from soil bicarbonate (HCO3) extractable phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P), and saturation extract Ca, Mg, K, sodium (Na), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations. Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron spp) strains and cultivars representing four ploidy levels were grown in the greenhouse on eight calcareous soils with differ- ent saturation extract Ca, Mg, K and K/Mg ratios. The plants were harvested three times. Soil solution 1C/(Ca + Mg) and K/Mg ratios were the only measured soil parameters that showed a consistent correlation with plant K/(Ca + Mg) ratios. Bicarbonate extractable soil P was positively related to plant P and K uptake in the first harvest, but was not related in the second and third harvests nor was soil P related to plant Ca or Mg content. There was a tendency for the higher ploidy level entries to have higher plant K/(Ca + Mg) ratios. It was concluded that soil K/(Ca + Mg) ratios can be used to predict relative forage K/(Ca + Mg) ratios for grasses grown under similar conditions.
A Control System Test Bed for Demonstration of Distributed Computational Intelligence Applied to Reconfiguring Heterogeneous Systems

This paper presents a combined hardware/software simulation framework for testing and evaluating decentralized control methodologies for integrated mechanical and electrical systems on board US Navy ships. Integrated ship system control is a challenging domain as it involves a set of highly complex and inter-dependent systems, including electrical power, HVAC, and an underlying communications network. This control problem is especially difficult when damage events or current operational objectives require collaboration between the individual systems to make intelligent tradeoffs that maximize overall effectiveness.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Down-Regulation of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 4 (Oatp4; Slc21a10) Is Independent of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, or Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Organic anion transporting polypeptide 4 (Oatp4; Slc21a10) is expressed almost exclusively in liver, where it mediates uptake of a variety of compounds, including bile acids, as well as other endo- and xenobiotics, across hepatic sinusoidal membranes in a Na+-independent manner. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to decrease Oatp4 mRNA levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-normal (C3H/OuJ) mice, but not in TLR4-mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice. Moreover, after LPS administration, serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are markedly lower in TLR4-mutant mice than in TLR4-normal mice. Thus, TLR4 is considered an upstream mediator of LPS-induced decrease in mouse Oatp4 mRNA. LPS is thought to alter liver gene expression through LPS-induced cytokines or nitric oxide (NO). TNF receptor p55 (TNFRp55) and type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI) mediate the biological functions of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, respectively. Therefore, to determine whether endogenous cytokines or NO are mediators of LPS-induced down-regulation of Oatp4, Oatp4 mRNA levels were determined in mice deficient in the TNFRp55, IL-1RI, IL-6, or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) after LPS administration. Mice homozygous for a targeted deletion of genes for TNFRp55, IL-1RI, IL-6, or iNOS exhibited similar decreases in Oatp4 mRNA levels as wild-type mice after LPS administration. Moreover, in mouse hepatoma cells, treatment with TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or IL-6 individually or in combination did not suppress activity of mouse Oatp4 promoter (-4.8 kb to +30). Therefore, LPS-induced down-regulation of Oatp4 appears to be independent of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, or iNOS.
Endocrine control of osmoregulation in teleost fish

As the primary link between environmental change and physiological response, the neuroendocrine system is a critical part of osmoregulatory adaptations. Cortisol has been viewed as ‘the’ seawater-adapting hormone in fish and prolactin as ‘the’ fresh water adapting hormone. Recent evidence indicates that the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis is also important in seawater adaptation in several teleosts of widely differing evolutionary lineages. In salmonids, growth hormone acts in synergy with cortisol to increase seawater tolerance, at least partly through the upregulation of gill cortisol receptors. Cortisol under some conditions may promote ion uptake and interacts with prolactin during acclimation to fresh water. The osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone and prolactin are antagonistic. In some species, thyroid hormones support the action of growth hormone and cortisol in promoting seawater acclimation. Although a broad generalization that holds for all teleosts is unlikely, our current understanding indicates that growth hormone promotes acclimation to seawater, prolactin promotes acclimation to fresh water, and cortisol interacts with both of these hormones thus having a dual osmoregulatory function.
Objects do not predict fixations better than early saliency: a re-analysis of Einhauser et al.'s data.

Einhauser, Spain, and Perona (2008) explored an alternative hypothesis to saliency maps (i.e., spatial image outliers) and claimed that "objects predict fixations better than early saliency." To test their hypothesis, they measured eye movements of human observers while they inspected 93 photographs of common natural scenes (Uncommon Places dataset by Shore, Tillman, & Schmidt-Wulen 2004; Supplement Figure S4). Subjects were asked to observe an image and, immediately afterwards, to name objects they saw (remembered). Einhauser et al. showed that a map made of manually drawn object regions, each object weighted by its recall frequency, predicts fixations in individual images better than early saliency. Due to important implications of this hypothesis, we investigate it further. The core of our analysis is explained here. Please refer to the Supplement for details.
Measuring improvement in user search performance resulting from optimal search tips

Web search performance can be improved by either improving the search engine itself or by educating the user to search more efficiently. There is a large amount of literature describing techniques for measuring the former; whereas, improvements resulting from the latter are more difficult to quantify. In this paper we demonstrate an experimental methodology that proves to successfully quantify improvements from user education. The user education in our study is realized in the form of tactical search feature tips that expand user awareness of task-relevant tools and features of the search application. Initially, these tips are presented in an idealized situation: each tip is shown at the same time as the study participants are given a task that is constructed to benefit from the specific tip. However, we also present a follow-up study roughly one week later in which the search tips are no longer presented but the study participants who previously were shown search tips still demonstrate improved search efficiency compared to the control group. This research has implications for search user interface designers and the study of information retrieval systems.
A two frequency estimation technique using zero crossings [for EW receivers]

A parametric, computationally simple algorithm is presented that estimates one or two sinusoidal frequencies directly from measured zero crossing times. The method does not require A/D conversion and possesses an operating bandwidth of one-half octave with a useful amplitude dynamic range of 25 db. Error analysis and simulation results are provided.
Bayesian hybrid estimation of LTI networked systems using finite set statistics

In this paper, we develop a Bayesian approach to estimating the state and connectivity topology of a set of networked linear time invariant systems. The connectivity of the network is assumed simple, undirected and constant in time. Each node's state, in turn, is assumed to satisfy linear discrete-time dynamics corrupted by Gaussian process noise. Measurements are assumed to be some linear transformation of the state at each node and are also corrupted by Gaussian noise. We use a Bayesian hybrid estimation approach based on the general theory of finite set statistics, which was developed for multi-target detection and tracking, to estimate the nodes' states as well as the topology of the network. Due to the linearity of the nodes' dynamics and the Gaussianity of the process and measurement noise signals, we are able to obtain algebraic closed-form solutions to the hybrid estimation problem. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a simple multi-agent consensus network from the literature. This approach promises to solve, in closed-form, more general hybrid network estimation problems in the future, including but not limited to: dynamic topologies that are coupled with nonlinear node dynamics.
Impact of Business Service Modes on Distribution Systems: A Reinforcement Learning Approach

In this paper we identify several typical business service modes in a general distribution system composed of a single distributor and multiple retailers. For different service models, the business process can be different and each member of the distribution system may observe different level of information. Each member makes decisions to minimize its long-run-average cost or maximize its profit. A reinforcement learning algorithm is applied to obtain the decision policies and system costs. By comparing the system costs in various business service modes, we show numerically the impact of different business service modes on the distribution system. The results provide managerial insights into actual decision making in distribution systems.
Protein Quality and Metabolizable Energy of Corn Gluten Feed

Abstract Four experiments were conducted using chicks to evaluate the protein quality of four corn gluten feed (CGF) samples (CGF1 through 4). In addition, a 48-h excreta-collection assay was conducted using cecectomized (CEC) and conventional (CONV) cockerels to determine amino acid digestibility and TMEn. The protein efficiency and net protein ratios, estimated from feeding chicks a N-free diet or diets containing 9% CP supplied solely by CGF, were significantly higher for CGF3 (2.9 and 3.3, respectively) relative to the other three CGF diets (χ = 2.2 and 2.7, respectively). The order of amino acid limitation in CGF was determined with a 14% CP, semipurified diet supplemented with various combinations of essential amino acids. The results indicated that Trp and Lys were equally first-limiting in CGF protein, with Arg being the third-limiting amino acid. Lysine bioavailability, determined by a chick growth assay, was 83, 63, 87, and 57% for CGF1 through 4, respectively. The values did not differ significantly among CGF sources, but the Lys bioavailability values for CGF2 and 4 were significantly lower man that for crystalline L-Lys·HCl (100%). Tryptophan bioavailability in one CGF from two chick growth assays averaged 68%. Lysine digestibility values for CEC birds used in the excreta-collection assay were 69, 60, 72, and 79%; Trp digestibility values were 80, 65, 80, and 86% for CGF1 through 4, respectively. Digestibility values from CEC birds were significantly lower than those from CONV birds for most of the amino acids in CGF2 but not the other CGF. The TMEn values for CEC birds averaged 7.5% lower than those for CONV birds, with the differences being significant for CGF2. The TMEn values measured in CONV birds were 3.179, 2.754, 2.776, and 2.785 kcal per g of DM for CGF1 through 4, respectively.
Deposition of garnet thin films by metallo-organic decomposition (MOD)

Polycrystalline Dy/sub 1.6/Bi/sub 1.4/Fe/sub (5-x)/FeGa/sub x/O/sub 12/ and Gd/sub 2/BiFe/sub (5-x)/Ga/sub x/O/sub 12/ garnet thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by metallo-organic decomposition. The advantages of this process include low cost and accurate control of composition. The crystalline garnet phase was ascertained by X-ray diffractometry and the composition was measured by X-ray flourescence. The magnetic and magneto-optic properties were characterized using a magneto-optic loop tracer. >
1. Anatomy and physiology

Abstract The purpose of this self-directed learning module is to describe the anatomy and physiology of the nerve, neuromuscular junction, and muscle as they relate to rehabilitation of diseases affecting these structures. It is a section of the chapter on rehabilitation in nerve and muscle disorders for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. The major clinically important structural features and relationships of the spinal cord segment, spinal roots, peripheral nerve, motor unit, and muscle fiber are outlined with structure-function correlations. Metabolic features of neuronal physiology, including axonal transport, blood-nerve barriers, and synaptic function, are reviewed as they relate to commonly encountered neurologic diseases. Lastly, skeletal muscle cell biochemistry and physiology are discussed as they relate to force generation and force maintenance.
Line scan diffusion imaging: characterization in healthy subjects and stroke patients.

Our objective was to evaluate a new scanning method, MR line scan diffusion imaging, and assess the apparent diffusion coefficient in the brains of healthy subjects and stroke patients.Line scan diffusion imaging without cardiac gating or head restraints was implemented on low- (0.5 T) and medium- (1.5 T) field-strength scanners with conventional hardware. Diffusion-weighted images were obtained in six healthy subjects and eight stroke patients. Unidirectional diffusion encoding was used for fast localization of stroke lesions. For further characterization, orthogonal diffusion encoding was applied, and the trace of the apparent diffusion coefficient was calculated. Single-shot diffusion-weighted echoplanar imaging served as the reference standard. For healthy subjects, imaging was repeated four times on each scanner. Mean and relative precision of the apparent diffusion coefficient trace values were calculated for each pixel. In stroke lesions and adjacent normal tissue, apparent diffusion coefficient tr...
Qualitative Factors in Patients Who Die Shortly After Emergency Department Discharge

Objective Early death after ED discharge may signal opportunities to improve care. Prior studies are limited by incomplete mortality ascertainment and lack of clinically important information in administrative data. Our goal in this hypothesis-generating study was to identify patient and process of care-level themes that may provide possible explanations for early post-discharge mortality.
Automated Student Model Improvement

Student modeling plays a critical role in developing and improving instruction and instructional technologies. We present a technique for automated improvement of student models that leverages the DataShop repository, crowd sourcing, and a version of the Learning Factors Analysis algorithm. We demonstrate this method on eleven educational technology data sets from intelligent tutors to games in a variety of domains from math to second language learning. In at least ten of the eleven cases, the method discovers improved models based on better test-set prediction in cross validation. The improvements isolate flaws in the original student models, and we show how focused investigation of flawed parts of models leads to new insights into the student learning process and suggests specific improvements for tutor design. We also discuss the great potential for future work that substitutes alternative statistical models of learning from the EDM literature or alternative model search algorithms.
Clinicopathologic features of breast cancers that develop in women with previous benign breast disease.

BACKGROUND Women with benign breast disease (BBD) have an increased risk of developing breast cancer (BC). Nearly 30% of all BCs develop in women with prior BBD. Information regarding features of the expected number of BCs after BBD would enhance individualized surveillance and prevention strategies for these women. In the current study, the authors sought to characterize BCs developing in a large cohort of women with BBD. METHODS The current study cohort included 13,485 women who underwent breast biopsy for mammographic or palpable concerns between 1967 and 2001. Biopsy slides were reviewed and classified as nonproliferative disease, proliferative disease without atypia, or atypical hyperplasia. BCs were identified by follow-up questionnaires, medical records, and Tumor Registry data. BC tissues were obtained and reviewed. RESULTS With median follow-up of 15.8 years, 1273 women developed BC. The majority of BCs were invasive (81%), of which 61% were ductal, 13% were mixed ductal/lobular, and 14% were lobular. Approximately two-thirds of the BC cases were intermediate or high grade, and 29% were lymph node positive. Cancer characteristics were similar across the 3 histologic categories of BBD, with a similar frequency of ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive disease, tumor size, time to invasive BC, histologic type of BC, lymph node positivity, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity. Women with atypical hyperplasia were found to have a higher frequency of estrogen receptor-positive BC (91%) compared with women with proliferative disease without atypia (80%) or nonproliferative disease (85%) (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS A substantial percentage of all BCs develop in women with prior BBD. The majority of BCs after BBD are invasive tumors of ductal type, with a substantial number demonstrating lymph node positivity. Of all the BCs in the current study, 84% were estrogen receptor positive. Prevention therapy should be strongly encouraged in higher-risk women with BBD. Cancer 2016;122:378–385. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Neutrophil iodination reaction induced by fluoride: implications for degranulation and metabolic activation

Abstract Activation of neutrophils by phagocytosis or certain soluble stimuli results in a burst of oxidative metabolism and in degranulation. Fluoride is known to trigger the metabolic burst, but degranulation has not been reported. Iodination of protein by F–-activated human PMN was demonstrated by measuring TCA-precipitable 126I. lodination was dependent on H2O2, since it was inhibited by catalase, enhanced by superoxide dismutase, and absent in PMN from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Dependence on myeloperoxidase was indicated by an inhibitory effect of azide and cyanide and by the absence of iodination in myeloperoxidase-deficient PMN. Soluble extracellular protein was the predominant substrate for iodination, suggesting secretion of myeloperoxidase and H2O2. Maximum iodination occurred after a 60-min exposure of PMN to 20–30 mM fluoride. At greater than 30 mM F–, there was a sharp decrease in iodination. Peak iodination was lower than with other PMN activators. These observations suggested an inhibitory effect of F– on iodination, especially at high concentrations. Indeed, F– at 20–30 mM caused >50% inhibition of iodination by PMN exposed to zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate. This may relate to suppression of glycolysis by F–, since two other glycolytic inhibitors, iodoacetamide and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, caused similar inhibition of iodination. Fluoride also inhibited O2 consumption and H2O2 formation by PMN. The results show that the net effect of F– activation of PMN represents a summation of two opposing processes: (1) stimulation of metabolic activation (H2O2 formation) and degranulation (myeloperoxidase secretion) and (2) inhibition of these events, probably by interference with glycolytic energy metabolism.
WHOSE NATURE? WHICH MORALITY? ON KOHAK'S MORAL SENSE OF NATURE

Since Pythagoras made the body (soma) the tomb (sema) of the soul, it has been common for Western philosophy to understand the human essence as foreign from bodily nature. Though dreary, such dualisms have often seemed the only alternative to a naturalism that, from Democritus to Darwin, has threatened to undermine human uniqueness, and human morality in particular, by absorbing the mind in a nature inhospitable to moral value. The Aristotelian and hence Scholastic philosophy of nature mitigated this problem by suffusing nature with tele. But science since Galileo purged nature of purpose. Hobbes drew the ethical implications of modern mechanism with characteristic nonchalence: “whatsoever is the object of any mans Appetite or Desire; that is it, which he for his part calleth Good: And the object of his Hate, and Aversion, Evill [sic]... For these words... are ever used with relation to the person that useth them: There being nothing simply and absolutely so... ” (Hobbes, I, 6, p.120). Descartes and other dualists struck the bargain of granting to nature what is nature’s and to mind what is mind’s, accepting the resultant enigmas as the price for avoiding the Hobbesian conclusion. Defenders of mind with more chutzpah,however, following the dictum that the best defense is a good offense, declared nature a province of mind, and especially, of Geist. German idealism was eventually succeeded by a metaphysically chastened, but no less anti-naturalistic phenomenology in the work of Husserl. Throughout this abbreviated story, one theme remains virtually constant: with few exceptions, all sides in the modern debate have accepted the discontinuity of morality and nature as such. For morality’s defenders this discontinuity has been a two-edged sword, since it leaves the moral soul precariously out on a limb, waiting to be hacked off by a new wave of scientific advance. Thus in the twentieth century bedfellows as strange as positivism and existentialism have agreed on the discontinuity of morality and nature — and consequently held morality incapable of rational justification. Note the following remark from one of Europe’s foremost thinkers: Blind to good and evil, reckless of destruction, omnipotent matter rolls on its relentless way; for Man, condemned to-day to lose his dearest, to-morrow himself to pass through the gate of darkness, it remains only to cherish, ere yet the blow falls, the lofty thoughts that ennoble his little day... proudly defiant of the irresistable forces that tolerate, for a moment, his knowledge and his condemnation, to sustain alone, a weary but unyielding Atlas, the world that his own ideals have fashioned despite the trampling march of unconscious power. (Russell, p. 47)