cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Credit Markets and Economic Change in Southeastern France 1630-1788

This paper analyzes a sample of loan contracts from a town in southeastern France between 1630 and 1788. The data suggest that credit markets were both active and flexible. Prior to 1750, a wide range of interest rates was charged to different borrowers for perpetual annuities. Interest rates and size of loan were highly correlated with social ranking. After 1750, financial innovation led lenders to charge 5 percent on nearly all perpetual annuities. The market grew significantly between 1700 and 1789 because intermediaries were able to adapt short-term credit contracts to serve a larger and larger segment of the population.
Robert Cochran. Louise Pound: Scholar, Athlete, Feminist Pioneer

Louise Pound: Scholar, Athlete, Feminist Pioneer by Robert Cochran is a notable biography not just because of the incredible detail and quality of research that is apparent in the project, but beca...
Studies on Translocation: III. CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR THE FORMATION AND DETECTION OF A STABLE RIBOSOME-G FACTOR-GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE COMPLEX IN THE PRESENCE OF FUSIDIC ACID

Abstract The conditions necessary for the formation and detection of a ribosome-G factor (the soluble translocation protein)-GDP complex in the presence of fusidic acid have been examined. Complex detection has been accomplished by sucrose density gradient sedimentation and both gel and Millipore filtration. The latter two methods reveal a good correlation, as a function of fusidic acid concentration, between the amount of isolatable complex and the inhibition of the GTPase activity of the G factor-ribosome system by the antibiotic. Complex formation requires Mg2+ (10 to 20 mm) but apparently does not require a monovalent cation. The binding of nucleotide requires and is limited by both ribosomes and G factor. An examination of the stoichiometry of complex formation was carried out by varying ribosomes and G factor. The results of these experiments, on the basis of certain assumptions, are interpreted to indicate the formation, in the presence of fusidic acid, of a relatively stable ternary complex involving ribosomes, G factor, and GDP in a molar ratio of 1:1:1.
A 1mW Dual-Chopper Amplifier for a 50-/spl mu/g/spl radic/Hz Monolithic CMOS-MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer

This paper reports a novel dual-chopper amplifier (DCA) for CMOS-MEMS capacitive accelerometers. A DCA prototype integrated with a single-axis accelerometer has been fabricated using TSMC 0.35 mum CMOS process. The DCA achieves a 16nV/radicHz input-referred noise at 20 Hz with a power dissipation of only 1 mW. The measured accelerometer noise floor is 50 mug/radicHz down to 5 Hz
Isolation and Identification of Echinenone from Micrococcus roseus

An orange carotenoid from Micrococcus roseus was purified by solvent partitioning followed by column and thin-layer chromatography. Absorption spectra, chromatographic mobility, and partition coefficient suggested that the pigment was echinenone (4-keto-β-carotene). Reduction yielded a pigment with the spectral and polar properties of isocryptoxanthin (4-hydroxy-β-carotene), the expected product. The orange pigment and its reduction product co-chromatographed with the respective authentic pigments, confirming the original pigment as echinenone. To our knowledge echinenone has not been identified previously as a bacterial pigment.
Temporal Reasoning about Program Executions

While temporal verification of programs is a topic with a long history, its traditional basis --semantics based on word languages-- is ill-suited for modular reasoning about procedural programs. We address this inadequacy by defining the semantics of procedural (potentially recursive) programs in terms of languages of nested words and developing a framework for temporal reasoning around it. This generalization has two benefits. First, this style of reasoning naturally unifies Manna-Pnueli-style temporal reasoning with Hoare-style reasoning about structured programs. Second, it allows verification of "non-regular" properties of specific procedural contexts--for example, "if a procedure acquires a lock, then the same invocation releases it before returning." In this talk, we will first discuss the Nested Word Temporal Logic , a temporal logic for infinite nested words, and argue that it is the "right" logic for temporal reasoning about procedural programs based on theoretical results about decidability of the propositional fragment and first-order expressive-completeness. Then, we will present, sound and relatively complete, proof rules for a variety of classes of properties such as local safety , local response , global safety , and staircase reactivity . This talk is based on joint work reported in the following publications: 1 Adding nesting structure to words, full version under journal review (with P. Madhusudan). 1 First-order and temporal logics for nested words, Logical Methods in Computer Science (LMCS) 4(4: 11), 2008 (with M. Arenas, P. Barcelo, K. Etessami, N. Immerman, and L. Libkin). 1 Temporal reasoning for procedural programs, Pennsylvania State University Technical Report CSE-08-015, 2008 (with S. Chaudhuri).
Separation of Crack Extension Modes in Composite Delamination Problems

In the analysis of composite delamination problems, the magnitudes of Mode 1 and Mode 2 stress intensity factors or energy release rates are typically not unique, due to oscillatory behavior of near-tip stresses and displacements. This behavior currently limits the ability to consistently apply interfacial fracture mechanics to predict composite delamination. The virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) is a method used to extract Mode 1 and Mode 2 components of energy release rates from finite element fracture models. Energy release rate components extracted from an oscillatory delamination model using the VCCT are dependent on the virtual crack extension length, {Delta}. In this paper, a recently-developed modified VCCT from the literature is used to extract {Delta}-independent energy release rate quantities for composite delamination problems where the delamination occurs between two plies or ply groups modeled as in-plane orthotropic materials. Numerical cases studied are taken from existing work in the literature. For the cases studied, results show that mode mix values resulting from application of the modified VCCT are comparable to those obtained via existing methods. Some mode mix predictions obtained (in the literature) using existing methods lie outside the range of reasonable values for such problems, however. The {Delta}-independent energy releasemore » rate quantities extracted using the modified VCCT can serve as guides for testing the convergence of finite element models. This technique also has potential as a consistent method for extracting energy release rate quantities from numerical models of composite delamination.« less
Biotin Biotransformation to Bisnorbiotin Is Accelerated by Several Peroxisome Proliferators and Steroid Hormones in Rats

Bisnorbiotin and biotin sulfoxide are the major catabolites of biotin for humans, swine, and rats. Increased urinary excretion of bisnorbiotin, biotin sulfoxide, or both have been observed during pregnancy and in patients treated with certain anticonvulsants. We sought more insight into the sites and mechanisms of biotin catabolism by exposing rats in vivo to compounds known to induce classes of enzymes that were candidates to catalyze the biotransformations. Rats were treated with the anticonvulsants phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine, the steroid hormones dexamethasone and dehydroepiandrosterone, and the peroxisome proliferators clofibrate and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. [14C]Biotin was injected intraperitoneally at physiologic doses in treated rats and control rats; HPLC and radiometric flow detection were used to specifically identify and quantify [14C]biotin and its metabolites in urine. Treatment effects were assessed by the change in the urinary excretion of [14C]bisnorbiotin and [14C]biotin sulfoxide in response to administration of [14C]biotin. No significant changes resulted from treatment with any of the anticonvulsants. With the steroid hormones and the peroxisome proliferators, [14C]bisnorbiotin excretion increased significantly. These results indicate that biotin is converted into bisnorbiotin in the liver and that this conversion likely occurs in peroxisomes or mitochondria or both via beta-oxidative cleavage, and, in contrast to responses in humans, the enzymes responsible for the formation of biotin sulfoxide in rats are not induced by the anticonvulsants examined here.
Vaccine-Induced CD8+ T Lymphocytes of Rhesus Monkeys Recognize Variant Forms of an HIV Epitope but Do Not Mediate Optimal Functional Activity

The sequence diversity of HIV-1 presents a challenge for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, because such a vaccine must confer protection against diverse forms of the virus. The present studies were initiated to explore how vaccine-induced clonal populations of CD8 + T lymphocytes of rhesus monkeys recognize variants of an HIV-1 envelope epitope sequence. Evaluating a subset of variants of a selected epitope peptide that retain their binding to the MHC class I molecule of rhesus monkeys that presents this epitope peptide, we show that vaccine-elicited CD8 + T lymphocytes comparably recognize the wild-type and a number of variant epitope peptides as determined by tetramer binding assays. In fact, the same clonal populations of CD8 + T lymphocytes recognize the wild-type and variant epitope peptides. However, functional assays show that many of these variant epitope peptides stimulate suboptimal cytokine production by the vaccine-elicited CD8 + T lymphocytes. These findings suggest that vaccine-induced CD8 + T lymphocyte populations may recognize diverse forms of a viral epitope, but may not function optimally to confer protection against viruses expressing many of those variant sequences.
The Technology Challenge Facing EW Today

When you're going to give the first talk in the morning on the third day of a three-day conference, and the banquet, followed by the traditional partying, takes place the night before, you take unusual measures to get and keep the attention of the audience (such as it is). If the serious reader will skim through the various attempts at humor, he will find some thoughts that I believe are important and that might be of interest to him. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not in any way purport to represent those of The MITRE Corporation or the Department of Defense.
Scheduling data transmission under an {si; o} policy

This paper discusses scheduling of data transmission when data can only be transmitted in one direction at a time. A common policy used is the so-called alternating priority policy. In this paper we select a more general class of policies named the {Si; O} policy. We show how to determine the optimal parameters of the {Si; O} policy for given system parameters. We also give a simple example to show that {Si; O} policy is, in fact, better then alternating priority policy.
Wear Prediction of Strip Seals Through Conductance

Labyrinth seal assemblies are often used to reduce gas and/or steam leakage in turbines. Caulked-in continuous strip seals are one of the common forms of seals employed on both the rotating and stationary components of turbines. Labyrinth seals perform best when minimum clearances are achieved during the steady state operation of the turbine. However, the design of the turbine and its operation during transient periods of start-up, shut-down and hot re-start often result in interference between the seal components. In the case of the strip seals, this leads primarily to wear of the strip, which in effect adds to leakage. The aim of this paper is to show that strip tip heating and melting during the rub is the main mechanism of wear in the strip. Hence thermal conductivity through the strip and into the body mass in which it is caulked is the primary controlling factor in seal wear. This paper will discuss the use of thermal conductivity and geometry of the strip in predicting wear during high speed rubs against a proprietary material. A close correlation between calculated and experimental strip seal wear data with a number of seal alloys will be demonstrated. Test data will indicate that material properties such as tensile strength and hardness have a minor effect on the wear behavior of continuous seal elements during high-speed rubs.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
An examination of weight bias among treatment-seeking obese patients with and without binge eating disorder

article i nfo Objective: The objective was to compare weight-bias attitudes among treatment-seeking obese patients with and without binge eating disorder (BED vs. NBO) and to explore racial and sex differences and correlates of weight-bias attitudes. Method: Participants included 221 obese patients (169 female, 52 male) seeking treatment for weight and eating, recruited through primary care settings; of these, 168 patients met BED criteria. Patients completed semi-structured interviews and psychometrically established self-report measures of attitudes about obesity, eating pathology and depression. Results: Main effects for group (BED vs. NBO) and race (White vs. African American) were significant. Patients with BED had significantly higher levels of negative attitudes towards obesity than NBO patients, while African American patients had significantly lower levels of weight bias than did White patients. Greater negative attitudes towards obesity were significantly correlated with higher levels of depression and eating pathology for all patients. Conclusions: Endorsement of negative weight bias was related to binge eating status, race, disordered eating, and depression. Primary care providers should be aware of weight biases among their patients.
Maternal behavior in the rat: survival of newborn fostered young after hormonal treatment of the foster mother.

The 10-day old natural young of lactating rat mothers were removed, and the mother was given newborn foster young together with hormone treatment. A single injection of prolactin or progesterone was sufficient to increase the survival perentage and body weight of the fostered rats. An hypothesis is presented to explain the action of the hormones and the possible relationship to placental eating which is noted in many mammals at the time of parturition.
Joint Neural Network Interpretation of Infrared and Mass Spectra

Combining gas phase infrared (IR) spectra with mass spectral (MS) data, a neural network has been developed to predict 26 different molecular substructures from multispectral information. The back-propagation procedure has been used for training, including its previously published modification, the flashcard algorithm. Present functional groups have been detected correctly in 86.4% of all cases, compared with 88.4% using only IR and 78.2% using only MS data for training and prediction. For only 8 out of the 26 functionalities does the joint utilization of infrared and mass spectra yield better prediction results, with the greatest improvement being for halogen bond predictions. The prediction of functional group absence results in accuracy of about 95.5% for both IR and IR/MS networks but only 87.1% for a stand alone MS network. Insights have been gained into the suitability of both data sets for neural network training by presenting just IR or MS data to a jointly trained neural network, revealing the am...
Has Age at Menarche Changed? Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 -2004

Abstract Purpose To examine self-reported age at menarche in U.S. adults and the associations between age at menarche and race/ethnicity. Methods Data from 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 6788 females 20 years and over were analyzed. Self-reported age at first menses (in years) by birth year groups is reported overall and for Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks. Results Mean age at menarche in the United States declined over time from 13.3 years (95% CI: 13.2–13.5) in the oldest age group, those born prior to 1920, to 12.4 years (95% C.I. 12.2–12.5 years) in the youngest group, born between 1980 and 1984. Declines in age at menarche were observed for all race/ethnicity groups. Non-Hispanic black females had the largest decline in mean age at menarche from 13.6 years (95% CI: 13.1–14.1) in women born prior to 1920, to 12.2 years (95% CI: 11.8–12.6) in the 1980–84 birth cohort. Mean age at menarche among non-Hispanic white females declined from 13.3 years (13.1–13.6) in the pre-1920 birth cohort to 12.5 years (12.3–12.8) in the 1980–84 birth cohort. Conclusions Significant declines in the mean age of menarche for U.S. females occurred overall and for all race/ethnic groups examined. Mean age of menarche declined by .9 year overall in women born before 1920 compared to women born in 1980–84; the declines in the mean age at menarche ranged from .7 to 1.4 years depending on the race/ethnicity group.
Magnetization steps in manganite films: Time delay of the metamagnetic transition

We report the appearance of ultrasharp magnetization steps in PLD-grown films of ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{0.65}({\mathrm{Ca}}_{y}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{)}_{0.35}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ (PCSMO) with $0.7l~yl~0.8,$ generalizing the phenomena recently observed in polycrystal and single-crystal specimens of this mixed-phase manganite. Our data show that the appearance of steps in these films depends strongly on the nature of the magnetization measurement. In a ``typical'' magnetic field sweep, the magnetization steps appear only in $y=0.8$ thick $(g0.5\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m})$ films. Otherwise, only broad metamagnetic transistions are observed during magnetic field sweeps. However, for these other films, these ``typical'' magnetization curves with broad transitions can be converted to steplike curves upon waiting for a period of minutes to hours at fields close to a phenomenologically defined threshold field, ${H}_{c}.$ Despite the epitaxial film form, the appearance of this ``induction period'' does not appear to result as a consequence of substrate-induced strain. We thus present a picture where the ultrasharp steps are an intrinsic feature of the phase segregated manganites PCSMO independent of their polycrystalline, crystalline, or epitaxial film form. The observation of these step transitions, however, depends strongly on extrinsic effects (i.e., measurement protocol) that may indeed express differences based on the bulk or film geometry of the material.
Transient time and the persistence of the concrete

I suggest that Carter and Hestevold's arguments for L1 and L2 can be given a chance to succeed if (i) everywhere in them that we find an occurrence of the thesis Transient Time we replace it with an occurrence of Presentism, and (ii) everywhere in them that we find an occurrence of the thesis Static Time we replace it with an occurrence of Presentism's denial. I'm fairly confident that their arguments for L1 would succeed if these changes were made. (If Presentism is true, nothing has temporal parts, for some at least of the temporal parts of a thing extended in time must be past or future. But if nothing has temporal parts, Endurance must be true.) I'm less confident that their arguments for L2 would succeed if those changes were made. But if the changes that I suggest are not made, the arguments for L1 and L2 certainly fail.
Facile production of multivalent enzyme-nanoparticle conjugates

Nanoparticles (NPs) enable the development of new, biologically relevant, multifunctional agents. Multifunctional NPs can mimic the invasive biological processes involved in cancer metastasis. We have demonstrated a facile and controllable method of conjugating multiple enzyme species to superparamagnetic (SPM) NPs. Horseradish peroxidase, α-glucosidase, and collagenase were conjugated to SPM NPs with a functional enzyme:NP ratio of 15:127:103:1. N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthiopropionate (SATP)-mediated addition of sulfhydryls to enzymes was achieved without significant activity loss. Conjugation of all enzymes was simultaneously accomplished using maleimide reactive groups generated from activation of amines associated with polyethylene glycol molecules on the NP surface. Cross reactivity between enzyme activity assay systems was negligible.
Elevation of Inferior Vena Cava Pressure and Thoracic Lymph and Urine Flow

With an increase in renal vein pressure by partial obstruction of the inferior vena cava in dogs, there follows an increase in thoracic lymph flow and a simultaneous decrease in urine flow and urine sodium excretion per minute. The increase in lymph flow appears to be caused by an increased production of renal lymph, since control animals with absent or nonfunctioning kidneys fail to show this lymph flow increase. Renal deviation of fluid and sodium to the lymphatics may similarly occur in heart failure and account for the retention of sodium and water.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy

Histone acetylation is an important determinant of chromatin organization and gene expression. The nucleosome is the basic repeating unit of chromatin structure and consists of a 146 base pairs of ...
Management of allosensitized cardiac transplant candidates

Cardiac transplantation remains the best treatment in patients with advanced heart failure with a high risk of death. However, an inadequate supply of donor hearts decreases the likelihood of transplantation for many patients. Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are being increasingly used as a bridge to transplantation in patients who may not survive long enough to receive a heart. This expansion in VAD use has been associated with increasing rates of allosensitization in cardiac transplant candidates. Anti-HLA antibodies can be detected before transplantation using different techniques. Complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity assays are widely used for measurement of panel-reactive antibody (PRA) and for crossmatch purposes. Newer assays using solid-phase flow techniques feature improved specificity and offer detailed information concerning antibody specificities, which may lead to improvements in donor-recipient matching. Allosensitization prolongs the wait time for transplantation and increases the risk of post-transplantation complications and death; therefore, decreasing anti-HLA antibodies in sensitized transplant candidates is of vital importance. Plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab have been used to decrease the PRA before transplantation, with varying degrees of success. The most significant post-transplantation complications seen in allosensitized recipients are antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Often, AMR manifests with severe allograft dysfunction and hemodynamic compromise. The underlying pathophysiology is not fully understood but appears to involve complement-mediated activation of endothelial cells resulting in ischemic injury. The treatment of AMR in cardiac recipients is largely empirical and includes high-dose corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab. Diffuse concentric stenosis of allograft coronary arteries due to intimal expansion is a characteristic of CAV. Its pathophysiology is unclear but may involve chronic complement-mediated endothelial injury. Sirolimus and everolimus can delay the progression of CAV. In some nonsensitized cardiac transplant recipients, the de novo formation of anti-HLA antibodies after transplantation may increase the likelihood of adverse clinical outcomes. Serial post-transplantation PRAs may be advisable in patients at high risk of de novo allosensitization.
Remote Tuning of NMR Probe Circuits

There are many circumstances in which the probe tuning adjustments cannot be located near the rf NMR coil. These may occur in high-temperature NMR, low-temperature NMR, and in the use of magnets with small diameter access bores. We address here circuitry for connecting a fixed-tuned probe circuit by a transmission line to a remotely located tuning network. In particular, the bandwidth over which the probe may be remotely tuned while keeping the losses in the transmission line acceptably low is considered. The results show that for all resonant circuit geometries (series, parallel, series-parallel), overcoupling of the line to the tuned circuit is key to obtaining a large tuning bandwidth. At equivalent extents of overcoupling, all resonant circuit geometries have nearly equal remote tuning bandwidths. Particularly for the case of low-loss transmission line, the tuning bandwidth can be many times the tuned circuit's bandwidth, f(o)/Q.
Culture and African American politics

Preface Chapter 1 Ideology, Politics, and Culture Chapter 2 Black and Blue Chapter 3 Afro-American Style and Lower-Class Behavior Chapter 4 Jeremiads and the Ideological Functions of Black Religion Chapter 5 Cultural Politics and the Jackson Campaign Chapter 6 Growing Down Notes References Index
Hypoxia-like transcriptional activation in TMT-induced degeneration: microarray expression analysis on PC12 cells

To more clearly elucidate the complete network of molecular mechanisms induced by trimethyltin (TMT) toxicity, we used a homogeneous cell culture model represented by PC12 cells treated with 1 and 5 micromol/L TMT for 24 h. The gene expression profile was performed by microarray analysis, enabling us to identify 189 genes that were significantly modulated in treated cells, compared with controls. The main effects of TMT on gene expression seem to be related to the activation of metabolic processes (glycolysis and lipogenesis) along with cell death pathways, membrane remodeling and intracellular biomolecules trafficking. These alterations are triggered by the neurotoxicant earlier than a strong decrease in cell viability, which occurs at higher TMT concentrations or at later time points. Some aspects of the transcriptional modulation observed in this study resemble the gene activation known to occur during cell response to hypoxia. Other cell toxicants have also been reported to exert similar effects on gene expression. Therefore, our data help to delineate general basic adaptive mechanisms possibly shared by cells responding to different death-inducing noxae, such as TMT.
Hepatic cortisol sulfotransferase activity in several types of experimental hypertension in male rats.

Abstract The relationship between hepatic cortisol sulfotransferase activity (HCSA) and several types of hypertension was examined in male rats. It was found that development of Grollman hypertension was paralleled by increased HCSA. The maximum blood pressure differences observed between experimental animals and controls, in individual experiments, were 83 and 95 mm. accompanied by 138 and 124% HCSA increases. HCSA was also elevated significantly, compared to controls, in spontaneously hypertensive Okamoto rats (SHR) and in hypertension elicited in intact or Grollman operated rats by daily, intramuscular injection of 0.6 mg of FLHC (9α-nuoro-11 β, 17α, 21-trihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione) for 30–45 days. HCSA increased 47 and 152% in SHR and in FLHC treated animals respectively. Blood pressures were elevated 40–60 mm in both cases. Grollman operated animals given FLHC exhibited higher blood pressures than did intact animals. Administration of cortisol (6 mg) and corticosterone (3 mg) also caused hypertension in intact rats. This was accompanied by elevated HCSA. Deoxycorticosterone (3 mg) caused hypertension only in animals restricted to drinking 1% saline. This hypertension was also accompanied by elevated HCSA. Conditions or steroid concentrations that did not result in hypertension did not elevate HCSA significantly. The increased HCSA in all the types of hypertension studied was largely due to STIII. the major glucocorticoid sulfotransferase of livers from male rats.
Teaching an interdisciplinary engineering course to help students to better select their majors

This article presents a method to design an Internet-based interdisciplinary course, or part of a course, for early undergraduate engineering students. The objective is to emphasize on different aspects of a subject to give the students enough knowledge and experience to help them to choose their area of interest in engineering, and to motivate them to carry on using the Internet for other and similar studies. This method tries to combine the class instructions with the Internet tools, and to keep a balance between the two. That is, while supported by the instructional format, the Internet provides wealth of simulated experiments and design examples that are typically beyond the classroom capabilities. Study of digital clocks with all its long history and development pattern is selected as a case study for an introductory engineering course, UEET101, offered at Northern Illinois University. Practicality, simplicity and interdisciplinary (electrical, mechanical, and industrial) nature of the subject help students to get exposed to and experiment with a product of this nature before they make their career decision
Interactions between extracellular matrix and growth factors in wound healing.

Dynamic interactions between growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) are integral to wound healing. These interactions take several forms that may be categorized as direct or indirect. The ECM can directly bind to and release certain growth factors (e.g., heparan sulfate binding to fibroblast growth factor-2), which may serve to sequester and protect growth factors from degradation, and/or enhance their activity. Indirect interactions include binding of cells to ECM via integrins, which enables cells to respond to growth factors (e.g., integrin binding is necessary for vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis) and can induce growth factor expression (adherence of monocytes to ECM stimulates synthesis of platelet-derived growth factor). Additionally, matrikines, or subcomponents of ECM molecules, can bind to cell surface receptors in the cytokine, chemokine, or growth factor families and stimulate cellular activities (e.g., tenascin-C and laminin bind to epidermal growth factor receptors, which enhances fibroblast migration). Growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β also regulate the ECM by increasing the production of ECM components or enhancing synthesis of matrix degrading enzymes. Thus, the interactions between growth factors and ECM are bidirectional. This review explores these interactions, discusses how they are altered in difficult to heal or chronic wounds, and briefly considers treatment implications.
Update on pediatric neurocritical care

Paralytic poliomyelitis, Reye syndrome, Hemophilus Influenzae type B epiglottitis, bacterial meningitis, and meningococcal septic shock are catastrophic illnesses that in the last 60 years have shaped the development of pediatric intensive care. Neurocritical care has been at the forefront of our thinking and, more latterly, as a specialty we have had the technology and means to develop this focus, educate the next generation and show that outcomes can be improved-first in adult critical care and now the task is to translate these benefits to critically ill children. In our future we will need to advance interventions in patient care with clinical trials. MeSH terms: Neurocritical care; child; traumatic brain injury; status epilepticus; cerebrovascular.
Violent and aggressive behaviors in youth: a mental health and prevention perspective

Abstract Aggressive behavior and violence leading to disciplinary and legal difficulties have reached epidemic proportions among our youth. The severity of problems and social and economic costs to society have increased markedly. In this article, the authors review the risk factors, situational concerns, and warning signs that are important in predicting school violence and in designing effective prevention and early intervention efforts. They then describe programs with which they are involved as mental health professionals that appear to be extremely promising and applicable to other communities. The prevention and intervention programs are distinctive in that they involve collaborations with law enforcement, including the police and criminal sheriff, and the juvenile court as well as parents and schools in their efforts to promote positive development. These clinical, educational, and public policy approaches offer mental health professionals increased opportunities to be of help in this critical area.
Activating Mutations Reveal a Role of TRPML1 in Lysosomal Exocytosis

The contents of lysosomes undergo exocytosis (lysosomal exocytosis) in response to an increase of intracellular Ca2+. Emerging evidence suggests that lysosomal exocytosis plays important roles in a variety of cell biological functions including neurotransmitter release, neurite outgrowth, and plasma membrane repair. The putative Ca2+ channel in the lysosome that mediates intralysosomal Ca2+ release, however, has not been identified. The mucolipin TRP (TRPML) proteins are a family of endolysosomal cation channels with genetically established importance in man and rodent. Mutations of human TRPML1 cause type IV mucolipidosis, a devastating pediatric neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we found that although TRPML1-mediated currents can only be recorded in late endosome and lysosome (LEL) using the lysosome patch clamp technique, several proline substitutions in TRPML1 (such as TRPML1V432P) display gain-of-function (GOF) constitutive activities at both the plasma membrane (PM) and endolysosomal membranes. Although wild-type TRPML1 localized exclusively in LEL and were barely detectable in the PM, the GOF mutants were not restricted to LEL compartments, and most significantly, exhibited significant surface expression. As a Ca2+-permeable channel, the constitutive Ca2+ permeability due to Pro substitutions may allow TRPML1 proteins traffic to the PM via Ca2+-dependent lysosomal exocytosis, resulting in the surface expression and whole cell currents of TRPML1. Consistent with the hypothesis, surface staining of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (Lamp-1) was dramatically increased in cells expressing GOF TRPML1 channels. Interestingly, the extent of the lysosomal exocytosis appeared to be correlated with the degree of channel gain-of-function of TRPML1 mutants. Our results suggest that upon unidentified cellular stimulations, TRPML1 mediates intralysosomal Ca2+ release to trigger lysosomal exocytosis. Currently we are investigating whether inhibiting exocytosis could reduce surface expression of GOF TRPML1 mutants, and whether stimulating exocytosis could enhance surface expression of TRPML1.
Assessment of globalisation: a revisit

A comprehensive conceptual definition of globalisation is offered: 'the process by which the world's economy is transformed from a set of national and regional markets into one that operates without regard to national boundaries whatsoever'. A model of globalisation is discussed. Using 1997 UNCTAD data and a criterion of a firm attaining 50% on any two of three variables (foreign/total sales; foreign/total assets and foreign/total employment) to qualify as a 'global' corporation, it is found that half of the world's largest MNCs are 'global'. The 2006 UNCTAD data shows that 61 of the top non-financial transnational corporations qualify as 'global'. Empirically, it is seen that globalisation is increasing.
Assay of aminoglycosides is influenced by tissue homogenization technique.

Recovery of neomycin from tissue homogenates was lower when glass/glass homogenizers were used due to the abrasion of glass which will bind to the drug. Glass homogenizers should be avoided for the determination of aminoglycoside levels in tissues.
Reorganization of community psychiatric services by professional nurses.

This article describes the reorganization of one part of an individual, home visiting service for mentally dysfunctional women into a group intervention. Deinstitutionulization has been followed by escalating health care costs, cost containment, and restructuring of services, affecting the already constrained resources for community psychiatric services. Faced with these challenges, a nursing staff, under the administration of a clinical specialist psychiatric nurse, begun reorganization of a home visiting service with one trial group. The model group used the prior success reports of groups that were adapted prospectively with a focus on immediate needs and led by nurses for women. The aims were to enhance social supports of the clients while reducing their relapse rates and to reduce the personnel time and cost. Evaluation found that these objectives were met. Thus, the involvement of nurses in the assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of its services demonstrates success in the redesign ...
Midwest experience with Moyamoya disease

A review of the cases of Moyamoya disease at two large Mid-Western United States Universities was undertaken for the purpose of assessing the epidemiology of Moyamoya disease. A total of 51 cases of Moyamoya disease were identified, with 12 cases classified as akin Moyamoya disease, nine cases of probable Moyamoya disease, and 30 cases of classic or definite Moyamoya disease. The conditions associated with akin Moyamoya were sickle cell disease, Down's syndrome, trauma, radiation, and neurofibromatosis. The mean age of presentation for probable and classic Moyamoya disease was 22 years. The sex predilection was approximately equal, with a slight female predominance. The racial background was identified in 22 of the definite cases, and included six patients with oriental inheritance, three with American Indian inheritance, one black, and the remainder Caucasian. Of some interest, there were five Caucasian patients with names identifiable as Eastern European in origin. The mean age of presentation of the definite Moyamoya disease was 14 years, the probable Moyamoya disease was 4 years, and the akin Moyamoya disease was 5 years.
An assessment of urban development into coastal wetlands using historical aerial photography: a case study

Like many other states in the USA, Virginia passed legislation to protect coastal wetlands with limited information on the rate and location of past wetlands conversions. This information, however, can be useful in the design of cost-effective and flexible programs for wetlands management, particularly when such information is used in combination with studies of the socioeconomic value of wetlands. This paper reports on the use of photogrammetric and interpretive methods to determine historical changes in wetlands use for Virginia Beach and Accomack counties, Virginia. Conclusions are drawn as to the use of such information in policy design and program monitoring.
Even-parity triply excited states of lithium

In this work, 14 even-parity ${2l2l}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{nl}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ $(ng~3)$ resonances of lithium are calculated by using the saddle-point complex-rotation method. Among the 14 resonances, four are ${}^{2}P$ resonances, four are ${}^{2}D$ resonances, and six are ${}^{2}S$ resonances. Relativistic corrections are evaluated with the first-order perturbation theory and the mass-polarization effect is also included. The Auger widths are studied. The partial Auger widths are calculated for the individual open channels and the total width is obtained by coupling the important open channels. These results are compared with recent theoretical and experimental data in the literature.
Fiber type composition of muscle units in the cat diaphragm

The fiber type composition of muscle units in the cat diaphragm was examined. As expected, slow-twitch units were composed of type I fibers and fast units were composed of type II fibers. Fast fatigable units were composed of type IIB fibers and fast fatigue resistant units were composed of type IIA fibers. Surprisingly, fast fatigue intermediate units were comprised of both type IIA and IIB fibers.
Physiology and Cell Biology Update: Control Mechanisms for Bicarbonate Secretion

H C03 FILTERED at the glomerulus either is not transported or undergoes reabsorption only in all nephron segments up to the distal convoluted tubule.! In contrast, under appropriate conditions, HC03 secretion can be demonstrated in the rat superficial distal convoluted tubule in vivo, 2 the rat cortical collecting duct (CCD) in vitro,3 and the rabbit CCD in vitro.4 This review focuses on the mechanisms and control of HC03 secretion by CCD, primarily because the most data are available from that nephron segment. I also note, where appropriate, data from the amphibian analogue of the CCD, the turtle urinary bladder. In an animal on a normal diet, the CCD simultaneously reabsorbs and secretes HC03. This results in a net HC03 flux near zero. However, if the animal is orally loaded with alkalp,4 or if it is made systemically alkalotic with HCOrrich peritoneal dialysis5 or with mineralocorticoid excess,6 CCD HC03 transport changes to net secretion. Similar results were obtained in the turtle urinary bladder. 7 In the last 4 to 5 years, the basic cell transport mechanisms responsible for this HC03 secretion have been elucidated. These mechanisms are discussed here.
The Roots of Mexican Labor Migration

Introduction Contexts of Migration International Labor Migration: The Mexico-U.S. Case Chaudan: Conquest of Lands, Conquest of Peoples The Rise and Structuring of Migration Agriculture, Ejidos, and Agribusiness The Development and Pattern of Chaudan's Migration The Domestic Group and Multigenerational Migration Chaudan, the Town of the Migrants Household, Family and the Rites of Passage Demography, Economy, and Stratification Church, School and Municipio To the North!--Migrant Experience in the United States Running the Gauntlet: The Frontier and the Migrants The Salinas Valley: Agroindustry and the Place of Migrants Migrant to Minority: Migrant Life in Salinas Conclusions Circulatory Migration as a Domestic Strategy and an Institutionalized Process Migrants and the Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Glossary of Spanish Terms References and Maps Index
Child sexual abuse of Asians compared with other populations.

Abstract This retrospective chart review study of a child sexual abuse clinic compared a consecutive sample of substantiated sexual abuse cases of Asian victims with random samples of black, white, and Hispanic victims. The findings suggest that there are clinically relevant differences between Asians and the other three populations. Asian victims showed a distinct demographic profile, suffered less physically invasive forms of abuse, were more likely to express suicidality, less likely to display anger and sexual acting out, and had less supportive primary caretakers than non-Asians. Awareness of such ethnic differences will help clinicians better evaluate and treat minority victims.
Intraspecific inversions pose a challenge for the trnH-psbA plant DNA barcode.

Background: The chloroplast trnH-psbA spacer region has been proposed as a prime candidate for use in DNA barcoding of plants because of its high substitution rate. However, frequent inversions associated with palindromic sequences within this region have been found in multiple lineages of Angiosperms and may complicate its use as a barcode, especially if they occur within species. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we evaluate the implications of intraspecific inversions in the trnH-psbA region for DNA barcoding efforts. We report polymorphic inversions within six species of Gentianaceae, all narrowly circumscribed morphologically: Gentiana algida, Gentiana fremontii, Gentianopsis crinita, Gentianopsis thermalis, Gentianopsis macrantha and Frasera speciosa. We analyze these sequences together with those from 15 other species of Gentianaceae and show that typical simple methods of sequence alignment can lead to misassignment of conspecifics and incorrect assessment of relationships. Conclusions/Significance: Frequent inversions in the trnH-psbA region, if not recognized and aligned appropriately, may lead to large overestimates of the number of substitution events separating closely related lineages and to uniting more distantly related taxa that share the same form of the inversion. Thus, alignment of the trnH-psbA spacer region will need careful attention if it is used as a marker for DNA barcoding.
Compiler and Hardware Support for Cache Coherence in Large-Scale Multiprocessors: Design Considerations and Performance Study

In this paper, we study a hardware-supported, compiler directed (HSCD) cache coherence scheme, which can be implemented on a large-scale multiprocessor using off-the-shelf microprocessors, such as the Cray T3D. It can be adapted to various cache organizations, including multi-word cache lines and byte-addressable architectures. Several system related issues, including critical sections, inter-thread communication, and task migration have also been addressed. The cost of the required hardware support is small and proportional to the cache size. The necessary compiler algorithms, including intra- and interprocedural array data-flow analysis, have been implemented on the Polaris compiler [17].From our simulation study using the Perfect Club benchmarks, we found that, in spite of the conservative analysis made by the compiler, the performance of the proposed HSCD scheme can be comparable to that of a full-map hardware directory scheme. With its comparable performance and reduced hardware cost, the scheme can be a viable alternative for large-scale multiprocessors, such as the Cray T3D, that rely on users to maintain data coherence.
The parsimony principle applied to multivariate calibration

Abstract The general principle of parsimonious data modeling states that if two models in some way adequately model a given set of data, the one that is described by a fewer number of parameters will have better predictive ability given new data. This concept is of interest in multivariate calibration since several new non-linear modeling techniques have become available. Three such methods are neural networks, projection pursuit regression (PPR) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). These methods, while capable of modeling non-linearities, typically have very many parameters that need to be estimated during the model building phase. The biased calibration methods, principal components regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) are linear methods and so may not as efficiently describe some types of non-linearities, however have comparably very few parameters to be estimated. It is therefore of interest to study the parsimony principle formally in order to understand under what circumstances the various methods are appropriate. In this paper, the mathematical theory of parsimonious data modeling is presented. The assumptions made in the theory are shown to hold for multivariate calibration methods. This theory is used to provide a procedure for selecting the most parsimonious model structure for a given calibration application.
Hexosamine flux, the O-GlcNAc modification, and the development of insulin resistance in adipocytes

Excess flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in adipocytes is a fundamental cause of “glucose toxicity” and the development of insulin resistance that leads to type II diabetes. Adipose tissue-specific elevation in hexosamine flux in animal models recapitulates whole-body insulin-resistant phenotypes, and increased hexosamine flux in adipocyte cell culture models impairs insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Many studies have been devoted to unveiling the molecular mechanisms in adipocytes in response to excess hexosamine flux-mediated insulin resistance. As a major downstream event consuming and incorporating the final product of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, dynamic and inducible O-GlcNAc modification is emerging as a modulator of insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. Given that O-GlcNAc is implicated in both insulin-mediated signal transduction and transcriptional events essential for adipocytokine secretion, direct functional studies to pinpoint the roles of O-GlcNAc in the development of insulin resistance via excess flux through hexosamine biosynthesis pathway are needed.