cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling pesticide movement in forested watersheds: Use of przm for evaluating pesticide options in loblolly pine stand management

The fate of pesticides in forest ecosystems is strongly influenced by climatic conditions. Drought or excessive rainfall may seriously affect dissipation rates, routes, and the extent of movement through soil profiles. The pesticide root zone model (PRZM) is designed to predict pesticide movement in unsaturated soils within and below the plant root zone in agricultural systems. The applicability of this model to a forested watershed was tested by using on-site hydrologic data to simulate a field application of lindane. PRZM-predicted data were compared with measured residue levels and found to estimate accurately lindane movement and leaching at shallow soil depths (0-10 cm), but underestimated residue levels at deeper soil depths (40-50 cm). Model simulations were used to evaluate various insecticide and herbicide application scenarios used in pine plantation management. Results from these simulations indicate that insecticides commonly used for gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) or southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) control either are not sufficiently persistent or are adsorbed in the soil to such an extent that they do not pose a potential groundwater contamination problem. In contrast, site preparation herbicides show a potential to leach whenever proper meteorological conditions such as rainfall prevail after application. These herbicides are persistent (t1/2 > 50), moderately adsorbed (10 > Kd > 0.1, assuming 1.7% organic matter), and applied under conditions of reduced evapotranspiration.
IX. Magnetic rotation in iron cathode films

1. 1. The writer's bolometrie method of measuring magnetic rotations has been developed until, under favourable circumstances, rotations of less than 001° can be detected, and angles somewhat large...
Quantitative clinical guidelines for imaging use in evaluation of pediatric cardiomyopathy

Pediatric cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders in which early detection and treatment can drastically alter the course of the disease. Cardiac MRIs have become an increasingly popular option in evaluating for cardiomyopathies, though they remain expensive and time-consuming compared to echocardiography. Because guidelines for the use of cardiac MRI are vague, we investigated the quantitative characteristics of cardiac echo that predict subsequent positive cardiac MRI. Measurements were extracted from echo reports, processed, and fed into a Bayesian rule learning system. We discovered that ejection fraction and interventricular septum thickness were particularly important predictors of positive cardiac MRI. These features may help justify obtaining a cardiac MRI when echo results are inconclusive.
Studies on Anti-von Willebrand Factor (vWF) Monoclonal Antibody NMC-4, Which Inhibits Both Ristocetin- and Botrocetin-Induced vWF Binding to Platelet Glycoprotein Ib

Anti-von Willebrand factor (vWF) monoclonal antibody NMC-4 completely inhibited vWF binding to platelet glycoprotein (GP) lb induced by either ristocetin or botrocetin at an IgG concentration of approximately 10 micrograms/mL, and also blocked binding of asialo-vWF to GP lb. NMC-4 coupled beads isolated a 97-Kd fragment (Fr) from a whole tryptic digest of vWF. The N-terminal sequencing of the nonreduced 97-Kd Fr, in combination with amino acid analysis, showed it to be a homodimer of residues 449 through 728 of the constituent subunit. Present data, together with the results obtained from previous studies, confirm the existence of one or three possible inter-subunit disulfide bonds between cysteine residues 459, 462, and 464. NMC-4 bound to reduced vWF Fr(s) more weakly than to nonreduced Fr(s), but it did not react with Fr III-T2 of vWF, a disulfide-linked twin heterodimer of residues 273 through 511 and 674 through 728 (Marti et al, Biochemistry 26:8099, 1987). Fr III-T2 completely inhibited ristocetin-induced vWF binding at a concentration of 100 mumol/L but had no effect on botrocetin-induced binding. In addition, both the N- and C-terminal polypeptides, residues 449 through 549 and 674 through 728, generated by subdigestion of the 52/48-Kd Fr (Fujimura et al, J Biol Chem 261:381, 1986), inhibited preferentially ristocetin-induced vWF binding without affecting to botrocetin-induced vWF binding. These findings suggest that amino acid residues 512 through 673 of the vWF subunit are involved in botrocetin-induced vWF binding.
The Blue Army and the Red Scare: Politics, Religion, and Cold War Paranoia

AbstractIn 1964 Richard Hofstadter argued that American history was permeated with episodes when shared feelings of persecution and forms of conspiratorial thinking dominated the political landscape. Hofstadter suggested that these episodes had a distinctive flavor, or style, that he described as ‘paranoid.’ Taking this suggestion as a point of departure, this paper examines the creation of the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fatima, a Catholic organization that formed in 1947 to rescue humanity from a prophesied catastrophe. The paper ties the writings of Blue Army leaders to American Cold War politics, focusing on the ways Soviet communism was equated with Satanism, prompting calls for Blue Army members to wage spiritual warfare against their perceived enemies. The paper concludes with an exploration of the links between individual and group paranoia, and paranoid psychopathology and religious fundamentalism.
Late-Life Divorce and Postdivorce Adult Subjective Well-Being:

Late-life divorce—divorce at 50 years and older—is an increasingly common event in the United States. Despite this trend, the conditions and outcomes for those involved in late-life divorce remain understudied. Drawing on Schlossberg’s transition theory, we assess four sets of risk and protective factors (i.e., situation, self, support, and coping strategies) that could influence the postdivorce life satisfaction of adults who experience late-life divorces. Using the data set of a nationally representative study, we obtained an analytical sample of 164 men and 145 women who reported a divorce at 50 years or older (N = 309). Results from ordinary least squares regression analysis indicate few statistically significant effects from the sets of risk and protective factors entered in the second and third steps of the analysis. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Greatwall Kinase Oncogenic Properties Open New Horizons for Novel Human Cancer Therapies

Protein phosphorylation ensures the accurate sequence of events underlying multiple signaling pathways, such as cell survival and cell proliferation. Using...
Marginal Status and Marginal Personality

but they must constantly validate their right to exercise the functions associated with them. My conclusion will take the form of an hypothesis for further testing: The conscious maintenance of relatively high anxiety plateaus as an adaptive pattern occurs among those infrequently encountered groups whose cultures are tightly integrated and faced by serious threats by hostile environmental forces. As a corollary to this proposition, we might also expect to find that under such conditions the way of life will be maintained by effective authority controls. In addition to the illustrative materials considered in this paper, we might also predict the same covariation of these factors among other religious enclaves, like the Amish of Pennsylvania."9 As controls in a cross-cultural sampling of case materials, it is suggested that perceived critical environmental threats (especially resulting from culture contact) and tight cultural integration be held constant, while varying presence and absence of effective authority offices. In the absence of such offices we should predict a lack of emphasis upon personal control of anxiety release as a deeply shared command value.
THE WATER POLLUTION OF CHAOHU LAKE AND ITS COUNTERMEASURSE

This paper analyzes the present situation and causes of the water pollution of Chaohu Lake,It also puts forward some countermeasures against pollution based on experience from recent years' prevention and cure.
Microstructural stability and mechanical behavior of FeNiMnCr high entropy alloy under ion irradiation

Abstract In recent years, high entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted significant attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance, making them potential candidates for high temperature fission and fusion structural applications. However there is very little known about their radiation resistance, particularly at elevated temperatures relevant for energy applications. In the present study, a single phase (face centered cubic) concentrated solid solution alloy of composition 27%Fe-28%Ni-27%Mn-18%Cr was irradiated with 3 or 5.8 MeV Ni ions at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 700 °C and midrange doses from 0.03 to 10 displacements per atom (dpa). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (STEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the radiation defects and microstructural changes. Irradiation at higher temperatures showed evidence of relatively sluggish solute diffusion with limited solute depletion or enrichment at grain boundaries. The main microstructural feature at all temperatures was high-density small dislocation loops. Voids were not observed at any irradiation condition. Nano-indentation tests on specimens irradiated at room temperature showed a rapid increase in hardness ∼35% and ∼80% higher than the unirradiated value at 0.03 and 0.3 dpa midrange doses, respectively. The irradiation-induced hardening was less pronounced for 500 °C irradiations (
A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Pharmacologic VTE Prophylaxis and Padua Prediction Score in Hospitalized Patients With Chronic Liver Disease.

Purpose:Coagulopathy resulting from chronic liver disease (CLD) creates uncertainty regarding the risks and efficacy of pharmacologic venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis (ppx). We aim to describe patient characteristics associated with VTE ppx and the clinical impact of ppx in hospitalized patients with CLD.Methods:This retrospective study included patients with CLD, an international normalized ratio (INR) of ≥1.3, and hospital stay of ≥72 hours. Baseline characteristics, incidence of VTE, and major bleeding were compared between patients given ppx and those not given ppx.Results:Of 300 patients with CLD included, 157 (52%) received VTE ppx. Characteristics associated with VTE ppx were lower activated partial thromboplastin time, INR, bilirubin, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score as well as a higher Padua Prediction Score, hemoglobin, platelet count, and antiplatelet use. VTE occurred in 12 (7.6%) ppx versus 4 (2.8%) non-ppx patients (P = .07). Major bleeding occurred in 47 (30%) ppx ...
An Integer Programming Approach to UEP Coding for Multiuser Broadcast Channels.

In this paper, an integer programming approach is introduced to construct Unequal Error Protection (UEP) codes for multiuser broadcast channels. We show that the optimal codes can be constructed that satisfy the integer programming bound. Based on the bound, we compute asymptotic code rate and perform throughput analysis for the degraded broadcast channel.
Selectional Effects in Allomorph Competition

This paper uses English demonyms -- the name for inhabitants of a particular region, such as Californ ian or Iceland er -- to investigate a combination of phonological and non-phonological factors that drive conditioned allomorphy. A corpus study of English demonyms found that hypothesized phonological conditioning factors of demonym allomorphy such as base stress and base syllable count did not fully account for alternation in demonym allomorphy. In a related experiment that tested native English speakers' preferences for demonym allomorphs among real and fictional place names, additional non-phonological factors such as familiarity and frequency were also considered. The experiment results showed that place names noted as unfamiliar by participants had different conditioning factors than phonologically similar place names from the corpus study. The corpus study and experimental results highlight the need to consider both phonological factors and non-phonological factors in the study of conditioned allomorphy.
Carbonaceous nano-additives augment microwave-enabled thermal remediation of soils containing petroleum hydrocarbons

Remediating soils contaminated with heavy hydrocarbons (C12–C40) from petrochemical exploration activities is a major environmental challenge across the globe. This study evaluated microwave irradiation in the presence of nano- and macro-scale graphitic additives as a rapid remediation technology for removing heavy hydrocarbons from soil. Adding inert materials (i.e., glass wool fibers or washed silica sand) as controls had no effect on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) removal upon microwave irradiation. Carbonaceous nanomaterials (i.e., carbon nanotubes, graphene nanosheets, and carbon nanofibers) because of their favorable dielectric properties showed extraordinary heating performances when mixed with soil and microwave irradiated. As a result, adding these carbonaceous nanomaterials to contaminated soils removed more TPH compared with macro-scale carbonaceous additives. TPH concentrations decreased from 11 000 to between 2000 and 6000 mg TPH kg−1 soil within one minute using carbon nanomaterial additives and a 2.45 GHz, 1000 W conventional microwave oven. In separate experiments, this technology decreased TPH from 2500 to 650 mg TPH kg−1 soil from soils containing recalcitrant, non-biodegradable fractions of TPH. Large scale microwave systems are available and hold promise for remediating soils when used in conjunction with carbon nanomaterials.
Parametric Fit of the Total Neutron Cross Section of Manganese from 0.01 eV to 50 keV

Early work ascertained that the Mn total cross section could not be fit by the Breit-Wigner single-level formula. Later work showed that a satisfactory fit below 10 keV could be achieved by the use...
Timing of Rituximab/Fludarabine in Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia May Avert Hyperviscosity.

The consensus panel from the Second International Conference on Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia (Semin Oncol. 2003 Apr;30(2):121–6) recommended patients with WM treated with Rituximab be watched closely during treatment for hyperviscosity and an initial surge in IgM. The panel noted that some patients have clinically significant hyperviscosity symptoms after Rituximab, including cardiovascular and central nervous system events. Investigators have also seen these rises in patients treated with Rituximab followed by Fludarabine. We have had two trials using Fludarabine/Rituximab in combination, and have treated 6 patients with the diagnosis of WM in the context of these trials. Fludarabine was given at a dose of 30mg/m2 daily for 4 days, followed on the 5th day by Rituxan at 375 mg/m2. IgM quantitation and viscosity were tested prior to the first dose of Rituximab, and again at between 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment. The patient information is summarized below. WM patients - Fludarabine/Rituximab The patients ranged in age from 55 to 71. They held the diagnosis of WM for between 2 and 8 years prior to treatment. All patients responded to the combination therapy. Only one of the 6 patients had an elevation in IgM from 1770 to 2320 at the first time point after the Rituximab treatment. All other patients had a decrease or remained stable. No patients had clinically significant hyperviscosity. All patients began treatment with more than 80% lymphoplasmacytoid cells in the bone marrow, and all responded (3–15% lymphoid cells at 1 month post-Rx). Of interest, the maximum response to therapy has not been reached for 3 of the 6 patients, ranging from 11 months to 57 months, and their IgMs continue to fall. Three patients have had small increases in their IgM levels at 9, 16 and 18 months, including the two patients treated with fewer than 8 cycles of therapy. None of these patients have had worsening of blood counts or have required further therapy. Adverse events were those expected (cytopenias) but none required transfusion or hospitalization, and were successfully treated with cytokines. Two patients have had successful stem cell harvesting post-therapy. Patient #4 had previously been treated with Rituximab followed by Fludarabine, and had discontinued this therapy because of rapid increase in IgM and viscosity. This patient did not have an elevation in the IgM when given the same drugs in the opposite order. This is a small patient sample, and it is possible that the peak IgM was missed. However, the excellent responses using Fludarabine followed by Rituximab, especially in those patients with high starting IgMs and viscosities, is encouraging. While these results are preliminary, we believe the combination of Fludarabine/Rituximab, giving the Fludarabine prior to Rituximab may be successful in decreasing or eliminating the paradoxic elevation in IgM seen in some WM patients given Rituximab. The regimen appears efficacious and safe. Further studies to address the efficacy of this regimen in a larger number of WM patients are warranted.
Light beats the diffraction limit

Physicists have long been fascinated by the propagation of light through small apertures – from simple pinhole cameras to the more complex diffraction patterns of peacock feathers. Diffraction results from the interference of electromagnetic waves emerging from an aperture larger than the wavelength of the incident light. As the size of the aperture approaches the wavelength of the light, the aperture begins to resemble a point source of spherical waves. And when the aperture is smaller than the wavelength – beyond the diffraction limit – transmission is greatly reduced.
A bidirectional Knudsen pump with superior thermal management for micro-gas chromatography applications

Bidirectional gas flow is needed for many microsystems, in particular gas chromatographs. This paper reports a bidirectional Knudsen pump (KP) with superior thermal management. Without moving parts, the KP is reliable, silent, and scalable. However, a bidirectional KP requires controlled heat dissipation that matches the pumping need in each direction. This work integrates a micromachined KP chip that has an effective pumping area of 16×16 mm2, with two customized planar heat sinks with prescribed heat dissipation. This KP produces a maximum air flow rate of ≈0.82 sccm and a maximum blocking pressure of ≈880 Pa at 2 W. The overall bidirectional performance is improved by 2X-3X compared to prior work, as a consequence of effective thermal management.
Experienced online instructors: beliefs and preferred supports regarding online teaching

While online courses are becoming a mainstay of college course offerings administrators, staff, instructors and students have different perceptions about how online courses should work. While faculty members are expert in their discipline and institutions provide support for acquiring content expertise, how instructors develop skills in online teaching is neither systematic nor codified in higher education. This preliminary study reports findings from a Delphi study of expert online teachers who identified 11 institutional strategies that best supported their development of online teaching skills. Three major areas of most value were: training, external supports, and prolonged experience.
The End of the Ascent

Karl Pearson’s Grammar of Science, was published with new chapters on statistics in the edition of 1911. With this text, we arrive at the moment of the origins of American statistical sociology before the First World War. The early ‘inductive sociologists’ at Columbia University read the statisticians of the nineteenth century. Both Durkheim and Quetelet were subjects of prewar Columbia dissertations. The FHG Club, — the initials are those of its mentor, Franklin H. Giddings — included the young sociologists who were to become leaders in statistical sociology. One member of this club, F. Stuart Chapin, an early Columbia Ph.D. in sociology, recalled in a memoir of these years that “H. T. Buckle and Karl Pearson were a great inspiration.” 1
Presentation, Evaluation, Management, and Outcomes of Acute Stroke in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Aims We performed a systematic review to evaluate stroke presentation, evaluation, management, and outcomes among studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Methods We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), and the Global Health (EBSCOhost) databases between January 2005 and June 2017 for studies conducted in LMICs defined by the World Bank. We pooled prevalence estimates using an inverse-variance weighting method and stratified by the country income group. Results The search identified 36 hospital-based studies (64,256 participants) in LMICs. Mean (SD) age ranged from 51 (14) to 72 (12) years, and 29-56% of patients were women. Hypertension was the most commonly reported risk factor (64% [95% CI 59-69]). In settings where MRI was not used, head CT scans were reported among 90% patients (95% CI 79-97). Overall, 3% (95% CI 2-4) of patients were treated with tissue plasminogen activator, and 78% (95% CI 66-88) were treated with antiplatelet therapy. Overall, the rate of in-hospital mortality was 14% (95% CI 10-19), and the rate of in-hospital pneumonia was 17% (95% CI 14-20). Conclusions Our review revealed the low use of evidence-based practices for acute stroke care in LMIC. The true use in hospitals that do not conduct this research is probably even lower. Strategies to evaluate and improve health system performance for acute stroke care, including implantation of stroke units and making thrombolysis more available and affordable are needed in LMIC. Registration in Prospero: CRD42017069325.
In Search of a Business Model

Even since Robert Mathys shook Maurice Muller’s hands to seal an agreement, in the Spring of 1958, he collaborated in the design of many prototypes; these were showcased to the AO membership on the organization’s kick-off day the in November 1958. Mathys, a skilled craftsman, understood that he would not be able to commercialize any of the implants and instruments until positive surgical experiences had been confirmed and that this could take up to 3–4 years.
Learning Communities Association: Utilizing Webinars to Advance Learning Community Theory and Practice

The Learning Communities Association (LCA) is a national organization designed for individuals to get involved in advancing learning community work in an effort to bring unity to and expand partici...
Economic Disparities in Patients Undergoing Sigmoidectomy.

Background and Objectives Disparities in health care outcomes and resources utilized are present in the treatment of many conditions and represent an area for targeted improvement. This study analyzes the differences in outcomes and total hospital charges between the highest and lowest income quartiles of patients undergoing sigmoid colectomy. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients undergoing sigmoid colectomy from 2013 to 2014 queried from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National Inpatient Sample Database who were categorized as the lowest and highest income quartile based on average income of the patient's ZIP code. Patients were grouped into income quartiles, as defined by average income in the ZIP code of residence. In-hospital complications were the primary outcome of this study. We hypothesized that patients in the lowest income quartile would have poorer outcomes than those in the highest income quartile prior to data collection. Results The lowest (n = 40,995) and highest (n = 40,940) income quartiles are not significantly different based on age or gender. The lowest income quartile was sicker, with higher mean scores for the All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group Severity Index and All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group Risk of Mortality Index. The lowest income quartile cohort had higher rates of postoperative complications and higher total charges than those in the highest income quartile. Adjusted regression analysis showed significantly lower total charges for the lowest income quartile but no significant differences in overall complications, mortality rates, or nonhome discharge. Conclusions Patients in the highest income quartile utilize more hospital resources than the lowest income quartile. Additional study is required to understand why these differences exist. Key Points 1. Significant differences in outcomes and hospital charges exist between socioeconomic groups undergoing sigmoidectomy. 2. There does not seem to be a difference in outcomes after sigmoidectomy among different socioeconomic groups. 3. Elective and laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy is more frequently applied to higher socioeconomic groups. 4. Hospital charges are also greater among patients of higher socioeconomic groups undergoing sigmoid colectomy. Question Does socioeconomic status affect outcomes and total charges in patients undergoing sigmoid colectomy? Findings Unadjusted analysis showed significant disparities between the highest and lowest income quartile in outcomes after sigmoid colon resection. Adjusted analysis showed no difference in outcomes, with patients in the highest income quartile having higher total charges. Meaning There is a value difference between high-income and low-income patients undergoing sigmoid colectomy.
LMO7 Is a Negative Feedback Regulator of Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling and Fibrosis.

Background: Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM) that contributes to tissue remodeling after revascularization interventions. The cytokine transforming growth f...
Contra Rambo’s “Theology of Remaining”: A Chalcedonian and Pastoral Conception of Trauma1:

Trauma and moral injury are horrific psychological wounds of war. In this article, Tietje argues they are also overwhelming soul wounds of war. Following Deborah Hunsinger’s use of Barth’s Chalcedo...
Assessing risk in different types of supply chains with a dynamic fault tree

Abstract Supply chain risk analysis is an important field in operations management and logistics. Identifying those risks, assessing the probability of those risks, and understanding how those risks change if mitigation strategies are implemented contribute to better supply chain risk management. Reliability analysis has a long tradition of assessing the probability of failure, and fault trees are typically used to understand how the failure of individual components can lead to system failure within an engineered system. More recently, fault trees have been proposed to assess the probability of a supply chain failure. Dynamic fault trees, which are relatively new in reliability analysis, model the dependency among possible component failure and how these probabilities change over time. This paper applies dynamic fault trees to model supply chain risk for different types of supply chains. The dynamic fault tree allows a firm to model complex interactions among suppliers and understand how those interactions impact its risk. The model incorporates an information system that relays information about the status of suppliers to the firm, and this information system could also fail. A Markov chain model and Monte Carlo simulation are used to numerically assess supply chain risk as modeled by these dynamic fault trees.
Concepts and Measures

Arguments are articulated with the use of key concepts. Indeed, the argument of a study is inseparable from its key concepts since the latter are the linguistic tools with which an argument is formulated. Any study of democracy, for example, must wrestle with the problem of how to define this key term – which will guide our discussion in this chapter. Concepts, in turn, receive empirical meaning through the indicators chosen to measure them. Any study of democracy must be concerned not only with how to define democracy but also with how to operationalize (measure) this abstract concept. Conceptualization and measurement are thus closely linked. This is why we have chosen to present them together in this chapter, which begins with concept formation and proceeds to measurement. Concepts The key concepts of social science are never fixed and, regrettably, not always clear. Many abstract concepts – such as democracy or social capital – are employed in a variety of ways and thus mean different things in different contexts. This is true even of more specific concepts such as worker-training programs . (Does a one-day program focusing on advice for job-hunting qualify? How about a person who enlists government support to take classes at a community college, or an apprenticeship program?) The persistent ambiguity of key concepts makes it difficult for the reader, who may struggle to figure out what a term means in a given context and how it connects with other work (using the same or similar terms). It also makes it difficult for writers, who must identify which of several terms they should adopt in their own work and how they should define the chosen term. Sometimes, the task of forming concepts seems highly arbitrary. And this, in turn, may prompt readers to adopt a skeptical attitude toward the subject. At the same time, the choice of concepts is never entirely arbitrary. Some choices are usually better than others, and a few are patently absurd. In this spirit, we offer the following criteria, intended to guide the process of concept formation in the social sciences. A good concept, we shall argue, is resonant , internally coherent , externally differentiated , theoretically useful , and consistent in meaning, as summarized in Table 3.1.
Colorectal Neoplasia among Patients with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: Increasing availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has led to prolonged survival and rising incidence of non-HIV–defining cancers among patients with HIV. Compared with the general population, risk of colorectal cancer may differ among those with HIV due to immunosuppression, oncogenic viral coinfections, and higher prevalence of risk factors. Methods: We identified patients (age ≥50 years) diagnosed with HIV, prescribed HAART for ≥6 months, and receiving care in two large health care systems in Dallas, TX. Patients received a first colonoscopy between January 2009 and December 2017. We calculated a standardized prevalence ratio as the ratio of observed to expected number of advanced neoplasia (high-risk adenoma or colorectal cancer) using an age- and sex-matched cohort of patients without HIV (n = 10,250). Results: Among patients with HIV (n = 839), about two thirds (60.1%) had normal findings at colonoscopy; 6.8% had hyperplastic polyps only, 20.4% had low-risk adenomas, 11.7% had high-risk adenomas, and 1.1% had colorectal cancer. Prevalence of advanced neoplasia was similar between patients with and without HIV, with a standardized prevalence ratio of 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.81–1.19). Conclusions: There was no difference in the prevalence of colorectal neoplasia between patients with and without HIV. Impact: Patients with HIV appear to have similar risk of colorectal neoplasia compared to those without HIV and can therefore follow average-risk colorectal cancer screening guidelines.
Distributional disparities in residential rooftop solar potential and penetration in four cities in the United States

Abstract Single-family residential rooftop solar adoption in the United States has not occurred equitably across the country, nor across socioeconomic and demographic groups. In response, state and local governments have developed solar equity programs, primarily focused on increasing adoption by low- and moderate-income (LMI) households. This study merged national datasets that estimate rooftop solar potential, the distribution of rooftop solar systems, and census tract- level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics to answer three questions. First, how are spatial distributions of rooftop potential and penetration similar and different across cities? Second, how is rooftop penetration distributed across non-LMI and LMI communities in different cities? Third, how do the relationships between rooftop penetration and local socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, identified as barriers to solar adoption, differ? Using GIS, bivariate and multivariate analyses, these questions were examined in four US cities – Riverside and San Bernardino, California, Washington, DC, and Chicago, Illinois – to understand both universal and distinct local manifestations. Findings include: higher rooftop potential existed in some LMI communities; higher rooftop potential did not necessarily translate to higher rooftop penetration, especially if higher potential was in LMI communities; and beyond income, other socioeconomic and demographic characteristics such as race/ethnicity, limited English proficiency, age of housing stock, and internet access were associated with rooftop penetration. While there remains great potential for expanding rooftop solar to LMI households and communities, understanding the local dynamics of solar potential and penetration may inform better policy development and implementation.
Bevordering van toekomstige veiligheid en ontwikkeling

De laatste van de PRACTICE-modules van TF-CBT is gericht op het bevorderen van de toekomstige veiligheid en ontwikkeling van het kind. Als je het acroniem letterlijk zou nemen, zouden therapeuten het onderwerp veiligheid pas aan het einde van de behandeling aansnijden. De klinische praktijk met kinderen en adolescenten die in hun leven aan traumatische gebeurtenissen zijn blootgesteld wijst echter uit dat dit niet verstandig is. Voor alle jongeren en hun ouders geldt dat kwesties die met veiligheid te maken hebben meteen al aan het begin van de TF-CBT-behandeling moeten worden aangepakt.
Interjurisdictional Competition in Enforcing Noncompetition Agreements: Regulatory Risk Management and the Race to the Bottom

This Article explores the possibility that one state could effectively eliminate the employment-law protections guaranteed by other states. If employers can incorporate by reference that state's law into their employment contracts, such an effective nullification could occur. An established trend in corporate law, this kind of regulatory risk management may soon endanger employee protections if policymakers fail to recognize and respond to the threat. The phenomenon of states engaging in a regulatory race to the bottom in pursuit of business activity is familiar. Because firms take into account employment and labor standards (or the lack thereof) in deciding where to establish operations, states have incentives to maintain employer-friendly legal environments to attract business. While academics have long studied the potential effects of such territory-based competition on worker welfare, this Article considers another type of interjurisdictional competition that has received little attention in the employment-law literature. This variety is extraterritorial in nature: a state seeks to benefit by selling its law as a commodity to firms operating, in whole or in part, outside of its territory. Already common in corporate law, it is now emerging in employment contracting. By frustrating state-level employee protections, such competition could have dangerous implications for workers. This Article examines why law-as-commodity competition is pervasive in the corporate area but, until recently, largely absent in employment contracting. To illustrate the changing dynamic, it then identifies the conditions favorable to competition in the enforcement of noncompetition agreements and considers other areas where this kind of competition could emerge. How can states defend their workers and regulatory interests against the application of employer-friendly states' law within their borders? States have the power to reject contractual choice-of-law clauses, but this alone is not enough. Policymakers must also understand how firms and competing states might attempt to defeat local policy preferences through litigation techniques and aggressive judicial conduct. A state's failure to respond strategically to the rise of such a cooperative venture between firms and a competing state will result in creeping nullification of protections for local workers.
In-situ x-ray monitoring of damage accumulation in SiC/RBSN tensile specimens

The room-temperature tensile testing of silicon carbide fiber reinforced reaction-bonded silicon nitride (SiC/RBSN) composite specimens was monitored by using in-situ x ray film radiography. Radiographic evaluation before, during, and after loading provided data on the effect of preexisting volume flaws (high density impurities, and local density variations) on the fracture behavior of composites. Results from (0)1, (0)3, (0)5, and (0)8 composite specimens, showed that x ray film radiography can monitor damage accumulations during tensile loading. Matrix cracking, fiber-matrix debonding, and fiber pullout were imaged throughout the tensile loading history of the specimens. Further, in-situ film radiography was found to be a helpful and practical technique for estimating interfacial shear strength between the SiC fiber and the RBSN matrix by the matrix crack spacing method. It is concluded that pretest, in-situ, and post-test radiography can provide for a greater understanding of ceramic matrix composite mechanical behavior, a verification of related experimental procedures, and a validation and development of related analytical models.
Airborne infrared astronomy

After a brief review of the general procedures involved in airborne infrared astronomy and of the historical background leading up to this important new technique, sources of infrared radiation, effects of the earth's atmosphere on this incoming radiation, methods of detection of infrared sources, and the development of airborne observatories are described. The discussion is on a lay level; the correlation of heat with infrared emission, the primary role played by CO2 and H2O in the opacity of the atmosphere in the IR above 18 microns, the use of a crystal to electronically detect radiation in the desired spectral region, and the Lear Jet telescope as mounted in a modified C-141 cargo jet are considered.
Sharp Bounds for Bandwidth of Clique Products

The bandwidth of a graph is the labeling of vertices with minimum maximum edge difference. For many graph families this is NP-complete. A classic result computes the bandwidth for the hypercube. We generalize this result to give sharp lower bounds for products of cliques. This problem turns out to be equivalent to one in communication over multiple channels in which channels can fail and the information sent over those channels is lost. The goal is to create an encoding that minimizes the difference between the received and the original information while having as little redundancy as possible. Berger-Wolf and Reingold (2) have considered the problem for the equal size cliques (or equal capacity channels). This paper presents a tight lower bound and an algorithm for constructing the labeling for the product of any number of arbitrary size cliques.
Henipavirus Membrane Fusion and Viral Entry

Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses cause cell–cell fusion (syncytia) in brain, lung, heart, and kidney tissues, leading to encephalitis, pneumonia, and often death. Membrane fusion is essential to both viral entry and virus-induced cell–cell fusion, a hallmark of henipavirus infections. Elucidiation of the mechanism(s) of membrane fusion is critical to understanding henipavirus pathobiology and has the potential to identify novel strategies for the development of antiviral therapeutic agents. Henipavirus membrane fusion requires the coordinated actions of the viral attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. Current henipavirus fusion models posit that attachment of NiV or HeV G to its cell surface receptors releases F from its metastable pre-fusion conformation to mediate membrane fusion. The identification of ephrinB2 and ephrinB3 as henipavirus receptors has paved the way for recent advances in our understanding of henipavirus membrane fusion. These advances highlight mechanistic similarities and differences between membrane fusion for the henipavirus and other genera within the Paramyxoviridae family. Here, we review these mechanisms and the current gaps in our knowledge in the field.
Academic publishing, part I: peering into the review process.

NeuroGenesis is meant to be a feature that helps academic neurologists navigate a wide spectrum of issues that they face in their careers. It may seem to be a bit selfserving, then, for the Editor-in-Chief to take the podium first and focus the initial segments in this series on academic publishing. However, at most academic institutions, both in the USA and internationally, publication remains the coin of the realm. My own view is that the beating heart of academic neurology is teaching, which I think is the sine qua non for our profession. However, teaching must be interpreted broadly. We teach locally in a one-onone way at the bedside, and in small groups, or in larger lectures. Clearly as we teach in larger settings, the quality of the individual interactions is reduced, but if the teacher is effective, the number of students impacted is increased. The way to reach the largest number of potential learners is by publishing your work. It is remarkable and gratifying to have colleagues you have never met come up to you at a meeting and thank you for writing something that had an important impact on their lives and careers. In terms of judging academic careers, it is always much easier to quantify the contribution made by publications than that made by local teaching. I would argue that local teaching is at least as important and is the very lifeblood of an academic medical center. But it is still very difficult to measure the quality of local teaching, especially in the one-on-one and small group settings in which we really learn to be clinicians. For this reason, even for those who are expert and superb clinician–teachers, it is much easier to establish your bona fides for promotion if at least a substantial part of your activity is in academic publication. Of course, for those who engage in research as a major component of their careers, the only way to communicate results effectively is to publish them. Hence in virtually all academic promotions, publications play a major role. It could be argued that perhaps they play too large a role in the evaluation and promotion process, but few would argue that it is an area that a serious academic neurologist could afford to overlook. In this inaugural series of NeuroGenesis, we will cover 3 important topics in academic publishing. In future entries, I will discuss how to choose where to publish your work, and how to prepare your paper so it has the greatest chance of being accepted. In this issue, I will discuss something near and dear to the heart of all journal editors: the peer review process, and why it is so important for your own intellectual growth and academic career that you participate as a peer reviewer.
Examining the nature of the comorbidity between pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Biederman J, Petty CR, Spencer TJ, Woodworth KY, Bhide P, Zhu J, Faraone SV. Examining the nature of the comorbidity between pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Objective: This study sought to address the link between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in youth by providing a comprehensive comparison of clinical correlates of ADHD subjects with and without PTSD across multiple non-overlapping domains of functioning and familial patterns of transmission. Method: Participants were 271 youths with ADHD and 230 controls without ADHD of both sexes along with their siblings. Participants completed a large battery of measures designed to assess psychiatric comorbidity, psychosocial, educational, and cognitive parameters. Results: Post-traumatic stress disorder was significantly higher in ADHD probands vs. controls (5.2% vs. 1.7%, χ2(1) = 4.36, P = 0.04). Irrespective of the comorbidity with PTSD, ADHD subjects had similar ages at onset of ADHD, similar type and mean number of ADHD symptoms, and similar ADHD-associated impairments. PTSD in ADHD probands was significantly associated with a higher risk of psychiatric hospitalization, school impairment, poorer social functioning and higher prevalences of mood, conduct disorder, and anxiety disorders. The mean onset of PTSD (12.6 years) was significantly later than that of ADHD and comorbid disorders (all P < 0.05). Siblings of ADHD and ADHD + PTSD probands had higher prevalences of ADHD vs. siblings of controls (35% vs. 18%, z = 4.00, P < 0.001 and 67% vs. 18%, z = 4.02, P < 0.001 respectively) and siblings of ADHD+PTSD probands had a significantly higher prevalence of PTSD compared with the siblings of ADHD and control probands (20% vs. 3% and 3%, z = 2.99, P = 0.003 and z = 2.07, P = 0.04 respectively). Conclusion: Findings indicate that the comorbidity with PTSD in ADHD leads to greater clinical severity as regards psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial dysfunction. ADHD is equally familial in the presence of PTSD in the proband indicating that their co-occurrence is not owing to diagnostic error.
Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of the homoeologous EPSP Synthase genes of allohexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.)

5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) is the sixth and penultimate enzyme in the shikimate biosynthesis pathway, and is the target of the herbicide glyphosate. The EPSPS genes of allohexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD) have not been well characterized. Herein, the three homoeologous copies of the allohexaploid wheat EPSPS gene were cloned and characterized. Genomic and coding DNA sequences of EPSPS from the three related genomes of allohexaploid wheat were isolated using PCR and inverse PCR approaches from soft white spring “Louise’. Development of genome-specific primers allowed the mapping and expression analysis of TaEPSPS-7A1, TaEPSPS-7D1, and TaEPSPS-4A1 on chromosomes 7A, 7D, and 4A, respectively. Sequence alignments of cDNA sequences from wheat and wheat relatives served as a basis for phylogenetic analysis. The three genomic copies of wheat EPSPS differed by insertion/deletion and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), largely in intron sequences. RT-PCR analysis and cDNA cloning revealed that EPSPS is expressed from all three genomic copies. However, TaEPSPS-4A1 is expressed at much lower levels than TaEPSPS-7A1 and TaEPSPS-7D1 in wheat seedlings. Phylogenetic analysis of 1190-bp cDNA clones from wheat and wheat relatives revealed that: 1) TaEPSPS-7A1 is most similar to EPSPS from the tetraploid AB genome donor, T. turgidum (99.7 % identity); 2) TaEPSPS-7D1 most resembles EPSPS from the diploid D genome donor, Aegilops tauschii (100 % identity); and 3) TaEPSPS-4A1 resembles EPSPS from the diploid B genome relative, Ae. speltoides (97.7 % identity). Thus, EPSPS sequences in allohexaploid wheat are preserved from the most two recent ancestors. The wheat EPSPS genes are more closely related to Lolium multiflorum and Brachypodium distachyon than to Oryza sativa (rice). The three related EPSPS homoeologues of wheat exhibited conservation of the exon/intron structure and of coding region sequence, but contained significant sequence variation within intron regions. The genome-specific primers developed will enable future characterization of natural and induced variation in EPSPS sequence and expression. This can be useful in investigating new causes of glyphosate herbicide resistance.