cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting choice of hemostatic agent for the hemophilia patient with an inhibitor antibody

Achieving adequate hemostasis in patients with hemophilia and high-titer inhibitor antibodies remains a challenge despite the development of plasma-derived and recombinant therapies to bypass the inhibitory effect. A group of hemophilia treaters met to examine the factors that influence physician choices among the very costly and cumbersome available therapies. Specific knowledge deficits in need of prospective research were identified with respect to the rational treatment of inhibitor patients.
Isozyme variation among soil isolates ofHistoplasma capsulatum

Abstract Three hundred and sixty-nine cultures of Histoplasma capsulatum were isolated by means of soil-inoculated mice from four disjunct sites, three consisting of blackbird roosts and one a gull nesting area. Repeatable isozyme patterns of eight enzyme systems were obtained by starch-gel electrophoresis. Isozyme polymorphism was observed among the isolates from each soil sample in at least one of the enzyme systems. High levels of isozyme variation were found within and between the sample sites. Isolates from the three blackbird sites were phenotypically more variable but showed an overall greater similarity to each other than to those from the gull site. Isolates from tissues of individual mice produced from two to ten different isozyme phenotypes, with an average of 40.5% of the isolates differing from the predominant phenotype.
EXTENDED ORIENTATION COURSES AT TWO‐YEAR COLLEGES

This national study of extended orientation courses indicates that they are used as frequently at 2‐year colleges as at 4‐year colleges. However, substantial differences in the administrative structures and content emphases of these courses exist within institutional types. At 2‐year colleges, these differences have the potential to limit the effectiveness of extended orientation courses. For instance, 2‐year college courses have significantly larger class sizes, are shorter in duration, are less likely to be required, use less faculty training, are less varied in content, and are rarely used as an introduction to an academic discipline.
Earnings changes associated with relaxing the reconciliation requirement in non-U.S. firms’ SEC filings☆

Abstract We investigate the changes in earnings information content and earnings attributes for non-U.S. firms listed in U.S. equity markets following the 2007 relaxation of the SEC requirement to reconcile IFRS earnings and stockholders’ equity to U.S. GAAP in annual regulatory filings. We analyze a sample of non-U.S. firms listed on U.S. exchanges from 2005 to 2008 that use IFRS, and compare them to non-U.S. firms that continue to use domestic GAAP or U.S. GAAP. Prior literature finds no changes in informativeness following the regulatory change for IFRS-using firms. However, when we partition the IFRS-using firms into two groups based on their history of providing reconciliation information, we find that firms which previously provided more information about the differences between their reporting GAAP and U.S. GAAP had significant increases in the information content of their earnings. In contrast, there is no change in earnings informativeness for firms that provided less informative reconciliations. We regard the reconciliation informativeness as a proxy for firms’ efforts to provide more informative disclosures, which is driven by their disclosure incentives. We also document that the change in the information content of earnings for more informative reconcilers was contemporaneous with a change in earnings attributes for these firms. Consistent with no change in earnings informativeness for less informative reconcilers, there is little change in their earnings attributes. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating disclosure incentives when examining the consequences of a regulatory change.
The fate of a cell is the function of its position and vice-versa

Developmental biologists distinguish between mosaic embryos, in which the removal of a cell or group of cells results in a defective adult, andregulative embryos, in which the adult appears normal in spite of such removal. I suggest that the mosaic/regulative distinction is best viewed by contrastingwithin-cell signals(i.e., a cell can develop autonomously, perhaps on the basis of instructions derived from the mother) againstbetween-cell signals (i.e., development, and the origin of form and shape, is based on intercellular communication). This distinction is not rigid; the same embryo can make use of both within-cell and between-cell signals. During evolution, signalling between cells is likely to have become advantageous as organisms increased in size. However, the fact that an embryo displays regulative behaviour may be an automatic consequence of the way it develops rather than an evolved adaptation.
A Case of Intrauterine Molar Pregnancy with Coexistent Ectopic Pregnancy

We describe a woman who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. She was initially diagnosed by the emergency physician with a molar pregnancy by transvaginal ultrasound, which was confirmed and treated by the consulting obstetrical service with a dilatation and curettage the following day. The patient was discharged home later that same day and subsequently returned to the ED after several hours complaining of an acute worsening of her abdominal pain with associated fatigue and lightheadedness. Transabdominal ultrasound performed by the emergency physician demonstrated intra-abdominal free fluid, and the obstetrical service was immediately contacted. Subsequent operative management identified a separate ruptured ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube that was confirmed by pathologic analysis after laparoscopic removal.
Teach algorithm design and intractability with a project-based curriculum centered on a single intractable problem: three domains to choose from (abstract only)

This workshop presents an award-winning, NSF-funded, project-based curriculum for algorithm design that includes algorithmic strategies for intractable problems. This curriculum is a sequence of laboratory projects comprising increasingly sophisticated solvers for a single intractable problem, designed to integrate into existing, one-term, undergraduate courses that teach algorithm design and/or intractability without sacrificing traditional course content. The presenters have used the curriculum in the Design and Analysis of Algorithms course at their institution to help students tackle and appreciate intractability. This workshop presents versions of the curriculum centered on TSP, SAT and Sudoku. Attendees will receive adoption materials and access to an adopters' forum. NSF is funding the development, evaluation, dissemination and adoption of the curriculum. Potential adopters are encouraged to apply for funding to attend this workshop and SIGCSE 2014 at http://www.rowan.edu/~lobo/AlgosCurriculum. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1140753. Laptop optional.
Isotropic diffusion-weighted and spiral-navigated interleaved EPI for routine imaging of acute stroke

An interleaved echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique is presented for the rapid acquisition of isotropic diffusion-weighted images of stroke patients. Sixteen isotropic diffusion-weighted images at three b values are acquired in less than 3 min. A spiral navigator echo is used to measure the constant and linear phase shifts across the head in both the x and y directions which result from motion during the isotropic diffusion- sensitizing gradients. The measured k-space errors are corrected during a gridding reconstruction. The gridding kernel has a constant width in kx and a variable width in ky which eliminates variable data-density ghosts. The resulting isotropic diffusion-weighted images have excellent lesion-to-normal brain contrast, very good spatial resolution, and little sensitivity to susceptibility effects in the base of the brain. Examples of diffusion-weighted images and ADC maps from several stroke patients are shown.
Do Individual Characteristics Matter? An Analysis of Americans’ Opinions toward the Korean, Vietnam, Persian Gulf, and Iraq Wars

This article presents the results of an analysis of public attitudes toward war for the Korean, Vietnam, Persian Gulf, and Iraq wars. In total, 61 surveys conducted by the Gallup Organization starting in August 1950 (near the beginning of the Korean War) and ending February 2006 (middle of the Iraq War) were analyzed. This article examines the social characteristics of those people who are more or less likely to oppose war and is a continuation of our earlier work analyzing the Iraq War. The research reported here was arrived at answering the following question: Are there some groups (e.g., Democrats) who are more likely to oppose war? Using binary logistic regression methods, this research analyzes why some groups are more likely than others to oppose or support war. This cross-sectional analysis studies groups by age, education, gender, race, religion, party identification, and political ideology, in their general likelihood to oppose war. In addition, this analysis studies respondents’ attitudes toward...
An Observational Study of Medium-Scale Wave Dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere Summer. Part II: Stationary-Transient Wave Interference

Abstract Eastward moving, baroclinically forced, medium-scale waves are frequently observed to dominate the Southern Hemisphere summer circulation. In addition, strong quasi-stationary medium-scale waves were also observed during the summer of 1978/1979. In this paper we present the results of an observational study for several weeks of this time period, during which the stationary and transient waves are found to exhibit clear linear interference characteristics. Energetic analyses indicate that the medium-scale waves grow barotropically and decay baroclinically during this period, although these interference induced contributions are secondary to the usual baroclinic growth-barotropic decay life cycle characteristics observed by Randel and Stanford. Data analyses and simple model calculations are presented which demonstrate that the observed baroclinic decay results from equatorward heat flux associated with the differing vertical structures of the stationary and transient waves. An interference induced...
Developing a post‐fire flood chronology and recurrence probability from alluvial stratigraphy in the Buffalo Creek watershed, Colorado, USA

Stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence indicate floods that occur soon after forest fires have been intermittent but common events in many mountainous areas during the past several thousand years. The magnitude and recurrence of these post-fire flood events reflects the joint probability between the recurrence of fires and the recurrence of subsequent rainfall events of varying magnitude and intensity. Following the May 1996 Buffalo Creek, Colorado, forest fire, precipitation amounts and intensities that generated very little surface runoff outside of the burned area resulted in severe hillslope erosion, floods, and streambed sediment entrainment in the rugged, severely burned, 48 km 2 area. These floods added sediment to many existing alluvial fans, while simultaneously incising other fans and alluvial deposits. Incision of older fans revealed multiple sequences of fluvially transported sandy gravel that grade upward into charcoal-rich, loamy horizons. We interpret these sequences to represent periods of high sediment transport and aggradation during floods, followed by intervals of quiescence and relative stability in the watershed until a subsequent fire occurred. An alluvial sequence near the mouth of a tributary draining a 0.82 km 2 area indicated several previous post-fire flood cycles in the watershed. Dendrochronologic and radiocarbon ages of material in this deposit span approximately 2900 years, and define three aggradational periods. The three general aggradational periods are separated by intervals of approximately nine to ten centuries and reflect a 'millennium-scale' geomorphic response to a closely timed sequence of events: severe and intense, watershed-scale, stand-replacing fires and subsequent rainstorms and flooding. Millennium-scale aggradational units at the study site may have resulted from a scenario in which the initial runoff from the burned watershed transported and deposited large volumes of sediment on downstream alluvial surfaces and tributary fans. Subsequent storm runoff may have produced localized incision and channelization, preventing additional vertical aggradation on the sampled alluvial deposit for several centuries. Two of the millennium-scale aggradational periods at the study site consist of multiple gravel and loam sequences with similar radiocarbon ages. These closely dated sequences may reflect a multidecade-scale' geomorphic response to more frequent, but aerially limited and less severe fires, followed by rainstorms of relatively common recurrence.
Scientific Issues in the U.S. EPA Framework for Metals Risk Assessment

This article on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency document, “Framework for Metals Risk Assessment” (U.S. EPA, 2007a) was presented at the “Health Risk Assessment of Essential Metals” Workshop held at the University of Ottawa in May 2008. This article discusses the basic principles included in the Framework for Metals Risk Assessment and outlines how these principles need to be considered in human health and ecological risk assessment practices. Recognizing that metals present unique risk assessment issues, the article includes discussion of the various scientific issues related to metals assessments, such as environmental chemistry, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and essentiality.
LEVELS AND PREDICTORS OF RECIDIVISM: THE MALTA EXPERIENCE*

Research on recidivism has been confined primarily to a few highly industrialized Western nations (e.g., United States, Great Britain, Canada, and Australia) in which the data and resources needed for such research are readily available. The restriction of recidivism research to such a small number of nations begs the question: Do these results reflect patterns of offending and products of the criminal justice systems unique to these nations, or do they describe patterns of recidivism across a much wider range of social and cultural contexts? In this study I extend the scope of recidivism research by examining levels and patterns of recidivism in the Republic of Malta, a small Mediterranean island that differs considerably from the typical context in which recidivism is studied. Specifically, I examine the likelihood of recidivism among persons released from Malta's only prison between 1976 and 1994. In addition, I examine factors shown in previous research to be strong predictors of recidivism to assess their value as predictors of recidivism among Maltese prisoners. Proportional hazards regression models reveal that levels and predictors of recidivism in Malta approximate those observed in societies that are socially and culturally quite different. The findings suggest that the role of social institutions in reintegrating offenders into society may be more complex than commonly believed.
Insertion planning for steerable flexible needles reaching multiple planar targets

In this paper, we propose a new insertion plan for steerable flexible needles with which we can target multiple locations in the plane with a single entry point (i.e. port). The method is developed based on the observation that multiple locations can be reached by a flexible needle through insertion, partial retraction, rotation, and re-insertion of the needle. We show that in 2D space this problem can be solved using a geometric relationship between multiple tangent circles. Specifically we find a needle insertion point, a corresponding insertion direction and lengths for insertion and retraction with which we can generate the optimal needle trajectory that reaches two or three planar targets with the minimum tissue damage. This minimization problem is solved using exhaustive search of a cost function on the 1D bounded domain. We build a prototype of a needle insertion system and develop C#-based software to compute the optimal needle paths and perform the planned insertion as an open-loop controller. Finally, actual insertion examples are presented.
Application of Vorticity Integral Conditioning to Chebyshev Pseudospectral Formulation for the Navier-Stokes Equations

A pseudospectral method based on the vorticity-stream function formulation is proposed for the solution of two-dimensional, time-dependent flow of an incompressible fluid. It features the high resolution and computational economy of Chebyshev collocation and the combined second-order Adams-Bashforth and Crank-Nicolson time integration schemes. Precise treatment for the vorticity condition is accomplished by the use of conditions of integral type. Numerical experiments indicate that the pseudospectral method is capable of producing results comparable to those obtained by finite differences with fewer unknowns and is superior in accuracy for the same number of nodal points.
REAct: resource-efficient accountability for nodemisbehavior in ad hoc networks based on random audits

Wireless ad hoc networks rely on multi-hop routes to transport data from source to destination. The routing function is implemented in a collaborative manner, with each node responsible for relaying traffic to the destination. However, an increasingly sophisticated pool of users with easy access to commercial wireless devices, combined with the poor physical and software security of the devices, can lead to node misconfiguration or misbehavior. A misbehaving node may refuse to forward packets in order to conserve its energy (selfishness), or simply degrade network performance (maliciousness).In this paper, we investigate the problem of uniquely identifying the set of misbehaving nodes who refuse to forward packets. We propose a novel misbehavior identification scheme called REAct that provides resource-efficient accountability for node misbehavior. REAct identifies misbehaving nodes based on a series of random audits triggered upon a performance drop. We show that a source-destination pair using REAct can identify any number of independently misbehaving nodes based on behavioral proofs provided by nodes. Proofs are constructed using Bloom filters which are storage-efficient membership structures, thus significantly reducing the communication overhead for misbehavior detection.
Value of signal detection theory indexes for Wechsler Memory Scale-III recognition measures.

This study investigated the utility of signal detection theory (SDT) indexes in conjunction with the Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) to supplement the age-scaled scores that are typically calculated for recognition measures. Participants included 23 dementia patients and 22 patients with major depressive disorder who were administered the WMS-III as part of a larger neuropsychological evaluation. Each clinical group was compared against a demographically matched control group drawn from the WMS-III standardization sample. Discriminability indexes (e.g., d′) identified significant group differences in the dementia patients relative to their control group on Faces 1, Logical Memory, and Verbal Paired Associates (VPA), as well as in the depressed patients relative to their controls on VPA. A liberal response bias (e.g., c) was revealed for the dementia patients relative to their controls for VPA. False alarms, but not hits, were significantly different between dementia patients and their controls. Our re...
An Investigation of the Effect of Sample Size and Specification Error on the Fit of Structural Equation Models

AbstractCovariance structure analysis provides a useful methodology to test hypotheses about competing structural models. The chi-square goodness of fit test is basically an appropriate test for model evaluation. However, methodologists are particularly concerned about the validity of the test to detect misspecified models in small samples. At the same time, there is the concern of rejecting models with reasonably good fit in large samples. The present Monte Carlo study examined the validity of the chi-square test in different instances of misspecification and sample size. The usefulness of the chi-square difference statistic to compare competing structures and improvement in fit is also addressed.
KR25 System of Systems Architecture Evaluation Using Evolutionary Computation

Evolutionary computation and evolutionary algorithms represent a developing science and technology that can be effectively applied to the generation and evaluation of system of systems architectures. A general technique used by systems engineering professionals is a binary matrix representation of a system or system of systems. The specific meaning and semantics of the binary relationship depends of the type of representation used. Typical representations are, "N squared", design structure matrix, dependency structure matrix, and implication matrix. A key feature of these typical representations is their direct relationship to the structure required in an evolutionary computational approach. Evolutionary algorithms can be applied to the evaluation and optimization of these matrix structures. A new evolutionary algorithm has been developed that applies specifically to the generation and evaluation of systems and system of systems. This new evolutionary algorithm incorporates a fuzzy inference system in the calculation of the best fit evaluation. The current industrial and social environment is populated with a vast array of existing and developing systems. Any new system must take this context into account. Evolutionary computation is applied to assist the system architect and engineer in the evaluation of these complex configurations and interface sets. The new evolutionary computing techniques are applied to system of systems architecting tasks using a well defined set of measures of effectiveness (MOE). The systems architecting task is divided into three general areas organized around the roles and responsibilities associated with the system architect, the system customer and the system engineer. The system architect is responsible for the complete system operation and MOE balance, focused on life-cycle cost and risk. The customer is responsible for the mission profile and mission functions. Operational effectiveness and operational suitability areas are the responsibility of the systems engineers. Affordability, risk, operational effectiveness and operational suitability are the four MOE used to evaluate the candidate system of systems architectures.
Superbanana Orbits in Stellarator Geometries

The presence of superbanana orbit types localized to either the interior or the exterior of stellarators and torsatrons is numerically investigated for 3.5 MeV alpha particles. The absence of the interior superbanana in both geometries is found to be due to non-conservation of the action. Exterior superbananas are found in the stellarator only, as a consequence of the existence of closed helical magnetic wells. No superbananas of either type are found in the torsatron.
STUDIES ON THE EMULSIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME INTRACELLULAR TURKEY MUSCLE PROTEINS

SUMMARY Myosin, actin, actomyosin, myofibrils and sarcoplasmic proteins were isolated from the breast muscle of Broad-breasted White breeder turkeys. The different proteins were evaluated for their emulsifying capacity (EC) and emulsion-stabilizing capacity (ESC) at pH 7.0 and 6.0. Actin was evaluated both in the presence and in the absence of salt. A procedure for determination of ESC, which simulates commercial sausage conditions, was developed. The over-all performance of the proteins was better at pH 7.0 than at 6.0 Myosin at both pH values had the highest EC but lacked ESC when compared to the other fractions. Actomyosin also possessed excellent emulsifying capacity second only to myosin at both pH 6.0 and 7.0. Although sarcoplasmic proteins had the lowest EC and ESC at pH 7.0, they performed better than actin, intact meat and myofibrils at pH 6.0. There was no difference between the performances of actin in the presence and in the absence of salt either in EC or ESC. Actin produced the most stable emulsions at pH 6.0, followed by sarcoplasmic proteins. Higher pH and the existence of “free” myosin and actin seem to be responsible for the better emulsifying characteristics of prerigor muscle. Sarcoplasmic proteins appear to contribute to emulsion stability in the post-rigor state.
Corporate power and employee relations

Corporations have not sufficiently yielded to social pressures for humanitarian reforms. To make such reforms requires that management give up some control. Giving up control contradicts traditional managerial philosophy. The bureaucratic structure of corporations gives management the power to virtually eliminate most social influences. An alternative to the bureaucratic corporation is a shared ownership corporation where investors, management, and low ranking employees all own the corporation. This alternative balances the power by giving all participants in the corporation power to influence policy. Without this redistribution of power, or something like it, any hope for significant humanitarian reforms is vain.
In vivo evaluation of 64Cu-labeled Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Dual-Modality PET/MR Imaging Agent

A novel nanoparticle-based dual-modality positron emission tomograph/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) contrast agent was developed. The probe consisted of a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) core coated with PEGylated phospholipids. The chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was conjugated to PEG termini to allow labeling with positron-emitting 64Cu. Radiolabeling with 64Cu at high yield and high purity was readily achieved. The 64Cu-SPIO probes produced strong MR and PET signals and were stable in mouse serum for 24 h at 37 °C. Biodistribution and in vivo PET/CT imaging studies of the probes showed a circulation half-life of 143 min and high initial blood retention with moderate liver uptake, making them an attractive contrast agent for disease studies.
The Effects of Embedded Skill Instruction on the Acquisition of Target and Nontarget Skills in Preschoolers with Developmental Delays

Previous research on the constant time delay (CTD) procedure has demonstrated the effectiveness of the procedure with students with a range of disabilities. Most research on CTD has been implemente...
The spatial transformation of first‐tier suburbs, 1970 to 2000: The case of metropolitan baltimore

Abstract The evolution of first‐tier suburbs has emerged as an important topic of scholarly and popular attention in the past decade, yet little is known about the diversity of neighborhood spatial structure. This article analyzes data on 152 census tracts in 21 first‐tier suburban census designated places in metropolitan Baltimore. A total of 49 socioeconomic variables are used to measure the population, income dynamics, nature of the housing, and structure of the labor force. The analysis provides evidence of spatial restructuring in 1970 and 2000. The racial composition, socioeconomic status, occupation, and nature of the housing stock differentiate the spatial structure of Baltimore's first‐tier suburban neighborhoods from one another over time. A typology of five neighborhoods in 1970 and six in 2000 is derived from a partitional clustering procedure that groups principal components analysis scores. The policy implications of suburban diversity and decline are discussed.
Electron bremsstrahlung angular distributions in the 1-500 keV energy range

Predictions of bremsstrahlung angular distributions from incident electrons of kinetic energy 1-500 keV are examined using numerical data obtained from a numerical calculation in partial waves, under the assumption that the process is described as a single-electron transition in an atomic central potential. For low-$Z$ elements the Born approximation or the Elwert-Haug approach, modified with form-factor screening, give good predictions for the shape of the angular distributions, except at forward and backward angles. That is, the results are good in the main region which contributes to the energy spectrum. For high-$Z$ elements such predictions are accurate within about 15%. Analytic properties of the shape of the angular distribution from simpler theories suggest a simple way to parametrize the results.
Protoporphyrinogen oxidation coupled to nitrite reduction with membranes from Desulfovibrio gigas

The oxidation of protoporphyrinogen by membranes from Desulfovibrio gigas with nitrite as the electron acceptor proceeds at the ratio of 1 mol protoporphyrin produced for each mol of nitrite reduced. Coupled to the protoporphyrinogen-nitrite reaction is the esterification of ortho-phosphate with a P/2e− value of 0.92. Pentachlorophenol, 3 × 10−5 M, and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, 3 × 10−6 M, serve as uncouplers of phosphorylation while rotenone, 9 × 10−6 M, and hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, 0.1 × 10−6 M, inhibit electron flow from protoporphyrinogen oxidase to nitrite reductase.
A comparison of two balance measures to predict discharge performance from inpatient stroke rehabilitation.

Objective To compare the admission Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS) in predicting outcomes at discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation unit (IRU). We hypothesized that discharge outcomes would be better predicted by (1) the PASS compared with the BBS, and (2) by the PASS changing position subscore compared with the PASS maintain posture subscore. Design A retrospective study. Setting An IRU in an academic medical center. Participants Fifty-five subjects with stroke and mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 71.5 ± 13.8 years, admission functional independence measures (FIM) of 57.2 ± 17.2 points, and IRU length of stay of 17.3 ± 9.7 days. Methodology/Main Outcome Measurements Admission and discharge BBS and PASS scores, gait velocity (GV) at discharge, and selected FIM items at discharge were measured. GV was analyzed both as a continuous and categorical variable. Results The Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r) was strong between admission BBS and PASS (r = 0.90, P P = .03) and 0.28 ( P = .06), respectively. Analysis of variance was significant for both balance measures when grouped by the discharge gait speed category ( P P = .02) than for PASS changing position subscore (r = 0.23, P = .13). Both subscores were significantly associated with both toileting and transfers (r = 0.43-0.56, all at least P ≤ .001). Conclusions Contrary to our hypotheses, the BBS and PASS performed equally well in our study sample and were best at predicting patients discharged in the slowest GV category. There were few differences between the PASS subscores. Further research should compare how well admission BBS and PASS predict gait velocity, falls, and other functional parameters in the community after IRU discharge.
Reticulation inside the Species Boundary

and species trees. We construct different lineage histories for different genes, in spite of the fact that intragenic recombination ensures that building a gene tree can become an exercise in averaging over disparate (and reticulating) segmental phylogenies. Combining data across disparate gene trees leads to an average species tree, but whether that represents anything real is dubious. Another ploy is to study mitochondrial and/or chloroplast genomes, confidently asserted to be inherited in strictly lineal fashion, without recombination. Evidence is mounting, however, that even these organellar elements have recombination and that their phylogenies are reticulate. Given the generally reticulate process of evolution at the subspecific level, we should model the collection of relationships more as a redundant and multiply connected network than as a strictly radiating phylogeny.
A methodology for comparing manufacturing industry costs at the state level

Abstract This article develops and applies a methodology for a comparative cost analysis for manufacturing industries. Location variations in labor, energy, transportation and tax costs are analyzed for representative firms constructed for the twenty two-digit Standard Industrial Classifications. The results of the analysis include an estimate of the interstate variation of these business costs for manufacturing industries and an idea of the relative importance of these four business cost components among industries and across states.
Mathematical analysis of the operative temperature and energy budget

Abstract 1. 1. An exact, explicit quartic solution to the energy budget can be used to calculate the operative temperature, the surface temperature of a wet organism, and the metabolic rate. 2. 2. All of the approximations and iteration methods arrive at solutions close to the proper root and do not converge around the other three physically unrealistic roots. 3. 3. A second-order Taylor approximation is satisfactory, but the first-order Taylor approximation is not. 4. 4. A new simple 4th order polynomial is introduced to estimate the saturated vapor pressure function. 5. 5. Partial differential analysis is used to show the errors associated with the use of mounts and mount analogs.
Matchings in graphs II

Proofs are given of theorems of Lovasz and Brualdi on the existence in a finite simple graph of matchings required to meet vertices in a given set A of vertices. An alternating chain condition is obtained for a maximum matching to meet all the vertices in A.
The “Straightforward” Nature of Arrival Rate Estimation?

How one estimates the parameter in a Poisson process depends critically on the rule used to terminate the sampling period. For observation until the kth arrival, or observation until time t, well-known maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) can be used, although they can be biased if the sampling period is such that the expected number of arrivals is small. If one uses a stopping rule such as “observe until the kth arrival or time t,” the form of the MLE becomes more complex. In the latter case, it appears a simple ad hoc estimator outperforms its MLE competitor.
A Type-Theoretic Framework for Automated Synthesis of Workflows in Service-Oriented Computing

We describe a technique for automatic synthesis of workflows in service-oriented systems from a typetheoretic specification of coordination requirements. The technique presented involves formal semantics-based, automatic synthesis of service coordination workflows from the business logic of the clients using type and effect inference. The type and effect deduction, apart from synthesizing the workflow, provides formal proofs that the business requirements of the clients in a service-oriented system are met. The service descriptions and the business requirements are specified as a set of type judgements in an (intuitionistic) type theory. Workflows can be generated from a (type and effect) inference of the requirements from the "service theory".
Cramér Rao lower bound analysis of multichannel SAR with spatially varying, correlated noise

Along-track synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems can be used to remove the bright stationary clutter in order to more easily detect and track moving targets within the scene. In this work, we derive a Cramer Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) on the localization error of moving targets in these systems in the presence of correlated and spatially-varying noise. The CRLB is used to determine the minimum range/cross-range position and velocity estimation errors and is evaluated over radar and target parameters. Bounds were compared both over design parameters such as the number of antennas and the coherent processing interval, as well as non-design parameters such as signal quality and clutter coherence. Furthermore, the bias sensitivity of the CRLB to small estimator biases was analyzed.
Evidence of Empowerment in Resident Council Groups: An Examination of Two Leadership Models in Assisted Living

Individuals living in long-term care facilities and the professionals working with them are seeking methods to enhance resident choice and self-direction in personal care and internal community planning. This article presents findings from a study examining the incidence of empowerment opportunities in two resident council groups in assisted living facilities; one group used a resident leadership model and the other used an administrative leadership model by residents' choice. Results indicate that even with health and mental health challenges, residents were able to exercise choice in complicated situations under both leadership models, suggesting that resident council groups are a beneficial empowerment strategy.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric lung transplantation.

Objective Effectiveness of preoperative and postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in pediatric lung transplantation was studied. Methods Institutional database of pediatric lung transplants from 1990 to 2008 was reviewed. Results Three hundred forty-four patients underwent lung transplants in the study period. Thirty-three of 344 patients (9.6%) required perioperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Fifteen patients (median, age 1.3 years; range, 0.2–18 years) required 16 pretransplant extracorporeal membrane oxygenation runs. Indications were respiratory failure (8/16, 50%), severe pulmonary hypertension (5/16, 31%), and cardiopulmonary collapse (3/16, 19%). Four of these patients (27%) also required postoperative support. Six (40%) were weaned before lung transplant. Six (40%) survived to hospital discharge. Survival to discharge was higher among patients weaned before lung transplant (4/6, 66% vs 2/9, 22%). Twenty-two patients (median age, 9.4 years; range, 0.2–21 years) underwent 24 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation runs after lung transplant. Indications for postoperative support were primary graft dysfunction (18/24, 75%), pneumonia (4/24, 16%), and others (2/24, 9%). Median time between lung transplant and institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 32 hours (range, 0–1084 hours); median duration of support was 141 hours (range, 48–505 hours). Five of these patients (23%) survived to hospital discharge. Among nonsurvivors, causes of death were intractable respiratory failure (12/17, 70%) and infectious complications (4/17, 24%). Conclusions Need for perioperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support is associated with significant morbidity and mortality among pediatric patients receiving lung transplants. A subset of patients who can be weaned from support preoperatively have greater likelihood of survival.
Bcl-2 is overexpressed and alters the threshold for apoptosis in a cholangiocarcinoma cell line

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm originating from cholangiocytes. The mechanisms responsible for oncogenesis of cholangiocytes are unknown. Resistance to apoptosis, especially by altered expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 (Bcl-2) family members, has been implicated as a mechanism contributing to malignant transformation. Thus, our aim was to test the hypothesis that altered expression of Bcl-2 family members by cholangiocarcinoma cells renders them resistant to apoptosis. We compared the apoptotic threshold and expression of the Bcl-2 protein family members, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax, in two human cell lines: 1) nonmalignant human cholangiocytes immortalized by transfection with the simian virus 40 (SV 40) large T antigen; and 2) a malignant human cholangiocarcinoma cell line. Apoptosis was induced pharmacologically using beauvericin. Bcl-2, Bcl-x long, and Bax protein expression were evaluated by immunoblot analysis, and Bcl-2 expression was modulated using antisense technology. The cholangiocyte and malignant/nonmaligant phenotype of both cell lines was verified using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Beauvericin induced apoptosis of nonmalignant cholangiocytes in a concentration- (0 to 25 micromol/L) and time- (0 to 6 hours) dependent manner. In contrast, malignant cholangiocytes were resistant to apoptosis. Although expression of Bcl-x long and Bax protein were similiar in the two cell lines, Bcl-2 protein expression was 15-fold greater in malignant than in nonmalignant cholangiocytes. An 18 mer bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide reduced expression of Bcl-2 protein by 50% and increased the rate of beauvericin-induced apoptosis more than threefold in the malignant cells. Our results support the hypothesis that resistance to apoptosis by overexpression of Bcl-2 may be a feature of cholangiocarcinoma.
Adherence behavior of oxide grown in air and synthetic exhaust gas on Fe-Cr-Al alloys containing strong sulfide-forming elements : Ca, Mg, Y, Ce, La, Ti, and Zr

This work evaluated the adherence of oxide grown in air and synthetic exhaust gas on Fe-20Cr-5Al alloys containing strong sulfide-forming elements: Ca, Mg, Y, Ce, La, Ti, and Zr. Results support the theory that reactive elements provide good oxide adherence on alumina-forming materials primarily by tying up sulfur as stable Sulfides; however, other influences on adherence were found. Highly volatile elements, such as Ca and Mg, lose their sulfur-controlling ability by diffusing out of the matrix and into the growing oxide scale. Zirconium results in the growth of an extensive network of oxide pegs into the substrate which improves adherence. Titanium segregates to the alumina scale and acts as a sink for S in the matrix. In synthetic exhaust gas (N2+CO2+H2O), local oxide spalling was observed and was shown to be caused by H2O in the atmosphere. The added benefits of Ti and Zr, i.e., forming oxide pegs and sinks for S, improve adherence in this environment.
Classification of human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct adenocarcinoma subclasses

We have generated a molecular taxonomy of lung carcinoma, the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and worldwide. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we analyzed mRNA expression levels corresponding to 12,600 transcript sequences in 186 lung tumor samples, including 139 adenocarcinomas resected from the lung. Hierarchical and probabilistic clustering of expression data defined distinct subclasses of lung adenocarcinoma. Among these were tumors with high relative expression of neuroendocrine genes and of type II pneumocyte genes, respectively. Retrospective analysis revealed a less favorable outcome for the adenocarcinomas with neuroendocrine gene expression. The diagnostic potential of expression profiling is emphasized by its ability to discriminate primary lung adenocarcinomas from metastases of extra-pulmonary origin. These results suggest that integration of expression profile data with clinical parameters could aid in diagnosis of lung cancer patients.
Material properties and fractography of an indirect dental resin composite.

Objectives Determination of material and fractographic properties of a dental indirect resin composite material.
Mechanical recovery of dentin following remineralization in vitro — An indentation study

This study sought to gain insights into the steps leading to remineralization and mechanical recovery of hydrated dentin. Mechanical recovery in water was hypothesized to result from effective mineral matrix binding and to occur from the innermost regions outwards due to increased number of nucleation sites. Partially demineralized (0.05 M acetate, pH=5.0, 8 hrs) dentin was remineralized using calcium and phosphate solutions of 10.1 or 9.8 degree of saturation (DS) for hydroxyapatite (pH=7.4) for 4, 8 or 24 hours. Remineralization used a constant solution composition approach, which allowed for a continuous mineral growth with relatively constant thermodynamic driving forces. Rates of crystal growth rates (R) were calculated using concentrations of calcium and phosphate. Before and after de- and remineralization specimens had their surface and cross-section elastic moduli measured using AFM-nanoindentation in water. DS=10.1 provided higher R and higher mechanical recovery at the surface (p<.0001). Cross-sectional measurements showed that subsurface mechanical recovery occurred from the innermost demineralized areas gradually outwards for both groups with no statistical differences at different DS, thus suggesting that remineralization is driven by mineral growth within nucleation sites with preserved collagen fibrils. Further, mechanical recovery appeared to initially obey a heterogeneous pattern which vanished with time. This study provides evidence of mechanical recovery of hydrated dentin after remineralization and novel insights into the steps leading to mechanical recovery of carious dentin.
Sinusoidal drives for optical time demultiplexers

Electrically driven arrays of optical switches can be used to time demultiplex a train of high-repetition-rate optical pulses into parallel lower speed circuits. These demultiplexers are used to advantage in high-speed communication systems and in photonic analog-to-digital converters. High-speed operation of an optical demultiplexer is simplified by the use of sinusoidal electrical drives, but suppression of crosstalk is difficult. Adequate suppression of crosstalk in these demultiplexers can be obtained through the use additional modulators. The key to our approach is the use of a combination of harmonically related sinusoidal signals applied to the additional modulators in order to select one out of every M pulses. Results with a 1: 4 demultiplexed photonic analog-to-digital converter operating at 208 MS/s demonstrate the efficacy of the technique.
Chemical potential of one-dimensional simple harmonic oscillators

Expressions for the chemical potential of an Einstein solid, and of ideal Fermi and Bose gases in an external one-dimensional oscillatory trap, are calculated by two different methods and are all found to share the same functional form. These derivations are easier than traditional textbook calculations for an ideal gas in an infinite three-dimensional square well. Furthermore, the results indicate some important features of chemical potential that could promote student learning in an introductory course in statistical mechanics at the undergraduate level.
Targeted Drug Delivery to Treat Pain and Cerebral Hypoxia

Limited drug penetration is an obstacle that is often encountered in treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including pain and cerebral hypoxia. Over the past several years, biochemical characteristics of the brain (i.e., tight junction protein complexes at brain barrier sites, expression of influx and efflux transporters) have been shown to be directly involved in determining CNS permeation of therapeutic agents; however, the vast majority of these studies have focused on understanding those mechanisms that prevent drugs from entering the CNS. Recently, this paradigm has shifted toward identifying and characterizing brain targets that facilitate CNS drug delivery. Such targets include the organic anion–transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents), a family of sodium-independent transporters that are endogenously expressed in the brain and are involved in drug uptake. OATP/Oatp substrates include drugs that are efficacious in treatment of pain and/or cerebral hypoxia (i.e., opioid analgesic peptides, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors). This clearly suggests that OATP/Oatp isoforms are viable transporter targets that can be exploited for optimization of drug delivery to the brain and, therefore, improved treatment of CNS diseases. This review summarizes recent knowledge in this area and emphasizes the potential that therapeutic targeting of OATP/Oatp isoforms may have in facilitating CNS drug delivery and distribution. Additionally, information presented in this review will point to novel strategies that can be used for treatment of pain and cerebral hypoxia.