cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal hyperspectral narrowbands for discriminating agricultural crops

The main goal of this paper was to establish the best hyperspectral narrowbands for discriminating agricultural crops and to determine the accuracy with which such discrimination was possible. Six crops (wheat, barley, chickpea, lentil, vetch, and cumin) were studied. The best 12 narrowbands provided the most rapid increase in spectral discrimination. Further addition of narrowbands, only marginally increased discrimination capability reaching a plateau around 30 narrowbands. The overall accuracy (and K hat) in separating the six crops increased rapidly from 73% (K hat = 71) when 6 best bands were used to 84% (K hat = 79) when 12 best bands were used. Peak overall accuracies of 94% (K hat = 92) were achieved with about 30 narrowbands. Possibility of significant improvements by using mid infrared bands were indicated. Principal component derived hyperspectral narrowbands explained 61–92% variability in biomass and 70–87% variability in LAI. The best narrowbands to study agricultural crops have been recomme...
Chemotherapy of human oncogenic viral infections: The possible role of interferon and reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Epidemiologic and virologic studies are providing increasingly firm links between viruses and carcinoma of the breast, sarcoma, leukemia, carcinoma of the cervix, and lymphoma. Since these diseases are apparently not epidemic in nature, immunization—which has been so successfully applied for control of many viral illnesses—will probably be less useful. The development of effective, broad-spectrum, antiviral compounds is therefore imperative. Developing drugs with dart-like specificity demands a clear knowledge of the differences in virus and cell replicative mechanisms. Specificity for viral processes is essential if cell toxicity is to be circumvented, since cirus replication occurs intracellularly with a partial dependence on cell macromolecular functions. With an increasing knowledge of the growth cycle of viruses, we recognize that both cytolytic and oncogenic viruses—although causing antithetic effects on cells—may have common biochemical mechanisms for assembling viral proteins and nucleic acids. There similarities suggest it is possible to approach therapeutically these two types of viral infection in similar ways. Specific antiviral drugs should be useful, not only in a prophylactic way, but also as an additional mode of therapy which can complement the surgical and chemotherapeutic approach to patients with established tumors.
Authors’ responses to the discussion on “Predicting losses of residential structures in the state of Florida by the Public Hurricane Loss Evaluation Model”

Abstract Hurricanes threaten the Florida coast line every year and are capable of causing catastrophic losses. The Public Hurricane Loss Model was developed in response to the need for having an open transparent model to predict the above losses. The results were summarized in the paper “Predicting Losses of Residential Structures in the State of Florida by the Public Hurricane Loss Model” which was subsequently a subject of discussion by experts in Meteorology, Engineering, Actuarial Sciences and Statistics. The present paper presents a response to the discussions on the above mentioned article.
Beyond invisible colleges: inspirations and aspirations of post-1972 social studies of science

A ten-year perspective on studies of scientific specialties-theory, method, and focus-from the social studies of science literature is presented. The inspirationprovided byPrice's work on “invisible colleges” andCrane's 1972 monograph of the same name is traced conceptually through the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. A decade later the literature on specialties is seen to aspire to interdisciplinary knowledge of scientific growth, fragmentation, consolidation, and supersession.
A fast, simple active contour algorithm for biomedical images

A new method for the application of active contours to biomedical images is described. The new approach, which involves extensive modification of the internal energy function and a different method of minimising the energy functional, yields rapid, excellent fits to MR images.
Hydrodynamic behavior of circulating fluidized bed with polymeric particles

A systematic study conducted explores the hydrodynamics of a circulating fluidized bed with polymeric particles employing polyethylene resins with a particle density of 660 kg/m3 and size ranging from 90 to 500 μm. The study indicates that polyethylene resins can be fluidized smoothly in the fast fluidization regime. However, the operating range of the fast fluidization regime for these particles is smaller than that for FCC particles. The deviation of the fluidization behavior of polyethylene particles from that of common Group-A particles is explained considering the interparticle forces. Experiments with fine polyethylene particles are also conducted with coarse particles added in a circulating fluidized bed. Axial profiles of solid holdups in a bed with and without coarse particles, as well as overall fine particle holdup, are studied. The results show a significantly wider operating range of the fast fluidization regime and enhancement of fine particle holdups in a bed with the presence of coarse particles. For comparison, fluidization with FCC particles is also conducted. A mechanistic model considering particle-particle collision is proposed. The model accounts for the momentum exchange rate between a coarse particle and a cloud of fine particles, which explains the enhancement of fine particle holdups observed experimentally.
Radiation by a dipole antenna on the axis of a semi-spheroidal cavity partially filled with DNG metamaterial

An oblate semi-spheroidal cavity under a metal plane, partially filled with DPS material and DNG metamaterial is considered. The DPS and DNG regions are separated by a coordinate surface in the oblate spheroidal system. The primary source is a dipole located on the axis of symmetry of the structure and axially oriented. The field inside the cavity and the radiated field above the metal plane are found exactly. Numerical results are shown and discussed.
Dopamine: The kinetics of uptake in the pedal ganglion of Quadrula pustulosa (pelecypoda)

1. 1. Uptake of dopamine in the pedal ganglion of a freshwater pelecypod Quadrula pustulosa) has properties similar to the uptake of catecholamines in mammalian nervous preparations. 2. 2. Pedal ganglin dopamine content was 132 μg. per g. (0 ·862 μmole per g.) tissue. 3. 3. The only metabolite of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, measured 4·96 μg. per g. (0 · 029 μmole per g.) tissue. 4. 4. The Km for uptake was 4 · 17 × 10−6M and the rate of uptake was significantly altered by temperature, ouabain, and imipramine.
Configurations of the interoceptive discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol and nicotine with two different exteroceptive contexts in rats: Extinction & recovery

Abstract Interoceptive states interact with exteroceptive contexts in modulating operant behavior, which is maintained by its consequences. Evaluating discriminative stimulus control by overlapping interoceptive and exteroceptive configurations (gestalts) and the contribution of each modality may be clinically important for understanding aspects of relapsing behavior (e.g., drug abuse). With rats, the current investigation used a completely counterbalanced one-manipulandum operant drug discrimination procedure that established discriminative stimulus control between nicotine (0.3 mg/kg) in one exteroceptive context and EtOH (1.0 g/kg) in a differing exteroceptive context. One combined interoceptive–exteroceptive condition occasioned sessions of food reinforcement (S D ) and the other counterbalanced condition occasioned sessions of non-reinforcement (S Δ ). Each stimulus modality contributed to discriminative control, but to lesser extents than the combined intero–exteroceptive compound configurations (Experiments 1 & 2). In Experiment 1, responding was extinguished in the interoceptive stimulus conditions alone in a neutral exteroceptive context, but then renewed by reconfiguring the drugs with the exteroceptive contexts, and reversed in the opposing exteroceptive contexts. In Experiment 2, responding was extinguished in the interoceptive and exteroceptive contexts separately. Reconfiguration of the full intero–exteroceptive compound configurations did not promote recovery. These results suggest that interoceptive and exteroceptive discriminative control can be methodologically configured in modulating operant behavior during acquisition, extinction, and recovery of behavior; however, configuring interoceptive and exteroceptive discriminative stimuli do not appear to function as unique cues that differ from each stimulus modality alone. Clinical implications are discussed.
Enhancement of inbreeding depression by dominance and suppression in Impatiens capensis

We investigated the effect of intraspecific competition on the magnitude of inbreeding depression in Impatiens capensis by planting seeds from chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers in three experimental greenhouse treatments: in individual pots, in flats in dense pure stands according to seed type, and in flats with the two seed types intermixed in a checkerboard array. The size distributions of plants grown in flats were significantly more hierarchical than those of plants grown individually, indicating that larger plants competitively suppressed smaller plants in the high-density treatments. The magnitude of inbreeding depression at high density depended upon the planting arrangement of CL and CH seeds. CH advantage was greatest when CH and CL seedlings were grown in competition with one another, suggesting that fitness differences between outcrossed and inbred individuals were intensified by dominance and suppression. For plants grown individually, the effects of maternal parent, seed weight, and emergence date on seedling size disappeared with plant age, whereas at high density these effects remained at the final harvest. Thus, plant density may influence patterns of natural selection both on mating system and on juvenile traits in natural Impatiens populations.
Thermal analyses of polymers. III. Influence of isocyanate structure on the molecular interactions in segmented polyurethanes

The thermal responses of various polyurethane elastomers in the form of changes in heat capacity, linear expansion, and tensile strain have been examined. Most of the change which can be attributed to the backbone of polyethylene adipate, found in several modes of thermal analysis, are still apparent, though shifted somewhat, among most of the diisocyanate extended elastomers used in this study. Tolylene diisocyanate extension changes the modulus properties markedly, low modulus properties being observed at ambient temperatures. Both hydrogenated MDI and MDI elastomers show comparable expansion and modulus response, whereas the hydrogenated TDI elastomer does not have the same characteristics as TDI-based elastomers. The thermal properties of the hydrogenated TDI elastomer resemble more those exhibited by the polyol mixture extended with hexamethylene diisocyanate, and in addition this latter elastomer exhibits more crystallinity, as shown by the large endotherm in the specific heat measurement. The structure of the diisocyanate naturally changes the behavior of the hard segment.
Consequences of neonatal pathology.

Summary Three groups of babies have been studied. (1) A follow-up study on fifty-one of fifty-five infants born in Children's Hospital has been made and resulted in forty-five found to be developing normally and six being handicapped. (2) Of twelve infants admitted to the hospital with diseases that might produce central nervous system sequelae, 50 per cent were found on follow-up to be handicapped. (3) The birth records of eighteen children in the cerebral palsy clinic, born at Children's Hospital, were studied. In nine, or 50 per cent, there was no evidence in the nursery that the infants would be handicapped. Prematurity, blood dyscrasias, and infection played the major role in handicapping the infants in this series. A full-term baby with a good prenatal history is a robust individual and tends to recuperate fully from the stress of being born, even when this is prolonged and traumatic. This series of cases is small; it is hoped more studies of this type will be done.
Mathematical modelling of immunity to malaria

Abstract A comparison of two epidemiological models of immunity to malaria shows that different characterizations of immunity boosted by exposure to infection generate qualitatively different results. Attempts to control disease by reducing transmission or increasing the recovery rate can produce an increase in prevalence in the compartmental model with discrete epidemiological states. However, the parasite density always decreases in response to disease control in the model with continuous epidemiological variables. Each model accounts for some epidemiological patterns. The increase in prevalence seen in the compartmental model is in accord with observed effects of variation in transmission. Parasite suppression in areas of antimalarial drug use is consistent with the effect of an increased recovery rate in the density model. Future work should combine the two approaches, perhaps by using the compartmental model over the low to moderate range of infection rates and switching to the density model at high infection rates. In any case, the validation of models needs to take account of the usage of antimalarial drugs as well as the intensity of transmission.
Neurobehavioral deficits, adolescent traumatic brain injury, and transition to college

Outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been frequently evaluated for adults, although there has been minimal research on adolescents with TBI. It has been argued that TBI sequelae may be more difficult for adolescents to adjust to given developmental changes in physical (puberty), interpersonal (self-concept), and environmental domains (transition to college). In addition, it is commonly acknowledged that moderator variables such as psychiatric history, family functioning, substance use, and sexuality impact functional outcome following TBI, although it is often difficult to objectively evaluate these variables. The current study examined relationships among TBI-related deficits, moderator variables, and academic outcomes for six adolescents transitioning to college. The findings suggest that it may not be appropriate to predict functional outcome based solely on objective neuropsychological results. However, moderator variables appear to have a more direct relationship with outcome, depending on the moderator variable and the individual.
Efferent connections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rabbit

The different cytoarchitectonic regions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have recently been shown to play divergent roles in associative learning in rabbits. To determine if these subareas of the mPFC, including areas 24 (anterior cingulate cortex), 25 (infralimbic cortex), and 32 (prelimbic cortex) have differential efferent connections with other cortical and subcortical areas in the rabbit, anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments were performed using the Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin (PHA-L), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. All three areas showed local dorsal-ventral projections into each of the other areas, and a contralateral projection to the homologous area on the other side of the brain. All three also revealed a trajectory through the striatum, resulting in heavy innervation of the caudate nucleus, the claustrum, and a lighter projection to the agranular insular cortex. The thalamic projections of areas 24 and 32 were similar, but not identical, with projections to the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and all of the midline nuclei. However, the primary thalamic projections from area 25 were to the intralaminar and midline nuclei. All three areas also projected to the ventromedial and to a lesser extent to the ventral posterior thalamic nuclei. Projections were also observed in the lateral hypothalamus, in an area just lateral to the descending limb of the fornix. Amygdala projections from areas 32 and 24 were primarily to the lateral, basolateral and basomedial nuclei, but area 25 also projected to the central nucleus. All three areas also showed projections to the midbrain periaqueductal central gray, median raphe nucleus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus and pontine nuclei. However, only areas 24 and the more dorsal portions of area 32 projected to the superior colliculus. Area 25 and the ventral portions of area 32 also showed a bilateral projection to the parabrachial nuclei and dorsal and ventral medulla. The dorsal portions of area 32, and all of area 24 were, however, devoid of these projections. It is suggested that these differential projections are responsible for the diverse roles that the cytoarchitectonic subfields of the mPFC have been demonstrated to play in associative learning.
Coagulation inhibitors in inflammation

Coagulation is triggered by inflammatory mediators in a number of ways. However, to prevent unwanted clot formation, several natural anticoagulant mechanisms exist, such as the antithrombin-heparin mechanism, the tissue factor pathway inhibitor mechanism and the protein C anticoagulant pathway. This review examines the ways in which these pathways are down-regulated by inflammation, thus limiting clot formation and decreasing the natural anti-inflammatory mechanisms that these pathways possess.
Epigenomic insights into common disease

A report on the Wellcome Trust Scientific Conference 'Epigenomics of Common Diseases', Hinxton, Cambridge, UK, September 13-16, 2011.
A process-integrated approach to defect prevention

Recent efforts to improve quality in software have concentrated on defect detection. This paper presents a programming process methodology for using causal analysis and feedback as a means for achieving quality improvements and ultimately defect prevention. The methodology emphasizes effective utilization of all error data to prevent the recurrence of defects.
Rapid actions of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Ca2+ and phospholipids in isolated rat liver nuclei

Abstract The effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1α,25-(OH) 2 D 3 ) on Ca 2+ levels and phospholipid metabolism were studied in isolated nuclei prepared from rat liver. Nuclear Ca 2+ concentration was estimated with the fluorescent indicator Fura 2. In agreement with previous reports, ATP (1 mM) produced a rapid increase in nuclear Ca 2+ from 188 ±25 to 593 ±121 nM. Exposure to 1α,25-(OH) 2 D 3 (20 nM) also produced a rapid increase in nuclear Ca 2+ to 402±71 nM. The 1β epimer of lα,25-(OH) 2 D 3 had no effect. Nuclear phosphatidylinositol was labeled by incubation with [γ- 32 p]ATP for 3 h. 1α,25-(OH) 2 D 3 produced a two-fold increase in [ 32 P]lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) within 5 min from 44 ± 11 to 87 ± 19 cpm/2.5 × 10 7 nuclei. 1β,25-(OH) 2 D 3 had no effect on [su32P]LPI production. Exposure of nuclei to exogenous LPI (15μM) produced an instantaneous increase in nuclear Ca 2+ to 372±81 nM, comparable to ATP and lα,25-(OH) 2 D 3 . The rapid effects of 1α,25-(OH) 2 D 3 on phospholipid metabolism and Ca 2+ in isolated nuclei suggest that the steroid may exert effects distinct from the well-characterized receptor-mediated changes in gene expression.
Spatiotemporal analysis of tornado exposure in five US metropolitan areas

Weather-related disasters and affiliated losses in the USA have amplified over time. However, prior research using normalization schemes on damage tallies suggests that weather hazard losses are not necessarily rising when inflation, changes in wealth, and growth in population are accounted. This study evaluates the latter factor, assessing if population changes and a sprawling development mode have led to increasing potential for tornado disasters in the USA. Specifically, this research shows where and how quickly tornado exposure is growing by appraising spatiotemporal trends in gridded population and housing unit data for five metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The macroscale risk to tornadoes is represented by tornado day climatology and is related to the exposure of the five MSAs, which include Atlanta, GA; Chicago, IL; Dallas/Fort Worth, TX; Oklahoma City, OK; and St. Louis, MO. Supplementing the macroscale investigation, an observationally derived, hypothetical violent tornado track is transposed on various development types in each MSA to determine the microscale changes in human and built-environment exposure. Results demonstrate increased exposure in all MSAs at both the macro- and microscale. Of the five MSAs studied, Dallas, TX, had the greatest potential for a tornado disaster due to the higher risk for tornado occurrence comingling with the amount of MSA exposure. These results reveal further that amplifying exposure is a major impetus behind intensifying severe weather impacts and losses.
Determination of alkali metal binding selectivities of caged crown ligands by electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry

Abstract The alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+) binding selectivities of caged crown ether compounds are evaluated by way of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and compared to the binding selectivities of three reference crown ethers, 15-crown-5, 1,7-diaza-15-crown-5, and 18-crown-6. The relative binding selectivities are estimated from the mass spectral intensities of the metal complexes and compared to calculated equilibrium distributions when possible. In general, the selectivities of the caged crown ethers parallel the selectivities for the noncaged reference crowns. However, as the cage moiety imparts a greater degree of rigidity in the polyether ring, the selectivities are shifted slightly toward larger cations. Further understanding of the metal binding preferences is obtained from molecular modeling calculations.
A model for NBTI in nitrided oxide MOSFETs without hydrogen or diffusion

The negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) is, arguably, the single most important reliability problem in present day metal oxide silicon field effect transistor (MOSFET) technology. This paper presents a model for NBTI which is radically different from the quite widely utilized reaction diffusion models which dominate the current day NBTI literature. The proposed model is relevant to technologically important nitrided oxide pMOSFETs. The model is clearly not, at least in its entirety, relevant to pure silicon dioxide gate pMOSFETs. Reaction diffusion models involve hydrogen/silicon bond breaking events at the silicon/ silicon dioxide interface initiated by the presence of an interface hole, followed by the diffusion of a hydrogenic species from the interface as well as potential rebonding of hydrogen and interface trap defect centers. This model does not invoke hydrogen in any form whatsoever but does simply account for the observed NBTI power law response and provides a reasonably accurate value for this exponent. The model also provides a reasonable explanation for recovery which includes a simple explanation for the extremely rapid rate of recovery at short times. In addition, the model provides a very simple explanation why the introduction of nitrogen greatly enhances NBTI. Finally, the model is consistent with recent electron paramagnetic resonance studies of NBTI defect chemistry.
Hybrid-Parameter Models of Synchronous Machines

The classical two-axis model of the synchronous machine governed by Park's equations is expanded by' viewing the magnetic-field couplings along each axis as multiports characterized by typical matrices whose elements are pertinent open-circuit, short-circuit, hybrid parameters and system functions associated with specific port constraints. Four equivalent state models are presented. A hybrid dynamical model that uses the "constants" of the machine and represents rotor currents and fluxes by equivalent voltages is developed in the forms of state equations and analog computer representations as well as phasor diagrams based upon ignoring armature dynamics.
Sartre and existential psychoanalysis

Abstract This article explores the contributions which a shift from Freudian to Sartrean metatheory might make to contemporary psychoanalysis. Beginning with a brief history of Sartre's deeply ambivalent relationship to traditional psychoanalysis, the article moves forward to reinterpret ego psychology and object relations theory from a Sartrean perspective and to point out ways in which a Sartrean reinterpretation could lead to more effective practice. A case is made for the importance of distinguishing between “neurotic anxiety” based on the “return of the repressed” and “existential anxiety” based on angst over one's freedom and inability to be a solid self at moments of deep level change in therapy. The importance of reciprocity in the client‐therapist relationship is emphasized.
Concatenated codes for class IV partial response channels

We present the design and analysis of parallel and serial concatenated codes with iterative decoding for class IV partial response (PR4) signaling. Code rates of the form K/sub 0//(K/sub 0/+1), for K/sub 0/=4, 8, 16, 32, and 64, are considered. We show that the 1/(1/spl oplus/D/sup 2/) (Tomlinson) precoder, first proposed by Wolf and Ungerboeck (1991) for trellis coded PR4 channels, is effective for both parallel and serial concatenations, but the error-rate "floor" is relatively high for the serial case. This leads to new interleaver and precoder designs for serial concatenations, the latter involving an examination of the conditional distance enumerator of each precoded PR4 channel. The new precoders substantially reduce the floors of the serial concatenated codes, but degrade the performance of the parallel concatenated codes. For a bit-error rate of 10/sup -5/, the best parallel and serial concatenated codes come within 1.7 dB of a lower bound on the capacity limit for PR4 signaling on an additive white Gaussian noise channel.
Differential transcription of the tcpPH operon confers biotype-specific control of the Vibrio cholerae ToxR virulence regulon.

Epidemic strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 are divided into two biotypes, classical and El Tor. In both biotypes, regulation of virulence gene expression depends on a cascade in which ToxR activates expression of ToxT, and ToxT activates expression of cholera toxin and other virulence genes. In the classical biotype, maximal expression of this ToxR regulon in vitro occurs at 30°C at pH 6.5 (ToxR-inducing conditions), whereas in the El Tor biotype, production of these virulence genes only occurs under very limited conditions and not in response to temperature and pH; this difference between biotypes is mediated at the level of toxT transcription. In the classical biotype, two other proteins, TcpP and TcpH, are needed for maximal toxT transcription. Transcription of tcpPH in the classical biotype is regulated by pH and temperature independently of ToxR or ToxT, suggesting that TcpP and TcpH couple environmental signals to transcription of toxT. In this study, we show a near absence of tcpPH message in the El Tor biotype under ToxR-inducing conditions of temperature and pH. However, once expressed, El Tor TcpP and TcpH appear to be as effective as classical TcpP and TcpH in activating toxT transcription. These results suggest that differences in regulation of virulence gene expression between the biotypes of V. cholerae primarily result from differences in expression of tcpPH message in response to environmental signals. We present an updated model for control of the ToxR virulence regulon in V. cholerae.
Advanced technology oscillator for small spacecraft

A small, low-mass, ultrastable oscillator with excellent frequency stability (1/spl times/10/sup -13/ at 100 s) is being developed for use in small spacecraft. The very nature of a small spacecraft places a very high premium on mass, size, and power of all instruments. Therefore, the primary task of this design was to reduce by 50% the mass and size of a flight-proven ultrastable oscillator design without seriously degrading the oscillator's frequency stability or immunity to environmental stress-a very challenging design problem. The mass of key components of an oscillator fabricated to test new design ideas was reduced by over 78%. A series of tests, including vibration testing, met or exceeded our expectations. On the basis of the results of the vibration tests, a vibration isolation system will not be used for this oscillator. A second thrust of this development is to optimize the oscillator electronics. Phase noise has been improved by 6 dBc to -159 dBc 1 kHz from the carrier. An oscillator configured to permit easy circuit changes is being used for this work. With the data and knowledge gained from this development, the probability of fulfilling the design goals are very high.
The strigeid trematode, Crassiphiala ambloplitis (Hughes 1927).

Within the last decade problems dealing with life cycles and relationships of the Strigeid Trematodes have received considerable attention. Among the European workers Szidat (1929, 1929 a ) has given the most complete summary of the anatomy, development and systematic position of the Strigeidae, while in North America La Rue (1926), his students and associates, have been contributing to our knowledge of the anatomy, relationships and life histories.
Influence of Cooking Formulation on Flavor and Hydrophilic Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity Values of Whole Grain Colored Rice

ABSTRACT Whole grain rice is rich in healthful polyphenolic compounds that can impart undesirable flavors. Rice is typically prepared with water and sometimes salt, oil, or both, which can influence flavor. This research examines the influences of cooking whole grain rice with salt, oil, or both on flavor and antioxidant capacity. Nine commercial rice samples (three brown, three red, and three black or purple) were cooked with water only, added salt (0.5%), oil (1.575% v/w), or salt with oil (same concentrations). Flavor was measured with descriptive flavor analysis, and antioxidant capacity was measured by the hydrophilic oxygen radical absorption capacity (H-ORAC) method. The addition of salt and salt with oil significantly reduced bitter, waterlike/metallic, and astringent flavors, whereas corn/popcorn/buttery flavor was increased. Cooking formulation significantly affected more flavor attributes in black/purple and brown bran samples than in the red bran samples. Salt, oil, or both can be added to ric...
Orthogonal-Blendshape-Based Editing System for Facial Motion Capture Data

In this work, we present a data-driven 3D facial motion capture editing system that uses the automated construction of an orthogonal-blendshape face model and constrained weight propagation. Given a collected facial motion capture data set, we start by performing a region-based principal component analysis (PCA) decomposition and constructing a truncated PCA space spanned by the largest eigenvector for each anatomical region of the human face ( for example, the left eyebrow). We then construct an orthogonal-blendshape face model as follows: each eigenvector of an anatomical region corresponds to a blendshape basis, so we regard its PCA coefficient as its blendshape weight. Our orthogonal model also minimizes the blendshape interference issue that can affect the efficiency of the overall approach.Finally, we transform each frame of a new facial motion capture sequence into blendshape weights by projecting it into the PCA spaces mentioned earlier on a per-region basis. As such, modifying the blendshape weights (PCA coefficients) is equivalent to editing the underlying motion capture sequence.
Adult Neurogenesis: A Common Strategy Across Diverse Species

Adult neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons from adult precursor cells, occurs in the brains of a phylogenetically diverse array of animals. In the higher (amniotic) vertebrates, these precursor cells are glial cells that reside within specialized regions, known as neurogenic niches, the elements of which both support and regulate neurogenesis. The in vivo identity and location of the precursor cells responsible for adult neurogenesis in nonvertebrate taxa, however, remain largely unknown. Among the invertebrates, adult neurogenesis has been particularly well characterized in freshwater crayfish (Arthropoda, Crustacea), although the identity of the precursor cells sustaining continuous neuronal proliferation in these animals has yet to be established. Here we provide evidence suggesting that, as in the higher vertebrates, the precursor cells maintaining adult neurogenesis in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii are glial cells. These precursor cells reside within a specialized region, or niche, on the ventral surface of the brain, and their progeny migrate from this niche along glial fibers and then proliferate to form new neurons in the central olfactory pathway. The niche in which these precursor cells reside has many features in common with the neurogenic niches of higher vertebrates. These commonalities include: glial cells functioning as both precursor and support cells, directed migration, close association with the brain vasculature, and specialized basal laminae. The cellular machinery maintaining adult neurogenesis appears, therefore, to be shared by widely disparate taxa. These extensive structural and functional parallels suggest a common strategy for the generation of new neurons in adult brains.
A Longitudinal Content Analysis of Gender and Ethnicity Portrayals on ESPN’s SportsCenter From 1999 to 2009

This longitudinal content analysis of ESPN’s SportsCenter from 1999 to 2009 found that women’s sports continue to be almost wholly absent from the influential program. Women were also no more likel...
Optimal Hematocrit: Theory, Regulation and Implications

SYNOPSIS. Hematocrit is likely to be optimized because of its influences on oxygen transport. However, optimal hematocrit must also change because shear rates and blood vessel radii within circulations change temporally. Blood vessel endothelia regulate shear stress on their walls by changing their radius. Wall shear stress is dependent on shear rate and viscosity. Because there is regulation of vessel radius by the endothelium it is hypothesized that hematocrit may be regulated near optimal by changes in plasma volume. The implication of such regulation is that changes in vascular volume (blood volume) would occur with alterations in red blood cell mass. Data are presented which indicate that regulation of optimal hematocrit normally occurs through changes in plasma volume. The regulation of optimal hematocrit has significant implications for processes that depend on oxygen transport (e.g., exercise) because of the effect of blood volume on cardiac output.
Human endothelial cell growth and phenotypic expression on three dimensional poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) sintered microsphere scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Bone tissue engineering offers promising alternatives to repair and restore tissues. Our laboratory has employed poly(lactide-co-glycolide) PLAGA microspheres to develop a three dimensional (3-D) porous bioresorbable scaffold with a biomimetic pore structure. Osseous healing and integration with the surrounding tissue depends in part on new blood vessel formation within the porous structure. Since endothelial cells play a key role in angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature), the purpose of this study was to better understand human endothelial cell attachment, viability, growth, and phenotypic expression on sintered PLAGA microsphere scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination showed cells attaching to the surface of microspheres and bridging the pores between the microspheres. Cell proliferation studies indicated that cell number increased during early stages and reached a plateau between days 10 and 14. Immunofluorescent staining for actin showed that cells were proliferating three dimensionally through the scaffolds while staining for PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule) displayed typical localization at cell-cell contacts. Gene expression analysis showed that endothelial cells grown on PLAGA scaffolds maintained their normal characteristic phenotype. The cell proliferation and phenotypic expression were independent of scaffold pore architecture. These results demonstrate that PLAGA sintered microsphere scaffolds can support the growth and biological functions of human endothelial cells. The insights from this study should aid future studies aimed at enhancing angiogenesis in three dimensional tissue engineered scaffolds.
SPATIOTEMPORAL REORGANIZATION OF GROWTH RATES IN THE EVOLUTION OF ONTOGENY

Abstract Heterochrony, evolutionary changes in rate or timing of development producing parallelism between ontogeny and phylogeny, is viewed as the most common type of evolutionary change in development. Alternative hypotheses such as heterotopy, evolutionary change in the spatial patterning of development, are rarely entertained. We examine the evidence for heterochrony and heterotopy in the evolution of body shape in two clades of piranhas. One of these is the sole case of heterochrony previously reported in the group; the others were previously interpreted as cases of heterotopy. To compare ontogenies of shape, we computed ontogenetic trajectories of shape by multivariate regression of geometric shape variables (i.e., partial warp scores and shape coordinates) on centroid size. Rates of development relative to developmental age and angles between the trajectories were compared statistically. We found a significant difference in developmental rate between species of Serrasalmus, suggesting that heteroch...
Silenced Suffering The Need for a Better Understanding of Partner Sexual Violence

This article has two overall goals. First, to examine the current state of sexual violence research to highlight several shortcomings in the knowledge on partner sexual violence. Second, to describe several factors to consider in future research to facilitate a more in-depth understanding of partner sexual violence. Shortcomings of the research on partner sexual violence include (1) overreliance on dichotomous yes/no representations of sexual violence experiences; (2) lack of, or inadequate documentation of the scope and nature of partner sexual violence; (3) inadequate ways to account for impairment of consent under different circumstances; (4) difficulties in discriminating unwanted from nonconsensual sexual activities; and (5) limited information about the role sexual violence plays in the larger context of coercive control. In order to facilitate a more in-depth understanding of partner sexual assault, there is a need (1) to better understand the scope and nature of partner sexual assault and (2) to better understand the role partner sexual violence plays in coercive control. By improving the measurement of this phenomenon, victims, researchers, practitioners, and those involved in the justice system might be better equipped to respond to sexual violence among intimate partners.
Numerical study of natural convection in an enclosure with localized heating from below—creeping flow to the onset of laminar instability

An analytical study was made of the natural convection induced in an enclosure by a small hot spot centrally located on the floor. The enclosure was a circular cylinder, vertically oriented, with height equal to radius. A Prandtl number of 0.7 (air) was assumed; the Grashof number (Gr) was based on cylinder height and hot spot temperature. The equations of fluid flow in axisymmetric cylindrical co-ordinates were simplified with the Boussinesq approximation. The equations were solved numerically with a computationally stable, explicit method. The computation, starting from quiescent conditions, proceeded through the initial transient to the fully developed flow. Solutions were obtained for Gr from 4 × 104 to 4 × 1010. The theoretical flows are in excellent agreement with experimentally observed laminar flows (Gr [lsim ] 1.2 × 109) which are discussed in a companion paper, Torrance, Orloff & Rockett (1969). Turbulence was observed experimentally for Gr [gsim ] 1.2 × 109. When the theoretical calculations were extended to Gr = 4 × 1010, a periodic vortex shedding developed, suggestive of the onset of laminar instability. The theoretical results reveal a √Gr scaling for the initial flow transients and, at large Gr, the velocities and heat transfer rates.
Recent developments in hermetically coated optical fiber

Recent progress on the development of hermetically coated optical fiber is presented. This fiber provides improved fatigue resistance; high usable strength; and excellent resistance to hydrogen permeation, 25-90 degrees C water, and corrosive chemicals such as hydrofluoric acid and boiling sodium hydroxide. These attributes make the hermetically coated fiber an excellent candidate for use in undersea cables and other special applications where a harsh environment prevails. >
Ezetimibe for Management of Hypercholesterolemia

OBJECTIVE:To review the primary literature describing the pharmacology of ezetimibe and clinical trials investigating its use in the management of hypercholesterolemia.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (1966–December 2002) was performed using SCH 48461, SCH 58235, ezetimibe, and 2-azetidinone as key words. English-language articles were identified and the references of these articles were used to further identify pertinent articles and abstracts. Given the paucity of published articles available on ezetimibe, many of the references cited are abstracts.STUDY SELECTION:All acquired articles that discussed the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, chemistry, and clinical efficacy of ezetimibe were reviewed.DATA EXTRACTION:Articles were selected based on content regarding the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical use of ezetimibe.DATA SYNTHESIS:Ezetimibe, approved for use in October 2002, belongs to a new class of antihyperlipidemic agents that uniquely inhibit the absorption of cholesterol by inhibiting the ...
Measuring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the PUMP Scale

This study aimed to develop and assess the psychometric properties of an English language measure of problematic mobile phone use. Participants were recruited from a university campus, health science center, and other public locations. The sample included 244 individuals (68.4% female) aged 18–75. Results supported a unidimensional factor structure for the 20-item self-report Problematic Use of Mobile Phones (PUMP) Scale. Internal consistency was excellent (α = 0.94). Strong correlations (r = .76, P < .001) were found between the PUMP Scale and an existing scale of cellular phone dependency that was validated in Asia, as well as items assessing frequency and intensity of mobile phone use. Results provide preliminary support for the use of the PUMP Scale to measure problematic use of mobile phones.
New model and algorithms for leader election in synchronous fiber-optic networks

We improve on I. Cidon, I. Gopal and S. Kutten's leader election algorithm (Proc. 7th ACM Symp. Principles Distrib. Computing, Toronto, Ont., Canada. Aug. 1988) by presenting an algorithm that uses only O(/spl radic/n log D + f) time units to run on synchronous networks of degree f and diameter D, where f/spl ges/3. When f is 2, the algorithm uses only O(log D) time units. >
Pseudopotential Calculations of Structural Properties of Solids

Through the development of a total energy pseudopotential approach, it has become possible to compute structural, electronic, and vibrational properties of solids using only the atomic numbers and atomic masses of the constituent atoms as input. The method has been applied to semiconductors, insulators, and metals; and agreement with experiment for most properties is usually within a few percent. Applications include the determination of lattice constants for specific structural phases, properties of structural phase transitions, cohesive energies, bulk moduli, lattice vibrational spectra, electron-lattice interaction parameters, and electronic and superconducting properties. A recent example is the prediction of superconductivity in highly condensed hexagonal silicon which was subsequently found experimentally.
The use of intermediate endpoints in the design of type 1 diabetes prevention trials

Aims/hypothesis This paper presents a rationale for the selection of intermediate endpoints to be used in the design of type 1 diabetes prevention clinical trials.
Orthomodular Lattices Admitting No States

The purpose of this paper is to construct a class of orthomodular lattices which admit no bounded measures.
The medical-surgical nurse perspective of advocate role.

Nursing advocacy for patients is viewed as a vital role for the nursing profession; however, there is little empirical research regarding nursing advocacy. PROBLEM. The medical-surgical nursing specialty is the largest specialty in acute care settings, but few advocacy studies have focused exclusively on this specialty population. METHODS. The purpose of this study was to explore the nurse advocacy actions and workplace support for advocacy using written narrative responses to a mailed survey using a medical-surgical nursing sample. FINDINGS. The responses help to illuminate the importance of the advocate role for this nursing specialty and provide preliminary information on the advocacy actions and workplace support as reported by the nurses. CONCLUSIONS. The resulting data provide a basis for examining the workplace environmental support for nursing advocacy, further delineate the actions of the nurse advocate, and clarify how nurse advocates follow patient desires regarding care. In addition, the results can be used in education, improving advocacy skills, and safety initiatives.
Nuclear factor kappaB/p50 activates an element in the distal matrix metalloproteinase 1 promoter in interleukin-1beta-stimulated synovial fibroblasts.

Objective To determine how interleukin-1 (IL-1), through activation of collagenase 1 (matrix metalloproteinase 1 [MMP-1]) transcription in synovial fibroblasts, contributes to cartilage degradation in rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Primary rabbit synovial fibroblasts were transiently transfected with MMP-1 promoter/luciferase constructs, and promoter activity in response to IL-1 was assessed. A minimal IL-1-response element was defined and used to evaluate DNA binding proteins by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and in situ ultraviolet crosslinking assay. Results Transcriptional activation of the MMP-1 gene by IL-1 in rabbit synovial fibroblasts required a dorsal-like element, which was located at nucleotide (nt) -3,029, as well as an activator protein 1 site at nt -77. Importantly, an IL-1-induced DNA binding activity that was specific for the dorsal-like element contained the p50 subunit of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Conclusion These studies demonstrate, for the first time, a role for NF-κB in the induction of MMP-1, and suggest a mechanism of NF-κB-mediated cartilage degradation in rheumatoid arthritis.