cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Notes on Quotation

This paper offers support for, and modification of, Recanati’s distinction between open and closed quotation. It also points out two unresolved issues associated with quotation: the problem of reference to meaning, and a new category, tentatively named “noncitational quotation”.
Qualitative research methods

The use of rigorous qualitative research methods can enhance the development of quality measures, the development and dissemination of comparative quality reports, as well as quality improvement efforts. This paper describes how such methods have been and can be used, and identifies how to improve the use of such methods in studying quality of care. Focus groups and cognitive interviews are now a standard part of the development of valid and reliable survey instruments. They are particularly useful in developing surveys to gather data on the experiences and responses of patients and consumers to plans, services, and providers. These two methods have also been adapted and applied to improve the development and dissemination of comparative quality reports to consumers and other audiences, while key informant interviews and focus groups have been critical in the exploratory assessment of stakeholder responses to reports and their effects on consumers. Interviews have also been used to identify best practices found in health plans receiving high scores on the Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Surveys and measures of effectiveness in the Health Employer Data and Information Set. It would be valuable to widen the use of qualitative methods, especially structured observations, to document in detail the delivery of services designed to improve quality, so the implementation of complex processes can be more carefully measured and related to outcomes. The design and conduct of rigorous qualitative research takes a skilled and experienced team. Issues commonly faced in quantitative work must also be addressed in qualitative studies, including study design, specification of the unit of analysis, sampling, instrument design and administration, and, in particular, data analysis. It is especially critical that the analysis and interpretation process be deliberate and thorough to avoid the use of initial impression rather than detailed examination of the raw data.
Genome-wide methylation analysis identifies genes specific to breast cancer hormone receptor status and risk of recurrence.

To better understand the biology of hormone receptor-positive and negative breast cancer and to identify methylated gene markers of disease progression, we performed a genome-wide methylation array analysis on 103 primary invasive breast cancers and 21 normal breast samples using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 array that queried 27,578 CpG loci. Estrogen and/or progesterone receptor-positive tumors displayed more hypermethylated loci than ER-negative tumors. However, the hypermethylated loci in ER-negative tumors were clustered closer to the transcriptional start site compared to ER-positive tumors. An ER-classifier set of CpG loci was identified, which independently partitioned primary tumors into ER-subtypes. Forty (32 novel, 8 previously known) CpG loci showed differential methylation specific to either ER-positive or ER-negative tumors. Each of the 40 ER-subtype-specific loci was validated in silico using an independent, publicly available methylome dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). In addition, we identified 100 methylated CpG loci that were significantly associated with disease progression; the majority of these loci were informative particularly in ER-negative breast cancer. Overall, the set was highly enriched in homeobox containing genes. This pilot study demonstrates the robustness of the breast cancer methylome and illustrates its potential to stratify and reveal biological differences between ER-subtypes of breast cancer. Further, it defines candidate ER-specific markers and identifies potential markers predictive of outcome within ER subgroups.
Effect of surface roughness on phonon thermal conductance in the quantum limit

We study the effect on the thermal conductance of phonon scattering by surface roughness using a simple scalar model and a full elasticity calculation. The scattering at low frequencies in the elasticity calculation shows quite different power law dependences from the 1D Rayleigh scattering predicted by the scalar model, due to the peculiar dispersion relation of the elastic modes. The scattering analysis is used to explain the unexpected decrease in the thermal conductance below universal level reported by Schwab et al. (Nature 404 (2000) 974). Our results suggest that the surface roughness is an important factor in the reduction of the thermal conductance in low temperature.
Gap junctional communication in the human corneal endothelium and epithelium.

Purpose. Gap junctional communication in the epithelium and endothelium of human corneas was studied. The influence of corneal storage on endothelial gap junctions was also examined. Methods. Donor human corneal cells were injected with carboxyfluorescein while surrounding cells were monitored for traces of fluorescence. Dye-spread coefficients were measured in corneal endothelial cells. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of the endothelium and epithelium was employed to determine if connexin 43 was present. Results. Dye coupling occurs in both the epithelium and endothelium of the human cornea. Epithelial dye coupling was extensive in the basal layers but less apparent in the superficial layers. Endothelial dye coupling was similar to that reported for rabbit corneas. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated the presence of connexin 43 in both cell types. Conclusions. Gap junctional communication occurs in the endothelium and epithelium of human corneas, and both cell types e...
The role of endoscopy in the management of autoimmune pancreatitis

The term autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) was first used by Yoshida et al. in 1995 to describe a chronic pancreatitis characterized by autoimmune manifestations on laboratory, histopathological and clinical testing [1]. While initial descriptions of the clinical entity arose primarily in Japan, a growing awareness of the condition has led to reports around the world. The fact that AIP has presented so recently as a new clinical entity in gastroenterology is remarkable, while its protean pancreaticobiliary and systemic presentations foster the disease’s unique position within gastrointestinal pathology.
Identification of Large Fullerenes Formed during the Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the HiPco Process

Iron-catalyzed, gas-phase disproportionation of carbon monoxide under high pressures is known to produce single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in high yields. Small amounts of nontubular nanocarbons and iron encapsulated-graphitic shelled nanoparticles are produced concomitantly. Differences in the oxidation kinetics among the SWNT, nontubular carbon, and iron core−graphitic shell nanoparticles have been exploited as a tool for the quantitative determination of high-molecular-weight nontubular, carbon products. The nontubular carbon materials were eliminated by selective oxidation wherein the raw material was subjected to increasing oxidation thresholds followed by acid leaching in an aqueous or gas−solid reaction. Relative concentrations of nontubular nanocarbons in differentially oxidized samples were determined employing laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) with C60 and bismuth triphenyl as internal markers. The identity of the nontubular carbon was examined by nondestructive extracti...
Estimates of the emission rates of nitrous oxide from light-duty vehicles using different chassis dynamometer test cycles

Abstract Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) that can be formed over a catalyst in the vehicle exhaust. In this study, a total of 60 vehicles ranging from non-catalyst to super ultra low-emission vehicles (SULEV) technologies were tested over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), with a subset of vehicles also tested over the cold start ST01, the hot running ST01, and more aggressive cycles, such as the US06 and Modal Emissions Cycle (MEC01v7). The N 2 O emission rate was highest for the earliest catalyst technologies and declined for more advanced technology vehicles. Of the 60 test vehicles, nearly half (25) of the vehicles had FTP N 2 O emission rates below 10 mg mile −1 , while the emission rate of the remaining vehicles varied significantly depending on the specific vehicle control technology, operating, cycle and sulfur content of the gasoline. Real-time data showed that N 2 O emissions are primarily formed during the early period of catalyst light-off, and decline significantly as the catalyst reaches its equilibrium temperature. Only cycles with a cold start component, such as the cold start ST01 and FTP, showed any substantial N 2 O emissions. N 2 O emissions for aggressive cycles, such as the US06 or MEC01v7, or cycles where the catalyst was always at operating temperature, were near detection limits. Increases in fuel sulfur from 30 to 330 ppmw were found to increase N 2 O emissions by almost 4 times over the FTP and US06, while increases from 5 to 150 ppmw in fuel sulfur increased N 2 O by between 3 and 8 times depending on the cycle. It is concluded that gasoline sulfur, control technology and start conditions must all be considered in estimating N 2 O emissions inventories.
Growth hormone increases muscle mass and strength but does not rejuvenate myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy subjects over 60 years old.

The rate of synthesis of myofibrillar proteins is slower in muscle of healthy subjects over 60 yr old than it is in young adults. Previous research suggests that reduced activity of the GH/insulin-like growth factor-I system could be a determinant of this slowing of protein synthesis. To test the hypothesis that GH could rejuvenate the rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis, we studied healthy subjects over 60 yr old, after a single injection (0.03 mg/kg.sc) of recombinant human GH (n = 6 males/2 females) or placebo (n = 6 males/2 females), or after 3 months of either GH (0.03 mg/kg, sc, 3 x /week, n = 5 males) or placebo (n = 5 males) treatment. Myofibrillar protein synthesis and whole-body protein metabolism were evaluated with the tracer L-[1-13C]leucine. GH reduced whole-body leucine oxidation by 36% (P < 0.01) in the single injection study. There was no effect of GH on whole-body protein breakdown or synthesis, or on myofibrillar protein synthesis in the quadriceps, either acutely or after 3 months o...
Artificial Reaction Coordinate “Tunneling” In Free Energy Calculations: Nucleic Acid Cleavage By Ribonuclease-H

Phosphate esters are essential components of living systems, with phosphate groups being key participants in signaling, energy transduction and storage, protein synthesis, and replication processes. In a large number of enzymes and ribozymes, catalysis of phosphate ester synthesis and hydrolysis is aided by two bound divalent metal ions. However, the mechanistic details of two-metal ion catalysis remain unclear. We used QM/MM simulations to construct the potential of mean force for the catalytic reaction of the Bacillus halodurans ribonuclease-H enzyme complexed with an RNA/DNA hybrid substrate. Reaction free energies are calculated from umbrella sampling simulations with and without Hamiltonian replica exchange. The calculations provide a detailed and quantitative picture of ribonuclease-H catalyzed cleavage of the nucleic acid backbone, producing barrier heights consistent with experimental kinetics. However, by comparing the results obtained for two reaction coordinates probing the same reaction mechanism, we show that the use of typical one-dimensional coordinates may result in an artificially lowered apparent reaction barrier. We describe a method that constructs an improved one-dimensional reaction coordinate to take into account the missing degrees of freedom.
BmQGen: Biomedical query generator for knowledge discovery

A large number of structured and unstructured data (e.g., EHRs, ontologies, reports) have been introduced by the biomedical community. Cross-domain data integration is identified as an important research problem for translational research. From an application perspective, identifying related concepts among medical ontologies is an important goal of life science research. It is essential to analyze how relations are specified to connect concepts in a single ontology or across multiple ontologies. With the explosion of cross domain datasets, it is extremely hard for researchers to discover knowledge from current infrastructures of ontologies. It is mainly a lack of the connectivity between the ontologies' cross domains and ontologies to unstructured data; even if they have specific biomedical knowledge in a more general and comprehensive level. Therefore, there is a need for a mechanism to do semantic partition and query generation for cross domain biomedical knowledge discovery. In this paper, we present such a model that clusters integrated data based on semantic closeness of predicates into different groups and produces meaningful queries to fully discover knowledge over a set of interlinked data sources. We have implemented a prototype of the BmQGen system and evaluated the proposed query model based on the predicate oriented clustering with colorectal surgical cohort from the Mayo Clinic.
Representation in the House of Commons of the Twenty-First Parliament: Party and Province

ALTHOUGH, as Professor Norman Ward pointed out in The Canadian House of Commons: Representation,' statistical studies of the personnel of Parliament are not entirely satisfactory, they are none the less valuable to the political scientist for they help him to a better understanding of legislative bodies. The nature of a parliament is partly determined by the characteristics of its members. Thus the British House of Commons, with its membership broadly distributed in many occupations and its many trade union members, has a collective approach to contemporary problems of government different from that of the American Congress dominated by lawyers; and a legislative body with a large proportion of Roman Catholics will handle legislation on divorce in a manner quite different from that of a parliament composed almost entirely of Protestants.
Fluorescently Labeled Bacteria Provide Insight on Post-mortem Microbial Transmigration

Abstract Microbially mediated mechanisms of human decomposition begin immediately after death, and are a driving force for the conversion of a once living organism to a resource of energy and nutrients. Little is known about post-mortem microbiology in cadavers, particularly the community structure of microflora residing within the cadaver and the dynamics of these communities during decomposition. Recent work suggests these bacterial communities undergo taxa turnover and shifts in community composition throughout the post-mortem interval. In this paper we describe how the microbiome of a living host changes and transmigrates within the body after death thus linking the microbiome of a living individual to post-mortem microbiome changes. These differences in the human post-mortem from the ante-mortem microbiome have demonstrated promise as evidence in death investigations. We investigated the post-mortem structure and function dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens after intranasal inoculation in the animal model Mus musculus L. (mouse) to identify how transmigration of bacterial species can potentially aid in post-mortem interval estimations. S. aureus was tracked using in vivo and in vitro imaging to determine colonization routes associated with different physiological events of host decomposition, while C. perfringens was tracked using culture-based techniques. Samples were collected at discrete time intervals associated with various physiological events and host decomposition beginning at 1 h and ending at 60 days post-mortem. Results suggest that S. aureus reaches its highest concentration at 5–7 days post-mortem then begins to rapidly decrease and is undetectable by culture on day 30. The ability to track these organisms as they move in to once considered sterile space may be useful for sampling during autopsy to aid in determining post-mortem interval range estimations, cause of death, and origins associated with the geographic location of human remains during death investigations.
Preferences for healthy carryout meals in low-income neighborhoods of Baltimore city.

Context. The nutrition environment is associated with risk of obesity and other diet-related chronic diseases. In Baltimore’s low-income areas, carryouts (locally prepared–food sources that offer food “to go”) are a common source of food, but they lack a variety of healthy options for purchase. Objective. To evaluate individuals’ preferences of healthy combination meals sold at carryouts and to identify successful intervention methods to promote healthier foods in carryouts in low-income communities in Baltimore. Method. The study estimated the relationship between combinations of healthier entrees (turkey club, grilled chicken), beverages (diet coke, bottled water), side dishes (watermelon, side salad), price points ($5.00, $7.50), and labeling on consumers’ combination meal decisions using a forced-choice conjoint analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine how individuals value different features in combination meals sold in carryouts. Results. There was a statistically significant dif...
Fecal coliform loadings and stocks in buttermilk bay, Massachusetts, USA, and management implications

Abundance of fecal caliform bacteria is a weak index of the presence of human pathogens in wastewater entering coastal waters. In spite of this, use of fecal caliform indices for management purposes is widespread. To gain insight into interpretation of fecal coliform data, we evaluated size of stocks of fecal coliforms in water, sediments, and sea wrack, in Buttermilk Bay, a coastal embayment in Massachusetts. Sediments contained most of the fecal coliforms. Fecal coliforms in sediments were as much as one order of magnitude more abundant than in the water column or in sea wrack. The fecal coliforms in sediments of Buttermilk Bay were so abundant that resuspension of fecal coliforms from just the top 2 cm of muddy sediments could add sufficient cells to the water column to have the whole bay exceed the federal limit of fecal coliforms for shellfishing. The major sources of fecal coliforms to the bay were water-fowls, surface runoff, groundwater, and streams. Waterfowl were the largest source of fecal coliforms during cold months; surface runoff, streams, and groundwater were most important during warm months. Redirection of surface runoff pipes is unlikely to be a very successful management action since contributions via this source are insufficient to account for the measured increases in concentrations of fecal coliforms in water. Removal of waterfowl is also unlikely to be useful, since fecal coliform concentrations leading to closures of shellfish beds and swimming areas are most frequent during warm months when waterfowl are rarest. Rates of loss of fecal caliform cells from the water column by death and tidal exchange were high. Mortality of cells was about an order of magnitude larger than losses by tidal exchange. The amounts of fecal coliforms brought into the bay by waterfowl, surface runoff, groundwater, and streams are an order of magnitude smaller than the losses by mortality and tidal removal. This implies that there is an additional source of fecal coliforms within the bay. We suggest that resuspension of the upper layers of sediments can easily account for the fecal coliforms present in the water. Fecal coliform content of water and shellfish were not correlated. In contrast, sediment and shellfish fecal coliform abundances were significantly related. Monitoring of fecal coliforms in sediments may provide a better assessment of shellfish than sampling of water. The large fecal coliform stock in sediments should be the first priority for management. Efforts ought to be directed toward the reduction of sediment fecal coliform stocks. Lowering nutrient additions to coastal water bodies may be one practical approach.
First-Principles Study of the Initial Reaction of OH- and O-Terminated β-Si3N4 Surfaces with Hydrogen Fluoride

Density functional theory has been applied to the reaction of molecular HF with several different bonds found on the closed- and open-ring (1010) surfaces of β-Si3N4 that have been terminated in O and OH so as to model a native oxide. The only energetically favorable primary reaction is HF + Si–OH → Si–F + H2O. This is moderately exothermic, but the activation energy is somewhat higher than for the same reaction on the SiC (0001) surface, which is consistent with experiments in which Si–OH is detected under steady-state conditions for β-Si3N4 undergoing exposure to dilute aqueous HF solutions. Removal of the native oxide depends in detail on the surface structure. Si–O–Si bridges on the closed-ring surface are less reactive than those on the open-ring structure, and in the former case, the reaction 2 HF + Si–O–Si → 2 Si–F + H2O is significantly endothermic. For the open-ring surface, the same reaction is moderately exothermic, although the first step, which forms Si–F + HO-Si, is moderately endothermic. ...
Do Longer School Days Improve Student Achievement? : Evidence from Colombia

This paper analyzes the impact of longer school days on student achievement in Colombia. To identify the impact of longer schools days, this study exploits plausibly exogenous within school variation in the length of the school day. Using test score data from 5th and 9th graders in 2002, 2005, and 2009, along with school administrative data, this research uses school fixed effects models to estimate variation in average test scores across cohorts for schools that switched from a half school day to a full school day or vice versa. It finds that cohorts exposed to full school days have test scores that are about one tenth of a standard deviation higher than cohorts that attended half school days. The impact of attending full school days is larger for math than for language, and it is larger for 9th grade than for 5th grade. Effects are largest among the poorest schools and those in rural areas. The results suggest that lengthening the school day may be an effective policy for increasing student achievement, particularly for the lowest-income students in Colombia and other developing countries.
Urban Truck Modeling in the U.S. Logistics Transportation

Truck is the major urban logistics transportation mode. Truck modeling distinguishes itself from conventional four-step travel demand modeling in many aspects, such as trip purposes, truck gross vehicle weight classifications, commodity types, land use patterns, modeling process, and preprocessing. Generally speaking, a truck model includes three submodels of trip generation, trip distribution, and trip assignment. Trip generation first determines truck internal trip rates associated with land use and socioeconomic variables, then uses cross-classification methodology to estimate various types of truck internal trips. External trips with one trip end outside of the modeling area are estimated from the commodity flow data. Trip distribution is primarily undertaken by running a gravity model, the results from which are adjusted through different factoring procedures. Trip assignment assigns preprocessed trips to highway networks. At present, the Los Angeles truck model is among the leading truck models in the U.S. CUBE-CARGO is becoming an increasingly important logistics transportation forecasting software, meeting its early success in the Los Angeles area.
Conclusion: Trade-Proofing Tobacco Control

The contentious politics of tobacco control, and the global reach of tobacco companies, are leading to increasing numbers of trade and investment disputes centered on tobacco. What can be done to prevent existing and future tobacco control regulations from being challenged through these disputes? How can tobacco control policies be made more ‘trade-proof’? Jarman examines common challenges to tobacco control policies caused by trade and investment disputes, and proposes potential solutions to each. Jarman argues that will of politicians to pursue and uphold tobacco control regulations is strongly shaped by the scope of these political conflicts, in other words, by which actors are able to have their views represented in the trading system.
The roles of hydrogen and holes in trap generation and breakdown in ultra-thin SiON dielectrics

We show for the first time that trap generation and breakdown in ultra thin SiON gate dielectrics are triggered by the release of two hydrogen species (H+ and H0) from the anode during TDDB stress
Putting It All Together: A Design Example

This chapter describes a design example that incorporates the security primitives from the earlier chapters. This embedded system is connected to two separate networks that require encryption. It consists of two processor cores and a shared AES encryption core, all on the same device. Further details about a similar system can be found in Huffmire et al. (ACM Transact. Des. Automat. Electron. Syst. (TODAES) 13(3):44, 2008).
HSC Niche: Regulation of Mobilization and Homing

Abstract The bone marrow (BM) contains hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are confined by their biochemical and cellular microenvironments, known as stem cell niches. Biochemical factors secreted by cellular components in niches regulate stem cell survival, proliferation, and migration in an extrinsic manner. HSC migration is an essential biological process during embryonic development and for steady hematopoiesis in adult life. A proper HSC trafficking that involves migration, homing, and engraftment is critical to efficient BM and HSC transplantation, as well. The functional importance of many biochemical factors and mobilization agents in HSC trafficking has been studied and reported, but still, a lot remains unknown. A defect in the biochemical microenvironment not only affects HSC properties, but it also causes deregulation of the niche functionality that leads to the development of various malignant and nonmalignant hematological diseases. BM transplantation is performed to treat various hematological disorders. An improved understanding of molecular and biochemical signals regulating HSC mobilization is critical in the efficient and safer use of these factors as therapeutic tools. Here in this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge on the functional properties of primary regulators of HSC trafficking and their clinical applications.
The Relationship Between Attachment Style and Postformal Thought

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and postformal thought ability and to test the comparability of three methods of testing for postformal thought. In a sample of 119 participants, postformal thought levels and attachment styles were assessed using postformal thought questionnaires and an attachment style scale. It was predicted that individuals with secure attachment styles would exhibit higher levels of postformal thought ability than individuals with anxious–ambivalent or avoidant attachment styles. It was also predicted that the three postformal tests would have equivalent results. Results indicated that attachment and postformal thought were not related and that the three measures of postformal thought were equivalent. Results are discussed in terms of the relationship between attachment styles and individuals’ abilities to perform complex problem-solving tasks and/or dilemmas.
Medication Strategies for the Management of Cocaine Use Disorder

Abstract Currently, there are no clinically effective medications for the management of psychomotor stimulant and, in particular cocaine, addiction. The challenges in this line of drug development are discussed in the chapter within the context of the development of medications for substance use disorders, and pharmacological targets that have been evaluated for the management of cocaine addiction. Our current understanding of the promise and challenges for agonist and antagonist medication development of monoaminergic targets (i.e., dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) is highlighted. Also, directions for future research, including the integration of behavioral and pharmacotherapeutic interventions, are discussed.
Opportunity cost reminders -- Nudges that hurt those already hurting

We examine the incidence of an opportunity cost reminder nudge designed to curb spending, while accounting for heterogeneity in emotional responses – specifically the pain of paying. Pain of paying is optimal for ‘unconflicted’ consumers, but too low for ‘spendthrifts’ and too high for ‘tightwads’, causing sub-optimal spending. Two key results emerge from our theory: first, an opportunity cost reminder nudge will always adversely affect the welfare of at least one sub-group of consumers (unconflicted, spendthrifts and/or tightwads) when emotions are part of the cost to consumption. Second, the sub-groups that are negatively/positively affected depends on which costs to consumption the salience nudge affect – the ‘true’ opportunity cost only, pain of paying, or both of these costs. We design an economic laboratory experiment to test the predictions from our theory. Our empirical results imply the nudge increases pain of paying for tightwads, thereby reducing spending by tightwads, who already spend too little, while it entirely fails to reduce the spending of those would have benefited from a spending reduction (spendthrifts). Overall, the nudge therefore reduces welfare.
From Models to Stories

As systems continue to grow in scope, scale, and complexity, the ability to model, analyze, and design them has become a critical systems engineering challenge. Over the past decade and a half, several model-based approaches (e.g., SysML, OPM) have been developed and employed for modeling and analyzing complex systems. These methods require familiarity with specialized engineering notation on the part of stakeholders. Unfamiliar with these modeling notations, nontechnical stakeholders are unable to contribute to upfront engineering increasing the risk of extraneous design iterations and rework that invariably lead to schedule delays and cost over-runs. Today, there is an even bigger challenge given that systems need to adapt to changing operational environments and new regulations, while having the requisite flexibility to seamlessly and opportunistically integrate emerging, new, and high-payoff technologies. In this chapter, I showed that by transforming system models into system stories all stakeholders can be meaningfully engaged. Specifically, the different stakeholders can interactively execute their own stories in virtual worlds and thereby increase their understanding and contribution to upfront engineering. I called this model-based interactive storytelling (MBIS).
Low-Power Adaptive Mixed Signal/RF Circuits and Systems and Self-Healing Solutions

The explosive growth of portable battery-operated devices has mandated design of low-power circuits and systems to prolong battery life. These devices are being designed in modern nanoscale CMOS technologies to allow integration of mega functionalities per chip. The reduced controllability of the fabrication process at these nano dimensions requires the design of process variation tolerant components and systems. This calls for integrated low-power and process-tolerant design techniques, or systems that can adapt to its process and environment to maintain its performance while minimizing power consumption. This chapter provides an overview of design of such Adaptive Low-Power and/or Process-Tolerant Mixed Signal/RF circuits and systems.
The rationale for nurses on boards in the voices of nurses who serve.

Abstract Background Inclusion of nurses on boards (NOB) to enhance health care transformation is recommended; however, there is no research-based rationale for NOB. Purpose To articulate the rationale for NOB in the voices of nurses who serve. Methods An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used with priority on the quantitative strand (Delphi method). The qualitative strand was accomplished with focus groups. Findings Twenty-nine NOB participants (Delphi phase) and nine NOB participants (focus groups) agreed the rationale for NOB is embedded in specific knowledge, skills, and perspectives that nurses contribute for boardroom discussions and policymaking. This study supported anecdotal literature promoting nurses for board leadership. Discussion Nurses should be appointed to boards of directors based on their knowledge, skills, and perspectives about health care. Board leadership leverages the public's trust in nursing, advances the profession, and positions nurses to influence health care transformation. Further research is recommended.
The state of the field and debates on ethnic cleansing

This review article outlines the progress that the literature on the causes of ethnic cleansing has made in the last 10–15 years. The article specifically focuses on two lines of research that have...
Genetic male sterility in the pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Genetic male sterility has been described in the pea (Pisum sativum L.), but no comprehensive effort has been made to study the phenomenon. A preceding companion paper reported the inheritance, allelism and linkage relations of thirteen male sterile mutants obtained from seed mutagen treatments. In the present study, the same male sterile mutants were investigated cytologically to determine the cause of sterility. Normal microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis was compared to that of the mutants. The ms-2, ms-3, and ms-4 mutants exhibited meiotic abnormalities similar to those described by Gottschalk and colleagues except that ms-3 had a high degree of female sterility. Chromosome clumping and spindle abnormalities leading to formation of coenocytic microspores and degeneration were characteristic of ms-2 and ms-4. The ms-2 and ms-4 mutants were previously found to be allelic, and were nearly identical cytologically in the present study. The ms-3 mutant exhibited a lack of chromosome condensation in meiosis I, and a lack of spindle formation in both meiotic divisions. Two mutations (ms-6 and ms-10) affected meiosis, with univalents at metaphase, and asynchronous divisions during meiosis II. Microspores of ms-6 completely degenerated whereas those of ms-10 showed some development. Sticky chromosomes, bridges and fragments, tripolar spindles, and lack of a second division were characteristic of ms-10. The ms-10 mutant also showed reduced female fertility. Two male steriles (ms-5 and ms-9) had abnormalities associated with premature degeneration of the tapetum. Three others (ms-7, ms-8, and ms-11) aborted pollen during meicrogametogenesis. Pollen grains of ms-11 had thinner walls than normal and lacked sculptured exine. The ms-10 mutant, and those affecting microgametogenesis (ms-5, ms-7, ms-8, ms-9, and ms-11) produced some stainable and viable pollen.
Chapter one. Mitigating nonpoint source pollution in agriculture with constructed and restored wetlands.

Abstract Nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) from agricultural runoff threatens drinking water quality, aquatic habitats, and a variety of other beneficial uses of water resources. Agricultural runoff often contains a suite of water-quality contaminants, such as nutrients, pesticides, pathogens, sediment, salts, trace metals, and substances, contributing to biological oxygen demand. Increasingly, growers who discharge agricultural runoff must comply with water-quality regulations and implement management practices to reduce NPSP. Constructed and restored wetlands are one of many best management practices that growers can employ to address this problem. This review focuses on the ability of constructed and restored wetlands to mitigate a variety of water-quality contaminants common to most agricultural landscapes. We found that constructed and restored wetlands remove or retain many water-quality contaminants in agricultural runoff if carefully designed and managed. Contaminant removal efficiency generally exceeded 50% for sediment, nitrate, microbial pathogens, particulate phosphorus, hydrophobic pesticides, and selected trace elements when wetlands were placed in the correct settings. There are some potentially adverse effects of constructed and restored wetlands that must be considered, including accumulation of mercury and selenium, increased salinity, mosquito habitat, and greenhouse gas emissions. Proper wetland management and design features are discussed in order to reduce these adverse effects, while optimizing contaminant removal.
Musical Applications of New Filter Extensions to Max/MSP.

We introduce three new Max/MSP signal processing extensions that efficiently implement IIR filters: biquadbank~, peqbank~ and resonators~. After describing their common properties, specific features and new support objects, we conclude the paper with a summary of their musical applications.
Diversity and the High Tech Industry

This symposium asks us to look at race and gender inequality fifty years after the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The twenty-first century battle lines will not be about eliminating “blacks need not apply” advertisements, or making obsolete separate drinking fountains. Given how that type of public and explicit discrimination is rarely tolerated, racism and sexism have mutated into more subtle and socially acceptable forms that may be eradicated in part when we address implicit or unconscious bias. Laws that were effective at eradicating explicit racism have proven to be quite ineffective at combating unconscious bias. Recent newspaper accounts have highlighted the lack of Blacks and Latinos working in high tech firms as well as serving on their boards of directors based on the firms self-disclosure of such data. Not surprisingly, those articles reach the same conclusion because they are based upon the same bleak facts: a majority of workers in the high tech industry are white and male as is the majority of those in leadership and executive positions along with members of the boards of directors. As a general proposition, the executives of the high tech companies express distress at their diversity employment data, and all desire to improve in the future. They acknowledge the “pool problem” and the racial skills gap which becomes obvious when looking at college graduates with the technical skills required by the industry. The industry argues that the pool of applicants with the requisite technical skills are overwhelmingly white males which leads to very few Black and Latino graduates or White women who can code or have other skills that the high tech firms need. That in turn leads to non-diverse hiring pools for open positions which merely perpetuates the lack of racial and gender diversity in the workforce.
Tumor-specific tRNA modifications in mouse plasmacytomas and other tumors.

We have been studying the tRNA populations in mineral-oil-induced, immunoglob-ulin-seereting Balb/c mouse plasmacytomas (Potter 1972) for more than a decade in an attempt to determine if these “adaptor” molecules, which are essential to protein synthesis, play a role in regulating or modulating protein synthesis or in affecting the amino acid sequence of the product of this synthesis. From the outset we were struck by the large number of isoaccepting species of aa-tRNA molecules that sensitive separation techniques revealed for each amino acid. Not only did amino acids such as tryptophan that have one code word frequently have more than one isoaccepting tRNA, but as many as nine peaks of seryl-tRNA were identified for serine, which has six code words (Mushinski 1971). This redundancy of isoaccepting tRNAs was more obvious in the plasmacytomas than in normal tissues. In addition, we found a remarkable number of differences, both quantitative and qualitative, in the aa-tRNA chromatographic patterns when different plasmacytomas were compared. The comparisons were dqne in pairs by separately aminoacylating tRNA from two different tissues or tumors with 3H-or 14C-labeled amino acid, mixing them, and cochromatographing them on reversed phase columns (RPC-2, as shown in Fig. 1, or RPC-5, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3). The chromatographic pattern of aa-tRNA was not affected by the source of enzymes, and a standard preparation of aa-tRNA synthetase from liver was used in all reactions.
Toxicological Issues with Pivalate Prodrugs

The incorporation of pivalate (trimethylacetic acid) through an ester linkage to a bioactive molecule is an effective and established strategy for engineering a drug with improved systemic delivery of the bioactive molecule (Beaumont et al., 2003). Compared with the native molecule, the pivalate-containing prodrug will have higher lipophilicity and, thus, will cross lipid biomembranes more readily. The ester is then hydrolyzed to form the desired bioactive molecule and pivalate. Hydrolysis is catalyzed by a spectrum of enzymes found in the blood and several organs, including the intestine and liver (Cook et al., 1995; Takahashi et al., 1995; Beaumont et al., 2003).
'The Play of Those Who Have Not Yet Heard of Games': Creativity, Compliance, and the 'Good Enough' Law Teacher

If there is creative thinking out there in the law offices and courts of our country, it is present not, in the main, because law school does a good job of teaching that skill. Not surprisingly, employers of new law graduates believe we could be doing a better job of turning out creative thinkers. These are problems that I have been thinking about and writing about these past 15 years - all the while teaching students in their first year to toe the intellectual line and then trying to convince them as upper-class students to think new thoughts about the law. Recently, I’ve been led to consider these issues in a different light. That light is cast for me by the work of developmental psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott. Although he founded no school or movement of his own, Donald Winnicott was one of the past century’s most influential psychoanalysts, both as a theorist and as a practitioner. When I first began to read Winnicott, two major and related themes in his work interested me particularly: first, his notion of 'good enough' caregiving and second, his understanding of the role of play in the lives of infants and adults, the relationship of play to creativity, and the consequences of the absence of play. This essay is an attempt to see what as a lawyer, law teacher and, more particularly, as a writing teacher, I might usefully take from Winnicott the theorist, the professional, and the writer.
PPARγ is a nexus controlling alternative activation of macrophages via glutamine metabolism

The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is known to regulate lipid metabolism in many tissues, including macrophages. Here we report that peritoneal macrophage respiration is enhanced by rosiglitazone, an activating PPARγ ligand, in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Moreover, PPARγ is required for macrophage respiration even in the absence of exogenous ligand. Unexpectedly, the absence of PPARγ dramatically affects the oxidation of glutamine. Both glutamine and PPARγ have been implicated in alternative activation (AA) of macrophages, and PPARγ was required for interleukin 4 (IL4)-dependent gene expression and stimulation of macrophage respiration. Indeed, unstimulated macrophages lacking PPARγ contained elevated levels of the inflammation-associated metabolite itaconate and express a proinflammatory transcriptome that, remarkably, phenocopied that of macrophages depleted of glutamine. Thus, PPARγ functions as a checkpoint, guarding against inflammation, and is permissive for AA by facilitating glutamine metabolism. However, PPARγ expression is itself markedly increased by IL4. This suggests that PPARγ functions at the center of a feed-forward loop that is central to AA of macrophages.
Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures in an Irish Trauma Centre over 9 years: How the Impact of Hospital Coding on Diagnosis of Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures Leads to Inaccurate Occurrence Rates

Aim Our aim was to assess the occurrence rates of subtrochanteric femur fractures in an orthopaedic tertiary referral centre and to assess the correlation of patient’s actual diagnosis with national hospital inpatient enquiry data. Methods Retrospective data from 2005-2014 was collected from an orthopaedic tertiary referral centre. A revision of all fractures coded subtrochanteric was performed. The plain radiograph images of each case were reviewed by two orthopaedic surgeons and one radiologist, with a reassessment performed of the fracture coding based on the AO/OTA classification system for subtrochanteric fractures. Results One thousand, seven hundred and one patients were admitted to our centre from January 2005 to February 2014 with hip fractures. Using ICD-10 coding, 48 fractures were coded with the diagnosis subtrochanteric femur fractures. Upon application of AO/OTA classification this was revised to 8 cases of subtrochanteric fractures over this period. Discussion Hospital coding of subtrochanteric fractures needs to be accurate to assess this, and all, fractures. Incorrect coding can mislead figures for this type of fracture and give incorrect diagnosis. This study has shown discrepancies between coded data and actual diagnosis. Coding improvements are essential to improve epidemiology studies of subtrochanteric fractures and for accuracy with introduction of activity based funding in to hospitals.
Women’s informed choice and satisfaction with immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception in Georgia

Several state Medicaid agencies have recently started reimbursing for long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) placement immediately postpartum. Women’s perspectives are critical for ensuring that this change increases access to LARC while empowering women to choose the method and timing of contraception that best meets their needs. We conducted a pilot study in Georgia, which recently changed its Medicaid reimbursement policy, to assess women’s informed choice and satisfaction with immediate postpartum LARC. We sampled all women with a live birth paid for by Georgia Medicaid during November 2015 through February 2017 who received an immediate postpartum LARC. We then used a one-to-one match to sample women who did not receive immediate postpartum LARC. Women were contacted via telephone for a 25–30 min interview regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to immediate postpartum LARC and their satisfaction with postpartum contraception. We calculated descriptive statistics and components of informed choice overall and by receipt of immediate postpartum LARC, using chi-square tests to calculate differences by group. We approached 470 women and completed interviews with 51; 25 (49%) received immediate postpartum LARC (24 implants, 1 intrauterine device). Two-thirds reported their provider discussed the option of receiving immediate postpartum LARC during prenatal care, with over 90% reporting they received all the information they needed to make a decision. Most women believed the ideal time to begin using birth control postpartum is in the hospital immediately after delivery, although this differed significantly by women’s receipt of immediate postpartum LARC. Most women who received immediate postpartum LARC reported they are very or extremely happy with their device, although 40% also reported wanting their device removed at some point. Women on Medicaid in Georgia report making informed choices regarding immediate postpartum LARC. Among those who received immediate postpartum LARC, women report high levels of satisfaction.
The trial of Hissène Habré: how the people of Chad brought a tyrant to justice

In The Trial of Hissene Habre: How the people of Chad brought a tyrant to justice, Celeste Hicks provides an in-depth account of the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC), an inter-African court tha...