cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-resolved molecular characterization of limonene/ozone aerosol using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Molecular composition of limonene/O3 secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was investigated using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) as a function of reaction time. SOA was generated by ozonation of D-limonene in a reaction chamber and sampled at different time intervals using a cascade impactor. The SOA samples were extracted into acetonitrile and analyzed using a HR-ESI-MS instrument with a resolving power of 100 000 (m/Δm). The resulting mass spectra provided detailed information about the extent of oxidation inferred from the O : C ratios, double bond equivalency (DBE) factors, and aromaticity index (AI) values in hundreds of identified individual SOA species. The chemical composition of SOA was approximately the same for all size-fractionated samples studied in this experiment (0.05 to 0.5 μm range). The SOA constituents quickly reached an average O : C ratio of 0.43, which grew to 0.46 after one hour of additional oxidation of particles by the excess ozone. The dominant mechanism of oligomerization, inferred from high resolution ESI-MS data, was reaction between Criegee intermediates and stable first-generation products of limonene ozonolysis. Although the SOA composition was dominated by various oxidized aliphatic compounds, a small fraction of products appeared to contain aromatic rings. SOA generation was also studied in the presence of UV radiation and at elevated relative humidity (RH). The presence of UV radiation had a negligible effect on the SOA composition. The presence of water vapor resulted in a slight redistribution of peak intensities in the mass spectrum likely arising from hydration of certain SOA constituents. The data are consistent with fast production of the first-generation SOA constituents, including oligomers, followed by very slow aging processes that have a relatively small effect on the average molecular composition on the timescale of our experiments.
Efficient Reed-Solomon decoder with adaptive error-correcting capability

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are widely used as error-correcting codes in digital communication and storage systems. This paper proposes an efficient architecture for RS decoder with adaptive error-correcting capability. This decoder can be employed to enable complexity-performance tradeoff and ensure data reliability in applications with time-varying channel condition, such as wireless communications. Specifically, the proposed decoder adopts the low-complexity Chase (LCC) algebraic soft-decision decoding algorithm. This algorithm tests 2η vectors, and larger η leads to higher error-correcting capability. The proposed decoder is capable of implementing LCC decoding with variable η. In addition, the decoder hardware units are reused to incorporate hard-decision decoding (HDD). Detailed hardware requirement and latency analysis is provided for a (255, 239) RS code. Compared to the LCC decoder for η = 3 only, the adaptive RS decoder that can take care of both the HDD and LCC decoding with η ∈ {3, 4, 5} only has 1% area overhead.
Recent data on pubertal milestones in United States children: the secular trend toward earlier development

Tracking secular trends in the pubertal development of a country's children is important for social and public health reasons. Although comparable studies are largely lacking for US children over the last half century, existing data on girls, particularly that for menarche, indicate that the trend for earlier sexual maturatin has continued and that racial differences are significant, with African-American girls developing earlier than white girls. Data on boys, though less reliable, suggest that they may be beginning maturation earlier as well. More studies on boys with reliable methodologies are needed. Earlier development may not be healthy and may indicate environmental problems that need to be further researched and addressed.
A study on knowledge source integration for candidate rescoring in automatic speech recognition

We propose a rescoring framework for speech recognition that incorporates acoustic phonetic knowledge sources. The scores corresponding to all knowledge sources are generated from a collection of neural network based classifiers. Rescoring is then performed by combining different knowledge scores and they are used to reorder candidate strings provided by state-of-the-art HMM-based speech recognizers. We report on continuous phone recognition experiments using the TIMIT database. Our results indicate that classifying manners and places of articulation provides additional information in rescoring, and improved accuracies over our best baseline speech recognizers are achieved using both context-independent and context-dependent phone models. The same technique can be extended to lattice rescoring and large vocabulary continuous speech recognition.
Isozymes of mammalian hexokinase: structure, subcellular localization and metabolic function

The first step in metabolism of glucose (Glc) is usually phosphorylation, catalyzed by hexokinase. However, the Glc-6-P produced can then enter one or more of several alternative pathways. Selective expression of isozymic forms of hexokinase, differing in catalytic and regulatory properties as well as subcellular localization, is likely to be an important factor in determining the pattern of Glc metabolism in mammalian tissues/cells. Despite their overall structural similarity, the Type I, Type II and Type III isozymes differ in important respects. All three isozymes are inhibited by the product, Glc-6-P, but with the Type I isozyme, this inhibition is antagonized by P(I), whereas with the Type II and Type III isozymes, P(i) actually causes additional inhibition. Reciprocal changes in intracellular levels of Glc-6-P and P(i) are closely associated with cellular energy status, and it is proposed that the response of the Type I isozyme to these effectors adapts it for catabolic function, introducing Glc into glycolytic metabolism for energy production. In contrast, the Type II, and probably the Type III, isozymes are suggested to serve primarily anabolic functions, e.g. to provide Glc-6-P for glycogen synthesis or metabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway for lipid synthesis. Type I hexokinase binds to mitochondria through interaction with porin, the protein that forms channels through which metabolites traverse the outer mitochondrial membrane. Several experimental approaches have led to the conclusion that the Type I isozyme, bound to actively phosphorylating mitochondria, selectively uses intramitochondrial ATP as substrate. Such interactions are thought to facilitate coordination of the introduction of Glc into glycolysis, via the hexokinase reaction, with the terminal oxidative stages of Glc metabolism occurring in the mitochondria, thus ensuring an overall rate of Glc metabolism commensurate with cellular energy demands and avoiding excessive production of lactate. The Type II isozyme also binds to mitochondria. Whether such coupling occurs with mitochondrially bound Type II hexokinase in normal tissues, and how it might be related to the proposed anabolic role of this isozyme, remain to be determined. The Type III isozyme lacks the hydrophobic N-terminal sequence known to be critical for binding of the Type I and Type II isozymes to mitochondria. Immunolocalization studies have indicated that, in many cell types, the Type III has a perinuclear localization, the possible metabolic consequences of which remain unclear.
Conformal Invariance, Dynamical Dark Energy and the CMB

Einstein's General Relativity receives quantum corrections relevant at cosmological distance scales. These effects arise from conformal scalar degrees of freedom in the extended Effective Field Theory (EFT) of gravity required by the trace anomaly of the quantum stress tensor in curved space. Scalar degrees of freedom in cosmology arise naturally from the effective action of the trace anomaly in the Standard Model, without the ad hoc introduction of an inflaton field. In the EFT including the trace anomaly terms, {Lambda}{sub eff} becomes dynamical and potentially dependent upon both space and time. The fluctuations of these anomaly scalars may also influence the spectrum and statistics of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Under the hypothesis that scale invariance should be promoted to full conformal invariance, an hypothesis supported by the embedding of the conformal group of three dimensional flat sections in de Sitter space, the form of the CMB bi-spectrum can be fixed, and the tri-spectrum constrained. The angular spectra predicted by conformal invariance differ from those suggested by simple models of inflation.
Modeling of width-quantization-induced variations in logic FinFETs for 22nm and beyond

The nature of FinFET devices prohibits continuous width scaling and introduces a digitization of device width. As a consequence, devices are comprised of arrays of Fins ranging from one (SRAM) to a few tens of Fins. This introduces an intrinsic variation in the device that is absent in conventional planar devices. To build a reliable circuit, model parameters have to be provided that take account of the correct scaling behavior with increasing number of Fins for the composite device. For the first time we address in this paper how a composite Fin device can be modeled correctly. The statistical drive current and leakage current distribution are accurately modeled using the proposed methodology. We show that the DIBL vs. SS relationship for the composite device is an easily accessible indicator for the intrinsic variations observed in a composite device.
Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior during the Random Sequential Adsorption of Tethered Hard Disks

We simulate random sequential adsorption of tethered hard disks which undergo limited Monte Carlo surface diffusion to study kinetics and nonequilibrium phase behavior. Tethers allow the disks to move within a specified distance of their original adsorption locations, placing a control on the local entropy of each disk. As the surface coverage increases, systems with sufficiently long tethers form hexatic or crystalline lattices, while short tethers frustrate organization. Lattices form with surprisingly short tether lengths-on the order of one disk diameter.
Moving from Free to Fee: How Online Firms Market to Change Their business Model Successfully.

Abstract Moving from free to “free and fee” for any product or service represents a challenge to managers, especially when consumers have plenty of free alternatives. For one online content provider, this article examines (1) the sources of long-term revenue loss (through attracting fewer free subscribers) and (2) how the firm's marketing actions affect its revenue gains (through attracting paid subscribers). The authors quantify revenue loss from several sources, including the direct effects of charging for part of the online content and the reduced effectiveness of search-engine referrals and e-mails. The analysis suggests several managerial implications. Managers should focus their price promotions on stimulating new monthly subscriptions, rather than the current promotional focus on stimulating new yearly contracts. In contrast, e-mail and search-engine referrals appear to be effective at generating yearly subscriptions. Meanwhile, free-to-fee conversion e-mail blasts are a double-edged sword; they in...
Cooperative Communications with Multiple Sources and Relays in Ad-Hoc Networks

In this paper, we investigate the cooperative communication performance involving space-time block codes (STBC), channel coding, network code and turbo decoding in a wireless Ad-hoc network scenario where two relays are employed for communications from a number of senders to a common sink. To reduce bandwidth and achieve diversity gain, STBC is applied at the two relays. Based on whether network coding is adopted at the relays, two systems are specifically proposed and compared. One is a simply decode-and-forward (DF) system without network coding at the relays and conducts only one round of channel decoding after diversity operations at the receiver. The other system uses network coding at the relays and carries out turbo decoding at the receiver. We show through simulations that the second system has a fast turbo decoding convergence within two or three iterations and generally provides a better performance. However, in the cases where the direct links between the sources and the sink are weak, the first system with a simple decoding process actually can outperform. This result indicates that different channel conditions may require different system designs and a more complex one does not necessarily result in a better performance at all times.
Carotid Artery Wall Hypertrophy With Age Is Related to Local Systolic Blood Pressure in Healthy Men

Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) increases with advancing age in humans. The underlying mechanism of this increase is unknown, but data from animal studies suggest that a chronic increase in local distending pressure can act as a stimulus. To test this hypothesis, we studied a total of 129 healthy normotensive, nonobese, nonsmoking men aged 18 to 77 years. Brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) was unchanged, but carotid SBP increased progressively with age (P<0.05). Carotid IMT and the ratio of carotid IMT to lumen (ultrasonography) increased progressively with age (P<0.05). Carotid IMT was approximately 50% greater in the older compared with the young men. Carotid SBP was positively related to carotid IMT (r=0.55, P<0.001). After carotid SBP was taken into account (ANCOVA), the age-related difference in carotid IMT was no longer statistically significant (P=0.22). We conclude that carotid IMT increases with age in healthy men in the absence of elevations in peripheral SBP. Carotid SBP increases progressively with advancing age in this population and is significantly related to the corresponding carotid wall hypertrophy. These results support the hypothesis that chronic increases in local distending pressure may be an important mechanism in the wall thickening that occurs with human aging in central elastic arteries.
Effect of channel sidewalls on Joule heating induced sample dispersion in rectangular ducts

In this article, we analyze the effect of channel sidewalls on the broadening of analyte bands resulting from Joule heating during their electrokinetic migration through a rectangular conduit. A method-of-moments formulation has been used to numerically evaluate the Taylor-Aris dispersivity of sample zones under these conditions for thin electrical double layers applicable to a majority of microfluidic assays. Our analysis shows that the larger surface area to volume ratio around the side regions of a rectangular channel causes these corners to stay cooler than the rest of the conduit. While such a thermal profile does not modify the electroosmotic flow in the system for a fixed temperature at the channel walls, it reduces the electrophoretic transport rate by about 10% for small temperature differentials across the channel cross-section (<10°C). The effect of these thermal gradients on the hydrodynamic dispersion of analyte bands is more significant however, increasing such band broadening by nearly an order of magnitude in large aspect ratio designs. Our analyses further show that the trends noted above are magnified when a fixed heat transfer coefficient is assumed at the channel walls, in which case, the temperature along this boundary is no longer constant. The non-isothermal channel walls combined with the temperature dependence of zeta potential and other material properties in this situation leads to a non-uniform electroosmotic slip velocity in the system modifying both fluid and analyte transport rates. Again, while the resulting solute flow profile reduces the migration velocity of sample zones only to a moderate extent, it is found to increase the hydrodynamic dispersion of analyte bands by several orders of magnitude in large aspect ratio rectangular channels.
Characterization of Novel Calorimeters in the Annular Core Research Reactor

A series of pulsed irradiation experiments have been performed in the central cavity of Sandia National Laboratories' Annular Core Research Reactor (ACRR) to characterize the responses of a set of elemental calorimeter materials including Si, Zr, Sn, Ta, W, and Bi. Of particular interest was the perturbing effect of the calorimeter itself on the ambient radiation field – a potential concern in dosimetry applications. By placing the calorimeter package into a neutron-thermalizing lead/polyethylene (LP) bucket and irradiating both with and without a cadmium wrapper, it was demonstrated that prompt capture gammas generated inside the calorimeters can be a significant contributor to the measured dose in the active disc region. An MCNP model of the experimental setup was shown to replicate measured dose responses to within 10%. The internal (n,γ) contribution was found to constitute as much as 50% of the response inside the LP bucket and up to 20% inside the nominal (unmodified) cavity environment, with Ta and W exhibiting the largest enhancement due to their sizable (n,γ) cross sections. Capture reactions in non-disc components of the calorimeter were estimated to be responsible for up to a few percent of the measured response.
Antagonism of δ2-Opioid Receptors by Naltrindole-5′-isothiocyanate Attenuates Heroin Self-Administration but Not Antinociception in Rats

δ-Opioid receptors have been implicated in reinforcement processes and antagonists are available that produce long-lasting and selective antagonism of δ-opioid receptors in vivo. This experiment assessed the contribution of δ-opioid receptors to the antinociceptive and reinforcing properties of heroin. The effects of the irreversible δ-antagonist naltrindole-5′-isothiocyanate (5′-NTII) were evaluated on heroin self-administration and hot-plate antinociception in rats. 5′-NTII (10 nmol i.c.v.) shifted the dose-response curve for heroin self-administration downward, increasing the A50 values on the ascending and descending limbs by approximately 0.5 log units and decreasing the maximum by 33%. 5′-NTII (40 nmol i.c.v.) shifted both limbs of the heroin self-administration dose-effect curve 1.2 log units to the right and decreased the maximum by 90%. Heroin self-administration gradually returned to baseline levels over 7 or 17 days after administration of 10 or 40 nmol 5′-NTII, respectively. 5′-NTII (40 nmol i.c.v.) decreased the self-administration of 0.17 mg/infusion cocaine by 40% while having no effect on responding maintained by 0.33 or 0.67 mg/infusion. 5′-NTII attenuated the antinociceptive effects of deltorphin (δ2) in a dose-dependent manner while having no effect on antinociception elicited after i.c.v. administration of [d-Pen2,d-Pen5]-enkephalin (δ1) or [d-Ala2, N -Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (μ). In addition, the antinociceptive effects of heroin were not significantly affected by 5′-NTII (40 nmol i.c.v.). Therefore, 5′-NTII can attenuate the reinforcing effects of heroin at doses that do not affect its antinociceptive effects. Long-acting δ2-opioid antagonists may be beneficial in the treatment of heroin dependence or as adjuncts to reduce the abuse liability of opioid analgesics.
Erythropoietin and the Regulation of Erythropoiesis in DiGuglielmo's Syndrome

Observations relating to the regulation of red cell production in four patients with DiGuglielmo’s syndrome and one with malignant lymphoma are presented. Erythropoiesis in these patients was characterized by bizarre forms, marked erythroid hyperplasia and ineffective erythropoiesis. Erythropoietin excretion was elevated, in keeping with the degree of anemia. Hypertransfusion of these patients resulted in a marked decrease in erythropoietin excretion and a reduction in marrow erythroid hyperplasia although morphologic abnormalities of the individual cells in both granulocytic and erythroid cell lines remained. The alteration in marrow function in response to transfusions was reflected by the E:G ratio and in iron kinetic and reticulocyte measurements which demonstrated a decline in both total and effective erythropoiesis. It is concluded that proliferation of the erythroid marrow in these patients is under physiologic regulation and that the defects observed are expressed during cell maturation.
Chemical and bacteriological studies of the photochemical reaction product of ammonium hexachloroiridate. IV.

SummaryWhen aqueous solutions of ammonium hexachloroiridate(IV) are irradiated with visible light in an ammonia atmosphere, a photochemical reaction occurs in which the complex (IrCl6)2- ion is converted through a less negatively charged intermediate to an apparently neutral species. Solutions so irradiated lose rather rapidly the absorption peaks at 416, 433, and 487 mμ and display a new peak at 325 mμ. Nonirradiated solutions are quite inhibitory to the growth of Escherichia coli, but irradiated solutions are much less so. Solutions irradiated for 5–7 hr markedly retard cytokinesis of the bacterial cells. It was tentatively proposed that the product responsible for this inhibition of cell division in the presence of continued cell elongation may be cis-tetrachlorodiammine-iridium.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Rubbers. I. Effects of Crosslink Spacing in Natural Rubber

Abstract Complex shear compliances of five samples of natural rubber crosslinked by cumyl peroxide and three samples crosslinked by sulfur, covering a broad range of average crosslink spacing, have been measured over a frequency range of 0.1 to 1000 cps and a temperature range from −18 to 55° C. The data were all reduced to 25° C by shift factors calculated from an equation of the WLF type. In the transition zone of frequencies, the viscoelastic functions were closely similar; the loss tangents of the cumyl peroxide vulcanizates were identical within experimental error, and those of the sulfur vulcanizates were shifted somewhat to the left on the logarithmic frequency scale with increasing degree of vulcanization. In the rubbery zone, the losses persisted to much lower frequencies than could be expected from configurational rearrangements within individual strands on the basis of current molecular theories, reflecting slow relaxation mechanisms whose presence has also been deduced from other measurements....
Simple and robust approach for passivating and functionalizing surfaces for use in complex media.

Pluronic is a popular triblock copolymer used as a surfactant to introduce hydrophilic coatings onto many different types of material surfaces, from engineering to biomedical applications. Unfortunately, this is limited in its ability to resist fouling from complex media (i.e., blood) and leaves the surface hard for further modification. Herein, we report a simple, yet robust approach for passivating and functionalizing surfaces based on zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) (PCB) based triblock copolymer, which can be directly applied to surfaces to prevent nonspecific protein adsorption from undiluted blood plasma, and to provide additional functionalities needed for the attachment of biomolecules. Several hydrophobic surfaces including polydimethylsiloxane, silanized silica, and self-assembled monolayers are tested to demonstrate its applicability to a wide range of systems. This approach provides a robust, convenient, and effective surface modification method for real-world applications from simple surfac...
Cardiac arrest with impending circulatory collapse

An old patient was brought to the emergency department with cardiac arrest following blunt traumatic injury. After successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the patient underwent CT scan which revealed dependent layering of contrast and severe venous reflux (figure 1) as well as lack of forward flow into the left heart (figure 2), indicating impending circulatory collapse. Moments later, the patient became pulseless and severely …
Hearing Impairment, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Developmental Functioning in Infants and Toddlers

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tends to co-occur with other psychiatric disorders and medical conditions, and identification of comorbidities is crucial for appropriate intervention. Currently, little research has examined the relationship between ASD and deafness or hearing impairment (D/HI). The present study aimed to examine the effects of ASD and D/HI on autism symptomology as measured by the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT), and developmental functioning in infants and toddlers as measured by the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-2). Specific developmental domains were also investigated. This study compared children with atypical development (n = 24), comorbid atypical development and D/HI (n = 24), ASD only (n = 24), and comorbid ASD and D/HI (n = 24). The results indicated that an ASD diagnosis was a stronger indicator of ASD symptomology, overall developmental functioning, adaptive skills, personal-social skills, and communication skills than D/HI. However, the interaction between ASD and D/HI was more dynamic for the motor and cognitive domains. The results of the current study emphasize the importance of improved assessment techniques to identify both ASD and D/HI when they co-occur. Future research should be conducted to further elucidate the interaction of ASD and D/HI, as well as investigate these comorbidities in older samples.
Origen via Rufinus on the New Testament Canon

Around the turn of the fifth century Rufinus of Aquileia translated many important Greek theological works, especially by Origen and Eusebius. These translations have received a great deal of criticism for their lack of fidelity to their Vorlagen, a criticism that extends to their statements on the New Testament canon. Several scholars now assume that the list of New Testament books to be found in Origen's Homilies on Joshua 7.1 (available only in Rufinus' Latin translation) should be attributed to the translator rather than to Origen himself. This paper calls this assumption into question by comparing Eusebius’ statements on the books of the New Testament to Rufinus' translation of those statements. We will find that Rufinus does, in fact, alter his text in some subtle ways so that the statements on the canon correspond more closely to the increasingly stabilised canon of the late-fourth and early-fifth centuries, but such subtle alterations do not overturn the translator's basic fidelity when reporting earlier views. This analysis suggests that Origen did produce a list of books in the mid-third century that closely – though not exactly – resembled the list of New Testament books published by Athanasius in 367.
Epidemiology of Idiopathic Unsteady Gait in Aging (P1.095)

Objective: To describe the incidence and prevalence of idiopathic unsteady gait (IUG) in aging. Background: Abnormal gaits that do not fit recognized clinical patterns or have clear etiologies are commonly encountered in clinical settings. We described that IUG was a strong predictor of falls and dementia. Establishing the nature and risk factors for this high-risk neurological gait abnormality may provide valuable insights into preventive interventions. Methods: 476 community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 participating in a longitudinal aging study had gait assessed by experienced clinicians at entry and annually for up to 4 years. IUG was defined as losing balance or falling while walking straight, turning, or tandem and in the absence of clinical features of other neurological gaits such as Parkinsonian or neuropathic gaits. Gait subtypes were compared using ANOVA. Results: At baseline, 35 (7.4[percnt]) had prevalent IUG, 73 (15.3[percnt]) other neurological gaits, and 368 (77.3[percnt]) normal gaits. Participants with IUG were older (78.4±5.6 years vs 75.9±6.4 normal gait, 78±7.2 other neurological gaits, p=0.006), more likely to be female (74.3[percnt] vs 58.7[percnt], 41.1[percnt], p=0.002), and had more comorbid medical conditions (2.2±1.2 vs 1.7±1.1, 1.8±1.2, p=0.015). Participants with IUG had higher prevalence of mild parkinsonian features (17.1[percnt] vs 7.3[percnt], 22.2[percnt], p<0.001) but not neuropathy or long-tract weakness. IUG was unstable over time; 58.3[percnt] reverted to normal gait, 37.5[percnt] converted to other neurological gaits and 4.2[percnt] remained IUG on follow-up. Incidence of IUG was 13.1/100 person-years, and increased with age. Those who developed incident IUG had higher prevalence of cardiac conditions at baseline (44[percnt] vs 22[percnt], 30[percnt], p=0.038) but not vascular risk factors or strokes. Conclusions: Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic unsteady gait is high in older adults. Identifying IUG in clinical practice may help target high-risk individuals for interventions. Study Supported by: NIH/NIA RO1 AG044007, AG036921 Disclosure: Dr. Cohen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Verghese has nothing to disclose.
Bal w Operze: Żydowska apokalipsa według Juliana Tuwima

Julian Tuwim’s Bal w Operze ( A Ball at the Opera ) is one of the most remarkable of the apocalyptic visions which were produced in the doom-laden years prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. When he began to write it the optimism which had characterized the 1920s had long been dissipated. The worsening political climate was particularly painfully felt by Tuwim. As someone who considered himself both Polish and Jewish the pervasive climate of antisemitism, stimulated as it was by Hitler’s coming the power in Germany, the persistence of the depression and the willingness of a section of the government camp to adopt an antisemitic platfrom was extremely painful to experience. A Ball at the Opera is a savage description of a corrupt fascist dictatorship written by an individual in despair. Unlike some other Polish ‘catastrophist’ writers of the 1930s, such as Galczynski and Witkiewicz, Tuwim clearly situates this fascist dystopia in Poland. It is an apocalyptic poem where Tuwim’s horror of a corrupt society’s filthy doings fuses with a foreboding of the destruction of that society.
Brain-Inspired Memory Architecture for Sparse Nonlocal and Unstructured Workloads

This paper presents a brain-inspired von Neumann memory architecture for sparse, nonlocal, and unstructured workloads. Memory at each node contains selectable windows for optimistic shared access. A low-latency multiple access control for various policies is provided inside the local memory controller, using conditional deferred queuing with shared address list entries and associated lock bits. When combined with a memory-side cache, the proposed architecture is expected to transparently accelerate and flexibly scale the performance of sparse, nonlocal, and unstructured workloads by better regulating the data-access pipelining across local and remote memory requests.
The Effects of Withaferin A on Normal and Malignant Immune Cells

Ashwagandha, an ayurvedic medicinal plant, has been found to be a major contributor in treating medical ailments. Ayurveda is one of the world’s oldest traditional medical systems originated in India through various indigenous theories, beliefs and experiences. Often translated as science of “ayus” (life) and “ved” (knowledge), it emphasizes the use of herbs and their derivatives for prevention of disease, rejuvenation of body systems, and improving the quality of life. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the immuno-modulatory effects of withaferin A (WFA) as well as its growth-inhibitory effects on B cell lymphoma, leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.
Use of the legal-institutional analysis model in mexican environmental disputes

The article reports the results from a natural resourcenegotiation model, the Legal-Institutional Analysis Model (LIAM), in two Mexican case studies: the Lerma River-Lake Chapala water system and water concerns in the Paso del Norte region. Although the LIAM was designed for use with U.S. based natural resource issues, this paper discusses results of the LIAM in non-U.S. cases. Results reveal limitations surrounding the assumption that economic and ecological values are mutually exclusive, and the need for greater assessment of power sources. Findings show that the general assumptions behind the LIAM were applicable to Mexico, and that the model produced helpful assessments of the two situations. It is recommended that limitations in the model should be addressed to achieve more accurate analyses.
Probing Structural Changes among Analogous Inhibitor-Bound Forms of HIV-1 Protease and a Drug-Resistant Mutant in Solution by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

In the era of state-of-the-art inhibitor design and high-resolution structural studies, detection of significant but small protein structural differences in the inhibitor-bound forms is critical to further developing the inhibitor. Here, we probed differences in HIV-1 protease (PR) conformation among darunavir and four analogous inhibitor-bound forms and compared them with a drug-resistant mutant using nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts. Changes in amide chemical shifts of wild-type (WT) PR among these inhibitor-bound forms, ΔCSP, were subtle but detectable and extended >10 A from the inhibitor-binding site, asymmetrically between the two subunits of PR. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed differential local hydrogen bonding as the molecular basis of this remote asymmetric change. Inhibitor-bound forms of the drug-resistant mutant also showed a similar long-range ΔCSP pattern. Differences in ΔCSP values of the WT and the mutant (ΔΔCSPs) were observed at the inhibitor-binding site and in the su...
When Movements Become Parties: The Bolivian MAS in Comparative Perspective

Why do some parties formed by social movements develop top-down structures while others stay more open and responsive to their social bases? The first rigorous comparative study of movement-based parties, this book shows not only how movements can form parties but also how movements contribute to parties' internal politics and shape organizational party models over the long term. Although the existing literature argues that movement-based parties will succumb to professionalization and specialization, Anria shows that this is not inevitable or preordained through an in-depth examination of the unusual and counterintuitive development of Bolivia's MAS. Anria then compares the evolution of the MAS with that of other parties formed by social movements, including Brazil's PT and Uruguay's FA. In a region where successful new parties of any type have been rare, these three parties are remarkable for their success. Yet, despite their similar origins, they differ sharply in their organizational models.
Securing System Consistency: Coherence and Paradoxes

This chapter assesses apportionment methods from an overall viewpoint as to whether vote weights and seat numbers always correspond in a fair manner. A new organizing principle turns out to be decisive: coherence. It demands that every solution for a general apportionment problem agrees with the solutions for all embedded subproblems. The Coherence Theorem states that an apportionment method is coherent if and only if it is compatible with a divisor method. The ground for the proof is prepared by showing that coherent methods are house size monotone and vote ratio monotone. In contrast, quota methods may produce non-monotonic results of a seemingly paradoxical nature.
Modulation Of Spontaneous and Evoked Chloralose Myoclonus by Cerebellar Stimulation in the Cat (Relation to Ramsey Hunt Syndrome)

There exists both experimental and clinical evidence that the cerebellum has significant inhibitory influence at a variety of neuronal levels ranging from the cortex to the brain stem. The former is attested by much evidence in the literature demonstrating suppression of seizures and seizure discharges by electrical stimulation of the cerebellum (Snider & Cooke, 1953; Dow & Moruzzi, 1958; Dow, Fernandez-Guardiola, & Manni, 1962), Clinical evidence of cerebellar involvement in seizure mechanisms is implied by the existence of the Ramsey Hunt Syndrome (Hunt, 1922), a severe form of myoclonic epilepsy associated with degenerative changes in the cerebellum. This syndrome can be interpreted on the basis of animal work as resulting from a removal of the usual inhibitory influence of the cerebellum on seizure areas.
Micromodeling of a Particle-Hardened Alloy Using the Finite Element Method

ABSTRACT The development of an internal stress distribution in a particle-hardened alloy is modeled using finite elements. The effects on macroscopic stress-strain behavior are noted for reverse, uniaxial loading. The macroscopic back stress modeling variable is seen to correlate with the microscopic residual stress distribution.
Branched-chain sphingosines from Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Abstract In a previous paper (Carter et , al. , 1966) we reported the discovery of a branched-chain sphingolipid base (19-methyl-C20-phytosphingosine) in Crithidia fasciculata , a flagellated Protozoan. In continuing this examination of the sphingolipids of Protozoa, we have now looked at the ciliated Protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis . The only sphingolipid previously reported in this organism was sphingomyelin (Taketomi, 1961) , but the fatty acid and long-chain base components were not characterized. In this paper we report the characterization of two previously undescribed branched-chain sphingosines 2 , isolated from Tetrahymena , pyriformis . These new long-chain bases contain a total of 17 and 19 carbon atoms and have the double bond between carbons 4 and 5. They occur as constituents of ceramides and ceramide aminoethylphosphonates, neither of which has been previously reported in this organism.
Characteristics of General aviation crashes involving mature male and female pilots

BAKER S, LAMB MW, GRABOWSKI JG, REBOK G, LI G. Characteristcs of general aviation crashes involving mature male and female pilots. Background: General aviation crashes in the United States were analyzed to identify differences between male and female pilots in the circumstances of their crashes and the types of pilot errors involved. Methods: All 144 female pilots who were born between 1933 and 1942 and who were involved in general aviation crashes between 1983 and 1997 were matched 1:2 with 287 male pilots by age within 2 yr, medical certificate and pilot certificate, state or region of crash, and year of crash. Results: Mechanical failure, gear up landings, improper IFR approaches, and collisions with wires or poles were more common in crashes of male pilots. Loss of control on landing/takeoff was more common in crashes of female pilots. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error of pilots of both genders and was noted more often in female pilots' crashes (81% vs. 48%) (p < 0.001). Males' crashes were more likely to involve flawed decisions (29% vs. 19% of females' crashes) (p = 0.027) or inattention (32% vs. 19%) (p = 0.004). Older pilots made fewer errors: among males age 55-63, 26% of crashes were without obvious pilot error compared with only 7% at age 40-49 (p = 0.003). Conclusion: There are large gender differences in the types of pilot error involved in general aviation crashes. Mishandling aircraft kinetics, poor decision making, and inattention are the most common pilot errors and merit increased attention in pilot training.
How Has Schizophrenia Survived

In the last half of the nineteenth century, a new psychiatric disorder overcame 2,000 years of knowledge that manic-depressive insanity could encompass psychosis and chronicity (Table 3.1) (Bruijnzeel and Tandon 2011). Some influential psychiatrists believed that a new diagnosis was needed for the most severely psychotic and most chronically mentally ill patients that they felt could not be explained by manic-depressive insanity. Scientists gain esteem by naming and describing new species or diseases. According to these investigators, the new disease, dementia praecox or schizophrenia separated itself from manic-depressive insanity. The diagnoses of dementia praecox and schizophrenia captured only the most severe psychotic, bizarre, chronic, dysfunctional, and challenging cases until 1911.
Aspects of Thyroid Axis Function in Depression

Venerable interest in the possible participation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in affective disorders has been rekindled by advances in physiological understanding of the axis, by technological progress, and by specific findings. It is now known that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a tripeptide, is the hypothalamic substance that prompts the secretion of the anterior pituitary substance, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin); it is now possible, by radioimmunoassay, to measure all the hormones of the HPT axis. It is now recognized that there is indeed a fault in HPT function in at least some patients with depression. A certain fraction of such patients, a quarter or more depending on criteria, show a blunted TSH response to TRH injection, in the absence of a usual endocrine explanation. In this brief review we will concern ourselves not only with this finding, which may be regarded as an aspect of the diagnostic use of HPT axis physiology, but also with the therapeutic use of hormones of the axis.
Operative loading in cable yarding systems: field observations of static and dynamic tensions in mobile anchor systems

Cable yarding systems are an effective means of facilitating harvesting operations in steep terrain, but require sufficient anchoring for safe performance. Design and safe operation often dictates ...
Electrochemical Measurements Demonstrate Performance of BTAH and Alternative Passivating Agents on Copper in a Hydroxylamine CMP System

Organic passivating agents have been measured by a galvanostatic method during abrasive free Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) of copper coated silicon wafers. CMP process steps include (a) removal of the passivation layer to expose the metal surface, (b) wet chemical oxidation of the metal surface and (c) mechanical removal of the oxidation products by means of the pad with a colloidal polishing aid such as silica or alumina1. CMP of necessity seeks to establish a unique equilibrium between little or no metal removal due to corrosion effects and rapid metal removal resulting from a mechanically aided chemical oxidation or polishing. Chemical oxidizing agents can corrode the metal surface during polishing and non-polishing steps alike so protective passivation agents are necessary to inhibit or block surface corrosion. Historically, benzotriazole (BTAH) has been the copper protective agent of choice because it performed well at concentrations of 50 to 500ppm, however BTAH can scratch copper. Self-assembly of monolayers was reported by Sung et al2 demonstrating a tendency toward organizational energy of molecular surface protection. Cho et al3 have reported formation of a flat, well ordered BTAH based monolayer on copper supporting a three dimensional BTAH stack above it. Metrikos-Hukovic et al4 reported evidence for a monolayer of a CuBTA compound and additional adsorption/crystallization layers of 7nm thickness5 were measured. Discussions in this work refer to the combined adsorption/chelation layers on copper as passivation providing measurements that distinguish between them. It will be shown that addition of BTAH forms a thin layer of CuBTA covered by a second layer creating a protective film with relatively high electrical resistance. The purpose of this electrochemical effort is to measure the effect of BTAH during a non-Prestonian, slurry free CMP process, to affect a direct measure of bi-layer passivation and to identify other organic compounds that may also provide protection of the copper surface against corrosion.
Energy harvesting for wireless communications in nuclear environment

Abstract Monitoring the conditions inside enclosed metal vessels as found in spent fuel canisters and nuclear reactor pressure vessels is crucial to ensuring safe dry cask storage and reactor operation. In this paper two energy harvesters, a gamma radiation energy harvester and a thermal energy harvester, are designed to power wireless through-wall communication and in-situ monitoring of interior conditions in nuclear canisters. Their performance over 50 years of service in the canister is analyzed using radiation and thermal modeling of the canister, and a scaled experiment is performed to validate the designs. The gamma radiation energy harvester was found to have an energy output of 17.8 mW during the first-year of canister storage. However, its power out decreases to less than 1.0 mW after 50-years storage. The thermal energy harvester proved to be more practical with a simulated power output of 93.9 mW and an experimental output of 46.3 mW even after 50-years storage in the canister. Cost-benefit analysis and discussion for both energy harvesters were also given.
CSF inflammatory markers differ in gram-positive versus gram-negative shunt infections

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt placement is frequently complicated by bacterial infection. Shunt infection diagnosis relies on bacterial culture of CSF which can often produce false-negative results. Negative cultures present a conundrum for physicians as they are left to rely on other CSF indices, which can be unremarkable. New methods are needed to swiftly and accurately diagnose shunt infections. CSF chemokines and cytokines may prove useful as diagnostic biomarkers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of systemic and CSF biomarkers for identification of CSF shunt infection. We conducted a retrospective chart review of children with culture-confirmed CSF shunt infection at Children’s Hospital and Medical Center from July 2013 to December 2015. CSF cytokine analysis was performed for those patients with CSF in frozen storage from the same sample that was used for diagnostic culture. A total of 12 infections were included in this study. Patients with shunt infection had a median C-reactive protein (CRP) of 18.25 mg/dL. Median peripheral white blood cell count was 15.53 × 103 cells/mL. Those with shunt infection had a median CSF WBC of 332 cells/mL, median CSF protein level of 406 mg/dL, and median CSF glucose of 35.5 mg/dL. An interesting trend was observed with gram-positive infections having higher levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 as well as IL-17A and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to gram-negative infections, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. Conversely, gram-negative infections displayed higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, fractalkine (CX3CL1), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), although again these were not significantly different. CSF from gram-positive and gram-negative shunt infections had similar levels of interferon gamma (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-8. This pilot study is the first to characterize the CSF cytokine profile in patients with CSF shunt infection and supports the distinction of chemokine and cytokine profiles between gram-negative and gram-positive infections. Additionally, it demonstrates the potential of CSF chemokines and cytokines as biomarkers for the diagnosis of shunt infection.
On the Forecast Sensitivity of MCS Cold Pools and Related Features to Horizontal Grid Spacing in Convection-Allowing WRF Simulations

AbstractWhile the implementation of convection-allowing models has improved the representation of convective features, a consensus is lacking regarding what horizontal grid spacing most appropriate...
Abstract P194: Endothelin as a Persistent Biomarker of Hypoxia

Rationale: Hypoxic symptoms at moderate altitude are not well characterized. Hypoxia can cause cognitive impairment, temporarily affecting the performance of aircrew, ground soldiers or other criti...