cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen adsorption and dissociation on small platinum clusters: An electronic structure density functional study

Here we have studied hydrogen molecule adsorption on small platinum clusters. The generalized gradient approximation to density functional theory has been used and spin-orbit coupling was included self-consistently. In general, dissociative adsorption of a hydrogen molecule on a top site was found common for all sizes of platinum clusters considered here. To study charging effects on ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ adsorption, calculations of relaxed ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ were performed. Multiple hydrogen adsorptions were also considered, which show an interesting dependency on the cluster size.
Characteristics, management, and outcomes of cocaine-positive patients with acute coronary syndrome (from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry)

Although cocaine ingestion may cause or contribute to myocardial infarction (MI), few contemporary data are available describing cocaine-associated MI. We describe the characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with MI and recent cocaine use from the Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry—Get With The Guidelines (ACTION Registry-GWTG) program. The study population was 102,952 patients enrolled in the American College of Cardiology ACTION Registry-GWTG from July 2008 to March 31, 2010 from 460 sites across the United States. Cocaine exposure was defined as self-reported cocaine use within the last 72 hours or a positive urine test for cocaine. Demographics and medical history, presenting characteristics, treatments, and in-hospital outcomes were reported on a standard case record form. A total of 924 patients (0.9%) were cocaine positive. Compared with cocaine-negative patients, cocaine-positive patients were younger and predominantly men with fewer cardiovascular risk factors. There was a higher percentage of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (46.3% vs 39.7%) and cardiogenic shock at presentation in the cocaine-positive group, but the percentage of multivessel coronary artery disease was lower (53.3% vs 64.5%). Beta blockers within 24 hours (85.8% vs 90.1%, p
Redundancy and robustness of highway bridge superstructures and substructures

Major advances have been recently achieved in developing methodologies for the structural analysis of cascading failures and in understanding the behaviour of different types of systems under suddenly applied extreme loads. Yet, a main issue related to defining objective measures of redundancy and quantifying the levels of redundancy that exist in structural systems remains vastly unresolved. This paper reviews the work done by the authors and their colleagues on the quantification of system redundancy of typical highway bridges and reassesses previously made proposals for including system redundancy and robustness during the structural design and safety evaluation of bridge superstructure and substructure systems. These proposals, which are based on system reliability principles, consider structural system safety, system redundancy and system robustness in comparison to member safety, and account for the uncertainties associated with determining member and system strengths as well as future loads in a co...
An integrated approach for production planning—A case study

Abstract This study addresses production planning in a multi-product, multi-machine environment. The products manufactured are high precision metal tubes. The production process consists of three major operations: pilgering, pickling/cleaning, and annealing. These three operations are repeated four to five times to make the final products. We first analyze the system capacity and then develop heuristics for the production scheduling problem. The scheduling system consists of MRP logic and the OPT concepts of backward and forward scheduling. Further, the effectiveness of the scheduling rules is studied by simulating flow of orders through the production process. The benefits of using such an integrated system are illustrated.
Demonstration of photodegradation by sunlight of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin in 6 cm soil columns

An in situ process, requiring only solvent addition and sunlight exposure, for treatment of soil sites contaminated with TCDD was successfully demonstrated. Substantial photodegradation (60% to 85%) of the total TCDD was found after 60 days of exposure.
Structure of alkali-silicate and germania glasses at high temperature and pressure

Abstract Advanced multi-channel micro-Raman spectrometry has been used for investigating the structure of alkali-silicate and GeO 2 glasses and melts at ambient pressure and high temperatures as well as the structure of Rb 2 Si 4 O 9 glass at pressures to 247 kbar at room temperature. The results of the high-temperature Raman study show that below the respective glass transition, T g , there is little change in the structure of glasses except for a small decrease in Raman band frequencies with increasing temperature. Above T g the so-called ‘defect’ bands, attributed to either broken TO bonds (where T is Si, Ge, Al) or to three-membered rings of TO 4 tetrahedra, show a sudden increase in intensity with increasing temperature. The rate of this intensity increase with temperature is inversely related to viscosity. Another important change observed in GeO 2 (and most likely SiO 2 ) glass above T g is the decrease in the relative intensity of the highest frequency band of the LO-TO couple, suggesting partial decrease in intermediate range order in the melt relative to the glass. Changes in the high-frequency band envelope of Rb 2 Si 4 O 9 glass/melt suggest homogenization of the environment of Q 3 species with increasing temperature. High-pressure Raman spectra of Rb 2 Si 4 O 9 glass exhibit a significant increase in the relative intensity of the 595 cm −1 ‘defect’ band with pressure, especially in the pressure range 100–150 kbar where the intensities of Raman bands associated with non-bridging and bridging oxygen vibrations of SiO 4 tetrahedra rapidly diminish. Simultaneous with these intensity changes is the decrease in frequency of the SiO stretching envelope, indicating an increase in the average coordination of silicon at pressres ≥ 100 kbar.
Afferent arteriolar reactivity to angiotensin II is enhanced during the early phase of angiotensin II hypertension.

Increased renal microvascular reactivity may contribute to the blunted pressure natriuretic response and increase in blood pressure during the development of angiotensin II hypertension. The current studies were performed to determine renal microvascular reactivity during the early phases of angiotensin II-infused hypertension. Male-Sprague Dawley rats received angiotensin II (60 ng/min) or vehicle via an osmotic minipump. Normotensive and angiotensin II hypertensive rats were studied 1 and 2 weeks after implantation of the minipump. Systolic blood pressure averaged 117 ± 4 mm Hg (n = 31) before pump implantation. Angiotensin II infusion increased systolic blood pressure to 149 ± 3 and 187 ± 5 mm Hg on infusion days 6 and 12, respectively. Renal microvascular responses to angiotensin II and norepinephrine at renal perfusion pressures of 100 and 150 mm Hg were observed using the in vitro juxtamedullary nephron preparation. Afferent arteriolar diameters of 1-week normotensive animals averaged 22 ± 1 μm and after 2 weeks of vehicle infusion averaged 21 ± 1 μm at a perfusion pressure of 100 mm Hg. In animals infused with angiotensin II for 1 or 2 weeks, diameters of the afferent arterioles perfused at a pressure of 100 mm Hg were 20% and 9% smaller, respectively. Additionally, 1- and 2-week hypertensive animals had an enhanced responsiveness of the renal microvasculature to angiotensin II. At a perfusion pressure of 100 mm Hg, angiotensin II (10 nmol/L) decreased afferent arteriolar diameter by 26 ± 5% and 22 ± 3% in the 1- and 2-week angiotensin II hypertensive rats, respectively. In 1- and 2-week normotensive animals, angiotensin II (10 nmol/L) decreased afferent arteriolar diameter by 18 ± 2% and 15 ± 2%, respectively, at a perfusion pressure of 100 mm Hg. In contrast, the afferent arteriolar response to norepinephrine was not altered in angiotensin II hypertensive rats. These data demonstrate an elevated renal microvascular resistance and enhanced vascular reactivity that is selective for angiotensin II in the early phases of hypertension development after infusion of angiotensin II. Thus, an alteration in renal microvascular function contributes to the blunted pressure natriuretic response and progressive development of hypertension.
An X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Oxygen Content Phase Diagram of La2NiO4+δ

The oxygen concentration phase diagram of La2NiO4+δ has been constructed from room temperature X-ray powder diffraction data on specimens spanning a wide range of oxygen stoichiometries. Contrary to some previous reports, we find multiple biphasic regions. The most stoichiometric phase (δ ≈ 0.00) is orthorhombic with Bmab (low temperature orthorhombic, LTO) symmetry in agreement with previous studies. A new distorted tetragonal phase with P 42/ncm (low temperature tetragonal, LTT) symmetry is observed for oxygen excess levels in the range 0.020 < δ < 0.030. Undistorted tetragonal (high temperature tetragonal, HTT) symmetry is observed for oxygen compositions from δ ≈ 0.055 to at least δ = 0.137. An orthorhombic phase appears for δ ≈ 0.168. The temperature dependence of the reduction boundary has been determined; however, in contrast with the Pr2NiO4+δ system, no evidence of the oxidation boundary has been observed. The room temperature LTT phase is consistent with lower temperature observations of weak ferromagnetism associated with spin canting.
Sweeping preconditioners for elastic wave propagation with spectral element methods

We present a parallel preconditioning method for the iterative solution of the time-harmonic elastic wave equation which makes use of higher-order spectral elements to reduce pollution error. In particular, the method leverages perfectly matched layer boundary conditions to efficiently approximate the Schur complement matrices of a block LD L T factorization. Both sequential and parallel versions of the algorithm are discussed and results for large-scale problems from exploration geophysics are presented.
Development and empirical verification of an accuracy model for the power down leakage tests

Power down leakage (PDL) test is one of the most sensitive tests to verify device integrity during production test. Generally, the PDL current is measured once at the beginning and once at the end of the production test cycle in order to verify that the test process has not degraded device integrity. This current measurement is typically repeated 100 times or more to achieve accurate results. A wide variation in the measurement results usually necessitates additional measurements and averaging. However, without the proper modeling and analysis, repeating the measurement and averaging results alone will not guarantee the accuracy. In this paper, we analyze root causes of the error for the PDL current measurements. Our analysis indicates that while quantization error and thermal noise have negligible impact on the error of the measurements, the instrument accuracy, timing, and temperature based variation are the major contributors to accuracy. We develop a new accuracy model for the PDL current measurement to account for these major contributors. Using this model, we propose a new systematic optimization method for the test process to achieve the desired accuracy without increasing the test time unreasonably. This method and the model are empirically verified with hardware experiments. With hardware experiments we also show that we can reduce the test time nearly 3-fold using the optimized test sequencing strategy.
Elimination of contaminating bovine viral diarrhea virus from bovine respiratory syncytial virus stock.

Abstract During experiments to investigate the replication of certain bovine respiratory viruses, it was observed that Vero cells supported replication of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) but not bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The selective replication characteristics of these viruses were used to free a BRSV stock from BVDV contamination.
CD-ROM in U.S. Medical Libraries.

CD-ROM is having a growing impact on U. S. medical library operations and services. End-user searching of computerized databases has increased substantially since the introduction of CD-ROM. Professional searching on CD-ROM is starting to take hold, and promises to challenge the online industry. Specialized applications are becoming available such as full text and cataloging databases, and computerized training programs on interactive videodisks.Librarians need to make important choices on which CD-ROM products to acquire, and whether to access data in print, online, or on CD-ROM. The role and image of librarians are changing as they become computer specialists and teachers of end-user searching as well as performing traditional library duties.The future of CD-ROM will include networks and dial-access. The capacity of both disks and readers will increase. CD-ROM applications in medical libraries will expand as prices decrease and interfaces with other technologies become possible. An on-going dialog between librarians, vendors, and CD-ROM producers is necessary for this wonderful new technology to be used to best advantage.
Use of Immunomodulatory High-Dose Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin in Treatment of Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome

Rationale: Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS) is a rare, autoimmune condition resulting in abnormal eye movements, involuntary twitching of muscle groups, ataxia, irritability, and speech impairment. High dose intravenous immunoglobulin is part of the standard therapy in pediatric patients diagnosed with OMS. We report a 2-year old girl who was diagnosed with OMS, initiated on intravenous immunoglobulin, and successfully converted to a high-dose subcutaneous regimen.
THE ACTION OF STEROID HORMONES ON THE MATURE DOVE TESTIS

THE MODE OF action of androgens on the mature testis of both birds and mammals is still an unsolved problem. For both classes of vertebrates there are data which indicate that androgens sustain or stimulate the testis, and other data which indicate that in mature testes these hormones produce one or another degree of testicular atrophy. Some of these discordant results are perhaps ascribable to the use of different levels of dosage; the use of impure steroid preparations in some earlier investigations probably led to erroneous results. The effect of estrogens on the mature testis is less questionable, but data for the bird testis are few and inadequate. The action of crystalline progesterone, stilbestrol and desoxycorticosterone acetate on the testes of mature birds has not hitherto been reported. Morat6-Manaro, Albrieux and Buno (1935) injected each of several cocks with estrone in doses up to 50,000 I.U.
“I did not think it was an effective use of questioning”: Collective critical observation and reflection of social studies pedagogy

Abstract This study examines how one student teaching seminar employed collective critical observation and reflection of an experienced high school social studies teacher׳s pedagogy using a multimedia representation of teaching. Pre-service teachers watched this teacher implement two full class lessons and reflections on teaching about freedom of speech. This study׳s pre-service social studies teachers exhibited a developing ability, through collective observation, to critically reflect on their individual methodological and philosophical goals, social studies teaching and learning, and professional and curricular visions in relation to their student teaching experiences and future practice. The study׳s findings offer implications for how pre-service social studies teachers critically reflect on their practice, while also developing knowledge of learners, subject matter, and teaching social studies.
Cationic grafting of olefins from PVC: The effect of reaction conditions

The cationic grafting of isobutylene, styrene, α-methylstyrene, and β-pinene from a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) backbone was investigated. Grafting-from was induced by Et2AlCl in 1,2-dichloroethane and methylene dichloride solutions from 20 to −70 °C. The effects of temperature and proton trap [2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DtBP)] on grafting-from efficiency (Geff), extent of grafting, branch length (molecular weight), and number of branches per PVC molecule were determined. Reducing the temperature invariably increased the Geff and the molecular weight of polyisobutylene, polystyrene, poly(α-methylstyrene), and poly(β-pinene) branches attached to PVC. The magnitude of the effects was different with the various olefins and depended on the reaction conditions. The effect of DtBP was examined in the 5 × 10−4–4 × 10−3 mol/L range. By increasing the DtBP concentration the Geff increased; however, the number-average molecular weight of the grafted branches decreased. The lengths of the grafted branches can be controlled, and Geff's close to 100% were obtained. The fact that the proton trap reduced the molecular weights of grafted branches suggests that besides proton scavenging, DtBP may also abstract protons from the growing carbenium ion site. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1675–1680, 2001
A mild autosomal recessive form of osteopetrosis

We report on four individuals in one kindred with relative or absolute short stature; increased upper/lower segment ratio with decreased arm span; mandibular prognathism and dental abnormalities; fractures following minimal trauma; mild to moderate anemia with extramedullary hematopoiesis; and radiographic changes of osteopetrosis, including sclerosis of the cranial base, generally increased bone density, sclerosis of the vertebral end plates, and transverse bands and poor diaphyseal modelling of the long bones. There is intrafamilial variability of clinical and radiographic findings in individuals with this mild, autosomal recessive form of osteopetrosis. We summarize ten families from the literature, which include 18 cases of mild recessive osteopetrosis. The manifestations of many are similar to those of the individuals reported here. Two other types of recessive osteopetrosis have been reported previously: osteopetrosis associated with renal tubular acidosis, and severe osteopetrosis with hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and early death. Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis is variable but usually mild. Pedigree analysis is currently the only reliable method of determining the pattern of inheritance in mild osteopetrosis.
On the generalized ward identity

W a r d ' s i den t i t y (1) which shows the relat ion be tween the ve r t ex opera tor w i t h equal e lectron m o m e n t a and the electron p ropaga tor has been general ized for t h e case where t he e lectron m o m e n t a are no t equal. The general ized iden t i t y has n o t been r igorously proved, in spite of the fact t h a t i t is ex tens ive ly used by m a n y authors . The proof is g iven in this paper wi thou t recourse to per turba t ion e x p a n s i o n or ~ e y n m a / a ' s d iagram. I t is shown to be a consequence of the conservat ion of the current . One can express W a r d ' s iden t i ty in the fo l lowing form, name ly
Acute respiratory distress in adults.

Abstract The respiratory-distress syndrome in 12 patients was manifested by acute onset of tachypnœa, hypoxaemia, and loss of compliance after a variety of stimuli; the syndrome did not respond to usual and ordinary methods of respiratory therapy. The clinical and pathological features closely resembled those seen in infants with respiratory distress and to conditions in congestive atelectasis and postperfusion lung. The theoretical relationship of this syndrome to alveolar surface active agent is postulated. Positive end-expiratory pressure was most helpful in combating atelectasis and hypoxaemia. Corticosteroids appeared to have value in the treatment of patients with fat-embolism and possibly viral pneumonia.
The dye sensitized photooxygenation of kryptopyrrole

Die durch Rose Bengal sensibilisierte Photooxygenierung des Kryptopyrrols in Methanol ergab Athylmethylmaleimid, 4-Athyl-5-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-3-pyrrolin-2-on, 4-Athyl-5-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-3-pyrrolin-2-on und 4-Athyl-3-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-4-pyrrolin-2-on.
Choice of Gambling Activity and Belief in Locus of Control

A recent review of research on gambling (Lester, 1980) suggested that gambling behavior might be related to belief in an internal locus of control. People who gamble in ways that involve skill in judgment might be expected to believe in an internal locus of control, whereas those who gamble in ways that involve luck might be expected to believe in an external locus of control. Sixty-five students enrolled in a large general education course (33 males and 32 females; M,,, = 24.3 yr., SD = 7.4; MI.E = 11.14, SD = 4.11) were given the belief in locus of control scale (Rotter, 1966) and asked whether they had gambled in the last 15 mo. on the lottery, race track, slot machines, craps, roulette, blackjack, poker, numbers, or bookies. As predicted, belief in an external locus of control was positively related to gambling at craps (point biserial T = 0.30) and roulette ( r = 0.30) and negatively to gambling at poker ( r = -0.39) for the 33 males. Belief in an external locus of control was positively related to gambling at the lottery ( r = 0.36) and slots ( r = 0.30) for the 32 females. For all subjects combined, belief in an external locus of control was positively related to gambling at slots ( r = 0.28), craps ( r = 0.27), and roulette ( r = 0.2 1 ) and negatively related to gambling at poker ( r = -0.22). Thus, it appears that externally oriented college students are more likely to gamble at activities in which chance plays a large role, e.g., lotteries and slot machines, and less likely to gamble at activities in which skill and judgment can play a large role, e.g., poker. The correlations reported here, however, are quite small, accounting for only about ten percent of the variance.
The α2β1 integrin mediates the malignant phenotype on type I collagen in pancreatic cancer cell lines

Pancreatic cancer is characterised by a hallmark desmoplastic response that includes upregulated expression of the extracellular matrix, and type I collagen in particular. Recent studies indicate that pancreatic cancer cells stimulate type I collagen synthesis in adjacent stellate cells, and that this upregulated type I collagen expression promotes the malignant phenotype in tumour cells as defined by increased proliferation, resistance to chemically induced apoptosis, and increased tumorigenesis. The integrin specificity of this interaction between type I collagen and tumour cells was not identified, however. In the present study, we examined eight pancreatic cancer cell lines for adhesion, proliferation, and migration, on types I and IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and vitronectin, as well as integrin expression. Our results indicate, for the overwhelming majority of cell lines, that type I collagen promotes the strongest adhesion, proliferation, and migration relative to the other substrates tested. Utilising function-blocking monoclonal antibodies directed against particular integrin subunits in cell adhesion and migration inhibition assays, we demonstrate further that the malignant phenotype on type I collagen is mediated specifically by the α2β1 integrin. These results identify α2β1 integrin-mediated adhesion to type I collagen as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Surgery Wait Times and Specialty Services for Insured and Uninsured Breast Cancer Patients: Does Hospital Safety Net Status Matter?

Safety net hospitals play an important role in serving the nation's disadvantaged populations. As these facilities are situated in or near medically underserved areas (Hadley and Cunningham 2004), they are likely to continue providing care to the bulk of low-income patients following the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). As such, safety net hospitals will also continue to play an important role in reducing health care disparities (Weinick et al. 2010), which are widely documented across many diseases including cancer. Breast cancer, in particular, is a cancer site where noted differences in treatment and outcomes exist by race (Gerend and Pai 2008), socioeconomic status (Smith et al. 2008), and insurance coverage (Bradley et al. 2008; Coburn et al. 2008; Ward et al. 2008). In this article, we examined whether there are differences in breast cancer treatment by hospitals with and without a safety net function. We also assess whether safety net hospitals reduce insurance and racial disparities in breast cancer treatment. We compared the time from breast cancer diagnosis with inpatient mastectomy and the likelihood of reconstruction within 1 year following mastectomy, two key measures of breast cancer treatment quality, between privately insured, Medicaid insured, and uninsured women and between white and African American women treated in safety net and non-safety net hospitals. A meta-analysis found that a delay of 12 or more weeks from symptom detection to treatment initiation is associated with a 15 percent point lower survival rate at 20 years following diagnosis (Richards et al. 1999), and reconstruction is associated with reduced depression and improved well-being in breast cancer survivors (Dean, Chetty, and Forrest 1983; Rowland et al. 2000). We study breast cancer because it affects large numbers of women, its consequences are often dire in low-income, uninsured women and in women from racial and ethnic minorities, and its path from diagnosis and treatment is reasonably well defined. Our models include interaction terms between safety net hospital status and patients’ insurance status and between hospital safety net status and race. However, we focus our discussion on the main effects of these variables when interaction terms are statistically insignificant.
Nomenclatural changes and additions to the Orchidaceae of the Bahama Archipelago

This paper reports the results of our investigation of the Orchidaceae of the Bahama Archipelago. Included are two new combinations,Encyclia fehlingii andEncyclia withneri, the addition to the orchid flora of five species not previously reported,Cranichis muscosa, Eulophia aha, Spiranthes vernalis, Campylocentrum micranthum andEncyclia selligera, as well as the description of one new species,Vanilla correllii, and two natural hybrids,Encyclia xbajamarensis andEncyclia xlucayana, heretofore unknown.
Institutional coherence and macroeconomic performance

Peter Hall and David Soskice suggest that institutional coherence is conducive to successful macroeconomic outcomes. Countries with corporate governance arrangements, industrial relations systems and other institutions that are congruent either with those of a coordinated market economy or with those of a liberal market economy are expected to perform better, while nations with less coherent institutional frameworks are expected to fare worse. I use a measure of institutional coherence devised by Peter Hall and Daniel Gingerich and another I develop here to assess the impact of institutional coherence on variation in economic growth and employment growth across 18 affluent countries over the period 1974–2000. The results offer little support for the institutional coherence hypothesis.
Detection and Treatment of Elderly Abuse and Neglect

This paper describes a protocol for an integrated response by health care professionals to the problem of elder abuse. Standard training, reporting, and response procedures have been emphasized in ...
The Mount Wilson Calibration Range—New geodetic measurements in the Western United States and some submarine gravity measurements in the northeastern Pacific Ocean

In 1958 an extremely precise geodetic gravity meter became available for use by the authors. This meter was checked against two North American calibration ranges and has been used to establish some geodetic gravity values in the western United States and a short calibration range in southern California. Some submarine gravity meter measurements in the northeastern Pacific Ocean are also given. The LaCoste-Romberg geodetic meter DL-1. This meter is a large double-lever geodetic meter with factors of approximately 1 and 0.1 mgal/ turn on the large and small measuring dials.1 The large dial has a worldwide range and the small dial a range of about 220 mgal. Readings at a single station are reproducible to about 0.01 mgal. The drift rate early in 1958 was closely linear and about 1 mgal/month in magnitude. It has since decreased steadily to a negligibly small value.
An ab initio study of water molecules in the bromide ion solvation shell

The solvation shell structure and dynamics of Br− in an aqueous solution of HBr (1.6 M) was studied, under ambient conditions, by ab initio molecular dynamics using the Car–Parrinello approach. The present calculations indicate that Br− is asymmetrically solvated by water. The calculated residence time of water in the inner Br− anion solvation shell agrees well with the most recent experimental estimate. Analysis indicates that the large anion scarcely influences the molecular dipole moment of solvation shell molecules.
Experimental results of cross-site exchange of web content Anomaly Detector alerts

We present our initial experimental findings from the collaborative deployment of network Anomaly Detection (AD) sensors. Our system examines the ingress http traffic and correlates AD alerts from two administratively disjoint domains: Columbia University and George Mason University. We show that, by exchanging packet content alerts between the two sites, we can achieve zero-day attack detection capabilities with a relatively small number of false positives. Furthermore, we empirically demonstrate that the vast majority of common abnormal data represent attack vectors rather than false positives. We posit that cross-site collaboration enables the automated detection of common abnormal data which are likely to ferret out zero-day attacks with high accuracy and minimal human intervention.
Calling and conflict: The sanctification of work in working mothers

This study applies the construct of sanctification to working mothers' experiences of work. Women (N = 200) who had completed a master's, doctoral, or professional degree and were employed with at least one child under the age of 18 years residing in the home, completed an online survey investigating their sanctification of work, intrinsic religiosity, religious commitment, positive and negative affect, interrole conflict, and satisfaction with work. The results indicated that greater levels of sanctification of work show incremental validity over intrinsic religiosity and religious commitment in predicting higher positive affect, lower interrole conflict, and higher satisfaction with work. Implications of these results for religious working mothers are explored.
Agricultural practices alter sex ratios in a reptile with environmental sex determination

Anthropogenic changes to the environment have the opportunity to impact natural systems, particularly in organisms that exhibit phenotypic plasticity. Species with environmental sex determination (ESD) are uniquely susceptible to changes in the stimuli that affect sexual development, potentially leading to maladaptive sex ratios. We studied the factors affecting sex determination and sex ratios in the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, in an area heavily impacted by agricultural practices. We investigated the effects of soybean, corn, and sunflower planting on incubation temperatures, sex ratios, and depredation in naturally laid nests. We also identified and analyzed a novel mitochondrial microsatellite in order to examine the presence of natal homing and determine the likelihood that nest sites impacted by agricultural practices could be transmitted across generations. Females frequently chose to nest in agricultural fields over sand prairie sites, and offspring sex ratios and depredation rates were significantly influenced by crop planting. Despite detecting considerable genetic variation in our population, we found no relationship between relatedness and nesting location, suggesting that females are not transmitting nesting sites across generations. Our results suggest that agricultural practices can directly impact populations of animals with ESD, and will need to be considered in management decisions.
A model for the electrochemical reduction of metal oxides in molten salt electrolytes

Abstract The reduction of numerous metal oxides is being investigated by electro-deoxidation in molten salts due to the low-oxygen content advantage these processes offer. One of these processes is the Fray–Farthing–Chen (FFC) process that involves the direct reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium. A model for the multi-stage reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium is reported herein. The modeling approach adopted is based on the porous electrode theory used for studying lithium-ion batteries. [J.S. Newman, C.W. Tobias, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109 (12) (1962) 1183; K.E. Thomas, J.S. Newman, T.M. Darling, in: B. Scrosati, W. van Schalkwijk (Eds.), Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 2002; J.S. Newman, K.E. Thomas, Electrochemical Systems, 3rd ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2004; V. Srinivasan, J.S. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 (10) (2004) A1517; V. Srinivasan, J.S. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 (10) (2004) A1530; J. Christensen, V. Srinivasan, J.S. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 153 (3) (2006) A560; J.S. Newman, K.E. Thomas, H. Hafezi, D.R. Wheeler, J. Power Sources 119 (SI) (2003) 838; C.R. Pals, J.S. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (10) (1995) A3274]. The reduction of an individual sintered pellet of TiO 2 as it undergoes electro-deoxidation in a molten salt bath of CaCl 2 is modeled. This model has been applied to study the effect of physical variables such as the porosity, radius of pellet, radius of grains (particle size) in the pellet and the effect of starting with a partially reduced oxide. The effect of calcium titanate formation on the reduction is also incorporated and it is shown that if the reduction is started with a pellet of partially reduced titanium dioxide, one can avoid titanate formation. Though the FFC process is not completely successful in complete reduction due to titanate formation and needs to be developed further it has succeeded in the reduction of metals that are not as complex as the titanium oxygen system. This model could also be used for studying the reduction of other metal and mixed oxides such as SiO 2 , NiO, Cr 2 O 3 , Nb 2 O 5 and ZrO 2 that are simpler to reduce than TiO 2 .
Isoprenoids Control Germ Cell Migration Downstream of HMGCoA Reductase

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoAr) provides attractive cues to Drosophila germ cells, guiding them toward the embryonic gonad. However, it remains unclear how HMGCoAr mediates this attraction. In a genomic analysis of the HMGCoAr pathway, we found that the fly genome lacks several enzymes required for cholesterol biosynthesis, ruling out cholesterol and cholesterol-derived proteins as mediators of PGC migration. Genetic analysis of the pathway revealed that two enzymes, farnesyl-diphosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase, required for the production of isoprenoids, act downstream of HMGCoAr in germ cell migration. Consistent with a role in geranylgeranylation, embryos deficient in geranylgeranyl transferase type I show germ cell migration defects. Our data, together with similar findings in zebrafish, implicate an isoprenylated protein in germ cell attraction. The specificity and evolutionary conservation of the HMGCoAr pathway for germ cells suggest that an attractant common to invertebrates and vertebrates guides germ cells in early embryos.
Orosomucoid in human pregnancy serum diminishes bioavailability of the progesterone antagonist ru 486 in rats

Bioavailability of the progesterone antagonist RU 486 was examined in vivo by measurement of first-pass uptake by hepatic and uterine tissues in rats. Presence of human pregnancy serum or α 1 -acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) in injection vehicles diminished uptake of this steroid, which suggests limited bioavailability. These data indicate that elevated human serum orosomucoid levels may account for some failures of RU 486 in early pregnancy termination.
Deconstructing Remediation in Community Colleges: Exploring Associations Between Course-Taking Patterns, Course Outcomes, and Attrition from the Remedial Math and Remedial Writing Sequences

Each year, a sizeable percentage of community college students enroll in remedial coursework to address skill deficiencies in math, writing, and/or reading. Unfortunately, the majority of these students do not attain college-level competency in the subjects in which they require remedial assistance. Moreover, students whose point of entry into the remedial sequence is at the lower end of the hierarchy of skill suffer the lowest rates of attainment by far. Yet, to date, we do not understand fully why students who begin at the lower end of the remedial sequence are so much less likely than are students who begin at the higher end to attain college-level competency. The purpose of this study is to illuminate the junctures in the remedial sequences in math and writing at which meaningful attrition of students is occurring and, in particular, the junctures at which “low-skill” remedial students suffer differential attrition relative to “high-skill” remedial students. To accomplish this end, I use data that address students in California’s community colleges to examine three ways of characterizing and explaining the differential in college-level skill attainment between low- and high-skill remedial math students and, separately, between low- and high-skill remedial writing students. The three characterizations include nonspecific attrition, skill-specific attrition, and course-specific attrition. I find that each of these characterizations contributes to explaining the differential in college-level skill attainment between low- and high-skill remedial students.
Post-Polymerization Functionalization Approach for Highly Water-Soluble Well-Defined Regioregular Head-to-Tail Glycopolythiophenes

Two bromide-bearing regioregular head-to-tail polythiophenes (polymers 1 and 3) were prepared by using Grignard metathesis method to polymerize 2,5-dibromo-3-bromohexylthiophene (2) and 2,5-dibromo-3-(11-bromo-3,6,9-trioxa-1-undecoxy)thiophene (7), respectively. Well-defined regioregular head-to-tail glycopolythiophenes were prepared through post-polymerization functionalization approach by treating the bromide-bearing polythiophenes with 1-thiolethyl-α-d-mannose tetraacetate (3a) or 1-thiol-β-d-glucose tetraacetrate (3b) in THF solution with a basic condition, respectively, and followed by sequential deacetylation under Zemplen conditions in methanol and methylene chloride containing sodium methoxide at room temperature. Glycopolythiophenes (polymers C and D) with hydrophilic tetra(ethylene glycol) as tethered spacers between the polymer backbone and carbohydrate residues are highly water-soluble while glycopolythiophenes (polymers A and B) with hydrophobic hexyl tethered spacers are completely insoluble...
Functional and anatomical correlation of afferent responses from the isolated semicircular canal.

THE semicircular canal is considered classically to be a sensor of angular head motion during animal navigation; however, the functional significance of the canal's morphology and innervation for transduction and encoding of specific head trajectories is unclear. Neural responses from single afferent fibres innervating the crista of isolated elasmobranch labyrinths were used by Groen et al. to determine linear system coefficients of an overdamped pendulum equation, considered to reflect directly the dynamics of the motion of the cupula–endolymphatic fluid in the ampulla1. Similar studies on other preparations revealed certain neural response characteristics that were at variance with simple pendulum models, and these differences were ascribed variously to differences in hair cell physiology and afferent or efferent innervation properties, whose effects were superimposed on the fundamental fluid pendulum dynamics2–4. But in addition to these hypotheses based on cellular influences, the topological organisation of the receptor could result in specific afferent response characteristics deriving from different anatomical regions within the crista. As evidence for the latter, we report diverse classes of afferent responses, describable by distinctly different linear system equations, that are correlated with the position of separate bundles innervating specific areas of the crista of the guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus (Fig. 1).
Carbon-supported Pt–Sn electrocatalysts for the anodic oxidation of H2, CO, and H2/CO mixtures.: Part II: The structure–activity relationship

Abstract The catalytic activity of three different carbon-supported Pt–Sn catalysts for the anodic oxidation of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and H 2 /CO mixtures is correlated with the bimetallic microstructure established in Part I [V. Radmilovic, T.J. Richardson, S.J. Chen, P.N. Ross, Jr., J. Catal. 232 (2005) 199–209] of this study. These catalysts differ primarily by having differing amounts of Pt, Pt 3 Sn, PtSn, and SnO 2 phase nanoparticles distributed on the carbon support. Further surface chemical characterization of the Pt 3 Sn nanoparticles is provided by comparison of in situ vibrational spectra of CO adsorbed on the nanoparticles with CO adsorbed on Pt 3 Sn( h k l ) surfaces [V. Stamenkovic, M. Arenz, B.B. Blizanac, K.J.J. Mayrhofer, P.N. Ross, N.M. Markovic, Surf. Sci. 576 (2005) 145–157; V.R. Stamenkovic, M. Arenz, C.A, Lucas, M.E. Gallagher, P.N. Ross, N.M. Markovic, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 2736–2745]. Qualitative measures of CO oxidation activity were also obtained from the FTIR spectra for the electrode potential at which CO 2 is first detected (appearance potential). Quantitative kinetic measurements using the carbon-supported catalysts were obtained with the thin-film rotating disk electrode (TF-RDE) method. The CO ad stripping voltammetry clearly indicated that the 500N sample exhibits the lowest degree of alloying, showing a superposition of Pt 3 Sn and Pt features, whereas the catalyst consisting entirely of stoichiometric Pt 3 Sn cubic phase (E270 sample) exhibits no features characteristic of pure Pt. None of the three carbon-supported Pt–Sn catalysts had the splitting of the C O stretching band of characteristic of CO ad on Pt 3 Sn(111), the surface with the highest specific activity (turnover number) for CO and H 2 /CO oxidation. All three catalysts had very high levels of activity for H 2 oxidation. The mass activity for CO and H 2 /CO oxidation was proportional to the amount of Pt 3 Sn phase in the catalyst. There is no clear evidence that either the PtSn phase or Pt/SnO 2 clusters contribute any significant activity for H 2 /CO or CO oxidation in these catalysts.
Gamma surgery for hemangiopericytomas.

¶ A retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of 12 patients with 15 intracranial hemangiopericytomas treated at the University of Virginia using Gamma surgery is presented. Clinical and radiographic follow up of 3 to 56 months is available for 10 patients with 12 tumors. There was one tumor present at the time of initial Gamma surgery in each patient. Two new tumors occurred in patients previously treated. Nine of the tumors decreased in volume and three remained stable. Four of the nine tumors that shrank later progressed at an average of 22 months after treatment. Of the tumors that decreased in volume and have not progressed, the response has been for an average of 11 months. The follow-up for two tumors that remained unchanged was 10 and 34 months (average 22 months). A third tumor was unchanged at 42 months but the patient died of new disease adjacent to the treated area in the anterior skull base. There were no complications and the quality of life following the procedure was maintained or improved in every case. Gamma surgery is effective in palliating the patients by decreasing tumor volume and delaying recurrence.
Control of the reinforcing effects of nicotine by associated environmental stimuli in animals and humans

Tobacco dependence through cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the world and kills nearly 4 million people annually. Nicotine, a psychoactive component of tobacco, is thought to have a major role in tobacco dependence by acting directly as a reinforcer of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. However, recent findings obtained with two procedures that are used widely to assess reinforcing effects of drugs in experimental animals, intravenous drug self-administration and conditioned place-preference procedures, demonstrate that environmental factors have a major influence on the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Under some experimental conditions, nicotine is also self-administered reliably by humans. Environmental stimuli that have been associated previously with the self-administration of nicotine can reinstate extinguished drug-seeking behavior in animals and precipitate relapse to smoking behavior in ex-smokers. Innovative medications that target cannabinoid CB 1 and dopamine D 3 receptors and might block specifically the influence of such conditioned environmental stimuli in smokers are in development.
Floral Inhibition of Biloxi Soybean During a 72-hour Cycle.

The inhibitory effect of light interruptions given during the photophobe phases of a 72-hour cycle was studied with Biloxi soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The basic 72-hour cycle consisted of 8 hours of light followed by 64 hours of darkness and was repeated 7 times. Supplementary white light treatments given at the twenty-fourth and/or forty-eighth hour of the cycle (photophil phases) promoted the flowering levels of the controls and kept light treatments given at the most inhibitory points from inhibiting flowering completely. Such supplementary light treatments did not affect the time of maximum sensitivity to light interruptions. When 30-minute light breaks were used, maximum inhibition occurred at the 16-, 43-, and 63-hour points. The duration of the light breaks affected the time of maximum inhibition when given during the second photophobe phase. The time of maximum inhibition occurred earlier with 4-hour light breaks than with either 3-minute or 2-hour light interruptions.Three-minute red light interruptions produced essentially the same effect as 3-minute white light interruptions. Such treatments inhibited flowering completely in the first photophobe phase, inhibited flowering to only a small degree in the second photophobe phase, and inhibited flowering to an intermediate degree in the third photophobe phase. Far-red light interruptions strongly inhibited flowering in the first photophobe phase, especially when given early in the dark period. Three minutes of supplementary white light given at the twenty-fourth or forty-eighth hour of the cycle partially overcame the inhibitory effect of far-red light. Four hours of supplementary white light at these times completely overcame the far-red inhibition.