cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electro- and Photochemical Reduction of CO2 by Molecular Manganese Catalysts: Exploring the Positional Effect of Second-Sphere Hydrogen-Bond Donors

A series of molecular Mn catalysts featuring aniline groups in the second-coordination sphere has been developed for electrochemical and photochemical CO2 reduction. The arylamine moieties were installed at the 6 position of 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) to generate a family of isomers in which the primary amine is located at the ortho- (1-Mn), meta- (2-Mn), or para-site (3-Mn) of the aniline ring. The proximity of the second-sphere functionality to the active site is a critical factor in determining catalytic performance. Catalyst 1-Mn, possessing the shortest distance between the amine and the active site, significantly outperformed the rest of the series and exhibited a 9-fold improvement in turnover frequency relative to parent catalyst Mn(bpy)(CO)3 Br (901 vs. 102 s-1 , respectively) at 150 mV lower overpotential. The electrocatalysts operated with high faradaic efficiencies (≥70 %) for CO evolution using trifluoroethanol as a proton source. Notably, under photocatalytic conditions, a concentration-dependent shift in product selectivity from CO (at high [catalyst]) to HCO2 H (at low [catalyst]) was observed with turnover numbers up to 4760 for formic acid and high selectivities for reduced carbon products.
A refined model for epitaxial tilt of elastically strained epilayers grown on miscut substrates

A refined model of the origin of epitaxial tilt on miscut (or vicinal) substrates due to elastic lattice deformation is presented. The Nagai tilt model [Nagai, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 3789 (1974)] is often cited to explain the tilt of low index lattice planes in a pseudomorphic layer deposited on a miscut substrate that is observed in, for example, high resolution x-ray diffraction measurements. Here, however, we show that the Nagai model applies biaxial stress incorrectly to the epitaxial layer. Most importantly, the stress applied to an epitaxial layer on a miscut substrate is not along a low index plane but is rather along the surface plane. For example, the surface plane of a nominally (001) cubic substrate with a miscut of 10° toward [110] is the (118) plane and the stress applied is parallel to the (118) plane and not (001). Furthermore, under the framework of reciprocal space, the {00l} reflections would be symmetric reflections for on-axis substrates but asymmetric reflections for miscut substrates. The tilt that is experimentally observed between the low index substrate planes and the epitaxial layer planes [(001) for example with a miscut substrate] matches that which is predicted by treating the low index reflections as asymmetric reflections. An epitaxial tilt equation is provided which describes the tilt between epitaxial and substrate layers based on the lattice parameter mismatch as well as Poisson’s ratio of the layer that is applicable to any crystal system. This approach negates the need for the uneven distortions at the interface that are presented in the Nagai illustration. The approach presented here shows that a physically accurate biaxial deformation accounts for all of the observed experimental phenomena and provides a direct approach to determining the unit cell distortions.
L-Arginine reduces downstream vascular contractility after flow-diverting device deployment: A preliminary study in a rabbit model:

BackgroundFlow diverters (FDs) are an effective treatment for intracranial aneurysms, though not free from hemorrhagic complications. A previous study demonstrated increased vascular contractility ...
Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on thein situ bioremediation of trichloroethylene

The US Department of Energy, Office of Technology Development, has supported a field-scalein situ demonstration of trichloroethylene (TCE) bioremediation at the Westinghouse Savannah River Site (WSRS). Several methods were used to examine the influence of nitrogen and phosphorus species on TCE degradation during methane (CH4) injection into contaminated sediments. Laboratory experiments using WSRS ground water revealed that the rate of acetate incorporation into microbial lipids was stimulated when triethyl-phosphate (TEP) or nitrous oxide (N2O) was added. The trend was: CH4+N2O>CH4 +TEP>CH4+N2O+TEP>CH4 alone. The degree of stimulation of14C-TCE mineralization in ground water incubated for 30 d in the laboratory with added methane and nutrients increased in the order: OP=TEP>NH3+TEP=NH3>N2O (OP, orthophosphate; NH3, ammonia). Monitoring of WSRS ground water revealed significant differences among sampling wells over time in nutrient concentrations, nitrogen uptake, and urease activity during operations of the bioremediation demonstration. In the field, the addition of TEP+N2O to the pulsed injection of CH4 resulted in dramatic stimulation of TCE-degrading potentials observed in ground water enrichments. The potential to mineralize14C-TCE in ground water enriched with nutrients in the laboratory increased from 90% of the samples taken during the injection of CH4+TEP+N2O treatment. These results demonstrated the dramatic impacts of nitrogen and phosphorus supplements during thein situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvents.
Mental Illness Stigma in Christian Communities

Why is it so hard for Christians to seek mental health care? Why is there such strong stigma attached to mental illness in Christian communities? In this chapter, we will review sociological theories for why stigma exists, such as in-group and out-group behaviors and attribution theory, and then examine how these apply to Christian communities. We will also examine how philosophical and theological conflicts regarding the validity of psychiatric diagnosis, the nature of mental illness, and the beliefs about treatment contribute to mental illness stigma in church communities. Finally, we will discuss recommendations for overcoming stigma and fostering compassion.
Pairing in Low-Density Neutron Matter

At least three distinct forms of nucleonic superfluidity are predicted to occur inside neutron stars.1,2 In some portion of the inner crust, where the mass density increases from 4.3 × 1011 g cm−3 to about 2.4 × 1014 g cm−3 and a neutron gas coexists with a coulomb lattice of neutron-rich nuclei and a sea of relativistic electrons, isotropie pairing in the 1S0 state will take place.3,4 Proceeding deeper into the star, the nuclear clusters dissolve and one enters the quantum fluid interior with its interpenetrating seas of neutrons, protons, electrons, and muons. At densities comparable to that in the centers of ordinary nuclei, p0 = 2.8 × 1014 g cm−3, the relatively dilute proton component, with a partial density similar to that of the pair-condensed neutron gas in the inner crust, will form a similar, but superconducting, singlet-S superfluid.6,7 Finally, at slightly higher densities within the quantum fluid interior, it is predicted that (anisotropic) 3P2-3F2 pairing of the neutron component will prevail.3,8,9
Interactive properties: Modern Russian predicate adjectives in affirmative and negative contexts

When discussing case variation in Modern Russian predicate adjectives, scholars usually rely on data found in affirmative contexts. However, an examination of predicate adjectives in negative alongside affirmative contexts reveals important statistical differences and usage asymmetries that help understand the factors involved in case choice. The fact that case choices are differently distributed under negation has been noted by scholars, who traditionally argue that negation favors the instrumental. Examining statistical data gathered from the open web, this article updates the existing literature by showing that while the instrumental is more prominent with inanimate referents, the short nominative is significantly more prominent with animate referents. Additional usage asymmetries, such as the scarcity of the long nominative under negation, are also uncovered. Adopting the functionalist/construction-grammar perspective, I will discuss the statistical results to show how case choice is influenced by animacy—related factors such as agentive control and narrative interaction, and how specific predicate adjective constructions are adopted for structuring viewpoint.
Seven Ups the Code

Patterns of phosphorylation in a region of RNA polymerase II may constitute a code that controls the recruitment of regulatory factors to control gene expression.
The evolution of Her X-1 and why Her X-1 - like systems are very rare.

We describe the evolutionary history of Her X-1 and present several combinations of orbital parameters of the progenitor system which will lead to the formation of a system like Her X-1 through a supernova (SN) explosion and a tidal evolution. We consider both, the symmetric and asymmetric SN explosion. We also investigate why Her X-1 like systems are very rare. Two mechanisms which may prevent the formation of such systems, i.e., the evaporation of the companion star by the high energy radiation from the pulsar and the disruption of the binaries by a supernova explosion, are discussed. We find that in all considered eases the pulsar energy is far from sufficient to evaporate its companion. We also study the evaporation process in a particular model of a system consisting of a 2.25 M ⊙ main-sequence star and a 1.44 M ⊙ neutron star with an initial orbital period of 1 d. We find that a 6 and 10 ms pulsar can only evaporate ~ 0.036 and ~ 0.016 M ⊙, respectively, from its companion. The evaporation process only happens in 103-104 yr as the pulsar energy diminishes very rapidly. Assuming the mass of the exploding star is 3.2 M ⊙ and the kick velocity due to the asymmetric SN explosion is 100-200 km s-1 most systems will be disrupted provided that the pre-supernova orbital period is ≤ 1 d and the ejection velocity of the SN shell is in excess of 1–1.5 x 109 cm s-1.
Who Adjusts and When? The Political Economy of Reforms

Why do countries delay stabilizations of large and increasing budget deficits and inflation? And what explains the timing of reforms? We use the war-of-attrition model to guide our empirical study on a vast sample of countries. We find that stabilizations are more likely to occur when times of crisis occur, when new governments take office, when governments are “strong” (that is, presidential systems and unified governments with a large majority of the party in office), and when the executive branch faces fewer constraints. The role of external inducements like IMF programs has at best a weak effect, but problems of reverse causality are possible. [JEL H11, H61, H62]
Contemplative Pedagogy: Frequently Asked Questions.

Contemplative Pedagogy is a new and sometimes controversial pedagogical practice. Faculty often have basic questions about how to implement the pedagogy in their classrooms, in addition to questions that challenge the educational value and appropriateness of the practice. Assembled here are the most frequently asked questions about Contemplative Pedagogy, with responses from six contemplative professors, each from a different institutional and philosophical location. The respondents are founding members of the Contemplative Studies Consultation of the American Academy of Religion. The diversity of views expressed by the respondents invites the reader to see that there is no single theory or praxis of contemplative pedagogy.
Chemical Analysis of the Capsular Substance of Cryptococcus Neoformans1

Previous reports have demonstrated that various strains of Cryptococcus neo-formans may be classified into different antigenic types by means of agglutination and precipitation tests, as well as by microscopic capsular reactions (1, 2, 3, 4). The type specificity of these micro-organisms is believed to depend on the capsular substance. As yet, however, no clear chemical differences in capsular composition have been demonstrated whereby the various strains may be differentiated and grouped as has already been done, for example, with the pneumococci.
Calibrating Chevron for Preemption

Now almost three decades since its seminal Chevron decision, the Supreme Court has yet to articulate how that case’s doctrine of deference to agency statutory interpretations relates to one of the most compelling federalism issues of our time: regulatory preemption of state law. Should courts defer to preemptive agency interpretations under Chevron, or do preemption’s federalism implications demand a less deferential approach? Commentators have provided no shortage of possible solutions, but thus far the Court has resisted all of them.This Article makes two contributions to the debate. First, through a detailed analysis of the Court’s recent agency-preemption decisions, I trace its hesitancy to adopt any of the various proposed rules to its high regard for congressional intent where areas of traditional state sovereignty are at risk. Recognizing that congressional intent to delegate preemptive authority varies from case to case, the Court has hesitated to adopt an across-the-board rule. Any such rule would constrain the Court and risk mismatch with congressional intent - a risk it accepts under Chevron generally but which it finds particularly troublesome in the delicate area of federal preemption.Second, building on this previously underappreciated factor in the Court’s analysis, I suggest a novel solution of variable deference that avoids the inflexibility inherent in an across-the-board rule while providing greater predictability than the Court’s current haphazard approach. The proposed rule would grant full Chevron-style deference in those cases where congressional delegative intent is most likely - where Congress has expressly preempted some state law and the agency interpretation merely resolves preemptive scope - while withholding deference in those cases where Congress has remained completely silent as to preemption and delegative intent is least likely. This rule packages the Court’s core concerns into a text-based, bright-line rule that tracks congressional intent more closely than do any competing proposals, without sacrificing administrability.
Performance analysis of the general renewal multi-server finite waiting room model

In this paper, we analyze the performance of GI/GI/s/s+r systems. In particular we examine steady-state call blocking and time blocking. We vary several parameters such as the number of servers, the number of waiting spaces, the squared coefficients of variation of the arrival and the service processes, and the third moment of the arrival process. We show that these parameters significantly affect system performance. Thus, for most systems with bursty and skewed traffic patterns, simpler models are insufficient. However, in certain circumstances, when the arrivals are either highly bursty or highly skewed, the Markovian assumption gives acceptable approximations to the GI/GI/s/s+r model. Finally, we observe a behavior that is similar to Erlang's insensitivity property in the M/G/s/s model. >
Antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers of (Co90Fe10 tF/Ru tRu)×N and (Ni81Fe19 tF/Ru tRu)×N prepared by ion beam deposition

Abstract This work describes multilayers of Co 90 Fe 10 t F /Ru t Ru /Co 90 Fe 10 t F and Ni 81 Fe 19 t F /Ru t Ru /Ni 81 Fe 19 t F (20 A⩽ t F ⩽200 A) prepared at ambient temperature by ion beam deposition on Si/SiO 2 3 kA substrates. The samples exhibited a maximum antiferromagnetic coupling with t Ru =3.2 A and M – H curves characterized by zero remanent magnetic moment and enhanced saturation field. Antiferromagnetic peaks were present with t Ru ≅17 and 30 A.
GENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPPRESSORS OF SIR4 MUTATIONS IN SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE

In order to learn more about other proteins that may be involved in repression of HML and HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, extragenic suppressor mutations were identified that could restore repression in cells defective in SIR4, a gene required for function of the silencer elements flanking HML and HMR. These suppressor mutations, which define at least three new genes, SAN1, SAN2 and SAN3, arose at the frequency expected for loss-of-function mutations following mutagenesis. All san mutations were recessive. Suppression by san1 was allele-nonspecific, since san1 could suppress two very different alleles of SIR4, and was locus-specific since san1 was unable to suppress a SIR3 mutation or a variety of mutations conferring auxotrophies. The SAN1 gene was cloned, sequenced, and used to construct a null allele. The null allele had the same phenotype as the EMS-induced mutations and exhibited no pleiotropies of its own. Thus, the SAN1 gene was not essential. SAN1-mediated suppression was neither due to compensatory mutations in interacting proteins, nor to translational missense suppression. SAN1 may act posttranslationally to control the stability or activity of the SIR4 protein.
Intimo-intimal intussusception of the central retinal artery

We studied two cases of intimo-intimal intussusception which caused complete occlusion of the central retinal artery. In both cases there was sudden and complete visual loss in one eye. There was some evidence that necrosis of the media was associated with the intussusception in both cases, and this may have been the cause of the intimai rupture that led to the intussusception.
A multiphysics numerical model of oxidation and decomposition in a uranium hydride bed

Abstract The reaction of uranium hydride and oxygen gas in a hydrogen storage bed has been studied with multiphysics finite element modeling. The model considers rates of chemical reaction, heat transport, and mass transport within a hydride bed. Three scenarios of oxygen gas injection have been considered and the model predictions are in good agreement with experimental measurements. We find that, under the conditions studied, uranium hydride and oxygen react quickly, forming U 3 O 8 and hydrogen gas. We also find that oxidation of uranium hydride to U 3 O 8 produces significant material swelling which, in the reactor studied, reduces the bed porosity from 0.60 to 0.39, and decreases the permeability by a factor of almost 20. A simple, yet reasonably general, description of the process is proposed which accounts for the major changes in global bed flow properties. This model may be used to better anticipate the effects of air-ingress accidents on uranium hydride storage beds and possibly also to explore design options for uranium hydride based hydrogen generation systems.
New generation liposomes: the engineering of an efficient vehicle for intracellular delivery of nucleic acids

Abstract By subverting and/or circumvernting normal pathways of endocytosis, liposomes bypass cell surface restrictions and introduce their contents into cells. Lipoposomes offer a promising new approach for altering the genotype of cells in addition to being a versatile carrier system with numerous therapeutic applications.
N2 gas is an effective fertilizer for bioethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis

A nascent cellulosic ethanol industry is struggling to become cost-competitive against corn ethanol and gasoline. Millions of dollars are spent on nitrogen supplements to make up for the low nitrogen content of the cellulosic feedstock. Here we show for the first time to our knowledge that the ethanol-producing bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis, can use N2 gas in lieu of traditional nitrogen supplements. Despite being an electron-intensive process, N2 fixation by Z. mobilis did not divert electrons away from ethanol production, as the ethanol yield was greater than 97% of the theoretical maximum. In a defined medium, Z. mobilis produced ethanol 50% faster per cell and generated half the unwanted biomass when supplied N2 instead of ammonium. In a cellulosic feedstock-derived medium, Z. mobilis achieved a similar cell density and a slightly higher ethanol yield when supplied N2 instead of the industrial nitrogen supplement, corn steep liquor. We estimate that N2-utilizing Z. mobilis could save a cellulosic ethanol production facility more than $1 million/y.
Insurance coverage & Whither Thou Goest for health information in 2012.

OBJECTIVE Examine use of the Internet (eHealth) and mobile health (mHealth) technologies by privately insured, publicly insured (Medicare/Medicaid), or uninsured U.S. adults in 2012. DATA SOURCE Pew Charitable Trust telephone interviews of a nationally representative, random sample of 3,014 adult U.S. residents, age 18+. METHODS Estimate health information seeking behavior overall and by segment (i.e., insurance type), then, adjust estimates for individual traits, clinical need, and technology access using logistic regression. RESULTS Most respondents prefer offline to online (Internet) health information sources; over half across all segments use the Internet. More respondents communicate with providers offline compared with online. Most self-reported Internet users use online tools for health information, with privately insured respondents more likely to use new technologies. Unadjusted use rates differ across segments. Medicaid beneficiaries are more likely than the privately insured to share health information online, and Medicare beneficiaries are more likely than the privately insured to text with health professionals. After adjustment, these differences were minimal (e.g., Medicare beneficiaries had odds similar to the privately insured of online physician consultations), or the direction of the association reversed (e.g., Medicaid beneficiaries had greater odds than the privately insured of online physician consultations versus lower odds before adjustment). DISCUSSION Few adults report eHealth or mHealth use in 2012. Use levels appear unevenly distributed across insurance types, which could be mostly attributed to differences in individual traits and/or need. As out-of-pocket costs of medical care increases, consumers may increasingly turn to these generally free electronic health tools.
Hydrazines and carbohydrazides produced from oxidized carbon in Earth's primitive environment

Whether abiological organic compounds can be formed from the interactions of energy sources with nitrogen, oxidized carbon and water is held to be of importance in geochemical models of the primordial earth atmosphere. It is reported that experiments using quenched spark discharges through molecular nitrogen on aqueous suspensions of CaCO3 and other reactants to simulate the hydrosphere/atmosphere interface yield hydrazine and carbohydrazine in significant but low yields. Such reactions in primitive aquatic environments may have supplied a pathway for chemical evolution and the origin of life, on a primitive earth in which fully oxidized states of carbon were available for the primary synthesis of organic matter.
A bayesian analysis for spatial processes with application to disease mapping.

In epidemiology, maps of disease rates and disease risk provide a spatial perspective for researching disease aetiology. For rare diseases or when the population base is small, the rate and risk estimates may be unstable. We propose using a Bayesian analysis based on the conditional autoregressive (CAR) process that will spatially smooth disease rates or risk estimates by allowing each site to ‘borrow strength’ from its neighbours. Covariates may be included in the model in such a way as to establish a possible association between risk factors and disease incidence. Bayesian inferences are implemented from a direct resampling scheme where large samples are generated from the various posterior distributions. The methodology is demonstrated with a simulation that assesses the effect of sample size and the model parameters on inferences for the parameters. Our approach is also used to spatially smooth district lip cancer rates in Scotland using the CAR model with a covariate that allows for exposure to sunlight. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying above-cloud aerosol using spaceborne lidar for improved understanding of cloudy-sky direct climate forcing

[1] Estimates of global mean direct climate forcing by absorbing aerosols located above boundary layer clouds are large, uncertain, and almost entirely unconstrained by observations. Spaceborne lidar offers a new opportunity for global constraints. Here we examine techniques for using liquid water clouds as lidar targets, allowing aerosol optical depth and Angstrom exponent to be deduced directly from aerosol effects on light transmission. Two such techniques are examined using data from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). The first is a previously reported method based on measurements of cloud depolarization ratio (DR) at 532-nm wavelength. The second is a new method using measurements of cloud color ratio (CR), which is the ratio of the signal from the cloud at 1064 nm to that at 532 nm. Optical depth retrievals from these two methods compare favorably over the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean during August 2006, when biomass burning aerosols are frequently advected over marine stratiform clouds. The CR technique is mainly sensitive to fine-mode aerosols and essentially insensitive to clouds and coarse-mode dust. Because anthropogenic aerosol is predominantly found in the fine mode, the CR technique can be used to help identify situations where anthropogenic cloudy-sky direct radiative forcing is occurring. We demonstrate this capability using 6 months data over the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean.
Mating behavior of adolescent male chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda

Male mating tactics vary extensively in many primates. Some variation occurs because adolescent males often are sexually active but cannot invest heavily in mating effort because of their limited ability to compete directly with adults and because they are still investing in growth; consequently, most of their mating attempts may be surreptitious and/or with females whose fecundity is low. Chimpanzees (Pan trogolodytes) have a complex mating system: most copulations occur between estrous females with full sexual swelling and multiple males in group settings where the potential for sperm competition is high, but males sometimes mate-guard females, and sometimes male–female pairs mate exclusively with each other while avoiding other males during “consortships.” Among other factors, dominance ranks, coalition formation, and variation in male–female association influence male mating and reproductive success. Mating effort increases from adolescence into prime adulthood. At Gombe and Mahale, adolescent males copulated more with nulliparous than with parous females, and mostly when females were unlikely to be ovulating, partly because of low adult male interest in nulliparous females and partly because of aggression from or avoidance of adult males. Adolescents thus had low probabilities of siring infants. However, adolescents are known to have gained some paternity at Gombe and in other populations, and their mating behavior deserves more study. I present data on mating by adolescent males in an unusually large chimpanzee community at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Adolescents at Ngogo also copulated more with nulliparous than parous females and mostly copulated outside of periovulatory periods. Also, they directed less aggression at estrous females than did adult males. However, they gained lower shares of copulations than reported for Gombe and Mahale, regardless of female parity, and received more aggression from adult males. These differences might partly reflect the influence of variation in the number of males per community on male mating tactics.
Evaluation of an online health promotion program for vocational rehabilitation consumers.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the comparative effectiveness of three variations of an online-based health promotion program for improving health and employment outcomes in a sample of Vocational Rehabilitation consumers. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN A total of 222 VR consumers participated in a randomized trial of three health promotion variations and provided baseline, 2-, 4-, and 6-month data. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. The three health promotion variations included (a) FACTSHEETS-a series of four electronic factsheets; (b) HPE-an online interactive health promotion website that included health behavior content and tailored action planning, and (c) HPE + MI-the online health promotion website plus two 30-minute calls with a trained motivational interviewer. RESULTS Contrary to expectations, evidence did not support between-group differences based on intervention intensity. In fact, the Factsheet, HPE, and HPE + MI participants all experienced significant reductions in secondary conditions, F(2.85, 489) = 7.808, p < .001, HRQoL symptom days, F(2.7, 495) = 4.795, p = .004; and significant improvements in healthy lifestyle behaviors, F(2.6, 495) = 3.66, p = .017 over the 6-month study period. Although this study did not include a control group, a control group from another study with a similar population did not experience similar outcomes. CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS People with disabilities experience significantly higher rates of secondary health conditions and lower employment rates than people without disabilities. The combination of these factors signifies the need for health promotion programming outside the work setting.
Treatment of ragweed pollen seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) with b.i.d. nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution.

An eight-week multicenter double-masked placebo-controlled group comparison was carried out in 86 patients (age 13-60 years) to determine efficacy and safety of b.i.d. nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution in ragweed SAC. Treatment was timed to coincide with the predicted ragweed pollen season, taking the two to three weeks of peak pollen counts as the period for analysis. Clinical efficacy was measured from group mean symptom scores (0-4 scale of severity) recorded by the patients on daily diary cards, and the results of clinic examinations made before and after a one-week baseline and following one, three, five and eight weeks of treatment. During the peak pollen season, use of nedocromil sodium reduced all symptoms, with statistically significant differences from placebo, for itching, tearing/watering, overall eye condition and the total symptom summary score (itching+tearing+burning). Clinical assessments of nedocromil sodium showed significant relief of tearing, conjunctival injection and edema. O...
Analytical description of particle/droplet-laden turbulent flows

Abstract Various existing analytical descriptions for predicting turbulent flows laden with solid particles or liquid droplets are reviewed here. The main focus is on a collisionless dispersed phase, however, the two-way coupling effects are considered and discussed. The review of various methods is conducted by dividing them into two main categories. The first category includes direct numerical simulation (DNS), large-eddy simulation, and stochastic modelling, which are collectively called the ‘Lagrangian description’. The second category, under the ‘Eulerian description’, includes Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and probability density function (pdf) modelling. The emphasis is placed on application of these approaches for both understanding and prediction of turbulent dispersed phase. The discussion is focused on merits and limitations of these approaches and the nature of predictions offered by them. The mathematical aspects of RANS and pdf modelling are presented in greater detail. The important role of DNS generated data in the development and assessment of other approaches is discussed with the aid of some representative examples in particle-laden homogeneous turbulent flows.
Elimination of parasitic channels in fully depleted SOI CMOS

In this paper, we have identified and corrected two different mechanisms giving rise to low threshold parasitic channels and subthreshold shoulders in our FDSOI process. PMOS shoulders resulting from local gate penetration were eliminated by incorporating an edge implant and reducing BOX loss. These process modifications have significantly improved subthreshold behaviour of both n and pMOS devices and have substantially improved performance and yield of complex circuits.
A symmetric parallel linear system solver

A new factorisation method for the solution of symmetric positive definite linear systems is proposed. The method is similar to an LL T type factorisation of the coefficient matrix A where the factors are interlocking matrix quadrants and can be applied on a single-instruction stream parallel machine.
Heterologous expression of thermostable acetylxylan esterase gene from Thermobifida fusca and its synergistic action with xylanase for the production of xylooligosaccharides.

The axe gene which encodes an acetylxylan esterase from Thermobifida fusca NTU22, was cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene consists of 786 base pairs and encodes a protein of 262 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the acetylxylan esterase axe exhibited a high degree of similarity with BTA-hydrolase from T. fusca DSM43793, esterase from Thermobifida alba and lipase from Streptomyces albus. The optimal pH and temperature of the purified esterase were 7.5 and 60 °C, respectively. Cooperative enzymatic treatment of oat-spelt xylan by transformant xylanase and acetylxylan esterase significantly increased the xylooligosaccharides production compared with the xylanase or acetylxylan esterase action alone. The synergy of transformant acetylxylan esterase and xylanase cannot increase the production of reducing sugars from lignocellulolytic substrate, bagasse.
Shellfish diseases in relation to toxic chemicals

Abstract Diseases of shellfish are often classified as either infectious or noninfectious. While little is known about the influence of toxic chemicals on infectious diseases, some information is available on negative effects of xenobiotics on certain cellular and physiological functions, which may lead to disease. Early studies described gross and histopathological alterations caused by high concentrations of different chemicals. Subsequently, finer biological resolutions, including the effects of toxic substances on different tissues, cells, and physiological and biochemical processes in these animals, were obtained. Nevertheless, there are still only primitive perceptions about the exact relationships between toxic chemicals in the environment and the possible diseases they may cause in shellfish. Consistent with modern concerns about the impact of chemical mutagens and/or carcinogens in the aquatic environment, research has been concentrated on neoplastic diseases in shellfish populations from different geographic areas of the world. A common hypothesis, underlying approaches to this research, has been that cancerous diseases in clams, oysters and mussels may be caused by chemical pollutants present in the environment they inhabit. Results which support this hypothesis do not dominate the literature. Some studies of clams and mussels do not preclude a possible causal role for toxic chemicals. However, different studies have shown that shellfish inhabiting exceedingly polluted environments did not have neoplasms, whilst others revealed that neoplastic diseases were present in mussels from essentially pristine areas. Further research is necessary to achieve a more complete understanding of the association between toxic chemicals in the environment and diseases, including neoplasia, in indigenous shellfish populations.
All‐trans retinoic acid‐induced ectopic limb and caudal structures: Murine strain sensitivities and pathogenesis

Treatment of pregnant mice at the egg cylinder stage with retinoic acid (RA) has caused ectopic hindlimbs in the offspring. Proposed causes of ectopic hindlimbs include homeotic transformation or multiple axis formation. Two mouse strains were determined to be divergent in susceptibility to this malformation (C57BL/6N, highly sensitive; SWV/Fnn, less sensitive). Ectopic limbs were hindlimbs (expressing Pitx1 and Tbx4 but not Tbx5), yet they also expressed the predominantly forelimb Hoxb8. Ectopic body axis formation was indicated by gene expression for ectopic primitive streaks, notochords, and nodes, as well as inhibition of anterior visceral endoderm and mesodermal migration. The earlier in development that embryos were examined, the higher the rate of ectopic hindlimb development and axis formation. Ectopic axis formation and cell migration inhibition had the same strain susceptibility as the dysmorphogenesis. We propose that all extra hindlimbs were derived from ectopic axis formation, perturbation of which is genetic background dependent.
Investment in lumpy capacity

Abstract Investment in lumpy capacity is usually fraught with uncertainty. Divergent opinions about the future can then lead to adverse selection: optimistic competitions tend to be the ones that expand. Few firms correct this bias formally. They rely, instead, on payback criteria, portfolio planning, risk-sharing and self-restraint.
TH‐C‐110‐01: Current and Future Clinical Applications of Quantitative CT

Computed tomography(CT) is the only current clinical modality which is fundamentally quantitative. While other modalities can in many cases be calibrated to deliver a linear response, the normalization with respect to water of the Hounsfield Unit is the standard in clinical CTimaging. Furthermore, gray scale in CT is linearly related to the concentration of injected iodine contrast agent, which is useful for CT‐based organ function assessment. In addition to a quantitative gray scale, CT is a robust quantitative tool in regards to distances in three dimensions. Because of the straight‐line assumption used in x‐ray imaging including CT, in the absence of patient motion, distances, areas, and volumes can in principle be measured with accuracy. Modern multi‐slice CT scanners allow thin section imaging, and thus the volume data sets produce near‐isotropic spatial resolution. These properties of CT have led to a number of quantitative applications: CT has been used to quantify bone mineral density for almost 30 years, and this tool has proven useful in quantitative risk assessment in patients with osteoporosis. Researchers in pulmonary function have used CT to measure changes in the lung parenchyma over time. Organ perfusion measurements are commonly performed in the head for the evaluation in patients suspected of stroke or vasospasm, and abdominal organ perfusion measurements have also been studied in cancer patients. Computed tomography remains a primary tool for the assessment of tumor size, in monitoring the response to chemotherapy in cancer patients. While linear dimension assessment is a RECIST criterion, there has been a recent move towards tumor volume assessment to better capture tumor response. After a brief review of the fundamental properties of CT pertinent to its quantitative performance, a number of clinically used quantitative CT applications will be discussed. Issues of accuracy and precision will also be addressed. A discussion of the expansion of CT as a quantitative tool in other clinical applications will conclude this presentation. Learning Objectives: 1. The physical basis for quantitative CT will be described 2. Current applications of quantitative CT will be outlined 3. The precision and accuracy of volume and HU metrics will be described 4. A list of potential future applications in quantitative CT will be presented.
On the marginal distribution of a first order autoregressive process

Abstract The question of what marginal distributions are possible for a first order autoregressive process is addressed. Results concerning the possible multimodality of the marginal distribution are obtained.
The generalized fermat equation in function fields

Abstract We show that if r > n !( n ! − 2) the set of solutions x j ∈ C ( t ) of a Fermat equation Σ 1 n a j x j r = 0, a j ∈ C ( t ), is the union of at most n ! n ! families with an explicitly given simple structure. In particular, the number of projective solutions, up to r th roots of unity, of such an equation is either at most n ! n ! or infinite. The proof uses the function field version of the abc -conjecture due to Mason, Voloch, and Brownawell and Masser.
Silicon Divacancy and its Direct Production by Electron Irradiation

An intrinsic defect divalency, produced in silicon, was identified and found to be stable at room temperature. It is demonstrated that this defect can be produced directly in a high-energy electron irradiation (that is, the migration and agglomeration of vacancies is not required for its formation). A marked anisotropy is observed in the production rate with respect to the electron beam direction, giving insight into the detailed production process. (L.N.N.)
Healthcare as a commons

In September 1994, the New York Times carried a front page article declaring healthcare reform dead in Congress. The obituary on healthcare followed a Congressional decision not to pursue the issue further in 1994. Although Congress and the President will likely revisit healthcare reform during 1995, the choices may be between various incremental steps, rather than substantive changes to bring about universal coverage.
Critical Exponent of Phase Separation in Metallic Binary Liquids

The first detailed study of the critical exponent of phase separation, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{BM}}$, in a metallic binary liquid is reported. High-precision electrical resistivity measurements made on a Ga-Hg mixture of critical composition allowed the determination of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{BM}}$, which was found to be 0.335 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.005 in the reduced temperature interval ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}l~\ensuremath{\epsilon}l~{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella enterica Serotypes Recovered from Pens of Commercial Feedlot Cattle Using Different Types of Composite Samples

Salmonella enterica in cattle production systems may be associated with important human and animal disease issues. However, tremendous diversity exists among Salmonella recovered, and more information is needed about strains of greatest potential health concern, particularly those that are multidrug resistant (MDR). By characterizing Salmonella isolates from commercial feedlot pens, this study aimed to evaluate the strain diversity and prevalence of MDR Salmonella from different types of composite pen samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, serotype, and presence or absence of the integron-encoded intI1 gene were determined for 530 Salmonella isolates recovered using composite rope (n = 335), feces (n = 59), and water (n = 136) samples from 21 pens in 3 feedlots. The study investigated only pens with available isolates from multiple sample types. Most isolates (83.0%) of the 19 Salmonella serotypes identified were susceptible or intermediately susceptible to all the antimicrobials evaluated. Resistance to sulfisoxazole (14.9%), streptomycin (3.8%), and tetracycline (3.6%) were the most common. None of the isolates tested positive for a class 1 integron, and only 2.5% were resistant to multiple antimicrobials. All the MDR isolates, namely, serotypes Uganda (n = 9), Typhimurium (n = 2), and Give (n = 2), were resistant to at least five antimicrobials. Most MDR isolates (n = 11) were from two pens during 1 week within one feedlot. Overall, many Salmonella isolates collected within a pen were similar in terms of serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility regardless of sample type. However, MDR Salmonella and rare serotypes were not recovered frequently enough to suggest a general strategy for appropriate composite sampling of feedlot cattle populations for Salmonella detection and monitoring.
Isoimmunization in the Pig Following Multiple Transfusions of Incompatible Blood.

SummaryMultiple transfusions of Pi1 blood from one pig into two other pigs of anti-Pi1 specificity resulted in the formation of high titers of “blocking” antibodies of anti-Pi1 specificity. The implications in experimental hemolytic syndromes and in selective fetal death in the pig are discussed.
On Whitman, Dickinson, and Readers

Examines and compares the attitudes of Whitman and Dickinson to their respective (and sometimes imagined) readers; explores the tensions in Whitman between his emphasis on democratic and egalitarian principles and his awareness that "some readers are more equal than others," and proposes that his poems express an appeal "to some 'choice,' sophisticated and learned readers."
Single-agent GVHD prophylaxis with posttransplantation cyclophosphamide after myeloablative, HLA-matched BMT for AML, ALL, and MDS

High-dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) reduces severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT), but the impact of PTCy on long-term, disease-specific outcomes is unclear. We conducted a retrospective study of 209 consecutive adult patients transplanted for acute myeloid leukemia (AML, n = 138), myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 28), or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, n = 43) using PTCy as sole GVHD prophylaxis after myeloablative conditioning and HLA-matched–related or –unrelated T-cell–replete allografting. At alloBMT, 30% of patients were not in morphologic complete remission. The cumulative incidences of grades II to IV and III to IV acute GVHD at 100 days and chronic GVHD at 2 years were 45%, 11%, and 13%, respectively. Forty-three percent of patients did not require immunosuppression for any reason beyond PTCy. At 3 years, relapse cumulative incidence was 36%, disease-free survival was 46%, survival free of disease and chronic GVHD was 39%, and overall survival was 58%. Lack of remission at alloBMT, adverse cytogenetics, and low allograft nucleated cell dose were associated with inferior survival for AML patients. Minimal residual disease but not t(9;22) was associated with inferior outcomes for ALL patients. The ability to limit posttransplantation immunosuppression makes PTCy a promising transplantation platform for the integration of postgrafting strategies to prevent relapse.
SEM studies of material damage in alumina ceramics by angular single and multiple particle impacts

Abstract The mechanisms of erosion in alumina ceramics have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The five commercial aluminas tested ranged from pure alumina to those containing different proportions of silicate glassy phase and zirconia. In single particle impact tests, the targets were impacted with 1035 μm angular SiC particles and in multiple particle tests with 151 μm SiC particles. The particles were always impacted under normal impact condition with an impingement velocity of 50 m s−1. It was found that whereas brittle failure was the basic erosion mechanism, the morphological features of eroded surfaces were quite different for different materials and depended upon their compositions. The presence of secondary phases improved the bonding between alumina grains and also increased toughness by absorbing part of the impact energy. Therefore, the erosion resistance was enhanced by the presence of secondary phases in alumina. The erosion rates of these materials are analyzed briefly in terms of the erosion mechanisms. It was found that the classical lateral cracks which are typical of brittle indentation fracture were not present on the eroded surfaces of aluminas.