cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religious experience as a different world

T.M. Luhrmann's (2012) When God Talks Back: Understanding the American Evangelical Relationship with God is an ambitious book. She argues that the faith experience of American evangelicals reflects...
Measurement Techniques for the Inspection of Porosity Flaws on Machined Surfaces

Continuous improvement of product quality is essential to the success of manufacturing enterprises. In-process inspection plays an important role in improving product quality control of mass produced products. The change that has occurred in traditional mass production, i.e., the change from dedicated manufacturing to reconfigurable and flexible manufacturing, has increased the demand for computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). Automated inspection serves as a key component of CIM, for example, detecting and measuring surface flaws. Today, inspection of surface flaws is mainly performed on sheet metal, paper, glass, rags, etc. These objects are flat in nature and do not include 3D features or edges of features. However, structural parts which are produced using casting process are complicated and are composed of a large number of features. When these parts are machined (flat milled) porosity defects arise in addition to surface flaws such as scratches and texture defects. Porosity defects arise on the surface when the cutting tool cuts through an air bubble (pore void) created during casting. In many applications, inspection and accurate measurement of porosity flaws, within the capabilities of the measuring device, is essential and crucial to determine the ability of the product to function well. In this paper we present a technique for measuring the correct size of a pore using a low value threshold, to avoid false detection, miss detection and underestimation of pore size. Also we present two algorithms for detecting edge-connected pores which are pores on the edge of features. Detection is done without the use of a feature data base. One of the edge-connected pore detection algorithms uses basic morphological operations for determining the locations of the pores, while the other algorithm uses curve analysis for the same purpose. The feasibility of the proposed porosity measurement technique and edge-connected pore detection algorithms is demonstrated and validated on the joint face of an engine cylinder head.
ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE EVALUATION OF DIETS FOR AQUATIC SPECIES, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE GIANT MALAYSIAN PRAWN, Macrobrachium rosenbergii1

Recent work has shown that the metabolic responses of an organism to dietary properties are important determinants of the physiological processing of calories and nutrients. The effects of diet on the respiratory metabolism of a species is an especially important consideration since by far the majority of food energy assimilated goes to respiration. Rates of assimilation, growth efficiencies, and assimilation efficiencies are different for various dietary constituents. In the paper, the effects of diet on metabolic processes in Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii are reviewed from the perspective of diet evaluation. Physiological factors which are influenced by diet include metabolic rate (specific dynamic effect) growth, ammonia excretion, and the rate and efficiency of caloric assimilation.
Membrane-Targeting DCAP Analogues with Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Activity against Pathogenic Bacteria.

We performed a structure–activity relationship study of 2-((3-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (DCAP), which is an antibacterial agent that disrupts the membrane potential and permeability of bacteria. The stereochemistry of DCAP had no effect on the biological activity of DCAP. The aromaticity and electronegativity of the chlorine-substituted carbazole was required for activity, suggesting that its planar and dipolar characteristics orient DCAP in membranes. Increasing the hydrophobicity of the tail region of DCAP enhanced its antibiotic activity. Two DCAP analogues displayed promising antibacterial activity against the BSL-3 pathogens Bacillus anthracis and Francisella tularensis. Codosing DCAP analogues with ampicillin or kanamycin increased their potency. These studies demonstrate that DCAP and its analogues may be a promising scaffold for developing chemotherapeutic agents that bind to bacterial membranes and kill strains of slow-growing or dorm...
Twin transfusion syndrome: Successful in utero treatment with digoxin

A pregnancy complicated by twin transfusion syndrome is presented. When signs of cardiac failure (edema, ascites and hydramnios) persisted in the recipient twin, maternal digoxin therapy was instituted at 27 weeks' gestation. The signs of failure resolved, and the twins were delivered electively by cesarean section at 34 weeks. At birth, the syndrome was confirmed by examination of the infants and placenta. Both infants survived. Digoxin therapy is recommended for fetal heart failure from circulatory overload in twin transfusion.
The Influence of Perceived Poverty and Academic Achievement on School Counselor Conceptualization.

This analog study presented 173 practicing school counselors with one of four case scenarios depicting a student new to their school. Each scenario manipulated one of two levels of the independent variables, which were perceived poverty and academic achievement. Main effects indicate that participants rated students as more attractive counseling participants when they are perceived as poor and/or strong academic performers. Implications for school counselors and further research are discussed.
National Diabetes Data Group vs Carpenter-Coustan criteria to diagnose gestational diabetes

Objective The objective of the study was to compare perinatal outcomes among women diagnosed with gestational diabetes by the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria with women meeting only Carpenter-Coustan criteria. Study Design This was a 14 year retrospective cohort. Women who screened positive with 1 hour glucose load 140 mg/dL or greater underwent a diagnostic 3 hour oral glucose tolerance test. We report adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) of perinatal outcome risk. Results Of the 4659 screen-positive women with diagnostic testing, 1082 (3.3%, of 33,179) met NDDG criteria; 1542 (4.6%, of 33,179), or 460 more, met Carpenter-Coustan criteria. These 460 untreated women had greater risk of preeclampsia than women diagnosed by NDDG criteria (aPR, 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–2.35). They had a greater risk of cesarean delivery (aPR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04–1.30) and infants greater than 4000 g (aPR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01–1.56) than women not meeting either diagnostic criteria. Conclusion The 42.5% additional women diagnosed only by Carpenter-Coustan criteria are at greater risk for some adverse outcomes. Cost-effectiveness of a change remains to be determined.
Comparative characterization of the irradiation effects induced in metallic glasses by pulsed laser and alpha particle beams

Abstract Nd:YAG laser ( λ =532 nm, τ =8 ns, Φ =30 J/cm 2 , ν =10 Hz) induced transformations in Fe 81 B 13.5 Si 3.5 C 2 metallic glass were characterized by transmission and conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, hysteresis loops and AC susceptibility measurements. The radiation-driven changes were further compared with alpha particle beam irradiation effects (W=2.8 MeV, Φ =10 16 and 10 17 cm −2 ) in the same amorphous material. Pulsed laser irradiation of Fe 81 B 13.5 Si 3.5 C 2 metallic glass was found to induce magnetic anisotropy, surface oxidation, onset of crystallization, slight increase in the saturation magnetic moment and changes in the imaginary susceptibility component. Alpha particle beam irradiation of Fe 81 B 13.5 Si 3.5 C 2 metallic glass caused partial crystallization of the bulk of the specimen, total crystallization of the surface, as well as dose-dependent changes in the saturation magnetic moment, hysteresis and real susceptibility component.
Injury Type-Specific Calcium Channel α2δ-1 Subunit Up-Regulation in Rat Neuropathic Pain Models Correlates with Antiallodynic Effects of Gabapentin

The calcium channel alpha2delta-1 subunit is a structural subunit important for functional calcium channel assembly. In vitro studies have shown that this subunit is the binding site for gabapentin, an anticonvulsant that exerts antihyperalgesic effects by unknown mechanisms. Increased expression of this subunit in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) has been suggested to play a role in enhanced nociceptive responses of spinal nerve-injured rats to innocuous mechanical stimulation (allodynia). To investigate whether a common mechanism underlies allodynic states derived from different etiologies, and if so, whether similar alpha2delta-1 subunit up-regulation correlates with these allodynic states, we compared DRG and spinal cord alpha2delta-1 subunit levels and gabapentin sensitivity in allodynic rats with mechanical nerve injuries (sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury, spinal nerve transection, or ligation), a metabolic disorder (diabetes), or chemical neuropathy (vincristine neurotoxicity). Our data indicated that even though allodynia occurred in all types of nerve injury investigated, DRG and/or spinal cord alpha2delta-1 subunit up-regulation and gabapentin sensitivity only coexisted in the mechanical and diabetic neuropathies. Thus, induction of the alpha2delta-1 subunit in the DRG and spinal cord is likely regulated by factors that are specific for individual neuropathies and may contribute to gabapentin-sensitive allodynia. However, the calcium channel alpha2delta-1 subunit is not the sole molecular change that uniformly characterizes the neuropathic pain states.
WE-C-110-01: Volume-of-Interest Scanning Technique in Multi-Slice CT: A Feasibility Study

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of Volume‐of‐Interest (VOI) scanning in multi‐slice CT to reduce radiation dose while maintaining image quality within the VOI. Methods: Scanning patients with a limited scan field‐of‐ view can substantially reduce radiation dose but usually cause severe truncation artifacts. VOI scanning involves adding a filter in the x‐ray beam to strongly attenuate peripheral photons, so that much lower x‐ray intensity is delivered to the region outside a preselected VOI while allowing the original intensity within the VOI. A semi‐anthropomorphic abdominal phantom was sequentially scanned with 240, 180, 120, 60, 30, 15 and 10 mAs at 120 kVp on a dual source CT scanner. A 10‐cm diameter cylindrical VOI was selected at the center of phantom. Six rods with various attenuation levels were located within the VOI. Projection data outside the VOI were replaced with data acquired with lower mAs to simulate VOI projection data. CTimages were reconstructed using same reconstruction kernels as the full dose scan. CT numbers and noise were measured on images with and without the VOI filter. Radiation dose with and without the VOI filter was estimated using 16 projection views over a 180 range where the VOI filter was manually placed in the x‐ray beam.. A simulated VOI study was also performed using patient data. Results: CT numbers and noise inside the VOI were comparable to those obtained with a full dose scan for mAs level outside the VOI as low as 6.25% of the full mAs. Radiation dose outside the VOI was reduced up to 50%‐65%, while dose inside the VOI was reduced by 25%–30%. Diagnostic information within the VOI appeared to be preserved, although only large anatomic structures outside the VOI were visible. Conclusions: VOI scanning is feasible in multi‐slice CT and may substantially reduce patient dose, while preserving image quality inside the VOI.
Pneumocystis and fungal infection in patients with malignancies

The alarming increase in infections resulting from fungi and Pneumocystis among patients with malignancies has prompted the organization of a number of workshops to explore the magnitude of the problem and to elicit suggestions for approaching diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infection with these opportunistic pathogens. Our knowledge of the source and means of spread of organisms like Aspergillus and Pneumocystis, and the methods of preventing infection by them have advanced only little in spite of the acknowledged high incidence of these infections in major medical centers in the United ‘States during the last decade. Premortem diagnosis of infection with Pneumocystis and those fungi causing the greatest incidence of morbidity and mortality in these patients rarely is accomplished without invasive procedures; frequently, even when the diagnosis is suspected premortem it may be established solely at autopsy. We shall review briefly our own experience with deep seated (most often disseminated) candidiasis and Pneumocystis infection in tumor bearing patients. For a review of the literature, the reader is referred to other references. (1.6.7.9.11.12.14-16) Aspergillus has been a
Potential applications of fuzzy sets in Civil Engineering

The authors are all civil engineers but with various specialties in soil dynamics, foundation engineering, transportation and structural engineering. Because they are colleagues on the same faculty, there have been many occasions to discuss potential applications of the theory of fuzzy sets in their respective fields. The different disciplines that are involved appear to have complemented each other in the development of ideas to solve problems in the civil engineering profession using the fuzzy sets mathe-matics. In this paper their ideas are summarized and selected applications and future developments are discussed.
Solubility of CH4 in a synthetic basaltic melt, with applications to atmosphere–magma ocean–core partitioning of volatiles and to the evolution of the Martian atmosphere

Abstract We employ a double capsule technique to determine the solubility of CH4 in haplobasaltic (Fe-free) liquid under conditions of constrained methane fugacity, f CH 4 , at pressures of 0.7–3 GPa at 1400–1450 °C. Dissolved C–O–H species are examined with FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, and CH4 and CH3− are the only C-bearing species detected. Carbon solubilities are quantified using SIMS, range from 70 to 480 ppm when calculated as CH4, and increase with pressure. Concentrations are parameterized with a thermodynamic model and are found to be related to f CH 4 and pressure. Application of this thermodynamic model shows dissolved CH4 contents of graphite-saturated magmas are little-influenced by pressure for conditions of fixed f O 2 relative to metal–oxide buffers and fixed total H content. Because f CH 4 of graphite-saturated systems increases with the square of hydrogen fugacity, dissolved f CH 4 increases with decreasing f O 2 and increases exponentially with increasing total H content. The experimentally-observed increase with pressure is related to variations in f O 2 and H content. Dissolved CH4 contents of Martian magmas in their source regions are small, such that it is unlikely that magmatic CH4 is a principal contributor to greenhouse conditions early in Martian history. Concentrations of dissolved C–O–H volatiles in a magma ocean early in the history of a terrestrial planet may be diminished by reducing conditions, leading to development of a massive atmosphere and a greatly decreased inventory of volatiles stored in planetary interiors at the outset of planetary history. Dissolution of methane may enhance the retention of C in the silicate Earth during core formation, but experimental evaluation of its influence on metal/silicate partitioning of C requires careful matching of the magmatic H concentration between experiments and natural systems.
Chemical persistence and effects of S-31183, 2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine, on aquatic organisms in field tests

A candidate mosquito larvicide, 5-31183, 2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy] pyridine, was highly compatible with other organisms in mosquito-breeding habitats. When 5-31183 was applied at a rate of 0.11 kg (AI)/ha (0.11b/acre) (20 times greater than required for controlling Aedes nigromaculis (Ludlow) larvae) to rice plots, no detectable residues «0.00005 ppm) were found after 2 d in treated water. 5-31183 did not accumulate in soil, there were no residues «0.005 ppm) after 3 d in fish ( Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque), and the residue on rice plants declined to <0.005 ppm after 7 d. Despite slight induction of morphogenetic aberrations in Odonata at adult emergence and minor suppression of reproductive capacity of daphnoid cladocerans and ostracods, 5-31183 was safe to aquatic, nontarget organisms, including mosquito predators.
Selenium status and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T lymphocytes from beef calves

The effect of selenium (Se), supplemented by subcutaneous injections, upon in vitro phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated T lymphocyte blastogenesis was evaluated in crossbred calves at 45, 124, and 270 d of age. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (5×105) obtained from control (n=4) and Se-treated (n=4) calves were cultured with 0, 0.4, and 0.8 μg PHA and 0.5 μCi [3H]-thymidine in a complete culture medium. At 60h, cultures were harvested for the quantitation of thymidine incorporation. The degree of lymphocyte blastogenesis or stimulation to PHA, expressed as the stimulation index (SI), was assessed for treatment and age effects. At the onset and end of the experimental period, plasma Se and blood glutathione peroxidase concentrations revealed that control calves [0.045 ppm and 48.4 units/g hemoglobin (Hb), respectively] were marginally deficient and treated calves (0.075 ppm and 143.0 units/g Hb, respectively) were adequate in Se status. The SI values were not influenced (P>0.01) by Se treatment, but were affected (P<0.003) by age. For combined treatments and PHA dosages, mean SI values were greater (P<0.05), when lymphocytes were tested at 45 (SI=25.9) than at 124 and 270 (SI=13.7 and 15.5, respectively) d of age. Lymphocyte viability and number were not affected by Se treatment, but lymphocyte number tended (P<0.1) to increase with age. In conclusion, T lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogen stimulation was normal in beef calves residing in a geographical area considered deficient in Se.
Very long-chain methyl-branched alcohols and their acetate esters in pupal internal lipids of developing Coleoptera, Anthonomus grandis and Cylindrocopturus adspersus, and Diptera, Cochliomyia hominivorax and Musca domestica

Abstract Mono- and dimethyl-branched primary alcohols from C28 to C56 were identified in the internal lipids of developing mid-stage pupae of two species of Coleoptera; the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis and the sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus , and of two species of Diptera; the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax , and the house fly, Musca domestica . Novel very long-chain dimethyl-branched alcohols (VLMA; C36–C56) were characterized for the first time in these two orders. The major VLMA component was 26,38-dimethylpentacontanol in the boll weevil, 28,38-dimethylpentacontanol in the sunflower stem weevil, and 26,36-dimethyloctatetracontanol in both the screwworm and house fly. These alcohols were six to ten carbons longer than similar alcohols previously reported for Lepidoptera. No terminally-branched or trimethyl-branched alcohols similar to those previously characterized in Lepidoptera were detected.
Reference states and balance equations for relative thermodynamic properties, including availability

Abstract Balance equations for total energy, entropy and availability relative to an arbitrary references state are given. The equations are then given for three commonly-used reference states. It is shown that a reference state often used to define relative availability or exergy yields relative energy and relative entropy balance equations that do not have the same forms as the corresponding balance equations for absolute energy and entropy. Hence, one of the other reference states is recommended for use when relative thermodynamic properties are to be defined.
110 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN FETAL AND NEONATAL CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY

In order to better understand how cardiac contractility changes with development in the infant, six fetal lambs (119-132 days gestation) were chronically instrumented to monitor left ventricular pressure, peak first derivative of pressure (Pmax), and end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) dimensions. The lambs were studied up to and following birth (gestational age 137-142 days). Descriptors of contractility were Pmax, percent fractional shortening (ED-ES/ED;FS) and post-extrasystolic potentiation (Pmax of potentiated systole/Pmax of previous regular systole; FIR). ED increased with gestational age (e.g. 15.8 ± 0.4 mm, ± SD, 122 days gestation; 22.9 ± 0.3 mm, 140 days), but mean Pmax for the lambs (1462-2452 mmHg/s) did not increase significantly until 24 hours prior to delivery, rose by 50-120% at 3 hours of age, and then fell back to fetal levels by 7-10 days of age. Fetal FS (21-31%) followed a time course similar to that of Pmax. In contrast, fetal FIR increased significantly until 24 hours prior to delivery, fell significantly with delivery and then rose back to fetal values and higher by 30 days of life. All the changes around birth are similar to those induced by isoproterenol infusions and may reflect changes in sympathetic tone. In contrast, the long term increase in FIR is similar to that induced by mild hypertrophy suggesting that developmental changes in contractility share a common origin with those of mild hypertrophy.
Throughput bounds for closed queueing networks with queue-dependent service rates

Abstract Consider a closed queueing network (CQN) with a set of stations; the service rate at each station can be any function of the queue length at that station. Upper and lower bounds are developed for the throughput of the CQN. The bounds make use of some results recently developed by the authors on likelihood ratio ordering and its preservation under convolution. As a special case, bounds for the throughput of CQN with multi-server stations are also considered.
Synchronization properties of cyber behaviors

In recent years the internet has facilitated an explosion of growth in social networks, allowing individuals to interact with one another in a variety of different contexts. Interactions between individuals in networks such as twitter and NASDAQ produce events which co-occur in time. If we make the assumption that events in networks are anonymized such that there is no mapping from the event back to the individual who produced it, we are left with a data stream consisting of spatially and temporally interleaved events with no attribution. We model this property of event co-occurrence in order to recreate this mapping by assuming a strong coupling between temporal co-occurrence and spatial variance an arbitrary individual's behavior. We present a few algorithms based on this model, which produce partitions of tracks, where each track is indicative of the behaviors from a single individual in the network. Results using the algorithms indicate that the models are valid showing a high degree of spatio-temporal consistency among behaviors in networks. This suggests the need for further exploration of new behavior models and algorithms centered around this property.
Manometric patterns using esophageal body and lower sphincter characteristics. Findings in 1013 patients.

In order to determine the actual spectrum of abnormal esophageal motility, manometric patterns in 1013 consecutive tracings were established using a classification method that employs esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) characteristics. Peristaltic performance and contraction wave parameters were measured in the esophageal body; basal pressure and relaxation were included for the LES. Nine hundred thirty (92%) of the tracings could be completely classified, and 33 different patterns were observed (15 occurring at a rate >1%). Abnormalities were most common in contraction wave parameters (661 tracings, 65%), and least common in LES relaxation (105 tracings, 10%). Patterns most typical of achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm were found in 6.4% and 5.0% of tracings, respectively. Statistical analysis of the patterns demonstrated that significant bidirectional predictive associations between categories were restricted to features representing pathology-based motor disorders (ie, achalasia and “sclerodermaesophagus”). This systematic classification method is capable of recognizing and cataloging common findings of motor dysfunction in the esophageal body and LES as well as uncommon patterns representing traditional motility disorders. Our findings provide reference data for clinical esophageal manometry.
Direct Observation of Phosphate Inhibiting the Force-Generating Capacity of a Miniensemble of Myosin Molecules

Elevated levels of phosphate (Pi) reduce isometric force, providing support for the notion that the release of Pi from myosin is closely associated with the generation of muscular force. Pi is thought to rebind to actomyosin in an ADP-bound state and reverse the force-generating steps, including the rotation of the lever arm (i.e., the powerstroke). Despite extensive study, this mechanism remains controversial, in part because it fails to explain the effects of Pi on isometric ATPase and unloaded shortening velocity. To gain new insight into this process, we determined the effect of Pi on the force-generating capacity of a small ensemble of myosin (∼12 myosin heads) using a three-bead laser trap assay. In the absence of Pi, myosin pulled the actin filament out of the laser trap an average distance of 54 ± 4 nm, translating into an average peak force of 1.2 pN. By contrast, in the presence of 30 mM Pi, myosin generated only enough force to displace the actin filament by 13 ± 1 nm, generating just 0.2 pN of force. The elevated Pi also caused a >65% reduction in binding-event lifetime, suggesting that Pi induces premature detachment from a strongly bound state. Definitive evidence of a Pi-induced powerstroke reversal was not observed, therefore we determined if a branched kinetic model in which Pi induces detachment from a strongly bound, postpowerstroke state could explain these observations. The model was able to accurately reproduce not only the data presented here, but also the effects of Pi on both isometric ATPase in muscle fibers and actin filament velocity in a motility assay. The ability of the model to capture the findings presented here as well as previous findings suggests that Pi-induced inhibition of force may proceed along a kinetic pathway different from that of force generation.
Creep and ductility in an Al-Cu solid-solution alloy

High-temperature creep was investigated in an Al-3 wt pct Cu alloy at temperatures in the range of 773 to 853 K and at a normalized shear stress range extending from 10-5 to 7 × 10-4. The results show the presence of three distinct regions. In region I (low stresses), the stress exponent is 4.5 and the activation energy is 155 kJ/mole. In region II (intermediate stresses), the stress exponent is 3.2 and the activation energy is 151 kJ/mole. In region III (high stresses), the stress exponent is 4.5 and the activation energy is 205 kJ/mole. Creep curves obtained in the three regions exhibit a normal primary stage, but the extent of the stage is less pronounced in region II than in regions I and III. The creep characteristics in regions I and II, along with the values of the transition stresses between the two regions, are in conformity with the prediction of the deformation criterion for solid-solution alloys. While the advent of region III (high stresses) correlates well with dislocation breakaway from a solute-atom atmosphere, the creep characteristics in this region are not entirely consistent with any of the existing high-stress creep mechanisms. The plot of elongation to fracturevs initial strain rate at 853 K exhibits two peaks at strain rates of 1 × 10-4 and 6 × 10-4 s-1. The first peak (1 × 10-4 s-1) is attributed to the variation of the stress exponent for creep in the alloy with strain rate, and the second peak (6 × 10-4 s-1) appears to reflect the effect of solute drag on dislocation velocity.
Visual digests for news video libraries

The Informedia Digital Video Library contains over 2000 hours of video, growing at a rate of 15 hours per week. A good query engine is not sufficient for information retrieval because often the candidate result sets grow in number as the library grows. Video digests summarize sets of stories from the library, providing users with a visual mechanism for interactive browsing and query refinement. These digests are generated dynamically under the direction of the user based on automatically derived metadata from the video library. Three types of digests are discussed: VIBE digests emphasizing word relationships, timelines showing trends against time, and maps showing geographic correlations. Multiple digests can be combined into a single view or animated into a temporal presentation.
TIME-RESOLVED RAMAN STUDIES OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM EXCITATIONS IN GaAs-AlAs AND GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs MULTIPLE QUANTUM WELL STRUCTURES

Recent experimental results obtained from time-resolved Raman studies in GaAs-AlAs and GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs multiple quantum well structures are reviewed. Particular emphasis is made on (1) electron-phonon and phonon-phonon interactions and their association with the hot-phonon effects in the hot-carrier dynamics of multiple quantum well structures; and (2) the transport properties of photoexcited electron-hole plasma and excitons in semiconductor multiple quantum well structures.
Job Conditions and Intentions to Quit

Higher quitting rates and concerns with satisfaction and commitment are common in resort industries. A field study at a large mountain resort was conducted to assess the degree to which specific job conditions influenced stress, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and assessment of occupational alternatives, and how these in turn, influenced intentions to quit. Specifically, it was thought that job demands, supervisory style, pay satisfaction, role conflict, and training issues would influence psychological stress levels, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment which would affect intentions to quit. A questionnaire assessing these constructs was given to 440 full-time employees of a ski resort. Two hundred usable questionnaires were returned. Path analysis was used to assess the model. Results showed that supervisory style, prolonged static work postures, high levels of workload, and role conflict were predictors of psychological stress. Role conflict, psychological stress, and job satisf...
A dual reporter gene transgenic mouse demonstrates heterogeneity in hepatic fibrogenic cell populations

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and other resident mesenchymal cells into myofibroblasts expressing alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and collagen I is a key event in liver fibrogenesis. However, the temporal expression profiles of alphaSMA and collagen I genes in these cells is unknown. To address this question, we studied alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I) transcriptional patterns in primary cultures of HSCs, and additionally, in an in vivo model of secondary biliary fibrosis using transgenic mice that express the Discomsoma sp. red fluorescent protein (RFP) and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter genes under direction of the mouse alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I) promoter/enhancers, respectively. The alphaSMA-RFP mice were crossed with collagen-EGFP mice to generate double transgenic mice. Reporter gene expression in cultured HSCs demonstrated that both transgenes were induced at day 3 with continued expression through day 14. Interestingly, alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I) transgenes were not coexpressed in all cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed three different patterns of gene expression: alphaSMA-RFP positive cells, collagen-EGFP positive cells, and cells expressing both transgenes. AlphaSMA-only and alphaSMA/collagen expressing cells showed higher expression levels of synaptophysin, reelin, MMP13, TIMP1, and ICAM-1 compared to collagen-only expressing cells, as assessed by real-time PCR. Following bile duct ligation, alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I) transgenes were differentially expressed by peribiliary, parenchymal and vascular fibrogenic cells. Peribiliary cells preferentially expressed collagen alpha1(I), while parenchymal myofibroblasts expressed both alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I). In conclusion, these data demonstrate heterogeneity of gene expression in myofibroblastic cells during active fibrogenesis. These reporter mice provide a useful tool to further characterize fibrogenic cell types and to evaluate antifibrotic drugs.
Facile synthesis of 2-substituted cyclopentenones

Abstract An efficient synthesis of 2-substituted cyclopentenones is reported. Key reactions are the cylopropanation of 2,2-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone and subsequent conversion to the title compounds by oxidative fragmentation.
Production of quark matter via oblique shock waves

Abstract As a preliminary to understanding how a baryon-quark phase transition would affect the flow of nuclear matter in relativistic heavy ion collisions, we study how such a phase transition would affect the relativistic flow of nuclear matter through an oblique shock wave.
From Blueprint to Digital Model: The Information Age, Archives and the Future of Architectural History*

The digital revolution has not only transformed the process of thinking and making architecture,but has also led to shifts for researchers in the field and the institutions that safeguard and interpretevidence of the architect's design process. As the rise of PowerPoint made it less cumbersometo view multiple images simultaneously, pioneering art historian Heinrich Wofflin's morelimited binary lantern slide presentation was effectively rendered obsolete. However, digital imagingand projection in the field brought risks as great as the new freedoms it afforded. The shiftfrom a work environment dominated until recently by drawings on paper and architectural models(even as CAD was being implemented over the last 20 years) to one dominated by digitaldesign and 3D modeling has irrevocably affected the ways contemporary architects produceand save their drawings as well as how they are stored and accessed in archives, how they aredisplayed, and how they are published. As technology has brought new horizons to the profession,the image of the architect has gone from the solitary scholar of Medieval architecture depictedby A. W. N. Pugin in 1841 to that of savvy manager overseeing large firms like Foster +Partners; the historian too has shed the image of recluse toiling in the bowels of a dusty archiveor library.1
Precautionary saving and persistent current account imbalance

Abstract The neoclassical representative agent model attributes persistent current account imbalance to differences in time preference rates. Exogenous time preference yields corner solutions in which one country owns the world's wealth. With endogenous time preference, corners are avoided, but at the cost of the intuitively unappealing assumption that wealthier agents are more impatient. This paper shows that an agent, with constant relative risk aversion utility, subject to stochastic income shocks, has a risk-adjusted rate of time preference which is increasing in wealth. Precautionary saving falls as wealth rises, allowing avoidance of corner solutions with an intuitively appealing assumption about behavior.
Being a Successful Medically Trained Surgical Intensivist Valuable Lessons Gained From Experience

Despite the growing demand for board- certified intensivists in the United States, the roles for medically trained intensivists (MTIs) in leadership positions in surgical ICUs remain limited. This report explores some of the challenges facing internal medicine (IM) critical care fellows who are considering careers as surgical intensivists or MTIs who are moving to a surgical ICU. A practical framework is provided for attaining these jobs and thriving in these positions once obtained. The article explores the nuances between medical and surgical ICUs and concludes by describing how surgical critical care can be a gratifying career for the IM-trained intensivist and an asset to the surgical ICU.
Combined PCR-oligonucleotide ligation assay for rapid detection of Salmonella serovars.

We have developed a rapid and sensitive assay for the detection of Salmonella serovars in veterinary clinical specimens. This method utilizes a short cultivation period followed by PCR. For detection of the amplified product, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) was used. In this study, the PCR-OLA technique was compared with conventional culture and membrane hybridization for the detection of Salmonella bacteria. In evaluating the PCR-OLA with Salmonella serovars and non-Salmonella strains of bacteria, A490 readings for 51 Salmonella strains, representing 28 serovars, were significantly higher (P or = 20 CFU per assay or > or = 80 fg of chromosomal DNA (corresponding to 160 molecules of DNA). Of 102 suspect clinical specimens screened, 15 were positive for Salmonella bacteria by both culture and the PCR-OLA procedure (100% sensitivity), and 3 samples were positive only by PCR-OLA (96.6% specificity), indicating a positive predictive value of 83.3% and a negative predictive value of 100%. In all experiments, the PCR-OLA was as sensitive as membrane hybridization. These results indicate that a limited enrichment cultivation and PCR-OLA could be used as a presumptive screening test for the detection of Salmonella serovars from any sample that currently requires extensive cultivation and that this assay would be adaptable to automation.
LIBERATION THEOLOGY: THE RECOVERY OF BIBLICAL RADICALISM

Liberation theology is not a Marxism in Christian disguise. It is the recovery of a biblical radicalism that has been harbored in the JudeoChristian tradition virtually from its founding. As such, liberation theology is the revitalization of one of the most profound social, political, economic, and religious challenges to established hierarchies that the West has ever known. Liberation theologians turn to modern Marxism chiefly to gain a comprehensive understanding of contemporary class conflict and poverty. Their primary concerns remain to define themselves as an "emergent church" in the biblical tradition, and to reflect upon the praxis of the "base community" movement they have spawned throughout Latin America. However, the principal liberation theologians of our day exhibit persistent ambiguities about how individuals should relate to their communities. The biblical materials suggest certain solutions to them, but ones so radical that not even the most extreme of the liberation theologians appear ready to embrace them.
FURTHER EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SEARCH AND VOLUNTARY INDIVIDUAL TURNOVER

This study tested the usefulness of a new job search behavior measure to account for voluntary turnover beyond more frequently tested work attitude and withdrawal cognition variables. Using two samples, 339 registered nurses and 234 insurance company employees, three measures of job search were distinguished: preparatory job search behavior, active job search behavior, and general effort job search. Active job search behavior had a stronger relationship to voluntary turnover than preparatory job search behavior or general effort job search, and it accounted for significant additional turnover variance beyond work attitude and withdrawal cognition variables. Stronger results were found when unavoidable leavers were deleted from the turnover subsample.
Trends and Milestones Affecting Student Affairs Practice.

Four principal evolutions that have affected student affairs practice are identified and discussed in this chapter.
Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Test Anxiety Scale for Elementary Students (TAS-E) Scores.

The psychometric properties of the Test Anxiety Scale for Elementary Students (TAS-E) scores were examined. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the responses of 997 students in Grades 2 to 6 on the TAS-E. The results of the EFA produced a four-factor solution: Physiological Hyperarousal, Social Concerns, Task Irrelevant Behavior, and Worry. Gender differences were also found on each factor, except the Social Concerns factor. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the TAS-E scores with a sample of 421 elementary students. The CFA results provided support for the four-factor solution in Study 1. The results also indicated that the TAS-E scores had adequate internal consistency reliability and test score stability. Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the TAS-E scores was found.
An ATR-FTIR spectroscopic approach for measuring rapid kinetics at the mineral/water interface

This study presents a methodology for studying rapid kinetic reactions for IR active compounds. In soils, sediments, and groundwater systems a rapid initial chemical reaction can comprise a substantial portion of the total reaction process at the mineral/water interface. Rapid-scan attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is presented here as a new method for collecting rapid in situ kinetic data. As an example of its application, the initial oxidation of arsenite (As III ) via Mn-oxides is examined. Using a rapid-scan technique, IR spectra were collected with a time resolution of up to 2.55 s (24 scans, 8 cm −1 resolution). Through observation and analysis of IR bands corresponding to arsenate (As V ), rapid chemically-controlled As III oxidation is observed (initial pH 6–9) with 50% of the reaction occurring within the first one min. The oxidation of As III is followed by rapid binding of As V to HMO, at least in part, through surface bound Mn II . The experimental data
Effects of nomifensine (HOE 984) upon psychomotor activity and intracranial self-stimulation in the rat

The effects of nomifensine maleate (HOE 984) were evaluated using two behavioral tasks. The drug produced dose related increases in both psychomotor activity and operant responding for brain stimulation reward. These results may point to possible psychostimulant properties for the drug.
Method of early failure detection for elastic diaphragms based on frequency analysis of the acoustic signal

A method of in-service early failure detection based on frequency analysis of the acoustic signal obtained from elastic diaphragms in air-driven pumps is described. A fully digital system for frequency analysis based on a personal computer was developed with a view to practical implementation of this method. The validity of the method was demonstrated by experiments performed under realistic in-plant conditions.
A paleoceanographic model for the early evolutionary history of planktonic foraminifera

The first major radiations of planktonic foraminifera occurred during the mid-Cretaceous. However, this period of great diversification was interrupted by two intervals of pronounced paleoceanographic/paleoecologic change, one during the latest Aptian-early Albian and a second associated with the Cenomanian-Turonian boudary. Both of these times corresponded with widespread organic carbon burial during intervals commonly referred to as Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAE) 1 and 2, respectively. This synthesis focuses on the evolutionary history of Aptian-early Cenomanian planktonic foraminifera and the relationship with OAE 1. Dynamic paleoceanographic changes controlled the course of planktonic foraminiferal evolution during the mid-Cretaceous. Heightened plate tectonic activity, a major long-term rise of global sea level and an overall increase of global temperatures characterized Aptian-Albian time. As proposed here, the evolutionary history of Aptian-early Cenomanian planktonic foraminifera was influenced most strongly by changes in the density structure and stability of the upper water column via changes in the sites and rates of water mass production through time, and perhaps by subtle changes in oceanic productivity (including trophic structure) and shifts in productivity centers with rising sea level. The creation and growth of epicontinental seas played a major role in regional climate change, water mass production and water column structure. Epicontinental seas were also an important factor in creating vast new niche space and increased biotic diversity for many marine organisms. The amplified seasonality and instability of epicontinental seas resulted in habitation of the upper water column by morphologically simple, eurytopic planktonic foraminifera. Several new species of epicontinental sea dwelling planktonic foraminifera appeared during the mid-Cretaceous. However, much of the diversification of morphologic form took place in oceanic areas during times of oceanic stability and upper water column stratification during mid-to late Aptian and late Albian time. A decline in diversity and return to simple morphotypes occurred when oceanic stability was disrupted and the upper water column was poorly stratified during latest Aptian-early Albian time.
Intravenous angiotensin induces brain c-fos expression and vasopressin release in the near-term ovine fetus

The effect of intravenous angiotensin II (ANG II) on fetal brain c-fos expression and arginine vasopressin (AVP) release was studied in the near-term ovine fetus. Fetuses with chronically implanted...
Digital Volume Imaging of the PEFC Gas Diffusion Layer

The gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays a key role in the overall performance/durability of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). Of profound importance, especially in the context of water management and flooding phenomena, is the influence of the underlying pore morphology and wetting characteristics Of the GDL microstructure. In this article, we present the digital volumetric imaging (DVI) technique in order to generate the 3-D carbon paper GDL microstructure. The internal pore structure and the local microstructural variations in terms of fiber alignment and fiber/binder distributions are investigated using the several 3-D thin sections of the sample obtained from DVI.
The Technopoles of Southern California

The paper opens with a brief identification of California's pathway (via flexible-production organization) to industrialization and regional growth. The emergence of the aircraft industry in the region during the 1920s and 1930s is described. The formation of the postwar aerospace-electronics industry is then discussed in detail. The geography of Southern California's contemporary technopoles (high-technology industrial districts) is outlined, with a particular emphasis on the aircraft, electronics, biotechnology, and medical-device industries. The functional role of interfirm linkages and local labor markets in the high-technology industrial development of Southern California is analyzed. The paper ends with a few brief allusions to the strengths and vulnerabilities of high-technology industry in the region.