cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outsourcing, quality control, and the acquisitions professional

Outsourcing, long a presence in the library world, is increasingly seen as a way to cut technical service costs. This development has caused great insecurity among technical service librarians and frequent discussions about whether cataloging and acquisitions are threatened specializations. We argue, based on outsourcing experiences at Stanford University Libraries, that the need for experienced technical services librarians increases rather than decreases in a library that outsources some of its technical service operations. Quality control, once built into routines carried out at the clerical level, becomes a major factor for the success of the outsourced operation. This quality control component logically devolves to librarians who know how the finished product should look. We describe the quality control programs developed for monitoring a no-return approval plan and vendor-supplied cataloging.
Biotite controlled chemical alteration of granodioritic-tonalitic saprock: Exploring the use of sieving to enhance compositional linear trends

Abstract The Peninsular Ranges, southern California, USA, commonly contains eroded sections of regolith composed of (1) saprock enclosing corestone or (2) alluvial deposits overlying plutonic/metamorphic basement. In this paper, we present a study focused on evaluating the chemical weathering patterns exemplified by type 1 regolith. In an attempt to enhance the coverage of altered samples about calculated compositional linear trends, the Though Alfisol is common within the study area, due to erosional exhumation, such soil is absent at the specific site sampled during this investigation, and colluvium directly overlies saprock and corestones. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 25 cm–51 cm with a mean annual air temperature of 13 °C–18 °C. In centered p(A), p(CN), and p(K) ternary space, A, CN, and K are compositions representing molar percentages of Al 2 O 3 , CaO* + Na 2 O, and K 2 O, respectively, in the sum of A, CN, and K. CaO* is the molar percent of CaO following correction for CaO in apatite. Centering preserves the geometrical relationships between plotted samples, but moves them to the center of the ternary diagram. Saprock samples plot about a linear compositional trend directed away from the p(K) apex. Using orthogonal projection, the average weathering intensity value, t , of the bulk saprock samples is 0.09 (± 0.04). When the sieved t -value of 0.89 (± 0.04). Hence, inclusion of the sieved fraction extended the coverage of altered samples about the weathering trend. Using Na as a reference frame, a statistically significant loss of 10% (+ 9/− 8%) and 14% (+ 6/− 5%) K and P mass, respectively, occurred during the development of saprock. The loss of K mass is attributed to the alteration of biotite to hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite and mixed-layer biotite/vermiculite, while the loss of P mass is due to the dissolution of apatite. In addition, statistically significant increases in Si (6% ± 4%) and LOI (56% (+ 37/− 30%)) mass occurred. The increase in Si mass reflects either, or both, illuviation of small amounts of kaolinite into the prominent crack system observed at the study site, or the addition of pedogenic silica. Such increases are apparently the result of processes that were operative in the now erosionally removed section of Alfisol. The results of the above elemental mass changes produced a statistically significant increase in bulk mass of 5% ± 3%. The results of our work suggests that the inclusion of
Quasielastic neutron scattering study of water confined in carbon nanopores

Microscopic dynamics of water confined in nanometer and sub-nanometer pores of carbide-derived carbon (CDC) were investigated using quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS). The temperature dependence of the average relaxation time, τ, exhibits super-Arrhenius behavior that could be described by Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) law in the range from 250 K to 190 K; below this temperature, τ follows Arrhenius temperature dependence. The temperature of the dynamic crossover between the two regimes in water confined in the CDC pores is similar to that observed for water in hydrophobic confinement of the larger size, such as 14 A ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK) and 16 A double-wall carbon nanotubes. Thus, the dynamical behavior of water remains qualitatively unchanged even in the very small hydrophobic pores.
Glucocorticoid-regulated genes in eosinophilic esophagitis: A role for FKBP51

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) involves marked accumulation of eosinophils in the esophageal mucosa that responds to swallowed fluticasone propionate (FP) in a subset of patients. Objectives We aimed to uncover the mechanism of action of swallowed FP in patients with EE by providing evidence for a topical effect in the esophagus by identifying a molecular signature for FP exposure in vivo . Methods Global microarray expression profiles, immunofluorescence microscopy, and cell signaling in esophageal tissue and cell lines were analyzed. Results Thirty-two transcripts exhibited altered expression in patients who responded to swallowed FP treatment. Esophageal FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP51) mRNA levels were increased ( P FKBP51 mRNA and protein levels were increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner by FP treatment in vitro . FP-induced FKBP51 was steroid receptor dependent because RU486 completely inhibited gene and protein induction. The half-life of FKBP51 mRNA was 16 to 18 hours independent of FP treatment. FKBP51 overexpression reduced FP action as assessed by FP inhibition of IL-13–induced eotaxin-3 promoter activity. Conclusions Our results suggest that swallowed glucocorticoid treatment directly affects esophageal gene expression in patients with EE. In particular, increased FKBP51 transcript levels identify glucocorticoid exposure in vivo and distinguish FP responders from untreated patients with active EE and patients without EE. In addition, FKBP51 reduces glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of IL-13 signaling in epithelial cells in vitro , suggesting that FKBP51 might influence FP responsiveness. We propose that esophageal FKBP51 levels have diagnostic and prognostic significance in patients with EE.
PET imaging studies in drug abuse.

In spite of the massive public health problem associated with drug abuse, effective treatments remain elusive. This is due in part to a relatively poor understanding of the neurochemical changes which drugs of abuse produce in the human brain and the relationship of these changes to the behavioral and addictive properties of drugs. With the development of modern imaging methods and a variety of labeled drugs and radiotracers, it has now become possible to track many aspects of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics directly in the human brain and to relate these parameters to the behavioral and toxic properties of drugs. Review: In this article, we will highlight some examples of the use of Positron Emission Tomography to measure drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and their relationship to addiction and to toxicity.
FRACTALS IN THE LARGE

A reverse iterated function system(r.i.f.s.) is defined to be a set of ex- pansive maps T1, . . . , Tm on a discrete metric space M. An invariant set F is defined to be a set satisfying F m 1 TjF, and an invariant measure is defined to be a solu- tion of m 1 pj T 1 j for positive weights pj. The structure and basic properties of such invariant sets and measures is described, and some examples are given. A blowup F of a self-similar set F in n is defined to be the union of an increasing sequence of sets, each similar to F. We give a general construction of blowups, and show that under certain hypotheses a blowup is the sum set of F with an invariant set for a r.i.f.s. Some examples of blowups of familiar fractals are described. If is an invariant measure on + for a linear r.i.f.s., we describe the behavior of its analytic transform, the power series n 0 (n)z n on the unit disc.
Video‐Assisted Clinical Instruction in Dentistry (VACID) enhances real‐time visualisation of clinical procedures

Aim: The use of Video-Assisted Clinical Instruction in Dentistry (VACID) in the training of dental students represents an innovative teaching medium. Despite the many advantages that this teaching medium promises to offer, little objective research has been published to substantiate its purported benefits. This article examines the students’ response to the application of VACID to enhance real-time visualisation of clinical procedures while observing live clinical procedures in periodontics. Method: Forty third-year dental students, observing surgical procedures during their rotation in the Department of Periodontics, were invited to participate in a survey designed to examine perceptions relating to their learning experience to using conventional and video-assisted real-time visualisation of clinical procedures. Students’ responses were obtained using a questionnaire administered immediately after the completion of the observational period. The survey employed attitude questions addressing both enabling and outcome criteria. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the student’s responses. An open-ended question was also included in the survey to give students the opportunity to provide additional feedback regarding their experience and suggestions to improve on it. Results: Results suggest that the implementation of VACID in the clinical setting improves the student’s learning experience, interest and satisfaction. Ninety per cent of students strongly agreed to have VACID implemented for their next clinical observation. Responses to the open-ended question indicated that improved visualisation was extremely helpful in understanding the progress of clinical procedures. Conclusion: The implementation of VACID in the clinical setting enhances real-time visualisation of surgical procedures beyond what is offered by the conventional observational format.
“A-wave” liver

The finding and timing of hepatic pulsations can provide important information regarding the status of right heart structures and function. We report a 54-year-old woman with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, who had prominent hepatic presystolic pulsations ("A-wave" liver). The clinical findings and the venous and hepatic pulse recordings are presented and discussed in terms of clinical pathophysiology and significance.
User acceptance of prepayment metering systems in India

The prepayment metering system is an Information Technology-based innovation which involves the purchase of electricity by consumers before its use. Utility companies throughout the world are now experimenting with this technology. While there are several million prepayment installations around the world, there are only a few thousands in India. However, the acceptance of the system is growing in India. As utilities invest in prepayment metering systems, consumer acceptance of the technology becomes an increasingly critical management issue. This study uses the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model to investigate the factors that influence the user acceptance of the prepayment metering systems in India.
Cytokine-mediated stimulation of laminin expression and cell-growth arrest in a human submandibular gland duct-cell line (HSG).

Increased expression of laminin and various cytokines, including interferon-y (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been demonstrated in minor salivary glands from patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Previous reports state that exposure of a human salivary-gland cell line (HSG) to IFN-gamma results in cellular changes similar to those in vivo Sjogren's syndrome. To begin studies of the cause of increased laminin expression in salivary glands in Sjogren's syndrome and laminin's role in the pathological process, the effects of IFN-gamma on laminin expression and growth of HSG cells were examined here. Subconfluent cultures of HSG cells were treated or not with IFN-gamma (1000 units/ml) for 1, 3 or 6 days. Immunoprecipitation showed that the expression of cell-associated laminin was significantly greater in IFN-gamma-treated cells at 3 or 6 days than in untreated cells, while no significant differences in laminin counts precipitated from the media were evident among any of the IFN-gamma-treated or untreated samples. Western blot analysis strongly suggested that this immunoprecipitated product is a dimer of the beta- and gamma-chains of laminin. Intracellular laminin was demonstrated immunocytochemically in a distinct, perinuclear pattern in both cytokine-treated and untreated cells. However, only faint staining for type IV collagen, and no staining for fibronectin were evident in untreated and cytokine-treated cells. An RNase protection assay showed only slight upregulation of the laminin beta-chain mRNA at 3 days, but no significant difference at 6 days of treatment. Taken together, these data suggest enhanced accumulation of a dimer of laminin beta- and gamma-chains in the cytoplasm of cytokine-treated HSG cells. However, mRNA for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly reduced at 6 days of treatment, suggestive of cytokine-mediated metabolic abnormalities. IFN-gamma treatment also resulted in significant reductions in cell numbers over time, in agreement with previous reports. Treatment of HSG cells for 3 days with IFN-gamma (1000 U/ml) and TNF-alpha (20 U/ml) resulted in no significant changes in cell proliferation or laminin protein and/or mRNA species compared to cells treated with IFN-gamma alone. Karyotype analysis of HSG cells revealed human chromosomes with triploid chromosome numbers and rearrangements, characteristic of transformed cells. These data demonstrate that IFN-gamma increases the amount of intracellular laminin beta-gamma dimers while decreasing cell growth. Further studies are required to define an interaction between laminin expression and the growth and viability of HSG cells.
The α-Effect in the Stereochemistry of Kinetic Ketonization of Enols1,2

Kinetic control of the stereoselectivity of protonation of enolates and other strongly delocalized anionic species is involved in a large number of organic reactions. Protonation occurring from the less hindered side of the, e.g., enolic system affords the less stable of two diastereomers. However, one apparent discrepancy has been in the synthesis of prostaglandins. The present research deals with the source of this behavior. A curious effect of the substituent at the enolic α carbon was uncovered. In certain instances an α substituent is forced to twist into a conformation blocking the proton donor from its side, thus reversing the stereochemistry of protonation. In the course of this research, a number of five-ring enols of varying structure were investigated. Finally, the ketonization reaction course has been studied theoretically.
On a stress resultant geometrically exact shell model. Part III: computational aspects of the nonlinear theory

Abstract Computational aspects of a geometrically exact stress resultant model presented in Part I of this work are considered in detail. In particular, by exploiting the underlying geometric structure of the model, a configuration update procedure for the director (rotation) field is developed which is singularity free and exact regardless the magnitude of the director (rotation) increment. Our mixed finite element interpolation for the membrane, shear and bending fields presented in PartII of this work are extended to the finite deformation case. The exact linearization of the discrete form of the equilibrium equations is derived in closed form. The formulation is then illustrated by a comprehensive set of numerical experiments which include bifurcation and post-buckling response, we well as comparisons with closed form solutions and experimental results.
A glucosamine derivative of caffeic acid in Nicotiana nodal tumors

Abstract A polyphenol from Nicotiana suaveolens × langsdorffii nodal tumors has been isolated and provisionally identified as N-caffeoylglucosamine.
Predicting Helping Behavior: Willingness and Ascription of Responsibility

Based on Schwartz' (1973) model of altruistic behavior, it was hypothesized that subjects who rate high on willingness to donate blood and ascription of responsibility to the self will be more likely to donate blood than all other subjects. Willingness to donate blood and AR were measured among 180 undergraduates enrolled in an introductory psychology course at the beginning of the spring semester. Actual blood donation was measured 2 months later in the context of a Red Cross blood drive. The results supported the hypothesis.
Anthropological and accounting knowledge in Islamic banking and finance: Rethinking critical accounts

ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ACCOUNTING KNOWLEDGE IN ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE: RETHINKING CRITICAL ACCOUNTS Bill Maurer University of California at Irvine Accounting for accounting demands renewed attention to the knowledge practices of the accounting profession and anthropological analysis. Using data and theory from Islamic accountancy in Indonesia and the global network of Islamic financial engineers, this article challenges work on accounting’s rhetorical functions by attending to the inherent reflexiv- ity of accounting practice and the practice of accounting for accounting. Such a move is necessary because critical accounting scholarship mirrors, and has been taken up by, Islamic accountancy debates around the form of accounting knowledge. The article explores the work that accounting literature shoulders in carving up putatively stable domains of the technical and rhetorical, and makes a case for a reappreciation of the techniques for creat- ing anthropological knowledge in the light of new cultures of accounting. Accounting and the form of anthropological knowledge Scholars across the disciplines seem to agree that it is time for a new account- ing of accounting. For sociologists Carruthers and Espeland (1991), account- ing is more than mere technique; it has symbolic power as a form of rhetoric that legitimates some practices, hides others, creates knowledge and structures decisions. Critical accounting scholars draw attention to the ways in which accounting functions as a mode of power (Hopwood & Miller 1994). An- thropologists examining ‘audit cultures’ view accounting as a distinct kind of cultural artefact of signal importance in new regimes of management, orga- nization, and control, as well as their cultural reproduction (Shore & Wright 1999; Strathern 2000). In Carruthers’s (1995) view, accounting is not a ‘mirror’ of what goes on in an organization, as mainstream accounting scholars contend. Rather, it serves a ‘window-dressing’ function, decoupled from actual organizational practice. As such, it is much more about the ‘mythical and ceremonial’ than ‘how things actually transpire’ (Carruthers 1995: 315). This article seeks to show that the analytical distinction between technical and rhetorical, the practical and the ceremonial, cannot be sustained. It takes issue with the functionalist theory of culture at work in much critical account- ing scholarship, and the idea of ‘decoupling’ organizational form from rhetori- cal functions that goes along with it. Carruthers has argued that, rather than addressing the meaning of accounting information, scholars should focus on © Royal Anthropological Institute 2002. J. Roy. anthrop. Inst. (N.S.) 8, 645-667
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2: comparison of the defective genomes and virus-specific polypeptides.

Abstract Undiluted serial passage of HSV-1 or HSV-2 virions resulted in the synthesis of DNA which was resistant to cleavage by restriction endonuclease (Endo R.) HindIII. Defective DNAs of type 1 and 2 were observed to have similar biphasic renaturation kinetics and to have kinetic complexities of approximately 13% of the parental standard genome. Not more than 40% of the sequences found in defective HSV-2 DNA were found to be homologous to defective HSV-1 sequences. While an overproduction of an early polypeptide, VP175, was observed in cells infected with defective HSV-1, no overproduction of any polypeptide equivalent to VP175 was observed in cells infected with defective HSV-2. The results suggest that although the defective DNAs of HSV-1 and HSV-2 have some common physicochemical properties, their base sequences and genomic expression in the infected cell are different.
Phenotypic mixing between murine leukemia viruses: characteristics of ecotropic virus infection of heterologous cells.

Abstract Ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) were capable of infecting mink, rabbit, duck, guinea pig, human, and cat cells, but not chicken cells, when phenotypically mixed with xenotropic MuLV. Mink cell cultures inoculated with the phenotypically mixed pools showed XC plaques with one-hit dose response kinetics; these plaques represented colonies derived from outgrowth of single infected cells rather than spreading areas of infection, which showed two-hit kinetics. Clonal lines of mink and rabbit cells chronically infected with N-tropic ecotropic (AKR-L1), B-tropic ecotropic (WN1802B), and NB-tropic ecotrpic (Friend) MuLV were established. Production of virus by these xenogenic cell lines was generally much lower than by mouse cells, as was the number of cells with gs-antigen detected by immunofluorescence. However, essentially all cells registered as virus-producers on infectious center plating. Treatment with IUdR enhanced virus production by 10-fold, and immunofluorescence staining as well, in the three infected mink cell lines. The viruses retained their ecotropic and Fv-1 -determined host range characteristics through more than 6 to 12 months of chronic virus production in the heterologous cells.
Preference reversals resulting from a market value heuristic

Two studies demonstrated preference reversals using consumer products. Some subjects made a choice between a pair of food or hygiene products while others assigned minimum selling prices to each product. Product pairs were selected such that one item had a high market price but was undesirable (e.g. eggplant roulettes) while the other item had a low market price but was desirable (e.g. a can of soda). As predicted, most subjects choose the low market price/desirable item, but the high market price/undesirable item was assigned a higher minimum selling price. Experiment 1 used a hypothetical questionnaire, while in Experiment 2 responses had real consequences. The results suggest a market value heuristic such that when decision makers are unsure of how to translate their preference into a specific dollar amount they substitute the product's market price for their own preference. The implication of this heuristic is that if merchants consistently set the retail price of a particular product at a certain lev...
Learning through Microteaching Lesson Study in Teacher Preparation

Abstract Prospective secondary mathematics teachers lack images of “reformed” teaching that engages students in experimenting, analyzing, conjecturing, justifying, and making connections. The development and investigation of experiences fostering reform-oriented teaching are needed. This study investigated microteaching lesson study (MLS), an experience based on the successful Japanese lesson study. A qualitative analysis of various data sources was conducted, demonstrating the learning and perceptions of 36 prospective mathematics teachers engaged in MLS. Overall, the prospective teachers found the experience to be very beneficial. Beyond providing teaching experience, the MLS facilitated enhancement of their understanding of reform-oriented teaching and knowledge of subject matter through collaboration with peers and feedback from an instructor.
Truncated incomplete factorizations for conjugate-gradient methods in two and three dimensions

Conjugate-gradient methods are very efficient when they are applied to preconditioned linear equation systems. Different degrees of truncation for incomplete factorization preconditioners are investigated. It is found that for solving Poisson's equation on curvilinear coordinate systems in two dimensions, generally all nine coefficients should be used for factorization, while in three dimensions a truncation which uses only the orthogonal directions is most efficient. For different grid resolutions in different directions the orientation of the coordinate system is important, which is confirmed by analyzing the eigenvalues of the preconditioned system.
A multi-template combination algorithm for protein comparative modeling

Background Multiple protein templates are commonly used in manual protein structure prediction. However, few automated algorithms of selecting and combining multiple templates are available.
A constructive proof of Vizing's Theorem

We consider finite graphs with no self-loops and no multiple edges. A graph is valid if all edges incident on a vertex have different colors. We prove Vizing’s Theorem. All the edges of a graph of maximum degree less than N can be colored using N colors so that the graph is valid. We call a color incident on a vertex if an edge incident on that vertex has that color; otherwise, the color is free on that vertex. Since there are N available colors and each vertex degree is less than N , there is a free color on each vertex. Our proof consists of showing how to color an arbitrary uncolored edge of a valid graph (which may require changing the colors of already-colored edges to maintain validity). This procedure can be repeated until all edges are colored. Henceforth, X Y is the uncolored edge that is to be colored.
Airborne Windmills and Communication Aerostats

to the onset of static stall, as = 11°. It is interesting to note that the unslotted airfoil had a more severe decrease in Vf with increasing a0 than the slotted airfoil, for ot0<cxs. The slotted airfoil shows a more drastic reduction in Vf than the unslotted airfoil, as a0 passes through and above as. The slot's effect on the flowfield causing the increased Vf, or its effects on airfoil efficiency are not known at this time. However, the data presented in this Note does demonstrate that passive flutter suppression is possible.
Activation of T cells in tumor-bearing mice.

Abstract Subcutaneous transplantation of the syngeneic P815 mastocytoma in DBA/2J mice induced an activation of splenic T cells which resulted in a hyperresponsiveness of the tumor-bearing animal to the unrelated antigens pneumococcal polysaccharide (Pn) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). These tumor-activated T cells appeared to increase the plaque-forming cell (PFC) potential of suboptimal numbers of spleen cells, caused normal spleen cells to express increased numbers of PFC, and produced lymphokine(s) which also increased PFC responses of normal splenocytes. The tumor-activated T cells responsible for stimulating normal splenocytes in an in vitro antibody response were shown to be Ly1 + 2 − cells. The activity of the tumor-activated T-cell supernatants was not genetically restricted and required additional Ly1 T cells in order to induce rigorously clean B cells to produce antibody. The T cells capable of stimulating nonspecific antibody responses were also capable of slowing tumor growth when injected with tumor cells in normal recipient mice. These results suggest that T cells activated by tumor antigens release immunostimulatory lymphokines and, at the same time, are capable of leading to inhibition of tumor growth.
A general scheme for velocity tomography

With the rapid development of X-ray source and detector technologies, multi-source scanners become a hot topic in the computed tomography (CT) field, which can acquire several projections simultaneously. Aided with the electrocardiogram (ECG)-gating technique, the multi-source scanner can collect sufficient projections to reconstruct one or more specific phases of a beating heart. Hence, we are motivated to develop velocity tomography as a new dynamic imaging mode to recover the velocity field from the projections. First, we derive a velocity field constraint equation subject to the mass conservation. Then, we present a two-step general scheme to estimate the velocity field. The first step directly or indirectly computes partial derivatives. The second step iteratively determines the velocity field subject to the constraint equation and other conditions. Finally, we describe numerical experiments in the fan-beam geometry to demonstrate the correctness and utility of our scheme.
IDENTIFICATION OF LATERAL DYNAMICS AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF HEAVY VEHICLES

Abstract A system identification technique is applied to determine the lateral dynamics of an articulated freight vehicle subject to three different steering excitations and levels of measurement noise. An algorithm is proposed to extract an estimate of significant vehicle parameters considered to be uncertain. In addition to the commonly used ramp step (RS) and quasi-impulse (QI) steering inputs, a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) excitation signal is proposed to stimulate all the important modes associated with the lateral directional dynamics of the vehicle. It is concluded that the vehicle transfer function can be characterised accurately under PRBS and QI excitations, and the signal-to-noise ratios superior to 20 dB. The low-order dynamics can be identified further under higher measurement noise levels. The proposed algorithm yields an accurate and robust estimate of uncertain vehicle parameters irrespective of the starting estimates and excitation signals. The algorithm provides the most effective estimates of the parameters to which lateral dynamics is most sensitive. The robustness of the proposed method is examined further using the data generated from a comprehensive yaw/roll non-linear model. From the results it is concluded that the directional dynamics of the vehicle is influenced mostly by the lateral and yaw dynamics, while the contributions due to roll dynamics are relatively small.
Effect on backward masking of spatial separation between target and mask contours and of target size

Werner’s disk-ring patterns were used in a study of backward masking as a function of spatial separation between target and mask contours and of the absolute size of the target disk. This study differed from others that have investigated spatial separation in that a forced-choice indicator response was used. The results showed that (a) extent of masking increased with decreasing disk-ring separation; (b) masking was unrelated to disk size; and (c) disk size and disk-ring separation interacted to affect extent of masking. A possible interpretation of the interaction effect was proposed. The increase in masking with decreasing separation was discussed in terms of a lateral inhibition model of backward masking.
Micrometeorological factors involved in development and survival of free-living stages of the sheep nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A review

Temperature and soil moisture are the most important factors affecting the development and survival ofHaemonchus contortus andTrichostrongylus columbriformis eggs and larvae on pasture. More than half of the eggs develop into infective larvae in the laboratory, but a very low percentage (0.03% forH. contortus) does so on pasture. There is a marked difference betweenH. contortus andT. colubriformis in survival of infective larvae.H. contortus larvae survived in the winter at Urbana poorly, whereasT. colubriformis did well. The former survived better than the latter in the spring and worse in the summer, while both survived equally well in the fall. Technics for larval recovery from pasture are not very efficient. Meteorologic conditions at ground level where the larvae exist are quite different from those in a standard weather shelter 1.6 m above the ground. Bioclimatographs in which mean monthly maximum temperatures are plotted against total monthly precipitation are fairly good in predicting the type of nematode liable to be important in a given region, but they are too simplistic to be relied on for more than approximations.
A Theory of Developing Competence with Written Mathematical Symbols.

The paper presents a theory of how competence with written mathematical symbols develops. The theory proposes a succession of cognitive processes that cumulate to yield competence: (1) connecting individual symbols with referents; (2) developing symbol manipulation procedures; (3a) elaborating procedures for symbols; (3b) routinizing the procedures for manipulating symbols; and (4) using the symbols and rules as referents for building more abstract symbol systems. Each process must be engaged, and each must be engaged in sequence. Arguments in support of the theory are drawn from the history, philosophy and psychology of mathematics. The theory has implications for the sequencing and the content of instructional activities.
Nonorganic Failure-to-Thrive

The infant with failure to thrive poses a formidable dilemma. On the one hand, the differential diagnosis of the infant with poor growth or weight loss is practically coextensive with the lexicon of serious disease in childhood; on the other hand, the indiscriminant "ruling out" of one occult possibility after another assures only high cost, iatrogenic complications, persistent anxiety, and, in most cases, diagnostic failure. The evaluation of failure-to-thrive (FTT) cannot be efficient if the physician investigates nonorganic etiologies only after exhaustively exploring all imaginable organic causes. Emotional or environmental disorders so frequently lie at the root of growth failure that the physician should consider these nonorganic etiologies, like any common causes, in parallel with (and often before) the search for occult organic disease. PREVALENCE OF ORGANIC AND NONORGANIC FTT FTT (usually defined as a weight persistently below the third percentile for age, or weight less than 80% of ideal weight for age) is a common problem, accounting for 3% to 5% of admissions to pediatric academic hospitals. The prevalence of FTT, however, varies widely depending on the location of the physician9s practice. In tertiary care settings, many patients with poor growth already have clearly recognized underlying organic diseases. When such underlying conditions are not readily apparent, aggressive evaluations in inpatient referral facilities have been reported to yield organic diagnoses in about half of the children investigated.
Has the laughter died? Musings on the New Yorker's business ethics cartoons

A t o t i o n exists that if want you o learn about businessmen, go to a business periodical; but if you want to learn about the current state of the morals of businessmen, go to the cartoons in The New Yorker. Interestingly, businessmen-corporate businessmen-peop le this literary publication in shameful numbers. The magazine itself is, of course, a marvellous combination of the commercial and the intellectual. The fact that prose from liberal pens blends so well with ads for elegant cars, elegant lingerie, elegant drinks, and elegant vacations must give the literary folk pause. Perhaps the business cartoons become a sort of denial of the compromise for intellectuals while being an affirmation of it for those in the business community . For businessmen, a slight chuckle over their own activities is drowned out by a much heartier chuckle over the antics of their colleagues. Businessmen, studies have shown, don' t think highly of the ethics of other businessmenwhich may explain their toleration of the biting business ethics cartoons. In the mid-seventies, cartoonists of The New Yorker had a field day with press exposures of the then seamy business scene. Ethics and social studies teachers made their points and brightened their texts with the drawings. Alas, if they expected to arouse ire, it was to no avail. It is just too hard to get mad at someone in a New Yorker cartoon. The businessman at his wors t indeed his most awful worst-el ici ts a smile. But the reinforcement of intellectual attitudes is a different matter.
Emulsion stabilization by means of combined surfactant multilayer (D-phase) and asphaltene particles

Abstract The emulsion stability of systems containing paraffinic, aromatic or naphthenic acid, water and heptane/toluene was investigated at different pH. High pH (around 11) gave rise to o/w emulsions with high stability. A decrease in pH reduced the emulsion stability significantly. In order to prepare stable w/o emulsions, D-phase samples were used. In addition to the multilayer stabilization, asphaltene nano-particles were mixed with the D-phase samples and used as stabilizers. It was shown that a combination of 60% asphaltene particles and 40% D-phase gave the most stable w/o-emulsions. All w/o-emulsion stabilities were evaluated by means of critical electric fields (E crit ). This investigation verifies the importance of D-phase stabilization in combination with asphaltene particles in systems with acidic heavy crude oil (including bitumen) and water.
Ambulatory surgical hemorrhoidectomy—A solution to postoperative urinary retention?

PURPOSE: The most frequent complication of surgical hemorrhoidectomy is urinary retention. This study evaluates the incidence of urinary retention in a series of patients undergoing surgical hemorrhoidectomy in an ambulatory setting. METHODS: The records of all patients undergoing anorectal surgical operative procedures during the calendar year 1990 were reviewed, with particular emphasis on urinary retention and other postoperative complications. RESULTS: Of 201 patients undergoing full surgical hemorrhoidectomy by Colon and Rectal Clinic, 91 percent had operations performed on an ambulatory basis (discharge less than four hours following surgery). Of these 190 patients, only 1 (0.53 percent) required urinary catheterization during the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: The ambulatory setting, when combined with careful patient education and perioperative fluid restriction, allows surgical hemorrhoidectomy to be performed with a very low incidence of urinary retention to the benefit of both patient and surgeon.
One and two hydrogen molecules in the large cage of the structure II clathrate hydrate: quantum translation-rotation dynamics close to the cage wall.

We have performed a rigorous theoretical study of the quantum translation-rotation (T-R) dynamics of one and two H 2 and D 2 molecules confined inside the large hexakaidecahedral (5 12 6 4 ) cage of the SII clathrate hydrate. For a single encapsulated H 2 and D 2 molecule, accurate quantum five-dimensional calculations of the T-R energy levels and wave functions are performed that include explicitly, as fully coupled, all three translational and the two rotational degrees of freedom of the hydrogen molecule, while the cage is taken to be rigid. In addition, the ground-state properties, energetics, and spatial distribution of one and two p-H 2 and o-D 2 molecules in the large cage are calculated rigorously using the diffusion Monte Carlo method. These calculations reveal that the low-energy T-R dynamics of hydrogen molecules in the large cage are qualitatively different from that inside the small cage, studied by us recently. This is caused by the following: (i) The large cage has a cavity whose diameter is about twice that of the small cage for the hydrogen molecule. (ii) In the small cage, the potential energy surface (PES) for H 2 is essentially flat in the central region, while in the large cage the PES has a prominent maximum at the cage center, whose height exceeds the T-R zero-point energy of H 2 /D 2 . As a result, the guest molecule is excluded from the central part of the large cage, its wave function localized around the off-center global minimum. Peculiar quantum dynamics of the hydrogen molecule squeezed between the central maximum and the cage wall manifests in the excited T-R states whose energies and wave functions differ greatly from those for the small cage. Moreover, they are sensitive to the variations in the hydrogen-bonding topology, which modulate the corrugation of the cage wall.
Humanism and the art of medicine. Our commitment to care.

We are truly blessed. Reflect on what we have at our disposal in our efforts to help our fellow man. There is so much that we can do that we could not do when I entered practice. This in itself presents a challenge. We have entered a time of enormous and rapid technological advance. Our science is speeding into the future. Because our mission is to promote the science and art of medicine, we must consider the balance between the two. We must pause and reflect on the role of humanism in medicine—on that part of our professional calling that denotes the responsibility we have for caring, and the relationship between our art and our science. Let us begin by asking "What is the art of medicine?" Then let us identify what we must do to ensure that we physicians remain physicians in the full sense of our calling and
Francis field trial of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine: Background and lessons for today

The modern era of vaccine evaluation began with the landmark field trial of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine conducted during 1954-1955 under the overall direction of Thomas Francis, Jr. The trial set the standard for the future by establishing the need for double-blind controlled assessment of vaccine efficacy. Other characteristics of the trial, such as definition of clear primary and secondary endpoints as ways to assess specified outcomes, also began the process culminating in currently accepted procedures. However, the trial also had features more similar to the then current laboratory investigations than to modern clinical trials, including evaluation of relative immunogenicity of different lots of vaccine. The fact that the trial was not conducted in a vacuum but, rather, under extreme levels of public scrutiny, also places the trial squarely at the start of the modern era. In particular, the choice of designs is illustrative of the conflict between the scientific requirement for randomization and the need to involve as many voluntary participants as possible in the evaluation of the vaccine under circumstances that were then deemed currently acceptable to them and to society. Obviously, the statistical analysis reflected the time; if the trial were conducted today, it would be analyzed differently and almost certainly would not be so large. The involvement of close to a million voluntary participants makes it unique in size alone. The regulatory climate at the time of the trial was totally different from that under which we currently operate, but the beginning of strict government oversight was an indirect result of the aftermath of the evaluation.
Heart Factory or Fiction? Cardiac Progenitor Cells and Regeneration

> “Create in me a clean heart, O God.” Psalm 51:10 In the Christian tradition, the doctrine of regeneration considers the “deceitful…and wicked” heart a vessel for accepting God and thereby being born again. Indeed, many cultures have invested the heart with powers well beyond its biological role in maintaining systemic perfusion. However, the capacity of the heart for renewal was limited to metaphor until relatively recently, when science revealed a very literal interpretation of cardiac regeneration. Contrary to long-standing belief, it now appears that new cardiomyocytes are created after birth and that cardiomyocyte renewal continues in the aging human heart. Most studies estimate that the annual rate of myocyte renewal is roughly 1%,1,2 although other groups suggest that up to 40% of a heart’s cardiomyocytes might be regenerated each year.3 These new cells may arise from resident cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), from proliferation of preexisting cardiomyocytes, or from migratory populations of epicardial cells. Regardless of their origin, their number and inherent function seem insufficient to heal the profoundly injured heart because roughly 300 000 Americans die every year of heart failure. Of course, the more sanguine among us view this striking burden of disease as a therapeutic opportunity, and clinical trials of myocardial regeneration using various cell types and preparations already have been conducted. Early trials in the field used bone marrow–derived stem cells with mixed results.4 More recently, 2 trials have investigated the use …
Factors Influencing Color of Dark Cutting Beef Muscle

Color of dark cutting beef rib muscle was measured as affected by treatment with rotenone or chilling in an oxygen rich atmosphere. Samples homogenized with the mitochondrial inhibitor, rotenone, or pH 5.0 buffer remained red for up to 1 hr. Control samples blended with water remained red when chilled but turned dark when held at room temperature. Thin slices of dark cutting beef muscle would turn red when chilled in air or oxygen to 3°C, or when chilled in oxygen to 14°C, but would turn dark when transferred from oxygen at 3°C to air at room temperature. Thus, dark cutting beef muscle will turn red if mitochondrial respiration is inhibited, allowing myoglobin at muscle surfaces to remain oxygenated.
Mood and recognition memory: A comparison of two procedures

The Bower, Monteiro, and Gilligan (1978) interference-task procedure was compared with a simple learn-test procedure to study mood change and recognition memory for nonsense syllables. Half of the subjects learned one list while happy or sad (induced by the Velton procedure) and were tested 24 h later while in the same or opposite mood. The other half learned List 1 while happy or sad, learned List 2 24 h later while happy or sad, and were tested for recognition of List 1 after another 24 h, while happy or sad. Subjects’ mood ratings changed appropriately following either induction procedure, but the only significant memory effect was higher retention among the single-list groups. These results confirm previous failures to find mood-dependent-recognition memory effects, but also extend this failure to research using the interference procedure.
Monitoring IV conscious sedation, the legal scope of practice

Registered nurses who are not CRNAs and are undertaking the administration and/or monitoring of patients receiving IV conscious sedation should consult their state board of nursing, undertake and document the additional education or training to monitor IV conscious sedation patients safety and document the successful achievement of competency in these services, and work with nursing, surgery, and anesthesia staff members to develop written protocols and policies. Written policies must include the provisions, if any, as prescribed by the state's board of nursing. The provisions of other state boards of nursing could be considered for possible inclusion. Policies should reflect nursing practice as described in the professional literature. Professional association position statements, such as those issued by the ANA and endorsed by AORN and other specialty associations and those issued by AANA, should be consulted. AORN's "Recommended practices for monitoring patients receiving intravenous conscious sedation" in the 1993 edition of AORN Standards and Recommended Practices for Perioperative Nursing should be incorporated into the institution policy as appropriate.
Special possessions and the expression of material values.

Possessions often reveal characteristics of their owners. This research examines the important possessions of consumers low and high in materialism to assess the extent to which these possessions express their owners' material values. Two aspects of the expression of values were examined—characterization, in which possessions embody aspects of their owner's values, and communication, in which possessions serve to signal the owner's values to others. Three studies are reported; they demonstrate that material values are characterized in the type of possessions valued and in the private and public meanings of these possessions. The data also show that a person's material values can be communicated through socially constructed stereotypes about possessions and about the relationship between possessions and their owners. In addition, study findings suggest that low-materialism consumers have an orientation that emphasizes both the interpersonal/symbolic value and the hedonic potential of possessions; the orientation toward possessions of those high in materialism seems to emphasize more utilitarian as well as appearance and status concerns.