cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The metabolic response to trauma and sepsis

The metabolic response of the body to trauma and sepsis is the summed response of the organs. Net catabolism of the muscles of ambulation is particularly important in providing the other organs with a source of amino acids for protein synthesis and, therefore, anabolism. This net catabolism of muscle is based upon decreased physical activity, the net effects of the neuroendocrine system, and the consequences of local amino acid concentration changes within muscle, particularly of leucine. Secondary to these changes, previously healthy humans sustaining acute short-term trauma of fairly major degree do not require exogenous supplies of amino acid even though the patient has a short-term negative nitrogen balance. In contrast, the septic patient has, in addition to the preceding changes, activation of phagocytosis with release of phagocytic factors that mobilize white cells, increase body temperature, and further modulate the metabolism of muscle and probably all other organs. Since these changes are induced by phagocytosis, which may be activated by retained dead tissues of all kinds, the basic attributes of the septic state may be activated in the absence of bacteria. The retained dead tissue makes bacterial growth much more likely. The septic state, therefore, has as its hallmark all of the changes of the trauma state, plus a prolonged enhanced catabolism of all amino acids, which leads to protein malnutrition with its overt manifestation of multiple systems organ failure. These patients require calories only 10 to 50% in excess of the requirement of normal humans, but a great increase in amino acid intake (up to 2.5% to 3 g/kg per day). This support will purchase more time in which to treat the underlying sepsis.
Discovery of a Bright Field Methane (T-Type) Brown Dwarf by 2MASS

We report the discovery of a bright (J = 13.83 ± 0.03) methane brown dwarf, or T dwarf, by the Two Micron All Sky Survey. This object, 2MASSI J0559191-140448, is the first brown dwarf identified by the newly commissioned CorMASS instrument mounted on the Palomar 60 inch (1.5 m) telescope. Near-infrared spectra from 0.9 to 2.35 μm show characteristic CH_4 bands at 1.1, 1.3, 1.6, and 2.2 μm, which are significantly shallower than those seen in other T dwarfs discovered to date. Coupled with the detection of an FeH band at 0.9896 μm and two sets of K I doublets at J band, we propose that 2MASS J0559-14 is a warm T dwarf, close to the transition between L and T spectral classes. The brightness of this object makes it a good candidate for detailed investigation over a broad wavelength regime and at higher resolution.
BIFURCATION TRACKING ALGORITHMS AND SOFTWARE FOR LARGE SCALE APPLICATIONS

We present the set of bifurcation tracking algorithms which have been developed in the LOCA software library to work with large scale application codes that use fully coupled Newton's method with iterative linear solvers. Turning point (fold), pitchfork, and Hopf bifurcation tracking algorithms based on Newton's method have been implemented, with particular attention to the scalability to large problem sizes on parallel computers and to the ease of implementation with new application codes. The ease of implementation is accomplished by using block elimination algorithms to solve the Newton iterations of the augmented bifurcation tracking systems. The applicability of such algorithms for large applications is in doubt since the main computational kernel of these routines is the iterative linear solve of the same matrix that is being driven singular by the algorithm. To test the robustness and scalability of these algorithms, the LOCA library has been interfaced with the MPSalsa massively parallel finite element reacting flows code. A bifurcation analysis of an 1.6 Million unknown model of 3D Rayleigh–Benard convection in a 5 × 5 × 1 box is successfully undertaken, showing that the algorithms can indeed scale to problems of this size while producing solutions of reasonable accuracy.
Effective Sampling for Large-scale Automated Writing Evaluation Systems

Automated writing evaluation (AWE) has been shown to be an effective mechanism for quickly providing feedback to students. It has already seen wide adoption in enterprise-scale applications and is starting to be adopted in large-scale contexts. Training an AWE model has historically required a single batch of several hundred writing examples and human scores for each of them. This requirement limits large-scale adoption of AWE since human-scoring essays is costly. Here we evaluate algorithms for ensuring that AWE models are consistently trained using the most informative essays. Our results show how to minimize training set sizes while maximizing predictive performance, thereby reducing cost without unduly sacrificing accuracy. We conclude with a discussion of how to integrate this approach into large-scale AWE systems.
Experimental study of a 33.3-GHz free-electron-laser amplifier with a reversed axial guide magnetic field.

We report on a new regime of free-electron-laser operation with reversed axial guide magnetic field, in which the rotational motion of the electrons in the helical wiggler field is opposed by the presence of the uniform guide field. The 33.3-GHz free-electron-laser amplifier is driven by a mildly relativistic electron beam (750 kV, 300 A, 30 ns) and generates 61 MW of radiation with a 27% conversion efficiency. Measurements with the conventional orientation of the axial field show a considerable loss of power and efficiency.
A Perception Based, Domain Specific Expert System for Question-Answering Support

The current search engine technologies mostly use a keyword based searching mechanism, which does not have any deductive abilities. There is an urgent need for a more intellgent question-answering system that will provide a more intuitive, natural language interface, and more accurate and direct search results. The introduction of Computing with Words (CwW) provides a new theoretical base for developing frameworks with support for dealing with information in natural language. This paper proposes a domain specific question-answering system based on Fuzzy Expert Systems using CwW. In order to perform the translation of natural language based information into a standard format for use with CwW, Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar is used.
Synthesis of new nucleoside analogues comprising a geminal difluorocyclopropane moiety as potential antiviral/antitumor agents.

Abstract Geminal difluorocyclopropane analogues of nucleosides 7a–7e were synthesized. Compounds 7a and 7c–7e were obtained by alkylation of nucleic acid bases or their appropriate precursors with (cis)-1-benzyloxymethyl-2-bromomethyl-3,3-difluorocyclopropane (8). Analogue 7b was prepared by hydrolysis of 2-amino-6-chloropurine derivative 7e. Compounds 7a–7d did not exhibit any antiviral activity against HCMV, HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, VZV, HBV and HIV-1 or antitumor effects against murine leukemia L1210, mouse tumors PO3 or C38 and human tumor H15.
Coronal evolution due to shear motion

Numerical solutions of the compressible MHD equations are used here to simulate the evolution of an initially force-free magnetic field in a static corona as a result of slow photospheric motion of the magnetic field footpoints. Simulations have been completed for values of plasma beta from 0.1 to 0.5, maximum shear velocities from 0.5 to 10.3 km/s, and with various amounts of resistive and viscous dissipation. In all cases the evolution proceeds in two qualitatively different stages. In the earlier stage, the field evolves gradually with the field lines, expanding outward at a velocity not unlike the shear velocity. Then, the field begins to expand much more rapidly until it reaches velocities exceeding a characteristic Alfven velocity. Inclusion of the thermodynamics, gravity, and compressibility is shown to have only a quantitative effect on the onset of the eruptive phase, illustrating that the primary interactions are between the dynamics and the magnetic field evolution.
Cancer Incidence and Mortality, 1973-1995. A Report Card for the U.S.

BACKGROUND The American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention including the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) agreed to produce together an annual "Report Card" to the nation on progress related to cancer prevention and control in the U.S. METHODS This report provides average annual percent changes in incidence and mortality during 1973-1990 and 1990-1995, plus age-adjusted cancer incidence and death rates for whites, blacks, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics. Information on newly diagnosed cancer cases is based on data collected by NCI, and information on cancer deaths is based on underlying causes of death as reported to NCHS. RESULTS For all sites combined, cancer incidence rates decreased on average 0.7% per year during 1990-1995 (P > 0.05), in contrast to an increasing trend in earlier years. Among the ten leading cancer incidence sites, a similar reversal in trends was apparent for the cancers of the lung, prostate, colon/rectum, urinary bladder, and leukemia; female breast cancer incidence rates increased significantly during 1973-1990 but were level during 1990-1995. Cancer death rates for all sites combined decreased on average 0.5% per year during 1990-1995 (P < 0.05) after significantly increasing 0.4% per year during 1973-1990. Death rates for the four major cancers (lung, female breast, prostate, and colon/rectum) decreased significantly during 1990-1995. CONCLUSIONS These apparent successes are encouraging and signal the need to maximize cancer control efforts in the future so that even greater in-roads in reducing the cancer burden in the population are achieved. Cancer 1998;82:1197-207. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Quantifying Local Stiffness Variations in Radiofrequency Ablations With Dynamic Indentation

Elastographic imaging can be used to monitor ablation procedures; however, confident and clear determination of the ablation boundary is essential to ensure complete treatment of the pathological target. To investigate the potential for ablation boundary representation on elastographic images, local variations in the viscoelastic properties in radiofrequency-ablated regions that were formed in vivo in porcine liver tissue were quantified using dynamic indentation. Spatial stiffness maps were then correlated to stained histology, the gold standard for the determination of the ablation periphery or boundary. Regions of interest in 11 radiofrequency ablation samples were indented at 18-24 locations each, including the central zone of complete necrosis and more peripheral transition zones including normal tissue. Storage modulus and the rate of stiffening were both greatest in the central ablation zone and decreased with radial distance away from the center. The storage modulus and modulus contrast at the ablation outer transition zone boundary were 3.1 ± 1.0 kPa and 1.6 ± 0.4, respectively, and 36.2 ± 9.1 kPa and 18.3 ± 5.5 at the condensation boundary within the ablation zone. Elastographic imaging modalities were then compared to gross pathology in ex vivo bovine liver tissue. Area estimated from strain, shear-wave velocity, and gross pathology images were 470, 560, and 574 mm2, respectively, and ablation widths were 19.4, 20.7, and 23.0 mm. This study has provided insights into spatial stiffness distributions within radiofrequency ablations and suggests that low stiffness contrast on the ablation periphery leads to the observed underestimation of ablation extent on elastographic images.
On singular effective superpotentials in supersymmetric gauge theories

We study N = 1 supersymmetric SU(2) gauge theory in four dimensions with a large number of massless quarks. We argue that effective superpotentials as a function of local gauge-invariant chiral fields should exist for these theories. We show that although the superpotentials are singular, they nevertheless correctly describe the moduli space of vacua, are consistent under RG flow to fewer flavors upon turning on masses, and also reproduce by a tree-level calculation the higher-derivative F-terms calculated by Beasely and Witten [1] using instanton methods. We note that this phenomenon can also occur in supersymmetric gauge theories in various dimensions.
Friedmann cosmology and almost isotropy

In the Friedmann model of the universe, cosmologists assume that spacelike slices of the universe are Riemannian manifolds of constant sectional curvature. This assumption is justified via Schur’s theorem by stating that the spacelike universe is locally isotropic. Here we define a Riemannian manifold as almost locally isotropic in a sense which allows both weak gravitational lensing in all directions and strong gravitational lensing in localized angular regions at most points. We then prove that such a manifold is Gromov-Hausdorff close to a length space Y which is a collection of space forms joined at discrete points. Within the paper we de.ne a concept we call an “exponential length space” and prove that if such a space is locally isotropic then it is a space form.
An application of neutrix calculus to quantum field theory

Neutrices are additive groups of negligible functions that do not contain any constants except 0. Their calculus was developed by van der Corput and Hadamard in connection with asymptotic series and divergent integrals. We apply neutrix calculus to quantum field theory, obtaining finite renormalizations in the loop calculations. For renormalizable quantum field theories, we recover all the usual physically observable results. One possible advantage of the neutrix framework is that effective field theories can be accommodated. Quantum gravity theories will then appear to be more manageable.
Legal Reforms in the Aftermath of Tiananmen Square

This article examines some of the new Chinese legislation passed in the aftermath of the government’s crackdown of the student pro-democracy movement in Tiananmen Square. As the Chinese government recovers from the crisis of Tiananmen Square, the legal activities that it has chosen to undertake and to publicize can offer a snapshot of the mentality of the leadership towards legal reform. The laws promulgated since Tiananmen Square have an overall focus of “promoting stability,” which in the Chinese government’s view, means upholding party policy. Law is being re-emphasized as a counter-balance to reform and democracy resulting in the dualities of “democracy and law, freedom and discipline, rights and duties.”
Certain Generating Subspaces for Vertex Operator Algebras

Abstract Minimal generating subspaces of “weak PBW type” for vertex operator algebras are studied and a procedure is developed for finding such subspaces. As applications, some results on generalized modules are obtained for vertex operator algebras that satisfy a certain condition, and a minimal generating space of weak PBW type is produced for V L with L any positive-definite even lattice.
Eye tracking and online search: Lessons learned and challenges ahead

This article surveys the use of eye tracking in investigations of online search. Three eye tracking experiments that we undertook are discussed and compared to additional work in this area, revealing recurring behaviors and trends. The first two studies are described in greater detail in Granka, Joachims, & Gay (2004), Lorigo et al. (2006), and Pan et al. (2007), and the third study is described for the first time in this article. These studies reveal how users view the ranked results on a search engine results page (SERP), the relationship between the search result abstracts viewed and those clicked on, and whether gender, search task, or search engine influence these behaviors. In addition, we discuss a key challenge that arose in all three studies that applies to the use of eye tracking in studying online behaviors which is due to the limited support for analyzing scanpaths, or sequences of eye fixations. To meet this challenge, we present a preliminary approach that involves a graphical visualization to compare a path with a group of paths. We conclude by summarizing our findings and discussing future work in further understanding online search behavior with the help of eye tracking. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Random walks and orthogonal functions associated with highly symmetric graphs

Abstract The relationship of orthogonal functions associated with vertex transitive graphs and random walks on such graphs is investigated. We use this relationship to characterize the exponentially decaying autocorrelation functions along random walks on isotropic random fields defined on vertex transitive graphs. The results are applied to a simple spin glass model.
On complexity of the word problem in braid groups and mapping class groups

Abstract We prove that the word problem in the mapping class group of the once-punctured surface of genus g has complexity O (|w| 2 g ) for |w|≥ log ( g ) where |w| is the length of the word in a (standard) set of generators. The corresponding bound in the case of the closed surface is O (|w| 2 g 2 ) . We also carry out the same methods for the braid groups, and show that this gives a bound which improves the best known bound in this case; namely, the complexity of the word problem in the n -braid group is O (|w| 2 n ) , for |w|≥ log n . We state a similar result for mapping class groups of surfaces with several punctures.
An Achievable Region for the Double Unicast Problem Based on a Minimum Cut Analysis

We consider the multiple unicast problem under network coding over directed acyclic networks when there are two source-terminal pairs, s1-t1 and s2-t2. The capacity region for this problem is not known; furthermore, the outer bounds on the region have a large number of inequalities which makes them hard to explicitly evaluate. In this work we consider a related problem. We assume that we only know certain minimum cut values for the network, e.g., mincut(Si, Tj), where Si ⊆ {s1, s2} and Tj ⊆ {t1, t2} for different subsets Si and Tj. Based on these values, we propose an achievable rate region for this problem using linear network codes. Towards this end, we begin by defining a multicast region where both sources are multicast to both the terminals. Following this we enlarge the region by appropriately encoding the information at the source nodes, such that terminal ti is only guaranteed to decode information from the intended source si, while decoding a linear function of the other source. The rate region depends upon the relationship of the different cut values in the network.
Tin-Free and Catalytic Radical Cyclizations

H• transfer from CpCr(CO)3H to the kinetically favored double bond of a 1,6-diene can be used to initiate a radical cyclization. The CpCr(CO)3H can be regenerated by a hydrogen atmosphere, making the reaction catalytic as well as tin-free.
Multi-operational machining processes modeling for sequential root cause identification and measurement reduction

Variation propagation modeling has been proved to be an effective way for variation reduction and design synthesis in multi-operational manufacturing processes. However, previously developed approaches for machining processes did not directly model the process physics regarding how fixture, and datum, and machine tool errors generate the same pattern on part features. Consequently, it is difficult to distinguish error sources at each operation. This paper formulates the variation propagation model using the proposed equivalent fixture error concept. With this concept, datum error and machine tool error are transformed to equivalent fixture locator errors at each operation. As a result, error sources can be grouped and root cause identification can be conducted in a sequential manner The case studies demonstrate the model validity through a real cutting experiment and model advantage in measurement reduction for root cause identification.
Convex bases of PBW type for quantum affine algebras

This note has two purposes. First we establish that the map defined in [L, Sect. 40.2.5 (a)] is an isomorphism for certain admissible sequences. Second we show the map gives rise to a convex basis of Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt (PBW) type for U+, an affine untwisted quantized enveloping algebra of Drinfel's and Jimbo. The computations in this paper are made possible by extending the braid group action by certain outer automorphisms of the algebra.
Randall-Sundrum and Strings

We investigate stringy excitations in Randall-Sundrum effective theories for electroweak symmetry breaking arising from embedding in string theory. RS is dual to a confining gauge theory, which we expect to have “QCD strings”, or color flux tubes. Stringy constructions of RS-like theories allow us to investigate the mass of these string states, which typically grows with a small fractional power of the number of colors N of the dual gauge theory. There are two known strong constraints on N for RS-like theories. The first arises from demanding that the Standard Model gauge couplings do not have a Landau pole at low scales. The second arises from demanding that the first-order confining phase transition in the early universe is able to proceed without leaving an empty universe, i.e. that the rate of bubble nucleation is not too small. We find that these constraints on N imply that string states are generically at most a factor of a few heavier than the lightest KK states, and we cannot self-consistently remain in the limit N,λ ≫ 1. We examine various string constructions of AdS or RS-like backgrounds, including orbifolds, theories on M5-branes, theories on D4-branes, and the recent F-theory construction of Polchinski and Silverstein. In every case we find that there are strong bounds on the mass of new stringy states. We briefly discuss important phenomenological implications due to the presence of such light stringy excitations, such as precision electroweak and flavor observables, as well as collider signals.
Gain anisotropy in low-pressure chemical lasers

The gain coefficient in a low-pressure chemical laser during lasing differs when viewed along the optical resonator axis and when viewed normal to the axis. Expressions for axial and normal gain coefficients are deduced. The ratio of normal-to-axial gain coefficient is evaluated for a saturated multimode chemical laser employing a Fabry-Perot resonator. The results are useful for correlating numerical code calculations with experimental power on gain measurements made normal to the optical axis.
Sensitivity of Rotor Blade Vibration Characteristics to Torsional Oscillations

A theoretical investigation of dynamic response characteristics of helicopter rotor blades in forward flight was carried out with special emphasis on the torsional degrees-of-freedom. The finite element method was applied in the formulation of the coupled equations of motion for flapwise bending and torsion for blades with noncolinear elastic, mass, and aerodynamic axes. The sensitivity of blade vibration characteristics with respect to several basic structural, geometric, and aerodynamic properties as well as flight conditions was evaluated. Numerical results for sample blades were plotted to show the variation of the coupling between bending and torisonal components of the response.
Deleterious Passengers in Adapting Populations

Most new mutations are deleterious and are eventually eliminated by natural selection. But in an adapting population, the rapid amplification of beneficial mutations can hinder the removal of deleterious variants in nearby regions of the genome, altering the patterns of sequence evolution. Here, we analyze the interactions between beneficial “driver” mutations and linked deleterious “passengers” during the course of adaptation. We derive analytical expressions for the substitution rate of a deleterious mutation as a function of its fitness cost, as well as the reduction in the beneficial substitution rate due to the genetic load of the passengers. We find that the fate of each deleterious mutation varies dramatically with the rate and spectrum of beneficial mutations and the deleterious substitution rate depends nonmonotonically on the population size and the rate of adaptation. By quantifying this dependence, our results allow us to estimate which deleterious mutations will be likely to fix and how many of these mutations must arise before the progress of adaptation is significantly reduced.
Mooted signals: economic disturbances and political budget cycles

Governments can finance fiscal expansions with debt to appear competent and boost their electoral prospects, resulting in a political budget cycle. This article shows that economic disturbances blur competence signals, dampening political budget cycles. Economic disturbances can be construed at the aggregate level as economic volatility which is a consequence of decisions taken by diverse economic actors. The more actors that are not elected at the national level have an impact on economic performance, the more difficult it will be for voters to disentangle government-specific competence shocks. Fiscal decentralisation increases policy leverage of governing bodies that are not elected at the national level; economic openness affects the number of foreign economic actors that cannot be held locally accountable. These two factors therefore limit voters' ability to disentangle individual shocks to government competence, dampening strategic borrowing. The predictions receive empirical support from a time series-cross section analysis between 1980 and 2008
An Analytical Study of Meteor Entry

The paper analyzes the problem of the convective and radiative heat transfer and the resultant ablation of meteors which enter the earth's atmosphere in the speed range of 20-70 km/sec and at relatively steep angles Analytical estimates are obtained for the continuum radiative and continuum convective heating rates in multiply ionized gases assumed to be in thermochemical equilibrium Shielding of both the convective and radiative heat transfer to the surface as a result of vaporizing ablation is considered The conditions for peak heating of the meteor are shown to be related to those for peak deceleration These conditions are related in turn to the heating rates and the meteor ballistic parameter, from which the mass of ablated material is then calculated The results show that radiative heating will become more important than convective heating at altitudes below 25 km, at which point the shock layer is optically thin Only for bodies having peak heating within a scale height above sea level will the gas cap become opaque, and in this region the diffuse radiation approximation for heat transfer is not applicable It is also shown that nonvaporizing bodies will not survive with a small mass loss unless they are large enough to impact the earth before peak heating Vapoi izing bodies between a fraction of a centimeter and several centimeters in radius will survive with little change in mass, essentially independently of velocity or entry angle If the ablation pioducts are opaque to the gas-cap radiation, bodies larger than 05m may also survive with little mass loss for enti y speeds in the lowei part of the range considered
Determination of polymer composition of rubber vulcanizates

Abstract Various methods exist for the quantitative determination of the polymer composition in vulcanized stocks. These methods consist of dissolving the vulcanizates in boiling o-dichlorobenzene, removal of the carbon black by filtration, and then infrared determination of the polymer. Pyrolysis of the stock followed by infrared analysis of the products has also been used. This technique had the disadvantages of requiring an analysis of products other than the original polymer or polymers. The infrared calibration based on polymers would no longer be valid. There may also be some uncertainty about changes in the relationship between the original microstructure and the pyrolysis products. Other infrared studies have been made but no quantitative measurements were reported. Recently an NMR method was published for vulcanizate analysis. The method consisted of dissolving the vulcanizate in hexachlorobutadiene, recording the NMR spectrum of the solution, and determining the total amount of butadiene, styren...
Computation of Lower Bounds for a Multiple Depot, Multiple Vehicle Routing Problem With Motion Constraints

This paper considers the problem of planning paths for a collection of identical vehicles visiting a given set of targets, such that the total lengths of their paths are minimum. Each vehicle starts at a specified location (called a depot) and it is required that each target to be on the path of at least one vehicle. The path of every vehicle must satisfy the motion constraints of every vehicle. In this paper, we develop a method to compute lower bound to the minimum total path lengths by relaxing some of the constraints and posing it as a standard multiple traveling salesmen problem (MTSP). A lower bound is often important to ascertain suboptimality bounds for heuristics and for developing stopping criterion for algorithms computing an optimal solution. Simulation results are presented to show that the proposed method can be used to improve the lower bounds of instances with four vehicles and 40 targets by approximately 39%.
Ring expansion of substituted norbornadienes for the synthesis of mono- and disubstituted 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octadienes

We have studied the conversion of substituted norbornadienes into a substituted 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene system via reaction with toluenesulfonyl azide. We have found that both and mono- and disubstituted norbornadienes will undergo the cycloaddition/rearrangement sequence to provide the bicyclooctadiene ring system as a single regioisomer. The 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring system can be prepared from the unsaturated 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene ring system.
An X-ray transient and optical counterpart in the M31 bulge

We have obtained snapshot images of a transient X-ray source in M31 from Chandra ACIS-I and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The Chandra position of the X-ray nova was R.A. = 00h42m56038 ± 008, decl. = +41°12'1850 ± 007. The transient was active for at least 6 months. Previous observations set an upper limit before the X-ray outburst, demonstrating variability by a factor of >100 and confirming the transient nature of the source. For the first 6 months after the initial detection, the X-ray luminosity was ~6 × 1037 ergs s-1; it then decayed to <5 × 1036 ergs s-1 over the following 2 months. An HST observation 29 days after the initial X-ray detection revealed a source at R.A. = 00h42m56042, decl. = +41°12'1845 that was B = 24.52 ± 0.07. This optical source faded to B = 24.95 ± 0.08 in 9 months. The HST identification of an optical source at the same position as the X-ray source, fading in concert with the X-ray source, indicates that this optical source is the counterpart of the X-ray transient. The lack of high-mass stars in the region suggests that this source is a low-mass X-ray binary, and the X-ray and optical luminosities provide a rough orbital period estimate of 8 days for the system.
A new variant of the Schwarz-Pick-Ahlfors lemma

We prove a “general shrinking lemma” that resembles the Schwarz–Pick–Ahlfors Lemma and its many generalizations, but differs in applying to maps of a finite disk into a disk, rather than requiring the domain of the map to be complete. The conclusion is that distances to the origin are all shrunk, and by a limiting procedure we can recover the original Ahlfors Lemma, that all distances are shrunk. The method of proof is also different in that it relates the shrinking of the Schwarz–Pick–Ahlfors-type lemmas to the comparison theorems of Riemannian geometry.
VMedia: enhanced multimedia services in virtualized systems

This paper presents the VMedia multimedia virtualization framework, for sharing media devices among multiple virtual machines (VMs). The framework provides logical media devices, exported via a well defined, higher level, multimedia access interface, to the applications and operating system running in a VM. By using semantically meaningful information, rather than low-level raw data, within the VMedia framework, efficient virtualization solutions can be created for physical devices shared by multiple VMs. Experimental results demonstrate that the base cost of virtual device access via VMedia is small compared to native physical device access, and in addition, that these costs scale well with an increasing number of guest VMs. Here, VMedia's MediaGraph abstraction is a key contributor, since it also allows the framework to support dynamic restructuring, in order to adapt device accesses to changing requirements. Finally, VMedia permits platforms to offer new and enhanced logical device functionality at lower costs than those achievable with alternative solutions.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Alkoxide-Directed Alkyne–Allene Cross-Coupling for Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,4-Dienes

A titanium alkoxide-mediated convergent coupling between internal alkynes and allenes is described for the regio- and stereocontrolled synthesis of substituted acyclic 1,4-dienes.
Microstructures of Pt-Sn and Rh-Sn particles on SiO2

The effect of adding Sn to Pt and Rh particles on SiO{sub 2} is examined by transmission electron microscopy following heat treatments in H{sub 2} and O{sub 2} atmospheres. With both metals, after heating in H{sub 2}, no fcc metal is observed but rather a series of intermetallic compounds with multiple phases coexisting within most 20 to 200-{angstrom} particles. The surfaces of these particles are the Sn-rich MSn{sub 4} phases. When Pt-Sn is oxidized, the only phases observed are Pt metal and SnO{sub 2}. Dark field imaging shows that the SnO{sub 2} forms 10 to 30-{angstrom} crystals which surround the single-crystal Pt particles and are in contact with the SiO{sub 2}. When Rh-Sn is oxidized Rh, Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and SnO{sub 2} are detected, but SnO{sub 2} forms before Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and the presence of Sn retards the oxidation of Rh.
Index Coding—An Interference Alignment Perspective

Author(s): Maleki, H; Cadambe, VR; Jafar, SA | Abstract: The index coding problem is studied from an interference alignment perspective providing new results as well as new insights into, and generalizations of, previously known results. An equivalence is established between the capacity of multiple unicast index coding (where each message is desired by exactly one receiver), and groupcast index coding (where a message can be desired by multiple receivers), which settles the heretofore open question of insufficiency of linear codes for the multiple unicast index coding problem by equivalence with groupcast settings, where this question has previously been answered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the achievability of rate half per message in the index coding problem are shown to be a natural consequence of interference alignment constraints, and generalizations to feasibility of rate 1/(L+1)per message when each destination desires at least L messages, are similarly obtained. Finally, capacity optimal solutions are presented to a series of symmetric index coding problems inspired by the local connectivity and local interference characteristics of wireless networks. The solutions are based on vector linear coding. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
Rate for annihilation of galactic dark matter into two photons

A calculation of the cross section for neutralino-neutralino annihilation into two photons is performed and applied to dark matter in the galactic halo to find the counting rate in a large gamma ray detector such as EGRET (Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope) or ASTROGAM. Combining constraints from particle accelerators with the requirement that the neutralinos make up the dark matter, it is found that rates of over a few dozen events per year are unlikely. The assumptions that go into these conclusions are listed. Other particle dark matter candidates which could give larger and perhaps observable signals are suggested.
The external access network of a modular computer system

A modular time-sharing computer system, called PRIME, is currently under development at the University of California, Berkeley. Basically, PRIME consists of sets of modules such as processors, primary memory modules, and disk drives, which are dynamically reconfigured into separate subsystems. One ramification of the architectural approach is the need for a medium to accommodate three classes of communications:(1) those between any processor and any other processor,(2) those between any processor and any disk drive, external computer system, or other device in the facility pool, and(3) those between primary memory and any device in the facility pool.
Degrees of Freedom of Interference Channels With CoMP Transmission and Reception

We study the degrees of freedom (DoF) of the $K$ -user interference channel with coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception. Each message is jointly transmitted by $M_{t}$ successive transmitters, and is jointly received by $M_{r}$ successive receivers. We refer to this channel as the CoMP channel with a transmit cooperation order of $M_{t}$ and receive cooperation order of $M_{r}$ . Since the channel has a total of $K$ transmit antennas and $K$ receive antennas, the maximum possible DoF is equal to $K$ . We show that the CoMP channel has $K$ DoF if and only if $M_{t} + M_{r} \geq K+1$ . The key idea is that the zero forcing of the interference corresponding to the $i{{\rm th}}$ message at the decoder of the $j{{\rm th}}$ message, where $j \ne i$ , can be viewed as a shared responsibility between the $M_{t}$ transmitters carrying the $i{{\rm th}}$ message, and the $M_{r}$ receivers decoding the $j{{\rm th}}$ message. For the general case, we derive an outer bound that states that the DoF is bounded above by $\left \lceil (K+M_{t}+M_{r}-2)/2\right \rceil$ . For the special case with only CoMP transmission, i.e, $M_{r} = 1$ , we propose a scheme that can achieve $(K+M_{t}-1)/2$ DoF for all $K , and conjecture that the result holds true for all $K$ . In the proposed coding scheme, the $M_{t}$ transmitters carrying each message are used to cancel the interference introduced by this message at the first $M_{t}-1$ receivers, thereby allowing each of these receivers to enjoy 1 DoF, and asymptotic interference alignment is used to align the interfering signals at each other receiver to occupy half the signal space. The achievability proofs are based on the notion of algebraic independence from algebraic geometry.
The Merkuriev–Suslin theorem for any semi-local ring

Abstract We introduce here a method which uses etale neighborhoods to extend results from smooth semi-local rings to arbitrary semi-local rings A by passing to the henselization of a smooth presentation of A . The technique is used to show that etale cohomology of A agrees with Galois cohomology, to show that the Merkuriev–Suslin theorem holds for A , and to describe torsion in K 2 ( A ) .
Women against the state: Political opportunities and collective action frames in chile's transition to democracy

While transitions to democracy have been hailed as the most important phenomena of this century, few scholars understand the role that women have played in these metamorphoses. This article uses an historical in-depth case study to examine how and why women mobilized against the state in Chile. Previous social movement theories have not attended adequately to cultural and ideational elements (e.g., gender ideology), much less these factors in the Third World and authoritarian context. In contrast, the present study modifies and extends the concepts of political opportunity structure and collective action frames, suggesting that the manner in which ideology and cultural themes are framed may provide opportunities for protest, especially in the authoritarian context. Specifically, the rise and fall of broader mobilizational frames or master frames shapes how movement-specific frames compete, decay, and transform, as some master frames create space for certain ideas (e.g., feminism) while others do not. New hypotheses regarding the use of collective action frames in a nondemocratic setting are offered.
Optimization of Mooring Observations in Northern Bering Sea

The problem of the optimal sampling strategy for moored current velocity observations in the Northern Bering Sea is addressed. We analyze dynamically induced correlations in the North Bering Sea currents and conduct their sensitivity analysis to optimize positions of a limited number of moorings. Optimization of the sampling strategy is performed with respect to robustness of the reconstruction of the North Bering Sea circulation with a particular emphasis on the accurate monitoring of the mean Bering Strait transport. Computations reveal four major regions in the North Bering Sea basin that are highly correlated with the Bering Strait transport. Apart from the regions within the Bering Strait itself, they include the Anadyr Strait and a region 100 km south of the Cape of Prince of Wales. Results of the sensitivity analysis are tested in the framework of twin data experiments with the quasi-stationary and oscillatory background circulations.
A generalization of the Epstein-Penner construction to projective manifolds

Author(s): Cooper, D; Long, DD | Abstract: We extend the canonical cell decomposition due to Epstein and Penner of a hyperbolic manifold with cusps to the strictly convex setting.
Client supportiveness in contingent employment The role of relationship quality

Extant literature dealing with nonstandard employment relationships reveals that contingent (“temporary”) workers are influenced by the supportiveness levels of their client organizations. However, the antecedents and consequences of client supportiveness remain underinvestigated. Specifically, the link between client supportiveness and relationship quality (i.e., the relationship between client organizations and temporary help services [THS] firm) has received minimal attention. I proposed that (1) the quality of the relationship between client organizations and the THS firm will influence client supportiveness, (2) client supportiveness will influence contingent workers’ job attitudes, (3) these job attitudes will influence future levels of relationship quality, and (4) relationship quality will predict unit-level profitability. A time-lagged, unit-level test of this model using large samples of worker and client data obtained from 89 business units of a THS firm provided complete support for the first ...
Optimizing robot motion strategies for assembly with stochastic models of the assembly process

Gross-motion planning for assembly is commonly considered as a distinct, isolated step between task sequencing/scheduling and fine-motion planning. In this paper the authors formulate a problem of delivering parts for assembly in a manner that integrates it with both the manufacturing process and the fine motions involved in the final assembly stages. One distinct characteristic of gross-motion planning for assembly is the prevalence of uncertainty involving time-in parts arrival, in request arrival, etc. The authors propose a stochastic representation of the assembly process, and design a state-feedback controller that optimizes the expected time that parts wait to be delivered. This leads to increased performance and a greater likelihood of stability in a manufacturing process. Six specific instances of the general framework are modeled and solved to yield optimal motion strategies for different robots operating under different assembly situations. Several extensions are also discussed.
The intermediacy of Re2(O2CCH3)2Cl4 in the conversion of Re2(O2CCH3)4Cl2 to Re3Cl9

Mise en evidence de la formation de l'espece Re 2 (O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 Cl 4 au cours de la reaction de Re 2 (O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 Cl 2 avec HCl gazeux. Caracterisation structurale par diffraction RX
Lifecycle impacts of natural gas to hydrogen pathways on urban air quality

Abstract In this paper we examine the potential air quality impacts of hydrogen transportation fuel from a lifecycle analysis perspective, including impacts from fuel production, delivery, and vehicle use. We assume that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are introduced in a specific region, Sacramento County, California. We consider two levels of market penetration where 9% or 20% of the light duty fleet are hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The following three natural gas to hydrogen supply pathways are assessed in detail and compared in terms of emissions and the resulting changes in ambient air quality: (1) onsite hydrogen production; (2) centralized hydrogen production with gaseous hydrogen pipeline delivery systems; and (3) centralized hydrogen production with liquid hydrogen truck delivery systems. All the pathways examined use steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas to produce hydrogen. The source contributions to incremental air pollution are estimated and compared among hydrogen pathways. All of the hydrogen pathways result in extremely low contributions to ambient air concentrations of NO x , CO, particulates, and SO x , typically less than 0.1% of the current ambient pollution for both levels of market penetration. Among the hydrogen supply options, it is found that the central SMR with pipeline delivery systems is the lowest pollution option available provided the plant is located to avoid transport of pollutants into the city via prevailing winds. The onsite hydrogen pathway is comparable to the central hydrogen pathway with pipeline systems in terms of the resulting air pollution. The pathway with liquid hydrogen trucks has a greater impact on air quality relative to the other pathways due to emissions associated with diesel trucks and electricity consumption to liquefy hydrogen. However, all three hydrogen pathways result in negligible air pollution in the region.
Geographic access to gynecologic cancer care in the United States

Abstract Background Women who live distant from the closest subspecialty treatment center are at risk of failing to utilize high-quality care for gynecologic cancers. There has not yet been a comprehensive, national investigation of populations affected by geographic barriers to gynecologic cancer care. Methods Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to identify United States counties farther than 50miles from the closest gynecologic oncologist, and hospital referral regions (HRRs) that do not contain the primary professional address of at least one gynecologic oncologist. US Census data were used to analyze counties' demographic characteristics. County-level cancer incidence was estimated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's State Cancer Profiles. Results Thirty-six percent (1125/3143) of counties are further than 50miles from the nearest gynecologic oncologist. A total of 14.8 million women live in low-access counties (LACs). Annually, approximately 7663 women with gynecologic cancers may experience geography-related disparities in access. Residents of LACs have lower median household income, are more likely to be White and/or Hispanic, and less likely to be Black. Forty percent (123/306) of HRRs do not contain the primary address of a gynecologic oncologist. Conclusions Approximately 9% of the female population of the United States may experience geographic barriers to access high-quality care for gynecologic malignancies. Future investigations should assess whether residents of low-access counties utilize high-quality care less often, and whether there is a disparity in clinical outcomes. Disparities might be addressed by ensuring subspecialty care in low-access regions, and/or adjusting system structures to minimize the burdens of traveling long distances for cancer care .