cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal analysis of prior appropriations water calls

[1] A spatiotemporal model is developed to examine prior appropriations–based water curtailment in Idaho's Snake River Plain Aquifer. Using a 100 year horizon, prior appropriations–based curtailment supplemented with optimized water use reductions is shown to produce a spatial distribution of water use reductions that differs from that produced by regulatory curtailment based strictly on initial water right assignments. Discounted profits over 100 years of crop production are up to 7% higher when allocation is optimized. Total pumping over 100 years is 0.3%, 3%, and 40% higher under 1, 10, and 100 year prior appropriations–based regulatory curtailment, respectively.
Singular and interactive effects of blowdown, salvage logging, and wildfire in sub-boreal pine systems

The role of disturbance in structuring vegetation is widely recognized; however, we are only beginning to understand the effects of multiple interacting disturbances on ecosystem recovery and development. Of particular interest is the impact of post-disturbance management interventions, particularly in light of the global controversy surrounding the effects of salvage logging on forest ecosystem recovery. Studies of salvage logging impacts have focused on the effects of post-disturbance salvage logging within the context of a single natural disturbance event. There have been no formal evaluations of how these effects may differ when followed in short sequence by a second, high severity natural disturbance. To evaluate the impact of this management practice within the context of multiple disturbances, we examined the structural and woody plant community responses of sub-boreal Pinus banksiana systems to a rapid sequence of disturbances. Specifically, we compared responses to Blowdown (B), Fire (F), Blowdown–Fire, and Blowdown–Salvage–Fire (BSF) and compared these to undisturbed control (C) stands. Comparisons between BF and BSF indicated that the primary effect of salvage logging was a decrease in the abundance of structural legacies, such as downed woody debris and snags. Both of these compound disturbance sequences (BF and BSF), resulted in similar woody plant communities, largely dominated by Populus tremuloides; however, there was greater homogeneity in community composition in salvage logged areas. Areas experiencing solely fire (F stands) were dominated by P. banksiana regeneration, and blowdown areas (B stands) were largely characterized by regeneration from shade tolerant conifer species. Our results suggest that salvage logging impacts on woody plant communities are diminished when followed by a second high severity disturbance; however, impacts on structural legacies persist. Provisions for the retention of snags, downed logs, and surviving trees as part of salvage logging operations will minimize these structural impacts and may allow for greater ecosystem recovery following these disturbance combinations. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Discrimination of intertrial intervals in cross-modal transfer of duration

Twenty rats were trained to press one lever (“short”) following a 2-sec light signal and the other lever (“long”) following an 8-sec light signal. The interval from the end of one trial to the onset of the signal on the next trial was 30 sec. Half the animals were tested on a discrimination between 2-sec and 8-sec noise signals with the same response rule (nonreversal); half were tested with the opposite response rule (reversal). On cross-modal testing, the nonreversal group was correct more often than chance; the reversal group was correct less often than chance. When signals were omitted, the animals performed better than chance, indicating that they discriminated the difference in time from the end of one trial until the opportunity for a choice on the next trial (32 vs. 38 sec).
Preference Elicitation and Query Learning

In this paper we explore the relationship between "preference elicitation", a learning-style problem that arises in combinatorial auctions, and the problem of learning via queries studied in computational learning theory. Preference elicitation is the process of asking questions about the preferences of bidders so as to best divide some set of goods. As a learning problem, it can be thought of as a setting in which there are multiple target concepts that can each be queried separately, but where the goal is not so much to learn each concept as it is to produce an "optimal example". In this work, we prove a number of similarities and differences between two-bidder preference elicitation and query learning, giving both separation results and proving some connections between these problems.
Indexing land surface for efficient kNN query

The class of k Nearest Neighbor (kNN) queries is frequently used in geospatial applications. Many studies focus on processing kNN in Euclidean and road network spaces. Meanwhile, with the recent advances in remote sensory devices that can acquire detailed elevation data, the new geospatial applications heavily operate on this third dimension, i.e., land surface. Hence, for the field of databases to stay relevant, it should be able to efficiently process spatial queries given this constrained third dimension. However, online processing of the surface k Nearest Neighbor (skNN) queries is quite challenging due to the huge size of land surface models which renders any accurate distance computation on the surface extremely slow. In this paper, for the first time, we propose an index structure on land surface that enables exact and fast responses to skNN queries. Two complementary indexing schemes, namely Tight Surface Index (TSI) and Loose Surface Index (LSI), are constructed and stored collectively on a single novel data structure called Surface Index R-tree (SIR-tree). With those indexes, we can process skNN query efficiently by localizing the search and minimizing the invocation of the costly surface distance computation and hence incurring low I/O and computation costs. Our algorithm does not need to know the value of k a priori and can incrementally expand the search region using SIR-tree and report the query result progressively. It also reports the exact shortest surface paths to the query results. We show through experiments with real world data sets that our algorithm has better performance than the competitors in both efficiency and accuracy.
Can a Food Justice Movement Improve Nutrition and Health? A Case Study of the Emerging Food Movement in New York City

In response to increasing obesity, diabetes, and food-related contributions to climate change, many individuals and organizations are mobilizing to advocate for healthier and more just local and national food policies and systems. In this report, we describe and analyze the food movement in New York City, examine tensions within it, and consider its potential role in improving health and nutrition. We conclude by suggesting that public health professionals can amplify the health effects of such movements by creating opportunities for dialog with movement participants, providing resources such as policy-relevant scientific evidence, documenting problems and evaluating policies, and offering technical, political, and organizational development expertise.
Severe swine influenza A (H1N1) versus severe human seasonal influenza A (H3N2): Clinical comparisons

At the beginning of the swine influenza (H1N1) pandemic in the spring of 2009, there were still stories of human seasonal influenza A circulating in the New York area. Adult patients admitted with influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) (fever > 102°F, dry cough, and myalgias) presented diagnostic problems. First, clinicians had to differentiate ILIs from influenza, and then differentiate human seasonal influenza A from H1N1 in hospitalized adults with ILIs and negative chest films (no focal segmental/lobar infiltrates). Human seasonal influenza A was diagnosed by rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs), but H1N1 was often RIDT negative. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for H1N1 was restricted or not available. The Winthrop-University Hospital Infectious Disease Division developed clinical diagnostic criteria (a diagnostic weighted point score system) to rapidly and clinically diagnose H1N1 in patients with negative RIDTs. The point score system was modified and shortened for ease of use, that is, the diagnostic H1N1 triad (any 3 of 4) (ILI, see above) plus thrombocytopenia, relative lymphopenia, elevated serum transaminases, or an elevated creatine phosphokinase. Our clinical experience during the pandemic allowed us to develop the swine diagnostic H1N1 triad. In the process, similarities and differences between human seasonal influenza A and H1N1 were noted. We present 2 illustrative cases of severe influenza, one due to human seasonal influenza A and one due to H1N1, for clinical consideration reflective of our experiences early in the H1N1 pandemic in 2009.
mTOR dysfunction contributes to vacuolar pathology and weakness in valosin-containing protein associated inclusion body myopathy

Autophagy is dysfunctional in many degenerative diseases including myopathies. Mutations in valosin-containing protein (VCP) cause inclusion body myopathy (IBM) associated with Paget's disease of the bone, fronto-temporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (IBMPFD/ALS). VCP is necessary for protein degradation via the proteasome and lysosome. IBMPFD/ALS mutations in VCP disrupt autophagosome and endosome maturation resulting in vacuolation, weakness and muscle atrophy. To understand the regulation of autophagy in VCP-IBM muscle, we examined the AKT/FOXO3 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Basal Akt and FOXO3 phosphorylation was normal. In contrast, the phosphorylation of mTOR targets was decreased. Consistent with this, global protein translation was diminished and autophagosome biogenesis was increased in VCP-IBM muscle. Further mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin hastened weakness, atrophy and vacuolation in VCP-IBM mice. This was accompanied by the accumulation of autophagic substrates such as p62, LC3II and ubiquitinated proteins. The decrease in mTOR signaling was partially rescued by insulin and to a lesser extent by amino acid (AA) stimulation in VCP-IBM muscle. Cells expressing catalytically inactive VCP or treated with a VCP inhibitor also failed to activate mTOR upon nutrient stimulation. Expression of a constitutively active Rheb enhanced mTOR activity and increased the fiber size in VCP-IBM mouse skeletal muscle. These studies suggest that VCP mutations may disrupt mTOR signaling and contribute to IBMPFD/ALS disease pathogenesis. Treatment of some autophagic disorders with mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin may worsen disease.
Lithologic controls on morphology of pressure-dissolution surfaces (stylolites and dissolution seams) in Paleozoic carbonate rocks from the mideastern United States

ABSTRACT Examination of pressure-dissolution surfaces (stylolites and dissolution seams) in carbonate rocks from the mideastern U.S. demonstrates that the morphology of these surfaces varies with rock fabric. One can quantify the morphology of these pressure-dissolution surfaces using four parameters: thickness T of the insoluble residue defining the surface, amplitude of irregularity I of the surface between vertical offsets, amplitude of vertical offsets O of the surface, and frequency F of vertical offsets along the surface. I and O increase with T, reflecting progressive development of stylolites, whereas F is proportional to 1/T, apparently because the physical strength of a stylolite inhibits the formation of offsets. Mean values of F, O, and T are greater in grainstones and packstones than in mudstones and wackestones, and the abundance of dissolution seams relative to that of stylolites decreases through the lithologic spectrum from mudstones to grainstones. These relationships suggest that development of pressure-dissolution surfaces to form large stylolites depends on the heterogeneity of the limestone fabric. Maximum values of T and O in grainstones correlate with cement abundance. T and O are low in grain-rich, cement-poor grainstones, even though grains are favored as leading or penetrating elements of stylolite columns. Dissolution seams (surfaces with O and F near zero) are found only in rocks containing fine-grained dolomite. T and I of those seams decrease with increasing dolomite abundance in dolomitic limestones, and T and O are lower in dolostones than in limestones. Taken together, these relationships suggest that extreme abundance of pressure-resistant components, such as carbonate grains and dolomite, inhibit development of pressure-dissolution surfaces. In contrast, stylolites are most extensively developed (i.e., I>T, O, and F are greatest) in carbonate rocks in which these pressure-resistant elements are mixed with less resistant components, such as cement and carbonate mud. The latter rocks, which include packstones, well cemented grainstones, and slightly dolomitic limestones, may undergo preferential removal from the stratigraphic record by pressure dissolution.
CHANGES IN SOLUBLE AND BOUND PEROXIDASES DURING LOW‐TEMPERATURE STORAGE OF GREEN BEANS

Storage of green beans at 5°C or -4°C significantly affected the distribution of peroxidase fractions. Activity of the soluble peroxidase fraction, extracted with a low ionic strength buffer, decreased while the ionically bound peroxidase fraction extracted with 1M sodium chloride increased with time. This behavior was particularly noticeable at -4°C. The covalently-bound fraction, extracted after treatment with cellulase and pectinase, remained constant during storage at all temperatures. Storage at -40°C had no effect on the distribution of the peroxidase fractions. The relative concentrations of isoperoxidases present in each peroxidase fraction changed with storage time; however, no new isoperoxidases appeared and none disappeared as a result of the treatments applied.
Female Counselor Educators: Encouraging and Discouraging Factors in Academia

Women in higher education encounter unique challenges that influence their occupational satisfaction and quality of life (J. Mirsa, I. Kennelly, & M. Karides, 1999; J. Oleck & R. McNatt, 1999; S. M. Park, 1996; M. D. Sorcinelli, 1994; J. A. Winkler, 2000). This article reports data from a national survey of female counselor educators. The data illustrate factors that may encourage or discourage female counselor educators from remaining in professorial roles. Implications for the counseling profession are also presented.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT OF VERY LOW INTENSITY ON PHOTOTROPIC REACTIONS OF ANIMALS

1. The negative phototropism of certain land isopods was investigated over a large range of intensities, especially low ones. The responses were determined quantitatively by measuring the angle through which an animal turned away from a line perpendicular to the rays of light. 2. In the absence of light the undirected movements set up by obscure stimuli were such as to compensate each other statistically, the average path being a movement in the direction in which the animal was headed. 3. Over a large range of intensities (0.0026 m.c. up) the average turning is maximal, about 55 degrees (Oniscus). This maximal response is due to an anatomical peculiarity, in that the carapace cuts off the light on the eye after the animal has turned 50-60 degrees . This peculiarity probably accounts for specific differences among land isopods. Any light, therefore, which is strong enough to turn an animal through this maximal angle in a radial distance of 10 cm. will give results whose mean will be maximal. 4. Below 0.0026 m.c. the amount of angular deflection becomes less and less, in proportion to the logarithm of the intensity, until at 0.00003 m.c. the movements are the same as in darkness. 5. This proportionality between amount of turning and the logarithm of the intensity indicates the photochemical nature of phototropism on the basis of Hecht's work with Mya. As a result, Loeb's theory of phototropism may then be stated in the mathematical form See PDF for Equation in which I(1) and I(2) are the two intensities, E(1) and E(2), their respective effects, and R, the muscular action set up by the difference in photochemical effect on the two sides.
Tissue temperature measurement and heat transfer mechanisms for inductively powered implantable microsystems

In this paper, we report on the tissue temperature measurement and heat transfer mechanisms for inductively powered microsystems. It is shown that heat transfer from the transmitter coil can be the dominant mechanism in tissue heating for applications that require continuous operation (e.g., neural and visual prosthetics). For long-term operation, this thermal effect shouldn't be overlooked or underestimated for tissue safety. Tissue temperature measurements in open and thermally isolated environments are used to verify the above hypothesis. A high-efficiency class-E transmitter is used as the main power source. Heat is generated within the transmitter coil and is transferred to the tissue by conduction, convection, and radiation. Open-air temperature measurements in fat and muscle tissue show a net increase of 0.8 and 0.7/spl deg/C respectively. However, thermally isolated sample show a lower temperature increase (fat: 0.6/spl deg/C, muscle: 0.5/spl deg/C).
An adaptive fast multipole boundary element method for three-dimensional acoustic wave problems based on the Burton-Miller formulation

The high solution costs and non-uniqueness difficulties in the boundary element method (BEM) based on the conventional boundary integral equation (CBIE) formulation are two main weaknesses in the BEM for solving exterior acoustic wave problems. To tackle these two weaknesses, an adaptive fast multi- pole boundary element method (FMBEM) based on the Burton-Miller formulation for 3-D acoustics is presented in this paper. In this adaptive FMBEM, the Burton-Miller formulation using a linear combination oftheCBIEandhypersingularBIE(HBIE)isappliedto overcome the non-uniqueness difficulties. The iterative solver generalized minimal residual (GMRES) and fast multipole method (FMM) are adopted to improve the overallcomputationalefficiency.ThisadaptiveFMBEM for acoustics is an extension of the adaptive FMBEM for 3-D potential problems developed by the authors recently. Several examples on large-scale acoustic radi- ationandscatteringproblemsarepresentedinthispaper which show that the developed adaptive FMBEM can be several times faster than the non-adaptive FMBEM while maintaining the accuracies of the BEM.
Common forms of childhood strabismus in an incidence cohort.

Purpose To report the prevalent forms of childhood strabismus. Design Retrospective, population-based cohort study. Methods The medical records of all Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents younger than 19 years diagnosed with esotropia, exotropia, or hypertropia from January 1, 1985 through December 31, 1994, were reviewed. Results Six hundred twenty-seven new cases of childhood strabismus were identified during the 10-year study period, including 380 (60.1%) with esotropia, 205 (32.7%) with exotropia, and 42 (6.7%) with hypertropia. The five most common forms of strabismus included accommodative esotropia (27.9%), intermittent exotropia (16.9%), acquired nonaccommodative esotropia (10.2%), esotropia in children with an abnormal central nervous system (7.0%), and convergence insufficiency (6.4%). Conclusions This study provides population-based data on the most prevalent forms of childhood strabismus. Accommodative esotropia, intermittent exotropia, and acquired nonaccommodative esotropia were the predominant forms of strabismus in this Western population.
Inertial Gyre Driven by a Zonal Jet Emerging from the Western Boundary

Abstract The problem of a recirculation gyre driven by a zonal jet on a β plane is considered. In a limiting case of a strong jet, when the structure of the flow depends only on the momentum flux J of the jet, an asymptotic scaling law for the recirculation gyre is derived: the meridional extent of the gyre depends only on the balance between the inertia of the jet and the opposing β effect, YG = (540J/β2)1/5, while the zonal extent XG is linearly proportional to the Reynolds number, Re. Analysis of steady numerical solutions confirms the scaling law. A simplified model of the flow as a combination of a jet carrying a positive momentum flux and a homogenized core of the recirculation gyre carrying an opposite amount of momentum flux provides the quantitative constant in the scaling law, which is in good agreement with the numerical results. Also the gyre is found to form only when the flow in the channel is supercritical with respect to Rossby waves. Thus the recirculation on the β plane can be regarded a...
Additional Evidence On The Large Audit-Firm Fee Premium As An Indication Of Auditor Quality

Several studies of the U.S. market for audit services have found evidence of a large audit-firm fee premium. This premium has been interpreted as an indication that large audit firms (typically defined as the Big Eight, now the Big Six), considered as a group, receive higher fees than non-Big Eight firms and thus are perceived to provide higher quality audit services. A common interpretation has been that there is a strong relationship between audit firms size and audit quality. That is, the observed Big Eight fee premium has been interpreted as evidence that this group of large auditors, as a whole, is perceive to provide higher quality audits. Using larger samples than previous studies, this paper decomposes the large auditor fee premium into a separate fee premium effect for each auditor. The results suggest that the observed fee premium is attributable to a subset of large auditors, and therefore it is possible that not all of this group of large audit firms are perceived as offering significantly different audit products, at least when differential audit fees and used as a measure of product differentiation. In addition, when observed audit fee premiums are related to other proxies for auditor quality, there is confirming evidence that large accounting firms are not perceived as a homogeneous group with respect to audit quality.
Locals and Migrants in the Coalmining Town of Enugu (Nigeria): Worker Protest and Urban Identity, 1915–1929

This article focuses on the varied workforce in and around the Enugu Government Colliery, located in south-eastern Nigeria and owned by the British colonial state. Opened in 1915 at Udi and in 1917 at Iva Valley and Obwetti, the mines were in a region with a long history of slave raids, population shifts, colonization, and ensuing changes in local forms of political organization. The mines brought together an eclectic mixture of forced and voluntary unskilled labor, prisoners, unskilled contract workers, and voluntary clerical workers and artisans. Moreover, the men were from different ethno-linguistic groups. By taking into account this complex background, the article describes the gradual process by which this group of inexperienced coalminers used industrial-protest strategies that reflected their habituation to the colonial workplace. They organized strikes against the village men, who, as supervisors, exploited them in the coalmines. Their ability to reach beyond their “traditional” rural identities as “peasants” to attack the kinsmen who exploited them indicates the extent to which the complex urban and industrial environment challenged indigenous identities based on locality as well as rural status systems and gender ideologies. One of the major divisions to overcome was the one between supposedly backward “locals”, men who came from villages close to the mine, and more experienced “foreigners” coming from more distant areas in Nigeria: the work experience as “coalmen” led “locals” to see themselves as “modern men” too, and to position themselves in opposition to authoritarian village leaders. The article thus traces the contours of the challenges confronting a new working class as it experimented with unfamiliar forms of affiliation, trust, and association with people with whom it shared new, industrial experiences. It investigates the many ways that “local” men maneuvered against the authoritarian control of chiefs, forced labor, and workplace exploitation by “native” and expatriate staff.
Visualizing NP-completeness through circuit-based widgets

The concept of intractability is an important one in a CS curriculum. Students should know that some problems are computationally infeasible; ideally, they should have the ability to examine a problem and determine whether it is intractable. This paper presents two widgets that help students gain better intuition about NP-completeness. Each maps circuit satisfiability to a target problem in a visually intuitive way.
Highly aliased ground-roll suppression using a 3D multiwindow Karhunen-Loève filter: Application to a legacy Mississippi Lime survey

ABSTRACTAlthough modern recording capacity facilitates dense seismic acquisition, many, if not most, legacy 3D land surveys are spatially aliased with respect to ground roll. Irregular topography and weathering zones give rise to ground roll that has piecewise rather than continuous linear moveout (LMO). Dispersion often results in shingled events whose phase velocity cuts across the ground-roll noise cone. We have developed a workflow for the suppression of highly aliased broadband ground roll in which modern f-kx-ky filters failed. Our workflow began with low-pass filtering and windowing the data, 3D patch by 3D patch. We then applied LMO corrections using an average phase velocity of the ground roll and improved these moveout corrections through the use of local three-shot by three-receiver 3D velocity scans about each sample to account for lateral changes in velocity, thickness, and weathering zone topography. Using a Kuwahara algorithm, we chose the most coherent window within which we applied a stru...
Rapid Method for Estimating Leaf Area per Plant in Early Maturing Maize

(1988). Rapid Method for Estimating Leaf Area per Plant in Early Maturing Maize. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 165-169.
The Effect of Ozone Addition on Flame Propagation

The effect of ozone (O3) addition on flame propagation speeds (SL) at pressures ranging from sub-atmospheric to 2.5 atm were investigated experimentally and numerically with Bunsen flames using different fuels including CH4, C2H4 and C3H8. Significant increase of SL enhancement at elevated pressure was observed by comparing SL measured with and without O3 addition. Experiments showed that the enhancement in the stoichiometric CH4/air SL for 6334 parts per million (ppm) O3 addition was increased from 7.7% at atmospheric pressure to 11% at 2.5 atm. This enhancement growth occurs because elevated pressure promotes O3 decomposition, which provides O atoms, and suppresses diffusion of H, which weakens the O3+H = OH+O2 reaction. In contrast, increasing the initial reactant temperature, T0, accelerates both O3 decomposition and the O3+H = OH+O2 reaction and results in less enhancement of flame propagation. Modeled CH4 SL enhancement with O3 addition of 6334 ppm decreased from 8.7% at T0 =300K to 7.8% at 400K. C3H8 SL with O3 addition at atmospheric pressure and room temperature were measured at different equivalence ratios, and the enhancement was well predicted by the simulations. In contrast to these saturated hydrocarbon fuels, both of detrimental and enhancing effects of O3 addition on unsaturated hydrocarbon SL were observed, depending on operating conditions. With O3 addition, C2H4/air SL decreased at room temperature and pressure, owing to the ozonolysis reaction between O3 and C2H4, but increased if reactants were cooled to 200 K or pressures was decreased below 0.2 atm. Experimental results were successfully explained by a numerical model that includes a new ozonolysis sub-mechanism and considers energy loss during the mixing process.
Prevention of Depression Using Escitalopram in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer

Introduction: Major depressive disorder develops in up to half of patients undergoing treatment for head and neck cancer resulting in significant morbidity. Preventing depression during the course of cancer treatment may, thus, be of great benefit. To determine whether prophylactic use of the antidepressant escitalopram would decrease the incidence of depression in subjects receiving primary therapy for head and neck cancer. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of escitalopram versus placebo was conducted in a group of non-depressed subjects diagnosed with head and neck cancer who were about to enter cancer treatment. Subjects were stratified by gender, site, stage (early versus advanced), and by primary modality of treatment (radiation versus surgery). The primary outcome measure was the number of participants who developed moderate or greater depression (scores on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomology-Self Rated > 11). Results: 148 patients were randomized. Significantly fewer subjects receiving escitalopram developed depression (24.6% placebo vs. 10% escitalopram, stratified log-rank test p 1⁄4 0.04). A Cox proportional hazard regression model compared the two treatment groups after controlling for age, baseline smoking status, and stratification variables. The hazard ratio of 0.37 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.96) demonstrated an advantage of escitalopram (p 1⁄4 0.04). Patients undergoing radiotherapy as the initial modality were significantly more likely to develop depression than those receiving surgery (radiotherapy, compared to surgery group, HR 3.6 [95% CI: 1.38, 9.40, p 1⁄4 0.009]). Subjects in the escitalopram group who completed the study and were not depressed rated their overall quality of life as significantly better for 3 consecutive months following cessation of drug. Conclusions: In non-depressed subjects undergoing treatment for head and neck cancer, prophylactic escitalopram reduced the risk of developing depression by more than 50%. In non-depressed subjects who completed the trial, quality of life was also significantly better for 3 consecutive months following cessation of the drug in the escitalopram group. These findings have important implications for management of head and neck patients.
Control of Common Blossom Thrips on ‘Jalapeno’ Pepper, 2013

The study was conducted to evaluate new insecticides for managing Frankliniella schultzei (Tribom) on peppers. ‘Seminis 8302’ pepper transplants were planted on 4 Mar 2013 in research plots at the Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL. Plots were in Rockdale soil on beds 8 inches high and 72 inches wide with plants spaced 12 inches apart. The beds were irrigated with drip irrigation lines and covered with 1.5-mil thick black polyethylene mulch. Before planting, …
Permeability tensor and seepage properties for jointed rock masses based on discrete fracture network model

Joint systems in rock masses are geometrically complex;and investigation of the hydraulic properties is important for understanding the hydraulic behavior of jointed rock masses and stability analysis of rock engineering.A discrete fracture network(DFN) model was designed using C++ language based on VC++6.0 platform to realize a fracture network for seepage analysis.The permeability coefficients,possibility of equivalent permeability tensors of the jointed rock masses were examined by simulating flow through DFN models of varying joint properties.A directionality coefficient was defined to quantitatively assess the principal flow direction in jointed rock masses.The results show that the permeability coefficients are anisotropic according to permeability tensor analysis for rock masses with only one set of joints.The degree of obliquities of joint plane affects obviously the principal direction of permeability.The permeability coefficients increase logarithmically with the increase of joints connectivity rates.In the scenarios where two sets of joints existed,the anisotropic properties vary with the joints geometrical distribution.The permeability anisotropy in a fracture network with two mutually perpendicular sets of joints still exists;and however,the directionality coefficients are examined smaller.For the dip angles whose probability distribution can be effectively by normal function,the permeability coefficients increase with increasing of the standard deviation.The principal direction of permeability runs similarly along the direction of angle bisector between two sets of joints.
Analysis of monitoring results of the HIV,HCV and syphilis among drug users in Qinhuangdao

Objective To understand the infection status of HIV,HCV and syphilis among the drug users in Qinhuangdao city, in order to provide scientific basis for adopting prevention and intervention measures. Methods Questionnaire survey and serological testing of HIV,HCV and syphilis were conducted among 510 drug users in detention house and the clinics of methadone maintenance therapy( MMT). Results Among the 510 drug useres,HIV prevalence was 0. 78%( 4/510),HCV prevalence was 50. 78%( 259/510),and syphilis prevalence was 7. 45%( 38/510). Two cases were co-infection of HIV and HCV,and the co-infection rate was 0. 39%. Fifteen cases were co-infection of syphilis and HCV,and the co-infection rate was 2. 94%. Conclusion The HIV prevalence was low among the drug users in Qinhuangdao city,and the HIV infections were mainly the floating minority with drug abuse. There were high prevalence of syphilis and HCV,which was associated with sharing injection and unsafe sexual behavior. Specific measures should be taken on the target population to change the high risk behaviors.
Coupling quantum Monte Carlo and independent-particle calculations: Self-consistent constraint for the sign problem based on the density or the density matrix

Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods are one of the most important tools for studying interacting quantum many-body systems. The vast majority of QMC calculations in interacting fermion systems require a constraint to control the sign problem. The constraint involves an input trial wave function which restricts the random walks. We introduce a systematically improvable constraint which relies on the fundamental role of the density or one-body density matrix. An independent-particle calculation is coupled to an auxiliary-field QMC calculation. The independent-particle solution is used as the constraint in QMC, which then produces the input density or density matrix for the next iteration. The constraint is optimized by the self-consistency between the many-body and the independent-particle calculations. The approach is demonstrated in the two-dimensional Hubbard model by accurately determining the ground state when collective modes separated by tiny energy scales are present in the magnetic and charge correlations. Our approach also provides an ab initio way to predict effective interaction parameters for independent-particle calculations.
Ferumoxytol Labeling of Human Neural Progenitor Cells for Diagnostic Cellular Tracking in the Porcine Spinal Cord With Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We report on the diagnostic capability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based tracking of ferumoxytol-labeled human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) transplanted into the porcine spinal cord. hNPCs prelabeled with two doses of ferumoxytol nanoparticles (hNPC-FLow and hNPC-FHigh ) were injected into the ventral horn of the spinal cord in healthy minipigs. Ferumoxytol-labeled grafts were tracked in vivo up to 105 days after transplantation with MRI. Injection accuracy was assessed in vivo at day 14 and was predictive of "on" or "off" target cell graft location assessed by histology. No difference in long-term cell survival, assessed by quantitative stereology, was observed among hNPC-FLow , hNPC-FHigh , or control grafts. Histological iron colocalized with MRI signal and engrafted human nuclei. Furthermore, the ferumoxytol-labeled cells retained nanoparticles and function in vivo. This approach represents an important leap forward toward facilitating translation of cell-tracking technologies to clinical trials by providing a method of assessing transplantation accuracy, delivered dose, and potentially cell survival. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:139-150.
Insurance Expansion and Hospital Emergency Department Access: Evidence From the Affordable Care Act

Health policy analysts did not know how patients might change the way they use emergency departments (EDs) when the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was introduced in January 2014. ...
Entropie causality anc greedy minimum entropy coupling

We study the problem of identifying the causal relationship between two discrete random variables from observational data. We recently proposed a novel framework called entropie causality that works in a very general functional model but makes the assumption that the unobserved exogenous variable has small entropy in the true causal direction. This framework requires the solution of a minimum entropy coupling problem: Given marginal distributions of m discrete random variables, each on n states, find the joint distribution with minimum entropy, that respects the given marginals. This corresponds to minimizing a concave function of nm variables over a convex polytope defined by nm linear constraints, called a transportation polytope. Unfortunately, it was recently shown that this minimum entropy coupling problem is NP-hard, even for 2 variables with n states. Even representing points (joint distributions) over this space can require exponential complexity (in n, m) if done naively. In our recent work we introduced an efficient greedy algorithm to find an approximate solution for this problem. In this paper we analyze this algorithm and establish two results: that our algorithm always finds a local minimum and also is within an additive approximation error from the unknown global optimum.
Effects of tempo, swing density, and listener's drumming experience, on swing detection thresholds for drum rhythms

Swing, a popular technique in music performance, has been said to enhance the “groove” of the rhythm. Swing works by delaying the onsets of even-numbered subdivisions of each beat (e.g., 16th-note swing delays the onsets of the second and fourth 16th-note subdivisions of each quarter-note beat). The “swing magnitude” (loosely speaking, the amount of delay) is often quite small. And there has been little investigation, using musical stimuli, into what swing magnitudes listeners can detect. To that end, this study presented continually-looped electronic drum rhythms, with 16th-note swing in the hi-hat on every other bar, to drummers and non-drummers. Swing magnitude was adjusted using a staircase procedure, to determine the magnitude where the difference between swinging and not-swinging bars was just-noticeable. Different tempi (60 to 140 quarter-notes per minute) and swing densities (how often notes occurred at even-numbered subdivisions) were used. Results showed that all subjects could detect smaller sw...
TRANSFER DISTRIBUTION OF THE DNA OF T4 PHAGE OVER ITS PROGENY.

The distribution of the DNA of bacteriophage T4 over progeny produced by an infection ofE. coli with32P-labeled, deuterated parent phages was ascertained by examining the density of the transferred DNA in intact progeny virus particles and in DNA molecules extracted from progeny or phage-infected cells. The following results were obtained: 1. Those progeny phage that contain the bulk of transferred parental32P derive approximately 10% of their DNA from the parent. This value is a weight average, but it can be estimated that most of the transferred parental32P appears in progeny whose DNA complement comprises no less than 7 and no more than 13% atoms of parental origin. 2. In control experiments involving non-deuterated T4 parent phage, the transferred parental DNA appears in phage particles that are less dense than the average progeny. This fact must be taken into account in the interpretation of transfer distribution experiments involving density labels. 3. After breakage of the progeny DNA molecule into small fragments less than 1% of its original size, all the transferred parental atoms are found to reside in fragments that contain 50% parental atoms. This result is consistent with the interpretation that these fragments are half parental — half newly synthesized hybrid DNA molecules generated by semi-conservative replication. 4. The fragmentation of the parental DNA molecule occurs early in the infective process, no later than the start of replication of the vegetative phage DNA.
Slut-shaming and victim-blaming: a qualitative investigation of undergraduate students’ perceptions of sexual violence

Sexual violence is a significant public health issue on US college campuses. This qualitative study aimed to better understand college student perceptions of sexual violence and bystander intervent...
Defending Gentrification as a Valid Collective Conception: Utilizing the Metanarrative of “Suburbia” as a Common Axis for the Diversity of Middle-Class Reurbanization Projects:

A long-standing problem in gentrification research is the increasingly diverse array of interests and agendas in the renewal of the inner city; their diversity has frustrated many scholars with res...
Total Joint Arthroplasty Cost Savings With a Rapid Recovery Protocol in a Military Medical Center

ABSTRACTThe reported short-term benefits of rapid recovery protocols for total joint arthroplasty primarily come from specialized centers of excellence. The feasibility of achieving similar benefits at a military health care facility has not been reported. The authors hypothesized that application of such a protocol in this setting would decrease hospital stay and costs. A retrospective study was conducted comparing 85 hip and knee replacements by one surgeon using conventional protocol to 90 cases by a second surgeon using a rapid recovery protocol in the same hospital. Outcome measures included operative time, length of hospital stay, pain at discharge, use of inpatient rehabilitation facilities, complications requiring readmission, and inpatient admission costs. The results showed decreased length of stay by 2.9 days (p < 0.001) in the rapid recovery group, resulting in average cost savings of $1,511 (p < 0.001) with shorter operative time, equivalent pain at discharge, and fewer discharges to rehabili...
Testing the role of climate in speciation: New methods and applications to squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes)

Climate may play important roles in speciation, such as causing the range fragmentation that underlies allopatric speciation (through niche conservatism) or driving divergence of parapatric populations along climatic gradients (through niche divergence). Here, we developed new methods to test the frequency of climate niche conservatism and divergence in speciation, and applied it to species pairs of squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). We used a large-scale phylogeny to identify 242 sister species pairs for analysis. From these, we selected all terrestrial allopatric pairs with sufficient occurrence records (n = 49 pairs) and inferred whether each originated via climatic niche conservatism or climatic niche divergence. Among the 242 pairs, allopatric pairs were most common (41.3%), rather than parapatric (19.4%), partially sympatric (17.7%), or fully sympatric species pairs (21.5%). Among the 49 selected allopatric pairs, most appeared to have originated via climatic niche divergence (61-76%, depending on the details of the methods). Surprisingly, we found greater climatic niche divergence between allopatric sister species than between parapatric pairs, even after correcting for geographic distance. We also found that niche divergence did not increase with time, further implicating niche divergence in driving lineage splitting. Overall, our results suggest that climatic niche divergence may often play an important role in allopatric speciation, and the methodology developed here can be used to address the generality of these findings in other organisms.
Reactions of POxCly− ions with O2(a 1Δg), H2O, and Cl2 at 298 K

The rate constants and product branching ratios for the reactions of phosphorus oxychloride anions, POxCly− for x = 1–2 and y = 1–3, with O2(a 1Δg), Cl2, and H2O have been measured in a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) at 298 K. A mixture of O2(a 1Δg) in O2 has been produced using a recently designed chemical singlet oxygen generator (sparger) with an emission detection scheme adopted previously in our laboratory. The experiments continue a series of investigations into the oxidation reactions of POxCly− ions, searching for pathways to the terminal PO2− and PO3− ions observed in combustion chemistry with POCl3 present. None of the POxCly− ions react with H2O or O2(a 1Δg). The O2(a 1Δg) rate constants have a limit of <1 × 10−11 cm3 s−1, except for PO2Cl− where a limit of <5 × 10−11 cm3 s−1 has been determined. The H2O rate constants have limits of <1 × 10−11 cm3 s−1. All of the POxCly− ions react with Cl2, excluding PO3− and PO2Cl2−. Depending on the reactant ion, Cl−, Cl2− or PO2Cl2− product ions form.
The Individual Subject in Behavior Analysis Research

Behavior analysis is a small but growing subset of the diverse field of scientific psychology. Its roots are in the experimental analysis of infrahuman behavior conducted in controlled laboratory settings (Skinner, 1938). B. F. Skinner, the progenitor of behavior analysis, sought simply to apply the methods of the natural sciences (e.g., physics and biology) to the study of behavior in the hope of discovering lawful relations between environmental events and the behavior of organisms (Ferster & Skinner, 1957; Skinner, 1938, 1953). Principles of behavior were established not by comparing different groups under various experimental conditions, but rather through careful examination of the responses of individual animals during the presence and absence of specific independent variables (Sidman, 1960). In this chapter, we discuss the development of the various methodologies used in behavior analysis research. The role of the individual subject in achieving experimental validity is also examined along with implications for selecting single-case designs to meet various experimental objectives.
The Role of the Brain Stem Reticular Formation in Eye Movement Control

A previous review (Cohen and Henn, 1972b) has summarized the past work on oculomotor relations of the brain stem reticular formation including information from lesion studies, electrical stimulation, and field potential analysis. These studies as a whole support the hypothesis that this region of the reticular formation, and in particular the medial pontine reticular formation (PRF), is the location of the immediate supranuclear neural structures responsible for generating conjugate horizontal rapid eye movements (saccades and the quick-phase movements of nystagmus). This review will concentrate on the additional support for this view that has accumulated in the form of single-unit recordings in alert animals, electrophysiological studies of synaptic connections, and detailed neuroanatomical tracing techniques. In addition some new data on functional interconnections of the PRF with the superior colliculus (SC), a higher visual-motor control center also implicated in the generation of saccades, will be presented.