cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Let's not push the “panic” button: A critical analysis of panic and panic disorder in adolescents

Abstract Although recently published research has suggested the widespread prevalence of panic and panic disorder in older children and adolescents, several methodological considerations must be noted. A review of the studies of preadult panic reveals problems of internal and external validity, including small sample sizes, unreliable assessment procedures, restricted settings and sources of information, lack of assessment of panic severity, and lack of normative data. Although recent research has provided new and tantalizing information, it is suggested that definitive conclusions from the available data about panic prevalence in the general and clinical populations are not yet warranted. It is recommended that more cautious inferences should be made given the extant data, while future research should concentrate on amending existing methodological flaws. Implications for psychological theories of panic are also discussed.
Processing magnetoresistive thin films via chemical solution deposition

A chemical solution deposition (CSD) procedure was used to prepare epitaxial lanthanum calcium manganese oxide (LCMO) thin films on (100) SrTiO3 single-crystal substrates. The colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) properties of the films were found to be comparable to those processed with vacuum deposition techniques and to bulk samples. The (200) LCMO d-spacing and insulator-metal transition temperature (TIM) were measured for films heat-treated at different temperatures, partial pressures of O2, and different times. The variations observed suggest a direct link between lattice parameter and TIM, as can be understood through their mutual dependence on the Mn4+/Mn3+ ratio. The measurements also suggest that film and powder samples crystallize Mn41-rich with respect to the Ca-substitution level, consistent with the larger lattice parameter and higher TIM observed following short heat treatments at high temperatures or long treatments at lower temperatures. Films refired in reducing conditions had the largest (200) d-spacing and slightly lower TIM, as expected from the 30% Ca-substitution level and consistent with the LCMO electronic/magnetic phase diagram constructed for bulk samples.
Long-wave elastic attenuation produced by horizontal layering

Abstract Geometric (or apparent) attenuation arises from layering in the earth. One can argue that it is possible to estimate local, layer-induced attenuation factors (QP, QS) from full-wave sonic and density logs. The argument has three components: Backus-averaging theory of dispersion in layered elastic media, field studies suggesting that layer-induced attenuation is constant Q in nature, and constant-Q theory that connects dispersion and attenuation. This approach implies local negative-Q values for intervals that exhibit reverse dispersion (high frequencies travel slower than low frequencies). This will always be the case for isolated low-velocity layers observed in sonic logs scaled down to surface-seismic exploration frequencies.
Colored monopoles on the lattice

Abstract Monopoles which carry both electro- and chromomagnetic charge are described by introducing new degrees of freedom into the hamiltonian form of SU(3) color × U(1) em lattice gauge theory. The monopoles we discuss exist as classical solutions in the SU(5) grand unified theory. The lattice theory allows us to describe the properties of these monopoles at low energies, where the color forces are strong. Our results are in agreement with a previous analysis by Coleman.
Late Miocene palaeo-oceanography of the Atlantic: oxygen isotope data on planktonic and benthic Foraminifera

The oxygen isotopic compositions of tests of Foraminifera are quantitatively related to global ice volume1,2 and local temperature and salinity conditions in which the Foraminifera grew3–8. Thus, a well-preserved sample of deep-sea core contains information about sea-surface temperature (shallow-dwelling planktonic Foraminifera), structure of the thermocline (deeper-dwelling planktonic Foraminifera), and bottom water temperature (benthic Foraminifera), and the global ice volume effect is also superimposed. The progress which has been made in calibration of core–top isotopic data to modern oceanographic data5,7,8, has led us to test state-of-the-art core–top methodology and calibration on a late Miocene time slice (6.0 ± 0.5 Myr BP) of the Atlantic Ocean. Samples studied can be related to either uppermost Zone NN11 or lowermost NN12 of Martini9 and uppermost Zone N17 of Blow10.
Application of the DNDC model to tile-drained Illinois agroecosystems: model comparison of conventional and diversified rotations

Using the DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) model we compare conventional, fertilizer-driven corn–soybean rotations to alternative management scenarios which include the management of cereal rye cover crops and corn–soybean–wheat–red clover rotations. We conduct our analysis for tile-drained, silty clay loam soils of Illinois. DNDC simulations suggest that, relative to conventional rotations, a nitrate leaching reduction of 30–50% under corn and of 15–50% under soybean crops can be achieved with diversified rotations, an outcome which corroborates results from a quantitative literature review we previously conducted using a meta-analysis framework. Additionally, over a 10-year simulation, legume-fertilized systems are predicted to result in 52% lower N2O gas flux relative to fertilizer-driven systems. We identify soil organic carbon storage, legume N-fixation rate, and cereal rye cover crop growth as areas requiring further development to accurately apply DNDC to diversified cropping systems. Overall, DNDC simulation suggests diversified rotations that alternate winter and summer annuals have the potential to dramatically increase N retention in agroecosystems.
An Investigation into the CuX/2,2‘-Bipyridine (X = Br or Cl) Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Acrylonitrile

Atom transfer radical polymerization has been used to successfully synthesize polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with predictable molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. This was achieved by using CuX/2,2‘-bipyridine (X = Br or Cl) as the catalyst, 2-halopropionitriles as initiators, and ethylene carbonate as a solvent. Monomer consumption showed significant curvature in the first-order kinetic plot, indicating termination is present. 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that the halide end group is irreversibly removed during the polymerization. Possible reasons for this reaction are given, with the most probable being the reduction of the radical by CuIX to form an anion that subsequently deactivates very quickly. Such side reactions limit the molecular weight achievable to Mn < 30 000 while still keeping low polydispersity, Mw/Mn < 1.5.
Histopathologic characterization of hereditary benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Abstract Objectives . Recent studies suggest the presence of a hereditary form of benign prostatic hyperplasia (H-BPH). This study was undertaken to characterize the histopathologic features of BPH in these men. Methods . Because study subjects with H-BPH were young (mean age 59 years) and had a large prostate (mean prostate weight 61 g), we compared the histopathologic findings in these men with those in two different control groups: (1) age-matched control subjects (mean age 59 years; mean prostate weight 31 g), and (2) prostate weight-matched control subjects (mean age 70 years; mean prostate weight 61 g). Using a color video image analysis system, we morphometrically determined stromal/epithelial ratios in histologic sections taken from 12 men with H-BPH, 36 age-matched control subjects, and 36 prostate weight-matched control subjects. Results . The stromal/epithelial ratio was 2.6±1.4 in the men with H-BPH, 2.7±1.7 in the age-matchedcontrol subjects, and 1.7±0.9 in the prostate weight-matched control subjects. Regression analysis, which controlled for the differences in prostate weight or patient age between men with H-BPH and age-matched and prostate weight-matched control subjects, respectively, revealed a significant difference between men with H-BPH and prostate weight-matched control subjects ( P =0.015) but no difference from age-matched control subjects ( P =0.36). Conclusions . The larger prostates in young men with H-BPH are characterized by a higher stromal/epithelial ratio than are similar-sized prostates in older men with sporadic BPH. This finding gives rise to speculation that H-BPH is associated with an increase in stromal elements.
Photodissociation Spectroscopy of the Anionic Copper Nitrate Association Complex Cu(NO3)3

We report the UV photodissociation spectrum of mass-selected Cu(NO3)3– ions at photon energies between 3.0 and 5.6 eV. Upon photon absorption, Cu(NO3)3– undergoes reductive dissociation losing neutral NO3 and resulting in the formation of Cu(NO3)2–. The experimental results are discussed and interpreted with the aid of quantum-chemical calculations. The parent ion is calculated to have C2 symmetry with a strongly distorted octahedral coordination around the Cu ion. Time-dependent density functional theory is used to describe the accessible electronic transitions, which can be characterized as ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions from the nitrate ligands to the copper ion.
Cultural Policy in the Era of Shrinking Government

Deep cuts in federal funding for the arts are certain and elimination of support is possible. This paper examines the causes of the crisis and concludes that our own heritage, current fiscal pressures, and the lack of a clearly articulated national cultural policy threaten funding for the arts in the United States. In response, a model cultural policy is presented that eliminates the National Endowment for the Arts and substitutes one with a more predictable base of support, including for four national cultural centers: the Smithsonian Institution, National Gallery of Art, Library of Congress, and the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Through a clear cultural policy, sources of contentiousness can be removed, criticism of public funding for the arts eliminated, and tax reforms implemented to create more democratic participation and higher levels of funding for public and nonprofit institutions.
Domain assembly, surface accessibility and sequence conservation in full length HIV-1 Nef

The accessory Nef protein from human and simian immunodeficiency viruses is critical for efficient viral replication and pathogenesis. Here we present an assembly of the full length structure of HIV-1 Nef, allele NL4-3, based on the previously solved anchor and core domain structures. The center part of the 33 residue encompassing flexible loop at the C-terminus of Nef, involved in Nef internalization and CD4 endocytosis, has been modelled. The degree of sequence conservation in HIV-1 Nef proteins was determined using a total of 186 different strains from five different subtypes. The sequence conservation has been correlated with the accessible surface area and with secondary structure features for individual residues. The high amount of flexible regions in Nef accounts for the large surface and the multiple interaction sites the protein exhibits.
Comparative studies on the detection of delayed dermal hypersensitivity in experimental animals with lysate and filtrate antigens of Blastomyces dermatitidis.

Summary. Yeast cell and mycelial lysate and filtrate antigens prepared in our laboratory from two strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis (canine isolate T-58 and human isolate Le) were evaluated with respect to the detection of delayed dermal hypersensitivity in hairless guinea pigs previously immunized with killed whole yeast cells from two strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis (T-58 and Le) and Histoplesma capsulattum (strain G-217A). The optimal potential reactivity (reactivity minus cross-reactivity) with regard to eliciting a dermal response in animals sensitized with B. dermatitidis was achieved with the yeast phase lysate and filtrate antigens prepared from both T-58 and Le isolates (mean axes of induration values ranging from 14.0 to 15.9mm). In contrast, the mycelial phase reagents exhibited lower potential reactivity (mean axes of induration values ranging from 5.3 to 10.5 mm). Zusammenfassung. Lysat- und Filtratantigene wurden von der Hefe- und der Myzelphase zweier Blastomyces dermatitidis-Stamme (Isolat T-58 vom Hund und Isolat Le vom Menschen) hergestellt und in ihrer Reaktionsstarke im Nachweis der Uberempfindlichkeit vom verzogerten Typ an unbehaarten Meerschweinchen validiert, die sowohl mit abgetoteten Ganzzellen der beiden B. dermatitidis-Stamme als auch eines Histoplasma capsulatum-Stammes (G-217A) vorimmunisiert worden waren. Optimale Reaktivitat (Reaktivitat abzuglich Kreuzreaktionen) wurde im Hauttest an B. dematitidis-sensibilisierten Tieren mit Lysav- und Filtratantigenen der Hefephase beider Stamme erreicht (mittlerer Duchmesser der Indurationen 14.0–15.9 mm). Dagegen zeigten die aus der Myzelphase praparierten Antigene ein geringeres Reaktionspotential (mittlerer Durchmesser der Indurationen 5.3–10.5 mm).
Anonymous communications in the Internet

With the growth and acceptance of the Internet, there has been increased interest in maintaining anonymity in the network. By using traffic analysis, it is possible to infer who is talking to whom over the Internet. We present a novel approach to hide the senders and the receivers of messages. Routes are chosen and frames traverse these routes. Each frame consists of a token and a node can send a message through a frame only when the corresponding token is free. The advantage of our protocol is that it poses limited bandwidth overhead when there is at least some traffic, while posing minimal bandwidth overhead when there is no traffic at all.
Antigen processing for amateurs and professionals

The initiation and propagation of immune responses is dependent on the ability of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to convert proteins into peptides, to load them intracellularly onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products and then to deliver the peptide-MHC complexes to the plasma membrane. Perhaps the most effective or 'professional' of all APCs are dendritic cells (DCs). DCs express high levels of MHC molecules together with a variety of 'accessory molecules' that help render DCs more effective at stimulating T cells than any other cell type. However, much of the capacity of a DC for T-cell stimulation reflects a remarkable ability to regulate the organization and function of its endocytic and secretory pathways during its development. This review describes recent insights into the cell-biological specializations responsible for the 'professional' status of the DC in antigen processing and presentation.
Isolation of intracellular replicative forms and progeny single strands of DNA from parvovirus KRV in sucrose gradients containing guanidine hydrochloride

When cells infected with Kilham rat virus (KRV) were incubated in 4 M guanidine-HCl, the single-stranded DNA was completely released from virions of KRV, but double-stranded DNA was not denatured. The three forms of viral DNA released had properties, respectively, of double-stranded replicative-form DNA, single-stranded progeny DNA, and an intermediate DNA species. Sucrose gradients containing 4 M guanidine-HCl were used to isolate these intracellular DNA forms with complete separation from high molecular weight cellular DNA. After a short pulse, radioactivity in low molecular weight DNA was found almost exclusively in molecules having sedimentation properties of viral replicative-form DNA. During chase incubation, this radioactivity progressively shifted to the position of single-stranded progeny DNA.
The role of iron in higher plant chlorophyll biosynthesis, maintenance and chloroplast biogenesis

Abstract The photosynthetic ability of higher plants has long been known to be adversely affected by iron deficiency. The primary response associated with the unavailability of iron is the loss of chlorophyll. This paper focuses on the role played by iron in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and its precursors. Special emphasis is placed on the involvement of iron in the formation of δ‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the initial committed step in chlorophyll formation. The discussion also surveys the effects of iron deficiency on chloroplast composition, function and ultrastructure. The use of iron fertilization techniques to control and reverse the photosynthetic pigmentation losses associated with iron deficiency is briefly reviewed.
INCORPORATION OF [14C]AMINO ACIDS INTO THE PROTEOLIPID OF SUBCELLULAR PREPARATIONS OF RAT BRAIN IN VITRO*

SUMMARY IN a previous report (MOKRASCH and MANNER, 1963) some of the characteristics of the incorporation of p4C]amino acids and pT]palmitate into the proteolipid from rat brain slices were detailed. This report deals with a further resolution of the incorporating system in centrifugal subfractions of rat brain homogenate. Some similarities in the reaction condition requirements are seen when the incorporations for slices are compared with those for particle preparations. Differences between the incorporation of p4C]amino acids into ptoteolipid by the system used here and incorporation by microsomal systems ate several. A report with preliminary information on the particulate system has appeared (MOKRASCH, 1963).
Surface damage in ZrB2-based composite ceramics induced by electro-discharge machining

Electro-conductive ZrB2-based composite ceramics, containing SiC and B4C, were machined with an electro-discharge machining (EDM) process. The EDMed surfaces were covered with resolidified ZrB2 layers. Many open pores and surface cracks were observed on the surfaces. The strength degradation of the ceramics caused by machining was evaluated by three point bending tests of the partially EDMed bending specimens. The effects of pulsed current, pulse duration and duty factor on the strength and the roughness of EDMed surfaces are discussed. The strength of EDMed specimens was increased with decreases in pulse current, pulse duration and duty factor. The roughness of EDMed surfaces was decreased with decreases in pulse current, pulse duration and duty factor. The reliability of the ceramics EDMed with the appropriate conditions was as high as that of the ceramics ground with a 400 grit diamond wheel. It would be possible to use the carefully EDMed ZrB2-based composite ceramics as structural components without any additional finishing processes.
Infectious outcomes following gastrostomy in children receiving peritoneal dialysis

Early institution of enteral feeding in paediatric end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is recommended. For patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) there is concern that gastrostomy tube (GT) insertion may be complicated by increased peritonitis, in particular fungal. Our unit favours early planned GT insertion, and for those with late presentation, there is prompt consideration of GT insertion following dialysis initiation. This study evaluates our rates of peritonitis with GT insertion following or concurrent with PD initiation. This was a retrospective, single-centre, cross-sectional study of of 17 New Zealand children with ESKD who received PD in the period 2000–2011. Inclusion criteria were GT placement while on PD or initiation of PD within 72 h of GT insertion. There were no cases of fungal peritonitis among the 17 children; however, two cases of early peritonitis with organisms derived from the gastrointestinal tract were identified. No statistically significant difference was found between incident rates of bacterial peritonitis before GT placement (0.6 episodes per patient-year; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.26–1.18) and post-GT placement (1.21 episodes per patient-year; 95 % CI 0.69–1.97). Fungal peritonitis has never been encountered by out unit during its many years of experience in GT placement in patients without advanced malnutrition. When children on PD have insufficient dietary intake to maintain appropriate growth velocity, enteral feeding should be initiated promptly. A GT is considered to be safe for long-term use in selected patients.
DSM-IV conduct disorder criteria as predictors of antisocial personality disorder

Conduct disorder (CD) is a disorder of childhood and adolescence defined by rule-breaking, aggressive, and destructive behaviors. For some individuals, CD signals the beginning of a lifelong persistent pattern of antisocial behavior (antisocial personality disorder [ASPD]), whereas for other people, these behaviors either desist or persist at a subclinical level. It has generally been accepted that about 40% of individuals with CD persist. This study examined the rate of persistence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) CD into ASPD and the utility of individual DSM-IV CD symptom criteria for predicting this progression. We used the nationally representative sample from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Approximately 75% of those with CD also met criteria for ASPD. Individual CD criteria differentially predicted severity and persistence of antisocial behavior with victim-oriented, aggressive behaviors generally being more predictive of persistence. Contrary to previous estimates, progression from CD to ASPD was the norm and not the exception in this sample. Relationships between individual DSM-IV CD symptom criteria and persistent antisocial outcomes are discussed. These findings may be relevant to the development of DSM-V.
Judgments of discrete and continuous quantity: An illusory Stroop effect

Evidence from human cognitive neuroscience, animal neurophysiology, and behavioral research demonstrates that human adults, infants, and children share a common nonverbal quantity processing system with nonhuman animals. This system appears to represent both discrete and continuous quantity, but the proper characterization of the relationship between judgments of discrete and continuous quantity remains controversial. Some researchers have suggested that both continuous and discrete quantity may be automatically extracted from a scene and represented internally, and that competition between these representations leads to Stroop interference. Here, four experiments provide evidence for a different explanation of adults' performance on the types of tasks that have been said to demonstrate Stroop interference between representations of discrete and continuous quantity. Our well-established tendency to underestimate individual two-dimensional areas can provide an alternative explanation (introduced here as the "illusory-Stroop" hypothesis). Though these experiments were constructed like Stroop tasks, and they produce patterns of performance that initially appear consistent with Stroop interference, Stroop interference effects are not involved. Implications for models of the construction of cumulative area representations and for theories of discrete and continuous quantity processing in large sets are discussed.
Enrique Gómez Carrillo a la defensa de Clarín

Enrique Gomez Carrillo at the age of seventeen published in the Guatemalan newspaper El Imparcial in February 1890 a two-part article entitled «El ultimo folleto de Clarin.» It is a review of the sixth of Leopoldo Alas's Folletos literarios, Rafael Calvo y el teatro espanol , in which the freshly minted critic defends Clarin in the most laudatory terms against the attacks of the Salvadorean writer Francisco Gavidia, a close friend of Ruben Dario, both of whom Clarin's apparently anti-American stance had offended deeply. With this forgotten article Gomez Carrillo unleashed a lively polemic, both for his impassioned praise of Clarin as a critic and as a fiction writer and for his acerbic, burlesque tone. In this respect, he echoed Clarin himself, who by this time had become one of the most widely read and hotly debated peninsular writers in Spanish America. Critics have documented the literary relations between Clarin and Gomez Carrillo after the latter's arrival in Madrid and after Clarin reviewed Gomez Carrillo's first book in 1892, but this obscure article, which is reprinted here, pushes the contact back two years and is a demonstration of the sincere and disinterested admiration that Gomez Carrillo felt for Clarin at a time when he owed him no debts.
Energy Absorption Buildup Factors and Energy Conservation

The ANSI/ANS energy absorption buildup factors (ANSI/ANS-6.4.3–1991) were used to determine if they conserve absorbed energy from a point source of monoenergetic photons in an infinite, absorbing medium. Air, water, concrete, iron, lead, and uranium were considered for photon energies ranging from 0.015 to 15 MeV. The primary calculations were based on fitting natural cubic splines to the energy absorption buildup factors and analytical integration of the energy absorbed using the cubic spline curve fit. This method was supplemented by linear spline interpolation. For air, water, concrete, and iron, the ANSI/ANS energy absorption buildup factors were determined using the method of moments with theenergy attenuation and deposition coefficients of Hubbell (NSRDS-NBS 29). The results of this study essentially confirmed energy conservation for these four materials using the energy attenuation and deposition coefficients of Hubbell. For lead and uranium, the ANSI/ANS energy absorption buildup factors were dete...
REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY SYNTHETIC POLYNUCLEOTIDES III. ACTION ON ANTIGEN-REACTIVE CELLS OF THYMIC ORIGIN

Polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid complexes, a potent adjuvant to the immune response, were tested for action on thymic-influenced and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in model systems deficient in one or the other of these cells. Adult mice, thymectomized at birth or mice treated with heterologous antithymocyte serum produced 90-95% fewer splenic rosette-forming cells than normal mice in response to an injection of sheep erythrocytes. Intravenous injection of complexes of homoribopolynucleotides, polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids, poly A:U with SRBC restored immunologic competence to NTx- or ATS-treated mice such that they produced normal or near normal levels of splenic RFC. In addition, injection of poly A:U enabled NTx mice to reject allogeneic skin grafts at the same rate as control mice with an intact thymus. Further reduction in residual thymocytes by combining neonatal thymectomy with ATS treatment reduced the number of anti-SRBC RFC induced by poly A:U. Lethally irradiated mice which received SRBC, excess bone marrow cells, and as few as 40,000 thymic lymphocytes were stimulated by poly A:U to produce RFC. No adjuvant effect was observed when irradiated mice received excess thymic lymphocytes and low doses of bone marrow cells with poly A:U. The results suggested that the adjuvant action of poly A:U was exerted on the thymic-influenced, antigen-reactive cell and that restoration of immunocompetence to NTx- or ATS-treated mice was caused by amplification of a small number of residual antigen-reactive cells which were influenced by the thymus in utero before thymectomy, or which survived treatment with ATS.
A comparative study of the attitudes of Urban, Suburban and Rural Police Officers in New Jersey regarding the use of force

This article examines the attitudes of sample populations of urban, suburban and rural police officers in New Jersey in regard to a hypothetical use of force scenario. The aim of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the perceptions of officers who are faced with the same type of hypothetical situations but who are exposed to different training, procedural and environmental factors. Police officers in the United States receive different types of training in each state that might influence their attitudes towards the use of force. A pilot study was conducted comparing two urban police departments from two different states and showed some differences in the attitudes of the surveyed officers. To further explore these differences, a more refined look at three police departments in one state (New Jersey) was conducted as part of a doctoral dissertation of the lead author. Research questions are aimed at identifying the differences in the frameworks for the justification of force based on a host of variables. The research questions stipulated that there will be some significant differences in attitudes towards the use of force by the officers, based on physical location of the communities they police. The findings of the study identified additional factors that might influence the officers’ attitudes. Twelve focus groups, four at each of the sites, were analyzed and it appears that there may be a geographic and demographic influence on how the officers respond to the scenario.
Geographic Exclusion

In the state of Ohio, House Bill 180, Senate Bill 175 and Senate Bill 5 collectively form Megan's Law. This law requires individuals convicted of a sexually oriented offense to register with the local sheriff 's office at least twenty days prior to the move-in date of the offender. Beginning July 31, 2003, Megan's Law prohibited an offender of a sexually oriented offense from establishing or occupying a residence within 1,000 feet of any school-related properties. A major social concern with this law and its subsequent enforcement is the belief that the geographic constraints placed on registered sex offenders effectively eliminate nearly all residential housing options. The purpose of this paper is to explore issues of geographic exclusion by conducting a spatial analysis of registered sex offenders in Hamilton County, Ohio. Analysis using geographic information systems (GIS), proximity evaluation and basic statistical techniques enables the impacts of this law to be assessed.
Application of maximum likelihood reconstruction of subaperture data for measurement of large flat mirrors

Interferometers accurately measure the difference between two wavefronts, one from a reference surface and the other from an unknown surface. If the reference surface is near perfect or is accurately known from some other test, then the shape of the unknown surface can be determined. We investigate the case where neither the reference surface nor the surface under test is well known. By making multiple shear measurements where both surfaces are translated and/or rotated, we obtain sufficient information to reconstruct the figure of both surfaces with a maximum likelihood reconstruction method. The method is demonstrated for the measurement of a 1.6 m flat mirror to 2 nm rms, using a smaller reference mirror that had significant figure error.
Effects of visual pattern restriction on sensory reinforcement in the rat

Effects of early visual pattern experience on sensory reinforcement were studied using both light-onset and light-termination as reinforcers. After weaning, the visual environment of Utter-mate rats was restricted for 70 days to either a white or a black and white striped field. Results showed an interaction between early visual pattern experience and type of sensory reinforcer, though light-termination was found to be more effective than light-onset for both early experience groups.
Calcium chelation induced glutathione efflux from tumor cells and prevention by ruthenium red or neomycin.

Abstract Cultured human lung carcinoma cells (A549) were incubated in a calcium-free medium containing calcium chelators (EGTA 1–10 mM or BAPTA 5 mM) for 1 hour at 37 °C. With limited toxicity the presence of calcium chelators resulted in a decrease of cellular GSH and detachment of the cells from the tissue culture flask. The permeable EGTA tetraacetoxymethyl ester (0.5mM-5 mM) caused a decrease in the cellular GSH content without cell detachment. GSH was not oxidized to GSSG nor formed mixed disulfides with protein thiols. AT-125 a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor, prevented detachment but not the efflux of cellular GSH. Pretreatment with two impermeable compounds (ruthenium red 100 μM and neomycin 0.5–10mM) protected the cells from detachment and prevented the decrease in intracellular GSH. The presence of calcium in the medium during the EGTA and BAPTA treatments also protected the cells. Calcium associated with the cytoplasmic membrane phospholipids or proteins appears important to limit membrane permeability for GSH efflux and to maintain cell attachment.
Model uncertainty and variable selection in Bayesian lasso regression

While Bayesian analogues of lasso regression have become popular, comparatively little has been said about formal treatments of model uncertainty in such settings. This paper describes methods that can be used to evaluate the posterior distribution over the space of all possible regression models for Bayesian lasso regression. Access to the model space posterior distribution is necessary if model-averaged inference--e.g., model-averaged prediction and calculation of posterior variable inclusion probabilities--is desired. The key element of all such inference is the ability to evaluate the marginal likelihood of the data under a given regression model, which has so far proved difficult for the Bayesian lasso. This paper describes how the marginal likelihood can be accurately computed when the number of predictors in the model is not too large, allowing for model space enumeration when the total number of possible predictors is modest. In cases where the total number of possible predictors is large, a simple Markov chain Monte Carlo approach for sampling the model space posterior is provided. This Gibbs sampling approach is similar in spirit to the stochastic search variable selection methods that have become one of the main tools for addressing Bayesian regression model uncertainty, and the adaption of these methods to the Bayesian lasso is shown to be straightforward.
A quantitative interpretation of recent experimental results on stable carbon isotope fractionation by aerobic CH4-oxidizing bacteria

Abstract A quantitative model of recent laboratory experiments on carbon isotope fractionation by methane-oxidizing bacteria is proposed. The simulated experimental apparatus consists of a bacterial culture with a constant liquid volume, a gas headspace and a methane bubbling mechanism. The relative effects of bacterial growth and transport phenomena that do not depend on cell density are clarified. In all calculations, gas–liquid mass transfer is defined by unconstrained model parameters. Limited mass transfer from the culture into the headspace, rather than the incomplete dissolution of substrate-rich bubbles, seems to have caused an apparent decrease in the measured carbon isotope fractionation. The experimenters attributed this fractionation shift to a growing imbalance among kinetic rates as methane consumption by bacteria increases. Model predictions support this interpretation but also show that changes in carbon isotope fractionation in the course of the experiments cannot be unambiguously correlated with bacterial cell density unless gas–liquid mass transfer parameters are calibrated. Simulations of other laboratory experiments indicate that a reported change in carbon isotope fractionation could, in part at least, be the result of experimental conditions rather than the emergence of a different methane oxidation pathway postulated by the experimenters. A careful evaluation of mass transfer from the liquid culture into the gas headspace is warranted in this type of experiments since isotope fractionation factors are likely to be used in a wide variety of environmental contexts.
High Methane Emissions from a Midlatitude Reservoir Draining an Agricultural Watershed

Reservoirs are a globally significant source of methane (CH4), although most measurements have been made in tropical and boreal systems draining undeveloped watersheds. To assess the magnitude of CH4 emissions from reservoirs in midlatitude agricultural regions, we measured CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rates from William H. Harsha Lake (Ohio, U.S.A.), an agricultural impacted reservoir, over a 13 month period. The reservoir was a strong source of CH4 throughout the year, emitting on average 176 ± 36 mg C m–2 d–1, the highest reservoir CH4 emissions profile documented in the United States to date. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, the largest CH4 emissions were during summer stratified conditions, not during fall turnover. The river–reservoir transition zone emitted CH4 at rates an order of magnitude higher than the rest of the reservoir, and total carbon emissions (i.e., CH4 + CO2) were also greater at the transition zone, indicating that the river delta supported greater carbon mineralization ...
Bicuculline attenuates the MLR-induced suppression of dorsal horn neurons receiving group III afferent input.

In decerebrate cats, we found that iontophoretic application of bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, attenuated the mesencephalic locomotor region-induced suppression of dorsal horn neurons responding to group III afferent input from the hindlimb. Our findings raise the possibility that GABA release onto dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord may play an important role in the attenuation of the exercise pressor reflex by central command during exercise.
Generating Motivation to Learn Via Tailored Lesson Introductions

Motivation to learn is difficult to generate when learners are uninterested in the topic. This quasi-experimental study explored behavioral construct tailoring as an instructional message design technique to generate motivation and improve cognitive performance. Ninety-eight college students pre- and post-appraised a lesson, completed a cognitive assessment, and attributed performance to affect or competence-related factors. A risk assessment was used to strategically assign experimental learners to one of three tailored lesson introductions. Results indicated that experimental group learners, on some subscales, were more motivated. Positive trends were found for some affective and competence-related performance attributions, as well as cognitive performance. These findings warrant additional research into behavioral construct tailoring.
Rapid assessment of quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure

prior to HT tended to be more hostile ( -.243, p .07). Number of rejections contributed to anxiety ( .389, p .02) and depression ( .292, p .03). Those receiving cyclosporine had more anxiety ( -.301, p .02), depression ( -.338, p .01), and hostility ( -.392, p .004) than those receiving tacrolimus. Conclusion: Many women are likely to experience emotional distress at levels above normative values after HT. Cyclosporine’s cosmetic side effects (hirsutism and gingival hyperplasia) may contribute to higher levels of emotional distress. Annual psychological assessment should be part of post transplant evaluation.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Porous Radiant Burners

This paper reports a numerical study of the heat transfer characteristics of porous radiant burners, which have significant advantages over conventional burners. The heat transfer characteristics are investigated using a one-dimensional conduction, convection, and radiation model. The combustion phenomenon is modeled as spatially dependent heat generation. Nonlocal thermal equilibrium between the gas and solid phases is accounted for by using separate energy equations for the two phases. The solid matrix is assumed to emit, absorb, and scatter radiant energy. The spherical harmonics approximation is used to solve the radiative transfer equation. The coupled energy equations and the radiative transfer equations are solved using a numerical iterative procedure. The effects of the various factors on the performance of porous radiant burners rae determined. It is revealed that for a given rate of heat generation, large optical thicknesses and high heat transfer coefficients between the solid and gas phases are desirable for maximizing radiant output. Also, low solid thermal conductivities, scattering albedos and flow velocities, and high inlet environment reflectivities produced high radiant output.
Transmural Electrophysiological Heterogeneities Underlying Arrhythmogenesis in Heart Failure

Although expression of numerous ion channels is altered in heart failure (HF), mechanisms by which dysfunction at the ionic and molecular levels lead to ventricular tachyarrhythmias in HF are unknown. Previously, we found that transmural heterogeneities of repolarization play a critical role in the genesis of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT) when QT interval was prolonged in LQT2. Because QT interval is also prolonged in HF, we hypothesized that transmural heterogeneities are a mechanism of PVT in HF. Optical action potentials were measured simultaneously from cells spanning the entire transmural wall of arterially perfused canine wedge preparations. Wedges were isolated from dogs without (control, n=5) and with HF (n=8) produced by rapid ventricular pacing. In HF, action potential duration (APD) prolongation was markedly heterogeneous across the transmural wall, and was characterized by disproportionate APD prolongation of midmyocardial (M) cells. APD prolongation of M cells accounted for QT-interval prolongation, and caused significant increases (P<0.01) in spatial gradients of repolarization across the ventricular wall from 4.3+/-2.1 (control) to 12.4+/-3.5 ms/mm (HF). Enhanced gradients were directly responsible for development of functional conduction block, leading to PVT in 63% of HF wedges but in no controls (P<0.03). Moreover, intramural decremental conduction and block of the premature impulse, preceded each episode of PVT, and always occurred at the border between M-cell and subepicardial zones, where repolarization gradients were highest. Selective prolongation of APD within M cells underlies several key features of the HF phenotype, including QT-interval prolongation, transmural heterogeneity of repolarization, and susceptibility to conduction block and reentrant PVT.
Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine A Inhibit Allostimulatory Capacity and Cytokine Production of Human Myeloid Dendritic Cells

Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the recognition of alloantigens and, therefore, in the induction of allograft rejection. Induction of alloreactive T cell proliferation by myeloid DCs depends on the maturation of DCs, the expression of costimulatory molecules, and the cytokine environment. This study investigated the effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine A (CsA) on DC maturation and allostimulatory capacity. Myeloid DCs were propagated from normal blood monocytes with interleukin (IL) 4 and GM-CSF for 7 days in the presence or absence of tacrolimus (FK506; 10 nM) or CsA (1 microg/mL). Exposure of DCs during maturation to tacrolimus or CsA resulted in no significant change in the expression of DC phenotypic markers, including CD80, CD86, and HLA Class I and II antigens determined by flow cytometry. T cell proliferation in one-way, mixed-leukocyte reaction experiments revealed a decreased allostimulatory capacity of DCs that matured in the presence of tacrolimus or CsA compared with untreated controls (P<0.02). Production of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (P<0.04) and IL-12 (P<0.04) in response to lipopolysaccharide (1 microg/mL) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (1 microg/mL) induction was significantly reduced in DCs exposed to tacrolimus or CsA during maturation. In contrast, production of the immuninhibitory cytokine IL-10 was not decreased in tacrolimus- or CsA-treated DCs. These results suggest that tacrolimus and CsA inhibit the allostimulatory capacity of in vitro-generated myeloid DCs without significant effects on DC phenotypic maturation. Decreased production of IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, but not of IL-10, is likely to contribute to the impaired accessory-cell function of tacrolimus- and CsA-treated DCs. Thus, tacrolimus and CsA can inhibit recognition of alloantigens by decreasing the accessory-cell capacity of monocyte-derived myeloid DCs.
Scaling Inference for Markov Logic via Dual Decomposition

Markov logic is a knowledge-representation language that allows one to specify large graphical models. However, the resulting large graphical models can make inference for Markov logic a computationally challenging problem. Recently, dual decomposition (DD) has become a popular approach for scalable inference on graphical models. We study how to apply DD to scale up inference in Markov logic. A standard approach for DD first partitions a graphical model into multiple tree-structured sub problems. We apply this approach to Markov logic and show that DD can outperform prior inference approaches. Nevertheless, we observe that the standard approach for DD is suboptimal as it does not exploit the rich structure often present in the Markov logic program. Thus, we describe a novel decomposition strategy that partitions a Markov logic program into parts based on its structure. A crucial advantage of our approach is that we can use specialized algorithms for portions of the input problem -- some of which have been studied for decades, e.g., coreference resolution. Empirically, we show that our program-level decomposition approach outperforms both non-decomposition and graphical model-based decomposition approaches to Markov logic inference on several data-mining tasks.
Competing Paradigms or Birds of a Feather? Constructivism and Neoliberal Institutionalism Compared

This article compares constructivism and neoliberal institutionalism and argues that in their reification as paradigms in competition, the IO theoretical community is making far too much of what are relatively small differences between them in the metatheoretical scheme of things. These claims are substantiated by comparing functionalism, neo-functionalism, neoliberal institutionalism, and constructivism. Such an examination reveals that they all depend on the same mechanism of functional institutional efficiency in order to account for social change. Thus when constructivism has been utilized as an explanation for change and transformation, it has tended to reach many of the same conclusions, and in the same manner, as other variants of liberal IR theory. In addition, this comparison reveals that, despite its assumption of exogenous interests, neoliberal institutionalism relies implicitly on an identity transformation in order to account for cooperation's maintenance. Such a transformation is entirely consistent with constructivist expectations. The choice between neoliberal institutionalism and constructivism is not paradigmatic and is merely a choice between explaining short-term, behavioral cooperation in the moment or its development into communal cooperation in the future. The article concludes with some general observations regarding why this parallel has occurred and what its implications are for our understanding of IO.
Compression therapy affects collagen type balance in hypertrophic scar

Abstract Background The effects of pressure on hypertrophic scar are poorly understood. Decreased extracellular matrix deposition is hypothesized to contribute to changes observed after pressure therapy. To examine this further, collagen composition was analyzed in a model of pressure therapy in hypertrophic scar. Materials and methods Hypertrophic scars created on red Duroc swine (n = 8) received pressure treatment (pressure device mounting and delivery at 30 mm Hg), sham treatment (device mounting and no delivery), or no treatment for 2 wk. Scars were assessed weekly and biopsied for histology, hydroxyproline quantification, and gene expression analysis. Transcription levels of collagen precursors COL1A2 and COL3A1 were quantified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Masson trichrome was used for general collagen quantification, whereas immunofluorescence was used for collagen types I and III specific quantification. Results Total collagen quantification using hydroxyproline assay showed a 51.9% decrease after pressure initiation. Masson trichrome staining showed less collagen after 1 (P Conclusions These results demonstrate the modulation of collagen after pressure therapy and further characterize its role in scar formation and therapy.