cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Atmospheric Teleconnection Linking ENSO and Southwestern European Precipitation

Abstract Numerous studies have demonstrated statistical associations between the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and precipitation in the Mediterranean basin. The dynamical bases for these teleconnections have yet to be fully identified. Here, observational analyses and model simulations are used to show how ENSO variability affects rainfall over southwestern Europe (Iberia, Southern France, and Italy). A precipitation index for the region, named southwestern European Precipitation (SWEP), is used. The observational analyses show that ENSO modulates SWEP during the September–December wet season. These precipitation anomalies are associated with changes in large-scale atmospheric fields to the west of Iberia that alter low-level westerly winds and onshore moisture advection from the Atlantic. The vorticity anomalies associated with SWEP variability are linked to ENSO through a stationary barotropic Rossby wave train that emanates from the eastern equatorial Pacific and propagates eastward to the Atlant...
A new process for the generation of 1,3,2-oxazaborolidines, catalysts for enantioselective synthesis

Abstract A simple and easily reproducible procedure for the formation of 1,3,2- oxazaborolidines from β-amino alcohols and bis(trifluoroethyl) alkylboronates, is reported along with a new synthesis of the latter.
Intensional Concepts in Propositional Semantic Networks

An integrated statement is made concerning the semantic status of nodes in a propositional semantic network, claiming that such nodes represent only intensions. Within the network, the only reference to extensionality is via a mechanism to assert that two intensions have the same extension in some world. This framework is employed in three application problems to illustrate the nature of its solutions. The formalism used here utilizes only assertional information and no structural, or definitional, information. This restriction corresponds to many of the psychologically motivated network models. Some of the psychological implications of network processes called node merging and node splitting ore discussed. Additionally, it is pointed out that both our networks and the psychologically based networks are prone to memory confusions about knowing unless augmented by domain-specific inference processes, or by structural information.
Strategies for the enantioselective synthesis of spirooxindoles.

Oxindoles and spirooxindoles are important synthetic targets that are often considered to be prevalidated with respect to their biological activity and applications for pharmaceutical lead discovery. This review features efficient strategies for the enantioselective synthesis of spirocyclic oxindoles, focusing on reports in 2010 and 2011. Although enantioselective synthesis remains an ongoing challenge, exciting recent advances in this area feature spirooxindoles with greater complexity, up to eight stereogenic centers, more practical synthetic methods, and new catalytic activation strategies. Developments in catalyst systems and reaction conditions have shown that many reactions can be optimized to control selectivity and provide access to isomeric products, which are important for biological testing. This review is organized based on two primary disconnection strategies, and then further subdivided into the type and ring size of the spirocycle that is generated. Strategies are also compared for the synthesis of non-spirocyclic 3,3′-disubstituted oxindoles.
Precise Calling Context Encoding

Calling contexts (CCs) are very important for a wide range of applications such as profiling, debugging, and event logging. Most applications perform expensive stack walking to recover contexts. The resulting contexts are often explicitly represented as a sequence of call sites and hence are bulky. We propose a technique to encode the current calling context of any point during an execution. In particular, an acyclic call path is encoded into one number through only integer additions. Recursive call paths are divided into acyclic subsequences and encoded independently. We leverage stack depth in a safe way to optimize encoding: If a calling context can be safely and uniquely identified by its stack depth, we do not perform encoding. We propose an algorithm to seamlessly fuse encoding and stack depth-based identification. The algorithm is safe because different contexts are guaranteed to have different IDs. It also ensures contexts can be faithfully decoded. Our experiments show that our technique incurs negligible overhead (0-6.4 percent). For most medium-sized programs, it can encode all contexts with just one number. For large programs, we are able to encode most calling contexts to a few numbers. We also present our experience of applying context encoding to debugging crash-based failures.
Medium access control protocols with memory

Many existing medium access control (MAC) protocols utilize past information (e.g., the results of transmission attempts) to adjust the transmission parameters of users. This paper provides a general framework to express and evaluate distributed MAC protocols utilizing a finite length of memory for a given form of feedback information. We define protocols with memory in the context of a slotted random access network with saturated arrivals. We introduce two performance metrics, throughput and average delay, and formulate the problem of finding an optimal protocol. We first show that a time-division multiple access (TDMA) outcome, which is the best outcome in the considered scenario, can be obtained after a transient period by using a protocol with (N - 1)-slot memory, where N is the total number of users. Next, we analyze the performance of protocols with one-slot memory using a Markov chain and numerical methods. Protocols with one-slot memory can achieve throughput arbitrarily close to 1 (i.e., 100% channel utilization) at the expense of large average delay by correlating successful users in two consecutive slots. Finally, we apply our framework to wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Far-Field Wake-Vortex Characteristics of Wings

Velocity measurements have been made in the wake of wings that were being towed underwater. As the wake aged, measurements of the tangential and axial velocity profiles were made with a two-dimensional scanning laser velocimeter at downstream distances of 5 to 200 span lengths behind wings with different span loadings. The results identify two characteristic flow regions for the dependence of vortex maximum tangential velocity on downstream distance. The first, a region with little, if any, change in maximum tangential velocity, extends from wake rollup to downstream distances as great as 100 span lengths, depending on span loading and angle of attack. This is followed by a decay region in which the maximum tangential velocity decreases with downstream distance at rates nominally proportional to the inverse one-half power.
Liquid crystal engineering of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes

Four high-aspect-ratio carbon nanomaterials were fabricated by template-directed liquid crystal assembly and covalent capture. By selecting from two different liquid crystal precursors (thermotropic AR mesophase, and lyotropic indanthrone disulfonate) and two different nanochannel template wall materials (alumina and pyrolytic carbon) both the shape of the nanocarbon and the graphene layer arrangement can be systematically engineered. The combination of AR mesophase and alumina channel walls gives platelet-symmetry nanofibers, whose basic crystal symmetry is maintained and perfected upon heat treatment at 2500 °C. In contrast, AR infiltration into carbon-lined nanochannels produces unique C/C-composite nanofibers whose graphene planes lie parallel to the fiber axis. The transverse section of these composite nanofibers shows a planar polar structure with line defects, whose existence had been previously predicted from liquid crystal theory. Use of solvated AR fractions or indanthrone disulfonate produces platelet-symmetry tubes, which are either cellular or fully hollow depending on solution concentration. The use of barium salt solutions to force precipitation of indanthrone disulfonate within the nanochannels yields continuous nanoribbons rather than tubes. Overall the results demonstrate that liquid crystal synthesis routes provide molecular control over graphene layer alignment in nanocarbons with a power and flexibility that rivals the much better known catalytic routes.
THE INCLINATION OF THE SOFT X-RAY TRANSIENT A0620–00 AND THE MASS OF ITS BLACK HOLE

We analyze photometry of the soft X-ray transient A0620 – 00 spanning nearly 30 years, including previously published and previously unpublished data. Previous attempts to determine the inclination of A0620 using subsets of these data have yielded a wide range of measured values of i. Differences in the measured value of i have been due to changes in the shape of the light curve and uncertainty regarding the contamination from the disk. We give a new technique for estimating the disk fraction and find that disk light is significant in all light curves, even in the infrared. We also find that all changes in the shape and normalization of the light curve originate in a variable disk component. After accounting for this disk component, we find that all the data, including light curves of significantly different shapes, point to a consistent value of i. Combining results from many separate data sets, we find i = 51.°0 ± 0.°9, implying M = 6.6 ± 0.25 M_⊙. Using our dynamical model and zero-disk stellar VIH magnitudes, we find d = 1.06 ± 0.12 kpc. Understanding the disk origin of nonellipsoidal variability may assist with making reliable determinations of i in other systems, and the fluctuations in disk light may provide a new observational tool for understanding the three-dimensional structure of the accretion disk.
Multiple model adaptive estimation with filter spawning

Multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) with filter spawning is used to detect and estimate partial actuator failures on the VISTA F-16. The truth model is a full six-degree-of-freedom simulation provided by Calspan and General Dynamics. The design models are chosen as 13-state linearized models, including first order actuator models. Actuator failures are incorporated into the truth model and design model assuming a "failure to free stream." Filter spawning is used to include additional filters with partial actuator failure hypotheses into the MMAE bank. The spawned filters are based on varying degrees of partial failures (in terms of effectiveness) associated with the complete-actuaton-failure hypothesis with the highest conditional probability of correctness at the current time. Thus, a blended estimate of the failure effectiveness is found using the filters' estimates based upon a no-failure hypothesis, a complete actuator failure hypothesis, and the spawned filters' partial-failure hypotheses. This yields substantial precision in effectiveness estimation, compared with what is possible without spawning additional filters, making partial failure adaptation a viable methodology.
Diphosphine-catalyzed mixed double-Michael reaction: a unified synthesis of indolines, dihydropyrrolopyridines, benzimidazolines, tetrahydroquinolines, tetrahydroisoquinolines, dihydrobenzo-1,4-oxazines, and dihydrobenzo-3,1-oxazines.

Seven different types of benzannulated N-heterocycles—indolines, dihydropyrrolopyridines, benzimidazolines, dihydrobenzo-3,1-oxazines, benzomorpholines, tetrahydroquinolines, and tetrahydroisoquinolines—can be obtained from simple dinucleophiles and electron-deficient acetylenes in one synthetic step. This powerful methodology was made possible through the use of diphenylphosphinopropane (DPPP) as the catalyst, with acetic acid and sodium acetate used as additives in some cases. The benzannulated N-heterocycles were isolated in excellent yields under mild metal-free conditions; they were purified without the need for aqueous workups.
Quantum Theory and the Role of Mind in Nature

Classical physics can be viewed as a triumph of the idea that mind should be excluded from science, or at least from the physical sciences. Although the founders of modern science, such as Descartes and Newton, were not so rash as to proclaim that mind has nothing to do with the unfolding of nature, the scientists of succeeding centuries, emboldened by the spectacular success of the mechanical view of nature, were not so timid, and today we are seeing even in psychology a strong movement towards “materialism”, i.e., toward the idea that “mind is brain”. But while psychology has been moving toward the mechanical concepts of nineteenth-century physics, physics itself has moved in just the opposite direction.
Primary nervous system lymphoma.

Primary nervous system lymphoma (PNSL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma confined to the nervous system. Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of PNSL over the past decade, patients with this disease are rarely cured. Until recently, whole brain radiation therapy has been the standard treatment for PNSL. However, whole brain radiation therapy is associated with a high relapse rate and late neurotoxicity after chemotherapy, especially in patients older than 60 years of age. Methotrexate-based chemotherapy has become the standard approach to treat patients with newly diagnosed PNSL. Ongoing research efforts are focused on identifying chemotherapeutic agents with good antilymphoma activity that penetrate the blood-brain barrier. The roles of intrathecal chemotherapy and blood-brain barrier disruption are not fully defined. Given the rarity of this tumor, patients with PNSL should be referred to tertiary cancer centers where ongoing clinical trials are underway to identify the optimal treatment of PNSL.
Site Selection Bias in Program Evaluation

"Site selection bias" can occur when the probability that a program is adopted or evaluated is correlated with its impacts. I test for site selection bias in the context of the Opower energy conservation programs, using 111 randomized control trials involving 8.6 million households across the United States. Predictions based on rich microdata from the first 10 replications substantially overstate efficacy in the next 101 sites. Several mechanisms caused this positive selection. For example, utilities in more environmentalist areas are more likely to adopt the program, and their customers are more responsive to the treatment. Also, because utilities initially target treatment at higher-usage consumer subpopulations, efficacy drops as the program is later expanded. The results illustrate how program evaluations can still give systematically biased out-of-sample predictions, even after many replications. JEL Codes: C93, D12, L94, O12, Q41.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions in Flow: Multistep Synthesis Enabled by a Microfluidic Extraction

A continuous-flow microfluidic system is developed for the transformation of phenols into their corresponding aryl triflates followed by Suzuki—Miyaura cross-coupling reaction to afford biaryls directly.
What Is the Future of Transitional Justice

INTRODUCTION The term ‘transitional justice’ evokes hope and renaissance. For more than a quartercentury, when the concept of transitional justice was first mooted, postconflict and other tormented societies have attempted to embrace it as a bridge to a more hopeful future. A number of states in the depths of despair and countries wracked by seemingly endless cycles of violence see transitional justice tools as a possible midwife of a democratic, rule-of-law state. In many circles, transitional justice has become an article of faith as a catalyst for reclaiming societies in political and social imbalance and dysfunction. Senior statesmen and leading academics have endorsed the critical place of transitional justice in returning societies to civilization. Diverse regions of the globe – from Europe and Central and Latin America to Africa and Asia – have latched on to the glimmer of hope offered by transitional justice ideas, processes and institutions. Almost three decades later, the body of evidence suggests a mixed record. There have many successes of transitional justice initiatives, but there have also been many challenges. This special issue of IJTJ seeks to excavate these hopes and fears of a relatively novel idea. It has sought out new and divergent voices, many with a critical lens, to ask nagging questions about the enterprise of transitional justice. The emergence of transitional justice roughly coincided with the end of the Cold War and the euphoria of the presumed triumph of free market ideologies and political liberation around the globe. In Africa, Asia and Latin America, one-party regimes and opaque dictatorships – most supported by either the West or the East – gave way to new experiments in democratic rule. Most were emerging from long nights of tyranny and despotism. Such global upheaval and regime change had not been witnessed since the era of decolonization. In Latin America, brutal military kleptocracies were in retreat, and in Africa military fascism and single-party states were put on their back foot by pro-democracy activists and human rights advocates. The close of the last century and the beginning of this one were marked by hope and the promise
The Ideal of the Dispassionate Judge: An Emotion Regulation Perspective:

According to legal tradition, the ideal judge is entirely dispassionate. Affective science calls into question the legitimacy of this ideal; further, it suggests that no judge could ever meet this standard, even if it were the correct one. What judges can and should do is to learn to effectively manage—rather than eliminate—emotion. Specifically, an emotion regulation perspective suggests that (a) judicial emotion is best managed by cognitive reappraisal and, often, disclosure; (b) behavioral suppression should be used sparingly; and (c) suppression of emotional experience is rarely helpful. We argue that the dispassionate-judge ideal presents a barrier to achieving the flexibility necessary for adaptive judicial emotion regulation. We suggest a new ideal, that of the emotionally well-regulated judge, and propose several directions for future research to strengthen ties between law and psychology, with particular attention to the study of emotion.
Split Space-Marching Finite-Volume Method for Chemically Reacting Supersonic Flow

A space-marching finite-volume method employing a nonorthogonal coordinate system and using a split differencing scheme for calculating steady supersonic flow over aerodynamic shapes is presented. It is a second-order-accurate mixed explicit-implicit procedure that solves the inviscid adiabatic and nondiffusive equations for chemically reacting flow in integral conservation-law form. The relationship between the finite-volume and differential forms of the equations is examined and the relative merits of each discussed. The method admits initial Cauchy data situated on any arbitrary surface and integrates them forward along a general curvilinear coordinate, distorting and deforming the surface as it advances. The chemical kinetics term is split from the convective terms which are themselves dimensionally split, thereby freeing the fluid operators from the restricted step size imposed by the chemical reactions and increasing the computational efficiency. The accuracy of this splitting technique is analyzed, a sufficient stability criterion is established, a representative flow computation is discussed, and some comparisons are made with another method.
Blow-up of Solutions to the Generalized Inviscid Proudman–Johnson Equation

For arbitrary values of a parameter \({\lambda \in \mathbb{R},}\) finite-time blow-up of solutions to the generalized, inviscid Proudman–Johnson equation is studied via a direct approach which involves the derivation of representation formulae for solutions to the problem.
Statistical-Physical Models of Electromagnetic Interference

Most man-made and natural electromagnetic interference, or "noise," are highly non-Gaussian random processes, whose degrading effects on system performance can be severe, particularly on most conventional systems, which are designed for optimal or near optimal performance against normal noise. In addition, the nature, origins, measurement, and prediction of the general EM interference environment are a major concern of any adequate spectral management program. Accordingly, this study is devoted to the development of analytically tractable, experimentally verifiable, statistical-physical models of such electromagnetic interference. Here, classification into three major types of noise is made: Class A (narrow band vis-a-vis the receiver), Class B (broad band vis-a-vis the receiver), and Class C (= Class A + Class B). First-order statistical models are constructed for the Class A and Class B cases. In particular, the APD (a posteriori probability distribution) or exceedance probability, PD, vis;P1 (? > ?o)A,B, (and the associated probability densities, pdf's w1(?)A,B,[1]) of the envelope are obtained; (the phase is shown to be uniformly distributed in (0, 2?). These results are canonical, i.e., their analytic forms are invariant of the particular noise source and its quantifying parameter values, levels, etc. Class A interference is described by a 3-parameter model, Class B noise by a 6-parameter model.
4,6-O-Benzylidene-Directed β-Mannopyranosylation and α-Glucopyranosylation: the 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro- and 3-Deoxy-3-fluoro- Series of Donors and the Importance of the O2-C2-C3-O3 Interaction

A series of 4,6-O-benzylidene-protected 2-O-benzyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro- and 3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-fluorogluco- and mannopyranosyl thioglycosides were synthesized and their coupling reactions with a series of alcohols, on preactivation with 1-benzenesulfinylpiperidine and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, investigated. In all cases, the selectivities were lower than those observed with the corresponding simple 4,6-O-benzylidene 2,3-di-O-benzylgluco- and mannopyranosyl thioglycosides. This leads to the conclusion that the high β-selectivity observed with 4,6-O-benzylidene 2,3-di-O-benzylmannopyranosyl donors under the same conditions is in large part derived from the compression of the O2−C2−C3−O3 torsion angle on going from the intermediate covalent glycosyl triflate to the oxacarbenium ion, as compared to the relaxation of this torsion angle in the gluco series.
Banach algebras and rational homotopy theory

Let A be a unital commutative Banach algebra with maximal ideal space Max(A). We determine the rational H-type of GLn(A), the group of invertible n × n matrices with coefficients in A, in terms of the rational cohomology of Max(A). We also address an old problem of J. L. Taylor. Let Lcn(A) denote the space of “last columns” of GLn(A). We construct a natural isomorphism Ȟ(Max(A);Q) ∼= π2n−1−s(Lcn(A))⊗ Q for n > 1 2 s+1 which shows that the rational cohomology groups of Max(A) are determined by a topological invariant associated to A. As part of our analysis, we determine the rational H-type of certain gauge groups F (X,G) for G a Lie group or, more generally, a rational H-space.
Synchronizing hyperchaotic volume-preserving maps and circuits

We show that it is possible to synthesize chaotic systems that have improved characteristics for use in communications. These include whiter spectrum, low-time correlation, hyperchaotic behavior, and little or no phase space structure. These systems are based on locally volume-preserving (or expanding) maps. We show how to construct a circuit that produces such characteristics.
MIDAS: a compositional modeling system

MIDAS (A Modular Integrated Digital Animation System) is a portable FORTRAN-based system for defining two- and three-dimensional graphic compositions. Hierarchical modeling functions are coupled with dynamic storage allocation providing extensible storage for easily defined structural and transformational primitives. This modeling system is interfaced to a modular device-independent graphics package that utilizes a segmented virtual display file. Alternative graphics systems may be interfaced.Typical application imagery includes architectural modeling, visualization of mathematical functions, two- and three-dimensional simulations, and animation. This paper discusses the general system configuration.
Study of H2 confined in the highly ordered pores of MCM-48

Abstract We present quasi-elastic neutron scattering measurements of the diffusion of H 2 adsorbed in porous MCM-48, a silica glass, with an ordered pore network. Quasi-elastic scattering of hydrogen adsorbed within the pore network was used to monitor the liquid–solid transitions of the absorbed fluid. Unlike other porous media of similar pore size, where supercooling of the liquid–solid transition by 3–4 K was observed, no suppression of the transition was observed for MCM-48. Furthermore, no hysteresis between freezing and melting is observed, as in other porous media. The diffusion constant for the confined liquid has been extracted from the measurements, and the hydrogen adsorbed in the MCM-48 has a slightly higher diffusion constant than bulk liquid H 2 .
Observations of Electromagnetic Fields and Plasma Flow in Hohlraums with Proton Radiography

We report on the first proton radiography of laser-irradiated hohlraums. This experiment, with vacuum gold (Au) hohlraums, resulted in observations of self-generated magnetic fields with peak values approximately 10;{6} G. Time-gated radiographs of monoenergetic protons with discrete energies (15.0 and 3.3 MeV) reveal dynamic pictures of field structures and plasma flow. Near the end of the 1-ns laser drive, a stagnating Au plasma (approximately 10 mg cm;{-3}) forms at the center of the hohlraum. This is a consequence of supersonic, radially directed Au jets (approximately 1000 microm ns;{-1}, approximately Mach 4) that arise from the interaction of laser-driven plasma bubbles expanding into one another.
Institutional Perspectives on Law, Work and Family

Work and family scholarship increasingly focuses on how institutions constrain the choices of families struggling to balance market work with care work. Recent legal reforms, including the Family and Medical Leave Act, also focus on institutional reform to alleviate work/family conflict. This article reviews important empirical questions raised by this institutional turn in both law and social science. How have changes in the institutions of family and work contributed to work/family conflict? Have legal reforms produced more egalitarian sharing of care work between men and women? How do work organizations respond to these legal mandates? How have organizational and cultural institutions hindered or given support to laws that attempt to reform the relationship between work and family? Empirical research indicates that legal reforms have brought about important changes but that entrenched work practices and cultural norms around work, family, and gender continue to generate institutional resistance to soci...
Driven intrinsic localized modes in a coupled pendulum array

Intrinsic localized modes (ILMs), also called discrete breathers, are directly generated via modulational instability in an array of coupled pendulums. These ILMs can be stabilized over a range of driver frequencies and amplitudes. They are characterized by a π-phase difference between their centre and wings. At higher driver frequencies, these ILMs are observed to disintegrate via a pulsating instability, and the mechanism of this breather instability is investigated.
Merchant Commodity Storage and Term-Structure Model Error

Merchant operations involves valuing and hedging the cash flows of commodity-and energy-conversion assets as real options based on stochastic models that inevitably embed model error. In this paper we quantify how empirically calibrated model errors concerning the futures term structure affect the valuation and hedging of natural gas storage. We find that even small model errors-on the order of 1%-2% of the empirical futures price variance-can have a disproportionate impact on storage valuation and hedging. In particular, theoretically equivalent hedging strategies have very different sensitivities to model error, with one natural strategy exhibiting potentially catastrophic performance in the presence of small model errors. We propose effective approaches to mitigate the negative effect of futures term-structure model error on hedging, also taking into account futures contract illiquidity, and provide theoretical justification for some of these approaches. Beyond commodity storage, our analysis has relevance for other real and financial options that depend on futures term-structure dynamics, as well as for inventory, production, and capacity investment policies that rely on demand-forecast term structures.
Sodium Borohydride–Mediated Transesterification

In the presence of sodium borohydride, esters react with alcohols with formation of the corresponding esters. The reaction is sensitive to the solvent, structure of the ester, and is often concurrent with reduction. Thioesters containing an ester group can be selectively cleaved by the reagent. Both esters and thioesters attached to solid support are resistant toward sodium borohydride. The in situ prepared sodium tetraalkoxyborate is introduced as an efficient reagent and catalyst for transesterification.
Evolution of a finite pulse of radiation in a high-power free-electron laser

The development of an optical pulse of finite axial extent is studied by means of an axisymmetric time-dependent particle simulation code for different rates of tapering of the wiggler field. The results illustrate a number of physical phenomena underlying the free-electron laser mechanism. These include: suppression of the sideband instability: the role of gain focusing versus that of refractive guiding: efficiency enhancement; and pulse slippage. It is found that a significant reduction in the sideband modulation of the optical field can be achieved with a faster tapering of the wiggler parameters. Increasing the tapering rate also reduces refractive guiding, causing the optical wavefronts to become more convex, thus spreading the optical field into a larger cross section. The corresponding enhancement of the peak output power is associated with an increased lateral extent of the optical field rather than an increase in the field amplitude. >
Psychological assessment of mothers and their daughters at the time of diagnosis of precocious puberty

Background Concerns about psychological distress are often used to justify treatment of girls with precocious puberty, but there is little evidence to support these concerns. The extent to which psychological problems are associated with central precocious puberty (CPP) compared with other forms of early puberty in girls has likewise not been established.
Asymptotic behavior of stochastic approximation and large deviations

The theory of large deviations is applied to the study of the asymptotic properties of the stochastic approximation algorithms
TRADE POLICY AND INDIRECT RENT SEEKING: A SYNTHESIS OF RECENT WORK†

This paper synthesizes a body of work in trade theory and commercial policy. A common theme unifies this literature: The prospect of protection, institutionalized in the policy formation process and the rules for administered protection, can induce real changes in economic activity independent of whether actual barriers to trade have been imposed. These changes are designed to indirectly manage policy outcomes by either encouraging or defusing protectionist pressures. Thus firm conduct may be distorted by incentives to optimize on a politically-determined margin and the evolution of protectionist events may be shaped by more than the direct lobbying efforts of interest groups. Copyright 1994 Blackwell Publishers Ltd..
Tuning Strassen's Matrix Multiplication for Memory Efficiency

Strassen's algorithm for matrix multiplication gains its lower arithmetic complexity at the expense of reduced locality of reference, which makes it challenging to implement the algorithm efficiently on a modern machine with a hierarchical memory system. We report on an implementation of this algorithm that uses several unconventional techniques to make the algorithm memory-friendly. First, the algorithm internally uses a non- standard array layout known as Morton order that is based on a quad-tree decomposition of the matrix. Second, we dynamically select the recursion truncation point to minimize padding without affecting the performance of the algorithm, which we can do by virtue of the cache behavior of the Morton ordering. Each technique is critical for performance, and their combination as done in our code multiplies their effectiveness. Performance comparisons of our implementation with that of competing implementations show that our implementation often outperforms the alternative techniques (up to 25%). However, we also observe wide variability across platforms and across matrix sizes, indicating that at this time, no single implementation is a clear choice for all platforms or matrix sizes. We also note that the time required to convert matrices to/from Morton order is a noticeable amount of execution time (5% to 15%). Eliminating this overhead further reduces our execution time.
Genetic Disorders and Defects in Vitamin D Action

The biochemical and genetic analysis of the VDR in patients with HVDRR has yielded important insights into the structure and function of the receptor in mediating 1,25(OH)2D3 action. Similarly, study of children affected by HVDRR continues to provide a more complete understanding of the biologic role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in vivo. A concerted investigative approach to HVDRR at the clinical, cellular, and molecular levels has proved valuable in gaining knowledge of the functions of the domains of the VDR and elucidating the detailed mechanism of action of 1,25(OH)2D3. These studies have been essential to promote the well-being of the families with HVDRR and in improving the diagnostic and clinical management of this rare genetic disease.
Harnessing the sol-gel process for the assembly of non-silicate mesostructured oxide materials.

Mesostructured non-silicate oxides, with well-defined organization on the 2–50 nm size scale, may play a pivotal role in advancing vital disciplines such as catalysis, energy conversion, and biotechnology. Herein, we present selected methodologies for utilizing the sol–gel process, in conjunction with organic-directed assembly, to synthesize a variety of mesostructured oxides. The nature of the inorganic precursor is critical for this process. We discuss the development of general routes for yielding stable, nanoscopic, hydrophilic, inorganic precursors compatible with organic co-assembly. In particular, we highlight the use and characterization of organic-acid-modified transition metal oxide sol–gel precursors that allow for the synthesis and processing of designer mesostructured oxides such as titania hybrids for optical applications and porous multicomponent metal oxides useful for catalysis.
Patterns of service utilization among pre-certified victims of human trafficking

This exploratory study examined factors associated with service utilization among pre-certified victims of human trafficking. The Andersen-Newman model of service utilization guided the examination...
Patterns on liquid surfaces: cnoidal waves, compactons and scaling

Abstract Localized patterns and nonlinear oscillation formations on the bounded free surface of an ideal incompressible liquid are investigated. Cnoidal modes, solitons and compactons, as traveling non-axially symmetric shapes are discussed. A finite-difference differential generalized Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is shown to describe the three-dimensional motion of the fluid surface, and in the limit of long and shallow channels one recovers the well-known KdV equation. A tentative expansion formula for the representation of the general solution of a nonlinear equation, for given initial conditions is introduced. The model is useful in multilayer fluid dynamics, cluster formation, and nuclear physics since, up to an overall scale, these systems display a free liquid surface behavior.
α-C-Galactosylceramides: Synthesis and Immunology

A B S T R A C T A synthetic C-glycoside, a-C-galactosylceramide, is an active immunostimulant in mice. It displays better activity than a-O-galactosylceramide in several disease models. Syntheses of several a-C-galactosylceramides are described. Experiments that probe its immunostimulant activity are outlined. Possible explanations for its superior activity are discussed.
Maximum face-constrained coloring of plane graphs

Let f(G) be the maximum number of colors in a vertex coloring of a simple plane graph G such that no face has distinct colors on all its vertices. If G has n vertices and chromatic number k, then f(G)>=@?n/k@?+1. For k@?{2,3}, this bound is sharp for all n (except n=<3 when k=2). For k=4, the bound is within 1 for all n.
Local Land-use Controls and Demographic Outcomes in a Booming Economy

Summary. The article analyses the link between autarchic land-use policies adopted by local governments in California and the substantial redistribution of its population during the decade of the 1990s. Changes in population growth by racial and ethnic group in California cities are related to measures of the extent to which locally adopted policy favours expansion of the single-family housing stock. Controlling for the initial conditions of housing and labour markets by relying upon census measures for 1990, the paper accounts for the potential endogeneity of contemporaneous land-use policies by relying upon exogenous measures of the ‘exclusivity’ and ‘pro-growth’ propensities of the local public sector recorded by a state-wide survey in the early 1990s.
The Case of Baby M: Love's Labor Lost

This essay examines the New Jersey Supreme Court's 1988 decision in the case of In re Baby M and the effect of the holding on the consequences of collaborative conception. Rather than embrace, totally, the development of legislative approaches to validating surrogate birth contracts, this essay suggests that the courts seek a reasonable balance of competing interests in determining where the best interests of issue born of these contracts truly lie. Thus, the goals of equity rather than contract law should be pivotal in guiding judicial decision making.
The RSA Group is Pseudo-Free

We prove, under the strong RSA assumption, that the group of invertible integers modulo the product of two safe primes is pseudo-free. More specifically, no polynomial-time algorithm can output (with non negligible probability) an unsatisfiable system of equations over the free Abelian group generated by the symbols g 1,…,g n , together with a solution modulo the product of two randomly chosen safe primes when g 1,…,g n are instantiated to randomly chosen quadratic residues. Ours is the first provably secure construction of pseudo-free Abelian groups under a standard cryptographic assumption and resolves a conjecture of Rivest (Theory of Cryptography Conference—Proceedings of TCC 2004, LNCS, vol. 2951, pp. 505–521, 2004).
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Brevetoxin A: Convergent Coupling Strategy and Completion

A highly convergent, enantioselective total synthesis of brevetoxin A is reported. The development of a [X + 2 + X] Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons/cyclodehydration/reductive etherification convergent coupling strategy allowed for a unified approach to the synthesis of two advanced tetracyclic fragments from four cyclic ether subunits. The Horner–Wittig coupling of the two tetracyclic fragments provided substrates that were explored for reductive etherification, the success of which delivered a late-stage tetraol intermediate. The tetraol was converted to the natural product through an expeditious selective oxidative process, followed by methylenation.
Menu Costs at Work: Restaurant Prices and the Introduction of the Euro

Restaurant prices in the euro area increased dramatically after the introduction of the euro. We argue that this increase can be explained by a common model of menu cost pricing, extended to include the state-dependent decision of firms on when to adopt the new currency. Two mechanisms drive this result. First, firms concentrate otherwise staggered price increases around the changeover. Second, before the adoption of the Euro, prices do not reflect the marginal cost increases expected to occur after the changeover. This “horizon effect” disappears as soon as the new currency is adopted, causing a jump in the optimal price.
Oxidation of aliphatic side chains in anthracene diels-alder adducts

Abstract An efficient oxidation of methyl and primary side chains of anthracene Diels Alder adducts with KMnO 4 is reported. The oxidation leaves the bridgehead methines intact providing Diels-Alder adducts of anthracenecarboxylic acids. Retro Diels-Alder reaction allows for the preparation of the parent anthracenecarboxylic acids.
The common information of N dependent random variables

This paper generalizes Wyner's definition of common information of a pair of random variables to that of N random variables. We prove coding theorems that show the same operational meanings for the common information of two random variables generalize to that of N random variables. As a byproduct of our proof, we show that the Gray-Wyner source coding network can be generalized to N source squences with N decoders. We also establish a monotone property of Wyner's common information which is in contrast to other notions of the common information, specifically Shannon's mutual information and Gacs and Korner's common randomness. Examples about the computation of Wyner's common information of N random variables are also given.
Subtropical Atlantic salinity variability and Atlantic meridional circulation during the last deglaciation

During the last deglaciation (ca. 21–10 ka), freshening of the North Atlantic surface likely caused reductions in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC); the mechanisms related to AMOC recovery remain poorly understood. Here we present three new deglacial surface temperature and δ18Oseawater (δ18Osw) reconstructions from the western subtropical North and South Atlantic. Similarities to tropical Caribbean and western Atlantic δ18Osw records suggest that a salty surface water mass accumulated in the western Atlantic from 27°S to 33°N during periods of reduced AMOC. However, δ18Osw decreases led deep AMOC resumption by hundreds of years. We suggest that the northward export of salt previously trapped in the western Atlantic resulted in the early establishment of a shallow overturning circulation that eventually culminated in deep AMOC resumption, implying that AMOC may constitute a self-limiting system.
International Migration and Human Development

This paper reviews the relationship between international migration and human development. First, it reviews what we know about the factors that drive migration from developing to developed countries. Second, it reviews existing knowledge about the impact of international migration and remittances on the economic and human development of migrants’ source countries. These first two sections of the paper are accompanied by an assessment of the gaps in our knowledge that need to be filled with further research. The last section of the paper outlines policies that could help raise the development impact of migration and remittances. First, governments should extend absentee voting rights to overseas citizens. In addition, facilitating migrants’ access to and use of financial services could bring substantial benefits. Furthermore, governments can profitably devote self-discovery and enterprise promotion efforts to small-scale activities. Finally, there could be substantial benefits from encouraging overseas citizens to retire at home while taking advantage of accumulated retirement benefits from their migration host countries.
Short-sales constraints and stock return asymmetry: evidence from the Chinese stock markets

The difficulty of short-selling stocks in the Chinese markets conforms to the assumption of the ‘Differences-of-Opinion’ theory and therefore, provides an empirical framework for testing the theory. The results show evidence supporting the theory: heavier trading predicts a more negatively skewed return.
Advancing design-for-assembly-the next generation in assembly planning

At the 1995 IEEE Symposium on Assembly and Task Planning, Sandia National Laboratories introduced the Archimedes 2 Software Tool. The system was described as a second-generation assembly planning system that allowed preliminary applications of assembly planning for industry, while solidly supporting further research in planning techniques. Sandia has worked closely with industry and academia over the last four years. The results of these working relationships have bridged a gap for the next generation in assembly planning. The goal of the paper is to share Sandia's technological advancements in assembly planning over the last four years and the impact these advancements have made on the manufacturing community.
Rupture dynamics with energy loss outside the slip zone

[1] Energy loss in a fault damage zone, outside the slip zone, contributes to the fracture energy that determines rupture velocity of an earthquake. A nonelastic two-dimensional dynamic calculation is done in which the slip zone is modeled as a fault plane and material off the fault is subject to a Coulomb yield condition. In a mode 2 crack-like solution in which an abrupt uniform drop of shear traction on the fault spreads from a point, Coulomb yielding occurs on the extensional side of the fault. Plastic strain is distributed with uniform magnitude along the fault, and it has a thickness normal to the fault proportional to propagation distance. Energy loss off the fault is also proportional to propagation distance, and it can become much larger than energy loss on the fault specified by the fault constitutive relation. The slip velocity function could be produced in an equivalent elastic problem by a slip-weakening friction law with breakdown slip Dc increasing with distance. Fracture energy G and equivalent Dc will be different in ruptures with different initiation points and stress drops, so they are not constitutive properties; they are determined by the dynamic solution that arrives at a particular point. Peak slip velocity is, however, a property of a fault location. Nonelastic response can be mimicked by imposing a limit on slip velocity on a fault in an elastic medium.
Rhodium (I)-catalyzed cyclizations of 3-C-alkenyl pentodialdose derivatives

Abstract Cyclization of 1,2-isopropylidene 3-C-allyl ribo -pentodialdose, and 1-methylallyl and 3-C-vinyl analogs, with [(Ph3P)2RhCl]2 under CH2CH2 leads to intramolecular hydroacylation of the alkene with selective formation of cyclohexanones or cyclopentanones.
Vector Invariants in Arbitrary Characteristic

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p ≥ 0. Let H be a subgroup of GLn(k). We are interested in the determination of the vector invariants of H. When the characteristic of k is 0, it is known that the invariants of d vectors, d ≥ n, are obtained from those of n vectors by polarization. This result is not true when char k = p > 0 even in the case where H is a torus. However, we show that the algebra of invariants is always the p-root closure of the algebra of polarized invariants. We also give conditions for the two algebras to be equal, relating equality to good filtrations and saturated subgroups. As applications, we discuss the cases where H is finite or a classical group.
Complete Shrinking Ricci Solitons have Finite Fundamental Group

We show that if a complete Riemannian manifold supports a vector field such that the Ricci tensor plus the Lie derivative of the metric with respect to the vector field has a positive lower bound, then the fundamental group is finite. In particular, it follows that complete shrinking Ricci solitons and complete smooth metric measure spaces with a positive lower bound on the Bakry-Emery tensor have finite fundamental group. The method of proof is to generalize arguments of Garcia-Rio and Fernandez-Lopez in the compact case.