cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Indirect Effects of Trait Anxiety on Drug Use Via Emotion Dysregulation in a Low-Income Sample

Background: Research has demonstrated consistent associations between anxiety and illicit drug use. However, few studies to date have examined the shared risk factors that may contribute to this co...
The Effect of Intraoperative Methadone Compared to Morphine on Postsurgical Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background and Objectives. Methadone is commonly used in chronic pain, but it is not frequently used as an intraoperative analgesic. Several randomized studies have compared intraoperative methadone to morphine regarding postsurgical analgesia, but they have generated conflicting results. The aim of this investigation was to compare the analgesic efficacy of intraoperative methadone to morphine in patients undergoing surgical procedures. Methods. We performed a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar electronic databases. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model, weighted mean differences (WMD), standard deviation, 95% confidence intervals, and sample size. Methodological quality was evaluated using Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. Results. Seven randomized controlled trials evaluating 337 patients across different surgical procedures were included. The aggregated effect of intraoperative methadone on postoperative opioid consumption did not reveal a significant effect, WMD (95% CI) of −0.51 (−1.79 to 0.76), ( ) IV morphine equivalents. In contrast, the effect of methadone on postoperative pain demonstrated a significant effect in the postanesthesia care unit, WMD (95% CI) of −1.11 (−1.88 to −0.33), , and at 24 hours, WMD (95% CI) of −1.35 (−2.03 to −0.67), . Conclusions. The use of intraoperative methadone reduces postoperative pain when compared to morphine. In addition, the beneficial effect of methadone on postoperative pain is not attributable to an increase in postsurgical opioid consumption. Our results suggest that intraoperative methadone may be a viable strategy to reduce acute pain in surgical patients.
Early Greek Portraiture: Monuments and Histories

In this book, Catherine M. Keesling lends new insight into the origins of civic honorific portraits that emerged at the end of the fifth century BC in ancient Greece. Surveying the subjects, motives and display contexts of Archaic and Classical portrait sculpture, she demonstrates that the phenomenon of portrait representation in Greek culture is complex and without a single, unifying history. Bringing a multi-disciplinary approach to the topic, Keesling grounds her study in contemporary texts such as Herodotus' Histories and situates portrait representation within the context of contemporary debates about the nature of arete (excellence), the value of historical commemoration and the relationship between the human individual and the gods and heroes. She argues that often the goal of Classical portraiture was to link the individual to divine or heroic models. Offering an overview of the role of portraits in Archaic and Classical Greece, her study includes local histories of the development of Greek portraiture in sanctuaries such as Olympia, Delphi and the Athenian Acropolis.
Diagnosis and management of pediatric epithelial salivary gland malignancy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Salivary tumors are uncommon among children but are more likely to be malignant compared with adults. A lack of experience makes consensus in treatment elusive. Amidst recent publication of large institutional and national series, this review aims to discuss the epidemiology, diagnosis, investigation, and treatment for pediatric epithelial salivary malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS Pediatric salivary malignancies are often low grade and carry a favorable prognosis. High-grade tumors portend an increased risk of recurrence and a decreased survival. Surgeons should strive for oncologic resection with clear margins and avoid enucleation and excisional biopsies. Overt nodal metastases require concurrent neck dissection, whereas elective neck dissections may be reserved for cases with high risk of occult disease, such as advanced stage and high-grade neoplasms. Adjuvant radiation should be considered in high-grade tumors. SUMMARY The paucity of high-level evidence clouds treatment decisions and further encourages pediatric salivary malignancies to be treated in an experienced center with a multidisciplinary approach.
Association of Baseline and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition Measures With Risk of Heart Failure and Myocardial Infarction in Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From the Look AHEAD Trial

Background: Intentional weight loss is associated with lower risk of heart failure (HF) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the contribution of ...
Abstract PO056: The kinetics of the anti-glioblastoma immune response in immunocompetent mouse models is influenced by neglected factors

Due to the recent rise in immunotherapy research to treat Glioblastoma, immunocompetent mouse models have become increasingly crucial for the study of novel immunotherapies against brain tumors. However, the kinetics of the immune response against the most prevalent immunocompetent GBM models, GL261 and CT2A, have not been well studied, nor have they been compared adequately in the literature. In this study, we compared the immune response in these models using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. We investigated several factors that influence the immune response, such as kinetics, tumor size, and transfection status. We hypothesize that these factors influence the immune response enough to warrant consideration while studying new immunotherapeutic approaches for treating GBM. Our results will aid in the preclinical studies of immunotherapy for GBM by allowing scientists to make informed decisions about their chosen models. Citation Format: Breanna R. Noffsinger, Alexandra Witter, Natasha Shebani, Aizhen Xiao, Qing Zhong, Tajie Harris, Benjamin Purow. The kinetics of the anti-glioblastoma immune response in immunocompetent mouse models is influenced by neglected factors [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2020 Oct 19-20. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2021;9(2 Suppl):Abstract nr PO056.
On Interface Formation in Zr-Based BMG/6061 Al Interconnects Joined by µFSSW

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are very attractive to a range of micro-electronic applications including sensing elements, precision optics, and micro-geared motors due to their high strength, elasticity, corrosion resistance, and soft magnetic properties. Although joining BMGs to dissimilar materials to manufacture interconnects for micro-electronic devices is a great challenge, micro-friction stir spot welding (µFSSW) is a novel solid-state joining process which makes it a strong candidate for joining BMGs or BMGs to other crystalline materials to fabricate various types of interconnects. However, studies on the dissimilar µFSSW of BMGs to aluminum (Al) alloys are limited. This paper presents experimental investigations on interface formation in µFSSW of dissimilar Zr-based BMGs (i.e. LM105) to 6061 Al alloys. A series of µFSSW of dissimilar 1.5 mm thick LM105 BMGs-to-6061Al-T6 sheets trials were conducted and the stir zone temperature was measured. The obtained joint cross sections were characterized by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the effect of µFSSW conditions on the joint interface’s microstructure evolution was evaluated. It has been found that the BMGs materials were stirred into the Al side in the stir zone and reacted with the Al to form the Al-rich phase.
Bayesian Optimal Experimental Design for Inferring Causal Structure

Inferring the causal structure of a system typically requires interventional data, rather than just observational data. Since interventional experiments can be costly, it is preferable to select interventions that yield the maximum amount of information about a system. We propose a novel Bayesian method for optimal experimental design by sequentially selecting interventions that minimize the expected posterior entropy as rapidly as possible. A key feature is that the method can be implemented by computing simple summaries of the current posterior, avoiding the computationally burdensome task of repeatedly performing posterior inference on hypothetical future datasets drawn from the posterior predictive. After deriving the method in a general setting, we apply it to the problem of inferring causal networks. We present a series of simulation studies in which we find that the proposed method performs favorably compared to existing alternative methods. Finally, we apply the method to real and simulated data from a protein-signaling network.
Post-script – When post-racialism fails: Meghan Markle and the limits of symbolism

Abstract This essay responds to the contemporary discourse around race, gender, and class, among other factors, that informs current understandings of Meghan Markle, the Duchess of Sussex. This essay lends particular focus to arguments, concerns, and insights raised by other authors in this special issue in addition to recent media interviews involving the Duchess.
Electrophysiological Properties from Computations at a Single Voltage: Testing Theory with Stochastic Simulations

We use stochastic simulations to investigate the performance of two recently developed methods for calculating the free energy profiles of ion channels and their electrophysiological properties, such as current–voltage dependence and reversal potential, from molecular dynamics simulations at a single applied voltage. These methods require neither knowledge of the diffusivity nor simulations at multiple voltages, which greatly reduces the computational effort required to probe the electrophysiological properties of ion channels. They can be used to determine the free energy profiles from either forward or backward one-sided properties of ions in the channel, such as ion fluxes, density profiles, committor probabilities, or from their two-sided combination. By generating large sets of stochastic trajectories, which are individually designed to mimic the molecular dynamics crossing statistics of models of channels of trichotoxin, p7 from hepatitis C and a bacterial homolog of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel, GLIC, we find that the free energy profiles obtained from stochastic simulations corresponding to molecular dynamics simulations of even a modest length are burdened with statistical errors of only 0.3 kcal/mol. Even with many crossing events, applying two-sided formulas substantially reduces statistical errors compared to one-sided formulas. With a properly chosen reference voltage, the current–voltage curves can be reproduced with good accuracy from simulations at a single voltage in a range extending for over 200 mV. If possible, the reference voltages should be chosen not simply to drive a large current in one direction, but to observe crossing events in both directions.
LEC Vulnerability on Constant Propagation

LEC is the most widely used tool for formal equivalence verification and ECO generation, but there are gaps in modeling of constant in LEC which can lead to silicon bugs even though the verification has passed. This issue is observed in designs which have gone through ECO’s. This paper covers scenarios where there are potential bugs masked by LEC/ECO due to this limitation and proposes a methodology to mitigate it.
A Parallelizable Reachable Set Method for Pursuit-Evasion Games Using Interior-Point Methods

This paper focuses on time-optimal pursuit-evasion games. The paper describes a method to compute reachable sets for deterministic systems with convex constraints. For stochastic systems, a conservative approximation is introduced so that a deterministic system results. Reachable sets are calculated using an algorithm that produces a polytopic inner estimate of the actual reachable set. A pursuit-evasion game is then introduced, and it is shown that it can be solved using reachable set analysis. The optimal termination point for the game lies on the boundary of the pursuer's and evader's reachable sets. Several examples are worked for deterministic and stochastic capture problems. A deterministic Sun blocking problem is also solved wherein one player blocks sunlight from the other.
Deriving a Tree Growth Model from Any Existing Stand Growth Model

In this study, a new method was developed to derive a tree survival and diameter growth model from any existing stand-level model, without the need for individual-tree growth data. Predictions from...
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) arises from L2–L3 posterior divisions. It exits the psoas muscle along its lateral border and then runs obliquely caudally and laterally towards the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS ). It passes under the lateral part of the inguinal ligament to enter the thigh in its own sheath (a complete fascial tunnel surrounds the nerve). It supplies the skin of the anterolateral thigh.
Antigen binding to lymphoid cells from unimmunized mice: III. Multiple antigen binding to single B- and T-cells

Abstract Among Ig-bearing patterned antigen-binding cells, from marrow and spleen and in purified T-cell preparations from spleen and cortisone-resistant thymus, 30–50% of all cells capable of binding one fluorescent antigen, also bind a second fluorescent antigen. Antigen binding is equally inhibitable in “single” and “double” binding cells, either by anti-μ serum or specifically by homologous antigen (and not by heterologous antigens). Localization of fluorescent antigen was over the same areas of the cells that showed anti-Ig binding and occurred in spots or “islands.” On cells binding two antigens, photographic comparison revealed that individual islands have widely varying amounts of receptor of each antigen specificity.
Socioeconomic Status and Stress

Stress is studied in sociology as a variable that contributes to explanations for why socioeconomic status (SES), which includes some combination of indicators of education, income, and occupational status, is related to mental and physical health, illness, and health behaviors. These social patterns are identified by categorizing individuals or families by SES. The dominant causal direction is from SES to health rather than from health to SES, but the relationship is reciprocal. The monotonic relationship between SES and stress is generally inverse. This corresponds to the inverse relationship between SES of individuals and physical and mental health. Community or neighborhood SES also is related to health but not as strongly as individual or family SES. The differential exposure to stress, especially when combined with inadequate coping resources in families, communities, and nations, is part of the explanation for persistent inequities in both mental and physical health. Keywords: health; socioeconomic status; stratification and inequality; stress
New Effect Size Rules of Thumb

Recommendations to expand Cohen’s (1988) rules of thumb for interpreting effect sizes are given to include very small, very large, and huge effect sizes. The reasons for the expansion, and implications for designing Monte Carlo studies, are discussed.
Use of Thin Films in High-Temperature Superconducting Bearings

In a PM/HTS bearing, locating a thin-film HTS above a bulk HTS was expected to maintain the large levitation force provided by the bulk with a lower rotational drag provided by the very high current density of the film. For low drag to be achieved, the thin film must shield the bulk from inhomogeneous magnetic fields. Measurement of rotational drag of a PM/HTS bearing that used a combination of bulk and film HTS showed that the thin film is not effective in reducing the rotational drag. Subsequent experiments, in which an AC coil was placed above the thin-film HTS and the magnetic field on the other side of the film was measured, showed that the thin film provides good shielding when the coil axis is perpendicular to the film surface but poor shielding when the coil axis is parallel to the surface. This is consistent with the lack of reduction in rotational drag being due to a horizontal magnetic moment of the permanent magnet. The poor shielding with the coil axis parallel to the film surface is attributed to the aspect ratio of the film and the three-dimensional nature of the current flow in the film for this coil orientation.
Hot hydrogen atom reactions moderated by H2 and He.

Photolysis experiments were performed on the H2-CD4-NH3 and He-CD4-NH3 systems. The photolysis (1849 A) involved only NH3. Mixtures of H2:CD4:NH3 included all combinations of the ratios (200,400,800):(10,20,40):4. Two He:CD4:NH3 mixtures were examined where the ratios equalled the combinations 100:(10,20):4. Abstraction of a D from CD4 by the photolytically produced hot hydrogen from ammonia was monitored by mass spectrometric determination of HD. Both experiment and semiempirical hot-atom theory show that H2 is a very poor thermalizer of hot hydrogens with excess kinetic energy of about 2 eV. Applications of the hard-sphere collision model to the H2-CD4-NH3 system resulted in predicted ratios of net HD production to NH3 decomposition that were two orders of magnitude smaller than the experimental ratios. On the other hand, helium is found to be a very efficient thermalizer; here, the classical model yields reasonable agreement with experiments. Application of a semiempirical hot-atom program gave quantitative agreement with experiment for either system.
The Mad Border Body: A Political In-betweeness

Sanity and madness have historically and culturally functioned as binary opposites, the former serving as a representation of normalcy, while the latter functions as shorthand for defect and abnormality. This essay examines the artificiality of this binary construction and offers the mad border body as an alternative. Informed by the works of Chicana theorist Gloria Anzaldua and queer theorist Jacquelyn N. Zita, the mad border body argues that one can simultaneously inhabit the spaces of sanity and madness. As a third positionality, the mad border body is an alternative to the sane/mad construction in that it advocates for a disruption of binary logic all together. In its examination of this alternative location of being, this essay is also grounded in the author’s own bodily experiences with madness, in her own phenomenology of disability. Keywords: madness, sanity, phenomenology of disability, mad border body
Chemokines and Central Nervous System Physiology

Publisher Summary The chemokine system is involved in many important aspects of central nervous system (CNS) functioning. This chapter discusses the role of chemokines in the development, normal physiology, and pathological inflammatory and malignant processes of the CNS. The chemokines orchestrate the trafficking of leukocytes into the CNS in homeostasis and in response to stress, injury, infection, and autoimmune diseases. However, chemokines also play a role in the positioning of neurons during CNS development and in the growth and movement of neuronal tumors. Chemokines represent novel therapeutic targets for inflammatory and malignant diseases of the CNS. In keeping with their effects on leukocytes, chemokines have shown to effect the proliferation, survival, and migration of neural precursors. In the adult CNS, which has more fully differentiated neurons, chemokines exert trophic effects and participate in synaptogenesis, while chemokine receptors exert modulatory influences on neuronal responses to classical neurotransmitters. The over expression of chemokine receptors in neural cell types is associated with the development of CNS neoplastic diseases.
Shared Genomic Segment Analysis: The Power to Find Rare Disease Variants

Summary Shared genomic segment (SGS) analysis uses dense single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping in high-risk (HR) pedigrees to identify regions of sharing between cases. Here, we illustrate the power of SGS to identify dominant rare risk variants. Using simulated pedigrees, we consider 12 disease models based on disease prevalence, minor allele frequency and penetrance to represent disease loci that explain 0.2–99.8% of total disease risk. Pedigrees were required to contain ≥15 meioses between all cases and to be HR based on significant excess of disease (P < 0.001 or P < 0.00001). Across these scenarios, the power for a single pedigree ranged widely. Nonetheless, fewer than 10 pedigrees were sufficient for excellent power in the majority of models. Power increased with the risk attributable to the disease locus, penetrance and the excess of disease in the pedigree. Sharing allowing for one sporadic case was uniformly more powerful than sharing using all cases. Furthermore, an SGS analysis using a large attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis pedigree identified a 1.96 Mb region containing the known causal APC gene with genome-wide significance. SGS is a powerful method for detecting rare variants and a valuable complement to genome-wide association studies and linkage analysis.
Reducing the Fuel Cost of Motor Carriers by Using Optimal Routing and Refueling Policies

Fuel optimizers are decision models (software products) that are increasingly recognized as effective fuel-management tools by US truckload carriers. Given the origin and the destination of a particular load, these software products seek both the route to use from origin to destination and the sequence of truck stops to use along the route so as to minimize the fuel cost of operating a vehicle. While useful, these products currently provide limited benefits to the users because they all use heuristic methods. Exact (optimal) methods are available in the academic literature, but they are not yet used in practice mainly because they lack empirical support. This article fills this gap in the literature by conducting an empirical analysis that contrasts the effectiveness of the conventional heuristic method and the emerging exact methods. Computational testing with real-world instances shows that the exact method attains noticeable cost savings over the heuristic method without significantly increasing the computational time.
PATH: a program to build resilience and thriving in undergraduates

We developed and tested a brief three-session program to build resilience (protection from depressive symptoms) and thriving (positive growth) in undergraduates by teaching adaptive explanatory styles. In Study 1, a pretest–posttest waiting list control experiment with 28 undergraduates found that our Program for Accelerated Thriving and Health (PATH) significantly increased optimistic and personal control explanatory styles (Attributional Style Questionnaire), resilience (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and thriving (Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale 10). In Study 2, a placebo control experiment with 63 undergraduates found a modified version of the program to significantly increase resilience. All effects were at least moderate in size. As predicted, a personal control explanatory style significantly predicted thriving in both studies. Predictors of resilience and thriving were discussed in terms of differentiating the constructs.
Economic Comparison of Canning and Retort Pouch Systems

The economic feasibility of using the retort pouch for processing, packaging and distributing processed fruit and vegetable products during a period of rising energy prices was examined. A retort pouch packaging system was found to be the overall minimum cost packaging system among three packaging systems considered—an existing canning line, a new canning line, and a retort pouch line. Although the costs associated with acquiring and maintaining the durable machinery for retort pouch processing are significantly higher than for a new canning system or an existing canning system, other operating expenditures considered in the packaging systems are considerably lower. Lower freight costs, attributed to the lighter weight and smaller volume of pouches and the comparatively lower purchase price of retort pouches than cans, are the major contributors to the cost effectiveness of the retort pouch packaging system. Energy savings in processing the pouch versus the can are of little significance, but the comparatively lower amount of energy used in transportation and container manufacture has an important role in the cost effectiveness of the retort pouch packaging system.
Is HIDA Scan Necessary for Sonographically Suspicious Cholecystitis

Background : Historically, abdominal ultrasound is the study of choice for diagnosing cholelithiasis, whereas HIDA scan is the study of choice for diagnosing acute cholecystitis. With improvements in ultrasound technology over the past two decades, we sought to reevaluate the clinical utility of HIDA scan over ultrasound alone in diagnosing cholecystitis. Methods : A retrospective review of 154 patients admitted to our emergency room with suspicion for cholecystitis who underwent abdominal sonography, HIDA scan, and proceeded to cholecystectomy on the same admission was conducted. Results of ultrasound and HIDA scan were compared to the final surgical pathology. Results : The two groups did not differ with respect to age or gender. HIDA scan had a greater sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in diagnosing cholecystitis, but the positive predictive value of ultrasound and HIDA scan were similar. Conclusions : While HIDA scan may be the test of choice for diagnosing cholecystitis, it may be unnecessary in patients with sonographically suspicious cholecystitis, as these sonographic features, when present, are highly predictive of cholecystitis. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jcs201w
Energies and Geometries of Isographic Hydrogen-Bonded Networks. 1. The (8) Graph Set

The bidentate hydrogen-bonding patterns frequently formed by the side chains of the amino acids arginine, asparagine, and glutamine can be described, using graph-set notation, as (8) (ring pattern of eight atoms with two donor and two acceptor hydrogen bonds). It is shown that this hydrogen-bonding pattern is present in approximately 34% of the high-resolution crystal structures in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) that have the potential to form this particular pattern. Most of these crystal structures involve an interaction between two amide groups, but a significant number involve an interaction between an amidinium cation and a carboxylate anion. The mean H···O bond distances and the N−H···O bond angles found for these two types of interaction are nearly the same. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations are used to investigate the structure, charge distribution, and decomposition enthalpies of several gas phase hydrogen-bonded complexes which have these types of (8) interactions. Calculated H··...
X-Ray Radiographic Examination of Dart Formation in Helix Aspersa

Formation of the dart in the snail Helix aspersa occurs following loss of the dart during mating behavior. The new dart is formed during a period of 5-6 days within a dart sac lined with epithelium, and the stages of its development can be followed by x-ray radiography. CaCO 3 deposition is initiated at the tip of a conical tubercle covered with epithelium and proceeds anteriorly forming a shaft with blades and then posteriorly with the formation of a flared region bearing pleated rods. The form of the dart appears to be governed by the conformation of the epithelium lining the dart sac. The calcium content of the dart is approximately 0.5 mg. The dart sac tissue (excluding the collar spherules) contains less than 5% of this amount, indicating that the calcium used for dart formation comes from other body or shell sources.
Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Select Georgia and Pee Dee Cotton Lines

The current standard strategy for cotton transformation uses Agrobacterium for gene transfer and regeneration via somatic embryogenesis, but it is successful only for a handful of cultivars. This study was undertaken with the prospect of expanding the number of elite Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes that can be regenerated via somatic embryogenesis. We tested 15 elite Upland cotton lines from Southeast germplasm: eight lines developed by the Georgia Agriculture Experiment Station and seven by the USDA-ARS Pee Dee cotton breeding program. These genotypes were tested on three embryo initiation-maturation media that were previously found to be capable of inducing somatic embryogenesis in diverse cotton species. Three Pee Dee lines, PD 97019, PD 97021, and PD 97100, and one Georgia line, GA 98033, responded to at least one of the three medium treatments. As expected, the regeneration efficiency of the Georgia and Pee Dee lines was relatively low as compared with the standard Coker 312 cultivar and a high degree of seed-to-seed variability was observed. However, the mean number of somatic embryos (SEs) per gram of tissues was high for the two best embryogenic lines, PD 97019 and GA 98033. Furthermore, the percentage of SEs that converted into plantlets for GA 98033 was comparable to Coker 312 for two of the three media tested.
Cystathionine in the liver following the feeding of methionine and serine.

Abstract Cystathionine has been identified by paper chromatography as a constituent of the liver following the feeding of both l -methionine and l -serine to a fasting rat. l -Methionine alone was ineffective.
A Field Note Reporting from the 2014 NEH Summer Institute “Problems in the Study of Religion,” July 7th – July 25th, 2014

A report from "Problems in the Study of Religion"--a 2014 National Endowment for the Humanities funded Summer Institute held at the University of Virginia July 7th - July 25th, 2014. This report reviews books read and topics covered over the course of three weeks, as well as closes with thoughts on the significance of the institute as a whole.
The influence of sex on the course and psychiatric correlates of ADHD from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study

Background: Little is known about the influence of sex on the course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its comorbid psychiatric conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sex on the course and psychiatric correlates of ADHD from childhood into adolescence. Methods: Two identically designed, longitudinal, case–control family studies of male and female probands with and without ADHD and their siblings were combined. All subjects were blindly assessed with structured diagnostic interviews. Among subjects with a lifetime history of ADHD (n = 471, mean age 11.5 ± 4.3 years at baseline), we used linear growth curve models to estimate the effect of time on the change in ADHD symptoms, and whether this effect differed by sex. We also we examined the effect of sex on the association between ADHD and the longitudinal progression of comorbid psychopathology using structural equation models. Results: We found no evidence that sex moderated the effect of age on ADHD symptoms; in both genders, age exhibited a similar effect on the decline of ADHD symptoms. However, the female sample demonstrated greater stability in comorbid psychopathology from childhood into adolescence. Furthermore, we found that the stability of comorbid psychopathology in females remained significant after accounting for the correlation between adolescent psychopathology and adolescent ADHD. In males, childhood and adolescent comorbid psychopathology were no longer correlated when adolescent ADHD was taken into account. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that while the course of ADHD across childhood and adolescence did not differ between males and females, patterns of psychiatric comorbidity were conditional on sex. Future studies should explicitly test how sex modifies the associations between ADHD and risk factors and ADHD and associated functional outcomes.
Correlated-factors theorem for the free energy of anharmonic solids with an application to the phi4 model.

The correlated-factors theorem states that the harmonic average of a product of factors is given exactly by the result of a differential operator ${\mathit{e}}^{\mathit{W}}$ acting on the product of the averages of the factors. The theorem is true both classically and quantum mechanically. It is proved and the form of the operator W is found. The theorem suggests an approximation for calculating the free energy of anharmonic solids. As an example, the approximate free energy is used to calculate the specific heat, magnetization, susceptibility, and the dependence of the phase-transition temperature on the coupling constant for the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}^{4}$ model on a square lattice. By comparing with Monte Carlo results, this approximation is found to be significantly more accurate than the correlated Einstein model, self-consistent phonon theory, and mean-field theory.
Japan looks after the little guys (manufacturing industries)

The aid and support given to small manufacturers in Japan is described. It ranges from government-sponsored technology centers with large engineering staffs, which serve as free or almost free resources from companies with 300 workers or less, to favorable loans, credit guarantees, equipment leasing assistance, and tax incentives for new technology investments. These hundreds of thousands of small, flexible, technologically proficient manufacturers are a source of high-quality inputs and potential technology enhancements to large companies. >
Entropy and Bioeconomics — The New Paradigm Nicholas Georgescu‐Roegen

The purpose of this volume is to offer a guide to the thought of Nicholas Georgescu‐Roegen; a guide which may be understood by a wide intellectual audience. Dragan and Demetrescu have succeeded admirably in their task. They have given us a much‐needed overview of Georgescu‐Roegen's life's work, including a brief biography and a comprehensive bibliography of works by and about Georgescu‐Roegen.
The non-isothermal catalytic effectiveness factor for monolith supported catalysts

Abstract Catalytic effectiveness factor relationships expressed in terms of laboratory observables are derived for monolith supported catalysts in instances in which (a) a nonporous monolith sustains an nth order ( n ⪌ 1 ) reaction in the presence of external temperature and concentration gradients, and (b) an isothermal diffusion affected porous monolith sustains first order reaction in the presence of external temperature and concentration gradients. Further, a simple relationship is presented which testifies to the validity of the isothermal pellet assumption, hence the derived effectiveness for the porous monolith is applicable to muffler systems composed of pelleted catalysts. Finally, for the case of negative order kinetics, as found in CO oxidation over Pt, Pd, Rh and Ru, multiple steady states and regimes of instability are cited which combined with the rate-enhancing effects of axial dispersion, tend to clarify the noted thermal instability of noble metal catalyst systems.
Atomistic Landau theory of ordering and modulated phases in Cu-Au alloys.

We present a Landau theory derived from an alloy Hamiltonian based on a quantum-mechanical description of cohesion in metallic systems. This Landau theory, obtained by making a mean-field approximation, provides an excellent description of the ordering transitions in CuAu, ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au, and ${\mathrm{CuAu}}_{3}$, including the sequence of transitions from the disordered to the modulated CuAu II phase to the low-temperature CuAu I phase.
Systematics of the genus Colocasiomyia de Meijere (Diptera: Drosophilidae): cladistics, a new generic synonym, new records, and a new species from Nepal

The fly species crassipes de Meijere is transferred from the Sphaeroceridae to the Drosophilidae since Platyborborus de Meijere, a monotypic genus, is a junior synonym of Colocasiomyia de Meijere. Colocasiomyia crassipes is a very highly modified member of the genus due to its flattened body, reduction and loss of many groundplan setae, deep antennal fossae, and crassate hind legs. The holotype and only known specimen, from Java, is redescribed in detail and illustrated. New records of Colocasiomyia stamenicola (Carson & Okada) and C. gigantea (Okada) are reported from Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, considerably outside their reported ranges. Colocasiomyia nepalensis sp. n. is described from Kathmandu, Nepal. Cladistic relationships in the genus are briefly examined and related to biogeography and aroid host use.
Antinociceptive interactions between intrathecally administered α noradrenergic agonists and′5-N-ethylcar☐amide adenosine

Abstract Recently, it has been shown that intrathecal injection of norepinephrine and the mixed A 1 /A 2 adenosine agonist 5′-N-ethylcar☐amide adenosine (NECA) interact in a supra-additive manner to produce antinociception. The present studies were designed to determined whether α 1 orα 2 noradrenergic receptors are involved in producing the antinociception induced by NECA and norepinephrine. The results indicated that intrathecal injection of NECA (0.97–4.9 nmol), the α 2 noradrenertic agonist clonidine (3.8–375 nmol), or the α 1 agonist phenylephrine (4.9–73.4 nmol) produced dose-dependent antinociception in rats. Furthermore, intrathecal injection of subeffective doses of NECA and clonidine interacted supra-additively to produce potent antinociception. In contrast, no supra-additive interaction was observed between NECA and phenylephrine. The supra-additive interaction of NECA and clonidine did not appear to result from alteractions in cardiovascular tone because changes in blood pressure and nociceptive thresholds were not correlated in time. These results suggests that the noradrenergic component of the supra-additive interaction between adenosine A 2 receptor agonists and noradrenergic agonists is mediated by α 2 noradrenergic receptors.
Ultrathin Polymeric Coatings Based on Hydrogen-Bonded Polyphenol for Protection of Pancreatic Islet Cells

Though transplantation of pancreatic islet cells has emerged as a promising treatment for Type 1 diabetes its clinical application remains limited due to a number of limitations including both pathogenic innate and adaptive immune responses. We report here on a novel type of multifunctional cytoprotective material applied to coat living pancreatic islets. The coating utilizes hydrogen-bonded interactions of a natural polyphenol (tannic acid) with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) deposited on the islet surface via non-ionic layer-by-layer assembly. We demonstrate that the coating is conformal over the surface of mammalian islets including those derived from rat, non-human primate (NHP), and human. In contrast to unmodified controls, the coated islets maintain their viability and β-cell functionality for at least 96 hours in vitro. We also determine that the coating demonstrates immunomodulatory cytoprotective properties suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis in stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages and diabetogenic BDC-2.5 T cells. The coating material combines high chemical stability under physiologically relevant conditions with capability of suppressing cytokine synthesis, crucial parameters for prolonged islet integrity, viability, and function in vivo. Our study offers new opportunities in the area of advanced multifunctional materials to be used for a cell-based transplantation therapy.
Long-term EEG-video-audio monitoring: computer detection of focal EEG seizure patterns

Abstract Twelve individuals with medically refractory partial seizures had undergone EEG-video-audio (EVA) monitoring over 1–15 (mean 10.5) days. We selectively reexamined available 15-channel EEGs (video-cassettes) totaling 461 h and containing 253 EEG focal seizures. Computer analysis (CA) of these bipolar records was performed using a mimetic method of seizure detection at 6 successive computer settings. We determined the computer parameters at which this method correctly detected a reasonably large percentage of seizures (81.42%) while generating an acceptable rate of false positive results (5.38/h). These parameters were adopted as the default setting for identifying focal EEG seizure patterns in all subsequent long-term bipolar scalp and sphenoidal recordings. Factors hindering or facilitating automatic seizure identification are discussed. It is concluded that on-line computer detection of focal EEG seizure patterns by this method offers a satisfactory alternative to and represents a distinct improvement over the extremely time consuming and fatiguing off-line fast visual review (FVR). Combining CA with seizure signaling (SS) by the patients and other observers increased the correct detections to 85.38%. CA is best used in conjuncton with SS.
Calculation of the polarization potential for e-N2 collisions

A polarization potential V(pol) for e-N2 collisions is calculated by the generalization of the static part of the method of polarized orbitals to molecular targets. Partial differential equations (PDE) are derived for polarized orbitals, which are functions of the distance (r) from the molecular center and angle (theta) from the molecular axis. The equations are solved with the use of the noniterative PDE technique. From the polarized orbitals a polarization potential can be constructed whose r and theta dependence is found to be significantly different from the well-known phenomenological one. The two potentials are further compared by carrying out limited hybrid-theory scattering calculations. Only those scattering results based on the calculated V(pol) are in satisfactory accord with experiment.
Atomistic Electrodynamics Model for Optical Properties of Silver Nanoclusters

In this work we have presented an atomistic electrodynamics model for describing the optical properies of silver clusters in the size range of 1−5 nm. The model consists of interacting atom-type capacitances and polarizabilities that combined describe the total response of the nanoclusters. A double Lorentzian oscillator is used to describe the frequency-dependent atomic polarizabilities, while a single Lorentzian oscillator is used to describe the frequency-dependent atomic capacitances. All atomic parameters have been optimized using reference data obtained from time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. As a comprehensive test of our model, we have studied the frequency-dependent polarizabilities of quasi-spherical silver nanoclusters having different structural motifs, i.e., icosahedra, truncated Ino and Marks decahedra, and regular truncated octahedra and cubocahedra. We have shown that clusters in all five structural motifs exhibit a strong absorption peak in the spectral region ...
Preparing Teachers to Meet the Needs of Students with Severe Disabilities: Program Configuration and Expertise:

A lack of empirical information exists regarding the skills and experiences necessary for teachers with specialized expertise in severe disabilities. The purpose of this study was to provide inform...
Early effects of cortisone on nucleic acid and protein metabolism of rat liver

Abstract Parenteral administration of a single low dose of cortisone acetate has been shown to exert anabolic influences on nucleic acids and proteins of both normal and regenerating rat livers. [ 32 P]Orthophosphate and [2- 14 C]glycine incorporation in vivo into RNA of all subcellular constituents of normal and regenerating livers was markedly stimulated. Maximal response was attained 4 h after hormone injection. Since increased RNA turnover has been shown to be associated with increases in the absolute quantity of RNA in the liver, it is concluded that net synthesis of RNA is an early response to cortisone. In normal liver, the stimulatory influence of cortisone on RNA metabolism was more marked when [2- 14 C]glycine served as precursor than when radioactive orthophosphate was employed, suggesting hormonally-induced enhancement of purine nucleotide biosynthesis, as well as stimulated nucleotide polymerization into RNA. A cortisone-induced stimulation in incorporation of [ 14 C]glycine into the proteins of each subcellular fraction has been demonstrated in both normal and regenerating liver, which is of similar time course, although of lesser magnitude than the stimulation of this precursor into RNA of the same fraction. Cortisone administration was shown to result in a transient stimulation and a subsequent depression in the incorporation of precursors into the DNA of regenerating liver.
Activation of the latent PlcR regulon in Bacillus anthracis.

Many genes in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis are under the control of the transcriptional regulator PlcR and its regulatory peptide, PapR. In Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, PlcR is inactivated by truncation, and consequently genes having PlcR binding sites are expressed at very low levels when compared with B. cereus. We found that activation of the PlcR regulon in B. anthracis by expression of a PlcR–PapR fusion protein does not alter sporulation in strains containing the virulence plasmid pXO1 and thereby the global regulator AtxA. Using comparative 2D gel electrophoresis, we showed that activation of the PlcR regulon in B. anthracis leads to upregulation of many proteins found in the secretome of B. cereus, including phospholipases and proteases, such as the putative protease BA1995. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated expression of BA1995 to be dependent on PlcR–PapR, even though the putative PlcR recognition site of the BA1995 gene does not exactly match the PlcR consensus sequence, explaining why this protein had escaped recognition as belonging to the PlcR regulon. Additionally, while transcription of major PlcR-dependent haemolysins, sphingomyelinase and anthrolysin O is enhanced in response to PlcR activation in B. anthracis, only anthrolysin O contributes significantly to lysis of human erythrocytes. In contrast, the toxicity of bacterial culture supernatants from a PlcR-positive strain towards murine macrophages occurred independently of anthrolysin O expression in vitro and in vivo.
The Effect of Establishment and Firm Size On Public Wage Differentials

Despite large separate literatures, the influence of establishment (plant) and firm size on wages has not been combined with estimation of public wage differentials. We find that doing so alters the estimated public differentials at each level of government. Federal workers in particular appear far less "overpaid " when estab lishment size premiums are included in the wage equations. Indeed, the usually reported federal differential is driven mainly by large wage gaps in the very smallest of establishments. Moreover, when both establishment and firm size premiums are included in the wage equations, little or no evidence emerges that even federal workers are "overpaid. " These results follow from the existence of size premiums among private and local workers but virtually no such premiums among federal or state workers.
Quantification of erythroid and granulocytic precursor cells in plateletpheresis residues

Mononuclear cell fractions of human blood and plateletpheresis residues were compared for their content of hemopoietic precursor cells. Erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) averaged 560 +- 130 per ml of blood and granulocyte--monocyte colony forming units (CFU-C) averaged 240 +- 90 per ml blood. Estimates based on a blood volume of 7% of body weight indicate that the total blood pools of BFU-E and CFU-C are about 3.5 x 10/sup 6/ and 1.5 x 10/sup 6/ cells respectively. Sequential studies were performed over 3 days following one plateletpheresis in 4 donors. CFU-C and BFU-E approximately doubled between 48 and 72 hours after a plateletpheresis. During this time there was no significant alteration in the percent of null, T or B lymphocytes in blood. Thus, plateletpheresis appears to lead to a mobilization of precursor cells, which results in a transient increase in their concentration in blood. Therefore, pheresis 48 to 72 hours after an initial short-term procedure could harvest much larger numbers of precursor cells. Moreover, such techniques would put blood precursor cell content of plateletpheresis residues within reach of the precursor cell content in the volume of human marrow used for transplantation.