cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radio's America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Culture

Lenthall, B. (2007). Radio's America: The Great Depression and the rise of modern culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 261 pages. Radio realized its fullest potential during the 1930s...
Primitive-variable model applications to solid-fuel ramjet combustion

An adaptation of a primitive-variable finite-differ ence computer program was accomplished in order to predict the reacting flowfield in a solid-fuel ramjet. The study compares the predictions of the primitive-variable computer model with predictions of an earlier stream function-vorticity computer model and with empirical data. The new model was found to be more readily adaptable to different geometric configurations and flow conditions. Flowfield calculations were made both within the fuel grain and the aft mixing chamber. Addition of the aft mixing chamber decreased the effect of fuel grain inlet velocity on boundery-laye r thickness and the radial location of the flame zone within the fuel grain.
Influence of post dimension on stress distribution in dentin

Stress distribution studies can be helpful in determining the appropriate diameter and length of endodontic posts for specific teeth in select occlusal relationships. This study selected the finite element method to predict distribution of stresses in dentin of an endodontically treated tooth restored with cast post and cores with various post dimensions. Peak dentinal shear stresses occurred adjacent to the post at mid-root. Peak shear stresses were elevated as the length of the post decreased. Peak dentinal tensile stresses occurred in the gingival third of the facial root surface, whereas peak dentinal compressive stresses were evident in the gingival third of the lingual root surface. The distribution of tensile and compressive stresses was not affected with variation in the dimensions of the posts.
Genetic manipulation of Lactococcus lactis by using targeted group II introns: generation of stable insertions without selection.

Despite their commercial importance, there are relatively few facile methods for genomic manipulation of the lactic acid bacteria. Here, the lactococcal group II intron, Ll.ltrB, was targeted to insert efficiently into genes encoding malate decarboxylase (mleS) and tetracycline resistance (tetM) within the Lactococcus lactis genome. Integrants were readily identified and maintained in the absence of a selectable marker. Since splicing of the Ll.ltrB intron depends on the intron-encoded protein, targeted invasion with an intron lacking the intron open reading frame disrupted TetM and MleS function, and MleS activity could be partially restored by expressing the intron-encoded protein in trans. Restoration of splicing from intron variants lacking the intron-encoded protein illustrates how targeted group II introns could be used for conditional expression of any gene. Furthermore, the modified Ll.ltrB intron was used to separately deliver a phage resistance gene (abiD) and a tetracycline resistance marker (tetM) into mleS, without the need for selection to drive the integration or to maintain the integrant. Our findings demonstrate the utility of targeted group II introns as a potential food-grade mechanism for delivery of industrially important traits into the genomes of lactococci.
Mothers' and Fathers' Guidance Behaviours during Storybook Reading.

The nature of parental guidance during book reading is an important influence on developmental outcomes linked to literacy and language. Despite extensive research documenting the importance of gen...
Single Nucleoprotein Residue Modulates Arenavirus Replication Complex Formation

TheArenaviridae are enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses with several family members that cause hemorrhagic fevers. This work provides immunofluorescence evidence that, unlike those of New World arenaviruses, the replication and tran- scription complexes (RTC) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) colocalize with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and that eIF4E may participate in the translation of LCMV mRNA. Additionally, we identify two residues in the LCMV nucleoprotein (NP) that are conserved in every mammalian arenavirus and are required for recombinant LCMV recovery. One of these sites, Y125, was confirmed to be phosphorylated by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS). NP Y125 is located in the N-terminal region of NP that is disordered when RNA is bound. The other site, NP T206, was pre- dicted to be a phosphorylation site. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that NP T206 is required for the formation of the punctate RTC that are typically observed during LCMV infection. A minigenome reporter assay using NP mutants, as well as Northern blot analysis, demonstrated that although NP T206A does not form punctate RTC, it can transcribe and replicate a minigenome. However, in the presence of matrix protein (Z) and glycoprotein (GP), translation of the minigenome message with NP T206A was inhibited, suggesting that punctate RTC formation is required to regulate viral replication. Together, these results highlight a significant difference between New and Old World arenaviruses and demonstrate the importance of RTC formation and translation priming in RTC for Old World arenaviruses. IMPORTANCE Several members of the Arenaviridae cause hemorrhagic fevers and are classified as category A pathogens. Arena- virus replication-transcription complexes (RTC) are nucleated by the viral nucleoprotein. This study demonstrates that the for- mation of these complexes is required for virus viability and suggests that RTC nucleation is regulated by the phosphorylation of a single nucleoprotein residue. This work adds to the body of knowledge about how these key viral structures are formed and participate in virus replication. Additionally, the fact that Old World arenavirus complexes colocalize with the eukaryotic initia- tion factor 4E, while New World arenaviruses do not, is only the second notable difference observed between New and Old World arenaviruses, thefirst being the difference in the glycoprotein receptor.
Record and transplay: partial checkpointing for replay debugging across heterogeneous systems

Software bugs that occur in production are often difficult to reproduce in the lab due to subtle differences in the application environment and nondeterminism. To address this problem, we present Transplay, a system that captures production software bugs into small per-bug recordings which are used to reproduce the bugs on a completely different operating system without access to any of the original software used in the production environment. Transplay introduces partial checkpointing, a new mechanism that efficiently captures the partial state necessary to reexecute just the last few moments of the application before it encountered a failure. The recorded state, which typically consists of a few megabytes of data, is used to replay the application without requiring the specific application binaries, libraries, support data, or the original execution environment. Transplay integrates with existing debuggers to provide standard debugging facilities to allow the user to examine the contents of variables and other program state at each source line of the application's replayed execution. We have implemented a Transplay prototype that can record unmodified Linux applications and replay them on different versions of Linux as well as Windows. Experiments with several applications including Apache and MySQL show that Transplay can reproduce real bugs and be used in production with modest recording overhead.
Sleep Apnea and Diabetes: Insights into the Emerging Epidemic

The rampant diabetes pandemic over the past few decades has been associated with an increased rise in cardiovascular events and deaths. Risk factors such as obesity, family history of diabetes, decreased physical activity, and aging are among the most common in the development of diabetes. Emerging evidence in the past 10 years has suggested that sleep apnea is a novel risk factor in the development of diabetes. Associations between diabetes and sleep apnea are supported by both epidemiologic and clinical sleep apnea studies. In this report, we discuss epidemiologic and clinical evidence suggesting that sleep apnea is involved in the pathogenesis of altered glucose metabolism. In light of current evidence, sleep apnea treatment should be incorporated into existing pharmacotherapeutic regimens for optimal management of diabetes among diabetic patients with sleep apnea to reduce associated cardiovascular risk. Suggestions to improve practice guidelines in the management of diabetic patients with sleep apnea are provided.
MEASURING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION OF AFFECT: THE SLIDE-VIEWING PARADIGM1

This paper describes the slide-viewing paradigm for measuring nonverbal sending accuracy—the spontaneous tendency to display communicative nonverbal behavior— and nonverbal receiving ability—the ability to accurately decode such behaviors when they occur in others. Sending accuracy has been measured in adults, preschool children, and brain-damaged patients, and suggestive relationships have emerged between sending accuracy and gender, personality, autonomic responding, and presumed site of brain damage. The pattern of results suggests that sending accuracy may be related to both unlearned, temperamental factors and to gender-related social learning experiences. Receiving ability has been measured in adults and preschool children, and relationships with various measures have been demonstrated.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of early-stage minimally invasive adenocarcinoma or adenocarcnioma in situ (formerly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma): a patterns of failure analysis.

Introduction: Ongoing prospective trials exploring stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often exclude minimally invasive adenocarcinoma or adenocarcnioma in situ, formerly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), due to concerns for accurate target delineation on CT. We performed a patterns of failure analysis to compare outcomes between BAC and other NSCLC subtypes. Methods: One hundred twenty patients with early stage NSCLC were treated with SBRT from 2004–2009. Pathologic confirmation of NSCLC was obtained in 97 patients. Radiotherapy was delivered according to RTOG guidelines. The log-rank test was used to compare outcomes between BAC and other NSCLC. Results: Median follow-up was 29 months. The median SBRT dose was 5400 cGy. Thirteen patients had radiographically diagnosed BAC and five patients had biopsy confirmed BAC, of which two had both. The three-year local control was 100% for biopsy-proven or radiographically diagnosed BAC (n = 18) and 86% for all other NSCLC subtypes (n = 102) (p = 0.13). Likewise, no significant difference was detected between BAC and other NSCLC for 3-year regional failure (12% vs. 20%, p = 0.45), progression-free survival (57.6% vs. 53.5%, p = 0.84) or overall survival (35% vs. 47%, p = 0.66). There was a trend towards lower three-year rates of freedom from distant failure in patients with any diagnosis of BAC compared to those without (26% vs. 38%, p = 0.053). Conclusions: Compared to other NSCLC subtypes, BAC appears to have similar patterns of failure and survival after treatment with SBRT, however there may be an increased risk of distant metastases with BAC. RTOG guideline-based target delineation provides encouraging local control rates for patients with BAC.
Gradient Controlled Caves, Trapper‐Medicine Lodge Area, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming

Extensive caves have developed under canyons in the Trapper-Medicine Lodge recharge area where ground-water flow rates became maximized within the Madison carbonates during Cenozoic time. The large flow rates resulted directly from the superposition of steep local gradients on the ground-water circulation system as a consequence of the erosion of confining units in the region. The cave forming process in this area is gradient controlled, a conclusion that has possible applicability elsewhere.
Resonances in retrograde circumbinary discs

We analyse the interaction of an eccentric binary with a circular coplanar circumbinary disc that rotates in a retrograde sense with respect to the binary. In the circular binary case, no Lindblad resonances lie within the disc and no Lindblad resonant torques are produced, as was previously known. By analytic means, we show that when the binary orbit is eccentric, there exist components of the gravitational potential of the binary which rotate in a retrograde sense to the binary orbit and so rotate progradely with respect to this disc, allowing a resonant interaction to occur between the binary and the disc. The resulting resonant torques distinctly alter the disc response from the circular binary case. We describe results of three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations to explore this effect and categorise the response of the disc in terms of modes whose strengths vary as a function of binary mass ratio and eccentricity. These mode strengths are weak compared to the largest mode strengths expected in the prograde case where the binary and disc rotate in the same sense. However, for sufficiently high binary eccentricity, resonant torques open a gap in a retrograde circumbinary disc, while permitting gas inflow on to the binary via gas streams. The inflow results in a time varying accretion rate on to the binary that is modulated over the binary orbital period, as was previously found to occur in the prograde case.
Effects of Extracranial Carotid Stenosis on Intracranial Blood Flow

Background and Purpose—The hemodynamic effects of extracranial carotid stenosis on intracranial blood flow are not well characterized. We sought to determine the impact of degree of stenosis, stenosis length, and residual lumen on intracranial blood flow in patients with extracranial carotid stenosis. Methods—Carotid stenosis patients who had undergone both vessel flow rate measurements using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography and digital subtraction angiography were examined. The impact of the anatomic measurements of the stenosis relative to ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) flow and ipsilateral-to-contralateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow ratio were assessed. Results—Forty-four patients (mean age, 67 years; 64% symptomatic) were included. Higher percentage stenosis and smaller residual lumen were associated with a significant decrease in ICA flow (P<0.01 and 0.04, respectively). On multivariate analysis, percentage stenosis remained as the primary predictor of ICA flow (P<0.001)....
Capsule commentary on Ranard et al., crowdsourcing--harnessing the masses to advance health and medicine, a systematic review.

While crowdsourcing is a research method that is over two centuries old, it has not been traditionally used in medical research. Crowdsourcing turns to the public for help. Current examples include the Audubon Society’s Christmas Bird Count, the Galaxy Zoo project,1 in which the public helps classify galaxies, and a whale call classification project.2 Crowdsourcing uses the power of many, employing the collective wisdom and resources of the crowd to solve problems. Ranard et al.’s systematic review on crowdsourcing found surprisingly few studies.3 Among the 21 they identified, there were four distinct categories of research: problem solving, data processing, surveillance/monitoring, and surveying. Examples of projects using crowdsourcing include predicting protein folding structures (problem solving), classifying polyps on computed tomography (CT) colonography images (data processing) and tracking influenza outbreaks (surveillance) in near real time. The authors found five benefits of crowdsourcing, including quality, cost, volume, speed, and developing novel science. For example, many eyes reviewing colonography results found more polyps, thus improving quality. Costs are minimal, just those to set up the web portal. Crowdsourcing has the potential to reach hundreds of thousands of participants, generating a large volume response. Problems that might take one person months to decipher can be solved quickly. For example, protein folding problems were sometimes solved in minutes once released to the crowd. Additionally, the unique perspectives of the diverse participants may suggest novel new approaches to the task. Some important problems with using crowdsourcing for medical research include lack of information about the crowd (demographics) and a need for consistent reporting of the experimental setup. There are limitations on the type of research that could be conducted; research that requires informed consent would be impractical, for example. There are also significant ethical issues; what is it reasonable to expose the crowd to? Predicting potential harm for participants may be difficult when little is known about who they are. With the advent of the internet, crowdsourcing has more potential than ever before; it presents an easy and efficient way to engage the public in research and health surveillance. Like any research methodology, crowdsourcing needs to start with the right question for the approach; however, it could be another viable tool for researchers to use when designing projects.
The 42, 44Ca(p, d)41, 43Ca reactions at 26.5 MeV

Abstract The 42Ca(p, d)41Ca and 44Ca(p, d)43Ca reactions at 26.5 MeV have been examined with 100 keV resolution to obtain nuclear structure information on the levels observed in 41Ca and 43Ca up to an excitation energy of approximately 8 MeV and on the ground state wave functions of 42Ca and 44Ca. The strong 2 s 1 2 and 1 d 3 2 hole states were verified at 2.68 MeV and 2.02 MeV, respectively, in 41Ca and at 1.96 MeV and 0.99 MeV, respectively, in 43Ca. Isobaric analog states (T = Tz+1) were located at 5.84±0.05 MeV (J π = 3 2 + ), 6.82±0.05 MeV ( 1 2 + ) and 7.13±0.05 MeV ( 7 2 − ) in 41 Ca and 7.97±0.05 MeV ( 3 2 + ) in 43 Ca . The presence of additional levels in both nuclei with ln = 0 and ln = 2 transitions implies that the one-hole state strength is distributed over several levels. Evidence for the splitting of the 1 f 7 2 single-particle strength has been found with the excitation of states with ln = 3 transitions at 2.98 MeV and 3.28 MeV in 41Ca and 43Ca, respectively, whose spectroscopic strengths are approximately 11% and 7.5%, respectively, of the corresponding ground state transitions. Excitation of the 7.13 MeV 7 2 − , T = 3 2 ) level in 41Ca indicates the presence of four-particle-two-hole components in the 42Ca ground state. Using sum rules, we find the average number of 1 f 7 2 protons in the 42Ca ground state to be approximately 0.6. The different relative spectroscopic strengths for the (p, d) and (d, p) reactions leading to 3 2 − states in 43Ca at 0.59 MeV and 2.05 MeV demonstrates that both [(1 f 7 2 2 (2 p 3 2 ) 2 ] and [(1 f 7 2 3 (2 p 3 2 )] admixtures are present in the 44Ca ground state. Indication of an [(1 f 7 2 3 (1 f 5 2 )] admixtures found from the excitation of the 5 2 − state at 0.373 MeV in 43Ca. A non-pick-up angular distribution to the 1.68 MeV level in 43Ca was observed. If the previously made tentative assignment of 11 2 − for this state is correct, this transition proceeds by higher-order reaction mechanisms. The spectroscopic strengths for the levels excited were derived from DWBA calculations using form factors modified by finite-range and non-local corrections in the local-energy approximation. The resulting shapes of the angular distributions were in better agreement with the experimental results than those for zero-range local calculations; the derived spectroscopic strengths were also less sensitive to the choice of optical potential parameters and in better agreement with sum-rule predictions. Comparisons between the experimental spectroscopic strengths and those predicted by theoretical wave functions are made where such wave functions are known.
Real-time scheduling of mixture-of-experts systems with limited resources

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) systems solve intricate problems by combining results generated independently by multiple computational models (the "experts"). Given an instance of a problem, the responsibility of an expert measures the degree to which the expert's output contributes to the final solution. Brain Machine Interfaces are examples of applications where an MoE system needs to run periodically and expert responsibilities can vary across execution cycles. When resources are insufficient to run all experts in every cycle, it becomes necessary to execute the most responsible experts within each cycle. The problem of adaptively scheduling experts with dynamic responsibilities can be formulated as a succession of optimization problems. Each of these problems can be solved by a known technique called "task compression" using explicit mappings described in this paper to relate expert responsibilities to task elasticities. A novel heuristic is proposed to enable real-time execution rate adaptation in MoE systems with insufficient resources. In any given cycle, the heuristic uses sensitivity analysis to test whether one of two pre-computed schedules is the optimal solution of the optimization problem to avoid re-optimization when the test result is positive. These two candidate schedules are the schedule used in the previous cycle and the schedule pre-computed by the heuristic during the previous cycle, using future responsibilities predicted by the heuristic's responsibility predictor. Our heuristic significantly reduces the scheduling delay in the execution of experts when re-execution of the task-compression algorithm is not needed from O(N2) time, where N denotes the number of experts, to O(N) time. Experimental evaluation of the heuristic on a test case in motor control shows that these time savings occur and scheduled experts' deadlines are met in up to 90% of all cycles. For the test scenario considered in the paper, the average output error of a real-time MoE system due to the use of limited resources is less than 7%.
Sorafenib potently inhibits papillary thyroid carcinomas harboring RET/PTC1 rearrangement.

Purpose: Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) are the most common type of thyroid malignancy with one of the two mutations, RET/PTC rearrangement or BRAF mutation. Both mutations are able to activate the MEK/ERK signaling transduction pathway and result in the activation of transcription factors that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Sorafenib (Nexavar, BAY 43-9006) is a multikinase inhibitor, and in this study, we tested its effects on PTC cells carrying either mutation. Experimental Design: The effects of sorafenib on cell proliferation and signaling were evaluated in vitro on PTC cells using growth curves, cell cycle analysis, and immunoblotting. Using an orthotopic mouse model, we determined the antitumor effects of sorafenib in vivo . Results: The concentration needed for 50% growth inhibition (GI 50 ) by sorafenib was 0.14 μmol/L for the PTC cells with the RET/PTC1 rearrangement, and 2.5 μmol/L for PTC cells with a BRAF mutation, both readily achievable serum concentrations. After 3 weeks of oral administration of sorafenib (80 mg/kg/d) in mice, small (94% reduction compared with controls) or no tumor growth was detected in mice inoculated with PTC cells bearing the RET/PTC1 rearrangement, whereas the tumor volume of the orthotopic tumor implants of PTC cells with a BRAF mutation was reduced 53% to 54% (as compared with controls). Conclusions: PTC cells carrying the RET/PTC1 rearrangement were more sensitive to sorafenib than PTC cells carrying a BRAF mutation. Because RET/PTC rearrangements are unique to thyroid carcinomas, our findings support the clinical evaluation of sorafenib for patients with PTC and the identification of patients most likely to respond to sorafenib treatment.
Historic Presence and Absence of Predator Affects Call Structure of Black-Capped Chickadees

Abstract Twelve Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) were captured and presented with a stuffed Eastern Screech-Owl (Megascops asio) model in areas containing and historically lacking persistent screech-owl populations (n = 4 and 8 chickadees, respectively) to assess whether ‘chick-a-dee’ calls have a site-specific structure for this dangerous, regionally sympatric predator. These learned vocal signals are used in various circumstances and one context is to denote information about predator threat level with numerous short and frequent D notes designating high threat. Average number of D notes per call was 4.4 where chickadees co-occurred with screech-owls but, in areas lacking them, the average was 2.3. Duration of the first D note and time between D notes were, respectively, 36% and 44% longer in areas without screech-owls. Diminution of predator recognition remains plausible but we present evidence that suggests chickadees elicit a threat-inappropriate call structure in areas lacking screec...
Adverse Drug Reactions: Communications and Reporting — Hospital and Home Health Care Perspectives

Emphasis on adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring and reporting in the hospital setting has spawned a number of model ADR programs across the country. Although the pharmacy department usually becomes the caretaker of such programs in the hospital, a multidisciplin ary approach may be the cornerstone to an effective and efficient program. In contrast, little information is available regarding ADR monitoring in the home setting. Developing and implementing an ADR monitoring program in the home health-care setting presents unique administrative and clinical challenges to home infusion providers. The decentralized nature of formalized home care emphasizes the need for open communication channels in all aspects of care, but particularly for the monitoring and reporting of ADRs. Establishing an effective ADR program in the home setting may optimize patient safety, and provide valuable information regarding the nature and significance of reactions that occur in this population. The University of Kansas has established a dedicated phone line which enables home health care professionals to monitor and report ADRs. The data collected in this pilot project is reviewed, with respect to the type of reaction and its degree of severity, patient outcome and the United States market life of drugs associated with these reactions.
The temporal relationship between protein phosphatase, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and caspase activation in apoptosis.

Apoptosis is mediated by members of the caspase family of proteases which can be activated by release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. Additional members of the caspase family are activated at the cell surface in response to direct stimulus from the external environment such as by activation of the Fas receptor. It has been suggested that these upstream caspases directly activate the downstream caspases which would obviate a role for cytochrome c in apoptosis induced by the Fas receptor. We demonstrate that cytochrome c is released from mitochondria of Jurkat cells in response to both staurosporine and an agonistic anti-Fas antibody and that only the latter is inhibited by the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK. This suggests that an upstream caspase such as caspase-8 is required for the Fas-mediated release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. The protein phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A prevented cytochrome c release and apoptosis induced by both agents, suggesting that release of cytochrome c is required in both models. Zinc, once thought of as an endonuclease inhibitor, has previously been shown to prevent the activation of caspase-3. We show that zinc prevents the activation of downstream caspases and apoptosis induced by both insults, yet does not prevent release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. The ability of calyculin A and zinc to prevent DNA digestion implies that the mitochondrial pathway is important for induction of apoptosis by both agents. These results do not support an alternative pathway in which caspase-8 directly activates caspase-3. These results also demonstrate that a critical protein phosphatase regulates the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis induced by both insults.
Versatile robust Capon beamforming: theory and applications

The standard Capon beamformer (SCB) has better resolution and much better interference rejection capability than the data-independent beamformer provided that the array steering vector corresponding to the signal-of-interest (SOI) is accurately known. However, whenever the knowledge of the SOI steering vector is imprecise (as is often the case in practice), the performance of the Capon beamformer may become worse than that of the data-independent beamformer. Most of the early suggested robust adaptive methods are rather ad hoc in that the choice of their parameters are not directly related to the uncertainly of the steering vector. In this paper we provide a review of the recently proposed robust Capon beam-former (RCB) and doubly constrained robust Capon beamformer (DCRCB), which directly address the uncertainty of the steering vector and naturally extend the covariance fitting formulation of SCB to the case of uncertain steering vectors by enforcing a double constraint on the steering vector, viz. a constant norm constraint and an uncertainty set constraint. We also present several extensions and applications of RCB including constant-powerwidth RCB (CPRCB) and constant-beamwidth RCB (CBRCB) for acoustic imaging, rank-deficient robust Capon filter-bank (RCF) approach for spectral estimation, and rank-deficient RCB for landmine detection using forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR) imaging systems. The excellent performances of RCB, DCRCB, and the various extensions of RCB are demonstrated by simulated and experimental examples.
A method to measure Kr/N2 ratios in air bubbles trapped in ice cores and its application in reconstructing past mean ocean temperature

[1] We describe a new method for precise measurement of Kr/N2 ratios in air bubbles trapped in ice cores and the first reconstruction of atmospheric Kr/N2 during the last glacial maximum (LGM) ∼20,000 years ago. After gravitational correction, the Kr/N2 record in ice cores should represent the atmospheric ratio, which in turn should reflect past ocean temperature change due to the dependence of gas solubility on temperature. The increase in krypton inventory in the glacial ocean due to higher gas solubility in colder water causes a decrease in the atmospheric inventory of krypton. Assuming Kr and N2 inventories in the ocean-atmosphere system are conserved, we use a mass balance model to estimate a mean ocean temperature change between the LGM and today. We measured Kr/N2 in air bubbles in Greenland (GISP2) ice from the late Holocene and LGM, using the present atmosphere as a standard. The late Holocene δKr/N2 means from two sets of measurements are not different from zero (+0.07 ± 0.30‰ and −0.14 ± 0.93‰), as expected from the relatively constant climate of the last millennium. The mean δKr/N2 in air bubbles from the LGM is −1.34 ± 0.37‰. Using the mass balance model, we estimate that the mean temperature change between the LGM ocean and today's ocean was 2.7 ± 0.6°C. Although this error is large compared to the observed change, this finding is consistent with most previous estimates of LGM deep ocean temperature based on foraminiferal δ18O and sediment pore water δ18O and chlorinity.
Long-Term Outcomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Long-term outcomes in the majority of patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) include radiographic progression, severe functional declines, work disability and premature mortality. These outcomes have been recognized primarily in long-term clinical observational studies, which also indicate that most courses of traditional therapies are discontinued within 2 yr. Severe long-term outcomes in RA are predicted more effectively by sustained inflammatory activity than by any measure of baseline activity at a single point in time. Aggressive efforts to control inflammatory activity prior to irreversible damage would appear to be a reasonable strategy for treatment of RA.
Communitarianism: The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World, (Oxford University Press: UK, 2001) - Excerpt

Communitarianism is a social philosophy that maintains that societal formulations of the good are both needed and legitimate. Communitarianism is often contrasted with classical *liberalism, a philosophical position that holds each individual should formulate the good . Communitarians examines the ways shared conceptions of the good (values) are formed, transmitted, enforced and justified. Hence their interest in communities (and moral dialogues within them), historically transmitted values and mores, and the societal units that transmit and enforce values such the family, schools, and voluntary associations from social clubs to independent churches.
Function-Level Processor (FLP): A Novel Processor Class for Efficient Processing of Streaming Applications

The exponential growth in computation demand drives chip vendors to heterogeneous architectures combining Instruction-Level Processors (ILPs) and custom HW Accelerators (HWACCs) in an attempt to provide the needed processing capabilities while meeting power/energy requirements. ILPs, on one hand, are highly flexible, but power inefficient. Custom HWACCs, on the other hand, are inflexible (focusing on dedicated kernels), but highly power efficient. New processing architectures are needed that combine the power efficiency of HWACCs while still retaining sufficient flexibility to realize applications across targeted markets. This article introduces Function-Level Processors (FLPs) to fill the gap between ILPs and dedicated HWACCs. FLPs are comprised of configurable Function Blocks (FBs) implementing selected functions which are then interconnected via programmable point-to-point connections constructing an extensible/configurable macro data-path. An FLP raises programming abstraction to a Function-Set Architecture (FSA) controlling FBs allocation, configuration and scheduling. We demonstrate FLP benefits with an industry example of the Pipeline-Vision Processor (PVP). We highlight the gained flexibility by mapping 10 embedded vision applications entirely to the FLP-PVP offering up to 22.4 GOPs/s with an average power of 120 mW. The results also demonstrate that our FLP-PVP solution consumes 1/18th - 1/14th of the power of an ILP and 1/5th of the power of a hybrid ILP+HWACCs.
Political Incorporation Through Elite Mobilization: South Asian Immigrants in the United States

Based on analysis of 60 in-depth interviews with South Asians - Immigrants from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh - in Los Angeles and New York metropolitan areas, this paper argues that the lack of mobilization and inclusion of South Asians in the political process co-exists with selective mobilization within the community which results in political incorporation dependent on elite mobilization. The trend of selective elite mobilization suggests that the political incorporation of South Asians is very different from models which emphasize racial and/or ethnic mobilization for political incorporation of minority groups. The analysis of interviews suggest that there are three major trends of political engagement based on selective elite mobilization : the focus on lobbying related to home country concerns, participation in campaign fundraising as a strategy for gaining political power, and the trend of descriptive representation from white majority districts. The preeminence of these forms of political engagement suggests that the political mobilization among South Asian immigrants is only limited to certain forms which do not require the mobilization and engagement of the broader community. All the three trends identified end up reinforcing selective mobilization within the South Asian community which challenge the existing models of political incorporation.
Dehydration: Isonatremic, Hyponatremic, and Hypernatremic Recognition and Management

1. Karen S. Powers, MD, FCCM* 1. *Pediatric Critical Care, Golisano Children’s Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY. Clinicians need to recognize the signs and symptoms of dehydration to safely restore fluid and electrolytes. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand that the signs and symptoms of dehydration are related to changes in extracellular fluid volume. 2. Recognize the different clinical and laboratory abnormalities in isonatremic, hyponatremic, and hypernatremic dehydration. 3. Know how to manage isonatremic dehydration. 4. Know how to manage hyponatremic dehydration. 5. Know how to manage hypernatremic dehydration. 6. Recognize how to avoid as well as treat complications of fluid and sodium repletion. 7. Understand which patients are candidates for oral rehydration. 8. Know the proper fluids and methods for oral rehydration. Dehydration is one of the leading causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Diarrheal disease and dehydration account for 14% to 30% of worldwide deaths among infants and toddlers. (1) In the United States, as recently as 2003, gastroenteritis was the source for more than 1.5 million office visits, 200,000 hospitalizations, and 300 deaths per year. The rotavirus vaccine has significantly decreased the incidence of rotaviral gastroenteritis, and now norovirus is the leading cause in the United States. Water, which is essential for cellular homeostasis, comprises about 75% of body weight in infants and up to 60% in adolescents and adults. Without water intake, humans would die within a few days. (2) The human body has an efficient mechanism of physiologic controls to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, including thirst. These mechanisms can be overwhelmed in disease states such as gastroenteritis because of rapid fluid and electrolyte losses, leading to dysnatremia, which is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients. (3) Infants and young children are …
Population- and individual-level prey selection by a solitary predator as determined with two estimates of prey availability

Prey selection is exhibited by predator populations that kill a prey species disproportionate to its availability, or alternatively, individual predators that select prey disproportionate to the mean selection exhibited by their populations. Prey selection is a simple calculation when one can determine prey availability; however, measuring prey availability is challenging. We compared population- and individual-level prey selection as determined with two measures of prey availability for five ungulate species killed by pumas (Puma concolor (L., 1771)) in the Southern Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA: (1) annual prey counts and (2) total prey killed by marked pumas. We also tested whether individual pumas in the population exhibited a narrower dietary niche breadth compared with their population as a whole. The two methods yielded different estimates of prey availability and highlighted the need to consciously match prey availability estimates with appropriate ecological questions. Prey counts may have overestim...
Let π Be a Function

In the plane, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is always π. On a sphere, however, this ratio (which we denote Π) takes on other values, provided the diameter is measured a...
Moral Injury: An Emerging Clinical Construct with Implications for Social Work Education

Moral injury is an emergent clinical concern within the literature examining mental health outcomes among current and former military personnel. Experiences of moral injury include potentially significant psychosocial consequences, highlighting the need for military social work practice to identify and treat it among clients. The objectives of this article are to: (a) describe and raise awareness of the concept of moral injury as a clinical concern for social workers in military practice; (b) advocate for the enhancement of social work competencies and practice behaviors in addressing the psychological and psychosocial needs of service members and veterans experiencing moral injury; and, (c) as research and an evidence-base for practice develops in this field, suggest ways to integrate moral injury in social work curricula based on the Advanced Social Work Practice in Military Social Work document, published by the Council for Social Work Education.
Supporting the Summer Reading of Urban Youth: An Evaluation of the Baltimore SummerREADS Program

This article presents an evaluation of the first 2 years of a research-based summer learning program that provided self-selected and developmentally appropriate books to students in low-income and low-resource elementary schools by a local philanthropic organization in a large urban district. The evaluation found evidence of a positive effect of participation in the program on the state year-end standardized reading assessment but found no statistically significant effects on the proximal measures of reading achievement in the fall after summer vacation. The article also provides an analysis of implementation of the program and lessons learned that could be useful to other organizations that are interested in implementing similar programs.
Simulation Model of Gypsy Moth Introduced into Michigan Forests

A computer simulation model was constructed to organize existing data and explore possible results of actions taken to manage colonizing populations of Lymantria dispar (L.). The model consisted of a forest submodel, a gypsy moth population sub model and a tree mortality submodel. Various control policies were examined on poor, medium and good forest sites over an 80-yr period. Current eradication policies fail owing to low density survival of portions of the populations. Periodic management of moderate to high gypsy moth populations is effective and can be accomplished at lower cost due to fewer sprays being required over time. Trees growing on poor sites are most subject to mortality from defoliation due to less foliage surface area available for gypsy moth feeding.
Edward J Rice and flow control studies for jets and shear layers at NASA Glenn Research Center

Dr. Edward (Ed) J Rice’s most notable technical contributions are in the areas of duct acoustics and sound-absorbing liner technology, which are the subjects of several of the articles in this special issue. Starting in 1984 until his retirement in 1993, Dr. Rice led a “shear flow control” effort at NASA Glenn Research Center. Both authors of this article were part of that effort under his supervision. This article provides a brief overview of the various aspects of that effort, in the form of a narrative with minimal technical details. It covers research areas in which Ed had direct and indirect contributions and includes some activities that continued after his retirement through the mid-1990s.
MEASUREMENT OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL SELECTION AND KIN SELECTION AMONG FEMALES OF THE GENUS MACACA

Kin selection has been suggested to be an important factor in the evolution of social behavior in monkeys of the genus Macaca because there is extensive evidence that kinship influences the behavior and demography of macaque females in ways that appear to be consistent with predictions derived from Hamilton's (I1964) rule. Female macaques, who usually remain in their natal groups as adults, selectively groom, support, huddle, associate, and share access to resources with kin. In contrast, they direct severe forms of aggression and harassment primarily toward non-kin (Kawai, 1965; Quiatt, 1966; Sade, 1967; Marsden, 1968; Missakian, 1974; Kaplan, 1977, 1978; Kurland, 1977; Massey, 1977, 1979; DeWaal, 1978; Watanabe, 1979; Silk et al., 198 1a; Silk, in press). Female macaques also form matrilineal dominance hierarchies in which maternal kin occupy adjacent ranks, and the members of each matriline collectively rank above or below the members of other matrilines (Kawai, 1965; Missakian, 1972; Sade, 1972; Loy and Loy, 1974; Angst, 1975; Massey, 1977; Estrada, 1978; Dittus, 1979; Silk et al., 1981b). Female dominance rank is associated with several components of female fitness, as the members of high ranking lineages conceive for the first time at younger ages (Drickamer, 1974), give birth at shorter intervals (Drickamer, 1974; Wilson et al., 1978), produce infants with a higher probability of survival (Drickamer, 1974; Wilson et al., 1978; Dittus, 1979, 1980; Silk et al., 1981 c), and sustain higher rates of lineage growth than
A versatile multivariate image analysis pipeline reveals features of Xenopus extract spindles

Imaging datasets are rich in quantitative information. However, few cell biologists possess the tools necessary to analyze them. Here, we present a large dataset of Xenopusextract spindle images together with an analysis pipeline designed to assess spindle morphology across a range of experimental conditions. Our analysis of different spindle types illustrates how kinetochore microtubules amplify spindle microtubule density. Extract mixing experiments reveal that some spindle features titrate, while others undergo switch-like transitions, and multivariate analysis shows the pleiotropic morphological effects of modulating the levels of TPX2, a key spindle assembly factor. We also apply our pipeline to analyze nuclear morphology in human cell culture, showing the general utility of the segmentation approach. Our analyses provide new insight into the diversity of spindle types and suggest areas for future study. The approaches outlined can be applied by other researchers studying spindle morphology and adapted with minimal modification to other experimental systems.
Low Dietary Iron Prevents Free Radical Formation and Heart Pathology of Copper-Deficient Rats Fed Fructose:

Two studies were conducted to determine whether hepatic iron overload in rats fed fructose plays a role in the exacerbation of the signs associated with copper deficiency. When fed the adequate iron diet (50 micrograms Fe/g), copper-deficient rats fed either fructose or starch exhibited hepatic iron overload of similar magnitude. However, only livers of copper-deficient rats fed fructose exhibited the presence of high peaks associated with an iron compound detected by electron spin resonance. In addition, only copper-deficient rats fed fructose developed anemia, pancreatic atrophy, and heart hypertrophy with histopathologic changes, and they died prematurely of heart-related abnormalities. Lowering dietary iron from 50 micrograms/g to 30 micrograms/g was not sufficient to protect the animals against the pathologic consequences of copper deficiency. In contrast, the consumption of a fructose diet inadequate in both copper (0.6 micrograms/g) and iron (17 micrograms/g) resulted in the reduction of hepatic iron, which in turn caused the amelioration of the deficiency, compared with rats fed the adequate iron (50 micrograms/g) diet. None of these rats developed pancreatic atrophy, none exhibited myocardial lesions, and none died of the deficiency. Electron spin resonance spectra of their livers did not show the presence of free radicals. The data suggest that hepatic iron overload plays a role in the exacerbation of copper deficiency only when fructose diets are consumed.
Hæmoglobins of Galago crassicaudatus

Galago crassicaudatus is a nocturnal, arboreal prosimian Primate of relatively wide distribution in Africa. Recently we have examined hsemoglobin from 19 individuals of this species. All the animals came from the Sokoke forest, two to three miles west of the town of Gedi in south-eastern Kenya. The pelage colours of the 19. animals, all from the same population, spanned the characteristic shades and markings of the subspecies G. c. agisymbanus, G. c. lasiotis, G. c. panganiensis, G. c. kikuyuensis, G. c. crassicaudatus and G. c. argentatus1. The last-named variety, however, has characters other than the superficial ones of pelage markings and colour which make a distinction between it and the other five useful for the present. Our long-standing suspicion that the sub-species, other than the argentatus, are merely normal colour variations within G. crassicaudatus seems to be confirmed.