cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of kelp zoospores from in situ plankton samples

Studies of the link between planktonic and benthic stages of marine macroalgae have been hampered by the inability to identify planktonic stages from field samples. Here I describe a microphotometric method for identifying kelp zoospores from in situ plankton samples based on light-absorbance characteristics of zoospore plastids. Absorption spectra were obtained from plastids within Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh, Pterygophora californica Ruprecht, Eisenia arborea Areschoug and Laminaria farlowii Setchell zoospores released in the laboratory from adult specimens collected in the field; these are the dominant subtidal kelps in most southern California kelp forests. Absorption spectra were highly specific to each kelp species. Average absorbance decreased from P. californica to E. arborea to L. farlowii to M. pyrifera at most wavelengths between 400 and 750 nm. Discriminant-function analyses provided a significant discriminant rule, based on zoospore-plastid absorbance values at 25 different wavelengths, for identifying unknown zoospores among the four kelp species. Cross-validation techniques indicated that the discriminant rule could successfully identify 97.8% M. pyrifera, 96.4% P. californica, 86.2% E. arborea and 69.7% L. farlowii zoospores. Most misidentified E. arborea zoospores were identified as L. farlowii, and vice-versa; when the relatively rare E. arborea was pooled with L. farlowii and treated as a single complex, the discriminant rule could successfully identify 98.2% M. pyrifera, 97.4% P. californica and 89.5% E. arborea/L. farlowii zoospores. Coupled with a protocol for isolating kelp zoospores from non-kelp cells, this discriminant rule was used to determine kelp zoospore abundances and species-compositions of in situ plankton samples. This is the first description of a method for identifying macroalgal zoospores or spores from field samples.
Erratum to "Catalytic and inhibitor binding properties of zebrafish monoamine oxidase (zMAO): Comparisons with human MAO A and MAO B" (Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B 159 (2011) 78-83)

DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.02.002. ⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Tel.: +1 404 727 5972; fax: +1 404 727 2738. E-mail address: deedmon@emory.edu (D.E. Edmondson). 1 These authors contributed equally to the experimental work described in this manuscript. 2 Present address: School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
Population genetics—making sense out of sequence

The complete human genome nucleotide sequence and technologies for assessing sequence variation on a genome-scale will prompt comprehensive studies of comparative genomic diversity in human populations across the globe. These studies, besides rejuvenating population genetics and our interest in how genetic variation is created and maintained, will provide the intellectual basis for understanding the genetic basis for complex diseases and traits.
Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide use on California almonds and associated risks to the surrounding environment

Various stakeholders of California almonds have been investing efforts into mitigating pesticide impacts on human and ecosystem health. This study is the first comprehensive evaluation that examines the spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide use and associated environmental risks. The pesticide use data from 1996 to 2010 were obtained from the Pesticide Use Reporting database. The Pesticide Use Risk Evaluation indicator was employed to evaluate the pesticide environmental risks based on the pesticide properties and local environmental conditions. Analyses showed that the use intensities (UI) of insecticides (oils accounted for 86% of the total insecticide UI) and herbicides both increased from north to south; fungicides showed the opposite spatial pattern; and fumigants were used most intensively in the middle region. The UI of fungicides and herbicides significantly decreased and increased, respectively, throughout the study area. The insecticide UI significantly decreased in the north but increased in many areas in the south. In particular, the organophosphate UI significantly decreased across the study area, while the pyrethroid UI significantly increased in the south. The fumigant UI did not show a trend. The regional risk intensities of surface water (RIW), soil (RIS), and air (RIA) all increased from north to south, while the groundwater regional risk intensity (RIG) decreased from north to south. The main trends of RIW, RIG, and RIS were decreasing, while the RIA did not show a trend in any region. It's noticeable that although the herbicide UI significantly increased, the UI of high-leaching herbicides significantly decreased, which led to the significant decrease of RIG. In summary, the temporal trends of the pesticide use and risks indicate that the California almond growers are making considerable progress towards sustainable pest management via integrated pest management, but still require more efforts to curb the fast increase of herbicide use.
pH‐Switchable Cesium Nitrate Extraction with Calix[4]arene Mono and bis(Benzo‐crown‐6) Ethers Bearing Amino Functionalities

Abstract Results obtained in this work show that four calix[4]arene mono and bis(benzo‐crown‐6) ethers functionalized with primary amine groups feature markedly enhanced cesium stripping under acidic conditions compared with nonfunctionalized analogs. The four amine‐derivatized calixarenes were surveyed in nitrobenzene diluent at 25°C, demonstrating the effect under controlled conditions, where it was seen that the amino functionalization entailed at most a mild sacrifice of cesium extraction strength or selectivity. Limited solubility of the protonated forms of the extractants appears to be a potential issue for future development, however. In the best case, calix[4]arene bis[4‐(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo‐crown‐6], possessing an aminomethyl group on the upper rim, (AMBEHB) exhibited a cesium extraction strength comparable to that of a control system containing calix[4]arene bis(tert‐octylbenzo‐crown‐6) (BOB) under alkaline conditions, whereas stripping of the cesium from AMBEHB was 56‐fold more effective than BO...
Specific heat of superconducting indium in porous Vycor glass

Abstract Thermal measurements were made on indium-impregnated 5.6 nm Vycor glass at low temperatures in applied magnetic fields up to 1 Tesla. The indium lattice specific heat is enhanced relative to the bulk value, while the electronic contribution was unchanged. A slightly broadened superconducting transition with a bulk-like specific heat discontinuity indicate that the indium nanoparticles are strongly coupled. The phase diagram and size of the specific heat jump at T c ( H ) yield κ ≈ 15. A field-periodic magnetocaloric effect has also been observed which may be related to flux depinning in the superconducting network.
Hormonal control of the onset, magnitude and duration of uterine sensitivity in the rat by steroid hormones of the ovary.

A study of the action of estrogen and progestogen on the onset, magnitude and duration of responsiveness (sensitivity) of the uterus to traumatization in the rat revealed that, in animals ovariectomized after estrus, maximal sensitivity could not be achieved by injection of progesterone alone, but was observed when both estrone and progesterone were administered simultaneously. The timing of the onset, magnitude and duration of sensitivity observed in the intact pseudopregnant rat was reproduced in rats ovariectomized after estrus by daily injections of estrone and progesterone in dosages identical with those necessary for optimal growth and maintenance of the resulting deciduomata. It is suggested that no major alteration in secretory activity of the ovary need occur to account for both the transiency of uterine sensitivity and the resulting decidual growth observed in the pseudopregnant rat. Although estrone potentiated the ability of progesterone to promote the sensitive state in the uterus, it inhibit...
Repair of large muscular ventricular septal defects in infants employing left ventriculotomy.

Abstract The approach to muscular ventricular septal defect has been controversial. Traditional approaches have included pulmonary artery banding or right ventriculotomy. Left vcntriculotomy has been employed in older children because of the ease of exposure in the absence of trabeculations, but concern has been raised regarding potential loss of left ventricular function. Four infants less than 4 months of age underwent repair of a large muscular ventricular septal defect by left ventriculotomy. One infant had no associated defects; 2 had undergone previous coarctation repair (1 with pulmonary artery banding); and 1 had a large secundum atrial septal defect. All had congestive heart failure refractory to maximal medical management. All patients survived, and there was no myocardial dysfunction. Echocardiographic indices of ventricular function 3 to 24 months postoperatively were normal (mean shortening fraction, 32.5%). Left ventriculotomy with patch closure of the ventricular septal defect provides a simple approach to a large muscular ventricular septal defect in infants with heart failure.
Self-consistent and quasiharmonic approximations: The equation of state and the high temperature lattice instability

Abstract The self-consistent average-phonon (SCAP) treatment, developed in earlier papers for monoatomic solids was extended to the alkali halides for which self-consistent calculations were not available. The quantitative comparison of SCAP with an average quaiharmonic (AQH) treatment for Ar and for NaCl showed that AQH highly overestimated the thermal pressure. Because of this overestimation, we conclude that the lattice instability reported by Boyer for NaCl, which he considered to be related to melting, is a consequence of using a quasiharmonic approximation.
Stem-Pitting Citrus tristeza virus Predominantly Transmitted by the Brown Citrus Aphid from Mixed Infections Containing Non-Stem-Pitting and Stem-Pitting Isolates.

Abstract Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a phloem-limited Closterovirus that produces a variety of symptoms in various Citrus spp. One of these symptoms is stem pitting (SP). SP does not occur in all Citrus spp. but when it does it may cause low tree vigor, decline, and an economic reduction in fruit size and yield. Historically, the first appearance of CTV-SP in a citrus area often occurs after the introduction of the most efficient CTV vector, the brown citrus aphid (BCA), Toxoptera citricida. Hypotheses for this association range from the introduction of these strains in new planting materials to the increased ability of BCA to transmit SP strains from existing CTV sources. It is known that CTV often exists as a complex of isolates or subisolates. Single and multiple BCA transmissions have been used to separate different genotypes or strains of CTV from mixed CTV infected plants. This study was initiated to determine what the BCA transmits when an exotic severe SP CTV isolate B12 from Brazil or B408 fro...
The annulate lamellae of chick embryo liver cells in organ culture.

Cytoplasmic annulate lamellae are described as occurring in the cells of chick embryo liver during raft-type organ culture on Eagle's minimum essential medium. These transitory structures, prominent in the cells of early (5-day) embryonic liver during culture, were closely associated with the outer nuclear membrane and mitochondria, and were frequently continuous with portions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, annulate lamellae were not found in any cell examined during organ culture of older (11-day) embryonic liver. These observations, together with correlative enzymatic studies, are discussed with regard to the possible role of annulate lamellae in the differentiation of the liver cell, in the light of current hypotheses on the origin and function of these widely-occurring organelles.
Phosphorylation of MgrA and Its Effect on Expression of the NorA and NorB Efflux Pumps of Staphylococcus aureus

MgrA is a global regulator in Staphylococcus aureus that controls the expression of diverse genes encoding virulence factors and multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux transporters. We identified pknB, which encodes the (Ser/Thr) kinase PknB, in the S. aureus genome. PknB was able to autophosphorylate as well as phosphorylate purified MgrA. We demonstrated that rsbU, which encodes a Ser/Thr phosphatase and is involved in the activation of the SigB regulon, was able to dephosphorylate MgrA-P but not PknB-P. Serines 110 and 113 of MgrA were found to be phosphorylated, and Ala substitutions at these positions resulted in reductions in the level of phosphorylation of MgrA. DNA gel shift binding assays using norA and norB promoters showed that MgrA-P was able to bind the norB promoter but not the norA promoter, a pattern which was the reverse of that for unphosphorylated MgrA. The double mutant MgrA(S110A-S113A) bound to the norA promoter but not the norB promoter. The double mutant led to a 2-fold decrease in norA transcripts and a 2-fold decrease in the MICs of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in strain RN6390. Thus, phosphorylation of MgrA results in loss of binding to the norA promoter, but with a gain of the ability to bind the norB promoter. Loss of the ability to phosphorylate MgrA by Ala substitution resulted in increased repression of norA expression and in reductions in susceptibilities to NorA substrates.
Liability for Harm from Underground Waste Disposal: ABSTRACT

The general principles of civil liability for conduct which harms a person are that such a person must show a legal injury to a right protected by law, caused by an act of the defendant which the law regards as a wrong. The four theories of tort law most likely to be applied in a case of harm from underground waste disposal are (1) trespass, an intentional invasion of the physical property of the plaintiff; (2) negligence, the causing of harm through failure to use reasonable care to avoid injury; (3) nuisance, the use of property so as to cause unreasonable interference with the use and enjoyment of another's property; and (4) strict liability, imposed without regard to fault upon those who engage in abnormally dangerous activities. The plaintiff's remedies are damages a d injunction. The plaintiff will choose that rule and that remedy most suitable to his case, most likely to be sustained by the local court, and easiest to prove. The actor has few defenses other than to attack the theory of the plaintiff for lack of (or lack of proof of) an element of his case. The new trend in the law is toward "conditional fault" (reflected in the difference between the American Law Institute's Restatement of Torts of 30 years ago and the new Restatement of Torts, Second), which permits desirable conduct although it carries possibilities of harm, but requires the actor to pay if harm occurs. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2091------------
Pool Chemical Blast Injury

Swimming pools are one of the most popular forms of recreation in the United States. Pool-related injuries may produce significant morbidity and mortality, and those related to pool chemicals are of particular importance. The majority of injuries associated with pool chemicals are respiratory, with the remainder composed mainly of dermal exposures. There are few case reports about injuries from pool chemicals, and the potential for significant injury from blast force is presented here.
A Framework for School - Based Mental Health Promotion with Bicultural Latino Children: Building on Strengths to Promote Resilience

Biculturalism is presented as a model of acculturation that challenges linear models of cultural acquisition. Biculturalism is considered a viable alternative for how we conceptualize living at the...
Diastolic murmurs due to two sequelae of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: ventricular aneurysm and coronary artery stenosis.

Abstract Two patients with diastolic murmurs resulting from common sequelae of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease are presented. In the first patient, aortic insufficiency resulting from a left ventricular aneurysm was documented antemortem by aortography. Postmortem examination revealed normal aortic valve leaflets. The second patient demonstrated a diastolic murmur due to blood flow through a stenosis of the left coronary artery. The murmur receded when a myocardial infarction occurred in the area of the heart supplied by this artery. Although the murmur suggested aortic insufficiency, there were differentiating features and a competent aortic valve was demonstrated by antemortem aortography.
Constructive and Destructive Obedience: A Taxonomy of Principal‐Agent Relationships

A phenomenological analysis of the plight of the Milgram subject is conducted. It is concluded that the subject who continues to give shocks should not be seen as deciding to inflict serious harm on another, but as torn between two incompatable perspects on the meaning of continuation, one of which is enforced by the readings of the meanings of the actions of the experimenter. Next, drawing on the laws governing principal-agent relationships, a taxonomy of situations in which an authority directs the actions of a subordinate is suggested. Importantly, in different cells of the taxonomy, legal codes assign sharply different degrees of responsibility to the agent and the principal for harms that result from their joint projects; in the Milgram situation the entire responsibility for harms done rests on the experimenter. Finally, an experiment that demonstrates “constructive obedience” is presented.
NONLINEAR FLUX-LINE DYNAMICS IN VANADIUM FILMS WITH SQUARE LATTICES OF SUBMICRON HOLES

Commensurability effects between the superconducting flux-line lattice and a square lattice (period d=1thinsp{mu}m) of submicron holes (diameter D=0.4thinsp{mu}m) in 1500 {Angstrom} vanadium films were studied by atomic-force microscopy, dc magnetization, ac susceptibility, magnetoresistivity, and I-V measurements. Peaks in the susceptibility and critical current at matching fields are found to depend nonlinearly upon the value of external ac field or current, as well as the inferred symmetry of the flux-line lattice. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Binding of NF-kappaB p65 subunit to the promoter elements is involved in LPS-induced transactivation of miRNA genes in human biliary epithelial cells

The majority of human miRNA genes is transcribed by polymerase II and can be classified as class II genes similar to protein-coding genes. Whereas current research on miRNAs has focused on the physiological and pathological functions, the molecular mechanisms underlying their transcriptional regulation are largely unknown. We recently reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alters mature miRNA expression profile in human biliary epithelial cells. In this study, we tested the role of transcription factor NF-κB in LPS-induced transcription of select miRNA genes. Of the majority of LPS-up-regulated mature miRNAs in cultured human biliary epithelial cells, potential NF-κB binding sites were identified in the putative promoter elements of their corresponding genes. Inhibition of NF-κB activation by SC-514, an IKK2 inhibitor, blocked LPS-induced up-regulation of a subset of pri-miRNAs, including pri-miR-17-92, pri-miR-125b-1, pri-miR-21, pri-miR-23b-27b-24-1, pri-miR-30b, pri-miR-130a and pri-miR-29a. Moreover, direct binding of NF-κB p65 subunit to the promoter elements of mir-17-92, mir-125b-1, mir-21, mir-23b-27b-24-1, mir-30b and mir-130a genes was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and confirmed by the luciferase reporter assay. Thus, a subset of miRNA genes is regulated in human biliary epithelial cells through NF-κB activation induced by LPS, suggesting a role of the NF-κB pathway in the transcriptional regulation of miRNA genes.
Strategies of education, enforcement and engineering to improve pesticide management and safety

Abstract The dramatic worldwide increase in the use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has created unforeseen consequences resulting in threats to human health and the environment. Integrated strategies of education, enforcement and engineering may well be the most effective ways to deal with these problems. To test this proposition, professionals from agricultural and medical organisations in the Caribbean basin region were questioned on their knowledge and opinions in relation to the need for educational, enforcement and engineering strategies related to pesticide management and safety. The results indicated that the participants believed that all three approaches are needed, although education was the strategy most favoured. Evidence for the support of integrated strategies was also indicated in the participants’ replies. A discussion of the three approaches and the best methods for achieving successful results, including the agro‐medical approach, in the areas of safe use and management of pesticid...
Transforming Teaching and Learning: A Professional Development Approach to Increase Self Efficacy through Course Planning

This essay describes one professor’s alternative approach to planning and teaching an English language arts methods course for pre-service teachers. Planning for the course began with a needs assessment, much like a needs assessment that practicing teachers would complete in order for administrators to plan professional development workshops. Students were surveyed concerning their efficacy beliefs as they pertained to common tasks English language arts teachers encounter in the classroom. A methods course was then designed to provide a series of professional development-type workshops to boost the students’ efficacy beliefs about their abilities to become effective English language arts teachers.
Contemporary tectonics in the Tien Shan region

Abstract New fault plane solutions of recent earthquakes, along with previously published fault plane solutions, field geologic data, and faults interpreted from LANDSAT imagery indicate thrust faulting in the Tien Shan region. For most of the fault plane solutions compressive stress axes are nearly horizontal and trending approximately north-south, perpendicular to the trend of the Tien Shan fold belts. Contemporary tectonics of the Tien Shan region can be interpreted as resulting from convergence of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
A Conjecture which Implies the Riemann Hypothesis

In previous work [5] an interpretation of the Euler product for Dirichlet zeta functions was given in the theory of certain Hilbert spaces whose elements are entire functions. A matrix generalization of the Euler product results. The matrix product has similar convergence problems as the scalar product in the region where information about zeros of zeta functions is wanted. A new construction of Hilbert spaces of entire functions is made in the present work. The resulting matrix product has symmetry properties about a horizontal line passing through a given zero of the zeta function. A conjecture is made about the behavior of the matrix product on the line which has consequences for the behavior of the scalar product on the line. The Euler product for the zeta function [formula] reads ζχ(s)−1 = ∏ (1 − x(p)p−s). The conjecture implies that the identity |ζχ(s)−1| = ∏ |1−x(p)p−s| is valid when s lies on the horizontal half-line to the right of a zero in the critical strip. The conjecture implies the Riemann hypothesis for all Dirichlet zeta functions.
Production of trans-free margarine with stearidonic acid soybean and high-stearate soybean oils-based structured lipid.

UNLABELLED Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) have been positively associated with prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Intake of high amounts of trans fatty acids (TFAs) is correlated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, inflammation, and cancer. Structured lipid (SL) was synthesized using stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil and high-stearate soybean oil catalyzed by Lipozyme(®) TLIM lipase. The SL was compared to extracted fat (EF) from a commercial brand for FA profile, sn-2 positional FAs, triacylglycerol (TAG) profile, polymorphism, thermal behavior, oxidative stability, and solid fat content (SFC). Both SL and EF had similar saturated FA (about 31 mol%) and unsaturated FA (about 68 mol%), but SL had a much lower n-6/n-3 ratio (1.1) than EF (5.8). SL had 10.5 mol% SDA. After short-path distillation, a loss of 53.9% was observed in the total tocopherol content of SL. The tocopherols were lost as free tocopherols. SL and EF had similar melting profile, β' polymorph, and oxidative stability. Margarine was formulated using SL (SLM) and EF (RCM, reformulated commercial margarine). No sensory difference was observed between the 2 margarines. The SL synthesized in this study contained no TFA and possessed desirable polymorphism, thermal properties, and SFC for formulation of soft margarine. The margarine produced with this SL was trans-free and SDA-enriched. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The current research increases the food applications of stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil. trans-Free SDA containing SL was synthesized with desirable polymorph, thermal properties, and SFC for formulation of soft margarine. The margarine produced with this SL had no trans fat and had a low n-6/n-3 ratio. This may help in reducing trans fat intake in our diet while increasing n-3 FA intake.
Efficient human pose tracking with multiplex sensing

We design and calibrate an efficient human detection system, capable of detecting and tracking a single person while minimizing the number of required sensors. Our infrared detectors have a 2 meter range and a 250ms rise/fall time. We sample their signal using an MSP430F149 microprocessor, correlate the results to reference patterns, and collect the binary decisions of each sensor on a workstation wirelessly. We modulate the optical field of the detectors by introducing selectively opaque reference structures into their optical path. Segmenting the physical space into signature cells enables direct measurement of source configuration. Brute force determination of the mapping is prohibitively expensive; we propose a method to estimate this mapping and predict signatures for every source position by observing signatures along prescribed tracks through the physical space.
Model predictive control algorithm for prioritized objective inferential control of unmeasured states using propositional logic

This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm utilizing a state-space model representation, allowing for the inferential control of unmeasured process states using a prioritized control objective formulation. Knowledge of the unmeasured states is gained through the use of an external state estimation routine, while mixed-integer methods are used to implement the prioritization of the control objectives. The capabilities of the algorithm are demonstrated on an experimental multivariable air pressure tank system.
Translocation of Bax to mitochondria during apoptosis measured by laser scanning cytometry

Background During induction of apoptosis, the pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family (Bax) undergoes translocation to the mitochondria. The translocation, which leads to accumulation of Bax in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, appears to be the critical event determining release of cytochrome c to cytosol: the latter event triggers the irreversible steps of apoptosis, namely, the activation of caspases and the initiation of the degradation of many proteins. The aim of this study was to utilize the morphometric capabilities of the laser scanning cytometer (LSC) and adapt this instrument to detect and measure in situ the process of translocation of Bax to mitochondria. Methods Human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells growing on microscope slides were treated with the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin (CPT). CPT is known to induce apoptosis preferentially of S-phase cells. The cells were fixed and permeabilized on the slides, their DNA was stained with propidium iodide (PI), Bax was detected immunocytochemically with the fluoresceinated antibody, and red and green fluorescence emission was measured by the LSC. Results Prior to induction of apoptosis, Bax was uniformly and diffusely dispersed in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Its translocation and accumulation in mitochondria in cells undergoing apoptosis were detected and measured by the LSC as the increase in intensity of maximal pixel of Bax immunofluorescence. Bivariate analysis of DNA content versus maximal pixel of Bax fluorescence revealed that the CPT-induced Bax translocation into mitochondria was preferential to S-phase cells. Total cellular Bax immunofluorescence measured by flow cytometry, however, was increased in all phases of the cycle without a preference to S-phase cells. Conclusion Changes in abundance and localization of particular proteins that undergo translocation within the cell, leading to their altered local density, may be conveniently detected by the LSC by taking advantage of its morphometric capabilities. Measurement of total cellular Bax immunofluorescence by flow cytometry combined with analysis of its translocation by LSC revealed that apoptosis of S-phase cells induced by CPT was unrelated to overall Bax abundance per cell but correlated with its accumulation in mitochondria. Cytometry 41:83–88, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simulating attack behaviors in enterprise networks

Research works on cyber security have shifted from simply hardening the networked systems to enabling fight-through technologies where the system is resilient to sophisticated attacks. A much-needed effort in this new premise is a better understanding of how attackers might behave within a well-protected network. Attack behavior analysis can benefit from automated simulations for large-scale enterprise networks. This work reviews existing efforts on attack behavior modeling and simulation, leading to the discussion of CyberSim, a modular system for cyber attack behavior simulation.
An expert network architecture for learning appropriate further questions based on incomplete data

Abstract We describe a neural network architecture for learning which (if any) further questions are necessary to make a correct diagnosis, given a set of known preliminary inputs. Question evaluation subnetworks learn when further questions are necessary, through positive feedback from misdiagnoses due to lack of necessary information, and negative feedback representing the cost of that information. These activate cutoff units which allow the network to simulate the effects of asking/not asking further questions. The network learns to ask only those further questions necessary to prevent error, and may also be used reach final conclusions once those questions have been answered.
Localization of pulmonary surfactant protein during mouse lung development

During lung development type II alveolar epithelial cells produce extracellular pulmonary surfactant. Polyclonal antibodies were produced against nonserum proteins associated with human surfactant. The present studies were designed (i) to determine if mouse surfactant proteins were antigenically cross-reactive with polyclonal antibodies directed against human surfactant proteins; and (ii) to determine surfactant protein localization during fetal, neonatal, and adult mouse lung development. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis studies in conjunction with immunologic techniques provided evidence that mouse and human surfactant proteins shared antigenic determinants. The major monomeric form of mouse surfactant protein in a glycoprotein of approximately Mr 35,000 under reducing conditions. A less abundant form was identified as a Mr 45,000 polypeptide. Immunohistochemical localization showed that type II cells contain surfactant protein at Theiler stage 26. A gradient of immunostaining was localized within alveolar surfaces. The antigen was not detected in heart, blood vessels, or pulmonary interstitial cells. Surfactant protein was detected lining alveolar surfaces in mature adult lung. The distribution of this protein during fetal and neonatal lung morphogenesis suggests that this extracellular constituent of pulmonary surfactant may be extremely useful as a phenotypic marker with which to evaluate normal and abnormal lung development.
Modeling of FinFET: 3D MC Simulation Using FMM and Unintentional Doping Effects on Device Operation

Novel device concepts such as dual gate SOI, Ultra thin body SOI, FinFETs, etc., have emerged as a solution to the ultimate scaling limits of conventional bulk MOSFETs. These novel devices suppress some of the Short Channel Effects (SCE) efficiently, but at the same time more physics based modeling is required to investigate device operation. In this paper, we use semi-classical 3D Monte Carlo device simulator to investigate important issues in the operation of FinFETs. Fast Multipole Method (FMM) has been integrated with the EMC scheme to replace the time consuming Poisson equation solver. Effect of unintentional doping for different device dimensions has been investigated. Impurities at the source side of the channel have most significant impact on the device performance.
Energy release rate calculations by the finite element method

Abstract The present paper outlines a finite element method for calculating the energy release rate. The method is based on a continuum mechanics formulation of the virtual crack extension principle and can be used with linear elastic materials as well as materials following the deformation theory of plasticity. The formulation is easily incorporated into a finite element program, but can also conveniently be used as part of a post-processing program, which uses stress and displacement data from a finite element analysis to calculate the energy release rate. The present formulation can be used as a unified approach for 2-D and 3-D fracture problems and includes the effect of body forces and traction loading on the crack faces.
Tri­carbonyl(η6‐4‐fluoro­aniline)­chromium

The title compound, [Cr(C6H6FN)(CO)3], exhibits the three-legged piano-stool structure expected for a metal tri­carbonyl with an η6-coordinated arene. A crystallographic mirror plane bisects the mol­ecule. The amine and fluoro­arene functional groups display an out-of-plane distortion.
Depth-first search as a combinatorial correspondence

Abstract A depth first search algorithm is used to establish the connection between labeled connected graphs and inversions of trees.
Separation of Tubulin and Microtubule-Associated Proteins by Ion Exchange Chromatography

Conventional liquid chromatography on phosphocellulose (PC) can be used to separate tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Tubulin is a highly acidic protein and thus does not bind to PC. MAPs, however, do bind to PC and can be eluted with a subsequent salt wash of the column.
Analysis of ureteric stent kinking forces: the role of curvature in stent failure

OBJECTIVE To further characterize the kinking forces and degree of curvature that result in failure of various stents, as malignant obstruction of the ureter causes failure of about half of ureteric stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several stents (Silhouette 4.6 F and 6 F, Applied Medical, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA; Sof-CurlTM Tecoflex 6 F, Gyrus ACMI, Southborough, MA; PolarisTM Ultra 6 and 7 F, and Percuflex® 6, 7 and 8 F stents, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA) were tested. The amount of force necessary to result in kinking of the stent was measured, and the degree of curvature at failure was calculated for each stent. RESULTS The Silhouette 4.6 and 6 F stents were the most resistant to failure by kinking and curvature. In general, smaller stents allowed more curvature before failing than their larger counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The greater allowable curvature and resistance to kinking achieved by the Silhouette ureteric stents might result in fewer stent failures in cases of malignant obstruction or other retroperitoneal processes.
Navigating the feminine in massively multiplayer online games: gender in World of Warcraft

The objective of the study is to present and discuss attitudes, perceptions and opinions about sexism and gendered play in the massively multiplayer online roleplaying game (MMO), World of Warcraft. Through the use of an online survey which includes both multiple choice questions and open-ended questions, the research discusses the major themes and findings expressed by the World of Warcraft forum users (N = 294). The descriptive statistical findings presented are derived from the multiple choice questions. Within the sample, the results reveal that sexism is a contentious topic in the World of Warcraft community. 63.6% (n = 75) of female respondents reported experiencing sexism within the game. 27.5% (n = 44) of male respondents and 45.3% (n = 53) of female respondents believe that sexism is a problem in the game. Overall, 64.4% (n = 183) of the respondents reported sexism as a non-issue in the game. Themes surrounding the topic of sexism experienced within the game are presented based on frequency of homogenous responses. Based on the multiple choice questions and the open-ended questions, the research argues that sexism and gendered play in gaming should be studied more closely, as the results reveal that many MMO players are affected negatively by it.
Vasculitis Unlimited in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis has a multitude of extra-articular manifestations, of which systemic vasculitis is a clinically significant co-morbidity and co-mortality determinant in the prognosis of the disease. Rheumatoid vasculitis may occur in the early stage of the disease but, more commonly, in patients who have had seropositive rheumatoid arthritis for 10 years or longer. Rheumatoid vasculitis has a wide variety of histopathologic expressions and it may affect blood vessels of all sizes (from vasa nervorum or vasa vasorum to the aorta; and occasionally veins and venules). The diagnosis ideally requires biopsy or autopsy tissue confirmation, which is discussed and illustrated in this review.
Plastics, Rubbers, and Textiles in Municipal Solid Waste in the United States

In 1996, 210 million tons of municipal solid waste was generated in the United States. Fifty-seven million tons of this waste was recovered for recycling, 36 million tons was combusted primarily for energy recovery, and the rest (110 million tons) of the waste was landfilled. In 1996, plastics, rubbers, and textiles accounted for 20% by weight and 41% by volume of the total municipal solid waste. Six percent (2 million tons) of plastics, rubbers, and textiles were recovered for recycling in 1996.
Outcomes associated with pharmacologic treatments in Parkinson's disease: a review of recent literature

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects nearly 1 million Americans with a mean onset age of 60 years. Its progressive, neurodegenerative nature, causing motor complications and affecting mood, has a considerable impact on a patient's health-related quality of life. Pharmacologic therapies are the most widely utilized treatment. The broad range of drugs for treating PD warrants an assessment of each medication's health-related outcomes, which includes consideration of clinical, economic and patient-centered outcomes. This review seeks to explore the outcomes associated with drugs frequently appearing in the literature of the past 5 years and to comment on the direction of pharmacologic research and management of PD pharmacotherapy in the future.
Ascribing Value to Non-human Animals

For many decades, theoretical and substantive work in social stratification has examined the systems of classification of human populations based on power, privilege, and prestige. While this schol...
Single left pulmonary vein with normal pulmonary venous drainage: Association with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return

An unusual case of a single left pulmonary vein draining the left lung and joining the left atrium without venous obstruction is reported. This anomaly occurred in association with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return from the upper lobe of the right lung to the superior vena cava. A similar case has been previously reported from our laboratory. The diagnosis of a single left pulmonary vein can be made by routine chest roentgenography because of the characteristic radiologic appearance of this anomaly. It is important to distinguish this benign entity from more ominous pulmonary radiodensities.
Mechanochemical synthesis of Nd2Fe14B alloy with high coercivity

Abstract High coercivity nanocrystalline Nd2Fe14B particles were synthesized by mechanochemical processing involving the reduction of Nd2O3 with Ca in presence of Fe–B and Fe. The as-milled powder shows amorphous structure and subsequent heat treatment results in formation of nanocrystalline Nd2Fe14B. The resulting powder does not only consist of Nd2Fe14B but also some Nd-rich phase. The optimally heat treated sample exhibits coercivity of more than 12 kOe.
A Case for Wanderlust: Travel Behaviors of College Students

ABSTRACT A case for wanderlust, or a strong desire to travel, was developed in an elaborate study involving numerous variables. Findings indicate that wanderlust begins with early, and varied, travel experiences and continues and inspires future travel behavior. Overall, college students exhibit a high level of interest in both leisure and business travel. The impact of past experience is dramatic with a strong relationship between travel experiences prior to college, while in college, and expectations after college. A financial commitment to this desire to travel was also found, particularly among females who exhibited a higher level of wanderlust for leisure travel. Overall implications for the travel and tourism industry are discussed.
Unimolecular Dissociation of Cluster Ions Following Multiphoton Ionization and Subsequent Proton Transfer Reaction

Neutral clusters of ammonia comprised of up to 65 monomer units are subjected to multiphoton ionization following their production in a supersonic expansion. Resonance enhanced ionization via two-photon absorption to the B(v') and C'(v') states in the monomer and the isotope 15NH3 is observed over a wide wavelength range, but no resonance enhancement is found for the production of the cluster ions, (NH3)n · H+ Following ionization, a proton transfer reaction ensues which leads to the production of protonated ammonia clusters. Unimolecular dissociation of the ions is studied via an electrostatic reflectron incorporated in the field-free region of the time-of-flight drift tube. The rate of Unimolecular dissociation corresponding to the loss of one molecule of ammonia from cluster ions is found to increase strongly with cluster size n, while there is a decrease in rate with cluster size for the loss of two ammonia molecules.
Simulation as a tool for resource management

The decision-making process is a very essential part of any construction operation. Simulation can be used as a tool to assist construction managers in making informed decisions. In this paper, simulation is applied to a concrete batch plant to analyze alternative solutions and resource management. Data is collected to define activity durations for the plant. A simulation model is constructed for the plant using the Micro CYCLONE simulation system. Based on sensitivity analysis, management tools are constructed to help the decision-maker. These tools are a time-cost-quantity chart, a feasible region analysis and a contour lines chart. Time-cost-quantity and contour lines charts are used for deciding production time, production cost and required resources for a required distance from the plant. The feasible region chart is used for deciding the range of alternative solutions that can be taken to minimize production time and cost of the available plant resources according to the required transportation distance.
Spatial reference memory in normal aging Fischer 344 Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats

Fischer 344 × Brown Norway F1 (F344 × BN-F1) hybrid rats express greater longevity with improved health relative to aging rodents of other strains; however, few behavioral reports have thoroughly evaluated cognition across the F344 × BN-F1 lifespan. Consequently, this study evaluated spatial reference memory in F344 × BN-F1 rats at 6, 18, 24, or 28 months of age in the Morris water maze. Reference memory decrements were observed between 6 and 18 months and 18 and 24 months. At 28 months, spatial learning was not worse than 24 months, but swim speed was significantly slower. Reliable individual differences revealed that ∼50% of 24- to 28-month-old rats performed similarly to 6 months, whereas others were spatial learning impaired. Aged rats were impaired at learning within daily training sessions but not impaired at retaining information between days of training. Aged rats were also slower to learn to escape onto the platform, regardless of strategy. In summary, these data clarify the trajectory of cognitive decline in aging F344 × BN-F1 rats and elucidate relevant behavioral parameters.
Topology and Transmission Rate Considerations in the Design of Centralized Computer-Communication Networks

The important parameters of network topology and data transmission rate are examined in the light of their effect on the design of centralized computer-communication networks. Existing algorithms for the design of centralized nets are reviewed and restrictions on their use are noted. Various methods for formulating performance constraints are presented and their suitability in the light of available traffic data is discussed. Suggestions are made concerning how existing design procedures can be extended. The motivation for such efforts stems from a need for the development of advanced prodecures that enable least costly networks to be readily configured.
Pan West Africanism and Political Instability in West Africa: Perspectives and Reflections

Five years of within the 21 century, and observation of the social and political landscape of West Africa imposes deep reflection because recurring instability has infested the subregion. For the past ten years, political transformations gave Africa in general and West Africa in particular, two contrasting features. There is the improvement of political institutions and the spread of democratic principles and discourses which resulted from the desire for freedom, liberty, free choice, and good governance that the African masses expressed intensely in the early 1990’s coupled with external factors, such as the influence and policies of international donors, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the France –Africa Summit of La Baule in 1990 (Bourgault 1995:207), and the new US and Russian foreign policies towards Africa (Bratton 1997:162; Faes, 1995, Chazan, 1992) triggering new social and political orders with democracy as the common denominator embedded in the notion of globalization and its neo-liberal drive.
Control of DC-DC bidirectional converters for interfacing batteries in microgrids

This paper discusses the DC-DC power electronic interfaces of batteries used in microgrid. This study is necessary because the stability of the islanded microgrid depends on its response speed to the transients. Here the modeling and control of the DC-DC bidirectional converters of batteries in microgrids are discussed. The hybrid modeling is extended to the bidirectional converters. The paper focuses on inner and power controllers of the DC-DC bidirectional converters for interfacing batteries in microgrid. The inner control techniques are discussed and a control strategy for batteries operation in different modes is proposed.