cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Involvement of p38-βTrCP-Tristetraprolin-TNFα axis in radiation pneumonitis

// Pranathi Meda Krishnamurthy 1, 3, * , Shirish Shukla 1, 2, * , Paramita Ray 1 , Rohit Mehra 2 , Mukesh K. Nyati 1 , Theodore S. Lawrence 1 and Dipankar Ray 1 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 2 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 3 Current address: RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA * These authors have contributions equal to this work Correspondence to: Dipankar Ray, email: dipray@umich.edu Keywords: radiation pneumonitis, TNF-α, Tristetraprolin, p38 MAPK, β-TrCP1 Received: December 21, 2016 Accepted: April 14, 2017 Published: May 10, 2017 ABSTRACT Early release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) during radiotherapy of thoracic cancers plays an important role in radiation pneumonitis, whose inhibition may provide lung radioprotection. We previously reported radiation inactivates Tristetraprolin (TTP), a negative regulator of TNF-α synthesis, which correlated with increased TNF-α release. However, the molecular events involved in radiation-induced TTP inactivation remain unclear. To determine if eliminating Ttp in mice resulted in a phenotypic response to radiation, Ttp -null mice lungs were exposed to a single dose of 15 Gy, and TNF-α release and lung inflammation were analyzed at different time points post-irradiation. Ttp -/- mice with elevated (9.5±0.6 fold) basal TNF-α showed further increase (12.2±0.9 fold, p <0.02) in TNF-α release and acute lung inflammation within a week post-irradiation. Further studies using mouse lung macrophage (MH-S), human lung fibroblast (MRC-5), and exogenous human TTP overexpressing U2OS and HEK293 cells upon irradiation (a single dose of 4 Gy) promoted p38-mediated TTP phosphorylation at the serine 186 position, which primed it to be recognized by an ubiquitin ligase (E3), beta transducing repeat containing protein (β-TrCP), to promote polyubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation. Consequently, a serine 186 to alanine (SA) mutant of TTP was resistant to radiation-induced degradation. Similarly, either a p38 kinase inhibitor (SB203580), or siRNA-mediated β-TrCP knockdown, or overexpression of dominant negative Cullin1 mutants protected TTP from radiation-induced degradation. Consequently, SB203580 pretreatment blocked radiation-induced TNF-α release and radioprotected macrophages. Together, these data establish the involvement of the p38-βTrCP-TTP-TNFα signaling axis in radiation-induced lung inflammation and identified p38 inhibition as a possible lung radioprotection strategy.
The role of miRNAs in the homeostasis of peripheral T cells (LYM2P.732)

The lifelong presence of mature T cells in the organism is vital for immune responses. Despite being extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms governing T cell homeostasis are still not fully understood. Here we investigated how microRNAs, acting through post-transcriptional regulation, contribute to the maintenance of mature naive T cells in the periphery. We found that T cell-specific Dicer ablation caused lymphopenia, due to survival defects in mature T cells. Using miRNA knockout mice, we identified specific miRNAs which, when deleted, resulted in T cell death, and overexpressing these miRNAs in the T cells of transgenic mice provided complete protection. Finally, we characterized the downstream molecular mechanisms responsible for miRNA-induced suppression of cell death. Altogether our findings represent a novel miRNA-mediated mechanism that controls homeostasis of peripheral naive T cells in vivo .
Induced cortical oscillations in turtle cortex are coherent at the mesoscale of population activity, but not at the microscale of the membrane potential of neurons

Coherent oscillatory neural activity has long been hypothesized as a potential mechanism for communication across locations in the brain. In this study we confirm the existence of coherent oscillat...
Quantifying the effects of temperature on mosquito and parasite traits that determine the transmission potential of human malaria.

Malaria transmission is known to be strongly impacted by temperature. The current understanding of how temperature affects mosquito and parasite life history traits derives from a limited number of empirical studies. These studies, some dating back to the early part of last century, are often poorly controlled, have limited replication, explore a narrow range of temperatures, and use a mixture of parasite and mosquito species. Here, we use a single pairing of the Asian mosquito vector, An. stephensi and the human malaria parasite, P. falciparum to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the thermal performance curves of a range of mosquito and parasite traits relevant to transmission. We show that biting rate, adult mortality rate, parasite development rate, and vector competence are temperature sensitive. Importantly, we find qualitative and quantitative differences to the assumed temperature-dependent relationships. To explore the overall implications of temperature for transmission, we first use a standard model of relative vectorial capacity. This approach suggests a temperature optimum for transmission of 29°C, with minimum and maximum temperatures of 12°C and 38°C, respectively. However, the robustness of the vectorial capacity approach is challenged by the fact that the empirical data violate several of the model’s simplifying assumptions. Accordingly, we present an alternative model of relative force of infection that better captures the observed biology of the vector–parasite interaction. This model suggests a temperature optimum for transmission of 26°C, with a minimum and maximum of 17°C and 35°C, respectively. The differences between the models lead to potentially divergent predictions for the potential impacts of current and future climate change on malaria transmission. The study provides a framework for more detailed, system-specific studies that are essential to develop an improved understanding on the effects of temperature on malaria transmission.
The role of crowding in parallel search: Peripheral pooling is not responsible for logarithmic efficiency in parallel search

Recent results from our laboratory showed that, in fixed-target parallel search tasks, reaction times increase in a logarithmic fashion with set size, and the slope of this logarithmic function is modulated by lure-target similarity. These results were interpreted as being consistent with a processing architecture where early vision (stage one) processes elements in the display in exhaustive fashion with unlimited capacity and with a limitation in resolution. Here, we evaluate the contribution of crowding to our recent logarithmic search slope findings, considering the possibility that peripheral pooling of features (as observed in crowding) may be responsible for logarithmic efficiency. Factors known to affect the strength of crowding were varied, specifically: item spacing and similarity. The results from three experiments converge on the same pattern of results: reaction times increased logarithmically with set size and were modulated by lure-target similarity even when crowding was minimized within displays through an inter-item spacing manipulation. Furthermore, we found logarithmic search efficiencies were overall improved in displays where crowding was minimized compared to displays where crowding was possible. The findings from these three experiments suggest logarithmic efficiency in efficient search is not the result peripheral pooling of features. That said, the presence of crowding does tend to reduce search efficiency, even in "pop-out" search situations.
Geospatial health context table

This project develops a Big Data table that allows researchers to query across and among multiple data sources integrated by location. The big table created in this way uses location as the fundamental linkage between data sets. This is the power of geospatial analysis and forms the foundation for the development and interaction with the Health Context Table. The approach utilizes a dense point file populated with attribution derived or obtained directly from public data sources and associated geospatial analysis. The database created extends across the entire continental United States comprising over 300 million points. The data table has at its core, functional socio-demographic data that is pre-processed, cleaned, integrated and represented in its spatial context. To this core, is being added environmental, infrastructure, cultural, physical, as well as geo-analytically derived layers (i.e. remoteness, isolation). These data span multiple spatial scales (Census Block Group, Zip Code Tabulation Areas, County, etc.). The interface to this Big Data table will allow a user to visualize, data mine, analyze uncertainty, and perform data analytics on these data. The Geospatial Health Context Table's goal is to address the gap in health research and application for an underpinned spatial framework to address real-world issues and research in the context of place.
Discrimination of self and non-self in invertebrates.

Conceptually, the basic mechanism common to both vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems is the recognition of and reaction against invading nonself materials and neoplastic cells. The information available on vertebrate immune systems has firmly established that both cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms occur. Furthermore, the cooperative effects of three classes of circulating leukocytes, namely B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and the highly phagocytic macrophages, are operative. The remarkable fact that has become evident from studies on vertebrate immune phenomena is that reactions against foreignness, involving the three mentioned cell types, exhibit a great deal of molecular specificity owing to the presence of antigen-specific receptors on the surfaces of both B and T lymphocytes.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-Adult

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that does not automatically remit during childhood or adolescence, but instead leads to long-standing functional difficulties for a significant portion of those affected. While studies of psychosocial treatments for adults with ADHD have only recently appeared, CBT stands as a strong candidate for being able to effectively address the varied needs of this clinical population.
An Abstract Model for Optical Interconnection Networks

We present an abstract model, the hypernetwork model, for optical interconnection networks. A hypernetwork is a network that connects a large number of processors using multiple multiconnect components. Hypernetwork topology design can be formulated as a constrained optimization problem. Using several examples, we show how to use concepts and existing results in hypergraph theory and combinatorial block design theory to construct hypernetworks.
Book Review: Daniel Stokols, Social Ecology in the Digital Age: Solving Complex Problems in a Globalized World:

Daniel Stokols, Social Ecology in the Digital Age: Solving Complex Problems in a Globalized World, London, UK: Elsevier Academic Press, 2018, 399 pp.
Adaptive method for multicriteria optimization of intensity-modulated proton therapy.

Purpose Provide an adaptive multicriteria optimization (MCO) method for intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) utilizing GPU technology. Previously described limitations of MCO such as Pareto approximation and limitation on the number of objectives were addressed. Methods The treatment planning process for IMPT must account for multiple objectives, which requires extensive treatment planning resources. Often a large number of objectives (>10) are required. Hence the need for an MCO algorithm that can handle large number of objectives. The novelty of the MCO method presented here lies on the introduction of the adaptive weighting scheme that can generate a well-distributed and dense representation of the Pareto surface for a large number of objectives in an efficient manner. In our approach the generated Pareto surface is constructed for a set of DVH objectives. The MCO algorithm is based on the augmented weighted Chebychev metric (AWCM) method with an adaptive weighting scheme. This scheme uses the differential evolution (DE) method to generate a set of well-distributed Pareto points. The quality of the Pareto points' distribution in the objective space was assessed quantitatively using the Pareto sampling metric. The MCO algorithm was developed to perform multiple parallel searches to achieve a rapid mapping of the Pareto surface, produce clinically deliverable plans, and was implemented on a GPU cluster. The MCO algorithm was tested on two clinical cases with 10 and 18 objectives. For each case one of the MCO-generated plans was selected for comparison with the clinically generated plan. The MCO plan was randomly selected out of the set of MCO plans that had target coverage similar to the clinically generated plan and the same or better sparing of the organs at risk (OAR). Additionally, a validation study of the AWCM method vs the weighted sum method was performed. Results The adaptive MCO algorithm generated Pareto points on the Pareto hypersurface in a fast (2-3 hr) and efficient manner for 2 cases with 10 and 18 objectives. The MCO algorithm generated a dense and well-distributed set of Pareto points on the objective space, and was able to achieve minimization of the Pareto sampling metric. The selected MCO plan showed an improvement of the DVH objectives in comparison to the clinically optimized plan in both cases. For case one, the MCO plan showed a 48% reduction of the 50% dose to OARs and a 16% reduction of the 1% dose to OARs. For case 2, the MCO plan showed a 72% reduction of the 50% dose to OARs and a 42% reduction of the 1% dose to OARs. The comparison of AWCM to WS showed that the AWCM method has a dosimetric advantage over WS for both patient cases. Conclusion We introduced an adaptive MCO algorithm for IMPT accelerated using GPUs. The algorithm is based on an adaptive method for generating Pareto plans in the objective space. We have shown that the algorithm can provide rapid and efficient mapping of the multicriteria Pareto surface with clinically deliverable plans.
Visual Biography and Citizenship: Biography Driven Instruction in the Social Studies Classroom

For social studies education to embrace its full potential as the curricular subject that prepares students for citizenship, it must engage in pedagogies that cultivate students’ social, civic, and cultural fluency. In order to bridge the culturally and diverse lives of English Language Learners with the promise of social studies education, teachers must be able to surface their contextualized civic realities. In this chapter, the authors suggest a biography-driven instructional approach provides an opportunity to learn about students’ civic lives. More specifically, we share how the construction of a visual biography through photography can be used to personalize the rights, responsibilities, and spaces of citizenship.
Experimental evidence for a pure collaboration effect.

What makes us willing to sacrifice our own self-interest for another person? Humans can forgo short-term individual gain to achieve long-term benefits1–4—but long-run self-interest cannot fully explain unselfish behaviour5. Collaboration in our evolutionary past may have played a role in shaping an innate human sense of distributive justice6, influencing who we consider deserving of our aid or generosity. Previous research has not been able to isolate this response to collaboration as an independent effect, distinct from other motivations to share7,8. Here we present evidence of a pure collaboration effect, distinct from motivations of future reciprocity, in-group favouritism or concern for accountability. We demonstrate this effect among adult subjects in an economic setting, showing that the effect constitutes a psychological phenomenon with relevance for real-world social and political behaviour. This collaboration effect is substantial: it motivates sharing among people otherwise inclined to share nothing and increases the proportion of participants willing to give up half of their allotted money. We find evidence supporting our hypothesis that the collaboration effect operates by creating a sense of debt owed to one’s collaborator. What conditions produce a willingness to sacrifice our own self-interest for others? McGrath and Gerber find that collaboration increases willingness to sacrifice, distinct from considerations of accountability, in-group favouritism or disparity.
The Potential Role of Dysregulated miRNAs in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis and Progression

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that affects the cognitive faculties of millions of people worldwide. There is still no known cure for AD, nor a clear understanding of AD etiology. Nevertheless, researchers have made significant strides in understanding various key aspects of AD neuropathology at the cellular and molecular levels. This review is intended to provide a general survey of what is known and unknown, based on the three hallmarks of AD, combined with our knowledge from microRNA research. Our goal is to reevaluate and reassess the current direction of AD research and therapeutic insights, charting a new course and comprehensive plan to combat this imminent global health threat.
130) Does Sedentary Time Impact Pain and Flexibility in College Students

Sedentary activity is a growing concern for college students who spend 8+ hours in sedentary activities and do not meet recommend physical activity guidelines. After sitting, individuals can experience impaired lumbar range of motion (LROM), a major cause of low back pain (LBP). This study aims to quantify the effects of sedentary activity on pain and lumbar and hip flexibility of college students. Healthy students (18-26 years) were recruited for 1 research session. Pre-Sedentary measurements including self-reported pain (Visual Analog Scale [VAS], flexion (F) & extension (E) LROM [Modified-Modified Schober Test, MMST] and hip ROM for extension [EXT], internal rotation [IR], and external rotation [ER]) were measured. Participants sat in a chair at a table for 50 min to simulate a class period. Participants rated pain at the end of sitting and upon initial stand. Post-Sedentary MMST and hip ROM measurements were measured and compared to Pre-Sedentary measurements using paired t-tests (p 50 min) may have a greater impact on pain and flexibility but research is necessary along with identifying interventions to break up sedentary time, address hip motion, and prevent potential pain.
Instruments of Articulation: Signal Processing in Live Performance

Building on the first author's hybrid/augmented violin practice and the second author's work with responsive media environments, we build and reflect on collectively-played room-scale instruments that afford the precision and nuance of an individually-played real-time gestural media system. We consider gestural instruments designed for the interplay of action and perception at the sensorimotor level bypassing tokenization of features of activity and sensors. Our gesturally-modulated media instruments are based not on models or a priori schemata but driven by continuous adaptation to contingent activity and state of the event, as well as compositional intent. We think of such performable, expressive systems as instruments of articulation rather than of representation. Our work is motivated by a progression from phenomenological interpretations of individually-played instruments through non-anthropocentric notions of lived experience, to ecosystemic approaches to ensembles of real-time instruments, people and processes concurrently co-articulating an event.
The Impact of Military Pediatrics: Assessing Clinical, Leadership, Academic, and Operational Experience Among Pediatric-trained Graduates From the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU).

Introduction This article uses alumni survey data from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine to assess the professional impact of pediatric-trained USU graduates over the course of their careers. We specifically report on the clinical and leadership roles held, career accomplishments, and operational involvement among military pediatricians. Materials and methods This study analyzed survey data that were collected from alumni of USU. We used descriptive statistics to report the career achievements and operational experiences among USU graduates who completed training in pediatrics. This study was deemed exempt by the USU Institutional Review Board. Results The survey response rate was 49.5% among 2,400 eligible respondents. Out of 1,189 alumni respondents, 110 (9.3%) trained in pediatrics. Among the pediatric-trained USU graduates, 98.2% spent some time as a full-time clinician, 73.6% served as chief of a clinical service, 42.7% held the role of department chair/chief or the equivalent, and 26.3% filled leadership positions in deployed settings. Forty percent of USU-trained military pediatricians deployed to combat areas at least once, and 35.5% participated in at least one peacetime humanitarian mission. Conclusions Our findings contribute to the unique story of military pediatricians who graduated from USU. These uniformed pediatricians participate actively in all realms of military medicine and have demonstrated their versatility through participation in a wide variety of vital functions. Their contributions include the provision of clinical care for both military children and active duty service members, serving in varied leadership positions, engaging in health professions education and other academic pursuits, and participating in operational assignments. Future studies could aim to more fully address the diverse contributions of military pediatricians to the overall mission by including more specific data about career experiences from all uniformed pediatricians.
8 – Redoximorphic Features

Publisher Summary Redoximorphic features have been referred to by various terms over the past decades. The terminology used to describe redoximorphic features is derived from sedimentary petrology and soil micromorphology. Redoximorphic features are common in most soils where water saturation occurs and their presence is used extensively in making land use decisions. Although redoximorphic features are visible in the field with both the naked eye and a hand lens, micromorphological analysis can further enhance our understanding of how these features form and how to interpret them correctly. These interpretations are best made when supportive information such as water table and climatic data are available, but they can to a large extent be based on extensive micromorphological data correlating redoximorphic pedofeatures to environmental conditions.
A multi-century Sierra Nevada snowpack reconstruction modeled using upper-elevation coniferous tree rings (California, USA)

Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada Mountains accounts for around one-third of California’s water supply. Melting snow provides water into dry summer months characteristic of the region’s Mediterranean c...
The Planck-Shannon Plot: A Quantitative Method for Identifying ‘Superstructures' in Cell Biology and Consciousness Study

The recently (1997-2019) developed cell language theory predicts the existence of ‘superstructures' including supermetabolic pathways and ‘superneural networks'. The present paper describes how the Planckian Distribution Equation discovered in 2008 and its derivative, the Planck-Shannon plot, might be utilized to quantitate the state of human consciousness (or to measure the ‘quanta of consciousness') based on multichannel EEG data properly transformed into long tailed histograms.
Model-based Development of a Dynamic Container-Based Edge Computing System

Edge computing can reduce the amount of transported data in an IoT system by bringing data processing closer to the data sources. In this context, service-oriented distributed systems and their availability become more relevant. During operation services can fail for various reasons, e.g. if a device is not available, loses connection or is attacked. Based on the service architecture, services can be reconfigured to different devices at runtime, which makes it possible to increase availability and scalability of the system. The use of container-based technologies for dynamic provisioning of services in the edge is promising for this purpose. The heterogeneity and diversity of devices not only brings new challenges in application design, but also requires serious efforts in the configuration, deployment and re-deployment of applications and their reallocation in edge environments. This is often a time-consuming, trial and error-prune process. In this paper, we propose a model-based development framework for dynamic edge computing systems in combination with containers and service orchestrator to support the engineering process of dynamic service-based systems. Our results show that a container-based edge computing system can be described with consideration of reallocation mechanisms and policies. This supports the developer during the implementation and deployment of the system by generating configurations. In this way, errors can be avoided and the development time can be reduced. Edge computing systems from different areas, could benefit from such a model-based process. As the process supports container-based systems, availability can be increased and development time can be reduced.
Ultraviolet Fluorescence Bleaching Rates for New Cell Cracks

Ultraviolet Fluorescence (UVF) is an inspection tool that can be used to identify cell cracks in some photovoltaic (PV) modules. Cell cracks can also be identified with electroluminescence (EL) and similar techniques, but it is generally not possible to differentiate new cracks from old ones with EL. UVF has a unique property of taking time for the cracks to show up, which could be used to differentiate new cracks (e.g., from a recent storm) from old ones (e.g., from installation damage). We perform tests on several different modules, some the same make and model but with different bill of materials (BOMs), to characterize the amount of time that it takes for crack signatures to progress in UVF.
“What does a torture survivor look like?” Nonverbal communication in US asylum interviews and hearings

This paper draws on asylum court hearing observations and oral history interviews with asylum seekers and governmental personnel to examine the impact of nonverbal communication and displays of emo...
Undergraduate Student Success Initiatives in Communication Sciences and Disorders

Purpose Undergraduate students are faced with an extremely competitive application process when applying for graduate studies in communication sciences and disorders (CSD). This clinical focus arti...
Fully-Autonomous SoC Synthesis Using Customizable Cell-Based Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuits Generation

This chapter presents the world’s first autonomous mixed-signal SoC framework, driven entirely by user constraints, along with a suite of automated generators for analog blocks. The process-agnostic framework takes high-level user intent as inputs to generate optimized and fully verified analog and mixed-signal blocks using a cell-based design methodology.
Evaluation of YouTube Videos as a Resource for Improving Health Literacy in Pregnant Women with Opioid Use Disorder

**Background:** There is significant perinatal morbidity and mortality of opioid use disorder. **Objective:** As YouTube becomes an increasingly prevalent source for medical education among the patient population, this project aims to evaluate the utility of YouTube as a source of education on opioid use disorder (OUD). **Study Design:** The first 100 YouTube videos for each of the following search terms were evaluated based on a variety of descriptive characteristics and by a scale developed from the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology patient education resource (Table 1): “How to quit opioids during pregnancy”, “opioid addiction treatment during pregnancy,” and “opioid detox during pregnancy.” **Results:** The average views for videos targeting the general public were 20,456 views. Of these videos, the average utility score was 4.03. **Conclusion:** This study not only highlights the shortcomings of current YouTube resources regarding this topic, but also emphasizes the need for further resource investment by the medical community utilizing YouTube as a resource for improving health literacy.
Patient perception of scoliosis correction surgery on Instagram.

OBJECTIVE Patient feedback surveys provide important insight into patient outcomes, satisfaction, and perioperative needs. Recent critiques have questioned provider-initiated surveys and their capacity to accurately gauge patient perspectives due to intrinsic biases created by question framing. In this study, the authors sought to evaluate provider-independent, patient-controlled social media Instagram posts in order to better understand the patient experience following scoliosis correction surgery. METHODS Twitter and Instagram were queried for posts with two tagged indicators, #scoliosissurgery or @scoliosissurgery, resulting in no relevant Twitter posts and 25,000 Instagram posts. Of the initial search, 24,500 Instagram posts that did not directly involve the patient's own experience were eliminated. Posts were analyzed and coded for the following criteria: the gender of the patient, preoperative or postoperative timing discussed in the post, and classified themes related to the patient's experiences with scoliosis correction surgery. RESULTS Females made 87.6% of the Instagram posts about their experience following scoliosis correction surgery. The initial postoperative stage of surgery was mentioned in 7.6% of Instagram posts. The most common theme on Instagram involved offering or seeking online support from other patients, which constituted 85.2% of all posts. Other common themes included concern about the surgical scar (31.8%), discussing the results of treatment (28.8%), and relief regarding results (21.2%). CONCLUSIONS Social media provided a platform to analyze unprompted feedback from patients. Patients were most concerned with their scoliosis correction surgery in the period of time 2 weeks or more after surgery. Themes that were most commonly found on Instagram posts were offering or seeking online support from other patients and concern about the surgical scar. Patient-controlled social media platforms, like Instagram, may provide a useful mechanism for healthcare providers to understand the patient experience following scoliosis correction surgery. Such platforms may help in evaluating postoperative satisfaction and improving postoperative quality of care.
Photothermoelastic Investigation of Transient Thermal Stresses in a Multiweb Wing Structure

Summary Photothermoelastic experiments were performed on a long mul­ tiweb wing model for which a theoretical analysis is available in the literature. The experimental procedures utilized to simulate the conditions prescribed in the theory are fully described. Correlation of theory and experiment in terms of dimensionless temperature, stress, time, and Biot Number revealed that the theory predicted values higher than the experimentally observed maximum thermal stresses at the center of the web. Detailed temperature measurements in the flange suggested that the major source of this discrepancy can be traced to the one-dimensional heat conduction analysis of the flange employed in the theory.
Chapter 2 An Enzymological Approach to Membrane Assembly and Protein Secretion

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on how proteins assemble into, or across, biological membranes––namely, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and the bacterial cell surface. Microorganisms offer several major advantages for the study of this fundamental process: they have advanced genetics, can readily be grown in large culture for biochemistry, and their growth on minimal medium allows isotopic labeling for in vivo studies. Their relative roles in protein export require a genetic analysis; this should be facilitated by the recent isolation of the trigger factor gene. It is important to determine the basis of specificity of these and other chaperone proteins. Membrane vesicles have been solubilized in detergent and reconstituted to form proteoliposomes that support translocation ATPase. The detergent extract contains solubilized SecY protein, and this SecY is required for reconstitution.
Map-Making in Southern Brazil

In this chapter, I show that map-making activities develop mathematical ideas that are essential to the understanding and the protection of the rights of Indigenous Peoples, in particular their right to self-determination. Map-making as a strategy to regain and protect their peoples’ land was a major feat of a two-week long (80 hours total) “Teacher Training Workshop for Indigenous Peoples in Sao Paulo,” held in 1999.
Corn prices, the fuel shortage and optimal corn harvesting strategies.

The unprecedented demand for United States feed grains has boosted corn prices to record levels. If corn prices continue at these record levels, corn production practices and the demand for corn production inputs likely will be affected. One of the corn production practices that may be affected is harvesting. And because of the increased use of field shelling and artificial drying, changes in corn-harvesting practices may have an impact on the demand for propane fuel used in corn drying. Future supplies of propane, however, may be limited, or higher priced, or both. The analysis reported in this paper is an attempt to estimate the impact of higher corn and propane prices on harvesting strategies, on the quantity of propane demanded, and on other related variables. The results of the analysis suggest that, given higher corn prices, the amount of propane demanded for corn drying will increase dramatically, even with much higher propane prices.
Caregiving Experiences Among American Indian Two-Spirit Men and Women

Abstract Many Native men and women embrace the term two-spiritto capture their sexuality and gender expression. By analyzing the narratives of almost 70 two-spirit Native leaders from across the U.S., we explored contemporary experiences of caregiving among two-spirit people, historical two-spirit roles related to caregiving, and the implications of these roles for two-spirit and Native communities. The central role of caregiving among two-spirit people, related Native community expectations, the diversity of caregiving experiences across the lifespan, and the importance of caregiving in maintaining indigenous community ties emerged as key themes.
Causes of tropical Atlantic paleo-salinity variation during periods of reduced AMOC

[1] During periods of reduced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) associated with a freshening of northern North Atlantic surface water, paleo proxy records indicate a corresponding surface salinity increase over the entire tropical Atlantic. Although latitudinal-shifts in the mean position of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) can explain certain features of the paleo salinity reconstructions, this mechanism does not offer an explanation for the reconstructed basin-wide paleo-salinity response to AMOC change. Here, we present new results from general circulation model simulations that suggest the sea surface salinity (SSS) increase in the tropical north Atlantic during periods of weakened AMOC is mainly controlled by the atmospheric response to the North Atlantic cooling, while the oceanic teleconnection contributes to increased SSS over the equatorial and south tropical Atlantic Ocean.
Differential reinforcement of other behavior increases untargeted behavior

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) is a commonly used technique for behavior reduction, yet there has been little to no emphasis on the possible strengthening effects on other behavior. We included 2 responses (target and other) across 3 treatment schedules (DRO, extinction, and fixed time [FT]) in a human-operant procedure to determine the extent to which reinforcer presentation at the completion of the DRO interval could strengthen other responding. A computer program arranged for unsignaled changes in contingencies to a target response and never provided reinforcers for the other response. All 13 college-student participants exhibited more other responses than target responses during at least 1 exposure to DRO. Although there was a slight increase in other behavior during extinction, overall rates of other responding were never higher than that of the target response. Furthermore, 7 of 13 participants never emitted the other response during the FT condition. The findings provide some support for the response-strengthening effects of DRO.
Integration of phase-locked loop based real-time oscillation tracking in grid synchronized systems

This paper discusses how a real-time electromechanical oscillation monitoring system (REOMS) can be incorporated into synchrophasor devices. Using a closed loop feedback system consisting of a second order generalized integrator phase-locked loop (SOGI-PLL), this paper shows that real-time frequency, phase, and magnitude of electromechanical oscillations can be tracked using existing synchronized measurement platforms. The approach is demonstrated using simulation and a scaled hardware demonstration platform developed by the Center for Ultra-wide-area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT) to test wide-area monitoring and control schemes. Compared to traditional spectral base techniques, the phase lock loop approach offers more flexibility in tracking realtime oscillations, especially when the signal has floating modal properties. Real-time tracking of oscillation becomes extremely important when trying to adopt wide-area control schemes into the power grid, specifically oscillation damping and angular stability.
Constituent analysis may permit improved diagnosis of intra-abdominal abscess.

Background Intra-abdominal abscesses (IAA) often fail to resolve with intravenous antibiotics alone and frequently require drainage. Diagnosis of IAA in postoperative patients with other likely sources of infection is very difficult. Patients and methods In order to characterize IAA and identify parameters that might facilitate diagnosis, we prospectively examined peripheral blood and pus of 15 consecutive patients with IAA and compared them to samples from 34 consecutive patients with soft-tissue abscesses (STA). Results Serum interleukin (IL)-10 was elevated in IAA patients, while abnormally detectable serum IL-4 was demonstrated in the pus of both IAA and STA patients. IL-10 in IAA pus was more than 11-fold higher than in STA, whereas IL-4 in pus was similar in both types of abscesses. Both IL-4 and IL-10 were 4- to 10-fold higher in IAA and STA pus than in corresponding patient serum. Serum lysozyme was, however, significantly elevated in all abscess patients. Conclusions The presence of IL-4 and IL-10 may indicate a T-helper 2 lymphocyte response in the etiology of abscess formation and persistence, although precise determination of T-helper 1-related cytokines is needed to verify this. Serum lysozyme and IL-10 may be reliable and relatively inexpensive diagnostic aids.
Late Systolic Murmur in Coronary Artery Disease

Late systolic murmur with or without a mid-late systolic click has not been reported in patients with coronary artery disease. Eighteen patients are reported with both late systolic murmur and significant coronary artery disease. The latter manifested as either angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. Radiographic confirmation including selective coronary arteriography of obstructive coronary artery disease was obtained in all patients. Left ventriculography revealed systolic prolapse of the posterior and sometimes the anterior mitral leaflets with varying degrees of mitral regurgitation. Differentiation between the late systolic murmur associated with coronary artery disease and the noncoronary “auscultatory-electrocardiographic” syndrome is important, though sometimes difficult. The common denominator in both is an abnormal mitral valve apparatus. Late systolic murmur in coronary artery disease represents a mild form of papillary muscle dysfunction. The discovery of a late systolic murmur in association with chest pain and abnormal electrocardiogram in a middle-aged or older man should not be passed off lightly as “benign”. On the contrary, if it is associated with an accentuated first sound, presystolic and diastolic gallops, becomes softer after an extrasystole, and increases in intensity following inspiration, amyl nitrite inhalation or squatting, it should strongly suggest coronary artery disease and further diagnostic studies, including coronary arteriography, are indicated.
A comparative study of rain‐gages

The rain-gage may be termed the basic instrument of the hydrologist because it should provide the means of answering his first question: How much water is there to deal with? This quantity must be known before subsequent questions relating to infiltration, stream-flow, ground-water, may be answered. It is recognized, of course, that snow forms an important source of water, but this paper will deal only with precipitation in the form of rain. The conventional rain-gage consists of a sharp-edged collecting-ring—the receiver—made to an accurate diameter of eight inches a collector-can, and a support, the assembly having a total height of about 40 inches. When it is set up, the gage is plumbed carefully so that the rim of the receiver is horizontal. Exposed in this manner a rain-gage should sample rainfall perfectly if it is set on level ground and the rain is falling straight down. These ideal conditions are practically never realized, especially when the sampling is being carried out in mountainous regions where wind-movement is violent and changeable.
Pre-quit depression level and smoking expectancies for mood management predict the nature of smoking withdrawal symptoms in college women smokers

We assessed smoking withdrawal symptoms over a six-day period of abstinence among 21 female college students who were daily cigarette smokers [M=20.3 (4.4); cigarettes per day] and were in the preparation stage of change for quitting smoking. We predicted that reported withdrawal symptoms would covary with baseline depression scores and baseline outcome expectancies for cigarette smoking as a mood management tool. Depression scores at baseline significantly predicted mood-related smoking withdrawal symptoms of Depression-Dejection and Vigor from the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Smoking outcome expectancies for relief of negative affect measured at baseline significantly predicted symptoms of Confusion-Bewilderment and Anger-Hostility. Neither baseline depression nor baseline smoking expectancies for mood management predicted smoking withdrawal symptoms measured by the Smoking Withdrawal Questionnaire (SWQ; [Shiffman, S. M., & Jarvik, M. E. (1976). Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence. Psychopharmacology, 50, 35-39]). Results imply that women smokers with baseline depressive symptomatology and expectancies for smoking to relieve negative mood endure greater abstinence-induced mood disturbance, but similar levels of other smoking withdrawal symptoms during initial abstinence. These results may inform smoking cessation efforts.
MANAGEMENT OF UREA-CONTAINING FERTILIZERS FOR NO-TILLAGE CORN USING NITROGEN STABILIZERS AND COATED-GRANULE TECHNOLOGY

No-tillage production systems are being used by an increasing number of producers in the Great Plains, however, the large amount of surface residue left on the soil surface can made nitrogen (N) management difficult. There are several products currently available for use with granular urea (46% N) and urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) that have the ability to reduce or eliminated N losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of several N-fertilizer additives and a slow-release polymer coated urea product in a no-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) production system. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2006–2008 at the North Central Kansas Experiment Field, located near Scandia, KS, on a Crete silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Pachic Arquistoll). When averaged over the 3-years of the experiment, the treated fertilizer products yielded greater than untreated urea or UAN. This occurred regardless of applied N-rate. The additive treated products along with the time rel...
Double-dip caustic peeling of potatoes II: Studies on commercialization

A study of “double-dip” caustic peeling of potatoes was made at two commercial potato processing plants. The “double-dip” system uses two caustic dips, each followed by a holding period at ambient temperature. The peel is then removed using rubber-tipped scrubbers. Four hundred and fiftyfour g of pure caustic peeled about 90 to 180 kg of potatoes.
Raman spectroscopy measurements of DC-magnetron sputtered carbon nitride (a-C:N) thin films for magnetic hard disk coatings

Abstract As a protective coating for hard disks in magnetic storage applications, amorphous carbon nitride (a-C:N) thin films have proved superior to DLC (diamond-like carbon) a-C:H films in terms of durability, wear-resistance and adhesion properties. In this study, we present Raman spectroscopy investigations of a-C:N films which were produced by DC-magnetron sputtering systems. The layers were deposited with a variable nitrogen content, thickness and substrate temperature. Raman measurements were carried out with two different excitation lasers at wavelengths of 488 and 532 nm. The spectra show that besides the typical carbon D- and G-bands, two other characteristic bands are present at approximately 690 and 1090 cm−1. The meaning and identification of these bands is not clear in the literature. In order to obtain more information, the films were also characterized by various analytical techniques, e.g. time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), ellipsometry, and n+k optical measurements. The Raman G-band position shows a systematic shift with the varying nitrogen content of the films. A comparison of layer thickness and the total area of D-, G- and 1090 cm−1 bands also shows a significant correlation. The results offer Raman spectroscopy as a possible monitoring tool for carbon nitride coatings in the production of magnetic hard disk drives.