cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elimination of 248Cm as a possible progenitor of carbonaceous chondrite fission xenon

It has been suggested by various authors that spontaneous fission of 248Cm may be responsible, at least in part, for the heavy-isotope anomalies, known as the CCF component, in xenon extracted from carbonaceous chondrites. In order to test this hypothesis, we have measured the isotopic spectrum of xenon fission products from a 97% isotopically pure 248Cm sample. The products of spontaneous fission of 248Cm were found to be mixed with the products of heavy-ion-induced fission reactions. The latter component was produced in a prior use of the 248Cm sample as a target for a heavy-element synthesis experiment. Fortunately, the induced fission component accounts for only ∼10% of the observed Xe yields, and its composition can be estimated sufficiently well to allow a fairly precise determination of the isotopic composition of Xe from spontaneous fission of 248Cm. The data also allow two other estimates of the spontaneous fission yields, free of the induced fission component. The first is from a small amount of xenon released at 500°C from the aluminum foil enclosing the sample, and the second is from a reheating performed following a one-month accumulation of new spontaneous fission products. After fairly large corrections for incomplete decay of precursors to 131Xe and 132Xe, these independent estimates of the spontaneous fission yields are in reasonable agreement with the estimates based on the initial outgassing of the sample, corrected as described for the induced fission component. The best estimate of the composition of Xe from spontaneous fission of 248Cm is as follows: 134Xe/136Xe= 1.065 ± 0.015, 132Xe/136Xe= 0.81 ± 0.03 and 131Xe/136Xe= 0.49 ± 0.06. These results are totally inconsistent with any of the various estimates of the CCF composition, implying that if spontaneous fission of 248Cm contributed at all to the CCF component, the contribution was relatively minor.
Low-melting, mononuclear tetrahydrofuran complexes of M(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionate)2 (M = Ba, Sr) and related analogues.

Tetrahydrofuran, unlike related monodentate ligands, displays an unusual ability to stabilize the mononuclear structure of bis(β-diketonate) complexes of barium and strontium as found for Ba(thd)2(THF)4 and Sr(thd)2(THF)4.
Preincarceration Risky Behaviors among Women Inmates: Opportunities for Prevention

This study examined the associations between preincarceration risky sex and drug behaviors and HIV status among incarcerated women. A consecutive sample of 805 women felons admitted to the North Ca...
A short proof of the preservation of the ωω-bounding property

There are two versions of the Proper Iteration Lemma. The stronger (but less well-known) version can be used to give simpler proofs of iteration theorems (e.g., [7, Lemma 24] versus [9, Theorem IX.4.7]). In this paper we give another demonstration of the fecundity of the stronger version by giving a short proof of Shelah's theorem on the preservation of the ωω-bounding property. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mid-dermal elastophagocytosis presenting as a persistent reticulate erythema

Two men are presented with a widespread persistent reticulate erythema concentrated within the chronically sun-damaged skin on their trunk. A fine papular element was present in one case and both lacked annular lesions. One patient was human immunodeficiency virus positive. Multiple skin biopsies showed an interstitial infiltrate of histiocytes containing multiple elastic fibres in the upper dermis. There was scant perivascular lymphocytic inflammation but no evident necrobiosis or palisaded granulomas seen typically with granuloma annulare. Elastic stains showed focal mid-dermal elastolysis. Diffuse reticulate erythema in sun-damaged skin may be a clinical marker for elastophagocytosis. This presentation differs from that previously described with actinic granuloma, diffuse granuloma annulare or the inflammatory phase of mid-dermal elastolysis and expands the clinical spectrum of this phenomenon.
Synapse adhesion: a dynamic equilibrium conferring stability and flexibility.

Cell adhesion molecules linked to cytoskeleton generate stable cell-cell junctions. Cadherins provide a canonical example, but paradoxically, they participate in a multitude of transient and regulatable interactions. Their extracellular binding generates weak adhesion that is modified by clustering; interactions with F-actin are regulated, can be transient, and can alter F-actin dynamics. Additionally, cadherin recycling from the cell surface can modify the size and location of junctions and strength of adhesion. In epithelial cells, this ongoing dynamic behavior is important for maintaining stable junctions. Recent work supports that cadherins act similarly at synapses where their actions are likely to be shared by integrins and other actin-linked cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Together the collaborative activities of such CAMs provide a stable, but flexible structure that can promote and support changes in synapse shape and size while maintaining stable junctions to permit information flow.
Particle size distribution of lipoproteins from human atherosclerotic plaque: A preliminary report

Abstract It is commonly believed that low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) carry cholesterol into the artery wall. In addition, some epidemiologic studies have suggested that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, such as very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), may be much less important than LDLs in atherogenesis. To determine if VLDLs or their metabolic remnants could have a direct role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, we examined lipoproteins isolated from endarterectomy specimens. Atherosclerotic plaque was obtained from eight subjects who underwent aortoiliac endarterectomy (4), aortic aneurysm repair (2), or visceral/renal endarterectomy (2). Plaques were washed extensively, minced, and incubated with a buffered saline solution. Lipoproteins were recovered from this solution via a selected-immunoaffinity column by means of a polyclonal antibody to human LDL (apolipoprotein B-100). Particle sizing from electron photomicrographs of negatively stained specimens indicated that 8% of the lipoprotein particles were the size of plasma VLDL (350 to 800 nm). Thirty-six percent were the size of plasma VLDL remnant particles (250 to 350 nm), and 56% were consistent in size with plasma LDL (175 to 250 nm). We conclude that VLDL- and VLDL remnant-sized particles appear to comprise a significant percentage of the lipoproteins found in human atherosclerotic plaque and could have a direct role in the atherosclerotic process. (J Vasc Surg 1989;4:81–8.)
Changes in vitamin D and parathyroid hormone metabolism in incident pediatric Crohn's disease†

Background: Prior studies of vitamin D metabolism in Crohn's disease (CD) did not include controls or examine changes following diagnosis. This study examined associations among 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in incident pediatric CD, compared with controls, and following diagnosis. Methods: Serum vitamin D and PTH were measured at diagnosis (n = 78), 6, 12, and a median of 43 months (n = 52) later in CD participants, and once in 221 controls. Multivariate regression was used to examine baseline associations and quasi-least squares regression to assess subsequent changes. Results: At diagnosis, 42% of CD participants were 25(OH)D-deficient (<20 ng/mL). The odds ratio for deficiency was 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 3.9; P < 0.05) vs. controls, adjusted for age, race, and season. 1,25(OH)2D was lower in CD vs. controls (P < 0.05), adjusted for 25(OH)D, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and PTH. TNF-α was associated with lower 1,25(OH)2D (P < 0.05), and the positive association between PTH and 1,25(OH)2D in controls was absent in CD (interaction P = 0.02). Among participants with 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL, CD was associated with lower PTH (P < 0.05) vs. controls. Following diagnosis, 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D improved (P < 0.001). At the final visit, 3% were 25(OH)D-deficient, PTH was no longer low relative to 25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH)2D was significantly elevated (P < 0.001) compared with controls. Conclusions: Incident CD was associated with 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D deficiency and a relative hypoparathyroidism that resolved following diagnosis. Inflammatory cytokine suppression of PTH and renal 1-α-hyroxylase may contribute to these alterations. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;)
Experimental study on warm roll bonding of metal/polymer/metal multilayer composites

Abstract The manufacturing of metal/polymer sandwich composites via roll bonding can offer great advantages over other techniques such as overmolding and injection molding, because those techniques are more complex and costly. Roll bonding of multilayer composites, however, is challenging due to significant differences in the mechanical properties and adhesion characteristics of polymeric and metallic materials. In this study, warm roll bonding (WRB) has been applied to fabricate a sandwich composite consisting of commercially pure aluminum (AL1100) and polyurethane (PU) sheets. The effects of WRB process parameters, which include surface roughness, preheat temperature, rolling speed, and total thickness reduction, on the adhesion strength have been investigated using the peel test. Mechanical interlocking was the primary adhesion mechanism in direct bonding of AL1100 and PU by rolling. An optimal surface roughness value was observed at 5.63 μm where the failure mode transitioned from adhesive to cohesive as the surface roughness increased. An optimum temperature and rolling speed were identified to be 200.2 °C and 29.7 rpm, respectively. The study showed a promising potential for applying WRB to mass produce metal/polymer hybrid composite panels.
Case Report: Group B Streptococcus meningitis in an adolescent .

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus , GBS) usually colonizes the gastrointestinal and lower genital tracts of asymptomatic hosts, yet the incidence of invasive disease is on the rise . We describe a case of an 18 year old woman, recently diagnosed with lupus, who reported a spontaneous abortion six weeks prior to her hospitalization. She presented with fever, altered mental status, and meningeal signs, paired with a positive blood culture for GBS. Magnetic resonance imaging of her brain demonstrated an extra-axial fluid collection, and she was diagnosed with meningitis. She received prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy and aggressive treatment for lupus, leading to clinical recovery. This case illustrates the importance of recognizing GBS as a potential pathogen in all patients presenting with CNS infection .
Cognitive Systems of Economic Anthropology How they are Interrelated with one Another and Located in Social Science

A new light of neo-constructivism is cast on the controversy of competing approaches to economic anthropology. The controversy among the competing approaches reveals that they represent some of the major cognitive systems of social science. The cognitive systems are formed in the development of social science over two types of antagonism: (1) the methodological antagonism between individualism and collectivism and (2) the epistemological antagonism between materialism and idealism. An epistemological understanding of the competing approaches to economic anthropology can be achieved by locating them within a broader configuration of the cognitive systems of social science. An examination of the competing cognitive systems of economic anthropology under the new light of neo-constructivism helps us to understand the nature of the theoretical schism of economic anthropology as well as cultural anthropology.
Evaluation of low-dose intraperitoneal interferon-α for palliation of ascites in patients with non-ovarian gynecologic malignancies

Abstract Objective Intraperitoneal interferon-α (IP-IFNα) has shown some benefit in the treatment of patients with ovarian cancer. Our goal was to evaluate the use of low-dose IP-IFNα for the palliative control of ascites in non-ovarian gynecologic malignancies, including primary peritoneal and uterine papillary serous carcinomas. Methods Fifteen patients with non-ovarian gynecologic malignancies received one or two doses of 10 MU (10 × 10 6 U/m 2 ) of IP-IFNα via single-use drum catheter for the symptomatic control of ascites. The median age for this patient group was 61 years (range 40–84). Histopathologic diagnoses were confirmed on all patients. Eleven of 15 (73%) patients had uterine cancers. Four of 15 (27%) patients had papillary serous primary peritoneal carcinomas. Thirteen of 15 (87%) patients had Stage III disease or more. All patients had been heavily pretreated with chemotherapy and all had progressive disease. Results Specific parameters used to evaluate IP-IFNα were (1) median survival; (2) number of days to recurrent ascites; (3) number of subsequent paracenteses required for symptomatic relief; and (4) symptomatology and side effects. Median overall survival was 3 months (range 0.5–13). Seven of 15 (47%) patients survived >3 months. Twelve of 15 (80%) patients had recurrent ascites within 30 days of treatment. However, 3/15 (20%) patients had a prolonged, >30-day period, without symptomatic ascites. One patient (6%) had a 270-day response with no ascites. Toxicity was minimal from IP-IFNα infusion. The most common side effect was fever in 6/15 (40%) patients. Conclusion IP-IFNα was well tolerated and may have some benefit in a subset of patients. Although 80% of patients had recurrent ascites within 30 days, 20% had a prolonged, >30-day response. Further study is warranted to determine the role of immune modulators, such as IP-IFNα, in the palliative management of patients with non-ovarian gynecologic malignancies that cause ascites.
Design of electronic information

We experience both qualitative and quantitative aspects of information. The design of electronic information involves a search for a common ground between the quantitative description of information and its qualitative expression. In searching for this common ground, at issue is not only what one designs, but how one designs, what happens to the design after it is conceptualized, how users interact with the design, and what effect the design may have on society.
A simple methodology to analyze inter-laboratory data: A simulation study☆

Abstract Background Inter-laboratory experiments are conducted to assess how accurately and reproducibly various laboratories using different methods, instruments, analysts, and/or sample preparation procedures can perform measurements, in this case, the concentration of a chemical. In this work a 3-step methodology is proposed to analyze inter-laboratory experiments. Methods A simulation study based on 500 simulations was conducted for a cluster of 12 laboratories with different population means and SDs. The sample sizes varied from 10 to 50. Laboratories with too high a variance or too high a mean were recursively identified and removed by analysis of variance techniques. Outliers were identified and removed by a recursive algorithm. The remaining data were used to compute consensus mean, SD, repeatability, reproducibility, and CV for repeatability and reproducibility. Results Two laboratories with too high a variance were always identified for removal when the sample size was ≥ 20. Two laboratories with too high a mean were almost always identified irrespective of sample size. The average observed percent bias was never > ± 3.2% irrespective of the sample size. The average percent imprecision was also within ± 10.4% for all laboratories. The average CV was close to what was expected. Conclusions With an optimal sample size of 20, the 3-step methodology presented here will adequately identify laboratories with variances or means that are too high or too low.
The Resurrection of the Image

In this article I wish to elucidate a form of receptivity in our relation to televisual images that cannot be reduced to the postmodern formula of a closed circuit of desire through which the self(same) infinitely reproduces itself. Through analysis of the peculiar experience of viewing Gore Verbinski’s 2003 film The Ring (a remake of Hideo Nakata’s Ring), I argue for the possibility of an experience of alterity in and through the televisual. I pair this event with the religious experience of viewing the icon that Jean-Luc Marion opposes to the televisual in his recent works collected in The Crossing of the Visible. The purpose of the comparison is not to conflate the two experiences but rather to suggest that the possibility for reclaiming a space for difference in a postmodern world lies within the televisual itself, the very medium that Marion credits with the bankruptcy of the aesthetic. In The Ring, the process through which the viewer expects to see her own desire reproduced is violently interrupted...
Percutaneous absorption and inflammation in aged skin: A review

We review experimental studies that address age-related changes in cutaneous barrier function and dermal blood vessel function. These differences have important implications in the understanding of age-related changes in the inflammatory process and topical drug delivery systems.
Exogenous glutamate is metabolized to glutamine and exported by rat primary astrocyte cultures

Rat cortical astrocytes in primary culture were examined for their capacity to transport and metabolize exogenous L-[U-14C]glutamate. After incubation for time periods up to 120 min, cells and incubation media were analyzed for labelled and endogenous glutamate and its metabolic products by HPLC coupled with fluorescence detection and liquid scintillation counting. Glutamine was the major labelled metabolite after 120 min, accounted for 38% of the original glutamate label, and was found primarily in the incubation medium. A further 13.5% of the label was recovered in deaminated metabolites of glutamate, 1.2% was associated with aspartate, 23% remained in glutamate, and 10.2% was found in an acid-precipitated cell fraction. More than 84% of the label was recovered in these fraction. suggesting that the maximum possible formation and loss of 14CO2 was 16%. The rate of total glutamine synthesis was 1.1 nmol X mg protein-1 X min-1 when 9 microM exogenous glutamate was present. The total amount of glutamine synthesized greatly exceeded the consumption of glutamate, indicating that a substantial proportion of glutamine was synthesized from other carbon sources. Almost all of the newly formed glutamine was exported into the medium. These results indicate that astrocytes in primary culture, by accumulating glutamate, producing glutamine, and exporting it, are capable of carrying out the glial component of the glutamine cycle.
Pulmonary embolism presenting as coronary insufficiency.

The clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism are extremely varied. It is generally not appreciated that patients with central pulmonary embolism may have chest pain caused by coronary insufficiency. To emphasize this relationship, we describe two patients who were first observed in this manner. REPORT OF CASES Case1. —A 72-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of a two-week history of chest pain on exertion. The patient was tachypneic at rest. Otherwise, the physical examination's findings were unremarkable. Serial ECGs and cardiac enzymes did not evolve a pattern of acute myocardial infarction. Because of recurrent chest pain, a cardiac catheterization was done on the fifth hospital day. The coronary arteries were patent but the pulmonary artery pressure was 65/25 mm Hg. Pulmonary angiography demonstrated emboli in the right main pulmonary artery and in the artery to the left upper lobe. The patient was later discharged on a regimen of
Two methionine aminopeptidases from Acinetobacter baumannii are functional enzymes

Drug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, is emerging as a significant healthcare problem. New antibiotics with a novel mechanism of action are urgently needed to overcome the drug resistance. Methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) carries out an essential cotranslational methionine excision in many bacteria and is a potential target to develop such novel antibiotics. Two putative MetAP genes were identified in A. baumannii genome, but whether they actually function as MetAP enzymes was not known. Therefore, we established an efficient E. coli expression system for their production as soluble and metal-free proteins for biochemical characterization. We demonstrated that both could carry out the metal-dependent catalysis and could be activated by divalent metal ions with the order Fe(II) ≈ Ni(II) > Co(II) > Mn(II) for both. By using a set of metalloform-selective inhibitors discovered on other MetAP enzymes, potency and metalloform selectivity on the A. baumannii MetAP proteins were observed. The similarity of their catalysis and inhibition to other MetAP enzymes confirmed that both may function as competent MetAP enzymes in A. baumannii and either or both may serve as the potential drug target.
Endovascular Therapy for Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most common cause of death among hospitalized patients. Treatment escalation beyond anticoagulation therapy is necessary in patients with massive PE (defined by hemodynamic shock) as well as in many patients with submassive PE (defined by right ventricular strain). The best current evidence suggests that modern catheter-directed therapy to achieve rapid central clot debulking should be considered as an early or first-line treatment option for patients with acute massive PE; and emerging evidence suggests a catheter-directed thrombolytic infusion should be considered as adjunctive therapy for many patients with acute submassive PE. This article reviews the current approach to endovascular therapy for acute PE in the context of appropriate diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of acute massive and acute submassive PE.
How Children Learn the Meaning of Words and How LSA Does It (Too)

For long psycholinguistics has tried to answer the question “how children learn the meaning of words?” Paul Bloom answers the question in his book with the same title. He argues that the mind does not have a module for language acquisition. Instead, children learn the meaning of words by a set of general cognitive abilities, including the ability to infer intentions, to perceive the world in terms of objects and events, and the ability to understand syntactic structures. As discourse psychologists we have to emphasize that children likely do not learn the meaning of words through learning words. Instead, it seems more likely that the meaning of words is acquired through discourse. Discourse can take the form of conversations by oneself, with others or by others, situated in time and space. In fact, one could argue that children learn—at least in part—words solely by understanding their relation in context. This is how some computational techniques approximate the meaning of words, sentences, paragraphs and texts. One such common technique is Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). LSA is a statistical, corpus-based, technique for representing world knowledge. It computes similarity comparisons for terms and documents by taking advantage of the fact that particular words occur in particular documents. LSA takes quantitative information about co-occurrences of words in documents (paragraphs and sentences) and translates this into an multidimensional space. In short, the input of LSA is a large coTHE JOURNAL OF THE LEARNING SCIENCES, 14(2), 301–309 Copyright © 2005, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
A new product of linoleic acid oxidation by a flaxseed enzyme

Abstract Although the products of lipoxidase activity have been known for some time, the function of this enzyme in plant metabolism is not known ( Tappel, 1963 ). This paper reports the isolation of an enzyme from flaxseed which utilizes the product of lipoxidase as its substrate, and the tentative identification of the resultant product. The reaction catalyzed by the flaxseed enzyme is shown below. The reaction catalyzed by the flaxseed enzyme is essentially an isomerization of an unsaturated hydroperoxide to a ketohydroxy compound. For this reason the trivial name, hydroperoxide isomerase, is suggested. Linoleic acid was first incubated with soybean lipoxidase and then with the flaxseed preparation. After acidification and extraction, the product was identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), infra-red (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and periodate oxidation.
A study of mechanical properties of autoclaved calcium silicate systems

Abstract Compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and microhardness measurements were made on a variety of autoclaved cement-silica preparations covering a wide range of porosity. A spectrum of linear log mechanical property — porosity functions was observed. Analysis demonstrated that the slopes of these functions were dependent on the preparation silica content and density of the hydrated product. The slopes of the lines for each mechanical property bore a constant ratio with slopes calculated from the corresponding lines of the other two mechanical properties. This resulted in expressions interrelating mechanical properties which were independent of porosity and valid for all preparations studied. Compressive strength and microhardness for preparations studied were shown to be directly related.
Trends in Family and Consumer Sciences Graduate Research Productivity in 2011

Family and consumer sciences (FCS) programs in colleges and universities in the United States reported that a total of 540 theses and dissertations were completed in 2011. This number was an increase from the total of 263 theses and dissertations completed in 2010. However, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) reported that 2,876 theses and dissertations were awarded within FCS fields of study in 2009/2010 (the latest reporting year). The much larger number reported by NCES indicates that research is needed to learn more about the factors associated with underreporting. To develop this report, the authors contacted each college and university three times to obtain information. This resulted in an increase in participation to 36 colleges and universities compared with 19 colleges and universities who reported in 2011. Nutrition and Dietetics was the leader in the number of dissertation titles submitted with 22 titles followed by Institution, Hotel and Restaurant Management with 21 titles, and Family Relations with 19 titles. Nutrition and Dietetics was also the leader in the number of master's thesis titles submitted with 74 titles followed by FCS Education with 59 titles, and Child Development with 55 titles. One of the trends noted this year is that master of science programs are increasingly offering nonthesis options.
Crystal Structure of the Flagellar σ/Anti-σ Complex σ28/FlgM Reveals an Intact σ Factor in an Inactive Conformation

Abstract The key regulators of bacterial transcription initiation are the σ factors, which direct promoter recognition and melting but only after binding to the core RNA polymerase to form the holoenzyme. X-ray crystal structures of the flagellar σ, σ 28 , in complex with its anti-σ, FlgM, explain the inhibition mechanism of FlgM, including its ability to attack and destabilize the σ 28 -holoenzyme. The σ domains (σ 2 , σ 3 , and σ 4 ) pack together in a compact unit with extensive interdomain interfaces that bury the promoter binding determinants, including the −35 element recognition helix of σ 4 , which fits in an acidic groove on the surface of σ 3 . The structure illustrates the large rearrangements that σ 28 must undergo to form the holoenzyme and provides insights into the regulation of σ 28 promoter binding activity that may extend, at least in principle, to other σs.
Consistently modeling the same movement strategy is more important than model skill level in observational learning contexts

The experiment undertaken was designed to elucidate the impact of model skill level on observational learning processes. The task was bimanual circle tracing with a 90° relative phase lead of one hand over the other hand. Observer groups watched videos of either an instruction model, a discovery model, or a skilled model. The instruction and skilled model always performed the task with the same movement strategy, the right-arm traced clockwise and the left-arm counterclockwise around circle templates with the right-arm leading. The discovery model used several movement strategies (tracing-direction/hand-lead) during practice. Observation of the instruction and skilled model provided a significant benefit compared to the discovery model when performing the 90° relative phase pattern in a post-observation test. The observers of the discovery model had significant room for improvement and benefited from post-observation practice of the 90° pattern. The benefit of a model is found in the consistency with which that model uses the same movement strategy, and not within the skill level of the model. It is the consistency in strategy modeled that allows observers to develop an abstract perceptual representation of the task that can be implemented into a coordinated action. Theoretically, the results show that movement strategy information (relative motion direction, hand lead) and relative phase information can be detected through visual perception processes and be successfully mapped to outgoing motor commands within an observational learning context.
Cache system design in the tightly coupled multiprocessor system

Cache is a fast buffer memory between the processor and the main memory and has been extensively used in the larger computer systems. The principle of operation and the various designs of the cache in the uniprocessor system are well documented. The memory system of multiprocessors has also received much attention recently; however, they are limited to the systems without a cache. Little if any information exists in the literature addressing the principle and design considerations of the cache system in the tightly coupled multiprocessor environment. This paper describes such a cache design. System requirements in the multiprocessor environment as well as the cost-performance trade-offs of the cache system design are given in detail. The possibility of sharing the cache system hardware with other multiprocessing facilities (such as dynamic address translation, storage protection, locks, serialization, and the system clocks) is also discussed.
Fragmentation algorithm for finite element failure simulation and analysis

An algorithm which combines the techniques of numerical analysis and numerical simulation in the study of transient dynamic structural response is proposed. This is achieved by incorporating the ability to create new surfaces and separate fragments according to a defined failure criterion into a finite element procedure which uses explicit time integration. Thus, the algorithm not only provides accurate prediction of the structural failure and fragmentation pattern, but also evaluates accurate stress, velocity, acceleration and displacement values of each fragmented component. To develop a viable fragmental algorithm, other than the expected modification in storage and node bookkeeping, we found it necessary to introduce an efficient algorithm to handle extremely large displacements resulting from the fracture. In that regard, an updated corotational approach is introduced.
Full-wave numerical study of wireless communication in boxes with metallic enclosure based on time-reversal ultra-wideband technique

Boxes with metallic enclosure embody various realistic environments in which wireless communication plays important roles, e.g., space stations [1] automobiles [2]. In boxes with metallic enclosure, multiple reflections due to surrounding reflective walls result in extremely dispersive channels, which in turn make wireless communication difficult. In recent years, time-reversal ultra-wideband (TR-UWB) technique has been proved to have excellent potential to resolve the channel dispersion issue [3]. Unlike traditional equalization methods (such as RAKE) that tackle dispersive channels directly, TR-UWB takes advantage of channel reciprocity and round-trip propagation to compensate the channels “indirectly.” TR-UWB requires little channel estimation and it focuses electromagnetic waves dispersed in both space and time. Moreover, the more complex the channel is, the better performance TR-UWB has. Therefore, TR-UWB is expected to be a close-to-optimal solution to wireless communication in extremely complex environments like metallic boxes. However, the complex electromagnetic propagation channels in boxes with metallic enclosure make accurate modeling of TR-UWB communication challenging. If carried out in the frequency domain, the modeling unavoidably encounters matrices with poor condition numbers due to the enclosed configurations. If time domain simulators are applied, rich multiple reflections must be precisely tracked for a long time. In the past, radio waves in enclosed-space were analyzed by ray-tracing method, which approximates radio-frequency waves by optical rays [4]. In this paper, TR-UWB communication in arbitrarily-shaped boxes with metallic enclosure is rigorously analyzed using full-wave simulations. To be specific, two Maxwell's equations solvers, one based on finite difference time domain (FDTD) and the other the method of moments (MoM), are developed to track electromagnetic wave propagation in the boxes. Impedance boundary condition (IBC) is exploited to model realistic metallic walls [5]. In order to relieve high computational resources requirements, these two simulators are implemented on parallel cluster computers. Results from FDTD and MoM simulators match each other; and they show focusing in both space and time after time-reversal and round-trip propagation operations are carried out onto UWB impulses, which demonstrates the feasibility of TR-UWB communication in boxes with metallic enclosure.
CNS architectures and systems research and development for the National Airspace System

The need for significant improvements in communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) for civil aviation has become more urgent in recent years. The continued growth of aviation traffic, nationally and globally, cannot be supported simply by extending current air traffic management (ATM) methods. New ATM methods and systems capable of supporting future traffic loads are under development. They require exchange of significant amounts of digital data between airborne and ground based elements of the airspace system. But the key supporting CNS infrastructure required to enable the digital data exchange does not currently exist. Therefore, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is undertaking a significant new project to research, develop and test new technologies to provide the CNS infrastructure needed to support future ATM for the U.S. National Airspace System and the Global Airspace System. This paper describes the new CNS research project and how CNS research fits within NASA's airspace system research program. Sub-projects being investigated for possible inclusion in the project are described and the plans for integration of the subprojects and the execution of the project are presented.
Evaluation of the effect of display luminance on the feature-detection rates of masses in mammograms

The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction of the luminance range of the display system with the feature detection rate for detecting simulated masses in mammograms. Simulated masses were embedded in cropped 512 by 512 portions of mammograms digitized at 50 micron pixels, 12 bits deep. The masses were embedded in one of four quadrants in the image. An observer experiment was conducted where the observer's task was to determine in which quadrant the mass is located. The key variables involved in each trial included the exposition of the mass, the contrast level of the mass, and the luminance of the display. The contrast of the mass with respect to the background was fixed to one of four selected contrast levels. The digital images were printed to film, and displayed on a mammography lightbox. The display luminance was controlled by the placing neutral density films between the laser printed films of mammogrpahic backgrounds and the lightbox. The resulting luminances examined in this study ranged from a maximum of 10 ftL to 600 ftL. Twenty observers viewed 20 different combinations of the 5 neutral density filters with the 4 contrast levels, for a total of 400 observations per observer, and 8000 observations overall. An ANOVA analysis showed that there was no statistically significant correlation between the luminance range of the display and the feature detection rate of the simulated masses in mammograms. None of the luminance display ranges performed better than any of the others.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Are we there yet? Navigating roadblocks to induced pluripotent stem cell therapy translation.

Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, first described only 7 years ago by Yamanaka’s group [1], already feature prominently in the clinical translational plans of many funding organizations, although clinical trials have yet to be initiated. As an untested, novel cell type, many obstacles, both perceived and real, exist to hinder iPS cell-based therapy. These obstacles are significant, but the challenge is not insurmountable, and we should expect preliminary trials for certain diseases before the end of this decade. Reprogramming is conventionally accomplished with four factors: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. The proto-oncogenic nature of some components of this cocktail has been recognized as a significant translational obstacle, and various cocktails for reprogramming have since been successfully employed. In particular, it was found that c‐Myc, a potent proto-oncogene, is not required for reprogramming [2], but the efficiency of reprogramming is markedly lower in its absence. The method employed for reprogramming also poses risks; owing to the integrative nature of retroviral vectors, this method of delivery increases the tumorigenic potential of the cells. This is an area that has been well-researched, and approaches with nonviral methods including recombinant proteins, transposons and modified RNA have all demonstrated reprogramming capability [3]. Again, these methods vary in efficiency, and this inefficiency requires that a reasonably large population of cells be available for reprogramming. Notably, delivering the reprogramming cocktail with a temperature sensitive Sendai virus approach is both DNA-free and reasonably efficient [4]. Regardless of the relative safety of the approach to generate iPS cells, the cells must be rigorously screened to exclude partially reprogrammed or aberrant clones. This is usually done by assessing gene expression and immuno staining for standard pluripotency markers as well as by in vivo tera toma
Displacement amplification in curved piezoelectric diaphragm transducers

Experimental measurements of the displacement amplitude of a special curved piezoelectric diaphragm-type transducer are presented. The diaphragm consisted of a laminated PZT structure, square in shape, 4 mm side length, and 4.1 μm total thickness. The transducer was formed by applying a static pressure to one side of the diaphragm that deformed it into a nominally spherical shape. This transducer was similar to curved transducers previously described in the technical literature except that the diaphragm vibrated under tension and static pressure. Scanning laser vibrometer and cursory acoustic measurements were performed to characterize the performance of the transducer. The amplitude of diaphragm vibrations per supplied volt varied by 39 dB and the first natural frequency gradually changed as the static pressure was increased. The displacements at the first natural frequency were observed to be in-phase across the diaphragm surface, as contrasted to the phase variation observed in the first flexural mode of the curved transducers described in the literature. The implication is that a curved transducer formed by the application of external static pressure offers high-displacement amplitude and a low-frequency mode that would couple efficiently to a surrounding acoustic medium.
Asymmetric gate resistor power MOSFET

Power converters, e.g. in a popular synchronous buck topology, need high performance power MOSFETs in order to achieve high efficiency, low voltage ringing, ESD protection and low EMI. To satisfy these requirements, an asymmetric gate resistor power MOSFET is proposed by integrating a shunt resistor with a parallel LDMOSFET-connected diode in a source down power MOSFET (NexFET). The novel MOSFET has several advantages. First, the shunt resistor is used to slow down the turn-on speed of the high-side (HS) MOSFET, resulting in small voltage ringing of the switch node and low EMI in a synchronous buck converter. Second, the integrated diode preserves a fast turn-off speed and high conversion efficiency. Third, the bulk diode of the LDMOSFET can achieve ESD protection for gate oxide.
Development and validation of an LCMS method to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of caffeic acid phenethyl amide and caffeic acid phenethyl ester in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

A validated LCMS method was developed for the quantitative determination of caffeic acid phenethyl amide (CAPA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) from rat plasma. Separation was achieved using a reverse-phase C12 HPLC column (150 × 2.00 mm, 4 µm) with gradient elution running water (A) and acetonitrile (B). Mass spectrometry was performed with electrospray ionization in negative mode. This method was used to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of CAPA and CAPE in male Sprague–Dawley rats following intravenous bolus administration of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of CAPA and 20 mg/kg of CAPE. The pharmacokinetic analysis suggests the lack of dose proportionality in the dose range of 5–20 mg/kg of CAPA. Total clearance values for CAPA ranged from 45 to 156 mL/min and decreased with increasing dose of CAPA. The volume of distribution for CAPA ranged from 17,750 to 52,420 mL, decreasing with increasing dose. The elimination half-life for CAPA ranged from 243.1 to 295.8 min and no statistically significant differences were observed between dose groups in the range of 5–20 mg/kg (p > 0.05). The elimination half-life for CAPE was found to be 92.26 min. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of methods for monitoring multitemporal vegetation change using Thematic Mapper imagery

Forested ecosystems in California are undergoing accelerated change due to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Change detection is a remote sensing technique used to monitor and map landcover change between two or more time periods and is now an essential tool in forest management activities. We compared the ability of two linear change enhancement techniques, the Multitemporal Kauth Thomas (MKT) and Multitemporal Spectral Mixture Analysis (MSMA), and two classification techniques, maximum likelihood (ML) and decision tree (DT), to accurately identify changes in vegetation cover in a southern California study area between 1990 and 1996. Supervised classification accuracy results were high (>70% correct classification for four vegetation change classes and one no-change class) and showed that (1) the DT classification approach outperformed the ML classification approach by � 10%, regardless of the enhancement technique used, and (2) using DT classification, MSMA change fractions [i.e., green vegetation (GV), nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), shade, and soil] outperformed MKT change features (i.e., change in brightness, greenness, and wetness) by � 5%. D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
A meta-model for fault management

This paper describes the top level of a meta-model for fault management. This meta-model can be used to help refine existing terminology. It can also be used to formalize standard development strategies for fault management services. This work is the outgrowth of a modeling effort that was performed by the Services for Reliable, Available, and Serviceable Systems Working Group (SRASS WG) which has been meeting as part of the IEEE Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Standards effort.
HERITABILITY ESTIMATES OF UDDER DISEASE AS MEASURED BY VARIOUS TESTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO EACH OTHER AND TO MILK YIELD, AGE, AND MILKING TIMES.

Abstract Paternal half-sib heritability estimates of milk yield, number of quarters infected with mastitis organisms, and number of quarters showing abnormal milk were obtained from an analysis of milking and mastitis data of 2,865 Holstein cows. The within-herd heritability estimate for daily milk yield was 0.353 and that for the number of quarters infected with Streptococcus agalactiae 0.196. The heritability estimates for the number of quarters infected with organisms other than Streptococcus agalactiae , number of quarters infected, and number of quarters showing abnormal milk were all below 0.1. Within-herd correlation coefficients were calculated among daily milk yield, milking data, age, and mastitis indicators. Age, stripping time, and machine-on time were positively correlated with daily milk yield. Older cows had longer machine-stripping times and machine-on times than younger cows. Older cows also showed higher values for all indicators of mastitis.
Context Dependence, Ancestral Misidentification, and Spurious Signatures of Natural Selection

Population genetic analyses often use polymorphism data from one species, and orthologous genomic sequences from closely related outgroup species. These outgroup sequences are frequently used to identify ancestral alleles at segregating sites and to compare the patterns of polymorphism and divergence. Inherent in such studies is the assumption of parsimony, which posits that the ancestral state of each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is the allele that matches the orthologous site in the outgroup sequence, and that all nucleotide substitutions between species have been observed. This study tests the effect of violating the parsimony assumption when mutation rates vary across sites and over time. Using a context-dependent mutation model that accounts for elevated mutation rates at CpG dinucleotides, increased propensity for transitional versus transversional mutations, as well as other directional and contextual mutation biases estimated along the human lineage, we show (using both simulations and a theoretical model) that enough unobserved substitutions could have occurred since the divergence of human and chimpanzee to cause many statistical tests to spuriously reject neutrality. Moreover, using both the chimpanzee and rhesus macaque genomes to parsimoniously identify ancestral states causes a large fraction of the data to be removed while not completely alleviating problem. By constructing a novel model of the context-dependent mutation process, we can correct polymorphism data for the effect of ancestral misidentification using a single outgroup.