cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic data-driven model reduction: adapting reduced models from incomplete data

This work presents a data-driven online adaptive model reduction approach for systems that undergo dynamic changes. Classical model reduction constructs a reduced model of a large-scale system in an offline phase and then keeps the reduced model unchanged during the evaluations in an online phase; however, if the system changes online, the reduced model may fail to predict the behavior of the changed system. Rebuilding the reduced model from scratch is often too expensive in time-critical and real-time environments. We introduce a dynamic data-driven adaptation approach that adapts the reduced model from incomplete sensor data obtained from the system during the online computations. The updates to the reduced models are derived directly from the incomplete data, without recourse to the full model. Our adaptivity approach approximates the missing values in the incomplete sensor data with gappy proper orthogonal decomposition. These approximate data are then used to derive low-rank updates to the reduced basis and the reduced operators. In our numerical examples, incomplete data with 30–40 % known values are sufficient to recover the reduced model that would be obtained via rebuilding from scratch.
Chemosterilants for the house fly: further screening tests.

Screening 852 compounds as additives to the diet of Musca domestica L. yielded 60 active sterilants, 33 of them aziridines. Other categories of known chemosterilants,, i.e., phosphor amides, melamines, N -mustards, boron compounds, ureas, and triazoles, were also represented among the active compounds.
Differentiation of CC vs CXC chemokine dimers with GAG octasaccharide binding partners: an ion mobility mass spectrometry approach.

Chemokines, 8 kDa proteins implicated in leukocyte migration via oligomerization, bind to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during the inflammation response as a means to regulate chemokine migration. Structural characterization of chemokines non-covalently bound to GAGs provides physiologically meaningful data in regard to routine inmmunosurveillance and disease response. In order to analyze the structures resulting from the GAG:chemokine interaction, we employed ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS) to analyze monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a CC chemokine, and interleukin-8 (IL-8), a CXC chemokine, along with their individual interactions with GAG heparin octasaccharides. We show that MCP-1 and IL-8 are physiologically present as a dimer, with MCP-1 having two variants of its dimeric form and IL-8 having only one. We also show that the MCP-1 dimer adopts two conformations, one extended and one compact, when bound to a dodecasulfated heparin octasaccharide. Binding of MCP-1 to heparin octasaccharide...
Survey on the immediate economical burden of hospitalization of the rural population with hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Eshan,Yuxi,2009-2011

Objective To survey on the immediate economical burden of the rural population among the inpatients of the hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) cases,and evaluate the effectiveness of hospitalization compensation policy of rural residents for the HFMD in Eshan county,Yuxi,Yunnan,2009-2011.Method We analysed the expenses and compensation of hospitalization,and estimated the immediate economical burden.Results From 2009 to 2011,there were 1 073 cases of the HFMD.The total immediate economical burden of hospitalization was 871 505.7 yuan,and the actual median proportion of compensation was 39.6(36.1,43.2)%.The immediate economical burden of hospitalization was 638.0(558.4,759.4) yuan/person,and had increase with years (P0.001).In the level of county hospital,the actual median proportion of compensation was more than in province and municipal hospital(P0.05).Conclusions The new rural cooperative medical policy had reduced the economical burden of rural residents for the HFMD,but the trends were not decreasing in the recently years.So we should give more attention about the economical burden of serious illness of the HFMD.
Analysis of High Risk Perinatal Factors for Hyperbilirubinemia in Full Term Neonates

Objective To explore possible high risk perinatal factors related to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia(NHB).Methods Serum bilirubin levels of 5 616 healthy neonates were continuously monitored by Transcuta-neous bilirubin(TCB)meter during the first postnatal week.Seventeen perinatal factors possibly related to neonatal jaundice were recorded.The affects of the perinatal factors on neonatal jaundice were analyzed by the methods of single-factor analysis and Logistic regression analysis,respectively.TCB and total serum bilirubin(TSB)were simultaneously measured in 48 jaundiced neonates,and then the linear correlation between the 2 index was studied.Results 1.Forty-eight jaundiced neonates TCB and TSB were(227.89±41.53)μmol/L and(212.77±36.17)μmol/L,there was positive correlation between them(r=0.924 P0.001).2.The perinatal factors related to NHB included gestational age,labor ways,fetal distress,applications of oxytocin,delayed feeding,delayed passage of meconium,feeding ways,internal hemorrhage,hypoglycemia,polycythemia,body weight loss.Among them,gestational age,labor ways,delayed feeding,breast-feeding,hypoglycemia,polycythemia and body weight loss were all independent high risk perinatal factors for NHB.Conclusion Enforcing perinatal health care,vaginal delivery and early feeding are effective prevention ways for hyperbilirubinemia in newborns.
Debt and Subjective Well-being: The Other Side of the Income-Happiness Coin

To spur research on the topic of debt and its consequences, we conducted a systematic review to integrate the different conceptualizations of debt and to develop a conceptual model explaining mechanisms through which debt influences subjective well-being (SWB). Our conceptual model weaves two common themes from the prior literature: (a) a bottom-up spillover perspective where debt affects SWB via the financial domain (and possibly other life domains that are negatively affected through spillover); and (b) a resource perspective wherein debt is a strain on financial resources which, in turn, lowers SWB. Further, we review past empirical studies assessing the linkage between debt and SWB. A majority of associations (90 %), from 20 studies, revealed at least one significant negative effect between debt and SWB. Further, a random effects meta-analysis of seven studies showed a small relationship between debt and SWB (r = −.07), although there also appear to be critical moderators such as levels of debt, source of debt, and overall financial resources. To test our conceptual model, we conduct a moderated mediation analysis of a large scale representative sample of college graduates with Internet access in the United States (N = 2781) to examine the effects of student loans on SWB. Debt and income accounted for 40 and 60 % of the predicted variance of life satisfaction, respectively. In addition, the bottom-up perspective and resource perspectives were supported. One critical limitation is that there are not many studies on debt and SWB. Future areas for research are discussed.
Novel Hypomorphic Alleles of the Mouse Tyrosinase Gene Induced by CRISPR-Cas9 Nucleases Cause Non-Albino Pigmentation Phenotypes

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis. Mutations in the gene encoding tyrosinase (Tyr) cause oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1) in humans. Alleles of the Tyr gene have been useful in studying pigment biology and coat color formation. Over 100 different Tyr alleles have been reported in mice, of which ≈24% are spontaneous mutations, ≈60% are radiation-induced, and the remaining alleles were obtained by chemical mutagenesis and gene targeting. Therefore, most mutations were random and could not be predicted a priori. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we targeted two distinct regions of exon 1 to induce pigmentation changes and used an in vivo visual phenotype along with heteroduplex mobility assays (HMA) as readouts of CRISPR-Cas9 activity. Most of the mutant alleles result in complete loss of tyrosinase activity leading to an albino phenotype. In this study, we describe two novel in-frame deletion alleles of Tyr, dhoosara (Sanskrit for gray) and chandana (Sanskrit for sandalwood). These alleles are hypomorphic and show lighter pigmentation phenotypes of the body and eyes. This study demonstrates the utility of CRISPR-Cas9 system in generating domain-specific in-frame deletions and helps gain further insights into structure-function of Tyr gene.
Quantitative Interpretations of Break Junction Conductance Histograms in Molecular Electron Transport

We develop theoretical and computational tools for extracting quantitative molecular information from experimental conductance histograms for electron transport through single-molecule break junctions. These experimental setups always measure a combination of molecular conductance and direct electrode–electrode tunneling; our derivations explicitly incorporate the effects of such background tunneling. Validation of our models to simulated data shows that background tunneling is crucial for quantitative analyses (even in cases where it appears to be qualitatively negligible), and comparison to experimental data is favorable. Finally, we generalize these ideas to the case of molecules with a destructive interference feature and discuss potential signatures for interference in a conductance histogram.
Inverse limits with bonding functions whose graphs are connected

Abstract First, answering a question by Roskaric and Tratnik, we present inverse sequences of simple triods or simple closed curves with set-valued bonding functions whose graphs are arcs and the limits are n -point sets. Second, we present a wide class of zero-dimensional spaces that can be obtained as the inverse limits of arcs with one set-valued function whose graph is an arc.
Multitasking With TV: Media Technology, Genre, and Audience Influences

This study explored how media technologies, TV content genres, and demographic and trait individual differences influence the amount of media multitasking while viewing TV, or “second screen viewing,” among college undergraduates. A dual structural and audience factor approach examines influences on multitasking while viewing TV, and a limited capacity theory guides an examination of the effect of TV genre on multitasking while viewing. Survey data reveal that media technology access, sex, age, trait immersive tendency, and multitasking preference predict greater multitasking and that individuals are most likely to multitask during sports content and least likely to during dramatic content.
Reduced absorption of glyphosate and decreased translocation of dicamba contribute to poor control of kochia (Kochia scoparia) at high temperature.

BACKGROUND Plant growth temperature is one of the important factors that can influence postemergent herbicide efficacy and impact weed control. Control of kochia (Kochia scoparia), a major broadleaf weed throughout the North American Great Plains, often is unsatisfactory when either glyphosate or dicamba are applied on hot summer days. We tested effects of plant growth temperature on glyphosate and dicamba phytotoxicity on two Kansas kochia populations (P1 and P2) grown under the following three day/night (d/n) temperature regimes: T1, 17.5/7.5°C; T2, 25/15°C; and T3, 32.5/22.5°C. RESULTS Visual injury and above-ground dry biomass data from herbicide dose–response experiments indicated greater susceptibility to both glyphosate and dicamba when kochia was grown under the two cooler temperature regimes, i.e. T1 and T2. At T1, the ED50 of P1 and P2 kochia were 39 and 36 g ha−1 of glyphosate and 52 and 105 g ha−1 of dicamba, respectively. In comparison, at T3 the ED50 increased to 173 and 186 g ha−1 for glyphosate and 106 and 410 g ha−1 for dicamba, respectively, for P1 and P2. We also investigated the physiological basis of decreased glyphosate and dicamba efficacy under elevated temperatures. Kochia absorbed more glyphosate at T1 and T2 compared to T3. Conversely, there was more dicamba translocated towards meristems at T1 and T2, compared to T3. CONCLUSION Reduced efficacy of dicamba or glyphosate to control kochia under elevated temperatures can be attributed to decreased absorption and translocation of glyphosate and dicamba, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to apply glyphosate or dicamba when the temperature is low (e.g. d/n temperature at 25/15°C) and seedlings are small (less than 12 cm) to maximize kochia control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Relativistic nonlinear optics of free electrons in laser-driven plasmas

Summary form only given. We discuss recent experimental results obtained in a new regime in the interactions of light with matter enabled by tabletop lasers capable of delivering ultrashort (femtosecond) duration pulses, focusable to intensities exceeding one exawatt per square centimeter (10/sup 18/ W/cm/sup 2/). Novel nonlinear optical phenomena, such as relativistic self-focusing, self-modulation and harmonic generation by Thomson scattering, occur when electrons at the laser focus become relativistic in a single optical cycle. Collimated beams of MeV-energy electrons and ions result from enormous space-charge fields (exceeding 1 GeV/cm), driven by Gbar light pressure.
Causal-Realist Answers to the Coasean Question

Coase (1937) famously asked: if the price mechanism is efficient, why are there firms? His answer, following his identification of firms as “islands of conscious power,” was that using the price mechanism is costly and due to transaction costs it is efficient to integrate production processes under the direction of a manager. Attempts to formulate a specifically Austrian theoryof the firm tend to adopt the Coasean view.None of these attempts, however, seem to directly address the Coasean question. Instead, they tend to focus on explaining what firms are and their structure, and expect to thereby, by implication, explain firm existence. In so doing, these theories unsuccessfully address how and why firms emerge in the market process and therefore fail to relate firm creation with the overall market structure.This paper reviews and critiques existing Austrian approaches to Coase’s question and outlines a new way forward, which emphasizes the firm as a market phenomenon. Here the firm is a vehicle for imaginative entrepreneurs (P. G. Klein 2008b) to create artificial density (Durkheim 1933), thereby increasing the extent of the market and providing a basis for further specialized factors of production - beyond the general level of division of labor in the market. From this perspective, the firm becomes a product of, and prospective catalyst for progressing, the overall division of labor. The firm emerges as an entrepreneur-generated tool toward increased efficiency and more roundabout production, and, consequently, potentially plays a crucial role in the development of civilization.
5. RETHINKING THE TAXONOMY, COURSE, AND OUTCOME OF PSYCHOSES: DIMENSIONAL, LATENT TRAJECTORY, AND TRANSDIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES

Abstract Evidence continues to accumulate on heterogeneity in phenomenology, course and outcome of non-affective and affective psychotic disorders. Both DSM and ICD classification systems have evolved to include a large number of categories of psychosis. However, doubt remains about this categorical approach because of high comorbidity, common etiological factors and the absence of zones of relative rarity between categorical diagnoses. Some authors have nevertheless argued that categorical representations of psychosis may still be of clinical utility if used in combination with dimensional indicators.It is now widely accepted that psychotic symptoms partition into several symptom dimensions that would support the heterogeneity of psychotic disorders. However, there is no consensus on the exact number of these dimensions, with previous factor-analytic work pointing towards models with two to twelve specific symptom dimensions. However, recently, there has been evidence for a transdiagnostic dimension underlying affective and non-affective psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar disorder that challenges their classification as distinct diagnostic constructs. There is also considerable heterogeneity in clinical course and outcome of psychotic disorders, but how to best map and model this over time remains to be established. Taken together, this presents significant challenges for the classification of psychotic disorders as separate diagnostic entities.This symposium brings together international researchers at the forefront of research into the phenomenology, course and outcome of psychotic disorders. Roman Kotov will present novel data on symptom dimensions and examines the course of these dimensions in an epidemiologic cohort of 628 first-admission inpatients with psychosis interviewed 6 times over two decades in the Suffolk County Mental Health Project. Craig Morgan will report new findings from the 10-year follow-up of the Aetiology and Ethnicity in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses (AESOP-10) study, an epidemiological cohort of 552 patients with a first episode psychosis, using a data driven approach to identify latent trajectory classes to account for heterogeneity in patterns of change in psychotic symptoms over time and characterize these trajectories with the WHO classification, baseline demographic characteristics and diagnoses. Ulrich Reininghaus will present novel data from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) consortium to investigate whether there is a transdiagnostic dimension cutting across symptoms of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and psychotic bipolar I disorder. Diego Quattrone will report recent findings from EU-GEI Functional Enviromics Study on genetic and socio-environmental factors associated with transdiagnostic and specific symptom dimensions of non-affective and affective psychosis. Robin Murray will discuss these findings in the context of new challenges in the field and directions for future research.
Do National Service Programs Improve Subjective Well-Being in Communities?:

Since the creation of Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) in 1964 and AmeriCorps in 1993, a stated goal of national service programs has been to strengthen the overall health of communities ac...
On the geometric structure ofsome statistical manifolds

In information geometry, one of the basic problem is to study the geomet-ric properties of statistical manifold. In this paper, we study the geometricstructure of the generalized normal distribution manifold and show that it has constant {\alpha}-Gaussian curvature. Then for any positive integerp, we con-struct ap-dimensional statistical manifold that is {\alpha}-flat.
IS A CYANIDE FREE GOLD BATH ABLE TO PERFORM ADEQUATELY IN A PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT

Due to increasing environmental awareness, the use of products or processes that are deemed harmful, is becoming more restricted, banned, or simply less desirable. In a number of countries, the use of cyanide in open processes tanks, such as those used in plating applications, is now seen as a concern, so a cyanide-free gold bath is seen as a step forward in the direction of a bio and eco-friendly solution for plating.In this paper, a novel cyanide-free gold plating solution is tested in combination with a mid-phosphorous flex nickel (MPF nickel) as an alternative to the maligned high-phosphorous flex (HPF nickel) nickel.Flex nickel is intrinsic to the expanding market for flex and rigid-flex circuits, and is characterized by a fracture pattern that is acceptable in the field because the underlying copper is still protected and the end function is preserved.The paper will be supported by physical data for bendability, solderability and wire bonding.This paper will argue that a cyanide (CN) free gold in combination with a MPF nickel is potentially a viable solution for the final finish flex markets of the present and more eco conscious future.
Embryological studies inCyperus alopecuroides rottb

Development of microsporangium, male gametophyte, megasporangium, megagametophyte, endosperm, embryo, pericarp and seed coat inCyperus alopecuroides has been investigated. The anther wall consists of the epidermis, fibrous endothecium, a middle layer and glandular tapetum whose cells remain uninucleate throughout. The four nuclei formed after meiosis take an excentric position near the inner end of the microspore mother cell. One of the four nuclei increases in size and moves towards the center of the microspore mother cell and functions further, while the other three remain small and degenerate later. A simultaneous type of cytokinesis results in the formation of a thin cell wall separating the functional nucleus from the non-functional nuclei and similar walls separate the latter from each other. The pollen grains are shed at the three-celled stage. The gynoecium is bicarpellary, syncarpous and the ovary is unilocular with a single, basal, anatropous, bitegminal and crassinucellar ovule. The micropyle is formed by the inner integument only. Some of the funicular cells near the micropyle elongate and function as an obturator. After fertilization, a well-developed hypostase becomes differentiated at the chalazal region of the ovule just above the funicular vascular strand. The development of the megagametophyte conforms to the Polygonum type. The endosperm is of the Nuclear type and the embryo development corresponds to the Juncus variation of the Onagrad type (Johansen, 1950). Pericarp is four-layered. All the four layers become thick-walled in the mature fruit. Seed coat is two-layered and is formed by both the inner and the outer integuments. Seed coat is free from pericarp.
Solution Properties of “Perfect” Hyperbranched Homopolymers and Copolymers

In the previous two chapters, we discussed the design strategy synthetic detail of various Seesaw-type macromonomers and “perfect” hyperbranched (co)polymers. In this chapter, we will focus on the solution properties of these novel hyperbranched (co)polymers in dilute and semidilute solutions.
Health and Development Challenges: A Nested Typology of 123 Developing Countries

This study creates a nested typology of non-OECD countries to understand the nature of the challenges facing them. Due largely to problems of insufficient data, previous studies have focused on wea...
Patient Knowledge Regarding Radiation Exposure From Foot and Ankle Imaging.

Foot and ankle surgeons routinely prescribe diagnostic imaging that exposes patients to potentially harmful ionizing radiation. It is unclear how well patients understand the radiation to which the...
Mutated TP53 is a marker of increased VEGF expression: analysis of 7,525 pan-cancer tissues

Anti-angiogenic therapies are an important class of anti-cancer treatment drugs. However, their efficacy is limited to certain tumors and would benefit from identifying a biomarker predictive of therapeutic response. TP53 (tumor protein p53) is a tumor suppressor gene frequently mutated in cancer and implicated in cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Data from 7,525 unique tumor samples (representing 30 tumor cohorts) were retrieved from the TCGA database to analyze the relationship between TP53-mutation status and VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) expression. Univariate analyses were done using a Mann-Whitney univariate test or Fisher's exact test. Parameters with a p-value (p)≤0.1 in univariate analysis were selected for follow-up multivariate analyses, including TP53-mutation status, cancer cohorts, cancer subtypes, and VEGFA expression. Our analysis demonstrates statistically significant increases in VEGFA mRNA tissue expression in TP53-mutated adenocarcinomas (but not in squamous cancers) compared to TP53 wild-type tumors. This association holds true in multivariate analyses and remains independent of HIF-1α and MDM2 overexpression. Our findings provide additional evidence that TP53 mutations are linked to the VEGF pathway, potentially offering insight into the mechanism behind increased sensitivity to anti-angiogenic therapies observed in some TP53-mutant tumors.
Application to process design: flow systems

Traditional application of thermodynamics to engineering problems involves processes that are flowing. For example, an engineer might design a refrigerator in which a refrigerant is pumped in a continuous cycle through a coil of tubing, or a generator where steam is pumped in a power cycle through several pieces of equipment. Hence, engineering has placed a lot of emphasis on balances in flowing systems. Such flow systems involve time as an independent variable. However, thermodynamics applies only to equilibrium states, and the introduction of time is strictly forbidden. The study of time-dependent processes actually falls within the domains of transport phenomena and non-equilibrium thermodynamics . Whereas the field of transport phenomena is relatively well advanced and well understood, non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a developing field of research, and the fundamental postulates are by no means agreed upon [11, 94]. We will restrict ourselves here to the simplest of such time-dependent systems. Namely, we will assume that our system is in a local state of equilibrium . Such an assumption allows us to use the quantities derived for equilibrium systems as local variables that depend upon position and time. This simplification is usually applicable whenever the local response time of a system is much smaller than the time scale of the whole process. In this way, we can simplify many engineering flow problems to equivalent equilibrium thermodynamics problems.
Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methodology for Analysis of Drill Cuttings from Unconventional Tight Reservoirs

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based method was developed to quickly and accurately determine porosities and densities of tight reservoir rocks from drill cuttings. The method combines low-fiel...
National Rates, Reasons, and Risk Factors for 30- and 90-Day Readmission and Reoperation Among Patients Undergoing Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: An Analysis Using the Nationwide Readmissions Database.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD). OBJECTIVE To determine causes of and independent risk factors for 30- and 90-day readmission in a cohort of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Identifying populations at high-risk of 30-day readmission is a priority in healthcare reform so as to reduce cost and patient morbidity. However, among patients undergoing ACDF, nationally-representative data have been limited, and have seldom described 90-day readmissions, early reoperation, or socioeconomic influences. METHODS We queried the NRD, which longitudinally tracks 49.3% of hospitalizations, for all adult patients undergoing ACDF. We calculated the rates of, and determined reasons for, readmission and reoperation at 30 and 90 days, and determined risk factors for readmission at each timepoint. RESULTS We identified 50,126 patients between January and September 2014. Of these, 2294 (4.6%) and 4152 (8.3%) were readmitted within 30 and 90 days of discharge, respectively, and were most commonly readmitted for infections, medical complications, and dysphagia. The characteristics most strongly associated with readmission were Medicare or Medicaid insurance, length of stay greater than or equal to 4 days, three or more comorbidities, and non-routine discharge, whereas surgical factors (e.g., greater number of vertebrae fused) were more modest. By 30 and 90 days, 8.2% and 11.7% of readmitted patients underwent an additional spinal procedure, respectively. CONCLUSION Our analysis uses the NRD to thoroughly characterize readmission in the general ACDF population. Readmissions are often delayed (after 30 days), strongly associated with insurance status, and many result in reoperation. Our results are crucial for risk-stratifying future ACDF patients and developing interventions to reduce readmission.Level of Evidence: 3.
Multi-physics modeling of powder bed fusion process and thermal stress near porosity

Abstract In this research, a novel Comprehensive Modeling Framework (CMF) was established to investigate Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) and thermal stress formed in the process. The CMF integrates two physical modeling components: thermal-fluid model and thermal–mechanical model. As first merit, almost all the physical fundamentals, like melting, solidification, evaporation, molten pool, and thermal stress are involved in CMF. CMF’s second merit is embodied in an innovative fluid–structure interface, which can help to precisely mesh powder bed and inner pores, and accurately interpolate temperature data between two models. As validation, a single-track Ti6Al4V L-PBF case was simulated with the CMF model.
The Development of Disease: The Case of Aids

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) provides the basis for our initial reflections on the character of disease. It is a relatively familiar clinical phenomenon, much has been written about it, and our understanding of AIDS has changed dramatically in the span of almost two decades (1980–2000), from viewing AIDS as a syndrome to viewing it as a disease in its own right. This chapter takes advantage of this “discovery” and makes three points. First, the more one advances in the process of accounting for disease, the more one deals with entities that are human constructions of thought expressing certain recognizable observables in nature. As an illustration, the first part of this chapter discusses ways in which contemporary medicine has successfully explained AIDS in terms of a syndrome, an etiological agent, and a model (Cutter, 1988). Second, disease explanations seek knowledge for the sake of action. On this, the second section explores how the epistemic (i.e., knowledge-gathering) and non-epistemic (i.e., action-oriented) concerns of disease interact in how we explain AIDS. As one way to link the first two points, the third section discusses the role negotiation plays in fashioning clinical explanation by examining the ways in which socio-cultural forces shape our understanding of AIDS. In short, the movement through the explanatory levels of disease reflects medicine’s effort to understand and to be able to control disease in ways that will facilitate their resolution within particular socio-cultural settings. The following is offered as a way to set the stage for a detailed analysis of disease that takes place in subsequent chapters.
Heat Exchange Between Human Skin Surface and Thermal Environment

The sections in this article are: 1 Body Heat Balance Equations 2 Independent Variables in Human Thermal Environment 2.1 Ambient Temperature 2.2 Dew-point Temperature and Ambient Vapor Pressure 2.3 Air (and Fluid) Movement 2.4 Mean Radiant Temperature or Effective Radiant Field 2.5 Clothing Insulation 2.6 Barometric Pressure 2.7 Time of Exposure 3 Dependent Physiological Variables in Body Heat Balance Equation 3.1 Mean Skin Temperature 3.2 Skin Wettedness 3.3 Body Heat Storage and Rate Change of Mean Body Temperature 3.4 Metabolic Energy 4 Sensible Heat Exchange by Radiation and Convection 4.1 Operative Temperature 4.2 Clothing in Sensible Heat Exchange 5 Radiation Exchange 5.1 Mean Radiant Temperature and Effective Radiant Field 5.2 Direct Evaluation of Effective Radiant Field 5.3 Solar Radiation 5.4 Measurement of Radiation Exchange 6 Convective Heat Exchange 6.1 Heat Transfer Theory 6.2 Free and Forced Convection 6.3 Measurement of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient 6.4 Effect of Barometric Pressure 7 Evaporative Heat Exchange 7.1 Direct Measurement of Evaporative Heat Loss 7.2 Maximum Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin Surface 7.3 The Lewis Relation Between Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients 7.4 Skin Wettedness vs. Efficiency of Evaporative Regulation 8 Special Environments 8.1 Water Immersion 8.2 Hyperbaric Helium-Oxygen Atmospheres 9 Rational Temperature Indices of Thermal Environment 9.1 Operative Temperature 9.2 Humid Operative Temperature 9.3 Standard Operative Temperature 9.4 Standard Humid Operative Temperature 9.5 Standard Effective Temperature 9.6 A New Effective Temperature Index 10 Summary
An Examination of the Oxidation of Aldehydes by Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) has been shown to oxidize aldehydes with the net reduction of NAD+. The enzyme shows a low maximal velocity with acetaldehyde but increasing maximal velocities with butanal, hexanal, and octanal. At high NAD+ concentrations horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase exhibits a maximal velocity with octanal which is approximately one-tenth that of ethanol. Starch gel electrophoresis of the enzyme coupled with activity staining shows that every component that is capable of oxidizing ethanol is also capable of oxidizing octanal. The stoichiometry of the reaction of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase with octanal shows that 1 mole of NAD+ is reduced per mole of octanoic acid formed.
Politics, Gubanatorial Privilege, and the Profession: The Decline of Ohio Attorney General Marc Dann

This article develops a theory of fact intensive legal scholarship that stresses the importance of people and their stories in our legal and political processes. My article argues for better writing, indeed writing that actually engages the legal scholar in a story, and more generally a narrative legal discourse. It is, after all, the facts and the stories behind our legal opinions, theories, and articles that make law interesting. All too often this is forgotten in legal scholarship and law schools where the differences in opinions' language is parsed, but passing attention is paid to the facts that require such hair-splitting. The substantive legal material covered herein includes analysis of the Ohio Supreme Court's recognition of a gubernatorial communications privilege. The article takes a critical stance on the Ohio Supreme Court's decision to recognize an overly expansive gubernatorial communications privilege as exhibited in the Dann v. Taft trilogy of cases. Little attention has been paid to these decisions in scholarship and where it has, the results have tended toward a positive treatment of the decisions.
The SEC's 2006 Soft Dollar Guidance: Law and Economics

After some two years of deliberations, in July 2006 the SEC released its long-awaited Guidance on the scope of the soft dollar safe harbor. Passed as part of the Securities Acts Amendments in May, 1975, the safe harbor has protected fund advisers and other money managers for over 30 years from criminal actions and civil suits for breach of fiduciary duty when they use client assets to pay more than the lowest available brokerage commissions in exchange for brokerage and research services. During this time the SEC has interpreted and re-interpreted the safe harbor's scope, largely owing to the public controversy soft dollars engender as a form of illicit kickback designed to subvert advisers' loyalty. The SEC's 2006 Guidance attempts to dramatically narrow the permissible use of soft dollars by prescribing a laundry list of protected and unprotected services. Yet the SEC is now considering further interpretation, and its chairman has petitioned Congress for an outright repeal of the soft dollar safe harbor. This paper shows that soft dollars are an innovative and efficient form of economic organization that benefits fund investors. According to economic theory now well-established in antitrust law, the SEC's Guidance is hopelessly misguided. Were the Guidance to come under the scrutiny of a federal court, the SEC would very likely experience another in its recent string of embarrassing legal defeats.
Control of HL-60 myeloid differentiation. Evidence of uncoupled growth and differentiation control, S-phase specificity, and two-step regulation.

Abstract Myeloid differentiation of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells was studied during DMSO-induced differentiation. G1/0-specific growth arrest could occur without the usual associated subsequent phenotypic differentiation into mature myeloid cells, suggesting that growth arrest and phenotypic differentiation are separately regulated. In the course of differentiating, the cells achieved a semi-stable intermediate state where they had a labile, pre-commitment memory of exposure to inducer, but were not yet committed to differentiation. This state was associated with a nuclear structural change previously found to be associated with the precommitment memory state. The process of differentiation could thus be resolved into two steps, early events up through development of precommitment memory and late events subsequents to pre-commitment memory. The kinetics of terminal cell differentiation indicated that the cellular regulatory event initiating a program of differentiation in response to inducer was S phase-specific. A comparison of the present results for DSMO to previous results for retinoic acid (RA)-induced HL-60 myeloid differentiation showed that the two inducers effect different cellular pathways for differentiation of HL-60 cells to mature myeloid cells, but with certain common features including the above S-phase specificity and pre-commitment memory.
Genotype x Environment Interaction and Phenotypic Stability Analysis for Grain Yield and several Quality Traits of Durum Wheat in the South-Eastern Anatolia Region

The objectives of this study were to assess genotype x environment (GEI) interaction and to determine stability of 14 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum Desf.) cultivars for grain yield, test weight, thousand grain weight (TGW), vitreousness, protein content, ash content and SDS sedimentation volume. Cultivars tested in a randomized complete block design with four replications across 8 environments of South-Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, were analyzed using four parametric stability measures (bi, S2di, R2 and a). A high GEI was determined for all traits. According to the stability analysis, ‘Balcali-2000’, ‘Firat-93’ and ‘Altintoprak-98’ were the most stable for grain yield. These cultivars had high mean grain yield and were non significant regression coefficient different from unity (bi = 1.0), coefficient of determination (Ri2) as high as possible. Although some cultivars were stable for one quality trait and unstable for another, the study of genotypic stability showed that ‘Balcali-2000’ cultivar had high stability for quality characteristics and determined to be the best within the pool of the studied cultivars. Furthermore, the estimated values of broad-sense heritability (H2) were found between 30.3% and 94.3%. H2 was low for vitreousness (30.3%) and ash contents (36.0%) while found high for thousand grain weight (94.3%), SDS volume (83.0%) and protein contents (75.2%). Grain yield (62.6%) and test weight (54.6%) were as moderate.
On the future of astrostatistics: statistical foundations and statistical practice

This paper summarizes a presentation for a panel discussion on “The Future of Astrostatis-tics” held at the Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy V conference at PennsylvaniaState University in June 2011. I argue that the emerging needs of astrostatistics may bothmotivate and beneﬁt from fundamental developments in stati stics. I highlight some recentwork within statistics on fundamental topics relevant to astrostatistical practice, includingthe Bayesian/frequentist debate (and ideas for a synthesis), multilevel models, and multipletesting. As an important direction for future work in statistics, I emphasize that astronomersneed a statistical framework that explicitly supports unfolding chains of discovery, with ac-quisition, cataloging, and modeling of data not seen as isolated tasks, but rather as parts ofan ongoing, integrated sequence of analyses, with information and uncertainty propagatingforward and backward through the chain. A prototypical example is surveying of astronom-ical populations, where source detection, demographic modeling, and the design of surveyinstruments and strategies all interact.The panel was moderated by Jogesh Babu; the other panelists were Eric Feigelson (on thepast and future of astrostatistics), Jeffrey Scargle (on challenges and opportunities in as-trostatistics), and David van Dyk (on massive datasets and complex models). I am indebtedto Eric Feigelson for an edited transcript of my recorded remarks, on which this paper isbased. I limited my subsequent editing to preserve the informality of the panel discussionsetting.Due to page limitations, the published version was abridged; it omits Fig. 1 and the associ-ated text.
Electron Spectrometry of Atoms and Molecules

Electron spectrometry using synchrotron radiation (essr) is a new endeavor, having had its first trials in 1972(1, 2) and its real beginning shortly thereafter.(3) Of course, neither electron spectrometry nor synchrotron radiation are very old. Electron spectrometry matured in the late sixties relying on conventional excitation sources,(4–9) and synchrotron radiation was widely applied to photoabsorption studies in the gas phase during the sixties.(10–12) The combination of electron spectrometry and synchrotron radiation has already led to results of great specificity that would be difficult or impossible to obtain by either continuous absorption measurements or by electron spectrometry that uses discrete photon sources. The essr technique allows the x-ray physicist to decompose a photoabsorption spectrum into its constituent components, and it allows the electron spectroscopist to study the features of a photoelectron spectrum as they vary with the photon energy. Thus, structure and dynamics of atomic and molecular systems can be delineated at a highly differentiated level. Specifically, essr has the potential of probing many-electron effects in bound and in continuum states, interactions between continuum and bound states, de-excitation pathways, and relativistic effects.
Process windows for convenient in-process monitoring of oxide and polysilicon etches

Process monitor window test structures are developed to standardize and to facilitate the in-process monitoring of oxide and polysilicon etches. With training, the operator can easily monitor and tune the etching process visually using these process windows. If a standard set of process monitor structures is developed for each technology and placed on all reticle sets using that technology, operators are provided with an easily recognized place to make their measurements. These windows standardize the measurement taking process, thereby reducing errors and improving quality. >
Race, culture and agency: Examining the ideologies and practices of U.S. teachers of Black male students

Abstract This study examines teachers of Black male students in a United States secondary school setting. Qualitative methods were used to document teachers' ideologies of and practices with their Black male students. In general, teachers drew upon competing structural and cultural explanations of Black male social and academic outcomes, while also engaging in practices that contested school barriers for Black males. Teacher beliefs about and practices with their Black male students were inconsistent in many ways, yet their agency on behalf of Black males might be understood as essential to Black male educational progress.
Architects at the bacterial surface — sortases and the assembly of pili with isopeptide bonds

The cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria can be thought of as a surface organelle for the assembly of macromolecular structures that enable the unique lifestyle of each microorganism. Sortases - enzymes that cleave the sorting signals of secreted proteins to form isopeptide (amide) bonds between the secreted proteins and peptidoglycan or polypeptides - function as the principal architects of the bacterial surface. Acting alone or with other sortase enzymes, sortase construction leads to the anchoring of surface proteins at specific sites in the envelope or to the assembly of pili, which are fibrous structures formed from many protein subunits. The catalysis of intermolecular isopeptide bonds between pilin subunits is intertwined with the assembly of intramolecular isopeptide bonds within pilin subunits. Together, these isopeptide bonds endow these sortase products with adhesive properties and resistance to host proteases.
Picture Power: Gender Versus Body Language in Perceived Status

Power hierarchies in interaction are maintained due to a variety of cues, including gender and body language, and can keep competent individuals from being regarded as high status. The present study primed participants with an image consisting of two components—gender (man or woman) and body pose (dominant or submissive)—and then asked participants to classify written target words as either dominant or submissive. In response to these target words, we measured accuracy (% incorrect) and classification speed (RT), in addition to event-related potentials (ERPs), from 23 participants. Although we did not find ERP differences in the predicted N400 component, error rate and RT measures indicated that regardless of the gender of the prime, dominant poses facilitated identification of dominant words. Interestingly, whereas female submissive posing facilitated classification of submissive target words, male submissive posing did not. These results support the idea that women can use counter-stereotypical nonverbal displays, dominant poses, to change how they are initially perceived in terms of power. Interestingly, men may be more limited in the success of their counter-stereotypical, submissive, posing. Potential underlying mechanisms are discussed.
Antihelicase action of CI-958, a new drug for prostate cancer.

CI-958, a new DNA-intercalating drug derived from a series of substituted 2H-[1] benzothiopyrano[4,3,2-cd ]indazoles, is being tested in clinical trails because of its curative properties against murine solid tumor models and because it has demonstrated activity in a pilot phase II study of patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. However, the mechanism of anticancer action of CI-958 has not been established. Because CI-958 binds to DNA and DNA helicases are profoundly affected by DNA-binding drugs, we examined the effects of CI-958 on human DNA helicase action. DNA helicase activity was measured by strand dissociation of double-stranded (ds) DNA with a gel electrophoresis assay, and ATPase activities were determined on thin-layer chromatography by measurement of the conversion of ATP to ADP. For human helicase blockade, CI-958 is slightly more potent than doxorubicin (EC50 values 0.17 and 0.26 M, respectively). We observed no difference in helicase-blockade EC50 values recorded for three helicase substrates containing A-T rich, G-C rich, and both types of oligonucleotide sequences. The effects of CI-958 helicase blockade and DNA-dependent ATPase activities were similar for the two reactions. The kinetics of the blockade by CI-958 of the human DNA helicase indicates that it involves a reversible ternary complex of helicase-drug-dsDNA. CI-958 produces potent blockade of human DNA helicases with no apparent strong DNA sequence-binding preference. Similar potency against helicase strand dissociation and DNA-dependent ATPase suggests that the mechanism against these reactions is the same. The blockade of DNA helicases by CI-958 may be central in its mechanism of action as an anticancer drug.