cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of cytokine protein expression in mouse lung homogenates using suspension bead array

Background: The objective for this present study was to determine whether or not suspension bead array is a feasible method to detect changes in cytokine protein expression in mouse lung tissue homogenates. Here, we report on suspension bead array as a feasible method for detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked changes in cytokine protein expression in mouse lung tissue homogenates. Materials and methods: Mice were treated (0.2 ml, intraperitoneal, i.p.) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or LPS (0.25 mg/ml) and sacrificed at either 2- or 24-hours post treatment. Formalinfixed and paraffin-embedded lung sections were evaluated by light microscopy. Flash frozen lung tissues were homogenized for measurement of various cytokine protein expression levels using suspension bead array, antibody array and ELISA. Comparison between groups was performed using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Pulmonary perivascular edema and an accumulation of mixed cell infiltrates within blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as in the adjacent interstitium, were present at both 2- and 24-hours following LPS treatment. A minimal increase in the number of alveolar macrophages was also observed in the 24-hour LPS-treated mice only. The suspension bead array assay revealed statistically significant increases in mouse lung tissue homogenate levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) proteins and a decrease in IL-2 protein at 24-hours post LPS-treatment only. Similar cytokine protein expression patterns were observed using antibody array. Significantly increased IL-6 protein expression levels were also detected using ELISA, which correlated with the suspension bead array data. Conclusion: The present study shows that suspension bead array is a feasible method to detect changes in cytokine protein expression in mouse lung tissue homogenates.
Using model checking with symbolic execution to verify parallel numerical programs

We present a method to verify the correctness of parallel programs that perform complex numerical computations, including computations involving floating-point arithmetic. The method requires that a sequential version of the program be provided, to serve as the specification for the parallel one. The key idea is to use model checking, together with symbolic execution, to establish the equivalence of the two programs.
Differential expression of individual UT-A urea transporter isoforms in rat kidney.

Abstract . The rat renal urea transporter UT-A includes four mRNA isoforms: UT-A1, UT-A2, UT-A3, and UT-A4. This study detected by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), primer extension, and ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) a single transcription start site for UT-A1, UT-A3, and UT-A4, distinct from the one for UT-A2 and identified by 3′-RACE new transcripts of UT-A1, UT-A2, and UT-A3, characterized by alternative 3′ untranslated sequences (UTR). Expression of an alternative 3′UTR resulted in UT-A1 and UT-A2 transcripts that are approximately 400 bp shorter than the original cDNA. These mRNA isoforms (UT-A1b and UT-A2b) were present in low abundance in the inner medulla. Expression of an alternative 3′UTR for UT-A3 resulted in a 3.5 kb transcript (UT-A3b), which is 1.5 kb longer than the original UT-A3 cDNA. UT-A3b mRNA was easily detected by Northern hybridization in the inner medulla. This study examined whether different states of hydration induce homogeneous changes in mRNA expression of individual UT-A isoforms in the kidney. Analysis of UT-A1, UT-A1b, UT-A2, UT-A2b, UT-A3, and UT-A3b mRNA expression in rat kidney revealed that water deprivation markedly increases the relative abundance of UT-A2, UT-A2b, UT-A3, and UT-A3b mRNA in renal inner medulla, whereas UT-A1 and UT-A1b remain almost unchanged. The conclusion is that differential expression of individual UT-A mRNA isoforms occurs in the kidney and probably involves multiple regulatory mechanisms.
Benchmarking and Qualification of PAC-Femlab for Resonant Acoustic Chamber Design

The design of high-powered resonant acoustic systems capable of inducing large pressure oscillations in the 105 Hz to 106 Hz range requires a validated simulation platform, one that includes complexities of multi-dimensional fluid-structure interactions. Past efforts at designing such systems have relied mainly on time-consuming, trial-error based heuristic approaches (West et al., 1967; Taleyarkhan et al., 2002;2004). A robust design-cum-simulation platform is required to enable rapid strides and motivated this study for which the PAC-Femlab model was developed and successfully qualified against detailed experiment data as well as against data from a second independent experiment conducted elsewhere (Cancelos et al., 2004).Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Role of proofreading and mismatch repair in maintaining the stability of nucleotide repeats in DNA

The role of the proofreading exonuclease in maintaining the stability of multiply repeated units in DNA was studied in Escherichia coli. Reversion of plasmids in which the beta-galactosidase alpha complementing sequence was moved +2 out of frame by inserts containing (CA)14, (CA)5, (CA)2 or (TA)6 or +1 by creating a run of 8 C was compared in mutS and mutSdnaQ strains. Proofreading corrects at least half of the frameshift errors for all the plasmids and at least 99% of the errors in the (CA)2 plasmid. The (CA)2 plasmid reverts mostly by +1 frameshifts in the restriction sites flanking the insert. With the (CA)14, (TA)6, (CA)5 and 8C plasmids, reversion is mainly by loss of a repeat unit. The data support the hypothesis that the dnaQgene product recognizes frameshifts close to the DNA growing point. Frameshifts distal to the growing point are mainly corrected by mismatch repair. We speculate that mismatches in mononucleotide repeats are susceptible to proofreading because they can either migrate to a point where they are recognized by the exonuclease or, alternatively, because single nucleotide distortions are more readily detected than dinucleotides.
Nanophotonic Design for Broadband Light Management

We describe nanophotonic design approaches for broadband light management including i) crossed-trapezoidal Si structures ii) Si photonic crystal superlattices, and iii) tapered and inhomogeneous diameter III-V/Si nanowire arrays.
Preservice Teachers' Attitudes Toward Teaching African American Students: Contemporary Research

Data were collected on a total of 415 students enrolled in teacher education programs at six universities. This study consisted of data collected from three subsamples based on the type of institution participants attended. Group 1 consisted of preservice teachers from a public, predominantly White university; the university had no specific requirements related to teaching culturally diverse students. Group 2 consisted of preservice teachers from historically Black colleges and universities. Group 3 included preservice teachers from private, predominantly White universities. Results revealed that the means for all groups were lower on the Cultural Sensitivity Toward Teaching African American Students subscale than the Willingness to Teach African American Students subscale. In addition, the mean score for Group 2 on the Willingness to Teach African American Students subscale was higher than the means for Groups 1 and 3. All of these results were statistically significant (p < .001).
Cognitive radio mixed sensor and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (SMANET) for dual use applications

In this paper, we investigate the issues of survivability and efficiency in a heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and Sensor network as a combined network where the communications is achieved using a mixed MANET and Sensor Network, referred to as SMANET for supporting mission critical applications. Using the cluster managed SMANET where, heterogeneous nodes with different capabilities and nodes from different organizations deployed within the same geographical area will support variety of multi-service mission critical applications while increasing the network lifetime. In this network, nodes from different organizations collaborate with each other for mission critical data to be delivered using multi-hop radio-sensor-radio type path routing while keeping the tactical operations supported by the battlefield command control structure transparent. While keeping the collaborative encounters, it is important to keep cross-organization data transfer at the lowest possible level for minimal disruption of the traffic within each organization and for security reasons. Assuming that all nodes are equipped with cognitive radio capability maintaining interoperability, we propose a novel routing metric that maximize the benefits from the collaboration of heterogeneous nodes and take the organizational constraints into account. Furthermore, we propose joint design of cognitive radio and multi-carrier modulation to maximize the bandwidth utilization and energy efficiency in SMANET. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method provide much needed survivability and efficiency in battlefield environment while keeping the cross-organization data transfer at the lowest possible level as a value added enhancement compared to homogeneous MANET or sensor networks. Same network design can also find use in civilian environment for supporting applications such as emergency preparedness management and traffic efficiency in congested transportation systems.
The Novel-ty of Responsible Archaeological Site Reporting: How Writing Fictive Narrative Contributes to Ethical Archaeological Practice

The writing conventions governing most contemporary archaeological site reports encourage depersonalized, scientistic narratives that fundamentally misrepresent the context and complexity of most excavations. This means that any invested stakeholder in the archaeological record — whether specialist or layperson — has no means of understanding the full and nuanced nature of the archaeological epistemological process that generates the data and interpretations described in these reports. I argue that fictive narrative has the potential to transcend many of these prevailing problems through its temporal flexibility, inherently pluralistic nature, dynamic contextualization, and essential reliance on creativity — all of which are tropes that also characterize the hermeneutic process of archaeological research.
Measurement of Heart and Respiratory Frequencies in Chickens

Abstract THE MOST critical of all biological functions in higher animals are circulation and respiration. Classically these functions have been evaluated by measuring the rhymicity of breathing and heart rate. Although such determinations have many limitations in interpretation, they have the advantage of rather accurate and manual measurement. Also from them, a rather broad estimate may be made of the physiological status of an animal. However, heart and respiratory frequencies are greatly affected by many factors, including environmental, somatic and psychogenic. Consequently, if heart and breathing rates are to be at all meaningful, the procedure for their measurement must be standardized so as to eliminate extraneous influences—particularly with an animal so proverbially “flighty” as the chicken. METHODS The measurements were made on S. C. White Leghorn chickens, 1.5 to 2 years of age, which were maintained in individual cages. To eliminate thermal influence, most of the work was done in …
Mass, heat, and momentum transfer in the flow of gases past single spheres

The transfer of mass, heat, and momentum past a single sphere, 2.02 in. in diameter, was experimentally investigated for the turbulent flow of air between NRe = 1,750 and NRe = 8,922. The data resulting for the vaporization of water from the spherical surface verify the existence of the analogy between mass and heat transfer. Measurements were made to account for the total drag and form drag of the sphere. The total drag was obtained by directly accounting for the force exerted, while the form drag was determined from static pressure measurements around the surface of the sphere. The resulting friction factors for total drag f and for form drag fp were found to be of the same order of magnitude, thus making it impossible to account for the friction factor due to shear drag at these Reynolds numbers. Consequently it is not possible to determine if the analogy between mass and heat transfer can be extended to include the transfer of momentum for flow past single spheres at these conditions, although the results of this study cast considerable doubt on such an extension of this analogy.
Kristin Surak, Making Tea, Making Japan: Cultural Nationalism in Japan

Kristin Surak’s book Making Tea, Making Japan is well written and thoroughly researched. The first 90 pages constitute a detailed description of chanoyu, the formal preparation of matcha, powdered ...
Fatal paradoxical embolism to the left carotid artery during partial resection of Wilms' tumor.

An 8-year-old boy with an uncorrected ventricular septal deject, pulmonary stenosis, mental retardation, and gigantism died 24 hours after partial resection of a large right-sided Wi1m.s’ tumor. The presence of other abnormalities, including a small umbilical hernia and overgrowth of the external genitalia, raises the possibility that this case represents a variant of the Beckwith- Wiedemann syndrome. The typical facial features of Sotos’ syndrome wme not present. Gross examination of the surgical specimen revealed that tumor was present in the resected margin of 141 renal vein. Necropsy showed that death resulted3om extensive cerebral infarction due to occlusion of the lejt internal carotid artery and its branches by tumor emboli. Paradoxical embolism had occurred durinf or soon after partial resection of the tumor mass due to passage of tumor fragments into the systemic circulation through the ventricular septal defect.
Convergence and Divergence in East Asian and Western Security Interests: Part II

Since World War II there has been a political and strategic confrontation between East and West. The Western states forming the Atlantic Alliance and those East Asian states with which this Paper is concerned have been caught up in this confrontation to one degree or another, to the point that it forms for most of them the context for their foreign and security policies. It has to a considerable extent also governed the pattern of their economic relationships, which are set within the Western community.
Impact megadomes and the origin of the martian crustal dichotomy

Abstract We show that a sufficiently energetic impact can generate a melt volume which, after isostatic adjustment and differentiation, forms a spherical cap of crust with underlying depleted mantle. Depending on impact energy and initial crustal thickness, a basin may be retained or impact induced crust may be topographically elevated. Retention of a martian lowland scale impact basin at impact energies ∼3 × 1028–3 × 1029 J requires an initial crustal thickness greater than 10 km. Formation of impact induced crust with size comparable to the martian highlands requires a larger impact energy, ∼1–3 × 1030 J, and initial crustal thickness
A self-configuring test harness for web applications

As web applications become more complex and dependent on numerous web technologies, regression testing becomes a time-consuming and expensive endeavor. Many approaches have been proposed to automate the testing process; however few of the approaches utilize the concepts of autonomic computing to symplify the management of a test harness. In this paper, we introduce a self-configuring autonomic test harness. Our test harness monitors the client-side of a web application to detect which web technologies were used to implement the interface. It then automatically selects a testing tool capable of validating any technology-specific features, generates an automated test script, and runs it on the web application.Test generation is performed using a model-driven approach which encodes test cases in a platform independent manner, and transforms them into platform specific tests using a model of various web technologies. In this way, our approach supports regression testing from the web interface as the application migrates to new technologies. We also present the details of a prototype used to demonstrate the approach.
A structural analysis of U.S. drunk driving policy

Abstract The expected penalty for drunk driving can and does vary by blood alcohol content. This paper outlines the schedule of penalties that best achieves two key social objectives, efficacy and efficiency (subject to constraints), shows how the associated optimality conditions can be implemented with available data to analyze policy ex ante or ex post, and then uses these findings to assess four fundamental features of current U.S. drunk driving policy. Large penalties at very high alcohol concentrations are supported, but not reductions in per se blood alcohol thresholds, the most significant recent change in policy.
Process Control Computers for Educational Exercises

Described herein is a teaching apparatus consisting of a process control computer which can be linked to a student designed laboratory scale model of an earthwork construction. The device was designed to allow undergraduate students to gain some experience in the performance of real earthwork problems. As in any technique involving scale modeling, the student must be informed of the existence and importance of scale effects.
Northeast Asian Development and the Problem of Rights: Challenges for a New Developmental State

Once seemingly consigned to the dustbin of history by the rise of market-centered theories of development, the "developmental state" is staging a comeback in economic development circles. Associated primarily with interventionist development strategies employed in Latin America and Northeast Asia from the 1950s through the 1970s, the concept is being raised today in connection with economic policies in places as diverse as Brazil, Venezuela, and various other countries in Latin America, China, Ireland, Lebanon, Botswana, South Africa, and other African countries. It is far too early to claim that there is any clearly agreed upon content to the term, but at least at the rhetorical level the renewed interest is clear. In the centers of global economic policy the consensus seems gone from the free-market, free-trade "Washington Consensus," while countries in the developing world are once again openly experimenting with a range of interventionist measures to foster economic development. Not all of these moves toward government intervention have explicitly invoked the developmental state idea, but programs such as industrial policies to foster infant industries and to guide foreign investment, or the creation of state-controlled development banks charged with channeling capital to select national industries, clearly represent a return to the more state-centric views of development associated with the earlier era. What a revived developmental state might mean for economic development is not the main focus of this paper, which will focus instead on what this trend, if it proves real, could mean for law and legal institutions in developing countries.
Case 38: A Complication of Transesophageal Echocardiography

A 64-year-old physician (74 kg and 5 ft 11 in.) is scheduled to undergo an aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. He has a history of hypertension and smoking. Echocardiography has demonstrated an aortic valve area of 0.6 cm2 and a mean pressure gradient of 66 mmHg across the stenotic aortic valve. Left ventricular hypertrophy is evident with normal systolic function and impaired diastolic function indicated by an abnormal relaxation pattern.
The Impact of State Income Taxes on Low-Income Families in 2004

The authors look at the changes states made in taxation of low-income families in 2004; some states enacted changes that will reduce taxation of the poor in future years. Kentucky enacted a low-income credit and Virginia enacted a nonrefundable earned income tax credit.
An inertia-free filter line-search algorithm for large-scale nonlinear programming

We present a filter line-search algorithm that does not require inertia information of the linear system. This feature enables the use of a wide range of linear algebra strategies and libraries, which is essential to tackle large-scale problems on modern computing architectures. The proposed approach performs curvature tests along the search step to detect negative curvature and to trigger convexification. We prove that the approach is globally convergent and we implement the approach within a parallel interior-point framework to solve large-scale and highly nonlinear problems. Our numerical tests demonstrate that the inertia-free approach is as efficient as inertia detection via symmetric indefinite factorizations. We also demonstrate that the inertia-free approach can lead to reductions in solution time because it reduces the amount of convexification needed.
Abstract 3830: Wnt/ beta-catenin Signaling is Upregulated Early Post-stroke and Exogenous Activation of the Pathway Promotes Neurogenesis, Enhances Functional Recovery and has Potential Neuroprotective Effects

Introduction and Objectives: Wnt/ beta-catenin signaling has been identified as an essential component of adult neurogenesis within the hippocampus. Its role within the adult Subventricular Zone, S...
Benchmarking Parallel I/O Performance for Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications

Linux clusters can provide a viable and more cost effective alternative to conventional supercomputers for the purposes of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In some cases, the Linux supercluster is replacing the conventional supercomputer as a large-scale, shared-use machine. In other cases, smaller clusters are providing dedicated platforms for CFD computations. One important, often overlooked, issue for large, three dimensional time-dependent simulations is the input and output performance of the CFD solver. The development of the CFD General Notation System (CGNS) (see) has brought a standardized and robust data format to the CFD community, enabling the exchange of information between the various stages of numerical simulations. This paper presents attional benchmarks results of the parallel I/O performance of a proposed parallel CGNS extension.
Personality variables, academic major, and vocational choice: a longitudinal study of Holland's theory.

Summary.-This study proposed further validation for Holland's personality theory of vocational choice which asserts that personality characteristics are a major factor in determining occupational choice. The 16 PF was administered to 132 male college students at both their freshman and senior years to determine the relationship between personality characteristics and major area of study. In addition, the continuity between major area of study and occupation 4 yr. after college was investigated. The relationship between students' scores as freshmen and college major was nor significant; however, the relationship between their personality scores as seniors and their college majors was significant. There was also a significant continuity between academic major and later employment. The findings supported the importance of personality variables in vocational choice.
Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis on Influential Factors of Tuberculosis in Shenzhen

Objective To investigate high susceptibility factors and infection status of tuberculosis in Shenzhen,in order to provide reference for epidemiological survey and reduce the spread of tuberculosis.Methods With retrospective survey,multivariate conditional logistic regressive was done on the date originated from May,2009 to May,2010 about tuberculosis in guangming district of Shenzhen.All of the patients were diagnosed in accordance with Health care industry standard of the People's Republic of China.Results there are 933 cases which were registered in guangming district of Shenzhen among 2009,The incidence and active period rate are0.78‰and 0.14‰,which lower than the national average level.Multivariate conditional logistic regressive show:tuberculosis infection is related to the mobility of population(OR=59.031).occupation,gender,age,education.Conclusions There is stability trend for tuberculosis in guangming district of Shenzhen The mobility of the mobility of population(OR=59.031),occupation,gender,age,education are related to tuberculosis infection.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of measles at elimination phase

Objective This study was to get a comprehensive understand of the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Quanzhou city at elimination phase (2006-2011),adjust the prevention countermeasures of measles and provide basis to reach the goal of eradication of measles.Method Descriptive epidemiological analysis of monitoring data and control measures on the incidence of measles.Results During 2006 to 2011,the highest incidence rate of 6 per 100 000 was reported by Jinjiang,and the lowest incidence of 0.16/100 000 appeared in Yongchun.Incidence peak was shifted or eliminated.Cases are mainly non-household population,accounting for 56%.The age of onset was two-way trend of displacement.People with no measles vaccination were the main contribution to the incidence.The cases had been to the hospital 7～21 days before the onset of symptoms,accounted for 57%.Conclusion Increase in the vaccination rate of the population,improving the ability of emergency response to measles outbreaks and controlling hospital infection are the keys to eliminate measles.
Comparing contemporary revision burden among hip and knee joint replacement registries.

Abstract Background Hip and knee arthroplasties are common and successful procedures, however, success and durability are not guaranteed. The revision burden, defined as the ratio of implant revisions to the total number of arthroplasties in a specific period, is a measure of the steady state of arthroplasty success in a given registry. This study examines the hypothesis that revision burden would be similar among contemporary joint replacement registries and improving over time compared with historic controls. Methods We evaluated the national joint registries of 5 health systems (Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry [AOANJRR]; National Joint Registry of England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Isle of Man; New Zealand Joint Registry [NZJR]; Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register [SHAR] and Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register [SKAR]; and the American Joint Replacement Registry [AJRR]) for hip and knee revision burden over the past 4 years or since registry inception. Historic controls were obtained from previously published reports. Results The 2014 hip revision burden varied from 9.7 percent (NJR) to 11.9 percent (NZJR), and the unweighted average was 10.4 percent. The 2011, 2012, and 2013 mean hip revision burden was 11.9, 11.9, and 11.4 percent. The 2014 knee revision burden varied from to 6.0 percent (NJR) to 8.1 percent (AJRR), and the unweighted average for the 5 registries studied was 7.0 percent. The 2011, 2012, and 2013 mean knee revision burden was 6.9, 7.0, and 7.0 percent. Historically, the observed hip revision burden was 15.8 percent and the knee revision burden 8.0 percent. Conclusions Revision burden has gradually decreased for hip replacements and has remained relatively constant for knee replacements both for the last 4 years and compared to historic controls. Knee revision burden was lower than hip revision burden for each period examined. Revision burden is one measure that may be helpful in following the effect of changes in surgical technique and implant design over time in registry populations and may be a helpful way to compare overall results between registries.
Responsibility and Self-Defense: Can We Have It All?

The role of responsibility in our common-sense morality of self-defense is complex. According to common-sense morality, one can sometimes use substantial, even deadly, force against people who are only minimally responsible for posing a threat to us. The role of responsibility in self-defense is thus limited. However, responsibility is still sometimes relevant. It sometime affects how much force you can use against a threatener: less if they are less responsible and more if they are more responsible. Is there a well-motivated theory that can explain both why the role of responsibility is limited and why it is sometimes relevant? It is hard to see what theory could unify these disparate elements of our common-sense morality, and if one cannot be found then we may simply have to revise some of our pre-theoretic beliefs. But it would be an important advantage of a theory if it could justify those beliefs. I will argue that there is a theory of this kind: surprisingly, the familiar rights theory of self-defense, defended by Judith Thomson, can do so if it is suitably supplemented. Along the way I will survey some alternative theories of self-defense and show why they are not up to the task.
The Legacy of Virginia Crocheron Gildersleeve

Gildersleeve’s post-World War II career is briefly reviewed and assessed, including her role in helping to establish the United Nations and its human rights philosophy. The author argues that Gildersleeve’s perspectives on a Zionist state within Palestine, along with unduly emphasized perceptions of anti-Semitism, have overshadowed historians’ estimations of the importance of Gildersleeve to women’s higher education.
Combination irinotecan, capecitabine and celecoxib in patients with advanced biliary cancers

14126 Background: Patients with metastatic biliary cancers continue to face a very grim prognosis with no effective chemotherapy. Median survival is around 6–9 months. Irinotecan and capecitabine h...
Phase transformations in hypoeutectoid Ti-Cr alloys

The morphologies of proeutectoid α in a Ti-Cr alloy have been investigated in some detail and found to be basically similar to those previously observed in the proeutectoid ferrite reaction in plain carbon steels. The eutectoid reaction in hypoeutectoid Ti-Cr alloys was found to consist primarily in the precipitation of α and of TiCr2 from β in non-lamellar form.
Study of a Single-Power Two-Circuit ESR Process with Current-Carrying Mold: Mathematical Simulation of the Process and Experimental Verification

A novel single-power two-circuit ESR process (ESR-STCCM) with current-carrying mold has been investigated via numerical simulation and experimental research in this paper. A 2D quasi-steady-state mathematical model is developed to describe ESR-STCCM. The electromagnetic field, flow field, slag pool temperature distribution, and the shape of a molten steel pool in ESR-STCCM have been investigated by FLUENT software as well as user-defined functions (UDF). The results indicate that ESR-STCCM is different from the conventional ESR process. The maximum electromagnetic force, current density, Joule heat, and slag pool flow velocity are located in the lower part of the conductor in the ESR-STCCM process. The direction of the maximum electromagnetic force inclines upward. There are two distinct vortices in the slag pool. The larger swirl rotates counterclockwise near the conductor, with a value of 0.0263 m s−1 due to the interaction of the electromagnetic force and gravity. The maximum temperature of the slag pool is 2070 K (1797 °C) and is located in the center of the swirl with a filling ratio of 0.6 and a 20 mm electrode immersion depth. The depth of a molten steel pool is shallower, which is conducive to improving solidification quality. In addition, the filling ratio of 0.6 is conducive to controlling steel solidification quality. Some experiments have been done, and the numerical model is confirmed by experimental results.
Chloroxyanion Residue on Seeds and Sprouts after Chlorine Dioxide Sanitation of Alfalfa Seed

The effects of a 6-h chlorine dioxide sanitation of alfalfa seed (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg seed) on total coliform bacteria, seed germination, and the presence of chlorate and perchlorate residues in seed rinse, seed soak, and alfalfa sprouts was determined. Chlorate residues in 20,000 mg/L calcium hypochlorite, commonly used to disinfect seed, were quantified. Chlorine dioxide treatment reduced (P 0.05) on germination. Dose-dependent sodium chlorate residues were present in seed rinse (4.1 to 31.2 μg/g seed) and soak (0.7 to 8.3 μg/g seed) waters, whereas chlorate residues were absent (LOQ 5 ng/g) in sprouts, except for 2 of 5 replicates from the high chlorine dioxide treatment. Copious chlorate residues were present (168 to 1260 mg/L) in freshly prepared 20,000 mg/L calcium hypochlorite solution, and storage at room temperature increased chlorate residues significantly (P < 0.01).
Darcy-Forchheimer flow of Maxwell nanofluid flow with nonlinear thermal radiation and activation energy

The present article is about the study of Darcy-Forchheimer flow of Maxwell nanofluid over a linear stretching surface. Effects like variable thermal conductivity, activation energy, nonlinear thermal radiation is also incorporated for the analysis of heat and mass transfer. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) with convective boundary conditions are first converted into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the help of similarity transformation, and then the resulting nonlinear ODEs are solved with the help of shooting method and MATLAB built-in bvp4c solver. The impact of different physical parameters like Brownian motion, thermophoresis parameter, Reynolds number, magnetic parameter, nonlinear radiative heat flux, Prandtl number, Lewis number, reaction rate constant, activation energy and Biot number on Nusselt number, velocity, temperature and concentration profile has been discussed. It is viewed that both thermophoresis parameter and activation energy par...
Multi-frequency Atomic Force Microscopy based on enhanced internal resonance of an inner-paddled cantilever

Abstract In this work, we study the performance of a new cantilever design during multi-frequency tapping mode Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The system consists of a base cantilever with an inner paddle which, under harmonic excitation, vibrates like a system of linearly coupled oscillators engaging simultaneously a lower, in-phase and a higher, out-of-phase resonant mode. The cantilever is designed so that the 2nd mode frequency (i.e., the out-of-phase eigenfrequency) coincides with an integer multiple of the fundamental mode frequency, providing the necessary conditions for realization of internal resonance. During tapping mode, the nonlinear tip-sample force activates the internal resonance and thereby amplifies the out-of-phase resonant mode. We study energy transfer from the lower to the higher mode for different cantilever designs in order to optimize the internal resonance and the amplification of the high-frequency component of the measured response. Numerical and experimental examination of the inner-paddled cantilever performance confirms that a 1:2 internal resonance is optimal. AFM scans of cyanobacteria are taken, and the higher mode observables (amplitude and phase) along with the phase of the lower mode reveal differences in branch selection caused by variations in the stiffness that are not detected by the topographical data. In a computational simulation of an AFM scan across a flat sample with stratified stiffness, we show that the amplitude of the higher mode is significantly more sensitive to variations in Young’s modulus than the phase of the lower mode. Further, unlike for a conventional cantilever, we show that the phase of the lower mode indeed depends on the sample’s Young’s modulus in the absence of a dissipative component in the tip-sample interaction force.
Material specific nanoscratch ploughing friction coefficient

Abstract In nanoscratch testing it is observed that the normal and tangential forces do not increase linearly. This behavior results in ploughing friction coefficients that vary with nanoindenter penetration depth. Lafaye and Troyon conducted research on ductile materials that concluded this is due to the nanoindenter not having an ideally sharp tip, but rather a blunt spherical one. The friction coefficient model, applied to brittle materials in this research, uses a previously published analytical friction coefficient model as its foundation, and extends it to include material-specific characteristics that effect friction coefficient behavior. Through the comparison between experiment and modeling, material characteristics such as pileup and nanoindenter contact area were found to aid in properly describing the friction coefficient of brittle materials.
A Venous Malformation in the Vastus Lateralis: Our Experience with Cryotherapy

The present report describes a case of cryotherapy ablation in a 35-year-old woman with a 1.5 cm painful venous malformation (VM) in the right vastus lateralis muscle. After the patient had failed sclerotherapy, a single session of cryotherapy was performed that resulted in both technical and clinical success. At 8-month follow-up, there was no residual pain. The use of cryotherapy ablation for the treatment of an intramuscular VM has only been previously described on 1 occasion. Based on our results, cryotherapy is a promising therapy for fast and safe treatment for patients with venous vascular malformations.
The Impact that Ramsey's Overlooking of Keynes's Non Additive, Interval Valued Probability Approach in His Reviews of the a Treatise on Probability Has Had on Philosophers and Economists

Ramsey’s failure to grasp the interval valued and non additive nature of Keynesian probability assessments in the A Treatise on Probability has led to the misbelief that Keynes’s approach was an ordinal one. While Keynes’s approach easily handles ordinal probability, the theory of the Treatise on Probability is that of “Approximation,” which is interval valued probability. Ramsey’s reviews, however, have been accepted at face value by philosophically interested readers, who fail to grasp that Ramsey has no idea about the fundamental non additive, sub additive, nature of Keynes’s interval valued probability approach. This leads to some very strange assessments of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability by philosophers who are reading that book.
Learning Splines for Sparse Tomographic Reconstruction

In a few-view or limited-angle computed tomography (CT), where the number of measurements is far fewer than image unknowns, the reconstruction task is an ill-posed problem. We present a spline-based sparse tomographic reconstruction algorithm where content-adaptive patch sparsity is integrated into the reconstruction process. The proposed method leverages closed-form Radon transforms of tensor-product B-splines and non-separable box splines to improve the accuracy of reconstruction afforded by higher order methods. The experiments show that enforcing patch-based sparsity, in terms of a learned dictionary, on higher order spline representations, outperforms existing methods that utilize pixel-basis for image representation as well as those employing wavelets as sparsifying transform.
Bureaucracy and economic development in Africa

To understand the African bureaucracy is to understand a great deal about African politics. for the ministries and para statal bodies representing central government are the most powerful political institutions on the continent. This is due in large measure to the colonial legacy of ""bureaucratic authoritarianis
Fuel dynamics after a bark beetle outbreak impacts experimental fuel treatments

Fuel reduction treatments have been widely implemented across the western US in recent decades for both fire protection and restoration. Although research has demonstrated that combined thinning and burning effectively reduces crown fire potential in the few years immediately following treatment, little research has identified effectiveness of thinning and burning treatments beyond a decade. Furthermore, it is unclear how post-treatment disturbances such as a bark beetle outbreak affect fuel treatment effectiveness. We evaluated differences in surface and canopy fuel characteristics and potential fire behavior metrics between fuel reduction treatments (no-action or control, burn-only, thin-only, thin+burn) implemented in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson)−Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco)-dominated forests that were subsequently affected by a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak after treatment. Experimental units were measured in 2002 (immediately following fuel treatment) and in 2016 (14 years after treatment and at least 4 years following a beetle outbreak). We found that beetle-altered thinning treatments (thin-only and thin+burn combined) had less fuel (i.e., 34% and 83% lower fine and coarse woody debris loading, respectively) and lower crown fire potential (i.e., 47% lower probability of torching and 42% greater crowning index) than corresponding unthinned treatments (control and burn-only). There was no post-beetle-outbreak effect of burning treatments (burn-only and thin+burn combined) on surface fuel loading, but burning reduced crown fire potential (i.e., 37% greater crowning index) over unburned units (control and thin-only) 14 years after treatment. Additionally, we determined the relative impacts of fuel treatments and the bark beetle outbreak on fuel and crown fire potential differences and found that bark beetle-caused tree mortality inflated differences between controls and thinned treatments (thin-only and thin+burn) for surface fuel loading and probability of torching, but diminished differences between these treatments for canopy fuel loading, canopy bulk density, and crowning index. Despite the differential effects of bark beetle-caused tree mortality in the treatments, our study suggests that the effects of fuel treatments on mitigating crown fire potential persist even after a stand-transforming insect outbreak, especially when thinning and burning are combined.
REPRODUCIBILITY AND OPTIMIZATION OF 18-FLUORO-DEOXYGLUCOSE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATION OF CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS

18-Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography with myocardial perfusion imaging (FDG PET with MPI) is considered the gold standard for evaluating the degree of inflammation and response to immunosuppressive treatment in cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). Despite guideline recommendation for its
Little Insights from Big Data: Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak After Skull Base Surgery and the Limitations of Database Research.

Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is a frustrating complication of skull base surgery. Published methodologies using national surgical databases to assess CSF leak have not accounted for variability between skull base operations. Objective Our goal was to attempt the development of a novel framework for adapting big data techniques to skull base surgery and assess the reliability of corresponding data manipulations. Methods A retrospective nested case-control analysis was performed using patients from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) registry, 2012–2015. Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes identified possible skull base operations, which were systematically grouped by anatomic location. Meningioma, schwannoma, pituitary adenoma, and trigeminal neuralgia (TN) were included. Results Of 2918 patients, 84 (2.9%) were readmitted/reoperated on within 30 days for CSF leak. Operations involving the anterior fossa, both middle/posterior fossas in 1 approach, or the orbitocranial zygomatic approach were significantly associated with CSF leak, as were schwannomas and meningiomas in any location (8.5%, 3.1%, 10.2%, 4.1%, and 3.0%; all P Conclusions Based on NSQIP data analyzed using a rational skull base/anatomic framework, risk factors for postoperative CSF leak include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, operative time, anterior fossa meningioma, and middle/posterior fossa schwannoma or TN. Although databases such as NSQIP can be extensively manipulated to generate surrogate results that may provide limited insight, applications beyond their design should be approached carefully.
IFLA Library Reference Model, RDA, and Serials in a Nutshell

IFLA Library Reference Model (IFLA LRM) represents the consolidation of Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and the two other conceptual models of the Functional Requirements (...
Gait Phase Discrimination during Kinematically Constrained Walking on Slackline

We present a framework for the detection of swing and stance phases of gait cycle during walk on a perturbing platform, i.e., a slackline. The framework employs a time varying Kalman filter to reconstruct neural commands from the accelerometer data acquired from slackline perturbations that are generated by the participants. Electromyography (EMG) signals reconstructed from the estimated neural command were compared with surface EMG recordings during slackline walking. For four gait trials, the EMG signals were reconstructed with 92%-95% accuracy. These reconstructed signals were dimensionally reduced using principal component analysis (PCA) and classified using support vector machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Naive Bayes (NB) classifiers. The stance and swing phases were discriminated, the performance of each classifiers was evaluated and classification accuracy was later enhanced with post processing. The DT algorithm outperformed others in detecting the stance and swing phases of gait cycle on slackline with 99.5% accuracy.
Energy Management of a Battery Combined with PV Generation

Performance of a photovoltaic generation (PV) plant with an integrated battery energy storage system (BESS) is examined under different system conditions. The proposed scheme is executed in system studies under fluctuating levels of solar irradiation to the PV model replicating weather conditions. Three converters were implemented in this model including a boost converter, bidirectional (DC/DC) converter, and a grid-imposed inverter which were and integrated with a 7-bus AC system. All of these models were designed and simulated by using an electromagnetic transients program. As the changes in irradiation and temperature occur, the dc link voltage changes, hence there is a need to regulate the voltage. To maintain the voltage at dc link, this paper presents a bidirectional (DC/DC) converter with an energy management system (EMS). The EMS is based on a hysteresis control algorithm, which limits the abrupt charging/discharging of the battery, thus increasing battery lifespan. The irradiation was changed to observe the simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control.
The Comprehension Boost in Early Word Learning: Older Infants Are Better Learners

Recent research has revealed that infants begin understanding words at around 6 months. After that, infants' comprehension vocabulary increases gradually in a linear way over 8-18 months, according to data from parental checklists. In contrast, infants' word comprehension improves robustly, qualitatively, and in a nonlinear way just after their first birthday, according to data from studies on spoken word comprehension. In this review, I integrate observational and experimental data to explain these divergent results. I argue that infants' comprehension boost is not well-explained by changes in their language input for common words, but rather by proposing that they learn to take better advantage of relatively stable input data. Next, I propose potentially complementary theoretical accounts of what makes older infants better learners. Finally, I suggest how the research community can expand our empirical base in this understudied area, and why doing so will inform our knowledge about child development.