cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of Epi-Isozizaene Synthase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), a Platform for New Terpenoid Cyclization Templates

The X-ray crystal structure of recombinant epi-isozizaene synthase (EIZS), a sesquiterpene cyclase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), has been determined at 1.60 A resolution. Specifically, the structure of wild-type EIZS is that of its closed conformation in complex with three Mg(2+) ions, inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)), and the benzyltriethylammonium cation (BTAC). Additionally, the structure of D99N EIZS has been determined in an open, ligand-free conformation at 1.90 A resolution. Comparison of these two structures provides the first view of conformational changes required for substrate binding and catalysis in a bacterial terpenoid cyclase. Moreover, the binding interactions of BTAC may mimic those of a carbocation intermediate in catalysis. Accordingly, the aromatic rings of F95, F96, and F198 appear to be well-oriented to stabilize carbocation intermediates in the cyclization cascade through cation-pi interactions. Mutagenesis of aromatic residues in the enzyme active site results in the production of alternative sesquiterpene product arrays due to altered modes of stabilization of carbocation intermediates as well as altered templates for the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate. Accordingly, the 1.64 A resolution crystal structure of F198A EIZS in a complex with three Mg(2+) ions, PP(i), and BTAC reveals an alternative binding orientation of BTAC; alternative binding orientations of a carbocation intermediate could lead to the formation of alternative products. Finally, the crystal structure of wild-type EIZS in a complex with four Hg(2+) ions has been determined at 1.90 A resolution, showing that metal binding triggers a significant conformational change of helix G to cap the active site.
Evidence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline Leukemia Virus, and Toxoplasma gondii in Feral Cats on Mauna Kea, Hawaii

We determined prevalence to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen, and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in feral cats (Felis catus) on Mauna Kea Hawaii from April 2002 to May 2004. Six of 68 (8.8%) and 11 of 68 (16.2%) cats were antibody positive to FIV and antigen positive for FeLV, respectively; 25 of 67 (37.3%) cats were seropositive to T. gondii. Antibodies to FeLV and T. gondii occurred in all age and sex classes, but FIV occurred only in adult males. Evidence of current or previous infections with two of these infectious agents was detected in eight of 64 cats (12.5%). Despite exposure to these infectious agents, feral cats remain abundant throughout the Hawaiian Islands.
Object naming analysis for reverse-engineered sequence diagrams

UML sequence diagrams are commonly used to represent object interactions in software systems. This paper considers the problem of extracting UML sequence diagrams from existing code for the purposes of software understanding and testing. A static analysis for such reverse engineering needs to map the interacting objects from the code to sequence diagram objects. We propose an interprocedural dataflow analysis algorithm that determines precisely which objects are the receivers of certain messages, and assigns the appropriate diagram objects to represent them. Our experiments indicate that the majority of message receivers can be determined exactly, resulting in highly-precise object naming for reverse-engineered sequence diagrams.
Mutualistic fungus promotes plant invasion into diverse communities

Reducing the biological diversity of a community may decrease its resistance to invasion by exotic species. Manipulative experiments typically support this hypothesis but have focused mainly on one trophic level (i.e., primary producers). To date, we know little about how positive interactions among species may influence the relationship between diversity and invasibility, which suggests a need for research that addresses the question: under what conditions does diversity affect resistance to invasion? We used experimental manipulations of both plant diversity and the presence of an endophytic fungus to test whether a fungal mutualist of an invasive grass species (Lolium arundinaceum) switches the relationship between plant community diversity and resistance to invasion. Association with the fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum) increased the ability of L. arundinaceum to invade communities with greater species diversity. In the absence of the endophyte, the initial diversity of the community significantly reduced the establishment of L. arundinaceum. However, establishment was independent of initial diversity in the presence of the endophyte. Fungal symbionts, like other key species, are often overlooked in studies of plant diversity, yet their presence may explain variation among studies in the effect of diversity on resistance to invasion.
Self-organisation, integration and curriculum in the complex world of medical education

CONTEXT The world of medical education is more complex than ever and there seems to be no end in sight. Complexity science is particularly relevant as medical education embraces a movement towards more authentic curricula focusing on integration, interactive small-group learning, and early and sustained clinical and community experiences. DISCUSSION A medical school as a whole, and the expression of its curriculum through the interactions, exchanges and learning that take place within and outside of it, is a complex system. Complexity science, a derivative of the natural sciences, is the study of the dynamics, conditions and consequences of interactions. It addresses the nature of the conditions favourable to change and transformation (learning). CONCLUSIONS The core process of complexity, self-organisation, requires a system that is open and far from equilibrium, with ill-defined boundaries and a large number of non-linear interactions involving short-loop feedback. In such a system, knowledge does not exist objectively 'out there'; rather, it exists as a result of the exchange between participants, an action that becomes knowing. Understanding is placed between participants rather than being contained in one or the other. Knowledge is not constructed separately in the mind of the knower, but, rather, it emerges; it is co-created during the exchange in an authentic recursive transactive process. Learning and knowing become adaptive responses to continuously evolving circumstances. An approach to curriculum based on self-organisation is characterised as rich, recursive, relational and rigorous and it illuminates how a curriculum can be understood as a complex adaptive system. The perspective of complexity applied to medical education broadens and enriches research questions relevant to health professions education. It focuses our attention onto how we are together as human beings. How we respond to and frame the issues of learning and understanding that challenge contemporary medicine and, by extension, medical education, in a complex and rapidly changing world can have profound effects on the preparedness of tomorrow's health professionals and their impact on society.
Phylogeography and post-glacial colonization patterns of the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum (Teleostei: Percidae)

Aim To examine the effects of historical climate change and drainage isolation on the distribution of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b genetic variation within the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum (Percidae: Etheostomatinae). Location Eastern North American streams including tributaries to the Mississippi River, Great Lakes, Potomac River and Hudson Bay drainages. Methods Parsimony analyses, Bayesian analyses and haplotype networks of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Results Four major clades were recovered from sampled populations of E. caeruleum. Three of four clades are distributed in the western portion of the species’ range (primarily west of the Mississippi River). Samples from this region do not form a monophyletic group, and sequences often vary greatly between samples from adjacent stream systems (up to 7.2% divergence). A basal clade includes samples from the White River system in the Ozark Highlands. The northern Ozarks–upper Midwest clade includes samples from Missouri River tributaries and the upper Midwest (Hudson Bay, upper Mississippi River, and western Lake Michigan drainage). The eastern clade is composed of individuals from the Ohio River, Great Lakes and Potomac River. The Mississippi River corridor clade includes samples from middle and lower Mississippi River tributaries. Main conclusions The four major clades of E. caeruleum are deep allopatric lineages with well-defined boundaries and have additional phylogeographical structure within each clade. The Ozark Highlands have the greatest levels of diversity relative to distributional area, with marked cytochrome b subdivisions between adjacent stream systems. Samples from previously glaciated areas do not have a subset of the cytochrome b diversity found in unglaciated areas, but four separate source areas are identified based on phylogenetic analyses. Dispersal into previously glaciated areas followed several known glacial outlets and, based on sequence divergence between populations, may have occurred during different glacial or interglacial stages. The disjunct distribution and cytochrome b pattern of E. caeruleum in the Mississippi River corridor clade is consistent with late Pleistocene and Recent changes in the course and characteristics of the middle and lower Mississippi River. Phylogeographical boundaries between clades of E. caeruleum correspond to independent sources of biogeographical information and provide insight into historical stream drainage relationships, post-glacial colonization and drainage isolation patterns.
Evidence for a genomic mechanism of action for progesterone receptor membrane component-1

Abstract Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is highly expressed in the granulosa and luteal cells of rodent and primate ovaries. Interestingly, its molecular weight as assessed by Western blot is dependent on its cellular localization with a ≈27 kDa form being detected in the cytoplasm and higher molecular weight forms being detected in the nucleus. The higher molecular weight forms of PGRMC1 are sumoylated suggesting that they are involved in regulating gene transcription, since sumoylation of nuclear proteins often is associated with regulation of transcriptional activity of the sumoylated protein. In order to identify a set of candidate genes that are regulated by PGRMC1, a human granulosa/luteal cell line (hGL5 cells) was treated with PGRMC1 siRNA and changes in gene expression monitored by microarray analysis. The microarray analysis revealed that PGRMC1 generally functioned as a repressor of transcription, since depletion of PGRMC1 resulted in a disproportionate increase in the number of transcripts. Moreover, a pathway analysis implicated PGRMC1 in the regulation of apoptosis, which is consistent with PGRMC1’s known biological action. More importantly these results support the concept that PGRMC1 influences gene transcription. Additional studies reveal that progesterone (P4) acting through a PGRMC1-dependent mechanism suppresses the activity of the transcription factor, Tcf/Lef, thereby identifying one molecular pathway through which P4–PGRMC1 can regulate gene transcription and ultimately apoptosis.
Maximum principle for the finite element solution of time‐dependent anisotropic diffusion problems

Preservation of the maximum principle is studied for the combination of the linear finite element method in space and the θ -method in time for solving time-dependent anisotropic diffusion problems. It is shown that the numerical solution satisfies a discrete maximum principle when all element angles of the mesh measured in the metric specified by the inverse of the diffusion matrix are nonobtuse, and the time step size is bounded below and above by bounds proportional essentially to the square of the maximal element diameter. The lower bound requirement can be removed when a lumped mass matrix is used. In two dimensions, the mesh and time step conditions can be replaced by weaker Delaunay-type conditions. Numerical results are presented to verify the theoretical findings. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 29: 1963‐1985, 2013
Using neural network and principal component analysis to study vowel recognition with temporal envelope cues

Previous studies in normal-hearing and cochlear-implant subjects have shown high levels of speech recognition with primarily temporal envelope cues. The present study used principal component analysis (PCA) to extract important features in temporal envelopes and then constructed a 3-layer feedforward artificial neural network to study their role in vowel recognition. Twelve vowels by 30 speakers in a /hVd/ context served as the test material. Temporal envelopes from 1 to 8 spectral bands were extracted and subjected to PCA with 15 principle components. Similar to previous perceptual data, the present study showed that 63% correct vowel recognition was achieved with only 4-band envelope cues. The principle components responsible for this high level of vowel recognition included phonemic transition cues and steady-state amplitude cues. The present result can be applied to the development of novel algorithms to improve performance for automatic speech recognition and auditory prosthetic devices.
Numerical dispersion of higher order nodal elements in the finite-element method

The discretization inherent in the finite-element method results in numerical dispersion. This dispersion is investigated for a time-harmonic plane wave propagating through an infinite, two-dimensional, finite-element mesh composed of uniform quadrilateral and triangular elements. The effects on the dispersion due to the propagation direction of the wave, the order of the elements, the node density, and the mesh geometry are studied. Results are given which can serve as a guide in selecting the appropriate element order, node density, and mesh geometry when applying the finite-element method.
Fetal Pulmonary Arterial Vascular Impedance Reflects Changes in Fetal Oxygenation at Near-Term Gestation in a Nonhuman Primate Model

We tested the hypothesis that fetal pulmonary arterial circulation reacts to changes in fetal oxygenation status at near-term gestation. A total of 20 rhesus macaques underwent fetal Doppler ultrasonography at near-term gestation. Right pulmonary artery (RPA), umbilical artery (UA), ductus arteriosus (DA), and ductus venosus (DV) blood velocity waveforms were obtained, and pulsatility index (PI) values were calculated. Fetal right and left ventricular cardiac outputs were determined. Ultrasonographic data were collected during 3 maternal oxygenation states: room air (baseline), hyperoxemia, and hypoxemia. Fetal RPA PI values increased (P < .05) during maternal hypoxemia and decreased (P < .05) during maternal hyperoxemia, compared with baseline. Maternal hyperoxemia increased (P < .05) DA PI values from baseline. Fetal cardiac outputs, UA, and DV PI values were not affected. Our results demonstrate that at near-term gestation, fetal pulmonary arterial circulation is a dynamic vascular bed that reflects acute and short-term changes in fetal oxygenation.
Fiber-free characterization of photonic integrated circuits by thermoreflectance microscopy

We demonstrate the use of amplified spontaneous emission in thermoreflectance imaging of photonic integrated circuits for fiber-free characterization of the integrated cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Electro-optic sensor system

Sandia National Laboratories has developed a fieldable wide-angle detection system which utilizes wide dynamic range spectrometer and radiometer subsystems to generate simultaneous, independent measurements of incident optical radiation collected through a common aperture. The large dynamic ranges of the subsystems can create large amounts of continuous data which must be processed in real time to avoid saturating the system. Thus, the spectrometric and radiometric data are sent to a system processor subsystem which, due to the inherent sensitivity and timing differences between the two sensor subsystems, executes a complex data fusion algorithm in an effort to fully characterize the incident radiation. The raw subsystem data and the fused data are logged to a system disk and displayed on an operator display.
Random field model for cell segmentation in transmission mode multispectral microscopy images

Multispectral microscopy for applications in histology and cytology has shown that the unique transmission spectra of biological tissue provides additional information that is potentially useful for better classification and segmentation of sub-cellular structures. In this paper, we propose a conditional random field (CRF) model that incorporates spectral data during inference for the problem of segmenting cells in images of cytological smears. Relationship between neighboring bands is weighted by the gradient of spectral profile of the sample. Experimental results show that the proposed approach effectively suppresses the non-uniform appearance of the cell chromatin by integrating spatial and spectral constraints within the segmentation process and robustly labels fine textured cells. Comparative analysis of the proposed model against the commonly used 2-D model in color space is also performed. Results of this evaluation show the benefits of the proposed model.
Characterization of VIP1 activity as a transcriptional regulator in vitro and in planta

VIP1 (VirE2 interacting protein 1), initially discovered as a host protein involved in Agrobacterium-plant cell DNA transfer, is a transcription factor of the basic leucine-zipper (bZIP) domain family that regulates several defence-related genes in Arabidopsis. We have developed assays to assess VIP1 binding to its DNA target in vitro and transcriptional activation efficiency in planta. Several point mutations in the VIP1 response element VRE affected the VIP1 activity, and a strong correlation between VIP1-VRE binding and transcriptional activation levels was observed. Promoter activation by VIP1 was influenced by bacterial and plant proteins known to interact with VIP1 during Agrobacterium infection, i.e., VirE2, VirF and VIP2. VirF, an F-box protein, strongly decreased VIP1 transcriptional activation ability, but not its binding to VRE in vitro, most likely by triggering proteasomal degradation of VIP1. Finally, activation of a VRE-containing promoter was observed in dividing cells, probably resulting from activation of endogenous VIP1.
Recovering the Philosophical Anthropology of Max Scheler for Leadership Studies.

During the first half of the twentieth century, a handful of German speaking scholars examined leadership through the lens of what came to be known as philosophical anthropology, a field of study inaugurated by Max Scheler. Not only do their contributions belong in the history of leadership studies, but the findings of philosophical anthropology can make contributions today. This paper introduces philosophical anthropology and more specifically what Scheler had to say about leadership. One of his primary insights distinguished leaders from what he referred to as exemplary persons, or what we call role models today. This distinction offers a basis for leading by example. Scheler found five universal ideal types that set the tone, so to speak, for any group or society.
Intensity signal processing of images for optical to radar scene matching.

The basic scene matching problem consists of locating a region of an image with the corresponding region of another view of the same scene. In the general case, the images axe produced by completely different sensors at different viewing geometries. Prior to the matching, digital signal processing must be performed to line up the two images geometrically and to match their intensities. Two intensity signal processing methods have been developed and used to match the intensity value of one image to that of the other as closely as possible. Objects of interest represented by subimages of one scene were located in the other using images intensity corrected by the two methods. Scene matching performances were then presented in terms of the probability of a match as a function of the probability of false fix.
July temperature during the second millennium reconstructed from Idaho tree rings

An 858-year proxy record of July temperature for east-central Idaho shows multi-decadal periods of extreme cooling centered around AD 1300, 1340, 1460, and after AD 1600. These cold intervals are interrupted by prolonged warm spells in the early 1400s, late 1500s, and in the 1930s. The spatial signature of the paleoclimate record is centered on the north-central Rockies and central Great Plains, and expands over North America following a wave-like pattern. Neither instrumental nor proxy data in Idaho northeast valleys show unusual warming during the twentieth century. Climate episodes over the last three centuries are in broad agreement with the Greenland borehole temperature history. Low-frequency patterns are consistent with other northern hemisphere tree-ring records for the late Holocene, and provide a chronology of warm and cold intervals during the Little Ice Age.
Long-term effects of asthma education for physicians on patient satisfaction and use of health services

This randomized clinical trial evaluated the long-term impact of an interactive seminar for physicians based on principles of self-regulation on clinician behaviour, children's use of health services for asthma, and parent's views of physician performance. Seventy-four general practice paediatricians, and 637 of their asthma patients aged 1-12 yrs, were randomized to treatment or control. Children and parents were blind to physicians' participation. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up through self-administered surveys (paediatricians), telephone interviews (parents) and medical records. The seminar focused on development of communication and teaching skills and use of therapeutic medical regimens for asthma as outlined in the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines. Approximately 2 yrs postintervention, treatment group physicians were more likely than control physicians to: use protocols for delivering asthma education (odds ratio (OR) 4.9, p=0.2), write down for patients how to adjust medicines when symptoms change (OR 5.7, p=0.05), and provide more guidelines for modifying therapy (OR 3.8, p=0.06). Parents scored treatment group physicians higher than control physicians on five specific positive communication behaviours. Children seen by treatment group physicians had fewer hospitalizations (p=0.03) and those with higher levels of emergency department (ED) use at baseline had fewer subsequent ED visits (p=0.03). No differences regarding the number of office visits were noted. There were no significant differences found between treatment and control group physicians in the amount of time spent with patients during office visits (26 versus 29 min) or in the number of patients treated with anti-inflammatory medicine. It is concluded that interactive asthma seminars for paediatricians had significant long-term benefits for their asthma care.
The Divided Class: Catholics vs. Socialists in Belgium, 1880–1914

The rise of working-class movements has recently been subjected to a great deal of historical scrutiny. Although this literature treats a variety of topics, much of it is devoted to different aspects of socialism: the radical, reformist, or utopian nature of socialism, the sociological roots of the movement among artisans and industrial workers, and the creation of an alternative, or socialist, subculture. One reason socialism has been investigated so intensively is that historians have assumed that socialism represented the authentic working-class ideology. Implicitly or explicitly, scholars have conveyed the idea that socialism alone promoted class consciousness, that socialism led workers to realize that they formed a distinct group and had to act together to defend their interests. Other movements among workers have been considered to be conservative and, as such, have been discounted as unrepresentative of workers' interests.
Active Learning Facilitated by Using a Game-Show Format or Who Doesn’t Want to be a Millionaire?

University faculty are increasingly called on to be less of a sage on the stage and more a guide on the side. This discussion introduces the underlying philosophy and assumptions of active learning theory. With this shift in pedagogical philosophy, there has been an increasing call for tools that actively engage students in the learning process. A game-show format is suggested as an effective classroom tool for active learning. Examples are given that draw on the television shows Who Wants to be a Millionaire? and Jeopardy.
How Much of Interviewer Variance is Really Nonresponse Error Variance

Kish's (1962) classical intra-interviewer correlation (ρ int ) provides survey researchers with an estimate of the effect of interviewers on variation in measurements of a survey variable of interest. This correlation is an undesirable product of the data collection process that can arise when answers from respondents interviewed by the same interviewer are more similar to each other than answers from other respondents, decreasing the precision of survey estimates. Estimation of this parameter, however, uses only respondent data. The potential contribution of variance in nonresponse errors between interviewers to the estimation of ρ int has been largely ignored. Responses within interviewers may appear correlated because the interviewers successfully obtain cooperation from different pools of respondents, not because of systematic response deviations. This study takes a first step in filling this gap in the literature on interviewer effects by analyzing a unique survey data set, collected using computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) from a sample of divorce records. This data set, which includes both true values and reported values for respondents and a CATI sample assignment that approximates interpenetrated assignment of subsamples to interviewers, enables the decomposition of interviewer variance in means of respondent reports into nonresponse error variance and measurement error variance across interviewers. We show that in cases where there is substantial interviewer variance in reported values, the interviewer variance may arise from nonresponse error variance across interviewers.
Acids and Bases for Physicists

Charges are essential for the stability and function of many proteins. To understand the effect of the environment, particularly its pH on stability and function, a few concepts are needed.
Design and Analysis of a Cable-Driven Articulated Rehabilitation System for Gait Training

Assisted motor therapies play a critical role in enhancing functional musculoskeletal recovery and neurological rehabilitation. Our long-term goal is to assist and automate the performance of repetitive motor-therapy of the human lower limbs. Hence, in this paper, we examine the viability of a light-weight and reconfigurable hybrid (articulated-multibody and cable) robotic system for assisting lower-extremity rehabilitation and analyze its performance. A hybrid cable-actuated articulated-multibody system is formed when multiple cables are attached from a ground-frame to various locations on an articulated-linkage-based orthosis. Our efforts initially focus on developing an analysis and simulation framework for the kinematics and dynamics of the cable-driven lower limb orthosis. A Monte Carlo approach is employed to select configuration parameters including cuff sizes, cuff locations, and the position of fixed winches. The desired motions for the rehabilitative exercises are prescribed based upon motion patterns from a normative subject cohort. We examine the viability of using two controllers—a joint-space feedback-linearized PD controller and a task-space force-control strategy—to realize trajectory- and path-tracking of the desired motions within a simulation environment. In particular, we examine performance in terms of (i) coordinated control of the redundant system; (ii) reducing internal stresses within the lower-extremity joints; and (iii) continued satisfaction of the unilateral cable-tension constraints throughout the workspace.
Oligomeric forms of the 148 kDa cartilage matrix protein

The 148 kDa cartilage matrix protein (CMP), composed of three disulphide-bonded subunits, is a cartilage-specific glycoprotein found in association with fibrils of type II collagen and possibly with aggrecan. It is probable that CMP serves a structural role. As cartilage ages, an increasing proportion of the CMP becomes insoluble and resistant to extraction. In the present study, the isolation of CMP has been improved by inclusion of a hydrophobic chromatography step, thereby removing the remaining traces of collagen and proteoglycan. Evidence of self-association of CMP is presented. Higher-molecular-mass forms of CMP, ranging in apparent molecular mass from 270 to 510 kDa and separated by SDS/PAGE, were located using a specific anti-CMP monoclonal antibody. Both CMP and its oligomeric forms are reducible to 52 kDa subunits, and only trace amounts of other proteins. The formation of oligomers, which may constitute 23% of the total cartilage matrix protein, could occur as a byproduct of the normal biosynthetic trimerization of subunits. Alternatively, the oligomers may represent a step toward the age-related cross-linking and insolubilization of CMP.
Uncertainty and imperfect information in markets

Abstract This chapter deals with uncertainty and incomplete information in markets. It first considers situations in which the contract proposer is the ignorant party with the problem of designing a mechanism that induces the counter party, who is exogenously endowed with his information, to reveal that information in such a way that maximizes the contract proposer’s expected payoff. In contrast to settings of symmetric information, inefficiencies will tend to arise in equilibrium. Also considered is the situation when each side of the transaction is endowed with his or her own payoff-relevant information. Here the focus is on whether and how a social planner could design a contract to achieve efficiency. The following section assumes it is the contract proposer who is endowed with the payoff-relevant information. The quintessential example of this is a seller who knows the quality of the good she seeks to sell. Because she cannot commit fully to not deceive her counter party, inefficiencies arise. The last section examines the problems that arise if the asymmetry of information arises endogenously, because one party’s prior-to-trade actions provide him or her payoff-relevant information.
Nine issues in wavefront analysis and refractive surgery

Nine problems are raised regarding the use of wavefront aberrations to plan the ablation depth for refractive surgery. Dialog and research is needed for setting standards and for determining the optimal ablation.
The Making of the Chinese Industrial Workplace: Adjusting to the Command Economy

One of the central tenets of China's industrialization strategy during the 1950s (and beyond) was the rapid accumulation of investment capital through state-owned enterprises (SOEs). SOEs were guaranteed low state-set prices on raw materials and other inputs, while profits were assured through higher prices on manufactured goods. Almost all SOE profits were turned over to the state in the form of taxes, which could then be used for additional investment capital. The adoption of this capital accumulation development strategy, with its emphasis on heavy industry, arose both from socialist ideology and the CCP's assessment of the hostile international environment in the 1950s. It is worth summarizing the key elements of the centrally planned economy of the 1950s and how in particular these constraints played out within the microeconomy of the state enterprise and its labor management policies. During the First Five-Year Plan, employment in industrial enterprises (both state and nonstate) rose from 5.1 million in late 1952 to 7.47 million by late 1957, an average annual increase of 9.3 percent. Consistent with China's emphasis on heavy industry, workers in this sector numbered 4.5 million by year-end 1957 while light industry accounted for 2.97 million employees. In 1952, the distribution of employment between light and heavy industry had been much more evenly balanced, with 2.3 million workers in light industry and 2.8 million in heavy industry.
Distributed generation system control strategies with PV and fuel cell in microgrid operation

Abstract Control strategies of distributed generation (DG) are investigated for different combination of DG and storage units in a microgrid. In this paper the authors proposed a microgrid structure which consists of a detailed photovoltaic (PV) array model, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and various loads. Real and reactive power (PQ) control and droop control are developed for microgrid operation. In grid-connected mode, PQ control is developed by controlling the active and reactive power output of DGs in accordance with assigned references. Two PI controllers were used in the PQ controller, and a novel heuristic method, artificial bee colony (ABC), was adopted to tune the PI parameters. DGs can be controlled by droop control both under grid-connected and islanded modes. Droop control implements power reallocation between DGs based on predefined droop characteristics whenever load changes or the microgrid is connected/disconnected to the grid, while the microgrid voltage and frequency is maintained at appropriate levels. Through voltage, frequency, and power characteristics in the simulation under different scenarios, the proposed control strategies have demonstrated to work properly and effectively. The simulation results also show the effectiveness of tuning PI parameters by the ABC.
Analyzing Enterprise Storage Workloads With Graph Modeling and Clustering

Utilizing graph analysis models and algorithms to exploit complex interactions over a network of entities is emerging as an attractive network analytic technology. In this paper, we show that traditional column or row-based trace analysis may not be effective in deriving deep insights hidden in the storage traces collected over complex storage applications, such as complex spatial and temporal patterns, hotspots and their movement patterns. We propose a novel graph analytics framework, GraphLens, for mining and analyzing real world storage traces with three unique features. First, we model storage traces as heterogeneous trace graphs in order to capture multiple complex and heterogeneous factors, such as diverse spatial/temporal access information and their relationships, into a unified analytic framework. Second, we employ and develop an innovative graph clustering method that employs two levels of clustering abstractions on storage trace analysis. We discover interesting spatial access patterns and identify important temporal correlations among spatial access patterns. This enables us to better characterize important hotspots and understand hotspot movement patterns. Third, at each level of abstraction, we design a unified weighted similarity measure through an iterative dynamic weight learning algorithm. With an optimal weight assignment scheme, we can efficiently combine the correlation information for each type of storage access patterns, such as random versus sequential, read versus write, to identify interesting spatial/temporal correlations hidden in the traces. Some optimization techniques on matrix computation are proposed to further improve the efficiency of our clustering algorithm on large trace datasets. Extensive evaluation on real storage traces shows GraphLens can provide broad and deep trace analysis for better storage strategy planning and efficient data placement guidance. GraphLens can be applied to both a single PC with multiple disks and a distributed network across a cluster of compute nodes to offer a few opportunities for optimization of storage performance.
Abstract 292: Microparticle-encapsulated miRNAs Are Associated With Peripheral Artery Disease

miRNAs are short, noncoding RNAs that circulate in plasma within membrane-bound vesicles, such as microparticles (MPs), or bound to proteins or lipoproteins. Circulating miRNAs are putative biomarkers for a wide range of diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Our group and others have evidence to suggest MP-encapsulated miRNAs, rather than total plasma miRNAs, may harbor more specific and functionally relevant biomarkers. We tested the hypothesis that MP-encapsulated miRNA levels would differ between patients with mild or severe peripheral artery disease (PAD) and healthy controls matched for age, gender, and race. Banked plasma stored at -80°C was obtained for 5 healthy subjects, 6 patients with mild PAD (ABI 0.8-1.0), and 10 patients with severe PAD (ABI < 0.4). MPs were isolated using a standard differential centrifugation protocol and quantified by flow cytometry. Four miRNAs implicated in vascular disease (miR-126-3p, miR-126-5p, miR-21, and miR-222) were quantified with qRT-PCR. Relative expression for each miRNA (-2ΔCt) was calculated and divided the total number of MPs to determine miRNA expression per MP. There was a non-significant trend towards increased levels of MPs in patients with mild (19,462 MPs/μl ± 5,213) and severe PAD (21,688 MPs/μl ± 7,175) compared to healthy controls (7244 MPs/μl ± 919). MP levels of miR-126-5p were increased among healthy subjects compared to patients with mild and severe PAD (p = 0.003), while MP miR-126-3p levels were significantly lower in healthy subjects (p = 0.002). miR-21 and miR-222 did not differ significantly between groups. None of the four miRNAs distinguished mild versus severe PAD. In conclusion, our data suggests that MP-mediated transport of miR-126-5p and miR-126-3p is dysregulated in the setting of mild and severe vascular disease, and supports the concept that the plasma MP fraction may harbor disease-associated miRNA profiles. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Structural and kinetic characterization of guinea pig l-asparaginase type III

We investigated whether an uncharacterized protein from guinea pig could be the enzyme behind Kidd’s serendipitous discovery, made over 60 years ago, that guinea pig serum has cell killing ability. It has been long known that an enzyme with l-asparaginase activity is responsible for cell killing, although astonishingly, its identity remains unclear. Bacterial asparaginases with similar cell killing properties have since become a mainstay therapy of certain cancers such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia. By hydrolyzing asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, these drugs deplete the asparagine present in the blood, killing cancer cells that rely on extracellular asparagine uptake for survival. However, bacterial asparaginases can elicit an adverse immune response. We propose that replacement of bacterial enzymes with the guinea pig asparaginase responsible for serum activity, by its virtue of being more closely related to human enzymes, will be less immunogenic. To this goal, we investigated whether an uncharacterized protein from guinea pig with putative asparaginase activity, which we call gpASNase3, could be that enzyme. We examined its self-activation process (gpASNase3 requires autocleavage to become active), kinetically characterized it for asparaginase and β-aspartyl dipeptidase activity, and elucidated its crystal structure in both the uncleaved and cleaved states. This work reveals that gpASNase3 is not the enzyme responsible for the antitumor effects of guinea pig serum. It exhibits a low affinity for asparagine as measured by a high Michaelis constant, KM, in the millimolar range, in contrast to the low KM (micromolar range) required for asparaginase to be effective as an anticancer agent.
Propene Oligomerization using Alkali Metal- and Nickel-Exchanged Mesoporous Aluminosilicate Catalysts

A series of alkali metal- and nickel-exchanged Al-MCM-41 catalysts were prepared via aqueous ion exchange and then investigated for gas-phase oligomerization of propene at 453 K and near ambient pressures. All catalysts were active and produced oligomers with >98% selectivity. The highest activities per Ni2+ cation were observed when the cations were highly dispersed as a consequence of either lowering the Ni loading for a fixed MCM-41 Si/Al ratio or by decreasing the concentration of exchangeable sites within the material by increasing the MCM-41 Si/Al ratio at a fixed Ni loading. The identity of the alkali metal cation had no significant effect on the catalytic activity or degree of dimer branching, except for the sample containing Cs+ cations, where the decreased pore volume resulted in a lower catalyst activity and slightly more linear dimer products. Comparison of Ni-MCM-41 prepared with and without Na+ cations showed that a higher yield of oligomers could be achieved when Na+ cations are present bec...
Recovery of Salmonellae from trisodium phosphate-treated commercially processed broiler carcasses after chilling and after seven-day storage

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of prechill trisodium phosphate (TSP) treatment on reducing salmonellae recovery from broiler carcasses immediately after chilling or following 7 d of storage. Carcasses were sampled for salmonellae using whole carcass enrichment for 24 h at 37 degrees C. In each of 7 trials, 40 carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing plant. Batches of 4 carcasses were subjected to a 5-s dip in 10% TSP (treatment) or not dipped (control). Two carcasses from each batch were sampled immediately after chilling (d 0) and 2 carcasses were sampled after 7 d of storage. For trials 1 and 2, TSP treatment and control groups were chilled in separate chill tanks for 45 min. For trials 3 through 7, carcasses were rinsed with water and individually bagged with ice and water before chilling. For trials 1 and 2, 85% (17/20) of control carcasses were salmonellae-positive on d 0 compared with 45% (9/ 20) of the TSP-treated carcasses; after 7 d, 75% (15/20) of control carcasses were positive compared with 35% (7/ 20) for the TSP-treated carcasses. For trials 3 through 7, 46% (23/50) of control carcasses were salmonellae-positive on d 0 compared with 26% (13/50) of the TSP-treated carcasses; after 7 d, 20% (10/50) of control carcasses were positive compared with 4% (2/50) of the TSP-treated carcasses. TSP treatment resulted in significantly higher pH values for rinses. Salmonella recovery was decreased by refrigerated storage and treatment with TSP before immersion chilling.
Shakespeare, Nicole Kidman and Contemporary Translation Theory

Fotini Apostolou (2009) parle de l’interprete sortant de la neutralite et de l’anonymat que lui impose sa mission, a propos du film L’Interprete (Pollack, 2005, dans lequel Nicole Kidman joue le role principal).Selon Apostolou, l’ombre de la cabine d’interpretation simultanee « sied a l’interpretation » parfaitement (Apostolou, 2009, p.15), en reponse metaphorique au diagramme de « la boite » presentee par O’Hagan et Ashworth (2002) in Translation-MediatedCommunication: ils’agit d’une boite mysterieuse qu ielabore sans que l’on sache comment les messages assurant la communication entre l’emetteur et le recepteur. Des « modeles de boite » similaires se retrouvent dans les theories de la Communication, la Linguistique et la Litterature, a travers les ouvrages de Saussure, Lacan et meme Derrida (Lodge, 2000), ou ils etablissen tla relation entre emetteur et recepteur et signifiants et signifies. La theorie contemporaine de la traduction, quant a elle, a l’image d’une Nicole Kidman qu idans L’Interprete (faisant fi du conseil avise de O'Hagan, Ashworth et Apostolou) s’evade de la cabine d’interpretation pour mettre en oeuvre l’etendue de ses pouvoirs, tient a la fois compte de la realite, dans laquelle la mission du traducteur implique davantage que la seule « comprehension du texte de depart » (Delabastita, 2004, p. 39), et de la « menace »d’un interventionnisme croissant du traducteur (Cronin, 2003, pp. 65-67).
Potential Mechanisms of PTOA: Inflammation

Inflammation, characterized by synovitis, is one of the risk factors for the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), a subset of osteoarthritis (OA), following injury of the meniscus or ACL. Evaluating the synovial inflammation and the associated biomarkers during the days or weeks following injury may provide opportunities for early diagnosis and for determining the risk for progression, before irreversible cartilage damage begins. Although therapies targeting inflammation do not prevent structural damage, understanding the mechanisms that control inflammatory responses at early stages and how they impact on initiating joint tissue destruction may have predictive value in defining postoperative outcomes and permit the design of novel structure-modifying therapies to halt or slow the development of PTOA.
Editorial—A brief journal status update

In this editorial, the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America gives a brief overview of the present status of the Journal, emphasizing the events that have occurred over the past one and one half years. Topics addressed include: (1) The recent transition to the Editorial Manager peer review system, (2) new features that have been implemented in the Journal, (3) the incoming Managing Editor, (4) the publications component of the Acoustical Society's Strategic Plan, (5) new and revived article types, (6) open access, and (7) Journal metrics and statistics.
Who Won and Why

On the eve of the 2012 general election the electoral map favored President Obama, who was predicted to win 243 electoral votes, 186 of which were from “solid” states, 57 were “leaning” his direction. Romney was predicted to win 206 electoral votes, 170 of which were solid and 36 were leaning.1 The election came down to 8 swing states: Florida (26 electoral votes), Ohio (18), Virginia (13), Wisconsin (10), Colorado (9), Iowa (6), and New Hampshire (4). Romney needed to win nearly all of these states to reach 270 with Florida and Ohio being critical. Obama won them all. The final outcome was evident early. Television networks called the election for Obama at 11:10 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.
The Seasonal Influence of Chesapeake Bay Phytoplankton to the Continental Shelf

High concentrations of phytoplankton characterize the Chesapeake Bay entrance area and the Bay plume during spring and fall. A tendency for vertical homogeneity and low species diversity for the phytoplankton were also associated with the plume. As the plume moves along the shelf it is continually seeding these waters with an estuarine and coastal mixture of species, many of which appear more common over the shelf, and possibly indicative of increased shelf eutrophication.
REGULATEE CHOICE IN CERTIFICATION SCHEMES: EXPLAINING SELECTION FROM AMONG CERTIFIER OPTIONS

Voluntary regulatory programmes embody the complex interactions that exist between public organizations and nongovernmental entities in contemporary public administration. This article draws attention to ‘regulatee choice’ in certification programmes, in which programme participants choose from among certifier alternatives. In the context of US organic regulation, regulatee choice is examined through the factors that farmers weigh when selecting from among public, nonprofit, and private certifier options. Drawing on a nation-wide survey of organic farmers, regulatee choice between public, nonprofit, and private certifiers is found to be differentiated by the importance that regulatees ascribe to certifier reputations and service offerings, as well as regulatee desires to support the organic movement through certification. Regulatee choice between public and nonprofit certifiers is further differentiated by the importance regulatees place on certifiers' perceived regulatory expertise. The article discusses explanations for the findings and the contribution of regulatee choice research.