cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Proportion of Women in One's Workgroup, Profession, and Friendship Circle on Males' and Females' Responses to Sexual Harassment

This study investigated the role of different gender contexts, gender, and their interactions on responses to sexual harassment using a sample of 213 professionals. Responses to sexual attention were better predicted than were gender harassment responses. The proportion of female friends was positively related to confronting harassers and formally reporting, the proportion of females in one's field was negatively related to formally reporting, and the proportion of female coworkers was negatively related to seeking legal counsel. Men were more likely to formally report and more likely to seek legal counsel, but unexpectedly, less likely to confront harassers. The proportion of women in one's field and friendship circle had a stronger impact on females' responses to harassment, but the proportion of women in one's workgroup had a stronger impact on males' responses. Results are discussed in light of sex roles and ethical decision-making theory.
Deletion of the formin Diaph1 protects from structural and functional abnormalities in the murine diabetic kidney

Diaphanous 1 (DIAPH1), a member of the formin family, binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and is required for RAGE signal transduction. Experi...
Dietary Boron: Possible Roles in Human and Animal Physiology

Boron is a bioactive element of low molecular weight. Since discovery of the first boron biomolecule, boromycin, in 1967, several other similar biomolecules are now well-characterized. Most recently described was a bacterial cell-to-cell communication signal that requires boron. Boron is a natural constituent of the diet and human consumption is not trivial: approximately 1.00 mg/d for males aged 51 to 70 y. Boron may be under homeostatic control in humans and other mammals through regulatory mechanisms that remain undefined. Evidence for such control is enhanced by discovery of a specific mammalian borate transporter, NaBC1, expressed in the basolateral membranes of epithelial cells in tissues with excretory functions including kidney. Gastrointestinal absorption of boron approaches 100% but, even so, boron has a low order of toxicity. For adults, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)for boron is 20 mg/d, i.e approximately 20-fold typical intakes. The Institute of Medicine has not set an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR),Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA),or Adequate Intake (AI)for boron because the collective body of evidence has yet to establish a clear biological function for boron in humans. The evidence to date suggests that humans and higher animals (frog, zebrafish, chick, rat, and pig)may use boron to support normal biological functions. These findings suggest that boron has a role in bone structure and function, inflammation and immune processes, insulin metabolism, and completion of the life cycle. Development of animal models that lack boron transporters may help in identification of mechanisms of action responsible for the beneficial effects of dietary boron.
Effective simple-power analysis attacks of elliptic curve cryptography on embedded systems

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), initially proposed by Koblitz [17] and Miller [20], is a public-key cipher. Compared with other popular public-key ciphers (e.g., RSA), ECC features a shorter key length for the same level of security. For example, a 256-bit ECC cipher provides 128-bit security, equivalent to a 2048-bit RSA cipher [4]. Using smaller keys, ECC requires less memory for performing cryptographic operations. Embedded systems, especially given the proliferation of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices and platforms, require efficient and low-power secure communications between edge devices and gateways/clouds. ECC has been widely adopted in IoT systems for authentication of communications, while RSA, which is much more costly to compute, remains the standard for desktops and servers.
Off-Label Use of Phakic Intraocular Lens with a "Piggyback" Technique.

Purpose We report a case of a highly myopic pseudophakic patient who received off-label placement of a phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) via a "piggyback" technique, allowing the placement of an intraocular lens (IOL) in his fellow eye, resulting in improved visual acuity and emmetropia. Case Report A 66-year-old, highly myopic, pseudophakic male with an IOL implant in his left eye was referred for second opinion for surgical options for his phakic right eye. Given the severe myopic status of both eyes, he received off-label placement of a posterior chamber pIOL with a piggyback technique for the pseudophakic left eye followed by standard cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation in the right eye. For the left eye, uncorrected best visual acuity improved from 20/70 to 20/25. Conclusion This case demonstrates the successful off-label use of a phakic IOL in a pseudophakic, highly myopic patient with a piggyback technique, resulting in improved visual acuity and ultimately allowing IOL placement in the fellow eye for emmetropia. This off-label use of pIOL can offer ophthalmologists an alternative option for pseudophakic patents with severe refractive error.
Risks and Outcomes of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies in Patients with HIV Infection.

ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative therapy for hematologic malignancies in persons living with HIV (PLHIV), however, uncertainties exist in many domains related to their care, including optimal donor selection, conditioning regimen, immunosuppression for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and long-term outcomes. We undertook a comprehensive systematic review from multiple databases to evaluate the foregoing uncertainties. The final sample comprised 49 patients (median age at HCT, 34 years; 46 males [93.8%]). Acute GVHD (aGVHD) was reported in 19 patients (59.3%) in the overall cohort, with grade II in 12 (37.5%) and grade III in 2 (6.2%). In the entire cohort, overall survival (OS) was 81.6% at 6 months and 56.6% at 12 months. Among 32 patients, the OS at 6 months was 73.3% for patients who received myeloablative conditioning (MAC) and 88.2% for those who received reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC), and OS at 12 months was 53.3% for MAC and 58.8% for RIC. Twenty-four patients were alive in complete remission on long-term follow-up, with 25 deaths reported. Fifteen deaths (60%) occurred due to relapse, including 3 (12%) from infection, 2 (8%) from GVHD, and 5 (20%) from other causes, including renal failure, respiratory failure, and liver failure. To our knowledge, this is the largest series of allo-HCT in PLHIV reported to date, and our results indicate that clinical outcomes (including engraftment, infection rate, and survival) are not significantly different from those in patients without HIV (historical controls). RIC regimens are associated with a slightly greater likelihood of survival compared with MAC regimens. Prospective trials are critically needed to evaluate the optimal conditioning regimens, ideal donor source, and most appropriate GVHD prophylaxis.
Potential Air Emission Impacts of Cellulosic Ethanol Production at Seven Demonstration Refineries in the United States

This paper reports on the estimated potential air emissions, as found in air permits and supporting documentation, for seven of the first group of precommercial or "demonstration" cellulosic ethanol refineries (7CEDF) currently operating or planning to operate in the United States in the near future. These seven refineries are designed to produce from 330,000 to 100 million gal of ethanol per year. The overall average estimated air emission rates for criteria, hazardous, and greenhouse gas pollutants at the 7CEDF are shown here in terms of tons per year and pounds per gallon of ethanol produced. Water use rates estimated for the cellulosic ethanol refineries are also noted. The air emissions are then compared with similar estimates from a U.S. cellulosic ethanol pilot plant, a commercial Canadian cellulosic ethanol refinery, four commercial U.S. corn ethanol refineries, and U.S. petroleum refineries producing gasoline. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air pollution rules that may apply to cellulosic ethanol refineries are also discussed. Using the lowest estimated emission rates from these cellulosic ethanol demonstration facilities to project air emissions, EPA's major source thresholds for criteria and hazardous air pollutants might not be exceeded by cellulosic ethanol refineries that produce as high as 25 million gal per year of ethanol (95 ML). Emissions are expected to decrease at cellulosic ethanol refineries as the process matures and becomes more commercially viable.
Abstract 5217: RB loss reprograms AR and E2F1 signaling in models of prostate cancer progression

Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous malignancy, and the third leading cause of cancer death in males in the United States. A crucial component to the development and progression of PCa is the activity of the androgen receptor (AR). As such, targeting the AR-signaling axis through androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the first line of therapy for PCa. However, cells invariably become resistant to this therapy and men relapse with the incurable form of the disease termed, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In addition to AR, another principal component aiding in the progression of disease is the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB). RB functions to repress tumor development by negatively regulating the activity of the E2F family of transcription factors, preventing cell cycle progression. RB is lost in roughly 30% of CRPC tumors and is sufficient to induce a CRPC phenotype in hormone-sensitive cells under ADT conditions. Analyses into the molecular significance of RB loss on disease progression identified a potential cooperation between AR and the RB-E2F1 signaling axis. Biological assessment performed in isogenic RB knockdown (i.e. hormone-sensitive and CRPC models) identified distinct functional consequences of RB loss depending on AR status and disease state. Transcriptome analysis identified divergently regulated gene signatures between disease stages in the presence of AR activation, which were not seen under ADT conditions, implicating a unique role of AR in transcriptional regulation with the loss of RB. Data to be discussed will also include further comparison of the E2F1 and AR cistromes in the absence of RB to identify the mechanism by which the AR-RB-E2F1 signaling axis function in promoting the progression of disease. Citation Format: Amy C. Mandigo, Chris McNair, Matthew J. Schiewer, Karen E. Knudsen. RB loss reprograms AR and E2F1 signaling in models of prostate cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5217.
Health Education across Academic Disciplines (HEAAD): A Tool to Help Students Think Critically about the Risks of Excessive Cell Phone Use

Background and Purpose: Studies have shown that teens who hypertext are at a higher risk to engage in other health risk behaviors including binge drinking, tobacco use, illicit drug use, partaking in physical fights, engaging in risky sexual behavior, and driving distracted. Interventions addressing excessive use of mobile devices have mainly focused on mobile phone use while driving. The aim is to describe the Health Education Across Academic Disciplines (HEAAD) teaching tool and implementation, which may help to educate and raise awareness of the risks associated with excessive cell phone use among adolescents and young adults. Educational Teaching Tool: HEAAD includes introductory activities ranging from identifying risks related to excessive cell phone use to follow-up interactive activities with examples applied across academic disciplines other than health. HEAAD targets students in grades nine through twelve and can be adapted to the college population for freshmen and sophomores enrolled in personal health and wellness classes and/or other health orientation and first year experience classes. Conclusion: HEAAD intends to engage students in practicing decision-making skills related to excessive cell phone use, which may be applicable to their lives. Pilot testing of HEAAD is recommended to determine its effectiveness and potential.
Systemic biomarkers in electronic cigarette users: implications for noninvasive assessment of vaping-associated pulmonary injuries.

Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) were introduced as electronic nicotine delivery systems, and have become very popular in the USA and globally. There is a paucity of data on systemic injury biomarkers of vaping in e-cig users that can be used as a noninvasive assessment of vaping-associated lung injuries. We hypothesised that characterisation of systemic biomarkers of inflammation, anti-inflammatory, oxidative stress, vascular and lipid mediators, growth factors, and extracellular matrix breakdown may provide information regarding the toxicity of vaping in e-cig users. Methods We collected various biological fluids, i.e. plasma, urine, saliva and exhaled breath condensate (EBC), measured pulmonary function and vaping characteristics, and assessed various biomarkers in e-cig users and nonusers. Results The plasma samples of e-cig users showed a significant increase in biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-γ, matrix metalloproteinase-9, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1) and extracellular matrix breakdown (desmosine), and decreased pro-resolving lipid mediators (resolvin D1 and resolvin D2). There was a significant increase in growth factor (endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, β-nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-AA, stem cell factor, hepatocyte growth factor and placental growth factor) levels in plasma of e-cig users versus nonusers. E-cig users showed a significant increase in levels of inflammatory biomarker IFN-γ, oxidative stress biomarker 8-isoprostane and oxidative DNA damage biomarker 8-oxo-dG in urine samples, and of inflammatory biomarker IL-1β in saliva samples. EBC showed a slight increase in levels of triglycerides and 8-isoprostane in e-cig users compared with normal nonusers. Conclusion E-cig users have increased levels of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, reduced pro-resolving anti-inflammatory mediators, and endothelial dysfunction, which may act as risk factors for increasing susceptibility to systemic diseases. The identified noninvasive biomarkers can be used for determining e-cig vaping-associated lung injuries, and for regulatory and diagnostic aspects of vaping in humans.
The affective interval: An investigation of the peaks and valleys during high- and moderate-intensity interval exercise in regular exercisers

Abstract Evidence supports the notion that people generally feel worse during high(er) intensity exercise but experience an affective rebound immediately following cessation that often exceeds pre-exercise feeling states. Considering rest/recovery is an integral part of interval exercise, it is of interest to determine the degree of affective reactivity and recovery that may occur during interval exercise of different intensities. The purpose of the present study was to examine affective reactivity to and recovery from an acute bout of moderate-intensity (MIIE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Participants (N = 25, 13 females, 23.3 ± 4.0 yrs, BMI = 25.7 ± 4.1 kg m−2) completed 4 sessions at the same time of day with at least 24-h between each session: a baseline session to record resting affect, a graded exercise test on a stationary bike (cycle ramp protocol 25 W·min-1) to volitional exhaustion, and then completed a high- (HIIE) and moderate-intensity interval exercise (MIIE) session where affect was recorded prior to, during, and up to 30-min post exercise. Participants reported more negative feeling states during the HIIE session compared to the MIIE session, but these states recovered similarly as early as 5-min post-exercise. In addition, while affective change (reactivity and rebounds) were relatively equal during the MIIE, declines in affect during the HIIE outweighed the affective rebounds associated with rest, resulting in a large decline in affective state from pre-exercise.
From Worst-Case to Average-Case Analysis: Accurate Latency Predictions for Key-Value Storage Engines

Selecting the optimal storage engine and tuning for an application requires comparing the latency of diverse workloads executed on different data structures. In this work, we start to develop an average-case analysis of the performance of storage engines that can achieve significantly more accurate predictions than existing worst-case models. We propose a distribution-aware framework to predict the latency of diverse workloads executed on a vast number of data structures. As a case study, we use our framework to produce cost models for a diverse family of key-value storage engine tunings, and verify our models on RocksDB and WiredTiger.
A Taxonomy of Consumers' Perspectives on the Function of Cannabis in Their Lives: A Qualitative Study in WA State, USA.

US state-level policy often divides legal cannabis use into medical and recreational categories. However, research suggests medical and non-medical cannabis consumption often overlaps and consumers...
A multi-metric approach to characterizing mouse peripheral auditory nerve function using the auditory brainstem response

Abstract Background The auditory brainstem response (ABR), specifically wave I, is widely used to noninvasively measure auditory nerve (AN) function. Recent work in humans has introduced novel electrocochleographic measures to comprehensively characterize AN function that emphasize suprathreshold processing and estimate neural synchrony. New Method This study establishes new tools for evaluating AN function in vivo in adult mice using tone-evoked ABRs obtained from young-adult CBA/CaJ mice, adapting the approach previously introduced in humans. Six metrics are obtained from ABR wave I at suprathreshold stimulus levels. Results Change-point analyses show that the metrics’ rate of change with stimulus level differs between moderate and high suprathreshold levels, suggesting that this approach can potentially characterize the presence of heterogeneous AN fiber types. Comparison with existing methods Traditional ABR approaches focus on response thresholds and averaged amplitudes/latencies. In contrast, our multi-metric approach, which uses single-trial data and suprathreshold stimuli, provides novel information and identifies evidence of neural synchrony deficits and changes in the heterogeneity of AN fibers underlying AN behavior. Conclusion The techniques reported here provide a novel tool to assess changes in AN function in vivo in a commonly used animal model. A benchmark of most current hearing research is the transition from animal to human studies. Here we established a translational objective approach, applying methods that were first developed in humans to animals. This approach enables researchers to identify changes in AN function arising from the animal models with well-characterized pathology, and predict similar pathological changes in human AN dysfunction and hearing loss.
The Valuation of Security Analysis

Active portfolio management is commonly partitioned into two types of activities: market timing, which requires forecasts of broad-based market movements, and security analysis, which requires the selection of individual stocks that are perceived to be underpriced by the market. Robert Merton and others have provided an insightful and easily implemented means to place a value on market timing and fundamental analysis skills. While a normative theory of stock selection was outlined in 1973 by Jack Treynor and Fischer Black, no convenient means of valuing potential selection ability has yet been devised. In this article the authors present a framework for estimating the value of security analysis, be it by human or computer. They also treat market timing ability in this framework, and are therefore able to compare the relative values of each type of investment analysis. They find that stock selection is potentially extremely valuable, but that its value depends critically on the forecast interval, on the correlation structure of residual stock returns, and on the ability to engage in short sales. Finally, they show how to modify that value of selection for the important case in which analysts9 forecasts of stocks9 alphas are subject to error.
Economic evaluation of beef cowherd screening for cattle persistently-infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection is responsible for a variety of economically important syndromes in cattle. In order to quantify the economic benefit for removing BVDV persistently infected (PI) animals, a 10-year farm profitability simulation model was used to compare production scenarios with and without PI calves present. Differences in profitability between the scenarios, estimates the value of diagnostic testing given the expected prevalence in the herd. If the true prevalence of herds with at least one PI animal is 1% (low end of the 95% confidence interval for randomly selected herds), the average annual dollars available for screening is only $0.15. Using a 10-year period, if the whole herd is tested the initial year and the cost of the initial screening is pro-rated over 10 years, and only replacements are screened in subsequent years, $0.60 is available for costs associated with each animal tested. If, however, the true prevalence of herds with at least one PI animal is 30% (high end of the 95% confidence interval for pre-screened herds), the average annual dollars available for screening is $4.60. In this scenario, $18.40 is available for each animal tested. These figures show that practitioners may not be economically justified to initiate diagnostic screening protocols for PI BVDV cattle for all clients. However, if ranch history raises a suspicion of BVDV PI cattle being present, a screening protocol can be defended based on its likelihood to improve economic return.
Interests, Difficulties, Sentiments, and Tool Usages of Concurrency Developers: A Large-Scale Study on Stack Overflow.

Context: Software developers are increasingly facing the challenges of writing code that is not only concurrent but also correct. Objective: To help these developers, it is necessary to understand concurrency topics they are interested in, their difficulty in finding answers for questions in these topics, their sentiment for these topics, and how they use concurrency tools and techniques to guarantee correctness. Method: We conduct a large-scale study on the entirety of Stack Overflow to understand interests, difficulties, sentiment, and tool usages of concurrency developers. We discuss the implications of our findings for the practice, research, and education of concurrent software development, and investigate the relation of our findings with the findings of the previous work. Results: A few findings of our study are: (1) questions that concurrency developers ask can be grouped into a hierarchy with 27 concurrency topics under 8 major categories, (2) thread safety is among the most popular concurrency topics and client-server concurrency is among the least popular, (3) irreproducible behavior is among the most difficult topics and memory consistency is among the least difficult, (4) data scraping is among the most positive concurrency topics and irreproducible behavior is among the most negative, (5) root cause identification has the most number of questions for usage of data race tools and alternative use has the least. Conclusion: The results of our study can not only help concurrency developers but also concurrency educators and researchers to better decide where to focus their efforts, by trading off one concurrency topic against another.
Reconstruction in Children

Occasionally, internal fixation may be appropriate in securing reconstructive procedures in children. As in fractures, it is important to avoid disturbing the epiphyseal growth plate either during the dissection of soft tissues or during the application of fixation (Figs. 60-1 A Figs. 60-1 B Figs. 60-1 C Figs. 60-1 D Figs. 60-1 E-F and 60-2 A-F).
Oxidative Phosphorylation: Chemical-Coupling Hypothesis

By 1953 mitochondria were known to catalyze oxidative phosphorylation: ATP synthesis that is coupled to a series of redox reactions over the respiratory chain (Chapters 2 and 7). With NADH—formed through oxidizing various intermediary metabolites—a yield of three ATP molecules was estimated for each oxygen atom reduced to water (P/O = 3). The respiratory chain, then known to include a sequence of cytochromes (b ⇒ cl ⇒ c ⇒ a ⇒ a3), was coupled to ATP synthesis in such a way that redox reactions slowed drastically when ADP or P i was absent. This tight “respiratory control” was lost in aged or damaged mitochondria. Respiration was also uncoupled from phosphorylation by diverse substances, including dinitrophenol. In addition, such uncouplers promoted ATP hydrolysis by mitochondria. The requisite enzymes and respiratory chain were associated with mitochondrial membranes; recent electron micrographs had revealed multiple infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membranes to form cristae, producing an extensive surface.
Co-teaching partnerships: How culture of schools and classrooms affect practices in co-planning and co-implementing instruction

CO-TEACHING PARTNERSHIPS: HOW CULTURE OF SCHOOLS AND CLASSROOMS AFFECT PRACTICES IN CO-PLANNING AND CO-IMPLEMENTING INSTRUCTION By: Cecilia Gray Batalo, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Director: Paul J. Gerber, Ph.D., Professor Department of Special Education and Disability Policy School of Education The purpose of this study was to describe how the school and classroom cultures affected practices of inclusion for students with disabilities and how the inclusionary practice of coteaching was influenced by the school culture. This study sought to investigate school and classroom cultures and their impact on practices of inclusion. It also addressed the perceptions of the impact that the school and classroom cultures had on co-teaching and why some practices are effective or not effective for co-planning or co-implementation. A multicase study design was used to gather and explore observations and interviews. Data were analyzed through qualitative methods with a focus on norms, values, and routines. This study provided an understanding of how school and classroom cultures affected inclusion within one school district
Commodities, Technology, and Trade: Transnational Corporations and Philippine Economic Development

This paper assesses the impact of TNC investment on Philippine manufacturing in the areas of technology and skill, trade, and welfare. Based on the results of a questionnaire and interviews with managers of TNC-affiliated manufacturing firms, the following conclusions were reached: little technology is transferred; workers hired are among the more educated; skill development is halted; production is last-stage; local capital has difficulty competing with the [sic] products produced are generally accessible only to the affluent and aspiring middle class. Very little in the way of transition to export-manufacturing is occurring.
Using Groebner Bases to Determine the Algebraic and Transcendental Nature of Field Extensions: Return of the Killer Tag Variables

Suppose I is a prime ideal in k[X1, ...,Xn] with a given finite generating set and k(q1,...,qm) is a finitely generated subfield of the field of fractions Z of k[X1, ..., Xn]/I and c is an element of Z. We present Groebner basis techniques to determine: if c is transcendental over k(q1,...,qm), a minimal polynomial for c if c is algebraic over k(q1,...,qm). the algebraic or transcendental nature of Z over k(q1,...,qm).
Democracy and Legal Change: Innovation and Democracy: Legal Change in Ancient Athens

Ancient Athenians regarded the capacity to change laws and, generally, to confront contingency with new institutional solutions as a defining characteristic of their democracy. The Athenians' ability to respond to problems by modifying their laws was a source of pride and was widely known throughout the Greek world. Although the Athenians had access to a variety of institutions by which they could have made their laws inflexible, they generally chose not to do so, even in the face of disastrous consequences at the end of the fifth century. The explanation for this choice is found in the Athenian attachment to the progressive ideology of pragmatic innovation , the desirability of modifying institutions in light of new information or changing circumstances, a belief that proved remarkably resilient. In apparent contrast to this commitment to mutability, the Athenians occasionally used entrenchment clauses, provisions that make laws unamendable. Why would the Athenians, given their attachment to changeable law, choose to restrict themselves in such a stringent fashion, even prescribing death for those proposing modifications? Here, I wish to suggest that the Athenians used entrenchment in highly restrictive contexts: to protect certain financial decrees and alliances and treaties. Although today entrenchment clauses are typically seen in the constitutional context, where they serve to make individual rights and other fundamental institutions unamendable, the Athenians used these provisions exclusively for narrow, strategic purposes in both international and domestic contexts and did not extend them to laws regulating the democracy.
Uncertainty in interpretation of range imagery

A description is given of a method for automatically deriving a Bayesian probability network from CAD based 3D models. This network may be used to match 3D objects to features derived from range images in the presence of uncertainty. The network describes how evidence for subparts of an object should be combined to calculate the evidence for an object. A prototype model based range interpretation system using this method is also presented. Sample results for an object are presented. For this prototype system, sources of evidence include maximum likelihood estimate fits of circular cylinders, planes, and spheres, as well as boundary data (i.e. edges). >
The clique-separator graph for chordal graphs

We present a new representation of a chordal graph called the clique-separator graph, whose nodes are the maximal cliques and minimal vertex separators of the graph. We present structural properties of the clique-separator graph and additional properties when the chordal graph is an interval graph, proper interval graph, or split graph. We also characterize proper interval graphs and split graphs in terms of the clique-separator graph. We present an algorithm that constructs the clique-separator graph of a chordal graph in O(n^3) time and of an interval graph in O(n^2) time, where n is the number of vertices in the graph.
The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on the appearance of granulated vesicles in glomus cells of the rat carotid body

Abstract The glomus cells of the rat carotid body reveal an intense fluorescence after exposure to paraformaldehyde vapor and contain catecholamines. After initial fixation in glutaraldehyde, many granulated vesicles are seen in the glomus cells. After initial fixation in osmium tetroxide, most of the vesicles are depleted of their dense interiors and granulated vesicles occur infrequently. Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine followed by initial fixation in osmium tetroxide leads to the reappearance of dense interiors in virtually all vesicles. 6-Hydroxydopamine apparently is taken up by the membrane pump of the glomus cell and is incorporated into the amine storage granules, thereby displacing the endogenous monoamines. Osmium tetroxide does not dissolve the 6-hydroxydopamine from the vesicles, as it apparently does for the normal vesicular contents. The 6-hydroxydopamine does not fluoresce, hence 6-hydroxydopamine administration results in a decreased intensity of formaldehyde induced fluorescence in the glomus cells. Administration of reserpine after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment (and subsequent initial fixation in osmium tetroxide) depletes the previously restored dense material from the vesicles of the glomus cells. 6-Hydroxydopamine acts like a monoamine in that it is taken up by the glomus cell, incorporated into the vesicles, and can be depleted from the vesicles by reserpine.
Opium smoking, anti‐Chinese attitudes, and the American medical community, 1850–1890

During the 1870s and early 1880s, members of the American medical community sought to exclude the Chinese from immigrating to the United States because these physicians believed that the Chinese opium smoking habit threatened the moral system of the country. Doctors were especially concerned about the supposed effects of opium smoking on sexual behavior, arguing that it both heightened male and female desire and endangered the nation's reproductive capacity. They also feared that opium smoking and Chinese prostitution would encourage miscegenation, and that use of the drug could ultimately harm America's socio‐economic progress. The conclusions of these physicians fed into the anti‐Chinese campaign that resulted in the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.
Raman studies of nucleic acids. IX: A salt-induced structural transition in poly(rG)

Raman spectra of poly(rG), obtained from neutral aqueous solutions containing excess sodium counterions, are qualitatively different than spectra obtained from salt-free solutions. In the presence of a two-fold molar excess of Na+ (per phosphate group) the Raman spectrum of poly(iG) closely resembles that of the gel of Guo-5′-P and is characteristic of an ordered helical structure in which guanine residues are hydrogen bonded to one another. In the absence of added salt the spectrum of poly(rG) is characterized by unusual guanine ring frequencies which suggests a tautomeric or ionic modification of the ordinary (keto-amino) ring structure. Both the high-salt and no-salt forms of poly(rG) represent stable secondary structures as evidenced by the conformationally sensitive phosphodiester frequencies and by the absence of significant spectral changes on heating the solutions.
The Load Transfer Problem in Shafts Coupled Through a Sleeve

The following load transfer problems are considered in this paper; torque transfer between an elastic shaft and a finite elastic disk or sleeve of different materials, torque transfer between two identical shafts coupled through a finite sleeve, and torque transfer between two dissimilar shafts coupled through a finite sleeve. In all cases it is assumed that the contact between the sleeve and the shafts is one of perfect adhesion accomplished through bonding or shrink-fit. The problems are shown to reduce to singular integral equations with generalized Cauchy kernels. Some numerical examples are worked out and the stress-intensity factors and distribution of contact stresses are given.
NUCLEAR POLARIZATION IN HOMOGENEOUS InSb BY A DIRECT CURRENT

Clark and Feher have shown that an electric field applied to InSb in a constant magnetic field produces nuclear polarization. Two mechanisms are suggested here to account for nuclear polarizations in homogeneous samples. In one mechanism, the kinetic temperatures of "spin up" and "spin down" electron distributions, ${{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{R}}^{+}$ and ${{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{R}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, are assumed to be different. It is shown that a nuclear polarization of order $\frac{{N}^{+}}{{N}^{\ensuremath{-}}}\ensuremath{\approx}[\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{N}({{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{R}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{N}({{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{R}}^{+})}][\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}({{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{R}}^{+})}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}({{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{R}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}]$ may be produced in this case. ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{N}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ are the nuclear and electronic longitudinal relaxation times (${T}_{1}'\mathrm{s}$). In the second mechanism, the momentum distribution is assumed to be displaced by an amount $\ensuremath{\Delta}p$ due to the applied electric field. A nuclear polarization of order $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}{p}^{2}}{2{m}^{*}{E}_{F}}$ may be induced in this case. It is suggested that a sizable fraction of the nuclear polarization observed by Clark and Feher is due to the first of these mechanisms.
Human Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Gene in NIDDM: Identification and Use of Simple Sequence Repeat Polymorphisms in Genetic Analysis

Glucagon-like polypeptides, GLP-1-(7-36)-amide and GLP-1-(7-37), are important regulators of insulin synthesis and secretion by islet beta-cells. The hypothesis to be tested in this study was that defects in the islet beta-cell GLP-1 receptor gene contribute to the impaired glucose-regulated insulin secretion of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Human islet GLP-1 receptor genomic clones were isolated, and two highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat regions (GLP-1R-CA1 and GLP-1R-CA3) were identified. Polymerase chain reaction assays were developed to define alleles. For GLP-1R-CA1, 14 alleles were observed in African-Americans (heterozygosity [het] = 0.78) and 6 alleles in Caucasians (het = 0.67). For GLP-1R-CA3, 16 alleles were observed in African Americans (het = 0.89) and 8 alleles in Caucasians (het = 0.83). By genotyping all members of the 40 reference Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain pedigrees at GLP-1R-CA3, the human GLP-1 receptor gene was uniquely placed on chromosome 6p between GLO1 and D6S19, 20.4 cM from human leukocyte antigen. To assess the possible role of the GLP-1 receptor gene in determining the genetic susceptibility to NIDDM, allelic frequencies of GLP-1R-CA1 and GLP-1R-CA3 were compared between African-American NIDDM patients (n = 95) and control subjects (n = 93). The frequencies did not differ between the two groups at either GLP-1R-CA1 or GLP-1R-CA3. The GLP-1 receptor gene simple-sequence repeat polymorphisms were used for linkage analysis in Utah Mormon pedigrees (n = 16) with NIDDM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Laboratory Method for Rearing Cockroaches, and Its Application to Dietary Studies on the German Roach

Cockroaches are popular insects for experimental studies, for they are readily available, of a convenient size, and grow at all seasons of the year. Their method of reproduction is such that a large number of nymphs hatch at once, making them ideal experimental animals for comparative quantitative studies. It is surprising, therefore, that no standard methods of rearing these insects have come into general use. A review of the more common methods of laboratory culture was presented by Campbell and Moulton (1943).
A duality theorem for solving multiple-player multivariate hypergeometric problems

Abstract In multi-player problems several samples are taken from a finite multi-categoried population without any replacement. Of interest are joint probabilities for each sample and each category. A duality theorem proved in this paper allows the exchange of players and categories and simplifies many such problems.
Proportional chambers with 1 mm wire spacing

Moderate-size proportional chambers (30 cm square) have been built with 1 mm wire spacing. The chambers operate stably with very low background noise. Full efficiency is seen with a plateau more than 1 kV wide. Construction and operating characteristics are described.
Neuropathic pain: a new theory for chronic pain of intrinsic origin

Summary Why is acupuncture accepted in the East, especially for the treatment of chronic pain, but not in the West? One reason is that the modus operandi of acupuncture is not fully understood; another is the enigmatic nature of chronic pain. This article introduces a new concept of chronic pain, and suggests how acupuncture may relieve it. Chronic pain may arise from sources that are extrinsic to the nervous system (for example, ongoing injury or inflammation), but it can also be intrinsic and the result of abnormal hypersensitivity (supersensitivity) in neuropathic or partially denervated structures. Neuropathic pain typically affects the musculoskeletal system, and a pivotal component of this type of pain is muscle spasm or shortening. Spasm can cause pain localised to muscle, but sustained muscle spasm or shortening mechanically overloads tendons and their attachments, and can produce pain in these structures. Since neuropathic pain is different from nociception or inflammation, its treatment is also distinct (desensitisation of supersensitivity). Most physical treatment modalities for this type of pain, such as heat, massage or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), desensitise by reflex stimulation of the affected part via its intact innervation. However these modalities are passive and limited in scope. Stimulation ends when their application is terminated. In contrast, injection techniques, including acupuncture, are more effective and long-lasting, because the tissue injury that they produce can unleash the body’s healing source of bio-energy through the current of injury. Tissue injury also releases the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which can promote healing.
An experimental study of the correlation between surface roughness and light scattering for rough metallic surfaces

We present an experimental study of the angular distribution of light scattered from several rough metallic surfaces, which cover a range of roughness conditions. The substrate materials are steel or glass; roughened by bead-blasting, grinding, or etching; and aluminum- coated. The measured surface-roughness statistics are filtered by using a composite roughness model. The raw mechanical roughnesses range from 0.21μm to 2.66μm; the high-frequency small-scale roughnesses range from 0.13μm to 0.86μm. The optical wavelength is 550nm, so that the roughness-to-wavelength ratio is of order one. A BRDF model based on the Kirchhoff approximation is used to establish a relationship between surface-height statistics and the angular distribution of the scattered light. Angular distributions calculated with the BRDF model are fit to the measurements. The best-fit roughness statistics from the BRDF model agree closely with those measured for the high-frequency small-scale roughness component. The latter roughness component, which has the highest surface slopes, is thus the primary contributor to the angular distribution of the reflected light. We show that the Kirchhoff approximation can be applied to rough metallic surfaces that have multiple scales of roughness and near-, but not perfect, Gaussian surface-height distributions.
Counteranion and donor disposition effects on the topology of luminescent cadmium coordination polymers incorporating bis(pyridylmethyl)piperazine isomers

Abstract Four divalent cadmium coordination polymers, incorporating isomers of the hydrogen bonding capable diimine bis(pyridylmethyl)piperazine, have been prepared via solvent diffusion methods. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed both nitrogen donor disposition and anion dependence on dimensionality and topology. {[Cd(H2O)4(4-bpmp)](ClO4)2 · (4-bpmp) · 4H2O}n (1, 4-bpmp = bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) exhibits cationic 1-D [ Cd ( H 2 O ) 4 ( 4 -bpmp ) ] n 2 n + chains that aggregate via extensive hydrogen bonding. {[Cd(3-bpmp)3(H2O)2](ClO4)2·5H2O}n (2, 3-bpmp = bis(3-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) manifests 1-D coordination polymer chains with curled, pendant monodentate 3-bpmp ligands. {[Cd(H2O)4(4-bpmp)]2[Cd(H2O)3(SO4)(4-bpmp)][Cd(H2O)2(SO4)2(4-bpmp)]·10H2O}n (3) displays sets of cationic [ Cd ( H 2 O ) 4 ( 4 -bpmp ) ] n 2 n + chains, neutral [Cd(H2O)3(SO4)(4-bpmp)]n chains and anionic [ Cd ( H 2 O ) 2 ( SO 4 ) 2 ( 4 -bpmp ) ] n 2 n - chains linked into a pseudo 3-D lattice via numerous hydrogen bonding interactions. {CdSO4(H2O)3(3-bpmp)0.5]n (4) possesses a 2-D layered structure in which cadmium ions are connected by bridging 3-bpmp tethers and ligated sulfate ions. All four coordination polymers undergo blue–violet luminescence upon exposure to ultraviolet light.
Cyclic AMP in Dental and Periodontal Tissues During Tooth Eruption in Kittens

Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMY) concentrations and cellular distribution were studied in dental and periodontal tissues during tooth eruption in kittens. Although the mean levels of cAMP around developing teeth were similar in all the tissue samples, there were marked differences in cAMP stainability of tissues apical and occlusal to the erupting teeth.
Intragastric injections of partially digested triglyceride suppress feeding in the rat

The 30 min intake of a 50% corn oil emulsion was measured in 12 hr fasted Sprague-Dawley rats equipped with gastric tubes. When the subjects were given 5 ml intragastric injections of normal saline or of the same oil emulsion they drank by mouth their voluntary intake was unaffected. However, when they were injected with oil emulsion that had been previously ingested by donor subjects, they decreased their feeding significantly. These results suggest that the putative satiety receptors are not stimulated by undigested corn oil triglycerides but by a product of their digestion. This factor appears to be present in the oily rather than the aqueous fraction of the digested oil because when these fractions were given separately only the oily fraction induced inhibition of feeding. Finally, intragastric injections of predigested oil failed to act as an unconditioned stimulus in the development of taste aversions to neutral flavors. This suggests that the reductions in eating observed were not the product of malaise or discomfort.
Exception Diagnosis for Composite Service

Since accurately identifying the error source which causes the exception is important, the problem of diagnosis for composite service becomes one of the key issues in the adaptive service composition. This paper proposes an approach for diagnosing composite service. In this approach, the uncertain casual relation between the exception and the service is formed by the way of computing the error propagation degree. The diagnosing algorithm which is based on the error dependent matrix is established. The diagnosis can be achieved by fuzzy reasoning. This approach can preserve the efficiency and accuracy of the diagnosis for composite service, which can support the self-adaptation of the composite service effectively.
The efficacy of solar conversion in a polar environment

Abstract A simple optical model of the polar environment is proposed. The unique properties of this polar model are shown to give equal significance to direct and scattered solar radiation. The influence of this model on the design of solar collectors for the arctic environment are discussed. The results of this analysis are applied to several basic geometric shapes with regard to their use as arctic shelters.
Rash from EGFR inhibitors: Opportunities and challenges for palliation

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors represent a relatively new class of cancer agents that also provide new challenging side effects for cancer patients. This article reviews the clinical aspects of EGFR inhibitor-induced rash, which occurs most commonly with use of these agents, and discusses some of the challenges faced in attempting palliation treatment.