cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental, numerical and analytical results for bending and buckling of rectangular orthotropic plates

Abstract Solid unstiffened, sandwich and hat-stiffened rectangular orthotropic fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) plates were tested for buckling by in-plane compression and for stresses and deflections under uniform out-of-plane pressure. The solid unstiffened and hat-stiffened plates were 154 × 77 cm (1 × w) (72 × 36 in), while the sandwich plates were 102 × 77 cm (1 × w) (48 × 36 in). Balsa core was used in the sandwich plates and in the hat-stiffeners. The two short edges of the unstiffened and sandwich plates were clamped, while the two long edges were simply supported. The two long edges of the hat-stiffened plates were free, while the short edges were clamped. The buckling load, as well as stresses and deflections from the tests, were then compared to those from finite element analysis (FEA) and analytic solutions. There was reasonably good agreement between FEA, analytic, and experimental buckling stresses for the unstiffened solid plates. There was reasonable agreement in buckling stresses between FEA and experimental results for the hat-stiffened plate. There was poor agreement between FEA, analytic, and experimental elastic buckling results for the sandwich plates because they failed in local buckling prior to global buckling. Under out-of-plane uniform pressure, FEA and analytic solutions of the stresses and deflections for the unstiffened solid plates agreed well with experimental results. There was poor agreement between FEA and experimental results for stresses and deflections of the hat-stiffened or sandwich plates. Experimental error could be traced, in part,to plate fabrication, the method of applying out-of-plane pressure, edge support, and instrumentation accuracy.
Functional conservation of cis-regulatory elements of heat-shock genes over long evolutionary distances.

Transcriptional control of gene regulation is an intricate process that requires precise orchestration of a number of molecular components. Studying its evolution can serve as a useful model for understanding how complex molecular machines evolve. One way to investigate evolution of transcriptional regulation is to test the functions of cis-elements from one species in a distant relative. Previous results suggested that few, if any, tissue-specific promoters from Drosophila are faithfully expressed in C. elegans. Here we show that, in contrast, promoters of fly and human heat-shock genes are upregulated in C. elegans upon exposure to heat. Inducibility under conditions of heat shock may represent a relatively simple “on-off” response, whereas complex expression patterns require integration of multiple signals. Our results suggest that simpler aspects of regulatory logic may be retained over longer periods of evolutionary time, while more complex ones may be diverging more rapidly.
METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE FOR SCREEN SENSE: A CASE FOR PHENOMENOLOGY

This philosophy paper addresses the question of why phenomenology is the best research method for investigating visual perception of screen media, or screen sense. Disciplines cannot be justifi ed adequately by assumptions that give rise to them. A scientist’s duty to question founding assumptions is satisfi ed only by stepping outside one’s own tradition to acquire a critical perspective. Th us, integrity in scientific inquiry rests on openness to criticism from perspectives outside one’s own traditions, a consciousness of tolerance. Phenomenology claims for itself a capacity for such critical self-refl ection and openness to multidisciplinary debate1. In summary, methodological validity for the study of screen sense begins with a phenomenologist’s openness to criticism and moves through critique of other perspectives toward an authentic, unified investigation.
Early stage cluster development: a manufacturers-led approach in the aircraft industry

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the early stage of development of a cluster. The literature on early stage of cluster development shows that there are often random effects such as an entrepreneur and spin-off companies, and in this study, a coordinated approach for cluster development is described. Design/methodology/approach – A single exploratory case study approach is followed. The aerospace cluster in the Spokane region, State of Washington, is described. Data from a variety of sources are triangulated to enhance the credibility of the case study findings. Findings – It was found that although there are many types of collaborations occurring in the region, which involve policy and government organizations, the main driver of the early-stage cluster development is manufacturers-led coordinating mechanism. Individual manufacturers are too small to be successful in the aerospace industry, and they are collaborating to present a united “front” to out-of-the-region customers. Once custome...
Experimental eosinophilia V. Specificity of regional lymph node responses to antigen-antibody systems.

SummaryEosinophilic granular cell infiltrations into sinuses of regional popliteal lymph nodes of the rabbit were demonstrated. These followed reversed passive sensitization experiments at foot pad sites in response to antigen-antibody union. Systems of varying character found effective were: bovine serum albumin and bovine serum gamma globulin with respective corresponding antisera of rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken origins; diphtheria toxoid with corresponding rabbit, guinea pig, and horse antitoxin; and tetanus toxoid-horse antitoxin.
Review on Studying Efficiency Mechanism of Domestic Vegetable Production and Circulation

Currently domestic studies on vegetable production and circulation issues have gained abundant achievements,the related research areas have not only confined to the category of economics,the use of management science,sociology and other subject disciplines has made research activities to demonstrate obvious feature of interdiscipline.Based on different views on efficiency mechanism of vegetable production and circulation,this paper combes vegetable production cost and benefit,efficiency of vegetable production,vegetable circulation mode,selection and integration of circulation channels,vegetable circulation efficiency,vegetable circulation in the process of price formation mechanism,etc.with the achievements gained in studying the efficiency mechanism of vegetable production and circulation,and points out the shortages in present research,and prospects the future study.
Optimization Design of Compensation Network of Phase-Shift Full-Bridge ZVS-PWM Switching Power Supply

This paper introduces an optimization design method for the compensation network of phase-shift full-bridge switching power supply.Based on the small-signal equivalent circuit model for the Buck PWM converter,a smallsignal equivalent circuit model of the phase-shift full-bridge ZVS-PWM converter is obtained,thus bringing about a main circuit's transfer-function model.Taking ISE index as the objective function,optimal parameters of the compensation network are obtained by way of ALAPT and MDOD.The simulation results prove the correctness and effectiveness of the given method.
Empirically-estimable multi-class classification bounds

In this paper, we extend previously developed non-parametric bounds on the Bayes risk in binary classification problems to multi-class problems. In comparison with the well-known Bhattacharyya bound which is typically calculated by employing parametric assumptions, the bounds proposed in this paper are directly estimable from data, provably tighter, and more robust to different types of data. We verify the tightness and validity of this bound using an illustrative synthetic example, and further demonstrate its value by incorporating it into a feature selection algorithm which we apply to the real-world problem of distinguishing between different neuro-motor disorders based on sentence-level speech data.
Adjuvant Surgical Techniques in the Removal of Staghorn Calculi

AbstractSurgical removal of staghorn calculi can be difficult. We describe a retrospective review of 21 patients who underwent 22 operations for the removal of staghorn calculi. Subsequent urinary infections occurred in 30 per cent and recurrent stones developed in 20 per cent of the patients. We emphasize the accuracy and importance of intraoperative roentgenography, the usefulness and morbidity of hemiacidrin irrigation and the postoperative stability of renal function measured by a radionuclide renal function test.
ASSESSING BSW PROGRAMS: AN OUTCOMES-DRIVEN APPROACH

Increasing demands for the accountability of social work education necessitate better methods of program assessment. In the technique described here, tested by a BSW program in 1992 and 1993, a Program Assessment Committee was formed to evaluate the collective work of randomly chosen seniors on three assignments. The results revealed strengths and weaknesses of the program and led to a reexamination of the assignments, the statements of desired program outcomes, and the curriculum itself.
Proenkephalin gene regulation in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus: a model of gene regulation in the CNS.

During the past decade, a great deal of progress has been made in studying the mechanisms by which transcription of neuropeptides is regulated by second messengers and neural activity. Such investigations, which have depended to a great extent on the use of transformed cell lines, are far from complete. Yet a major challenge for the coming decade is to understand the regulation of neuropeptide genes by physiologically and pharmacologically relevant stimuli in appropriate cell types in vivo. The proenkephalin gene, a member of the opioid gene family, has served as a model to study regulated transcription, not only in cell lines, but also in central (e.g., hypothalamic) and peripheral (e.g., adrenal) neuroendocrine tissues. Here we review regulation of proenkephalin gene expression in the hypothalamus. Several approaches, including in situ hybridization, use of transgenic mice, and the adaptation of electrophoretic mobility shift assays to complex tissues, have played critical roles in recent advances. A summary of possible future developments in this field of research is also presented.
A new 1200V IGBT technology optimized for high speed switching

Fourth generation 1200V field stop trench IGBT technology has been developed to have better trade-off performance compared to the previous second generation field stop trench IGBT technology. This new technology achieved 25% smaller switching-off power loss and 0.1V lower Vce(sat) as well. These improvements are key features demanded by industrial applications for higher power density and better system efficiency. The device characteristics and performance in target applications are evaluated.
Use of Force and Arms Control

OVERVIEW Each year, the president is required by law to submit to the Congress a comprehensive report on the national security strategy of the United States. Reviewing those reports provides a window on the attitude of the U.S. executive branch regarding how best to advance U.S. national security, including through the use of military force and arms control. Thus, in January 2000, the White House transmitted a report entitled “A National Security Strategy for a New Century” which asserted that there are three core objectives of U.S. national security. First, the United States seeks to enhance U.S. national security by “shaping the international environment” through diplomacy, foreign assistance, arms control, law enforcement cooperation, and environmental and health initiatives. The United States also endeavors to respond to threats and crises as they arise, whether in the form of threats to the U.S. territory, major theater warfare, or smaller scale contingencies. Second, the United States aims to promote prosperity through strengthening international financial coordination, enhancing energy security, and promoting open trade, sustainable development, and U.S. competitiveness. Third, the United States seeks to promote democracy, human rights, and respect for the rule of law. While the United States and other countries cannot respond to every humanitarian crisis, the report asserted that “when the world community has the power to stop genocide and ethnic cleansing, we will work with our allies and partners, and with the United Nations, to mobilize against such violence–as we did in Bosnia and Kosovo”–although the exact response will depend upon the capacity of countries to act, and on their perception of their national interests.
Role of Uric Acid in Multiple Sclerosis

In the past decade, a growing number of evidence has implicated free radicals in a variety of pathophysiological conditions including aging, cancer, and coronary heart disease. Analyses of different aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology with respect to oxidative damage have also revealed evidence of free radical injury to the central nervous system (CNS), although attempts to protect the CNS using various antioxidants have met with only moderate success. Several recent studies have reported lower levels of uric acid (UA), a major scavenger of reactive nitrogen species, in MS patients, while other studies found no such correlation. Here, we discuss these studies as well as current efforts to manipulate serum UA levels in MS patients.
O36-6 United states west coast commercial fishing injury, fatality and vessel disaster surveillance informing safety measures

Objectives Quantitative risk assessments for commercial fishing fleets can inform safety requirements and voluntary programs. In collaboration with the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and surveillance data provided by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) we have analysed fatal and non-fatal injuries and vessel disasters. Methods Washington, Oregon and California commercial fishing data from 2002–2014 are included. Data on vessel disasters and fatalities were collected by a NIOSH surveillance program. Non-fatal injury data were abstracted from USCG investigation reports and then coded and entered into a study database. Location, weather, factors, demographics, work process, injury characteristic, and vessel details were included in the database. Descriptive analysis was performed to identify risk factors. Results During the study period, 101 fatal and 208 non-fatal injuries were reported. In the same period, 184 commercial fishing vessel disasters occurred on the US West Coast resulting in 66 fatal and 28 non-fatal injuries out of 493 total crewmembers onboard. In addition to vessel disasters, falls overboard accounted for 22 fatalities and 3 reported nonfatal injuries. The groundfish and shellfish fisheries suffered the most fatal (23 and 38, respectively) and non-fatal injuries (93 and 55). The majority of non-fatal injuries occurred onboard (81%) and the highest risk work tasks associated varied by specific fishery and gear type. For the Pacific whiting fishery, processing the catch and handling frozen fish, and for Dungeness crab, hauling pots accounted for the most injuries. Conclusion Fatality and vessel disaster data are reliably collected through NIOSH surveillance. Non-fatal injury data reported to the USCG is limited. Our results are currently being used in a regional risk assessment to inform the industry and USCG for developing safety programs. Other sources of data should be explored for ongoing research and monitoring of such programs and for the industry.
Chemically and mechanically exfoliated MoS 2 for electronic & opto-electronic devices

Two-dimensional (2D) layered nanomaterials such as graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted tremendous attention over recent years due to their unique properties and potential for numerous applications. Here we have characterized the properties of chemically exfoliated 2D molybdenum disulphide (MoS 2 ) that was dispersed in organic solvents. Optical absorption spectra of the solution dispersions revealed the presence of excitonic peaks at characteristic energies. Besides electronic transport measurements on drop-cast samples, these dispersions were also used to form p-n junction devices on p-type Si substrates. At the same time, MoS 2 was also mechanically exfoliated from the bulk crystal and the flake was then placed onto pre-patterned electrodes using a visco-elastic stamping process. A few layer MoS 2 photodetector device was fabricated and characterized using a broadband white light source and transport was measured over a wide range of temperatures.
Preliminary Results of a Phase II Study of Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Confirmation of Clinical Activity in High-Risk Patients and Achievement of Complete Responses (CR).

Background: Relapsed CLL patients (pts) with del(17p13) and other high-risk genetic features respond poorly to most standard therapies. Flavopiridol (alvocidib) induces p53-independent apoptosis of CLL cells in vitro. We previously conducted a phase I study of flavopiridol using a pharmacokinetically (PK) derived dosing schedule of 30-min IV bolus (IVB) followed by 4-hr continuous IV infusion (CIVI). Clinical activity (response rate 45%) was seen in high-risk pts, but several pts required hemodialysis for severe tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and hyperkalemia. Study Design and Treatment: We report preliminary results of an ongoing phase II study of flavopiridol in relapsed CLL. Pts with symptomatic, relapsed CLL who have failed (or could not receive) fludarabine and have WBC Results: We report results of the first 31 pts (19 male). Median age was 65 years (range, 41–82), with 9 pts ≥ 70 years of age. Median number of prior therapies was 6 (range, 1–11), and 30 pts had failed fludarabine. Pts had bulky Rai stage I/II (n=5), III (n=5) or IV (n=21) disease, and 27 pts had bulky lymphadenopathy ≥ 5 cm. Therapy was well tolerated. No patients required hemodialysis, and toxicity was otherwise similar to the phase I study. Cytokine release syndrome related to interleukin (IL)-6 was observed in a majority of pts, and symptoms responded to dexamethasone. Pts received a median of 3 cycles (range, 0.25–6). Two pts completed all 6 cycles, and 2 pts continue to receive therapy. The most common reasons for early discontinuation of therapy were failure to respond (n=11) and patient choice (n=6). Fifteen of 31 pts responded (48%) by NCI Working Group criteria; 13 pts achieved a partial response (PR), and 2 pts attained CR. One CR pt achieved a flow negative bone marrow (BM), and the other CR pt had Conclusions: This study confirms the significant clinical activity of flavopiridol in heavily pretreated, relapsed CLL pts with bulky adenopathy and poor-risk cytogenetic features. Furthermore, 2 pts achieved CR, including 1 pt with flow-negative BM. Limiting eligibility to WBC
Dynamics and Predictability of the Intensification of Hurricane Edouard (2014)

AbstractThe dynamics and predictability of the intensification of Hurricane Edouard (2014) are explored through a 60-member convection-permitting ensemble initialized with an ensemble Kalman filter that assimilates dropsondes collected during NASA’s Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) investigation. The 126-h forecasts are initialized when Edouard was designated as a tropical depression and include Edouard’s near–rapid intensification (RI) from a tropical storm to a strong category-2 hurricane. Although the deterministic forecast was very successful and many members correctly forecasted Edouard’s intensification, there was significant spread in the timing of intensification among the members of the ensemble.Utilizing composite groups created according to the near-RI-onset times of the members, it is shown that, for increasing magnitudes of deep-layer shear, RI onset is increasingly delayed; intensification will not occur once a critical shear threshold is exceeded. Although the timing of intensifica...
Location of intense electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave events relative to the plasmapause: Van Allen Probes observations

We have studied the spatial location relative to the plasmapause (PP) of the most intense electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves observed on Van Allen Probes A and B during their first full precession in local time. Most of these waves occurred over an L range of from −1 to +2 RE relative to the PP. Very few events occurred only within 0.1 RE of the PP, and events with a width in L of < 0.2 RE occurred both inside and outside the PP. Wave occurrence was always associated with high densities of ring current ions; plasma density gradients or enhancements were associated with some events but were not dominant factors in determining the sites of wave generation. Storm main and recovery phase events in the dusk sector were often inside the PP, and dayside events during quiet times and compressions of the magnetosphere were more evenly distributed both inside and outside the PP. Superposed epoch analyses of the dependence of wave onset on solar wind dynamic pressure (Psw), the SME (SuperMAG auroral electrojet) index, and the SYM-H index showed that substorm injections and solar wind compressions were temporally closely associated with EMIC wave onset but to an extent that varied with frequency band, magnetic local time, and storm phase, and location relative to the PP. The fact that increases in SME and Psw were less strongly correlated with events at the PP than with other events might suggest that the occurrence of those events was affected by the density gradient.
Intrathecal magnetic drug targeting for localized delivery of therapeutics in the CNS

Aim: The challenge in treating neurological diseases is not lack of drug potency, but ineffective targeting techniques. We propose a technique called intrathecal magnetic drug targeting (IT-MDT), in which intrathecally injected magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are targeted to specific sites using external magnets. Materials & methods: MRI and histology confirmed localization of MNPs via IT-MDT at target sites along the spine of Sprague–Dawley rats. Results: MRI results confirmed greater MNP localization when the duration of magnet application was extended. Histological analysis quantified MNP tissue uptake and provided insight into their route of transport into deeper tissue regions. Conclusion: IT-MDT has potential for future use in neurological disease treatments. It can produce localized therapeutic effect, with decreased systemic toxicity.
Stochastic finite-time partial stability, partial-state stabilization, and finite-time optimal feedback control

In many practical applications, stability with respect to part of the system’s states is often necessary with finite-time convergence to the equilibrium state of interest. Finite-time partial stability involves dynamical systems whose part of the trajectory converges to an equilibrium state in finite time. In this paper, we address finite-time partial stability in probability and uniform finite-time partial stability in probability for nonlinear stochastic dynamical systems. Specifically, we provide Lyapunov conditions involving a Lyapunov function that is positive definite and decrescent with respect to part of the system state and satisfies a differential inequality involving fractional powers for guaranteeing finite-time partial stability in probability. In addition, we show that finite-time partial stability in probability leads to uniqueness of solutions in forward time and we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for almost sure continuity of the settling-time operator of the nonlinear stochastic dynamical system. Finally, we develop a unified framework to address the problem of optimal nonlinear analysis and feedback control design for finite-time partial stochastic stability and finite-time, partial-state stochastic stabilization. Finite-time partial stability in probability of the closed-loop nonlinear system is guaranteed by means of a Lyapunov function that is positive definite and decrescent with respect to part of the system state and can clearly be seen to be the solution to the steady-state form of the stochastic Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation guaranteeing both finite-time, partial-state stability and optimality. The overall framework provides the foundation for extending stochastic optimal linear–quadratic controller synthesis to nonlinear–nonquadratic optimal finite-time, partial-state stochastic stabilization.
A Review Essay on Isabel Sawhill's Generation Unbound: Drifting into Sex and Parenting without Marriage and Laurence Steinberg's Age of Opportunity: Lessons from the New Science of Adolescence

Sawhill and Steinberg approach risky behavior among youth from two different angles: Steinberg argues for intervention during the adolescent years to alter behavior in ways that prioritize patience and self-regulation, while Sawhill advocates interventions that mitigate the negative effects of risky behavior. Both argue that disadvantaged youth suffer worse consequences as a result of risky behavior and therefore stand to gain the most from interventions. While the authors develop strong arguments for adolescent interventions, the existing evidence on their effectiveness is less compelling. To reconcile the promise with the reality, I argue that growing up in environments of significant uncertainty reduces the returns to forward-thinking behavior in the daily lives of disadvantaged youths. Interventions to develop adolescent decision-making skills so as to reduce risky behavior will not be effective if they are inconsistent with the incentives generated by a local environment that is often characterized by uncertainty.
Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)

Keys and diagnoses of North European aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) feeding on conifers are given, including species from nearby areas of Central and Western Europe, based on live and freeze-dried material. Externally visible informative characters, such as body shape, colours, wax coating, and pigmentation pattern are utilized, in addition to characters traditionally used in the literature. Rich illustrations with photographs of live colonies and freeze-dried specimens, supported by drawings where needed, are presented. The combination of colour images and diagnoses, utilizing easily observed characters, allows the identification of a large number of species already in the field, and many more at home with the aid of a stereo microscope. Host plant relationships and aphid-ant associations are presented.
Engaging the Knowledge Commons: Setting Up Virtual Participatory Spaces for Academic Collaboration and Community

Abstract The emerging ecosystem of networked digital technologies is opening up a new range of possibilities for libraries to engage with participatory culture as a means of supporting their key activities of preserving and disseminating knowledge. While the practices and technologies of participatory culture often run against the grain of longstanding academic and library conventions, growing discussions in scholarly communications, digital humanities, and digital learning have highlighted their immense value for scholarly communities and higher education, as well as for the flourishing of a democratic public sphere. Of the many different technologies that support participatory approaches to learning and scholarship, virtual spaces, often known as “digital commons,” are gaining increased attention as a means of fostering scholarly community and collaboration, as well as raising the visibility of scholarship to the broader public. However, this type of digital commons, which I call participatory, is distinct from institutional repositories that are also sometimes referred to as digital commons, and are much more prominent in discussions pertaining to the library’s role in scholarly communication. This chapter will explore the value of participatory culture to the mission of the library, and suggest how libraries might host or engage with participatory digital commons in addition to their engagement with institutional repositories as a means of further cultivating a vital and influential knowledge commons for the 21st century. I will also briefly offer my own experiences working with digital commons to illustrate an example of their transformative power, as well as provide suggestions and advice for those who wish to do the same at their own institutions.
Impact of Parasitics on GaN-Based Power Conversion

The concept of circuit “parasitics” has, for the most part, been an attempt to vilify the unwanted or unexpected device and system-level characteristics whenever they were found to be limiting the system operation or performance in some manner. The current approach has always been to mitigate the effects of these unwanted parasitics through design improvements, be it on a device, package, or system level. As these parasitics are, for the most part, determined by their geometry, the methods for their improvements are also spatial in nature. In this chapter, we will discuss the impact of a wide range of so-called parasitics with respect to GaN-based power conversion. We will conclude with brief speculative discussion on the future impact of these parasitics, as GaN technology continues to improve over the coming years, including some thoughts on relevant areas of research for future system improvements.
Interactions of NO with Hemoglobin: From Microbes to Man

Abstract Hemoglobins are found in organisms from every major phylum and subserve life‐sustaining respiratory functions across a broad continuum. Sustainable aerobic respiration in mammals and birds relies on the regulated delivery of oxygen (O 2 ) and nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity by hemoglobin, through reversible binding of NO and O 2 to hemes as well as S ‐nitrosylation of cysteine thiols (SNO synthase activity). In contrast, bacterial and yeast flavohemoglobins function in vivo as denitrosylases (O 2 nitroxylases), and some multimeric, invertebrate hemoglobins function as deoxygenases (Cys‐dependent NO dioxygenases), which efficiently consume rather than deliver NO and O 2 , respectively. Analogous mechanisms may operate in plants. Bacteria and fungi deficient in flavohemoglobin show compromised virulence in animals that results from impaired resistance to NO, whereas animals and humans deficient in S ‐nitrosylated Hb exhibit altered vasoactivity. NO‐related functions of hemoglobins center on reactions with ferric (FeIII) heme iron, which is exploited in enzymatic reactions that address organismal requirements for delivery or detoxification of NO and O 2 . Delivery versus detoxification of NO/O 2 is largely achieved through structural changes and amino acid rearrangements within the heme pockets, thereby influencing the propensity for heme/cysteine thiol redox coupling. Additionally, the behavior exhibited by hemoglobin in vivo may be profoundly dependent both on the abundance of NO and O 2 and on the allosteric effects of heterotropic ligands. Here we review well‐documented examples of redox interactions between NO and hemoglobin, with an emphasis on biochemical mechanisms and physiological significance.
Quasistatic Indentation of a Rubber covered Roll by a Rigid Roll — The Boundary Element Solution

The linear elastic problem involving the indentation of a compressible rubberlike layer bonded to a rigid cylinder and indented by another rigid cylinder is analyzed by the boundary element method. For the same contact width, the pressure at the contact surface is found to depend noticeably upon the thickness of the layer and the Poisson ratio of the material of the layer. Results computed and presented graphically include the pressure distribution over the contact surface, the shape of the indented surface and the stress distribution at the bond surface.
Misestimation of Growing Season Length Due to Inaccurate Construction of Satellite Vegetation Index Time Series

Satellite-based vegetation index (VI) is widely used in monitoring land surface phenology (LSP). Currently, well-developed VI products utilize the maximum value composite (MVC) algorithm to produce a composite VI time series (TS). Many of these products, however, lack the actual acquisition date (AD) of the VI value. As an alternative, the median or mean date of a composite period is used to reconstruct the VI TS, which might lead to bias on LSP detection. This letter quantifies the LSP bias in the Northern Hemisphere by generating a 15-day composited normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) TS from the land long-term data record daily NDVI products using the MVC method. The results show that the AD of the NDVI value is usually later than the mean date of a composite period in spring and earlier in fall, effectively leading to a total overestimation of the growing season length of 5.91 days on average across the Northern Hemisphere (north of 30° N). This bias has a significant spatial pattern with high values observed in Northeastern China, Central North America, and high-latitude areas. However, the temporal trend is not largely influenced overall. Accordingly, we suggest the research community using accurate temporal information, whenever possible, in extracting LSP from VI TS.
Information processing via photonic routing: residue number system arithmetic and reconfigurable graph processors (Conference Presentation)

The performance shortcomings of multipurpose compute engines have stirred recent excitement in specialized processors, preempted by GPUs. Simultaneously, computational complexity theory NP 'hard' problems scaling as O(n^k) require new hardware solutions. This presents an opportunity for photonic information processors (PIP) building on photonic integration through recent foundry developments. The value proposition for PIPs exist via optical parallelism, small capacitive charging of OE devices, 10's of ps short propagation delays, a natural convolution via optical interference, and an O(n)-scaling Fourier transform. Based on a recently developed photonic NxN router, here we present two photonic processors; a) the residual arithmetic nanophotonic computer (RANC), and b) a reconfigurable graph processor, the latter being a computing-in-switching (CIS) paradigm. PIPs operate with time-of-flight, once the processor is configured (e.g. setting phase), which is on the order of 10-100 ps given the mm-scale photonic integration footprints. This high bandwidth, however challenges the electronic-optic I/O bottleneck. To address this, we further discuss an optical front-end DAC with <100 ps delay enabled by a 2x2 electro-optic switch.
Synchrotron microcrystal native-SAD phasing at a low energy.

De novo structural evaluation of native biomolecules from single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) is a challenge because of the weakness of the anomalous scattering. The anomalous scattering from relevant native elements – primarily sulfur in proteins and phospho­rus in nucleic acids – increases as the X-ray energy decreases toward their K-edge transitions. Thus, measurements at a lowered X-ray energy are promising for making native SAD routine and robust. For microcrystals with sizes less than 10 µm, native-SAD phasing at synchrotron microdiffraction beamlines is even more challenging because of difficulties in sample manipulation, diffraction data collection and data analysis. Native-SAD analysis from microcrystals by using X-ray free-electron lasers has been demonstrated but has required use of thousands of thousands of microcrystals to achieve the necessary accuracy. Here it is shown that by exploitation of anomalous microdiffraction signals obtained at 5 keV, by the use of polyimide wellmounts, and by an iterative crystal and frame-rejection method, microcrystal native-SAD phasing is possible from as few as about 1 200 crystals. Our results show the utility of low-energy native-SAD phasing with microcrystals at synchrotron microdiffraction beamlines.
Organic Reactions Enabled by Catalytically Active Metal–Metal Bonds

Molecular transition-metal catalysts are predominantly Werner-type coordination complexes, wherein a single metal ion surrounded by ligands functions as the sole locus of reactivity. A major focus of organometallic chemistry has been to understand how supporting ligands can be rationally modified in order to access more active and selective catalysts. Since the 1960s, however, it has been recognized that metals can also form direct metal-to-metal bonds, giving rise to an extraordinary diversity of multinuclear assemblies. If metal–metal bonding could be harnessed productively in catalysis, it would provide access to a large parameter space that is not available through ligand modification. This review highlights recent examples of organic transformations that were discovered using catalysts containing metal–metal bonds.
The isolation of luminous blue variables resembles aging B-type supergiants, not the most massive unevolved stars

National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-1312221, AST-1515559]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through HST grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute [AR-14316]; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) [NAS5-26555]
Do Patient Concerns About Antihypertensive Use For Dementia Prevention Vary By Current Use Of Antihypertensive

Purpose Antihypertensives may have effects on the brain beyond blood pressure lowering. Ongoing clinical trials aim to evaluate the effectiveness of approved antihypertensives in preventing dementia, including patients with and without hypertension. In order for a dementia prevention strategy using antihypertensives to be effective, it is critical to understand patient concerns about this strategy in both users and non-users of antihypertensives. Thus, this study examined the association between current use of antihypertensive and having concerns about using an antihypertensive as a dementia prevention strategy, as well as sociodemographic factors associated with concerns. Patients and methods Cross-sectional, self-administered, web-based survey was conducted among 1661 patients in a large health system in January 2018. Participants reported whether they were currently taking an antihypertensive (yes/no), and what types of hypothetical concerns they have about the idea of taking an antihypertensive to prevent dementia (yes/no, for each of 7 concerns). Associations between the two variables were assessed via logistic regression, and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results Most respondents were female (77%), 51-70 years of age (64%), and white (89%), with 30% reporting current antihypertensive use. Compared to current users, non-users were more likely to report the five following concerns: side effects from the medication, hassle to take medications, lack of evidence, not wanting to use medications, and already having normal/low blood pressure. Non-users were also less likely to report having no concerns (adjusted OR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.2-0.4) compared to current users. Younger age and lower income were associated with having more concerns. Conclusion Patients not currently using an antihypertensive are more likely to have concerns about using an antihypertensive for dementia prevention, compared to current antihypertensive users. Patient perspectives are important to consider for the implementation of dementia prevention strategies.
Postsocialist Conditions: Ideas and History in China’s “Independent Cinema,” 1988–2008

Wang Xiaoping. Postsocialist Conditions: Ideas and History in China’s “Independent Cinema,” 1988–2008. Nonfiction. Leiden and Boston. Brill. 2018. 472 pages. $264 USD. ISBN 9789004385580Wang Xiaopi...
Political Economy of the U.S.‐Mexican Tomato Trade Agreement

We develop a political economy model to analyse the US–Mexican tomato trade agreement by treating the minimum import price as a negotiated settlement. We incorporate the special characteristics of the US–Mexican tomato dispute, namely trade among large countries, the role of competing fresh and processed tomato lobbies, quota revenues accruing to Mexican producers, bargaining for a minimum import price rather than a tariff, and the role of the Canadian tomato market. We show the importance of the size of the lobby group's supply, the weight elected officials' place on national welfare, and the elasticities of export supply and import demand in determining the optimal price wedge. For the United States, larger fresh tomato or cherry–grape tomato supply intensifies the degree of protection awarded to US growers, while US processors work to mitigate this effect. From Mexico's perspective, larger Mexican fresh or cherry–grape output induces a push towards free trade due to the agreement's depressing effect on Mexican prices, while Mexican processors and quota revenues exacerbate the price wedge.
STP at 75: Past Presidents Look Back…and Forward:

As part of the updating of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology's (STP) history, STP leaders and past leaders participated in discussions of topics concerning change and evolution of STP duri...
Juxtapositioned Memory: Lost Cause Statues and Sites of Lynching

The paper explores both ‘official’ historical attempts to counter Lost Cause narratives of the former Confederacy, but also the moves towards re-memorialization in the form of statue removal as well as sites that bring forth what has been lost or excluded in Lost Cause accounts. It thus analyses the post-Reconstruction memorialization of Confederate soldiers via monuments throughout the former Confederacy, on the one hand, and the more recent moves (as seen in the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery) to document and commemorate the waves of lynchings which occurred during the same period of time (~1880s–1920s) in many of the same areas of the US South.
Junior baccalaureate nursing students: Factors that predict success

Baccalaureate nursing education strives toward comprehensive preparation of diverse nursing students to meet current healthcare workforce demands. Identification of factors that predict academic success is imperative to meet this goal. The purpose of this study was to discover whether specific academic and noncognitive variables predicted baccalaureate nursing students’ academic success, as defined by junior-year grade point average (GPA) and persistence in nursing education. This post-facto correlational study was conducted over two semesters. Junior year nursing students ( N = 150) answered the Short Grit Survey and the Noncognitive Questionnaire, and their academic records were examined for previous college grades (GPAs) and SAT scores. Demographic groups were compared using t -tests, and the data were regressed on junior-year student GPAs and persistence in the major to determine predictors of success. Several significant differences between the participant group responses were noted. Only early-college GPAs predicted junior-year success. SAT scores, grit and noncognitive factors, as well as demographic variables, did not predict academic success. These results inform baccalaureate education programs about priorities for admitting and advising students, and support the use of early-college GPAs to predict the academic success of junior-year baccalaureate nursing students.
Staggering Preventive Maintenance Actions at CMP Using a Dispatching Algorithm

In a semiconductor fab, distributing wafers equally across a toolset (set of tools that perform similar operations) helps achieve a higher throughput as opposed to loading them unevenly. However, in some processing steps, level loading tools leads to uniform usage of consumables (material used up at a tool in processing wafers) and can trigger simultaneous Preventive Maintenance (PM) actions to replenish them. Managing simultaneous PMs with a small maintenance team reduces tool availability while using a bigger workforce entails higher costs. This study presents ways to overcome this situation by staggering PM actions across tools
Involving Students in the Distributed Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory: A Citizen-Science Project to Evaluate Global Medicine Quality.

The distributed pharmaceutical analysis laboratory (DPAL) is a collaboration between 30 academic institutions around the world, whose goal is to determine the quality of medicines collected from partner organizations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Institutions complete system suitability for a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system using United States Pharmacopeia (USP)-traceable reference standards and are then approved to analyze batches of samples that are collected in LMICs by covert shoppers. Open Science Framework (OSF) gives DPAL participants access to resources for the program including a HPLC methodology manual, a wiki with HPLC troubleshooting information, detailed checklists and Excel templates for system suitability and sample assay, as well as steps for reporting results. Participants incorporate the DPAL program into their academic curriculum as undergraduate research or via lab activities for analytical chemistry or instrumental analysis courses. Over a thousand samples have been analyzed through DPAL in the last three years, and 168 samples with quality problems have been discovered, including falsified acetaminophen, adulterated amoxicillin-clavulanate and doxycycline, and substandard losartan. These quality problems are reported to the medicine regulatory agencies in the countries of origin and the WHO Rapid Alert System for further action. This real-world program gives students a hands-on opportunity to see the importance of analytical metrics taught in the classroom.
THE EFFECTS OF POLARIZED FOREGROUNDS ON 21 cm EPOCH OF REIONIZATION POWER SPECTRUM MEASUREMENTS

Experiments aimed at detecting highly-redshifted 21 cm emission from the epoch of reionization (EoR) are plagued by the contamination of foreground emission. A potentially important source of contaminating foregrounds may be Faraday-rotated, polarized emission, which leaks into the estimate of the intrinsically unpolarized EoR signal. While these foregrounds' intrinsic polarization may not be problematic, the spectral structure introduced by the Faraday rotation could be. To better understand and characterize these effects, we present a simulation of the polarized sky between 120 and 180 MHz. We compute a single visibility, and estimate the three-dimensional power spectrum from that visibility using the delay spectrum approach presented in Parsons et al. Using the Donald C. Backer Precision Array to Probe the Epoch of Reionization as an example instrument, we show the expected leakage into the unpolarized power spectrum to be several orders of magnitude above the expected 21 cm EoR signal.
Insights on the dental evolution of walruses based on new fossil specimens from California

Twelve new specimens of fossil walruses are described from four Miocene units in California. The new material represents five taxa: (1) a specimen from the Santa Margarita Formation referred to Ima...