cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF THE ABOLITION OF THE GEORGIA COUNTY‐UNIT SYSTEM ON THE 1962 GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION

This study examines the impact of the abolition of the county-unit system on the 1962 Georgia gubernatorial election, which provides the opportunity to analyze what occurs when a major upheaval takes place in an electoral system. Methods: Hypotheses concerning this election are proposed. Path models are used to demonstrate causal relationships, while multiple regression is used to empirically test the hypotheses. Results: The findings show that the abolition of the county-unit system did have a significant impact upon this election. This ranged from what motivated voter turnout, to visits by the candidates, to what influenced vote choice. Conclusions: The abolition of the county-unit system provided for a massive shift away from rural domination of statewide politics. Beyond simply influencing voting behavior, the urban counties also had a decisive impact on candidate campaigning and voter turnout.
Forced Convection During Liquid Encapsulated Crystal Growth With an Axial Magnetic Field

This paper treats the forced convection, which is produced by the rotation of the crystal about its vertical centerline during the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski or Kyropoulos growth of compound semiconductor crystals, with a uniform vertical magnetic field. The model assumes that the magnetic field strength is sufficiently large that convective heat transfer and all inertial effects except the centripetal acceleration are negligible. With the liquid encapsulant in the radial gap between the outside surface of the crystal and the vertical wall of the crucible, the forced convection is fundamentally different from that with a free surface between the crystal and crucible for the Czochralski growth of silicon crystals. Again unlike the case for silicon growth, the forced convection for the actual nonzero electrical conductivity of an indium-phosphide crystal is virtually identical to that for an electrically insulating crystal. The electromagnetic damping of the forced convection is stronger than that of the buoyant convection. In order to maintain a given balance between the forced and buoyant convections, the angular velocity of the crystal must be increased as the magnetic field strength is increased.
Pediatric Lupus—Are There Differences in Presentation, Genetics, Response to Therapy, and Damage Accrual Compared with Adult Lupus?

Some complement deficiencies predispose to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) early in life. Currently, there are no known unique physiologic or genetic pathways that can explain the variability in disease phenotypes. Children present with more acute illness and have more frequent renal, hematologic, and central nervous system involvement compared to adults with SLE. Almost all children require corticosteroids during the course of their disease; many are treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Mortality rates remain higher with pediatric SLE. Children and adolescents accrue more damage, especially in the renal, ocular and musculoskeletal organ systems. Conversely, cardiovascular mortality is more prevalent in adults with SLE.
The rectal gland of Squalus acanthias: A model for the transport of chloride

The rectal gland of the spiny dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias, secretes chloride by a furosemide sensitive process that has been termed "secondary active." Chloride enters the cell across the basolateral cell membrane via the sodium:potassium:2 chloride cotransporter. The energy for this electroneutral uptake step is provided by the electrochemical gradient for sodium directed into the cell. This is maintained by Na-K-ATPase present in the basolateral cell membrane. Present as well in the basolateral cell membrane is a potassium conductance that permits potassium to exit passively. Chloride leaves the cell across the luminal membrane via a chloride conductance closely similar to CFTR. The rectal gland is thus a model for the mechanism of secondary active chloride transport utilized by various epithelial organs throughout the vertebrate kingdom. This report reviews the humoral agents that regulate the secretion of chloride by the rectal gland and the intracellular mechanisms that mediate it. CNP, released from the heart in response to a volume stimulus, causes the release of VIP from nerves within the gland and together with VIP directly activates the rectal gland cell.
Isolation and characterization of a novel coactivator protein, NCoA-62, involved in vitamin D-mediated transcription.

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) forms a heterodimeric complex with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and binds to vitamin D-responsive promoter elements to regulate the transcription of specific genes or gene networks. The precise mechanism of transcriptional regulation by the VDR·RXR heterodimer is not well understood, but it may involve interactions of VDR·RXR with transcriptional coactivator or corepressor proteins. Here, a yeast two-hybrid strategy was used to isolate proteins that selectively interacted with VDR and other nuclear receptors. One cDNA clone designated NCoA-62, encoded a 62,000-Da protein that is highly related to BX42, a Drosophila melanogaster nuclear protein involved in ecdysone-stimulated gene expression. Yeast two-hybrid studies andin vitro protein-protein interaction assays using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins demonstrated that NCoA-62 formed a direct protein-protein contact with the ligand binding domain of VDR. Coexpression of NCoA-62 in a vitamin D-responsive transient gene expression system augmented 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-activated transcription, but it had little or no effect on basal transcription or gal4-VP16-activated transcription. NCoA-62 also interacted with retinoid receptors, and its expression enhanced retinoic acid-, estrogen-, and glucocorticoid-mediated gene expression. These data indicate that NCoA-62 may be classified into an emerging set of transcriptional coactivator proteins that function to facilitate vitamin D- and other nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional pathways.
Constraint-based six degree-of-freedom haptic rendering of volume-embedded isosurfaces

A method for 6-DOF haptic rendering of isosurface geometry embedded within sampled volume data is presented. The algorithm uses a quasi-static formulation of motion constrained by multiple contacts to simulate rigid-body interaction between a haptically controlled virtual tool (proxy), represented as a point-sampled surface, and volumetric isosurfaces. Unmodified volume data, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance images, can be rendered directly with this approach, making it particularly suitable for applications in medical or surgical simulation. The algorithm was implemented and tested on a variety of volume data sets using several virtual tools with different geometry. As the constraint-based algorithm permits simulation of a massless proxy, no artificial mass or inertia were needed nor observed. The speed and transparency of the algorithm allowed motion to be responsive to extremely stiff contacts with complex virtualized geometry. Despite rendering stiffnesses that approach the physical limits of the interfaces used, the simulation remained stable through haptic interactions that typically present a challenge to other rendering methods, including wedging, prying, and hooking.
A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE CYPHOPHTHALMID GENERA (OPILIONES, CYPHOPHTHALMI)

A phylogenetic analysis of the genera of Cyphophthalmi is undertaken by studying 32 morphological characters in 43 species representing all families and most genera. The analysis is comple- mented with a molecular analysis using 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA sequence data of twelve cyphophthalmid species representing ten genera. The Cyphophthalmi are monophyletic, as are the families Stylocellidae and Pettalidae. However, the families Sironidae, Ogoveidae, and Neogoveidae are not monophyletic. Re- lationships among families need more data, but molecular characters strongly support the monophyly of Troglosironidae 1 Neogoveidae. Rooting the cyphophthalmid tree by using sequence data of one Eupnoi, one Dyspnoi, and one Laniatores results in two alternatives, one proposing a sister group relationship of Stylocellidae to the remaining taxa, or alternatively Pettalidae (with Suzukielus?) as sister group of the remaining cyphophthalmids. The position of Troglosiro, Suzukielus, Metasiro, Huitaca, and the epigean ''Neogovea'' mexasca are re-evaluated and discussed.
The constraints of digestive rate: An alternative model of diet selection

A general model is developed to predict diet selection when digestive capacity is limited and when food items differ in digestibility and digestive turnover time. Under these conditions, in order to maximize the rate of energy acquisition, animals should maximize digestive rate, by selecting food with high digestibility and rapid passage through the digestive tract. They should spend as much time as they have available to search for this food. These and other predictions differ from those of the widely used Contingency Model, which maximizes the rate of ingestion of energy. Many experiments in the literature have not discriminated between predictions of these two models. Moreover, clarification of the conditions under which these two general models apply leads to a new perspective on the diversity of foraging behavior in animals.
VARIATIONS IN ETHICAL INTUITIONS

Philosophical theorizing is often, either tacitly or explicitly, guided by intuitions about cases. Theories that accord with our intuitions are generally considered to be prima facie better than those that do not. However, recent empirical work has suggested that philosophically significant intuitions are variable and unstable in a number of ways. This variability of intuitions has led naturalistically inclined philosophers to disparage the practice of relying on intuitions for doing philosophy in general (e.g., Stich & Weinberg 2001) and for doing moral philosophy in particular (Appiah 2008; Doris & Stich 2005; Horowitz 1998; Nadelhoffer & Feltz 2008; Sinnott-Armstrong 2008). In this paper, we will draw on naturalistic considerations to offer some solace to philosophers who rely on intuitions. We wouldn’t call this a defense of intuitions, exactly, since we are sympathetic with much of the naturalists’ critique. But we want to introduce into the debate some neglected naturalistic reasons to be optimistic about intuitions, focusing especially on ethical intuitions.
Process latitude study of focused ion beam deposited gold for clear x-ray mask repair

Process latitude study of focused ion beam deposited gold for clear x-ray mask repairP.G. Blauner, A.D. Dubn&), and A. WagnerIBM Semiconductor Research and Development Center, TJ. Watson Research Center,Yorktown Heights, NY 10598a) Now at 3-M Optical Recording Department, Vadnais Heights, MN 55110ABSTRACTIt has been assumed that the large carbon content of FIB deposited gold films used for x-ray mask repair (as muchas 50 at.%) would require that repairs be considerably thicker than the mask absorber. This paper tests this assumption bycomparing the printing characteristics of FIB deposited features of varying thicknesses with those of conventional featureson a mask. Ion beam deposited features 0.5 im thick are found to print with nominal dose and linewidth variation mostclosely matching that of conventional features (0.6 irn electroplated Au). The results indicates that considerably lessdeposited material is required for repair than would be supposed based on the composition of the ion beam deposited gold(50 aL% carbon).Examples of repaired features on masks and their corresponding printed images are shown. In addition, theinfluence of material redeposition during clear repair is discussed.
Oncogene from human EJ bladder carcinoma is located on the short arm of chromosome 11

The human cellular homolog of the transforming DNA sequence isolated from the bladder carcinoma cell line EJ was localized on the short arm of human chromosome 11 by Southern blot analysis of human-rodent hybrid cell DNA. This locus contains human sequences homologous to the Harvey murine sarcoma virus v-Ha-ras oncogene.
Combination drug therapy for chronic pain: a call for more clinical studies.

Abstract Chronic pain is a debilitating clinical condition associated with a variety of disease entities including diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, low back pathology, fibromyalgia, and neurological disorders. For many general practitioners and specialists, managing chronic pain has become a daunting challenge. As a modality of multidisciplinary chronic pain management, medications are often prescribed in combinations, an approach referred to as combination drug therapy (CDT). However, many medications for pain therapy, including antidepressants and opioid analgesics, have significant side effects that can compound when used in combination and impact the effectiveness of CDT. To date, clinical practice of CDT for chronic pain has been based largely on clinical experiences. In this article, we will focus on (1) the scientific basis and rationales for CDT, (2) current clinical data on CDT, and (3) the need for more clinical studies to establish a framework for the use of CDT. Perspective More preclinical, clinical, and translational studies are needed to improve the efficacy of combination drug therapy that is an integral part of a comprehensive approach to the management of chronic pain.
QoS analysis for component-based embedded software: Model and methodology

Component-based development (CBD) techniques have been widely used to enhance the productivity and reduce the cost for software systems development. However, applying CBD techniques to embedded software development faces additional challenges. For embedded systems, it is crucial to consider the quality of service (QoS) attributes, such as timeliness, memory limitations, output precision, and battery constraints. Frequently, multiple components implementing the same functionality with different QoS properties (measurements in terms of QoS attributes) can be used to compose a system. Also, software components may have parameters that can be configured to satisfy different QoS requirements. Composition analysis, which is used to determine the most suitable component selections and parameter settings to best satisfy the system QoS requirement, is very important in embedded software development process. In this paper, we present a model and the methodologies to facilitate composition analysis. We define QoS requirements as constraints and objectives. Composition analysis is performed based on the QoS properties and requirements to find solutions (component selections and parameter settings) that can optimize the QoS objectives while satisfying the QoS constraints. We use a multi-objective concept to model the composition analysis problem and use an evolutionary algorithm to determine the Pareto-optimal solutions efficiently.
Alginic acid decreases postprandial upright gastroesophageal reflux. Comparison with equal-strength antacid

This study tested the hypothesis that (alginic) acid may have a preferential effect on reflux in the upright position. We evaluated the effect of a compound containing alginic acid plus antacid (extrastrength Gaviscon) versus active control antacid with equal acidneutralizing capacity on intraesophageal acid exposure following a high-fat, meal (61% fat: sausage, egg, and biscuit). In random sequence, each of the 10 volunteers received either alginic acid-antacid or control antacid immediately following and 1, 2, and 3 hr after the meal. The sequence was repeated for both test drugs in the supine and upright positions with constant pH monitoring. Alginic acid-antacid significantly decreased postprandial reflux in the upright position compared to an equal amount of antacid. This effect did not occur in the supine position. These findings support the hypothesis that alginic acid is primarily effective in the upright position and the clinical observations of the effectiveness of alginic acid on daytime reflux symptoms.
Role of nanoscale TiC particles in batch annealing of Ti stabilised interstitial free steels

AbstractThe effect of nanoscale TiC precipitates on the annealing texture and mechanical properties of a titanium stabilised interstitial free (Ti-IF) steel in batch annealing has been examined. By pretreating hot rolled Ti-IF steel sheets, materials with different TiC sizes and dispersions are obtained. It is found that the difference in the initial TiC morphology has little effect on the texture and properties of annealed Ti-IF steels. This result deviates from previous findings in the literature regarding the deteriorating effect of fine precipitates on annealing texture in continuous annealing of IF steels. It is believed that the observed deteriorating effect reported in the literature actually results from the pinning effect of solute C atoms from carbide dissolution at high temperature. Batch annealing has a much lower temperature than continuous annealing, so it produces much less carbide dissolution and liberates less solute C atoms into the ferrite matrix, and therefore recrystallisation is litt...
Peroxynitrite-Mediated Oxidative Damage to Brain Mitochondria: Protective Effects of Peroxynitrite Scavengers

Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative damage has been implicated in brain mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI), which precedes the onset of neuronal loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the detrimental effects of the peroxynitrite donor SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine) on isolated brain mitochondria and to screen penicillamine, a stoichiometric (1:1) peroxynitrite-scavenging agent, and tempol, a catalytic scavenger of peroxynitrite-derived radicals, as antioxidant mitochondrial protectants. Exposure of the isolated mitochondria to SIN-1 caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in the respiratory control ratio and was accompanied by a significant increase in state II respiration, followed by significant decreases (P < 0.05) in states III and V. These functional alterations occurred together with significant increases in mitochondrial protein carbonyl (PC), lipid peroxidation-related 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) content. Penicillamine hydrochloride (10 microM) partially but significantly (P < 0.05) protected against SIN-1-induced decreases in states III and V. However, a 2.5 microM concentration of tempol was able to significantly antagonize a 4-fold molar excess (10 microM) concentration of SIN-1 as effectively as were higher tempol concentrations, consistent with the likelihood that tempol works by a catalytic mechanism. The protection of mitochondrial respiration by penicillamine and tempol occurred in parallel with attenuation of PC, 4-HNE, and 3-NT. These results indicate that SIN-1 causes mitochondrial oxidative damage and complex I dysfunction and that antioxidant compounds that target either peroxynitrite or its radicals may be effective mitochondrial protectants in the treatment of neural injury.
The luni-tidal interval in Mars and the secular acceleration of Phobos

Abstract Phobos, the inner satellite of Mars, appears to perform a secular acceleration in longitude. The cause of this acceleration has not, as yet, been satisfactorily explained. The possibility of tidal friction in the solid body of Mars appears to be the most reasonable process; however, some authors dispute this contention. In this paper, a range of the luni-tidal interval required to account for the observed acceleration is calculated and found to be 1.1 to 4.4 degrees.
Direct imaging of Titan's extended haze layer from HST observations

[1] In the early 1980s, both Voyager spacecraft imaged a detached haze layer surrounding Titan, separated from the main haze distribution by a gap at around ∼300 km and merging into a hood of more concentrated haze at Titan's north pole. We have processed Hubble Space Telescope images of Titan with Lucy-Richardson and PIXON deconvolution software and point spread functions generated by TinyTim 6.0 to detect the extended haze layer for the first time since the Voyager encounters. Images taken from 1994 through 2000 show not only that the extended haze layer still exists, but also that it has migrated from south to north during that interval.
Unified Treatment of Inequalities of the Weierstrass Product Type.

Abstract : This short note shows that the powerful tools of majorization and Schur functions provide a unified method for deriving a variety of Weierstrass type inequalities.
Elastomeric properties of polysiloxane networks: birefringence measurements on bimodal elastomers that are presumed to be spatially inhomogeneous

In-situ measurements of birefringence during simple extension were performed on a series of end-linked bimodal poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers that were templated to possess high cross-link density nanostructures. The strain birefringence showed marked deviations from predictions of linearized Gaussian rubber-like elasticity theory for a bimodal elastomer with well-developed structure (nanoscale to microscale). However, the stress-birefringence relation for this same network seemed to be described by Gaussian rubber-like elasticity theory. Reinforced bimodal networks that were macroscopically homogenous (although potentially possessing nanoscale structure) were observed to have strain birefringence scaling similar to theoretical predictions, although the magnitude was below the Gaussian prediction. Analysis of the strain birefringence shows that a non-linear, non-Gaussian effect (likely limited chain extensibility) can occur. However, in all cases the birefringence was found to have a significant linear regime over a large range of strains which suggests that limited chain extensibility may not be the sole contributor towards the well known “bimodal” reinforcement.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY IN RANA PIPIENS.

The ultimobranchial body was investigated in 63 specimens of Rana pipiens. The morphology is described for “typical” (unifollicular) glands and those found in animals in poor physiological (“stressed”) condition. The typical follicular epithelium is of a mixed pseudostratified type and includes “elongate” cells which extend from the basement membrane to the free surface. These contain elongated nuclei, prominent terminal lipid droplets and “deltoid bodies” which are triangular, homogeneously staining structures apical or basal to the nucleus. “Isometric” cells do not extend to the basement membrane. They posses intensely staining nuclei, few lipid droplets and no deltoid bodies. The stressed gland is multifollicular and degenerate. Mitochondria, lipid droplets, deltoid bodies and glycogen have been identified and are located in specific areas of the follicular cells. The secretory products within the lumina of the glands have tentatively been shown to contain acid mucopolysaccharides, carbohydrate-protein complexes, mucoproteins, lipid droplets and lipid complexes. These secretions may either represent possible precursors to future secretions or a retention of secretions produced during metamorphosis. The ultimobranchial body has shown no indication of degeneration in the adult. The ultimobranchial body in typical Rana is an active secretory gland which shows no indication of degeneration in normal adult anurans. Furthermore, it responds to fluctuations in environmental conditions as illustrated by its altered structure and varied types of secretion when stressed.
Surviving ischemia: adaptive responses mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1

While the other Perspectives in this series provide readers with state-of-the-art overviews of responses to ischemia on an organ-by-organ basis, I focus here on a single transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), and its role in the physiologic responses to hypoxia and ischemia. Whether in the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, or muscle, HIF-1 is essential for ischemia-induced angiogenesis, as described by Isner (this Perspective series, ref. 1), and it may also be a critical mediator of late-phase preconditioning, as described by Williams and Benjamin (this Perspective series, ref. 2). For these reasons, HIF-1 and the genes under its control may represent novel therapeutic targets for ameliorating the effects of ischemia in a variety of clinical settings.
Coordinating disaster prevention and management in Hawaii

Purpose – To advance knowledge and application of public and private coordination in the field of homeland security, disaster prevention and management.Design/methodology/approach – A case study approach is utilized combined with a meta‐analysis and general literature review of relevant studies and secondary sources.Findings – Hawaii's unique topography and geography has provided opportunities to experiment with new disaster prevention and management technologies and strategies of public and private sector coordination applicable to the Asia and Pacific region.Originality/value – The analysis and synthesis of relevant studies relevant and sources from the Department of Defense (DoD) and federal, state and local agencies provide a comprehensive as well as unique context to explore and implement new strategies and improved methods of coordination in disaster prevention and management at the state, national and international level.
A study of aryl sulfonamide compounds for the selection of candidates for carcinogen bioassay

Abstract The class of aryl sulfonamides was studied in order to nominate chemicals to the Chemical Selection Working Group as candidates for carcinogenesis bioassay. After application of several qualifying criteria relating to previous, current, or planned carcinogenicity tests and to commercial significance, the preliminary candidate list of 189 chemicals was reduced to a list of 89 chemicals. Based upon consideration of both the suspicion of possible carcinogenic activity and evidence indicating potential exposure, the following five chemicals were nominated: sulfanilamide, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethizole, and salicylazosulfapyridine.
Persistent tolerance to oxygen and nutrient deprivation and N-methyl-D-aspartate in cultured hippocampal slices from hibernating Arctic ground squirrel

Hibernating Arctic ground squirrel (hAGS), Spermophilus parryii, survive profound decreases in cerebral perfusion during torpor and return to normal blood flow during intermittent rewarming periods without neurologic damage. Hibernating AGS tolerate traumatic brain injury in vivo, and acute hippocampal slices from hibernating animals tolerate oxygen and glucose deprivation. It remains unclear, however, if neuroprotection results from intrinsic tissue properties or from differences in response to acute trauma associated with slice preparation. The goal of this work was therefore to determine whether an intrinsic tissue tolerance persists in chronic culture of AGS hippocampal slices at 371C. A second goal was to address N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor involvement and channel arrest as potential mechanisms of intrinsic tissue tolerance. Baseline neuronal survival and tolerance to oxygen and nutrient deprivation (OND), an in vitro model of ischemia–reperfusion, were assessed in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices from juvenile, hAGS and interbout euthermic AGS (ibeAGS). Early in culture (insult onset at 3 h), slices from both hAGS and ibeAGS tolerate OND (4 h deprivation followed by 20 h recovery) and 500 lmol/L NMDA plus 20 mmol/L KCl. Later in culture (insult onset at 24 h), tolerance persists in slices from hAGS but not in slices from ibeAGS. Ouabain (Na + K + ATPase inhibitor) administered 24 h in culture enhances survival of slices from hAGS (assessed 24 h later). Thus, tolerance to OND in slices from hAGS is due to intrinsic tissue properties likely involving NMDA receptors and ion channel arrest.
High-affinity uptake of [3H]taurine in isolated cat retinas: Effects of Na+ and K+

Isolated cat retinas have a high-affinity mechanism for uptake of [3H]taurine associated with the photoreceptor cells and a non-saturable mechanism for uptake of [3H]taurine associated with the inner retina. Retinas from slightly taurine-deficient cats show increased affinity for [3H]taurine and increased maximum velocity of uptake while the nonsaturable mechanism for taurine uptake is not affected by taurine deficiency. The Vmax of the high-affinity uptake mechanism is enhanced when Na+ concentrations are increased or when K+ concentrations are reduced in the incubation medium. In contrast with the above findings neither Na+ nor K+ affects uptake of taurine by the nonsaturable mechanism.
Cystic lesions of the salivary glands: Cytologic features in fine‐needle aspiration biopsies

A variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions of the salivary glands have a predominantly cystic architecture. Fine-needle aspirates of these lesions yield watery or mucoid material, frequently of low cellularity. Such aspirates may be obtained from mucus retention cysts, lymphoepithelial cysts, cystadenomas, Warthin's tumors, cystic pleomorphic adenomas, low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, cystadenocarcinomas, and examples of polycystic disease of the parotid gland. The cellular component within the fluid obtained from these lesions may be exceedingly scant or absent, making cytologic diagnosis difficult and, at times, impossible. We studied a series of 56 cystic lesions of the salivary glands, including 38 Warthin's tumors, 6 benign cysts, 2 lymphoepithelial cysts, 5 low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 1 cystic pleomorphic adenoma, 2 cystadenomas, and 2 cystadenocarcinomas. Careful attention to the cellular elements present often allowed definitive cytologic diagnosis, with an overall accuracy rate of 84%. The presence of atypical squamous metaplasia in oncocytic lesions was a significant cause of false-positive diagnoses of carcinoma (4 cases, 7%). Aspirates of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma may contain no epithelial cells and result in false-negative diagnoses (1 case, 2%).
Active Mode Localization in Distributed Parameter Systems with Consideration of Limited Actuator Placement, Part 1: Theory

The purpose of this two-part work is to apply active mode localization to distributed parameter systems where the number of control sensors and actuators is a limiting factor. In this part, the theoretical development portion of the study, two approaches are presented that shape system eigenvectors using feedback control, generating localization to produce areas of isolation with relatively low vibration amplitudes compared to other parts of the structure. The first approach uniformly shapes all eigenvectors of a vibrating system, but can require many actuators to do so. The second more general approach uses singular value decomposition (SVD) to shape selected eigenvectors of a system, localizing the response of these modes to any disturbance, and requiring few actuators.
School psychological referrals in an inner city school

The present study investigated number and nature of school psychological referrals in a black, lower socioeconomic, “inner-city” school system. Unlike earlier investigations, this study demonstrated statistically significant sex and/or developmental differences in stated reason for school psychological referrals. Results were examined in terms of suggestions for the training of school psychologists as well as in light of several theoretical issues in urban education.
Nonparametric empirical bayes estimation of the distribution function and the mean

The paper considers nonparametric empirical Bayes estimation of the distribution function and the mean both for finite and infinite populations. The proposed estimators are optimal within the class of estimators which are weighted averages of empirical distribution functions when the underlying prior is a Dirichlet process prior. Comparison with certain rival estimators is made. The results are also obtained for estimable parameters of degree one with a Dirichlet invariant prior.
Peri-renal sarcoma induced by cellulose wrapping.

EXPERIMENTAL, perinephritic, renal hypertension may be produced by wrapping the kidneys in a variety of inert substances such as silk1,2, latex3, plastic solutions4 and cellulose material1.
Microangiopathic Glomerulopathy in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia

We studied kidney biopsy specimens from three children with sickle cell anemia and microangiopathic glomerulopathy. One child also had cyanotic congenital heart disease. Laboratory evaluation revealed proteinuria and normal serum creatinine in all and normal serum complement in two of the three children at the time of biopsy. In all biopsies, glomeruli were enlarged with diffuse hypercellularity and focal segmental mesangial interposition; capillary loop lumens were congested with sickled erythrocytes. Immune labeling identified segmental immunoglobulin G, C3, and properdin over the glomerular capillary loop walls in each case. Ultrastructurally, the subendothelial zone of the glomerular basement membrane was widened with new lamina densa formation with focal mesangial interposition. The glomerular lesion we describe in these children may be due to endothelial injury related to the altered erythrocytes, glomerular hemodynamics, and the hypercoagulable state characteristic of sickle cell disease.
Mating activates androgen receptor-containing neurons in chemosensory pathways of the male Syrian hamster brain.

Fos-immunoreactivity is induced during mating in the male Syrian hamster in limbic areas that relay chemosensory information and contain receptors for gonadal steroid hormones. The induction of Fos is an index of neuronal activation. After mating, c-fos expression is greatest in subnuclei of the medial amygdaloid nucleus (Me), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and medial preoptic area (MPOA). The present study determined if individual neurons in these activated subnuclei contain androgen receptors. We aim to understand how essential chemosensory and hormonal signals are integrated to control copulation. Adult male hamsters (n = 6) were allowed to mate with a sexually receptive female for 30 min. They were perfused 1 h later with 4% paraformaldehyde and 40 microns frozen sections were processed for immunocytochemistry using antisera against Fos (Cambridge Research Biochemicals) and the androgen receptor (G.S. Prins). The brains of three non-mated males were also processed for Fos immunocytochemistry. Mating significantly increased the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons within subnuclei of Me, BNST, and MPOA relative to non-mated males (P < 0.05). These nuclei contained abundant androgen receptors. In the corticomedial amygdala, 20-40% of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in mated hamsters expressed androgen receptors. Although few androgen receptors are found in the anteromedial and postero-intermediate subdivisions of the BNST, these areas exhibited 26% and 47% co-localization, respectively. In posteromedial BNST, which contains large numbers of steroid receptor-containing neurons, androgen receptors were identified in 48% of Fos-immunoreactive neurons. In the MPOA, 54% of Fos-immunoreactive neurons expressed the androgen receptor throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nonplanar structure of molecular tilt planes in the surface layers of smectic-A free-standing liquid crystal films.

We present ellipsometric results from thin free-standing films of one chiral liquid crystal compound. In the bulk $\mathrm{Sm}A$ range with surface-induced molecular tilt, a nonplanar arrangement of the molecular orientations of the tilted surface layers is found under a small applied electric field.
The Value and Valuable Work of Multi-ethnic Literature

In 1990 The Heath Anthology of American Literature was published under the sponsorship of the Reconstructing American Literature project (RAL) of the Feminist Press. Inspired by the Civil Rights movements, the RAL project attempted to redress the limited, exclusionary conception of "American literature" represented in most university curricula, syllabi, and anthologies, and to affirm the literature classroom as a potential site of social and political change (Lauter, "Cultural" 180). The Heath, as it has come to be called, was designed to represent more accurately the diversity of American literature and the US cultural mosaic, past and present, than other existing American literature anthologies. The deliberate and intensely reflective intellectual and emotional processes guiding inclusion decisions are described in the preface to the first edition of the Heath and in subsequent published pieces by Paul Lauter, a key player in the Heath 's publication, and indeed in multicultural literary studies generally (see "Cultural," "Implications," and "Reconstructing").
Implementation of High-resolution Manometry in the Clinical Practice of Speech Language Pathology

Visual imaging modalities, videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallow, for assessment of oropharyngeal dysphagia have been part of the speech language pathologist’s (SLPs) armamentarium for the diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia for decades. Recently, the addition of high-resolution manometry (HRM) has enabled the SLP to evaluate pharyngeal pressures and upper esophageal sphincter relaxation. Taken together, the use of visual imaging modalities with HRM can improve interpretation of swallowing physiology and facilitate more effective treatment planning. The goal of this article is to describe a clinical paradigm using HRM as an adjunct to VFSS, by the SLP, in the assessment of complex dysphagia. Moreover, in three cases described, the value of manometric measurements in elucidating swallowing imaging studies and documenting physiologic change in response to treatment is highlighted. As technology in this area is evolving, so will the clinical use of HRM by the SLP. Limitations of current HRM systems and applications are discussed.
Mechanisms of Disease of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a recently recognized inflammatory disease of the esophagus with clinical symptoms derived from esophageal dysfunction. The etiology of EoE is now being elucidated, and food hypersensitivity is emerging as the central cornerstone of disease pathogenesis. Herein, we present a thorough picture of the current clinical, pathologic, and molecular understanding of the disease with a focus on disease mechanisms.
The Client Interaction Scale. A method for assessing community support programs for persons with chronic mental illness.

The Client Interaction Scale (CIS) is a brief assessment tool for measuring client integration into the client-to-client interactive milieu in Community Support Programs (CSPs) for persons with chronic mental illness. Using a sample of 95 clients from three different CSPs, the scale shows excellent interitem reliability. A factor analysis indicates that it measures the clients' level of integration on unique affective and instrumental dimensions. The scale also discriminates among environments known to differ on their interactive qualities. Its application to the evaluation of CSPs and other program environments is discussed.
Ultra-compact microwave filters using kinetic inductance microstrip

Multipole microwave filters were designed and fabricated using microstrip transmission line sections that consisted of two very thin films of sputtered NbN separated by another very thin film of sputtered Si. Since the thicknesses of all three films were much less than the superconducting penetration depth, the kinetic inductance was significantly greater than the magnetic inductance. As a result, the phase velocity of a microstrip transmission line is much less than the free-space speed of light. Since resonant structures are reduced in size proportionately, the size and weight of microstrip circuit can be greatly reduced. Prototype filters consisting of four open-circuited half-wavelength microstrip stubs separated by full-wavelength microstrip sections were measured. The circuits were connected to 34-mil-diameter coaxial cable via an intermediate coplanar waveguide section. Passbands of 4 GHz, separated by 3 GHz reject bands, were measured in a structure which occupied less than 0.5 cm/sup 2/, including the coplanar waveguide transitions. Higher-order passbands, although possessing an increased insertion loss, maintain filter passband characteristics through 20.0 GHz.
The Poggendorff illusion explained by natural scene geometry

One of the most intriguing of the many discrepancies between perceived spatial relationships and the physical structure of visual stimuli is the Poggendorff illusion, when an obliquely oriented line that is interrupted no longer appears collinear. Although many different theories have been proposed to explain this effect, there has been no consensus about its cause. Here, we use a database of range images (i.e., images that include the distance from the image plane of every pixel in the scene) to show that the probability distribution of the possible locations of line segments across an interval in natural environments can fully account for all of the behavior of this otherwise puzzling phenomenon.
Ultrasonic surface waves and Lamb waves in fluid saturated porous solids

The interactions of ultrasonic waves with a fluid/fluid-saturated porous solid interface and a fluid-saturated porous solid plate in a vacuum and in fluid have been studied. In the first case surface modes are generated and detected by using a periodically corrugated surface structure of a fluid-saturated porous solid; in the second case, the behavior of Lamb waves has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Dispersion curves of Lamb modes in a fluid-saturated porous plate with sealed pores and free boundary are computed to illustrate the role played by the second longitudinal (or slow) wave and its influence on the Lamb-wave spectrum. As a result of the study, applications have been found using the surface-wave techniques and the Lamb-wave technique to evaluate fluid-saturated porous media and to detect the slow longitudinal wave. >
Refined triggering graphs: a logic-based approach to termination analysis in an active object-oriented database

Presents the notion of refined triggering graphs (RTG) for analyzing termination of active rules in object-oriented databases (OODBs). The RTG method consists of mapping the possibility that one active rule can trigger another to the satisfiability of a well-defined logic formula called a triggering formula. The unsatisfiability of the triggering formula is then an indication that the rule triggering possibility is nil. We identify three increasingly more powerful types of triggering formulae and give pointers to the corresponding satisfiability procedures.
Three two‐component signal‐transduction systems interact for Pho regulation in Bacillus subtilis

The Pho regulon of Bacillus subtilis is controlled by three two-component signal-transduction systems: PhoP/PhoR, ResD/ResE, and the phosphorelay leading to the phosphorylation of SpoOA. Two of these systems act as positive regulators, while the third is involved in negative regulation of the Pho regulon. Under phosphate-starvation-induction conditions, the response regulator (RR) PhoP, and the histidine protein kinase (HK) PhoR, are involved in the induction of Pho-regulon genes including the phoPR operon and genes encoding the major vegetative alkaline phosphatases, phoA and phoB. ResD (the RR) and ResE (the HK) are positive regulators of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration in B. subtilis. Current data suggest that they are also positive regulators of the Pho regulon, as is the transition-state regulatory protein AbrB. Data presented reveal that ResDE and AbrB are involved in activation of the Pho regulon through separate regulatory pathways. SpoOA approximately P (RR) exerts a negative effect on the Pho regulon through its repression of AbrB, and possibly through repression of ResDE. Both pathways converge to regulate transcription of the phoPR operon.
Feature based compression of vector quantized codebooks and data for optimal image compression

The Linde-Buzo-Gray (LBG) algorithm is a procedure in vector quantization. An attempt is made to compress the LBG codebook by simple feature-based clustering. The centroids of the resulting clusters form a reduced LBG codebook. The resulting reduced LBG codebook has almost identical SNR as the equivalent size original LBG codebook. Several other experimental results are presented which show that the above clustering technique may be applied directly to the original images in order to find an initial codebook for LBG codebook training, or to quickly generate an alternative codebook with comparable quality. >
Pharmacology of AMG 416 (velcalcetide), a Novel Peptide Agonist of the Calcium Sensing Receptor, for the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Hemodialysis Patients

A novel peptide, AMG 416 (formerly KAI-4169, and with a United States Adopted Name: velcalcetide), has been identified that acts as an agonist of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). This article summarizes the in vitro and in vivo characterization of AMG 416 activity and the potential clinical utility of this novel compound. AMG 416 activates the human CaSR in vitro, acting by a mechanism distinct from that of cinacalcet, the only approved calcimimetic, since it can activate the CaSR both in the presence or the absence of physiologic levels of extracellular calcium. Administration of AMG 416 in vivo into either normal or renally compromised rats results in dose-dependent reductions in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and corresponding decreases in serum calcium, regardless of the baseline level of PTH. Treatment of 5/6 nephrectomized rats with AMG 416 resulted in dramatic improvements in their metabolic profile, including lower PTH and serum creatinine levels, reduced amounts of vascular calcification, attenuated parathyroid hyperplasia, and greater expression of the parathyroid gland regulators CaSR, vitamin D receptor, and FGF23 receptor compared with vehicle-treated animals. No drug accumulation was observed under this dosing regimen, and the terminal half-life of AMG 416 was estimated to be 2-4.5 hours. As a long-acting CaSR agonist, AMG 416 is an innovative new therapy for the treatment of hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Three year follow-up TMJ patients: success rates and silent periods.

Summary A telephone survey to assess treatment success was conducted 2–3 years after treatment of patients suffering from TMJ syndrome. Pre-treatment silent period durations were compared among groups of patients determined by their response to the telephone survey. The short-term (immediately post-treatment) improvement rate was 81 %. Some 35 % of patients were completely cured. There was no statistically significant difference in mean silent period duration among the groups of patients that achieved complete, partial or no relief of symptoms. The long-term (2–3 years after treatment) persistence of improvement rate was 72%. There was also no statistical difference in the mean silent period duration between those patients who had experienced persistence of success and those who reported either no relief or relapse of symptoms.
The Role of Theophylline in the Treatment of Dyspnea in COPD

Dyspnea is influenced by both physiologic and psychologic factors. Breathlessness is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and often is the reason that the individual patient seeks medical attention. In order to evaluate the different clinical studies involving the use of theophylline in COPD patients, it is important to consider the three distinct approaches for measuring dyspnea—psychophysical testing, clinical methods, and ratings during exercise. Four randomized, double-blind, placebo-theophylline trials from one to four weeks in duration have evaluated the impact of theophylline on lung function and breathlessness. In these studies, the overall improvement in forced expiratory volume in one second was quite consistent for theophylline compared with placebo therapy. When appropriate clinical methods for measuring dyspnea were used, theophylline showed a positive reduction in breathlessness. These reports suggest that theophylline provides modest objective and subjective improvement in patients with symptomatic chronic air flow obstruction.