cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projective Methods in Psychology

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by G. Stricker and K. Somary, volume 18, pp. 12181–12185, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Use of Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis in the Design of Reactor Physics and Criticality Benchmark Experiments for Advanced Nuclear Fuel

Framatome ANP, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and the University of Florida are cooperating on the U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) project 2001-0124 to design, assemble, execute, analyze, and document a series of critical experiments to validate reactor physics and criticality safety codes for the analysis of commercial power reactor fuels consisting of UO{sub 2} with {sup 235}U enrichments {>=}5 wt%. The experiments will be conducted at the SNL Pulsed Reactor Facility.Framatome ANP and SNL produced two series of conceptual experiment designs based on typical parameters, such as fuel-to-moderator ratios, that meet the programmatic requirements of this project within the given restraints on available materials and facilities. ORNL used the Tools for Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis Methodology Implementation (TSUNAMI) to assess, from a detailed physics-based perspective, the similarity of the experiment designs to the commercial systems they are intended to validate. Based on the results of the TSUNAMI analysis, one series of experiments was found to be preferable to the other and will provide significant new data for the validation of reactor physics and criticality safety codes.
Glutathione S-Transferase-Mediated Metabolism of Glyceryl Trinitrate in Subcellular Fractions of Bovine Coronary Arteries

The possible role of glutathione S-transferases (GTSs) in vascular glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) metabolism was investigated. GTN degradation to form its dinitrate metabolites (GDNs) in the 9000g (9k) supernatant fraction of bovine coronary arteries (BCA) was examined. BCAs were homogenized with a 3x volume of phosphate buffer, and the 9k fraction was obtained by centrifugation. GTN (40 ng/ml; 1.76 x 10−7M) was incubated for 2 hr in the 9k fraction of BCA in the presence of reduced glutathione (2 x 10−3M). Samples were taken at 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 min. GTN was observed to degrade readily, exhibiting a half-life of 26 min in the incubate. While both 1,2- and 1,3-GDNs were generated from GTN, formation of 1,3-GDN was predominant (GDN ratio, as 1,2/1,3-GDN, = 0.7−0.8). Coincubation with 2 x 10−5Mconcentrations of two GST inhibitors, sulfobromophthalein (SBP) and ethacrynic acid (ECA), decreased the rate of GTN loss. The GTN half-lives in SBP- and ECA-treated incubations were 66 and 84 min, respectively. In addition, the pattern of GDN formation was also altered. The resultant GDN ratios exceeded unity in the presence of these inhibitors, indicating that 1,3-GDN formation was attenuated to a greater extent than that of 1,2-GDN. These data suggest that vascular GTN metabolism in BCA is carried out by cytosolic GST isozymes which possess a preference for C-2 denitration of GTN.
Barriers to Capital Accumulation and the Incidence of Child Labor

The World Bank documents an inverse relationship between GDP per capita and child labor participation rates. We construct a life-cycle model with human and physical capital in which parents make a time allocation choice for their child. The model considers two features that have shown potential in explaining differences in states of development across nations. These are a minimum consumption requirement, and barriers to physical capital accumulation. We find the introduction of capital barriers alone is not enough to replicate the aforementioned observation by the World Bank. However, we find the interplay of a minimum consumption requirement and barriers to capital may enhance our understanding of child labor and the poverty of nations. Additionally, we find support for policies aimed at reducing barriers to capital accumulation as a means to reduce child labor.
Analyzing autophagy in clinical tissues of lung and vascular diseases.

Abstract Autophagy, a process by which organelles and cellular proteins are encapsulated in double‐membrane vesicles and subsequently degraded by lysosomes, plays a central role in cellular and tissue homeostasis. In various model systems, autophagy may be triggered by nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, and other insults such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, hypoxia, and pathogen infection. The role of autophagy in lung physiology and homeostasis, however, has not been well studied. Even less is known of the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease. Autophagy may act essentially as a protective mechanism in lung cells, by removing dysfunctional organelles, and recycling essential nutrients. On the other hand, excessive autophagy may also contribute to cell death pathways, resulting in the depletion of critical cell populations, and thus may also contribute to the disease pathogenesis. An understanding of the cell‐type specific regulation and function of autophagy in the lung may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of lung pathologies. This chapter provides protocols for the isolation of distinct lung cell types, such as epithelial, endothelial, macrophages, and fibroblasts; as well as protocols for the analysis of autophagy in lung cells and tissues.
Categories of Customer Loyalty

The present article applies the customer loyalty classification framework developed by Dick and Basu (1994) to the fast food hamburger market. Based on a two factor classification, consisting of repeat patronage and relative attitude, four categories of customer loyalty are examined and profiled on the basis of perceived risk, product class importance, brand decision importance, self-reported brand loyalty, number of brands purchased in the past six months, brand awareness, and brand consideration. A x2 statistical test did not four loyalty categories in the fast food hamburger market, suggesting that all four loyalty categories are present in the fast food industry. The analysis finds that the four groups are distinct in their characteristics and suggests that marketers design separate marketing programs for each group.
Polytopic TSK fuzzy systems: analysis and synthesis

In this paper we discuss the problem of analysis and synthesis of Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) systems by using a polytopic representation of the TSK fuzzy model. This allows us to derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for synthesis of polytopic TSK compensators. The closed loop TSK system under a polytopic TSK compensator is characterized with a stable characteristic polynomial that is not dependent on the firing levels of the rules. Procedures for calculation of the compensators are also presented.
1-soliton solution of the K(m,n) equation with generalized evolution

Abstract This Letter obtains the 1-soliton solution of K ( m , n ) equation with the generalized evolution term in it. The solitary wave ansatz is used to obtain the exact solution. A conserved quantity is also calculated for this equation using the 1-soliton solution obtained.
Africa and Beyond: Should the International Criminal Court Be the Sole International Organ of Criminal Justice?

Most of those at the Rome Conference which drafted the Statute of the International Criminal Court hoped that it would become, as its name says “The” International Criminal Court, the single international entity of international criminal justice for alleged offenses committed after its establishment. Ten years later, we might raise the question: Is it time for the ICC to become that sole organ? First, this paper suggests some of the purposes of international criminal justice. Then it quickly reviews the existing institutions, ending with the International Criminal Court. It considers some of the strengths and weaknesses of the ICC in light of the purposes of international criminal justice. Finally, it suggests a few possible futures for the structures of international criminal justice, in the hope that this will encourage readers to imagine other futures. The material in this paper is intended to be selective and suggestive, but does not pretend to be complete or authoritative The purpose of the exercise presented here — not achievable in a few pages, and which will take years of hard legal and political work — is to develop structures that will best advance the goals of international criminal justice. Included in my definition of “best” is a requirement that the structures be realistically implementable. This essay is a revised version of a talk given at the Seminar, Developments in Criminal Law in Africa: Between the Local and the Global, 21 April 2012, at the Max Planck Institute for International and Comparative Criminal Law in Freiburg, Germany.
VHDL-based expert system for hardware synthesis-an overview

This article describes an expert system for hardware synthesis. Details of the target digital system are input to the expert system using very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL). The VHDL representation is first translated to a knowledge representation scheme, known as a ‘hologram’, which is a combination of rule, frame and semantic network representation schemes. The hologram representation of the target system is then input to the inference engine, which matches the target system to the knowledge base components and selects an appropriate set for implementation, and connects them creating a digital circuit. The expert system approach results in designs very close to designs from a human designer. In its present form, the system does not perform a design space exploration for alternate designs, but expects the designer to alter the VHDL representation, after observing the results from previous design cycles.
A three-dimensional eddy census of a high-resolution global ocean simulation

[1] A three-dimensional eddy census data set was obtained from a global ocean simulation with one-tenth degree resolution and a duration of 7 years. The census includes 6.7 million eddies in daily data, which comprise 152,000 eddies tracked over their lifetimes, using a minimum lifetime cutoff of 28 days. Variables of interest include eddy diameter, thickness (vertical extent), minimum and maximum depth, location, rotational direction, lifetime, and translational speed. Distributions of these traits show a predominance of small, thin, short-lived, and slow eddies. Still, a significant number of eddies possess traits at the opposite extreme; thousands of eddies larger than 200 km in diameter appeared in daily data each year. A tracking algorithm found hundreds of eddies with lifetimes longer than 200 days. A third of the eddies are at least 1000 m tall and many penetrate the full depth of the water column. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current contains the thickest and highest density of eddies. Thick eddies are also common in the Gulf Stream, Kuroshio Current, and Agulhas ring pathway. The great majority of eddies extend all the way to the surface, confirming that eddy censuses from surface observations are a good proxy for the full-depth ocean. Correlations between variables show that larger-diameter eddies tend to be thicker and longer lived than small eddies.
Finite element analyses of irregular thick plates for signal pole design

The current specification of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials does not specify any analysis method for the base plate design of span-wire-traffic-signal-poles. A simplified analysis method is developed here using finite element analysis for 28 signal poles, with calibration of the models by full-scale load testing. This method decomposes the base plate into three elementary components corresponding to respective critical regions of stress concentration. It is consistent with the allowable stress design concept of the current design code.
Neuronal Neuregulin 1 type III directs Schwann cell migration

During peripheral nerve development, each segment of a myelinated axon is matched with a single Schwann cell. Tight regulation of Schwann cell movement, proliferation and differentiation is essential to ensure that these glial cells properly associate with axons. ErbB receptors are required for Schwann cell migration, but the operative ligand and its mechanism of action have remained unknown. We demonstrate that zebrafish Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) type III, which signals through ErbB receptors, controls Schwann cell migration in addition to its previously known roles in proliferation and myelination. Chimera analyses indicate that ErbB receptors are required in all migrating Schwann cells, and that Nrg1 type III is required in neurons for migration. Surprisingly, expression of the ligand in a few axons is sufficient to induce migration along a chimeric nerve constituted largely of nrg1 type III mutant axons. These studies also reveal a mechanism that allows Schwann cells to fasciculate axons regardless of nrg1 type III expression. Time-lapse imaging of transgenic embryos demonstrated that misexpression of human NRG1 type III results in ectopic Schwann cell migration, allowing them to aberrantly enter the central nervous system. These results demonstrate that Nrg1 type III is an essential signal that controls Schwann cell migration to ensure that these glia are present in the correct numbers and positions in developing nerves.
Transient analysis of hydrogen permeation through nickel membranes

The permeation of hydrogen through polycrystalline nickel membranes has been studied as a function of temperature, pressure, and membrane thickness. The steady state flux from gas phase charging experiments have been observed to obey an Arrhenius behaviour for temperature between 270 and 600 K. A value for the lattice diffusivity of 3.57 × 10−7 exp(−37.8kJ·mol−1/RT m2/s has been calculated using a time lag technique for hydrogen pressures and temperatures of 1–100 kPa and 370–600 K. The permeation transients have been found to be pressure dependent in the temperature range of 270–340 K. This pressure dependence has been associated with the trapping of hydrogen at internal defects sites in nickel. Using the time lag technique, a trap density of 2.2 × 1023 sites/m3 and a binding energy of 34 kJ/mol have been measured.
Remote sensing of the absorption coefficients and chlorophyll a concentration in the United States southern Middle Atlantic Bight from SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua

At present, satellite remote sensing of coastal water quality and constituent concentration is subject to large errors as compared to the capability of satellite sensors in oceanic waters. In this study, field measurements collected on a series of cruises within U.S. southern Middle Atlantic Bight (SMAB) were applied to improve retrievals of satellite ocean color products in order to examine the factors that regulate the bio-optical properties within the continental shelf waters of the SMAB. The first objective was to develop improvements in satellite retrievals of absorption coefficients of phytoplankton (a(sub ph)), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (a(sub g)), non-pigmented particles (a(sub d)), and non-pigmented particles plus CDOM (a(sub dg)), and chlorophyll a concentration ([Chl_a]). Several algorithms were compared to derive constituent absorption coefficients from remote sensing reflectance (R(sub rs)) ratios. The validation match-ups showed that the mean absolute percent differences (MAPD) were typically less than 35%, although higher errors were found for a(sub d) retrievals. Seasonal and spatial variability of satellite-derived absorption coefficients and [Chl_a] was apparent and consistent with field data. CDOM is a major contributor to the bio-optical properties of the SMAB, accounting for 35-70% of total light absorption by particles plus CDOM at 443 nm, as compared to 30-45% for phytoplankton and 0-20% for non-pigmented particles. The overestimation of [Chl_a] from the operational satellite algorithms may be attributed to the strong CDOM absorption in this region. River discharge is important in controlling the bio-optical environment, but cannot explain all of the regional and seasonal variability of biogeochemical constituents in the SMAB.
Women and Visual Depictions of the U.S.-Iraq War in Print and Online Media

Both American and Iraqi women were affected by the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq by coalition forces in March 2003. Yet women were shown in less than one-fifth of the 480 war-related photographs in a sample from 18 U.S. daily newspapers, three U.S. news magazines, and those publications’ websites. In addition, Iraqi women were less likely to appear than U.S. women, partly because of the news media's intense focus on injured American soldier Jessica Lynch during the early weeks of the war. This study suggests that these findings may have been the result of both media routines, as described by Shoemaker and Reese, and the tendency of the U.S. media to engage in Orientalism, as described by Said.
Focusing, collimation and flux throughput at the IMCA-CAT bending-magnet beamline at the Advanced Photon Source

The IMCA-CAT bending-magnet beamline was upgraded with a collimating mirror in order to achieve the energy resolution required to conduct high-quality multi- and single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD/SAD) experiments without sacrificing beamline flux throughput. Following the upgrade, the bending-magnet beamline achieves a flux of 8 × 1011 photons s−1 at 1 A wavelength, at a beamline aperture of 1.5 mrad (horizontal) × 86 µrad (vertical), with energy resolution (limited mostly by the intrinsic resolution of the monochromator optics) δE/E = 1.5 × 10−4 (at 10 kV). The beamline operates in a dynamic range of 7.5–17.5 keV and delivers to the sample focused beam of size (FWHM) 240 µm (horizontally) × 160 µm (vertically). The performance of the 17-BM beamline optics and its deviation from ideally shaped optics is evaluated in the context of the requirements imposed by the needs of protein crystallography experiments. An assessment of flux losses is given in relation to the (geometric) properties of major beamline components.
Integrating computing into middle school disciplines through projects

For four years we have been integrating computing into a variety of middle school disciplines via the Alice programing language. Early on we focused on creating curriculum materials for teachers to use in teaching the basic programming and animation concepts. This paper describes our efforts over the past two years in creating model projects for students to build in all disciplines, and our most recent focus on science and mathematics projects. For science we have introduced experiments in Alice and the tools needed for them. In mathematics we have created projects to increase their understanding of programming and to use the projects to increase their understanding of mathematics. We also discuss our efforts in workshops to teach K-12 teachers Alice and an analysis of the teachers' lesson plans and worlds developed in the most recent workshop.
Computational Analysis of Microbubble Flows in Bifurcating Airways: Role of Gravity, Inertia, and Surface Tension

Although mechanical ventilation is a life-saving therapy for patients with severe lung disorders, the microbubble flows generated during ventilation generate hydrodynamic stresses, including pressure and shear stress gradients, which damage the pulmonary epithelium. In this study, we used computational fluid dynamics to investigate how gravity, inertia, and surface tension influence both microbubble flow patterns in bifurcating airways and the magnitude/distribution of hydrodynamic stresses on the airway wall. Direct interface tracking and finite element techniques were used to simulate bubble propagation in a two-dimensional (2D) liquid-filled bifurcating airway. Computational solutions of the full incompressible Navier-Stokes equation were used to investigate how inertia, gravity, and surface tension forces as characterized by the Reynolds (Re), Bond (Bo), and Capillary (Ca) numbers influence pressure and shear stress gradients at the airway wall. Gravity had a significant impact on flow patterns and hydrodynamic stress magnitudes where Bo g 1 led to dramatic changes in bubble shape and increased pressure and shear stress gradients in the upper daughter airway. Interestingly, increased pressure gradients near the bifurcation point (i.e., carina) were only elevated during asymmetric bubble splitting. Although changes in pressure gradient magnitudes were generally more sensitive to Ca, under large Re conditions, both Re and Ca significantly altered the pressure gradient magnitude. We conclude that inertia, gravity, and surface tension can all have a significant impact on microbubble flow patterns and hydrodynamic stresses in bifurcating airways.
Relationship between Cyclone Tracks, Anticyclone Tracks and Baroclinic Waveguides

Abstract This study presents observational results concerning the structure and evolution of high-frequency fluctuations with periods shorter than 6 days in the geopotential height field. The results are based on a statistical analysis of 1000, 500 and 250 mb height fields derived from twice-daily NMC final analyses over the Northern Hemisphere for the 20 winters 1964/65 through 1983/84. The disturbances assume the form of waves, elongated in the meridional direction, with a mean wavelength of 4000 km, a westward tilt with height, and a mean eastward phase propagation of 12–1 5 m s−1. These results support an interpretation in terms of finite-amplitude baroclinic waves whose structure and evolution varies with geographical location. Over the continents, and especially along the eastern slopes of the Rockies and the Tibetan Plateau, the waves show marked departures in structure and evolution from those over the oceans. In particular, we find evidence of a systematic influence of the terrain in steering the...
Studies on Corticotropin-Induced Desensitization of Normal Rat Adrenocortical Cells

The effects of prior exposure of normal rat adrenocortical cells to ACTH on the responsiveness of the cells to subsequent stimulation with the hormone have been studied. ACTH induces a time- and concentration-dependent refractoriness of both cAMP formation and steroidogenesis. Desensitization of either response was observed only upon activation of the response. Thus, both ACTH and 8-Br-cAMP caused desensitization of the steroidogenic response. The ACTH-induced desensitization of steroidogenesis, however, was completely prevented by blocking the steroidogenic action of ACTH with aminoglutethimide during exposure of cells to the hormone. Aminoglutethimide had no effect on ACTH-induced desensitization of the cAMP response. Studies with analogs of the hormone also confirmed that induction of desensitization of the steroidogenic response is independent of the desensitization of the cAMP response. Binding studies showed that the insignificant decrease in ACTH receptors could not account for the large changes in the responsiveness induced by prior exposure of cells to ACTH. Desensitization of the steroidogenic response appears to result from a defect in the rate-limiting first step of the steroidogenic pathway, namely conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone.
Comments on the magnetic susceptibility of silver

An attempt to verify individual contributions to the magnetic susceptibility of silver by means of complementary optical data indicates earlier agreements between theory and experiment are not as significant as previously believed.
Automated test sequence generation using sequencing constraints for concurrent programs

Sequencing constraints for a concurrent program specify restrictions on the allowed sequences of synchronization events, and they can be used in generating test sequences for the program. In earlier work, the notion of CSPE (constraints on succeeding and preceding events) constraint was defined, and the CSPE-1 coverage criterion, which requires the coverage of each CSPE constraint at least once, was shown to be effective for fault detection. We show how to automatically generate test sequences to satisfy, the CSPE-1 criterion for a set of CSPE constraints. Our test sequence generation strategy is to determine (a) the number of instances for each process type for accomplishing the CSPE-1 coverage criterion such that the total instance number is minimum and (b) the smallest sequence set among all sets satisfying (a). Empirical results of applying our test generation strategy to the bounded buffer problem and seven versions of the readers and writers problem are presented.
Cardiac O-GlcNAcylation blunts autophagic signaling in the diabetic heart.

Aims Increased O-linked attachment of β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to proteins has been implicated in the adverse effects of diabetes on the heart, although this has typically been based on models of severe hyperglycemia. Diabetes has also been associated with dysregulation of autophagy, a critical cell survival process; however, little is known regarding autophagy in the diabetic heart or whether this is influenced by O-GlcNAcylation or hemodynamic stress.
Metallosulfoxides and -sulfones: Sulfur oxygenates of [1,5-Bis(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,5-diazacyclooctanato]palladium (II)

Successive sulfur-site oxygenation of the dithiolate complex [1,5-bis(mercaptoethyl)-1,5 diazacyclooctanato]-palladium(II), Pd-1, using H{sub 2}O{sub 2} as an O atom source produced all but one member of the series of palladium(II) complexes containing sulfinate (metallosulfone) and sulfinate (metallosulfoxide) S-donor ligands: the monosulfoxide, PdS(=O)R or Pd-4; bis(sulfoxide), Pd(S(=O)R){sub 2} or Pd-5; sulfone/sulfoxide, Pd((SO{sub 2}R)S(=))R or Pd-6; and the bis(sulfone) Pd(SO{sub 2}R){sub 2} or Pd-3 complex. A unique site selectivity for the addition of a second O atom from H{sub 2}O{sub 2} to thiolate sulfur of Pd-4 producing the bis(sulfoxide), Pd-5, exclusively, precluded the preparation of the monosulfone complex, Pd(SO{sub 2}R)SR or Pd-2, via that route. However, the dithiolate Pd-1 reacts with O{sub 2} photochemically in aprotic solvents, giving access to this last member of the series, Pd-2. Further reaction of Pd-2 with O{sub 2} under UV photolysis gives the bis(sulfone) complex, Pd-3. The oxygenates were characterized by various spectroscopies, electrochemistry, and X-ray crystallography. Mass spectrometry delineated a single O atom loss pathway for the sulfoxide species, while SO{sub 2} and O{sub 2} loss is found in sulfone cases. Electrochemical studies show that the addition of an O atom to a thiolate sulfur to create a sulfoxide S-donor results in a stabilization of themore » Pd{sup I} oxidation state in the range 50-70 mV, while the addition of an O atom to a sulfoxide sulfur to create a sulfone S-donor results in greater stabilization of the Pd{sup I} oxidation state in the range 190-220 mV.« less
A simple model for high Tc oxide superconductors

Abstract Recent detailed first principles configurations interaction calculations with band structure wave functions for both YBa2Cu3O7−x and Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 show that the net bare Coulomb interaction can cause superconductivity because of the anisotropic exchange interaction. Here we propose a simple model with electrons interacting with an anisotropic interaction, solve the mean field gap equation analytically, and demonstrate that, without any intermediate virtual excitations, a finite temperature superconducting transition can result because of the exchange interaction.
Chronic toxicity of Dursban (Chlorpyrifos) to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and the resultant acetylcholinesterase inhibition

Abstract Fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) were exposed to Dursban during a chronic toxicity test for 200 days including a reproductive period of their life cycle. The fish concentrated Dursban approximately 1700 times. Survival of first-generation fish was adversely affected at 2.68 μg/liter within 60 days. A significant increase in deformities occurred at 2.68 μg/liter within 30 days. Growth was significantly reduced at 2.68 μg/liter within 30 days and at 1.21 μg/liter by 60 days. Maturation of the first-generation fish was reduced at all Dursban exposures and reproduction was significantly reduced at 0.63 μg/liter and above. Growth and estimated biomass of 30-day-old second-generation fish were significantly reduced at 0.12 μg/liter, the lowest concentration tested. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited at 0.27 μg/liter and above. AChE inhibition ranged from near 10% in fish exposed at 0.12 μg/liter to 89% for those exposed at 2.68 μg/liter. Inhibition results are compared to other results demonstrated during the chronic study. The use of exposure units (exposure concentration × exposure duration) is discussed as a tool for determining the effects of organophosphate pesticides on the environment.
Multicomponent diffusion in concentrated electrolyte solutions : effect of solvation.

A method is presented to estimate the diffusivities of electrolytes in concentrated multicomponent systems. The method is based on the Stefan-Maxwell flux equations. Explicit expressions have been developed for the phenomenological transport coefficients. These expressions incorporate the effects of solvation, viscosity, and ionic interactions. It has been shown that multicomponent diffusion behavior can be related to corresponding single-electrolyte and tracer diffusion cases. Thus, solvation effects are estimated from single-electrolyte data, and ion-ion interaction effects are obtained from tracer diffusion studies. The method has been tested for the ternary system NaCl-KCl, at concentrations of up to 3.0 M, and for corresponding single-electrolyte and tracer diffusion cases at concentrations of up to 4.0 M. In general, the method predicts phenomenological coefficient values within 1.5% of the experimental values for univalent systems.
Outcomes of the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s campus-based sessions of LeaderShape®

To determine the outcomes, based on participant responses, of the University of Wisconsin-Madisonpsilas campus-based LeaderShapereg sessions, a comprehensive assessment and evaluation was conducted. The participants in this assessment study were LeaderShape alumni who participated in the 13 sessions hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison between 1997 and 2006. Using qualitative data analysis techniques, seven outcomes of the campus-based sessions of LeaderShape at the University of Wisconsin-Madison were extracted from participant responses. Those seven outcomes include: (a) changed goals and aspirations; (b) self discovery; (c) application of knowledge; (d) actions planned and taken; (e) changed concept of leadership; (f) increased understanding of values and convictions; and (g) celebration of diversity. Several suboutcomes emerged within each of the seven outcomes. Conclusions were reached and implications for future campus-based sessions of LeaderShape at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are discussed.
CO‐EVOLVING: JUDAISM AND BIOLOGY

. Biology has been able to systematize and order its vast information through the theory of evolution, offering the possibility of a more engaged dialogue and possible integration with religious insights and emotions. Using Judaism as a focus, this essay examines ways that contemporary evolutionary theory offers room for balancing freedom and constraint, serendipity and intentionality in ways fruitful to Jewish thought and expression. This essay then looks at a productive integration of Judaism and biology in the examples of co-evolution, environmental ethics, the place of humans within nature, the relationship of mind and brains, and the ways that individual and group identity blur.
Approaches, Techniques, and Information Technology Systems in the Restaurants and Foodservice Industry: A Qualitative Study in Sales Forecasting

This is a study about the approaches, techniques, and information technology systems utilized for restaurant sales forecasting in the full-service restaurant segment. Companies were examined using a qualitative research methods design and long interviews to gather information on approaches, techniques, and technology systems utilized in the sales-forecasting process. The results of the interviews were presented along with ensuing discussion. Major findings included a wide variety of software and hardware used among participants as well as varied approaches and techniques to sales forecasting. The results also indicated that interviewees experienced varied levels of satisfaction with the approaches, techniques, and information systems that were in use.
Predicting the subcellular localization of human proteins using machine learning and exploratory data analysis.

Identifying the subcellular localization of proteins is particularly helpful in the functional annotation of gene products. In this study, we use Machine Learning and Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) techniques to examine and characterize amino acid sequences of human proteins localized in nine cellular compartments. A dataset of 3,749 protein sequences representing human proteins was extracted from the SWISS-PROT database. Feature vectors were created to capture specific amino acid sequence characteristics. Relative to a Support Vector Machine, a Multi-layer Perceptron, and a Naive Bayes classifier, the C4.5 Decision Tree algorithm was the most consistent performer across all nine compartments in reliably predicting the subcellular localization of proteins based on their amino acid sequences (average Precision=0.88; average Sensitivity=0.86). Furthermore, EDA graphics characterized essential features of proteins in each compartment. As examples, proteins localized to the plasma membrane had higher proportions of hydrophobic amino acids; cytoplasmic proteins had higher proportions of neutral amino acids; and mitochondrial proteins had higher proportions of neutral amino acids and lower proportions of polar amino acids. These data showed that the C4.5 classifier and EDA tools can be effective for characterizing and predicting the subcellular localization of human proteins based on their amino acid sequences.
Preclinical sporadic Alzheimer's disease: target for personalized diagnosis and preventive intervention

The most opportune time for preventive intervention in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (spAD) is early in its preclinical stage (pcAD), when the odds of preventing or minimizing later disabling neurodegeneration are most favorable. The efficacy of promising preventive interventions should be assessed in patients in the earliest discernible phase of pcAD. This will require application of personalized medicine techniques, with use of suitable biomarkers to detect pcAD in individuals believed to be spAD-prone. This review focuses on the genetic biomarker, apolipoprotein E (apoE) e4, and on certain neuroimaging biomarkers, such as structural MRI (sMRI), fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), and PET-amyloid tracers capable of delineating the extent and distribution of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits in the brain, that can be useful in identifying cognitively normal people who are at enhanced risk of developing spAD. Many years before AD symptoms appear, such neuroimaging procedures can disclose signature abnormalities of brain structure, function, and amyloid levels in cognitively normal apoE e4 allele carriers and/or individuals with a family history of spAD. Although no effective treatment for spAD is yet available, there is evidence that, by taking a proactive personalized-medicine approach, the practicing physician may be able to reduce risk in AD-prone patients by attending to such modifiable AD risk factors as hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, sedentary lifestyle, and current cigarette smoking. Young patients who are e4 positive should be advised to avoid participation in contact sports or other activities that expose them to risk of traumatic brain injury.
On estimating the region of asymptotic stability using Liapunov's method

The problem of estimating the region of asymptotic stability is formulated as a minimization problem, and the Davidon search routine is applied to obtain the minimum. This approach is compared with the tangency method of Rodden for one example problem.
Traumatic Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction: Role of Penile Microarterial Bypass Surgery

Penile microarterial bypass surgery (MABS) may be the only treatment capable of restoring normal erectile function without necessity of chronic use of vasoactive medications or placement of a penile prosthesis. Lack of standardization in patient selection, hemodynamic evaluation, surgical technique, and limited long-term outcome data using validated instruments has resulted in this surgery being considered experimental. In addition, poor reimbursements, long surgical time, and the need for microsurgical expertise have lead to infrequent penile revascularization procedures. Using the criteria for the Arterial Occlusive Disease Index patient, only 4 of 31 manuscripts met the criteria. The total studied population of these four publications was 50, which was considered too small to determine if MABS is effective or not. Reported successful outcomes were 36% to 91%. We recently published the largest long-term outcome MABS study using validated instruments. We documented MABS provides long-term improvements in erectile function, depression, and overall satisfaction in well-selected patients. The Members of the Erectile Dysfunction Guideline Update Panel consider: “Arterial reconstructive surgery is a treatment option only in healthy individuals with recently acquired erectile dysfunction secondary to a focal arterial occlusion and in the absence of any evidence of generalized vascular disease.”
Credit card debts of the poor: High and rising

In this article we report on a little-known aspect of the consumer credit explosion: It has also happened among the poor. Focusing on credit cards, we use data from four releases of the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), 1983–1995, to trace the evolution of the debt position of the poor as compared to that of the population at large. The data indicate that from 1983 to 1995 the fraction of poor households with a credit card more than doubled, and the average balances held on these cards rose almost as rapidly as the balances of nonpoor households. In 1983, fewer than 1 in 30 poor households had credit card debts greater than twice their monthly incomes; by 1995, more than 1 in 8 did. There is no strong evidence at the moment that the added debt has increased the financial distress of these households. Nonetheless, because of the debt increase, poor households at the end of the 1990s are more vulnerable to an economic downturn than they were at the end of the 1980s.© 1998 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Comparison of the brain penetration injury associated with microdialysis and voltammetry

Abstract Emerging evidence suggests that differences between microdialysis- and voltammetry-based estimates of extracellular dopamine in the brain might originate in the different penetration injury associated with each technique. To address this issue in a direct fashion, microdialysis probes and voltammetric microelectrodes were implanted in the rat striatum for 1, 4, or 24 h. Tissues were perfused with a suspension of fluorescently labeled nanobeads to assess blood vessels near the implant. Tissue sections (30 μm) were labeled with antibodies for PECAM, an endothelial cell marker, or GFAP, a glial marker. In non-implanted control tissue, blood vessels were reliably double-labeled with nanobeads and antiPECAM. Tissue near microdialysis probe tracks exhibited ischemia in the form of PECAM immunoreactive blood vessels devoid of nanobeads. Ischemia was most apparent after the 4-h implants. Probe tracks were surrounded by endothelial cell debris, which appeared as a diffuse halo of PECAM immunoreactivity. The halo intensity decreased with implant duration, indicative of an active wound-healing process. Consistent with this, after 24-h implants, the probe tracks were surrounded by hyperplasic and hypertrophic glia and glial processes were extending towards, and engulfing, the track. Carbon fiber microelectrodes produced a diffuse disruption of nanobead labeling but no focal disruption of blood vessels, no PECAM immunoreactive halo, and no glial activation. These findings illuminate the differences between the extent and nature of the penetration injuries associated with microdialysis and voltammetry.
Chemical characterization of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin polymerized with poly(ethylene glycol).

A lack of specificity associated with chemical modification methods used in the preparation of certain hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) may alter Hb structure and function, as amino acids located in critical regions (e.g., α−β interfaces and the 2,3-DPG binding pocket) may unintentionally be targeted. Hb protein surface modifications with various poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives have been used as conjugating and polymerizing agents with the intent of improving reaction site specificity/reproducibility and ultimately reducing the untoward hypertensive response due to nitric oxide scavenging by smaller molecular size tetrameric species (i.e., 64 kDa) in HBOC solutions. Previous experiments performed in our laboratory have evaluated the influence of polymerization of diaspirin α−α cross-linked Hb (αα-DBBF−Hb) with a bifunctional modified PEG, bis(maleoylglycylamide) PEG (BMAA−PEG), in terms of oxygen carrying capacity, redox properties, hypertensive response, and renal clearance in rats. ...
Living scaffolds for neuroregeneration

Neural tissue engineers are exploiting key mechanisms responsible for neural cell migration and axonal path finding during embryonic development to create living scaffolds for neuroregeneration following injury and disease. These mechanisms involve the combined use of haptotactic, chemotactic, and mechanical cues to direct cell movement and re-growth. Living scaffolds provide these cues through the use of cells engineered in a predefined architecture, generally in combination with biomaterial strategies. Although several hurdles exist in the implementation of living regenerative scaffolds, there are considerable therapeutic advantages to using living cells in conjunction with biomaterials. The leading contemporary living scaffolds for neurorepair are utilizing aligned glial cells and neuronal/axonal tracts to direct regenerating axons across damaged tissue to appropriate targets, and in some cases to directly replace the function of lost cells. Future advances in technology, including the use of exogenous stimulation and genetically engineered stem cells, will further the potential of living scaffolds and drive a new era of personalized medicine for neuroregeneration.
Component rationing for available-to-promise scheduling in configure-to-order systems

Abstract We address the problem of rationing common components among multiple products in a configure-to-order system with order configuration uncertainty. The objective of this problem is to maximize expected revenue by implementing a threshold rationing policy. Under this policy, a product is available to promise if fulfilling the order for the product will not cause the inventory of any one of its required components to fall below the component’s threshold level for that product. The problem is modeled as a two-stage stochastic integer program and solved using the sample average approximation approach. A heuristic is developed to generate good feasible solutions and lower bound estimates. Using industry data, we examine the benefit of component rationing as compared to a First-Come-First-Served policy and show that this benefit is correlated to the average revenue per product and the variability in the revenue across products whose components are constrained.
Prolonged depolarization of rat cerebral synaptosomes leads to an increase in vesicular glutamate content

Glutamate accumulation into synaptic vesicles is a vital step in glutamate synaptic transmission. In this study, we have explored the possibility that vesicular glutamate storage may be subject to some regulation. Synaptosomes were depolarized and subjected to [3H] glutamate under non-depolarizing conditions, and vesicular [3H] glutamate content was determined by a filter-based assay. We present evidence here that prolonged depolarization of synaptosomes leads to an increase in vesicular glutamate content. Induction of this enhanced state is time- and temperature-dependent. The enhanced state has two components, one readily reversible and the other long-lasting. The up-regulation of glutamate storage capacity could lead to an increase in quantal size and play a role in modulation of glutamate transmission efficiency.
The effect of phenylglyoxal on Clostridium sporogenes

Abstract In general phenylglyoxal (PG) was found to inhibit anaerobic bacteria, with strict anaerobes being more affected than facultatives. The susceptibility of Clostridium sporogenes vegetative cells to PG varied with the type of medium (20->10 000 μg ml -1 PG), pH (20->2500 μg ml -1 PG), and incubation temperature (625-1250 μg ml -1 PG). However, optimum vegetative (20 μg ml -1 PG) and spore ( -1 PG) inhibitions occurred in cooked meat medium for all conditions tested. PG was most active against vegetative cells at pH values >7·5 and at temperatures between 25-30°C. The compound inhibited sporogenesis (156 μg ml -1 PG) and replication processes (29 μg ml -1 PG), as well as deoxyribonuclease activity (4·28 μg ml -1 PG). Increased concentrations of free α-amino acids and sulfhydryl-containing compounds antagonized the activity of PG against vegetative cells. Antigerminative effects appeared to occur optimally at low pH, and the heat resistance of C. sporogenes spores was reduced. Furthermore, PG concentrations of 10-0·63 μg ml -1 prevented germination of C. sporogenes spores in five commercial soups and maintained their organoleptic qualities for 35 days at 30°.
Mutations in the B1 domain of protein G that delay the onset of amyloid fibril formation in vitro

We previously reported that under certain experimental conditions, many variants of the B1 domain of IgG-binding protein G from Streptococcus form fibrils reproducibly. The variant I6T53 was the focus of the present study because the lag phase in the kinetics of fibril formation by this variant is significantly longer than that of other variants. This lag phase is distinguished by changes in both intrinsic fluorescence intensity and in light scattering of the protein. NMR diffusion measurements suggest that the soluble protein during the lag phase is monomeric. The kinetic profiles of fibril formation are found to depend on experimental conditions. The first kinetic phase diminishes almost completely when the reaction is seeded with preformed amyloid fibrils.
The Case for Differentiated Professional Support: Toward a Phase Theory of Professional Development

In this perspective article I draw upon interviews with first-, second-, and third-year teachers to develop a phase theory of professional development that accounts for the questions, interests, and preferences of teachers across their first three years in the classroom. I suggest that differentiated professional development has potential to improve the quality of the teaching force by increasing the expertise of teachers in their first few years and providing support that is engaging and rewarding enough to encourage retention.