cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population Density and Stream-Habitat Relations of the Yellowcheek Darter (Nothonotus moorei) Among the Headwaters of the Little Red River in Arkansas

Nothonotus moorei (Yellowcheek Darter [YCD]) is an endangered species endemic to the headwaters of the Little Red River in north-central Arkansas. Population decline, habitat loss and fragmentation, and threats from land use and seasonal drought necessitate monitoring of population density and distribution to determine ecological and habitat associations. We evaluated YCD density and associated stream-habitat variables from 9 sites in the South Fork, Archey Fork, Middle Fork, and Beech Fork of the Little Red River from March to April 2018. Yellowcheek Darters were present at all 9 sites and 19 of 23 riffles sampled. Densities were generally comparable or higher than reported in previous studies, and we collected YCD at some sites at which they were considered previously extirpated, suggesting a rather stable population and evidence of recolonization of some sites since they were last surveyed. Yellowcheek Darter density was significantly negatively related to substrate embeddedness, and the consistent relation to embeddedness in this study and other studies suggest that this species is vulnerable to sedimentation.
Before You Write Code ... Putting Data and Ethics at the Center of Introductory Computing

Computing is a large and growing presence in society in 2020, and like many others, we see a strong demand from non-computing majors for "CS For All" courses. Unlike many others, we do not feel that putting traditional programming first is the best way to do this. Instead, we are rethinking the way we introduce computing to allow a broad audience to engage with this discipline. Any computational problem we might tackle requires that we explicitly think about the data involved to solve the problem. Likewise, many computational problems potentially have deep implications for the effect of emerging technologies on society including complex racial and social justice issues. When training novice computer scientists, too often the focus is on learning to write code, but not on explicitly learning computational thinking (data-first, declarative) and how to spot, analyze, and mitigate the ethical implications of potential computing solutions. When teaching those from other disciplines about computer science, the importance of learning to write code is diminished still further, relative to skills in computational thinking and in reasoning about ethical issues in computing and emerging technologies.
Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults With Early COVID-19.

There is no known effective oral therapy for early COVID-19. This randomized trial evaluated effects of oral hydroxychloroquine on symptoms and disease severity in adult outpatients with early COVI...
Appendix: Shockley’s Patents, Papers and Presentations

1. W. Shockley, “Electron discharge device,” U.S. Patent 2,207,355, July 9, 1940. 2. W. Shockley, “Electron discharge device,” U.S. Patent 2,236,012, Mar. 25, 1941. 3. J. R. Pierce and W. Shockley, “Electron multiplier,” U.S. Patent 2,245,605, June 17, 1941. 4. W. Shockley, “Electron discharge device,” U.S. Patent 2,245,614, June 17, 1941. 5. W. Shockley and G. W. Willard, “Wave propagation device,” U.S. Patent 2,407,294, Sept. 10, 1946.
Cement-Augmented and Dual-Headed Posterior Screw Reconstruction After Corpectomy for Metastatic Tumor Resection.

Background Metastatic spinal tumors have a well-documented deleterious effect on the overall strength of the bony spine. Surgical interventions must address not only removal of the tumor itself, but the integrity of reconstructive hardware constructs as well. Methods We present a series of 8 patients with metastatic spine tumors who were successfully treated with tumor resection and reconstruction of residual 3-column defect with cement-augmented fenestrated pedicle screws and dual-rod posterior stabilization. Results All patients demonstrated resolution of their presenting neurologic symptoms. Conclusions This series supports the use of the aforementioned constructs in conjunction to provide added stability and reduce hardware failure when treating a diversity of spinal tumors.
Robotic approach has improved outcomes for minimally invasive resection of mediastinal tumors.

Abstract Background The optimal minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approach to mediastinal tumors is unknown. There are limited reports comparing the outcomes of resection with robotic-assisted and video-assisted thoracoscopy (RATS vs VATS). We hypothesized that patients who underwent RATS would have improved outcomes. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for all patients who underwent MIS for any mediastinal tumor from 2010-2016. Patients were determined to have an adverse composite outcome if they had any of the adverse perioperative outcomes; conversion to open procedure, 90-day mortality, 30-day readmission, and positive pathologic margins. Secondary outcomes of interest were length-of-stay (LOS) and overall survival. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess likelihood of having a composite adverse outcome based on surgical approach. Results 856 patients were included: 402 (47%) underwent VATS and 454 (53%) underwent RATS. RATS resections were associated with fewer conversions (4.9% vs 14.7%, p 4 cm (OR 0.45, p=0.001). Overall survival was similar between the two groups. Conclusions Among patients who underwent MIS for a mediastinal tumor, RATS had fewer adverse outcomes than VATS, even for tumors ≥ 4 cm. These data suggests that RATS may be the preferred technique for patients who are candidates for minimally invasive resection of mediastinal tumors.
Local mechanical and optical properties of normal and transparent root dentin.

The mechanical and optical properties of healthy and transparent root dentin are compared using atomic force microscopy (AFM), micro-Raman and emission spectroscopies and fluorescence microscopy. The elastic modulus and hardness of intertubular and peritubular transparent and healthy dentin did not differ appreciably. The tubule filling material in the transparent zone, however, exhibited values between peritubular and intertubular dentin. Raman spectroscopy revealed a shift in the 1066 cm−1 band to 1072 cm−1 from normal to transparent intertubular dentin. The material filling the tubule lumen in transparent dentin showed an increase in frequency of the band near 1070 cm−1 as well. The emission spectral characteristics under 351 nm photoexcitation indicate differences between normal and transparent intertubular dentin. A transition region of about 300 μm between normal and transparent dentin was identified. In this region the intertubular emission properties were the same as for normal dentin, but tubules were filled. The filling material had emission characteristics closer to the normal intertubular than to transparent intertubular dentin. © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Charmonium at BES and CLEO-c

This paper gives a short summary of some of the aspects of charmonium which can be addressed at BES and CLEO-c and other $e^+e^-$ facilities. These topics include the spectroscopy of charmonium states, radiative transitions, $e^+e^-$ widths, two-photon widths, hadron loop effects and open-flavor strong decays.
Development of Roadway Weather Severity Index

Winter weather conditions play a significant role in the operation of the surface transportation system, including heightening safety risks for motorists. Previous research has sought to correlate winter weather severity with maintenance costs through the use of indices, although few have been developed to relate winter weather parameters to safety. This paper summarizes a research project using data from California, Montana, and Oregon to quantify relationships between winter weather and safety. Many model forms were reviewed, and then linear models were developed to predict the cubic root of the crash rate as a function of weather parameters. Models were developed for different topographic zones and on a statewide level, with correlations ranging from 0.12 to 0.67. These models were used to develop indices that may be used for traveler information purposes. The indices show promise for application in traveler information and winter maintenance; therefore, recommendations for research are included.
Pretreatment of Young Pigs with Vitamin E Attenuates the Elevation in Plasma Interleukin-6 and Cortisol Caused by a Challenge Dose of Lipopolysaccharide

The effect of a short-term, high-dose intramuscular injection of d-alpha-tocopherol was studied in pigs given a challenge dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Twenty-four pigs surgically fitted with jugular catheters were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Pigs received either 0 or 600 mg d-alpha-tocopherol by intramuscular injection for 3 d before receiving an intraperitoneal injection of saline containing either 0 or 5 microgram/kg body weight Escherichia coli LPS. Blood was collected from indwelling jugular catheters at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after injection of LPS. Plasma alpha-tocopherol levels were 13-fold greater (P < 0.01) at time 0 in pigs pretreated with 600 mg d-alpha-tocopherol (9.9 +/- 1.3 mg/L) than in those not treated with d-alpha-tocopherol (0.74 +/- 0.09 mg/L). Injection of LPS increased (P < 0.05) plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cortisol at 2-h postinjection, regardless of vitamin E treatment. However, pigs that received alpha-tocopherol before the LPS challenge had substantially lower (P < 0.05) peak levels of IL-6 and cortisol than pigs not receiving alpha-tocopherol. These results suggest that supplementation with a surfeit level of vitamin E reduces the response of pigs to endotoxin.
Design rules for multivariable feedback systems

Considers a class of multivariable feedback design problems that often arises in applications. These consist of strongly interacting systems that have bandwidth limitations which in turn impose design trade-offs when a decentralized controller is implemented. Applications examples exist for which a multivariable controller yields improved performance. Since such a controller cannot remove the source of the limitations, it follows that performance improvement is obtained by using crosscoupling terms in the controller. The nature of the required crosscoupling term depends upon whether the bandwidth constraint arises from an actuator or a sensor deficiency.
First report of nitroxide mediated polymerization in an ionic liquid

Nitroxide-mediated free radical polymerizations (NMP) of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were carried out in a room temperature ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6). A bimolecular initiation system, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) along with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and a unimolecular initiation system, 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(1-phenylethoxy)-4-phenyl-3-azahexane (α-hydrido alkoxyamine, TMPPAH)) were employed. Contrary to the results obtained for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATW) and reversible addition-fragmentation radical transfer polymerization (RAFT) in the same ionic liquid, the molecular weights obtained in NMP were lower with broader polydispersities for a wide range of initiator ratios and temperatures due to the non-living nature of polymerization.
Interactive atmospheric data access via high-speed networks

The VIS-5D system running on large workstations lets scientists interactively explore atmospheric simulation data sets containing up to 5 x 10(exp 7) points. A distributed version of VIS-5D running on a workstation and a supercomputer will make it possible to interactively explore data sets containing up to 10(exp 10) points. Wide area gigabit networks will bring this capability to scientists at most academic and research institutions. This software will help scientists to interactively develop numerical models of atmospheric phenomena.
Brain Tissue Response to CO2 in Patients with Arteriovenous Malformation

We tested whether cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) alter brain tissue oxygen pressure, PO2, carbon dioxide pressure PCO2, and pH before, during, and after hypercapnia. A craniotomy was performed and a sensor inserted into normal brain tissue (control) (n = 7) or into tissue adjacent to an AVM (n = 9). Under baseline conditions, tissue PO2 was 80% lower in AVM compared to control patients, but PCO2 and pH were normal. During a 10 mm Hg increase in PaCO2, tissue PO2 increased only in AVM patients, PCO2 increased in both groups, and pH decreased only in controls. When hypercapnia was reversed, tissue PCO2 decreased below baseline and pH increased in AVM patients. Results suggest that tissue CO2 washout and elevated pH result from increases in blood flow during hypercapnia. This response may be related to symptoms of hyperperfusion during AVM resection.
ELECTRICAL PARAMETER CONTROL FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MANUFACTURING: A FABWIDE APPROACH

Abstract Wafers that fail to meet their electrical specifications lead to scrap which negatively impacts yield and manufacturing costs. Most existing research has focused on controlling individual steps during the manufacturing process via run-to-run control, but almost no work has looked at directly controlling the electrical characteristics. A control scheme is proposed to directly control electrical parameter values. The control algorithm uses a model to predict electrical parameter values after each processing step and determines optimal adjustments for the future processing steps. Simulation results show significant reduction in electrical parameter variations for both constrained and unconstrained control.
Bandwidth Allocation in Tactical Data Links via Mechanism Design

Abstract Our research focusses on improving the quality and accuracy of the common operating picture of a tactical scenario through the efficient allocation of bandwidth in the tactical data networks among self-interested actors, who may resort to strategic behaviour dictated by self-interest. We propose a two-stage bandwidth allocation mechanism based on modified strictly-proper scoring rules, whereby multiple agents can provide track data estimates of limited precisions and the centre does not have to rely on knowledge of the true state of the world when calculating payments. In particular, our work emphasizes the importance of applying robust optimization techniques to deal with the data uncertainty in the operating environment. We apply our robust optimization – based scoring rules mechanism to an agent-based model framework of the tactical defence scenario, and analyse the results obtained.
Differential Effects of Three Teachers Over a Unit of Instruction

The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of three teachers on psychomotor, affective, and cognitive outcomes over a 15-lesson volleyball unit. Three intact middle school physical education classes were used. Pre- and posttests were administered for the overhead set, forearm pass, and serve psychomotor skills. A semantic differential test with four affective dimensions and a written test on the rules, strategies, and mechanics of volleyball were also administered pre- and posttest. Data on instructional characteristics were obtained using academic learning time (ALT-PE); observation system for content development (OSCD-PE), and a content analysis of lessons. The following were key aspects of the results: (a) Teachers differed in their approaches to the content of the unit more than in the characteristics of their instruction as determined through observational data; (b) teachers differed in respect to the psychomotor skills for which they were able to produce statistically significant student ...
Exploring temporal coordination of events with Facebook.com

The coordination of a social event requires a number of time-bounded tasks (exact time, location, activities of the event) to be determined prior to the event. On university campuses, Facebook is increasingly used to organize ad hoc physical gatherings within social groups. The coordination takes place via Facebook event pages and a ‘wall’ that represent online, shared, interactive spaces. This paper explores how such online interactive spaces facilitate the temporal coordination of social events. We content analyze Facebook's event pages and walls to understand how social group behavior is different from prevailing theories of group task progress and media use. The results suggest that, similar to many work groups, social groups exhibit differential interactive behaviors before and after the midpoint of when the event is created on Facebook and when the offline activity is going to happen. However, the results differ in the sense that the interactive behavior is highest before rather than after the midpoint. We also found that the involvement of the creator of the event pages is associated with higher interactive behavior of the social group. We discuss the findings and derive implications for the design of online tools for social event management.
A consistent age for the Universe

The constraints associated with traditional dating methods for determining the age of the universe are combined in the context of the standard cosmological model to see which age can satisfy them all. The allowed age of the universe is found to range from 13.5 to 15.5 times 1,000,000,000 years in accordance with the limits for the density parameter being 0.06 and 0.3 and the limits for the heavy element mass fraction of globular clusters being 0.0001 and 0.001. The proposed range for the age of the universe agrees with Friedmann's description of the universe.
Design and analysis of supporting structure with smart struts for active vibration isolation

This research investigates a supporting structure with smart struts under a vibratory load. In the case of most rotorcraft, structure-borne noise and vibration transmitted from the gearbox contains multiple spectral elements and higher frequencies, which include gear mesh frequencies and their side bands. In order to manage this issue, significant research have been devoted to active smart struts which have tunable stiffness such that a higher level of attenuation is possible. However, present techniques on active control are restricted mostly to the control of single or multiple sinusoids and thus these are not applicable to manage modulated and multi-spectral signals. Therefore, enhanced control algorithms are required in order to achieve simultaneous attenuation of gear mesh frequencies and their side bands. Proposed algorithms employing two nonlinear methods and one model-based technique are examined in this study. Their performance is verified by comparing with conventional algorithms. Moreover, these algorithms are implemented to exhibit whether they are feasible to narrowband or broadband control through experiments with a single smart strut. Novel methodologies are expected to be applied to several active vibration and noise control practices such as vehicles and other engineering structures.
A theorem of voting rules and budget deficits

Abstract A theorem showing that deficits under a procedure requiring expenditures to accompany revenues as they are enacted, followed by a vote on the size of deficit, are smaller than under current procedure in which votes on expenditures and taxes are unlinked.
Image Processing by a Programmable Grid Comprising Quantum Dots and Memristors

Real-time vision systems require computationally intensive tasks which often benefit greatly from fast and accurate feature extractions. Resistive grid-based analog structures have been shown to perform these tasks with high accuracy and added advantages of compact area, noise immunity, and lower power consumption compared to their digital counterparts. However, these are static structures and can only perform one type of image processing task. In this paper, an analog programmable memristive grid-based architecture capable of performing various real-time image processing tasks such as edge and line detections is presented. The unit cell structure employs 3-D confined resonant tunneling diodes that are called quantum dots in this paper for signal amplification and latching, and these dots are interconnected between neighboring cells through nonvolatile continuously variable resistive elements that are more popularly known as memristors. A method to program memristive connections is introduced and verified through circuit simulations. Various diffusion characteristics, edge detection, and line detection tasks have been demonstrated through simulations using a 2-D array of the proposed cell structure and analytical models have been provided.
Cortical synaptic NMDA receptor deficits in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene deletion models: Implications for neuropsychiatric diseases ☆

Microdeletion of the human CHRNA7 gene (α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, nAChR) as well as dysfunction in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have been associated with cortical dysfunction in a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. However, the pathophysiological roles of synaptic vs. extrasynaptic NMDARs and their interactions with α7 nAChRs in cortical dysfunction remain largely uncharacterized. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro models, we demonstrate that α7 nAChR gene deletion leads to specific loss of synaptic NMDARs and their coagonist, d-serine, as well as glutamatergic synaptic deficits in mouse cortex. α7 nAChR null mice had decreased cortical NMDAR expression and glutamatergic synapse formation during postnatal development. Similar reductions in NMDAR expression and glutamatergic synapse formation were revealed in cortical cultures lacking α7 nAChRs. Interestingly, synaptic, but not extrasynaptic, NMDAR currents were specifically diminished in cultured cortical pyramidal neurons as well as in acute prefrontal cortical slices of α7 nAChR null mice. Moreover, d-serine responsive synaptic NMDAR-mediated currents and levels of the d-serine synthetic enzyme serine racemase were both reduced in α7 nAChR null cortical pyramidal neurons. Our findings thus identify specific loss of synaptic NMDARs and their coagonist, d-serine, as well as glutamatergic synaptic deficits in α7 nAChR gene deletion models of cortical dysfunction, thereby implicating α7 nAChR-mediated control of synaptic NMDARs and serine racemase/d-serine pathways in cortical dysfunction underlying many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly those associated with deletion of human CHRNA7.
Significance of Sodium Pump Isoforms in Digitalis Therapy

Despite the long history of use of cardiac glycosides, questions persist relating to the very narrow range of therapeutic v toxic levels of the drug, and the factors, including hypokalemia, that predispose a patient to cardiac glycoside toxicity. The therapeutic receptor for cardiac glycosides is believed to be the α subunit of sodium pump. Na,K-ATPase. Three isoforms of this subunit are expressed in the heart, and the levels of cardiac sodium pump expression are depressed in heart failure. Which human sodium pump isoform(s) binds cardiac glycosides in the therapeutic range (1–2 nm for digoxin) in the failing heart has not been determined. Hypokalemia can potentially influence cardiac glycoside sensitivity at multiple levels: (1) it directly increases the affinity of cardiac glycosides for sodium pumps by decreasing competition with K+, (2) it decreases cardiac sodium pump expression which can augment or amplify the effects of decreased pump expression and activity due to heart failure itself and cardiac glycoside inhibition; (3) it decreases the expression of skeletal muscle sodium pumps which will influence the relative tissue and plasma distributions of cardiac glycosides. Establishing the therapeutic v toxic targets of cardiac glycosides will enable investigators to design isoform specific inhibitors that would potentially be specific for the therapeutic receptors and independent of plasma potassium levels.
An Algorithm for Incorporating Subsystem Models into Overall Dynamic System Models

Abstract Bond graphs are used to construct finite mode representations of inherently distributed systems. These systems are, perhaps, only part of an overall dynamic system. The “causal” information provided by the bond graph permits the derivation of an automatable algorithm which produces the state equations as well as all output variables associated with the finite modes. The procedure requires only the a priori knowledge of modal masses, frequencies, and associated mode shapes for general boundary conditions of the distributed parts of the system. Thus, the algorithm is applicable to any multidimensional distributed system which is representable by normal modes.
Potentiation of platinum analogue cytotoxicity by hyperthermia.

Carboplatin and iproplatin, two new analogues of cisplatin, appear to have comparable activity in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer, but minimal nephro- and neurotoxicities. Hyperthermia can potentiate the cytoxicity of cisplatin in vitro and in vivo, but systemic treatment with the combination has proven unsafe in patients. To provide the rationale for an alternative approach, we evaluated the relative degree of additivity between hyperthermia and the three platinum analogues in vitro against a human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line, UACC-66. All drug and heat treatments were simultaneous for 1 h. Platinum analogue concentrations covered a five-log range from 0.001 to 100 μg/ml and hyperthermia temperatures included 38.5°, 40°, 41.5°, and 43° C. A tumor clonogenic assay was used to quantitate heat-drug interactive effects against the UACC-66 cells, and statistical analysis was performed using the median-effect equation of Chou. When combined with heat, the in vitro concentrations of the three platinum analogues were between 5% and 25% of those required at 37° C to inhibit 50%–70% of the UACC-66 tumor colony-forming units. For each drug when combined with heat, a 3° C incremental increase in temperature (i.e., from 37° C to 40° C or from 40° C to 43° C) was associated with a ten-fold decrease in ID50 drug concentration. We conclude that the synergistic effects of both carboplatin and iproplatin with hyperthermia at all temperatures above 37° C provide a rationale for design of clinical trials in patients with ovarian cancer using these hyperthermia-drug combinations.
“Un Pueblo Laborioso”: Mudejar Work in the Cantigas

This essay analyzes the idea of “work” as a site of convergence between two meanings of the term mudejar : the sociohistorical, in which the Mudejar is a tax-paying minority Muslim under Christian rule, and the aestheticist, in which mudejar describes a style of architectural and artisanal craftsmanship. Both senses—minority labor as taxable production and as cultural product—are studied in the poetic and social contexts of medieval Spanish poetry, with specific attention to thirteenth-century Galician-Portuguese poetry. The essay concludes by identifying a shift, described in terms articulated by Pierre Bourdieu, in the economic relations between Christians and Muslims, from that primarily viewed as an interpersonal social relation to a material relation expressed as goods and capital.
Job scheduling with dual criteria and sequence-dependent setups: mathematical versus genetic programming

Abstract Flexibility, speed, and efficiency are major challenges for operations managers in today's knowledge-intensive organizations. Such requirements are converted into three production scheduling criteria: (a) minimize the impact of setup times in flexible production lines when moving from one product to another, (b) minimize number of tardy jobs, and (c) minimize overall production time, or makespan, for a given set of products or services. There is a wide range of solution methodologies for such NP-hard scheduling problems. While mathematical programming models provide optimal solutions, they become too complex to model for large scheduling problems. Simultaneously, heuristic approaches are simpler and very often independent of the problem size, but provide “good” rather than optimal solutions. This paper proposes and compares two alternative solutions: 0-1 mixed integer linear programming and genetic programming. It also provides guidelines that can be used by practitioners in the process of selecting the appropriate scheduling methodology.
A Schwann cell antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody 217c is the rat low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor

Monoclonal antibody 217c was generated against an antigen expressed on the rat glial cell line, C6 glioma. 217c has been shown to recognize Schwann cells in mixed cultures as well as in tissue sections and has been used to identify Schwann cells independent of other markers, such as monoclonal antibody 192-IgG, which recognizes the rat low affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor. Here we show that the antigen recognized by 217c is the rat low-affinity NGF receptor. This indicates that monoclonal antibodies 192-IgG and 217c are not independent markers and therefore that additional criteria need to be used for the identification of Schwann cells early in development.
Role of Glutamate Receptor-Mediated Excitotoxicity in Bilirubin-Induced Brain Injury in the Gunn Rat Model

Abstract Severe hyperbilirubinemia in neonates with prematurity and/or systemic illnesses such as hemolytic disease, acidosis, and hypoxemia enhances their risk for developing cerebral palsy, paralysis of ocular upgaze, and deafness. This neurologic syndrome has been associated with selective neuronal vulnerability in the basal ganglia, certain brainstem nuclei, and Purkinje cells. However, the mechanism by which bilirubin damages neurons remains unclear. In these studies, we found that intracerebral injection of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA), an excitotoxic analogue of glutamate, caused greater injury in jaundiced 7-day-old Gunn (jj) rat pups than in nonjaundiced heterozgous (Nj) littermate controls. NMDA injection caused even greater injury when protein-bound bilirubin was displaced with the sulfonamide drug sulfadimethoxine in jaundiced homozygous pups. In additional experiments, the acute signs of bilirubin-mediated neuronal injury, induced in homozygous (jj) Gunn rats by treatment with sulfonamide, were reduced by concurrent treatment with the NMDA-type glutamate channel antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5 H -dibenzo[a,d]cyclohept-5,10-imine (MK-801, dizocilpine). The results suggest that bilirubin may cause encephalopathy and neuronal injury, at least in part, through an NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic mechanism. This conclusion is consistent with clinical observations that bilirubin encephalopathy is synergistically worsened by hypoxemia, which also shares an excitotoxic mechanism of neuronal injury.
Impurity effects on atomic bonding in Ni3Al.

First-principles electronic structure calculations based on the full-potential linear-muffin-tin-orbital method have been employed to study the contrasting effects of boron and hydrogen on the electronic structure of the L${1}_{2}$ ordered intermetallic ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$Al. The total energy, the site- and l-projected densities of states, and the impurity-induced charge-density characteristics are calculated for various impurity configurations, to investigate the effects of local environment on the electronic structure. Total-energy calculations show that both boron and hydrogen impurities prefer to occupy octahedral interstitial sites that are entirely coordinated by six nickel atoms. Our results suggest that the underlying mechanism of the boron-induced strengthening in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$Al is the Ni-d and B-p hybridization between the nearest-neighbor nickel and boron sites. This results in an enhancement of the intraplanar metallic bonding between the nickel atoms, an enhancement of interstitial bonding charge, and reduction of the bonding-charge directionality around the Ni atoms on the (001) NiAl planes. In contrast, hydrogen is found to enhance the bonding-charge directionality near some Ni atoms and to reduce the interstitial charge, suggesting that it promotes poor local cohesion. When both boron and hydrogen are present in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$Al, the dominant changes in the electronic structure are induced by boron and the charge distribution resembles that of ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$Al+B. These results are broadly consistent with the notion of boron as a cohesion enhancer and hydrogen as an embrittler.
Phenetic groupings in bees of the tribe bombini based on the enzyme α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase

Abstract GDH isozyme patterns from thoracic muscle of 21 species of Bombus and 4 species of Psithyrus are each characterized by at least 8 bands arranged in 3 isozyme groups. Four distinctive pattern types were found, one for the species of Psithyrus and three among the Bombus species analyzed. Phenetic groupings of the 25 species are presented. Tissue specific GDH patterns are reported. No quantitative or qualitative differences in GDH patterns from thoracic extracts were associated with caste or age. The enzymes appear to be controlled by four non-allelic genes.
The Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES): Development and Initial Validation of a New Measure

Making meaning out of life stressors has been proposed as a crucial mechanism by which individuals adjust to these experiences. However, an easyto-use, multidimensional, and well-validated measure of the meaning made after a stressful life event has not been developed and tested. Thus, the present study tested the reliability and validity of scores for a newly developed measure called the Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES). In 2 samples of young adults—1 that experienced a variety of stressors (n 178) and another that experienced a recent bereavement (n 150)—ISLES scores were shown to have strong internal consistency and, among a subsample of participants, also exhibited moderate test–retest reliability. In both samples, support was also found for a 2-factor structure, with 1 factor assessing one’s sense of having some footing in the world following the stressful life event and the other gauging the comprehensibility of the stressor. Convergent validity analyses revealed that ISLES scores are
Flow Resistance Experiments in HTS Cable Form

High-temperature superconducting cables have application in the Navy for power cables as well as degaussing cables. The current interest is in using a gaseous cryogen circulated by means of a cryogenic fan as the cooling media for the HTS conductor. Flow through this style of cable is through an eccentrically situated corrugated annular region. Correlations do not currently exist for this arrangement since it is not a simple configuration. Experiments were carried out to measure pressure drop with varied flow rate of air and nitrogen through 10-m sections of tubing. A variety of tubing configurations was used including smooth tube, eccentric smooth annulus, and eccentric corrugated annulus with HTS wire bundle forming the inner filling material. A method was developed for comparing the relative flow resistance of tubing configuration, which included determining an effective hydraulic diameter based on observed data set fit to the Darcy-Weisbach equation and the Colebrook equation. The effective hydraulic diameter allowed for easy comparison of flow impedance for all configurations regardless of specific flow conditions.
RNA challenges for computational chemists.

Some experimental results for the thermodynamics of RNA folding cannot be explained by simple pairwise hydrogen-bonding models. Such effects include the stabilities of isoguanosine-isocytidine (iG-iC) base pairs and of various 2 2 nucleotide internal loops. Presumably, these results can be explained by base stacking effects, which can be partitioned into Coulombic and overlap effects. We review experimental measurements that provide benchmarks for testing the approximations and theories used for modeling nucleic acids. Quantitative agreement between experiment and theory will indicate understanding of the interactions determining RNA stability and structure.
Vertical nanowire InGaAs MOSFETs fabricated by a top-down approach

Vertical In0.53Ga0.47As Gate-all around (GAA) nanowire (NW) MOSFETs fabricated by a top-down approach are demonstrated experimentally for the first time. The fabrication process features a new III-V dry etch process capable of sub-20 nm diameter NWs with an aspect ratio greater than 10. It also includes a digital etch technique to controllably reduce nanowire diameter and remove dry etch damage. With a channel length Lch=80 nm and EOT=2.2 nm, we obtain a transconductance of 730 μS/μm at 0.5 V in a 50 nm diameter NW MOSFET. The digital etch increases the transconductance by 20% and improves the subthreshold characteristics of the devices. In terms of balance of transport and short-channel effects, our MOSFETs match the best vertical nanowire devices fabricated by bottom-up techniques.
Helminthosporium maydis Suppresses Expression of Resistance to Helminthosporium carbonum in Corn

Inoculation of corn mesocotyls with Helminthosporium maydis (susceptible combination) at the same time or at intervals up to 45 h after inoculation with H. carbonum (resistant combination) suppressed the expression of resistance to H. carbonum. This occurred even when the ratio of H. carbonum to H. maydis spores was as much as 100:1. When inoculated at 60 h after H. carbonum, H. maydis was unable to suppress resistance expression and was also unable to establish a susceptible disease interaction.
Laboratory data predicts survival post hospitalization

Abstract From a database of 93,077 in-patient admissions, patients assigned to catastrophic, very severe, moderately severe, and average 30-day mortality risk categories (as defined in Medicare Hospital Mortality Information , 1989 release, from the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA)) were selected for study. These admissions account for 30% of all admissions, but 70% of. all deaths up to 1 year post admission. To determine whether laboratory information adds to the predictive power of the information used by HCFA, we compare the performance of 1 year survival predictors (Cox model) that use only diagnostic, demographic, and comorbidity information, with the performance of predictors that also include laboratory information. Using a separate set of patients not used for model definition, we find that laboratory data contain significant prognostic information independent of that already available in non-laboratory data. In HCFA's catastrophic disorders for example, non-laboratory information reduces the average risk of predicting a wrong outcome by 17% relative to considering only catastrophic group membership, and adding,laboratory data reduces this risk by a further 21%. These improvements result primarily from considering the outcomes of a small set of routine laboratory tests (maximum BUN, AST, and WBC, and minimum CO 2 , hematocrit, and sodium).
Form categorization in 10-month-olds

Abstract In five experiments, 10-month-olds were habituated to exemplars of a form category and tested for categorization in paired-comparison trials involving incategory versus out-of-category stimuli. Across these experiments, color was systematically manipulated during habituation and/or test trials. Infants categorized form when color was either held constant or varied during habituation, but failed to categorize form when exposed to color-constant stimuli during habituation and tested for categorization with novel-color form exemplars. Two subsequent experiments traced this failure to the narrow experience of exposure to color-constant exemplars during habituation. These results suggest that (a) infants' internal representation for a category will not include a stimulus dimension not varied in the exemplars from which the category was derived, but (b) if variation in that dimension is experienced, exemplars constructed of novel instances of that dimension will still be regarded as belonging to the category.
Distribution of energy release in ionization wave discharges propagating between two gas flows and along a surface

Summary form only given. The subject of the paper is visualization and dynamics of ionization wave discharges propagating along the interface of two media. The results of two experiments are presented: a single-electrode AC discharge sustained in a parallel flow of two different gases, and a nanosecond pulse ionization wave discharge propagating over a dielectric surface. In both cases, spatial and temporal distribution of energy coupled by the discharge is of particular interest. Dynamics of positive and negative polarity ionization waves in nanosecond pulse surface discharges in nitrogen and air is studied using nanosecond gate imaging and electric field measurements using a capacitive probe, over a wide range of pressures. The results suggest that the bulk of the energy is coupled behind the ionization wave front, at relatively modest values of the reduced electric field. The effect of specific localization of electrical discharge in immediate vicinity of two gases is discussed as well. In the most cases the AC and pulse discharges strives to the boundary between gases. The explanation of this fact includes the idea that the discharge localization is managed by the rule of minimal electrical field, required for the discharge maintenance, along the line of breakdown. This statement is illustrated by the well-adjusted schlieren photos of the streamers' propagation. The next phase consists of the real selection of the discharge path among the multiple channels with non-zero conductivity. The experimental data are compared with theoretical and computational analyses. The primary applications of this work include lightning prediction / protection, mixing enhancement in non-premixed multi-component flows for high-speed combustion, and high-speed flow control.
Quantity of viable myocardium required to improve survival with revascularization in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: A meta-analysis

Background This meta-analysis was conducted to determine optimal cutoff values for the assessment of viability using various imaging techniques for which revascularization would offer a survival benefit in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM).
A study of oxide plate formation in tantalum—I Growth characteristics and morphology

Abstract A study by electron microscopy, electron diffraction and optical microscopy is reported concerning the initial stages of the reaction of tantalum with oxygen. In tantalum sheets oxidized for short times (~10 min) at 500°C in oxygen of atmospheric pressure, the TaO y orthorhombic suboxide phase was detected, which appears in the shape of plates in a layer near the surface highly enriched in oxygen. The orientation relationship between the parent and product phase was determined from electron diffraction. The plates have a {320} habit plane. An internal fine structure in the plates was identified as microtwins with a (101) twinning plane. A surface tilt associated with the plates was detected by two-beam interference microscopy. This result, together with the electron transmission and diffraction observations, and the results of a hot stage optical study strongly suggest that the transformation to TaO y can be considered martensitic. Evidence was obtained that the controversy existing in the literature about the habit plane of the suboxide phases can be explained by the formation of a TaO z overgrowth on top of the TaO y plates.
Lookahead Control based framework for power system applications

Robustness of the power system can be enhanced with appropriate autonomic control action following the disturbances. Predictive optimal tuning of real time control parameters from the finite set of control actions is considered in this paper to prevent from impending system deterioration. We present the formulation of generic, higher layer model based Limited Lookahead Control (LLC) approach that can be applied to variety of power system applications. System model including the lower level controller , load dynamics and network is used to assist the controller action. Discrete time control decisions are made based on the optimization of the predicted response to a limited horizon from the developed model. Finally, we present a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. Nine bus multi-machine power system benchmark is considered for voltage control with the finite set of capacitor tuning.
Cross-talk between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and hypoxia inducible factor signaling pathways. Demonstration of competition and compensation.

Abstract The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the α-class hypoxia inducible factors (HIF1α, HIF2α, and HIF3α) are basic helix-loop-helix PAS (bHLH-PAS) proteins that heterodimerize with ARNT. In response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, the AHR·ARNT complex binds to “dioxin responsive enhancers” (DREs) and activates genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics,e.g. cytochrome P4501A1 (Cyp1a1). The HIF1α·ARNT complex binds to “hypoxia responsive enhancers” and activates the transcription of genes that regulate adaptation to low oxygen, e.g. erythropoietin (Epo). We postulated that activation of one pathway would inhibit the other due to competition for ARNT or other limiting cellular factors. Using pathway specific reporters in transient transfection assays, we observed that DRE driven transcription was markedly inhibited by hypoxia and that hypoxia responsive enhancer driven transcription was inhibited by AHR agonists. When we attempted to support this cross-talk model using endogenous loci, we observed that activation of the hypoxia pathway inhibited Cyp1a1 up-regulation, but that activation of the AHR actually enhanced the induction of Epo by hypoxia. To explain this unexpected additivity, we examined theEpo gene and found that its promoter harbors DREs immediately upstream of its transcriptional start site. These experiments outline conditions where inhibitory and additive cross-talk occur between the hypoxia and dioxin signal transduction pathways and identify Epo as an AHR-regulated gene.
Nonlinear control of UAVs using multi-layer perceptrons with off-line and on-line learning

This paper presents the research on the development of neural network based non-linear controllers for an airplane UAV. Multi-layer perceptrons are used for the training of networks, both off-line and on-line. The data required for off-line training is generated from a validated non-linear flight dynamics model of the Cal Poly Pomona 12' Telemaster UAV. The off-line trained network using multi-layer perceptrons replaces the inverse transformation required for feedback linearization. On-line training is then accomplished to account for the inversion and modeling error. The controllers are tested in the software-in-the-loop simulation environment using FlightGear Flight Simulator. Simulation results compared with flight data are shown. Also shown are the results in the presence of sensor noise.