cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of knowledge and persuasion on high‐school students' attitudes toward nuclear power plants

Researchers report finding correlational data to identify a positive relationship between nuclear knowledge and positive attitudes toward the use of nuclear energy. This study investigated the relationship between nuclear knowledge and nuclear attitudes and to the understanding of Science-Technology-Society attitudes involving technological attitude objects. This quasi-experimental study tested the causal relationship between knowledge about nuclear power plants and attitudes toward their use in electrical generation. Subjects were presented with systematically designed communications developed to change either their knowledge about or attitude toward nuclear plants. The Standard Events of Instruction was the basis of the knowledge instruction, whereas the Learning Theory Approach and the Theory of Reasoned Action were the theoretical bases of the persuasive communication. The principal finding was that nuclear knowledge and nuclear attitude each can be changed independently of the other. Although knowledge and attitudes are correlationally linked, this study shows no evidence of a cause-effect relationship.
Relationship of GABA and diazepam receptors in cerebellar purkinje cells

Abstract Receptor studies are routinely carried out on crude heterogeneous membrane fractions. We have attempted to prepare a fraction containing a single cell type and analyze the properties of various receptors on this preparation. The preparation we developed consists of isolated Purkinje cell bodies prepared in greater than 90% purity. Using this preparation, GABA receptors and diazepam receptors were measured and their interaction was studied. An analysis of GABA receptor binding using either (3H)-GABA or (3H)-muscimol reveals two binding sites with KD's of 1.4 and 26.7 nM respectively. These two sites are clearly present on Purkinje cells and do not represent two morphologically distinct receptors, such as presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors. Diazepam binding studies carried out on these cells reveals specific binding with a KD of 2.6 nM. The specific density of GABA receptors is 0.6 pmol/mg for the higher affinity site and 1 pmol/mg for the lower, while the diazepam sites have 0.55 pmol/mg maximum binding. This suggests that the receptor densities of these compounds are nearly equivalent, with the combined GABA sites being about three times more prevalent than diazepam sites. GABA at concentrations as low as 3 μM nearly doubles the apparent diazepam binding.
Theoretical study of ferroelectric potassium nitrate

We present a detailed study of the structural behavior and polarization reversal mechanism in phase III of $\mathrm{K}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, an unusual ferroelectric material in which the nitrate groups rotate during polarization reversal. This material was one of several studied in a previous work [O. Di\'eguez and D. Vanderbilt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 056401 (2006)] where methods were described for computing curves of energy versus electric polarization. In the present work, we extend and systematize the previous first-principles calculations on $\mathrm{K}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and analyze in detail a two-parameter model in which the energy of the system is written as a low-order expansion in the polarization and the nitrate group orientation. We confirm that this model reproduces the first-principles results for $\mathrm{K}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ very well and construct its parameter-space phase diagram, describing regions where unusual triple-well potentials appear. We also present first-principles calculations of $\mathrm{K}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ under pressure, finding that its energy-versus-polarization curves change character by developing a first-derivative discontinuity at zero polarization.
Heilbronn's conjecture on Waring's number (mod p)

Abstract Let p be a prime k | p − 1 , t = ( p − 1 ) / k and γ ( k , p ) be the minimal value of s such that every number is a sum of s kth powers ( mod p ) . We prove Heilbronn's conjecture that γ ( k , p ) ≪ k 1 / 2 for t > 2 . More generally we show that for any positive integer q, γ ( k , p ) ⩽ C ( q ) k 1 / q for ϕ ( t ) ⩾ q . A comparable lower bound is also given. We also establish exact values for γ ( k , p ) when ϕ ( t ) = 2 . For instance, when t = 3 , γ ( k , p ) = a + b − 1 where a > b > 0 are the unique integers with a 2 + b 2 + a b = p , and when t = 4 , γ ( k , p ) = a − 1 where a > b > 0 are the unique integers with a 2 + b 2 = p .
Estimation of the disease-specific diagnostic marker distribution under verification bias

We consider the estimation of the parameters indexing a parametric model for the conditional distribution of a diagnostic marker given covariates and disease status. Such models are useful for the evaluation of whether and to what extent a marker's ability to accurately detect or discard disease depends on patient characteristics. A frequent problem that complicates the estimation of the model parameters is that estimation must be conducted from observational studies. Often, in such studies not all patients undergo the gold standard assessment of disease. Furthermore, the decision as to whether a patient undergoes verification is not controlled by study design. In such scenarios, maximum likelihood estimators based on subjects with observed disease status are generally biased. In this paper, we propose estimators for the model parameters that adjust for selection to verification that may depend on measured patient characteristics and additionally adjust for an assumed degree of residual association. Such estimators may be used as part of a sensitivity analysis for plausible degrees of residual association. We describe a doubly robust estimator that has the attractive feature of being consistent if either a model for the probability of selection to verification or a model for the probability of disease among the verified subjects (but not necessarily both) is correct.
Synthesis and Characterization of Accessible Metal Surfaces in Calixarene-Bound Gold Nanoparticles

Use of organic ligands to partially passivate nanoparticles against sintering yet retain a degree of small molecule accessibility to the metal surface has been a lofty goal in functional materials synthesis, which in principle also enables the design of preferred electronic and steric environments on a nanoparticle surface. Catalysis using gold in particular requires donor ligands that facilitate an electron-rich metal surface and generalizable strategies for dealing with deactivation due to sintering. Here, synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles postsynthetically modified with the chelating ligand cone-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexa(tert-butyl)-37,39,41-tris(diphenylphosphinomethoxy)-38,40,42-trimethoxycalix[6]arene (1) is reported. In solution as well as when supported on the surface of TiO2, nanoparticles modified with tripodal calix[6]arene phosphine ligand 1 demonstrate enhanced protection against sintering relative to unmodified, tetraoctylammonium bromide-surfactant-stabilized gold nanoparticles. In between adsorbed calixarene ligands, there is accessible gold surface area in these nanoparticles, and this is measured quantitatively for the first time for a calixarene-modified nanoparticle, using a newly developed fluorescence methodology involving 2-naphthalenethiol as a relevant chemisorption probe molecule. Ligand steric bulk critically influences amount of accessible surface on the metal nanoparticle since the use of a smaller calix[4]arene ligand (MBC) results in a 7-fold lower accessible surface area relative to using 1 under otherwise similar conditions. In addition, surface coverage of 1 controls accessible surface area in an unintuitive fashion: a 4-fold increase in accessible metal surface area is observed upon increasing the surface coverage of 1 to be 1.5-fold higher than the minimum required for surface saturation. This is presumably the result of a more open ligand packing of 1 at higher surface coverages, which allows greater accessibility to 2-napthalenethiol.
Schistosoma mansoni contains a galactosyltransferase activity distinct from that typically found in mammalian cells

Abstract It has been reported previously that some complex-type Asn-linked oligosaccharides contained in glycoproteins synthesized by Schistosoma mansoni adult males contain terminal galactosyl residues [17]. We report here that extracts from S. mansoni adult male and female worms contain a β1,4-galactosyltransferase activity that transfers galactose from the donor substrate UDP-galactose to the acceptor substrate N -acetylglucosamine in a β1,4-linkage position to form the disaccharide Galβ1,4GlcNAc. In this respect the schistosome-derived activity is similar to that commonly found in mammalian tissues. The kinetic properties, however, of the common β1,4-galactosyltransferase activity in mammalian tissues are dramatically altered in the presence of the modifier protein α-lactalbumin, whereas the β1,4-galactosyltransferase activities in adult male and female schistosomes are not altered by this modifier. Overall, our results demonstrate that adult schistosomes contain a β1,4-galactosyltransferase activity and that it is unlike that commonly found in mammalian tissues.
The Influence of the I:E-Ratio on Co2-Removal in High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (Hfo) 235

Background: Asymmetric waveforms with shorter inspiration than expiration have been preferred recently in HFO. We have investigated how the asymmetry affects the efficacy of CO2-removal.
Simultaneous confidence intervals for pairwise multiple comparisons in a two-way unbalanced design with unequal variances

In this research, we propose simultaneous confidence intervals for all pairwise multiple comparisons in a two-way unbalanced design with unequal variances, using a parametric bootstrap approach. Simulation results show that Type 1 error of the multiple comparison test is close to the nominal level even for small samples. They also show that the proposed method outperforms Tukey–Kramer procedure when variances are heteroscedastic and group sizes are unequal.
Therapeutic response of basal cell carcinoma to the immune response modifier imiquimod 5% cream

Abstract Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) responds to interferon therapy. Imiquimod is a cytokine and interferon inducer. Objective: This randomized, double-blind pilot trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream versus vehicle in the treatment of BCC. Methods: In this population of 35 patients with BCC, 24 received imiquimod 5% cream and 11 received vehicle cream in 1 of 5 dosing regimens for up to 16 weeks. Six weeks after treatment, an excisional biopsy of the target site was performed. Results: BCC cleared (on the basis of histologic examination) in all 15 patients (100%) dosed twice daily, once daily, and 3 times weekly; in 3 of 5 (60%) patients dosed twice weekly; 2 of 4 (50%) dosed once weekly; and in 1 of 11 (9%) treated with vehicle. Adverse events were predominantly local reactions at the target tumor site, with the incidence and severity of local skin reactions declining in groups dosed less frequently. Conclusion: Imiquimod 5% cream shows clinical efficacy in the treatment of BCC. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:1002-7.)
Proximity and Josephson effects for heavy-fermion superconductors

Abstract At an interface or junction, strong spin-orbit coupling combined with pairing inhomogeneity and small pair size on the heavy-electron side mean that proximity or Josephson effects occur for singlet to triplet as well as for singlet to singlet pairing states. Large electron mass contrast at a metal-metal interface means that transmission of electron probability current is at most of order one percent. Singlet-triplet mixing of pair states by inhomogeneous magnetism is much smaller than mixing due to strong spin-orbit coupling combined with small pair size.
Postlearning stress differentially affects memory for emotional gist and detail in naturally cycling women and women on hormonal contraceptives.

Sex differences in emotional memory have received increasing interest over the past decade. However, to date, no work has explored how a post-learning stressor might modulate the influence of sex hormone status on memory for gist and peripheral detail in an emotional versus neutral context. Here, we tested three predictions. First, compared to naturally cycling women (NC women) in the luteal phase, women on hormonal contraception (HC women) would have significantly blunted HPA reactivity to physical stress. Second, post-learning stress would enhance detail and gist memory from an emotional story in NC women, and finally, post-learning stress would not affect emotional memory for details or gist in HC women. Healthy NC and HC women viewed a brief, narrated story containing neutral or emotionally arousing elements. Immediately after, Cold Pressor Stress (CPS) or a control procedure was administered. One week later, participants received a surprise free recall test for story elements. NC women exhibited significantly greater cortisol increases to CPS compared to HC women. NC women who viewed the emotional story and were administered CPS recalled the most peripheral details overall and more gist from the emotional compared to the neutral story. In HC women, however, the post-learning cortisol release did not affect memory for gist or peripheral details from the emotional or neutral story in any way. Additionally, NC and HC women performed similarly on measures of attention and arousal. These findings suggest that in women, post-learning stress differentially affects memory for emotional information depending on their hormonal contraceptive status.
Intensity correlation in wave propagation through random media with internal reflection

Abstract The spectral and spatial correlation functions of electromagnetic intensity fluctuations are calculated in the presence of absorption and boundary reflectivity using the Langevin approach. We show that internal reflection may result in drastic changes in the behavior of the correlation function. These changes are due to the “surface” part of the correlation function which dominates for high reflectivities.
Regional white matter change in pre-symptomatic Huntington's disease: A diffusion tensor imaging study

The pathology of Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by diffuse brain atrophy, with the most substantial neuronal loss occurring in the caudate and putamen. Recent evidence suggests that there may be more widespread neuronal degeneration with significant involvement of extrastriate structures, including white matter. In this study of pre-symptomatic carriers of the HD genetic mutation, we have used diffusion tensor imaging to examine the integrity and organization of white matter in a group of individuals who previously demonstrated abnormalities in response to a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Our results indicate that, before the onset of manifest HD, there are regional decreases in fractional anisotropy, indicating early white matter disorganization.
Synthesis and characterization of 3-thiophene carboxamides containing a pyridine ring: structure, electrochemistry, and complexation

A series of new thiophene amides containing a pyridine ring has been synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X-ray structures have been determined for four of the new substances which show two distinct patterns of hydrogen-bonding. The crystal structure of the copper (II) complex of one of the ligands shows that the bonding is O,N in a square planar geometry with perchlorate ions in the axial positions. The new compounds do not undergo electropolymerization due to primary oxidation of the amide function but tuning of the amide group by introduction of an electron-withdrawing group on the pyridine ring allows electropolymerization to occur.
Hospital, School, and Community-Based Strategies to Enhance the Quality of Life of Youth with Chronic Illnesses

Youth with chronic illnesses are at risk for decreased overall quality of life. A key component to enhancing quality of life is recognizing that comprehensive care addressing psychosocial factors is critical. Therefore, health professionals, parents/guardians, teachers, and other supportive adults should aim to incorporate strategies presented in this review in existing treatment plans. This review addresses specific strategies health professionals can use to improve the quality of life of youth with chronic illnesses. Specifically the following questions were explored: 1) What are hospital-based strategies that can enhance the overall quality of life of youth with chronic illnesses? 2) What are school-based strategies that can enhance the overall quality of life of youth with chronic illnesses? 3) What are community-based strategies that can enhance the overall quality of life of youth with chronic illnesses? This review outlines effective strategies for ensuring youth with chronic illnesses receive the proper care they need in hospital, school, and community settings.
Measuring the Developmental Appropriateness of Kindergarten Teachers' Beliefs and Practices.

A questionnaire measure of kindergarten teachers' beliefs and practices based on the guidelines for developmentally appropriate practice of the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) was administered to 204 kindergarten teachers. A principal components analysis of the questionnaire responses produced six reliable beliefs factors and eight reliable practices factors. Observations in 20 kindergarten classrooms confirmed that a composite score derived from the responses to the items on the strongest beliefs factor (Developmentally Inappropriate Activities and Materials) could be used to identify teachers who use more developmentally appropriate than inappropriate practices and those who use more developmentally inappropriate than developmentally appropriate instructional practices. The results provide support that the instruments developed hold promise for utilization in future research on kindergarten teachers' beliefs and practices.
Group VA Poly(amine esters) Containing the Antibacterial Ampicillin

Polyester amines were formed from the reaction of the salt of ampicillin with triphenyarsenic, triphenylantimony, and triphenylbismuth dihalides employing the interfacial polycondensation reaction. IR shows the formation of M–OC=O and M–N bands consistent with the proposed polymer formation. Further, IR results are consistent with the repeat units connecting in a somewhat random manner about the metal atom. MALDI MS results give ion fragments to one and two units in length that are consistent with the proposed structure. Polymers were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of a number of cancer cell lines including prostate, colon, breast (two cell lines) and pancreatic (two cell lines) cancer cell lines with all of the polymers showing ability to inhibit several of the cancer cell lines.
Adrenergic and cholinergic systems and tonic immobility in chickens

To investigate the possible interaction of adrenergic and cholinergic systems in the mediation of tonic immobility (TI) in chickens, 40 cockerel chicks were divided into two groups that received 5 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg of epinephrine. Half of each of these groups were given 1.0 mg/kg or 2.5 mg/kg of scopolamine prior to testing for TI duration. Results indicated that the highest dose of epinephrine significantly increased TI duration. Although the highest dose of scopolamine attenuated the duration of TI at both epinephrine levels, the effect was not significant.
In Practice—Sailing through leadership theory

What do tacking, coming about, traffic control, and jib sheets have to do with leadership? At The University of Tampa, a program combining learning to sail with learning to lead is demonstrating that moving a group is very much like maneuvering a boat.
Patterns of Confiding and Factors Influencing Mental Health Service Use in Older Adults

Abstract The present study was designed to examine factors that might influence older adults to seek out professional counseling and to ascertain differences in confidant preferences by gender and nature of confidence. Analyses were conducted on 206 community-dwelling older adults ranging in age from 57-98. While men were more likely to confide in a spouse, women chose friends and children, usually daughters, as their confidants. Serious illness of self and serious illness of spouse emerged as sensitive subject matter regarding nature of confidence as evidenced by analyses run on large numbers of missing data for these items. Only 8.3% of the sample reported having received professional counseling, although familiarity with mental health services surfaced as the variable most likely to influence the possibility of consultation. Older adults with either previous exposure to outpatient psychological treatment or who had friends or family members receiving treatment reported being familiar with mental health...
Specification of Pituitary Cell Lineages by the LIM Homeobox Gene Lhx3

During pituitary organogenesis, the progressive differentiation of distinct pituitary-specific cell lineages from a common primordium involves a series of developmental decisions and inductive interactions. Targeted gene disruption in mice showed that Lhx3, a LIM homeobox gene expressed in the pituitary throughout development, is essential for differentiation and proliferation of pituitary cell lineages. In mice homozygous for the Lhx3 mutation, Rathke's pouch formed but failed to grow and differentiate; such mice lacked both the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary. The determination of all pituitary cell lineages, except the corticotrophs, was affected, suggesting that a distinct, Lhx3-independent ontogenetic pathway exists for the initial specification of this lineage.
Joint Typhoon Warning Center and the Challenges of Multibasin Tropical Cyclone Forecasting

Abstract The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), a specialized component of the Naval Oceanography Command Center, Guam, is the busiest tropical cyclone warning center in the world. Its area of responsibility encompasses four broad oceanic areas of tropical cyclone activity stretching from the international date line to the east coast of Africa, in both hemispheres. Our paper discusses the challenges imposed on the center as a result of its vast multibasin area of responsibility, the products the center produces, its warning philosophy, observational networks, analysis and forecast schemes, and the military aspects of the operation. Because of the multibasin, dual-hemisphere responsibility, there is no off-season. The challenges of information and time management, analysis and forecast improvement, expansion of meteorological understanding, and enhancement of the warning process are discussed. Current methods used to meet these challenges are presented. In addition, the paper gives a brief overview of JT...
Phase II trial of upfront bevacizumab and temozolomide for unresectable or multifocal glioblastoma

Patients with unresectable glioblastomas have a poor prognosis, with median survival of 6-10 months. We conducted a phase II trial of upfront 5-day temozolomide (TMZ) and bevacizumab (BV) in patients with newly diagnosed unresectable or multifocal glioblastoma. Patients received up to four cycles of TMZ at 200 mg/m(2) on days 1-5, and BV at 10 mg/kg on days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed monthly. Therapy was continued as long as there was no tumor progression, grade 4 nonhematologic toxicity, or recurrent grade 4 hematologic toxicity after dose reduction. The primary end point was best tumor response as measured on MRI. Forty-one patients were accrued over 12 months; 39 had a full set of MRI scans available for evaluation. Assessment for best radiographic responses was as follows: partial responses in 24.4%, stable disease in 68.3%, and progressive disease in 2.4%. Treatment-related toxicities included seven grade 4 toxicities and one grade 5 toxicity (myocardial infarction). From this study, it was concluded that an upfront regimen of TMZ and BV for unresectable glioblastoma was well tolerated and provided a significant level of disease stabilization. Therapeutic toxicities were consistent with those seen in the adjuvant setting using these agents. The upfront approach to treatment of glioblastoma in the unresectable population warrants further investigation in randomized controlled phase III trials.
Agonistic properties of narcotic analgesics and antagonists on the electroencephalogram and behavior in the rat and their reversal by naloxone.

Abstract Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with chronic cortical and temporalis muscle electrodes for recording of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the electromyogram (EMG). Acute i.p. administration of the narcotic analgesics morphine, methadone, meperidine, or codeine was followed by the induction of high-voltage slow activity in the EEG during behavioral stupor of the rat, the duration of which was dose-related. Administration of the narcotic antagonists nalorphine, pentazocine, or cyclazocine resulted in similar EEG and behavioral changes. This initial period of EEG slow activity and behavioral stupor was uniformly succeeded by a secondary phase of EEG desynchrony and behavioral arousal, the duration of which depended upon the individual narcotic and antagonist agents. The narcotic antagonist naloxone, however, was devoid of such effects. Nalorphine administered at the dose ratios of 1:4 or 1:8 five min before morphine significantly reduced the duration of the morphine response. Administration of naloxone at a dose ratio of 1:5 five min before morphine, however, resulted in a complete reversal of the entire morphine effect. These results suggest that the induction of EEG slow activity in association with stuporous behavior of the rat is an agonistic property of narcotics and antagonist-analgesics which is reversed by “pure” narcotic antagonists.
More SO(3) monopoles

Spontaneously broken gauge theories describing gauge bosons coupled in the manner of the Yang-Mills prescription to a Lorentz scalar phi transforming as an arbitrary (2n + 1) -dimensional irreducible representation of the gauge group SO(3) are considered. It is shown that given the topologically stable, static solution of 't Hooft and Polyakov for the isovector (n = 1) field there exists a recipe for constructing solutions to all higher-dimensional fields phi. The case n = 2 is worked out in some detail. The same recipe is applicable to any other homotopy class where the isovector problem is solved, and the solutions so generated are seen to be the only possible stable ones. Since the above solutions exist only if the vacuum is U(1) symmetric, arguments supporting that contingency for a general rank-n Lagrangian are given. In two space dimensions, the tower of solutions corresponding to the only stable homotopy class are outlined and the case n = 2 is described in detail. In all cases the electric potential that may be added in the manner of Julia and Zee is specified. (AIP)
Health Literacy Associations Between Hispanic Elderly Patients and Their Caregivers

Knowing health literacy levels of older patients and their caregivers is important because caregivers assist patients in the administration of medications, manage daily health care tasks, and help make health services utilization decisions. The authors examined the association of health literacy levels between older Hispanic patients and their caregivers among 174 patient-caregiver dyads enrolled from 3 community clinics and 28 senior centers in San Antonio, Texas. Health literacy was measured using English and Spanish versions of the Short-Test of Functional Health Literacy Assessment and categorized as "low" or "adequate." The largest dyad category (41%) consisted of a caregiver with adequate health literacy and patient with low health literacy. Among the dyads with the same health literacy levels, 28% had adequate health literacy and 24% had low health literacy. It is notable that 7% of dyads consisted of a caregiver with low health literacy and a patient with adequate health literacy. Low health literacy is a concern not only for older Hispanic patients but also for their caregivers. To provide optimal care, clinicians must ensure that information is given to both patients and their caregivers in clear effective ways as it may significantly affect patient health outcomes.
THE NEW ANTIBIOTICS

Since the first use of antibiotics in the early 20th century, researchers have strived to add to the arsenal of available agents. Antibiotics have dramatically changed the practice of medicine in this century. Roughly one third of all hospitalized patients receive a course of antibiotics, resulting in millions of lives saved that would certainly have been lost because of infection. Unfortunately, these agents also have become some of the most widely misused and abused medications available today, resulting in many multi–drug-resistant pathogens. 40 The development of new antibiotics slowed in the 1980s when focus and funding shifted toward the development of new antiviral and antiretroviral agents in the fight against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Today, polydrug-resistant bacteria are responsible for over one half of hospital-acquired infections, and even in the newest group of antibiotics, the quinolones, resistance is emerging. Enterococci sp. are now major nosocomial pathogens, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci sp. (VRE) have presented a serious problem for the past several years. Vancomycin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has already been reported in Japan. 74 The 1990s have consequently brought a resurgence of research into the development of new antibiotics. There are other factors contributing to the need for new antibacterial agents. In this era of managed care, efforts are being made to decrease hospital admissions and costs of treatment. New oral (PO) antibiotics with improved absorption could replace intravenous (IV) infusion of certain antibiotics and obviate the need for admission in some patients. Many of the newer antibiotics offer once-daily dosing, increasing patient compliance and decreasing outpatient treatment failures. Adding to the antibiotic armamentarium also improves the choices available for patients with multiple drug allergies and those in whom drug-drug interactions are of concern. 37 This article reviews the antibiotics newly available in the past 5 to 7 years. It is important to remember that new does not necessarily equal better. The new antibiotics are as effective as, although more costly than, many of the standard regimens for common infections (Table 1). The inappropriate use or overuse of antibiotics has caused the major problem of polydrug resistance, and resistance patterns of bacteria to the new antibiotics are likely to parallel the extent to which they are prescribed. 13
Supervision in MIS: A call for research

The problems currently faced by Information Systems managers are well-known. Frequently mentioned are personnel turnover, applications development backlogs, employee dissatisfaction, and low productivity. This paper suggests a link between these pervasive IS problems and the quality of supervision received by IS workers. Its primary purpose is a call for research on supervision in Information Systems.
Protection of industry

This paper reviews the literature on protection of industry and concentrates on selected journal articles that appeared over the period 1979–1993. The survey is organized according to the various instruments of protection in the manufacturing sector, and it is designed to acquaint nonspecialists with theoretical and empirical work in this area.
An Information Visualization Framework for Intrusion Detection

This paper reports a framework for designing information visualization (IV) tools for monitoring and analysis activities. In this user study, the domain for these activities is network intrusion detection (ID). User-centered design methods have been widely used for many years, however, innovative IV displays are often developed with limited consideration of user needs in the context of real-life problems. While it can be argued that this is required to generate creative new solutions, the resulting tools often do not support actual users in their daily work. Several IV tools have been developed to support ID, but there is little evidence that these solutions address the needs of the users. We studied ID analysts’ daily activities in order to understand their routine work practices and the need for designing IV tools. We developed a three-phase process model that frames corresponding requirements for IV tools. This model significantly extends the scope of contemporary IV for ID tools in novel ways.
Spatiotemporal near-field spin microscopy in patterned magnetic heterostructures.

Low temperature femtosecond-resolved near-field scanning optical microscopy is used to image excitonic spin behavior in locally disordered magnetic semiconductor heterostructures. A contrast between luminescence intensity and polarization profiles yields marked differences between carrier diffusion and spin transport over a spin-dependent energy landscape sharply defined by focused ion beam implantation. Space-time spectroscopies reveal a spin component to the exciton evolution in the presence of a magnetic field. Fundamental limitations on the measurement of circularly polarized luminescence in the near field are also demonstrated.
Omental transposition flap for salvage of ventricular assist devices

Background: The use of ventricular assist devices for patients with end-stage cardiac failure awaiting heart transplantation has become increasingly common. Ventricular assist devices improve the longevity and the quality of life for these patients. In addition, they serve as a bridge to cardiac allograft transplantation until a donor heart is found. However, ventricular assist device-related infections remain a major problem complicating their long-term use. Clinical infection and sepsis can critically threaten these patients with ventricular assist devices. Infection can delay immediate transplantation and potentially require the removal of the device for definitive treatment of the problem. Methods: Patients who underwent insertion of a ventricular assist device at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center were identified through accessing the medical records archives of the hospital. Review of patients' medical records was conducted to obtain patient demographics, preoperative diagnosis and disease state, type of ventricular assist device inserted, postoperative day of ventricular assist device infection onset, infectious organism identified, timing ofomental flap procedure after the initial insertion, duration of ventricular assist device support before cardiac transplantation, and patient follow-up. Results: There were 76 patients who underwent a ventricular assist device insertion procedure during the 4-year period between January of 2000 and January of 2004. Of the 76 patients who received a device, 11(14 percent) had evidence of clinical infection secondary to insertion. Two of these 11 patients died before surgical intervention, four had their devices explanted, and the remaining five underwent omental flap transposition with bilateral pectoralis major advancement flaps in surgically addressing their infections. Of the five patients with infections who received omental transposition flaps, two went on to undergo successful transplantation, two continue to await cardiac allograft transplantation, and one died as a result of an unknown cause. Conclusions: The authors present their experience with five patients who received omental transposition flaps to cover infected ventricular assist device pumps and the associated tubing in large, open sternoabdominal wounds. Treatment included the direct application of an omental transposition flap over the infected device with use of a bilateral pectoralis advancement flap to aid in complete sternal and skin closure of the sternal wound defect. In each of these cases, the use of the omental flap was followed by resolution of the mediastinal infection. In addition, the treatment with an omental flap prevented the removal of infected devices in patients who were otherwise pump dependent during their waiting periods for transplantation. The use of omental transposition flaps can be an effective technique in salvaging infected ventricular assist devices and preserving this valuable device for patients awaiting a cardiac transplant.
Proportional inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis accompanying impairment of 3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation in rat brain slices

Abstract The synthesis of acetylcholine from 3-hydroxy[3- 14 C]butyrate has been studied in brain slices from 19-day-old and adult rats. In the brains of 19-day-old rats, the synthesis of acetylcholine from 3-hydroxybutyrate was stimulated by the addition of physiological concentrations of glucose but CO 2 production was not. Conversely, physiological concentrations of unlabeled 3-hydroxybutyrate reduced the production of acetylcholine and of 14 CO 2 from [U- 14 C]glucose. Results with adult brains were qualitatively similar, except that glucose stimulated the production of CO 2 from 3-hydroxy[3- 14 C]butyrate. Methylmalonic acid inhibited the oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyrate but did not affect the oxidation of either pyruvate or glucose. Addition of methylmalonic acid to slices incubated with both 3-hydroxybutyrate and glucose decreased the synthesis of acetylcholine from 3-hydroxybutyrate with a compensatory increase in synthesis from glucose. These studies demonstrate that impairing the oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyrate to CO 2 is accompanied by a proportional decrease in the incorporation of 3-hydroxybutyrate into acetylcholine, even though the flux through oxidative pathways is over 100 times that to acetylcholine.
Reflective physical prototyping through integrated design, test, and analysis

Prototyping is the pivotal activity that structures innovation, collaboration, and creativity in design. Prototypes embody design hypotheses and enable designers to test them. Framin design as a thinking-by-doing activity foregrounds iteration as a central concern. This paper presents d.tools, a toolkit that embodies an iterative-design-centered approach to prototyping information appliances. This work offers contributions in three areas. First, d.tools introduces a statechart-based visual design tool that provides a low threshold for early-stage prototyping, extensible through code for higher-fidelity prototypes. Second, our research introduces three important types of hardware extensibility - at the hardware-to-PC interface, the intra-hardware communication level, and the circuit level. Third, d.tools integrates design, test, and analysis of information appliances. We have evaluated d.tools through three studies: a laboratory study with thirteen participants; rebuilding prototypes of existing and emerging devices; and by observing seven student teams who built prototypes with d.tools.
The Pan-Asian Empire and World Literatures

In her article "The Pan-Asian Empire and World Literatures" Sowon S. Park argues that world literature studies have been limited to "Europe and its Others." That is to say, while there has been an increasing preoccupation with literary networks beyond the Western canon since the middle of the last century, the investigations have been restricted to the colonial world and the postcolonial states of the Western powers. The non-Western colonial field of the Pan-Asian empire (1894-1945) � Imperial Japan, colonial Korea, semi-colonial China, and Taiwan � has been not so much relegated to the margins as just passed over. Park recalibrates the dynamics of the "West and the rest" and "center/periphery" models of world literature by bringing an East Asian perspective to the discussion and presents an atypical model that expands the radius, as well as challenges certain accepted norms
SKF-83959 is not a highly-biased functionally selective D1 dopamine receptor ligand with activity at phospholipase C.

SKF-83959 [6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine] is reported to be a functionally selective dopamine D1 receptor ligand with high bias for D1-mediated phospholipase C (PLC) versus D1-coupled adenylate cyclase signaling. This signaling bias is proposed to explain behavioral activity in both rat and primate Parkinson's disease models, and a D1-D2 heterodimer has been proposed as the underlying mechanism. We have conducted an in-depth pharmacological characterization of this compound in dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in both rat brain and heterologous systems expressing human D1 or D2 receptors. Contrary to common assumptions, SKF-83959 is similar to the classical, well-characterized partial agonist SKF38393 in all systems. It is a partial agonist (not an antagonist) at adenylate cyclase in vitro and ex vivo, and is a partial agonist in D1-mediated β-arrestin recruitment. Contrary to earlier reports, it does not have D1-mediated effects on PLC signaling in heterologous systems. Because drug metabolites can also contribute, its 3-N-demethylated analog also was synthesized and tested. As expected from the known structure-activity relationships of the benzazepines, this compound also had high affinity for the D1 receptor and somewhat higher intrinsic activity than the parent ligand, and also might contribute to in vivo effects of SKF-83959. Together, these data demonstrate that SKF-83959 is not a highly-biased functionally selective D1 ligand, and that its reported behavioral data can be explained solely by its partial D1 agonism in canonical signaling pathway(s). Mechanisms that have been proposed based on the purported signaling novelty of SKF-83959 at PLC should be reconsidered.
SAR images updated

A new camera system using lasers and charge-coupled devices and which can obtain data by radar at any time or under any weather conditions has been designed by the California Institute of Technology as part of a NASA continuing program. The system is intended to improve the imaging functions of synthetic operative radar (SAR) units. SAR units have been carried on earth-orbiting spacecraft such as the Seasat satellite and the space shuttle Columbia. In the past, imaging was achieved as the result of a complex process from film. The new system transmits radar imaging data directly to an earth station in real time, the result being an instantaneously synthesized replication.
Effect of H2O on Na+ diffusivity in beta alumina

Abstract The effect of H 2 O on Na + diffusivity in polycrystalline, and single crystal, beta-alumina was investigated. We found no evidence that water affects the diffusion kinetics and conclude that H 2 O is not as easily introduced as a blocking impurity into either the grain boundaries or fast conducting planes, nor is Na + easily removed from the structure by leaching.
Properties of Ca-rich and Mg-rich carbonate films on dolomite: implications for compositional surface mapping with scanning force microscopy.

A self-limited monolayer grown on dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), showing distinct friction contrast with the substrate as reported earlier using lateral force microscopy, was investigated with in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) adhesion mapping and force-modulation techniques. Force-modulation microscopy revealed lower stiffness on a Ca-rich film in comparison to that on the dolomite surface. The friction contrast therefore results from a larger tip−surface contact area when the AFM probe is in contact with the Ca-rich film as opposed to the contact area with dolomite. The Ca-rich film also exhibited a slightly higher adhesion than did the dolomite substrate; however, the critical shear stresses for the two tip−surface contacts were indistinguishable. A comparative study with a Mg-rich film did not yield noticeable force modulation contrast, indicating similar surface stiffness of the film and the dolomite surface. The similarity in these stiffness quantities was further corroborated by friction−load data that...
Raman-atomic force microscopy of the ommatidial surfaces of Dipteran compound eyes

The ommatidial lens surfaces of the compound eyes in several species of files (Insecta: Diptera) and a related order (Mecoptera) were analyzed using a recently developed Raman-atomic force microscope. We demonstrate in this work that the atomic force microscope (AFM) is a potentially useful instrument for gathering phylogenetic data and that the newly developed Raman-AFM may extend this application by revealing nanometer-scale surface chemistry. This is the first demonstration of apertureless near-field Raman spectroscopy on an intact biological surface. For Chrysopilus testaceipes Bigot (Rhagionidae), this reveals unique cerebral cortex-like surface ridges with periodic variation in height and surface chemistry. Most other Brachyceran flies, and the "Nematoceran" Sylvicola fenestralis (Scopoli) (Anisopodidae), displayed the same morphology, while other taxa displayed various other characteristics, such as a nodule-like (Tipula (Triplicitipula) sp. (Tipulidae)) or coalescing nodule-like (Tabanus punctifer Osten Sacken (Tabanidae)) morphology, a smooth morphology with distinct pits and grooves (Dilophus orbatus (Say) (Bibionidae)), or an entirely smooth surface (Bittacus chlorostigma MacLachlan (Mecoptera: Bittacidae)). The variation in submicrometer structure and surface chemistry provides a new information source of potential phylogenetic importance, suggesting the Raman-atomic force microscope could provide a new tool useful to systematic and evolutionary inquiry.
Periosteal appositional bone growth from age two to age seventy in man. A tetracycline evaluation.

Periosteal appositional bone formation in human ribs was analyzed. Tetracycline labels deposited in vivo reveal that in human ribs there can be continued apposition of periosteal bone after age 20, which decreases in amount with advancing age but is still present in the seventh decade.
Social stressors and cardiovascular response: influence of ambivalent relationships and behavioral ambivalence.

Abstract Objective The protective influence of social relationships on health is well documented; however, not all relationships are positive and negative aspects of relationships may be detrimental. Relatively less is known about the relationships characterized by both positivity and negativity (i.e., ambivalence). The goal of this study was to examine the relative influence of ambivalence in relationship quality and social behavior on cardiovascular response. Methods 104 healthy young adults were randomly assigned to bring in either a supportive or ambivalent same-sex friend to the experiment. Participants were also randomly assigned to receive positive, negative, ambivalent or ambiguous feedback from their friend after giving a series of speeches. Cardiovascular response was obtained before, during, and after the social stressor (speech task). Results Results indicate a significant effect of relationship type before, during, and after the stressor task. Adjusting for baseline, heart rate reactivity and anxiety was significantly higher among those assigned to ambivalent friends relative to those assigned to supportive friends during the stressor task (ps Conclusions These findings suggest that both relationship quality and the actions of relationships may have a significant influence on health-relevant physiology.