cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial toxicity and characterization of DNAN (bio)transformation product mixtures.

2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an emerging insensitive munitions compound. It undergoes rapid (bio)transformation in soils and anaerobic sludge. The primary transformation pathway catalyzed by a combination of biotic and abiotic factors is nitrogroup reduction followed by coupling of reactive intermediates to form azo-dimers. Additional pathways include N-acetylation and O-demethoxylation. Toxicity due to (bio)transformation products of DNAN has received little attention. In this study, the toxicity of DNAN (bio)transformation monomer products and azo-dimer and trimer surrogates to acetoclastic methanogens and the marine bioluminescent bacterium, Allivibrio fischeri, were evaluated. Methanogens were severely inhibited by 3-nitro-4-methoxyaniline (MENA), with a 50%-inhibiting concentration (IC50) of 25 μM, which is more toxic than DNAN with the same assay, but posed a lower toxicity to Allivibrio fischeri (IC50 = 219 μM). On the other hand, N-(5-amino-2-methoxyphenyl) acetamide (Ac-DAAN) was the least inhibitory test-compound for both microbial targets. Azo-dimer and trimer surrogates were very highly toxic to both microbial systems, with a toxicity similar or stronger than that of DNAN. A semi-quantitative LC-QTOF-MS method was employed to determine product mixture profiles at different stages of biotransformation, and compared with the microbial toxicity of the product-mixtures formed. Methanogenic toxicity increased due to putative reactive nitroso-intermediates as DNAN was reduced. However, the inhibition later attenuated as dimers became the predominant products in the mixtures. In contrast, A. fischeri tolerated the initial biotransformation products but were highly inhibited by the predominant azo-dimer products formed at longer incubation times, suggesting these ultimate products are more toxic than DNAN.
Performance and energy benchmarking of spectral solvers on hybrid multicore machines

Abstract Hybrid multicore processors (HMPs) are poised to dominate the landscape of the next generation of computing on the desktop as well as on exascale systems. HMPs consist of general purpose GPU cores along with specialized cores and are expected to provide benefits to a wide spectrum of applications at significantly lower energy requirements per FLOP (FLoating-point Operations per Second). In this paper, we describe a comprehensive strategy for efficiently implementing a key kernel of spectral solvers on GPUs and HMPs consisting of CPU and GPUs. Our implementations represent significant computational improvements of the kernel on GPU. We also provide load balancing strategies for a combination of CPU and GPU cores. We show that depending upon whether performance or energy optimization is critical, separate load balancing strategies should be used on HMPs. We provide performance, power and energy evaluation as well as modeling and validation for a variety of CPU–GPU core combinations.
Discrete-event simulation of network reliability and markovian models

This paper presents an enhanced reliability modelling and evaluation methodology using discrete-event simulation techniques. The proposed simulation methodology has the capability of estimating reliability, mean time to failure, and probability density function of time to failure for a complex network system. Two types of reliability simulation models are presented: a descriptive network simulation model and a direct Markov simulation model. Both models are capable of solving complex systems consisting of components with general failure rates. The discrete-event reliability models require only descriptive knowledge of network configuration rather than analytical network characteristics, such as cuts and ties. Examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy, computational ease, and reliability analysis capability of these models. SIMAN is the simulation language used for both reliability modelling and evaluation. The reliability modelling technique applied through discrete-event simulation is modular, thus increasing its adaptability to any large-scale complex network system
Data Exfiltration Detection and Prevention: Virtually Distributed POMDPs for Practically Safer Networks

We address the challenge of detecting and addressing advanced persistent threats APTs in a computer network, focusing in particular on the challenge of detecting data exfiltration over Domain Name System DNS queries, where existing detection sensors are imperfect and lead to noisy observations about the network's security state. Data exfiltration over DNS queries involves unauthorized transfer of sensitive data from an organization to a remote adversary through a DNS data tunnel to a malicious web domain. Given the noisy sensors, previous work has illustrated that standard approaches fail to satisfactorily rise to the challenge of detecting exfiltration attempts. Instead, we propose a decision-theoretic technique that sequentially plans to accumulate evidence under uncertainty while taking into account the cost of deploying such sensors. More specifically, we provide a fast scalable POMDP formulation to address the challenge, where the efficiency of the formulation is based on two key contributions: i we use a virtually distributed POMDP VD-POMDP formulation, motivated by previous work in distributed POMDPs with sparse interactions, where individual policies for different sub-POMDPs are planned separately but their sparse interactions are only resolved at execution time to determine the joint actions to perform; ii we allow for abstraction in planning for speedups, and then use a fast MILP to implement the abstraction while resolving any interactions. This allows us to determine optimal sensing strategies, leveraging information from many noisy detectors, and subject to constraints imposed by network topology, forwarding rules and performance costs on the frequency, scope and efficiency of sensing we can perform.
An Examination of Sub-Clinical Paranoia in a Correctional Setting:

Research suggests environmental factors may lead to higher levels of paranoid ideation due to the possibility of harm and self-consciousness present in these situations. The effect of incarceration...
Core Canonical Pathways Involved in Developing Human Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of the primary brain tumors with pathologic hallmarks of necrosis and vascular proliferation. The diagnosis of GBM is currently mostly based on histological examination of brain tumor tissues, after radiological characterization and surgical biopsy. The ability to characterize tumors comprehensively at the molecular level raises the possibility that diagnosis can be made based on molecular profiling with or without histological examination, rather than solely on histological phenotype. The development of novel genomic and proteomic techniques will foster in the identification of such diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers. We analyzed the global differential gene expression of a GBM cell line HTB15 in comparison to normal human Astrocytes, and established a few canonical pathways that are important in determining the molecular mechanisms of cancer using global gene expression microarray, coupled with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®). Overall, we revealed a discrete gene expression profile in the experimental model that resembled progression of GBM cancer. The canonical pathway analysis showed the involvement of genes that differentially expressed in such a disease condition that included Inositol pathway, Polo like kinases, nNOS signaling, and Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Our findings established that the gene expression pattern of this dreaded brain cancer will probably help the cancer research community by finding out newer therapeutic strategies to combat this dreaded cancer type that leads to the identification of high-risk population in this category, with almost hundred percent mortality rate.
MR Imaging of Vulvar and Vaginal Cancer

Vulvar and vaginal cancer are uncommon gynecologic malignancies, most frequently diagnosed clinically. MR imaging is a powerful tool for local staging of these tumors and to detect posttreatment complications and recurrent disease. This review presents anatomic delineation of the female pelvis, pathology and staging of vulvar and vaginal cancer, MR imaging techniques of the pelvis, MR features of vulvar and vaginal cancer, and the differential diagnosis of potential mimickers.
Interventional Radiology in the Combat Environment

The role of radiology in the combat environment has been redefined recently by the conflicts in the Middle East. The current situation of interventional radiology in the deployed setting is indeterminate. This paper seeks to advocate the use of interventional radiology as a deployable specialty. The role of interventional radiology in the deployed setting is not yet fully outlined. To our knowledge, this is the first review of the role of interventional radiology in the combat environment in the US Army. The role of interventional radiology in the combat environment needs further exploration by the US military as it is often overlooked by military planners. In the future, interventional radiologists should be deployed in a manner that maximizes their skill sets.
PUBLIC ATTITUDES ON RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) INFESTATIONS IN HOMES AND RECREATIONAL AREAS

A survey of South Carolina residents conducted between 1983 and 1985 solicited opinions on the red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren and its control. Eighty-seven percent of the 430 respondents felt they had a severe RIFA problem on their property and a similar proportion (89%), reported having had one or more members of their immediate family stung by RIFAs. Control measures were taken by 74% of the respondents. A survey of 55 pest control companies revealed that 97% received calls in 1984 concerning the RIFA. Eighty-two percent of these companies offered a service to control RIFAs in yards.
Consumers' Perceptions of Edible Marijuana Products for Recreational Use: Likes, Dislikes, and Reasons for Use.

ABSTRACTBackground: Edible marijuana products have become extremely popular in states that have legalized marijuana for recreational use. Objectives: The goal of this research was to provide a better understanding of consumer perceptions of edible marijuana products, including why they prefer edibles relative to other forms of marijuana (e.g., smoking) and their concerns regarding the consumption of edibles. Methods: We conducted eight focus groups (four groups in Denver, Colorado, and four groups in Seattle, Washington) in February 2016 with 62 adult consumers of edibles. Focus group transcripts were coded in QSR NVivo 10.0 qualitative analysis software, and coding reports identified trends across participants. Results: Most participants preferred edibles to smoking marijuana because there is no smell from smoke and no secondhand smoke. Other reasons participants like edibles included convenience, discreetness, longer-lasting highs, less intense highs, and edibles' ability to aid in relaxation and reduce...
Barriers to PES programs in Indigenous communities: A lesson in land tenure insecurity from the Hopi Indian reservation

Abstract There has been significant study of barriers to implementation of payment for ecosystem services in Indigenous communities in less developed countries. These barriers include land tenure insecurity and lack of access to capital. However, there is no similar research in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Our research fills this gap. We hypothesize that mismatches between the traditional land tenure regimes and institutional arrangements of Indigenous communities on one hand, and government sponsors of PES programs on the other hand, result in the lack of success of these programs. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a qualitative study of the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) on the Hopi reservation in the United States. We answer two questions: (1) What barriers prevent Hopi ranchers and farmers from participating in incentive-based programs? (2) What institutional changes are necessary to permit Hopi farmer and rancher participation in EQIP? We analyzed primary documents and conducted key informant interviews. We conclude that land tenure is at the forefront of problems associated with administering PES programs in Indigenous communities. Without new approaches addressing the land tenure regimes in Indigenous communities, PES will continue to struggle on American Indian reservations and around the world.
Frailty as a predictor of complications in older patients undergoing radical cystectomy.

e16007Background: Frailty has been described as a medical syndrome characterized by decreased physiologic reserve causing vulnerability to adverse outcomes. Our goal was to determine whether frailt...
Stability Control for Wind in Weak Grids

4 Hz oscillations and 30 Hz oscillations have been observed in real-world wind farms with weak grid interconnections. Such stability issues limit wind power delivery. This paper proposes mechanism-based feedback control strategies suitable for vector control based voltage source converters employed in Type-3 and Type-4 wind to enhance the overall system stability. Using a simplified linear model, we first demonstrate that the root cause of weak grid stability issue is due to the coupling of power delivery and voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC). Increasing power delivery leads to a reduction in the PCC voltage. This relationship establishes a mechanism that may lead to instability in weak grid scenarios. The proposed control strategies reduce the coupling between power and voltage. Two feedback control strategies are introduced to modulate the power order or dc-link voltage order with either the $d$ -axis current or the PCC voltage as the input signal. The control strategies are tested on analytical models and MATLAB/SimPowerSystems testbeds of Type-3 wind and Type-4 wind. The PCC voltage feedback control demonstrates excellent capability of stability enhancement. With the proposed control, power delivery of wind can be significantly improved.
Reconstructive Ladder for Transoral Resections of Oropharyngeal Cancers

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) now offers extended reach and capability to the head and neck oncologic surgeon, but in doing so, provides a reconstructive dilemma. The objective of this manuscript is to discuss the most recent advances and options available after resection with TORS. The latest research provides a common framework for surgeons to classify the type of oropharyngeal defect. A variety of reconstructive options described include secondary intent, modifications to existing local and regional flaps, and advances utilizing robotic assistance in free flap reconstruction. There exists a multitude of reconstructive options with appropriate considerations for a stepwise approach based on patient-specific factors, surgeon capability, and the extent of the oropharyngeal defect. Just as robotic resection extends the capability in extirpation, it is now being used to refine free flap inset in the appropriate case.
Optimal Strategy For Eliminating Coupling Terms From A Design Matrix

Eliminating an off-diagonal term from a design matrix brings value in a few different contexts. For a coupled design, it can decouple the design matrix. For a decoupled design, it will increase the flexibility of design interaction structure and thereby reducing the imaginary complexity. While eliminating an off-diagonal term is always preferred in the Axiomatic Design framework, the cost and benefit of eliminating it must be balanced to justify the effort. Assuming the cost is proportional to the number of off-diagonal terms to eliminate, this paper presents methods to identify a minimum set of off-diagonal terms that achieve the two objectives - decoupling and imaginary complexity. For the decoupling problem, the cycle matrix, C, provides an effective means to identify the optimal set of off-diagonal terms. The method we presented for the coupling problem guarantees the optimal solution. For the imaginary complexity problem, we presented a heuristic approach as a preliminary result to developing a complete method to select the optimal set.
Click-Through Behavior across Devices In Paid Search Advertising: Why Users Favor Top Paid Search Ads And Are Sensitive to Ad Position Change

ABSTRACT This study investigated differences in consumer click-through behavior with paid search advertisement across devices—smartphone versus desktop versus tablet. The authors examined how different device users behave in terms of their tendency to click on the top paid search advertisement and their sensitivity to advertisement position change, and whether tablet users are more similar to smartphone or desktop users when clicking through paid search advertisements. By leveraging Google AdWords data from 13 paid search advertisers, the authors developed empirical findings that provide insights into paid search advertising strategies across devices.
Best practices for debugging embedded hardware

Abstract This chapter discusses how to debug hardware. It looks at best practices as well as processes such as design reviews. It discusses test plans and designing for testability as well.
The Experiences of Licensed Clinicians Counseling Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore the experiences of 10 licensed clinicians who have provided services to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer populations (LGBQ) who are sur...
Soils of Antarctica: History and Challenges

A brief history of the study of soils in Antarctica is provided beginning with Jensen (1916) who analyzed soil samples collected during the 1907–09 Shackleton expedition and continuing through ongoing efforts by several nations throughout Antarctica. Challenges to studying soils in Antarctica revolve around logistics, a lack of support for mapping, and limitations of current soil classification schemes.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Microbial Cells on Membrane Filters

Abstract Scanning electron micrographs of a Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis on two membrane filtration systems are compared.
The relation between the fracture behavior of 4340 bend specimens and the observation of tempered martensite embrittlement

V-notched and fatigue precracked Charpy specimens of various sizes, tested in impact and slow bend, were used to study tempered martensite embrittlement in a 4340 steel. When plotted as a function of tempering temperature, the results showed that the magnitude of the toughness decrease caused by embrittlement varied with the type and size of the specimens. Embrittlement was always detected using thin samples but its detection in thick specimens depended on whether or not they contained a precrack. In particular, no embrittlement-associated fall in toughness was observed using standard size precracked samples tested in slow bend. Separation of the shear and flat fracture components of the absorbed energies showed that the variation of shear energy is a major factor contributing to embrittlement. The results are interpreted as indicating that intergranular fracture occurs more as the result of inhibition of plastic flow within the grains rather than directly as the result of the appearance of a low resistance crack path at the grain boundaries.
Multi-matrix, dual polarity, tandem mass spectrometry imaging strategy applied to a germinated maize seed: toward mass spectrometry imaging of an untargeted metabolome

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides high spatial resolution information that is unprecedented in traditional metabolomics analyses; however, the molecular coverage is often limited to a handful of compounds and is insufficient to understand overall metabolomic changes of a biological system. Here, we propose an MSI methodology to increase the diversity of chemical compounds that can be imaged and identified, in order to eventually perform untargeted metabolomic analysis using MSI. In this approach, we use the desorption/ionization bias of various matrixes for different metabolite classes along with dual polarities and a tandem MSI strategy. The use of multiple matrixes and dual polarities allows us to visualize various classes of compounds, while data-dependent MS/MS spectra acquired in the same MSI scans allow us to identify the compounds directly on the tissue. In a proof of concept application to a germinated corn seed, a total of 166 unique ions were determined to have high-quality MS/MS spectra, without counting structural isomers, of which 52 were identified as unique compounds. According to an estimation based on precursor MSI datasets, we expect over five hundred metabolites could be potentially identified and visualized once all experimental conditions are optimized and an MS/MS library is available. Lastly, metabolites involved in the glycolysis pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle were imaged to demonstrate the potential of this technology to better understand metabolic biology.
NCAM and its polysialic acid moiety: a mechanism for pull/push regulation of cell interactions during development?

Many cell adhesion molecules have a distinct pattern of expression and well-defined role in cell-cell recognition. In contrast, NCAM is broadly expressed and perturbations of its function affect many diverse aspects of embryonic development Evidence has been obtained suggesting that the molecule and its polysialic acid moiety serve not only to contribute to specific interactions, but also to regulate overall cell-cell apposition. In this latter mode, the molecule can have both a positive and a negative effect on a wide variety of contact-dependent cellular events.
Neural control of the kidney: functionally specific renal sympathetic nerve fibers

The sympathetic nervous system provides differentiated regulation of the functions of various organs. This differentiated regulation occurs via mechanisms that operate at multiple sites within the classic reflex arc: peripherally at the level of afferent input stimuli to various reflex pathways, centrally at the level of interconnections between various central neuron pools, and peripherally at the level of efferent fibers targeted to various effectors within the organ. In the kidney, increased renal sympathetic nerve activity regulates the functions of the intrarenal effectors: the tubules, the blood vessels, and the juxtaglomerular granular cells. This enables a physiologically appropriate coordination between the circulatory, filtration, reabsorptive, excretory, and renin secretory contributions to overall renal function. Anatomically, each of these effectors has a dual pattern of innervation consisting of a specific and selective innervation by unmyelinated slowly conducting C-type renal sympathetic nerve fibers in addition to an innervation that is shared among all the effectors. This arrangement permits the maximum flexibility in the coordination of physiologically appropriate responses of the tubules, the blood vessels, and the juxtaglomerular granular cells to a variety of homeostatic requirements.
Compressive tolerance of the maturing cervical spine.

While a number of experiments have reported injury thresholds for the adult cervical spine in compression, the compressive failure tolerance of the child spine has not been characterized. In order to develop useful safety measures for children, the biomechanical effects of maturation must be evaluated. Hence, this study examined the effects of spinal development on the compressive mechanics of the cervical spine. An animal model was used due to the lack of human tissues in the pediatric age range. Twenty-two fresh cadaveric baboon cervical spines (all male) were dissected into two functional spinal unit segments: Occiput-C2, C3-C5, C6-T1. The specimens ranged in age from 1 to 30-human equivalent years based upon radiographic assessment of their skeletal maturity. Dynamic (1.0-m/sec) haversine displacement inputs up to 70% strain were imparted on each specimen and the resulting loads were recorded. Significant increases in the compressive failure load were observed with increased maturation of the spinal tissues (ANOVA, p = 0.003). Differences were also observed between the spinal levels examined. The lower cervical spine, C6-T1, had the smallest failure load for specimens greater than 8-human-equivalent years, while the upper cervical spine was the most susceptible to injury at less than 8-human-equivalent years. The compressive failures generated are consistent with those observed clinically, consisting of primarily burst fractures and physis (growth plate) failures. These data clearly suggest that spinal compressive tolerance is directly related to maturation. Therefore, through scaling, these data may provide tolerance values applicable to anthropomorphic test dummies and computational models aimed at injury prevention for the pediatric occupant. Language: en
Static theories of stark effects in F-center emission☆

Abstract This paper puts the Bogan-Fitchen model of the relaxed excited states of the F-center on a firmer theoretical basis. Further, it carries through calculations on the associated Stark effect, using a quasi-static Jahn-Teller approach, i.e. the lattice kinetic energy term is omitted from the total Hamiltonian. In the calculations we make fewer approximations than previously, and this modifies the results in a significant manner. Using experimental data, we have calculated the fraction of the lowest relaxed excited state which has Γ −4 -symmetry. It turns out to be appreciable and to depend markedly on the approximations made in carrying through the calculations.
Effectiveness of state-level vaccination mandates: evidence from the varicella vaccine.

Abstract This paper utilizes longitudinal data on varicella (chickenpox) immunizations in order to estimate the causal effects of state-level school-entry and daycare-entry immunization mandates within the United States. We find significant causal effects of mandates upon vaccination rates among preschool children aged 19–35 months; these effects appear in the year of mandate adoption, peak two years after adoption, and show a minimal difference from the aggregate trend about six years after adoption. For a mandate enacted in 2000, the model and estimates imply that roughly 20% of the short-run increase in state-level immunization rates was caused by the mandate introduction. We find no evidence of differential effects for different socioeconomic groups. Combined with previous cost–benefit analyses of the varicella vaccine, the estimates suggest that state-level mandates have been effective from an economic standpoint.
Pericardial effusion in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious condition that can lead to right heart failure and death. Pericardial effusion in PAH is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and its pathogenesis is complex and poorly understood. There are few data on the prevalence of pericardial effusion in PAH, and more importantly, the management of pericardial effusion is controversial. Current literature abounds with case reports, case series, and retrospective studies that have limited value for assessing this association. Hence, we summarize the available evidence on this ominous association and identify areas for future research.
Endothelins inhibit cyclic AMP production in rabbit and human ciliary processes.

ABSTRACT The effects of endothelins on cyclic AMP production have been studied in rabbit and human ciliary processes. Endothelins inhibit basal, isoproterenol-, and VIP-stimulated cyclic AMP production in rabbit ciliary processes and forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production in rabbit and human ciliary processes. EC50s for inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production using rabbit tissue were similar: ET-1, 70 nM; ET-2, 40 nM; ET-3, 70 nM; maximum inhibition was about 76% for each ligand. These data are consistent with the presence of an ETB receptor. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity in rabbit aqueous humor was measured to be 226 pg/ml.
Gating Mechanisms of Store-Operated CRAC Channels

In many animal cells, stimulation of cell surface receptors coupled to G proteins or tyrosine kinases mobilizes Ca2+ influx through store-operated Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. The ensuing Ca2+ entry regulates a wide variety of effector cell responses including transcription, motility, and proliferation. The physiological importance of CRAC channels for human health is underscored by studies indicating that mutations in CRAC channel genes produce a spectrum of devastating diseases including chronic inflammation, muscle weakness, and a severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. Moreover, from a basic science perspective, CRAC channels exhibit a unique biophysical fingerprint characterized by exquisite Ca2+-selectivity, store-operated gating, and distinct pore properties and therefore serve as fascinating ion channels for understanding the biophysical mechanisms of ion permeation and gating. Studies in the last decade have revealed the cellular and molecular choreography of the CRAC channel activation process, and it is now established that opening of CRAC channels is governed through direct interactions between the pore-forming Orai proteins, and the ER Ca2+ sensors, STIM1 and STIM2. Here, I will discuss recent work in our laboratory that seeks to understand the molecular rearrangements in the CRAC channel protein underlying the opening of the pore.
Adolescent bereavement following the death of a parent: An exploratory study

Eleven healthy adolescents, ages 13–18, were followed through the year following parental death. Semi-structured interviews were used in combination with standardized measures to complete in-depth evaluations at 6 weeks, 7 months and 13 months following parental death. Teacher reports and parent interviews and reports provided additional information. Initial responses were characterized by intense emotional, cognitive, physical and behavioral reactions associated with impaired school performance, strained peer relations, and sleep disturbances. Stress related symptoms were prominent and sustained. Overall, subjects reported a higher sustained degree of distress than adult children following the loss of a parent. Prominent themes are reviewed. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Managing Risk: A Joint U.S.-German Perspective

Ideas from a USA-FRG conference on risk management are presented. In general, the difficulties confronted by risk management authorities in the two countries are similar, from discovering important risks at an early stage to setting acceptable goals. Government regulation is overburdened and somewhat inefficient in both countries, leading to greater search for alternatives. The many differences in approach between the two countries can inform both. German risk management is done largely through negotiations among the affected parties; when this does not resolve a dispute, a specialized administrative court takes charge. In both countries nonregulatory methods of managing risk should be enhanced and given a larger role. A matrix of risk management method versus criteria proved stimulating in comparing and ranking approaches. The conceptual differences between managing discrete events (auto crashes, boiler explosions, etc.) and chronic exposures have not been appreciated. Although uncertainty and probability are involved in both, there are qualitative differences in both analysis and management. Public perceptions of risk and the role these should play have been characterized by “objectivist” and “subjectivist” positions. In the former view, risks are subject to analysis, are calculable, and the public must be educated to accept the conclusions of experts. In the latter view what people perceive is what is most important, both psychologically and politically, and the risk experts must understand public fears and desires. These are important opportunities for cross cultural studies.
The Effect of Ca++ and Mg++ on Lysis, Growth, and Production of Virulence Antigens by Pasteurella Pestis

Abstract : Experiments were designed to define phenomena of virulence antigen production, bacterial stasis, and lysis in virulent Pasteurella pestis. The observations, by Lawton, that Mg ''induces'' and Ca ''represses'' virulence antigduc tion were verified. Optimal production of these antigens occurred in a chemically defined medium containing 0.02 M MgCl2. and no added CaCl2. This environment results in stasis of cells possessing the genetic potential for producing virulence antigens. The addition of 0.0025 M Ca in the presence of 0. 02 M Mg completely repressed the production of these antigens and permitted cell division to occur. Cells of the rare avirulent mutant type that produces virulence antigens and forms a typical colonies on agar made Ca-deficient grow more slowly in Ca-deficient broth than do those avirulent cells that produce no virulence antigens. Of 16 tested energy sources, none was found to enhance virulence antigen production in the presence of Mg without equally favoring cell division in the presence of Ca. Induced virulent cells retained their morphological integrity; however, they appeared to be somewhat larger and the formation of new cross-septa was not observed.
Looking under the hood of the IBM blue gene/Q network

This paper explores the performance and optimization of the IBM Blue Gene/Q (BG/Q) five dimensional torus network on up to 16K nodes. The BG/Q hardware supports multiple dynamic routing algorithms and different traffic patterns may require different algorithms to achieve best performance. Between 85% to 95% of peak network performance is achieved for all-to-all traffic, while over 85% of peak is obtained for challenging bisection pairings. A new software-controlled algorithm is developed for bisection traffic that selects which hardware algorithm to employ and achieves better performance than any individual hardware algorithm. The benefit of dynamic routing is shown for a highly non-uniform "transpose" traffic pattern. To evaluate memory and network performance, the HPCC Random Access benchmark was tuned for BG/Q and achieved 858 Giga Updates per Second (GUPS) on 16K nodes. To further accelerate message processing, the message libraries on BG/Q enable the offloading of messaging overhead onto dedicated communication threads. Several applications, including Algebraic Multigrid (AMG), exhibit from 3 to 20% gain using communication threads.
Joint Use of Public Schools A Framework for Promoting Healthy Communities

Despite the growing interest in expanding the joint use of K–12 public schools by public health and planning practitioners to promote healthy, sustainable communities, the topic has received little attention in the urban planning and public health scholarship. The objective of this article is to situate joint use in the academic literature focused on the links between built environments and health. I examine the “state of the field” of K–12 joint use through studying the academic and associated literature, interviews, participant observation, and case examples. I develop a joint use classification system to aid researchers and practitioners.
Influence of Nutrient Availability on the Interaction Between Spotted Knapweed and Bluebunch Wheatgrass

Centaurea maculosa (Lam.) (spotted knapweed) reduces wildlife and livestock habitat biodiversity and increases erosion. Nutrient availability to plants may be used to ac celerate succession away from spotted knapweed. Early-successional plant communities often have high nutrient availability, whereas late-successional communities are often found on lower nutrient soils. We hypothesized that removal of nutrients would change the competitive advantage from spotted knapweed to Pseudoroegueria spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass) (late seral). In two addition series matrices, background densities of Secale cereale (annual rye) and Elymus elimoides (bottle-brush squirreltail) (3,000 seeds/m 2 ) were used to remove nutrients from the soil. In another set of addition series matrices, nitrogen (33 kg/ha) or phosphorus (33 kg/ha) were added to the soil. Nutrient analysis of soil and vegetation indicated that annual rye and bottle-brush squirreltail reduced nutrient availability in soils. In another matrix, neither a background density nor nutrients were added. Data were fit into Watkinson's curvilinear model to determine the competitive relationship between bluebunch wheatgrass and spotted knapweed. This allowed comparison of the equivalence ratios (C) generated from each addition series. The C parameters are the per-plant equivalent of bluebunch wheatgrass or spotted knapweed and can be interpreted as the ratio of intra-to-interspecific competition. The C parameters are also the equivalence ratio of the number of spotted knapweed it takes to have equivalent effect on bluebunch wheatgrass or the number of bluebunch wheatgrass having the equivalent effect on spotted knapweed. Without nutrient manipulation, spotted knapweed was more competitive than bluebunch wheatgrass. The C for bluebunch wheatgrass was 0.17, indicating that 0.17 knapweed plants were competitively equivalent to one wheatgrass. Annual rye changed the competitive balance in favor of bluebunch wheatgrass (C = 9.9). Addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, or the mid-seral species did not change the competitive relationship between the two species. This preliminary study suggests that succession from spotted knapweed to late-seral blue bunch wheatgrass community may be accelerated by altering resource availability.
Video self-confrontation in speech pathology

Abstract Fifteen students in speech pathology observed and reacted to video replay of clinical sessions, representing presituation and postsituation tests with intervening microtherapy sessions, which were also videotaped and replayed. Reactions to video replays were made to questions. Experience through microtherapy and video self-confrontation gives some evidence of reduction of anxiety. Further study of the concerns of clinical trainees through video self-confrontation in a microtraining format is recommended.
Nutrition Knowledge and Attitude Changes In College Students

Abstract Nutrition knowledge and attitude changes were measured in 171 students completing a three-credit hour Nutrition course and 249 students completing a one-credit hour Nutrition Concepts course. Knowledge and attitude were measured on the first class day (pre-test) and at the end of the one semester courses (post-test). Instruments used were the previously validated Nutrition Knowledge Test (NKT) (50 multiple-choice questions) and Nutrition Attitude Scale (NAS) (25 closed-ended statements to which respondents agreed/disagreed with nutrition attitude statements). Curricula was similar in both courses, but differed in depth of content. Course topics included the Dietary Guidelines/Food Guide Pyramid, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Results included that mean post-test NKT scores from subjects in the one-credit hour course (64±0.7% correct) were significantly higher (p
Deubiquitylation and regulation of the immune response

Ubiquitylation is a fundamental mechanism of signal transduction that regulates immune responses and many other biological processes. Similar to phosphorylation, ubiquitylation is a reversible process that is counter-regulated by ubiquitylating enzymes and deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs). Despite the identification of a large number of DUBs, our knowledge of the function and activities of this family of enzymes is just starting to accumulate. As described in this Review, recent studies of several DUBs, in particular CYLD and A20, show that deubiquitylation has an important role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Epinephrine: Effect on Uptake of Iodine by Dispersed Cells of Calf Thyroid Gland

In isolated thyroid cells I-epinephrine (0.1 and 10.0 micrograms per milliliter), norepinephrine and isoproterenol consistently stimulated the accumulation and organic binding of iodine. The effect was partially inhibited by phentolamine, but not propranolol, and hence may be mediated by alpha receptors. Theophylline did not mimic or enhance the epinephrine effect, suggesting that the latter may not result from activation of adenyl cyclase.
Multiband selection with linear array detectors

Several techniques that can be used in an earth-imaging system to separate the linear image formed after the collecting optics into the desired spectral band are examined. The advantages and disadvantages of the Multispectral Linear Array (MLA) multiple optics, the MLA adjacent arrays, the imaging spectrometer, and the MLA beam splitter are discussed. The beam-splitter design approach utilizes, in addition to relatively broad spectral region separation, a movable Multiband Selection Device (MSD), placed between the exit ports of the beam splitter and a linear array detector, permitting many bands to be selected. The successful development and test of the MSD is described. The device demonstrated the capacity to provide a wide field of view, visible-to-near IR/short-wave IR and thermal IR capability, and a multiplicity of spectral bands and polarization measuring means, as well as a reasonable size and weight at minimal cost and risk compared to a spectrometer design approach.
Technical Note-An Improved Lower Bound for Minimizing Weighted Completion Times with Deadlines

We consider the NP-hard, one-machine scheduling problem whose objective is to minimize the weighted sum of completion times, subject to meeting deadlines. We propose a new lower bound that dominates the bounds found in the literature.
Electrochemical detection for high-performance liquid chromatography of ketoconazole in plasma and saliva

Ketoconazole, cis-1-acetyl-4-[4[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine, a clinically used antifungal agent, is also an inhibitor of steroid hormone biosynthesis. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described which resolves ketoconazole with selectivity and high sensitivity provided by the use of electrochemical detection. Ketoconazole can be detected in high-performance liquid chromatography by electrochemical oxidation at a glassy carbon electrode at a potential of + 1.0 V. Electrochemical detection offers improved sensitivity and selectivity over ultraviolet absorbance or fluorescence detection after derivatization. The method utilizes a volatile buffer system compatible with postcolumn analyses and an internal standard which is electrochemically active. This technique provides a simple method to assay ketoconazole. Ketoconazole can be detected in human plasma and saliva after a single oral therapeutic dose.
Self-monitoring of fatigue damage in carbon fiber reinforced cement

Self-monitoring of slight fatigue damage was demonstrated in cement mortar containing short carbon fibers (0.24 vol.%), as damage (occurring in the first < 10% of the tensile or compressive fatigue life) caused the volume electrical resistivity to decrease irreversibly by up to 2%. The greater the stress amplitude, the greater the damage, the greater the resistivity decrease and the greater the number of stress cycles for which the resistivity decrease monotonically occurred. The resistivity decrease is attributed to the damage of the cement matrix separating adjacent fibers at their junction.
Effects of storage temperature on viable bioprosthetic heart valves.

Long-term in vivo success of bioprosthetic allografts is dependent upon retention of cellular functions, such as protein synthesis. The purpose of the experiments presented in this report was to determine the storage conditions necessary for retention of protein synthetic functions in human allograft heart valve leaflets. Tissue viability was assessed by measurement of tritiated-glycine incorporation into proteins. Comparison of short-term (<3 month)- and long-term (1 and 2 years)-cryopreserved heart valve leaflet storage in a liquid nitrogen freezer below − 135 °C demonstrated preservation of fibroblast protein synthesis. In contrast, storage in a mechanical freezer at − 80 °C resulted in a time-dependent loss of fibroblast protein synthesis. There was no statistically significant effect on protein synthesis in leaflets stored for 1 week at 4 °C compared to control cryopreserved liquid nitrogen-stored leaflets. After 2 weeks of 4 °C storage leaflet protein synthesis declined significantly to 15% that of cryopreserved controls. These results demonstrate that liquid nitrogen storage of valve bioprostheses is required for long-term preservation of cellular functions.
Condylomata acuminata treatment in children

In the Department of Dermatology Warsaw School of Medicine 15 children with condylomata acuminata have been treated with Nd:YAG laser. The patients were at the age of 2 - 15. The radiation treatment was conducted using from 120 to 1900 J -- depending on size and a number of skin rashes. After one radiation session all skin changes disappeared in 7 children, three children required two sessions, in four cases three sessions were needed. In one case the treatment proved unsuccessful. During 1.5 years of observation there was no recurrence of the disease in 14 out of 15 patients (93.4%).© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The natriuretic mechanism of Gamma-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

Gamma-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (Gamma-MSH) regulates sodium (Na(+)) balance and blood pressure through activation of the melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3-R). The mechanism of the natriuretic effect is proposed to involve binding of MC3-R either in the kidney to directly inhibit tubular Na(+) transport or in the brain to inhibit central neural pathways that control renal tubular Na(+) absorption. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism involved in the natriuretic effect of Gamma-MSH on MC3-R in kidney cells. In Ussing chamber studies, we observed no effects of Gamma-MSH on NaCl transport in the mouse inner medullary collecting duct cell line (mIMCD-K2). We also found that neither MC3-R protein nor mRNA was expressed in mouse kidney, suggesting that renal Gamma-MSH action may not be mediated through direct effects on tubular Na(+) transport but rather through effects on central neural pathways that innervate the kidney.
Broadening perspectives: Strategies to infuse multiculturalism into a positive psychology course

As educators in any area of psychology, one has a responsibility to address issues of multicultural competence and to provide inclusive education for students from all walks of life. The specific discipline of positive psychology is aptly poised to use multiculturally competent teaching to undo some of the past pathologizing of individuals from traditionally marginalized groups. To this end, it is imperative that positive psychology courses operate from a framework that incorporates cultural context as a key feature in understanding the value, manifestation, and functioning of both strengths and weaknesses. Following a brief history of the integration of multiculturalism within the field of positive psychology, benefits are discussed with regard to infusing cultural context into a positive psychology course, and specific strategies for accomplishing this goal are offered.