cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental and Modeling Study of Electroosmotic Bulk and Near-Wall Flows in Two-Dimensional Micro- and Nanochannels

Electrokinetically driven flow of electrolyte solutions through micro- and nanochannels is of interest in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanotechnology applications. In this work, fully developed and steady electroosmotic flow (EOF) of dilute sodium tetraborate and sodium chloride aqueous solutions in a rectangular channel where the channel hight h is comparable to its width W is examined. EOF is also studied under conditions of electric double layer (EDL) overlap, or λ/h ∼ O(1), where λ is the Debye thickness, for very dilute solutions. The initial experimental data and model results are in very good agreement for dilute sodium tetraborate solutions. The experimental work uses the new nano-particle image velocimetry (nPIV) technique. Evanescent waves from the total internal reflection of light with a wavelength of 488 nm at a refractive index interface is used to illuminate 100 nm neutrally buoyant fluorescent particles in the near-wall region of the flow. The images of these tracer particles over time are processed to obtain the two components of the velocity field parallel to the wall in fully developed EOF of sodium tetraborate at concentrations up to 2 mM in fused quartz rectangular channels with height h up to 10 microns. The spatial resolution of these velocity field data along the dimension normal to the wall is about 100 nm, and the data are obtained within a distance of approximately 100 nm of the wall based upon the 1/e intensity point, or penetration depth. A set of equations modeling EOF in a long channel are solved where h/L << 1, and L is the lengthscale along the flow direction. Unlike most previous models, this work does not use the Debye-Huckel approximation, nor does it assume symmetric boundary conditions. For the case where λ/h << 1, analytical solutions for the velocity, potential and mole fractions are obtained using an asymptotic perturbation approach.© 2003 ASME
Comparative Cuticle Development Reveals Taller Sporophytes Are Covered by Thicker Calyptra Cuticles in Mosses.

The calyptra is a maternal structure that protects the sporophyte offspring from dehydration, and positively impacts sporophyte survival and fitness in mosses. We explore the relationship between cuticle protection and sporophyte height as a proxy for dehydration stress in Funariaceae species with sporophytes across a range of sizes. Calyptrae and sporophytes from four species were collected from laboratory-grown populations at two developmental stages. Tissues were embedded, sectioned, and examined using transmission electron microscopy. Cuticle thickness was measured from three epidermal cells per organ for each individual and compared statistically. All four species have cuticles consisting of a cuticle proper and a cuticular layer on the calyptra and sporophyte at both developmental stages. Across species shorter sporophytes are associated with smaller calyptra and thinner calyptra cuticles, whereas taller sporophytes are associated with larger calyptra and thicker calyptra cuticles. Independent of size, young sporophytes have a thin cuticle that thickens later during development, while calyptrae have a mature cuticle produced early during development that persists throughout development. This study adds to our knowledge of maternal effects influencing offspring survival in plants. Released from the pressures to invest in protection for their sporophyte offspring, maternal resources can be allocated to other processes that support sporophyte reproductive success. Using a comparative developmental framework enables us to broaden our understanding of cuticle development across species and provides structural evidence supporting the waterproofing role of the moss calyptra.
WE-FG-206-12: Enhanced Laws Textures: A Potential MRI Surrogate Marker of Hepatic Fibrosis in a Murine Model

Purpose: To compare enhanced Laws texture derived from parametric proton density (PD) maps to other MRI-based surrogate markers (T2, PD, ADC) in assessing degrees of liver fibrosis in a murine model of hepatic fibrosis using 11.7T scanner. Methods: This animal study was IACUC approved. Fourteen mice were divided into control (n=1) and experimental (n=13). The latter were fed a DDC-supplemented diet to induce hepatic fibrosis. Liver specimens were imaged using an 11.7T scanner; the parametric PD, T2, and ADC maps were generated from spin-echo pulsed field gradient and multi-echo spin-echo acquisitions. Enhanced Laws texture analysis was applied to the PD maps: first, hepatic blood vessels and liver margins were segmented/removed using an automated dual-clustering algorithm; secondly, an optimal thresholding algorithm was applied to reduce the partial volume artifact; next, mean and stdev were corrected to minimize grayscale variation across images; finally, Laws texture was extracted. Degrees of fibrosis was assessed by an experienced pathologist and digital image analysis (%Area Fibrosis). Scatterplots comparing enhanced Laws texture, T2, PD, and ADC values to degrees of fibrosis were generated and correlation coefficients were calculated. Unenhanced Laws texture was also compared to assess the effectiveness of the proposed enhancements. Results: Hepatic fibrosis and the enhanced Laws texture were strongly correlated with higher %Area Fibrosis associated with higher Laws texture (r=0.89). Only a moderate correlation was detected between %Area Fibrosis and unenhanced Laws texture (r=0.70). Strong correlation also existed between ADC and %Area Fibrosis (r=0.86). Moderate correlations were seen between %Area Fibrosis and PD (r=0.65) and T2 (r=0.66). Conclusions: Higher degrees of hepatic fibrosis are associated with increased Laws texture. The proposed enhancements improve the accuracy of Laws texture. Enhanced Laws texture features are more accurate than PD and T2 in assessing fibrosis, and can potentially serve as an accurate surrogate marker for hepatic fibrosis.
Optogenetic activation of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons increases non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep during the night in rats.

Neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are located in the hypothalamus. In mice, optogenetic activation of the MCH neurons induces both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep at night, the normal wake-active period for nocturnal rodents [R. R. Konadhode et al. (2013) J. Neurosci., 33, 10257-10263]. Here we selectively activate these neurons in rats to test the validity of the sleep network hypothesis in another species. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) driven by the MCH promoter was selectively expressed by MCH neurons after injection of rAAV-MCHp-ChR2-EYFP into the hypothalamus of Long-Evans rats. An in vitro study confirmed that the optogenetic activation of MCH neurons faithfully triggered action potentials. In the second study, in Long-Evans rats, rAAV-MCH-ChR2, or the control vector, rAAV-MCH-EYFP, were delivered into the hypothalamus. Three weeks later, baseline sleep was recorded for 48 h without optogenetic stimulation (0 Hz). Subsequently, at the start of the lights-off cycle, the MCH neurons were stimulated at 5, 10, or 30 Hz (1 mW at tip; 1 min on - 4 min off) for 24 h. Sleep was recorded during the 24-h stimulation period. Optogenetic activation of MCH neurons increased both REM and NREM sleep at night, whereas during the day cycle, only REM sleep was increased. Delta power, an indicator of sleep intensity, was also increased. In control rats without ChR2, optogenetic stimulation did not increase sleep or delta power. These results lend further support to the view that sleep-active MCH neurons contribute to drive sleep in mammals.
Trajectories of Internalized Heterosexism among Young Men Who have Sex with Men

Minority stress, or the unique stressors encountered by sexual minorities, has a significant impact on the mental health and well-being of this population. One minority stressor, internalized heterosexism, refers to incorporating stigma against sexual minorities into one’s self-concept as a product of social bias. This minority stressor has been consistently related to worse mental health in sexual minorities. We evaluated experiences of internalized heterosexism longitudinally, over 24 months, in a sample of 450 young men who have sex with men (YMSM; age range = 16–20 years old at baseline). Latent class growth analyses revealed three classes: individuals with low-decreasing internalized heterosexism (57.1%), medium-stable internalized heterosexism (37.3%), and high-stable internalized heterosexism (5.6%). Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that some racial/ethnic minorities, non-gay identified individuals (i.e., bisexual/other), and individuals with less femininity and greater masculinity were significantly more likely to be in the medium- and high-stable internalized heterosexism classes. Higher victimization, as well as lower gay/bisexual community involvement, peer support, and outness predicted membership in the medium-stable internalized heterosexism class (relative to the low-decreasing class). Further, higher past 6-month victimization and lower outness were also predictive of high-stable internalized heterosexism class membership (relative to the low-decreasing class). These findings reveal that there is not a single trajectory of internalized heterosexism—the degree to which it changes differs across men and depends on demographic characteristics and interpersonal experiences. Furthermore, the results indicate interpersonal targets for future work aimed at promoting positive identity development and decreased internalized heterosexism for sexual minority youth.
Endovascular Treatment of Symptomatic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

The anatomy of a ruptured aortic aneurysm is no different than conventional aortic aneurysms. However, what is key to treating them is the urgency in delineating the anatomy so as to evaluate the suitability for endovascular repair.
Tracking Young Adults' Attitudes Toward Tobacco Marketing Using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)

ABSTRACTBackground: Decades of research demonstrate the pernicious effects of targeted cigarette marketing on young people. Now, with tobacco marketing shifting toward greater incorporation of alternative products, it is critical to identify current attitudes toward the new landscape of tobacco advertisements. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand the present landscape of tobacco marketing to which young adults are exposed, and to assess how they respond to it. Method: During 2015–2016, we used ecological momentary assessment (EMA), in which 44 young adults (aged 18–28) carried smartphones equipped with a survey app. Seventy-seven percent were ever-users of tobacco and 29.5% were intermittent users of tobacco (someday users of cigarettes and/or those who used another tobacco product >5 times within the past year). For ten days, participants were prompted at three random times/day to complete a brief survey about their exposures and responses to tobacco-related advertising. Analyses used ...
A New Review of the Thailand Species of the Genus Scaphoideus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae), with the Descriptions of Forty-Two New Species.

The Thailand species of leafhoppers in the genus Scaphoideus Uhler that are known at this time are discussed. This includes 19 previously described species are reviewed, with descriptions of 42 new species. A key to all 61 species is included, as well as a list of the previously described species, with the distribution of each in Thailand and other countries.
Dead land walking: the value of continued conservation efforts in South Florida’s imperiled pine rocklands

Pine rocklands are deeply imperiled habitats restricted to South Florida and the Caribbean. In South Florida, more than 98% of pine rockland habitat has been destroyed in the past century (outside of Everglades National Park). Due to their proximity to human populations, management options in the remaining fragments are sometimes limited, and fires that are necessary to maintain healthy habitat structure are often excluded. Despite these pressures, conservation initiatives in pine rocklands have been surprisingly successful, and plant extinction has been avoided. In the coming decades, however, sea-level rise threatens to all but eliminate the pine rocklands, and efforts to preserve their many endemic species will likely fail. We synthesize the results of numerous ecological studies and review the successes and failures of conservation in South Florida’s pine rocklands. Further, we illustrate the value of continued conservation efforts, and provide direction in the light of the habitats long-term fate. We advocate the increased use of prescribed fire and, as the effects of climate change become more apparent, the translocation of some endemic species. Finally, we acclaim pine rocklands as a model system for studying how plant communities respond to environmental change. South Florida’s fragmented landscape, with shifting gradients of elevation, salinity, inundation and nutrient availability, should continue to inspire ecologists to address important questions, and better prepare the region, and the world, for the challenges of the coming decades.
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Engineer Blood Vessels.

Development of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is a remarkable scientific advancement that allows scientists to harness the power of regenerative medicine for potential treatment of disease using unaffected cells. PSCs provide a unique opportunity to study and combat cardiovascular diseases, which continue to claim the lives of thousands each day. Here, we discuss the differentiation of PSCs into vascular cells, investigation of the functional capabilities of the derived cells, and their utilization to engineer microvascular beds or vascular grafts for clinical application.
Expression of Metallothionein Genes in Preimplantation Embryos, Decidua and Placentae

Metallothioneins (MT) are cysteine rich, heavy metal binding proteins whose expression can be regulated by a variety of factors, such as metal ions, glucocorticoids, and cytokines. Although little is known about expression of MT genes during early mammalian development, substantial variations in expression of these genes in the fetal and neonatal period occur which has lead to the concept that MT may play important roles during development, such as maintenance of zinc and copper homeostasis and protection from heavy metal toxicity. However, the precise functions of MT are unknown. We have examined expression and regulation of metallothionein genes from the time of fertilization to midgestation. Utilizing the preimplantation rabbit embryo as a model it was determined that MT is constitutively expressed at low levels in the blastocyst (D6), and zinc can induce MT as early as day-4 of gestation just after the morula to blastocyst transition. The mouse embryo also develops the capacity to respond to metal ions by the late morula stage. Therefore, the preimplantation mammalian embryo can alter expression of the genome in response to changes in the levels of metal ions in the oviductal and uterine milieu just prior to implantation. In mice, MT mRNA is present at low levels in the uterine luminal epithelium just before implantation (D4), but upon implantation, MT gene expression is specifically and dramatically elevated in the deciduum (D5-10). In the midgestation placenta, constitutively high levels of MT mRNA are present in the outer placental spongiotrophoblasts. At this stage of gestation, the visceral yolk sac endoderm also actively expresses the MT genes. These results provide the basis for the concept that from the time of implantation to late in gestation, the mouse embryo is surrounded by cells, interposed between the maternal and embryonic environments, which actively express the MT genes. This suggests that MT, and perhaps other stress related proteins, play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy. Studies of the regulation of MT genes in decidua suggest that embryo derived factors are not involved, but rather that these genes may be regulated in an autocrine/paracrine manner, perhaps in response to the pro-inflammatory process of implantation and decidualization.
Cerebral venous infarctions presenting as enhancing space-occupying lesions: MRI findings

Cerebral venous thrombosis is an unusual form of cerebrovascular disease that may cause cerebral venous infarction (CVI). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain may improve the often elusive diagnosis of CVI. However, the sensitivity, specificity, and full spectrum of such MRI findings are poorly understood. The authors present the cases of three patients with CVI whose MRI scans showed abnormally enhancing tumor-like brain lesions. Two of the CVIs were hemorrhagic and exerted mass effect. One patient showed increasingly nodular and heterogeneous ring-like enhancement progressing from the single-dose to the triple-dose gadolinium contrast images. The CVI of a second patient also showed ring-like enhancement. Biopsy was performed on one of these patients and was strongly considered for the other two patients to exclude neoplastic disease. Careful examination of the MRI appearance of venous structures and the use of specialized MRI techniques improved the recognition of CVI for two patients and prevented biopsy. This represents the first description of abnormal triple-dose MRI contrast enhancement in CVI. Consideration of CVI in the care of patients with enhancing tumor-like masses may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment, preventing unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures. CVI should be added to the differential diagnosis of supratentorial ring-enhancing masses.
Material Expressions of Social Inequality on a Porfirian Sugar Hacienda in Yucatán, Mexico

Power relations intrinsic to the institution of debt peonage clearly influenced material conditions on the haciendas of Yucatan prior to the Mexican Revolution. Recent investigations at a late-19th- and early-20th-century sugar hacienda explore the material basis for its relations of production. The evidence indicates that hacienda owners divided the indebted workforce and then provided a select group of laborers with privileged access to material resources. Vernacular architecture, settlement layout, and the distribution of imported ceramics all signify social inequality within the labor force. Material disparities on the estate suggest a negotiation of power through the exchange of rewards for the loyalties of a managerial class. Moreover, the inequalities may have accentuated a social order perceived by Yucatecan elites, while inhibiting indebted class solidarity.
Coupling of a Bladed Hub to the Tower of the Ampair 600 Wind Turbine using the Transmission Simulator Method.

This paper presents an example of the transmission simulator method of experimental dynamic substructuring combining two substructures of the Substructures Focus Group’s test bed, the Ampair 600 Wind Turbine. The two substructures of interest are the hub-and-blade assembly and the tower assembly that remains after the hub is removed. The hub-and-blade substructure was developed from elastic modes of a free-free test of the hub and blades, and rigid body modes were constructed from measured mass properties. Elastic and rigid body modes were extracted from experimental data for the tower substructure. A bladeless hub was attached to the tower to serve as the transmission simulator for this substructure. Modes up to the second bending mode of the blades and tower were extracted. Substructuring calculations were then performed using the transmission simulator method, and a model of the full test bed was derived. The combined model was compared to truth data from a test on the full turbine.
A definition of song from human music universals observed in primate calls

Abstract Musical behavior is likely as old as our species with song originating as early as 60 million years ago in the primate order. Early singing likely evolved into the music of modern humans via multiple selective events, but efforts to disentangle these influences have been stifled by challenges to precisely define this behavior in a broadly applicable way. Detailed here is a method to quantify the elaborateness of acoustic displays using published spectrograms (n=832 calls) culled from the literature on primate vocalizations. Each spectrogram was scored by five trained analysts via visual assessments along six musically relevant acoustic parameters: tone, interval, transposition, repetition, rhythm, and syllabic variation. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce this multivariate assessment into a simplified measure of musical elaborateness. The resulting “acoustic reappearance diversity” index simultaneously captures syllabic variation and spectral/temporal redundancy in a single continuous variable. The potential utility of this index is demonstrated by applying it to several social and habitat-based theories of acoustic display origins. Our results confirm that primate species living in small, monogamous groups have song-like calls, while forest habitat had a less pronounced association.
Extent of surgery for low-risk thyroid cancer in the elderly: Equipoise in survival but not in short-term outcomes.

Abstract Background Total thyroidectomy is more common than lobectomy for low-risk papillary thyroid cancer, despite equipoise in survival. Because postoperative morbidity increases with age, we aimed to investigate how the extent of thyroidectomy affects short-term outcomes among older patients. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, we identified patients aged ≥66 years who were treated between 1996 and 2011 for papillary thyroid cancer with tumors ≤2 cm in diameter. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the effect of extent of surgery on complications, emergency-department visits, and unplanned readmissions. Results Among 3,341 selected patients, 77.3% were female, mean age was 72.9 years, and tumors averaged 0.8 cm in diameter. A total of 67.6% of patients underwent total thyroidectomy, and 32.4% underwent lobectomy. Total thyroidectomy was associated with complications (odds ratio = 1.99) and readmissions (odds ratio = 1.59; both P Conclusion Total thyroidectomy for older adults with low-risk papillary thyroid cancer may lead to potentially avoidable complications and readmissions, particularly for black and female patients. In many cases, lobectomy may be a safer and less costly alternative.
Non-Neural (S-100 Negative) Bronchial Granular Cell Tumor Causing Acute Respiratory Failure

Introduction: Endobronchial granular cell tumors are uncommon in the pediatric population. Case report: A 9-year-old female presented with respiratory failure due to an endobronchial tumor. After debulking and diagnosis, she underwent thoracotomy with right upper lobe resection and bronchoplasty. Pathology demonstrated an endobronchial S-100 negative granular cell tumor, which to our knowledge, is the first such report in the literature. Conclusion: Endobronchial granular cell tumors may cause obstructive respiratory failure, are amenable to surgery, and may be S-100 negative.
Lysosome imaging in cancer cells by pyrene-benzothiazolium dyes: An alternative imaging approach for LAMP-1 expression based visualization methods to avoid background interference.

Abstract A series of pyrene-benzothiazolium dyes (1a–1d) were experimentally investigated to study their internalization mechanism into cellular lysosomes as well as their potential imaging applications for live cell imaging. The lysosome selectivity of the probes was further compared by using fluorescently tagged lysosome associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) expression-dependent visualization in both normal (COS-7, HEK293) and cancer (A549, Huh 7.5) cell lines. These probes were successfully employed as reliable lysosome markers in tumor cell models, thus providing an attractive alternative to LAMP-1 expression-dependent visualization methods. One advantage of these probes is the elimination of significant background fluorescence arising from fluorescently tagged protein expression on the cell surface when cells were transfected with LAMP-1 expression plasmids. Probes exhibited remarkable ability to stain cellular lysosomes for long-term experiments (up to 24 h) and the highly lipophilic nature of the probe design allowed their accumulation in hydrophobic regions of the cellular lysosomes. Experimental evidences indicated that the probes are likely to be internalized into lysosomes via endocytosis and accumulated in the hydrophobic regions of the lysosomes rather than in the acidic lysosomal lumen. These probes also demonstrated significant stability and lysosome staining for fixed cell imaging applications as well. Lastly, the benzothiazolium moiety of the probes was identified as the key component for lysosome selectivity.
Contract Framing, Expected Disappointment, and Effort: The Moderating Role of External Locus of Control

Incentive contracts are among the most prescribed means for alleviating agency problems. Accordingly, understanding when and why certain types of incentive contracts are effective is of crucial imp...
Environmental characterization using airgun seismic sources

Seismic surveys using arrays of airguns are a ubiquitous feature of the ocean ambient sound environment. An approach is presented to use airguns as a sound source to study how physical oceanographic variability shapes long range acoustic propagation. Signal processing and data analysis tools are presented to allow opportunistic use of commercial seismic surveys in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) for environmental characterization. Airgun propagation data are analyzed and compared to models generated from conventional physical oceanographic data collection for large scale features such as the Loop Current.Seismic surveys using arrays of airguns are a ubiquitous feature of the ocean ambient sound environment. An approach is presented to use airguns as a sound source to study how physical oceanographic variability shapes long range acoustic propagation. Signal processing and data analysis tools are presented to allow opportunistic use of commercial seismic surveys in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) for environmental characterization. Airgun propagation data are analyzed and compared to models generated from conventional physical oceanographic data collection for large scale features such as the Loop Current.
Caesar: cross-camera complex activity recognition

Detecting activities from video taken with a single camera is an active research area for ML-based machine vision. In this paper, we examine the next research frontier: near real-time detection of complex activities spanning multiple (possibly wireless) cameras, a capability applicable to surveillance tasks. We argue that a system for such complex activity detection must employ a hybrid design: one in which rule-based activity detection must complement neural network based detection. Moreover, to be practical, such a system must scale well to multiple cameras and have low end-to-end latency. Caesar, our edge computing based system for complex activity detection, provides an extensible vocabulary of activities to allow users to specify complex actions in terms of spatial and temporal relationships between actors, objects, and activities. Caesar converts these specifications to graphs, efficiently monitors camera feeds, partitions processing between cameras and the edge cluster, retrieves minimal information from cameras, carefully schedules neural network invocation, and efficiently matches specification graphs to the underlying data in order to detect complex activities. Our evaluations show that Caesar can reduce wireless bandwidth, on-board camera memory, and detection latency by an order of magnitude while achieving good precision and recall for all complex activities on a public multi-camera dataset.
Environmental Stewardship and Built Space

There has been a rapid expansion of built space leading to unprecedented levels of urbanization throughout the world in the recent past. This has been matched by the rapid shrinkage and fragmentation of natural areas and resources. However, there are many gaps in knowledge of the exact nature of these diametrically opposed phenomena and how to go about resolving the problems they engender. This book contributes to efforts to close these gaps. Defining built space broadly to include all human settlements, the book interrogates efforts to promote nature in built space in different regions of the world. This chapter lays the foundation for, and provides a thumb sketch of, the discussion in the book.
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma of the glabella in a liver transplant recipient

Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a rare malignant neoplasm first characterized in 1982.1 Since the first report, at least 300 cases have been described in the literature, and it has been shown to have features of both eccrine ductal and pilosebaceous differentiation.2 Although it has been suggested that photodamage and iatrogenic irradiation are contributing factors to the development of microcystic adnexal carcinoma, it is uncertain whether systemic immunosuppression confers an increased risk, as with other nonmelanoma skin cancers. Here we present a case of microcystic adnexal carcinoma in a liver transplant recipient. To our knowledge, this represents only the fourth case of microcystic adnexal carcinoma reported in transplant recipients and the first reported in a patient with liver transplantation.3, 4, 5
Development and Mechanistic Interrogation of Interrupted Chain-Walking in the Enantioselective Relay Heck Reaction

The formation of alkyl–palladium complexes via the nucleopalladation of alkenes is the entry point for a wide range of diverse reactions. One possibility is that the intermediate alkyl–Pd complexes...
ENERGY ACQUISITION AND UTILIZATION

Although many of the physiological adaptations among homeothermic residents of the Arctic are not unique, the following characteristics seem to be more unique to arctic species than to those of the temperate or tropical regions: 1) white plumage or pelage, which may be important in absorbing radiant heat in the spring, summer, and fall; 2) thick insulation in the form of fat, feathers, and/or fur; 3) thermolability of young, active growing sandpipers; and 4) high fat content of caribou and polar bear milk. These and other adaptations are discussed.
One Algorithm May Not Fit All: How Selection Bias Affects Machine Learning Performance

Machine learning (ML) algorithms have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy in identifying and categorizing disease on radiologic images. Despite the results of initial research studies that report ML algorithm diagnostic accuracy similar to or exceeding that of radiologists, the results are less impressive when the algorithms are installed at new hospitals and are presented with new images. This phenomenon is potentially the result of selection bias in the data that were used to develop the ML algorithm. Selection bias has long been described by clinical epidemiologists as a key consideration when designing a clinical research study, but this concept has largely been unaddressed in the medical imaging ML literature. The authors discuss the importance of selection bias and its relevance to ML algorithm development to prepare the radiologist to critically evaluate ML literature for potential selection bias and understand how it might affect the applicability of ML algorithms in real clinical environments. ©RSNA, 2020.
The effect of endometrial thickness on live birth outcomes in women undergoing hormone-replaced frozen embryo transfer.

Objective To determine the impact of endometrial thickness on live birth outcomes and obstetric complication rate after hormone-replaced frozen embryo transfer.
An application-aware spectrum sharing approach for commercial use of 3.5 GHz spectrum

In this paper, we introduce an application-aware spectrum sharing approach for sharing the Federal under-utilized 3.5 GHz spectrum with commercial users. In our model, users are running elastic or inelastic traffic and each application running on the user equipment (UE) is assigned a utility function based on its type. Furthermore, each of the small cells users has a minimum required target utility for its application. In order for users located under the coverage area of the small cells' eNodeBs, with the 3.5 GHz band resources, to meet their minimum required quality of experience (QoE), the network operator makes a decision regarding the need for sharing the macro cell's resources to obtain additional resources. Our objective is to provide each user with a rate that satisfies its application's minimum required utility through spectrum sharing approach and improve the overall QoE in the network. We present an application-aware spectrum sharing algorithm that is based on resource allocation with carrier aggregation to allocate macro cell permanent resources and small cells' leased resources to UEs and allocate each user's application an aggregated rate that can at minimum achieves the application's minimum required utility. Finally, we present simulation results for the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Genitourinary trauma

A general review of genitourinary trauma is presented. Current practices, as well as old and more recent controversies involving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, are discussed. The close cooperation between radiologists and urologists is essential for the most effective management of genitourinary trauma.
Recalibration of the virial factor and M-sigma relation for local active galaxies

Determining the virial factor of the broad-line region (BLR) gas is crucial for calibrating AGN black hole mass estimators, since the measured line-of-sight velocity needs to be converted into the intrinsic virial velocity. The average virial factor has been empirically calibrated based on the M-sigma relation of quiescent galaxies, but the claimed values differ by a factor of two in recent studies. We investigate the origin of the difference by measuring the M-sigma relation using an updated galaxy sample from the literature, and explore the dependence of the virial factor on various fitting methods. We find that the discrepancy is primarily caused by the sample selection, while the difference stemming from the various regression methods is marginal. However, we generally prefer the FITEXY and Bayesian estimators based on Monte Carlo simulations for the M-sigma relation. In addition, the choice of independent variable in the regression leads to ~0.2 dex variation in the virial factor inferred from the calibration process. Based on the determined virial factor, we present the updated M-sigma relation of local active galaxies.
The little MLer

with a foreword by Robin Milnerand drawings by Duane Bibby Over the past few years, ML has emerged as one of the most important members of the family of programming languages. Many professors in the United States and other countries use ML to teach courses on the principles of programming and on programming languages. In addition, ML has emerged as a natural language for software engineering courses because it provides the most sophisticated and expressive module system currently available.Felleisen and Friedman are well known for gently introducing readers to difficult ideas. The Little MLer is an introduction to thinking about programming and the ML programming language. The authors introduce those new to programming, as well as those experienced in other programming languages, to the principles of types, computation, and program construction. Most important, they help the reader to think recursively with types about programs.
Waiting time probabilities in the M/G/1 + M queue

We consider an M/G/1 queueing system where the customers may leave the queue if their services do not commence before an exponentially distributed random time. The (conditional) offered waiting time distribution is approximated by a gamma distribution via matching the first and second moments of the actual waiting time. A simulation study is conducted to assess the accuracy of the approximation and it reveals that the approximation performs satisfactorily under general conditions on service time distributions.
The Expected Psychiatric Impact of Detention in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and Related Considerations

What are the likely mental and related physical health consequences of prolonged exposure to common stressors to detainees at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba? Significant distress leads to high rates of psychiatric disorders, medical problems, and functional impairments. The consequences are severe, physically and psychologically, affecting the individual, his or her family, and the culture at large. Damaging conditions endured by detainees are multiple and severe and are reviewed here in detail. The author identifies parallels between Guantanamo detainees and similarly mistreated populations (e.g., prisoners of war, asylum seekers, prisoners) to draw inferences from existing research regarding likely outcomes for Guantanamo detainees. Protective factors normally present are systematically disrupted at Guantanamo. Overall, it is likely that detainees and their families are experiencing significant mental and physical health problems as a result of overlapping severe and chronic stressors related to detention and that this will worsen over time, particularly in the absence of appropriate assessment and treatment. The author addresses political and ethical factors, as well as basic implications for assessment, treatment, and advocacy, although these are not the focus of the article. Researchers and clinicians will face challenges in providing care for this population and understanding the long-term effects of such mistreatment. Sources reviewed are current up to September 2009.
Merits of a Probabilistic Approach to Properties in Process Group Systems (Informal Position Paper)

Distributed computing systems have traditionally been designed using either a purely asynchronous methodology, in which no use is made of time, or a purely synchronous one, in which all delays are bounded and clocks are assumed to be synchronized. We argue in favor of an intermediate approach, in which delay states would be systematically removed from an asynchronous system, resulting in a high probability of predictably good performance. Preliminary and very informal analysis suggests that this would yield systems with predictably high performance, and yet that are as likely to achieve this performance as would a real-time system based upon a traditional synchronous design. Such thinking leads to a paradox. On the one hand, we conclude that asynchronous systems may be able to offer real-time properties with high probability. On the other, it fosters concern that all properties of distributed systems might better be viewed as probabilistic.
Heating of stellar chromospheres and coronae: Evidence for non-magnetic heating

A detailed analysis of the radiative losses from the outer atmospheres of magnetically active stars suggests that two emission components are present. These two components may correspond to two distinct mechanisms of non-radiative heating that operate in the outer atmospheres of cool stars. One of these mechanisms depends on the stellar rotation rate, and is associated with stellar magnetic activity. The other component varies with stellar effective temperature, appears to be insensitive to surface gravity, and independent of the stellar rotation rate. The radiative energy loss of this second component results in the observed lower boundaries in diagrams of flux density versus colour, hence the name “basal chromosphere.” The associated heating mechanism may be dissipation of acoustic waves. The temperatures of the basal part of the atmosphere are limited to a few tens of thousands of degrees or less in G- and K-type stars. The basal atmosphere in F-type dwarfs may reach up to transition-region temperatures, or higher.
Reducing excess radiation from portal imaging of pediatric brain tumors

Previously we have shown that our routine portal imaging (PI) of the craniofacial region in pediatric brain tumor patients contributed an additional 2%–3% of the prescribed dose and up to 200 cGy to the planning target volume (PTV) and nearby organs at risk (OARs). The purpose of this study is to quantify the reduction in dose to PTV and OARs from portal imaging (PI) of the craniofacial region of pediatric patients treated after the implementation of changes in our portal imaging practices. Twenty consecutive pediatric patients were retrospectively studied since the implementation of changes to our portal imaging procedure. Each received portal imaging of treatment fields and orthogonal setup fields to the craniofacial region. PI modifications included a reduction in the field size of setup orthogonal fields without loss of radiographic information needed for treatment verification. In addition, treatment fields were imaged using a single exposure, rather than double exposure. Dose-volume histograms were generated to quantify the dose to the target and critical structures through PI acquisition. These results were compared with our previous cohort of 20 patients who were treated using the former portal imaging practices. The mean additional target dose from portal imaging following the new guidelines was 1.5% of the prescribed dose compared to 2.5% prior to the new portal image practices (p < 0.001). With the new portal imaging practices, the percentage decrease in portal imaging dose to the brainstem, optic structures, cochlea, hypothalamus, temporal lobes, thyroid, and eyes were 25%, 35%, 35%, 51%, 45%, 80%, and 55%, respectively. Reductions in portal imaging doses were significant in all OARs with exception of the brainstem, which showed a trend towards significance. Changes to portal imaging practices can reduce the radiation dose contribution from portal imaging to surrounding OARs by up to 80%. This may have implications on both late toxicity and second cancer development in pediatric brain tumors.
Rocks That Roll Zebrafish

The vestibular organs of the inner ear of higher vertebrates control balance, and their counterparts in fish control both balance and hearing. Essential to the operation of these sensory organs are the biomineralized structures--otoconia in higher vertebrates or otoliths in fish--that deflect the sensory hair bundles situated beneath them. In her Perspective, Fekete explores the fascinating world of otolith biomineralization in zebrafish; revealing the importance of a protein called Starmaker for coordinating the shape and type of crystal in fish otoliths ( SA¶llner et al .).
Grain boundary damping in substitutional alloys

A study was made of the grain boundary damping characteristics of twelve Cu−Ni alloys, chosen to cover the entire range of solid solutions. The height, temperature, and activation energy of the solute peak was used to investigate solute segregation to grain boundaries. A criterion was developed to determine solute build up in the grain boundaries, and when applied to other alloy systems, it verified the well known equilibrium segregation concept due to Mclean.12 The qualitative model for the low temperature peak in fcc pure metals10 was modified to incorporate segregation effects and thus explain the origin of the solute peak in dilute alloys. The model explained, without modification, the behavior of a concentrated alloy, as long as it was a complete solid solution.
Correlation between GyrA Substitutions and Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Moxifloxacin Cross-Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The newer fluoroquinolones moxifloxacin (MXF) and levofloxacin (LVX) are becoming more common components of tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimens. However, the critical concentrations for testing susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to MXF and LVX are not yet well established. Additionally, the degree of cross-resistance between ofloxacin (OFX) and these newer fluoroquinolones has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the MICs for MXF and LVX and susceptibility to the critical concentration of OFX were determined using the agar proportion method for 133 isolates of M. tuberculosis. Most isolates resistant to OFX had LVX MICs of >1 μg/ml and MXF MICs of >0.5 μg/ml. The presence of mutations within the gyrA quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) correlated well with increased MICs, and the level of LVX and MXF resistance was dependent on the specific gyrA mutation present. Substitutions Ala90Val, Asp94Ala, and Asp94Tyr resulted in low-level MXF resistance (MICs were >0.5 but ≤2 μg/ml), while other mutations led to MXF MICs of >2 μg/ml. Based on these results, a critical concentration of 1 μg/ml is suggested for LVX and 0.5 μg/ml for MXF drug susceptibility testing by agar proportion with reflex testing for MXF at 2 μg/ml.
Power-on contention elimination [CMOS digital circuits]

If ignored, power-on contention will eventually become intolerable. If ignored on current processes it will lead to increased fallout at burn-in. On future processes it may lead to fallout at the normal operating supply for a chip. Fortunately, a straightforward design solution is available which permits a chip to avoid power-on contention failures. The authors describe this design solution.
Time-frequency representation for time-varying signals using a Kalman filter

A new method which uses a Kalman filter to obtain a time-frequency representation for time-varying signals is introduced. In this method, a time-varying signal is modeled as a time-varying AR process whose parameters determine the instantaneous power spectral density (IPSD). Then, a Kalman filter is used to estimate the time-varying parameters which are used to compute the estimated IPSD. From simulation results, it is concluded that a good estimate of the IPSD is obtained with a 2nd order variation model of the time-varying parameters.
Attracting high school students to engineering programs through invitational workshops

The authors describe a program at the US Military Academy called the invitational academic workshop (IAW) which attempts to make undergraduate engineering study attractive for high-school graduates. The IAW runs for a week in June and offers an opportunity for the student to sample a choice of three from a variety of disciplines. Institutional level purposes and costs are discussed. The authors focus on kit building in electronics workshops as a method of encouraging students to study in electrical engineering. The broad benefits of this program are noted. >