cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental plasticity, genetic assimilation, and the evolutionary diversification of sexual expression in Solanum

 Premise of the study: For over a century, it has been hypothesized that selection can convert an environmentally induced phenotype (i.e., plasticity) into a fi xed (constitutively produced) phenotype, a process known as genetic assimilation. While evidence of assimilation is accumulating, the role of plasticity generally and assimilation specifi cally in evolutionary diversifi cation has rarely been examined from a comparative phylogenetic perspective.  Method s : We combined experimental analyses of plasticity with ancestral state reconstructions to examine the evolutionary dynamics of sexual expression in two well-characterized sections ( Acanthophora and Lasiocarpa ) in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum. We examined sexual expression phenotypes and the proportion of staminate fl owers produced under contrasting resource conditions in 10 species and combined these data with previous studies.  Key results: Staminate fl ower production was phenotypically plastic for nine of 14 species and unaffected by treatment in fi species. Two of the nonplastic species bore few staminate fl owers, and three constitutively produced large numbers of staminate fl owers. For individuals and species producing staminate fl owers, these fl owers occurred in a distinctive architectural pattern that was qualitatively the same in both plastic and nonplastic species. Parsimony and Bayesian reconstructions demonstrate that plasticity is ancestral among the species studied.  Conclusions: Plasticity has been lost independently in sections Acanthophora and Lasiocarpa , and the consequence of its loss results in evolutionary diversifi cation of sexual expression. In section Acanthophora , loss of plasticity represents a reversion to production of predominantly hermaphroditic fl owers. In contrast, the fi xed production of staminate fl owers in Lasiocarpa has the hallmarks of evolution via genetic assimilation.
Theory and measurements of unintentional radiators

By characterizing an unknown emitter with equivalent vector electric- and magnetic - dipole moments, we formulate a theoretical basis to express the radiation properties of such an emitter in terms of these unknown dipole moments. Power and relative phase measurements from appropriate ports of a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell when the emitter is placed at the cell's center are proven to be sufficient to determine quantitatively the unknowns and therefore, the radiation characteristics.
The Archaeoglobus fulgidus d-Lactate Dehydrogenase Is a Zn2+Flavoprotein

Archaeoglobus fulgidus, a hyperthermophilic, archaeal sulfate reducer, is one of the few organisms that can utilize d-lactate as a sole source for both carbon and electrons. The A. fulgidus open reading frame, AF0394, which is predicted to encode a d-(−)-lactate dehydrogenase (Dld), was cloned, and its product was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion with the maltose binding protein (MBP). The 90-kDa MBP-Dld fusion protein was more efficiently expressed in E. coli when coexpressed with the E. coli dnaY gene, encoding the arginyl tRNA for the codons AGA and AGG. When cleaved from the fusion protein by treatment with factor Xa, the recombinant Dld (rDld) has an apparent molecular mass of 50 kDa, similar to that of the native A. fulgidus Dld enzyme. Both the purified MBP-Dld fusion protein and its rDld cleavage fragment have lactate dehydrogenase activities specific for d-lactate, are stable at 80°C, and retain activity after exposure to oxygen. The flavin cofactor FAD, which binds rDld apoprotein with a 1:1 stoichiometry, is essential for activity.
Convergence and Divergence: Blurring the Lines Between Hedge Funds and Private Equity Funds

Hedge Funds and Private Equity Funds have long been treated as two distinct alternative invesment categories. However, these two styles of investing may be converging, some hedge fund advisers are taking a more active role in their investments and directing fund assets to areas that were traditionall occupied by private equity advisers. At the same time, the securities regulation framework under which these two types of funds operate has recently begun to diverge.
A morphologic study of some phases in the development of the sex glands of the domestic pig

Abstract In the pig the genital ridge develops on the inner side of the wolffian body and results from a proliferation of the celomic epithelium in that region, the resulting cells being undifferentiated oogonia. After a time the cells resulting from this proliferation become separated from the surface epithelium by a connective tissue layer. The mass of cells becomes more loosely arranged in cord-like structures—the forerunners of the seminiferous tubules in the male—the medullary cords in the female. In the male these cords become the actively functioning part of the sex gland. In the female they eventually degenerate. Sexual differentiation by the histologic picture presented is easily made out at the stage of 22.5 mm. In the ovary a second proliferation occurs resulting in the formation of the primitive cortical zone, composed in its early stages almost entirely of undifferentiated oogonia. Differentiation of these oogonia into oocytes goes on in a centrifugal direction—the most highly developed ones being found in the deepest portion of the cortical zone. During the course of this process of differentiation, many of the oocytes degenerate. In the pig the process of differentiation and formation of primordial follicles is not quite completed at the time of birth, but is completed early in postnatal life.
TGF-alpha is a potent mitogen for primary cultures of guinea pig gastric mucous epithelial cells

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are thought to be important in gastric epithelial proliferation and repair. It was therefore of interest to determine if TGF-alpha and EGF promoted the growth of an in vitro primary culture system of guinea pig gastric mucous epithelial cells (MEC). MEC were isolated from guinea pig stomachs and cultured in 24-well Primaria plates with DMEM with or without 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Growth of MEC was determined by changes in [3H]thymidine uptake, cell counts, protein, and DNA. The sources of peptides were human recombinant TGF-alpha (recTGF-alpha) and human recombinant EGF (recEGF). Both recTGF-alpha and recEGF were used at equipotent doses as determined by competing activity in a 125I-labeled TGF-alpha radioreceptor binding assay using A-431 cells. Basal growth (no peptides) of MEC in 10% FCS was dependent on the initial plating density. Under serum-free conditions, [3H]thymidine uptake increased up to 17-fold at 24 h with recTGF-alpha (0.1-10.0 nM) compared with only a 4-fold increase using rec-EGF (0.1-10.0 nM) at this same time period. Under serum-free conditions, recTGF-alpha (0.01-10.0 nM) increased cell counts up to 4.9-fold over control cultures, whereas similar does of recEGF produced a 2.5-fold increase in cell counts. Administration of recEGF 1 ng/ml) resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in the 4.8-kb TGF-alpha mRNA transcript, and TGF-alpha protein immunoreactivity was found in both 24-h conditioned media and cell lysates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
‘The Idea of a Democratic Ethos’ Contribution to a roundtable on Alessandro Ferrara’s The Democratic Horizon: Hyperpluralism and the Renewal of Political Liberalism

In this article I explore the character and importance of a democratic ethos. Ferrara develops such a concept around the idea of ‘openness’ as part of his broader ideal of seeking to foster exempla...
Cervical conization in pregnancy. Analysis of 180 operations.

Abstract An analysis of 180 cone biopsies during pregnancy was made involving 178 patients treated during a 13 year period. Indications for conization in pregnancy were essentially the same as those for the nonpregnant patient. In the first trimester, 33 conizations were done (18 per cent), 42 were done in the second trimester (23 per cent), and 105 in the third trimester (59 per cent). The diagnosis of cervicitis was given in 21 conizations (11.7 per cent), 49 gave the diagnosis of dysplasia (27.2 per cent), 96 carcinoma in situ (53.3 per cent), and 14 invasive carcinoma (7.8 per cent). No maternal deaths occurred. Of the 175 pregnancies that have terminated, 20 did not produce a fetus that survived (11.4 per cent). A total of 11 pregnancies ended with abortion (6.3 per cent), 4 with delivery of an immature infant (2.3 per cent), 24 with delivery of a premature infant (13.7 per cent), and 136 with delivery of a term infant (77.7 per cent). The corrected abortion and premature rates are consistent with our general population. We conclude that benefits of early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer outweigh the risks involved with conization biopsy of the cervix during pregnancy.
Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine factors associated with the absence of pyuria in symptomatic children whose urine culture was positive for a known uropathogen. METHODS: We obtained data on children evaluated at the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh emergency department between 2007 and 2013 with symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI) who had paired urinalysis and urine cultures. We excluded children with an unknown or bag urine collection method, major genitourinary anomalies, immunocompromising conditions, or with multiple organisms on culture. We chose a single, randomly-selected urine specimen per child and limited the analysis to those with positive cultures. RESULTS: There were 46 158 visits during the study period; 1181 children diagnosed with UTI met all inclusion criteria and had a microscopic urinalysis for pyuria. Pyuria (≥5 white blood cells per high-powered field or ≥10 white blood cells per cubic millimeter) was present in 1031 (87%) children and absent in 150 (13%). Children with Enterococcus species, Klebsiella species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were significantly less likely to exhibit pyuria than children with Escherichia coli (odds ratio of 0.14, 0.34, and 0.19, respectively). Children with these organisms were also less likely to have a positive leukocyte esterase on dipstick urinalysis. Results were similar when we restricted the analysis to children whose urine samples were collected by bladder catheterization. CONCLUSIONS: We found that certain uropathogens are less likely to be associated with pyuria in symptomatic children. Identification of biomarkers more accurate than pyuria or leukocyte esterase may help reduce over- and undertreatment of UTIs.
Mentoring Undergraduate Students

There are many opportunities for faculty to mentor undergraduate students in higher education. This chapter begins with an overview of mentoring undergraduate students before turning toward one of the most important ways in which mentoring occurs, undergraduate advisement. Student advisement is a critical aspect of the faculty member’s role. Consideration for the needs of non-traditional students is also addressed. Another opportunity for mentoring undergraduate students is found in coursework and projects. This chapter highlights examples of mentoring associated with coursework, along with creative teaching strategies that extend learning. These strategies include lesson study; expert residencies, such as a grant-funded artist residency; interdisciplinary collaborations, such as Wild about Books; and scholarly projects. The chapter concludes with a discussion on mentoring women and students from minoritized racial and ethnic groups.
Clevidipine-induced Dyspnea Relief in Acute Heart Failure Patients

Recently, EBioMedicine published a study proposing that clevidipine's complex mechanism of action might be responsible for relieving dyspnea in acute heart failure (AHF) patients Dahl et al. (2016). Clevidipine was approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2008) as a third generation dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium channel blocker for the management of perioperative acute hypertension (Merry et al., 2014, Powroznyk et al., 2000, Aronson et al., 2008, Levy et al., 2007; Cleviprex (clevidipine butyrate) injectable emulsion for intravenous use [package insert], 2008). In 2014, Peacock et al. published the results of a randomized, open-label active control study (PRONTO) evaluating the efficacy of clevidipine versus standard of care (SOC) anti-hypertensive therapy and concluded that clevidipine was responsible for a rapid reduction in blood pressure and dyspnea improvement in hypertensive AHF patients (Peacock et al., 2010).
A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Pest Suppression and Yield of Horticultural Crops.

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a proven but relatively new strategy to control soil borne pests of horticultural crops through anaerobic decomposition of organic soil amendments. The ASD technique has primarily been used to control soil borne pathogens; however, this technique has also shown potential to control plant parasitic nematodes and weeds. ASD can utilize a broad range of carbon (C) amendments and optimization may improve efficacy across environments. In this context, a meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted to determine effect sizes of the ASD effect on soil borne pathogens (533 studies), plant parasitic nematodes (91 studies), and weeds (88 studies) compared with unamended controls. Yield response to ASD was evaluated (123 studies) compared to unamended and fumigated controls. We also examined moderator variables for environmental conditions and amendments to explore the impact of these moderators on ASD effectiveness on pests and yield. Across all pathogen types with the exception of Sclerotinia spp., ASD studies show suppression of bacterial, oomycete and fungal pathogens (59% to 86%). Pathogen suppression was effective under all environmental conditions (50% to 94%) and amendment types (53% to 98%), except when amendments applied at rates less than 0.3 kg m-2. The ASD effect ranged from 15% to 56% for nematode suppression and 32% to 81% for weed suppression, but these differences were not significant. Significant nematode moderators included study type, soil type, sampling depth, incubation period, and use of mixed amendments. Weed suppression due to ASD showed significant heterogeneity for all environmental conditions, confirming that these studies do not share a common effect size. Total crop yield was not reduced by ASD when compared to a fumigant control and yield was significantly higher (30%) compared to an unamended control, suggesting ASD as a feasible option to maintain yield without chemical soil fumigants. We conclude ASD is effective against soil borne pathogens and while not conclusive due to a limited number of studies, we expect the same for nematodes and weeds given observed effect sizes. Findings should assist researchers in exploring ASD efficacy in particular environmental conditions and allow for development of standard treatment protocols.
Jahrbuch des Freien Deutschen Hochstifts 1966, hrsgb. von Detlev Lüders: Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1966. Pp. 512.

(1969). Jahrbuch des Freien Deutschen Hochstifts 1966, hrsgb. von Detlev Luders. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 314-316.
Retinal Vessel Calibers in Predicting Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

Background —Narrower retinal arterioles and wider retinal venules have been associated with negative cardiovascular outcomes. We investigated whether retinal vessel calibers are associated with cardiovascular outcomes in long-term follow-up and provide incremental value over the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association pooled cohort equations (PCE) in predicting Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events (ASCVE). Methods —10,470 men and women without prior ASCVE or heart failure (HF) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study underwent retinal photography at visit 3 (1993-1995). Results —During a mean follow up of 16 years, there were 1779 incident CHD events, 548 ischemic strokes, 1395 HF events and 2793 deaths. Rates of all outcomes were higher in those with wider retinal venules and narrower retinal arterioles. Subjects with wider retinal venules [hazard ratio (HR) 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08-1.18), HR 1.18 (1.07-1.31) and HR 1.10 (1.00-1.20) per standard deviation (SD) increase] and narrower retinal arterioles [HR 1.06 (1.01-1.11), HR 1.14 (1.03-1.26) and HR 1.13 (1.03-1.24) per SD decrease] had a higher risk of death and stroke in both sexes as well as incident CHD in women but not men (interaction p=0.02) after adjustment for the PCE risk-score variables. The association between retinal vessel caliber and HF was non-significant after adjustment for systolic blood pressure. Among women with PCE-predicted 10-year ASCVE risk 5%). Conclusions —Narrower retinal arterioles and wider retinal venules conferred long-term risk of mortality and ischemic stroke in both genders and CHD in women. These measures serve as an inexpensive, reproducible biomarker that added incremental value to current practice guidelines in ASCVE risk prediction in low-risk women.
A software solution for the control, acquisition, and storage of CAPTAN network topologies

The Electronic Systems Engineering department of the Computing Division at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is developing a data acquisition system that is flexible and powerful enough to meet the demands of pixel and strip detectors for high energy physics applications, but also capable of far broader application utility. To facilitate data acquisition and processing as well as system configuration and control, a stacked system was devised with support for gigabit Ethernet networking. The individual unit within the system is known as a Compact And Programmable daTa Acquisition Node, or CAPTAN. The platform’s flexibility is achieved through the ability to stack specialized boards, both vertically and horizontally, to create an integrated system that can be optimized for each user and application. The CAPTAN’s main interface is via the Universal Datagram Protocol of the Internet Protocol (UDP/IP). The software solution presented in this paper is at the other end of the UDP/IP interface, and must orchestrate communications. The software must take a modular approach to its command library to give the user a unique and extensible vocabulary with which to communicate with ever advancing readout chip technologies and varying configurations of the specialized boards within a CAPTAN. The software must also handle multiple CAPTANs, each producing gigabits of data per second, thus the solution presented here provides an option to employ distributed computing for CAPTAN network topologies involving large amounts of data.
Large-scale gravity wave perturbations in the mesopause region above Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes during autumnal equinox: a joint study by the USU Na lidar and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

Abstract. To investigate gravity wave (GW) perturbations in the midlatitude mesopause region during boreal equinox, 433 h of continuous Na lidar full diurnal cycle temperature measurements in September between 2011 and 2015 are utilized to derive the monthly profiles of GW-induced temperature variance, T′2, and the potential energy density (PED). Operating at Utah State University (42° N, 112° W), these lidar measurements reveal severe GW dissipation near 90 km, where both parameters drop to their minima (∼ 20 K2 and ∼ 50 m2 s−2, respectively). The study also shows that GWs with periods of 3–5 h dominate the midlatitude mesopause region during the summer–winter transition. To derive the precise temperature perturbations a new tide removal algorithm suitable for all ground-based observations is developed to de-trend the lidar temperature measurements and to isolate GW-induced perturbations. It removes the tidal perturbations completely and provides the most accurate GW perturbations for the ground-based observations. This algorithm is validated by comparing the true GW perturbations in the latest mesoscale-resolving Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) with those derived from the WACCM local outputs by applying this newly developed tidal removal algorithm.
Elite discourses of conservation in Tanzania

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how the discursive politics of conservation, shaped within an elite global tourism political economy, directly influences the tactics of community groups, government officials and foreign tourism companies, and reproduces the meaning of conservation and rights in places like Tanzania. I examine how a recent online campaign to “save the Serengeti” builds on persistent elitist discourses of westerners saving African wildlife while also saving Africans from themselves. This discourse continues to shape struggles over land for tourism and local livelihoods.
Fundamental deformation behavior in high-entropy alloys: An overview

Abstract High-entropy alloys (HEAs), as a new class of materials, are nearly equiatomic and multi-element systems, which can crystallize as a single phase or multi-phases. Most of the HEAs described in the literature contain multiple phases (secondary phases, nanoparticles, and so on), rather than a single solid-solution phase. Thus, it is essential to review the typical mechanical properties of both single-phase and multiphase HEAs thoroughly, with emphases on (1) the fundamental physical mechanisms and (2) the difference from conventional alloys. In this paper, mainly based on different mechanical properties, HEAs are classified into four types for the first time, i.e., (a) HEA alloy systems of 3d-transition metals only (Type 1), (b) HEA alloy systems of transition metals with larger atomic-radius elements (Type 2), (c) HEA alloy systems of refractory metals (Type 3), and (4) others (Type 4). Then a number of aspects of mechanical behavior are reviewed and discussed, including the elastic anisotropy, yield strength, high-temperature performance, serration behavior, fracture toughness, and fatigue responses, which may serve as a demonstrative summary for the current progress in the scientific research of HEAs. Several mechanisms that quantitatively explain the mechanical properties of single-phase and multiphase HEAs in terms of basic defects (dislocations, twinning, precipitates, etc.) are discussed. A number of future research activities are suggested, based on the emphasis on developing high-performance structural materials. The review concludes with a brief summary of major mechanical properties and insights into the deformation behavior of single-phase and multiphase HEAs. The comparison and contrast between HEAs and conventional alloys remain the most compelling motivation for future studies. With the integrated experimental and simulation investigations, a clearer picture of the fundamental deformation behavior of single-phase and multiphase HEAs could be explored.
Left Carotid Artery Thrombosis Due to Thromboangiitis Obliterans.

ABSTRACT Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO, Buerger disease) is a segmental, non-atherosclerotic vasculitis that causes occlusion of the small and medium sized vessels of the distal extremities. In rare cases, it can affect vessels in the gastrointestinal, cerebrovascular, coronary, and renal systems. The etiology of thromboangiitis obliterans is unknown, but there is a strong association with smoking in the development and the progression of the disease. We present the case of a 42-year-old homeless female smoker, who was found dead outdoors. Although originally suspected to be a possible trauma-related death, autopsy revealed a thrombus in her left carotid artery, which caused an acute cerebral infarction. It was concluded that thromboangiitis obliterans, likely precipitated by smoking, was the cause of the thrombosis and subsequent death.
The Role of the Orthodox Church in a Changing Russia

The end of the Soviet regime has reverberated with an unexpected echo – the rise of Russian Orthodox Church. Flying in the face of conventional social science theory, which sees modernization as undermining the plausibility of religion, the Russian Orthodox Church has grown at the same time that the Russian government has been promoting sweeping social and economic modernization. While most Western observers see the two as mutually exclusive, apparently many in Russia do not.This essay looks at how the Russian government’s modernization agenda fits with the social agenda of the Russian Orthodox Church. It then looks at the passionate response the Church has evoked during the most recent election season. Finally, it looks at the prospects for a modernization that is not secular.
Towards efficient business process clustering and retrieval: combining language modeling and structure matching

Large organizations tend to have hundreds of business processes. Discovering and understanding similarities among business processes can be useful to organizations for a number of reasons including better overall process management and maintenance. In this paper we present a novel and efficient approach to cluster and retrieve business processes. A given set of business processes are clustered based on their underlying topic, structure and semantic similarities. In addition, given a query business process, top k most similar processes are retrieved based on clustering results. In this work, we bring together two not wellconnected schools of work: statistical language modeling and structure matching and combine them in a novel way. Our approach takes into account both high-level topic information that can be collected from process description documents and keywords as well as detailed structural features such as process control flows in finding similarities among business processes. This ability to work with processes that may not always have formal control flows is particularly useful in dealing with real-world business processes which are not always described formally. We developed a system to implement our approach and evaluated it on several collections of industry best practice processes and real-world business processes at a large IT service company that are described at varied levels of formalisms. Our experimental results reveal that the combined language modeling and structure matching based retrieval outperforms structure-matching-only techniques in both mean average precision and running time measures.
Geometric Search and Geometric Processing

In this chapter, we focus on cutting edge problems in geometric data processing. These problems have common properties and usually can be summarized as generally as: Given a set of n data points \(x_1,...,x_n\) in m-dimensional space,R m , how do we find the geometric structures of the sets or how do we use the geometric properties in real data processing? Geometric data representation, image segmentation, and object thinning are some of the most successful applications of discrete and digital geometry. Along with the fast development of wireless networking, geometric search, especially R-tree technology, has become a central method for quickly identifying and retrieving a geometric location. 3D thinning is one of the best applications developed through digital geometry by preserving topological structures while reducing pixels or voxels. The classic methods of geometric pattern recognition such as the k-means and k-nearest neighbor algorithms are also included. The newest topic in BigData and data science is concerned with these methods.
Activation of Heteroaromatic C–H Bonds in Furan and 2,5-Dimethylfuran

The reaction of Re2(CO)8(μ-C6H5)(μ-H) (1) with furan in CH2Cl2 at 40 °C yielded two new isomeric dirhenium compounds, Re2(CO)8(μ-η2-2,3-C4H3O)(μ-H) (2) and Re2(CO)8(μ-η2-3,2-C4H3O)(μ-H) (3), which contain a bridging (σ + π)-coordinated furyl ligand formed by activation of the C–H bond at the 2 and 3 positions of furan, respectively. Compound 3 is the first example of a compound formed by C–H bond activation at the 3 position of a furan ring. Compound 3 was isomerized to 2 by heating to 80 °C for 7 days. The reaction of compound 2 with a second 1 equiv of 1 in CH2Cl2 at 40 °C yielded the doubly metalated furan-bis[Re2(CO)8(μ-H)] product [Re2(CO)8(μ-H)]2(μ-η2-2,3-μ-η2-5,4-C4H2O) (4) containing a 2,5-furdiyl ligand that is (σ + π)-coordinated to two Re2(CO)8(μ-H) groups by activation of the C–H bond at the 5 position of the furyl ligand in 2. Compound 2 can also be formed as the major isomer, together with a small quantity of 4 by heating furan with Re2(CO)8(μ-H)[μ-η2-C(H)═C(H)Bun] in toluene to reflux. An i...
Status determinants, social incongruity and economic transition: Gender, relative material wealth and heterogeneity in the cultural lifestyle of forager-horticulturalists

For small-scale societies, transitions from self-sufficiency to cash-based labor in market economies have been associated with the exacerbation of existing, and the emergence of new, social incongruities. Social incongruity occurs when two or more of a person’s status determinants (e.g. age, gender, wealth) conflict, resulting in reduced social status. A central focus of theory and research on social incongruity is the relationship between the cultural prototype of what is needed to live a good life–or lifestyle–and status determinants. Assessment of status determinants is challenging because of their relative nature at multiple levels of analysis. This study uses theory and methods from cognitive anthropology to investigate whether and how individual knowledge of a cultural lifestyle prototype conflicts with status determinants at two levels of economic transition among 101 adults from a small-scale society of forager-horticulturalists in Bolivian Amazonia, the Tsimane’. Results support cultural consensus in a 38-item model labeled market lifestyle (explaining 72.7% of sample variance). While the model includes both overlapping traditional (e.g. weaving) and market-related (e.g. education) items and behaviors, most market alternatives were rated higher. When market lifestyle was tested for social incongruity against other status determinants, only gender predicted variation. Thematically, when lifestyle was stratified by gender, men rated several items of relational wealth higher than women did. Analysis of model residual agreement revealed heterogeneity in the form of a syncretic lifestyle model (explaining 18.2% of additional variance). Participants whose knowledge better matched syncretic lifestyle rated traditional items and market alternatives closer to parity. Agreement with the syncretic model correlated with lower material wealth and less market integration. In sum, the findings document a modern, market-oriented form of Tsimane’ lifestyle that varies ontologically from past modelling and ethnographic accounts in preferred forms of livelihood and wealth.
Quinonoid vs. aromatic structures of heteroconjugated polymers from oligomer calculations.

Conjugated polymers with quinonoid ground states can display low optical band gaps. The design of novel conjugated polymers with quinonoid ground states offers insights into the relative stabilities of aromatic vs. quinonoid structures. In this work, we present parameters such as the quinonoid (Q)/aromatic (A) energy difference, the band gap, and the C–C distances between the repeat units. This study reveals eight new polymers which exist in quinonoid ground state among twenty-nine polymers of varying structural composition that were subject to analysis. We expect that copolymerizing such quinonoid ground state monomers with aromatic ground state monomers will modulate the bandgap of the resulting polymers.
Oreille mécanique et « livre bleu » en 1973

Resume L’implant cochleaire est devenu au fil du temps un traitement incontournable de la surdite profonde. Le but de cette notice historique est de revenir quelques instants a ses tous debuts, en 1973, avec la production d’une peinture intitulee « oreille mecanique » et le premier congres international sur l’implant. Ces deux evenements marquent en quelque sorte les debuts d’un antagonisme qui va jouer un role tres important dans le developpement et surtout l’acceptation de l’implant cochleaire dans la societe pluriculturelle de la fin du XXe siecle.
A Qualitative Analysis of Lecture Videos and Student Feedback on Static Code Examples and Live Coding: A Case Study

One of the goals of computing education research is to understand and document the effectiveness of pedagogical strategies in computing. Among the many methods available to teach programming, two commonly used techniques to present code in Computer Science classes are static code examples (where pre-written code snippets are used during lectures) and live coding (where code is written before the students during the lecture). Even though prior research has tried comparing the effectiveness of these two teaching techniques on student learning and cognitive load, little is known about the structure of these code presentation techniques. In this study, we analyze the lecture recordings of a mid-level Computer Science course which uses both static code examples and live coding for teaching code snippets. We analyze these recordings with the intent to understand what these pedagogical techniques for teaching and learning programming consist of. We also analyze student feedback about both these pedagogical strategies to better understand these teaching methods from the students’ perspective. We believe that our work will shed light on the usefulness of static code examples and live coding in Computer Science courses.
Comment on 'Diagnosis of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer by minimal invasive biopsy techniques'.

Comment on ‘Diagnosis of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer by minimal invasive biopsy techniques’
The Developing Countries: Challenges in the Global Economy

The growth of the global economy and the increasing complexity in the international trade raised questions about the competitiveness capacity of the developing countries and the ability to integrate efficiently into the global economy, given the challenges and the difficulties experienced. Different types of barriers leave the developing countries unable to benefit and be competitive in the global economy, where Asian and western countries are achieving great economic success with an impact. In our study, we identified the developing countries in Latin America and Africa, where both of those regions shared common challenges during their integration in the global economy. Furthermore, there are significant challenges that inhibit developing countries in Latin America and Africa from achieving sustainable economic growth, creating a host environment for capital flows, and encouraging the establishment of a complex industrialization sector instead of relying on the raw material supply sector. Besides, the significant obstacles in the developing countries centered on the unstable political and economic system, lack of diversification in the economy, the weak investment in human capital, and the lack of transparency and enforcement of rules and regulations. In the end, we provided some recommendations for the developing countries to catch up with the globalized competitive international market through adopting a comprehensive multidimensional enhancement in the system.
Hypercalcemia Secondary to Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in an HIV-Infected Individual With Mycobacterium avium Complex.

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is an uncommon cause of hypercalcemia in HIV-infected patients recently started on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). It is hypothesized that increased granulomatous formation due to IRIS leads to an overproduction of calcitriol. High levels of calcitriol, then, can lead to significant hypercalcemia. We present the case of a 63-year-old male with HIV off HAART presented to the emergency room for confusion, frequent falls, and cough. His CD-4 count was noted to be below 35 cells/µL (255-2,496). Over the course of the hospitalization, the patient was found to have disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection and was initiated on HAART. Initiation of HAART was followed by an increase in calcium up to 14.1 mg/dL. The hypercalcemia did not respond to either Calcitonin or Pamidronate. Consideration was then given to IRIS in the setting of MAC infection leading to increased granulomatous formation. Calcium levels normalized within three days of therapy after initiation of prednisone for the treatment of IRIS. It is thought that an increase in CD-4 counts leads to the recovery of an immune response. This can lead to granulomatous inflammation. An increase in granuloma formation can cause hypercalcemia due to overproduction of calcitriol via increased 1𝛼-hydroxylase activity from macrophages. Our case report describes IRIS-mediated hypercalcemia in an HIV-infected individual with MAC infection. This unusual cause of severe hypercalcemia should be considered in differential diagnoses for immunocompromised patients in the appropriate setting. Prompt treatment of IRIS with glucocorticoids can lead to the resolution of hypercalcemia.
Do State Comprehensive Planning Statutes Address Physical Activity?: Implications for Rural Communities.

Less than one-quarter of U.S. adults meet physical activity (PA) recommendations, with rural residents less likely to be active than urban residents. The built environment has been identified as a potential facilitator of PA and local comprehensive plans are a foundational tool for guiding the development of the built environment. The purpose of this study was therefore to understand the current landscape of comprehensive planning state statutes related to PA and rural communities. We used primary legal research methods to identify, compile, and evaluate all 50 state comprehensive planning statutes for items related to PA and conditional mandates based on population size of local jurisdictions. The presence of population-conditional planning mandates and the inclusion of PA-related items was analyzed by state-level rurality using Fisher’s exact tests. Our analyses demonstrated that (1) broader PA-related items were addressed in state statutes more often than more specific PA-related items; (2) when PA-related items were addressed, they were most likely to be mandated, subsumed elements; (3) several PA-related items were less likely to be addressed in the most rural states and/or conditionally mandated for jurisdictions meeting minimum population requirements; and (4) only two states addressed PA directly and explicitly in their comprehensive planning statutes.
Chapter VIII-1 – Complementary techniques: Preparations of entomopathogens and diseased specimens for more detailed study using microscopy1

Publisher Summary This chapter provides the researcher with some of the basic techniques and protocols used to study insect pathogens realizing that the guidelines must be tailored for specific needs. The first evidence for the presence of a pathogen is often observed with either a stereoscopic or compound microscope. There are a number of general protocols for the handling of entomopathogens and diseased individuals regardless of the host or pathogen. Chemical fixation is the process of stabilizing the cellular integrity of tissues for detailed histological examinations. The fixative must penetrate quickly to preserve the tissues in a natural state with a minimum of artifacts due to swelling, shrinkage, leaching or other detrimental effects. Following fixation, the tissue must be dehydrated, infiltrated with paraffin and embedded in paraffin prior to sectioning and staining. An alternative to chemical fixation is freeze-substitution. This protocol was developed to avoid the many artifacts associated with conventional chemical fixation. After fixation, tissues must be dehydrated and embedded. Dehydration is achieved by transferring the material through an ascending alcohol or acetone series into absolute alcohol or acetone. It is found that scanning electron microscopy has been used in the study of insect pathology primarily for examining surface morphology of microsporidian spores and fungal conidia and developmental stages.
Rapid Assessment of Hurricane Damage and Disruption to Interdependent Civil Infrastructure Systems

AbstractCivil infrastructure systems such as power, water, and communications are critical for the well-being and functioning of citizens, industries, and organizations both under normal and disaster conditions. Infrastructure systems cannot be seen as independent entities because they rely a great deal on each other for services needed for operation. Damage to one system can have cascading effects throughout that system, and throughout all of the systems that rely on it. To obtain a meaningful prediction of disruption, these interdependencies among the systems must be considered. This paper presents two models to predict and analyze the effect that a hurricane can have on the performance of interdependent infrastructure systems. The first model uses a Monte Carlo simulation and statistical methods to predict the damage caused by a hurricane on the systems being considered. The second model applies optimization techniques to determine the cascading effects that the damage has throughout the infrastructure...
Automatic Generation of Fine-Grained Representations of Learner Response Semantics

This paper presents a process for automatically extracting a fine-grained semantic representation of a learner's response to a tutor's question. The representation can be extracted using available natural language processing technologies and it allows a detailed assessment of the learner's understanding and consequently will support the evaluation of tutoring pedagogy that is dependent on such a fine-grained assessment. We describe a system to assess student answers at this fine-grained level that utilizes features extracted from the automatically generated representations. The system classifies answers to indicate the student's apparent understanding of each of the low-level facets of a known reference answer. It achieves an accuracy on these fine-grained decisions of 76% on within-domain assessment and 69% out of domain.
Is traditional financial aid too little, too late to help youth succeed in college? An introduction to The Degree Project promise scholarship experiment

One of the key barriers in accessing postsecondary opportunities for many students is financial aid. This chapter begins by providing a review of prior evidence on the relationship between financial aid and postsecondary outcomes. One type of financial aid intervention that challenges traditional aid and scholarship options are “promise programs.” These programs make commitments to low-income students when they are much younger than when students typically apply for aid and have the potential to encourage students to better prepare during high school, develop the social capital they need to navigate the path to college, and pay for growing college costs. In this chapter, the author describes the design and rationale for The Degree Project (TDP), which is the first randomized trial of a promise scholarship in the United States. In addition to the important new evidence the demonstration program will generate, TDP also shows how educators and researchers can work together to provide the insight and answers policy makers need to address very real education gaps.
Genetic and physical analyses of Methylobacterium organophilum XX genes encoding methanol oxidation.

When allyl alcohol was used as a suicide substrate, spontaneous mutants and UV light- and nitrous acid-generated mutants of Methylobacterium organophilum XX were selected which grew on methylamine but not on methanol. There was no detectable methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) activity in crude extracts of these mutants, yet Western blots revealed that some mutants still produced MDH protein. Complementation of 50 mutants by a cosmid gene bank of M. organophilum XX demonstrated that three major regions of the genome, each of which was separated by a minimum of 40 kilobases, were required for expression of active MDH. By subcloning and Tn5 insertion mutagenesis of subcloned fragments, at least 11 genes clustered within these three regions were subsequently identified. The identity of the MDH structural gene, which was initially determined by hybridization to the structural gene of Methylobacterium sp. strain AM1, was confirmed by Western blot analysis of an MDH-..beta..-galactosidase fusion protein.
An isomer of the endohedral metallofullerene Sc3N@C80 with D5h symmetry

Abstract The discovery of a new isomer of the endohedral metallofullerene Sc3N@C80 is reported. 13C labeled (∼9%) Sc3N@C80 has been synthesized and has been characterized by HPLC, mass spectroscopy and 13C NMR data. The 13C NMR spectrum shows six peaks with a 1:2:2:1:1:1 ratio that are assigned to the D5h isomer. The results of theoretical calculations are also reported for the Ih and D5h isomers of Sc3N@C80.
Developments in uncertainty-based information

Publisher Summary Three types of uncertainty are recognized in the five theories that are currently the only theories in which measurement of uncertainty is well established: classical set theory, fuzzy set theory, probability theory, possibility theory, and evidence theory. The three uncertainty types are: fuzziness (or vagueness), that result from imprecise boundaries of fuzzy sets; nonspecificity (or imprecision), that is connected with sizes (cardinalities) of relevant sets of alternatives; and strife (or discord), that expresses conflicts among the various sets of alternatives. This chapter introduces key developments and results in the area of generalized information theory, a theory that deals with uncertainty-based information within mathematical frameworks that are broader than classical set theory and probability theory. The chapter presents an overview of these measures and explains how they can be utilized for measuring information. Basic concepts and properties of relevant theories of uncertainty are introduced. This background knowledge is employed to give a comprehensive overview of conceptual and mathematical issues regarding measures of the various types of uncertainty in the introduced theories. The utility of these uncertainty measures is exemplified by three broad principles of uncertainty that are described in the chapter—namely, a principle of minimum uncertainty, a principle of maximum uncertainty, and a principle of uncertainty invariance. Current results regarding generalized information theory are critically assessed, some important open problems are overviewed, and prospective future directions on research in this area are discussed.
Effects of salts and pH on the binding of thiocyanate with bovine plasma albumin.

Abstract The binding of SCN- with bovine plasma albumin has been studied at 4° by equilibrium dialysis in ethylenediaminetetraacetate and N-(carboxymethyl)-N',-2-hydroxyethyl-N,N'-ethylenediglycine solutions. These two supporting electrolytes were used to minimize Donnan effects. At low ionic strengths (0 to 0.04), the association constants of SCN- were found to increase with decreasing concentrations of supporting electrolyte. At high ionic strengths (0.1 to 0.8), binding was independent of supporting electrolyte concentration. In the pH region 4.5 to 10, the binding data were best fitted by two sets of binding constants: k10 = 700, n1 = 7, k20 = 10, n2 = 90. The electrostatic interaction factor, w, followed the Linderstrφm-Lang model in this pH region. In the pH regions below 4.5 and above 10, binding changed in a manner consistent with a marked reduction in w. Binding at the primary sites was unaltered in 2 m urea and slightly reduced in 4 m urea, but was destroyed in 8 m urea. Binding at the primary sites was reduced in 20% dioxane. The n2 sites were not much affected by urea or dioxane. Oleate inhibited binding at one of the primary sites. Several binding studies were also conducted with I- and Cl-. Our results from dialysis equilibrium in solutions with the supporting electrolytes do not agree in many respects with those reported by Scatchard and co-workers from electromotive force measurements in systems free of supporting electrolytes.