cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: a 9.7‐year experience

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an indolent lymphoma usually of CD4+ T lymphocytes in which the aggressive treatment for the advanced stages does not increase survival. Photopheresis has been established as an alternative modality for the therapy of erythrodermic CTCL and reportedly improves survival in patients with advanced stages of the disease. The objective of this study is to review the experience of treating patients with erythrodermic CTCL with extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) at the New York Veteran Affairs Medical Center/NYU Medical Center between September 1987 and April 1997. Forty-one patients with erythrodermic CTCL (stages III and IV) received photopheresis; 25 of them fulfilled the inclusion criterion, i.e., the completion of greater than or equal to 6 cycles of photopheresis. Skin score was defined as a product of severity and percentage of involved surface area. Complete clinical response was defined as disappearance of measurable disease for at least one month, and partial response was defined as greater than or equal to 50% clearance of measurable disease for at least one month. The profile of the patients was: 20 men, 5 women; average age: 64.2 years; 17 patients had stage III disease, and 8 had stage IV disease. Five of the 25 patients (20%) achieved complete clinical response, another 15 (60%) had partial response, and 5 (20%) had no response. The mean time (+/- SD) to achieve complete clinical clearance was 12.6 +/- 10 months (range: 4-30 months) and the mean time (+/- SD) to obtain partial clinical response, including complete response, was 9.7 +/- 5.3 months (range: 4-17 months). Remission duration ranged from 9 to 67 months. The median survival time from the time of initiation of photopheresis is estimated at 70 months. The complete responder group had a lower median CD4/CD8 ratio compared to the non-responders at baseline (3.8 vs 7.2, respectively), although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.40). At the time of maximal response, the CD4/CD8 ratio of the complete responder group decreased towards normal values (median = 1.2), whereas this ratio increased among the non-responders (median = 11.0; P = 0.04). Side effects were minimal. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy is an effective and safe treatment for erythrodermic CTCL. In some of these patients, it can induce a long-term and complete clinical remission.
Estimation and Specification Analysis of Models of Dividend Behavior Based on Censored Panel Data

Dividends move in discrete jumps. Moreover, some companies pay dividends, others do not. Both these aspects necessitate the use of limited dependent variable models in the analysis of dividend behavior. Models of dividend behavior usually ignore these problems and treat dividends as a continuous variable. The present paper analyzes dividend behavior using panel data on 649 firms for 12 years (1976–1987). The model used is a censored regression model which allows for firm-specific and time effects. It is estimated using the maximum likelihood method under three different error covariance specifications. Based on specification tests, it is argued that it is important to allow for the zero observations, industry effects, and firm-specific and time effects in the estimation of models of dividend behavior.
Infectious disease or Hashimoto's encephalopathy flares: A case report

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is an under-recognized and rare disease that presents a diagnostic conundrum since many features are suggestive of infectious etiologies and yet treatment is immunosuppressive medications. We describe a case of a male with a history of recurrent seizures who presented with a subacute onset of confusion, persistent leukocytosis and fever while on immunosuppressant therapy, whose response to high dose steroids was incomplete and who achieved a complete remission of all symptoms when plasmapheresis was initiated. A negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum microbiological testing in a patient with an abnormal EEG, increased CSF protein, and elevated thyroid antibodies should prompt consideration of Hashimoto's encephalopathy. If after treating with high dose steroids, there is a sub-optimal clinical response, plasmapheresis should be considered.
A quantitative EM autoradiographic study of the commissural and associational connections of the dentate gyrus in the rat.

The distribution of anterogradely transported radioactivity in the ipsilateral associational and commissural afferents to the dentate gyrus, after injections of 3H-proline into the hilar region, has been analyzed in light and electron microscopic autoradiographs of adjoining semi-thin and ultrathin sections, respectively. In the inner third of the molecular layer, in which the two classes of afferents terminate, between 57% and 69% of the label was found over fine preterminal axons and presynaptic profiles; the remaining radioactivity was about equally distributed between dendritic profiles and other tissue components (mainly glial processes). Estimates of the relative numbers of grains within the peak region of labeling over the molecular layer of the supra- and infrapyramidal blades in the LM and EM autoradiographs (what we have termed the supra: infrapyramidal ratio) are surprisingly close despite appreciable differences in the absolute number of grains in different experiments. This suggests that in selected systems grain density estimates of this type can provide an accurate indication of the relative numbers of axons and axon terminals derived from the labeled projection systems, at least if the analyses are carried out on the same autoradiographs. Our results provide evidence for the assumption underlying the so-called temporal competition hypothesis (Gottlieb and Cowan 1972) and the report of a re-organization that occurs in the distribution of the associational afferents after hippocampal comminssurotomy (O'Leary et al. 1980).
Stimulation of in vitro steroid production in turtle ovarian tissue by reptilian, amphibian, and mammalian gonadotropins.

Purified gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from a reptile, the snapping turtle, (Chelydra serpentina), sheep, and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were used to investigate the hormonal control of ovarian steroidogenesis in vitro in four species of turtles (Kinosternon, Sternotherus, Gopherus, and Chelydra). Follicle wall membrane (FW) from large follicles and stromal connective tissue (stroma) interspersed with small follicles were incubated separately for 4–16 hr, and steroids in extracted medium measured by radioimmunoassay after chromatography. Both FSH and LH from the turtle, mammal, and amphibian stimulated progesterone production in the four species of turtles. Turtle and ovine hormones also stimulated estradiol secretion. Experiments with LH antisera indicated that the steroidogenic actions of turtle and ovine FSH are intrinsic to the molecule.
Effects of scaling and root planing on subgingival microbial proportions standardized in terms of their naturally occurring distribution.

This investigation included A cross-sectional component (284, 20–40-year-old subjects/568 sites) and a longitudinal component (19 subjects with moderate to advanced periodontitis/76 sites). Subgingival plaque samples and clinical data were obtained from all upper second bicuspids and first molars in the longitudinal subjects and from both upper first molars in the cross-sectional subjects. The purpose was to: (1) determine/confirm changes in proportions of selected subgingival microorganisms following root planing combined with conventional oral hygiene procedures in the longitudinal subjects, (2) evaluate those changes in terms of an estimate of the naturally occurring distribution of subgingival microorganisms based on data obtained from the cross-sectional subjects and (3) relate shifts in the subgingival microorganisms to changes in clinical measurements. Changes following treatment at sites with pre-instrumentation probing depths ≥4.5 mm included cocci, 18.3 to 46.9%; spirochetes, 20.9 to 3.1%; total...
The behavioral response of emerging pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) to people: implications for survival and protection

Considerable attention has been devoted to the effects of people on birds and mammals, usually in wilderness areas. In contrast, human disturbance of reptiles has largely been ignored. Many reptiles, such as snakes, are hard to conserve because they are difficult to locate and protect. The young are especially vulnerable to predators when they first hatch and must emerge from nest sites. In this paper, the response of pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) hatchlings to the presence and handling by people was observed in the laboratory and in the field. Pine snakes lay their eggs in underground burrows in open sandy pine barrens, and the hatchlings push their way to the surface to emerge. Hatchlings that were visually-disturbed or touched as they emerged returned immediately to their tunnels and nests, and required more time to re-emerge than did their siblings that were not visually-disturbed or touched during their initial disturbance. In nature, undisturbed pine snakes showed similar re-emergence times to those from the laboratory, and disturbed snakes required longer to re-emerge. These data suggest that in nature even the presence of people in nesting areas of pine snakes would lengthen the time the young are in burrows, exposing them to additional threats from predators. This suggests that parks or nature reserves with vulnerable snake populations should restrict human disturbance during the period when young snakes are emerging from their nests. Field observations indicate that a set-back distance of more than 12 m from known nesting areas is essential to protect emerging hatchlings.
The formation of high temperature clay minerals from basalt alteration during hydrothermal discharge on the East Pacific Rise axis at 21°N

Abstract Aluminous, high-temperature clay minerals form from alteration of tholeiitic basaltic glass and calcic plagioclase during hydrothermal venting on the crest of the East Pacific Rise at 21°N. The clay alteration assemblages are layered crusts (up to 1 mm thick) completely replacing glass and calcic plagioclase adjacent to surfaces exposed to hydrothermal fluids. The interiors of the affected basalt samples have unaltered appearances and oxygen isotopic compositions just slightly heavier than that of MORB. The surficial alteration crusts are mixtures of beidellitic smectite (aluminous, dioctahedral), randomly interstratified mixed-layer Al-rich chlorite/smectite, minor chlorite, an x-ray amorphous aluminosilicate material, and possible minor serpentine (amesite). A δ 18 O value of +4.1 ± 0.2%. (SMOW) is determined for the beidellitic smectite. Assuming that this smectite equilibrated with hydrothermal fluid having an oxygen isotope value between that of seawater (0%.) and 350°C hydrothermal fluid from EPR, 21°N vents (+1.6%.), an equilibration temperature between 290°C and 360°C is calculated for the beidellitic smectite. This is substantially higher than any previously reported temperature for an oceanic smectite. The mixed-layer Al-rich chlorite/smectite has a δ 18 O value of +3.5%., which corresponds to equilibration at 295°–360°C. The aluminous composition of the alteration assemblage is uncommon for clay minerals produced by submarine hydrothermal basalt alteration. We suggest that this assemblage is largely the product of high-temperature interaction between basalt glass + plagioclase and Mg-poor, acidic hydrothermal fluids, with possibly some contribution of Mg from bottom seawater, and that the aluminous clays either incorporate Al 3+ remobilized from basalt by lowpH hydrothermal fluids, or are residual phases remaining after intense alteration of basaltic glass + plagioclase.
Archeology of mind--obesity and psychoanalysis.

“To tell us that every Species of Things is endow'd with an occult specifick Quality by which it acts and produces manifest effects is to tell us nothing: But to derive two or three general Principles of Motion from Phenomena, and afterwards to tell us how the Properties and Actions of all corporeal Things follow from those manifest Principles, would be a very great step in Philosophy, though the Causes of these Principles were not yet discover'd.”
Spectrum of Luminescence from Laser-Created Bubbles in Water

The spectrum of the luminescence emitted at the collapse of single laser-induced bubbles in water is measured for different maximum bubble radii. Bubbles as large as 2 mm show a molecular ${\mathrm{OH}}^{*}$ band at 310 nm in the spectrum, which otherwise can be fitted approximately with a blackbody curve at a temperature of 7800 K. This finding provides a connection between the light emission of single bubbles and multibubble sonoluminescence, since in the latter case the same molecular band is observed. Surface instabilities are observed in the larger bubbles, and may be connected with the ${\mathrm{OH}}^{*}$ emission.
Use of radiation-induced tumors to study growth control in Arabidopsis

Tumors on both animals and plants arise as a result of loss of growth control, and in animal systems have been a source of many insights into regulatory mechanisms. We have attempted to develop a similar paradigm in plants by using ionizing radiation to induce tumors inArabidopsis thaliana. From the primary tumors we have established a number of hormone autonomous tissue lines in culture which present a variety of phenotypes: leafy, rooty, and undifferentiated. These lines also differ from one another in their hormone content and in their response to exogenous hormones. Some tumor tissue lines have higher levels of free or conjugated auxin or cytokinin, whereas others do not. Some lines show the same growth response as normal callus when hormones are supplied in the growth medium, whereas others have increased or decreased sensitivity to hormones. Using subtraction hybridization, we have identified a number of cDNAs whose expression is enhanced in the tumors compared with hormone-dependent callus. Several of these cDNAs have been identified by homology with sequences in Genbank, and include a membrane channel protein, a lipid transfer protein and hydroxyproline-and glycine-rich proteins. The expression of these relatively abundant proteins may well be a consequence rather than a cause of tumorigenicity. Some of the less abundant transcripts remain unidentified. Two of the tumors described have shown secondary changes in culture, leading to faster-growing cell lines. In one case this was associated with an increase in free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a reduction in IAA conjugates and an increased sensitivity to naphthylphthalamic acid. In a second instance, the primary tumor had increased levels of cytokinin but was cytokinin insensitive while the fast-growing variants retained high cytokinin levels, had become cytokinin sensitive and acquired a shooty phenotype. Ways in which this approach to understanding plant hormones and growth control may be developed are discussed.
Estimating the distributional effects of education reforms: A look at Project STAR

Abstract Most evaluations of education policies focus on their mean impacts; when distributional effects are investigated it is usually by comparing mean impacts across demographic subgroups. We argue that such estimates may overlook important treatment effect heterogeneity; in order to appreciate the full extent of a policy's distributional impacts one should also exploit alternative methods. We demonstrate this using data from Project STAR, where we find evidence of substantial treatment effect heterogeneity across achievement quantiles. While all children appear to benefit from being placed in small classes, the largest test score gains are at the top of the achievement distribution. This result seems to be at odds with previous evidence that smaller classes benefit disadvantaged children most, but the discrepancy is reconciled by the fact that there are similar patterns of treatment effect heterogeneity within demographic groups, and that gains for disadvantaged students are larger throughout much of the achievement distribution.
THE UNCONVENTIONAL WISDOM OF B. F. SKINNER: THE ANALYSIS—INTERPRETATION DISTINCTION

More of the points made in John Staddon's commentary merit attention than can be addressed here. Accordingly, I restrict myself to one issue that, in my view, makes contact with most of the points-Skinner's distinction between the experimental analysis and the scientific interpretation of behavior. For Skinner, science consists of two interrelated enterprises. The first is the experimental analysis of the subject matter of the science. In order to meet fully the demands of experimental analysis, all of the efficacious antecedents of the events under study must be independently manipulated or controlled (or, such conditions may be approximated in nature, as in celestial mechanics) and the events themselves must be directly observed and measured. Although these idealized conditions are never completely achieved, experimental analysis seeks to approximate them as closely as permitted by technological developments and theoretical limitations (as in Heisenberg uncertainty) (Skinner, 1957a, 1966). Thus, all worthy experiments are not experimental analyses, and all experimental analyses are not experiments. The second aspect of the scientific enterprise is interpretation. In interpretation, principles induced from experimental analyses and constrained by formal (i.e., logical/mathematical) considerations are used to provide an account of events that occur under conditions that preclude experimental analysis. As Skinner (1974) put it: "Obviously we cannot predict or control human behavior in daily life with the precision obtained in the laboratory, but we can nevertheless use results from the laboratory to interpret behavior elsewhere" (p. 251). Scientific interpretation should be distinguished from other explanatory efforts in that interpretation makes use of only principles
VARIUS-NTV: A microarchitectural model to capture the increased sensitivity of manycores to process variations at near-threshold voltages

Near-Threshold Computing (NTC), where the supply voltage is only slightly higher than the threshold voltage of transistors, is a promising approach to attain energy-efficient computing. Unfortunately, compared to the conventional Super-Threshold Computing (STC), NTC is more sensitive to process variations, which results in higher power consumption and lower frequencies than would otherwise be possible, and potentially a non-negligible fault rate. To help address variations at NTC at the architecture level, this paper presents the first microarchitectural model of process variations for NTC. The model, called VARIUS-NTV, extends the existing VARIUS variation model. Its key aspects include: (i) adopting a gate-delay model and an SRAM cell type that are tailored to NTC, (ii) modeling SRAM failure modes emerging at NTC, and (iii) accounting for the impact of leakage in SRAM models. We evaluate a simulated 11nm, 288-core tiled manycore at both NTC and STC. The results show higher frequency and power variations within the NTC chip. For example, the maximum difference in on-chip tile frequency is ≈2.3× at STC and ≈3.7× at NTC. We also validate our model against an experimental chip.
Treatment of renal osteodystrophy with calciferol (vitamin D) and related steroids

During the past 10 years considerable interest has developed regarding the problems and management of renal osteodystrophy and the related disorders of divalent ion metabolism which may accompany prolonged renal failure. In large part this interest has been forced upon us by the great incidence of clinically florid osseous disease which has accompanied prolonged treatment with hemodialysis and successful renal transplantation. Currently, attention is directed towards early recognition and definition of bone disease in patients with renal failure before clinically overt osteodystrophy has developed. The use of bone biopsy is now becoming a more routinely used adjunct to both the diagnosis and management. A second and recent stimulus to this interest has come from the significant advances in the understanding of the possible altered metabolism of the steroid, calciferol 1 (vitamin D), in the uremic state and, more particularly, an appreciation of the key role of the kidney in this process. Since the pioneering work of Liu and Chu [1] and the subsequent studies of Dent, Harper and Philpot [2] and Stanbury and Lumb [3], it has been recognized that many patients with renal insufficiency demonstrate both features of a deficiency of calciferol and a resistance to treatment with doses of calciferol which are physiologically effective in normal individuals. The major manifestations of this disorder include: a) intestinal malabsorption of calcium [4-11], b) a hypocalcemia resistant to correction with exogenous parathyroid extract [12, 13], and c) defective bone matrix and cartilage mineralization, e.g., rickets or osteomalacia [14-18]. The histological appearances of the latter are entirely similar to those of a simple nutritional calciferol deficiency. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that correction of the impaired calcium absorption and healing of the bone lesions may only be accomplished with the use of pharmacological doses of the calciferol steroids [2, 3, 17]. Moreover, it has not been possible to correlate the etiology of renal disease or the degree of renal insufficiency with therapeutic calciferol requirements. Kleeman et al [19] have emphasized that calciferol-resistance may occur in the earliest stages of renal failure and need not be manifest in an "all-or-none" manner. In general, however, clinical azotemic osteodystrophy and/or calcium malabsorption are not usually seen until glomerular filtration is reduced to less than 20 to 30ml/min or serum creatinine concentrations become less than 2.5mg/100ml [11, 20, 21].
Unsteady flow of power-law fluids through circular pipes

Abstract This paper is concerned with the flow of power-law fluids through circular pipes under impulsively started conditions both for constant and superposed fluctuating pressure gradients. Flows with purely periodic pressure gradients started from rest have also been considered.
Multi-everything Sonar Simulator (MESS)

This paper describes the Multi-everything Sonar Simulator (MESS), a system for performing general active or passive undersea sonar simulations. It is designed to provide element or beam-level data, in the time or frequency domain, in either a real or basebanded format. It is capable of handling any number and variety of sources, receivers, and targets with arbitrary, rigid-body trajectories in three dimensions. In general, simulated data will contain contributions from all sound sources: ambient noise, reverberation, source direct blasts, target echoes, target radiated noise and receiver self noise. The underlying signal generation, acoustic propagation, and physical interactions are performed using the Sonar Simulation Toolset (SST), which in turn uses the Comprehensive Acoustic Sonar System (CASS) and Gaussian Ray Bundle (GRAB) algorithm for eigenray generation. Acoustic propagation is ray-based only but is range dependent. The system may be used for generating active, passive or combined active/passive scenarios. It may also be used to inject active or passive targets into existing, real-world data sets.
STANDARDIZATION OF THE ANTIMENINGITIS SERUM

The high variability in infectivity of Diplococcus intracellularis makes it impracticable to standardize the antimeningitis serum on the basis of the virulence of the diplococcus. The irregularity of reaction of small animals to the poison or endotoxin of Diplococcus intracellularis makes it impracticable to standardize the antimeningitis serum on the basis of endotoxic value. The want of uniformity in the complement-binding power of the antimeningitis serum, and the absence of established relation between complement-binding power and therapeutic activity make the employment of this method of standardization impracticable. The part taken by specific opsonins in promoting recovery from infection with Diplococcus intracellularis suggests their employment as a measure of the therapeutic activity of the antiserum. Methods of quantitative estimation of opsonic content of the antimeningitis serum being available, it would seem advantageous to adopt for the present as a standard of value a definite and suitable strength in opsonins of the antimeningitis serum. As a definite and suitable standard of strength a minimum dilution activity of a 1 to 5,000 dilution of the antiserum is proposed. Since the immune opsonins of the antimeningitis serum appear to be highly durable under proper conditions of refrigeration of the antiserum, the test proposed will be applicable when the antimeningitis serum shall have become an article of commerce.
Teachers’ scaffolding of students’ learning of geometry while using a dynamic geometry program

This study examined the scaffolds that three high school mathematics teachers provided to their geometry students as they used technology to explore geometric ideas. Teachers often used structured activities using a dynamic geometry program and provided significant emotive feedback while students worked through the tasks. This provided opportunities for students to look, touch, verbalize and build geometrical representations individually and as a group.
A deformation-theoretic version of Maschke's theorem for modular group algebras: The commutative case

Let G be a finite group and k a field of characteristic p > 0. Maschke’s theorem says that the group algebra KG is semisimple if and only if p does not divide the group order, ) G I. We refer to RG as a modular group algebra when p divides / G I. In this case the representation theory of KG presents many unsolved problems. Of special interest is the structure of the indecomposable modules for kG, even when G is an abelian non-cyclic p-group [ 1, p. 431; 7, Introduction]. In this paper we begin a study of modular group algebras and their representations using the deformation theory of Gerstenhaber [4] and NijenhuisRichardson [6]. A major intuition in the program derives from the correlation for k-algebras between deformability and the failure of semi-simplicity. In Section 1 we show how, by using deformations, Maschke’s theorem may be recovered for abelian modular group algebras. One might conjecture furthermore that any modular group algebra deforms into a predictable semisimple algebra. Some non-abelian examples in Section 2 support this conjecture. There we exhibit deformations of certain group algebras of the dihedral and symmetric groups into the “expected” semisimple algebras. In Section 3 we propose further questions and avenues for investigation.
Decision-directed segmentation for the restoration of images degraded by a class of space-variant blurs

A decision-directed filtering algorithm has been developed for model-based segmentation and restoration of images degraded by a class of space-variant blurs. It is assumed that the space-variant blur can be represented by a collection of L distinct point-spread functions, where L is a predetermined integer, so that at each pixel one of the functions will be more or less matched to the observed data. A multiple-model Kalman filtering procedure with online model detection based on maximum a posteriori probability decision was used to restore the image. The result of the decision process constitutes a model-based segmentation of the degraded image into regions of spatially invariant blurs. There are several applications of the proposed algorithm. Among these, automatic blur detection, i.e. segmentation of a partially blurred image into regions of blur and no-blur, is demonstrated as an example. >
Alternative approaches to valuing intangible health losses: the evidence for multiple sclerosis

This study uses both risk-risk and risk-dollar approaches to assess intangible health losses associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Using an estimation approach that adjusts for potential perceptional biases that may effect the expressed risk tradeoffs, we estimated parameters of the utility function of persons with and without MS as well as the degree of subjects" overestimation of the probability of obtaining MS. The sample included subjects from the general population and persons with MS. We found that marginal utility of income is lower in the state with MS than without it. However, the difference in marginal in two states was greater for persons without MS than for those with the disease. Persons with MS overestimated the probability of acquiring MS to a greater extent than did persons within MS. Correcting for overestimation of this probability, the value of intangible loss of a statistical case of MS derived from responses of the general population was US$350,000 to US$500.000. Persons with MS were willing to pay somewhat more than this (D80,118,J17).
Exosomes: Vehicles of Intercellular Signaling, Biomarkers, and Vectors of Cell Therapy

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), whose mechanism of action is predominantly paracrine, are being widely tested for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. No one factor has been proven sufficient to mediate the therapeutic effects of MSCs. However, exosomes--membrane vesicles secreted by many cells, including MSCs--are appealing candidates as vectors of their efficacy. Exosomes can transport and deliver a large cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and can modify cell and organ function. In addition to their key role as vehicles of intercellular communication, exosomes are increasingly recognized as biomarkers and prognosticators of disease. Moreover, they have the potential to be used as vehicles of gene and drug delivery for clinical application. This article reviews the biogenesis of exosomes, their molecular composition, and their role as messengers of intercellular communication, focusing on their potential as therapeutic vectors for stem cell therapy.
“Political Will” and Community Participation in Costa Rican Primary Health Care

This article criticizes the concept of “political will” by analyzing Costa Rica's experience with community participation in health between 1973 and 1985. Despite a long-standing state commitment to social welfare programs, Costa Rica has been unable to achieve active, sustained participation in the government's rural health programs, partly because of partisan conflicts over implementation. It is unlikely that “political will” can succeed in countries where the state's commitment to social welfare is less obvious than in stable, democratic Costa Rica. This article identifies three problems with the concept of “political will”: (1) by focusing on individual countries, it shifts attention from the international health agencies that so often determine poor countries' health policies; (2) it implies that states are monolithic entities, comprised of unified coalitions, rather than competing groups involved in a constant struggle over policy; and (3) it diverts the analytic gaze from global inequalities and relations of international dependency that contribute to poverty and ill health. Rather than blaming poor countries for their supposed “lack of political will,” international health organizations should examine what factors led them to rescind their commitment to community participation in health.
Interaction Between Electromagnetic Waves and Transport in Saturated Media

Air sparging is one of the most popular remediation technologies. However, it is limited to a small radius of influence (ROI) surrounding the air injection well. Hence, there have been several efforts to improve its effectiveness. To study the possibility of improving the effectivity of air sparging electromagnetic (EM) waves, an easily visible analogous problem (dye transport in water) is studied in this paper. In order to quantify the effects of EM stimulation on flow of an inert, nonreactive dye in water, EM-stimulated and unstipulated dye transport experiments tests were performed and compared. To quantify this interaction, both dye transport and EM wave propoagation (only the electric field component Z) are quantified experimentally in lab-scale. In addition to the experimental mapping of the electric field at limited location on depth (i.e., vertical) slices, the electric field is simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics 4.1 in three dimensions (3D) for accurate field analysis. Transport analysis of the dye was performed using digital imaging to determine temporal and spatial concentration variations. The results show a visible effect on the dye transport mechanisms (i.e., fingering and diffusion). However, further study is needed to validate the proposed correlation between the electric field and the transport mechanisms.
Infidelity, jealousy, and wife abuse among Tsimane forager-farmers: testing evolutionary hypotheses of marital conflict

The role of men's jealousy over a wife's infidelity in precipitating marital conflict and wife abuse is well documented. The role of women's jealousy over a husband's infidelity has received little attention, which is puzzling given high potential costs to women of withdrawal of paternal investment. We address this gap by investigating marital conflict and wife abuse among Tsimane forager–farmers of Bolivia. We test predictions derived from male jealousy and paternal disinvestment hypotheses, which consider threats and consequences of infidelity by women (male jealousy hypothesis) and men (paternal disinvestment hypothesis). The paternal disinvestment hypothesis proposes that wife abuse is employed by husbands to limit wives' mate retention effort and maintain men's opportunities to pursue extrapair sexual relationships. Interviews were conducted among husbands and wives in the same marriages using a combination of open-ended and structured items. Spouses agree that the most frequently reported type of marital argument is women's jealousy over a husband's infidelity (N=266 arguments). Roughly 60% of abusive events occurred during arguments over men's diversion of household resources (N=124 abusive events). In multivariate analyses, likelihood of wife abuse is greater in marriages where husbands have affairs, where wives are younger, and where spouses spend more time apart (N=60 husbands, 71 wives). While we find strong support for both male jealousy and paternal disinvestment hypotheses, it is men's infidelity, not women's, that precipitates most instances of marital conflict and wife abuse. We conclude that men's aggression towards their wives facilitates men's diversion of family resources for their selfish interests. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Effect of Soil Type on Electrokinetic Removal of Phenanthrene Using Surfactants and Cosolvents

Numerous sites have been contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and these sites pose a significant risk to public health and the environment because PAHs are often toxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic. Furthermore, these sites are often difficult or costly to remediate because PAHs are hydrophobic and highly resistant to degradation. The in situ flushing process using surfactants and/or cosolvents has shown great promise for sites possessing uniform and high-permeability soils, but it is generally ineffective for sites containing heterogeneous and/or low-permeability soils. Thus, for difficult soil conditions, electrokinetics can be integrated with the in situ flushing process to improve soil-solution-contaminant interaction. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of two different low-permeability soils, kaolin and glacial till, on electrokinetically enhanced flushing. Each soil type was used in three bench-scale electrokinetic experiments, where each test employed a different flushing solution, deionized water, a surfactant, or a cosolvent. The results indicated that the contaminant was more strongly bound to the glacial till than the kaolin, and this was attributed to its higher-organic content. The glacial till also generated a greater electrical current and electro-osmotic flow, and this was probably a result of its higher-carbonate content and more diverse mineralogy. Based on the contaminant mass remaining in the soil, it was apparent that the surfactant or cosolvent solution caused contaminant desorption, solubilization, and/or migration in both soils, but additional research is required to improve PAH removal efficiency.
Single echo acquistion of MR images using RF coil arrays

Parallel imaging methods such as SMASH and SENSE reduce imaging time by using receiver coil sensitivity patterns to reduce requirements for gradient based image localization. This paper describes the first use of a coil array to completely eliminate gradient phase encoding. By using a 64 element planar array and a custom built 64 channel receiver system, 64/spl times/256 resolution images were constructed from a single line of k-space, demonstrating the ability to form complete images from a single echo acquisition. Together, the receiver and array are capable of generating complete images during successive echo acquisitions, potentially enabling extremely rapid frame rates.
The language-specific nature of grammatical development: evidence from bilingual language learners.

The fact that early lexical and grammatical acquisition are strongly correlated has been cited as evidence against the view that the language faculty is composed of dissociable and autonomous modules (Bates & Goodman, 1997). However, previous studies have not yet eliminated the possibility that lexical‐grammar associations may be attributable to language-general individual differences (e.g. children who are good at learning words are good at learning grammar). Parent report assessments of toddlers who are simultaneously learning English and Spanish ( n = 113) allow an examination of the specificity of lexical‐grammar relationships while holding child factors constant. Within-language vocabulary‐grammar associations were stronger than cross-language relationships, even after controlling for age, proportion of language exposure, general language skill and reporter bias. Similar patterns were found based on naturalistic language samples ( n = 22), ruling out a methodological artifact. These results are consistent with the view that grammar learning is specifically tied to lexical progress in a given language and provide further support for strong lexical‐grammatical continuity early in acquisition.
The Lack of International Management and its Effects to the Western World

In Part I we have briefly discussed the situation in underdeveloped countries as far as modern methods of management are concerned. Part II pointed to a lack of common terminology in the field of our science and illustrated the difficulties in establishing international management. It is obvious that practical repercussions will have to be noted in the field of management within the Western World. Strange enough up to now only the symptoms have been analyzed, but not the underlying causes.
Stability of anthocyanins in frozen and freeze-dried raspberries during long-term storage: in relation to glass transition.

Anthocyanins, natural plant pigments in the flavonoid group, are responsible for the red color and some of the nutraceutical benefits of raspberries. This study explores anthocyanin degradation in frozen and freeze-dried raspberries during storage in relation to glass transition temperatures. Frozen raspberries were stored at -80, -35, and -20 °C, while freeze-dried raspberries were stored at selected water activity (a(w)) values ranging from 0.05 to 0.75 at room temperature (23 °C) for more than a year. The characteristic glass transition temperatures (T'(g)) of raspberries with high water content and glass transition temperature (T(g)) of raspberries with small water content were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter. The pH differential method was used to determine the quantity of anthocyanins in frozen and freeze-dried raspberries at selected time intervals. The total anthocyanins in raspberries fluctuated during 378 d of storage at -20 and -35, and -80 °C. Anthocyanin degradation in freeze-dried raspberries ranged from 27% to 32% and 78% to 89% at a(w) values of 0.05 to 0.07 and 0.11 to 0.43, respectively, after 1 y. Anthocyanins were not detectable in freeze-dried raspberries stored at a(w) values of 0.53 to 0.75 after 270 d. First order and Weibull equations were used to fit the anthocyanin degradation in freeze-dried raspberries. The 1(st)-order rate constant (k) of anthocyanin degradation ranged from 0.003 to 0.023 days⁻¹ at the selected water activities. Significant anthocyanin degradation occurred in both the glassy and rubbery states of freeze-dried raspberries during long-term storage. However, the rate of anthocyanin degradation in freeze-dried raspberries stored in the glassy state was significantly smaller than the rate of anthocyanin degradation in the rubbery state.
Electrical Stimulation of the Proprioceptive Cortex (Area 3a) Used to Instruct a Behaving Monkey

A growing number of brain-machine interfaces have now been developed that allow movements of an external device to be controlled using recordings from the brain. This work has been undertaken with a number of different animal models, as well as several human patients with quadriplegia. The resulting movements, whether of computer cursors or robotic limbs, remain quite slow and unstable compared to normal limb movements. It is an open question, how much of this instability is the result of the limited forward control path, and how much has to do with the total lack of normal proprioceptive feedback. We have begun preliminary studies of the effectiveness of electrical stimulation in the proprioceptive area of the primary somatosensory cortex (area 3a) as a potential means to deliver an artificial sense of proprioception to a monkey. We have demonstrated that it is possible for the monkey to detect brief stimulus trains at relatively low current levels, and to discriminate between trains of different frequencies. These observations need to be expanded to include more complex, time-varying waveforms that could potentially convey information about the state of the limb.
Molecular Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Enterococci in Cincinnati, Ohio: a Prospective Citywide Survey

To determine patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility among enterococci and to assess molecular characteristics of vancomycin-resistant enterococci, 157 clinical blood isolates of enterococci from 10 hospitals in Cincinnati, Ohio, were prospectively collected during a 6-month period from February to July 1995. The isolates included 108 (69%) E. faecalis isolates, 46 (29%) E. faecium isolates, and 1 isolate each of E. avium, E. durans, and E. gallinarum. The E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates differed in their susceptibilities to ampicillin (100 versus 20%), ampicillin-sulbactam (100 versus 13%), vancomycin (100 versus 57%), imipenem (94 versus 2%), and high levels of gentamicin (59 versus 83%). Supplemental susceptibility testing of the 21 vancomycin-resistant isolates showed that 21 (100%) were susceptible to chloramphenicol and that only 7 (33%) were susceptible to doxycycline. Nineteen (90%) of the vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolates were of the VanB phenotype, with vanB resistance genes detected by PCR and hybridization with gene-specific probes; and the E. gallinarum isolates demonstrated the VanC phenotype with the vanC1 gene. One vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolate was highly resistant to both teicoplanin and vancomycin, corresponding to the VanA phenotype; however, it was found to have the vanB gene. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed that all of the 19 E. faecium isolates with the VanB phenotype had identical to closely related banding patterns. Hybridization of restriction enzyme-digested DNA separated by PFGE with a vanB gene probe demonstrated differences in the locations of vanB genes that corresponded closely to the PFGE banding patterns. Our study has documented that the emerging vancomycin resistance in our city was mainly due to the clonal dissemination of a single strain of E. faecium VanB.
The Stoic Nature of Early Dramatistic Theory

As Cicero details in his De Officiis (On Duties), Stoic ethical theory proceeds from a poetics of virtue according to which people act dutifully by performing the roles (personae) in which nature has cast them. Stoicism's dramatistic conception of duty fits within the theatrical dynamics of ancient rhetorical practice, theory, and pedagogy and is a noteworthy precursor to persona theory in contemporary rhetorical studies. Furthermore, the centrality of decorum to Stoic personae theory gives it a poignant rhetorical quality, especially given the circumstances during which Cicero introduced it to Roman readers.
Characteristics of job rotation in the Midwest US manufacturing sector.

Job rotation has been advocated as a suitable intervention to control work-related musculoskeletal disorders. However, little is known regarding the prevalence of job rotation, methods used to identify jobs for rotation or the benefits or limitations of job rotation. A web-based questionnaire was developed to survey job rotation practices from Midwest US manufacturing companies. Results indicated that 42.7% of the companies contacted used job rotation, where the median time for which they had used job rotation was 5 years. Job rotation was used mainly to reduce exposure to risk factors for work-related injuries and to reduce work related injuries, whereas supervisor decisions and ergonomic analyses were used to select jobs for the rotation scheme. Major limitations to successful implementation of job rotation included rotation of individuals with medical restrictions, decreased product quality and lack of jobs to rotate to. These findings suggest that further study is needed to determine if exposure to ri...
Statin-Associated Polymyositis Following Omeprazole Treatment

Statins are an extensively used class of drugs, and myopathy is an uncommon, but well-described side effect of statin therapy. Inflammatory myopathies, including polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and necrotizing autoimmune myopathy, are even more rare, but debilitating, side effects of statin therapy that are characterized by the persistence of symptoms even after discontinuation of the drug. It is important to differentiate statin-associated inflammatory myopathies from other self-limited myopathies, as the disease often requires multiple immunosuppressive therapies. Drug interactions increase the risk of statin-associated toxic myopathy, but no risk factors for statin-associated inflammatory myopathies have been established. Here we describe the case of a man, age 59 years, who had been treated with a combination of atorvastatin and gemfibrozil for approximately 5 years and developed polymyositis after treatment with omeprazole for 7 months. Symptoms did not resolve after discontinuation of the atorvastatin, gemfibrozil, and omeprazole. The patient was treated with prednisone and methotrexate followed by intravenous immunoglobulin, which resulted in normalization of creatinine kinase levels and resolution of symptoms after 14 weeks. It is unclear if polymyositis was triggered by interaction of the statin with omeprazole and/or gemfibrozil, or if it developed secondary to long-term use of atorvastatin only.