cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of a β-Alkoxy Substituent on the CH Activation Chemistry of Alkyl Ethers

CH activation reactions of 1,2-dimethoxyethane and methyl tert-butyl ether with methyl aryldiazoacetates or styryldiazoacetate catalyzed by Rh2(S-DOSP)4 result in the formation of 2-aryl- or 2-styryl-substituted propanoic acids with asymmetric induction up to 95% ee.
The preacceleration of anomalous cosmic rays

Abstract The flux of energetic particles at the termination shock, preaccelerated at interplanetary shocks, is calculated using Voyager 2 measurements in the outer heliosphere and by assuming a subsequent r −2 radial dependence. The spectrum of particles accelerated at the termination shock is then determined using the above spectrum as a source in the steady state diffusion convection equation. The accelerated spectrum is then modulated back to 57 AU and compared with measured anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) fluxes. For injection energies, at the termination shock, of about 50 keV the computed ACR flux at 57 AU compares well with the measured flux. Calculations, however, suggest that the injection energy should be considerably higher than 50 keV. If this is the case then the calculated ACR flux is considerably lower than expected. Voyager 2 observations beyond 40 AU and subsequent modeling suggest that interplanetary shocks may become too weak to continue accelerating energetic particles. Their flux should then fall off faster than r −2 and hence the flux at the termination shock may then be insufficient to explain the observed ACR fluxes. Using the injection energies computed for various species and by assuming that injection and acceleration takes place directly at the termination shock, we find acceleration efficiencies and fluxes consistent with those calculated from ACR measurements in the outer heliosphere.
The role of the photochemical fragmentation in laser ablation: a molecular dynamics study

Despite numerous studies, the mechanistic understanding of the role of the photochemical processes and their coupling with the thermal processes in UV laser ablation is still far from being complete. In this work, the effects of the photochemical reactions on the laser ablation mechanism are delineated based on the results of molecular dynamics simulations of 248 nm laser irradiation of solid chlorobenzene. Photochemical reactions are found to release additional energy into the irradiated sample and decrease the average cohesive energy, therefore decreasing the value of the ablation threshold. The yield of emitted fragments becomes significant only above the ablation threshold. Below the ablation threshold only the most volatile photoproduct, HCl, is ejected in very small amounts, whereas the remainder of photoproducts are trapped inside the sample. Results of the simulations are in a good qualitative agreement with experimental data on the ejection of photoproducts in the laser ablation of chlorobenzene. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Physiological comparison of L-serine dehydratase and tryptophanase from Bacillus alvei.

Tryptophanase from Bacillus alvei also possesses serine dehydratase activity. A comparison of this enzyme with l-serine dehydratase [l-serine hydro-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.2.1.13] in toluene-treated whole cell preparations of the organism was undertaken. Tryptophanase is a constitutive enzyme in B. alvei. The dehydratase undergoes a repression-derepression-repression sequence as the l-serine level in the growth medium is increased from 0 to 0.1 m. Tryptophanase activity is decreased in organisms grown in medium containing glucose. Both enzymes are repressed in organisms grown in glycerol-containing medium. l-Serine dehydratase has a pH optimum of 7.5 in potassium phosphate buffer; tryptophanase functions optimally in this buffer at pH 8.2. Both enzymes lose activity in the presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer. Either K+ or NH4+ is required for full tryptophanase activity, but Na+ is markedly inhibitory. These three cations are stimulatory to l-serine dehydratase activity. Both enzymes are subject to apparent substrate inhibition at high concentrations of their respective amino acids, but the inhibition of tryptophanase activity can be completely overcome by the removal of indole as it is formed. The dehydratase does not catalyze cleavage of d-serine, l-threonine, or α-substituted serine analogues at the concentrations tested. However, activity of the enzyme in cleaving l-serine is competitively inhibited by d-serine, indicating that the d-isomer can occupy an active site on the enzyme. The enzyme catalyzes cleavage of some β-substituted serine analogues.
An Application of Membrane Probes for On-Wafer Testing of Unmatched High Power MMICs

A membrane probe capable of determining large signal power handling capabilities of discrete and partially matched large periphery FETs at microwave frequencies has been developed. This paper describes the application and implementation of a membrane probe for a 15.7 mm partially matched 6 W power amplifier MMIC that employs off-chip matching networks for a high volume multichip module application.
Factors influencing the development of antibiotic associated diarrhea in ED patients discharged home: risk of administering IV antibiotics, , , ,

Objective Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) are well-known outcomes from antibiotic administration. Because emergency department (ED) visits frequently result in antibiotic use, we evaluated the frequency of AAD/CDI in adults treated and discharged home with new prescriptions for antibiotics to identify risk factors for acquiring AAD/CDI.
Neutron and resonant X-ray scattering studies of RNi2B2C (R=rare earth) single crystals

Abstract This family of intermetallic compounds is ideal for the study of the interplay between superconductivity and magnetism since, in several of these compounds (Ho, Er, Tm, Dy), superconductivity coexists with magnetic ordering. The most important findings of our scattering studies are (a) in the Ho-compound, a complex magnetic structure characterized by two incommensurate wave vectors, k → a =0.585 a → * and k → c =0.915 c → * , exists in the vicinity of 5 K, where the almost re-entrant behavior of this compound occurs (below 4.7 K, it is a commensurate antiferromagnet); (b) an incommensurate magnetic structure with wave vector along a → * , close to the zone boundary, is observed in several of these compounds (Ho, Er, Tb, Gd) and (c) pronounced soft-photon behavior was observed for both the acoustic and first optical Δ 4 [ ξ 00] branches in the superconducting Lu and Ho compounds, a behavior characteristic of strongly coupled conventional superconductors. Furthermore, these phonon anomalies occur at wave vectors close to those of the incommensurate magnetically ordered structures observed in the magnetic compounds of this family (see (b)). This observation suggests that both the magnetic ordering and phonon softening originate from common nesting features of the Fermi surfaces of these compounds. Band theoretical calculations are in qualitative agreement with these results.
Succinct 2D Dictionary Matching

The dictionary matching problem seeks all locations in a given text that match any of the patterns in a given dictionary. Efficient algorithms for dictionary matching scan the text once, searching for all patterns simultaneously. Existing algorithms that solve the 2-dimensional dictionary matching problem all require working space proportional to the size of the dictionary. This paper presents the first efficient 2-dimensional dictionary matching algorithm that operates in small space. Given d patterns, D={P1,ź,Pd}, each of size m×m, and a text T of size n×n, our algorithm finds all occurrences of Pi, 1≤i≤d, in T. The preprocessing of the dictionary forms a compressed self-index of the patterns, after which the original dictionary may be discarded. Our algorithm uses O(dmlogdm) extra bits of space. The time complexity of our algorithm is close to linear, O(dm2+n2źlogź), where ź is the time it takes to access a character in the compressed self-index and ź is the size of the alphabet. Using recent results ź is at most sub-logarithmic.
Impact of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting on management of recurrent carotid artery stenosis.

Citing the higher perioperative risk of redo carotid surgery, balloon angioplasty and stenting of the carotid artery (CAS) has been advocated for recurrent carotid stenosis (RCS). To examine the impact of CAS on the management and outcome of recurrent stenosis, a retrospective review of a prospectively compiled database was performed. From a registry of patients treated for carotid disease, 105 procedures were performed from 1992 to 2002 for RCS. For comparison, two study groups were examined. Time I consisted of 77 reoperations performed through 1998, before CAS was introduced at our institution. Time II included 12 reoperations and 16 CAS procedures performed for RCS from 1999 through 2002. Using perioperative stroke as a measure of outcome, the results for time II were poorer than for time I (7.2% vs. 5.2%, p = NS). Overall, the risk of perioperative stroke was the same for reoperation (5/89) and CAS (1/16) (5.6% vs. 6.3%, p = NS). Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward a higher risk of perioperative stroke for patients treated with reoperation during the latter time period (8.3% vs. 5.2%, p = NS). This probably relates to the finding that during time II, CAS was most likely to be used in asymptomatic patients (68.6% vs. 41.7%, p = NS) with early (<3 years) RCS (87.5% vs. 41.7%, p = 0.01). No patient with asymptomatic, early RCS had a perioperative stroke with either surgery or CAS (0/35 cases, 0%). The presence of preoperative neurologic symptoms was significantly predictive of a perioperative stroke among all procedures performed for RCS (13.6% vs. 0%, p = 0.004). Contrary to suggestions that CAS might improve the management of RCS, a review of our data shows the overall risk of periprocedural stroke to be no better since CAS has become available. The bias for using CAS for asymptomatic myointimal hyperplastic lesions, and reoperation for frequently symptomatic late recurrent atherosclerotic disease, makes direct comparisons of the two techniques for treating RCS difficult. It is expected that the overall risk for redo carotid surgery will increase, as fewer low-risk patients will be receiving open procedures. However, the increased risk among symptomatic patients undergoing reoperation suggests that endovascular techniques should be investigated among this group of cases as well.
A constrained LMS algorithm for interference rejection

A constrained least-mean-square (LMS) technique that utilizes a modified optimality criterion which enhances the detection capabilities of direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems is presented. Two transversal tapped delay lines (TDLs) are operated simultaneously, one containing the received data and the other containing the constraint data. One set of adaptive weights operates on both TDLs with the LMS algorithm as the update technique. The filter weights are updated with respect to both minimizing the mean-square output error and minimizing the constraint error. Two types of constraint conditions are considered. The first is a correlation-matching condition and the second is a minimum-filter-energy condition. Simulation results presented demonstrate the output mean-square error improvement obtained by using the constrained rejection filter. >
Design and implementation of physical-layer network-coding protocols

Recently, there has been a growing interest in physical-layer network-coding techniques that facilitate information transfer in wireless relay networks. Physical-layer network-coding techniques take advantage of the additive nature of wireless signals by allowing two terminals to transmit simultaneously to the relay node. This technique has several performance benefits, such as improving utilization and throughput of wireless channels and reducing delay. In this paper, we present an algorithm for joint decoding of two unsynchronized transmitters to the modulo-2 sum of their transmitted messages. We address the problems that arise when the boundaries of the signals do not align with each other and when their phases are not identical. Our approach uses a state-based Viterbi decoding scheme that takes into account the timing offsets between the interfering signals. Our simulation studies show that this decoder outperforms previous approaches in the presence of noise and timing offset.
High-level expression of B7-H1 molecules by dendritic cells suppresses the function of activated T cells and desensitizes allergen-primed animals

A body of evidence indicates that expression of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor by activated T cells plays an important role in the down-regulation of immune responses; however, the functions of its known ligands, B7-H1 (PD-L1) and B7-dendritic cell (DC; PD-L2), at the effector phase of immune responses are less clear. In the current study, we investigated the roles of B7-H1 in DC-mediated regulation of hapten-activated T cells and the delayed-type contact hypersensitivity response in primed animals. We found that the expression of B7-H1 and B7-DC was induced on activation of DC by hapten stimulation. Blockade of B7-H1, but not B7-DC, enhanced the activity of hapten-specific T cells. Interaction with a DC line that expresses high cell-surface levels of B7-H1 (B7-H1/DC) suppressed the proliferation of, and cytokine production by, activated T cells. In vivo administration of hapten-carrying B7-H1/DC desensitized the response of sensitized animals to hapten challenge, and this desensitization was hapten-specific. These data indicate that B7-H1 expressed by DC mediates inhibitory signals for activated T cells and suppresses the elicitation of immune responses. The ability of B7-H1/DC to inhibit the function of preactivated T cells in vivo suggests novel strategies for the treatment of immune response-mediated disorders.
The effect of bandpass limiting on a signal in wideband noise

The authors present a way to find the change in signal-to-noise-density ratio when a constant amplitude signal embedded in wideband noise passes through a bandpass limiter. This ratio is a more accurate predictor of demodulation or detection performance than the commonly used signal-to-noise-power ratio of the limiter output if signal processing includes narrowband elements such as matched filters. The noise bandwidth out of the bandpass limit is at least as wide as the input noise bandwidth, and subsequent signal processing will remove much of the output noise before a decision is made. The present result is given in the form of an infinite series for the limiter output noise power spectrum density at the signal frequency. This can be combined with a known expression for output signal power to find the change in signal-to-noise-density ratio. >
Study on winter wheat yield estimation model based on NDVI and seedtime

The seedtime plays an important role on the growth, yield and quality of winter wheat. Firstly, the seedtime was successfully remotely sensed by NDVI derived from a LandSat TM image captured in elongation stage. Secondly, an optimized yield estimation model was designed based on NDVI and seedtime, and the optimized model was successfully tested by 3 LandSat TM images captured in heading, grain filling and milking stages
Continuous aperture phased MIMO: A new architecture for optimum line-of-sight links

We propose a new communication architecture - continuous aperture phased MIMO - that combines the elements of MIMO, continuous aperture antennas, and phased arrays, for achieving the capacity of line-of-sight (LoS) links. CAP-MIMO is based on a hybrid analog-digital transceiver architecture that employs a novel antenna array structure - a high-resolution discrete lens array - to enable a continuous aperture phased-MIMO operation with a low-complexity analog-digital interface. Our focus is on millimeter-wave (60-100GHz) LoS links for high-rate (1-100Gb/s) applications. We propose a framework for modeling and analyzing a LoS link in beamspace, discuss the key elements of the CAP-MIMO system, and present results on its significant capacity advantages over two state-of-the-art designs: i) systems that employ continuous aperture “dish” antennas for high power efficiency but no spatial multiplexing gain, and ii) MIMO systems that use discrete antenna arrays for multiplexing gain but suffer in power efficiency.
Outcomes and Return to Activity After Operative Repair of Chronic Latent Syndesmotic Instability

Background:This study is a retrospective review of prospectively gathered data determining the postoperative outcomes of patients who underwent operative treatment to address chronic syndesmotic in...
Irony and Sarcasm: Corpus Generation and Analysis Using Crowdsourcing

The ability to reliably identify sarcasm and irony in text can improve the performance of many Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems including summarization, sentiment analysis, etc. The existing sarcasm detection systems have focused on identifying sarcasm on a sentence level or for a specific phrase. However, often it is impossible to identify a sentence containing sarcasm without knowing the context. In this paper we describe a corpus generation experiment where we collect regular and sarcastic Amazon product reviews. We perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of the corpus. The resulting corpus can be used for identifying sarcasm on two levels: a document and a text utterance (where a text utterance can be as short as a sentence and as long as a whole document).
Clonal expansion of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with IgG4-related disease

Background IgG 4 -related disease (IgG 4 -RD) is a systemic condition of unknown cause characterized by highly fibrotic lesions with dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. CD4 + T cells constitute the major inflammatory cell population in IgG 4 -RD lesions. Objective We used an unbiased approach to characterize CD4 + T-cell subsets in patients with IgG 4 -RD based on their clonal expansion and ability to infiltrate affected tissue sites. Methods We used flow cytometry to identify CD4 + effector/memory T cells in a cohort of 101 patients with IgG 4 -RD. These expanded cells were characterized by means of gene expression analysis and flow cytometry. Next-generation sequencing of the T-cell receptor β chain gene was performed on CD4 + SLAMF7 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD4 + GATA3 + T H 2 cells in a subset of patients to identify their clonality. Tissue infiltration by specific T cells was examined by using quantitative multicolor imaging. Results CD4 + effector/memory T cells with a cytolytic phenotype were expanded in patients with IgG 4 -RD. Next-generation sequencing revealed prominent clonal expansions of these CD4 + CTLs but not CD4 + GATA3 + memory T H 2 cells in patients with IgG 4 -RD. The dominant T cells infiltrating a range of inflamed IgG 4 -RD tissue sites were clonally expanded CD4 + CTLs that expressed SLAMF7, granzyme A, IL-1β, and TGF-β1. Clinical remission induced by rituximab-mediated B-cell depletion was associated with a reduction in numbers of disease-associated CD4 + CTLs. Conclusions IgG 4 -RD is prominently linked to clonally expanded IL-1β– and TGF-β1–secreting CD4 + CTLs in both peripheral blood and inflammatory tissue lesions. These active, terminally differentiated, cytokine-secreting effector CD4 + T cells are now linked to a human disease characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis.
Apoptosis induced in PaCa-2 cancer cells with novel Bacillus fermented extract

B22 Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality in females and fourth in males in the United States. Diagnosed later than other cancers, there is poor prognosis and incidence and mortality has not experienced many changes. Approximately 30,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, and the incidence is highest in African Americans. Less than 5% of patients survive more than 5 years after an initial diagnosis. Natural sources are continually been explored and several novel compounds including Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) produced by a member of the genus Streptomyces, and Paclitaxel (Taxol®) originally derived from plant source are presently employed in therapy. However, members of the genus Bacillus, already established producers of antimicrobial compounds, have not received tremendous investigation regarding their production of antitumor compounds. In response to this we investigated the induction of apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma cells, treated with varying concentrations of the extract fermented by a novel Bacillus subspecies 14135. In previous experiments we have demonstrated the filtrate’s antineoplastic ability employing MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma, NCI-H526 lung carcinoma and LNCaP-clone FGC prostate carcinoma cells. 25cm3 flask cultured MIA PaCa-2 cells were plated with 5.0 x 104 cells/ml in 96-well cell culture plates, incubated for 72hrs, at 37oC, 5% CO2, andunder controlled humidity. At approx 95% confluence selected wells were treated with definite quantities of the extract containing precise concentration of native protein. In earlier studies employing GC-MS fractionation we identified Taxol® (Paclitaxel) treated and untreated tumor cells, along with vehicle treated and non-tumor treated reference line cells were employed as controls. Following incubation at 37oC, for 24hr to 48hrs, cells were then checked to confirm cytotoxicity and apoptosis. These were assessed through microscopic observations, employing trypan blue dye exclusion analysis, CellTiter-Blue® cell viability assay, and Annexin V- FITC® apoptosis assay. The latter is an indicator of plasma membrane destruction, which was revealed following fluorescence microscopy. In earlier studies where we employed GC-MS fractionation, several compounds were identified including Pyrollo [1, 2-a] pyrazine-1, 4-dione and Pyrollo [1, 2-a] piperazine-3, 6-dione. We feel that these compounds may be involvd in the cytotoxic activity. Results were conclusive regarding the demonstration of cytotoxicity, as well as very strong evidence indicative of associated cellular shrinkage. Untreated, vehicle treated and extract treated non-tumor reference line cells remained unaffected. These results indicate the presence of compounds, which appear to selectively induce apoptosis in PaCa-2 tumor cells, and could greatly impact future cancer research.
Application Analysis of Force Feedback Controller in Virtual Arthroscopy Surgery Simulation System

The force feedback device application and virtual arthroscopy surgery simulation system construction were introduced in detail.According to practical situation in arthroscopy surgery simulation procedure,the force feedback controller was suitable for arthroscopy surgery simulation.The structure,localization method and feedback strength computation procedure of the force feedback equipment were given.The experiments show that the system can simulate tactile response by integrating with haptic device and the controller can meet the application requirement of virtual endoscope.
Preliminary clinical research of protein-free calf blood extract eye gels for corneal epithelial detect

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of protein-free calf blood extract eye gel for corneal epithelial defect(CED).Methods Nniety-six cases of CED(18 eyes with chemical injury,27 eyes with traumatic and operative injury,13 eyes with keratitis and 28 eyes with other causes) were randomly divided into two groups :48 eyes were treated by bFGF,48 eyes by protein-free calf blood extract eye gel only for comparison.The bFGF and protein-free calf blood extract eye gel were used 4 times a day.The longest treatment course was 14d.Epithelial defect restoration,local symptom and sign,etc,were observed on 1,3,5,7,10,14d.Results(1) There was no significant difference(P0.05) between the two groups;(2) Ocular local stimulates and general side effect were not observed within the treatment course.(3) The effective rate of protein-free calf blood extract eye gel for CED with the chemical burn,traumatic,perative injury and keratitis was 91.3%.Conclusion Protein-free calf blood extract eye gel is valuable and safe for CED.
Postpartum Ovarian Vein Thrombosis Presenting as Ureteral Obstruction: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

AbstractPostpartum ovarian vein thrombosis, well described in the obstetrical literature with an incidence approaching 1 in 2,000 pregnancies, can present as a life-threatening complication. Although infrequent, thrombophlebitis of the ovarian vein may remain unrecognized and result in pulmonary embolism with dire outcome. Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis can present initially as an acute ureteral obstruction, making it incumbent upon the urologist to recognize the entity with its associated radiological and clinical findings. A case report is presented to illustrate the disorder.
Tinnitus Screener: Results From the First 100 Participants in an Epidemiology Study.

Purpose In the Noise Outcomes in Servicemembers Epidemiology Study, Veterans recently separated from the military undergo comprehensive assessments to initiate long-term monitoring of their auditor...
Magnesium balance studies in chronic alcoholism

Abstract Magnesium balance studies were undertaken in 11 patients with chronic alcoholism during 6 to 10 day periods. In comparison with control patients, all alcoholic subjects studied showed markedly positive magnesium balances during the repletion period. The data clearly demonstrate total body magnesium deficiency and underline the need for magnesium repletion, either by diet, parenteral injection, or both, in patients with chronic alcoholism with tremor and hyperkinesis. The more severely ill patients, especially those who cannot eat normally, need parenteral magnesium injections.
Life's Origin

The Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago, and the first organisms originated about 3.5 billion years ago. For the first 2 billion years only microscopic organisms lived on Earth, such as bacteria and archaea. The diversity of life is staggering. More than 1 million animal species have been described and named; several million more are known to exist. More millions of species of plants, fungi, and microorganisms live on our planet. Yet the molecular components of all organisms are remarkably uniform, from bacteria, archaea, and protozoa to animals and plants. DNA and RNA are the informational molecules, each made up from the same four nucleotide components in all organisms. The proteins and enzymes that perform all vital functions consist of the same 20 amino acids in all organisms. The unity of life, as expressed in the uniformity of its components, is evidence that all living organisms on Earth share a single origin.
A Perspective on Weather Control

Consideration is given to weather control on three scales: local weather systems, cloud and storm systems, and the global circulation system. It is noted that weather control can be accomplished on local weather systems by forceful intervention, such as construction of greenhouses or local frost-prevention measures. In cloud and storm systems, physical changes can be accomplished by using existing knowledge and available cloud-seeding technology. However, the effects of these changes are imperfectly understood, and for larger storm systems the effects are only the subject of speculation. Proposals for modification of the global circulation suffer the disadvantage that the possible deleterious effects of such actions create an unacceptable risk in the absence of adequate advance information on the probable results.
The Social Self: Toward the Study of Jewish Lives in the Twenty-first Century

This article reviews the conceptual frameworks that have underscored the social scientific study of Jewish identity and experiments with a methodological and analytical approach that aims to respond to contemporary social trends. Beginning with a historical account of the concept’s emergence in the study of American Jews, we consider the ways in which scholars and their research subjects have co-constructed the concept of Jewish identity. Based on our analysis of qualitative interviews with fifty-eight post-boomer American Jews, we propose that Jewish identity be understood primarily as a relational phenomenon that is constructed through social ties, rather than as a product of individual meaning-making or assessments of social impact. We set our exploratory findings in conversation with some of the most influential and widely cited qualitative studies of Jewish identity in the past to examine the implications of that conceptual shift for scholars and scholarship on Jewish identity in the 21st century.
Effective Use of Technologies to Transform Arts Education and Teach Diverse Learners

The two topics that we focus on, arts and teaching diverse learners, may seem unrelated. But in our discussions about writing this chapter we realized that both of us enthusiastically use technology to enhance our courses and improve our pedagogy. Our desire to collaborate came from a common interest in innovation and creativity in teaching.
Comparison of self-reported to observational agitation scales

Background Increasingly, psychiatric patients are presenting to the emergency department (ED) with agitation. ED staff rarely, if ever, use scale to assess agitation or use any self-assessment tools to determine a patient's level of agitation. Objectives To evaluate the relationship between a patient's self-reported level of agitation and other validated agitation assessment tools. Methods This is a prospective study using a convenience sample of patients presenting to the ED with a psychiatric complaint. This study was conducted in an urban, inner-city trauma level 1 center with 55,000 ED visits a year. After obtaining consent, a research fellow administered observational tools, PANSS-EC and ACES and BAM and Likert scale self assessment tools on arrival to the ED. SPSS version 24 was used. The study was IRB approved. Results A total of 139 patients were enrolled. The most common ED diagnoses were depression, schizophrenia, or bipolar. Majority of patients were African-American (59%), falling in the 25–44 year old age range (56%) 52% male. Self-reported agitation was rated as moderate to high in 72.4% of these patients on the Likert scale and 76.3% on the BAM. There was a significant correlation between the self-reported score versus the BAM ( F = 11.2, P = 0.00). However, the self-reported scores were significantly different from the scores assessed by observational tools ( P Conclusions ED providers should assess a patient's self-reported level of agitation because a patient could be feeling markedly agitated without expressing outward signs detected by observational tools.
How issues of autonomy and consent differ between children and adults: Kids are not just little people

Decision making in dermatology practice with adult patients is in most cases a relatively straightforward process, involving a back-and-forth exchange of information, ideas and opinions between the physician and patient. This process is more complex in the field of pediatric dermatology. It involves the triad of the patient, parent or guardian, and physician. It utilizes a model, common to many fields in pediatrics, whereby the physician seeks to obtain informed permission from the parent with the assent of the child, all the while endeavoring to act in the best interests of the child. This model can be challenged in many ways; from parents seeking interventions, which are not in the best interests of the child, to a child refusing to assent to a procedure that is deemed necessary by the parent and physician. We review the theory, terminology, and guidelines relevant to the ethics of decision making when working with children compared with adults. We explore approaches to a variety of ethically challenging situations that may be encountered by the dermatologist, through their work with pediatric patients.
Convolutional neural networks at the interface of physical and digital data

Electron and X-ray interactions with matter can be recorded as digital images, which are signal acquisition mechanisms often used to investigate materials microstructure. Recently, the ability to quickly acquire large datasets at high resolution has created new challenges in areas that rely upon image-based information. The proposed analysis schemes employ Convolutional Neural Networks as the core algorithm in the reconnaissance of expected events from data gathered in two regimes: experimentally and by simulation. At the interface of physical and digital datasets, we propose classification schemes that exploit complex geometrical structure from scientific images through different machine learning packages, such as MatConvNet and TensorFlow. Our results show correct classification rates over 90% considering thousands of samples from four image modalities: cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray scattering and X-ray microtomography. Our main contributions are: (a) developing algorithms designed for data that stem from physical experiments; (b) building new software to constrain parameter space, particularly given new hardware; and (c) testing different CNN models for classification of scientific images.
Improving SSD lifetime with byte-addressable metadata

Existing solid state drives (SSDs) provide flash-based out-of-band (OOB) data that can only be updated on a page write. Consequently, the metadata stored in their OOB region lack flexibility due to the idiosyncrasies of flash memory, incurring unnecessary flash write operations detrimental to device lifetime. We propose PebbleSSD, an SSD with byte-addressable metadata, or BAM, as a mechanism exploiting the non-volatile, byte-addressable random access memory (NVRAM) inside the SSD. With BAM, PebbleSSD can support a range of useful features to improve its lifetime by reducing redundant flash writes. Specifically, PebbleSSD supports a write-optimized, BAM-based file block mapping to prevent excessive updates of file system index blocks. Furthermore, PebbleSSD allows log-structured file systems to perform fast and efficient log cleaning with minimal flash writes. We have implemented a prototype of PebbleSSD on a commercial SSD development platform, and experimental results demonstrate that PebbleSSD can reduce the amount of data written by log-structured file systems during log cleaning by up to 99%, and PebbleSSD's BAM-based file block mapping can reduce flash writes by up to 33% for a number of workloads.
Experimental Infections with Human Plasmodia in Owl Monkeys - Their Contributions to Development of New Broadly Active Blood Schizonticidal Drugs*

ABSTRACT Two quinolinemethanols, three phenanthrenemethanols, two pyridinemethanols, and a substituted ortho -cresol have been evaluated for activity in owl monkeys infected with various strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax. All were as active or more active than chloroquine against infections with susceptible strains and were fully effective against infections with chloroquine- and/or pyrimethamine-resistant strains.
Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Are Positively Associated with Oxidative Stress among Premenopausal Women.

Background Diets with a high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been hypothesized to increase oxidative stress, but the limited human studies are inconsistent. Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate associations between dietary GI, GL, and carbohydrate intake and oxidative stress, as measured by F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs). Methods Concentrations of F2-IsoP and its metabolite (15-F2t-IsoP-M) were measured in urine samples collected at enrollment from 866 premenopausal women (aged 35-54 y) participating in the Sister Study. Total carbohydrate intake and dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Urinary F2-IsoP and 15-F2t-IsoP-M concentrations were compared across quintiles of carbohydrate intake, GI, and GL using multivariable linear regression models. Results Urinary F2-IsoP concentrations were positively associated with dietary GI (P-trend = 0.023), and both F2-IsoP and 15-F2t-IsoP-M concentrations were positively associated with GL (F2-IsoP: P-trend < 0.001; 15-F2t-IsoP-M: P-trend < 0.001) and total carbohydrate intake (F2-IsoP: P-trend = 0.012; 15-F2t-IsoP-M: P-trend < 0.001). Stratified analyses suggested that a positive association between GI and urinary 15-F2t-IsoP-M concentrations was present among women with a body mass index [BMI (in kg/m2)] ≥30.0, but not among those with a BMI of <25.0 or 25.0-29.9 (P-interaction = 0.01). Conclusions Our cross-sectional analyses in a sample of premenopausal women support hypothesized relations between high dietary GI and GL and oxidative stress, as assessed by urinary F2-IsoP and 15-F2t-IsoP-M concentrations. Given potential associations between oxidative stress and the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, our findings may have important implications for reducing chronic disease risk.
Whole Sentence Neural Language Models

Recurrent neural networks have become increasingly popular for the task of language modeling achieving impressive gains in state-of-the-art speech recognition and natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Recurrent models exploit word dependencies over a much longer context window (as retained by the history states) than what is feasible with n-gram language models. However the training criterion of choice for recurrent language models continues to be the local conditional likelihood of generating the current word given the (pos-sibly long) word context, thus making local decisions at each word. This locally-conditional design fundamentally limits the ability of the model in exploiting whole sentence structures. In this paper, we present our initial results at whole sentence neural language models which assign a probability to the entire word sequence. We extend the previous work on whole sentence maximum entropy models to recurrent language models while using Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) for training, as these sentence models are fundamentally un-normalizable. We present results on a range of tasks: from sequence identification tasks such as, palindrome detection to large vocabulary automatic speech recognition (LVCSR) and demonstrate the modeling power of this approach.
Evolution of the Nasal Anatomy of Cetaceans

The nasal morphology of extant cetaceans has evolved significantly from the typical architecture of terrestrial mammals. The need to occlude the nasal passages from water as these animals dived provided strong selection for such changes in morphology. The position of the external nares has shifted posteriorly to a more dorsal position on the head to facilitate respiration with a minimum of head movement as the animal surfaces. The telescoping of the cranial bones as described by Miller (1923) resulted primarily by the repositioning of the nares (Raven and Gregory, 1933). In addition to these modifications of a purely respiratory nature, odontocetes have further evolved a complex series of nasal diverticula superficial to the cranium that are involved with sound production. Based on our dissections of numerous cetaceans (Mead, 1975; Heyning, 1989), we attempt to provide an overview of the salient points in the evolution of the nasal morphology and speculate about some of the selection pressures that might have created the present diversity of nasal morphologies.
Growth and Decay Processes

This chapter discusses simple growth processes using discrete time or difference equation models. It focuses on continuous growth processes described by ordinary differential equations. Models representing growth processes are non-linear, the non-linearity representing the limiting nature of growth. Therefore, growth processes are characterized by non-linear differential equations. Growth and decay processes are important in modeling complex systems. Growth of population and pollution, growth of cancer cells, growth of poverty, and unrest are the problems of interest. Whenever and wherever there is a change, it can be regarded as a growth or decay process. Any growth or decay process can be treated as discrete or continuous. The choice depends upon one's viewpoint, the time duration involved, and the resolution level used. Some of the simplest growth processes can be found in everyday experience.
Physician Practices Regarding Adult Hepatitis B Vaccination A National Survey

Background Less than 50% of adults with risk factors for hepatitis B infection have been vaccinated. Although primary care settings typically serve an important role in immunization delivery, little is known about adult hepatitis B vaccination practices in primary care, including the use of strategies such as standing orders to improve immunization rates. The objectives of this study were to assess, among family physicians and general internists, current approaches to assessing adult patients for hepatitis B risk factors, reported hepatitis B vaccination practices, and attitudes about standing orders for hepatitis B vaccination. Methods From September to November 2006, a national sample of 433 family physicians and 420 general internists were surveyed. Results were analyzed in 2007 and 2008. Results Response rates were 65% for family physicians and 79% for general internists. Thirty-one percent of physicians reported assessing most or all adult patients for hepatitis B risk factors and vaccinating patients identified as high risk. Perceived barriers to hepatitis B vaccination included patients not disclosing high-risk behaviors, lack of adequate reimbursement for vaccination, and feeling too pressed for time to assess risk factors. Most surveyed physicians were very (47%) or somewhat (38%) supportive of using standing orders for hepatitis B vaccination in their practices. However, staff time constraints and patient unwillingness to disclose sensitive information to staff were perceived as barriers to using standing orders by a majority of respondents. Conclusions In a national survey, less than one third of primary care physicians reported routinely assessing for and vaccinating adults with hepatitis B risk factors. This finding suggests that new strategies for adult hepatitis B vaccination in primary care settings are needed. Most physicians supported using standing orders for vaccination, but barriers were anticipated.
The oxalacetate decarboxylase of Azotobacter vinelandii.

In 1941 Krampitz and Werkman (1) discovered an enzyme in Micro- coccus lysodeikticus which catalyzed the decarboxylation of oxalacetate. By means of an exchange reaction they were able to demonstrate the in- corporation of isotopic carbon dioxide into the p-carboxyl group of oxal- acetic acid in the presence of this enzyme (2). Similar results were ob- tained by Evans, Vennesland, and Slotin (3) with an enzyme system from pigeon liver. Further studies on the C+Cl condensation have been re- viewed by Wood (4) and will, therefore, not be discussed here. The apparent importance of oxalacetate decarboxylase as one of the gateway enzymes for the fixation of carbon dioxide into compounds of the Krebs isocitric acid cycle made it of interest to attempt to purify this enzyme and to study some of its properties. The biotin content of the enzyme fractions at various stages of purity was determined in view of the recent implication of biotin in the metabolism of carbon dioxide (5-11). Lee, Burris, and Wilson (12) demonstrated that cell-free preparations of Azotobacter vinelandii have oxalacetate decarboxylase activity. Since this organism is easily grown on a large scale (13), cell-free extracts of this bacterium were used as the source material for this study.
7.14 Nondirected Aryl C–H Oxidations

An overview of the progress in nondirected oxidations of aromatic C–H bonds is presented. In this Chapter, two primary reaction classifications are considered: (1) metal catalyzed arene C–H oxidation and (2) C–H bond oxidation without metals. The merits of both protocols are described considering different metal catalyst/oxidizing agent combinations and nonmetallic conditions. Synthetic applications and mechanistic aspects of C–H oxidations are presented.
Linear formulation of a distributed boundary control problem

In this paper, we consider a distributed boundary control problem governed by an elliptic partial differential equation with state constraints and a minimax objective function. The continuous optimal control problem, discretized with the finite element method, is numerically approximated by a family of linear programming problems. Application to an optimal configuration problem is discussed.
Choice of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair Method in US Commercially Insured and Medicare Advantage Patients, 2003-2016.

Purpose To evaluate trends for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair and the influence of patient characteristics on repair type in a large US population including children and adults, between 2003 and 2016. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Setting : Administrative claims for beneficiaries in a large nationwide managed-care network, including Medicare Advantage, employer-sponsored, and commercial insurance. Population : Beneficiaries undergoing RRD primary repair procedures. Main Outcome Measure : RRD repair procedure type. Results We identified 31 995 beneficiaries with RRD over the study period, mean age 59.8 years. Ocular comorbidities, including pseudophakia (16.9%), vitreous hemorrhage (14.6%), myopia (2.9%), and lattice degeneration (11.0%), were more common among RRD than non-RRD patients. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was consistently the most common repair procedure, increasing over time. Scleral buckle utilization declined and utilization of other procedures remained relatively constant. After adjustment for age, demographics, and geographic region, PPV was more likely among patients with pseudophakia (OR = 1.81, P Conclusions PPV is increasingly the most common RRD repair procedure across a broadly representative US population. However, other techniques are still preferred for some patients and, in aggregate, choice of repair procedure seems influenced by patient characteristics in a manner consistent with recommendations in the literature.
High-speed GaN-based micro-scale light-emitting diodes for visible-light communication (Conference Presentation)

The increasing demand for wireless data communication and popularity of solid-state lighting has prompted research into visible-light communication (VLC) systems using GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). VLC is a promising candidate for next-generation (5G and beyond) network systems. To support multi-Gb/s data rates, VLC systems will require efficient LEDs with large modulation bandwidths. Conventional lighting-class LEDs cannot achieve high-speed operation due to their large chip size, large active region volume, and phosphor-converted output. Conversely, micro-scale LEDs (micro-LEDs) offer a viable path to high-speed operation. Furthermore, conventional c-plane LEDs suffer from polarization-related electric fields, which reduce the overlap between the electron and hole wave functions and lower the carrier recombination rate. Since modulation bandwidth is proportional to the carrier recombination rate, the overlap between the wave functions should be maximized for high-speed operation. Nonpolar and semipolar orientations have significantly reduced polarization effects and wave function overlaps approaching unity. These orientations can enable high-efficiency LEDs with simultaneously large modulation bandwidths. In this work, we introduce VLC and discuss progress on the growth, fabrication, and characterization of high-speed micro-LEDs. Polar (0001), nonpolar (10-10), and semipolar (20-2-1) InGaN/GaN micro-LEDs on free-standing GaN substrates are investigated for their small-signal modulation characteristics as a function of current density, temperature, device area, and active region design. Record modulation bandwidths above 1 GHz are achieved for the nonpolar and semipolar orientations. We also present a small-signal method for determining the RC characteristics, differential carrier lifetime, carrier escape lifetime, and injection efficiency of the LEDs under electrical injection.