cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decoding the Rhetoric of Morality in 18th Century India: The Interventionist Nature of the Jaipur State:

This article focuses on the nature of 18th century Jaipur society through the lens of gender relations. In Jaipur, the Kachchwaha state protected women against domestic abuse, sexual harassment and caste infractions. I argue that the state maintained control by articulating an interventionist role in the day-to-day lives of their subjects, without mediation of caste councils or the Brahmanical authorities. Through the rhetoric of upholding moral order in society, the Jaipur state was successful in legitimising its rule with expediency and minimal aggression. The state closely monitored the social interactions of their subjects and routinely resolved issues arising out of family disputes, domestic abuse, marital problems and inter-caste marriages. Individuals faced fines, ostracism as well as imprisonment as penalties. Men and women were punished according to their crimes, irrespective of their caste status in the Jaipur state.
Remark on the estimation of angular power spectra in the presence of foregrounds

It is common practice to estimate the errors on the angular power spectrum which could be obtained by an experiment with a given angular resolution and noise level. Several authors have also addressed the question of foreground subtraction using multi-frequency observations. In such observations the angular resolution of the different frequency channels is rarely the same. In this report we point out how the ``effective'' beam size and noise level change with $l$ in this case, and give an expression for the error on the angular power spectrum as a function of $l$.
Diversity of soil mycobacterium isolates from three sites that degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Aims: This paper investigates the diversity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading mycobacterium isolates from three different sites within United States: Montana, Texas and Indiana. Methods and Results: All five mycobacterium isolates differed in chromosomal restriction enzyme-fragmentation patterns; three isolates possessed linear plasmids. The DNA sequence between the murA and rRNA genes were divergent but the sequence upstream of nidBA genes, encoding a dioxygenase involved in pyrene oxidation, was more highly conserved. Long-chain fatty acid analysis showed most similarity between three isolates from the same Montana site. All isolates were sensitive to rifampicin and isoniazid, used in tuberculosis treatment, and to syringopeptins, produced by plant-associated pseudomonads. Biofilm growth was least for isolate MCS that grew on plate medium as roughedged colonies. The patterns of substrate utilization in Biolog plates showed clustering of the Montana isolates compared with Mycobacterium vanbaalenii and Mycobacterium gilvum. Conclusion: The five PAH-degrading mycobacterium isolates studied differ in genetic and biochemical properties. Significance and Impact of the Study: Different properties with respect to antibiotic susceptibility, substrate utilization and biofilm formation could influence the survival in soil of the microbe and their suitability for use in bioaugmentation.
Separation of Lipid-Shifting and Other Properties of Estrogens

Rats maintained on high fat diets were treated with estrogens or their congeners. The actions of the compounds were highly specific. Total serum cholesterol was lowered 54.7 per cent by 1,1-dibenzyloxyphenyl-(2-p-anisyl)ethylene. This compound depressed testicular size 19.4 per cent but did not inhibit spermatogenesis appreciably. β-Diethylaminoethylfencholate hydrochloride lowered total serum cholesterol and depressed testicular size without depressing the process of spermatogenesis when measured by the criteria used in these experiments. There was no relation between the enlargement of the adrenals and the depression in weight of the testicles or the extent of depression of spermatogenesis.
Pair-rule gene runt restricts orthodenticle expression to the presumptive head of the Drosophila embryo.

Ectopic expression of the pair - rule gene runt in the anterior end of the Drosophila embryo antagonizes transcriptional activation of the head gap gene orthodenticle ( otd ) by the anterior morphogen bicoid. Here we investigate the relevance of runt's activity as a repressor of otd in normal Drosophila embryogenesis . otd expression is activated in the posterior region of embryos that are mutant for runt . This posterior expression domain of otd depends on the activity of the orphan nuclear receptor protein Tailless . Repression of otd by runt does not require the conserved VWRPY motif that mediates interaction between Runt and the co - repressor protein Groucho . The observed functional interactions between runt and tailless on otd expression may indicate there are other contexts where members of these two families of transcriptional regulators interact to regulate gene expression during development . Dev. Genet. 23:35–44, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Slow-Neutron Capture Gamma Rays from Sodium and Cadmium

A thin-lens magnetic spectrometer has been used to observe the external conversion spectra of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}(n, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ and ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{113}(n, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$ and the internal conversion spectrum of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{113}(n, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$ in the energy range of 300 kev to 3 Mev. An arrangement using an external neutron beam and one using a source located inside the reactor are compared. It is shown that target materials placed inside the reactor allow a better discrimination against background and permit the use of a $K$ x-ray-conversion-electron coincidence scheme for photoelectric conversion which greatly simplifies the observed conversion spectrum. Four of the nine gamma rays observed from sodium are assigned to transitions on the basis of the known energy levels from ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}(d, p){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$; the other five are assigned to probable transitions on an energy and intensity basis. The internal conversion spectrum of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$ has disclosed a 0+ level at 1308\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 kev and the de-excitation of this level by means of $E2$ transitions to other states in ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$ is also observed. Three other states in ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$ are proposed in addition to the well-known 559-kev (2+) and 1286-kev (4+) states to explain the observed gamma-ray spectrum: 1212\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 kev (2+ or 1+), 1368\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 kev (2+ or 1+), and 1860+5 kev (4+ or 3+).
Power system stabilizers design using optimal reduced order models. II. Design

For pt.I see ibid., vol.3, no.4, p.1670-5, 1988. The design of power system stabilizers using an optimal reduced-order model whose state variables are torque angles and speeds is examined. Two systems, a one machine-infinite bus system and a multimachine system, are considered. A controller, which is a linear feedback of these variables only and hence accounts for the realities and constraints of electrical power systems is designed based on the reduced-order model. The results obtained with the study systems demonstrate that the proposed controller is very effective. >
Cost of movement in the multicellular stage of the social amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum and D. purpureum

One of the challenges of microbial life is that the best location for feeding and growth may not be the best location for dispersal. This is likely to be the case for the social amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum and Dictyostelium purpureum that feed on soil bacteria in the amoeba stage, but then group into a multicellular slug that moves towards light before forming a fruiting body. Here we examine this short-range social dispersal in the social amoebae, Dictyostelium discoideum and D. purpureum. We predicted D. purpureum would have higher migration costs and travel less far because it forms a dead stalk from living cells as it moves, while D. discoideum delays stalk formation until movement ceases. We found that D. purpureum migrated shorter distances than D. discoideum, in accord with our prediction. D. discoideum slugs moved an average of 2.46 ± 0.19 cm while D. purpureum slugs moved an average of 1.04 ± 0.06 cm. In both species, migration incurred a cost in reduced spore production, compared to experim...
The Promise of Locoregional Radiopharmaceutical Therapy: Will It Ever Be Realized?

An excellent retrospective review by Boucher et al. in this issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine underscores what most of us have accepted as conventional wisdom—that locoregional adjuvant therapy with radiolabeled lipiodol increases disease-free and perhaps overall survival in patients with
Isolation of a calcium-binding protein of the acrosomal membrane of bovine spermatozoa

The mammalian sperm acrosome reaction is a calcium-dependent exocytotic event characterized by extensive fusion between the plasma and the outer acrosomal membrane. The mechanisms by which elevation of cytosolic calcium initiates the membrane fusion process are not understood and the present study was undertaken to identify calcium-binding proteins in the acrosomal membrane (AM) of bovine spermatozoa. Sperm heads, purified from sonicated spermatozoa, were used to isolate an acrosomal membrane-enriched fraction on Percoll density gradients. Using SDS-PAGE and a 45Ca2+-blot overlay assay, calcium-binding proteins of 64, 45, 43, and 39 kDa were identified in the AM enriched fraction. Phase separation analysis with Triton X-114 identified the 64 kDa polypeptide as an integral membrane protein. The 64 kDa polypeptide was purified and utilized to prepare a polyclonal antiserum. Both light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the protein was distributed throughout all domains of the acrosomal membrane. These results identify a 64 kDa calcium-binding integral membrane protein of the mammalian acrosome. Its potential function in calcium-dependent membrane fusion events of the acrosome reaction and in fertilization is discussed.
Phase modulation in a liquid‐crystal TV based joint transform correlator

A phase-encoded object has been modeled as the input to a joint transform correlator. The joint transform power spectrum is modeled as a binary phase object to calculate the correlation output. The results have been experimentally verified using a liquid-crystal television operating in the phase modulation mode.
Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus viral load in patients with neurosyphilis

Syphilis is a frequent coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Whereas systemic syphilis infection increases plasma HIV RNA levels (viral load; VL), effects of syphilis on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) VL are unknown. We hypothesized that intrathecal immune activation in neurosyphilis would selectively increase CSF VL in coinfected patients. In this study, HIV-infected research subjects (N = 225) were categorized into three groups based on serum rapid plasma reagin (RPR), microhemaglutination for Treponema pallidum (MHA-TP) MHA-TP, and CSF VDRL: 23 with neurosyphilis (NS+; reactive serum RPR and MHA-TP and positive CSF VDRL); 42 with systemic syphilis but not neurosyphilis (Syph+; reactive serum RPR and MHA-TP; negative CSF VDRL), and 160 without syphilis (Syph-; nonreactive serum RPR). Plasma and CSF HIV VL were quantified by reverse transcriptase-ploymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (Amplicor, Roche) in log(10) copies/ml. To adjust for covariates previously shown to influence CSF HIV VL (i.e., plasma VL, CD4, pleocytosis, and highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]), multivariable linear regression was used. Lumbar punctures (LP) done for research purposes diagnosed 23 with neurosyphilis; most (83%) of these reported prior syphilis treatment. Among subjects with detectable plasma VL, CSF VL was highest in NS+, followed by Syph+ and Syph- (P =.006). This relationship was independent of the level of plasma VL or CSF pleocytosis. By contrast, among subjects with undetectable plasma HIV VL, CSF VLs were similar in the three syphilis subgroups (P = .50). Neurosyphilis may amplify intrathecal HIV replication, possibly through immune activation that persists even after syphilis treatment. Because elevated CSF VL is associated with subsequent neurocognitive decline, future studies should evaluate the impact of neurosyphilis on the course of central nervous system (CNS) HIV infection.
Reversible, site-specific immobilization of polyarginine-tagged fusion proteins on mica surfaces

A large variety of genes is expressed as fusion proteins for the purpose of characterization and purification in molecular biology. We have used this strategy to append polyarginine peptides in order to achieve specific binding of the Arg-tag to atomically flat, negatively charged mica surfaces. We show that the model protein, hexaarginine-tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP), binds to mica via its Arg-tag based on ion exchange of naturally occurring potassium cations. Only non-specific binding was observed with the control protein that is free of the Arg-tag. This novel technology will be widely applicable to orient functional proteins on flat surfaces.
Botulinum Toxin Confers Radioprotection in Murine Salivary Glands.

Purpose Xerostomia is a common radiation sequela, which has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer. Current treatment strategies offer only partial relief. Botulinum toxins (BTX) have been successfully used in treating a variety of radiation sequelae such as cystitis, proctitis, fibrosis, and facial pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BTX on radiation-induced salivary gland damage. Methods and Materials We used a previously established model for murine salivary gland irradiation (IR). The submandibular glands (SMGs) of C5BL/6 mice (n=6/group) were injected with saline or BTX 72 hours before receiving 15 Gy of focal irradiation. Saliva flow was measured 3, 7, and 28 days after treatment. The SMGs were collected for immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and Western blotting. A cytokine array consisting of 40 different mouse cytokines was used to evaluate cytokine profiles after radiation treatment. Results Irradiated mice showed a 50% reduction in saliva flow after 3 days, whereas mice preinjected with BTX had 25% reduction in saliva flow ( P Conclusions These data suggest that BTX pretreatment ameliorates radiation-induced saliva dysfunction. Moreover, we demonstrate a novel role for CXCL5 in the acute phase of salivary gland damage after radiation. These results carry important clinical implications for the treatment of xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer.
A randomized trial of minidose warfarin for the prevention of late malfunction in tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters.

A randomized trial of minidose warfarin for the prevention of late malfunction in tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters. Background Minidose warfarin (1 mg/day) has been associated with a 74% reduction in the thrombosis rate of central venous catheters used in oncology patients. To determine the efficacy of minidose warfarin on late malfunction caused by thrombosis or fibrin sheath formation in tunneled, cuffed catheters (TCC) used for hemodialysis (HD), we performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Methods One hundred five chronic HD patients with TCCs were initially randomized. Of these, 85 (warfarin 41 and placebo 44) completed the first two weeks of the protocol and were followed for the first year of TCC life or until TCC removal. Results Sixteen TCCs failed with late TCC malfunction, eight in each group. In a multivariate analysis, there was no significant effect of warfarin on thrombosis-free TCC survival or time to the first urokinase (UK) instillation for incipient thrombosis. The presence of a low hemoglobin (Hgb; Conclusions Thrombosis prophylaxis using fixed minidose warfarin is not efficacious in TCCs used for HD. However, the present data suggest improved TCC survival in patients with an INR> 1.00. Patients with diabetes and those with a low Hgb or INR have a higher risk of late TCC malfunction.
Role of free-ranging mammals in the deposition of Escherichia coli into a Texas floodplain

Context. The role of wildlife in faecal pollution of water bodies (deposition of Escherichia coli (E. coli)) is not well understood. Current water-quality and land-use planning research largely relies on unreliable wildlife data (e.g. poor sourcing of abundance estimates, population density estimates applied to multiple fundamentally different areas, suspect or insufficiently described data collection techniques)Aims. Our goal for the present research was to investigate deposition of E. coli into a floodplain by free-ranging mammals. Objectives of the research were to determine the density of important free-ranging meso- and large mammals in the study area, determine faecal E. coli loads for each species, and evaluate spatial data on species-specific faecal deposition.Methods. We conducted our research in south-eastern Texas, USA, on two cattle ranches bisected by Cedar Creek (44-km long). Cedar Creek has elevated E. coli concentrations. We conducted mark–recapture and mark–resight population density estimates (2008/09) for meso- and large mammals in the study areas. We collected faecal samples from all captured wildlife. We also conducted transects through the study area to determine faecal-deposition patterns.Key results. We found that raccoons (Procyon lotor), wild pigs (Sus scrofa), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) all had substantial faecal E. coli loads and population densities, thus implying an important role in E. coli deposition into the study floodplain. All species were widely distributed through the floodplain.Conclusions. Free-ranging mammals contribute E. coli to floodplains and potentially affect water quality. We determined that four species commonly found in floodplains throughout North America all contributed E. coli to the study floodplain, thus implying mammal E. coli contributions in many locations and this is potentially important for E. coli management.Implications. Improved locally specific mammal population estimates and estimates of locally derived E. coli concentration will improve floodplain and water-quality models that often depend on data of various quality. Additionally, our analyses demonstrated the need for continued research into the role of wildlife in E. coli deposition.
HIV-1 integrase pharmacophore: discovery of inhibitors through three-dimensional database searching.

Starting from a known inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a putative three-point pharmacophore for binding of inhibitors to IN was derived. This pharmacophore was used to search the National Cancer Institute three-dimensional (3D) structural database. Out of the open, nonproprietary part of this database, comprising approximately 200 000 compounds, 267 structures were found to match the pharmacophore in at least one conformation, and 60 of those were tested in an in vitro assay against HIV-1 IN. Out of these, 19 were found to inhibit both the 3‘-processing and strand transfer of IN at micromolar concentrations. In order to test the validity of this pharmacophore, a small 3D database of 152 published IN inhibitors was built. A search in this database yielded a statistically significant correlation of the presence of this pharmacophore and the potency of the compounds. An automated pharmacophore identification procedure performed on t...
Genomic Structure of Murine Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase-γ

We have sequenced a genomic clone of the gene encoding the mouse mitochondrial DNA polymerase. The gene consists of 23 exons, which span approximately 13.2 kb, with exons ranging in size from 53 to 768 bp. All intron-exon boundaries conform to the GT-AG rule. By comparison with the human genomic sequence, we found remarkable conservation of the gene structure; the intron-exon borders are in almost identical locations for the 22 introns. The 5' upstream region contains approximately 300 bp of homology between the mouse and human sequences that presumably contain the promoter element. This region lacks any obvious TATA domain and is relatively GC rich, consistent with the housekeeping function of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Finally, within the 5' flanking region, both mouse and human genes have a region of 73 bp with high homology to the tRNA-Arg gene.
The impact of imagery-evoking category labels on perceived variety

Does sensory imagery influence consumers’ perception of variety for a set of products? We tested this possibility across two studies in which participants received one of three alternate coffee menus where all the coffees were the same but the category labels were varied on how imagery-evocative they were. The less evocative labels (i) were more generic in nature (e.g., ‘Sweet’ or ‘Category A’), whereas the more evocative ones related either (ii) to the sensory experience of coffee (e.g., ‘Sweet Chocolate Flavor’ or ‘Smokey-Sweet Charred Dark Roast’) or (iii) to imagery related to where the coffee was grown (e.g., ‘Rich Volcanic Soil’ or ‘Dark Rich Volcanic Soil’). The labels relating to where the coffee was grown was included as a second control to show that merely increasing imagery does not increase perceived variety; it is increasing the sensory imagery relating to the items that does so. As expected, only category labels that evoked sensory imagery increased consumers’ perception of variety, whereas imagining where the coffee was grown did not enhance perception of variety. This finding extends recent research that shows that the type of sensory information included in an ad alters the perceptions of a product (Elder and Krishna, 2010) by illustrating that the inclusion of sensory information can also alter the perceived variety of a set of products. Thus, the inclusion of sensory information can be used flexibly to alter perceptions of both a single product and a set of choice alternatives.
Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla with entomopathogenic nematodes on greenhouse peanuts and tomatoes

Abstract We measured the effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) infecting tomato and peanut. In growth chamber experiments, peanut seedlings were inoculated with 300 Meloidogyne hapla eggs and 25 infective juveniles (IJs)/cm2 of Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema riobrave, or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. With the exception of seedling roots treated with H. bacteriophora, M. hapla inside roots and egg recovery from seedlings treated with entomopathogenic nematodes were significantly less than those in the controls. Peanut plants in the greenhouse were infested with 5000 M. hapla eggs and treated 2 weeks before, 1 week before, at the same time, 1 week after, or 2 weeks after with 25 or 125 IJs/cm2 of S. feltiae, S. riobrave, or H. bacteriophora. Pre- and post-infestation applications of S. feltiae suppressed M. hapla penetration but not egg production. Only pre-infestation applications of S. riobrave suppressed M. hapla. Only the high application rate of H. bacteriophora applied at the time of M. hapla infestation was suppressive. Tomato plants in the greenhouse were infested with 5000 Meloidogyne incognita eggs and treated with 25 or 125 IJs/cm2 of Steinernema glaseri or Heterorhabditis megidis applied at the same times as the tomato treatments. The low rate of S. glaseri suppressed M. incognita penetration into tomato roots and the high rate of S. glaseri reduced egg production.
β4-subunit increases Slo responsiveness to physiological Ca2+ concentrations and together with β1 reduces surface expression of Slo in hair cells.

Changing kinetics of large-conductance potassium (BK) channels in hair cells of nonmammalian vertebrates, including the chick, plays a critical role in electrical tuning, a mechanism used by these ...
The structure of water in the double layer

Abstract The origin of the concepts of water contributing a structure to the double layer is traced from the first equation involving a surface potential to Klein and Lange, through the first model suggestions of Bockris and Potter in 1952 to the more recent aspects of the situation as indicated by the optical spectroscopy of Bewich. The models of water in the double layer are concerned with solventsolvent and solventsolute interactions, and are of relevance in interpreting major aspects of double layer phenomena. The introduction of water into the double layer structure and basic equations which connect such structure with other properties of the double layer (Bockris, Devanathan and Mueller, 1963) contributed a fourth stage (after the classical ones of Helmholtz, Gouy and Stern) to ideas of double layer structure. A presentation of current models ad suggestions for future developments is given.
Disordered and ordered states in a frustrated Heisenberg Hamiltonian with spatial anisotropy

We use a recently proposed perturbative numerical renormalization group algorithm to investigate ground-state properties of a frustrated three-dimensional Heisenberg model on an anisotropic lattice. We analyze the ground-state energy, the finite size spin gap and the static magnetic structure factor. We find in two dimensions a frustration-induced gapless spin liquid state which separates two magnetically ordered phases. In the spin liquid state, the magnetic structure factor shows evidence that this state is made of nearly disconnected chains reminiscent of a sliding Luttinger liquid. This spin liquid state is unstable against unfrustrated interplane couplings.
Vowel space characteristics of speech directed to children with and without hearing loss.

Purpose This study examined vowel characteristics in adult-directed (AD) and infant-directed (ID) speech to children with hearing impairment who received cochlear implants or hearing aids compared with speech to children with normal hearing. Method Mothers' AD and ID speech to children with cochlear implants (Study 1, n = 20) or hearing aids (Study 2, n = 11) was compared with mothers' speech to controls matched on age and hearing experience. The first and second formants of vowels /i/, /ɑ/, and /u/ were measured, and vowel space area and dispersion were calculated. Results In both studies, vowel space was modified in ID compared with AD speech to children with and without hearing loss. Study 1 showed larger vowel space area and dispersion in ID compared with AD speech regardless of infant hearing status. The pattern of effects of ID and AD speech on vowel space characteristics in Study 2 was similar to that in Study 1, but depended partly on children's hearing status. Conclusion Given previously demonstr...
Atmospheric pressure covalent adduct chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for double bond localization in monoene- and diene-containing triacylglycerols.

We report a method to elucidate the structure of triacyl-glycerols (TAGs) containing monoene or diene fatty acyl groups by atmospheric pressure covalent adduct chemical ionization (APCACI) tandem mass spectrometry using acetonitrile as an adduct formation reagent. TAGs were synthesized with the structures ABB and BAB, where A is palmitate (C16:0) and B is an isomeric C18 monoene unsaturated at position 9, 11, or 13 or an isomeric diene unsaturated at positions 9 and 11, 10 and 12, or 9 and 12. In addition to the species at m/z 54 observed in previous CI studies of fatty acid methyl esters, we also found that ions at m/z 42, 81, and 95 undergo covalent reaction with TAGs containing double bonds to yield ions at m/z 40, 54, 81, and 95 units greater than that of the parent TAG: [M + 40]+, [M + 54]+, [M + 81]+, and [M + 95]+ ions. When collisionally dissociated, these ions fragment to produce two or three diagnostic ions that locate the double bonds in the TAG. In addition, ions [RCHCO + 40]+ and [RCHCO + 54...
Automated vibrational design and natural frequency tuning of multi-material structures

Natural frequency tuning is a vital engineering problem. Every structure has natural frequencies, where vibrational loading at nearby frequencies excite the structure. This causes the structure to resonate, oscillating until energy is dissipated through friction or structural failure. Examples of fragility and distress from vibrational loading include civil structures during earthquakes or aircraft rotor blades. Tuning the structure's natural frequencies away from these vibrations increases the structure's robustness. Conversely, tuning towards the frequencies caused by vibrations can channel power into energy harvesting systems. Despite its importance, natural frequency tuning is often performed ad-hoc, by attaching external vibrational absorbers to a structure. This is usually adequate only for the lowest ("fundamental") resonant frequencies, yet remains standard practice due to the unintuitive and difficult nature of the problem. Given Evolutionary Algorithms' (EA's) ability to solve these types of problems, we propose to approach this problem with the EA CPPN-NEAT to evolve multi-material structures which resonate at multiple desired natural frequencies without external damping. The EA assigns the material type of each voxel within the discretized space of the object's existing topology, preserving the object's shape and using only its material composition to shape its frequency response.
Introduction to the Symposium on Cosmology

This section of the AAAS Proceedings contains the papers delivered at a session on Current Problems in Cosmology, with the exception of Prof. E. R. Harrison’s paper, ‘The Grin Cosmologies’ (Q. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 11(1970) 214–217).
Equivalent surface sources using the second order vector potential formulation

Often the true strength of a field formulation is found in the efficiency and accuracy of its post processing capability. Any method of replacing derivatives with integrals is desirable numerically. The method outlined here is especially advantageous with eddy current problem, because it allows the interfaces of all conducting regions to be replaced with equivalent magnetic surface charge and surface current. These equivalent sources are an immediate result of the field computation, and require virtually no additional computation. In terms of theme equivalent sources, external fields are found quite accurately from surface integrations. With boundary element method (BEN) techniques, this ability is especially valuable in terms of its accuracy and speed in finding global quantities such as force. The equivalent sources are directly related to the second order vector potential which has separability advantages in a number of coordinate systems.
Promoting Academic and Social‐Emotional School Readiness: The Head Start REDI Program

Forty-four Head Start classrooms were randomly assigned to enriched intervention (Head Start REDI—Research-based, Developmentally Informed) or “usual practice” conditions. The intervention involved brief lessons, “hands-on” extension activities, and specific teaching strategies linked empirically with the promotion of: (a) social-emotional competencies and (b) language development and emergent literacy skills. Take-home materials were provided to parents to enhance skill development at home. Multimethod assessments of three hundred and fifty-six 4-year-old children tracked their progress over the course of the 1-year program. Results revealed significant differences favoring children in the enriched intervention classrooms on measures of vocabulary, emergent literacy, emotional understanding, social problem solving, social behavior, and learning engagement. Implications are discussed for developmental models of school readiness and for early educational programs and policies.
Two Human Orthologues of Eco1/Ctf7 Acetyltransferases Are Both Required for Proper Sister-Chromatid Cohesion

Genetic studies in yeast and Drosophila have uncovered a conserved acetyltransferase involved in sister-chromatid cohesion. Here, we described the two human orthologues, previously named EFO1/ESCO1 and EFO2/ESCO2. Similar to their yeast (Eco1/Ctf7 and Eso1) and fly (deco) counterparts, both proteins feature a conserved C-terminal domain consisting of a H2C2 zinc finger motif and an acetyltransferase domain that is able to catalyze autoacetylation reaction in vitro. However, no similarity can be detected outside of the conserved domain. RNA interference depletion experiment revealed that EFO1/ESCO1 and EFO2/ESCO2 were not redundant and that both were required for proper sister-chromatid cohesion. The difference between EFO1 and EFO2 also is reflected in their cell cycle regulation. In mitosis, EFO1 is phosphorylated, whereas EFO2 is degraded. Furthermore, both proteins associate with chromosomes, and the chromosome binding depends on the diverse N-terminal domains. We propose that EFO1 and EFO2 are targeted to different chromosome structures to help establish or maintain sister-chromatid cohesion.
Scientific application-based performance comparison of SGI Altix 4700, IBM POWER5+, and SGI ICE 8200 supercomputers

The suitability of next-generation high-performance computing systems for petascale simulations will depend on various performance factors attributable to processor, memory, local and global network, and input/output characteristics. In this paper, we evaluate performance of new dual-core SGI Altix 4700, quad-core SGI Altix ICE 8200, and dual-core IBM POWER5+ systems. To measure performance, we used micro-benchmarks from High Performance Computing Challenge (HPCC), NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB), and four real-world applications---three from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and one from climate modeling. We used the micro-benchmarks to develop a controlled understanding of individual system components, then analyzed and interpreted performance of the NPBs and applications. We also explored the hybrid programming model (MPI+OpenMP) using multi-zone NPBs and the CFD application OVERFLOW-2. Achievable application performance is compared across the systems. For the ICE platform, we also investigated the effect of memory bandwidth on performance by testing 1, 2, 4, and 8 cores per node.
Breast Diseases in Males

Breast tissue in males is susceptible to many of the same disorders as breast tissue in females. The differential diagnosis of a breast lump in males is broad and includes gynecomastia, primary breast cancer, metastasis, primary lymphoma, sarcomas, and fibroadenomas, among others. The mainstays of diagnosis are physical examination, imaging, and needle biopsy. The utility of mammography is variable and ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice for a dominant mass. The most common benign breast disease in males is gynecomastia. Breast cancer in males (BCM) is one of the oldest diseases in recorded history. BCM accounts for approximately 1 % of all breast cancer cases and, matched for stage, carries the same prognosis as breast cancer in females (BCF). Associated risk factors for BCM include increased age, conditions of hyperestrogeny, and genetic mutations. As the normal male breast contains only ductal tissue, up to 90 % of BCM is ductal type. The majority of BCM is hormone (both estrogen and/or progesterone) receptor positive, while less likely to express HER2 neu (1.7–55 %). Surgical treatment is the mainstay for resectable BCM. While traditionally radical mastectomy was performed, lumpectomy or total mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy is now more commonly performed, especially given that over half of BCM cases are node negative. Indications for radiotherapy and chemotherapy are similar to those for BCF. Also similar to BCF, the most significant prognostic factors for BCM are the AJCC stage and its elements, tumor size, and lymph node status. Patients with BCM are a relative minority faced with a disease for which information and support is usually aimed at women. Accordingly, many men with breast cancer have expressed difficulty facing their diagnosis. As such it is important to emphasize education and support for this often underserved patient population.
Impulse oscillometric features of lung function: Towards computer-aided classification of respiratory diseases in children

Asthma is the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease in children. Reliable and patient-friendly instruments and methods are required to help pulmonologists accurately detect asthma with acceptable clinical accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. Impulse Oscillometry System (IOS) based on the Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT) has been successfully used to measure lung function in children with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to small airway dysfunction (SAD). IOS measures the mechanical impedance of the respiratory system. Equivalent electrical circuit models of lung function have been developed that can be used to quantify severity of SAD. It has been shown that impulse oscillometric parameters as well as parameter estimates of these electrical models provide useful indicators of lung function and therefore have the potential to be used as sensitive features for computer-aided classification of pulmonary function in health and disease.
Launching an academic research career.

> Directing an independent research program in academia or industry is, and will continue to be, a highly sought-after occupation. However, like science itself, the careers in science are dynamic and sometimes elusive… take the initiative to prepare yourself for the transition to a permanent
Early commitment of precursor cells from the rat superior cervical ganglion to neuronal or nonneuronal fates

Abstract To determine whether postmigratory neural crest cells retain the capacity to give rise to multiple cell types, the clonal progeny of embryonic rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) cells were examined in culture. Double labeling with BrdU and neurofilament antibodies demonstrated that neuron precursors from the E14.5 SCG continued to proliferate for several days in culture. Using the BAG retrovirus to examine the progeny of single cells, we obtained several kinds of distinct clones from SCG cultures after 3 days. At E14.5, during peak neuro-genesis in vivo, neuron-containing clones composed of one to seven cells were common. At El 7.5, after neurons have been born in vivo, most clones in vitro contained flat cells, primarily reflecting glial cell division. Even in cultures from E13.5 ganglia, mixed clones containing neurons and flat cells were rarely observed. These observations suggest that neuronal and nonneuronal cell precursors are specified during or before early gangliogenesis.
A mathematical model for stress-driven diffusion in polymers

A model for case II diffusion into polymers is presented. The addition of stress terms to the Fickian flux is used to produce the characteristics progressive front. The stress in turn obeys a concentration-dependent evolution equation. The model equations are analyzed in the limit of small diffusivity for the problem of penetration into a semiinfinite medium. Provided that the coefficient functions obey two monotonicity conditions, the solvent concentration profile is shown to have a steep front that progresses into the medium. The formulas governing the progression of the front are developed. After the front decays away, the long time behavior of the solution is shown to be a similarity solution as in Fickian diffusion. Two techniques for approximating the solvent concentration and the front position are presented. The first approximation method is a series expansion; formulas are given for the initial speed and deceleration of the front. The second approximation method uses a portion of the long time similarity solution to represent the short time solution behind the front.
The ethics of student‐faculty friendships

Although the primary setting for the student-teacher relationship is the classroom, an important ethical task is to handle the relationship well outside of the classroom. May Sarton's novel The Small Room depicts both success and failure in this task.
Changing results and concepts in the surgical treatment of double-outlet right ventricle: analysis of 137 operations in 126 patients.

Abstract One hundred thirty-seven operations (98 repairs and 39 preliminary or palliative operations) were performed for double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) with concordant atrioventricular connection from January 1967 through July 1982, with 36 hospital deaths (26%). Sixteen (12% of the total of 137 operations) of the nonrepair operations were palliative for uncorrectable malformations. “Classic” DORV was palliated rather than repaired only when there was severe left ventricular or mitral hypoplasia or both (n = 4). Incremental risk factors for hospital death after repair of this subset for the entire period (n = 42) included young age at operation, type of repair and the era. In the current era (1978 through July 1982), 1 death (5%; 70% confidence limits 0.7 to 17%) occurred among 19 patients; the incremental risk for young age was evident only in patients Thus, results of repair in the current era are good in all subsets, even in infants, except for the Taussig-Bing heart. For this condition, a repair that does not include a venous switch is recommended.
Geology of the Mid-Miocene Rooster Comb Caldera and Lake Owyhee Volcanic Field, eastern Oregon: Silicic volcanism associated with Grande Ronde flood basalt

Abstract The Lake Owyhee Volcanic Field (LOVF) of eastern Oregon consists of rhyolitic caldera centers and lava fields contemporaneous with and spatially related to Mid-Miocene Columbia River flood basalt volcanism. Previous studies delineated two calderas in the southeastern part of LOVF near Owyhee Reservoir, the result of eruptions of two ignimbrites, the Tuff of Leslie Gulch and the Tuff of Spring Creek. Our new interpretation is that these two map units are differentially altered parts of a single ignimbrite produced in a major phreatomagmatic eruption at ~ 15.8 Ma. Areas previously mapped as Tuff of Spring Creek are locations where the ignimbrite contains abundant clinoptilolite ± mordenite, which made it susceptible to erosion. The resistant intracaldera Tuff of Leslie Gulch has an alteration assemblage of albite ± quartz, indicative of low-temperature hydrothermal alteration. Our new mapping of caldera lake sediments and pre- and post-caldera rhyolitic lavas and intrusions that are chemically similar to intracaldera Tuff of Leslie Gulch point to a single ~ 20 × 25 km caldera, which we name the Rooster Comb Caldera. Erosion of the resurgently uplifted southern half of the caldera created dramatic exposures of intracaldera Tuff of Leslie Gulch cut by post-caldera rhyolite dikes and intrusions that are the deeper-level equivalents of lava domes and flows that erupted into the caldera lake preserved in exposures to the northeast. The Rooster Comb Caldera has features in common with more southerly Mid-Miocene calderas of the McDermitt Volcanic Field and High Rock Caldera Complex, including formation in a basinal setting shortly after flood basalt eruptions ceased in the region, and forming on eruption of peralkaline ignimbrite. The volcanism at Rooster Comb Caldera postdates the main activity at McDermitt and High Rock, but, like it, begins ~ 300 ky after flood basalt volcanism begins in the area, and while flood basalts don't erupt through the silicic focus, are contemporaneous with the latest stages of eruptions nearby. High Rock and McDermitt rhyolites are associated with propagation of Steens Basalt dikes to the south, and LOVF rhyolites with later propagation of Grande Ronde Basalt dikes to the north and north-northwest.
Allergy and hypersensitivity

Jean-Pierre’s laboratory is mainly interested in two fundamental and related questions: the molecular mechanisms controlling positive and negative intracellular signals mediated through Fc receptors and other antigen receptors; and the biology of Fc receptors and Fc receptormediated inflammatory responses. The laboratory is analyzing these questions by combining a variety of approaches including molecular biology and genetics, biochemistry and cell biology. Research into allergy and hypersensitivity has known very significant progress during recent years, which is characterized by the diversity of original findings, including mechanisms of immunoregulation, genetic control of diseases and molecular identification of antigens. Taking into account this diversity, we have deliberately given this section of Current Opinion in Immunology a multifaceted picture of the present state-of-art in this important area of medical research.
Stem anatomy in the spiny american palm Bactris (Arecaceae-Bactridinae)

Bactris trunks are made entirely by long sustained primary growth so that mechanical properties develop progressively as the trunk matures. Anatomical features vary throughout the stem so that one small sample is a limited representation. This limits the use for stem histology with systematic purposes. We examined stem anatomy in 17 out of 73 species representing all major sub-generic groups. Stem features do not associate well with the subdivision of the genus. Distinctive structural and developmental features: are the presence of fiber strands independent of the vascular tissues, the modified ground parenchyma with a late formation of air-lacunae, and the early inception of the mechanically significant outer central cylinder. Cell expansion and fiber wall thickening develop as the stem ages, but vary in their expression in stems of different diameter. Our example thus provides an explanation for the difficulty of identifying the systematic position of fossil palm stems.
Guidelines for conducting an appropriate curriculum vitae

When searching for a job, the composition of a properly formulated Curriculum Vitae (CV) is particularly important. The CV is the key element of evaluation from the side of businesses. It describes concisely and accurately all the individual knowledge, experiences and skills which were acquired both in education and in his professional career. The goal of the CV is to stimulate the interest and attention of future employers and to convince them for the suitability of the candidate in a specific position. A properly formulated CV is often cited as the most appropriate way of advertising oneself. Although there isn’t a strict reporting methodology in drafting a CV, the literature describes points which should be followed, and others which should be avoided, so that it clearly demonstrates the ability of the candidate for a job through the description of qualifications. Also specific sections of the CV are described which should always focus on what is requested by an enterprise. The ultimate goal is the information relating to the person described in such a way as to demonstrate that it excels against fellow candidate for the position.
Análisis a la eficiencia de las fuentes de energía renovable

A pesar de tener el apoyo del publico y numerosas ventajas sobre otras fuentes de energia, a las tecnologias renovables se les ha caracterizado repetidamente de no poder satisfacer nuestras necesidades energeticas, y se han presentado solo como una opcion entre los combustibles fosiles convencionales y la energia nuclear. En este trabajo se muestra que esto es una falsa opcion, ya que la energia renovable puede generar de forma segura la misma energia que los combustibles convencionales, y puede hacerlo sin producir las emisiones de carbono o los residuos radiactivos que contaminan el medio ambiente.