cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Storage-Retrieval Interleaving in Automatic Warehousing Systems

This paper extends work previously reported on storage assignment rules for automatic warehousing systems to include interleaving; that is, the sequencing of storage and retrieve requests. Using both continuous analytical models and discrete evaluation procedures, this paper compares the operating performance of several storage assignment/interleaving policies. The results indicate that significant reductions in crane travel time and distance are obtainable in some real-world and/or previously modeled situations via the proposed storage assignment/interleaving policies. These reductions may be directly translated into increased throughput capacity for existing systems. The storage assignment/interleaving policies may also be used to improve the design of proposed systems to achieve a more desirable balance between throughput and storage capacity. Although the system examined is a high-rise automatic warehouse, the results presented have implications for the warehousing function in general.
Mass transfer to falling films: Part I. Application of the surface‐stretch model to uniform wave motion

A method is developed for predicting rates of gas absorption into laminar rippling films in terms of the surface velocities. The description is an extension of the surface-stretch model of mass transfer (1) and is therefore useful for cases of high Peclet number. The description can be used with any of the presently known hydrodynamic models of rippling films and with any future models which may be developed, provided they satisfy two relatively nonrestrictive conditions: (1) the ripples are of a two dimensional nature, being of constant thickness in the direction normal to their direction of propagation, and having no velocity components in this transverse direction; and (2) the ripples propagate at constant celerity and with constant shape. It can be used for both traveling and standing waves and can be extended to describe the effects of high net-mass transfer rates and combined diffusion and chemical reaction.
Through race-colored glasses: Preschoolers’ pretend play and teachers’ ratings of preschooler adjustment

Abstract This study investigated relations between preschoolers’ pretend play, examiner-rated adjustment, and teachers’ reports of educational and social adjustment in a large and racially diverse sample. Preschoolers ( N = 171; M age = 49.25 months, SD = 2.76; 89.5% non-White; 50.9% female) completed a standardized assessment of pretend play during a laboratory visit and teachers rated their academic and relational adjustment 3 months later. Interactive effects by child race were evaluated in light of prior suggestions that relations between children's creative expression and teacher-rated adjustment may vary by child race. There were no significant race differences in observers’ ratings of preschoolers’ pretend play, examiners’ ratings of child adjustment, or teachers’ ratings of child adjustment. Imaginative and expressive play features were positively related to examiners’ ratings of child ego-resilience for all children in the laboratory setting. However, child race moderated relations between these same play features and teachers’ ratings of preschooler adjustment in the classroom, even after child age, child IQ, family socioeconomic status, teacher–child racial congruence, teacher familiarity with the child, and child gender were held constant. Among Black preschoolers, imaginative and expressive pretend play features were associated with teachers’ ratings of less school preparedness, less peer acceptance, and more teacher–child conflict, whereas comparable levels of imagination and affect in pretend play were related to positive ratings on these same measures for non-Black children. These results suggest that teachers may ascribe differential meaning to child behaviors as a function of child race. Implications for child development, teacher training, and early education are discussed.
Response Characteristics of Resistance-Reactance Ladder Networks

The generalized expressions for the transfer functions for resistance-reactance ladder networks are given and discussed in detail. The output voltage as a function of time is derived when the input voltage is either a unit impulse function or a unit step function. Two methods are discussed for determining the output voltage when the input is any particular function of time.
Plastic Deformation in B.C.C. Alloys Induced by Hydrogen Concentration Gradients

Abstract Electrolytic charging of hydrogen into one side of polycrystalline b.c.c. Ti-30 Mo plates (where the composition is given in approximate weight per cent) is found to generate dislocations at which the hydrogen atoms are trapped during their diffusion across the metal thickness. The defect generation is a result of stresses arising from the hydrogen concentration gradient at the entry surface. The generation of dislocations occurs on initiating the charging and persists thereafter with emission of dislocations towards the far side of the plate. As a consequence, slip lines and subgrains are formed at the entry and far sides. Also a non-homogeneous dislocation distribution and a piling-up at the grain boundaries occur. The slip line density is found to increase with the charging.current density and time of charging. Prolonged charging causes spontaneous fracture and plastic bending in the absence of external forces. Similar phenomena have been detected also in tantalum and niobium.
Penetration of Deposited Ag and Cu Overlayers Through Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold

Abstract The purpose of our research is to study the reactions, interactions, or penetration between vacuum deposited metals (M) and the organic functional end groups (OFGs) of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au films under controlled conditions. Metal/SAM/Au systems are models for understanding bonding at M/organic interfaces and the concomitant adhesion between the different materials. In broad terms, the M/OFGs form interacting interfaces (e.g., Cr/COOH or Cu/COOH) in which the deposit resides on top of the OFGs or weakly interacting interfaces through which the overlayer penetrates and resides at the SAM/gold interface. We present a review of XPS results from weakly interacting systems (Cu/CH2OH, CU/CN, Ag/CH3, Ag/COOH) and discuss in more depth the time-temperature dependence of the disappearance of the metal from the M/SAM interface following deposition using ISS on the Ag/CH3 and Ag/COOH systems. XPS and ISS were used to characterize five alkanethiols terminated with CH3, COOH(C—11 and C—16 cha...
Chemical modification of wheat gluten proteins and related model systems

Selected chemical modifications of wheat gluten protein were conducted to provide basic information on its chemistry and behavior and to improve it for various applications. Wheat gluten protein was subjected to acid-catalyzed methanolysis of the numerous side-chain amides of the glutamine residues. The formation of γ-glutamyl methyl ester groups decreased the solubility of the protein in polar solvents and enhanced it in less polar solutions. Reduction and reoxidation of the disulfide bonds of cystine in gluten caused marked changes in the conformation and intermolecular crosslinking of the proteins. The rate and products of reoxidation were determined by concentration of the protein, nature of the solvent, and amino acid composition of the proteins. The rate of alkylation of polar functional groups of proteins by α,β-unsaturated compounds such as acrylonitrile was shown to be determined by the pH, polarity, steric environment, and relative nucleophilicity of the specific group. According to these observations it may be possible to establish conditions in which sulfhydryl groups on proteins could be preferentially alkylated or extensive alkylation of other groups could occur. The polymerization grafting of methyl acrylate to gluten was accomplished by anionic mechanisms in a homogeneous system containing aprotic solvents. Grafting was found to occur on most functional groups.
Gamma radiation doses for preventing pupariation and adult emergence of Rhagoletis mendax (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, eggs and larvae infesting highbush ’Bluecrop’ and ’Elizabeth’ blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae), were treated with 4–1200 Gy of gamma radiation. The treatment reduced the number of immature stages that pupated and the number of adults that emerged from puparia. The lethal dose for 99.9968% mortality (LD 99.9968%) [lower and upper fiducial limits (FL)] estimated by linear regression analysis to stop pupariation was 1486 (1400–1585) Gy, at the 95% confidence level. The LD 99.99968% (lower and upper FL) estimated to stop flies emerging from puparia irradiated as immature stages was 88 (83–93) Gy, at the 95% confidence level as estimated by regression analysis. An estimated 100 762 larvae were killed, with no survivors, by irradiating 853 918 ’Bluecrop’ blueberries in bulk quantities with 71–776 Gy with a commercial irradiator. No flies or parasites emerged from puparia irradiated as larvae with ≥ 71 and > 80 Gy using commercial and research irradiators, respectively. Infestation rate of blueberry maggot larvae in nonirradiated ’Bluecrop’ and ’Elizabeth’ blueberries averaged 11.1 ± 1.2% and 14.3 ± 2.4%, respectively; the range of infestation rate was from 6.3% to 14.8% and 9.8% to 18%, respectively. Parasitism of blueberry maggot larvae by the larval–puparial parasite, Diachasmimorpha ( Opius ) mellea (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), averaged 10.1 ± 2.4% (range 3–13.3%).
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle assembly in vivo: Demonstration of a 6S RNA-free core precursor and posttranslational modification

The in vivo synthesis and assembly of human small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) have been studied using pulse/chase analysis. Antibodies derived from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) recognize distinguishable subsets of pulse-labeled snRNP peptides. These antibodies were used to immunoprecipitate sucrose gradient fractionated pulse-labeled and pulse/chased snRNP proteins. The results indicate that assembly of the U RNA-containing snRNPs is a multistep process involving prior assembly of an RNA-free 6S core particle. This precursor contains snRNP peptides D, E, F, and G, which are common to all the different U RNA-containing particles. Furthermore, a posttranslational modification of one of the U1 snRNP-specific peptides has been observed, and the kinetics of this process indicates that the modification occurs after particle assembly. Functional and structural implications of a protein core for snRNP particles are discussed.
Nap1 and Chz1 have Separate Htz1 Nuclear Import and Assembly Functions

We analyzed the nuclear import and regulation of the yeast histone variant Htz1 (H2A.Z), and the role of histone chaperones Nap1 and Chz1 in this process. Copurification suggested that Htz1 and H2B dimerized in the cytoplasm prior to import. Like H2B, Htz1 contained a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in its N-terminus that is recognized by multiple karyopherins (also called importins), indicating multiple transport pathways into the nucleus. However, Kap114 and Kap123 appeared to play the major role in Htz1 import. We also identified a role for Nap1 in the import of Htz1/H2B heterodimers, and Nap1 formed a RanGTP-insensitive import complex with Htz1/H2B and Kap114. Nap1 was necessary for maintaining a soluble pool of Htz1, indicating that its chaperone function may be important for the dynamic exchange of histones within nucleosomes. In contrast, Chz1 was imported by a distinct import pathway, and Chz1 did not appear to interact with Htz1 in the cytoplasm. Genetic analysis indicated that NAP1 has a function in the absence of HTZ1 that is not shared with CHZ1. This provides further evidence that the histone chaperones Nap1 and Chz1 have separate Htz1-dependent and -independent functions.
Cross-species comparison of genome-wide expression patterns

The rapid accumulation of microarray data from multiple species provides unprecedented opportunities to study the evolution of biological systems. Recent studies have used cross-species comparisons of expression profiles to annotate gene functions, to draw evolutionary inferences concerning specific biological processes and to study the global properties of expression networks.
Automatic target tracking for unmanned aerial vehicle video annotation

This paper describes a system for tracking objects in a video stream obtained from a moving airborne platform. The system is applied to annotate video objects automatically. The object to annotate is indicated by a mouse click. The proposed tracking algorithm is based on the general framework of spatiotemporal segmentation followed by temporal tracking. However, it differs from existing techniques in the following features. The same algorithm is used in tracking both moving and stationary objects by making the stationary objects "move." It is general enough to handle objects of various types and sizes, including point objects. The system has a fast implementation because all image operations are applied to small image regions only. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on a few real video sequences.
A Sediment Transport Model for Incision of Gullies on Steep Topography

[1] We have conducted surveys of gullies that developed in a small, steep watershed in the Idaho Batholith after a severe wildfire followed by intense precipitation. We measured gully length and cross sections to estimate the volumes of sediment loss due to gully formation. These volume estimates are assumed to provide an estimate of sediment transport capacity at each survey cross section from the single gully-forming thunderstorm. Sediment transport models commonly relate transport capacity to overland flow shear stress, which is related to runoff rate, slope, and drainage area. We have estimated the runoff rate and duration associated with the gully-forming event and used the sediment volume measurements to calibrate a general physically based sediment transport equation in this steep, high shear stress environment. We find that a shear stress exponent of 3, corresponding to drainage area and slope exponents of M = 2.1 and N = 2.25, match our data. This shear stress exponent of 3 is approximately 2 times higher than those for bed load transport in alluvial rivers but is in the range of shear stress exponents derived from flume experiments on steep slopes and with total load equations. The concavity index of the gully profiles obtained theoretically from the area and slope exponents of the sediment transport equation, θc = (M − 1)/N, agrees well with the observed profile concavity of the gullies. Our results, although preliminary because of the uncertainty associated with the sediment volume estimates, suggest that for steep hillslopes such as those in our study area, a greater nonlinearity in the sediment transport function exists than that assumed in some existing hillslope erosion models which calculate sediment transport capacity using the bed load equations developed for rivers.
Molecular cloning and analysis of the regulation of cys-14+, a structural gene of the sulfur regulatory circuit of Neurospora crassa.

The cys-14/sup +/ gene encodes sulfate permease II, which is primarily expressed in mycelia. cys-14/sup +/ is one of a set of sulfur-related structural genes under the control of cys-3/sup +/ and scon/sup +/, the regulatory genes of the sulfur control circuit. The authors cloned cys-14/sup +/ from a cosmid library of Neurospora crassa DNA. A restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that this clone maps to the region of chromosome IV corresponding to the cys-14/sup +/ locus. Northern blot analyses were used to examine the regulated expression of the cys-14/sup +/ gene. In the wild type, a 3-kilobase cysc-14/sup +/ transcript was highly expressed under sulfur-derepressing conditions but completely absent during sulfur repression. A cys-3 mutant, which cannot synthesize any of the sulfur-controlled enzymes, including sulfate permease II, did not possess any cys-14/sup +/ transcript under wither condition. A cys-3 temperature-sensitive revertant completely lacked any cys-14/sup +/ mRNA at the conditional temperature but expressed the cys-14/sup +/ transcript upon derepression at the permissive temperature. Mutation of a second sulfur regulatory gene, scon/sup c/, causes the expression of sulfur-related enzymes in a constitutive fashion; the scon/sup c/ mutant showed a corresponding constitutive expression of cys-14/sup +/ mRNA, such that itmore » was present even in cells subjected to sulfur repression conditions. These results show that the cys-14/sup +/ gene is regulated through the modulation of message content by the cys-3/sup +/ and scon/sup c/ control genes in response to the sulfur levels of the cells.« less
HYDROMORPHIC DETERMINANTS OF AQUATIC HABITAT VARIABILITY IN LAKE SUPERIOR COASTAL WETLANDS

Despite the recognized importance of wetlands as habitat for fishes and the growing need to assess and manage human impacts on that habitat, there is little information on patterns and variability of habitat within Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Our goal was to describe wetland aquatic habitat patterns and the natural factors that organize them as a step towards developing habitat assessment schemes and identifying experimental design elements for future synoptic surveys. We analyzed data on aquatic vegetation structure, water chemistry, and water movement (inferred from gypsum plug dissolution) in relation to hydrology and morphology in inundated segments of ten relatively un-impacted coastal marshes of western Lake Superior. Spatial differences in aquatic habitat within wetlands were as large or larger than differences among wetlands, and habitat patterns were strongly associated with morphology and hydrology. Back-bay segments tended to have greater vegetation cover and structural complexity and lower levels of water movement, and they were prone to high water temperatures and low dissolved oxygen levels in wetlands having little seiche activity. Increasing seiche inputs tended to homogenize habitat elements among wetland segments, while increasing tributary inputs tended to increase spatial variability. Patterns in emergent vegetation differed from patterns in submerged/floating vegetation, and different assessment metrics may be needed for different plant zones. Segment-scale sampling schemes like those used in this study have the potential to elucidate habitat patterns within inundated portions of wetlands with a reasonable level of effort. Human impacts on coastal wetland fish habitat must be interpreted in the context of natural spatial heterogeneity as structured by wetland morphology and magnitude of seiche and tributary inputs.
Temperatures in a sinking zenolith

A zenolith may sink or float or remain stationary in a magma depending on the relative densities of the inclusion and the melt. If the density of the two differ perceptibly, the rate at which the zenolith moves through the magma will be a function of its diameter and its difference in density. The experimental work of Rouse shows good agreement with the formula given by Rubey for the general case of the movement of spheres through liquids. Calculations were made with Rubey's formula for spheres of different diameters whose density was 0.23 greater than that of the liquid which was assumed to have a density of 2.29 and a viscosity ranging from 38,000 to 135 poises. The densities chosen seem ones that may be reasonably assumed for an igneous rock near its melting-point and the viscosities are those that have been experimentally determined for basalt in the temperature-range between 1,150° and 1,400°C.
Lipid oxidation by hypochlorous acid: chlorinated lipids in atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia

Leukocytes, containing myeloperoxidase (MPO), produce the reactive chlorinating species, HOCl, and they have important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Leukocyte-derived HOCl can target primary amines, alkenes and vinyl ethers of lipids, resulting in chlorinated products. Plasmalogens are vinyl ether-containing phospholipids that are abundant in tissues of the cardiovascular system. The HOCl oxidation products derived from plasmalogens are α-chlorofatty aldehyde and unsaturated molecular species of lysophosphatidylcholine. α-chlorofatty aldehyde is the precursor of both α-chlorofatty alcohol and α-chlorofatty acid. Both α-chlorofatty aldehyde and α-chlorofatty acid accumulate in activated neutrophils and have disparate chemotactic properties. In addition, α-chlorofatty aldehyde increases in activated monocytes, human atherosclerotic lesions and rat infarcted myocardium. This article addresses the pathways for the synthesis of these lipids and their biological targets.
Expression patterns of vitamin D receptor in human prostate.

UV exposure and serum levels of vitamin D have been linked in several studies with prostate cancer risk. At the cellular level, the principal action of vitamin D is mediated though vitamin D receptors (VDR). Since prostate cancer is a disease strongly associated with age, we examined the presence of VDR in normal prostate from donors of various ages to determine if the VDR expression pattern changed with age. We also compared the VDR expression in the peripheral and central zones of the prostate to determine if the expression pattern varied by location. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin-embedded tissue from cases selected by the following age decades; 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69. Both the central and peripheral zones were examined for VDR expression. The intensity of VDR expression in prostate was compared with expression in different types of human tissues. Mean VDR expression was lowest in the 10-19 years of age group. The intensity of the nuclear VDR was higher though the fifth decade, and then declined in cases of ages 60-70. When multiple sections of the same donor prostate were compared, VDR expression was greater in the peripheral zone compared to the central zone.
Safe and Successful Yttrium-90 Resin Microsphere Radioembolization in a Heavily Pretreated Patient with Chemorefractory Colorectal Liver Metastases after Biliary Stent Placement above the Papilla

We report a case of safe and successful yttrium-90 resin microsphere radioembolization in a patient with a long history of multiple recurrent colon cancer hepatic metastases progressing after hepatic resections, hepatic arterial chemotherapy, and multiple regimens of systemic chemotherapy. One month prior to radioembolization, a biliary stent was placed above the level of the ampulla to relieve tumor-related biliary obstruction and normalize bilirubin levels.
Pathological evaluation of intervertebral disc tissue specimens after routine cervical and lumbar decompression. A cost-benefit analysis retrospective study.

BACKGROUND After decompression of cervical and lumbar nerve roots for radicular pain, pathological evaluation of the extracted disc material is commonly performed. Although histological examination rarely detects clinically significant unsuspected disease, it remains a common practice in most hospitals in the United States. To determine the cost-effectiveness of this routine practice, we conducted a retrospective study. The results are contained within this report. METHODS Using the University Neurosurgery database, we retrospectively identified 1,387 patients who had spinal decompression surgery (laminectomy and/or discectomy). These cases were broadly classified into routine and non-routine cases depending on the preoperative diagnosis. Benign and noninfectious cases were classified as routine; malignant and all other cases were classified as nonroutine. We reviewed the medical records and pathology reports of these routine and nonroutine cases in an attempt to study the efficacy of the pathological evaluation of the disc material. The cost-benefit value of histopathology in these cases was analyzed, retrospectively. RESULTS In all routine cases, the histopathology was consistent with benign disc disease and yielded no additional information that could have altered the treatment plan. In the nonroutine cases, however, histopathology was significant in the management of the patient. The cost factor for pathological study was the same for both case groups. CONCLUSIONS Pathological study of intervertebral disc specimens is cost beneficial only in cases with significant preoperative clinical diagnoses. Pathological evaluation of routine herniated nucleus pulposus extracted during decompressive surgeries is not warranted.
Reconstructing a comprehensive transcriptome assembly of a white-pupal translocated strain of the pest fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae

Background: Bactrocera cucurbitae is a serious global agricultural pest. Basic genomic information is lacking for this species, and this would be useful to inform methods of control, damage mitigation, and eradication efforts. Here, we have sequenced, assembled, and annotated a comprehensive transcriptome for a mass-rearing sexing strain of this species. This forms a foundational genomic and transcriptomic resource that can be used to better understand the physiology and biochemistry of this insect as well as being a useful tool for population genetics. Findings: A transcriptome assembly was constructed containing 17,654 transcript isoforms derived from 10,425 unigenes. This transcriptome size is similar to reports from other Tephritid species and probably includes about 70-80% of the protein-coding genes in the genome. The dataset is publicly available in NCBI and GigaDB as a resource for researchers. Conclusions: Foundational knowledge on the protein-coding genes in B. cucurbitae will lead to improved resources for this species. Through comparison with a model system such as Drosophila as well as a growing number of related Tephritid transcriptomes, improved strategies can be developed to control this pest.
Temporal gradients in shear stimulate osteoblastic proliferation via ERK1/2 and retinoblastoma protein

Bone cells are subject to interstitial fluid flow (IFF) driven by venous pressure and mechanical loading. Rapid dynamic changes in mechanical loading cause transient gradients in IFF. The effects of pulsatile flow (temporal gradients in fluid shear) on rat UMR106 cells and rat primary osteoblastic cells were studied. Pulsatile flow induced a 95% increase in S-phase UMR106 cells compared with static controls. In contrast, ramped steady flow stimulated only a 3% increase. Similar patterns of S-phase induction were also observed in rat primary osteoblastic cells. Pulsatile flow significantly increased relative UMR106 cell number by 37 and 62% at 1.5 and 24 h, respectively. Pulsatile flow also significantly increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation by 418%, whereas ramped steady flow reduced ERK1/2 activation to 17% of control. Correspondingly, retinoblastoma protein was significantly phosphorylated by pulsatile fluid flow. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 by U0126 (a specific MEK1/2 inhibitor) reduced shear-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation. These findings suggest that temporal gradients in fluid shear stress are potent stimuli of bone cell proliferation.
Increased allocation of adult-acquired carbohydrate to egg production results in its decreased allocation to sex pheromone production in mated females of the moth Heliothis virescens

Females of most species of moths produce a volatile sex pheromone that attracts conspecific males over distance. In females of the polyandrous moth Heliothis virescens, feeding on carbohydrate (e.g. nectar) supplies precursor, via hemolymph trehalose, for both sex pheromone and egg production. With limited carbohydrate acquisition these two reproductive physiologies might compete for hemolymph trehalose, resulting in an allocation deficit to either sex pheromone or egg production. Using virgin and mated females, which have low and high egg maturation rates, respectively, we fed females a limited diet of (13)C-labeled glucose daily and, using mass isotopomer distribution analysis, determined allocations of adult-acquired carbohydrate (AAC) to newly synthesized pheromone and ovarian and egg fats, our proxies for allocation to egg production. With increased number of feeds, AAC enrichment of hemolymph trehalose increased, as expected. This led to mated females increasing their proportional allocation of AAC to ovarian and egg fats, but decreasing their proportional allocation of AAC to pheromone production. By contrast, virgins increased their proportional allocation of AAC to pheromone production with increased feeds, consistent with increasing AAC enrichment of hemolymph trehalose. These results show that with limited AAC intake, enhanced egg maturation in mated females results in reduced AAC allocation to pheromone production; this does not occur in virgins because of their lower egg maturation rate. This physiological competition for AAC corresponded with decreased pheromone production in mated moths to levels unlikely to attract mates. Therefore, the availability and/or allocation of AAC may be a proximate mechanism underlying the incidence of polyandry in this and other species of moths.
p53 Is Renoprotective after Ischemic Kidney Injury by Reducing Inflammation

In the rat, p53 promotes tubular apoptosis after ischemic AKI. Acute pharmacologic inhibition of p53 is protective in this setting, but chronic inhibition enhances fibrosis, demonstrating that the role of p53 in ischemic AKI is incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether genetic absence of p53 is also protective in ischemic AKI. Surprisingly, p53-knockout mice (p53−/−) had worse kidney injury, compared with wild-type mice, and exhibited increased and prolonged infiltration of leukocytes after ischemia. Acute inhibition of p53 with pifithrin-α in wild-type mice mimicked the observations in p53−/− mice. Chimeric mice that lacked p53 in leukocytes sustained injury similar to p53−/− mice, suggesting an important role for leukocyte p53 in ischemic AKI. Compared with wild-type mice, a smaller proportion of macrophages in the kidneys of p53−/− and pifithrin-α–treated mice after ischemic injury were the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Ischemic kidneys of p53−/− and pifithrin-α–treated mice also showed reduced expression of Kruppel-like factor-4. Finally, models of peritonitis in p53−/− and pifithrin-α–treated mice confirmed the anti-inflammatory role of p53 and its effect on the polarization of macrophage phenotype. In summary, in contrast to the rat, inflammation characterizes ischemic AKI in mice; leukocyte p53 is protective by reducing the extent and duration of this inflammation and by promoting the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype.
Shifting viewpoints: Artificial intelligence and human--computer interaction

The AI and HCI communities have often been characterized as having opposing views of how humans and computers should interact. As both of them evolve, there is a deeper contrast that cuts across these communities, in how researchers conceive the relationship between knowledge and design. By examining the rationalistic and design orientations underlying bodies of work in both disciplines, we highlight relevant differences and possibilities for effective interaction with computers.
The Policy Analysis of Water Shortages

Allen V. Kneese and F. Lee Brown, The Southwest Under Stress. Richard A. Berk, et al., Water Shortage.
The Cellular Basis of Polymorphic Coloration in Common Side-Blotched Lizards, Uta stansburiana

Abstract: Diurnal lizards are useful model organisms for the study of color polymorphisms. The cellular basis of nonavian reptilian coloration and dermal chromatophores, as well as the different pigments contained therein, is relatively well understood. Nonetheless, specific predictions cannot be made for the biochemical chromatophore constituents of individual species a priori. Despite well-documented associations between throat coloration and behavioral, physiological, and life history traits, the cellular basis of throat coloration in polymorphic Common Side-Blotched Lizards, Uta stansburiana, has never been studied. We used a combination of chromatographic techniques in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy and a thin-layer reflectance model to determine the cellular basis of polymorphic coloration in U. stansburiana. We found that different morphs express coloration through varying spatial arrangements of dietary xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin), differential synthesis of drosopterin...
The effects of a large island upon the trade-wind air stream

A series of four helical aircraft soundings across the island of Puerto Rico on a sea-breeze day are analyzed and interpreted. The existence of a fairly symmetrical orographic-convection cell with ascent over the island and compensating subsidence in a surrounding ring is established. The field of motion in the convection cell is deduced from the observations together with the theoretical work on flow over heated islands by Malkus and Stern (1953). The plausibility of the motion field is tested by construction of a moisture budget for part of the cross-section delineated by the soundings, and the effects of the subsidence, lifting, heating and other processes imposed upon the air stream by its passage over the island are discussed, with particular emphasis upon alterations in the upward transport of water vapour and cumulus cloud structure.
Propagation models used in wireless communications system design

Various propagation models exist in the open literature. These models are basically divided into two distinct classes namely deterministic and stochastic. The deterministic model corresponds to a deterministic description of the environment that causes path loss and multipath effects, and it is very useful when multipath is caused by a small number of paths that can be accurately characterized. The stochastic model corresponds to a statistical model of the environment and it is most appropriate when the multipath effects are caused by a large number of paths between transmitter and receiver that would be impossible to characterize in a deterministic way. This paper deals with various propagation models and studies their application to wireless communications system design. The advantages and disadvantages of each model is given where applicable. An overview of the circumstances governing propagation prediction modelling is presented in light of path loss and multipath effects.
Grass Houses: Representations and Reinventions of Social Class through Children's Literature.

Grounded in feminist notions of valuing lived experiences and constructing knowledge about the wider world from material realities, this article uses autobiographical narratives and poststructural and critical theories to argue for change in children’s literature. The author presents two simultaneous streams of shifting, representations and reinventions, to explore possibilities of including more varied and contradictory ways of living class-specific lives and assertively positioning readers to question the invisibility of working-class and poor lives in mainstream children’s literature. A metaphor of malleable “grass houses” is used to imagine broadened and more flexible ways of thinking and talking about social class through children’s picture books. The tink-ta-tink of rain dropping on the tin roof of my childhood home, a singlewide trailer, is as comforting today as it was many years ago and I find myself recreating the physical space of that trailer over and over again as an adult who studies issues of social class and poverty. Where lives are lived matters. That mine was lived in a trailer in the back of a trailer park matters. Physical places and material living conditions generate possibilities for play and some of the most pleasurable pursuits of mine included designing dream homes that were firmly grounded in my lived experiences and bolstered by desires for material living that seemed more luxurious than my own. I begin this article with a narrative from my childhood, presenting one version of a child’s life lived outside a carefully constructed ideal that privileges traditional family structures, spacious and permanent single-family homes, and materially-rich existences. This small sliver of a story from my young girlhood offers a useful metaphor −grass houses−for reimagining the boundaries and discourses of and about children’s literature when it comes to issues of social class. I draw on feminist theorists from both critical and poststructural perspectives
Teacher Expectations and Student Achievement

How are teacher expectations related to student achievement? Social psychology has long emphasized the power of social beliefs to create reality (see Jussim [1991] for a review). According to such perspectives, for example, children become what significant others, such as parents and teachers, expect them to become. But are children so malleable that they readily come to fulfill teachers’ erroneous expectations for them? And how erroneous are teachers’ expectations?
Maskless optical lithography using MEMs-based spatial-light modulators

The semiconductor industry has been driven by significant improvements in optical-lithographic capability. As feature sizes on the wafer shrink faster than the wavelength of the exposing illumination, increasingly complex and expensive steps such as immersion, resolution-enhancement techniques, and optical-proximity correction (OPC) are required. Traditionally, high costs have been amortized over large volumes of chips, and by progressive technological maturity. Optical lithography using MEMs-based spatial-light modulators provides an alternative means of lithography. Significantly lower costs-of-ownership coupled with throughputs acceptable for mask manufacturing, mask prototyping, and low-volume-chip manufacturing are the enabling attributes of such techniques. At MIT, we have pursued a unique version of this technology, which we call Zone-Plate-Array Lithography (ZPAL). In ZPAL, an array of high-numerical-aperture diffractive lenses (for example, zone plates) is used to create an array of tightly focused spots on the surface of a photoresist-coated substrate. Light directed to each zone plate is modulated in intensity by one pixel on an upstream spatial-light modulator. The substrate is scanned, and patterns of arbitrary geometry are written in a “dot-matrix” fashion. In this paper, we describe results from our proof-of-concept ZPAL system and its future potential. Lithography using distributed, tightly focused spots presents a different set of advantages and challenges compared to traditional optical-projection lithography. We discuss some of these issues and how they bear on practical system designs.
A Pilot Study to Determine if Vitamin D Repletion Improves Endothelial Function in Lupus Patients

Abstract Background The endothelium is important not only in regulating vascular tone but also in modulating inflammation. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have deficits in these endothelial functions. Vitamin D is a nuclear hormone that regulates vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and expression. Many SLE patients have insufficient levels of vitamin D. The effect of this hormone on vascular endothelial function in SLE patients is not known. This study was designed to determine the effect size of repleting vitamin D levels on endothelial function in patients with SLE and vitamin D deficiency. Methods SLE patients with 25(OH) vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels Results Half of those who achieved 25(OH)D levels of ≥32 ng/mL experienced increases in FMD, whereas none of those with continued low 25(OH)D levels did. Those with increases in FMD had significantly higher final 25(OH)D levels. Using the effect size from this study, future studies designed to test the effect of repleting 25(OH)D on FMD in vitamin D–deficient SLE patients will require 35 patients in each group. Conclusions These results suggest a potential role for vitamin D in SLE-related endothelial dysfunction and that an adaptive, multi-arm, treat-to-target, serum-level trial design may increase the efficiency and likelihood of success of such a study.
'Anything Rather than a Well-Considered Opinion' - Henry Lord Brougham, Written by Himself

This brief response to an essay by Monroe Freedman primarily addresses the question of whether Lord Brougham reconsidered his famous statement about aggressive, client-oriented advocacy late in his career. The article suggests that there is indeed a basis for concluding that such reconsideration took place, but that the more important issue is not Lord Brougham's actual views, but rather their impact upon modern conceptualizations of advocacy ethics. The authors conclude that a middle ground approach to advocacy ethics that recognizes obligations of "professional conscience" that might be inconsistent with client desires both makes sense and is consistent with modern professional regulation.
Islam, Christianity, and the Formation of Passive Secularism in Indonesia, 1945-1960

In this article, I will apply the varieties of secularism theory developed by Elizabeth Shakman Hurd and Ahmet Kuru in the case of Indonesia. Following Kuru’s typology, I argue that Indonesian secularism resembles that of passive secularism. This form of secularism came about from an alliance between secular nationalists and a religious minority (Christianity). The alliance between the two groups had successfully prevented Islam from becoming a dominant religion when an independent Indonesian state was formed in 1945. It was also successful from preventing reformist Muslims from instituting a state based on the sharia law during the crucial period of state-building in Indonesia between 1945 and 1960. However, this alliance also results in the formation of two authoritarian regimes that ruled Indonesia for four decades (1959-1998), and in the often tenuous relationship between two religious groups that sat on the opposite end of this conflict, namely Indonesian Muslims and Christians.
The blind leading the blind: Impromptu leaderships influenced by awareness in collaborative search

– Online collaboration – a required method for many problem-solving situations in today’s work environments – has many aspects that are not clearly understood or explored. One of them is how work styles, specifically leadership styles, within a seemingly homogeneous teams with no prior role assignments affects the process and outcomes of collaboration. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the aspect of online collaboration to learn how different leadership styles that may emerge impact collaborative work. , – The work described here employs a user study involving 84 participants in 42 pairs, working in one of the three conditions across two sessions. The three conditions are defined based on the amount and the kind of awareness provided to the team members: no awareness of personal or team progress (C1), awareness of personal progress (C2), and awareness of both personal and team progress (C3). The log and chat data from the sessions where these teams work in collecting relevant information for two different topics are collected and analysed. , – Quantitative and qualitative analyses indicate the difference among the three conditions with respect to these two leadership styles. Specifically, it is found that those with the team awareness provided to them (C3) exhibited the least amounts of leadership, keeping the team relatively symmetric. The democratic nature of such teams also fostered more diverse searching behaviour and less need for communication. , – The work reported here is a first attempt to shed light on two kinds of connections: individual and team awareness to leadership style, and leadership style to diversity of information exploration.
Risedronate may preserve bone microarchitecture in breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors: A randomized, controlled clinical trial

Abstract This study provides preliminary evidence that risedronate not only preserves BMD but may also attenuate the loss of bone microarchitecture over 2 years during a time of accelerated bone loss in post-menopausal breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors. Introduction Accelerated bone loss and elevated fracture risk are associated with the use of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in women with breast cancer. We previously reported that the oral bisphosphonate, risedronate, can maintain bone mineral density (BMD) in the hip and spine over 2-years in post-menopausal breast cancer survivors on AIs. In this study, we examined whether oral bisphosphonates can also preserve bone microarchitecture as measured by the trabecular bone score (TBS) in this population. Methods This 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included postmenopausal women over age 55 with breast cancer on an AI who had low bone mass. Participants provided informed consent and were randomized to risedronate 35 mg once weekly or placebo. We examined 12- and 24-month changes in spine TBS, analyzed using linear mixed models. Results One-hundred and nine women with a mean age of 70.5 years were included in the analysis. In the placebo group, BMD declined at the spine and hip over the 24-month period but was preserved in the active treatment group (data previously reported). TBS declined in the placebo group by − 2.1% and − 2.3% at 12- and 24-months, respectively (p Conclusion The oral bisphosphonate risedronate preserves BMD and may attenuate loss of bone microarchitecture over 2 years during a time of accelerated bone loss in breast cancer survivors on AIs, but more definitive evidence is needed.
Structural Changes of Cobalt-Based Perovskites upon Water Oxidation Investigated by EXAFS

While many perovskites remain crystalline during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media, some highly active perovskites become amorphous. We studied the local structure changes of perovskites LaCoO3, Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ, and SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ before and after OER by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. No change in either local structure or OER activity was observed for LaCoO3, while considerably enhanced OER activities and the conversion of the local structure from corner-sharing octahedra to edge-sharing octahedra were noted for Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ and SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ as a result of the OER. Possible processes responsible for the structural change and enhanced OER activities are discussed.
Tunable quantum cascade laser based sensor for ethylene monitoring

Ethylene monitoring is important in atmospheric chemistry, medical diagnostics, biology and agronomy. A tunable quantum cascade laser spectrometer has been developed to measure ethylene concentrations in the 10 µm region. The laser is thermoelectrically cooled and operates in a pulsed mode. A sensitivity of 5ppm with a 1 meter path length has been demonstrated.
Dextran-methylprednisolone succinate as a prodrug of methylprednisolone: local immunosuppressive effects in liver after systemic administration to rats.

Purpose. The purpose of this work was to study the local immunosuppressive effects of systemically administered methylprednisolone (MP) and its prodrug, dextran-methylprednisolone (DMP), in rat livers.