cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long acting cAMP analogues enhance sulfate incorporation into matrix proteoglycans and suppress cell division of fetal rat chondrocytes in monolayer culture

The relationship between replication and the synthesis of matrix sulfated proteoglycans was investigated with fetal rat chondrocytes grown in monolayer culture. The effect of N6 O2' dibutyryl adenosine 3', 5' cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP), adenosine 3', 5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), 8 Bromo adenosine 3', 5' cyclic monophosphate (8 Br-cAMP), sodium butyrate and hydroxyurea was examined. Between 0.05 and 0.5 mM DBcAMP, a dose related inhibition of cell division and stimulation of [35SO=/4] incorporation into matrix proteoglycans was demonstrated. At the higher concentrations of DBcAMP, cell division was completely inhibited and the enhancement of [35SO=/4] incorporation into matrix proteoglycans ranged between 40 and 120% (P less than 0.01). Utilizing 14C-glucosamine and photometric determination of proteoglycans with Alcian Blue, it was demonstrated that the increase in sulfate incorporation reflected enhanced accumulation of extracellular matrix. The effects of DBcAMP were mimicked by 8 Br-cAMP, suggesting they were mediated by the adenylyl cyclase system. cAMP (0.05-0.5 mM), sodium butyrate (0.1-0.5 mM) and hydroxyurea (0.5-5 mM) partially or fully inhibited cell division, but either failed or only slightly enhanced sulfate incorporation. The enhanced sulfated proteoglycan deposition promoted by DBcAMP began 8 to 12 hours after serum stimulation, its onset occurred prior to thymidine incorporation and the effect persisted for 28 hours. Determination of cell volume demonstrated an increase in size of DBcAMP treated chondrocytes between 8 to 12 hours, coincident with the onset of increased sulfate incorporation. These results are consistent with a model where matrix sulfated proteoglycan deposition by chondrocytes is mediated by intracellular cAMP levels and occurs in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Scheduling with two job classes and setup times to minimize the number of tardy jobs

Abstract This paper considers the problem of minimizing the number of tardy jobs to be processed on a single machine with two job classes where a job's setup time depends on its job class. This is an increasingly important problem due to the growing popularity of group technology manufacturing techniques, where jobs are divided into job classes (families). Using the optimal properties of Moore's algorithm, two approximate algorithms are developed and illustrated with an example. A simulation study conducted to examine the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms shows that the proposed algorithms perform significantly better than Moore's algorithm and its extension.
Increased dendritic extent in hippocampal CA1 neurons from aged F344 rats.

Age-related dendritic alterations were evaluated in F344 rats following a water maze assessment of spatial memory. Based on the probe trial times, 39% of the aged animals were designated impaired. CA1 pyramidal neurons were labeled intracellularly with neurobiotin in brain slices prepared from these animals. Neurons (aged: n = 15; young: n = 11) were reconstructed using a microscope-based three-dimensional system. Increased dendritic length was observed in the aged neurons both for basal dendrites (aged = 4.54 mm and young = 3.33 mm) and the entire neurons (aged = 14.8 mm and young = 10.8 mm). However, dendritic length values did not correlate with the individual animal's probe trial time. Sholl analysis revealed a diffuse increase in dendritic branch intersections in the cells from aged rats, which on branch order analysis was noted to be due to an increased number of distal branches. Mean electronic distance to dendritic terminals, a functional assessment of synaptic efficacy, was longer in the aged neurons (aged = 0.67 λ and young = 0.55 λ). These results suggest a lengthening and increased complexity of CA1 pyramidal neurons with successful aging, which may represent either an intrinsic response to aging or a reactive partial denervation response to a loss of afferent inputs.
1143 HYPOGLYCORRHACHIA ASSOCIATED WITH INTERCRANIAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH) IN THE NEWBORN

During 1977 four newborns who developed severe hypoglycorrhachia associated with ICH were seen at the Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the University of Florida. These infants represented 20% of all infants diagnosed as having ICH in our unit during the past year. CSF cultures were negative in each case. All hemorrhages were confirmed by CAT scan. As noted in the Table the hypoglycorrhachia occurred from 3-14 days after there was clinical evidence of the bleed. In each case the hypoglycorrhachia persisted for weeks. Two babies with frequent taps had 0 mg% CSF glucose for at least three days which was associated with the peak WBC and protein elevation. We feel the decreased CSF glucose in these infants was secondary to the ICH. Similar findings have also been noted in adults after ICH. The association of hypoglycorrhachia and ICH should be taken into account when caring for high risk infants.
Deixis and thematic hierarchies in Russian narrative discourse

In reference with demonstrative forms, the core function of deixis can be extended in a variety of ways to influence the addressee's interpretation of the discourse. For example, it is well known that in narrative discourse deictic forms are often used to present a perspective that is internal to the narrative (Fillmore, 1976). Russian data suggest that a higher level of influence can also exist: a narrator's choice of a deictic means of reference can contribute to a sense of thematic hierarchization within the local discourse. The core locational meaning of the Russian distal demonstrative tot is metaphorized in various ways, and combines with grammatical subordination and other features of the grammar to create a sense of thematic subordination.
A mode of differentiation based on genes of variable expression.

Temperature sensitive genes inDrosophila, namelyscute, Dichaete, Freckled, andvestigial were used for these investigations. The sex variation in these genes is described. The Y chromosome has a marked effect on the expression of the genes, also of those which are not associated with a position effect of the variegation type. The effects of temperature and the effects of the Y chromosome are superimposed. Increasing temperature has the same effect on the expression of some genes as addition of Y chromosome material; on other genes both have exactly the contrary effect.
Report on the 23rd annual Charleston Conference 2003

This paper outlines some of the topics covered at the 2003 Charleston Conference, November 2003, whose theme was “Issues in book and serial acquisition: games people play”. Issues addressed were concerns about the cost of electronic resources and the need for digitization of library resources.
Calculated Distribution Characteristics for a Reinforced Coagulating Aerosol at Steady State

Abstract The steady-state number balance for a reinforced coagulating aerosol, with particle removal at some selected size, was solved as a continuous function of particle volume. Using a variety of log-normal feed distributions, it was demonstrated that a power law relationship will result between particle concentration n(v) and volume v, regardless of feed distribution shape. The standard deviation σ of the feed distribution was varied from 1.21 to 20.09. The slopes of the calculated distributions varied with σ. For values of σ 8.0 the slope approached −1.0. Calculated distribution slopes for σ < 2 were similar to those of atmospheric distributions reported for stable meteorological conditions. The time to reach steady state was estimated and found not to be unreasonable compared to meteorological time scales. The results suggest that the Junge power law relationship observed in many atmospheric size distributions may be explained principa...
How Language Teachers' Beliefs About Reading Instruction Are Mediated by Their Beliefs About Students

ABSTRACT When the beliefs about reading and reading instruction of six secondary foreign language teachers were compared with their instructional classroom practices, inconsistencies were found in three areas. All six teachers in this qualitative study believed that reading proficiency is facilitated by providing students with frequent opportunities for reading practice, that the use of the target language is preferable for reading instruction, and that oral reading interferes with reading comprehension. Yet, in practice, all six teachers compromised these beliefs because of poor student performance. Implications for teacher education programs include the need to provide a firmer grounding in L2 reading development, to explore the reality of competing belief systems, and to evolve new strategies to maximize preferred reading practices.
METHODS FOR THE SOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF OIL POLLUTION

ABSTRACT Petroleum oil analyses frequently are performed by government and industrial organizations and by academic institutions to identify the source of discharge of oil pollutants and to quantify such oils in water, sediments and tissues. This paper presents a concise review of oil analysis methods used by several U.S. agencies, industrial organizations and standard setting societies. Oil analysis methods published by these organizations are evaluated with regard to their convenience and safety for general laboratory use, ability to yield correct quantification data, and correctness in identifying the presence and source of discharge of petroleum oil pollution. Several procedures also are addressed for isolating individual petroleum fractions and hydrocarbons from environmental samples for the purpose of monitoring for the presence of oil pollution in sediments and tissues.
City power and urban fiscal crises: the USA, China, and India

This essay comparatively examines the current urban fiscal crisis in US, Chinese, and Indian cities from the perspective of city power. The urban fiscal crisis in the USA is closely linked to the subprime mortgage crisis of 2008 as municipal governments largely depend on property tax as revenue sources. In China, municipal debt has increased sharply since 2008, not because of the recession, but because of the binge borrowing and overinvestment in infrastructure under the state stimulus programme, which was initiated by the central government to minimize the effects of the global recession on the Chinese economy. In India, cities have been in a perpetual state of fiscal crisis due to the stalled devolution of power from state to municipal governments. The comparison on authority, responsibility, and fiscal autonomy of city governments in the three countries demonstrates that the urban fiscal crisis has to be understood in plural terms, as the various assemblages of city power have given rise to a multitude...
On the NaCl-H2O coexistence curve near the critical temperature of H2O

Abstract Recent high-temperature data on coexisting vapor-liquid compositions as a function of pressure in the NaCl-H 2 O system have been interpreted as implying a higher-than-expected value of the critical exponent β. We suggest that the observed behavior is a consequence of the fact that, as the solvent's critical point is approached, the coexistence curve in pressure-composition coordinates ceases to behave in the same manner as the pressure-density coexistence curve (which is always characterized by the exponent β). At the critical temperature of the solvent, the pressure-composition coexistence curve is characterized by the much larger exponent β + 1.
Roy porter student prize essay the bounds of domestic healing: Medical recipes, storytelling and surgery in early modern England

This paper investigates ways in which early modern English recipe collections constructed domestic medicine as broader and more powerful than is often appreciated. It shows that their compilers frequently selected recipes that promised to allow them to address a wide range of surgical ailments, to heal serious surgical conditions medicinally, and to avoid invasive interventions. Claims of remedies’ virtues and stories of their successes imagined domestic medicine not only as a ‘first port of call’, but also as a potent counterpart to the work of practitioners; a last resort when practitioners had failed; and as an alternative to the knife. Using the writings of the surgeon John Woodall, it argues that surgeons were sensitive to the attitudes and preferences that motivated this collection. In seeking to discipline surgery, Woodall invoked the stereotypical gentleness of women’s and domestic medicine in an effort to inculcate greater discernment in the use of violence.
INCREASING A SENSE OF SELF-EFFICACY DURING A PSYCHIATRIC NURSING PLACEMENT

Sz~tnmary.-This study examined the premise that 54 female nursing students participating in an Educational Treatment Program would feel more empowered when their role of "student" changed to that of "teacher of psychiatric patients." This study examined the premise that students participating in an Educational Treatment Program would feel more empowered when their role of "student1' was changed to that of "teacher" of psychiatric patients. In the role of "teacher" the students assumed new responsibhties such as studying and then presenting materials on coping slulls to patients. Fky-four second-year female nursing students, enrolled in a two-year associate degree nursing program at Middlesex Community College, were involved. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups; 23 (Group A) did a psychiatric practicum at an Educational Treatment Program aimed at their teaching coping skills to psychiatric patients receiving treatment at a Veterans Affairs medical center. During such practica, the students were expected to participate actively as a teacher. The 14-week class was focused on slulls to cope with anxiety and depression. The students had basic principles of teaching and learning integrated throughout their nursing curriculum; however, none had taught such a course. They had to master the material themselves to transmit it to the patients. A typical class was composed of about 12 patients, eight nursing students, and the nursing instructor. AU other staff were welcome to attend whenever time schedules permitted. All nursing students and all patients were present for all classes; however, nursing students took turns teaching the class. In the same time period 31 students (Group B) &d other placements in traditional psychiatry and medical surgery. The students were taught different skLUs but dld not teach. It was hypothesized that the experience of taking charge, organizing material, and teaching others would be an empowering experience for the students in the educational placement. To test this hypothesis, whether nursing students attributed power to themselves was measured before and after their participation in the program.
Anatomical basis of the vascular risk related to the circumflex scapular artery during posterior approach to the scapula

The vasculature and anastomosis around the scapula is extremely intricate making surgical treatment complicated. We aimed to determine the “at risk area” for the circumflex scapular artery and its anastomosis with the suprascapular artery during posterior approach to the scapula. Sixteen shoulders from eight embalmed adult cadavers were dissected through posterior approach to the scapula to study the relationship of the circumflex scapular artery and its anastomosis with the suprascapular artery to bony landmarks of the posterior scapula. Three measurements were obtained: from inferior glenoid rim to the point of the bony groove of the circumflex scapular artery; from the posterior glenoid rim to the spinoglenoid notch; and from the spinoglenoid notch to the circumflex scapular artery. The circumflex scapular was identified at a distance of 2.9 cm from the inferior glenoid rim and at a distance of 4.6 cm from the spinoglenoid notch, as it winds around the lateral border of the scapula to enter the infraspinous fossa. The suprascapular neurovascular bundle was identified at the spinoglenoid notch 1.8 cm from the posterior glenoid rim. We were able to identify the relationship of the circumflex scapular artery to the anatomic landmarks of the scapula and to define the “at risk area” for the ascending branch of the circumflex scapular artery and its anastomosis with the suprascapular artery. We believe our anatomical study may aid in the avoidance of vascular complications during internal fixation of scapular fractures.
1/f Dielectric Fluctuations at the Glass Transition

The temperature and frequency dependence of thermal dielectric polarization noise was investigated in glycerol and PVC in the vicinity of their glass transitions. Polarization fluctuations were observed via voltage noise which was produced within a sample capacitance cell. The high sensitivity and accuracy of the technique provides a powerful probe of dynamics in low-loss regimes of various materials. Noise spectra had 1/f{sup {beta}} form at lower temperatures just below the glass transition. In glycerol, the spectral exponent decreased smoothly with temperature, extrapolating to 1, i.e., 1/f noise, near T{sub o} where relaxation times diverge. The results support the idea that a glassy phase transition occurs in the static limit.
Using the ideal observer to predict performance in perceptual tasks: An example from the auditory temporal masking domain

This article provides a demonstration of an analytical technique that can be used to investigate the causes of perceptual phenomena. The technique is based on the concept of the ideal observer, an optimal signal classifier that makes decisions that maximize the probability of a correct response. To demonstrate the technique, an analysis was conducted to investigate the role of the auditory periphery in the production of temporal masking effects. The ideal observer classified output from four models of the periphery. Since the ideal observer is the best of all possible observers, if it demonstrates masking effects, then all other observers must as well. If it does not demonstrate masking effects, then nothing about the periphery requires masking to occur, and therefore masking would occur somewhere else. The ideal observer exhibited several forward masking effects but did not exhibit backward masking, implying that the periphery has a causal role in forward but not backward masking. A general discussion of the strengths of the technique and supplementary equations are also included.
Intrinsic mitochondrial DNA repair defects in Ataxia Telangiectasia

Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T) is a progressive childhood disorder characterized most notably by cerebellar degeneration and predisposition to cancer. A-T is caused by mutations in the kinase ATM, a master regulator of the DNA double-strand break response. In addition to DNA-damage signaling defects, A-T cells display mitochondrial dysfunction that is thought to contribute to A-T pathogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in A-T remains unclear. Here, we show that lack of ATM leads to reduced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are associated to defective mtDNA repair. While protein levels of mtDNA repair proteins are essentially normal, in the absence of ATM levels specifically of DNA ligase III (Lig3), the only DNA ligase working in mitochondria is reduced. The reduction of Lig3 is observed in different A-T patient cells, in brain and pre-B cells derived from ATM knockout mice as well as upon transient or stable knockdown of ATM. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Lig3 in wild type cells phenocopies the mtDNA repair defects observed in A-T patient cells. As targeted deletion of LIG3 in the central nervous system causes debilitating ataxia in mice, reduced Lig3 protein levels and the consequent mtDNA repair defect may contribute to A-T neurodegeneration. A-T is thus the first disease characterized by diminished Lig3.
MAOA promoter methylation and susceptibility to carotid atherosclerosis: role of familial factors in a monozygotic twin sample.

Background Atherosclerosis is a complex process involving both genetic and epigenetic factors. The monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene regulates the metabolism of key neurotransmitters and has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors. This study investigates whether MAOA promoter methylation is associated with atherosclerosis, and whether this association is confounded by familial factors in a monozygotic (MZ) twin sample.
A Study of Networks Among Professional Staffs in Secondary Schools

What is the network of interactions among the staff of secondary schools and how does that network affect the curriculum? Field methods were used to answer these questions in two large comprehensive secondary schools in a metropolitan area. The term "network" was divided into parts: the first a field, denoting the ego-centered set of relations around an individual or group; the second, a network, or the sum of all the interactions of a certain kind in a certain place. The concluding model drawn from the description contains three parts. The first part is a teacher's individual and ego- centered field from which he orshe constructs an approach to students and teaching; the second is a set of relationships between the teacher and some particular students who respond to and justify that teacher's approach; and the third is the network or sum of all these fragmented approaches to teaching and students. The curriculum of a school is composed of the sum of all these disparate fields of individual teachers. Impl...
Development and application of a protocol to evaluate impact of duct cleaning on IAQ of office buildings

Abstract Field investigations reporting increased airborne particles concentrations after ventilation duct cleaning (DC) and emissions of biocides following its use in DC highlight a need to protect building occupants from possible exposures to these harmful pollutants. A new protocol was developed to include tests for assessing duct surface cleanliness and harmful airborne pollutant concentrations associated with DC. Two office buildings undergoing DC were chosen to demonstrate the protocol application. The new protocol was tested for surface cleanliness assessment using a combination of visual inspection and a vacuum test method wherever possible. For airborne pollutant concentration assessments, indoor air exposures to total particle, fungi and VOCs were measured. The test application demonstrates that it is possible to determine harmful airborne pollutant concentration levels attributed to DC activities while still maintaining industrial performance standards of surface cleanliness.
Effects of retinoid X receptor-selective ligands on proliferation of prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND Management of prostate cancer that either is detectable by prostate specific antigen (PSA) measurements after curative intent or has spread outside of its capsule is a serious problem. Innovative, nontoxic approaches to the disease are required. One approach might be therapy with retinoids. Retinoid activities are mediated by two distinct families of transcription factors: the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which can induce transcriptional activation through specific DNA sites or by inhibiting the transcription factor AP-1 that usually mediates cellular profilerative signals. The RARs require heterodimerization with RXRs. RXRs can form either heterodimers or homodimers; and the latter can bind to DNA response elements that are distinct from those bound by the RAR/RXR heterodimers. METHODS A series of novel synthetic retinoids that selectively interact with RXR/RXR homodimers or RAR/RXR heterodimers, or that selectively inhibit AP-1 activity without activating transcription were evaluated for their ability to inhibit clonal growth of three human prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP). RESULTS Several notable findings were: 1) RXR-selective retinoids, such as SR11246, were able to inhibit the clonal growth of prostate cancer cells. In contrast, SR11246 had little effect on clonal growth of myeloid leukemic cells. 2) RAR-selective retinoids also inhibited clonal growth of prostate cancer cells. 3) The retinoid (SR11238) with potent anti-AP-1 activity had no effect on the clonal growth of prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that both RXR- and RAR-selective retinoids are worthy of further study and may be candidates for future clinical traits in prostate cancer. Prostate 32:115–121, 1997. ©1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The influence of bulk composition and dynamic melting conditions on olivine chondrule textures

The effects of the bulk composition and the dynamic melting conditions on the texture of olivine chondrules were investigated in a series of heating experiments. It is shown that variations in the olivine chondrule textures can be produced by varying the FeO/(FeO + MgO) ratio between the average Type IA and Type II chondrule compositions, could affect the texture of a chondrule at a constant initial melting temperature and heating time. A range of the heating times and the masses of precursor spheres caused variations in the degree of melting and in chondrule textures. Chondrule textures were distributed on a graph of initial temperatures vs. FeO/(FeO + MgO) ratios as bands parallel to the olivine disappearance curve. This graph could be used to predict chondrule textures from Fe/(FeO + MgO) ratios at specific initial melting temperatures.
Lightweight Checkpointing for Faster SOAP Deserialization

Differential Deserialization (DDS) is an optimization technique that exploits similarities between incoming SOAP messages to reduce deserialization time. DDS works by checkpointing the state of the SOAP deserializer at various points while deserializing a message, and using those checkpoints to avoid full deserialization of similar messages. DDS can improve performance in many cases, but its benefit is limited by the potentially significant memory and processing overhead associated with its checkpointing mechanism. Differential checkpointing (DCP) substantially reduces memory use, but still requires significant processing overhead. In this paper, we introduce lightweight checkpointing (LCP), a checkpointing approach that significantly reduces the cost of both DDS and DCP, in terms of both memory use and processing time. LCP statically determines locations in the incoming message where it would be most efficient to create checkpoints. LCP creates checkpoints much faster than both our original DDS checkpointing mechanism and our DCP approach. LCP also has significantly smaller memory requirements. For example, in some of our test cases, LCP requires only 10% of the memory that DCP requires, and only 3% of the memory that our original approach required. In terms of processing time, deserialization with LCP is approximately 50% to 60% faster than without differential deserialization, when approximately half the message is unchanged from the previous message.
PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION OF DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES ALONG ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN THE SEVERN RIVER ESTUARY, CHESAPEAKE BAY, MARYLAND1

Distribution patterns of diatoms from natural substrates and surface waters of the Severn River, Maryland, are related to salinity and seasonal gradients through time and space by minimum spanning tree cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Assemblages were found to be distributed in a complex but orderly fashion, with primary discontinuties occurring between seasons, and between planktonic and attached forms. Within seasons, benthic groupings are distributed as continua along a horizontal salinity gradient, with one discontinuity at a location with a mean salinity of approximately 7%o. Downstream from this discontinuity, most species do not follow the changing salinity patterns from season to season, and are considered euryhaline for a salinity range of 8–16%o. Upstream from this discontinuity there is a relatively distinct and persistent assemblage of oligohaline indicators. Evidence derived by comparing this study with similar studies from Oregon estuaries indicates that similar distribution patterns, community structures and taxa can be expected to occur in estuaries on the east and west coasts of North America.
Hybrid microdisk laser on a silicon platform using lateral-field optoelectronic tweezers assembly

An InGaAs/InGaAsP microdisk laser is assembled on silicon using lateral-field optoelectronic tweezers, achieving room-temperature pulsed operation with a threshold power of 0.85 mW. The room-temperature assembly enables a post-CMOS process to fabricate micro-lasers on silicon.
Does intact pair status matter in the study of African American twins? The Carolina African American Twin Study of Aging.

In twin research, typically both members of a pair must participate. Survivorship of members of intact pairs compared to surviving members of nonintact twin pairs may reflect differences in psychosocial and health factors, and represent a potential selection bias relative to the general population. The purpose of the present study is to examine health, cognition, and well-being among members of African American intact twin pairs compared to individuals from nonintact twin pairs. Data from the Carolina African American Twin Study of Aging (CAATSA) were used for analyses. Subjects ranged in age from 25 to 89 years of age (mean=59.78 years, SD=12.84 years). CAATSA implements a 3-h protocol to collect data on demographics, health, cognition, and well-being. Data from one randomly selected member of each twin pair (N=78) was compared to data from surviving members of nonintact twin pairs (N=52). The results indicated significant differences on 11 of the 39 measures (i.e., age, education, forced expiratory volu...
The evolution and maintenance of sexual size dimorphism in horseshoe crabs: an evaluation of six functional hypotheses

Ultimate hypotheses to explain sexual size dimorphism (SSD) generally focus on differences in reproductive roles between males and females. For example, intrasexual competition for mates can favour larger males in some taxa, and fecundity selection can favour larger females in other taxa. However, SSD is not simply due to one selection pressure on males or females, but is the outcome of numerous conflicting pressures on both sexes. Despite this, few studies have tested multiple hypotheses to explain the factors underlying SSD. Horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, have female-biased SSD in all populations, and are an interesting species for the study of SSD because of their unusual evolutionary history and life-history strategy. We used the hypothetico-deductive method to evaluate multiple predictions from six hypotheses to understand the evolution and maintenance of SSD in horseshoe crabs. We examined these hypotheses using field studies and data from the literature. We found little support for four hypotheses. However, predictions for the fecundity advantage hypothesis were supported (e.g. larger females lay more eggs than smaller females). Our results predict that, for every centimetre increase in size, females will lay 1672 ± 285 more eggs per spawning bout. Thus, selection is likely to favour the future compounded gain in fecundity from one extra year of growth over the gain from one additional mating opportunity if females mature earlier. Predictions for the protandry hypothesis were also supported. The costs for males maturing at smaller sizes (i.e. a large-size advantage for competing males, and increased ejaculate volume) appear to be minimal. Therefore, males that mature and reproduce earlier will likely be selected for, given the demographic advantage of their offspring hatching and reproducing earlier. Our study illustrates the importance of investigating multiple hypotheses for both males and females in the study of SSD.
Effect of repeat copy number on variable-number tandem repeat mutations in Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci have shown a remarkable ability to discriminate among isolates of the recently emerged clonal pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7, making them a very useful molecular epidemiological tool. However, little is known about the rates at which these sequences mutate, the factors that affect mutation rates, or the mechanisms by which mutations occur at these loci. Here, we measure mutation rates for 28 VNTR loci and investigate the effects of repeat copy number and mismatch repair on mutation rate using in vitro-generated populations for 10 E. coli O157:H7 strains. We find single-locus rates as high as 7.0 x 10(-4) mutations/generation and a combined 28-locus rate of 6.4 x 10(-4) mutations/generation. We observed single- and multirepeat mutations that were consistent with a slipped-strand mispairing mutation model, as well as a smaller number of large repeat copy number mutations that were consistent with recombination-mediated events. Repeat copy number within an array was strongly correlated with mutation rate both at the most mutable locus, O157-10 (r2= 0.565, P = 0.0196), and across all mutating loci. The combined locus model was significant whether locus O157-10 was included (r2= 0.833, P 5 bp, although a poly(G) homomeric tract was destabilized in the mutS strain. Finally, we describe a general model for VNTR mutations that encompasses insertions and deletions, single- and multiple-repeat mutations, and their relative frequencies based upon our empirical mutation rate data.
Noninvasive monitoring of uterine contractility in pregnant patients using multiple tocodynamometers

The goal of this project was to develop and apply small tocodynamometers to record uterine contractions and their temporal and spatial relationships simultaneously on patients in labor. The tocodynamometer designed for this application is based on a design originally developed by F. Fallenstein of the University of Zurich. The active element of the sensor is a piezoelectric ceramic disk such as those used in audible annunciators. The disk is supported circumferentially by the sensor housing, and a probe that comes in contact with the abdomen presses against the center of the disk. The electrodes on the ceramic element are connected to an amplifier located in the sensor. Uterine contractions are identified and their duration determined by computer. >
An Analytical Investigation of the Bullwhip Effect

The Bullwhip Effect is problematic: order variability increases as orders propagate along the supply chain. The fundamental differential delay equations for a retailer’s inventory reacting to a surge in demand are solved exactly. Much of the rich and complex inventory behavior is determined by the replenishment delay. The analytical solutions agree with numerical integrations and previous control theory results. Managerially useful ordering strategies are proposed. Exact expressions are derived for the retailer’s orders to the manufacturer, and the Bullwhip Effect arises naturally. The approach is quite general and applicable to a wide variety of supply chain problems.
CSF multianalyte profile distinguishes Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases.

The therapeutic imperative for Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) calls for discovery and validation of biomarkers. Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) τ and decreased amyloid (A) β 42 have been validated as biomarkers of AD. In contrast, there is no validated CSF biomarker for PD. We validated our proteomics-discovered multianalyte profile (MAP) in CSF from 95 control subjects, 48 patients with probable AD, and 40 patients with probable PD. An optimal 8-member MAP agreed with expert diagnosis for 90 control subjects (95%), 36 patients with probable AD (75%), and 38 patients with probable PD (95%). This MAP consisted of the following (in decreasing order of contribution): τ, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin 8, Aβ 42 , β 2 -microglobulin, vitamin D binding protein, apolipoprotein (apo) AII, and apoE. This first large-scale validation of a proteomicdiscovered MAP suggests a panel of 8 CSF proteins that are highly effective at identifying PD and moderately effective at identifying AD. Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) are major public health problems. Key to the effort to obtain new therapeutics will be novel biomarkers to aid in diagnosis, identify subsets of patients, and objectively monitor progression and response to treatment. Several discovery proteomic studies of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been reported using relatively small numbers of patients with AD compared with control subjects without dementia. 1-6
Digital subtraction indocyanine green angiography of occult choroidal neovascularization

Abstract Objective This study aimed to use a new technique for ocular imaging, digital subtraction indocyanine green angiography (DS-ICGA), to evaluate patients with occult choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Design The design was a cross-sectional study of patients with occult CNV. Participants A total of 31 eyes of 31 patients were studied. Intervention Digital subtraction of sequentially acquired indocyanine green angiographic frames was used to image the progression of the dye front in eyes with occult CNV. A method of pseudocolor imaging of the choroid was developed that allows differentiation and identification of underlying choroidal arteries and veins. Results The DS-ICGA of occult CNV showed consistent findings. Occult CNV was imaged with greater detail and in a shorter period of time than with conventional indocyanine green angiography. The fundus landmarks were retained with DS-ICGA much better than with conventional indocyanine green angiography. Conclusions The DS-ICGA uses time to dissect the choroidal circulation. With DS-ICGA, occult CNV could be imaged more quickly and in greater detail than with conventional imaging techniques. The DS-ICGA may improve the authors ability to image, and subsequently treat, occult CNV.
The ten most important changes in psychiatry since World War II

Writing the recent history of a subject is notoriously difficult because of the lack of perspective and impartiality. One way to gain insight and understanding into the recent past of a discipline of knowledge is to consult directly the living practitioners who actually experienced first-hand the major changing circumstances in the discipline during the period under study. This article seeks to explore the most significant changes occurring in Western, and especially American, psychiatry from the end of World War II up to the present by interrogating a representative selection of psychiatrists and psychologists about the subject. Over a three-year period, the author surveyed approximately 200 mental health experts on their perceptions of change in the world of psychiatric theory and practice during this enormously eventful 70-year period. After presenting the survey results, the article then attempts to analyse the answers that the author did (and did not) obtain from his poll-taking subjects.
Are we answering the right research questions for commercial operating systems

There was an underlying question during both panel sessions at OSDI '94 (Operating Systems Design and Implementation Conference, November 14-17, 1994) which was never discussed: "Is the operating systems research community neglecting some major technical problems for commercial operating systems?" Operating systems are complex, costly and constantly growing more chaotic. Companies are trying to create a feasible commercial operating system for the future. This paper raises questions which must be addressed in order to allow operating systems to evolve.
Cognitive and psychomotor responses to high-altitude exposure in sea level and high-altitude residents of Ecuador.

High-altitude inhabitants have cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations that are advantageous for high-altitude living, but they may have impaired cognitive function. This study evaluated the influence of altitude of residence on cognitive and psychomotor function upon acute exposure to very high altitude. Ecuadorians (31 residing at 0–1,500 m [LOW], 78 from 1,501–3,000 m [MOD], and 23 living >3,000 m [HIGH]) were tested upon their arrival to a hut at 4,860 m on Mount Chimborazo. Cognitive/psychomotor measurements included a go-no-go test (responding to a non-visual stimulus), a verbal fluency test (verbalizing a series of words specific to a particular category), and a hand movement test (rapidly repeating a series of hand positions). Mean differences between the three altitude groups on these cognitive/psychomotor tests were evaluated with one-way ANOVA. There were no significant differences (p = 0.168) between LOW, MOD, and HIGH for the verbal fluency test. However, the go-no-go test was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the HIGH group (8.8 ± 1.40 correct responses) than the LOW (9.8 ± 0.61) or MOD (9.8 ± 0.55) groups, and both MOD (97.9 ± 31.2) and HIGH (83.5 ± 26.7) groups completed fewer correct hand movements than the LOW (136.6 ± 37.9) subjects (p < 0.001). Based on this field study, high-altitude residents appear to have some impaired cognitive function suggesting the possibility of maladaptation to long-term exposure to hypobaric hypoxia.
State of the Art: Islet Cell Antibody Tests

The discovery of anti-islet cell antibodies (ICAb's) in the sera of individuals with insulin- dependent diabetes (IDDM) was a significant milestone in the history of diabetes research. ICAb's have been found in the sera of 60%-85% of new-onset diabetic patients. It has been suggested that ICAb's play a role in the destruction of beta cells possibly by complement- mediated beta cell lysis, or by acting as mediators in antibody- dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. ICAb's have been shown to be markers of ongoing beta cell destruction. The presence of ICAb's has preceded the appearance of clinical evidence of IDDM by as long as eight years. The detection of ICAb's in first-degree relatives of individuals with IDDM identifies a population at risk for developing IDDM. Means of intervention need to be established to prevent progressive beta cell destruction in these individuals.
Fluorescence properties of albumin blue 633 and 670 in plasma and whole blood

We have determined the fluorescence characteristics of two long wavelength dyes, albumin blue 633 (AB633) and 670 (AB670), in plasma and blood to evaluate the possibility of making direct fluorescence sensing measurements in blood. Using binding and lifetime measurements we were also able to show that these dyes bind selectively to human serum albumin (HSA) in plasma and blood. By measuring changes in the mean lifetime of AB670 with changes in the HSA concentration, we showed that lifetime-based sensing can be used to monitor HSA concentrations using these albumin blue dyes. Anisotropy measurements for AB633 and AB670 in plasma and blood revealed high anisotropy values for these dyes in these media. Exploiting these high anisotropies, we were also able to determine HSA concentrations in plasma and blood mimics using changes in AB670 anisotropy with HSA concentration. These results show that, apart from being able to make fluorescence measurements directly in plasma and blood, it is possible to sense directly for specific plasma/blood components using fluorescent probes that bind preferentially to them.
Lexical access and lexical decision: Mechanisms of frequency sensitivity.

Three models of lexical access and lexical decision—the serial search model, the two-dictionary model, and a parallel-access, criterion-bias model—were tested in a large experiment (148 subjects, 458 words) comparing the effects of mixed- and blocked-frequency presentation on correct lexical decision times. Reaction times were faster for high-frequency words in the blocked, pure-frequency condition than in the mixed-frequency one; medium-frequency words showed less of a difference; and low-frequency words showed no appreciable difference at all. These results corroborate and extend Glanzer and Ehrenreich's ( Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1979, 18, 381–398) empirical results with this paradigm. They strongly imply that changes in decision criteria underlie the reaction time differences Glanzer and Ehrepreich and we found. This evidence places further constraints on theories of lexical access, which may be more easily accomodated by parallel models than by serial ones. Glanzer and Ehrenreich's two-dictionary model is not supported by this data.
One-Hundred Years of Wildfire Research: A Legacy of the Priest River, Deception Creek, and Boise Basin Experimental Forests of Idaho

The 1910 fires, which burned more than 1.3 million ha of northern Rocky Mountain forests, provided a mission and management objectives for the newly created Forest Service. By 1911, the Priest River Experimental Station (Forest-PREF) was established in northern Idaho to help meet the needs of the Forest Service. Harry T. Gisborne, whose work was centered at PREF, proved to be one, if not the most influential and far-seeing fire researcher in the history of the Forest Service. Examples of his contributions include the fire danger rating system, fuel moisture sticks, short- and long-term specialized fire-weather forecasting, and the beginnings of predicting fire behavior. After Gisborne’s death in 1949, Jack Barrows, one of Gisborne’s assistants, led the fire program and introduced high-tech approaches to fire research. Barrows was instrumental in creating the state-of-the-art Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. The McSweeney–McNary Act (1928) laid the groundwork for a nationwide system of forest experiment stations and experimental forests, and in 1933 Deception Creek (DCEF) and Boise Basin Experimental Forests (BBEF) were established. DCEF was located in a productive mixed conifer forest in northern Idaho. Fire was integral to studies conducted at DCEF on harvesting, regenerating, and tending western white pine stands. Research at BBEF in southern Idaho emphasized timber production within interior ponderosa pine forests and prescribed fire was studied as a means of preparing seedbeds and minimizing grass and shrub competition to trees. Similar to other dry forests of the West, wildfires were aggressively controlled at BBEF, causing portions of it to be overrun with seedlings and saplings, which created dense forests. As such, BBEF was well suited for investigating ways of restoring ponderosa pine forests. After nearly 100 years of fire research, we still strive to effectively manage forests in the face of ever-growing threats of urbanization and unwanted wildfires. Building on the legacy of research accomplished on the Idaho experimental forests and the basic understanding of fire and its effects the early researchers developed, these forests are now more valuable than ever.
Combustion of Heavy Fuel Oils in a Rijke Type Pulse Combustor with a Tangential Injection Stream

This paper describes an investigation of the combustion of heavy fuel oils in a recently developed, Rijke type, pulse combustor that utilizes a tangential fuel and air injection system. This study was stimulated by the need to develop combustors that can burn low quality fuels with high combustion efficiencies and low pollutant emissions. Tests with fuel oil Nos. 5 and 6 revealed that they can be burned in the developed Rijke pulse combustor with combustion efficiencies higher than 99 percent while utilizing less than 10% excess air, which decreases exhaust flow losses and increases the thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the developed combustor could be operated over a wide range of air/fuel ratios, including fuel lean and rich operating conditions. Emissions measurements revealed that the exhaust flow NOx concentrations are low over the whole range of investigated air/fuel ratios and that CO and particulates emissions are low for fuel lean operation. Finally, the paper describes the dependence of the amplitude of the combustor pulsations upon its operating conditions.