cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time MPEG-1 software decoding on HP workstations

A MPEG1 codec that is capable of real-time playback of video and audio on HP's RISC-based workstations has been developed. Real-time playback is achieved by examining the complete MPEG1 decoding pipeline and optimizing the algorithms used for the various stages of the video and audio decompression process. For video decompression, efficient implementations are derived by examining the huffman decoder, inverse quantizer and inverse DCT as a single system. For audio decompression, by viewing the subband synthesis function in MPEG1 layer I and layer II decoding as a DCT, a fast 32-point DCT suitable for use in MPEG1 audio decompression has been developed. Besides algorithmic enhancements, in order to achieve real-time performance, minor changes to the CPU architecture and the display pipeline architecture were needed. The integration of algorithmic and architectural enhancements results in real-time playback of MPEG1 video and audio on HP's RISC based workstations.
Potential role of galactokinase in neonatal carbohydrate assimilation

Glucose given to the newborn human may result in hyperglycemia, suggesting that its utilization is impaired at this developmental stage. Galactose is thought to be a more appropriate carbohydrate source for the newborn. The enzymes involved in hexose phosphorylation may, in part, be responsible for these observations. A key regulatory enzyme of hepatic glucose assimilation, glucokinase, is diminished in newborns compared to adults, whereas galactokinase activity is increased. When newborn dogs were fasted and then fed either glucose or galactose, their plasma insulin responses to glucose were similar, but the pups fed galactose demonstrated an attenuated systemic appearance rate of glucose. Hexose incorporation into hepatic glycogen and net glycogen synthesis was augmented in the galactose-fed dogs. In vitro, liver from neonatal dogs showed enhanced galactokinase activity relative to that for hexokinase or glucokinase. Neonatal hexose assimilation may be independent of insulin action and, instead, be related to the developmental presence of hexose phosphorylating enzymes.
Gene synthesis, high-level expression and assignment of backbone 15N and 13C resonances of soybean leghemoglobin.

Abstract A synthetic gene for apoleghemoglobin-a from soybean, optimized for expression in Escherichia coli has been designed and synthesized by a recursive polymerase chain reaction technique. The protein has been expressed with high efficiency and a purification protocol has been developed. The holoprotein is readily reconstituted by the addition of heme. 15N- and 15N, 13C-labeled samples were produced and backbone 15N and 13C assignments were determined by 2D and 3D NMR spectroscopy. Comparison of the chemical shifts of 13Cα and 13CO with random coil shifts revealed a pattern of secondary structure which correlates well with the one previously derived from homonuclear NMR data and low-resolution X-ray crystallography.
Transdifferentiation during Heart Regeneration

Heart disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Transdifferentiation, also called direct reprogramming, is a process where a mature somatic cell transforms into another distinct cell type. Rapidly accumulating studies have suggested that transdifferentiation of mature somatic cells into cardiomyocytes and other cell types has provided tremendous hope for the treatment of heart disease. Here I summarize the recent advances, specifically regarding the strategies used for transdifferentiation of cardiac cells during heart regeneration.
Social Networks and Social Support: Implications for Natural Helper and Community Level Interventions

The convincing evidence of the relationship between social support, social networks, and health status has influenced the development of program strategies which are relevant to health education. This article focuses on the linkage between social support and social networks and health education programs which involve interventions at the network and community level. Two broad strategies are addressed: programs enhancing entire networks through natural helpers; and programs strengthening overlapping networks/communities through key opinion and informal leaders who are engaged in the process of community wide problem-solving. Following a brief overview of definitions, this article highlights several network characteristics which are often found to be related to physical and mental health status. Suggestions are made for how these network characteristics can be applied to the two program strategies. Principles of practice for the health educator, and some of the limitations of a social network approach are delineated. The article concludes with a recommendation for engaging in action research--a perspective highly consistent with both the strategies discussed and the concepts of social networks and social support. This approach not only recognizes, but also acts to strengthen indigenous skills and resources.
Globalization with a human face

This paper has six parts. The first part defines globalization. The second discusses globalization eras. The third discusses the irreversibility and inevitability of globalization. The fourth section discusses the benefits and costs of globalization. The fifth section asks what is to be done. The sixth section contains my conclusions.
Case report 775

A young dog was found to have an osteosarcoma of the proximal femur containing a radiologically evident sequestrum of dead bone. Although the tumor was extensive, the plain films were most remarkable for the presence of a sequestrum. MR scans revealed the extent of the lesion, with low signal throughout the lesion consistent with the heavily calcified tumor and central avascular bone. At the 1-year follow-up, lung metastases had developed, but the dog appeared well.
Ethical Dilemmas & Nursing Praia

Anne J. Davis et al., Ethical Dilemmas & Nursing Practice (Stamford: Appleton & Lange, 4th ed., 1997): 275 pp., ISBN 0-8385-2283-1 (paper), $34.95. To order call 1-800-423-1359.
Mechanism of retinoic acid induced attenuation of PTH action in UMR 106-01 cells.

Studies from our laboratory in osteoblast-like cells have shown that the increase in EGF receptor expression in response to PTH was cyclic AMP mediated and was blocked by treatment with retinoic acid (RA). The present studies investigate the mechanism for this effect of RA on PTH actions. UMR 106-01 cells were exposed to RA and were tested for cAMP response to PTH as well as for 125I PTH binding. cAMP production in response to PTH was markedly decreased by RA (25.1 ± 1.6% of control) whereas there was only a slight decrease in PTH binding in response to RA. For the study of adenylate cyclase activity, membranes were isolated from intact cells that had been exposed to RA. Treatment with RA decreased PTH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity; however, forskolin-stimulated enzyme activity was unchanged. Treatment of intact cells with pertussis toxin, to inactivate Gi, did not alter the inhibitory effect of RA on PTH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Addition of GppNHp, a non-hydrolyzable analogue of GTP, completely restored the response to PTH in the membranes. Therefore, we examined the activity of IMP dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme for GTP biosynthesis, and GMP reductase which counteracts the effect of the synthetic enzyme. Treatment with RA for 48 hours increased GMP reductase activity by 240.9 ± 24.2% and decreased IMP dehydrogenase activity to 67.5 ± 8.8% of control values. These data indicate that RA impairs the response to PTH in intact cells. This blunted response was preserved in membrane preparations but was corrected by GTP. The RA-induced alterations of enzymes involved in the GTP biosynthetic pathway in a direction that favors a decrease in GTP biosynthesis provide an explanation for the inhibitory effect of RA on PTH actions.
Analysis of bacteriophage mu and lambda-mu hybrid DNAs by specific endonucleases.

The DNAs of plaque-forming particles bearing various portions of bacteriophages λ and Mu were cleaved by the specific endonucleases of Hemophilus influenzae and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Our extensive mapping data on λ and Mu DNA allowed us to identify the parts of each parent in the hybrids. The technique revealed that both ends of Mu DNA are heterogeneous in size, and suggested that a portion of DNA at the immunity end of vegetative Mu is not inserted in the prophage. The known ability of Mu to invert a specific part of its own DNA (G loop inversion) was observed mainly in phage grown by induction of a lysogen, and the gene involved was deduced to lie within, or at least very close to, the G loop region itself. The mode of growth of Mu, by lytic infection or by induction of a lysogen, also affected the phage DNA in its pattern of modification. Thus a specific endonuclease, Hin II, failed to cleave the DNA of Mu induced from a lysogen, even though it cleaved at several sites the DNA of phage grown by lytic infection.
Spectra of electron-beam pumped XeF lasers

An analysis is presented of the lasing spectrum of the rovibronic XeF(B–X) transition as observed in an electron-beam pumped laser. The intricate spin–split rotational and vibrational structure in the 351- and 353-nm lasing emission is investigated, and insight is gained on the processes responsible for the vibrational, rotational, and spin inhomogeneities manifested in the spectra. Explanations of the data are developed in terms of near-resonant vibration–rotation energy transfer, rotational relaxation rate differences in the B and X states, rapid dissociation of the rotational resonances near the dissociation limit of the ground state, relatively slow collisional spin relaxation, and optical coupling of spin states. The implications for narrowband extraction in the 351- and 353-nm bands are noted. The rotational relaxation rates of the X and B states of XeF are estimated in the Appendix.
The Adaptive Value of Circadian Clocks: An Experimental Assessment in Cyanobacteria

Circadian clocks are thought to enhance the fitness of organisms by improving their ability to adapt to extrinsic influences, specifically daily changes in environmental factors such as light, temperature, and humidity. Some investigators have proposed that circadian clocks provide an additional "intrinsic adaptive value," that is, the circadian clock that regulates the timing of internal events has evolved to be such an integral part of the temporal regulation that it is useful in all conditions, even in constant environments. There have been practically no rigorous tests of either of these propositions. Using cyanobacterial strains with different clock properties growing in competition with each other, we found that strains with a functioning biological clock defeat clock-disrupted strains in rhythmic environments. In contrast to the expectations of the "intrinsic value model," this competitive advantage disappears in constant environments. In addition, competition experiments using strains with different circadian periods showed that cyanobacterial strains compete most effectively in a rhythmic environment when the frequency of their internal biological oscillator and that of the environmental cycle are similar. Together, these studies demonstrate the adaptive value of circadian temporal programming in cyanobacteria but indicate that this adaptive value is only fulfilled in cyclic environments.
Mineralogy of arc-derived sediment: siliciclastic sediment on the insular shelf of Puerto Rico

Siliciclastic sediments on the insular shelf of Puerto Rico are derived from a volcanic arc. The sands are feldspatholithic and subquartzose. They confirm predictions about sandstones of arc derivation in the following ways. The quartz content is low, usually less than 25 %. Feldspar is more abundant than quartz, but less so than lithic fragments. If mud rip-up clasts are excluded from the lithic suite, the ratio V/L (volcanic lithic grains to total unstable lithic grains) assumes values near 0.75. Most of the volcanic lithic grains have textures suggesting intermediate volcanics as source rocks. Ratios of plagioclase to total feldspar are high. Values of the parameter C/Q (stable lithic fragments to total lithic grains) are higher than expected for sandstones of volcanic provenance. Four compositionally and areally distinct assemblages of clay minerals are recognized. Clay suites characterized by major concentrations of both halloysite and smectite are found off the north-west coast. Sediments off the north-central and north-east coasts contain major concentrations of halloysite and lesser amounts of smectite, illite and chlorite. Major concentrations of kaolinite are present off the south-east coast. An assemblage of poorly crystallized smectite with lesser amounts of illite and chlorite occurs off the south-west and south-central coasts. Variation in the mineralogic composition of clays around the perimeter of the island reflects changes in the intensity of chemical weathering and the type of rock exposed in the immediate source area and, in instances, either early diagenetic alteration or, more likely, sorting within the clay fraction by currents on the shelf.
Should bariatric revisional surgery be avoided secondary to increased morbidity and mortality

Abstract Background Revisional bariatric surgery may be necessary due to inadequate weight loss or postoperative complications of the primary operation. We sought to identify the reasons for revision, characteristics of the surgery, and outcomes. We hypothesize that revisional surgery, although technically challenging, can produce desirable outcomes. Methods Patients undergoing bariatric surgery at our institution between 1998 and 2007 were reviewed from a prospective database. Patients who had revisional surgery were compared to those who had primary surgery. Results We have identified 46 of 1,038 patients who underwent revisional surgery. Twenty of 46 had a primary Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The most common indication for revisions is inadequate weight loss secondary to gastrogastric fistula (15/20). Leaks occurred more frequently following revisional surgeries (11% vs 1.2%), but intensive care unit (ICU) utilization was less (11% vs 4.4%) and mortality was lower (0% vs .3%) with bariatric revision surgery. Conclusions Although we saw a 9-fold increase in leaks, a 2-5 fold increase in ICU utilization, and 1.5-fold increase in length of stay, our mortality rate was zero. In experienced hands, bariatric revision surgery can be performed to produce desirable outcomes.
Anti–Interleukin 8 Autoantibody:Interleukin 8 Immune Complexes Visualized by Laser Confocal Microscopy in Injured Lung

Abstract Context.—Anti–interleukin 8 autoantibody:interleukin 8 (anti–IL-8 autoantibody:IL-8) complexes are present in lung fluids of patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress synd...
Ensuring data security in interrelated tabular data

Several service agencies including government organizations are engaged in publishing tabular economic data. On the one hand, it is desirable to publish as much data as possible, for use by the public. On the other hand, it is necessary to ensure that confidential data is not divulged. Cell suppression is a popular method that is used for this purpose. Earlier research has focused on cell suppression at the level of individual tables. We present a method that considers interrelationships between tables while attempting to ensure data confidentiality. The method is general enough to be applied to tables with different geometrical structures, and accommodates different cell suppression procedures at the table level. >
An empirical model for accurate estimation of routing delay in FPGAs

We present an empirical routing delay model for estimating interconnection delays in FPGAs. We assume that the routing delay is a function of interPLC distances, circuit size, fanout of the net and routing congestion in the channel. We performed extensive simulations of various circuits to generate a sufficiently large dataset. Our method estimates delays by reading the average value tables and interpolating the values, if necessary. We present a rigorous statistical justification of this delay model. Our results show that our method predicts the delays within 20% of actual and it far outperforms all other existing techniques.
Phosphatidylethanolamine is required for normal cell morphology and cytokinesis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

To investigate the contributions of phosphatidylethanolamine to the growth and morphogenesis of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we have characterized three predicted genes in this organism, designated psd1, psd2, and psd3, encoding phosphatidylserine decarboxylases, which catalyze the conversion of phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylethanolamine in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. S. pombe mutants carrying deletions in any one or two psd genes are viable in complex rich medium and synthetic defined minimal medium. However, mutants carrying deletions in all three psd genes (psd1-3Δ mutants) grow slowly in rich medium and are inviable in minimal medium, indicating that the psd1 to psd3 gene products share overlapping essential cellular functions. Supplementation of growth media with ethanolamine, which can be converted to phosphatidylethanolamine by the Kennedy pathway, restores growth to psd1-3Δ cells in minimal medium, indicating that phosphatidylethanolamine is essential for S. pombe cell growth. psd1-3Δ cells produce lower levels of phosphatidylethanolamine than wild-type cells, even in medium supplemented with ethanolamine, indicating that the Kennedy pathway can only partially compensate for the loss of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity in S. pombe. psd1-3Δ cells appear morphologically indistinguishable from wild-type S. pombe cells in medium supplemented with ethanolamine, but when cultured in nonsupplemented medium, they produce high frequencies of abnormally shaped cells as well as cells exhibiting severe septation defects, including multiple, mispositioned, deformed, and misoriented septa. Our results demonstrate that phosphatidylethanolamine is essential for cell growth and for normal cytokinesis and cellular morphogenesis in S. pombe, and they illustrate the usefulness of this model eukaryote for investigating potentially conserved biological and molecular functions of phosphatidylethanolamine.
The Trichoplusia ni granulovirus helicase is unable to support replication of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus in cells and larvae of T. ni.

Baculovirus DNA helicases are essential for replication and are determinants of host range. Helicases of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and Trichoplusia ni granulovirus (TnGV) differ markedly, although both viruses replicate efficiently in the cabbage looper, T. ni. To determine whether the TnGV helicase (P137) could support replication of AcMNPV in T. ni cells or larvae, the native AcMNPV helicase gene (p143) was disrupted and substituted with p137. P137 did not support replication when synthesized by the P143-deficient AcMNPV. Moreover, P137 did not inhibit AcMNPV replication when co-synthesized in the presence of the AcMNPV P143. These results suggest that although TnGV and AcMNPV replicate efficiently in T. ni, specific protein–protein or protein–DNA interactions between baculoviral helicases and viral-specific factors which form the replicase complex are required for virus replication. A novel and rapid method for disrupting AcMNPV genes in E. coli using the commercial Bac-to-Bac AcMNPV baculovirus expression vector is described.
Exclusion and Private Law Theory: A Comment on Property as the Law of Things

This Comment responds to an article by Professor Henry Smith, “Property as the Law of Things,” forthcoming in a symposium sponsored by the Harvard Law Review on “The New Private Law Theory.” In his lead Article, Professor Smith critiques what he calls the “bundle” picture of property, which he attributes to Legal Realists. Using an economic theory of information costs, Smith concludes that the bundle picture does not explain as many basic features of property as a “thing” picture. I agree with Smith that the bundle picture suffers from many important problems, and I agree with his diagnoses of many of those problems. However, I prefer to study property not with economic analysis but with normative and analytical philosophy. Smith’s and my methodological differences may be of interest to the New Private Law Theory, which encourages close study of the criteria by which interdisciplinary theories of law purport to explain or justify private law. In that spirit, this Comment gives Smith’s information-cost economic analysis a hard look, relying on prior natural law and analytical legal positivist scholarship on the structure of the private law.
Voltage-dependent inhibition of N- and P-type calcium channels by the peptide toxin omega-grammotoxin-SIA.

We studied the mechanism by which the peptide ω-grammotoxin-SIA inhibits voltage-dependent calcium channels. Grammotoxin at concentrations of >50 nm completely inhibited inward current carried by 2 mm barium through P-type channels in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons when current was elicited by depolarizations up to +40 mV. However, outward current (carried by internal cesium) elicited by depolarizations to >+100 mV was either unaffected or enhanced in the presence of toxin. Tail current activation curves showed that grammotoxin shifted the steady state voltage dependence of channel activation by ≈+40 mV. Activation in the presence of toxin was far slower in addition to having altered voltage dependence. Grammotoxin also inhibited N-type calcium channels in rat and frog sympathetic neurons, with changes in channel voltage dependence and kinetics nearly identical to those of P-type channels. Experiments with monovalent ions as the only charge carriers showed that toxin effects on channel activation and kinetics depended on voltage, not on direction of current flow or on the current-carrying ion. Repeated trains of large depolarizations relieved toxin inhibition, as if toxin affinity for activated channels were low. The effects of grammotoxin on gating of P-type channels are very similar to those of ω-Aga-IVA, but combined application of the two toxins showed that grammotoxin binding is not prevented by saturating binding of ω-Aga-IVA. We conclude that grammotoxin potently inhibits both P-type and N-type channels by impeding channel gating and that grammotoxin binds to distinct or additional sites on P-type channels compared with ω-Aga-IVA.
2-aminofluorene bioactivation by human term placental peroxidase

Earlier investigations from our laboratory demonstrated that human term placental peroxidase (HTPP) is capable of metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. In this study, purified HTPP was found to bioactivate 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) in the presence of H2O2. 2-AF oxidation was studied spectrophotometrically while radiometry was employed to assess the bioactivation. The rate of oxidation and covalent binding to protein and DNA was dependent upon the pH of the reaction medium and the concentration of 2-AF, the enzyme, and H2O2. To observe maximal enzyme velocity of oxidation, the presence of 16.5 μM H2O2, 100 μM 2-AF, 37 γg of the enzyme protein/ml, and pH 7.2 was required. Under optimal assay conditions, the range of specific activity between 130 and 165 nmol of 2-AF oxidized/min/mg HTPP was observed. Using similar assay conditions, the magnitude of covalent binding of [3H]-2-AF to protein (BSA) and calf thymus DNA was found to be about 508 pmol bound/min/mg HTPP/mg BSA and 84 pmol bound/min/mg HTPP/mg DNA, respectively. Potassium cyanide and sodium azide, the known inhibitors of different peroxidases, significantly blocked both the oxidation and covalent binding of 2-AF in a dose dependent manner. These results strongly suggest that peroxidase may be one of the important pathways responsible for the bioactivation of arylamines in human term placenta. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Diffusion Model for Studying the Drug Release from Semisolid Dosage Forms I. Methodology Using Agar Gel as Diffusion Medium

AbstractSeveral ointment bases containing three sulfonamides widely different in their physicochemical properties were evaluated for their drug release properties using agar gel as the drug acceptor phase. The drug release/diffusion model was created by making an empty cylindrical core in the center of agar gel plate which was filled with ointment containing the drugs. The results showed that a linear correlation existed when the amount of drug released from each ointment was plotted against the logarithmic time. The solubility of drugs in the base and partition properties into the agar medium played the major role for the release of drugs. The effect of temperature on the diffusion into the acceptor phase was also recorded.
The Influence of Midtropospheric Dryness on Supercell Morphology and Evolution

Abstract This work studies the relationship between midtropospheric dryness and supercell thunderstorm morphology and evolution using a three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic cloud model. Environments that differ only in midtropospheric dryness are found to produce supercells having different low-level outflow and rotational characteristics. Thunderstorms forming in environments with moderate vertical wind shear, large instability, and very dry midtropospheric air produce strong low-level outflow. When this low-level outflow propagates faster than the midlevel mesocyclone, the storm updraft and low-level mesocyclone weaken. However, in environments with larger vertical wind shear or with higher-altitude dry midtropospheric air, the low-level outflow is not as detrimental to the supercell. This provides a possible explanation for why some environments that appear favorable for the development of strong low-level mesocyclones in supercells fail to do so. Downdraft convective available potential energy (DCAPE) is...
Determination of reflector angular position using directional phase-encoded wavefield

Using a directional phase-encoded wavefield, experiments are performed to determine if reflector angular coordinates can be obtained from the encoded phase. Where the target sizes are small, experiments show that significant phase distortions are introduced in the echoes. A mathematical expression for the reflection-diffraction response of a rectangular plate is derived and confirms major phase distortions can arise due to edge diffractions. A scheme of phase reversal is then devised which eliminates the effects of this phase distortion, enables target direction to be determined, and distinguishes small reflectors from large ones. This scheme also tends to be less sensitive to measurement errors. The new results are yet another important support for the usefulness of the emerging concept on directional phase-encoded wavefield. >
Adolescent Offspring of Mothers With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Abstract Purpose The goal of this study was to determine whether adolescent offspring of mothers with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have higher prevalence of CFS and report more fatigue, greater pain sensitivity, more sleep problems, and poorer cardiopulmonary fitness in comparison with offspring with no exposure to maternal CFS. Methods A total of 26 adolescent offspring of 20 mothers diagnosed with CFS were compared with 45 adolescent offspring of 30 age-matched healthy control mothers. Study measures included structured interviews and medical and laboratory examinations for CFS; tender point examination; maximum oxygen uptake and perceived exertion; dolorimetry pain ratings; and questionnaires on fatigue severity and sleepiness. Results In comparison with offspring of healthy mothers, those exposed to mothers with CFS reported higher prevalence of fatigue of at least 1-month duration (23% vs. 4%), fatigue of 6 months or longer (15% vs. 2%), and met criteria for CFS (12% vs. 2%), although these differences only approached statistical significance. CFS and healthy mothers differed on almost all study outcomes, but offspring groups did not differ on measures of current fatigue severity, pain sensitivity, sleep, mean number of tender points, and cardiopulmonary fitness. Conclusions The higher prevalence of fatiguing states in offspring of CFS mothers, despite the lack of statistical significance, suggests that familial factors may potentially play a role in developing chronically fatiguing states. Alternately, perturbations in pain sensitivity and cardiopulmonary fitness may be consequences of CFS. Future studies should focus on examining the impact of maternal CFS and associated disability on psychosocial functioning of offspring.
Integrating a Traveling-Wave Tube into an AECR-U Ion Source

A radio frequency system of 500 W output power from 10.75 to 12.75 GHz frequency range was designed and integrated into the Advanced Electron Cyclotron Resonance-Upgrade (AECR-U) ion source of the 88-inch cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The AECR-U produces ion beams for the cyclotron, giving large flexibility of ion species and charge states. The broadband frequency of a traveling-wave tube (TWT) allows modifying the volume that couples and heats the plasma. The TWT system design and integration with the AECR-U ion source and results from commissioning are presented.
The vacuum and oxidative pyrolysis of poly-p-xylylene

Poly-p-xylylene prepared by pyrolysis of di-p-xylylene has been degraded under vacuum and in the presence of oxygen as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure. The vacuum pyrolysis is mainly due to “abnormal” structures. Volatiles are initially produced quite slowly, but the reaction accelerates subsequently. Arrhenius equations were derived for various ranges of volatile formation. A mechanism has been formulated consisting of random chain scission followed by depropagation (dimers to pentamers); simulatanously another zip reaction produces hydrogen. The thermal, oxidative degradation has been studied above and below the softening point of the polymer as a function of oxygen pressure. A first-order reaction of volatile formation due to “abnormal” chain scission is followed by normal chain scission, which is also first order. The postulated mechanism leads initially to hydroperoxide formation. Arrhenius equations for volatile formation are different below and above the softening point. Oxygen consumption also follows a first-order reaction with an energy of activation of 31.5 kcal/mole.
Neuropsychologic Performance of Children with Epilepsy on the NEPSY

Neuropsychologic test scores from a group of children with epilepsy were compared to the standardization sample of the NEPSY: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, a relatively new neuropsychologic testing instrument. Nineteen children with a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy (11 boys, 8 girls), aged 3−12 years, participated. Attention/executive function, language, sensorimotor, visuospatial, and learning/memory domain scores were examined, as well as individual subtest scores. The mean scores on the attention/executive function, language, and sensorimotor domains were >1.5 standard deviations below the normative mean, and significantly lower than the mean visuospatial domain score ( P P
A simulation-based production testbed

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology have been developing a simulation-based production testbed. This testbed contains continuous simulation models of production equipment and processes, and discrete-event simulation models of various production systems. In addition, it contains both commercial and prototype software applications that implement a number of production functions from order release to final inspection. This testbed provides an environment for the development and testing of interfaces which can pruvide an integrating infrastructure for these applications. These interfaces will be based on information models and exchange protocols, and will specify what information is shared across those applications and how it is exchanged. This paper describes the current state of the testbed, and the projects currently being conducted in the testbed.
School-based Social Work Interventions: A Cross-National Systematic Review

Across the globe, social workers serve schools in a variety of capacities, providing services such as skills training; individual, group, and family counseling; crisis intervention; home visits; parent support and education; and advocacy for students, families, and school systems. To date, no synthesis of the literature exists examining tier 1 and tier 2 cross-national school-based social work interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was twofold: (1) to identify tier 1 and tier 2 school-based interventions that involve social workers and (2) to examine the extent to which the interventions are efficacious with school-based youths. A computerized search with inclusion and exclusion criteria was conducted using several databases. Eighteen studies were included for the final sample in this review. Effect sizes were calculated for all outcomes to determine magnitude of treatment effect. Results indicated that most of the studies were conducted in the United States (n = 14) and half (n = 9) of the included interventions were tier 1. Many positive effect sizes were found. Interventions aimed to treat a variety of outcomes such as sexual health, aggression, self-esteem, school attendance, identity, and depression. More research is needed to determine the effectiveness of school-based social work worldwide.
U.S. dental school applicants and enrollees, 2011 and 2012 entering classes.

This report examines the characteristics of dental school applicants and enrollees using data from the 2010–11 and 2011–12 application cycles of the American Dental Education Association’s Associated American Dental Schools Application Service (ADEA AADSAS℠). The report presents data on the demographic composition and academic preparation of applicants, first-time enrollees, and total first-year enrollees during these two application cycles. The data indicate that the number of applicants has decreased modestly during this time, yet the number of first-time, first-year enrollees continues to rise mainly reflecting the opening of new dental schools and expansion of existing class sizes at some schools. Findings also indicate reduced gaps by gender in dental school applicants and enrollees. By contrast, the percentage of underrepresented minority applicants and enrollees increased only slightly. The results highlighted in this study have important implications for health professions education advisors, dental educators, and members of the broader dental education community.
The use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta to control hemorrhagic shock during video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement or infected necrotizing pancreatitis.

Introduction Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a technique that has been shown to provide central vascular control to support proximal aortic pressure and minimize hemorrhage in a wide variety of clinic settings, however the role of REBOA for emergency general surgery is less defined.
A cross-validation study of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory in three research and development organizations

A cross-validation study of the Kirton Adaption- Innovation Inventory (KAI) was conducted with 256 professional employees from three applied research and development organizations. The KAI was found to correlate well with direct measures of in novativeness (peer-nomination and management- rated measures of innovativeness) as well as with in direct indicators of innovativeness (number of pub lications, education, performance as rated by man agement, organizational level, self-esteem, intoler ance of ambiguity, and need for clarity). These re sults, moreover, held up well in each of the three research and development organizations. The orig inality subscale was found to be a potentially useful short version of the KAI. Implications for the use of the KAI are discussed.
Consensus through Accountability? The Benefits and Drawbacks of Building Community with Accountability.

This article presents some of the research from a qualitative study of a large-scale writing portfolio assessment that is attached to accountability measures. Drawing on interviews and class observations, the article examines the benefits and drawbacks of building community among teachers and students through high-stakes assessment. It describes the organizational logic of the portfolio system, comparing the ways that texts and professional development are used to create consensus among teachers and uniformity in classrooms with the way that they are used to rationalize operations within businesses.
Marriage, Stress and Menopause: Midlife Challenges and Joys

This study investigated the relationship of two contextual variables (the marital relationship and stress) with the experience of menopause for 224 married midlife women. These women completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Quality of Relationship Inventory, the Women’s Health Questionnaire, the Index of Sexual Satisfaction, and the Life Events Questionnaire for Middle-Aged Women. Marital quality, marital satisfaction, and stress predicted menopausal symptomatology. Women in dissatisfying marriages, characterized by less social support, less depth, and higher conflict, reported increased stress and more menopausal symptomatology than did women in satisfying marriages. Sexual satisfaction was positively related to marital satisfaction. No differences were found due to menopausal stage. These findings suggest that relationship variables may override menopausal status in importance as midlife women move through the menopausal transition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v19i1/2.399
CHAPTER 5 – Testing Hypotheses

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the testing hypotheses. The statistical decision problems, in which the space of actions consists of two elements are called problems of testing hypotheses. A nonrandomized decision rule for such problems has a characteristic form and may be considered as a measurable subset of the sample space. The chapter presents a general method for finding the best tests of a simple hypothesis against a simple alternative by the fundamental lemma of Neyman and Pearson (1933). The proof of the Neyman–Pearson lemma and the subsequent corollary are quite general in nature and apply to Riemann–integrable and to Lebesgue-measurable, whereas the weak-compactness theorem involves Lebesgue-measurable functions and is not applicable to Riemann-integrable functions. The chapter also discusses the problem of testing a composite hypothesis against a composite alternative. A hypothesis is composite if it consists of two elements.
Transmural bioenergetic responses of normal myocardium to high workstates

The response of myocardial high-energy and inorganic phosphates (HEP and Pi, respectively) and associated changes in myocardial blood flow, lactate uptake, and O2 consumption (MVo2) rates were examined in an open-chest canine model during progressively increasing workloads achieved by catecholamine infusion. HEP and Pi levels (measured with transmurally localized 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were unaffected by moderate increases in the level of energy expenditure but were significantly altered by high workloads, especially in the subepicardium. The MVo2 and HEP data from three different protocols that utilized pharmacological augmentation of blood flow demonstrated that the maximal rate of myocardial energy production during inotropic stimulation was dictated by perfusion limitation. This limitation was more severe in the subepicardial layer at the high workloads despite equivalent or even higher increases in blood flow to this layer, reflecting a preferential enhancement of demand in the outer layer by catecholamines. In contrast, under basal conditions, existence of a marginal perfusion limitation was evident in the inner but not in the outer layer.
Total Abdominal Wall Reconstruction in the Prune Belly Syndrome

A total of 6 boys with the prune belly syndrome underwent total abdominal wall reconstruction by a technique that permits simultaneous bilateral orchiopexy and/or urinary tract reconstruction. Until now, the psychosocial implications of the abdominal wall disfigurement caused by this syndrome have been ignored. This procedure provides an excellent cosmetic result that, in turn, promotes psychological health and a positive body image in these children.
Experimental Aspects of Implantation of Copper in the Vitreous of the Rabbit Eye

The most frequently encountered retained nonmagnetic foreign body clinically and pathologically is composed of pure copper or copper in association with zinc [1, 2]. The difficulties and potential sequelae associated with removal of intravitreal copper fragments in contrast to the possible consequences of retention have led to a series of experiments which deal with implantation of pure and alloyed copper foreign bodies into the vitreous of the rabbit eye. An attempt will be made to use the experimental data to draw practical conclusions which bear on the clinical course and management of patients with retained intravitreal copper foreign bodies.
Novel p53 mutation in a malignant tumor secreting vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Objective.--To assess involvement of p53 mutations in development of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Design.-Survey of sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors. Setting.-Hospital referral centers, mainly in the Los Angeles, Calif, area. Patients.-We obtained fresh surgical specimens from 25 patients (convenience sample) with no family history of endocrine tumors and no evidence of multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 or von Hippel-Lindau disease. Preoperative tests included serum peptide analysis. Main Outcome Measures.-DNA was prepared from tumor specimens. We screened exons 5 through 8 of the p53 gene using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, followed by DNA sequencing when a variant was detected. Results.-A three-base deletion mutation (codon 239) was found in one malignant tumor secreting vasoactive intestinal peptide. Conclusions.-p53 appears to have a limited role in development of pancreatic endocrine tumors. However, evidence from one of our patients suggests it may be involved in tumor progression in uncommon cases.
Clinical and immunological studies in a case of nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small bowel.

Clinical, immunological, and histopathological features of a subject with nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small bowel are described. This patient had diarrhea, diffuse X-ray involvement of the small bowel, giardiasis, and histiologically confirmed nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the jejunum. This case had intact delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and generalized hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphocyte function as measured by incorporation of labeled precursors of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid was normal, and immunoglobulins were not identified in a typical lymphoid nodule when examined immunofluorescently for immunoglobulins A, G, and M. The patient’s diarrhea was markedly improved when she was successfully treated for giardiasis with quinacrine, suggesting that this parasite may be a significant cause of diarrhea in this unusual syndrome.
3.33 – Evolution of the Hippocampus

The hippocampus is a brain area that has received considerable attention because of its distinctive anatomy and its important role in memory. A particularly productive approach to studying the hippocampus has been to examine either its form or function across mammals or to consider whether homologous structures exist in other vertebrates. The present article builds on these previous efforts and considers the evolution of the mammalian hippocampus from both an anatomical and functional viewpoint. Based on this dual approach, we make two main points. First, the anatomical details of the hippocampus are largely conserved across mammalian species. Second, the hippocampus serves the same fundamental mnemonic function across mammals, and homologous structures in other vertebrates may serve a similar function.
CHLOE TEMPESTIVA, MISERA, DOCTA AND ARROGANS (HORACE, ODES 1.23, 3.7, 3.9 AND 3.26)

The name ‘Chloe’ appears four times in Horace's Odes, once in Book 1 (1.23) and three times in Book 3 (3.7, 3.9, 3.26). Whether the ‘Chloes’ represent a woman or women from Horace's real life is probably not something we could know. Furthermore, there is no obvious reason to assume that all the ‘Chloes’ are the same person. However, there is likewise no obvious reason not to read the odes in which the name ‘Chloe’ appears, as some scholars have done, as referring to the same woman, fictional or otherwise. This article argues both that ‘Chloe’ is a consistent character in the Odes and that the portrayal of Chloe is not only connected across odes but also sequential. Taking the poems in order, we see Chloe grow up from a girl who is inexperienced in the world of men to a mature mistress who plays the dominant role in her love affairs.
The Economics of Michal Kalecki

(1988). The Economics of Michal Kalecki. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 287-291.
Assessment of the need for a cardiac morphology curriculum for paediatric cardiology fellows.

Background Expert knowledge of cardiac malformations is essential for paediatric cardiologists. Current cardiac morphology fellowship teaching format, content, and nomenclature are left up to the discretion of the individual fellowship programmes. We aimed to assess practices and barriers in morphology education, perceived effectiveness of current curricula, and preferences for a standardised fellow morphology curriculum. Methods A web-based survey was developed de novo and administered anonymously via e-mail to all paediatric cardiology fellowship programme directors and associate directors in the United States of America; leaders were asked to forward the survey to fellows. Results A total of 35 directors from 32 programmes (51%) and 66 fellows responded. Curriculum formats varied: 28 (88%) programmes utilised pathological specimens, 25 (78%) invited outside faculty, and 16 (50%) utilised external conferences. Director nomenclature preferences were split – 6 (19%) Andersonian, 8 (25%) Van Praaghian, and 18 (56%) mixed. Barriers to morphology education included time and inconsistent nomenclature. One-third of directors reported that <90% of recent fellow graduates had adequate abilities to apply segmental anatomy, identify associated cardiac lesions, or communicate complex CHD. More structured teaching, protected time, and specimens were suggestions to improve curricula. Almost 75% would likely adopt/utilise an online morphology curriculum. Conclusions Cardiac morphology training varies in content and format among fellowships. Inconsistent nomenclature exists, and inadequate morphology knowledge is perceived to contribute to communication failures, both have potential patient safety implications. There is an educational need for a common, online cardiac morphology curriculum that could allow for fellow assessment of competency and contribute to more standardised communication in the field of paediatric cardiology.