cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clearing Tissue with Mixtures of Tributyl and Tri-O-Cresyl Phosphates

Mixtures of tributyl phosphate (Commercial Solvents Corp.) and tri-o-cresyl phosphate (Eastman Kodak Co.), of varying proportions, may be used as immersion fluids for clearing gross specimens. By varying the ratio of the former to that of the latter (measured volumetrically) from 1:130 to 22:110, mixtures having refractive indices varying from 1.555 to 1.534 can be made. A table of mixtures and the index of each is given in this paper. Preparation of specimens consists of skinning, eviscerating, fixing, washing, bleaching (when necessary), dehydrating, and defatting. The proper clearing mixture is determined by the immersion method, which entails microscopic observation of a 50 m section of tissue to be cleared.
Vortons and monopoles

Abstract The Dirac quantization condition for a charged-particle/magnetic monopole system leads to an s-wave scattering ambiguity. Either the charged particle must undergo a discontinuous spin-flip or it must exchange charge with the monopole, making it a dyon. A vorton is a soliton, smooth at short distances, which can carry all the quantum numbers of ordinary particles. They can be broadly classified according to whether or not they have an axionic dipole moment. When the charged particle is replaced by a vorton the scattering ambiguity is resolved. The charge exchange occurs due to the chiral anomaly whenever the vorton has an axion dipole moment. The electric charge goes into boudd states of the vorton Dirac equation. A by-product is the Callan-Rubakov effect for vortons.
Topical flurbiprofen treatment of periodontitis in beagles.

The effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen, topically applied, on the progression of periodontal disease was studied in 12 beagle dogs over a 13-month period. Standardized radiographs were used to measure the rate of bone loss. Following a 6-month pretreatment baseline period, 6 dogs were treated daily with 0.3 mg flurbiprofen gently applied to the gingival margin in 1 ml of gel vehicle. Six untreated dogs served as controls. In the untreated control dogs the rate of bone loss in the treatment period did not change significantly from baseline, although the rate was elevated by 38%. In contrast, the rate of bone loss significantly decreased by 71% from baseline in the flurbiprofen-treated dogs. The untreated control dogs lost 10 teeth during the treatment period whereas the topical flurbiprofen-treated dogs lost only 1 tooth. The data indicate that topical application of flurbiprofen in a gel vehicle significantly inhibits alveolar bone loss in beagles over a 7-month treatment period. The data also indicate that topical flurbiprofen is associated with the loss of considerably less teeth than in untreated control dogs over the 7-month treatment period.
The biomarker pipeline: Novel microfluidic instrumentation for advancing proteomic discovery to clinical diagnostics

Microfluidically-enabled tools have begun to play a role in medical diagnostics for use at the point-of-care (POC). While specifications regarding small instrument footprint, low sample volume usage, and speed of analysis make a lab-on-a-chip approach especially relevant to POC instrumentation, these operating advantages also confer significant advantages to putative biomarker validation studies. In particular, automation and enhanced reproducibility provided through fully integrated microfluidic tools provides an ideal platform for the rapid, repetitive analysis of clinical samples. The work presented details advances in an effort to streamline and improve assay operation through nascent microfluidic technologies. We have integrated core separation mechanisms (e.g., protein sizing in single percentage and gradient gels, native immunoassays) seamlessly with complex sample preparation and handling steps. A key technology enabling sophisticated analyses is incorporation of photopatterned cross-linked gels having tunable properties. This work specifically details the use of gels for rapid, on-chip protein sizing and development of native homogenous immunoassays for high-specificity measurement of proteins. The former having relevance to proteomics and biomarker validation, the latter having relevance to POC diagnostics.
Ranolazine for the management of coronary artery disease.

Abstract Background: Despite coronary revascularization and standard antianginal therapy, many patients continue to experience symptoms of stable angina and progression of their disease. Ranolazine is a new class of antianginal agent. Unlike standard antianginal agents, it alters glucose and fatty acid metabolism for a different approach to the management of coronary artery disease. Objective: This article discusses the clinical pharmacology of ranolazine and its use in the management of chronic stable angina. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles and abstracts were identified from MEDLINE and the Current Contents database (both from 1966 to September 20, 2006) using the search terms ranolazine, angina, pharmacokinetics , and pharmacology . Citations from available articles were reviewed for additional references. Abstracts presented at recent professional meetings were also reviewed. Results: Ranolazine is a cell membrane inhibitor of the late sodium current. Extended-release ranolazine was recently approved in the United States for the treatment of chronic angina. Ranolazine is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 3A4 system. Because of its potential to prolong corrected QT (QTc) intervals, ranolazine should not be used in patients with hepatic impairment, those with QTc prolongation, or those taking drugs known to prolong QTc intervals or drugs that are potent CYP 3A4 inhibitors. Other adverse effects of ranolazine include dizziness, headache, constipation, and nausea. Placebo-controlled clinical studies performed to date have found that sustained-release ranolazine 500 to 1500 mg PO BID was associated with significantly increased time to onset of angina (range of increase, 27.0–144.0 s; P P P P = 0.006). Conclusions: Ranolazine is a new antianginal agent that is effective in the management of chronic angina. Its unique mechanism of action warrants further study in other cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure and arrhythmias. Ongoing studies will address whether ranolazine can reduce clinical end points such as cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Piaractus mesopotamicus and their applicability in other Serrasalminae fish

The subfamily Serrasalminae (Characidae, Teleostei) is an endemic Neotropical group of fishes distributed along the Amazon, Parana-Paraguay and Orinoco Basins. The pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is found in all major rivers that comprise the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. In order to investigate population genetic structure within the group, an enriched microsatellite library was constructed. Eight polymorphic were loci screened, with an average of 6.5 alleles per locus. Five loci exhibited greater than 60% heterozygosity. Additionally, a high level of cross-species amplification was obtained.
Early childhood education in India: History, trends, issues, and achievements

The changes in the social and economic structure of India have intensified the need for universal early childhood education. The formidable challenges before the Indian Government are: to provide high quality early childhood education programs; to preserve indigenous practices such as multilinguality, family/community involvement, participation of older children as caretakers of their younger siblings; and to provide early childhood education to all children despite serious financial constraints. This article presents a brief overview of the traditional childrearing practices in India, chronicles government initiatives in early childhood education, describes the range of programs available in India, and identifies goals that will shape the future of early childhood programs in India.
Andre Hellegers and Carroll House: Architect and Blueprint for the Kennedy Institute of Ethics

The Newman programs established at secular colleges and universities provided an opportunity for intellectual, spiritual, and social growth among the Catholic student population. As a young physician and junior medical faculty member, Andre Hellegers took part in the early organization and ongoing work of Carroll House, the Newman Center at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Hellegers's experience at Carroll House enabled him to develop a clear blueprint of an academic center of excellence for the scientific, theological, and philosophical exploration of the many problems that he had seen and foresaw in medicine. That center would become Georgetown's Kennedy Institute of Ethics.
An optimal approximation algorithm for Bayesian inference

Abstract Approximating the inference probability Pr[ X = x | E = e ] in any sense, even for a single evidence node E , is NP-hard. This result holds for belief networks that are allowed to contain extreme conditional probabilities—that is, conditional probabilities arbitrarily close to 0. Nevertheless, all previous approximation algorithms have failed to approximate efficiently many inferences, even for belief networks without extreme conditional probabilities. We prove that we can approximate efficiently probabilistic inference in belief networks without extreme conditional probabilities. We construct a randomized approximation algorithm—the bounded-variance algorithm —that is a variant of the known likelihood-weighting algorithm. The bounded-variance algorithm is the first algorithm with provably fast inference approximation on all belief networks without extreme conditional probabilities. From the bounded-variance algorithm, we construct a deterministic approximation algorithm using current advances in the theory of pseudorandom generators. In contrast to the exponential worst-case behavior of all previous deterministic approximations, the deterministic bounded-variance algorithm approximates inference probabilities in worst-case time that is subexponential 2 (log n ) d , for some integer d that is a linear function of the depth of the belief network.
Numerical modeling of PMD

A procedure for evaluating system performance considering all orders of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is presented. The method provides engineering rules for computing system penalty introduced by PMD. Computer simulation of PMD induced penalty indicates that for generating a realistic system budget, effect of higher order PMD in presence of chromatic dispersion is essential. Considering all of these penalties, in order to obtain a system-reach of 3200 km at 40 Gb/s, a fiber PMD of less than 0.04 ps/\(\sqrt {km}\) is required when at the signal wavelength chromatic dispersion is 0. In presence of 18 ps/nm chromatic dispersion for the same system reach this PMD value reduces to about 0.02 ps/\(\sqrt {km}\).
Fixed point varieties on affine flag manifolds

We study the space of Iwahori subalgebras containing a given element of a semisimple Lie algebra over C((ɛ)). We also define and study a map from nilpotent orbits in a semisimple Lie algebra over C to conjugacy classes in the Weyl group.
The incidence of septic complications in newborns on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is not affected by feeding route.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of enteral and total parenteral feeding on septic complications in neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Methods: Ninety-six neonates were on ECMO between January 1992 and February 1998. Matching for diagnosis and exclusion of neonates with sepsis before ECMO or undergoing surgery on ECMO left 16 enterally fed neonates (cases) and 35 parenterally fed neonates (controls) for analysis. Septic complications were scored using the criteria of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the American College of Chest Physicians adapted to children. Results: Both groups were comparable with respect to gestational age, sex, and age at initiation of ECMO. The frequency of septic complications did not differ between cases and controls: no complications, 75% versus 69%; systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 13% versus 6%; bacteremia, 6% versus 14%; sepsis, 6% versus 11%. There were no complications associated with enteral feeding. The ECMO run was significantly longer in the case group (median, 161 v 111 hours; P = .01) and mortality rate was lower in the case group (0 v 14%; P = .17). Conclusions: Enteral nutrition does not affect the risk of sepsis in neonates on ECMO when compared with total parenteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition is well tolerated and not associated with adverse effects. J Pediatr Surg 36:1485-1489. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Surgical management of intra-abdominal desmoid tumours

Background: Intra-abdominal desmoids are uncommon neoplasms. The aggressive nature of these tumours and the potential for major morbidity secondary to resection can present a difficult surgical dilemma. Methods: Patients with histologically confirmed intra-abdominal desmoid tumours undergoing laparotomy were identified from a prospective database. Clinical features and outcomes in this group were evaluated. Results: The study group comprised 24 patients. Sixteen patients underwent complete resection of the tumour while eight had biopsy only, with or without intestinal bypass. Small intestinal resection was performed in 12 patients, including three who had a near-total enterectomy. Median follow-up was 62 months, with an actuarial overall survival rate of 73 per cent at 10 years. There was no difference in survival rate between completely resected and unresected patients (P = 0·73). There were seven deaths in the entire group, of which four were in those undergoing complete resection. Conclusion: Operation can cure patients with intra-abdominal desmoid tumours, but may result in significant morbidity, especially from loss of small intestine. No other therapy is a predictably good alternative to operation but the natural history of desmoids is often characterized by prolonged periods of stability or even regression. A period of watchful waiting, until significant symptoms develop, may be the most appropriate course in patients who risk mesenteric vascular injury or substantial enterectomy with attempts at resection. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Proposed definitions for epidemiologic and clinical studies of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.

Background Epidemiologic and clinical studies of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease typically use strict ATS/IDSA definitions designed for decisions about treatment. Studies based on these criteria may exclude a substantial number of patients with true disease. We reviewed patients treated for MAC pulmonary disease at an academic medical center to propose revised definitions encompass the full spectrum of MAC pulmonary disease.
Differential effect of total food withdrawal and dietary protein restriction on brain content of free histidine in the rat.

Total withdrawal of food from young rats for 72–120 h produced an increase in brain content of free histidine which was less pronounced than the effect of prolonged dietary protein deficiency. The data suggested that the elevated brain content of histidine in both fasting and protein deficiency was due partly to increased plasma level of the amino acid but mainly to diminished plasma concentrations of the neutral amino acids known to share the same transport system across the blood-brain barrier. The results also support the idea that total starvation, and most likely, prolonged caloric restriction, like protein malnutrition, elicit increased formation of histamine in brain since the key regulatory enzyme,l-histidine carboxylyase (EC 4.1.1.22) functions at less than maximal efficiency under normal brain levels of histidine. These findings in the rat are probably relevant to the human in view of evidence that theKm of blood-brain barrier neutral amino acid transport in the latter is low and therefore similar to the situation in the rat.
EFFECTS OF ENDOGENOUS STEROID HORMONE LEVELS ON ANNUAL SURVIVAL IN CLIFF SWALLOWS

The hormone corticosterone is an important part of animals' response to environmental stress, modulating short-term adaptive changes in behavior and physiology. The hormone testosterone is also critical, especially for males, in regulating the expression of sexual behavior and parental care. These hormones can have costly consequences, how- ever, and within populations individuals show variation in endogenous levels of both cor- ticosterone and testosterone. We studied how annual survival varied as a function of natural levels of these hormones in colonially breeding Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in southwestern Nebraska, USA, in 2000-2003. We sampled hormone levels of birds caught at colonies and using mark-recapture, monitored their survival through subsequent years in the study area. Maximum-likelihood estimation and model fitting (with program MARK) revealed that birds sampled for corticosterone in colonies of all sizes late in the season had curvilinear survival; individuals with very low and very high levels of corticosterone had lower survival than those with intermediate levels. Annual survival of birds sampled earlier in the season, however, generally declined with increasing corticosterone level. More birds than expected, given the survival functions, had the very low corticosterone levels in nonfumigated colonies later in the year, suggesting perhaps a compensatory benefit unrelated to survival for very low corticosterone levels. In a more limited analysis, testosterone appeared to have little effect on annual survival, although some evidence suggested that females with endogenous testosterone levels below the mean for a given date might have survived better.
Predicting child abuse potential across family types.

Abstract The present study was conducted to explore whether stress, family resources, and social support are correlates of the child abuse potential of mothers, and whether prediction functions differ across families with children with disabilities and families with no children with disabilities. The design and analyses were correlational. Statistically and practically significant relationships were found. Stress in family functioning appears to be an important predictor of child abuse potential, and it is suggested that interventions might be designed to target related features of family functioning. French language abstract is not available at time of publication. This abstract will appear in a future issue of Child Abuse & Neglect .
Neurobiology and cellular pathogenesis of glycolipid storage diseases

Disorders of lysosomal metabolism often involve the accumulation of specific types of glycolipid, particularly gangliosides, because of either degradative failure or other currently unknown mechanisms. Although the precise role of gangliosides in cells remains enigmatic, the presence of specific abnormalities secondary to ganglioside accumulation in lysosomal diseases has suggested important biological functions. Chief among these is the growth of new dendrites on particular classes of mature neurons secondary to an increase in GM2 ganglioside. That GM2 has also been shown to be elevated in normal immature neurons coincident with dendritic sprouting provides a compelling argument that this ganglioside plays a role in dendritic initiation. This discovery has led to the search for other regulators of dendritic differentiation that may in some way be linked to the expression and/or function of GM2 ganglioside. Principal candidates that have emerged include tyrosine kinase receptors, small GTPases and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Understanding the mechanism underlying ectopic dendritogenesis in lysosomal diseases can be expected to generate significant insight into the control of dendritic plasticity in normal brain. The detrimental aspects of ganglioside accumulation in storage diseases as well as the potential link between gangliosides and dendritogenesis also provide a strong rationale for developing pharmacological means to manipulate ganglioside expression in neurons.
A STIS Survey for O VI Absorption Systems at 0.12 < z 0.5. I. The Statistical Properties of Ionized Gas

We have conducted a systematic survey for intervening O VI absorbers in available echelle spectra of 16 QSOs at -->zQSO = 0.17–0.57. These spectra were obtained using HST STIS with the E140M grating. Our search uncovered a total of 27 foreground O VI absorbers with rest-frame absorption equivalent width -->Wr(1031) 25 mA. Ten of these QSOs exhibit strong O VI absorbers in their vicinity. Our O VI survey does not require the known presence of -->Ly α , and the echelle resolution allows us to identify the O VI absorption doublet based on their common line centroid and known flux ratio. We estimate the total redshift survey path, -->Δ z, using a series of Monte Carlo simulations, and find that -->Δ z = 1.66,2.18, and 2.42 for absorbers of strength -->Wr = 30,50, and 80 mA, respectively, leading to a number density of d(W ≥ 50 mA)/dz = 6.7 ± 1.7$dm{c N} (W g 50 m A)/dz = 6.7 ± 1.7$ --> and d(W ≥ 30 mA)/dz = 10.4 ± 2.2$dm{c N} (W g 30 m A)/dz = 10.4 ± 2.2$ -->. In contrast, we also measure d/dz = 27 ± 9$dm{c N}/dz = 27 ± 9$ --> for O VI absorbers of -->Wr > 50 mA at -->| Δ v| km s−1 from the background QSOs. Using the random sample of O VI absorbers with well-characterized survey completeness, we estimate a mean cosmological mass density of the O VI gas -->Ω (O5 +) h = (1.7 ± 0.3) × 10−7. In addition, we show that associated with these O VI absorbers spans nearly 5 orders of magnitude, and shows moderate correlation with N(O VI)$N(O ^{t{$ -->. Finally, while the number density of O VI absorbers varies substantially from one sight line to another, it also appears to be inversely correlated with the number density of H I$H ^{t{$ --> absorbers along individual lines of sight.
Ethnic networks and trade: Intensive versus extensive margins

Abstract Ethnic networks have been associated with increased international trade, although studies have not differentiated between entry into foreign markets and trade expansion. We find that ethnic networks increase trade on the intensive margin but not on the extensive margin.
The Effects of Scaling Height and Scaling Bar Design on Applied Forces and Bilateral Muscle Activity of the Back and Shoulders

Hand scaling is a physically demanding job and is responsible for numerous overexertion injuries in mining. This experiment studied rib scaling from an elevated bucket to examine force generation c...
Nonlinear water waves propagating over a permeable bed

Two–dimensional depth–integrated model equations describing nonlinear water waves propagating over a permeable bed are developed. These model equations are expressed in terms of the free–surface displacement and representative horizontal velocity components, which could be the velocity components evaluated at certain elevation or the depth–averaged velocity components. Each set of model equations invokes different approximations and therefore imposes different limitations on the vorticity field. The frequency–dispersion properties of the linearized model equations are investigated and are compared with those of small amplitude waves over a permeable bed. Based on these comparisons, an optimal model is suggested. To check the validity of the model equations, a laboratory experiment of a wave train propagating over a submerged triangular permeable bar is performed. Numerical results of the model equations show very good agreement with experimental data. The effects of the submerged permeable bar on the wave evolution are also discussed.
On Hardyʼs paradox, weak measurements, and multitasking diagrams

Abstract We discuss Hardyʼs paradox and weak measurements by using multitasking diagrams, which are introduced to illustrate the progress of quantum probabilities through the double interferometer system. We explain how Hardyʼs paradox is avoided and elaborate on the outcome of weak measurements in this context.
Harmonizable stable processes on groups: spectral, ergodic and interpolation properties

This work extends to symmetric α-stable (SαS) processes, 1<α<2, which are Fourier transforms of independently scattered random measures on locally compact Abelian groups, some of the basic results known for processes with finite second moments and for Gaussian processes. Analytic conditions for subordination of left (right) stationarily related processes and a weak law of large numbers are obtained. The main results deal with the interpolation problem. Characterization of minimal and interpolable processes on discrete groups are derived. Also formulas for the interpolator and the corresponding interpolation error are given. This yields a solution of the interpolation problem for the considered class of stable processes in this general setting.
"PASS" principles for predictable bone regeneration.

Guided bone regeneration is a well-established technique used for augmentation of deficient alveolar ridges. Predictable regeneration requires both a high level of technical skill and a thorough understanding of underlying principles of wound healing. This article describes the 4 major biologic prin
Dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy as a preoperative screening test. A reexamination of its predictive potential. Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group.

BACKGROUNDWe examined the value of dipyridamole thallium-201 (201Tl) scintigraphy as a preoperative screening test for perioperative myocardial ischemia and infarction.METHODS AND RESULTSWe prospectively studied 60 patients undergoing elective vascular surgery. We performed 201Tl scintigraphy preoperatively and blinded all treating physicians to the results. Historical, clinical, laboratory, and physiological data were gathered throughout hospitalization. Myocardial ischemia was assessed during the intraoperative period using continuous 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and during the postoperative period using continuous two-lead ambulatory ECG. Adverse cardiac outcomes (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, severe ischemia, or congestive heart failure) were assessed daily throughout hospitalization. Twenty-two patients (37%) had defects that improved or reversed on delayed scintigrams (redistribution defects), 18 (30%) had persistent defects, a...
Potential health effects of drinking water disinfection by-products using quantitative structure toxicity relationship

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are produced as a result of disinfecting water using various treatment methods. Over the years, chlorine has remained the most popular disinfecting agent due to its ability to kill pathogens. However, in 1974, it was discovered that the superchlorination of drinking water resulted in the production of chloroform and other trihalomethanes. Since then hundreds of additional DBPs have been identified, including haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles with very little or no toxicological data available, thus necessitating the use of additional methods for hazard estimation. Quantitative Structure Toxicity Relationship (QSTR) is one such method and utilizes a computer-based technology to predict the toxicity of a chemical solely from its molecular attributes. The current research was conducted utilizing the TOPKAT/QSTR software package which is comprised of robust, cross-validated QSTR models for assessing mutagenicity, rodent carcinogenicity (female/male; rat/mouse), developmental toxicity, skin sensitization, lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), fathead minnow LC(50), rat oral LD(50) and Daphia magna EC(50). A total of 252 DBPs were analyzed for the likelihood that they would produce tumors and developmental effects using the carcinogenicity and developmental toxicity submodels of TOPKAT. The model predictions were evaluated to identify generalizations between the functional groups (e.g. alcohols, acids, etc.) and specific toxic endpoints. Developmental toxicity was identified as an endpoint common to the majority of aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic halogenated and non-halogenated ketones, and aliphatic haloacetonitriles. In the case of the carcinogenicity submodels, most aliphatic aldehydes were identified as carcinogens only in the female mouse submodel. The majority of the aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids were identified as carcinogens in the female rat submodel. All other functional groups examined were largely predicted as non-carcinogens in all the cancer submodels (i.e. male/female rats and mice). The QSTR results should aid in the prioritization for evaluation of toxic endpoints in the absence of in vivo bioassays.
Cantonese loanword phonology and optimality theory

I will argue that loanword phonology in Cantonese does not exist as a separate component of the grammar and that the differences between English language source forms and their Cantonese equivalents can be understood as the result of subjecting non-native inputs to the constraints that define well-formed Cantonese words. I adopt Silverman's proposal that Cantonese speakers do not perceive all the same distinctions as English speakers; this perceived input is then checked by a group of ranked constraints that are independently motivated for native Cantonese, and minimal adjustments are made to produce an output that is optimal with respect to those constraints. Prominent among the constraints are (i) a set of syllable-structure conditions, (ii) a strong preference for matching the input as closely as possible, and (iii) a tendency towards bi-syllabic Minimal Words. The analysis is worked out within Optimality theory and to the extent that it is successful provides support for that emerging theory. The analysis also has certain specific theoretical implications; in particular, it is argued that the preference for matching the input (FAITHFULNESS) may not be identified with the pair of more specific constraints, PARSE and FILL.
Incidental sampling of branchial remnants: a potential source of error in fine-needle aspiration of neck lesions-a case report.

Remnants of the branchial apparatus can produce lesions in the head and neck region in later life, often amenable to fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis. Yet such remnants or rudimentary lesions can remain clinically undetected and can later interfere with the cytologic interpretation of other deep lesions of the neck, as the present case demonstrates. In this case the lesion, which by a subsequent resection turned out to be a neurilemmoma, had been adequately sampled by the FNA, yet the cytologic diagnosis was sidetracked by the presence in the specimen of immature squamous epithelial tissue fragments and other elements (multinucleated histiocytes, calcifications), on the basis of which the diagnosis of an epithelial lesion, likely malignant, was made. The neck surgery and a preceding endoscopic examination of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx did not identify such a lesion, but a detailed microscopic examination of the fibroadipose tissue between the tumor and the peripharyngeal region revealed the presence of epithelial microfragments with morphology partly corresponding to that of the FNA cytology, highly indicative of a branchiogenic lesion in the peripharyngeal region. The basic embryology of the branchial apparatus resulting in such defects is presented, as well as tentative guidelines for recognizing material deriving from accidental sampling of such lesions during FNA investigations of deep-seated masses of the neck. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2000;22:157–160. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Crystallographic view of fluidic structures for room-temperature ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate.

Shock-induced crystallization of the supercooled ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, C 8 H 15 -N 2 + .PF 6 - , allows for the first time precise X-ray diffraction analysis directly pertinent to the fluid state. This intermediate-chain-length structure shows features of both short- and long) chain analogs. Two types of interplanar distances between imidazolium rings are observed. The anions are located in channels formed by the imidazolium rings and alkyl chains.
The middle meningeal artery as an alternative route for intra-arterial chemotherapy☆ , ☆☆ ,★,★★

Abstract Retinoblastoma is a deadly eye cancer in children, leading to death in 50%–70% of children in undeveloped nations. Unfortunately, this aggressive tumor is the most common intraocular malignancy worldwide. For the last 2 decades, intravenous (IV) chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for retinoblastomas. This route has provided improved control in retinoblastoma, with sparing of the eye and vision in some cases. More recently, intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) has become the first line treatment for advanced and refractory retinoblastoma in many centers worldwide. The advances in treatment along with early tumor detection are responsible for the favorable prognosis found in developed nations. IAC classically uses the ophthalmic artery (OA) in attempt to deliver the maximal dose of chemotherapy while minimizing systemic complications. However, direct catheterization of the ophthalmic artery (OA) is not always possible. The purpose of this article is to describe a case where the OA has been thrombosed and an alternative access route using the middle meningeal artery (MMA) was used.
An adaptive power amplifier and control subsytem for use in space-based software defined radio applications

Software defined radios have been a major paradigm shift in the communications area. Similarly autonomous/cognitive operations are a further enhancement to SDR operation. In progressing these technologies, particularly in applications requiring high-efficiency, adaptable transmit amplifiers and associated cognitive control-systems can help. This is particularly true for regions where immediate battery replacement is difficult at best, or, impossible at worst, i.e., space applications. If autonomous control can be performed in a prescribed manner, the overall operating efficiency of the radio should be increased with a subsequent increase in battery life and radio operating ability.
Intrinsic Oscillations and Discharge Regularity of Units in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus (DCN) of the Barbiturate Anesthetized Gerbil

Spike discharge patterns showing intrinsic oscillations (IOs) have been reported in units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of the decerebrate cat. These oscillations are related to the regularity of a unit's discharge rate and may be important for pitch perception. A DCN unit's regularity can be affected by several factors including: synaptic architecture, cell membrane properties, and the auditory nerve discharge rate. Responses to multiple presentations of short-duration tone bursts (200 ms duration, 1 s trial) at the unit's best frequency (BF) at 20 dB re threshold were recorded from 297 units in the DCN of the barbiturate-anesthetized gerbil. Comparisons of unit regularity properties and IO properties are shown. The relative power spectrum (Fourier transform of the autocorrelogram normalized by the average rate) was used to quantify IO properties. Most units (84%) exhibited IOs in their sustained discharge rate. With the exception of Onset units and most bursting units, the mean inter-spike interval was correlated with the IO frequency and the coefficient of variation was correlated with the IO magnitude. These results suggest that stimulus-encoding mechanisms utilizing IOs may depend on the temporal evolution of the units' regularity properties.
Analysis and empirical studies of derivational analogy

Abstract Derivational analogy is a technique for reusing problem solving experience to improve problem solving performance. This research addresses an issue common to all problem solvers that use derivational analogy: overcoming the mismatches between past experiences and new problems that impede reuse. First, this research describes the variety of mismatches that can arise and proposes a new approach to derivational analogy that uses appropriate adaptation strategies for each. Second, it compares this approach with seven others in a common domain. This empirical study shows that derivational analogy is almost always more efficient than problem solving from scratch, but the amount it contributes depends on its ability to overcome mismatches and to usefully interleave reuse with from-scratch problem solving. Finally, this research describes a fundamental tradeoff between efficiency and solution quality, and proposes a derivational analogy algorithm that can improve its adaptation strategy with experience.
Type I Interferons as Anti-Inflammatory Mediators

The type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, are cytokines that have antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities. Data are now emerging that suggest that type I IFNs are also important mediators of anti-inflammatory responses. These findings, largely driven by studies to explain the beneficial effects of IFN-beta in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, offer a number of mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory properties of type I IFNs. Type I IFNs, through their ability to induce the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), mediate the inhibition of proinflammatory gene products. In addition, type I IFNs induce other immunosuppressive mediators such as suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) and tristetrapolin (TTP), which act by divergent mechanisms to restore homeostasis to the immune system. Furthermore, type I IFNs mediate anti-inflammatory and protective effects in a variety of autoimmune disease models such as experimental colitis, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, experimental arthritis, and neonatal inflammation. Here, we discuss the molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of type I IFNs and their therapeutic potential in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Possible evidence for subducted sedimentary materials beneath central California.

Seismic reflection and refraction data from the Coast Ranges of central California west of the San Andreas fault suggest the presence of a low-velocity (4.5–5.0 km/s) wedge at a depth of about 15–22 km that dips east beneath rocks of both the Franciscan assemblage and the Salinian block. We propose that the wedge represents sedimentary materials that were subducted in an offshore trench within the past 23 m.y. The refraction data also suggest the presence of a second low-velocity zone that extends at least to mid-crustal depths beneath the San Andreas fault zone.
Self potential improves characterization of hydraulically-active fractures from azimuthal geoelectrical measurements

[1] We examined the sensitivity of azimuthal self potential (ASP) and azimuthal resistivity surveys (ARS) to hydraulic anisotropy in a laboratory fracture block model. Both ASP and ARS measurements are influenced by anisotropy (due to the strike of major fracture sets) and heterogeneity (due to variable fracture density) of the block model. The polarity of the self potential defines the flow direction and the self potential magnitude within a single fracture set is observed to increase with flow rate. Whereas the ARS anisotropy is primarily controlled by fracture density/connectivity (and hence presumably hydraulic conductivity) ASP anisotropy appears diagnostic of (1) hydraulic gradient driving flow within fracture sets, and (2) fracture density (presumably controlling the strength of the streaming potential coefficient). Preliminary field data from the New Jersey Highlands illustrate that ASP surveys can define hydraulic anisotropy in fractured rock environments. Our results suggest that combined interpretation of ASP and ARS can lead to improved geoelectrical characterization of fracture rock anisotropy.
Mechanism and temperature-dependent kinetics of the dehydration of tert-butyl alcohol in hot compressed liquid water

In the presence of acid or base, or under neutral conditions, isobutylene is the only observed product of the reactions of tert-butyl alcohol in compressed liquid water at 225, 250, and 320 °C. On ...
OBSERVATIONS ON A SUBMICROSCOPIC BASOPHILIC COMPONENT OF CYTOPLASM

The cytoplasmic ground substance of animal tissue cells grown in vitro has been found by electron microscopy to contain, as a part of its submicroscopic structure, a complex reticulum of strands, to be referred to as the endoplasmic reticulum. It has been found in all types of cells extensively studied. The components of this reticular system vary considerably in size and form, apparently in some relation to physiological changes in the cell. Thus in one cell of a culture colony it may be finely divided into strands or canaliculi, 50 to 100 mµ in diameter, whereas in an adjacent cell of the same type the components of the reticulum may be relatively coarse, 600 mµ in diameter, and vesiculated. The membrane, which can be shown to limit the system and separate it from the rest of the ground substance, is similar in thickness to the plasma membrane surrounding the cell. Photomicrographs of living cells taken by phase contrast and dark field microscopy define a structure of similar form and indicate that the reticulum of the electron microscope image has its equivalent in the living unit. Where its component units are sufficiently large, a structure of identical form can be resolved by light microscopy in cells stained with hematoxylin or with toluidine blue. This indicated that the endoplasmic reticulum is to be identified with the basophilic or chromophilic component (the ergastoplasm) of the cytoplasm and that such properties of this component as have been determined by cytochemical methods, such as a high RNA content, may be assigned to this "submicroscopic" system.
Surgical management of deep venous reflux.

Axial deep venous reflux can be found in the majority of extremities with advanced skin changes and ulceration. It frequently is associated with recurrent disease and tends to progress with time. More than 30 years' experience with deep venous reconstructive surgery, as well as recent advances in diagnostic imaging, makes possible the rational use of such techniques in the management of chronic venous insufficiency. This report reviews the role of deep venous reflux in the natural history and progression of venous disease, the options for surgical correction of deep venous reflux, the current diagnostic abilities and limitations, and the results of surgical interventions.
CD28-B7 interactions in T-cell activation

Abstract Previous work has shown that optimal activation of CD4 + T cells requires co-stimulatory signals in addition to the primary signal provided by the antigen receptor. Recent work has demonstrated that CD28 is the primary co-stimulatory signal receptor for T cells, and 137 its natural ligand on antigen presenting cells. In the past year, it has become clear that the importance of CD28-mediated co-stimulatory signals extends to virtually all T-cell subsets. In addition, the existence of multiple ligands that are differentially expressed on antigen-presenting cells has been documented. The picture that is emerging is of a complex and dynamic interplay of co-stimulatory molecules on both the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell that serves to regulate activation. This offers novel approaches to the manipulation of immune responses in vivo .
Diphenols in hemolymph and cuticle during development and cuticle tanning of Periplaneta americana (L.) and other Cockroach species

Diphenolic compounds in cockroach hemolymph and cuticle were extracted with 1.2 N HCI, partially purified by alumina adsorption, and analyzed by liquid chromatography. Dopamine (DA) is the major catecholamine in hemolymph of Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, Gromphadorhina portentosa, and Blaberus craniifer at adult ecdysis, while N-acetyldopamine (NADA) predominates in hemolymph of Leucophaea maderae. In P. americana, NADA is the second most abundant catecholamine, while N-β-alanyldopamine (NBAD), norepinephrine (NE), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid occur in lesser quantities. Catecholamines occur mainly as acid labile conjugates in hemolymph. Dopamine, conjugated primarily as the 3-sulfate ester, increases in hemolymph from 0.1 to 0.8 mM during the last instar. Concentrations decrease by 75% in pharate adults, partially because of an increase in hemolymph volume. A second smaller peak of DA sulfate occurs after ecdysis followed by a rapid disappearance as the cuticle tans. A conjugate of catechol (o-dihydroxybenzene) is also present in relatively high concentrations at all ages examined. In cuticle, N-β-alanylnorepinephrine accumulates during the early period of adult tanning, while NBAD, NADA, N-acetylnorepinephrine, and DA increase more slowly. The N-β-alanyl and N-acetyl derivatives of DA and NE occure in relatively high concentrations in tanned cutical of P. americana and probably play an important role in the stablization process.
Quantification of femoral neck exposure through a minimally invasive Smith-Petersen approach

OBJECTIVES To quantify the area of osseous exposure and identify six anatomic landmarks using a direct anterior approach to the hip. METHODS Ten fresh-frozen hemipelves were dissected using a minimally invasive Smith-Petersen approach. Upon completion of the exposure, a calibrated digital image was taken from the surgeon's perspective. Identification of six osseous landmarks (anterior-superior acetabulum, anterior-inferior acetabulum, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, anterior inferior iliac spine, and vastus ridge) was attempted either by direct visualization or palpation with a tonsil clamp. These landmarks exceed the border for any intracapsular hip fracture. The digital images were then analyzed using a computer software program, ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD), to calculate the square area of proximal femur exposed. RESULTS The average square area of proximal femur exposed was 20.31 cm(2) (standard deviation: 3.09, range: 15.16-24.18). The area exposed correlated with the original height of the cadaver (r = 0.69, P < 0.05). With the numbers available, there was no correlation between exposure and weight (P = 0.71) or body mass index (P = 0.87). In all 10 cadaver specimens, the 6 osseous landmarks were easily identified, 5 by direct visualization and 1 by palpation (lesser trochanter, deep portion) because of incomplete visualization. CONCLUSIONS The minimally invasive Smith-Petersen approach to the hip allows for a wide exposure of the femoral neck averaging 20.31 cm(2) and identification of six bony critical landmarks of the hip. It may be used for open reduction of subcapital, mid-cervical, and basicervical femoral neck fractures.
CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the GL261 murine model of glioma: CX3CR1 deficiency does not impact tumor growth or infiltration of microglia and lymphocytes

Human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant form of human brain tumors. A characteristic of GBM is the marked presence of tumor infiltrated microglia/macrophages and lymphocytes. The goal of this study was directed toward understanding the role of the chemokine system CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 in the GL261 murine model of malignant glioma. In situ hybridization analysis identified CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 expression in GL261 tumors. The impact of CX3CR1 deletion on the growth of intracranial GL261 gliomas and associated immune cell infiltration was evaluated in CX3CR1 gene-disrupted C57BL/6 mice. A slight increase in the tumor growth rate in CX3CR1-/- mice was evident with similar numbers of microglia and CD4+, CD8+, FoxP3+, or Ly49G2+ lymphocytes within tumors established in CX3CR1 +/- and -/- mice. These data indicate that CX3CR1 has little or no effects on either gliomagenesis or the migration of microglia and lymphocytes into GL261 tumors.