cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Counseling Primer: An Introduction to the Profession

A Counseling Primer presents an introduction to the counseling profession that provides students with a foundation for success. This engaging and accessible text covers the core CACREP Standard of Professional Orientation with a comprehensive overview of the field. It: Anticipates the questions of beginning students with a series of chapters that ask who counselors (and clients) are, what counseling is, when and where it is practiced, and why counselors choose the profession. Introduces students to the basics of essential attending and listening skills. Challenges readers with case vignettes and discussion questions. Encourages self-reflection and offers skills for observation of others. Supports student learning with extensive pedagogical features and resources. Enhances the reading experience with a robust online instructor’s manual. This engaging textbook is full of useful features to enhance the learning experience. Each chapter includes "points to ponder", case examples, an "in practice: what would you do?" vignette with discussion questions, and a chapter summary. A self-reflection journaling exercise, termed the TFAC Chart (Thoughts, Feelings, Actions, Context) reinforces the material from each chapter and facilitates student growth. A Counseling Primer: An Introduction to the Profession is accompanied by a rich array of supplementary materials that are made available to qualifying adopters and their students completely free of charge. Our online resources are hosted on the Moodle course management system. Instructor Resources include: A sample course syllabus Chapter-by-chapter PowerPoint lecture slides Chapter-by-chapter Instructor Notes, including chapter summary, learning objectives, and instructions for suggested in-class activities and assignments An interactive test bank for each chapter (including multiple choice, true or false, and essay question formats). The tests and notes are available for download by instructors in a variety of useful formats, to suit your needs. Student Materials include: TFAC (Thoughts, Feelings, Actions, and Context) Journaling forms for self-reflection Class handouts for assigned and optional review activities
Political Control of Independent Agencies: Evidence from the FCC

We use a unique and comprehensive data set, spanning 9385 orders and 36,787 individual Federal Communications Commission (FCC) commissioners’ votes over 35 years to examine the factors driving commissioner voting. Employing probit and logit choice models, we find (i) split government leads both to more dissenting as well as lower order output, suggesting congressional influence over the FCC; (ii) lame duck Presidential periods are correlated with higher order output; and, (iii) commissioners appear to use dissenting strategically to influence or signal judges reviewing FCC orders because dissenting increases with the percentage of judges on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit appointed by a President of opposite party as the FCC Chair.
Dynamic management of highly replicated data

An efficient replication control protocol, called the dynamic group protocol, for managing replicated data objects that have more than five replicas is presented. Like the grid protocol, the dynamic group protocol requires only O( square root n) messages per access to enforce mutual consistency among n replicas. Unlike other protocols aimed at providing fast access, this protocol adapts itself to changes in site availability and network connectivity, which allows it to tolerate n-2 successive replica failures. The availability of a replicated object consisting of n replicas managed by the dynamic group protocol when the n replicas are on the same LAN segment, is evaluated under standard Markovian assumptions and found to equal that of an object with the same number of replicas, managed by the dynamic-linear voting protocol. >
Raman studies of A2MWO6 tungstate double perovskites

The Raman spectra of seven A2MWO6 tungstate double perovskites are analysed. Ba2MgWO6 is a cubic double perovskite with Fmm symmetry and its Raman spectrum contain three modes that can be assigned in a straightforward manner. A fourth mode, the asymmetric stretch of the [WO6]6− octahedron, is too weak to be observed. The symmetry of Ba2CaWO6 is lowered to tetragonal I4/m due to octahedral tilting, but the distortion is sufficiently subtle that the extra bands predicted to appear in the Raman spectrum are not observed. The remaining five compounds have additional octahedral tilts that lower the symmetry to monoclinic P21/n. The further reduction of symmetry leads to the appearance of additional lattice modes involving translations of the A-site cations and librations of the octahedra. Comparing the Raman spectra of fourteen different A2MWO6 tungstate double perovskites shows that the frequency of the symmetric stretch (ν1) of the [WO6]6− octahedron is relatively low for cubic perovskites with tolerance factors greater than one due to underbonding of the tungsten and/or M cation. The frequency of this mode increases rapidly as the tolerance factor drops below one, before decreasing gradually as the octahedral tilting gets larger. The frequency of the oxygen bending mode (ν5) is shown to be dependent on the mass of the A-site cation due to coupling of the internal bending mode with external A-site cation translation modes.
The structure-agency dialectic in contested science spaces: ``Do earthworms eat apples?''

Focusing on a group of African American third graders who attend a high-poverty urban school, I explore the structure-agency dialectic within contested spaces situated in a dialogically oriented science classroom. Contested spaces entail the moments in which the students challenge each other's and their teacher's science ideas and, in the process, construct agentic science selves. Drawing on sociocultural frameworks, I demonstrate the complexities of agency within contested spaces and the ways in which contested spaces shape and are shaped by agentic moves. Using an interpretive qualitative analysis, I found that contested spaces bubble up are maintained by dialogue, and simmer down over time. In this study, children exercised both individual and collective agency in negotiating science ideas with their teacher to shape the science classroom space in favor of their own meaning making. Using dialogicality as a resource and building on their own cultural resources, the children acted as a community of learners to challenge their teacher's science ideas and, in doing so, transformed the dialogic space within the classroom. This study highlights the tensions teachers face in choosing authentic meaning making within the limits of the school day and their own science knowledge. In addition, it demonstrates the importance of providing equitable learning spaces for African American children that offer them opportunities to agentically use their own ways of being as resources for learning and becoming in science. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 461–473, 2015
The Cervical Rib

A cervical rib is found in approximately 7 % of patients suffering from thoracic outlet syndrome; [1–3] although its incidence has been previously reported as high as 25–33 % [4–7]. It is an extra rib that originates at the level of C7 and then extends laterally and anteriorly, fusing frequently with the anterior scalene muscle or inserting on top of the first rib behind the subclavian artery (Fig. 26.1). The rib is not always a bony structure readily visualized radiographically. Often enough, there is only a short bony structure resembling a horn on the X-ray arising from the C1 transverse process. Thereafter, however, it exists as a very strong ligament extending all the way down to the top of the first rib. Physiologically, it works exactly as a completely ossified structure would. In 1869, Gruber proposed a classification of cervical ribs [8, 9] based on the amount of bone present and on the thickness of the rib like structure. (Fig. 26.2) The virtue of this classification it that it shows that, even when the radiographic exam only demonstrates prominence of the C7 transverse process, most often a strong fibrous ligament does actually extend from the tip of that process all the way to the top of the first rib, none of which can be visualized on the plain X-ray exam (Fig. 26.3).
Treatment of intrabony defects with access flap surgery improves the periodontal parameters and yields a modest attachment gain.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Clinical performance of access flap surgery in the treatment of the intrabony defect. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Graziani F, Gennai S, Cei S, Cairo F, Baggiani A, Miccoli M, et al. J Clin Periodontol 2012;39(2):145-56. Reviewer Jasim M. Albandar, DDS, DMD, PhD, Diplomate ABP Purpose/Question What is the survival rate of teeth with intrabony defects that are treated with conservative periodontal surgery, and how much gain in clinical attachment level, reduction in probing pocket depth, and increase in gingival recession can be expected ≥12 months postoperatively in these defects? Source of Funding Authors' institutions provided support Type of Study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis Level of Evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade A: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence
How leaders use goals

Abstract An organization's goal management process constitutes a hidden and influential infrastructure. Its potential impact on the strategic management orientation and ultimately the future of the enterprise renders it a powerful tool. This article discusses the management of organizational goals, focusing on goal sources and the networks that link them to operational decisions. Since a leader's management style is a significant factor in the goal process the article also addresses the interaction of the two. Specific examples are drawn from such diverse organizations as Campbell Soup, General Electric and the United States Defense Department.
Drag measurements on a body of revolution in Langley's 13-inch Magnetic Suspension and Balance System

NASA Langley's 13-inch Magnetic Suspension and Balance System (MSBS) has been used to conduct low-speed wind tunnel drag force measurements on a laminar-flow body-of-revolution free of support system interference, in order to verify the drag force measurement capabilities of the MSBS. The drag force calibrations and wind-on repeatability data obtained have verified the design capabilities for this system. A drag-prediction code has been used to assess the MSBS's usefulness in body drag estimation.
Measurement of Kaonic X Rays from He-4

Three spectral lines corresponding to Bohr orbit transitions $n=3\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2$, $n=4\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2$, and $n=5\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2$ in liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ have been measured with a resolution of 340 eV. Intensities per stopped kaon were 0.09, 0.05, and 0.02, respectively. No evidence was seen for transitions to $n=1$ (intensity 0.004).
LTP induced by activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels requires protein kinase activity.

WE have examined the requirement for protein kinase activity in long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by activation of voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels (VDCCs) in hippocampal slices. We previously demonstrated that LTP induced by application of the K + channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA-LTP) consisted of two distinct components, an NMDA receptor-dependent component and a VDCC-dependent component. The results herein demonstrate that both the NMDA and VDCC-dependent components of TEA-LTP are blocked by K-252a, a broad spectrum protein kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, VDCC-dependent TEA-LTP is attenuated by KN-62, a specific inhibitor of Ca 2+ /calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaM-KII). These results demonstrate that LTP induced by VDCC activation requires protein kinase activity and suggest that different routes of postsynaptic Ca 2+ influx activate protein kinases to trigger the induction of LTP but that these enzyme systems may be contained in different cell compartments.
Genome size and environmental factors in the genus Pinus

Nuclear 1C DNA content in haploid megagametophyte tissue of 18 North American and one exotic Pinus species was determined using scanning microspectrophotometry. The nuclear DNA content in root meristematic cells of Zea mays L. ssp. mays, inbred line Va35 (4C = 10.31 pg) was used as a standard. DNA content measured by microspectrophotometry was verified using laser flow cytometry with two additional standards, Hordeum vulgare cv. Sultan (2C = 1 1. 12 pg) and P. eldarica (2C = 47.30 pg). DNA values obtained by both methods were significantly correlated (r = 0.987). The IC nuclear DNA content ranged from 21 pg to 31 pg. The ratio of DNA content in embryo tissue ofP. eldarica to that in megagametophyte tissue was 1.72 by scanning microspectrophotometry and 1.74 by laser flow cytometry. To date, this is the most comprehensive data set available for North American Pinus species. Relationships between genome size of 18 North American Pinus species and climatic factors and indices of growth were investigated using regression and correlation analyses. Positive correlations were observed between nuclear DNA content and growth indices, minimum seed-bearing age, and seed dimensions. Strong negative correlations were observed between nuclear DNA content and two climatic factors, the lowest mean annual and monthly precipitation (excluding January) and the highest mean monthly spring air temperature. These correlations suggest that the large genome size and its variation in Pinus are adapted responses to the habitats of these species.
CMPack: a complete software system for autonomous legged soccer robots

This paper describes a completely implemented, fully autonomous software system for soccer playing quadruped ro\-bots. The system includes real-time color vision, probabilistic localization, quadruped locomotion/motion, and a hierarchical behavior system. Each component was based on well tested algorithms and approaches from other domains. Our design exposed strengths and weaknesses in each component, and led to improvements and extensions that made them more capable in general, as well as better suited for our testing domain. Integrating the components revealed design assumptions that were violated. We describe the problems that arose and how we addressed them.The integrated system was then used at the annual Robo\-Cup robotic soccer competition where we placed third, losing only a single game. We reflect on how our system addressed its goals and what was learned through implementation and testing on real robots.
High pressure excess isotherms for adsorption of oxygen and argon in a carbon molecular sieve

Abstract Adsorption equilibrium data for oxygen and argon are needed for design of adsorptive separation processes to produce pure oxygen from air and also for adsorptive gas storage applications. Carbon molecular sieves may be used to accomplish a rate-based separation of oxygen and argon and, as we show, may also be useful for gas storage. Given the limited data available, particularly at high pressures, volumetric methods are applied in this paper to measure surface excess isotherms of oxygen and argon on a carbon molecular sieve, Shirasagi MSC-3R Type 172. Temperatures are considered from 25 to 100 °C with pressures as high as 100 bar. Isotherms are compared at 25 °C, including new data measured for nitrogen. Adsorbed-phase excess loadings are high, approaching 10 mol/kg at 100 bar. The oxygen capacity of the carbon molecular sieve at high pressure is comparable to that of a superactivated carbon on a mass basis, and it is higher on a volumetric basis. The excess adsorption isotherms are modeled using a multi-temperature Toth equation, which provides an excellent description. A carbon molecular sieve is shown to be a promising adsorbent for oxygen storage.
Improved templated fluorogenic probes enhance the analysis of closely related pathogenic bacteria by microscopy and flow cytometry.

Templated fluorescence activation has recently emerged as a promising molecular approach to detect and differentiate nucleic acid sequences in vitro and in cells. Here, we describe the application of a reductive quencher release strategy to the taxonomic analysis of Gram-negative bacteria by targeting a single nucleotide difference in their 16S rRNA in a two-color assay. For this purpose, it was necessary to develop a release linker containing a quencher suitable for red and near-infrared fluorophores, and to improve methods for the delivery of probes into cells. A cyanine-dye labeled oligonucleotide probe containing the new quencher-release linker showed unprecedentedly low background signal and high fluorescence turn-on ratios. The combination of a fluorescein-containing and a near-IR emitting probe discriminated E. coli from S. enterica despite nearly identical ribosomal target sequences. Two-color analysis by microscopy and the first successful discrimination of bacteria by two-color flow cytometry wi...
General Lattice Model of Phase Transitions

A general lattice-statistical model which includes all soluble two-dimensional model of phase transitions is proposed. Besides the well-known Ising and "ice" models, other soluble cases are also considered. After discussing some general symmetry properties of this model, we consider in detail a particular class of the soluble cases, the "free-fermion" model. The explicit expressions for all thermodynamic functions with the inclusion of an external electric field are obtained. It is shown that both the specific heat and the polarizability of the free-fermion model exhibit in general a logarithmic singularity. An inverse-square-root singularity results, however, if the free-fermion model also satisfies the ice condition. The results are illustrated with a specific example.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity selectively labels accessory optic nuclei and pathways of the rat visual system

The present study shows the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunolabeled neuronal somata and fibers in the accessory optic system of adult rats. CGRP-immunoreactive cell bodies were small to medium-sized and mostly fusiform or oval-shaped. Both immunolabeled somata and fibers were found in the dorsal and lateral terminal nuclei as well as in the interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus (posterior fibers); whereas only immunoreactive fibers were found in the ventral division of the medial terminal nucleus, particularly its rostral portion. These results indicate that CGRP-containing neurons are present in all nuclear components of the accessory optic system and suggest that this neuropeptide may play a neuromodulative role in eye movements.
Association of VEGF and VEGFR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms with hypertension and clinical outcome in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients treated with sunitinib

PURPOSE Biomarkers that predict response or toxicity to antiangiogenic therapy are sought to favorably inform the risk/benefit ratio. This study evaluated the association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) genetic polymorphisms with the development of hypertension (HTN) and clinical outcome in meta-static clear cell renal cell carcinoma (MCCRCC) patients treated with sunitinib.
Participation in Peer Response as Activity: An Examination of Peer Response Stances From an Activity Theory Perspective

This article reports a case study that examined English as a Second Language students' peer response stances from an activity theory perspective. More specifically, the study was guided by the constructs of activity and motive/object in Leont'ev's theory. Multiple sources of data were collected from two native Spanish-speaking students enrolled in a low-advanced EAP writing class, including recordings of their peer response sessions and individual interviews. An inductive and recursive qualitative analysis approach was adopted to analyze the data. Transcripts of student participation in peer response sessions were analyzed to identify the two participants' stances during peer response, and interviews were analyzed to understand the students' motives/objects for participation in peer response. Data analyses indicate that each participant had a distinct motive/object for participating in peer response, and that these motives/objects motivated the students' peer response stances. Implications of the study for instructional practices and research are discussed.
Re-Examining the Factor Structure of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning: Implications for Clinical Interpretation:

The intercorrelation matrices of the standardization sample of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML), a multi-component measure of memory functioning in children ages 5 to 17 years, were submitted to a hierarchical exploratory principal factor analysis (PFA). The PFA solutions were examined and compared with the published principal components analysis (PCA) solutions with the goal of examining the validity of the clinical scale configuration (Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, and Learning) proposed by the test authors. Results of the PFA differ from the PCA and do not provide statistical support for the existing three-scale structure nor the division between memory and learning. Specific factor loadings on the majority of sub-tests are higher than the common factor loadings indicating low shared variance. The low communalities together with the poor interpretability of the factor structure suggests that the subtests should be interpreted clinically as unique entities first and secondarily as factors. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
A dynamic model of corruption deterrence

Abstract This paper presents a model of corruption deterrence with a simple overlapping-generations structure built into it. A crucial assumption is that when corruption becomes more prevalent in the economy it is harder to audit a corrupt official effectively. It is shown that this assumption may give rise to several stationary equilibrium levels of corruption. This possibility has been exploited to explain why sometimes a government may temporarily resort to an extremely severe deterrence policy and why the same deterrence scheme may imply quite different levels of corruption. A case study is provided to give empirical support to the model.
A 54-Year-Old Woman With Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Update: A 54-Year-Old Woman With Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome IN A CLINICAL CROSSROADS ARTICLE PUBLISHED IN FEBruary 2006, Anthony Lembo, MD, discussed the symptoms, diagnostic considerations, and treatment options relating to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Mrs G had a long history of abdominal pain, bloating, and discomfort associated with constipation, which worsened in the years preceding her diagnosis. A small woman, Mrs G was trying to gain weight as a measure to combat her recently diagnosed osteopenia and was particularly concerned that her symptoms prevented her from gaining weight. After watching a television advertisement for a new prescription medication, Mrs G finally discussed her symptoms with her physician, who diagnosed constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). Mrs G began a trial of tegaserod, which helped her symptoms significantly, although she was reluctant to take medication regularly. Mrs G wondered about the efficacy of tegaserod as a long-term solution to her condition. She also wondered whether there would be long-term adverse effects associated with taking tegaserod. Dr Lembo recommended that Mrs G continue taking tegaserod for 4 to 6 weeks, then discontinue it. He recommended she repeat this cycle if her symptoms persisted. He also discussed alternative pharmacologic options for IBS, such as laxatives and antidepressants, and recommended that Mrs G undergo behavioral therapy to reduce her stress levels.
Intelligently querying incomplete instances for improving classification performance

The problem of intelligently acquiring missing input information given a limited number of queries to enhance classification performance has gained substantial interest in the last decade or so. This is primarily due to the emergence of the targeted advertising industry which is trying to best match products to its potential consumer base in the absence of complete consumer profile information. In this paper, we propose a novel active feature acquisition technique to tackle this problem of instance completion prevalent in these domains. We show theoretically that our technique is optimal given the current classifier and derive a probabilistic lower bound on the error reduction achieved with our technique. We also show that a simplification of our technique is equivalent to the Expected Utility approach which is one of the most sophisticated solutions for this problem in existing literature. We then demonstrate the efficacy of our approach through experiments on real data. Finally, we show that our technique can be easily extended to the scenario where we have a cost matrix associated with acquiring missing information for each instance or instance-feature combinations.
Primary induction of CD4 T cell responses in nasal associated lymphoid tissue during group A streptococcal infection.

CD4 T cells are important for development of long-term immunity to bacterial infections. Here we describe construction of a group A streptococcus (GAS) strain that expresses the model ovalbumin epitope (OVA) on its surface, and the use of this strain in adoptive transfer experiments to study CD4 T cell response to bacterial infection in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), which was previously shown to be a specific target for GAS colonization. The OVA+ GAS, but not the wild-type strain was shown to activate CD4 T cells in an antigen-specific manner both in vitro and in vivo. After intranasal infection of mice with this strain, OVA-specific CD4 T cells were first activated in NALT, which is functionally equivalent to human tonsils, rather than in the cervical lymph nodes. During localized infection, OVA+ GAS induced rapid and prolonged activation of CD4 T cells at higher magnitudes in the NALT than in draining lymph nodes and spleen, where CD4 T cells underwent little or no activation. In contrast, systemic infection induced significantly higher activation of CD4 T cells in both lymph nodes and spleens, compared to when the infection was localized in NALT. Further investigation of cellular immune responses in NALT during GAS infection using adoptive T cell transfer, combined with the model antigen on the pathogen may ultimately shed light on mechanisms for failure of children to develop protective immune responses following streptococcal tonsillitis.
Aluminum 2219-T87 and 5456-H116: A comparative study of spacecraft wall materials in dual-wall structures under hypervelocity impact

All earth-orbiting spacecraft are susceptible to high-speed impacts by pieces of orbital debris. To prevent mission failure and possibly loss of life, protection against perforation by high-speed orbital debris particles must be included in the spacecraft design. Although any number of materials can be used to manufacture perforation-resistant structures, aluminum is often used in such systems because of its relatively high strength-to-weight ratio. This paper presents the results of a study in which the high speed impact response characteristics of dual-wall structures made from two different aluminum alloys were analyzed to determine which alloy would be more suitable for use in a perforation-resistant dual-wall structural system that is to be exposed to the orbital debris environment. Impact response characteristics were obtained numerically and experimentally. At impact speeds below 7 km/s, it was found that the two aluminum alloys considered contributed similar levels of perforation resistance; at speeds in excess of 7 km/s, aluminum 2219-T87 was superior to aluminum 5546-H116 in preventing perforation of dual-wall structural systems.
Selection for iron‐efficient old world bluestems

Abstract Old World bluestems (Bothriochloa ischaemtim (L.) Keng., B. intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus, B. caucasica (Trin) C. E. Hubb.) native to southwest Asia, have a high torage and beef production potential on the southern Great Plains. However, iron deficiency can be a problem in these warm‐season grasses grown in eroded, calcareous old fields. In this field study 12 Old World bluestem selections were planted into an iron‐deficient, calcareous soil (Quinlan loam, Typic Ustochrepts). Large differences among the selections in degree of chlorosis and dry matter production were found. The selection PI 301535 was the highest dry matter producer and had slight to no chlorosis. In contrast, the cultivars ‘WW Spar’ and ‘Caucasian’ were low to moderate in dry matter production and rated moderate to severe in chlorosis. Dry matter production over all selections during the third growing season was directly correlated (r = 0.90**) with chlorophyll concentration and inversely correlated (r = ‐0.77**) to severity of c...
Human immunoglobulin heavy-chain-variable (VH) region gene families defined by hybridization with cloned human and murine VH-genes.

Abstract The Southern DNA hybridization technique was used to determine the organization of human immunoglobulin heavy-chain-variable region (V H ) gene families and the extent of polymorphism within these families. Human DNA was digested with a restriction enzyme and then hybridized to a cloned human or murine V H gene. Six human and six murine genes were used. Hybridization patterns seen in the human genes fell into three groups, which corresponded to the Kabat subgroup assignments based on sequence. When DNA from different individuals was compared, polymorphism was demonstrated in each of the three gene families. The V H II family demonstrated a higher degree of polymorphism than the others. Hybridization with the murine probes, each of which represented a different murine V H -gene family, revealed six distinct patterns of hybridization. Five of the probes detected all or a portion of one of the previously defined human families. The sixth probe, 36–60, yields a unique pattern of hybridization, suggesting a fourth V H -gene family. Dot hybridizations show that 36–60 does not hybridize with human V H -genes representing each of the known families, further supporting this possibility.
The influence of douchi starter cultures on the composition of extractive components, microbiological activity, and sensory properties of fermented fish pastes.

: Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that douchi cultures could serve as a potential starter for enhancing the quality attributes of fermented silver carp meat. In experiment 1, an active, prefermented douchi culture was incorporated into a fish paste to aid in the fish fermentation (30 d) and facilitate biochemical production of extractive flavor components (PRF). In experiment 2, a fully fermented (30 d) douchi was added to a fish paste and the mixture was fermented for 30 d (PSF). In experiment 3, a fish paste without the douchi culture was fermented for 30 d (CF). Total extracted free amino acids increased by 68.0, 68.6, and 78.8% (P 100 mg/mL). The concentrations of both formaldehyde-reactive nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen extractives increased significantly (P PSF > CF. Low amounts of biogenic amines (<25 ppm) were produced in all samples. Sensory panel evaluation showed that PRF fish pastes had desirable aroma and taste. The douchi-inoculated fermentation could be a novel technique for expanding the utilization, consumption, and the economic values of silver carp meats. Practical Application: Douchi, a fermented soybean product, is a traditional food flavoring ingredient commonly used in China, Japan, and other Asian countries. It is also used in many Chinese cuisines in the United States. On the other hand, fermented seafood made from freshwater fish such as silver carp is known to contain bioactive components believed to promote health. The findings from the present study indicated that douchi as a novel starter can be used to produce fermented silver carp fish pastes with excellent flavor and consumer acceptability. The results may be applicable to other fish species to produce similar fermentation products.
ENHANCEMENT OF IONIZING RADIATION DURING A SOLAR FLARE

Solar ionizing radiation increase during flares of 21 and 23 May 1967 determined from ionospheric electron density concentrations
Chlorine fluxing for removal of magnesium from molten aluminum: Part I. Laboratory-scale measurements of reaction rates and bubble behavior

Chlorine fluxing is widely used in the aluminum industry for the removal of magnesium from molten aluminum. Typically, it consists of bubbling a nitrogen/chlorine or argon/chlorine mixture into the melt. This Part I of a two-part article describes laboratory-scale experiments on the kinetics of the reactions and emissions during chlorine fluxing for magnesium removal. Bubble frequency, size, and residence time were measured by a two-microphone detection system, which lead to an estimate of the melt-gas interfacial area. Emissions were found to be low, provided the melt temperature was above the melting point of magnesium chloride and provided the magnesium content was above a critical level. Experimental results suggested the chlorine supply to be the rate-determining factor above this critical level and magnesium mass transport to be the rate-determining factor below the critical level.
Comparison of Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Among Those With Versus Without Diabetes Mellitus

Heart failure (HF) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and diabetes commonly coexist, but the impact of diabetes on HF outcomes in patients with HF and preserved LVEF has not been well studied. We assessed the risk of HF death or hospitalization for worsening HF associated with diabetes by studying 987 patients with HF and preserved LVEF enrolled in the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) ancillary study. Diabetics (n = 285, 28.9%) were younger, had a larger body mass index, faster heart rate, and higher pulse pressure than nondiabetics. Diabetics were also more likely to be women, have a history of hypertension, ischemic cause for HF, and were more likely to be treated with diuretics. During the mean follow-up of 37 months, 88 (30.9%) diabetics and 133 (19.0%) nondiabetics developed the primary outcome of HF hospitalization or HF death. After adjustments for baseline differences, diabetes was associated with a 68% increased risk of HF hospitalization or HF death (adjusted hazard ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.26 to 2.25, p <0.001). In conclusion, in patients with HF and preserved LVEF, diabetes is associated with significantly increased risk of developing adverse HF outcomes.
U.S. Elite and Non-elite Newspapers' Portrayal of the Iraq War: A Comparison of Frames and Source Use:

Stories from two elite and four non-elite newspapers were content analyzed for the use of sources and frames over a three-year period during and after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. The study used frames previously applied in studies conducted on elite publications. Results indicate that the use of frames and the inclusion of international, national, and local sources differed significantly; however, the inclusion of military sources was nearly balanced in elite and non-elite newspapers.
Parallel Implementations Of The Nelder-Mead Simplex Algorithm For Unconstrained Optimization

We are interested in implementing direct search methods on parallel computers to solve the unconstrained minimization problem: Given a function f : IRn --? IR find an x E En that minimizes 1 (x). Our preliminary work has focused on the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm. The origin of the algorithm can be found in a 1962 paper by Spendley, Hext and Himsworth;1 Nelder and Meade proposed an adaptive version which proved to be much more robust in practice. Dennis and Woods3 give a clear presentation of the standard Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm; Woods4 includes a more complete discussion of implementation details as well as some preliminary convergence results. Since descriptions of the standard Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm appear in Nelder and Mead,2 Dennis and Woods,3 and Woods,4 we will limit our introductory discussion to the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm, as well as some of the features which make it so popular. We then outline the approaches we have taken and discuss our preliminary results. We conclude with a discussion of future research and some observations about our findings.
A simplified procedure for the quantitative extraction of lipids from brain tissue.

A method is described for the quantitative extraction of lipid from brain tissue with chloroform/methanol (C/M) that eliminates secondary purification of the lipid extract by dextran-gel chromatography or aqueous washing of the organic extract. Nonlipid substances that generally contaminate C/M lipid extracts are separated by pre-extraction of the tissue with dilute (0.25%) aqueous acetic acid. The residual tissue is extracted twice with 40 volumes of C/M (1∶1, v/v). Approximately 97% of the lipid is recovered in these extractions. A third extraction which yields ca. 1% more lipid is performed if the process is discontinued at this stage in a shortened version of the method. The remainder of the lipid is recovered after treatment of the tissue with 1 N HCl by two additional extractions, the first with 40 volumes of C/M (1∶2, v/v) and the second with 40 volumes of methanol. The method, which was demonstrated with pig brain, gave a complete extraction of the lipid, including gangliosides, free of nonlipid substances.
The role of clumped defecation in the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and the availability of nutrients for plant uptake

Many types of primate, particularly species of the genusAlouatta (howler monkey) defecate as a social groupand tend to defecate repeatedly in specic locations(sometimes referred to as latrines; Andresen 2001,2002; Gilbert 1997). The importance of these clumpeddefecations in the dispersal of seeds has been wellinvestigated (Andresen 2001, 2002; Estrada & Coates-Estrada 1984, 1991; Julliot 1996). In contrast, no studyhas yet looked at the role of clumped defecation in thespatialdistributionofsoilnutrientsandtheavailabilityofnutrientsforplantuptake.Howlermonkeyshavepoornutrientassimilationratesandhencetheirwasteexcretionstendtobeverynutrientrich(Milton etal.1980,NagyMVitousekSrather,ittendstorepeatedlyusespecicdefecationspots.Thislatriningbehaviourwasobservedformonkeytroopsliving in both forest fragments as well as contiguousundisturbed forests (Gilbert 1997). In another studylookingatprimaryseeddispersalpatternsby A.seniculus ,Andresen (2002) observed that while individuals wouldsometimes defecate away from the rest of the group,the monkeys would generally group defecate once inthe morning and once in the evening. The resultantlatrine piles covered a median area of 17m
Lung cancer-elapsed time from suspicious radiograph to treatment: how fast is fast enough?

Starting in the mid 1990s, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) implemented a series of process improvements that catapulted its health care system into elite company in U.S. medicine.1,2 Focusing on health maintenance and disease prevention and working in conjunction with Department of Defense medical leaders, the VA developed a series of evidence-based, Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) and introduced them into Primary Care Clinics and to a lesser extent the in-patient environment throughout its national system.3 One component of the VAs remarkable success as a health system has been regionalizing health care into 21 Veterans Integrated Service Networks (VISNs), whose compliance with VA CPGs has been monitored and tracked by the VA Central Office. Leaders and clinicians from compliant VISNs have served as proponents and trainers for less successful VISNs. Thus, VA transformation resulted from the combination of strong central oversight and regional autonomy. In the current issue of JTO, Powell and his colleagues describe an initial assessment of how long it takes veterans with suspicious lung nodules or masses to receive definitive treatment. Their study data are representative of national veterans’ care, since 133 of 139 VA medical centers participated. At first glance, the study’s primary end point, that a median of 71 days elapse between finding a suspicious pulmonary lesion and delivering definitive treatment, seems excessive. However, it is important to analyze individual factors contributing to the elapsed time to determine whether treatment should be considered delayed or appropriate. Data collected in the study are subject to multiple limitations. The start time for each patient’s study entry began when either a chest radiograph or chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a lesion suspicious for malignancy. However, these imaging procedures are not equivalent. Chest radiographs are rapid, safe, and widely available, so it is likely that at least some abnormal chest radiographs were ordered as screening procedures. CT scans, on the other hand, are not ordered routinely. Thus, patients diagnosed by CT scan would much more likely have been symptomatic and their diagnostic evaluations would have been shortened. Another study weakness is that the authors did not describe radiographic characteristics of the lesions. Simply reporting lesion size would have stratified the risk that an individual lesion was malignant.4 An additional study weakness is that over 10% of VA medical centers are located in geographic regions of the United States in which a large numbers of pulmonary nodules are caused by endemic mycotic infections. Appropriate standard of care at these centers may require several months follow-up of pulmonary lesions likely to be granulomatous, before initiating diagnostic evaluation for malignancy. Most veterans, including those reported in this study, are complicated medical patients, who tend to be elderly and have multiple comorbidities. The cigarette smoking
Relationship Between Psychosocial Factors and Academic Achievement Among African American Students

Abstract The authors of this cross-sectional study used surveys based on the noncognitive model of W. E. Sedlacek and C. G. Brooks (1976) to determine psychosocial factors associated with African American students' high school achievement Psychosocial variables explored included community service, academic motivation, social support, and students' methods of handling unfair treatment. Results showed that after gender and absenteeism were controlled for, only the method of handling unfair treatment was positively associated with grade point average (GPA), p < .05. Those findings suggest that students who talk to others about being treated unfairly instead of keeping it to themselves are more likely to have higher GPAs; the findings also have important implications for individuals involved in the counseling and education of high school students. Sedlacek and Brooks's model provides an effective guide for predicting academic achievement and for developing programs to improve academic achievement among studen...
Spatial genetic structure in four understory Psychotria species (Rubiaceae) and implications for tropical forest diversity

• Premise of the study: Tropical forests are the most species-rich terrestrial communities on Earth, and understory trees and shrubs comprise a large fraction of their plant species diversity, especially at high rainfalls. The mechanisms responsible for generating such high levels of diversity remain unknown. One hypothesis is that fleshy-fruited understory species should have limited seed dispersal due to the sedentary nature of their avian dispersers, resulting in restricted gene flow, population differentiation at small spatial scales, and ultimately, high rates of allopatric speciation.• Methods: We sampled four species of the hyperdiverse tropical shrub genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae) on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) and two nearby sites in Panama. We genotyped each species with AFLPs, assessed genetic differentiation among populations, and determined patterns of fine-scale spatial genetic structure in the BCI population. Measures of spatial autocorrelation and population density were used to estimate the dispersal distance parameter σ.• Key results: Regionally, ΦPT values ranged from 0.13 to 0.28, reflecting local population differentiation and suggesting that Lake Gatun/Rio Chagres has posed a relatively strong barrier to gene flow. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure on BCI was stronger than in most canopy trees, and estimated distances of gene flow were unusually low for endozoochorous tropical woody plants, with dispersal distance σ = 9-113 m.• Conclusions: These results demonstrate comparatively limited gene flow in bird-dispersed understory species, supporting a hypothesized mechanism for generating high levels of plant species diversity in tropical rain forests, in one of the largest genera of flowering plants on Earth.
Sensory allometry, foraging task specialization and resource exploitation in honeybees

Insect societies are important models for evolutionary biology and sociobiology. The complexity of some eusocial insect societies appears to arise from self-organized task allocation and group cohesion. One of the best-supported models explaining self-organized task allocation in social insects is the response threshold model, which predicts specialization due to inter-individual variability in sensitivity to task-associated stimuli. The model explains foraging task specialization among honeybee workers, but the factors underlying the differences in individual sensitivity remain elusive. Here, we propose that in honeybees, sensory sensitivity correlates with individual differences in the number of sensory structures, as it does in solitary species. Examining European and Africanized honeybees, we introduce and test the hypothesis that body size and/or sensory allometry is associated with foraging task preferences and resource exploitation. We focus on common morphological measures and on the size and number of structures associated with olfactory sensitivity. We show that the number of olfactory sensilla is greater in pollen and water foragers, which are known to exhibit higher sensory sensitivity, compared to nectar foragers. These differences are independent of the distribution of size within a colony. Our data also suggest that body mass and number of olfactory sensilla correlate with the concentration of nectar gathered by workers, and with the size of pollen loads they carry. We conclude that sensory allometry, but not necessarily body size, is associated with resource exploitation in honeybees and that the differences in number of sensilla may underlie the observed differences in sensitivity between bees specialized on water, pollen and nectar collection.
Cervical vagus; sympathetic block in pulmonary embolism.

In the production of the clinical picture of pulmonary embolism, varying importance has been attached to pressure changes in the pulmonary circulation, reflex vaso- and bronchospasm, and reflex production of pulmonary atelectasis. Atropin and vagatomy aid to increase tolerance to pulmonary emboli in dogs. Skvortsov used with success a cervical vagus-sympathetic block with procaine in a variety of war casualties in which shock complicated wounds of the chest and upper extremities. A case of pulmonary embolism followed by severe shock is presented in which cervical vagus-sympathetic block was used successfully.