cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase transformation in monolayer molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) under tension predicted by molecular dynamics simulations

The objective of this work is to use molecular dynamics simulation with a reactive empirical bond order potential to study the mechanical deformation and failure of monolayer molybdenum disulphide under uniaxial and multiaxial tension. Multiaxial tension is generated via a nanoindentation procedure analogous to recent experiments. Analysis shows that a phase transformation occurs prior to fracture during both uniaxial and multiaxial tension. The force required for monolayer fracture is consistent with experimental results.
High-resolution full-scale measurements of thunderstorm outflow winds

Abstract Efforts to understand thunderstorm outflow winds have been ongoing for years in the wind engineering community given the design wind speed for regions away from the hurricane-prone coastline is governed by this phenomenon. These efforts have largely consisted of laboratory and numerical simulations using both impinging jets and thermodynamic-allowing models, while full-scale observations have remained fairly sparse. The limited body of research has illustrated significant differences between the mean characteristics of thunderstorm outflow winds and “standard” boundary layer winds, yet the evolution of the wind profiles remains poorly understood. Using high-resolution full-scale data collected with two mobile Doppler radars, this research provides a deeper understanding of the evolutionary characteristics of thunderstorm outflow winds and wind profile data. The unique scanning strategy that enables the collection of the dual-Doppler wind profiles also allows for the analysis of the vertical structure of the outflow. Three outflow events are investigated with particular emphasis place on the profile evolution and driving meteorology of each event.
Measuring brain oxygenation in humans using a multiparametric quantitative blood oxygenation level dependent MRI approach.

Quantitative blood oxygenation level dependent approaches have been designed to obtain quantitative oxygenation information using MRI. A mathematical model is usually fitted to the time signal decay of a gradient-echo and spin-echo measurements to derive hemodynamic parameters such as the blood oxygen saturation or the cerebral blood volume. Although the results in rats and human brain have been encouraging, recent studies have pointed out the need for independent estimation of one or more variables to increase the accuracy of the method. In this study, a multiparametric quantitative blood oxygenation level dependent approach is proposed. A combination of arterial spin labeling and dynamic susceptibility contrast methods were used to obtain quantitative estimates of cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow. These results were combined with T and T2 measurements to derive maps of blood oxygen saturation or cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen. In 12 normal subjects, a mean cerebral blood volume of 4.33 ± 0.7%, cerebral blood flow of 43.8 ± 5.7 mL/min/100 g, blood oxygen saturation of 60 ± 6% and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen 157 ± 23 μmol/100 g/min were found, which are in agreement with literature values. The results obtained in this study suggest that this methodology could be applied to study brain hypoxia in the setting of pathology. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating the shop-wide performance effect of pooling synergy with analytical models

This paper explores some simple queuing-based spreadsheet tools that provide information to managers interested in forming cells. These interim models can help the practicing manager build powerful insights. Specifically, we demonstrate that work in process inventory (WIP) requirements as well as cycle time performance can be easily obtained for individual cells as well as relatively complicated shop arrangements. To illustrate the usefulness of this spreadsheet approach, this paper contrasts a spectrum of shops and documents the performance effect due to a loss of pooling synergy.
OBSCENE LANGUAGE AND EVALUATIVE RESPONSE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

126 Ss' responses to obscene language from the evaluative dimension of meaning were investigated. Results indicated that Ss respond most favorably to religious profanities and that sexual words gen...
177 DECREASE IN GROWTH HORMONE (GH) AND SOMATOMEDIN C (SOMC) DURING LHRH AGONIST (LHRHa) TREATMENT OF CENTRAL PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY (CPP)

LHRHa suppresses both gonadotropin pulsations and sex steroids and slows height velocity (HV) in patients with CPP. To evaluate GH's role in this slowing of growth, sleep induced GH secretion (20 min. samples, 10 PM-2 AM) and SOMC (10 PM) were measured in 9 pre-adrenarchal girls with CPP (ages at onset 1.6-6.3 yrs, M=3.8; bone ages advanced a mean of 3.7 years). Therapy suppressed gonadotropin pulsations, response to LHRH, estradiol and maturation indices in all patients. Growth velocity fell from 14.4 ± 1.7 cm/yr (Mean ± SEM, all measurements) pretherapy to 8.7 ± 1.4 after 6 mos of therapy (p=0.0005). SOMC levels decreased from 3.1 ± 0.7 IU/ml pretherapy to 1.3 ± 0.2 at 3 mos (p=0.009) and 1.4 ± 0.2 at 6 mos (p=0.007). Nocturnal peak levels fell from 25.4 ± 6.8 ng/ml pretreatment to 9.1 ± 1.7 at 3 mos (p < 0.01) and 7.5 ± 1.1 at 6 mos of therapy (p < 0.01). Total GH secreted during the 4 hr interval decreased a mean of 58% at 3 mos and 48% at 6 mos compared to pretreatment. The accelerated HV in CPP patients under 6 years is associated with increased GH and SOMC production. With LHRHa induced suppression of gonadal steroids, both HV and GH and SOMC production are decreased.
Blood pressure responses and incentive appraisals as a function of perceived ability and objective task demand

This experiment examined the role perceptions of ability may play in determining the impact of task demand on cardiovascular responses indicative of active coping. Subjects first performed a scanning task and received feedback indicating that they had either low or high scanning ability. They then were presented with the opportunity to earn one of two incentives by attaining either an objectively low or objectively high standard of performance on a second scanning task. Immediately prior to and during the 1-min performance period, systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses were greater in the difficult standard condition than in the easy standard condition for those who received high-ability feedback but were somewhat diminished in the difficult standard condition as compared with the easy standard condition for those who received low-ability feedback. Whereas high-ability subjects tended to have less pronounced pressor responses than did low-ability subjects when the second task was objectively easy, they had more pronounced pressor responses than low-ability subjects when the second task was objectively difficult. Analysis of goal attractiveness ratings obtained just prior to task performance showed a general correspondence between subjects' anticipatory blood pressure responses and their appraisals of the incentives. Implications for several lines of investigation are discussed.
Mortality rates following trauma: The difference is night and day

Background : Although most medical centers are equipped for 24-h care, some middle of the night services may not be as robust as they are during daylight hours. This would have potential impact upon certain outcome measurements in trauma patients. The purpose of this paper was to assess the effect of patient arrival time at hospital emergency departments on in-hospital survival following trauma. Materials and Methods : Data of patients, 18 years of age or older, with no evidence that they were transferred to or from that center were obtained from the National Trauma Data Bank Version 7.0. Patients meeting the above criteria were excluded if there was no valid mortality status, arrival time information, injury severity score, or trauma center designation. The primary analyses investigated the association of arrival time and trauma center level on mortality. Relative risks of mortality versus patient arrival time and trauma level were determined after controlling for age, gender, race, comorbidities, injury, region of the country, and year of admission. Results : In total, 601,388 or 71.7% of the 838,284 eligible patients were retained. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 4.7%. The 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. time period had a significantly higher adjusted relative risk for in-hospital mortality than the 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. time frame (ARR=1.18, P<0.0001). This pattern held across trauma center levels, but was the weakest at Level I and the strongest at Level III/IV centers (Level I: ARR=1.10, Level II: ARR=1.14, and combined Level III/IV: ARR=1.32, all P<0.0001). Conclusion : Hospital arrival between midnight and 6 a.m. was associated with a higher mortality rate than other times of the day. This relationship held true across all trauma center levels. This information may warrant a redistribution of hospital resources across all time periods of the day.
Editorial: management of invasion by pituitary adenomas.

Nishioka and colleagues describe excellent immediate results in the outcome of patients with acromegaly in whom surgery included excision of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus and removal of free tumor from within the cavernous sinus when invasion occurred.13 Their results suggest that more aggressive surgery than is commonly practiced will increase the fraction of patients with acromegaly who are in remission after surgery.
Time-optimal path planning in dynamic flows using level set equations: theory and schemes

We develop an accurate partial differential equation-based methodology that predicts the time-optimal paths of autonomous vehicles navigating in any continuous, strong, and dynamic ocean currents, obviating the need for heuristics. The goal is to predict a sequence of steering directions so that vehicles can best utilize or avoid currents to minimize their travel time. Inspired by the level set method, we derive and demonstrate that a modified level set equation governs the time-optimal path in any continuous flow. We show that our algorithm is computationally efficient and apply it to a number of experiments. First, we validate our approach through a simple benchmark application in a Rankine vortex flow for which an analytical solution is available. Next, we apply our methodology to more complex, simulated flow fields such as unsteady double-gyre flows driven by wind stress and flows behind a circular island. These examples show that time-optimal paths for multiple vehicles can be planned even in the presence of complex flows in domains with obstacles. Finally, we present and support through illustrations several remarks that describe specific features of our methodology.
Modeling and Performance Interpretation of Flowing Gas Composition Changes in Shale Gas Wells with Complex Fractures

Limited attempts have been made to model shale gas reservoirs on a compositional basis. Multiple distinct physical phenomena influence the behavior of reservoir fluids in shale, resulting in measurable compositional changes in the produced gas over time. These phenomena include differential desorption, fractionation via phase change, and preferential diffusion. To address these phenomena, we have developed a compositional numerical model which describes the coupled processes of diffusion and desorption. We have also developed a tool for generating simulation grids capturing fracture geometries of realistic complexity. By combining the physics of flow in complex fractures with diffusion through nanopores, we show how gas composition changes during production. We identify and illustrate signature trends in the flowing gas composition according to our model. In addition, we present a workflow for the integration of measured gas composition data into traditional production data analysis. We prove that the onset of various transient flow regimes that are unique to shale gas reservoir systems can be identified in the model-based flowing composition data. For example, the transition from fracture-drainage to matrix-drainage can be identified by a characteristic trend in flowing gas composition. Some reservoir properties can be determined through analysis of the compositional shift in the flowing gas. This work expands the current understanding of well performance for shale gas to include physical phenomena that lead to compositional changes for realistic fracture configurations. This work can be used to optimize fracture and completion design, improve well performance analysis and provide more accurate reserves estimation. In this work we develop a numerical model which captures multicomponent desorption, diffusion, and phase behavior in ultra-tight rocks, we present a grid generation technique which captures the complexity of shale system fractures, and we validation of our interpretations of diagnostic trends.
Contrast Agent Enhancement in Abdominal Computed Tomography Ionic vs. Nonionic Agents

Bolus administration of intravenous contrast media has theoretical advantages over the infusion of contrast media during body computed tomography (CT). The bolus administration produces a higher intravenous iodine concentration and increases the detectability of areas of abnormality. Patient discomfort is greater with the rapid administration of contrast media producing a higher percentage of technically inadequate studies with bolus technique than infusion of the same contrast media. Nonionic contrast media with lower osmolality than the currently used urographic contrast media should produce less toxicity and therefore fewer technically inadequate studies. The nonionic contrast material, iopamidol, was compared with Renografin-60 in 25 patients during body CT. The study was performed in a double-blind fashion and the degree of enhancement determined in various abdominal organs. No significant difference in enhancement was found between the contrast media. Contrast reactions to iopamidol were infrequent and mild. Nonionic contrast media such as iopamidol with lower toxicity and equivalent enhancing ability to standard agents may decrease the number of technically inadequate studies during body CT.
miRNAs as biomarkers for management of patients with colorectal cancer

miRNAs serve as micromanagers, negatively regulating gene expression. Since altered miRNA expression is implicated in the pathobiology of various cancers, including colorectal cancers (CRCs), these molecules serve as potential therapeutic targets. Manipulation of miRNAs may offer an alternative therapy for chemo- and radio-resistant CRCs. For CRC patients, miRNA expression patterns can be used for diagnosis, and to predict prognosis and efficacy of therapy. This article describes the methodological approaches for miRNA measurement, their function in the pathobiology of CRCs and their potential clinical utility.
Archaeological Sites and Local Places: Connecting the Dots

AbstractGreece is a country awash in antiquities. Yet, archaeological sites leave many of those who live near them indifferent, confused, antagonistic, or resentful. In this essay, we trace the origins of such disconnection (landscape dissonance as we call it) to the ways European travellers from the 17th century onward experienced, described, and depicted ancient sites as separate from the local living landscape. The ways sites have been developed and archaeological fieldwork practised in Greece has perpetuated this disconnection. We argue that to reconnect the dots archaeologists should not only engage local communities in a collaborative process of site investigation and development, but also show genuine interest in local lives and concerns, beyond any connection to the past and to archaeology.
A new model for environmental assessment and exposure reduction.

Environmental assessment and exposure reduction are a set of diagnostic and treatment techniques that work in tandem with the traditional medical approach by reducing a patient’s exposure to adverse environmental conditions as part of medical care. Assessment involves identifying the specific exposures to which a patient is sensitive and locating the corresponding contaminants in the patient’s environment. This provides a more complete diagnostic evaluation of a patient’s problem than could be obtained merely by examining the patient alone. Exposure reduction involves reducing the identified triggers to levels that are below thresholds that are associated with increased risk of sensitization and disease morbidity. Assessment of an environment for contaminants focuses on a chain of factors that include contaminant sources such as cockroaches, rodents, dust mites and fungi that excrete contaminants into an environment, facilitative factors such as moisture, food, water and shelter that help sources to thrive, and reservoirs where contaminants can accumulate prior to subsequent transport to occupants. By using this model to guide environmental assessments and their corresponding interventions, the root cause of health problems can be addressed, leading to improved quality of life for patients and reduced need for chronic medications.
The damping rate of plasma waves in condensed matter

Abstract It is the purpose of this paper to give an analytical expression for the damping rate of a long-wavelength plasma wave in terms of the optical constants of the medium which supports the wave. This expression is a generalization of that given in the literature for a free electron gas. The expression is derived by two different methods below.
Ordering of Adsorbed Organic Monolayers Confined in Molecule Corrals during Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Observation

Since the first report of the imaging of organic molecules by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) (Foster, J. S.; Frommer, J. E. Nature 1988, 333, 542−545) questions have arisen about the physical interaction between the scanning tip and the adsorbed monolayer. How much this interaction affects the adsorbed monolayer, and whether the monolayer structure observed by STM is the same structure which is present in the absence of STM observation have been difficult questions to address, since the monolayer typically cannot be seen at high resolution except by STM. Many reports of tip-induced substrate damage have appeared, but here we report nondestructive tip-induced orientation of an adsorbed monolayer confined in molecule corrals and on graphite terraces. We believe this is the first evidence that in some cases the scanning action of the STM tip can act to orient an adsorbed monolayer. For adsorbed monolayers of octadecanol and octatriacontane, the structures observed by STM are not the same structures whic...
AGU Journals Increase Speed and Impact

Fast publication and high quality and impact are important for effective dissemination of geoscience research. With this in mind, AGU's journal editors and staff, along with staff at our publishing partner, Wiley, have been working to increase both the speed of publication and the impact of the research published in our 18 peer-reviewed journals while maintaining our commitment to quality. Significant progress continues to be made on both fronts, as evidenced by the most recent publication times and the 2013 release of the Journal Citation Reports®, which was issued by Thomson Reuters on 29 July.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Patients with Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: Testosterone replacement therapy in men with prostate cancer is controversial, with concern that testosterone can stimulate cancer growth. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of testosterone in hypogonadal men with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We performed a review of 103 hypogonadal men with prostate cancer treated with testosterone after prostatectomy (treatment group) and 49 nonhypogonadal men with cancer treated with prostatectomy (reference group). There were 77 men with low/intermediate (nonhigh) risk cancer and 26 with high risk cancer included in the analysis. All men were treated with transdermal testosterone, and serum hormone, hemoglobin, hematocrit and prostate specific antigen were evaluated for more than 36 months.Results: Median (IQR) patient age in the treatment group was 61.0 years (55.0–67.0), and initial laboratory results included testosterone 261.0 ng/dl (213.0–302.0), prostate specific antigen 0.004 ng/ml (0.002–0.007), hemoglobi...
Stress and psychosomatic illness

Increasing attention has been addressed to the relationship of stress and illness during the past several decades. Despite extensive and intensive research in this area leading to statistically significant correlations, the specificity of the relationship remains vague. Some of the difficulty evolves from the definition of stress and illness. What is stress? How is it defined? Can it be defined independent of an identifiable reaction or change in behavior? How is illness defined? How does stress as a phenomenon relate to its perception and cognition and on what levels? To what extent do the physiological-worded concepts of Selye and Levi relate to the social and psychological ones of Holmes, Rahe and others? What do we mean by psychosomatic illness? How specific is it in terms of discrete entities. If we are in agreement that there is something there--something relating to change in behavior, conceptualized in social, psychological and biological terms with an event occurring external or internal to the individual, what greater precision can we strive for in determining and identifying specificity and the particulate? Is it possible to define a new model of relationships that will assist in identifying, determining and intervening in stress-related illness situations?
Therapist recognition of impaired muscle groups in simulated multi-joint hypertonia

It is common in today's clinical practice for a therapist to physically manipulate patients' limbs to assess hypertonic conditions (e.g. spasticity, rigidity, dystonia, among others). We present a study that evaluates the capabilities of expert therapists to correctly identify the location of a hypertonic impairment of an arm through standard manipulation. Therapists interacted with a hypertonic virtual arms rendered on a robotic device. Our results show that testing joints independently can cause misjudgment of the mechanical contributions of pluri-articular muscles to multi-joint impairment.
Physician visits by rheumatoid arthritis patients: A prospective analysis

Obejective. To examine prospectively, using the behavioral model of health service utilization, patient-initiated physician visits, physician-requested visits, and visits for disease flares by 270 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Four waves of telephone interviews were conducted over 2 years. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess the relative contributions to variance explained by blocks of variables indicating need for care and predisposing and enabling factors. Results. Predisposing and enabling factors accounted for 50–67% of the explained variance in the 3 types of visits, while need accounted only for 33–50%. Conclusions. Studies seeking to identify factors other than need for care that facilitate or inhibit physician visits among RA patients are essential to analyzing the costs of care.
A risk management approach to RBAC

Even if Role Based Access Control (RBAC) is employed properly, distributed database environments are still prone to illegitimate access attempts: in RBAC, users potentially carry the risk of illegal access attempts via credentials violation, or unintentional/intentional incorrect use of already granted permissions via role misuse/abuse. We introduce a probabilistic risk management model for enhanced access control in such databases. We incorporate failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) scheme for measuring user risks in our design. We combine components as credentials, queries, role history logs and expected utility for a probabilistic formulation of risk. We present experimental results that we obtained on real world database. The results emphasize the need for a database where roles are well defined and queries under different roles do not overlap. We suggest using query templates with minimized role definitions so that the risk model we introduce provides better risk management.
Significance of ligand interactions involving Hop2-Mnd1 and the RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases in homologous DNA repair and XX ovarian dysgenesis

The evolutionarily conserved Hop2-Mnd1 complex is a key cofactor for the meiosis-specific recombinase Dmc1. However, emerging evidence has revealed that Hop2-Mnd1 is expressed in somatic tissues, primary human fibroblasts and cell lines, and that it functions in conjunction with the Rad51 recombinase to repair damaged telomeres via the alternate lengthening of telomeres mechanism. Here, we reveal how distinct DNA-binding activities of Hop2-Mnd1 mediate the stabilization of the RAD51-ssDNA presynaptic filament or stimulate the homologous DNA pairing reaction. We have also endeavored to define the interface that governs the assembly of the higher order complex of Hop2-Mnd1 with RAD51. Unexpectedly, we find that ATP enhances the interaction between Hop2-Mnd1 and RAD51, and that both Hop2 and Mnd1 are involved in RAD51 interaction via their C-terminal regions. Importantly, mutations introduced into these Hop2 and Mnd1 domains, including the HOP2 p.del201Glu mutation present in a patient of XX ovarian dysgenesis, diminish the association and functional synergy of Hop2-Mnd1 with both RAD51 and DMC1. Our findings help delineate the intricate manner in which Hop2-Mnd1 engages and functions with RAD51 and DMC1 in mammalian cells and speak to the possible cause of XX ovarian dysgenesis.
A field test of a sediment bioassay with the oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774)

A sediment toxicity test using reproduction in the tubificid oligochaete Tubifex tubifex was tested in 11 geographic locations in the Laurentian Great Lakes where sediments have previously been documented as being contaminated. Samples were taken from both potentially contaminated and “clean” sites in each of the 11 areas. Using test endpoints such as survival and growth, results from 72 samples were classified using cluster and ordination techniques. Six response groups were identified and four groups of toxic sites determined. Toxic effects ranged from mortality of adult worms to reduced reproduction. Using correlation and discriminant analysis there was good evidence that high concentrations of metals such as copper and lead were responsible for the observed effects at some sites.
A liftoff process using edge detection (LOPED)

A process for liftoff patterning has been examined with particular emphasis on the process window for manufacturing. Traditional liftoff techniques, which use reentrant resist profiles and evaporation for metal deposition, have the advantage of simplicity and infinite selectivity; however, the need for directional deposition is in conflict with the step coverage requirement of VLSI. A liftoff process using edge detection (LOPED) is described that can pattern thin film deposits with good step coverage. Some guidelines have been developed for the LOPED process to assure successful patterning. A process window is shown as an example for a specific combination of film thicknesses. The potential of the LOPED process is demonstrated for both metallization and trench isolation. >
Endovascular management of vertebral artery disease

Symptomatic disease of the vertebrobasilar circulation is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. In recent years, endovascular revascularization of vertebral artery stenosis has been heralded as a less invasive treatment option in comparison to open surgery, with the inherent risk of morbidity. Although a growing number of case reports and small nonrandomized case series suggest that endovascular intervention in the posterior circulation may be safe and technically feasible, the safety and benefit of angioplasty and stent placement in cases of symptomatic vertebral disease, as compared with the most effective medical therapy, remains to be elucidated.
Fast subset scan for spatial pattern detection

Summary. We propose a new ‘fast subset scan’ approach for accurate and computationally efficient event detection in massive data sets. We treat event detection as a search over subsets of data records, finding the subset which maximizes some score function. We prove that many commonly used functions (e.g. Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic and extensions) satisfy the ‘linear time subset scanning’ property, enabling exact and efficient optimization over subsets. In the spatial setting, we demonstrate that proximity-constrained subset scans substantially improve the timeliness and accuracy of event detection, detecting emerging outbreaks of disease 2 days faster than existing methods.
The influence of discharge, photoperiod, and temperature on the reproductive ecology of cyprinids in the Paluxy River, Texas

The distributions and abundances of cyprinids in North America are declining at an alarming rate with almost half of all known species considered imperiled and in need of conservation. Much of this loss in biodiversity is a result of flow regulation and climate change, especially in streams in the southern Great Plains that are prone to large and rapid fluctuations in discharge. The overall objective of this study was to examine the influence of discharge, photoperiod, and temperature on the reproductive ecology of cyprinids in the Paluxy River, Texas. Our results support previous findings in that photoperiod and water temperature were influential in the initiation and termination of the annual reproductive season. Interannual differences in GSI for Cyprinella venusta and Notropis volucellus indicated that reproductive effort in certain cyprinids was directly linked to discharge. In 2010, mean gonadosomatic index values for C. venusta (9.60 %) and N. volucellus (9.15 %) were at least twice that of 2011 (4.61 and 3.14 %, respectively); discharge during the spawning season of 2010 averaged 1,965 cfs, whereas it averaged only 177 cfs in 2011. Indeed, yearly differences in streamflow (i.e., mean annual discharge) can significantly impact the production of ova in a variety of cyprinids, even those non-broadcast-spawning species such as C. venusta. Consequently, we suggest conservation efforts should focus on maintaining natural flow regimes to combat the overwhelming loss of cyprinid diversity, especially as water extraction and climate change continue to threaten the biodiversity of freshwater fishes.
Paleomagnetic and isotopic dating of thrust-belt deformation along the eastern edge of the Helena salient, northern Crazy Mountains Basin, Montana

Thrust-belt deformation along the eastern edge of the Disturbed Belt in the Helena salient of Montana has not been well dated owing to a lack of syn- or postorogenic strata. In situ paleomagnetic data from alkaline intrusions exposed in the easternmost folds of the salient in the northern Crazy Mountains Basin, previously described as pre-, syn-, or posttectonic with respect to deformation, are well grouped (Dec. = 343°, Inc. = 61°, α95 = 5.0°, k = 46, n = 16 sites); a negative fold test is significant at minimally 95% confidence. Intrusion and magnetization acquisition thus postdate fold and thrust deformation. K-Ar age determinations of selected intrusions range from 52 to 48 Ma. Paleomagnetic and isotopic age data, combined with stratigraphic information, indicate that folding in the northern Crazy Mountains Basin is middle to late Paleocene in age. This age is in agreement with suggested dates for deformation in the northern Montana Disturbed Belt but is recognizably older than the youngest episodes of frontal deformation in the Utah-Idaho-Wyoming salient. Data from this study and existing structural and stratigraphic information demonstrate that deformation in the overthrust belt and foreland provinces of southwest Montana overlapped temporally and spatially, ranged from Late Cretaceous to earliest Eocene in age, and progressed from west to east through time.
International bioenergy synthesis--Lessons learned and opportunities for the western United States

This synthesis examines international opportunities for utilizing biomass for energy at several different scales, with an emphasis on larger scale electrical power generation at stand-alone facilities as well as smaller scale thermal heating applications such as those at governmental, educational, or other institutional facilities. It identifies barriers that can inhibit bioenergy applications, and considers international cases of successful bioenergy production with a focus on Europe and Brazil. Based on the review of international bioenergy applications, important ecosystem service issues having relevance to western U.S. forests are discussed, including hazardous fuel reduction, community development, and sustainability of the wood products industry.
Phase II study of subcutaneous octreotide in adults with recurrent or progressive meningioma and meningeal hemangiopericytoma.

The objective of this phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous octreotide therapy for the treatment of recurrent meningioma and meningeal hemangiopericytoma. Octreotide is an agonist of somatostatin receptors, which are frequently expressed in meningioma, and reports have suggested that treatment with somatostatin agonists may lead to objective response in meningioma. Patients with recurrent/progressive meningioma or meningeal hemangiopericytoma were eligible for enrollment; those with atypical/anaplastic meningioma or hemangiopericytoma must have experienced disease progression despite radiotherapy or have had a contraindication to radiation. Patients received subcutaneous octreotide with a goal dose of 500 μg 3 times per day, as tolerated. Imaging was performed every 3 months during therapy. The primary outcome measure was radiographic response rate. Eleven patients with meningioma and 1 with meningeal hemangiopericytoma were enrolled during the period 1992–1998. Side effects included diarrhea (grade 1 in 4 patients and grade 2 in 2), nausea or anorexia (grade 1 in 4 patients), and transaminitis (grade 1 in 1 patient). One patient developed extra hepatic cholangiocarcinoma, which was likely unrelated to octreotide therapy. No radiographic responses were observed. Eleven of the 12 patients experienced progression, with a median time to progression of 17 weeks. Two patients experienced long progression-free intervals (30 months and ≥18 years). Eleven patients have died. Median duration of survival was 2.7 years. Immunohistochemical staining of somatostatin receptor Sstr2a expression in a subset of patients did not reveal a correlation between level of expression and length of progression-free survival. Octreotide was well-tolerated but failed to produce objective tumor response, although 2 patients experienced prolonged stability of previously progressive tumors.
A Process Model of Request Tactic Evaluation

The primary aim of this article is to test a process model of request tactic evaluation in two different cultures. It examines possible links between the perceptions of interactive constraints (concern for clarity, concern for avoiding hurting the hearer's feelings, concern for nonimposition, concern for avoiding negative evaluation by the hearer, concern for effectiveness), and likelihood of using specific tactics. Theory and research drawn from the areas of communication competence, conversational goals, and requesting behaviors were used to formulate a causal model of request tactic evaluation. Data to test the proposed model were drawn from undergraduates studying in Korea (N = 296) and the U.S. (TV = 299). The results indicated that in both cultures, perceived effectiveness functions as a mediating variable between the four interactive constraints and perceived likelihood of use. Among Korean participants, two social‐relational constraints (concern for avoiding negative evaluation by the hearer, and ...
Use of compacts to study the sorption characteristics of powdered plaster of Paris

Compacts made from powdered material are used in an effort to explain anomalous results obtained from the isothermal uptake of water vapour by various types of dehydrated gypsum. In the sorption isotherms, a sharp discontinuity occurred at R.H. between 0·25 and 0·40 and a secondary hysteresis was observed. Sorption of methanol on these materials was also measured, and results were compared with those obtained with water. The determination of the expansion isotherm enabled an application of the Gibbs adsorption equation to be made, which led to a method by which it was possible to differentiate between hemihydrate and adsorbed water and thus allow a calculation of a B.E.T. surface area from the water isotherm for the material. From this calculation and others obtained by use of a modified Kelvin equation, it was concluded that the anomalies noted above were due to sites on the surface of the plaster that required an activation energy for ‘sorption’ to occur. The generation of these sites was considered dependent on the method of preparation of the anhydrous calcium sulphate. The water attached to these sites would thus be termed ‘chemisorbed’ water.
A label-free quantification method by MS/MS TIC compared to SILAC and spectral counting in a proteomics screen

In order to assess the biological function of proteins and their modifications for understanding signaling mechanisms within cells as well as specific biomarkers to disease, it is important that quantitative information be obtained under different experimental conditions. Stable isotope labeling is a powerful method for accurately determining changes in the levels of proteins and PTMs; however, isotope labeling experiments suffer from limited dynamic range resulting in signal change ratios of less than ∼20:1 using most commercial mass spectrometers. Label-free approaches to relative quantification in proteomics such as spectral counting have gained popularity since no additional chemistries are needed. Here, we show a label-free method for relative quantification based on the TIC from peptide MS/MS spectra collected from data-dependent runs can be used effectively as a quantitative measure and expands the dynamic range over isotope labeling experiments allowing for abundance differences up to ∼60:1 in a screen for proteins that bind to phosphotyrosine residues.
Learning on the Job: Moving From Faculty to Administration

With administrative roles come many changes for faculty leaders, including the perceptions of others, the perception of self, and the skills necessary to remain credible.
Apoptosis and antiapoptotic mechanisms in the progression of myelodysplastic syndrome.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), previously known as preleukemia, comprises a spectrum of heterogeneous, clonal disorders of hematopoiesis. A patient's life expectancy can range from a few months to more than a decade. Recent studies provide some insight into the pathophysiology of MDS. One mechanism contributing to the constellation of hypercellular marrow and peripheral blood cytopenia is a significant increase in programmed cell death (apoptosis) in hematopoietic cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Fas ligand, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and other proapoptotic cytokines are upregulated in early-stage/low-risk MDS, and neutralization of these signals can improve hematopoiesis. TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand induces apoptosis preferentially in clonal cells, which can contribute to containment of the clone. In a proportion of patients, MDS will eventually evolve to acute leukemia. This progression has been correlated with upregulation of nuclear factor κB; altered expression of adaptor molecules, such as Flice inhibitory protein; and enhanced activity of antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 and inhibitors of apoptosis protein families. Also, the ratio of TNF receptors 1 and 2 changes in favor of receptor 2. The role of the microenvironment in the pathophysiology and progression of MDS has remained controversial, although there is evidence that stroma and matrix components, and their interactions with clonal cells, play an important role. Microarray gene-expression studies are consistent with dysregulation of apoptosis, but not all data are in agreement.
Subcortical heterotopia: a distinct clinicoradiologic entity.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical syndrome and associated brain anomalies in a group of patients with subcortical heterotopia. METHODS: The seizure history, developmental history, family history, electroencephalographic results, imaging studies, and pathologic results (where available) of 13 patients with subcortical heterotopia were reviewed retrospectively. The patients ranged in age from 1 month to 39 years (mean, 11 years; median, 3 years) at the time of the most recent update of their records. RESULTS: Fifteen hemispheres were involved in 13 patients. The cerebral cortex overlying the heterotopia was thin with shallow sulci and the affected part of the hemisphere was small as compared with the contralateral hemisphere. The corpus callosum was hypogenetic or agenetic in nine patients and the basal nuclei were dysplastic or hypoplastic in 11 patients. Most patients were developmentally delayed as children, had mild hemiplegia or hemihypesthesia contralateral to the affected hemisphere(s), and had partial epilepsy, most commonly evidenced by partial motor seizures in the body half contralateral to the malformation. Age at seizure onset varied from infancy to the second decade. Electroencephalographic results showed slow wave background with spike and spike wave complexes in the affected hemisphere. CONCLUSION:Subcortical heterotopia seems to have characteristic clinical, electrophysiological, and imaging manifestations. These results suggest that affected patients may be conveniently grouped together to study treatment outcomes.
Spherical dual images: A 3D representation method for solid objects that combines dual space and Gaussian spheres

Three-dimensional object representation significantly impacts computations for manipulation, spatial reasoning and vision. This paper introduces a technique called the spherical dual image, derived from Gaussian sphere and dual space concepts. This representation technique will be defined and a number of its properties will be proven, leading to a reconstruction algorithm for convex and concave polyhedra. Finally, the application of this representation for selecting grasping points to manipulate a polyhedron is discussed.
Domain translation using relational structure

We present a multiple effect system task in auditing for which interactions between expert systems requires the knowledge-based translation of a primary model of the task domain into the input domain of each expert system in the organizational decision support system. (ODSS). We propose a constrained descriptive language, based on first order predicate logic, for all the expert systems in a domain. Such a common descriptive language simplifies the translation procedures since source and target language syntax are identical. The language constraints are based on the mathematical notion of a relational structure. We present a reduced scale case to illustrate the use of the language for domain description and translation. >
An evaluation of varying protocols for high‐level disinfection of flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopes

Objectives/Hypothesis The use of flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopes (FFLs) is ubiquitous in otolaryngology practices. As with any medical device, there exists a small risk for transmission of pathogenic microorganisms between patients, necessitating high-level decontamination between uses. Most of the literature to date has studied channeled scopes such as those used in esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. A recent study of nonchanneled flexible laryngoscopes suggested that current high-level decontamination practices in use at some institutions, including ours, may be overly aggressive. We sought to evaluate and compare the efficacy of varying techniques of high-level disinfection of FFLs. Study Design FFLs were used in routine clinical encounters and then disinfected with a variety of techniques. The FFLs were then cultured for bacteria and fungi, and the rates of positive cultures were compared between the techniques and the controls. Methods In this study, we took FFLs following use in routine clinical practice and disinfected them using one of eight decontamination protocols. We compared the bacterial and fungal culture results to positive and negative controls. Results We demonstrated that each of the eight cleaning protocols was statistically efficacious at removing bacterial contamination. Our results for fungal cultures did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Using in vitro inoculation of FFLs, this study demonstrated that quicker and more cost-effective practices are equally efficacious to more time-consuming and expensive techniques with regard to bacterial contamination of FFLs. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 124:2498–2501, 2014
BIOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT LOW-ELEVATION RECOLONIZATION BY NEOTOMA CINEREA IN THE GREAT BASIN

Homestead Cave, a paleontological site located in a low-elevation arid setting in the northern Bonneville Basin of northcentral Utah, documents the local extinction of Neotoma cinerea during the Middle Holocene. N. cinerea is present there today, and the Homestead Cave record suggests that recolonization likely occurred sometime prior to 1,000 years ago. This history supports the view (forwarded by T. E. Lawlor) that cross-valley dispersal by mammals that generally are most abundant in cooler and moister (and therefore higher elevation) parts of the Great Basin is still occurring, showing that Brown's model of Great Basin montane mammalian biogeography is incorrect. These dispersal patterns suggest that conservation efforts directed toward montane mammals in the Great Basin must include low-elevation access corridors to mountain masses.
Obese Zucker Rat exhibits decreased β3-adrenoceptor-induced 18F-FDG metabolic activity in brown adipose tissue

1082 Objectives Our previous work has shown significant brown adipose tissue (BAT) 18F-FDG metabolic activation using β3-adrenoceptor agonists such as CL316,243 in normal rats. This is of value in efforts to reduce obesity by enhancing thermogenic capabilities of BAT. We have now investigated the Zucker lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) rat model with and without activation by β3-adrenoceptor agonist using 18F-FDG PET/CT. Methods 18F-FDG (0.4-0.6 mCi) was injected after 30 minutes into 24 hour fasted male lean and fat Zucker rats pre-treated with saline or CL316,243 (2mg/Kg) for PET/CT study. The rats were awake for 60 minutes with injected 18F-FDG after which, 2% isoflurane was used for anesthesia. The rats were placed within the field of view of the PET scanner and data was acquired for 30 minutes. A CT scan was followed for attenuation correction. From the obtained images, regions of interest were drawn on interscapular, cervical, and periaortic BAT using ASIPRO and 18F-FDG metabolic activity was computed as standard uptake values (SUV, [kBq/cc/(MBq/Kg)]). Results Effect of CL316,243 on 18F-FDG uptake in Zucker fat rats was not significant compared to saline. In lean rats, CL316,243 activated IBAT, cervical, and periaortic BAT and compared to fat rats the increase was 3.5, 2.0, 2.3-fold, respectively. With saline alone, the difference between lean and fat rats for IBAT, cervical, periaortic was 1.1, 0.9, and 1.1-fold, respectively. A significantly lower activation in the Zucker fat rats is consistent with the lower levels (up to 70% less compared to lean rats) of β3-adrenoceptors. Uptake of 18F-FDG in the brain was similar for both the lean and fat rats with saline and CL316,243. Conclusions Our study shows that BAT metabolism increases in Zucker lean rats treated with CL316,243, similar to our findings with normal rats. Zucker fat rats showed little effect with CL316,243. These findings suggest that BAT activation via the β3-adrenoceptor is not a feasible approach to enhance thermogenesis and lipolysis in this obesity model.