cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judicial Efficiency in the Lower Federal Courts: Published and Unpublished Opinions

The decision to publish selective cases is primarily driven by a desire to control growth in case law and concerns of judicial efficiency. That is, limiting opinion publication to those opinions that establish law or have precedential value increases judicial efficiency. However, little empirical research has been designed to test whether this reform does increase judicial efficiency. This research investigates whether unpublished judicial opinions actually take less time for both District Court judges and Courts of Appeals panels to hear and dispose of a case. We provide an analysis of time to disposition in all (published and unpublished) Forest Service land management cases filed in federal court from 1989-2009. Although publication status is the dependent variable of interest, several control variables including ideological, gender and ethnic diversity, caseload, circuit location and judicial vacancies are included in an applied survival analysis model to determine which case, judicial, and court variables may have the greatest impact on time to disposition in the lower federal courts. Our findings indicate that publication status does significantly affect time to disposition in the Court of Appeals, with published opinions increasing the time to disposition by 44%. Additionally, although the rules concerning the citation of unpublished opinions have changed during the time frame of our study, we find that this has not affected the significant difference in time to disposition between unpublished and published opinions. At the district court level, our findings indicate that publication status does not significantly affect time to disposition.
Magnetostrictive iron gallium thin films grown onto antiferromagnetic manganese nitride: Structure and magnetism

We report structural and magnetic properties of magnetostrictive Fe100−xGax (x ≈ 15) alloys when deposited onto antiferromagnetic manganese nitride and non-magnetic magnesium oxide substrates. From X-ray diffraction measurements, we find that the FeGa films are single crystalline. Scanning tunneling microscopy imaging reveals that the surface morphologies are dictated by the growth temperature, composition, and substrate. The magnetic properties can be tailored by the substrate, as found by magnetic force microscopy imaging and vibrating sample magnetometry measurements. In addition to pronounced tetragonal deformations, depositing FeGa onto manganese nitride leads to the formation of stripe-like magnetic domain patterns and to the appearance of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.
Resolving multicopy duplications de novo using polyploid phasing.

While the rise of single-molecule sequencing systems has enabled an unprecedented rise in the ability to assemble complex regions of the genome, long segmental duplications in the genome still remain a challenging frontier in assembly. Segmental duplications are at the same time both gene rich and prone to large structural rearrangements, making the resolution of their sequences important in medical and evolutionary studies. Duplicated sequences that are collapsed in mammalian de novo assemblies are rarely identical; after a sequence is duplicated, it begins to acquire paralog-specific variants. In this paper, we study the problem of resolving the variations in multicopy, long segmental duplications by developing and utilizing algorithms for polyploid phasing. We develop two algorithms: the first one is targeted at maximizing the likelihood of observing the reads given the underlying haplotypes using discrete matrix completion. The second algorithm is based on correlation clustering and exploits an assumption, which is often satisfied in these duplications, that each paralog has a sizable number of paralog-specific variants. We develop a detailed simulation methodology and demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithms on an array of simulated datasets. We measure the likelihood score as well as reconstruction accuracy, i.e., what fraction of the reads are clustered correctly. In both the performance metrics, we find that our algorithms dominate existing algorithms on more than 93% of the datasets. While the discrete matrix completion performs better on likelihood score, the correlation-clustering algorithm performs better on reconstruction accuracy due to the stronger regularization inherent in the algorithm. We also show that our correlation-clustering algorithm can reconstruct on average 7.0 haplotypes in 10-copy duplication datasets whereas existing algorithms reconstruct less than one copy on average.
The Poisoned Well: Enhancing the predictive value of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the era of multidrug-resistance.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is a fundamental mission of the clinical microbiology laboratory. Reference AST methods are based on bacterial growth in antibiotic doubling dilution series, which means that any error in the reference method inherently represents at least a 2-fold difference. We describe the origins of current AST reference methodology, highlight the sources of AST variability, and propose ideas for improving AST predictive power.
Increase of Closed-Loop Nominal Trajectory Likelihood in Uncertain Systems

Abstract The paper examines how trajectory sensitivity with respect to small perturbations in initial states and plant parameters is affected by using a control implemented as a feedback rather than as the nominally equivalent open-loop control. The uncertainty in initial state x and plant parameter q is modeled by jointly normally distributed random variables with mean (or nominal value) x ¯ o and q ¯ respectively and known covariance matrix. The nominal control u ¯ ( t ) is assumed to yield a satisfactory nominal trajectory x ¯ ( t ) whose desirable shape should be preserved in nonnominal situations. If the state x(t) is densely distributed around the nominal state x ¯ ( t ) , the system is said to be insensitive to the perturbation; the likelihood of the nominal state x ¯ ( t ) provides a measure of the insensitivity at time t. Using the system equations linearized in x and in q around the nominal trajectory, the joint distributions of the incremental state [δX(t)', δQ']' are computed in both open-loop and closed-loop cases. It is established that [δХ(t)', δQ']' is more densely distributed in a region around the nominal zero value when feedback is used rather than open-loop control. Furthermore, this region is geometrically described and, under feedback, it is shown to tend to absorb all the mass of the incremental state as time evolves. By means of a similar analysis of the conditional distributions of δX(t) given δQ, the results are related to those of the deterministic approach. Two examples illustrate the discussion.
An optimal time strategy for collision avoidance between collaborative agents

Safety plays an important role in mobile robotics where it is crucial to detect and avoid collisions between objects and robots moving in dynamic environments. Several approaches have been suggested to address the issue. In this paper, we consider a collaborative approach for collision avoidance based on the optimal time to resolve a conflict. First, the collision conditions are derived with an estimation of the time to collision. Then the maneuvers to resolve the conflict in minimum time are calculated using a constrained optimization approach. Lagrangian function is constructed and used under the safety constraints to find the closed from optimal solutions for the safe speeds. A comparison is carried out in terms of the control effort and the time to resolve the conflict. Simulation is used to illustrate the method.
Renal Transplant Problems as Assessed by Ultrasound and Nuclear Medicine

Complication rates for renal transplants have been diminishing over the past few years as better tissue typing has become possible and surgical techniques have improved. Nevertheless, there are serious urological complications in the postoperative period and diagnosis of these complications is often confusing [2, 18]. The correct use of the various radiological imaging modalities at our disposal constitutes a challenge.
Prosody and motor speech disorders: a retrospective review of a merger that is imminent

Even though prosody figures prominently in the classification and differential diagnosis of motor speech disorders, the theoretical frame works in which prosody and motor speech disorders have evolved have limited a full integration or merging of these domains. The Mayo Classification continues to be the gold standard and differentiates the motors speech disorders in terms of audible speech deviations including prosody. While briefly challenged by a prosodic classification of the motor speech disorders (Kent and Rosenbek, 1982), it was not until theoretical advances in normal prosody culminated in an objective measurement approach that shows promise to complement the audio-perceptual approach and map the prosodic landscape in motor speech disorders.
Catheter ablation as a treatment of atrioventricular block.

Background Symptomatic second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block is typically treated by implantation of a pacemaker. An otherwise healthy AV conduction system can nevertheless develop AV block due to interference from junctional extrasystoles. When present with a high burden, these can produce debilitating symptoms from AV block despite an underlying normal AV node and His–Purkinje system properties. Objective The purpose of this study was to describe a catheter ablation approach for alleviating symptomatic AV block due to a ventricular nodal pathway interfering with AV conduction. Methods Common clinical monitoring techniques such as Holter and event recorders were used. Standard electrophysiological study techniques using multipolar recording and ablation catheters were utilized during procedures. Results A 55-year-old woman presented with highly symptomatic, high-burden second-degree AV block due to concealed and manifest junctional premature beats. Electrophysiological characteristics indicated interference of AV conduction due to a concealed ventricular nodal pathway as the cause of the AV block. The patient's AV nodal and His–Purkinje system conduction characteristics were otherwise normal. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the pathway was successful in restoring normal AV conduction and eliminating her clinical symptoms. Conclusion Pathways inserting into the AV junction can interfere with AV conduction. When present at a high burden, this type of AV block can be highly symptomatic. Catheter ablation techniques can be used to alleviate this type of AV block and restore normal AV conduction.
Application of Relational-Cultural Theory With Adolescent Sexual Abuse Survivors

Child sexual abuse (CSA) can lead to traumatic memories, a sense of isolation, and severe distrust. Moreover, CSA can impede a person’s ability to form healthy relationships over the life span. Thu...
Fish species as indicators of freshwater inflow within a subtropical estuary in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract As anthropogenic pressures on fresh water continues, a balance must be achieved to ensure estuaries receive sufficient riverine inputs to sustain ecosystem health. With increased demand on freshwater resources upstream, salinities in the coastal systems may increase, providing an opportunity for encroachment or invasion by species with a higher salt tolerance. These events compromise ecosystem function, integrity and sustainability, particularly of native estuarine habitats. Estuarine dependent teleost fish species may be considered appropriate bioindicators of abiotic stressors. While estuarine fish have a wide tolerance of many environmental conditions, each species has its own tolerance range and/or sensitivity, and at specific phases during their life cycle. A statistical analysis was conducted to better understand the relationship of Ictalurus furcatus (blue catfish), Brevoortia patronus (Gulf menhaden) and Lagodon rhomboides (pinfish) to abiotic parameters associated with freshwater inflows (i.e. salinity, nutrients, turbidity, etc). Data for this study were collected in Galveston Bay, Texas (USA) by various state agencies and spanned 124 seasons between 1979 and 2010. Distance based linear models were run to determine correlations between the selected indicator species and water quality parameters known to be related to freshwater inflows. These relationships were visualized with Spearman vectors overlain on principal coordinates analysis plots. Blue catfish and Gulf menhaden displayed a significant inverse correlation with salinity and significant positive correlation with NO3− +NO2− (μM), DIN:DIP and turbidity (NTU). During periods of drought, blue catfish were found closest to the river mouth, where salinity was lowest when considering other locations within Galveston Bay. Gulf menhaden maintain a wider distribution across the Bay as they have a wider salinity range tolerance. Pinfish display a significant positive correlation with salinity and temperature within Galveston Bay; as bioindicators this species is expected to be more tolerant to higher salinities. These relationships support the potential use of these species as beneficial indicators of changing estuarine conditions, namely freshwater inflows. Further study is essential to determine if these and/or other species can be applied to other bays along the Texas coast as well as other sub-tropical estuarine systems in which they are found.
Sentiment Protocol: A Decentralized Protocol Leveraging Crowdsourced Wisdom

The wisdom of the crowd is a valuable asset in today’s society. It is not only important in predicting elections but also plays an essential role in marketing and the financial industry. Having a trustworthy source of opinion can make forecasts more accurate and markets predictable. Until now, a fundamental problem of surveys is the lack of incentives for participants to provide accurate information. Classical solutions like small monetary rewards or the chance of winning a prize are often not very attractive for participants. More attractive solutions, such as prediction markets, face the issue of illegality and are often unavailable. In this work, we present a solution that unites the advantages from classical polling and prediction markets via a customizable incentivization framework. Apart from predicting events, this framework can also be used to govern decentralized autonomous organizations.
Prenatal Androgens Affect Development and Behavior in Primates

Maturation and differentiation persists throughout childhood, adolescence, and adult life into senescence; however, the foundation for normal postnatal development is established during fetal ontogeny. The organizational hypothesis proposes that nongenomic, environmental factors within the intrauterine environment attribute to prenatal programming (Phoenix et al. 1959). From the inception of this hypothesis over 50 years ago, researchers have documented the effects of exposure to prenatal steroid hormones, particularly androgens, on the behavior and growth of primate offspring. The effects of androgen within the intrauterine environment from maternal and exogenous sources can be observed in long-term changes to multiple developmental trajectories, including somatic growth, homeostatic functions of the body, and differentiation of sex-typical morphology, physiology, and behavior. Thus, the sensitivity and plasticity of the fetus during development toward androgens and other physiological cues from the mother and environment may underlie the development of diseases, a premise postulated by the Barker hypothesis (Barker 1998). In the current chapter, we discuss a number of prenatal and postnatal developmental outcomes associated with exposure to normal variations and excessive concentrations of androgens during prenatal life in human and nonhuman primates. In addition, it seems that the timing of androgen exposure during gestation and the sex of the fetus are two major factors that contribute to the concentration of androgens in the prenatal environment and the ultimate outcomes. Therefore, we also discuss the timing of androgen exposure during gestation and the sex of the fetus as modulating variables on the androgen-induced effects on development.
Anna Seward’s Journal and Sermons

Teresa Barnard has produced an excellent companion to her biography, Anna Seward: A Constructed Life (2009). For the poet's first thoroughly researched life, Barnard delved into archival records, p...
Social-Skills Assessment of Children

Scientific interest in children’s social skills has geometrically increased over the last decade. Indeed, over 75% of all social-skill articles have been published within the last six years (Michelson & Wood, 1980a). Reasons for this phenomenon can be explained in part as a reaction to increased awareness of the relationship between social competence and other measures of adaptation.
Lentiviral Vector-Based Dendritic Cell Vaccine Suppresses HIV Replication in Humanized Mice.

HIV-1-infected individuals are treated with lifelong antiretroviral drugs to control the infection. A means to strengthen the antiviral T cell response might allow them to control viral loads without antiretroviral drugs. We report the development of a lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell (DC) vaccine in which HIV-1 antigen is co-expressed with CD40 ligand (CD40L) and a soluble, high-affinity programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) dimer. CD40L activates the DCs, whereas PD-1 binds programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to prevent checkpoint activation and strengthen the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. The injection of humanized mice with DCs transduced with vector expressing CD40L and the HIV-1 SL9 epitope induced antigen-specific T cell proliferation and memory differentiation. Upon HIV-1 challenge of vaccinated mice, viral load was suppressed by 2 logs for 6 weeks. Introduction of the soluble PD-1 dimer into a vector that expressed full-length HIV-1 proteins accelerated the antiviral response. The results support development of this approach as a therapeutic vaccine that might allow HIV-1-infected individuals to control virus replication without antiretroviral therapy.
Neoplastic Parathyroid Diseases

The understanding of parathyroid diseases, particularly neoplastic processes, has advanced tremendously in the past century and a quarter since the original description of parathyroid glands by Sandstrom in 1880. Parathyroid diseases are classically stratified into two major groups: single gland (and perhaps more controversially, double gland) disease; and multigland disease. Both processes manifest as physiologically, macroscopically and microscopically abnormal parathyroid gland proliferations resulting in enlargement. However, single gland disease is considered neoplastic, consisting of adenomas and more uncommonly, carcinomas, while multigland disease is considered to be nonneoplastic, hence the term hyperplasia.
The New National Security Challenge to the Economic Order

National security policies are increasingly threatening the rules that govern trade and investment flows. This problem goes much deeper and is far more intractable than is suggested by current high-profile controversies, such as recent disputes over the Trump administration’s steel and aluminum tariffs. Governments worldwide have adopted national security policies that address an increasingly wide array of risks and vulnerabilities, including climate change, pandemic disease, cybercrime, terrorism, and threats to infrastructure, industry, and the media. And these policies are increasingly likely to conflict with trade and investment rules. In other words, while today’s high-profile controversies have focused on alleged abuses of national security in economic law, it is the potential for good-faith but novel national security claims that may pose a more significant and permanent threat to the system in the long run. This Article is the first to systematically map the “new” national security challenge and to consider its implications for the reform of the economic order. It demonstrates that the expansion of national security policy in the twenty-first century undermines our existing models for separating security measures from ordinary economic regulation. What is needed, it argues, is a new model for reintegrating the economic order with the national security state. To that end, this Article identifies reforms that allow for some oversight of increasingly novel national-security claims, while preserving flexibility for governments to redefine their security policies in response to twenty-first-century threats.
Phage Display to Detect and Identify Autoantibodies in Disease.

Establishing Etiology with Phage Display Phage display permits very large numbers of peptides to be tested simultaneously, and so can be used in a broad range of applications, including the identif...
Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Dairy Cows

Recent interest in gluconic acid has brought about improved methods of production (1) and developed uses for its calcium salt, in which form it is chiefly obtained. The calcium salt, because of its solubility, lack of taste, and other valuable qualities, has been found advantageous for use in calcium therapy (2). For this reason it seemed of interest to determine whether a compound of this particular type (containing five hydroxyl-groups) could be readily assimilated from the alimentary tract and so prove a valuable source of supplementary calcium in the ration of lactating cows. Accordingly a balance experiment was undertaken to investigate this point.
Genetic Influence on Behavior and the Impact on Oral Health Conditions

In all likelihood, behavior is a complex trait that is defined by variation in more than one gene, and therefore it cannot be explained, nor properly and fully assessed, by a dichotomous state [e.g., biological sex (female and male) cannot be assumed to perfectly predict sexual orientation]. Like other complex traits, behavior is best assessed by a continuous variable (e.g., height according to the metric system, weight in kilograms, measuring the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, measuring blood sugar levels, and measuring intelligence quotient from standardized tests designed to compare one’s score to others of their own age). Behavior change is something the dental professional is constantly aiming to change in their patients, via oral hygiene instructions, suggesting changes in diet, suggesting the use of specific at-home products, and/or establishing a regular regimen of follow up visits. Understanding how genetics influence behavior will explain why in many instances, the dentist is not successful in getting their patients to change.
Factors that Define the Bandwidth of a Phased Array Antenna

A phased array is inherently narrowband, because phase is a narrowband concept. The components that comprise the array determine the operational bandwidth while, the number of elements, the element spacing, and the maximum scan angle contribute to the array instantaneous bandwidth. This paper considers these four factors in arriving at a definition for the bandwidth of a phased array antenna. A simple formula is derived for phased array bandwidth where the upper frequency is determined by the grating lobe formation and the lower bound based on beam squint/pulse dispersion.
8 – Absolute Pitch

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of absolute pitch. The ultimate in musical endowment is commonly regarded by musicians to be the possession of “absolute pitch” (AP), also called “perfect pitch” or “positive pitch.” It is also defined as the ability to identify the frequency or musical name of a specific tone, or, conversely, the ability to produce some designated frequency, frequency level, or musical pitch without comparing the tone with any objective reference tone. There are two major theories of why some persons have AP: (1) heredity, on the one hand, and some combination of learning, unlearning, and (2) imprinting (early) on the other. Therefore some possessors support the cause that AP is a special innate ability that one either inherits or not, that those who do inherit the trait demonstrates pitch-naming ability as soon as an appropriate situation arises, regardless of their early musical training, and that those who are not so genetically blessed can never attain the degree of excellence in identifying pitch displayed by the chosen few, no matter how much instruction they are given or how diligently they practice naming tones. Finally the development of AP depends on some more or less fortuitous set of circumstances whereby the individual is reinforced for trying to put labels on pitches.
7.13 – Aminoglycoside-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Aminoglycosides remain critical antibiotics in the armamentarium for serious Gram-negative bacterial infections despite their well-known risk for nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Aminoglycosides manifest their bactericidal activity by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit which interferes with the initiation of protein synthesis. They are most commonly administered intravenously with peak serum concentrations occurring in 30 minutes. Aminoglycosides are excreted unchanged in the urine by glomerular filtration with an elimination half-life of 2–3 hours in patients with normal renal function. The incidence of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity is 5–10%. Patient risk factors for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity include advanced age, male gender, ascites, hypoalbuminemia, and leukemia. Medications such as clindamycin, vancomycin, piperacillin, cephalosporins, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors also increase the risk of nephrotoxicity when administered with aminoglycosides. Morphological changes seen in animals during aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity consist of epithelial cell damage confined to the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubule. The biochemical alterations that occur with aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity include decrements in the transport of organic base, ions, glucose, and low-molecular- weight proteins. The initial renal cortical binding sites for aminoglycosides are the acidic, anionic phospholipids found in the plasma membranes of the apical and basolateral surfaces of the proximal tubule cells. Once binding has occurred, aminoglycosides are transported across the apical or basolateral plasma membrane by receptor-mediated endocytosis via megalin. After endocytosis, the endosomes containing the aminoglycosides fuse with lysosomes. Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing in which a large loading dose of an aminoglycoside is given every 24–48 hours has been shown to maintain clinical efficacy and reduce the incidence of nephrotoxicity. Various interventions to prevent aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity have been proposed such as polyaspartic acid, superoxide dismutase, N-acetylcysteine, and melantonin. A congener of gentamicin has also been isolated that retains clinical efficacy, but does not cause nephrotoxicity. Until these interventions become adopted in clinical practice, however, clinicians must utilize established strategies to reduce the incidence of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. These include selection of the least nephrotoxic aminoglycoside, correcting hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, minimizing concomitant nephrotoxic medications, limiting the duration of therapy to 7–10 days, adjusting the dose of aminoglycoside for the level of renal function, and utilizing once-daily dosing of aminoglycoside when clinically appropriate.
Keeping Science Costs in Check: A Cost per Use Review of Chemistry Journals

The sciences librarian and the electronic resources & serials librarian at Colorado College identified chemistry journal subscriptions for further investigation of usage and cost. Out of 14 chemist...
Effect of GaN Substrate Properties on Vertical GaN PiN Diode Electrical Performance

Present GaN technology consists primarily of heteroepitaxial, lateral high electron mobility transistors; however, high-power devices would be much more efficiently manufactured with a vertical geometry due to better blocking voltage scaling. This technology has yet to be realized due to the inconsistency of GaN wafer properties. These inconsistencies can be detected with several long-range, non-destructive techniques including Raman spectroscopy, optical profilometry, and photoluminescence mapping. In particular, Raman spectroscopy is an effective tool for determining the carrier concentration of GaN substrates and whether the wafers are uniform or inhomogeneous. In this work, vertical p-i-n GaN diodes are fabricated using both uniform and inhomogeneous wafers determined by using the A1 Raman peak position to monitor carrier concentration. The inhomogeneous samples have regular patterns of varying conductivity as a result of electron-donating defects brought about by changes in crystal stress. By avoiding these defects, we have found that diode performance improves by increasing the +/− 10 V rectification ratio by up to a factor of 5X and reducing the 200 V reverse bias leakage current by several orders of magnitude. Using the higher quality substrates with uniform electron carrier concentrations can improve the rectification ratio by another order of magnitude.
The Majority of Complaints About Orthopedic Sports Surgeons on Yelp Are Nonclinical

Purpose To examine and characterize extremely negative Yelp reviews of orthopedic sports surgeons in the United States. Methods A search for reviews was performed using the keywords "Orthopedic Sports Medicine" on Yelp.com for 8 major metropolitan areas. Single-star reviews were isolated for analysis, and individual complaints were then categorized as clinical or nonclinical. The reviews were classified as surgical or nonsurgical. Results A total of 11,033 reviews were surveyed. Of these, 1,045 (9.5%) were identified as 1-star, and 289 were ultimately included in the study. These reviews encompassed 566 total complaints, 133 (23%) of which were clinical, and 433 (77%) of which were nonclinical in nature. The most common clinical complaints concerned complications (32 complaints; 6%), misdiagnosis (29 complaints; 5%), and uncontrolled pain (21 complaints; 4%). The most common nonclinical complaints concerned physicians' bedside manner (120 complaints; 21%), unprofessional staff (98 complaints; 17%), and finances (78 complaints; 14%). Patients who had undergone surgery wrote 47 reviews that resulted in 114 complaints (20.5% of total complaints), whereas nonsurgical patients were responsible for 242 reviews and a total of 452 complaints (81.3% of total complaints). The difference in the number of complaints by patients after surgery and patients without surgery was statistically significant (P < 0.05) for all categories except for uncontrolled pain, delay in care, bedside manner of midlevel staff, and facilities. Conclusion Our study of extremely negative Yelp reviews found that 77% of negative complaints were nonclinical in nature. The most common clinical complaints were complications, misdiagnoses and uncontrolled pain. Only 16% of 1-star reviews were from surgical patients. Clinical Relevance Patients use online review platforms when choosing surgeons. A comprehensive understanding of factors affecting patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction is needed. The results of our study could be used to guide future quality-improvement measures and to assist surgeons in maintaining favorable online reputations.
Screen-Printable, Self-Biased SrM/PDMS Composites for Integrated Magnetic Microwave Devices

This work introduces a material and method for high-volume, low-temperature, screen printing of self-biased magnetic films made from a composite of M-type strontium ferrite SrFe12O19 (SrM) particles and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The magnetic particles are aligned under a dc magnetic field, while the PDMS is cured at 75 °C, making this fabrication process compatible with semiconductor and printed-circuit-board substrates. Aligned composites with estimated SrM particle volume percentages of 14 vol.%, 20 vol.%, and 27 vol.% are fabricated, as well as an unaligned 14 vol.% composite for comparison. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to examine the structure and composition of the composites. Furthermore, vibrating sample magnetometer and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements are performed to determine their dc and ac magnetic properties. Results show that the aligned composites have magnetic textures between 1.47 and 1.95, crystalline anisotropies between 1860 and 1960 kA/m, FMR frequencies of 45.5–45.9 GHz, and FMR linewidths between 3400 and 3500 Oe, indicating the potential for these materials in self-biased, non-reciprocal device applications. The analysis identifies that increased particle loading and better particle alignment may further improve these films by decreasing the linewidth.
Nonurogynecologic Tumors of the Pelvis: The Forgotten Few

Gynecologists are frequently consulted for evaluation of pelvic masses. The pelvis is a complex space encompassing a variety of different organs. This anatomical, histologic, and functional diversi...
Local Geology and the Stability of Natural Slopes

The stability of sand and sandstone layers sandwiched between clay or clay-shale layers is considered. The stable angle of sand slopes under the action of water flowing parallel to the stratification is calculated. The equilibrium of a sloping mass of sand resting on a clay stratum is examined and related to the dip of the clay stratum, the surface slope of the sand mass, and the strength of the clay. The stability of a sandstone layer resting on a clay shale bed is also examined and the variation of the required angle of shearing resistance with distance from an exposed face is given. These theoretical studies are then related to the field behavior of layered sandy and clayey strata.
Performance evaluation of load-balanced clustering of wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks have received increasing attention in recent few years. In many military and civil applications of sensor networks, sensors are constrained in onboard energy supply and are left unattended. Energy, size and cost constraints of such sensors limit the communication range. Therefore, multi-hop wireless connectivity is required to forward data on their behalf to a remote command site. In this paper, we investigate the performance of an algorithm to network these sensors into well defined clusters with less-energy-constrained gateway nodes acting as clusterheads as well as to balance the load among these gateways. Load balanced clustering increases the system stability and improves the communication between different nodes in the system. To evaluate the efficiency of this approach, we studied the performance of sensor networks by applying various different routing protocols. Simulation results shows that irrespective of the routing protocol used, this approach improves the lifetime of the system.
Orthogonal Transmultiplexers: A Time‐Frequency Perspective

We present a time-frequency interpretation of orthogonal sets used in a transmultiplexer configuration that plays an important role in many single and multiuser communication systems in this article. It's shown that once independently treated multicarrier modulation techniques like FDMA, TDMA and CDMA have their unified theoretical treatment using orthogonal transforms and filter banks. This treatment helps one to build a multicarrier modulation based communication system using optimally designed orthogonal function set or signatures. Keywords: orthogonal transmultiplexers; orthogonal transforms; filter banks and subband transforms; time-frequency spread; multicarrier modulation
Arsenic: Organoarsenic Chemistry

This review surveys the chemistry, reactivity, spectroscopic, and structural aspects of several major classes of organometallic arsenic compounds over the time period of 1760 through 2003. These compounds are the core of the field and represent the major areas of research thrusts during this period. We draw heavily from several books, monographs, and review articles to review the primary synthetic routes and reactivity. The primary literature is referenced for all developments that have occurred since the last published review articles. After an extensive review of the fully substituted and AsH bond containing organoarsenic compounds, the focus is on compounds containing AsHalogen, As group 13, As group 14, As group 15, and AsO bonds. Because of the efforts to synthesize As group 13 bonded compounds of the heavier group 13 elements, tables listing the known compounds synthesized after 1985 and their method of preparation are provided. Keywords: organoarsines; diarsene; haloarsorane; phosphaarsene; arsinogallane; arsinoindane; dehalosilylation; aminoarsines
The Power Equity Guide

Abstract The process of gender socialization profoundly influences the lives and relationships of women and men. Both women and men receive messages that they should feel, behave, or relate in certain ways based on their gender. Often, these messages negatively impact our lives, personal well being, and relationship quality. The Power Equity Guide was designed to help you evaluate to what extent these messages are influencing you and your intimate relationship. It is organized around two primary goals for effectively managing these restraining gender messages. The first goal focuses on your relationship, and the second goal focuses on you as an individual.
SU(N) x S_{m}-Invariant Eigenspaces of N^{m} x N^{m} Mean Density Matrices

We extend to additional probability measures and scenarios, certain of the recent results of Krattenthaler and Slater (quant-ph/9612043), whose original motivation was to obtain quantum analogs of seminal work on universal data compression of Clarke and Barron. KS obtained explicit formulas for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the 2^m x 2^m density matrices derived by averaging the m-fold tensor products with themselves of the 2 x 2 density matrices. The weighting was done with respect to a one-parameter (u) family of probability distributions, all the members of which are spherically-symmetric (SU(2)-invariant) over the ``Bloch sphere'' of two-level quantum systems. For u = 1/2, one obtains the normalized volume element of the minimal monotone (Bures) metric. In this paper, analyses parallel to those of KS are conducted, based on an alternative "natural" measure on the density matrices recently proposed by Zyczkowski, Horodecki, Sanpera, and Lewenstein (quant-ph/9804024). The approaches of KS and that based on ZHSL are found to yield [1 + m/2] identical SU(2) x S_{m}-invariant eigenspaces (but not coincident eigenvalues for m > 3). Companion results, based on the SU(3) form of the ZHSL measure, are obtained for the twofold and threefold tensor products of the 3 x 3 density matrices. We find a rather remarkable limiting procedure (selection rule) for recovering from these analyses, the (permutationally-symmetrized) multiplets of SU(3) constructed from two or three particles. We also analyze the scenarios (all for m = 2) N = 2 x 3, N= 2 x 3 x 2, N= 3 x 2 x 2 and N = 4 and, in addition, generalize the ZHSL measure, so that it incorporates a family of (symmetric) Dirichlet distributions (rather than simply the uniform distribution), defined on the (N-1)-dimensional simplex of eigenvalues.
Effect of spatial resolution on cloud area retrievals: a comparison of results derived from the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the thermal infrared multispectral scanner

Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) imagery and Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) imagery are registered to each other for seven scenes. Cloud area, as determined by applying the 3-band ratio method to AVIRIS imagery, is used to determine the optimum temperature threshold in the TIMS imagery. For this set of scenes, a threshold of 2 degree(s) to 3 degree(s) below the background temperature provides for the most accurate cloud pixel identification. Five to 8% differences in cloud area are found when comparing cloud pixel identification between AVIRIS and TIMS. Some of the differences are due to misregistration; however, at least half are due to differences in the mensuration process. It is demonstrated that cloud edges have a distribution of temperature thresholds, indicating the difficulty of locating cloud edges with a single temperature threshold. It is found that cloud edges occupy nearly half of the entire range of scene temperatures, significantly overlapping the distribution of background temperatures.
Assessing dam pool sediment for understanding past, present and future watershed dynamics: An example from the Cuyahoga River, Ohio

Abstract Dams can trap a stream's sediment load and create a sediment record of anthropogenic watershed impacts and stream sediment load variability. We demonstrate the usefulness of dam pool sediments in assessing past, present, and future watershed dynamics in this study of the Gorge Dam Pool, Cuyahoga River, Ohio. The 17.4-m-tall Gorge Dam was constructed in 1912 and subsequently trapped the sediment load of the Middle Cuyahoga River. 210 Pb dating of the impoundment sediment allowed past anthropogenic impacts to be assessed. Mud accumulating between 1912 and 1926 has high trace metal content from industrial activities upstream of the impoundment. Between 1926 and 1978 mud having abundant coal combustion products (CCP) and high but variable metal content accumulated. During this period, sediment accumulation increased due to urbanization in the watershed. Since 1978 CCP and trace metals decline, reflecting the effectiveness of environmental regulations. Sediment accumulation increased dramatically between 2004 and 2008 and again in 2011 as a result of increased extreme flow events. An impoundment sediment accumulation of 7520 tonnes yr −1 for the 210 Pb-dated year 2006 is similar to a watershed model estimate of 7490 tonnes yr −1 determined from year 2006 landcover and supports the use of watershed modeling to estimate sediment load. Dam removal to reestablish river connectivity also eliminates the impoundment sediment trap. The impoundment sediment load record allows for a projection to the downstream sediment load following dam removal. The potential removal of the Gorge Dam will result in a minimal increase to the Lower Cuyahoga River sediment load.
Effects of copper-contaminated sediments on Hyalella azteca, Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia : survival, growth, and enzyme inhibition

The results of two newly developed sediment toxicity tests were compared to the standard, 48-h acute Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia tests. The 14-day Hyalella azteca growth inhibition test is a definitive test of chronic exposure to toxic sediments. The rapid, fluorescent D. magna test, which is based on in vivo inhibition of enzymatic processes, has been suggested as a rapid screening tool. H. azteca mortality was the least sensitive bioassay endpoint, while H. azteca growth, D. magna fluorescence, C. dubia mortality, and D. magna mortality were equally sensitive to the effects of sediments spiked with CuSO4. In sediments collected in copper-contaminated lakes, the standard, acute 48-h D. magna bioassay was the least sensitive test, while the D. magna fluorescence test and H. azteca growth reduction test were the most sensitive bioassays.
Mechanism of Transient Dark Activity of 13-Desmethylretinal/Rod Opsin Complex

We report the studies employing 11-cis-13-desmethylretinal (13dm) 1, its dihydro analogue 2H13dm 2, and 11-cis sixmembered ring-locked analogue ret6 3, to clarify the mechanism of dark activity of the 13-desmethylretinal/rod opsin complex. Rhodopsin (Rh) is composed of a retinal chromophore linked to Lys 296 of the apoprotein opsin via a protonated Schiff base (PSB).1 Light-induced retinal 11-cis f trans isomerization triggers protein conformational changes leading to metarhodopsin II (Meta-II) which activates the G-protein transducin to initiate the enzymatic cascade of visual transduction.2 Phosphorylation of Meta-II by rhodopsin kinase and subsequent binding of arrestin deactivate Meta-II.3 Recently it has been observed that opsin can be activated by retinal analogues including all-trans-retinal, all-trans-13dm 4, alltrans-C15 5, and â-ionone 6 in the absence of light.4 Dark activity
TRANSIENT RADIATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER IN NONGRAY GASES

A general formulation is presented to investigate the transient radiative interaction in nongray absorbing-emitting species between two parallel plates. Special attention is directed to investigate the radiative interaction in a system initially at a uniform reference temperature where suddenly the temperature of the bottom plate is reduced to a lower but constant temperature. The interaction is considered for the case of radiative equilibrium as well as for combined radiation and conduction. General as well as limiting forms of the govering equations are presented and solutions are obtained numerically by employing the method of variation of parameters. Specific results are obtained for CO, CO2, H2O, and OH. The information on species H2O and OH is of special interest for the proposed scramjet engine application. The results demonstrate the relative ability of different species for radiative interactions.
Light ion driven inertial confinement fusion

Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) driven by intense beams of light ions offers the possibility for high gain target implosions. High gain implosions will be required to meet the United States' defense applications for ICF as well as to make an Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) power plant an economically viable option for energy production in the 21st century. Progress in understanding the generation and focusing of intense light ion beams has resulted in record beam intensities. These beams have been used to heat the first ion-driven hohlraums to provide favorable answers to key questions about the interaction of these beams with matter. This paper describes the present state of the light ion ICF program, its current limitations, and the prognosis for future advances. A successful research program would lead to a commercially attractive fusion power plant.
Dedifferentiation and Proliferation of Surviving Epithelial Cells in Acute Renal Failure

In contrast to the heart or brain, the kidney can completely recover from an ischemic or toxic insult that results in cell death. During recovery from ischemia/reperfusion injury, surviving tubular epithelial cells dedifferentiate and proliferate, eventually replacing the irreversibly injured tubular epithelial cells and restoring tubular integrity. Repair of the kidney parallels kidney organogenesis in the high rate of DNA synthesis and apoptosis and in patterns of gene expression. As has been shown by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and 5-bromo 2'-deoxyuridine labeling studies and, in unpublished studies, by counting mitotic spindles identified by labeling with antitubulin antibody, the proliferative response is rapid and extensive, involving many of the remaining cells of the proximal tubule. This extensive proliferative capacity is interpreted to reflect the intrinsic ability of the surviving epithelial cell to adapt to the loss of adjacent cells by dedifferentiating and proliferating. Adhesion molecules likely play important roles in the regulation of renal epithelial cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as do cytokines and chemokines. Better understanding of all of the characteristics resulting in dedifferentiation and proliferation of the proximal tubule epithelial cell and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions important for this repair function will lead to novel approaches to therapies designed to facilitate the processes of recovery in humans.