cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of keratins in goldfish optic nerve during regeneration.

The goldfish visual pathway, unlike the visual pathway of higher vertebrates, retains continuous growth and development throughout life and is capable of functional regeneration. The structure and expression of proteins that support the physiological attributes of this system are of interest. Glial cells in this pathway express keratins as the predominant intermediate filament proteins rather than the expected glial fibrillary acidic protein. Previously we identified and characterized cDNA clones representing two type I keratins from the goldfish optic nerve, GK48 and GK49. The GK48 protein is the type I keratin partner to the type II keratin ON3, while the GK49 protein is expressed in a different cell type. Here, we extend our studies on the expression of mRNA for the GK48, GK49, and ON3 proteins at the early stages of optic nerve regeneration. Rnase protection assays show that at 10 days post-crush, there is no overall change in levels of mRNA for these proteins as compared to uncrushed control nerves and nerves from unoperated fish. In addition, we show by in situ hybridization that the GK49 protein shows no changes in its distribution of mRNA in the optic nerve after crush. In contrast, the level of GK48 and ON3 mRNA are greatly reduced within the crush zone. However, these two mRNAs are differentially expressed at different time points during regeneration, with GK48 mRNA appearing in the crush zone before ON3. These results indicate that the mRNA for the GK48 and ON3 proteins are differentially regulated during regeneration and that these two proteins are expressed in a different cell type from the GK49 protein. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Greater weight loss from running than walking during a 6.2-yr prospective follow-up.

ABSTRACTPurposeThis study aimed to test whether equivalent changes in moderate (walking) and vigorous exercise (running) produce equivalent weight loss under free-living, nonexperimental conditions.MethodsRegression analyses of changes (Δ) in body mass index (BMI) versus exercise energy expenditure
The relationship between linguistic awareness in prereaders and two types of experimental instruction

Abstract The relationship between prereaders’ linguistic awareness and response to instruction was examined in two stages. During screening several characteristics of 82 kindergarteners were evaluated: sound awareness (measured by initial sound segmentation, rhyme production, and Mow Motorcycle tasks), understanding of reading‐related terminology used by teachers, knowledge of symbol‐sound associations, recognition of sight words, ability to pronounce nonsense syllables, and verbal intelligence. During experimentation 36 of the 82 subjects received instruction on a sight word learning task and a decoding‐like task. The chief finding was that sound awareness scores, particularly segmentation, significantly predicted performance on both tasks, but especially on “decoding”. In contrast subjects’ knowledge of terminology was unrelated to success on either task. Additional analyses corroborated experimental findings.
Effects of hypoxia on muscle capillarity in rats

Abstract Capillary density, fiber cross-sectional area, capillary/fiber ratio and fiber composition were determined in gastronemius and diaphragm muscles of laboratory rats following five weeks at 350 Torr ambient pressure. Growth rates of hypoxic rats were lower than normoxic controls, but the periods of sacrifice were adjusted to achieve similar body masses for the two groups. Hypoxic rats had significantly higher hematocrits and heart masses, characteristics of acclimation to hypoxia. However, capillary//fiber ratios in gastrocnemius and diaphragm were similar for hypoxic and normoxic rats suggesting that hypoxia did not stimulate capillarity in either muscle. In diaphragm, but not gastrocnemius, diffusion distances were significantly shorter in hypoxic rats than in controls. We conclude that the differences in diffusion distances represent an important secondary effect of hypoxia on the diaphragm associated with changes in demands on ventilation in response to low oxygen pressures.
TEN1 is Essential for CDC13-mediated Telomere Capping

Telomere binding proteins protect chromosome ends from degradation and mask chromosome termini from checkpoint surveillance. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdc13 binds single-stranded G-rich telomere repeats, maintaining telomere integrity and length. Two additional proteins, Ten1 and Stn1, interact with Cdc13 but their contributions to telomere integrity are not well defined. Ten1 is known to prevent accumulation of aberrant single-stranded telomere DNA; whether this results from defective end protection or defective telomere replication is unclear. Here we report our analysis of a new group of ten1 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. At permissive temperatures, ten1-ts strains display greatly elongated telomeres. After shift to nonpermissive conditions, however, ten1-ts mutants accumulate extensive telomeric single-stranded DNA. Cdk1 activity is required to generate these single-stranded regions, and deleting the EXO1 nuclease partially suppresses ten1-ts growth defects. This is similar to cdc13-1 mutants, suggesting ten1-ts strains are defective for end protection. Moreover, like Cdc13, our analysis reveals Ten1 promotes de novo telomere addition. Interestingly, in ten1-ts strains at high temperatures, telomeric single-stranded DNA and Rad52-YFP repair foci are strongly induced despite Cdc13 remaining associated with telomeres, revealing Cdc13 telomere binding is not sufficient for end protection. Finally, unlike cdc13-1 mutants, ten1-ts strains display strong synthetic interactions with mutations in the POLα complex. These results emphasize that Cdc13 relies on Ten1 to execute its essential function, but leave open the possibility that Ten1 has a Cdc13-independent role in DNA replication.
The Purpose of Mathematical Programming is Insight, Not Numbers

The ostensible purpose of a mathematical programming model is to optimize a stipulated objective function subject to stipulated constraints. But its true purpose, at least in strategic applications as every experienced practitioner should know, is to help develop insights into system behavior which in turn can be used to guide the development of effective plans and decisions. Such insights are seldom evident from the output of an optimization run. One must know not only what the optimal solution is for a given set of input data, but also why. The desired insights usually have more to do with the “why” than the “what.” This paper advocates the use of highly simplified analytic models to help explain the “whys” behind the solutions of conventional mathematical programming models. A methodological approach is described which permits the development of richer insights than would otherwise be possible. This approach is illustrated with reference to a facility location study carried out recently for a consumer products manufacturer.
Bone marrow curettage in childhood myelofibrosis.

hemolytic anemia associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Ann Intern Med 64:819, 1966. 3. Morrow RH, Smetana HF, Sai FT, and Edgcomb JH: Unusual features of viral hepatitis in Accra, Ghana, Ann Intern Med 68:1250, 1968. 4. Choremis C, Kattamis CA, Kyriazakou M, and Gavriilidou E: Viral hepatitis in G-6-PD deficiency, Lancet 1:269, 1966. 5. Kher M, and Grover S: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in leprosy, Lancet 1:1318, 1969. 6. Owusu SK, Foli AK, Konotey-Ahulu FID, and Janosi M: Frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in typhoid fever in Ghana, Lancet 1:320, 1972. 7. Gall JC, Brewer G J, and Dern RJ: Studies of glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase activity of individual erythrocytes: The methemoglobin-elution test for identification of females heterozygous for G-6-PD deficiency, Am J Hum Genet 17:359, 1965. 8. Tuchinda S, Rucknagel DL, Na-Nakorn S, and Wasi P: The Thai variant and the distribution of alles of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and the distribution of glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Thailand, Biochem Genet 2:253, 1968. 9. Ramot B, Fisher S, Szeinberg A, Adam A, Sheba C, and Gafui D: A study of subjects with erythrocyte glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. II Investigation of leukocyte enzyme, J Clin Invest 38:2234, 1959. 10. Cooper MR, DeChatelet LR, McCall CE, La Via MF, Spurr CL, and Baehner RL: Complete deficiency of leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with defective bactericidal activity, J Clin Invest 51:769, 1972. 11. Editorial: Lancet 2:325, 1974.
A freeze-dried diet to test pathogens of Colorado potato beetle

Abstract The Colorado potato beetle is an important pest on potato, eggplant, and tomato. Because Colorado potato beetles develop resistance to insecticides quickly, new methods are needed for control. Bacillus thuringiensis is the only bacterium to successfully control Colorado potato beetle. Until recently, one of the drawbacks to testing bacteria against the Colorado potato beetle has been the lack of an artificial diet for screening. Previous artificial diets will only be consumed by Colorado potato beetle larvae when fresh. To improve storage, we developed a freeze-dried diet, based on a 96-well plate, suitable to feed larvae for the duration of a bioassay. Individual diet components were tested both for their effect on insect growth and on pathogen toxicity. When the preservatives, methylparaben and sorbic acid, were removed from the diet, the average weight of second instar larvae increased from 7.9 mg to greater than 9.8 mg. The preservatives inhibited the growth of two of the bacteria tested, Photorhabdus luminescens HM and Chromobacterium sp. PRAA. The removal of these preservatives also allowed for fungal growth and reduced survival from 94 to 38%. Removing diet preservatives, that inhibited the growth of Chromobacterium sp. PRAA, increased the total mortality of the larvae as well as reducing the time needed to kill 50% of the larvae. Compared to incorporation of bacteria into molten diet, the total mortality of Colorado potato beetle fed either P. luminescens HM or Chromobacterium sp. PRAA on freeze-dried diet doubled. Preparation of freeze-dried diet need not be synchronized with the insect or the pathogen. The freeze-dried diet gave consistent results as measured by low control mortality and pathogen toxicity over time.
Selling Masculinity: Advertisements for Sex Tonics and the Making of Modern Conjugality in Western India, 1900–1945

Abstract This essay discusses advertising for sex tonics in Western Indian newspapers between 1900 and 1945. It specifically focuses on the emergence of a new paradigm of tonic advertisement—the marital happiness advertisment—after 1935. Arguing that tonic advertisers always sought to develop appeals grounded in prevously circulating conceptions of sexuality and the body, it first examines pre-1935 forms of advertisement submitted by local businesses and global corporations. It then turns to discussion of the marital happiness ads, which stress the modern husband's need to satisfy his wife sexually, demonstrating that this trope was strongly influenced by the development of global sexology. These ads, however, resorted to a hybrid reasoning, which also included the kinds of logic found in earlier advertisements, especially those about ‘semen anxiety’.
Mapping and analyzing change of impervious surface for two decades using multi-temporal Landsat imagery in Missouri

Abstract Human population growth and associated sprawl has rapidly converted open lands to developed use and affected their distinctive ecological characteristics. Missouri reflects a full range of sprawl characteristics that include large metropolitan centers, which led growth in 1980s, and smaller metropolitan and rural areas, which led growth in 1990s. In order to study the historical patterns of sprawl, there is a need to quantitatively and geographically depict the extent and density of impervious surface for three time periods of 1980, 1990, and 2000 for the entire state of Missouri. We mapped impervious surface using Sub-pixel Classifier™, an add-on module of Erdas Imagine for the three time periods, where impervious surface growth was derived as the subtraction of impervious surface mapped from the different time periods. Accuracy assessment was performed by comparing satellite derived impervious surface images with ground-truth acquired from high resolution air photos. Results show that during 1980–2000, 129,853 ha of land were converted to impervious surface. Sprawl was prominent on urban fringe (within the urban boundaries) during 1980s with 23,674 ha of land converted to impervious surface compared to 22,918 ha in 1990s. There was a temporal shift in the rural landscapes (outside the urban boundaries) in the 1990s with 48,079 ha of land converted to impervious surface compared to 35,180 ha in 1980s. Major findings based on analysis of the impervious surface growth include: (i) new growth of impervious surfaces are concentrated on areas with 0.5–1.0% road cover; (ii) most new growths are either inside or close to urban watersheds; and (iii) most new growths are either inside or close to counties with metropolitan cities. This research goes beyond the usual hot spots of metropolitan areas to include rural landscapes where negative impact was exerted to the ecosystem due to the low density development and larger affected areas.
William W. Cooper: Innovator, Fighter, and Scholar

W illiam Wager Cooper was born on July 23, 1914 in Birmingham, Alabama, where his father was a bookkeeper and later a distributor for Anheuser-Busch. Bill’s family moved to Chicago when he was three years old. His father owned a chain of gasoline stations, but lost them during the Great Depression. With his father in ill health and no family revenue, Bill left high school after his sophomore year to work at whatever jobs he could find. These included spotting pins in bowling alleys, caddying at golf courses, and even professional boxing, where his record was 58 wins, 3 losses, and 2 draws. While hitchhiking to the golf course one day, Bill met Eric L. Kohler, a principal with Arthur Andersen & Co., who became his life-long mentor. Kohler loaned him money to enroll as a non-degree student at The University of Chicago. Bill liked the academic atmosphere and took the college entrance examinations, intending to become a physical chemist. During his studies, Kohler asked him to review the mathematics used in a patent infringement suit. After Cooper found errors in the mathematics used by the plaintiff’s engineers, Andersen hired him part time during the school year and full time in the summer. This awakened Cooper’s interest in accounting, and he switched his major to economics. While at Chicago, Bill became good friends with a political science student, Herbert A. Simon. Cooper graduated Phi Beta Kappa with his A.B. in 1938.
Hawaiian angiosperm radiations of North American origin

BACKGROUND Putative phytogeographical links between America (especially North America) and the Hawaiian Islands have figured prominently in disagreement and debate about the origin of Pacific floras and the efficacy of long-distance (oversea) plant dispersal, given the obstacles to explaining such major disjunctions by vicariance. SCOPE Review of past efforts, and of progress over the last 20 years, toward understanding relationships of Hawaiian angiosperms allows for a historically informed re-evaluation of the American (New World) contribution to Hawaiian diversity and evolutionary activity of American lineages in an insular setting. CONCLUSIONS Temperate and boreal North America is a much more important source of Hawaiian flora than suggested by most 20th century authorities on Pacific plant life, such as Fosberg and Skottsberg. Early views of evolution as too slow to account for divergence of highly distinctive endemics within the Hawaiian geological time frame evidently impeded biogeographical understanding, as did lack of appreciation for the importance of rare, often biotically mediated dispersal events and ecological opportunity in island ecosystems. Molecular phylogenetic evidence for North American ancestry of Hawaiian plant radiations, such as the silversword alliance, mints, sanicles, violets, schiedeas and spurges, underlines the potential of long-distance dispersal to shape floras, in accordance with hypotheses championed by Carlquist. Characteristics important to colonization of the islands, such as dispersibility by birds and ancestral hybridization or polyploidy, and ecological opportunities associated with 'sky islands' of temperate or boreal climate in the tropical Hawaiian archipelago may have been key to extensive diversification of endemic lineages of North American origin that are among the most species-rich clades of Hawaiian plants. Evident youth of flowering-plant lineages from North America is highly consistent with recent geological evidence for lack of high-elevation settings in the Hawaiian chain immediately prior to formation of the oldest, modern high-elevation island, Kaua'i.
Language is not Just for Talking Redundant Labels Facilitate Learning of Novel Categories

In addition to having communicative functions, verbal labels may play a role in shaping concepts. Two experiments assessed whether the presence of labels affected category formation. Subjects learned to categorize “aliens” as those to be approached or those to be avoided. After accuracy feedback on each response was provided, a nonsense label was either presented or not. Providing nonsense category labels facilitated category learning even though the labels were redundant and all subjects had equivalent experience with supervised categorization of the stimuli. A follow-up study investigated differences between learning verbal and nonverbal associations and showed that learning a nonverbal association did not facilitate categorization. The findings show that labels make category distinctions more concrete and bear directly on the language-and-thought debate.
A new sociotechnical model for studying health information technology in complex adaptive healthcare systems

Conceptual models have been developed to address challenges inherent in studying health information technology (HIT). This chapter introduces an 8-dimensional model specifically designed to address the socio-technical challenges involved in design, development, implementation, use, and evaluation of HIT within complex adaptive healthcare systems. The 8 dimensions are not independent, sequential, or hierarchical, but rather are interdependent and interrelated concepts similar to compositions of other complex adaptive systems. Hardware and software computing infrastructure refers to equipment and software used to power, support, and operate clinical applications and devices. Clinical content refers to textual or numeric data and images that constitute the “language” of clinical applications. The human computer interface includes all aspects of the computer that users can see, touch, or hear as they interact with it. People refers to everyone who interacts in some way with the system, from developers to end-users, including potential patient-users. Workflow and communication are the processes or steps involved in assuring that patient care tasks are carried out effectively. Two additional dimensions of the model are internal organizational features (e.g., environment, policies, procedures, and culture) and external rules and regulations, both of which may facilitate or constrain many aspects of the preceding dimensions. The final dimension is measurement and monitoring, which refers to the process of measuring and evaluating both intended and unintended consequences of HIT implementation and use. We illustrate how our model has been successfully applied in real-world complex adaptive settings to understand and improve HIT applications at various stages of development and implementation.
Sulfolipid metabolism in chlorella.

When S-deficient cells of Chlorella cllipsoidea were incubated in radio-sulfate in light or in aerobic darkness for 1 hour, equal amounts of radioactivity were found in sulfolipid and glutathione but none was detected in sulfoquinovosyl glycerol which is one of the major S-compounds in this alga. No assimilation of radiosulfate was observed under anaerobic darkness. To elucidate the function of sulfolipid in algal cells uniformly 35 S-labeled Chlorella cells were transferred to S-deficient culture medium or unlabeled normal culture medium and the changes of radioactivity in sulfolipid and the related compounds were followed. A) On incubating 35 S-labeled algal cells in S-deficient medium under photosynthetic conditions, the amounts of radioactivity in sulfate, sulfoquinovosyl glycerol and sulfolipid decreased rapidly. B) When 35 S-labeled cells were cultured photoautotrophically in unlabeled medium, no decrease of radioactivity was observed in sulfoquinovosyl glycerol and sulfolipid. C) A decrease of 35 S-sulfolipid and an increase of 35 S-sulfoquinovosyl glycerol were observed when the uniformly 35 S-labeled algal cells were illuminated in CO 2 -free air. When S-deficient Chlorella cells were incubated in 35 S-sulfolipid under photosynthetic conditions, significant radioactivity was found in the insoluble fraction of the cells. A similar result was observed when normal Chlorella cells were incubated in 14 C-sulfolipid and CO 2 -free air. It is inferred from these observations that sulfolipid is a reservoir of sulfur and carbon compounds. In order to ascertain if the sulfolipid is involved in the mechanism of photosynthetic oxygen evolution, the rate of photosynthesis was measured during the incubation of 35 S-labeled cells in a S-deficient medium. Parallelism was not observed between the rate of photosynthetic activity and the decrease of sulfolipid.
Targeted Deletion of Fibrinogen Like Protein 1 Reveals a Novel Role in Energy Substrate Utilization

Fibrinogen like protein 1(Fgl1) is a secreted protein with mitogenic activity on primary hepatocytes. Fgl1 is expressed in the liver and its expression is enhanced following acute liver injury. In animals with acute liver failure, administration of recombinant Fgl1 results in decreased mortality supporting the notion that Fgl1 stimulates hepatocyte proliferation and/or protects hepatocytes from injury. However, because Fgl1 is secreted and detected in the plasma, it is possible that the role of Fgl1 extends far beyond its effect on hepatocytes. In this study, we show that Fgl1 is additionally expressed in brown adipose tissue. We find that signals elaborated following liver injury also enhance the expression of Fgl1 in brown adipose tissue suggesting that there is a cross talk between the injured liver and adipose tissues. To identify extra hepatic effects, we generated Fgl1 deficient mice. These mice exhibit a phenotype suggestive of a global metabolic defect: Fgl1 null mice are heavier than wild type mates, have abnormal plasma lipid profiles, fasting hyperglycemia with enhanced gluconeogenesis and exhibit differences in white and brown adipose tissue morphology when compared to wild types. Because Fgl1 shares structural similarity to Angiopoietin like factors 2, 3, 4 and 6 which regulate lipid metabolism and energy utilization, we postulate that Fgl1 is a member of an emerging group of proteins with key roles in metabolism and liver regeneration.
Log-odds sequence logos

Motivation: DNA and protein patterns are usefully represented by sequence logos. However, the methods for logo generation in common use lack a proper statistical basis, and are non-optimal for recognizing functionally relevant alignment columns. Results: We redefine the information at a logo position as a per-observation multiple alignment log-odds score. Such scores are positive or negative, depending on whether a column’s observations are better explained as arising from relatedness or chance. Within this framework, we propose distinct normalized maximum likelihood and Bayesian measures of column information. We illustrate these measures on High Mobility Group B (HMGB) box proteins and a dataset of enzyme alignments. Particularly in the context of protein alignments, our measures improve the discrimination of biologically relevant positions. Availability and implementation: Our new measures are implemented in an open-source Web-based logo generation program, which is available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Yu/logoddslogo/index.html. A stand-alone version of the program is also available from this site. Contact: vog.hin.mln.ibcn@luhcstla Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS): Third Follow-Up Annotated Questionnaire

The Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) is a panel study of new businesses founded in 2004 and tracked over their early years of operation. The survey focuses on the nature of new business formation activity; characteristics of the strategy, offerings, and employment patterns of new businesses; the nature of the financial and organizational arrangements of these businesses; and the characteristics of their founders. The third follow-up survey covers calendar year 2007.
Intraperitoneal CCK and Fourth-Intraventricular Apo AIV Require Both Peripheral and NTS CCK1R to Reduce Food Intake in Male Rats

Apolipoprotein AIV (Apo AIV) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are secreted in response to fat consumption, and both cause satiation via CCK 1 receptor (CCK-1R)-containing vagal afferent nerves to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), where Apo AIV is also synthesized. Fasted male Long-Evans rats received ip CCK-8 or fourth-ventricular (i4vt) Apo AIV alone or in combination. Food intake and c-Fos proteins (a product of the c-Fos immediate-early gene) were assessed. i4vt Apo AIV and/or ip CCK at effective doses reduced food intake and activated c-Fos proteins in the NTS and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. Blockade of the CCK-1R by i4vt lorglumide adjacent to the NTS attenuated the satiating and c-Fos-stimulating effects of CCK and Apo AIV, alone or in combination. Maintenance on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks resulted in weight gain and attenuation of both the behavioral and c-Fos responses to a greater extent than occurred in low-fat diet-fed and pair-fed HFD animals. These observations suggest that NTS Apo AIV or/and peripheral CCK requires vagal CCK-1R signaling to elicit satiation and that maintenance on a HFD reduces the satiating capacity of these 2 signals.
Content of chorionic gonadotropin in human fetal tissues

As part of a study on the physiological role of hCG in the human fetus, the hCG concentrations in homogenates of various fetal tissues were measured using a hCG beta subunit RIA. The mean concentrations (picograms of hCG per mg wet tissue +/- SEM; n greater than 10, unless otherwise indicated) found in human fetuses of 12-20 weeks were: ovary, 46.9 +/- 4.3; testis, 8.2 +/- 1.7; kidney, 20.3 +/- 2.8; thymus, 11.5 +/- 1.2; adrenal, 2.6 +/- 0.4; lung, 3.4 +/- 0.7; liver, 1.8 +/- 0.2; spleen, 1.4 +/- 0.4 (n = 5); muscle, 2.4 +/- 0.8 (n = 6); and meconium, 356 +/- 104. That the immunoreactive material measured behaved like hCG was determined by RIA of the supernatants. Parallelism was demonstrated between dilution curves for the tissue homogenates and the hCG standard for all tissues except meconium. A rat Leydig cell in vitro bioassay was used to demonstrate that there was hCG biological activity in the supernatants in ovarian, thymic, and renal tissues. The mean ratios of biological to immunological activities were 5.3 in kidney (n = 4), 1.6 in thymus (n = 3), and 1.3 in ovary (n = 2). Blood content of the tissues was determined from measurements of hemoglobin levels and it was found that for the ovary, testis, kidney, and thymus, hCG concentrations were higher than could be explained by the presence of circulating hCG in the tissues. These results, together with our previous results of the binding and effects of hCG in the human fetal testis, support the fact that the fetal testis is a target organ for hCG in the stimulation of steroidogenesis. The presence of high levels of hCG in the ovary, thymus, kidney, and meconium poses questions for further study of the possible physiological role of hCG.
Energy Available from Corn Oil Is Not Different than that from Beef Tallow in High- or Low-Fiber Diets Fed to Humans

The impact of the source of dietary fat and the level of dietary fiber on digestibility and energy metabolism were studied in human (six male, six female) volunteers. Subjects were divided into two diet treatment groups, high fiber [29.0 g total dietary fiber (TDF)/d] and low fiber (18.6 g TDF/d), for the duration of the study. Each participated in three, 2-wk controlled feeding periods. Either beef tallow (BT), corn oil (CO) or carbohydrate (CHO) was added (25% of diet energy) to a base diet in a three-way crossover study. Energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and digestibility determinations were conducted at the end of each period. The protein, fat and CHO digestibility of the base diet was significantly different between the fiber levels. The digestibility (high-fiber/low-fiber) averaged 82%, 90% for protein, 96% and 98% for fat. After adjusting for TDF, the CHO digestibility averaged 96% and was not different between fiber levels. The digestibility of the added CO and BT was 99.6 and 99.8% respectively, and was not significantly different between the fiber levels. No significant differences in 24-h energy expenditure existed nor the thermic effect of food due either to fiber level or between the CHO, BT or CO. Fat oxidation in subjects consuming the low-fiber diet was 14% higher (P < 0.03) with the BT treatment than with the CO treatment but not different in those that consumed the high-fiber diet. The energy value of the two fat sources was not different but their utilization by individuals near energy balance may lead to differences in long-term weight maintenance.
Cervical metastasis of germ cell tumors: Evaluation, management, complications, and outcomes

Objectives/Hypothesis: Head and neck surgeons can be involved in the management of germ cell tumor (GCT) metastatic to the neck from initial diagnosis through postchemotherapy management of residual neck masses. This article reports on 34 consecutive patients with GCT metastatic to the neck. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: A single-institution retrospective chart review of 34 consecutive patients with GCT metastatic to the neck who underwent postchemotherapy neck surgery between 1991 and 2009 was performed. Results: Seventy-four percent of patients had a neck mass at initial diagnosis, with 50% of patients having a neck mass as the presenting symptom leading to a diagnosis of GCT. Of the 37 neck procedures, positive nodes were found in 22. No significant relationship between preoperative tumor markers and neck pathology (P = .35) was identified. No patients had neck recurrence. No patients had permanent nerve injury or chyle leak. As a secondary end point, survival analysis related to cervical pathology showed that viable tumor in the neck predicted disease-specific survival (P = .01). Five- and 10-year disease-specific survival was 82.3% (median, 52-month follow-up). Conclusions: Operative management for patients with metastatic GCT to the neck can achieve long-term durable cervical control with limited complications.
The Save Hearts in Arizona Registry and Education (SHARE) program: Who is performing CPR and where are they doing it?

Summary Background Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) decreases mortality from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest significantly. Accordingly, layperson CPR is an integral component in the chain of survival for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. The near statewide incidence and location of layperson CPR is unknown. Objective To determine true incidence and location of layperson CPR in the State of Arizona. Methods The Save Hearts in Arizona Registry and Education (SHARE) program reviewed EMS first care reports submitted voluntarily by 30 municipal fire departments responsible for approximately 67% of Arizona's population. In addition to standard Utstein style data, information regarding the performance of bystander CPR, the vocation and medical training of the bystander and the location of the arrest were documented. Results The total number of out-of-hospital adult arrests of presumed cardiac etiology reported statewide was 1097. Cardiac arrests occurred in private residences in 67%, extended care or medical facilities in 18%, and public locations in 15%. Bystander CPR was performed in 37% of all arrests, 24% of residential arrests, 76% of extended care or medical facility arrests, and 52% of public arrests. Bystander CPR provided an odds ratio of 2.2 for survival [95% CI 1.2–4.1]. Excluding cardiac arrests which occurred in the presence of bystanders with formal CPR training as part of their job description, layperson CPR was performed in 218 of 857 (25%) of cases. Conclusions The near statewide incidence of layperson CPR is extremely low. This low rate of bystander CPR is likely to contribute to the low overall survival rates from cardiac arrest. Public health officials should re-evaluate current models of public education on CPR.
Chinese number-names, tree adjoining languages, and mild context-sensitivity

The Tree Adjoining Grammar formalism, both its single- as well as multiple-component versions, has recently received attention as a basis for the description and explication of natural language. We show in this paper that the number-name system of Chinese is generated neither by this formalism nor by any other equivalent or weaker ones, suggesting that such a task might require the use of the more powerful Indexed Grammar formalism. Given that our formal results apply only to a proper subset of Chinese, we extensively discuss the issue of whether they have any implications for the whole of that natural language. We conclude that our results bear directly either on the systax of Chinese or on the interface between Chinese and the cognitive component responsible for arithmetic reasoning. Consequently, either Tree Adjoining Grammars, as currently defined, fail to generate the class of natural languages in a way that discriminates between linguistically warranted sublanguages, or formalisms with generative power equivalent to Tree Adjoining Grammar cannot serve as a basis for the interface between the human linguistic and mathematical faculties.
CO 3 2− concentration and pCO 2 thresholds for calcification and dissolution on the Molokai reef flat, Hawaii

Abstract. The severity of the impact of elevated atmospheric pCO2 to coral reef ecosystems depends, in part, on how seawater pCO2 affects the balance between calcification and dissolution of carbonate sediments. Presently, there are insufficient published data that relate concentrations of pCO2 and CO32− to in situ rates of reef calcification in natural settings to accurately predict the impact of elevated atmospheric pCO2 on calcification and dissolution processes. Rates of net calcification and dissolution, CO32− concentrations, and pCO2 were measured, in situ, on patch reefs, bare sand, and coral rubble on the Molokai reef flat in Hawaii. Rates of calcification ranged from 0.03 to 2.30 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1 and dissolution ranged from –0.05 to –3.3 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1. Calcification and dissolution varied diurnally with net calcification primarily occurring during the day and net dissolution occurring at night. These data were used to calculate threshold values for pCO2 and CO32− at which rates of calcification and dissolution are equivalent. Results indicate that calcification and dissolution are linearly correlated with both CO32− and pCO2. Threshold pCO2 and CO32− values for individual substrate types showed considerable variation. The average pCO2 threshold value for all substrate types was 654±195 μatm and ranged from 467 to 1003 μatm. The average CO32− threshold value was 152±24 μmol kg−1, ranging from 113 to 184 μmol kg−1. Ambient seawater measurements of pCO2 and CO32− indicate that CO32− and pCO2 threshold values for all substrate types were both exceeded, simultaneously, 13% of the time at present day atmospheric pCO2 concentrations. It is predicted that atmospheric pCO2 will exceed the average pCO2 threshold value for calcification and dissolution on the Molokai reef flat by the year 2100.
Polarization-diverse broadband absorption enhancement in thin-film photovoltaic devices using long-pitch metallic gratings

We numerically investigated the impact of long-pitch (>800 nm) metallic gratings on the absorption enhancement in thin-film photovoltaic devices. We found that gratings with such a long pitch can simultaneously enhance the absorption of TM- and TE-polarized sunlight by inducing lateral Fabry–Perot resonances of surface plasmon-polaritons and guided modes at the same time. The grating duty cycle turned out to be the most important factor in realizing the two enhancement effects in the same spectral regime. Especially for the TM light, the combined effect of long grating pitch and duty-cycle adjustment led to the formation of three plasmonic resonances that simultaneously cover the ridge and groove surfaces. All of these produced a polarization-diverse absorption enhancement corresponding to a factor of 1.17–1.18 increase in the photocurrent over a wide range of the grating pitch.
Maize chromomethylase Zea methyltransferase2 is required for CpNpG methylation

A cytosine DNA methyltransferase containing a chromodomain, Zea methyltransferase2 (Zmet2), was cloned from maize. The sequence of ZMET2 is similar to that of the Arabidopsis chromomethylases CMT1 and CMT3, with C-terminal motifs characteristic of eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA methyltransferases. We used a reverse genetics approach to determine the function of the Zmet2 gene. Plants homozygous for a Mutator transposable element insertion into motif IX had a 13% reduction in methylated cytosines. DNA gel blot analysis of these plants with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and bisulfite sequencing of a 180-bp knob sequence showed reduced methylation only at CpNpG sites. No reductions in methylation were observed at CpG or asymmetric sites in heterozygous or homozygous mutant plants. Our research shows that chromomethylase Zmet2 is required for in vivo methylation of CpNpG sequences.
Participation by Women in the 2001 APSA Meeting

This is the thirtieth year that I have been monitoring participation by women at our annual meeting. These PS reports have documented the ascent of women in our profession. (At this year's meeting I reported to the Women's Caucus tracing participation by women in our programs since the 1970s.) While there are signs that women have continued to move ahead in their participation, the picture is mixed.
Media Measurement Models of Protest Event Data

Growing interest in quantitative studies of social movements and protest cycles attests to the vigor of protest event analysis as a strategy for investigating the protopolitical processes of collective claimsmaking in democratic states and emerging democracies. Increasing investments in protest events research has also led to growing concern about sources of measurement error that stem from reliance on media data sources. Using Blalock's conception of auxiliary measurement models, this article traces two alternative treatments of measurement bias in the literature on events analysis. The two approaches, characterized here as "media theory" and "representational," differ in the degree to which they accept media data as an adequate representation of protest event reality. Recent work that attempts to establish empirically the relationship between media data and alternative data sources on protest events promises an empirical base for examining the assumption of stable media bias that underlies representatio...
The Limits of Militancy: Organizing Paper Workers, 1933–1935

FORT Edwards perches above the Hudson River, forty miles north of Albany, at the juncture of the river and the Champlain branch of the State Barge Canal. Dominated by a large plant of the International Paper Company, even in the 1930s, the village had the appearance of an old and somber mill town. Apart from the gravesite of Revolutionary War martyr Jane McCrea, its only noteworthy feature was that it served as headquarters for the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper Mill Workers, AFL (IBPSPMW). Even so, Fort Edwards was hardly a center of laborite activism. "Fort Edwards is a village of less than four thousand," observed the union's president, John P. Burke, and it had "no labor movement of any kind."' Yet it was from this isolated community that IBPS PMW responded to the organizational opportunities offered by the New Deal and by frustrated, resentful working people throughout the country. The brotherhood's efforts to tap this grass roots militancy and to build effective unions in the important converted paper industry-a field geographically and organizationally remote from the union's traditional sources of strength-offer important insights into the nature and significance of rank and file unionism in the 1930s. In recent years, the theme of grass roots militancy has attracted the attention of students of the labor movement of the 1930s. Perhaps stimulated by excellent narrative accounts2 and by the social ferment of the
The influence of nutrients on development, resting hyphae and aleuriospore induction of Thielaviopsis basicola

Two isolates of Thielaviopsis basicola, one from tobacco and one from cotton, were grown in crude host root extracts at varied dilutions. Aspects of hyphal morphology including hyphal diameter, hyphal length, and degree of branching were positively corre- lated with the level of available nutrients under these conditions. Atypical hyphal forms were produced by T. basicola under conditions of nutrient stress, and these forms were similar to two cultural mutants previously reported. Secondary chlamydospores also were ob- served under nutrient stress conditions. Hyphal seg- ments that possessed cytological and morphological fea- tures analogous to endoconidia and aleuriospores of T. basicola were observed during later stages of culture development under nutrient conditions favorable for growth and reproduction. These structures were termed "resting hyphae" because T. basicola grew from them upon restoration of nutrients when other regions of hyphae were no longer viable. Natural and simulated depletion of nutrients in the culture environment fol- lowing a period of vegetative growth induced aleurios- pore production. Development of aleuriospores under these culture conditions demonstrated that T basicola
Molecular organization of cell-wall crystals from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Volvox carteri

The extracellular matrices of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Volvox carteri contain homologous salt-extractable crystalline layers that will self-assemble in vitro . The organization of these crystals is examined using the quick-freeze deepetch technique. In C. reinhardtii , the outer layer of the crystal is an open polygonal weave (W6B); this is shown to be constructed from regular overlapping associations between the fibrous hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein GP1. The inner layer of the crystal (W6A) is shown to be a copolymer of GP2 and GP3. The bulky globular domains of these glycoproteins form the rows of granules seen on the upper and lower surfaces of W6A in both Chlamydomonas and Volvox , and their filamentous domains interact to form a dense meshwork.
Appliaction of psychological intervention methods to alleviate the anxiety of patients with the uterus dissection surgery

Objective: To alleviate the anxiety of patients before the uterus dissection surgery. Methods: to do a research about the anxiety degree of 44 patients before the uterus dissection surgery by using questionnaire. For the patient , we use psychological intervention methods, including perception method, relaxation practice, planting natural procreation thought, psychological comfort, vent and so on. After three days of the operation, make a testing for patientsabout anxious condition again and compared with pre-intervention. Result:P0.01.Conclusions: The utilization of the psychological intervention skill will effectively reduce the anxious level of patients of the uterus dissection surgery.
Veterinary Social Work: How Undergraduate Social Workers Can Make a Difference

The provision of veterinary social work has traditionally required training only available to graduate social work students and professionals. As social work educators continue to define core competencies required for veterinary social work, they must consider how to train undergraduate social work students in this emerging field. Remote Area Medical (RAM) provides such an opportunity. This article describes the experience of baccalaureate social work students at a university in a Southern state in the provision of veterinary social work services at five RAM spay and neuter clinics. The ways in which social work educators might use the RAM model as a service learning opportunity for their students are also explored.
Religion and the Construction of Social Problems

The conceptual link between religion and social problems is weak. This paper attempts to address this weakness in two ways. First, it argues, contrary to traditional thought, that the process of secularization enhances rather than diminishes the role of religious institutions in the definition of and attempts to resolve social problems. Second, it sketches a conceptualframeworkfor developing systematic theory about why, when, and how religious organizations become engaged in social problems. Reflecting upon two thousand manuscripts processed during six years as editor of Social Problems (1969-75), David Gold recently examined the relationship between social research and social problems (Gold, 1979). He concluded that the relationship is fuzzy and that this is so because the bulk of the research is not very good. My investigation into religion and social problems reveals not so much a plethora of bad research as a failure to link the two concepts together at all. While a considerable body of literature is germane to the topic, I located nothing approaching a systematic statement about the relationship between religion and social problems. In choosing "Religion and the Construction of Social Problems" as the program theme for our annual meetings, I also accepted the challenge of attempting a conceptual link between the two concepts. Had I known then what I have learned since selecting the theme, I'm certain I would have had second thoughts. The relationship between religion and social problems is substantially more complex and subtle than I had imagined. What I offer is but a prolegomenon to a systematic theoretical statement on the relationship between religion and social problems. In getting even this far, I am now more persuaded than when I began of the importance of developing a systematic statement, and I hope this effort will persuade others. This paper seeks to accomplish three tasks. The first is to examine the role of religion in defining and dealing with social problems in an historical context. This requires an understanding of the changing relationship between religion and political regime. In pursuit of this objective, I shall show that prior thinking about the relationship has been thwarted by concepts loaded with value presuppositions. The second task is to identify the importance of defining key concepts. The absence of consensus about definitions has contributed to the failure to develop theory. Drawing upon important recent work in both areas, I shall suggest definitions to key concepts. The third task is to identify elements of a conceptual framework for developing theory. This effort is a first approximation or a scaffolding which may be useful for the work that lies ahead. Scaffolding, understand, is but a temporary structure from which something more durable might be constructed. If I have erected it in the correct location, perhaps others will join in the construction work.