cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The weight hierarchies of some product codes

We determine the weight hierarchies of the product of an n-tuple space and an arbitrary code, the product of an m-dimensional even-weight code and the [24,12,8] extended Golay code, and the product of an m-dimensional even-weight code and the [8,4,4] extended Hamming code. The conjecture d/sub r/=d*/sub r/ is proven for all three cases.
Stb3 Plays a Role in the Glucose-Induced Transition from Quiescence to Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Addition of glucose to quiescent Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells causes the immediate induction of ∼1000 genes. These genes include ribosomal proteins (RP) and non-RP genes needed for ribosome production and other growth processes. RRPE sequence elements are commonly found 5′ of non-RP growth gene ORFs, and Stb3 has recently been identified as an RRPE binding protein. Stb3 overexpression (Stb3OE) produces a slow growth phenotype that is associated with reduced expression of non-RP genes and a drop in the rate of amino acid incorporation. Genes affected by Stb3 are associated with a TGAAAAA motif. Stb3 is restricted to the nucleus in quiescent cells and is immediately released into the cytoplasm after glucose repletion. The Stb3OE slow growth phenotype is reversed by loss of Hos2 histone deactylase activity, consistent with the idea that repression involves histone deacetylation. SCH9 overexpression or PPH22 deletion, mutations that activate target of rapamycin (Tor) nutrient sensing pathways, also reverse the Stb3OE phenotype. Inhibition of Tor signaling makes the phenotype more severe and restricts Stb3 to the nucleus. The results support a model in which Stb3 is one of the components that repress a large set of growth genes as nutrients are depleted. This repression is ended by glucose.
A phase II study of the efficacy, safety, and determinants of response to 5-azacitidine (Vidaza®) in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a hematopoietic stem cell neoplasm with features of both myelodysplasia and myeloproliferation.[1] Cytopenias and progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AM...
Detection of SSH Brute Force Attacks Using Aggregated Netflow Data

The SSH Brute force attack is one of the most prevalent attacks in computer networks. These attacks aim to gain ineligible access to users' accounts by trying plenty of different password combinations. The detection of this type of attack at the network level can overcome the scalability issue of host-based detection methods. In this paper, we provide a machine learning approach for the detection of SSH brute force attacks at the network level. Since extracting discriminative features for any machine learning task is a fundamental step, we explain the process of extracting discriminative features for the detection of brute force attacks. We incorporate domain knowledge about SSH brute force attacks as well as the analysis of a representative collection of the data to define the features. We collected real SSH traffic from a campus network. We also generated some failed login data that a legitimate user who has forgotten his/her password can produce as normal traffic that can be similar to the SSH brute force attack traffic. Our inspection on the collected brute force Netflow data and the manually produced SSH failed login data showed that the Netflow features are not discriminative enough to discern brute force traffic from the failed login traffic produced by a legitimate user. We introduced an aggregation of Netflows to extract the proper features for building machine learning models. Our results show that the models built upon these features provide excellent performances for the detection of brute force attacks.
Metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of serum from mice exposed to an internal emitter, cesium-137, using a shotgun LC-MS(E) approach.

In this study ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the MSE mode was used for rapid and comprehensive analysis of metabolites in the serum of mice exposed to internal exposure by Cesium-137 (137Cs). The effects of exposure to 137Cs were studied at several time points after injection of 137CsCl in mice. Over 1800 spectral features were detected in the serum of mice in positive and negative electrospray ionization modes combined. Detailed statistical analysis revealed that several metabolites associated with amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and the TCA cycle were significantly perturbed in the serum of 137Cs-exposed mice compared with that of control mice. While metabolites associated with the TCA cycle and glycolysis increased in their serum abundances, fatty acids such as linoleic acid and palmitic acid were detected at lower levels in serum after 137Cs exposure. Furthermore, phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were among the most perturbed ions ...
Effect of a Comprehensive Inpatient Delirium Care Pathway on Incidence and Length of Stay (P6.196)

Objective: To determine the changes in the rate and clinical consequences of delirium before and after institution of a delirium care pathway on an inpatient neurosciences unit. Background: Delirium occurs frequently in neurology and neurosurgery patients and is associated with significant morbidity. Guidelines recommend multicomponent non-pharmacologic interventions to prevent delirium. However, studies examining the effect of such interventions in clinical practice with neuroscience patients are scant and have shown mixed results. Methods: We instituted a comprehensive delirium care pathway utilizing standardized risk-assessment at admission, routine screening by nursing staff, and a targeted multicomponent intervention for prevention and treatment on a neurosciences unit at a tertiary care medical center. To assess its impact, we conducted a before/after retrospective cohort study. Patients over 50 years old admitted the year preceding (n=474) and the year after (n=400) institution of the care pathway (Delirium Care Plan, DCP) were included. The primary outcome was incident delirium. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay, functional status and disposition at discharge, along with restraint and sitter use. Delirium was diagnosed by chart review using a previously validated methodology. Results: Incident delirium was 14.6[percnt] for patients admitted before and 12.2[percnt] for those admitted after the DCP (p=0.42). Among all patients with delirium, those admitted after the DCP had a shorter length of stay than those admitted before (9.33 versus 7.17 days, p=0.024; OR 0.12). This reduction was despite an increase in the average Charlson comorbidity index between the before and after groups. Differences in other secondary outcomes were not significant after DCP implementation. Conclusions: After incorporation of a comprehensive care pathway to address delirium in a neurosciences unit, we saw a trend towards a reduction in the incidence of delirium and a significant reduction in length of hospital stay among delirious patients. Disclosure: Dr. Brown has nothing to disclose. Dr. Josephson has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Journal Watch Neurology and Continuum. Dr. Anderson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reid has nothing to disclose. Dr. Douglas has nothing to disclose.
Sonographic Elastography of Mastitis

Sonographic elastography has been shown to be a useful imaging modality in characterizing breast lesions as benign or malignant. However, in preliminary research, mastitis has given false-positive findings on both strain and shear wave elastography. In this article, we review the findings in mastitis with and without abscess formation on both strain and shear wave elastography. The elastographic findings in all cases were suggestive of a malignancy according to published thresholds. In cases of mastitis with abscess formation, there is a characteristic appearance, with a central very soft area (abscess cavity) and a very stiff outer rim (edema and inflammation). This appearance should raise the suspicion of mastitis with abscess formation, since these findings are rare in breast cancers.
Unfinished Business: Impulsive Models of Quadrupedal Running Gaits

Ken Waldron has significantly advanced the understanding of the dynamics of high-speed quadrupedal locomotion through his research work in both modeling and experimentation. This paper revisits an impulsive model of quadrupedal running gaits that Waldron developed and seeks to find all feasible steady-state gait solutions for it. Prior work had reported only single solutions to the nonlinear systems of equations defining each gait. Using the Bertini software to implement a homotopy continuation method, all solutions were found for the trot, pace, bound, half-bound, and canter gaits of a biologically sized quadruped moving with a fixed stride period in the presence of drag. New solutions were identified for the trot and pace, and differences from previously reported solutions for the bound and halfbound were found. The approach has not yet been successful in comprehensively solving the transverse and rotary gallop systems of equations, so that remains a topic of ongoing research. In general, however, surprisingly few physically meaningful solutions were found for any gait despite the large numbers of possible solutions to consider.
Does the use of binary indicators reify difference and inequality

Abstract Scholarship has noted the omnipresence of gender and has revealed persistent devaluation of women and their bodies. Illuminating the limitations of our existing gender order, feminist scholars have focused on the problem of gender duality. In doing so, questions about the validity of binary gender and sex categories have been raised. Calls to “undo gender”, however, are met with an acknowledgement of institutionalized accountability structures, which perpetuate gendering and reinforce sex and gender as containing discrete, dichotomous categories. While recognizing the socio-political necessity to eliminate this dualistic understanding of gender, I argue using binary indicators remains an important part of the feminist research agenda. I acknowledge the tension between these two positions but suggest that the continued use of existing binaries does not preclude calls for a degendering movement.
Temperature and field-dependent transport measurements in continuously tunable tantalum oxide memristors expose the dominant state variable

Applications of memristor devices are quickly moving beyond computer memory to areas of analog and neuromorphic computation. These applications require the design of devices with different characteristics from binary memory, such as a large tunable range of conductance. A complete understanding of the conduction mechanisms and their corresponding state variable(s) is crucial for optimizing performance and designs in these applications. Here we present measurements of low bias I–V characteristics of 6 states in a Ta/ tantalum-oxide (TaOx)/Pt memristor spanning over 2 orders of magnitude in conductance and temperatures from 100 K to 500 K. Our measurements show that the 300 K device conduction is dominated by a temperature-insensitive current that varies with non-volatile memristor state, with an additional leakage contribution from a thermally-activated current channel that is nearly independent of the memristor state. We interpret these results with a parallel conduction model of Mott hopping and Schottky...
Ultralight, scalable nano-architected metamaterials (Conference Presentation)

It has been a long research and engineering pursuit to create lightweight and mechanically robust and energy efficient materials with interconnected porosity. These cellular materials are desirable for a broad range of applications including structural components, lightweight transportation, heat exchange, catalyst supports, battery electrodes and biomaterials. However, the required outstanding properties have remained elusive on lightweight materials (<10kg/m3), constrained by the inherent coupling of material properties and the lack of suitable processes to generate these artificial materials. For example, graphene aerogels have among the lowest record densities ~1kg/m^3, but their strength have been degraded to tens to hundreds of Pascal (<10^-8 of that of carbon nanotubes). The attainment of low density has come with a price --- significant reduction of bulk scale properties. We present the design, manufacturing and defect tolerance study of a new class of ultralight, three-dimensional multi-functional architected materials. These 3D bulk metamaterials (polymer, metal, ceramic and combinations thereof) possess weight density comparable to that of carbon aerogel, but with over 10^4 higher stiffness and strength. By designing and studying their hierarchical architectures, material compositions and feature sizes spanning multiple length-scales, we create a wide range of decoupled material properties such as programmable stiffness, tunable strength and fracture toughness as well as programmable possion ratio. With the possibility of incorporating precise control of topological architectures across length-scale sets as well as prediction and optimization of their defect tolerance, we enter into a paradigm where nanoscale material properties can be harnessed and made accessible in large scale objects, opening a wide range of applications of these materials in energy, health care and flexible electronics.
The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research

(1981). The Empirical and the Critical Schools of Communication Research. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 5, Communication Yearbook 5, pp. 125-144.
Robust Multi-material Topology Optimization for Lattice Structure Under Material Uncertainties

Recent advances in additive manufacturing have enabled the manufacture of hollow shapes with complex external geometry and multiple materials using networks of small periodic cells known as lattice structures. The porosity and high number of elements in these structures generate lightweight designs with improved performance and functionality. This paper proposes a design approach for lattice structures considering both multi-material design and uncertainty in material properties. A density-based multi-material topology optimization method is proposed to find the optimal geometry and material layout. In addition, a new interpolation scheme for using multiple and arbitrary materials is presented. For robustness of structural compliance against uncertainty in material properties, a weighted sum of the mean and standard deviation is chosen as an objective function. To estimate statistical moments by the material uncertainty, the univariate dimension-reduction (UDR) method combined with Gauss-type quadrature sampling is employed. Two numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach and the effect of material uncertainty on the robust design results.
Visual dependence affects postural sway responses to continuous visual field motion in individuals with cerebral palsy.

The current study aimed to explore the impact of visual dependence on sensorimotor coupling of postural sway and visual motion in adults and teens with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). We hypothesized that individuals with CP would exhibit greater magnitudes of sway than healthy individuals, and the presence of visual dependence (VD) would produce instability in the direction of visual motion. Participants stood in a virtual environment in which the visual scene remained static or continuously rotated 30 degree/second in pitch-up or pitch-down. Increased center of pressure and center of mass responses were observed in the direction of visual scene motion in those with CP. Those with VD exhibited reduced frequency responses in anterior-posterior direction than those who were visually independent. VD suggests deficient sensorimotor integration that could contribute to postural instability and reduced motor function. Individuals with CP who are visually dependent may benefit from more sensory focused reh...
Treebanks and Evolutionary Simulation for Explaining Typlogical Patterns

Recent work in Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins 2005, 2006, Blevins & Wedel 2008, Yu 2007, among others) has developed alternate explanations for typological universals or tendencies found across the sound systems of unrelated languages. This research emphasizes the role of patterns of language use and language change in the development of cross-linguistic patterns, rather than placing the burden of explanation on synchronic cognitive factors (i.e., Universal Grammar). In this talk, we will review extensions of this work into the domain of morphology (Ackerman, Blevins, and Malouf to appear). We investigate the Paradigm Cell Filling Problem, a particular question for inflectional morphological systems which has received relatively little attention in the theoretical literature. Specifically, we ask: How do speakers of morphologically complex languages predict the full inflectional (or derivational) paradigms of novel words, given exposure to a small number of surface word forms? For example, a noun in Tundra Nenets can appear in 210 different inflected forms. Given exposure to one of these forms of a novel noun, how does a Tundra Nenets speaker predict the other 209 forms? Our hypothesis is that speakers’ need to solve the Paradigm Cell Filling Problem serves as a strong evolutionary pressure on language, which in turn leads morphological systems to develop in particular directions. Thus the Paradigm Cell Filling Problem is an indirect explanation for some of the typological patterns found cross-linguistically in morphological systems. In order to test our hypotheses about language development, we perform computer simulations of language evolution across many generations, to see which factors cause which patterns to arise. In this way, we treat language as a complex adaptive system and therefore link linguistic study to larger trends in the biological and social sciences (e.g., Miller and Page 2007). As with many other complex adaptive systems, the outcome of our simulations of linguistic evolution can be highly dependent on the initial condi-
Subclavian artery and vein injuries

Injuries to the subclavian artery and vein occur infrequently. When these injuries do occur, they are associated with a relatively high mortality primarily due to difficult surgical exposure. A surgeon must have a thorough understanding of the surrounding anatomy and a well-thought-out plan for exposure to give the patient the best chance for survival. In stable patients, computed tomographic angiography can be invaluable for locating the site of injury. Half of patients with subclavian vessel injuries can initially be managed in an endovascular suite but half will require an emergent operation. Access to these vessels depends on the suspected location of injury. There are a series of complications and pitfalls associated with the management of subclavian vessel injury. An understanding of the optimal treatment of patients with these injuries from presentation to postoperative care and how to avoid the common pitfalls is critical for avoiding unnecessary morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary effort is necessary for the successful management of these rare vascular injuries.
Reforestation: Conclusions and Implications

This book was written with two major objectives in mind. Our primary goal was to evaluate the drivers and processes associated with reforesting landscapes across a range of contexts and continents, to determine factors which appear to be specific to certain situations, and others which seem to be common across multiple contexts. Since reforestation is an area of study that crosses ecological, biophysical and social boundaries, our second objective was to develop interdisciplinary frameworks that link methods and approaches from different areas of science, to study the patterns and processes associated with reforesting landscapes. We evaluate the major findings of this volume based on these two objectives. First, we compare the research findings from different chapters, to help us discern the common designs and the unique threads that create a variety of reforestation patterns across landscapes (Table 16.1). We then use a combination of FAO data along with the specific case studies presented here for different countries, and develop a typology of forest change (Table 16.2). Finally, the main techniques and approaches used within each research study are presented, and assessed in terms of their effectiveness for reforestation research (Table 16.3). We conclude with an assessment of the implications of these findings, and outline some challenges for future research on reforestation.
The dynamics of halophyte ecosystems in the zone of impact of Kapchagai reservoir (Kazakhstan)

The article summarizes the dynamics of the ecosystems of the zone influenced by the Kapchagai reservoir. It also describes changes in hydrological regime and hydrogeological conditions (depth of underground waters, their mineralization and chemical composition). The article also considers changes in soil (salt content and types of soils) and vegetation cover (in composition, in structure and types of vegetation).
Response of a Nonlinear String to Random Loading

This paper considers the response of a nonlinear string to random excitation. It is shown that, owing to the additional stress induced by the stretching of the string, the mean squared deflection at every point is smaller than that for the equivalent linear string.
Acoustic Emission/Microseismic Source Location in Geotechnical Applications

ABSTRACT A recent acoustic emission/microseismic study, associated with the evaluation of methods for monitoring the development of sinkholes in runway pavement at a Pennsylvania airport site, was undertaken by the authors. Data collected during this study allowed a comparison to be made of the source-location accuracy associated with the conventional arrival-time-difference, zonal and hit-sequence location techniques. The study clearly indicates that, although potentially less precise than the conventional arrival-time-difference location technique, zonal along with hit-sequence location techniques can provide a meaningful indication of the active area. Location of this area, rather than the spatial coordinates of individual instabilities, is all that is necessary in many geotechnical applications. It is important to note, however, in those cases where high attenuation exists and only a poorly defined velocity model is available, the hit-sequence technique may in fact provide the most accurate source location information.
Autoantibody Mediated Protein Kinase a Upregulation in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Introduction Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is associated with heightened sympathetic tone and beta-adrenergic receptor (BAR) stimulation. We previously demonstrated that circulating BAR auto-antibodies from sera of patients with myocarditis and chronic cardiomyopathy induce protein Kinase A (PKA) signaling in Lewis rat model. Increased PKA signaling in cardiomyocytes is associated with increased apoptosis, myocardial thinning and dilated cardiomyopathy in Lewis rat model. However, ADHF patient sera induced PKA activity has not been investigated. Methods Blood samples were collected from 10 ADHF on day of admission, and serum isolated. H9c2 primary rat heart cells (ATCC) were plated in T75 cell culture flasks overnight, and patient sera (1:100 dilution) or purified IgG from both positive and negative sera were incubated with cells in a final volume (15ml medium) for 1h before reactions were stopped by ice-cold PBS. PKA activity of H9c2 heart cells was measured using SignaTECT cAMP-dependent PKA detection kits. The specific activity of the enzyme in pmol/min/ng for each sample was calculated and results presented as % above basal PKA rate. For comparison, PKA activity induced by healthy control and chronic cardiomyopathy sera were used. Serum PKA signaling was inhibited by anti-IgG beads and specific antigens including BAR. Mann Whitney U test was performed to determine differences at 5% significance. Results 10 patients (8 males; 5 ischemic and 5 non-ischemic cardiomyopathy) were studied. LVEF ranged from 10-25%. 5 had new-onset HF. Serum from 9/10 patients was able to induce PKA activity greater than baseline (controls). In the majority of ADHF patients, PKA activity ranged from 58 to 106 percent above basal rate. Induced PKA activity was significantly elevated with ADHF sera compared to healthy controls (PKA activity 0-25%) (P figure ) Conclusion ADHF is associated with significantly increased BAR autoantibody mediated PKA activity compared to controls. Our study demonstrates the likely relationship between increased BAR autoantibodies which thereby translates to increased PKA activity in ADHF compared to controls. Mechanistically, autoantibodies may signal the BAR and lead to activation of PKA. Therapies targeting BAR autoantibodies and increased PKA activity may potentially offer benefit in ADHF by attenuating the long-term deleterious effects of increased PKA activity. Larger studies are underway to further validate these findings.
Can't Help Lovin': David Chidester's Pop Culture Colonialism

This article examines the likability of hip-hop star Kanye West and The Voice champion Jordan Smith to explain the colonial terms for our pop culture taste. The writings of David Chidester establish the tie between religion and colonialism as an axiomatic one; he also argues that popular culture is a rich site for formations of religion. West and Smith offer an opportunity to argue the connection between these two strands of scholarly observance, showing the fractal effects of colonialism in Africa on the preferences of pop culture consumption in America. The attraction to West’s unlikability is the other side of the easy adoration for Jordan Smith: like those colonists who gave religion to those colonized subjects they dominated, pop consumers refuse to admit their intimate and needful connection to those idols who resist their control. Although organized by particular instances, this article seeks to encourage those in pop culture studies to see the erotic work of dislike; it seeks to encourage those in religious studies to see how pop subjects carry forward the classificatory imprints of colonial frontiers.Keywords: colonialism, hate crime, hate watching, Jordan Smith, Kanye West, popular culture, religion, whiteness
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Multiple Sclerosis

In recent years, several studies have examined the potential associations between mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. In MS, neurological disability results from inflammation, demyelination, and ultimately, axonal damage within the central nervous system. The sustained inflammatory phase of the disease leads to ion channel changes and chronic oxidative stress. Several independent investigations have demonstrated mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency in MS, as well as abnormalities in mitochondrial transport. These processes create an energy imbalance and contribute to a parallel process of progressive neurodegeneration and irreversible disability. The potential roles of mitochondria in neurodegeneration are reviewed. An overview of mitochondrial diseases that may overlap with MS are also discussed, as well as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS and other neurodegenerative conditions.
The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Detect Cardiac Toxicity From Cancer Therapeutics.

The emerging complexity of cardiac toxicity caused by cancer therapies has created demand for more advanced non-invasive methods to better evaluate cardiac structure, function, and myocardial tissue characteristics. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging meets these needs without exposure to ionizing radiation, and with superior spatial resolution. Special applications of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to assess for cancer therapy–induced cardiac toxicity include the detection of subclinical LV dysfunction through novel methods of measuring myocardial strain, detection of microcirculatory dysfunction, identification of LV and LA fibrosis, and more sensitive detection of inflammation caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors. CMR plays a significant role in the non-invasive workup of cardiac toxicity from cancer therapies, with recent advancements in the field that have opened avenues for further research and development.
VoiceThread: Utilization of Technology for Library Instruction

Collaborative learning allows students to share diverse ideas, resources, and experiences. Studies have shown that students engaged in collaborative learning are more likely to achieve, and exhibit increased critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, in an online course class, students receive very little human interaction because most of the communication is via text. This article overviews how VoiceThread, a cloud-based web 2.0 application, has been used in primary, secondary, and higher education institutions for enhancing discussion in traditional and virtual classroom. From there, actionable class content with a focus on teaching students' information literacy is provided. This article also shared technique parameters of VoiceThread, as well as some notes of using VoiceThread application.
Decision-Level Data Fusion in Quality Control and Predictive Maintenance

Data fusion integrates data from multiple sources to improve prediction performance. While significant research has been conducted to develop data-level and feature-level fusion methods, very few studies are performed to develop more effective decision-level data fusion methods. This research aims at developing a decision-level data fusion approach that transforms low-dimensional decisions (i.e., predictions) made based on individual sensor data such as temperature and vibration to high-dimensional decisions. Integration of these high-dimensional decisions is formulated as a convex optimization problem rather than a traditional multivariate linear regression problem. The proposed decision-level data fusion approach is demonstrated in two cases: 1) quality control in additive manufacturing and 2) predictive maintenance in aircraft engines. Experimental results have shown that the proposed decision-level fusion method can reduce prediction variance by at least 30% as well as increase prediction accuracy by 45%. Note to Practitioners —This article was motivated by a need to make more accurate predictions with multiple sensors. Traditional data-level and feature-level fusion methods integrate raw sensor data from individual sensors and statistical features extracted from individual sensors, respectively. This article suggests a novel decision-level fusion approach as opposed to the traditional data- and feature-level fusion methods. In the first case study, temperature and vibration sensor data are integrated to predict the surface roughness of additively manufactured components. In the second case study, multiple sensor data are fused to estimate the remaining useful life (RUL) of aircraft engines. To implement the decision-level fusion technique, it is critical to determine optimal weights by solving the convex optimization problem. In future research, we will demonstrate the proposed decision-level fusion approach in real-time prognostics and health-monitoring applications.
Nitrification and denitrification processes related to waste water treatment.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biological treatment of waste water, which is the largest application of continuous culturing of microorganisms. It discusses the biochemistry of nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification followed by subsequent denitrification is the easiest and most economical method currently available for removal of nitrogen from waste waters. The rate-limiting step in the overall process is usually the nitrification step, although this can be accelerated by the use of separate systems for carbon oxidation and nitrification. Denitrification is rapid as it is a respiratory process, yet the rate is frequently limited by the amount of available carbonaceous substrate needed for reduction of nitrate. Low temperatures cause the greatest problem in waste treatment of nitrogen and affect the reduction of nitrate to nitrite most drastically. Nitritification and denitritification represent an improvement over the general nitrification-denitrification procedure in terms of simplicity and time. The chapter describes environmental factors affecting nitrification and denitrification. It presents comparative waste treatment methods for both the methods.
Airport use agreement types and input and output slacks: The case of U.S. airports

Abstract This study evaluates three common airport use agreement types in the U.S. and their implications on managerial slacks. The use agreement types studied are residual, compensatory and hybrid agreements. We find that airports adopting the residual method are more likely to perform poorly than their counterparts. Compensatory airports are observed to be more efficient. On average, the non-labor operating expense of residual airports was $31 million which is more than double the same expense of compensatory airports. Similarly, the slack in labor input at residual airports was more than two times the excess labor at compensatory airports. On the output side, residual airports had an average shortfall of $5.5 million in non-aeronautical output, compared to $0.14 million at compensatory airports. In the regression analysis, we find that compensatory airports also have a lower probability of having positive input slacks. Compared to residual airports, compensatory airports tend to have a lower probability of a non-aeronautical output slack. Lastly, among the airports that had a positive non-aeronautical output slack, the non-aeronautical output slack of compensatory and hybrid airports was significantly lower than that of residual airports. The findings imply a connection between airport slacks and the vertical agreements between airports and airlines.
Fine-Grained Recognition in High-throughput Phenotyping

Fine-Grained Recognition aims to classify sub-category objects such as bird species and car models from imagery. In High-throughput Phenotyping, the required task is to classify individual plant cultivars to assist plant breeding, which has posed three challenges: 1) it is easy to overfit complex features and models, 2) visual conditions change during and between image collection opportunities, and 3) analysis of thousands of cultivars require high-throughput data collection and analysis. To tackle these challenges, we propose a simple but intuitive descriptor, Radial Object Descriptor, to represent plant cultivar objects based on contour. This descriptor is invariant under scaling, rotation, and translation, as well as robust under changes to the plant’s growth stage and camera’s view angle. Furthermore, we complement this mid-level feature by fusing it with the low-level features (Histogram of Oriented Gradients) and deep features (ResNet-18), respectively. We extensively test our fusion approaches using two real world experiments. One experiment is on a novel benchmark dataset (HTP-Soy) in which we collect ~ 2, 000 high-resolution aerial images of outdoor soybean plots. Another experiment is on three datasets of indoor rosette plants. For both experiments, our fusion approaches achieve superior accuracies while maintaining better generalization as compared with traditional approaches.
Analysis of Motivational Interviewing in Pro-Life Palliative Care

Pro-life practitioners must make integrous or endogenic, a respect for life from the moment of conception until natural death. With true belief and faith in the pro-life cause, the practitioner imbues with patience and encouragement the fruits necessary to begin the process of motivational interviewing toward life for their patients. Natural death does not refer to a lack of medication or lack of intervention, but rather the opposite, natural death, or the end-of-life after every effort and intervention has been made to prolong a life. The word ‘integrous’ is rooted from the word ‘integrity’ or virtue; the human virtue needed to apply effortful moral value in the practice of pro-life health care. The pro-life practitioner, with steadfast balance and resolute belief for each life for which they care, seeks to prolong every life until the end or natural death. With the integrous belief in life, the pro-life practitioner will develop internal motivations in patients for living and effective management of any disease course. In this article, the components of the therapeutic modality of Motivational Interviewing (a.k.a motivational counseling or coaching) in the context of end-of-life care will be explained in light of a pro-life palliative health care practice.
Jurisprudential Polyphony: The Three Variations on the Positivist Theme in the 19th Century

This chapter goes behind the state-positivist synthesis to explore three underlying variations (empirical, common-will, voluntarist) of the positivist theme. In the first section, the common ground is set out, as the core belief of the positive philosophy itself: the discarding of natural law as a source of the law of nations. The second section briefly delineates each of the three versions of positivism. In the third section, there is a necessarily brief look at some of the ways in which the synthesis of the three occurred. This idea of international law as the coordination of individual, independent wills can be seen clearly in action in the voluntarist position on treaty obligations, where there is a particularly instructive contrast to the common-will variant. The empirical variant of positivism survives, then, not in its pristine form, but heavily encumbered by the various contributions of its two sister schools of thought. Keywords: common-will variant; empirical variant; independent wills; international law; positivist theme; voluntarist position
Computer Hardware for Civil Engineers

Computer hardware as it pertains to civil engineering is explained, and the fundamentals of the binary system and both numerical and character encoding schemes are presented. Computer configurations, including primary and secondary storage, are examined; a general classification hierarchy is established. An extensive overview of computer peripherals is provided, encompassing the following: communications and interfacing; terminals; lineprinters; magnetic tape, disk and drum storage; plotters; cardreaders; and analog-to-digital interfaces. Computer reliability is considered with an emphasis on error detection and recovery. Numerous terms and measurement quantities are defined.
Cross-generational change in /l/ in Chicano English

The acoustic study of consonants has lagged considerably behind that of vowels. While a robust literature exists about vowel shifting, vowel quality, and the sociolinguistic significance of vowels, comparable literature is lacking for the acoustic quality of liquids. This study seeks to supplement the acoustic studies of vowels by analyzing characteristics of the liquid /l/ in its word-initial context. Traditionally, phonologists have subdivided /l/ into two allophones: dark and light, although current analysis has characterized these distinctions as gradient, not discrete. Word-initial /l/ is thought to be the canonically lightest variant of the phoneme, but cross-dialectal research has shown great acoustic variance in its phonetic realization. This case study aims to trace the phoneme through three generations of Chicano English speakers from South Texas, and to draw conclusions about how its variation among speakers and generations can shed light on other sociolinguistic phenomena, such as the persistence of substrate features from Spanish (with its characteristically light /l/s) or assimilation into mainstream American English dialects (with their characteristically dark /l/s). The study shows that there is indeed significant shift in the lightness of /l/ — independent of phonetic context — across the generations of speakers under examination. This result supports other studies that show notable assimilation with Anglo English varieties in earlier generations, but robust use of ethnically-marked phonological features among recent generations.
A Methodology for Modeling Coordination in Intelligent Agent Societies

This paper describes an experiment in studying coordination in intelligent agent societies in terms of state-variable models. An overview of the modeling framework is first provided. The architectural foundation for the modeling approach is then described. This description is followed by a sample application of the methodology in analyzing a coordination scenario. A simulation of the system within the realm of the parameters of the framework is used to validate the approach. Variations of optimal coordination caused by differing conditions are described. The intention of this paper is to demonstrate principles for constructing models of intelligent agent societies in terms of state-variable descriptions with a view to analyzing optimal coordination.
Experimental Identification of Shock Tunnel Flow Regimes

An analytic inversion of the matrix P(t) was determined by calculating the determinant and the co-factors. The details are omitted here for brevity but the result is given by Eqs. (34) and (35) t 3. Summary A simple analytic solution for the Lagrange multipliers has been derived in terms of flight time, Cartesian position, velocity and angular momentum vectors. The solution is valid for all types of conic arcs, except rectilinear, with a special form of the expression for one function for parabolic
The house gardens of Santa Rosa: diversity and variability in an Amazonian agricultural system.

Most research on house gardens suggests that this agricultural production type reaches its greatest development in areas of high population density. Gardens in low density areas such as the Amazon Basin have, to date, attracted little attention. A sample of house gardens in a ribereno village of the Peruvian Amazon is described and their great species diversity and variability in size and composition are discussed. The processes by which gardens in the village evolve and change are outlined. The study indicates that many young people of the village have a continuing interest in maintaining complex house gardens. More research on Amazonian house gardens is urged.
Removal of TiO2 Nanoparticles During Primary Water Treatment: Role of Coagulant Type, Dose, and Nanoparticle Concentration

Abstract Nanomaterials from consumer products (i.e., paints, sunscreens, toothpastes, and food grade titanium dioxide [TiO2]) have the capacity to end up in groundwater and surface water, which is of concern because the effectiveness of removing them via traditional treatment is uncertain. Although aggregation and transport of nanomaterials have been investigated, studies on their removal from suspension are limited. Hence, this study involves the development of scaled-down jar tests to determine the mechanisms involved in the removal of a model metal oxide nanoparticle (NP), TiO2, in artificial groundwater (AGW), and artificial surface water (ASW) at the primary stages of treatment: coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation. Total removal was quantified at the end of each treatment stage by spectroscopy. Three different coagulants—iron chloride (FeCl3), iron sulfate (FeSO4), and alum [Al2(SO4)3]—destabilized the TiO2 NPs in both source waters. Overall, greater than one-log removal was seen in groundwa...
Least-squares curve fitting for velocity and time zero

Indirect least-squares algorithms developed for bistatic antenna configurations are derived to simultaneously invert for propagation velocity, time zero, depth, and lateral offset for buried objects approximating point diffractors. An alternative direct algorithm is derived for antenna geometries approximating the monostatic antenna configuration. Least-squares fitting for velocity, depth, and lateral offset using multiple diffraction curves is combined with a time zero grid search algorithm to provide a robust solution when inverting for time zero.
The effect of on-column structural changes of proteins on their HPLC behavior.

Abstract Whenever proteins are found in environments different from those provided by physiological conditions, structural alterations can occur which can dramatically affect their adsorption and chromatographic behavior. The resultant behavior is often kinetically controlled and thus dependent on such factors as contact time of the protein with the adsorbent surface. Examples are given of the appearance of multiple peaks from seemingly pure species, as a result of these structural changes. In one case (papain in reversed-phase LC), multiple peaks are shown to arise from different conformational states. In a second case (β-lactoglobulin A in hydrophobic interaction chromatography), a series of three peaks is a result of self-association or aggregation. Finally, recent work on an examination of structural changes of proteins on chromatographic supports, by means of intrinsic fluorescence and HPLC, is presented. The value of these studies for the elucidation of the retention mechanism in HPLC and the assessment of purity of proteins is demonstrated.
Mechanism of abietadiene synthase catalysis: stereochemistry and stabilization of the cryptic pimarenyl carbocation intermediates.

Abietadiene synthase (AS) catalyzes the complex cyclization−rearrangement of (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (8, GGPP) to a mixture of abietadiene (1a), double bond isomers 2a−4a and pimaradienes 5a−7a as a key step in the biosynthesis of the abietane resin acid constituents (1b−4b) of conifer oleoresin. The reaction proceeds at two active sites by way of the intermediate, copalyl diphosphate (9). In the second site, a putative tricyclic pimaradiene or pimarenyl(+) carbocation intermediate of undefined C13 stereochemistry and annular double bond position is formed. Three 8-oxy-17-nor analogues of 9 (17 and 19a,b) and three isomeric 15,16-bisnorpimarenyl-N-methylamines (26a−c) were synthesized and evaluated as alternative substrates and/or inhibitors for recombinant AS from grand fir. The stereospecific cyclization of 8α-hydroxy-17-nor CPP (19a) to 17-normanoyl oxide (20a) and the higher inhibitory potency of the norpimarenylamine 26a (Ki = 0.1 nM) both suggest pimarenyl intermediates having the 13β met...
Identification of the misfit dislocations at YBa2Cu3O7−δ/SrTiO3 interface using moiré fringe contrast

Abstract Misfit dislocations at YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ (YBCO)/SrTiO 3 (STO) interfaces were studied to understand effects which could be responsible for the high interfacial J c in YBCO thin films. In YBCO films with thickness ranging from 5 to 100 nm, the interfacial structures (e.g. misfit dislocations) of YBCO/STO were investigated using moire fringe contrast in plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The observed moire pattern has a spacing of 17 nm which corresponds to the lattice mismatch between the YBCO a lattice spacing and the cubic STO lattice constant. As the YBCO thickness reaches 100 nm, twin structures dominate the image contrast. Our observations indicate that the moire pattern originates from the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the orthorhombic phase of YBCO.