cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple-scattering theory for electromagnetic waves.

In this paper, a multiple-scattering formalism for electromagnetic waves is presented. Its application to the three-dimensional periodic dielectric structures is given in a form similar to the usual Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker form of scalar waves. Using this approach, the band-structure results of touching spheres of diamond structure in a dielectric medium with dielectric constant 12.96 are calculated. The application to disordered systems under the coherent-potential approximation is discussed.
Trust and negotiation tactics: perceptions about business‐to‐business negotiations in Mexico

Trust plays a significant role in business peoples’ choices of negotiating tactics. This study compares the use of generally accepted negotiating tactics with dubious ones. Findings from a sample of Mexican business people indicate that the type of negotiation (intra‐cultural vs cross‐cultural) is predictive of the level of trust that a negotiator will place in an opponent and of the likelihood of using various negotiation tactics.
Renal oncocytoma: ten-year follow-up.

Abstract There are less than 50 reported cases of oncocytoma of the kidney. A ten-year follow-up without evidence of recurrent disease attests to the benign nature of this neoplasm.
Manganese in plants as influenced by manganese and iron chelates

Abstract Ferric ethylenediamine di (o‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (FeEDDHA) when used on calcareous soil can induce low Mn levels in plants. The effect can be overcome by Mn or ethylenediamihe tetraacetate (EDTA) applications and seems to be related to interference with Mn absorption by FeEDDHA at pH levels over 7. Low levels of FeEDDHA effectively overcome Fe deficiency in calcareous soils without causing decreases in the Mn levels in plants. The implications are that two procedures for avoiding Mn deficiency are adding Mn with FeEDDHA treatments and/or using relatively low levels of FeEDDHA for treatment of plants with Fe deficiency.
1.7. Policy modeling: An overview☆

Abstract This article will explain how data analysis and modeling can be used in planning in the volatile environment in which the industry currently operates. The discussion will be quantitative and systematic in terms of trying to integrate the various components of the picture, i.e., OPEC supply and demand in developed and developing countries.
Superconducting magnesium diboride films with Tc≈24 K grown by pulsed laser deposition with in situ anneal

Abstract Thin superconducting films of magnesium diboride (MgB 2 ) with T c ≈24 K were prepared on various oxide substrates by pulsed laser deposition followed by an in situ anneal. A systematic study of the influence of various in situ annealing parameters shows an optimum temperature of about 600°C in a background of 0.7 atm of Ar/4%H 2 for layers consisting of a mixture of magnesium and boron. Contrary to ex situ approaches (e.g. reacting boron films with magnesium vapor at ≈900°C), these films are processed at a temperature at which MgB 2 does not decompose rapidly even in vacuum. This may prove enabling in the formation of multilayers, junctions, and epitaxial films in future work. Issues related to the improvement of these films and to the possible in situ growth of MgB 2 at elevated temperature are discussed.
Condensed-matter physics. In search of soft solutions.

Physicists are turning their attention to delicate forms of matter, some of which appear mundane, but all of which are hard to understand. Fortunately, different materials share similar properties and problems.
On a boundary analogue of the Carathéodory-Schur interpolation problem

Characterization of Schur functions in terms of their Taylor coefficients is due to C. Caratheodory and I. Schur. We discuss the boundary analogue of this problem.
Effect of oxygen on the respiratory system and cephalosporin-C production in Acremonium chrysogenum

In this paper in vivo studies on the overall and cyanide-resistant respiration of Acremonium chrysogenum in connection with different oxygen transfer rates are discussed. Two parameters of the cyanide-resistant respiration, the activity and the capacity were examined separately during cultivation together with the possibly respiration-influencing factors like NADH/NAD content and ADP-limitation. It was finally concluded that the cyanide-resistant respiration seems to be independent of the amount and proportion of oxidized/reduced coenzymes and not limited by ADP or phosphate, but it is strongly affected by the oxygen available. It was also established that the examined path must have an important role in cephalosporin-C overproduction.
The Influence of Consumer Value-Based Factors on Attitude-Behavioral Intention in Social Commerce: The Differences between High- and Low-Technology Experience Groups

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the consumer values (i.e., hedonic, social, and utilitarian value) in choosing restaurants and how these values affect consumers' attitude toward and behavior intentions in the context of social commerce. This study is to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework that empirically examines and explains the salient factors that influence restaurant guests' behavior intentions regarding social commerce. A sample of 232 undergraduate students at a university in the Midwest United States was employed for this study using structural equation modeling. This research provides preliminary evidence that certain value dimensions (i.e., hedonic and social value) affect behavior intentions to use social commerce. In particular, utilitarian value has an influence on attitude toward social commerce, which in turn has a positive influence on consumers' behavior intentions. In addition, the results of this study revealed that there are significant differences between hig...
Nonlinear system identification using Gaussian inputs

The paper is concerned with the identification of nonlinear systems represented by Volterra expansions and driven by stationary, zero mean Gaussian inputs, with arbitrary spectra that are not necessarily white. Procedures for the computation of the Volterra kernels both in the time as well as in the frequency domain are developed based on cross-cumulant information. The derived kernels are optimal in the mean squared error sense for noncausal systems. Order recursive procedures based on minimum mean squared error reduction are derived. More general input output representations that result when the Volterra kernels are expanded in a given orthogonal base are also considered. >
Fluorescence tomographic imaging using a handheld-probe-based optical imager: extensive phantom studies

Handheld-probe-based optical imagers are a popular approach toward breast imaging because of their potential portability and maximum patient comfort. A novel handheld-probe-based optical imager has been developed and its feasibility for three-dimensional fluorescence tomographic imaging demonstrated. Extensive tomography studies were performed on large slab phantoms (650 ml) to assess the performance limits of the handheld imager. Experiments were performed by using different target volumes (0.1-0.45 cm3), target depths (1-3 cm), and fluorescence (Indocyanine Green) absorption contrast ratios in a nonfluorescing (1:0) and constant fluorescing backgrounds (1000:1 to 5:1). The estimated sensitivity and specificity of the handheld imager are 43% and 95%, respectively.
A 74-year-old woman with chronic diarrhea

Presentation of Case A 74-year-old woman was referred to the hospital because of chronic diarrhea. She was well until about eight months earlier, when her bowel habit changed from the passage of a ...
Positive deep nodes in the groin and survival in malignant melanoma

A review of 48 consecutive patients with positive deep nodes in the groin and positive inguinal nodes from malignant melanoma was carried out. The deep nodes were enlarged (>2 cm) in 60% of the patients. The estimated 5-year survival rate following dissection of the deep nodes was 34%, 31% for those with palpable nodes (n = 40) and 50% for those with non-palpable (n = 8) inguinal nodes ( P = 0.13). The overall 10-year survival rate was 25%. Involvement of the deep (iliac or obturator) nodes in malignant melanoma does not indicate systemic dissemination for all patients, as an appreciable percentage attains long-term survival after a thorough dissection of these nodes.
Consumer Misbehaviour: Consumers' Perceptions of Shoplifting and Retail Security

Customer theft presents a major problem to British retailers, despite continuing investment in retail security. This paper uses a consumer behaviour research method to investigate consumers' attitudes to shoplifting, the effectiveness of retail security measures and the factors which encourage or inhibit customer theft. Of the 417 consumers surveyed, 32 per cent admitted to shoplifting behaviour, with seven per cent having shoplifted within the previous 12 months. The behaviour of the current shoplifters was influenced by their pro-shoplifting attitudes, a lack of moral concerns about the behaviour, social influence and their perception that shoplifting is a low-risk, low-cost crime. Recommendations are made as to how the attitudes of the shoplifters can be changed, and thus increase perceptions of the risks and costs of shoplifting.
Sediment toxicity testing using large water-sediment ratios: an alternative to water renewal.

Abstract Deterioration of overlying water quality during toxicity tests with benthic invertebrates is a serious problem with some sediments. One solution is periodic renewal of overlying water. However, this is either labour intensive or requires construction and maintenance of special equipment. Furthermore, water renewal has the potential for flushing toxic chemicals out of the test chamber and establishes nonequilibrium conditions between the water and sediment. An alternative is testing under static conditions using atypical test vessels (e.g. Imhoff settling cones) with a large water volume (1 l) overlaying a much smaller sediment volume (e.g. 15 ml). This results in dramatic improvement of overlying water quality compared to standard static toxicity tests. Compared to water renewal, the test method is much simpler, all toxic substances leached from the sediment are retained in the test vessel, and contaminant concentrations in water and sediment have more time to equilibrate. Chronic sediment toxicity tests (10–28 days) have been conducted successfully under these conditions with Chironomus riparius , Hexagenia sp., Hyalella azteca and Tubifex tubifex .
Serotonin1B receptor activation mimics behavioral effects of presynaptic serotonin release.

Serotonin 1B Receptor Activation Mimics Behavioral Effects of Presynaptic Serotonin Release
A device for imposing cyclic strain to cells growing on implant alloys.

The objective of this study was to develop a unique device for applying well-characterized cyclic, strain to cells growing on implant alloys. The device is based on the four-point bending principle and utilizes an electric motor, belt, and cam system to cyclically deflect a commercially pure titanium plate with cell culture wells in the middle of the plate. Analyses demonstrated that 182±3, 366±9, and 984±7 microstrain may be cyclically generated in culture areas from 0.5 to 10 Hz for up to 72 h. UMR-106 osteoblast-like cells growing on the titanium plate were subjected to these strain magnitudes at 1.5 Hz for periods of 4 or 24 h. Cells were checked for viability, total protein as a general indicator of cell number, and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) as an indicator of bone cell function. Cells strained at 984±7 microstrain exhibited 21%–24% more protein but 45%–49% less ALP activity than cells strained at 182±2 or 366±9 microstrain. Decreased ALP activity may indicate impaired mineralization. Results indicate the device is suitable for applying known, cyclic strain to cells growing on implant alloys and evaluating cellular responses to strain while growing on implant alloys. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2002: 8780Rb, 8768+z, 8717Ee
On the central limit theorem in Banach spaces

Abstract It is shown, with the use of a concentration inequality of LeCam, that associated with an infinitely divisible random variable with values in a separable Banach space there is a Levy-Khintchine formula. A partial converse of this fact is also proved. Relations between the continuity of the compound Poisson and the Gaussian variables associated with a Levy measure are studied. A central limit theorem is obtained and examples are given.
Properties of Zn-doped P-type In 0.53 Ga 0.47 as grown by vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) on InP substrates

Electrical properties of Zn-doped, p-type In0.53Ga0.47As grown by the vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) technique are presented. High (p ∼ 4.0 × 1019 cm−3) p-type doping and low resistivity (ρ ∼ 2.8 × 10−3 Ωsu−cm) was obtained. These propertie's are useful in the formation of ohmic contacts in laser diodes and photodiodes fabricated from the quaternary and ternary alloy systems. A calibration curve for the non-destructive determination of carrier concentration from photoluminescence linewidths has been obtained.
The impact of network and environmental factors on service innovativeness

Purpose – This paper aims to examine, specifically, how competition, networks (alliances) and both formal and informal institutional forces affect service innovativeness within the not‐for‐profit dominated industry.Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing data from 1,428 acute healthcare hospitals in the USA OLS regression was used to examine the antecedents to service innovativeness.Findings – The results reveal that organizations in large networks (alliances) limit providers' service innovation. Whereas competition increased service innovativeness, regulatory forces (formal institutional pressure) and informal regulatory forces stifled it.Practical implications – Is regulation good for service innovativeness? The results suggest otherwise. It was found that regulation (formal institutional pressures) limited service innovativeness. Another important practical implication is the finding that large network (alliances) also limited service innovation. Any condition that limits service innovativeness is goin...
Higher Prevalence and More Severe Coronary Artery Disease in Hepatitis C Virus-infected Patients: A Case Control Study

Background An association of Coronary artery disease (CAD) with hepatitis C (HCV) has been suggested, but definitive data are still lacking. Aim Our study sought to estimate the prevalence and severity of CAD in HCV patients compared to with age-, sex-, and race-matched controls without HCV infection. Subjects and methods 63 HCV-infected patients were compared with 63 age, race, and sex-matched controls without HCV infection undergoing coronary angiography for evaluation of CAD. CAD was defined as more than a 50% blockage in any of the proximal coronary arteries on angiogram. The severity of the stenosis was defined by the modified Reardon severity scoring system: Results A significantly higher prevalence of CAD was noted in the HCV population (69.8% vs. 47.6%, = 0.01). The combined Reardon's severity score in the HCV group was significantly higher compared to the controls (6.26 ± 5.39 vs. 2.6 ± 3.03, P 50% stenosis and ≥2 vessels involved) was also noted significantly more commonly in the HCV group compared to controls (57.1% vs. 15.9%, P Conclusion In this retrospective study the prevalence and severity of CAD was higher in HCV patients who were evaluated for CAD by angiogram compared with matched non-HCV patients. HCV-positive status is potentially a risk factor for CAD.
Social Theory and Women in Development Policy

The adverse impact of policies of development agencies toward poor women of developing countries has been documented since the 1970s. Policy proposals have included training programs, research and data collection on women and allocation of resources to employ more women professionals to set up and monitor programs related to women and development. The implementation of these policies has been minimal and explanations of why have redirected us to the original problems. This article explores the question of why these problems have persisted from an epistemological perspective by placing women in development within the prevailing discourses of "gender," "development," and "development research." Definitions of what women can and cannot do are determined by gender discourse; it may be willing to consider the constraints on women posed by the gender discourse if these constraints affect the economic success of projects, but otherwise its assumptions and methodology have, in general, not been receptive to the c...
Neurohormones on brain adenyl cyclase activity in vivo.

CYCLIC adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) has been suggested to be the receptor site for neurotransmitters as well as a second messenger which mediates the action of a variety of hormones and neurohormones in animals and human tissues. Cyclic AMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the activity of adenyl cyclase and it is metabolized into adenosine monophosphate (AMP) by phosphodiesterase. Beta receptor and adenyl cyclase may be the same in the peripheral tissues1. In vitro activation of adenyl cyclase activity by various putative neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh) and histamine in preparations from brain homogenates and slices is well established2. The in vivo effect, however, of these neurohormones on adenyl cyclase has not been studied.
Evaluation of Yellow Rectangle Traps Coated With Hot Melt Pressure Sensitive Adhesive and Sticky Gel Against Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Sticky yellow rectangle traps have been used for many years to capture Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies. Traditional sticky yellow traps are coated with a sticky gel (SG) that can leave residues on the hands of users. An alternative to SG on traps are hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs), which are less messy. The main objective here was to evaluate two rectangle traps of two yellow colors, the Alpha Scents Yellow Card coated with HMPSA (Alpha Scents, West Linn, OR), and the Pherocon AM trap coated with SG (Pherocon; Trece, Adair, OK), for capturing western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Flies captured on both traps and held in the laboratory and field did not escape their surfaces. Flies caught on HMPSA were damaged when removed from traps without citrus solvent, whereas flies caught on SG could be removed intact without solvent. In field tests, Alpha Scents traps baited with an ammonium bicarbonate lure captured 1.4-2.2 times more R. indifferens than Pherocon traps baited with the same lure. Results of an experiment that eliminated differences in surface sticky material type, overall size, and surface sticky area between Alpha Scents and Pherocon traps suggested, although did not show conclusively, that more flies were caught on the Alpha Scents than Pherocon traps because of their different yellow color and/or lower fluorescence and not the HMPSA. Overall, the Alpha Scents trap is a viable alternative to the Pherocon trap for detecting R. indifferens.
A NATURAL ANTIBODY THAT REACTS IN VITRO WITH A SEDIMENTABLE CONSTITUENT OF NORMAL TISSUE CELLS I. DEMONSTRATION OF THE PHENOMENON

The foregoing experiments have shown that complement fixation takes place when the blood serum of normal adult rabbits is mixed with fresh saline extracts of normal rabbit tissues under controlled conditions. A natural antibody, which reacts in vitro with a sedimentable constituent of normal tissue cells, is responsible for the phenomenon.
Epitaxial film growth of chromium dioxide by low pressure chemical vapor deposition using chromium carbonyl

Abstract Epitaxial chromium dioxide (CrO 2 ) thin films have been deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) on (100) TiO 2 substrates using the precursor chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO) 6 ) within a narrow temperature window of 380–400 °C. Normal θ –2 θ Bragg x-ray diffraction results show that the predominant phase is CrO 2 with only a small amount of Cr 2 O 3 present, mostly at the film surface. The LPCVD films have a reasonably smooth surface morphology with a root mean square roughness of 4 nm on a scale of 5 μm. Raman spectroscopy confirms the existence of rutile CrO 2 in the deposited films, while transmission electron microscopy confirms the single-crystalline nature of the films. The LPCVD films showing a dominant CrO 2 phase exhibit clear uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with the easy axis oriented along the c direction.
NIR small arms muzzle flash

Utilization of Near-Infrared (NIR) spectral features in a muzzle flash will allow for small arms detection using low cost silicon (Si)-based imagers. Detection of a small arms muzzle flash in a particular wavelength region is dependent on the intensity of that emission, the efficiency of source emission transmission through the atmosphere, and the relative intensity of the background scene. The NIR muzzle flash signature exists in the relatively large Si spectral response wavelength region of 300 nm-1100 nm, which allows for use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Si-based detectors. The alkali metal origin of the NIR spectral features in the 7.62 × 39-mm round muzzle flash is discussed, and the basis for the spectral bandwidth is examined, using a calculated Voigt profile. This report will introduce a model of the 7.62 × 39-mm NIR muzzle flash signature based on predicted source characteristics. Atmospheric limitations based on NIR spectral regions are investigated in relation to the NIR muzzle flash signature. A simple signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) metric is used to predict sensor performance based on a model of radiance for the source and solar background and pixel registered image subtraction.
Influence of gas production induced volumetric strain on permeability of coal

The gas permeability of a coalbed, unlike that of conventional gas reservoirs, is influenced during gas production not only by the simultaneous changes in effective stress and gas slippage, but also by the volumetric strain of the coal matrix that is associated with gas desorption. A technique for conducting laboratory experiments to separate these effects and estimate their individual contribution is presented in this paper. The results show that for a pressure decrease from 6.2 to 0.7 MPa, the total permeability of the coal sample increased by more than 17 times. A factor of 12 is due to the volumetric strain effect, and a factor of 5 due to the gas slippage effect. Changes in permeability and porosity with gas depletion were also estimated using the measured volumetric strain and the matchstick reservoir model geometry for flow of gas in coalbeds. The resulting variations were compared with results obtained experimentally. Furthermore, the results show that when gas pressure is above 1.7 MPa, the effect of volumetric strain due to matrix shrinkage dominates. As gas pressure falls below 1.7 MPa, both the gas slippage and matrix shrinkage effects play important roles in influencing the permeability. Finally, the change in permeability associated with matrix shrinkage was found to be linearly proportional to the volumetric strain. Since volumetric strain is linearly proportional to the amount of gas desorbed, the change in permeability is a linear function of the amount of desorbing gas.
Vaccines, Vaccination, and Vaccinology

Although the demonstration in 1796 by Edward Jenner that vaccinia virus could protect against smallpox was epochal, he was following the path opened by the ancients who had used the smallpox virus itself in the practice of variolation. The work of Louis Pasteur on chicken cholera opened the way to vaccine development in the laboratory. In April 1880, Pasteur reported to the French Academy of Science that “…chicken cholera is produced by a microscopic parasite [now known as Pasteurella multocida], that there exists an attenuated virus [Pasteur was using “virus” in the ancient sense of the word] of that disease, and that one or more inoculations of this attenuated virus can preserve the animals from the mortal effects of a later inoculation … let me be permitted to use the word ‘vaccinate’ to express the act of inoculating a chicken with the attenuated virus” [1]. Thus, the word “vaccinate” was extended beyond vaccinia and came to have its modern meaning. Today, epidemic infectious diseases of children for which there are vaccines have virtually disappeared from industrialized countries such as the United States. These are remarkable successes, which together with clean water and antibiotics have profoundly affected human society [2]. In addition, a new field of microbiology and immunology has evolved, called “vaccinology,” that comprises not only vaccine development but also the use of vaccines and their effects on public health [3]. Here, I will briefly cover some aspects of the past, discuss 5 current issues in vaccinology, and then turn to the future.
Emergency Aeration of Fish Ponds

Abstract Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were depressed in 0.57-hectare fish ponds through algicide treatment and the effectiveness of different techniques of emergency aeration was compared. The most effective device for emergency aeration was a paddlewheel aerator powered by a tractor. A tractor-powered Crisafulli pump with a discharge capacity of 18.9 m3/minute was also a relatively effective aeration device when used either to spray DO-deficient water into the air and back into the pond or to pump fresh, oxygenated water from another pond into the one with low DO concentration. A lower capacity Rainmaster pump (3.8 m3/minute) was much less effective than the Crisafulli pump when used to discharge oxygenated water into a DO-depleted pond. Neither of the pumps raised DO concentrations appreciably when used to circulate DO-deficient water in ponds. Three sizes (0.25, 2.2, and 3.7 kilowatts) of spray-type surface aerators failed to appreciably increase DO concentrations.
p53 upregulation is a frequent response to deficiency of cell-essential genes.

Background The role of p53 in the prevention of development of embryos damaged by genotoxic factors is well recognized. However, whether p53 plays an analogous role in preventing birth defects from genetic mutations remains an unanswered question. Genetic screens for mutations affecting development show that only a fraction of developmentally lethal mutations leads to specific phenotypes while the majority results in similar recurrent phenotypes characterized by neuronal apoptosis and developmental delay. Mutations in cell-essential genes typically fall into this group. The observation that mutations in diverse housekeeping genes lead to a similar phenotype suggests a common mechanism underlying this phenotype. For some mutants, p53 inhibition was shown to attenuate the phenotype. Methodology/Principal Findings To find out how common p53 involvement is in this phenotype, we analyzed zebrafish mutants from various categories of cell essential genes. Several thousand zebrafish mutants have been identified; many of them are kept at stock centers and available for the research community. We selected mutants for genes functioning in DNA replication, transcription, telomere maintenance, ribosome biogenesis, splicing, chaperoning, endocytosis, and cellular transport. We found that mutants have similar phenotypes including neural apoptosis, failure to develop structures originated from the neural crest cells, and hematopoietic defects. All mutants share p53 upregulation and similar changes in several p53-dependent and independent molecular pathways. Conclusion/Significance Our results suggest that mutations in housekeeping genes often canalize on the p53-mediated phenotype. p53 prevents the development of embryos with defects in such genes. p53-mediated changes in gene expression may also contribute to many human congenital malformations.
Metaphors of mind and society. The origins of German psychiatry in the revolutionary era.

Johann Christian Reil's long polemic, Rhapsodieen uber die Anwendung der psychischen Curmethode der Geisteszerrutungen (1803), is a call for the reform of the treatment of the insane. It also marks a transition from the Kantian approach to physiology of his earlier work to the Naturphilosophie that increasingly characterized his publications after this time. In this essay I first survey the historiographical debates of recent years concerning society and the emergence of psychiatry. I then examine the social-cultural context of the late Aufklarung in Prussia, out of which Reil's work emerged, before sketching the intellectual background of the Rhapsodieen, which lies in the development of German physiology since the 1750s. The heart of my work is a close analysis of Reil's theory of mental illness. Here I tease out his political and cultural imagery and note the ways in which his originally Enlightenment assumptions shifted toward the Romantic amid the anxieties of the revolutionary era.
TREATMENT OF HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIA V WITH TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN (BH 4 ) AND NEUROTRANSMITTER (NT) PRECURSORS

In a 9 month infant with the spinal fluid (CSF) NT abnormalities of biopterin synthesis defect we compared treatment with:BH4 high (20 mg/kg/d) dose only; BH4 low (3 mg/kg/d), moderate (10 mg/kg/d) or high dose with the NT precursors dopa/carbidopa (10/1 mg/kg/d) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5 mg/kg/d); and NT precusors with phenylalanine (phe) restricted diet. Over 4 months we evaluated clinical status, CSF biopterin, CSF NT major metabolites homovanilic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, and CSF NT minor metabolites 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid, vanilmandelic acid, m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (MHPAA), p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PHPAA) and indolacetic acid (IAA). Few control values for CSF biopterin and NT major metabolites and none for minor metabolites are known in children. Clinically the patient was well on NT precursors with or without BH4 and deteriorated on BH4 only. Liver enzymes, which were elevated at 4 months on BH4 only, remained normal and blood phe was in good control. CSF biopterin increased to at or above normal with moderate or high dose BH4 but virtually no response of HVA or 5-HIAA independent of NT precursors was seen. BH4 at any but low dose altered the IAA/5-HIAA ratio and BH4 at any dose increased PHPAA but not MHPAA. In this patient, the first in which NT minor metabolites have been measured on BH4, the CSF major metabolites could be maintained at normal levels only with NT precursors but BH4 modified the patterns of minor metabolites.
Morphology of the femoral intercondylar notch.

Background: During anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, proper femoral tunnel placement is important. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the osseous anatomy of the femoral intercondylar notch. Methods: We studied the morphology of the femoral intercondylar notch in 200 human femora from skeletally mature donors, with specific attention being paid to the morphology of the ridge on the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch and the posterolateral rim of the intercondylar notch. The distances from the posterolateral rim of the intercondylar notch to the lateral intercondylar ridge and from the posterolateral rim of the intercondylar notch to the inlet of the intercondylar notch (notch depth) were measured at the nine, ten, and eleven o'clock positions for right knees and at the one, two and three o'clock positions for left knees. Results: The lateral intercondylar ridge was present in 194 femora and absent in six. The mean distance from the posterolateral rim of the intercondylar notch to the lateral intercondylar ridge was 9.0, 11.0, and 12.7 mm at the nine, ten, and eleven o'clock positions in right knees and the one, two, and three o'clock positions in left knees, respectively. We observed three different types of morphology of the posterolateral rim of the intercondylar notch. The morphology of the posterolateral rim of the intercondylar notch was distinct in 183 of 200 specimens. A distinct, straight border (type 1) was seen in 175 femora (87.5%); a distinct, V-shaped border (type 2) was seen in eight (4%); and an indistinct border (type 3) was seen in seventeen (8.5%). Conclusions: The morphology of the femoral intercondylar notch varies little. Occasionally, the posterolateral rim of the intercondylar notch is not well-defined. In these knees, accurate placement of commercial femoral tunnel aiming guides may be difficult. Clinical Relevance: This improved knowledge of the morphology of the intercondylar notch may assist the surgeon in placing the femoral tunnel in the proper location when performing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Iodine extraction from petroleum for analysis of 129I/127I ratios by AMS

Abstract A carrier-free method for extracting low levels of iodine from petroleum residues is described for the use in isotopic analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The petroleum samples, containing approximately 1 ppm I, are heavy, highly viscous residues left from high temperature distillations. The method is a solvent extraction using toluene as the solvent, and sodium biphenyl as an organic halogen reagent. Iodine is extracted with up to 90% efficiency.
The impacts of country characteristics upon the value of information technology as measured by productive efficiency

Abstract Based on the theory of production, this paper investigates information technology (IT) contribution at a country level by linking it to the complementarity/substitutability phenomena created by the joint presence of IT and the five selected national characteristics. It negates the relationship between IT value and productivity based on a comprehensive panel data set from 25 countries over the period 1997–2006, when the individual analytical method is applied and productive efficiency is used as the performance criterion. The IT productivity paradox is re-examined under the one-equation stochastic frontier production model, while the influence of the five national characteristics is tested under the two-equation stochastic frontier production model. The findings include the following: (i) The IT productivity paradox occurs in not only middle-income (developing) countries but also high-income (developed) countries. (ii) Eastern European countries gain more productive efficiency than the G7 countries when IT is considered as a production factor. (iii) Different national characteristics have impacts on a country's output and productive efficiency. (iv) The chosen national characteristics present both complementarity and substitutability phenomena in association with IT investment, however, the joint presence of national savings and IT creates the substitutability phenomenon across different frontiers. (v) In linking cross-country differences in the IT investments to stages of economic development, our complimentary qualitative analysis tends to conclude that the investments in IT in the advanced developed countries (e.g., G7) and some of the newly developed or emerging economies are likely needed to keep the pace with other competitors and maintain their status of economic development; and the IT investments in the Eastern European countries are necessary to reach the competitive level as well as to raise their economic-development level. (vi) An important policy implication is that policy makers must carefully utilize national characteristics while formulating IT investment strategies.
Rbf1 degron dysfunction enhances cellular DNA replication

The E2F family of transcription factors contributes to oncogenesis through activation of multiple genes involved in cellular proliferation, a process that is opposed by the Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB). RB also increases E2F1 stability by inhibiting its proteasome-mediated degradation, but the consequences of this post-translational regulation of E2F1 remain unknown. To better understand the mechanism of E2F stabilization and its physiological relevance, we examined the streamlined Rbf1-dE2F1 network in Drosophila. During embryonic development, Rbf1 is insulated from ubiquitin-mediated turnover by the COP9 signalosome, a multi-protein complex that modulates E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Here, we report that the COP9 signalosome also protects the Cullin4-E3 ligase that is responsible for dE2F1 proteasome-mediated destruction. This dual role of the COP9 signalosome may serve to buffer E2F levels, enhancing its turnover via Cul4 protection and its stabilization through protection of Rbf1. We further show that Rbf1-mediated stabilization of dE2F1 and repression of dE2F1 cell cycle-target genes are distinct properties. Removal of an evolutionarily conserved Rbf1 C terminal degron disabled Rbf1 repression without affecting dE2F1 stabilization. This mutant form of Rbf1 also enhanced G(1)-to-S phase progression when expressed in Rbf1-containing S2 embryonic cells, suggesting that such mutations may generate gain-of-function properties relevant to cellular transformation. Consistent with this idea, several studies have identified mutations in the homologous C terminal domains of RB and p130 in human cancer.
Relatedness does not explain geographic variation in queen cooperation in the seed-harvester ant Messor pergandei

The desert seed-harvester ant Messor pergandei shows sharp regional differences in social structure: in central Arizona, queens initially form group nests but become aggressive following worker emergence and reduce to a single queen (secondary monogyny). In much of the rest of the species range, however, co-founding queens do not display aggression and retain multiple queens throughout the colony lifecycle (primary polygyny). One hypothesis to explain why queen behavior differs between regions is that relatedness among co-foundresses and, therefore, the potential for kin-selected cooperation, varies geographically. To test whether primary polygyny is associated with greater kin association, we used highly polymorphic microsatellites to estimate within-group relatedness for co-foundress associations in the field at two secondarily monogynous sites and five primarily polygynous sites. To determine whether queens can potentially use nestmate identity as a proxy for genetic relatedness, we compared these values to similarly sized samples of worker nestmates from adult colonies at the same sites. We found that foundresses do not preferentially form groups with relatives regardless of the ultimate fate of foundress groups. Mean relatedness values for co-foundresses did not differ significantly from zero irrespective of social structure. In contrast, adult colony worker nestmates were significantly positively related at all sites. These results indicate that kin-selected benefits are not likely to be responsible for the absence of fatal competition in the polygynous region; instead, the cause of geographic variation in queen cooperation must lie in ecological factors that alter the costs and benefits of retaining additional queens into colony maturity.
Modulation of conconavalin-A-induced suppressor cell activation by prostaglandin E2

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between prostaglandin-mediated immunosuppression and the induction of the conconavalin-A-induced suppressor cell. PBMC preincubated with conconavalin A caused 51% suppression when added to a subsequent mixed lymphocyte culture. However, when the prostaglandin production was blocked in the induction phase by the addition of indomethacin, the suppression in the subsequent mixed lymphocyte culture increased to 80%. When 30 n M PGE 2 was added to the induction cultures to mimick the effect of the PG-producing suppressor cell, the amount of suppression in the subsequent MLC dropped to 33%. This would suggest an inverse relationship between the activity of the conconavalin-A-activated suppressor cell and the prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell.
High-resolution soft X-ray emission spectrograph at advanced light source

Abstract The progress of valence electronic spectroscopy with X-rays has been largely limited by the challenge of fine instrumentation. Relatively weak scattering cross-section and/or limited (coarse) energy resolution restrict X-ray spectroscopy to address fundamental issues in condensed-matter electron physics. Depending on the nature of excitations, high brightness photon beam from third-generation synchrotron facilities helps raise the count rates to a detectable limit over the noise level. Over the past decade, it has been realized that high-resolution resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering has the potential to play an important role in understanding complex phenomena observed in highly correlated systems. Driven by such demand, we have developed a soft X-ray emission spectrograph based on variable line spacing (VLS) gratings to work in the soft X-ray and deep UV (the M edge of transition metals) regime. The slit-less design coupled with high quality optical elements and a high quantum efficiency (QE) in-vacuum CCD detector greatly improves the overall throughput. The M edge spectrograph has been demonstrated to have a resolving power better than 10,000 and will be used in conjunction with meV-resolution beamline (MERLIN) at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
A Sub-1mm2 Dynamically Tuned CMOS MB-OFDM 3-to-8GHz UWB Receiver Front-End

A 3-to-8GHz heterodyne receiver front end for MB-OFDM UWB systems consisting of an LNA, a mixer, and an on-chip IF BPF is presented. Designed in 0.18mum CMOS, it uses no on-chip inductors or any off-chip components. Measured NF is 5.5dB, IIP2 is 33dBm, and the chip draws 19.5mA from a 2.3V supply
Frequency of meaning use for ambiguous and unambiguous words.

When using verbal stimuli, researchers usually equate words on frequency of use. However, for some ambiguous words (e.g., ball as a round object or a formal dance), frequency counts fail to distinguish how often a particular meaning is used. This study evaluates the use of ratings to estimate meaning frequency. Analyses show that ratings correlate highly with word frequency counts when orthographic and meaning frequencies should converge, are not unduly influenced by semantic factors, and may provide a better measure of relative meaning dominance than the word association task does. Furthermore, the ratings allow researchers to equate or manipulate frequency of meaning use for ambiguous and unambiguous words. Ratings for 211 words are reported.
Comparison of the effects of central administration of serine and glycine on body temperature of the rabbit

Abstract In previous research, intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of serine (1–4 mg) caused dose-related hypothermia in rabbits and reduced rises in body temperature caused by leukocytic pyrogen (LP) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). Since serine is the major precursor of the putative neurotransmitter glycine, these effects of serine may be due to its conversion to glycine. To assess this possibility, glycine was administered centrally to see if its effects on body temperature are similar to those of serine. ICV injections of glycine (0.25–1.0 mg) caused dose-related decreases in body temperature in a 10°C environment but had no significant effect at 23°C. Glycine (1 mg) delayed the normal rise in temperature in a 30°C environment and reduced LP fever and PGE 2 hyperthermia. ICV glycine and serine in combination were, however, subadditive in producing hypothermia, which suggests that these amino acids act at different central sites. A difference in the interaction of serine and glycine with strychnine in producing hypothermia also suggests that the action of serine is not entirely mediated by glycine. Since serine and glycine have similar effects on normal body temperature and fever some portion of the effects of serine may be caused by its conversion to glycine. The subadditivity data and the difference in temperature effects when the amino acids are given with strychnine suggest that serine and glycine probably have separate central sites of action.
Chemistry of the oxidation of acetic acid during the homogeneous metal-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of alkylaromatic compounds

Abstract Acetic acid is the solvent used for the commercial production of five aromatic acids from polyalkylbenzenes using homogeneous aerobic oxidation. The most important catalysts are mixtures of cobalt(II) and manganese(II) acetates. The co-oxidation of the acetic acid to carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, denoted CO x , is one of the economic disadvantages of the processes. Understanding the chemistry of the oxidation of acetic acid can led to reduction in these greenhouse gases. This paper assembles and summarizes the organic, free-radical and coordination chemistry detailing how the various products from the oxidation of acetic acid form. It is suggested that the initiation of the acetic acid occurs primarily through the thermal decomposition of cobalt(III) acetate. This leads to three families of by-products starting from the oxidation of methanol, succinic acid and glycolic acid. Carbon monoxide forms by decarbonylation of many of these intermediates. Concerted reactions via polynuclear cobalt and manganese complexes provides efficient mechanistic pathways to these intermediates and by-products. The chemistry presented for the oxidation of the acetic acid is consistent with known optimization methods which are used to reduce acetic acid loss.
Automated Speed Photo Enforcement Effects on Speeds in Work Zones

Automated speed enforcement in construction zones has the potential to increase compliance with the speed limit and improve safety. The effectiveness of speed photo enforcement (SPE) (by radar) in reducing speeds and increasing speed limit compliance in work zones was evaluated for the first time in the United States, at Illinois work zones. Details are presented on SPE implementation and its effectiveness at the point it was stationed and at a downstream location in a work zone. Speed data were collected at the location of SPE and at a location 1.5 mi downstream in the work zone to determine the point and spatial effects of SPE. Speeds were measured for free-flowing and platooned cars and heavy vehicles in shoulder and median lanes. Results showed that SPE is effective in reducing the average speed and increasing compliance with work zone speed limit. The SPE reduced speed in the median lane more than in the shoulder lane, as expected. In addition, the speed of free-flowing vehicles was reduced more than...
Porewater advection of ammonium into the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA

Abstract Radon-222 ( 222 Rn) and ammonium (NH 4 + ) were measured in interstitial water of the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA to determine the advective flux of NH 4 + from sediments to the overlying water column. Porewater samples were collected over an annual cycle from multi-level piezometers installed in nearshore sites. NH 4 + concentrations in sandy environments of the NRE were 10-fold higher than concentrations in the overlying water column. Shallow porewaters exhibited seasonal variations in NH 4 + concentrations, which resulted in temporal changes in NH 4 + flux from the sediment. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) was measured indirectly by using 222 Rn as a tracer and directly via seepage meters. Discharge rates were variable depending upon the sampling location and season. The mean SGD was 9.1 ± 1.5 cm d −1 with a maximum SGD during spring at a rate of 13.6 cm d −1 based on 222 Rn porewater distribution. High porewater NH 4 + concentrations in sandy nearshore sediments contributed NH 4 + to the overlying water via groundwater discharge as an advective process. The overall mean NH 4 + flux was 11.2 ± 2.0 mmol NH 4 + m −2 d −1 . Seasonal trends in groundwater seepage rates and NH 4 + concentration suggest that groundwater is an important mechanism advecting nutrients from porewaters to surface waters, which is comparable to riverine NH 4 + discharge. SGD N:P ratios (NH 4 + as N) were >16:1, indicating that SGD is an important contributor of inorganic N for phytoplankton growth and may influence the NRE toward a less N-limited system. The data from this study will advance current understanding about the role of NH 4 + in the progressive eutrophication of shallow estuarine ecosystems.