cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profiles of Binge Eating: The Interaction of Depressive Symptoms, Eating Styles, and Body Mass Index

Binge eating is associated with depressive symptoms, eating styles, and obesity. However, less is known about interactions between these variables and binge eating. This study examined the relationship between depressive symptoms, eating styles, body mass index, and binge eating. Individuals with a higher body mass index, who reported more depressive symptoms and more external eating, reported the greatest binge eating. Similarly, individuals with a higher body mass index who reported more depressive symptoms and more emotional eating reported the greatest binge eating. These findings demonstrate possible profiles of individuals most at risk for binge eating and associated eating disorders.
The Influence of Salinity and Temperature on Seed Germination in Salicornia bigelovii

Seeds of Salicornia bigelovii were germinated at 4.4°C, 15.5°C, and 26.6°C in saline solution containing from 0% to 8.08% sea salt. At 4.4°C, germination was delayed until the 26th day, but the final germination per cent was high in all salinities. At 15.5°C, germination was delayed until the 19th day, and the germination per cent was higher in the higher salinities. At 26.6°C, the germination began within one day and the germination per cent was higher at the lower salinities. With the exception of 26.6°C data, the maximum germination occurred at a sea salt concentration at 4.04 % which is very close to the salinity of the sea.
The impact of hospital type and experience on the operative utilization in pediatric intussusception: a nationwide study

Abstract Purpose To determine the impact in clinical outcomes of pediatric idiopathic intussusceptions from hospital experience and designation as children's hospitals (CH) and non–children's hospitals (NCH) in the US. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 1263 children with idiopathic intussusception, 2 months to 3 years of age in 2000 and 2003 by extracting data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kid's Inpatient Database. Main outcome measures were utilizations of operation and radiologic reduction. Statistical significance was defined as P Results The median hospital volume of intussusceptions was higher at CH (2.5 vs 0.5 cases per year, P P P Conclusion Children with intussusception have decreased likelihood of operation when treated at CH compared to NCH. This decreased operative utilization can be attributed to the increased experience and utilization of radiologic reduction at these specialty hospitals.
The distribution of cell types in the malpighian tubules of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract We have developed a histological technique that allows all of the cells in the malpighian tubules of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera : Culicidae) and a few other mosquitoes to be counted and identified to cell type. We used this technique to examine the number and distribution of primary and stellate cells. Tubules, taken from the 4th instar larvae, pupae, adult males, and adult females, were examined. The mosquitoes were reared as larvae in either 10% or 100% seawater. In all cases examined, the total number of cells composing a tubule was somewhat variable, but no correlation between cell number and developmental stage, environmental salinity, or adult sex was observed. Under all conditions examined, stellate cells compose a fairly constant 16–18% of the total cell population of the tubule. Stellate cells were absent from the tubules in a region near the point of attachment to the midgut. Similar distribution ratios of primary and stellate cells were observed in the tubules of Aedes aegypti, Culex tansalis, and Culiseta inornata. The significance of these findings to a previously proposed tole for stellate cells in ion transport is discussed.
Local Heat Transfer Coefficients Under an Axisymmetric, Single-Phase Liquid Jet

The purpose of this investigation was to characterize local heat transfer coefficients for round, single-phase free liquid jets impinging normally against a flat uniform heat flux surface. The problems parameters investigated were jet Reynolds number Re, nozzle-to-plate spacing z, and jet diameter d. A region of near-constant Nusselt number was observed for the region bounded by 0 {le} r/d {le} 0.75, where is the radical distance from the impingement point. The local Nusselt number profiles exhibited a sharp drop for r/d > 0.75, followed by an inflection and a shower decrease thereafter. Increasing the nozzle-to-plate spacing generally decreased the heat transfer slightly. The local Nusselt number characteristics were found to be dependent on nozzle diameter. This was explained by the influence of the free-stream velocity gradient on local heat transfer, as predicted in the classical analysis of infinite jet stagnation flow and heat transfer. Correlations for local and average Nusselt numbers reveal an approximate Nusselt number dependence on Re{sup 1,3}.
Do physical activity and dietary smartphone applications incorporate evidence-based behaviour change techniques?

There has been a recent proliferation in the development of smartphone applications (apps) aimed at modifying various health behaviours. While interventions that incorporate behaviour change techniques (BCTs) have been associated with greater effectiveness, it is not clear to what extent smartphone apps incorporate such techniques. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of BCTs in physical activity and dietary apps and determine how reliably the taxonomy checklist can be used to identify BCTs in smartphone apps. The top-20 paid and top-20 free physical activity and/or dietary behaviour apps from the New Zealand Apple App Store Health & Fitness category were downloaded to an iPhone. Four independent raters user-tested and coded each app for the presence/absence of BCTs using the taxonomy of behaviour change techniques (26 BCTs in total). The number of BCTs included in the 40 apps was calculated. Krippendorff’s alpha was used to evaluate interrater reliability for each of the 26 BCTs. Apps included an average of 8.1 (range 2-18) techniques, the number being slightly higher for paid (M = 9.7, range 2-18) than free apps (M = 6.6, range 3-14). The most frequently included BCTs were “provide instruction” (83% of the apps), “set graded tasks” (70%), and “prompt self-monitoring” (60%). Techniques such as “teach to use prompts/cues”, “agree on behavioural contract”, “relapse prevention” and “time management” were not present in the apps reviewed. Interrater reliability coefficients ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 (Mean 0.6, SD = 0.2). Presence of BCTs varied by app type and price; however, BCTs associated with increased intervention effectiveness were in general more common in paid apps. The taxonomy checklist can be used by independent raters to reliably identify BCTs in physical activity and dietary behaviour smartphone apps.
Green versus Green Religions, Ethics, and the Bookchin-Foreman Dispute

In 1987, Murray Bookchin gave the keynote address at the second National Green Gathering, a meeting of radical environmentalists in Amherst, Massachusetts. He launched an attack on the most visible and influential groups of environmental radicals, Earth First! and the Deep Ecologists. Here and in later articles and books, Bookchin faulted these radicals for dangerous misanthropy, fuzzy mysticism, antihumanism, and especially, disregard for the real social origins of the ecological crisis.' He later wrote,
Red blood cell deformability: Effect of age and smoking

The effects of the aging process of healthy subjects on red blood cell membrane deformability and how this parameter changes with smoking were investigated using the micropipette aspiration technique. In this method, a portion of the cell membrane is aspirated into a micropipette via a step negative pressure and the membrane modulus of elasticity is calculated using the viscoelastic models. Red blood cells were obtained from 18 non-smoking (8 females and 10 males) and 18 smoking (10 females and 8 males) subjects. All smoking subjects were chronic smokers (smoked for at least 2 years and smoked more than 1 pack/day). The age of the subjects ranged from 20–54 years for nonsmokers [average 39.5±11.5 (SD) years] and 23–61 for smokers [average 39.5±11.7 (SD) years]. The results showed a significant increase in elasticity modulus with age. An increase in elasticity modulus indicates a decrease in cell deformability. There was no significant difference in the rate of increase with age in smokers as compared to non-smokers. Further studies are warranted to determine the exact membrane properties responsible for decrease in deformability during the aging process.
Differential effects of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 on chondrogenesis in posterofrontal cranial suture-derived mesenchymal cells in vitro

BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has been associated with cranial suture fusion, while its isoform TGF-β3 has been associated with suture patency in vivo. The mouse posterofrontal (PF) suture, analogous to the human metopic suture, fuses through endochondral ossification.
Unusual pressure dependence of the lateral motion of pyrene-labeled phosphattdylcholine in bipolar lipid vesicles

Abstract The lateral mobility of a pyrene-labeled phosphatidylcholine probe in liposomes containing archaebacterial bipolar lipids has been studied isothermally as a function of pressure. The pressure-dependence of the probe mobility, R, is found to be slightly positive or zero in the temperature range of 17 – 48 °C. At temperatures > 48 °C, R becomes negative and decreases with temperature. The data indicate that lateral mobility only becomes appreciable at high temperatures. In addition, the R values obtained with other lipid membranes are much lower than that obtained with bipolar liposomes, implying that the membranes of archaebacterial liposomes are laterally immobile, as compared to other lipid membranes.
The effect of velocity profiles on supersonic jet noise

This paper presents stability calculations made for a shock-free coannular jet, with both the inner and outer flows supersonic, using the instability wave model. The Mach wave emission process is modeled as the noise generated by the large scale turbulent structures or the instability waves in the mixing region. Both the vortex-sheet and the realistic finite thickness shear layer models are considered. The stability calculations have been performed for both inverted and normal velocity profiles. Comparisons are made with the results for an equivalent single jet, based on equal thrust, mass flow rate and exit area to that of the coannular jet. The advantages and disadvantages of these velocity profiles as far as noise radiation is concerned are discussed.
Overall concentration polarization and limiting current density of fuel cells with nanostructured electrodes

Abstract Research on nanostructured fuel cell electrodes has recently been growing significantly. Although improvements on the charge capacity and lifetime of nanostructured electrodes have been frequently reported, an analytical evaluation of the energy loss of nanostructured fuel cells is still lacking. In this communication, an electrochemical cell is designed and analyzed to measure the gas diffusivities through electrodes. With the measured gas diffusivities, the correlation between the concentration polarization energy loss and the important parameters associated with nanoscale electrodes in gas–fuel based fuel cells, such as temperature, and the porosity of the electrodes, can be efficiently analyzed.
Thermal-Imaging System Performance Measures For Nondestructive Testing

Thermal images result from temperature differences and/or emissivity differences (apparent temperature differences) in a scene or target. It is the function of a thermal-imaging system to reproduce an acceptable visible image of the scene or target from its thermal content. Thus, a thermal-imaging system is required to resolve spatial differences of temperature and emissivity. The performance of a thermal-imaging system may be specified by means of the fundamental performance measures, noise-equivalent temperature difference (NEAT), minimum-resolvable temperature difference (MRTD), and/or minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD). Noise-equivalent temperature difference is a convenient measure of an imaging system's thermal sensitivity to a broad-area target (extended source); however, by itself it is no indicator of imaging capability. On the other hand, both minimum-resolvable temperature difference and minimum-detectable temperature difference address the imagery, which includes the human factor; i.e., the image observer. Thus, MRTD is a measure of the compound system-observer capability to spatially resolve temperature differences in a standard periodic-bar target by observing its display on a video monitor. The minimum-detectable temperature difference is similar to the MRTD, except the target geometry differs in being an aperiodic square. The measurement and the significance of each of these performance measures is discussed.
Cardiac performance in ECMO candidates: Echocardiographic predictors for ECMO

Abstract Twenty-one neonates with severe respiratory failure, who met criteria in this center for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), underwent echocardiographic examinations to assess the role of cardiac dysfunction in determining the need for ECMO. The echocardiographic indexes of function included peak aortic and pulmonary flow velocity, aortic and pulmonary acceleration, shortening fraction, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, right ventricular output, and left ventricular output. Patients were offered a staged treatment protocol using high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), followed by ECMO if failing HFOV rescue. Nine patients demonstrated progressive deterioration and required ECMO (group 1); 12 patients recovered without ECMO (group 2). There were no significant intergroup differences in AaDO 2 , age, weight, gestational age, inotropic support, mean airway pressure, systemic blood pressure, or arterial blood gas parameters. Group 1 had significantly lower pulmonary and aortic peak flow velocities, lower pulmonary acceleration, lower shortening fraction, and lower velocity of circumferential fiber shortening ( P 2 would predict the need for ECMO in 7 of 9 group 1 patients and recovery without ECMO in 11 of 12 group 2 patients ( P
Comparison of retroviral transduction efficiency in CD34+ cells derived from bone marrow versus G-CSF-mobilized or G-CSF plus stem cell factor-mobilized peripheral blood in nonhuman primates.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are ideal targets for genetic manipulation in the treatment of several congenital and acquired disorders affecting the hematopoietic compartment. Although G-CSF–mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells are the favored source of hematopoietic stem cells in clinical transplantation, this source of stem cells does not provide meaningful engraftment levels of genetically modified cells compared with G-CSF + stem cell factor (SCF)–mobilized cells in nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the use of G-CSF mobilization can have disastrous consequences in patients with sickle cell disease, a long-held target disorder for HSC-based gene therapy approaches. We therefore conducted a study to compare the levels of genetically modified cells attainable after retroviral transduction of CD34+ cells collected from a bone marrow (BM) harvest with CD34+ cells collected from a leukapheresis product after mobilization with G-CSF (n = 3) or G-CSF in combination with SCF (n = 3) in the rhesus macaque autologous transplantation model. Transductions were performed using retroviral vector supernatant on fibronectin-coated plates for 96 hours in the presence of stimulatory cytokines. BM was equal to or better than G-CSF–mobilized peripheral blood as a source of HSCs for retroviral transduction. Although the highest marking observed was derived from G-SCF + SCF–mobilized peripheral blood in two animals, marking in the third originated only from the BM fraction. These results demonstrate that steady-state BM is at least equivalent to G-CSF–mobilized peripheral blood as a source of HSCs for retroviral gene transfer and the only currently available source for patients with sickle cell disease.
Measurement of Initial Degree of Polymerization without Reactivation as a New Method To Estimate Rate Constants of Deactivation in ATRP

A new simple method has been developed for the estimation of deactivation rate constants in atom transfer radical polymerization using copper catalysts. This method is based on the principle of reverse ATRP and is conducted under an air atmosphere, using molecular oxygen as an oxidant for Cu(I) species. The deactivation rate constants for several different reactive copper complexes were estimated by this procedure, and the results are correlated with those obtained from the analysis of the evolution of molecular weight distribution with conversion and with competitive trapping reactions using nitroxides. The effect of temperature on these rate constants was also studied.
Harnessing Memory Page Distribution for Network-Efficient Live Migration

Live migration of Virtual Machines (VM) is an important part of cloud and data center management that allows load balancing, physical machine (PM) maintenance, and consolidation. Maintaining low network usage spikes and fast times during live migration are necessary goals to ensure that the performance of the migrating VM as well as that of other VMs in the cluster is not degraded. In this paper we present a proactive memory sharing protocol that utilizes the commonality of memory pages between VMs due to similar resident Operating Systems and applications to achieve these goals. The proposed method identifies and distributes important shared pages in a cluster over time substantially reducing network usage and enabling fast times during migration. We implement our approach on a test cluster and demonstrate the time and bandwidth benefits achieved with real world loads for both pre and post copy live migration.
The association between subjective social status and mental health among Asian immigrants: Investigating the influence of age at immigration☆

This paper examines how age at immigration influences the association between adult subjective social status and mental health outcomes. The age when people immigrate shapes the capacity and efficiency at which they learn and use a new language, the opportunities to meet and socialize with a wide range of people, and respond to healthy or stressful environments. We hypothesize that adult subjective social status will be more predictive of health outcomes among immigrants who arrive in the US in mid- to late-adulthood compared with immigrants who arrive earlier. To investigate this hypothesis, data on immigrants are drawn from the US first national survey of mental health among Asian Americans (N = 1451). Logistic regression is used to estimate the relationships between adult subjective social status and mood dysfunction, a composite of anxiety and affective disorder symptoms. As predicted, age at immigration moderated the relationship between adult subjective social status and mood dysfunction. Adult subjective social status was related to health among immigrants arriving when they were 25 years and older, but there was no association between subjective social status and mental health among immigrants arriving before the age of 25 years.
Two-dimensional contrast echocardiography. I. In vitro development and quantitative analysis of echo contrast agents

To facilitate the passage of echo contrast agents through the microcirculation and the echocardiographic study of myocardial perfusion, ultrasonic energy (sonication) was employed to produce contrast agents consisting of relatively uniform, stable and small ( It is concluded that of the contrast agents examined, sonicated solutions of sorbitol (70%) and dextrose (70%) appeared to have particular potential because of the small sizes of the microbubbles (6 ± 2 and 8 ± 3 μ, respectively) and their prolonged in vitro persistence. The use of sonication to produce standardized, small and stable microbubbles should facilitate physiologic passage of the contrast agent through the capillary beds and allow two-dimensional imaging of the left heart myocardium during right-sided, aortic root, coronary sinus or intraco-ronary contrast injections.
The structure of the nickel bis(1,2-ethenedithiolate)/2,3-dimethylbutadiene cycloaddition reaction product

Summary The synthesis and chemistry of the cycloaddition products formed by reaction of various dienes with nickel bis(1,2-ethenedithiolate) is reported An orbital correlation model previously proposed in describing these and the related olefin reactions is supported by an X-ray diffraction study of the 2,3-dimethylbutadiene/nickel bis(1,2-ethenedithiolate) structure. This study confirms that the products formed by olefins and dienes are close structural relatives. Briefly the structures show a tetradentate sulfur ligand coordinated to square planar nickel. The central ring of the three chelate ring structure is formed in the cycloaddition reaction, and in the present case of a seven membered ring is completely strain free. Bond lengths and molecular properties suggest that reaction is redox in nature with nickel bis(1,2-ethenedithiolate) being the oxidant or acceptor molecule. The crystals studied were monoclinic P 2 1 / c with a =7.393(9), b =13.624(21), c = 20.003(26)A and β=90.80(5)°. The unit cell contains 4 formula units and the structure was solved using 1333 diffractometer measured intensities and refined to a final R factor of 0.094 based on F .
Relationships among lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, sperm parameters, and competitive index in dairy bulls

Abstract Sperm membranes contain high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are highly susceptible to oxidative damage that interferes with fertilization ability. The objective of this study was to determine associations among lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substance concentration), antioxidant enzymatic activities in frozen spermatozoa, and competitive indices. Semen from multiple ejaculates collected in succession from each bull (four Holstein and four Jersey) was pooled. Heterospermic doses (20 × 10 6 sperm/0.5 mL straw) were made to obtain 16 Holstein/Jersey combinations (equal number of sperm from each bull). Cows were inseminated on observed or synchronized estrus. The sire of calves ( N = 460) was determined; based on the number of calves sired, a competitive index was obtained for each bull. Prior to preparation of the heterospermic doses, a sub-sample of semen from each bull was taken, processed, frozen, and stored concurrent with heterospermic samples. After thawing, these homospermic samples were assessed for lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, DNA fragmentation index (DFI), plasma membrane integrity (PMI), and total progressive motility (assessed by CASA). Sperm lipid peroxidation and the competitive index were negatively correlated ( r = −0.78; P r = 0.86; P P r = −0.78 and −0.83, respectively). There was neither significant association between SOD activity and competitive index, nor between GPx activity and competitive index. In conclusion, bulls with lower sperm lipid peroxidation had higher chances of siring calves; this was attributed to the deleterious effects of lipid peroxidation on sperm plasma membrane integrity and sperm DNA, which may reduce sperm fertilizing potential.
Economic Understanding and Student Success in a Business Curriculum

(1991). Economic Understanding and Student Success in a Business Curriculum. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 309-313.
Emotion Socialization in Families of Children With an Anxiety Disorder

Compared emotion socialization in 26 children with anxiety disorders ages 8–12 years and their mothers to 26 nonclinical counterparts without psychopathology. Children and their mothers participated in an emotion interaction task in which they discussed occasions when the child felt worry, sadness, and anger. Responses were coded for length of discussion, proportion of words spoken by child vs. mother, frequency of positive and negative emotion words, explanatory discussion of emotion, and maternal facilitation of emotion discussion. Children and their mothers also completed the Expressiveness and Control scales of the Family Environment Scale. Results indicated that mothers of children with an anxiety disorder spoke less frequently than their child, used significantly fewer positive emotion words, and discouraged their children’s emotion discussions more than did mothers of nonclinical children. Nonclinical children and their mothers indicated significantly more emotional expressiveness in their families than did children with an anxiety disorder and their mothers. These results highlight the potential role of truncated family emotional expressivity in the emotional development and functioning of children with an anxiety disorder.
Fuzzy vector spaces under triangular norms

Abstract The object of this paper is to redefine fuzzy subspaces using the notion of a t-norm and to obtain several results, some of which are generalisations of the results of Katsaras and Liu [3].
Inhibition of cell aggregation by specific carbohydrates.

Abstract One approach to investigating the potential role of surface carbohydrates in mediating intercellular adhesion is to study cell reaggregation in the presence of defined concentrations of specific saccharides. Fifteen different exogenously added saccharides were tested for their effect on the reaggregation of 24 h sea urchin embryo cells (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) dissociated by removal of divalent cations. Aliquots (0.2 ml) of cell suspension were rotated at 68 rpm, 17 °C, pH 8.0, with varying concentrations (0.5 × 1−1−0.5 × 10−5 M) of the sugars. Relative percents of cell aggregation were determined using an electronic particle counter assay. In all experiments cell viability using trypan blue was over 95.8%. Among the sugars tested, in 15 separate experiments, d -galactose and N-acetyl- d -galactosamine consistently inhibited aggregation to the greatest extent at early time points. d -Galactose, at all concentrations tested, at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 min rotation, showed mean decreases of aggregation over control values in the absence of sugar of 59.3, 53.6, 43.2, 35.0 and 36.4%, respectively. N-Acetyl- d -galactosamine also caused mean decreases in aggregation of 73.5, 54.5, 40.8, 42.2 and 45.6%, respectively. Each difference over the control is significant to the p value of less than 0.01. In three experiments, β-galactosidase substantially inhibited reaggregation of these cells. These results suggest that galactopyranosyl-like groups may be implicated in mediating adhesion of 24 h sea urchin embryo cells to each other.
Activity-Based Protein Profiling Reagents for Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4): Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of a Fluorescently Labeled Probe

Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), which catalyzes the post-translational conversion of peptidyl arginine to peptidyl citrulline, is widely regarded as one of the best new targets for the development of a novel rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic. In addition to its presumed role in this disease, PAD4 is also a calcium-dependent histone deiminase that acts as a transcriptional co-repressor. Herein we describe the design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of two fluorescently labeled activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) reagents that specifically and irreversibly modify the active, that is, calcium-bound, form PAD4 with equal affinity to previously described small molecule chemical probes of PAD4 function. These fluorescently tagged ABPPs will be useful for identifying the conditions under which this enzyme is activated in vivo and may prove to be useful RA diagnostics.
Psychotherapeutic considerations in genetic counseling

It is essential to consider the psychodynamic aspects of genetic counseling to attain the best outcome for the family. Narcissistic injury (reduced self-esteem), excessive defensiveness, and depressive reactions may impede an effective resolution of feelings and preclude the necessary adaptation to genetic diseases and the new realities that have developed. Most parents of genetically affected children are capable of dealing with these conflicts. However, some individuals need help during the adaptation process by assisting them to grieve for their disappointments and to help them develop new goals for themselves and for the baby that was born. This paper describes psychodynamic concepts that might be explored to facilitate conflict-resolution resulting from the occurrence of genetic disease.
Upgrading protein synthesis for synthetic biology

Genetic code expansion for synthesis of proteins containing noncanonical amino acids is a rapidly growing field in synthetic biology. Creating optimal orthogonal translation systems will require re-engineering central components of the protein synthesis machinery on the basis of a solid mechanistic biochemical understanding of the synthetic process.
Discussion: “A Fractal Theory of the Interfacial Temperature Distribution in the Slow Sliding Regime: Part I—Elastic Contact and Heat Transfer Analysis” (Wang, S., and Komvopoulos, K., 1994, ASME J. Tribol., 116, pp. 812–822)

The number given by Eq. (B18) is the reciprocal of an important mathematical constant, known as the golden ratio. When D — 2, ^ approaches a finite value equal to e 1 (refer to Eq. (B15)) while the exponent of \p in Eq. (B17) approaches zero. Thus, the factor, i/-, approaches a value of unity. Consequently, the area ratio, aL/Arl, approaches zero, and the asymptotic behavior of this ratio can be represented by the following relationship, Arf 2-D
Low-Isp derated ion thruster operation

The performance and lifetime expectations of 30 cm xenon ion thruster technology at low values of specific impulse were evaluated, with emphasis on 1000-2500 s operation. Power levels of up to 2.0 kW, appropriate for auxiliary and orbit maneuvering propulsion, were processed at thrust-to-power ratios up to 57 mN/kW. These tests were conducted using a derated 30 cm ion thruster with high-perveance design two-grid ion optics with xenon propellant. Lifetime projections were made based on a simple analysis of critical component erosion rates, and it was found that a strong correlation exists with the ratio of the specific impulse-to-input power. Under all operating conditions for which the projected thruster lifetime is less than 10,000 hrs, the life-limiting component of this technology is erosion of the accelerator grid due to charge-exchange ions. The use of alternative grid materials such as carbon is estimated to increase useful thruster lifetimes by as much as an order of magnitude and may enable long-life high thrust-density, sub-2500 s Isp operation. The performance and life of the derated thruster appears similar to that of the Russian SPT-100 thruster in the 1.0-2.0 kW, 1600-2000 s operational envelope.
Aleutian magnesian andesites: Melts from subducted Pacific ocean crust

Abstract Several diagnostic chemical characteristics of an uncommon Aleutian magma type support a proposed origin that involves a small amount of partial melting of subducted Pacific ocean crust (basalt) consisting mainly of garnet and clinopyroxene (eclogite or garnet websterite). Among the characteristics are high La/Yb ratios and Sr contents and low ratios of radiogenic to non-radiogenic Sr and Pb. The major element composition of the andesites resembles that of hydrous melts in equilibrium with peridotite: a low ratio of total Fe to Mg is distinctive. These disparate observations can be reconciled if large ion lithophile (LIL)- element-rich hydrous melt from the subducted oceanic crust equilibrates with olivine and orthopyroxene in overlying LIL-element-depleted mantle and then erupts without interacting with the island are crust. The compositional dissimilarity of the magnesian andesites and most other andesites from the Aleutian island arc precludes application of this model to island are magmatism in general.
THE SEARCH FOR A BETTER EXERCISE TEST : A SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY ?

Since the demonstration that ST-segment depression is commonly found on the ECGs of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients during stress, graded exercise testing with ECG monitoring has been used to identify patients likely (and unlikely) to have CAD with flow-limiting stenoses that cause myocardial ischemia. Unfortunately, the clinical value of the exercise ECG as a diagnostic test for CAD has been limited by the imperfect association between ST-segment depression (even if >1.0 mm with horizontal or downsloping configuration) and angiographically significant coronary artery lesions, and by use of testing in populations at various degrees of risk for disease.1 2 3 Investigators have derived variations of ECG analysis in an attempt to improve the sensitivity of exercise testing for diagnosing CAD, such as heart rate adjustments of ST-segment depression (ST/heart rate slope, ST/heart rate index) during exercise.4 5 However, these analyses are not widely used, in part because of continued dispute regarding the advantages of these data manipulations over conventional ST-segment analysis alone.6 7 Frustrated by limitations in the diagnostic utility of the exercise ECG, many cardiologists initially perform nuclear or echocardiographic stress (exercise or pharmacological) testing to diagnose CAD in patients with unknown coronary anatomy or go straight to coronary angiography without prior noninvasive stress testing.8 In this issue of Circulation , Barthelemy and coworkers9 report a novel approach to analyzing the response to exercise stress, which they believe enhances the clinical usefulness of exercise testing in diagnosing CAD. In addition to recording the ECG and vital signs during exercise, the authors measured plasma lactate levels within minutes after termination of exercise. Lactic acid is released by exercising skeletal muscles as the oxygen requirements of working muscle cells exceed adequate oxygen delivery to the cells (the so-called oxygen debt). Appropriate oxygen delivery is determined by …
Traveling ionospheric disturbances observed near the time of the solar eclipse of 7 March 1970

Abstract Experimental radio sounding data collected on 7 March 1970 have been analyzed with primary interest in detecting any traveling ionospheric disturbances generated by the solar eclipse of that day, as postulated by Chimonas and Hines (1970). Data from two oblique and three vertical incidence ionospheric sounders in the south-western portion of the U.S.A. were used in the investigation. During the period 1600–1830 GMT, rather large scale, wave-like disturbances traveled from north to south with apparent horizontal velocities of about 400 m/sec. The relationships between data from the several stations are fairly complex, perhaps as a result of interference effects between waves arriving from more than one source to the north. These disturbances occurred earlier than the expected arrival of any eclipse-generated effects and are believed related to the strong geomagnetic activity present on eclipse day. During the period 1930–2030 GMT, when an eclipse-generated disturbance could reasonably be expected to arrive, there is evidence of a traveling disturbance with a generally east-to-west component of motion. The apparent orientation of the wavefront differs by about 60–70† from that predicted by simple theory for a bow wave produced by the moving eclipse shadow. It is possible that propagation conditions for the traveling disturbance could cause departures from the concept of a uniform, radially advancing wavefront; however, we conclude that with the available data it is not possible to make a strong case for an eclipse associated effect.
Analysis and design of kinked (bent) beam sensors

This paper describes microfabricated freestanding 'v'-shaped beams, which may be used for a wide variety of sensing applications, e.g., temperature, residual stress arising from microfabrication and surface stresses generated by molecular adsorption. Analytical solutions are derived that connect structural deformation (i.e. output displacement) to physical driving forces and geometry. Various asymptotic limits are presented to illustrate the range of geometries for which bending and axial deformation can be neglected. An intriguing implication of the analysis is that the most sensitive device is only slightly kinked, with a kink angle close to the width-to-length ratio of the beams. For such structures, the displacements produced by buckling-type deformation can be much larger than those produced by purely axial elongation of structures with larger kink angles. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for designing highly sensitive devices, with an emphasis on the advantages of exploiting nonlinear behavior and constructing polymeric structures.
Free recall of taxonomically and alphabetically organized word lists as a function of storage and retrieval cues

After a grouping pretest, 128 Ss each learned a 40-word free-recall (FR) list containing 5 words representing each of 8 taxonomic categories and beginning with each of 8 first letters, followed by additional recall and transfer tests. Taxonomic cues and blocking both facilitated FR performance and categorical clustering, whereas both first-letter cues and blocking impaired FR performance but produced less alphabetical than categorical clustering. Taxonomic cues on a final cued test trial produced enhanced FR performance, but letter cues thereupon produced substantial FR losses. Besides demonstrating a marked superiority of categorical over alphabetical bases for FR organization, these results also indicate the necessity of appropriate storage for effective coding and FR retrieval, and argue against independent storage of individual items.
Adsorbed states of acetonitrile and chloroform on amorphous and crystalline ice studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The adsorbed states of acetonitrile (CH3CN) and chloroform (CHCl3) on ultrathin films of amorphous and crystalline ice were studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results were in agreement with previously published temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FTIRAS) studies. The N(1s) spectrum of acetonitrile on amorphous ice exhibits two states of binding energies, 402.2 and 401.4 eV, which are assigned to hydrogen bonded and physisorbed/multilayer acetonitrile, respectively. The Cl(2p) spectrum of chloroform on amorphous ice exhibits a single set of peaks, associated with the 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 spin states of the physisorbed molecules. There is no hydrogen bonded state, as expected for a weak hydrogen bond acceptor like CHCl3. The N(1s) spectra of acetonitrile on crystalline ice show that very little hydrogen bonded CH3CN is present. Instead, there are two states, one at 401.4 eV (the multilayer) and the other at 400.4 eV. The latter state saturates at a coverage of ∼1 monolayer. The C(1s) spectra of acetonitrile on crystalline ice and the Cl(2p) spectra of chloroform on crystalline ice also reveal the presence of states shifted by roughly −1 eV with respect to the multilayer. These states are attributed to the first layer of physisorbed CH3CN or CHCl3, their binding energies are shifted relative to the multilayer because of final state interactions between the adsorbed molecules and the dipolar crystalline ice surface. The crystalline surface is suggested to be dipolar because of a reconstruction that results in a decrease in the coverage of free surface OH groups.
Artistic, Therapeutic, and Sexually Informed: A Five-Week Human Sexuality Course for Art Therapy Students

This article is a case study of curriculum development and learning outcomes from a five-week human sexuality course for art therapy and marital and family therapy graduate students. First, course context and intentions are introduced. Second, the course format is presented briefly. Third, students’ experiences are illustrated through narrative reflections and art making. Fourth, students’ structured evaluations of the course are displayed through an outcome survey report. Finally, implications for educational and clinical work are discussed.
Use of health behavior change theories to guide urinary incontinence research

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence in adults has been the focus of researchers for over 40 years. Health behavior change theories, predominantly operant conditioning, have guided much of the intervention research. In recent years cognitive theories have been used to guide behavioral interventions for urinary incontinence. Most research has focused on individual rather than group or community behavior. Few, if any, health behavior change theories have been tested on population-based interventions. OBJECTIVES: To explore urinary incontinence research guided by health behavior change theories. METHODS: Existing literature on health behavior change theories was analyzed to generate a plan for future research. RESULTS: Gaps in knowledge are identified and discussed and recommendations for future research are made. CONCLUSIONS: The development and testing of new theories will guide the next generation of incontinence researchers and ultimately lead to reducing the incidence and prevalence of incontinence.
A Comparison among Variations in the Dye Dilution Procedure for Determining Blood Volume

Abstract Since small differences on the composition of the diluent may affect the optical density of Evans Blue solutions (Allen et al., 1953), it is frequently the practice when using this dye for blood volume determinations to make up individual blanks and standards using amounts of the animal’s own control plasma equivalent to the plasma in the samples. Dilutions for optical density readings may be accomplished by either adding the diluent to whole blood before centrifugation or to plasma after separation of cells and fluid. Considerable time and equipment may be saved through use of a common blank and standard, but the discrepancies likely to be incurred in the determination of blood volume of the hen by these simplifications have not been reported. PROCEDURE The work involving composition of diluent utilized 59 one-year-old White Leghorn hens, averaging 1900 gms. in body weight and laying at a rate of 50%; that involving…
Urban Poetics: Poetry, Social Justice and Critical Pedagogy in Education

Posing an alternate view to high stakes educational models, the thoughts, opinions and practices of four poetry educators are used to provide critical insights as how to infuse creative outlets in the educational process. In gathering the motivations of these poetry educators, a goal of this project is to encapsulate their philosophies through researcher observation and participation. Engaging such work with social justice at the center creates a particular disposition. It can be subjective in the sense that an understanding of improvement requires an explicit commitment to the improvement of the lives of young people in education through a participatory process.
Superacid polymers from sulfonated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene): preparation and characterization

Superacid polymers were prepared by bringing metal halides (AlCl3, SnCl4, TiCl4, BF3, or SbF5) in contact with macroporous sulfonic acid resins [sulfonated, crosslinked poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)]. The resulting solids were characterized by chemical analysis, temperature-programmed desorption, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. They were also tested as catalysts for n-butane isomerization at 0.5 bar and 60 to 120°C. The polymers consist of supported metal oxyhalide particles, complexes of metal oxyhalides and sulfonate groups, and the remaining unreacted sulfonic acid groups. In the presence of HCl, these polymers were highly active catalysts for the butane isomerization reaction, the activity being a consequence of a high proton-donor strength inferred to be associated with H2Cl+ groups stabilized on the polymer surface by negative charge delocalization over sulfonate–metal oxyhalide sulfonate groups.
Cellular responses to chemical and morphologic aspects of biomaterial surfaces. I: A novel in vitro model system

The clinical success of any implant is directly dependent upon the cellular behavior in the immediate vicinity of the interface established between the host tissue and the biomaterial(s) used to fabricate the device. All biomaterials have morphologic, chemical, and electrical surface characteristics that influence the cellular response to the implant. Quantitative measurement of specific aspects of this local host response to different but well-characterized biomaterial surfaces provides a crucial link in the understanding of the overall phenomenon of implant biocompatibility. A system has been devised for in vitro examination of responses of cells to controlled but independent changes in both the chemistry and morphology of polystyrene (PS) tissue culture surfaces. Micromachined silicon wafers were used as templates to solvent-cast PS replicas [using 0, 1, or 2 wt % styrene (S) monomer additions] with either none, 0.5- or 5.0-microns-deep surface grooves arranged in a radial array. When all possible morphologies were combined with all possible polymers, nine model biomaterial surfaces (MBSs) were produced. The chemical characteristics of the MBSs were determined using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and contact angle techniques and were found to be distinct. The types and amount of proteins that adsorb onto these surfaces from serum containing media were examined and found to consist of multiple molecular layers of relatively uniform composition. Self-contained tissue culture vessels formed from the MBSs were capable of supporting the growth of confluent cultures of rat calvarial cells. The model biomaterial system described here can be used to examine how simultaneous stimuli resulting from the chemical and morphological characteristics of a test material may influence biologic responses. Such multifactorial biocompatibility research is needed to properly document material-host interactions.
Diagnosis and treatment of deep neck space abscesses

Objective: To review our experience with deep neck abscesses and identify unique trends in our patient population.Study Design: Case series with chart review.Subjects and Methods: Evaluation of patients with deep neck space abscesses between 2001 and 2006. Peritonsillar abscess, superficial craniocervical infection, and salivary gland infections were excluded from selection of study population. A total of 106 cases were reviewed.Results: Dental infections were the most common cause of deep neck abscesses (49.1%). Comorbidities included substance abuse (53.7%), psychiatric illness (10.4%), hypertension (9.4%), head and neck cancer (6.6%), and diabetes mellitus (5.7%). All patients received systemic antibiotics, eight patients required tracheotomy, 85 patients underwent surgical drainage in the operating room, and 11 had bedside drainage. Median and lower quartile of time in hospital was 2 and 3 days, respectively, whereas upper quartile was 4 days (range, 1 to 27 days). Patients with comorbidities or concu...