cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Three-Gene Phylogeny of the Genus Solanum (Solanaceae)

Solanum, with approximately 1,500 species, is the largest genus in the Solanaceae and includes economically important species such as the tomato, potato, and eggplant. In part due to its large size and tropical center of diversity, resolving evolutionary relationships across Solanum as a whole has been challenging. In order to identify major clades within Solanum and to gain insight into phylogenetic relationships among these clades, we sampled 102 Solanum species and seven outgroup taxa for three DNA sequence regions (chloroplast ndhF and trnT- F, and nuclear waxy) and analyzed the data using parsimony and Bayesian methods. The same major Solanum clades were identified by each data partition, and the combined analysis provided the best resolved hypothesis of relationships within the genus. Our data suggest that most traditionally recognized Solanum subgenera are not monophyletic. The Thelopodium clade is sister to the rest of Solanum, which is split into two large clades. These two large clades are further divided into at least 10 subclades, for which informal names are provided and morphological synapomorphies are proposed. The identification of these subclades provides a framework for directed sampling in further phylogenetic studies, and identifies natural groups for focused revisionary work.
Effect of mTOR inhibition on sensitivity of triple-negative breast cancer cells to epidermal growth factor inhibition

1055 Background: The outcome for patients with triple negative (TN) cancers is poor at least in part because of a lack of targeted therapies. Although 50% of TN breast cancers over-express EGFR, th...
Fused Filament Additive Manufacturing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Soft Active 3D Structures

This paper describes a new three-dimensional (3D) additive manufacturing (AM) technique in which electroactive polymer filament material is used to build soft active 3D structures, layer by layer. The proposed manufacturing process is well-suited for creating electroactive soft complex structures and devices, whereby the entire system can be manufactured from an electroactive polymer material. For the first time, the unique actuation and sensing properties of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is exploited and directly incorporated into the structural design to create sub-millimeter scale cilia-like actuators and sensors to macro-scale soft robotic systems. Because ionic polymers such as Nafion are not melt-processable, in the first step a precursor material (non-acid Nafion precursor resin) is extruded into a thermoplastic filament for 3D printing. The filament is then used by a custom-designed 3D printer to manufacture the desired soft polymer structures, layer by layer. Since, at this stage the 3D-printed samples are not yet electroactive, a chemical functionalization process follows, consisting in hydrolyzing the precursor resin in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, C2H6OS). Upon functionalization, metal electrodes are applied on the samples through an electroless plating process, which enables selected areas of the 3D-printed electroactive structures to be controlled by voltage signals for actuation, while other parts can function as sensors. This innovative AM process is described in detail and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the potential and feasibility of creating 3D-printed IPMC actuator samples.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Gendering Redistricting: Race, Gender and the New Southern Strategy

The 2010 redistricting process issued in the latest manifestation and deployment of the ‘new’ southern strategy in which conservative operatives manipulated the redistricting process to create majority minority districts that far exceeded the minimums necessary to ensure minority electoral success in southern state legislatures. Instead, these newly drawn district lines created a new southern legislative landscape that all but eradicated white southern Democrats. With the elimination of white southern Democrats, state legislatures are more starkly drawn racially between black Democrats and white Republicans. In the wake of the 2010 redistricting cycle, we saw the clearest fusing of party identification with race. While this fusion of race and party identification represents a long-standing trend in American politics, an underexplored question for this new legislative landscape is what happens to the interests of women and who will represent women’s issues? This paper explores impact of the new southern strategy’s eradication of the white southern Democrat on women and women’s issues. It also asks the fate of coalitional politics across race and gender groups in the absence of likely allies. What do these shifts in party control in state legislatures mean for women’s representation? Further as white democratic women are more likely to support progressive politics and participate in coalitional politics with black women, larger questions abound regarding coalitional politics for black democrats. This paper analyzes the composition of state legislatures following the 2010 redistricting process with specific attention to the ways not only racial identity lines are solidified, but how women’s representation is impacted, which I argue has long term coalition building implications for black interests and women’s interest legislation.
Research about Assistive Technology: 2000–2006. What Have We Learned?:

The purpose of this article is to offer a review of research on the use of assistive technology for students with disabilities and some reflections on the nature of knowledge that is being produced...
Discriminated lever-press avoidance

Two lever-press avoidance experiments were conducted with rats. In the first, it was found that avoidance behavior was produced when a lever press and release sequence was shaped and when intertrial responses were punished. In the second experiment, an improved technique using, variable shock intensities was tested successfully. Results were interpreted using the principles of response differentiation and discriminatory cue acquisition.
Preparation of Mono-Cbz Protected Guanidines.

The article discusses the synthesis of mono-N-acylguanidines, via acylation with acid chlorides or anhydrides is often complicated by over acylation due to the increased acidity of the initially formed mono-N-acylguanidine. Alternatively they can be accessed by the controlled hydrolysis of diacyl-protected guanidines. Several methods have also been developed for their synthesis from N-acyl-thioureas or N-acyl-pseudothioureas. The use of the monoprotected versions of the pyrazole transfer reagent have also been reported, but are unreactive or poorly reactive toward amines because of their decreased electrophilicity. The differentially protected pyrazole transfer reagent can be employed followed by removal of the Boc or Cbz protecting group. Keywords: Acetonitrile; Benzylamine; Benzyl chloroformate; N-Benzyl, N'-Cbz-guanidine; Carbonylbenzyloxycyanamide; Dichloromethane; Potassium benzyloxycarbonylcyanamide; Trimethylsilyl chloride
Isolated diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon: report of a case.

A case report of a patient who had a solitary diverticulum of the sigmoid that became imflamed and perforated is presented. The possible existence of such a lesion must be considered in the differential diagnosis of single ulcero-inflammatory lesions of the left side of the colon.
Benefits of a humanistic education: a student perspective.

Do you remember your first day of dental school and how excited you were to enter into a new career? For me, this day was just over two years ago. Now think about how you feel about your entire dental school experience. For far too many dentists and dental students, the three or four years of dental
Intestine Transplantation Across a Positive Crossmatch With Preformed Donor-Specific Antibodies

Abstract Background We describe our experience using a modified protocol for immunosuppression for intestine transplantation across a positive crossmatch. Patients who underwent transplantation in 2013 were evaluated over a 12-month period for rejection and infectious events with comparison to procedure-matched controls on our standard protocol of immunosuppression. Patients and Methods We used a modified protocol for intestine and multivisceral transplantation for patients with a positive flow crossmatch. In addition to our standard protocol, patients with positive crossmatch were given rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) preoperatively. DSA was sent for clinical evaluation at monthly intervals. Patients were screened for rejection by endoscopic evaluation. Results Four patients underwent transplantation within a single year across a positive crossmatch. Two received isolated intestine transplants and 2 had multivisceral transplantation (MVT). During the 12-month follow-up, 1 patients had an episode of severe acute cellular rejection, which was managed with increased immunosuppression. None of the patients had episodes of cytomegalovirus infection. One patient developed major infection and 3 patients developed minor bacterial infections. Among procedure-matched controls with negative final crossmatch on standard management (no preoperative rituximab or IVIg), 2 developed mild acute cellular rejection and 2 developed minor infections. One developed cytomegalovirus viremia with invasion to the colonic mucosa. Conclusions We report our protocol for immunosuppression for IT and MVT across a positive crossmatch. This allowed transplantation despite the presence of a positive crossmatch, with low rejection rates but potentially increased risk for major infections compared to the negative crossmatch controls on our standard protocol.
Interrupted Aortic Arch Repair

Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) can be seen in association with ventriculoseptal defect, common arterial trunk, aortopulmonary window, transposition of the great arteries, and other cono-truncal abnormalities. Figure 6.1 illustrates the location of the three types of interruption:
Research on Circuit-breaker Lightning Failure of Open-ring Point in 220 kV Electromagnetic Loop Network

A typical circuit-breaker lightning fault of open-ring point in 220 k V electromagnetic loop network is analyzed.The lightning intruding into the fracture of circuit-breaker occurs total internal reflection.And it's the main reason causing the damage of circuit-breakers in recent years.Through the analysis,the installation of MOA,in the overhead line entrance of open-ring point in vulnerable area,is the most effective and safe method for prevention of circuit breaker from damage events.
Large-scale climatic and geophysical controls on the leaf economics spectrum

Leaf economics spectrum (LES) theory suggests a universal trade-off between resource acquisition and storage strategies in plants, expressed in relationships between foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), leaf mass per area (LMA), and photosynthesis. However, how environmental conditions mediate LES trait interrelationships, particularly at large biospheric scales, remains unknown because of a lack of spatially explicit data, which ultimately limits our understanding of ecosystem processes, such as primary productivity and biogeochemical cycles. We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and geospatial modeling to generate, to our knowledge, the first biospheric maps of LES traits, here centered on 76 million ha of Andean and Amazonian forest, to assess climatic and geophysical determinants of LES traits and their interrelationships. Elevation and substrate were codominant drivers of leaf trait distributions. Multiple additional climatic and geophysical factors were secondary determinants of plant traits. Anticorrelations between N and LMA followed general LES theory, but topo-edaphic conditions strongly mediated and, at times, eliminated this classic relationship. We found no evidence for simple P-LMA or N-P trade-offs in forest canopies; rather, we mapped a continuum of N-P-LMA interactions that are sensitive to elevation and temperature. Our results reveal nested climatic and geophysical filtering of LES traits and their interrelationships, with important implications for predictions of forest productivity and acclimation to rapid climate change.
Applications of Energy Principles to the General Circulation

Theoretical hydrodynamics and thermodynamics furnish the basic equations of energy which in the end must describe the energy transformations which take place in the atmosphere. These equations in themselves are not capable of furnishing a sufficient rational explanation of the causes of atmospheric processes, but nevertheless provide a guide to systematic exploration for purposes of finding empirically important facts concerning the behavior of the atmosphere. Thus their utility is much enhanced if consideration is given to observational data.
Abstract LB-024: PIM kinase inhibitors selectively kill hypoxic cancer cells by reducing Nrf2 activity and increasing reactive oxygen species

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy, but this response is not durable, and all patients develop hormone-refractory disease that ultimately leads to death. Current treatment options for metastatic PCa patients are limited (e.g., cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation), and the response to these agents is invariably temporary and does not improve survival. A significant obstacle to the successful treatment of advanced PCa is tumor hypoxia. While hypoxia is toxic to normal cells, cancer cells take particular advantage of their ability to adapt to these harsh conditions by increasing the expression of proteins that promote angiogenesis and survival. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms controlling survival in hypoxia is important for the development of effective therapeutic strategies to selectively kill hypoxic tumor cells. The Proviral Integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases represent a pro-survival pathawy that is upregulated in response to hypoxia in a HIF-1 independent manner. We demonstrate that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PIM kinases is significantly more toxic toward cancer cells in hypoxia versus normoxia. Xenograft studies confirm that PIM kinase inhibitors impede tumor growth and selectively kill hypoxic tumor cells in vivo. Experiments show that PIM kinases enhance the ability of tumor cells to adapt to hypoxia-induced oxidative stress by increasing the nuclear localization and activity of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which functions to increase the expression of antioxidant genes. Small molecule PIM kinase inhibitors reduce the ability of Nrf2 to enter the nucleus and block the transcrption of cytoprotective genes, leading to the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to toxic levels in hypoxic tumor cells. This toxic effect of PIM inhibitors can be succesfully blocked by ROS scavengers, including N-acetyl cystine and superoxide dismutase. Thus, inhibition of PIM kinases has the potential to oppose hypoxia-mediate therapeutic resistance and induce cell death in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Alva G. Sainz, Jin H. Song, Andrew S. Kraft, Noel A. Warfel. PIM kinase inhibitors selectively kill hypoxic cancer cells by reducing Nrf2 activity and increasing reactive oxygen species. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-024.
Abstract 2313: Characterizing intratumoral cellular heterogeneity in human glioblastoma xenografts by 30+ parameter single-cell mass cytometry

Introduction: Glioblastoma tumors contain dramatic intratumoral heterogeneity at the level of cellular phenotypes. High-parameter single-cell platforms such as mass cytometry offer an opportunity to simultaneously measure tumor subpopulations with unexpected combinations of differentiation markers, as well as stromal cells, vasculature, and infiltrating immune cells. Methods: A subcutaneous patient-derived xenograft from an adult with glioblastoma was enzymatically digested into a single-cell suspension. Half of the cells were treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) at 20 ng/mL for 15 minutes. Both samples were then stained with a 32-marker antibody panel and measured by single-cell mass cytometry. The antibody panel included surface-expressed markers of stemness and differentiation, as well as intracellular markers to monitor cell cycle, apoptosis, and growth factor signaling. Unsupervised spectral clustering was used to segregate >200,000 tumor cells into 13 tumor cell subsets. Inducible signaling phenotypes were quantified in these subsets by comparing binding of phospho-specific antibodies in the stimulated sample, relative to the unstimulated control. Results: Many previously reported markers of cancer stem cells were detectable, but they did not agree on a single population of cells. Although the CD133+ fraction was rare ( Conclusions: Single-cell phenotyping by mass cytometry produced rich developmental and functional profiles of glioblastoma cell subsets. Subpopulations of primitive (CD133+) cells can exist in a single glioblastoma tumor and exhibit distinct signaling responses to external stimulation. Altogether, these results validate the use of this platform for investigation of the intratumoral cellular heterogeneity of solid neural tumors with this platform. Work is underway to identify correlations between intratumoral cellular phenotypes and upstream driver mutations in a larger cohort. Citation Format: Erin F. Simonds, Garry P. Nolan, William A. Weiss. Characterizing intratumoral cellular heterogeneity in human glioblastoma xenografts by 30+ parameter single-cell mass cytometry. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2313. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2313
Reciprocity constraints in catheter-based polarimetry

Birefringence and its optic axis orientation provide detailed insight into the microstructural arrangement of collagen and muscle fibers. Here, we explore reciprocity constraints in polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography, which facilitate measurements of optic axis orientation through a rotating catheter.
Tumor Hypoxia and the Future of Cancer Management

The role of hypoxia as a key determinant of outcome for human cancers has encouraged efforts to noninvasively detect and localize regions of poor oxygenation in tumors. In this review, we will summarize existing and developing techniques for imaging tumoral hypoxia. A brief review of the biology of tumor oxygenation and its effect on tumor cells will be provided initially. We will then describe existing methods for measurement of tissue oxygenation status. An overview of emerging molecular imaging techniques based on radiolabeled hypoxic markers such as misonidazole or hypoxia-related genes and proteins will then be given, and the usefulness of these approaches toward targeting hypoxia directly will be assessed. Finally, we will evaluate the clinical potential of oxygen- and molecular-specific techniques for imaging hypoxia, and discuss how these methods will individually and collectively advance oncology.
Experimental demonstration of electrically-tunable bandgap on 2D black phosphorus by quantum confined stark effect

We report that the bandgap of 2D few layer black phosphorus (BP) can be electrically tuned by applying a perpendicular electric/displacement field. The variation of bandgap is as large as 200 meV with 2V/nm displacement field. The bandgap modulation can be understood with the quantum confined stark effect within the SiO 2 /BP/boron nitride (BN) sandwiched structure. This unique material property provides a new route to design and fabricate novel electronic and photonic devices based on black phosphorus.
Mixed Versus Pure Variants of Desmoplastic Melanoma: The Cleveland Clinic Experience.

Background Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is a subvariant of spindle cell melanoma, accounting for less than 4% of all cutaneous melanomas. It occurs later in life and is associated with chronic sun exposure. Desmoplastic melanoma prognosis is considered more favorable than other variants, with lower rates of metastasis and higher survival. Recently, DM has been further subclassified into pure and mixed, calling into question surgical management and patient outcomes as well as viability of current nationwide databases without this distinction. Methods We identified all patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of DM from the Cleveland Clinic electronic melanoma database (n = 58) from 1997 to 2013. Clinical and histopathologic data were collected. Comparison in clinical variables was performed between patients who had pure (n = 15) and mixed (n = 43) variants of DM. Results There were no differences in age, sex, location of lesion, Breslow depth, ulceration, or regression. Patients with mixed DM were more likely to have lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.03) compared with pure DM. There was no difference in performance of sentinel lymph node biopsy (P = 0.25) or sentinel lymph node positivity (P = 0.31) between the 2 groups. Recurrence was present in 13.3% of pure and 30.2% of mixed patients. Overall, Kaplan-Meier 3-year survival was 75% for pure and 80% for mixed DM (P = 0.53). Conclusions Pure and mixed DMs seem to have similar clinical characteristics and outcomes. This indicates that analysis of national datasets without this subclassification remains viable.
Efficient Management of Certificate Revocation Lists in Smart Grid Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) forms a communication network for the collection of power data from smart meters in Smart Grid. As the communication within an AMI needs to be secure, key management becomes an issue due to overhead and limited resources. While using public-keys eliminate some of the overhead of key management, there is still challenges regarding certificates that store and certify the publickeys. In particular, distribution and storage of certificate revocation list (CRL) is major a challenge due to cost of distribution and storage in AMI networks which typically consist of wireless multi-hop networks. Motivated by the need of keeping the CRL distribution and storage cost effective and scalable, in this paper, we present a distributed CRL management model utilizing the idea of distributed hash trees (DHTs) from peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. The basic idea is to share the burden of storage of CRLs among all the smart meters by exploiting the meshing capability of the smart meters among each other. Thus, using DHTs not only reduces the space requirements for CRLs but also makes the CRL updates more convenient. We implemented this structure on ns-3 using IEEE 802.11s mesh standard as a model for AMI and demonstrated its superior performance with respect to traditional methods of CRL management through extensive simulations.
UV degradation model for polymers and polymer matrix composites

Abstract We are proposing in this work a new model of ultraviolet (UV) damage for polymers and Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs). Flat and sinusoidal polymer surfaces were numerically simulated for their UV damage as a function of UV intensity, surface topography, and exposure time. Experimentally determined UV degradation rates for a unidirectional glass/epoxy composite were used to predict numerically the local rates of material degradation on sinusoidal epoxy surfaces subjected to UV. This allowed us to show that UV damage on uneven polymer surfaces reduces their surface roughness making them planar and that the degradation rates are the largest at the tips of the local heights of the surfaces. This was subsequently verified experimentally by exposing neat epoxy specimens to UV in air at 80 °C for 1000 h and by precisely monitoring their surface topography as a function of time. It was found that the surface roughness of the epoxy was reduced by about 12.5% and that UV affected the local peaks on the surfaces of the specimens more than the valleys.
Revisiting LAMP1 as a marker for degradative autophagy-lysosomal organelles in the nervous system.

Lysosomes serve as the degradation hubs for macroautophagic/autophagic and endocytic components, thus maintaining cellular homeostasis essential for neuronal survival and function. LAMP1 (lysosomal...
The influence of yield strength and negative stress ratio on fatigue crack growth delay in 4140 steel

Single tensile overloads were applied to AISI 4140 compact steel specimens with three yield strengths of 110, 165 and 205 ksi and three stress ratios R of 0, −1/2, and −1. Fatigue crack growth delay was significantly longer for the low yield strength steel with R=0. However, at R=−1 only slight differences in delay occurred for all three yield strengths. Thus delay from single tensile overloads with R≥0 can be quite misleading when compared with negative stress ratio delay results. This implies that small compressive cyclic stresses, which often have only a small influence on constant amplitude crack growth behavior, may have significant influence in spectrum loading due to reduction of delay from high tensile overloads. This reduction in delay may be attributed to cyclic relaxation of both crack region residual stresses and crack closure. Under constant amplitude testing, fatigue crack growth rates were more dependent upon yield strength than upon R ratio.
Specialized neural networks relevant to bioimaging

This chapter presents some of the most important neural architectures relevant to bioimaging and their applications to several bioimaging tasks. In general, medical image patterns either possess a circular symmetric shape—such as nodules—or appear as small objects with a variety of geometric patterns—such as calcifications. Neural networks have demonstrated a growing importance in the area of biomedical image processing and have been increasingly used for a variety of biomedical imaging tasks. The applications scan a wide spectrum: detection and characterization of disease patterns, analysis (quantification and segmentation), compression, modeling, motion estimation, and restoration of images from a variety of imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, radiography, mammography, and nuclear medicine. The chapter describes the forward and backward propagation through the convolution neural networks (CNNs), which represents a well-established method in medical image processing. Although the CNN has a multilayer architecture like the MLP, when applied to image classification the CNN works directly with images and not with extracted features like the MLP. The CNN approach is based on the idea of neighborhood correlation: the correlation of adjacent pixels is usually higher than nonadjacent pixels. Therefore, it makes sense to emphasize features associated with adjacent pixels.
Lessons for Transitional and Developing Economies From U.S. Deposit Insurance Reform

Almost all countries — differing widely in economic and political structure and income levels — have experienced severe banking problems in recent years. Many of these banking problems may be attributed to poorly designed safety nets under banks, which increased their fragility by encouraging lower capital ratios; more risky asset and liability portfolios; and forbearance by bank regulators in applying prudential sanctions on troubled institutions and resolving economically insolvent institutions promptly. The United States experienced such a crisis in the 1980s when 10% of its banks and 25% of its savings and loan associations failed, costing the taxpayers some $150 billion. As a result, the United States enacted major deposit insurance reform as part of the FDIC Improvement Act of 1991.
Lamellar structures formed by stratum corneum lipids in vitro: a deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study.

Hydrated lipid mixtures consisting of stratum corneum ceramides, cholesterol, specifically deuterated palmitic acid, and cholesteryl sulfate were investigated by solid-state 2H NMR spectroscopy at different temperatures. The mole ratio of cholesterol to ceramides was varied from 1 to 0. 2H NMR spectra from these mixtures showed powder patterns with quadrupolar splittings smaller than those obtained from control mixtures containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) instead of the ceramides. This result is attributed to the rigid amide group of the ceramides, with a planar configuration, which could prevent close packing of the α-methylenes of the acyl chains. There was a gradual loss of symmetry in the powder pattern as the amount of cholesterol was decreased and the amount of ceramides (or DPPC) was increased concomitantly. The loss was more pronounced in the ceramide-containing samples. This phenomenon is interpreted as a decrease in the axial reorientation rate of the α-deuterated palmitic acid in the bilayers, presumably caused by the increased hydrogen bonding resulting from the high amount of hydroxyl-bearing ceramides. Spectra obtained at temperatures above 60°C indicated the formation of a hexagonal phase (HII) by the ceramide-containing mixtures. Spectra of the ω-deuterated palmitic acid in the mixture containing 76 mol% ceramides and no cholesterol indicated phase separation into a more rigid phase and a more mobile phase in the temperature range of 25 to 60°C. The bilayer configuration of lipids at 25°C was confirmed by thin-section electron microscopy.
Of Sandboxes and Silences

Walter Kohn has been an enormous influence on my professional life. I was one of his later graduate students (PhD, 1989) and managed to create a home for myself in chemistry, by working in density functional theory. A pinnacle of my professional life was, therefore, to spend eight weeks last summer visiting him in Santa Barbara.
Vortex-induced vibration of finite-length circular cylinders with spanwise free-ends: Broadening the lock-in envelope

The unsteady response of finite-length rigid circular cylinders with spanwise free-ends undergoing vortex-induced vibration (VIV) has been experimentally investigated in a large-scale wind tunnel. The model consists of a cylinder mounted on the upstream tip of an elastic cantilever beam, thus allowing the investigation of the effects of the aspect-ratio on the VIV dynamic response of the system. Models with different aspect-ratios have been tested, and the time dependent oscillation amplitude of the cylinder has been determined from the analysis of images obtained with a high-speed camera. The solid body rotation of the vibrating cylinder and the vorticity flux generated by this moving boundary, entering the flow field, are associated with the formation of large vortical structures and increased forcing on the cylinder. Surprisingly, the results show an unexpected broadening of the lock-in envelope by about 200% as the aspect-ratio decreases from 28.8 to 5 and an almost 230% increase in the peak oscillation amplitude. The reduced damping parameter known as the Skop-Griffin parameter has been used to interpret these novel results. The Griffin plot shows a reasonably good agreement between the present experimental data of different aspect-ratio cylinders and those of other investigators.
The Hospital Experience Through the Patients’ Eyes:

Background:Posthospital syndrome is associated with a decrease in physical and cognitive function and can contribute to overall patient decline. We can speculate on contributors to this decline (eg...
Insulinoma-associated protein 1 is a sensitive and specific marker for lung neuroendocrine tumors in cytologic and surgical specimens.

Introduction Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) is an immunohistochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation with potentially superior sensitivity and specificity. INSM1 performance in pulmonary cytology cell block material (CB) has not been well established, and large series demonstrating its performance have been few. Materials and methods Typical and atypical carcinoid, small cell lung carcinoma, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma CBs and 563 surgical specimens comprising 17 typical carcinoid, 14 atypical carcinoid, 8 small cell lung carcinoma, 10 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, 58 squamous cell carcinoma, 415 adenocarcinoma, and 17 large cell carcinoma cases and 24 other tumor types were immunostained with INSM1, CD56, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A. Results The INSM1 sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 92.3%, 100%, 78.9%, and 99% in the CBs and 89.8%, 98.1%, 81.5%, and 99% in the surgical specimens, respectively, with 86.2% concordance. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the other neuroendocrine markers were 97.4%, 93.3%, 97.4%, and 93.3% in the CBs and 93.9%, 93.6%, 58.2%, and 99.4% in the surgical specimens for CD56; 89.7%, 100%, 100%, and 75% in the CBs and 93.4%, 91.2%, 50.5%, and 99.4% in the surgical specimens for synaptophysin; 66.7%, 100%, 100%, and 53.6% in the CBs and 75.5%, 98.6%, 84.1%, and 97.7% in the surgical specimens for chromogranin A, respectively. Finally, INSM1, together with CD56, maximized the sensitivity to 100% with 93.3% specificity in the CBs. Conclusions The results from our study have further established the high sensitivity and specificity of INSM1 in the largest pulmonary cytologic and surgical cohorts to date. INSM1 either matched or outperformed the performance of existing neuroendocrine markers, and its combination with CD56 appeared to maximize test performance.
What are the learning and assessment objectives in educational Fab Labs and Makerspaces

We report on the analysis of responses about the benefits of educational Fab Labs and Makerspaces (FLMs) and about claims of student growth and learning in these spaces. We review related literature on assessment in FLMs and on efforts to develop frameworks. Methods of the the current study include the design of the FabLearn workshop, where responses were elicited from practitioners, and mixed-methods analyses of those responses. Results, in the form of the coding guides, are presented, followed by a discussion of the construct categories, alignment between benefits and claims codes, and consequences for coherent assessment in FLMs.
Anatrophic Nephrolithotomy: Preservation of Renal Function Demonstrated by Differential Quantitative Radionuclide Renal Scans

AbstractDifferential quantitative radionuclide renal scans have been used to confirm that early removal of staghorn calculi by anatrophic nephrolithotomy preserves renal parenchyma without significant renal damage by the surgical procedure. The 99mtechnetium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid scan was useful in predicting recovery of function in the involved kidney, while the 131iodine orthoiodohippurate scan provided a quantitative evaluation of the effect of the surgical procedure on. individual kidney function. All of 13 consecutive evaluated by 131iodine orthoiodohippurate renal scans had stable or improved effective renal plasma flow to the involved kidney and an unchanged or improved total excretory index 6 months after nephrolithotomy.
Bronchoscopic interventional therapy in airway stenosis

Because bronchoscopy and CT technology development,the number of confirmed cases of children with airway stenosis have increased every year,but clinical management of pediatric airway constriction is a very thorny issue.This article described the application principles,indications and methods of thermal cauterization,cryotherapy,balloon dilatation airway-plasty and airway stent in airway stenosis. Key words: Bronchoscopy; Interventional therapy; Airway stenosis; Children
Processing of musical pitch, time, and emotion in older adults

Abstract This chapter examines, in the context of healthy aging, age-related changes in processing of three aspects of music that convey meaning. Pitch and time are fundamental aspects of musical structure that need to be comprehended in real time in order to appreciate music. The delivery of an aesthetic and emotional message is built from these elements and distinguishes music as an art from other auditory objects. The studies reviewed here analyze pitch processing from single sounds to melody, and processing of time from single intervals to overall tempo. The third section looks at age-related changes in detection of emotion from music, the emotional response to music, and the relationship between emotion and memory for music. Although age-related declines are found in all these domains, the extent of decline (or in some cases stability or even superiority) may depend on the extent to which crystallized knowledge structures guide processing, and also on musical background and experience.
Feelings of Annoyance and Spoken Anger Words in Couples’ Everyday Lives: The Role of Family-of-Origin Aggression:

Little is known about the words that romantic couples use during emotionally heightened moments such as when feeling annoyed with their partner. In the present study, young adult couples received m...
Association between perceptions of prognosis and end-of-life outcomes for patients with advanced lung and gastrointestinal cancer.

6503Background: Many patients with advanced cancer maintain misperceptions of their prognosis and are thus unprepared to make difficult decisions regarding their end-of-life (EOL) care. However, st...
Prostate cancer research in the 21st century; report from the 2021 Coffey-Holden prostate cancer academy meeting.

INTRODUCTION The 2021 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy (CHPCA) Meeting, "Prostate Cancer Research in the 21st Century," was held virtually, from June 24-25, 2021. METHODS The CHPCA Meeting is organized by the Prostate Cancer Foundation as a unique discussion-oriented meeting focusing on critical topics in prostate cancer research envisioned to bridge the next major advances in prostate cancer biology and treatment. The 2021 CHPCA Meeting was virtually attended by 89 investigators and included 31 talks over nine sessions. RESULTS Major topic areas discussed at the meeting included: cancer genomics and sequencing, functional genomic approaches to studying mediators of plasticity, emerging signaling pathways in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, Wnt signaling biology and the challenges of targeted therapy, clonal hematopoiesis, neuroendocrine cell plasticity and antitumor immunity, cancer immunotherapy and its synergizers, and imaging the tumor microenvironment and metabolism. DISCUSSION This meeting report summarizes the research presented at the 2021 CHPCA Meeting. We hope that publication of this knowledge will accelerate new understandings and the development of new biomarkers and treatments for prostate cancer.
Transcription of full-length and truncated mRNA transcripts to study protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the transcription of translatable mRNA for use in the studies of protein translocation across the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). In vitro transcription systems have additionally provided a means of obtaining truncated mRNAs, which have been invaluable for the investigation of protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum. Translation of a truncated mRNA results in the synthesis of a ribosome-bound nascent polypeptide. The translation phase and the nascent chain transport phase of a protein translocation reaction could be investigated separately by incubating preassembled ribosome-nascent chain complexes with microsomal membranes. Important conclusions concerning the mechanism of protein translocation are drawn from these experiments. It is found that the continued synthesis of a polypeptide does not provide the energy for transport of the protein across the membrane. In addition, ribonucleotide triphosphates are shown to be essential for the translocation of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum. A series of truncated mRNAs encoding successively larger fragments of a protein provide a means for mapping the epitopes recognized by a set of monoclonal antibodies.
Chapter 3 Bacteriorhodopsin

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the bacteriorhodopsin (bR). Under conditions of plentiful oxygen, Halobacterium halobium uses oxidative metabolism and an electron transport chain to generate ATP. However, when oxygen is scarce, under conditions such as growth to high cell populations, H halobium can utilize sunlight to meet its energy needs. A specialized membrane region, Purple Membrane (PM), is synthesized. PM contains only a single type of protein, bR, arranged in a hexagonal lattice. bR consists of 248 amino acids with all-trans retinal attached via a Schiff base to a lysine residue. Light absorption by retinal activates an outwardly directed proton pump which is coupled to ATP synthetase. The amino acid sequence similarity found between halorhodopsin and bR indicates that the chloride pump and the proton pump must share many similarities. Recent progress in understanding both ion pumps has benefited from comparisons of bR and halorhodopsin.
Isolation and alignment of the tryptic peptides of alanine apolipoprotein, an apolipoprotein from human plasma very low density lipoproteins.

Abstract Alanine apolipoprotein (apoLP-Ala) was prepared from the very low density lipoproteins of patients with familial type V hyperlipoproteinemia. Tryptic peptides of the succinylated and unmodified protein were isolated and characterized. Determination of the amino acid composition and terminal residues of each of the peptides permitted the alignment of all but two small basic peptides. Carbohydrate was demonstrated to be bound to the COOH-terminal tryptic peptide of apoLP-Ala, probably by an O-glycosidic bond to a threonine residue.
The sources of social power

Distinguishing four sources of power in human societies – ideological, economic, military and political – The Sources of Social Power traces their interrelations throughout human history. In this first volume, Michael Mann examines interrelations between these elements from neolithic times, through ancient Near Eastern civilizations, the classical Mediterranean age and medieval Europe, up to just before the Industrial Revolution in England. It offers explanations of the emergence of the state and social stratification; of city-states, militaristic empires and the persistent interaction between them; of the world salvation religions; and of the particular dynamism of medieval and early modern Europe. It ends by generalizing about the nature of overall social development, the varying forms of social cohesion and the role of classes and class struggle in history. First published in 1986, this new edition of Volume 1 includes a new preface by the author examining the impact and legacy of the work.
Increasing the value of Innovation Consulting Services in the technology age

We describe the design and implementation of a new study based on Mind Genomics, and then use the results to provide data to increase the value of Innovation Consulting Services (“ICS”). We present how an IdeaMap℠ survey of ICS consumers mined their knowledge and professional experience, as well as the jobs they wanted to get done. It enables the ICS supplier to focus on the services most desired by their consumer.
Neutral Gas Contributions to [S II] Galactic Background Emission

Elevated ratios of [S II]/Hα relative to those typical of H II regions have been used to identify supernova remnants (SNRs) and also characterize the diffuse Galactic background (Reynolds 1985) and gas observed on the large scale in other galaxies (e.g., Lehnert & Heckman 1994). We explore the implications for these regions of the fact that ionized sulfur may exist both in gas that is predominantly neutral as well as fully ionized.
Service deactivation aware placement and defragmentation in enterprise clouds

On-demand service activation and deactivation has made private cloud a platform of choice for enterprises. Private clouds allow end users to request virtual machines along with a lease period, during which the virtual machine will be utilized. Automatic deactivation of virtual machines due to the expiry of the lease leads to fragmentation of the cloud; a large number of physical servers become operational with low utilization as virtual machines have been deactivated. To optimize the use of resources, clouds would need to periodically ‘de-fragment’ the cloud, leading to performance implications. In this work, we propose a service deactivation aware placement methodology, SDAP, which places virtual machines in a way that minimizes the cost of de-fragmentation in the cloud. Coupled with SDAP, we also propose a low cost de-fragmentation methodology, Defrag, to periodically consolidate the cloud. Using request traces from a live production cloud, we show that SDAP and Defrag can ensure high utilization in the cloud without expensive de-fragmentation costs.
Merryman and Milligan (and McCardle)

It has been said that only Jesus and Shakespeare have been the subject of more works than Abraham Lincoln. But that doesn't mean we shouldn't still keep trying to get things right. I am going to be adding to that body of literature, on the relationship between Lincoln, the Supreme Court, and the Civil War.
Teaching information literacy skills to sophomore-level biology majors.

Many undergraduate students lack a sound understanding of information literacy. The skills that comprise information literacy are particularly important when combined with scientific writing for biology majors as they are the foundation skills necessary to complete upper-division biology course assignments, better train students for research projects, and prepare students for graduate and professional education. To help undergraduate biology students develop and practice information literacy and scientific writing skills, a series of three one-hour hands-on library sessions, discussions, and homework assignments were developed for Biological Literature, a one-credit, one-hour-per-week, required sophomore-level course. The embedded course librarian developed a learning exercise that reviewed how to conduct database and web searches, the difference between primary and secondary sources, source credibility, and how to access articles through the university’s databases. Students used the skills gained in the library training sessions for later writing assignments including a formal lab report and annotated bibliography. By focusing on improving information literacy skills as well as providing practice in scientific writing, Biological Literature students are better able to meet the rigors of upper-division biology courses and communicate research findings in a more professional manner.
Feynman Paths and Quantum Entanglement: Is There Any More to the Mystery

In his book More Than One Mystery,1 Mark Silverman takes issue with Feynman’s claim that “in reality it [the phenomenon of electron self-interference] contains the only mystery [of quantum mechanics]2. Silverman objects that: “As one directs attention away from systems of single particles to systems of correlated particles or particles and space together, other mysteries equally profound arise”, going on to list three such phenomena in support of his claim that:
Simultaneous trapped electron and magnetic tail field observations.

Satellite measurement of behavior of high latitude energetic electron trapping boundary, noting geomagnetic storm effects
Commentary on Salom et al. (2015): Examining the developmental underpinnings of comorbid mental health and substance use outcomes in young adults.

Keywords: Alcohol abuse; Comorbidity; mental health; substance use; emerging adulthood; adolescence
Operations research in mental health administration

Operations research methods have been powerful analytical tools for administrators in the military, industry and business. Possibly holding major promise for mental health administrators, such methods are applied in this study to a sustaining-care problem.