cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Concept and Feasibility Studies on Ocean Energy Device Design From Used Ships

The process of decommissioning ships, usually followed by ship scraping, is associated not only with significant costs but also with many environmental and toxic hazards. Thus, re usability of such ships will offer more advantages than recycling its steel. This paper proposes reusing a post-service life vessel by converting it into an Ocean Wave Energy Device. A systematic study on the preliminary estimation of energy extraction levels from ocean waves is presented, with some discussion on the energy of a ship-shaped body in motion in irregular seas. Heave motion was found to be more favorable for such applications. Thereafter concept designs have been proposed for the device, and the designs have been analyzed in terms of the extent of relative motion and power that could be obtained from each of them. Numerical simulation techniques have been used to generate the results. Through this analysis, it has been established that the idea of constructing such a device is feasible. The relatively slower but high-force systems can use a hydraulic take-off unit instead of electrical inductance generators. The mooring system has also been identified as a separate design problem. Further design issues including optimizing the different parameters, cost analysis and fabrication issues have not been considered — this work is aimed to provide the starting point of the design exercise.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Standard test data for estimating peak parameter errors in x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy III. Errors with different curve‐fitting approaches

We present results in the final part of a three-part study employing standard test data (STD) to estimate errors in peak parameters derived from data analysis procedures used in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS-STD are simulated doublet and singlet XPS spectra based on spline polynomial models of measured C 1s spectra. The XPS-STD contained 10 sets of spectra, each of which consisted of 18 doublets and 4 singlets. The doublet spectra in each set were created from a factorial design with three factors: peak separation; relative intensity of the component peaks; and fractional Poisson noise. Each of the XPS-STD sets contained the same complement of doublet and singlet spectra and Poisson noise at the same levels; however, the noise distributions were unique in each spectral set. Seven curve-fitting approaches were used by a group of 20 analysts to represent single peaks: a single Gaussian (G), a Gaussian–Lorentzian (G–L), a Voigt function, a G function with an asymmetry term, a G–L function with an asymmetry term and dual G or G–L functions. We statistically analyzed errors in binding energies and intensities by the type of curve-fitting approach using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U-test. Bias was used to measure the accuracy of a curve-fitting approach, whereas random error was used to measure the precision of the approach. Despite the fact that individual peaks were nearly symmetrical, curve-fitting approaches that accounted for peak asymmetry proved to be the most accurate for determining both peak intensities and binding energies. For the doublets exhibiting the larger peak at the higher binding energy, the use of dual G–L functions to fit individual peaks, as a way to account for peak asymmetry, produced the highest accuracy in determining peak binding energy. This dual peak-shape approach for this particular spectral condition is also preferable for determining peak intensities and produces better precision. The XPS-STD and the statistical analysis methods presented here provide a means to distinguish differences in the accuracy of various curve-fitting approaches for spectral conditions that resemble those of the XPS-STD. To obtain the XPS-STD and to have an online evaluation of curve-fitting accuracy and precision, consult the following web site: http://www.acg.nist.gov/std. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuel and diluent effects on entropy generation in a constant internal energy–volume (uv) combustion process

Abstract Recently, Teh et al. (2008) showed that constant internal energy–volume (UV) combustion (with equilibrium products) is the optimal strategy for minimizing entropy generation (S gen ) in idealized internal combustion (IC) engine processes. The present paper examines the effects of fuel type (CH 4 , C 2 H 5 OH, and C 8 H 18 ), reactant temperature (300–1200 K), reactant pressure (101.325–10132.5 kPa), equivalence ratio (0.3–1.5), and diluents (CO 2 , H 2 O, N 2 , and O 2 ) on S gen in constant UV combustion. With CH 4 as the fuel, increasing reactant temperatures by 100 K decreased S gen by 6–9%, while reactant pressure had a negligible effect on S gen . Specific entropy generation, calculated per-unit-mixture-mass and per-unit-fuel-mass, followed the same trends as total S gen for reactant temperature and pressure variations. However, mixture-mass-specific S gen decreased with decreasing equivalence ratio and increasing diluent fraction while total and fuel-mass-specific S gen exhibited the opposite trends. Of the diluent species examined, H 2 O and CO 2 had the most (up to 65%) and least (∼40%) significant effects on S gen , respectively. Among fuels, C 8 H 18 exhibited the highest S gen (four-times higher than C 2 H 5 OH and six-times higher than CH 4 ), indicating the strong effect of fuel type and structure on S gen . Finally, the implications of the present results for practical IC engine combustion processes are also discussed.
The computational order of a DACE dynamical model

Multivariate design and analysis of computer experiments (DACE) methodology can be useful in situations where a dynamical computer model produces time series data sets. The main result of this paper determines the computational order of prediction from a dynamical statistical model underpinned by the dynamical computer model. Furthermore, it is shown that the computational orders of predictions from this dynamical statistical model and from a black box statistical model are comparable, but the likelihood optimization of the former model is more efficient. A virus dynamics example shows that the dynamical statistical model predictions can be more accurate than both the black box statistical model predictions and a coarse numerical solution of similar computational order.
Hypnosis use on a burn unit.

Abstract Hypnosis was utilized with 20 severely-burned patienk on a modem burn unit. 14 were benefited in the control of pain, especially during dressing changes. Half of these were either somnambulists or were capable of enough depth to control pain posthypnotically. The other half were benefited during the state of hypnosis even though their level waa around 3 on a scale of 5. This second half of “succeed” found relief via a personalized recording when the author was not present. The 6 failures were, with one exception, under the age of 21. Morale, regression, and ward adjustment were improved by the presence of the author as both a psychiatrist and also a hypnotist.
Analysis of the DNA Substrate Specificity of the Human BACH1 Helicase Associated with Breast Cancer

We have investigated the DNA substrate specificity of BACH1 (BRCA1-associated C-terminal helicase). The importance of various DNA structural elements for efficient unwinding by purified recombinant BACH1 helicase was examined. The results indicated that BACH1 preferentially binds and unwinds a forked duplex substrate compared with a duplex flanked by only one single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) tail. In support of its DNA substrate preference, helicase sequestration studies revealed that BACH1 can be preferentially trapped by forked duplex molecules. BACH1 helicase requires a minimal 5 ' ssDNA tail of 15 nucleotides for unwinding of conventional duplex DNA substrates; however, the enzyme is able to catalytically release the third strand of the homologous recombination intermediate D-loop structure irrespective of DNA tail status. In contrast, BACH1 completely fails to unwind a synthetic Holliday junction structure. Moreover, BACH1 requires nucleic acid continuity in the 5 ' ssDNA tail of the forked duplex substrate within six nucleotides of the ssDNA-dsDNA junction to initiate efficiently DNA unwinding. These studies provide the first detailed information on the DNA substrate specificity of BACH1 helicase and provide insight to the types of DNA structures the enzyme is likely to act upon to perform its functions in DNA repair or recombination.
The Role of Coping in Mediating the Relationship Between Positive Affect and School Satisfaction in Adolescents

Little research has investigated the role of positive emotions among youth in the school setting. Fredrickson’s (2001) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions hypothesizes that frequent positive emotions broaden individuals’ thinking and behavior resulting in enhanced psychological resources, such as a high level of school satisfaction. This study used Fredrickson’s theory to investigate whether approach coping behaviors mediated the relationship between positive emotions and adolescents’ school satisfaction. Results indicated that positive and negative affect related significantly to school satisfaction. Furthermore, positive affect (but not negative affect) correlated significantly with approach coping strategies. Finally, approach coping styles partially mediated the relationship between positive affect and school satisfaction. These findings thus suggest that the presence of positive emotions during school is crucial for adolescents’ school satisfaction. The findings also suggest that frequent positive emotions serve to facilitate students’ approach coping behaviors, which in turn facilitate satisfaction with their schooling experiences. Implications for the development of child indicators of subjective well-being as well as the promotion of students’ positive school experiences are discussed.
The American Sociological Association dues structure

In this article, we report on the extent of voluntary compliance by ASA members with the Association dues structure. Comparing our findings from a random survey of ASA members with the distribution of member payments by incomebased dues category, we find a fairly high degree of noncompliance in the highest dues category. This implies, and we observe, that higher fractions of ASA members pay dues in the lower income categories than is consistent with their self-reported income.
Age-Related Neostriatal Alterations in the Rat: Failure of L-DOPA to Alter Behavior

Age differences in rotational behavior were examined in young (6 mo) and old (24 mo) Wistar rats lesioned in the left substantia nigra with 6-OHDA. Young animals showed a 50% increase in rotational behavior with L-DOPA pretreatment and a 15-20% increase following L-tyrosine pretreatment. However, neither L-DOPA nor L-tyrosine pretreatment potentiated amphetamine-induced rotational behavior of senescent animals. Pretreatment with tranylcypromine, an MAO inhibitor, did not enhance rotational behavior in either group. After assessing rotational responses to amphetamine, half of each age group was given L-DOPA 1 hr prior to sacrifice, and right (RS) and left striatal (LS) levels of dopamine (DA) were examined in all groups. Comparable LS depletion was found in both age groups. L-DOPA significantly raised DA levels in the RS of the young animals while causing no change effect in old animals although the amount of L-DOPA entering the striatum was even higher in the senescent animals. Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase showed only a small decrease (15%) in activity, while DOPA decarboxylase activity showed no significant age-related decline. Despite the lack of substantial decrease in enzyme activity, the results indicate an age-dependent decrease in the capacity for L-DOPA potentiation of rotational behavior. Defects may exist at the level of elevation of the functional pool of DA, the release of DA, or the interaction of DA with a decreasing number of a class of DA receptors involved in motor control.
Rattus on Madagascar and the Dilemma of Protecting the Endemic Rodent Fauna

Over the past decade the unique biota of Madagascar has received considerable attention from biologists and conservationists. For vertebrates, most of the field effort and public attention associated with the plight of Madagascar's fauna has focused on two groups: birds, of which 52% of 201 breeding species are endemic to the island (Langrand 1990), and lemurs, of which all 30 species are endemic to the region (Harcourt 1990). In general, both birds and lemurs are conspicuous, colorful, and visually appealing to scientists and the general public. These factors have played an important role in fund-raising for research and conservation projects. In Madagascar, and for that matter throughout the world, the usual conceptual framework for most conservation projects is the protection of relatively intact habitat to help safeguard the potential for viable populations. Implicit within this approach is the belief that the general biota in an area will be protected at the same time that the natural habitat is conserved. Other groups of Malagasy vertebrates exhibit high rates of endemism, as do birds and lemurs, but they possess less public appeal and have received little attention from the conservation community. In some cases, as reviewed below, the factors influencing the continued survival of animals such as endemic Malagasy rodents are different from those of more appealing species.
Confusion and visual field effects in rhyme and name letter matching.

Recent evidence (Boles & Eveland, 1983) suggests that mixed-case letter pairs such asAa are matched not through a common phonetic or name code, but rather through the detection of visual equivalence between alternate letter cases. The generation model states that equivalence is detected by internally generating the opposite cases of the letters, which are then compared to the stimulus pair trace. What is lacking in this formulation, however, is evidence that the phonetic or name code can be used for other letter-matching tasks and that it has a predominantly left-hemisphere lateralization. Here eight experiments employed rhyme- and name-matching tasks along with manipulations of phonetic and generation confusion. Meta-analysis of the reaction time and error results shows the expected interaction of task and type of confusion. In addition, a small right visual field or left hemisphere advantage was found for rhyme matches, but not for name matches. It is concluded on both confusion and lateralization grounds that rhyme- and name-matching tasks employ different processes, and that these can be described, respectively, as phonetic and visual in nature.
Dwell time effects on the fatigue behaviour of titanium alloys

Abstract Dwell effects on titanium alloys have drawn much attention since the in-service failure of RB 211 fan discs in the early 1970s. Different test methods and specimens have been used by different investigators and there is wide discrepancy and even contradiction in the results. This study attempts to correlate findings from different researchers to draw some conclusions and to rationalize the existing discrepancies in the results. Suggestions are presented for future work to achieve better understanding of dwell effects on the behaviour of titanium alloys and other materials
RETINOIC ACID INDUCTION OF MOUSE CELLULAR RETINOIC ACID-BINDING PROTEIN-I GENE EXPRESSION IS ENHANCED BY SPHINGANINE

Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein-I (CRABP-I) gene expression is induced in mouse embryonal carcinoma P19 cells specifically by retinoic acid (RA) and the induction is enhanced by sphinganine. The effects of retinoic acid and sphinganine on CRABP-I gene expression can be accounted for by a stimulation of its transcription rate. Using a lacZ reporter system, it was determined that a DNA fragment containing a putative AP-1 binding site in the promoter region of CRABP-I gene is required for the up-regulation of CRABP-I gene transcription.
Dimensional analysis and a theory of elastic recovery following flow of elastic plastic viscoelastic fluids with application to filled polymer melts

Abstract We present an analysis of the fluid mechanics of a plastic viscoelastic fluid which responds as an elastic solid with a high modulus. G 1 , below the yield value. Attention is given to the use of dimensional analysis to study flow behavior. Recovery following flow is intepreted in terms of the response of the elastic solid to the release of stresses equal to those existing in the initial steady flow field. Unconstrained recovery from both uniaxial extension and shear flow are considered.
A three-dimensional dislocation dynamics study of the effects of grain size and shape on strengthening behavior of fcc Cu

Abstract In this study, the evolution of the flow stress for grain sizes ranging from 0.5 to 10 μm under uniaxial tension was simulated using three-dimensional dislocation dynamics (3D-DD) method. This analysis was carried out on two different grain shapes: cubic and columnar. The simulations were performed for three different initial dislocation densities [1 × 10 12 , 2 × 10 12 and 5 × 10 12 ] m/m 3 . The simulation results show that for a same initial dislocation density, the Hall–Petch exponent m for columnar grains is higher than that for cubic grains provided similar grain orientation and loading conditions are taken into consideration for both the grain shapes. This indicates columnar grains can provide more strengthening than cubic grains, which is primarily due to a larger ratio of grain boundary area to grain volume for columnar grains. This high ratio means more obstacles to dislocation motion per unit volume in columnar grains. For a same initial dislocation density, the Hall–Petch relationship holds well for both grain shapes at small grain sizes (0.5–2 μm), beyond which the yield strength remains constant as the grain size increases. This can be explained as the fact that small number of dislocations in small grains experience more significant grain boundary effect while for larger grains the work-hardening due to dislocation interactions becomes more prominent. Hence it suggests that grain size alone does not dictate the strengthening mechanism in face-centered cubic (fcc) crystals. The initial dislocation density also considerably affects the Hall–Petch relationship with lower initial dislocation density leaning towards a value of −0.9 for m and larger initial dislocation density towards a value of −0.4 for m .
Trading Blocs: States, Firms, and Regions in the World Economy

Trading Blocs: States, Firms, and Regions in the World Economy. By Kerry A. Chase. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005. 322p. $70.00 cloth, $24.95 paper. The focus of this book by Kerry Chase is that the process of international trade liberalization has resulted in the development of three major regional economic blocs: the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and a partial regional agreement in Asia largely driven by Japan. These three economic blocs are known in business schools as the “triad” of Europe, North America, and Asia. In The Regional Multinationals (2005), I have shown that the majority of international trade and investment takes place within these triad blocs rather than between them, and that even the world's largest 500 firms average over 72% of their sales within their home region. Basically, the analysis by Chase is fully consistent with such findings.
Phytanic acid alpha oxidation in rat liver: studies on alpha hydroxylation.

Abstract 1. 1. The α-hydroxylation of [1-14C]phytanic acid was investigated in the postnuclear fraction of rat liver. 2. 2. The reaction required ATP, Mg, Fe3+ and molecular oxygen. Fe3+ could be replaced by Fe2+. 3. 3. The hydroxylase activity was optimal at pH 7.5 in phosphate buffer. 4. 4. The activity increased with postnuclear protein (5–13mg or protein), increased with the substrate concentration at low substrate concentration. 5. 5. The amount of the hydroxyacid formed increased with time up to 10 min. 6. 6. Coenzyme A (100μM–2.5mM) stimulated the activity. 7. 7. The activity was further stimulated by NADP and NADPH slightly and by FAD and FMN strongly, all at 100μM concentration. 8. 8. While CO inhibited the reaction, phenobarbital inducible cytochrome P-450 did not appear to play a role in this reaction.
Strip Rotary Tillage: a Management Method for Reducing Fumibotys fumalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Peppermint

Strip rotary tillage, a cultivation practice consisting of alternating strips (30 to 50 cm wide) of tilled and nontilled mint, was evaluated to determine its effect on Fumibotys fumalis (Guenee), a serious rhizome borer of peppermint, Mentha piperita L., in the Pacific Northwest. Paired comparisons were made over a 2-year period (1980 and 1981) with standard-grown, solid-stand peppermint and peppermint subjected to strip rotary tillage. The results showed that tillage significantly reduced pest populations by ca. 81%, without causing agronomic injury to the crop. The method, although not new, is used currently by only a small number of growers. Its value has been in rejuvenating mint stands, establishing irrigation furrows, and controlling weeds. The new findings here provide another advantage of the method for growers confronted with the rhizome borer.
The Secret Life of Dust

The Secret Life of Dust by Hannah Holmes is not a quick read. I frequently paused to reach for a pen to mark interesting pages, to write down surprising facts, or to tell my spouse about some wonderful story I had just read. This is not a book to rush through; it is a book to sink into, and it is densely packed with information. Holmes does not glorify dust, but she certainly finds it fascinating, little appreciated, and much misunderstood. The Secret Life of Dust is her attempt to open our eyes to something that is too small to see easily but too large to catch the attention of most physicists or chemists. Dust is everywhere, and it is far more important than most of us realize.
Neural crest stem cells: discovery, properties and potential for therapy

Neural crest (NC) cells are a migratory cell population synonymous with vertebrate evolution. They generate a wide variety of cell and tissue types during embryonic and adult development including cartilage and bone, connective tissue, pigment and endocrine cells as well as neurons and glia amongst many others. Such incredible lineage potential combined with a limited capacity for self-renewal, which persists even into adult life, demonstrates that NC cells bear the key hallmarks of stem and progenitor cells. In this review, we describe the identification, characterization and isolation of NC stem and progenitor cells from different tissues in both embryo and adult organisms. We discuss their specific properties and their potential application in cell-based tissue and disease-specific repair.
Rationale and technic for stabilization of the mesentery in cases of nonrotation of the midgut

Abstract 1. 1. Nonrotation of the midgut is potentially the most dangerous of the various degrees of malrotation because it predisposes the midgut volvulus. 2. 2. The characteristic anatomical feature of these cases is that of a pedicle consisting of the third part of the duodenum, the proximal jejunum, and the ascending colon, overlying and parallel to the superior mesenteric vessels and surrounded by a peritoneal covering. This pedicle constitutes the only attachment of the midgut within the abdomen, thus allowing volvulus. There are other less common anatomical variants of this entity. 3. 3. Nonrotation of the midgut may be found without other anomalies. In addition, it is found in most cases of omphalocele and gastroschisis and also in congenital hernia of the posterolateral diaphragm. 4. 4. Using the conventional operative management for these infants, there were three instances of recurrence of volvulus among 24 cases treated without stabilization. There was one instance of volvulus after diaphragmatic hernia repair in which the nonrotation was not stabilized. 5. 5. When midgut volvulus is encountered, it should be untwisted. After this is done, or when nonrotation of the midgut is found without volvulus, the components of the pedicle of the midgut should be freed by anterior division of the peritoneal bands. Blunt dissection of the duodenum from the proximal transverse colon, fixation of the cecum and its mesentery to the left colon, and suture of the duodenum to the right completes the procedure. 6. 6. A series of 10 operative cases is described.
Purification and In Vitro Functional Analysis of Glutamate Receptor

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are predominantly localized to neuronal synapses and are principal mediators of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. Receptor function is regulated by multiple factors including ligands, ions, pH, posttranslational modification, subunit composition, RNA editing, and elements of the lipid environment. Analysis of channel function in native membranes has provided much quantitative information on these various regulatory features, however, investigation of lipid regulation is seriously hampered by an inability to control membrane composition in living cells. Although an inhibitory effect of free polyunsaturated fatty acids on GluK2(R) activation has been demonstrated, the specific bulk lipid requirements for normal channel operation, as well as susceptibility to fatty acid modulation, are unknown. To address this, we aim to purify rat kainate receptor 2 (GluK2), to reconstitute the purified protein, and to assess channel function under different defined lipid environments. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an expression host, we have been able to express wild type GluK2 with either Gln or Arg at the editing site, and with different tags. In addition, we have expressed modified forms of GluK2 including an amino terminal domain (ATD) deletion mutant, and a double point mutation (Y590C/L572C) that allows disulfide crosslinking between ligand binding domain (LBD) dimers. We have succeeded in purifying wild type GluK2(R) through Flag affinity and subsequent size exclusion chromatography after solubilizing the protein using the detergent Foscholin-14 (F14). A major band at the expected monomer size of ∼100kDa and several bands at lower molecular weights are resolved on 1D SDS PAGE and are confirmed to be GluK2 through mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. MS analysis also reveals that a fraction of the heterologously expressed protein in yeast maintains a signal sequence at the N-terminus and is phosphorylated on a presumed extracellular residue, indicating misoriented topology.
Comparative transcriptional and functional profiling defines conserved programs of intestinal DC differentiation in humans and mice

Dendritic cells (DCs) that orchestrate mucosal immunity have been studied in mice. Here we characterized human gut DC populations and defined their relationship to previously studied human and mouse DCs. CD103(+)Sirpα(-) DCs were related to human blood CD141(+) DCs and to mouse intestinal CD103(+)CD11b(-) DCs and expressed markers of cross-presenting DCs. CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DCs aligned with human blood CD1c(+) DCs and mouse intestinal CD103(+)CD11b(+) DCs and supported the induction of regulatory T cells. Both CD103(+) DC subsets induced the TH17 subset of helper T cells, while CD103(-)Sirpα(+) DCs induced the TH1 subset of helper T cells. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes revealed conserved transcriptional programs among CD103(+) DC subsets and identified a selective role for the transcriptional repressors Bcl-6 and Blimp-1 in the specification of CD103(+)CD11b(-) DCs and intestinal CD103(+)CD11b(+) DCs, respectively. Our results highlight evolutionarily conserved and divergent programming of intestinal DCs.
Ion Uptake and Protein Synthesis in Enzymatically Isolated Plant Cells

THE D-threo isomer of chloramphenicol is an antibiotic and a specific inhibitor of protein synthesis in bacteria1. It also inhibits protein synthesis (net synthesis or turnover) in higher plants2–6, including cell-free systems7,8. Suppression of the induced increase in oxygen uptake in potato disks by D-chloramphenicol9 has been considered as indirect evidence of an inhibition of protein (possibly cytochrome oxidase) synthesis. Enzyme development during germination was also inhibited by D-chloramphenicol10,11. Recently, this chemical has also been used in several systems to relate ion uptake to protein synthesis in higher plants2,3,6,12–16. Others oppose this interpretation17–20. Meanwhile, the extrapolation of information on chloramphenicol from bacteria to higher plant systems has been criticized4,18. Ellis18, for example, observed that D-chloramphenicol did not affect incorporation of amino-acids into protein (trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble fraction) and yet it reduced ion uptake in higher plants. In contrast, the L-threo-isomer of chloramphenicol, which is neither an antibiotic nor an inhibitor of protein synthesis in bacterial systems, does inhibit ion uptake18 and root growth21 in higher plants. Thus, further elucidation was necessary as to the action of chloramphenicol as an inhibitor of ion uptake via an effect on protein synthesis.
A Closer Look at Viruses and Worms

Reviewed in this issue:Peter Szor, The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense, Addison-Wesley, 2005, ISBN: 0-321-30454-3, 744 pages, US$49.99.
The solubility of gases in aqueous solutions of lithium perfluorooctanoate and lithium perfluorodecanoate

Abstract The solubilities of oxygen, argon, methane, ethane, propane, and carbon tetrafluoride have been determined at elevated pressures in aqueous solutions of lithium perfluorooctanoate and lithium perfluorodecanoate at 25°C. The solubility of each gas follows Henry's law at all surfactant concentrations. Above the CMC, the solubility of each gas increases linearly with surfactant concentration indicating micellar solubilization. The degree to which gases are solubilized by lithium perfluorooctanoate is found to be the same as that determined previously for sodium perfluorooctanoate, indicating an absence of counterion effects. Lithium perfluorodecanoate is found to be a more effective solubilizing agent than lithium or sodium perfluorooctanoate. The observed variation of intramicellar gas solubilities can be explained satisfactorily in terms of bulk properties of perfluorocarbon solvents using the Laplace pressure model.
Coupling of Neural Activation to Blood Flow in the Somatosensory Cortex of Rats is Time-Intensity Separable, but Not Linear:

Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) because of functional activation are used as a surrogate for neural activity in many functional neuroimaging studies. In these studies, it is often assumed that the CBF response is a linear-time invariant (LTI) transform of the underlying neural activity. By using a previously developed animal model system of electrical forepaw stimulation in rats (n = 11), laser Doppler measurements of CBF, and somatosensory evoked potentials, measurements of neural activity were obtained when the stimulus duration and intensity were separately varied. These two sets of time series data were used to assess the LTI assumption. The CBF data were modeled as a transform of neural activity (N1-P2 amplitude of the somatosensory evoked potential) by using first-order (linear) and second-order (nonlinear) components. Although a pure LTI model explained a large amount of the variance in the data for changes in stimulus duration, our results demonstrated that the second-order kernel (i.e., a nonlinear component) contributed an explanatory component that is both statistically significant and appreciable in magnitude. For variations in stimulus intensity, a pure LTI model explained almost all of the variance in the CBF data. In particular, the shape of the CBF response did not depend on intensity of neural activity when duration was held constant (time-intensity separability). These results have important implications for the analysis and interpretation of neuroimaging data.
Using the Internet to Facilitate Positive Attitudes of College Students Toward Aging and Working with Older Adults

ABSTRACT Published data suggest that a preponderance of negative attitudes toward the elderly and insufficient knowledge of aging may be the primary reasons that geriatrics is not the primary choice of employment for nurses. This study measured attitude changes toward the elderly as a result of participation by nursing, gerontology and health science students in an intergenerational reciprocal service-learning program. Using a pre and posttest design, results revealed a significant improvement (p < .001) for the total group, with undergraduates showing a significantly greater mean increase in positive attitudes toward the elderly (p < .001). This study suggests that pairing students with well elderly and engaging in on-going exposure, meaningful intergenerational exchanges and using Internet-based activities to communicate are effective strategies to improve attitudes of students toward the elderly.
The influence of pain state on physiological reactivity of tension headache sufferers.

SYNOPSIS This study compared physiological reactivity to stress of subjects who frequently experience tension headaches and subjects who rarely get headaches. Physiological measures were Frontal and Trapezius muscle tension and Heart Rate. Subjects prone to headaches and subjects not prone to headaches did not differ on any variable, although there was a trend for subjects who were prone to headaches to have the highest Frontal muscle tension levels. For further analyses, subjects prone to headaches were separated into two groups: Subjects with headache during the psychophysiological assessment and subjects who were headache-free during the assessment. Only subjects who were prone to tension headaches and who were actually experiencing a headache at the assessment had significantly higher Frontal muscle tension than controls who were not prone to headaches. These results suggest greater attention needs to be paid to the subjects' current headache state in research on the psychophysiology of headache.
The value of asymmetric signal processing in klinokinesis

Klinokinesis is a behavioral mechanism in which an organism moves toward or away from a stimulus source by altering its frequency of change of direction without biasing its turns with respect to the stimulus field. Previous studies of a variety of organisms have demonstrated that rates of adaptation (or other information processing features) for increases and decreases in stimulus intensity are often very different from one another. In order to determine if such asymmetric signal processing could improve the efficiency of klinokinesis, computer modeling studies were performed. The model involved a simple generic version of klinokinesis in 2 dimensions with the rate of adaptation for increasing intensity varied independently of the rate for decreasing intensity. The effects of three types of noise that limit the performance of the model were tested-intensity noise, motor noise, and developmental noise. The results demonstrated that, with all three types of noise, the two adaptation rates had quite different effects on efficiency. The overall pattern of effects was different for each type of noise. In the cases of intensity noise and motor noise, the optimum combination of adaptation rates had a 3-to 5-fold higher rate for decreases in attractant than for increases, which is similar to what has previously been found with bacteria and nematodes.
Demographically disaggregated projections of prison populations

Abstract The need for improved long-run projections of prison populations has increased in recent years because of record-high numbers of inmates and severe overcrowding in state and federal prisons, and because of the growing importance of changing demographic factors in influencing corrections populations. A model is developed for projecting: general population demographics; demographic- and offense-specific arrest rates, imprisonment probabilities, and times served; and then the size and composition of prison populations. Model parameters are estimated for Pennsylvania and are shown to be sensitive to demographic factors, particularly age and race. Projections of future arrests, prison commitments, and prison population are developed for Pennsylvania using projections of demographic changes in the state's population. Arrests are expected to peak in 1980, prison commitments are expected to peak in 1985, and prison populations are expected to peak in 1990, with the subsequent declines reflecting the maturation of the postwar baby boom children out of the highly crime-prone ages and, somewhat later, out of the highly prison-prone ages.
Endoscopic urethroplasty ofposterior urethral avulsion

Abstract Objectives. Traumatic avulsion of the posterior urethra represents a challenging reconstructive problem that traditionally has been managed by the transpubic or transperineal approach. We report the advantages of endourologic techniques to reconstruct short posterior urethral disruptions based on the principles of establishing proximal urethral control and balloon dilation of the newly constructed urethra. Methods. Endourologic urethroplasty consists of: (1) antegrade flexible cystoscopy orantegrade passage of a Goodwin sound, (2) retrograde urethrotomy to light or to tip of Goodwin sound, facilitated by C-arm fluoroscopy, (3) establishment of urethral continuity by passage of a guide wire, (4) balloon dilation of the newly established urethra to 24 to 30 F over a length of 4 cm, and (5) long-term urethral stenting (4 to 8 weeks) with a silicone Foley catheter. Results. In four men initially managed by suprapubic cystostomy, endourologic reconstruction was performed. The mean blood loss was 250 mL, and mean length of hospitalization was 5.4 days. All patients were continent and three were potent over a mean follow-up of 10.5 months. Uroflowmetric monitoring showed satisfactory voiding patterns with subsequent minor endoscopic revisions required in three patients. Conclusions. The technical advantages of this method include stabilization and identificationof the proximal urethra, intraoperative shortening of the urethral gap to facilitate the urethrotomy, and radial distention of the urethra by balloon dilation. We conclude that endourologic methods provide a safe and effective initial treatment of urethral avulsion.
THE RELATION OF THE ENZYM PECTINASE TO INFECTION OF SWEET POTATOES BY RHIZOPUS

It has been demonstrated that, if the proper conditions are maintained in the storage house, sweet potatoes can be kept for a considerable length of time with practically no loss from soft rot. If, on the other hand, the conditions are unfavorable, infection followed by decay may take place. The cause of the soft rot has long been suspected to be due principally to Rhizopus nigricans Ehrb. (I4, I9). Before positive proof of its parasitism was obtained, some difficulty was experienced in isolating the organism from the rotting potato and still more in obtaining infection by it. If, as is customary in pathological technique, the plate plantings were made from tissue close to the healthy zone, a sterile culture was almost invariably obtained. If, on the other hand, the plantings were made from rotted tissue several millimeters back of the undecayed tissue, a pure culture of the organism was usually obtained. This suggested that there was some "action in advance" of the growing hyphae. Harter and Weimer (I7) showed that this action or dissolution of the middle lamellae in advance of the growing hyphae is due to a substance of the nature of an enzym, which, following the precedents established by Bourquelot and Heressey (i), Jones (22), Euler (ii), Zeller (37), and others, they have designated as pectinase. Bruschi (6) found that the cells of plums on which Monilia cinerea (Bon.) Schroter had grown for two days were separated along the line of the middle lamella, and concluded from her resurts that the enzym pectinase was produced by the fungus. Munn (28) obtained similar results with the fungus causing the neck rot of onions. He demonstrated the production of oxalic acid, but from the nature of its action came to the conclusion that it has little or nothing to do with the maceration of the tissue. Munn clearly demonstrated that an enzym which he calls pectinase was responsible for the disintegration of the tissue noted. Although Rhizopus nigricans has been quite generally accepted as the cause of the soft rot of sweet potatoes, its causal relation has been somewhat difficult to prove. The usual method of placing spores or spores and mycelia upon the unbroken surface or upon a wound usually gave negative results, even when the potatoes were placed in a moist chamber lined with wet filter paper. No better results were obtained when the spores and mycelia were injected deeply into a wound made with a needle or forceps. If, however, the method described by Harter, Weimer, and Adams (I9), in which the fungus was grown for one or two days in sweet-potato decoction 245
Plasma Cell Pneumonia Induced by Legionella pneumophila

We report a case of severe Legionella pneumonia in which the histopathologic features of an open lung biopsy specimen were characterized by a monotypic plasma cell infiltrate and absence of granulocytes or other acute inflammatory cells. The clinical course was otherwise typical for a severe case of Legionella pneumonia with complete functional and roentgenographic recovery following a prolonged convalescence. We speculate on possible reasons for this patient's unusual histopathologic features.
Technology in the Classroom of the Future

Educators should design future classrooms to optimize learning opportunities with a technology-based approach. The expansion of instructional technologies and their improvement opens the door to the futuristic classroom. Computer networks can bring together students engaged in common learning activities. The networkable chalkboard can improve legibility and flexibility in the arrangement and size of text and diagrams, with the capability of retrieving previously generated information. Intelligent tutoring systems give direction to the student's learning, based on student strengths and weaknesses rather than on pre-designed directives. Interactive videodisc combines computer technology with the power of video. The future looks bright as educators explore the potential of satellite systems, school-oriented news programs, and laser holography.
Metal Switch-controlled Myosin II from Dictyostelium discoideum Supports Closure of Nucleotide Pocket during ATP Binding Coupled to Detachment from Actin Filaments

G-proteins, kinesins, and myosins are hydrolases that utilize a common protein fold and divalent metal cofactor (typically Mg2+) to coordinate purine nucleotide hydrolysis. The nucleoside triphosphorylase activities of these enzymes are activated through allosteric communication between the nucleotide-binding site and the activator/effector/polymer interface to convert the free energy of nucleotide hydrolysis into molecular switching (G-proteins) or force generation (kinesins and myosin). We have investigated the ATPase mechanisms of wild-type and the S237C mutant of non-muscle myosin II motor from Dictyostelium discoideum. The S237C substitution occurs in the conserved metal-interacting switch-1, and we show that this substitution modulates the actomyosin interaction based on the divalent metal present in solution. Surprisingly, S237C shows rapid basal steady-state Mg2+- or Mn2+-ATPase kinetics, but upon binding actin, its MgATPase is inhibited. This actin inhibition is relieved by Mn2+, providing a direct and experimentally reversible linkage of switch-1 and the actin-binding cleft through the swapping of divalent metals in the reaction. Using pyrenyl-labeled F-actin, we demonstrate that acto·S237C undergoes slow and weak MgATP binding, which limits the rate of steady-state catalysis. Mn2+ rescues this effect to near wild-type activity. 2′(3′)-O-(N-Methylanthraniloyl)-ADP release experiments show the need for switch-1 interaction with the metal cofactor for tight ADP binding. Our results are consistent with strong reciprocal coupling of nucleoside triphosphate and F-actin binding and provide additional evidence for the allosteric communication pathway between the nucleotide-binding site and the filament-binding region. Background: Myosins convert the energy of ATP hydrolysis into force production. Results: Substitution of the metal-interacting serine in switch-1 with cysteine renders the motor sensitive to manganese. Conclusion: This technology provides a reversible structural linkage between the nucleotide pocket and actin-binding region in the myosin motor domain. Significance: Understanding the ATPase mechanism requires a description of allosteric communication in molecular motors.
An IC up-down counter controller for a programmable attenuator

A simple up-down counter is used to control a programmable attenuator. This controller reduces the load on a minicomputer or other solid state circuitry when the attenuator is used for adaptive testing in psychoacoustics. Circuit diagrams for the controller and an auxiliary display driver are given, and some applications are discussed.
Successful allogeneic stem cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative conditioning in patients with relapsed hematologic malignancy following autologous stem cell transplantation.

Abstract The use of myeloablative preparative therapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) as salvage therapy for adult patients with relapsed hematologic malignancy after autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT) is generally unsuccessful due to very high treatment-related mortality rates. We evaluated the outcome of HLA-matched related donor alloSCT following nonmyeloablative preparative therapy in 13 patients (median age, 38 years) with relapsed hematologic malignancies (Hodgkin's disease, n=4; Hodgkin's disease and advanced myelodysplastic syndrome, n=1; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, n=6; multiple myeloma, n=2) after initial autoSCT. Median time from autoSCT to alloSCT was 12 months (range, 3-24 months); 6 patients had chemotherapy-refractory disease following autoSCT, 6 were in untreated relapse, and 1 had a partial response from salvage chemotherapy. Preparative therapy consisted of cyclophosphamide, 150-200 mg/kg; peritransplantation anti-thymocyte globulin; thymic irradiation (in patients who had not received previous mediastinal irradiation); and a very short course of cyclosporine as GVHD prophylaxis. All patients achieved initial mixed chimerism as defined by greater than 1% donor peripheral white blood cells. Seven patients, who had no evidence of GVHD, received prophylactic DLI beginning 5 to 6 weeks after transplantation for conversion of mixed chimerism to full donor hematopoiesis and to optimize a graft-versus-tumor effect. Six patients showed conversion to full donor chimerism and 1 lost the graft. Grade II or greater acute GVHD occurred in 9 patients. Seven patients achieved a complete response; 6 had no response. The median survival time of the 13 patients is currently 10 months (range, 3-39 months), with an overall survival probability at 2 years of 45% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19%-73%) and a disease-free survival probability at 2 years of 37.5% (95% CI, 12%-65%). Thus, this novel nonmyeloablative alloSCT strategy followed by prophylactic DLI was well tolerated and can result in durable disease-free survival among patients with advanced hematologic malignancies after a failed autoSCT. Further follow-up and evaluation of additional patients are required to conclusively establish the role of this strategy in the treatment of hematologic malignancies after an autologous transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2001;7(11):604-12.