cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A 3D - CT analysis of dose to the internal, external and common iliac nodes in tandem and ovoid applications

Abstract Purpose : To describe external, internal and common iliac dose rates estimated with 3D-computed tomography (CT) based dose calculations in tandem and ovoid brachytherapy. Materials and methods : Thirty patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix received low dose rate brachytherapy with a CT-compatible Fletcher–Suit–Deldos device. A total of 36 implants were performed with axial CT images used to identify internal iliac, external iliac, and common iliac vessels. Dose rates on the surfaces of these vessels were calculated for the purpose of estimating the dose to their associated lymph nodes. Results : In 22 out of 72 comparisons, point B overestimated the maximum dose with the external iliac nodes. In 21 out of 72 comparisons, point B overestimated the maximum dose with the internal iliac nodes. In all cases, Point B overestimated the minimum dose to the internal and external iliac nodal chains. Conclusion : It was found that Point B dose is similar to the maximum common iliac nodal dose. Patient to patient variability, of Point B dose, warrants further study of dose distributions to the nodal chains. The minimum dose to the external iliac nodal chain at the bifurcation of the nodal chains may provide a useful measure of ‘pelvic side wall dose' and deserves further study to see if it can be correlated with pelvic side wall control and complications.
A refined model of the sugar binding site of yeast hexokinase B

Abstract The sugar binding site of monomeric yeast hexokinase B complexed with the competitive inhibitor o -toluoylglucosamine has been examined in the model resulting from a crystallographic refinement at 2·1 A resolution. Difference Fourier maps calculated assuming various sugar configurations demonstrate that the o -toluoylglucosamine binds in the chair equatorial conformation with its 1-hydroxyl axial (α-anomer). The absence of a chemically derived amino acid sequence has complicated our interpretations of sugar-enzyme interactions. Nevertheless, we conclude that the carboxyl group of Asp189 is hydrogen-bonded to both the 6- and 4-hydroxyl groups. The 4-hydroxyl group is hydrogen-bonded also to Asx188 and Asx215, while the 3-hydroxyl is interacting with both Asx245 and Asx 188, consistent with the enzyme's observed sugar specificity. The carboxyl group of Asp 189 is excluded from solvent in the presence of glucose and may be acting as a general base to enhance the nucleophilicity of the 6-hydroxyl group and thereby promote its attack on the γ-phosphate of ATP. Glucose is shown to bind to the enzyme in the same orientation and conformation as the sugar moiety of o -toluoylglucosamine, so that the 6-hydroxyl group and the carboxyl of Asp 189 are in identical positions in complexes with these two sugars. The fact that o -toluoylglucosamine is not a substrate must be explained by two observations. First, the binding of glucose results in one lobe rotating by 12 ° relative to the other lobe, thereby closing off the slit into which the sugar has bound (Bennett & Steitz, unpublished results). Second, o -toluoylglucosamine does not produce this conformational change, because the bulky toluoyl group prevents the closing of this slit between the two lobes. We conclude, therefore, that the large glucose-induced conformational change must be essential for subsequent catalytic steps. It appears unlikely from this study that thiols play any direct role in catalysis or in substrate binding. One thiol group, however, lies 5·5 A from the 3-hydroxyl and is hydrogen-bonded to three of the Asx groups that are binding the sugar. Chemical modification of this buried thiol would disrupt the glucose binding site, which could account for the observation (Otieno et al. , 1977) that cyanylation of one of the enzyme's thiols abolishes enzymatic activity. A sulfate molecule is bound to the enzyme by two serine side-chains and its sulfur atom is 5·5 A from the 6-hydroxyl group of glucose. If the γ-phosphate of ATP binds to this sulfate binding site, it would still be a little too far from the 6-hydroxyl for direct phosphoryl transfer.
Response of hepatic polyribosomes of the mouse to the administration of anisotonic solutions

Abstract Administration of a hypertonic NaCl (4%) solution or hypertonic solutions of MgCl2, Na2SO4 or sucrose (1 ml/16 g body weight) to overnight fasted female mice, caused a rapid (within 5–10 minutes) disaggregation of hepatic polyribosomes and a decrease in in vitro incorporation of (14C)leucine into proteins. Pretreatment with cycloheximide prevented the disaggregation of hepatic polyribosomes caused by 4% NaCl. Administration of a hypotonic solution, such as distilled water (1 ml/16 g body weight), shifted the hepatic polyribosomes from lighter to heavier aggregates and caused an increase in in vitro incorporation of (14C)leucine into proteins.
Closing the conversation: Evidence from the academic advising session

This article provides evidence that institutional conversations differ from natural conversations, even in their closings, an aspect of structure which they share. Utilizing 31 academic advising session interviews, we contrast felicitous closings by both native and highly proficient nonnative speakers with infelicitous closings by nonnatives. We show that the closings of these interviews cannot be reopened in the ways described by Schegloff and Sacks (1973). In fact, the data show that native speaker interviews are not reopened at all, but are only followed by separate and highly limited postsession conversations. Since nonnative speakers often do not know or follow the context‐specific constraints, their conversations provide evidence for the rules of such exchanges.
Perspective: a suggested role for basement membrane structures during newt limb regeneration.

Background Interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme, which occur across a basement membrane (BM) zone, are essential to generate a growth bud, or blastema, from which a new limb regenerates. An intact BM at that interface is believed to inhibit regeneration, but that mechanism of inhibition is not understood. Methods Interference contrast microscopy and antibodies to laminin have been used to describe reformation of the BM and the basal lamina (BL) and their relationships to wound epithelium and mesenchyme in successive stages of blastema formation. Results The BL is initially absent from the amputation surface and is reestablished to continuity by the late bud stage of regeneration. It forms generally from base to apex, precedes reticular lamina (RL) formation, and is absent beneath most of the wound epithelium. Our inability to correlate mesenchymal cell accumulation exclusively with the area lacking BL apically and postaxially prompted rethinking of the significance of the BL. Conclusions Consistent with these and other observations, we suggest that the BL, when it forms during blastema formation, appears to function as in other developing systems to stabilize the phenotype of adjacent cells. Thus, epithelium becomes epidermis and adjacent mesenchyme synthesizes RL and becomes dermis. Accordingly, the feature that distinguishes regenerating from nonregenerating appendages is the ability of regenerating appendages to delay BL closure until after a critical mass of mesenchymal cells has accumulated. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An objective marker of lactate-induced panic.

There are a number of agents claimed effective in provoking panic attacks in the laboratory. For each case, however, the determination of whether an attack has occured is largely subjective. An objective index of panic would be of great benefit in standardizing laboratory provocation studies. Using heart rate (HR) recordings during sodium lactate infusion, we developed a formula—the heart rate index (HRI)—which appears to correlate well with the subjective experience of panic. Of note is the fact that the HRI was most powerful in identifying attacks that occured in the first 15 min of the 20-min infusions. In an accompanying study, we examined HR variability during the infusions using the successive difference mean square statistic. HR variability did not change during lactate-induced panic attacks. Therefore, tachycardia during lactate-induced panic probably does not result from decreased vagal tone to the heart.
Anodic behavior of platinum electrodes in oxygen-saturated acid solutions

Abstract The anodic behavior of Pt electrodes in O 2 -saturated sulfuric acid solution is shown to be critically dependent on the treatment of the electrode. The open circuit potentials, 1.48, 1.13 and 0.98 V, observed in purified solution, are related to the thermodynamic platinum-oxide potentials. The erratic behavior of Pt electrodes in non-purified solutions is also explained. The thermodynamic value of 1.23 V for the H 2 O-O 2 reaction was obtained when certain conditions were fulfilled. The Tafel (b) parameter for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction was o.113, and i o = 2.5 × 10 −10 A/cm 2 . Chemisorption of oxygen leads to a dipole potential of 0.98 V. An oxide film is produced by anodic oxidation. This was confirmed by an optical method (thin film ellipsometer) which showed that the growth of a film commences only above 1 V. Cathodic transient technique was used to measure the oxygen coverage ( Q ) of the Pt electrode as a function of the applied potentiostatic voltage ( V ). A linear relationship between Q and V was found. This relationship, Q = f ( V ), is explained on the basis of a modified Cabrera-Mott model. The evidence suggests that growth takes place on certain sites of the first layer only.
Differential enhancement of rapid eye movement sleep signs in the cat: a comparison of microinjection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol and the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol on pontogeniculo-occipital wave clusters

Abstract The cholinergic agonist carbachol and the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol were microinjected at the same pontine sites and their effects on polygraphic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, especially pontogeniculo-occipital (PGO) waves, were measured. While both propranolol and carbachol enhanced PGO wave activity and polygraphic REM sleep, the carbachol-correlated enhancement was more impressive. The increases in REM sleep signs elicited by carbachol were 5-fold over baseline and lasted throughout the 4-h recording period. Propranolol elicited 2.5-fold increases that were significant in the first 2 h only. Yet, the increase in PGO wave activity evoked by propranolol was equal to that of carbachol during non-REM sleep and wakefulness. The results indicate that while propranolol is less potent in activating the distributed neuronal network responsible for REM sleep generation, it selectively facilitates that part of the network responsible for PGO waves.
Limited persistence of the sensorimotor memory when transferred across prehension tasks.

A recent study has shown that the sensorimotor memory for the fingertip forces used to grasp and lift an object can be shared across two prehension tasks. However, the persistence (or decay) of these memory resources is not known. Reports of within-task sensorimotor memory indicate persistence of lifting forces, with evidence for reduced persistence of grip forces. Here we investigated the temporal dynamics of the transfer of memory related to vertical lifting forces across prehension tasks. Young adult participants in two separate experimental groups first held the object placed on their palm and ‘hefted’ it (moved it up and down) followed by lifting the object using a precision grip (thumb-finger) with the dominant hand after a delay of 10 s, or 20 min. The Control group lifted the object with the dominant hand using a precision grip and then did so again 20 min later. The Control group used higher load force rates (LFR) for their first lift compared to subsequent lifts, both before and after the 20-min delay. This suggests that the Control group initially overestimated the weight of the object, corrected their LFRs, and then was able to retain this corrected force scaling after the 20-min delay. The Experimental 10-second delay group accurately scaled their LFRs upon their first lift, indicating that they obtained an accurate memory for LFR scaling during hefting, and transferred it to the lift task. In contrast, the Experimental 20-minute delay group was unable to scale their LFRs upon their first lift, as indicated by high LFRs that were no different than those of the Control group. Thus, the memory related to the production of LFR remained stable over 20 min when obtained from the same task, while that obtained from a different task decayed completely within 20 min. This decay may indicate weakened sensorimotor memories related to prehension forces due to its dependence not only on the memory for object mechanical properties, but also on sensory signals generated during the prehension act, along with strong visual prior estimates of a size-weight relationship.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the nasal cavity.

years. 1 Although most primary tumors responsible for metastases to the head and neck (90%) originate above the clavicles, RCC represents the third most common infraclavicular neoplasm (behind lung and breast cancer) to spread to the head and neck. 2,3 RCC metastasizes to the head and neck area in 15% of cases. 3-5 It more commonly metastasizes to the lungs (75%), regional lymph nodes (65%), and the bones and liver (40%). 4,5 We present a case report of a patient who, after having undergone nephrectomy for RCC 2 years earlier, presented with a metastatic RCC to his sinonasal tract. In this report, we discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and current treatment options for this rare condition. CASE REPORT
Sunflowers: America’s neglected crop

The sunflower,Helianthus annuus, is a crop which has been neglected in American agriculture. Sunflower oil from seed grown in the northern U.S. typically contains 70% linoleic acid and has a high ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. This makes it desirable as an edible oil in light of evidence linking saturated fats to high blood cholesterol and incidence of heart disease. In contrast sunflower oil from seed produced in the South generally contains 40–50% linoleic acid. Preliminary studies indicate that southern oil with a lower content of linoleic acid is slightly more stable than northern oil. The effect of planting dates, location and environmental temperatures on the fatty acid composition of northern and southern sunflower oils is reported. Studies also show that potato chips fried in sunflower oil are more flavorful after storage for four weeks than similarly treated chips fried in cottonseed-corn oil mixtures. Sunflower protein is highly digestible (90%) and possesses a high biological value (60%). Protein isolates prepared by the conventional method of extraction are greenish in color due to oxidation of chlorogenic acid. However research underway indicates that development of a nearly white isolate is possible. Analysis of chemical, physical and organoleptic properties indicate that dehulled sunflower kernels can be used in various food products. Defatted meal also can be used as a partial wheat substitute in bread and other bakery products.
Segment lengths influence hill walking strategies

Segment lengths are known to influence walking kinematics and muscle activity patterns. During level walking at the same speed, taller individuals take longer, slower strides than shorter individuals. Based on this, we sought to determine if segment lengths also influenced hill walking strategies. We hypothesized that individuals with longer segments would display more joint flexion going uphill and more extension going downhill as well as greater lateral gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis activity in both directions. Twenty young adults of varying heights (below 155 cm to above 188 cm) walked at 1.25 m/s on a level treadmill as well as 6° and 12° up and downhill slopes while we collected kinematic and muscle activity data. Subsequently, we ran linear regressions for each of the variables with height, leg, thigh, and shank length. Despite our population having twice the anthropometric variability, the level and hill walking patterns matched closely with previous studies. While there were significant differences between level and hill walking, there were few hill walking variables that were correlated with segment length. In support of our hypothesis, taller individuals had greater knee and ankle flexion during uphill walking. However, the majority of the correlations were between tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius activities and shank length. Contrary to our hypothesis, relative step length and muscle activity decreased with segment length, specifically shank length. In summary, it appears that individuals with shorter segments require greater propulsion and toe clearance during uphill walking as well as greater braking and stability during downhill walking.
The effect of various insufflation gases on tumor implantation in an animal model.

Abstract Objective: The expanded use of laparoscopy has led to reports of tumor dissemination and spread to laparoscopic port sites. We previously showed that carbon dioxide insufflation produced tumor dissemination compared with laparotomy. It is unknown whether the type of gas used influences this dissemination. Although carbon dioxide is commonly used during laparoscopy, helium and nitrous oxide could be used. This study was undertaken to compare the effects of carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrous oxide gas on tumor spread in an animal model to determine whether the type of gas used for the pneumoperitoneum would affect tumor spread. Study Design: Viable MATB mammary adenocarcinoma cells were injected into the peritoneal cavity of Fisher 344 rats (1 × 10 5 cells/rat). The animals were then divided into three groups. Four 18-gauge angiocaths were inserted into each of four quadrants of the peritoneal cavity, and induction of pneumoperitoneum with helium, nitrous oxide, or carbon dioxide gas was done at approximately 7 mm Hg for 2 hours. Animals were killed at 7 days and the ventral peritoneal wall and abdominal cavity were examined for evidence of tumor formation. Tumor implants were counted for each of the four quadrants on the anterior peritoneal wall and for the total abdominal cavity. Results: A total of 39 rats were studied with 13 animals per group. The total number of implants was calculated for the groups: carbon dioxide, n=57; helium, n=62; nitrous oxide, n=66. There was no significant difference in the total number of implants according to the type of gas or the size of implants. When implants that were Conclusion: There is no difference in tumor implantation when with use of carbon dioxide, helium, or nitrous oxide gas in an animal model. Thus, carbon dioxide insufflation does not appear to increase tumor spread compared with other gasses. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:994-6.)
Generalization of least-square isotonic regression

Abstract In this paper, we give simple general conditions for optimization problems with order constraints to be solved by least-square isotonic regressions.
Reactance, Compliance, and Anticipated Regret ☆

The current work explored the relations among reactance, regret, and behavioral choice. A possible mechanism for reactance in opposition to persuasion attempts involves people anticipating greater regret for negative outcomes after complying with an agent of persuasion than for negative outcomes after reacting against an agent of persuasion. Some participants were asked to anticipate regret prior to making a behavioral choice in the face of an influence attempt. These participants anticipated greater regret for negative outcomes that would be experienced after reacting against rather than complying with the influence attempt. Accordingly, these participants subsequently exhibited behavioral compliance. On the other hand, participants who made choices without explicitly being asked to anticipate possible future regret showed far greater reactance. Interestingly, in all cases compliance led to significantly greater regret than did reactance once a negative outcome actually occurred. These data indicate that people do not spontaneously anticipate the regret that they may experience in an influence situation. Furthermore, when asked to anticipate such regret, they misanticipate their future feelings. The implications of complying with and reacting against the demands of others are discussed.
A Disparture-Baited Box Trap for Capturing Large Numbers of Gypsy Moths

A disparture-baited box trap with funnels and baffles on the ends caught and retained Porthetria dispar (L.). Releases of laboratory-reared males in forests indicated that traps with a window in the top surface and with a slow-release dichlorvos disc caught the most moths. Such traps deployed in natural infestations, unlike the 3M Sectar® insect traps, caught moths over the entire season.
Amino-terminal sequences of prosomatostatin direct intracellular targeting but not processing specificity

Rat preprosomatostatin (rPPSS) is processed to two bioactive peptides, somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28. In anglerfish islets, the two peptides are synthesized by distinct cell types and are derived from different precursors, anglerfish preprosomatostatin-1 (a(I)PPSS) and anglerfish preprosomatostatin-2 (a(II)PPSS). To determine the basis of the differential processing, we introduced a(I)PPSS or a(II)PPSS expression vectors into mammalian endocrine cell lines that can accomplish both patterns of processing. Both precursors were processed identically, indicating that cellular factors must determine the processing pattern. Although similar processing sites are present in both precursors, high levels of unprocessed anglerfish prosomatostatin-2 were secreted constitutively from the transfected cells. A hybrid protein containing the leader sequence and a portion of the pro-region of rPPSS fused to the carboxy-terminal third of a(II)PPSS was processed and secreted via a regulated pathway. We conclude that the amino-terminal 78 residues of rPPSS contain sufficient information to correct the targeting deficiency of a(II)PPSS in mammalian endocrine cell lines.
Receptor-independent actions of PPAR thiazolidinedione agonists: Is mitochondrial function the key?

Agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) are currently used for treatment of type 2 diabetes due to their insulin sensitizing and glucose metabolism stabilizing effects. More recently some of these same agonists were shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects as well. Although PPARγ agonists can operate via receptor-mediated events occurring at the genomic level, thereby causing long lasting changes in gene expression patterns, recent studies demonstrate non-genomic as well as genomic actions, and receptor-dependent as well as receptor-independent effects of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of PPARγ agonists. In this review we will summarize data describing some of these novel, receptor independent actions of TZDs, review evidence that TZDs directly influence mitochondrial function, and attempt to reconcile how changes in mitochondrial function could contribute to other receptor-independent actions of these drugs.
Editorial comment on: laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection: does it still have a role in the management of clinical stage I nonseminomatous testis cancer? A European perspective.

laparoscopic biopsy of sentinel lymph node in patients with clinical stage I testicular tumor. J Urol 2002; 168:1390–5. [47] Holman E, Kovacs G, Fiasko T, et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for nonseminomatous testicular cancer. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2007;17:16–20. [48] Davol P, Sumfest J, Rukstalis D. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Urology 2006;67:199. [49] Weissbach L, Boedefeld EA, Horstmann-Dubral B. Surgical treatment of stage-I non-seminomatous germ cell testis tumor. Final results of a prospective multicenter trial 1982– 1987. Testicular Tumor Study Group. Eur Urol 1990;17: 97–106. [50] Donohue JP, Foster RS. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in staging and treatment. The development of nervesparing techniques. Urol Clin N Amer 1998;25:461–8. [51] Eggener SE, Carver BS, Sharp DS, Motzer RJ, Bosl GJ, Sheinfield J. Incidence of disease outside modified retroperitoneal lymph node dissection templates in clinical stage I or IIA nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer. J Urol 2007;177:937–43. [52] Allaf ME, Bhayani SB, Link R, et al. Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection: duplication of the open technique. Urology 2005;65:575–7. [53] Jewett MA, Kong YS, Goldberg SD, et al. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumor with nerve sparing for ejaculation. J Urol 1988;139:1220–4.
Hybrid Electro-Optic Polymer Devices: Beating the Drive Voltage/Insertion Loss Trade-Off

We have developed a solution to the voltage/insertion loss tradeoff in electro-optic polymer modulators by adopting hybrid geometry. We will discuss recent results in these devices, notably the achievement of r33 = 170 pm/V in a device.
Relationships Between Poverty and Psychopathology: A Natural Experiment

ContextSocial causation (adversity and stress) vs social selection (downward mobility from familial liability to mental illness) are competing theories about the origins of mental illness.ObjectiveTo test the role of social selection vs social causation of childhood psychopathology using a natural experiment.DesignQuasi-experimental, longitudinal study.Population and SettingA representative population sample of 1420 rural children aged 9 to 13 years at intake were given annual psychiatric assessments for 8 years (1993-2000). One quarter of the sample were American Indian, and the remaining were predominantly white. Halfway through the study, a casino opening on the Indian reservation gave every American Indian an income supplement that increased annually. This increase moved 14% of study families out of poverty, while 53% remained poor, and 32% were never poor. Incomes of non-Indian families were unaffected.Main Outcome MeasuresLevels of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, psychiatric symptoms in the never-poor, persistently poor, and ex-poor children were compared for the 4 years before and after the casino opened.ResultsBefore the casino opened, the persistently poor and ex-poor children had more psychiatric symptoms (4.38 and 4.28, respectively) than the never-poor children (2.75), but after the opening levels among the ex-poor fell to those of the never-poor children, while levels among those who were persistently poor remained high (odds ratio, 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.09; and odds ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-1.07, respectively). The effect was specific to symptoms of conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. Anxiety and depression symptoms were unaffected. Similar results were found in non-Indian children whose families moved out of poverty during the same period.ConclusionsAn income intervention that moved families out of poverty for reasons that cannot be ascribed to family characteristics had a major effect on some types of children's psychiatric disorders, but not on others. Results support a social causation explanation for conduct and oppositional disorder, but not for anxiety or depression.
Causal beliefs about obesity and associated health behaviors: results from a population-based survey

Several genetic variants are associated with obesity risk. Promoting the notion of genes as a cause for obesity may increase genetically deterministic beliefs and decrease motivation to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors. Little is known about whether causal beliefs about obesity are associated with lifestyle behaviors. Study objectives were as follows: 1) to document the prevalence of various causal beliefs about obesity (i.e., genes versus lifestyle behaviors), and 2) to determine the association between obesity causal beliefs and self-reported dietary and physical activity behaviors. The study data were drawn from the 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). A total of 3,534 individuals were included in the present study. Overall, 72% of respondents endorsed the belief that lifestyle behaviors have 'a lot' to do with causing obesity, whereas 19% indicated that inheritance has 'a lot' to do with causing obesity. Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that the belief that obesity is inherited was associated with lower reported levels of physical activity (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.99) and fruit and vegetable consumption (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76-0.99). In contrast, the belief that obesity is caused by lifestyle behaviors was associated with greater reported levels of physical activity (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.62), but was not associated with fruit and vegetable intake (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.90-1.28). Causal beliefs about obesity are associated with some lifestyle behaviors. Additional research is needed to determine whether promoting awareness of the genetic determinants of obesity will decrease the extent to which individuals will engage in the lifestyle behaviors essential to healthy weight management.
Hypercoagulable Conditions and VTOS

Which patient with upper extremity DVT should be tested for hypercoagulable states (thrombophilia) and what test should be obtained? No solid advice can be given due to a lack of clear data whether (a) thrombophilias contribute to DVT formation in patients with upper extremity DVT, and with VTOS in specific, (b) presence of a thrombophilia leads to differential outcome whether surgical/vascular intervention is done or not, and (c) treatment should be any different based on absence or presence of a thrombophilia. This chapter reviews the published data and, given the sparsity of clinical research data on this topic and the absence of a consensus statement, presents the author’s approach to testing.
Mitigating Fear and Loathing in Managing Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

The contemporary care of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is made complex by potentially toxic treatments, continuously advancing science, aging patients, and individual treatment goals. By taking a survey of present-day approaches, we aim to dispel some of the trepidation surrounding that care of patients with AML. At the beginning is the initial presentation, and we will discuss whether or not AML should be considered a medical emergency. We will explore the complex realm of patient decision-making about initial therapy, including the intricate straits of patient–doctor communication, and available options for initial treatment. We will then address post-remission approaches and the controversies that lie therein, and survivorship issues. Finally, we will investigate the current role molecular assessments are playing in therapy recommendations.
The paradox of protection: Human rights, the masculinist state, and the moral economy of gratitude in Turkey

Human rights are among the most-cited criteria for Turkey's accession to the European Union. Focusing on how women's and children's rights figure in governmental reform programs, I explore the institutionalization of rights-bearing subjects in the Turkish official realm. Portrayals of women and children as innocent, depoliticized victims in need of protection and care are meant to persuade state officials to prosecute domestic violence, honor killings, and child abuse. However, this approach narrows the category of rights bearers by excluding groups who do not conform to the image of the helpless victim. Representations of women and children as domesticated rights bearers also consolidate the Turkish state as the locus of “masculinist protection,” reinforcing a moral economy that requires, in return, the grateful obedience of the protected.
Wntless functions in mature osteoblasts to regulate bone mass

Recent genome-wide association studies of individuals of Asian and European descent have found that SNPs located within the genomic region (1p31.3) encoding the Wntless (Wls)/Gpr177 protein are associated significantly with reduced bone mineral density. Wls/Gpr177 is a newly identified chaperone protein that specifically escorts Wnt ligands for secretion. Given the strong functional association between the Wnt signaling pathways and bone development and homeostasis, we generated osteoblast-specific Wls-deficient (Ocn-Cre;Wls-flox) mice. Homozygous conditional knockout animals were born at a normal Mendelian frequency. Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning revealed that bone-mass accrual was significantly inhibited in homozygotes as early as 20 d of age. These homozygotes had spontaneous fractures and a high frequency of premature lethality at around 2 mo of age. Microcomputed tomography analysis and histomorphometric data revealed a dramatic reduction of both trabecular and cortical bone mass in homozygous mutants. Bone formation in homozygotes was severely impaired, but no obvious phenotypic change was observed in mice heterozygous for the conditional deletion. In vitro studies showed that Wls-deficient osteoblasts had a defect in differentiation and mineralization, with significant reductions in the expression of key osteoblast differentiation regulators. In summary, these results reveal a surprising and crucial role of osteoblast-secreted Wnt ligands in bone-mass accrual.
Performability evaluation of gracefully degradable systems

A method for evaluating the performability of repairable degradable systems based on combining generalized stochastic Petri nets and product-form queuing networks models is presented. The method takes into consideration the transient behavior during a change in the system structure. A hierarchical decomposition method is used to reduce the computational effort for the solution. Since it is assumed that all tasks in the system belong to a single class, the aggregation of a submodel to a flow-equivalent transition leads to an exact solution. >
Arterio venous carbon dioxide removal (AVCO/sub 2/R) for severe respiratory failure

Arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal (AVCO/sub 2/R) by a low-resistance gas exchanger in a simple arteriovenous shunt is capable of achieving near total CO/sub 2/ removal and lung rest during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We evaluated AVCO/sub 2/R effect on a LD/sub 50/ smoke/burn (36 breath, 40% III/spl deg/ TBSA) ARDS model in a prospective, randomized, controlled, unblinded 7-day outcomes study of ventilator free days and survival. All AVCO/sub 2/R sheep survived, while only 2 SHAM animals survived the 7-day study. AVCO/sub 2/R had 2.4 ventilator dependent days versus 6.5 days with SHAM. For our initial patient experience, 5 adults in unresponsive, severe ARDS were successfully cannulated for AVCO/sub 2/R at bedside and completed the 72-h trial and 3/5 patients were discharged. AVCO/sub 2/R removed approximately 70% of CO/sub 2/. Changes in ventilator parameters from baseline to 48 h included a decrease in tidal volume, peak inspiratory pressure, minute ventilation, and respiratory rate. Next, a before-after study of AVCO/sub 2/R was performed on 8 subjects with ARDS. PaCO/sub 2/ decreased significantly despite a decrease in minute ventilation from baseline and normalization of pH. We propose the normalization of CO/sub 2/ and decreased minute ventilation allows amelioration of the pathophysiology of ARDS.
Intra-Industry Specialization and the Pattern of Trade

In recent years some economists have suggested that under a wide range of circumstances free international trade will result in a situation where each country simultaneously produces, exports, and imports products which are very close substitutes for each other in consumption, production, or both. Because of the similarity of these products they are commonly accounted for in the same statistical “industry” classification, and the resultant international pattern of production and trade can conveniently be described as “intra-industry specialization” as contrasted with “inter-industry specialization” which results when countries produce and export but do not import the output of some industries while they import but do not produce or export the output of some other industries. It was considered that in the European Common Market intra-industry specialization dominated over inter-industry specialization and that similar developments were important in the development of Benelux trade. At the same time, but independently from these two suggestions in the literature, two pieces of research produced models capable of explaining which country would tend to specialize in which of the different qualities or styles of commodities making up the international trade in products of the same industries.
Cross-Layer Collaborative In-Network Processing in Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks

Emerging wireless sensor network (WSN) applications demand considerable computation capacity for in-network processing. To achieve the required processing capacity, cross-layer collaborative in-network processing among sensors emerges as a promising solution: sensors do not only process information at the application layer, but also synchronize their communication activities to exchange partially processed data for parallel processing. However, scheduling computation and communication events is a challenging problem in WSNs due to limited resource availability and shared communication medium. In this work, an application-independent task mapping and scheduling solution in multihop homogeneous WSNs, multihop task mapping and scheduling (MTMS), is presented that provides real-time guarantees. Using our proposed application model, the multihop channel model, and the communication scheduling algorithm, computation tasks and associated communication events are scheduled simultaneously. The dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) algorithm is presented to further optimize energy consumption. Simulation results show significant performance improvements compared with existing mechanisms in terms of minimizing energy consumption subject to delay constraints
Formal specification of MPI 2.0: Case study in specifying a practical concurrent programming API

We describe the first formal specification of a non-trivial subset of MPI, the dominant communication API in high performance computing. Engineering a formal specification for a non-trivial concurrency API requires the right combination of rigor, executability, and traceability, while also serving as a smooth elaboration of a pre-existing informal specification. It also requires the modularization of reusable specification components to keep the length of the specification in check. Long-lived APIs such as MPI are not usually 'textbook minimalistic' because they support a diverse array of applications, a diverse community of users, and have efficient implementations over decades of computing hardware. We choose the TLA+ notation to write our specifications, and describe how we organized the specification of around 200 of the 300 MPI 2.0 functions. We detail a handful of these functions in this paper, and assess our specification with respect to the aforementioned requirements. We close with a description of possible approaches that may help render the act of writing, understanding, and validating the specifications of concurrency APIs much more productive.
Production of heavily n- and p-doped CVD graphene with solution-processed redox-active metal–organic species

CVD graphene has been n- and p-doped using redox-active, solution-processed metal–organic complexes. Electrical measurements, photoemission spectroscopies, and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterise the doped films and give insights into the changes. The work function decreased by as much as 1.3 eV with the n-dopant, with contributions from electron transfer and surface dipole, and the conductivity significantly increased.
Interventions for Sexual Partners of HIV-Infected or High-Risk Individuals

Worldwide, sexual intercourse between men and women is the most common mode of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (World Health Organization, 1990). In the United States, heterosexuals represent the fastest growing group at risk for HIV infection, and women who are partners of HIV-infected or high risk individuals (especially injection drug users) represent the fastest growing group (Ellerbock et al., 1992). Twenty-nine percent of all cases of HIV in women were attributed to heterosexual transmission in 1986 compared to 34% in 1991. As the HIV epidemic continues to expand, a growing population is at risk because of an ongoing sexual relationship with an HIV-infected person.
Hypertonicity rescues T cells from suppression by trauma-induced anti-inflammatory mediators.

Trauma causes the release of anti-inflammatory factors thought to cause infections by inhibiting T cells. We have found that hypertonic saline (HS) enhances functions of normal T cells. Here we stu...
Taxation of MNC

Prior chapters have provided the background of the structures that enable tax avoidance. Moving operations offshore alone does not reduce taxes. Transferring rights to exploit MNC’s intellectual capital in a buy-in allowed MNC’s taxhaven, CONCH, to collect earnings from foreign sales. Those earnings are held offshore, and while shown on MNC’s consolidated books, they are not subject to US taxes. The value that MNC’s tax advisors, ATA, assigned to the rights to share MNC’s intellectual capital buy-in by CONCH was $50M, whereas a simple average of the seven valuations performed in Chap. 5 was about $783M. ATA’s valuation for that initial offshoring transaction is 6.4 % of that average [F7.1]. The resulting imbalance has the effect that MNC pays much less tax than we expect for a successful public US company. The financial and intellectual capital held at CONCH is available for subsequent investments, which will not be subjected to taxation if made offshore.
Who Benefits From Gerontological Curriculum Enrichment? A Comparison of BSW and MSW Student Outcomes

This study compares outcomes of a gerontological social work curriculum enrichment project for baccalaureate (BSW; n=70) and master's in social work (MSW; n=97) students at a major Midwestern state university. The project was supported by the John A. Hartford Foundation. Evaluation instruments included quantitative pre- and posttests to assess change in BSW and MSW students' attitudes about aging and their knowledge and skills competencies in working with elders. Independent samples t tests indicated that MSW students showed marginally more positive attitudes toward older people, were significantly more knowledgeable about aging, and rated their skills at communicating with elders more highly than did BSW students at pretest only. Results suggest a more positive effect of the gerontological curriculum enrichment intervention on BSW than on MSW students, and implications are discussed.
Neural mechanisms of coarse-to-fine discrimination in the visual cortex.

Vision is a dynamic process that refines the spatial scale of analysis over time, as evidenced by a progressive improvement in the ability to detect and discriminate finer details. To understand co...
Global minimization of robot base reaction forces during point to point moves

This paper presents a path optimization scheme that minimizes reaction forces at the base of the robot in a gravity-free environment during point to point motions. The analysis assumes the mass of the robot is constant during the motion. Both global minimization of the peak force and the integral of the base forces squared are addressed. Further, the effect of a limit on the maximum acceptable force is discussed. In a gravity environment, the path developed using these techniques minimizes base reaction force changes. The algorithms presented are based on a center of mass control scheme. The algorithms are applicable to nonredundant robots and are believed to support real-time implementation. (Author)
Suppressing Near-surface RTM Artifact using a Band-selecting Imaging Condition

Summa ry Reverse time migration (RTM) encounters challenging problems at near-surface. The classical imaging condition defined by the zero-lag cross-correlation of the down-going source wavefield with the upgoing receiver wavefield suffers from low-spatial-frequency artifact at shallow region. Though technologies like high-pass filtering of the migration result and new imaging conditions were introduced and they all lead to good results in oil industry, those methods are inadequate to attenuate near-surface artifacts. One reason for this is that shallow reflection data contains multiple components like refracting, scattering and even surface wave events and these events are hardly to be wiped out. Another reason is that shallow reflection data is often over-processed to illustrate the weak but meaningful signals so the recorded wavefield is tortured. In this article we present a frequency band-selected imaging condition for the near-surface problem. To remove artifacts, we take into account that shallow seismic data has a wide frequency band and that certain band of frequency contributes to improving imaging quality. Our method consists of applying a spatial dependent band-pass filter to the recorded wavefield at each imaging grid point. We illustrate this method with numerical examples.
The Use of Pharmacokinetic Models in the Determination of Risks for Regulatory Purposes

Pharmacokinetic analyses have recently been incorporated in risk assessments, with resultant risks sometimes lower and associated “allowable” exposures much higher than would have been otherwise calculated. Preliminary investigations of the predictions of such models as they have been used for regulatory purposes are presented here. Precision is studied by treating parameters as random variables and performing Monte Carlo simulations and determining the range of estimates once parameter uncertainties are considered. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models cannot be validated at low doses because low dose data in humans and test species are generally not available. Accuracy is discussed in terms of the assumptions and biases pertaining to low dose and interspecies extrapolation.
The Intersection of Black Lives Matter and Adult Education: One Community College Initiative.

This chapter is a call to action for adult educators to critically engage the Black Lives Matter Movement through pedagogy, community engagement and scholarly activism. It explores the intersection of the Black Lives Matter movement and adult education by highlighting the response of one community college initiative.
Inhibition of chemotaxis Ng-monomethyl-L-arginine: a role for cyclic GMP

The metabolism of L-arginine to nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be important for the effector functions of many cell types, including polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. Its effect appears to be mediated at least in part by NO stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase. We evaluated the role of this pathway in two PMN effector functions: cell movement and microbial killing, using the competitive inhibitor of L- arginine conversion to NO, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA). We also evaluated the effect of additional L-arginine and dibutyryl cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) on any NMA-associated changes. Human peripheral blood neutrophils were used and the cells were incubated with and without NMA. Chemotaxis was evaluated using a 48-well micro- Boyden chamber. Microbial killing was evaluated using S aureus strains D2C and 502A. These studies demonstrated that chemotaxis to formyl- methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine was markedly inhibited in NMA-treated cells. This inhibition could be overcome if L-arginine or dibutyryl cGMP were added with the NMA. In contrast, microbial killing of S aureus was unaffected by NMA. These observations support the hypothesis that the L-arginine metabolism to NO and its effect on the cGMP level may be important for the dynamic changes required for neutrophil chemotaxis.