cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ROLE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND TRIGLYCERIDES IN WARMED‐OVER FLAVOR DEVELOPMENT IN MEAT MODEL SYSTEMS

The effects of triglycerides and phospholipids on development of warmed-over flavor (WOF) in cooked meat was studied using model systems from beef and from chicken dark and light meat. Triglycerides, total lipids, total phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) were added back to the lipid extracted muscle fibers in each system and WOF development was followed by the TBA test and taste panel scores after heating to 70°C and holding at 4°C for 48 hr. Total phospholipids, especially PE, were shown to be the major contributors to development of WOF in cooked meat. The triglycerides enhanced development of WOF only when combined with the phospholipids (as total lipids). Phosphatidyl choline (PC) did not influence WOF in the model system. Changes in the PUFAs of the phospholipids were shown to be related to development of WOF in cooked meat. Addition of 156 ppm of nitrite significantly (P < 0.01) reduced TBA numbers and prevented development of WOF.
Variants of Exposure and Response Prevention in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis

Consistent findings suggest that exposure and response prevention (ERP) procedures are highly effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the studies that have reported success with this intervention have employed numerous variations in treatment procedures. Four general variations have been (1) whether the exposure sessions were supervised by the therapist or conducted by the patient on his or her own, (2) whether in vivo or imaginal exposure was used, (3) whether exposure stimuli were presented, beginning with the least or the most anxietyevoking, and (4) whether response prevention involved the complete or partial abstinence from ritualizing. Whereas a few authors have addressed the relative efficacy of these procedural variations within single studies, results have been largely equivocal. We employed meta-analytic methods to quantitatively examine the degree of symptom improvement associated with the aforementioned variations of ERP. A total of 38 trials from 24 controlled and uncontrolled studies were included in the meta-analysis. Effect sizes were calculated as the standardized within-group change from pre- to posttreatment, a procedure that varies from traditional meta-analytic methods and likely yielded inflated estimates of treatment efficacy. Our results suggested that therapist-supervised exposure was more effective than self-controlled exposure. Further, the addition of complete response prevention to exposure therapy was associated with better outcome than partial or no response prevention. In reducing symptoms of anxiety, the combination of in vivo and imaginal exposure was superior to in-vivo exposure alone. Findings are discussed in terms of advancing the effectiveness of ERP in the treatment of OCD.
Looking at the past to change the future: a retrospective study of associate degree in nursing graduates' National Council Licensure Examination scores

Abstract This is a retrospective study comparing academic records and demographic data of students in an associate degree in nursing program who failed the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) with students who passed the NCLEX-RN. The sample was obtained from the population of graduates from courses spanning one academic calendar year. The study examined the relationship between multiple variables and success on the NCLEX-RN. The dependent variable was passing NCLEX-RN. Several independent variables include entering cumulative grade point average (GPA), entering nursing curriculum GPA, preadmission examination score, terminal grades in each of the five clinical nursing courses, National League for Nursing examination scores taken in various program courses, graduating GPA, and Health Education Systems, Inc. (HESI), examination score taken at the end of the program. Standardized test results and the pass/fail rate in the nursing courses taught in the curriculum appear to be the most significant variables identified in profiling the student most likely to fail NCLEX-RN. Males and minorities (Black, Hispanic, and Asian) had a lower pass rate than their White counterparts.
Trifluoroacetic anhydride: A new activating agent for dimethyl sulfoxide in the synthesis of iminosulfuranes

Das aus Dimethylsulfoxid (I) und Trifluoracetanhydrid (II) bei -60°C gebildete Addukt (III) reagiert mit aromatischen Aminen, Amiden und Sulfonamiden (IV) in Ausbeuten von 60-80% zu Iminosulfuranen (V).
An Investigation of Impact of the Product Family Design on the Shop Floor Performance

While many approaches have been proposed to optimize the product family design for measures of cost, revenue and performance, many of these approaches fail to incorporate the complexity of the manufacturing issues into family design decision-making. One of these issues is different approaches for assembly sequencing. This paper presents a computer simulation study by which the impact of two postponement strategies is investigated for a real-life product family case under various demand conditions. Overall, the results indicate that when the product family design takes into account the assembly sequencing decisions, the outcomes at the shop floor level improve. The results have implications for companies that are looking into increasing their revenue without increasing their investment in the shop floor.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Open Heavy Flavor Production at Forward Rapidity in Cu+Cu Collisions

Abstract The first measurement of the nuclear modification factor, R A A , for single muons produced in Cu+Cu collisions at s N N = 200 GeV is presented, which is the first measurement of the nuclear modification factor for open heavy flavor production made at forward angles in heavy ion collisions. Single muons are used to tag heavy flavor quark production via semi-leptonic decay of open heavy flavor mesons. With its muon arms, PHENIX has a unique ability to measure single muons at forward rapidity ( 1.2 | η | 2.2 ) .
Biochemical characterization of pectate lyases produced by fluorescent pseudomonads associated with spoilage of fresh fruits and vegetables

An improved method for purification of pectate lyases (PLI and PLII) from culture fluids of Pseudomonas fluorescens CY091 and Ps. viridiflava PJ-08-6 by using a phosphocellulose cation exchanger was described. Analysis of purified PLI and PLII by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide and isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis revealed that both enzymes had been purified to near homogeneity. Optimal Ca2+ concentration required for PLI and PLII activity was determined to be 0·5 mmol l−1. The Ca2+ requirement could not be replaced by other metal cations such as Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+ and Co2+. Optimal pH for activity was determined to be between 8·5 and 9·0. The Km values for sodium polygalacturonate were 1·28 and 1·11 mg ml−1 for PLI and PLII, respectively. Both PLI and PLII were stable at low temperatures (25°C or below) for at least 1 month. However, at 37°C, the activity decreased 50% in 36 h. Optimal temperatures for activity were estimated to be 46° and 52°C for PLI and PLII, respectively. Thermal stability of both enzymes at elevated temperatures (48°C or higher) increased when CaCl2 or a positively charged molecule such as polylysine was present, but decreased when polygalacturonate or a negatively charged molecule such as heparin was present. PLI and PLII exhibit differential degrees of sensitivity to group-specific inhibitors, including iodoacetic acid and diethylpyrocarbonate. This result suggests that both sulphydryl and imidazole groups are important for the catalytic function of PLI and PLII.
Equilibrium acidities of carbon acids

Abstract A scale of absolute equilibrium acidities for organic acids in dimethyl sulfoxide solution is presented, and these acidities are compared with: (a) apparent acidities in solvents of low dielectric constant, (b) absolute acidities in water, and (c) relative acidities in the gas phase. In dimethyl sulfoxide the carbon acid acetophenone is weaker than its oxygen analog, benzoic acid, by almost fourteen orders of magnitude, but the Hammett ρ for acetophenones is only one order of magnitude greater than for benzoic acids. This shows that large changes in the stabilities of ions in side chains may be accompanied by relatively small changes in ρ, and that the success of the Hammett equation rests, in part, on its relative insensitivity to energy changes.
Shubnikov-de Haas experiments on potassium-hydrogen graphite intercalation compounds (KHx-GIC's).

Potassium-hydrogen-graphite ternary compounds (${\mathrm{KH}}_{\mathrm{x}}$-GIC, 0x1) are donor-type compounds containing an ionic intercalant ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. Basically the effect of hydrogen addition is the uptake of electrons from the potassium so that fewer electrons are available for conduction in the graphite \ensuremath{\pi} bands. To obtain Fermi-surface information directly, Shubnikov--de Haas (SdH) measurements were carried out on stage-1, -2, and -4 ${\mathrm{KH}}_{\mathrm{x}}$-GIC's. The results are compared with the electronic properties of K-GIC's and ${\mathrm{KHg}}_{\mathrm{x}}$-GIC's. The observed oscillations are qualitatively modeled using the three-dimensional dilute-limit model. These Fermi-surface results are related to other experiments on ${\mathrm{KH}}_{\mathrm{x}}$-GIC's, such as magnetic susceptibility, electronic specific heat, Raman scattering, and superconductivity. For example, it is found that because of the strong electron affinity of hydrogen, the charge transfer to hydrogen and graphite in stage-2 ${\mathrm{KH}}_{\mathrm{x}}$-GIC's completely depletes the electrons in the potassium conduction band, consistent with the experimental specific-heat results. The basic conclusion that the uptake of hydrogen results in a lower electron concentration in the graphite \ensuremath{\pi} bands is supported by all experiments.
An analysis of numerical models of air pollutant exposure and vegetation response.

Abstract A number of empirical (statistical, regression oriented) and mechanistic (process oriented) models are presently available to examine the relationship between air pollution stress and plant response. These models have their strengths and weaknesses. In all these models, a major concern is the numerical definition of the pollutant exposure kinetics (dose). At present there are no numerical definitions of dose which make satisfactory biological sense. A key issue is the existence of a biological time clock where plants respond differently to the pollutant stress at different stages of their growth. On the other hand, policy makers and regulatory personnel prefer a simple approach which would facilitate implementation and administration of ambient air quality standards. Long-term air pollutant averaging techniques create artifacts due to the non-normal distribution of ambient concentrations. A more appropriate approach may be the use of ‘median’ and ‘percentiles’ computed from short duration pollutant concentrations. Such an approach would be free of the influence of the non-normal distribution, but would require the development of appropriate exposure-response models. Any transfer of results from unit level models to regional level leads to ‘scaling error’. There is no general agreement among researchers on how to deal with the scale problem. While this situation persists, any policy formulated on regional impact assessment must acknowledge the uncertainty.
Enzymatic C–H activation by metal–superoxo intermediates

The mechanisms of four enzymes that initiate oxidation of their substrates by using mid-valent metal–superoxo intermediates, rather than the more frequently described high-valent iron–oxo complexes, to cleave relatively strong C–H bonds have come into focus in the past several years. In two of these reactions, the alternative manifold for O2 and C–H activation enables unique four-electron oxidation reactions, thus significantly augmenting Nature's arsenal for transformation of aliphatic carbon compounds. General principles of this alternative manifold, including common kinetic characteristics and thermodynamic limitations, are emerging. Recent, combined experimental and computational studies on other systems have shown how a more thorough understanding of the structures of the metal–superoxo intermediates and the mechanisms by which they cleave C–H bonds might be achieved.
Singular value decomposition based low-footprint speaker adaptation and personalization for deep neural network

The large number of parameters in deep neural networks (DNN) for automatic speech recognition (ASR) makes speaker adaptation very challenging. It also limits the use of speaker personalization due to the huge storage cost in large-scale deployments. In this paper we address DNN adaptation and personalization issues by presenting two methods based on the singular value decomposition (SVD). The first method uses an SVD to replace the weight matrix of a speaker independent DNN by the product of two low rank matrices. Adaptation is then performed by updating a square matrix inserted between the two low-rank matrices. In the second method, we adapt the full weight matrix but only store the delta matrix - the difference between the original and adapted weight matrices. We decrease the footprint of the adapted model by storing a reduced rank version of the delta matrix via an SVD. The proposed methods were evaluated on short message dictation task. Experimental results show that we can obtain similar accuracy improvements as the previously proposed Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) regularized method with far fewer parameters, which only requires 0.89% of the original model storage.
The psychology of eyewitness testimony: A comparison of experts and prospective jurors.

To compare people's beliefs about eyewitness testimony with expert opinion, 79 college students and community adults filled out a questionnaire in which they reported whether they agreed or disagreed with 21 statements previously used in a survey of eyewitness experts (Kassin, Ellsworth, & Smith, 1989). The results indicated that there was a significant inter-item correlation of agreement rates but that subjects differed from the experts on 15 of these items. For courts seeking to determine the extent to which juries need assistance in their evaluations of eyewitness evidence, these findings offer a tentative list of topics worthy of either expert testimony or cautionary instructions from the judge.
Analysis of Distribution Feeder Losses due to Addition of Distributed Photovoltaic Generators

Distributed generators (DG) are small scale power supplying sources owned by customers or utilities and scattered throughout the power system distribution network. Distributed generation can be both renewable and non-renewable. Addition of distributed generation is primarily to increase feeder capacity and to provide peak load reduction. However, this addition comes with several impacts on the distribution feeder. Several studies have shown that addition of DG leads to reduction of feeder loss. However, most of these studies have considered lumped load and distributed load models to analyze the effects on system losses, where the dynamic variation of load due to seasonal changes is ignored. It is very important for utilities to minimize the losses under all scenarios to decrease revenue losses, promote efficient asset utilization, and therefore, increase feeder capacity. This paper will investigate an IEEE 13-node feeder populated with photovoltaic generators on detailed residential houses with water heater, Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC) units, lights, and other plug and convenience loads. An analysis of losses for different power system components, such as transformers, underground and overhead lines, and triplex lines, will be performed. The analysis will utilize different seasons and different solar penetration levels (15%, 30%).Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Cholecystectomy: From Langenbuch to Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery

Gallstones have led to pain and complications in humankind for millennia. Beginning in the 1880s, cholecystectomy, performed through a sizable abdominal incision, was the treatment of choice for symptomatic cholelithiasis. During the late 1980s pioneering surgeons first used laparoscopic techniques to remove the gallbladder. Although initially associated with a significantly increased rate of bile duct injury, the clinical advantages of laparoscopy compared to open operation became readily apparent, ushering in the “laparoscopic revolution.” More recently, attempts at rendering cholecystectomy even less invasive—smaller or fewer incisions or eliminating abdominal incisions altogether—have been described, with limited clinical series reported. At the current time, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard for gallbladder removal, and any newer techniques must be demonstrated to result in superior outcomes for widespread adoption.
The incidence structure of subspaces with well-scaled frames

Abstract In this paper, the incidence structure of classes of subspaces that generalize the regular (unimodular) subspaces of rational coordinate spaces is studied. Let F the a field and S ⊂- F β {0}. A subspace, V, of a coordinate space over F is S-regular if every elementary vector of V can be scaled by an element of F β {0} so that all of its non-zero entries are elements of S. A subspace that is {−1, +1 }-regular over the rational field is regular. Associated with a subspace, V, over an arbitrary (respectively, ordered) field is a matroid (oriented matroid) having as circuits (signed circuits) the set of supports (signed supports) of elementary vectors of V. Fundamental representation properties are established for the matroids that arise from certain classes of subspaces. Matroids that are (minor) minimally non-representable by various classes of subspaces are identified. A unique representability results is established for the oriented matroids of subspaces that are dyadic (i.e., {±20, ±21, ±22, …}-regular) over the rationals. A self-dual characterization is established for the matroids of S-regular subspaces which generalizes Minty's characterization of regular spaces as digraphoids.
Mitochondrial DNA integrity is not dependent on DNA polymerase-β activity

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are involved in a variety of pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in aging. mtDNA mutations result predominantly from damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is not repaired prior to replication. Repair of ROS-damaged bases occurs mainly via base excision repair (BER) in mitochondria and nuclei. In nuclear BER, the two penultimate steps are carried out by DNA polymerase-beta (Polbeta), which exhibits both 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate (5'-dRP) lyase and DNA polymerase activities. In mitochondria, DNA polymerase-gamma (Polgamma) is believed to be the sole polymerase and is therefore assumed to function in mitochondrial BER. However, a recent report suggested the presence of Polbeta or a "Polbeta-like" enzyme in bovine mitochondria. Consequently, in the present work, we tested the hypothesis that Polbeta is present and functions in mammalian mitochondria. Initially we identified two DNA polymerase activities, one corresponding to Polgamma and the other to Polbeta, in mitochondrial preparations obtained by differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. However, upon further fractionation in linear Percoll gradients, we were able to separate Polbeta from mitochondria and to show that intact mitochondria, identified by electron microscopy, lacked Polbeta activity. In a functional test for the presence of Polbeta function in mitochondria, we used a new assay for detection of random (i.e., non-clonal) mutations in single mtDNA molecules. We did not detect enhanced mutation frequency in mtDNA from Polbeta null cells. In contrast, mtDNA from cells harboring mutations in the Polgamma exonuclease domain that abolish proofreading displayed a >or=17-fold increase in mutation frequency. We conclude that Polbeta is not an essential component of the machinery that maintains mtDNA integrity.
Chronic hepatitis C with persistently normal aminotransferase levels: do we have an adequate definition?

Chronic hepatitis C with persistently normal aminotransferase levels: do we have an adequate definition?
The in vitro growth of murine high proliferative potential-colony forming cells is not enhanced by growth in a low oxygen atmosphere

The growth of primitive murine hematopoietic progenitors, high proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC), has been reported to be improved in low 0, tension cultures. In this report we investigated the growth of HPP-CFC stimulated by combinations of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, kit-ligand (KL), granulocyte (G) colony-stimulating factor (CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) and IL-3 in clonal cultures incubated at 7% or 21% 0, tension. Neither the numbers of HPP-CFC colonies nor the number of cells per HPP-CFC colony differed significantly between cultures grown under 7% or 21% 0, tension. The mean number of cells per HPP-CFC colony was found to range from 3.9 x 104 to 2.2 X 105. The smallest HPP-CFC colonies were stimulated by the cytokine combination IL-1 + IL-6 + KL, whereas the largest colonies were stimulated by a combination of all seven cytokines tested. The growth of erythroid colonies from murine or human bone marrow did, however, show some enhancement when cultured at a lower 0, tension. These results demonstrate that the growth of murine HPP-CFC was not compromised when cultured at ambient 0, concentration. Bradley & Hodgson in 19791 reported a culture system for the detection of a population of high proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPPCFC) from murine bone marrow (BM). The primitive nature of HPP-CFC was evident in their ability to form highly cellular colonies comprising an average of 5 x 104 cells, their quiescent cell-cycle status, and their resistance to in-vivo purging by the cyclespecific drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The growth of HPP-CFC required costimulation by cytokines present in pregnant-mouse uterus extract and human spleen
Wireless sensing with smart skins

The ever-increasing need for perpetual ubiquitous cognition of our environment prompts the integration of numerous unobtrusive, extremely low-cost and passively powered wireless sensors into our surroundings. Smart skins, i.e. thin layers of modified materials on top of surfaces that surround our every-day lives, constitute ideal such sensor candidates for the ubiquitous awareness vision. In this paper we are presenting three different types of highly sensitive smart skin sensors for identity and genuineness authentication and seal proof, large metallic structural strain and crack detection and chemical gas sensing of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide. These low-profile smart skin prototypes share not only all the aforementioned desired characteristics but also exhibit high levels of accuracy and reliability in a flexible and rugged design.
An ethnography of pain assessment and the role of social context on two postoperative units.

Title. An ethnography of pain assessment and the role of social context on two postoperative units Aim. This paper is a report of a study to examine nursing assessment of pain across two postoperative units. Background. Postoperative pain management remains problematic. While the nursing unit, as the context, has been described as influencing pain assessment practice, the nature of this influence remains unexplored. Method. The study was conducted in the United States of America on two postoperative units of one teaching hospital in 2003–2004. Bourdieu’s approach to ethnography was used. This applies traditional ethnographic techniques in sequential phases designed to illuminate: (1) relative positions of agents in a field of practice, (2) social capital in the field, and (3) the habitus of agents. Multiple data collection techniques appropriate to each phase were employed, including participant observation and individual interviews. Findings. A predominant pattern of pain assessment existed on each unit. Nurses used assessment criteria from three spheres, i.e. the client’s narrative, evident criteria and a reference typology of assessment findings. Nurses used a single sphere as a primary filter through which data were processed. This filter was distinctive for each unit, and consistent with the unique pattern of nursing pain assessment on each unit. Conclusion. Nurses’ pain assessment practice is profoundly shaped by the social context of the unit on which practice occurs. Bourdieu’s’ theory of practice is a useful lens through which to examine the social context of pain assessment practice.
Inhalation of resuspended road dust, but not ammonium nitrate, decreases the expression of the pulmonary macrophage Fc receptor

Abstract Pulmonary macrophages (PM) play a key role in the immune defenses of the lung. When stimulated, PM express Fc receptors (FcR) that regulate the immune response. PM were assayed for FcR expression following subchronic inhalation exposure of adult Fischer 344 rats to either 90 μg/m3 nitrate (NH4NO3), 300 μg/m3 road dust, or clean air, for 4 h/day, 4 days/week, for 8 weeks. PM were lavaged from the lungs and attached to glass coverslips for 18 h. PM FcR were labelled with rat IgG conjugated with cyanine-3. For each exposure, FcR were determined with a Meridian ACAS 570 confocal cytometer by imaging the fluorescence of 50 cells. We found that the IgG binding to FcR (in arbitrary fluorescence units, FU, per cell) for PM from road dust exposed rats was less (835 ± 39.3 FU/cell) than that for PM from both ammonium nitrate or clean air-exposed rats (1115 ± 58.0 FU/cell and 1123 ± 46.6 FU/cell, respectively). While acid incubation conditions in vitro (pH 5.5 for 30 min to simulate the acid environment of ammonium nitrate inhalation) resulted in a 16% decrease in IgG binding (P
The computer analysis of chest radiographs

This paper describes a program for automatically extracting lung and heart features in the digitized image of posteroanterior (PA) view chest radiographs. A graph-directed analysis is used to guide the search for objects from the largest to the smallest in the radiograph. Global information is used to guide the analysis of the program. Consequently, only the points in a small range are searched and tested against local criteria to detect boundary points. The entire lung boundary is broken into four segments: upper inside boundary, lower inside boundary, boundary along the diaphragm and outside boundary. Slightly different global-local criteria for detecting the edge points along each segment have been developed and tested on 423 PA chest radiographs of patients of all ages. The results obtained indicate the program can locate the accurate boundary on all cases except infants. Twenty-seven measurements which describe the shape and size of the heart are extracted; these measurements are used for normal abnormal classification via a modified maximum likelihood classification algorithm.
In-Situ Electro-Charging for Friction Reduction and Wear Resistant Film Formation

A technique has been developed to form friction-reducing and antiwear films in-situ by means of an electric field applied between rubbing metal surfaces. Using this in-situ charging technique, the effectiveness of zinc organodithiophosphate (ZDP) additives as antiwear and friction reducing agents can be enhanced by electrochemical reactions which form surface coatings. The coatings formed on sliding surfaces compared with uncharged surfaces reduce friction by up to 35 percent. In addition, during the sliding process, the films formed on the surfaces are replenished and protect the rubbing surfaces from wear. A steel plate subjected to rubbing and in-situ charging for four hours had a smooth surface and a yellowish reaction film; the one without charging was rougher and no yellowish reaction film was formed. The improved tribological characteristics are attributed to an increase in the electrochemical reactivity of the ZDP-mineral oil blends and the formation of phosphate or sulfate films on the metal surf...
A review of ground-based heavy ion radiobiology relevant to space radiation risk assessment: Cataracts and CNS effects

Abstract Analysis of the numerous potential risks of travel into deep space is critical to future manned missions. Despite the availability of significant new information on heavy-ion radiobiology at high doses and high dose-rates, radiation effects on human physiology during space travel, and later in the career of the space traveler, remain high on the list of what still needs to be known under space radiation scenarios. Cancer risks have long been considered the most serious late effect from chronic daily relatively low-dose exposures to the complex space radiation environment. However, other late radiation effects from space radiation scenarios are under study in ground-based accelerator facilities and have revealed some unique particle radiation effects not observed with conventional radiations. A comprehensive review of pertinent literature that considers functional degradation of specific body organs and systems at risk has recently been published (NCRP Report #153, 2006). This paper highlights the review of two noncancer concerns from this report: cataracts and effects on the central nervous system.
Kinetics of the ligand exchange between organo-gold(III), -gallium(III), -thallium(III), and -tin(IV) acetylacetonates and free acetylacetone

Abstract The rate of the exchange of the acetylacetonate ligand between several organometallic acetylacetonates and the proton chelate, acetylacetone, have been studied using pmr spectroscopy. The order of increasing exchange rate is Cl 2 Sn(acac) 2 ⪡ (CH 3 ) 2 Au(acac) ⋍ (CH 3 )ClSn (acac) 2 ⋍ (CH 3 ) 2 Ga (acac) 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn (acac) 2 3 ) 2 Sn(acac) 2 3 ) 2 Tl(acac). Since the rate of intramolecular exchange appears to be much greater than that for intermolecular exchange, the diorgano-tin(IV) and thallium(III) chelates should be very non-rigid molecules at room temperature. The rate of exchange of acetylacetonate between (CH 3 ) 2 Sn(acac) 2 and (C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn(acac) 2 is slower than the exchange between either complex and acetylacetone.
Development of oral lesions in erythema multiforme exudativum.

Abstract The development of oral lesions in erythema multiforme exudativum has been divided into five distinct stages—macular, bullous, sloughing, pseudo-membranous, and healing. Each stage is clinically and histologically different and is dependent upon the degree of lesion development. Evidence has been presented to suggest an intraepithelial rather than an intradermal origin of the oral bulla of erythema multiforme exudativum. Each stage has been illustrated by clinical photographs and demonstrated microscopically to show the progress of the lesions from initial eruption to final healing. Knowledge of this progression should aid both in diagnosis and in the prediction of the approximate length of time the patient will have the disease.
Transfusion of separated leukocytes into irradiated dogs with aplastic marrows.

SummaryThe feasibility of recirculating separated leucocytes has been demonstrated in dogs with complete bone marrow aplasia induced by x-irradiation. The transfused granulocytes were shown to migrate to sites of infection.
Reliable Posterior Probability Estimation for Streaming Face Recognition

Increasing access to large, non-stationary face datasets and corresponding demands to process, analyze and learn from this data. This has lead to a new class of online/ incremental face recognition problems. While it is advantageous to build large scale learning systems when resources permit, a counter problem of learning with limited resources in presence of streaming data arises. We present a budgeted incremental support vector learning method suitable for online learning applications. Our system can process one sample at a time and is suitable when dealing with large streams of data. We discuss multiple budget maintenance strategies and investigate the problem of incremental unlearning. We propose a novel posterior probability estimation model based on Extreme Value Theory (EVT) and show its suitability for budgeted online learning applications (calibration with limited data). We perform thorough analysis of various probability calibration techniques with the help of methods inspired from meteorology. We test our methods on Labeled Faces in the Wild dataset and show suitability of the proposed approach for face verification/ recognition.
Nicaraguan volcanoes record paleoceanographic changes accompanying closure of the Panama gateway

A major oceanographic event preserved in the Cocos plate sedimentary column survived subduction and is recorded in the changing composition of Nicaraguan magmas. A uranium increase in these magmas since the latest Miocene (after 7 Ma) resulted from the ‘‘carbonate crash’’ at 10 Ma and the ensuing high organic carbon burial in the sediments. The response of the arc to this paleoceanographic event requires near steady-state sediment recycling at this margin since 20 Ma. This relative stability in sediment subduction invites one of the first attempts to balance sedimentary input and arc output across a subduction zone. Calculations based on Th indicate that as much as 75% of the sedimentary column was subducted beneath the arc. The Nicaraguan margin is one of the few places to observe such strong links between the oceans and the solid earth.
Influence of cropping systems on soil aggregate and weed seedbank dynamics during the organic transition period

Agronomic management during the 3-yr transition period to organic certification influences soil quality and the weed seedbank. We studied two cropping systems during the transition period and the first certified organic season. A 4-yr rotation of corn, soybean, wheat/alfalfa, corn (C-S-W/A-C) [Zea mays L., Glycine max (L.) Merr., Triticum aestivum L., Medicago sativa L.], produced under a more complex management that included manure and cover crop residue, was compared to a perennial based corn, alfalfa, alfalfa, corn (C-A-A-C) rotation. We compared soil aggregate size distribution and bulk density after Year 1 and on completion of the transition period. Weed seedbank populations were quantified through two seasons in the greenhouse. Weed surface density and aboveground weed biomass were quantified in the field. Over the course of the study, the percentage of large soil macroaggregates (>2000 μm size class) had 2.7 and 3.4-fold increase for the C-A-A-C and C-S-W/A-C treatments, respectively. The C-S-W/A-C system generated a 4.5-fold increase in aggregates of this class when wheat that was interseeded with alfalfa was harvested as forage. Bulk density decreased 14 and 6% for the C-S-W/A-C and the C-A-A-C systems, respectively. There was a 60 to nearly 300% increase in total weed seeds germinated in the greenhouse for the C-S-W/A-C system. This same system had a 60 to more than 500% decreased weed seedbank density in the field. We conclude from this study that either strategy can improve soil quality while the weed seedbank was better managed in the more complicated C-S-W/A-C system.
A simple proof of the Fisher-Fuller theorem

Several years ago, Fisher and Fuller(1) proved that if P is a real square matrix with all members of its ‘nested set’ of principal minors non-zero, then there exists a real diagonal matrix, D , such that the characteristic roots of DP are all real, negative and distinct. This interesting and powerful result, used by the authors to derive further results concerning convergence of linear iterative processes, has since also proved of interest to economists studying the stability of economic general equilibrium.
Accurate Personality Judgment

Personality traits are patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that are relatively consistent over time and across situations. Judging the traits of others and of oneself is a ubiquitous and consequential activity of daily life, which raises two important questions. First, how does accurate personality judgment happen? According to the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM), accuracy in such judgments is achieved when relevant behavioral information is available to and detected by a judge who then utilizes that information correctly. Second, when are personality judgments accurate? The RAM identifies four principal moderators of accurate personality judgment, which are properties of the target of judgment, the trait that is judged, the information upon which the judgment is based (i.e., its quantity and quality), and the individual making the judgment. People usually manage to make personality judgments that are accurate enough for navigation of the complex social world; research on accuracy seeks to understan...
Should general practitioners call patients by their first names

OBJECTIVE--To assess the acceptability to patients of the use of patients' first names by doctors and doctors' first names by patients in general practice. DESIGN--An administered questionnaire survey. SETTING--5 General practices in Lothian. PATIENTS--475 Patients consulting 30 general practitioners. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Response by patients to questionnaire on attitude to use of first names. RESULTS--Most of the patients either liked (223) or did not mind (175) being called by their first names. Only 77 disliked it, most of whom were aged over 65. Most patients (324) did not, however, want to call the doctor by his or her first name. CONCLUSIONS--General practitioners should consider using patients' first names more often, particularly with younger patients.
Conformational instability of the N‐ and C‐terminal lobes of porcine pepsin in neutral and alkaline solutions

Pepsin contains, in a single chain, two conformationally homologous lobes that are thought to have been evolutionarily derived by gene duplication and fusion. We have demonstrated that the individual recombinant lobes are capable of independent folding and reconstitution into a two-chain pepsin or a two-chain pepsinogen (Lin, X., et al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 17257-17263). Pepsin spontaneously inactivates in neutral or alkaline solutions. We have shown in this study that the enzymic activity of the alkaline-inactivated pepsin was regenerated by the addition of the recombinant N-terminal lobe but not by the C-terminal lobe. These results indicate that alkaline inactivation of pepsin is due to a selective denaturation of its N-terminal lobe. A complex between recombinant N-terminal lobe of pepsinogen and alkaline-denatured pepsin has been isolated. This complex is structurally similar to a two-chain pepsinogen, but it contains an extension of a denatured pepsin N-terminal lobe. Acidification of the complex is accompanied by a cleavage in the pro region and proteolysis of the denatured N-terminal lobe. The structural components that are responsible for the alkaline instability of the N-terminal lobe are likely to be carboxyl groups with abnormally high pKa values. The electrostatic potentials of 23 net carboxyl groups in the N-terminal domain (as compared to 19 in the C-terminal domain) of pepsin were calculated based on the energetics of interacting charges in the tertiary structure of the domain. The groups most probably causing the alkaline denaturation are Asp11, Asp159, Glu4, Glu13, and Asp118.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Structural and Biochemical Foundations of Thiamin Biosynthesis

Thiamin is synthesized by most prokaryotes and by eukaryotes such as yeast and plants. In all cases, the thiazole and pyrimidine moieties are synthesized in separate branches of the pathway and coupled to form thiamin phosphate. A final phosphorylation gives thiamin pyrophosphate, the active form of the cofactor. Over the past decade or so, biochemical and structural studies have elucidated most of the details of the thiamin biosynthetic pathway in bacteria. Formation of the thiazole requires six gene products, and formation of the pyrimidine requires two. In contrast, details of the thiamin biosynthetic pathway in yeast are only just beginning to emerge. Only one gene product is required for the biosynthesis of the thiazole and one for the biosynthesis of the pyrimidine. Thiamin can also be transported into the cell and can be salvaged through several routes. In addition, two thiamin degrading enzymes have been characterized, one of which is linked to a novel salvage pathway.
MEN I pancreas: A histological and immunohistochemical study

The spectrum and extent of islet cell histopathological findings in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I (MEN I) syndrome has never been clearly defined. Although some patients have discreet tumors causing clinically evident syndromes, others may have no symptoms until metastatic islet cell carcinoma is apparent. Whether diffuse islet cell disease occurs in all patients with grossly apparent tumors is not known. This study is an attempt to define both the functional and anatomical extent of islet cell disease and its relationship with the clinical course of patients with MEN I syndrome. The resected specimens of pancreas from 14 patients with MEN I syndrome were evaluated for hyperplasia, nesidioblastosis, multiple tumors, and evidence of malignancy. In 12 cases, specimens consisted of distal pancreas and, in 2 cases, the entire pancreas was available. Multiple sections were taken from each specimen. Immunoperoxidase staining was done for gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, serotonin, VIP, somatostatin, and neuron-specific enolase in sections of 24 tumors from 10 patients. Five of the 10 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome underwent total gastrectomy and 3 others underwent only pancreatic procedures to control their acid hypersecretion. The following is concluded. All MEN I patients with pancreatic neoplasms have diffuse islet cell involvement consisting of nesidioblastosis, micro- and macronodular hyperplasia. Some tumors produce multiple hormones and these patients are at risk to develop new tumors, but complete excision of grossly apparent tumors may result in long-term control of the endocrinopathy present. This is particularly true for patients with insulinoma and hypoglycemia. Selected patients with gastrinoma may also be considered for excision of their islet cell tumor(s) without concomitant gastrectomy, especially if transhepatic venous sampling demonstrates a single site of excess gastrin production. However, if transhepatic venous sampling demonstrates diffuse sources of hypergastrinemia, a local pancreatic procedure will invariably be unsuccessful. Total pancreatectomy in MEN I patients with disease localized to the pancreas is the only curative surgical procedure but is rarely indicated.
Exogenous MAL Reroutes Selected Hepatic Apical Proteins into the Direct Pathway in WIF-B Cells

Unlike simple epithelial cells that directly target newly synthesized glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored and single transmembrane domain (TMD) proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the apical membrane, hepatocytes use an indirect pathway: proteins are delivered to the basolateral domain and then selectively internalized and transcytosed to the apical plasma membrane. Myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) and MAL2 have been identified as regulators of direct and indirect apical delivery, respectively. Hepatocytes lack endogenous MAL consistent with the absence of direct apical targeting. Does MAL expression reroute hepatic apical residents into the direct pathway? We found that MAL expression in WIF-B cells induced the formation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipid-enriched Golgi domains that contained GPI-anchored and single TMD apical proteins; polymeric IgA receptor (pIgA-R), polytopic apical, and basolateral resident distributions were excluded. Basolateral delivery of newly synthesized apical residents was decreased in MAL-expressing cells concomitant with increased apical delivery; pIgA-R and basolateral resident delivery was unchanged. These data suggest that MAL rerouted selected hepatic apical proteins into the direct pathway.
Atypical presentation and management dilemma of mixed gonadal dysgenesis.

Objective To describe a case of 45,X/46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenesis complicated by malignancy with possible metastasis. Design Case report. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) A 15-year-old female with primary amenorrhea, short stature, and a vaginal septum. Intervention(s) Resection of transverse vaginal septum and laparoscopic bilateral gonadectomy. Result(s) The patient had dysgerminoma arising from gonadoblastoma in the left gonad and gonadoblastoma in the right gonad. No normal gonadal tissue could be identified. Postoperative computed tomography scan results were suspicious for lung metastases, but the patient opted for conservative management without chemotherapy. Conclusion(s) Mixed gonadal dysgenesis involves inherent malignancy risk and complex psychosocial issues, which necessitate a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment.
Murine Cytomegalovirus m41 Open Reading Frame Encodes a Golgi-Localized Antiapoptotic Protein

Viruses have evolved various strategies to prevent premature apoptosis of infected host cells. Some of the viral genes mediating antiapoptotic functions have been identified by their homology to cellular genes, but others are structurally unrelated to genes of known function. In this study, we used a random, unbiased approach to identify such genes in the murine cytomegalovirus genome. From a library of random transposon insertion mutants, a mutant virus that caused premature cell death was isolated. The transposon was inserted within open reading frame m41. An independently constructed m41 deletion mutant showed the same phenotype, whereas deletion mutants lacking the adjacent genes m40 and M42 did not. Apoptosis occurred in different cell types, could be blocked by caspase inhibitors, and did not require p53. Within the murine cytomegalovirus genome, m41, m40, and m39 form a small cluster of genes of unknown function. They are homologous to r41, r40, and r39 of rat cytomegalovirus, but lack sequence homology to UL41, UL40, and UL37 exon 1 (UL37x1) which are located at the corresponding positions of the human cytomegalovirus genome. Unlike UL37x1 of human cytomegalovirus, which encodes a mitochondrion-localized inhibitor of apoptosis that is essential for virus replication, m41 encodes a protein that localizes to the Golgi apparatus. The murine cytomegalovirus m41 product is the first example of a Golgi-localized protein that prevents premature apoptosis and thus extends the life span of infected cells.
A field reconstruction method for optimal excitation of permanent magnet synchronous machines

Vibration caused by torque ripple and radial force harmonics is a concern in many applications of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). Alternative methods of machine design and/or stator excitation to minimize torque ripple have received considerable attention in recent years. Comparatively, methods to minimize radial force harmonics have received less attention. In this paper, a field reconstruction (FR) method is derived that provides a designer with the capability to rapidly determine the radial and tangential components of force under arbitrary stator excitation. Using the field reconstruction method, stator current waveforms that minimize the ripple of both torque and radial force are derived subject to the constraint of maintaining a satisfactory level of torque density.