cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic hypoxia diminishes the proliferative response of Guinea pig uterine artery vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro.

Rockwell, L. Christie, Edward C. Dempsey, and Lorna G. Moore. Chronic hypoxia diminishes the proliferative response of guinea pig uterine artery vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. High Alt. Med. Biol. 7:237–244, 2006.—The pregnancy-related size enlargement of the guinea pig uterine artery is partially accomplished by hyperplasia in all layers of the vessel wall. We sought to determine the separate and combined effects of chronic hypoxia and pregnancy on the proliferative capacity of uterine artery vascular smooth muscle cells (UA VSMCs). We established primary UA VSMC cultures from a total of 13 guinea pigs using an enzymatic digestion technique. Animals were bred and kept in normoxia or hypoxia (PB = 463 mmHg, simulated elevation = 3962 m) for 45 days, a duration equivalent to midpregnancy in the guinea pig 63-day gestation. Nonpregnant matched controls were included. The proliferative response of UA VSMCs to 1, 3, 5 or 7 days of serum stimulation in vitro was compared. Exposure to hypoxia reduced UA...
Culturing the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus

Prochlorococcus is the numerically dominant primary producer in open ocean ecosystems. Analysis of Prochlorococcus genome sequences from cultured isolates and ocean samples has broadened interest in studying this tiny cell, and efforts are underway to develop it into a model system for studying marine microbial ecology. A critical component of these efforts has been the development of systematic culturing methods that will facilitate the distribution of Prochlorococcus to diverse labs that may be interested in studying it. This paper provides detailed methods for maintaining cultures of Prochlorococcus, including a comparison of growth rates of cells on two artificial seawater media and on a standard medium that uses a natural seawater base. Procedures for agar plating, cryopreservation, obtaining new isolates, and issues associated with culture volume and carbon limitation also are described.
Neonatal Head Trauma: Implementation of a Care Algorithm to Improve Safety

Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation This study was a nonexperimental, pretest/ posttest study that evaluated change in nursing knowledge about NAS and use of the FNAST after the implementation of a quality improvement, educational project. Nurses were tested before and after participation in education about NAS. A subset of 10 nurses was evaluated using the FNAST with video of infants having NAS. Volunteer participation in the NAS educational project occurred in 81% of the neonatal intensive care unit nurses. All nurses showed some improvement in scores on the posttest, with 2% to 44% improvement. All 10 nurses who participated in the interactive video test scored 90% or higher against the FNAST criterion 1 week after participation in the educational project.
Trajectory Sensitivity Based Preventive Control of Voltage Instability Considering Load Uncertainties

This paper presents an application of the trajectory sensitivity method to the voltage stability problem considering load uncertainty. The trajectory sensitivity method can be used to determine the system stability bound based on the base case system response and the various load parameter sensitivities calculated along the base case. Based on the evaluated stability bound, the size of various preventive control actions to maintain system voltage stability will exist within a specific range instead of being a fixed amount. The trajectory sensitivity method is also utilized to determine the various optimal preventive control strategies in terms of shunt compensation and generation rescheduling, for all potential operating points that are deemed to be unstable. The computational efficiency problem is also addressed. A new Jacobian matrix updating strategy is developed for the very dishonest Newton (VDHN) method. Using this Jacobian updating mechanism, the computation time is significantly reduced. The proposed method is applied to a large WECC test system.
Prolactin release from perifused human decidual explants; effects of decidual prolactin-releasing factor (PRL-RF) and prolactin release-inhibitory factor (PRL-IF).

Abstract The dynamics of prolactin release from human decidual explants were studied under basal conditions, in response to decidual prolactin-releasing factor (PRL-RF), and in response to PRL-RF in the presence of decidual prolactin release-inhibitory factor (PRL-IF) or other factors known to inhibit prolactin release in static cultures. Explants were persfused with medium at a rate of 6 ml/h, and the medium was collected at 5 min intervals. The Eplants released prolactin for up to 20 h without evidence of cell necrosis, with the rate of prolactin decreasing gradually from 3.9 ± 0.1 ng/5 min during the first 2 h to 2.2 ± 0.1 ng/5 min during the last 2 h of exposure. PRL-RF, a 23.5 K Mr protein released by the placenta, stimulated a dose-dependent increase in prolactin release from the persfused explants that occurred within the first 5 min of exposure and persisted until the exposure to the releasing factor was discontinued. PRL-IF a 35–45 K M r protein released by the decidua, caused a dose-dependent inhibition of PRL-RF-mediated prolactin release. Dibutyryl cAMP, cholera toxin, sn-1, 2-dioctonylglycerol, PMA, and arachidonic acid, which inhibit basal prolactin release from static decidual cultures, also caused a dose-dependent inhibition of prolactin release in response to PRL-RF. In each instance, the maximal dose of the agents tested inhibited PRL-RF-mediated prolactin release by greater than 84 per cent. These results indicate that the stimulation of prolactin by PRL-RF is inhibited by PRL-IF and pharmacologic agents that inhibit basal prolactin release. The inhibition of PRL-RF-mediated prolactin release by PRL-IF strongly suggests that the decidua may modulate its own responsiveness to secretogogues by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism.
Experiments on the Stability of an Overhung Rotor in Pressure-Dam and Multilobe Bearings

Four sets of bearings were tested on a three-mass overhung flexible rotor: axial-groove, pressure-dam, and two sets of preloaded (0.75 and 0.40) multilobe bearings. The first and second critical speeds were observed at 3200 and 6800 rpm; predicted values were 2960 and 7420, respectively. The instability thresholds were observed to depend strongly on the load orientations for the axial-groove and multilobe bearing. The maximum instability thresholds (optimum load direction for the axial-groove, multilobe (m = 0.75), and multilobe (m = 0.40) bearings were 6700 rpm, 9200 rpm, and 6800 rpm, respectively. For the pressure-dam bearings, it was 6400 rpm and was predicted to be 5800 rpm. The lowest instability threshold for the axial-groove and multilobe bearings were 5750 rpm, 7600 rpm, and 6200 rpm, respectively. When known unbalances were added to the rotor in the pressure-dam bearings, the stability threshold was increased to above the safe running range of the rotor and a brief instability was observed as th...
Common factors, principal components analysis, and the term structure of interest rates

Abstract This paper studies common factor structure of bond returns from the US, UK and Germany. We estimate factors using both principal components analysis and common principal components analysis (CPCA), and construct factor mimicking portfolios to provide interpretations for some of these factors. A regression analysis of these portfolios shows that the common factors relate mostly to the level and steepness of the term structure in the US, with the first common factor explains approximately 90% of the variation. We use simulations to show that the power of the CPC test statistic to detect similarities in the factor structure which comprises our sample is limited.
Alpha lipoic acid intoxication, treatment and outcome.

Dear Editor,Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a cofactor found in a number of multienzyme complexes. Lipoic acid and its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid, are antioxidants in vivo. It is a powerful antiox...
Oxygen isotope ratios in modern African gastropod shells: a data base for paleoclimatology

Abstract The oxygen isotope ratios of ∼ 80 modern gastropod shells, collected throughout Africa, show a fair correlation with rainfall patterns as signalled by permanent vegetative cover, but some regions show substantial anomalies. Gastropods from the East African Rift Valley lakes showed oxygen isotope ratios 3–6%o more positive, and those from the northeastern regions of South Africa were both more positive and more variable than expected. Temperature effects on precipitation and evaporative isotope enrichment of rainfall and water bodies are the principal causes of these discrepancies. The possibilities for the use of isotope ratios of fossil shells for paleoclimatology are discussed.
A Low-Power Architecture for High Frequency Sensor Acquisition in Many-DOF UAVs

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly popular thanks to an increase in the accessibility of components with high reliability and reduced cost, making them suitable for civil, military and research purposes. Vehicles classified as UAVs can have largely different properties in terms of physical design, size, power, capabilities, as well as associated production and operational cost. In this work, we target UAVs that feature a high number of degrees of freedom (DOF) and that are instrumented with a large number of sensors. For such platforms, we propose an architecture to perform data acquisition from on-board instrumentation at a frequency (100 Hz) that is twice as fast as existing products. Our architecture is capable of performing acquisition with strict timing constraints, thus, the produced data stream is suitable for performing real-time sensor fusion. Furthermore, our architecture can be implemented using embedded, commercial hardware, resulting in a low-cost solution. Finally, the resulting data acquisition unit features a low-power consumption, allowing it to operate for two to three hours with a miniature battery.
Student-Centeredness in Social Science Textbooks, 1970-2008: A Cross-National Study

A striking feature of modern societies is the extent to which individual persons are culturally validated as equal and empowered actors. The expansion of a wide range of rights in recent decades, given prominence in current discussions of world society, supports an expanded conception of the individual. We examine the extent to which broad global changes promoting human empowerment are associated with expanded ideas of the status and capacities of students. We hypothesize that there are substantial increases in student-centered educational foci in countries around the world. First, the rights of students as children are directly asserted. Second, an emphasis on empowered human agency supports forms of socialization that promote active participation as well as the capacities and interests of the student. Examining a unique dataset of 533 secondary school social science textbooks from 74 countries published over the past 40 y ears, we find that textbooks have indeed become more student-centered, and that this shift is associated with the rising status of individuals and children in global human rights treaties and organizations. Student-centered texts are more common in countries with greater individualism embodied in political and socio-economic institutions and ideologies, and with more links to world society. The study contributes to both political and educational sociology, examining how global changes lead to increased emphasis on empowered individual agency in intended curricula.
Enhanced Thermoelectric Metrics in Ultra-long Electrodeposited PEDOT Nanowires

The Seebeck coefficient, S, and the electrical conductivity, σ, of electrodeposited poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanowires and thin films are reported. PEDOT nanowires were prepared by electropolymerizing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in aqueous LiClO4 within a template prepared using the lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) process. These nanowires were 40−90 nm in thickness, 150−580 nm in width, and 200 μm in length. σ and S were measured from 190 K to 310 K by fabricating heaters and thermocouples on top of arrays of 750 PEDOT nanowires. Such PEDOT nanowire arrays consistently produced S values that were higher than those for PEDOT films: up to −122 μV/K (310 K) for nanowires and up to −57 μV/K (310 K) for films. The sample-to-sample variation in S for 14 samples of PEDOT nanowires and films, across a wide range of critical dimensions, is fully explained by variations in the carrier concentrations in accordance with the Mott equation. In spite of their higher |S|...
Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells by carcinogenic mutagens requiring metabolic activation

Abstract The induction of SCEs has proven to be the most sensitive mammalian system for detecting the effects of mutagenic carcinogens. Several chemicals that are mutagenic in the exquisitely sensitive Salmonella mutagenesis test have now been tested in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in culture. Cells were grown for 24 h (two rounds of DNA replication) in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (Brd Urd) to form harlequin chromosomes in which it is possible to see the SCEs. To test whether the chemicals increase SCEs without metabolic activation, they were added at various concentrations for the entire culture period. To test if they induce SCEs after activation they were added for 30 min along with microsomes from rat liver (S-9 Mix of Ames). After this treatment the cells were cultured with Brd Urd. N -hydrosy-2-acetylamino-fluorene (10 −6 −10 −4 M), N -acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorenee (10) −9 −10 −7 M), and aflatoxin B 1 (10 −6 −10 −4 M) all increased the yield of SCEs with increasing concentration. Further, aflatoxin B 1 was dramatically activated by the addition of rat liver microsomes. Benzo(a)pyrene (10 −6 −10 −4 M), however, gave an increase only when activated. 2-aminofluorene (10 −6 −10 −4 M) gave a slight increase only after long treatments without activation. In no case did 2-acetylamino-fluorene (10 −6 −10 −4 M) increase SCE's. It thus appears that some of the chemicals that are positive in the Salmonella system are negative in the mammalian SCE system. Whether this reflects a difference in sensitivity between the two tests or the ability of the SCE test to discriminate between those chemicals that are active in bacteria, but not in mammals, is as yet unknown.
Probability-one homotopy algorithms for full- and reduced-order H2/H∞ controller synthesis

Homotopy algorithms for both full- and reduced-order LQG controller design problems with an H∞ constraint on disturbance attenuation are developed. The H∞ constraint is enforced by replacing the covariance Lyapunov equation by a Riccati equation whose solution gives an upper bound on H 2 performance. The numerical algorithm, based on homotopy theory, solves the necessary conditions for a minimum of the upper bound on H 2 performance. The algorithms are based on two minimal parameter formulations : Ly, Bryson and Cannon's 2 x 2 block parametrization and the input normal Riccati form parametrization. An overparametrization formulation is also proposed. Numerical experiments suggest that the combination of a globally convergent homotopy method and a minimal parameter formulation applied to the upper bound minimization gives excellent results for mixed-norm H 2 /H∞ synthesis. The nonmonotonicity of homotopy zero curves is demonstrated, proving that algorithms more sophisticated than standard continuation are necessary.
Characterization, Control, and Reduction of Subboundaries in Silicon on Insulators

Subboundaries are the major crystalline defects in thin semiconductor films produced by zone-melting recrystallization (ZMR). Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and chemical etching we have analyzed the angular discontinuity and defect structure of subboundaries in ZMR Si films. Annealing in oxygen has resulted in the elimination of dislocation bands from sizable regions of some films. Calculations suggest that cellular growth due to constitutional supercooling may not occur in some Si ZMR.
The hydrolysis of cationic polycarboxybetaine esters to zwitterionic polycarboxybetaines with controlled properties

In this work, we report a new class of materials, cationic polycarboxybetaine esters, which have unique properties when they interact with proteins, DNAs, and bacteria. These cationic polymers can be converted to nontoxic and nonfouling zwitterionic polymers upon their hydrolysis. Due to their unique properties, they are very promising for a wide range of applications, such as highly effective gene delivery carriers and environmentally friendly antimicrobial coatings. Three positively charged polyacrylamides, of which the pedant groups bear carboxybetaine ester groups, were synthesized. These three polymers have different spacer groups between the quaternary ammonium and the ester groups. Their hydrolysis behaviors were studied using proton NMR under different NaOH concentrations. Their interactions with biomolecules and microorganisms before and after hydrolysis were demonstrated by protein adsorption/resistance, DNA condensation/release, and antimicrobial properties. The polymers were grafted onto a gold-coated surface covered with initiators using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Fibrinogen adsorption was measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. While the polymer-grafted surfaces have high protein adsorption, the surfaces became nonfouling after hydrolysis. Linear polymers were also synthesized and DNA/polymer complexes were evaluated. Agarose gel electrophoresis shows that DNA can be condensed into nanoparticles by the cationic polymers before hydrolysis and released from the DNA/polymer complexes upon the hydrolysis of the cationic polymers into zwitterionic polymers. The complexes formed were characterized by dynamic light scattering measurements. In addition, the interactions of linear polymers with bacteria were also evaluated. The polycarboxybetaine ester with a pentene spacer exhibits evident antimicrobial properties when they are incubated with Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia Coli). The polymer can be converted to a nontoxic polycarboxybetaine after hydrolysis. This work shows that the biological properties of polycarboxybetaine esters can be dramatically changed via controlled hydrolysis.
Differences associated with age, transfer status, and insurance coverage in end-of-life hospital care for children.

BACKGROUND: More than 40% of childhood mortality occurs while children are hospitalized. End-of-life health care utilization patterns for children have not been well characterized at the national level. OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of length of stay, total charges, and principal diagnoses for children who die while admitted to a hospital, versus those who survive to discharge. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 3 years spanning a decade of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a nationally representative dataset of hospital discharges, to analyze sociodemographic characteristics and patterns of hospital resource use associated with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Inpatient mortality rate was significantly higher for non-newborn infants (<1 year old) than for all other age groups, and the overall number of deaths was greatest for newborns. Patients transferred between hospitals had significantly greater mortality rate, compared with patients admitted not on transfer. Insured children had lower mortality rates compared to uninsured, and decedents had significantly longer length of stay and higher charges compared with survivors. Uninsured decedents did not have longer lengths of stay than survivors, and hospital charges were significantly lower for uninsured children compared with insured children. CONCLUSION: As hospital staff strive to meet the needs of ill children and their families, they must be cognizant of the high burden of mortality among the youngest children and those transferred between hospitals, and the potential for less resource use and higher mortality risk for children without insurance, because these patients may require expanded services not readily available in most hospital settings. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:376–383. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Synthesis Gas to Hydrocarbons over CuO-CoO-Cr2O3/H+-ZSM-5 Bifunctional Catalysts

CuO-CoO-Cr2O3/H+-ZSM-5 (C3Z) bifunctional catalysts were prepared for CO hydrogenation to hydrocarbons. The CO conversion and hydrocarbon distribution were measured in a fixed bed flow reactor, operating at 275 to 400 °C, 300 to 1200 h−1 gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), and 700 to 1500 psig pressure. It was found that the catalyst has relatively high activity and selectivity in producing aromatic hydrocarbons. The CO conversion, hydrocarbon selectivity, and hydrocarbon distribution as a function of temperature, pressure, GHSV, H2/CO ratio of the feed, and reaction time were examined. The increase of temperature and pressure favors carbon monoxide conversion and formation of higher hydrocarbons, the selectivity to hydrocarbons increased with decreasing of the H2/CO ratio and space velocity of the feed gas. CO conversion decreased by ∼5% after 170 h run at 350 °C and H2/CO ratio of 1, while the selectivity to methane increased with reaction time, C5+ fractions decrease slightly, and aromatics almost remain...
A direct-inverse method for the prediction of transonic and separated flows about airfoils at high angles of attack

A direct-inverse technique and computer program called TAMSEP that can be used for the analysis of the flow about airfoils at subsonic and low transonic freestream velocities is presented. The method is based upon a direct-inverse nonconservative full potential inviscid method, a Thwaites laminar boundary layer technique, and the Barnwell turbulent momentum integral scheme; and it is formulated using Cartesian coordinates. Since the method utilizes inverse boundary conditions in regions of separated flow, it is suitable for predicting the flowfield about airfoils having trailing edge separated flow under high lift conditions. Comparisons with experimental data indicate that the method should be a useful tool for applied aerodynamic analyses.
On the fusion of imprecise uncertainty measures using belief structures

Our interest is in the fusion of information from multiple sources when the information provided by the individual sources is expressed in terms of an imprecise uncertainty measure. We observe that the Dempster-Shafer belief structure provides a framework for the representation of a wide class of imprecise uncertainty measures. We then discuss the fusion of multiple Dempster-Shafer belief structures using the Dempster rule and note the problems that can arise when using this fusion method because of the required normalization in the face of conflicting focal elements. We then suggest some alternative approaches fusing multiple belief structures that avoid the need for normalization.
Ion-molecule reactions of [Ketene]+. as a diagnostic probe for distinguishing isomeric alkenes, alkynes and dienes: a study of the C4H8 and C5H8 isomeric hydrocarbons

The gas-phase ion–molecular reactions of [ketene]+˙ with a number of isomeric alkenes, alkynes and dienes were studied by using tandem mass spectrometry. Ketene was reacted with C4H8 (but-1- and −2-ene and 2-methylpropene) and C5H8 unsaturated hydrocarbons (isoprene, penta-1,3- and −1,4-diene, pent-1- and −2-yne, cyclopentene and methylenecyclobutane) in a high-pressure chemical ionization source of a tandem mass spectrometer. The collisionally stabilized ion–molecule adducts were analyzed by use of collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) spectra. The three C4H8 alkenes were distinguishable on the basis of the distinct CAD spectra of their adducts with ketene. Similarly, the CAD data for the corresponding adducts derived from the C5H8 hydrocarbons point to different structures for the C5H8 compounds.
γ-H2AX as a biomarker of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and artificial skin

Ionizing radiation (IR) exposure is inevitable in our modern society and can lead to a variety of deleterious effects including cancer and birth defects. A reliable, reproducible and sensitive assessment of exposure to IR and the individual response to that exposure would provide much needed information for the optimal treatment of each donor examined. We have developed a diagnostic test for IR exposure based on detection of the phosphorylated form of variant histone H2AX (γ-H2AX), which occurs specifically at sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The cell responds to a nascent DSB through the phosphorylation of thousands of H2AX molecules flanking the damaged site. This highly amplified response can be visualized as a γ-H2AX focus in the chromatin that can be detected in situ with the appropriate antibody. Here we assess the usability of γ-H2AX focus formation as a possible biodosimeter for human exposure to IR using peripheral blood lymphocytes irradiated ex vivo and three-dimensional artificial models of human skin biopsies. In both systems, the tissues were exposed to 0.2-5 Gy, doses of IR that might be realistically encountered in various scenarios such as cancer radiotherapies or accidental exposure to radiation. Since the γ-H2AX response is maximal 30 minutes after exposure and declines over a period of hours as the cells repair the damage, we examined the time limitations of the useful detectibility of γ-H2AX foci. We report that a linear response proportional to the initial radiation dose was obtained 48 hours and 24 hours after exposure in blood samples and skin cells respectively. Thus, detection of γ-H2AX formation to monitor DNA damage in minimally invasive blood and skin tests could be useful tools to determine radiation dose exposure and analyze its effects on humans.
Collecting, Analyzing and Responding to Enterprise Scale DNS Events

DNS is an important data source for security for many reasons. If the DNS infrastructure can be brought down, many networking tasks would be impossible to complete. If the integrity of the mapping between domain names and IP addresses is compromised, attackers can redirect users undetectably to IP addresses of their choosing. And malware of many types must in one way or another use the DNS infrastructure as part of their operations. For example, botnets often use fast flux techniques and domain name generation algorithms to rendezvous with command and control servers.Collecting DNS is a significant challenge. In HP, our core internal DNS clusters process approximately 16 billion DNS packets every day. Ideally, we would like to turn each and every one of those packets into an event for our security information and event management (SIEM) system. However, we would have to grow our SIEM, which is one of the largest deployments in the world, by a factor of six to collect this data. Moreover, traditional logging has a substantial performance impact on the DNS infrastructure, and therefore from an operational perspective enabling logging is also impractical. Finally, DNS servers generally do not log the information necessary to detect many security problems.To deal with these problems we collect and filter this traffic using hardware network packet sniffers, which have no impact on the performance of the DNS servers and allows us to collect all of the information we need for security purposes. We model known good traffic, and discard it, keeping only anomalous data.We developed a custom analytics engine, which analyzes this data looking for evidence of botnet infections, blacklist hits, cloud platform abuse, beaconing, data exfiltration, and cache poisoning attempts. The results of these analyses is turned into a set of alerts which are sent to our Security Operations Center (SOC). We've also developed a user interface including various visualizations to help analysts explore the data.The system has been up and running in HP since June 2014. The SOC processes on average about 20 of our alerts per day, with very low false positive rates. We've worked closely with the SOC to make sure the tool is fully integrated into the workflows that the SOC analysts use and meets the needs of the analysts.In this talk, I will describe our experiences developing this tool and the lessons we learned in the process.
Antenatal diagnosis and management of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

One of the most enigmatic pulmonary lesions encountered in the prenatal period is the congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). This review presence current thinking on pathogenesis, prenatal assessment, fetal intervention, and management for this pulmonary malformation. Careful delivery planning by utilizing a multidisciplinary approach will optimize neonatal outcomes.
A High Resolution Spectrometer For EUV/FUV Wavelengths

The most efficient of the various configurations considered for a high-resolution spaceborne spectrometer for point-source astronomy in the 400-1200-A wavelength region which will fit within an envelope defined by the projected Spartan space platform is a multiple Rowland circle spectrograph, with each of four toroidal gratings respectively intercepting a fraction of the primary mirror beam. Each spectrometer can accept a rather slowly diverging beam, reducing grating aberrations, without further efficiency loss due to additional reflections or magnification. The line densities, detector size, pixel size, etc., of the detector for this instrument are dependent on the drift rate of the space platform; a design optimized for an uncorrected 4-arcsec drift is presented.
Developmental Changes in the Effects of pH on Contraction and Ca2+Current in Rabbit Heart

Protons inhibit Ca2+current and contraction in heart muscle. The present study compares the effects of lowering the pH of the bath solution on single-cell contraction, action potential configuration and Ca2+currents between neonatal and adult rabbit hearts. We found that a reduction of extracellular pH from 7.3 to 6.3 decreased cell contraction amplitude to 84.3% of control in isolated neonatal myocytes. A comparable change in extracellular pH resulted in a decrease in cell contraction to 56.2% of control in adult cells. Similarly, tension generation in intact neonatal papillary muscles was less sensitive to a decrease in external pH as compared to papillary muscles from adult animals. In addition, acidosis caused a less pronounced inhibition of Ca2+current in neonatal cells than in adult cells (85±4%v62±4% of control, pH=6.3,P<0.001; 63±5%v32±5% of control, pH=5.8,P<0.001). Thus, the effect of external acidosis on myocardial contractility is commensurate with the effect on trans-sarcolemmal Ca2+current. The membrane potential at which peak Ca2+current occurred was not altered by low pH in neonatal cells, but was shifted toward positive potentials by 17.7 mV in adult myocytes. Further, low external pH solution reduced Ca2+current conductance more in adult cells than in neonatal cells. Moreover, action potential configuration in neonatal cells was altered less by acidosis as compared with adult cells. These findings may help explain the greater resistance of neonatal hearts to extracellular acidosis.
Optical rotation and viscosity of native and denatured proteins. VIII. Rotatory dispersion studies.

Abstract The rotatory dispersion of human serum albumin, gg-globulin, and the metal-binding γ-globulin were studied; moreover, lysozyme, chymotrypsin, and chymotrypsinogen were investigated. Considerable variations were found among specimens of human serum albumin, especially of those denatured with alkali. Chymotrypsin, chymotrypsinogen, and γ-globulin had low dispersion constants of approximately 2200 A.
Functional conservation of 14-3-3 isoforms in inhibiting bad-induced apoptosis.

Abstract 14-3-3 proteins are a family of homologous eukaryotic molecules with seven distinct isoforms in mammalian cells. Isoforms of 14-3-3 proteins interact with diverse ligands and are involved in the regulation of mitogenesis, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. However, whether different 14-3-3 isoforms are responsible for distinct functions remains elusive. Here we report that multiple isoforms of 14-3-3 proteins were capable of binding to several ligands, Bad, Raf-1, and Cbl. In a functional assay of 14-3-3 isoforms, all mammalian 14-3-3 isoforms could inhibit Bad-induced apoptosis. Thus, 14-3-3 function in regulating one of its ligands, Bad, is conserved among mammalian isoforms. We addressed whether 14-3-3 isoforms are differentially expressed in tissues, which may in part determine isoform-specific interactions. In situ hybridization revealed that 14-3-3ζ was present in most tissues tested, but ς was preferentially expressed in epithelial cells. Thus, isoforms of 14-3-3 can interact and control the function of selected protein ligands, and differential tissue distribution of 14-3-3 isoforms may contribute to their specific interactions and subsequent downstream signaling events.
A role for chance in marine recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction

Two competing models have been suggested to explain the recovery of ecosystems from mass extinctions. An analysis of the recovery of marine pelagic communities from the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction supports a model of contingent recovery, rather than one based on trophic structure.
Granulocytic sarcoma in childhood acute myelogenous leukemia

A 12-year-old boy with acute myelogenous leukemia developed acute weakness and paresthesias of the lower extremities after lumbar puncture. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed 2 large paraspinal masses (granulocytic sarcoma) causing spinal cord compression. Treatment with corticosteroids, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy caused complete resolution of symptoms; there was no evidence of tumor on subsequent magnetic resonance imaging or at autopsy. Granulocytic sarcomas (chloromas) rarely involve the nervous system in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, although with increased survival it is apparent that the incidence may be greater than previously believed. Central nervous system prophylaxis was not administered to our patient but may be recommended for future patients if systemic disease can be controlled. General features of central nervous system complications of acute myelogenous leukemia, characteristics of granulocytic sarcoma, and review of current radiographic techniques used in the evaluation of these tumors are discussed.
Marden-Walker syndrome: case report and review

Marden-Walker syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by pre- and post-natal growth deficiency, psychomotor retardation, fixed facial expression, blepharophimosis, cleft palate, arachnodactyly, congenital joint contractures, reduced muscular mass, hypotonia and brain abnormalities. As of 1999, at least 30 cases of Marden-Walker have been reported. Consistent clinical findings are shared by these patients but no pathognomonic neuromuscular pathology has been reported. We report a case with Marden-Walker syndrome who demonstrated the clinical findings described above plus a Dandy-Walker malformation and a tethered spinal cord. We compare his clinical and radiographic findings with those of previously reported children with this syndrome and discuss differential diagnosis. It is important to distinguish Marden-Walker syndrome from Van Den Ende-Gupta syndrome which also includes blepharophimosis, arachnodactyly, congenital joint contractures and autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, but lacks mental retardation, serious brain malformations, microcephaly, failure to thrive and severe joint limitation, which are always present in Marden-Walker syndrome.
Line edge roughness of high deprotection activation energy photoresist by using sub-millisecond post exposure bake

ABSTRACT The semiconductor industry is facing se rious challenges in LWR control at th e node of 16nm feature size. One of the reasons that causes LWR is the acid diffusion during post-exposure bake of chemically amplified resists. Laser spike annealing was introduced as a post-exposure bake (PEB) step in order to solve the image blurring problem by rapidly heating up a resist system to hundreds of degrees and completing the PEB in the millisecond time frame. However, lacking detailed knowledge of chemistry and kinetics for laser PEB ( l-PEB) becomes an obstacle for resist design. The photoresist we synthesized with high deprotection activation energy and low diffusion activation energy has proved to help reduce LER for l-PEB. This photoresist was compared to another cl assical DUV model resist in order to analyze the benefits of its chemical structure and reaction kinetics. The interpretation of LER and activation energy will help us to identify better possible resist materials for l-PEB. Keywords: chemically amplified re sist, laser spike annealing, post exposure ba ke, reaction kinetics, diffusion, activation energy, line width roughness.
Application of Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis to Shape Rolling Processes

In the present investigation, an FEM code SHPROL has been developed for three-dimensional simulations of shape rolling processes. SHPROL is capable of handling arbitrary roll profiles and follows the deformation path incrementally so that even the end deformation that causes the crop loss can be predicted. At the present time, SHPROL can be applied to isothermal rolling processes which consist of two equivalent rolls. The rigid-viscoplastic formulation is used and the constant shear friction, variable between sticking and frictionless, is utilized at the roll-billet interface. The roll profile is described as a combination of straight lines and arcs. To demonstrate the simulation capability of SHPROL, three rolling processes have been simulated: plane-strain rolling, plate rolling, and shape rolling from square to oval cross-section. Discussions were mostly made by comparing the simulation results to general observations in practice. The results show that SHPROL is a valuable tool for designing rolling processes in industrial importance.
William Nathan Schoenfeld (1915-1996): innovative scientist, inspiring teacher, relentless questioner, complicated man.

The scientific and academic contributions of the late William N. Schoenfeld (1915–1996) are large and, together with his personal qualities as a researcher, thinker, and teacher, supply the themes for this memorial essay on his work and life.
Learned Helplessness, External Locus of Control, and Passivity in Battered Women

The present study was designed to examine learned helplessness in battered women. Based on Walker's (1979) theory of learned helplessness and battered women, it was predicted that battered women would (1) have poorer problem-solving skills, (2) have a more external locus of control, and (3) be more passive than nonbattered women. Multivariate analysis of variance conducted on scores for the dependent measures indicated that battered women did exhibit significantly poorer problem-solving skills and were more passive with their partners than nonbattered women. There was no difference between the groups on general passivity or external locus of control. These findings were discussed in relation to the learned helplessness theory of battered women and research involving problem-solving deficits.
Upper Cenozoic Stratigraphy of Western Snake River Plain, Idaho

The Snake River Plain west of Twin Falls, Idaho, contains a section of upper Cenozoic volcanic and detrital rocks several thousand feet thick. The rocks are entirely continental but extend below sea level, thereby demonstrating regional subsidence. Based partly on terminology of earlier classifications, these rocks are divided in this paper into four broad units: an unnamed sequence of Miocene age, the Idavada Volcanics, the Idaho Group, and the Snake River Group. The Miocene rocks include thick lava flows of basalt and layers of rhyolite, interbedded with sandstone, shale, and water-laid silicic pyroclastic material generally altered to yellow, gray, and brown clay. The rhyolite contains conspicuous phenocrysts of quartz, sanidine, and oligoclase, and locally hornblende and biotite. Several thousand feet of this unit is exposed in highlands north and south of the central lowland, where it is cut by gold-bearing veins and considerably disarranged by north-trending faults and folds. The Idavada Volcanics, locally more than 3000 feet thick, unconformably overlie the Miocene rocks and consist dominantly of nonmineralized silicic flows of welded ash and beds of vitric tuff. They rarely contain quartz or sanidine and contain no hornblende or biotite. The Idavada Volcanics form large parts of the uplands and are broken by northwest-trending faults that define the central lowland. For the most part, this unit is of early Pliocene age in the western Snake River Plain but contains fossils of middle Pliocene age in the eastern Snake River Plain. The Idaho Group, at least 3000 feet thick, occupies the central lowland, where the successively younger rocks usually lie in troughs bounded in part by the next older rocks. The group is divided, in ascending order, into the Poison Creek Formation (lower Pliocene), the Banbury Basalt (middle Pliocene), the Chalk Hills Formation (middle Pliocene), the Glenns Ferry Formation (upper Pliocene and lower Pleistocene), the Tuana Gravel (lower Pleistocene), the Bruneau Formation (middle Pleistocene), and the Black Mesa Gravel (middle Pleistocene). The Snake River Group, which crops out mostly in the eastern Snake River Plain, was formed during entrenchment of the present Snake River canyon. The group is subdivided into formations of comparatively local extent, which are from oldest to youngest: the Madson Basalt, the Sugar Bowl Gravel, the Thousand Springs Basalt, the Crowsnest Gravel, the Sand Springs Basalt, the Bancroft Springs Basalt, the Melon Gravel, and Recent basaltic lava flows.
Multiprocessor Data Acquisition System

A multiprocessor data acquisition system has been built to replace the single processor systems at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory. The multiprocessor system was needed to accommodate the higher data rates at IPNS brought about by improvements in the source and changes in instrument configurations. This paper describes the hardware configuration of the system and the method of task sharing and compares results to the single processor system.
Patients' expectations of hospital chaplains.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate patients' expectations of hospital chaplains. PATIENTS AND METHODS From April 6, 2006, through April 25, 2006, we surveyed by mail 1500 consecutive medical and surgical patients within 3 weeks of their discharge from the hospital. The survey included questions related to demographics, duration and area of hospitalization, awareness of chaplain availability, expectations regarding chaplain visits, and reasons for wanting to see a chaplain. Measured characteristics were summarized by calculating means and SDs for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables. Proportions were statistically compared via Fisher exact tests or Monte Carlo estimates. RESULTS Surveys were returned by 535 of the 1500 patients to whom they were sent. Most of those who returned surveys had been hospitalized for less than 1 week (398/514 [77.4%]) and were male (265/510 [52.0%]), married (396/528 [75.0%]), 56 years or older (382/532 [71.8%]), or affiliated with either the Lutheran (177 [33.3%]) or Catholic (133 [25.0%]) churches. Most (78.9%) were aware of the availability of chaplains, and 62.3% would have appreciated chaplain visitation at least every few days. More than half (52.9%) reported that they were visited, and 86.4% reported that this visit was important to them. The primary reason selected for wanting to see a chaplain was "to be reminded of God's care and presence." Items related to ritual, prayer, and pastoral support were also highly endorsed. Some results were dependent on sex, age, religious affiliation, or duration of stay. CONCLUSION Hospitalized patients value visitation by chaplains and appreciate both religious and supportive interventions. Opportunities for patient care, education, and research are apparent.
Brief report: Circadian variation in insulin response in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Among a group of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), plasma insulin concentrations were greater following either intravenous (IV) glucose infusion or oral feeding at 0800 compared with IV glucose or oral feeding at 1700. Glucose clearance rates after IV infusion were similar at the two test times. Insulin/glucose ratios were greater following either IV glucose infusion or oral feeding at 0800 compared with 1700. These circadian variations in plasma insulin response are similar to reports of human studies and suggest this nonhuman primate species may be an appropriate animal model for chronobiological metabolic studies.
The Cell-surface Form of Colony-stimulating Factor-1 Is Regulated by Osteotropic Agents and Supports Formation of Multinucleated Osteoclast-like Cells

Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is released by osteoblasts and is recognized to play a critical role in bone remodeling in vivo and in vitro. CSF-1 is synthesized as a soluble or cell-surface protein. It is unclear, however, whether human osteoblasts express both molecular forms of CSF-1, and whether these isoforms can independently mediate osteoclastogenesis. In the present study, using a combination of quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and Western immunoblot analysis, we have demonstrated that human osteoblast-like cells as well as primary human osteoblasts express the cell-surface form of CSF-1 both constitutively and in response to parathyroid hormone and tumor necrosis factor. Furthermore, using an in vitro co-culture system, we have shown that cell-surface CSF-1 alone is sufficient to support osteoclast formation. These findings may be especially significant in view of evidence that direct cell-to-cell contact is critical for osteoclast formation, and suggest that differential regulation of expression of the CSF-1 isoforms may influence osteoclast function modulated by osteotropic hormones.
Family environment in adolescent trichotillomania

Abstract We examined family environment variables and parenting stress in a cohort of adolescents with trichotillomania (TTM; N=49), their parents (N=55) and matched control adolescents (N=23) and their parents (N=23). TTM youth vs. controls endorsed significantly more expression of anger, aggression and conflict in their families and less family support on the Family Relationship Index (FRI) of the Family Environment Scale (FES). Pulling distress but not severity was correlated with these variables. Greater pulling severity, distress or both were correlated with impairment on the cohesion subscale of the FES and the task accomplishment and affective expression subscales of the Family Assessment Measure (FAM). Mothers of TTM youth vs. controls endorsed more anxiety, depression and anger, plus more total parenting stress and problems in their offspring on the Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents (SIPA). On the FES, mothers of TTM youth vs. controls reported less emphasis on intellectual and cultural orientation and less organization in the family. TTM youth and their mothers were discordant in their ratings of several family environment variables. These findings warrant further study and merit attention when designing treatment interventions for adolescents with TTM.