cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of validity of items for a food behavior checklist.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the validity of food behavior items, using a biological measure (serum carotenoids) as the criterion for validity of fruit and vegetable intake, and the results from multiple 24-hour recalls to test convergent validity with nutrient intake. Design Participants responded to 39 food-behavior questions and later completed three 1-day dietary recalls. Serum carotenoid levels were determined for a 59% randomly selected subsample. Subjects/setting A convenience sample of 100 English-speaking, low-income women participating in a Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program in 8 California counties. Statistical analyses Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between responses to the food behavior items and (a) serum carotenoid levels and (b) mean nutrient intakes from the 24-hour recalls. Cronbach's coefficient α was determined for items within broad food behavior topics. Results Responses to 10 food behavior items were significantly correlated with serum carotenoid levels (correlations greater than 0.45 were found for choosing low-fat foods and a self-evaluation of overall dietary quality). An additional 12 items showed hypothesized associations with the 24-hour recall data (with a maximum correlation 0.50 for number of eggs per week and dietary cholesterol). Cronbach's coefficient α ranged from 0.28 (for 5 fat and cholesterol items) to 0.79 (for 9 fruit and vegetable items). Applications/Conclusions Nutrition professionals can use these methods to validate items for food behavior checklists for specific populations. The items described here may be useful when designing instruments to administer to low-income women in a community setting. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001:101:751-756, 761.
Concurrent electromagnetic scattering analysis

The computational power of the hypercube parallel computing architecture is applied to the solution of large-scale electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems. Three analysis codes have been implemented. A Hypercube Electromagnetic Interactive Analysis Workstation was developed to aid in the design and analysis of metallic structures such as antennas and to facilitate the use of these analysis codes. The workstation provides a general user environment for specification of the structure to be analyzed and graphical representations of the results.
TH-SAMS-AUD-02: Heterogeneity Corrections in the IMRT Era

Intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) has revolutionized the treatment planning process. We can now produce treatment plans for complex target shapes and obtain remarkable dose conformity while respecting the tolerance doses to critical structures. While the emphasis has been given in the implementation of faster, more efficient, and more comprehensive optimization algorithms to solve the inverse problem, some progress has also been made in the implementation of accurate dose calculation algorithms. The convolution/superposition algorithm is the most popular photondose engine used in treatment planning, while fast, pencil beam like implementations continue to be popular with IMRT. The Monte Carlo algorithm although available, is becoming an option as a secondary dose verification rather than as the principal optimization engine for IMRT planning, primarily due to calculation speed issues. In this presentation we will discuss the algorithms that have historically been used for photon beam treatment planning with emphasis on the convolution and Monte Carlo based methodologies and their application in IMRT planning. Clinical examples will also be presented to demonstrate the use and outcome of dose calculations in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Educational Objectives: 1. Review of dose calculation algorithms for photon beams. 2. Demonstrate the effect of dose algorithm selection in IMRT planning.
Multiple trajectories of peer and parental influence and their association with the development of adolescent heavy drinking.

This study used latent growth mixture modeling to identify discrete developmental patterns of heavy drinking, perceived parental disapproval of substance use, and association with peers who drink from early to late adolescence among a sample of 5,591 youth. We also examined associations among these trajectories to determine how the development of heavy drinking relates to the development of perceived parental disapproval of substance use and association with peer drinkers, both separately and jointly. We found that youth who perceived that their parents maintained consistently strong disapproval of substance use throughout adolescence were much more likely to abstain from heavy drinking during this period than were youth who reported that their parents’ disapproval for substance use either decreased or was maintained at only a moderate level. Furthermore, we found that across a variety of peer contexts—stable high association with drinking peers, stable low association, and increasing association—youth were at lowest risk for developing problematic patterns of heavy drinking when they perceived that their parents maintained strong disapproval of substance use throughout adolescence.
Contact angles between (GaAl)As solid and solutions

Abstract Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) is a solution growth process in which the solid phase is not totally enclosed by the solution during growth; in the case of the commonly used (GaAl)As system the solution has a finite angle of contact with the solid. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that as a consequence a ridge forms on the surface of a wafer around the periphery of the solution, consistent with the solid surface being deformed to the equilibrium angles with the liquid and vapor phases. The phenomenon is demonstrated using an unconstrained drop of a saturated solution on a horizontal wafer, while we also report measurements of the interfacial surface tensions between the three phases. The relationship to the edge ridge commonly observed on wafers grown by LPE is discussed.
Scattered photons from wedges in high-energy x-ray beams.

The presence of a wedge increases the fraction of "head-scattered" photons in a high-energy x-ray beam. We have compared internal and external wedges for x-ray beam energies between 6 and 25 MV by determining their SPRw, i.e., the ratio of the dose contribution from photons scattered by the wedge and photons either coming directly from the target or scattered by other structures, including the flattening filter. Marked differences were observed. First, SPRw for the thickest external wedge (60 degrees) was 1.8% at a field size of 10 x 10 cm2 and mildly dependent on the photon energy, while SPRw for internal wedges for this field size varied between 4.4% and 5.4% depending mostly on the location and size of the wedge and marginally on the photon energy. Second, the variation of SPRw with the collimator setting c x c was different for the internal and external wedges. SPRw for the internal wedge approached a limiting value at large c and could be fitted with an error function, while SPRw for the external wedge increased quadratically with c. As a result, the difference in SPRw (c) for internal and external wedges is reduced for large fields.
Lung allograft rejection: diagnosis and management.

Purpose of reviewRejection remains a common complication after lung transplantation and has adversely affected long-term outcomes. This manuscript reviews the various manifestations of rejection after lung transplantation and provides an update of recent developments.Recent findingsThe grading schem
Ambrose and Jerome: The opening shot

The personal relations between Jerome and Ambrose have excited attention since Rufinus (cf. Apol. adv. Hier. 2,25-d1)). However, the first scholar to subject this relationship to a really meticulous scrutiny was Paredi2). He concluded that until 385 Jerome's references to Ambrose were favourable; thereafter they became predominantly hostile. Paredi accordingly posited a breach in the relations between the two men: he argued that it was due to Ambrose's failure to support Jerome at the time of the latter's expulsion from Rome in 385 (ib. 198). Paredi's thesis has met with general assent3). Recently however Nauroy has rejected Paredi's view of a sudden breach in 3854); he calls instead for an interpretation of Jerome's estimate of Ambrose that is more "nuanc?". Nauroy accordingly attempts to differentiate between Jerome's attitude to the various
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GEOWTH OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM IN THE SKIN

SUMMARY.– Epidermal-dermal interactions are discussed and the importance of the blood vessel as part of the dermis is emphasized. The manner in which vascular endothelium grows and the factors controlling its growth are discussed. In the papilla the epidermis, nerve endings, fibroblast, melanocyte, mast cell and histiocyte are the immediate neighbours of the endothelium of the papillary blood vessel. As such their possible influence on the endothelium is emphasized and analysed.
CONDITIONED REINSTATEMENT IN RATS: EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE DISTRIBUTION AND TYPE OF CUE

2 experiments examined the influence of interpolated exposure to conditioned cues upon retention in immature rats. In Exp. 1, distributed exposures or a massed exposure shortly before the retention test significantly improved memory relative to an untreated retention control group. In Exp. 2, brief exposures to distinctive apparatus stimuli previously paired with shock were effective in preventing retention loss while exposures to the compartment never associated with shock did not result in a reliable difference from the retention controls.
Remotely-Sensed Indicators of N-Related Biomass Allocation in Schoenoplectus acutus

Coastal marshes depend on belowground biomass of roots and rhizomes to contribute to peat and soil organic carbon, accrete soil and alleviate flooding as sea level rises. For nutrient-limited plants, eutrophication has either reduced or stimulated belowground biomass depending on plant biomass allocation response to fertilization. Within a freshwater wetland impoundment receiving minimal sediments, we used experimental plots to explore growth models for a common freshwater macrophyte, Schoenoplectus acutus. We used N-addition and control plots (4 each) to test whether remotely sensed vegetation indices could predict leaf N concentration, root:shoot ratios and belowground biomass of S. acutus. Following 5 months of summer growth, we harvested whole plants, measured leaf N and total plant biomass of all above and belowground vegetation. Prior to harvest, we simulated measurement of plant spectral reflectance over 164 hyperspectral Hyperion satellite bands (350–2500 nm) with a portable spectroradiometer. N-addition did not alter whole plant, but reduced belowground biomass 36% and increased aboveground biomass 71%. We correlated leaf N concentration with known N-related spectral regions using all possible normalized difference (ND), simple band ratio (SR) and first order derivative ND (FDN) and SR (FDS) vegetation indices. FDN1235, 549 was most strongly correlated with leaf N concentration and also was related to belowground biomass, the first demonstration of spectral indices and belowground biomass relationships. While S. acutus exhibited balanced growth (reduced root:shoot ratio with respect to nutrient addition), our methods also might relate N-enrichment to biomass point estimates for plants with isometric root growth. For isometric growth, foliar N indices will scale equivalently with above and belowground biomass. Leaf N vegetation indices should aid in scaling-up field estimates of biomass and assist regional monitoring.
A 40/85 GHz dual-band, bidirectional variable gain amplifier

A dual-band, bidirectional amplifier is proposed for millimeter-wave front-ends in CMOS silicon-on-insulator (SOI). The circuit is electronically controlled to amplify in either the forward or reverse direction at either 40 GHz (Q-band) or 81 GHz (W-band). The measured amplifier has a gain variation of 20 dB with a peak gain of 4.6 dB at both 40 GHz and 81 GHz. The circuit is fabricated in a 45-nm CMOS SOI process with an active area occupying only 0.17 mm2 of die space.
Forests as Capital: Financial Mechanisms for Tropical Forest Conservation

Tropical forest loss and degradation due to human activities have been persistent and intractable global problems. Model estimates suggest that current levels of finance for conservation and sustainable forest management (SFM) are insufficient and may need to increase by an order of magnitude in order to meet this challenge. This special issue presents select articles from the 2014 Yale International Society of Tropical Foresters (ISTF) Annual Conference, which explored diverse finance mechanisms such as REDD+, sustainability certification, ecological compensation, community forestry, and official development assistance. Each finance mechanism has advantages and disadvantages, which render them effective under specific circumstances. Comprehensive tropical forest conservation will require a diverse portfolio of finance strategies appropriate for local institutional and ecological conditions. Hybrid strategies combining elements of multiple schemes could bolster conservation and SFM efforts by leveraging t...
The optimal control of a periodic adsorber: Part II. Theory

The fixed bed binary gas adsorber, when alternately fed and exhausted at one end, produces a purified product from the other end. Coupled partial differential equations in pressure and composition, representing total mass and component balances with local equilibrium, describe the operation. The Maximum Principle is applied to determine the optimal cyclic unsteady feed policy for the balanced objectives of product purity and quantity. The sequence (maximum feed, no flow, maximum exhaust) is optimal. The experimental optimum is close to the calculated optimum. Dimensional analysis is used to determine parametric effects.
A-clustering: a novel method for the detection of co-regulated methylation regions, and regions associated with exposure

Motivation: DNA methylation is a heritable modifiable chemical process that affects gene transcription and is associated with other molecular markers (e.g. gene expression) and biomarkers (e.g. cancer or other diseases). Current technology measures methylation in hundred of thousands, or millions of CpG sites throughout the genome. It is evident that neighboring CpG sites are often highly correlated with each other, and current literature suggests that clusters of adjacent CpG sites are co-regulated. Results: We develop the Adjacent Site Clustering (A-clustering) algorithm to detect sets of neighboring CpG sites that are correlated with each other. To detect methylation regions associated with exposure, we propose an analysis pipeline for high-dimensional methylation data in which CpG sites within regions identified by A-clustering are modeled as multivariate responses to environmental exposure using a generalized estimating equation approach that assumes exposure equally affects all sites in the cluster. We develop a correlation preserving simulation scheme, and study the proposed methodology via simulations. We study the clusters detected by the algorithm on high dimensional dataset of peripheral blood methylation of pesticide applicators. Availability: We provide the R package Aclust that efficiently implements the A-clustering and the analysis pipeline, and produces analysis reports. The package is found on http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/tamar-sofer/packages/ Contact: ude.dravrah.hpsh@refost Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Heparin-Modified Small-Diameter Nanofibrous Vascular Grafts

Due to high incidence of vascular bypass procedures, an unmet need for suitable vessel replacements exists, especially for small-diameter (<;6 mm) vascular grafts. Here we produced 1-mm diameter vascular grafts with nanofibrous structure via electrospinning, and successfully modified the nanofibers by the conjugation of heparin using di-amino-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a linker. Antithrombogenic activity of these heparin-modified scaffolds was confirmed in vitro. After 1 month implantation using a rat common carotid artery bypass model, heparin-modified grafts exhibited 85.7% patency, versus 57.1% patency of PEGylated grafts and 42.9% patency of untreated grafts. Post-explant analysis of patent grafts showed complete endothelialization of the lumen and neovascularization around the graft. Smooth muscle cells were found in the surrounding neo-tissue. In addition, greater cell infiltration was observed in heparin-modified grafts. These findings suggest heparin modification may play multiple roles in the function and remodeling of nanofibrous vascular grafts, by preventing thrombosis and maintaining patency, and by promoting cell infiltration into the three-dimensional nanofibrous structure for remodeling.
Fuel Cell APU for Silent Watch and Mild Electrification of a Medium Tactical Truck

This paper investigates the opportunities for improving truck fuel economy through the use of a Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit (FC APU) for silent watch, as well as for powering electrified engine accessories during driving. The particular vehicle selected as the platform for this study is a prototype of the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) capable of carrying a 5 ton payload. Peak stand-by power requirements for on-board power are determined from the projected future digitized battlefield vehicle requirements. Strategic selection of electrified engine accessories enables engine shutdowns when the vehicle is stopped, thus providing additional fuel savings. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is integrated with a partial oxidation reformer in order to allow the use of the same fuel (JP8) as for the propulsion diesel engine. The APU system is modeled and linked with the complete vehicle system simulation, and accessory duty cycles are derived for both silent watch and driving. The results indicate six-fold improvements of the silent watch fuel economy with the FC APU compared to main-engine idling, and relatively modest improvements from the mild electrification and FC APU use during the driving cycle. Combined fuel economy benefits calculated over the hypothetical daily military mission with a combined 10 hour highway/local/off-road driving and 10 hour silent watch are 20.1%.
The nonoperative management of penetrating internal jugular vein injury.

Objective The objective of this study was to review the outcome of nonoperative treatment for penetrating internal jugular vein (IJ) injuries in a continuous series of prospectively identified, hemodynamically stable patients. Methods All penetrating neck injuries assessed from February 1, 2004, to August 31, 2004, were prospectively identified. Patients without an indication for urgent neck exploration underwent diagnostic assessment with multislice helical computed tomographic angiography with or without vascular ultrasonography. All IJ injuries with no other indication for surgical exploration were treated nonoperatively. All patients were discharged home and followed up for a minimum of 1 week to document outcomes. Results From 51 neck injuries penetrating the platysma, 7 required urgent neck exploration, during which 2 IJ injuries were ligated. Forty-four patients underwent multislice helical computed tomographic angiography. Eight IJ injuries (two gunshot wounds and six stab wounds) with no other indication for neck exploration were identified and managed nonoperatively. One external wound was in zone 1, five were in zone 2, one was in zone 3, and one traversed all three zones. The average length of stay was 4.5 days. At follow-up, ranging from 1 week to 5 months, all patients were asymptomatic, and no patient required delayed operation for IJ injury. Conclusions In hemodynamically stable patients with no other indication for exploration, the nonoperative management of penetrating jugular vein injuries should be considered as a safe alternative.
Numerical errors in the computation of impedances by the FDTD method and ways to eliminate them

This paper presents numerical errors in the computation of impedances by the FDTD method. As shown by examples in the paper, substantial numerical errors can be introduced due to the spatial and time offsets of voltages and currents calculated from corresponding field variables in FDTD computations. An impedance calculation formula that completely eliminates such errors is also presented. >
Modeling the Interaction of Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Estradiol with Bisphenol A and Bisphenol AF in an In Vitro Estrogen-Mediated Transcriptional Activation Assay (T47D-KBluc)

Exposure to xenoestrogens occurs against a backdrop to physiological levels of endogenous estrogens. Endogenous estrogen levels vary from low levels in early childhood to high levels during pregnancy and in young women. However, few studies have addressed how xenoestrogens interact with endogenous estrogens. The current study was designed to characterize the individual dose-response curves of estradiol-17β (E2), bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromo-bisphenol A (TBBPA), and bisphenol AF (BPAF, 4,4'-hexafluoroisopropylidene diphenol) on estrogen-dependent luciferase expression in T47D-KBluc cells and to determine how binary (8 × 8 factorial) and ternary (4 × 4 × 4 factorial) mixtures of an endogenous estrogen (E2) interact with BPA and/or BPAF. Log EC50 and hillslope values with SEs, respectively, for individual compounds were as follows: E2, −12.10M ± 0.06071, 0.7702 ± 0.1739; BPA, −6.679M ± 0.08505, 1.194 ± 0.2137; and BPAF, −7.648M ± 0.05527, 1.273 ± 0.1739. TBBPA was not evaluated in mixture studies because of its minimally estrogenic response at 3 ×10−5M and elicited cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. Both the binary mixtures of E2 with BPA and BPAF and the ternary mixture of E2, BPA, and BPAF behaved in an additive manner. For binary mixtures, as E2 concentration increased, higher concentrations of BPA and BPAF were necessary to induce a significant increase in the estrogenic response. Understanding the behavior of mixture interactions of xenoestrogens, like BPA and BPAF, with endogenous estrogens will allow a better assessment of the potential risk associated with exposure to these chemicals, individually or as mixtures.
Rates and Outcomes of Neurosurgical Treatment for Postthrombolytic Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objective Postthrombolytic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an infrequent occurrence in patients with acute ischemic stroke. There is controversy surrounding the value of neurosurgical treatment of symptomatic hematomas in these patients and whether availability of neurosurgical treatment is a necessary prerequisite for administration of thrombolytic agents. We report the frequency and outcomes of patients who undergo craniotomy for postthrombolytic ICH. Methods Patients with acute ischemic stroke who experienced postthrombolytic ICH were identified using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2002–2010 and International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Patients were divided into patients who received craniotomy and patients who received medical management alone. Discharge destination and mortality were primary endpoints. Results An estimated 7607 patients experienced postthrombolytic ICH; 125 (1.6%) patients underwent craniotomy, and 7482 patients (98.4%) received medical treatment alone. Patients in the craniotomy group were younger (53.7 years old ± 36 vs. 72.4 years old ± 29, P = 0.09) and were frequently in the extreme severity All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group category compared with patients in the medical management group (92.2% vs. 55.5%, P = 0.001). The mean length of stay was also longer in the craniotomy group (21.5 days vs. 10 days, P P = 0.5). After adjusting for age, gender, and All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group severity index, the odds ratios of in-hospital mortality, discharge to extended care facility, and discharge to home or self-care were 0.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3–2.0, P = 0.5), 5.4 (95% CI 0.6–52.0, P = 0.1), and 0.2 (95% CI 0.02–1.8, P = 0.1) for the craniotomy group compared with the medical management group. Conclusions Emergent craniotomy for postthrombolytic ICH in patients with acute stroke is a salvage treatment offered to a small proportion of patients. Although biases introduced by patient selection cannot be excluded in our analysis, the excessively high rates of death or disability associated with surgical evacuation limit the value of such a procedure in current practice.
Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury in Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Deficiency Is Associated with Alterations in Nitrosative and Nitrative Stress

gamma-Glutamyl transferase (GGT) regulates glutathione metabolism and cysteine supply. GGT inactivation in GGT(enu1) mice limits cysteine availability causing cellular glutathione deficiency. In lung, the resultant oxidant burden is associated with increased nitric oxide (NO) production, yet GGT(enu1) mice still exhibit higher mortality in hyperoxia. We hypothesized that NO metabolism is altered under severe oxidant stress and contributes to lung cellular injury and death. We compared lung injury, NO synthase (NOS) expression, nitrate/nitrite production, nitroso product formation, peroxynitrite accumulation, and cell death in wild-type and GGT(enu1) mice in normoxia and hyperoxia. The role of NOS activity in cell death was determined by NOS inhibition. Exposure of wild-type mice to hyperoxia caused increased lung injury, altered NO metabolism, and induction of cell death compared with normoxia, which was attenuated by NOS inhibition. Each of these lung injury indices were magnified in hyperoxia-exposed GGT(enu1) mice except nitrosation, which showed a diminished decrease compared with wild-type mice. NOS inhibition attenuated cell death only slightly, likely due to further exacerbation of oxidant stress. Taken together, these data suggest that apoptosis in hyperoxia is partially NO-dependent and reiterate the importance of cellular glutathione in lung antioxidant defense. Therefore, reduced denitrosylation of proteins, possibly resulting in impaired cellular repair, and excessive apoptotic cell death likely contribute to increased lung injury and mortality of GGT(enu1) mice in hyperoxia.
A comparison of the theoretical operation of high-impedance and low-impedance detectors.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the theoretical spectral detectivity (Dλ*) of a low-impedance photoconductive detector with a high-impedance photoconductive detector at low background temperatures. This theoretical prediction assumes that both detectors are limited only by photon noise and Johnson noise. Examples of infrared detectors that have these ultimate limits are mercury cadmium telluride (HgxCd1−xTe) and mercury-doped germanium (Ge:Hg).
Process information factory: a data management approach for enhancing business process intelligence

With access to critical performance indicators of business processes, executives, business managers and staff members can play a crucial role in improving the speed and effectiveness of an organization's business operations. The monitoring and analysis of business processes are complicated by the variety of organizational units and information systems involved in the execution of these processes. In this paper, we present a process information factory as a solution for managing performance data of business processes. The purpose of the process information factory is to provide a data foundation for a process-driven decision support system to monitor and improve business processes continuously.
High Speed Curving Performance of Rail Vehicles

On March 13, 2013, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) published a final rule titled “Vehicle/Track Interaction Safety Standards; High-Speed and High Cant Deficiency Operations” which amended the Track Safety Standards (49 CFR Part 213) and the Passenger Equipment Safety Standards (49 CFR Part 238) in order to promote vehicle track interaction (VTI) safety under a variety of conditions at speeds up to 220 mph. Among its main accomplishments, the final rule facilitates the expansion of higher speed passenger rail by revising the standards governing permissible operating speed in curves, allowing for higher cant deficiencies in all FRA Track Classes. To ensure safety is not diminished, the FRA Track Safety Standards require railroads to maintain their tracks to stricter track geometry standards whenever they operate at these higher curving speeds and cant deficiencies. These revisions were based on studies that examined the dynamic curving performance of various representative rail vehicles. This research investigates the steady-state curving performance of truck designs while traversing curves at various curving speeds and cant deficiencies. During steady-state curve negotiation, the axles of trucks generally offset laterally from the track centerline and develop angles of attack increasing the wheel-rail contact forces. Large lateral forces can develop, particularly in flange contact, resulting in increased wheel and rail wear, track panel shift, and the risk of derailment. Depending on the truck design, such forces become larger at higher cant deficiency. An understanding of the steady-state response of a rail vehicle in a curve is essential as it represents a significant part of the total dynamic response. The curving performance of an idealized rigid truck is analyzed using nonlinear analytical methods for a wide range of operating speeds and unbalance conditions. Emphasis is placed on higher speed curving and the results are used to interpret trends observed during recent field testing with Amtrak’s Acela High-Speed Trainset on the Northeast Corridor.
A multiyear year study of three plant communities with purple loosestrife and biological control agents in Virginia.

Abstract Purple loosestrife ( Lythrum salicaria L.) native to Eurasia has become an invasive weed in North America since its introduction in the late eighteenth century. To control L. salicaria ; Galerucella calmariensis L., Galerucella pusilla Duftschmidt, and Hylobius transversovittatus Goeze were released at Coeburn (Sites 1 and 2) and Big Island, Virginia in 1992 and 1999, respectively. The biocontrol agents and plant community parameters were studied for 11 and 14 years at Big Island and Coeburn, respectively. The Galerucella spp. and H . transversovittatus became established at both sites. After 8 years Galerucella spp. at Coeburn dispersed 1768 m with a mean of 221 m/year from the original release site. H. transversovittatus was found 400 m from the original release site at Coeburn after 14 years. Both Galerucella spp. were found in similar ratios at Coeburn. At Big Island the biocontrol agents did not spread due to the low L. salicaria density beyond the release site. At Coeburn Site 1 L. salicaria percent cover, May and fall stem density, seed capsules and total inflorescence length per m 2 significantly declined by 88%, 98%, 97%, 94%, and 88%, respectively. While L. salicaria declined non-native and invasive species percent cover increased at Coeburn Site 1. Non-invasive species cover also increased but was lower than the invasive species cover. At Coeburn Site 2 L. salicaria was much denser and did not decline after 11 years. Invasive species were also lower in density than at Coeburn Site 1, possibly allowing L. salicaria to maintain its competitive advantage over other species at Site 2. No significant reductions occurred in percent cover, stem height, seed capsules or inflorescence length per m 2 in any of the L. salicaria metrics at Big Island except the number of stems per m 2 which declined. Deer herbivory was high at Big Island and may have reduced Galerucella spp. density and its impact on L. salicaria metrics. Percent cover of native, non-native, and invasive species significantly increased at Big Island with non-native species increasing at a faster rate. The biological control agents had a significant impact on L. salicaria at Coeburn Site 1 but not at Coeburn Site 2 or Big Island. While L. salicaria was reduced by the biocontrol agents at Coeburn Site 1, invasive species became more abundant. Non-native and invasive species increased and the quality of this plant community remained low. Future weed biological control programs should include habit restoration.
Financial Exploitation Statues' Impact on Domestic Relations Practice

As baby boomers age, we seem to be thinking more and more about the concerns and needs of the older American. From retirement communities that sprout like weeds to ubiquitous Viagra ads, the national attention increasingly seems focused on the aging population. One outgrowth of this increased attention to elder issues is a growing awareness of elder abuse. This problem went virtually unnoticed before 1975, when various organizations began studying it. Now, discussions about elder abuse take place with increasing frequency, and one hears frequent calls for action to prevent or remedy the problem. Although there are few attempts to catalog incidences of abuse, those that have been done have had staggering results: estimates show that about one and one half million adults are abused each year.As a result of this dialogue about elder abuse, states have moved to give increased protection to their older citizens. This protection has taken a number of forms. Many states have enhanced their adult protective services or created special law enforcement units to address problems of elder abuse. Some have appointed task forces to study the problem. Perhaps most important for the family lawyer, many states have enacted, or are considering enacting, statutes that deal directly with abuse of the elderly. This article will examine those statutes that address financial abuse of the elderly and the impact that such statutes have on the practice of matrimonial law.
Public transport and health outcomes in rural sub-Saharan Africa – A synthesis of professional opinion

Abstract Much of the recent transport focus in rural sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been on road building and upgrading as opposed to the provision of public transport. The literature reveals evidence of significant negative public health outcomes associated with crashes and pollution attributable to rural transport. We report the results of a synthesis of professional opinion obtained from in-person interviews and an internet survey on health issues related to the provision of public transport in rural SSA. Field interviews were conducted as semi-structured dialogues with some 40 transportation and public health professionals in the capital cities of Ethiopia, Ghana and Kenya. Additionally, 86 responses to an Internet survey were received from 38 African countries. Poor mechanical conditions of vehicles and risky driving behaviours were reported to be an important source of injury from rural road crashes. The factors contributing to unsafe rural public transport were attributable to economic barriers to proper operation. Although there was some mismatch among the survey and interview results and the literature, public transport was shown to be an important potential source of air pollution exposure. The overwhelming conclusion is the lack of true understanding of the health impacts of rural air pollution in relation to basic needs for provision of safe mobility. The findings reflect the awareness of various professional communities and emphasise the complexity of the relationship between rural public transport and public health. Transport and health relationships in places such as rural sub-Saharan Africa are further complicated by the fact that there is such significant potential for positive health outcomes attributable to transport through enhanced access to healthcare, education, commerce, etc. Systematic epidemiological research is needed to fully understand the trade-offs between rural mobility and its impacts to public health in rural sub-Saharan Africa.
A neural model for conditioned avoidance learning

A mathematical model for learning of a conditioned avoidance behavior is presented. An identification of the net excitation of a neural model (Rashevsky, N., 1960.Mathematical Biophysics. Vol. II. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.) with the instantaneous probability of response is introduced and its usefulness in discussing block-trial learning performances in the conditioned avoidance situation is outlined for normal and brain-operated animals, using experimental data collected by the author. Later, the model is applied to consecutive trial learning and connection is made with the approach of H. D. Landahl (1964. “An Avoidance Learning Situation. A Neural Net Model.”Bull. Math. Biophysics,26, 83–89; and 1965, “A Neural Net Model for Escape Learning.”Bull. Math. Biophysics,27, Special Edition, 317–328) wherein lie further data with which the model can be compared.
In-The-Moment Dissociation, Emotional Numbing, and Sexual Risk: The Influence of Sexual Trauma History, Trauma Symptoms, and Alcohol Intoxication.

Objective Prior research on the effects of sexual trauma has examined dissociation but not emotional numbing during sex and has relied exclusively on retrospective surveys. The present experiment examined associations among distal factors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), adolescent/adult sexual assault (ASA), and trauma symptoms and the proximal factor of acute alcohol intoxication on in-the-moment dissociation, emotional numbing, and sexual risk intentions. Method Young adult female drinkers (N = 436) at elevated sexual risk were randomized to receive alcohol (target peak breath alcohol concentration = .10%) or no alcohol. They then read an eroticized sexual scenario and reported on their dissociation and emotional numbing experiences, unprotected sex refusal self-efficacy, and unprotected sex intentions. Results Path analysis revealed that CSA was indirectly associated with increased unprotected sex intentions through increased ASA severity, increased trauma-related symptoms, increased emotional numbing, and decreased unprotected sex refusal self-efficacy. Further, alcohol intoxication was indirectly associated with increased unprotected sex intentions through increased emotional numbing and decreased unprotected sex refusal self-efficacy. Conclusions Emotional numbing, but not dissociation, was associated with unprotected sex intentions and may be one potential target for interventions aimed at reducing HIV/STI-related risk among women with a history of sexual trauma.
Survey of anionic detergent residue on tableware in Shenzhen City from 2010-2011

[Objective]To understand the detergent residue in disinfected tableware packing in Shenzhen City from 2010-2011.[Methods]The disinfected tableware packing was sampled in 41manufacturers of 2010 and 35 of 2011 in Shenzhen City,with a total of 76 sets,5 kinds of cutlery in each,including chopsticks,spoons,cups,bowls,dish.And the derergent residue was detected according to the method of sampling and inspection in "Hygienic Standard for Disinfected Tableware Packing",and spectrophotometry of methylene blue for anionic synthetic detergents in "Standard Testing Method for Drinking Water".[Results] The total qualified rate of ABS derergent residue was 87.8% and 98.8% respectively in 2010 and 2011,with significant difference(χ2=17.47,P0.01).The disqualified rate of derergent residue in chopsticks was lowest(46.3% and 94.3% respectively).[Conclusion]The detergent residual of disinfected tableware packing were improved in 2011 comparing with 2010,still with problems in some enterprises.The supervision should be strengthened.
Post-retrobulbar apnea syndrome.

This case describes two episodes of apnea following retrobulbar anesthesia in the same patient, even though the second block did not contain bupivacaine and was performed on the contralateral eye.
Abstract 2375: Multiclonal invasion in breast cancer identified by single cell DNA sequencing

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common form of early stage breast cancer and is frequently detected by mammography. Only 10% of low-grade and 30% of high-grade DCIS patients will later present with an invasive carcinoma, making it difficult to determine which patients to treat aggressively. Although DCIS is often considered a precursor to invasive breast carcinoma, a major question in the field is whether invasive subpopulations evolve directly from the in situ populations or independently. We hypothesize that early tumor cells evolve over an extended period of time in the ducts, generating multiple subpopulations that migrate out of the ducts together. To test this hypothesis, we developed an approach that combines laser-capture microdissection (LCM) with single cell sequencing to perform DNA copy number profiling while preserving the topographic location of cells. We applied this method to 10 high-grade breast cancer patients with defined in situ, invasive, and normal regions. Using these data, we delineated the clonal substructure and location of the in situ and invasive subpopulations. We found that most high-grade tumors are composed of 1-4 major clonal subpopulations that are intermixed in both the in situ and invasive regions. These subpopulations share a common evolutionary lineage or cell of origin. We also performed deep-exome sequencing (100X) of matched microdissected regions of in situ, invasive and adjacent normal tissue from these breast cancer patients. In each tumor we identified a large number of shared somatic mutations between the in situ and invasive regions, further supporting our direct genomic lineage hypothesis. We also identified a few mutations confined to the invasive tumor regions that may play an important role in the invasive phenotype. These data support a multiclonal invasion model in which distinct clones evolve in the ducts and subsequently migrate into the adjacent tissues to establish invasive tumors. This model has important implications for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of DCIS breast cancer patients since multiple clones may need to be targeted to inhibit invasion. Citation Format: Anna K. Casasent, Annalyssa N. Long, Aislyn Schalck, Emi Sei, Ruli Gao, Alexander Davis, Yong Wang, Mary E. Edgerton, Nicholas E. Navin. Multiclonal invasion in breast cancer identified by single cell DNA sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2375.
Researching developing countries: A data resource guide for social scientists: Forrest D. Wright, Waltham, MA: Chandos Publishing, 2016, 164 pp., $78.95 (eBook), ISBN 978-0-0810-0217-9

Forrest Wright has produced a much-needed reference guide to data sources related to developing countries. Researching Developing Countries: A Data Resources Guide for Social Scientists is part of ...
Husserl and His Influence on Me

This description of Schutz’s beginnings in phenomenology and then of his contacts and personal as well as intellectual relationship with Husserl was written at the end of his life and is by far the richest text about such matters that we have.
Effective Running of End-to-End HPC Workflows on Emerging Heterogeneous Architectures

In high-performance computing (HPC), end-to-end workflows are typically utilized to gain insights from scientific simulations. An end-to-end workflow consists of scientific simulation and data analysis, and can be executed in-situ, in-transit, and offline. Existing studies on end-to-end workflows have largely focused on the high-performance execution approaches. However, the emerging heterogeneous architectures and energy concerns lead to the rethinking of workflow execution approaches. As a guide to the rethinking, this paper evaluates how to run end-to-end HPC workflows efficiently in terms of performance, energy, and error resilience. The evaluation covers emerging heterogeneous processor architectures, processor power capping techniques, and heterogeneous-reliability memory.
The political economy of city life cycles: a comparative analysis of services, expenditures and revenues

This paper updates and expands Norton's 1979 study of the political economy of city life cycles in thirty jurisdictions. Using 1970 and 1976 fiscal data, Norton had found that older cities of the Northeast and North Central states provide a more extensive range of services and have a stronger commitment to social welfare functions than younger cities of the South and Southwest. A thirty-five city survey using 1991 data generally confirms his findings. We found significant differences in the service mix, spending patterns and revenue sources of older and younger cities. Older cities offer a broader mix of services with the most dramatic differences among redistributive and safety functions, and notable differences in the public works and administrative services categories. Older cities expend more per capita on local services and exhibit different spending priorities. They spend propor-tionately more on redistributive services, eg. health, hospitals, welfare and housing. They also spend more per capita on police, fire and education. On the revenue side, older cities depend more on commercial property taxes, while newer cities rely more on residential property taxes. The most significant difference on the revenue side, however, concerns the greater reliance of younger cities on locally generated non-tax sources (eg. user fees), whereas older cities remain more dependent on intergovernmental aid.
Predicting Elderly at Risk of Increased Future Healthcare Use: How Much Does Diagnostic Information Add to Prior Utilization?

We determined whether case-mix information from administrative data can identify those likely to be high users of healthcare in the following year. An individual's healthcare utilization equaled the number of days (between 1 and 365) during the year on which an individual received inpatient or outpatient services. A binary outcome was defined as using 92 days or more (i.e., being in the top 2%) in year two. We included case-mix data in the models from two risk adjustment systems, Adjusted Diagnostic Groups (ADGs) from Adjusted Clinical Groups and Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCCs) from Diagnostic Cost Groups. We examined three types of logistic regression models: (1) prior use models (year one utilization plus age and sex), (2) diagnostic models (HCCs and ADGs as dummy variables plus age and sex), and (3) combined models (prior use plus diagnostic models). For the models with the best c-statistics (i.e., area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve), we compared ROC curve plots. We also fit linear regression models and compared their sensitivity and specificity to the logistic models.
Unaccompanied minors from the Northern Central American countries in the migrant stream: social differentials and institutional contexts

The migration of minors unaccompanied by adults from the northern countries of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras) to the United States has risen sharply in recent years, surpass...