cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value-Driven Attentional Capture in Adolescence

Adolescence has been characterized as a period of both opportunity and vulnerability. Numerous clinical conditions, including substance-use disorders, often emerge during adolescence. These maladaptive behaviors have been linked to problems with cognitive control, yet few studies have investigated how rewards differentially modulate attentional processes in adolescents versus adults. Here, we trained adults and adolescents on a visual task to establish stimulus-reward associations. Later, we assessed learning in an extinction task in which previously rewarded stimuli periodically appeared as distractors. Both age groups initially demonstrated value-driven attentional capture; however, the effect persisted longer in adolescents than in adults. The results could not be explained by developmental differences in visual working memory. Given the importance of attentional control to daily behaviors and clinical conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, these results reveal that cognitive control failures in adolescence may be linked to a value-based attentional-capture effect.
In vItro RegeneRatIon of Red SquIll UrgInea marItIma (l.) BaKeR. uSIng thIdIazuRon

ABSTRACTThe study reports an efficient in vitro micropropagation of Red squill (Urginea maritima (L.) Baker), an important medicinal plant of Mediterranean region, from single and double scale explants. The explants were cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations of Thidiazuron with initial culturing in darkfor eight weeks followed by transfer to 16 h light photoperiod or culturing them in 16 h light photoperiod only. The results showed that initial growth of explants in dark for eight weeks was inhibitory and produced negligibly low number of bulbs on both explants. Contrarily, 16 h light photoperiod resulted in varying frequency of bulblet regeneration on single and double scale explants. Double scale explants were more potent for bulblet regeneration compared to single scale explants. Single scales produced only axillary bulblets with a frequency of 0.90–1.33 bulblets per expalnt. Contrarily, both adventitious and axillary bulblets were recorded on double scales. These explants produced ...
Paleogeographic Evolution of the Lake Superior Region from Late Keweenawan to Late Cambrian Time

A combined study of regional stratigraphy, petrology, and paleocurrents was made of the Freda sandstone, Jacobsville sandstone, Bayfield group, Dresbach formation, and Franconia formation. Data pertaining to the location and nature of the source of the sediments were obtained primarily from petrology and directional sedimentary structures. Environmental reconstructions were based on patterns of lithologic variations, kinds of sedimentary structures, and heavy minerals. This information indicates that the Northern Michigan highland extended through northern Wisconsin and northern Michigan and acted as a source of sediment from Late Keweenawan through Dresbachian time. The Freda formation accumulated in the Keweenawan basin, which was north of the Northern Michigan highland approximately in the present site of Lake Superior but extended considerably farther to the southwest. Deposition took place in a flood-plain and lacustrine environment. Prior to the deposition of the Jacobsville-Bayfield sediments, the Keweenawan sequence was deformed and eroded, but the Northern Michigan highland persisted as a positive area, and the shape and extent of the basin remained much the same. A lacustrine environment predominated in the central part of the basin, but much of the Jacobsville sandstone and Bayfield group undoubtedly represents fan deposits which merged northward into sediments of an alluvial plain. During Dresbachian time the Northern Michigan highland remained as a positive area, but shallow seas invaded the Lake Superior region from the northwest and central Wisconsin from the south. Most of the Dresbach sediments accumulated in a beach environment, but in southern Wisconsin an offshore neritic environment predominated. Prior to Franconian time there was a widespread regression of the seas, and most of the region was subjected to subaerial erosion. By Franconian time the Northern Michigan highland was reduced to a surface of low relief, and the seas re-advanced across the entire area from the southwest. An appreciable amount of the Franconia sediments accumulated in an offshore environment.
Collagen XIX Is Expressed by Interneurons and Contributes to the Formation of Hippocampal Synapses

Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules contribute to the formation and maintenance of synapses in the mammalian nervous system. We previously discovered a family of nonfibrillar collagens that organize synaptic differentiation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Although many NMJ-organizing cues contribute to central nervous system (CNS) synaptogenesis, whether similar roles for collagens exist at central synapses remained unclear. In the present study we discovered that col19a1, the gene encoding nonfibrillar collagen XIX, is expressed by subsets of hippocampal neurons. Colocalization with the interneuron-specific enzyme glutamate decarboxylase 67 (Gad67), but not other cell-type-specific markers, suggests that hippocampal expression of col19a1 is restricted to interneurons. However, not all hippocampal interneurons express col19a1 mRNA; subsets of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, somatostatin (Som)-, and calbindin (Calb)-immunoreactive interneurons express col19a1, but those containing parvalbumin (Parv) or calretinin (Calr) do not. To assess whether collagen XIX is required for the normal formation of hippocampal synapses, we examined synaptic morphology and composition in targeted mouse mutants lacking collagen XIX. We show here that subsets of synaptotagmin 2 (Syt2)-containing hippocampal nerve terminals appear malformed in the absence of collagen XIX. The presence of Syt2 in inhibitory hippocampal synapses, the altered distribution of Gad67 in collagen XIX-deficient subiculum, and abnormal levels of gephyrin in collagen XIX-deficient hippocampal extracts all suggest inhibitory synapses are affected by the loss of collagen XIX. Together, these data not only reveal that collagen XIX is expressed by central neurons, but show for the first time that a nonfibrillar collagen is necessary for the formation of hippocampal synapses.
Polarization induced phase noise in fiber optic interferometers with polarizer based polarization diversity receivers

The effects of fluctuations of the input state-of-polarization (SOP) in interferometric sensors on the visibility and the phase noise have been well characterized. In this paper, the presence of a polarizer at the output of a fiber optic interferometer is shown to reduce the polarization-induced noise when it is part of a polarization diversity receiver.
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database Mortality Risk Model: Part 1—Statistical Methodology

Background This study's objective was to develop a risk model incorporating procedure type and patient factors to be used for case-mix adjustment in the analysis of hospital-specific operative mortality rates after congenital cardiac operations. Methods Included were patients of all ages undergoing cardiac operations, with or without cardiopulmonary bypass, at centers participating in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database during January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2013. Excluded were isolated patent ductus arteriosus closures in patients weighing less than or equal to 2.5 kg, centers with more than 10% missing data, and patients with missing data for key variables. Data from the first 3.5 years were used for model development, and data from the last 0.5 year were used for assessing model discrimination and calibration. Potential risk factors were proposed based on expert consensus and selected after empirically comparing a variety of modeling options. Results The study cohort included 52,224 patients from 86 centers with 1,931 deaths (3.7%). Covariates included in the model were primary procedure, age, weight, and 11 additional patient factors reflecting acuity status and comorbidities. The C statistic in the validation sample was 0.858. Plots of observed-vs-expected mortality rates revealed good calibration overall and within subgroups, except for a slight overestimation of risk in the highest decile of predicted risk. Removing patient preoperative factors from the model reduced the C statistic to 0.831 and affected the performance classification for 12 of 86 hospitals. Conclusions The risk model is well suited to adjust for case mix in the analysis and reporting of hospital-specific mortality for congenital heart operations. Inclusion of patient factors added useful discriminatory power and reduced bias in the calculation of hospital-specific mortality metrics.
A 6.5 GHz-11.5 GHz source using a grid amplifier with a twist reflector

The authors have constructed and tested an oscillator using a grid amplifier with external feedback from a twist reflector. The twist reflector serves two functions; it changes the output polarization to match the input, and its position sets the feedback phase. This permits a wider tuning range than has been possible with previous grid oscillators. The source could be continuously tuned from 8.2 GHz to 11.0 GHz by moving the twist reflector. By moving the polarizer and mirror in the twist reflector independently, a 1.8-to-1 frequency range from 6.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz was achieved. The peak effective radiated power was 6.3 W at 9.9 GHz. >
Potential influences of heavy rain on general aviation airplane performance

Recent NASA wind tunnel tests of airfoils in a simulated rain environment under extremely heavy rain conditions have shown reductions in maximum lift and increases in drag. Conventional airfoils were tested with and without high lift devices and tests of laminar-flow airfoils without high-lift devices were conducted. Both types of airfoils indicated performance decrements when exposed to a simulated heavy rain environment. For the laminar flow airfoil, the rain influence was observed to occur throughout the angle of attack range, whereas for the conventional airfoil in a high lift configuration, the rain influence occurred mostly at the higher angles of attack. The performance decrement for the laminar-flow airfoil appeared to be a result of laminar-to-turbulent boundary-layer transition whereas the performance penalty for the conventional airfoil appeared to be the result of premature separation. The results of these tests are presented and the implication of the results to general aviation airplanes are discussed.
Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components

Integrating conceptually similar models of the growth of marine and terrestrial primary producers yielded an estimated global net primary production (NPP) of 104.9 petagrams of carbon per year, with roughly equal contributions from land and oceans. Approaches based on satellite indices of absorbed solar radiation indicate marked heterogeneity in NPP for both land and oceans, reflecting the influence of physical and ecological processes. The spatial and temporal distributions of ocean NPP are consistent with primary limitation by light, nutrients, and temperature. On land, water limitation imposes additional constraints. On land and ocean, progressive changes in NPP can result in altered carbon storage, although contrasts in mechanisms of carbon storage and rates of organic matter turnover result in a range of relations between carbon storage and changes in NPP.
Second-Generation Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalinghasproventobeaneffectivestrategyfortreating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and thefirstgenerationofagentsdevelopedforthispurpose, gefitinibanderlotinib,stimulatedauniqueescalationin both biologic and clinical research within the field. Sec
Commentary: deconstructing self-destruction.

NONSUICIDAL self-injurious behavior (SIB) occurs in both culturally appropriate and culturally inappropriate forms. It is one of the diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder, but it occurs in several psychiatric and neurological populations. The personal intent of SIB in psychiatric populations is incompletely understood. A self-report scale (Self-Injury Motivation Scale; SIMS) to assess motivation for self-injury was developed. Relationships among motivation for SIB, characteristics of SIB, and psychopathology were explored. A semistructured interview and the SIMS, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Davidson Trauma Scale, and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II were given to 99 consecutively admitted inpatients. The SIMS had good reliability and validity. A high SIMS score suggested distinct psychopathology. Several factors on the SIMS differentiated motivations for SIB. Patients with different SIMS factor profiles had different psychopathology.
Developmental Insights into Breast Cancer Intratumoral Heterogeneity

Breast cancer is no longer considered a single disease, but instead is made up of multiple subtypes with genetically and most likely epigenetically heterogeneous tumors composed of numerous clones. Both the hierarchical cancer stem cell and clonal evolution models have been invoked to help explain this intratumoral heterogeneity. Several recent studies have helped define the functional interactions among the different cellular subpopulations necessary for the evolution of this complex ecosystem. These interactions involve paracrine interactions that include locally acting Wnt family members, reminiscent of the signaling pathways important for normal mammary gland development and stem cell self-renewal. In this review, we discuss the interactions among various cell populations in both normal and tumor tissues. A better understanding of these interactions, especially in the metastatic setting, will be important for the development of improved combinatorial therapies designed to prevent relapse and to ultimately decrease mortality.
A Measure of the Auditory-perceptual Quality of Strain from Electroglottographic Analysis of Continuous Dysphonic Speech: Application to Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia.

Summary Objectives (1) To develop an automated algorithm to analyze electroglottographic (EGG) signal in continuous dysphonic speech, and (2) to identify EGG waveform parameters that correlate with the auditory-perceptual quality of strain in the speech of patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD). Study Design Software development with application in a prospective controlled study. Methods EGG was recorded from 12 normal speakers and 12 subjects with ADSD reading excerpts from the Rainbow Passage. Data were processed by a new algorithm developed with the specific goal of analyzing continuous dysphonic speech. The contact quotient, pulse width, a new parameter peak skew, and various contact closing slope quotient and contact opening slope quotient measures were extracted. EGG parameters were compared between normal and ADSD speech. Within the ADSD group, intra-subject comparison was also made between perceptually strained syllables and unstrained syllables. Results The opening slope quotient SO7525 distinguished strained syllables from unstrained syllables in continuous speech within individual subjects with ADSD. The standard deviations, but not the means, of contact quotient, EGGW50, peak skew, and SO7525 were different between normal and ADSD speakers. The strain-stress pattern in continuous speech can be visualized as color gradients based on the variation of EGG parameter values. Conclusions EGG parameters may provide a within-subject measure of vocal strain and serve as a marker for treatment response. The addition of EGG to multidimensional assessment may lead to improved characterization of the voice disturbance in ADSD.
An Application of Linear Programming for Short-Term Harvest Scheduling

The technique of linear programming (LP) is illustrated by developing a harvest schedule for an industrial forest ownership in northwestern Pennsylvania. The objective was to maximize net present value of the harvest over a five-year planning period. The effect of changes in timber value and growth rate on the optimum schedule was determined. Sensitivity analysis provided additional information the manager could use to make decisions. In order to successfully apply LP, the forester must be able to define the management objective of the harvest schedule and the resource and managerial constraints that will influence its attainment. Data used in the model have to be available and reliable. Many forest enterprises should be in the position to adopt LP since commercial programs for microcomputers are now available for which a high level of computing expertise is not required.
An Examination of Housing Price Appreciation in California and the Impact of Alternative Mortgage Instruments

The median price of existing, single-family detached homes in California jumped from $241,350 in 2000 to $524,020 in 2005. This paper studies the phenomenal housing price appreciation in the state by examining the impact of the increasing popularity of alternative mortgage products on the changes in housing values. Using macroeconomic variables and characteristics of mortgage products, we investigate the driving forces behind this booming housing market and find that the extensive use of alternative mortgage products was one of the major factors causing the unprecedented pace of housing value appreciation in California.
Genetically Divergent Types of the Wheat Leaf Fungus Puccinia triticina in Ethiopia, a Center of Tetraploid Wheat Diversity

Collections of Puccinia triticina, the wheat leaf rust fungus, were obtained from tetraploid and hexaploid wheat in the central highlands of Ethiopia, and a smaller number from Kenya, from 2011 to 2013, in order to determine the genetic diversity of this wheat pathogen in a center of host diversity. Single-uredinial isolates were derived and tested for virulence phenotype to 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that differ for single leaf rust resistance genes and for molecular genotypes with 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. Nine virulence phenotypes were described among the 193 isolates tested for virulence. Phenotype BBBQJ, found only in Ethiopia, was predominantly collected from tetraploid wheat. Phenotype EEEEE, also found only in Ethiopia, was exclusively collected from tetraploid wheat and was avirulent to the susceptible hexaploid wheat 'Thatcher'. Phenotypes MBDSS and MCDSS, found in both Ethiopia and Kenya, were predominantly collected from common wheat. Phenotypes CCMSS, CCPSS, and CBMSS were found in Ethiopia from common wheat at low frequency. Phenotypes TCBSS and TCBSQ were found on durum wheat and common wheat in Kenya. Four groups of distinct SSR genotypes were described among the 48 isolates genotyped. Isolates with phenotypes BBBQJ and EEEEE were in two distinct SSR groups, and isolates with phenotypes MBDSS and MCDSS were in a third group. Isolates with CCMSS, CCPSS, CBMSS, TCBSS, and TCBSQ phenotypes were in a fourth SSR genotype group. The diverse host environment of Ethiopia has selected and maintained a genetically divergent population of P. triticina.
Characterization of proteins by means of flocculation with propanol

The results of this investigation indicate that proteins in solution may be characterized by causing them to flocculate in mixtures of propanol-water in which the propanol concentration is gradually increased, and other conditions, namely PH, temperature and concentration of the protein are maintained constant. When trubidity is measured and the values are plotted against the concentration of propanol, characteristic curves are obtained which serve as diagnosis of type and homogeneity of the protein. Lysozyme, human and bovine serum albumin and egg albumin, for example, yielded simple flocculation curves; the curve obtained for γ-globulin had at least one maximum; various samples of Bence-Jones protein yielded trubidity curves which had maxima at low concentrations of propanol if the flocculation was carried out at 37°C. The method seems to be amenable to further application, particularly as a clinical method to detect abnormalities in blood proteins. Es wurde gefunden, das Proteine in Losungen durch Flockung mit variierenden Konzentrationen an Propanol charakterisiert werden konnen (bei konstanter Konzentration des Proteins, konstantem PH und gleicher Temperatur). Die Trubung in den Mischungen unter den obengenannten Bedingungen ist von der Konzentration des Propanols abhangig, und verschiedene Proteine zeigten unterschiedliche Flockungskurven. Lysozym, die Albumine vom Blutserum des Menschen oder Ochsen, sowie Eieralbumin hatten einfache Trubungskurven mit stark ansteigenden Trubungswerten bei hohen Konzentrationen des Propanols, wenn die Koagulation bei einem geeigneten PH-Wert der Mischungen ausgefuhrt wurde. Die Kurven der γ-Globuline hatten mindestens ein Maximum, die Bence-Jones-Proteine ein oder zwei Maxima. Das zweite Trubungsmaximum der Bence-Jones-Proteine wurde in den Mischungen mit 15–20% Propanol, meistens nur bei Zimmertemperatur oder bei 37° gebildet. Es wurde vorausgesetzt, das die Methode fur die Charakterisierung pathologischer Proteine von einem gewissen Wert sein kann.
Changes in FDG-PET SUV correlate with voxel absorbed dose in HDR brachytherapy of rectal cancer

581 Objectives Voxelized data represents a challenge in dosimetry. The uncertainty inherent in the individual voxel absorbed dose outweighs its value. However, when large number of voxels are considered, such as those that constitute an entire organ or a binned ensemble, significant results can be obtained. Methods Five patients were treated for localized rectal cancer using 192Ir high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy in conjunction with surgery. FDG-PET images were acquired before HDR therapy and 6-8 weeks after treatment (prior to surgery). Treatment planning was done on a commercial workstation and the dose grid was calculated. The two PETs and the dose grid were registered to each other by using the accompanying CTs as a bridge on a HERMES workstation; the data were then exported into 3D-RD analysis. The difference in PET SUV values before and after HDR was plotted versus absorbed radiation dose for each voxel. The voxels were then separated into bins for every 100 cGy of absorbed dose and the bin average values plotted similarly. Results Four of the five patients showed a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.18, 0.70, 0.81, 0.82 and 0.89, respectively) between PET uptake difference in the targeted region and the absorbed dose for the binned voxels. Conclusions By considering larger ensembles of voxels, such as organ average absorbed dose or the dose bins considered here, valuable information may be obtained. The dose-response correlations as measured by FDG-PET difference potentially underlines the importance of a) FDG-PET as a measure of response as well as b) the use of 3-dimensional dosimetry as exemplified by 3D-RD. Research Support NI
Bourdieu, Representational Legitimacy, and Pension Boardrooms:A Contested Space?

Drawing on Bourdieu’s social theory this chapter aims to extend the debates about concepts of legitimacy and representation in UK pension schemes boardrooms. Generally the field of board management has its own norms and behaviours where actions and manners are reproduced through generations of boardroom activity. However, representational legitimacy has helped increase the diversity of board composition by bringing trade union representatives or members who choose to stand for election, into the mix of employer/sponsor representation and employee representation. Using the conceptual tools of field, habitus, practice, capital, illusio, and doxa provided by Pierre Bourdieu the legitimacy that these more diverse pension board members bring to the field of the boardrooms will be investigated to establish how this is being reshaped into a board image that fits with the dominant norms, expectations and attitudes of the boardroom
CD275/ICOSL-independent germinal centers and autoantibody in autoimmune-prone RasGRP1-deficient mice (BA13P.125)

Lymphopenia results in favorable microenvironments for the expansion and activation of autoreactive lymphocytes. Mice deficient in guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rasgrp1 (KO) are T lymphopenic early in life and develop a lymphoproliferative disorder with features of human SLE. Our previous work revealed that autoreactive B cells lacking RasGRP1 break tolerance early during development as well as during germinal center responses, suggesting both T cell-independent and -dependent mechanisms are responsible. To understand whether T cells are involved in the breach of tolerance in germinal centers, we examined T effector cells in KO mice. In addition to the expected increase in Th1 cells, the frequency and number of Th17 cells were also elevated in KO mice. Th17 cells were positive for CXCR5 and Bcl-6, localized to germinal centers and upregulated levels of CD278/ICOS coordinately with the appearance of germinal centers, all attributes of T follicular helper cells (Tfh17). To determine whether CD278-CD275 interactions were required for the development of Tfh17 cells and for autoantibody, we crossed KO and CD275-deficient mice. Interestingly, KO mice lacking CD275 formed germinal centers with an elevated frequency of Th17 cells and similar titers of autoantibodies. From these data, we suggest that CD278-CD275 interactions are not required for germinal centers and autoantibody production in mice lacking RasGRP1.
An Investigation of Operator Performance in All-terrain Vehicle (ATV) Handling and Control☆

Abstract The handling properties of All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) have been the subject of numerous investigations over the last two decades. Because the great majority of ATVs use a solid rear axle or a direct drive to both rear axles for improved off-road traction, these vehicles typically transition from understeer to oversteer with increased cornering severity in tests customarily used in the automobile industry to measure steady-state vehicle handling properties. An oversteer handling response is contrary to the accepted norm for on-road passenger vehicle handling and, for this reason, has drawn scrutiny from the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff and others. In the research described in this paper, an evaluation of ATV handling is presented in which 10 participants operated an ATV that was configured to have two different steady-state cornering characteristics. One configuration produced an approximately linear understeer response (labeled US) and the other configuration transitioned from understeer to oversteer (labeled US-OS) with increasing lateral acceleration in constant-radius turn tests. Participants found that the ATV with either the US or US-OS steady-state handling characteristic would be satisfactory for their typical use of an ATV; however, participants overwhelmingly preferred the US-OS Configuration. No participant reported that either configuration was unpredictable, although the ATVs were rated as more comfortable and received better steering feedback ratings for tight turns when configured to and operated in the US-OS Configuration as compared to the US Configuration. The objective data did not indicate that there was a control issue associated with the ATV configured to have an understeer/oversteer steady-state handling response. Course excursions were observed with both configurations, with the most significant occurring with the US-configured ATV. In summary, passenger car control response characteristics that have traditionally been found to be conducive to vehicle safety and control in that environment cannot be directly applied to the understanding of ATV safety and control.
Teaching Rankine Cycle by Using an Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction Software

The Rankine cycle plays a very important role in vapour power plants. It is an integral part in teaching courses of engineering thermodynamics. The cycle analysis is long and tedious. It is very ne...
Differentiation of fibroblasts in tissue culture, as determined by mucopolysaccharide production.

Summary1. Cultures of human synovia and rat subcutaneum have continued to produce, over a period of months, substances forming a characteristic mucin clot. Mucin clots have also been produced in cu...
Data Center Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Site Assessment: Anderson Readiness Center; Salem, Oregon

This report summarizes the results from the data center energy efficiency and renewable energy site assessment conducted for the Oregon Army National Guard in Salem, Oregon. A team led by NREL conducted the assessment of the Anderson Readiness Center data centers March 18-20, 2014 as part of ongoing efforts to reduce energy use and incorporate renewable energy technologies where feasible. Although the data centers in this facility account for less than 5% of the total square footage, they are estimated to be responsible for 70% of the annual electricity consumption.
Analysis of responses to bradykinin: effects of Hoe-140 in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat

The mechanisms and receptor subtype mediating vasodilator responses to bradykinin were investigated in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat under constant flow conditions. Intraarterial injections of bradykinin in doses of 10-1,000 ng into the hindquarters vascular bed caused dose-related decreases in perfusion pressure that were inhibited by Hoe-140, a bradykinin B2-receptor antagonist. Injections of des-Arg9-bradykinin (in doses 10-fold higher than for bradykinin) caused smaller dose-related decreases in hindquarters perfusion pressure that were not blocked by Hoe-140. Administration of atropine, glibenclamide, or cyclooxygenase inhibitors did not alter vasodilator responses to bradykinin, suggesting that activation of muscarinic receptors, ATP-sensitive K+ channels, or prostaglandin release is not involved in the response to the peptide. Administration of N omega-nitro-L-arginine and its methyl ester reduced vasodilator responses to bradykinin, acetylcholine, and substance P, whereas responses to endothelium-independent vasodilator agents were not attenuated. Decreases in systemic arterial pressure and in hindquarters perfusion pressure in response to bradykinin were enhanced by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors captopril and enalaprilat. These results suggest that hindquarters vasodilator responses to bradykinin are mediated by activation of kinin B2 receptors and in part by the release of nitric oxide. These data also suggest the presence of bradykinin B1 receptors, mediating vasodilation in the hindquarters vascular bed. These results indicate that bradykinin is rapidly inactivated by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lung and in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat.
Interfacial area transport across a 90° vertical-upward elbow in air–water bubbly two-phase flow

This study develops a one-group interfacial area transport equation (IATE) for vertical-upward-to-horizontal air–water bubbly two-phase flows through a 90° elbow with a non-dimensional centerline radius of curvature of three. In order to develop the model, an extensive database is established by acquiring local two-phase flow parameters using a four-sensor conductivity probe upstream and downstream of the elbow. The data show there exist three characteristic regions in void distribution, including a bimodal-to-bimodal region, a bimodal-to-single-peaked region, and a developed horizontal flow region with void accumulated at the top of the pipe cross-section. Using the database, the preliminary dissipation length model developed by Yadav et al. (2014b) is improved by including the transition region near the exit of the elbow in addition to the dissipation region. To close the IATE model, the bubble velocity advection term and bubble interaction terms in the IATE are correlated with the parameter characterizing the “elbow-strength”. The two-phase pressure drop across the elbow is modeled using the modified Lockhart–Martinelli correlation which takes into account the minor loss effect. The closed IATE model is implemented to predict interfacial area transport in vertical-upward-to-horizontal two-phase flow. It is found that the developed model is capable of predicting interfacial area concentration with an average percent difference of less than ±6%.
Studying Governors over Five Decades: What We Know and Where We Need to Go?

Governors are the most prominent political actor in state politics and a subject of continuous study by scholars. An analysis of the research produced over the past five decades reveals a pattern of topics investigated as well as trends in interest level of those topics. A brief review of some of the findings is presented as well as suggestions for additional research. Finally, a proposal to rethink how we study and evaluate governors is offered.
When is isolated vertigo a harbinger of stroke

Isolated vertigo is usually a distressing though benign clinical entity. Recently, however, it has been recognized that in a subset of patients isolated vertigo may be a harbinger of vertebrobasilar stroke. Recognition of this "at risk" subgroup may be difficult. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) are usually normal in patients with vertigo from labyrinthine disease. We describe a patient with isolated vertigo, in whom BAEPs were abnormal, and who subsequently developed an anterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarct. BAEP testing might lead to early recognition of those patients at risk for catastrophic stroke, and prompt appropriate investigation and treatment to prevent this outcome.
Nanosecond-Pulsed Laser Bonding with a Built-in Mask for MEMS Packaging Applications

A nanosecond-pulsed laser bonding process with a built-in mask for MEMS packaging applications has been successfully demonstrated. YAG Surelit II laser with pulse duration of 4-6ns, a wavelength of 355nm and a focal diameter of 1mm is used to provide the bonding energy for glass-to-silicon bonding using a 4µm-thick indium layer as the bonding material. The optimal bonding parameters are found experimentally when the laser energy is between 8 and 22 mJ and multiple laser shots are used. Furthermore, a regular white paper with predefined patterns has been successfully used as the masking material to achieve selective heating and bonding. Simulation results show that localized heating can be achieved by using the nanosecond laser. One micro-second after the laser power is applied, the temperature at the indium/silicon interface drops from 2500°Cto 760°C and drops further to 43°C after 1 millisecond. This nanosecond laser power is believed to provide suitable energy and time for localized heating and bonding applications for MEMS.
Application-Aware Power Management

This paper presents our approach for application-aware power management. We combine continuous monitoring of critical workload indicators, online power and performance model usage and timely p-state control to realize application-aware power management. We present two new power management solutions enabled by our methodology: PerformanceMaximizer (PM) finds the best possible performance under specified power constraints and PowerSave (PS) saves energy while keeping performance above specified requirements. We evaluate both using the SPEC-CPU2000 suite on a Pentium M platform discussing implications of workload characteristics and benefits of being workload-aware.
The significance of giant mitochondria in liver biopsies as observed by light microscopy

One hundred forty-three liver biopsy specimens were evaluated by light microscopy for giant mitochondria (GM), and were correlated with a variety of histological and clinical parameters. GM were found in 57% of the biopsy specimens. In alcoholic liver diseases, GM are mostly round in shape, are centrilobular in distribution, and frequently coexist with Mallory bodies. The frequency of hepatocytes containing GM in alcoholic liver disease is the highest of all groups. In nonalcoholic liver diseases, GM are round or needle-shaped, distributed randomly or in the periphery of the hepatic lobules, and the frequency of hepatocytes containing GM is less than that in alcoholic liver disease. These features are useful in separating alcoholic from nonalcoholic liver diseases. While GM appear to represent early hepatocellular injury, certain factors appear to influence GM formation in nonalcoholic liver diseases, including high alcohol consumption in both alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases, fatty change, under-nutrition or abnormal nutrition, and upper gastrointestinal tract disorders.
Muscles innervated by a single motor neuron exhibit divergent synaptic properties on multiple time scales

Adaptive changes in the output of neural circuits underlying rhythmic behaviors are relayed to muscles via motor neuron activity. Pre- and postsynaptic properties of neuromuscular junctions can impact the transformation from motor neuron activity to muscle response. Further, synaptic plasticity occurring on the time scale of inter-spike intervals can differ between multiple muscles innervated by the same motor neuron. In rhythmic behaviors, motor neuron bursts can elicit additional synaptic plasticity. However, it is unknown if plasticity regulated by the longer time scale of inter-burst intervals also differs between synapses from the same neuron, and whether any such distinctions occur across a physiological activity range. To address these issues, we measured electrical responses in muscles innervated by a chewing circuit neuron, the lateral gastric (LG) motor neuron, in a well-characterized small motor system, the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the Jonah crab, Cancer borealis . In vitro and in vivo, sensory, hormonal and modulatory inputs elicit LG bursting consisting of inter-spike intervals of 50-250 ms and inter-burst intervals of 2-24 s. Muscles expressed similar facilitation measured with paired stimuli except at the shortest inter-spike interval. However distinct decay time constants resulted in differences in temporal summation. In response to bursting activity, augmentation occurred to different extents and saturated at different inter-burst intervals in the three muscles. Further, augmentation interacted with facilitation, resulting in distinct intra-burst facilitation between muscles. Thus, responses of multiple target muscles diverge across a physiological activity range due to distinct synaptic properties sensitive to multiple time scales.
An Evaluation Framework for Inter-Domain Link Congestion Detection Algorithms

Inter-domain link congestion can be caused by either under-provision or peer disputes. TSLP and M-Lab are two representative network-tomographic methods to detect congestion on inter-domain links. In this work, we propose a performancecost framework to evaluate and compare the two methods via a simulator built atop NS-3. Via detailed simulations, we obtained some insights on the two approaches and hope they can benefit further study in this area. Our experimental results have shown that TSLP is more responsive to link congestion and consumes less measurement bandwidth while M-Lab is capable of associating congestion direction to a congested link. Moreover, M-Lab may produce false positives due to its massive measurement traffic and underpinned TCP congestion control. Our simulator source code is also available online for the research community.
FLAIRS-30 Poster Abstracts

This document contains the collected abstracts from authors who submitted only an abstract for presentation in the FLAIRS-30 poster session.
Volt/Var control in distribution networks with high penetration of PV considering inverter utilization

In this paper, a Volt/Var control strategy in distribution networks with high PV penetration considering inverter thermal model is presented. This strategy considers a central distribution control to schedule active power and reactive power to deal with solar power generation intermittency. The objective is to provide voltage regulation control while solving for optimal power flow to minimize both distribution system losses and inverter losses. A radial distribution feeder with high PV penetration is considered for the analysis. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in regulating voltage within limits while allowing optimal reactive power allocation among distributed generation (DG) units to relieve the stress on some inverters especially those at the end of the feeder.
Case 11: Awake Craniotomy

A 43-year-old (ASA 2), 120 kg man is being given local anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care (MAC) for an awake craniotomy. His past history included previous surgery under general anesthesia for resection of an astrocytoma. He presented with severe seizure disorder, mainly due to further growth of the cerebral tumor. He is very nervous about having this procedure awake. Initially, remifentanil and propofol infusion with local anesthesia provided adequate operating conditions. All sedation is turned off during the language mapping, since the patient needs to be fully alert and cooperative. The patient is now only minimally sedated. Since his face is covered with drapes, he complains of severe claustrophobia and serious lack of air. His SpO2 is 100%. Despite increasing the nasal oxygen to 10 l min and providing 15 L min of oxygen around his face from the absorber circuit of the anesthesia machine, no symptomatic relief is seen. Further sedation is not indicated since he needs to follow commands during the language mapping. His complaints are now becoming so serious that he wants the mapping and surgery stopped.
You have got a (different) friend in me: Asymmetrical roles in gaming as potential ambassadors of computational and cooperative thinking:

This article aims to enlighten how individuals apply and develop cooperative and computational thinking in online collaborative challenges, and what ludic features support or discourage such approa...
Using linear mixed effects models: A single-case experimental design meta-analysis of functional communication training

In this study, we extended the meta-analytic literature on single-case experimental design (SCED) studies on functional communication training (FCT) using a linear mixed effects model (LMEM). First...
Comparative aspects of calcium metabolism in embryonic reptiles and birds

Eggs of oviparous, amniotic vertebrates must be endowed at oviposition with all of the organic and most of the inorganic components required for embryonic growth. A major inorganic constituent of these eggs is calcium used for ossification of the skeleton. The two main sources of this element are the yolk and the eggshell, but the proportion of calcium supplied by these compartments varies among species. Some of the calcium absorbed from the eggshell by embryos of domestic fowl is stored in the yolk. causing the calcium content of this compartment to increase appreciably during incubation. In contrast, the calcium content of yolk declines throughout incubation in eggs of reptiles, and the yolk that is withdrawn into the abdominal cavity just prior to hatching contains only small quantities of this element. Thus, major differences in the pattern of calcium metabolism characterize avian and reptilian embryos, and studies of embryos of domestic fowl may not provide a broadly-based model with which to characterize calcium metabolism in embryos of other species. Control of calcium transport across the cellular epithelia (the yolk sac and chorioallantois) that separate embryos from their sources of calcium (yolk and eggshell) represents one aspect of control of calcium metabolism during embryogenesis, but this process has been examined only in eggs of domestic fowl and only in the chorioallantois. Calcium transport across the chorioallantois of embryonic chicks is influenced by a vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein, carbonic anhydrase, the level of calcium to which the chorioallantois is exposed, and vitamin D. However, a complete story concerning control of calcium transport across the chorioallantois and its relationship to calcium regulation in embryos of domestic fowl is not yet possible.
Novel Approaches to Causality Adjudication in Drug-Induced Liver Disease

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a complex diagnosis dominantly based of exclusion. Currently available causality assessment instruments are considered to be suboptimal. Expert opinion appears to be best method to adjudicate causality, but is impractical to implement on a wide scale basis. Thus, new approaches are needed, for example, improving the specificity of current scoring systems. A further option would be to develop a system that utilizes computer-based scoring—which would reduce human error. Additionally, it would be ideal to have available drug-specific scoring systems, based on drugs’ characteristic “phenotypes” (presentation and pattern of injury). Eventually, a validated system could be integrated within electronic health information systems. This review highlights an avenue to an improved causality assessment tool.
Sexual coercion in lesbian and gay relationships: A review and critique

Sexual coercion, or pressure to engage in unwanted sexual behavior, has been a popular research topic for social scientists interested in heterosexual relationships. Only recently have researchers turned their attention to lesbian and gay couples. Several research studies are reviewed to assess rates, causes, and effects of sexual coercion in lesbian and gay relationships. Several methodological issues that limit usefulness of findings on homosexual sexual coercion are discussed as well as reasons why social scientists have been reluctant to investigate sexual coercion in lesbian and gay relationships.
Drug and sex testing: regulations for international competition.

A list of banned substances and the details of the drug and sex testing programs at the Olympic Games are presented.
Family Preservation and Reunification

Family preservation programs are not new. They go back at least to the turn of the 20th century with the settlement house movement, Hull House, and Jane Addams. Family preservation programs are designed to help children and families, including extended and adoptive families, that are at risk of abuse or delinquency, or are in crisis.
Peripheral Filters and Chemoreceptor Cells in Fishes

Olfaction in vertebrates is the sense used in the processing of chemical information that is detected and transmitted to the central nervous system by bipolar neurons that compose the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I). Gustation is the sense used in the processing of chemical information that is detected by taste cells and transmitted centrally by facial (cranial nerve VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), or vagal (X) nerves. Receptor cells of both systems must discriminate relevant chemical stimuli from background chemical “noise” that exists in the immediate environment of all vertebrates. This ability of chemoreceptors to act as “peripheral filters” by detecting and preferentially passing information concerning biologically important chemical stimuli occurs through the evolutionary development of different receptor molecules with different chemospecificities built into the membranes of the receptor cells. This chapter will review the general organization of the olfactory epithelium and taste bud structure in fishes and summarize recent physiological findings as they relate to the sensitivities and specificities of the “filtering elements” (i.e., transduction processes and types of receptor sites) of the receptive olfactory and gustatory receptor cells. For books specific to chemoreception in aquatic organisms, see Kleerekoper (1969), Mackie and Grant (1974), Hara (1982), and Hasler and Scholz (1983).