cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface‐Soil Properties and Water Contents across Two Watersheds with Contrasting Tillage Histories

Soil properties and water contents (u) vary spatially, but management effects on spatial patterns are poorly understood. This study’s objective was to compare surface-soil properties and u in two small watersheds (30–43 ha) in Iowa’s loess hills. Both watersheds were in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) from 1972 through 1995, one (CW1) under conventional tillage and the other (RW3) under ridge tillage. In 1996, CW1 was converted to no-till. Surface-soil (0–0.2 m) samples werecollectedalonghillslope transectsduring2002and2003,including four dates with water-content measurements by gravimetry in both watersheds. Soil bulk density (rb), organic carbon (OC), and texture were determined, along with terrain attributes (elevation, slope, surfacecurvature,contributingarea,andwetnessindex).Afteraccounting for landscape-position effects, RW3 had more OC (2.1 versus 1.7%) andsmaller rb(1.16 versus1.25 Mg m 23 ) than CW1 (P,0.001). Larger u values occurred in RW3 (P , 0.002) when u was .33%. Landscape position and terrain attributes better explained variation in u in RW3 than CW1. Also, OC was correlated with u in RW3, but not in CW1. Soil textures were similar (within 2%,) but finer in CW1 (P , 0.05). Pedotransfer functions confirmed that differences in soil properties between watersheds resulted in greater u in RW3 than CW1, particularly at low soil-water potential, and that more distinct patterns of u shouldoccurinRW3.Resultsindicatelong-termconventionaltillagein CW1 affected soil properties and water-holding characteristics in ways that decreased water retention and muted spatial patterns of u.
The non-equalization of true gift and estate tax rates

Abstract Before 1976, the affluent transferred most of their wealth to their heirs through bequests, not gifts, even though gifts faced lower statutory tax rates. This suggests the affluent were not acting altruistically. However, bequests had the advantage that unrealized capital gains were forgiven at the moment of transfer. Taking this into account, I derive true marginal gift and estate tax rates. Contrary to previous research, I find that the affluent failed to equalize these true rates, both before and after 1976. This represents stronger evidence that the large transfers made by the affluent were not motivated by altruism.
Optical measurements and mapping in Ga- and Al-doped ZnO and Sn-doped In2O3

Hall-effect/conductivity measurements in TCO materials such as Ga-doped ZnO (GZO), Al-doped ZnO (AZO), and Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) determine Hall mobility μH and sheet carrier concentration ns directly by measurements of current, voltage, and magnetic field. If thickness d is known, then ns can be converted into volume concentration n = ns/d. Optical measurements, on the other hand, determine analogous quantities μopt and nopt indirectly, usually by invoking the Drude model of the dielectric constant. Here we compare μopt and nopt obtained by Drude analysis of reflection, transmission, and spectroscopic-ellipsometry (SE) measurements, with μH and n. Although reasonably good agreement between Hall effect and optical parameters can be obtained with all of these techniques, SE is especially attractive for non-destructive, high-density mapping of μ and n. Moreover, we can use degenerate scattering theory to convert maps of μ and n into maps of donor and acceptor concentration. This new mapping methodology is applied to GZO and ITO.
A Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults Who had Sexual Problems as Children: A Thirty-Year Follow-Up Study

In previous papers reporting on a thirty-year follow-up study of children who had once been seen in a child guidance clinic, the authors have reported on the relation of adult adjustment to broad categories of childhood behavior disturbances (1, 2, 3) and have recently begun to analyze more specific childhood problem behavior, e.g., running away (4), and its relation to adult adjustment.
Non-iterative evaluation of multiphase thermal compliances in bond graphs

AbstractThe practical use of bond graphs to organize the efficient simulation of multiple-phase thermodynamic systems is perhaps the most significant piece of unfinished business regarding the evolution of bond graphs. The most widely recognized form for these cases, called the pseudo bond graph, dictates particular causalities that require iteration, assuming the use of available state equations. This paper shows how the alternative convection bond graphs can direct non-iterative evaluation of state properties of multiphase thermal compliances. The state variables of a compliance become temperature, mass and volume. A refrigeration cycle is used as an example.
Evidence-Based Annotation of Gene Function in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Using Genome-Wide Fitness Profiling across 121 Conditions

Most genes in bacteria are experimentally uncharacterized and cannot be annotated with a specific function. Given the great diversity of bacteria and the ease of genome sequencing, high-throughput approaches to identify gene function experimentally are needed. Here, we use pools of tagged transposon mutants in the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to probe the mutant fitness of 3,355 genes in 121 diverse conditions including different growth substrates, alternative electron acceptors, stresses, and motility. We find that 2,350 genes have a pattern of fitness that is significantly different from random and 1,230 of these genes (37% of our total assayed genes) have enough signal to show strong biological correlations. We find that genes in all functional categories have phenotypes, including hundreds of hypotheticals, and that potentially redundant genes (over 50% amino acid identity to another gene in the genome) are also likely to have distinct phenotypes. Using fitness patterns, we were able to propose specific molecular functions for 40 genes or operons that lacked specific annotations or had incomplete annotations. In one example, we demonstrate that the previously hypothetical gene SO_3749 encodes a functional acetylornithine deacetylase, thus filling a missing step in S. oneidensis metabolism. Additionally, we demonstrate that the orphan histidine kinase SO_2742 and orphan response regulator SO_2648 form a signal transduction pathway that activates expression of acetyl-CoA synthase and is required for S. oneidensis to grow on acetate as a carbon source. Lastly, we demonstrate that gene expression and mutant fitness are poorly correlated and that mutant fitness generates more confident predictions of gene function than does gene expression. The approach described here can be applied generally to create large-scale gene-phenotype maps for evidence-based annotation of gene function in prokaryotes.
Response to Comments on Brethauer et al. Bariatric Surgery Improves the Metabolic Profile of Morbidly Obese Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014;37:e51–e52

We thank Middelbeek and Brown (1) for their interest in our work and for their comments on our article (2) about the effects of bariatric surgery in type 1 diabetes. We agree with their view that the metabolic responses to bariatric surgery in severely obese patients with type 1 diabetes are poorly understood. Hence, we thought it was important to publish our data, albeit limited to a retrospective analysis of 10 patients with type 1 diabetes who underwent bariatric surgery at the Cleveland Clinic. They point out that we did not distinguish whether our patients were being treated by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or multiple …
Finite Element Analysis of Planar Micromachined Silicon Electrodes for Cortical Stimulation

This paper describes a three dimensional (3D) finite element model of micromachined stimulating microelectrode arrays for cortical stimulation. These micromachined probes, known as Michigan probes, are lithographically defined in geometry and fabricated though mostly standard silicon processing technology. However, the fabrication process requires the highly conductive boron-doped shanks, which provide mechanical support for the electrode array, to be grounded especially in active electrodes that incorporate integrated circuits on the same chip. We have examined the effects of grounding this portion (body) of the electrode arrays using finite element analysis (FEA) and drawn a few conclusions about their design. Further, using information gained from our FEA models, we evaluate the current distribution and volume of the excited tissue in a proposed design that would increase the density of electrodes in a given volume and provides greater precision for targeted stimulation.
Whistleblowing as civil disobedience The case of Edward Snowden

The media hoop-la about Edward Snowden has obscured a less flashy yet more vital – and philosophically relevant – part of the story, namely the moral and political seriousness with which he acted t...
Analyzing and compressing assembly code

This paper describes the application of a general data compression algorithm to assembly code. The system is retargetable and generalizes cross-jumping and procedural abstraction. It can be used as a space optimizer that trades time for space, it can turn assembly code into interpretive code, and it can help formalize and automate the traditionally ad hoc design of both real and abstract machines.
Local or localized? Exploring the contributions of Franco-Mediterranean agrifood theory to alternative food research

Notions such as terroir and “Slow Food,” which originated in Mediterranean Europe, have emerged as buzzwords around the globe, becoming commonplace across Europe and economically important in the United States and Canada, Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Given the increased global prominence of terroir and regulatory frameworks like geographical indications, we argue that the associated conceptual tools have become more relevant to scholars working within the “alternative food networks” (AFN) framework in the United States and United Kingdom. Specifically, the Local Agrifood Systems (Systemes Agroalimentaires Localises, or SYAL) perspective, first articulated in 1996 by French scholars, seeks to understand the relationship between the development of local food systems and specific territories. We review the empirical and theoretical literature that comprises each of these perspectives, highlighting three areas in which SYAL scholarship may be relevant to AFN researchers. First, while AFN scholars tend to understand the “local” in terms of positionality, in a distributionist sense (vis-a-vis one’s relation to sites of food production or consumption or along commodity chains), SYAL studies frame local food systems as anchored within particular territories. Second, SYAL research places significant emphasis on collectivity, both in terms of collective institutions and shared forms of knowledge and identity. Third, although both perspectives are framed in opposition of the industrialization of the global food system, AFN scholars focus more on alternative distribution schemes (e.g., organic, fair trade, and direct marketing schemes), while SYAL researchers favor territorially anchored structures (e.g., geographical indications).
Evolved sex differences and occupational segregation

Average sex differences in workplace outcomes are often assumed to be products of a malfunctioning labor market that discourages women from nontraditional occupations and a biased educational system that leaves women inadequately prepared for scientific and technical work. Rather than being a product purely of discriminatory demand, however, many sex differences in occupational distribution are at least partially a result of an imbalance in supply. Sex differences in both temperament and cognitive ability, which are products of our evolutionary history, predispose men and women toward different occupational behavior. The tendency of men to predominate in fields imposing high quantitative demands, high physical risk, and low social demands, and the tendency of women to be drawn to less quantitatively demanding fields, safer jobs, and jobs with a higher social content are, at least in part, artifacts of an evolutionary history that has left the human species with a sexually dimorphic mind. These differences are proximately mediated by sex hormones. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Role of probiotics in the management of patients with food allergy.

Objective This review will concentrate on the potential use of probiotics in treating or preventing allergic disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract. In small infants, most reactions to foods are manifested in the gastro-intestinal tract. As children get older, cutaneous and even systemic or respiratory manifestations of food intolerances may be more common. In most instances, allergic disorders in the gut cause inflammation in the mucosa. Data Sources Recently, the role of gut microflora in allergic disease has gained increasing interest with reports of probiotics being used to treat food allergy. Study Selection Pertinent scientific reports on the role of probiotics in the management of patients with food allergy will be reviewed. A recent study to determine the effect of very early probiotic colonization will be extensively reviewed as it presents an intriguing concept of a preventive strategy related to food allergy development. Results Significant improvement has been noted in infants receiving Lactobacillus GG in their extensively hydrolyzed formula. Conclusions It is likely more studies will be forthcoming with different probiotic organisms in the prevention and treatment of allergic disorders in children and adults.
Excitons and their kinetics in CdTe/(Cd, Mn)Te and ZnSe/(Zn, Mn)Se quantum wells

Abstract We show examples of recent spectroscopic studies of CdTe/(Cd, Mn)Te and ZnSe/(Zn, Mn)Se multiquantum wells (MQWs). These strained-layer structures are sources of intense excitonic luminescence at low temperatures. Dependence of luminescence spectra on temperature and the especially pronounced influence of an external magnetic field are strong evidence that the emission is dominated by localized excitons which particularly for the (111) oriented CdTe/(Cd, Mn)Te MQWs are attached to the heterointerfaces. For the (100) ZnSe/(Zn, Mn)SeMQWs the luminescence amplitude typically decreases rapidly with temperature from 2 to 100 K indicating only a weakly localized exciton. Picosecond time-resolved experiments have yielded a direct measurement of exciton energy-loss rates and lifetimes which are found to depend on quantum well width, magnetic field, and on temperature.
Levels of Meat Scraps and Dried Milk in Rations for Young Ducks

Abstract ONLY limited experimental data are available concerning the optimum amounts of animal protein supplements to include in rations for growing ducks during the first 10 to 12 weeks. Wheeler (1904) fed rations in which approximately 20, 40, 60, or 80 percent of the protein was supplied by animal meal. During the first 10 weeks, more rapid growth was obtained with the ration in which 60 percent of the protein was derived from this source. This ration contained approximately 38 percent of animal meal (39.7 percent protein). There was little difference in the amount of feed required to produce a unit of gain on the different rations. Horton (1932) fed rations containing 12 percent and 19 percent protein. At 10 weeks of age the ducks on the higher protein ration averaged one-half of a pound more than those on the lower protein ration. More feed was required to produce a unit . . .
Cigarette smoke increases intimal hyperplasia and homocysteine in a rat carotid endarterectomy

Background Homocysteine and smoking are independent risks for CVD; however their importance in post-CEA intimal hyperplasia is unclear. We performed a CEA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke with the hypothesis that smoking would increase intimal hyperplasia that may be associated with an elevated serum homocysteine. Folic acid (FA) and the homocysteine metabolic enzymes MTHFR and CBS were used to test for the significance of homocysteine elevation. Materials and methods Rats underwent an open CEA. N = 13 rats received smoke exposure 2 weeks prior, and 2 weeks post-CEA and N = 12 received no smoke. Each group was divided into either control or an FA-added diet resulting in four groups. Rats were sacrificed at 2 weeks post-CEA; liver, urine, blood, and carotid arteries samples were obtained. Results Smoked rats had increased urinary peak and trough cotinine levels versus non-smoke rats, which decreased with FA. Smoke exposure increased intimal hyperplasia versus non-smoke controls by nearly 120% (57.8 ± 6.2 versus 26.8 ± 5.4% luminal stenosis, P = 0.005). Smoke-exposed rats had an increased serum homocysteine versus non-smoke controls (8.3 ± 0.8 versus 5.7 ± 0.8 μ m , P = 0.014). Smoked rats given FA had decreased serum homocysteine compared to the smoke group. Along with reductions in homocysteine, FA eliminated the increase in intimal hyperplasia seen with smoke exposure (33.5 ± 6.1 versus 57.8 ± 6.2% luminal stenosis, P = 0.03). CBS activity decreased in smoked rats by nearly 20% versus non-smoke rats. FA supplementation in smoked rats both (1) increased CBS activity and (2) decreased MTHFR compared to control non-smoke-exposure levels. Conclusion Smoking increases plasma homocysteine and post-CEA intimal hyperplasia. This suggests homocysteine has an etiological role in the intimal hyperplasia increase observed with smoking, since both were negated with FA.
Average Cost Semi-Markov Decision Processes and the Control of Queueing Systems

Semi-Markov decision processes underlie the control of many queueing systems. In this paper, we deal with infinite state semi-Markov decision processes with nonnegative, unbounded costs and finite action sets. Axioms for the existence of an expected average cost optimal stationary policy are presented. These conditions generalize the work in Sennott [22] for Markov decision processes. Verifiable conditions for the axioms to hold are obtained. The theory is applied to control of the M/G/l queue with variable service parameter, with on-off server, and with batch processing, and to control of the G/M/m queue with variable arrival parameter and customer rejection. It is applied to a timesharing network of queues with a single server and finally to optimal routing of Poisson arrivals to parallel exponential servers. The final section extends the existence result to compact action spaces.
Response of soybean genotypes to different irrigation regimes in a humid region of the southeastern USA

Studies on irrigation scheduling for soybean have demonstrated that avoiding irrigation during the vegetative growth stages could result in yields as high as those obtained if the crop was fully irrigated during the entire growing season. This could ultimately also lead to an improvement of the irrigation water use efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different irrigation regimes (IRs) on growth and yield of four soybean genotypes and to determine their irrigation water use efficiency. A field experiment consisting of three IR using a lateral move sprinkler system and four soybean genotypes was conducted at the Bledsoe Research Farm of The University of Georgia, USA. The irrigation treatments consisted of full season irrigated (FSI), start irrigation at flowering (SIF), and rainfed (RFD); the soybean genotypes represented maturity groups (MGs) V, VI, VII, and VIII. A completely randomized block design in a split-plot array with four replicates was used with IR as the main treatment and the soybean MGs as the sub-treatment. Weather variables and soil moisture were recorded with an automatic weather station located nearby, while rainfall and irrigation amounts were recorded with rain gauges located in the experimental field. Samplings for growth analysis of the plant and its components as well as leaf area index (LAI) and canopy height were obtained every 12 days. The irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) or ratio of the difference between irrigated and rainfed yield to the amount of irrigation water applied was estimated. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between IR for dry matter of the plant and its components, canopy height, and maximum leaf area index as well as significant differences (P < 0.05) between MGs due to IR. Differences for the interaction between IR and MG were significant (P < 0.05) only for dry matter of pods and seed yield. In general, seed yield increased at a rate of 7.20 kg for each mm of total water received (rainfall + irrigation) by the crop. Within IR, significant differences (P < 0.05) on IWUE were found between maturity groups with values as low as 0.55 kg m-3 for MG V and as high as 1.14 kg m-3 for MG VI for the FSI treatment and values as low as 0.48 kg m-3 for maturity group V and as high as 1.02 kg m-3 for maturity group VI for the SIF treatment. We also found that there were genotypic differences with respect to their efficiency to use water, stressing the importance of cultivar selection as a key strategy for achieving optimum yields with reduced use of water in supplemental irrigation
Factors Affecting Accuracy of Stream Channel Slope Estimates Derived from Geographical Information Systems

Abstract Stream channel slope is often a critical component of geographical information systems (GIS)-based models of preferred habitat of aquatic species, but the relative accuracy of various GIS slope derivation methods is not well established. We examined the accuracy of GIS-derived stream slopes for a set of stream reaches in Idaho and Ohio. We also used the Ohio data set to examine in more detail the effects of stream reach length, source of GIS file representing the stream path (“shapefile”), and digital elevation model (DEM) resolution on the accuracy of GIS-derived slopes. The accuracy of GIS-derived slopes in the Ohio dataset improved with increasing reach length, but we could not draw any consistent conclusions about the effect of DEM resolution or shapefile. We present a simple and efficient method for improving GIS-derived slopes by identifying probable elevation errors in the GIS-derived longitudinal stream profiles. The resulting derived slopes were improved in all cases; the slopes derived ...
DVCS-Dissociation of the Deuteron and the EMC Effect

Abstract The break-up of the deuteron during deeply-virtual Compton scattering, γ ∗ d → γ ( ∗ ) n p , is explored. In the effective field theory describing nucleon dynamics at momenta below the pion mass, the EMC effect results from four-nucleon interactions with the twist-2 operators, appropriate for describing forward, and near-forward, matrix elements in the two-nucleon system. We point out that the break-up of the deuteron to low-energy final states during deeply-virtual Compton scattering is a process with which to explore strong-interaction physics closely related to that responsible for the EMC effect. The single-nucleon contribution to the break-up depends on the moments of the spin-dependent structure functions and contributions from local four-nucleon operators. Experimental deviations from the single-nucleon prediction would provide a probe of strong interactions complimentary to the EMC effect.
Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE To determine whether supportive-expressive psychotherapy (SET), a form of dynamic psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy + clinical management (MED) for major depressive disorder (MDD) are more effective than pill-placebo + clinical management (PBO). METHOD This National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-sponsored randomized controlled trial was conducted (from November 2001 through June 2007) at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. The sample included 156 patients diagnosed with MDD (DSM-IV) and having a 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD(17)) score ≥ 14 for at least 2 consecutive weeks. This was an underserved sample in which 41% were male, 52% were self-designated minorities, and 76% had an annual income under $30,000. Treatment lasted 16 weeks. Medication patients not responsive by week 8 (maximum dose 200 mg/d of sertraline) were switched to venlafaxine (maximum dose 375 mg/d). Nonresponsive placebo patients at week 8 were switched to a different placebo. RESULTS Patients' depression improved over the 16 weeks (P < .0001), with no between-group differences (P = .95), even among severely (HRSD(17) score ≥ 20) depressed patients (P = .45). Response rates did not differ between groups (P = .73). Gender and minority status moderated outcome (P = .014), with psychotherapy more efficacious for minority men than MED (P = .027, Cohen d = 1.02) and PBO (P = .019, d = 1.09). PBO was more efficacious for white men than MED (P = .03, d = 0.62) and SET (P = .003, d = 1.07). For white women, MED (P = .005, d = 0.77) and SET (P = .033, d = 0.71) were more efficacious than placebo. No differences among treatments were found for minority women. CONCLUSIONS This trial of urban MDD patients failed to confirm that either active treatment was better than placebo. Minority status and gender had significant and differential effects on outcome that warrant replication in future studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00043550.
Temporal dissipative structures in cyclically deformed metallic alloys

metallic alloys. The model employs quasi-chemical reactions of multiplication, annihilation and positive feedback among the populations of mobile, immobile, and Cottrell-type dislocations [1]. Three major types of loading have been simulated, namely, pure sinusoidal, “creep fatigue”, and ramp loading. Computer movies of the temporal evolution of stress serrations and dislocation densities have been produced as an aide for analysis and illustration. It has been demonstrated that the model successfully reproduces strain bursts and stress serrations in fatigued metallic alloys in terms of the underlying dislocations mechanisms, thus establishing the fundamental connection between micro- and macromechanics of cyclic deformation.
Compliance-Gaining in Marital Interaction

This article focuses on how the communication behaviors of married couples correspond with the individual spouse's likelihood of gaining compliance and his or her contentment with the relationship. A sieve-coding scheme was developed to categorize the 30-minute interactions of a randomly selected sample of 51 married couples who participated in two role plays of a relational conflict. Analyses of their conversations revealed that (1) husbands' compliance-gaining behavior is more often predictably related to who wins the dispute, although wives win more frequently; (2) compliance-gaining attempts by either party show a negative association with long-term relational states; and (3) husband and wife frequency of use of individual compliance-gaining strategies is correlated for most strategies.
Infectivity of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites measured with a DNA probe

Abstract A 2.3 kb, 32 P-labeled repetitive DNA probe of Plasmodium berghei was used to measure the amount of parasite DNA in the liver of Norway Brown rats and mice infected with sporozoites. Standard hybridization curves were obtained by probing different amounts (100 pg to 1 μg) of P. berghei DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Host DNA did not interfere with hybridization specificity and sensitivity. A 100-fold increase in hepatic parasite DNA was detected between 25 h post-infection and the peak of parasite proliferation, detected at 44 h. The amount of parasite DNA increased with the number of injected sporozoites. At 5 h post-infection, a large proportion of parasite DNA was found in the spleen. However, this diminished with time and was negligible in amount at 25 h. A significant number of viable sporozoites were probably cleared in the spleen, since considerably more parasite DNA was found in the livers of splenectomized rats than in sham-operated counterparts. Although older rats develop much lower parasitemias upon inoculation of sporozoites, no significant differences were observed in the amount of parasite DNA in rats, 43 and 152 days old, injected with equal numbers of sporozoites. The higher resistance to malaria displayed by older rats is probably controlled by post-hepatic events. The infectivity of sporozoites for A/J mice was calculated to be about 1/20th that of Norway Brown rats.
Lethal yellowing‐type diseases of palms associated with phytoplasmas newly identified in Florida, USA

A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect phytoplasmas in stem tissues from declining silver date (Phoenix sylvestris), Canary Island date (Phoenix canariensis), edible date (Phoenix dactylifera), Queen (Syagrus romanozoffiana) and Mexican fan (Washingtonia robusta) palms, all displaying symptoms similar to lethal yellowing (LY) disease, in a tri-county region of west central Florida. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or sequencing of PCR-amplified rDNA products (1.6 kb) identified three distinct group 16SrIV phytoplasma strains among 38 infected palms. Most palms (86.8%) contained Texas Phoenix decline (TPD) phytoplasma, a subgroup 16SrIV-D strain, while two P. canariensis harboured palm LY phytoplasma, a subgroup 16SrIV-A strain. A novel phytoplasma, initially detected in W. robusta and tentatively classified as a subgroup 16SrIV-F strain, also occurred with LY phytoplasma as mixed infections in two P. dactylifera palms. Collectively, these findings extend the known geographic range of TPD in the USA to include Florida and the listing of TPD-susceptible palm species to include P. dactylifera, P. sylvestris and S. romanozoffiana. Moreover, discovery of a novel subgroup 16SrIV-F strain in W. robusta adds to the list of phytoplasma host palm species and complexity of phytoplasma-vector-palm pathosystems newly identified in the west central region of the state. The emergence of new lethal disease of palms beyond southern subtropical region of the state is unprecedented but follows similar developments in other regions where LY is known to occur.
Loss Determination of Hollow-core Waveguides by Optically-induced Particle Transport

A new method for loss measurements in hollow-core waveguides utilizing radiation pressure induced transport of dielectric microspheres is introduced and experimentally demonstrated.
Adiabatic Magnetization of a Superconducting Sphere

Measurements are reported of the temperature changes accompanying suppression of the superconductivity of a lead sphere by adiabatic magnetization. Observations were made in the temperature range 2.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 4.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for magnetizations into the complete range of the intermediate state. The magnetic fields were applied as step functions of time, and allowance was made for the resulting eddy-current heating. After magnetization, practically complete temperature equilibrium was established in the order of 15 seconds. Temperature changes observed on magnetization were in quantitative agreement with values predicted from calorimetric data and demonstrate a linear relationship between the applied magnetic field and the fraction of normal metal produced in the intermediate state.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in dogs and cats: The veterinary perspective

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in dogs and cats shares many similarities with its human counterpart but also has significant differences. In marked contrast to people, CLL in dogs and cats is primarily a T-lymphocyte proliferation. Cytotoxic T-cell proliferations with granular lymphocyte morphology predominate in dogs, and T helper cell proliferations seem to be most common in cats with CLL. Immunophenotyping and assessment of clonality by molecular genetic analysis are newer adjunctive tools in veterinary medicine that are useful in the characterization and diagnosis of CLL in dogs and cats. The clinical presentation, typical hematologic findings, diagnosis, course of disease, prognosis, and therapy of CLL in dogs and cats are discussed.
An investigation of SDOF models for large mass impact on sandwich composites

This paper describes an investigation of single-degree-of-freedom models for large mass impact on composite sandwich laminates. The stiffness parameters of the models are derived from the results of three-dimensional quasi-static contact analyses of a rigid sphere indenting a multi-layer sandwich laminate. Energy dissipating elements are incorporated into the models to account for material damage. The validity of the models is examined through comparisons with experimental force history results of impact on six different core and face sheet configurations. It is found that a Maxwell element with the nonlinear spring in series with a viscous damper element best models the impact phenomenon for this boundary condition controlled impact. The damping parameters for each type of laminate analyzed, although initially determined empirically, are found to have a unique relationship to the energy dissipated at the time of maximum contact force. With this relationship known, the damping parameter can be determined a priori to accurately predict the peak contact force and contact duration for these foam and honeycomb sandwich panels.
TiOPc molecular dislocation networks as nanotemplates for C60 cluster arrays.

By controlled deposition, TiOPc, a molecular semiconductor with anisotropic interactions can generate a molecular film with a characteristic pattern repeat size of 15 nm. This structure then served as a nanotemplate for a superlattice of C60 clusters with characteristic diameters of 7 nm. As a result, C60 deposition on the TiOPc film template forms a pattern of nanophase-separated C60 and TiOPc domains with a characteristic domain size of 7 nm. This feature size is matched to the exciton diffusion length in photovoltaic materials composed of small organic molecules. A dislocation network in a molecular film provides a promising method for generating pattern features on the several-nanometer length scale, bridging the practical limits of “bottom up” and “top down” strategies.
Pilot study of effect of emotional stimuli on tic severity in children with Tourette's syndrome

To assess objectively the effects of emotional stimuli on the severity of tics and to determine if such effects were mediated by the autonomic nervous system, we carried out videotape ratings of tics and electrophysiological monitoring of heart beat and respiration on 4 children with Tourette's syndrome while they were watching a movie known to elicit emotional responses relevant to normal childhood events. Measured tic severity was highest during periods associated with anticipation, resolution of emotional changes, and lower concentration, lowest during periods of anger and happiness, and intermediate during periods of sadness and fear. Tic severity did not correlate with heart or respiratory rate. Thus, tics seem influenced differentially by various emotional states, but this effect does not seem to be autonomically mediated.
Life Span Extension in Humans is Self-Reinforcing: A General Theory of Longevity

This article proposes that longevity is not merely the result of an absence of mortality but a self-reinforcing and positively selected life-history trait in social species. It argues that a small increase in longevity is amplified as (1) reductions in mortality at young ages increase natural selection for mechanisms of maintenance and repair at all older ages as well as increasing the potential for intergenerational transfers; (2) intergenera-tional transfers of resources from old to young increase fitness (e.g., through improved health, skill, and competitive ability) of the young and thus favor the presence of older individuals in a population; and (3) the division of labor increases both efficiency and innovation at all levels, resulting in increased resources that can be reinvested. This theory is framed around the longevity-oriented question posed two decades ago by the ger-ontologist George Sacher, “Why do we live as long as we do?,” rather than the more prevalent question today, “Why do we grow old?” The article describes the foundational principles and the main phases of a model for the evolution of longevity mediated through social organization, and applies the concept specifically to human populations.
Computing with the social fabric: The evolution of social intelligence within a cultural framework

Cultural algorithms employ a basic set of knowledge sources, each related to knowledge observed in various animal species. These knowledge sources are then combined to direct the decisions of the individual agents in solving optimization problems using an influence function inspired by the marginal value theorem from population biology. We briefly describe an implementation of this approach, the cultural algorithms toolkit (CAT) in the Repast agent-based simulation environment. Next we introduce the notion of "social fabric" which provides a framework in which the knowledge sources can access the social networks to which individuals can belong. A computational version of the social fabric idea is then implemented as an extension of the influence function in the CAT system. We then apply the enhanced system to a problem in engineering design, the "pressure vessel problem". For this problem, we show that the enhanced system with the social fabric outperforms the CAT system without it. We demonstrate also that the frequency with which the knowledge sources are able to access the network can affect the problem solving process.
Intersubband resonances in sosmos accumulation layers

Abstract In the stressed system of (100) silicon on sapphire, the primed ladder of subbands forms the electronic ground state of an n-channel accumulation layer. Far infrared resonances corresponding to intersubband transitions perpendicular to the surface have been observed using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The resonance is asymmetrical and composed of the 0′-1′ and probably higher order transitions.
The Associated Friends

On March 5, 1937, a few friends of the Rutgers University Library, led by the Librarian, Mr. George A. Osborn, and the chairman of the Library Committee of the Board of Trustees, Mr. Richard T. Greene, met in the Trustees' Room of Old Queens to organize the Associated Friends of the Library of Rutgers University. Dr. Jacob G. Lipman was made temporary chairman in charge of plans for the permanent organization of the Associated Friends.
Multiwavelength lightwave networks for computer communication

The different approaches being considered to build high-capacity lightwave networks are described. Two kinds of lightwave network architectures are examined: broadcast-and-select networks and wavelength-routing networks. A comparison of the two shows that broadcast-and-select networks may be more suitable for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs), while wavelength-routing networks are suitable for wide area networks (WANs). The overall network may then be a combination of broadcast subnets interconnected by a point-to-point wavelength-routing network. >
Modeling Operational Robustness and Resiliency with High-Level Petri Nets

Abstract : Military operations are highly complex workflow systems that require careful planning and execution. The interactive complexity and tight coupling between people and technological systems has been increased in military operations, which leads to both improved efficiency and a greater vulnerability to mission accomplishment due to attack or system failure. Although the ability to resist and recover from failure is important to many systems and processes, the robustness and resiliency of workflow management systems has received little attention in literature. The authors propose a novel workflow modeling framework suing high-level Petri nets (PNs). The proposed framework is capable of both modeling structure and providing a wide range of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The concepts of self-protecting and self-healing systems are captured by the robustness and resiliency measures proposed in this study. The proposed measures are plotted in a Cartesian coordinate system; a classification scheme with four quadrants (i.e., possession, preservation, restoration, and devastation) is proposed to show the state of the system in terms of robustness and resiliency. The authors introduce and overall sustainability index for the system based on the theory of displaced ideals.
Motor protein decoration of microtubules grown in high salt conditions reveals the presence of mixed lattices

We have used back-projection methods to obtain three-dimensional maps of motor-protein decorated nine and ten protofilament microtubules polymerized in the presence of high salt and preserved in vitreous ice. The resulting three-dimensional maps show that the vast majority of these microtubules have multiple seams, rather than being helical as would be expected according to the lattice accommodation model. These results indicate that microtubules should be analyzed by back-projection before using helical reconstruction approaches, and that nine and ten protofilament microtubules polymerized in high salt conditions are not suitable for helical analysis.
Interpolating Dirac spinors between instant and light front forms

Abstract Explicit expressions for the interpolating Dirac spinors needed in studies of evolution along an essentially arbitrary time-like direction are presented. One result of this work reproduces instant form results, and the other yields the light front results. The collapse of the spinorial degrees of freedom from four to two follows if we confine to a class of normalization choices.
Environmental safety and exposure to violence of inner city children experiencing a psychiatric crisis

This manuscript focuses on the environmental safety and exposure to violence of a group of particularly vulnerable children ages 5 to 18 years. These children, 96% of whom are African American or Hispanic, resided in the Bronx, New York and presented at a psychiatric emergency room in crisis. The Bronx is New York City's poorest borough and 20% of the murders in New York State are committed there. Of the approximately 300 children eventually enrolled in the master study, 41% were exposed to at least one unsafe environment (home, neighborhood, school or school neighborhood); 21% were exposed to one unsafe environment; 14% to two; 5% to three, and 1% to four unsafe environments. A subsample of 36 children was studied intensively for their direct exposure to violence. Only 50% rated themselves as feeling safe on the streets, while about 80% felt safe at home. The percentage of children who reported witnessing acts of violence was 31% for shootings, 23% for stabbings, 26% for robberies, and 87% for beatings. Two case studies of these children are presented and the implications of these findings are discussed.
Application of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) with pendent β‐cyclodextrin to separation of a guest substance in an aqueous solution

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with pendent β-cyclodextrin (PNI-PAAm-CD) was prepared by copolymerization of acryloyl-β-CD and NIPAAm. During the temperature-induced phase separation of an aqueous solution of PNIPAAm-CD, Toluidine Blue dye in the solution was separated into the precipitate of PNIPAAm-CD by way of inclusion complex formation.
Pulse shape discrimination for background rejection in germanium gamma-ray detectors

A pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) technique is developed to reject the beta-decay background resulting from activation of Ge gamma-ray detectors by cosmic-ray secondaries. These beta decays are a major source of background at 0.2-2 MeV energies in well shielded Ge detector systems. The technique exploits the difference between the detected current pulse shapes of single- and multiple-site energy depositions within the detector: beta decays are primarily single-site events, while photons at these energies typically Compton scatter before being photoelectrically absorbed to produce multiple-site events. Depending upon the amount of background due to sources other than beta decay, PSD can more than double the detector sensitivity.
Child-Rearing Practices and Games of Strategy

Summary A cross-cultural study involving a basic sample of 117 societies was undertaken to test the hypothesis that disequilibrium facilitates cognitive development, and that a variety of different disequilibria even further ensures that effect. Disequilibrium was measured by child-rearing factors involving general frustration and deliberate instruction, and also by the presence of high gods in the society. Cognitive development was measured by the presence of games of strategy in the society. Each “indepedent” variable was related to the presence of games of strategy, and the cumulative effect of all factors was much stronger than any of them alone (χ2 = 19.7, p < .001).
Kinetics of carbon precipitation in irradiated iron—III. Calorimetry

Abstract Internal friction and electrical resistivity measurements associated with the removal of carbon from solution in iron have indicated that in irradiated specimens the carbon is trapped at defects before it precipitates. The binding energy of carbon to these defect traps was measured by calorimetry and found to be 0.41 eV/atom. It is concluded, therefore, that no precipitate with a binding energy for carbon of less than 0.41 eV/atom will be formed in an iron-carbon alloy that has been irradiated to a dosage sufficient to trap all of the carbon atoms. In unirradiated iron-carbon the energy released per carbon atom in forming the metastable carbide precipitate was found to be 0.27 eV/atom, which explains why this carbide is not formed in irradiated alloys.
Cytokine Activation of the HPA Axis

The observation that administration of interleukin-1 (IL-1) to animals activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis stimulated great interest in the significance and mechanism of this response, and in whether other cytokines have similar activities. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) share HPA-activating activity, although they are less potent and effective than IL-1, whereas IL-2 and interferon alpha(IFN alpha) lack activity. Small increases in body temperature occur in response to IL-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha, but these changes are prevented by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) and do not appear to be related to the HPA-activation. The rapid HPA-activating effects of IL-1 are impaired by COX inhibitors, but the more prolonged HPA activation associated with intraperitoneal injections is not affected, indicating multiple mechanisms for IL-1-induced HPA activation. The HPA response to IL-6 is not sensitive to COX inhibitors, but that to TNF alpha appears to be. The HPA-activating activity of IL-1 is associated with increases in the apparent release of brain noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT), but not dopamine, as well as with increased brain tryptophan. The NA changes, but not these in serotonin metabolism and tryptophan, are prevented by COX inhibitors. IL-6 has effects on serotonin and tryptophan like those of IL-1, but no detected effect on NA. TNF alpha has some effect on NA and tryptophan, but only at relatively high doses. IFN alpha lacks activity on these neurochemicals. Manipulation of noradrenergic, but not serotonergic systems alters the IL-1-induced HPA activation, suggesting the involvement of NA. However, brain NA does not appear to be essential for HPA activation in mice.
First Report of the Acanthocephalan Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus in the Terrestrial Isopod Porcellio scaber

Terrestrial isopod populations were examined from 5 different sites on the Penn State-Altoona campus in Altoona, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Length and sex of each isopod were recorded before it was examined for acantho- cephalan parasites. Three isopod species were found: Armadillidium vulgare, Porcellio scaber ,a ndOniscus asellus. The acanthocephalan parasite Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus was found in P. scaber from a single site (site prevalence, 2.5%). This is the first report of natural infection of P. scaber by P. cylindraceus.