cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in the NCAR CCM3 Using a Revised Zhang–McFarlane Convection Parameterization Scheme

Abstract This study presents the simulation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) in the NCAR CCM3 using a modified Zhang–McFarlane convection parameterization scheme. It is shown that, with the modified scheme, the intraseasonal (20–80 day) variability in precipitation, zonal wind, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) is enhanced substantially compared to the standard CCM3 simulation. Using a composite technique based on the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, the paper demonstrates that the simulated MJOs are in better agreement with the observations than the standard model in many important aspects. The amplitudes of the MJOs in 850-mb zonal wind, precipitation, and OLR are comparable to those of the observations, and the MJOs show clearly eastward propagation from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific. In contrast, the simulated MJOs in the standard CCM3 simulation are weak and have a tendency to propagate westward in the Indian Ocean. Nevertheless, there remain several deficiencies that are yet...
Chronic illness in the director's office: a pragmatic approach to decision making.

This management article is based upon a real li9fe experience and suggests various steps that need to be taken to deal with a chronic illness in the leadership of the professional social work program in a hospital. The organizational support of upper management; the departmental structure; personnel decisions and employee benefits; the program history and current dynamics; and the expertise of the restructured directorship each play a crucial role in shaping the outcome.
Educating surgery residents in patient safety.

The recent focus on patient safety has underscored the vital role of education in reducing errors and promoting safety. The period of residency training provides a special opportunity for residents to learn the principlesand practices of patient safety. Individual competence and professional responsibility must be emphasized, along with the roles of systems. A comprehensive curriculum for patient safety needs to be developed for all surgery residents. Content for such a curriculum is outlined, and the core competencies are addressed in the context of patient safety. Didactic teaching and learning methods are discussed, along with approaches for clinical teaching and learning; the roles of conferences, simulations, and simulators; and methods of assessment. Finally, the various patient safety education activities of the Division of Education of the American College of Surgeons are highlighted.
Numismatics: A Core Collection

Numismatics, the systematic study and collecting of coins and related items such as tokens, medals, and paper money, has been a recognized scholarly discipline since the Middle Ages. Archaeologists, historians, economists, artists, and engravers have found numismatics a valuable adjunct to their respective fields of study. Coins are the official product of an issuing authority, and as such they can provide an important primary historical source of documentation concerning monetary values, patterns of economic exchange, trade routes, colonization, migration, military campaigns, linguistic and epigraphic data, mythology, religion, art, historical portraits, and views of buildings, monuments, and statues that have long since been destroyed. For the researcher in American history, numismatics can provide insights into historical economic trends.
Opioid receptors: Pinning down the opiate targets

Recent studies of knockout mice conclusively show that the mu opioid receptor mediates the analgesic effects of morphine; they further suggest that the mu opioid receptor also has a role in mediating the effects of other opioid agonists, and provide insights into the non-analgesic effects of mu opioids.
The stability of ecosystems—A finite-time approach

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present some concepts of stability which originate from ecological considerations, discuss their relationship with existing concepts of stability, and furthermore to establish sufficient conditions for stability which are both robust in the sense of Levins and Slobodkin, and constructive. The essential notion of stability for unperturbed ecosystems, applied in most cases, is that although fluctuations in particular variables exist, each remains within certain bounds (which may be time-varying). The use of this notion within a finite-time horizon is the framework inwhich total, essential, and terminal stability for both perturbed and unperturbed ecosystems are defined. These concepts are studied and sufficient conditions for stability are given. In particular, theorems 2 and 3 provide conditions to ensure that each variable stays within bounds and theorem 1 a way to identify the occurrence of large fluctuations outside the bounds, by examining the system at “boundary” points only. The strength of these results lies in the criteria for stability and instability: in addition to being robust and constructive, they can be applied directly to the differential (or difference) equations, without any knowledge of the solutions. Relationships between our concepts and the existing concepts of asymptotic and neighborhood stability, and θ-persistance are also stated.
Identity in Franchise Systems: The Role of Franchisee Associations

Abstract Utilizing theories of identity this article presents findings from a qualitative study regarding the significant role independent franchisee associations play within franchise systems. The data reveal that successful franchisee associations help manage the inherent tension that exists between cooperation and conflict in franchise relationships. A distinctive adaptive organizational identity provides an association the capability necessary to reframe its relationship with the franchisor as either combative or cooperative in response to changes in a franchisor's identity. Challenging the views of both franchisor stability and the dyadic form that franchisee–franchisor relationships assume, behavioral insight is provided into the actual functioning of franchise systems and new avenues are suggested for theory building in franchising.
Aristotle's Syllogistic: A Medieval View

In totle's recent procedure years, a number in presenting of logicians his syllogistic have contended in the Prior that AnalytAristotle's procedure in presenti g his syllogistic in the Prior A alytics (Bk. I, chs. 1-7) is non-demonstrative. Jan Lukasiewicz, for example, holds that Aristotle's theory of the syllogism is "an axiomatized deductive system" and not a demonstrative science. 1 Following his lead, I. M. Bochenski claims that in presenting his theory of the syllogism, Aristotle set forth the "first known axiomatic system, or more precisely the first class of such systems." 2 And while rejecting both Lukasiewicz's and Bochenski's interpretation of Aristotle's syllogistic, Martha Kneale agrees with them in thinking that Aristotle's procedure is not demonstrative.8 The issue concerning the demonstrative or non-demonstrative character of the Prior Analytics , as well as the other works collected in the Organon , was an important one during the Middle Ages. This was the case because at that time logic was generally held to be a science in its own right as well as an instrument of science.4 Since only a demonstrative procedure was thought to be productive of
The independent effect of body mass index on health-related quality of life among racial and ethnic subgroups

To evaluate the impact of race/ethnicity on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among blacks, Hispanics, and whites. We used the Sinai Urban Health Institute’s Improving Community Health Survey dataset to measure physical and mental HRQOL using the Physical Component Score (PCS-12) and the Mental Component Score (MCS-12) of the Short Form-12. Multivariate linear regression models were applied to the overall sample and in models stratified by race/ethnicity to evaluate the effects of BMI on physical and mental HRQOL outcome variables while controlling for confounders. Considering physical HRQOL, increasing BMI was independently associated with worse PCS-12 (β = −0.22, p value <0.001) in the overall sample; the magnitude was not significantly different across racial/ethnic subgroups (blacks: β = −0.18, p value = 0.02; Hispanics: β = −0.28, p value = 0.01; whites: β = −0.20, p value = 0.02). Overall, Hispanic participants reported a worse PCS-12 compared to whites (β = −3.06, p value = 0.002). Considering mental HRQOL, BMI was not significantly associated with MCS-12 in the overall sample (β = −0.06, p value = 0.21) nor was BMI significantly associated with MCS-12 in any racial/ethnic subgroups. Overall, black participants reported better MCS-12 compared to whites (β = 2.51, p value = 0.001). BMI was associated with worse physical HRQOL to a similar degree among blacks, Hispanics, and whites. This finding suggests that interventions leading to obesity reduction should be associated with substantial and equal improvements in the physical HRQOL of all race/ethnicity groups.
Variation in the Probability that Male Coho Salmon Will Mature Early: Inferences from Hierarchical Models

Abstract We fitted hierarchical Bayesian models to coded wire tag data and studied the variation in the probability that male coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch released at 72 locations in 41 basins and 8 regions mature early. We used data from at least 10 cohorts at each location; therefore, our analysis was both spatially and temporally more extensive than those conducted previously. We accounted for variation in the log-odds of early maturation with (1) mean smolt weight, (2) covariates (developed specifically for this paper) that indexed marine environmental conditions during the first few months after out-migration, and (3) hierarchical means that identified each cohort's release location, basin, and region. There was posterior support for location-specific effects of smolt size on the probability of early maturation across the geographic range of this species, but not for location-specific marine environmental effects. Nevertheless, substantial residual variation remained from our final analysis; we a...
Evaluation of a Computer‐Supported Learning System

Educational content on the Internet is rapidly increasing. Academics and businesses are placing more course material online to supplement classroom and business training situations. In addition, significant increases in undergraduate enrollments in information system courses, and the rapid pace of new knowledge in the field, have led researchers to call for new innovative approaches to learning. Prior researchers have reported that this new Web-based training technology (which has its foundation in computer-based training) has not integrated sound pedagogical practices into the authoring process when developing new tutorials. This paper summarizes an experiment to evaluate the effect on posttest scores of a Web-based authoring tool that prompts the developer to build multiple presentation styles into the learning module. Early results indicate that the tool is more effective than traditional HTML-authoring tools and that the number of exercises affects posttest scores in a positive manner. No effect on posttest scores was observed for the number of examples in the learning module.
Gene Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer Using Vaccinia Virus Expressing IL-2 in a Murine Model, with Evidence of Immune Suppression

We evaluated the efficiency of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing interleukin-2 (rvv-IL-2) as a tumor vaccine in an immunocompetent mouse model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC VII/SF). Mice with five-day-old tumors in the floor of the mouth were treated with rvv-IL-2 by intratumoral injections. These treated mice survived longer (P <.03) than mice treated with control vaccines. Splenocytes, bone marrow, and lymph node cells from tumor-bearing mice responded poorly to concanavalin A stimulation, suggesting induction of immunosuppression. The rvv-IL-2 virus grew for 7 days in the tumor following intratumoral injection. We did not detect any virus particles in several normal organs following rvv-IL-2 injection. Comparison of expression levels of several potential immune inhibitory mediators between the tumors growing in mice and cultured tumor cells demonstrated higher expression of IL-10, GM-CSF, TGF-beta, and NO synthetase in tumors. These results suggested possible roles for these molecules in immunosuppression. We conclude that rvv-IL-2 has potential as a therapeutic vaccine for head and neck cancer and that it can be more effective provided the immunosuppression is reversed.
Cortical and Cytoskeletal Structural Network regulates the Three-Dimensional Traction Forces Exerted by Migrating Amoeboid Cells

Cells exert traction forces, which are necessary to perform their migration. There is still a lack of information regarding the mechanical aspects of cell migration and in particular the quantification of the three-dimensional traction forces exerted during migration and invasion.We use a novel traction force cytometry method to measure the three-dimensional traction forces exerted by Dictyostelium cells chemotaxing over flat elastic substrates. Our measurements of the 3-D traction forces show that there are two independent mechanisms in their generation, one that relies on the cytoskeletal crosslinking and contractility, and another based on the cortical stiffness. In particular, we examine the roles that specific cortical and cytoskeletal crosslinking proteins and those liking the cell's cortex and the cytoskeletal F-actin play in the development of the spatial and temporal distribution of three-dimensional traction forces during migration. We investigate mutants with cortical integrity defects, such as cells lacking the protein cortexillin to study the cortical function. We use mutants with cytoskeletal crosslinking defects, such as cells lacking the proteins Myosin II and Abp120 to quantify the function of the cytoskeletal crosslinking. In addition we examine the proteins Myosin IA and B, regarding their role liking the cell's cortex and the cytoskeletal F-actin network.The effects on the magnitude and distribution of the tangential and perpendicular components of the traction forces to the substrate are shown to be different depending on the specific cytoskeletal and cortical mutations. Our 3-D traction measurements indicate that the vertical and horizontal traction forces are regulated by the cortical and cytoskeletal crosslinking. These two mechanisms are interconnected since the time evolution of the vertical and horizontal forces is well correlated.
Outcomes in residential treatment for youth: The role of early engagement☆

Abstract Client engagement is commonly believed to be an important condition for the attainment of positive outcomes in human services. This paper addresses client engagement in the context of residential treatment centers (RTCs) for youth. Three waves of data from interviews with adolescents in two RTCs are used to test hypotheses reflecting competing explanations for whether and how engagement may relate to self-view, school, and family outcomes. Findings suggest that youths who are more engaged early in treatment tend to have more positive outcomes, lesser engaged youths show the greatest degree of positive change, and that a relationship between early engagement and certain outcomes, but not others, may be mediated by certain treatment interventions.
Observed Differences between Direct, Indirect, and Direct/Indirect Videotaped Supervisory Conferences

The purpose of the study was to determined whether supervisors and supervisees were able to observe difference in supervisory styles and whether or not the subjects' experience levels were related to the differences they observed. It investigated whether speech-language pathology supervisors, graduate student clinicians, and undergraduates rated differently their observations of direct, indirect and direct/indirect supervisory behaviors in videotaped supervisory conferences. A modification of Smith's Individual Supervisory Conference Rating Scale served as the dependent measure. Under counterbalanced conditions, 30 supervisors, 30 graduates, and 30 undergraduates from six different universities each viewed one of the three videotapes and rated the level of occurrence of direct and indirect supervisory behaviors. Factor analysis results indicated that 14 of the 18 rating scale items could be used reliably to assess direct and indirect supervisory behaviors in the videotaped conferences. ANOVA results demon...
Ultrastructure of the frontal sensory fields in the Lynceidae (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Laevicaudata).

The clam shrimp family Lynceidae is unusual in possessing paired fields of short setae on either side of the rostral carina. We describe the position of these fields relative to the direction of water movement in live animals as well as the external and internal structure of these setae. The majority of morphological features support a presumed chemosensory role for these sensilla. These features include the lack of a setal socket and the relatively short length of each seta. The low number of enveloping cells (three or four) is uncharacteristic of chemosensory setae and is more typical of mechanoreceptors, as is the absence of any pores on the setae; these characteristics indicate that these fields may have both functions. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estrogen, not testosterone, creates male predominance of a P4501-related cytochrome in adult guinea pig adrenals

Guinea pig adrenal microsomes possess a distinctive cytochrome P450 that is immunochemically related to P4501 and correlates with microsomal capacity for xenobiotic metabolism. This 52K protein and the capacity for metabolizing compounds such as ethylmorphine are located in the zona reticularis, are suppressed by ACTH, and are predominant in adult males. The protein is undetectable and the enzyme activity is low in young prepubertal animals. In males, both increase with age. However, in females, the protein remains undetectable, and ethylmorphine demethylase activity remains low into adulthood. Despite this clear sex difference through puberty and into sexual maturity, we recently observed that in female retired breeders, both the 52K cytochrome P450 and the capacity for metabolism of ethylmorphine appear at levels equal to those in males of comparable age. As estrogen levels are low in female retired breeders, we decided to investigate whether estrogen plays a role in maintaining the low levels of this protein and of xenobiotic metabolism seen in younger females. In a series of gonadectomy and hormone replacement experiments, we demonstrated that estrogen suppressed the levels of both protein and enzyme activity in adult guinea pigs. Ovariectomy resulted in the appearance of the 52K cytochrome P450 and of ethylmorphine demethylase in female adrenal microsomes at levels comparable to those seen in adult males. Estrogen replacement suppressed the increase in both protein concentration and enzyme activity. In hemiovariectomized cycling females, compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary occurred, and the characteristic low levels of the 52K P450 and enzyme activity were maintained. Furthermore, estrogen treatment of male guinea pigs suppressed levels of both the 52K P450 and ethylmorphine demethylase activity in male adrenals. These experiments demonstrate that estrogen plays a significant role in the regulation of this protein. Testosterone, on the other hand, was not required to maintain the higher levels of 52K P450 and correlated enzyme activity in adult males. The levels of both were the same in normal, castrated, and sham-operated males, treated with testosterone or vehicle alone or left untreated. In fact, castration of prepubertal males resulted in a rapid rise to adult male levels of both immunodetectable protein and enzyme activity, implying that some suppressive agent of testicular origin effects the gradual increase that normally occurs with age in males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Development of a Three-Dimensional Printed, Liquid-Cooled Nozzle for a Hybrid Rocket Motor

A DDITIVE manufacturing, or three-dimensional (3-D) printing, has rapidly changed from a means to produce component prototypes into a viable method of manufacturing complex, functional parts or devices [1]. The use of these techniques to produce fuel grains for hybrid rockets has previously been reported by several authors [2–4], and now, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center has begun an effort to use 3-D printing technology to make additional rocket components. The long-term objectives of this effort are to bring down manufacturing costs and thereby reduce launch costs for placing small payloads in orbit. As part of this effort, the University of Tennessee has, in collaboration with NASA personnel, designed, fabricated, assembled, and successfully tested a hybrid rocket motor that uses a printed nozzle with embedded cooling channels. The project was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of using complex, printed components in the high-pressure, high-temperature sections of a rocket motor. This effort continues a longstanding research and education program in hybrid rocket propulsion at the University of Tennessee [5–7]. In its current version, the nozzle cooling system uses water, and the temperature rise of the coolant is measured to determine experimentally the heating rate distribution for comparison with initial analytical predictions. In future studies, the same tools used for the present motor will be employed to design a regeneratively cooled nozzle that will employ nitrous oxide in the cooling system. Experimental validation of the design methodology is desired so that future flight nozzles can be developed to be as thin-walled and lightweight as possible. Thin nozzle walls are advantageous not only due to their low weight, but also because they allow more effective cooling and lower inside surface temperatures.
Hardness and fracture toughness of moissanite

Abstract Disparities prevail among the reported hardness and fracture toughness values for hard and brittle materials. A better understanding of the physical nature of hardness and fracture toughness and a standardized technique for reliable measurements of these quantities is urgently needed. We strongly recommend the use of the measured hardness after the bend in the hardness versus load ( H − F Load ) curve, when the hardness approaches its asymptotic value. The present work reports a systematic study of hardness and fracture toughness on moissanite (single crystal hexagonal silicon carbide, 6H-SiC) samples. The measurements were performed over a broad load range from 0.49 to 294 N with the direct indentation method. Asymptotic values of Knoop hardness of H K = 19 GPa and Vickers hardness of H V = 22 GPa were reached at a high load between 50 N and 100 N. A consistent fracture toughness of K IC = 1.8 MPa·m 1/2 was obtained across the entire load range. Our study presents experimental results for the hardness and fracture toughness of moissanite in the asymptotic-hardness region, and it raises concern regarding the application of moissanite single crystals as anvil material under shear/fracture conditions.
Categorization of Nocturnal Drainage Flows within the Brush Creek Valley and the Variability of Sigma Theta in Complex Terrain

Abstract The monthly frequencies of nocturnal drainage flows in the Brush Creek Valley were estimated over the period August 1982–January 1985 for the purpose of evaluating the representativeness of the drainage flows observed during a few intensive study periods. These estimates were made on the basis of data from three short meteorological towers situated in the valley. The highest frequencies were observed during the July to October timeframes: 30%–40% during 1983 and 5%–25% during 1984. Of the ten experimental nights when intensive investigations were conducted within the Brush Creek Valley, seven were during strong drainage flow periods and three were during weaker drainage flow periods. The variability of a σθ in complex terrain areas was investigated since this parameter is often used to estimate diffusion of pollutants. Measurements made during strong drainage flow periods within two valleys in The Geysers geothermal area in northern California and within the Brush Creek Valley yielded median hour...
MIC-Check: a distributed check pointing framework for the intel many integrated cores architecture

The advent of many-core architectures like Intel MIC is enabling the design of increasingly capable supercomputers within reasonable power budgets. Fault-tolerance is becoming more important with the increased number of components and the complexity in these heterogeneous clusters. Checkpoint-restart mechanisms have been traditionally used to enhance the dependability of applications, and to enable dynamic task rescheduling in the face of system failures. Naive checkpointing protocols, which are predominantly I/O-intensive, face severe performance bottlenecks on the Xeon Phi architecture due to several inherent and acquired limitations. Consequently, existing checkpointing frameworks are not capable of serving distributed MPI applications that leverage heterogeneous hardware architectures. This paper discusses the I/O limitations on the Xeon Phi system, and describes the architecture and design of a novel distributed checkpointing framework, namely MIC-Check, for HPC applications running on it.
On the determination of fracture toughness in polymers

Abstract A method for finding the critical J-integral value, J c , utilizing the locus line of crack initiation points, is found to be useful in determining the fracture toughness of polystyrene (PS), modified polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polypropylene (PP) homopolymer. This method is also shown to be useful in determining the fracture energy at other critical points, such as the maximum load points which can occur in the nonlinear region of the load and load-point displacement curves. A theoretical equation for the calibration factor Φ for linear elastic materials is utilized in determining J c values of polycarbonate (PC), nylon, and vinyl ester from a single test specimen. The critical J-integral values calculated using Φ or based on the locus line of crack initiation points which occurred in a fairly linear elastic range are compared with the values obtained using the critical stress intensity factor K c .
Candida dubliniensis: an emerging pathogen

Introduction In 1995, a report from Dublin, Ireland described atypical, germ-tubeand chlamydospore-positive yeast isolated most often fi-om HIV-infected patients who had oral candidiasis (1). The yeast formed a homogenous cluster by DNA fingerprinting which was different from that of other Candida species, including the other germtubeand chlamydospore-positive yeast, Candida aibicans. The authors proposed the name Candida dubliniensis for this novel species. Since then, a series of reports have documented the prevalence and epidemiology, clinical manifestations, virulence, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility test results of C. dubliniensis. The present review summarizes those findings and notes the experience with C. dubliniensis at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York City.
Unified description of molecular conduction: From molecules to metallic wires

We describe a rigorous and yet computationally simple way of calculating conductance properties of molecular conductors, using self-energy matrices to partition the overall structure into a molecular device and contacts. The standard methods of quantum chemistry are combined self-consistently with a nonequilibrium Green's function formalism to describe transport in an open system under bias. We employ our method to demonstrate the transition between two limiting cases of molecular conduction: metallic conduction in a gold nanowire and resonant conduction in a phenyl dithiol molecule.
Sensitivity of Labile Soil Organic Carbon to Tillage in Wheat-Based Cropping Systems

To investigate the sensitivity of labile, or active, soil organic C (SOC), such as soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), mineralizable C, particulate organic matter C (POM C), dissolved organic C (DOC), and hydrolyzable C, to changes in management, we sampled soils in a 20-yr experiment with tillage (no-till [NT] and conventional tillage [CT]), cropping sequence, and N fertilization treatments in south-central Texas. Sensitivity is defined as how rapidly soil properties respond to changes in management. No-till significantly increased the size of SOC and all labile SOC pools compared with CT, especially at 0 to 5 cm. Intensified cropping also increased SOC and these labile pools, which generally decreased with depth. Labile pools were highly correlated with each other and SOC, but their slopes were significantly different, being lowest for DOC and highest for hydrolyzable C. In our study, SMBC was 5 to 8%, mineralized C was 2%, POM C was 14 to 31%, hydrolyzable C was 53 to 71%, and DOC was 1 to 2% of SOC. Model II orthogonal regression and simple linear regression both provided similar results, indicating that both methods were appropriate for evaluation of sensitivity to changes in management; however, using our proposed equation for sensitivity to tillage, no labile SOC pool was more sensitive than SOC. Further studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of this model.
Reacting to Zelikow and May

The presidency presents such a daunting challenge to researchers that when we develop rare opportunities for closely observing presidential activities, we need to take every advantage of them. Under the new leadership provided by Philip D. Zelikow, the Miller Center for the Study of the Presidency at the University of Virginia has launched an extraor dinary program to transcribe a quarter-century of recorded presidential interactions. No one could do a better job amassing the resources for such an effort or committing it to such a good deed. As a discipline, we will eventually be in debt to the Center. My editorial response to Sheldon M. Stern's critique of The Kennedy Tapes summarized two important issues: mis attribution and nonsensible transcriptions and counterproductive editorializing. The response of Zelikow and Ernest R. May (2000 [this issue]) to these con cerns focused on their positive accomplishments, advancing new interpretations of the Ken nedy missile crisis, and steps their research team has taken to correct the kinds of problems highlighted by Stern's assessment and underscored by my editorial commentary. By recounting what apparently has become a sad experience with noise reduction, Zelikow and May's response seems to suggest that indeed they have had some problems with changes in tone and quality, potentially generating misattributions of the kind noted (Jack Kennedy for Bobby Kennedy). They suggest that the benefits of this technology have outweighed the drawbacks, however, and note instances in which the noise reduction brought onto the record heretofore unfathomable interactions. That said, they then recount the steps they have taken since then to substitute human effort, multiple listeners, and improved volume controls for machine applications. The real issue here is that without some kind of more sys tematic assessment, one beyond the judgments of publishers with sunk costs and the hap hazard responses of readers, we cannot have confidence in the products to come. I encourage the Miller Center to take one more step in their massive effort. Launch an ancil lary research project to fully assess in a technical paper the balance between such misattribution and clarifications produced by this technology (or whatever has replaced it in the current program, or both). It would require identifying a sample of recordings and then running trials on it while measuring the results. Any number of scholars would be willing to help in this effort, the PRG in particular.
Role of configurational gating in intracomplex electron transfer from cytochrome c to the radical cation in cytochrome c peroxidase.

Electron transfer within complexes of cytochrome c (Cc) and cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) was studied to determine whether the reactions are gated by fluctuations in configuration. Electron transfer in the physiological complex of yeast Cc (yCc) and CcP was studied using the Ru-39-Cc derivative, in which the H39C/C102T variant of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c is labeled at the single cysteine residue on the back surface with trisbipyridylruthenium(II). Laser excitation of the 1:1 Ru-39-Cc−CcP compound I complex at low ionic strength results in rapid electron transfer from RuII* to heme c FeIII, followed by electron transfer from heme c FeII to the Trp-191 indolyl radical cation with a rate constant keta of 2 × 106 s-1 at 20 °C. keta is not changed by increasing the viscosity up to 40 cP with glycerol and is independent of temperature. These results suggest that this reaction is not gated by fluctuations in the configuration of the complex, but may represent the elementary electron transfer step. The value of k...
Sites of integration of herpes simplex virus type‐2 thymidine kinase gene in human chromosomes

Isozyme analyses have been carried out to investigate the sites of integration of the herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) thymidine kinase (TK) gene in biochemically transformed human [HeLa(BU25)/HSV-2–6 Cl 4] cells. Extracts were prepared from He La (BU25)/HSV-2–6 Cl 4 cells and from human—mouse somatic cell hybrids, which were obtained by fusing the biochemically transformed human cells with TK-deficient mouse [LM(TK−)] cells, and were assayed for 26 isozymes representing markers for 20 human chromosomes. The isozyme analyses were generally consistent with previous karyotype studies, which revealed that the HSV-2 TK gene was associated with an isochromosome, designated M13, formed from the short arm of human X chromosome in human—mouse hybrid lines HL/2 to HL/7, but with human chromosome 17 containing a trans-location on the short arm in hybrid line HL/1 and its TK-positive subclones. The isozyme analyses also indicated that the translocation on the short arm of human chromosome 17 in hybrid line HL/1 was probably derived from human chromosome 21. Hybrid line HL/1 and its TK-positive subclones expressed a human—mouse heteropolymeric form of superoxide dismutase, a marker for human chromosome 21, but bromodeoxyuridine-resistant, TK-negative subclones of HL/1, and hybrid lines HL/3 to HL/6, which did not contain the modified chromosome 17, failed to express the human—mouse heteropolymeric form of superoxide dismutase. The human galactokinase isozyme, which is coded by a gene mapping close to the cytosol TK gene on human chromosome 17, was detected in extracts of TK-positive HeLa S3, TK-deficient HeLa(BU25), and biochemically transformed HeLa(BU25)/HSV-2–6 Cl 4 cells, but not in extracts prepared from human—mouse hybrid line HL/1 and its subclones. These observations suggest that the gene for human galactokinase was either deleted or inactivated in HL/1 and its subclones, perhaps as a result of the translocation to chromosome 17.
Anti-infective discorhabdins from a deep-water alaskan sponge of the genus Latrunculia.

Bioassay- and LC-MS-guided fractionation of a methanol extract from a new deep-water Alaskan sponge species of the genus Latrunculia resulted in the isolation of two new brominated pyrroloiminoquinones, dihydrodiscorhabdin B (1) and discorhabdin Y (2), along with six known pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids, discorhabdins A (3), C (4), E (5), and L (6), dihydrodiscorhabdin C (7), and the benzene derivative 8. Compounds 3, 4, and 7 exhibited anti-HCV activity, antimalarial activity, and selective antimicrobial activity. Although compounds 3 and 7 displayed potent and selective in vitro antiprotozoal activity, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice did not respond to these metabolites due to their toxicity in vivo.
Rock-physics-based double-difference inversion for CO2 saturation and porosity at the Cranfield CO2 injection site

AbstractLarge-scale subsurface injection of CO2 has the potential to reduce emissions of atmospheric CO2 and improve oil recovery. Studying the effects of injected CO2 on the elastic properties of the saturated reservoir rock can help to improve long-term monitoring effectiveness and accuracy at locations undergoing CO2 injection. We used two vintages of existing 3D surface seismic data and well logs to probabilistically invert for the CO2 saturation and porosity at the Cranfield reservoir using a double-difference approach. The first step of this work was to calibrate the rock-physics model to the well-log data. Next, the baseline and time-lapse seismic data sets were inverted for acoustic impedance Ip using a high-resolution basis pursuit inversion technique. The reservoir porosity was derived statistically from the rock-physics model based on the Ip estimates inverted from the baseline survey. The porosity estimates were used in the double-difference routine as the fixed initial model from which CO2 sa...
THEORY AND OBSERVATION (II)

I SHALL proceed here as Idid in the first part of the paper. First I shall consider analyses of the concept of a theoretical term given by the authors we have been discussing. We shall see that their analyses do not provide the kind of distinction which they require. Then I shall show that the terms 'theoretical' and 'non-theoretical', in some of their common uses, will not provide the type of distinction required either. It will become apparent that these expressions are commonly used in a variety of different ways, to make various points about a term (or object, property, event, etc.). No one of these will be such that all and only those terms and entities which the partial interpretation theorists have called 'theoretical' will turn out to be theoretical; and it will not follow that theoretical terms (in each of the senses we shall consider) cannot be directly understood, precluding the giving of semantical rules for them when the theories in which they occur are reconstructed as interpreted logistic systems. Let us turn, then, to the accounts of the notion of a theoretical term or entity given by the partial interpretation theorists.
The electro-permeation of hydrogen into metals

Abstract It is sought to relate the diffusion coefficient and solubility for hydrogen in metals to the interaction of hydrogen with the metal phase. Determinations of permeation and diffusion coefficient have been made by a very sensitive electrochemical method at room temperature, and in some cases with temperatures up to 80°C, for platinum, nickel, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, manganese, and iron-chromium alloys. The dependence of permeation at high cds on time varies qualitatively with the metal involved. The diffusion coefficient for iron-chromium alloys decreases with increasing chromium; the solubility increases with increasing chromium. In general, the solubility decreases with increasing heat of absorption, and decreases with decreasing d-vacancies. The diffusion coefficient decreases with increasing latent heat of sublimation of the metal. The critical concentration of hydrogen that causes embrittlement in the metal is interpreted in terms of a model involving the pressure of hydrogen in voids. Qualitative support is cited. Gas-phase heats of solution of hydrogen in metals are those obtained for the solution case. Solubility of hydrogen depends upon d-vacancies according to a simple model. A solution of equations relating to the diffusion of hydrogen out of pre-charged metal foils is given.
SU-D-BRC-05: Characterizing Therapy-Induced Brainstem Injury and Recovery with Serial Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Purpose: To characterize therapy‐induced changes in normal‐appearing brainstems of childhood braintumor patients by serial diffusiontensorimaging (DTI). Methods: We analyzed sequential DTI of 20 braintumor patients, aged 4–23 years, with normal‐appearing brainstems included in the radiation treatment fields. Prescribed tumordoses ranged from 54 to 59.4 Gy. Parametric maps of fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were computed and registered to three‐dimensional radiationdose data. Volumes of interest included corticospinal tracts, medial lemnisci, and the pons. Serving as an age‐related benchmark for comparison, DTI studies from 20 healthy volunteers, aged 6–25 years, were included in the analysis. Results: The median DTI follow‐up was 3.5 years (range, 1.6–5.0 years). The median mean dose to the pons was 56 Gy (range, 7–59 Gy). Three distinctive patterns of temporal changes in FA and ADC were observed in the pons: (1) a stable or normal developing time trend similar to those observed in healthy children, (2) initial deviation from normal with subsequent recovery, (3) progressive deviation without evidence of complete recovery. In this group of patients without severe brainstem necrosis, maximal decline in FA often occurred 1.5 to 3.5 years after the start of radiation therapy. A full recovery time trend could be observed within 4 years. Patients with incomplete recovery often had a larger decline in FA within the first year. Radiationdose alone did not predict long‐term recovery patterns. Conclusions: Longitudinal DTI analysis revealed variation among individual patients in diffusion properties of brainstems reflecting therapy‐induced white matter injury and recovery. Early response in brainstem anisotropy may serve as an indicator of the recovery time trend over 5 years following radiation therapy. Attention should be given to patients with pronounced early changes since DTI suggested their recovery was slower and less complete than other patients. Acknowledgement: NIH grant HD049888.
The interaction of senescence and wounding in oat leaves. II. Chlorophyll breakdown caused by wounding in light

Abstract The influence of wounding on the senescence of oat (Avena sativa L.) leaf segments held in continuous white light was studied. It was noticed that leaf segments held in white light, which in general delays senescence, actually showed increased loss of chlorophyll within a few millimeters of the cut ends. When the whole segment was subjected to different types of wounding, chlorophyll loss was promoted in all cases and the loss increased with increase in the intensity of wounding. While 50% of the initial chlorophyll content was retained in the control segments after 6 days, wounding reduced that figure to as little as 24%. The increase in chlorophyll loss was already measurable by the second day. The presence of calcium and magnesium promoted the loss of chlorophyll (Chl). The action of wounding on proteolysis, however, was the opposite, for wounding synergized the effect of light in delaying proteolysis. A number of previously reported senescence-modifying substances were tested and even in presence of these substances wounding still promoted chlorophyll loss. However, these compounds differed in their effect on the protein content, some promoting proteolysis and others inhibiting it. Chl loss was not antagonized by reducing agents. The effect of wounding in light was reversed as soon as the segments were transferred from the light to darkness. Possible mechanisms for these peculiar effects are discussed.
Gadolinium enhancement: improved MRI detection of retinoblastoma extension into the optic nerve

We performed T1-, T2-, proton density-weighted, and T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced MRI on 24 patients with retinoblastoma, using a 1.5 T superconducting unit and head and orbital surface coil imaging. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including B-scan ultrasonography. CT was performed on 10 of 24 patients. Pathologic correlation was obtained in 18 patients who required enucleation. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI with fat suppression was the sequence most sensitive to optic nerve extension and provided the greatest differentiation between tumor and uninvolved extrascleral tissue. Retinoblastoma demonstrated contrast enhancement.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for neurofibromatosis 2-associated vestibular schwannomas: toward dose optimization for tumor control and functional outcomes.

Background Management of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)-associated vestibular schwannomas (VSs) remains controversial. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with conventional dosing is less effective for NF2-related VS compared with sporadic lesions. Objective To evaluate optimal SRS dose parameters for NF2-related VS and to report long-term outcomes. Methods A prospective database was reviewed and outcome measures, including radiographic progression, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery hearing class, and facial nerve function, were analyzed. Progression-free survival was estimated with Kaplan-Meier methods. Associations between tumor progression and radiosurgical treatment parameters, tumor volume, and patient age were explored with the use of Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Between 1990 and 2010, 26 patients with 32 NF2-related VSs underwent SRS. Median marginal dose and tumor volume were 14 Gy and 2.7 cm, respectively. Twenty-seven tumors (84%) showed no growth (median follow-up, 7.6 years). Kaplan-Meier estimates for 5- and 10-year progression-free survival were 85% and 80%, respectively. Cox proportional hazards demonstrated a significant inverse association between higher marginal doses and tumor progression (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.92; P = .02). Audiometric data were available in 30 ears, with 12 having class A/B hearing before SRS. Only 3 maintained serviceable hearing at the last follow-up. Four underwent cochlear implantation. Initially, 3 achieved open-set speech recognition, although only 1 experienced long-term benefit. Facial nerve function remained stable in 50% of cases. Conclusion Higher marginal doses than commonly prescribed for sporadic VS were associated with improved tumor control in patients with NF2. Hearing outcomes were poor even when contemporary reduced marginal doses were used. However, SRS allows an anatomically preserved cochlear nerve and may permit hearing rehabilitation with cochlear implantation. Further consideration should be given to optimum dosing to achieve long-term control while maximizing functional outcomes. Abbreviations HB, House-BrackmannNF2, neurofibromatosis type 2SRS, stereotactic radiosurgeryVS, vestibular schwannoma.
Some comments on the modular approach to Gröbner-bases

The problem of finding a modular algorithm for constructing Grobner-bases is of interest to many computer algebraists. In particular, given a prime p and a set of (multivariate) polynomials with integer coefficients, it has been queried if the number of basis polynomials in a minimal normed Grobner-basis for the polynomial ideal generated mod p has to be less than or equal to the corresponding number for the polynomial ideal generated over the rationals. In this paper we answer this question and related questions concerning the modular approach to Grobner-bases, illustrating with several interesting examples, and we propose a criterion for determining "luckiness" of primes in the binomial case.
Studies on the mechanism of active intestinal transport of glucose.

Abstract d -[2-3H]Glucose is actively accumulated by hamster intestinal rings and everted sacs. The isolated glucose from the tissue and the serosal fluid showed no significant change in specific activity. These data rule out an active transport mechanism involving a covalent bond with the oxygen of the hydroxyl on C-2 of glucose. At the same time an exchange reaction of the 3H with water catalyzed by brush borders has been observed. This reaction is probably independent of glucose transport.